MEMORANDUM DECISION
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D),
this Memorandum Decision shall not be                               Dec 22 2015, 9:49 am

regarded as precedent or cited before any
court except for the purpose of establishing
the defense of res judicata, collateral
estoppel, or the law of the case.


ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT                                   ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Leanna Weissmann                                         Gregory F. Zoeller
Lawrenceburg, Indiana                                    Attorney General of Indiana

                                                         Robert J. Henke
                                                         Deputy Attorney General

                                                         James D. Boyer
                                                         Deputy Attorney General
                                                         Indianapolis, Indiana



                                          IN THE
    COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

In the Matter of the Termination                         December 22, 2015
of the Parent-Child Relationship                         Court of Appeals Case No.
of F.W., Minor Child, and                                16A01-1506-JT-766
                                                         Appeal from the Decatur Circuit
C.W., Mother,                                            Court
Appellant-Respondent,                                    The Honorable Timothy B. Day,
                                                         Judge
        v.                                               Trial Court Cause No.
                                                         16C01-1408-JT-236
Indiana Department of Child
Services,
Appellee-Petitioner.




Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 16A01-1506-JT-766| December 22, 2015     Page 1 of 13
      Najam, Judge.


                                             Statement of the Case
[1]   C.W. (“Mother”) appeals the trial court’s termination of her parental rights

      over her minor child F.W. (“Child”). Mother raises a single issue for our

      review, namely, whether the State presented sufficient evidence to support the

      termination of her parental rights. We affirm.


                                      Facts and Procedural History
[1]   Mother gave birth to Child on March 21, 2013.1 On July 24, an interested party

      contacted the Indiana Department of Child Services (“DCS”) to report that

      Mother: was using illegal substances; was “homeless and leaving [F.W.] with

      random people”; and had not seen F.W. for two weeks. Appellant’s App. at

      22. Amanda Payne, a DCS family case manager, made contact with Mother,

      who stated that she was living with her boyfriend’s parents. Payne was unable

      to confirm the veracity of that information. At that time, Mother, who has

      three other children, was “currently under [a] court’s order in a separate DCS

      case requiring her to give drug screens to DCS,” but Mother refused Payne’s

      request that she submit to a drug screen. Id. at 13. In addition, Mother was

      “becoming less cooperative with attending her supervised visits with her 3 other

      children and with meeting with service providers.” Id. Accordingly, DCS filed




      1
          Child’s father has not been identified and has not registered with the putative father registry.


      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 16A01-1506-JT-766| December 22, 2015                 Page 2 of 13
      a petition alleging that Child was a child in need of services (“CHINS”). DCS

      removed Child from Mother’s care on July 26.


[2]   On July 30, the trial court found Child to be a CHINS. Then, following a

      dispositional hearing in August, the trial court ordered Mother to: maintain

      contact with her family case manager weekly; maintain appropriate housing;

      not use controlled substances without a valid prescription; submit to random

      drug screens; complete a psychological evaluation; participate in home-based

      counseling; and participate in visitation. Mother’s participation in those

      ordered services was grossly inconsistent. For example, following a

      psychological evaluation in January 2014, a therapist recommended that

      Mother attend weekly or bi-monthly therapy sessions. Mother attended one

      therapy session in January; two in June; and one in August. Due to Mother’s

      noncompliance, her therapy was terminated. Mother also failed to stay in

      regular contact with her family case manager, and she refused all but three

      random drug screens. Mother failed two out of the three drug screens.


[3]   On August 15, 2014, DCS filed a petition for the involuntary termination of

      Mother’s parental rights to Child. Following an evidentiary hearing on the

      petition on January 29, April 17, and June 4, 2015, the trial court entered the

      following relevant findings and conclusions in support of terminating Mother’s

      parental rights:

              2. There is a reasonable probability that:




      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 16A01-1506-JT-766| December 22, 2015   Page 3 of 13
                a. The conditions which resulted in Child’s removal
                and continued placement outside the home will not
                be remedied by parents as shown by:

                         i. Mother’s instability for the past two
                         years and longer;

                         ii. Mother’s housing instability,
                         including times where she is homeless
                         and times where she has lived in a tent;

                         iii. Mother’s mental health has not
                         improved despite being provided
                         opportunities by DCS to address her
                         needs and has chosen not to do so;

                         iv. No father has come forward
                         throughout the case or upon the
                         termination of parental rights being
                         published.

                b. That continuation of the parent-child relationship
                poses a threat to Child’s wellbeing as shown by:

                         i. Since there has been no improvement
                         in mother’s mental health, she is a
                         danger to the child in her current state
                         as there is evidence in testimony and in
                         the court hearings in this cause of action
                         as well as the CHINS action of anger
                         outbursts by mother, irrational
                         behaviors, choosing inappropriate
                         caregivers for her children and
                         inconsistency in visits.

        3. Termination of parental rights is in Child’s best interests:


Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 16A01-1506-JT-766| December 22, 2015   Page 4 of 13
                      a. In addition to the above, the Court notes that no
                      father has ever been involved in the child’s life either
                      during the CHINS case or in the above cause.

                      b. The child’s CASA testified that termination is in
                      the child’s best interest.

                      c. Further, mother has been provided several
                      opportunities to appear for these proceedings and
                      despite good notice, has not appeared on either the
                      April 17 or June 4 hearings to present her case.

              4. There is a satisfactory plan for the care and treatment of
              Child, that being adoption;

                      a. The Court acknowledges that the child’s aunt,
                      [J.K.], who is the child’s current placement and
                      presumed adoptive parent may have some financial
                      difficulties; however, it appears that the child’s needs
                      are sufficiently met and further that [J.K.] has always
                      been there for the child.

                                                     ***

              IT IS THEREFORE ORDERED, ADJUDGED AND
              DECREED: That DCS’ petition for termination of parental
              rights is granted; and that the parent-child relationship between
              the child [F.W.] and her Mother, [C.W.] and to her father, any
              unknown alleged father, is hereby terminated.


      Id. at 231-32. This appeal ensued.


                                     Discussion and Decision
[4]   We begin our review of this appeal by acknowledging that “[t]he traditional

      right of parents to establish a home and raise their children is protected by the
      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 16A01-1506-JT-766| December 22, 2015   Page 5 of 13
      Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution.” Bailey v. Tippecanoe

      Div. of Family & Children (In re M.B.), 666 N.E.2d 73, 76 (Ind. Ct. App. 1996),

      trans. denied. However, a trial court must subordinate the interests of the

      parents to those of the child when evaluating the circumstances surrounding a

      termination. Schultz v. Porter Cnty. Ofc. of Family & Children (In re K.S.), 750

      N.E.2d 832, 837 (Ind. Ct. App. 2001). Termination of a parent-child

      relationship is proper where a child’s emotional and physical development is

      threatened. Id. Although the right to raise one’s own child should not be

      terminated solely because there is a better home available for the child, parental

      rights may be terminated when a parent is unable or unwilling to meet his or

      her parental responsibilities. Id. at 836.


[5]   Before an involuntary termination of parental rights can occur in Indiana, DCS

      is required to allege and prove, among other things:


              (B) that one (1) of the following is true:


                      (i) There is a reasonable probability that the
                      conditions that resulted in the child’s removal or the
                      reasons for placement outside the home of the
                      parents will not be remedied.

                      (ii) There is a reasonable probability that the
                      continuation of the parent-child relationship poses a
                      threat to the well-being of the child.

                                                     ***


              (C) [and] that termination is in the best interests of the child . . . .

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 16A01-1506-JT-766| December 22, 2015   Page 6 of 13
      Ind. Code § 31-35-2-4(b)(2). That statute provides that DCS need establish only

      one of the requirements of subsection (b)(2)(B) before the trial court may

      terminate parental rights. DCS’s “burden of proof in termination of parental

      rights cases is one of ‘clear and convincing evidence.’” R.Y. v. Ind. Dep’t of Child

      Servs. (In re G.Y.), 904 N.E.2d 1257, 1260-61 (Ind. 2009) (quoting I.C. § 31-37-

      14-2).


[6]   When reviewing a termination of parental rights, we will not reweigh the

      evidence or judge the credibility of the witnesses. Peterson v. Marion Cnty. Ofc. of

      Family & Children (In re D.D.), 804 N.E.2d 258, 265 (Ind. Ct. App. 2004), trans.

      denied. Instead, we consider only the evidence and reasonable inferences that

      are most favorable to the judgment. Id. Moreover, in deference to the trial

      court’s unique position to assess the evidence, we will set aside the court’s

      judgment terminating a parent-child relationship only if it is clearly erroneous.

      Judy S. v. Noble Cnty. Ofc. of Family & Children (In re L.S.), 717 N.E.2d 204, 208

      (Ind. Ct. App. 1999). trans. denied.


[7]   Here, in terminating Mother’s parental rights, the trial court entered specific

      findings of fact and conclusions thereon. When a trial court’s judgment

      contains special findings and conclusions, we apply a two-tiered standard of

      review. Bester v. Lake Cnty. Ofc. of Family & Children, 839 N.E.2d 143, 147 (Ind.

      2005). First, we determine whether the evidence supports the findings and,

      second, we determine whether the findings support the judgment. Id.


      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 16A01-1506-JT-766| December 22, 2015   Page 7 of 13
      “Findings are clearly erroneous only when the record contains no facts to

      support them either directly or by inference.” Quillen v. Quillen, 671 N.E.2d 98,

      102 (Ind. 1996). If the evidence and inferences support the trial court’s

      decision, we must affirm. In re L.S., 717 N.E.2d at 208.


[8]   Mother contends that the evidence is insufficient to support the trial court’s

      findings underlying its conclusions that Mother will not remedy the conditions

      that resulted in Child’s removal; that the continuation of the parent-child

      relationship poses a threat to the well-being of Child; and that termination is in

      the best interest of Child. Because Indiana Code Section 31-35-2-4(b)(2)(B) is

      written in the disjunctive, we only address the sufficiency of the evidence to

      support the trial court’s conclusions that continuation of the parent-child

      relationship poses a threat to Child’s well-being and that termination is in

      Child’s best interest. And we address each of those contentions in turn.


                           Continuation of the Parent-Child Relationship

[9]   In support of this conclusion, the trial court stated as follows:

              Since there has been no improvement in mother’s mental health,
              she is a danger to the child in her current state as there is
              evidence in testimony and in the court hearings in this cause of
              action as well as the CHINS action of anger outbursts by mother,
              irrational behaviors, choosing inappropriate caregivers for her
              children and inconsistency in visits.




      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 16A01-1506-JT-766| December 22, 2015   Page 8 of 13
Appellant’s App. at 232. Mother contends that the court’s findings on this issue

are “not supported by the evidence.” Appellant’s Br. at 16. In particular,

Mother asserts that


        DCS presented no evidence to show Mother ever endangered
        F.W. Though caseworker Miller saw Mother angry at visits, but
        [sic] she never directed her anger towards her daughter. And
        Miller never stated Mother acted violently, rather she yelled at
        her kids.

                                               ***

        Another of the court’s findings hinges on Mother leaving the
        child with inappropriate caregivers. Obviously this did not
        happen after F.W.’s removal. Before DCS took custody of the
        child, Mother often left her with Aunt [J.], the woman who now
        wishes to adopt the child. If Aunt [J.] had been an
        “inappropriate” caregiver, the court would not have approved of
        the plan to allow her to adopt F.W.

        Much of DCS’s case hinged in the fact Mother had not worked
        aggressively with service providers to change her circumstances.
        But before one judges Mother too harshly, it is necessary to
        understand the difficulties which impact Mother. Mother
        presented to the court as a woman with reduced mental capacity.
        When she was a child, Mother went into foster care and suffered
        after being subjected to emotional, physical and sexual abuse.
        Given her history, Mother entered the case distrustful of the same
        agency she felt had never supported her as a child.

        Unable to initially grasp why DCS kept removing her children,
        Mother lashed out at those trying to help her. That Mother did
        not avail herself [of] services offered to her can be explained by
        Mother’s limited functioning and her general distrust of the
        system which she felt failed her.

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 16A01-1506-JT-766| December 22, 2015   Page 9 of 13
       Appellant’s Br. at 16-17 (citations omitted).


[10]   First, while the evidence does not show that Mother had expressed anger

       towards Child during supervised visits, there is evidence that Mother had angry

       outbursts and had, on one occasion, expressed anger toward her children. In

       particular, the evidence shows that: during supervised visits with Child, Mother

       “would cross some boundaries as far as . . . becoming very upset” and behaving

       in an “inappropriate” manner in front of Child; Mother “had her moments of

       getting pretty hostile” with the family case worker; and she “expressed a lot of

       anger with her DCS case workers as well.” Tr. at 58, 68, 73. DCS also

       presented evidence that, during a June 2014 therapy session, Mother threatened

       to “take anybody’s breath if they took hers,” which the therapist took to mean

       to refer to Mother’s children, and Mother stated that “her invisible knife would

       turn into a real one.” Id. at 47. The evidence supports the trial court’s findings

       that Mother had angry outbursts and engaged in irrational behavior.


[11]   Second, as to the trial court’s finding that Mother left Child with inappropriate

       caregivers, while the evidence shows that Mother sometimes let J.K. babysit

       Child, the undisputed evidence also shows that, at the time of Child’s removal,

       Mother was “homeless and moving from place to place with [Child] and

       dropping [Child] off [with] random babysitters for extended periods of time.”

       Appellant’s App. at 30. The evidence supports the trial court’s finding on this

       issue.




       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 16A01-1506-JT-766| December 22, 2015   Page 10 of 13
[12]   Third, to the extent Mother asks that we excuse her behavior in light of her bad

       experiences with the foster care system as a child and her “limited functioning,”

       Mother does not explain her refusal to attend all but a few therapy sessions.

       Mother’s therapist, Linda Brown, testified that she had hoped to “continue to

       evaluate the need for . . . substance abuse treatment” in light of Mother’s

       marijuana use. Tr. at 44. Brown also testified that she had referred Mother to

       an adult case management service, which would have helped Mother learn life

       skills, such as maintaining stable housing, but Mother did not pursue that

       service.


[13]   A trial court need not wait until a child is irreversibly influenced by a deficient

       lifestyle such that his physical, mental, and social growth is permanently

       impaired before terminating the parent-child relationship. Shupperd v. Miami

       Cnty. Div. of Family & Children (In re E.S.), 762 N.E.2d 1287, 1290 (Ind. Ct. App.

       2002). When the evidence shows that the emotional and physical development

       of a child in need of services is threatened, termination of the parent-child

       relationship is appropriate. Id.


[14]   The undisputed evidence shows that Child was removed from Mother’s care

       only a few months after Child’s birth. During the CHINS proceedings, Mother

       barely maintained contact with her family case manager; she has not

       maintained suitable or stable housing; she has not consistently visited with

       Child; she did not follow through on recommended individual therapy,

       including additional substance abuse evaluation; she refused all but three drug

       screens; and she failed two out of the three drug screens. In short, Mother has

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 16A01-1506-JT-766| December 22, 2015   Page 11 of 13
       been more non-compliant with the court’s orders than compliant. Finally,

       when asked to describe how Mother did in her supervised visits with Child,

       Scott Miller, the case manager who supervised those visits, testified that “there

       was always a lack of stability there and concerns with how she would actually

       do if she had to care for her full time.” Tr. at 56. And Miller testified that

       Mother had lost her bond with Child due to her failure to participate in

       consistent and frequent visits with Child. Mother’s contentions on appeal

       amount to a request that we reweigh the evidence, which we will not do. The

       trial court’s findings support the trial court’s conclusion that there is a

       reasonable probability that the continuation of the parent-child relationship

       poses a threat to Child’s well-being.


                                                 Best Interests

[15]   In determining whether termination of parental rights is in the best interests of a

       child, the trial court is required to look at the totality of the evidence. In re A.K.,

       924 N.E.2d 212, 224 (Ind. Ct. App. 2010). “A parent’s historical inability to

       provide adequate housing, stability and supervision coupled with a current

       inability to provide the same will support a finding that termination of the

       parent-child relationship is in the child’s best interests.” Castro v. State Office of

       Family & Children, 842 N.E.2d 367, 374 (Ind. Ct. App. 2006), trans. denied.

       “Additionally, a child’s need for permanency is an important consideration in

       determining the best interests of a child, and the testimony of the service

       providers may support a finding that termination is in the child’s best interests.”

       In re A.K., 924 N.E.2d at 224.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 16A01-1506-JT-766| December 22, 2015   Page 12 of 13
[16]   Again, Mother’s contention on this issue amounts to a request that we reweigh

       the evidence, which we will not do. Justin Rowland, a family case manager,

       summed up the evidence showing that termination is in Child’s best interests as

       follows:


               [Mother]’s not been able to maintain appropriate care of herself.
               She has not been consistent with services. She has not been able
               to work towards any progress on her mental health. She has
               failed drug screens. She . . . has not had housing stability
               throughout the life of the case. And I do not feel that [Child]
               would be safe in an environment with [Mother] as the caregiver.


       Tr. at 85. Finally, Pam Meyer, the Court Appointed Special Advocate, testified

       that she “believe[d] very strongly that it’s in [Child]’s best interest” that

       Mother’s parental rights be terminated. Id. at 104. We hold that the totality of

       the evidence supports the trial court’s conclusion that termination is in Child’s

       best interest. The trial court did not err when it terminated Mother’s parental

       rights to Child.


[17]   Affirmed.


       Riley, J., and May, J., concur.




       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 16A01-1506-JT-766| December 22, 2015   Page 13 of 13
