                                                                                        07/23/2018
               IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                           AT NASHVILLE
                           Assigned on Briefs July 3, 2017

  PRIMARY RESIDENTIAL MORTGAGE, INC. v. SHERI BAKER ET AL.

                 Appeal from the Circuit Court for Davidson County
                    No. 15C2257 Joseph P. Binkley, Jr., Judge
                     ___________________________________

                           No. M2016-01786-COA-R3-CV
                       ___________________________________


Plaintiff sued a defendant for filing an unauthorized financing statement. Defendant filed
a motion to dismiss and later a motion to disqualify the judge, both of which were denied.
The court also ordered Defendant to file an answer. When Defendant failed to comply,
the court granted Plaintiff’s motion for a default judgment. Defendant’s husband
intervened shortly thereafter, claiming that he filed the financing statement. Defendant’s
husband likewise filed a motion to dismiss and a later motion to disqualify. The court
denied both motions and ordered husband to file an answer. When Husband failed to do
so, the court granted Plaintiff’s motion for a default judgment against Husband. Husband
filed a motion to set aside the default judgment, which was denied. This appeal followed.
We affirm. Deeming this appeal frivolous, we award Plaintiff attorney’s fees incurred on
appeal.

Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Circuit Court Affirmed and
                                 Case Remanded

W. NEAL MCBRAYER, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which JOHN W.
MCCLARTY and ARNOLD B. GOLDIN, JJ., joined.

Sheri Baker and Deryl Baker, Nashville, Tennessee, appellants, pro se.

James A. DeLanis and Macy R. Climo, Nashville, Tennessee, for the appellee, Primary
Residential Mortgage, Inc.
                                             OPINION

                                                   I

        In December 2011, a financing statement, otherwise known as a UCC-1, was filed
listing Primary Residential Mortgage (“PRMI”) and JP Morgan Chase Bank NA as
debtors. The financing statement listed “sheri [sic] L Jones” as the secured party.
Counsel for PRMI informed the secured party of record twice in writing that she was not
authorized to file the financing statement. Counsel also demanded the filing of an
amendment terminating the financing statement.

       In response to its first missive, counsel received a typewritten response declining
the request to terminate the financing statement. Instead, the response stated “I welcome
and encourage any legal action, as I am prepared to defend my position, that’s a can of
worms the American people would love to see opened.” The letter closed, “Sheri Baker
aka Jones, SECURED PARTY CREDITOR.”

       Rising to the challenge, PRMI filed a complaint in the Circuit Court for Davidson
County, Tennessee, against Ms. Baker alleging slander of title and the willful filing of a
false financing statement. PRMI sought an order requiring Ms. Baker to file a
termination statement under Tennessee Code Annotated § 47-9-513(c), statutory damages
of $500 under Tennessee Code Annotated § 47-9-625(e)(3), actual damages, and costs
and attorney’s fees.

       In response, Ms. Baker filed a motion to dismiss based on lack of personal
jurisdiction.1 Among other things, Ms. Baker argued that the court lacked personal
jurisdiction because her husband Deryl Baker “mistakenly” filed the financing statement
under her name. And she claimed that Mr. Baker, not her, answered PRMI’s letters.
Ms. Baker filed affidavits of Mr. Baker and herself in support of the motion.

        In the alternative, Ms. Baker argued that she could not “reasonably admit or deny
to illusory, gibberish allegation that’s been plead ambiguously.” Specifically, she argued
that the complaint was vague because it did not identify the correct defendant, the
damages suffered, the specific collateral purportedly encumbered, and the false
statements in the financing statement.

      The court denied Ms. Baker’s motion to dismiss and ordered her to file an answer.
The court also warned that it would entertain a motion for default judgment. When
Ms. Baker failed to respond by the deadline, PRMI filed a motion for entry of a default
judgment. Ms. Baker did not respond to the motion nor did she attend the hearing on the

        1
          Ms. Baker also moved to dismiss for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted,
but the denial of this relief is not an issue on appeal.
                                                   2
motion. Instead, she filed a motion to disqualify the judge under Rule 10B of the Rules
of the Supreme Court of Tennessee. Among other things, Ms. Baker asserted that the
judge “practiced law from the Bench, by suggestion to Ms. Baker that her motion was not
proper, and she should answer the complaint, acting like a co-counsel for the plaintiff.”

        The court denied Ms. Baker’s motion to disqualify and granted PRMI’s motion for
entry of a default. The court also awarded PRMI statutory damages of $500 and ordered
Ms. Baker to pay all reasonable costs incurred, including attorney’s fees to be determined
at a later hearing.

        A few days later, Mr. Baker filed a motion to intervene under Rule 24.01(2) of the
Tennessee Rules of Civil Procedure, which the court granted. The court ordered PRMI to
file an amended complaint and Mr. Baker to respond.

      PRMI filed an amended complaint. After seeking and obtaining an extension of
time to respond, Mr. Baker filed an untimely motion to dismiss. As grounds for
dismissal, Mr. Baker asserted “lack of subject, personal, and territory jurisdiction.”

       The court denied Mr. Baker’s motion to dismiss and ordered him to file an answer.
Following a similar playbook to Ms. Baker, one day before the answer was due,
Mr. Baker filed a motion to disqualify the trial judge. Mr. Baker alleged that the judge
“refus[ed] to answer questions directed to the court” and “practice[d] law from the
Bench, by interrupting Mr. Baker during his pleading, [and] by asking personal irrelevant
questions to Mr. Baker.”

       The court denied Mr. Baker’s motion to disqualify. PRMI subsequently filed a
motion for entry of default judgment against Mr. Baker. The court granted PRMI’s
motion for default judgment, ordering Mr. Baker to file a termination statement, pay
statutory damages of $500, pay damages and costs, including attorney’s fees to be
determined at a later hearing.

       Mr. Baker filed a motion for relief from the “tainted” judgment purportedly under
Rule 60.02 of the Tennessee Rules of Civil Procedure. Mr. Baker alleged fraud and that
the judgment was void. The court later denied this motion.

        As to damages, the court ruled that Mr. and Ms. Baker were jointly and severally
liable for attorney’s fees and expenses totaling $11,441.75 and statutory damages under
Tennessee Code Annotated § 47-9-625(c) in the amount of $500. The court also awarded
pre- and post-judgment interest. The court awarded a judgment of $10,496.27 against
Mr. Baker only for attorney’s fees and expenses incurred by PRMI following Mr. Baker’s
intervention in the case.


                                            3
                                                   II

       The Bakers raise several issues and make several arguments on appeal. As we
perceive it, the dispositive issues are whether the court erred in denying (1) their motions
to dismiss, (2) their motions to disqualify, and (3) Mr. Baker’s motion to revise.2

                                      A. MOTIONS TO DISMISS

       The court denied both motions to dismiss, determining that it had both subject
matter and personal jurisdiction. A court’s subject matter jurisdiction may be challenged
under Rule 12.02(1). Subject matter jurisdiction is “a court’s lawful authority to
adjudicate a controversy brought before it.” Northland Ins. Co. v. State, 33 S.W.3d 727,
729 (Tenn. 2000). It can be conferred “by constitutional or legislative act.” Id. This
determination is a question of law, which we review de novo with no presumption of
correctness. Id.

        We conclude that the circuit court had jurisdiction over the subject matter of the
litigation under Tennessee Code Annotated § 16-10-101 (2009). The Bakers have not
cited any legal authority to the contrary nor have they made out any cogent argument that
the court lacked subject matter jurisdiction. As such, the court did not err in denying
their motions to dismiss on this ground.

       The Bakers also challenged the court’s exercise of personal jurisdiction. A
defendant may challenge the court’s exercise of personal jurisdiction by way of a Rule
12.02(2) motion to dismiss. Gordon v. Greenview Hosp., Inc., 300 S.W.3d 635, 643
(Tenn. 2009). If a defendant chooses to and properly supports its motion with affidavits
or other evidentiary materials, the plaintiff must then “establish its prima facie showing
of personal jurisdiction over the defendant by filing its own affidavits or other written
evidence.” Id. at 644. The “[f]iling [of] affidavits or other evidentiary materials to
support or oppose a Tenn. R. Civ. P. 12.02(2) motion does not convert the motion into a
motion for summary judgment.” Id. In considering this motion, the court must “take as
true the allegations of the nonmoving party and resolve all factual disputes in its favor.”
Chenault v. Walker, 36 S.W.3d 45, 56 (Tenn. 2001). The complaint should not be
dismissed unless “all of the specific facts alleged by the plaintiff collectively fail to state
a prima facie case for jurisdiction.” Mfrs. Consolidation Serv., Inc. v. Rodell, 42 S.W.3d
846, 855 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2000). Making such a determination presents a question of law;
thus, our review of a trial court’s grant or denial of the motion is de novo, with no
presumption of correctness. Gordon, 300 S.W.3d at 645.
        2
          The Bakers also argue that the court erred in not “void[ing]” the default judgment against
Ms. Baker and for adjudging the Bakers jointly and severally liable for the statutory penalty. The Bakers
did not include these issues in their statement of the issues; as such, we deem the issues waived. See
Hodge v. Craig, 382 S.W.3d 325, 335 (Tenn. 2012) (“[A]n issue may be deemed waived when it is
argued in the brief but is not designated as an issue in accordance with Tenn. R. App. P. 27(a)(4).”).
                                                   4
       The complaint and amended complaint alleged that both Mr. and Ms. Baker reside
in Davidson County, Tennessee. A Tennessee court may exercise personal jurisdiction
over “[a] person domiciled in . . . the state as to any claim for relief.” Tenn. Code Ann.
§ 20-2-222(1) (2009); State ex rel. Belford v. Green, No. E2004-00311-COA-R3-JV,
2005 WL 1950121, at *2 (Tenn. Ct. App. Aug. 15, 2005) (“It is axiomatic that Tennessee
courts have personal jurisdiction over Tennessee residents who are served within this
State.”); see also Pennoyer v. Neff, 95 U.S. 714, 722 (1877) (“[E]very State possesses
exclusive jurisdiction and sovereignty over persons and property within its territory.”).
Here, Mr. and Ms. Baker do not deny that they are Tennessee residents, and in his
affidavit, Mr. Baker admitted receiving and responding to a letter addressed to Ms. Baker
in Nashville. We also note that Mr. Baker intervened in this case. “Jurisdiction of the
person is obtained . . . by the voluntary appearance of the party in the progress of the
cause.” Cooper v. Reynolds, 77 U.S. 308, 316-17 (1870).

        Two issues concerning the court’s denial of the motion to dismiss are unique to
Ms. Baker. First, she complains that she was not permitted to make her arguments at the
hearing on the motion to dismiss. “It is well-established that an appellate court is
precluded from considering an issue when the record does not contain a transcript or
statement of what transpired in the trial court with respect to that issue.” State v. Draper,
800 S.W.2d 489, 493 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1990). Ms. Baker did not supply us with a
transcript of the hearing at issue to confirm her version of what transpired. “We cannot
simply assume that the recited facts are true.” Tenn. Firearms Ass’n v. Metro. Gov’t of
Nashville & Davidson Cty., No. M2016-01782-COA-R3-CV, 2017 WL 2590209, at *5
n.2 (Tenn. Ct. App. June 15, 2017). As such, we decline to grant Ms. Baker relief as to
this issue.

       Finally, Ms. Baker argues the court did not consider her alternative request for a
more definite statement. Although the court’s order denying her motion to dismiss did
not rule on Ms. Baker’s alternative request for a more definite statement, the court
implicitly rejected this alternative ground by ordering her to answer PRMI’s complaint.
Cf. Burlew v. Burlew, 40 S.W.3d 465, 469 (Tenn. 2001) (“The trial court’s order makes
no mention of rehabilitative alimony, but the court implicitly considered and rejected the
Wife’s request for such alimony because her expert . . . specifically testified that she
needed rehabilitative alimony so as not to deplete her share of the marital property.”).
We review a court’s grant or denial of a request for a more definite statement under the
abuse of discretion standard. Heath v. Cornelius, 511 S.W.2d 683, 685 (Tenn. 1974).

       A complaint must contain “a short and plain statement of the claim showing that
the pleader is entitled to relief” and “a demand for judgment for the relief the pleader
seeks.” Tenn. R. Civ. P. 8.01. The complaint “must be sufficiently intelligible for the
court to be able to make out one or more potentially viable legal theories on which the
claimant might proceed.” Williamson Cty. v. Twin Lawn Dev. Co., 498 S.W.2d 317, 320
                                            5
(Tenn. 1973). A request for a more definite statement is appropriate if the complaint is
“so vague or ambiguous that the opposing party cannot respond, even with a simple
denial, in good faith or without prejudice to himself.” Id.

      The trial court did not abuse its discretion. Here, the complaint stated the relief
PRMI sought and the general factual basis for this relief. This satisfied Rule 8.01. And
we do not find the complaint vague or ambiguous.

                               B. MOTIONS TO DISQUALIFY

        Rule 10B of the Rules of the Supreme Court of Tennessee governs appeals from
the denial of a motion for a judge’s disqualification or recusal. Rule 10B § 1.01 provides
that the motion to recuse “shall be supported by an affidavit under oath or a declaration
under penalty of perjury on personal knowledge.” Tenn. Sup. Ct. R. 10B § 1.01. We
have interpreted this language as mandatory. Johnston v. Johnston, No. E2015-00213-
COA-T10B-CV, 2015 WL 739606, at *2 (Tenn. Ct. App. Feb. 20, 2015). We review a
trial judge’s ruling on a recusal motion “under a de novo standard of review.” Tenn. Sup.
Ct. R. 10B § 2.01. Both of the Bakers’ motions to disqualify failed to comply with the
requirements of the rules. As such, the record is insufficient to support a finding of error
on the part of the trial court in denying both motions.

       Ms. Baker complains that the judge denied her motion to disqualify without a
hearing. Rule 10B sets forth “[t]he procedures . . . [that] shall be employed to determine
whether a judge should preside over a case.” Tenn. Sup. Ct. R. 10B. After a party files a
motion for recusal as outlined above, “the judge shall act promptly by written order and
either grant or deny the motion.” Id. § 1.03. The rule further provides that, “[i]f the
motion is denied, the judge shall state in writing the grounds upon which he or she denies
the motion.” Id. Nothing in Rule 10B requires that the judge hold a hearing on the
motion before ruling on it. And we have previously rejected the same argument. See In
re Samuel P., No. W2016-01592-COA-T10B-CV, 2016 WL 4547543, at *7 (Tenn. Ct.
App. Aug. 31, 2016).

                                  C. MOTION TO REVISE

        Although styled as a Rule 60.02 motion, Mr. Baker’s motion, filed after the entry
of default judgment but before entry of the final order resolving the amount of damages,
was essentially a Rule 54.02 motion to revise. See Discover Bank v. Morgan, 363
S.W.3d 479, 489-90 (Tenn. 2012). We review the lower court’s ruling on a motion to
revise under the abuse of discretion standard. Id. at 487. We conclude the court did not
err in denying Mr. Baker’s motion to revise.

       Mr. Baker first argues that the court erred by ruling on the motion without a
hearing. But Mr. Baker did not bother to answer the motion for default judgment nor did
                                           6
he show up to the hearing. Under these circumstances, we conclude the court did not
abuse its discretion in ruling on the motion to revise without a hearing. See Sullivan v.
Parham, No. 85-113-II, 1985 WL 3542, at *2 (Tenn. Ct. App. Nov. 6, 1985).

        Mr. Baker next argues that the order should be revised based on fraud. According
to Mr. Baker, PRMI and its previous counsel “submitted perjured testimony” leading the
court to believe that PRMI had an interest in the collateral at issue and “suffered a loss.”
Based on his failure to file an answer and deny the allegations in the amended complaint,
Mr. Baker cannot now argue that the complaint contains false factual allegations in an
attempt to set aside the entry of default judgment. “Default judgment . . . is available
when a party against whom a judgment or affirmative relief is sought fails to plead or
otherwise defend.” Walker v. Baker, 738 S.W.2d 194, 196 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1987) (citing
Tenn. R. Civ. P. 55). That is exactly what happened here, and we conclude there was no
error in granting the default.

       Mr. Baker finally argues that the default judgment order was void. “[A] . . .
decree is void and subject to collateral attack only where the trial court lacks general
jurisdiction of the subject matter, rules on an issue wholly outside of the pleadings, or
lacks jurisdiction over the party complaining.” Gentry v. Gentry, 924 S.W.2d 678, 680
(Tenn. 1996); see also Hood v. Jenkins, 432 S.W.3d 814, 825 (Tenn. 2013); Brown v.
Brown, 281 S.W.2d 492, 497 (Tenn. 1955) (concluding that in the absence of subject
matter jurisdiction, a court cannot enter a valid, enforceable order). Based on our
conclusion that the court had both personal and subject matter jurisdiction and our review
of the pleading, this argument also lacks merit.

                                  E. FRIVOLOUS APPEAL

       PRMI asserts that this appeal is frivolous, and thus it is entitled to damages,
including costs, interest, and expenses incurred on appeal. Under Tennessee Code
Annotated § 27-1-122 (2017), an appellate court may award damages against an appellant
if an appeal is frivolous or taken solely for delay. The statute authorizing an award of
damages for frivolous appeals “must be interpreted and applied strictly so as not to
discourage legitimate appeals.” See Davis v. Gulf Ins. Grp., 546 S.W.2d 583, 586 (Tenn.
1977) (citing the predecessor to Tennessee Code Annotated § 27-1-122).

       We find this appeal to be frivolous. A frivolous appeal is one “utterly devoid of
merit,” Combustion Eng’g, Inc. v. Kennedy, 562 S.W.2d 202, 205 (Tenn. 1978), or that
has “no reasonable chance of success.” Davis, 546 S.W.2d at 586. As our supreme court
has observed,

       [An] appeal is recognizable on its face as devoid of merit [when i]t presents
       no justiciable questions—neither debatable questions of law nor findings of
       fact not clearly supported. It is difficult to believe that such an appeal
                                             7
       could serve any purpose other than harassment. . . . In the words of
       Abraham Lincoln [such an] appeal is ‘as thin as the boiled shadow of a
       homeopathic pigeon.’

Id. Such is the case here.

                                           III.

       Based on the foregoing, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court in all respects.
We also grant Primary Residential Mortgage, Inc. its request for damages incurred on
appeal. We remand this case to the circuit court for assessment of the proper amount of
damages under the statute.


                                                  _________________________________
                                                  W. NEAL MCBRAYER, JUDGE




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