[Cite as State v. Turner, 2018-Ohio-2860.]




                             IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
                                SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                     CHAMPAIGN COUNTY

 STATE OF OHIO                                     :
                                                   :
         Plaintiff-Appellee                        :   Appellate Case No. 2017-CA-15
                                                   :
 v.                                                :   Trial Court Case No. 2017-CR-15
                                                   :
 ERIC J. TURNER                                    :   (Criminal Appeal from
                                                   :    Common Pleas Court)
         Defendant-Appellant                       :
                                                   :

                                              ...........

                                             OPINION

                              Rendered on the 20th day of July, 2018.

                                              ...........

JANE A. NAPIER, Atty. Reg. No. 0061426, Champaign County Prosecutor’s Office,
Appellate Division, 200 North Main Street, Urbana, Ohio 43078
      Attorney for Plaintiff-Appellee

JOE CLOUD, Atty. Reg. No. 0040301, 3973 Dayton-Xenia Road, Beavercreek, Ohio
45432
      Attorney for Defendant-Appellant

                                             .............
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FROELICH, J.

       {¶ 1} Eric J. Turner appeals from a judgment of the Champaign County Court of

Common Pleas, which found him guilty on his guilty pleas of three offenses: failure to

comply with an order or signal of a police officer; operating a vehicle under the influence

of drugs and/or alcohol (OVI); and aggravated possession of drugs. Specifically, Turner

appeals from the trial court’s order that he pay restitution to the Ohio State Highway Patrol

(OSHP) in the amount of $26,897.41, based on physical damage caused to an OSHP

cruiser after Turner failed to comply with an order to stop, fled from an officer, and collided

with the cruiser.

       {¶ 2} For the following reasons, the judgment of the trial court will be affirmed in

part, reversed in part, and remanded for further proceedings.

       Procedural History

       {¶ 3} The events in question occurred on January 1, 2017, when Turner willfully

eluded an officer after being signaled to stop and ultimately crashed his car into an OSHP

cruiser. On January 5, 2017, Turner was indicted for failure to comply, vandalism (of the

cruiser), receiving stolen property (a stolen license plate on the car he was driving), OVI,

and aggravated possession of drugs (Percocet). On April 17, 2017, Turner entered into

a plea agreement wherein he pled guilty to failure to comply, OVI, and aggravated

possession; the other charges were dismissed.

       {¶ 4} On May 15, 2017, a restitution and sentencing hearing was held. At the

hearing, two OSHP officers testified; the responsibilities of these officers included

estimating damage to OSHP cruisers, determining when to purchase new vehicles and,

with respect to older vehicles, when to repair them and when to “decommission” them
                                                                                           -3-


and send them to salvage. These officers testified that Cruiser 1252, which was hit by

Turner, had been “at its end of life” at the time of the collision, based on its mileage and

years of service. Its estimated value prior to the crash was $8,805, and the amount of

damage from the crash was estimated to be $6,000 or more, based on damage to its

body and undercarriage. However, OSHP generally does not repair vehicles if damage

exceeds 50% of the value, so Cruiser 1252 was taken out of service. The replacement

vehicle, with “upfilling costs,” was $26,897.41. OSHP was self-insured.

       {¶ 5} At the hearing, Turner’s attorney expressed Turner’s willingness to

“acknowledge his responsibility” and pay restitution, but the attorney argued that the

amount of restitution sought by the State – based on the replacement cost of a cruiser,

rather than the repair cost of Cruiser 1252 or the value of that cruiser prior to the accident

– was not appropriate.

       {¶ 6} Turner was sentenced to 36 months of imprisonment for failure to comply,

six months for OVI, and 11 months for aggravated possession; the first two sentences

were to be served concurrently, but consecutively to the sentence for aggravated

possession, for an aggregate term of 47 months. Turner was fined a total of $2,250, and

he was ordered to pay restitution to OSHP (payable to the state treasurer) in the amount

of $26,897.41.

       {¶ 7} Turner appeals, raising three assignments of error, all of which relate to the

order of restitution.

       Restitution

       {¶ 8} R.C. 2929.18(A) governs the imposition of financial sanctions and

authorizes a trial court to impose such sanctions, including:
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      (1) Restitution by the offender to the victim of the offender’s crime or any

      survivor of the victim, in an amount based on the victim’s economic loss.

      ***

      {¶ 9} We discussed restitution in State v. Christian, 2d Dist. Montgomery No.

25256, 2014-Ohio-2672, reversed on other grounds, 143 Ohio St.3d 417, 2015-Ohio-

3374, 38 N.E.3d 888, as follows:

             Under R.C. 2930.01(H)(1) (“Definitions”), “victim” means a “person

      who is identified as the victim of a crime or specified delinquent act in a

      police report or in a complaint, indictment, or information that charges the

      commission of a crime and that provides the basis for the criminal

      prosecution or delinquency proceeding and subsequent proceedings * * *.”

      Black’s Law Dictionary defines “victim” as the “person who is the object of

      a crime or tort, as the victim of a robbery is the person robbed.” Black’s

      Law Dictionary 1567 (6th Ed.1990). See also State v. Johnson, 2d Dist.

      Montgomery No. 24288, 2012-Ohio-1230, ¶ 10.

             “Economic loss” is defined in R.C. 2929.01(L) as “any economic

      detriment suffered by a victim as a direct and proximate result of the

      commission of an offense and includes any loss of income due to lost time

      at work because of any injury caused to the victim, and any property loss,

      medical cost, or funeral expense incurred as a result of the commission of

      the offense. ‘Economic loss’ does not include non-economic loss or any

      punitive or exemplary damages.”

             Generally, we review a trial court’s order of restitution under an
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       abuse of discretion standard. Johnson at ¶ 11; State v. Naylor, 2d Dist.

       Montgomery No. 24098, 2011-Ohio-960, ¶ 22. However, when a trial court

       determines to whom restitution can be awarded, we review its decision de

       novo. Johnson at ¶ 11.

              The State bears the burden of establishing the restitution amount.

       State v. Granderson, 177 Ohio App.3d 424, 2008-Ohio-3757, 894 N.E.2d

       1290 (5th Dist.). * * * The determination of the amount of loss may be based

       on an amount recommended by the victim, a presentence investigation, or

       other sources. R.C. 2929.18(A)(1).

Christian at ¶ 108-111.

       {¶ 10} Additionally, R.C. 2929.18 specifies that, “[i]f the court imposes restitution,

the court may base the amount of restitution it orders on an amount recommended by the

victim, the offender, a presentence investigation report, estimates or receipts indicating

the cost of repairing or replacing property, and other information, provided that the amount

the court orders as restitution shall not exceed the amount of the economic loss suffered

by the victim as a direct and proximate result of the commission of the offense.”

       {¶ 11} We will address Turner’s assignments of error in an order that facilitates

our discussion.

       Payment to OSHP

       {¶ 12} In Turner’s second assignment of error, he argues that the trial court erred

as a matter of law in finding the Ohio State Highway Patrol a “victim” entitled to restitution.

       {¶ 13} Turner argues that OSHP is not a “victim” to whom restitution is available

under Ohio law, because it was involved in his crimes in its official capacity. He asserts
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that this court has specifically held “that insurance companies, banks, other institutions,

as well as law enforcement agencies are not victims, unless specifically stated by the

legislature in the applicable statute.” Turner relies on Christian and Johnson, 2d Dist.

Montgomery No. 24288, 2012-Ohio-1230.             He further observes that R.C. 2921.331,

defining failure to comply, under which he was charged and convicted, does not contain

a provision providing for restitution.

       {¶ 14} In Christian, one of the issues related to restitution was whether the trial

court could award restitution to a sheriff’s department or fire department, based on the

cost of their response to false reports of crimes or intentionally-set fires, or to the sheriff’s

department for its expenditures in investigating a fabricated crime.             We held that

governmental agencies generally do not constitute “victims” entitled to restitution for their

efforts to fight crime or fires using public funds, but that certain exceptions exist, such as

embezzlement of public funds or vandalism or destruction of governmental property.

Christian at ¶ 126. For example, citing cases from other districts, we observed that law

enforcement agencies may not recover, as restitution, funds used in drug buys, “wages”

paid to an informant, or costs associated with extradition, because the agencies are not

“victims” in these situations. See id. at ¶ 126-127.

       {¶ 15} However, Christian acknowledged certain exceptions to the general rule

that governmental agencies are not “victims” of crimes to which they respond in their

official capacities, including, specifically, “vandalism or destruction of governmental

property.” Id. at ¶ 126. In Turner’s case, OSHP sought reimbursement for damage to

its vehicle inflicted by Turner in the course of his criminal activity. This situation falls

squarely within the exception. Christian does not support Turner’s assertion that OSHP
                                                                                              -7-


was not entitled to restitution under the facts of this case.

       {¶ 16} Turner also relies on Johnson, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 24288, 2012-

Ohio-1230, a case in which the defendant’s plea agreement included a provision that he

would pay restitution to an insurance company; the insurance company had covered the

cost of repairing damage that Johnson caused to the victim’s residence during the course

of a burglary. As discussed in Johnson and Christian, insurance companies, like law

enforcement agencies, generally are not “victims” under R.C. 2929.18(A), for purposes

of receiving restitution. Johnson at ¶ 12; Christian at ¶ 112. However, we have held

that “R.C 2929.18(A)(1) does not prohibit an award of restitution to an insurance company

when the award is made pursuant to the express plea agreement between the State and

the defendant.” Johnson at ¶ 15. Insofar as Johnson involved an agreement to pay

restitution to an entity that would not otherwise have been entitled to it, it is not instructive

in this case.

       {¶ 17} In sum, although law enforcement agencies generally are not entitled to

receive restitution for expenditures related to their investigation of or response to crimes,

they are “victims” entitled to restitution in situations such as this one, where OSHP

property was damaged by Turner’s criminal conduct. The trial court did not err in

awarding restitution to OSHP.

       {¶ 18} Turner also argues that he cannot be ordered to pay restitution to a law

enforcement agency because the statute defining failure to comply (R.C. 2921.331) does

not expressly provide for restitution to law enforcement agencies. He has not cited any

authority for his argument that restitution is unavailable in the absence of such an express

provision. Moreover, R.C. 2929.18(A), which provides for restitution, broadly states:
                                                                                          -8-


“Except as otherwise provided in this division * * *, the court imposing a sentence upon

an offender for a felony may sentence the offender to any financial sanction or

combination of financial sanctions authorized under this section * * *.” Restitution is one

type of financial sanction, R.C. 2929.18(A)(1).         See also State v. Hill, 2d Dist.

Montgomery No. 23343, 2010-Ohio-2508, ¶ 6 (“a trial court has statutory authority to order

restitution in felony cases. See R.C. 2929.18(A)(1).”); State v. Greathouse, 12th Dist.

Warren No. CA2009-01-009, 2009-Ohio-3829, ¶ 3 (requiring payment of restitution for

damage to a police cruiser when charged with failure to comply). Turner’s argument that

payment of restitution for his offense was not authorized is without merit.

       {¶ 19} The second assignment of error is overruled.

       Amount of Restitution

       {¶ 20} In his first assignment of error, Turner argues that the trial court abused its

discretion in awarding $26,897.41 in restitution.

       {¶ 21} One of the OSHP officers who testified at the restitution hearing stated that

the damage to the cruiser was approximately $6,000; the other stated that the $6,000

estimate was “probably a minimal cost. Fair.” They further testified that the vehicle was

“at its end of life” in that Cruiser 1252, a Charger, had “108 or 109,000 miles,” and

“Chargers have a lifeline of 110,000.” Its value prior to the accident was estimated to be

$8,805.

       {¶ 22} In light of this testimony, we agree with Turner that the trial court abused

its discretion in awarding restitution in the amount of $26,897.41. Although Turner’s

actions accelerated (slightly) the decommissioning of Cruiser 1252 and reduced its

salvage value, it is equally clear that Turner did not cause $26,897.41 in damage to the
                                                                                          -9-


vehicle and that OSHP did not sustain $26,897.41 in economic loss. To award an

amount in excess of OSHP’s “economic loss” was not authorized by law.

       {¶ 23} The first assignment of error is sustained.

       Plain Error

       {¶ 24} Turner’s third assignment of error contends that the trial court committed

plain error in awarding restitution not authorized by law.

       {¶ 25} Generally, we review for plain error when a party has failed to object to an

alleged error at trial, and we do so “with the utmost caution, under exceptional

circumstances and only to prevent a manifest miscarriage of justice.” State v. Tyra, 2d

Dist. Montgomery No. 27040, 2017-Ohio-313, ¶ 29, citing State v. Long, 53 Ohio St.2d

91, 372 N.E.2d 804 (1978), paragraph three of the syllabus; State v. Kennedy, 2d Dist.

Greene No. 2016-CA-15, 2017-Ohio-26, ¶ 14. Here, Turner did object to the State’s

request for restitution in the amount of the replacement value of the vehicle, and the plain

error analysis is inapplicable.

       {¶ 26} The third assignment of error is overruled.

       Conclusion

       {¶ 27} The trial court’s order of restitution will be reversed, and the matter will be

remanded to the trial court for further consideration of this issue. In all other respects,

the judgment of the trial court will be affirmed.

                                      .............

DONOVAN, J. and HALL, J., concur.


Copies mailed to:

Jane A. Napier
                         -10-


Joe Cloud
Hon. Nick A. Selvaggio
