                   United States Court of Appeals
                            FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                  ___________

                                  No. 09-3740
                                  ___________

United States of America,           *
                                    *
              Appellee,             *
                                    *
                                    * Appeal from the United States
           v.                       * District Court for the District
                                    * of North Dakota.
Miguel Angel Zamudio-Orosco, also   *
known as Juan Zamudio-Orosco, also *     [UNPUBLISHED]
known as Miguel Zamudio,            *
                                    *
               Appellant.           *
                               ___________

                             Submitted: October 22, 2010
                                Filed: December 23, 2010
                                 ___________

Before MURPHY, BEAM, and BENTON, Circuit Judges.
                           ___________

PER CURIAM.

      Following a jury trial, Miguel Angel Zamudio-Orosco was convicted of
conspiracy to distribute more than 500 grams of a substance containing
methamphetamine. Zamudio appeals his conviction on several grounds. We affirm.
I.    BACKGROUND

        On December 11, 2008, Zamudio was charged in a one-count indictment with
conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute and to distribute a controlled substance
in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 846 and 841(a)(1). In August 2009, Zamudio was tried
by a jury in federal district court. At trial, the government presented evidence of a
conspiracy that occurred between January 2002 and August 2007. Several witnesses
testified that Zamudio played a leadership role during the early stages of the
methamphetamine-distribution conspiracy, arranging for drugs to be transported from
sources in California and Washington to North Dakota where they were sold by
dealers. In June 2003, Zamudio was incarcerated on a charge unrelated to the
conspiracy. The government presented evidence that the conspiracy continued after
Zamudio's arrest, under the leadership of Zamudio's associate Miguel "Tony" Chavez.
Witnesses testified that Zamudio continued to participate in the conspiracy from jail,
speaking by telephone to conspiracy members and getting a share of the drug-sale
profits. Testimony also revealed that, in 2005, several conspiracy members decided
that Zamudio–who was still incarcerated–should be "cut out" of the profits.

      At the conclusion of a week-long trial, the jury found Zamudio guilty. On
November 13, 2009, the district court1 held a sentencing hearing and, because
Zamudio had been convicted of at least two prior felonies, imposed a mandatory life
sentence. Zamudio filed the instant appeal, challenging his conviction on several
grounds.




      1
        The Honorable Ralph R. Erickson, Chief Judge, United States District Court
for the District of North Dakota.

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II.   DISCUSSION

       Zamudio first argues the district court erred by not instructing the jury about
the availability of a conspiracy-withdrawal defense. We review the jury instructions
given by a district court for an abuse of discretion. B & B Hardware, Inc. v. Hargis
Indus., 252 F.3d 1010, 1012-13 (8th Cir. 2001).2 A defendant is entitled to an
instruction on a defense only if the proposed instruction is supported by evidence.
United States v. Adams, 401 F.3d 886, 898 (8th Cir. 2005). Withdrawing from a
conspiracy requires taking an affirmative step, either by going to authorities or
communicating withdrawal in a manner reasonably calculated to reach co-
conspirators. United States v. Jackson, 345 F.3d 638, 648 (8th Cir. 2003). Zamudio
argues he withdrew from the conspiracy when he was incarcerated, but incarceration
alone does not effectuate withdrawal, United States v. Perez-Guerrero, 334 F.3d 778,
782-83 (8th Cir. 2003), and the government presented evidence Zamudio continued
to participate in the conspiracy from prison. Although there is evidence that Zamudio
was cut out of the conspiracy's profits in 2005, evidence that a co-conspirator ceased
to be an active participant is not itself evidence of withdrawal. United States v.
Zimmer, 299 F.3d 710, 718 (8th Cir. 2002). Zamudio points to no evidence that
suggests he took any affirmative step to withdrawal. Thus, the district court did not
abuse its discretion by refusing to give a withdrawal-defense instruction.

       Second, Zamudio argues that there is no evidence that he was part of any
conspiracy during the five years prior to his December 2008 indictment and that,
therefore, there is insufficient evidence to support a conviction within the five-year
statute of limitations. Acknowledging the government's evidence that at least some


      2
         The government argues Zamudio did not object to the final written jury
instructions and, thus, we should review only for plain error. Zamudio argues that,
read as a whole, the record indicates he made his opposition to the instruction clear
to the trial judge and we should, therefore, review for abuse of discretion. Because the
district court acted properly under either standard, we do not resolve this issue.

                                          -3-
of his co-conspirators continued distributing methamphetamine until 2007, Zamudio
argues that either there were multiple conspiracies and that he only participated in the
first conspiracy, which ended in June 2003, or that if there was a single conspiracy
that existed between 2002 and 2007, he withdrew from that conspiracy in June 2003.
 We review all evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict and reverse only if
no reasonable jury could have found Zamudio guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.
United States v. Shepard, 462 F.3d 847, 866-67 (8th Cir. 2006).

       There is sufficient evidence to support the finding that a single conspiracy
existed from 2002 to 2007. The issue of whether a single conspiracy or multiple
conspiracies existed is a question for the jury. United States v. Adipietro, 983 F.2d
1468, 1475 (8th Cir. 1993). Jury Instruction Number 16 properly instructed the jury
on the law regarding multiple conspiracies, and the government presented testimony
showing that the purpose of the conspiracy, the location of the conspiracy, and most
of the participants in the conspiracy remained constant between 2002 and 2007. The
jury reasonably concluded that only one conspiracy existed. The evidence was also
sufficient to support a finding that Zamudio did not withdraw and, thus, remained a
member of the conspiracy until 2007. As explained above, the evidence did not
support giving a withdrawal-defense instruction. A reasonable jury could have found
Zamudio was a member of a conspiracy during the limitations period.

       Zamudio further argues the government made improper statements during
closing argument. Because Zamudio did not object to any of these statements at trial,
we review only for plain error. United States v. Crawford, 523 F.3d 858, 861 n.3 (8th
Cir. 2008). A prosecutor's statements are improper if they are "likely to inflame bias
in the jury and to result in a verdict based on something other than the evidence." Id.
at 861. None of the statements Zamudio identified were improper and certainly none
were sufficiently egregious to warrant reversal under plain-error review.




                                          -4-
       Finally, although Zamudio is represented by counsel, he also submitted a pro
se brief that included a number of arguments challenging his conviction and sentence.
We have considered these arguments and find each to be either repetitive of the
arguments addressed above or otherwise unconvincing.

III.   CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, we affirm.
                       ______________________________




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