        SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK
           Appellate Division, Fourth Judicial Department

734
KA 14-02279
PRESENT: SMITH, J.P., PERADOTTO, DEJOSEPH, TROUTMAN, AND SCUDDER, JJ.


THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK, RESPONDENT,

                    V                              MEMORANDUM AND ORDER

LEVI W. MAYNARD, DEFENDANT-APPELLANT.


CHARLES A. MARANGOLA, MORAVIA, FOR DEFENDANT-APPELLANT.

JON E. BUDELMANN, DISTRICT ATTORNEY, AUBURN (BRIAN T. LEEDS OF
COUNSEL), FOR RESPONDENT.


     Appeal from a judgment of the Cayuga County Court (Thomas G.
Leone, J.), rendered July 17, 2014. The judgment convicted defendant,
upon a jury verdict, of predatory sexual assault against a child,
sexual abuse in the first degree and endangering the welfare of a
child.

     It is hereby ORDERED that the judgment so appealed from is
unanimously modified on the facts by reversing that part convicting
defendant of sexual abuse in the first degree and dismissing count two
of the indictment and as modified the judgment is affirmed.

     Memorandum: Defendant appeals from a judgment convicting him,
upon a jury verdict, of predatory sexual assault against a child
(Penal Law § 130.96), sexual abuse in the first degree (§ 130.65 [3]),
and endangering the welfare of a child (§ 260.10 [1]). Defendant
contends that County Court erred in refusing to suppress his
confession inasmuch as his waiver of Miranda rights was involuntary in
light of his insulin dependence, and the fact that he ate only a
single cookie while with the police. We reject that contention. The
police officers who questioned defendant testified that defendant
waived his Miranda rights and agreed to speak with them; defendant did
not ask for food after receiving a cookie, did not ask for medication
or to go home, and did not appear to be distressed, confused, or
disoriented. In fact, defendant described his physical condition to
the officers as “ ‘awesome.’ ” We accord great weight to the
determination of the suppression court “ ‘because of its ability to
observe and assess the credibility of the witnesses,’ ” and we
perceive no basis to disturb the court’s determination that defendant
understood the Miranda warnings and knowingly and intelligently waived
his rights, despite the testimony of defendant’s expert to the
contrary (People v McConnell, 233 AD2d 867, 867, lv denied 89 NY2d
987; see generally People v Williams, 62 NY2d 285, 288-290).
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                                                         KA 14-02279

     Contrary to defendant’s contention, the court did not abuse its
discretion in denying his application for a pretrial “taint hearing”
(People v Weber, 25 AD3d 919, 923, lv denied 6 NY3d 839; see People v
Thompson, 59 AD3d 1115, 1116, lv denied 12 NY3d 860). “Defendant’s
attempt to show that . . . [the] victim[] had been subjected to undue
suggestion or coercion was speculative, and the defense had a full
opportunity to address this allegation on cross-examination of the
victim[]” (Weber, 25 AD3d at 923).

     Although defendant made specific challenges to the legal
sufficiency of the evidence after the People rested their case, he
failed to renew those specific challenges at the close of all proof
and thus failed to preserve for our review his legal sufficiency
contention (see People v Hines, 97 NY2d 56, 61, rearg denied 97 NY2d
678). Viewing the evidence in light of the elements of the crimes of
predatory sexual assault against a child and endangering the welfare
of a child as charged to the jury (see People v Danielson, 9 NY3d 342,
349), we reject defendant’s contention that the verdict is against the
weight of the evidence with respect to those crimes (see generally
People v Bleakley, 69 NY2d 490, 495). While there were some
discrepancies in the victim’s testimony, “the complained of
inconsistencies did not relate to whether the alleged sexual conduct
occurred,” and we therefore cannot conclude that the victim’s
testimony was incredible as a matter of law (People v Raymo, 19 AD3d
727, 728, lv denied 5 NY3d 793; see People v Whipset, 137 AD3d 1743,
1743, lv denied 27 NY3d 1141).

     Defendant contends that his conviction of sexual abuse in the
first degree must be reversed inasmuch as that conviction is against
the weight of the evidence. We agree. Count two of the indictment
was based solely on defendant’s confession that the victim touched his
penis with her hand. CPL 60.50 requires corroboration of such a
confession: “A person may not be convicted of any offense solely upon
evidence of a confession or admission made by him without additional
proof that the offense charged has been committed.” Here, there is no
such corroboration. The People assert that defendant’s confession
“was sufficiently corroborated by the testimony of the child victim
and her numerous hearsay disclosures solicited by the defense.” The
record does not support that assertion, however, inasmuch as the
victim never testified that she touched defendant’s penis with her
hand, and there is no other evidence—hearsay or otherwise—independent
of defendant’s confession to support defendant’s conviction of sexual
abuse. Although it is well settled that “additional proof ‘need not
corroborate every detail of the confession,’ ” we conclude that
defendant’s conviction of sexual abuse in the first degree was “based
solely on [defendant’s] uncorroborated [confession]” (People v Bjork,
105 AD3d 1258, 1260, lv denied 21 NY3d 1040, cert denied ___ US ___,
134 S Ct 1306). Since there was “no corroborating proof ‘of whatever
weight,’ [count two of the indictment] must be dismissed” (id.). We
therefore modify the judgment by reversing that part convicting
defendant of sexual abuse in the first degree and dismissing count two
of the indictment. In light of our conclusion, we do not reach
defendant’s contention that sexual abuse in the first degree is a
lesser included offense of predatory sexual assault against a child.
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                                                         KA 14-02279

     We reject defendant’s contention that the court erred in allowing
the six-year-old victim to give unsworn testimony (see People v
DelPrince, 70 AD3d 1350, 1350, lv denied 14 NY3d 840). “Although the
victim did not understand the nature of an oath and thus could not
give sworn testimony, [s]he possessed ‘sufficient intelligence and
capacity’ to give unsworn evidence” (id.; see People v Scott, 86 NY2d
864, 865).

     Contrary to defendant’s contention, the court did not abuse its
discretion in refusing to admit evidence that the victim’s maternal
uncle who, like defendant, had babysat the victim, had been convicted
of, inter alia, a sex crime in Florida. It is well established that
third-party culpability evidence must be reviewed “under the general
balancing analysis that governs the admissibility of all evidence”
(People v Primo, 96 NY2d 351, 356). Here, we conclude that proof of
the uncle’s conviction “would have caused ‘undue delay, prejudice and
confusion[,]’ ” and the court therefore properly refused to admit such
proof (People v Clarkson, 78 AD3d 1573, 1574, lv denied 16 NY3d 829).

     Contrary to defendant’s further contention, the court did not err
in precluding a defense expert from offering an opinion on the
credibility of the victim. “ ‘[E]xpert testimony regarding rape
trauma syndrome, abused child syndrome or similar conditions may be
admitted to explain behavior of a victim that might appear unusual or
that jurors may not be expected to understand,’ ” but such testimony
“is not permitted . . . for the purpose of showing that the expert
considers a particular complainant to be credible” (People v Williams,
20 NY3d 579, 584). We reject defendant’s contention that the court
erred in allowing a prosecution witness to testify as an expert upon
defendant’s challenge that she was not qualified to provide an expert
opinion on child abuse behaviors. It is well settled that
“[p]ractical experience may properly substitute for academic training
in determining whether an individual has acquired the training
necessary to be qualified as an expert” (People v Owens, 70 AD3d 1469,
1470, lv denied 14 NY3d 890 [internal quotation marks omitted]). We
conclude that the court properly determined that the People’s expert
witness possessed sufficient practical experience in dealing with
child victims of sexual abuse to qualify her to give expert testimony,
despite the fact that she is not a psychologist or a medical doctor.

     We also reject defendant’s contention that he was denied
effective assistance of counsel. “[I]t is well settled that
disagreement over trial strategy is not a basis for a determination of
ineffective assistance of counsel” (People v Dombrowski, 94 AD3d 1416,
1417, lv denied 19 NY3d 959). Here, the alleged instances of
ineffective assistance are based entirely on defendant’s “ ‘hindsight
disagreements with defense counsel’s trial strategies, and defendant
failed to meet his burden of establishing the absence of any
legitimate explanations for those strategies’ ” (People v Inman, 134
AD3d 1434, 1435, lv denied 27 NY3d 999). We will not “second-guess”
defense counsel’s strategic decisions and, in any event, our review of
the record as a whole establishes that defense counsel provided
meaningful representation to defendant (People v Cherry, 46 AD3d 1234,
1238, lv denied 10 NY3d 839; see generally People v Baldi, 54 NY2d
                                 -4-                           734
                                                         KA 14-02279

137, 147).

     The sentence is not unduly harsh or severe. Defendant’s
remaining contentions are unpreserved for our review (see CPL 470.05
[2]) and, in any event, they are without merit.




Entered:   October 7, 2016                     Frances E. Cafarell
                                               Clerk of the Court
