                                                                            FILED
                           NOT FOR PUBLICATION
                                                                            MAR 08 2019
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                       MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                          U.S. COURT OF APPEALS


                            FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT


UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                        No.   18-10139

              Plaintiff-Appellee,
                                                 D.C. No.
 v.                                              4:16-cr-00478-JGZ-LAB-21

JORGE ACOSTA-LICERIO,
                                                 MEMORANDUM*
              Defendant-Appellant.


                    Appeal from the United States District Court
                             for the District of Arizona
                    Jennifer G. Zipps, District Judge, Presiding

                            Submitted March 6, 2019**
                                Phoenix, Arizona

Before: CLIFTON, IKUTA, and FRIEDLAND, Circuit Judges.

      Jorge Acosta-Licerio appeals his convictions for two counts of smuggling

goods from the United States in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 554(a), one count of

engaging in the business of dealing firearms without a license in violation of 18


      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
      **
             The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision
without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).
U.S.C. § 924(a)(1)(A), and one count of conspiracy to smuggle goods from the

United States in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 371, 554(a). We have jurisdiction under

28 U.S.C. § 1291.

      The district court did not err in denying Acosta-Licerio’s motion to suppress

his statements in response to questioning by law enforcement. An examination of

the “totality of the circumstances” surrounding the questioning, United States v.

Craighead, 539 F.3d 1073, 1082–84 (9th Cir. 2008), shows that Acosta-Licerio

was interviewed in his home and the surrounding area by only two law

enforcement agents with no visible weapons, Acosta-Licerio was not restrained by

physical force or by threats, and to the extent he was isolated from others, the

record indicates that he chose to speak with the agents alone. Taken together, these

and other relevant factors establish that the interview did not constitute a custodial

interrogation, see id., and therefore Miranda warnings were not required. See

Stanley v. Schriro, 598 F.3d 612, 618 (9th Cir. 2010).

      Acosta-Licerio has pointed to no evidence suggesting that his “will was

overborne” when he made his statements to law enforcement. United States v.

Miller, 984 F.2d 1028, 1030–31 (9th Cir. 1993). Rather, the record establishes that

Acosta-Licerio freely volunteered information to the agents. Accordingly, the




                                           2
district court did not err by concluding that Acosta-Licerio’s statements were

voluntary.

      The district court did not abuse its discretion by giving a deliberate

ignorance jury instruction. There was evidence in the record that Acosta-Licerio

believed that the weapons he sold were highly likely to be exported from the

United States and that he deliberately avoided learning the truth, see United States

v. Heredia, 483 F.3d 913, 918–19 (9th Cir. 2007) (en banc), including Acosta-

Licerio’s recorded statements that he was “pretty sure” the weapons were destined

for Mexico and that he had never “taken any trips” to “check things out.” We

reject Acosta-Licerio’s argument that the deliberate ignorance instruction is

constitutionally infirm. See id. at 918.

      The district court did not err by refusing to give a buyer–seller relationship

instruction, because the conspiracy jury instruction “fully convey[ed] the

distinction between a buyer–seller relationship and a co-conspirator relationship,”

and thus a buyer–seller instruction was not required. United States v. Moe, 781

F.3d 1120, 1128 (9th Cir. 2015).

      Because willful or intentional conduct is not an element of the offense of

exporting or sending or attempting to export or send specified items from the

United States in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 554(a), see United States v. Rivero, 889


                                           3
F.3d 618, 621–23 (9th Cir. 2018), the district court did not err in omitting those

elements from the jury instruction or in refusing to give a separate instruction

regarding attempt.

      Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, the

evidence was adequate to allow a rational trier of fact to find the essential elements

of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt, see Moe, 781 F.3d at 1124, including the

requisite intent and the existence of a conspiracy to send or export specified items

out of the United States. Contrary to Acosta-Licerio’s arguments, the government

was not required to show that Acosta-Licerio was involved with more than one

other co-conspirator, see United States v. Kearney, 560 F.2d 1358, 1362–63 (9th

Cir. 1977), and a reasonable jury could conclude that Acosta-Licerio had conspired

with Juan and other unnamed co-conspirators.

      AFFIRMED.




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