                                                         FILED
                                                          MAY 30 2014
 1                        NO FO PUBL A IO
                            T R     IC T N            SUSAN M. SPRAUL, CLERK
                                                        U.S. BKCY. APP. PANEL
                                                        OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT
 2
 3                  UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY APPELLATE PANEL
 4                            OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT
 5
     In re:                        )     BAP No.     CC-13-1319-KiLaPa
 6                                 )
     NEW MEATCO PROVISIONS, LLC,   )     Bk. No.     2:13-22155-PC
 7   d/b/a KING SEAFOOD,           )
                                   )
 8                  Debtor.        )
                                   )
 9                                 )
     BOYLE AVENUE PROPERTIES,      )
10                                 )
                    Appellant,     )
11                                 )
     v.                            )     M E M O R A N D U M1
12                                 )
     NEW MEATCO PROVISIONS, LLC    )
13   d/b/a KING SEAFOOD; OFFICIAL )
     COMMITTEE OF UNSECURED        )
14   CREDITORS,                    )
                                   )
15                  Appellees.     )
     ______________________________)
16
                     Argued and Submitted on May 15, 2014,
17                           at Pasadena, California
18                            Filed - May 30, 2014
19             Appeal from the United States Bankruptcy Court
                   for the Central District of California
20
       Honorable Peter H. Carroll, Chief Bankruptcy Judge, Presiding
21
22   Appearances:    J. Scott Bovitz, Esq. of Bovitz & Spitzer argued
                     for appellant, Boyle Avenue Properties; Mette
23                   Hedegaard Kurth, Esq. of Arent Fox LLP argued for
                     appellee, New Meatco Provisions, LLC.
24
25
26
          1
            This disposition is not appropriate for publication.
27   Although it may be cited for whatever persuasive value it may have
     (see Fed. R. App. P. 32.1), it has no precedential value. See 9th
28   Cir. BAP Rule 8013-1.
 1   Before: KIRSCHER, LATHAM2 and PAPPAS, Bankruptcy Judges.
 2        Appellant Boyle Avenue Properties ("Boyle"), former landlord
 3   of chapter 113 debtor New Meatco Provisions, LLC, d/b/a King
 4   Seafood ("New Meatco"), appeals an order approving New Meatco's
 5   motion to reject retroactively its unexpired nonresidential lease
 6   with Boyle.   We AFFIRM.
 7             I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY4
 8   A.   Prepetition events
 9        New Meatco is an importer and distributor of beef, poultry,
10   pork and seafood in Southern and Central California.   Prior to
11   bankruptcy, New Meatco conducted business at two leased facilities
12   in Los Angeles.
13        On June 1, 2004, Boyle leased a 76,000 square foot industrial
14
          2
15          Hon. Christopher Latham, Bankruptcy Judge for the Southern
     District of California, sitting by designation.
16
          3
            Unless specified otherwise, all chapter, code and rule
17   references are to the Bankruptcy Code, 11 U.S.C. §§ 101-1532, and
     the Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure, Rules 1001-9037.
18
          4
            New Meatco contends that Boyle's opening brief asserts "a
19   myriad of new factual allegations" that were never presented to
     the bankruptcy court, namely citations to a proof of claim Boyle
20   filed nearly two months after entry of the order on appeal. The
     proof of claim submitted with Boyle's excerpts of record contains
21   copies of the lease at issue and the sublease involving New
     Meatco's sublessee. It is undisputed that copies of these
22   documents were not before the bankruptcy court when it rendered
     its decision, and New Meatco asks that we disregard these new
23   factual allegations on that basis. See Oyama v. Sheehan
     (In re Sheehan), 253 F.3d 507, 512 n.5 (9th Cir. 2001)("[E]vidence
24   that was not before the lower court will not generally be
     considered on appeal."). However, since the leases existed at the
25   time of the hearing, were referenced in the parties' pleadings and
     were not disputed, we will consider the proof of claim to the
26   extent of the lease exhibits only. As to the other new factual
     allegations New Meatco disputes, we consider much of Boyle's
27   contentions to be argument as opposed to "new facts." However, to
     the extent any contentions are new factual allegations which New
28   Meatco disputes, we have disregarded them.

                                    -2-
 1   building to New Meatco's predecessor, Meatco Provisions, Inc.,
 2   located on Boyle Avenue (the "Boyle location"), which is the lease
 3   at issue in this appeal.   In April 2011, the lease was assigned to
 4   debtor New Meatco (the "Boyle lease").   New Meatco's rent was
 5   approximately $36,000 per month.
 6        After experiencing financial difficulty, New Meatco shut down
 7   its operations at the Boyle location in September 2012.   It
 8   stopped paying rent to Boyle in November 2012.
 9        In January 2013, and with Boyle's approval, New Meatco
10   entered into a sublease with California Natural Food and Beverage
11   ("California") for the entire Boyle location.    The sublease was to
12   commence on February 1, 2013.    The monthly rent was $19,000, with
13   a security deposit of $38,000 due upon execution of the sublease.
14   California's last rent payment to New Meatco was in March 2013.
15   New Meatco apparently never paid any of the rent or deposit funds
16   that it collected from California to Boyle.
17        New Meatco's restructuring efforts ceased in April 2013,
18   after Seafax Business Report — a leading credit reporting and
19   collection agency for the North American food industry — changed
20   New Meatco's credit rating from "inconclusive" to "cautionary
21   status."   Following this downgrade, New Meatco's major suppliers
22   cut off further shipments of inventory to the company, leaving it
23   unable to continue operations.   New Meatco's perishable inventory
24   and accounts receivable were sold in late April 2013.
25   B.   Postpetition events
26        New Meatco filed a chapter 11 bankruptcy case on May 8, 2013.
27   It intended to file a chapter 11 plan establishing a creditor's
28   trust for the purpose of liquidating its litigation assets (some

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 1   $45 million in preference avoidance actions, plus an unknown
 2   amount in potential tort claims) and any other remnant assets in
 3   its estate.
 4        On May 24, 2013, New Meatco filed its omnibus Motion for
 5   Order (A) Authorizing the Rejection of Certain Executory Contracts
 6   and Leases and the Abandonment of Personal Property under §§ 365
 7   and 554, and (B) Establishing Rejection Procedures (the "Rejection
 8   Motion").   As for the Boyle lease, New Meatco contended that it
 9   had notified Boyle of its intention to surrender the premises
10   prepetition, but did not explain how notice was given or by whom.
11   New Meatco contended that immediate rejection of the Boyle lease
12   was necessary because it had vacated and surrendered the premises
13   prepetition, and because the Boyle lease provided no benefit to it
14   or its estate due to California's nonpayment of rent.   California
15   was, however, still occupying the premises.   New Meatco requested
16   that the Boyle lease (and the related sublease to California) be
17   rejected as of the date the Rejection Motion was filed and served
18   to avoid further administrative expenses.
19        Only Boyle opposed the Rejection Motion.   Boyle supported the
20   rejection of the Boyle lease, but opposed the May 24 rejection
21   date proposed by New Meatco.   Boyle contended that the effective
22   date for the rejection should be the date the bankruptcy court
23   entered the order approving the Rejection Motion.   While Boyle
24   conceded that retroactive rejection of nonresidential leases was
25   permissible under Pac. Shores Dev., LLC v. At Home Corp.
26   (In re At Home Corp.), 392 F.3d 1064 (9th Cir. 2004), it argued
27   that New Meatco had not met its burden of proof to show that
28   "exceptional circumstances" existed.   Namely, New Meatco had not

                                     -4-
 1   vacated the Boyle location because its subtenant, California,
 2   still occupied the premises.
 3        In reply, New Meatco argued that approving the rejection of
 4   the Boyle lease as of the date the bankruptcy court's order is
 5   entered would give Boyle a windfall administrative claim of up to
 6   $36,252 per month, particularly since New Meatco was not receiving
 7   any benefit from the Boyle lease.     New Meatco argued that it had
 8   satisfied the four-part "exceptional circumstances" test in
 9   At Home, and therefore retroactive rejection was warranted:
10   (1) it promptly filed the Rejection Motion, just sixteen days
11   after the petition date; (2) it promptly set the motion for
12   hearing; (3) it had vacated the premises prepetition and conveyed
13   its intent to reject when it filed the Rejection Motion; and
14   (4) Boyle's motive in seeking to delay rejection was solely to
15   obtain a larger administrative rent claim.    New Meatco conceded
16   that it owed Boyle approximately $253,764 in prepetition rent.
17   However, Boyle held a prepetition security deposit for
18   approximately $534,236.   As a result, its claim would likely be
19   paid in full.   Thus, argued New Meatco, Boyle had not shown that
20   it would suffer any harm by rejection of the Boyle lease as of
21   May 24, other than a reduction of its administrative claim.    The
22   Official Committee of Unsecured Creditors joined in New Meatco's
23   reply.
24        At the hearing on the Rejection Motion, the bankruptcy court
25   began by stating its tentative ruling on the record.    Applying the
26   four-part "exceptional circumstances" test set forth in At Home,
27   the court determined that the factors weighed in favor of New
28   Meatco.

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 1        But on balance, and given those four factors, and the
          Ninth Circuit was fairly clear in At Home, that no one
 2        factor prevails over another factor. That weighing those
          four factors, they weigh in favor of the Debtor.
 3
 4   Id. at 5:15-19.   Focusing primarily on the third factor,
 5   nonoccupancy by the debtor, counsel for Boyle argued that it
 6   weighed in favor of Boyle because New Meatco's nonpaying subtenant
 7   had failed to vacate the premises, which put the burden of
 8   regaining possession on Boyle.    After hearing further argument
 9   from the parties, the bankruptcy court adopted its tentative
10   ruling as its final ruling.   Boyle was provided relief from the
11   automatic stay so it could immediately file an unlawful detainer
12   action against California.
13        On June 27, 2013, the bankruptcy court entered an order
14   approving rejection of the Boyle lease retroactive to the date the
15   Rejection Motion was filed.   Boyle timely appealed.
16                             II. JURISDICTION
17        The bankruptcy court had jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1334
18   and § 157(b)(2)(A).   We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 158.
19                                 III. ISSUE
20        Did the bankruptcy court abuse its discretion when it
21   determined that New Meatco had shown "exceptional circumstances"
22   to approve rejection of the Boyle lease retroactively to the date
23   the Rejection Motion was filed?
24                          IV. STANDARD OF REVIEW
25        We review for abuse of discretion a bankruptcy court's
26   decision concerning retroactive relief.    In re At Home Corp.,
27   392 F.3d at 1067; Thinking Machs. Corp. v. Mellon Fin. Servs.
28   Corp. # 1 (In re Thinking Machs. Corp.), 67 F.3d 1021, 1028 (1st

                                       -6-
 1   Cir. 1995).    A bankruptcy court abuses its discretion if it
 2   applies an incorrect legal standard or its factual findings are
 3   illogical, implausible or without support from evidence in the
 4   record.    TrafficSchool.com v. Edriver Inc., 653 F.3d 820, 832 (9th
 5   Cir. 2011).
 6                                V. DISCUSSION
 7   A.   Rejection of unexpired nonresidential leases
 8        Section 365(a) permits the trustee or debtor in possession,
 9   subject to court approval, to assume or reject unexpired leases.
10   Section 365(d)(3)5 allows rejection of unexpired nonresidential
11   real property leases.    It requires the trustee (or debtor in
12   possession) to perform timely all obligations required under the
13   lease, including the obligation to pay rent at the contract rate
14   until the lease is rejected, and gives the lessor an
15   administrative claim for such amounts.       See § 365(d)(3); Tenucp
16   Prop. LLC v. Riley (In re GCP CT Sch. Acquisition, LLC), 429 B.R.
17   817, 824 (1st Cir. BAP 2010).    Section 365(d)(4)6 requires the
18
          5
19            Section 365(d)(3) provides, in relevant part:
20        The trustee [or debtor in possession] shall timely perform
          all the obligations of the debtor . . . arising from and
21        after the order for relief under any unexpired lease of
          nonresidential real property, until such lease is assumed or
22        rejected . . . .
          6
23            Section 365(d)(4) provides, in relevant part:
24        Subject to subparagraph (B), an unexpired lease of
          nonresidential real property under which the debtor is the
25        lessee shall be deemed rejected, and the trustee shall
          immediately surrender that nonresidential real property to
26        the lessor, if the trustee does not assume or reject the
          unexpired lease by the earlier of—
27             (i) the date that is 120 days after the date of the
               order for relief; or
28                                                           continue...

                                       -7-
 1   trustee to decide whether to assume or reject the lease within
 2   120 days after the entry of the order for relief.     These
 3   provisions, commonly known as the "Shopping Center Amendments,"
 4   were "added to the Code to 'alleviate the unique financial strains
 5   the Code placed upon the commercial lessor,' namely that the
 6   lessor was formerly unable to collect rent from the debtor-tenant
 7   while at the same time prevented from taking any action to re-let
 8   the premises" due to the automatic stay.     In re GCP CT Sch.
 9   Acquisition, LLC, 429 B.R. at 825 (citations omitted).     See
10   In re At Home Corp., 392 F.3d at 1068, 1070 (purpose of Shopping
11   Center Amendments was to remedy the "long-term vacancy" of leased
12   premises during protracted bankruptcy proceedings).
13        "Because the effective date of rejection determines when the
14   obligation to pay rent ceases (and, in turn, controls the time
15   period for which the lessor is entitled to an administrative claim
16   under § 365(d)(3)), it is important for courts to determine when a
17   lease rejection takes effect."     In re GCP CT Sch. Acquisition,
18   LLC, 429 B.R. at 825.
19   B.   The bankruptcy court did not abuse its discretion in
          approving retroactive rejection of the Boyle lease to the
20        date the Rejection Motion was filed.
21        Boyle does not challenge the bankruptcy court's decision
22   allowing New Meatco to reject the Boyle lease, but only its
23   conclusion that the rejection could and should apply retroactively
24   to the Rejection Motion date given the circumstances of the case.
25   The controlling authority on retroactive rejection is At Home,
26
27        6
              ...continue
                  (ii) the date of the entry of an order confirming a
28                plan.

                                       -8-
 1   which Boyle concedes the bankruptcy court correctly identified.
 2        In most cases, a lease will be considered rejected as of the
 3   date of the entry of the order approving the rejection.
 4   In re At Home Corp., 392 F.3d at 1072.    In At Home, the debtor had
 5   leased two buildings and placed in escrow approximately
 6   $20 million to fund remodeling.    Debtor intended to occupy the
 7   premises upon completion of the renovation.    At the time debtor
 8   filed its chapter 11 petition, the renovation was virtually
 9   complete, but debtor had never occupied the leased buildings.      On
10   the day debtor filed for bankruptcy, the landlord converted more
11   than $1 million remaining in the escrow account into rent.    On
12   that same day, debtor filed an emergency motion for an order
13   authorizing rejection of the unexpired lease retroactively to the
14   date the motion was filed.    The landlord objected to the
15   retroactive rejection.     The bankruptcy court granted the motion to
16   reject effective on the date the motion was filed, even though
17   that date was before the landlord regained possession of the
18   premises.   Id. at 1066.
19        In affirming the bankruptcy court and the district court, the
20   Ninth Circuit held that the bankruptcy court may, in "exceptional
21   circumstances," approve retroactively the rejection of an
22   unexpired nonresidential lease.    Id. at 1065, 1071-72 (bankruptcy
23   court in exercising its equitable powers under § 105(a) may
24   approve retroactive rejection of a nonresidential lease when
25   "necessary or appropriate to carry out the provisions of
26   § 365(d)")(citing In re O'Neil Theatres, Inc., 257 B.R. 806, 808
27   (Bankr. E.D. La. 2000)).    It further held that the retroactive
28   date may be earlier than the date on which the landlord retakes

                                       -9-
 1   possession of the premises.   Id. at 1065.    This may include the
 2   date on which the debtor files the motion to reject.       Id. at
 3   1071-72.
 4        In deciding whether retroactive rejection is warranted, the
 5   bankruptcy court should consider the following nonexclusive
 6   factors:   (1) the immediate filing of the debtor's motion to
 7   reject the lease; (2) the debtor's prompt action setting the
 8   motion for hearing; (3) the vacancy of the leased premises; and
 9   (4) the landlord's motivation in opposing retroactive rejection of
10   the lease to the motion filing date.     Id. at 1072-75.   As for the
11   third factor, "most cases approving rejection of a lease
12   retroactively to the motion date highlight the fact that the
13   debtor has vacated the premises."    Id. at 1074 (citing Stonebriar
14   Mall Ltd. P'ship v. CCI Wireless, LLC (In re CCI Wireless, LLC),
15   297 B.R. 133, 137 (D. Colo. 2003)).     In addition, courts
16   "generally focus on whether the parties have facilitated or
17   hindered the prompt return of the leased premises to the landlord
18   when deciding whether to approve the rejection of the lease
19   retroactive to an earlier date."    Id. at 1070.
20        Boyle agreed with the bankruptcy court's ruling that factors
21   1, 2 and 4 had been met:   New Meatco had promptly filed the
22   Rejection Motion; it promptly set the matter for hearing once
23   receiving Boyle's objection; and Boyle's motivation was to be paid
24   its administrative rent claim.   It does not dispute these factors
25   on appeal.   Boyle takes issue with the bankruptcy court's finding
26   on the third factor — vacancy of the premises:
27        THE COURT: The third factor is the critical factor here,
          whether the Debtor vacated the premises or was receiving
28        some benefit from the premises at the time of the lease

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 1        rejection. According to the evidence, the Debtor vacated
          the premises in March of 2013, prior to the filing of the
 2        bankruptcy petition.
 3        There is a subtenant, [California], which, according to
          the papers, still resides on the property.            But
 4        [California], according to the declaration in support of
          the reply, is not making rental payments to the Debtor.
 5        The Debtor was not receiving any windfall or benefit from
          [California] at Boyle's expense as a result of remaining
 6        on the property.
 7        According to the declaration of Mr. Schooler (phonetic),
          which is attached to the reply, the Debtor has not
 8        received rent from the subtenant since March 2013, which
          was prior to the filing of the bankruptcy petition. And
 9        it seems to the Court that the Debtor would be penalized
          with increased administrative expenses, and we're talking
10        about one month here . . . when the Debtor has not
          received any rent since the filing of the petition, and
11        did not receive any rent for at least two months prior to
          the filing of the petition. So, I-- this factor, in the
12        Court's view, weighs, tilts in favor of the Debtor as
          well.
13
          . . .
14
          [T]he case boils down to whether or not the estate should
15        incur the additional $36,252 in administrative expenses
          when it hasn't received any rent in conjunction with the
16        sublease of the premises.
17   Hr'g Tr. (June 26, 2013) 4:8-5:9; 12:23-13:1.   The bankruptcy
18   court contrasted this case to In re Cafeteria Operators, LLP,
19   299 B.R. 384, 388-89 (Bankr. N.D. Tex. 2003).   In Cafeteria
20   Operators, the debtor had closed and surrendered about half of its
21   leased locations to the landlord prepetition.   For those leases,
22   the bankruptcy court held that because debtor was not receiving
23   any benefit from the properties, the equities favored granting
24   retroactive rejection.   Id. at 394.   However, as to the other
25   leases, the court denied retroactive rejection because those
26   locations were occupied by subtenants who were making continuous
27   rent payments to the debtor.   Id.   Taking into account that
28   California had not been paying rent to New Meatco, the bankruptcy

                                     -11-
 1   court concluded, "[t]hat's not the case we have here."    Hr'g Tr.
 2   (June 26, 2013) 13:2-9.
 3        Boyle contends New Meatco did not meet its burden to show
 4   "exceptional circumstances" for retroactive rejection, and the
 5   bankruptcy court abused its discretion in finding that it had.
 6   Boyle argues that New Meatco did not act in good faith or make any
 7   effort to minimize Boyle's damages.     New Meatco stopped paying
 8   rent in November 2012.    Rather than vacating the Boyle location at
 9   that time and returning the premises to Boyle, it sublet the
10   premises to a subtenant who failed to pay rent.    Boyle contends
11   that New Meatco took no steps to collect rent from or evict
12   California, who was still occupying the premises at the time the
13   Rejection Motion was filed, instead dumping the nonpaying
14   subtenant on Boyle.
15        Boyle's arguments focus heavily on the fact that it was not
16   in possession of the Boyle location prior to the time the
17   Rejection Motion was filed.   Boyle believes the third factor must
18   be given the most weight, and here, it weighed in Boyle's favor.
19   Therefore, argues Boyle, the bankruptcy court erred in finding
20   otherwise.   To support its argument, Boyle cites to In re Amber's
21   Stores, 193 B.R. 819, 827 (Bankr. N.D. Tex. 1996) and In re O'Neil
22   Theatres, Inc., 257 B.R. at 808, cases where retroactive rejection
23   was granted, but the debtor had either surrendered the premises or
24   the landlord had gained control over the premises prepetition.
25        The Ninth Circuit rejected similar "possession" arguments
26   made by the landlord in At Home.   There, the landlord had argued
27   that approving rejection of the leases retroactive to the motion
28   filing date was an abuse of the bankruptcy court's equitable

                                      -12-
 1   powers because the debtor remained in possession of the leased
 2   premises on that date.   392 F.3d at 1071.   In reviewing the
 3   legislative history and concluding that the purpose of the
 4   amendments to § 365(d) was to "hasten the trustee's decision to
 5   assume or reject a lease," the At Home court reasoned:
 6        The relevant provisions of § 365(d) do not even mention
          the term "possession," much less elevate it to a
 7        condition precedent to a bankruptcy court's exercise of
          its equitable powers. The legally operative event in
 8        § 365(d) is the debtor's or trustee's assumption or
          rejection of the lease, rather than the landlord's
 9        possession of the leased premises.
          . . .
10
          [Retroactive relief] would be impossible were we to
11        adhere to a strict rule under which the landlord's
          regaining possession of the lease premises is a
12        precondition to lease rejection.
13   392 F.3d at 1071-72.   The court further rejected the landlord's
14   argument that retroactive rejection should be precluded “when the
15   landlord is involuntarily deprived of possession,” as opposed to
16   when it is deprived of possession due to its own malfeasance.
17   Id. at 1072 (emphasis in the original).   Thus, a bankruptcy court
18   is not precluded from finding in favor of a debtor on the third
19   At Home factor when the landlord is not in possession at the time
20   the rejection motion is filed.
21        Although this case presents some unfavorable facts for New
22   Meatco regarding the vacancy of the Boyle location and its efforts
23   (or lack thereof) to return possession to Boyle, we cannot say on
24   this record that the bankruptcy court's findings are illogical,
25   implausible or without support.    The bankruptcy court found it
26   important that New Meatco had itself vacated the premises
27   prepetition, that it was receiving no benefit from the Boyle
28   location at Boyle's expense at the time it filed its Rejection

                                       -13-
 1   Motion (or even for months before filing for bankruptcy), and that
 2   it would be unfair to penalize New Meatco (i.e., its other
 3   creditors) with an additional month of administrative expenses
 4   when it was not receiving any rent from California.
 5        This unfairness analysis leads to Boyle's other argument that
 6   the bankruptcy court erred by substituting its sense of fairness —
 7   that the estate should not incur additional administrative
 8   expenses — for the Ninth Circuit's "exceptional circumstances"
 9   benchmark.   Although it is not entirely clear what Boyle means by
10   this, it appears to be an argument that the bankruptcy court could
11   not consider other factors besides the four set forth in At Home.
12   While the Ninth Circuit considered only these four factors, it
13   made clear that it was "eschew[ing] any attempt to spell out the
14   range of circumstances that might justify the use of a bankruptcy
15   court's equitable powers" to grant a retroactive rejection date,
16   and that it was not "limit[ing] the factors a bankruptcy court may
17   consider when balancing the equities in a particular case."   Id.
18   at 1075.   We conclude that considering the lack of benefit to New
19   Meatco, particularly California's nonpayment of rent, was not an
20   abuse of the bankruptcy court's discretion.
21        What is problematic for Boyle’s position is that no factor in
22   the discretionary At Home test necessarily weighs more or prevails
23   over another factor.   The Ninth Circuit expressly declined to
24   decide whether any one of the factors on which a bankruptcy court
25   relies, standing alone, will justify an exercise of discretion.
26   392 F.3d at 1075.   Thus, even if the bankruptcy court found in
27   favor of New Meatco on only three of the factors, it could still
28

                                     -14-
 1   have approved retroactive rejection.7
 2                             VI. CONCLUSION
 3        For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM.
 4
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23
24        7
            For example, in W. Valley Child Crisis Ctr., Inc. v.
     Westfest, LLC, 2010 WL 4716021, at *2 (D. Ariz. Nov. 15, 2010),
25   the district court affirmed the bankruptcy court's decision to not
     grant retroactive relief, when the bankruptcy court determined
26   that the only At Home factor met was vacancy of the premises.
     Debtor had surrendered the leased premises to the landlord prior
27   to filing the rejection motion. If a landlord's possession is the
     driving factor for approving retroactive rejection as Boyle
28   contends, the ruling in W. Valley would appear to be erroneous.

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