                                                                                    [PUBLISH]


                      IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                               FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                                ________________________

                                        No. 98-2464
                                                                            FILED
                                 ________________________          U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                     ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                               D. C. Docket No. 3:97-CR-57/RV             08/11/99
                                                                      THOMAS K. KAHN
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                                                  CLERK

                                                                  Plaintiff-Appellee,

                                            versus

WALLACE C. YOST, a.k.a. RODDY LYNN REEVES, etc.,

                                                                  Defendant-Appellant.
                                 ________________________

                         Appeal from the United States District Court
                             for the Northern District of Florida
                               _________________________
                                      (August 11, 1999)


Before EDMONDSON and BLACK, Circuit Judges, and PAUL*, Senior District Judge.

BLACK, Circuit Judge:




       *
         Honorable Maurice M. Paul, Senior U.S. District Judge for the Northern District of
Florida, sitting by designation.
       Appellant Wallace C. Yost appeals his sentence for conspiracy to commit mail fraud,

wire fraud, and bankruptcy fraud, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 371, and mail fraud, in violation of

18 U.S.C. § 1341. He asserts the district court erred by resentencing him and revisiting issues at

the second sentencing hearing that it had previously decided. We hold the district court, having

discovered a clear error, had the authority under Rule 35(c) to resentence Appellant and revisit

any factual findings or issues previously decided at the initial sentencing and therefore affirm.

                                       I. BACKGROUND

       In May 1997, a federal grand jury returned a four-count indictment against Appellant,

charging conspiracy to commit bank fraud, mail fraud, wire fraud, money laundering, and

bankruptcy fraud, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 371 (Count I); two counts of bank fraud, in

violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 1344, 2 (Counts II and III); and one count of mail fraud, in violation of

18 U.S.C. §§ 1341, 2 (Count IV). Appellant pled guilty to Count IV and to part of Count I; in

particular, he pled guilty to the substantive offense of mail fraud and to conspiracy to commit

mail fraud, wire fraud, and bankruptcy fraud, but not to conspiracy to commit money laundering

or conspiracy to commit bank fraud.

       At Appellant’s first sentencing hearing on March 24, 1999, the district court, pursuant to

U.S.S.G. § 3D1.2(d), grouped together the offenses from Counts I and IV, but erroneously

included conspiracy to commit money laundering and conspiracy to bank fraud, to which

Appellant had not pled guilty. Pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 3D1.3(b), the district court had to use the

highest possible offense level for any of Appellant’s offenses as Appellant’s base offense level.

The district court concluded that Appellant had not committed the offense of conspiracy to

commit bank fraud. As a result, the district court determined that Appellant’s offense level


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under U.S.S.G. § 2F1.1, the guideline applicable to the substantive offense of mail fraud and to

conspiracy to commit bank fraud, mail fraud, wire fraud, and bankruptcy fraud, would be lower

than that calculated by the probation officer. The district court sentenced Appellant under

U.S.S.G. § 2S1.1, the guideline applicable to conspiracy to commit money laundering, as it

yielded a higher offense level. The district court imposed a sentence of 14 months’

imprisonment.1 When the district court sentenced a codefendant on March 26, 1999, it realized it

had erred by applying the money laundering guideline in sentencing Appellant. On March 27,

1999, the district court set aside Appellant’s initial sentence and held another sentencing hearing.

       At the resentencing hearing, the district court recognized that Appellant had not pled

guilty to conspiracy to commit money laundering and stated that even if he had pled guilty to

that charge, the applicable statute of limitations would have barred his conviction for the offense.

The district court therefore sentenced Appellant under U.S.S.G. § 2F1.1. The district court also

realized that Appellant had not pled guilty to conspiracy to commit bank fraud either, but

reversed its earlier determination and concluded Appellant’s conduct did constitute conspiracy to

commit bank fraud and therefore could be considered as relevant conduct under § 2F1.1. This

conclusion resulted in an increase in Appellant’s § 2F1.1 offense level. After its recalculations,

the district court sentenced Appellant to 18 months’ imprisonment.2 Appellant brought this


       1
         Applying U.S.S.G. § 2S1.1, the resulting adjusted offense level was 17, with a
sentencing range of 24-30 months’ imprisonment. After granting the Government’s § 5K1.1
motion to reduce the sentence, the court sentenced Appellant to 14 months’ imprisonment and
ordered him to pay a $10,000 fine and $50,000 restitution.
       2
         Based on its redetermination that Appellant’s conduct constituted conspiracy to commit
bank fraud, the district court recalculated Appellant’s adjusted offense level to be 19, for a
guideline range of 30 to 37 months’ imprisonment. After the § 5K1.1 downward departure, the
court sentenced Appellant to 18 months’ imprisonment and ordered him to pay restitution in the

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appeal, asserting the district court lacked authority under Rule 35(c) to resentence him as it did.

                                          II. ANALYSIS

       Rule 35(c) provides that a sentencing court “acting within 7 days after the imposition of

sentence, may correct a sentence that was imposed as a result of arithmetical, technical, or other

clear error.” Fed. R. Crim. P. 35(c) (emphasis added). In this case, we are asked to determine

whether the phrase “other clear error” includes any of the district court’s mistakes at the initial

sentencing.3

       We have not specifically delineated the scope of a sentencing court’s authority under




amount of $1,050,000 (but no fine).
       3
          We note the Government could have argued that a sentence is not imposed until the
entry of a judgment of conviction. Although the majority of circuits that have addressed the
issue view a sentence as being imposed for purposes of Rule 35(c) when it is orally pronounced
by the district court, see United States v. Gonzalez, 163 F.3d 255, 264 (5th Cir. 1998); United
States v. Layman, 116 F.3d 105, 108 (4th Cir. 1997), cert. denied, __ U.S. __, 118 S. Ct. 1034
(1998); United States v. Townsend, 33 F.3d 1230, 1231 (10th Cir. 1994); United States v.
Navarro-Espinosa, 30 F.3d 1169, 1170 (9th Cir. 1994), the Seventh Circuit has adopted the
opposite view. United States v. Clay, 37 F.3d 338, 340 (7th Cir. 1994); see also United States v.
Morillo, 8 F.3d 864, 869 n.8 (1st Cir. 1993) (stating in dicta “it is likely” that when the date of
the oral pronouncement differs from the date on which judgment is entered, “sentence is imposed
on the date judgment enters, rather than the date sentence is orally pronounced”). In this case,
the judgment of conviction was not entered until after the resentencing hearing, so the only
sentence shown on that written judgment included the corrections made at the resentencing
hearing. If Appellant’s sentence was not imposed for purposes of Rule 35(c) until the written
judgment was entered, there would be only one sentence—the one pronounced at the
resentencing hearing—and the district court would have no need for Rule 35(c) authority.
Although Rule 35(c) authority is jurisdictional, see Fed. R. Crim. P. 35 advisory committee’s
note (“The subdivision [Rule 35(c)] does not provide for any formalized method of bringing the
error to the attention of the court and recognizes that the court could sua sponte make the
correction.”); United States v. Lopez, 26 F.3d 512, 522 (5th Cir.1994) (stating that the seven days
from imposition of sentence within which the district court can correct errors is “jurisdictional”
under Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 35(c)), we need not address the question of when
Appellant’s sentence was imposed for purposes of Rule 35(c) because we hold the district court
had authority under Rule 35(c) to resentence Appellant as it did.

                                                  4
Rule 35(c). The 1991 Advisory Committee’s Note to Rule 35(c) provides:

       The authority to correct a sentence under this subdivision is intended to be very
       narrow and to extend only to those cases in which an obvious error or mistake has
       occurred in the sentence, that is, errors which would almost certainly result in a
       remand of the case to the trial court for further action under Rule 35(a). The
       subdivision is not intended to afford the court the opportunity to reconsider the
       application or interpretation of the sentencing guidelines or for the court simply to
       change its mind about the appropriateness of the sentence. Nor should it be used
       to reopen issues previously resolved at the sentencing hearing through the
       exercise of the court’s discretion with regard to the application of the sentencing
       guidelines.

Fed. R. Crim. P. 35 advisory committee’s note.

       Thus, under Rule 35(c), the district court may not simply change its mind, and any error

to be corrected under that subsection must be obvious. In this case, the district court did not

simply change its mind; nor did it simply reconsider its calculations under the appropriate

guidelines. Rather, it resentenced Appellant because at the first sentencing hearing it used the

wrong guideline, an obvious error. We therefore hold the district court had authority to

resentence Appellant pursuant to Rule 35(c).4

       Appellant asserts that even if the district court had authority to resentence him, it did not

have authority to revisit its prior ruling regarding consideration of Appellant’s bank fraud as

relevant conduct. In this regard, Appellant argues that the district court’s misapplication of this

Court’s precedent was not a clear error for purposes of Rule 35(c).

       “A criminal sentence is a package of sanctions that the district court utilizes to effectuate



       4
         We need not address whether the district court’s determination after the initial
sentencing hearing that Appellant’s conviction for conspiracy to commit money laundering was
barred by the applicable statute of limitations constituted a finding of a clear error correctable
under Rule 35(c), since Appellant did not plead guilty to and thus was not convicted of that
offense in the first place.

                                                 5
its sentencing intent consistent with the Sentencing Guidelines.” United States v. Stinson, 97

F.3d 466, 469 (11th Cir. 1996) (citations omitted). Under this holistic approach, we have held

that when we vacate a sentence and remand for resentencing, the sentence becomes void in its

entirety and the district court is free to revisit any rulings it made at the initial sentencing. See

id. at 469. We see no reason why the same should not be true when the district court resentences

under Rule 35(c). See United States v. Bentley, 850 F.2d 327, 328-29 (7th Cir. 1988)

(“[N]othing but pointless formalism would support a distinction between a sentencing plan

disrupted by the vacatur of some counts on appeal and a plan shattered by the district court’s

own recognition that the plan was infested with error. . . . [W]henever the district court must

revise one aspect of the sentencing scheme, it is permitted by Rule 35 to revise the rest.”). We

thus hold it takes only one clear error to give the district court authority under Rule 35(c) to

conduct an entire resentencing at which the court may correct any other errors, clear or not.

                                         III. CONCLUSION

        We hold that upon discovering it committed clear error by sentencing Appellant for a

crime to which he had not pled guilty, the district court had authority under Rule 35(c) to

resentence Appellant as it did.

        AFFIRMED.




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