IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

 In the Matter of the Dependency of
                                                      No. 79796-4-I
 M.L.W. (DOB 09/05/2006);                             (consolidated with Nos. 79798-1-I
 I.A.W. (DOB 01/06/11), and                           and 79797-2-I)
 M.W. (DOB 03/29/2014),
                                                      DIVISION ONE
                       Minor Children.
                                                      UNPUBLISHED OPINION
 STATE OF WASHINGTON,
 DEPARTMENT OF CHILDREN,
 YOUTH, AND FAMILES

                       Respondent,

                v.

 ELI MARK SPAULDING,

                       Appellant.


       APPELWICK, J. — Eli Spaulding, the alleged father of M.L.W., I.A.W., and

M.W., appeals an order finding all three children dependent.             He claims the

evidence was insufficient to support the court’s finding that he was not capable of

caring for his children. We affirm.

                                         FACTS

       Tanisha Wright is the mother of M.L.W., I.A.W., and M.W. Eli Spaulding is

the alleged father of all three children and is the only father they have known.

M.L.W. and I.A.W. have no father listed on their birth certificates and the

Department of Children, Youth, and Families (Department) has not yet been able




  Citations and pin cites are based on the Westlaw online version of the cited material.
No. 79796-4-I/2


to locate M.W.’s Arizona birth certificate.       Spaulding acknowledges he is not

M.W.’s biological father but has declined to undergo any genetic testing to verify

that fact.

       The family has been involved with child welfare agencies in both

Washington and Arizona since 2006, when M.L.W. was an infant. M.L.W. was first

removed from the home in 2006 and the Department filed a dependency petition

alleging M.L.W. was in a dangerous environment due to Wright’s and Spaulding’s

methamphetamine use. Spaulding admitted to using methamphetamine during

that time. The dependency petition was dismissed upon Wright’s agreement to

move M.L.W. to Arizona to be with family and participate in recommended

services. In 2011, another dependency petition was filed in Arizona based on

Wright’s drug use and negligent treatment.           M.L.W. and I.A.W. were found

dependent, and in December 2012 the dependency was dismissed after Wright

completed inpatient treatment and a psychological evaluation. There have also

been multiple referrals to Child Protective Services (CPS) involving the family.

       Spaulding has not consistently lived with Wright and the children. According

to Spaulding, after M.L.W. was first removed from the home, Spaulding “gave

[Wright] some space” and M.L.W. “was never returned to [Spaulding’s] care.” At

times, Spaulding stayed with his “aunt” (biologically his great aunt and also his

adoptive mother), Elsie Isaacson. He was also incarcerated during other periods

of time. In the few years leading up to the filing of the dependency petition at issue

here, the children moved frequently with Wright, and at times, with Spaulding,

staying in shelters, at friends’ homes, with Isaacson, and in an RV (recreational


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vehicle). As a result, the children changed schools four different times in two years.

The children also missed school while under Wright’s and Spaulding’s care.

       In April 2018, Spaulding was living with Leandra Johnson and the children

were with him there “off and on.” During that time, police responded to a report of

sexual abuse of I.A.W. by Johnson’s teenage son. Spalding struggled with an

appropriate response to I.A.W.’s disclosure.        While Wright believed I.A.W.,

Spaulding was “unsure” if I.A.W. was telling the truth and did not believe she was

in a dangerous situation. Neither parent took any further measures following the

disclosure.

       In July 2018, CPS conducted an investigation into concerns about the

supervision of the Wright children. By this time, the family already had a history of

Department involvement, including a “significant number” of intakes, mostly related

to the parents’ drug use, supervision concerns, and leaving the children with

unsafe individuals. During the CPS investigation, staff at the Aurora drop-in center

reported the family had been at the center. A CPS investigator who went to the

center to look for the family observed only adults there and many appeared to be

under the influence of drugs and alcohol. There was no childcare at the center or

any other structure to supervise children. This raised concerns for the investigator

who learned that the children were often there without the mother.

       In August 2018, the family was living in an RV in the Greenwood area of

Seattle. The children were 11, 7, and 4 at the time. The oldest, M.L.W., was often

responsible for caregiving, and there were reports of the children being left

unattended and going to neighbors for food. During one incident, the children were


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left unsupervised and ended up at a Fred Meyer store in Ballard. According to

Spaulding, they were only gone about five minutes before he realized they were

missing. He then received a call from police who found them roaming around the

Fred Meyer store.

       Following the investigation, the assigned CPS social worker concluded that

there were safety risks warranting removing the children from the home, citing

inadequate supervision, parental drug use, and the children’s needs not being met.

CPS found negligent treatment or maltreatment on the part of both parents based

on reports that the children were left unattended at Greenwood Park, asked the

neighbors for food, and were found stealing and unattended at a grocery store.

The children had also reported that M.L.W. had to intervene during a physical

altercation between Wright and Spaulding and that M.W. was burned by hot oil

splatter from pan left unattended in the kitchen.

       On August 8, 2018, the Department filed a dependency petition. On August

14, 2018, the children were placed in out of home care after a contested shelter

care hearing. M.L.W. was placed with Isaacson and the other children were placed

in licensed care. The Department recommended that both parents undergo a

psychological evaluation with a parenting component and a chemical dependency

assessment, follow treatment recommendations, participate in 60 days of random

urinalysis and an evidence-based parenting program, and that Spaulding establish

paternity.   The Department gave them referrals for urinalysis and chemical

dependency evaluations, and offered both parents psychological evaluations and

evidence-based parenting instruction, information about mental health counseling,


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and information about community housing resources, but neither parent

participated in the offered services.

       The Department set up regular supervised visitation with the children, but

Wright and Spaulding often missed or were late to the visits. Spaulding missed a

large number of visits and left early at times or fell asleep during the visit. The

children had strong emotional reactions when visits were cancelled.

       In November 2018 Spaulding pleaded guilty to fourth degree assault-

domestic violence, committed against Johnson, his girlfriend at the time.

       On March 11, 2019, the parties appeared for the fact finding trial on the

dependency. Wright entered an agreed order of dependency, but Spaulding

proceeded to trial. After an eight day trial, the court found that “the child[ren] had

no parent, guardian or custodian capable of adequately caring for [them] such that

the children are in circumstances which constitute a danger of substantial damage

to the child[ren]’s psychological or physical development,” and concluded they

were dependent under RCW 13.34.030(6)(c).

       Spaulding appeals.

                                   DISCUSSION

       Spaulding claims the trial court lacked sufficient evidence to find the children

dependent under RCW 13.34.030(6)(c). We disagree.

       “[A] trial court has broad discretion in evaluating all of the evidence before

it when determining whether [a] dependency order should be entered or

continued.” In re Dependency of Schermer, 161 Wn.2d 927, 952, 169 P.3d 452

(2007). To evaluate a claim of insufficient evidence in a dependency case, we


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review the juvenile court’s findings for substantial evidence. In re Dependency of

C.M., 118 Wn. App. 643, 649, 78 P.3d 191 (2003). “Evidence is substantial when,

viewed in the light most favorable to the prevailing party, a rational trier of fact

could find the fact by a preponderance of the evidence.” In re Welfare of A.L.C., 8

Wn. App. 2d 864, 871, 439 P.3d 694 (2019). We treat unchallenged findings of

fact as verities on appeal. In re Dependency of P.D., 58 Wn. App. 18, 30, 792 P.2d

159 (1990).

       “While parents have a fundamental liberty interest in the care and custody

of their children, the State has a duty to intervene to protect the physical, mental,

and emotional health of the child.” In re Dependency of A.L.F., 192 Wn. App. 512,

522, 371 P.3d 537 (2016). “[T]he goal of a dependency hearing is to determine

the welfare of the child and his best interests” and “the relatively lenient

preponderance standard in a dependency proceeding” facilitates “the important

function of allowing state intervention in order to remedy family problems and

provide needed services.” Schermer, 161 Wn.2d at 942 (alteration in original).

       In a dependency action, the Department must prove by a preponderance

of the evidence that a child is dependent within the meaning of RCW 13.34.030.

RCW 13.34.110(1). The statute defines a “dependent child” as one who:

              (a) Has been abandoned;
              (b) Is abused or neglected as defined in chapter 26.44 RCW by a
       person legally responsible for care of the child;
              (c) Has no parent, guardian or custodian capable of adequately
       caring for the child, such that the child is in circumstances which constitute
       a danger of substantial damage to the child's psychological or physical
       development; or
              (d) Is receiving extended foster care services, as authorized by RCW
       74.13.03.


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RCW 13.34.030(6). Where, as here, the court determines that a child is dependent

under (6)(c), the court is not required to find the parent unfit. Schermer, 161 Wn.2d

at 944. Rather, the court considers “a child’s special needs and any limitations or

other circumstances which affect a parent’s ability to respond to those needs.” Id.

In doing so, the court considers “the constellation of facts presented . . . as a whole,

in the light most favorable to the [Department].” Id. at 952.

       Spaulding contends the court improperly relied on evidence of the Fred

Meyer incident in finding him incapable of caring for the children. Specifically, he

assigns error to the court’s finding that Spaulding “testified that they had been

missing for five minutes, although that was inaccurate based on other testimony,”

contending it was not supported by the record. He further contends that the court

“likely relied on this flawed view of the evidence” in its additional findings that he

was inconsistent in his testimony about his ability to care for the children and

lacked insight into his parental deficiencies, and these findings were “integral to

the court’s ultimate dependency finding.”

       We agree that substantial evidence does not support the court’s finding that

Spaulding’s testimony that the children had been missing for five minutes “was

inaccurate based on other testimony.” Spaulding testified that the children had

been gone five minutes before he realized they were missing. And, as the State

concedes, there was no other testimony about how long the children were missing

before the parents realized they were gone.

       But, this erroneous finding does not invalidate the court’s additional findings

that Spaulding was inconsistent in his testimony about his ability to care for the


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children and lacked insight into his parental deficiencies, as Spaulding suggests.

Neither of those findings reference the Fred Meyer incident and substantial

evidence supports both findings.

       Finding 2.2.26 states,

       Mr. Spaulding was inconsistent in his testimony about his ability to
       care for the children. He said he had not planned where he could
       live with the children, he knew the RV would not be an appropriate
       home, he would probably need help to care for the children, and he
       would prefer to live with Ms. Isaacson if he had custody of the
       children. Ms. Isaacson testified that living with her would not be an
       option. While Mr. Spaulding later testified that he was a capable of
       taking care of his children, that testimony was not credible based on
       his earlier testimony and based on Ms. Isaacson’s testimony. His
       untreated drug dependency adversely impacts his ability to care for
       the children.

       The record shows Spaulding testified inconsistently on this issue. While he

testified he was capable of parenting the children, he never told the court he

wanted them placed with him. Rather, he testified that it seemed “pretty far-

fetched” the children would live with him because the “RV is not an option,” and

that he would not want to have custody “unless it was all right for me to live with

[Isaacson].” Isaacson testified she would not permit Spaulding to live with her

“because he needs to be working,” and “it just doesn’t work with the drugs.” She

also testified she had concerns for the children’s safety if they were returned to the

parents. In particular, she was concerned about “drug use and not having an

adequate place to live and not having adequate attention.”

       The court found Isaacson’s testimony credible and helpful. The court found

Isaacson “was cognizant of [Spaulding’s] drug use and limitations as a parent” and

“did not support having Mr. Spaulding live with her. Without this support, Mr.


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Spaulding had no concrete plan to meet the basic needs of the children.” These

unchallenged findings are verities on appeal.          Substantial evidence supports

finding 2.2.26.

          Finding 2.2.30 is likewise supported by substantial evidence. That finding

states,

          Mr. Spaulding lacks insight into his deficiencies as a parent. Mr.
          Spaulding has never been primary caretaker. He had difficulty in
          describing the day to day responsibilities of being a parent, although
          he did describe the overall requirement of being responsible and
          putting the children first. He understood his RV was not a good place
          for the children and that he would be unable to take care of the
          children if he was under the influence. He was unable to recognize
          the impact his inconsistent visits had on the children. Despite having
          concerns about neglect of the children by Ms. Wright, Mr. Spaulding
          has failed to take any action. While some of that may be attributable
          to not having custodial rights, it also is clear that Mr. Spaulding did
          not always recognize the struggles Ms. Wright had to meet the
          children's basic needs. Despite the agreed dependency petition of
          Ms. Wright, Mr. Spaulding continues to believe she is fully capable
          of taking care of the children.

          Spaulding testified that after M.L.W. was first removed from the home,

M.L.W. was never returned to his care and that he was incarcerated when M.W.

was born. He further testified that he lived with Wright and the children “off and on

for years,” and did not respond when asked if he was the children’s primary

caregiver this past fall. He also testified he understood generally that being a

parent requires sacrifice and responsibility as modeled by Isaacson’s parenting of

him, but he did not explain what he saw as the day-to-day responsibilities of

parenting. And, while he testified it would be “a horrible idea” to take care of the

children when he is high and that he has never done so, he also testified to using

methamphetamine as recently as the week before trial. He also admitted to being


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“an addict,” though claimed he “could go without it.” The court did not find him

credible when he testified he could just stop using methamphetamine without any

assistance, and we defer to the trial court’s credibility determinations. State v.

Camarillo, 115 Wn.2d 60, 71, 794 P.2d 850 (1990) (“Credibility determinations are

for the trier of fact and cannot be reviewed on appeal.”). Additionally, we accept

as a verity the court’s unchallenged finding that “there is evidence his drug use has

affected his parenting abilities.”

       The record also demonstrates that Spaulding failed to appreciate how the

missed visits impacted the children. While he acknowledged that missing visits

has an impact on the children, he admitted that he attended a “pretty low

percentage” of visits that were offered. He also cited “personal reasons” for

missing visits, which included attending a vehicle auction. In fact, he could not

remember when he attended the last visit and said he did not attend the most

recent visit because he “was busy.” As the trial court found,

       The parents were inconsistent with making the visitation with the
       children. Although some of the missed visits may have been due to
       the changing locations, changing times, and confirmation
       requirements, even when the visit schedule stabilized, the parents'
       visits were inconsistent. They were very late to visits or failed to
       appear entirely on multiple occasions. Mr. Spaulding in particular
       missed a large number of offered visits. He also left early on
       occasion or fell asleep during visits. These missed visits had a
       profound impact on the children. Mr. Spaulding had a limited insight
       into how missing visits impacted the psychological wellbeing of his
       children. Ms. Bailley[, a visit supervisor,] testified about [I.A.W.]’s
       emotional reactions when a visit was cancelled, sometimes clinging
       to her for a long time.

This unchallenged finding is a verity on appeal.

       The record further demonstrates Spaulding’s inability to recognize Wright’s


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deficiencies. He testified that he believed the children were safe with Wright even

after her agreement to the dependency order. That order was based on findings

that the children are in circumstances that constitute a danger of substantial

damage to their development, having no parent capable of adequately caring for

them. Substantial evidence supports finding 2.2.30.

      With the exception of the finding that Spaulding’s testimony that the children

had been missing for five minutes “was inaccurate,” substantial evidence supports

the challenged findings. These findings support the court’s determination that

Spaulding was not capable of adequately caring for the children “such that the

children are in circumstances which constitute a danger of substantial damage to

the child[ren]’s psychological or physical development.”

      We affirm the order of dependency.




WE CONCUR:




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