           If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
                revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.




                         STATE OF MICHIGAN

                            COURT OF APPEALS



PHARES A. NOEL II,                                               UNPUBLISHED
                                                                 October 10, 2019
              Plaintiff-Appellant,

v                                                                No. 343580
                                                                 Oakland Circuit Court
SCHOLASTIC SOLUTIONS, LLC, DIANE                                 LC No. 2017-157859-CB
FISHER, and TERRENCE L. CURRY,

              Defendants-Appellees,

and

JOHN BOWERS and BOWERS AND
COMPANY,

              Defendants.


PHARES A. NOEL II and SCHOLASTIC
SOLUTIONS, LLC,

              Plaintiffs-Appellants,

v                                                                No. 347056
                                                                 Oakland Circuit Court
DIANE FISHER,                                                    LC No. 2018-165116-CB

              Defendant-Appellee.


Before: RIORDAN, P.J., and K. F. KELLY and CAMERON, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

      These consolidated appeals arise out of two lawsuits involving a business dispute
between plaintiff Phares A. Noel II, and defendant Diane Fisher, who were the two founding


                                             -1-
members of a closely held limited liability company (LLC), Scholastic Solutions, LLC
(“Scholastic”). In the appeal arising out of the first action (Docket No. 343580), Noel appeals
three opinions and orders, which in concert granted summary disposition in favor of defendants
Scholastic, Fisher, and Terrence L. Curry. 1 In the appeal arising out of the second action
(Docket No. 347056), Noel and Scholastic appeal the trial court’s opinion and order, granting
summary disposition in favor of Fisher, in part, on grounds of res judicata. In both appeals, we
affirm.

                    I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

        In November 2011, Noel and Fisher entered into an operating agreement concerning
Scholastic (“the operating agreement”), which afforded Fisher a majority (51%) membership
interest and provided a minority (49%) interest to Noel. The “sharing ratios,” which were used
to determine capital contributions and distributions, were commensurate with Fisher and Noel’s
respective ownership interests. In pertinent part, the operating agreement provided as follows:

               1.3. Purposes. The purposes of the Company are to engage in any
       activity for which limited liability companies may be formed . . . , including but
       not limited to the development, creation, management, operation and maintenance
       of educational institutions, . . . as well as charter schools and academies.

                                            * * *

              2.1. Books and Records. The Company will maintain complete and
       accurate books and records of the Company’s business and affairs as required by
       the Act [i.e., the Michigan Limited Liability Company Act, MCL 450.4101 et
       seq.]. These books and records will be kept at the Company’s Registered Office
       and shall be available to all members during regular business hours.

              2.2. Fiscal Year. Accounting. The Company’s fiscal year will be the
       calendar year. The particular accounting methods and principles to be followed
       by the Company will be selected by the Managers from time to time.

               2.3. Reports. The Managers will provide reports concerning the financial
       condition and results of operation of the Company and the Capital Accounts of
       the Members to the Members in the time, manner and form as the Managers
       determine. These reports must be provided at least annually as soon as
       practicable after the end of each calendar year and will include a statement of


1
  At all relevant times, John Bowers was the Certified Public Accountant for Scholastic, and
Bowers and Company was the Certified Public Accountant Firm for Scholastic. Noel does not
contest the trial court’s decision to grant summary disposition in favor of defendants Bowers and
Bowers and Company in Docket No. 343580. Therefore, we need not address the claims that
were filed by Noel in relation to Bowers and Bowers and Company and the trial court’s decision
to grant summary disposition on those claims.


                                               -2-
each Member’s share of profits and other items of income, gain, loss, deduction
and credit.

                                      * * *

        4.2. Distributions. The Managers may make distributions to the
Members from time to time. Distributions may be made only after the Managers
determine in their reasonable judgment, that the Company has cash on hand
exceeding the [Company’s] current and anticipated needs (including operating
expenses, debt service, acquisitions, reserves and mandatory distributions, if any).
All distributions will be made to the Members in accordance with each Member’s
Sharing Ratio. . . .

                                      * * *

        6.3. Meetings. An annual meeting of Members for the transaction of
business as may properly come before the Meeting will be held at a place, date,
and time that the Managers determine. Special meetings of Members for any
proper purpose or purposes (including for informational purposes) may be called
at any time by the Managers or the holders of at least 10 percent of the Sharing
Ratios of all Members. The Company must deliver or mail written notice stating
the date, time, place and purpose(s) of any meeting to each Member entitled to
vote at the meeting. The notice must be given not less than 10 no more [sic] than
60 days before the meeting date. All meetings of Members will be presided over
by a Chairperson, designated by the Managers from amongst themselves. The
annual meeting of members shall be held on the 1st Monday in December of
each calendar year.

                                      * * *

        7.1. Management of Business. The Company will be managed by
persons (“Managers”), with the exact number to be determined from time to time
by resolution of the Members. The Managers will be designated by vote of the
Members voting in accordance with their Sharing Ratios, at a meeting of
Members called for that purpose. The Members will determine the Managers’
term, duties, compensation and benefits, if any. The Managers will serve at the
will and direction of the Members.

        7.2. General Powers of Managers. Except as may otherwise be
provided in this Operating Agreement, the ordinary and usual decisions
concerning the business and affairs of the Company will be made by the
Managers. Action of the Managers will be taken by approval of a majority of the
Managers then in office . . . . The Managers may not take, or cause the Company
to take, any action requiring the approval of the Members under this Operating
Agreement, the Articles or applicable law unless the Members have duly
approved the action. Subject to the foregoing, each Manager has the power, on



                                        -3-
       behalf of the Company, to do all things necessary or convenient to carry out the
       business and affair of the Company[.]

                                             * * *

              7.4. Removal. Managers may be removed for cause on approval of the
       Members entitled to vote or consent on the matter owning a majority in interest of
       the Sharing Ratios. . . .

                                             * * *

               10.4. Entire Agreement. This Operating Agreement, together with the
       Company’s Articles of Organization, constitutes the entire agreement among the
       parties and contains all of the understandings between the parties with respect to
       the subject matter. This Operating Agreement together with the Company’s
       Articles of Organization supersede any and all other prior or contemporaneous
       agreements, either oral or written, between the parties with respect to this subject
       matter.

      Fisher initially served as Scholastic’s chief executive officer and as Scholastic’s sole
“manager.” Noel initially served as the chief operating officer (“COO”).

        In 2015, Scholastic entered into a management agreement with Chandler Park Academy
(“the charter school”), which is a public school academy formed under Part 6a of Article 1 of the
Revised School Code, MCL 380.1 et seq. For the instant purposes, it suffices to note that under
the management agreement, Scholastic agreed to provide certain managerial services for the
charter school, including the provision of a school principal employed by Scholastic, in return for
certain compensation. The management agreement’s effective date was July 1, 2015; and, unless
terminated earlier pursuant to the agreement’s terms, Scholastic and the charter school decided
that the agreement would continue to be in effect until June 30, 2018.

        Over the next year, the working relationship between Fisher and Noel deteriorated. On
July 6, 2016, Fisher sent Noel correspondence accusing him of engaging in ongoing
unprofessional behavior and of demonstrating an unwillingness to change. Fisher informed Noel
that she was immediately removing him from his position as COO, that Fisher planned to hire an
employee to replace Noel, and that Noel would nonetheless “continue to receive the benefits” of
his ownership interest in Scholastic. Curry ultimately replaced Noel as Scholastic’s COO.

        On March 17, 2017, Noel initiated the first lawsuit by filing a complaint, which he later
amended. His first amended complaint set forth nine counts, as follows: (1) breach of the
operating agreement against Fisher; (2) negligence against Fisher, Curry, and Bowers; (3)
implied, innocent, negligent, or intentional misrepresentation (at the time the operating
agreement was executed) against Fisher; (4) silent fraud and bad-faith promises (at the time the
operating agreement was executed) against Fisher; (5) implied, innocent, negligent, or intentional
misrepresentation (in July 2016 and thereafter) against Fisher, Curry, and Bowers; (6) silent
fraud and bad-faith promises (in July 2016 and thereafter) against Fisher, Curry, and Bowers; (7)
minority suppression against Fisher; (8) an accounting of Scholastic’s finances; and (9)
injunctive relief in the form of the appointment of a receiver.
                                                -4-
       On September 15, 2017, Noel and his certified public accountant, Harold Montgomery
(“Montgomery”), appeared at Scholastic’s offices to review Scholastic’s financial documents.
An affidavit executed by Curry provides the following:

       [Curry] placed Noel and Montgomery in a room with a laptop computer which
       contained electronic copies of the following Scholastic files accessible for
       viewing:

              (a) Monthly bank statements and reconciliations from January 1, 2016 to
       June 30, 2016 and from May 1, 2017 to those most currently available.

              (b) Cancelled checks dated from January 1, 2016 to those most currently
       available.

              (c) Credit card statements from September 1, 2016 to those most currently
       available with portions of the credit card account numbers blacked out.

              (d) Current electronic copy of QuickBooks data file.[2]

              (e) Payroll records of Scholastic employees from January 2013 to present
       with social security numbers blacked out.

Curry also offered to permit Noel and Montgomery to copy those documents if they would sign a
nondisclosure agreement, but Noel and Montgomery declined to do so. After reviewing the
provided documentation for approximately an hour, Noel and Montgomery left Scholastic’s
office.

        When Montgomery was deposed on November 8, 2017, he indicated that he had
discovered nothing that he considered to be fraudulent, inaccurate, or incomplete in his
cumulative review of all of the Scholastic financial documentation, including Scholastic’s 2016
federal tax return. However, Montgomery later indicated that, under the “cash” method of
accounting that Scholastic utilized, which fundamentally differs from the generally accepted
accounting principles (GAAP) method, there were inaccuracies or mistakes in the preparation of
two Scholastic balance sheets covering different periods in 2017. More specifically, one balance
sheet listed “accounts receivable” and “liabilities,” neither of which should have been included
on a balance sheet under the “cash” method. The other balance sheet incorrectly labeled capital
distributions as “liabilities.” Montgomery opined that in order to confirm whether the financial
documentation was accurate and proper on the whole, an independent audit utilizing “Generally
Accepted Auditing Standards” and GAAP—which Montgomery had not performed—would be
necessary.


2
  At the April 18, 2018 motion hearing concerning summary disposition, Noel’s counsel
indicated that Montgomery was unable to competently audit Scholastic’s financial records based
on the information that had been provided by defendants and that all Montgomery needed was
“access to QuickBooks[.]”


                                              -5-
        Under the trial court’s scheduling orders, the cutoff date for discovery was November 14,
2017, and the cutoff date for dispositive motions was January 16, 2018. No motions to compel
discovery were ever filed by any of the parties during the first lawsuit. However, Noel moved
the trial court to order an accounting and to appoint a receiver. The trial court denied both
motions, specifying that the court’s denial of the motion to appoint a receiver was without
prejudice. Additionally, after the close of discovery, Noel moved the trial court for leave to
amend his complaint for a second time. The proposed second amended complaint was almost
identical to the first amended complaint, and the proposed second amended complaint did not
contain any new claims. According to Noel, filing a second amended complaint was necessary
to “conform to the facts and discovery.” The trial court ultimately denied Noel’s motion for
leave to file a second amended complaint.

        In January 2018, defendants all filed motions seeking summary disposition in the first
lawsuit. While the motions for summary disposition were pending, an April 9, 2018 special
meeting of Scholastic’s members was held, with Fisher appearing in person with her attorneys,
while Noel was represented, by proxy, by his attorney. According to the meeting’s minutes, by
the unanimous votes of Fisher and Noel (by way of his attorney’s proxy), it was resolved that
Scholastic would (1) accept Fisher’s resignation as a manager “effective immediately”; (2) retain
Curry, whom Fisher had already hired, as Scholastic’s COO, chief financial officer, and
treasurer; (3) appoint Curry as a manager; and (4) direct “the Manager and any officer, or
employee of” Scholastic “not to assert any claims against Diane Fisher which [Scholastic] may
have with respect to or arising out of the submission, award and negotiation of any educational
services contract on behalf of [Scholastic] with [the charter school] effective on and after July 1,
2018.” On the other hand, with Fisher’s majority vote overriding Noel’s contrary votes, it was
resolved that (1) Scholastic would acknowledge “receipt of notice from Fisher of her withdrawal
as a member . . . effective as of July 1, 2018”; (2) if Noel submitted a proposed bid for
submission in response to the charter school’s “2018 RFP,”3 then it would be submitted by
Scholastic, and Noel would be free to negotiate any necessary contracts on Scholastic’s behalf;
(3) both Fisher and Noel, in their “individual capacit[ies] or through an entity controlled by
[either of them], and not on behalf of or as agent of” Scholastic, would also “be free to submit a
response to the 2018 RFP”; and (4) Scholastic “waive[d] any claim against any Member for
bidding in his or her individual capacity in response to the 2018 RFP.”

        On April 16, 2018, Noel and Scholastic4 filed the second lawsuit against Fisher that
alleged one count of breach of fiduciary duty. Noel and Scholastic alleged that the manner of
Fisher’s resignation and withdrawal from Scholastic and her plan to compete against Scholastic
with regard to the 2018 RFP constituted breach of her fiduciary duties. At a subsequent motion
hearing, counsel for Noel and Scholastic admitted that he filed the second action without moving
to amend Noel’s complaint in the first action to assert the breach of fiduciary duty claims against
Fisher.



3
    “RFP” is an acronym for “request for proposal.”
4
    Noel filed the complaint “as a member on behalf” of Scholastic.


                                                 -6-
        On April 18, 2018 and April 20, 2018, the trial court issued opinions and orders granting
summary disposition to defendants Fisher, Curry, and Scholastic with regard to all claims against
them in the first action. Noel and Scholastic subsequently amended the complaint in the second
action, asserting four counts against Fisher: (1) breach of fiduciary duty, (2) tortious interference
with Scholastic’s business relationship or expectancy with the charter school, (3) unjust
enrichment, and (4) “conversion” of Scholastic’s contract with the charter school. In lieu of
answering, Fisher moved for summary disposition of all claims under MCR 2.116(C)(7) (claim
barred by res judicata) and (C)(8) (failure to state a claim for relief). Among other things, Fisher
argued that all of the claims in the second action were barred by res judicata because they could
have been asserted in the first action.

        On October 31, 2018—approximately one week before the scheduled hearing regarding
summary disposition in the second action—Noel and Scholastic filed a motion seeking leave to
file a supplemental brief in opposition to Fisher’s motion for summary disposition, arguing that
this was necessary because Noel and Scholastic had uncovered new factual support for their
claims during Fisher’s October 29, 2018 deposition. At the ensuing motion hearing, the trial
court denied the motion to file a supplemental brief, reasoning that it was unnecessary for the
court to consider the factual record—including any new evidence uncovered during Fisher’s
October 29, 2018 deposition—to decide whether summary disposition was appropriate under
MCR 2.116(C)(7) and (C)(8).

        Ultimately, the trial court granted Fisher summary disposition on all claims in the second
lawsuit, holding that the claims were all barred by res judicata. The trial court further ruled that,
as set forth in Noel and Scholastic’s amended complaint, all of the claims were derivative in
nature and because it was undisputed that Noel had “failed to comply with MCL []450.4510(b)’s
written demand requirement,” Noel was not entitled to pursue those derivative claims on
Scholastic’s behalf. Finally, the trial court held that because the court had decided that Fisher
was entitled to summary disposition of all claims on two independent grounds, it would not
consider or decide the other potential grounds Fisher had asserted to support summary
disposition. In response to this ruling, Noel filed a motion for reconsideration, which was denied
by the trial court. These appeals followed.

                                          II. ANALYSIS

                                    A. DOCKET NO. 343580

                1. MOTIONS FOR AN ACCOUNTING AND RECEIVERSHIP

       Noel argues that the trial court improperly denied his motion to appoint a receiver to take
charge of Scholastic in the first action. This Court reviews a trial court’s decision concerning the
appointment of a receiver for an abuse of discretion. Shouneyia v Shouneyia, 291 Mich App
318, 325; 807 NW2d 48 (2011).

       It has long been settled that “[a] court of equity has inherent power to appoint a receiver”
and that “[t]he appointment of a receiver is a harsh proceeding and should only be resorted to in
extreme cases.” Mich Minerals v Williams, 306 Mich 515, 525; 11 NW2d 224 (1943). Among
other things, “[a] receiver may be appointed where necessary to prevent fraud or to protect

                                                -7-
property against imminent danger of loss.” Weathervane Window, Inc v White Lake Constr Co,
192 Mich App 316, 322; 480 NW2d 337 (1991). “The primary purpose of a receiver is to
preserve property and to dispose of it under order of the court.” See id.

        Here, after the trial court’s November 2017 ruling denying the requested receivership,
Fisher—who was the only member of Scholastic other than Noel—“withdrew from [Scholastic]
effective June 30, 2018,” leaving Noel as Scholastic’s sole member. Hence, pursuant to the
terms of the operational agreement, Noel had complete operational control of Scholastic and its
assets, and there was no continued need to appoint a receiver to protect Noel’s interest in
Scholastic from alleged mismanagement or malfeasance. Therefore, even if we were to conclude
that the trial court abused its discretion by refusing to appoint a receiver, we would nevertheless
be unable to fashion a remedy that would now redress that alleged error. The receivership issue
is consequently moot, and we decline to consider it further. See Garrett v Washington, 314 Mich
App 436, 449-450; 886 NW2d 762 (2016) (observing that “[a]n issue becomes moot when a
subsequent event renders it impossible for the appellate court to fashion a remedy” or “this
Court’s ruling cannot for any reason have a practical legal effect on the existing controversy”)
(quotation marks and citations omitted); B P 7 v Bureau of State Lottery, 231 Mich App 356,
359; 586 NW2d 117 (1998) (“As a general rule, an appellate court will not decide moot issues.”).

       Noel also argues that the trial court erred by denying his motion for an accounting. We
are unpersuaded. An action for an accounting is equitable in nature, Crooker v Crooker, 340
Mich 250, 251; 65 NW2d 767 (1954), and “we review equitable issues de novo,” Sys Soft
Technologies, LLC v Artemis Technologies, Inc, 301 Mich App 642, 650; 837 NW2d 449 (2013).

       Noel cites MCL 450.4503(5) to support his argument that the trial court improperly
denied his request for an accounting. 5 MCL 450.4503(5) provides the following:




5
  Noel also cites MCL 600.3605, which is a provision of the Revised Judicature Act that invests
circuit courts with power to entertain certain actions, including accountings, against certain
corporate agents. MCL 600.3605(2) (“This jurisdiction extends over all directors, managers,
trustees, and other officers of corporations, and over any person who has held any of these
offices in any corporation against whom proceedings are commenced within 1 year after he has
ceased to be a director, manager, trustee, or other officer.”) (emphasis added). Because LLCs are
governed by the Michigan Limited Liability Company Act, MCL 450.4101 et seq., see Duray
Dev, LLC v Perrin, 288 Mich App 143, 150-152; 792 NW2d 749 (2010), and Scholastic is an
LLC, not a corporation, Noel’s reliance on MCL 600.3605 is misplaced. Indeed, Noel has
provided no authority indicating that MCL 600.3605 applies to LLCs, we are unaware of any
such authority, and it would seem that the Legislature could not have intended such an
application. MCL 600.3605 was enacted by 1961 PA 236—more than 30 years before the
effective date of the Michigan Limited Liability Company Act, see 1993 PA 23—and MCL
600.3605 has not since been amended. We fail to see how our 1961 Legislature could have
intended, when enacting MCL 600.3605, for it to apply to LLCs—a form of business
organization that did not yet exist. See Ale, An Introduction to Limited Liability Companies, 38


                                                -8-
       A member may have a formal accounting of a limited liability company’s affairs,
       as provided in an operating agreement or whenever circumstances render it just
       and reasonable.

        However, in relying on MCL 450.4503(5), Noel conflates an “accounting” with civil
discovery when case law makes it clear that they are different. More specifically, case law
establishes that “[a]n accounting is unnecessary where discovery is sufficient to determine the
amounts at issue.” Boyd v Nelson Credit Ctrs, Inc, 132 Mich App 774, 779; 348 NW2d 25
(1984), citing Cyril J Burke, Inc v Eddy & Co, 332 Mich 300, 303; 51 NW2d 238 (1952)
(holding that recourse to discovery and the subpoena power was an adequate remedy at law that
precluded equitable relief in the form of an accounting).

        On appeal, Noel fails to coherently explain why discovery was an insufficient remedy at
law in this case, and he cites no authority in support of that proposition. Indeed, the record
reveals that Noel ultimately retained Montgomery (a CPA), who reviewed Scholastic’s books at
the home office. Tellingly, Noel did not file a motion to compel discovery in the trial court.
Thus, the record reveals that Noel successfully used discovery to obtain relevant financial
documents, and we perceive no error in the trial court’s denial of the requested accounting. See
Sys Soft Technologies, LLC, 301 Mich App at 650.

                                   2. MOTION TO AMEND

       Noel argues that the trial court improperly denied his motion for leave to file a second
amended complaint in the first action. “We review a trial court’s decision regarding a plaintiff’s
motion to amend the pleadings for an abuse of discretion.” Sanders v Perfecting Church, 303
Mich App 1, 8-9; 840 NW2d 401 (2013).

     As explained in Lane v KinderCare Learning Ctrs, Inc, 231 Mich App 689, 696-697; 588
NW2d 715 (1998):

       A court should freely grant leave to amend a complaint when justice so requires.
       The rules governing the amendment of pleadings are intended to facilitate
       amendment except when prejudice to the opposing party would result. Thus,
       amendment is generally a matter of right, rather than grace. Ordinarily, a motion
       to amend a complaint should be granted, and should be denied only for the
       following particularized reasons: (1) undue delay, (2) bad faith or dilatory motive
       on the part of the movant, (3) repeated failure to cure deficiencies by amendments
       previously allowed, (4) undue prejudice to the opposing party by virtue of
       allowance of the amendment, or (5) futility of the amendment. [Citations
       omitted.]




No 8 Prac Law 35 (1992) (“In 1977 Wyoming became the first state to enact a statute
authorizing limited liability companies.”).


                                               -9-
“An amendment is futile if it merely restates the allegations already made or adds allegations that
still fail to state a claim.” Id. at 697.

        In this instance, Noel’s motion for leave to file a second amended complaint was properly
denied because the proposed amendments were futile. A comparison of Noel’s first amended
complaint to his proposed second amended complaint reveals that they are nearly identical, with
each stating nine counts that are titled identically in both pleadings and each purportedly
including 139 numbered paragraphs.6 The few minor substantive changes, which updated the
factual allegations to include more recent actions by Fisher and Curry, are immaterial because,
for the reasons set forth below, none of them would have been sufficient to save Noel’s claims
from summary disposition. Thus, the trial court’s decision to deny Noel’s motion for leave to
file a second amended complaint did not fall outside the range of reasonable and principled
outcomes. See Ronnisch Constr Group, Inc v Lofts on the Nine, LLC, 499 Mich 544, 552; 886
NW2d 113 (2016).

                                 3. SUMMARY DISPOSITION

       Noel argues that the trial court erred by granting defendants Fisher, Curry, and Scholastic
summary disposition of all claims against them in the first action pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(8)
and (C)(10). We find no error warranting reversal. 7

        This Court reviews a trial court’s decision to grant or deny summary disposition de novo.
Rory v Continental Ins Co, 473 Mich 457, 464; 703 NW2d 23 (2005). “A motion under MCR
2.116(C)(10) tests the factual sufficiency of the complaint.” Maiden v Rozwood, 461 Mich 109,
120; 597 NW2d 817 (1999). “[T]he circuit court must consider the affidavits, pleadings,
depositions, admissions, and other evidence submitted by the parties, MCR 2.116(G)(5), in the
light most favorable to the party opposing the motion.” Joseph v Auto Club Ins Ass’n, 491 Mich
200, 206; 815 NW2d 412 (2012). “A motion for summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(10)
shall be granted if there is no genuine issue regarding any material fact and the movant is entitled
to judgment as a matter of law.” Bazzi v Sentinel Ins Co, 502 Mich 390, 398; 919 NW2d 20
(2018). “A genuine issue of material fact exists when the record, giving the benefit of reasonable
doubt to the opposing party, leaves open an issue upon which reasonable minds might differ.”
Zaher v Miotke, 300 Mich App 132, 139-140; 832 NW2d 266 (2013) (quotations marks and
citations omitted).



6
  The paragraphs in the proposed second amended complaint are incorrectly numbered. Because
the proposed second amended complaint includes two paragraphs numbered 84 and two
numbered 85, it actually contains 141 numbered paragraphs, along with several others that are
not numbered.
7
  We also reject Noel’s contention that the trial court erred by failing to consider his
supplemental briefing regarding summary disposition. The trial court’s opinion and order
explicitly states that the court “considered the factual allegations in [Noel’s] supplemental brief
and conclude[d] that they d[id] not change the outcome” with regard to summary disposition.


                                               -10-
        In El-Khalil v Oakwood Healthcare, Inc, ___ Mich ___, ___; ___ NW2d ___ (2019)
(Docket No. 157846); slip op at 6, our Supreme Court articulated the standard of review for a
trial court’s decision on a motion for summary disposition brought under MCR 2.116(C)(8):

              A motion under MCR 2.116(C)(8) tests the legal sufficiency of a claim
       based on the factual allegations in the complaint. When considering such a
       motion, a trial court must accept all factual allegations as true, deciding the
       motion on the pleadings alone. A motion under MCR 2.116(C)(8) may only be
       granted when a claim is so clearly unenforceable that no factual development
       could possibly justify recovery.

        For purposes of MCR 2.116(C)(8), the “pleadings” include any written instrument on
which a claim or defense is based—such as the operating agreement in this case—that is attached
to a pleading. See MCR 2.113(C); Laurel Woods Apartments v Roumayah, 274 Mich App 631,
635; 734 NW2d 217 (2007).

                      a. BREACH OF THE OPERATING AGREEMENT

        Noel argues that the trial court erred by granting Fisher summary disposition of the claim
against her for breach of the operating agreement. However, Noel’s argument on this issue fails
to cite to any legal authority, fails to cite any particular section of the operating agreement in
support, and (excluding one parenthetical citation to record evidence) consists of only three
meager sentences. “An appellant may not merely announce a position then leave it to this Court
to discover and rationalize the basis for the appellant’s claims; nor may an appellant give an
issue only cursory treatment with little or no citation of authority.” Cheesman v Williams, 311
Mich App 147, 161; 874 NW2d 385 (2015). Thus, Noel has abandoned this argument, and we
need not consider it. See id.

                                       b. NEGLIGENCE

         Noel next argues that the trial court erred by granting defendants Fisher and Curry
summary disposition of Noel’s claim for negligence. “The threshold question in a negligence
action is whether the defendant owed a duty to the plaintiff. It is axiomatic that there can be no
tort liability unless defendants owed a duty to plaintiff.” Fultz v Union-Commerce Assoc, 470
Mich 460, 463; 683 NW2d 587 (2004) (quotation marks and citation omitted). However, “a tort
action will not lie when based solely on the nonperformance of a contractual duty.” See id. at
466. Here, in alleging that Fisher and Curry owed him a legal duty, Noel’s amended complaint
merely quoted terms that were set forth in the operating agreement. The amended complaint
contains no allegations that Fisher and Curry owed Noel a duty outside of the terms of the
contract. Thus, because Noel’s amended complaint merely alleged the existence and breach of
contractual legal duties, he failed to plead a claim of negligence. See id. Hence, because Noel’s
negligence claim was fatally deficient on the face of the pleadings, summary disposition was
proper under MCR 2.116(C)(8).




                                              -11-
                          c. MISREPRESENTATION AND FRAUD

       Noel argues that the trial court erred by granting summary disposition on his claim of
fraudulent misrepresentation. We disagree.

       In Lucas v Awaad, 299 Mich App 345, 363; 830 NW2d 141 (2013), this Court outlined
the requirements of establishing a claim of fraudulent misrepresentation:

       A plaintiff asserting a claim of fraud must demonstrate these six elements: (1) that
       the defendant made a material representation; (2) that it was false; (3) that the
       defendant made the representation knowing that it was false or made it recklessly
       without knowledge of its truth; (4) that the defendant intended that the plaintiff
       would act on the representation; (5) that the plaintiff relied on the representation;
       and (6) that the plaintiff suffered injury as a result of having relied on the
       representation.

        As a general rule, “an action for fraudulent misrepresentation must be predicated upon a
statement relating to a past or an existing fact. Future promises are contractual and do not
constitute fraud.” Hi-Way Motor Co v Int’l Harvester Co, 398 Mich 330, 336; 247 NW2d 813
(1976). Under the “bad faith” exception to that general rule, a future promise can represent an
actionable misrepresentation if it is “made in bad faith without intention of performance.” Id. at
337-338. However, “evidence of fraudulent intent, to come within the exception, must relate to
conduct of the actor at the very time of making the representations, or almost immediately
thereafter.” Id. at 338-339 (quotation marks and citation omitted).

         As stated in Noel’s amended complaint, all of the claims alleging misrepresentation—
including the claims that are captioned as if they regard conduct occurring in July 2016 and
thereafter—are premised on representations in the operating agreement. Those representations
were clearly future promises of a contractual nature.8 Moreover, as the trial court noted, Noel
failed to allege or present evidence demonstrating that when Fisher executed the operating
agreement in November 2011, her conduct at that time, or almost immediately afterward,
indicated a bad-faith intention not to abide by the agreed-upon terms. On the contrary, it is
undisputed that Fisher retained Noel in his position as Scholastic’s COO until July 2015—nearly
four years after the operating agreement was executed. Indeed, Fisher’s earliest alleged breaches
of the operating agreement occurred several years after its execution. As a matter of law, such
breaches are “too remote in time” to constitute evidence of bad faith on Fisher’s behalf at the
time she entered the operating agreement. See Hi-Way Motor Co, 398 Mich at 338-339 (holding
that a letter dated three years after a future promise was made constituted “evidence too remote
in time to indicate that when the [defendants’] agents made the promise they had no intention of
fulfilling it”). Therefore, under both MCR 2.116(C)(8) and (C)(10), the trial court correctly
granted summary disposition to defendants Fisher and Curry on the misrepresentation claims.


8
  The representations were also not attributable to defendant Curry, inasmuch as there is no
substantively admissible evidence that Curry ever executed the operating agreement or
affirmatively represented that he would abide by the agreement’s terms.


                                               -12-
                                       d. SILENT FRAUD

        With respect to the trial court’s dismissal of the silent fraud claim, to prove silent fraud
“the plaintiff must show that the defendant suppressed the truth with the intent to defraud the
plaintiff and that the defendant had a legal or equitable duty of disclosure.” Lucas v Awaad, 299
Mich App at 363-364. Noel’s amended complaint alleges that Fisher had a duty to “maintain
complete and accurate books and records of the Company’s business and affairs as required by
the Act” (emphasis omitted). However, the amended complaint does not identify which “Act”
imposed a duty of disclosure on Fisher, and the amended complaint does not contain any other
allegations to support that Fisher owed a duty of disclosure to Noel. Consequently, Noel failed
to adequately plead a claim of silent fraud, and summary disposition was therefore proper on that
claim pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(8).

                                e. “MINORITY SUPPRESSION”

        Noel argues that the trial court erred by summarily dismissing his claim for “minority
suppression.” His argument of this issue in his brief on appeal consists of one sentence, which is
devoid of citation to legal authority. Any attempt to meaningfully analyze this claim would
require this Court to advocate on Noel’s behalf and search for authority that might sustain his
position. Because that is not our proper role, we deem this claim of error abandoned, and will
not consider it. See Cheesman, 311 Mich App at 161.9

                                    B. DOCKET NO. 347056

        Noel and Scholastic argue that the trial court erred by granting Fisher summary
disposition of all claims in the second action pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(7). We disagree.

        A party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law under MCR 2.116(C)(7) if the opposing
party’s claims are barred because of res judicata. Beyer v Verizon North, Inc, 270 Mich App
424, 435; 715 NW2d 328 (2006). “A party may support a motion under MCR 2.116(C)(7) by
affidavits, depositions, admissions, or other documentary evidence.” Maiden v Rozwood, 461
Mich at 119. “The contents of the complaint are accepted as true unless contradicted by
documentation submitted by the movant.” Id. “If there is no relevant factual dispute, whether a
plaintiff’s claim is barred under a principle set forth in MCR 2.116(C)(7) is a question of law for
the court to decide.” Snead v John Carlo, Inc, 294 Mich App 343, 354; 813 NW2d 294 (2011).
“If, however, a pertinent factual dispute exists, summary disposition is not appropriate.” Id.



9
  Noel also abandoned his “minority suppression” claim in the trial court. More specifically,
Noel’s argument in the trial court was identical to the one-sentence argument he raises on appeal,
except that in the trial court he referred to Scholastic as “the Defendant Corporation,” while on
appeal he uses the phrase “the Appellee Corporation.” Like this Court, “[t]rial courts are not the
research assistants of the litigants,” Walters v Nadell, 481 Mich 377, 388; 751 NW2d 431
(2008), and the trial court was under no obligation to seek out authority to support Noel’s claim
on his behalf.


                                               -13-
        “The doctrine of res judicata is intended to relieve parties of the cost and vexation of
multiple lawsuits, conserve judicial resources, and encourage reliance on adjudication, that is, to
foster the finality of litigation.” In re Bibi Guardianship, 315 Mich App 323, 333; 890 NW2d
387 (2016) (quotation marks and citation omitted). There are four essential elements for res
judicata: (1) the prior action was decided on the merits, (2) the prior decision was final, (3) both
actions involve the same parties or their privies, and (4) the claims to be precluded either were or
could have been decided in the prior action. Duncan v Michigan, 300 Mich App 176, 194; 832
NW2d 761 (2013).10

        With regard to the first and second elements, the trial court’s grant of summary
disposition to all of the defendants in the first action constituted a final decision on the merits.
MCR 2.504(B)(3) provides:

              Unless the court otherwise specifies in its order for dismissal, a dismissal
       under this subrule or a dismissal not provided for in this rule, other than a
       dismissal for lack of jurisdiction or for failure to join a party under MCR 2.205,
       operates as an adjudication on the merits. [Emphasis added.]

In this instance, one of the trial court’s opinions and orders granting summary disposition against
Noel in the first action explicitly stated: “This order resolves the last pending claim and closes
the case.” The trial court’s other grants of summary disposition to the various defendants were
not premised on lack of jurisdiction or failure to join a party under MCR 2.205. Hence, under
MCR 2.504(B)(3), the grants of summary disposition qualify as final adjudications on the merits
for purposes of res judicata. See Washington v Sinai Hosp of Greater Detroit, 478 Mich 412,
419; 733 NW2d 755 (2007) (holding that “[i]n the absence of any language in an order of
dismissal limiting the scope of the merits decided, [MCR 2.504(B)(3)] plainly provides that the
order operates as an adjudication of the entire merits of a plaintiff’s claim” for purposes of res
judicata). The first and second elements are therefore satisfied. See Duncan, 300 Mich App at
194.

        Res judicata’s third element is also satisfied because all of the named parties in the
second action (i.e., Noel, Scholastic, and Fisher) were also named parties in the first action.
Accordingly, the parties’ arguments on appeal regarding privity of interest are misplaced and
need not be considered by this Court. See Adair v Michigan, 470 Mich 105, 121; 680 NW2d 386
(2004) (noting that, for purposes of this element, both actions must involve “the same parties or
their privies”) (emphasis added); see also Fast Air, Inc v Knight, 235 Mich App 541, 544; 599




10
   By merging the first and second elements stated in Duncan, other decisions sometimes list
three elements for res judicata. See, e.g., Dart v Dart, 460 Mich 573, 586; 597 NW2d 82 (1999);
Old Kent Bank of Holland v Chaddock, Winter & Alberts, 197 Mich App 372, 379; 495 NW2d
808 (1992).


                                               -14-
NW2d 489 (1999), quoting Black’s Law Dictionary (5th ed), (“A ‘party’ to an action is a person
whose name is designated on record as plaintiff or defendant.”).11

        In the end, the dispositive element here is the fourth and final one (i.e., the claims to be
precluded were or could have been decided in the prior action). Our Supreme Court “has taken a
broad approach” to this element, embracing the “transactional” test, under which res judicata
“bars not only claims already litigated, but also every claim arising from the same transaction
that the parties, exercising reasonable diligence, could have raised but did not.” Adair, 470 Mich
at 121, 124. “[T]he determinative question is whether the claims in the instant case arose as part
of the same transaction as did the claims in” the first action. See id. at 125. “Whether a factual
grouping constitutes a transaction for purposes of res judicata is to be determined pragmatically,
by considering whether the facts are related in time, space, origin or motivation, [and] whether
they form a convenient trial unit. . . .” Id. (citation omitted).

        We conclude that the claims in the second action arose out of the same “transaction” as
those in the first. In both actions, all of the claims regard events that occurred during the same
general timeframe, and the claims in the second action all regard an essential subject matter that
was also at issue in the first action: a dispute concerning the alleged actions and inactions of
Fisher in regard to Scholastic. Indeed, Noel and Scholastic admit that the claims in the second
action accrued before the first action had concluded and that they nevertheless instituted the
second action without ever attempting to amend the complaint in the first action to add the new
claims against Fisher. In light of the practical similarities of the claims and the fact that they
involved the same parties, they certainly would have formed a convenient trial unit. Thus, we
conclude that the fourth element of res judicata is satisfied here. Consequently, Fisher was
entitled to judgment as a matter of law on the basis of res judicata. See Duncan, 300 Mich App
at 194. As such, the trial court did not commit error requiring reversal—as Noel and Scholastic
argue on appeal—by refusing to permit Noel and Scholastic to file a proposed supplemental brief
regarding summary disposition, which contained no argument or information that was relevant to
Fisher’s res judicata arguments. See MCR 2.116(I)(1) (“If the pleadings show that a party is
entitled to judgment as a matter of law, . . . the court shall render judgment without delay.”)
(emphasis added).

       Finally, Noel and Scholastic argue that the trial court abused its discretion by denying
their motion for reconsideration of the trial court’s order granting summary disposition in the
second action. A trial court’s decision to grant or deny a motion for reconsideration is reviewed
for an abuse of discretion. Woods v SLB Prop Mgt, 277 Mich App 622, 629; 750 NW2d 228
(2008). The sole argument regarding res judicata that Noel and Scholastic included in the
motion for reconsideration was the misplaced argument about privity which they now raise on
appeal. Moreover, because Noel and Scholastic could have raised that argument before the trial
court initially ruled on the motion for summary disposition, the trial court did not abuse its



11
  Compare 46 Am Jur 2d, Judgments § 560, pp 922-923 (“A party to an action has been defined
as a person who is named as a party to the action and subjected to the jurisdiction of the court,
that is, is properly served with process or enters his or her appearance.”).


                                               -15-
discretion by denying the motion for reconsideration. See id. at 630 (holding that a trial court
cannot abuse its discretion by denying a motion for reconsideration “resting on a legal theory and
facts which could have been pled or argued prior to the trial court’s original order”) (quotation
marks and citation omitted).

       Affirmed in both dockets.



                                                            /s/ Michael J. Riordan
                                                            /s/ Kirsten Frank Kelly
                                                            /s/ Thomas C. Cameron




                                              -16-
