               IN THE SUPREME COURT OF TEXAS
                                       ══════════
                                         No. 17-0925
                                       ══════════

                   ENDEAVOR ENERGY RESOURCES, L.P., PETITIONER,

                                               v.


 EVELYN CUEVAS, INDIVIDUALLY AND AS NEXT FRIEND OF C.C. AND E.C., MINOR
  CHILDREN, AND ON BEHALF OF THE ESTATE OF ANGEL CUEVAS, JR.; MELANIE
MOLINA, AS NEXT FRIEND OF B.C., A MINOR; NEW HAMPSHIRE INSURANCE CO.; AND
       ERIKA MESSER, AS NEXT FRIEND OF K.C., A MINOR, RESPONDENTS

            ══════════════════════════════════════════
                          ON PETITION FOR REVIEW FROM THE
                COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE ELEVENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
            ══════════════════════════════════════════


                                  Argued February 19, 2019

       JUSTICE BOYD delivered the opinion of the Court.

       This appeal presents the issue of whether chapter 95 of the Texas Civil Practice and

Remedies Code applies to a contractor’s employee’s negligent-hiring claim against a property

owner. Because we hold it does, and because the parties do not dispute that chapter 95 (if

applicable) bars the claim, we reverse the court of appeals’ judgment in part and render judgment

for the property owner.

                                             I.
                                         Background

       Endeavor Energy Resources hired Big Dog Drilling to drill a well on Endeavor’s mineral

lease. Angel Cuevas, Jr., a Big Dog employee, was working on Endeavor’s well when a rope the
rig hands were using to lift a pipe unexpectedly caught on a mechanical pulley. 1 The rope jerked

the pipe upward, causing it to strike Angel in the head, ultimately resulting in his death. Angel’s

survivors (together, Cuevas) sued Endeavor, at first alleging only ordinary-negligence and

premises-liability claims.

          Endeavor moved for traditional and no-evidence summary judgment, arguing that chapter

95 of the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code bars both claims because Cuevas cannot

establish that Endeavor had actual knowledge of any dangerous condition on the worksite. Cuevas

then filed a supplemental petition, asserting new claims that Endeavor negligently hired, retained,

and supervised Big Dog. Endeavor did not amend its summary-judgment motion to address these

claims.

          The trial court granted summary judgment for Endeavor on all of Cuevas’s claims. The

court of appeals reversed on the negligent-hiring claim and otherwise affirmed. 531 S.W.3d 375,

383 (Tex. App.—Eastland 2017). It held that chapter 95 does not apply to the negligent-hiring

claim because that claim arises from negligence that occurred before the injury, rather than

negligence that occurred contemporaneously with the injury on Endeavor’s premises. Id. at 382.

Cuevas has not challenged the court of appeals’ judgment affirming dismissal of the ordinary-

negligence, premises-liability, negligent-retention, and negligent-supervision claims. Endeavor,

however, filed a petition for review challenging the judgment reversing dismissal of the negligent-




          1
          The rope is known as a “catline,” which is used “for the primary purpose of lifting and transferring materials
from one place to another about the derrick or mast floor.” INT’L ASS’N OF DRILLING CONTRACTORS LEXICON,
http://www.iadclexicon.org/catline (last visited Apr. 17, 2019). The pulley that powers the catline, called the cathead,
“is a concave, rotating, pulley-type device mounted on the end of the cat shaft of the drawworks.” Id.

                                                           2
hiring claim. We granted Endeavor’s petition and now reverse, holding that chapter 95 applies to

the negligent-hiring claim.

                                               II.
                                            Chapter 95

       Under the common law, a property owner can be liable for premises liability or negligence

that harms an independent contractor or its employee if the owner controlled the work and “either

knew or reasonably should have known of the risk or danger.” Ineos USA, LLC v. Elmgren, 505

S.W.3d 555, 561 (Tex. 2016). But when chapter 95 applies, a property owner can be liable for

injury to a contractor or its employee “who constructs, repairs, renovates, or modifies an

improvement to real property” only if the owner controlled the work and “had actual knowledge

of the danger or condition.” TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 95.003. Proof that the property owner

“reasonably should have known” of the risk is insufficient when chapter 95 applies. Ineos, 505

S.W.3d at 561.

       Cuevas does not contend in this Court that Endeavor had actual knowledge of the danger

or condition that resulted in Angel’s death. Instead, Cuevas argues that Endeavor reasonably

should have known of the danger or condition, and its constructive knowledge is sufficient to

support the negligent-hiring claim because chapter 95 does not apply to that claim.

       By its own terms, chapter 95 applies to a “claim for damages caused by negligence”

                 (1) against a property owner, contractor, or subcontractor for
                     personal injury, death, or property damage to an owner, a
                     contractor, or a subcontractor or an employee of a contractor or
                     subcontractor; and

                 (2) that arises from the condition or use of an improvement to real
                     property where the contractor or subcontractor constructs,
                     repairs, renovates, or modifies the improvement.


                                                  3
TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE §§ 95.001(1), .002. The parties do not dispute that the negligent-

hiring claim qualifies as a “claim for damages caused by negligence,” that Angel was “an employee

of a contractor or subcontractor,” or that Endeavor is a “property owner.” 2 Instead, they dispute

whether the negligent-hiring claim “arises from the condition or use of an improvement” to

Endeavor’s real property.

       A. Arises from the condition or use

       We have previously held that, as used in chapter 95, “arises from” means “is caused by”, a

“condition” is “an intentional or an inadvertent state of being”, and “use” means “to put or bring

into action or service; to employ for or apply to a given purpose.” Abutahoun v. Dow Chem. Co.,

463 S.W.3d 42, 48–49 (Tex. 2015) (citations omitted). More specifically, we have explained that

chapter 95’s reference to a claim arising from “the condition . . . of an improvement to real

property” contemplates a claim for premises liability, while a claim arising from the “use of an

improvement to real property” refers to a claim based on negligent activities. Id. at 50. Both claims

“are a species of negligence.” Id.

       The court of appeals acknowledged that Cuevas’s negligent-hiring claim arises from

Endeavor’s alleged negligent activity, but concluded that chapter 95 applies only when the owner’s

negligent activity occurs “on the premises at the time the claimant is injured.” 531 S.W.3d at 382.

As support, the court relied on our statements in Abutahoun that “negligent activity encompasses

a malfeasance theory based on affirmative, contemporaneous conduct by the owner that caused

the injury,” 463 S.W.3d at 50 (quoting Del Lago Partners, Inc. v. Smith, 307 S.W.3d 762, 776



       2
          Chapter 95 defines a “property owner” as a “person or entity that owns real property primarily
used for commercial or business purposes.” TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM CODE § 95.001(3).
                                                   4
(Tex. 2010)), and that “Chapter 95 applies to an independent contractor’s claims for damages

caused by the contemporaneous negligent acts of a property owner,” id. at 52. Reasoning that

Cuevas’s negligent-hiring claim arises not from “contemporaneous acts occurring on the premises,

but rather [from] acts that occurred prior to the injury”—when Endeavor hired Big Dog to work

on the property—the court concluded that chapter 95 does not apply. 531 S.W.3d at 382.

       B. Negligent hiring

       Abutahoun, however, did not involve a negligent-hiring claim. Although we “have not

ruled definitively on the existence, elements, and scope” of a negligent-hiring claim, Waffle House,

Inc. v. Williams, 313 S.W.3d 796, 804 n.27 (Tex. 2010), we have recognized that it is “factually

similar” to a claim for negligent entrustment, Wansey v. Hole, 379 S.W.3d 246, 248 (Tex. 2012)

(per curiam). And we have explained that a negligent-entrustment claim requires separate

negligent acts by two parties: the owner’s negligence in entrusting property to another, and the

entrustee’s negligence in using that property. 4Front Engineered Sols., Inc. v. Rosales, 505 S.W.3d

905, 909 (Tex. 2016). The plaintiff must prove not only that the entrustee’s negligence proximately

caused the harm, id., but also that “the risk that caused the entrustment or hiring to be negligent

also proximately caused the plaintiff’s injuries,” TXI Transp. Co. v. Hughes, 306 S.W.3d 230, 240

(Tex. 2010).

       In the same way, a negligent-hiring claim requires negligence by two separate parties: the

employer’s negligence in hiring the employee and the employee’s subsequent negligent act or

omission. Both negligent acts must proximately cause the injury. Wansey, 379 S.W.3d at 247;

Hughes, 306 S.W.3d at 240–41; Fifth Club, Inc. v. Ramirez, 196 S.W.3d 788, 796 (Tex. 2006).




                                                 5
Here, Cuevas’s negligent-hiring claim depends on two negligent acts: (1) Endeavor’s negligence

in hiring Big Dog and (2) Big Dog’s negligence in using the oil well on Endeavor’s property.

       Our statements in Abutahoun regarding the property owner’s “contemporaneous acts” on

the property do not apply to both negligent acts in a negligent-hiring claim. The claim in

Abutahoun depended on proof of only one party’s negligence, not on the combined negligence of

two parties. When a claim depends on only one party’s negligence, the claim “arise[s] from” the

one negligent act. And as we noted in Abutahoun, the claim “arise[s] from the . . . use of an

improvement to real property” if the one negligent act occurs contemporaneously with the use of

the improvement to real property. See Abutahoun, 463 S.W.3d at 50. But when the claim requires

proof of two separate negligent acts, the claim “arises from” (that is, is caused by) the combination

of both negligent acts. The statute’s plain language requires only that the claim arise from the use

of an improvement to the property, not that the property owner’s negligence involve the use of the

improvement, or that the use of the improvement be the only cause of the injury. See TEX. CIV.

PRAC. & REM. CODE § 95.002(2). When one of the negligent acts involves the contemporaneous

use of an improvement to real property, the claim arises from that act, regardless of when the other

negligent act occurred or whether it involved the use of an improvement. Cuevas’s negligent-hiring

claim depends, in part, on proof that Big Dog’s contemporaneous use of an improvement caused

the injury. The claim therefore arises from the use of the improvement, and chapter 95 applies.

       C. Control and knowledge

       Cuevas argues that our holding is incompatible with the statute’s requirement that the

property owner have actual knowledge of the danger or condition that causes the employee’s

injury. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 95.003(2). According to Cuevas, chapter 95 will


                                                 6
always bar every negligent-hiring claim because the property owner could never have actual

knowledge of the risk that ultimately causes the employee’s injury when the property owner

negligently hires the contractor long before the injury occurs. Nothing in the statute, however,

requires that the property owner have actual knowledge of the risk at the time of the owner’s

negligent act.

        When chapter 95 applies to a negligent-hiring claim, the employee can recover if the

property owner exercised or retained some control over the manner in which the work was

performed on the “improvement to real property” and had actual knowledge of the danger or

condition that ultimately results in the injury. Id. § 95.003. So when the property owner negligently

hires a contractor and the contractor later negligently creates a risk through work over which the

property owner retains some control, the plaintiff can recover for negligent hiring if the property

owner has actual knowledge of that risk.

        D. Summary-judgment grounds

        Finally, we address Cuevas’s argument that the trial court erred in granting summary

judgment on the negligent-hiring claim because Endeavor neither amended nor supplemented its

summary-judgment motion to address that claim. A trial court errs in granting summary judgment

on a cause of action not expressly presented by written motion, but the error is harmless 3 when the

motion asserts grounds that bar the omitted cause of action as a matter of law. G & H Towing Co.

v. Magee, 347 S.W.3d 293, 297–98 (Tex. 2011) (per curiam). Here, Endeavor sought summary

judgment under chapter 95, arguing Cuevas could not show that Endeavor had actual knowledge



        3
          An error is harmless unless it “(1) probably caused the rendition of an improper judgment; or (2) probably
prevented the appellant from properly presenting the case to the court of appeals.” TEX. R. APP. P. 44.1.

                                                         7
of the risk. The court of appeals held that the trial court erred by granting summary judgment on

the negligent-hiring claim because “Endeavor’s grounds for summary judgment did not extend to”

that claim. 531 S.W.3d at 382. Because we now hold that chapter 95 applies, the ground on which

Endeavor sought summary judgment applies equally to the negligent-hiring claim, so the trial

court’s error in granting summary judgment on that claim was harmless.

                                             III.
                                          Conclusion

       We conclude that Cuevas’s negligent-hiring claim “arises from the condition or use of an

improvement to real property” and thus chapter 95 applies. Because Endeavor sought summary

judgment on the ground that Cuevas cannot show that Endeavor had actual knowledge of the

danger or condition that caused Angel’s death, and that same ground bars the negligent-hiring

claim as a matter of law, the trial court’s error in granting summary judgment on that claim was

harmless. We therefore reverse the court of appeals’ judgment in part and render judgment

dismissing the negligent-hiring claim.



                                                    _____________________
                                                    Jeffrey S. Boyd
                                                    Justice

Opinion delivered: May 3, 2019




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