J. A26003/15


NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION – SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA            :     IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                        :           PENNSYLVANIA
                   v.                   :
                                        :
AARON F. HARRIS JR.,                    :          No. 360 MDA 2015
                                        :
                        Appellant       :


          Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence, January 9, 2015,
              in the Court of Common Pleas of Centre County
             Criminal Division at No. CP-14-CR-0001185-2014


BEFORE: FORD ELLIOTT, P.J.E., WECHT AND PLATT,* JJ.


MEMORANDUM BY FORD ELLIOTT, P.J.E.:            FILED NOVEMBER 06, 2015

      Aaron F. Harris, Jr., appeals from the judgment of sentence of

January 9, 2015, following his conviction of two counts of delivery of a

controlled substance and one count each of possession with intent to deliver,

criminal use of a communication facility, and criminal conspiracy.1      We

affirm.

      The trial court summarized the facts of this case as follows:

            In the instant case, the testimony showed
            [appellant] possessed heroin with the intent to
            deliver over the span of the days between
            October 31, 2012 and November 5, 2012, which led
            to the charge of Possession With Intent to Deliver.
            Evidence also showed appellant completed two

* Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
1
  35 P.S. § 780-113(a)(30) and 18 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 7512(a) and 903,
respectively.
J. A26003/15


          deliveries to Timothy Wilson on October 31, 2012
          and November 2, 2012, for which he was charged
          with two counts of Delivery of a Controlled
          Substance.

          ....

          [I]ntercepted text messages and calls, surveillance
          video, and eyewitness testimony also showed
          appellant possessed heroin with the intent to deliver
          on November 3, 2012 and that the heroin appellant
          possessed was ultimately delivered to individuals at
          a nearby school and the Arena Bar and Grill that
          evening by appellant and Mr. Wilson.

          Contacts between appellant and Mr. Wilson
          established appellant was bringing heroin to
          Mr. Wilson that day, and Mr. Wilson had several
          individuals who wished to purchase said heroin.
          Once appellant arrived at Mr. Wilson’s home, a
          phone call was intercepted between Mr. Wilson and a
          Melissa Colby. During that phone call, Mr. Wilson
          indicated he had just received heroin from Appellant
          and would be using the heroin himself to test the
          quality.

          Approximately a half hour later, another phone call
          was intercepted in which Mr. Wilson and Ms. Colby
          make arrangements for Mr. Wilson and appellant to
          meet her at a nearby school for a heroin purchase,
          after he takes heroin to his paramour, Colleen
          Berrigan, who is working at the Arena Bar and Grill.
          Shortly after that phone call, Mr. Wilson and
          appellant were observed exiting appellant’s vehicle
          at the Arena and entering the restaurant. After
          appellant and Mr. Wilson left the Arena Bar and Grill,
          another phone call was intercepted in which
          Mr. Wilson indicated to Ms. Colby they had arrived at
          the Fairmont school. Ms. Colby indicated she would
          be along in a few moments to pick up the heroin.

          Evidence also demonstrated appellant possessed
          heroin with the intent to deliver on November 5,
          2012, and did in fact deliver it to Mr. Wilson at his


                                  -2-
J. A26003/15


            residence. Again, phone calls and text messages
            were intercepted between Mr. Wilson and appellant
            indicating appellant was traveling to State College
            with heroin for Mr. Wilson to distribute.       Later
            messages indicated the vehicle appellant was driving
            had a flat tire and the vehicle was consequently
            towed to a garage in Milesburg for repair. Mr. Wilson
            contacted appellant approximately a half an hour
            later via text message, asking if the vehicle had
            [been] repaired yet as he still had several people
            waiting to make heroin purchases.

            Later that evening, the vehicle appellant was driving
            was observed leaving Milesburg, stopping at a gas
            station, then leaving the gas station and turning onto
            Mr. Wilson’s street, at which point surveillance was
            discontinued.    The next day, Mr. Wilson left a
            voicemail for appellant, indicating there are many
            individuals in town who still wish to purchase heroin
            and it would be worthwhile for appellant to return to
            State College with more heroin.

Trial court opinion, 4/9/15 at 2-3.

      At the conclusion of a bench trial on October 27, 2014, appellant was

found guilty of the above offenses, and was sentenced to an aggregate of

64-200   months’    imprisonment.          The   trial   court   denied   appellant’s

post-sentence motion on February 17, 2015.               Appellant filed a notice of

appeal with the trial court on February 23, 2015, and complied with the trial

court’s order requiring appellant to produce a concise statement of errors

complained of on appeal, pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b).              The trial court

then filed its opinion on April 9, 2015.

      Appellant raises the following issues for our review:

            1.     Whether the sentence for Count Number 1,
                   Possession with Intent to Deliver Controlled


                                      -3-
J. A26003/15


                   Substance, merges with sentences for Count
                   Numbers 3 and 4, Delivery of a Controlled
                   Substance.

            2.     Whether the trial court abused its discretion by
                   admitting the testimony of Thomas Moore, a
                   so-called “expert witness” in the field of coded
                   language.

Appellant’s brief at 12.

      Our first issue is whether appellant’s sentence for possession with

intent to deliver controlled substance should merge with his two sentences

for delivery of a controlled substance.

      A question of sentence merger goes to the legality of the sentence

itself. Our standard of review is well settled: “A challenge to the legality of

the sentence may be raised as a matter of right, is non-waivable, and may

be   entertained   so      long   as   the   reviewing   court   has   jurisdiction.”

Commonwealth v. Conaway, 105 A.3d 755, 761 (Pa.Super. 2014),

appeal denied, 118 A.3d 1107 (Pa. 2015), citing Commonwealth v.

Munday, 78 A.3d 661, 664 (Pa.Super. 2013) (citations omitted).               Claims

involving sentence merger invoke the legality of the sentence. Id.

      Pursuant to the Sentencing Code, merger takes place when “crimes

arise from a single criminal act and all of the statutory elements of one

offense are included in the statutory elements of the other offense. Where

crimes merge for sentencing purposes, the court may sentence the

defendant only on the higher graded offense.” 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9765. This

court previously stated that, “in all criminal cases, the same facts may


                                         -4-
J. A26003/15


support multiple convictions and separate sentences for each conviction

except in cases where the offenses are greater and lesser included offenses.”

Commonwealth v. Williams, 958 A.2d 522, 527 (Pa.Super. 2008), quoting

Commonwealth v. Anderson, 650 A.2d 20, 22 (Pa. 1994), decision

modified on denial of reargument, 653 A.2d 615 (Pa. 1994).                        Our

supreme court defined “same facts” as “any act or acts which the accused

has performed and any intent which the accused has manifested, regardless

of whether these acts and intents are part of one criminal plan, scheme,

transaction or encounter, or multiple criminal plans, schemes[,] transactions

or encounters.”     Id. at 24.    Specific to the offenses charged in this case,

possession with the intent to deliver a controlled substance will merge with

delivery   of   a   controlled   substance   as     a   lesser   included     offense.

Commonwealth         v.   Edwards,     449   A.2d   38,   39     (Pa.Super.    1982).

Sentences, however, will not merge when “the offenses stem from two

different criminal acts.” Williams, 958 A.2d at 527 (citation omitted).

      In the instant appeal, the Commonwealth established beyond a

reasonable doubt that appellant was guilty of counts 3 and 4, both of which

were delivery of a controlled substance.            Appellant conceded that he

completed two separate transactions to Timothy Wilson on October 31, 2012

and November 2, 2012.            (Appellant’s brief at 19-20.)       Appellant also

conceded to the fact that the possession with intent to deliver charge was

applicable to appellant’s conduct from October 31 through November 5,



                                       -5-
J. A26003/15


despite the fact that appellant was not charged for delivery of a controlled

substance for transactions taking place on November 3 or November 5. (Id.

at 20.) Therefore, appellant’s first issue is without merit.2

      The second issue for our review is whether the trial court erred by

admitting Thomas Moore’s testimony as an expert witness in the field of

coded language.      Our standard for the admission of expert testimony

involving coded language in drug transactions is as follows:

            [T]he admission of evidence is within the sound
            discretion of the trial court and will not be reversed
            absent an abuse of that discretion. Commonwealth
            v. Begley, 780 A.2d 605, 620 (Pa. 2001).            In
            narcotics investigations involving legally intercepted
            telephone conversations, expert testimony regarding
            the cryptic language used is permissible.         See
            Commonwealth v. Huggins, 68 A.3d 692

2
  Although not raised as a separate issue, appellant claims that the trial
court did not have subject matter jurisdiction over this case because
appellant was never put on notice relating to the delivery of heroin on either
November 3 or November 5. (Appellant’s brief at 20.) This claim is not only
waived, but it is simply without merit. While appellant was not charged with
delivery of a controlled substance for any transaction on either November 3
or November 5, appellant had sufficient notice based on the
Commonwealth’s criminal information. The information stated the following:

                  That [appellant] did unlawfully, willfully and
            feloniously possess with intent to deliver a controlled
            substance; that is, between on or about October 31,
            2012 and November 5, 2012, in and around State
            College, Centre County, Pennsylvania, [appellant], a
            person not authorized by law to possess or deliver
            the controlled substance set forth herein, did
            feloniously possess with intent to deliver and did
            deliver heroin, a Schedule I Controlled Substance in
            Centre County, Pennsylvania . . .

R. 272.


                                      -6-
J. A26003/15


            (Pa.Super. 2013) (drug enforcement agent permitted
            to testify as both an expert, for the limited purpose
            of decoding drug jargon, and a layperson, regarding
            his personal perceptions during the investigation and
            opinion that defendant was one of the parties to the
            intercepted telephone calls); Commonwealth v.
            Doyen, 848 A.2d 1007, 1014 (Pa.Super. 2004) (“the
            coded and encrypted language utilized by drug
            traffickers” is an appropriate subject for expert
            testimony); Commonwealth v. Vitale, 664 A.2d
            999, 1001 (Pa.Super. 1995) (same). The standard
            for qualifying an expert witness is a liberal one: the
            witness need only have a reasonable pretension to
            specialized knowledge on a subject for which expert
            testimony is admissible.        Commonwealth v.
            Riffert, 549 A.2d 566, 576 (Pa.Super. 1988),
            appeal denied, 562 A.2d 825 (Pa. 1989). The
            witness’ expertise may be used in practical,
            occupational, or other experiential training; it need
            not have been gained through academic training
            alone. Id.

Commonwealth v. Kinard, 95 A.3d 279, 288 (Pa.Super. 2014) (en banc).

      Appellant raises the fact that the Commonwealth never provided an

expert report on coded language in drug transactions.        The Pennsylvania

Rules of Criminal Procedure require the Commonwealth to disclose “any

results or reports of scientific tests, expert opinions, and written or recorded

reports of polygraph examinations or other physical or mental examinations

of the defendant that are within the possession or control of the attorney

for the Commonwealth.” Pa.R.Crim.P. 573(B)(1)(e) (emphasis added). The

Rule further states that when the Commonwealth is calling an expert witness

who has not prepared a report, the trial court may, upon motion,

            order that the expert prepare, and that the attorney
            for the Commonwealth disclose, a report stating the


                                     -7-
J. A26003/15


             subject matter on which the expert is expected to
             testify; the substance of the facts to which the
             expert is expected to testify; and a summary of the
             expert's opinions and the grounds for each opinion.

Pa.R.Crim.P. 573(B)(2)(b).

        The Commonwealth’s argument that it is not required to provide

expert opinions and reports that are not in its possession or control, unless

ordered to do so by the trial court, is buttressed by the comments to the

Rules of Criminal Procedure. “[T]he trial judge has discretion, upon motion,

to order an expert who is expected to testify at trial to prepare a report.

However, these provisions are not intended to require a prepared report in

every    case.”    Pa.R.Crim.P.    573   Comment.     We   agree   with   the

Commonwealth in that appellant’s loose interpretation of the rule would

require a written report to be produced in every case, which is contrary to

the plain language of the rule affording the trial judge discretion over

whether to require an expert report be produced.      (See Commonwealth’s

brief at 14.)

        In the instant appeal, the record is silent as to whether defense

counsel ever put forward a motion requesting that the trial court order

Officer Moore to produce a report prior to the trial.       As the rule and

accompanying comment indicate, an expert report is not required in all

cases, and the decision of whether a report is required is within the

discretion of the trial court.   Here, absent a motion from defense counsel,




                                      -8-
J. A26003/15


the trial court is under no obligation to require Officer Moore to produce a

report prior to trial.

         Moreover, appellant has been unable to demonstrate that he was in

any way prejudiced by the lack of a report from Officer Moore. Specifically,

appellant notes that had he been provided with an expert report from

Officer Moore prior to the trial, he may have elected to have the case tried

before a jury. (Appellant’s brief at 30-31.) In order to be granted relief due

to   a    discovery   violation,   a   defendant   must   demonstrate   prejudice.

Commonwealth v. Hood, 872 A.2d 175, 181 (Pa.Super. 2005), appeal

denied, 997 A.2d 1175 (Pa. 2010), citing Commonwealth v. Causey, 833

A.2d 165, 171 (Pa.Super. 2003), appeal denied, 848 A.2d 927 (Pa. 2004).

Here, appellant’s claim that he may have exercised his right to a trial by jury

is nothing more than mere speculation, which is insufficient to establish any

prejudice against appellant. Therefore, appellant’s claim that the trial court

abused its discretion by admitting Officer Moore’s expert testimony is

without merit.

         Judgment of sentence affirmed.

Judgment Entered.




Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 11/6/2015



                                         -9-
