IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE

FRANK LESNICZAK,
Plaintiff,

Vv. C.A. No. $18C-10-032 RFS
STATE FARM MUTUAL AUTOMOBILE
INSURANCE COMPANY, :

Defendant.

MEMORANDUM OPINION
Upon Defendant’s Motion Summary Judgment. Granted.

Date Submitted: May 17, 2019
Date Decided: August 26, 2019

Frederick S. Freibott, Esq. and Dennis Mason II, Esq., The Freibott Law Firm, P.A., 1711
East Newport Pike, P.O. Box 6168, Wilmington, Delaware 19804, Attorneys for Plaintiff.

Jeffery A. Young, Esq., Young and McNelis, 300 South State Street, Dover, Delaware
19901, Attorney for Defendant.

STOKES, R. J.
1 INTRODUCTION

This matter is presently before the Court on the motion of State Farm Mutual Automobile
Insurance Company (“Defendant” or “State Farm”), for summary judgment against the Plaintiff
Frank Lesniczak’s (“Plaintiff”) claim for personal injury protection (“PIP”) coverage. Plaintiff
opposes the Motion. For the foregoing reasons, Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment is

GRANTED.

II. FACTUAL BACKGROUND

Plaintiff allegedly sustained injuries from stepping into a drainage hole while cleaning his
vehicle at a self-serve car wash in Sussex County. Plaintiff was using a power washer/water wand
to remove pollen and debris from the motor and radiator of his vehicle. In order to clean the
vehicle Plaintiff parked approximately half way into the wash bay, which exposed him to the
danger of the open drain. The vehicle was running while Plaintiff was cleaning. Plaintiff then
stepped into a drainage hole, twisted his body and fell onto the concrete, injuring the right side of
his body.

Plaintiff has applied for PIP benefits with his insurance carrier, Defendant, claiming that his
injuries fall within the scope of Delaware’s PIP statute, 21 Del. C. § 2118. Plaintiffs claim is
based on the theory that his vehicle was an active accessory in causing his injury and that there
was no intervening act of independent significance that broke the causal link between the use of
the vehicle and the injury inflicted.! Defendant, on the other hand, argues that Plaintiffs vehicle

was not an active accessory in causing Defendant’s injuries, but rather a mere situs to the injury.

 

' Kelty v. State Farm Mut. Auto Ins. Co., 73 A. 3d 926, 928 (Del. 2013).

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Ill. STANDARD OF REVIEW

The Court may grant summary judgment if “the pleadings, depositions, answers to
interrogatories and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no
genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to summary judgment as

2 The moving party bears the initial burden of showing no material issues of fact

a matter of law.
are present.> If the moving party properly supports their motion, the burden then shifts to the non-
moving party to rebut the contention that no material issues of fact exist.’ In considering a motion
for summary judgment, the Court must review the record in a light most favorable to the non-
moving party.© The Delaware Supreme Court illustrates the parameters of granting summary
judgment as follows:
Under no circumstances, however, will summary judgment be granted when, from
the evidence produced there is a reasonable indication that a material fact is in
dispute. Nor will summary judgment be granted if, upon examination of all the
facts, it seems desirable to inquire thoroughly into them in order to clarify the
application of the law to the circumstances.°
IV. ANALYSIS
Under Delaware Law, whether an individual is “eligible for PIP benefits is a question of
statutory interpretation.””? The Delaware PIP statute requires motor vehicle operators to carry

minimum PIP coverage of $15,000 for any one person and $30,000 for all persons injured in any

auto accident.’ PIP benefits apply “to each person occupying such motor vehicle and to any other

 

* Moore v. Sizemore, 405 A. 2d 679, 680 (Del. 1979).

3 Id, at 681.

4 Merrill v. Crothall-American, Inc., 606 A. 2d 96, 99 (Del. 1992).

> Ebersole v. Lowengrub, 180 A. 2d 467, 470 (Del. 1962).

6 Id. at 468.

’ Buckley v. State Farm Mut. Auto Ins. Co., 2015 WL 4515699, at *2(Del. Super. Ct. 2015), aff'd, 140 A. 3d
431(Del. 2016).

891 Del. C. § 2118.
person injured in any accident involving such motor vehicle, other than the occupant of another
motor vehicle.”

In order to determine if a claimant is eligible for PIP benefits under 21 Del. C. § 2118 this
Court must analyze the two tests laid out by prior Delaware precedent. First, the Court must
determine whether Plaintiff was an occupant of the vehicle that is subject to the PIP policy.!° Next,
the Court must “determine whether the accident involved a motor vehicle” under the test laid out
in Kelty v. State Farm Mutual Insurance Company."!

A. Plaintiff was an occupant of the covered vehicle because he was within a reasonable

geographic perimeter of the vehicle at the time of the accident.

Delaware courts use a disjunctive two-prong test outlined in National Union Fire Insurance
Company v. Fisher’? to determine if a person qualifies as an occupant of a vehicle. A person is an
“occupant” of the vehicle “if he or she is either: (a) within a reasonable geographic perimeter of
the vehicle or (b) engaged in a task related to the operation of the vehicle.”'? The Delaware
Supreme Court has found that a claimant qualifies as an occupant when the claimant is “in,
entering, exiting, touching or within a reach of the covered vehicle.”'4

Defendant concedes, at this time, given the summary judgment standard that Plaintiff was an
occupant of the vehicle pursuant to the Fisher test. Furthermore, the Delaware Supreme Court has
adopted a liberal construction of the term “occupant”.!° Therefore, Plaintiff was certainly within

a reasonable geographic perimeter of his vehicle at the time of the fall. Thus, this Court must

determine only whether Plaintiff's accident involved a motor vehicle under the Kelty test.

 

921 Del. C. §2118(a)\(2\(c).

'0 Nat'l Union Fire Ins. Co. of Pittsburgh v. Fisher, 692 A, 2d 892 (Del. 1997).

1173 A. 3d 926, 932 (Del. 2013)(“Kelty”).

2 Fisher, 692 A. 2d at 896.

13 Td.

14 Td. at 897.

'S Buckley, 2015 WL 4515699, at *2 (citing Fisher, 692 A. 2d 892, 895-96 (Del. 1997).

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B. Plaintiff's covered vehicle was not an “active accessory” in causing his injury and
Plaintiff's claim for PIP benefits should be denied.

The test laid out by the court in Kelty is a two-step test. The test requires the Court to (1)
analyze whether the vehicle was an active accessory in causing the injury, and (2) whether there
was an act of independent legal significance that broke the causal link between the use of the
vehicle and the injuries inflicted.'° The first prong of the test requires “something less than
proximate cause in the tort sense and something more than the vehicle being the mere situs of the
injury.”!7 Delaware courts have found that a vehicle was not an active accessory in causing a
plaintiff's injury in several recent cases.

First, in Friel v. The Hartford Fire Insurance Company, the Superior Court held that a plaintiff
who injured his back while removing chains from the bed of a parked pickup truck was not eligible
for PIP benefits.'® The court held that occupancy alone is insufficient to establish eligibility for
PIP benefits.!? Particularly, the court found that the vehicle was not an “active accessory” in
causing the plaintiff's injuries.2° The court reasoned that, “[t]he injury was in no way caused by
use or operation of the motor vehicle, except as a stationary platform from which product was
being unloaded.”*! Furthermore, the court held that the vehicle was the mere situs of the plaintiffs
injury and that the injury “did not occur by virtue of the inherent nature of using a motor vehicle.”

More recently, in Hatcher v. State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Company, the Superior

Court held that Plaintiff was ineligible for PIP benefits when she exited her car, began to head

 

16 Id.

17 Id.

'82014 WL 1813293, at *4 (Del. Super. Ct. 2014).
19 Td. at *5.

20 Td. at *4,

2 Td at *5,

22 Id. (citing Kelty, 73 A. 3d at 931).
towards her destination, and tripped and fell in a parking lot pothole.”? The court considered five
recent Delaware cases that have dealt with the issue of whether a vehicle was an “active accessory”
in causing a plaintiff's injuries.* Ultimately, the court decided that the plaintiff's vehicle was not
an active accessory in causing her injuries.*° The court reasoned that the plaintiff was not using
her vehicle because it was already parked, she had exited the vehicle, and had began walking
towards her destination.*® The court held that the primary reason that the plaintiff fell was due to
a pothole in the parking lot and ruled that the vehicle was a mere situs to plaintiffs injuries.?’
Likewise, in Jones v. Delaware Transit Corporation, the Superior Court affirmed a Court of
Common Pleas’ decision granting summary judgment for denial of PIP benefits.2 The court
reasoned that even though plaintiff was cleaning the inside of the DART bus with a vacuum
attached to and powered by the bus, the bus was not an active accessory in causing plaintiff's
injuries.” The plaintiff argued that the bus was an active accessory in causing the injury because
without the bus in the “factual scenario, there is no way that the injury could have occurred.”*°
The court held, even assuming the vacuum did not operate without the bus, it was not “enough
under these circumstances to conclude that the bus is more than the mere situs of the injury.’”*!

In contrast, in the cases of Kelty v. State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Company” and

State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Company v. Buckingham,** the court found that the

 

23 Hatcher v. State Farm Mut. Automobile Ins. Co., C.A. No. N15C-12-011 CLS, Scott, J. (Del. Super. Ct.
November 19, 2016)(ORDER).

24 Td. at 3-7.

2 Id. at 6.

26 Id.

27 Id. at 7.

28 2016 WL 5946494, at *4 (Del. Super. Ct. 2016).
29 Td.

30 Id. at *2.

3 Id. at *4,

32-73 A. 3d 926 (Del. 2013).

33.919 A. 2d 1111 (Del. 2007).
plaintiff's vehicle was an active accessory in causing the plaintiff's injury. In Buckingham, an
unidentified driver, in a fit of road rage, attacked the plaintiff and hit him with a tire iron causing
severe injuries.*4 The plaintiff was stopped at a traffic light at the time of the attack.*> The court
noted that the plaintiff “allegedly provoked the assailant by operating his car in a manner that
kicked up rocks that hit the assailant’s truck.’ The court therefore held that the plaintiff's vehicle
“was not simply the situs of the attack rather, it was an ‘active accessory’ in the incident provoking
the attack that caused the [plaintiffs] injuries.’

In Kelty, a plaintiff fell from a tree while cutting branches and was seriously injured.*® The
branches that the plaintiff was cutting were in danger of hitting a power line near the tree. Plaintiff
therefore tied one end of a rope to the branches he was cutting and the other end of the rope to a
trailer hitch on his friend’s truck. The friend sat in the truck and pulled the rope taught while the
plaintiff cut the branches.*’ Allegedly, the plaintiff's friend in the truck rapidly accelerated, which
caused the rope to snap, knock the plaintiff out of the tree, and cause multiple injuries.*° The court
held that the truck was an active accessory in causing the plaintiff's injuries.4! The court reasoned
that the truck was an active accessory in the plaintiff's injuries because the force it exerted on the
rope and branch lead to the plaintiffs injuries.7 Furthermore, the court reasoned that unlike other
Delaware cases on the topic, the vehicle had more than a “negligible impact” on the events that

caused the injuries.*?

 

34 Id at 1114.

33 Jd. at 1112.

36 Td. at 1114.

37 Id.

38 Kelty, 73 A. 3d at 928.
39 Id.

40 Id.

4' Td. at 933.

” Td.

43 Td.
Based on the facts of this case and prior Delaware case law, I conclude Plaintiff's vehicle was
not an active accessory in causing his injuries. Plaintiff argues that the “motor and radiator [of
his] vehicle needed to be cleaned of the pollen and debris to allow him the continued use of his
motor vehicle; therefore, the injury did occur by virtue of the inherent nature of the use of his
motor vehicle.”“* Plaintiff was merely cleaning his vehicle. No facts support the argument that
Plaintiff had to clean his vehicle in order to continue using it. “Although Plaintiff may not have
fallen in that [drainage hole] if he chose to park elsewhere, his claim does not meet the threshold
to qualify for PIP benefits under 21 Del. C. § 2118 because his vehicle is not more than a mere
situs to his injury.”4° Furthermore, this Court fails to see how the facts of the present case are not
distinguishable from the facts in Jones.*° The cleaning of the exterior parts or motor of a vehicle
is not distinguishable from the cleaning of the interior of a vehicle for the purpose of determining
whether the vehicle was an active accessory in causing Plaintiffs injuries.

Delaware’s PIP statute is intended to “impose on the no fault carrier . . . not only primary
liability but ultimate liability for the [insured party’s] covered medical bills to the extent of [the
carrier’s] unexpended PIP benefits.”4” To extend the holdings of cases like Buckingham or Kelty
to scenarios similar to Plaintiff's would open the door to numerous law suits and require no-fault
carriers to pay for injuries that did not truly involve the insured vehicle.** The primary reason
Plaintiff fell and injured himself was because of a drainage hole in the self-serve wash bay.
Summary Judgment is therefore appropriate because the vehicle was not more than the mere situs

of the injury.

 

44 P], Resp. in Opp’n to Def’s Mot. Summ. J., E-File 63249942, at 5.

“5 Hatcher v. State Farm Mut. Automobile Ins. Co., C.A. No. N15C-12-011 CLS, Scott, J. (Del. Super. Ct.
November 19, 2016)(ORDER) at 7.

46 2016 WL 5946494,

*7 Id (quoting Buckley, 2015 WL 4515699, at *2).

48 Td.
Therefore, Plaintiff is precluded from recovering PIP benefits. The Court does not need to
address whether an independent act broke the causal link between the use of the vehicle and
Plaintiffs injury.*”

V. CONCLUSION

Considering the foregoing, Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment on Plaintiffs claim
for PIP benefits is GRANTED.

IT IS SO ORDERED.

 

” Friel v. Hariford Fire Ins. Co., 2014 WL 1813293, at *5 (Del. Super. Ct. 2014).

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