                           ILLINOIS OFFICIAL REPORTS
                                          Appellate Court




                       In re Marriage of Tiballi, 2013 IL App (2d) 120523




Appellate Court            In re MARRIAGE OF ROBERT N. TIBALLI, Petitioner-Appellant, and
Caption                    SHEILA J. ILAGAN TIBALLI, Respondent-Appellee.


District & No.             Second District
                           Docket No. 2-12-0523


Filed                      June 7, 2013


Held                       The fees of a psychologist appointed pursuant to section 604(b) of the
(Note: This syllabus       Illinois Marriage and Dissolution of Marriage Act in a child custody
constitutes no part of     dispute were taxable as costs upon petitioner’s voluntary dismissal of his
the opinion of the court   petition to modify custody, and the trial court’s order requiring petitioner
but has been prepared      to reimburse respondent for the half of the psychologist’s fees that she
by the Reporter of         paid was affirmed.
Decisions for the
convenience of the
reader.)


Decision Under             Appeal from the Circuit Court of Kane County, No. 02-D-1506; the Hon.
Review                     Robert P. Pilmer, Judge, presiding.



Judgment                   Affirmed.
Counsel on                  Timothy E. Weiler and Rory T. Weiler, both of Weiler & Lengle, P.C.,
Appeal                      of St. Charles, for appellant.

                            Debra R. Antone, of Debra R. Antone, P.C., of Chicago, for appellee.


Panel                       JUSTICE McLAREN delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
                            Justice Hutchinson concurred in the judgment and opinion.
                            Justice Zenoff dissented, with opinion.




                                               OPINION

¶1           In September 2005, the circuit court of Kane County entered a judgment dissolving the
        marriage of Robert N. Tiballi and Sheila J. Ilagan Tiballi. This appeal stems from a child
        custody dispute that arose years later. Robert filed a petition to modify custody, but the
        petition was voluntarily dismissed without prejudice. The trial court ordered Robert to pay
        the fees of a psychologist appointed by the trial court pursuant to section 604(b) of the
        Illinois Marriage and Dissolution of Marriage Act (Act) (750 ILCS 5/604(b) (West Supp.
        2011)). Robert argues on appeal that the fees were not taxable as costs upon the voluntary
        dismissal of his petition. We disagree and therefore affirm.
¶2           The judgment of dissolution awarded the parties joint legal custody of their daughter,
        Francesca, but designated Sheila as the residential custodian. In January 2010, Robert filed
        his petition to modify the judgment by designating him as Francesca’s residential custodian.
        Pursuant to section 604(b) of the Act, the trial court appointed psychologist Robert B.
        Shapiro to advise the court in connection with the custody dispute. The order appointing
        Shapiro evenly divided the costs of Shapiro’s services between the parties. Shapiro submitted
        a written report recommending that Francesca continue to reside with Sheila. Sheila moved
        to dismiss Robert’s petition, alleging that, through his attorney, he had indicated that he no
        longer planned to proceed with the petition. The trial court granted the motion. The trial court
        subsequently modified the order to provide that the dismissal was without prejudice. In doing
        so, the trial court also granted Sheila leave to file a petition for costs. In her petition, Sheila
        alleged, inter alia, that pursuant to the order appointing Shapiro she had paid Shapiro $4,975,
        which represented her share of his fees. She sought reimbursement of the sum from Robert.
        The trial court entered judgment against Robert for $4,975, and this appeal followed.1


                1
                 We note that the trial court was empowered to apportion Shapiro’s fees under both section
        604(b) of the Act and section 2-1009(a) of the Code of Civil Procedure (735 ILCS 5/2-1009(a) (West
        2010)); considering the totality of the circumstances, we do not deem the assessment, either before

                                                   -2-
¶3       Section 604(b) provides:
         “The court may seek the advice of professional personnel, whether or not employed by
         the court on a regular basis. The advice given shall be in writing and made available by
         the court to counsel. Counsel may examine, as a witness, any professional personnel
         consulted by the court, designated as a court’s witness. Professional personnel consulted
         by the court are subject to subpoena for the purposes of discovery, trial, or both. The
         court shall allocate the costs and fees of those professional personnel between the parties
         based upon the financial ability of each party and any other criteria the court considers
         appropriate. Upon the request of any party or upon the court’s own motion, the court may
         conduct a hearing as to the reasonableness of those fees and costs.” 750 ILCS 5/604(b)
         (West Supp. 2011).
     Beyond the statutory authority to allocate fees, courts have the inherent power to order the
     parties to pay the fees of a witness retained under this provision. In re Marriage of Petersen,
     319 Ill. App. 3d 325, 333-34 (2001). As noted, the issue raised on appeal is whether fees
     charged by a professional appointed pursuant to section 604(b) of the Act constitute “costs”
     that may be taxed to a party who voluntarily dismisses, without prejudice, a petition to
     modify child custody. For the reasons that follow, we hold that such fees are taxable as costs
     in such an instance.
¶4       In Vicencio v. Lincoln-Way Builders, Inc., 204 Ill. 2d 295 (2003), a plaintiff who
     prevailed in a personal injury lawsuit sought to recover from the defendant the costs
     associated with taking the evidence deposition of the plaintiff’s treating physician. Those
     costs included, inter alia, the physician’s fee. The court noted that “only those costs
     specifically designated by statute may be taxed as costs,” but added that “the legislature may
     nevertheless grant the power to the courts to make rules under which costs may be taxed.”
     Id. at 300. The court proceeded to consider whether the physician’s fee was recoverable
     under either section 5-108 of the Code of Civil Procedure (Code) (735 ILCS 5/5-108 (West
     2010)) or Illinois Supreme Court Rule 208(d) (eff. Oct. 1, 1975). Section 5-108 provides, “If
     any person sues in any court of this state in any action for damages personal to the plaintiff,
     and recovers in such action, then judgment shall be entered in favor of the plaintiff to recover
     costs against the defendant, to be taxed, and the same shall be recovered and enforced as
     other judgments for the payment of money, except in the cases hereinafter provided.” 735
     ILCS 5/5-108 (West 2010). In concluding that this provision did not apply to the physician’s
     fee, the court reasoned as follows:
              “Under its definition of ‘costs,’ Black’s Law Dictionary distinguishes between court
         costs, the ‘charges or fees taxed by the court, such as filing fees, jury fees, courthouse
         fees, and reporter fees,’ and litigation costs, the ‘expenses of litigation, prosecution, or
         other legal transaction, esp[ecially] those allowed in favor of one party against the other.’
         [Citation.] It is undisputed that section 5-108 mandates the taxing of costs commonly
         understood to be ‘court costs,’ such as filing fees, subpoena fees, and statutory witness
         fees, to the losing party.


     or after the nonsuit, an abuse of discretion.

                                                     -3-
              The fee of the treating physician that is at issue in the present case is a ‘litigation
          cost,’ and as such, is not a cost the taxing of which is mandated by section 5-108. Thus,
          it may be taxed as a cost only if authorized by another statute or by supreme court rule.”
          Vicencio, 204 Ill. 2d at 302.
¶5        Here, the trial court ordered Robert to pay Shapiro’s fees pursuant to section 2-1009(a)
     of the Code, which provides, “The plaintiff may, at any time before trial or hearing begins,
     upon notice to each party who has appeared or each such party’s attorney, and upon payment
     of costs, dismiss his or her action or any part thereof as to any defendant, without prejudice,
     by order filed in the cause.” (Emphasis added.) 735 ILCS 5/2-1009(a) (West 2010). It is
     undisputed that the dismissal of Robert’s petition was in the nature of a voluntary dismissal
     under section 2-1009(a). By extension of the reasoning set forth in Vicencio, we read the
     word “costs,” as used in section 2-1009(a), to mean “court costs”–a term used in
     contradistinction to “litigation expenses.” The resolution of this appeal depends on which
     category includes the fees of a professional appointed by the trial court pursuant to section
     604(b).
¶6        In our view, what distinguishes court costs (such as filing fees, jury fees, subpoena fees,
     and statutory witness fees) from litigation expenses (such as the treating physician’s fees in
     Vicencio) is the mandatory and nonnegotiable character of the former. The fees in the first
     category are those that must be paid simply to have one’s case heard (before a jury if
     appropriate) and to obtain compulsory attendance of witnesses and production of evidence.
     Payment of these fees provides modest recompense for citizens summoned by the court to
     give testimony and helps to defray the operational expenses of the court system (including
     the expense of compensating those called to serve as jurors). In this way, these fees differ
     from privately incurred expenses, such as fees (beyond those required by statute) that a party
     agrees to pay a treating physician as compensation for time spent assisting in the preparation
     of the case and providing testimony.
¶7        The fees of a professional appointed pursuant to section 604(b) are analogous to the fees
     that have been deemed to be recoverable court costs. The section 604(b) professional is
     retained by the court to assist it in deciding the controversy before it. The professional neither
     is retained by, nor serves at the behest of, any party. Whether to engage the services of the
     professional is ultimately the prerogative of the court, not of the parties, and the
     professional’s fees are not subject to private negotiation in the same way a treating
     physician’s fees for litigation services might be. The services of section 604(b) professionals
     are a judicial resource, not a private litigation resource. We see no reason to treat the costs
     of such services differently from the costs of other judicial resources (both physical and
     human) that are defrayed by the collection of various fees and that are taxable under sections
     5-108 and 2-1009(a) of the Code and similar provisions.
¶8        Relying on both Vicencio and an earlier decision from our supreme court, Galowich v.
     Beech Aircraft Corp., 92 Ill. 2d 157 (1982), Robert argues that, because his petition did not
     proceed to trial, Shapiro’s fees were not taxable as costs. At issue in Galowich was whether
     the defendants’ deposition expenses were recoverable under Rule 208(d). When Galowich
     was decided, Rule 208 provided in part as follows:


                                                -4-
                 “(a) Who Shall Pay. The party at whose instance the deposition is taken shall pay the
            fees of the witness and of the officer and the charges of the recorder or stenographer for
            attending. The party at whose request a deposition is transcribed and filed shall pay the
            charges for transcription and filing. The party at whose request a tape recorded deposition
            is filed without having been transcribed shall pay the charges for filing, and if such
            deposition is subsequently transcribed the party requesting it shall pay the charges for
            such transcription. If, however, the scope of the examination by any other party exceeds
            the scope of examination by the party at whose instance the deposition is taken, the fees
            and charges due to the excess shall be summarily taxed by the court and paid by the other
            party.
                 (b) Amount. The officer taking and certifying a deposition is entitled to any fees
            provided by statute, together with the reasonable and necessary charges for a recorder or
            stenographer for attending and transcribing the deposition. Every witness attending
            before the officer is entitled to the fees and mileage allowance provided by statute for
            witnesses attending courts in this State.
                 (c) Copies. Upon payment of reasonable charges therefor, the officer shall furnish a
            copy of the deposition to any party or to the deponent.
                 (d) Taxing as Costs. The aforesaid fees and charges may in the discretion of the trial
            court be taxed as costs.” Ill. S. Ct. R. 208 (eff. Oct. 1, 1975).
¶9          The Galowich court stated, “We *** interpret Rule 208(d) as authorizing the trial court
       to tax as costs, in its discretion, the expenses only of those depositions necessarily used at
       trial.” Galowich, 92 Ill. 2d at 166. The court explained:
                 “This interpretation of the rule accords with this court’s frequent statements that a
            successful litigant is not entitled to recover the ordinary expenses of litigation.
            [Citations.] The deposition as used in modern litigation is almost entirely a technique of
            trial preparation, serving primarily the convenience of counsel. Though there may be
            instances in which a discovery deposition would become a necessity–as when a crucial
            witness died or disappeared before trial–it is difficult to say that all or even most of the
            depositions routinely taken in preparation for trial are necessary. Litigants in Illinois must
            bear their own litigation and trial-preparation expenses, and in our view these include the
            expenses of discovery depositions.” (Emphasis added.) Id.
       The Vicencio court observed that, because there was no trial in Galowich, the “necessarily
       used at trial” standard could not be satisfied and the defendant was required to bear its own
       deposition expenses for that reason alone. Vicencio, 204 Ill. 2d at 306 (“In effect, the
       determinative factor in Galowich was not ‘necessary use’; it was ‘at trial.’ ”).
¶ 10        Robert contends that the case before us is “a carbon copy of the Galowich decision.” The
       metaphor is apt only inasmuch as an original and a carbon copy, when viewed side by side,
       are easy to distinguish from one another, as are Galowich and this case. The rule announced
       in Galowich and clarified in Vicencio flowed from our supreme court’s understanding that
       deposition expenses are normally considered trial-preparation expenses, and are therefore not
       recoverable as court costs. As the court explained in Galowich, discovery depositions are
       primarily for counsel’s convenience. Obviously the same cannot be said about the services

                                                  -5-
       of a professional retained under section 604(b) of the Act–his or her principal function is to
       advise the trial court, not to assist a party in preparing for trial. Accordingly, Galowich and
       Vicencio provide no support for Robert’s argument.
¶ 11       The dissent suggests that the record is unclear as to the nature of the dismissal and infers
       that such an ambiguity might affect the analysis. We do not accept the dissent’s suggestion
       that the dismissal was for want of prosecution, because the trial court related in its April 5,
       2012, order, “The Court finds that the [section] 604(b) cost of Dr. Shapiro was a court cost
       under [section] 2-1009.” Nevertheless, costs would be recoverable even if the dismissal were
       for want of prosecution (see 735 ILCS 5/5-116 (West 2010)).
¶ 12       The dissent further relates as follows: “A guardian ad litem’s fees also would meet the
       majority’s definition of being ‘mandatory and nonnegotiable.’ Would these qualify as costs
       under section 2-1009(a)?” Infra ¶ 28. Taxing guardian ad litem fees as costs was the statutory
       practice under the now-repealed Chancery Act (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1975, ch. 22, ¶ 6). See Chicago
       Title & Trust Co. v. Czubak, 52 Ill. App. 3d 986 (1977). Presently, section 27-4 of the
       Probate Act of 1975 provides:
               “§ 27-4. Compensation of a guardian ad litem or special administrator. A guardian
           ad litem or special administrator is entitled to such reasonable compensation as may be
           fixed by the court to be taxed as costs in the proceedings and paid in due course of
           administration.” 755 ILCS 5/27-4 (West 2010).
       The dissent identifies the following features of court costs: “no judgment or court order is
       required for a party to incur court costs” (infra ¶ 31); “court costs generally are fixed and are
       not subject to determinations of reasonableness” (infra ¶ 32); “court costs are incurred
       regardless of the type of litigation involved” (infra ¶ 34); and “court costs are incurred for
       generic administrative and court-funding reasons, not for specific merits-based or policy-
       based reasons” (infra ¶ 35). Section 27-4 guardian ad litem fees–which the General
       Assembly considers to be court costs–have none of these characteristics. See 755 ILCS 5/27-
       4 (West 2010).
¶ 13       For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the circuit court of Kane County is affirmed.

¶ 14       Affirmed.

¶ 15       JUSTICE ZENOFF, dissenting.
¶ 16       I respectfully dissent because I disagree with the majority’s conclusion that the fees of
       a professional custody evaluator appointed pursuant to section 604(b) of the Illinois Marriage
       and Dissolution of Marriage Act (Act) (750 ILCS 5/604(b) (West Supp. 2011)) fall under the
       term “costs” in section 2-1009(a) of the Code of Civil Procedure (Code) (735 ILCS 5/2-
       1009(a) (West 2010)).
¶ 17       Before discussing the merits of this issue, however, I feel compelled to make an
       observation on the procedural posture of this case. While the majority has given this aspect
       of the record little attention, I believe that it reveals a shaky foundation underlying this
       appeal. This observation also serves, I believe, as a reminder of how careless disregard for


                                                 -6-
       procedural rules creates easily avoidable disputes like the one before us.
¶ 18       Although the majority states that “[i]t is undisputed that the dismissal of Robert’s petition
       was in the nature of a voluntary dismissal under section 2-1009(a)” (supra ¶ 5), the record
       does not support the parties’ characterization in this regard. Following Dr. Shapiro’s custody
       evaluation, which is file-stamped June 13, 2011, the next document in the record is Sheila’s
       October 27, 2011, motion for “entry of dismissal” and for discharge of the guardian ad litem.
       In her motion, Sheila alleged that the trial on Robert’s petition to modify custody was
       scheduled to begin on September 13, 2011, but that, after Dr. Shapiro filed his custody
       evaluation, Robert “advised through counsel that he was not going to proceed with his
       Petition.” Sheila further alleged that, on September 12, 2011, Robert’s attorney notified the
       court that trial would not proceed as scheduled. Sheila noted that no dispositive order ever
       was entered.
¶ 19       The next document in the record is the court’s November 29, 2011, order, in which the
       court granted Sheila’s motion for entry of dismissal. The order states that “[t]he matter is
       dismissed [and] taken off the call.” The order makes no mention of costs. The record does
       not contain a transcript of the hearing on Sheila’s motion.
¶ 20       Next in the record is Robert’s motion to vacate the November 29, 2011, order. Robert
       alleged that the parties’ attorneys had reached an agreement regarding the terms of a
       proposed order to be entered, and that the order entered did not conform to that agreement.
       The details of the agreement are not disclosed. The court granted Robert’s motion in part by
       modifying the dismissal order to include the language “without prejudice.” The court also
       granted Sheila leave to file a motion for costs. Once again, the record does not contain a
       transcript of the hearing on Robert’s motion to vacate.
¶ 21       Based on the record before us, it is difficult to characterize what occurred here as a
       section 2-1009(a) voluntary dismissal. The trial court dismissed the action on Sheila’s
       motion, not at Robert’s request. Sheila filed her motion for entry of dismissal after more than
       four months of inactivity in the case, and after the scheduled trial date had come and gone
       with no order being entered. To my knowledge, a party cannot “voluntarily dismiss” an
       opposing party’s action. Before the court modified it, the dismissal order stated that “[t]he
       matter is dismissed [and] taken off the call,” and it made no mention of costs. Although
       Robert succeeded in having the dismissal order modified to include the language “without
       prejudice,” this would have been unnecessary had this been a voluntary dismissal pursuant
       to section 2-1009(a), because by statute a party has one year to refile an action that has been
       voluntarily dismissed. 735 ILCS 5/13-217 (West 1994).2

               2
                 As this court has explained, “[t]he version of section 13-217 in effect is the version that
       preceded the amendments to Public Act 89-7 (Pub. Act 89-7, eff. March 9, 1995), which our supreme
       court found unconstitutional in its entirety.” Domingo v. Guarino, 402 Ill. App. 3d 690, 698 n.3
       (2010).
                However, technically, it is unclear whether there is any limitation at all on the refiling of a
       postdissolution custody petition that has been voluntarily dismissed, because section 13-217 appears
       in article XIII of the Code, which is not expressly applicable to proceedings under the Act. See
       Sanjay T. Tailor, Better Civil Practice in Dissolution of Marriage Litigation, 40 Loy. U. Chi. L.J.

                                                     -7-
¶ 22        In addition, while the record suggests that Robert consented to the entry of a dismissal
       order that differed from the one actually entered, nowhere in Sheila’s motion for entry of
       dismissal, in the court’s dismissal order, or in Robert’s motion to vacate the dismissal order
       does the phrase “voluntary dismissal” appear. Nor do those documents reference section 2-
       1009(a) of the Code. Section 2-1009(a) provides that a plaintiff may dismiss his or her
       action, or any part thereof, “by order filed in the cause.” 735 ILCS 5/2-1009(a) (West 2010).
       Here, there is no voluntary dismissal order; there is only an order granting Sheila’s motion
       for entry of dismissal. The absence of transcripts in the record further hinders our ability to
       characterize what occurred here as a section 2-1009(a) voluntary dismissal. In sum, I have
       trouble relying on the parties’ characterization of the procedural posture of this case when
       that characterization is unsupported by the record. Section 2-1009(a) references only the
       payment of costs by a plaintiff who, upon notice to each party, voluntarily dismisses his or
       her action by order filed in the cause.
¶ 23        However, even if this were a voluntary dismissal under section 2-1009(a), I would agree
       with Robert that the fees of a section 604(b) evaluator are not recoverable as costs under
       section 2-1009(a). Accordingly, I would reverse the trial court’s judgment.
¶ 24        Because no Illinois court has addressed this issue, the majority looks to cases involving
       other categories of costs for guidance. The majority discusses Galowich v. Beech Aircraft
       Corp., 92 Ill. 2d 157 (1982), and Vicencio v. Lincoln-Way Builders, Inc., 204 Ill. 2d 295
       (2003).
¶ 25        In Galowich, the supreme court addressed the issue of whether the predecessor to section
       2-1009(a) of the Code required the plaintiffs, who had voluntarily dismissed their case before
       trial, to pay as costs the defendants’ deposition expenses. Galowich, 92 Ill. 2d at 159-60. In
       addressing this issue, the court looked to Illinois Supreme Court Rule 208 (eff. Oct. 1, 1975),
       which permitted a trial court to tax as costs certain expenses incurred in taking, transcribing,
       and filing depositions. Galowich, 92 Ill. 2d at 162-63. The court noted that neither the costs
       statute nor any supreme court rule provided a definition of the term “costs.” Galowich, 92
       Ill. 2d at 165. Searching elsewhere for a definition, the court explained: “[T]he term has
       acquired a fixed and technical meaning in the law. Costs are allowances in the nature of
       incidental damages awarded by law to reimburse the prevailing party, to some extent at least,
       for the expenses necessarily incurred in the assertion of his rights in court.” Galowich, 92 Ill.
       2d at 165-66. Ultimately, the court concluded that only the expenses incurred in taking a
       deposition that was necessarily used at trial were recoverable under Rule 208. Galowich, 92
       Ill. 2d at 166. Because no trial had occurred–since the plaintiffs had voluntarily dismissed
       their case prior to trial–the court held that the defendants’ deposition expenses were not
       recoverable as costs under the voluntary dismissal statute. Galowich, 92 Ill. 2d at 167.
¶ 26        In Vicencio, the issue was whether a trial court could assess as costs the fees charged by



       911, 934-40 (2009) (noting that, because section 13-217 is not expressly applicable to dissolution
       proceedings, and because dissolution actions are not subject to a limitations period, a petitioner in
       a dissolution action who has voluntarily dismissed an action “should have an absolute right to re-file
       against the same party and to re-allege the same cause of action at any time”).

                                                    -8-
       a plaintiff’s treating physician for his participation in an evidence deposition that was used
       at trial. Vicencio, 204 Ill. 2d at 297. Although Vicencio involved an award of costs pursuant
       to section 5-108 of the Code to a plaintiff who had prevailed at trial, not the payment of costs
       to an opposing party upon a voluntary dismissal, the court began by discussing the Galowich
       court’s definition of the term “costs.” Vicencio, 204 Ill. 2d at 301. The Vicencio court first
       agreed with the Galowich court that the plain and ordinary meaning of the word “costs” was
       not helpful, because the word had become a term of art. Vicencio, 204 Ill. 2d at 297.
       According to the Vicencio court, however, the Galowich court’s definition of the term
       “costs” was not workable, because the definition was “descriptive” rather than “prescriptive.”
       Vicencio, 204 Ill. 2d at 301. The Vicencio court explained: “That is, [the Galowich court’s
       definition] describes a characteristic shared by all categories of taxable costs (‘necessarily
       incurred’), but it does not prescribe a rule that draws a line between those that must be taxed
       pursuant to section 5-108 and those that may be taxed pursuant to another statute or rule.”
       Vicencio, 204 Ill. 2d at 301-02. The Vicencio court concluded that the term “costs” meant
       “court costs,” which Black’s Law Dictionary defined as the “ ‘charges or fees taxed by the
       court, such as filing fees, jury fees, courthouse fees, and reporter fees.’ ” Vicencio, 204 Ill.
       2d at 302 (quoting Black’s Law Dictionary 350 (7th ed. 1999)). The court noted as other
       examples of court costs subpoena fees and statutory witness fees. Vicencio, 204 Ill. 2d at 302.
       The court further explained that court costs were distinguishable from “litigation costs,”
       which Black’s Law Dictionary defined as “ ‘expenses of litigation, prosecution, or other legal
       transaction, esp[ecially] those allowed in favor of one party against the other.’ ” Vicencio,
       204 Ill. 2d at 302 (quoting Black’s Law Dictionary 350 (7th ed. 1999)). Ultimately, the court
       held that the treating physician’s deposition fees were a litigation cost, not a court cost.
       Vicencio, 204 Ill. 2d at 302.
¶ 27        Respectfully, I believe that the majority has repeated the error of the Galowich court,
       which is to say that the majority has offered a descriptive definition of the term “costs” rather
       than a prescriptive one. Initially, I agree with the majority’s decision, “[b]y extension of the
       reasoning set forth in Vicencio” (supra ¶ 5), to treat the word “costs” in section 2-1009(a)
       as court costs. However, I do not agree with the majority’s decision to then describe all
       categories of court costs as sharing the broad characteristics of “mandatory and
       nonnegotiable” (supra ¶ 6). In Vicencio, the court explained that the characteristic of being
       “necessarily incurred” was inadequate to provide a working definition of the term “costs.”
       Vicencio, 204 Ill. 2d at 301-02. The court departed from the Galowich court’s broad,
       descriptive definition and instead relied on a narrow, prescriptive definition from Black’s
       Law Dictionary, which provided specific examples of court costs.
¶ 28        Here, rather than follow the Vicencio court’s example of favoring a narrow and
       prescriptive definition over a broad and descriptive definition, the majority has done just the
       opposite. It has extrapolated from Vicencio’s narrow and prescriptive definition of costs a
       broad and descriptive definition of that term. The majority’s descriptive definition relies
       upon characteristics (“mandatory and nonnegotiable”) that, although shared by all categories
       of costs, fail to adequately draw a line between those costs that must be paid by a plaintiff
       who voluntarily dismisses a lawsuit and those costs that need not be paid. Court-imposed
       sanctions also are “mandatory and nonnegotiable,” but a plaintiff is not required to

                                                 -9-
       compensate the opposing party for sanctions upon voluntarily dismissing a lawsuit. A
       guardian ad litem’s fees also would meet the majority’s definition of being “mandatory and
       nonnegotiable.” Would these qualify as costs under section 2-1009(a)? The trial court in this
       case denied the portion of Sheila’s motion for costs that sought reimbursement of her share
       of the guardian ad litem’s fees. However, because the record contains no transcripts, we have
       no indication of how the court reached that decision. In sum, I believe that the majority’s
       definition of the term “costs” in section 2-1009(a) is not an adequate working definition of
       that term. I further believe that the majority’s reliance on its broad and descriptive definition
       of costs has led it to erroneously conclude that the fees of a section 604(b) evaluator qualify
       as costs under section 2-1009(a).
¶ 29       I would more strictly adhere to the Vicencio court’s narrow and prescriptive definition
       of the term “costs,” and I would conclude that the fees of a section 604(b) evaluator do not
       qualify as costs under section 2-1009(a). Again, the Vicencio court’s definition was “charges
       or fees taxed by the court, such as filing fees, courthouse fees, and reporter fees.” Other
       examples were subpoena fees and statutory witness fees. I do not believe that the fees of a
       section 604(b) evaluator fall under this definition. There are too many differences between
       the examples of court costs identified by the Vicencio court and a section 604(b) evaluator’s
       fees to justify any attempt to squeeze section 604(b) fees within the term “costs.” The list
       below, while not exhaustive, serves to highlight the numerous differences between court
       costs and section 604(b) fees.
¶ 30       First, most court costs are paid directly to the clerk of the court. This is true of filing fees,
       jury fees, appearance fees, and alias summons fees. When a court orders a party to pay a
       section 604(b) evaluator’s fees, by contrast, the party pays those fees directly to the evaluator,
       who need not be “employed by the court on a regular basis.” 750 ILCS 5/604(b) (West 2010).
       The section 604(b) evaluator in this case was an independently employed psychologist, who
       sent invoices for his services directly to the parties. As an attorney or other professional
       would, he sent periodic invoices, which likely itemized the services he had rendered during
       the preceding period.3 While parties likewise pay statutory witness fees directly to witnesses,
       those witnesses typically do not send invoices for services rendered to the parties. Moreover,
       statutory witness fees compensate witnesses for time spent testifying in court or at a
       deposition. The fees paid to the section 604(b) evaluator in this case compensated him for
       conducting investigations and drafting reports outside of court, based on his special training
       and expertise.
¶ 31       Second, no judgment or court order is required for a party to incur court costs. A
       defendant pays an appearance fee because a statute requires it and the clerk of the court tells
       him or her to pay it. Similarly, attorneys voluntarily pay subpoena fees and statutory witness
       fees because they know they are required by statute to do so. Payment of the fees of a section
       604(b) evaluator, by contrast, depends upon the court entering an order or a judgment


               3
                The record reflects that Sheila issued two checks to Dr. Shapiro: one for $2,500 on
       November 2, 2010, which was approximately six weeks after Dr. Shapiro had been appointed, and
       one for $2,475 on March 22, 2011.

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       requiring payment of the fees. Section 604(b) provides that “[t]he court shall allocate the
       costs and fees of [a court-appointed custody evaluator] between the parties based upon the
       financial ability of each party and any other criteria the court considers appropriate.” 750
       ILCS 5/604(b) (West Supp. 2011). The parties have no obligation to pay a section 604(b)
       evaluator’s fees or any idea of what their respective shares of the fees will be until a court
       appoints an evaluator and enters an order allocating the fees.
¶ 32        Third, court costs generally are fixed and are not subject to determinations of
       reasonableness. Court costs are set by statute or by rule. For example, section 27.2 of the
       Clerks of Court Act dictates the acceptable range for filing fees, appearance fees, jury fees,
       and alias summons fees, which may be increased by the county board only. 705 ILCS
       105/27.2 (West 2010). Witness fees in a fixed amount are provided for in the Circuit Courts
       Act. 705 ILCS 35/4.3 (West 2010). The amount of fees that a section 604(b) evaluator
       generates, by contrast, will vary greatly depending upon the complexity of the custody issues
       involved and the amount of investigation necessary. Moreover, the fees of a section 604(b)
       evaluator are subject to a determination of reasonableness by the court following a hearing,
       which any party may request. 750 ILCS 5/604(b) (West Supp. 2011).
¶ 33        Fourth, court costs are not subject to allocation among the parties based upon financial
       ability to pay or upon any other criteria. For example, when a defendant files an appearance
       in a case, the defendant alone pays the appearance fee. When a court appoints a section
       604(b) evaluator, by contrast, section 604(b) directs the court to “allocate the costs and fees
       of those professional personnel between the parties based upon the financial ability of each
       party and any other criteria the court considers appropriate.” 750 ILCS 5/604(b) (West Supp.
       2011). Here, when the court appointed Dr. Shapiro as the section 604(b) evaluator, it ordered
       the parties to share equally his fees. Although the order also stated that it was without
       prejudice as to the ultimate allocation, this further distinguishes the section 604(b) fees from
       court costs. Court costs are not subject to allocation between the parties at all, let alone an
       initial allocation followed by a final allocation.
¶ 34        Fifth, court costs are incurred regardless of the type of litigation involved. A defendant
       in a personal injury case pays the same appearance fee and the same jury fee as a defendant
       in a breach-of-contract action. By contrast, parties incur section 604(b) fees only during child
       custody litigation. Unlike court costs, section 604(b) fees are dependent upon the substantive
       issues raised in the litigation.
¶ 35        Sixth, court costs are incurred for generic administrative and court-funding reasons, not
       for specific merits-based or policy-based reasons. As the majority notes, the payment of court
       costs “provides modest recompense for citizens summoned by the court to give testimony
       and helps to defray the operational expenses of the court system (including the expense of
       compensating those called to serve as jurors).” Supra ¶ 6. The fees of a section 604(b)
       evaluator, by contrast, are incurred specifically to assist the court in resolving the merits of
       disputed child custody issues in the best interests of the children involved. In In re Marriage
       of Petersen, 319 Ill. App. 3d 325 (2001), a case decided before section 604(b) was amended
       to include a fee provision, the court noted that, “[i]n matters regarding child custody, courts
       have the inherent power to enter orders that are necessary for the benefit of the child,
       including orders assessing fees.” Petersen, 319 Ill. App. 3d at 334. The court further

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       observed that the section 604(b) witness in the case, “although designated a court’s witness,
       was appointed for the ultimate benefit of the minor children and was necessary to protect the
       interests of the minor children regarding issues of custody and visitation.” Petersen, 319 Ill.
       App. 3d at 334. An order allocating section 604(b) fees between the parties does not “defray
       the operational expenses of the court system,” it promotes the resolution of a custody
       proceeding on the merits and in the best interests of the children involved.
¶ 36        In sum, I would hold that the fees of a section 604(b) evaluator do not fall under the term
       “costs” in section 2-1009(a) of the Code. Because section 604(b) fees do not qualify as court
       costs, the only appropriate statutory basis that I can see for the allocation (or reallocation) of
       a section 604(b) evaluator’s fees is section 604(b) itself. However, the trial court did not
       allocate the fees on this basis. Therefore, I would reverse the trial court’s judgment. Although
       Sheila argues in her brief that the trial court had the authority under section 604(b) to
       reallocate Dr. Shapiro’s fees entirely to Robert, as I noted above, the sole legal authority
       Sheila cited in her motion for reimbursement of costs was section 2-1009(a) of the Code.
       Therefore, the record does not support affirming the trial court on the basis that section
       604(b) granted the court the authority to shift liability for the fees to Robert.
¶ 37        I find further support for my conclusion in the consideration that the cost provision of
       section 2-1009(a) is not meant to penalize a party who exercises his or her right to voluntarily
       dismiss an action prior to trial. Under its rule-making authority, our supreme court has
       granted trial courts authority to sanction parties who abuse the voluntary dismissal process.
       Illinois Supreme Court Rule 219(e) (eff. July 1, 2002) provides that “[a] party shall not be
       permitted to avoid compliance with discovery deadlines, orders or applicable rules by
       voluntarily dismissing a lawsuit.” The rule further provides that, in the event of a party’s
       abuse of the voluntary dismissal process, a trial court “may, in addition to the assessment of
       costs, require the party voluntarily dismissing a claim to pay an opposing party or parties
       reasonable expenses incurred in defending the action including but not limited to discovery
       expenses, expert witness fees, reproduction costs, travel expenses, postage, and phone
       charges.” (Emphasis added.) Ill. S. Ct. R. 219(e) (eff. July 1, 2002). I believe that requiring
       a party who voluntarily dismisses a custody petition for legitimate and nonabusive reasons
       to bear the full cost of a section 604(b) evaluator is an unauthorized penalty, beyond the
       scope of what the legislature intended when it enacted section 2-1009(a).
¶ 38        Here, nothing in the record indicates that Robert’s decision to cease pursuing his petition
       was intended to avoid or to abuse any discovery deadline, court order, or rule. Based on my
       reading of the record and of Dr. Shapiro’s custody evaluation in particular, it appears that
       Robert made a rational decision not to proceed with his petition. In his evaluation, Dr.
       Shapiro–whom the court appointed on the recommendation of the guardian ad litem–reported
       that he had met with and interviewed Robert and Sheila, both individually and with their
       daughter, Francesca. Dr. Shapiro concluded that Francesca had a close and loving
       relationship with both of her parents, and that there was no reason to change residential
       custody. Dr. Shapiro concluded that a change in residential custody would not be in
       Francesca’s best interests, but he also recommended that it would be in Francesca’s best
       interests for Robert to have increased parenting time. Thus, while Dr. Shapiro’s evaluation
       viewed Robert in a positive light, Dr. Shapiro’s recommendations regarding custody

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nevertheless made it extremely unlikely that Robert would prevail on his petition to modify
custody. I do not believe that Robert should be penalized for voluntarily dismissing his
petition (if that is what he did) in light of Dr. Shapiro’s evaluation.




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