                           RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                                Pursuant to Sixth Circuit Rule 206
                                      File Name: 06a0174p.06

                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                  FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                    _________________


                                                      X
                               Plaintiff-Appellant/ -
 WAYNE E. DUHA,

                                   Cross-Appellee, -
                                                       -
                                                       -
                                                           Nos. 04-2505/2548

                                                       ,
           v.                                           >
                                                       -
                                                       -
                                                       -
 AGRIUM, INCORPORATED, AGRIUM U.S.,

                                                       -
 INCORPORATED, and AGROSERVICIOS PAMPEANOS,

                             Defendants-Appellees/ -
 S.A.,

                                 Cross-Appellants. -
                                                       -
                                                      N
                       Appeal from the United States District Court
                     for the Eastern District of Michigan at Bay City.
                    No. 03-10027—David M. Lawson, District Judge.
                                   Argued: January 31, 2006
                               Decided and Filed: May 23, 2006
                   Before: COLE, GIBBONS, and ROGERS, Circuit Judges.
                                      _________________
                                           COUNSEL
ARGUED: Stuart H. Deming, DEMING PLLC, Kalamazoo, Michigan, for Appellant. Andrew S.
Rosenman, MAYER, BROWN, ROWE & MAW, Chicago, Illinois, for Appellees. ON BRIEF:
Stuart H. Deming, DEMING PLLC, Kalamazoo, Michigan, for Appellant. Andrew S. Rosenman,
Danuta Bembenista Panich, MAYER, BROWN, ROWE & MAW, Chicago, Illinois, for Appellees.
       ROGERS, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which GIBBONS, J., joined. COLE, J.
(pp. 15-19), delivered a separate dissenting opinion.
                                      _________________
                                          OPINION
                                      _________________
       ROGERS, Circuit Judge. In this diversity action the district court dismissed the complaint
on grounds of forum non conveniens, concluding that a more convenient forum was in Argentina,
where the plaintiff worked at the time of his dismissal. The plaintiff, Wayne Duha, sued his former




                                                1
Nos. 04-2505/2548                   Duha v. Agrium, Inc., et al.                                                Page 2


employer, Agrium, Inc.,1 asserting a number of causes of action related to his employment and
termination. Duha appeals, and Agrium cross-appeals the district court’s order denying Agrium’s
motion to file an updated declaration stating that some of its potential witnesses are no longer
employed by Agrium.
          Duha’s complaint contains 45 counts, asserting various contract and tort theories.2 The
district court dismissed many of Duha’s claims without including them in its forum non conveniens
analysis, and gave U.S. citizen Duha’s choice of forum too little deference, particularly in light of
a proper consideration of the private interest factors governing the law of forum non conveniens.
We therefore vacate the district court’s order dismissing the complaint on forum non conveniens
grounds and remand for further proceedings. We decline to supplement the record on appeal
because the district court’s order denying its motion to file the updated declaration was not an abuse
of discretion.
I.       BACKGROUND
        This case arose out of Agrium’s termination of Duha’s employment in Argentina. In 1998,
Duha agreed to move to Argentina for an extended time to help improve Agrium’s Argentine
operations. Duha negotiated a contract with his employer, the terms of which make up part of this
dispute. In reliance on this contract, Duha moved to Argentina. While there, Duha alleges that he
discovered that employees of Agrium’s Argentine subsidiary were engaging in bribery and other
unsavory practices. He says that he informed his superiors of these practices and also reported them
to U.S. authorities. Agrium subsequently fired him, giving as a reason that Duha had offered the
services of prostitutes as a work incentive to a subordinate. Duha was terminated within two days
of his comment about prostitution. Duha’s suit seeks recovery pursuant to legal theories related to
the alleged wrongfulness of his termination, and based on contractual and other asserted obligations
arising in one way or another out of the fact of his termination.
        Defendant Agrium is composed of three entities relevant to this lawsuit, incorporated in three
different countries: first, the parent company Agrium, Inc. (Agrium) is Canadian; second, Agrium
U.S., Inc. (Agrium US) is American; third, Agroservicios Pampeanos, S.A. (ASP) is Argentine.
Agrium International (Agrium Int’l) is a strategic business unit of Agrium. Agrium US and ASP
are Agrium’s wholly-owned subsidiaries.
         A.       Duha as an Agrium US Employee
        In 1993, Agrium US bought Duha’s employer, Crop Production Service, Inc. (Crop
Production). Duha had worked for Crop Production since April of 1980. At that time, Duha lived
in Bay City, Michigan. In 1996, Agrium US transferred Duha to its regular staff, where he served
until 1998 as Marketing Services Manager. Duha alleges that as an Agrium US staff member he
“was given credit for a number of years of service that would bear on benefits and ultimately my
severance.” According to Duha, Agrium’s president sent Duha a letter promising that he would be
awarded “3,000 stock options” for his contributions to Agrium.



         1
         Agrium, Inc. is a Canadian parent company that owns an American subsidiary, Agrium U.S., Inc., and an
Argentine subsidiary, Agroservicios Pampeanos, S.A.
         2
           The complaint sets forth claims based on breach of contract, breach of express covenant of good faith and fair
dealing, promissory estoppel, wrongful termination, intentional infliction of emotional distress, breach of employment
agreement for benefits earned and expenses incurred, unjust enrichment, quantum meruit, misrepresentation, silent fraud,
fraud, intentional interference with prospective business advantage, and violations of the Michigan Bullard-Plawecki
Employee Right to Know Act.
Nos. 04-2505/2548             Duha v. Agrium, Inc., et al.                                    Page 3


       B.      The Assignment to Argentina and Agrium’s Offer Letter
        In 1998, while he was still in Michigan, Duha accepted a long-term assignment that would
require him to relocate to Argentina for at least 25 months. An email from Ron Wilkinson, the
General Manager of Agrium’s operations in South America, to Kathy Kopelchuk, a Human
Resources Manager, on July 3, 1998, noted: “Wayne Duha has accepted [the offer to work in
Argentina].” JA 792. Although Duha moved to Argentina to take this job, he maintained a
residence in Bay County, Michigan. Duha took the position in reliance on inducements held out by
Agrium. Agrium presented many of these inducements to Duha in a letter offering him the
Argentina position, dated July 30, 1998. It described Duha’s job title as “Manager, ASP.” The letter
also said that “[y]our base benefits will continue to be administered to the benefit levels available
to you under the Agrium U.S. benefits program.” JA 198.
        The letter informed Duha that he would “be placed on an Expatriate Program.” JA 198. This
program included a “foreign service premium,” living allowances, and adjustments to these
payments for “additional Argentine or American tax liability.” JA 198. Duha would also be
eligible, if repatriated, for the company’s “normal relocation policy.” JA 199. In consideration for
these promises, Agrium expected Duha to “devote your time, energy, and skill to the” company and
not to hold any other job during the performance period “without the express written permission of
the Vice President, International.” JA 199. Wilkinson concluded the letter by noting that Agrium
“will utilize common sense and fairness in resolving” any “needs and issues” that arise regarding
his employment terms. JA 200.
        Duha claims that, at the time he was sought out for the long-term foreign assignment, he was
entitled to severance pay amounting to one month of his base pay for each year of service for up to
18 years of service.
       C.      The Use of Duha’s Michigan Home to Further Agrium’s Business Interests
       During his time in Argentina and before then, Duha alleges that Agrium used his home in
Michigan “as a means for purchasing equipment and supplies for ASP.” JA 133, 2351. “It was my
understanding,” Duha stated in an affidavit,
       that the purpose for having someone in the United States acquire equipment, supplies
       and provision of services was to save Agrium and ASP the problems and costs
       associated with letters of credit as well as a ‘turnover tax’ of six percent in
       Argentina. U.S. vendors were assured of payment by doing business with me from
       a U.S. point of purchase as a representative of Agrium.
JA 2351 (citation omitted). Duha estimates that more than $20 million of goods were purchased in
connection with this arrangement.
       D.      Duha’s Experience in Argentina
       Duha alleges that, while he was in Argentina, he discovered that ASP was engaging in shady
record-keeping and business practices, including bribery in violation of the Foreign Corrupt
Practices Act, 15 U.S.C. § 78dd et seq. Duha reported relevant violations to U.S. authorities. He
also reported such behavior to his superiors, including Robert Rennie, Greg McGlone, and
Wilkinson. Agrium commissioned an investigation of these alleged practices by Zachary Greenhill
of Greenhill Partners, P.C. This investigation showed that Duha’s concerns were well-founded,
according to Duha. Duha has also produced an email from Richard Gearheard, Agrium’s Senior
Vice President for North American Retail, indirectly substantiating Duha’s claims:
Nos. 04-2505/2548                 Duha v. Agrium, Inc., et al.                                         Page 4


       I think most of the improvement in the ASP are [sic] due to Duha’s efforts. He
       developed a marketing plan and ensured that it was followed. He is making the trips
       to the retail sites and confirming that the plans are being implemented. As you
       know, these trips are not fun. He is the person that complained about the accounting
       and data processing. He was right.
JA 136. Gearheard was based in Denver.
       E.         Duha’s Termination and Attempted Conciliation With Agrium in Argentina
        Around February 1, 2000, Rennie, a Vice President for South American operations, sent an
email to McGlone, General Manager of ASP, alleging that Duha “had made a commitment on behalf
of the company” to “pay for the best hooker in Buenos Aires” as an incentive to Manuel Ron, a Farm
Center Manager. JA 138, 2419. On the morning of February 3, 2000, Ronald Delaney, an ASP
Human Resources Manager, informed Rennie and McGlone via email that Ron had said that Duha’s
comment about a hooker was “made within a context of fun,” and that it should not be taken
seriously. JA 138, 2419. Later that day, according to Duha, McGlone gave Duha written notice of
termination for cause, based on the hooker comment. Duha insists that he received no warning or
any other discipline.
        After his termination, Duha discovered that he previously had been named “Director
suplente” of ASP without his knowledge, and that ASP continued to hold him out as a “Director
suplente” after his termination until February of 2001. Moreover, Duha alleges that his “stock
options” were cancelled on April 3, 2000. Duha moved back to Michigan in late June 2000. He
received no severance pay (not even the severance pay he claims he was entitled to as a result of his
U.S.-based employment), nor did he receive pay for unused vacation that had accrued prior to his
time in Argentina. Duha argues that Agrium3 owes him money for business expenses incurred before
his termination that had not yet been paid.
       While still in Argentina Duha sought legal conciliation with Agrium, which in Argentina “is
a mandatory preliminary procedure leading to litigation.” Duha v. Agrium, Inc., 340 F. Supp. 2d
787, 794 (E.D. Mich. 2004). Duha reached a tentative settlement with ASP that unraveled when
Agrium required a release of claims against Agrium and Agrium US in addition to ASP. See id.
       F.         Duha’s Move to Indiana
       Duha moved back to Michigan in June of 2000, where he remained until September of 2000.
He then moved to Fort Wayne, Indiana, to take a new job (with less compensation) with Yargus
Manufacturing, Inc. Duha alleges that, due to the intervention of Agrium US Board of Directors
member Thomas Warner, a business opportunity that was intended to have been awarded to Yargus
was awarded to a competitor, potentially depriving Duha of the commission for the project.
According to Duha, Warner had earlier said at a meeting that Agrium should “not engage in business
with” Duha “as a result of” this lawsuit. JA 141.
       G.         Commencement of the Action and Location of the Evidence
        Duha subsequently brought this suit in the United States District Court for the Eastern
District of Michigan in January of 2003. Duha filed a 30-count complaint, which he ultimately
expanded by amendment to 45 counts. The complaint sets forth many claims under various contract
and tort theories, including: claims centering on theories of breach of contract, breach of the
covenant of fair dealing, wrongful termination, fraud or misrepresentation, unjust enrichment,

       3
           Duha acknowledges that Agrium US sent him a check labeled “Termination Benefit” for $2,451.36.
Nos. 04-2505/2548              Duha v. Agrium, Inc., et al.                                      Page 5


tortious interference with business relations, and statutory claims related to Agrium’s handing of
Duha’s employment records. The district court authorized limited discovery on the issues of forum
non conveniens (termed “venue” in the pretrial scheduling order) and personal jurisdiction, with a
cutoff date of July 31, 2003. The parties engaged in various methods of discovery that produced
some 4,000 documents. The district court also permitted the taking of some additional depositions
beyond the initial discovery cutoff date. The parties engaged in discovery, motions practice, and
briefing which culminated in the district court’s 2003 published opinion conditionally dismissing
the complaint on grounds of forum non conveniens. See Duha, 340 F. Supp. 2d at 801.
       As the district court’s opinion indicates, the evidence in this case so far generally consists
of documents and potential witness testimony. “[M]ost of the relevant documents are in the
possession of” Agrium. Id. at 797. Relevant witnesses reside in Canada, the United States, and
Argentina. The parties have submitted long lists of potential witnesses, totaling over one hundred.
Some of the people named appear to have little or no information relevant to this action.
        Approximately 27 party and eight nonparty witnesses with potentially relevant information
reside in Argentina. Approximately 22 party and 67 nonparty witnesses with potentially relevant
information reside in the United States. Approximately 39 party and three nonparty witnesses with
potentially relevant information reside in Canada. No potential nonparty witness has been alleged
or shown to be unwilling to testify. A roughly equal number of the most crucial witnesses—a
handful—reside in each of the three countries (i.e., the United States, Canada, and Argentina).
        H.      The District Court’s Opinion and Order Dismissing the Complaint
        The district court dismissed the complaint, holding that Argentina is a reasonable and
available alternative forum and that the balance of private and public interests favors dismissal. See
id. at 793-801. The district court observed that Argentina was an available and adequate forum
because Duha could bring his claims there, Agrium was amenable to service of process there, and
Duha had already resorted to Argentina as a forum to attempt to resolve his claims with ASP. See
id. at 793-94.
        After holding that Argentina is an acceptable alternative forum, the district court balanced
the private and public interests and found that they weighed in favor of dismissal. See id. at
794-801. Applying the private interest factors prescribed by Gulf Oil Corp. v. Gilbert, 330 U.S. 501
(1947), the district court held that Argentina offered easier access to witnesses. See Duha, 340 F.
Supp. 2d at 795-96. The district court also held that the Argentina was a better forum than
Michigan because Agrium intended to call nonparty witnesses in Argentina that were “central” to
its defense. See id. at 796. These nonparties could not be compelled to testify in Michigan. See id.
An Argentine court, however, could compel these nonparties to testify. See id.
        The district court further held that Argentina was a more convenient forum because
compulsory document discovery from Argentine sources would not be available to Agrium in
Michigan, although this factor did not weigh “heavily” in favor of dismissal because Agrium
possesses “most of the relevant documents.” Id. at 797. Most of the documents are in English, but
the district court held that this did not adequately weigh in favor of retaining the case because
Agrium had agreed to translate documents into Spanish. See id.
         The district court also held that the Gulf Oil public interest factors favored dismissal of this
action. See id. at 799-801. Applying the public interest factors, the district court held that Michigan
has little or no interest in this case, but Argentina has a strong interest in alleged wrongdoing by
ASP, a company domiciled there. See id. at 799-800. The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, the
district court observed, creates no private cause of action and thus does not supply a federal interest
in retaining the suit. See id. Argentine citizens stand to be more affected by a trial than
Nos. 04-2505/2548                   Duha v. Agrium, Inc., et al.                                                  Page 6


Michiganders. See id. at 800. Finally, it is “likely” that Argentine law would apply. See id. at
800-01. These factors weigh in favor or dismissal, the district court held. See id. at 799-801.
        In its Conclusion section, the district court permitted Duha to sever his claim for tortious
interference with business relations. The district court stated:
         The Court is mindful that a minor portion of the plaintiff’s second amended
         complaint contains allegations that defendants other than Agroservicios interfered
         with the plaintiff's business opportunities after he returned from Argentina, and
         Argentina may not be an appropriate forum for those claims. However, the plaintiff
         may sever those claims and file them in an appropriate American forum, although
         likely not in Michigan, if he chooses.
Id. at 801.
         I.       Agrium’s Motion to Supplement the Record with Linda Dalgetty’s Updated
                  Declaration
         Agrium moved to supplement the record with an updated declaration from Linda Dalgetty
on May 19, 2004. This updated declaration stated that the employment of several Argentine
employees of ASP who were potential witnesses had been terminated. Noting that the time to file
supplementary record evidence had expired on February 13, 2004, the district court denied the
motion. Agrium had not established “good cause” to file additional record evidence. The district
court denied the motion on June 17, 2004, before Agrium filed its reply brief on June 21, 2004, and
it is undisputed that Agrium’s reply brief, as opposed to Linda Dalgetty’s updated declaration, was
not late.
II.      FORUM NON CONVENIENS
         The district court’s forum non conveniens determination cannot be upheld, even under the
deferential clear-abuse-of-discretion scope of review that we are to apply. See Stewart v. Dow
Chemical Co., 865 F.2d 103, 105 (6th Cir. 1989). A dismissal on forum non conveniens grounds
is appropriate when the defendant establishes, first, that the claim can be heard in an available and
adequate alternative forum and, second, that the balance of private and public factors listed in Gulf
Oil, 330 U.S. at 508-09, reveals that trial in the chosen forum would be unnecessarily burdensome
for the defendant or the court. See Piper Aircraft Co. v. Reyno, 454 U.S. 235, 256 n.23 (1981). The
district court properly  found that there was an available and adequate alternative forum in the
Argentine courts,4 but erred in its application of the Gulf Oil factors.
        Three considerations lead us to this conclusion. First, the district court did not apply the
deference required for a forum choice made by a U.S. plaintiff under Koster v. American
Lumbermens Mutual Casualty Co., 330 U.S. 518, 524 (1947). Second, the district court erred in its
weighing of the relative ease of access to documents and live testimony. Third, the district court,
in balancing the convenience of the alternative forums, disregarded a substantial portion of
plaintiff’s claims.



         4
           Duha challenges the district court’s reasoning on the first issue—the availability and adequacy of the Argentine
forum—for the first time on appeal. Compare JA 1699-1705, 2332-46 with First Br. at 23-25, Third Br. at 3-12. He may
not do so. See Saylor v. United States, 315 F.3d 664, 669 (6th Cir. 2003). We therefore assume the availability and
adequacy of the Argentine forum. Duha did say that he felt that he would be put in danger if he went back to Argentina,
but the district court correctly found the evidence supporting this allegation “unsubstantiated.” See Duha, 340 F. Supp.
2d at 794.
Nos. 04-2505/2548                   Duha v. Agrium, Inc., et al.                                                Page 7


         A.       The Heightened Deference Accorded a Home Plaintiff’s Selection of a Home
                  Litigation Forum
         First, the district court appears to have given too little deference to Duha’s choice of forum
in light of Duha’s status as a U.S. citizen. In general, the standard of deference for a U.S. plaintiff’s
choice of a home forum permits dismissal only when the defendant “establish[es] such
oppressiveness and vexation to a defendant as to be out of all proportion to plaintiff’s convenience,
which may be shown to be slight or nonexistent.” Koster, 330 U.S. at 524; see also Piper, 454 U.S.
at 255-56 n.23 (“In Koster, we stated that ‘[in] any balancing of conveniences, a real showing of
convenience by a plaintiff who has sued in his home forum will normally outweigh the
inconvenience the defendant may have shown.’”); DiRienzo v. Philip Servs. Corp., 294 F.3d 21, 30
(2d Cir. 2002) (stating in a suit brought by U.S. plaintiffs that “plaintiffs should not have been
deprived of their choice of forum except upon defendants’ clear showing that a trial in the United
States would be so oppressive and vexatious to them as to be out of all proportion to plaintiffs’
convenience”).
         In this case, the district court never indicated that it was giving heightened deference by
virtue of the U.S. status of plaintiff.5 More significantly, the degree of deference given by the
district court resembles the degree of deference generally given to the forum selections of foreign
plaintiffs. For example, in Piper, a case involving foreign plaintiffs, the Supreme Court upheld a
district court’s dismissal of an action where the balance of private and public interest factors “clearly
point[ed] towards trial in the alternative forum.” 454 U.S. at 255. Similarly, the district court
dismissed Duha’s action because the Gulf Oil factors “weigh in favor” of the Argentine forum.
Duha, 340 F. Supp. 2d at 801.
        The Piper Court implied that the degree of deference given “ordinarily” applies to foreign
plaintiffs’ choice of forum “with less force.” See 454 U.S. at 255. This court has on many occasions
applied less deference in cases involving foreign plaintiffs. See, e.g., Stewart, 865 F.2d at 106
(affirming dismissal of foreign plaintiffs’ suit and stating that less deference is owed to their choice
of forum); Dowling v. Richardson-Merrell, Inc., 727 F.2d 608, 615 (6th Cir. 1984) (affirming
dismissal of foreign nationals’ action where “on balance” the Gulf Oil factors favored the alternative
forum); Rustal Trading US, Inc. v. Makki, No. 00-1513, 2001 U.S. App. LEXIS 19062, at *17 (6th
Cir. Aug. 21, 2001) (“[T]he district court was not required to defer to Rustal’s choice of forum in
this case, inasmuch as Rustal is . . . a foreign plaintiff.”). This lesser standard of deference should
presumptively not apply to a U.S. plaintiff’s choice of forum. See Koster, 330 U.S. at 524; Piper,
454 U.S. at 255-56 & n.23; DiRienzo, 294 F.3d at 30.
       It is true that in a case involving a U.S. citizen, this court has held that the district court did
not need to make a “finding” that trial in the U.S. forum would be “oppressive” or “vexatious” to


         5
           The district court did not clearly state precisely how much deference it was giving to Duha’s choice of forum,
but it did not give the required level of deference. It nowhere required Agrium to establish vexatiousness and
oppressiveness out of proportion to slight or nonexistent relative convenience of the plaintiff. See Koster, 330 U.S. at
524.
          The district court noted that “the court should give deference to the plaintiff’s choice and dismiss only when
‘the balance of conveniences suggests that trial in the chosen forum would be unnecessarily burdensome for the
defendant or the court.’” Duha, 340 F. Supp. 2d at 792 (quoting Piper). This “unnecessarily burdensome” language from
Piper does not incorporate the heightened deference for U.S. plaintiffs because the Piper Court used this language to
describe cases involving all deference levels. See Piper, 454 U.S. at 256 n.23 (“As always, if the balance of
conveniences suggests . . . .”) (emphasis added).
          Other language used by the district court is consistent with the lack of particular deference based on the U.S.
status of Duha: “[t]he Court finds that the defendants have met their burden of demonstrating that there is a reasonable
alternative forum in Argentina for the adjudication of the plaintiff’s claims, and both the private and public interest
factors weigh in favor of the alternate forum.” Duha, 340 F. Supp. 2d at 801.
Nos. 04-2505/2548                   Duha v. Agrium, Inc., et al.                                                Page 8


the defendants.6 Kryvicky v. Scandinavian Airlines Sys., 807 F.2d 514, 517 (6th Cir. 1986). We
explained that the fact that a plaintiff has filed suit in his home forum would not automatically bar
dismissal on forum non conveniens grounds. Id. (citing Piper Aircraft, 454 U.S. at 255 n.23). Our
analysis in that case was consistent, however, with a substantially higher degree of deference for the
choice of home-forum plaintiffs. Moreover, the actual ties to the home forum were much weaker
in Kryvicki than in the present case. In Kryvicky, the plaintiff had lived outside the United States
for about nine years prior to her action. See id. at 515 (observing that the plaintiff had moved from
Michigan to Brazil in 1975, from Brazil to Spain in 1983, from Spain back to Michigan after
November 1983, and filed her action on May 23, 1984). Duha was absent from the U.S. for far less
than nine years; he did not even complete his 25 months in Argentina. Moreover, while Duha was
out of the U.S. he maintained a residence in Michigan where his immediate family lived, but the
court in Kryvicky nowhere indicated similar facts anchoring the Kryvicky plaintiff to the U.S. forum.
See id.
        Accordingly, we read Kryvicki not to equate the deference accorded U.S. and foreign
plaintiffs, but rather to reject a specific requirement that district courts make a finding of “vexation”
or “oppression,” especially where the U.S. connection of the plaintiff is somewhat attenuated.
Kryvicki does not eliminate the significantly higher deference accorded home plaintiffs in U.S.
courts, and apart from any technical requirement of an explicit finding of “vexation” or
“oppression,” the district court’s dismissal of a home plaintiff’s suit on forum non conveniens
grounds should reflect a balancing against the home forum that is the substantial equivalent of
“oppressiveness and vexation to a defendant . . . out of all proportion” to slight or nonexistent
relative convenience for the plaintiff. Koster, 330 U.S. at 524. The district court’s balancing does
not appear, either by its terms or in its application on the record before us, to have accorded the
heightened deference legally required by the Supreme Court in Koster.
         B.       Gulf Oil Private Interest Factors
        Our conclusion that the district court did not give proper deference to the home plaintiff’s
choice of forum is supported by a review of the court’s actual balance of the Gulf Oil private interest
factors. Three aspects of the district court’s analysis in particular support this conclusion: (1) “the
relative ease of access to sources of proof”; (2) “availability of compulsory process for attendance
of unwilling” witnesses; (3) and “the cost of obtaining attendance of willing witnesses.” Gulf Oil,
330 U.S. at 508.
                  1.       Ease-of-Access
         First, on this record, the U.S. forum offers greater ease of access to the relevant documents
than the Argentine forum because to date most documents have been produced from the U.S. or
Canada and are written in English. In addition, the ease-of-access factor supports a determination
that a trial in the U.S. forum would not vex and oppress Agrium out of proportion to slight relative
convenience for Duha, because most documents are in Agrium’s possession and the mere shipment
of them to the U.S. forum in this case can hardly be vexatious or oppressive.
          The opinion below briefly treated documents under the “other problems” Gulf Oil factor
(i.e., other problems that make trial less convenient and more expensive). See Duha, 340 F. Supp.
2d at 797. But there the district court examined only whether Agrium could compel document


         6
          Our statement in Stewart that “[s]uch a high standard would constitute a misreading of Piper and its progeny,”
865 F.2d at 106, does not change the degree of deference for cases involving home plaintiffs. Stewart, unlike this case,
involved foreign plaintiffs. See id. at 104. It would indeed misread Piper—and Koster—to give to a foreign plaintiff
the heightened deference intended for a domestic plaintiff’s choice of forum. That has not occurred in this case, as Duha
is American, not Canadian, as were the Stewart plaintiffs. Id.
Nos. 04-2505/2548             Duha v. Agrium, Inc., et al.                                   Page 9


discovery from Argentine sources if the U.S. remained the forum. The district court did not
specifically weigh the locations of documents and the impact of foreign languages when evaluating
the ease-of-access factor. See id.
        Such an evaluation is required in this case as part of the ease-of-access analysis. Access to
non-witness sources of proof, including documents in particular, is properly considered as part of
the ease-of-access factor. See, e.g., DiRienzo, 294 F.3d at 29-30 (considering documents in ease of
access analysis and examining witnesses under separate Gulf Oil factors); Empresa Lineas
Maritimas Argentinas, S.A. v. Schichau-Unterweser, A.G., 955 F.2d 368, 374 (5th Cir. 1992)
(examining only the access to and location of documents, not witnesses, under the “access to proof
sources” heading); HD Brous & Co. v. Synthesys Secure Techs., 229 F. Supp. 2d 191, 197 (E.D.N.Y.
2002) (holding that because “the only significant item of documentary evidence appears to be the
Agreement . . . the access to evidence factor does not favor Synthesys.”) (emphasis added).
        The district court also appeared to give insufficient consideration to the language of the
relevant documents. Cases involving foreign language documents normally consider their impact
and perhaps the cost of translation in the balance of convenience. See, e.g., ESI, Inc. v. Coastal
Power Prod. Co., 995 F. Supp. 419, 426 (S.D.N.Y. 1998) (evaluating the language and location of
documents when determining ease of access); HSBC USA, Inc. v. Prosegur Paraguay, S. A., No. 03
Civ. 3336 (LAP), 2004 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 19750, at *12 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 30, 2004) (examining the
cost of translation of documents as part of ease-of-access analysis).
        In this case, discovery on jurisdictional and forum non conveniens issues has already
produced 4,000 pages of materials. The lion’s share of it, if the record is representative, is in
English and has likely been produced from Canada or the United States, with far less coming from
Argentina. Agrium’s attorney at oral argument insisted that many documents are in Argentina and
written in Spanish, but Agrium provided no record evidence substantiating this allegation.
Significantly, the district court observed that most of the relevant documents are in Agrium’s
possession. Duha, 304 F. Supp. 2d at 797. Requiring Agrium to ship them to the U.S. would not
substantially vex or oppress Agrium. Cf. DiRienzo, 294 F.3d at 30 (“The defendants have failed to
explain how transporting the documents or copies of them would be ‘oppressive’ or ‘vexatious,’ nor
does the district court offer a satisfactory explanation.”).
        We recognize that Agrium has agreed, as a condition of dismissal, to translate needed
English-language documents into Spanish. See Duha, 340 F. Supp. 2d at 798. This of course would
improve the ease of access to these documents for the Spanish-speaking Argentine court. But the
need to get Agrium’s agreement to translate potentially thousands of English-language documents
at considerable expense attests to the inherently superior ease of access to such documents in an
English-speaking U.S. forum.
       The limited extent to which the district court considered ease of access to documents thus
supports our conclusion that overall the relevant factors were not properly weighed under the Koster
standard.
               2.      Availability of Compulsory Process
       Second, although the availability of compulsory process is properly considered when
witnesses are unwilling, it is less weighty when it has not been alleged or shown that any witness
would be unwilling to testify. See Peregrine Myanmar v. Segal, 89 F.3d 41, 47 (2d Cir. 1996)
(observing that the compulsory process factor weighed against dismissal when “neither side claims
than any witness would be unwilling to testify”). Here Agrium did not allege, much less carry its
burden to show, that any witness was unwilling to testify and that compulsory process was
consequently needed. When no witness’ unwillingness has been alleged or shown, a district court
should not attach much weight to the compulsory process factor.
Nos. 04-2505/2548                   Duha v. Agrium, Inc., et al.                                               Page 10


        Agrium did not carry its burden to show that unwilling witnesses exist. See Manela v.
Garantia Banking, 940 F. Supp. 584, 592-93 (S.D.N.Y. 1996). Agrium was obligated to “provide
enough information to enable the District Court to balance the parties’ interests.” Piper, 454 U.S.
at 258. That means Agrium should have given the district court enough information to conclude that
some witnesses should be categorized as unwilling rather than willing (willing witnesses are covered
by a separate Gulf Oil factor). See, e.g., Mercier v. Sheraton Int’l, Inc., 935 F.2d 419, 428 (1st Cir.
1991) (approving of a district court’s analysis where “[i]t found that [defendant] Sheraton had failed
to establish that these witnesses would be unwilling to come to the United States or to provide
depositions on a voluntary basis”). Agrium can carry its burden by providing circumstantial
evidence, for example, that an ongoing “criminal investigation provid[es] a major disincentive to
voluntary testimony.” First Union Nat’l Bank v. Banque Paribas, 135 F. Supp.             2d 443, 450
(S.D.N.Y. 2001). But Agrium made no attempt to use circumstantial evidence.7
                  3.       The Cost of Obtaining Attendance of Willing Witnesses
        Finally, the weighing of the costs of witness attendance should take into account the practical
difficulties between interstate and international travel, and focus on witnesses whose relevance has
been established by record evidence. The factor regarding the cost of obtaining attendance of
willing witnesses favors the U.S. forum because it would not vex and oppress Agrium to transport
its witnesses to the U.S. forum. In fact, overall travel costs for witnesses can be expected to be
lower if the case is heard in the U.S. rather than Argentina.
                           a.        Differences Between Interstate and International Travel
        The cost of obtaining willing witnesses’ attendance weighs in favor of keeping this trial in
the U.S. forum because witnesses in the U.S. and Canada can travel more cheaply to the U.S. forum
than to Argentina. A much larger number of potential witnesses reside in the continental U.S. and
Canada than in Argentina, and about an equal number of crucial witnesses reside in each of these
three countries. Overall witnesses’ travel costs, therefore, can be expected to be comparatively
lower if the U.S. forum hosts this litigation than if a trial takes place in Argentina. It would
therefore appear not to vex or oppress Agrium to require it to bring its willing witnesses to the U.S.
forum.
         Other courts when balancing the cost of obtaining factor have noted that the proper analysis
is not to focus “on the number of witnesses in each location” but on willing witnesses’ “accessibility
and convenience to the forum.” Gates Learjet Corp. v. Jensen, 743 F.2d 1325, 1335-36 (9th Cir.
1984). That includes an appreciation for the greater cost of international, as opposed to interstate,
travel. The district court appears to have given little regard to the difference between interstate and
international travel, see Duha, 340 F. Supp. 2d at 796-98, as the district court examined only the
locations of witnesses when weighing the ease-of-access factor. See id. at 794-96. The district court
considered only those witnesses located in Michigan as a factor weighing against dismissal. See id.
at 796. It surmised that Adrian Fuller’s presence in Oklahoma, as opposed to Michigan, favored
holding the trial in Argentina. See id. If it had focused on witness’ “accessibility and convenience
to the forum,” Gates Learjet, 743 F.2d at 1335-36, and not solely on location, the district court
would not have automatically weighed the location of witnesses outside Michigan in favor of



         7
            This case’s circumstances indicate the probable willingness of the one crucial nonparty witness in Argentina,
Ronaldo Delaney: he is a former employee of ASP. Some courts assume, absent contrary evidence, that former
employees are willing to testify. See, e.g., Critikon, Inc. v. Becton Dickinson Vascular Access, 821 F. Supp. 962, 967
(D. Del. 1993) (“Because Dr. Ring is a retired employee of BDVA, . . . the Court must assume that he would be willing
to testify absent a subpoena.”); Manela, 940 F. Supp. at 592 n.14 (same). Delaney’s status as a former ASP employee,
without contrary evidence, supports an inference that he would be willing.
Nos. 04-2505/2548              Duha v. Agrium, Inc., et al.                                     Page 11


dismissal. A plane ticket to Michigan from Oklahoma in Fuller’s case can be expected to be cheaper
than travel to Argentina.
        The same is true for the large number of potentially willing witnesses in Canada and the
United States. The cost of obtaining attendance of witnesses is consequently lower for the U.S.
forum for willing witnesses located in Canada and the United States. These witnesses outnumber
those in Argentina, making the U.S. forum more convenient in terms of witness travel costs. It
would of course not vex and oppress Agrium out of proportion to Duha’s convenience for Agrium
to transport the smaller group of potential witnesses to the U.S. instead of requiring Duha and
Agrium to transport a larger group of witnesses to Argentina. Similarly, in In re Air Crash over the
Taiwan Strait on May 25, 2002, the court weighed the cost-of-obtaining factor “slightly” in favor
of dismissal in part because overall witness travel costs would have been far lower in the Taiwanese
forum. See 331 F. Supp. 2d 1176, 1199-1200 & nn. 93-94 (C.D. Cal. 2004).
                        b.      Consideration of Witnesses Whose Relevance Has Not Been
                                Established by Record Evidence
        Moreover, the district court’s analysis that a determinative number of relevant potential
witnesses reside in Argentina appears to take into account witnesses whose relevance has not been
established by record evidence. But as the Supreme Court noted in Van Cauwenberghe v. Biard,
486 U.S. 517, 528 (1988), courts considering dismissal for forum non conveniens have a duty to
determine which witnesses “are critical, or even relevant, to the plaintiff’s cause of action and to any
potential defenses to the action.”
         In this case, the district court weighed in favor of dismissal the locations of many Argentine
witnesses whose relevance to this action had been asserted in Agrium’s brief but not by affidavit or
in any other record evidence. See Duha, 340 F. Supp. 2d at 795. For example, the district court
considered the location of Carlos Gasparutti, Duha’s Argentine former landlord, see id., even though
no record evidence established his relevance to this action. With the exception of Greg McGlone,
whose relevance is established by Duha’s complaint, JA 138, Agrium in its brief before this court
did not cite record evidence establishing the relevance of any of the over thirty Argentine potential
witnesses listed in its affidavits and relied upon by the district court. See Second Br. at 26-30. In
its affidavits listing these potential witnesses, Agrium merely recited their names, addresses, and job
titles, and sometimes not that much. Agrium fully explained these potential witnesses’ relevance
only in its briefs before the district court and this court. See Second Br. at 27-29; JA 262-66.
Arguments in parties’ briefs are not evidence. See Braden v. Univ. of Pittsburgh, 477 F.2d 1, 6 (3d
Cir. 1973); Diversified Numismatics, Inc. v. City of Orlando, 949 F.2d 382, 384 (11th Cir. 1991).
While the relevance of some Argentine witnesses has been established by record evidence supplied
by Duha, the district court appears to have given undue weight to information about witnesses
supplied only in Agrium’s brief.
        In short, while we recognize our obligation to defer to the discretion of the district court in
balancing the relevant factors, Supreme Court case law requires that the district court give
appropriate heightened deference to a plaintiff’s choice of a home forum. Our review of the district
court’s application of the relevant private factors leads inescapably to the conclusion that the district
court did not apply a sufficiently deferential standard in this case.
        C.      Unconsidered Claims
       Even if the district court had properly dismissed Duha’s claims related to his allegedly
wrongful termination in Argentina, many of his claims have little or no relation to the termination,
and the district court consequently could not dismiss these analytically distinct claims without
expanding its forum non conveniens analysis to balance convenience with respect to these claims
Nos. 04-2505/2548                  Duha v. Agrium, Inc., et al.                                               Page 12


as well. The dismissal of distinct claims effectively omitted from the forum non conveniens analysis
is not within the district court’s discretion.
        District courts must consider all relevant public and private interest factors, and do so
reasonably. See Piper, 454 U.S. at 257. This obligation to consider all factors applies to each
analytically distinct set of claims. Where causes of action A and B differ so much that B cannot be
dismissed for the same reason as A, a district court may not dismiss B on forum non conveniens
grounds merely because A appears in the same complaint. If that were permitted, a district court
could dismiss a plethora of convenient claims because it correctly dismissed one inconvenient claim.
Forum non conveniens motions could become a search by defendants for the most inconvenient
claim. The least convenient claim might then serve as the standard by which every other claim in
the complaint, no matter how clearly distinct, could be judged.
        Other courts have warned that it is error to “simply characteriz[e] the case as one in
negligence, contract, or some other area of law”; instead, the district court “should focus on the
precise issues that are likely to be actually tried.” Iragorri v. United Techs. Corp., 274 F.3d 65, 74
(2d Cir. 2001) (en banc) (emphasis added). A court cannot focus on the precise issues to be tried
if it oversimplifies the case as a “wrongful termination” case without taking into account the
comparative convenience of analytically distinct claims, and in this case that means claims not
related to wrongful termination.
        We derive support in this regard from the law of interdistrict transfer of federal cases under
28 U.S.C. § 1404. When interpreting the transfer statute, 28 U.S.C. § 1404, courts have weighed
the comparative convenience of analytically distinct causes of action separately, even when they
appear in the same complaint. Courts have asserted broad leeway under the transfer statute to define
which subsets of claims qualify as separate civil actions. See Wyndham Assocs. v. Bintliff, 398 F.2d
614, 618 (2d Cir. 1968) (“. . . we do not agree that an entire action must mean the action as
originally brought. Where certain claims are properly severed, the result is that there are then two
or more separate ‘actions,’ and the district court may, pursuant to § 1404(a), transfer certain of such
separate actions while retaining jurisdiction of others.”); see also LG Elecs. v. First Int’l Computer,
138 F. Supp. 2d 574, 584 (D.N.J. 2001).
        The district court saw this case as primarily concerning wrongful termination. See Duha,
340 F. Supp. 2d at 792. It accordingly focused on the part of the story about Duha’s prostitution
comment, job performance, and the events immediately leading up to his termination that occurred
in Argentina. See id. at 794-95 (examining, in part, potential witnesses testimony regarding
“plaintiff’s job performance as a manager at Agroservicios or the events giving rise to his
termination . . .”). The district court, however, dismissed many claims having little or nothing to
do with the merits of Duha’s termination and which in all likelihood have no connection with
Argentina.
       For instance, Duha seeks relief for breach of employment agreement for benefits earned and
expenses incurred (Counts 29-31). Duha wants his accrued vacation, severance pay, stock options,
and as-yet unreimbursed business expenses. These claims have little or nothing to do with the merits
of Duha’s termination; they depend on the fact of termination, but that is undisputed.8


         8
           While these particular claims do not turn on the alleged wrongfulness of Duha’s termination, Agrium’s defense
or rebuttal to some part of these claims may concern the alleged wrongfulness of Duha’s termination. Agrium’s attorney
at oral argument suggested that the amount of severance pay owed to Duha might be contractually affected by the cause
of his termination. Agrium’s attorney did not allege, however, that Duha’s unreimbursed business expenses, accrued
vacation, stock options, reimbursement for tax preparation expenses, or reimbursement for additional taxes incurred as
a result of relocation to Argentina could be withheld due to the cause of his termination. We express no opinion about
the forum non conveniens ramifications of Duha’s potential defense or rebuttal to Counts 29-31.
Nos. 04-2505/2548                   Duha v. Agrium, Inc., et al.                                                 Page 13


        Duha’s claims for unjust enrichment and quantum meruit also have little or nothing to do
with the alleged wrongfulness of his termination (Counts 32-33). Duha wants compensation for the
benefit he conferred on Agrium by letting ASP use his Michigan home to purchase and ship goods
to Argentina—thereby avoiding the use of costly letters of credit and the six percent Argentine
“turnover” tax. The district court’s rationale for dismissing the wrongful termination claims, even
if assumed to be valid, does not justify dismissing Counts 32 and 33.
        Likewise, Duha has alleged two counts of silent fraud related to Agrium’s plan to name him
“Director suplente” of ASP without his knowledge or consent (Counts 37-38), two counts of
misrepresentation deriving from his employment-related insurance coverage (Counts 39-40), two
counts of fraud that resemble his misrepresentation claims in Counts 39-40 (Counts 41-42), one
count of intentional interference with prospective economic advantage for the post-termination time
period (Count 43), and two counts related to the Michigan Bullard-Plawecki Employee Right to
Know Act premised on Agrium’s handling of his personnel files (Counts 44-45). None of these
claims requires Duha to prove that his termination was in any way wrongful, except perhaps Count
45, which alleges that Agrium knowingly put false information in Duha’s personnel file, but that is
debatable  and deserves further examination on remand. All told, Duha has claimed over $1.7
million9 for injuries ostensibly having little or nothing to do with the circumstances of his allegedly
wrongful termination in Argentina.
        The district court effectively omitted each of these counts from its balancing. The district
court should have engaged in a forum non conveniens balancing regarding these claims.
        In this regard it was not sufficient for the district court to sever Duha’s tortious interference
claim from the dismissed complaint and permit him to file it in another U.S. jurisdiction. See Duha,
340 F. Supp. 2d at 801. The issue in this appeal is not whether Duha could bring his action
somewhere else in the United States but whether he could bring it in the U.S. forum he chose—the
Eastern District of Michigan. The availability of other U.S. forums, assuming that any are 10      in fact
available, at most justifies a transfer but not a dismissal on grounds of forum non conveniens. See
Collins v. Am. Auto. Ins. Co., 230 F.2d 416, 418-19 (2d Cir. 1956) (reversing a district court’s forum
non conveniens dismissal of an action where the district court had held that the plaintiff could pursue
his case in Louisiana, and noting that transfer, not dismissal, is the proper procedure in such
circumstances).
III.     ORDER DENYING MOTION TO SUPPLEMENT THE RECORD
         Agrium has filed a cross-appeal, seeking reversal of the district court’s denial of Agrium’s
motion to supplement the record with Agrium’s proffered materials. The district court’s decision
in this regard was not an abuse of discretion. See Banknote Corp. v. United States, 365 F.3d 1345,
1358 (Fed. Cir. 2004) (noting that the abuse of discretion standard governs the denial of a motion
to supplement the record).
       It is undisputed that the district court denied the motion before Agrium’s reply brief was due.
The district court should have waited to deny the motion until after the deadline to file the reply brief
had passed. Had it done so, the district court’s denial of this motion would have been
unquestionably proper. Nevertheless, Agrium’s reply brief did not say anything important that had

         9
         Severance ($171,900.00), unreimbursed expenses ($4,319.19), accrued vacation ($18,000.00), unjust
enrichment/quantum meruit ($1,500,000.00), interference with advantageous business relationship ($12,000.00), total
more than $1.7 million. JA 1910-11, 1913-14.
         10
           The district court’s order of dismissal cannot be interpreted as a transfer. It designated no transferee district
and quite explicitly dismissed the action.
Nos. 04-2505/2548            Duha v. Agrium, Inc., et al.                                Page 14


not already been presented to the district court in Agrium’s May 18th motion to supplement the
record. Compare JA 1967-74 (May 18, 2004, motion to supplement the record) with JA 2084-86
(reply brief).
        Moreover, the district court properly determined that Agrium had not shown “good cause”
to supplement the record after the time for supplementation had expired. Agrium’s supplementary
materials contained nothing that could have exerted great influence on the underlying forum non
conveniens motion. Agrium’s new materials, for instance, did not allege or support the notion that
any of the former ASP employees named in the material would be unwilling to testify, or were any
more important to Duha’s lawsuit than had been established previously. The district court’s order
denying Agrium’s motion to supplement the record was therefore not an abuse of discretion, and we
decline to supplement the record on appeal.
IV.    CONCLUSION
      For the foregoing reasons, the district court’s order of dismissal is VACATED. This case
is REMANDED for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
Nos. 04-2505/2548              Duha v. Agrium, Inc., et al.                                     Page 15


                                         _________________
                                             DISSENT
                                         _________________
        R. GUY COLE, JR., Circuit Judge, dissenting. I believe that the majority incorrectly applies
the clear abuse-of-discretion standard of review and does not properly follow the Supreme Court’s
and our precedent in forum non conveniens cases. Therefore, I respectfully dissent.
I.      Standard of Review
        While the majority opinion acknowledges that we review a district court’s forum non
conveniens determination for abuse of discretion, it then proceeds, in my view, to engage in a de
novo review. I believe that, while the majority acknowledges the proper standard of review, they
have “lost sight of this rule,” and improperly “substituted [their] own judgment for that of the
District Court.” Piper Aircraft Co. v. Reyno, 454 U.S. 235, 257 (1981).
         In Piper, the Supreme Court held that “[t]he forum non conveniens determination is
committed to the sound discretion of the trial court. It may be reversed only when there has been
a clear abuse of discretion; where the court has considered all relevant public and private interest
factors, and where its balancing of these factors is reasonable, its decision deserves substantial
deference.” Id. (emphasis added). Accordingly, we review forum non conveniens cases for clear
abuse of discretion. Dowling v. Richardson-Merrell, Inc., 727 F.2d 608, 616 (6th Cir. 1984) (citing
Piper, 454 U.S. at 257; Koster v. (American) Lumbermens Mut. Cas. Co., 330 U.S. 518, 531 (1947);
Gulf Oil Corp. v. Gilbert, 330 U.S. 501, 511–12 (1947)). See also Stewart v. Dow Chem. Co., 865
F.2d 103, 105 (6th Cir. 1989) (citing Kryvicky v. Scandinavian Airlines Sys., 807 F.2d 514, 516 (6th
Cir. 1986); Dowling v. Richardson-Merrell Dow Pharm., Inc., 769 F.2d 354, 356 (6th Cir. 1985)).
Our role is merely supervisory; we are not to “substitute[] [our] own judgment for that of the District
Court.” Piper, 454 U.S. at 257. Therefore, a “district court is accorded substantial flexibility in
evaluating a forum non conveniens motion.” Van Cauwenberghe v. Biard, 486 U.S. 517, 529 (1988)
(citing Piper, 454 U.S. at 249). Under our precedent, “[a] district court abuses its discretion ‘when
it relies on clearly erroneous findings of fact, or when it improperly applies the law or uses an
erroneous legal standard.’” United States v. Lineback, 330 F.3d 441, 443 (6th Cir. 2003) (quoting
United States v. Spikes, 158 F.3d 913, 927 (6th Cir. 1998)).
         In forum non conveniens cases, the decision-making is committed “to the discretion of the
district courts” to balance “‘all relevant public and private interest factors’ and to balance those
factors reasonably.” United States v. Taylor, 487 U.S. 326, 336 (1988) (quoting Piper, 454 U.S. at
257). Forum non conveniens cases tend to turn on their facts. Van Cauwenberghe, 486 U.S. at 529
(citing Williams v. Green Bay & Western R. Co., 326 U.S. 549, 557 (1946)). See also id. (“[T]he
issues that arise in forum non conveniens determinations will substantially overlap factual and legal
issues of the underlying dispute.”); Dowling, 727 F.2d at 616 (in forum non conveniens cases “[t]he
factual setting in each case prescribes” the course of action for the district court). Insofar as the
determination of the district court relies on factual findings, we accord the district court “substantial
deference” and will only reverse for “clear error.” Id. at 337 (citing Anderson v. Bessemer City, 470
U.S. 564 (1985)). When the relevant factors “are properly considered, and supporting factual
findings are not clearly in error, the district court’s judgment of how opposing considerations
balance should not lightly be disturbed.” Id.
II.     The Deference Due to a Domestic Plaintiff’s Choice of Forum
       The majority cites to Koster for the proposition that, unless a defendant can “establish such
oppressiveness and vexation to a defendant as to be out of all proportion to plaintiff’s convenience,”
Nos. 04-2505/2548              Duha v. Agrium, Inc., et al.                                       Page 16


Koster 330 U.S. at 525, a case cannot be dismissed on forum non conveniens grounds. I believe that
the majority’s reliance on Koster in cases involving a domestic plaintiff does not give proper
deference to Piper and its progeny in this circuit. In doing so, the majority misconstrues the amount
of deference due to a domestic plaintiff.
        In Piper, the Supreme Court determined that “[a] citizen’s forum choice should not be given
dispositive weight . . . .” Piper, 454 U.S. at 258. “Citizens or residents deserve somewhat more
deference than foreign plaintiffs, but dismissal should not be automatically barred when a plaintiff
has filed suit in his home forum. As always, if the balance of conveniences suggests that trial in the
chosen forum would be unnecessarily burdensome for the defendant or the court, dismissal is
proper.” Id. (emphasis added). In discussing the heightened deference due to a domestic plaintiff,
the Piper Court ignored Koster’s language requiring a finding of oppressiveness and vexatiousness,
and instead only cites Koster for the proposition that “a plaintiff’s choice of forum is entitled to
greater deference when the plaintiff has chosen the home forum.” Id. at 255 (citing Koster, 330 U.S.
at 524). See also id. at n.23 (“In Koster, we stated that ‘[in] any balancing of conveniences, a real
showing of convenience by a plaintiff who has sued in his home forum will normally outweigh the
inconvenience the defendant may have shown.’” (quoting Koster, 330 U.S. at 524)).
        Interestingly, so-called Koster deference arose in a legal landscape that is no longer
applicable. In Koster, federal jurisdiction was diversity-based and both the plaintiff and the
defendant were United States citizens. Koster, 330 U.S. at 520. Koster, therefore, did not involve
an analysis of the degree of deference that was due to a domestic plaintiff’s choice of forum when
suing a foreign defendant; Koster, involved what level of deference was due to all plaintiffs when
choosing a forum. In today’s climate, the doctrine of forum non conveniens is only applicable in
situations involving foreign plaintiffs insofar as domestic forum non conveniens has been replaced
with a statute. See 28 U.S.C. § 1404(a) (“[F]or the convenience of the parties and witnesses, in the
interest of justice, a district court may transfer any civil action to any other district or division where
it might have been brought.”); Piper, 454 U.S. at 253 (Section 1404(a) replaced common-law forum
non conveniens for cases involving only domestic parties).
        In accordance with Piper, this Court has reaffirmed that “the ‘central focus of the . . . inquiry
is convenience . . . .’ Thus, there is no requirement in Piper . . . that the burden be ‘oppressive,’ . . .
Such a high standard would constitute a misreading of Piper and its progeny.” Stewart, 865 F.2d
at 106 (citing Piper, 454 U.S. at 249). Further, this Court had previously followed Piper and
rejected a requirement that a district court find oppressiveness or vexation to a defendant. Kryvicky
v. Scandinavian Airlines Sys., 807 F.2d 514, 517 (6th Cir. 1986). While we held that greater
deference is due to a domestic plaintiff, we likewise held that when a district court accords a
domestic plaintiff’s choice of forum “due deference” and balances the relevant factors, the court has
not abused its discretion. Id. Contrary to the majority’s assertion, it was not central to Kryvicky’s
holding that the plaintiff had less-than-substantial ties with the chosen forum — Kryvicky stands for
the proposition that the ultimate decision is vested in the discretion of the district court.
           Further, unlike the majority, I believe that Kryvicky and Stewart cannot be read so as to
require a district court to find oppressiveness and vexation to a defendant, but not to require a
technical recitation of those words. Kryvicky and Stewart are clear in their requirement that a “high
standard would constitute a misreading of Piper and its progeny.” Stewart, 865 F.2d at106. See also
Iragorri, Etc. v. Int’l Elevator, Inc., 203 F.3d 8, 15 (1st Cir. 2000) (“a [foreign] defendant’s right
to obtain dismissal on forum non conveniens grounds hinges on whether it can show that
considerations of convenience and judicial efficiency strongly favor the proposed alternative forum.
. . . the ‘strongly favors’ language has deep roots in Supreme Court precedent . . . and the [Supreme]
Court’s subsequent mentions of the Koster dictum lend no support that the dictum somehow
supplanted the ‘strongly favors’ test.” (citing Gulf Oil Corp. v. Gilbert, 330 U.S. 501, 508 (1947);
Norwood v. Kirkpatrick, 349 U.S. 29, 35 (1955)) (emphasis added)).
Nos. 04-2505/2548                   Duha v. Agrium, Inc., et al.                                             Page 17


        I further believe that, along with Stewart and Kryvicky, we should follow Piper’s mandate
that a district court give a domestic plaintiff “greater deference,” but “if the balance of
conveniences” — a balance that “is committed to the sound discretion of the trial court” —
“suggests that trial in the chosen forum would be unnecessarily burdensome for the defendant or the
court,” then we should not disturb a dismissal on forum non conveniens grounds. Piper, 454 U.S.
at 256–57. There is no requirement in our caselaw that the district court make a finding, either
explicitly or implicitly, that the burden on the defendant must rise to an oppressive and vexatious
level before forum non conveniens dismissal is proper.
III.    The District Court’s Opinion
         Contrary to the majority’s assertion, the district court did indicate that it was giving greater
deference to the domestic plaintiff’s choice of forum. See Maj. Op at 7 (“In this case, the district
court never indicated that it was giving heightened deference by virtue of the U.S. status of
plaintiff.”). See also id. at 8 (“The district court’s balancing does not appear, either by its terms or
in its application on the record before us, to have accorded the heightened deference legally required
. . .”). First, the district court properly cited to Piper and articulated its position on the greater
deference due to the domestic plaintiff’s choice of forum:
        The defendants’ motions based on forum non conveniens present the question
        whether an American employee of an international corporation who is fired while on
        temporary assignment to a foreign country must litigate his wrongful termination
        claims in that foreign country when some of the witnesses who may have evidence
        of the employee’s job performance are located there. The plaintiff’s choice of
        forum in such circumstances “should rarely be disturbed” absent a strong showing
        by a defendant supporting transfer or dismissal. Gulf Oil Corp. v. Gilbert, 330 U.S.
        501, 508 (1947). Nonetheless, dismissal is not “automatically barred” when a
        plaintiff brings suit in his home forum; rather, the court should give deference to the
        plaintiff’s choice and dismiss only when “the balance of conveniences suggests that
        trial in the chosen forum would be unnecessarily burdensome for the defendant or
        the court.” Piper Aircraft Co. v. Reyno, 454 U.S. 235, 256 n.23 (1981).
Duha v. Agrium, Inc., 340 F. Supp. 2d 787, 792–93 (E.D. Mich. 2004) (emphasis added). Nothing
else in the district court’s opinion leads me to the conclusion that the district court failed to give the
domestic plaintiff’s choice of forum heightened deference.
       The district court then correctly identified the relevant law in determining whether a forum
non conveniens dismissal was proper:
        As this Court has previously observed, “an action may be dismissed on the basis of
        forum non conveniens if the defendant demonstrates that (1) there is a reasonable
        alternative forum available and (2) the balance of private and public interests favors
        transfer.” Ramakrishna v. Besser Co., 172 F. Supp. 2d 926, 929 (E.D. Mich. 2001)
        (citing Stewart v. Dow Chemical Co., 865 F.2d 103, 106 (6th Cir. 1989)). The
        defendant bears the burden of persuading the Court on both elements.
Duha, 340 F. Supp. 2d at 793. After finding that a reasonable alternative forum existed,1 the district
court correctly identified the private factors it had to weigh:



        1
            I agree with the majority that the Argentine courts are “an available and adequate alternative forum.” Maj.
Op at 12.
Nos. 04-2505/2548              Duha v. Agrium, Inc., et al.                                      Page 18


        When balancing the relative merits of the alternate forum against the plaintiff’s
        chosen forum, courts generally consider the following private interest factors: (1) the
        relative ease of access to sources of proof; (2) the availability of compulsory process
        for attendance of witnesses; (3) the possible need to view the premises; and (4) all
        other practical problems that make a trial more convenient and less expensive.
        Ramakrishna, 172 F. Supp. 2d at 930 (citing Gulf Oil Co., 330 U.S. at 508-09;
        Kryvicky, 807 F.2d at 516).
Id. at 794. The district court also correctly identified the public factors it had to weigh:
        In a forum non conveniens motion, “the public interests that must be balanced
        include any administrative difficulties of courts with clogged dockets; the burden of
        jury duty on people of a community having no connection with the litigation; the
        desirability of holding a trial near those most affected by it; and the appropriateness
        of holding a trial in a diversity case under a foreign state’s law.” Ramakrishna, 172
        F. Supp. 2d at 930 (citing Gulf Oil Co., 330 U.S. at 508-09; Kryvicky, 807 F.2d at
        516).
Id. at 799.
        Nothing in the district court’s opinion suggests that the district court clearly abused its
discretion in balancing the relevant factors. See id. at 793–94 (discussing availability of a
“Reasonable Alternate Forum”); id at 794–96 (discussing private factor of “Relative Ease of Access
to Sources of Proof”); id. at 796–97 (discussing private factor of “Availability of Compulsory
Process for Attendance of Witnesses”); id. at 797–99 (discussing private factor of “Other Problems
That Make Trial Less Convenient and More Expensive” which included a discussion of document
discovery, Plaintiff’s familiarity with Argentina’s legal system, the size and resources of the parties,
and the hardship to the parties); id. at 799–802 (discussing “Public Interests” factors which included
a discussion of “Local Burdens,” “Desirability of Holding a Trial Near Those Most Affected By It,”
and “Appropriateness of Holding a Trial in a Diversity Case in a Court Which is Familiar with the
Governing Law”). The district court accorded the proper deference to the plaintiff’s choice of
forum, weighed the relevant information, determined that the majority of the plaintiff’s complaint
revolved around conduct in Argentina, with documents and witnesses in Argentina, and with
Argentinian courts capable of adjudicating the complaint.
        While the majority, relying entirely on out-of-circuit caselaw, disagrees with the district
court’s analysis of these factors, our burden is clear: we should not revisit the district court’s
determinations and substitute our judgment and factual determinations for those of the district court.
Piper, 454 U.S. at 257. We are required to find a “clear abuse of discretion,” which, on these facts,
I cannot do.
IV.     The Dismissal of Plaintiff’s Domestic Claims
         I also do not believe that the district court abused its discretion in dismissing the entirety of
plaintiff’s complaint while only discussing forum non conveniens as to part of the complaint. The
district court said that it was:
        mindful that a minor portion of the plaintiff’s second amended complaint contains
        allegations that defendants other than Agroservicios interfered with the plaintiff’s
        business opportunities after he returned from Argentina, and Argentina may not be
        an appropriate forum for those claims. However, the plaintiff may sever those claims
        and file them in an appropriate American forum, although likely not in Michigan, if
        he chooses.
Nos. 04-2505/2548              Duha v. Agrium, Inc., et al.                                      Page 19


Duha, 340 F. Supp. at 801. I have found no requirement that a district court, when faced with a
motion on forum non conveniens grounds, either dismiss the entire complaint on forum non
conveniens grounds or none of it. Here, the district court, exercising its discretion, determined that
the majority of the complaint revolved around conduct and witnesses located in Argentina. The
district court left it up to the plaintiff whether or not to re-file his severable causes of action and
where to re-file them.
         Under 28 U.S.C. § 1404(a), a district court has discretion to transfer cases to other judicial
districts “in the interest of justice.” The deference given to a district court under § 1404(a) is even
greater than what we give under forum non conveniens review. See Piper, 454 U.S. at 253 (“District
courts were given more discretion to transfer under § 1404(a) than they had to dismiss on grounds
of forum non conveniens.” (citing Norwood, 349 U.S. 29)). The district court would not have erred
if it chose to transfer the severed portions of plaintiff’s complaint. Likewise, the district court, in
allowing the plaintiff to re-file the severed claims was dismissing without prejudice. Therefore, I
cannot find, applying the required high level of deference, that the district court abused its
discretion.
V.      Conclusion
         I believe that Piper, and our subsequent precedent, stand for the proposition that domestic
plaintiffs are due greater deference in choosing a forum, but that a domestic plaintiff’s choice of
forum is not dispositive. There is no requirement that this greater deference require a finding that
not to transfer would oppress or be vexatious to the foreign defendant.
         Further, and perhaps more importantly, forum non conveniens cases require us, as a
reviewing court, only to reverse a dismissal if the district court clearly abused its discretion. The
district judge is closer to the facts of a case and a forum non conveniens dismissal is, necessarily,
a factually intense inquiry. It is not our role to substitute our judgment for that of the district court.
        Because I believe that the majority fails to give proper deference to the Supreme Court’s and
our precedent, and improperly substitutes its judgment for that of the district court, I respectfully
dissent.
