            UNITED STATES AIR FORCE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS


                                             UNITED STATES

                                                       v.

                             Airman First Class NICHOLAS E. BUSCH
                                     United States Air Force

                                                 ACM 38530

                                             11 February 2015

           Sentence adjudged 18 November 2013 by GCM convened at Sheppard
           Air Force Base, Texas. Military Judge: Matthew S. Ward (sitting alone).

           Approved Sentence: Dishonorable discharge, confinement for 6 years,
           forfeiture of all pay and allowances, and reduction to E-1.

           Appellate Counsel for the Appellant:                Major Nicholas D. Carter and
           Major Luke D. Wilson.

           Appellate Counsel for the United States: Major Mary Ellen Payne and
           Gerald R. Bruce, Esquire.

                                                    Before

                                   ALLRED, HECKER, and TELLER
                                      Appellate Military Judges

                                       OPINION OF THE COURT

            This opinion is issued as an unpublished opinion and, as such, does not serve as precedent
                               under Air Force Rule of Practice and Procedure 18.4.



TELLER, Judge:

        The appellant was convicted, in accordance with his pleas, by a military judge
sitting alone, of sexual abuse of a child under the age of 16, false official statement,
fraudulent enlistment, and absence without leave, in violation of Articles 120,1 107, 83,

1
 The charged events under Article 120, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 920, took place between on or about 1 February 2013
and 20 May 2013, meaning the appellant was charged and convicted under the current version of Article 120,
UCMJ, which applies to offenses committed on or after 28 June 2012. See Manual for Courts-Martial,
United States, Part IV, ¶ 45 (2012 ed.).
and 86, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. §§ 920, 907, 883, 886. The adjudged and approved sentence
included a dishonorable discharge, 6 years’ confinement, forfeiture of all pay and
allowances, and reduction to E-1.

        The appellant argues: (1) his plea to absence without leave was improvident
because the military judge failed to resolve whether the appellant’s completion of
out-processing based on a fraudulent document conferred authority for his absence or
raised the defense of justification and (2) the military judge erred in computing the
maximum sentence for sexual abuse of a child through electronic means. Finding no
error that materially prejudices a substantial right of the appellant, we affirm the findings
and sentence.

                                                 Background

       The charges in this case arose out of a relationship between the appellant and a
15-year-old high school student from Florida he never met in person. While attending
basic military training in Texas, the 19-year-old appellant began exchanging letters with
the girl (who was an acquaintance of a fellow trainee). In March 2013, after basic
training, the appellant and the girl began to communicate through text messages and
video chat. The messages later became overtly sexual in nature, including the exchange
of nude photos2 and mutual masturbation sessions over video chat.3 The girl’s father
discovered the relationship and confronted the appellant and his daughter, telling them to
stop contacting each other. During that conversation, the appellant confirmed that he
knew the girl was only 15 years old. The girl’s father confiscated her electronic devices,
and the relationship soon ended.

       This misconduct came to light in May 2013 as the appellant was nearing the
completion of technical training at Sheppard Air Force Base (AFB). The girl’s father
reported the sexually explicit communications first to civilian law enforcement and then
to the Air Force Office of Special Investigations (AFOSI). AFOSI contacted the
appellant’s unit to have the appellant’s impending departure for his follow-on assignment
placed on hold pending the outcome of the investigation. AFOSI interviewed the
appellant on 6 June 2013 regarding his communications with the girl. During the
investigation, it was discovered the appellant had previously been adjudicated 4 to have
committed two offenses of indecent liberties with a child prior to entry into the Air Force.



2
  The Government conceded none of the photographs constituted child pornography, so no charges were filed based
on the exchange of photographs.
3
  The appellant was convicted of sexual abuse of a child by committing a lewd act (exposing his genitalia) using
communication technology while the girl watched.
4
  The appellant’s former Juvenile Field Services Intensive Supervision Officer testified that an “adjudication” was
the equivalent of a conviction in the Kansas juvenile misconduct system. That characterization was never contested
at trial.


                                                        2                                             ACM 38530
The appellant had not disclosed these offenses in his enlistment application, and they
were not discovered in his pre-enlistment background check.

       Although the appellant had already received orders for his follow-on assignment
and had graduated from technical training, both his flight chief and first sergeant told him
he was not authorized to depart Sheppard AFB. Frustrated by this news, the appellant
forged his military training leader’s signature and stamp on his relocation clearance letter,
which he then used to certify to the out-processing section that he had completed all
requirements for out-processing.

       On 7 August 2013, the appellant completed out-processing with the military
personnel section and departed Sheppard AFB. Rather than proceeding to his next duty
station, the appellant went to visit some childhood friends in Wichita, Kansas. On
9 August 2013, he was apprehended in Wichita by AFOSI.

               Providence of Guilty Plea to Absence without Authorization

       The appellant first contends his plea of guilty to the absence offense was
improvident. He asserts the military judge failed to resolve the defense of justification,
which was raised when the appellant stated in the guilty plea inquiry that he had
completed out-processing. He alternatively argues his completion of out-processing
raised a factual question of guilt which the military judge failed to resolve.

       A military judge must determine whether an adequate basis in law and fact exists
to support a guilty plea by establishing on the record that the “acts or the omissions of the
accused constitute the offense or offenses to which he is pleading guilty.”
United States v. Care, 40 C.M.R. 247, 253 (C.M.A. 1969). Acceptance of a guilty plea is
reviewed for an abuse of discretion, and questions of law arising from the plea are
reviewed de novo. United States v. Inabinette, 66 M.J. 320, 322 (C.A.A.F. 2008). We
afford significant deference to the military judge’s determination that a factual basis
exists to support the plea. Id. (citing United States v. Jordan, 57 M.J. 236, 238
(C.A.A.F. 2002)); see also United States v. Barton, 60 M.J. 62 (C.A.A.F. 2004). Among
the reasons for giving such discretion to military judges in accepting guilty pleas is the
often undeveloped factual record in such cases as compared to that of a litigated trial.
Inabinette, 66 M.J. at 322. Rejection of a guilty plea requires that the record show a
substantial basis in law and fact for questioning the providence of the plea. Id.;
United States v. Prater, 32 M.J. 433, 436 (C.M.A. 1991).

       In this case, the question of whether the appellant had authority to leave is a
question of fact, as one of the elements of the absence offense is that he was absent
“without proper authority.” Although the appellant now suggests for the first time on
appeal that out-processing personnel had the authority to authorize his departure despite
explicit direction to the contrary from his first sergeant, there is no factual basis for that
argument in the record. On the contrary, the requirement that departing personnel


                                              3                                    ACM 38530
complete and submit a relocation clearance letter signed by a unit representative indicates
that the out-processing section did not have independent authority to authorize departure
and instead relied on the units to perform that function.

       Furthermore, the military judge inquired during the colloquy whether the appellant
believed he was authorized to leave, and the appellant plainly stated that he knew he was
not:

             [Military Judge]: You had two people at the beginning of the
             day, one including your first sergeant, telling you were not
             authorized to leave?

             [Appellant]: Yes, sir.

             [Military Judge]: And then later in the day you had someone
             from, I guess, the out-processing station may have told you
             that you were clear to leave?

             [Appellant]: Yes, sir.

             [Military Judge]: So what’s your view whether you were
             clear to leave or not?

             [Appellant]: I knew that I was not cleared to leave, and as I
             said before, I made a false -- I falsified a document stating
             that I was allowed to leave.

             [Military Judge]: Okay. So the people at the out-processing
             station had told you were clear to leave based on false
             information --

             [Appellant]: Yes, sir.

             [Military Judge]:    -- that you had provided. Is that what
             you’re saying?

             [Appellant]: Yes, sir.

             [Military Judge]: Did you know you provided them false
             information?

             [Appellant]: Yes, sir.

             [Military Judge]: Okay. So you didn’t believe you were
             authorized to leave?


                                             4                                   ACM 38530
              [Appellant]: Yes, sir.

              [Military Judge]:    Did you think you were authorized to
              out-process?

              [Appellant]: No, sir.

The military judge’s determination, based on that discussion, that the appellant was not
authorized to leave was not an abuse of discretion.

        Nor do we find any basis for a defense of justification. The defense of
justification is raised when facts are elicited that suggest the acts in question were
performed pursuant to a legitimate military duty. See United States v. Rockwood,
52 M.J. 98, 112 (C.A.A.F. 1999); Rule for Courts-Martial (R.C.M.) 916(c). There are no
such facts in this case. Although a statement from out-processing personnel that a
member was authorized to depart might, if subjectively and reasonably believed, give rise
to a mistake of fact defense, it does not give rise to a defense of justification, especially
when knowingly obtained by false pretenses. The military judge is not required to
inquire into and resolve the mere possibility of a defense. United States v. Hayes,
70 M.J. 454, 458 (C.A.A.F. 2012). The military judge had no duty, on these facts, to
resolve any potential defense of justification.

       We find the military judge had an adequate basis in law and fact to support the
appellant’s guilty plea. The military judge’s findings were not an abuse of discretion,
and we find no error of law that would support overturning the acceptance of the plea.

                                  Maximum Punishment

       The appellant argues that the military judge erred in determining the maximum
punishment for one of the offenses of which he was convicted—sexual abuse of a child.
He contends that, because the President had not yet established a maximum punishment
for Article 120b(c), UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 920b(c), the maximum confinement for sexual
abuse of a child was limited to 1 year, instead of the 15 years determined by the trial
judge.    He further argues that the President’s change in the maximum sentencing
provision is improperly being applied to him retroactively, in violation of the ex post
facto clause. We disagree.

      “The maximum punishment authorized for an offense is a question of law, which
we review de novo.” United States v. Beaty, 70 M.J. 39, 41 (C.A.A.F. 2011) (citing
United States v. Ronghi, 60 M.J. 83, 84–85 (C.A.A.F. 2004); United States v. Ingham,
42 M.J. 218, 229–30 (C.A.A.F. 1995)).

      The appellant was charged with sexual abuse of a child by committing a lewd act
(exposing his genitalia using a communication device while she watched) on divers


                                              5                                    ACM 38530
occasions between 1 February 2013 and 20 May 2013, in violation of Article 120b(c),
UCMJ (2012).5 Article 120b, UCMJ, was a new paragraph criminalizing “sexual
offenses against children under the age of 16 which were previously contained in the
2007 version of Article 120” and took effect on 28 June 2012.
Manual for Courts-Martial (MCM), app. 23 at A23-16. This specific offense was not
listed in Part IV of the Manual for purposes of determining limits on maximum
punishment until the President issued an executive order on 15 May 2013, after the
appellant’s misconduct occurred but prior to his trial.6

       On appeal, both parties agree that in such circumstances, the maximum
punishment must be determined pursuant to R.C.M. 1003(c)(1)(B)(i), which is applicable
to offenses not listed in Part IV of the Manual. For those offenses, the maximum
punishment depends on whether the offense is “included in or closely related to” a listed
offense in the Manual. R.C.M. 1003(c)(1)(B); United States v. Finch, 73 M.J. 144, 147
(C.A.A.F. 2014); United States v. Beaty, 70 M.J. 39, 42 n.7 (C.A.A.F. 2011).

        The appellant argued his offense’s language “mirrors” the offense of indecent
exposure under the prior version of Article 120(n), UCMJ, 10 U.S,C § 920(n) (2007), and
thus should share its maximum punishment of one year confinement. The military judge
disagreed, finding the offense was more closely related to the prior offense of indecent
liberty with a child, Article 120(j), UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 920b(j) (2007), and therefore used
a maximum sentence of 15 years’ confinement for the offense. Using this figure, the
military judge calculated the appellant’s overall maximum sentence to include 22 years’
and one month confinement.

        Although the appellant’s asserted error is phrased as a violation of the ex post
facto clause, the appellant’s brief primarily argues the military judge erred in determining
the appropriate “closely related” offense under R.C.M. 1003(c)(1)(B)(i). Specifically, he
argues that to be “closely related,” the new specification must contain all the elements of
the listed offense, citing United States v. Beaty, 70 M.J. at 42. Since one of the elements
of the prior offense of indecent liberties was that the act occur in the “physical presence”
of the child, the appellant argues it cannot be a closely related offense to the 2012
offense.



5
  The appellant is convicted of “sexual abuse of a child” by committing a “lewd act upon [her].” Article 120b(c),
UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 920b(c). In pertinent part, “lewd act” is defined as “intentionally exposing [his] genitalia . . . to
[the] child by . . . communication technology, with an intent to . . . arouse or gratify [his] sexual desire.
Article 120b(h)(5), UCMJ, 10 U.S,C § 920b(h)(5).
6
   On 15 May 2013, the President amended Paragraph 45 of Part IV of the Manual for Courts-Martial (MCM),
establishing maximum punishments for offenses under Article 120, UCMJ, 10 U.S,C § 920. MCM, Part IV, ¶ 45
(2012 ed.); Exec. Order No. 13643, 78 Fed. Reg. 29559 (May 15, 2013). For sexual abuse of a child involving
sexual contact under Article 120b(c), UCMJ, the maximum punishment includes 20 years’ confinement and for
cases not involving sexual contact, the maximum includes 15 years’ confinement. Exec. Order No. 13643, 78 Fed.
Reg. 29559 (May 15, 2013).


                                                          6                                               ACM 38530
       We find the citation to Beaty in this instance inapposite. In Beaty, the pertinent
offense was not “included in or closely related to” an offense listed in the Manual, and
therefore R.C.M. 1003(c)(1)(B)(ii) governed the maximum punishment, not
R.C.M. 1003(c)(1)(B)(i). Beaty, 70 M.J. at 42. This provision provides that the unlisted
offense “is punishable as authorized by the United States Code.” Id.            In those
circumstances, our superior court has found no error in importing the maximum
punishment from a “directly analogous federal statute . . . when every element of the
federal crime, except the jurisdictional element, was included in the [UCMJ]
specification.” Id. at 43, citing United States v. Leonard, 64 M.J. 381, 384
(C.A.A.F. 2007); United States v. Finch, 73 M.J. 144, 148 (C.A.A.F. 2014) (stating that
the maximum punishment can be based on analogous portions of the United States Code
which address “essentially the same offenses” as UCMJ specifications).

        Although an element comparison is a logical starting point, we find that the lack of
identical elements is not dispositive when evaluating offenses within Part IV of the
Manual under R.C.M. 1003(c)(1)(B)(i). First, if every element of the new unlisted
UCMJ specification is found in an offense listed in Part IV, the new UCMJ specification
would be “included in” that Part IV offense, and its maximum would apply.
See R.C.M 1003(c)(1)(B)(i).       Second, the words “closely-related” are used in
R.C.M. 1003(c)(1)(B)(i) but not in R.C.M. 1003(c)(1)(B)(ii), evincing an intent that these
two parts of the rule be evaluated and applied differently when comparing offenses.
Furthermore, the use of this language in R.C.M. 1003(c)(1)(B)(i) clearly means that the
listed and unlisted offenses do not need to be identical or have identical elements.

        We therefore find there is no requirement that the alleged misconduct be
punishable as a violation of the applicable closely related offense. There is precedent for
this conclusion. For example, in the Article 134, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 934, context, our
superior court applied the maximum punishment for the offense of bigamy even though
the appellant could not have been convicted of that offense because he was unmarried
when he entered into a marriage with a woman whose own divorce was not final.
United States v. Bivins, 49 M.J. 328, 332 (C.A.A.F. 1998). Nonetheless, the court upheld
the conviction under the general Article 134 and then applied the maximum punishment
for bigamy “because this is the punishment authorized for the most closely-related
offense to appellant’s misconduct.” Id.; see also United States v. Kyle, 32 M.J. 724, 727
(A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 1993) (stating that if the offense is included in or closely related to a
listed offense, the maximum punishment for the listed offense applies “even though the
two crimes are not the same”). But see United States v. Tenney, 60 M.J. 838, 843 (N.M.
Ct. Crim. App. 2005) (finding a listed offense is not closely related if the appellant’s
conduct did not violate that offense).7


7
   In another context, appellate courts have considered whether offenses are “closely related” for purposes of
“uphold[ing] a conviction when the providence inquiry clearly establishes guilt of an offense different from but
closely related to the crime to which the accused has pleaded guilty.” United States v. Wright, 22 M.J. 25, 27


                                                       7                                            ACM 38530
       We believe the better approach to applying R.C.M. 1003(c)(1)(B)(i) in these
circumstances is articulated in United States v. Ramsey, 40 M.J. 71 (C.A.A.F. 1994).
There, in deciding what offense was closely related to the appellant’s crime, the court
focused on the “social cost” of the appellant’s misconduct rather than the presence or
absence of any particular element. See id. at 75. Applying the Ramsey approach, we find
indecent liberty with a child is more closely related to the appellant’s misconduct than
indecent exposure or indecent acts.8 As the military judge indicated, the predominant
social cost inflicted by the appellant was not a public display of indecency, but rather the
wrongful involvement of a child in the appellant’s indecent conduct. 9 Accordingly, the
appropriate maximum punishment for the appellant’s misconduct under
R.C.M. 1003(c)(1)(B)(i) was that listed for indecent liberties with a child for offenses
committed between 1 October 2007 and 27 June 2012: a dishonorable discharge,
15 years’ confinement, and forfeiture of all pay and allowances.

       We furthermore find unconvincing the appellant’s argument that the military
judge’s determination of the maximum punishment constituted a violation of the ex post
facto clause. Although the military judge noted the President had set the maximum
confinement for the new offense at 15 years, his discussion with counsel focused on trial
defense counsel’s argument that the punishment should be determined by comparison to
the offense of indecent exposure. The military judge’s decision was based on his
conclusion that a closely related offense existed, which is the standard under
R.C.M. 1003(c)(1)(B)(i).     Because he did not base his decision on Executive
Order 13643, the ex post facto clause is not implicated. Furthermore, as discussed above,
because the military judge did not err in determining the maximum confinement for this
offense, the application of Executive Order 13643 would not have increased the
punishment and thus would not have violated the ex post facto clause in any event. We

(C.M.A. 1986). Through this doctrine, different offenses were found to be “closely related” even though they
require proof of different elements, or were completely different statutory offenses. United States v. Felty, 12 M.J.
438, 440 (C.M.A. 1982); United States v. Graves, 20 M.J. 344, 346 (C.M.A. 1985); United States v. Epps, 25 M.J.
319, 323 (C.M.A. 1987). Our superior court recently found that the use of this doctrine to affirm a guilty plea to an
offense to which the accused has not pled guilty and which is not a lesser included offense is “inconsistent with
traditional due process notions of fair notice.” United States v. Morton, 69 M.J. 12, 16 (C.A.A.F. 2010). We find
this holding does not apply to evaluating offenses under R.C.M. 1003(c)(1)(B)(i) because, unlike the doctrine
created by this line of cases, that evaluation under R.C.M. 1003 is based on language within the Manual reflecting
the President’s use of his congressionally-delegated authority in Article 56, UCMJ, to establish limits on
punishments based on whether the offenses are “listed” or “not listed” in Part IV of the Manual.
8
  At the time of the appellant’s misconduct, there were three offenses in Part IV of the Manual that could be
considered closely related offenses: indecent liberty, indecent act, and indecent exposure, which have maximum
punishments of 15 years, 5 years, and 1 year, respectively. Article 120(j), 120(k), 120(n), 120(t)(11), 120(t)(12),
UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. §§ 920(j), 920(k), 920(n), 920(t)(11), 920(t)(12).
9
   The analysis of the 2012 changes to Article 120b, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 920b, in the Manual states “the definition[]
of . . . lewd acts [has] been broadened to cover all sexual offenses . . . covered under the 2007 version [including]
Article 120(j) [indecent liberty] to include . . . committing indecent conduct with or in the presence of a child. [It]
now include[s] offenses committed via any communication technology to encompass offenses committed via the
internet (such as exposing oneself to a child by using a webcam), cell phones, and other modern forms of
communication. This change expands the pre-2012 definition of ‘indecent liberty’ which proscribed conduct only if
committed in the physical presence of a child.” MCM, app. 23 at A23-16.


                                                          8                                               ACM 38530
find the appellant’s ex post facto argument (citing to Lindsey v. Washington, 301 U.S.
397 (1937)) inapposite.

       Lastly, even if the military judge erred in advising the appellant about the
maximum sentence he faced for his course of misconduct, we find such advice did not
materially prejudice the substantial rights of the appellant.

       If the appellant’s crime is not closely related to indecent liberty because of its
additional element, then it is closely related to indecent acts which can occur outside the
physical presence of the child. See United States v. Miller, 67 M.J. 87, 89
(C.A.A.F. 2008). That offense had a maximum sentence that included 5 years’
confinement (as well as a dishonorable discharge), thus the appellant’s maximum
confinement would have been 12 instead of 22 years. Given the facts of the case, we find
this change in the maximum sentence would not have affected the sentence adjudged by
the military judge or that approved by the convening authority.

      Furthermore, we do not find this advice rendered the appellant’s guilty plea
improvident. A plea of guilty can be improvident if it is based on a “substantial
misunderstanding on the accused’s part of the maximum punishment” he faced, but we
do not use a “mathematical formula” to determine what amounts to a “substantial”
misunderstanding. United States v. Mincey, 42 M.J. 376, 378 (C.A.A.F. 1995). Instead,
we consider “all the circumstances of the case . . . to determine whether the
misapprehension of the maximum sentence affected the guilty plea, or whether that factor
was insubstantial in [appellant’s] decision to plead” guilty. Id.

       Here, the appellant has not alleged that any misunderstanding as to the maximum
sentence was a substantial factor in his decision to plead guilty. In fact, he chose to plead
guilty without a pretrial agreement when he believed he could receive 22 years’
confinement for his offenses. In light of that, we are confident the appellant would still
have pled guilty before a military judge even if he had been informed that the maximum
sentence was 12 years. Also, we note the overwhelming evidence of guilt reflected in the
record (which included a confession by the appellant to the sexual conduct with the child
and text messages between the two) which dictated it would be in the appellant’s best
interest to accept responsibility for his offenses through a guilty plea. Additionally, he
received an adjudged sentence well below the maximum punishment of 12 years. In light
of this, we are confident that the appellant would still have pled guilty even if he was
informed that the maximum sentence he faced was 12 years.

                                        Conclusion

       The approved findings and sentence are correct in law and fact, and no error
materially prejudicial to the substantial rights of the appellant occurred. Articles 59(a)
and 66(c), UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. §§ 859(a), 866(c).



                                              9                                    ACM 38530
Accordingly, the approved findings and sentence are AFFIRMED.



            FOR THE COURT


            STEVEN LUCAS
            Clerk of the Court




                                       10                       ACM 38530
