                                                                                   PD-0122-15
                                                                 COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS
                                                                                  AUSTIN, TEXAS
May 12, 2015
                                                                 Transmitted 5/11/2015 2:50:05 PM
                                                                   Accepted 5/11/2015 4:17:15 PM
                                                                                   ABEL ACOSTA
                           Case No. PD-0122-15                                             CLERK



               IN THE TEXAS COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS


        ERIC DWAYNE STEVENSON v. THE STATE OF TEXAS


                           On Discretionary Review
                        of Appeal No. 02-13-00537-CR
                   in the Second Court of Appeals of Texas
                                at Fort Worth


                           Amicus Curiae Brief


                                   State Counsel for Offenders

                                   John C. Moncure
                                   Texas Bar No. 14262800
                                   P. O. Box 4005
                                   Huntsville, TX 77342-4005
                                   Telephone no. 512-406-5969
                                   Facsimile no. 512-406-5960
                                   John.Moncure@tdcj.texas.gov




                      Oral Argument Not Permitted
                    Identity of Judge, Parties, and Counsel

Trial Court Judge
Hon. Robb Catalano (Criminal District Court 3, Tarrant County)

Parties
The State of Texas (Appellee)

Eric Dwayne Stevenson (Appellant)

Trial Counsel for State
Lloyd Whelchel
Catherine P. Simpson
Tarrant County Assistant District Attorneys
401 W. Belknap
Fort Worth, Texas 76196

Trial Counsel for Appellant
Stephanie Patten
1300 W. University Dr., No. 602
Fort Worth, Texas 76101

Steve Gordon
201 Moneda Street
Fort Worth, Texas 76117

Appellate Counsel for State
Debra Windsor (appeal)
Tarrant County Assistant District Attorney
401 W. Belknap
Fort Worth, Texas 76196

Lisa McMinn (discretionary review)
State Prosecuting Attorney
P.O. Box 12405
Austin, Texas 78711




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Appellate Counsel for Appellant
R. Scott Walker (appeal and discretionary review)
222 W. Exchange Ave.
Fort Worth, Texas 76164

Amicus Curiae Counsel
John C. Moncure (discretionary review)
SCFO
P.O. Box 4005
Huntsville, Texas 77342




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                                              Table of Contents

Identity of Judge, Parties, and Counsel…………………………………………….ii

Index of Authorities…………………………… ... ………………………………...v

Amicus Curiae Statement ......................................................................................... 1

Statement of the Case ............................................................................................... 2

Statement Regarding Oral Argument…… . ………………………………………..3

The Question for Review Addressed by This Amicus Curiae Brief ........................ 3

         The trial court erred by denying appellant’s motion for directed
         verdict (fourth question presented for review in appellant’s
         discretionary-review petition).

         Fourth Question Restated: In addressing appellant’s evidentiary-
         sufficiency challenge through his motion for directed verdict on the
         basis that there was no final civil-commitment order, the Fort Worth
         Court of Appeals erred to decide that “the issuance of mandate of that
         order was not a necessary precondition for imposing criminal
         sanctions for its disobedience.”

Statement of the Facts………………………… ....... ………………………………3

Summary of the Argument………………………… . ……………………………..3

Argument…………………………………… ...... …………………………………4

Prayer……………………………………………………………………………...11

Certificate of Service………...……………………………………………………12

Certificate of Compliance………………………………………………………...12




                                                          iv
                                         Index of Authorities

                                                  Cases

Austin v. State, No. PD-1431-14 (Tex. Crim. App., delivered March 18, 2015) ....10

Bohannan v. State, 2014 Tex. App. LEXIS 11825 (Tex. App.—Beaumont,
 delivered October 29, 2014, no pet.) ................................................................8, 11

Boykin v. State, 818 S.W.2d 782 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991) ........................................6

Ex parte Jimenez, 361 S.W.3d 679 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012) .....................................7

Fletcher v. State, 214 S.W.3d 5 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007) ..........................................7

Giesberg v. State, 984 S.W.2d 245 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998) ...................................10

Smith v. State, 2014 Tex. App. LEXIS 10117 (Tex. App.—Beaumont, delivered
 September 10, 2014, no pet.) ............................................................................9, 10

State v. Johnson, 219 S.W.3d 386 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007) ......................................6

Stevenson v. State, 2015 Tex. App. LEXIS 387 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2015) .2, 5

Stevenson v. State, PD-0122-CR (delivered 4/29/15) ............................................2, 3


                                                Statutes

Chapter 841, Texas Health & Safety Code ............................................... 1, 2, 4, 6, 7

Texas Health & Safety Code Section 841.062 ..........................................................6

Texas Health & Safety Code Section 841.062(a) ..................................................6, 7

Texas Health & Safety Code Section 841.081(a) ..................................................5, 6

Texas Health & Safety Code Section 841.082 ..........................................................4

Texas Health & Safety Code Section 841.085(a) ................................. 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9

                                                      v
                                                       Rules

Tex. R. App. P. 11......................................................................................................1

                                             Other Authorities

Acts 1999, 76th Leg., ch. 1188, § 4.01 .......................................................................5

Acts 2007, 80th Leg., ch. 1219, § 8 ............................................................................5




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                               Case No. PD-0122-15


               IN THE TEXAS COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS


           ERIC DWAYNE STEVENSON v. THE STATE OF TEXAS


                              On Discretionary Review
                           of Appeal No. 02-13-00537-CR
                      in the Second Court of Appeals of Texas
                                   at Fort Worth


                               Amicus Curiae Brief


TO THE HONORABLE TEXAS COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS:

      Without receiving any fee from any source, amicus curiae, State Counsel for

Offenders (SCFO), which is a division of the Texas Department of Criminal

Justice (TDCJ), presents this amicus curiae brief pursuant to Rule 11 of the Texas

Rules of Appellate Procedure. This brief is sent for the purpose of aiding this

Court in resolving whether a civilly committed person under Chapter 841 of the

Texas Health and Safety Code should be convicted and sent to prison for violating

a civil-commitment requirement while his appeal from his civil-commitment order

is still pending and before this order becomes final.

                        AMICUS CURIAE STATEMENT

      SCFO represents persons eligible for civil commitment under Chapter 841
of the Texas Health and Safety Code at their civil-commitment trials and on

appeal. None of these persons can be criminally prosecuted for violating a civil-

commitment requirement unless they have been civilly committed after a civil-

commitment trial resulting in a civil-commitment order which is “effective

immediately” upon its entry. If these civilly committed persons can be criminally

prosecuted and sent to prison for violating a civil-commitment requirement while

their appeals in their civil-commitment cases are still pending, their civil-

commitment appeals are essentially rendered moot and any errors that may have

occurred at their civil-commitment trials (no matter how egregious) are

inconsequential.

                        STATEMENT OF THE CASE

      According to Mr. Stevenson’s discretionary-review petition and the Fort

Worth Court of Appeals’ decision, a jury convicted Mr. Stevenson of three counts

of violating a civil-commitment requirement and assessed an enhanced sentence of

seventeen years on each count and some fines. The Fort Worth Court of Appeals

affirmed. See Stevenson v. State, 2015 Tex. App. LEXIS 387 (Tex. App.—Fort

Worth 2015) (mem. op. not designated for publication). Mr. Stevenson timely

filed a discretionary-review petition which this Court granted. See Stevenson v.

State, PD-0122-CR (delivered 4/29/15).




                                         2
              STATEMENT REGARDING ORAL ARGUMENT

      This Court’s order granting Mr. Stevenson’s discretionary-review petition

stated that oral argument would not be permitted. See id.

     THE QUESTION FOR REVIEW ADDRESSED BY THIS AMICUS
                       CURIAE BRIEF

      The trial court erred by denying appellant’s motion for directed verdict

(fourth question presented for review in appellant’s discretionary-review petition).

      Fourth Question Restated: In addressing appellant’s evidentiary-sufficiency

challenge through his motion for directed verdict on the basis that there was no

final civil-commitment order, the Fort Worth Court of Appeals erred to decide that

“the issuance of mandate of that order was not a necessary precondition for

imposing criminal sanctions for its disobedience.”

                              FACT STATEMENT

      It is undisputed that Mr. Stevenson’s civil-commitment order was not final

(and his appeal from that order was still pending) when he allegedly violated the

civil-commitment requirements that were the basis of the charged criminal

offenses.

                           ARGUMENT SUMMARY

      The elements of the non-penal-code criminal offense defined in Section

841.085(a) of Chapter 841 of the Texas Health and Safety Code are that a person

violates a civil-commitment requirement “after having been adjudicated and civilly


                                          3
committed as a sexually violent predator.” It cannot be said that there is any

evidence (or that there is legally sufficient evidence) to support a person’s

conviction under Section 841.085(a) when the evidence conclusively and

undisputedly establishes that this person was not an “adjudicated” sexually violent

predator when he allegedly violated a civil-commitment requirement. And this

person cannot have this status of an “adjudicated” sexually violent predator until

his civil-commitment order is final.

                            ARGUMENTS AND AUTHORITIES

       The trial court erred by denying appellant’s motion for directed
       verdict (fourth question presented for review in appellant’s
       discretionary-review petition).

       Fourth Question Restated: In addressing appellant’s evidentiary-
       sufficiency challenge through his motion for directed verdict on
       the basis that there was no final civil-commitment order, the Fort
       Worth Court of Appeals erred to decide that “the issuance of
       mandate of that order was not a necessary precondition for
       imposing criminal sanctions for its disobedience.”

       The unique-to-Texas criminal-penalty provision for imprisoning a civilly

committed person under Chapter 841 is set out in Section 841.085(a) and it defines

the elements of this non-penal-code criminal offense as:

       A person commits an offense if, after having been adjudicated and
       civilly committed as a sexually violent predator under this chapter, the
       person violates a civil commitment requirement imposed under
       Section 841.082.1

1
  As originally enacted in 1999, this criminal-penalty provision provided that a “person commits
an offense if the person violates a requirement imposed under Section 841.082.” See Acts 1999,


                                               4
       The Fort Worth Court decided that “the issuance of mandate of [Mr.

Stevenson’s civil-commitment] order was not a necessary precondition for

imposing criminal sanctions for its disobedience” (i.e., he could be criminally

prosecuted for violating this order before it became final) because this order was

“effective immediately on entry of the order” which could not be superseded by the

filing of a notice of appeal or by any provision in the rules of civil procedure. See

Stevenson, 2015 Tex. App. LEXIS 387 at *4. While all of this is true (i.e., a

person can be civilly committed immediately upon entry of the civil-commitment

order under Section 841.081(a) and thus be required to abide by all the rules of

civil commitment even before his appeal from that order becomes final and while

his appeal from that order is still pending), none of this answers the question of

whether this person has the status of an “adjudicated” sexually violent predator

before the order becomes final.

       The resolution of this question turns on a construction of the term

“adjudicated” in Section 841.085(a) as it is clear from the plain language of

Section 841.085(a) that a person cannot be criminally prosecuted for violating a

civil-commitment requirement unless he has the status of an “adjudicated” sexually

violent predator when this violation occurs. Any doubt about the construction of


76th Leg., ch. 1188, § 4.01. This criminal-penalty provision was amended to its current version
in 2007. See Acts 2007, 80th Leg., ch. 1219, § 8.


                                              5
the term “adjudicated” must be resolved in Mr. Stevenson’s favor. See State v.

Johnson, 219 S.W.3d 386, 388 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007) (non-penal-code criminal

statutes must be strictly construed with any doubt resolved in the accused’s favor).

      In construing the term “adjudicated,” it is not dispositive that a civil-

commitment order is “effective immediately” upon its entry under Section

841.081(a) at which time the person is considered to be civilly committed as this

only satisfies Section 841.085(a)’s element that this person had been “civilly

committed as a sexually violent predator.” This does not establish that this person

also had the status of an “adjudicated” sexually violent predator. By also using the

term “adjudicated,” the Legislature had to have intended for the person’s status to

be something more than “civilly committed as a sexually violent predator.” This at

least should have been plain to the legislators who enacted the statute. See Boykin

v. State, 818 S.W.2d 782, 785-86 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991). The Legislature could

only have meant for the term “adjudicated” to include an appeal and issuance of

the appellate court’s mandate (or at least that should also have been plain). See id.

      Other provisions in Chapter 841 also support this construction of

“adjudicated.”   In describing the Chapter 841 adjudicatory process in Section

841.062    entitled   “DETERMINATION          OF    PREDATOR        STATUS,”      the

Legislature provided in Section 841.062(a) that the factfinder must make this

determination beyond a reasonable doubt.         The Legislature also provided in



                                          6
Section 841.062(a) that a person “is entitled to appeal the determination [of

predator status].” This shows that the Legislature intended that an appeal be part

of the adjudicatory process under Chapter 841 for determining a person’s predator

status.

          This is also consistent with this Court’s decision in Ex parte Jimenez, 361

S.W.3d 679 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012). The issue in Jimenez was whether the

defendant’s felon-in-possession-of-a-firearm conviction was “void” because the

defendant later successfully challenged in a habeas corpus proceeding his predicate

felony conviction (rape of a child) that established his status as a “convicted” felon

in the firearm case. See Jimenez, 361 S.W.3d at 681-82. This Court decided that

Jimenez’ felon-in-possession-of-a-firearm conviction could not be “void” because

he had this status of a “convicted” felon when he possessed the firearm. See

Jimenez, 361 S.W.3d at 682-684.

          It is likely that this Court would have decided this question differently in

Jimenez had the State prosecuted Jimenez on the felon-in-possession-of-a-firearm

charge while Jimenez’ appeal from the judgment in the predicate felony (rape of a

child) was still pending since this would prevent Jimenez from having the status of

a “convicted” felon when he possessed the firearm. See Fletcher v. State, 214

S.W.3d 5, 6 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007) (“conviction” from which an appeal has been

taken not considered a “final conviction” until the “conviction” is affirmed by the



                                            7
appellate court and that court’s mandate of affirmance becomes final). Similarly, a

person should not be considered to have the status of an “adjudicated” sexually

violent predator while his civil-commitment appeal is still pending.

      Michael Wayne Bohannan’s case should also be instructive in construing the

term “adjudicated.”    Mr. Bohannan was convicted of one count of violating

Section 841.085(a) and assessed an enhanced sentence of life in prison based on

multiple violations of a civil-commitment order that the Beaumont Court reversed

in Bohannan’s appeal in the civil-commitment case because the trial court

excluded the testimony of Bohannan’s only expert witness (Bohannan’s civil-

commitment case turned almost exclusively on the testimony of two state-expert

witnesses). See Bohannan v. State, 2014 Tex. App. LEXIS 11825 at **3-6 (Tex.

App.—Beaumont, delivered October 29, 2014, no pet.) (mem. opinion). All of

these violations occurred during the pendency of Bohannan’s appeal in the civil-

commitment case and some of them even occurred after the Beaumont Court

decided that Bohannan’s judgment in the civil-commitment case should be

reversed. See Bohannan, 2014 Tex. App. LEXIS 11825 at *4 (Beaumont Court

decided that Bohannan’s civil-commitment judgment should be reversed on July

22, 2010 and Bohannan’s indictment in the criminal case alleged that Bohannan

violated this civil-commitment judgment on numerous occasions between February

14, 2009 and April 24, 2011). The State did not re-prosecute Bohannan in the



                                         8
civil-commitment case upon issuance of the Beaumont Court’s mandate in that

case apparently because of the life sentence Bohannan received in the criminal

case.

        The Legislature could not have possibly intended for a person like Bohannan

to be sent to prison for life for violating a nonfinal, reversed-on-appeal civil-

commitment order that no one can be sure should have ever been entered in the

first place because the trial court prevented this person from presenting a defense

when it excluded his only expert and because the State decided not to re-prosecute

the civil-commitment case once the State obtained a lengthy prison sentence in the

criminal case. Construing the term “adjudicated” in Section 841.085(a) to include

an appeal and issuance of the appellate court’s mandate would prevent this from

happening.

        The Beaumont Court recently handed down an opinion that could be read as

deciding that a person’s status as an “adjudicated” sexually violent predator when

he violated the civil-commitment requirements is a defensive issue and not an

element of the offense that the State is required to prove under Section 841.085(a).

See Smith v. State, 2014 Tex. App. LEXIS 10117 (Tex. App.—Beaumont,

delivered September 10, 2014, no pet.) (mem. opinion).           According to the

Beaumont Court’s opinion in Smith, Smith filed a motion to quash his indictment

claiming (as Mr. Stevenson does in this case) that he could not be criminally



                                         9
prosecuted for violating a civil-commitment order that was nonfinal and still on

appeal. See Smith, 2014 Tex. App. LEXIS 10117 at *3. The Beaumont Court,

however, reframed this issue2 and decided, “Smith’s argument that he was not

required to comply with an order that had been appealed is a defensive theory that

is not relevant to whether the indictment should have been quashed.” See id.

       The Beaumont Court’s opinion in Smith should have no precedential value

in deciding the issue presented here as this decision did not address this issue.

With respect to the issue that it did address, no claim has been made in this case

that Mr. Stevenson “was not required to comply with an order that had been

appealed.” The claim is that he cannot be criminally prosecuted for violating this

order. To the extent that the Beaumont Court’s decision in Smith could be read to

suggest that the issue presented here is a defensive issue, this decision is contrary

to well-settled law. See generally Giesberg v. State, 984 S.W.2d 245 (Tex. Crim.

App. 1998) (discussing what does and does not constitute a defensive issue).

       Without any analysis or citation to any authority, the Beaumont Court also

stated in Bohannan’s appeal in his criminal case for violating the civil-commitment

order that Bohannan violated this civil-commitment order “at a time when

Bohannan had the status of a sexually violent predator.” See Bohannan, 2014 Tex.


2
   But see Austin v. State, No. PD-1431-14 (Tex. Crim. App., delivered March 18, 2015) (per
curiam opinion not designated for publication) (court of appeals “erroneously re-framed the issue
raised” when it should have addressed the argument that was actually raised).


                                               10
App. LEXIS 11825 at *6. This statement, however, is dicta and of no precedential

value as no issue of Bohannan’s status as a sexually violent predator (much less an

“adjudicated” sexually violent predator) was ever raised in that case and this

statement was not necessary to the decision in that case.

                                     PRAYER

      SCFO requests that this Court consider this amicus curiae brief in disposing

of the fourth question presented for review in Mr. Stevenson’s discretionary-

review petition.



                                       Respectfully submitted,

                                       STATE COUNSEL FOR OFFENDERS

                                         /s/ John Moncure
                                       John Moncure
                                       State Bar of Texas No. 14262800
                                       P. O. Box 4005
                                       Huntsville, TX 77342
                                       (512) 406-5969
                                       (512) 406-5960 (fax)
                                       E-mail: John.Moncure@tdcj.texas.gov




                                         11
                          CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE

      I certify that a true and correct copy of this amicus curiae brief was served

upon appellant’s attorney and the State’s attorneys by one or more of the

following: certified mail (return receipt requested), facsimile transfer, or electronic

mail (e-mail), on this 11th day of May, 2015.

R. Scott Walker
222 W. Exchange Ave.
Fort Worth, Texas 76164

Sharen Wilson
Tarrant County District Attorney
401 West Belknap
Fort Worth, Texas 76196

Lisa McMinn
State Prosecuting Attorney
P.O. Box 12405
Austin, Texas 78711
                                          /s/ John Moncure
                                        John Moncure

                      CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE

      This document complies with the type-volume limitation of Texas Rule of

Appellate Procedure 9.4(i)(2)(D) because this brief contains 1,837 words.

                                          /s/ John Moncure
                                        John Moncure
                                        Attorney for Petitioner




                                          12
