            NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                       File Name: 07a0134n.06
                       Filed: February 16, 2007

                                       No. 05-6904

                      UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT


UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

              Plaintiff-Appellee,                     ON APPEAL FROM THE
                                                      UNITED STATES DISTRICT
v.                                                    COURT FOR THE WESTERN
                                                      DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE
KEITH ROBINSON,

           Defendant-Appellant.
____________________________________/

BEFORE: MOORE and CLAY, Circuit Judges; BELL, District Judge.*

       BELL, District Judge. Defendant Keith Robinson pleaded guilty to one count of

being a felon in possession of a firearm in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1). He was

sentenced to fifty-one months in prison. The firearms that defendant unlawfully possessed

were found in a search of Sabrina Sampson’s home. Defendant filed a motion to suppress

the firearms and the statements he made to police while at Ms. Sampson’s home. The district

court found that the search of Ms. Sampson’s home was lawful and that defendant’s

statements about the locations of the firearms were not taken in violation of Miranda.

Defendant appeals the district court’s denial of his motion to suppress as to both the


       *
       The Honorable Robert Holmes Bell, Chief United States District Judge for the
Western District of Michigan, sitting by designation.
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U.S. v. Robinson

lawfulness of the search and the statements being taken in conformance with Miranda.

Defendant also appeals the sentence imposed by the district court. For the reasons set forth

in this opinion, we AFFIRM the district court’s denial of the motion to suppress and the

sentence imposed by the district court.

                                               I.

       Late on the morning of November 14, 2004, Officers Demetrius Golden and Eddie

McClain of the Jackson Police Department were dispatched in response to a domestic

disturbance reported by Ms. Sampson. Upon arrival Ms. Sampson indicated that defendant

was inside the house. Ms. Sampson told the officers that defendant had assaulted her the

night before and that she had directed him to leave. Ms. Sampson then gave Officer Golden

a key to the house and advised the officers that defendant had firearms in the house.

       Officer Golden then approached the front door, with Officer McClain behind him.

While at the front door Officer Golden called for defendant. Eventually defendant came

down the stairs. After defendant was downstairs, Officer Golden entered the house and

patted him down to check for weapons. Defendant, Officer Golden and Officer McClain

then went into the living room area.          Around this time Officer Scandrett entered

Ms. Sampson’s house and joined the other two officers in the living room.1 The officers

began questioning defendant about the alleged assault. Between five and ten minutes after



       1
        Officers Golden and McClain identified the third officer as Officer Scandrett,
however, defendant identified the third officer as Tikal Greer. Though the record is
inconsistent as to the identity of the third officer, there is no dispute as to there having been
three officers in the living room.
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U.S. v. Robinson

the officers entered the house, one of them asked defendant whether he had any firearms.

Defendant twice denied that he had any firearms, but then acknowledged that he had firearms

at the top of the stairwell and in a closet in an upstairs bedroom. Officer McClain then went

upstairs and confirmed the locations of the firearms. Officer McClain’s search was limited

to the two locations identified by defendant.

       Officer McClain returned to the living room without moving the firearms. At some

point after the firearms were located the officers learned that defendant was on parole and

defendant provided his parole card. Defendant was then arrested and taken to the police

station. After being given Miranda warnings at the police station defendant gave a statement

to Lieutenant Patrick Willis.

       On March 31, 2005, defendant was indicted as a felon in possession of firearms.

Defendant filed a motion to suppress the firearms as the fruit of an unlawful search and to

suppress his statements about the locations of the firearms as having been taken in violation

of Miranda. On August 3, 2005, the district court held a hearing on the motion to suppress

and denied defendant’s motion. Defendant then changed his plea in response to the denial

of his motion to suppress. Defendant entered a plea of guilty and pursuant to F ED. R. C RIM.

P. 11 he reserved the right to appeal the denial of the motion to suppress.

       On October 31, 2005, at the sentencing hearing, defendant requested that the district

court consider that he has six dependent children, that the firearms were a gift from his late

father and that one of the firearms was disassembled. The district court reviewed the

calculation of defendant’s guideline sentencing range and determined that it had been
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U.S. v. Robinson

correctly calculated in the pre-sentence report at fifty-one to sixty-three months. The district

court sentenced defendant to fifty-one months in prison and two years of supervised release.

                                              II.

       Defendant argues that the officers did not have consent to search for the firearms and

that the search was therefore in violation of his Fourth Amendment rights. He also argues

that his statements about the locations of the firearms were elicited in violation of Miranda

because he was in custody and had not received Miranda warnings.

                                              A.

       Defendant appeals the district court’s denial of his motion to suppress on the ground

that Officer McClain’s search for the firearms exceeded the reasonable scope of

Ms. Sampson’s consent. On appeal, we review the district court’s factual findings made in

consideration of a motion to suppress for clear error and its legal conclusions de novo.

United States v. Smith, 263 F.3d 571, 581 (6th Cir. 2001). “When reviewing a denial of a

motion to suppress evidence, [we] must consider the evidence in the light most favorable to

the government.” United States v. Wellman, 185 F.3d 651, 654-55 (6th Cir. 1999). “The

district court’s determination of whether a search exceeded the scope of consent is a question

of fact that we review for clear error.” United States v. Garrido-Santana, 360 F.3d 565, 570

(6th Cir. 2004).

       “The Fourth Amendment requires that searches of the home be reasonable.” United

States v. Williams, 354 F.3d 497, 503 (6th Cir. 2003). Searches of “‘a home without a

warrant are presumptively unreasonable.’” O’Brien v. City of Grand Rapids, 23 F.3d 990,
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U.S. v. Robinson

996 (6th Cir. 1994) (quoting Payton v. New York, 445 U.S. 573, 586 (1980)).                The

presumption of unreasonableness “does not apply, however, to situations in which voluntary

consent has been obtained . . . from the individual whose property is searched . . . .” Illinois

v. Rodriguez, 497 U.S. 177, 181 (1990) (citations omitted). “When seeking to justify a

search based on consent, the government has the burden of showing by a preponderance of

the evidence that the consent was ‘freely and voluntarily given,’ and was not the result of

coercion, duress, or submission to a claim of authority.” United States v. Bueno, 21 F.3d

120, 126 (6th Cir. 1994) (quoting Bumper v. North Carolina, 391 U.S. 543, 548 (1968)).

“‘When law enforcement officers rely upon consent as the basis for a warrantless search, the

scope of the consent given determines the permissible scope of the search.’” United States

v. Henry, 429 F.3d 603, 616 (6th Cir. 2005) (quoting Garrido-Santana, 360 F.3d at 575).

“‘The standard for measuring the scope of a [person]’s consent under the Fourth Amendment

is that of ‘objective’ reasonableness - what would the typical reasonable person have

understood by the exchange between the officer and the [person]?’” Id. at 616 (quoting

Florida v. Jimeno, 500 U.S. 248, 251 (1991)). “‘Generally, the expressed object of the

search defines the scope of that search.’” Garrido-Santana, 360 F.3d at 576 (quoting

Jimeno, 500 U.S. at 251).

       Ms. Sampson summoned the police on the November 14, 2004, to have the police

remove defendant from her house. When Officer Golden arrived she advised him that

defendant had assaulted her the previous night, that he was in the house and that he had

firearms. Ms. Sampson then provided Officer Golden with a key to her house. The district
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U.S. v. Robinson

court concluded that Ms. Sampson had given the officers express consent to enter her house

by giving Officer Golden the key. (J.A. 90.) The district court also concluded that

Ms. Sampson had given at least implied consent to search her house for defendant. (Id.)

Ms. Sampson’s consent was freely and voluntarily given as she had initiated the contact with

the police and she gave Officer Golden the key to her house without him having made any

such request. (J.A. 45-46, 72, 74, 88.) While the district court found the search lawful, the

district court did not make an explicit finding as to the scope of consent as it related to the

firearms. (J.A. 90.) By advising the police that defendant had firearms and then providing

Officer Golden with a key Ms. Sampson was implicitly consenting to the officers searching

for the firearms. If a person advises a police officer that there is a potentially dangerous

person in her house, that the person is in possession of firearms and then consents to a search

of her house, an objectively reasonable person would expect the officer to search for both the

potentially dangerous person and the firearms. This objectively reasonable expectation

derives from the threat posed by the potentially dangerous person being increased by that

person’s possession of firearms. In consideration of this, the district court’s conclusion that

Ms. Sampson consented to the search for the firearms is not clearly erroneous. Given that

Ms. Sampson consented to the search for the firearms, the district court properly denied

defendant’s motion to suppress the firearms.

                                              B.

       Defendant appeals the district court’s denial of his motion to suppress his statements

about the locations of the firearms. Defendant argues that he was in custody but had not been
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U.S. v. Robinson

given Miranda warnings at the time he responded to Officer McClain’s question about the

locations of the firearms. There is no dispute that the officers did not give defendant

Miranda warnings prior to Officer McClain questioning him about the locations of the

firearms. There is also no dispute that the questions posed to defendant by Officer McClain

constituted interrogation. Therefore the dispute revolves around whether defendant was in

custody when he was questioned about the locations of the firearms.

       “The question of whether defendant was ‘in custody’ is a mixture of law and fact, and

is thus reviewed de novo.” United States v. Salvo, 133 F.3d 943, 948 (6th Cir. 1998) (citing

Thompson v. Keohane, 516 U.S. 99, 100-03 (1995)).

       A suspect cannot be subjected to a custodial interrogation until he or she has been

given Miranda warnings. Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 478-79 (1966). “A suspect is

‘in custody’ for purposes of receiving Miranda protection if there has been a ‘formal arrest

or restraint on freedom of movement.’” Mason v. Mitchell, 320 F.3d 604, 631 (6th Cir.

2003) (quoting Oregon v. Mathiason, 429 U.S. 492, 495 (1977) (per curiam)).               In

determining whether a suspect was in custody we look to the totality of the circumstances “to

determine ‘how a reasonable man in the suspects’s [sic] position would have understood the

situation.’” Salvo, 133 F.3d at 948 (quoting United States v. Phillip, 948 F.2d 241, 247 (6th

Cir. 1991)).

       The first factor we consider is whether a reasonable person in defendant’s “situation

would have believed that [he] was free to terminate the interrogation and leave.” United
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States v. Crossley, 224 F.3d 847, 861 (6th Cir. 2000) (citing Salvo, 133 F.3d at 950). We

also consider:

       (1) the purpose of the questioning; (2) whether the place of the questioning
       was hostile or coercive; (3) the length of the questioning; and (4) other indicia
       of custody such as whether the suspect was informed at the time that the
       questioning was voluntary or that the suspect was free to leave or to request
       the officers to do so; whether the suspect possessed unrestrained freedom of
       movement during questioning; and whether the suspect initiated contact with
       the police or voluntarily admitted the officers to the residence and acquiesced
       to their requests to answer some questions.

Id. (quoting Salvo, 133 F.3d at 950).

       On November 14, 2004, after Officer Golden saw defendant come downstairs,

Officers Golden and McClain entered Ms. Sampson’s house. As Officer Golden entered the

house he had his sidearm out of the holster, but he was still holding his sidearm down at his

side. (J.A. 57.) Officer McClain had his sidearm holstered as he entered the house. (J.A.

62.) After the police officers entered the house, Officer Golden then completed a pat-down

of defendant to check for weapons. Shortly thereafter Officer Scandrett joined the other two

officers in the living room. At the suppression hearing, defendant stated that Officer Golden

handcuffed him after the pat-down for weapons. (J.A. 81.) Officers Golden and McClain

testified that defendant was not handcuffed at that time. (J.A. 52, 62.) The district court did

not make an explicit finding as to the credibility of this testimony or whether defendant was

handcuffed. A review of the district court’s recitation of the facts and conclusion as to

whether defendant was in custody indicates that the district court concluded that the police

officers’ testimony was more credible and that defendant was not handcuffed. (J.A. 88-92.)
No. 05-6904                                    9
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“In the absence of a clear basis in the record for rejecting the district court’s credibility

determinations, we are bound by those determinations.” United States v. Hudson, 405 F.3d

425, 442 (6th Cir. 2005). Therefore our analysis of whether defendant was in custody is

based on defendant not having been handcuffed. After about five to ten minutes Officer

McClain asked defendant about the locations of the firearms. Defendant twice responded

that there were not any firearms in the house. (J.A. 82-83.) After being asked a third time

defendant advised the officers of the locations of the firearms.

       Defendant testified that he did not feel that he was free to leave during the questioning

in the living room. (J.A. 86.) Defendant also testified that he felt that he had to answer the

questions posed by the officers. (Id.) “A reviewing court determines whether or not a

defendant is in custody by considering ‘the objective circumstances of the interrogation,’

rather than ‘the subjective views harbored by either the interrogating officers or the person

being questioned.’” Biros v. Bagley, 422 F.3d 379, 389 (6th Cir. 2005) (quoting Mason, 320

F.3d at 631). Thus defendant’s subjective views do not implicate our analysis of whether

defendant was in custody.

       A reasonable person in defendant’s position would not have believed he was free to

terminate the interrogation. Officer Golden had called for defendant to come downstairs.

As defendant had come downstairs, he encountered Officer Golden, who had his sidearm

drawn, though Officer Golden never pointed his sidearm at defendant. Then after being

patted down, the police officers directed defendant to the living room. A reasonable person

who had been summoned by the police ten minutes earlier, first encountered a police officer
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U.S. v. Robinson

with his sidearm drawn and who was directed to the living room by the police officers would

not have believed he was free to terminate the interrogation. See Crossley, 224 F.3d at 862

(noting that a law enforcement officer’s brandishing of a firearm is an indicium of custody).

This factor weighs in favor of defendant having been in custody.

       The purpose of the questioning was not coercive. The officers questioned defendant

about the locations of the firearms based on Ms. Sampson’s statement that defendant had

firearms. As the district court properly noted, the officers had a legitimate safety interest in

determining the locations of the firearms. At the time that Officer McClain questioned

defendant about the locations of the firearms the officers did not know that defendant was

a convicted felon, so the purpose of the questioning was limited to the officers’ safety

interest. (J.A. 48, 52-53, 59, 63-64.) Also, the officers were questioning defendant in the

living room of the house in which he had been living. Thus, the place of the questioning was

not hostile or coercive. See Salvo, 133 F.3d at 950 (collecting cases which found that

questioning at a residence is generally not custodial). Lastly, at the time that Officer

McClain asked defendant about the firearms, the questioning had lasted less than ten

minutes. These factors weigh in favor of defendant not having been in custody.

       Defendant was not informed that the questioning was voluntary, however, the officers

never advised defendant that he was not free to leave. Though a reasonable person in

defendant’s position would not have believed he was free to leave, “the restraint exercised

never reached the level associated with ‘formal arrest or a coercive context tantamount to

custody.’” United States v. Swanson, 341 F.3d 524, 529 (6th Cir. 2003) (quoting Salvo, 133
No. 05-6904                                   11
U.S. v. Robinson

F.3d at 953). The extent to which defendant’s initial encounter with Officers Golden and

McClain created a “‘coercive environment’ . . . does not necessarily” mean defendant was

subjected to custodial interrogation. Mason, 320 F.3d at 632 (quoting Mathiason, 429 U.S.

at 495). Defendant’s statements about the locations of the firearms were made in response

to brief questioning that was done for the limited purpose of the officers’ safety. See United

States v. Harris, 611 F.2d 170, 172 (6th Cir. 1979) (“[A]s a general matter, Miranda

warnings are not required when the questioning by police is brief and limited in purpose.”).

Also, the location in which the questioning took place and the length of the questioning at

the time that the officers learned the locations of the firearms was not coercive. After

considering the totality of the circumstances, we conclude that there was not a “‘formal arrest

or restraint on freedom of movement,’” so defendant was not in custody at the time he was

questioned about the locations of the firearms. Mason, 320 F.3d at 631 (quoting Mathiason,

429 U.S. at 495). Therefore we affirm the district court’s conclusion that defendant’s

statements about the locations of the firearms were not taken in violation of Miranda.

                                             III.

       A district court is required to impose “‘a sentence sufficient, but not greater than

necessary, to comply with the purposes’ of” 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(2). United States v.

Foreman, 436 F.3d 638, 640 (6th Cir. 2006) (quoting 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)). On appeal, we

review a sentence for “‘reasonableness.’” United States v. Johnson, 467 F.3d 559, 563 (6th

Cir. 2006) (quoting United States v. Jones, 399 F.3d 640, 650 (6th Cir. 2005)). “[T]his

Court’s reasonableness review focuses on the factors listed in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a), one of
No. 05-6904                                   12
U.S. v. Robinson

which is the Sentencing Guidelines themselves.” United States v. Duckro, 466 F.3d 438, 442

(6th Cir. 2006) (citing United States v. McBride, 434 F.3d 470, 476 (6th Cir. 2006)). “This

reasonableness inquiry has both a procedural and a substantive component, requiring review

of both the procedures used and factors considered in determining the sentence and the

punishment itself.” United States v. Dexta, 470 F.3d 612, 614 (6th Cir. 2006) (citing United

States v. Webb, 403 F.3d 373, 383 (6th Cir. 2005)).

       Defendant argues that the district court’s sentence of fifty-one months, which is at the

bottom of the guidelines range, is invalid. Defendant contends that the district court

erroneously perceived that it was obligated to impose a reasonable sentence. Foreman, 436

F.3d at 644 n.1 (6th Cir. 2006) (“[A] district court’s job is not to impose a ‘reasonable’

sentence. . . . Reasonableness is the appellate standard of review in judging whether a district

court accomplished its task.”). The basis for defendant’s contention is a single statement

from the district court: “Considering all of those factors, it’s my judgment that the guidelines

are not only correctly calculated but they’re also reasonable in this case.” (J.A. 115.) This

statement does not necessarily mean that the district court thought that it was charged with

imposing a reasonable sentence, though it could support such an inference. If, however, “a

district court does misstate its task as that of imposing a reasonable sentence, we review the

sentence imposed under the standards explained above.” United States v. Clark, 469 F.3d

568, 571 (6th Cir. 2006) (citing United States v. Davis, 458 F.3d 505, 510 (6th Cir. 2006)).

       A sentence that is within the advisory guideline range is entitled to a presumption of

reasonableness. United States v. Ely, 468 F.3d 399, 404 (6th Cir. 2006). Defendant’s
No. 05-6904                                   13
U.S. v. Robinson

sentence was at the bottom of the guidelines range, so the presumption of reasonableness

applies. “This rebuttable presumption does not relieve the sentencing court of its obligation

to explain to the parties and the reviewing court its reasons for imposing a particular

sentence.” United States v. Richardson, 437 F.3d 550, 554 (6th Cir. 2006). “[T]he record

must still reflect that the district court considered the relevant sentencing factors provided

in section 3553(a).” Ely, 468 F.3d at 404 (citing Foreman, 436 F.3d at 644). A district court

must provide adequate articulation of its reasoning for imposing a particular sentence in

order to allow for meaningful appellate review. Richardson, 437 F.3d at 553-54. The district

court is not required to engage in a ritualistic incantation of the § 3553(a) factors, but its

opinion should be “sufficiently detailed to reflect the considerations listed in § 3553(a).”

McBride, 434 F.3d at 474.

       Defendant’s sentencing transcript confirms that the district court did not rely solely

on the guidelines range, but considered the § 3553(a) factors.              The district court

acknowledged that the guidelines sentencing range was only one factor in determining

defendant’s sentence. The district court considered the “nature and circumstances of the

offense,” 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(1), by considering that defendant had recently received the

firearms from his late father and that the firearms were discovered in response to a domestic

disturbance. The district court considered the “history and characteristics of the defendant,”

§ 3553(a)(1), by considering defendant’s history of violence and defendant’s family. The

district court also considered the need for the sentence to reflect the seriousness of the crime

and the need to protect the public from further crimes by defendant as directed by
No. 05-6904                                  14
U.S. v. Robinson

§ 3553(a)(2)(A) and (C). The district court also discussed defendant’s need for vocational

training as called for by § 3553(a)(2)(D).

       Defendant has not identified any specific factor listed in § 3553(a) that the district

court did not consider. Additionally, at the sentencing hearing the district court addressed

each argument that defendant raised. Defendant has not made any arguments to rebut the

presumption that the district court’s sentence within the guidelines was reasonable and the

record reflects that the district court considered the relevant factors provided in § 3553(a).

Accordingly, the district court’s sentencing was both procedurally and substantively

reasonable.

                                             IV.

       For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the district court’s denial of the motion to

suppress and the sentence imposed by the district court.
