
419 F.Supp. 147 (1974)
Robert E. DeWEESE, Plaintiff,
v.
UNITED STATES of America, Defendant and Third-party Plaintiff,
v.
METRO COMMUTER AIRLINES, INC., et al., Third-party Defendants.
J'Ette Marie FRIZZELL and Alva Jolyn Faull, Plaintiffs,
v.
BEECH AIRCRAFT CORPORATION and the United States of America, Defendants.
No. MDL-88-1. Civ. A. Nos. C-3097, C-3799.
United States District Court, D. Colorado.
August 12, 1974.
*148 Kenneth N. Kripke, Denver, Colo., Lundy, Butler, Wilson & Hall by John L. Butler, Eldora, Iowa, for plaintiffs, in No. C-3097.
Mark A. Dombroff, Dept. of Justice, Washington, D. C., for defendant, in No. C-3097.
Renner & Goss by Paul D. Renner, Denver, Colo., for third-party defendants, in No. C-3097.
Law Offices of Floyd A. Demanes by Joseph E. Russell, Burlingame, Cal., Johnston & Hetherington, Denver, Colo., for plaintiffs, in No. C-3799.
Bronson, Bronson & McKinnon by Lawrason Driscoll, San Francisco, Cal., and Weller, Friedrich, Hickisch & Hazlitt, by W. Robert Ward, Denver, Colo., for defendant Beech.
Mark A. Dombroff, Department of Justice, Washington, D. C., for defendant United States.

MEMORANDUM OPINION
WINNER, Judge.
Deweese v. United States was originally filed in this court. Frizzell v. United States was filed in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California, and venue was changed to Colorado. Each of these cases was handled through completion of discovery procedures as a multi-district case [MDL-88-1] in conjunction with Reisinger v. United States, filed in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Iowa, and Vesey v. United States, filed in the United States District Court for the Central District of California. The two cases in this district were consolidated for trial on the issue of liability, and, during the course of the trial, on plaintiffs' motion, the single action against Beech Aircraft Corporation was dismissed with prejudice. This, then, left the cases as Federal Tort Claims actions, and it is under the Federal Tort Claims Act [28 U.S.C. § 1346 et seq.] that the Court has jurisdiction. Trial and post trial briefs total almost 400 pages, and decision of the cases has been forced to await preparation of a reporter's transcript and the filing of the many briefs, but at long last the cases are ready for determination. As Federal Tort Claims Act cases, trial was of course to the Court, and this memorandum opinion contains the findings, and conclusions required by Rule 52.
On October 3, 1969, Metro Commuter Airlines was operating an air taxi service to and from Denver and points in Wyoming. *149 On that date, James Leonard Faull, the husband of plaintiff Alva Jolyn Faull, was the pilot and Floyd Wayne Frizzell, the husband of plaintiff J'ette Marie Frizzell, was the co-pilot of a Beech Queen Air [Metro 201] operated by Metro Commuter Airlines in its air taxi business. Robert E. Deweese was a fare paying passenger on the flight of Metro 201 on October 3, 1969. The plane crashed on Lowry Air Force Base while attempting a landing at Stapleton International Airport in Denver. The pilot and co-pilot were killed and, although Deweese survived, he was seriously injured. Plaintiffs claim negligence on the part of the air controllers at Stapleton, and defendant charges negligence, contributory and sole, on the part of the pilot and co-pilot. By third party complaint, defendant asserts a negligence claim against Metro Commuter Airlines, Inc. and its officers in permitting operation of the plane.
Deweese was returning from a hunting trip near Saratoga, Wyoming. He boarded Metro 201 at Rawlins, Wyoming, and, as the sole survivor of the crash, his testimony is of the utmost importance. I adopt the following facts testified to by him. In doing so, I recognize that he is not exactly a millrun plane passenger in that he was employed as a director of Flight Operations, had over 4,000 hours in the air as a pilot and was a licensed commercial pilot. When he boarded the plane, he occupied the third seat on the left hand side of the plane which put him two seats behind the pilot. The plane proceeded to Laramie, Wyoming, in a routine flight, but when it landed at Laramie, the left wheel ran through a puddle of water, and the left engine stopped. The plane remained on the ground for approximately 45 minutes while the crew checked Denver weather and waited for acceptable minimums. Both engines were started without unusual difficulty, and the flight departed for Denver. There were clouds encountered during the trip, but there were no problems until the plane's descent towards Stapleton. During this time, Deweese was monitoring the instruments and observed nothing out of the ordinary. It had been snowing, and while the plane was descending onto Stapleton, the left engine quit. When the plane reached a point estimated by Deweese to be about 300 feet above the ground, power was added to the right engine, (the only engine then functioning) and a left turn was commenced. With his extensive pilot's experience, Deweese concluded that there had been a missed approach, and, realizing the seriousness of the situation, he intensified his observations. The conduct of the pilot and co-pilot he described as having "all appearances [of] professional bravery." The testimony of Deweese continued:[1]
"Q. Now, did there come a time when you saw the ground?
A. Yes.
Q. Will you tell us about that?
A. Shortly after the power had been attempted to be added to the right engine and the plane began a gradual left turn, shortly after that time, I became aware that they were contact (sic) and this is the first time on the approach that I became aware of being in contact. I saw snow on the ground, and it appeared to be a field, an open field, an open field with some terrain. The aircraft
Q. You were looking out that same left window?
A. Still looking out the left window, yes.
Q. All right.
A. We continued in these conditions of no precipitation, no clouds. We were completely (in) contact, had good visible contact with the ground, and the next thing I noticed was an airport on my left.
Q. Can you orient yourself, then, in what direction were you going then?

*150 A. At this time were going in a southerly direction.
Q. And with reference to this airport you saw, what side of it were you on?
A. We were on the right side of it.
Q. It would be the west side of the airport?
A. That's right.
Q. heading south
A. Yes.
Q. or generally southerly?
A. Generally southerly.
Q. What did you observe, if anything, about that airport?
A. Well, I could see the runways, and I could see `X's' on the end of the runways.
Q. What does that mean?
A. That means that the field is closed.
Q. All right. Go ahead and tell us what else you observed.
A. I don't remember observing anything other than runways and the `X's' on them.
Q. All right, what's the next thing that occurred?
A. I went back to monitoring the instruments, and either we were in some form of precipitation or clouds again. At this timelet me go back just a moment. When the runways were in sight, I looked around the horizon that was visible to my view, and I noticed there was a jagged ceiling. There were quadrants where the clouds came lower, and it was like a pocket right there where we were. And as we continued, I believe that we entered some part of that jagged ceiling area, and the next I remember coming in contact was just shortly before the crash.
Q. What, if anything, did you observe at that time?
A. I observed what appeared to be power lines in the flight path at a very low altitudethat we were at a very low altitude to the ground at that time.
Q. Like what?
A. Fifty feet.
All right.
A. I was monitoring the instruments very closely at this time, and I noticed the pilot begin to pull back on the stick in reaction to the power lineswhat appeared to be power lines that I'd seen. I went back to the instruments and monitored the airspeed falling through a hundred knots and yelled
Q. Falling through, you mean
Passing through.
Q. Decreasing from a hundred knots?
A. Decreasing. And I yelled at the crew at this time to watch air speed and maintain VMC, which is the critical single engine control speedsingle engine air speedcontrol speed, and then I heard the stall warning.
Q. Do you remember the last speed reading that you observed?
A. Eighty knots.
Q. Then you heard the stall warning and it was going about 80 knots at that time, is that correct?
A. Yes.
Q. Then what?
A. Then the plane crashed."
The last 24 minutes 21 seconds of the lives of James Leonard Faull and Floyd Wayne Frizzell were recorded on a dramatic tape giving a chronology of communications to and from the plane and the control tower just prior to the crash. The transcript of that tape accurately sets forth those conversations with the caveat that the exclamation, "I'm gonna bust it!" made at 0021:47 is improperly attributed to Metro 201. In fact, that exclamation was made by Gerald Phillips, the AR-2 controller handling the landing of Metro 201. This is established by Phillips' own admission and by voice spectograph, and the transcript incorrectly attributes the frightened and *151 somewhat inculpatory statement to Metro 201.
By way of introduction to the tape, a glossary is in order:


     AR-2      Denver TRACON, Arrival Radar Position No. 2.
     FORT 40   Air Force T-29, Fort 40.
     MET 201   Metro Commuter Airlines Flight 201.
     CAL 39    Continental Airlines Flight 39.
     UAL 163   United Air Lines Flight 163.
     WAL 475   Western Air Lines Flight 475.
     AR-2 (I)  Denver Arrival Radar Interphone.
     UAL 695   United Air Lines Flight 695.
     BKF GCA   Buckley Air National Guard - GCA

Also, it should be explained that Metro 201 was intended to land on Stapleton runway 26-L, which, of course, is a runway having a heading of 260 degrees; that the cross runway at Stapleton, runway 35, has a heading of 350 degrees, which is the same heading as a Lowry runway,[2] and the Lowry runway is some two and one-half to three miles south and one-fourth mile west of Stapleton runway 35. For purposes of orientation with the map, Metro 201 was estimated to be just east of Fitzsimons General Hospital at the time of the 0018:46 message and just north of that hospital at 0019:11. Its position at 0019:11 is shown on the map. The transcript follows:[3]


TIME
(GMT)      IDENT              TRANSMISSION
2358:10   FORT 40  DENVER APPROACH, FORT FOUR ZERO,
                    LEVEL AT ONE ONE
          AR-2      ROGER
2358:39   MET 201   DENVER APPROACH, METRO TWO ZERO ONE
2358:42   AR-2      METRO TWO ZERO ONE, DENVER APPROACH
                    CONTROL, RADAR CONTACT, TWENTY MILES
                    NORTHWEST OF THE DENVER OMNI, FLY
                    HEADING ONE THREE ZERO AT ONE ONE
                    THOUSAND, VECTOR TO TWENTYSIX FINAL
                    APPROACH COURSE, WEATHER, INDEFINITE,
                    FOUR HUNDRED, SKY OBSCURED, VISIBILITY
                    THREE QUARTER MILE, SNOW AND FOG, RUNWAY
                    VISUAL RANGE, THREE THOUSAND SIX
                    HUNDRED
          MET 201   OK, THAT'S ONE TWO ZERO AND ELEVEN
                    THOUSAND
          AR-2      THAT'S ONE THREE ZERO
2359:12   MET 201   ONE THREE ZERO



*152
2359:23   CAL 39    DENVER, CONTINENTAL THIRTYNINE, WITH
                    YOU, LEVEL ONE TWO THOUSAND
          AR-2      CONTINENTAL THIRTYNINE, DENVER APPROACH
                    CONTROL, RADAR CONTACT FOUR WEST OF BYERS,
                    SLOW TO TWO HUNDRED AND TWENTY KNOTS,
                    DESCEND AND MAINTAIN EIGHT THOUSAND
          CAL 39    ROGER, SLOWING TO TWO HUNDRED TWENTY,
                    DESCENDING TO EIGHT THOUSAND, CONTINENTAL
                    THIRTYNINE
          AR-2      CONTINENTAL THIRTYNINE, WEATHER, INDEFINITE,
                    FOUR HUNDRED, SKY OBSCURED, THREE QUARTER
                    OF A MILE IN LIGHT SNOW AND FOG, RUNWAY
                    VISUAL RANGE NOW THREE THOUSAND FOUR HUNDRED
          CAL 39    CONTINENTAL THIRTYNINE, ROGER
0000:57   AR-2      METRO TWO ZERO ONE, TURN RIGHT, HEADING
                    ONE SEVEN ZERO
0001:03   MET 201   TWO OH ONE, RIGHT, ONE SEVEN ZERO
0001:12   UAL 163   DENVER APPROACH, UNITED ONE SIXTYTHREE,
                    AT TWELVE THOUSAND
          AR-2      UNITED ONE SIXTYTHREE, DENVER APPROACH
                    CONTROL, RADAR CONTACT TWO EAST OF BYERS,
                    DESCEND TO EIGHT THOUSAND, WEATHER, INDEFINITE
                    FOUR HUNDRED, SKY OBSCURED, THREE
                    QUARTER MILE IN SNOW AND FOG, RUNWAY VISUAL
                    RANGE, THIRTYTWO HUNDRED FEET
          UAL 163   UNITED ONE SIXTYTHREE, LEAVING TWELVE
                    THOUSAND FOR EIGHT THOUSAND, YOU HAVE A
                    TERRIFIC BACKGROUND NOISE
          AR-2      I HAVE A WHAT?
          UAL 163   GREAT DEAL OF BACKGROUND NOISE
          AR-2      WELL, NOT MUCH I CAN DO ABOUT IT, I'M
                    WEARING A NOISE CANCELLER, IT, UH, IS
                    PROBABLY A LITTLE NOISY THOUGH
          UAL 163   IT'S BETTER NOW
0002:03   AR-2      CONTINENTAL THIRTYNINE, CLEARED I L S,
                    TWO SIX LEFT APPROACH, YOU'RE TWELVE MILES
                    EAST OF MARKER, SPEED AND ALTITUDE NOW



*153
0002:03   CAL 39    CONTINENTAL THREE NINE, ROGER, OUT OF
                    NINE THOUSAND SIX, AND WE'RE HOLDING TWO
                    TWO ZERO ON SPEED, CLEARED FOR THE TWO
                    SIX LEFT
          AR-2      OK, UH, TWO TWENTY'S FINE, RUNWAY VISUAL
                    RANGE'S THREE THOUSAND TWO HUNDRED
          CAL 39    THIRTYNINE, ROGER
0002:35   AR-2      UNITED ONE SIXTYTHREE, REDUCE SPEED TO
                    TWO HUNDRED AND FIFTY KNOTS
          UAL 163   ONE SIXTYTHREE, REDUCING TO TWO FIVE ZERO
0002:46   AR-2      FORT FOUR ZERO, TURN RIGHT, HEADING ONE
                    FIVE ZERO
          FORT 40   FORT FOUR ZERO, RIGHT, ONE FIVE ZERO
0003:39   AR-2      METRO TWO ZERO ONE, TURN RIGHT, HEADING
                    ONE NINER ZERO
          MET 201   TWO OH ONE, RIGHT TO ONE NINE ZERO
          AR-2      UNITED ONE SIXTYTHREE, SLOW NOW TO TWO
                    HUNDRED KNOTS
          UAL 163   ONE SIXTYTHREE, SLOWING TO TWO HUNDRED
          AR-2      CONTINENTAL THIRTYNINE, MONITOR THE TOWER,
                    REPORT OVER OUTER MARKER ON ONE EIGHTEEN
                    THREE
          CAL 39    THIRTYNINE, EIGHTEEN THREE, GOOD DAY SIR
          AR-2      GOOD DAY
0004:15   WAL 475   DENVER APPROACH, WESTERN FOUR SEVENTYFIVE'S
                    AT ONE ONE THOUSAND
          AR-2 (I)  HEY DODGE, THAT (GARBLE) SEVENTEEN NORTH
                    THERE
          ?         OK
          AR-2      WESTERN FOUR SEVENTYFIVE, DENVER APPROACH
                    CONTROL, RADAR CONTACT, MAINTAIN ONE ONE
                    THOUSAND, HEADING ONE EIGHT ZERO, VECTOR
                    TO TWO SIX FINAL APPROACH COURSE
          WAL 475   ROGER, MAINTAIN ONE ONE THOUSAND, HEADING
                    ONE EIGHT ZERO, FOUR SEVENTYFIVE



*154
0004:15   AR-2      UNITED ONE SIXTYTHREE, SLOW TO ONE SIX
                    ZERO KNOTS
          UAL 163   ONE SIXTYTHREE, SLOWING NOW TO ONE SIX
                    ZERO
0004:59   AR-2 (I)  DODGE?
          ?         YES
          AR-2 (I)  OVER THE OMNI, HE'S GONNA STAY AT ELEVEN
                    INTO THE KIOWA GATE FOR A G C A
            ?       ALL RIGHT
0005:09   AR-2      I MISSED THE LAST CALL, SAY IT AGAIN
          AR-2      UNITED ONE SIXTYTHREE, SPEED AND ALTITUDE
                    RIGHT NOW
         UAL 163    WE'RE AT EIGHT THOUSAND, AND, UH, ONE
                    FIVE FIVE
          AR-2      A HUNDRED AND FIFTYFIVE KNOTS, OK, YOU'RE
                    CLEARED FOR THE APPROACH, AND WILL YOU
                    HOLD THAT, UH, SPEED TIL THE OUTER MARKER,
                    TEN MILES AHEAD?
          UAL 163   ROGER, ONE FIVE FIVE TO THE MARKER
0006:15   AR-2      WESTERN FOUR SEVENTYFIVE, SLOW TO TWO
                    HUNDRED AND TWENTY KNOTS
          WAL 475   WESTERN FOUR SEVENTYFIVE, SLOWING TO TWO
                    HUNDRED AND TWENTY KNOTS
0007:05   AR-2      WESTERN FOUR SEVENTYFIVE, REDUCE SPEED TO
                    ONE EIGHT ZERO KNOTS
          WAL 475   ROGER, WESTERN FOUR SEVENTYFIVE, REDUCING
                    SPEED TO ONE EIGHT ZERO NOW
0007:13   AR-2      METRO TWO ZERO ONE, TURN LEFT, HEADING
                    ONE FIVE ZERO
          MET 201   TWO ZERO ONE, LEFT ONE FIVE ZERO, ROGER
0007:29   AR-2      RUNWAY VISUAL RANGE NOW DOWN TO THREE
                    THOUSAND FEET, DOES EVERYBODY HAVE
                    MINIMUMS?
           ?        THREE THOUSAND'S GOOD FOR US
          UAL 163   ONE SIXTYTHREE, AFFIRMATIVE



*155
0007:41   AR-2      OK, ONE SIXTYTHREE, TOWER ONE EIGHTEEN THREE
          UAL 163   SO LONG
0008:05   AR-2      UNITED ONE SIXTYTHREE, CORRECTION, UH,
                    ONE SIXTYONE, VERIFY YOUR SPEED
          AR-2      OK, ONE SIXTYTHREE, VERIFY SPEED
0008:18   AR-2      UNITED ONE SIXTYTHREE, DENVER
          AR-2      WESTERN FOUR SEVENTYFIVE, TURN LEFT, ONE
                    TWO ZERO
          WAL 475   WESTERN FOUR SEVENTYFIVE, LEFT, ONE TWO
                    ZERO
0008:44   AR-2      MET, CORRECT THAT, FORT FOUR ZERO, DESCEND
                    TO EIGHT THOUSAND
          FORT 40   ROGER, FORT FOUR ZERO, LEAVING ELEVEN FOR
                    EIGHT, MAINTAINING HEADING ONE, UH, FIVE
                    ZERO
          AR-2      ROGER, TURN LEFT, HEADING ONE THREE ZERO
          FORT 40   ROGER, GOING LEFT, ONE THREE ZERO, FORT
                    FOUR ZERO
0009:00   AR-2      METRO TWO ZERO ONE, DESCEND, MAINTAIN
                    EIGHT THOUSAND
          MET 201   UH, TWO ZERO ONE'S OUT OF ONE ONE THOUSAND
                    FOR EIGHT
0009:55   AR-2      WESTERN FOUR SEVENTYFIVE, VERIFY THAT YOU
                    ARE LEVEL ONE ONE THOUSAND
          WAL 475   AFFIRMATIVE, ONE ONE THOUSAND, FOUR
                    SEVENTYFIVE
          AR-2      ROG
0010:03   AR-2      METRO TWO ZERO ONE, TURN LEFT, HEADING
                    ZERO FIVE ZERO
          MET 201   LEFT ZERO FIVE ZERO, TWO OH ONE, ROGER
          UAL 695   UNITED SIX NINETYFIVE, TWELVE THOUSAND
0010:16   AR-2      METRO TWO ZERO ONE, YOUR ALTITUDE NOW,
                    AND RATE OF DESCENT



*156
0010:20   MET 201   UH, A THOUSAND FEET A MINUTE, AND WE'RE
                    OUT OF TEN
          AR-2      OK
          AR-2      UNITED SIX NINETYFIVE, RADAR CONTACT,
                    DESCEND AND MAINTAIN ONE ZERO THOUSAND,
                    AND EXPECT VECTORS FOR SPACING, SPEED
                    TWO HUNDRED, CORRECTION, ONE EIGHT ZERO
                    KNOTS
          UAL 695   UNITED SIX NINE FIVE, CLEARED TO TEN
                    THOUSAND, SPEED SET ONE EIGHT ZERO
          AR-2      ROGER
0010:45   AR-2      METRO TWO ZERO ONE, UH, WE'VE GOT A PROBLEM
                    HERE, AND A HOLE HAS DEVELOPED, UH, COULD
                    YOU INCREASE THAT RATE OF DESCENT?
          MET 201   UH, WE'VE GOT PASSENGERS ON BOARD, SIR,
                    WE DON"T HAVE THE PRESSURIZATION, WE CAN
                    GIVE YOU A INCH MORE, BUT THAT'D BE ALL
0011:01   AR-2      OK, UH, DON'T PUSH IT THEN, TURN RIGHT,
                    HEADING ZERO SEVEN ZERO
0011:04   AR-2      WESTERN FOUR SEVENTYFIVE, UH, STANDBY
                    JUST A MOMENT
0011:09   AR-2      METRO TWO OH ONE, ALTITUDE?
          MET 201   UH, WE'RE NINE THREE OUT
          AR-2      OK
0011:17   AR-2      WESTERN FOUR SEVENTYFIVE, TURN LEFT,
                    HEADING OF ZERO SEVEN ZERO
          AR-2      UNITED SIX NINETYFIVE, TURN RIGHT, NOW,
                    HEADING THREE ZERO ZERO
0011:31   AR-2      UNITED SIX NINETYFIVE, TURN RIGHT, NOW,
                    HEADING THREE ZERO ZERO, THERE'S TRAFFIC
                    HEAD ON
          UAL 695   SIX NINETYFIVE, RIGHT THREE ZERO ZERO
          AR-2      FORT FOUR ZERO, ALTITUDE?
          FORT 40   FORT FOUR ZERO, EIGHT DECIMAL FOUR,
                    DESCENDING TO EIGHT
          AR-2      ROGER



*157
0012:03   AR-2      WESTERN FOUR SEVENTYFIVE, DESCEND AND
                    MAINTAIN ONE ZERO THOUSAND, REPORT OUT
                    OF ELEVEN
          WAL 475   ROGER, FOUR SEVENTYFIVE OUT OF ELEVEN
          AR-2      ALL RIGHT
0012:14   AR-2      METRO TWO ZERO ONE, TURN RIGHT, MAKE A
                    CIRCLE TO YOUR RIGHT, ROLL OUT HEADING
                    ZERO SEVEN ZERO
          MET 201   UH, THREE SIXTY TO THE RIGHT, ZERO SEVEN
                    ZERO, ROGER
          AR-2     ROGER
          AR-2     WESTERN FOUR SEVENTYFIVE, TURN RIGHT,
                   HEADING TWO THREE ZERO, I'M GONNA HAVE
                   TO PUT YOU ON A DEVIOUS VECTOR HERE
          FORT 40  FORT FOUR ZERO'S AT EIGHT THOUSAND, ONE
                   THREE ZERO
          WAL 475   RIGHT TWO THREE ZERO, WESTERN FOUR SEVENTYFIVE
          AR-2      FORT FOUR ZERO, TURN RIGHT, HEADING THREE
                    ONE ZERO
          FORT 40   FOUR ZERO, RIGHT THREE ONE ZERO, MAINTAINING
                    EIGHT
          AR-2      ROG
          AR-2      UNITED SIX NINETYFIVE, ALTITUDE?
          UAL 695   SIX NINETYFIVE, TEN THOUSAND
          AR-2      ROG
          AR-2      METRO TWO OH ONE, ALTITUDE?
          MET 201   UH, WE'RE OUT OF EIGHT FIVE, AND, UH,
                    WE GOT, UH, QUITE A BIT OF ICE IN OUR
                    LEFT ENGINE, MIGHT HAVE TO SHUT IT DOWN
          AR-2      SAY IT AGAIN
0012:57   MET 201   UH, OUR LEFT ENGINE'S ICED UP, UH, WE
                    CAN'T CONTINUE ANY LONGER ON THAT LEFT
                    ENGINE



*158
0013:07   AR-2     OK, UH, METRO TWO ZERO ONE, FLY HEADING
                   TWO ONE ZERO, A VECTOR TO TWO SIX FINAL
                   APPROACH COURSE, WE'LL GET YOU RIGHT ON
                   IN HERE
          MET 201   OK, WE'D APPRECIATE IT, THANK YOU
          AR-2      ALL RIGHT
          AR-2      UNITED, UH, SIX NINETYFIVE, WHAT, UH,
                    D M E AND RADIAL DO YOU SHOW RIGHT NOW?
          UAL 695   SIX NINETYFIVE, ZERO EIGHT FIVE, AT, UH,
                    NINETEEN AND A HALF
          AR-2      OK, HOLD AT THE, UH, EIGHTEEN MILE RADIAL,
                    CORRECTION, D M E FIX ON THE RADIAL, ONE
                    MINUTE LEFT TURNS, MAINTAIN ONE ZERO
                    THOUSAND
          UAL 695   UH, YOU, YOU WANT TO HOLD ON THE ZERO
                    EIGHT FIVE RADIAL BETWEEN EIGHTEEN AND
                    WHAT?
          AR-2      BETWEEN EIGHTEEN AND TWENTYFIVE MILES,
                    START YOUR TURN NOW, LEFT TURN
          UAL 695   EIGHTEEN AND TWENTYFIVE, STARTING LEFT
                    TURN NOW
0013:56   AR-2      METRO TWO OH ONE, ALTITUDE?
0013:58   MET 201   WE'RE AT EIGHT
0014:00   AR-2      OK, UH, YOU'RE TEN MILES FROM THE AIRPORT,
                    TURN RIGHT, HEADING TWO THREE ZERO
          MET 201   RIGHT, TWO THREE ZERO, ROGER
          FORT 40   FORT FOUR ZERO'S, UH, STEADY THREE ONE
                    ZERO, AT EIGHT
          AR-2      FORT FOUR ZERO, SQUAWK IDENT, CONTACT
                    BUCKLEY G C A ON THIS FREQUENCY
          FORT 40   FORT FOUR ZERO, IDENT
          BKF GCA   FORT FOUR ZERO, BUCKLEY G C A, HOW DO
                    YOU HEAR ME, OVER
          FORT 40   READ YOU GIVE SQUARE
          AR-2      METRO TWO ZERO ONE, DO YOU HAVE THE
                    LOCALIZER? TURN INBOUND ON IT, PLEASE



*159
0014:00   MET 201   OK, WE WILL
          AR-2      HAVE YOU SHUT THE ENGINE DOWN?
          MET 201   IT'S DOWN
          AR-2      ALL RIGHT
0014:49   AR-2      WESTERN FOUR SEVENTYFIVE, TURN RIGHT,
                    HEADING ZERO SEVEN ZERO
          WAL 475   RIGHT ZERO SEVEN ZERO, WESTERN FOUR
                    SEVENTYFIVE
0015:06   AR-2      METRO TWO ZERO ONE IS, METRO TWO ZERO ONE
                    IS INTERCEPTING THE LOCALIZER, THREE MILES
                    FROM MARKER, TURN INBOUND AND CLEARED FOR
                    THE APPROACH, THE EQUIPMENT'S STANDING BY
                    FOR YOU
          MET 201   OK, THANK YOU SIR
0015:32   AR-2      METRO TWO ZERO ONE, DO YOU HAVE THE
                    LOCALIZER?
          MET 201   UH, WE GOT IT
          AR-2      OK, YOU'RE ABOUT A QUARTER MILE SOUTH OF
                    IT, AND, UH, STILL SOUTHWESTBOUND, YOU
                    WANT A SURVEILLANCE APPROACH?
          MET 201   UH, GO AHEAD, GIVE IT TO US
          AR-2      OK, FLY HEADING, UH, TWO SIX FIVE, TWO
                    SIX FIVE IS THE HEADING, MAINTAIN SEVEN
                    THOUSAND, PREPARE TO BEGIN DESCENT IN,
                    UH, TEN SECONDS, TWO SIX FIVE'S THE HEADING
0016:00   MET 201   TWO SIX FIVE
          AR-2      WESTERN FOUR SEVENTYFIVE, DEPART THE
                    OMNI ON THE ZERO NINE ZERO RADIAL, AND,
                    EXPECT A TURN AT THE TEN MILE FIX
          AR-2      METRO TWO ZERO ONE, FIVE AND ONE HALF MILES
                    FROM RUNWAY, BEGIN DESCENT TO MINIMUM DESCENT
                    ALTITUDE, FIVE THOUSAND EIGHT HUNDRED
                    AND TWENTY FEET
          MET 201   FIVE THOUSAND EIGHT HUNDRED AND
                    TWENTY, ROGER



*160
0016:00   AR-2      UNITED SIX NINETYFIVE, DESCEND AND
                    MAINTAIN NINER THOUSAND, REPORT OUT
                    OF TEN
          UAL 695   UNITED SIX NINER FIVE, OUT OF TEN
                    THOUSAND, TO MAINTAIN NINE
0016:42   AR-2      METRO TWO ZERO ONE, TURN RIGHT, HEADING
                    TWO SEVEN ZERO
          AR-2      WESTERN FOUR SEVENTYFIVE, HOLD EAST ON
                    THE, UH, DENVER V O R, ZERO NINE ZERO
                    RADIAL, FIFTEEN MILE FIX, ONE MINUTE,
                    RIGHT TURNS
          WAL 475   ROGER, HOLD EAST DENVER V O R, UH, ZERO
                    NINE ZERO, FIFTEEN MILE, UH, NAUTICAL
                    MILE FIX, FOUR SEVENTYFIVE
          AR-2      ROGER, MAINTAIN ONE ZERO THOUSAND
          AR-2      METRO TWO ZERO ONE, FOUR MILES FROM
                    RUNWAY, TURN RIGHT HEADING TWO SEVEN
                    FIVE, YOU'RE CLEARED TO LAND, RUNWAY
                    TWO SIX LEFT, WIND TWO NINE ZERO DEGREES,
                    FIVE
0017:33   AR-2      METRO TWO ZERO ONE, RUNWAY VISUAL RANGE
                    THREE THOUSAND FOUR HUNDRED, TWO SEVEN
                    FIVE THE HEADING
          AR-2      UNITED SIX NINETYFIVE, ARE YOU LEVEL
                    AT NINE THOUSAND?
          UAL 695   SIX NINETYFIVE, LEVELLING NINE THOUSAND
          AR-2      ROGER
          AR-2      METRO TWO ZERO ONE, TURN RIGHT, HEADING
                    TWO EIGHT ZERO, THREE MILES FROM RUNWAY,
                    TWO EIGHT ZERO'S THE HEADING
0018:00   AR-2      METRO TWO ZERO ONE IS CLEARED TO LAND,
                    TWO SIX LEFT, WIND CHECK, TWO NINE ZERO
                    DEGREES FIVE, RUNWAY VISUAL RANGE, THREE
                    THOUSAND FOUR HUNDRED, TURN LEFT, HEADING
                    TWO SIX ZERO
0018:13   AR-2      TWO SIX ZERO'S THE HEADING, TWO AND ONE
                    HALF MILES FROM RUNWAY



*161
0018:25   AR-2      METRO TWO ZERO ONE, TWO MILES FROM
                    RUNWAY, HEADING TWO SIX ZERO, REPORT
                    THE FIELD IN SIGHT, TWO SIX ZERO'S
                    THE HEADING
0018:36   AR-2      METRO TWO ZERO ONE, TURN RIGHT, HEADING
                    TWO SIX FOUR, TWO SIX FOUR'S THE NEW
                    HEADING
0018:46   AR-2      METRO TWO ZERO ONE, TWO SIX FOUR'S THE
                    HEADING, A MILE AND A HALF FROM RUNWAY,
                    DO YOU HAVE THE AIRPORT IN SIGHT?
0018:52   MET 201   NEGATIVE AIRPORT
0018:53   AR-2      YOU HAVE THE AIRPORT?
0018:55   MET 201   NO AIRPORT
0018:56   AR-2      NO AIRPORT, TWO SIX FOUR'S THE HEADING,
                    TURN RIGHT, HEADING TWO SIX SIX
0019:07   AR-2      TWO SIX SIX IS THE HEADING
0019:11   AR-2      METRO TWO ZERO ONE, CLIMB AND MAINTAIN
                    SEVEN THOUSAND
0019:17   MET 201   MISSED APPROACH, CLIMB AND MAINTAIN
                    SEVEN, ROGER
0019:27   AR-2      METRO TWO ZERO ONE, ALTITUDE?
0019:29   MET 201   UH, FIFTYSIX
0019:33   AR-2      OK, FLY YOUR PRESENT HEADING, CLIMB AND
                    MAINTAIN SEVEN THOUSAND
0019:38   MET 201   PRESENT HEADING IS TWO FOUR ZERO
0019:40   AR-2      OK
0020:00   AR-2      METRO TWO OH ONE'S ALTITUDE?
0020:03   MET 201   FIFTYSEVEN
0020:05   AR-2      OK, HOW'S YOUR ICE?
0020:08   MET 201   PRETTY GOOD
0020:10   AR-2      OK



*162
0020:24   WAL 475   WOULD IT BE POSSIBLE FOR WESTERN FOUR
                    SEVENTYFIVE TO HOLD EAST OF THE, UH,
                    TWENTYFIVE MILE FIX, INSTEAD OF FIFTEEN?
          AR-2      WESTERN FOUR SEVENTYFIVE, JUST A MINUTE,
                    WESTERN FOUR SEVENTYFIVE, GO TO DENVER
                    ON ONE TWO ZERO POINT FIVE
0020:38   WAL 475   ROGER
0020:46   AR-2      METRO TWO OH ONE, ALTITUDE?
0020:49   MET 201   TWO OH ONE, UH, WE'RE AT, UH, FIFTYSEVEN
                    AND DESCENDING AT FIVE HUNDRED FEET A
                    MINUTE
0020:56   AR-2      YOU'RE DESCENDING?
0020:58   MET 201   ROGER
0020:59   AR-2      METRO TWO ZERO ONE IS DESCENDING? IS
                    THAT CORRECT?
0021:03   MET 201   ALL WE CAN HOLD IS ABOUT FIFTYSEVEN
                    HUNDRED, WE'RE PICKING UP A LOT OF ICE
0021:11   AR-2      METRO TWO ZERO ONE, TURN RIGHT, HEADING
                    ZERO ONE ZERO
0021:14   MET 201   RIGHT, ZERO ONE ZERO, ROGER
0021:20   AR-2      METRO TWO, METRO TWO ZERO ONE, MAINTAIN
                    AS MUCH ALTITUDE AS YOU CAN, AND, UH,
                    ARE YOU IN A LEFT TURN NOW?
0021:31   MET 201   ROGER
0021:32   AR-2      OK, CONTINUE THE LEFT TURN TO HEADING
                    OF THREE FIVE ZERO
0021:38   AR-2      WE'LL START AN APPROACH TO RUNWAY THREE
                    FIVE
0021:40   ?         [background] YOU CAN TURN RIGHT
0021:41   MET 201   UH, LOOKS LIKE WE'RE ABOUT TO LOSE IT
0021:44   AR-2      OK, LOWRY'S RIGHT THERE BELOW YOU, WHAT
                    IS YOUR ALTITUDE?
0021:47   MET 201   I'M GONNA BUST IT



*163
0021:51   AR-2      DO YOU SEE LOWRY? IT'S RIGHT BELOW YOU
0022:03   AR-2      METRO TWO ZERO ONE, DENVER
0022:24   AR-2      UNITED SIX NINETYFIVE, YOU STILL ON?
          UAL 695   SIX NINETYFIVE
          AR-2      OK, UH, WHAT IS YOUR D M E POSITION NOW?
          UAL 695   UH, EIGHTEEN AND A HALF
          AR-2      OK
0022:45   AR-2      METRO TWO ZERO ONE, DENVER
0023:08   AR-2      UNITED SIX NINETYFIVE, SQUAWK IDENT ON
                    ZERO FOUR ZERO ZERO
          UAL 695   SIX NINE FIVE
0023:35   AR-2      UNITED SIX NINETYFIVE, GIVE ME ANOTHER SQAWK
          AR-2      UNITED SIX NINETYFIVE, TURN, UH, RIGHT HEADING
                    THREE ZERO ZERO, VECTOR TO WATKINS INTERSECTION,
                    WE'LL HAVE TO PUT YOU IN THE
                    HOLDING PATTERN NOW, I GUESS WE'VE LOST ONE.

A visual portrayal of the plane's flight from the time of the missed approach to the time of the crash appears on Exhibit 84 which shows the flight path reconstructed by the witness McDermott and the flight path reconstructed by Controller Phillips. An approximation of Exhibit 84, greatly reduced in size, follows in this opinion, and I find as fact that the flight path and the times were those testified to by the witness McDermott. His flight path is portrayed by the solid line, and the Controller's projected and intended flight path is shown by the "X's." Of course, there is no argument that the actual flight path was that shown by the solid line, and the only real dispute is as to the position of Metro 201 at 0021-11. The three possible 0021:11 positions are indicated. The # 1 position is McDermott's estimated position at a 100 knot speed (testimony of Deweese). The # 2 position is McDermott's position working backwards from the point of crash at an 80 knot stall speed. The # 3 position is the Controller's estimate. Alameda Avenue is shown by the dotted line. *164
In further explanation of the map, realization of the missed approach came sometime between 0018:55 and the acknowledgment of the missed approach at 0019:17. It was at this time that Metro 201 went into the published standard missed approach procedure of a gradual left turn to Englewood, and this is the point from which the expert witness Francis McDermott reconstructed the flight path of Metro 201.
*165 It will be remembered that it was at 0021:11, Phillips directed, "Metro two zero one, turn right, heading zero one zero." It is obvious that if the plane was in McDermott's # 1 position a right turn to 010 would take the plane away from Stapleton, away from Lowry, and over a thickly populated section of Denver. If it was at McDermott's # 2 position, a more difficult maneuver would be required of the crippled plane with the same hazardous results. Even if the plane was in Phillips' # 3 position, a right turn to 010, which a one-engined plane couldn't have made as sharply as drawn by Phillips, would have brought the plane perilously close to Colorado Womens College [shown on the map under the College's then name of Temple Buell College] and Phillips acknowledged that the high rise occupied dormitories there were a real hazard to Metro 201 with its inability to maintain altitude. If, when the plane was truly at approximately Colfax Avenue and Yosemite, a left turn to a heading of perhaps 170 had been ordered, hindsight demonstrates that Metro 201 had enough minutes left in the air to make a north to south landing on Lowry runway 17, or, if when the plane was at that point, a right turn to 010 had been directed, a landing on Stapleton's runway 35 might have been accomplished, albeit the problem of Colorado Womens College remained. This latter order is the one Phillips now says he intended, but the difficulty is that the record shows that Metro 201 was far beyond Colfax and Yosemite at 0021.11 when the 010 heading was directed.
Phillips' erroneous positioning of Metro 201 at 0021:11 can be demonstrated mathematically. Phillips and McDermott agree to the plane's position at 0019:11. At a speed of 100 knots, a speed testified to by Deweese, the plane would be at or a little beyond McDermott's 0021:11 # 1 position, and the visual observations of Deweese prior to the crash lend further support to that position. At a speed of 100 knots, Metro 201 crossed Colfax and Yosemite [Phillips' 0021:11 estimated position] at the very time Phillips' attention was distracted by the call from WAL 475, and by his delayed response "Just a minute, Western Four Seventy Five, Go to Denver on One Two Zero Point Five." This is when the 010 heading should have been given, but Phillips was worrying with WAL 475 for "just a minute" at this critical time.
Phillips' 0021:11 position of Metro 201 as shown on Exhibit 84 is hardly consistent with his trial testimony in other respects. His 0021:32 transmission was, "OK, continue the left turn to heading of three five zero." Yet, at time of trial he testified that when this heading was given, Metro 201 "was south of Lowry, south of Alameda." The interval between 0021:11 and 0021:32 wasn't sufficient for the plane to get from Colfax and Yosemite to a point "south of Lowry, south of Alameda." Phillips would have the plane travel in 21 seconds from Colfax and Yosemite to a point "south of Lowry, south of Alameda," when during the 19 second time span of from 0021:32 to 0021:51, he thought it had flown the much shorter distance of from south of Alameda to Lowry. The tape shows:


0021:41 MET 201 UH, LOOKS LIKE WE'RE ABOUT TO LOSE IT.
0021:44 AR-2    OK, LOWRY'S RIGHT THERE BELOW YOU, WHAT
                IS YOUR ALTITUDE.
0021:47 [AR-2]  I'M GONNA BUST IT.

A casual glance at the map permits no conclusion other than one that Phillips' positioning of the plane at 0021:11 # 3 shown on the map must be erroneous if in fact at 0021:32 Metro 201 "was south of Lowry, south of Alameda." The testimony of Deweese totally confirms that at 0021:32 the plane was in fact "south of Lowry, south of Alameda." Looking out of the plane's left window, he saw Lowry's closed runways to *166 the east, and, while the final turn was in progress, he saw power lines along Alameda. Testimony in the record that the power lines along Alameda were underground was later cleared up and the government's brief disregards the clarification. The power lines immediately to the south of Lowry runway 35 on Alameda were underground, but the power lines along Alameda to the east and to the west of Lowry runway 35 were above ground. There was a gap in the above ground power lines on a projected line of Lowry's runway 35, but the rest of the power lines were above ground. Those were the power lines Deweese saw.
Shortly after 0015:32, Metro 201 accepted a surveillance approach. At that point, the plane was in the care and custody of the Air Traffic Controller, and the language of Judge Doyle in Yates v. United States (1974) 10 Cir., 497 F.2d 878 comes into play:
"It is familiar law that one in the care and custody of another where the circumstances deprive the person of an ordinary opportunity to protect himself has a right to expect that the person exercising the custody shall use reasonable care and caution for his protection."
That required reasonable care and caution wasn't exercised here, and Controller Phillips' failure to exercise reasonable care and caution was negligence which proximately caused the plane to crash. I think that what has been thus far said clearly establishes negligence, but there is more, and I shall briefly discuss the principal contentions of plaintiffs as to acts of negligence on the part of the controller.
Plaintiffs argue that it was negligence to offer a surveillance approach rather than an ILS approach in which more precise control could be exercised. Ordinarily, the acceptance or rejection of a surveillance approach is a decision for the pilot, but, as will be seen presently, his decision was unfairly impaired by the controller's failure to disclose essential facts which would enter into the pilot's decision. However, I am reluctant to say, and I do not hold that the failure to offer an ILS approach, standing alone, was negligence. But, this failure was coupled with the following omissions:
1. The controller did not give adequate course guidance in accordance with the requirements of applicable regulations. [See, Exhibit 38, paragraph 729, and see, testimony of McDermott, p. 97.]
2. The controller failed to provide Metro 201 with the latest ceiling and visibility information and with the appropriate altimeter setting.
Prior to commencing its approach, Metro 201 received the weather information available on ADIS. This was standard procedure. After the approach was started, the pilot could not be expected to switch his radio back and forth from controller to ADIS to see if there was any weather change being broadcast on the ADIS channel. He was entitled to rely on and he did rely on the controller to advise him of weather changes. The ceiling changed from 400 feet to 300 feet during the approach, and this change was peculiarly vital information to a pilot on a surveillance approach. But, the ceiling change was not communicated to Metro 201, although even the chief of the Denver tower acknowledged that the weather change should have been provided by the controller. This failure to communicate was negligence, and it was a link in an unbroken chain of circumstances which proximately caused the accident.
Additionally, during the approach, there was an uncommunicated change in altimeter setting. The pilot was entirely dependent upon the controller for this information. The uncorrected altimeter caused the pilot to be 30 feet higher than his altimeter showed him to be. Thus, the two pieces of uncommunicated vital informationthe lower ceiling and the altimeter correction joined together to cause the missed approach, and, understandably enough, the tape transcript reads:


*167
0018:46   AR-2        METRO TWO ZERO ONE, TWO SIX FOUR'S
                      THE HEADING, A MILE AND A HALF FROM
                      RUNWAY, DO YOU HAVE AIRPORT IN SIGHT?
0018:52   MET 201     NEGATIVE AIRPORT.
0018:53   AR-2        YOU HAVE THE AIRPORT?
0018:55   MET 201     NO AIRPORT.

At trial, Phillips acknowledged that when he asked the pilot if they had the airport in sight, Phillips thought that Metro 201 had broken through the ceiling, but the pilot had not been told what the true ceiling was and his altimeter was 30 feet off. This failure of communication was negligence which was a proximate cause of the accident.
3. There was a failure on the part of the controller to give a proper missed approach procedure.
It is mandatory under the Air Traffic Control Manual [Exhibit 38] that specific missed approach procedures be communicated from the tower to the pilot before final descent is started. This was not done, and, in fact, it was some two and one-half minutes after the missed approach that any instructions were given. The pilot followed the published standard missed approach procedure. Controller Phillips urges that his 0019:07 communication of "TWO SIX SIX IS THE HEADING" was a missed approach procedure, but, if so, no pilot should be expected to so construe it, and McDermott fully confirms this. Phillips has not explained how he intended to handle the missed approach on the 266 heading, although an examination of the map will show that the path followed by the pilot under the normal missed approach procedure didn't vary all that much from a 266 heading. If Phillips' intent was to guide Metro 201 into Stapleton runway 35 from the 266 heading, the 0020:24 interruption by WAL 475 would have had the same effect it had on Metro 201 on the course flown by the pilot. Ingham v. Eastern Airlines, Inc. (1967) 2 Cir., 373 F.2d 227, holds:
"A missed approach required precision co-ordination by the crew, and the success or failure of the operation, when the plane was at a very low altitude, depended on just how rapidly the crew reacted. Thus, it was of the utmost importance that the crew not be lulled into a false sense of security. The pilot should have been told that weather conditions were becoming marginal, and that he might well encounter less than minimum visibility upon reaching the runway. This information would have signaled to the pilot that a missed approach might have to be executed."
And, here, the undisclosed information might well have caused the pilot to reject the surveillance approach and to opt for an ILS approach. I find and conclude that there was improper communication of missed approach procedure, and that this failure of communication constituted negligence which was a proximate cause of the crash, and I find and conclude that when all of the failures to communicate are added together, it was negligence not to affirmatively offer the ILS approach, albeit there is no usual duty to offer an ILS approach in the absence of a failure of the controller to properly communicate.
4. The AR-2 Controller should have handed off all other traffic to give his undivided attention to Metro 201 after he learned of the engine failure.
Emergencies are covered in Chapter 6 of the Terminal Air Traffic Control Manual. [Exhibit 38] Paragraph 837 mandates that the controller, "Provide maximum assistance to aircraft in distress." Paragraph 839 requires the controller to "Coordinate *168 efforts to the extent possible to assist any aircraft believed overdue, lost or in emergency status." Phillips tried to handle Metro 201 with his radar on a 6-mile radius, but the commercial airlines planes had to be observed on radar with a 30-mile radius. Phillips said that he accomplished this by setting his own radar at 6 miles and watching the commercial flights on the AR-1 radar alongside which was set at 30 miles. Undeniably, Phillips could see both radar screens, but he should not have permitted his attention to be diverted from Metro 201 by trying to exercise control over the Continental, Western, and United Flights. The 0020:24 interruption by Western is the most glaring example of the inattention which resulted from the failure to hand off, but trying to read two radar screens at the same time, each on a different radius, under the emergency conditions then existing, cannot be said to represent compliance with Paragraph 837, to "provide maximum assistance to aircraft in distress." The failure to hand off was negligence, and it was a proximate cause of the accident.
Inevitably, with 400 pages of briefs there are charges of other acts of negligence on the part of defendant's agent, but I believe that the claims I have discussed represent the principal arguments of plaintiffs, and I do not discuss their other contentions, although in Phillips' defense, there was strong showing that the Denver Tower was under manned.
This brings us, then, to the question of contributory negligence charged against the pilot and co-pilot. Contributory negligence, of course, forms no part of the suit by Deweese. The government initially argues that the pilot has sole responsibility for a plane in flight, and, therefore, if the plane crashes, there is contributory negligence. The same argument was made in Yates v. United States (1974) 10 Cir., 497 F.2d 878, and it was rejected. It was said in Yates:
"In seeking a reversal the government, first, maintains that the trial court's finding and conclusion that the FAA controllers were negligent was clearly erroneous. They rely on the fact that the regulations establish that each pilot is in command of and responsible for his own aircraft and has the final authority with respect to its operation, and that it is up to the pilot to exercise his own judgment as to existence of hazard and to refuse to accept instructions which he considers increase his peril. The government says that Yates was guilty of either sole or contributory negligence in flying into the wake turbulence area regardless of whether the government instructed him to follow the TWA 707 and that the local controllers were not guilty of negligence in failing to maintain proper separation between the 707 and the Cessna.
.   .   .   .   .
"The relationship between the air controller and the pilot of a plane which is landing or taking off creates a duty of care on the part of the controller. The government argues that plaintiff had no right to rely on instructions which the air controller gave him, and it was up to him to form his own judgment. We fail to see the controller's directions and warnings as being merely advisory. . . . We cannot, therefore, accept the view that the controllers with the complex equipment which they employ are there merely to give advice. The recognition of these functions as legal obligations gives rise to an attendant duty to perform these functions with reasonable care."
Yates is dispositive of the government's first argument in support of its claim of contributory negligence (and it is dispositive of most of the government's other arguments).
Next, the government urges that the pilots were negligent in leaving Laramie after the engine died on landing there. This argument is unsupported by opinion evidence in the record, and it ignores the testimony of Deweese that the engine operated normally between Laramie and the time Metro 201 was on its final approach to Stapleton. I find no contributory negligence *169 on the part of the pilot or co-pilot in failing to inspect the engine in Laramie or in taking off from Laramie.
Defendant then says that the pilot and co-pilot were negligent in the operation of the air controls, and that this alleged negligence caused the left engine to ice up. This is a bootstrap argument based upon a highly questionable examination of the plane after the crash, but the hard facts necessary to show that the air controls were in any way improperly used or set are impossible to glean from the evidence. Although Deweese wasn't fully acquainted with the controls on a Beech Queen Air, he saw the air controls being operated during the flight, and most importantly, he observed the temperature gauge. It was at 50° Centigrade, and to top this off, Deweese observed smooth manifold pressure drops of one inch when the controls were operated. Defendant has the burden of proving contributory negligence, and this burden was not met in support of any claimed improper air control operation. That being so, it becomes unnecessary to discuss any question of proximate cause or intervening cause in connection with the air control operation.
Defendant says that Metro 201 followed an erratic track on its approach to Stapleton. The only testimony in support of this contention is trial testimony of Phillips, but he didn't mention the erratic track at any time during his transmissions nor did he make mention of it in his official report. If the track was in fact erratic, the headings he gave are most difficult to explain, and McDermott's reconstruction of the path is not erratic. This reconstruction is supported in part by testimony of ground observers and of Deweese. More importantly, of course, if the track was erratic, Phillips' duty of undivided attention increased geometrically. The evidence in the case establishes that the track was not erratic, and it establishes that Metro 201 accepted and followed the headings given by the controller until the plane was about to stall when the belated 010 heading was directed.
I have already mentioned that if Phillips intended Metro 201 to fly a 266° course after the missed approach, he should have said so clearly. The negligence here was the controller's not the pilots'. The pilots' adoption of the standard missed approach procedure in the absence of clear direction not to do so was not negligence.
In summation, I find no negligence on the part of the pilot or co-pilot in any respect.
In its brief, the government makes the eye-popping statement, "The flight crew had the last clear chance to land the aircraft at Lowry, as is evidenced by the testimony of Mr. Deweese and Mr. Johnson." Of course, last clear chance applies only when there is negligence on plaintiff's part, because it is a humanitarian doctrine to relieve negligent plaintiffs. It is not an escape hatch for a negligent defendant. C. & S. R. Co. v. Western Light & Power Co., 73 Colo. 107, 214 P. 30; Freeman v. Schulz, 81 Colo. 535, 256 P. 631; Bragdon v. Hexter, 86 Colo. 435, 282 P. 568; Owens v. U. S., 10 Cir., 194 F.2d 246; Union Pacific R. Co. v. Ward, 10 Cir., 230 F.2d 287; Christopherson v. Humphrey, 10 Cir., 366 F.2d 323. Moreover, even if the last clear chance doctrine were available to defendants, as is shown by the foregoing cases, the chance must be both last and clear. I doubt that the pilots had any realistic chance to land the plane at Lowry, but, if they did, their chance certainly was not clear.
I did indeed mention last clear chance at time of trial, but I did not mention it with any thought that the doctrine would be seized upon by defendant as an escape. Under the facts I have found, the doctrine is not applicable, but until I had studied the record, I thought that plaintiffs might want to rely on the doctrine. If I had accepted defendant's argument that the pilots were negligent in taking off from Laramie or that they were negligent in the operation of the air controls, I think that last clear chance would come into play, and I would have applied it. But, as to the government's claim of protection under last clear chance, I don't think that the doctrine applies to defendants, and I don't think that *170 the pilots had any last clear chance to avoid death.
The third party complaint was not seriously pressed at trial, and there is no evidence of negligence on the part of third party defendants. Judgment shall enter in favor of third party defendants and against third party plaintiff.
Having found negligence on the part of defendant which was a proximate cause of the deaths of the pilots and of the injuries to Deweese, and having found no contributory negligence on the part of the pilots, the cases must now be tried on the damage issues. Counsel are requested to advise of a time frame during which those issues can be tried and of the estimated trial time which will be required.
NOTES
[1]  The significance of the testimony becomes more important when compared with the transcript of the taped conversations between the plane and the tower and when compared with the map, both of which appear later in this opinion.
[2]  The Conoco roadmap included in this opinion seems to be in error on some of the runway headings.
[3]  Times shown are Greenwich standard time which, of course, is seven hours later than Mountain Time.
