HEFFINGTON v. MOSER, No. 922, September Term, 2017

CIVIL PROCEDURE — MOTION TO STAY — PARALLEL CIVIL AND
CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS — FIFTH AMENDMENT RIGHT AGAINST SELF-
INCRIMINATION — MARYLAND DECLARATION OF RIGHTS, ARTICLE
19, RIGHT OF ACCESS TO THE COURTS.

        Plaintiff sued defendants, including former employer, for defamation and other
torts based on defendants’ having reported to the police and others that plaintiff stole
from their business while she was employed there. Plaintiff gave a lengthy discovery
deposition. A few months later, she was indicted for several crimes, including theft of
property from defendant former employer. Initially, the trial in the criminal case was set
for a date before the trial date in the civil case, which was specially assigned. On the day
of the criminal trial, the State sought a postponement, which was granted, and the
criminal trial was moved to two months after the trial date in the civil case. The plaintiff
filed a motion to stay the civil case until after the proceedings in the criminal case were
concluded, arguing that she could not prove her case without her own testimony and she
could not testify without running the risk of incriminating herself. The court denied the
stay. At trial, the parties agreed to a process whereby the plaintiff would not call any
witnesses, would move for a mistrial, and if that were denied, the defense would move
for judgment, which would be granted. After judgment was entered for the defense, an
appeal was noted.

       Held: Judgment vacated. The plaintiff did not acquiesce in the judgment, as the
parties agreed to the process that would be followed. The plaintiff did not waive her Fifth
Amendment right by testifying in deposition prior to being indicted. The circumstances
existing at the time of the deposition—that it was possible that she would be indicted—
were different from the circumstances existing at the time of trial—that she had been
charged and was in criminal jeopardy.

        In deciding whether to grant a stay, the circuit court should have weighed the
plaintiff’s Fifth Amendment right to remain silent and suffer no penalty for her silence
and her Article 19 right to access to the courts against the defendants’ right to a timely
resolution of the claims against them without harm to their defense. A proper weighing
of these factors only would have supported granting the stay. The case had been pending
for a little over a year, discovery was completed, and there had been no postponement of
the trial date. There was no showing of prejudice to the defense by granting the stay, and
without the stay, the plaintiff would suffer the penalty of losing her cause of action and
access to the courts in order to protect her Fifth Amendment right to remain silent.
Circuit Court for Prince George’s County
Case No. CAL16-07861

                                                          REPORTED

                                            IN THE COURT OF SPECIAL APPEALS

                                                       OF MARYLAND

                                                            No. 922

                                                     September Term, 2017

                                           ______________________________________


                                                KRISTI HEFFINGTON, ET AL.

                                                               v.

                                                 RONALD F. MOSER, ET AL.

                                           ______________________________________

                                                Eyler, Deborah S.,
                                                Leahy,
                                                Wilner, Alan M.
                                                   (Senior Judge, Specially Assigned),

                                                        JJ.
                                       ______________________________________

                                             Opinion by Eyler, Deborah S., J.
                                       ______________________________________

                                                Filed: August 30, 2018




        2018-08-30
        14:29-04:00
       This appeal presents a question of first impression in Maryland: whether, and

under what circumstances, a plaintiff in a civil case who also is a defendant in a related

criminal prosecution is entitled to a stay of the civil case so as not to penalize her for

invoking her Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination. We shall hold that in

deciding whether to grant a stay, the court must balance the plaintiff’s Fifth Amendment

right against self-incrimination and Article 19 right of access to the courts against the

defendant’s interest in a timely resolution of the claims against him. A stay should be

granted to protect the plaintiff’s constitutional rights unless it will cause undue prejudice

to the civil defendant.

       In the Circuit Court for Prince George’s County, Kristi Heffington (“Kristi”) and

her husband, Matthew Heffington (“Matthew”), the appellants, brought a tort action

against Kristi’s former employer, Ronald F. Moser, D.D.S, P.A. (“the Practice”), Ronald

F. Moser, D.D.S. (“Dr. Moser”), and Dr. Moser’s wife, Anne M. Moser (“Anne”), the

appellees (“the civil suit”).1 The Heffingtons’ tort claims all were based on allegedly

false statements the Mosers made to the police, to the Practice’s insurer, and to others

that Kristi had stolen money from the Practice and had engaged in identity fraud while

employed there.

       While the civil suit was pending, Kristi was indicted by a grand jury in the Circuit

Court for Prince George’s County, Case No. CT170240X, for one count of theft scheme

and four counts of identity fraud (“the criminal case”).        Originally, the trial in the

       1
          We shall refer to the Mosers and the Practice collectively as “the Mosers,” unless
it is necessary to refer to them separately.
criminal case was scheduled to commence before the assigned trial date in the civil case.

Later, upon the State’s request, the criminal case trial date was postponed. The new trial

date for the criminal case was after the trial date in the civil suit. The Heffingtons filed a

motion to stay the civil suit pending disposition of the criminal case, arguing that to

protect herself in the criminal case, Kristi would be invoking the Fifth Amendment in the

civil suit and, therefore, would be unavailable to testify on her own behalf. After a

hearing, the court denied the motion to stay.

       As we shall explain in detail below, on the first day of trial in the civil suit, the

Heffingtons moved for a mistrial, which was denied, and rested without putting on

evidence. The circuit court granted judgment in favor of the Mosers and the Practice on

all counts.

       The Heffingtons noted this appeal, asking whether the circuit court abused its

discretion by denying their motion to stay the civil suit. For the following reasons, we

answer that question in the affirmative. We shall vacate the judgment of the circuit court

and remand for further proceedings.

                             FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS

       Dr. Moser owns and operates the Practice, which is located in Bowie. At the

relevant time, Anne was working there as a dental hygienist. Kristi was hired by the

Practice in June 2008. In 2010 she became the office manager. In that capacity, she was

responsible for depositing all cash and checks in the Practice’s business account,

balancing the daily transactions, and providing Dr. Moser a daily report on revenue.




                                             -2-
       On April 15, 2015, Dr. Moser fired Kristi for stealing money from the Practice.

Specifically, Kristi was accused of using the Visa terminal at the Practice to charge and

later refund charges on medical credit cards she obtained in her name and in the names of

family members, without their knowledge or consent. The day he fired Kristi, Dr. Moser

reported Kristi’s thefts to the City of Bowie Police Department and to CNA, the

Practice’s liability insurer. Five days later, Kristi’s cousin, Randall Tracey (“Randall”),

reported to the Anne Arundel County Police Department that Kristi had stolen his son

Randy’s identity and used it to apply for a medical credit card. Randall also reported that

in 2013 Kristi had stolen his identity and had used it to apply for a $10,000 medical loan.

       On March 21, 2016, the Heffingtons filed the civil suit that gives rise to this

appeal. They alleged that in December 2013 Anne had told Kristi, in confidence, that she

was having an affair and that in January 2015 Kristi had told Dr. Moser about Anne’s

affair. They further alleged that Dr. Moser and Anne then “conspired to develop a

scheme to disparage [Kristi’s] reputation, and to cause injury to her financial, mental,

psychological, emotional, and personal well-being, as well as interfere with her own

standing as an employee in the dental community.” In furtherance of that conspiracy, the

Mosers falsely reported to the police that Kristi had stolen over $3,000 from the Practice;

filed a false insurance claim asserting that Kristi had stolen over $100,000 from the

Practice; filed a civil action in the District Court of Maryland for Anne Arundel County

falsely alleging that Kristi had wrongfully refused to repay a $5,000 loan from Dr. Moser;

and called Randall, who was Matthew’s employer, and made false allegations about

Kristi and false allegations that Matthew had participated in Kristi’s alleged theft scheme.


                                            -3-
      Kristi stated claims against the Mosers, individually, and the Practice for

defamation per se (Counts I & II); malicious use of process (Counts III & IV); and

tortious interference with prospective business advantage (Counts V & VI). Matthew

stated claims against the Mosers, individually, and the Practice for defamation per se

(Counts IX & X) and tortious interference with prospective advantage (Counts VII and

VIII). They both stated a claim against the Mosers and the Practice for civil conspiracy

(Count XI). In each count, they sought compensatory and punitive damages in excess of

$75,000.

      On August 16, 2016, the court entered a scheduling order, setting the case in for a

four-day trial from June 19–22, 2017.

      The Mosers noted Kristi’s deposition, and, on November 14, 2016, Kristi was

deposed for seven hours.2 She testified that three weeks before she was fired, Randall’s

ex-wife contacted her via Facebook messenger and asked her about an issue with

Randy’s credit report. That is how she learned that she was being accused of stealing

Randy’s identity. Then, in May 2015, she learned the police were investigating her for

identity theft. In answers to questions, she spoke about obtaining medical credit cards in

her own name and in the names of various family members; transactions using those

credit cards, including refunds of charges she had made from the office Visa terminal;

loans Dr. Moser extended to her; and dental insurance claims she had made on behalf of

her aunt, who never was a patient of the Practice. She denied any wrongdoing, claiming


      2
          Kristi’s deposition was videotaped.


                                            -4-
that the financial transactions were proper and were made with the consent of her family

members and with Dr. Moser’s knowledge and consent. Kristi did not invoke her Fifth

Amendment privilege against self-incrimination during the deposition.

       On February 21, 2017, Kristi was indicted on one count of theft scheme over

$10,000, but less than $100,000, and four counts of identity fraud—two pertaining to

Randall and two pertaining to her brother’s girlfriend. The offense dates all are April 15,

2015, and the crimes are based on misconduct by Kristi in her capacity as the office

manager for the Practice. The trial in the criminal case was scheduled to commence on

June 8, 2017, roughly two weeks before the trial date in the civil suit.

       Meanwhile, discovery continued in the civil suit. On May 2, 2017, the parties

attended mediation, which was unsuccessful.            According to the Heffingtons, at the

mediation their attorney advised the Mosers’ attorney that he might file a motion to stay

the civil suit until the criminal case was resolved.

       On June 7, 2017, at the State’s request, the trial date in the criminal case was

postponed until August 23, 2017.

       Eight days later, the Heffingtons filed a motion to stay the civil suit pending the

resolution of the criminal case. They asserted that “[a]ny testimony provided by . . .

Kristi . . . in the [civil suit] will implicate her Fifth Amendment right against self-

incrimination and she will be unable to testify and present her case.” They pointed out

that because there is a one-year statute of limitations for defamation, see Md. Code

(1974, 2013 Repl. Vol.), section 5-105 of the Courts and Judicial Proceedings Article

(“CJP”), they had had no choice but to file suit in 2016.            They analogized their


                                             -5-
circumstances to two cases in which a stay of a civil action, or of particular proceedings

in a civil action, was sought by a defendant pending resolution of related criminal charges

against him. In re Mid-Atlantic Toyota Antitrust Litigation, 92 F.R.D. 358 (D. Md.

1981); and In re Royal Ahold N.V. Securities & ERISA Litigation, 220 F.R.D. 246 (D.

Md. 2004). Referencing those cases, the Heffingtons argued that a stay would not burden

them or the Mosers and would be convenient for the court because, if Kristi were to be

convicted in the criminal case, the civil suit “will probably be dismissed.”

       The Mosers filed an opposition to the motion to stay. They argued that the motion

was untimely, having been filed just six days prior to trial, and that, in any event, Kristi

had waived her Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination by testifying in

deposition and engaging in discovery after she was indicted. They further argued that the

Fifth Amendment is a shield and may not be used by a civil plaintiff as a sword to delay

the resolution of her action pending the resolution of a related criminal action. They

maintained that Kristi had been free not to file suit, could dismiss her suit, could attempt

to prove her case through other evidence, or could take the stand and invoke the

privilege. They argued that they had “an important interest in having their case tried

expeditiously[,]” and would be prejudiced by a stay that lasted until the conclusion of the

criminal case, whenever that might be.

       On June 15, 2017, the court held a hearing on the motion to stay.                The

Heffingtons’ lawyer requested a “short stay just to let the criminal trial get out of the

way,” explaining that if the stay were not granted, Kristi “would invoke her Fifth

[Amendment privilege and the Heffingtons would] have no case” to put on. Counsel for


                                            -6-
the Mosers and the Practice responded that, given the likelihood of additional

continuances in the criminal case and an appeal if Kristi were to be convicted, any stay

would not be “short” and that they had incurred significant costs preparing for trial and

should not be forced to delay defending themselves against the civil suit.

       At the conclusion of argument, the court denied the motion to stay, opining:

               I think there is a good likelihood that more likely so than not that
       there may be a finding that [Kristi] . . . may have waived her Fifth
       Amendment privilege to a certain extent. I haven’t looked at the
       depositions. I don’t know what the testimony is, but there’s no dispute that
       she did give a deposition in this matter regarding the issue – surrounding
       the issues in this case, and that to a certain extent, from what I hear from
       counsel, the allegations in this case relate somewhat to the allegations in the
       criminal case.
               There is no guarantee when the criminal case is going to go forward
       when scheduled. I think the criminal case was scheduled previously in this
       matter and got continued. I have the criminal case here. It doesn’t look like
       this criminal case is specially assigned to any judge, so there is extensive
       discovery, extensive documents in this case that may make this case go
       beyond the usual two- or three-day trial. That may continue it.
               I just say all this to say you don’t have a guarantee that the
       [criminal] case is going to go forward on the date that it is currently
       assigned. This is a civil case and it could be continued. The civil case
       could be bumped further and further and further along. I do find that the
       motion is filed somewhat late since you knew that she was indicted months
       ago.
               For those reasons and the extensive discovery and preparation on the
       part of the defendant[s], just to note you were just in pretrial where defense
       counsel noted that as far as the documents they have in this case for
       exhibits, it’s over a hundred documents in this matter. The civil case was
       specially assigned to this member of the bench. For those reasons, because
       there’s no guarantee that the criminal case will go forward when . . . it’s
       supposed to happen, I’m going to deny the motion to stay in this case.
               If [Kristi] does invoke her Fifth Amendment right in the civil case, a
       jury is able to take that evidence and draw reasonable inferences from that
       evidence. Those are things that she has to consider and I’m going to deny
       the motion to stay.




                                            -7-
      On June 19, 2017, the first day of trial, judgment was entered in favor of the

Mosers. This timely appeal followed.

                                     DISCUSSION

      Under the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution, “No person . . .

shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself.” U.S. Const.

Amend. V.      The Fifth Amendment applies to the States through the Fourteenth

Amendment. See Malloy v. Hogan, 378 U.S. 1, 6 (1964).

      “In order to invoke successfully the protection of the Fifth Amendment, an

individual’s statement must be compelled, testimonial, and self-incriminating.” In re

Ariel G., 383 Md. 240, 244 (2004) (citing Fisher v. United States, 425 U.S. 391, 408

(1976)). It is well-established that the privilege against self-incrimination extends to

witnesses in civil litigation: “[I]n a civil case the [F]ifth [A]mendment . . . protects a

witness from being required to make disclosure, otherwise compellable in the trial court’s

contempt power, which could incriminate him [or her] in a later criminal prosecution.”

Whitaker v. Prince George’s County, 307 Md. 368, 385 (1986) (citing 8 John H.

Wigmore, Wigmore on Evidence § 2254 at 331 (McNaughton rev. ed. 1961)). See also

Lefkowitz v. Turley, 414 U.S. 70, 77 (1973) (the Fifth Amendment “not only protects the

individual against being involuntarily called as a witness against himself in a criminal

prosecution but also privileges him not to answer official questions put to him in any

other proceeding, civil or criminal, formal or informal, where the answers might

incriminate him in future criminal proceedings”). In a criminal prosecution, a party’s

invocation of the privilege may not be used against her. However, “the prevailing rule


                                           -8-
[is] that the Fifth Amendment does not forbid adverse inferences against parties to civil

actions when they refuse to testify . . . .” Baxter v. Palmigiano, 425 U.S. 308, 318 (1976)

(citing Wigmore § 2272, at 439); see also Long v. Long, 141 Md. App. 341, 349 (2001).

       In this appeal, the Heffingtons contend the circuit court abused its discretion by

denying their motion to stay because it did not properly weigh Kristi’s constitutional

privilege against self-incrimination against the Mosers’ interest in an expeditious trial of

the claims against them.

       The Mosers’ response is three-pronged. First, this issue is not preserved for

review because the Heffingtons acquiesced in the court’s granting the motion for

judgment against them. Second, if the issue is preserved, it lacks merit because Kristi

waived her Fifth Amendment privilege by not actually taking the stand and invoking it at

trial and by not invoking it at her deposition. And third, if the issue is preserved and the

privilege was not waived, the court did not abuse its discretion by denying the motion to

stay given that it was filed on the eve of trial and the criminal case could last for years.

                                              a.

       We begin with the threshold matter of preservation.

       Trial commenced four days after the motion to stay was denied. At the outset, the

Heffingtons’ lawyer proposed a process to follow to “protect [his] client’s interests[,]”

i.e., Kristi’s Fifth Amendment right not to incriminate herself. A jury would be seated,

opening statements would be waived, and he would proffer that Kristi was invoking her

Fifth Amendment right and that without her testimony the Heffingtons could not put on

evidence to prove their case. He then would move for a mistrial, rest the plaintiffs’ case,


                                              -9-
and the defense would move for judgment. Counsel for the parties agreed to shorten the

process even more by waiving voir dire and simply seating the first six jurors from the

venire panel. They further agreed that when the venire was brought into the courtroom

the trial judge would inform them that they would not be hearing any evidence and that

for “procedural reason[s]” the plaintiffs would rest, the defendants would make motions,

the court would rule, and it would be a “very short day.”

       The process proposed was followed by counsel for the Heffingtons, counsel for

the Mosers, and the court.

       As noted, the Mosers maintain that the Heffingtons failed to preserve their Fifth

Amendment issue for review because they acquiesced in the court’s granting the motion

for judgment.    Specifically, they argue that the Heffingtons should have presented

evidence other than Kristi’s testimony to prove their case and did not adequately explain

why they could not do so. The Mosers assert that this case is similar to Osztreicher v.

Juanteguy, 338 Md. 528, 535 (1995), in which the Court of Appeals held that when, after

a trial court precluded a medical malpractice plaintiff from calling his preferred expert,

the plaintiff elected not to go forward with evidence, resulting in a judgment against him,

he had “acquiesced in, if not consented to, the entry of that judgment.”

       The Mosers did not object to the process suggested by counsel for the Heffingtons;

on the contrary, they participated in it. They expected that the Heffingtons would not be

presenting any evidence and did not take the position that they should be required to or,

as they now assert, that there was evidence other than Kristi’s testimony that could serve

as a sufficient substitute. Because they did not object, the issue was neither raised nor


                                           -10-
decided below and therefore was not preserved. Md. Rule 8-131(a). To the extent there

was acquiescence, it was by the Mosers in the process the Heffingtons’ lawyer proposed

be followed, not by the Heffingtons in the judgment.

       This case is unlike Osztreicher v. Juanteguy. There, on the first day of trial, one of

the plaintiff’s expert witnesses refused to testify because he did not want to reveal how

much money he had earned from giving expert witness testimony. The plaintiff had

identified another expert, however, and that expert was available to testify.           The

plaintiff’s counsel did not want to call the available expert because he was retired, and

counsel thought the jury would give less weight to his testimony for that reason. He

elected not to put on any evidence, which resulted in an adverse judgment, to which the

Court of Appeals held the plaintiff had acquiesced. In that situation, counsel for the

plaintiff made a strategic decision not to present evidence that could have been presented;

opposing counsel did not agree to that process; and no party’s Fifth Amendment right

was at stake. None of those circumstances apply here.

                                             b.

                                            (1)

       The Mosers maintain the Heffingtons waived their Fifth Amendment issue

because Kristi did not actually take the stand and invoke the privilege. This waiver

argument is not preserved for the same reason the acquiescence argument is not

preserved. At no time did the Mosers object to Kristi’s invoking the Fifth Amendment

without taking the stand or assert, as they do now, that Kristi had to invoke the privilege

on the stand and allow the jurors to draw a negative inference from that. See Baxter, 425


                                            -11-
U.S. at 318; Kramer v. Levitt, 79 Md. App. 575, 587 (1989) (discussing permissible

adverse inferences in civil cases based upon a party’s invocation of the Fifth Amendment

privilege). Again, the Mosers participated without objection in the process suggested by

counsel for the Heffingtons, which called for no evidence to be taken—including the

invocation of a privilege that could give rise to an adverse inference—and short circuited

the jury selection process for that reason.3

                                               (2)

       We now turn to the thornier issue of whether Kristi waived her Fifth Amendment

privilege by testifying in deposition before she was indicted.

       The Fifth Amendment privilege “applies not only at trial, but at the discovery

stage as well.” Id. at 582; see also Md. Rule 2-402 (“A party may obtain discovery

regarding any matter that is not privileged, . . . , if the matter sought is relevant to the

subject matter involved in the action . . . .”) (emphasis added). “[T]he right to assert

one’s privilege against self-incrimination does not depend upon the likelihood, but upon

the possibility of prosecution.” In re Master Key Litigation, 507 F.2d 292, 293 (9th Cir.

1974). The privilege may be invoked “‘where the information sought to be extracted

presents “a realistic threat of incrimination.”’” United States v. U.S. Currency, 626 F.2d

11, 14 (6th Cir. 1980) (quoting United States v. Powe, 591 F.2d 833, 845 n.36 (D.C. Cir.

       3
         We note that it is plain that if Kristi had taken the stand and invoked the Fifth
Amendment in response to all questions, the Heffingtons could not have survived a
motion for judgment. Thus, counsel for the Heffingtons reasonably avoided wasting the
parties’ and the court’s time by informing the court that Kristi was invoking her privilege
and by resting without putting on any evidence.




                                               -12-
1978). In Choi v. State, 316 Md. 529, 536 (1989), the Court adopted the following

standard from Hoffman v. United States, 341 U.S. 479, 486–87 (1951): “To sustain the

privilege, it need only be evident from the implications of the question, in the setting in

which it is asked, that a responsive answer to the question or an explanation of why it

cannot be answered might be dangerous because injurious disclosure could result.”

Moreover, “[t]he privilege afforded not only extends to answers that would in themselves

support a conviction . . . but likewise embraces those which would furnish a link in the

chain of evidence needed to prosecute . . . .” Hoffman, 341 U.S. at 486.

       Thus, in the case at bar, even though Kristi’s deposition was taken before charges

were filed against her, she could have invoked the privilege in response to questions

posed by counsel for the Mosers; her answers could incriminate her in a potential future

prosecution for theft or identity theft. The Mosers urge that by testifying “at great length

in her extensive deposition . . . answer[ing] a multitude of wide-ranging questions”

without invoking the privilege, Kristi must be held to have waived the privilege with

regard to the subject matter covered. They rely primarily on Brown v. United States, 356

U.S. 148 (1958), to advance this argument.

       In Brown, the government sought to denaturalize Stefana Brown, alleging that she

was a member of the Communist Party when she was naturalized and therefore falsely

swore allegiance to the United States Constitution in her naturalization proceeding. At

trial, the government called Brown as an adverse witness. She admitted that she had once

been a member of the Young Communist League but denied that she had belonged to the

Communist Party before she was naturalized.         When questioned about whether she


                                           -13-
became a member of the Communist Party after she was naturalized, she invoked her

Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination.

       Brown’s attorney declined to cross-examine her, choosing instead to call her as a

witness in the defense case. On direct, Brown reaffirmed the truth of the statements she

had made at the time of her naturalization, elaborating that she had “never taught or

advocated the overthrow of the existing government or belonged to any organization that

did so advocate . . . .” Id. at 150. On cross-examination, the government asked Brown:

“Are you now or have you ever been a member of the Communist Party of the United

States?” Id. at 152. Brown refused to answer, invoking her Fifth Amendment privilege.

The district court ordered her to answer, ruling that “by taking the stand in her own

defense [Brown] had abandoned the privilege . . . .” Id. Upon her continued refusal to

answer, the court held Brown in contempt and sentenced her to imprisonment for six

months.

       Brown’s appeal from the contempt judgment reached the Supreme Court, which

affirmed. It stated that “[a] witness who is compelled to testify . . . has no occasion to

invoke the privilege against self-incrimination until the testimony sought to be elicited

will in fact tend to incriminate.”     Id. at 155. “On the other hand, when a witness

voluntarily testifies, the privilege against self-incrimination is amply respected without

need of accepting testimony freed from the antiseptic test of the adversary process.” Id.

(emphasis added). This is so, the Court reasoned, because the witness has a “choice, after

weighing the advantage of the privilege against self-incrimination against the advantage

of putting forward his version of the facts and his reliability as a witness, not to testify at


                                             -14-
all.” Id. Thus, a witness who testifies voluntarily waives the right to invoke the Fifth

Amendment privilege against self-incrimination on matters within the scope of cross-

examination.

       The Mosers argue that, like the defendant in Brown, Kristi voluntarily testified at a

wide-ranging deposition and has, by her conduct, waived her Fifth Amendment privilege

as to the subject matter of her testimony. We disagree.

       “Waiver is conduct from which it may be inferred reasonably an express or

implied ‘intentional relinquishment’ of a known right.” Exxon Mobil Corp. v. Ford, 433

Md. 426, 462 (2013). To be sure, the Fifth Amendment privilege is “not a self-executing

mechanism; it can be affirmatively waived, or lost by not asserting it in a timely fashion.”

Maness v. Myers, 419 U.S. 449, 466 (1975). Nevertheless, “courts . . . indulge every

reasonable presumption against finding a testimonial waiver [of the Fifth Amendment

privilege.]” Klein v. Harris, 667 F.2d 274, 287 (2d. Cir. 1981) (citing Emspak v. United

States, 349 U.S. 190, 198 (1955)).

       “Prior disclosures should not be held to constitute a waiver of privilege against

self-incrimination in subsequent proceedings when the reason for the apprehension did

not exist at the time the first testimony was given.” Kirane v. City of Lowell, 622 F.Supp.

262, 264 (D. Mass 1985) (emphasis added). This concept underlies the majority rule in

federal jurisprudence, which recognizes that the Fifth Amendment privilege is

“proceeding specific,” i.e., that the privilege is “not waived in a subsequent proceeding

by waiver in an earlier one[.]” In re Morganroth, 718 F.2d 161, 165 (6th Cir. 1983); see

also United States v. Licavoli, 604 F.2d 613, 623 (9th Cir. 1979); United States v. Cain,


                                           -15-
544 F.2d 1113, 1117 (1st Cir. 1976) (“It is hornbook law that the waiver is limited to the

particular proceeding in which the witness appears.”); United States v. Miranti, 253 F.2d

135, 139 (2d Cir. 1958) (“[I]t is well established that a waiver of the privilege in one

proceeding does not affect the rights of a witness or the accused in another independent

proceeding.”); In re Neff, 206 F.2d 149, 152 (3rd Cir. 1953) (“It is settled by the

overwhelming weight of authority that a person who has waived his privilege of silence

in one trial or proceeding is not estopped to assert it as to the same matter in a subsequent

trial or proceeding.”); accord United States v. Lawrenson, 315 F.2d 612, 613 (4th Cir.

1963). The justification for the majority rule was aptly summarized by the Sixth Circuit:

“during the period between the successive proceedings conditions might have changed

creating new grounds for apprehension . . . .” In re Morganroth, 718 F.2d at 165.

       In Brown, the defendant did not invoke the privilege when she testified,

voluntarily, on direct examination in her defense case, and therefore she was held to have

waived the privilege for purposes of cross-examination. In the case at bar, we need not

address whether a pre-trial deposition and a trial in the same case are different

“proceedings” for purposes of Fifth Amendment waiver because, even if they are not,

here, unlike in Brown, a significant change in circumstance took place after Kristi’s

testimony in deposition and before trial. Although, when she filed suit, Kristi knew that

criminal charges might be brought against her, she reasonably could have believed by

November 2016 that that might not happen, given the passage of time. When she was

indicted in February 2017, the Fifth Amendment calculus changed dramatically. She no

longer faced only a possibility of being charged with crimes arising from her employment


                                            -16-
at the Practice, but the absolute certainty of it. “[T]he potential for self-incrimination is

greatest” after an indictment is returned. Walsh Sec. Inc. v. Cristo Prop. Mgmt, Ltd., 7

F.Supp. 2d 523, 527 (D. N.J. 1998) (citation omitted).          And, even if Kristi’s trial

testimony merely repeated her deposition testimony, “reiteration adds to the credibility of

the statement.” Miranti, 253 F.2d at 140.

       Because Kristi’s indictment created “new grounds for apprehension,” In re

Morganroth, 718 F.2d at 165, one cannot reasonably infer from her pre-indictment

deposition testimony a waiver of her Fifth Amendment privilege post-indictment. Nor

would such an inference comport with the dictate of the Court of Appeals, quoting

Hoffman v. United States, 341 U.S. at 486, that the privilege against self-incrimination

“must be accorded a liberal construction in favor of the right that it was intended to

secure.” Adkins v. State, 316 Md. 1, 8 (1989).

       Furthermore, had Kristi invoked her Fifth Amendment privilege at her deposition,

refusing to answer questions about her management of the Practice, the Mosers

undoubtedly would have filed a motion to compel and, ultimately, for sanctions. At that

time, in the absence of criminal charges, it is highly unlikely the circuit court would have

been willing to entertain a stay of discovery. See Sec. & Exch. Comm’n v. Dresser

Indus., Inc., 628 F.2d 1368, 1376 (D.C. Cir. 1980) (the case for a stay of a civil

proceeding is “far weaker” where the party seeking the stay based upon the Fifth

Amendment privilege is not under a criminal indictment); Fed. Sav. & Loan Ins. Corp. v.

Molinaro, 889 F.2d 899, 903 (9th Cir. 1989) (accord). And Kristi’s refusal to comply




                                            -17-
with an order compelling her deposition testimony most likely would have resulted in the

sanction of dismissal with prejudice.4

       In light of the uncertainty regarding potential criminal charges at the time of

Kristi’s deposition and the change in circumstances brought about by her indictment, we

hold that Kristi did not waive her Fifth Amendment privilege, for purposes of trial, by

testifying before trial at her pre-indictment deposition.5

                                              c.

       The Fifth Amendment guarantees “the right of a person to remain silent unless he

chooses to speak in the unfettered exercise of his own will, and to suffer no penalty . . .

for such silence.” Malloy, 378 U.S. at 8 (emphasis added). In this context, a “penalty” is

“not restricted to fine or imprisonment[, but includes] the imposition of any sanction

which makes assertion of the Fifth Amendment privilege ‘costly.’” Spevack v. Klein, 385

U.S. 511, 515 (1967) (quoting Griffin v. State of California, 380 U.S. 609, 614 (1965))

(emphasis added). With this in mind, we turn to the question whether the circuit court



       4
         It is worth noting that at least one federal court has voiced concern that parties to
a civil proceeding may invoke the privilege against self-incrimination at a deposition and
later waive the privilege at the trial, disadvantaging their adversaries and exploiting the
Fifth Amendment as a litigation strategy. See S.E.C. v. Graystone Nash, Inc., 25 F.3d
187, 190 (3rd Cir. 1994). In the case at bar, the Mosers have not been disadvantaged in
this way. They received the benefit of Kristi’s full deposition testimony and completed
discovery.
       5
         The Mosers also state that Kristi waived her Fifth Amendment privilege by
engaging in discovery after she was indicted. They make no argument to support that
assertion and do not point to any discovery propounded by or responded to by Kristi that
constituted a waiver.


                                             -18-
abused its discretion by denying Kristi’s motion to stay the civil suit pending resolution

of the related criminal case.

       “[C]ourts have inherent power to stay proceedings when the resolution of those

proceedings could be impacted by other pending proceedings.”           Bechamps v. 1190

Augustine Herman, LC, 202 Md. App. 455, 460 (2011). “‘The granting or refusing of a

stay rests in the discretion of the court, the exercise of which will not be interfered with

unless clearly abused.’” Dodson v. Temple Hill Baptist Church, Inc., 254 Md. 541, 546

(1969) (quoting 1 C.J.S. Actions § 132 at 1405 (1936)). “[W]here the record so reveals, a

failure to consider the proper legal standard in reaching a decision constitutes an abuse of

discretion.” Aventis Pasteur, Inc. v. Skevofilax, 396 Md. 405, 433 (2007). See also

Brockington v. Grimstead, 176 Md. App. 327, 359 (2007) (“[A]n exercise of discretion

based upon an error of law is an abuse of discretion.”) (citing Alston v. Alston, 331 Md.

496, 505 (1993)).

       “While a [trial] court may stay civil proceedings pending the outcome of parallel

criminal proceedings, such action is not required by the Constitution.” Molinara, 889

F.2d at 902 (citing Securities & Exchange Comm’n v. Dresser Indus., 628 F.2d 1368,

1375 (D.C.Cir. 1980)); see also Int’l Bus. Mach. Corp. v. Brown, 857 F. Supp. 1384,

1387 (C.D. Cal. 1994) (“[I]t is well established that parallel civil and criminal

proceedings can be brought and pursued against the same defendant ‘simultaneously or

successively.’”) (citations omitted). However, “the strongest case for deferring civil

proceedings until after completion of criminal proceedings is where a party under

indictment for a serious offense is required to defend a civil or administrative action


                                           -19-
involving the same matter.” Dresser, 628 F.2d at 1375–76. This is so, in large part,

because permitting the civil proceeding to continue “might undermine the party’s Fifth

Amendment privilege against self-incrimination.” Id. at 1376.

       Not surprisingly then, when there are parallel civil and criminal cases, more often

than not the party seeking a stay is a defendant in the civil case, and that is the procedural

posture seen most frequently on appeal. Nevertheless, several courts have addressed the

procedural scenario present here: a plaintiff who seeks to stay a civil suit she initiated

pending the resolution of a related criminal case against her. Some of the early cases,

such as Independent Productions Corp. v. Loew’s, Inc., 22 F.R.D. 266 (S.D.N.Y. 1958)—

quoted by the Mosers—took a hardline approach:

       Plaintiffs in this civil action have initiated the action and forced defendants
       into court. If plaintiffs had not brought the action, they would not have
       been called on to testify. Even now, plaintiffs need not testify if they
       discontinue the action. They have freedom and reasonable choice of action.
       They cannot use this asserted privilege as both a sword and a shield.
       Defendants ought not be denied a possible defense because plaintiffs seek
       to invoke an alleged privilege.

Id. at 277. See also Lyons v. Johnson, 415 F.2d 540, 541 (9th Cir. 1969) (explaining that

plaintiff’s civil rights claims were properly dismissed due to her “continued and

unyielding refusal” to submit to discovery); Fleming v. Bernardi, 1 F.R.D. 624, 626

(N.D. Ohio 1941) (stating that a plaintiff seeking relief in court “must either give up his

privilege to withhold pertinent evidence or he must abandon his suit for relief”).

       The trend in the law has moved away from that approach. “Under the more recent

approach, . . ., the majority of jurisdictions have adopted a test which balances the

competing rights of a plaintiff to exercise his privilege against self-incrimination and of a


                                            -20-
defendant to adequately defend the claim brought against him.” Steiner v. Minnesota Life

Ins. Co., 85 P.3d 135, 140 (Colo. 2004) (en banc). See also McMullen v. Bay Ship Mgmt,

335 F.3d 215, 218 (3rd Cir. 2003) (“Some commentators have suggested that having

selected the litigation process, a plaintiff may not use the privilege to advance his

cause—to use it as a sword, rather than a shield. That approach, however, has not carried

the day.”).

       Wehling v. Columbia Broadcasting System, 608 F.2d 1084 (5th Cir. 1979), is the

signal case in the modern trend. The Wehlings, owners of trade schools in Texas, sued

CBS for defamation for airing a story accusing Mr. Wehling of defrauding his students

and the federal government. By then, Mr. Wehling had been subpoenaed to appear

before a federal grand jury “investigating federally insured student loan programs.” Id. at

1086. During each grand jury appearance, he invoked his Fifth Amendment privilege. In

his defamation case, Mr. Wehling appeared for deposition and invoked his Fifth

Amendment privilege “as to all questions with respect to his operation of the schools.”

Id.   His attorney advised counsel for CBS that the “grand jury investigation was

continuing” and that Mr. Wehling was believed to be “a target.” Id. Thereafter, the

district court ordered him to “answer the questions posed to him at his deposition or

suffer dismissal of his lawsuit . . . .” Id. Mr. Wehling moved for a stay of discovery

“until all threat of criminal liability had terminated[,]” id. at 1086 n.3, but the court

denied the motion and again ordered him to “submit to discovery.” Id. at 1086. For his

continued refusal, the district court dismissed the defamation case with prejudice.




                                           -21-
       The Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit reversed. The issue before it was “not

whether [Mr.] Wehling had a right to invoke the constitutional privilege against self-

incrimination, which he did, but what effect the assertion of this privilege would have on

his libel action against CBS.” Id. at 1087. The court recognized that it would be unfair

and unreasonable to permit Mr. Wehling to “proceed with his lawsuit and, at the same

time, deprive CBS of information needed to prepare its truth defense[,]” but noted that

Mr. Wehling had taken a middle road, asking “only that discovery be stayed” pending

resolution of the criminal investigation. Id. Thus, the issue boiled down to whether the

district court could require Mr. Wehling to “forgo a valid cause of action in order to

exercise his constitutional right to avoid self-incrimination.” Id.

       The Court held that dismissal as a discovery sanction for the valid exercise of the

Fifth Amendment privilege was “constitutionally impermissible,” as it infringed upon

Mr. Wehling’s “due process right to a judicial determination of his civil action” by

“forc[ing] [him] to choose between his silence and his lawsuit.” Id. at 1087–88. The

dismissal sanction was an unlawful “penalty” against Mr. Wehling for exercising a

fundamental constitutional privilege. Id. at 1088 (citing Spevack, 385 U.S. at 515). To

be sure, CBS also had “important rights that must be respected.”            Id. at 1088.

Consequently, Mr. Wehling did not have an “absolute right to both his silence and his

lawsuit.” Id. The district court was required to balance the competing interests, however,

with dismissal only being appropriate when “other, less burdensome, remedies would be

an ineffective means of preventing unfairness to defendant.” Id.




                                            -22-
       The Fifth Circuit rejected the argument that a defendant who has been sued can

raise the Fifth Amendment to protect against self-incrimination in a parallel criminal case

but a plaintiff who has brought suit cannot. The “plaintiff-defendant distinction” rests on

the theory that the plaintiff is a “voluntary litigant,” but “[i]n most cases, however, a

party ‘voluntarily’ becomes a plaintiff only because there is no other means of protecting

legal rights.” Id. at 1089 n.10.

       Because the district court gave no weight to Mr. Wehling’s constitutional interests,

reversal was required. The Fifth Circuit did not remand the case to the district court to

engage in the proper balancing, however. Instead, it held that a proper balancing of rights

“tip[ped] in favor of [Mr.] Wehling,” as a matter of law. Id. at 1088. Mr. Wehling had

filed his civil suit on the final day before the one-year statute of limitations ran; sold his

interest in the trade schools before then; and only was subject to potential criminal

liability for another three years under the applicable statute of limitations. Thus, his

request for a stay was not indefinite, but for a fixed period of time. Although a delay for

potentially three years was inconvenient to CBS, that burden was reasonable given the

important constitutional interests at stake. The court emphasized that if, during the stay,

CBS’s defense, which was based on truth, became prejudiced the district court was not

precluded from imposing the sanction of dismissal at that time.

       More recently, in Armstrong v. Tanaka, 228 P.3d 79 (Alaska 2010), the Supreme

Court of Alaska was faced with a similar situation. Jared Armstrong gave a 14-year old

boy a book containing some explicit material. The boy’s father, James Tanaka, reported

Armstrong to the Anchorage Police Department. The police obtained a search warrant


                                            -23-
for Armstrong’s home and subsequently arrested him. Although he initially was charged

by the Municipality of Anchorage with dissemination of indecent materials to a minor,

those charges were dismissed.

       Thereafter, Armstrong sued Tanaka for defamation.         During his deposition,

Armstrong invoked his Fifth Amendment privilege in response to numerous questions.

Tanaka filed a motion to compel. Three months later, the State of Alaska charged

Armstrong with possession and distribution of child pornography. The following month,

the court in the civil case granted Tanaka’s motion to compel, ordering Armstrong to

answer questions “that appear to overlap with his criminal case” at a continued deposition

scheduled a month later. Id. at 81.

       Armstrong moved for reconsideration and advised Tanaka’s counsel that he would

not appear for the continued deposition. After the motion for reconsideration was denied,

Armstrong moved to stay the civil case pending resolution of the criminal case. The

court denied the motion and ordered Armstrong to appear at a rescheduled continued

deposition. On the advice of counsel, Armstrong declined to appear at the rescheduled

deposition. As a consequence, the court dismissed his case with prejudice.

       On appeal, the Supreme Court of Alaska reversed. It described the issue of first

impression before it as: “[W]hether a plaintiff in a civil lawsuit who is simultaneously

defending himself in a related criminal case and who seeks a stay of civil proceedings to

protect his right against self-incrimination is entitled to the requested stay of civil

proceedings.” Id. at 83 (emphasis in original). The court emphasized that not only was

Armstrong’s Fifth Amendment right to remain silent and “‘to suffer no penalty for such


                                          -24-
silence’” implicated, his “general right of access to the courts” under the due process

clause of the Alaska Constitution, which protects the right to bring a personal injury

claim, such as a defamation action, was implicated. Id. at 82–83 (quoting Spevack, 385

U.S. at 514). After discussing Wehling, the court opined:

       [W]here an individual threatened by criminal charges brings a civil action,
       and either party to the civil action requests a stay of civil proceedings
       pending resolution of the related criminal proceedings, a trial court must
       balance the parties’ interests to determine whether a stay is appropriate.

Id. at 85. That means, “[a]t a minimum, . . . balancing the plaintiff’s right to assert [the]

Fifth Amendment privilege without penalty and his right of access to the courts against

the defendant’s right to defend himself against the plaintiff’s allegations and interest in

timely resolution of the proceedings against him.” Id. Because the trial court had not

balanced these interests before denying Armstrong’s motion to stay, the court vacated the

order dismissing the action and remanded for the trial court to “articulate its reasons for

granting or denying Armstrong’s motion to stay.” Id. In particular, if the court were to

deny the stay, it was to articulate how a stay would “prejudice Tanaka’s defense.” Id. at

86.

       In Ex Parte Baugh, 530 So.2d 238 (Ala. 1988), an older but similar case, the

Supreme Court of Alabama reversed a contempt order against a plaintiff for, upon advice

of counsel, refusing to appear for her deposition. After Baugh sued the defendants for

slander, she learned she was the target of a related grand jury investigation. She then

refused to attend a scheduled deposition for fear of self-incrimination. The defendants

moved for sanctions and for an order compelling Baugh to appear at a rescheduled



                                            -25-
deposition. She opposed the motions and moved for an order staying discovery until the

conclusion of the related criminal case. The court denied Baugh’s motion and ordered

her to attend the deposition. She complied but invoked her Fifth Amendment privilege in

response to numerous questions.       Thereafter, the court held her in contempt and

sentenced her to five days’ incarceration, suspending the sentence to give her a chance to

purge her contempt by appearing for a rescheduled deposition. Meanwhile, Baugh was

indicted for theft.   Prior to the rescheduled deposition, she appealed the order of

contempt.

       The Alabama Supreme Court reversed. Relying upon Wehling and another federal

decision, Afro-Lecon, Inc. v. United States, 820 F.2d 1198 (Fed. Cir. 1987),6 it held that

before a trial court can sanction a plaintiff for invoking her Fifth Amendment privilege

the court must balance the parties’ competing interests. The court applied the balancing

test to the undisputed facts and concluded that it weighed in Baugh’s favor. Reasoning

that it would be unfair to stay only the discovery propounded to Baugh, it directed that

the slander action be stayed in its entirety pending resolution of the criminal case against

Baugh. The court emphasized that if, during the pendency of the stay, “crucial avenues

of discovery” closed, the defendants could move for dismissal and the court would have

discretion to grant that sanction. Ex Parte Baugh, 530 So.2d at 244–45.


       6
         In Afro-Lecon, the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, in
reliance on Wehling, reversed an order of the General Services Administration Board of
Contract denying a motion to stay a claim before the Board pending resolution of a grand
jury investigation into whether the claimant was making a false claim and remanded for
the board to apply a balancing test.


                                           -26-
       We return to the case at bar.        Kristi has two constitutional rights that are

implicated: her Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination and her right of access

to the courts under Article 19 of the Maryland Declaration of Rights.7 Article 19, entitled

“Remedy for injury to person or property,” states:

       That every man, for any injury done to him in his person or property, ought
       to have remedy by the course of the Law of the Land, and ought to have
       justice and right, freely without sale, fully without any denial, and speedily
       without delay, according to the Law of the Land.

It “generally protects two interrelated rights: (1) a right to a remedy for an injury to one’s

person or property; (2) a right of access to the courts.” Piselli v. 75th Street Medical, 371

Md. 188, 205 (2002); see also Johnson v. Md. State Police, 331 Md. 285, 297 (1993)

(“Article 19 does guarantee access to the courts.”). “Where a person clearly has a right to

money or property under a statute or common law principle, and no statute specifically

provides for a remedy, Article 19 guarantees a common law remedy to enforce the right.”

Piselli, 371 Md. at 206. Article 19 has been held to “prohibit[] unreasonable restrictions

upon traditional remedies or access to the courts.” Id. at 206. See also Jackson v.

Dackman, 422 Md. 357 (2011).

       We adopt the modern trend and hold that in ruling on the Heffingtons’ motion to

stay, which, more specifically, was a request to stay the trial of the case where discovery

already was completed, it was incumbent upon the circuit court to balance Kristi’s Fifth

Amendment right against self-incrimination and her Article 19 right to access to the

       7
         Article 22 of the Maryland Declaration of Rights also protects against self-
incrimination, stating simply: “That no man ought to be compelled to give evidence
against himself in a criminal case.”


                                            -27-
courts against the Mosers’ right to a timely resolution of the claims against them without

harm to their defense. As the Third Circuit explained in McMullen, when a party is

asserting a constitutional privilege, any detriment to that party from doing so must “‘be

no more than is necessary to prevent unfair and unnecessary prejudice to the other side.’”

335 F.3d at 218 (quoting SEC v. Graystone Nash, Inc., 25 F.3d 187, 192 (3d Cir. 1994)).

       In considering and ultimately denying the Heffingtons’ motion to stay, the circuit

court did not balance the parties’ competing interests. The court opined that Kristi likely

had waived her Fifth Amendment privilege “to a certain extent” by her deposition

testimony. In other words, it did not ascertain that she had a Fifth Amendment interest to

balance. For the reasons already discussed, this was wrong, as Kristi did not waive her

Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination.        The court further reasoned that

potential delays in the criminal case against Kristi, coupled with the Mosers’ having

engaged in extensive discovery and trial preparation, militated against a stay. In so

ruling, the court gave no consideration to Kristi’s interests under Article 19. The court

was obligated, “[a]t a minimum, . . . [to] balance[e] [Kristi’s] right to assert [her] Fifth

Amendment privilege without penalty and [her] right of access to the courts against the

[Mosers’] right to defend . . . against [Kristi’s] allegations and interest in timely

resolution of the proceedings against [them].” Armstrong, 228 P.3d at 85. Nor did the

court consider whether a stay would not merely inconvenience the Mosers but actually

would prejudice them. By not applying the proper legal standard in ruling on the motion

to stay, the court abused its discretion.




                                            -28-
      We shall not remand this matter to the circuit court to reconsider the motion to

stay because a proper balancing of the competing interests in this case, when the stay was

requested, necessarily would have weighed so heavily in favor of granting a stay that it

would have been an abuse of discretion to rule otherwise. We explain.

      As noted, the Heffingtons had a right under Article 19 to access the courts to seek

a remedy for the injuries they claimed they had suffered by virtue of the Mosers’ alleged

wrongs. They filed suit in March 2016 because their cause of action for defamation—

clearly their primary claim—carried a one-year statute of limitations under CJP §5-105

(“An action for assault, libel, or slander shall be filed within one year from the date it

accrues.”). They could not delay filing suit beyond then without running a strong risk

that their defamation claim would be barred by limitations. 8 The June 19, 2017 trial date

was established by the court via scheduling order on August 16, 2016, and was the first

and only trial date. Neither side requested a postponement of the trial date until the

Heffingtons filed their motion to stay, by which time discovery was completed.

      The predicate events for the Heffingtons’ civil suit completely overlapped the

predicate events for several of the crimes for which Kristi was indicted in February 2017.

If the criminal case had gone to trial on June 7, 2017, as originally scheduled, in all

likelihood the trial would have been completed before the civil suit went to trial, greatly

mitigating Kristi’s interest in avoiding self-incrimination. The State, not Kristi, sought


      8
        Limitations is an affirmative defense that can be waived. There is no reason to
think the Mosers would have waived it. Indeed, they raised it in their answer and
amended answer.


                                           -29-
the postponement of the criminal trial date that switched the order in which the cases

would be tried, creating Kristi’s Fifth Amendment dilemma. The Heffingtons filed their

motion to stay eight days after that switch in trial dates, which is hardly dilatory. 9

       Without a stay in the trial of the civil suit until after the criminal case was

resolved, Kristi would risk incriminating herself by testifying, and her testimony was

crucial to her civil claims. Thus, she would be in the predicament of “choosing between

[her] silence and her lawsuit.” Wehling, 608 F.2d 1088; see also Armstrong, 228 P.3d at

85 (dismissal of Armstrong’s defamation action infringed upon his Fifth Amendment

privilege and his “general right of access to the courts”). The burden Kristi would (and

ultimately did) suffer by denial of a stay was severe and costly. See Wright, Charles A.,

Miller, Arthur R., et al., 8 Federal Practice & Procedure § 2018 at 455 (3d ed. 2010)

(“[T]o grant an adverse judgment . . . merely for claiming the constitutional privilege

[against self-incrimination] certainly makes the resort to the privilege too ‘costly.’”).

       Of course, the Mosers had an interest in defending the claims against them and

having them resolved expeditiously. Yet, the civil suit was not by any measure a case

that had been languishing in the courts for an unduly prolonged period of time. The

complaint was filed on March 21, 2016; the defendants filed a motion to dismiss on May

17, 2016; the motion was denied on August 1, 2016; an August 11, 2016 scheduling order

set the trial for June 19–22, 2017; the defendants filed answers on August 22, 2016; and


       9
          In denying the motion to stay, the court remarked that the motion was not filed
until months after the indictment. The need for a stay did not arise until after the criminal
trial date was moved, however.


                                             -30-
discovery ensued continuously thereafter. The case was specially assigned on May 11,

2017, after an unsuccessful ADR conference. There were no postponements of the trial

date. By the time the motion to stay was considered, the case only had been pending for

a year and three months.     Although there also is a strong public interest in cases

proceeding expeditiously, we find wisdom in the Third Circuit’s admonition in

McMullen: “The only virtue in dismissing the case here was clearing the court’s docket.

Although promptness in judicial administration is highly desirable, delay may sometimes

be necessary to the mission of doing justice.” 335 F.3d at 219.

      Under the circumstances, the Heffingtons’ interest in pursuing their civil suit to

trial at a time when Kristi could testify without the risk of self-incrimination far

outweighed any burden upon the Mosers from a delay in the trial date until the criminal

case has been resolved.

      As already mentioned, a plaintiff whose constitutional rights are jeopardized by

further proceedings in her own case is entitled to a stay unless “other, less burdensome,

remedies would be an ineffective means of preventing unfairness to defendant.”

Wehling, 608 F.2d. at 1088. Here, any prejudice to the Mosers from a stay of the trial of

the civil suit would be slight when compared to the prejudice to the Heffingtons. The

Mosers were not at risk of having “crucial avenues of discovery” cut off during the stay

because discovery was complete. Ex Parte Baugh, 530 So.2d at 245; see also Wehling,

608 F.2d at 1089 (noting the possibility that “avenues of discovery” might close during

pendency of stay, justifying dismissal). We understand that the stay requested was open-

ended in time, because the new August 23, 2017 criminal trial date could be postponed.


                                           -31-
(In fact, it later was postponed.) The stay as requested would have protected Kristi in

exercising her implicated constitutional rights without any serious adverse consequences

to the Mosers, however.

       For all of these reasons, we shall vacate the judgment in favor of the Mosers. We

remand for the court to consider the Mosers’ motion for summary judgment.10

Ordinarily, we would direct that, unless that motion is granted in its entirety, the court

enter an order staying the civil suit at least until the conclusion of the circuit court

proceedings in the criminal case.11     However, very recently, while this appeal was

pending but after oral argument, the State and Kristi Heffington entered into a plea

agreement that brought the criminal case to a close.12 Accordingly, we simply shall

remand for further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.13


       10
          On May 26, 2017, before the stay was requested, the Mosers filed a motion for
summary judgment. The motion remained open on the first day of trial. It was not ruled
upon because the Mosers and the court agreed that it would be rendered moot by the
grant of the Mosers’ motion for judgment. Our decision in this appeal, vacating the
judgment in the Mosers’ favor, revives the motion for summary judgment. We express
no opinion about the appropriate outcome of the motion.
       11
         We would do so with the caveat that if, during the pendency of any stay, the
Mosers could show that due to intervening events their ability to defend the civil suit had
been prejudiced, the court would have discretion to lift the stay and dismiss the
Heffingtons’ claims.
       12
          Maryland Judiciary Case Search shows that Kristi was indicted in two other
criminal cases, in May 2018 (CT180614A), and June 2018 (CT180789A). Those charges
included identity fraud, insurance fraud, theft, and forgery. Later in June, a plea hearing
was held. In July, Kristi filed a motion to enforce plea agreement. The court held a
hearing on that motion on July 13, 2018, and on July 18, 2018, entered an order granting
the motion to enforce. The next day, a plea hearing was held and Kristi was sentenced.

                                                                            (Continued…)

                                           -32-
                                          JUDGMENT    VACATED.      CASE
                                          REMANDED TO THE CIRCUIT COURT
                                          FOR PRINCE GEORGE’S COUNTY FOR
                                          FURTHER     PROCEEDINGS    NOT
                                          INCONSISTENT WITH THIS OPINION.
                                          COSTS TO BE PAID BY THE
                                          APPELLEES.




(…continued)
        The plea agreement covered the indictment in the criminal case that was filed in
February 2017 and the indictments filed in May and June 2018. Kristi pleaded guilty to
count 3, identity fraud, in the February 2017 indictment, and was sentenced to 10 years,
all but nine months on home detention suspended, with five years’ probation and
restitution of $25,000. She pleaded guilty to count one, making a false statement in an
insurance claim, in the May 2018 indictment and was given a concurrent sentence of
three years, all suspended, with the same probation. Finally, Kristi pleaded guilty to
count 3, conspiracy to commit identity theft, in the June 2018 indictment. She was given
a concurrent sentence of five years, all suspended, with the same probation and no
restitution. All remaining counts in the three cases were nol prossed.
       13
          As noted above, in arguing before the circuit court in favor of the requested stay,
Kristi’s counsel stated that a stay would be convenient for the court because, if Kristi
were to be convicted in the criminal case, the civil suit “will probably be dismissed.” We
cannot determine from the information available on Maryland Judiciary Case Search
whether the crimes Kristi pleaded guilty to are the crimes Dr. Moser accused her of
committing. In any event, voluntary dismissal is also an option on remand.


                                            -33-
