MEMORANDUM DECISION
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D),
this Memorandum Decision shall not be                                         FILED
regarded as precedent or cited before any                              Jul 03 2019, 6:39 am
court except for the purpose of establishing                                  CLERK
the defense of res judicata, collateral                                 Indiana Supreme Court
                                                                           Court of Appeals
estoppel, or the law of the case.                                            and Tax Court




ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT                                    ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Isabella H. Bravo                                         Curtis T. Hill, Jr.
Monroe County Public Defender                             Attorney General of Indiana
Bloomington, Indiana
                                                          David E. Corey
                                                          Deputy Attorney General
                                                          Indianapolis, Indiana



                                            IN THE
    COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

In the Termination of the Parent-                         July 3, 2019
Child Relationship of:                                    Court of Appeals Case No.
                                                          19A-JT-175
T.L. and D.A. (Minor Children),
                                                          Appeal from the Monroe Circuit
and                                                       Court
A.L. (Mother),                                            The Honorable Stephen R.
Appellant-Respondent,                                     Heimann, Senior Judge
                                                          Trial Court Cause Nos.
        v.                                                53C06-1805-JT-366
                                                          53C06-1805-JT-367
The Indiana Department of
Child Services,
Appellee-Petitioner



Baker, Judge.

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-JT-175 | July 3, 2019                     Page 1 of 12
[1]   A.L. (Mother) appeals the trial court’s order terminating the parent-child

      relationship between Mother and her two children, T.L. and D.A. (the

      Children). Mother argues that the evidence is insufficient to support the

      termination order. Finding the evidence sufficient, we affirm.


                                                         Facts
[2]   D.A. was born in October 2004 and T.L. was born in November 2005. 1 On

      July 8, 2016, Mother took a drug screen that was positive for

      methamphetamine, heroin, and morphine. As a result of that screen, the

      Department of Child Services (DCS) filed a petition alleging that the Children

      were children in need of services (CHINS). On July 19, 2016, Mother tested

      positive for morphine; on July 23, 2016, she admitted that she uses heroin daily

      and needed help to obtain treatment for her addiction; and on July 27, 2016,

      she tested positive for methamphetamine, heroin, and morphine. On July 29,

      2016, DCS removed the Children from Mother’s care and custody. In August

      2016, Mother tested positive for methamphetamine and morphine.


[3]   Mother failed to appear at the October 27, 2016, CHINS factfinding hearing. 2

      Following that hearing, the trial court found that the children were CHINS.

      Mother again failed to appear at her December 5, 2016, dispositional hearing.




      1
        The Children’s father voluntarily consented to the termination of his parental rights and is not a party to
      this appeal.
      2
       Mother did not appear at any hearings in the CHINS case until October 3, 2017. She blamed her failures to
      appear on the fact that she was homeless, unemployed, depressed, and intermittently incarcerated.

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-JT-175 | July 3, 2019                         Page 2 of 12
      Following that hearing, the trial court ordered her to participate in the following

      services: complete a substance abuse assessment and comply with any

      recommendations; random drug screens; home-based case management;3 visits

      with the Children; and stay in regular contact with DCS.


[4]   In January 2017, Mother sought inpatient treatment but was placed on a

      waiting list. That same month, she was arrested for possession of cocaine. In

      March 2017, she was arrested for a new charge of possession of cocaine. In

      June 2017, there was a warrant for her arrest on a probation violation.


[5]   Mother stopped providing random drug screens after the positive screen in

      August 2016. The next screens occurred in July 2017, when she tested positive

      four times for methamphetamine, heroin, and morphine.


[6]   DCS located Mother in the Marion County Jail in August 2017. During her

      intermittent periods of incarceration, Mother attended some classes in a handful

      of programs. Her DCS case manager went to visit her at the jail upon learning

      she was there; Mother reported that she needed substance abuse treatment and

      that her mental health was “very poor.” Tr. Vol. II p. 90.


[7]   By February 2017, Mother had not seen the Children since September 2016.

      When she did attend visits, “there were concerns about [her] lack of

      involvement[.]” Appealed Order p. 3. She visited with the children once in




      3
       Mother has participated sporadically with home-based case management but has failed to be consistent.
      She has never successfully completed that service.

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-JT-175 | July 3, 2019                   Page 3 of 12
       February and once in April 2017. The “limited contact has been very hurtful to

       the children.” Id.


[8]    As of October 2017, Mother was homeless and unemployed. She had not

       visited with the children since April 2017. She participated in a substance abuse

       assessment in October 2017 but failed to participate with the recommended

       recovery coaching program.4 She advised DCS that she intended to enroll in an

       inpatient program and that she did not need transportation assistance. Mother

       never provided verification that she, in fact, completed an inpatient program,

       and failed to sign a release of information so that DCS could obtain the

       information for itself. Because Mother was homeless, she could not provide an

       address for drug screens.5 Her case manager offered to drive to Indianapolis

       from Bloomington to conduct the drug screens, but Mother declined.


[9]    In December 2017, Mother reported to DCS that she had been arrested, that

       she had relapsed, and that she had attempted suicide. In January 2018, Mother

       claimed that she had found employment and housing and would begin

       attending recovery services, drug testing, and visits with the Children.


[10]   On January 3 and February 7, 2018, Mother tested positive for

       methamphetamine. She attended a visit with the Children on February 7 and




       4
         Mother claimed that she instead chose to use a 1-800 phone number called the “WARM Line,” for addicts
       in recovery. The trial court noted that the WARM Line offers no accountability or reporting.
       5
         DCS was attempting to help Mother by providing a service that would come to her to conduct the drug
       screens rather than requiring her to find transportation to go to a drug screening center.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-JT-175 | July 3, 2019                   Page 4 of 12
       one of the Children and their grandmother informed DCS that Mother was

       impaired. At an April 10, 2018, hearing, DCS reported that Mother had been

       incarcerated from February 15-22 on a warrant for a failure to appear for

       hearings in a criminal case; another warrant was issued on March 14, and at the

       time of the hearing, Mother’s whereabouts were unknown.


[11]   At a July 17, 2018, hearing in the CHINS case, it was reported that Mother had

       recently been released from incarceration after admitting to illegal possession of

       a syringe. She was sentenced to 365 days of house arrest. Mother was arrested

       again in August 2018 for removing and breaking her ankle monitor.


[12]   Throughout the CHINS case, DCS case managers attempted to stay in contact

       with Mother but struggled to do so. Intermittently incarcerated and homeless

       with no active phone number and making few efforts to contact DCS when able

       to do so (for instance, during periods of incarceration), Mother did not make a

       sustained effort to stay in touch with DCS. Mother claimed that she asked

       DCS for assistance in procuring a cell phone, but such assistance occurs

       through home-based case management, which was a service with which she

       failed to participate. When Mother did have a cell phone, she was still

       inconsistent with communication with DCS, and when she did not, she was

       able to stay in regular contact with family members but not with DCS. Tr. Vol.

       II p. 98-99.


[13]   On May 10, 2018, DCS filed a petition to terminate the parent-child

       relationship between Mother and the Children. The termination factfinding


       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-JT-175 | July 3, 2019   Page 5 of 12
       hearing took place on September 13, October 11, and November 29, 2018. At

       the time of the hearing dates, Mother had not seen the Children since the

       February 7, 2018, visit when she was under the influence.


[14]   Among other things, Mother testified that she needed the Children to stay

       sober: “. . . I needed my kids in order to stay sober. If I don’t have my kids,

       then . . . I’m probably not going to stay sober.” Id. at 23. She also claimed that

       at some point in the past, she had sustained a traumatic brain injury (TBI) after

       being shot in the head, but offered no medical evidence regarding that condition

       or proof beyond her own self-serving testimony that it had occurred.


[15]   The Children’s court appointed special advocate (CASA) testified that T.L.

       wanted no contact with Mother and that both Children were ready to be

       adopted. D.A. has multiple diagnoses, including post-traumatic stress disorder

       and depressive disorder, and has exhibited some cutting behavior; he has a

       therapist and a life coach and his needs are being met. The Children are placed

       in different homes but have continued to visit with each other twice a month

       and are not concerned about being placed in different homes. The CASA and

       DCS case manager testified that in their respective opinions, termination is in

       the Children’s best interests.


[16]   On December 20, 2018, the trial court entered its order granting the termination

       petition. At the outset of its order, the trial court emphasized that “[o]ne of the

       most important duties of a trial court is to determine the credibility of witnesses.




       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-JT-175 | July 3, 2019   Page 6 of 12
       The Court finds that Mother lacks credibility.” Appealed Order p. 1 (emphasis

       omitted). Mother now appeals.


                                       I. Standard of Review
[17]   Our standard of review with respect to termination of parental rights

       proceedings is well established. In considering whether termination was

       appropriate, we neither reweigh the evidence nor assess witness credibility.

       K.T.K. v. Ind. Dep’t of Child Servs., 989 N.E.2d 1225, 1229 (Ind. 2013). We will

       consider only the evidence and reasonable inferences that may be drawn

       therefrom in support of the judgment, giving due regard to the trial court’s

       opportunity to judge witness credibility firsthand. Id. Where, as here, the trial

       court entered findings of fact and conclusions of law, we will not set aside the

       findings or judgment unless clearly erroneous. Id. In making that

       determination, we must consider whether the evidence clearly and convincingly

       supports the findings, and the findings clearly and convincingly support the

       judgment. Id. at 1229-30. It is “sufficient to show by clear and convincing

       evidence that the child’s emotional and physical development are threatened by

       the respondent parent’s custody.” Bester v. Lake Cty. Office of Family & Children,

       839 N.E.2d 143, 148 (Ind. 2005).


[18]   Indiana Code section 31-35-2-4(b)(2) requires that a petition to terminate

       parental rights for a CHINS must make the following allegations:


               (A)      that one (1) of the following is true:



       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-JT-175 | July 3, 2019   Page 7 of 12
                 (i)      The child has been removed from the parent for at
                          least six (6) months under a dispositional decree.


                 (ii)     A court has entered a finding under IC 31-34-21-5.6
                          that reasonable efforts for family preservation or
                          reunification are not required, including a
                          description of the court’s finding, the date of the
                          finding, and the manner in which the finding was
                          made.


                 (iii)    The child has been removed from the parent and
                          has been under the supervision of a local office or
                          probation department for at least fifteen (15) months
                          of the most recent twenty-two (22) months,
                          beginning with the date the child is removed from
                          the home as a result of the child being alleged to be
                          a child in need of services or a delinquent child;


        (B)      that one (1) of the following is true:


                 (i)      There is a reasonable probability that the conditions
                          that resulted in the child’s removal or the reasons
                          for placement outside the home of the parents will
                          not be remedied.


                 (ii)     There is a reasonable probability that the
                          continuation of the parent-child relationship poses a
                          threat to the well-being of the child.


                 (iii)    The child has, on two (2) separate occasions, been
                          adjudicated a child in need of services;


        (C)      that termination is in the best interests of the child; and


Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-JT-175 | July 3, 2019    Page 8 of 12
               (D)      that there is a satisfactory plan for the care and treatment
                        of the child.


       DCS must prove the alleged circumstances by clear and convincing evidence.

       K.T.K., 989 N.E.2d at 1230.


                                              II. Sufficiency
                                    A. Reasons for Removal
[19]   Mother first argues that the trial court erred by finding that DCS proved by

       clear and convincing evidence that there is a reasonable probability that the

       conditions that resulted in the Children’s removal will not be remedied. The

       reason the Children were originally removed from Mother’s care and custody

       was substance abuse.


[20]   While Mother has had occasional periods of sobriety throughout this case,

       primarily during times in which she was incarcerated, she has never

       demonstrated an ability to remain sober for a consistent and sustained period.

       Moreover, she has never demonstrated a willingness to participate in any

       services designed to help her attain and maintain sobriety.


[21]   While Mother was required to participate with random drug screens in the

       CHINS case, she had frequent, lengthy periods where she provided no screens

       at all. And when she did provide screens, they were often positive for multiple

       illegal substances. She was homeless for a period of time and therefore unable

       to provide an address at which the screens would occur, but she refused the

       DCS case manager’s offer to drive to Indianapolis to provide the screens.
       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-JT-175 | July 3, 2019     Page 9 of 12
[22]   Mother never participated consistently with substance abuse treatment.

       Approximately one year into the CHINS case, Mother finally completed a

       substance abuse assessment, but she failed to follow through with the

       recommended services. She indicated an intent to complete inpatient treatment

       but DCS was unable to verify that she actually attended. She failed to sign a

       release of information so that DCS could obtain that information.


[23]   In addition to substance abuse, the Children continued to be removed from

       Mother’s care and custody because of general concerns about the stability of her

       life. And indeed, throughout the CHINS case, Mother was intermittently

       incarcerated, homeless, and unemployed. In the months leading up to the

       termination hearing, she was on house arrest after admitting to possessing an

       illegal syringe; then, she was arrested after removing and breaking her ankle

       monitor. She was still incarcerated during the termination hearing.


[24]   Mother directs our attention to some of her testimony showing that she tried to

       participate in various services and attempting to explain her instability, but as

       noted above, the trial court did not find her to be a credible witness, and we

       may not second-guess that determination. Moreover, these arguments merely

       amount to a request that we reweigh the evidence, which we may not do.

       There is sufficient evidence in the record supporting the trial court’s conclusion

       that DCS proved by clear and convincing evidence that there is a reasonable




       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-JT-175 | July 3, 2019   Page 10 of 12
       probability that the conditions that resulted in the Children’s removal will not

       be remedied.6


[25]   Mother argues that part of the reason for her lack of success was that DCS

       failed to provide her with services that were “tailored to [her] functional

       limitations.” Appellant’s Br. p. 23. Assuming for argument’s sake that DCS is

       required to do so, we note that the only evidence in the record that Mother had

       sustained a TBI in the past is her own self-serving testimony, which the trial

       court explicitly found to be not credible. Furthermore, there is no evidence

       regarding what it means to have a TBI; what Mother’s alleged “functional

       limitations” are; or what kind of services she needed given those limitations.

       Under these circumstances, we decline to find error on this basis.


                                              B. Best Interests
[26]   Mother also argues that the trial court erred by finding that DCS proved by

       clear and convincing evidence that termination is not in the Children’s best

       interests. A parent’s “historical inability to provide a suitable environment

       along with the parent’s current inability to do the same supports a finding that

       termination of parental rights is in the best interests of the children.” Lang v.




       6
         Because we find that this element was proved by clear and convincing evidence, we need not consider
       Mother’s argument that the trial court erred by finding that continuation of the parent-child relationship
       posed a threat to the Children’s well-being. We note, however, that the same evidence supporting a
       conclusion that the reasons for removal are not likely to be remedied would likewise support a conclusion
       that continuation of the parent-child relationship posed a threat to the Children’s well-being.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-JT-175 | July 3, 2019                     Page 11 of 12
       Starke Cty. Office of Family and Children, 861 N.E.2d 366, 373 (Ind. Ct. App.

       2007).


[27]   Throughout the CHINS proceedings, Mother has been unable to remain sober

       or free from incarceration. She failed to participate consistently with a single

       service offered by DCS. She failed to visit consistently with the Children when

       not incarcerated. The lack of consistent contact was hurtful to the Children.

       Also hurtful to the Children is Mother’s belief that she cannot maintain sobriety

       if they are not in her care. Now, the Children are both teenagers and they wish

       to be adopted, with T.L. insisting that she no longer wants any relationship or

       contact with Mother. Their CASA and the DCS case manager testified that, in

       their respective opinions, termination is in the Children’s best interests. Given

       this evidence, we conclude that the trial court did not err by finding that DCS

       proved by clear and convincing evidence that termination is in the Children’s

       best interests.


[28]   The judgment of the trial court is affirmed.


       Najam, J., and Robb, J., concur.




       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-JT-175 | July 3, 2019   Page 12 of 12
