                          RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                              Pursuant to Sixth Circuit I.O.P. 32.1(b)
                                     File Name: 14a0303p.06

                   UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                 FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                   _________________


 YODER    &     FREY        AUCTIONEERS,        INC.;   ┐
 REALTIMEBID.COM, LLC,                                  │
                                Plaintiffs-Appellees,   │
                                                        │       No. 14-3002
                                                        │
        v.                                               >
                                                        │
                                                        │
 EQUIPMENTFACTS, LLC,                                   │
                               Defendant-Appellant.     │
                                                        ┘
                        Appeal from the United States District Court
                         for the Northern District of Ohio at Toledo.
             Nos. 3:10-cv-01590; 3:11-cv-02290—David A. Katz, District Judge.
                                 Argued: September 30, 2014
                            Decided and Filed: December 22, 2014

                      Before: GUY, CLAY, and WHITE, Circuit Judges.

                                     _________________

                                         COUNSEL

ARGUED: Joseph A. Martin, ARCHER & GREINER, P.C., Haddonfield, New Jersey, for
Appellant. David W. Stuckey, ROBISON, CURPHEY & O’CONNELL, LLC, Toledo, Ohio, for
Appellees. ON BRIEF: Joseph A. Martin, Darth M. Newman, ARCHER & GREINER, P.C.,
Haddonfield, New Jersey, Anthony J. LaCerva, COLLINS & SCANLON LLP, Cleveland, Ohio,
for Appellant. David W. Stuckey, Thomas A. Gibson, Robert C. Tucker, ROBISON,
CURPHEY & O’CONNELL, LLC, Toledo, Ohio, for Appellees.

                                     _________________

                                          OPINION
                                     _________________

       CLAY, Circuit Judge. Defendant, EquipmentFacts, LLC (“Efacts”), appeals from the
judgment entered by the United States District Court for the Northern District of Ohio imposing



                                               1
No. 14-3002            Yoder & Frey, et al. v. EquipmentFacts                   Page 2

liability and damages in a civil suit brought by Plaintiffs, Yoder & Frey Auctioneers, Inc. (Yoder
& Frey) and RealtimeBid.com, LLC (“RTB”). Specifically, Efacts appeals from the district
court’s denial of spoliation sanctions; denial of hearsay objections to various documents
produced by internet service providers; denial of summary judgment and judgment as a matter of
law on Plaintiffs’ Computer Fraud and Abuse Act (“CFAA”) claim; and imposition of sanctions
under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 37. For the reasons set forth below, we AFFIRM the
district court’s decisions.

                                    I.      BACKGROUND

        Yoder & Frey is an Ohio company that hosts auctions for used construction equipment.
Its largest and most profitable auction is held annually in Florida. Efacts is a New Jersey
company owned by Lawrence Garafola that provides auctioneers with online bidding platforms.
In 2003, Yoder & Frey began offering the opportunity for buyers to submit live bids over the
Internet during the Florida auction, and it contracted with Efacts to provide online bidding
services for that purpose. As part of this relationship, Efacts received, stored, and maintained
confidential customer information relating to Yoder & Frey’s auctions. In early 2008, however,
the companies had an acrimonious falling out and Yoder & Frey terminated the contract.

        At this point, Yoder & Frey hired RTB, another online bidding services company. RTB
created a custom online auction platform and used that software during Yoder & Frey’s Florida
auction in 2010, which took place from February 8 through February 16, 2010. As part of its
services, RTB accepted online bidder applications and, in conjunction with Yoder & Frey,
reviewed and approved prospective bidders who wished to participate in the auction.

        At trial, Plaintiffs presented evidence that on February 7, 8, and 9, 2010, Efacts accessed
the RTB bidding platform without authorization by utilizing an RTB administrative username
(“test”) and password (“test”). The platform recognized this administrative login as bidder
number 100051. Specifically, it was Efacts’ owner Garafola who improperly accessed the
auction.   He was aware of the username and password combination from Efacts’ prior
relationship with Yoder & Frey. Bidder number 100051 submitted two winning bids with a
combined price of $41,000 for which it did not pay.
No. 14-3002              Yoder & Frey, et al. v. EquipmentFacts                              Page 3

          Plaintiffs also put forth evidence that on February 10 and 11, 2010, an Efacts employee
gained unauthorized access to the RTB auction platform by posing as one of Yoder & Frey’s
customers, Allied Erecting.1 During the auction, “Allied Erecting” was assigned bidder number
102703. In that two-day span, the employee placed eighteen winning online bids with a
combined purchase price of $1,212,074 for which neither she nor Efacts paid.

          Plaintiffs only learned of Efacts’ unauthorized access after contacting Allied Erecting for
payment of the eighteen items. Allied Erecting informed Yoder & Frey that it had not registered
for the 2010 auction and had not placed any bids. After an exhaustive probe by Plaintiffs, it was
confirmed that Allied Erecting had not registered and did not bid on the items, but that someone
using Allied Erecting’s information had gained access to and participated in the auction.

          Knowing only that bidder numbers 102703 and 100051 had placed winning bids,
Plaintiffs first had to determine the IP addresses from which the bids had been placed. To obtain
this information, Justin Clark, who worked for both Yoder & Frey and RTB, contacted Rich
Mavrogeanes, the owner of the server hosting the auction. Clark requested, and Mavrogeanes
supplied, all the data from the server regarding the auction from February 6 through February 13,
2010, a total of over 35 million lines of information. The parties refer to this information as the
IIS log or the digital log. It contained a record of all activity that took place on the online bidding
system during the relevant time period.

          Clark searched the digital log using various key words, including the two bidder
numbers, the usernames and passwords for the two bidder numbers, and “Allied ER.” During
this investigation, Clark identified ten IP addresses that were associated with winning bids and
other auction activity. Having identified ten suspicious IP addresses, subpoenas were issued to
internet service providers (“ISPs”) Covad, Century Link, and two Verizon companies, based on
the dates and times that each bidding session started for each IP address. All ten IP addresses,
including those utilized during the sessions when winning bids were placed, were traced to
Efacts.



          1
          The actual customer neither authorized nor knew of the use of its name and information. The employee
registered for the online auction posing as this customer using information learned from Efacts’ prior relationship
with Yoder & Frey.
No. 14-3002                Yoder & Frey, et al. v. EquipmentFacts                                  Page 4

         Upon learning this information, Yoder & Frey and RTB filed suit against Efacts.
Following a jury trial of this cause, a verdict was rendered in Plaintiffs’ favor. This timely
appeal followed.

                                              II.       DISCUSSION

         A.       Spoliation Sanction

         We review a district court’s decision whether to impose a spoliation sanction for an abuse
of discretion. Adkins v. Wolever, 692 F.3d 499, 503 (6th Cir. 2012) (hereinafter, Adkins II). “A
court abuses its discretion when it commits a clear error of judgment, such as applying the
incorrect legal standard, misapplying the correct legal standard, or relying upon clearly erroneous
findings of fact.” Jones v. Ill. Cent. R. Co., 617 F.3d 843, 850 (6th Cir. 2010) (internal quotation
marks omitted).

          “[A] federal court’s inherent powers include broad discretion to craft proper sanctions
for spoliated evidence.” Adkins v. Wolever, 554 F.3d 650, 651 (6th Cir. 2009) (en banc). A
party seeking a spoliation sanction because evidence was destroyed must establish “(1) that the
party having control over the evidence had an obligation to preserve it at the time it was
destroyed; (2) that the records were destroyed with a culpable state of mind; and (3) that the
destroyed evidence was relevant to the party’s claim or defense such that a reasonable trier of
fact could find that it would support that claim or defense.” Beaven v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice,
622 F.3d 540, 553 (6th Cir. 2010) (internal quotation marks omitted).2 A district court “may
impose many different kinds of sanctions for spoliated evidence, including dismissing a case,
granting summary judgment, or instructing a jury that it may infer a fact based on lost or
destroyed evidence.” Automated Solutions Corp. v. Paragon Data Sys., Inc., 756 F.3d 504, 513
(6th Cir. 2014) (internal quotation marks omitted). The severity of sanction issued is determined
on a case-by-case basis, depending in part on the spoliating party’s level of culpability. Flagg v.
City of Detroit, 715 F.3d 165, 178 (6th Cir. 2013).




         2
          This test is conjunctive; accordingly, as long as the district court correctly concluded that the moving party
did not satisfy at least one of the test’s prongs, its determination that a spoliation sanction should not issue cannot be
upset. Adkins II, 692 F.3d at 504.
No. 14-3002           Yoder & Frey, et al. v. EquipmentFacts                     Page 5

        In its motion in limine, its motion for reconsideration, and again in its post-trial Rule 50
motion for judgment as a matter of law, Efacts argued that the software and hardware RTB used
during the Florida auction, and the original logs those systems produced, were essential pieces of
evidence. Efacts denied placing the false bids, contested the accuracy and reliability of the RTB
system and its logs, and raised the possibility that the system was infected by a virus or otherwise
corrupted. Efacts contends that the destruction of the software, hardware, and logs severely
hampered its ability to defend itself.

        The district court, after recounting the elements of the Beaven test, denied the motion on
the basis that Efacts had not made a sufficient showing of relevance. Specifically, the court held
that Efacts “needed to show that what it would discover was actually relevant, not just that it may
have found relevant material if it uncovered a defect in the plaintiffs’ software system.” Yoder &
Frey Auctioneers, Inc. v. EquipmentFacts, LLC, 2013 WL 6180696, at *1 (N.D. Ohio Nov. 25,
2013). The district court never made an explicit finding on the first two prongs of the Beaven
test.

        To establish relevance under Beaven, the moving party must make “some showing
indicating that the destroyed evidence would have been relevant to the contested issue.” 622 F.3d
at 554. In this context, we have held that “relevant” means:

        something more than sufficiently probative to satisfy Rule 401 of the Federal
        Rules of Evidence. Rather, the party seeking an adverse inference must adduce
        sufficient evidence from which a reasonable trier of fact could infer that the
        destroyed [or unavailable] evidence would have been of the nature alleged by the
        party affected by its destruction.

Automated Solutions, 756 F.3d at 514 (internal quotation marks omitted; brackets in original).
To make this showing, the moving party “may rely on circumstantial evidence to suggest the
contents of destroyed evidence.” Beaven, 622 F.3d at 555.

        As previously discussed, Efacts argues that because it only had access to the digital copy
of the logs and not the underlying evidence, it was unable to properly challenge Plaintiffs’ claims
and determine whether the RTB system accurately and reliably recorded associations between
specific bids and IP addresses. Before the district court, Efacts pointed out that RTB’s auction
platform was a “prototype” and that bugs and errors are to be expected in any new software. It
No. 14-3002           Yoder & Frey, et al. v. EquipmentFacts                       Page 6

also made much of the fact that the system may have had security vulnerabilities and was “fully
exposed to the public internet.” [R. 77-1, Mem. of Law in Support of Mot. in Limine and Summ.
J., § IV.C.] However, the testimony Efacts cited for these propositions does not bear out its
claims. The third-party software developer expressed full confidence in RTB’s system’s ability
to accurately log bids placed during the auction and explained that it was protected by a firewall
and sophisticated antivirus software.

       Whether Efacts presented evidence whereby the jury could infer that the auction platform
was error-prone is a question of fact. The district court implicitly found that conjecture does not
constitute evidence, and that Efacts did not otherwise provide any evidence for a reasonable trier
of fact to infer that the RTB system was faulty or corrupted. Because this finding was not clearly
erroneous, we will not disturb the district court’s determination that a spoliation sanction was
unwarranted.

       B.      Business Records Exception

       When presented with a challenge to a district court’s evidentiary determinations, this
Court reviews de novo “the [lower] court’s conclusions of law, e.g., the decision that certain
evidence constitutes hearsay, and reviews for clear error the court’s factual determinations that
underpin its legal conclusions.” United States v. McDaniel, 398 F.3d 540, 544 (6th Cir. 2005)
(internal quotation marks omitted). “This standard is consistent with the Supreme Court’s
admonition in General Electric Co. v. Joiner, 522 U.S. 136, 142 (1997), that we review
evidentiary decisions for an abuse of discretion, because it is an abuse of discretion to make
errors of law or clear errors of factual determination.” Id. (citation omitted).

       Federal Rule of Evidence 803(6), commonly referred to as the business records exception
to the bar against hearsay, provides for the admission of documents if certain conditions are met.
To qualify for admission under Rule 803(6), a business record must satisfy four requirements:
(1) it must have been created in the course of a regularly conducted business activity; (2) it must
have been kept in the regular course of that business; (3) the regular practice of that business
must have been to have created the document; and (4) the document must have been created by a
person with knowledge of the transaction or from information transmitted by a person with
knowledge. United States v. Baker, 458 F.3d 513, 518 (6th Cir. 2006). A custodian or otherwise
No. 14-3002             Yoder & Frey, et al. v. EquipmentFacts                             Page 7

qualified witness must attest that the proffered document meets these conditions. Fed. R. Evid.
803(6)(D).

        At trial, Plaintiffs presented testimony from a representative of each of the four ISPs, and
those witnesses produced documents identifying IP addresses assigned to Efacts as the same IP
addresses that accessed the RTB system at specified times during the February 2010 auction.
Efacts argued that each of the ISP representatives failed to testify to at least one of the conditions
required by Rule 803(6). The district court overruled the objection as to each ISP representative,
finding that on direct examination the witnesses’ testimony established that the documents
satisfied the requirements of the business records exception. The court also found that though
the depth of each witness’ knowledge was tested on cross-examination, the foundation for
admitting the records was not undone.

        It is undisputed that the documents admitted into evidence were business records.3 We
agree with the district court’s determination that the documents themselves and the testimony
provided by the ISPs’ custodians satisfy the requirements of Rule 803(6).

        C.       Computer Fraud and Abuse Act Claim

        This Court reviews “a district court’s denial of a Rule 50(b) motion de novo, applying the
same deferential standard as the district court.” Radvansky v. City of Olmsted Falls, 496 F.3d
609, 614 (6th Cir. 2007).         We do not weigh the evidence, question the credibility of the
witnesses, or substitute our judgment for that of the trier of fact. K & T Enters., Inc. v. Zurich
Ins. Co., 97 F.3d 171, 175–76 (6th Cir. 1996). The motion may be granted only if in viewing the
evidence in the light most favorable to the non-moving party and drawing all reasonable
inferences in its favor, there is no genuine issue of material fact for the jury, and reasonable
minds could come to but one conclusion, in favor of the moving party. Radvansky, 496 F.3d at
614.

        Plaintiffs alleged that Efacts violated the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act by intentionally
accessing “a protected computer without authorization, and as a result of such conduct, cause[d]

        3
         Indeed, as discussed infra, § II.C, Efacts has never actually contested the authenticity of the records
themselves; it only quibbles with Plaintiffs’ authentication efforts.
No. 14-3002               Yoder & Frey, et al. v. EquipmentFacts                                Page 8

damage and loss.” 18 U.S.C. § 1030(a)(5)(C).4 The CFAA is primarily a criminal statute, but it
provides for a civil right of action and economic damages in certain circumstances, such as when
a violator causes “loss” of at least $5,000 in value to one or more persons during any one-year
period. See id. §§ 1030(g), (c)(4)(A)(i)(I). Here, the jury found in favor of Plaintiffs, but only
awarded damages to RTB.

         To prevail on their claims, Plaintiffs were required to show that Efacts’ actions caused
both “damage” and “loss.” See id. § 1030(a)(5)(C). “Damage” is statutorily defined as “any
impairment to the integrity or availability of data, a program, a system, or information.” Id.
§ 1030(e)(8).5 “Loss” means

         any reasonable cost to any victim, including the cost of responding to an offense,
         conducting a damage assessment, and restoring the data, program, system, or
         information to its condition prior to the offense, and any revenue lost, cost
         incurred, or other consequential damages incurred because of interruption of
         service.

Id. § 1030(e)(11). Although Efacts perfunctorily contends that Plaintiffs failed to establish
“damage,” the focus of its argument is that RTB was not entitled to a recovery because it failed
to produce evidence establishing that it incurred damages resulting from an “interruption in
service,” and therefore it failed to demonstrate “loss.”

         The district court rejected this argument. It found that Plaintiffs had provided sufficient
evidence that Efacts’ action denied service to Yoder & Frey’s other bidders by fraudulently
occupying bidding slots (i.e., when Efacts placed a $10,000 bid on an item, no other auction
participant could bid $10,000 on that same item) on which it had no intention of making good.
By crowding out legitimate bids, the court reasoned, Efacts caused an interruption in service.
The district court did not believe it was necessary for Plaintiffs to establish that Efacts’ conduct
completely overwhelmed the system or rendered it inoperable.
         4
          It is undisputed that Plaintiffs’ bidding system constitutes a “protected computer” and that Efacts’ alleged
access was “without authorization.”
        5
          The CFAA does not define three key terms—“impairment,” “integrity,” and “availability”—and therefore
we look to the common meanings of these words. Pulte Homes, Inc. v. Laborers’ Int’l Union of N. Am., 648 F.3d
295, 301 (6th Cir. 2011) (citing United States v. Plavcak, 411 F.3d 655, 660–61 (6th Cir. 2005)). “‘Impairment’
means a ‘deterioration’ or an ‘injurious lessening or weakening.’ The definition of ‘integrity’ includes an
‘uncorrupted condition,’ an ‘original perfect state,’ and ‘soundness.’ And ‘availability’ is the ‘capability of being
employed or made use of.’” Id. (quoting 7 Oxford English Dictionary 696, 1066 (2d ed. 1989); 1 Oxford English
Dictionary 812 (2d ed. 1989)).
No. 14-3002            Yoder & Frey, et al. v. EquipmentFacts                       Page 9

       First, Plaintiffs presented evidence sufficient to establish that Efacts caused “damage.”
Justin Clark testified: “If ultimately the winning bid was for $10,000, it would have prevented
[an auction participant] not only from bidding but from actually winning the item. So a false
$10,000 winning bid would have precluded a legitimate buyer from actually acquiring that item
at $10,000.” [R. 139, Tr. Trial I, PGID 2539–40.] By placing false bids and occupying bidding
slots, Efacts impaired the integrity of the program and/or system because legitimate bidders were
unable to bid that same amount.         See 18 U.S.C. § 1030(e)(8) (defining damage).            Stated
differently, Efacts’ conduct interfered with the ability of the auction platform to function as
intended—true bidders were unable to acquire the items at issue for their lowest possible price.

       Second, and at issue here, Plaintiffs also demonstrated that Efacts caused “loss” by
accessing the auction platform without authorization and fraudulently using the bidding system.
Clark testified that his probe into the false bidding took him between 200 and 300 hours to
complete and that his typical hourly billing rate is between $100 and $200. “Loss” is defined in
the disjunctive—it includes “any reasonable cost to any victim including the cost of responding
to an offense, conducting a damage assessment, and restoring the data, program, system, or
information to its condition prior to the offense.” 18 U.S.C. 1030(e)(11). It also encompasses
“any revenue lost, cost incurred, or other consequential damages incurred because of interruption
of service.” Id. If a plaintiff is able to establish a loss of at least $5,000 in value, whether that be
composed solely of costs identified in the first clause, or solely costs identified in the second
clause, or a combination of both, then he may recover under the statute. See Nexans Wires S.A.
v. Sark-USA, Inc., 166 F. App’x 559, 563 (2d Cir. 2006) (“[T]he plain language of the [CFAA]
treats lost revenue as a different concept from incurred costs, and permits recovery of the former
only where connected to an ‘interruption in service.’”).

       Efacts’ actions required RTB to investigate the offense and conduct a damage
assessment, thereby causing “loss.” See A.V. ex rel. Vanderhye v. iParadigms, LLC, 562 F.3d
630, 646 (4th Cir. 2009) (holding that “loss” is broadly defined and “plainly contemplates . . .
costs incurred as part of the response to a CFAA violation, including the investigation of an
offense”). Thus, contrary to Efacts’ belief, it was not necessary that Plaintiffs establish that an
No. 14-3002              Yoder & Frey, et al. v. EquipmentFacts                 Page 10

“interruption in service” occurred. It is equally unnecessary, for disposition of this case, that we
delineate the scope of “interruption in service,” and we decline to do so.

       In sum, when the evidence is viewed in the light most favorable to Plaintiffs, and all
reasonable inferences are drawn in their favor, we conclude that there was ample basis for the
jury to find that Efacts caused Plaintiffs damage and loss when it accessed the auction without
authorization, thereby violating the CFAA.

       D.      Rule 37 Sanctions

       We review a district court’s imposition of Rule 37 sanctions for an abuse of discretion.
Sommer v. Davis, 317 F.3d 686, 692 (6th Cir. 2003) (citation omitted).

       Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 36 provides for parties in litigation to serve on any other
party written requests to admit the truth of any non-privileged matter relevant to any party’s
claim or defense, including matters of fact and the genuineness of documents. Fed. R. Civ. P.
36(a)(1).

       Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 37 provides:

       (2) Failure to Admit. If a party fails to admit what is requested under Rule 36 and
       if the requesting party later proves a document to be genuine or the matter true,
       the requesting party may move that the party who failed to admit pay the
       reasonable expenses, including attorney’s fees, incurred in making that proof. The
       court must so order unless:
                         (A) the request was held objectionable under Rule
                             36(a);
                         (B) the admission sought was of no substantial
                             importance;
                         (C) the party failing to admit had a reasonable
                             ground to believe that it might prevail on the
                             matter; or
                         (D) there was other good reason for the failure to
                             admit.

Fed. R. Civ. P. 37(c).
No. 14-3002            Yoder & Frey, et al. v. EquipmentFacts                   Page 11

       In the instant case, Plaintiffs made a post-trial motion for Rule 37 sanctions against
Efacts for allegedly improperly denying five requests for admission during discovery. The
district court reviewed the requests at issue—numbers 3, 10, 11, 12, and 13—and the
submissions of the parties, and ultimately ruled in Plaintiffs’ favor, sanctioning Efacts
$25,879.31 for attorneys’ fees and costs incurred in proving the matters at trial.

                       i.      Request for Admission 3

       Plaintiffs asked Efacts to “[a]dmit you accessed the online bidding system provided for
Yoder & Frey’s February, 2010 Florida auction using the username of Allied Erecting
& Dismantling, Inc. (Buyer Number 102703).” [R. 131-2, Reqs. for Admiss.] “You” was
defined as “Equimentfacts, LLC, its representatives, agents, officers, directors, and employees,
including, but not limited to, Larry Garafola.” [Id.] Efacts denied this, but at trial, one of the
company’s employees admitted that she created a bidding account using the name of Allied
Erecting’s owner. Garafola admitted that he knew that his employee accessed Plaintiffs’ auction
using Allied Erecting’s credentials, but explained that he denied the request for admission
because he did not believe his employee’s actions were attributable to Efacts. More specifically,
he believed that because the employee’s conduct was against company policy her conduct could
not be imputed to the company.

       In reviewing the motion for sanctions, the district court considered whether Efacts “had
reasonable grounds to believe it would prevail by convincing the jury it had no vicarious liability
for [its employee’s] actions.” Yoder & Frey, 2013 WL 6180696, at *7 (citing Fed. R. Civ. P.
37(c)(2)(C)). Having previously determined that Florida law governed this claim, the court
found that the employee’s conduct was within the scope of her employment because under
Florida law “conduct may be within the ‘scope of employment’ even if it is unauthorized, if it is
of the same general nature as, or sufficiently similar to, authorized conduct.” Id. (quoting
Padgett v. Sch. Bd. of Escambia Cnty., 395 So.2d 584, 586 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1981)).
Accordingly, the district court concluded that Efacts did not have reasonable grounds to believe
that it would prevail on this issue.

       Before awarding sanctions, the district court noted its “hesitat[ion] to sanction a party for
failing to admit a question that is a pillar of the case’s ultimate issue.” Id. at *8. The court went
No. 14-3002              Yoder & Frey, et al. v. EquipmentFacts                             Page 12

on to explain that “[w]here a party has a reasonable belief it may prevail,” courts should not
sanction that party in the event it does not prevail. Id. However, because Efacts did not have
reasonable grounds to believe it might prevail, the district court awarded nominal sanctions and
costs in order to “effect the principle of accurate admission responses without compromising the
principle of allowing juries to decide reasonably contestable issues.” Id.

        Efacts does not assign error to the district court’s application of Florida law; rather,
before this Court, it argues that because the jury had to decide the contested issue of when
Garafola became aware that an employee accessed Plaintiffs’ auction without authorization, it
could deny the request in good faith.6 However, Efacts did not make this timing argument to the
district court and, as a result, has forfeited its right to have argument addressed on appeal. See
Poplar Creek Dev. Co. v. Chesapeake Appalachia, L.L.C., 636 F.3d 235, 242 n.5 (6th Cir. 2011).

        The district court held that Efacts did not have reasonable grounds to believe that it could
convince the jury that it was not liable for its employee’s actions. Because “you” in the request
for admission included “employees,” and Florida law allows for vicarious liability for
unauthorized conduct that occurs within the scope of employment, the district court did not
abuse its discretion in awarding sanctions for Efacts’ failure to admit Request 3.7 Indeed, Rule
37 requires the district court to impose sanctions if the non-moving party’s conduct does not fall
into one of the subsection (c)(2) safe harbors.

        B.       Requests for Admission 10, 11, 12 and 13

        Requests 10 through 13 asked Efacts to admit that four internet-service-provider-logs
documenting who leased an IP address on given date and at a specific time were authentic
business records as defined by Federal Rules of Evidence 803(6) and 902(11). Efacts stated that
it was unfamiliar with the business records of the ISPs and without knowledge or information
sufficient to admit or deny the requests. Plaintiffs deposed three ISP representatives and called
the fourth as a witness at trial to authenticate the records. The district court denied Efacts’

        6
          Plaintiffs argued that Garafola knew of the employee’s conduct at the time of access, while Efacts argued
that Garafola only learned of it after the lawsuit was filed.
        7
          Efacts does not challenge the district court’s implicit finding that the employee’s conduct was within the
scope of her employment. Nonetheless, we take this opportunity to make clear that we glean nothing in the record
that makes us believe this finding was erroneous.
No. 14-3002           Yoder & Frey, et al. v. EquipmentFacts                    Page 13

motion in limine to bar the records as hearsay and overruled Efacts’ objections at trial when the
records were introduced.

        “The answering party may assert lack of knowledge or information as a reason for failing
to admit or deny only if the party states that it has made reasonable inquiry and that the
information it knows or can readily obtain is insufficient to enable it to admit or deny.” Fed. R.
Civ. P. 36(a)(4). Before the district court, Efacts did not claim it made a reasonable inquiry into
the records’ authenticity; instead, it argued that it was unable to know the authenticity of another
company’s records. However, eschewing form over substance, the district court looked beyond
the language of the response to determine whether Efacts actually inquired into the authenticity
of the records. The court found that during the entirety of the litigation, Efacts never argued that
it made the required inquiry and only pointed to perceived shortcomings in Plaintiffs’
authentication efforts. Accordingly, the court concluded that Efacts was unable to demonstrate
that it had a reasonable ground to believe it could establish that the documents were not
authentic. Because Plaintiffs prevailed in showing that the records were admissible, and Efacts’
failure to admit was not protected by any Rule 37(c)(2) safe harbor, the district court awarded
sanctions.

        The district court’s finding that Efacts never stated it made a reasonable inquiry and that
it was unable to show that it actually inquired is not clearly erroneous. Moreover, Efacts’
assertion that “even if [it] had admitted the authenticity of the ISP documents, Plaintiffs would
still have been required to prepare for and put on at least a portion of the same or similar
testimony” from the ISP representatives is meritless. [Appellant’s Br., § IV.C.]; see United
States v. Johnson, 831 F.2d 124, 129 (6th Cir. 1987) (pointing out that hearsay objections could
be overcome via the business records exception where the objecting party stipulated prior to trial
that the documents at issue were authentic business records). Therefore, we conclude that the
district court did not abuse its discretion in awarding sanctions.

                                      III.   CONCLUSION

        For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED in its
entirety.
