[Cite as State v. Bollheimer, 2020-Ohio-60.]



                                     IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

                            TWELFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT OF OHIO

                                               WARREN COUNTY




STATE OF OHIO,                                      :

       Appellee,                                    :     CASE NO. CA2019-02-014

                                                    :          OPINION
    - vs -                                                      1/13/2020
                                                    :

NATHANIEL BOLLHEIMER,                               :

       Appellant.                                   :




      CRIMINAL APPEAL FROM WARREN COUNTY COURT OF COMMON PLEAS
                           Case No. 18CR34459



David P. Fornshell, Warren County Prosecuting Attorney, Kirsten A. Brandt, 520 Justice
Drive, Lebanon, Ohio 45036, for appellee

The Helbling Law Firm, LLC, John J. Helbling, 6539 Harrison Avenue, Box 124, Cincinnati,
Ohio 45247, for appellant



        RINGLAND, P.J.

        {¶ 1} Appellant, Nathaniel Bollheimer, appeals from his conviction in the Warren

County Court of Common Pleas for aggravated possession of drugs. For the reasons

outlined below, we affirm.

        {¶ 2} In July 2018, Bollheimer was indicted for aggravated possession of drugs in

violation of R.C. 2925.11(A). The charge stemmed from the search of a motel room at a
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Motel 6 in Warren County ("Room 259") in May 2018. The day of the search, police were

alerted by Bollheimer's mother that he and another individual, Justin Cullers, were staying in

Room 259 and that both men had active warrants for their arrest. At that point, Deputy Phillip

Green of the Warren County Sheriff's Office confirmed the warrants and went to the motel

with two additional deputies and his sergeant.        Prior to Deputy Green's arrival, two

plainclothes detectives went to the motel to investigate. Upon arriving, the detectives spoke

with a housekeeper, who identified Bollheimer and Cullers as the guests in Room 259.

According to the housekeeper, Cullers and Bollheimer had stayed past their designated

checkout time. The housekeeper then guided the deputy and detectives to Room 259,

knocked on the door, and announced, "housekeeping." The guests did not respond to the

housekeeper's knocking, which prompted her to make entry into the room with her key. At

that time, Deputy Green recognized the two men and placed them under arrest. While

arresting the two men, Deputy Green observed methamphetamine and drug paraphernalia

on the counter of the motel room.

       {¶ 3} Bollheimer entered a plea of not guilty to the charge. Thereafter, in September

2018, Bollheimer filed a motion to suppress, wherein he argued that the evidence obtained

from the search of Room 259 should be suppressed because there was no probable cause

that Bollheimer was engaged in or about to engage in criminal activity, and he did not

otherwise consent to the search. After a hearing, the trial court denied Bollheimer's motion.

In doing so, the trial court found that Bollheimer failed to meet his burden of proving that he

had a reasonable expectation of privacy in Room 259 at the time of the search.

       {¶ 4} The matter proceeded to a jury trial. The state presented four witnesses in its

case-in-chief, and Bollheimer presented three witnesses in his defense. The jury returned a

guilty verdict, and the trial court sentenced Bollheimer to 24 months in prison. Bollheimer

now appeals, raising four assignments of error.

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       {¶ 5} Assignment of Error No. 1:

       {¶ 6} THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN OVERRULING THE DEFENDANT-

APPELLANT'S MOTION TO SUPPRESS.

       {¶ 7} In his first assignment of error, Bollheimer argues the trial court erred in denying

his motion to suppress the evidence found in Room 259 after the officers entered the room

with only an arrest warrant.

       {¶ 8} Appellate review of a ruling on a motion to suppress presents a mixed question

of law and fact. State v. Burkhead, 12th Dist. Preble No. CA2008-11-022, 2009-Ohio-4466, ¶

7; State v. Burnside, 100 Ohio St. 3d 152, 2003-Ohio-5372, ¶ 8. When considering a motion

to suppress, the trial court, as the trier of fact, is in the best position to weigh the evidence in

order to resolve factual questions and evaluate witness credibility. State v. Eyer, 12th Dist.

Warren No. CA2007-06-071, 2008-Ohio-1193, ¶ 8. In turn, the appellate court must accept

the trial court's findings of fact so long as they are supported by competent, credible

evidence. State v. Lange, 12th Dist. Butler No. CA2007-09-232, 2008 Ohio 3595, ¶4; State

v. Bryson, 142 Ohio App.3d 397, 402 (12th Dist.2001). After accepting the trial court's

factual findings as true, the appellate court must then determine, as a matter of law, and

without deferring to the trial court's conclusions, whether the trial court applied the

appropriate legal standard. State v. Forbes, 12th Dist. Preble No. CA2007-01-001, 2007-

Ohio-6412, ¶ 29; State v. Dierkes, 11th Dist. Portage No. 2008-P-0085, 2009-Ohio-2530, ¶

17.

       {¶ 9} Bollheimer initially argues that his motion to suppress should have been

granted because he maintained a privacy interest in Room 259 and did not consent to the

search of the room. As such, Bollheimer claims his Fourth Amendment rights were violated

when the officers entered Room 259 in order to effectuate his arrest.

       {¶ 10} "The Fourth Amendment generally prohibits police from making a warrantless,
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nonconsensual entry into a suspect's home to make a felony arrest." Payton v. New York,

445 U.S. 573, 588-589, 100 S.Ct. 1371 (1980). It is well established that the protection

provided by the Fourth Amendment extends to hotel rooms. Hoffa v. United States, 385 U.S.

293, 301, 87 S.Ct. 408 (1966), citing United States v. Jeffers, 342 U.S. 48, 72 S.Ct. 93, 96

(1951) ("[a] hotel room can clearly be the object of Fourth Amendment protection as much as

a home or an office").

       {¶ 11} In Payton, the United States Supreme Court held that "an arrest warrant

founded on probable cause implicitly carries with it the limited authority to enter a dwelling in

which the suspect lives when there is reason to believe the suspect is within." Payton at 603.

"'Accordingly, pursuant to Payton, an arrest warrant is sufficient to enter a person's residence

to effectuate the warrant if the police have reason to believe that the suspect lives in the

home and is in fact at the home at the time the arrest warrant is executed.'" State v. Cooks,

2d Dist. Clark No. 2016-CA-40, 2017-Ohio-218, ¶ 10, quoting State v. Zerucha, 11th Dist.

Ashtabula No. 2015-A-0031, 2016-Ohio-1300, ¶ 13. Federal courts have indicated that "[t]he

protections against warrantless intrusions into the home announced in Payton * * * apply with

equal force to a properly rented hotel room during the rental period." United States v.

Junkman, N.D. Iowa No. CR96-4033, 1997 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 24888, *3 (June 24, 1997),

citing United States v. Rambo, 789 F.2d 1289, 1295 (8th Cir.1986) and United States v.

Wicks, 995 F.2d 964, 969 (10th Cir.1993). (Emphasis added.)

       {¶ 12} Similarly, Ohio courts have found that a person's motel room, like a person's

home, must be free of warrantless intrusions and that any lesser standard is presumptively

unreasonable. State v. Nicole, 4th Dist. Athens No. 99CA49, 2001-Ohio-2451, *12; State v.

Miller, 77 Ohio App. 3d 305, 312 (8th Dist.1991); State v. Montgomery, 2d Dist. Clark No. 98

CA 82, 2000 Ohio App. LEXIS 1339, *11 (Mar. 31, 2000). However, despite the right to be

free from warrantless intrusions, once the motel guest "voluntarily abandons the room, his
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status is lawfully terminated, or the rental period has expired, the guest no longer has a

legitimate expectation of privacy in the [m]otel room." State v. Oliver, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No.

106305, 2018-Ohio-3667, ¶ 32, citing United States v. Bautista, 362 F.3d 584, 589 (9th

Cir.2004). Additionally, a motel employee may consent to the entry to and search of a

person's motel room where the renter or occupant has either abandoned the room or

surrendered his tenancy. United States v. Savage, 564 F.2d 728, 733 (5th Cir.1997).

       {¶ 13} At the suppression hearing, a housekeeper for the motel testified that the

checkout time for the motel is 11:00 a.m. and that guests are expected to check out at that

time. According to the housekeeper, if guests stayed after 11:00 a.m. without paying for an

additional night she had authority to "kick them out." On the date of the search, the

housekeeper went to Room 259 around 11:00 a.m. to "see if [Bollheimer and Cullers] were

going to stay in another night or * * * if they were checking out that day." Neither guest

responded to the housekeeper's knocking. As a result, using her key, the housekeeper

opened the door and saw Cullers by the counter and Bollheimer lying on the bed. At that

point, the housekeeper informed the two guests that it was time to check out, to which they

eventually responded that they were unsure if they were staying over or checking out. The

housekeeper then went to the front office, which sent her back to Room 259. According to

the housekeeper, the only reason the front desk would have sent her back to Room 259 was

because the guests had not paid for an additional night. Thereafter, the police arrived at the

motel around 11:15 a.m., showed her photographs of two individuals, and asked if she

recognized the men depicted in the photographs. The housekeeper identified the men in the

photographs as the guests staying in Room 259. The housekeeper then led the officers to

Room 259, knocked on the door, and stated, "housekeeping." Like her initial encounter with

the guests in Room 259, the men did not respond to her knocking, and she used her key to

open the door. At that time, the officers announced their presence and entered Room 259.
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       {¶ 14} Bollheimer argues that, although a motel room may be searched upon consent

of motel employees once a guest has abandoned the premises, it was impermissible here

because the housekeeper was unsure whether the guests had paid for an additional night

and because they had not returned the key to their room. We disagree.

       {¶ 15} There was competent credible evidence presented at the suppression hearing

that Bollheimer had relinquished Room 259 at the time of the search. Specifically, the

housekeeper testified that if guests plan to stay for an additional night, they are required to

pay for that night before their rental period expires. If the guests fail to pay for the additional

night, they are expected to leave at checkout time. Here, the record indicates that Bollheimer

did not pay for an additional night before he was required to check out of Room 259. The

record also reflects that, despite the housekeeper's statement that it was time to check out,

neither Bollheimer nor Cullers stated whether the pair intended to stay another night or leave

the motel. As such, we find Bollheimer automatically relinquished all rights of privacy to the

room when his rental period expired.

       {¶ 16} We are unpersuaded by Bollheimer's argument that, like the Eighth District held

in Miller, a guest must return his key to the motel management before a motel guest

automatically relinquishes his room at checkout time. State v. Miller, 77 Ohio App. 3d 305,

313 (8th Dist.1991), citing United States v. Savage, 564 F.2d 728, 733 (5th Cir.1997). In this

case, there was no testimony presented at the suppression hearing as to whether the key

was returned prior to the search of Room 259. Even assuming arguendo that Bollheimer did

not return the key prior to the search, we agree with our sister court that the return of the key

is of less significance than the fact that the checkout time had passed. State v. Montgomery,

2d Dist. Clark No. 98 CA 82, 2000 Ohio App. LEXIS 1339, *11 (Mar. 31, 2000). This

viewpoint is shared by several circuit courts, including the Sixth Circuit, which have indicated

that once a guest's rental period expires or has been lawfully terminated, that guest "does not
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have a legitimate expectation in the hotel room[.]" United States v. Allen, 106 F.3d 695, 699

(6th Cir.1997), quoting United States v. Rahme, 813 F.2d 31, 34 (2d Cir.1987); see also

United States v. Huffhines, 967 F.2d 314, 318 (9th Cir.1992). Accordingly, we find that the

return of Room 259's key card is immaterial to whether Bollheimer maintained a privacy

interest in the room.1

        {¶ 17} It is undisputed that the officers arrived at the motel after the designated

checkout time and that Bollheimer remained in the room after that time. As such, because

Bollheimer had stayed past his checkout time, never expressed an intent to pay for an

additional night, and failed to pay for an additional night before his rental period expired, we

find Bollheimer effectively surrendered his tenancy and automatically relinquished Room 259

at the checkout time. At that point, the housekeeper, as a motel employee, was authorized

to provide the officers with consent to search Room 259. Montgomery at *11.

        {¶ 18} We also reject Bollheimer's argument that the officers should have determined

the rental status of the room prior to entering. Rather, we find the officers were permitted to

enter the room to execute the arrest warrants, regardless of the room's rental status. As

discussed above, in situations involving hotel and motel rooms, if the person named in the

arrest warrant is a tenant residing in the hotel room, Payton permits the officers to enter the

room to effectuate the arrest warrant if they have a reasonable belief that the person named

in the arrest warrant is a tenant and present inside the room. Payton, 445 U.S. at 603.

"Reasonable belief is established by looking at common sense factors and evaluating the

totality of the circumstances." State v. Cooks, 2017-Ohio-218 at ¶ 11, citing United States v.

Pruitt, 458 F.3d 477, 482 (6th Cir.2006). "A reasonable belief is something less than




1. We note that when motel rooms are paid for in advance, as was the case here, it is common practice upon
vacating to leave the key card with a housekeeping tip in the room, as opposed to returning the key card to the
front desk.
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probable cause." Id.

       {¶ 19} In the instant matter, there was no testimony at the suppression hearing as to

whether Bollheimer or Cullers was the registered tenant of the motel room. However, Deputy

Green testified he received information that both individuals were staying in Room 259. He

then confirmed, prior to arriving at the motel, that both individuals had active arrest warrants

in Warren County. Upon the officers' arrival, the information regarding Bollheimer's and

Cullers' presence in Room 259 was corroborated by the housekeeper, who testified that after

viewing the photographs of the two individuals, she recognized them as the men staying in

Room 259 and told the officers the men were in the room at that time.

       {¶ 20} Based upon the totality of the circumstances, we find it was reasonable for the

officers to believe that either Bollheimer or Cullers, each a subject of a corresponding arrest

warrant, was a tenant of Room 259 on the day in question. Further, it was reasonable for the

officers to believe the individuals were inside the room considering the information provided

by Bollheimer's mother, and the housekeeper's statement to the officers that the individuals

remained in Room 259. Because the officers had arrest warrants for Bollheimer and Cullers,

and maintained a reasonable belief that either Bollheimer or Cullers were a tenant present

inside of the motel room, the officers were constitutionally permitted to enter the room to

effectuate their arrest.   Accordingly, because the initial entry into Room 259 was lawful

pursuant to Payton, the officers properly seized the drug paraphernalia that was in plain view.

State v. Meyers, 12th Dist. Warren No. CA2003-03-037, 2004-Ohio-1717, ¶ 34.

       {¶ 21} In accordance with the above, the trial court did not err in denying Bollheimer's

motion to suppress. Bollheimer's first assignment of error is therefore, overruled.

       {¶ 22} Assignment of Error No. 2:

       {¶ 23} THE JURY ERRED TO THE PREJUDICE OF DEFENDANT-APPELLANT BY

FINDING HIM GUILTY OF AGGRAVATED POSSESSION WITHOUT SUFFICIENT
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EVIDENCE.

       {¶ 24} Assignment of Error No. 3:

       {¶ 25} THE JURY ERRED TO THE PREJUDICE OF DEFENDANT-APPELLANT BY

FINDING HIM GUILTY OF AGGRAVATED POSSESSION AGAINST THE WEIGHT OF THE

EVIDENCE.

       {¶ 26} In his second and third assignments of error, Bollheimer argues the state failed

to supply sufficient evidence to support the charge of aggravated possession, and that his

conviction was against the manifest weight of the evidence. We disagree.

       {¶ 27} When reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence underlying a criminal conviction,

an appellate court examines the evidence in order to determine whether such evidence, if

believed, would convince the average mind of the defendant's guilt beyond a reasonable

doubt. State v. Paul, 12th Dist. Fayette No. CA2011-10-026, 2012-Ohio-3205, ¶ 9. The

"relevant inquiry is whether, after viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the

prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime

proven beyond a reasonable doubt." State v. Jenks, 61 Ohio St.3d 259 (1991), paragraph

two of the syllabus.

       {¶ 28} A manifest weight of the evidence challenge, on the other hand, examines the

"inclination of the greater amount of credible evidence, offered at a trial, to support one side

of the issue rather than the other." State v. Barnett, 12th Dist. Butler No. CA2011-09-177,

2012-Ohio-2372, ¶ 14. To determine whether a conviction is against the manifest weight of

the evidence, the reviewing court must look at the entire record, weigh the evidence and all

reasonable inferences, consider the credibility of the witnesses, and determine whether in

resolving the conflicts in the evidence, the trier of fact clearly lost its way and created such a

manifest miscarriage of justice that the conviction must be reversed and a new trial ordered.

State v. Graham, 12th Dist. Warren No. CA2008-07-095, 2009-Ohio-2814, ¶ 66.
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       {¶ 29} In reviewing the evidence, an appellate court must be mindful that the jury, as

the original trier of fact, was in the best position to judge the credibility of witnesses and

determine the weight to be given to the evidence. State v. Blankenburg, 197 Ohio App.3d

201, 2012-Ohio-1289, ¶ 114 (12th Dist.). An appellate court, therefore, will overturn a

conviction due to the manifest weight of the evidence only in extraordinary circumstances

when the evidence presented at trial weighs heavily in favor of acquittal. Id.

       {¶ 30} Although the legal concepts of sufficiency of the evidence and weight of the

evidence are both quantitatively and qualitatively different, a "determination that a conviction

is supported by the manifest weight of the evidence will also be dispositive of the issue of

sufficiency." State v. Jones, 12th Dist. Butler No. CA2012-03-049, 2013-Ohio-150, ¶ 19.

       {¶ 31} As noted above, Bollheimer was convicted of aggravated possession of drugs

in violation of R.C. 2925.11(A). Pursuant to that statute, "[n]o person shall knowingly * * *

possess * * * a controlled substance or a controlled substance analog." Further, R.C.

2925.11(C)(1)(b) provides that if the drug is included in schedule II, like methamphetamine,

and "the amount of the drug involved equals or exceeds the bulk amount but is less than five

times the bulk amount, aggravated possession of drugs is a felony of the third degree and

there is a presumption for a prison term for the offense."

       {¶ 32} Bollheimer does not dispute that the substance Deputy Green discovered in

Room 259 was methamphetamine, or that the amount of methamphetamine was equal to or

exceeded the bulk amount but was less than five times the bulk amount. Rather, he argues

that the state failed to prove that he knowingly possessed the drugs found in the motel room.

       {¶ 33} As defined by R.C. 2901.22(B), a person acts knowingly, regardless of purpose,

"when the person is aware that the person's conduct will probably cause a certain result or

will probably be of a certain nature. A person has knowledge of circumstances when the

person is aware that such circumstances probably exist." A defendant's knowledge may be
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inferred from the totality of the surrounding circumstances. State v. NRAG, LLC, 12th Dist.

Fayette No. CA2008-12-043, 2009-Ohio-4137, ¶ 22.             On the other hand, the term

"possession" means "having control over a thing or substance, but may not be inferred solely

from mere access to the thing or substance through ownership or occupation of the premises

upon which the thing or substance is found." R.C. 2925.01(K). Possession may be

constructive or actual. State v. Williams, 12th Dist. Butler No. CA2014-09-180, 2015-Ohio-

2010, ¶ 14.

       {¶ 34} "An accused has 'constructive possession' of an item when the accused is

conscious of the item's presence and is able to exercise dominion and control over it, even if

the item is not within the accused's immediate physical possession." State v. Jester, 12th

Dist. Butler No. CA2010-10-264, 2012-Ohio-544, ¶ 25. Constructive possession may be

proven by circumstantial evidence alone. Williams at ¶ 15. This is because "[c]ircumstantial

and direct evidence are of equal evidentiary value." State v. Frye, 5th Dist. Richland No.

17CA5, 2017-Ohio-7733, ¶ 46, citing State v. Jenks, 61 Ohio St.3d 259, 272 (1991). "Absent

a defendant's admission, the surrounding facts and circumstances, including the defendant's

actions, are evidence that the trier of fact can consider in determining whether the defendant

had constructive possession." State v. Caudill, 12th Dist. Madison No. CA2017-05-011,

2018-Ohio-550, ¶ 12.

       {¶ 35} At trial, Deputy Green testified that on the day of the search, he responded to a

call that Bollheimer and Cullers, who had active arrest warrants at the time, were staying in

Room 259 of a Motel 6 in Warren County. Consistent with the testimony he provided at the

suppression hearing, Deputy Green then indicated that he arrived at the motel around 11:20

a.m. and made contact with the housekeeper. The housekeeper then led the deputy and his

fellow officers to Room 259 where Bollheimer and Cullers were staying. The housekeeper

knocked on the door and neither Bollheimer nor Cullers responded. At that time, the
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housekeeper used her key to open the door and Deputy Green announced his presence.

When the housekeeper initially opened the door, Deputy Green observed Bollheimer "lying

on the bed, face down." Bollheimer then looked up toward the door and the deputy

recognized him. At that point, the deputy entered Room 259 to execute the arrest warrants.

Deputy Green testified that while he was placing Bollheimer under arrest, Bollheimer had a

"thousand yard stare," "was unsteady on his feet," staring straight ahead, and "just didn't look

like a normal person that you could communicate with[.]" Deputy Green indicated that based

on his experience, he believed Bollheimer was under the influence and impaired, not

someone who was "groggy" from being asleep. Specifically, Deputy Green testified that

Bollheimer was acting like an individual who was no longer high from methamphetamine, but

was coming down from using the drug.

       {¶ 36} Deputy Green also testified that in the process of arresting Cullers, he observed

drug paraphernalia and "obvious meth" on the vanity. According to Deputy Green, the drug

paraphernalia, including meth pipes, a glass plate, a ten-dollar bill, and baggies of a

substance later confirmed to be methamphetamine, littered "almost the whole entire counter."

Deputy Green indicated the amount of methamphetamine found in Room 259 was "a lot."

The deputy then sent the substance discovered in Room 259 to the laboratory for testing,

which revealed that the baggies contained methamphetamine in the weight of .16 grams and

7.54 grams.

       {¶ 37} The state then presented testimony from the housekeeper. In addition to

testifying regarding the events leading up to the entry and search of Room 259, which

mirrored her testimony from the suppression hearing, the housekeeper further testified that

she saw Bollheimer and Cullers checking in together the day before they were arrested.

Although she did not see Bollheimer and Cullers go to Room 259, she recognized them when

she knocked on the room's door to inquire about their rental status.

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      {¶ 38} Cullers also testified at trial and indicated he and Bollheimer checked in to the

motel and were staying in Room 259 the day of their arrests. He further indicated he and

Bollheimer were the only people to stay in Room 259 and that they were both in the room for

the same amount of time.      According to Cullers, Bollheimer was coming down from

methamphetamine when the police arrived. While he could not recall whether he and

Bollheimer purchased the drugs together, he described the drugs as "ours." Cullers further

confirmed that he and Bollheimer both used the methamphetamine that was found in Room

259 and described Bollheimer's use of that methamphetamine. Specifically, Cullers testified

Bollheimer "heated it up" and snorted the methamphetamine with a straw that was found on

the bathroom vanity in Room 259 on the day of their arrests.

      {¶ 39} Lastly, the state presented testimony from Deputy John Mann, who testified that

after securing the scene, he transported Bollheimer from the motel to the jail. According to

Deputy Mann, upon arriving at the jail he began the booking process with Bollheimer. During

the booking process, Bollheimer answered a few questions, and indicated he had used

methamphetamine the previous evening.

      {¶ 40} Bollheimer then presented the testimony of Officer Richardson, who completed

the prebooking process with Bollheimer at the jail after Bollheimer's arrest. The officer

testified that he met with Bollheimer and completed a prebooking questionnaire. The officer

further testified that, when completing the questionnaire, he marked that Bollheimer did not

admit to ingesting drugs to avoid arrest and that the officer did not believe Bollheimer

appeared under the influence of drugs or alcohol. However, on cross-examination, Officer

Richardson testified he may not have marked that Bollheimer was under the influence if

Bollheimer had admitted to using methamphetamine the day before. The officer further

testified that if Bollheimer was coming down from methamphetamine use, he may not have

marked that Bollheimer was under the influence of drugs or alcohol.
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        {¶ 41} Bollheimer claims that the evidence presented at trial proves that Cullers was

the only individual who possessed the drugs found in Room 259. According to Bollheimer,

"there was no evidence of [Bollheimer] actively participating in anything other than sleeping."

However, after a full and thorough review of the record, we find Bollheimer's conviction for

aggravated possession of drugs was not against the manifest weight of the evidence.

        {¶ 42} In support of his claim, Bollheimer relies heavily on the fact that he did not have

drugs on his person when he was arrested and that the drugs were closer to Cullers at the

time of the search. Notwithstanding those facts, there was ample evidence in the record

from which the jury could have concluded that Bollheimer was conscious of the

methamphetamine's presence in Room 259 and that he was able to exercise dominion and

control over that item. Specifically, Cullers' testimony revealed that he and Bollheimer were

the only individuals staying in Room 259 and that they both were in the room for the same

amount of time. According to Deputy Green, when he entered the room, there was "a lot" of

meth on the bathroom vanity and the meth pipes, glass plate, baggies, and other drug

paraphernalia covered the entire vanity. Although Bollheimer was lying on a bed when

officers entered the room, the record reflects the bathroom vanity and bed were in close

proximity to one another. As such, the testimony presented at trial established that a

significant amount of drugs was discovered in the small motel room where Bollheimer and

Cullers spent equal time, and that those drugs were readily accessible and in close proximity

to Bollheimer at the time of the search. Such testimony constitutes circumstantial evidence

that Bollheimer was in constructive possession of the drugs. State v. Fultz, 12th Dist. Butler

No. CA2015-06-103, 2016-Ohio-1486, ¶ 23.

        {¶ 43} Furthermore, Cullers' testimony, if believed, established that Bollheimer had

dominion or control over the drugs found in Room 259 because he had access to and used

them.     Notably, despite Bollheimer's claims to the contrary, Cullers testified the
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methamphetamine found in Room 259 belonged to him and Bollheimer, and described the

drugs as "ours." Moreover, Cullers specifically described Bollheimer's method of ingesting

the drugs found in Room 259, and further identified the straw which Bollheimer used to ingest

the meth. Cullers also noted that Bollheimer had used the drugs the night before he was

arrested. This testimony is consistent with Deputy Green's observations that Bollheimer

appeared to be coming down from using methamphetamine, as opposed to being under the

influence or recently asleep. Cullers' testimony is also consistent with Deputy Mann's

testimony, who indicated Bollheimer stated he had used methamphetamine the evening

before he was arrested. Although Officer Richardson testified he did not recall Bollheimer

making such a statement, an appellate court must be mindful that the jury, as the original trier

of fact, was in the best position to judge the credibility of witnesses and determine the weight

to be given to the evidence. State v. Blankenburg, 2012-Ohio-1289 at ¶ 114. The mere fact

that the jury chose to disbelieve the defense theory of Bollheimer's knowledge and

possession of the drugs in Room 259, and instead chose to believe the state's version, is

insufficient to find that the jury lost its way or created a manifest miscarriage of justice. As

such, after reviewing the record, we do not find that the jury clearly lost its way and created

such a manifest miscarriage of justice that Bollheimer's conviction must be reversed.

       {¶ 44} In light of the foregoing, having found Bollheimer's conviction for aggravated

possession of drugs was not against the manifest weight of the evidence, we necessarily

conclude the state presented sufficient evidence to support the jury's finding of guilt.

Accordingly, Bollheimer's second and third assignments of error are overruled.

       {¶ 45} Assignment of Error No. 4:

       {¶ 46} THE JUDGE COMMITTED PREJUDICIAL ERROR IN NOT GIVING THE

PROPER JURY INSTRUCTION IN ACCORDANCE WITH OHIO REVISED CODE §

2923.03.
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       {¶ 47} In his fourth assignment of error, Bollheimer contends the trial court erred in

giving the jury an accomplice testimony instruction which did not comply with R.C.

2923.03(D). Specifically, Bollheimer argues the trial court presented a "diluted" interpretation

of the instruction that violated his due process rights.

       {¶ 48} A trial court must charge a jury with instructions that are a correct and complete

statement of the law. Marshall v. Gibson, 19 Ohio St.3d 10, 12 (1985). However, the precise

language of a jury instruction is within the discretion of the trial court. State v. Bailey, 8th

Dist. Cuyahoga No. 81498, 2003-Ohio-1834, ¶ 51, citing State v. Guster, 66 Ohio St.2d 266,

271 (1981).

       {¶ 49} In situations where an accomplice testifies against a defendant, trial courts are

statutorily required to give a special jury instruction. R.C. 2923.03(D). Specifically, R.C.

2923.03(D) provides that if an alleged accomplice testifies against a defendant in a case, the

court shall charge the jury substantially as follows:

              The testimony of an accomplice does not become inadmissible
              because of his complicity, moral turpitude, or self-interest, but the
              admitted or claimed complicity of a witness may affect his
              credibility and make his testimony subject to grave suspicion,
              and require that it be weighed with great caution.

              It is for you, as jurors, in the light of all the facts presented to you
              from the witness stand, to evaluate such testimony and to
              determine its quality and worth or its lack of quality and worth.

In the case at bar, the trial court instructed the jury as follows:

              You have heard testimony from Justin Cullers who is another
              person who pleaded guilty to charges arising out of the same
              crime charged in this case. We will call this person an
              accomplice, one who knowingly assists or joins another in the
              commission of a crime. Whether Justin Cullers was an
              accomplice and the weight to be given to his testimony, are
              matters for you to determine. An accomplice may have special
              motives for testifying. The testimony of a person you find to be
              an accomplice, should be viewed with grave suspicion and
              weighed with great caution.


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        {¶ 50} The trial court's instruction, although not a verbatim recitation of language set

forth in R.C. 2923.03(D), mirrors the language found in the standard jury instruction for the

testimony of an accomplice from the Ohio Jury Instructions. See Ohio Jury Instructions, CR

Section 409.17, alternative number one (Rev. Oct.14, 2017).2 This court has held that an

instruction which informs the jury that the testimony of an accomplice should be viewed with

suspicion and weighed with caution substantially complies with the requirements of R.C.

2923.03(D). State v. Tumbleson, 105 Ohio App. 3d 693, 697-698 (12th Dist.1995), citing

State v. Adams, 9th Dist. Wayne No. 2621, 1992 Ohio App. LEXIS 786, *7 (Feb. 26, 1992).

Here, the instruction the trial court used clearly informed the jury that it should view Cullers'

testimony with grave suspicion and weigh the testimony with great caution. As such, we find

the trial court substantially complied with R.C. 2923.03(D) and that it adequately charged the

jury with instructions that were a correct and complete statement of the law. Accordingly,

because the trial court adequately charged the jury, we find it did not abuse its discretion in

giving the instruction at issue. Bollheimer's fourth assignment of error is therefore overruled.

        {¶ 51} Judgment affirmed.


        PIPER and M. POWELL, JJ., concur.




2. Alternative number one to Ohio Jury Instructions CR Section 409.17 states the following: "You have heard
testimony from ______, another person who (pleaded guilty to) (is accused of) the same crime charged in this
case and is said to be an accomplice. An accomplice is one who (purposely) (knowingly) (assists) (joins)
another in the commission of a crime. Whether ______ was an accomplice and the weight to give his testimony
are matters for you to determine. Testimony of a person who you find to be an accomplice should be viewed
with grave suspicion and weighed with great caution."
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