                     United States Court of Appeals
                            FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                    ___________

                                    No. 00-1297
                                    ___________

Linda Roddy,                               *
                                           *
                          Appellant,       *
                                           *         Appeal from the United
             v.                            *         States District Court for
                                           *         the Eastern District of
Monsanto Company,                          *         Missouri
                                           *
                          Appellee.        *         [UNPUBLISHED]

                                    ___________

                            Submitted: January 9, 2001
                               Filed: May 25, 2001
                                   ___________

Before BEAM and MORRIS SHEPPARD ARNOLD, Circuit Judges, and ALSOP,1
      District Judge.
                          ___________


ALSOP, District Judge


      Linda Roddy alleges in this case that Monsanto Company (“Monsanto”), her
former employer, in various ways violated Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42



      1
        The Honorable Donald D. Alsop, United States District Judge for the District
of Minnesota, sitting by designation.
U.S.C. § 2000e et seq., and 42 U.S.C. § 1981. The trial court2 granted summary
judgment to Monsanto on some of Roddy’s claims. The remaining claims were tried
to a jury, which returned a verdict in favor of Monsanto. On appeal, Roddy argues that
the trial court erred in granting partial summary judgment and in excluding certain
evidence from consideration by the jury. We affirm.


      Roddy began working as a laboratory technician in a south St. Louis Monsanto
plant in 1974. The common understanding at the plant was that Roddy and other black
women were hired to fill a “quota.” For several years after she was hired, Roddy was
forced to contend with inappropriate behavior from other Monsanto employees,
including one of her supervisors. During the 1970s and much of the 1980s, Roddy had
a supervisor who styled himself as a “male chauvinist pig” and who displayed a toy pig
on his desk as a symbol of that status. This supervisor kept a notebook devoted to the
activities of black female employees under his supervision, met with those black female
employees only in a darkened room, and seems to have applied a different disciplinary
standard to those black female employees. This supervisor also discouraged those
black female employees, including Roddy, from applying for higher-level positions at
the Monsanto plant, asserting that such positions involved heavier labor and thus were
unsuitable for women. Two other persons became Roddy’s supervisors in 1990, and
those persons did not conduct themselves in a similarly egregious manner.




      2
         The Honorable Frederick R. Buckles, United States Magistrate Judge, Eastern
District of Missouri, hearing the case with consent of the parties pursuant to 28 U.S.C.
§ 636(c).

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      Non-supervisory Monsanto employees also occasionally harassed Roddy. One
day in 1978, Roddy arrived at work and discovered a mannequin made up to represent
her holding a sign with a vulgar sexual message. An unknown person cut pages out of
Roddy’s laboratory notebook in 1980. Roddy informed her supervisors of these
incidents, but Monsanto conducted no investigation. Bruce Cartee, one of Roddy’s co-
workers, kicked Roddy in April 1991, and Roddy believed he did so because Roddy
is black and a woman. Roddy reported this incident as well. In this instance, Roddy’s
supervisors met with Roddy and Cartee, and Cartee apologized to Roddy. Monsanto
imposed no other discipline, and no later incidents occurred involving Roddy and
Cartee. Cartee retired in 1995. When Roddy learned in 1996 that Cartee planned to
return to Monsanto, Roddy complained to her supervisors, and Roddy’s supervisors
assured her that she would not be required to work alone with Cartee. Roddy
considered subsequent adjustments in her work schedule to be a form of demotion.
Roddy left her employment with Monsanto in August 1997, a few months after Cartee
returned.


      Roddy filed a complaint with the EEOC in 1996, charging that Monsanto had
denied her promotions and salary increases on the basis of her race and sex and
because Roddy had complained of discrimination against her in the workplace. The
EEOC issued Roddy a right to sue letter in December 1996, and Roddy filed a
complaint in federal court in March 1997. In her complaint as amended, Roddy claims
that Monsanto denied her promotions, withheld pay raises, subjected her to harassment
and a hostile work environment, and retaliated against her for engaging in protected
conduct, all in violation of Title VII. Roddy also claims that the same actions by
Monsanto violated 42 U.S.C. § 1981 and that Monsanto constructively discharged her

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in violation of § 1981. The trial court granted Monsanto’s motion for summary
judgment on the harassment and hostile work environment claims, holding that those
claims were not presented to the EEOC pursuant to Title VII and that all acts of
harassment about which Roddy complains occurred outside the statute of limitations
applicable to § 1981. The trial court granted summary judgment on the constructive
discharge claim as well, holding as a matter of law that Roddy’s situation at Monsanto
at the time she resigned was not so intolerable as to constitute a constructive discharge.


      The matter proceeded to trial on the issues of discriminatory treatment and
retaliation. Roddy sought to offer as evidence, inter alia, a chart comparing Roddy’s
salary for a particular year with the salaries of other laboratory technicians at the
Monsanto plant where she worked. The year-by-year comparisons on the chart went
back to 1975, and the trial court excluded the chart because the chart included
information irrelevant to discrete instances of discrimination in rates of pay within the
applicable statute of limitations. The facts underlying the chart ultimately came into
evidence, albeit not in the form Roddy desired. The trial court also excluded some
“background evidence” Roddy offered, including testimony about the incidents
described above and about more recent incidents not directly involving Roddy, such as
a sexually graphic conversation Roddy heard accidentally broadcast over the plant
intercom and the discovery at the plant of a rope tied to resemble a noose. The trial
court excluded this “background evidence” as irrelevant to the issues at trial and as
more prejudicial than probative under FRE 403.


      Roddy argues here that material factual issues precluded summary judgment on
the claims dismissed prior to trial and that the trial court’s evidentiary rulings unfairly

                                           -4-
prejudiced her case with respect to the claims submitted to the jury. We review the
trial court’s grant of summary judgment de novo, examining the record developed
below to determine whether no genuine issue of material fact exists and whether the
moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Kopp v. Samaritan Health
Sys., Inc., 13 F.3d 264, 268-69 (8th Cir. 1993). We review the trial court’s evidentiary
rulings for abuse of discretion, and we will grant a new trial on the basis of incorrect
rulings only if a different outcome is likely. EEOC v. HBE Corp., 135 F.3d 543, 551
(8th Cir. 1998).


      The trial court granted Monsanto summary judgment on Roddy’s hostile work
environment claim because Roddy had not demonstrated an instance of harassment or
abusive conduct within the five-year statute of limitations applicable to Roddy’s claim
under 42 U.S.C. § 1981.3 See Drake v. Southwestern Bell Tel. Co., 553 F.2d 1185,
1188 (8th Cir. 1977) (applying Missouri five-year statute of limitations to a cause of
action under § 1981). According to the trial court, the last act of harassment directed
at Roddy was the kicking incident in April 1991, and the statute of limitations ran back
only to March 1992. Although Roddy agrees that conduct prior to March 1992 is not
actionable, Roddy contends that the record as a whole shows the existence of a pattern
of harassment more recently than March 1992. See Van Steenburgh v. Rival Co., 171
F.3d 1155, 1159 (8th Cir. 1999) (holding a hostile work environment claim viable when
the cumulative effects of a prolonged pattern of harassment extended into the
limitations period). However, even assuming that Roddy suffered through a hostile



      3
        Roddy does not challenge the trial court’s grant of summary judgment on her
hostile work environment claim under Title VII.

                                          -5-
work environment earlier in her career, the incidents she relies upon that occurred
during the limitations period have no specific connection to earlier events. The conduct
within the limitations period consists of nothing more than “a few isolated incidents”
of problematic behavior, Kimzey v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 107 F.3d 568, 573 (8th Cir.
1997), and we can discern no pattern of action by Monsanto sufficient to allow all the
incidents Roddy describes to be considered together as a continuing violation of the
law.


       The trial court’s grant of summary judgment on Roddy’s constructive discharge
claim was proper for similar reasons. An employee is constructively discharged if an
employer renders the employee’s working conditions so intolerable that the employee
is forced to quit. Henderson v. Simmons Foods, Inc., 217 F.3d 612, 617 (8th Cir.
2000). Evidence of unlawful discrimination in itself does not establish a constructive
discharge, Coffman v. Tracker Marine, L.P., 141 F.3d 1241, 1247 (8th Cir. 1998), nor
does an employee’s dissatisfaction with working conditions. Tidwell v. Meyer’s
Bakeries, Inc., 93 F.3d 490, 496 (8th Cir. 1996). Roddy argues that Cartee’s return to
Monsanto coupled with Monsanto’s perceived unresponsiveness to her complaints
compelled Roddy to quit. As the trial court noted, however, Monsanto took Roddy’s
complaints about Cartee into account in making work assignments, and Roddy’s
conclusion that Monsanto was insensitive to her requests was objectively unreasonable
in 1997 when Roddy left Monsanto. See West v. Marion Merrell Dow, Inc., 54 F.3d
493, 497 (8th Cir. 1995) (holding that employee’s working conditions are evaluated
under an objective standard).




                                          -6-
      Finally, we see no reversible error in the trial court’s evidentiary rulings. The
facts summarized in the salary chart the trial court excluded came into evidence in other
ways, and the only effect of excluding the chart was to deprive the jury of a convenient
reference for this information. The exclusion of the chart could not have affected the
outcome because the evidence Roddy offered was before the jury in another form. The
exclusion of background evidence presents a closer question because, as Roddy argues,
evidence of unflattering employment practices generally is admissible in discrimination
cases. Estes v. Dick Smith Ford, Inc., 856 F.2d 1097, 1103 (8th Cir. 1988). The trial
court, however, retains discretion to exclude such evidence as irrelevant, Summit v. S-
B Power Tool, 121 F.3d 416, 422 (8th Cir. 1997), cert. denied, 523 U.S. 1004 (1998),
or as more prejudicial than probative. Easley v. American Greetings Corp., 158 F.3d
974, 977 (8th Cir. 1998). The issue before the jury was whether Monsanto unlawfully
had denied Roddy promotions and raises during and after 1992. The background
evidence the trial court excluded had no clear connection with Monsanto
decisionmakers within that time frame or, in some instances, even with Roddy herself.
In those circumstances, the exclusion of the evidence was not an abuse of discretion,
and the exclusion did not unfairly prejudice Roddy’s presentation of her case.


      For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment in all respects.


      A true copy.


             Attest:


                     CLERK, U.S. COURT OF APPEALS, EIGHTH CIRCUIT.

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