        IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                          AT JACKSON
                          Assigned on Briefs October 7, 2014

                 STATE OF TENNESSEE v. DESMOND SYKES

              Direct Appeal from the Criminal Court for Shelby County
                   No. 13-00174    Carolyn Wade Blackett, Judge


              No. W2013-02005-CCA-R3-CD - Filed February 25, 2015


A Shelby County Criminal Court Jury convicted the appellant, Desmond Sykes, of two
counts of aggravated robbery, a Class B felony, and the trial court sentenced him to an
effective nine years in confinement. On appeal, the appellant contends that the trial court
erred by denying his motion to suppress his statement to police and evidence obtained
pursuant to his arrest because the police lacked probable cause for the arrest. Based upon the
record and the parties’ briefs, we affirm the judgments of the trial court.

    Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgments of the Criminal Court are
                                     Affirmed.

N ORMA M CG EE O GLE, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which C AMILLE R.
M CM ULLEN and T IMOTHY L. E ASTER, JJ., joined.

Andrew R. E. Plunk (at trial and on appeal) and Claiborne Ferguson (at trial), Memphis,
Tennessee, for the appellant, Desmond Sykes.

Robert E. Cooper, Jr., Attorney General and Reporter; Tracy L. Alcock, Assistant Attorney
General; Amy P. Weirich, District Attorney General; and Katie Ratton and Anita Spinetta,
Assistant District Attorneys General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.

                                         OPINION

                                  I. Factual Background

       The appellant does not contest the sufficiency of the evidence. Nevertheless, because
we may consider the proof at trial in our evaluation of the trial court’s ruling on the motion
to suppress, we will summarize the evidence presented at trial.
        Diante Galmore testified that he met the appellant when they were young boys living
in Mississippi and that they “used to hang.” At some point, Galmore’s family moved to
Memphis. In early 2012, the appellant came to Memphis, and he and Galmore “went looking
for jobs together.” Galmore obtained employment at a Zaxby’s restaurant, and the appellant
started working at Dunkin Donuts. Subsequently, the appellant began living with Galmore
and Galmore’s mother.

       Galmore testified that on the night of August 27, 2012, he worked in the kitchen at
Zaxby’s and wore basketball shorts and a shirt that was “kinda dark.” The restaurant closed
at 10:00 p.m., but cleanup took “40 minutes or more.” The appellant owned a white Grand
Marquis with a Mississippi license plate and usually picked up Galmore from Zaxby’s.
However, that night, the appellant walked to Zaxby’s. Galmore said that he assumed the
appellant “ran out of gas or something” and that “some twins,” who worked at Zaxby’s with
Galmore, drove him and the appellant to the Stonebridge Apartments. Galmore and the
appellant did not live in Stonebridge, but the appellant’s car was parked there. The twins
dropped off the appellant and Galmore at the appellant’s car.

       Galmore testified that the appellant said he had “robbed some people,” that he could
not find his key to the Grand Marquis, and that he had left the key in “[t]he car he had got.”
The appellant did not say how he obtained the car. The appellant wanted to exchange clothes
with Galmore, and Galmore agreed. Galmore said that he switched shirts and shoes with the
appellant and that he did so because he “wasn’t thinking at the time” and “didn’t think we
would get caught.” Galmore said he told the appellant that he was not going to get into
trouble with the appellant.

       Galmore testified that after he and the appellant switched clothes, they walked to a
nearby Citgo convenience store. When they came out of the store, three or four police
officers “grabbed” them. The officers put them into separate patrol cars, and Galmore told
the officers that he had not done anything. The police transported Galmore to the police
department, he waived his rights, and he gave a statement.

       On cross-examination, Galmore acknowledged that after he gave his statement, he was
released, but the appellant was detained. He also acknowledged that he exchanged clothes
with the appellant, knowing that the appellant had stolen a car. He said he thought he was
helping the appellant. Galmore acknowledged that the appellant’s girlfriend lived in
Stonebridge and that the appellant “[hung] out” there. However, the appellant’s car was not
parked in front of his girlfriend’s apartment on the night of August 27. Galmore said that he
was “just getting off work a 10:40” and that he and the appellant did not arrive at the
apartment complex “until 11 or something like that.” He denied changing his story in order
to make it appear that he arrived at the apartment complex after the crime. He acknowledged

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that in his statement to the police, he did not mention switching shoes with the appellant. He
said he “told them about it though.” He did not remember if he was wearing a hat that night.
The appellant’s Grand Marquis was unlocked, and Galmore and the appellant exchanged
their shirts and shoes in the car, not the Citgo bathroom.

        On redirect examination, Galmore acknowledged that in his statement to the police,
he claimed that the appellant arrived at Zaxby’s about 10:40 p.m. Galmore said he and the
appellant left Zaxby’s with the twins about 10:45 p.m. On recross-examination, Galmore
testified that they arrived at the apartment complex about “10:50 something.”

       Victoria Johnson testified that on August 27, 2012, she lived in the Stonebridge
Apartments with her family and worked at Taco Bell from 3:30 p.m. to 10:00 p.m. She left
the restaurant about 10:05 p.m. and drove home, which took about four minutes. When
Johnson arrived in the parking lot near her apartment, her father met her outside, which he
did every night. As Johnson and her father entered the breezeway to their apartment, a man
ran toward them from the left. Johnson said he was holding a gun in his right hand and told
them, “[G]ive me your stuff or I’ll kill you.” Johnson said the lighting in the area was “dim”
and behind the man so that she could see his clothing but not his facial features. She
described him as about twenty years old, thin, and “six [foot] something.” He was wearing
a baseball cap with a flat bill, a gray shirt with a blue logo, basketball shorts, and black
basketball shoes.

       Johnson testified that she gave the man the keys to her 2004 Saturn Ion and her
cellular telephone. Her father gave the man his phone. Johnson went into her apartment, and
her mother telephoned the police. When the police arrived, Johnson described the robber to
them, and they used Johnson’s “Track My Phone App” to locate her phone in the parking lot
of Zaxby’s. Later that night, Johnson went to the police department and looked at a
photograph array but could not identify the robber.

        Freddericus Deer testified that on the night of August 27, 2012, he met his then
seventeen-year-old daughter, Victoria Johnson, in the parking lot near their apartment. As
they walked into the breezeway, a man ran up to them, showed them a gun, and told them,
“[G]ive me what you got.” Johnson gave the man her cellular telephone and car keys and ran
into the apartment. Deer walked away and heard the robber fumbling with something. Deer
went into the apartment and got his car keys, returned to the parking lot to look for the
robber, and noticed that his daughter’s car was gone. Deer drove around looking for the
robber but could not find him.

       Deer testified that the robber was a young African-American male; about six feet, one
inch tall; and very thin. The robber was wearing a gray and blue shirt and shorts. Deer said

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that the lighting was “very dark” and that he could see the robber’s face “to a point.” He said
that after the robbery, the police showed him several photograph arrays and that he “picked
somebody out that was very similar.” However, he was unable to make a positive
identification.

       Officer Michael Staten of the Memphis Police Department (MPD) testified that on
August 27, 2012, he responded to a robbery call at the Stonebridge Apartments. The call was
received about 10:30 or 10:40 p.m., and Officer Staten arrived within four or five minutes.
Two cellular telephones had been taken, and Officer Staten learned that Johnson’s phone
contained software for locating her phone. Using his own phone and Johnson’s information,
Officer Staten tracked Johnson’s phone to an area behind Zaxby’s. He went to that location
and found the phone in some tall grass.

        Officer John Condon of the MPD testified that he responded to the robbery. Officer
Staten had tracked one of the stolen telephones to an area behind Zaxby’s, and the police
“saturated the area around the phone” with officers. The robber had been described as an
African-American male; dark complected; about six feet, two inches tall; and wearing a gray
shirt, dark-colored shorts, and some type of hat. Officer Condon pulled into the Citgo
parking lot next to Zaxby’s and saw two African-American males. One of them “matched
that description, dark complexion, hat, gray shirt with shorts.”

       Officer Condon testified that he and another officer “detained” the two males, who
were Galmore and the appellant, and put them into separate patrol cars. Galmore was put
into Officer Condon’s car and was wearing a hat, a gray shirt, and dark-colored shorts. The
appellant was wearing an orange t-shirt. Officer Condon said Galmore and the appellant
were dark complected and about the same height. The State asked Officer Condon why he
put both of the men into patrol cars, and he stated, “[The] gentleman that was matching the
description [was] in the area of an item that was taken in the robbery. The other gentleman
was standing right next to him. That’s basically the only reason.”

       On cross-examination, Officer Condon acknowledged that he had information about
only one suspect. On redirect examination, he acknowledged that Galmore and the appellant
were about the same age, height, and build.

       Officer Carlo Foster of the MPD testified that he responded to the Stonebridge
Apartments on August 27, 2012. He left the complex with Officer Staten, traveled to the
area behind Zaxby’s, and found Johnson’s car parked in front of a house just north of
Zaxby’s. He noticed that whoever had parked the car there could have walked through a
back yard and toward Highway 64 and Zaxby’s. Officer Foster got out of his patrol car and
could see officers looking for Johnson’s phone behind the restaurant.

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       Sergeant Kelvin Hailey of the MPD testified that he was one of the investigators for
this case and took Johnson’s statement. On the afternoon of August 28, he questioned the
appellant. The appellant waived his rights and admitted that he committed the robbery. He
said he did so alone, used a BB gun, and took a car, keys, and a phone. He said he did not
take anything from the male victim. The appellant stated that after the robbery, he parked
the car “around the corner from Zaxby’s” and “tossed the gun in the grass.” The appellant
then went to Zaxby’s and “tossed” the phone and keys. He told Sergeant Hailey that he
committed the robbery because he was “messed up,” having mechanical problems with his
car, and wanted to get home to his family in Mississippi.

        On cross-examination, Sergeant Hailey testified that he also interviewed Galmore and
that the MPD did not record suspect interviews. Officers looked for the BB gun and keys but
never found them, and Sergeant Hailey never went to Zaxby’s to identify or question “the
twins.” He said that at the time of the appellant’s interview, the appellant was wearing a
Tennessee Volunteer shirt, knee-length short pants, and off-white tennis shoes. The
appellant was not wearing a hat. Sergeant Hailey acknowledged that he showed Johnson and
Deer photograph arrays containing Galmore’s photograph. He did not show them arrays
containing the appellant’s photograph.

       On redirect examination, Sergeant Hailey testified that he spoke with Galmore after
he interviewed the appellant. Galmore said he was not involved in the robbery and was
released.

       At the conclusion of the State’s case, the jury convicted the appellant as charged of
two counts of aggravated robbery, a Class B felony. After a sentencing hearing, the trial
court sentenced him to nine years for each conviction to be served concurrently.

                                       II. Analysis

       The appellant contends that the trial court erred by failing to suppress his statement
to police and any other evidence obtained after his illegal arrest. The appellant claims that
the police lacked probable cause for the arrest because they had received information that
only one man was involved in the robbery and because he did not match the description of
the robber. The State argues that the trial court properly denied the appellant’s motion to
suppress. We agree with the State.

       Before trial, the appellant filed a motion to suppress his statement and any evidence
seized pursuant to his arrest on the basis that the police lacked probable cause for the
warrantless arrest. At the suppression hearing, Officer Staten testified that on August 27,
2012, he was near the Stonebridge Apartments when he heard about the robbery. He went

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to the scene, spoke with a victim, and learned that an iPhone had been taken. Officer Staten
had the Find My iPhone app on his own phone and used the victim’s information to track her
phone. Officer Staten’s phone showed that the victim’s phone was across the street from the
apartment complex, near a gas station and a Zaxby’s. Officer Staten went to that location
and found the phone. By that time, other officers had already arrested Galmore and the
appellant.

       On cross-examination, Officer Staten testified that he arrived at the victims’ apartment
about five to ten minutes after the robbery. The female victim said she had been robbed by
one African-American male with a gun and described the robber as wearing a gray shirt,
basketball shorts, black socks, a dark baseball cap, and black shoes. Officer Staten began
tracking the iPhone within ten minutes of his arrival at the apartment and found the phone
two to three hundred yards away.

       Officer Staten testified that after he found the phone, he went to the Citgo and saw the
appellant in the back of a patrol car. Officer Staten went into the store and spoke with his
partner, who told him that the appellant and Galmore had changed clothes in the store.
Officer Staten spoke with the store clerk, and the clerk confirmed that the appellant and
Galmore had gone into the bathroom together and had come out of the bathroom wearing
each other’s clothing. The clerk claimed that the incident had been recorded, but Officer
Staten never saw the video.

       Officer Condon testified that on the night of August 27, 2012, the police department
dispatched information about the robbery. The robber was described as an African-American
male; about six feet, two inches tall; dark complected; and wearing a gray shirt, dark
basketball shorts, black socks, and a baseball cap. Other officers were already at the victims’
apartment and reported that they had tracked a stolen cellular telephone to an area behind
Zaxby’s, which was across the street from the apartment complex.

        Officer Condon testified that he pulled into the gas station next to Zaxby’s and saw
two African-American males. He and another officer approached them, asked them for
identification, “patted them down” for weapons, and put them into separate patrol cars.
Galmore, who was sitting in Officer Condon’s car, told Officer Condon that he and the
appellant had switched clothes and that the appellant had taken a car from the apartment
complex.

       On cross-examination, Officer Condon acknowledged that he had not received any
information about the robber’s facial features, hair, scars, or tattoos. When he pulled into the
gas station parking lot, the area was well lit. The robber allegedly had used a weapon during
the robbery, but Officer Condon did not see anything to indicate that the appellant was

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armed. Nevertheless, he and the other officer patted down Galmore and the appellant and
put them into patrol cars. He acknowledged that the cars’ rear doors did not open from the
inside. Officer Condon waited for other officers to arrive and spoke with Galmore about ten
to fifteen minutes after Galmore had been placed in the patrol car. At that point, Galmore
told Officer Condon that he and the appellant had switched clothes. Officer Condon had
never met Galmore prior to that night and never spoke with the store clerk. He
acknowledged that Galmore’s clothing matched that of the alleged robber.

       On redirect examination, Officer Condon acknowledged that Galmore and the
appellant were “clearly together” in the parking lot. Both of them were African-American
and tall. Both of them matched the physical description of the robber, but only Galmore’s
clothing matched that of the robber.

        At the conclusion of the hearing, counsel for the appellant argued that the police
arrested the appellant when they put him into the patrol car and that the officers lacked
probable cause for the arrest because they had information that only one person had
committed the crime and because the specific description of that person did not match what
the appellant was wearing at the time of his arrest. The trial court, noting that the crime had
involved a weapon and that Galmore and the appellant were walking together in close
proximity to the location of the stolen cell phone, ruled that the officers were justified in
detaining both men while they investigated the robbery. The court found that the amount of
time, fifteen minutes, it took for Officer Condon to learn that Galmore and the appellant had
switched clothes was reasonable. In short, the trial court concluded that the officers “had
reasonable suspicion to stop and seize Defendant” and denied the motion to suppress.

        In reviewing a trial court’s determinations regarding a suppression hearing,
“[q]uestions of credibility of the witnesses, the weight and value of the evidence, and
resolution of conflicts in the evidence are matters entrusted to the trial judge as the trier of
fact.” State v. Odom, 928 S.W.2d 18, 23 (Tenn. 1996). Thus, “a trial court’s findings of fact
in a suppression hearing will be upheld unless the evidence preponderates otherwise.” Id.
Nevertheless, appellate courts will review the trial court’s application of law to the facts
purely de novo. See State v. Walton, 41 S.W.3d 75, 81 (Tenn. 2001). Furthermore, the
prevailing party is “entitled to the strongest legitimate view of the evidence adduced at the
suppression hearing as well as all reasonable and legitimate inferences that may be drawn
from that evidence.” Odom, 928 S.W.2d at 23. We note that “in evaluating the correctness
of a trial court’s ruling on a pretrial motion to suppress, appellate courts may consider the
proof adduced both at the suppression hearing and at trial.” State v. Henning, 975 S.W.2d
290, 299 (Tenn. 1998).

       The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution and article I, section 7 of

                                              -7-
the Tennessee Constitution protect citizens against “unreasonable searches and seizures.”
In general, warrantless searches and seizures are presumptively unreasonable and any
evidence obtained as a result of the warrantless action is subject to suppression. State v.
Richards, 286 S.W.3d 873, 878 (Tenn. 2009). However, if the State “demonstrates by a
preponderance of the evidence that the search or seizure was conducted pursuant to an
exception to the warrant requirement,” the evidence will not be suppressed. State v. Keith,
978 S.W.2d 861, 865 (Tenn. 1998). Our courts have thus articulated three categories of
police-citizen interaction and their corresponding evidentiary requirements: “(1) full-scale
arrest, which must be supported by probable cause; (2) brief investigatory detention, which
must be supported by reasonable suspicion of criminal activity; and (3) brief police-citizen
encounter that requires no objective justification.” State v. Hanning, 296 S.W.3d 44, 48
(Tenn. 2009) (citations omitted); see also State v. Nicholson, 188 S.W.3d 649, 656 (Tenn.
2006).

       A seizure or detention occurs when “‘in view of all of the circumstances surrounding
the incident, a reasonable person would have believed that he was not free to leave.’” State
State v. Williams, 185 S.W.3d 311, 316 (Tenn. 2006) (quoting United States v. Mendenhall,
446 U.S. 544, 554 (1980)). However, an arrest

              is more specifically defined as the “taking, seizing, or detaining
              of the person of another, either by touching or putting hands on
              him, or by any act which indicates an intention to take him into
              custody and subjects the person arrested to the actual control and
              will of the person making the arrest.” An arrest may be affected
              without formal words or a station house booking. However,
              there must be actual restraint on the arrestee’s freedom of
              movement under legal authority of the arresting officer.

State v. Crutcher, 989 S.W.2d 295, 301-02 (Tenn. 1999) (citations omitted). Handcuffing
and placing a person in the back of a patrol car does not automatically transform a brief
detention for investigative purposes into an arrest. See State v. Marvin Roscoe, No.
W2013-01714-CCA-R9-CD, 2014 Tenn. Crim. App. LEXIS 687, at *12 (Jackson, July 11,
2014).

       In this case, Officer Condon knew that a robbery involving a weapon had just been
committed, that Galmore’s physical description and clothing matched that of the robber, that
the appellant and Galmore were in the Citgo parking lot together, and that they were in close
proximity to the scene of the robbery and the stolen phone behind Zaxby’s. Based on those
circumstances, we agree with the trial court that the officers had reasonable suspicion to
detain Galmore and the appellant for further investigation.

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        However, a detention must not last longer than needed to effectuate the reason
underlying the stop, with the officer “‘diligently pursu[ing] a means of investigation that [is]
likely to confirm or dispel their suspicions quickly.’” Id. (quoting State v. Simpson, 968
S.W.2d 776, 783 (Tenn. 1998)). Here, Officer Condon placed Galmore and the appellant
into the back of the patrol cars and waited for other officers to arrive. Officer Staten testified
that he arrived at the scene while the appellant was in the patrol car and that he spoke with
the store clerk, who told him that the appellant and Galmore had switched clothes in the
store’s bathroom. Officer Condon testified that about fifteen minutes after he put Galmore
into his patrol car, he spoke with Galmore and also learned that Galmore and the appellant
had switched clothes. We agree with the trial court that fifteen minutes was a reasonable
time for the officers to detain Galmore and the appellant in order to investigate the
circumstances of the robbery. Therefore, that the court properly denied the appellant’s
motion to suppress.

                                       III. Conclusion

         Based upon the record and the parties’ briefs, we affirm the judgments of the trial
court.


                                                     ________________________________
                                                     NORMA MCGEE OGLE, JUDGE




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