Filed 6/4/15 P. v. Mayberry CA2/8
                  NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
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              IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                     SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                 DIVISION EIGHT


THE PEOPLE,                                                          B257604

         Plaintiff and Respondent,                                   (Los Angeles County
                                                                     Super. Ct. No. NA095927)
                   v.

JAMES EDWARD MAYBERRY,

         Defendant and Appellant.



         APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County. Arthur
Jean, Jr., Judge. Affirmed as modified.


         John Alan Cohan, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant.


         Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Gerald A. Engler, Chief Assistant Attorney
General, Lance E. Winters, Assistant Attorney General, Steven D. Matthew S. and David
E. Madeo, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.


                                              __________________
       Defendant James Edward Mayberry was convicted of one count of attempting to
dissuade a witness in violation of Penal Code section 136.1, subdivision (a)(2),1 arising
out of a course of conduct in which he threatened a witness four times over a 10-day
period. Defendant contends the trial court erred in failing to sua sponte give the jury a
unanimity instruction. We conclude that no instruction was necessary, and affirm; we
also direct the abstract of judgment be modified to properly reflect the offense of which
defendant was convicted.

                           PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

       On September 27, 2013, defendant was charged by information with one count of
attempting to dissuade a witness by force or threat, in violation of Penal Code section
136.1, subdivision (c)(1). It was alleged that defendant committed this offense, “[o]n or
between May 20, 2013 and May 30, 2013.” It was also alleged that defendant had
suffered a “strike” within the meaning of the “Three Strikes” law (Pen. Code, § 1170.12)
and four prior prison terms within the meaning of Penal Code section 667.5,
subdivision (b).
       The case proceeded to jury trial. No unanimity instruction was requested or given.
The jury was instructed on the lesser included offense of attempting to dissuade a witness
(without force or threat) in violation of Penal Code section 136.1, subdivision (a)(2). The
jury found defendant not guilty of the charged offense, but guilty of the lesser included
offense. However, the verdict form presented to the jury erroneously identified the lesser
as a violation of subdivision (b)(1) of section 136.1, rather than subdivision (a)(2) of that
statute.
       A bench trial was held on the prior enhancement allegations; the trial court found
the strike and three prior prison term allegations to be true. Defendant was sentenced to a
total term of nine years in prison, calculated as the upper term of three years, doubled for



1     As we shall discuss, there is some confusion in the record as to the exact
subdivision of this statute that defendant violated.
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the strike, plus one year for each of the prior prison terms. Defendant filed a timely
notice of appeal.

                                          FACTS

       Doris Deanes was 65 years old. She used a wheelchair, although sometimes stood
behind it and pushed it, like a walker. She was on friendly terms with the homeless
population of San Pedro, of which defendant was a member. Defendant was friends with
a man named Oswaldo Tapia, who was known as “Smurf.” In February 2013, Deanes
filed a criminal report against Tapia. Subsequently, she received a summons to testify at
his preliminary hearing on June 3, 2013. Defendant then engaged in a campaign to
convince Deanes not to testify against Tapia at the preliminary hearing.
       On May 20, 2013, as Deanes was pushing her wheelchair toward a bus stop,
defendant came up behind her, called her a bitch, and demanded that she stop so he could
talk to her. Defendant told Deanes he wanted her to talk to him about getting Smurf a 25-
years-to-life sentence. Defendant told Deanes he was going to kill her and she better
leave San Pedro. He told her that he would hurt her if she called the police. He
continued to follow Deanes and threaten her until her bus arrived. He said that if she
went to court, he would kill her.
       On May 23, 2013, while Deanes was waiting at a bus stop, the conduct repeated.
Defendant called Deanes a snitch and said he was going to get rid of all the snitches.
Defendant said he would kill Deanes, so she better not go to court on Smurf and get him
“25 to life.”
       On May 24, 2013, when Deanes was attempting to purchase a hamburger for a
homeless man, defendant again approached her and made threats, referencing Deanes’s
attempt to get Smurf a lengthy sentence. He again called her a bitch and said she better
leave San Pedro. He said that if she called the police on him, she would be dead.
       On May 30, 2013, when Deanes was preparing to take the bus, defendant came up
from behind her and threatened her again. He said she better not go to court. He said he


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was going to kill her and she better leave San Pedro. He repeated that if she called the
police on him, she would be dead.
        Each time, defendant raised his voice, but he did not touch Deanes. Each
interaction ended with Deanes getting on her bus to leave, or defendant simply walking
away.
        On May 30, 2013, after the last incident, Deanes telephoned the detective in the
Tapia case and told her about defendant’s threats. The detective took a report. After
testifying at the Tapia preliminary hearing, Deanes identified defendant to police from a
photographic array.
        Defendant was arrested on June 6, 2013. He was told he was under arrest for
threats, but the arresting officer did not identify the victim. Defendant told the officer
that Deanes was “putting cases on everybody” and she was a liar. Later that day,
defendant was interviewed. When asked if he had threatened Deanes, he responded, “I
told her, if she keeps lying and putting cases on people somebody is going to do
something to her.” He added that he would never hurt Deanes.
        At trial, defendant’s sole defense witness was Timothy Stroup, a friend of his.
Stroup testified that he spent quite a bit of time with defendant between May 20 and May
30, 2013, and that, during this time, not only did defendant not threaten Deanes, but
Deanes threatened defendant. Stroup claimed that, on seven instances during the 10-day
period, Deanes approached defendant and Stroup. First, she told them that she was going
to testify against Smurf. Then Deanes threatened to call the police on defendant, to say
that he was threatening her. Each time, defendant asked Deanes to leave him alone.
Deanes smelled of alcohol on each occasion. Stroup’s credibility was challenged, in that
he admitted that he had used methamphetamine every two to three days during 2013,
although he claimed that he was not using during those 10 days because he was sick.
Stroup also initially testified that he never spoke with defendant after May 30, 2013, then
admitted on cross-examination to having discussed this case with defendant multiple
times, Finally, on redirect, he decided he had spoken with defendant only once, when he
ran into defendant in jail and learned about this case.

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                                      DISCUSSION

1.      The Court Did Not Err in Failing to Instruct on Unanimity

        A criminal conviction requires a unanimous jury verdict. The jurors must
unanimously agree that the defendant is criminally responsible for one discrete criminal
event. (People v. Thompson (1995) 36 Cal.App.4th 843, 850.) When the pleading
charges a single criminal act and the evidence shows more than one such act, either the
prosecution must elect the act relied upon to prove the charge or the jury must be
instructed on unanimity.2 (Ibid.) When the prosecution has not made an election, but the
evidence shows more than one act that could constitute the offense, the court must
instruct on unanimity sua sponte. (People v. Dieguez (2001) 89 Cal.App.4th 266, 274-
275.)
        However, no unanimity instruction is required where the multiple acts constitute a
continuous course of conduct. This exception arises in two situations. First, it arises
when the criminal statute contemplates a continuous course of conduct of a series of
events over a period of time. (People v. Napoles (2002) 104 Cal.App.4th 108, 115.)
Alternatively, it applies when the acts alleged are so closely connected as to form part of
one continuing transaction or course of conduct. (People v. Dieguez, supra,
89 Cal.App.4th at p. 275.) Both of these exceptions apply in this case.
        First, in People v. Salvato (1991) 234 Cal.App.3d 872, 883, it was held that
dissuading a witness under Penal Code section 136.1 is an offense which criminalizes a
continuing course of conduct. Considering the statutory language, the court concluded
that section 136.1 focuses on “an unlawful goal or effect, the prevention of testimony,
rather than on any particular action taken to produce that end.” (Salvato, at p. 883.) The

2      For example, CALCRIM No. 3500 states: “The defendant is charged with ______
[in Count ____] [sometime during the period of _____ to _____]. [¶] The People have
presented evidence of more than one act to prove that the defendant committed this
offense. You must not find the defendant guilty unless you all agree that the People have
proved that the defendant committed at least one of these acts and you all agree on which
act (he/she) committed.”
                                             5
statute prohibits attempts to “prevent or dissuade” witnesses from testifying. (§ 136.1.)
“ ‘Prevent’ and ‘dissuade’ denote conduct which can occur over a period of time as well
as instantaneously. The gravamen of the offense is the cumulative outcome of any
number of acts, any one of which alone might not be criminal. Thus it falls within the
continuous conduct exception, and no election or unanimity instruction was required.”
(Salvato, at p. 883.)
       Second, defendant’s four acts of attempting to dissuade Deanes were so closely
connected as to form one continuing course of conduct. This exception applies when the
defendant offers essentially the same defense to each of the acts and there is no
reasonable basis for the jury to distinguish between them. (People v. Dieguez, supra,
89 Cal.App.4th at p. 275.) Here, over ten days, defendant engaged in a campaign to
frighten Deanes into not testifying against Tapia at his upcoming preliminary hearing.
Nothing distinguished the four individual threatening incidents from each other;
defendant made virtually identical threats under similar circumstances. Moreover,
defendant offered the same defense to each act: Stroup’s testimony that it was Deanes
who was the threatener and defendant the victim.
       Finally, even if it was error for the court to fail to give a unanimity instruction, the
error was harmless. There is a split in authority as to whether the standard of review of
People v. Watson (1956) 46 Cal.2d 818, 836 or the stricter standard of Chapman v.
California (1967) 386 U.S. 18 applies. (People v. Wolfe (2003) 114 Cal.App.4th 177,
185-186.) Even under the harmless beyond a reasonable doubt standard of Chapman, the
error was harmless. Applying this test, we look at the evidence given to assess the impact
of the error. (Wolfe, at p. 188.) The error is harmless if disagreement among the jurors
concerning the specific acts proved is not reasonably probable. This will occur when the
prosecution provided testimony of a pattern of acts, and the defense presented an outright
denial. In such a case, the jury issue is simply one of credibility, and it is not reasonably
likely the jury would disagree as to particular acts. (People v. Napoles, supra,
104 Cal.App.4th at pp. 119-120.) This is such a case. Deanes testified to a pattern of
four similar acts. There were no other witnesses who testified to any of these threats.

                                               6
Defendant’s defense was an all-or-nothing assault on Deanes’s credibility. Defense
counsel began his closing argument with, “Doris Deanes is a liar.” There was no
reasoned basis on which one juror could have accepted Deanes’s testimony as to one
event and rejected on it on another, while another juror would have done the same as to
different events. Because the jury convicted defendant, it is clear beyond a reasonable
doubt that the jury accepted Deanes’s testimony and rejected Stroup’s; thus, it must have
found all of the acts occurred.

2.     The Abstract Must Be Modified

       Penal Code section 136.1, subdivision (a)(2), prohibits attempting to dissuade a
witness from attending or giving testimony at any trial or proceeding authorized by law.
Subdivision (b)(1) of that statute prohibits attempting to dissuade a victim or witness
from reporting a crime. Subdivision (c)(1) prohibits violating any of the acts set forth in
subdivision (a) or (b) by force or threat of force.
       Defendant was charged with violation of Penal Code section 136.1, subdivision
(c)(1), attempting by force or threat to dissuade a victim from testifying. The jury was
also instructed on the lesser included offense of attempting to dissuade a witness from
“[a]ttending or giving testimony at any trial, proceeding, or inquiry authorized by law”
without force. However, the court erroneously identified this offense as a violation of
subdivision (b)(1), rather than subdivision (a)(2). Defendant was found guilty of the
lesser offense.
       The abstract of judgment does not indicate that defendant was convicted of Penal
Code section 136.1, subdivision (a)(2); nor does it indicate defendant was convicted of
subdivision (b)(1). Instead, it erroneously indicates defendant was convicted of violating
subdivision (c)(1), described as “dissuad[i]ng witn[es]s by force/threat,” although
defendant was actually acquitted of this offense. The abstract must therefore be modified
to reflect conviction of Penal Code section 136.1, subdivision (a)(2), attempting to
dissuade a witness without force or threat.


                                              7
                                     DISPOSITION

       The superior court is directed to modify the abstract of judgment to reflect that
defendant was convicted of attempting to dissuade a witness under Penal Code section
136.1, subdivision (a)(2), and not attempting to dissuade a witness by force or threat
under Penal Code section 136.1, subdivision (c)(1). As modified, the judgment is
affirmed.



                                                 RUBIN, ACTING P. J.
WE CONCUR:



              FLIER, J.



              GRIMES, J.




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