                  IN THE SUPREME COURT OF NORTH CAROLINA

                                  No. 269PA09-2

                             FILED 28 AUGUST 2013
TRAVIS T. BUMPERS and TROY ELLIOTT, on behalf of themselves and all others
similarly situated

             v.
COMMUNITY BANK OF NORTHERN VIRGINIA



      On discretionary review pursuant to N.C.G.S. § 7A-31 of a unanimous

decision of the Court of Appeals, ___ N.C. App. ___, 718 S.E.2d 408 (2011), affirming

in part and reversing, vacating, and remanding in part orders granting partial

summary judgment for plaintiffs and awarding damages entered on 28 April 2008

and 15 May 2008, both by Judge John B. Lewis, Jr. in Superior Court, Wake

County. Heard in the Supreme Court on 7 January 2013.


      Hartzell & Whiteman, L.L.P., by J. Jerome Hartzell, for plaintiff-appellees.

      Ellis & Winters LLP, by Matthew W. Sawchak, Stephen D. Feldman, Kelly
      Margolis Dagger, and Meghan Skirving Thelen, for defendant-appellant.

      Robinson, Bradshaw & Hinson, P.A., by John R. Wester and Adam K. Doerr,
      for NC Chamber, amicus curiae.

      NC Justice Center, by Carlene McNulty, and Center for Responsible Lending,
      by Michael D. Calhoun, amici curiae.

      North Carolina Department of Justice, by Gary R. Govert, Assistant Solicitor
      General, and Philip A. Lehman, Assistant Attorney General, for Roy Cooper,
      Attorney General, amicus curiae.
               BUMPERS V. COMMUNITY BANK OF NORTHERN VIRGINIA

                                 Opinion of the Court



      NEWBY, Justice.


      In this case we explore the application of section 75-1.1 of our General

Statutes, the unfair and deceptive practices statute, to the consumer loan market.

First, we must decide whether an action for misrepresentation under section 75-1.1

requires reliance by a borrower who accuses a lender of collecting a fee for a

discounted loan without actually charging a discounted interest rate. Second, we

must determine whether section 75-1.1 imposes a price ceiling on the fees a closing

services provider may charge in connection with closing a loan.

      Section 75-1.1 has long encompassed conduct tantamount to fraud, which

requires reliance, and we see no reason for departure from that requirement when

the actions alleged include the misrepresentation of a loan transaction that caused

injury. Even so, there are issues of material fact regarding whether the conduct

proscribed by the first claim actually occurred in this case. Further, section 75-1.1

does not prescribe the amount of fees that may be charged in exchange for closing a

loan transaction that was freely entered in the open market. Because the trial

court improperly allowed summary judgment for plaintiffs on both claims which the

Court of Appeals did not correctly reverse, we reverse the decision of the Court of

Appeals.

      In 1999 plaintiffs Travis Bumpers (Bumpers) and Troy Elliott (Elliott)

obtained loans from defendant Community Bank of Northern Virginia (Community



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Bank). According to Bumpers, he received a mailed solicitation from Community

Bank inviting him to apply for a loan. At that time he had credit card debt carrying

a high interest rate, and he also wanted to perform some home improvements.

Bumpers sought a loan from Community Bank, which ultimately gave him a loan

with an interest rate of 16.99%. Reasoning that this interest rate was decidedly

lower than the rate on his credit card debt, Bumpers borrowed $28,450.00 from

Community Bank, executing a promissory note for that principal amount, which

was secured by a second deed of trust on his main residence. Bumpers completed

this loan transaction without first asking about the amount of the discount he was

receiving or considering whether another lender would have offered better terms,

though he was aware that he was free to do so.

       In connection with the issuance of the loan, Bumpers paid various fees

totaling $4,827.88. Community Bank charged him a total of $3,622.88, including a

$1,280.25 loan discount fee, for services associated with originating the loan,1 and

Title America, LLC, a settlement agent affiliated with Community Bank, imposed

the remaining fees.2 Bumpers stated that he “thought the fees would be a little

more” because a second mortgage places more “risk” on the bank.                       Further,

Bumpers was not concerned with the services he received in exchange for each fee;


       1  Bumpers paid Community Bank a loan origination fee of $2,062.63, a loan discount
fee of $1,280.25, an application fee of $95.00, and an underwriting fee of $185.00.
        2 Bumpers paid Title America, LLC a settlement or closing fee of $225.00, an

abstract or title search fee of $120.00, a title examination fee of $300.00, an overnight fee of
$25.00, a document review fee of $275.00, and a processing fee of $260.00.

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                                      Opinion of the Court



rather, he focused only on the total amount necessary to obtain the loan. And as

with the loan itself, Bumpers declined to shop around for a less expensive

settlement service provider, even though he was aware that he was free to do so.

Bumpers paid the fees imposed, and in September 2002 he repaid his loan.

        Elliott similarly obtained a loan after receiving a mailing from Community

Bank.       Elliott compared the interest rates of competing institutions with that

available from Community Bank.             Elliott then decided to obtain a loan from

Community Bank because of its lower interest rate. Ultimately, Elliott agreed to

borrow $35,000.00 at an interest rate of 12.99%.             In connection with that loan,

Elliott paid $5,650.00 in fees, including a $1,400.00 loan discount fee to Community

Bank and $1,145.00 in closing fees to Title America, LLC.3 After obtaining this

loan, Elliott acknowledged, but did not exercise, his right to cancel the loan without

cost.

        In 2001 plaintiffs, on behalf of themselves and all those similarly situated,

filed a complaint in the Superior Court, Wake County, alleging in relevant part that

Community Bank’s loan transactions violated North Carolina’s unfair and deceptive

practices statute. More specifically, plaintiffs asserted that they paid loan discount

fees, but did not receive discounted loans. Plaintiffs also alleged that the fees they


        3Elliott also paid Community Bank a $2,800.00 loan origination fee, a $95.00
application fee, and a $185.00 underwriting fee. Title America, LLC charged Elliott
$225.00 for a settlement or closing fee, $120.00 for an abstract or title search, $300.00 for a
title examination, $25.00 for an overnight fee, $250.00 for a document review fee, and
$250.00 for a processing fee.

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                                     Opinion of the Court



were charged in connection with origination of their loans were unnecessary and

unreasonable. Plaintiffs contended that Community Bank’s conduct amounted to a

violation of section 75-1.1 of our General Statutes, which prohibits “unfair or

deceptive acts or practices in or affecting commerce.” N.C.G.S. § 75-1.1 (2011).

       On 5 February 2008, plaintiffs moved for partial summary judgment against

Community Bank.4 Arguing in support of their motion, plaintiffs first addressed

their claims regarding Community Bank’s loan discount fees.5 They argued that

the HUD-1A Settlement Statements completed in connection with their loans from

Community Bank show that they paid loan discount fees in excess of $1,000.00

each—$1,280.25 for Bumpers and $1,400.00 for Elliott—in addition to other loan

origination fees. Plaintiffs alleged that according to the United States Department

of Housing and Urban Development, which promulgates the HUD-1A form, “the

term ‘loan discount’ as used in line 802 of [the HUD-1A] . . . is ‘a one-time charge

imposed by the lender or broker to lower the rate at which the lender or broker

would otherwise offer the loan to you.’ ” Plaintiffs stated that Mary Jo Speier,

       4  This case has travelled some distance through the courts of both North Carolina
and the United States. While we discuss the procedural history of the case to the extent
necessary for a full understanding of the issues presented, it is decidedly more extensive
than is set forth in the text here. See our earlier opinion, Bumpers v. Cmty. Bank of N. Va.
(Bumpers I), 364 N.C. 195, 695 S.E.2d 442 (2010), for a more detailed discussion, and see
the opinions of the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit, In re Cmty. Bank
of N. Va., 418 F.3d 277 (3d Cir. 2005), and In re Cmty. Bank of N. Va., 622 F.3d 275 (3d Cir.
2010), for additional background.
        5 Plaintiffs did not move for summary judgment on behalf of the class of those

individuals similarly situated. The United States District Court for the Western District of
Pennsylvania had previously entered an order barring plaintiffs from attempting to obtain
certification of this case as a class action.

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               BUMPERS V. COMMUNITY BANK OF NORTHERN VIRGINIA

                                  Opinion of the Court



President of Title America, LLC, agreed with the federal government’s definition.

Plaintiffs asserted that Community Bank did not, however, provide discounted

loans, pointing to Community Bank’s loan transmittal documents which had a

checked box next to the word “no” under the heading “Buydown.”               Plaintiffs

maintained that this checked box showed that they did not receive discounted loans.

As a result, plaintiffs contended they were entitled to summary judgment on their

claims that Community Bank charged them for services it did not provide, in

violation of section 75-1.1 of our General Statutes.

      Second, plaintiffs also forecast evidence in support of their excessive pricing

claims.   Plaintiffs alleged that they paid over $1,000.00 each—$1,180.00 for

Bumpers and $1,145.00 for Elliott—in closing costs to Title America, LLC. They

asserted, however, that during the relevant time period the average cost in North

Carolina “for an attorney to handle a second mortgage loan, including title search

and ‘live closing,’ ranged between $258 and $324.”           Plaintiffs averred that

Community Bank’s closings were quite cursory and much less involved than if

conducted by attorneys. Finally, plaintiffs asserted that $400 is “the upper limit of

reasonable charges for the settlement agent.” As a result, the fees charged for the

closings were excessive, in violation of section 75-1.1. Plaintiffs also claimed that,

though the closing fees were charged by Title America, LLC, Community Bank

should be responsible because of its relationship with Title America, LLC.




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                                  Opinion of the Court



      Community Bank opposed plaintiffs’ motion for partial summary judgment.

Community Bank argued, inter alia, that plaintiffs failed to demonstrate reliance

on its alleged misrepresentations that discounted loans would be provided, which

Community Bank contended is required to prevail on a misrepresentation claim

under section 75-1.1. Further, Community Bank responded that a statement from

its former Mortgage Operations Officer, John Grace, at least created an issue of

material fact regarding whether plaintiffs actually received discounted loans. Mr.

Grace’s statement explained that the box indicating that there was no “buy-down”

actually does not address whether plaintiffs received discounted interest rates.

Rather, that checked box referenced “whether the borrower obtained a temporary

buy-down of the interest rate, a feature which was” inapplicable to second mortgage

loans, including plaintiffs’. He concluded by stating that “[t]his section does not in

any way address whether the borrower’s interest rate was a discounted interest

rate.” Regarding plaintiffs’ excessive pricing claims, Community Bank argued that

such claims were simply not actionable under section 75-1.1.

      On 28 April 2008, the trial court allowed plaintiffs’ motion for partial

summary judgment.      First addressing the loan discount claims, the trial court

determined that each plaintiff paid a loan discount fee, which is a fee to reduce a

loan’s interest rate. Nonetheless, the trial court found that Community Bank’s loan

documents, which had “the ‘no’ block checked under ‘Loan buydown,’ ” showed that

no discounted interest rates were given.         This, according to the trial court,


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                                   Opinion of the Court



constituted an unfair or deceptive practice under section 75-1.1. The trial court

acknowledged Mr. Grace’s statement about the inapplicability of the provision, but

reasoned that the statement “does not contradict the materials put forward by

plaintiffs: Mr. Grace does not state that [plaintiffs] in fact received . . . ‘discounted’

or ‘bought down’ interest rate[s], but rather confirms that [plaintiffs] did not receive

one sort of ‘bought down’ interest rate.’ ” As a result, the trial court determined

that there was “no dispute in the evidence” that plaintiffs did not receive loans with

bought down interest rates in exchange for the loan discount fees they paid.

      The trial court also entered summary judgment on plaintiffs’ excessive

pricing claims. The trial court found that Bumpers paid $1,180.00 and Elliott paid

$1,145.00 for closing services, which was in excess of the $400 “maximum

reasonable charge” for those services during the relevant time period. The trial

court ultimately concluded that the various itemized fees, which collectively

composed the amount paid for closing services, appeared to be redundant and

duplicative and that Community Bank engaged in systematic overcharging in

violation of section 75-1.1.

      On 15 May 2008, the trial court entered a final order, directing Community

Bank to pay Bumpers damages equal to the amount he paid for a loan discount,

which with interest totaled $1,864.78, and damages in the amount of the difference

between the price plaintiff paid for closing services and the maximum reasonable

price, which with interest totaled $1,136.13. Using a similar computation, the trial


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                                      Opinion of the Court



court awarded Elliott damages of $3,243.96. Because the trial court determined

Community Bank’s conduct violated section 75-1.1, the trial court trebled the award

of damages under section 75-16, awarding Bumpers $9,002.72 and Elliott $9,731.88.

Community Bank appealed.

       The Court of Appeals affirmed in part and reversed in part the trial court’s

orders on summary judgment.6 Bumpers v. Cmty. Bank of N. Va., ___ N.C. App.

___, ___, 718 S.E.2d 408, 415 (2011).           First, regarding plaintiffs’ loan discount

claims, the Court of Appeals agreed with Community Bank that generally a

plaintiff asserting a claim under section 75-1.1 based on misrepresentation must

show reliance to establish proximate cause. Id. at ___, 718 S.E.2d at 413 (citation

omitted). The Court of Appeals reasoned, however, that plaintiffs’ claims were not

based on misrepresentations, and thus the court did not consider whether reliance

was present. Id. at ___, 718 S.E.2d at 413. Rather, the court viewed the claims as

essentially claims for systematic overcharging based on its earlier decision in

Sampson-Bladen Oil Company. v. Walters. Bumpers, ___ N.C. App. at ___, 718


       6 The Court of Appeals initially dismissed Community Bank’s appeal as
interlocutory because the trial court had not resolved the issue of attorney’s fees. Bumpers
v. Cmty. Bank of N. Va., 196 N.C. App. 713, 675 S.E.2d 697 (2009). In Bumpers I we
reversed that decision and remanded the case to the Court of Appeals for consideration of
the merits of Community Bank’s appeal. 364 N.C. at 204-05, 695 S.E.2d at 448-49. We
noted in our decision in Bumpers I that Elliott was not a participant in that appeal. Id. at
196 n.1, 695 S.E.2d at 443 n.1. Elliott has represented to this Court that his
nonparticipation was the result of an order by the United States District Court for the
Western District of Pennsylvania. Elliott’s involvement, however, is immaterial for
purposes of our decision, and, given our disposition of this case, Elliott’s relationship to this
case should crystalize upon remand.

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                                  Opinion of the Court



S.E.2d at 412-13. After characterizing the claims, the Court of Appeals concluded

that the “undisputed evidence in the record demonstrates that plaintiffs did not

receive a discounted interest rate on the[ir] loan[s] as a quid pro quo for paying the

loan discount fee[s].” Id. at ___, 718 S.E.2d at 413. As a result, the court affirmed

entry of summary judgment on plaintiffs’ loan discount claims. Id. at ___, ___, 718

S.E.2d at 412-13, 415.    The court, however, reversed the trial court’s decision

regarding the excessive fees claims, explaining that an issue of material fact

remained about whether Title America, LLC actually overcharged for its services.

Id. at ___, 718 S.E.2d at 414-15.     By doing so, the Court of Appeals implicitly

recognized that section 75-1.1 provides a cause of action for excessive pricing. See

id. at ___, 718 S.E.2d at 414-15. Community Bank then sought discretionary review

in this Court, which we allowed. Bumpers v. Cmty. Bank of N. Va., 366 N.C. 243,

731 S.E.2d 141 (2012).

      Now we must decide whether the Court of Appeals erred by affirming the

entry of summary judgment on plaintiffs’ loan discount claims and in recognizing a

claim for excessive pricing. In making this determination we review the trial court’s

order de novo to ascertain whether summary judgment was properly entered.

Howerton v. Arai Helmet, Ltd., 358 N.C. 440, 470, 597 S.E.2d 674, 693 (2004)

(citation omitted). “Summary judgment is appropriate ‘if the pleadings, depositions,

answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if

any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that any party


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                                   Opinion of the Court



is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.’ ” Variety Wholesalers, Inc. v. Salem

Logistics Traffic Servs., LLC, 365 N.C. 520, 523, 723 S.E.2d 744, 747 (2012) (quoting

N.C.G.S. § 1A-1, Rule 56(c) (2011)).        Our review necessarily begins with an

examination of our unfair and deceptive practices statute and applicable precedent.

      Section 75-1.1 of our General Statutes states in pertinent part that “unfair or

deceptive acts or practices in or affecting commerce[ ] are declared unlawful.”

N.C.G.S. § 75-1.1(a).    This statute is broader and covers more than traditional

common law proscriptions on tortious conduct, though fraud and deceit tend to be

included within its ambit. See Marshall v. Miller, 302 N.C. 539, 543-44, 276 S.E.2d

397, 400 (1981).    The statute does not, however, prohibit all wrongful conduct

stemming from commercial transactions; section 75-1.1 does not, for example, apply

to an individual who merely breaches a contract. Mitchell v. Linville, 148 N.C. App.

71, 74, 557 S.E.2d 620, 623 (2001) (“Neither an intentional breach of contract nor a

breach of warranty . . . constitutes a violation of Chapter 75.” (citations omitted)).

      The General Assembly has provided a means to enforce the mandate of

section 75-1.1. Section 75-16 allows any individual who has been “injured by reason

of any act or thing done by any other person, firm or corporation in violation of the

provisions of this Chapter” to bring a civil action. N.C.G.S. § 75-16 (2011). “In

order to establish a prima facie claim for unfair trade practices, a plaintiff must

show: (1) [the] defendant committed an unfair or deceptive act or practice, (2) the

action in question was in or affecting commerce, and (3) the act proximately caused


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                                 Opinion of the Court



injury to the plaintiff.” Dalton v. Camp, 353 N.C. 647, 656, 548 S.E.2d 704, 711

(2001) (citation omitted).   For purposes of plaintiffs’ loan discount claims, the

proximate cause element is at issue here.

      Community Bank argues that, to establish proximate cause in a claim for

misrepresentation under section 75-1.1, a plaintiff must show reliance on the

allegedly misrepresented statement. Community Bank asserts that plaintiffs’ loan

discount claims in this case are based on an alleged misrepresentation on which

plaintiffs have failed to adequately establish their reliance.   Community Bank

argues that plaintiffs did not enter into their loan transactions because they

believed they were receiving discounted loans, but instead decided to obtain their

loans based on the total fees and the interest rates. As a result, Community Bank

contends that summary judgment was entered improperly.

      We agree with Community Bank that a claim under section 75-1.1 stemming

from an alleged misrepresentation does indeed require a plaintiff to demonstrate

reliance on the misrepresentation in order to show the necessary proximate cause.

Such a requirement has been the law of this state for quite some time. See Pearce v.

Am. Defender Life Ins. Co., 316 N.C. 461, 471, 343 S.E.2d 174, 180 (1986) (“It must

be shown that the plaintiff suffered actual injury as a proximate result of

defendant’s deceptive statement or misrepresentation.” (citation omitted)).     The

Court of Appeals agreed with Community Bank on this contention as well, stating

that when “ ‘an unfair or deceptive practice claim is based upon an alleged


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misrepresentation by the defendant, the plaintiff must show “actual reliance” on the

alleged misrepresentation in order to establish that the alleged misrepresentation

“proximately caused” the injury of which plaintiff complains.’ ” Bumpers, ___ N.C.

App. at ___, 718 S.E.2d at 413 (quoting Tucker v. Blvd. at Piper Glen LLC, 150 N.C.

App. 150, 154, 564 S.E.2d 248, 251 (2002)).              But, after correctly citing the

controlling rule, the Court of Appeals mischaracterized plaintiffs’ claims as based

not on misrepresentations but as claims for systematic overcharging similar to

those at issue in Sampson-Bladen Oil Co. v. Walters. Id. at ___, 718 S.E.2d at 413.

By doing so, the Court of Appeals erroneously distinguished overcharging from

misrepresentation, finding proximate cause without considering whether plaintiffs

presented sufficient evidence of reliance.

      We disagree with the Court of Appeals’ interpretation of Sampson-Bladen Oil

and the implication that there is no requirement for plaintiffs to demonstrate that

they relied on the alleged misrepresentations. In Sampson-Bladen Oil a fuel oil

supplier regularly, for a period of several years, overcharged one of its customers by

misrepresenting the volume of oil that had been delivered. 86 N.C. App. 173, 177,

356 S.E.2d 805, 808, disc. rev. denied, 321 N.C. 121, 361 S.E.2d 597 (1987). The

Court of Appeals held that such conduct amounted to a violation of section 75-1.1.

Id. (stating “it seems plain to us, and we so hold, that systematically overcharging a

customer for two years, as the jury found was done here in the amount of $2,795.30,

is an unfair trade practice”). Yet, a claim for overcharging is not distinct from one


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based on misrepresentation. In Sampson-Bladen Oil the customer complained that

the fuel oil supplier misrepresented in its bills how much oil was delivered and that

the customer was damaged by making payments in reliance on those bills. See id.

at 173-75, 356 S.E.2d at 806-07.

       Reliance, in turn, demands evidence “show[ing] that the plaintiff suffered

actual injury as a proximate result of defendant’s deceptive statement or

misrepresentation.” Pearce, 316 N.C. at 471, 343 S.E.2d at 180. We previously

likened such burden of proof to that of the “detrimental reliance requirement under

a fraud claim.” Id. In making this inquiry we examine the mental state of the

plaintiff.   Two key elements specific to the plaintiff combine to determine

detrimental reliance: (1) actual reliance and (2) reasonable reliance. See id. at 472,

343 S.E.2d at 181 (weighing the testimony of the plaintiff widow to decide if

evidence supported claim of actual reliance by her husband); see also Forbis v. Neal,

361 N.C. 519, 527, 649 S.E.2d 382, 387 (2007) (“[A]ny reliance on the allegedly false

representations must be reasonable.” (citation omitted)).

       In the context of a misrepresentation claim brought under section 75-1.1,

actual reliance requires that the plaintiff have affirmatively incorporated the

alleged misrepresentation into his or her decision-making process: if it were not for

the misrepresentation, the plaintiff would likely have avoided the injury altogether.

See Hageman v. Twin City Chrysler-Plymouth Inc., 681 F. Supp. 303, 308 (M.D.N.C.

1988) (“[A] plaintiff must prove that he or she detrimentally relied on the


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defendant’s . . . misrepresentation.” (interpreting Pearce, 316 N.C. at 471, 343

S.E.2d at 180)); see also Tucker, 150 N.C. App. at 154, 564 S.E.2d at 251 (“[T]he

plaintiff must show ‘actual reliance’ on the alleged misrepresentation in order to

establish that the alleged misrepresentation ‘proximately caused’ the injury of

which plaintiff complains.” (citation omitted)). The second element, reasonableness,

is most succinctly defined in the negative: “Reliance is not reasonable where the

plaintiff could have discovered the truth of the matter through reasonable diligence,

but failed to investigate.” Sullivan v. Mebane Packaging Grp., Inc., 158 N.C. App.

19, 26, 581 S.E.2d 452, 458 (citations omitted), disc. rev. denied, 357 N.C. 511, 588

S.E.2d 473 (2003). Additionally, in cases concerning the existence of actual and

reasonable reliance, “when there are genuine issues of material fact that are

legitimately called into question, summary judgment should be denied and the issue

preserved for the jury.” Howerton, 358 N.C. at 471, 597 S.E.2d at 694 (applying

N.C.G.S. § 75-1.1 and finding a genuine issue of material fact regarding the

plaintiff’s reliance on the defendant’s advertisements). Consequently, the Court of

Appeals erred by not considering whether plaintiffs presented conclusive evidence of

their actual and reasonable reliance on defendant’s alleged misrepresentations.

      Further, Community Bank’s evidence raises another genuine issue about an

entirely different material fact: whether plaintiffs actually received discounted

loans. Because plaintiffs’ claims assert that they were injured when they paid for

discounted loans they did not receive, the determination of whether they did, in

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fact, receive discounted loans is critical. This is a point on which there is conflicting

evidence, giving rise to an issue of material fact.

      Plaintiffs successfully argued to the trial court in support of their motion for

partial summary judgment that Community Bank’s loan transmittal documents,

which had “no” checked under the heading “Buydown” and did not list a “Bought

Down Rate,” established that they did not actually receive discounted loans. In

response, former Community Bank Mortgage Operations Officer, John Grace,

explained that the sections of the loan transmittal documents plaintiffs sought to

use to establish they did not receive discounted loans do not actually stand for that

proposition. While, as plaintiffs suggest, the loan transmittal documents do appear

to indicate plaintiffs did not receive discounted loans, Mr. Grace’s statement draws

that inference into question, creating a genuine issue of material fact.           Thus,

summary judgment on these loan discount claims was inappropriate.

      Community Bank also contends that the Court of Appeals erred by holding

that section 75-1.1 recognizes a claim for excessive pricing that would prohibit the

fees plaintiffs paid for closing services. Community Bank asserts that nothing in

the general language of section 75-1.1 reflects a legislative intent to place our trial

courts in the position of price regulators. Further, Community Bank argues that by

enacting a separate statute prohibiting certain businesses from charging

“unreasonably excessive” prices during certain, specified events, the General

Assembly intends not to regulate prices generally through section 75-1.1.


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       As we have observed, section 75-1.1 prohibits certain “unfair or deceptive”

conduct. N.C.G.S. § 75-1.1. This Court has previously explained these terms. E.g.,

Walker v. Fleetwood Homes of N.C., Inc., 362 N.C. 63, 72, 653 S.E.2d 393, 399

(2007). “A practice is unfair when it offends established public policy as well as

when the practice is immoral, unethical, oppressive, unscrupulous, or substantially

injurious to consumers,” and a “practice is deceptive if it has the capacity or

tendency to deceive.” Id. (citation and quotation marks omitted). Plaintiffs contend

that charging closing fees roughly three times as high as the upper end of a range

they find to be reasonable satisfies the “unfair or deceptive” requirement of a claim

under section 75-1.1.

      In most cases, there is nothing unfair or deceptive about freely entering a

transaction on the open market.        Indeed, in condemnation proceedings our

legislature actually deems the “fair market value” of real property to be a just

measurement of its value when compensating a property owner for its taking.

N.C.G.S. § 136-112(2) (2011). The term market value has been defined as the actual

sale price “by a seller willing but not obliged to sell, to a buyer willing but not

obligated to buy.” N.C. State Highway Comm’n v. Helderman, 285 N.C. 645, 654,

207 S.E.2d 720, 727 (1974) (citation and quotation marks omitted); see also 24

Samuel Williston & Richard A. Lord, A Treatise on the Law of Contracts § 64:4, at

50 (4th ed. 2002). As a result, when transacting parties willingly and honestly




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negotiate a transaction, generally the transaction is not said to be unfair or

deceptive.

      Our legislature has created an exception to this prevailing rule in section 75-

38 of our General Statutes. In that section the General Assembly made it illegal

and a violation of section 75-1.1 to engage in price gouging during an emergency or

during an abnormal market disruption. N.C.G.S. § 75-38 (2011). When such an

event occurs individuals may not “sell or rent or offer to sell or rent any goods or

services which are consumed or used as a direct result of an emergency or which are

consumed or used to preserve, protect, or sustain life, health, safety, or economic

well-being of persons or their property with the knowledge and intent to charge a

price that is unreasonably excessive under the circumstances.” Id. § 75-38(a). The

legislature listed several factors that must be considered in determining “whether a

price is unreasonably excessive,” including whether the “price charged by the seller

is attributable to additional costs imposed by the seller’s supplier or other costs of

providing the good or service during the triggering event.” Id. § 75-38(a)(1). This

section’s prohibition on “unreasonably excessive” prices expires at the end of the

“triggering event.” Id. § 75-38(c), (d). As a result, it seems our General Assembly

has determined that when a buyer is under an extraordinary need on account of

health, safety, or similar circumstances following an abnormal event, prices may

become unlawfully excessive.




                                         -18-
                BUMPERS V. COMMUNITY BANK OF NORTHERN VIRGINIA

                                  Opinion of the Court



        While there may be circumstances other than those described in section 75-38

when an unreasonably excessive price would constitute a violation of section 75-1.1,

such circumstances are not present in this case. Plaintiffs entered into their loan

transactions freely and without any compulsion.          Bumpers obtained his loan to

improve his financial condition, using its proceeds to retire existing debt with a

higher interest rate and presumably to increase the value of another asset.

Bumpers was informed and was aware that other closing agents existed and that

those other agents might charge lower fees to close his loan from Community Bank.

Nonetheless, Bumpers elected to close the transaction using Title America, LLC.

Elliott was similarly aware of other lending and closing options and declined to use

them.    More to the point, while the record does indicate that the closing fees

plaintiffs paid were higher than those charged by attorneys performing similar

services at the time, the fees paid are not so high as to run afoul of section 75-1.1.

Accordingly, it was error for the Court of Appeals to recognize these claims for

excessive pricing.

        The Superior Court, Wake County, improperly entered summary judgment

for plaintiffs on their loan discount claims and their excessive pricing claims. The

Court of Appeals erroneously affirmed the entry of summary judgment on plaintiffs’

loan discount claims and, as a result, incorrectly remanded plaintiffs’ excessive

pricing claims after finding an issue of material fact. Because genuine issues of

material fact exist in regards to plaintiffs’ loan discount claims, and plaintiffs’


                                         -19-
               BUMPERS V. COMMUNITY BANK OF NORTHERN VIRGINIA

                                  Opinion of the Court



excessive pricing claims are not recognized by section 75-1.1, we reverse the

decision of the Court of Appeals and remand this case to that court for further

remand to the trial court for additional proceedings consistent with this opinion.

      REVERSED AND REMANDED.



      Justice HUDSON dissenting.

      Because my review of the record persuades me that the trial court properly

granted plaintiffs’ motion for summary judgment on their claims regarding the loan

discount fee, and because I conclude plaintiffs have sufficiently pleaded a claim for

excessive pricing under N.C.G.S. § 75-1.1, I respectfully dissent.

      The Court of Appeals held that summary judgment for plaintiffs was

appropriate on their claims that they were wrongly charged a loan discount fee.

Although the majority here concludes that genuine issues of material fact remain, I

disagree.   On this issue the record reveals that plaintiffs did not receive a

discounted interest rate despite being charged a loan discount fee. On the Form

1008, a standard form created by Fannie Mae, the “no” block is checked in the

“bought-down rate” box. In addition, the interest rate for which plaintiffs qualified

was the interest rate they received; no further rate reduction is noted on the Form

1008 or elsewhere; the “qualifying rate” stated is the rate they ultimately received;

and in addition to the “no” block being checked for the “bought-down rate,” the




                                         -20-
                 BUMPERS V. COMMUNITY BANK OF NORTHERN VIRGINIA

                               HUDSON, J., dissenting



space to show a “bought-down rate” was left blank. No evidence to the contrary has

been produced.

      Defendant and the majority cite to evidence they contend shows otherwise.

For example, defendant offers the affidavit of John Grace in an attempt to

contradict plaintiffs’ interpretation of the Form 1008; however, the affidavit does

not actually contradict the form. At no point does Mr. Grace say that plaintiffs

actually received a discounted rate; instead, he attempts to explain that the

“bought-down rate” space on the form refers to a temporary rate reduction, not a

permanent one. Further, in deposition testimony in a different but similar case,

Mr. Grace testified that a “loan discount fee” is the same thing as a “loan

origination fee.” Despite this testimony and defendant’s claims that the two terms

are “often related loan terms,” HUD has clearly defined the two terms as having

very different meanings. U.S. Dep’t of Hous. & Urban Dev., Office of Hous. – Fed.

Hous. Admin., Buying Your Home: Settlement Costs and Helpful Information (June

1997). According to HUD, a “loan origination fee” is a fee that “covers the lender’s

administrative costs in processing the loan.”     Id. § III.A. (“Specific Settlement

Costs”). A “loan discount fee” is a “one-time charge imposed by the lender or broker

to lower the rate at which the lender or broker would otherwise offer the loan to

you.” Id. Moreover, as the majority points out in footnotes 1 and 3, plaintiffs each

paid two separate amounts, $2,062.63 and $1,280.25, respectively, by plaintiff

Bumpers, and $2,800.00 and $1,400.00, respectively, by plaintiff Elliot. Neither of


                                        -21-
                   BUMPERS V. COMMUNITY BANK OF NORTHERN VIRGINIA

                                      HUDSON, J., dissenting



these attempts to contradict plaintiffs’ evidence creates a genuine issue of material

fact regarding whether plaintiffs were charged for a discount rate they did not

receive.     I disagree that the statements by defendant’s employee “draw [the]

inference into question” about the rate plaintiffs actually paid because Mr. Grace’s

testimony and affidavit do not appear to address that point at all. I would therefore

hold that the trial court was correct in granting summary judgment for plaintiffs on

their claim regarding the loan discount fee.

      Further, I would not hold that actual reliance is a necessary element of

plaintiffs’ Section 75-1.1 claims that are based on systematic overcharging rather

than misrepresentation.7 First, the plain language of the statute does not require

reliance.     Section 75-1.1(a) simply states: “Unfair methods of competition in or

affecting commerce, and unfair or deceptive acts or practices in or affecting

commerce, are declared unlawful.”             N.C.G.S. § 75-1.1(a) (2011).   Section 75-16,

which gives force to Section 75-1.1, also contains no actual reliance language; it

provides a right of action to anyone who is “injured.” Id. § 75-16 (2011).




      7    Plaintiffs’ Second Claim for Relief states in pertinent part:

                23. The various fees charged to the named plaintiffs, and to
                members of the plaintiff class, are duplicative in that (among
                other things) the origination fee, the application fee, the
                underwriting fee, the processing fee, the closing fee and the
                document review fee are separate fees charged for overlapping
                functions and/or for the same function. Such fees are neither
                necessary nor reasonable charges, and violate applicable law
                limiting fees, G.S. 53-238 and G.S. 75-1.1.

                                                -22-
               BUMPERS V. COMMUNITY BANK OF NORTHERN VIRGINIA

                                HUDSON, J., dissenting



      Second, I agree with the Court of Appeals that this case is factually similar to

Sampson-Bladen Oil Co. v. Walters, 86 N.C. App. 173, 356 S.E.2d 805 (1987). There

the Court of Appeals held that it was an unfair trade practice for an oil company to

charge its customers for oil they were not receiving. Id. at 177, 356 S.E.2d at 808-

09. Here, contrary to what the majority asserts, the same thing has happened:

defendant charged for a product that plaintiffs did not receive.

      I also disagree with the majority that summary judgment was appropriate for

defendant on plaintiffs’ N.C.G.S. § 75-1.1 claim based on excessive pricing. I would

hold that plaintiffs have articulated such a claim and would remand to the trial

court for further proceedings because genuine questions of material fact remain.

      Section 75-1.1(a) states: “Unfair methods of competition in or affecting

commerce, and unfair or deceptive acts or practices in or affecting commerce, are

declared unlawful.” As this Court has previously noted, the legislature’s statement

of purpose when it enacted the statute was

             “to declare, and to provide civil legal means to maintain,
             ethical standards of dealings between persons engaged in
             business and between persons engaged in business and
             the consuming public within this State to the end that
             good faith and fair dealings between buyers and sellers at
             all level[s] of commerce be had in this State.”

Bhatti v. Buckland, 328 N.C. 240, 245, 400 S.E.2d 440, 443 (1991) (alteration in

original) (quoting Threatt v. Hiers, 76 N.C. App. 521, 522, 333 S.E.2d 772, 773

(1985), disc. rev. denied, 315 N.C. 397, 338 S.E.2d 887 (1986)). Further, section 75-



                                         -23-
               BUMPERS V. COMMUNITY BANK OF NORTHERN VIRGINIA

                                 HUDSON, J., dissenting



16, which establishes a civil cause of action for violations of section 75-1.1, was

enacted “to create a new, private cause of action for aggrieved consumers since

traditional common law remedies were often deficient.”         Winston Realty Co. v.

G.H.G., Inc., 314 N.C. 90, 95, 331 S.E.2d 677, 680 (1985) (citations omitted). These

are broad statutes meant to protect consumers from a wide range of unfair trade

practices. There is nothing in these provisions to suggest that excessive pricing

cannot give rise to a cause of action under the statute.

      While the majority ultimately holds that excessive pricing could constitute a

violation of section 75-1.1, I write to highlight that the language of N.C.G.S. § 75-38

does not prohibit a claim for excessive pricing in circumstances other than those

articulated in that portion of N.C.G.S. Chapter 75.        Defendant argues that by

enacting a statute that allows claims for excessive pricing in limited circumstances,

such as a state of emergency, the legislature clearly did not intend to allow claims

for excessive pricing in circumstances not named by the statute. However, I do not

find this reasoning persuasive. Section 75-38 indicates a desire to tightly regulate

emergency market situations but there is nothing in the statute to suggest that

other market situations cannot be similarly regulated in addition. The mortgage

industry is one such “other” market, and our legislature has already enacted several

statutes to regulate it. For example, N.C.G.S. § 24-8(d) prohibits “unreasonable




                                         -24-
                 BUMPERS V. COMMUNITY BANK OF NORTHERN VIRGINIA

                                   HUDSON, J., dissenting



compensation” when setting the amount of mortgage brokers’ fees.8 Buying a home

is a traditionally important transaction and, given the recent mortgage lending

crisis, it is not unreasonable for state legislatures to want to ensure fair practices

among lenders.

       I am also not convinced that allowing claims for excessive pricing would force

trial courts to set price ceilings or lead to the creation of judicially unmanageable

standards, as argued by defendant. As stated above, section 75-38 allows claims for

excessive pricing under certain circumstances, and while that statute does give

some guidance on how pricing is determined to be excessive, it leaves the ultimate

decision to the discretion of the trial court. If the legislature placed that decision in

the hands of a trial court in some circumstances, I see no reason the trial court

could not make a similar determination in other circumstances.

       I would also note that this Court need not hold that excessive pricing can

support a claim under Section 75-1.1 for all types of consumer transactions. Each

market is different and practices vary across markets. Recognizing this, this Court

has observed that “[w]hether a trade practice is unfair or deceptive usually depends

upon the facts of each case and the impact the practice has in the marketplace.”

Marshall v. Miller, 302 N.C. 539, 548, 276 S.E.2d 397, 403 (1981) (citation omitted).

In this case we must simply consider whether the actual fees charged by defendant


       8While plaintiffs have relinquished any claims under section 24-8, I do not believe
we are barred from considering how that statute informs our reading of section 75-1.1
claims.

                                            -25-
               BUMPERS V. COMMUNITY BANK OF NORTHERN VIRGINIA

                                HUDSON, J., dissenting



constitute an unfair or deceptive trade practice. Here, given the broad language of

section 75-1.1 and the legislature’s existing regulation of the mortgage lending

industry, I would hold that plaintiffs’ claims for excessive pricing should be allowed

to proceed.

      However, as a result of Nancy Guyton’s affidavit and testimony, genuine

issues of material fact remain regarding whether defendant’s fees were excessive.

While Ms. Guyton’s affidavit states that the fees charged to plaintiffs (amounts of

$1,180.00 and $1,145.00) were “substantially in excess of a reasonable fee and were

substantially in excess of what would have been charged for closing services for

such loans by North Carolina attorneys” and placed the maximum customary cost

for the services provided here at not exceeding four hundred dollars, Ms. Guyton

stated in her deposition that given the hours spent on a closing and the normal rate

for attorney time, a typical residential closing cost would have been between eight

hundred and fifty dollars to fifteen hundred dollars. She did not discuss reasonable

fees for closings performed by non-attorneys. Given this omission, I would hold that

genuine issues of material fact remain regarding whether defendant overcharged

for its closing fee and would remand accordingly.

      For the reasons stated above, I respectfully dissent.




                                         -26-
                          BUMPERS V. CMTY. BANK OF N. VA.

                                 BEASLEY, J., dissenting



      Justice BEASLEY dissenting.

      When the undisputed facts demonstrate that defendant bank charged

plaintiffs for a service not actually provided, plaintiffs are entitled to summary

judgment on their unfair and deceptive practice claim.         Because the majority

mischaracterizes the basis for plaintiffs’ claim to be a misrepresentation and

concludes that summary judgment was improperly granted for plaintiffs, I

respectfully dissent.

      This case involves several issues: (1) whether proof of actual reliance is

required to recover; (2) whether there is a genuine issue of material fact regarding

whether plaintiffs received discounted loans; (3) whether summary judgment was

properly granted to plaintiffs on their unfair and deceptive practice claim as to the

loan fees; and (4) whether summary judgment was properly granted to plaintiffs on

their unfair and deceptive practice claim as to the closing fees.       Each will be

discussed in turn.

      The standard of review for an order granting summary judgment is de novo.

Howerton v. Arai Helmet, Ltd., 358 N.C. 440, 470, 597 S.E.2d 674, 693 (2004)

(citation omitted). “Summary judgment is appropriate where ‘there is no genuine

issue as to any material fact’ and ‘any party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of

law.’ ” Id. (quoting N.C. R. Civ. P. 56(c)).

      Section 75-1.1 of the North Carolina General Statutes declares “[u]nfair

methods of competition in or affecting commerce, and unfair or deceptive acts or


                                          -27-
                          BUMPERS V. CMTY. BANK OF N. VA.

                                 BEASLEY, J., dissenting



practices in or affecting commerce” to be “unlawful.” N.C.G.S. § 75-1.1(a) (2011).

The General Assembly has defined “commerce” to mean “all business activities,

however denominated, but . . . not include[ing] professional services rendered by a

member of a learned profession.” Id. § 75-1.1(b) (2011). This Court has established

three elements that compose an unfair and deceptive practices claim:

             In order to establish a prima facie claim for unfair trade9
             practices, a plaintiff must show: (1) [the] defendant
             committed an unfair or deceptive act or practice, (2) the
             action in question was in or affecting commerce, and (3)
             the act proximately caused injury to the plaintiff. A
             practice is unfair if it is unethical or unscrupulous, and it
             is deceptive if it has a tendency to deceive.

Dalton v. Camp, 353 N.C. 647, 656, 548 S.E.2d 704, 711 (2001) (citations omitted).

      The majority incorrectly characterizes plaintiffs’ unfair and deceptive

practice claim as one based on misrepresentation and thus incorrectly requires

proof of actual reliance to recover under section 75-1.1.       The Court of Appeals

correctly concluded that plaintiffs’ unfair and deceptive practice claim was based on

overcharging and that plaintiffs need not prove actual reliance.

      Because the majority’s error begins with its characterization of the basis for

plaintiffs’ claim, I begin my analysis there. A claim for overcharging is actionable

under section 75-1.1.




      9  Although references to the acts proscribed by this statute as “trade practices”
persist in our caselaw, the word “trade” was removed from the statute in 1977. See 1977
N.C. Sess. Laws ch. 747, § 1.

                                          -28-
                          BUMPERS V. CMTY. BANK OF N. VA.

                                BEASLEY, J., dissenting



      This is a claim for overcharging rather than excessive pricing. The majority

does not definitively bar future plaintiffs from arguing that excessive pricing

constitutes an unfair and deceptive practice, and correctly so. Claims for excessive

pricing can prevail under certain circumstances. See, e.g., N.C.G.S. § 14-344 (2011)

(prohibiting the sale of admission tickets for more than face value, plus tax and a

reasonable service fee); Id. § 75-38 (2011) (prohibiting price gouging in times of

emergency); Rite Color Chem. Co. v. Velvet Textile Co., 105 N.C. App. 14, 22, 411

S.E.2d 645, 650 (1992) (assuming without deciding that an unconscionable contract

may provide a basis for an unfair and deceptive practice claim (citations omitted)).

We have previously found that the purpose of section 75-1.1 is to “protect the

consuming public.” Skinner v. E.F. Hutton & Co., Inc., 314 N.C. 267, 275, 333

S.E.2d 236, 241 (1985) (citation and quotation marks omitted). The legislature may

have found price gouging during times of emergency to be particularly distasteful,

but nothing appears in section 75-1.1 to indicate that consumers should not be

protected from excessive pricing.

      Regardless of whether a party asserting excessive pricing, standing alone,

can state a claim for an unfair and deceptive practice, charging for a good or service

never received is an unfair and deceptive practice that is distinct from excessive

pricing. See Sampson-Bladen Oil Co. v. Walters, 86 N.C. App. 173, 177, 356 S.E.2d

805, 808 (“[I]t seems plain to us, and we so hold, that systematically overcharging a

customer . . . is an unfair trade practice squarely within the purview of G.S. 75-1.1 .


                                         -29-
                          BUMPERS V. CMTY. BANK OF N. VA.

                                  BEASLEY, J., dissenting



. . .”), disc. rev. denied, 321 N.C. 121, 361 S.E.2d 597 (1987). In Sampson-Bladen

Oil, the plaintiff charged the defendant over a two-year period for thousands of

gallons of oil that the defendant did not actually receive. Id. at 174, 356 S.E.2d at

806-07. The court in Sampson-Bladen Oil stated its conclusion briefly; however, the

Court of Appeals has since interpreted Sampson-Bladen Oil as concluding that false

invoices showing the amount of goods used and amount of money owed have a

tendency to deceive and therefore constitutes an unfair and deceptive practice.

Noble v. Hooters of Greenville (NC), LLC, 199 N.C. App. 163, 169, 681 S.E.2d 448,

453 (2009), disc. rev. dismissed, 363 N.C. 806, 690 S.E.2d 706 (2010).

      The rationale of Sampson-Bladen Oil is persuasive and its facts are similar to

those in this case. Essentially, defendant bank falsified an invoice regarding the

amount of money plaintiffs owed in that it charged plaintiffs a discounted loan fee

when defendant bank did not provide discounted loans to plaintiffs. The plaintiffs’

claim is not that the cost of their loans was too high in the aggregate, which would

be a case of excessive pricing, or that they were told they would receive a discounted

loan, which would be a case of misrepresentation; their claim is that they were

charged a fee that they should not have been charged at all. There is no difference

between charging a customer for oil he did not receive and charging a customer a

fee for a service not rendered.

      The majority’s analysis rewrites the fact statement in Sampson-Bladen Oil to

say that these plaintiffs, like the customer in Sampson-Bladen, base their claims on


                                           -30-
                          BUMPERS V. CMTY. BANK OF N. VA.

                                BEASLEY, J., dissenting



a misrepresentation.    The customer in Sampson-Bladen sought recovery on the

basis of overcharging, not on the basis of a misrepresentation.             The word

“overcharge,” or a variation thereof, is used eight times in the Court of Appeals’ fact

statement. See Sampson-Bladen, 86 N.C. App. at 173-75, 356 S.E.2d at 806-07.

The term “misrepresentation” appears nowhere in the Court of Appeals’ opinion.

      Based on the majority’s opinion and defendant’s and plaintiffs’ briefs, it

appears that the terms “actual deception” and “actual reliance” are unclear. The

majority incorrectly concludes that reliance is required to recover under section 75-

1.1. An overview of the history of the three elements required for an unfair and

deceptive practice claim should clarify the distinction between actual deception and

actual reliance.

      We did not precisely define an unfair and deceptive practice claim as having

three elements until 2000, after our decision in Pearce v. American Defender Life

Insurance Co., 316 N.C. 461, 343 S.E.2d 174 (1986).           See Gray v. N.C. Ins.

Underwriting Ass’n, 352 N.C. 61, 68, 529 S.E.2d 676, 681 (2000) (citing First Atl.

Mgmt. Corp. v. Dunlea Realty Co., 131 N.C. App. 242, 252, 507 S.E.2d 56, 63 (1998),

for the three-part test). Nonetheless, our language in Pearce clearly described the

elements to which we were referring in discussing actual deception and actual

reliance.   We stated, “Under the facts of this case, Mrs. Pearce must first

demonstrate that Ms. Wynne’s letter had the capacity or tendency to deceive.

Unlike a claim based upon fraud, proof of actual deception is not necessary.”


                                         -31-
                          BUMPERS V. CMTY. BANK OF N. VA.

                                BEASLEY, J., dissenting



Pearce, 316 N.C. at 470-71, 343 S.E.2d at 180 (citation omitted). With this context,

it is apparent that we were referring to the first element of whether the defendant

committed a deceptive act or practice.       We further declared, “But the second

requisite to making out a claim under this statute is similar to the detrimental

reliance requirement under a fraud claim.       It must be shown that the plaintiff

suffered actual injury as a proximate result of defendant’s deceptive statement or

misrepresentation.” Id. at 471, 343 S.E.2d at 180. We referred to proximate cause

as the “second requisite”; however, proximate cause is now considered the third

element. See Gray, 352 N.C. at 68, 529 S.E.2d at 681. Importantly, we did not say

that actual reliance was required; we merely stated that actual reliance—an

element of a fraud claim—was similar to the proximate cause element of an unfair

and deceptive practice claim. Thus, actual deception and actual reliance refer to

different elements of an unfair and deceptive practice claim.10

      Our case law demonstrates that neither actual reliance nor actual deception

is required for proximate cause.     Generally, the crux of proximate cause is the


      10 The Court of Appeals has held that actual deception is the equivalent of
actual reliance and therefore has held that actual reliance is not required. See, e.g.,
Cullen v. Valley Forge Life Ins. Co., 161 N.C. App. 570, 580, 589 S.E.2d 423, 431
(2003) (“Moreover, our Courts have clearly held that actual deception is not an
element necessary under N.C. Gen. Stat. § 75-1.1 to support an unfair or deceptive
practices claim. Accordingly, actual reliance is not a factor.” (internal citations
omitted)), disc. rev. denied sub nom. Santomassimo v. Valley Forge Life Ins. Co., 358
N.C. 377, 598 S.E.2d 138 (2004). The Court of Appeals ultimately reached the
correct result in Cullen, but did so under flawed logic that the terms refer to the
same element of an unfair and deceptive practice claim, which they do not, as
explained herein.

                                         -32-
                         BUMPERS V. CMTY. BANK OF N. VA.

                                BEASLEY, J., dissenting



foreseeability of an injury. E.g., Hart v. Curry, 238 N.C. 448, 449, 78 S.E.2d 170,

170 (1953). The three-part test from Dalton, outlined above, does not include a

requirement of detrimental reliance.     While it appears that Howerton supports

defendant’s position that actual reliance is required, a closer reading of Howerton

reveals that the plaintiff there based his unfair and deceptive practice claim on

fraud. 358 N.C. at 443, 469-70, 597 S.E.2d at 678, 693. Fraud is merely one way to

prove an unfair and deceptive practice, but Pearce does not require actual reliance

unless the plaintiff relies on fraud as part of his claim. Pearce, 316 N.C. at 470-71,

343 S.E.2d at 180.

      The majority depends heavily on Pearce. In that case we looked at whether

the plaintiff’s husband actually relied on the insurance company’s statements. Id.

at 472, 343 S.E.2d at 181. The majority fails to note, however, that Pearce, like

Howerton, involved a fraud claim and an unfair and deceptive practice claim based

upon a misrepresentation, unlike the present case. Id. at 467, 472, 343 S.E.2d at

178, 181 (stating that the plaintiff asserted, inter alia, claims for fraud and unfair

and deceptive practices and that the unfair and deceptive practice claim was based

upon a misrepresentation).

      The majority again misuses Sampson-Bladen Oil in requiring reliance. As

stated before, the claim in Sampson-Bladen Oil was based on systematic

overcharging rather than a misrepresentation.         The Court of Appeals did not

require reliance because the claim was not based on a misrepresentation, and we


                                         -33-
                         BUMPERS V. CMTY. BANK OF N. VA.

                                BEASLEY, J., dissenting



should not require reliance on these analogous facts when plaintiffs argue that

defendants overcharged them and thus committed an unfair and deceptive practice.

      Recognizing a claim for overcharging and not requiring reliance in this case

does not expand North Carolina law. The statutory law is clear and this Court’s

precedent is well established.      The majority’s conclusion flouts the General

Assembly’s intent to “establish an effective private cause of action for aggrieved

consumers in this State. . . . because common law remedies had proved often

ineffective.” Marshall v. Miller, 302 N.C. 539, 543, 276 S.E.2d 397, 400 (1981). This

Court has been consistent in condemning a practice as unfair and deceptive when it

“offends established public policy as well as when the practice is immoral, unethical,

oppressive, unscrupulous, or substantially injurious to consumers.” Id. at 548, 276

S.E.2d at 403; see also Dalton, 353 N.C. at 656, 548 S.E.2d at 711; Gray, 352 N.C. at

68, 529 S.E.2d at 681; Johnson v. Phoenix Mut. Life Ins. Co., 300 N.C. 247, 263, 266

S.E.2d 610, 621 (1980), disavowed in part on other grounds by Myers & Chapman,

Inc. v. Thomas G. Evans, Inc., 323 N.C. 559, 569, 374 S.E.2d 385, 391-92 (1988). As

the Court of Appeals has aptly asserted, “[T]he fair or unfair nature of particular

conduct is to be judged by viewing it against the background of actual human

experience . . . .” Harrington Mfg. Co. v. Powell Mfg. Co., 38 N.C. App. 393, 400, 248

S.E.2d 739, 744 (1978), disc. rev. denied and cert. denied, 296 N.C. 411, 251 S.E.2d

469 (1979). Against the background of human experience and ordinary common

sense, charging a consumer a fee for a service not rendered is “immoral, unethical,


                                         -34-
                         BUMPERS V. CMTY. BANK OF N. VA.

                                BEASLEY, J., dissenting



oppressive, unscrupulous, [and] substantially injurious to consumers.” Marshall,

302 N.C. at 548, 276 S.E.2d at 403. The majority’s unfounded narrowing of section

75-1.1 creates precisely the situation the General Assembly sought to avoid: leaving

aggrieved consumers with ineffective common law remedies to combat unfair and

deceptive practices.

      The majority’s conclusion that reliance is required and that a plaintiff must

“have affirmatively incorporated the alleged misrepresentation into his or her

decision-making process” and demonstrate that he would “have avoided the injury

all together,” opens the door to an array of new fees intended to pad a company’s

bottom line rather than to reflect the fair cost of a good or service provided to the

consumer.   For example, under the majority’s reasoning, a bank may charge a

“paper statement fee” to a customer who has selected electronic monthly statements

offered by the bank, a “safety deposit box rental fee” to a customer who has not

rented a safety deposit box, and a “teller transaction fee” on a transaction for which

the customer only used the ATM. As long as the customer had some other reason

that he might have chosen to do business with the bank, such as being an existing

account holder, he can never show that, but for the misrepresentation, he would not

have conducted business with the bank. The customer would have to show that he

or she would have avoided the transaction entirely. The customer has no recourse

because the fee was not a part of his decision-making process, despite the existence

of an unethical and unfair practice that charges the consumer a fee for a good or


                                         -35-
                         BUMPERS V. CMTY. BANK OF N. VA.

                                BEASLEY, J., dissenting



service he did not receive. It is fundamentally unfair to pay a fee for a good or

service and receive nothing corresponding to that fee in return.

       Further, the majority’s holding blurs the line between fraud and an unfair

and deceptive practice claim. Presumably, the General Assembly is aware of the

elements of fraud, though not codified by statute, and has chosen not to include the

element of actual reliance as part of the proximate cause requirement for an unfair

and deceptive practice. Furthermore, this Court has recognized that the General

Assembly “intended to establish an effective private cause of action for aggrieved

consumers in this State. . . . because common law remedies had proved often

ineffective.” Marshall, 302 N.C. at 543, 276 S.E.2d at 400. Fraud is one example of

the common law remedies that were ineffective in eradicating unfair and deceptive

practices.   Thus, proximate cause for an unfair and deceptive practice claim

requires that a plaintiff prove that the defendant’s deceptive act could foreseeably

cause injury, and in fact caused injury, if the plaintiff is not relying on fraud to

prove an unfair and deceptive practice. See Dalton, 353 N.C. at 656, 548 S.E.2d at

711.

       Plaintiffs’ claim is not based on fraud, unlike Pearce and Howerton.

Defendant bank did not represent that it would provide a discounted loan and then

fail to do so. Instead, plaintiffs’ claim is based on the contention that defendant

bank charged a discount loan fee and did not provide a discounted loan. Because

plaintiffs’ case is not based on fraud, plaintiffs need not prove actual reliance,


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                                 BEASLEY, J., dissenting



consistent with Sampson-Bladen Oil. Plaintiffs need only prove that: “(1) defendant

committed an unfair or deceptive act or practice, (2) the action in question was in or

affecting commerce, and (3) the act proximately caused injury to . . . plaintiff[s].” Id.

      Plaintiffs demonstrated the following in support of their summary judgment

motion: Defendant bank charged a loan discount fee for a service that was not

provided, an act that has a tendency to deceive and is unethical, satisfying the first

element.   The second element has not been challenged, and loan services are

included within the definition of “commerce.” See Johnson, 300 N.C. at 261-62, 266

S.E.2d at 620.    Plaintiffs can also show that defendant bank’s fee proximately

caused their injuries: defendant bank’s deceptive act of charging a discount fee on

an undiscounted loan could foreseeably cause a monetary loss and in fact caused a

monetary loss.

      The majority further incorrectly concludes that there is an issue of material

fact regarding whether plaintiffs received discounted loans. Summary judgment for

the party with the burden of proof, in this case plaintiffs, is appropriate “when the

opposing party has failed to introduce any materials supporting his opposition” to

the motion. Kidd v. Early, 289 N.C. 343, 370, 222 S.E.2d 392, 410 (1976).

      Defendant failed to support its opposition to plaintiffs’ motion.        Plaintiffs

asserted that they did not receive a discounted loan of any kind.           Mr. Grace’s

affidavit in support of defendant establishes that plaintiffs did not receive a

temporary loan discount, but it fails to demonstrate that plaintiffs received a long-


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                         BUMPERS V. CMTY. BANK OF N. VA.

                                BEASLEY, J., dissenting



term loan discount. Mr. Grace’s affidavit fails to support defendant’s opposition to

the motion for summary judgment; therefore, summary judgment for plaintiffs was

appropriate.

      Finally, I disagree with the majority’s reasoning regarding the closing fees. I

fail to see how “enter[ing] into their loan transactions freely and without any

compulsion” exempts these kinds of transactions from the scope of the statutes

intended to protect the consumer from predatory, unfair, and deceptive practices.

Most consumers likely enter into transactions that later turn out to be unfair and

deceptive “freely and without any compulsion.” Id. If entering a transaction freely

is now a defense to an unfair and deceptive practice claim, then the entire purpose

of Chapter 75 and its corollaries elsewhere in the General Statutes is void.




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