                           ILLINOIS OFFICIAL REPORTS
                                        Appellate Court




                  Glasgow v. Associated Banc-Corp., 2012 IL App (2d) 111303




Appellate Court            TAKEISHA GLASGOW, Individually and on Behalf of Her Two Minor
Caption                    Children, Brandon F. and Allivan G., Plaintiff-Appellant, v.
                           ASSOCIATED BANC-CORP and ASSOCIATED BANC-
                           CORP–LINDENHURST BRANCH, Defendants-Appellees.



District & No.             Second District
                           Docket No. 2-11-1303


Filed                      November 21, 2012


Held                       The exclusive remedy provisions of the Workers’ Compensation Act
(Note: This syllabus       barred plaintiff’s common-law complaint against the bank where she was
constitutes no part of     a teller for the injuries she suffered at the hands of bank robbers, since
the opinion of the court   she had applied for and was receiving workers’ compensation benefits for
but has been prepared      her injuries.
by the Reporter of
Decisions for the
convenience of the
reader.)


Decision Under             Appeal from the Circuit Court of Lake County, No. 10-L-1108; the Hon.
Review                     Margaret J. Mullen, Judge, presiding.



Judgment                   Affirmed.
Counsel on                 Stuart H. Galesburg, of Law Offices of Stuart H. Galesburg, of Chicago,
Appeal                     for appellant.

                           Mark T. McAndrew, of Hennessy & Roach, P.C., of Chicago, for
                           appellees.


Panel                      JUSTICE HUTCHINSON delivered the judgment of the court, with
                           opinion.
                           Justices McLaren and Burke concurred in the judgment and opinion.




                                              OPINION

¶1           Plaintiff, Takeisha Glasgow, appeals the trial court’s dismissal, pursuant to section 2-
        619.1 of the Code of Civil Procedure (the Code) (735 ILCS 5/2-619.1 (West 2008)), of
        plaintiff’s amended complaint against defendants, Associated Banc-Corp and Associated
        Banc-Corp–Lindenhurst Branch. Plaintiff contends that the trial court erred when it
        determined (1) that the Illinois Workers’ Compensation Act (the Act) (820 ILCS 305/5(a)
        (West 2008)) constituted the exclusive remedy available; (2) that the pleaded facts failed to
        establish a cause of action against defendants; and (3) that the legislature did not intend to
        give immunity from suit for intentional inactions under the Act. We affirm.
¶2           On December 2, 2010, plaintiff filed a two-count complaint alleging injuries that arose
        during a bank robbery. On February 17, 2011, plaintiff filed an amended complaint
        additionally alleging that defendants’ conduct was outrageous. Specifically, count I of
        plaintiff’s amended complaint alleged that, on December 2, 2009, plaintiff was working as
        a bank teller at the Lindenhurst branch of Associated Banc-Corp (the Branch) with a female
        coworker. Around 3 p.m., a cash truck delivered fresh currency to the Branch. Five minutes
        before the bank was scheduled to close for the evening, three or four masked robbers took
        over the bank. One robber struck plaintiff on the head, neck, and right shoulder. Plaintiff and
        her coworker were ordered to give the robbers money from the cash drawers and the vault.
        Before leaving, the robbers ordered plaintiff to lie facedown on the floor. She was also
        ordered not to move and not to call police, under threat of additional harm. Plaintiff sustained
        “serious and permanent injuries of orthopedic, neurological, and psychiatric conditions of
        ill-being, and remains under treatment.”
¶3           According to the amended complaint, the Branch was robbed twice previously, once in
        2006 and again in 2008. Plaintiff had not been aware of the previous robberies and alleged
        that she would not have taken the teller position if she had been aware of the robberies.
        Plaintiff’s complaint further alleged that, prior to the December 2, 2009, robbery, she and a
        coworker advised their supervisor that the Branch (1) lacked a security guard; (2) lacked

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       bulletproof glass and preventive windows that would deter bank robbers from climbing over
       the counter to attack tellers; (3) should not have “open cash drawers at teller stations”; (4)
       should not keep its vault open throughout the business day; and (5) should have a male teller
       present.
¶4         According to her amended complaint, defendants “knowingly, willfully, [and] purposely
       failed, with obvious intent and outrageous conduct, [to] provide adequate bank security to
       deter and/or prevent the December 2, 2009, bank robbery, because of the costs, and any other
       issues, all less important, than the lives and welfare, of its employees, customers, and law
       enforcement personnel, tracking the alleged perpetrators for their arrest.”
¶5         Plaintiff’s amended complaint also maintained that defendants knew or should have
       known prior to December 2, 2009, that the Branch could reasonably be expected to be
       robbed. Plaintiff’s complaint alleged that the December 2, 2009, robbery was not accidental,
       but that, because of defendants’ failure to implement increased security measures to deter
       robberies, there was a “direct invite” to rob. Plaintiff sought punitive damages against
       defendants for their “outrageous conduct” and to encourage defendants and other banks to
       implement proper minimum security measures to prevent robberies.
¶6         On December 10, 2009, plaintiff filed a workers’ compensation case which, as of the date
       this appeal was filed, is still pending with the Illinois Workers’ Compensation Commission.
       Defendants’ workers’ compensation carrier is currently providing workers’ compensation
       benefits to plaintiff.
¶7         On April 28, 2011, defendants filed a section 2-619.1 motion to dismiss. On August 9,
       2011, the trial court granted defendants’ motion on section 2-619 grounds. On September 8,
       2011, plaintiff filed a motion to vacate and for leave to file a second amended complaint. On
       November 15, 2011, the trial court denied the motion. Plaintiff timely appeals.
¶8         We address only count I of plaintiff’s complaint. Plaintiff acknowledges that count II of
       her complaint, on behalf of her minor children, was correctly dismissed with prejudice and
       notes that no discussion or argument regarding count II is presented on appeal.
¶9         Plaintiff contends that the trial court erred when it granted defendants’ motion to dismiss.
       Specifically, plaintiff argues that (1) the Act did not constitute the exclusive remedy under
       the present circumstances; (2) the pleaded facts established a cause of action against
       defendants; and (3) the legislature did not intend to give immunity from suit for intentional
       inactions under the Act. Defendants respond that, pursuant to the Act, plaintiff’s sole remedy
       is her pending workers’ compensation claim. See 820 ILCS 305/5(a) (West 2008).
¶ 10       We agree with defendants. Once an employee has collected compensation on the basis
       that his or her injuries were compensable under the Act, the employee cannot then allege that
       those injuries fall outside the Act’s provisions. See Collier v. Wagner Castings Co., 81 Ill.
       2d 229, 241 (1980). Accordingly, we conclude that, once plaintiff applied for and accepted
       workers’ compensation benefits, she was barred from pursuing an intentional-tort action
       against defendants.
¶ 11       Section 2-619.1 of the Code permits a defendant to file a combined motion to dismiss
       pursuant to sections 2-615 and 2-619 of the Code. 735 ILCS 5/2-615, 2-619, 2-619.1 (West
       2008). A section 2-615 motion to dismiss “tests the legal sufficiency of the complaint,” while

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       a section 2-619 motion “admits the legal sufficiency of the complaint, but asserts an
       affirmative matter outside the complaint that defeats the cause of action.” Kean v. Wal-Mart
       Stores, Inc., 235 Ill. 2d 351, 361 (2009). Under either section of the Code, our standard of
       review is de novo. Id. Because the trial court ultimately dismissed plaintiff’s amended
       complaint pursuant to section 2-619, our analysis is based upon the constructs of section 2-
       619.
¶ 12        The purpose of a section 2-619 motion to dismiss is to dispose of issues of law and easily
       proved issues of fact at the outset of litigation. Van Meter v. Darien Park District, 207 Ill.
       2d 359, 367 (2003). “A section 2-619 motion admits as true all well-pleaded facts, along with
       all reasonable inferences that can be gleaned from those facts.” Porter v. Decatur Memorial
       Hospital, 227 Ill. 2d 343, 352 (2008). “On appeal from a section 2-619 motion, the reviewing
       court ‘must consider whether the existence of a genuine issue of material fact should have
       precluded dismissal or, absent such an issue of fact, whether dismissal is proper as a matter
       of law.’ ” O’Casek v. Children’s Home & Aid Society of Illinois, 229 Ill. 2d 421, 436 (2008)
       (quoting Kedzie & 103rd Currency Exchange, Inc. v. Hodge, 156 Ill. 2d 112, 116-17 (1993)).
¶ 13        In the present matter, the trial court determined that receiving compensation pursuant to
       the Act was plaintiff’s exclusive remedy. Section 5(a) of the Act provides, in pertinent part:
            “No common law or statutory right to recover damages from the employer *** for injury
            or death sustained by any employee while engaged in his line of duty as such employee,
            other than the compensation herein provided, is available to any employee who is
            covered by the provisions of this Act, to anyone wholly or partially dependent upon him,
            the legal representatives of his estate, or any one otherwise entitled to recover damages
            for such injury.” 820 ILCS 305/5(a) (West 2008).
¶ 14        Plaintiff argues that the exclusivity provisions of the Act do not bar common-law causes
       of action against an employer for injuries that the employer or its alter ego intentionally
       inflicts upon an employee or that were commanded, or expressly authorized, by the
       employer. See Meerbrey v. Marshall Field & Co., 139 Ill. 2d 455, 470 (1990). Plaintiff
       asserts that defendants’ refusal to increase security measures after her request and two prior
       robberies constituted the intentional act of “inviting” another robbery.
¶ 15        Defendants respond that their decision to implement or not implement tighter security
       standards did not rise to the level of a specific intent by them to inflict injury. Moreover,
       defendants assert that the actions of third parties, here the robbers, were not commanded,
       authorized, or in any way controlled by defendants. Defendants assert that plaintiff is
       attempting to circumvent the Act’s exclusivity provisions by claiming that defendants knew
       or should have known that the Branch could reasonably be expected to be robbed.
¶ 16        Our supreme court has determined that an injured employee is not permitted to seek
       workers’ compensation benefits, claiming that the injuries are compensable under the Act,
       while additionally pursuing a common-law action for an intentional tort. Collier, 81 Ill. 2d
       at 241. In Collier, an employee brought a complaint against his employer, alleging that the
       employer intentionally inflicted emotional distress because the company’s nurse failed to
       provide adequate assistance to the employee when he suffered a heart attack while at work.
       Before filing the complaint, the employee accepted a lump-sum workers’ compensation


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       payment pursuant to the Act. The circuit court dismissed the employee’s complaint, the
       appellate court affirmed, and our supreme court agreed, holding that, once an employee takes
       the position that an injury is compensable under the Act, he or she is barred from taking the
       mutually exclusive position that the injury was intentional. Id. Citing Professor Arthur
       Larson, author of Larson’s Workmen’s Compensation Law, our supreme court noted that,
       while “an intentional tortfeasor should not be able to shield his [or her] liability with the
       exclusivity provisions of a compensation statute premised on insuring accidental injuries ***
       if the injured party receives compensation pursuant to the act, he or she should not be heard
       to subsequently allege their intentional nature.” Id. at 239-40 (citing 2A Arthur Larson,
       Larson’s Workmen’s Compensation Law § 68.12 (1976)).
¶ 17        Additionally, in Copass v. Illinois Power Co., 211 Ill. App. 3d 205, 213 (1991), the court
       explained the public policies behind its determination that, once accepted, compensation
       pursuant to the Act should stand as the sole remedy available to the employee. The Copass
       court explained that the Act seeks to balance the interests of employers and employees with
       regard to on-the-job injuries. “Under workers’ compensation, employees may recover for
       injuries without proving the employer was at fault, and they are to be provided swift and
       certain recovery. In exchange, workers’ compensation becomes the exclusive remedy
       because employees give up the right to pursue a potentially larger judgment in a common law
       action.” Id. (citing 2A Arthur Larson, Larson’s Workmen’s Compensation Law § 68.12
       (1976)).
¶ 18        As plaintiff in the present matter is currently receiving workers’ compensation payments
       pursuant to the Act, she is no longer at liberty to pursue a common-law action. Thus, we
       affirm the trial court’s ruling. Moreover, we determine that, even if Collier did not apply, the
       trial court was still correct in dismissing plaintiff’s amended complaint because plaintiff’s
       complaint failed to plead a specific intent to harm.
¶ 19        Instructive on this matter is Bercaw v. Domino’s Pizza, Inc., 258 Ill. App. 3d 211 (1994).
       In Bercaw, relatives of a deliveryman who was strangled to death by assailants while
       delivering a pizza brought a wrongful death action against Domino’s Pizza (Domino’s) and
       its franchisee. The plaintiffs’ complaint alleged, among other allegations, that Domino’s and
       its franchisee knew, or should have known, that pizza delivery personnel were increasingly
       becoming the victims of robbery but implemented policies and procedures that (1) allowed
       deliveries to be made to darkened residences adjacent to darkened parking lots; (2) failed to
       refuse delivery orders from known pay phones; (3) failed to refuse delivery in areas with high
       crime rates; and (4) failed to require two-person delivery teams when orders came from
       known pay phones. Id. at 213. The plaintiffs alleged that, as a result of these intentional acts,
       the decedent was strangled by third parties while attempting to deliver an order to a darkened
       residence. Id.
¶ 20        This court held that the Act’s exclusive remedy provisions prohibit an employee from
       additionally bringing a common-law cause of action against his or her employer to recover
       for injuries suffered by the employee. Id. at 216. We noted, however, that exceptions existed
       that would allow a common-law action when the employee can prove that the injury (1) was
       not accidental; (2) did not arise out of his or her employment; (3) was not suffered in the
       course of his or her employment; or (4) was not compensable under the Act. Id. at 214 (citing

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       Meerbrey, 139 Ill. 2d at 463). We pointed out that the underlying issue was whether the
       phrase “not accidental” required that the employer knew with substantial certainty that its
       actions would injure the employee or specifically intended that its actions injure the
       employee. Id. We reasoned that any adoption of a substantial-certainty standard would be
       unduly difficult to employ when distinguishing between accidental and nonaccidental injuries
       and would upset the Act’s balance of interests. Id. at 215 (citing Copass, 211 Ill. App. 3d at
       213). We determined that the employer must specifically intend that its actions would injure
       the employee. Id.
¶ 21       Here, plaintiff’s amended complaint failed to allege that her injury did not arise out of
       her employment, was not suffered in the course of her employment, or was not compensable
       under the Act. Although the amended complaint did allege that defendants “knowingly,
       willfully, [and] purposely failed, with obvious intent and outrageous conduct, [to] provide
       adequate bank security to deter and/or prevent the *** robbery,” plaintiff did not allege that
       defendants specifically intended that its actions would injure her. Moreover, plaintiff did not
       allege that defendants commanded or expressly authorized her injuries.
¶ 22       Plaintiff is already receiving workers’ compensation payments, thus barring further
       recovery. See Collier, 81 Ill. 2d at 241. Moreover, plaintiff cannot reasonably allege that
       defendants specifically intended her harm (see Bercaw, 258 Ill. App. 3d at 214), nor can she
       reasonably allege that defendants commanded or expressly authorized her injuries (Meerbrey,
       139 Ill. 2d at 470). Thus, we affirm the trial court’s decision granting defendants’ motion to
       dismiss.
¶ 23       For the forgoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court of Lake County.

¶ 24      Affirmed.




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