                                FOURTH DIVISION
                                 DILLARD, P. J.,
                                RAY and SELF, JJ.

                   NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be
                   physically received in our clerk’s office within ten
                   days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.
                               http://www.gaappeals.us/rules


                                                                      May 18, 2017




In the Court of Appeals of Georgia
 A17A0428. PALMER v. THE STATE.
 A17A0429. ELLERBEE v. THE STATE.

      DILLARD, Presiding Judge.

      Royce Palmer and Brandon Ellerbee appeal from the trial court’s denial of their

pleas in bar. Following that denial, both appellants were convicted, in a stipulated

bench trial in Calhoun County, of theft by taking and criminal trespass and sentenced

under the First Offender Act. Palmer and Ellerbee argue that the trial court erred in

denying their pleas in bar when their prosecutions in Calhoun County were barred by

double jeopardy because both had entered into a pretrial diversion program in Irwin

County with regard to the same criminal conduct at issue in Calhoun County. For the

reasons set forth infra, we affirm Palmer and Ellerbee’s convictions.
      The standard of review of a “grant or denial of a double jeopardy plea in bar

is whether, after reviewing the trial court’s oral and written rulings as a whole, the

trial court’s findings support its conclusion.”1 But when the evidence is

uncontroverted and witness credibility is not an issue, “our review of the trial court’s

application of the law to the undisputed facts is de novo.”2 Here, as stipulated to or

testified to by both Palmer and Ellerbee at their Calhoun County plea-in-bar hearing

and the subsequent bench trial, the record shows that on October 17, 2013, the

appellants went to a farm in Calhoun County for the purpose of committing a theft.

Thereafter, Palmer and Ellerbee took from the farm a trailer loaded with pecans, the

combined value of the items being $28,240.00. The men then drove the trailer to

Irwin County, where they unloaded the pecans for sale to a pecan company and then

disposed of the trailer by pushing it into the Alapaha River. They were subsequently

arrested in Irwin County and charged with two counts of theft by receiving stolen




      1
       Johns v. State, 319 Ga. App. 718, 719 (738 SE2d 304) (2013) (punctuation
omitted); accord Nicely v. State, 305 Ga. App. 387, 389 (1) (699 SE2d 774) (2010).
      2
       State v. Hill, 333 Ga. App. 785, 785 (777 SE2d 265) (2015) (punctuation
omitted).

                                           2
property.3 The pair was later arrested in Calhoun County and charged with theft by

taking and criminal trespass.4

      On February 4, 2013, a grand jury in Calhoun County returned an indictment

against Palmer and Ellerbee on counts of theft by taking and criminal trespass.

Twenty-four days later, on February 28, 2013, Palmer and Ellerbee entered into a

pretrial intervention program in Irwin County concerning their arrests for theft by

receiving. It is undisputed that no indictment or accusation was ever filed in Irwin

County, but the terms of the pretrial intervention agreement required two years of

compliance with program and payment of a $1,000 fine. Upon successful completion

of the Irwin County program, the pending warrants against Ellerbee and Palmer



      3
        See OCGA § 16-8-7 (a) (“A person commits the offense of theft by receiving
stolen property when he receives, disposes of, or retains stolen property which he
knows or should know was stolen unless the property is received, disposed of, or
retained with intent to restore it to the owner. ‘Receiving’ means acquiring possession
or control or lending on the security of the property.”).
      4
        See OCGA § 16-8-2 (“A person commits the offense of theft by taking when
he unlawfully takes or, being in lawful possession thereof, unlawfully appropriates
any property of another with the intention of depriving him of the property, regardless
of the manner in which the property is taken or appropriated.”); OCGA § 16-7-21 (b)
(“A person commits the offense of criminal trespass when he or she knowingly and
without authority[ ] . . . [e]nters upon the land or premises of another person or into
any part of any vehicle, railroad car, aircraft, or watercraft of another person for an
unlawful purpose[.]”).

                                          3
would be dismissed. Both Ellerbee and Palmer paid the fine and began reporting to

Irwin County authorities in compliance with the terms of the agreement.

      Meanwhile, as to the indicted charges in Calhoun County, in early March 2013,

appellants waived arraignment. And on December 2, 2013, they waived their right to

a jury trial. Finally, on March 3, 2014, Ellerbee and Palmer each filed a plea in bar

as to the charges in Calhoun County. On that same day, they appeared in Calhoun

County Superior Court for a hearing on their pleas in bar and, following the court’s

denial of same, a consolidated, stipulated bench trial on the charges for theft by taking

and criminal trespass.

      When the Calhoun County hearing occurred, Ellerbee and Palmer had already

paid the $1,000 fine and successfully completed one year of the two-year pretrial

intervention program in Irwin County. Thus, they argued that their prosecution in

Calhoun County on charges stemming from the same criminal conduct was barred by

double jeopardy. But the trial court disagreed, and went on to convict both men of the

Calhoun County charges following the stipulated bench trial. This consolidated

appeal by Ellerbee and Palmer follows, in which both challenge the denial of their

pleas in bar.



                                           4
      We begin our analysis by noting that the prohibition against double jeopardy

in both the United States Constitution5 and the Georgia Constitution6 protects our

citizens from, inter alia, being prosecuted a second time for the same offense after an

acquittal or conviction.7 As our Supreme Court has previously explained, the bar to

multiple convictions “usually arises [when] several crimes arising out of one criminal

transaction are tried at the same time” and, in such cases, “the rule does not operate


      5
        See U.S. CONST. amend. V (“. . . nor shall any person be subject for the same
offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb . . . .”); see also Brown v. Ohio, 432
U.S. 161, 165 (II) (97 SCt 2221, 53 LE2d 187) (1977) (“Because it was designed
originally to embody the protection of the common-law pleas of former jeopardy, the
Fifth Amendment double jeopardy guarantee serves principally as a restraint on
courts and prosecutors. The legislature remains free under the Double Jeopardy
Clause to define crimes and fix punishments; but once the legislature has acted courts
may not impose more than one punishment for the same offense and prosecutors
ordinarily may not attempt to secure that punishment in more than one trial.” (citation
and footnote omitted)).
      6
          See GA. CONST. Art. 1, § 1, ¶ XVIII (“No person shall be put in jeopardy of
life or liberty more than once for the same offense except when a new trial has been
granted after conviction or in case of a mistrial.”).
      7
        See Phillips v. State, 298 Ga. App. 520, 521 (1) (680 SE2d 424) (2009) (“The
prohibition against double jeopardy in both the United States and Georgia
Constitutions, among other things, protects against a second prosecution for the same
offense after acquittal or conviction.”); Roberts v. State, 280 Ga. App. 672, 673 (634
SE2d 790) (2006) (“The prohibition against double jeopardy found in both the United
States Constitution and Georgia Constitution protects against a second prosecution
for the same offense after acquittal, a second prosecution for the same offense after
conviction, and multiple punishments for the same offense.” (punctuation omitted)).

                                            5
until after the verdicts.”8 But the bar to multiple convictions may “have a procedural

aspect [when] the crimes arising out of the same criminal transaction are tried

separately.”9 And when crimes are tried separately, “it is generally held that if

multiple convictions arising out of a single prosecution are barred they will likewise

be barred from successive prosecution.”10 Thus, when crimes are to be prosecuted

separately, “the more serious known crimes should be prosecuted first to avoid the

conviction of a lesser crime barring a subsequent prosecution for a more serious

crime.”11

      In this regard, several Georgia statutory provisions, including OCGA § 16-1-7

and OCGA § 16-1-8, “provide limitations on multiple prosecutions, convictions, and

punishments for the same criminal conduct.”12 Accordingly, because Georgia law

“expands the proscription of double jeopardy beyond that provided for in the United

States and Georgia Constitutions,” we look to these statutory provisions to resolve

      8
          Keener v. State, 238 Ga. 7, 8 (230 SE2d 846) (1976).
      9
          Id.
      10
           Id.
      11
           Id.
      12
      Phillips, 298 Ga. App. at 521 (1) (punctuation omitted); see OCGA § 16-1-6;
OCGA § 16-1-7; OCGA § 16-1-8.

                                          6
issues of double jeopardy.13 Finally, we note that when a “defendant in a single act

violates the ‘peace and dignity’ of two sovereigns by breaking the laws of each, he

has committed two distinct ‘offences[,]’”14 and he may be prosecuted by each

sovereign “without violating the constitutional protection against double jeopardy.”15

That said, the various counties within Georgia are not separate sovereigns.16


      13
        Phillips, 298 Ga. App. at 521 (1) (punctuation omitted); see Prater v. State,
273 Ga. 477, 480 (4) (545 SE2d 864) (2001) (“Because the Georgia Code extends the
Double Jeopardy proscription beyond that provided for in the United States and
Georgia Constitutions, all questions of Double Jeopardy in Georgia must be
determined under OCGA §§ 16-1-6, 16-1-8 and 16-1-7.” (footnote and punctuation
omitted)).
      14
        Jackson v. State, 284 Ga. 826, 828 (4) (672 SE2d 640) (2009) (punctuation
omitted).
      15
           Id.
      16
         See Perkinson v. State, 273 Ga. 491, 494 (1) (542 SE2d 92) (2001) (“It is
also clear that Bartow and DeKalb counties are not separate sovereigns. Although
more than one county and prosecutor are involved, all the criminal charges against
[the defendant] were brought on behalf of the State of Georgia.” (citations omitted));
see also Jackson, 294 Ga. at 828 (4) (noting that Perkinson v. State “involved
improper successive prosecutions for the same conduct in two Georgia counties,
which are not separate sovereigns”). As an aside, we note that Calhoun and Irwin
Counties are not in the same judicial circuit. See OCGA § 15-6-1 (35), (39) (“The
entire state is divided into judicial circuits, in reference to the jurisdiction and
sessions of the superior courts, as follows[ ] . . . South Georgia Judicial Circuit,
composed of the Counties of Baker, Calhoun, Decatur, Grady, and Mitchell . . . [and]
Tifton Judicial Circuit, composed of the Counties of Tift, Irwin, Worth, and
Turner[.]”).

                                          7
      Turning to the statutes relevant to this appeal, we are mindful that in

considering the meaning of a statute, our charge as an appellate court is to “presume

that the General Assembly meant what it said and said what it meant.”17 And toward

that end, we must afford the statutory text its plain and ordinary meaning,18 consider

the text contextually,19 read the text “in its most natural and reasonable way, as an

ordinary speaker of the English language would,”20 and seek to “avoid a construction




      17
         Deal v. Coleman, 294 Ga. 170, 172 (1) (a) (751 SE2d 337) (2013)
(punctuation and citation omitted); see also Arby’s Restaurant Group, Inc. v. McRae,
292 Ga. 243, 245 (1) (734 SE2d 55) (2012) (same); Martinez v. State, 325 Ga. App.
267, 273 (2) (750 SE2d 504) (2013) (same).
      18
          See Deal, 294 Ga. at 172 (1) (a) (“To that end, we must afford the statutory
text its plain and ordinary meaning.” (punctuation and citation omitted)); State v.
Able, 321 Ga. App. 632, 636 (742 SE2d 149) (2013) (“A judge is charged with
interpreting the law in accordance with the original and/or plain meaning of the text
at issue (and all that the text fairly implies). . . .”).
      19
         See Arizona v. Inter Tribal Council of Arizona, Inc., ___U.S. ___ (II) (B)
(133 SCt 2247, 2254, 186 LE2d 239) (2013) (“Words that can have more than one
meaning are given content, however, by their surroundings.” (punctuation omitted));
Deal, 294 Ga. at 172 (1) (a) (“[W]e must view the statutory text in the context in
which it appears[.]”); see also Tibbles v. Teachers Retirement Sys. of Ga., 297 Ga.
557, 558 (1) (775 SE2d 527) (2015) (“The common and customary usages of the
words are important, but so is their context.” (punctuation omitted)).
      20
       Deal, 294 Ga. at 172-73 (1) (a); see Luangkhot v. State, 292 Ga. 423, 424 (1)
(736 SE2d 397) (2013) (same).

                                          8
that makes some language mere surplusage.”21 In summary, when the language of a

statute is “plain and susceptible of only one natural and reasonable construction,

courts must construe the statute accordingly.”22

      Bearing these principles of statutory construction in mind, OCGA § 16-1-7

provides, in relevant part, that

      [w]hen the same conduct of an accused may establish the commission
      of more than one crime, the accused may be prosecuted for each crime.
      He may not, however, be convicted of more than one crime if[ ] . . .
      [o]ne crime is included in the other; or . . . [t]he crimes differ only in that
      one is defined to prohibit a designated kind of conduct generally and the
      other to prohibit a specific instance of such conduct.23


And OCGA § 16-1-8 provides, in relevant part, that

      [a] prosecution is barred if the accused was formerly prosecuted for the
      same crime based upon the same material facts, if such former


      21
        In the Interest of L.T., 325 Ga. App. 590, 592 (754 SE2d 380) (2014)
(punctuation omitted); see also Ga. Transmission Corp. v. Worley, 312 Ga. App. 855,
856 (720 SE2d 305) (2011) (same).
      22
         Holcomb v. Long, 329 Ga. App. 515, 518 (1) (765 SE2d 687) (2014)
(punctuation omitted); see Deal, 294 Ga. at 173 (1) (a) (“[I]f the statutory text is clear
and unambiguous, we attribute to the statute its plain meaning, and our search for
statutory meaning is at an end.” (punctuation omitted)).
      23
           OCGA § 16-1-7 (a) (1)-(2).

                                            9
      prosecution[ ] . . . [r]esulted in either a conviction or an acquittal; or . .
      . [w]as terminated improperly after the jury was impaneled and sworn or,
      in a trial before a court without a jury, after the first witness was sworn
      but before findings were rendered by the trier of facts or after a plea of
      guilty was accepted by the court.24


“Prosecution” is defined elsewhere in the Code as “all legal proceedings by which a

person’s liability for a crime is determined, commencing with the return of the

indictment or the filing of the accusation, and including the final disposition of the

case upon appeal.”25

      After having considered these statutory provisions, the trial court denied

Ellerbee and Palmer’s pleas in bar because (as the State again argues on appeal) there

was no prosecution in Irwin County. Indeed, it is undisputed that there had been

neither an indictment returned nor an accusation filed there for either appellant.

      We agree with the trial court that, after applying the undisputed facts in this

case to the plain language of the relevant statutes (quoted supra), it is clear that


      24
           OCGA § 16-1-8 (a) (1)-(2).
      25
         OCGA § 16-1-3 (14); see also Armstrong v. State, 281 Ga. App. 297, 298
(635 SE2d 880) (2006) (“A defendant is not placed in jeopardy until, in a court of
competent jurisdiction with a sufficient indictment, he has been arraigned, has pled,
and a jury has been impaneled and sworn.” (punctuation omitted)); Fletcher v. State,
213 Ga. App. 401, 404 (2) (445 SE2d 279) (1994) (same).

                                           10
Ellerbee and Palmer’s prosecution in Calhoun County was not barred by their

decision to enter into a pretrial intervention program (a type of program expressly

authorized by our General Assembly26) in lieu of prosecution in Irwin County (a

purpose which is recognized by the very statute that authorizes such programs27). And

while there might arguably be some tension between the incentive to enter into and

complete a pretrial diversion program (which the appellants had not yet done at the

time of their pleas in bar) and the principles that are applicable to double jeopardy,28


      26
          See OCGA § 15-18-80 (a) (“The prosecuting attorneys for each judicial
circuit of this state shall be authorized to create and administer a Pretrial Intervention
and Diversion Program. The prosecuting attorney for state courts, probate courts,
magistrate courts, municipal courts, and any other court that hears cases involving a
violation of the criminal laws of this state or ordinance violations shall also be
authorized to create and administer a Pretrial Intervention and Diversion Program for
offenses within the jurisdiction of such courts.”). We note that OCGA § 15-18-80 (a)
was slightly amended, effective July 1, 2016, so as to further provide that “[u]pon the
request of the district attorney or solicitor and with the advice and express written
consent of such attorney, the state or local governing authority may enter into a
written contract with any entity or individual for the purpose of monitoring program
participants’ compliance with a Pretrial Intervention and Diversion Program.” See Ga.
L. 2016, Act 460, §§ 1-9, 14-1 (a). However, in all other respects, OCGA § 15-18-80
(a) remains the same as that which applied in 2013.
      27
        See OCGA § 15-18-80 (b) (“It shall be the purpose of such a program to
provide an alternative to prosecuting offenders in the criminal justice system.”
(emphasis supplied)).
      28
        Cf. Commonwealth v. McSorley, 485 A2d 15, 19 (Pa. Super Ct. 1984) (“In
placing a defendant into a diversion program, the state covenants to dismiss the

                                           11
we need not address or attempt to resolve any such tension at this time. Once again,

under the relevant facts and law applicable to this case, because Palmer and Ellerbee

were not actually prosecuted in Irwin County, jeopardy did not attach.29


charges once the defendant satisfies the conditions of the program. Unless the
defendant violates one of those conditions, the state cannot prosecute him. Just as the
terms of a plea bargaining arrangement are binding on the state, so must the terms of
a diversion agreement bind the state. To hold otherwise, would create a disincentive
for defendants to enter diversion programs.” (citation omitted)); State v. Urvan, 446
NE2d 1161, 1166-67 (IV) (Ohio App. 1982) (holding that defendant’s successful
completion of pretrial intervention program in one county, and the entry of a nolle
prosequi as to the relevant charges in that county, barred subsequent prosecution in
a separate county for charges arising out of the same conduct). But see Evans v. State,
293 Ga. App. 371, 373 (1) (667 SE2d 183) (2008) (“While a plea bargain is a binding
contract between the State and the defendant, we have not analyzed pre-trial
intervention programs under contract law.” (citation omitted)); Buice v. State, 239 Ga.
App. 52, 53 (1) (520 SE2d 258) (1999) (“The entry of nolle prosequi does not act as
an acquittal or bar future prosecution for the same offense. Thus, an order of nolle
prosequi is not necessarily the ending of the prosecution, but the continuance of the
same as the State clearly has the authority to re-indict the defendant for the same
offense.” (citation and punctuation omitted)); McGahee v. State, 133 Ga. App. 964,
966 (3) (213 SE2d 91) (1975) (“A nolle prosequi is a cessation of prosecution for the
nonce, but it may spring into life again and be continued again with all of the fervor
and energy at the command of the prosecuting officers. A new indictment may be
returned or a new accusation may be filed, and the earlier nolle prosequi can in no
sense be pleaded as autrefois acquit or former jeopardy, or res judicata.”).
      29
         Cf. Pope v. State, 309 Ga. App. 728, 729 (2) (710 SE2d 911) (2011) (holding
that plea in bar was properly denied when, “[b]ecause the trial court did not accept
a guilty plea to the dead-docketed Counts 4 and 5 of the Fulton County indictment
which alleged the same crimes as the Gwinnett County indictment here, jeopardy did
not attach”); Evans, 293 Ga. App. at 373 (1) (“[The defendant] argues that being
sentenced to anything but drug court would constitute a second sentence on the same

                                          12
      Accordingly, for all these reasons, we affirm the trial court’s denial of Ellerbee

and Palmer’s pleas in bar.

      Judgments affirmed. Self, J., concurs. Ray, J., concurs in judgment only.




crime and thus constitute double jeopardy. But agreeing to attend drug court is not a
‘sentence.’ It is a pre-trial intervention contract in which the defendant agrees to
attend drug court in exchange for the opportunity to avoid having a conviction on his
record.”); Armstrong, 281 Ga. App. at 298-99 (affirming denial of plea in bar and
holding that because superior court lacked jurisdiction to prosecute offense without
an indictment or waiver of indictment, subsequent prosecution for that offense in a
court of competent jurisdiction was “not barred on the basis of double jeopardy or
prior prosecution” because jeopardy had not attached); State v. Nwobu, 652 A2d
1209, 1219 (IV) (N.J. 1995) (“[Pretrial intervention (PTI)] closely resembles
probation, which has been recognized as a criminal sanction. However, punishment
in the form of probation normally follows a finding of guilt. By its nature PTI is
designed to furnish rehabilitative services in place of the normal criminal findings of
guilt. In any event, we need not resolve whether PTI is a criminal punishment. We are
satisfied that because [the defendant] lacked a reasonable expectation of finality in
his status when the trial court ordered him into PTI, double-jeopardy provisions do
not preclude the State’s prosecution of him.” (citation omitted)).

                                          13
