       In the United States Court of Federal Claims
                              No. 11-768C; 12-201C (Consolidated)
                                     (Filed: April 29, 2015)

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
                                  *
SALMA ACEVEDO, et al.,            *                              Tucker Act; 28 U.S.C. § 1491;
                                  *                              Subject Matter Jurisdiction;
                Plaintiffs,       *                              RCFC 12(b)(1); 5 U.S.C. § 5928;
                                  *                              Danger Pay; 5 U.S.C. § 5922.
     v.                           *
                                  *
THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,     *
                                  *
                Defendant.        *
                                  *
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

       Linda Lipsett, Bernstein & Lipsett, P.C., Washington, D.C., for plaintiff. Arguing
       the motion on behalf of the plaintiffs, Jules Bernstein.

       Lauren Springer Moore, Shalom Brilliant, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil
       Division, United States Department of Justice, Washington, D.C., for defendant.
       With them on the briefs were Reginald T. Blades, Jr., Assistant Director, Robert
       E. Kirschman, Jr., Director, Stuart F. Delery, Assistant Attorney General,
       Department of Justice; and Of Counsel were Lindsay K. Solensky and Megan Z.
       Snyder, Office of Chief Counsel, United States Customs and Border Protection.

                           CORRECTED OPINION AND ORDER*




*
  Pursuant to Rule 60(a) of the Rules of the Court of Federal Claims, this Corrected Opinion and
Order “correct[s] a clerical mistake arising from oversight or omission” in this Court’s April 28,
2015 Opinion and Order granting defendant’s motion to dismiss Count II of plaintiffs’ third
amended complaint. See Agro Dutch Indus. Ltd. v. United States, 589 F.3d 1187, 1192 (Fed.
Cir. 2009) (finding that under Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 60(a) courts “may correct clerical
errors in previously issued orders in order to conform the record to the intentions of the court and
the parties”). Specifically, contrary to what was stated in the April 28, 2015 Opinion and Order,
plaintiffs did not formally file their third amended complaint until April 29, 2015. In addition,
the previous Opinion and Order erroneously directed the Clerk of the Court to enter judgment
pursuant to RCFC 54(b). See Opinion and Order at 10, ECF No. 70. The Court therefore
WITHDRAWS its Opinion and Order issued on April 28, 2015 (ECF No. 70) and VACATES
the judgment entered on April 29, 2015 (ECF No. 71).
Kaplan, Judge.

        The plaintiffs in this case are present and former Supply Chain Security Specialists
employed by U.S. Customs and Border Protection, Department of Homeland Security
(hereinafter “CBP”). In Count I of their complaint, plaintiffs seek back pay, liquidated damages,
attorney fees and other relief to remedy alleged violations of the Fair Labor Standards Act of
1938, as amended, 29 U.S.C. § 216(b) (FLSA). Third Am. Compl. ¶¶ 21-23, April 29, 2015,
ECF No. 72 [hereinafter “Compl.”]. In Count II, plaintiffs allege violations of 5 U.S.C. § 5928,
arising out of CBP’s refusal to provide them with danger pay allowances for work performed in
posts of duty that the Department of State has designated as eligible for such allowances. Id.
¶¶ 25-26.

        Currently before the Court is the government’s Motion to Dismiss Count II of the
plaintiffs’ Second Amended Complaint, pursuant to Rules of the Court of Federal Claims
(RCFC) 12(b)(1).2 The government contends that the Court lacks Tucker Act jurisdiction over
plaintiffs’ claims alleging violation of 5 U.S.C. § 5928 on the grounds that it is not a money-
mandating statute, that the regulations issued by the Secretary of State to implement the statute
are not money-mandating, and that CBP has not itself adopted any rules, regulations or other
policies establishing employees’ entitlement to danger pay. Def.’s Mot. 4-7, June 24, 2014, ECF
No. 54.

       For the reasons set forth below, the Court agrees with the government. Accordingly, its
motion to dismiss Count II of the complaint is GRANTED.

                                       BACKGROUND

I.     Statutory and Regulatory Framework

       As noted, in Count II of their complaint, plaintiffs allege that they have been unlawfully
denied danger pay allowances “for work performed in posts designated as dangerous by the
Secretary of State in accordance with the provisions set forth in 5 U.S.C. § 5928.” Compl. ¶ 25.
Section 5928 became law in 1980 as a result of the Foreign Service Act of 1980. Pub. L. No. 96-
465, Title II, § 2311(a), 94 Stat. 2166 (“the danger pay statute”). It provides as follows:

       An employee serving in a foreign area may be granted a danger pay allowance on
       the basis of civil insurrection, civil war, terrorism, or wartime conditions which
       threaten physical harm or imminent danger to the health or well-being of the
       employee. A danger pay allowance may not exceed 35 percent of the basic pay of
       the employee, except that if an employee is granted an additional differential
       under section 5925(b) of this title with respect to an assignment, the sum of that
       additional differential and any danger pay allowance granted to the employee with

2
 The Court recently granted plaintiffs leave to file a third amended complaint to add two
additional plaintiffs. See Order Granting Motion to Amend Pleadings, Feb. 25, 2015, ECF No.
67. The substance of the allegations in the third amended complaint is identical to that in the
Second Amended Complaint. Citations to the complaint are to the third amended complaint.
       respect to that assignment may not exceed 35 percent of the basic pay of the
       employee. The presence of nonessential personnel or dependents shall not
       preclude payment of an allowance under this section. In each instance where an
       allowance under this section is initiated or terminated, the Secretary of State shall
       inform the Speaker of the House of Representatives and the Committee on
       Foreign Relations of the Senate of the action taken and the circumstances
       justifying it.

5 U.S.C. § 5928. Section 5922(c) of Title 5 provides that:

       The allowances and differentials authorized by this subchapter [including the
       danger pay allowance] shall be paid under regulations prescribed by the President
       governing—
              (1) payments of the allowances and differentials and the respective rates at
              which the payments are made;
              (2) the foreign areas, the groups of positions, and the categories of
              employees to which the rates apply; and
              (3) other related matters.

Pursuant to Executive Order No. 10903, as amended, the President delegated his authority to
promulgate regulations governing the payment of allowances under section 5928 to the Secretary
of State. Exec. Order No. 10903, 3 C.F.R. § 433 (1959-1963); see also Department of State
Standardized Regulations (DSSR) §§ 011(a), 650. The regulations provide that the “danger pay
allowance prescribed in Chapter 650 may be granted to employees defined in Section 040i.”
DSSR § 031.2. In addition to delineating the relationship between danger pay allowances and
other post differentials, the DSSR prescribes the criteria and procedures that the Secretary of
State will use to determine which posts of duty qualify for danger pay. See DSSR § 654.1.
Thus, according to section 653.1 of the DSSR:

       A danger pay allowance is established by the Secretary of State when, and only
       when, civil insurrection, civil war, terrorism or wartime conditions threaten
       physical harm or imminent danger to the health or well being of a majority of
       employees officially stationed or detailed at a post or country/area in a foreign
       area. To determine whether the situation meets the danger pay criteria, a post
       usually must submit the Danger Pay Factors Form (FS-578) along with pertinent
       supporting information to the Department of State (Office of Allowances) for
       review. The Director of the Office of Allowances will chair a working group
       which will make a recommendation to the Assistant Secretary of State for
       Administration concerning a danger pay designation.

        The regulations specify that the amount of danger pay allowances “shall be at the rates of
5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 or 35 percent, based on the determined level of danger and the
presence of non-essential personnel and dependents at post.” DSSR § 652(f).3 They provide that

3
 A table of approved rates, both historical and current, is posted on the State Department’s
website at http://aoprals.state.gov/Web920/danger_pay_all.asp (last visited Apr. 23, 2015).
                                                3
a “[d]anger pay allowance commences on the date of designation by the Secretary of State for
employees present at the post on assignment or detail, and on the date of arrival at post for
subsequently assigned or detailed employees or for employees returning to post after temporary
absence.” DSSR § 654.1. The allowance “terminates as of the close of business on the day the
designation is removed by the Secretary of State, or the day the employee departs the post for
any reason for a post or country/area not designated for the danger pay allowance.” DSSR §
654.2.

       Section 013 of the DSSR is entitled “Authority of Head of Agency.” It states, in
pertinent part, as follows:

       When authorized by law, the head of an agency may defray official residence
       expenses for, and grant . . . danger pay . . . to an employee of his/her agency and
       require an accounting therefor, subject to the provisions of these regulations and
       the availability of funds. Within the scope of these regulations, the head of an
       agency may issue such further implementing regulations as he/she may deem
       necessary for the guidance of his/her agency with regard to the granting of and
       accounting for these payments.

II.    CBP Policy/Practice Regarding Danger Pay

        According to the government, neither the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) nor
CBP has issued any regulations or policies to implement the danger pay statute. See Smalls
Decl. (Def.’s Mot. App. 2) (DHS Human Resources Specialist stating that “DHS does not
currently have any policies, rules, procedures, or Department regulations regarding the payment
of danger pay differentials to employees of the Department”); McGuirl Decl. (Def.’s Mot. App.
15) (Deputy Executive Director, CBP Human Resources Operations, Programs and Policy,
observing that although CBP’s Office of Human Resources Management has the delegated
authority to develop paysetting policies and to oversee pay administration at CBP, “CBP does
not currently have any agency-wide policies, rules, or procedures regarding the payment of
danger pay differentials to CBP employees” and stating that CBP has had no policies, rules, or
procedures regarding the payment of danger pay since she began employment with CBP in
2011).

       Plaintiffs do not allege that CBP has any formal regulations, directives, or policies
governing entitlement to danger pay. They note, however, that the documents CBP produced in
discovery4 reveal that 551 CBP employees received danger pay in fiscal year 2005 through fiscal
year 2014. See Lipsett Decl. (Pl.’s Resp. Ex. 1); see also id. at Attach. A. Plaintiffs have also
submitted examples of cover letters submitted by CBP supervisors to CBP’s Payroll office,
which formally authorized Danger Pay for certain CBP employees with attached Forms SF-1190,
“Foreign Allowances Application Grant and Report.” Pl.’s Resp. Ex. 1, Attach. D.



4
  By order of May 13, 2014, the Court granted plaintiffs leave to conduct limited discovery
related to any rules, regulations, policies or practices at the Department of Homeland Security or
CBP related to the provision of danger pay. ECF No. 47.
                                                4
        Plaintiffs further claim that a 2011 exchange of letters between Congressman Mario
Diaz-Balart and Michael J. Yeager, CBP’s Assistant Commissioner for Legislative Affairs,
reveals that CBP has had a practice and de facto policy of providing danger pay to all employees
who meet the requirements of the statute and the DSSR. Pl.’s Resp. 1-6. Thus, on March 15,
2011, Cheryl Lise Jacobo, one of the plaintiffs in this case, sent a letter to Representative Diaz-
Balart in which, among other things, she requested that the Congressman inquire as to why
Supply Chain Security Specialists did not receive danger pay for travel to high risk areas.
Jacobo Decl. ¶ 10 (Pl.’s Resp. Ex. 2). Representative Diaz-Balart responded by letter of July 22,
2011, enclosing a July 15, 2011 email from Shannon McCully of CBP’s Office of Congressional
Affairs, which he characterized as “self-explanatory.” Id. at Attach. 3. In that email, Ms.
McCully stated as follows with respect to the inquiry concerning danger pay:

       In her letter Ms. Jacobo suggests SCSS [Supply Chain Security Specialists] be
       entitled to danger pay while in a foreign travel status. Danger pay is determined
       by DOS. Employees are eligible for payment under 5 CFR 550, Subpart I—Pay
       for Duty Involving Physical Hardship or Hazard and 5 U.S.C. 5928—Danger Pay
       Allowance. Employees need to meet the requirements under these authorities to
       receive payment. CBP pays all employees who meet these regulations
       accordingly.

        Ms. Jacobo wrote a follow-up letter to Representative Diaz Balart, dated August 12,
2011, which addressed matters other than danger pay. Jacobo Decl. ¶ 12. Representative Diaz-
Balart responded by letter of November 21, 2011. Id. at Attach. 4. On this occasion, he enclosed
a copy of a November 18, 2011 letter signed by Michael J. Yeager, Assistant Commissioner,
CBP Office of Congressional Affairs. Id. The Letter contains the same paragraph regarding
entitlement to danger pay that was contained in Ms. McCully’s email, with the addition of a final
sentence advising that “[Ms. Jacobo’s] field office may submit the appropriate paperwork (SF
1190) to CBP’s Office of Administration’s Payroll Division, who will process the payment.” Id.

        Plaintiffs have also submitted an earlier draft of the letter from Assistant Commissioner
Yeager to the Congressman, reflecting the input of employees within CBP’s Office of
Administration and its Human Management Resources office. See Lipsett Decl. Attach. B. The
draft includes two comment boxes associated with the paragraph in the letter addressing danger
pay. Id. The first comment box bears the initials “SMc” (which the Court takes to be Ms.
McCully) and states, in pertinent part: “Can OA and/or HRM address the following: Why SCSS
are not eligible for hazardous/danger pay? If they are eligible, will they receive backpay?” Id.
The response, prepared by “PEM” (apparently Erick Perez, also of the Office of Congressional
Affairs) states that “OA suggests” the use of the following language:

       In her letter Ms. Jacobo submits that SCSS [Supply Chain Security Specialists]
       should be entitled to danger pay while in a foreign travel status. This is
       determined by the Department of State and if that office finds she is eligible, her
       field office should submit the appropriate paperwork (SF 1190) to CBP Payroll,
       who will process the payment.

Id.


                                                 5
         Plaintiffs have also submitted a July 14, 2011 email from Laura H. Roberts, Management
and Program Analyst, Office of Human Resources Management, to Erick Perez, which
apparently served as the basis of Mr. Perez’ commentary on the early draft of the Yeager letter.
Lipsett Decl. Attach. C. Ms. Roberts states, with respect to danger pay, that “Employees are
eligible for payment under 5 CFR 550, Subpart I—Pay for Duty Involving Physical Hardship or
Hazard and 5 U.S.C. 5928—Danger Pay Allowance, employees need to meet the requirements
under these authorities to receive payment. CBP pays all employees who meet these regulations
accordingly.” Id. Ms. Roberts’ email further states that “[i]n accordance with the Back pay
regulation 5 CFR 550, Subpart H—Back Pay, employees are eligible for back pay accordingly.
If the [sic] meets the requirements for Hazardous Duty Pay and Danger Pay further research
information is need [sic] to research into this matter.” Id.

        Finally, plaintiffs have submitted a May 8, 2014 email from Sonja Rodgers-Reed, of
CBP’s Office of Human Resources Management, HR Operations, Programs and Policy, Staffing
Policy and Compensation. That email responds to an inquiry originally posed in March 2014 by
Michael Ginn, Director, Customs-Trade Partnership Against Terrorism, Miami Field Office.
Lipsett Decl. Attach. G. Director Ginn inquired as to the existence of a CBP policy for
approving and processing danger pay when an employee requests such pay. Id. at Attach. F.
Ms. Rodgers-Reed’s response (which she indicated she needed to verify with the Department of
State) explained that “[d]anger pay is administered by the Department of State.” Id. at Attach. H.
She described the basic purposes of the danger pay allowance, and restated the statutory and
regulatory requirements placing a thirty-five percent ceiling on the amount of the allowance, and
mandating that the foreign area must be an approved overseas location by the Department of
State. Id. She also advised that a current listing of approved areas could be found on the State
Department’s website. Id. Ms. Rodgers-Reed states that “CBP does not currently have a policy
in place for Danger Pay, as it is administered by the Department of State.” Id. She explained
that “the process for initiating payment of danger pay” required that the employee complete an
SF-1190, which would be authorized by their supervisor on the Form, followed by an entry of
the “appropriate transaction codes [by the timekeeper] for the employee to be paid.” Id.

                                           DISCUSSION

I.     Legal Standards

         In deciding a motion to dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction, the court accepts as
true all undisputed facts in the pleadings and draws all reasonable inferences in favor of the
plaintiff. Trusted Integration v. United States, 659 F.3d 1159, 1163 (Fed. Cir. 2011). The court
may “inquire into jurisdictional facts” to determine whether it has jurisdiction. Rocovich v.
United States, 933 F.2d 991, 993 (Fed. Cir. 1991). The plaintiff bears the burden of establishing
subject matter jurisdiction by a preponderance of the evidence. Brandt v. United States, 710
F.3d 1369, 1373 (Fed. Cir. 2013).

        In this case, plaintiffs contend that the Tucker Act supplies the Court with subject matter
jurisdiction over Count II of their complaint, claiming violations of the danger pay statute. The
Tucker Act affords this Court jurisdiction to hear “any claim against the United States founded
either upon the Constitution, or any Act of Congress or any regulation of an executive


                                                  6
department, or upon any express or implied contract with the United States, or for liquidated or
unliquidated damages in cases not sounding in tort.” 28 U.S.C. § 1491(a)(1) (2012).

        The Tucker Act waives the sovereign immunity of the United States to allow a suit for
money damages (United States v. Mitchell, 463 U.S. 206, 215 (1983)), but it does not confer any
substantive rights. United States v. Testan, 424 U.S. 392, 398 (1976). Therefore, a plaintiff
seeking to invoke the court’s Tucker Act jurisdiction must identify an independent source of a
substantive right to money damages from the United States arising out of a contract, statute,
regulation or constitutional provision. Jan’s Helicopter Serv., Inc. v. Fed. Aviation Admin., 525
F.3d 1299, 1306 (Fed. Cir. 2008).

        In order to base Tucker Act jurisdiction on the violation of statutes and/or regulations,
those statutes and regulations “must be such that they ‘can fairly be interpreted as mandating
compensation by the Federal Government for the damage sustained.’” Roberts v. United States,
745 F.3d 1158, 1162 (Fed. Cir. 2014) (quoting United States v. White Mountain Apache Tribe,
537 U.S. 465, 472 (2003)). In that regard, “[i]t is enough ‘that a statute creating a Tucker Act
right be reasonably amenable to the reading that it mandates a right of recovery in damages.’”
Id. (quoting White Mountain Apache Tribe, 537 U.S. at 473).

II.    Application of Standards

         In this case, plaintiffs argue that “the CBP policy and practice of paying danger pay to
employees, the relevant statutory provisions of 5 U.S.C. §§ 5921-5928, their legislative history,
and the provisions of the DSSR, all serve to establish 5 U.S.C. § 5928 to be money-mandating.”
Pl.’s Resp. 6. This argument, however, cannot be reconciled with the language of the danger pay
statute, its implementing regulations, or the case law.

        First, plaintiffs’ argument that the danger pay statute gives rise to a substantive right to
money damages is contrary to the relevant statutory language. The statute provides that “[a]n
employee serving in a foreign area may be granted a danger pay allowance on the basis of civil
insurrection, civil war, terrorism, or wartime conditions which threaten physical harm or
imminent danger to the health or well-being of the employee.” 5 U.S.C. § 5928 (emphasis
added). Thus, the language of section 5928 is permissive in nature. Similarly, 5 U.S.C. §
5922(a), which governs all overseas differentials and allowances (including danger pay) also
uses the word “may” rather than “shall” and is couched in terms of a grant of authority to
agencies, rather than the establishment of an entitlement on the part of employees. It states that
“allowances and differentials authorized by this subchapter may be granted to an employee . . .”)
(emphasis added). As the court of appeals has observed, when Congress uses the word “may” in
a statute, “we should use common sense and presume that the word conveys some degree of
discretion.” McBryde v. United States, 299 F.3d 1357, 1362 (Fed. Cir. 2002).

        While the use of the term “may” in a pay statute gives rise to a presumption that the
statute is not money-mandating, the presumption “may be rebutted by the ‘intent of Congress
and other inferences that we may rationally draw from the structure and purpose of the statute at
hand.’” Roberts, 745 F.3d at 1163 (quoting McBryde, 299 F.3d at 1362). To that end, the court
of appeals has applied an analytical approach that focuses on three characteristics that may


                                                 7
indicate that, notwithstanding the use of “may,” a statute may be treated as money mandating, at
least for some purposes. It has looked to whether a statute (1) provides clear standards for
paying an award, (2) states a precise amount to be paid, or (3) compels payment once certain
conditions precedent are met. Roberts, 745 F.3d at 1163 (citing Perri v. United States, 340 F.3d
1337, 1343 (Fed. Cir. 2003)); see also Samish Indian Nation v. United States, 419 F.3d 1355,
1364-65 (Fed. Cir. 2005); Doe v. United States, 100 F.3d 1576, 1582 (Fed. Cir. 1996).

        Section 5928 does not have any of these attributes. It does not establish clear standards
(or any standards for that matter) for deciding when employees face a sufficient threat of harm or
danger to justify an award of danger pay. It does not state a precise amount to be paid to
employees who work in danger zones; rather it merely provides a ceiling of thirty-five percent of
basic pay. And it does not compel payment of danger pay when some condition precedent is
met. Cf. Doe v. United States, 463 F.3d 1314, 1325 (Fed. Cir. 2006) (holding that 5 U.S.C. §
5545(c)(2), authorizing premium pay for administratively uncontrollable overtime, is a money
mandating statute notwithstanding the use of the word “may,” because the statute provides that
once an agency determines that a particular position is entitled to AUO pay, the employee “shall”
receive premium pay under the statute).5

        Further, as the court of appeals observed in Roberts, 745 F.3d at 1164, “[o]ne relevant
principle drawn from the cases is that a statute (or regulation) providing that money ‘may’ be
paid is not money-mandating if the statute or regulation only authorizes but does not require the
payment of money to the class of which the plaintiff claims to be a member, and contemplates
that further implementing regulations will be issued defining the circumstances in which money
will be paid.” That is precisely the case here. See 5 U.S.C. § 5922(c) (providing that “[t]he
allowances and differentials authorized by this subchapter shall be paid under regulations
prescribed by the President governing: (1) payments of the allowances and differentials and the
respective rates at which the payments are made; (2) the foreign areas, the groups of positions,

5
  Plaintiffs argue that 5 U.S.C. § 5922(b) refers to an employee’s “right of recovery” of danger
pay, which right can only be denied if an agency explicitly waives it. Pl.’s Resp. at 9-10, 12.
But plaintiffs have misconstrued this provision; the “right of recovery” to which the statute refers
belongs to the agency, not the employee, and the right at issue refers to the agency’s right to
recover overpayments, not an employee’s right to receive danger pay. Thus, section 5922(b)
states that an agency may pay an allowance to an employee in advance “in such sums as are
considered advisable in consideration of the need and the period of time during which
expenditures must be made in advance by the employee.” It further states that “[a]n advance of
funds not subsequently covered by allowances accrued to the employee under this subchapter is
recoverable by the Government by” either a “setoff against accrued pay, compensation, amount
of retirement credit, or other amount due the employee from the Government” or “such other
method as is provided by law for the recovery of amounts owing to the Government.” Finally,
the section contains a provision that allows the agency, “under regulations of the President,” to
“waive in whole or in part a right of recovery under this subsection, if it is shown that the
recovery would be against equity and good conscience or against the public interest.” Again, as
is readily apparent, the “right of recovery” to which this waiver provision refers is the agency’s
right to recover advances made in error, not any “right” on the part of an employee to receive
danger pay.
                                                 8
and the categories of employees to which the rates apply; and (3) other related matters”). It is
the DSSR, and not the statute, that specifies the criteria for determining whether a particular post
of duty presents a threat of harm that brings it within the statute, that specifies the percentage of
a pay premium that attaches to particular posts of duty, and that defines which employees are
eligible for danger pay. See DSSR § 650.

        Notwithstanding the foregoing, plaintiffs contend that affording agencies discretion to not
provide danger pay to employees conflicts with the purposes of the statute, as reflected in the
preamble to the original Overseas Differential and Allowances Act of 1960, Pub. L. No. 86-707,
74 Stat. 792, and its legislative history. Pl.’s Resp. 6-11. Specifically, plaintiffs cite the
following passage (captioned “Purpose”) from Senate Report No. 86-1647 (June 22, 1960),
reporting on the bill (H.R. 7758) which first established the authority to provide overseas
differentials and allowances:

       The purpose of this bill is to improve and strengthen Government oversea
       activities by establishing a uniform system for compensating all Government
       employees in oversea posts irrespective of the agency by which they are
       employed. The bill would provide uniformity of treatment for all oversea
       employees to the extent justified by relative conditions of employment. Current
       applicable laws do not provide this uniformity. They authorize benefits for the
       employees of certain agencies, while the employees of other agencies are denied
       them because of the lack of statutory authority, even though the conditions of
       employment of the two groups are substantially the same.

According to plaintiffs, the government’s argument that danger pay was intended to be
discretionary is in “direct conflict” with the statutory purpose, which they claim was to
“achiev[e] equality, comprehensive coverage and entitlement to danger pay among all federal
employees and agencies engaged in certain overseas posts.” Pl.’s Resp. at 8.

        This argument is unpersuasive. First, the passage cited does not state that all government
employees in oversea posts will receive danger pay; it states that all government employees will
be subject to a “uniform system” and that no employees would be denied such pay because of an
agency’s “lack of statutory authority.” The statutory purposes of establishing a “uniform
system” for compensating Government employees who hold overseas posts is accomplished by
providing all federal agencies, and not just those governed by the Foreign Service Act or other
scattered pieces of legislation, with a common statutory authority (and set of rules) for exercising
their discretion to grant overseas differentials and allowances. See S. Rep. No. 86-1647, at 1-2
(observing that the bill would “clarify and consolidate existing law” and “make H.R. 7758 all-
inclusive in the field of oversea differential and allowance payments.”). Indeed, the Report itself
speaks in terms of grants of “authority” to provide the differentials and allowances, and not in
terms of entitlements to such. Id. at 10.

       Plaintiffs also rely upon language in the 1980 House and Senate Reports that
accompanied the Foreign Service Act of 1980, the law that established agency authority to
provide danger pay. They argue that this language “demonstrat[es] a congressional mandate that
danger pay ‘will be granted during the period when the threat of physical harm or imminent


                                                  9
danger to health or well-being exists.’” Pl.’s Resp. at 11 (quoting H.R. Rep. No. 96-992, Pt. 1, at
111) (emphasis in plaintiffs’ brief). But plaintiffs’ reliance upon this sentence wrenched out of
its context is misplaced. In particular, it ignores that the preamble of the Report explicitly states
that while amendments to Title 5, including the provision of danger pay, were “necessary and
desirable in the interest of improving Foreign Service morale and easing the burdens of Foreign
Service life,” the “authorities are discretionary in nature and are not to be construed as creating
new entitlements.” H.R. Rep. No. 96-992, Pt. 1, at 107.

         Nor do the provisions of the DSSR governing danger pay transform such pay into a
mandatory entitlement. The DSSR, like the statute itself, uses the word “may” and refers to
agency “authority” rather than employee rights when discussing danger pay. In fact, it specifies
that an agency head may consider the availability of agency funds when deciding whether or not
to grant danger pay, an authority clearly inconsistent with the notion that the DSSR mandates
that danger pay allowances be provided to all eligible government employees. See DSSR § 013
(“When authorized by law, the head of an agency may . . . grant . . . danger pay allowance . . . to
an employee of his/her agency and require an accounting therefor, subject to the provisions of
these regulations and the availability of funds”); DSSR § 031.2. (stating that “danger pay
allowance prescribed in Chapter 650 . . . may be granted to employees defined in Section 040i”).
In fact, the DSSR specifically contemplates that agency heads may decide not to grant danger
pay allowances that are authorized by the DSSR, stating that “[w]ithin the scope of these
regulations, the head of an agency may issue such further implementing regulations as he/she
may deem necessary for the guidance of his/her agency with regard to the granting of and
accounting for these payments.” DSSR § 013. See Roberts, 745 F.3d at 1165 (holding that
DSSR provisions concerning living quarters allowances “are only money-authorizing and are not
money-mandating” because section 013 contemplates that agencies may promulgate further
regulations as he or she deems appropriate with regard to the granting of allowances).

        Plaintiffs’ claim that pursuant to the DSSR, “danger pay is money mandated unless
waived by an agency” also finds no support in the language of the regulations. See Pl.’s Resp.
11-21. The DSSR nowhere requires an agency to provide danger pay. Rather, as described
above, the DSSR sets forth a framework and rules governing danger pay allowances which
govern when an agency exercises its discretion to provide such allowances to its employees. As
the court of appeals noted when addressing a similar issue in Roberts, the statute and the DSSR
“standing alone, are not money mandating” and “could only become money mandating if further
regulations were implemented requiring payment.” 745 F.3d at 1164.

         Here, plaintiffs have failed to establish the existence of agency regulations or a formal
agency policy by which all employees eligible to receive danger pay allowances under the DSSR
must be provided such allowances. At best, the evidence plaintiffs submit show that CBP has
had a practice of providing such pay to employees, in at least some cases, upon the request of
their supervisors through the submission of the Standard Form 1190. But plaintiffs have not
identified any agency-wide policy or directive that requires supervisors to request such
allowances for employees who meet the State Department’s eligibility criteria. The Court agrees
with the government that emails by lower level personnel expressing their understanding that the
payroll office would grant all supervisory requests for danger pay that fit within the DSSR, or a
letter to a Member of Congress reciting that practice, are not equivalent to formal agency rules


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and regulations or written directives and instructions that are binding and therefore serve as a
“source of substantive law that creates the right to money damages.” Mitchell, 463 U.S. at 216.
Cf. Roberts, 745 F.3d at 1166-67 (holding that Department of Defense Directive and Naval
Instruction implementing statute and DSSR provisions governing living quarters allowances
provided money-mandating source of law upon which Tucker Act jurisdiction could be based).

                                          CONCLUSION

        The government’s partial motion to dismiss is GRANTED and Count II of plaintiffs’
third amended complaint is DISMISSED without prejudice.

       The parties shall file a joint status report within 30 days of the date of this Order,
proposing a schedule for further proceedings in this case.

       IT IS SO ORDERED.

                                                       s/Elaine D. Kaplan
                                                       ELAINE D. KAPLAN
                                                       Judge, U.S. Court of Federal Claims




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