J-A06019-20


NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

    COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA               :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                               :         PENNSYLVANIA
                       Appellee                :
                                               :
                v.                             :
                                               :
    CHRISTOPHER JOHNSON                        :
                                               :
                       Appellant               :        No. 343 EDA 2018

           Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence December 20, 2017
             In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County
             Criminal Division at No(s): CP-51-CR-0008525-2016


BEFORE:      STABILE, J., KING, J., and STEVENS, P.J.E.*

MEMORANDUM BY KING, J.:                                    FILED APRIL 06, 2020

        Appellant, Christopher Johnson, appeals from the judgment of sentence

entered in the Philadelphia County Court of Common Pleas, following his bench

trial convictions for resisting arrest, possession of a firearm prohibited,

firearms not to be carried without a license, and carrying firearms in public in

Philadelphia.1 We affirm.

        In its opinion, the trial court sets forth the relevant facts of this case, in

part, as follows:

           On August 16, 2016, between 10:40 a.m. and 10:45 a.m.,
           Philadelphia Police Officer Joseph Rauchut and his partner,
           Officer [Paul] Sanchez, received a radio call directing them
           to the 1200 block of Lycoming Street for a person with a
           gun. The call described the suspect as a Hispanic male
____________________________________________


*   Former Justice specially assigned to the Superior Court.

1   18 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 5104, 6105(a)(1), 6106(a)(1), and 6108, respectively.
J-A06019-20


         wearing a green tee shirt, blue jeans, and possibly high on
         narcotics. Officer Rauchut testified that the location is in the
         25th police district which is known to be a high-crime area
         with high drug activity and extreme violence.             While
         responding to the call at Lycoming Street and Old York
         Road, Officer Rauchut spoke with another officer who
         advised that a civilian reported the suspect to be traveling
         northbound on Old York Road.

         After surveying the surrounding area for approximately four
         minutes, Officer Rauchut observed…Appellant in the middle
         of the highway on the 1300 block of Lycoming Street.
         Officer Rauchut testified that…Appellant was standing
         outside of a parked car and was yelling at a man who was
         sitting inside the parked car. Appellant was sweating
         profusely and had “veins popping out of his neck.” The man
         in the car appeared “confused.” …Appellant was wearing a
         navy-blue shirt, blue jeans, and a sweatshirt wrapped
         around his waist. The officers then turned down Lycoming
         Street in a marked patrol car. As the officers approached,
         the patrol car’s sirens and lights were off.

(Trial Court Opinion, filed May 30, 2019, at 3) (internal citations to record

omitted).   The officer’s observations of Appellant, training, and four years’

experience as a police officer entirely in the 25th police district, convinced

Officer Rauchut that Appellant was under the influence of phencyclidine

(“PCP”) or synthetic marijuana (“K2”).

      The officers exited the patrol vehicle, without guns drawn.           Officer

Rauchut said to Appellant, “Hey, what’s going on, man? You want to come

over to my car?” Appellant complied and approached the car. As Appellant

walked toward the car, Officer Rauchut noticed a bulge at Appellant’s

waistband, where a sweatshirt was wrapped around his waist. Based upon

his training and experience, Officer Rauchut believed the bulge in Appellant’s


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waistband was a gun.

      The trial court opinion continues:

         … Officer Rauchut asked…Appellant to place his hands on
         the vehicle in order to conduct a protective search. Despite
         repeated requests, …Appellant refused to place his hands on
         the car and instead repeatedly held them about a foot above
         the front of the officers’ patrol car. Officer Rauchut then
         grabbed…Appellant’s arm to place it behind his back
         wherein…Appellant reached into his waistband and grabbed
         a gun.

(Id. at 4) (internal citations to record omitted). Officer Rauchut attempted to

pry the gun from Appellant’s hand and simultaneously apprehend Appellant.

Appellant physically resisted Officer Rauchut’s grasp for approximately 45

seconds. Meanwhile, Appellant repeatedly screamed at the officers that he

did not want to go back to jail. Appellant threatened the officers, saying, “Get

my hands off the gun, see what happens.” When the officers instructed him

to stop resisting, Appellant responded, “You’re going to have to kill me.”

Eventually, Officer Rauchut placed Appellant in a bear hug and isolated the

hand in which Appellant held the gun, allowing Officer Sanchez to take the

gun from Appellant.    A third officer, Officer John Durando, approached to

assist. Based on his observation of Appellant’s struggle with Officers Rauchut

and Sanchez, his training, and his five and one-half years’ experience as a

police officer, Officer Durando also believed Appellant was under the influence

of narcotics or possibly PCP or K2. Officer Durando tased Appellant, and the

officers were then able to arrest Appellant.

      Procedurally, Appellant filed a motion to suppress the firearm on May 1,

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2017.     On July 24, 2017, the court conducted a suppression hearing and

denied Appellant’s motion. That same day, Appellant proceeded to a bench

trial, and the court convicted Appellant of one count each of resisting arrest,

possession of a firearm prohibited, firearms not to be carried without a license,

and carrying firearms in public in Philadelphia. The court sentenced Appellant

on December 20, 2017, to an aggregate term of ten (10) to twenty (20) years’

incarceration.

        On January 16, 2018, Appellant filed a timely notice of appeal.      The

court ordered Appellant on January 18, 2018, to file a concise statement of

errors complained of on appeal per Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b); Appellant complied on

February 26, 2018, following an extension. On January 19, 2019, Appellant

filed in this Court an application for remand to allow him to file a supplemental

Rule 1925(b) statement.       This Court granted Appellant’s application and

remanded to the trial court on February 6, 2019.        On February 26, 2019,

Appellant filed a supplemental concise statement.

        Appellant raises two issues for our review:

           DID NOT THE TRIAL COURT ERR BY FAILING TO SUPPRESS
           THE GUN SEIZED FROM APPELLANT WHERE HE WAS
           STOPPED, DETAINED, SEARCHED, AND ARRESTED IN THE
           ABSENCE OF REASONABLE SUSPICION OR PROBABLE
           CAUSE?

           WAS NOT THE EVIDENCE INSUFFICIENT TO FIND
           APPELLANT GUILTY BEYOND A REASONABLE DOUBT OF THE
           OFFENSE OF RESISTING ARREST, WHERE HE WAS
           UNLAWFULLY STOPPED, DETAINED, SEARCHED AND
           ARRESTED, AND POLICE WERE NOT EFFECTING A LAWFUL
           ARREST OR ANY OTHER DUTY AS REQUIRED BY 18

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         PA.C.S.A. § 5104 WHEN APPELLANT ALLEGEDLY VIOLATED
         [SECTION] 5104?

(Appellant’s Brief at 4).

      In his issues combined, Appellant argues the police officers stopped him

based on a flash report lacking sufficient corroboration. Appellant asserts the

flash description was vague, as it did not describe his height, weight, and facial

hair or tattoos. Appellant avers his navy-blue shirt did not match the green

shirt provided in the flash. Appellant claims the officers did not observe indicia

of criminal activity, such as violence or a crowd, when they encountered him.

Appellant maintains that the facts of having a sweatshirt around Appellant’s

waist, a sweaty appearance, and protruding neck veins do not suggest

criminality or abuse of drugs. Appellant adds that yelling at an individual in a

parked car also does not suggest criminal activity is afoot. Appellant stresses

the officers saw the bulge at his waist only after he complied with their demand

to approach. Appellant suggests the trial court incorrectly stated in its opinion

that the officers exited their vehicle after they told Appellant to walk toward

them. Appellant compares Officer Rauchut’s testimony that the officers exited

the patrol vehicle before they commanded Appellant to approach the car.

Appellant contends the officers unlawfully detained him when they exited the

patrol vehicle and ordered Appellant to walk toward them. Appellant insists

the officers did not have reasonable suspicion criminal activity was occurring

until after he approached them. As a result, Appellant contends the officers’

recovery of the gun from Appellant’s person was unlawful.

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      Appellant adds the Commonwealth failed to prove the officers lawfully

arrested Appellant.    Appellant contends the officers lacked reasonable

suspicion to search Appellant and probable cause to arrest him. Appellant

asserts the trial evidence was insufficient to convict him of resisting arrest.

For these reasons, Appellant concludes this Court should vacate the judgment

of sentence. We disagree.

      Appellate review of an order that denied a motion to suppress evidence

is as follows:

         We may consider only the Commonwealth’s evidence and so
         much of the evidence for the defense as remains
         uncontradicted when read in the context of the record as a
         whole. Where the record supports the factual findings of
         the trial court, we are bound by those facts and may reverse
         only if the legal conclusions drawn therefrom are in error.
         An appellate court, of course, is not bound by the
         suppression court's conclusions of law.

Commonwealth v. Luczki, 212 A.3d 530, 541-42 (Pa.Super. 2019) (quoting

Commonwealth v. Arter, 637 Pa. 541, 546-47, 151 A.2d 149, 153 (2016)).

“It is within the suppression court’s sole province as factfinder to pass on the

credibility of witnesses and the weight to be given their testimony.” Luczki,

supra at 542 (quoting Commonwealth v. Clemens, 66 A.3d 373, 378

(Pa.Super. 2013)).

         The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution
         and Article I, Section 8 of the Pennsylvania Constitution
         guarantee the right of the people to be secure in their
         persons,     houses,     papers,  and    possessions   from
         unreasonable searches and seizures. “To secure the right
         of citizens to be free from unreasonable search and seizure,
         courts in Pennsylvania require law enforcement officers to

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       demonstrate ascending levels of suspicion to justify their
       interactions with citizens to the extent those interactions
       compromise individual liberty.”       Commonwealth v.
       Hampton, 204 A.3d 452, 456 (Pa.Super. 2019). Because
       interactions between law enforcement and the general
       citizenry are widely varied, search and seizure law looks at
       how the interaction is classified and if a detention has
       occurred.

       Our Supreme Court in Commonwealth v. Adams, ___ Pa.
       ___, ___, A.3d 1195, 1199-1200 (2019) recently reiterated
       the general levels or classifications of contacts between the
       police and the citizenry and reviewed long-standing
       precedent on the topic as follows:

          The first is a mere encounter, sometimes referred to
          as a consensual encounter, which does not require the
          officer to have any suspicion that the citizen is or has
          been engaged in criminal activity. This interaction
          also does not compel the citizen to stop or respond to
          the officer. A mere encounter does not constitute a
          seizure, as the citizen is free to choose whether to
          engage with the officer and comply with any requests
          made or, conversely, to ignore the officer and
          continue on his or her way. The second type of
          interaction, an investigative detention, is a temporary
          detention of a citizen. This interaction constitutes a
          seizure of a person, and to be constitutionally valid
          police must have a reasonable suspicion that criminal
          activity is afoot. The third, a custodial detention, is
          the functional equivalent of an arrest and must be
          supported by probable cause. A custodial detention
          also constitutes a seizure.

          No bright lines separate these types of [interactions],
          but the United States Supreme Court has established
          an objective test by which courts may ascertain
          whether a seizure has occurred to elevate the
          interaction beyond a mere encounter. The test, often
          referred to as the “free to leave test,” requires the
          court to determine whether, taking into account all of
          the circumstances surrounding the encounter, the
          police conduct would have communicated to a
          reasonable person that he was not at liberty to ignore

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            the police presence and go about his business.
            [W]henever a police officer accosts an individual and
            restrains his freedom to walk away, [the officer] has
            “seized” that person.

        Id. at ___, 205 A.3d at 1199-1200 (most internal citations
        and quotation marks omitted). Whether a seizure has
        occurred, under the circumstances related in the undisputed
        testimony at a suppression hearing, is a question of law
        involving a plenary scope of review. Commonwealth v.
        Au, 615 Pa. 330, 337, 42 A.3d 1002, 1006 (2012). Our
        standard of review regarding questions of law is de novo.

Luczki, supra at 542-43 (some internal citations and quotation marks

omitted).

        When initially evaluating the level of interaction between law
        enforcement and a citizen to determine if a seizure
        occurred, “courts conduct an objective examination of the
        totality     of     the     surrounding        circumstances.”
        Commonwealth v. Lyles, 626 Pa. 343, 350, 97 A.3d 298,
        302 (2014).

            The totality-of-the-circumstances test is ultimately
            centered on whether the suspect has in some way
            been restrained by physical force or show of coercive
            authority. Under this test, no single factor controls
            the ultimate conclusion as to whether a seizure
            occurred—to guide the inquiry, the United States
            Supreme Court and this Court have employed an
            objective test entailing a determination of whether a
            reasonable person would have felt free to leave or
            otherwise terminate the encounter.                [W]hat
            constitutes a restraint on liberty prompting a person
            to conclude that he is not free to “leave” will vary, not
            only with the particular police conduct at issue, but
            also with the setting in which the conduct occurs.

            This Court and the United States Supreme Court have
            repeatedly held a seizure does not occur where
            officers merely approach a person in public and
            question the individual or request to see identification.
            Officers may request identification or question an

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          individual so long as the officers do not convey a
          message that compliance with their requests is
          required. Although police may request a person’s
          identification, such individual still maintains the right
          to ignore the police and go about his business.

       Id. at 350-51, 97 A.3d at 302-03 (internal citations and
       quotation marks omitted).

          To decide whether a seizure has occurred, a court
          must consider all the circumstances surrounding the
          encounter to determine whether the demeanor and
          conduct of the police would have communicated to a
          reasonable person that he…was not free to decline the
          officer’s request or otherwise terminate the
          encounter. A variety of factors may influence this
          determination, including the threatening presence of
          several officers, the display of a weapon by an officer,
          some physical touching of the person of the citizen, or
          the use of language or tone of voice indicating that
          compliance with the officer’s request might be
          compelled. As our High Court has explained, subtle
          factors as the demeanor of the police officer, the
          location of the confrontation, the manner of
          expression used by the officer in addressing the
          citizen, and the content of the interrogatories or
          statements must be considered.

       Hampton, supra at 457. In addition:

          This Court has also set forth the following non-
          exclusive list of factors:

              the number of officers present during the
              interaction; whether the officer informs the
              citizen [he is] suspected of criminal activity; the
              officer’s demeanor and tone of voice; the
              location and timing of the interaction; the visible
              presence of weapons on the officer; and the
              questions asked. Otherwise inoffensive contact
              between a member of the public and the police
              cannot, as a matter of law, amount to a seizure
              of that person.


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       Commonwealth v. Newsome, 170 A.3d 1151, 1155
       (Pa.Super. 2017) (internal citations omitted). Our Supreme
       Court has also stated:

          We recognize the conceptual difficulties inherent in
          the administration of the reasonable-person standard.
          Although the test is cast in objective terms, absent
          empirical proofs, there remains substantial room for
          reasonable disagreement concerning how such a
          hypothetical person might feel in any given set of
          circumstances.      Such differences have been
          manifested, at both the federal and state level, in
          many divided opinions on the subject. Nevertheless,
          the High Court has settled on an approach allocating
          very modest weight to the possibility for psychological
          coercion arising from a fairly wide range of police
          conduct which may be regarded as being appropriate
          to and inherent in the circumstances facilitating the
          interaction.   Cf. Wayne R. LaFave, Search and
          Seizure: A Treatise on the Fourth Amendment §
          9.4(a), at 425 (4th ed. 2004) (observing that “the
          confrontation is a seizure only if the officer adds to
          those inherent pressures by engaging in conduct
          significantly beyond that accepted in social
          intercourse[,]” which include moral and instinctive
          pressures to cooperate).

       Au, supra at 338-39, 42 A.3d 1007-08 (most internal
       citations   omitted).      Thus,  all   law   enforcement
       communications with a citizen do not automatically
       constitute detentions. Lyles, supra at 354, 97 A.3d at 304-
       05. With respect to the show of authority needed for a
       detention, the circumstances must present some level of
       coercion, beyond the officer’s mere employment, that
       conveys a demand for compliance or threat of tangible
       consequences from refusal. Commonwealth v. Young[,
       E.], 162 A.3d 524, 529 (Pa.Super. 2017) (citing Lyles,
       supra at 353-54, 97 A.3d at 304).

          An investigative detention, unlike a mere encounter,
          constitutes a seizure of a person and thus activates
          the protections of Article 1, Section 8 of the
          Pennsylvania Constitution.          To institute an
          investigative detention, an officer must have at least

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          a reasonable suspicion that criminal activity is afoot.
          Reasonable suspicion requires a finding that based on
          the available facts, a person of reasonable caution
          would believe the intrusion was appropriate.

                                 *     *      *

          Reasonable suspicion exists only where the officer is
          able to articulate specific observations which, in
          conjunction with reasonable inferences derived from
          those observations, led him reasonably to conclude,
          in light of his experience, that criminal activity was
          afoot and that the person he stopped was involved in
          that activity. Therefore, the fundamental inquiry of a
          reviewing court must be an objective one, namely,
          whether the facts available to the officer at the
          moment of intrusion warrant a [person] of reasonable
          caution in the belief that the action taken was
          appropriate.

       Commonwealth v. Jones, 874 A.2d 108, 116 (Pa.Super.
       2005) (internal citations omitted). The question of whether
       reasonable suspicion existed at the time of an investigatory
       detention must be answered by examining the totality of the
       circumstances to determine whether there was a
       particularized and objective basis for suspecting the
       individual stopped of criminal activity.

          In making this determination, we must give due
          weight…to the specific reasonable inferences the
          police officer is entitled to draw from the facts in light
          of his experience.          Also, the totality of the
          circumstances test does not limit our inquiry to an
          examination of only those facts that clearly indicate
          criminal conduct. Rather, even a combination of
          innocent facts, when taken together, may warrant
          further investigation by the police officer.

       Commonwealth v. Young[, R.], 904 A.2d 947, 957
       (Pa.Super. 2006), appeal denied, 591 Pa. 664, 916 A.2d 633
       (2006) (internal citations and quotation marks omitted).
       “[W]hether the defendant was located in a high crime
       area…supports the existence of reasonable suspicion.”
       Commonwealth v. Foglia, 979 A.2d 357, 361 (Pa.Super.
       2009) (en banc), appeal denied, 605 Pa. 694, 990 A.2d 727

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        (2010) (internal citations omitted).

Luczki, supra at 543-45 (some internal citations and quotation marks

omitted).

        “Probable cause is made out when the facts and
        circumstances which are within the knowledge of the officer
        at the time of the arrest, and of which [the officer] has
        reasonably trustworthy information, are sufficient to
        warrant [an officer] of reasonable caution in the belief that
        the suspect has committed or is committing a crime.”
        Commonwealth v. Thompson, 604 Pa. 198, 203, 985
        A.2d 928, 931 (2009) (internal quotation marks omitted).

            The question we ask is not whether the officer’s belief
            was correct or more likely true than false. Rather, we
            require only a probability, and not a prima facie
            showing, of criminal activity. In determining whether
            probable cause exists, we apply a totality of the
            circumstances test.

        Id. (emphasis in original) (internal citations and quotation
        marks omitted). The officer’s training and experience are a
        factor in determining probable cause but relevant to the
        issue only if there is a nexus between those skills and the
        search and seizure of the person and/or evidence. Id. at
        210, 985 A.2d at 935.

        “Although cases involving similar or comparable seizure
        determinations may serve as guideposts, a suppression
        court must independently employ the totality-of-the-
        circumstances test in determining whether a seizure
        occurred.” Lyles, supra at 354, 97 A.3d at 305. See, e.g.,
        id. (holding that no single factor controls in seizure-of-
        person analysis; police officer’s request for identification
        alone does not raise escalatory inference of detention;
        courts must make independent examination of totality of
        circumstances surrounding interaction to determine if
        seizure occurred; concluding no “seizure” occurred in
        absence of credible evidence of physical restraint, weapons
        used, blockade or obstruction of citizen’s ability to walk
        away; tenor of interaction was not inherently coercive); Au,
        supra (holding unrebutted testimony of officer established

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       only mere encounter with Appellee had occurred, when
       officer interacted with Appellee in public, did not activate
       emergency lights, did not block Appellee’s car, did not
       brandish weapon, make intimidating movement or
       overwhelming show of force, threat, or command, or speak
       in authoritative tone; use of officer’s headlights and
       flashlight was in furtherance of officer’s safety and within
       ambit of acceptable, non-escalatory factors); Newsome,
       supra (holding defendant was not “seized” during his initial
       interaction with officer, where officer responded to radio call
       in marked cruiser and saw Appellee walk away from group
       of males; officer exited his vehicle and told Appellee to
       “come here,” but Appellee refused and continued to walk
       away; officer then observed Appellee remove object and
       place it in nearby flowerpot; object later recovered was
       firearm); Young[, E.], supra (holding initial interaction
       with Appellee was mere encounter, when three officers in
       plainclothes exited an unmarked vehicle, approached
       Appellee on public street and asked Appellee what he was
       doing and whether he had anything on his person that could
       harm officers; two brief questions constituted mere
       encounter, as there was no restraint of Appellee’s liberty,
       no physical force, and no show of authority or level of
       coercion, beyond officer’s mere employment, to convey
       demand for compliance or threat of tangible consequences
       from refusal).        Compare Adams, supra (holding
       interaction between police officer and defendant was
       investigative detention, where officer would not allow
       defendant to leave his vehicle; officer did not simply request
       that defendant stay in his car; instead, officer physically
       closed car door and barred defendant’s exit; officer’s action
       of physically closing door as defendant opened it
       communicated demand to remain in car at that location;
       officer’s acts constituted type of escalatory factor that
       signals “seizure” by restraint of freedom); Commonwealth
       v. Livingston, 644 Pa. 27, 174 A.3d 609 (2017) (plurality)
       (holding interaction between police officer and defendant
       was investigative detention, where defendant’s car was
       already parked on side of interstate highway, and officer
       pulled his patrol car alongside defendant’s car, with his
       emergency lights activated, ostensibly under community
       caretaking function, but officer was unable to articulate
       specific and objective facts to suggest defendant needed
       assistance); Hampton, supra (holding interaction between

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         police officer and defendant was investigative detention,
         where defendant drove his vehicle from roadway into church
         field, and officer pulled her marked vehicle into field behind
         defendant’s car, effectively blocking his exit, as defendant’s
         vehicle was facing building so he could not travel forward).
         Importantly, “The issue of whether an individual has been
         seized is distinct from the issue of whether that seizure was
         reasonable.” Hampton, supra at 458.

Luczki, supra at 545-46.

      A challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence implicates the following

legal principles:

         The standard we apply in reviewing the sufficiency of the
         evidence is whether viewing all the evidence admitted at
         trial in the light most favorable to the verdict winner, there
         is sufficient evidence to enable the fact-finder to find every
         element of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. In
         applying [the above] test, we may not weigh the evidence
         and substitute our judgment for the fact-finder. In addition,
         we note that the facts and circumstances established by the
         Commonwealth need not preclude every possibility of
         innocence. Any doubts regarding a defendant’s guilt may
         be resolved by the fact-finder unless the evidence is so weak
         and inconclusive that as a matter of law no probability of
         fact may be drawn from the combined circumstances. The
         Commonwealth may sustain its burden of proving every
         element of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt by means
         of wholly circumstantial evidence. Moreover, in applying the
         above test, the entire record must be evaluated and all
         evidence actually received must be considered. Finally, the
         [finder] of fact while passing upon the credibility of
         witnesses and the weight of the evidence produced, is free
         to believe all, part or none of the evidence.

Jones, supra at 120-21 (quoting Commonwealth v. Bullick, 830 A.2d 998,

1000 (Pa.Super. 2003)).

      Section 5104 of the Crimes Code defines resisting arrest or other law

enforcement as follows:

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         § 5104. Resisting arrest or other law enforcement

         A person commits a misdemeanor of the second degree if,
         with the intent of preventing a public servant from effecting
         a lawful arrest or discharging any other duty, the person
         creates a substantial risk of bodily injury to the public
         servant or anyone else, or employs means justifying or
         requiring substantial force to overcome the resistance.

18 Pa.C.S.A. § 5104.

      Instantly, testimony at the suppression hearing revealed Officers

Rauchut and Sanchez were patrolling in Philadelphia in full uniform and in a

patrol car, when they received a flash report at approximately 10:45 a.m. The

report specified the suspect was a male with a gun, wearing a green t-shirt

and blue jeans, and possibly high on narcotics. The report also indicated the

suspect was near the 1200 block of Lycoming Street, a location the officers

knew was an area of high drug activity and extreme violence. Approximately

four minutes after receiving the flash report, the officers discovered Appellant

standing in the middle of street on the 1300 block of Lycoming Street. The

officers observed Appellant yelling at a man sitting inside a parked car;

Appellant was sweating profusely, and his neck veins were visibly engorged.

Appellant was wearing blue jeans and a navy-blue t-shirt, with a sweatshirt

wrapped around his waist. Based upon his years of experience as a police

officer and his observations of Appellant’s conduct, Officer Rauchut believed

Appellant was under the influence of illicit drugs.

      During their initial interaction with Appellant, the officers approached in

the patrol vehicle, with the vehicle’s lights and siren off. Appellant correctly

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notes that the record shows the officers then exited their patrol vehicle before

speaking to him. Once outside the vehicle, Officer Rauchut said to Appellant,

“Hey, what’s going on, man? You want to come over to my car?” Appellant

complied and approached the patrol vehicle. That was the sum and substance

of their initial interaction.

      This initial interaction between the officers and Appellant was limited,

informal, and carried all the hallmarks of a mere encounter. In detail, the

interaction occurred in daylight and on a public street.       The interaction

involved no lights, guns, intimidating movement or potent show of force,

obstruction, or physical restraint. The officers were in full uniform and had

arrived in a marked police vehicle, both of which merely identified their

employment and conveyed no demand for compliance or threat of tangible

consequences from refusal.      See Young, E., supra. Whether the officers

were inside or outside the patrol vehicle when they asked Appellant to

approach them, is of no moment. In either circumstance, the officers’ conduct

and limited contact with Appellant fell within the ambit of non-escalatory

conduct; and their initial interaction with Appellant was a mere encounter.

See Au, supra; Newsome, supra; Young, E., supra.

      As Appellant approached the officers, Officer Rauchut observed a bulge

on Appellant’s waist, around which Appellant had wrapped a sweatshirt.

Based on his training and experience, Officer Rauchut believed the bulge was

a gun. As a result, Officer Rauchut asked Appellant to place his hands on the


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vehicle so the officers could perform a protective search, but Appellant refused

to comply. Although Officer Rauchut repeated the instruction several times,

Appellant remained obstinate and did not heed the directive. When Officer

Rauchut attempted to place Appellant’s arm behind his back to secure him,

Appellant reached into his waistband and grabbed a gun. Officer Rauchut and

Appellant struggled for nearly one minute until Officer Sanchez was able to

remove the gun from Appellant. Meanwhile, Officer Durando approached to

assist in apprehending Appellant. Based upon his observations and multiple

years of police service, Officer Durando believed Appellant’s behavior

exhibited signs of illicit drug use.

      The nature of Appellant’s encounter with the officers escalated when he

approached the patrol vehicle and Officer Rauchut saw what he believed to be

a gun in Appellant’s waistband. At that point, Officer Rauchut attempted to

perform a protective search and asked Appellant to place his hands on the

patrol vehicle.   Appellant’s prolonged refusal to comply prompted Officer

Rauchut to grab Appellant’s arm in an attempt to place the arm behind

Appellant’s back and effectuate the search. In addition to the appearance of

a firearm on Appellant’s person, several factors supported Appellant’s

detention, including: Appellant’s presence near the initial location referenced

in the flash report; Appellant’s appearance roughly matching the flash report

description (see Commonwealth v. Thomas, 179 A.3d 77 (Pa.Super. 2018)

(providing reasonable suspicion may arise even when suspect does not match


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flash report description exactly)); Appellant’s standing in the middle of the

road yelling at a person inside a parked car, along with his agitated and sweaty

physical condition leading Officer Rauchut to believe Appellant was under the

influence of drugs; Appellant’s apparent drug use and possession of a firearm

matching the flash report of an individual with a gun high on narcotics; and

Appellant’s presence in an area known for high drug activity and extreme

violence. Under the totality of the circumstances, the officers had reasonable

suspicion to search Appellant for a firearm on his person. See Foglia, supra;

Young, R., supra; Jones, supra. Additionally, Appellant’s interaction with

the police escalated further when Appellant pulled a gun out of his waistband.

Appellant’s possession of a gun in a high crime area, along with his reaching

for and holding it while the officers were attempting to search him, gave rise

to probable cause. See Thompson, supra. Upon our independent review of

the totality of the circumstances, we conclude the record supports the court’s

decision to deny Appellant’s suppression motion.         See Luczki, supra;

Clemens, supra.

      Regarding Appellant’s related sufficiency challenge, the police lawfully

arrested Appellant, for the reasons we have already discussed. Therefore,

Appellant’s sufficiency claim merits no relief. See Jones, supra; 18 Pa.C.S.A.

5104. Accordingly, we affirm.

      Judgment of sentence affirmed.

      President Judge Emeritus Stevens joins this memorandum.
      Judge Stabile concurs in the result.

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Judgment Entered.




Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary



Date: 4/6/2020




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