                            RECORD IMPOUNDED

                       NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
                     APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
    This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court."
     Although it is posted on the internet, this opinion is binding only on the
       parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.




                                      SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
                                      APPELLATE DIVISION
                                      DOCKET NO. A-1691-16T4


STATE OF NEW JERSEY
IN THE INTEREST OF J.W.,
a juvenile.


             Argued May 30, 2018 – Decided June 14, 2018

             Before Judges Carroll, Mawla and DeAlmeida.

             On appeal from Superior Court of New Jersey,
             Chancery Division, Family Part, Bergen County,
             Docket No. FJ-02-0077-16.

             Miles R. Feinstein          argued    the   cause    for
             appellant.

             Ian C. Kennedy, Special Deputy Attorney
             General/Acting Assistant Prosecutor, argued
             the cause for respondent (Dennis Calo, Acting
             Bergen County Prosecutor, attorney; Ian C.
             Kennedy, of counsel and on the brief).

PER CURIAM

       On July 6, 2015, J.W.,1 a seventeen-year-old juvenile, was

charged in Complaint No. FJ-02-0077-16 with acts of delinquency

that, if committed by an adult, would constitute first-degree



1
   We use initials to protect the identity of the juvenile and
minor victim involved in these proceedings. R. 1:38-3(d).
aggravated    sexual   assault,   N.J.S.A.      2C:14-2(a);   second-degree

sexual assault, N.J.S.A. 2C:14-2(b); and second-degree endangering

the welfare of a child, N.J.S.A. 2C:24-4(a).               On July 8, 2015,

J.W. was charged in Complaint No. FJ-02-0128-16 with an additional

count of second-degree sexual assault, N.J.S.A. 2C:14-2(b).

     J.W. was tried before a Family Part judge over seven non-

sequential days between January 19, 2016, and July 25, 2016.               The

judge adjudicated J.W. delinquent for endangering the welfare of

a child in Complaint No. FJ-02-0077-16, and sexual assault as

charged in Complaint No. FJ-02-0128-16.            J.W. was acquitted of

aggravated sexual assault and the initial sexual assault charge.

     The dispositional order imposed a three-year probationary

term with outpatient counselling.        The judge ordered J.W. not to

have extended unsupervised contact with children under age twelve,

and to comply with the requirements of Megan's Law, N.J.S.A. 2C:7-

1 to -23.    Appropriate fees and penalties were also imposed.             J.W.

now appeals, and we affirm.

                                    I.

     The juvenile charges arise from J.W.'s service as a volunteer

at an "English as a Second Language" (ESL) program comprised of

elementary and middle school students.          The program ran from June

29 to July 10, 2015, and J.W.'s mother, M.W., served as one of the

program's    teachers.      Notably,     M.W.     taught    two   groups     of

                                    2                                A-1691-16T4
kindergarten-age     students     during   the     morning   and     afternoon

sessions with the assistance of J.W., a high school senior.

     On July 6, 2015, local police were called to investigate the

alleged sexual assault of P.K., a six-year-old female student

enrolled in M.W.'s morning ESL class.            That afternoon, in front

of the school, P.K. reported to her mother, V.K., that one of her

male teachers touched her "popa," which is the Russian word for

vagina.    P.K. also stated the male teacher "put her arm under his

pants . . . ."       When V.K. asked P.K. to identify the man, P.K.

pointed to J.W. and identified him by name.            V.K. then asked P.K.

to confirm it was J.W. who touched her, and when P.K. did so, V.K.

used her cell phone to take a photo of J.W. inside a car he had

entered.    Soon thereafter, V.K. called her husband, P.K.'s father,

who alerted the police.

     V.K. and P.K. were taken to the Bergen County Prosecutor's

Office,    Special   Victims   Unit,   where     Detective   Wendy   Cevallos

conducted a forensic interview of P.K.         During the interview, P.K.

promised to answer all questions honestly, stating she was six-

and-a-half years old and had just graduated kindergarten.

     Detective Cevallos conducted an exercise where P.K. was shown

photographs and asked to identify various body parts.                 Cevallos

then asked P.K. "did something happen to you today?"               Despite her

initial    apprehension,   P.K.    admitted    "[m]y    teacher,     um,   he's

                                       3                               A-1691-16T4
touching my pupu (sic)."         Cevallos questioned P.K. further about

the inappropriate touching:

             Q:   And when you said he touched your pupu
             what did he use to touch your pupu?

             A:    His hand.

             Q:   His hand? Okay. And you said he touched
             your pupu, was it over the clothes, under the
             clothes[,] or something else?

             A:    Under the clothes.

             Q:   Under the clothes? Okay. And when did
             he touch your pupu under the clothes?

                   . . . .

             A:    Um, like, today.

       P.K. further reported J.W. touched the top of her "popo" "a

lot    of   times,"   both   over    and       under   her    clothes,    but     never

penetrated her with his fingers.                 She additionally stated J.W.

made her "[t]ouch his popo . . . [u]nder the clothes."                    Once P.K.

made    these     disclosures,      Cevallos      used       anatomical   dolls        to

encourage P.K. to clarify the alleged acts of sexual assault.

       The police then proceeded to J.W.'s home to speak with him

about P.K.'s allegations.           Upon their arrival they met M.W., who

asked J.W.: "Do you know what this is about?"                      J.W. responded

"yes" and reportedly had tears running down his face.

       The trial court conducted a bench trial and heard testimony

from five witnesses for the State, including another teacher in

                                           4                                    A-1691-16T4
the ESL program, investigating detectives, P.K., and V.K.    At the

close of the State's case on July 12, 2016, J.W. moved for a

judgment of acquittal on all charges.   Viewing the evidence in the

light most favorable to the State, Judge Gary Wilcox acquitted

J.W. of first-degree aggravated sexual assault because there was

no evidence that "the alleged touching of [P.K.]'s vagina involved

any penetration . . . ."   The judge denied the motion with respect

to the remaining charges of sexual assault and child endangerment,

finding the State's proofs sufficient to proceed on those charges.

     M.W. then testified on her son's behalf.   She stated P.K. was

one of nine students in her morning kindergarten class.          She

further indicated J.W. always wore khakis when volunteering at the

ESL program and never wore jeans or dungarees, as P.K. described,

nor was he ever alone with the students.     M.W. stated she never

witnessed anything inappropriate between J.W. and any of her

students, and specifically, she never saw J.W. "focus attention"

on or touch P.K.   Testimony2 also established M.W.'s classroom was




22
   M.W. testified that her desk was set up "maybe six inches" from
the painting table where P.K. claims the alleged incident occurred
on July 6, 2015. M.W. further testified that the chairs in which
the students would sit were "very small" and measured twenty-two
inches from top to bottom. An "adult chair" in the classroom was
twenty-seven and one half inches high.       The painting table,
however, was only twenty and one half inches tall.


                                 5                          A-1691-16T4
very small and her desk overlooked the tables where the students

would sit.

     M.W. also discussed her recollection of July 6, 2015, when

police responded to her home to investigate P.K.'s complaint.

According to M.W., she asked her son if he knew why the police

were there.   J.W. responded affirmatively, and indicated "it's

about pot."

     J.W. testified on his own behalf.     He stated police arrived

at his home on July 6, 2015, and spoke with his mother.    M.W. then

asked him "do you know what this is about?"     J.W. replied "yes,

mom, this is about pot."   J.W. explained that on Saturday, July

4, 2015, he went to the home of his friend, K.G.          About ten

individuals were there and they smoked marijuana.         The police

later went to K.G.'s house after J.W. had departed.   However, J.W.

testified on redirect examination that "no one who was at [K.G.'s

home] told the police anything about [him] and the others smoking

marijuana."

     On September 12, 2016, in a detailed oral opinion, Judge

Wilcox found the State proved beyond a reasonable doubt the

endangering charge and the second-degree sexual assault charge

that J.W. touched P.K.'s vagina.       With respect to that sexual

assault charge, the judge explained:



                                6                            A-1691-16T4
               The [c]ourt had ample opportunity . . .
          to view the witness, the alleged victim
          [P.K.,] in court. The [c]ourt found her to
          be a very credible witness. [T]he [c]ourt is
          aware of . . . inconsistencies in her
          testimony with regard to . . . the number of
          times she alleged these incidents occurred.
          There also was a question as to whether or not
          the juvenile was wearing jeans or khakis
          . . . .   [T]he [c]ourt also viewed evidence
          and heard evidence from [M.W.] regarding the
          desk and chairs . . . in [her] classroom and
          whether or not this act could have occurred
          given the way the classroom was set up.

               . . . .

               But the [c]ourt believes that based on
          its view of the evidence and the credibility
          of the witnesses presented, that the State has
          proven beyond a reasonable doubt . . . that
          the juvenile intended to touch [P.K.] in the
          vaginal area and that the touching was done
          intentionally and knowingly.     And that the
          purpose of the touching was to either degrade
          or humiliate the victim or to sexually arouse
          or gratify the actor.

    The court found J.W. not guilty of the charge that he had

sexually assaulted P.K. by intentionally having P.K. touch his

penis.   Judge Wilcox found there was

          conflicting testimony regarding what J.W. was
          wearing [on the] day [of the alleged
          incident].   The victim alleged that he was
          wearing jeans [but] [t]here was testimony
          . . . that he wore khakis. . . . [The court
          is] not finding that the victim was not
          truthful in her testimony, but given the way
          I heard the testimony, I think there is some
          doubt as to whether or not the juvenile
          actually had the victim touch his penis.


                                7                          A-1691-16T4
    Finally, the court found the State proved J.W. endangered the

welfare of a child because he had a legal duty for the care of

P.K. by virtue of his volunteer role at the school.   Relying on

State v. Galloway, 133 N.J. 631 (1993), the court found "that a

person who has an assumed responsibility for the care of a child

may include a . . . volunteer . . . of an institution who is

responsible for the child's welfare."

                              II.

    J.W. raises the following issues on appeal:

         POINT I - THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN PERMITTING
         THE FORENSIC INTERVIEW VIDEOTAPE OF P.K. TO
         BE ADMITTED INTO EVIDENCE AND ALLOWING P.K.
         TO TESTIFY DESPITE THE TAINT OF SAID
         INTERVIEW.

         POINT II - THE FINDINGS OF GUILT WERE SO WIDE
         OF THE MARK AS TO CONSTITUTE A MANIFEST
         INJUSTICE, AND THE SUSTAINING OF THE JUVENILE
         CHARGES MUST BE REVERSED IN THE INTEREST OF
         JUSTICE.

         POINT III - THE TRIAL COURT COULD NOT SUSTAIN
         THE CHARGES AGAINST J.W. IN LIGHT OF THE FACT
         THAT IT HAD A DOUBT WHETHER THE SEXUAL
         MISCONDUCT EVER OCCURRED.

         POINT IV - SHOULD THIS COURT NOT REVERSE THE
         ADJUDICATION OF THE CHARGE OF ENDANGERING THE
         WELFARE OF A CHILD, THEN IT NONETHELESS MUST
         FIND   THAT   A  THIRD-DEGREE   OFFENSE   WAS
         COMMITTED[,] NOT A SECOND-DEGREE OFFENSE AS
         FOUND BY THE TRIAL COURT[,] HAD J.W. BEEN
         TRIED AS AN ADULT.




                               8                          A-1691-16T4
       Turning to his first point, J.W. contends the court erred in

admitting    P.K.'s    videotaped   forensic   interview     pursuant     to

N.J.R.E. 803(c)(27), which establishes the tender years exception

to the hearsay rule:

            A statement by a child under the age of
            [twelve]   relating   to   sexual   misconduct
            committed . . . against that child is
            admissible . . . if (a) the proponent of the
            statement makes known to the adverse party an
            intention to offer the statement and the
            particulars of the statement at such time as
            to provide the adverse party with a fair
            opportunity to prepare to meet it; (b) the
            court finds, in a hearing3 conducted pursuant
            to Rule 104(a), that on the basis of the time,
            content and circumstances of the statement
            there is a probability that the statement is
            trustworthy; and (c) either (i) the child
            testifies at the proceeding, or (ii) the child
            is unavailable as a witness and there is
            offered admissible evidence corroborating the
            act of sexual abuse . . . .

J.W.   claims   the   child's   statements   were   not   trustworthy   and

Cevallos's questioning was not neutral.        We disagree.




3
   We have affirmed the admission of an out-of-court statement in
a juvenile proceeding without a separate hearing. See State in
the Interest of S.M., 284 N.J. Super. 611, 620-21 (App. Div. 1995)
("Although N.J.R.E. 803(c)(27)(b) requires the court to 'find, in
a hearing conducted pursuant to Rule 104(a), that on the basis of
the time, content and circumstances of the statement that there
is a probability that the statement is trustworthy,' we do not
conclude that the failure of the court, sitting as the trier of
fact, to conduct a hearing pursuant to Rule 104(a) is so violative
of N.J.R.E. 803(c)(27) as to warrant reversal.").

                                     9                             A-1691-16T4
     Having reviewed the record, we conclude that all elements of

the rule were met.         Counsel for J.W. was aware the State sought

to introduce the videotape of P.K.'s forensic interview and had a

fair opportunity to prepare to meet her statement.              Additionally,

Judge Wilcox determined P.K.'s statements were trustworthy as the

entire interview was recorded and P.K. spontaneously revealed J.W.

touched her "popa."        P.K. testified at trial, and her testimony

corroborated her earlier statements.               The judge expressly found

P.K. was a "very credible" witness.

     We   reject    J.W.'s    argument      that   the   interview   techniques

utilized by Cevallos were so unduly suggestive and coercive as to

create a "substantial likelihood of irreparably mistaken or false

recollection" under State v. Michaels, 136 N.J. 299, 320 (1994).

Rather, as the State points out, English is not P.K.'s native

language and the fact "[t]hat Detective Cevallos assisted P.K. in

recalling a word for a male penis or female vagina is of no moment.

. . . Detective Cevallos properly established how P.K. referred

to those body parts before there were any disclosures of abuse."

     Thereafter, P.K. consistently maintained her allegations of

abuse,    namely,   that     J.W.   touched    her   vagina   underneath     her

underwear on July 6, 2015.          The record does not support a showing

"that the victim's statements were the product of suggestive or

coercive interview techniques," as J.W. contends.              Thus the trial

                                       10                               A-1691-16T4
judge's admission of the recorded forensic interview pursuant to

N.J.R.E. 803(c)(27) was not an abuse of discretion.              See State v.

Morton, 155 N.J. 383, 453 (1998) ("Traditional rules of appellate

review    require    substantial     deference      to     a   trial    court's

evidentiary rulings.").

       J.W.'s second and third points warrant little discussion.

Essentially, J.W. contends the State did not prove the charges

against him beyond a reasonable doubt, and that the trial court's

findings to the contrary were so wide of the mark as to constitute

a manifest injustice.

       Our standard of review in juvenile delinquency bench trials

"is narrow and is limited to evaluation of whether the trial

judge's findings are supported by substantial, credible evidence

in the record as a whole."         State in the Interest of J.P.F., 368

N.J. Super. 24, 31 (App. Div. 2004) (citing State v. Locurto, 157

N.J. 463, 471 (1999); State v. Johnson, 42 N.J. 146, 161 (1964)).

In order to find a violation, the court must conclude that the

State    proved   each   element    of    the   offense    charged     beyond    a

reasonable doubt. State ex rel. J.G., 151 N.J. 565, 593-94 (1997).

We do not engage in an independent assessment of the evidence as

if "[we] were the court of first instance."               Johnson, 42 N.J. at

161.     Rather, we give special deference to the trial judge's

findings, particularly those that are substantially influenced by

                                     11                                  A-1691-16T4
the judge's opportunity to observe the witnesses directly.                Id.

at   162.    However,   we   need   not   defer   to   the   trial   judge's

interpretation of the law.          State v. Brown, 118 N.J. 595, 604

(1990).

      Mindful of these standards, we reject J.W.'s argument that

the evidence was insufficient to support the adjudications of

delinquency beyond a reasonable doubt.            P.K. provided detailed

testimony regarding J.W.'s inappropriate touching and remained

consistent about that core allegation despite a "very vigorous

cross examination."      P.K.'s testimony was corroborated by the

videotape of her forensic interview as well as the in-court

testimony and forensic interview of her mother, V.K.             The court

also found J.W.'s denial of the sexual contact was not credible.

      In light of those findings, Judge Wilcox concluded J.W.

committed sexual assault in violation of N.J.S.A. 2C:14-2(b) when

he touched P.K.'s vagina underneath her underwear.           Additionally,

when the sexual contact occurred, J.W. was acting in a supervisory

role as a volunteer at the school and had "assumed responsibility"

for P.K.    Consequently, sufficient credible evidence in the record

supports the court's finding that J.W. endangered the welfare of

a child in violation of N.J.S.A. 2C:24-4(a).

      Equally unconvincing is J.W.'s alternative argument in Point

IV that he should be adjudicated delinquent of third-degree, rather

                                     12                              A-1691-16T4
than second-degree, endangering the welfare of a child in the

event we otherwise find the proofs sufficient to sustain that

charge.    He contends he "was merely an unpaid volunteer," and, as

such, "[h]e did not have a continuing or regular supervisory or

caretaker relationship with P.K." so as to elevate his conduct to

what would constitute a second-degree offense if committed by an

adult.

     N.J.S.A. 2C:24-4(a)(1) provides that "[a]ny person having a

legal     duty   for   the   care    of    a   child   or   who   has   assumed

responsibility for the care of a child who engages in sexual

conduct which would impair or debauch the morals of the child is

guilty of a crime of the second degree."               Our Supreme Court has

recognized this statute applies "to a person who has 'assumed the

care of a child' or is 'living with the child' or has a 'general

right to exercise continuing control and authority over' the

child."     State v. Sumulikoski, 221 N.J. 93, 107 (2015) (quoting

Galloway, 133 N.J. at 659).         Notably, "what propels th[is] offense

of endangering . . . to a second-degree offense" is "the profound

harm that can be inflicted on a child by one who holds a position

of trust . . . ."      Id. at 108 (citing Galloway, 133 N.J. at 661).

     Here, J.W. was properly adjudicated delinquent of second-

degree child engagement because he was one of P.K.'s guardians

while she attended the ESL program.               "The term 'guardian' is

                                      13                                A-1691-16T4
defined as '[an] employee or volunteer, whether compensated or

uncompensated, of an institution who is responsible for the child's

welfare . . . .'"    G.S. v. Dep't of Human Servs., 157 N.J. 161,

171   (1999)   (alteration   in   original)   (quoting   N.J.S.A.    9:6-

8.21(a)).   Additional support for this conclusion is found in the

model jury charge, which instructs that a "person who has assumed

responsibility for the care of a child may include a teacher,

employee, volunteer, whether compensated or uncompensated, of an

institution who is responsible for the child's welfare."            Model

Jury Charges (Criminal), "Endangering the Welfare of a Child

(N.J.S.A. 2C:24-4(a)(1))" n.4 (rev. Apr. 7, 2014).

      Affirmed.




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