                                   COURT OF APPEALS
                                EIGHTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
                                     EL PASO, TEXAS

BEVERLY SUE CLARK,                               )
                                                 )         No. 08-97-00634-CV
                      Appellant,                 )
                                                 )             Appeal from the
v.                                               )
                                                 )          256th District Court
GLENN EUGENE FUNK,                               )
                                                 )        of Dallas County, Texas
                      Appellee.                  )
                                                 )          (TC# 95-04793-Z)
                                                 )


                                          OPINION

        Beverly Sue Clark and Glenn Eugene Funk were married June 16, 1990, and had two

children of the marriage, Michael Thomas Funk, born April 28, 1991, and Matthew Stuart Funk,

born December 1, 1992. The trial court entered a divorce decree and conservatorship and

support orders on July 15, 1997, and named Clark, Glenn Funk, and Glenn Funk’s parents, John

William “Bill” Funk and Dorothy Funk, joint managing conservators. We affirm the judgment

of the trial court.

        As a preliminary matter, Appellee Glenn Funk argues that Appellant Clark is estopped to

appeal the trial court’s decree regarding conservatorship and child support.

        Glenn Funk argues that he and Clark entered into a mediated agreement that meets the

requirements of TEX .FAM .CODE ANN . §153.0071(e)(Vernon Supp. 2000) and TEX .R.CIV .P. 11

and that Clark in the mediated agreement agreed to the terms of the divorce decree.

        The court entered the final decree and the possession and conservatorship orders on July

15, 1997. The mediated agreement was not dated but was filed September 9, 1997. In the
agreement, the parties “approve[d] the form of the Decree of Divorce” and agreed that where the

decree and the agreement conflict, the agreement controls. The agreement covers certain

ancillary matters and details not covered by the decree and does not contradict the decree with

respect to conservatorship or child support.

       The plain language of the agreement limits Clark’s approval of the decree to form only,

not to substance. Nowhere does Clark approve the substance of the conservatorship or support

orders. Although Clark agrees that she will pay $44 a week of child support through the

Guardian Ad Litem’s office, we construe this not as acquiescence to the amount of support but

rather an agreement as to the manner of payment. The mediation agreement does not prevent

Clark from appealing the decree.

       Glenn Funk also argues that Clark is estopped under the principle that a party who

accepts the benefits of a judgment is estopped to challenge the judgment. See Carle v. Carle,

149 Tex. 469, 234 S.W.2d 1002, 1004 (1950). He argues that Clark accepted the benefit of the

judgment by making child support payments. We do not construe payment of court-ordered child

support as receiving a judgment benefit.

       He further argues that Clark is estopped under the principle that where a party voluntarily

pays a judgment, the party waives the right to appeal. See Elkins v. Vincik, 437 S.W.2d 49, 51-2

(Tex.Civ.App.--Austin 1969, no writ). He argues that Clark voluntarily agreed to pay more child

support than the court ordered. The trial court, Glenn Funk argues, has no jurisdiction to enforce

the support order by contempt while the order is on appeal. Therefore, Glenn Funk argues,

Clark’s acquiescence was voluntary. Glenn Funk cites no relevant authority. Also the record

does not support his argument. He cites that portion of the final divorce decree where the court


                                               -2-
sets Clark’s support payment. He further cites another version of the final decree listing higher

support amounts for Clark.     The latter version appears to be draft version of the final decree and

is signed by neither Clark nor her attorney. This does not support his assertion that Clark agreed

to higher payments than those ordered by the court. Clark is not estopped to appeal the decree

and the possession and conservatorship orders. As such, we will consider her appellate issues in

the order she raises them in her brief.

       Clark, in several appellate issues, complains the trial court abused its discretion in its

conservatorship order. She does not complain about the order generally, but rather complains

about specific issues.

       Glenn Funk filed his original divorce petition March 21, 1995. The 1995 Family Code

amendments took effect April 20, 1995, and for the most part, do not apply to cases then

pending.1 We, therefore, cite and apply the Family Code as it existed before the 1995

amendments.

       In determining questions of managing conservatorship, possession, and support of and

access to a child, the court shall always consider first the best interest of the child. See

TEX .FAM .CODE ANN . § 14.07(a).2 In determining the best interest of the child, the court shall

consider the parents’ circumstances. See TEX .FAM .CODE ANN . § 14.07(b).3 The trial judge faces

the parties and their witnesses, observes their demeanor, and has the opportunity to evaluate the


       1
           Act of April 6, 1995, 75th Leg., R.S., ch. 20, § 3, 1995 TEX .GEN .LAWS 113, 282.
       2
         See Act of May 10, 1991, 72nd Leg., R.S., ch. 161, § 3, 1991 TEX .GEN .LAWS 771
(repealed 1995)(current version at TEX .FAM .CODE ANN . § 153.002 (Vernon 1996)).
       3
         See Act of May 30, 1977, 65th Leg., R.S., ch. 476, § 28, 1977 TEX .GEN .LAWS 1862
(repealed 1995)(current version at TEX .FAM .CODE ANN . § 153.431 (Vernon 1996)).

                                                  -3-
claims made by each of them. The trial judge, therefore, is in a better position than are we to

determine the child’s best interest. See In the Matter of the Marriage of D.M.B. and R.L.B., 798

S.W.2d 399, 405 (Tex.App.--Amarillo 1990, no writ). The trial court has broad discretion in

determining what is in the best interest of the child in conservatorship matters, and we will not

reverse its decision absent an abuse of discretion. See Eason v. Eason, 860 S.W.2d 187, 191

(Tex.App.--Houston [14th Dist.] 1993, no writ); Thompson v. Thompson, 827 S.W.2d 563, 566-

67 (Tex.App.--Corpus Christi 1992, writ denied). A trial court does not abuse its discretion

when it bases its decision on conflicting evidence. See Griffin Indus., Inc. v. The Honorable

Thirteenth Court of Appeals, 934 S.W.2d 349, 357 (Tex. 1996); Kirkpatrick v. Memorial Hosp.

of Garland, 862 S.W.2d 762, 776 (Tex.App.--Dallas 1993, writ denied).

       John and Dorothy Funk, the paternal grandparents of Michael and Matthew Funk, sought

only possessory conservatorship in their pleadings. In her first appellate issue, Clark argues that

the trial court abused its discretion by appointing John and Dorothy Funk joint managing

conservators of the two boys. She says the decree and the orders must conform to the pleadings.

We disagree.

       The technical rules of practice and pleadings are of little importance in determining

conservatorship issues. See Leithold v. Plass, 413 S.W.2d 698, 701 (Tex. 1967); In re P.M.B., 2

S.W.3d 618, 624 (Tex.App.--Houston [14th Dist.] 1999, no pet.); Baker v. Ericsson, 689 S.W.2d

492, 494 (Tex.App.--El Paso 1985, no writ); C. v. C., 534 S.W.2d 359, 361 (Tex.Civ.App.--

Dallas 1976, writ dism’d). In cases that involve the parent-child relationship, the best interests of

the child or children are of paramount importance. See In re Macalik, 13 S.W.3d 43, 45

(Tex.App.--Texarkana 1999, no pet. h.). The trial court has broad discretion in conservatorship


                                                 -4-
matters in order to serve the best interests of the children in a suit affecting the parent-child

relationship. The trial court did not abuse its discretion by granting to the grandparents certain

rights and duties associated with joint managing conservatorship despite the grandparents’

pleading deficiencies.

         In passing, Clark argues that courts should apply due process precepts in suits affecting

the parent-child relationship. She does not clarify her due-process argument and cites only Avila

v. Avila, 843 S.W.2d 280, 281-82 (Tex.App.--El Paso 1992, no writ), a case dealing with service

of citation. She makes no allegations about defective service. Due process does require that a

litigant be given fair notice of the issues that will be decided in the litigation. See Cunningham v.

Parkdale Bank, 660 S.W.2d 810, 813 (Tex. 1983); Macalik, 13 S.W.3d at 45. However, because

the best interests of the children must be the focus of the trial court when determining

conservatorship issues, “fair notice is afforded when the pleadings generally invoke the court’s

jurisdiction over custody and control of the children.” Macalik, 13 S.W.3d at 45. Clark’s rights

to due process were not violated because the issue of conservatorship of the children was

contested and was squarely before the trial court. We overrule Beverly Clark’s first appellate

issue.

         In Clark’s second appellate issue, she complains the trial court abused its discretion by

appointing more than two parties joint managing conservators. Joint managing conservatorship

means the sharing of the rights, privileges, duties, and powers of a parent by two parties,

ordinarily the parents, even if the court awards to one party the exclusive power to make certain




                                                  -5-
decisions. See TEX .FAM .CODE ANN . §14.021(b).4 Therefore, she argues, the statute prohibits

more than two joint managing conservators.

       Even though we have found no case in which an appellate court has specifically

considered the issue of the number of managing conservators, trial courts have named more than

two joint managing conservators. Often those cases involve grandparents acting as joint

managing conservators with one parent. See Brook v. Brook, 881 S.W.2d 297 (Tex. 1994);

Connors v. Connors, 796 S.W.2d 233 (Tex.App.--Fort Worth 1990, writ denied).

       The language Clark cites seems more like a general description of legislative intent with

respect to the powers and duties of joint managing conservators, rather than a specific prohibition

of more than two joint managing conservatives. The trial court did not abuse its discretion by

appointing more than two joint managing conservators.

       Clark also argues that Section 153.372(a) of the post-1995 Family Code, which says “A

nonparent . . . appointed as a joint managing conservator may serve in that capacity with either

another nonparent or with a parent of the child,” requires no more than two managing

conservators. The issue is not before us because the cited language is not present in the pre-1995

Family Code5, which governs this action. We express no opinion on whether Clark’s

interpretation of Section 153.372(a) of the post-1995 Family Code is correct. We overrule

Clark’s second appellate issue.

       In its decree, the trial court ordered that if Glenn Funk and Clark were not able to agree


       4
         Act of May 23, 1987, 70th Leg., R.S., ch. 744, § 6, 1987 TEX .GEN .LAWS 2666, 2668-69
(repealed 1995)(current version at TEX .FAM .CODE ANN . § 101.016 (Vernon 1996)).
       5
         See Act of May 29, 1993, 73rd Leg., R.S., ch. 766, § 1, 1993 TEX .GEN .LAWS 2989
(repealed 1995)(TEX .FAM .CODE ANN . § 14.01(a)).

                                                -6-
about their rights under the decree with respect to joint managing conservatorship, that Dorothy

and John Funk, the boys’ grandparents, would have controlling say and would make the final

decision. In her third appellate issue, Clark complains that trial court abused its discretion by

giving the grandparents such authority.

       Clark argues that a court cannot exclude the parents from raising their children unless the

court finds that the parents’ raising of the children would significantly impair the children’s

physical health or emotional development. See TEX .FAM .CODE ANN . § 14.01(b)(1).6 The cited

code section requires the court to appoint a parent sole managing conservator or both parents

joint managing conservators unless the court finds such an appointment would not be in the

child’s best interest because such appointment would significantly impair the child’s physical

health or emotional well being. Of course, since the court appointed both parents joint managing

conservators, albeit joint managing conservators with the paternal grandparents it is questionable

whether the statute even applies.

       Clark nevertheless argues that granting such power to the grandparents effectively

deprives her of joint managing conservatorship powers and effectively allows the grandparents to

modify the conservatorship order without a court hearing. We disagree. Very recently, the U.S.

Supreme Court touched upon the core issue that Clark’s argument touches upon in Troxel v.

Granville, 120 S.Ct. 2054 (June 5, 2000). There, the Court considered a Washington State

statute that permitted any person to petition for visitation rights whenever such visitation may

serve a child’s best interest. The Court found that statute to be overly broad and that by failing to



       6
         See Act of May 26, 1989, 71st Leg., R.S., ch. 370, § 1, 1989 TEX .GEN .LAWS 1461
(repealed 1995)(current version at TEX .FAM .CODE ANN . § 153.131 (Vernon Supp. 2000)).

                                                 -7-
require a threshold showing of harm or potential harm to the child in addition to best interest of

the child unconstitutionally infringed upon a parent’s fundamental right to raise their children.

The Texas statute upon which Clark bases her claim is, unlike the Washington visitation statute

in Troxel, very limited in its application and does not simply depend upon a best interest of the

child finding. Moreover, and again unlike the situation in Troxel, the record before us clearly

reflects that the trial court’s order was based, not merely on its singular determination of the best-

interest question, but was firmly founded upon special factors that justify the imposition of a tie

breaking role for the grandparents that imposes a limited restriction of both parent’s fundamental

right to make decisions concerning the raising of their children.

       A parent appointed conservator of a child has certain rights, privileges, duties, and

powers, unless a written finding by the court determines it would not be in the best interest of the

child. See TEX .FAM .CODE ANN . § 14.02(b).7 When a court appoints both parents conservators,

the court shall specify the rights, privileges, duties, and powers that are to be retained by both

parents, that are to be exercised jointly, and that are to be exercised exclusively by one parent.

See TEX .FAM .CODE ANN . § 14.02(a).8

       The court allocated the parental rights, privileges, duties, and powers between Clark and

Glenn Funk and his parents, for the most part treating Glenn Funk and his parents as a unit. For

example, no rights, privileges, duties, or powers are to be exercised exclusively by Glenn Funk

but rather exclusively by Glenn Funk and his parents, John and Dorothy Funk.


       7
        See Act of May 29, 1993, 73rd Leg., R.S., ch. 766, § 2, 1993 TEX .GEN .LAWS 2989,
2990- 91 (repealed 1995)(current version at TEX .FAM .CODE ANN . § 153.072 (Vernon 1996)).
       8
        See Act of May 29, 1993, 73rd Leg., R.S., ch. 766, § 2, 1993 TEX .GEN .LAWS 2989,
2990 (repealed 1995)(current version at TEX .FAM .CODE ANN . § 153.071 (Vernon 1996)).

                                                 -8-
       We do not view the court’s actions as depriving Clark of her managing conservatorship

powers. The court had the power to grant certain rights, privileges, duties, and powers

exclusively to Glenn Funk but did not. Instead, the court attempted to allocate the rights,

privileges, duties, and powers between Clark and the Funks and gave the grandparents

controlling say only when Clark and Glenn Funk could not reach agreement if disputes arise.

The court further found that such an arrangement was in the best interest of the boys. The trial

court did not abuse its discretion. We overrule Clark’s third appellate issue.

       In her fourth appellate issue, Clark argues that she introduced sufficient credible evidence

that Glenn Funk committed acts constituting physical abuse. Therefore, she argues, the trial

court abused its discretion in naming Glenn Funk joint managing conservator. In her fifth

appellate issue, she complains, relying on the violence allegations, the trial court abused its

discretion by not naming her sole managing conservator.

       The court may not appoint joint conservators if a party presents credible evidence of a

history or pattern of past or present child neglect, or physical or sexual abuse by one parent

directed against the other parent, a spouse, or any child. See TEX .FAM .CODE ANN . § 14.021(h).9

Generally when a fact finder is presented with conflicting evidence, it may believe one witness

and disbelieve others. See McGalliard v. Kuhlmann, 722 S.W.2d 694, 697 (Tex. 1986). The

Texas Supreme Court has stated that factors such as provocation or which party initiated a

confrontation are not relevant factors in determining whether there exists a history or pattern of

abuse. See Pena v. Pena, 8 S.W.3d 639 (Tex. 1999)(per curiam).


       9
        See Act of May 23, 1987, 70th Leg., R.S., ch. 744, § 6, 1987 TEX .GEN .LAWS 2666,
2669 (repealed 1995)(current version at TEX .FAM .CODE ANN . § 153.004(b)(Vernon Supp.
2000)).

                                                 -9-
       Clark testified that on March 10, 1995, when she was preparing to take the children to

visit Glenn Funk’s parents in Kansas, Glenn Funk began searching the van. He searched the

luggage of Melissa Johnson, his stepdaughter and Clark’s daughter by a previous marriage. He

found certain files, which included the boys’ birth certificates, and removed them. Glenn Funk

testified that he was afraid that Clark was attempting to flee and establish out-of-state residency

with the children. Clark testified that she tried to prevent Glenn Funk from removing the files.

Clark testified that Glenn Funk grabbed her around the throat, held her off the ground, and

carried her with her feet off the ground, and slammed her against the fence. She further testified

that he hit her in the solar plexus or diaphragm, knocking her out of breath and hurting her. She

testified that he dropped his knee twice into her breastbone with the full weight of his body.

Glenn Funk weighs between 250 and 270 pounds, and Clark weighs approximately 100 pounds.

She testified that she sustained no injuries other than redness of her skin for a few hours. Glenn

Funk acknowledges he searched the van and found some folders, but testified that Clark began

the physical confrontation by slamming the car door on him when he found the files. He denied

grabbing his wife and carrying her by the throat and denied slamming her into the fence. He did

say that after she bit his hand, he “did a palm heel strike roughly that way into her solar plexis.”

       Clark also testified that around Thanksgiving 1994 when she and Glenn Funk were in

bed, he gave her a sharp kick in the ribs and that he continued kicking her until she finally fell off

the bed and onto the floor. Glenn Funk testified, however, that she kicked him first, in the side

when he refused to turn out the light, that she continued to try to kick him, and that he pushed her

to the other side of the bed.

       About another incident, Clark testified that in August or September 1994 after she


                                                -10-
showed Glenn Funk that Matthew was using a left-handed spoon, Glenn Funk grabbed Clark by

the head and shoved her out of her chair so that the chair tipped.

        She also testified that Glenn Funk repeatedly called her daughter, Melissa, stupid and

dumb with regard to her math homework and repeatedly would pull the chair out from under

Melissa while she was sitting at her desk, thus causing her to fall to the floor. She said that

Glenn Funk would hold her daughter down on the floor by her wrists while he was over her on

all fours yelling in her face.

        Aside from “palm strike” during the van incident and the “pushing” during the bed

incident, Glenn Funk denied any physical abuse of his wife, stepdaughter, or sons.

        Clark, citing Nixon v. Armstrong, 38 Tex. 296, 297 (1873), argues that the statute simply

requires credible evidence of spousal or child abuse and does not require the court to actually

believe the evidence. She says that so long as she introduce credible evidence -- she argues this

means legally competent or admissible evidence -- the court may not appoint Glenn Funk

managing conservator. She further argues that the Legislature intends the non-violent rather than

the violent parent be appointment managing conservator. See Lewelling v. Lewelling, 796

S.W.2d 164, 168 (Tex. 1990).

        Nixon v. Armstrong, a case dealing with whether an attesting witness to a will is

competent, or credible, is distinguishable. The Legislature in enacting Section 14.021(h) did not

intend to take from the fact finder the power to make credibility determinations. Were we to

follow Clark’s argument, then any time a spouse made an allegation of a history of abuse, the

trial court would be prevented from naming the target of the allegation managing conservator.

Glenn Funk testified that Clark slammed the car door on him, that she bit his hand, and that she


                                                -11-
kicked him in the side. Arguably, following Clark’s logic, the trial court also could not name

Clark managing conservator.

       Credible evidence is more than merely admissible evidence. It is evidence the trier of fact

believes. Cf. Winkles v. State, 634 S.W.2d 289, 295 (Tex.Crim.App. 1981)(for purposes of

probable cause determination, affiant’s statement is “credible” when it is “reliable” and

“dependable”); Chance v. Chance, 911 S.W.2d 40, 74 (Tex.App.--Beaumont 1995, writ

denied)(court finds evidence inadmissible; even if admissible, not credible; thus, credibility and

admissibility determinations separate).

       We cannot sustain Clark’s issue unless we find that the trial court abused its discretion in

deciding this issue. A trial court abuses its discretion if it acts without reference to any guiding

rules or principles. See E.I. du Pont Nemours and Co., Inc. v. Robinson, 923 S.W.2d 549, 558

(Tex. 1995); Skepnek v. Mynatt, 8 S.W.3d 377, 380 (Tex.App.--El Paso 1999, pet. denied). The

test is not whether, “‘in the opinion of the reviewing court, the facts present an appropriate case

for the trial court’s action.’” Robinson, 923 S.W.2d at 558. A reviewing court cannot conclude

that a trial court abused its discretion if, in the same circumstances, it would have ruled

differently or if the trial court committed a mere error in judgment. See Skepnek, 8 S.W.3d at

380. It was within the discretion of the trial court to make a decision on the credibility of the

witnesses. Upon review of this record, we cannot conclude the trial court abused its discretion.

       In connection with the abuse allegations, Clark also complains the trial court erred in

excluding the testimony of her daughter, Melissa Johnson. At trial, Clark offered the testimony

of Carla Brechter, a neighbor. Glenn Funk’s attorney objected on grounds that the witness had

not been identified in discovery. The court sustained the objection. Later, when Clark made her


                                                 -12-
offer of proof, she recorded the testimony of Brechter and Melissa Johnson. Clark did not give

the court the opportunity to admit Melissa Johnson’s testimony corroborating her mother’s

testimony about Glenn Funk’s treatment of his stepdaughter. Just as a court’s ruling on a motion

in limine does not preserve a complaint about the exclusion of evidence, neither does an offer of

proof preserve a complaint when the proponent of the evidence never offers the evidence to the

trial court. Clark on appeal says the evidence was excluded because even though Melissa was

listed in discovery as a fact witness, the substance of her testimony was not disclosed.

       To preserve error concerning the exclusion of evidence, the complaining party must offer

the evidence and secure an adverse ruling from the court. See Johnson v. Garza, 884 S.W.2d

831, 834 (Tex.App.--Austin 1994, writ denied); Parker v. Parker, 593 S.W.2d 857, 860

(Tex.Civ.App.--Houston [1st Dist] 1980, no writ); Roberts v. Tatum, 575 S.W.2d 138, 144

(Tex.Civ.App.--Corpus Christi 1978, writ ref’d n.r.e.). The record does not reflect that Melissa’s

testimony was ever offered as evidence. The trial court was never given an opportunity to rule

on the admission of the evidence. There exists nothing for our review. We overrule Clark’s

fourth and fifth appellate issues.

       In her sixth appellate issue, Clark complains the court abused its discretion by failing to

name her the boys’ primary caretaker. If a child receives or qualifies for assistance under

Chapter 31 or 32 or Title 4 or 5 of the Human Resources Code, at the request of either party, the

court shall designate a parent as the primary caretaker and the home of that parent as the primary

home of the child for the purpose of receiving public assistance on behalf of the child. If one

parent receives public assistance on behalf of the child, the court shall designate that parent as the

primary caretaking parent unless the court finds that it is in the child’s best interest to designate


                                                 -13-
the other parent. See TEX .FAM .CODE ANN . § 14.021(i).10

        Clark argues that she received public assistance on behalf of the boys, in that she lived in

Section 8 housing. See 42 U.S.C.A. § 1437a (West 1994 & Supp. 2000). Thus, she contends the

trial court should have named her primary caretaker and named her home as the boys’ primary

home.

        Under Section 14.021(i) of the Family Code, the trial court must designate a parent as

primary caretaker and the home of that parent as the primary home of the child for the purpose of

receiving public assistance on behalf of the child at the request of either party. Clark has not

shown in the record that she asked the court to be named primary caretaker or asked that her

home be named primary home for the boys. Clark did not comply with Section 14.021(i) and

thus did not trigger the court’s duty to designate a primary caretaker. The trial court did not

abuse its discretion in failing to designate Clark primary caretaker or to designate her home as the

boys’ primary home. Even if we were to assume Clark had asked the court to designate her as

primary caretaker, the trial court would not have abused its discretion in failing to do so.

        Section 14.021(i) deals with assigning responsibility for child care when a parent is

receiving public assistance. Here, Clark was at the time of the divorce receiving some public

assistance. The court found she was making or was capable of making $955 gross income.

Glenn Funk, on the other hand, testified he had an annual salary of $63,000. His parents, John

and Dorothy Funk, were living with their son and were assisting in child care. The evidence

showed that Matthew had significant disabilities and needed special care. The trial court would


        10
         See Act of May 23, 1987, 70th Leg., R.S., ch. 744, § 6, 1987 TEX .GEN .LAWS 2666,
2669, repealed by Act of May 16, 1997, 75th Leg., R.S., ch. 561, § 30, 1997 TEX .GEN .LAWS
1983, 1994.

                                                -14-
not have abused its discretion in designating Glenn Funk and his parents the boys’ primary

caretakers. We overrule Clark’s sixth appellate issue.

        In her seventh appellate issue, Clark complains the trial court abused its discretion in

finding that she was capable of making $955 a month gross income and in ordering her to pay

child support of $44 a week, $176 a month.

        Clark advances three arguments. First, she maintains the evidence shows the court

should have named her sole managing conservator and ordered Glenn Funk to pay child support.

Second, that the trial court failed to set out the statutory findings in regard to setting child

support. And, third, that the trial evidence rebutted the presumption that the statutory child-

support guidelines were in the best interest of the children.

        We will not disturb a court’s child support order unless the complaining party shows the

order constituted a clear abuse of discretion. See Worford v. Stamper, 801 S.W.2d 108, 109

(Tex. 1990). The court has the authority to order either parent or both parents to pay child

support. See TEX .FAM .CODE ANN . § 14.05(a).11

        Clark argues that the trial court abused its discretion by not naming her sole managing

conservator and by not ordering Glenn Funk to pay child support. In this section, she makes no

new arguments but incorporates by reference the arguments made in the preceding appellate

complaints. The trial court did not abuse its discretion in its conservatorship orders and did not

abuse its discretion in requiring Clark to pay child support.

        She further argues the trial court failed to set out the statutory findings in regard to setting



        11
          See Act of July 14, 1989, 71st Leg., 1st C.S., ch. 25, § 13, 1989 TEX .GEN .LAWS 74, 78
(repealed 1995)(current version at TEX .FAM .CODE ANN . § 154.001 (Vernon Supp. 2000)).

                                                  -15-
child support. TEX .FAM .CODE ANN . § 14.057(a), (b).12

       Generally, under Section 14.057(a), when a court sets child support, where support is

contested, on written request made or filed with the court not later than ten days after the date of

the hearing or an oral request made in open court during the hearing the court shall state the

following:

       (1)     the amount of net resources available to the obligor per month is $______;
       (2)     the amount of net resources available to the obligee per month is $ ______;
       (3)     the amount of child support payments per month that is computed if Section
               14.055, Family Code [Guidelines: Amount Ordered], is applied is $ _______;
       (4)     the percentage applied to the obligor’s net resources for child support by the
               actual order rendered by the court is ______ %; and if applicable,
       (5)     the specific reasons that the amount of support per month ordered by the court
               varies from the amount computed by applying the percentage guidelines pursuant
               to Section 14.055, Family Code, are: ________.

       Under Section 14.057(b), when court-ordered child support varies from the amount

computed by applying the percentage guidelines contained in Section 14.055 of the code, the

court shall find that the application of the child support guidelines would be unjust or

inappropriate and shall state the following in the child support order:

       (1)     the amount of net resources available to the obligor per month is $_____;
       (2)     the amount of net resources available to the obligee per month is $_____;
       (3)     the amount of child support payments per month that is computed if Section
               14.055, Family Code, is applied is $_______;
       (4)     the percentage applied to the obligor’s net resources for child support by the
               actual order rendered by the court is _________%; and
       (5)     the specific reasons that the amount of support per month ordered by the court
               varies from the amount computed by applying the percentage guidelines pursuant
               to Section 14.055, Family Code, are: ___________.

       Clark filed a general request for findings of fact and conclusions of law pursuant to Rule



       12
         See Act of May 26, 1993, 73rd Leg., R.S., ch. 970, § 7, 1993 TEX .GEN .LAWS 4212,
4233 (repealed 1995)(current version at TEX .FAM .CODE ANN . 154.130 (Vernon 1996)).

                                                -16-
297 of the Rules of Civil Procedure which did not address any particular issue in the case.

Pursuant to this request, the trial court made findings of fact that included the finding that Clark

had the ability to earn $955 in gross income per month, resulting in $762.67 in net resources.

The trial court claimed it was applying a child support rate of 25 percent, and ordered Clark to

pay $44 a week in child support.13

       We believe Clark has waived any complaint as to the order requiring her to pay child

support because she never filed a request with the trial court pursuant to Section 14.057(a) of the

Family Code, or a request for additional findings of fact and conclusions of law concerning the

support issue pursuant to Rule 298 of the Rules of Civil Procedure.14 Although Section

14.057(a) specifically provides that a party may file a request with the trial court without regard

to Rules 296 through 299 of the Rules of Civil Procedure, Clark could have also utilized the

Rules of Civil Procedure to require the trial court to set out its findings regarding child support.

See Tenery v. Tenery, 932 S.W.2d 29, 30 (Tex. 1996). Because she utilized neither procedure,

she has waived the complaint upon appeal.

       Clark also complains the trial evidence rebutted the presumption that the statutory child-

support guidelines were in the best interest of the children. Courts presume that child support

payments that follow the statutory guidelines are reasonable. A party may rebut that




       13
         The trial court erred in concluding that 25 percent of Clark’s net resources were $44 a
week. The amount should have been $48 a week. We believe this difference is de minimis, and
should not operate to overturn the trial court’s order.
       14
          Clark did file a request for additional findings of fact and conclusions of law, but the
findings specifically addressed the issue of the trial court’s domestic violence findings.

                                                 -17-
presumption. See TEX .FAM .CODE ANN . § 14.05(j).15

       In applying the guidelines for child support, the trial court shall be guided by the

guidelines. The court may, however, in rendering its final determination of the support amount,

set the amount of child support either within or outside the range recommended in Section

14.055 of the code if relevant factors other than the guidelines justify a variance. See

TEX .FAM .CODE ANN . § 14.054.16

       In making its determination, under Section 14.054, the court shall consider all relevant

factors, including but not limited to the amount of the obligee’s net resources; the age and needs

of the child; child care expenses incurred by either party in order to maintain gainful

employment; whether either party has the managing conservatorship or actual physical custody of

another child; the amount of child support actually and currently being paid or received by either

party under another child support order; the expenses for a son or daughter for education beyond

secondary school; whether the obligor or obligee has an automobile, housing, or other benefits

furnished by his or her employer, another person, or a business entity; the amount of other

deductions from the wage or salary income and from other compensation for personal services of

the parties; provision for health care insurance and payment of uninsured medical expenses;

special or extraordinary educational, health care, or other expenses or the parties or of the child;

positive or negative cash flow from any real or personal property and assets, including a business

and investments; debt or debt service assumed by either party; and any other reason or reasons


       15
          Act of July 14, 1989, 71st Leg. 1st C.S., Ch. 25, §13, 1989 TEX .GEN .LAWS 74, 78
(repealed 1995)(current version at TEX .FAM .CODE ANN . § 154.122 (Vernon 1996)).
       16
          Act of May 5, 1989, 71st Leg., R.S., ch. 617, § 6, 1989 TEX .GEN .LAWS 2030, 2037-38
(repealed 1995)(current version at TEX .FAM .CODE ANN . § 154.123 (Vernon 1996)).

                                                -18-
consistent with the best interest of the child, taking into consideration the circumstances of the

parents.

       Clark argues, citing post-1995 Family Code Section 154.123(b), the court must consider

these enumerated factors when deciding whether ordering support under the statutory guidelines

would be unjust or inappropriate under the circumstances. Clark advances three arguments that

she claims rebut the presumption that the support ordered was appropriate.

       First, she argues that under Section 154.123(b)(4), that trial court must consider that

amount of time, access to, and possession of the children. She argues that she is scheduled to

have possession of the boys between twelve and fifteen days each month and that forcing her to

pay some $176 a month in support will allow her only to provide bare necessities to the boys

during those times the boys are with her. There is no exact equivalent to this section in the pre-

1995 Family Code, but Subsection 4 of Section 14.054 states that the trial court shall consider

whether either party has the managing conservatorship or actual physical custody of the child.17

Clark fails to support her assertion that the boys will only be afforded the bare necessities when

they are with her with any other evidence or information.

       Second, Clark argues the court is to consider the ability of the parents to contribute to the

children’s support. See TEX .FAM .CODE ANN . § 154.123(b)(2). This provision is equivalent to

former Section 14.052(b)(2) of the Family Code.18 Clark’s argument centers on Glenn Funk’s

ability to provide for the children. In her brief, she claims that Glenn Funk testified that when he


       17
         See Act of May 5, 1989, 71st Leg., R.S., ch. 617, § 6, 1989 TEX .GEN .LAWS 2030,
2037-38 (repealed 1995)(current version at TEX .FAM .CODE ANN . § 154.123 (Vernon 1996)).
       18
          See Act of May 5, 1989, 71st Leg., R.S., ch. 617, § 6, 1989 TEX .GEN .LAWS 2030, 2036
(repealed 1995)(current version at TEX .FAM .CODE ANN . § 154.123(b)(2)(Vernon 1996)).

                                                -19-
was sole support for the family of five, after paying all expenditures, he had about $600 a month

left from his paycheck. She does not indicate where in the record this testimony may be found,

and we have not located the testimony in the record. After the divorce, she argues Glenn Funk’s

expenses will be reduced by two-fifths, accounting for Clark and Clark’s daughter, without a

reduction in his income. Moreover, the decree ordered Clark to take the debt on the

community’s Nissan and Dodge Caravan automobiles. Clark fails to explain why Glenn Funk’s

apparently more ample resources should negate her obligation to pay child support.

       Third, Clark contends the court was to consider child care expenses in determining child

support. See TEX .FAM .CODE ANN . § 154.123(b)(6). This provision was also in the pre-1995

Family Code, in Section 14.054(3).19 Glenn Funk’s parents, both retired, live with their son and

provide transportation and child care at no cost to their son. Clark argues that because Funk is

not paying for child care, she should not be obligated to pay any support for the care of her sons.

       The court set Clark’s support obligation within applicable statutory guidelines. See

TEX .FAM .CODE ANN . § 14.055(b).20 Matthew’s developmental problems require therapy and

constant attention. Clark has not provided any evidence or argument to support her contention

that the trial abused its discretion in ordering her to pay child support. Her contentions that

Glenn Funk’s more favorable financial situation should negate her obligation to provide support

for her children are not supported by the record. Glenn Funk supports himself and the two boys

on a gross salary of $63,000 a year. He must provide a residence for the children, and


       19
         See Act of May 5, 1989, 71st Leg., R.S., ch. 617, § 6, 1989 TEX .GEN .LAWS 2030,
2037-38 (repealed 1995)(current version at TEX .FAM .CODE ANN . § 154.123 (Vernon 1996)).
       20
         See Act of May 25, 1993, 73rd Leg., R.S., ch. 798, § 5, 1993 TEX .GEN .LAWS 3169,
3171 (repealed 1995)(current version at TEX .FAM .CODE ANN . § 154.125 (Vernon 1996)).

                                                -20-
presumably provides for most of the children’s material needs. Matthew is developmentally

disabled, requires therapy, and will presumably continue to require therapy and support for most

of his life. Clark has not rebutted the presumption that the statutory guidelines are unreasonable.

Nor has she shown the trial court’s support decision was not in the boys’ best interest. We

overrule Clark’s seventh appellate issue and affirm the judgment of the trial court.




August 24, 2000
                                              DAVID WELLINGTON CHEW, Justice

Before Panel No. 2
Barajas, C.J., McClure, and Chew, JJ.

(Do Not Publish)




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