                                                                                                 Filed
                                                                                           Washington State
                                                                                           Court of Appeals
                                                                                            Division Two

                                                                                             March 1, 2016
       IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

                                          DIVISION II
    STATE OF WASHINGTON,                                              No. 45494-7-II

                                 Respondent,

           v.

    KEVIN WAYNE WILLIAMS,                                       UNPUBLISHED OPINION

                                 Appellant.

         WORSWICK, J. — Kevin Williams appeals from an order denying his postjudgment

motion to withdraw his guilty plea to unlawful display of a weapon. Williams asserts that (1) the

State lacked jurisdiction to prosecute him because his conduct was lawful, (2) the unlawful

display of a weapon statute violates the Washington State Constitution, and (3) the superior court

abused its discretion when denying his motion to withdraw his guilty plea because it failed to

address all the issues raised in his motion. We affirm.

                                               FACTS

         On June 5, 2008, the State charged Williams with unlawful display of a weapon and

unlawful aiming or discharging of a firearm. Williams agreed to plead guilty to unlawful display

of a weapon in exchange for the State withdrawing its unlawful aiming or discharging of a

firearm charge. At the April 7, 2009 plea hearing, Williams’s defense counsel stated the

following factual basis in support of Williams’s Alford1 plea to unlawful display of a weapon:

         [O]n December 15, 2007, my client was home at his house and at that time two
         individuals, well a female, arrived at his front porch and . . . served some papers on


1
    North Carolina v. Alford, 400 U.S. 25, 91 S. Ct. 160, 27 L. Ed. 2d 162 (1970).
No. 45494-7-II


       the defendant by putting them over his door in . . . a plastic bag of some kind over
       the door . . . at which time Mr. Williams came out on his upper 2nd floor deck[,]
       looked out[,] and saw that she had attached something to his door. He was armed
       with a weapon at that time and he had it displayed in such a manner that caused
       some alarm for [the process server]. And he asked her to take the paperwork off of
       his door because that’s the only way in or out of his house. He didn’t know what
       it was . . . his mailbox had previously been destroyed by way of an explosion. He
       didn’t know what that was. He asked her to move that off my door, she didn’t, she
       began to walk away. He then discharged the firearm; their witnesses don’t know
       where the discharge of a firearm was made. Then she stopped then removed the
       items from the door took it and put it out at a location out away from the house and
       then she proceeded to walk away. Mr. Williams then armed himself, left the house
       armed with a weapon, followed her out to down to the driveway to the car where
       he observed them leave. Had some discussion with them but no assault or anything
       occurred there. That was both an unlawful discharge and unlawful display and Mr.
       Williams, although agrees that those are the facts the [S]tate will present[,] he
       disagrees that they were unlawful discharges, he believes there is a claim of self-
       defense, but he wishes to take advantage of this plea offer to avoid going to trial.

Clerk’s Papers (CP) at 75-76. Williams stated that he agreed with his defense counsel’s

recitation of facts supporting his Alford plea “except that when I went on to the deck I wasn’t

armed at that time.” CP at 76. After a brief colloquy concerning the voluntariness of Williams’s

guilty plea, the district court accepted Williams’s guilty plea and sentenced him to a suspended

365 day sentence.

       On April 7, 2010, Williams filed a notice of appeal, which was later converted to a

motion to withdraw his guilty plea. In his motion to withdraw his guilty plea, Williams admitted

that the following had occurred after the process server initially refused to remove paperwork

from his door:

       When Mr. Williams realized that the woman was about to leave with the unknown
       item still attached to his door, still on his balcony, turned, took roughly two steps
       where he was basically standing in the open doorway that separates his kitchen
       from his balcony, and grabbed a [.]380 caliber pistol that he had in a holster on the
       corner of the kitchen counter. With the pistol in his hand and un-holstered he yelled
       down to the woman, who now was about 25 feet from the door, and warned her that
       if she didn’t return and remove the plastic sack from his door he would not hesitate


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No. 45494-7-II


       to fire his weapon. . . . Mr. Williams realized that his request was be[ing] ignored,
       and without knowing what truly was in the plastic sack attached to his door, decided
       to discharge his firearm. . . . Mr. Williams at this time asked a friend who was
       inside the house and was witness to everything to take a video camera and try [to]
       get both the man and the woman on tape as well as the license plate of the vehicle.
       Mr. Williams followed his friend out the front door, grabbing a [.]30 caliber rifle
        . . . . Mr. Williams walked approximately 100 feet out his front door and up the
       driveway, for no reason other than for the safety of his friend, who at that time was
       filming both subjects as well as their vehicle, and to verify that the subjects exited
       their property.

CP at 51-53. Williams asserted in his motion that his counsel had been ineffective in negotiating

his plea because Williams had lawfully acted in self-defense when displaying and discharging

his firearm. Williams further asserted that his conduct in displaying a weapon was lawful under

RCW 9.41.270(3), which provides that the crime of unlawful display of a weapon does not apply

to “[a]ny act committed by a person while in his or her place of abode” or to “[a]ny person acting

for the purpose of protecting himself or herself against the use of presently threatened unlawful

force by another.” CP at 89-90. Finally, Williams asserted that he received no benefit from the

State’s withdrawal of its unlawful discharge of a firearm charge because both of his charges

stemmed from the same criminal conduct and, thus, he could not have been convicted of both

charges under double jeopardy principles.

       The district court held a hearing on Williams’s motion on October 11, 2011. The district

court noted at the hearing that Williams’s unlawful display of a weapon and unlawful discharge

of a firearm charges contained different elements and were the products of separate alleged

conduct and, thus, no double jeopardy principles would have been implicated if he had been

convicted of both charges. With regard to Williams’s claim of ineffective assistance, the district

court noted that Williams’s defense counsel had acknowledged a potential self-defense claim,

but that Williams sought to take advantage of the State’s plea offer because the self-defense


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No. 45494-7-II


claim was “just on the borderline.” CP at 146. The district court denied Williams’s motion to

withdraw his guilty plea.

       Williams appealed to the superior court. In the superior court, Williams again alleged

that his defense counsel had been ineffective for failing to advise him about potential statutory

defenses to his charges and for failing to advise him that his charges would have been considered

the same criminal conduct for sentencing purposes. Additionally, Williams argued for the first

time that his defense counsel had failed to advise him that he would lose his concealed pistol

license as a consequence of his guilty plea. Williams also claimed that the unlawful discharge of

a firearm statute was unconstitutionally vague. Finally, Williams asserted that the district court

erred by entering its findings of fact and conclusions of law ex parte.

       The superior court heard arguments on Williams’s motion at an April 24, 2013 hearing.

On May 30, 2013, the superior court entered its written ruling affirming the district court’s denial

of Williams’s withdrawal motion. Williams appeals.

                                            ANALYSIS

       In this appeal, Williams does not reassert the ineffective assistance of counsel claims he

had raised in his motion to withdraw his guilty plea. Instead, Williams contends that (1) the

district court lacked jurisdiction to convict him of unlawful display of a weapon because the

conduct forming the basis for his conviction was permitted under the criminal statute, RCW

9.41.270(3)(a), and under the permissible use of force statute, RCW 9A.16.020; (2) the superior

court abused its discretion in affirming the district court’s denial of his plea withdrawal motion

because it failed to address all the issues he had raised in his brief; and (3) the unlawful display

of a weapon statute is unconstitutional.



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No. 45494-7-II


A.        Standard of Review

          We review a trial court’s decision denying a motion to withdraw a guilty plea for an

abuse of discretion. State v. A.N.J., 168 Wn.2d 91, 106, 225 P.3d 956 (2010). A trial court

abuses its discretion when it bases its decisions on “clearly untenable or manifestly

unreasonable” grounds. State v. Olmsted, 70 Wn.2d 116, 119, 422 P.2d 312 (1966). CrRLJ

4.2(f) governs the withdrawal of guilty pleas for convictions entered in district court and

provides in relevant part, “The court shall allow a defendant to withdraw his or her plea of guilty

whenever it appears that the withdrawal is necessary to correct a manifest injustice.” A manifest

injustice permitting a defendant to withdraw his or her guilty plea exists where “(1) the plea was

not ratified by the defendant, (2) the plea was not voluntary, (3) counsel was ineffective, or (4)

the plea agreement was not kept.” State v. DeClue, 157 Wn. App. 787, 792, 239 P.3d 377

(2010).

B.        Jurisdiction

          Williams first contends that the State lacked jurisdiction to charge, prosecute, convict, or

sentence him because his conduct in displaying a firearm was legal. We disagree.

          Competent jurisdiction exists where the court has the power and authority to hear and

determine the merits of a particular proceeding. State v. Haye, 72 Wn.2d 461, 469, 433 P.2d 884

(1967). “Subject matter jurisdiction is a prerequisite to the exercise of judicial power; any

judgment entered without subject matter jurisdiction is void.” Matheson v. City of Hoquiam, 170

Wn. App. 811, 818, 287 P.3d 619 (2012). RCW 3.66.060 grants district courts with jurisdiction

over “all misdemeanors and gross misdemeanors committed in their respective counties.” Here,

the State charged Williams with the gross misdemeanors of unlawful display of a weapon and



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No. 45494-7-II


unlawful aiming or discharging a firearm and alleged that Williams committed the offenses in

Lewis County. RCW 9.41.270(2) and RCW 9.41.230(1). Therefore, RCW 3.66.060 provided

the Lewis County District Court with competent jurisdiction to hear and determine the merits of

the State’s charges against Williams. Williams’s potential defenses to the State’s charges against

him are not relevant to the issue of whether the district court had competent jurisdiction.

Accordingly, Williams’s contention on this issue is without merit.

C.     Constitutional Challenge

       Next, Williams appears to assert that the unlawful display of a weapon statute violates the

Washington State Constitution. The entirety of Williams’s argument on this issue is as follows:

       The Washington State Constitution as well provides protections to the
       Defendant/Petitioner in this situation. The first being, the right to bear arms. The
       second being, the fact that individuals and/or persons in the State of Washington,
       acting in self-defense, have no duty to retreat when in a place they have a right to
       be.

Br. of Appellant at 6. These conclusory statements, absent any citations to legal authority and

without reference to the facts underlying Williams’s guilty plea, are insufficient to merit judicial

review. See State v. Dennison, 115 Wn.2d 609, 629, 801 P.2d 193 (1990) (appellate courts need

not consider arguments not sufficiently developed in the brief and for which the party has not

cited legal authority) (citing Smith v. King, 106 Wn.2d 443, 722 P.2d 796 (1986).2 Accordingly,

we do not consider this issue.



2
 As a pro se appellant, Williams is held to the same standard as an attorney. Batten v. Abrams,
28 Wn. App. 737, 739 n. 1, 626 P.2d 984 (1981); see also State v. Marintorres, 93 Wn. App.
442, 452, 969 P.2d 501 (1999) (refusing to consider arguments raised in pro se supplemental
brief because “brief is conclusory and does not identify any specific legal issues or cite any
authority”).



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No. 45494-7-II


D.     No Abuse of Discretion

       Finally, Williams contends that the superior court erred by affirming the district court’s

denial of his plea withdrawal motion because the superior court failed to address all the

contentions raised in his brief. Again, we disagree.

       Williams does not provide any argument or citations to legal authority on this issue and,

thus, we must distill his remaining contentions solely from his assignments of error and his stated

issues pertaining thereto. From those assignments of error, it appears that Williams is asserting

that the superior court abused its discretion by failing to address his arguments that: (1) he had

valid statutory defenses to the State’s charges against him; (2) his defense counsel failed to

advise him of all the direct and collateral consequences of pleading guilty to unlawful display of

a firearm; and (3) the district court erred by entering findings of fact and conclusions of law ex

parte. It further appears that Williams is asserting that the superior court abused its discretion by

determining that issues regarding his dismissed charge of unlawful discharge of a firearm was

irrelevant to his plea withdrawal motion.

       Here, the record clearly shows that the trial court considered all of the issues raised in

Williams’s brief but concluded that those issues were not meritorious and did not justify granting

a motion to withdraw Williams’s guilty plea. At the hearing on Williams’s appeal from the

district court’s denial of his plea withdrawal motion, Williams’s counsel argued that Williams’s

prior counsel failed to inform him about the statutory defense to unlawful display of a weapon,

specifically that the statute did not prohibit the display of a weapon in a person’s abode.

Williams’s counsel also argued that Williams’s prior counsel failed to inform him that he would

lose his concealed pistol license as a result of pleading guilty to unlawful display of a weapon.



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No. 45494-7-II


In its written ruling affirming the district court’s denial of Williams’s plea withdrawal motion,

the superior court concluded that Williams failed to provide any evidence to support these

claims, “other than the Appellant’s own self-serving allegations of what his attorney may or may

not have told him.” CP at 173. The record before us supports the superior court’s conclusion

that Williams did not provide evidentiary support for his claims that counsel had failed to advise

him about statutory defenses to his charges or that his guilty plea would result in the loss of his

concealed pistol license.

        The superior court’s written ruling also addressed Williams’s argument regarding the

district court’s ex parte entry of its findings of fact and conclusions of law, stating:

        [I]t is clear that the presentation of such findings and conclusions on an ex parte
        basis was improper. However, an appellate court need not remand a case for the
        trial court to enter findings of fact and conclusions of law in support of its decision
        if the trial court’s oral opinion as set forth in the record provides a sufficient basis
        for appellate review. State v. Faagata, 147 Wn. App. 236, 193 P.3d 1132 (2008)[,
        reversed on other grounds, State v. Turner, 169 Wn.2d 448, 238 P.3d 461 (2010)].
        In this case the transcript of the trial court’s oral ruling on the motion to withdraw
        guilty plea clearly sets forth the court’s reasoning for denying the motion and allows
        appellate review.

CP at 171. Because the record belies Williams’s assertion that the superior court failed to

address the issues that he had raised, it is without merit.

        Finally, Williams asserts that the superior court abused its discretion by determining that

issues regarding his dismissed charge of unlawful discharge of a firearm was irrelevant to his

plea withdrawal motion. He appears to take issue with the portion of the superior court’s written

ruling stating:

        Specifically, [Williams] argues that with regard to the dismissed count, there were
        defenses available to him including self-defense and a constitutional challenge as
        to vagueness. In addition, he now argues that he was not advised that there might
        be a merger of the two counts for sentencing since they arose out of the same


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No. 45494-7-II


        conduct. He further alleges that he was not told that although he might be convicted
        of both charges, double jeopardy would be violated if he were sentenced for both
        charges. Even if those arguments were meritorious, they carry no weight here
        because the second charge was dismissed as part of the plea bargain.

CP at 172. Here, even assuming that the superior court erred by concluding that Williams’s

arguments pertaining his dismissed count of unlawful discharge of a firearm carried no weight

with regard to his counsel’s alleged ineffective assistance during the plea negotiations, this

conclusion does not contradict the superior court’s correct determination that Williams failed to

present any evidence regarding “what his attorney may or may not have told him.” CP at 173.

Therefore, on that basis alone, the superior court properly affirmed the district court’s denial of

Williams’s plea withdrawal motion and, thus, Williams fails to show that the superior court had

abused its discretion. Accordingly, we affirm.

        A majority of the panel having determined that this opinion will not be printed in the

Washington Appellate Reports, but will be filed for public record in accordance with RCW

2.06.040, it is so ordered.



                                                                       Worswick, J.
 We concur:



 Johanson, C.J.




 Lee, J.




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