         IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA


Robert Garrett Jr.,                                :
                      Petitioner                   :
                                                   :
              v.                                   : No. 735 C.D. 2018
                                                   : Submitted: September 28, 2018
Unemployment Compensation                          :
Board of Review,                                   :
                 Respondent                        :


BEFORE:       HONORABLE P. KEVIN BROBSON, Judge
              HONORABLE PATRICIA A. McCULLOUGH, Judge
              HONORABLE JAMES GARDNER COLINS, Senior Judge

OPINION NOT REPORTED

MEMORANDUM OPINION BY
SENIOR JUDGE COLINS                                          FILED: November 15, 2018


              Robert Garrett Jr. (Claimant) petitions, pro se, for review of an order of
the Unemployment Compensation Board of Review (Board) affirming the
determination by a Referee that Claimant was ineligible for unemployment
compensation benefits under Section 402(e) of the Unemployment Compensation
Law1 (Law) because he was discharged from his employment with Colonial Electric
Supply (Employer) for willful misconduct. For the reasons that follow, we affirm.
              Claimant began working at Employer on March 6, 2017 as a warehouse
associate in the receiving department, and his last day of work with Employer was
on November 2, 2017. (Record (R.) Item 10, Referee Decision and Order, Finding

1
  Act of December 5, 1936, Second Ex. Sess., P.L. (1937) 2897, as amended, 43 P.S. § 802(e).
Section 402(e) of the Law provides that an employee shall be ineligible for compensation for any
week in which his or her unemployment is due to willful misconduct connected to his or her work.
Id.
of Fact (F.F.) ¶1.) On November 7, 2017, Claimant filed an initial claim with the
Department of Labor and Industry for unemployment compensation benefits; in
response, Employer submitted a questionnaire indicating that Claimant was
discharged for leaving an inappropriate note on his supervisor’s desk. (R. Item 1,
Claim Record; R. Item 2, Employer Questionnaire.)              The Unemployment
Compensation Service Center issued a determination on November 28, 2017 finding
that Claimant’s actions constituted a willful disregard for Employer’s interests and
therefore he was ineligible for benefits under Section 402(e) of the Law. (R. Item 4,
Notice of Determination.) Claimant appealed and a hearing was held before a
Referee on January 22, 2018. At the hearing, Claimant represented himself and
testified on his own behalf. Two witnesses, a Human Resources Manager and a
Supervisor, testified for Employer. On January 26, 2018, the Referee issued a
decision and order determining that Claimant engaged in willful misconduct and was
ineligible to receive benefits pursuant to Section 402(e) of the Law. Claimant
appealed the Referee’s decision to the Board.
             On May 1, 2018, the Board issued an opinion and order affirming the
Referee’s decision and order. The Board adopted the Referee’s findings of fact,
amending the text of finding 6 and adding finding 15:

             2. On November 2, 2017, the morning supervisor found a
             note on his desk when he arrived at work.
             3. The note was addressed to “Jimmy from the devil”.
             4. The note contains the drawing and the statement “four
             eyes b****”.
             5. The note also states “F*** you Jim” and depicts a raised
             middle finger.
             6. The note also read “F*** you, Jim, gay a** [p****”.]

                                         2
            7. The morning supervisor informed human resources of
            the note and gave it to them.
            8. The supervisor also informed human resources that the
            claimant called him “the devil”.
            9. Human resources conducted an investigation into the
            incident.
            10. As part of the investigation, human resources reviewed
            video surveillance footage which depicted the claimant
            placing the note on the supervisor’s desk on November 1,
            2017.
            11. Human resources also compared the handwriting on
            the note with the handwriting provided to human resources
            when the claimant completed paperwork at the time of
            hire.
            12. The human resource representative saw that the
            handwriting on the note matched the claimant’s
            handwriting.
            13. On November 2, 2017, the employer suspended the
            claimant pending the outcome of [its] investigation.
            14. On November 7, 2017, the employer discharged the
            claimant for leaving an inappropriate note on a
            supervisor’s desk.
            [15.] The employer maintains a policy against harassment.
            Violation will result in disciplinary actions including
            possible termination.

(R. Item 13, Board Opinion and Order at 1; R. Item 10, Referee’s Decision and
Order, F.F. ¶¶2-14.)      The Board also adopted the Referee’s credibility
determinations and resolved the conflict in testimony regarding whether Claimant
authored the note or only delivered it in favor of Employer. (R. Item 13, Board
Opinion and Order at 1; R. Item 10, Referee’s Decision and Order, Reasoning at 2.)
The Board further concluded that Claimant’s action of placing a note on the desk of

                                        3
a supervisor containing profanities, insults and crude drawings was beneath the
standards of behavior that an employer would expect of its employee and that, in any
event, Employer had a policy against harassment and Claimant’s conduct constituted
harassment under the policy. (R. Item 13, Board Opinion and Order at 1.) Claimant
petitioned this Court for review of the Board’s opinion and order.2
               On appeal, Claimant argues that Employer did not prove at the hearing
that he engaged in willful misconduct that would bar him from receiving
unemployment compensation benefits. In unemployment cases, the Board is the
ultimate finder of fact and is empowered to resolve all issues of credibility,
conflicting evidence and evidentiary weight. Kelly v. Unemployment Compensation
Board of Review, 172 A.3d 718, 725 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2017). In making credibility
determinations, the Board may accept or reject the testimony of any witness in whole
or in part. Doyle v. Unemployment Compensation Board of Review, 58 A.3d 1288,
1291 n.4 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2013). When the Board’s findings of fact are supported by
substantial evidence,3 those findings are conclusive on appeal.                  Henderson v.
Unemployment Compensation Board of Review, 77 A.3d 699, 718 (Pa. Cmwlth.
2013); Bruce v. Unemployment Compensation Board of Review, 2 A.3d 667, 671
(Pa. Cmwlth. 2010).
               Willful misconduct is defined by the courts as (i) an act of wanton or
willful disregard of the employer’s interest; (ii) a deliberate violation of the
employer’s rules; (iii) a disregard of standards of behavior which the employer has

2
  Our scope of review of the Board’s decision is limited to determining whether errors of law were
committed, constitutional rights or agency procedures were violated, and necessary findings of
fact are supported by substantial evidence. Henderson v. Unemployment Compensation Board of
Review, 77 A.3d 699, 710 n.4 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2013).
3
  Substantial evidence is defined as the evidence that a reasonable mind might accept as adequate
to support a conclusion. Henderson, 77 A.3d at 718.

                                                4
a right to expect of an employee; or (iv) negligence indicating an intentional
disregard of the employer’s interest or of the employee’s duties and obligations to
the employer. Caterpillar, Inc. v. Unemployment Compensation Board of Review,
703 A.2d 452, 456 (Pa. 1997); Scott v. Unemployment Compensation Board of
Review, 36 A.3d 643, 647 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2012). The employer bears the burden of
proving that the claimant engaged in willful misconduct leading to the discharge.
Caterpillar, Inc., 703 A.2d at 456; Scott, 36 A.3d at 647. If the employer makes that
showing, the burden shifts to the claimant to show good cause for her conduct.
Henderson, 77 A.3d at 719; ATM Corporation of America v. Unemployment
Compensation Board of Review, 892 A.2d 859, 865 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2006). Whether
a claimant’s actions constitute willful misconduct is a question of law that is fully
reviewable on appeal. Caterpillar, 703 A.2d at 456; Henderson, 77 A.3d at 718
n.10.
             Employer submitted into evidence portions of its employee manual that
prohibit workplace harassment, an acknowledgement form signed by Claimant on
March 6, 2017 that he received and understood the employee manual and an
acknowledgement form signed by Claimant that he received and understood the
harassment policy. (R. Item 2, Service Center Exhibits 7-9.) The employee manual
states that workplace harassment can take many forms, including cartoons, pictures
and notes and that such conduct could result in “disciplinary action, up to and
including termination.” (Id., Service Center Exhibit 7 at 14, 16, 17.) Employer also
submitted a copy of the note, which, as set forth above in the findings of fact, is
addressed on the outside to “Jimmy,” the Supervisor, “from the devil,” and when
opened up contains vulgar drawings, obscenities and insults directed towards the
Supervisor. (R. Item 2, Service Center Exhibits 5, 6.)


                                         5
              The Supervisor testified at the hearing that he discovered the note on
his desk when he arrived at work when his shift started at 7:00 a.m. on November 2,
2017. (R. Item 9, Hearing Transcript (H.T.) at 6-7.) The Supervisor testified that
when he saw “the devil” written on the note, he knew that the note was from
Claimant because Claimant – who worked in a different area of the workplace,
worked the evening shift and did not report to the Supervisor – frequently referred
to him as “the devil” during their limited interactions at work. (Id. at 6-8.) The
Supervisor testified that he also recognized the note as being Claimant’s
handwriting. (Id. at 7-8.)
              The Human Resources Manager testified that the Supervisor brought
her the note but did not report to her that he believed Claimant had written it. (R.
Item 9, H.T. at 4, 12.) The Human Resources Manager then reviewed security
camera video to determine who left the note on the Supervisor’s desk. (Id. at 4.)
The footage revealed that apart from another supervisor, no one else besides
Claimant had been at the Supervisor’s desk between the time the Supervisor left
work on November 1 and when he arrived on November 2, 2017. (Id.) The Human
Resources Manager also compared the handwriting on the note to a form that
Claimant filled out when he began his employment and determined that the
handwriting on the two documents was similar. (Id. at 13.) The Human Resources
Manager testified that, when she interviewed Claimant on November 2, 2017, he at
first denied leaving the note and then admitted that he was near the desk but someone
else had left the note. (Id. at 4.)
              During his testimony, Claimant confirmed that he had at first denied
leaving the note to the Human Resources Manager. (R. Item 9, H.T. at 9-10, 14.)
Claimant’s account of the events at issue at the hearing, however, was that he had


                                          6
placed the note on the Supervisor’s desk at the request of a co-worker and that he
did not open up the note to see the insults or drawings inside but had only read the
outside of the note showing that the note was addressed to the Supervisor and “from
the devil.” (Id.) Claimant testified that he did not know the name of the co-worker,
and that the co-worker had told Claimant that he and the Supervisor had been
involved in an altercation and there were “funny pictures in there.” (Id. at 10, 14.)
When asked by the Referee why he had agreed to put his job at risk by placing a note
on his Supervisor’s desk, Claimant testified that he and his team were “a target” at
the workplace. (Id. at 10.)
             We conclude that there was abundant evidence at the hearing to
demonstrate that Claimant authored the note. This evidence includes the Human
Resource Manager’s testimony that the security camera video showed Claimant in
the vicinity of the Supervisor’s desk during the time the note was left, the testimony
from the Human Resources Manager and the Supervisor that the handwriting on the
note matched Claimant’s handwriting, and Claimant’s admission that he left the note
on the Supervisor’s desk. While Claimant testified that he only delivered the note
and did not know its contents, the Board resolved the evidentiary dispute regarding
the authorship of the note in favor of Employer. In addition, the fact that Employer
did not produce direct evidence that Claimant authored the note does not preclude
such a finding. Circumstantial evidence, if substantial, is sufficient to support a
conclusion of willful misconduct. Ruiz v. Unemployment Compensation Board of
Review, 887 A.2d 804, 808 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2005); Letterkenney Army Depot v.
Unemployment Compensation Board of Review, 648 A.2d 358, 360 (Pa. Cmwlth.
1994).




                                          7
             Furthermore, it is clear that this conduct constitutes willful misconduct
that barred his receipt of benefits under the Law. Where a violation of a work rule
is the basis for dismissal, the employer must show the existence of the policy, that
the rule was reasonable and that the claimant was aware of the rule and violated it.
Oyetayo v. Unemployment Compensation Board of Review, 110 A.3d 1117, 1121
(Pa. Cmwlth. 2015); Williams v. Unemployment Compensation Board of Review,
926 A.2d 568, 571 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2007). The employer must further show that the
claimant’s actions were intentional or deliberate, rather than an inadvertent violation
of the work rule. Grieb v. Unemployment Compensation Board of Review, 827 A.2d
422, 425-26 (Pa. 2003); Henderson, 77 A.3d at 719. Employer demonstrated that it
maintained a harassment policy that banned offensive material in written form
directed at a co-worker, that Claimant was aware of this policy and that violation of
this policy could lead to discharge. We agree with the Board’s conclusion that the
note’s graphic drawings, obscenities and insults directed towards the Supervisor
were plainly prohibited by Employer’s harassment policy.
             In addition, there was substantial evidence to support the Board’s
conclusion that Claimant’s conduct was beneath the standard of behavior that an
employer can reasonably expect from its employees. An employer may terminate
the employment of a worker in the absence of the violation of an established work
rule “where the behavioral standard is obvious and the employee’s conduct is so
inimical to the employer’s best interests that discharge is a natural result.” Umedman
v. Unemployment Compensation Board of Review, 52 A.3d 558, 562 (Pa. Cmwlth.
2012) (quoting Biggs v. Unemployment Compensation Board of Review, 443 A.2d
1204, 1206 n.3 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1982)). This Court has held that “[a]n employee’s use
of abusive, vulgar or offensive language with a superior is a form of insubordination


                                          8
that can constitute willful misconduct, even if the employer has not adopted a
specific work rule prohibiting such language.”            Brown v. Unemployment
Compensation Board of Review, 49 A.3d 933, 937 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2012); see also
Leone v. Unemployment Compensation Board of Review, 885 A.2d 76, 81 (Pa.
Cmwlth. 2005) (“An employee’s use of abusive, vulgar or offensive language
evidences a disregard of standards that an employer can rightfully expect of its
employees.”); Allen v. Unemployment Compensation Board of Review, 638 A.2d
448, 451 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1994). “[V]ulgarity, even in a single instance, can constitute
willful misconduct when the vulgarity is unjustified, unprovoked, unnecessary, or
uncalled for under the circumstances.” Williams v. Unemployment Compensation
Board of Review, 531 A.2d 88, 89 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1987); see also Allen, 638 A.2d at
451; Dodson v. Unemployment Compensation Board of Review, 437 A.2d 1080,
1082 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1981).
             Claimant further argues that the Referee did not provide him with the
opportunity to submit evidence on his behalf at the hearing. In unemployment
proceedings, Board regulations provide that “[w]here a party is not represented by
counsel the tribunal before whom the hearing is being held should advise him as to
his rights, aid him in examining and cross-examining witnesses, and give him every
assistance compatible with the impartial discharge of its official duties.” 34 Pa. Code
§ 101.21(a). Pursuant to this regulation, referees are required to reasonably assist a
pro se claimant in adequately developing the record necessary to render a decision
but should not assume the role of the claimant’s advocate or provide advice on
specific evidentiary issues or points of law. Vann v. Unemployment Compensation
Board of Review, 494 A.2d 1081, 1085-86 (Pa. 1985); Hackler v. Unemployment
Compensation Board of Review, 24 A.3d 1112, 1115-16 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2011). Board


                                          9
regulations further provide that “[w]ithin the discretion of the tribunal, the parties
shall be permitted to present evidence and testimony which they believe is necessary
to establish their rights.” 34 Pa. Code § 101.21(b). In addition, due process requires
that a party at an administrative hearing be permitted to present evidence on the
pertinent issues. Air-Serv Group, LLC v. Commonwealth, 18 A.3d 448, 456 n.8 (Pa.
Cmwlth. 2011).
             Our review of the transcript demonstrates that the Referee conducted a
fair and impartial proceeding and discharged her obligations to Claimant under the
Board’s regulations. At the outset of the hearing, the Referee explained that
Claimant had the right to be represented by an attorney or non-legal advisor, to
present testimony, documents and other evidence on his behalf and to cross-examine
Employer’s witnesses. (R. Item 9, H.T. at 2.) The Referee asked Claimant whether
he wanted to object to the exhibits submitted at the hearing, asked him whether he
understood the format of the hearing, advised Claimant that he could ask questions
of Employer’s witnesses after their testimony and gave Claimant ample opportunity
to explain his account of the events at issue. (Id. at 2-3, 5, 7-10, 12-14.)
             Claimant attached two text conversations to his petition for review that
he argues support his case, one conversation with his girlfriend on November 1, 2017
that Claimant contends shows that he was not working the date he was alleged to
have left the note and a second conversation with another supervisor at Employer
who states that she had never heard Claimant address the Supervisor who received
the note as “the devil.” However, no attempt was made to submit these text
conversations into evidence nor did Claimant even reference them at the hearing.
Therefore, we may not address the text conversations in this opinion. As an appellate
court, our review is confined to evidence contained in the certified record, and any


                                          10
evidence not submitted to the Referee will not be considered.     Tener v.
Unemployment Compensation Board of Review, 568 A.2d 733, 738 (Pa. Cmwlth.
1990); see also Pugh v. Workers’ Compensation Appeal Board (Transpersonnel,
Inc.) 858 A.2d 641, 645 n.7 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2004).
            The order of the Board is affirmed.


                                     ____________________________________
                                     JAMES GARDNER COLINS, Senior Judge




                                       11
        IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA


Robert Garrett Jr.,                      :
                      Petitioner         :
                                         :
             v.                          : No. 735 C.D. 2018
                                         :
Unemployment Compensation                :
Board of Review,                         :
                 Respondent              :


                                   ORDER


             AND NOW, this 15th day of November, 2018, the order of the
Unemployment Compensation Board of Review in the above-captioned case is
AFFIRMED.


                                    ____________________________________
                                    JAMES GARDNER COLINS, Senior Judge
