                                   STATE OF MINNESOTA

                                    IN SUPREME COURT

                                              A13-2350


Original Jurisdiction                                                             Per Curiam

In re Petition for Disciplinary Action against
Herbert Azubuike Igbanugo, a Minnesota                                 Filed: May 20, 2015
Attorney, Registration No. 191139.                                Office of Appellate Courts

                                  _______________________

Martin A. Cole, Director, Timothy M. Burke, Senior Assistant Director, Office of
Lawyers Professional Responsibility, Saint Paul, Minnesota.

Herbert Azubuike Igbanugo, Minneapolis, Minnesota, pro se.
                           ________________________

                                        SYLLABUS

       A 90-day suspension is the appropriate sanction for an attorney who, among other

things, failed to communicate with clients, failed to credit client fees, attempted to collect

fees that had already been paid, failed to diligently represent clients, and sent harassing

letters in an effort to collect legal fees.

                                          OPINION

PER CURIUM.

       The Director of the Office of Lawyers Professional Responsibility (Director) filed

a Petition for Disciplinary Action against respondent Herbert Azubuike Igbanugo,

alleging, among other things, that Igbanugo failed to communicate with clients, failed to

credit client fees, attempted to collect fees that had already been paid, failed to diligently



                                                 1
represent clients, and sent harassing letters in an effort to collect legal fees. The referee

concluded that Igbanugo’s conduct violated the Minnesota Rules of Professional

Conduct, found several aggravating factors, and recommended that Igbanugo be

suspended from the practice of law for 90 days. We conclude that Igbanugo committed

professional misconduct that warrants a 90-day suspension.

       Igbanugo began practicing law in Minnesota in 1988 and has been subject to

professional discipline on three previous occasions. Much of Igbanugo’s law practice has

been in the immigration area, and the referee made the following findings with respect to

each of these matters: (1) Y.I. and A.I.; (2) K.A.; (3) R.R. and K.R.; and (4) D.L.1

Y.I. and A.I. Matter

       This matter involves a fee dispute. In 1995 Y.I. and A.I., a married couple,

lawfully entered the United States. In June 2002 Y.I. and A.I. retained Igbanugo and his

law firm at the time, Blackwell Igbanugo Engen & Saffold P.A, to file an asylum claim.

Y.I.’s and A.I.’s native language is Russian, and an interpreter was present during some

of their meetings with Igbanugo. Over the years, Y.I. and A.I. entered into a number of

legal services contracts with the firm and its successor, Blackwell Igbanugo P.A. After

the dissolution of Blackwell Igbanugo P.A., Y.I. and A.I. retained Igbanugo Partners

International Law Firm PLLC (Igbanugo Partners) for legal representation. Igbanugo is

the sole shareholder and partner of Igbanugo Partners.




1
       The referee found no misconduct in two other client matters. Those findings have
not been challenged in this appeal.

                                             2
       As Y.I.’s and A.I.’s attorney, Igbanugo represented Y.I. and A.I. in a number of

matters pursuant to the various legal services agreements with Blackwell Igbanugo P.A.

and Igbanugo Partners.     Over the course of the representation, Y.I. and A.I. made

monthly payments for their attorney fees. In April 2007 on appeal from the immigration

court’s denial of Y.I.’s and A.I.’s asylum petition, the United States Court of Appeals for

the Eighth Circuit granted Y.I. and A.I. asylum. In June 2007 Igbanugo Partners and Y.I.

and A.I. entered into a “rider to contract for legal services.” The rider supplemented an

earlier fee agreement with Blackwell Igbanugo P.A. and provided as follows:

       In consideration of the professional services to be rendered by IGBANUGO
       PARTNERS and our discounted fees and costs for your matter, you agree
       at the outset of representation that IGBANUGO PARTNERS is entitled to
       attorneys’ fees and costs for successful litigation against the government in
       the federal court(s) and for litigating the fee request pursuant to the Equal
       Access to Justice Act (EAJA), 28 U.S.C. § 2414(d) & 5 U.S.C. § 504 et.
       seq., in the event of a court order or settlement agreement.

       In August 2007 Igbanugo filed a motion with the Eighth Circuit seeking $32,129

in attorney fees pursuant to the Equal Access to Justice Act (EAJA). In September 2007,

the Eighth Circuit granted the motion for the entire amount requested, plus $250 as

reimbursement of Y.I.’s and A.I.’s filing fee.     Igbanugo retained the entire amount

awarded by the Eighth Circuit and did not credit any portion of that amount to the

remaining fees that Y.I. and A.I. owed.

       Igbanugo subsequently brought a lawsuit in the name of Igbanugo Partners against

Y.I. and A.I. for $12,569 in unpaid attorney fees. In an affidavit filed in this collection

lawsuit, Igbanugo stated: “I am deeply disturbed by [Y.I.’s and A.I.’s] unholy efforts to




                                            3
steal my services without paying just compensation of which they were contractually

bound.” Igbanugo eventually obtained a default judgment against Y.I. and A.I.2

      The referee found that the billing statements that served as the basis for the

$12,569 in unpaid attorney fees contained errors, including a $500 charge for attendance

at a 2009 hearing that did not involve Y.I. and A.I. Based on these findings, the referee

concluded that Igbanugo violated Minn. R. Prof. Conduct 1.4(a)(3) (failing to keep a

client reasonably informed about the status of the matter); 1.5(a) (prohibiting the

charging of unreasonable fees); 1.5(b) (failing to communicate to the client the scope of

representation and the basis or rate of fees and expenses); and 4.4(a) (prohibiting the use

of means that have no substantial purpose other than to embarrass, delay, or burden).

K.A. Matter

      In December 2000 Igbanugo successfully assisted K.A. in obtaining permanent

resident status in the United States. In January 2002, as K.A. was returning to the United

States from outside of the country, he was cited for possession of a small amount of

marijuana. K.A. paid a $100 fine for the misdemeanor offense. In November 2002 as

K.A. was again returning to the United States from outside of the country, his marijuana

conviction was noted at the airport. Consequently, K.A. was classified as an arriving

alien under immigration law and was charged as being subject to removal. In response,


2
        The trial court ordered a default judgment because Y.I. and A.I. failed to respond
to the complaint or attend the court proceedings. The process server, however, served the
summons and complaint at an incorrect address for Y.I. and A.I. The court was also
given the incorrect address. Y.I and A.I. learned of the litigation when Igbanugo
garnished their bank accounts. Once the improper service was brought to Igbanugo’s
attention, he promptly took action to vacate the default judgment.

                                            4
K.A. retained Blackwell Igbanugo P.A., with Igbanugo as the responsible attorney, to

represent him both in the removal proceeding and to withdraw his guilty plea to the

misdemeanor offense. The removal proceeding continued for more than 6 years.

       On September 11, 2009, the immigration court denied Igbanugo’s motion to

terminate the removal proceeding. Shortly after, a warrant was issued for K.A.’s arrest

and K.A. was taken into custody. After several failed attempts to obtain K.A.’s release,

Igbanugo informed K.A.’s wife and brother that a habeas petition was necessary to secure

K.A.’s release, and that filing such a petition would require an additional $5,000 in

attorney fees and another $5,000 towards K.A.’s outstanding bill. K.A., who disagreed

with the amount of the attorney fees Igbanugo had charged throughout the removal

proceeding, retained new counsel.

       After K.A. terminated representation with Igbanugo, Igbanugo began pursuing

K.A. to collect unpaid attorney fees. After K.A. failed to make payments, Igbanugo sent

a series of letters to K.A. One letter, dated May 2010, stated the following:

       You are merely trying to escape your financial obligation to me. And
       unless you and your wife never again maintain any type of business or
       personal account in this country, I will get my money from you. You have
       mistaken my kindness for weakness. I did not get to where I am today
       allowing people, like you, to “punk me.” Perhaps you need to be taught a
       lesson in life. . . .

       So unless you want me to own all of your future earnings in your shipping
       business, or at least most of it, you will start by telephoning my brother and
       telling him that you were wrong about me “messing you up,” and I am
       demanding this of you.

       And if I as much as hear from any other source that you have said any
       negative thing about me, my firm and your very difficult case, I will come
       after you with “hell and brimstone.” But please do not forget that after you


                                             5
       answer to me, you will also answer to God, the Father, who sees all the evil
       that men do. What I am saying to you is you will additionally suffer divine
       justice because this is sheer evil and wickedness.

       In March 2011 Igbanugo filed a lawsuit in the name of Igbanugo Partners against

K.A. for $17,160 in unpaid attorney fees. During a March 2012 hearing before the trial

court in the collection lawsuit, Igbanugo stated the following in an attempt to impeach

K.A.’s honesty:

       Now, the actual sworn declaration that he answered at the airport, maybe
       you’re not very familiar with it, [K.A.] admits to using marijuana outside of
       the United States. And, as his counsel, he admitted to me that he smokes
       marijuana. I mean, he is a marijuana smoker. He admitted that. So, to
       come here and sit here and say that he never smoked marijuana is perjury.

(Emphasis added.) The trial court ordered the testimony stricken for violating K.A.’s

attorney-client privilege.

       In June 2012 the trial court ultimately issued an order for judgment in favor of

K.A. The court concluded, among other things, that Igbanugo could not enforce the fee

agreements between K.A. and Blackwell Igbanugo P.A. because the lawsuit was brought

by Igbanugo Partners and there was no evidence of an assignment or conveyance by

Blackwell Igbanugo P.A. of its contract rights with K.A. to Igbanugo Partners. With

respect to the contracts between Igbanugo Partners and K.A., the court found that the

total amount owed was the face amount of the contracts, which was $13,350, but because

K.A. had paid Igbanugo $9,906, the balance due to Igbanugo was $3,444. The court also

concluded that Igbanugo provided incompetent representation and, as a result, Igbanugo

had forfeited the remaining $3,444 in outstanding fees. The court of appeals affirmed all

of the findings and conclusions of the trial court, with the exception of the finding that


                                            6
Igbanugo had provided incompetent counsel, thus forfeiting his legal fees. Therefore, the

court of appeals concluded that Igbanugo was entitled to a modified judgment of $2,944.

       On June 4, 2013, Igbanugo sent a letter to K.A. that, among other things, stated:

       I do know that you present yourself to [your pastor] as a Christian and God-
       fearing man and discussed this matter extensively with him. So you will
       ultimately answer to God for your theft of my legal services. Likewise, you
       must also answer to God for your false report with evil intent to the
       Minnesota Lawyers Professional Responsibility Board.

Following this letter, Igbanugo Partners sent K.A. several invoices to collect payment on

the court’s judgment. On three separate occasions, June 25, 2013, July 25, 2013, and

August 21, 2013, Igbanugo Partners sent K.A. billing statements asserting that K.A. still

owed $17,451. The referee concluded that Igbanugo’s conduct with respect to the K.A.

matter violated Minn. R. Prof. Conduct 1.5(a) (prohibiting the charging of unreasonable

fees); 3.1 (prohibiting the assertion of frivolous claims); 3.4(c) (prohibiting knowingly

disobeying the rules of a tribunal); 4.4(a) (prohibiting use of means that have no

substantial purpose other than to embarrass, delay, or burden); 8.4(d) (prohibiting

conduct prejudicial to the administration of justice); and 8.4(g) (prohibiting harassment

based on sex, race, age, creed, religion, color, national origin, disability, sexual

orientation, or marital status).

R.R. and K.R. Matter

       In 2008 R.R. and K.R. separately entered the United States and later married. On

October 23, 2009, R.R. and K.R. retained Igbanugo Partners to represent them in a

removal proceeding. Igbanugo assigned the matter to K.D., an associate attorney with

Igbanugo Partners.


                                            7
       At an October 29, 2009, immigration hearing, K.D. filed notices of entry of

appearance identifying herself and Igbanugo as attorneys for R.R. and K.R. At that same

hearing, the government provided written instructions outlining requirements for the

collection of certain “biometric data,” such as photographs, fingerprints, and signatures,

which R.R. and K.R. needed to provide before the next immigration hearing.              The

collection of biometric data is required in every asylum matter and the failure to provide

the data can result in the denial of the asylum application. In addition to the instructions

for collecting biometric data, the immigration court requested that within 30 days R.R.

and K.R provide various original documents to the government. The court scheduled the

next hearing for April 28, 2010, but the hearing did not take place until January 12, 2011.

       On December 3, 2009, K.D. provided the government and the court with some, but

not all, of the requested material. The material provided was only a small portion of the

material necessary to support R.R. and K.R.’s asylum claim. K.D. stopped working at

Igbanugo Partners in July 2010. After K.D. left Igbanugo Partners, Igbanugo assigned

R.G. to work on the R.R. and K.R. matter.

       At the time of the January 12, 2011, hearing, which Igbanugo attended on behalf

of R.R. and K.R., all of the required biometric data and original documents still had not

been provided. At the hearing, the government noted that the required biometric data had

not been collected and moved to dismiss the asylum application. In response, Igbanugo

explained that he assumed that those materials had already been provided. With respect

to the motion to dismiss, Igbanugo objected, noting that the mistake was due to his and

K.D.’s oversight, not the client’s. The court denied the motion. At the conclusion of the


                                             8
hearing, the immigration court ordered that the remaining materials be provided to the

government within 1 week. R.R. and K.R. promptly provided Igbanugo with the required

documents for their asylum application.        But the court’s mandate notwithstanding,

Igbanugo did not provide the materials to the government in a timely manner. It was not

until April 20, 2011, that a portion, but again not all, of the materials were submitted to

the government.

       On August 24, 2011, the immigration court held another hearing on R.R.’s and

K.R.’s asylum application.     During this hearing, the court noted that not all of the

required materials had been provided and dismissed R.R. and K.R.’s asylum application.

In doing so, the court found that Igbanugo had provided ineffective assistance of counsel.

The referee concluded that Igbanugo failed to act diligently in the R.R. and K.R. matter,

in violation of Minn. R. Prof. Conduct 1.3.

D.L. Matter

       On July 18, 2012, Igbanugo appeared before the immigration court at a hearing on

behalf of D.L. During the hearing, the court concluded that Igbanugo failed to diligently

and competently handle D.L.’s matter.         The court ordered and Igbanugo agreed to

self-report his conduct to the Office of Lawyers Professional Responsibility within 30

days. Igbanugo did not self-report until September 26, 2012. The referee concluded that

Igbanugo, by failing to timely report his conduct as ordered by the immigration court,

violated Minn. R. Prof. Conduct 3.4(c) (knowingly disobeying the rules of a tribunal) and

8.4(d) (conduct prejudicial to the administration of justice).




                                              9
                                            I.

      The Director bears the burden of proving professional misconduct by clear and

convincing evidence. In re Voss, 830 N.W.2d 867, 874 (Minn. 2013). Here, the Director

agrees with the referee’s findings, conclusions, and proposed discipline.      Igbanugo,

having ordered a transcript, contests a number of the referee’s findings of fact and

conclusions of law. When a party orders a transcript of the disciplinary hearing, the

referee’s findings of fact and conclusions of law are not conclusive. Rule 14(e), RLPR;

Voss, 830 N.W.2d at 874. Instead, we give great deference to the referee’s findings and

will uphold those findings if they have evidentiary support in the record and are not

clearly erroneous. Voss, 830 N.W.2d at 874.

      A referee’s findings are clearly erroneous when we are “left with the definite and

firm conviction that a mistake has been made.” In re Coleman, 793 N.W.2d 296, 303

(Minn. 2011) (citation omitted) (internal quotation marks omitted). We particularly defer

to the referee’s findings when they “rest on disputed testimony or in part on credibility,

demeanor, and sincerity.” Voss, 830 N.W.2d at 874 (citation omitted) (internal quotation

marks omitted). The proper interpretation of the rules of professional conduct is a

question of law that we review de novo, but we review a referee’s conclusion that an

attorney’s conduct violated a rule of professional conduct for clear error. In re Montez,

812 N.W.2d 58, 66 (Minn. 2012).

                                           A.

      We begin with the Y.I. and A.I. fee dispute.        Igbanugo first challenges the

referee’s finding that an interpreter was not always present during Y.I.’s and A.I.’s


                                           10
meetings with Igbanugo. Igbanugo argues that Y.I. and A.I. either had one of their sons

or their daughter-in-law present at all meetings to serve as an interpreter. At Igbanugo’s

disciplinary hearing, Y.I. and A.I. testified that an interpreter was sometimes present at

their meetings. Igbanugo cross examined Y.I on this issue and attempted to impeach his

credibility. Nevertheless, the referee found Y.I.’s and A.I.’s testimony credible. Because

we give particular deference to a referee’s findings that rest on credibility, the referee did

not clearly err in making this determination. See In re Waite, 782 N.W.2d 820, 824

(Minn. 2010).

       Igbanugo next challenges the referee’s finding that Igbanugo’s representation of

Y.I. and A.I. ended in 2007. At the disciplinary hearing, A.I. testified that she did not

remember exactly when Igbanugo’s representation ended, but that she thought it ended in

2007, when her family received asylum.         Igbanugo contends that A.I.’s uncertainty

illustrates that her testimony is not dispositive as to when Igbanugo’s representation

ceased. The referee was free to reject A.I.’s testimony as lacking credibility, but did not.

Id. Therefore, the referee’s finding regarding when the representation ended is not

clearly erroneous.

       Igbanugo also challenges the referee’s finding that Igbanugo billed Y.I. and A.I.

$500 for attendance at a 2009 hearing that did not concern them. Igbanugo asserts that

the immigration court held the 2009 hearing to verify the status of Y.I.’s and A.I.’s

background checks. Igbanugo’s argument is unpersuasive. There is nothing in the record

that substantiates Igbanugo’s claim that he was still representing Y.I. and A.I. more than




                                             11
2 years after Y.I. and A.I. had been granted asylum. Therefore, the referee did not clearly

err in finding that Igbanugo improperly billed Y.I. and A.I. for the 2009 hearing.

       We next consider whether the referee erred in concluding that Igbanugo violated

Minn. R. Prof. Conduct 1.4(a)(3) and 1.5(b) by failing to “adequately explain to [Y.I. and

A.I.] the nature and the meaning of the EAJA rider and the subsequent proceedings.”

Rule 1.4(a)(3) provides that a lawyer shall “keep the client reasonably informed about the

status of the matter,” while Rule 1.5(b) provides that “[t]he scope of the representation

and the basis or rate of the fee and expenses for which the client will be responsible shall

be communicated to the client.” Igbanugo challenges both the referee’s findings that he

failed to adequately explain the EAJA rider to Y.I. and A.I. and the referee’s conclusions

that he violated Rules 1.4(a)(3) and 1.5(b).

       On this record, Igbanugo’s arguments are unavailing. First, we note that the EAJA

rider does not expressly explain or otherwise address what Y.I.’s and A.I.’s payment

obligation would be in the event that the Eighth Circuit awarded Igbanugo Partners

attorney fees. Second, the referee determined that “[Y.I. and A.I.] testified credibly that

as a result of the EAJA award that they understood that they would not be responsible for

payment of for [sic] the remainder of Respondent’s fees.” The referee was free to reject

Igbanugo’s testimony that he properly explained the EAJA rider to Y.I. and A.I. See

Waite, 782 N.W.2d at 824. Therefore, the referee did not clearly err in concluding that

Igbanugo violated Rules 1.4(a)(3) and 1.5(b).

       The referee also concluded that Igbanugo violated Minn. R. Prof. Conduct 1.5(a)

by charging Y.I. and A.I. $500 for a matter that did not concern them. Rule 1.5(a)


                                               12
provides that “[a] lawyer shall not make an agreement for, charge, or collect an

unreasonable fee or an unreasonable amount for expenses.” At Igbanugo’s disciplinary

hearing, the Director presented an Igbanugo Partners’ invoice, dated June 29, 2009, that

detailed that Y.I. and A.I. were charged $500 for a June 17, 2009, hearing. As discussed

previously, because the referee did not clearly err in finding that Igbanugo’s

representation of Y.I. and A.I. ended some time in 2007, the referee did not clearly err in

concluding that Igbanugo’s fee was unreasonable because he charged Y.I. and A.I. for

attending a hearing that did not concern them.

       Finally, the referee concluded that Igbanugo violated Minn. R. Prof. Conduct

4.4(a) by stating in an affidavit in the collection lawsuit, “I am deeply disturbed by [Y.I.’s

and A.I.’s] unholy efforts to steal my services without paying just compensation of which

they were contractually bound.” Rule 4.4(a) prohibits a lawyer from using means with no

substantial purpose other than to embarrass, delay, or burden a third person in relation to

that lawyer’s representation of a client. Igbanugo contends that he did not submit the

affidavit solely to embarrass, delay, or burden Y.I. and A.I. We disagree. We fail to see

how Igbanugo’s statement, particularly the words “unholy” and “steal,” has a substantial

purpose other than to embarrass, cause delay, or burden Y.I. and I.A.

                                             B.

       We next consider whether the referee clearly erred in his findings and conclusions

related to the K.A. matter. Igbanugo first contests the referee’s finding that Igbanugo

sent K.A. letters that had no substantial purpose other than to burden or harass. Igbanugo

argues that his May 2010 letter was in direct response to a letter that K.A. had sent to


                                             13
Igbanugo accusing Igbanugo of incompetent representation. Igbanugo also notes that he

sent that letter because K.A. was “smearing [Igbanugo’s] reputation in the Nigerian and

larger African community to which they both belong.” Based on his stated reasons for

sending the letters, Igbanugo contends that the referee did not consider the context in

which the letters were written. The record indicates, however, that both Igbanugo and

K.A. testified as to the circumstances giving rise to the letters. The referee evaluated

their testimony and concluded that Igbanugo’s letter had no substantial purpose other

than to burden or harass K.A.      In doing so, the referee emphasized that Igbanugo

admitted that his letter was an “emotional reaction” and that “anything done in anger is

seldom correct.” Based on the record before us, we conclude that the referee’s findings

and conclusions were not clearly erroneous.

      Next, Igbanugo challenges the referee’s finding that K.A. thought that Igbanugo

was still seeking $17,451 in attorney fees after the courts of appeals modified the

judgment.    According to Igbanugo, the referee’s reliance on K.A.’s testimony is

misplaced because Igbanugo Partners sent an invoice to K.A. in June 2013 clarifying that

K.A. owed only $2,944. Notwithstanding Igbanugo’s assertion, Igbanugo Partners sent

K.A. three subsequent invoices explaining that K.A.’s outstanding payment obligation

was $17,451. Even though Igbanugo claims these invoices were sent in error, it does not

alter the fact that K.A. thought that Igbanugo was seeking $17,451 in fees based on the

invoices. Thus, the referee’s finding was not clearly erroneous.

      We next consider whether the referee erred in concluding that Igbanugo violated

Minn. R. Prof. Conduct 1.5(a) by failing to adequately credit the payments that K.A.


                                            14
made toward his outstanding bill obligation, and Minn. R. Prof. Conduct 3.1 by seeking

fees that were already paid. As discussed previously, Rule 1.5(a) prohibits a lawyer from

charging or collecting an unreasonable fee, and Rule 3.1 provides that “[a] lawyer shall

not bring or defend a proceeding, or assert or controvert an issue therein, unless there is a

basis in law and fact for doing so that is not frivolous.” The referee’s conclusion that

Igbanugo failed to credit payments already made and sought fees for which he was

already paid is supported by the record. In Igbanugo’s collections lawsuit against K.A.,

both the trial court and court of appeals concluded that the face amount of the contracts

between Igbanugo Partners and K.A. was $13,350, and that K.A. had paid Igbanugo

$9,906, leaving a balance of $3,444. Having been paid $9,906.08 on a $13,350 bill,

Igbanugo could not reasonably have believed that he was entitled to $17,160 in fees from

K.A. Further, after the court of appeals determined that K.A.’s outstanding legal fees

were $2,944, there was no basis in law or fact for Igbanugo Partners to continue billing

K.A. $17,451 for unpaid fees, yet Igbanugo Partners did so on June 25, 2013, July 25,

2013, and August 21, 2013. Based on these facts, we conclude that the record supports

the referee’s conclusion that Igbanugo violated Rules 1.5(a) and 3.1.

       We next consider whether the referee erred in concluding that Igbanugo violated

Minn. R. Prof. Conduct 3.4(c) when he “negligently fail[ed] to adequately inform and

supervise his staff [regarding] the reduction in fees ordered by the Court of Appeals

resulting in three months of billings at the original rate.” Rule 3.4(c) provides that it is

misconduct for an attorney to “knowingly disobey an obligation under the rules of a

tribunal except for an open refusal based on an assertion that no valid obligation exists.”


                                             15
Because violations of Rule 3.4(c) require knowing conduct and the referee found that

Igbanugo’s conduct was negligent and not knowing, the referee committed clear error in

concluding that Igbanugo’s conduct violated Rule 3.4.

       The referee also concluded that Igbanugo violated Minn. R. Prof. Conduct 8.4(d)

by improperly disclosing that K.A. smoked marijuana during the hearing on the

collection lawsuit. Rule 8.4(d) prohibits conduct that is “prejudicial to the administration

of justice.”   Here, Igbanugo stated in open court that his client K.A. had not only

admitted to the authorities that K.A. had used marijuana, but also that K.A. had admitted

to him that K.A. had used marijuana. The trial court struck the statement from the record

because it contained a client confidence.3 By its nature, revealing a client confidence is

prejudicial to the administration of justice because it undermines trust in the legal

profession and the lawyer-client relationship. See In re Agnew, 311 N.W.2d 869, 870

(Minn. 1981). Therefore, the referee did not clearly err in concluding that Igbanugo

engaged in conduct prejudicial to the administration of justice, in violation of Rule 8.4(d).

       Finally, the referee concluded that the two letters Igbanugo sent to K.A. “clearly

and egregiously” violated Minn. R. Prof. Conduct 4.4(a) and 8.4(g). Rule 4.4(a) prohibits

a lawyer from using means with no substantial purpose other than to embarrass, delay, or

burden a third person in relation to that lawyer’s representation of a client. Moreover,

Rule 8.4(g) provides that it is misconduct for a lawyer to “harass a person on the basis of

sex, race, age, creed, religion, color, national origin, disability, sexual orientation, or


3
      Nothing in the record suggests that Igbanugo had K.A.’s consent to reveal the
confidence.

                                             16
marital status in connection with a lawyer’s professional activities.” Based on our careful

review of the record, including the referee’s factual findings, we conclude that the referee

did not err in concluding that the two letters Igbanugo sent to K.A. violated Rules 4.4(a)

and 8.4(g).

                                            C.

       With respect to the R.R. and K.R. matter, Igbanugo first argues that the referee

erred in finding that the materials that K.D. served on the government before the January

2011 hearing were only a small portion of the materials necessary to support R.R.’s and

K.R.’s asylum application. Igbanugo contends that the documents submitted constituted

all of the original documents that Igbanugo possessed at that time. Igbanugo’s argument

fails, however, because while all the documents Igbanugo possessed at the time may have

been turned over, it is clear from the record that all the required documents were not.

Indeed, by his argument, Igbanugo essentially concedes that all the necessary documents

were not turned over. Thus, we conclude that the referee’s finding was not clearly

erroneous.

       Igbanugo also argues that the referee’s finding that R.G.’s submissions on April

20, 2011, were made 3 months beyond the deadline set by the court is erroneous. This

argument simply has no merit. At the January 12, 2011, hearing, the court ordered that

the biometric data and original documents be produced within 1 week, but it was more

than 3 months after the deadline when R.G. submitted a portion of these materials.

       Having concluded that the referee’s factual findings are not erroneous, we turn to

whether the referee erred in concluding that Igbanugo violated Minn. R. Prof. Conduct


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1.3 by failing to ensure that R.R.’s and K.R.’s biometric data and original documents

were submitted to the court in a timely manner. Rule 1.3 provides that “[a] lawyer shall

act with reasonable diligence and promptness in representing a client.”         Igbanugo

characterizes the failure to timely provide the required materials as an “inadvertent

oversight” that did not amount to a lack of reasonable diligence. Igbanugo further argues

that “[t]he rules define diligence as what a reasonably prudent attorney would do, and

there is no clear and convincing evidence that Respondent failed to meet this standard.”

       Igbanugo’s argument lacks merit.      Igbanugo originally had 15 months, from

October 2009 to January 2011, to provide the required biometric data and original

documents. After the government moved to dismiss for failure to provide the required

materials at the January 12, 2011, hearing, Igbanugo was given 7 days, until January 19,

to provide all of the required biometric data and original documents. The materials were

not fully provided until August 24, 2011. A reasonably prudent attorney, faced with the

same circumstances, would have ensured that the required biometric data and original

documents were provided to the government within the time period ordered by the

immigration court and would not have allowed 7 months to go by before complying with

the court’s order.

                                           D.

       We next consider whether the referee erred in his findings and conclusions related

to the D.L. matter. The referee concluded that Igbanugo violated Rules 3.4(c) and 8.4(d)

by failing to self-report in accordance with the court-imposed deadline. Igbanugo argues

that he had no valid obligation to self-report because the order was beyond the


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immigration judge’s authority.       The problem with Igbanugo’s argument is that

compliance with the court’s order was required under Rule 3.4(c) absent an “open refusal

based on an assertion that no valid obligation exist[ed].” See Minn. R. Prof. Conduct

3.4(c); In re Lundeen, 811 N.W.2d 602, 605-06 (Minn. 2012) (stating that attorney’s

failure to comply with court order violated Rule 3.4(c)). Here, Igbanugo did not make an

open refusal to self-report. Further, it need not be repeated in any detail that failure to

comply with a court order is conduct prejudicial to the administration of justice. See

Lundeen, 811 N.W.2d at 605-06; see also In re Mayrand, 723 N.W.2d 261, 267 (Minn.

2006) (stating that an attorney’s failure to comply with deadlines and failure to respond to

court orders violated both Rule 3.4(c) and Rule 8.4(d)), abrogated on other grounds by In

re Jones, 834 N.W.2d 671, 680 n.9 (Minn. 2013). Therefore, we conclude that the

referee’s findings and conclusions that Igbanugo violated Rule 3.4(c) and 8.4(d) are not

clearly erroneous.

                                            II.

       Finally, we consider the appropriate discipline for Igbanugo’s misconduct. “A

referee’s recommended discipline carries great weight, but it is our ultimate responsibility

to determine what discipline, if any, is appropriate.” In re Michael, 836 N.W.2d 753, 765

(Minn. 2013) (citing In re Selmer, 749 N.W.2d 30, 36 (Minn. 2008)). The purpose of

disciplinary sanctions for professional misconduct is “not to punish the attorney but

rather to protect the public, to protect the judicial system, and to deter future misconduct

by the disciplined attorney as well as by other attorneys.”                   In re Rebeau,

787 N.W.2d 168, 173 (Minn. 2010).       Factors that we consider when determining the


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appropriate discipline include: “the nature of the misconduct, the cumulative weight of

the disciplinary violations, the harm to the public, and the harm to the legal profession.”

Lundeen, 811 N.W.2d at 608. Furthermore, while we look to similar cases for guidance

as to the appropriate discipline, we tailor the sanction to the specific facts of each case

after considering any aggravating and mitigating circumstances. Id.

       Igbanugo cites several cases to support his position that other attorneys have

committed similar offenses and received only a public reprimand.          In contrast, the

Director cites several cases to show that 90 days or more is the appropriate length for the

suspension. The referee recommended that Igbanugo be suspended from the practice of

law for 90 days. Based on the unique facts of this case, the serious nature of Igbanugo’s

misconduct and the harm his conduct caused to his clients, to the public, and to the legal

profession, in addition to the aggravating factors found by the referee, we see no reason

to deviate from the referee’s recommendation.

       Accordingly, we hereby order that:

       1.     Respondent Herbert Azubuike Igbanugo is suspended from the practice of

law for a minimum of 90 days, effective 14 days from the date of the filing of this

opinion.

       2.     Respondent shall comply with Rule 26, RLPR (requiring notice of

suspension to clients, opposing counsel, and tribunals).

       3.     Respondent shall pay $900 in costs pursuant to Rule 24, RLPR.

       4.     Respondent shall be eligible for reinstatement to the practice of law

following the expiration of the suspension period provided that, not less than 15 days


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before the end of the suspension period, respondent files with the Clerk of Appellate

Courts and serves upon the Director an affidavit establishing that he is current in

continuing legal education requirements, has complied with Rules 24 and 26, RLPR, and

has complied with any other conditions for reinstatement imposed by the court.

       5.     Within 1 year of the date of the filing of this order, respondent shall file

with the Clerk of Appellate Courts and serve upon the Director proof of successful

completion of the professional responsibility portion of the state bar examination. Failure

to timely file the required documentation shall result in automatic re-suspension, as

provided in Rule 18(e)(3), RLPR.

       6.     Upon reinstatement to the practice of law, respondent shall be subject to

probation for 2 years, subject to the following conditions:

              a.     Respondent shall cooperate fully with the Director’s Office in its

       efforts to monitor compliance with this probation. Respondent shall promptly

       respond to the Director’s correspondence by its due date.        Respondent shall

       provide the Director with a current mailing address and shall immediately notify

       the Director of any change of address. Respondent shall cooperate with the

       Director’s investigation of any allegations of unprofessional conduct that may

       come to the Director’s attention. Upon the Director’s request, respondent shall

       provide authorization for release of information and documentation to verify

       respondent’s compliance with the terms of this probation; and




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      b.      Respondent shall abide by the Minnesota Rules of Professional

Conduct.

So ordered.




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