[Cite as State v. Leu, 2019-Ohio-3404.]




                             IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
                                 SIXTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                      LUCAS COUNTY


State of Ohio                                    Court of Appeals No. L-17-1265

        Appellee                                 Trial Court No. CR0201602298

v.

Jackie G. Leu                                    DECISION AND JUDGMENT

        Appellant                                Decided: August 23, 2019

                                            *****

        Julia R. Bates, Lucas County Prosecuting Attorney, and
        Alyssa Breyman, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for appellee.

        Laurel A. Kendall, for appellant.

                                            *****

        PIETRYKOWSKI, J.

        {¶ 1} Defendant-appellant, Jackie G. Leu, appeals the October 20, 2017 judgment

of the Lucas County Court of Common Pleas which, following a jury trial finding him

guilty of attempted murder with a firearm specification, felonious assault, and obstructing
justice sentenced him to an imprisonment term of 17 and one-half years. For the reasons

that follow, we affirm.

       {¶ 2} Appellant was indicted on July 15, 2016, for the June 12, 2016 shooting of

victim, T.J., following an earlier verbal altercation at a bar located in Toledo, Lucas

County, Ohio. A second indictment was filed on August 4, 2017, charging appellant with

one count of bribery of a witness in the proceedings. The charges in the indictments were

set to be jointly tried.

       {¶ 3} On October 11, 2017, appellant filed a motion for relief from joinder

requesting that the cases be tried separately. Appellant argued, citing Crim.R. 8(A), that

no finding had been made that the offenses could have been charged in a single

indictment. Appellant further argued that he would be prejudiced by the joinder under

Crim.R. 14 and Evid.R. 404(B), in that it undermined his right to a presumption of

innocence as to the charges in the original indictment.

       {¶ 4} The court addressed the motion on October 16, 2017, the morning of trial.

The court focused on the procedural history of the case which included two prior defense

attorneys and multiple extensions of the trial date. As to current counsel, the court stated

that he had entered his appearance on August 14, 2017, and immediately requested an

extension of the August 28, 2017 trial date. On the same date, appellant was arraigned on

the new bribery charge. The matter was set for trial on September 18, 2017, and reset for

October 16. The court then concluded that the motion was untimely and it was denied.

       {¶ 5} The matter then proceeded to a jury trial on all four charges.




2.
                                       The Shooting

       {¶ 6} At trial several witnesses testified regarding the events preceding the

shooting. Asia M. testified that victim, T.J., had recently moved into her and boyfriend

Joshua’s house on Burger Street in Toledo, Ohio, after breaking up with a girlfriend. On

June 12, 2016, at approximately 12:30 a.m., a group including Asia, Joshua, Asia’s sister

Aishah, and the victim walked to a nearby bar; there they met Asia’s friend, Chelsey, and

her boyfriend John.

       {¶ 7} Shortly before last call, the group decided to leave; Chelsey was already

outside smoking a cigarette. Asia stated that at the time, appellant, driving an SUV,

drove up onto the curb and sidewalk almost hitting Chelsey. He then exited the vehicle.

At that time there were no verbal exchanges and appellant went into the bar.

       {¶ 8} Asia testified that her sister returned to the bar to use the restroom and that

she and appellant exited at the same time and were talking to one another. According to

Asia, after telling her sister it was time to go, appellant began calling her derogatory

names. At that point victim T.J. confronted appellant and to prevent a physical

altercation, the two had to be separated. Appellant stated that the victim did not know

who he was “f***ing with” and in response T.J. yelled to appellant that he could meet

him at “312 Burger Street.” The group then headed back to Asia’s house as they had

ordered food to be delivered.

       {¶ 9} After arriving home, T.J. stayed outside to smoke a cigarette. The group

eventually went outside to see where he was and they found him lying in the street. His




3.
face was blue and his breathing was labored. Asia testified she initially thought he had a

stab wound to his neck; she called 911.

       {¶ 10} Asia was questioned about informing detectives that earlier that day, T.J.

relayed an incident involving a married female co-worker. T.J. told her that he was

driving with the woman and they spotted her husband. She told him to duck down

because the husband would get jealous

       {¶ 11} Joshua P. similarly testified regarding the altercation outside the bar but

added that he punched appellant in the shoulder because he believed that appellant was

going to try and fight with his girlfriend. Joshua also stated that before they went out to

check on T.J. they heard a loud popping noise but thought that it was a car backfiring.

       {¶ 12} Joshua stated that the group walked outside when the food delivery arrived.

The delivery people indicated that there was someone lying next to a car. Joshua

described that T.J. was lying on the ground and not moving; he was blue.

       {¶ 13} Chelsey G. and Jonathon A., dating at the time of the shooting, testified

that they met the group at the bar that night around last-call. Chelsey was friends with

the group but other than T.J., Jonathon had just met them that night. Jonathon stated that

they were outside the bar smoking when an SUV pulled up over the curb almost hitting

Chelsey. Jonathon said a fight, verbal then physical, broke out. Jonathon stated that after

the fight he and Chelsey got in their car and drove to a “house party” on Burger Street.




4.
       {¶ 14} As with Asia and Joshua, Jonathon and Chelsey similarly testified that they

ordered food and eventually went outside; the delivery people had arrived and noticed

T.J. lying in the street with a gunshot wound.

       {¶ 15} Brandy F. testified that on the night of the shooting she and her husband

were making deliveries for Central Hot Dog. She stated that she pulled up to the Burger

Street address, exited the vehicle and almost stepped on the victim. Brandy observed a

bullet hole in T.J.’s neck and applied pressure to the wound with a paper towel. Brandy

testified that the victim was blue and not moving.

       {¶ 16} The victim, T.J., testified that shortly after arriving at the bar, appellant,

driving erratically, nearly ran Chelsey over. He stated that there was a “little bit” of an

argument at that time. T.J. stated that later it appeared that appellant and Asia were about

to get into a fight and he stepped in.

       {¶ 17} T.J. testified that he then walked Aishah home (Asia’s sister) who lived

about one-half block out-of-the-way from the route home. Arriving back at Asia’s house,

T.J. remained outside to finish a cigarette. T.J. testified that he saw a vehicle approach,

saw approximately half of appellant’s face, and watched appellant point a gun and shoot

him.

       {¶ 18} T.J. testified that he was shot in the neck and his spinal cord was

completely severed. He has no chance of ever walking again. T.J. stated that he is

unable to live alone and can independently perform approximately half of his daily living

functions.




5.
       {¶ 19} During cross-examination, T.J. was questioned about his married, but

separated work friend, Jennifer. On the day before the shooting, T.J. was being driven

home by Jennifer when her husband spotted them. According to T.J, the husband pulled

in front of her car; the two exited their vehicles and began arguing. T.J. indicated that the

husband did yell once for him to get out of the car but otherwise he was ignored. T.J.

stated that he did not know if her husband followed them to the Burger address where he

was dropped off.

                                     The Pickup Truck

       {¶ 20} Ociel P. testified that on the night of the shooting he was returning to his

house on Burger Street when a Ford F150 pickup truck caught his attention because his

grandfather had had one. Ociel stated that he turned right onto Burger Street and the

truck followed a few houses behind. He pulled into his driveway and the truck passed

slowly on the street. Ociel testified that he forgot his cigarettes in his truck so he went

back out and saw the truck driving slowly back up the street. He believed the driver to be

lost. A few seconds later, Ociel was in the kitchen and heard what sounded like two

gunshots. He and his girlfriend looked out the living room window and saw the taillights

of the truck speeding away.

       {¶ 21} Regarding a description of the truck and driver, Ociel testified that he

identified the truck from a photo array compiled by police and he identified appellant as

the driver to detectives and in court. Ociel was questioned about the lighting conditions

on the street; he indicated that there were various streetlights up and down the street but




6.
none right where the shooting took place. Ociel testified that it looked like appellant was

wearing a painter hat during the incident.

       {¶ 22} Ociel was cross-examined about his identification of the truck involved in

the shooting and the fact that it was an older model, needed body work and had

multicolored panels. Ociel stated that four of the six vehicles in the photo array compiled

by police had multicolored panels.

       {¶ 23} Scott G. testified that he had previously worked for Granger’s Automotive

as a wrecker driver. Scott testified that he had known appellant for eight to ten years and

that they lived one block apart. Scott testified that although he could not remember the

specific date, he saw appellant in the early morning of a Sunday, either June 10 or 12,

2016, between 2:00 and 4:00 a.m. when he was on call. Appellant pulled into his

driveway in a Ford pickup truck; Scott identified the truck from a state’s exhibit.

According to Scott, appellant stated that the truck was not running well and asked that it

be towed to the automotive shop.

                                     The Investigation

       {¶ 24} Toledo Police Detective, Eugene Kutz, testified that he responded to the

crime scene on Burger Street. He conducted approximately six witness interviews and

determined that appellant and the victim’s friend’s husband were potential suspects.

Detective Kutz then executed two photo arrays which included the potential suspects to

present to the victim; he positively identified appellant as the shooter. With the positive




7.
identification complete, Detective Kutz enlisted Detective Deborah Hahn, whose role was

then to identify the vehicle appellant allegedly drove when he shot the victim.

       {¶ 25} Detective Hahn testified that she knew appellant as a potential witness in

another case and was aware of the vehicles appellant owns including a silver Mercury

Mountaineer, a red Ford Mustang, and an older blue pickup truck. Regarding the pickup

truck, Hahn further testified to her knowledge of the truck’s appearance, such that it was

distinct and comprised of various shades of blue. She then searched for trucks of the

same make and model, Ford F150, located in the general area of the shooting and colored

various shades of blue to photograph for a photo array. The witness positively identified

appellant’s truck from the photo array.

       {¶ 26} Earlier, when Detective Hahn spoke to appellant about the truck’s location,

he told her it was towed to a repair shop because it had not been running properly.

Appellant stated that it had been towed in May. Detective Hahn went to the shop to see

the vehicle; she found the truck parked up against a building and a fence and stated that it

appeared to be hidden. The tow-truck operator stated to Hahn that he towed the truck on

June 12. Detective Hahn had the truck towed to the police impound lot, but did not test it

to see whether it operated. A search warrant was obtained for the vehicle; no evidence of

the weapon, bullets or shell casings, or powder residue was found.

       {¶ 27} Toledo Police Scientific Investigation Unit Detective Terry Cousino

conducted an investigation of the crime scene including photographing the area and

collecting physical evidence. Cousino collected a 9 mm spent shell casing; he stated that




8.
it did not appear weathered. Detective Cousino stated that it was very dark at the

shooting location.

                                      Bribery Charge

       {¶ 28} Testimony was presented regarding allegations that appellant attempted to

bribe the victim, T.J., not to testify. Kimberly C. stated that he had been friends with

appellant for approximately ten years. According to Kimberly, appellant asked him if he

knew the victim’s mother. After Kimberly responded yes, appellant asked him to talk to

the mother to make the case “disappear.” Kimberly stated that shortly after the shooting

appellant, through Kimberly, offered the victim $10,000 to not pursue the case; the victim

refused. Kimberly acknowledged that he delayed telling police about the alleged bribe

until approximately one year later and during the course of his own criminal proceedings.

                                     Appellant’s Case

       {¶ 29} Appellant presented the testimony of two witnesses. Gary F. testified that

he was at the bar on the night of the shooting and had played pool with appellant, a

longtime friend. He recalled appellant getting into an altercation later in the evening; he

stepped out of the bar and saw appellant on the ground. Gary stated that he went out,

helped appellant up, and took him back into the bar. He did not know what caused the

altercation. Gary testified that he locked the bar door for 15 to 20 minutes and then

walked appellant to his SUV and watched him drive away.

       {¶ 30} Finally, Jennifer H., T.J.’s work friend, testified about the violent

relationship between her and her estranged husband. On the date of trial, there was a




9.
protection order in place. On the day of the shooting, T.J. had asked for a ride home from

work. On the way, the husband spotted the pair and “flipped his car around” to stop her.

Jennifer stated that her husband jumped out of his car and came around to the passenger

side and threatened to beat T.J. up. According to Jennifer, her husband was “extremely

angry” but left in his vehicle which also had the parties’ children. Jennifer speculated

that her husband followed them.

       {¶ 31} Jennifer stated that when she arrived home, her husband accused her of

cheating on him with T.J. Her husband also saw a text message from T.J. inviting her

over to play beer pong later that night. Jennifer stated that her husband left her house

after 11:30 p.m. and that she had locked herself and her daughters in her room. Jennifer

further stated that she had taken a sleep aid and did not know when her husband returned.

       {¶ 32} A few weeks after the shooting her husband displayed a gun he was

wearing on his hip. Jennifer admitted that she never spoke with police about the incident

involving T.J. and her husband.

       {¶ 33} Following closing arguments and jury deliberations, appellant was found

guilty of attempted murder with a firearm specification, felonious assault with a firearm

specification, and obstructing justice. Appellant was acquitted of the bribery charge.

       {¶ 34} The matter then proceeded to sentencing with the state electing to proceed

on the attempted murder charge. Appellant was sentenced to ten years for attempted

murder to be served consecutive to the mandatory five-year prison term for the firearm

specification. For obstructing justice, appellant was sentenced to 30 months in prison, to




10.
be served consecutively to the 15-year term for a total of 17 and one-half years in prison.

The judgment entry was filed and journalized on October 20, 2017; this appeal followed

with appellant raising five assignments of error for our review.

              I. The trial court erred to the prejudice of Appellant when it denied

       his motion opposing joinder of two indictments, which were filed over a

       year apart, for one trial.

              II. Appellant was denied a fair trial by the introduction of an

       unnecessarily suggestive photo array in violation of R.C. 2933.83.

              III. Appellant was denied effective assistance of trial counsel as

       guaranteed by Article I, Section 10 of the Ohio Constitution and the Sixth

       and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution when trial

       counsel failed to file a motion to suppress evidence.

              IV. Appellant’s convictions for attempted murder, felonious assault

       and obstructing justice are against the sufficiency and manifest weight of

       the evidence.

              V. Cumulative error deprived appellant of a fair trial.

       {¶ 35} Appellant’s first assignment of error argues that he was prejudiced by the

trial court’s denial of his motion opposing the joinder of the two indictments for trial.

Appellant argues that the court erroneously denied the motion based on procedural

requirements rather than on its merits. The court denied appellant’s motion because it

was untimely. A motion to sever on the basis of prejudicial joinder is a pretrial motion,




11.
Crim.R. 12(C)(5), that is required to be made “within thirty-five days after arraignment or

seven days before trial, whichever is earlier,” Crim.R. 12(D), although the court in its

discretion has the ability to extend the time.

       {¶ 36} As set forth in the procedural history above, appellant was indicted for

bribery on August 4, 2017. Appellant was arraigned on the charge on August 14, 2017,

the same date that his new counsel entered an appearance. The matter was set for trial on

September 18, 2017, the date was continued at defense counsel’s request to October 16,

2017. Appellant’s motion to sever was not filed until October 11, 2017. Based on these

facts alone, we cannot say that the trial court abused its discretion denying the motion.

       {¶ 37} Even examining the motion on the merits, we still cannot find that the

court’s denial of the motion to sever was in error. Crim.R. 8(A) provides the standards

for determining whether separate offenses can be charged in the same indictment:

              Two or more offenses may be charged in the same indictment * * *

       if the offenses charged, whether felonies or misdemeanors or both, are of

       the same or similar character, or are based on the same act or transaction, or

       are based on two or more acts or transactions connected together or

       constituting parts of a common scheme or plan, or are part of a course of

       criminal conduct.

       {¶ 38} If a party opposing the joinder of indictments demonstrates prejudice, the

trial court shall order separation of the counts under Crim.R. 14. State v. Gordon, 152

Ohio St.3d 528, 2018-Ohio-259, 98 N.E.3d 251, ¶ 20-21, citing State v. Torres, 66 Ohio




12.
St.2d 340, 421 N.E.2d 1288 (1981), syllabus. In order to affirmatively show that his

rights have been prejudiced by the joinder, the defendant must furnish the trial court with

information sufficient to allow the court to weigh the considerations favoring joinder

against the defendant’s right to a fair trial; to obtain reversal on appeal, the defendant

must demonstrate that the trial court abused its discretion in refusing to separate the

charges for trial. State v. Goodner, 195 Ohio App.3d 636, 2011-Ohio-5018, 961 N.E.2d

254, ¶ 42 (2d Dist.). Accordingly, we review a trial court’s decision on severance under

an abuse of discretion standard. State v. Lott, 51 Ohio St.3d 160, 163, 555 N.E.2d 293

(1990).1

       {¶ 39} Evidence of the attempted bribery of a witness by a defendant is admissible

against that defendant since such an attempt demonstrates consciousness of guilt. State v.

Snowden, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 28096, 2019-Ohio-3006, ¶ 50, citing State v. Hunt,

8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 84528, 2005-Ohio-1871, ¶ 8. See also Gordon, supra, at ¶ 28,

quoting State v. Conway, 109 Ohio St.3d 412, 2006-Ohio-2815, 848 N.E.2d 810, ¶ 68.

Thus, had the trial court granted appellant’s motion to sever, the testimony regarding his

alleged attempt to bribe the victim would have been admissible to establish appellant’s

consciousness of guilt regarding the shooting. Along this vein, had the charges been

severed the state would have called several of the same witnesses from the trial on the



1
  The state further argues that because appellant failed to renew his opposition to joinder,
review is limited to plain error under Crim.R. 52. Because we find no error, we likewise
find no plain error.




13.
underlying charges to prove motive in connection with the bribery charge, which would

have wasted judicial resources and subjected the witnesses to a second examination. This

contravenes the public policy in favor of joinder. See State v. Stuckman, 6th Dist.

Sandusky Nos. S-17-039, S-17-040, 2018-Ohio-4050, ¶ 36, citing State v. Scott, 6th Dist.

Sandusky No. S-02-026, 2003-Ohio-2797, ¶ 13. Accordingly, we conclude that the trial

court did not err when it overruled appellant’s motion to sever. Appellant’s first

assignment of error is not well-taken.

       {¶ 40} Appellant’s second assignment of error asserts that he was denied a fair

trial by the introduction of the pickup truck photo array. Specifically, appellant contends

that the photo array used to identify the truck was in violation of R.C. 2933.83, denying

appellant a fair trial because the photo array was unduly suggestive and prejudicial. The

statute refers to a photo array used for the purpose of identifying a suspected perpetrator.

“Perpetrator” is defined as “the person who committed the offense.” (Emphasis added.)

R.C. 2933.83(A)(9). Appellant argues that the language and procedural requirements in

R.C. 2933.83 should encompass both human suspects and inanimate objects. While Ohio

precedent is unclear at this time, courts in other states have consistently held that objects

are not afforded the same identification procedures and constitutional protections as are

human suspects. For example, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court ruled:

              There is a difference between an identification of a defendant and of

       an inanimate object. The due process concerns implicated in identification

       of a defendant are not implicated in the identification of a vehicle.




14.
       Identification of an accused tends to be direct proof of the case against him,

       while that of an inanimate object is only indirect proof of the defendant’s

       guilt.

Commonwealth v. Chmiel, 585 Pa. 547, 587, 889 A.2d 501 (2005).

       {¶ 41} The Chmiel court continued, “This principle is even more compelling in

this instance because motor vehicles are not unique. On the other hand, there is only one

person with the physical characteristics exactly like those of the defendant.” Id.

       {¶ 42} Similarly, the New Jersey Supreme Court has held that pretrial

identification of objects are not subject to constitutional protections stating: “[W]e reject

defendant’s invitation to extend to inanimate objects, such as cars, the carefully crafted

due process protections applicable to identification procedures of persons.” State v.

Delgado, 188 N.J. 48, 66, 902 A.2d 888 (2006). Delgado cites additional cases which

reject appellant’s argument including: Inge v. Procunier, 758 F.2d 1010, 1015 (4th

Cir.1985); Hughes v. State, 735 So.2d 238, 261 (Miss.1999); State v. Cyr, 453 A.2d 1315,

1317 (N.H.1982). Id. at 66-67.

       {¶ 43} On the other hand, the Massachusetts Supreme Court noted the possibility

of an exception for a rare and extreme case of potential prejudice stemming from an

inanimate-object identification. Commonwealth v. Simmons, 383 Mass. 46, 417 N.E.2d

1193 (1981). In Simmons, the issue focused on the identity of a blue Ford Mustang

alleged to be driven by the defendant when he picked up the hitchhiking victim and

stabbed and raped her. Nine days before trial, the car at issue was parked in a private




15.
yard and the victim, accompanied by police, looked into its windows to identify the

specific elements of the vehicle’s dashboard and radio that she recalled seeing during the

attack. Defense counsel was informed of the identification 30 minutes before trial; his

subsequent request for a continuance was denied. Id. at 47. Notably, when questioned at

the hospital shortly after the incident, the victim referred to her attacker’s vehicle as a

“Volkswagen-type” rather than a Mustang, and authorities were concerned about her

ability to properly identify the vehicle. Id. at 49.

       {¶ 44} On appeal, defendant alleged error due to the victim’s varied recollection

of the vehicle and alleged prejudice with the in-person show up process used to identify

it. The Simmons court recognized the difference between an out-of-court identification of

a defendant and an out-of-court identification of an inanimate object and the chance of

fundamental unfairness being greater in the former situation. Id. at 52. It further

recognized that most tangible objects are not unique, irrespective of a distinct appearance.

However, the court noted:

              [We] recognize that, in an extreme case, the degree of

       suggestiveness of an identification procedure concerning an inanimate

       object might rise to the level of a denial of due process. Even if

       constitutional considerations did not apply, an appropriate rule of evidence

       might require that an identification of an inanimate object not be admitted

       in evidence where the government used a highly suggestive identification




16.
       procedure because the unfair, prejudicial, and unreliable quality of the

       identification would outweigh its probative value.

Id. at 51-52.

       {¶ 45} The Simmons court ultimately concluded that the circumstances

surrounding the vehicle’s identification were before the jury whose role is was to assess

the weight it was to be given. Id. at 52. However, the matter was remanded for a hearing

on the constitutionality of the warrantless search of the vehicle. Id. at 55.

       {¶ 46} Here, appellant contends unfairness because the truck was only described

by the witness as blue, with no mention of the multicolored body panels. He further

contends that the photo array depicted no other vehicles with a different colored fender

like his. However, unlike the Simmons’ theoretical “rare exception,” there is no evidence

to indicate that the detectives did or said anything suggestive to T.J. prior to or while

being shown the photo array. The record is devoid of evidence that appellant’s truck was

identified because of its colorful appearance or that detectives lead the witness to believe

the colorful truck belonged to appellant. While appellant argues that the victim’s referral

to the truck as “Mr. Leu’s truck” evidences suggestiveness by the detectives during the

investigation, there is no evidence inferring as much. The jury’s role was to assess the

credibility of the evidence surrounding the administration of the photo array.

Appellant’s second assignment of error is not well-taken.

       {¶ 47} In his third assignment of error, appellant argues that he was denied the

effective assistance of trial counsel by counsel’s failure to file a motion to suppress the




17.
pretrial identification of his pickup truck. To establish ineffective assistance of counsel, a

defendant must show “(1) deficient performance by counsel, i.e., performance falling

below an objective standard of reasonable representation, and (2) prejudice, i.e., a

reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s errors, the proceeding’s result would have

been different.” State v. Martin, 151 Ohio St.3d 470, 2017-Ohio-7556, 90 N.E.3d 857,

¶ 48, citing Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.E.2d 674

(1984). To succeed, a defendant must overcome the strong presumption that counsel’s

conduct fell within the “wide range of reasonable professional assistance.” Strickland at

689. The failure to file a motion to suppress does not necessarily constitute ineffective

assistance of counsel. See State v. Hernandez, 6th Dist. Lucas Nos. L-06-1388,

L-06-1389, 2009-Ohio-386, ¶ 83. Further, “‘[f]ailure to file a motion to suppress

constitutes ineffective assistance of counsel only if, based upon the record, the motion

would have been granted.’” Id., quoting State v. Kuhn, 9th Dist. Lorain No.

05CA008859, 2006-Ohio-4416, ¶ 11. Thus, where the filing of a motion to suppress

would be a “futile act” counsel is presumed to be effective. State v. Conkright, 6th Dist.

Lucas No. L-06-1107, 2007-Ohio-5315, ¶ 50.

       {¶ 48} Based upon our disposition of appellant’s second assignment of error, we

find that had appellant’s counsel filed a motion to suppress the identification of the

pickup truck it would not have been successful. Appellant’s third assignment of error is

not well-taken.




18.
       {¶ 49} Appellant’s fourth assignment of error asserts that his convictions are not

supported by sufficient evidence and are against the weight of the evidence. Sufficiency

of the evidence and manifest weight of the evidence are quantitatively and qualitatively

different legal concepts. State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 386, 678 N.E.2d 541

(1997). Sufficiency of the evidence is purely a question of law. Id. Under this standard

of adequacy, a court must consider whether the evidence was sufficient to support the

conviction as a matter of law. Id. The proper analysis is “‘whether, after viewing the

evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have

found the essential elements of the crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt.’” State v.

Williams, 74 Ohio St.3d 569, 576, 660 N.E.2d 724 (1996), quoting State v. Jenks, 61

Ohio St.3d 259, 574 N.E.2d 492 (1991), paragraph two of the syllabus.

       {¶ 50} Conversely, a claim that a jury verdict is against the manifest weight of the

evidence requires an appellate court to act as a “thirteenth juror.” Thompkins, 78 Ohio

St.3d at 387, 678 N.E.2d 541. An appellate court,

              “reviewing the entire record, weighs the evidence and all reasonable

       inferences, considers the credibility of witnesses and determines whether in

       resolving conflicts in the evidence, the jury clearly lost its way and created

       such a manifest miscarriage of justice that the conviction must be reversed

       and a new trial ordered. The discretionary power to grant a new trial should

       be exercised only in the exceptional case in which the evidence weighs

       heavily against the conviction.”




19.
Id., quoting State v. Martin, 20 Ohio App.3d 172, 175, 485 N.E.2d 717 (1st Dist.1983).

       {¶ 51} Appellant was convicted of attempted murder and felonious assault which

required the state to prove that appellant purposely attempted to cause the death of the

victim, R.C. 2903.02(A) and 2923.02, and that he knowingly caused or attempted to

cause physical harm to the victim, R.C. 2903.11(A)(2). Appellant was also convicted of

obstructing justice, R.C. 2921.32, which prohibits a person from purposely providing

false information to any person “with the purpose to hinder the discovery, apprehension,

prosecution, conviction, or punishment of another for crime * * *.”

       {¶ 52} Construing the evidence most favorably to the prosecution, in our view a

rational trier of fact could have found beyond a reasonable doubt that appellant

knowingly caused or attempted to cause death or physical harm to T.J. A rational trier of

fact could have also found beyond a reasonable doubt that appellant obstructed justice.

       {¶ 53} We further find that the convictions were not against the weight of the

evidence. Appellant’s argument focuses on the evidence surrounding the identification of

appellant as the shooter and a motive for the crimes. Appellant apparently believes that

his version of the events: that Jennifer’s husband shot T.J. in a jealous rage was more

plausible than appellant shooting T.J. following the altercation at the bar.

       {¶ 54} In our view, the evidence did not weigh heavily against conviction and the

jury acted reasonably in rendering a guilty verdict. Evidence was presented at trial

identifying appellant’s truck as the vehicle driven during the shooting, the victim

identified appellant as the shooter, and the shooting took place in close proximity, both




20.
time and distance-wise to the location of the altercation. Any resolution in conflicting

evidence regarding the victim’s ability to identify the truck or driver and the neighbor’s

identification of appellant and his truck was left to the jury. We cannot say that the jury

lost its way in resolving any conflicts.

       {¶ 55} Based on the foregoing, we conclude that the appellant’s convictions for

attempted murder, felonious assault, and obstructing justice were supported by sufficient

evidence and were not against the manifest weight of the evidence. Accordingly, we find

that appellant’s fourth assignment of error is not well-taken.

       {¶ 56} Appellant’s fifth and final assignment of error alleges prejudice based on

cumulative error. Under the doctrine of cumulative error, “a conviction will be reversed

when the cumulative effect of errors in a trial deprives a defendant of a fair trial even

though each of the numerous instances of trial-court error does not individually constitute

cause for reversal.” State v. Powell, 132 Ohio St.3d 233, 2012-Ohio-2577, 971 N.E.2d

865, ¶ 223. However, where, as here, there are not multiple instances of harmless error,

the cumulative error doctrine does not apply. State v. Garner, 74 Ohio St.3d 49, 64, 656

N.E.2d 623 (1995). Accordingly, appellant’s fifth assignment of error is not well-taken.

       {¶ 57} On consideration whereof, we find that appellant was not prejudiced or

prevented from having a fair trial. The judgment of the Lucas County Court of Common

Pleas is affirmed. Pursuant to App.R. 24, appellant is ordered to pay the costs of this

appeal.

                                                                         Judgment affirmed.




21.
                                                                      State v. Leu
                                                                      C.A. No. L-17-1265




       A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to App.R. 27.
See also 6th Dist.Loc.App.R. 4.




Mark L. Pietrykowski, J.                       _______________________________
                                                           JUDGE
Christine E. Mayle, P.J.
                                               _______________________________
Gene A. Zmuda, J.                                          JUDGE
CONCUR.
                                               _______________________________
                                                           JUDGE


           This decision is subject to further editing by the Supreme Court of
      Ohio’s Reporter of Decisions. Parties interested in viewing the final reported
           version are advised to visit the Ohio Supreme Court’s web site at:
                    http://www.supremecourt.ohio.gov/ROD/docs/.




22.
