                               No. 2--08--0120  Filed: 12-9-09
______________________________________________________________________________

                                               IN THE

                               APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

                              SECOND DISTRICT
______________________________________________________________________________

In re GREGORY G., a Minor              ) Appeal from the Circuit Court
                                       ) of Kane County.
                                       )
                                       ) No. 07--JD--119
                                       )
(The People of the State of Illinois,  ) Honorable
Petitioner-Appellee, v. Gregory G.,    ) Wiley W. Edmondson,
Respondent-Appellant).                 ) Judge, Presiding.
______________________________________________________________________________

       JUSTICE O'MALLEY delivered the opinion of the court:

       Respondent, Gregory G., was adjudicated delinquent upon a finding that he committed a

battery by hitting James Blomberg in the head with a glass bottle (720 ILCS 5/12--3(a)(2) (West

2006)). Defendant was sentenced to nine months' probation. On appeal, defendant argues that the

State failed to prove him guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. We agree and reverse accordingly.

       The trial evidence showed the following. James Blomberg was working as a security guard

at an apartment complex when a fight broke out between two women, one of whom was respondent's

mother. The scene was chaotic and there were over 100 people surrounding the fight. As Blomberg

was breaking up the fight, he "got smacked in the head with the beer bottle." According to

Blomberg, the bottle was not thrown; he was hit in the back of the head with the bottle, and the bottle

broke when it hit his head. He did not see who hit him. When he turned around two or three minutes

later, he saw respondent standing 10 feet away and holding the head of a broken beer bottle in his
No. 2--08--0120


hand. He did not see anyone other than respondent with a bottle in his hand. Blomberg did not suffer

any injuries from the hit to his head.

       Officer Michael Straub, a police officer with the Village of Carpentersville, arrived at the

scene as the fight was taking place. He observed a minimum of 100 people congregated at the scene.

According to Straub, "[i]t was just utter chaos. Bottles being thrown, rocks being thrown." "You

are watching so you don't get hit by bottles yourself and rocks." Straub approached Blomberg, who

told him that he had just been hit over the head with a bottle. Straub looked around and saw

respondent holding the top half of a clear glass bottle in his hand. Straub did not observe anyone else

with a bottle in hand at that time.

       Several witnesses testified for the defense, namely, respondent's mother, aunt, and two

cousins, all of whom were present for the fight. Several of the defense witnesses observed people

throwing bottles at them, and two of the witnesses saw respondent catch one of the bottles with his

hand. None of the defense witnesses saw Blomberg get hit. Respondent's mother testified that she

was standing between respondent and Blomberg during the entire fight and that it was "impossible"

for respondent to have hit Blomberg. Two of the defense witnesses heard Blomberg say that he was

hit only after respondent was already arrested.

       The trial court found respondent guilty of battery. The trial court's reasoning was as follows:

               "Well, Mr. Blomberg says he got hit from behind by a bottle. He didn't see it. He felt

       it. The bottle broke. Mr. Blomberg would have no reason to make this up. There is no

       showing of any interest or bias that he has towards the minor respondent or his family. ***

               My conclusion is that the State has proven beyond a reasonable doubt that Mr.

       Blomberg got [h]it in the back of the head by a bottle. Mr. Blomberg freely admitted that he



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        didn't see who hit him with the bottle, but he testified he turned and he saw the minor

        respondent holding the head of a broken beer bottle.

                None of the defense witnesses said they saw Mr. Blomberg get hit, which means if Mr.

        Blomberg indeed was hit--and I believe beyond a reasonable doubt that he was--either they

        didn't see what happened or they did see it and didn't tell the truth about it.

                James Blomberg and Officer Straub both saw the minor respondent with the head of

        a broken beer bottle in his hand. The minor respondent's mother also saw the minor

        respondent holding a bottle. She said it was thrown by somebody in the mob and that the

        minor respondent caught it. If he caught it, why was it broken? Because we know a bottle

        was broken when it hit Mr. Blomberg.

                Savora Brooks, the minor respondent's aunt, also says she saw the minor respondent

        catch a bottle that was thrown. Once again, if that is what she saw, why was the bottle

        broken when observed by Mr. Blomberg and the officer?

                It is interesting that Mahaya Hampton was with the minor respondent just like the

        other witnesses the whole time. She never saw him catch a bottle or throw a bottle."

        Defendant argues on appeal that the evidence was insufficient to establish his guilt beyond a

reasonable doubt. The critical inquiry on review is whether the record evidence could reasonably

support a finding of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 318, 61 L.

Ed. 2d 560, 573, 99 S. Ct. 2781, 2788-89 (1979); In re Malcolm H., 373 Ill. App. 3d 891, 893 (2007)

(the constitutional safeguard of proof beyond a reasonable doubt applies to the adjudicatory stage of

juvenile delinquency proceedings). "[T]he relevant question is whether, after viewing the evidence

in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential



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elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt." (Emphasis in original.) Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319,

61 L. Ed. 2d at 573, 99 S. Ct. at 2789; see also In re W.C., 167 Ill. 2d 307, 336 (1995) (same

standard of review applied to delinquency proceedings). "This standard applies whether the evidence

was direct or circumstantial." People v. Natal, 368 Ill. App. 3d 262, 268 (2006). The trier of fact

is responsible for making credibility determinations, weighing the witnesses' testimony, and deciding

what inferences may be reasonably drawn from the evidence. People v. Ross, 229 Ill. 2d 255, 272

(2008). On review, "[a] reviewing court must allow all reasonable inferences from the record in favor

of the prosecution." People v. Cunningham, 212 Ill. 2d 274, 280 (2004). "However, a reviewing

court may not allow unreasonable inferences." Cunningham, 212 Ill. 2d at 280. That the trier of fact

accepted certain testimony or made certain inferences based on the evidence does not guarantee the

reasonableness of its decision. Ross, 229 Ill. 2d at 272. "A conviction will be reversed where the

evidence is so unreasonable, improbable, or unsatisfactory that there remains a reasonable doubt of

defendant's guilt." Ross, 229 Ill. 2d at 272.

       Respondent was found guilty of battery. To sustain that determination, the evidence must

show that respondent intentionally or knowingly without legal justification and by any means made

physical contact of an insulting or provoking nature with another person. 720 ILCS 5/12--3(a)(2)

(West 2006); Malcolm H., 373 Ill. App. 3d at 894.

       Respondent asserts that People v. Housby, 84 Ill. 2d 415 (1981), governs our analysis. In

Housby, our supreme court reviewed the constitutionality of the inference that an individual in

possession of recently stolen property committed a burglary. Housby, 84 Ill. 2d at 419. The court

ruled that an inference of guilt may be drawn from the proven fact, i.e., the possession of recently

stolen property, if: (1) there was a rational connection between the defendant's recent possession of



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stolen property and his participation in the burglary; (2) the defendant's guilt of the burglary more

likely than not flowed from his recent, unexplained, and exclusive possession of the proceeds; and (3)

there was corroborating evidence of the defendant's guilt. Housby, 84 Ill. 2d at 424. Otherwise,

where the "inference stands unsupported by corroborating circumstances, the leap from the proved

fact to the presumed element must satisfy the higher standard--proof beyond a reasonable doubt--for

there is nothing else on which to rest the fact finder's verdict of guilt." Housby, 84 Ill. 2d at 421.

       It is not clear whether Housby applies here. On the one hand, the supreme court's decision

in W.C. suggests that Housby does apply. In W.C., the court was asked to review the sufficiency of

the evidence to support the respondent's adjudication of murder based on accountability. W.C., 167

Ill. 2d at 336, 339. The court questioned whether it was reasonable for the trial court to infer that

the respondent shared a common purpose with the principal offender based on the circumstances

surrounding the commission of the act. The court proceeded to analyze the evidence and the

inferences under the three-part Housby test, and it ultimately found that there was a rational

connection between the facts proved and the facts inferred, that the ultimate facts more likely than

not flowed from the basic facts, and that the inference was supported by corroborating evidence of

guilt. W.C., 167 Ill. 2d at 339. Thus, the evidence and the reasonable inferences supported the

respondent's adjudication. W.C., 167 Ill. 2d at 339.

       But the supreme court's subsequent cases of People v. Williams, 193 Ill. 2d 306 (2000), and

People v. Perez, 189 Ill. 2d 254 (2000), suggest that Housby does not apply here. In both cases, the

court considered a similar issue to that presented in W.C., namely, whether the State's evidence was

sufficient to prove the defendant legally accountable for another's criminal conduct. See Williams,

193 Ill. 2d at 337; Perez, 189 Ill. 2d at 265. Thus, both cases considered inferences in a similar



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context to W.C. In fact, both Williams and Perez cite W.C. for the governing law on accountability.

See Williams, 193 Ill. 2d at 338-39; Perez, 189 Ill. 2d at 267. Williams and Perez, however, did not

apply Housby to analyze the inferences created by the evidence. Instead, the court applied only the

traditional standard governing sufficiency-of-the-evidence claims, that is, whether any rational trier

of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. Williams,

193 Ill. 2d at 338; Perez, 189 Ill. 2d at 265-66.

        The above cases appear to create an irreconcilable split of authority. Respondent simply

assumes that Housby applies to this case. He does not acknowledge the split, much less suggest how

to resolve it. "It is well settled that '[a] reviewing court is entitled to have issues clearly defined with

pertinent authority cited and cohesive arguments presented ([210 Ill. 2d R. 341(h)(7)]), and it is not

a repository into which an appellant may foist the burden of argument and research.' " Stenstrom

Petroleum Services Group, Inc. v. Mesch, 375 Ill. App. 3d 1077, 1098-99 (2007), quoting Obert v.

Saville, 253 Ill. App. 3d 677, 682 (1993). Respondent has failed to meet his burden in this regard.

        In any event, we need not resolve the split of authority, because application of either the

Housby standard (Housby, 84 Ill. 2d at 424) or the traditional standard alone (Jackson, 443 U.S. at

319, 61 L. Ed. 2d at 573, 99 S. Ct. at 2789) leads inexorably to the same conclusion, i.e., the State's

evidence was insufficient to prove respondent's guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.

        First, we apply the traditional standard. Viewed in the light most favorable to the prosecution,

the trial evidence established that (1) Blomberg was hit in the back of the head with a bottle that was

being held, not thrown; (2) the bottle broke; (3) there were 100 people surrounding Blomberg; (4)

other members of the crowd possessed bottles; and (5) two minutes after being hit, Blomberg saw

respondent standing 10 feet away, holding a broken bottle.



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       Respondent questions whether the bottle actually broke and argues that it was more likely that

Blomberg was hit by a thrown bottle. The trial court considered these arguments and ultimately

rejected them upon finding that Blomberg's testimony was credible. A rational trier of fact could

reasonably conclude that Blomberg could tell that the bottle was held when it hit him and could

determine that the bottle broke, presumably based on such factors as the force of the impact, the

sound it made when it made contact with his head, and the presence of glass falling around him.

Although Blomberg did not testify to these details surrounding the hit to his head, the trial court was

aware of these deficiencies in his testimony and ultimately believed his testimony despite the

deficiencies. We see no reason to upset that determination.

       But because no evidence directly proved that respondent hit Blomberg in the head with the

bottle he was holding, the resolution of respondent's guilt or innocence depended on whether it was

reasonable to infer from these facts that it was respondent, and not one of the other 99 people in the

crowd, who hit Blomberg. See In re Gino W., 354 Ill. App. 3d 775, 777 (2005) (the fact finder must

assess the credibility of the witnesses, resolve conflicts in the evidence, and decide what reasonable

inferences to draw from the evidence).

       Circumstantial evidence is the proof of certain facts and circumstances from which the trier

of fact may infer other connected facts that usually and reasonably follow from human experience.

People v. Grathler, 368 Ill. App. 3d 802, 808 (2006). The sole limitation on the use of circumstantial

evidence is that the inferences drawn from the evidence must be reasonable. Grathler, 368 Ill. App.

3d at 808. "Circumstantial evidence is sufficient to sustain a conviction if it satisfies proof beyond

a reasonable doubt of the elements of the crime charged." People v. Gomez, 215 Ill. App. 3d 208,

216 (1991). It is not necessary that each link in the chain of circumstances be proved beyond a



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reasonable doubt. Gomez, 215 Ill. App. 3d at 216. Rather, it is sufficient if all the circumstantial

evidence taken together satisfies the trier of fact beyond a reasonable doubt of the defendant's guilt.

Gomez, 215 Ill. App. 3d at 216.

       The crux of respondent's argument is that it was unreasonable to infer that he hit Blomberg

solely from the fact that he possessed a broken beer bottle. We agree. The State directly proved that

Blomberg was hit by a bottle and that respondent possessed a broken bottle. But others also

possessed bottles during the melee. And, significantly, there was a two-minute lapse between when

Blomberg was hit and when he turned around, which makes the inference of respondent's guilt even

more tenuous. Lastly, respondent was standing 10 feet away when Blomberg observed him, while

the other 99 people were also standing in the same vicinity. The evidence here raises a suspicion that

respondent was the culprit in the battery of Blomberg, but it is not sufficiently conclusive and does

not produce a reasonable and moral certainty that respondent, and not one of the other 99 people

involved in the fight, committed the crime. See In re Winship, 397 U.S. 358, 364, 25 L. Ed. 2d 368,

375, 90 S. Ct. 1068, 1072 (1970) (standard of proof beyond a reasonable doubt impresses upon the

factfinder the need to reach a subjective state of near certitude of the guilt of the accused); People

v. Nyberg, 275 Ill. App. 3d 570, 579 (1995) (a conviction based upon circumstantial evidence

requires proof of a conclusive nature that produces a reasonable and moral certainty that defendant

and no one else committed the crime); see also People v. Kostatinovich, 98 Ill. App. 3d 611, 614

(1981) (where no one actually witnessed the theft from a store and defendant was one of several

patrons in the store, the circumstances raised little more than a suspicion that defendant was involved

in the crime; conviction reversed). Under these circumstances, the trial court stretched the limited

circumstantial evidence beyond a reasonable inference. See People v. Rouser, 199 Ill. App. 3d 1062,



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1066 (1990). Respondent's guilt could be based only on possibility and conjecture, which is not proof

beyond a reasonable doubt. See People v. Ehlert, 211 Ill. 2d 192, 213 (2004) ("the fact that

defendant is 'probably' guilty does not equate with guilt beyond a reasonable doubt").

       Even if we were to apply the Housby test to the inference drawn in this case, the same result

obtains: the State failed to meet its burden of proof. Again, for an inference to satisfy due process

under Housby, (1) there must be a rational connection between the fact proved and the fact inferred,

(2) the ultimate fact must more likely than not flow from the basic fact, and (3) the inference must

be supported by corroborating evidence of guilt. W.C., 167 Ill. 2d at 336. Here, the ultimate fact

that respondent committed the battery did not more likely than not derive from the fact that

respondent was in possession of a broken bottle. In light of the mass of people surrounding the

scene, the fact that multiple bottles were being thrown at the scene (which means that other people

possessed bottles as well), the fact that Blomberg did not turn around until two minutes after being

hit, and the fact that respondent was standing 10 feet away when Blomberg observed him, it was no

more likely that respondent hit Blomberg than that the guilty party was one of the other 99 people

participating in the melee. It is true that it could have been respondent who committed the battery,

but it was not more likely than not that he was the culprit. See Housby, 84 Ill. 2d at 422 ("while there

may be a strong probability that the inference is accurate, this does not mean it is 'more likely than

not' true that the possessor of the property is the burglar"). The reasonable probability that Blomberg

was hit by one of the other 99 crowd members precludes the inference of respondent's guilt. Because

the evidence did not meet the second factor of the Housby test, the inference fails to satisfy due

process. Accordingly, respondent's adjudication cannot rest on this inference.




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       The State's leading case, In re Keith C., 378 Ill. App. 3d 252 (2007), does not compel a

different result. In fact, the case has no application here. In Keith C., the respondent challenged his

adjudication, arguing that the witness's identification of the respondent as one of the robbers was

unreliable. Keith C., 378 Ill. App. 3d at 259. The court discussed factors that were relevant in

assessing the credibility of identification testimony. Keith C., 378 Ill. App. 3d at 258. Here, no one

disputes that respondent was present at the scene of the fight or that Blomberg saw respondent with

a broken bottle in his hand, standing 10 feet away. But Blomberg did not identify who hit him,

because he did not see who hit him. Thus, the crux of the case came down to what inferences were

reasonable in light of the evidence presented. Keith C. offers no support for the State's case.

       In sum, the State's evidence was insufficient to prove respondent's guilt of battery beyond a

reasonable doubt. Accordingly, the judgment of the circuit court of Kane County is reversed.

       Reversed.

       McLAREN and JORGENSEN, JJ., concur.




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