                                   COURT OF APPEALS
                                EIGHTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
                                     EL PASO, TEXAS

                                                §
 RAMOND GOMEZ A/K/A                                             No. 08-12-00044-CR
 RAMON GOMEZ,                                   §
                                                                    Appeal from
                        Appellant,              §
                                                                355th District Court
 v.                                             §
                                                               of Hood County, Texas
 THE STATE OF TEXAS,                            §
                                                                  (TC # CR12001)
                        Appellee.               §

                                         OPINION

       Raymond Gomez, a/k/a Ramon Gomez, appeals from his convictions for one count of

aggravated sexual assault of a child and two counts of indecency with a child by contact. For the

reasons that follow, we modify the judgment for each count to reflect that punishment was

assessed by the trial court, and affirm the judgments as so modified.

                                     FACTUAL SUMMARY

       On September 23, 2011, Gay Johnson, an investigator in the criminal investigations

division of the Hood County Sheriff’s office, received an offense report from Deputy Katie

Barton of an aggravated sexual assault of a child. After he received the report, Johnson called

the Child Advocacy Center to set up a forensic interview with the victim. Johnson testified that

he witnessed the forensic interview via a video camera. After the interview, Johnson felt that the

victim needed to be referred to the CARE team at Cook’s Children’s Hospital and he scheduled
an appointment. Johnson received a copy of the report from Cook’s which he described as

consistent with what he observed during the forensic interview.

          At that point, Robert Young, an investigator with the District Attorney’s office, became

involved in the case. According to Johnson, Young attempted to follow up the allegations by

making a “controlled phone call.” As Johnson explained, a controlled phone call is “where we

make a phone call to the suspect, and either the victim or the victim’s parent may attempt to talk

to that subject on the phone and see if we can get a confession from the phone call.” The attempt

to get Appellant on the phone was unsuccessful. The officers then asked Appellant’s sister to

show them where he lived, which she did. At the time Johnson and Young initially went to

Appellant’s home they did not have an arrest warrant, but they were in the process of

investigating the allegations of child abuse.

          The two officers arrived at the house and knocked on the door. Appellant’s brother,

Frank Gomez, came to the door. Frank told the officers that Appellant was in his bedroom and

then escorted them through the house and to the room. The officers found Appellant in the

bedroom. They informed him that he was not under arrest and that he could ask them to leave at

any time. They talked to Appellant for approximately an hour and then, right before they left,

Young asked Appellant if he would come to the District Attorney’s office so they could finish

the conversation there. Johnson and Young both testified that Appellant agreed to do so.

          A few hours later, Appellant’s brother, Frank, drove him to the Hood County District

Attorney’s office for another interview. Before the interview, Investigator Young read Appellant

his Miranda1 warnings. A signed copy acknowledging Appellant was in fact read his Miranda

rights was also admitted into evidence at trial. During the interview, Appellant admitted to


1
    Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 86 S.Ct. 1602, 16 L.Ed.2d 694 (1966).


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sexually abusing AA12 and provided a detailed account of his inappropriate interactions with

her. The interview was recorded.

       Shortly before trial, Appellant filed a written motion to suppress his first statement. He

did not move to suppress the second statement. The trial court conducted a hearing outside of

the jury’s presence on the motion. The State agreed that it would not introduce the statement

made at the residence during its case-in-chief and it would approach the bench if the statement

became relevant for some purpose during trial. Appellant’s attorney objected to admission of the

second statement on the ground that it did not identify all of the voices on the recording. The

prosecutor assured the court that the voices on the recording were identifiable and he would lay

the predicate prior to offering the statement into evidence. The court instructed the prosecutor to

lay the predicate at the appropriate time and advised defense counsel that she could object

anytime and the court would rule. Appellant did not make any other objections during the

hearing.

       During its case-in-chief, the prosecutor established the predicate for admission of the

second statement, including identification of the voices on the recording, and offered the exhibit

into evidence. Appellant’s counsel objected to the audio recording because all of the voices were

not identified on the recording itself. The trial court overruled the objection and the recording

was played for the jury. AA12 also testified in detail at trial with respect to the sexual abuse.

       At the close of evidence and outside of the jury’s presence, the following exchange

occurred between counsel and the trial judge:

       THE COURT: Anything for the charge?

       [PROSECUTOR FOR THE STATE]: I want an instruction that ‘on or about’
       allows the State to prove the offense occurred anytime before the presentment of
       the indictment and within the statute of limitations.



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       [COUNSEL FOR APPELLANT]: The only other thing that I would like is the
       paragraph regarding the fact that [the voices] weren’t -- I know that they
       identified them here, but in the statement, they weren’t identified in the audio
       itself, that I'd like an instruction that they find that in the statement itself, they
       weren't identified.

       [PROSECUTOR FOR THE STATE]: I don't think that's the law, Judge, and also
       he wasn’t in custody, either.

       [COUNSEL FOR APPELLANT]: That’s true.

       [PROSECUTOR FOR THE STATE]: So I don't think --

       THE COURT: I don't know what you're talking about. I mean, I know what
       you’re talking about, but I've never seen an instruction on it or given an
       instruction on it, not that I recall.

       [COUNSEL FOR APPELLANT]: But other than that, no.

       [PROSECUTOR FOR THE STATE]: I'm going to look through my archive and
       find that one instruction, because I think that’s important.

       THE COURT: Well, okay. Then you get to do this. You need to have that to
       Penny first thing in the morning.

       [PROSECUTOR FOR THE STATE]: Yes, yes.

       THE COURT: Because I've got a charge prepared. 8:15, 8:00 -- it doesn't have
       to be 8:00 o'clock, but you need to get it to her obviously long before 9:00,
       because they'll be back at 9:00 o'clock.

       [PROSECUTOR FOR THE STATE]: Thank you, Your Honor. May we be
       excused?

       THE COURT: Yes.

       The following morning, before the jury was brought in, the trial court asked the parties

for their objections to the charge: THE COURT: The Court has prepared its proposed charge

and will hear any objections or special requested in instructions. Does the State have any?


       [PROSECUTOR FOR THE STATE]: No, Your Honor.

       THE COURT: Does the defense have any?

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       [COUNSEL FOR APPELLANT]: None, Your Honor.

       The charge does not include the instruction requested by Appellant. The jury convicted

Appellant of one count of aggravated sexual assault and two counts of indecency with a child.

Appellant pled true to his prior conviction for indecency with a child and the court assessed

Appellant’s punishment at life imprisonment on each count.

                               THE RECORDED STATEMENT

       Appellant presents the following as a single issue on appeal:

       The trial court erred when it admitted [Appellant’s] oral statement over objection
       from Appellant, without a jury instruction as to whether the requirements of
       Article 38.22 had been met, in violation of 38.22, Miranda, and the Fifth
       Amendment.

In the argument section of his brief, Appellant argues that (1) the statement is inadmissible

because all of the voices on the recorded statement were not identified on the statement itself; (2)

the trial court failed to conduct a hearing on voluntariness as required by Article 38.22 § 6; and

(3) the trial court did not include in the charge a general Article 38.22, § 7 warnings instruction

(involving warnings given under Article 38.22 § 2 and § 3).

       An issue or point of error is multifarious if it embraces more than one specific ground of

error. Mays v. State, 318 S.W.3d 368, 385 (Tex.Crim.App. 2010). By combining independent

grounds together in a single issue, an appellant risks rejection of his arguments. See Wood v.

State, 18 S.W.3d 642, 649 n.6 (Tex.Crim.App. 2000)(refusing to address multifarious grounds).

We will address Appellant’s issues to the extent they are preserved and adequately briefed.

                              Identification of the Material Voices

       In his first sub-issue, Appellant argues that the trial court erred by admitting the second

statement because all of the voices were not identified on the recording itself as required by



                                               -5-
Article 38.22. An appellate court reviews a trial court’s decision to admit evidence for an abuse

of discretion. See Ramos v. State, 245 S.W.3d 410, 417-18 (Tex.Crim.App. 2008). We will not

overturn the trial court’s decision so long as it is correct under any theory of law applicable to the

case and the decision is within the zone of reasonable disagreement. See Ramos, 245 S.W.3d at

418.

        Article 38.22 sets forth rules governing the admissibility of an accused’s written and oral

statements that are the product of custodial interrogations. Oursbourn v. State, 259 S.W.3d 159,

171 (Tex.Crim.App. 2008); see TEX.CODE CRIM.PROC.ANN. art. 38.22 (West 2005). Article

38.22 provides that an oral statement of an accused made as a result of custodial interrogation is

inadmissible unless: (1) the statement is recorded electronically; (2) during the recording and

before the accused’s statement, the accused is given the required warnings under Article 15.17;

(3) the recording device is capable of making an accurate record, the operator was competent,

and the recording is accurate; (4) all material voices on the recording are identified; and (5) the

accused’s attorney is provided with an accurate copy of the recording. TEX.CODE CRIM.PROC.

ANN. art. 38.22, § 3(a), (e).

        Appellant complains that the trial court erred in admitting the audio recording because it

did not comply with the requirement that all material voices on an electronic recording be

identified. See TEX.CODE CRIM.PROC.ANN. 38.22, § 3(a)(4), (e)(1). Appellant recognizes that

Investigator Young testified at trial as to the voices on the tape, but he contends that the voices

were not identified on the audio recording itself. Appellant preserved this complaint because he

made a timely objection at trial and obtained an adverse ruling. See TEX.R.APP.P. 33.1. He did

not, however, establish that Article 38.22 applied to this statement.




                                                -6-
       The requirements of Article 38.22 § 2 and § 3 apply only to statements made “as a result

of custodial interrogation.” [Emphasis added]. See TEX.CODE CRIM.PROC.ANN. art. 38.22.

Appellant bore the initial burden to prove he was in custody when he gave his oral statement to

Investigator Young.     See Herrera v. State, 241 S.W.3d 520, 526 (Tex.Crim.App. 2007).

Appellant’s counsel acknowledged during a discussion with the prosecution and the trial court

that Appellant was not in custody at the time he gave the recorded statement. For this reason

alone, Appellant’s first argument is without merit. However, even if Appellant had been in

custody, the State established that all material voices on the recording were identified.

       The Court of Criminal Appeals addressed the admissibility of a video-recorded statement

in Lucas v. State, 791 S.W.2d 35 (Tex.Crim.App. 1989) where the defendant argued that the

State had failed to identify all of the voices on a video-recorded statement. Lucas was tried and

convicted of capital murder for the murder-sexual assault of a woman whose nude body was

discovered near Interstate 35 north of Georgetown. Id. at 40. After being arrested in Montague

County on a weapons charge, Lucas confessed to multiple murders. Id. at 41. The Williamson

County Sheriff interviewed Lucas and he admitted picking up a hitchhiker in Oklahoma and

killing her after sexually assaulting her. Id. He dumped the body in a culvert off of I-35. Id.

The Sheriff’s Office subsequently made two video-recorded statements of Lucas, the first at the

crime scene where the body was found and the second at the Sheriff’s Office. Id. at 41-42. In

the crime scene video, Lucas identified a picture of the victim and provided details about the

capital murder. Id. at 42.

       Lucas argued on appeal that the crime scene video was erroneously admitted because the

State failed to satisfy the predicate requirement for admission of the video under Article 38.22

§ 3(a)(4) that all voices heard on the tape recording be identified. Id. at 57. He specifically



                                                -7-
complained that the voices of other individuals outside the range of the camera were not

identified prior to admission of the tape. Id. The Court of Criminal Appeals emphasized that the

State presented testimony prior to admission of the video recording identifying the parties who

directly participated in the crime scene video recording. Id. The State also established that there

were other individuals near the scene who did not participate in the taking the statement from

Lucas. Id. The Court of Criminal Appeals distinguished between the speakers who actively

contributed to the video recording and those whose voices are merely in the background and

whose comments did not have any material relevance to the interview. Id. Because all of the

active participants in the crime scene interview were identified at trial, the Court concluded it

could not say that any individual’s voice remained “unidentified” for purposes of Article 38.22,

and it held that the predicate for admission of the statement was satisfied. Id. at 57-58.

       Even though Lucas did not involve the precise argument presented by the instant case,

the Court of Criminal Appeals was certainly addressing whether the State had satisfied Article

38.22 § 3(a)(4)’s requirement that all material voices on the recording be identified. The Court

relied on evidence presented at trial when determining whether the State had satisfied this

requirement. We find Lucas persuasive.

       A few unpublished opinions have addressed the issue of whether Article 38.22(a)(4)

requires identification to be made on the tape recording itself, or whether identification of voices

by witnesses at trial is sufficient. See Stewart v. State, No. 04-08-00274-CR, 2009 WL 2183397,

at *5 (Tex.App.--San Antonio July 22, 2009, pet. ref’d)(mem. op.)(not designated for

publication); Petry v. State, No. 01-86-00517-CR, 1987 WL 14550, at *2 (Tex.App.--Houston

[1st Dist.] July 23, 1987, no pet.)(not designated for publication). In each of these cases, the

court of appeals held that there is no requirement that the identification be made on the recording



                                                -8-
itself and that identification of the material voices by a witness at trial is sufficient to satisfy the

identification requirement.

       Likewise, in Parker v. State, No. 02-12-00348-CR, 2013 WL 2248254, at *2 (Tex.App.--

Fort Worth May 23, 2013, no pet. h.)(mem. op.)(not designated for publication), the appellant

argued that his recorded statements were inadmissible because “all material voices on the

recording were not identified.” Parker, 2013 WL 2248254, at *2. While the court of appeals in

Parker did not directly address the argument because the appellant had not properly preserved

the complaint for appeal, the court cited to Lucas v. State, 791 S.W.2d 35, 57-58 (Tex.Crim.App.

1989) and stated that:

       Even if we were to address the merits of the issue, Parker would not be entitled to
       relief. [A witness] testified that he had watched the video recording of Parker's
       post-warning statements and that the video fairly and accurately depicted what
       occurred. Further, [the same witness] was able to identify the voices on the
       recording and recounted what was said. This is sufficient to meet the
       admissibility requirement of article 38.22, section 3(a)(4).

Parker, 2013 WL 2248254, at *2, citing TEX.R.EVID. 901(a), (b)(5); Lucas, 791 S.W.2d at 57-58

and Falcetta v. State, 991 S.W.2d 295, 298-99 (Tex.App.--Texarkana 1999, pet. ref’d).

       Based on the foregoing authority, we conclude that Investigator Young’s trial testimony

identifying all material voices on the recording was sufficient to satisfy the requirement of

Article 38.22 § 3(a)(4). Accordingly, the trial court did not abuse its discretion by overruling

Appellant’s objection and admitting the evidence. Appellant’s first sub-issue is overruled.

                     Failure to Conduct Hearing to Determine Voluntariness

       In his second sub-issue, Appellant complains that the trial court erred by failing to

conduct a hearing outside the presence of the jury to determine the voluntariness of the second

oral statement as required by Article 38.22 § 6. Article 38.22, section 6 provides in pertinent

part as follows:

                                                 -9-
       In all cases where a question is raised as to the voluntariness of a statement of an
       accused, the court must make an independent finding in the absence of the jury as
       to whether the statement was made under voluntary conditions. If the statement
       has been found to have been voluntarily made and held admissible as a matter of
       law and fact by the court in a hearing in the absence of the jury, the court must
       enter an order stating its conclusion as to whether or not the statement was
       voluntarily made, along with the specific finding of facts upon which the
       conclusion was based, which order shall be filed among the papers of the cause.

TEX.CODE CRIM.PROC.ANN. art. 38.22, § 6 (West 2005). Section 6 applies to an accused’s

custodial and non-custodial statements. Oursbourn, 259 S.W.3d at 171; State v. Terrazas, 4

S.W.3d 720, 727 (Tex.Crim.App. 1999).

       In his pretrial motion to suppress the first statement, Appellant alleged that the officers’

failure to Mirandize him raised an issue regarding the voluntariness of the statement. During the

hearing, the State informed the court that it would not introduce the first statement during its

case-in-chief. The prosecutor informed the court that Appellant was Mirandized prior to making

the second statement. Appellant made only one objection to admission of the second statement,

that is, the voices of the speakers were not identified on the recording itself.

       To preserve an issue for review on appeal, the appellant must show that he made a timely

and specific objection at trial. See TEX.R.APP.P. 33.1. Appellant’s motion to suppress did not

address any aspect of his second statement, including voluntariness or failure to warn. The trial

court conducted a hearing but Appellant restricted his complaint about the second statement to

identification of the voices on the recording. He did not raise any issue regarding voluntariness

of the statement. When the State offered the second statement into evidence, Appellant referred

only to the objection stated during the earlier hearing. We conclude that Appellant failed to

preserve the argument presented in his second sub-issue. See Lucio v. State, 351 S.W.3d 878,

893 (Tex.Crim.App. 2011)(holding that appellant’s objection that not all voices on the recording




                                                - 10 -
could be identified failed to preserve any voluntariness, lack-of-warning, or illegal-arrest claims

relating to the admissibility of a recorded statement). Appellant’s second sub-issue is overruled.

                                        Jury Instruction

       Finally, we turn to Appellant’s contention that the trial court erred by failing to provide a

jury instruction as to whether the requirements of Article 38.22 had been met. We review charge

error using the procedure set out in Almanza v. State, 686 S.W.2d 157, 171 (Tex.Crim.App.

1985). The first step is to determine there was error in the charge. Sakil v. State, 287 S.W.3d 23,

25 (Tex.Crim.App. 2009); Barrios v. State, 283 S.W.3d 348, 350 (Tex.Crim.App. 2009). If error

exists, we proceed to the second step which is to determine whether the error was harmful.

Barrios, 283 S.W.3d at 350. If the appellant objected to the charge, reversal is required if there

is some harm. Barrios, 283 S.W.3d at 350. If the error was not objected to, it must be

“fundamental” and requires reversal occurs only if it was so egregious and created such harm

that the defendant “has not had a fair and impartial trial.” Barrios, 283 S.W.3d at 350, quoting

Almanza, 686 S.W.2d at 171.

       The Court of Criminal Appeals explained in Oursbourn that there are three types of

instructions that relate to the taking of confessions:      (1) a “general” Article 38.22, § 6

voluntariness instruction; (2) a “general” Article 38.22, § 7 warnings instruction (involving

warnings given under § 2 and § 3); and (3) a “specific” Article 38.23(a) exclusionary-rule

instruction. Oursbourn, 259 S.W.3d at 173. The Section 6 “general” instruction asks the jury

whether it believes that the defendant’s confession was voluntary, and instructs the jury to not

consider the confession if the jury finds it was not voluntary. Id. The “general” Section 7

instruction sets out the requirements of Article 38.22, § 2 or § 3 and asks the jury to decide

whether all of those requirements were met. Id. To be entitled to one of these instructions, the



                                              - 11 -
evidence must raise a “voluntariness” issue, and the defendant should request a jury instruction

that relates to his theory of involuntariness. Id. at 174. If the defendant never presents a

proposed jury instruction or fails to object to the lack of one, any potential error in the charge is

reviewed only for “egregious harm” under Almanza v. State, 686 S.W.2d 157 (Tex.Crim.App.

1984). Oursbourn, 259 S.W.3d at 174.

       At the close of evidence, Appellant’s counsel requested that the court include in the

charge an instruction related to her argument that the voices were not identified on the audio

recording itself. Thus, it appears Appellant was requesting a Section 7 “general” instruction, but

there are no fact issues to be determined by the jury related to the identification of the voices on

the audio recording.    The question whether the material voices must be identified on the

recording itself is a question of law which we have decided against Appellant. Consequently, we

conclude that the trial court did not err by failing to include such an instruction in the charge.

Appellant’s third sub-issue is overruled.

       We have concluded that the judgments entered in this case need to be modified. The trial

court entered a separate judgment for Counts 1, 2, and 3. Each of these judgments recites that

punishment was assessed by the jury but the reporter’s record and the court’s docket sheet reflect

that the trial court assessment punishment. Accordingly, we modify the judgments for Counts 1,

2, and 3 to reflect that the court assessed punishment.         Having overruled each sub-issue

presented in Issue One, we affirm the judgments as so modified.


January 15, 2014
                                      ANN CRAWFORD McCLURE, Chief Justice

Before McClure, C.J., Rivera, and Rodriguez, JJ.

(Do Not Publish)



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