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                                                              Electronically Filed
                                                              Supreme Court
                                                              SCWC-14-0000335
                                                              12-APR-2018
                                                              08:41 AM

           IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF HAWAIʻI

                                ---o0o---


                          STATE OF HAWAIʻI,
                   Respondent/Plaintiff-Appellee,

                                    vs.

                       RITALYNN MOSS CELESTINE,
                   Petitioner/Defendant-Appellant.


                            SCWC-14-0000335

         CERTIORARI TO THE INTERMEDIATE COURT OF APPEALS
            (CAAP-14-0000335; CASE NO. 1DTA-13-00956)

                             APRIL 12, 2018

   McKENNA, POLLACK, AND WILSON, JJ., WITH RECKTENWALD, C.J.,
           DISSENTING, WITH WHOM NAKAYAMA, J., JOINS

                OPINION OF THE COURT BY POLLACK, J.

          This appeal arises from a challenge by Ritalynn Moss

Celestine to her conviction based on the validity of her waiver

of the right to testify at trial.         We hold that the record does

not support a conclusion that Celestine’s waiver of the right to

testify was voluntarily, intelligently, and knowingly made.

Because the error was not harmless beyond a reasonable doubt, we
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vacate the conviction and remand the case for further

proceedings.

                              I.    BACKGROUND

            On February 24, 2013, around 2:40 a.m., an officer of

the Honolulu Police Department driving along Meheula Parkway saw

Celestine’s vehicle in the “planter area.”1          It appeared to the

officer that the vehicle had jumped the curb.           After Celestine

exited her vehicle, the officer noticed a strong odor of alcohol

emitting from Celestine’s breath and that her eyes were red,

bloodshot, and glassy.      The officer requested that Celestine

perform three field sobriety tests.         According to the responding

officer, Celestine demonstrated clues suggesting intoxication on

all three tests, and she was subsequently placed under arrest.2

            At the police station, an officer read Celestine the

implied consent form for testing, which provided, inter alia, as

follows: “if you refuse to submit to a breath, blood or urine

test, you shall be subject to up to 30 days imprisonment and/or

a fine of up to a thousand dollars.”         Celestine refused the

blood test but opted to take the breath test.           About 3:15 a.m.,


     1
            Celestine explained to the officer that her GPS had led her there
and that she was looking for Makapipipi Street.
     2
            The officer acknowledged that it is possible to fail the field
sobriety tests without being under the influence of alcohol or drugs and that
the tests provide “clues” to further the investigation.


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Celestine underwent an Intoxilyzer 8000 breath test.

Celestine’s breath alcohol content was 0.098 grams of alcohol

per 210 liters of breath.

                     A. District Court Proceedings

           On March 12, 2013, Celestine was charged by complaint

in the District Court of the First Circuit (district court) with

operating a vehicle under the influence of an intoxicant in

violation of Hawaii Revised Statutes (HRS) § 291E-61(a)(1)3

and/or (a)(3).4     Celestine pleaded not guilty to the charge.

           At trial,5 prior to the presentation of evidence, the

district court advised Celestine as follows:

                 THE COURT: Okay. Miss Celestine, to advise you of
           your rights at trial, at some point in time the State will
           rest, okay, and you’ll have an opportunity to testify or
           remain silent. Should you choose to remain silent, the

     3
           HRS § 291E-61(a)(1) (Supp. 2012) provides as follows:

           A person commits the offense of operating a vehicle under
           the influence of an intoxicant if the person operates or
           assumes actual physical control of a vehicle:

           . . .

           (1) While under the influence of alcohol in an amount
           sufficient to impair the person’s normal mental faculties
           or ability to care for the person and guard against
           casualty[.]
     4
            HRS § 291E-61(a)(3) (Supp. 2012) provides as follows: “A person
commits the offense of operating a vehicle under the influence of an
intoxicant if the person operates or assumes actual physical control of a
vehicle: . . . [w]ith .08 or more grams of alcohol per two hundred ten liters
of breath.”
     5
           The Honorable Lono J. Lee presided.



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            Court can infer no guilt because of your silence.
            Basically, you’ll be invoking your Fifth Amendment right
            against self-incrimination.

                  Okay, you understand?

                  THE DEFENDANT: Yes, sir.

                  THE COURT: However, if you do wish to testify, you
            need to be sworn in, you’re also subject to cross-
            examination by the State’s attorney. Okay?

                  THE DEFENDANT[6]: Okay. And when the State does rest,
            okay, I’ll remind you again, okay, I have to finish this
            even though we’re doing this piece -- piecemeal today. All
            right. Any questions? Okay. Thank you.

            After the State rested,7 the defense advised the court

that it would not be presenting evidence.           The court then

proceeded with the Tachibana colloquy:

                  THE COURT: Okay.   For defense case, okay, Miss Moss
            Celestine?

                  THE DEFENDANT: Yes, sir.

                  THE COURT: Okay. Just in caution, okay, I had
            explained to you, okay, on the 12th that you had the right
            to testify and the right to remain silent, okay. They call
            this your Tachibana rights. It’s based on a case law that
            the appellate court found that the trial court needed to
            inform you of your rights, okay. If you chose not to
            testify, the Court could infer no guilt because of your
            silence; basically you would be invoking your Fifth
            Amendment right against self-incrimination. Okay. On the
            other hand, if you do wish to testify, you need to be sworn
            in, you also will be subject to cross-examination by the
            State’s attorney.

                  Okay. Your attorney just indicated to the Court that
            you will not be testifying. Is that correct?

                  THE DEFENDANT: Yes, sir.


     6
            It appears this statement was made by the district court and
incorrectly attributed to Celestine in the transcript of the proceedings.
     7
            The State’s evidence included the events described in the
introductory paragraphs of the Background section, see supra.


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                   THE COURT: Okay.   Is anybody forcing you not to
             testify?

                   THE DEFENDANT: No, sir.

                   THE COURT: Okay.   It’s your own decision?

                   THE DEFENDANT: Yes, sir.

                   THE COURT: Okay, very good . . . .

Following the colloquy, the district court heard Celestine’s

motion to suppress her breath test results, which the court

denied.

             The district court found Celestine guilty as charged

under HRS § 291E-61(a)(1) and HRS § 291E-61(a)(3) and imposed

sentence.8    Celestine timely filed a notice of appeal to the

Intermediate Court of Appeals (ICA).

                             B. ICA Proceedings

             In her opening brief, Celestine set forth two points

of error: (1) the district court erred in denying her motion to

suppress, and (2) the district court violated her constitutional

right to testify when it failed to conduct a proper Tachibana

colloquy.     The State responded that the court’s Tachibana

colloquy was adequate and that, in the alternative, any error

was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.

     8
            The district court sentenced Celestine to the following: pay a
fine in the amount of $500; pay fees totaling $162; participate in a 14-hour
substance abuse rehabilitation program; and participate in a substance abuse
assessment and treatment program if necessary. The district court further
ordered that Celestine’s license be revoked for a period of one year.



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            In a summary disposition order, the ICA affirmed

Celestine’s conviction.9       The ICA concluded that the district

court’s end-of-trial Tachibana colloquy was adequate and that

Celestine’s waiver of the right to testify was validly made.10

            Chief Judge Nakamura dissented, concluding that the

district court erred by failing to adequately advise Celestine

that if she wanted to testify, no one could prevent her from

doing so.    Because Celestine did not testify at trial, the

dissent concluded that the error was not harmless.

                         II.   STANDARD OF REVIEW

            The validity of a defendant’s waiver in a criminal

case of the right to testify is a question of constitutional law

reviewed by this court under the right/wrong standard.             See

State v. Gomez-Lobato, 130 Hawaiʻi 465, 468-69, 312 P.3d 897,

900-01 (2013).

                               III. DISCUSSION

            Hawaiʻi law has historically protected both the right

to testify and the right not to testify.          State v. Monteil, 134
     9
            The ICA’s summary disposition order can be found at State v.
Celestine, No. CAAP-14-0000335, 2016 WL 3573992 (Haw. App. June 29, 2016)
(SDO).
     10
            The ICA also concluded that it need not resolve whether the
district court erred in denying Celestine’s motion to suppress the breath
test results because the district court’s finding of guilt under HRS § 291E-
61(a)(1) (impairment of driver’s mental faculties or abilities while under
the influence of alcohol) could independently serve as a basis for the
conviction in this case.


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Hawaiʻi 361, 369, 341 P.3d 567, 575 (2014).         The right to testify

is guaranteed by the Fifth and Sixth Amendments to the United

States Constitution; the Hawaiʻi Constitution’s parallel

guarantees under article I, sections 5, 10, and 14; and HRS §

801-2.    State v. Pomroy, 132 Hawaiʻi 85, 91, 319 P.3d 1093, 1099

(2014).    The right not to testify is guaranteed by the United

States Constitution’s Fifth Amendment guarantee against

compelled testimony and the Hawaiʻi Constitution’s parallel

guarantee under article I, section 10.         Monteil, 134 Hawaiʻi at

369, 341 P.3d at 575.

            To protect the fundamental right to testify, this

court in Tachibana v. State established the requirement that

when a defendant in a criminal case indicates an intention not

to testify, the trial court must advise the defendant of the

right to testify and must obtain an on-the-record waiver of this

right.    79 Hawaiʻi 226, 236, 900 P.2d 1293, 1303 (1995)

(footnotes omitted).     An on-the-record waiver assures that the

defendant is “aware of [the] right to testify and that [the

defendant] knowingly and voluntarily waive[s] that right.”             Id.

at 234-37, 900 P.2d at 1301-04.          The Tachibana court also

determined that “the ideal time to conduct the colloquy is




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immediately prior to the close of the defendant’s case.”11               Id.

at 237, 900 P.2d at 1304.

           There are two components of a Tachibana colloquy.                The

first is informing the defendant of fundamental principles

pertaining to the right to testify and the right not to testify.

Id. at 236 n.7, 900 P.2d at 1303 n.7.         We stated that this

advisement should consist of the following information:

           that he [or she] has a right to testify, that if he [or
           she] wants to testify that no one can prevent him [or her]
           from doing so, [and] that if he [or she] testifies the
           prosecution will be allowed to cross-examine him [or her].
           In connection with the privilege against self-
           incrimination, the defendant should also be advised that he
           [or she] has a right not to testify and that if he [or she]
           does not testify then the jury can be instructed about that
           right.

Id. (alterations in original) (citation omitted).

           The second component of the Tachibana colloquy

involves the court engaging in a true “colloquy” with the

defendant.    State v. Han, 130 Hawaii 83, 90-91, 306 P.3d 128,

135-36 (2013).     This portion of the colloquy consists of a

verbal exchange between the judge and the defendant “in which


     11
            In addition to requiring a Tachibana colloquy when a defendant
has indicated an intent not to testify, we stated that trial courts must
conduct a pretrial advisement in which the defendant is informed of his or
her personal right to testify or not to testify; alert the defendant that if
he or she has not testified by the end of trial, the court will question the
defendant to ensure it was his or her own decision not to testify; and advise
the defendant that the exercise of the right not to testify may not be used
by the factfinder against the defendant. State v. Lewis, 94 Hawaii 292, 297,
12 P.3d 1233, 1238 (2000); Monteil, 134 Hawaii at 373, 341 P.3d at 579.



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the judge ascertains the defendant’s understanding of the

proceedings and of the defendant’s rights.”          Id. at 90, 306 P.3d

at 135 (quoting Black’s Law Dictionary 300 (9th ed. 2009)).

          The verbal exchange is to ensure that the information

conveyed by the judge has been understood by the defendant and

that the defendant’s decision not to testify has been made with

an understanding of the defendant’s rights.          Id. at 90-91, 306

P.3d at 135-36 (“[T]he transcript does not indicate that a true

‘colloquy’ took place.     Instead, the court simply advised

Petitioner of his rights, without any ‘discussion,’ ‘exchange’

or ascertainment that Petitioner understood his rights.”);

Pomroy, 132 Hawaiʻi at 93, 319 P.3d at 1101 (holding that the

Tachibana colloquy was “defective” in part because the district

court merely “recited a litany of rights” and then asked the

defendant “if he ‘understood that,’” without clarifying “which

right ‘that’ referenced”).

          To accomplish the purposes of a true colloquy, we have

suggested that the trial court engage in a verbal exchange with

the defendant at least twice during the colloquy in order to

ascertain the defendant’s “understanding of significant

propositions in the advisement.”         Han, 130 Hawaii at 90, 306

P.3d at 135.   The first time is after the court informs the

defendant of the right to testify and of the right not to

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testify and the protections associated with these rights.              Id.

The purpose of this exchange is for the court to ascertain the

defendant’s understanding of these important principles.

           The second time we suggested a verbal exchange should

occur is after the court indicates to the defendant its

understanding that the defendant does not intend to testify.12

Id. at 91, 306 P.3d at 136.       This inquiry enables the court to

determine whether the defendant’s decision to not testify is

made with an understanding of the principles that have been

explained to the defendant.       Id.     As part of this inquiry, the

trial court elicits responses as to whether the defendant

intends to not testify, whether anyone is forcing the defendant

not to testify, and whether the decision to not testify is the

defendant’s.    Id.

           The constitutional right to testify is violated when

the Tachibana colloquy is inadequate to provide an “objective

basis” for finding the defendant “knowingly, intelligently, and

voluntarily” relinquished his or her right to testify.             Id.      In

determining whether a waiver of the right to testify was

     12
            The fact that the court is conducting the Tachibana colloquy with
the defendant generally indicates that defense counsel has informed the court
that the defendant does not intend to testify. See Lewis, 94 Hawaii at 296-
97, 12 P.3d at 1237-38 (“[W]e hold the court need not engage in a Tachibana
colloquy except where the defendant has indicated that he or she will not
testify[.]”).



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voluntarily and intelligently made, this court looks to the

totality of the facts and circumstances of each particular case.

Id. at 89, 306 P.3d at 134.

            In this case, the Tachibana colloquy was deficient

because the district court did not adequately fulfill the second

component of the Tachibana colloquy.

A. The District Court Did Not Engage Celestine In A True Colloquy

            Celestine argues that the district court’s Tachibana

colloquy was defective because the district court failed to

engage in a true exchange with her.13         As discussed, beyond

advising defendants of the rights afforded to them, a court must

engage defendants in a true colloquy to ascertain whether the

defendant understands the right to testify and the right not to

testify and whether the decision not to testify is made with an

understanding of these rights.        Han, 130 Hawaiʻi at 90-91, 306

P.3d at 135-36.




     13
             Citing the ICA dissent, Celestine reasserts in her application
for a writ of certiorari that the Tachibana colloquy was prejudicially
inadequate because the district court failed to advise her that if she wanted
to testify, no one could prevent her from doing so. See State v. Eduwensuyi
141 Hawaii 328, 409 P.3d 732, 737-38 (2018) (discussing the significance of
this advisement in the Tachibana colloquy). Our disposition in this case
renders it unnecessary to address this omission in the colloquy as an
independent ground for vacating Celestine’s conviction.


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             The first time the district court should have engaged

in a verbal exchange to ascertain Celestine’s understanding was

after the court advised her of the following principles:

             Just in caution, okay, I had explained to you, okay, on the
             12th that you had the right to testify and the right to
             remain silent, okay. They call this your Tachibana rights.
             It’s based on a case law that the appellate court found
             that the trial court needed to inform you of your rights,
             okay. If you chose not to testify, the Court could infer
             no guilt because of your silence; basically you would be
             invoking your Fifth Amendment right against self-
             incrimination. Okay. On the other hand, if you do wish to
             testify, you need to be sworn in, you also will be subject
             to cross-examination by the State’s attorney.

Instead of ascertaining at this juncture of the colloquy whether

Celestine understood the fundamental principles stated, the

court simply proceeded with the advisement.             Han, 130 Hawaii at

90-91, 306 P.3d at 135-36.

             In Han, the family court informed the defendant that

he had a right to testify, that no one could force him to

testify, that he had a “right to remain silent,” and that if he

exercised his right to remain silent the jury would be

instructed not to hold it against him.            Id. at 90, 306 P.3d at

135.    We determined that the court should have obtained a

response from the defendant as to his understanding of these

principles.      Id. at 90-91, 306 P.3d at 135-36.         Instead, the

court “simply continued on with the advisement.”              Id. at 91, 306

P.3d at 136.



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           Similarly, in Pomroy, we held that the district court

did not engage in a discussion or exchange with the defendant to

ascertain his understanding of his right to testify and his

right not to testify.      132 Hawaii at 94, 319 P.3d at 1102.         We

reasoned in part that “the district court recited a litany of

rights” and then asked the defendant if he “understood that”

without clarifying “which right ‘that’ referenced.”            Id. at 93,

319 P.3d at 1101.

           Thus, as in Han and Pomroy, the district court in this

case simply advised Celestine of her rights without any

discussion or exchange to “ascertain[] the defendant’s

understanding of the proceedings and of the defendant’s rights.”

Han, 130 Hawaii at 90, 306 P.3d at 135 (emphasis omitted);14

accord Pomroy, 132 Hawaii at 94, 319 P.3d at 1102.


     14
             The dissent interprets the Han decision as having been dependent
on the presence of a salient fact. Dissent at 3-4. The decision clearly
indicates otherwise. In part VII-A of the opinion, this court concluded that
“the transcript does not indicate that a true ‘colloquy’ took place.” Han,
130 Hawaii at 90, 306 P.3d at 135. We then held, after examining the
colloquy, that the “failure to ensure that Petitioner understood his rights
amounts to a failure to obtain the on-the-record waiver required by
Tachibana.” Id. at 91, 306 P.3d at 136. The Han court thus concluded that
the trial court did not have “an objective basis for finding” that Han
validly waived his rights. Id. Only after reaching this conclusion in Part
VII-A of the opinion did we then go on to consider the salient fact of a
language barrier. In Part VII-B of the opinion, we noted that the presence
of a salient fact “underscores the importance of the court’s colloquy as a
procedural safeguard that protects a defendant’s right to testify or to not
testify.” Id. at 92, 306 P.3d at 137. Moreover, we determined that the
presence of a salient fact--the defendant’s need for an interpreter--only
made the court’s error in failing to ensure Han’s understanding “more

                                                             (continued . . .)
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            The second time the district court should have engaged

in a verbal exchange with Celestine to ascertain her

understanding was after the court stated the following: “Your

attorney just indicated to the Court that you will not be

testifying.    Is that correct?”      Celestine’s response of “Yes,

sir” to the court’s question does not indicate whether she was

expressing that she did not wish to testify or merely confirming

that her attorney had just told the court she would not be

testifying.    See Han, 130 Hawaii at 91, 306 P.3d at 136 (holding

that although the defendant responded “Yes” to the court’s

statement that “[t]he decision not to testify is yours and yours

alone after you have discussed the matter with your attorney,”

it was unclear if the defendant was responding “Yes”--that he

understood the decision was his alone, or “Yes”--that he had

discussed the matter with his attorney).

            The remainder of the district court’s Tachibana

colloquy only consisted of the following:

            THE COURT: Is anybody forcing you not to testify?

            THE DEFENDANT: No, sir.


(. . . continued)

egregious.” Id. (emphasis added). The salient fact therefore only
exacerbated the trial court’s failure. Id. Hence, the dissent incorrectly
contends that Han is distinguishable because there was no showing of a
salient fact that might have prevented Celestine from understanding the
court’s advisements. Dissent at 10.


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           THE COURT: Okay.   It’s your own decision?

           THE DEFENDANT: Yes, sir.

           THE COURT: Okay, very good . . . .

Celestine’s “No” response to the court’s inquiry of whether

anyone was forcing her not to testify does not indicate that she

understood she had a constitutional right to testify, only that

no one was forcing her not to testify.          See Han, 130 Hawaii at

91, 306 P.3d at 136 (holding that the defendant’s “No” response

to the court’s inquiry as to whether anyone was threatening or

forcing him not to testify did not demonstrate his understanding

of his right to testify).       And the final question (“It’s your

own decision?”) does not cure the inadequacy in the court’s

colloquy as the court “did not inquire into other matters of

constitutional magnitude.”       Id.

           The district court thus did not engage in a sufficient

verbal exchange with Celestine to ascertain whether her waiver

of the right to testify was based on her understanding of the

principles related by the district court.15             Because the court’s



     15
            Our decision is not intended to establish that the verbal
exchange must occur at specific junctures in the colloquy. A trial court is
required, however, to engage the defendant in a true colloquy to ascertain
the defendant’s understanding of the significant rights stated and to ensure
that the defendant’s decision not to testify is made with an understanding of
these rights. Han, 130 Hawaii at 90-91, 306 P.3d at 135-36. This approach
is not mere formalism as asserted by the dissent. Dissent at 6. Rather, it
enables a court to establish a record that demonstrates a knowing,

                                                              (continued . . .)
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colloquy with Celestine was deficient as to this essential

requirement, the record does not demonstrate that Celestine’s

waiver of the right to testify was knowingly, intelligently, and

voluntarily made.16     See Han, 130 Hawaii at 91-93, 306 P.3d at

136-38.    The ICA erred in concluding to the contrary.

      B. The District Court’s Error Was Not Harmless Beyond A
                           Reasonable Doubt

            The Tachibana colloquy in this case was deficient

because the district court did not engage in a true colloquy

with Celestine to ascertain her understanding of the

constitutional principles stated and to ensure that Celestine’s

decision not to testify was made with an understanding of these

principles.17


(. . . continued)

intelligent, and voluntary waiver of the right to testify.   Han, 130 Hawaii
at 90-91, 306 P.3d at 135-36.
      16
            The dissent relies on the pretrial advisement that was conducted
five days before the Tachibana colloquy to “mitigate” the error in this case
and to thus support the conclusion that Celestine’s waiver of the right to
testify was made knowingly and voluntarily. Dissent at 10. However, the
pretrial advisement not only omitted the advisory that was also absent from
the Tachibana colloquy--that if Celestine wanted to testify no one could
prevent her from doing so--but the dissent’s assumption of mitigation is also
inconsistent with our rejection of an approach that “treats all defendants
alike in terms of their ability to understand and recall the initial
advisory.” State v. Eduwensuyi, 141 Hawaii 328, 409 P.3d 732, 739 (2018).
      17
             More than twenty years ago, the Tachibana court concluded that
the colloquy requirement “will best protect defendants’ rights while
maintaining the integrity of the criminal justice system.” Tachibana, 79
Hawaii at 234, 900 P.2d at 1301. In so concluding, the Tachibana court
stated that trial courts “must obtain an on-the-record waiver of that right

                                                              (continued . . .)
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            “Once a violation of the constitutional right to

testify is established, the conviction must be vacated unless

the State can prove that the violation was harmless beyond a

reasonable doubt.”     Pomroy, 132 Hawaii at 94, 319 P.3d at 1102

(quoting Tachibana, 79 Hawaii at 240, 900 P.2d at 1307).             The

relevant question “is whether there is a reasonable possibility

that [the] error might have contributed to [the] conviction.”

Han, 130 Hawaii at 93, 306 P.3d at 138 (quoting State v.

Schnabel, 127 Hawaii 432, 450, 279 P.3d 1237, 1255 (2012)).

From our review of the record, we cannot conclude that the

district court’s error was harmless because it is not knowable

whether Celestine’s testimony, had she given it, could have

established reasonable doubt that she operated a vehicle under

the influence of an intoxicant in violation of HRS § 291E-




(. . . continued)

in every case in which the defendant does not testify.” Id. at 236, 900 P.2d
at 1303. A trial court’s failure to engage in a true verbal exchange with
the defendant to ensure the defendant understood his or her rights amounts to
a failure to obtain the on-the-record waiver that Tachibana requires. Han,
130 Hawaii at 91, 306 P.3d at 136. When the Tachibana colloquy is inadequate
to provide an “objective basis” for finding the defendant “knowingly,
intelligently, and voluntarily” relinquished the right to testify, the
constitutional right to testify is violated. State v. Eduwensuyi, 141 Hawaii
328, 409 P.3d 732, 737 (2018) (quoting Han, 130 Hawaii at 91, 306 P.3d at
136).



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61(a)(1).18    See Pomroy, 132 Hawaii at 94, 319 P.3d at 1102.

Thus, Celestine’s conviction under HRS § 291E-61(a)(1) must be

vacated.19

                              IV.   CONCLUSION

             Based on the foregoing, the ICA’s July 26, 2016

Judgment on Appeal and the district court’s September 17, 2013

and December 17, 2013 Notices of Entry of Judgment and/or Order

and Plea/Judgment are vacated, and the case is remanded to the

district court for further proceedings.

James S. Tabe                             /s/ Sabrina S. McKenna
for petitioner
                                          /s/ Richard W. Pollack

                                          /s/ Michael D. Wilson




     18
            At trial, the responding officer testified to the following:
Celestine explained to him that her GPS had led her to where her vehicle was
discovered; it is possible to fail the field sobriety tests without being
under the influence of alcohol or drugs; and the tests provide only “clues”
to further the investigation.
     19
            Celestine was also convicted under HRS § 291E-61(a)(3) based on
the results of her breath test. Pursuant to State v. Won, 137 Hawaii 330,
372 P.3d 1065 (2015), Celestine’s conviction under HRS § 291E-61(a)(3) must
also be vacated. See Won, 137 Hawaii at 349, 355 n.49, 372 P.3d at 1084,
1090 n.49 (holding that because “the threat of criminal sanctions inherently
precludes a finding of voluntariness,” the defendant’s consent to a breath
test was not voluntary and therefore the district court erred in not
suppressing the results of the defendant’s breath test).



                                     18
