Filed 5/15/15 In re S.C. CA1/1
                      NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
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              IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                       FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                  DIVISION ONE


In re S.C., a Person Coming Under the
Juvenile Court Law.


ALAMEDA COUNTY SOCIAL
SERVICES AGENCY,
          Plaintiff and Respondent,                                  A142887
v.
                                                                     (Alameda County
Q.O.,                                                                Super. Ct. No. SJ14022190)
          Defendant and Appellant.



          Appellant Q.O. (Mother), the mother of the dependent child S.C., appeals from the
juvenile court’s jurisdictional and dispositional orders sustaining a Welfare and
Institutions Code section 300 petition under subdivision (b),1 declaring S.C. a dependent
of the court, and ordering formal family maintenance services for Mother. She contends
the jurisdictional findings are not supported by substantial evidence and that, even if they
are, the court abused its discretion by not ordering informal services for the family. We
affirm.




1
    All further statutory references are to the Welfare and Institutions Code.
            FACTUAL BACKGROUND AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
I.     Background and Commencement of Proceedings
       On January 2, 2014, the Alameda County Social Services Agency (Agency) filed a
dependency petition alleging that five-year-old S.C. came within section 300, subdivision
(b).2 The petition alleged that on December 29, 2013, Mother left the child with his 17-
year-old sibling and did not return for a day and a half. During this time, she did not
answer her phone or return any calls made by the minors or the police. Mother
reportedly stated that she “wanted to teach her children a lesson on how to appreciate
her.” The petition also alleged that S.C., Sr. (Father) had an outstanding felony warrant
for domestic violence against Mother.3 He had created a detrimental home environment
by engaging in acts of domestic violence, placing S.C. at risk of physical and/or
emotional harm.
       At the time of his removal on December 31, 2013, S.C. lived with Mother. S.C.
was placed in foster care.
       On January 3, 2014, the Agency filed a detention report. According to the report,
when Mother left the home and could not be reached, her 17-year-old daughter contacted
the police and filed a missing persons report. Mother later told the police she left “in an
attempt to get [her children] to appreciate her.” She also stated that she had placed her
children in the care of her ex-husband. When contacted by law enforcement, her ex-
husband said he had no understanding that he was to care for the children. S.C. was
placed in protective custody and Mother was subsequently arrested on charges of child
abandonment.
       On January 3, 2014, the juvenile court ordered S.C. detained.



2
  Section 300, subdivision (b)(1), provides that a child may be declared a dependent of
the court if he or she “has suffered, or there is a substantial risk that the child will suffer,
serious physical harm or illness, as a result of the failure or inability of his or her parent
or guardian to adequately supervise or protect the child . . . .”
3
 An amended petition was filed on February 26, 2014, adding an allegation under section
300, subdivision (g) that father was incarcerated and unable to provide care for the child.

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       On January 22, 2014, the Agency filed a jurisdiction/disposition report. The
report indicated that S.C. had been returned to Mother’s home on January 10. The
Agency recommended the petition be sustained and that Mother be ordered to participate
in family maintenance services. Mother was reportedly in agreement with this
recommendation. At this time, Father was in custody on the outstanding warrant.
       Mother’s ex-husband, the father of her 17-year-old-daughter, reported he was at
Mother’s home the day that she left. He did not have a clear understanding that he was
supposed to stay at the home to help care for the children, but he stayed until Mother
returned. He denied the minors were ever in danger and explained the only reason the
police were contacted was because of concern about Mother, rather than concern about
the minors having no supervision. When interviewed, Mother said she asked her ex-
husband to watch the children “because she needed some time alone.” She did not return
her daughter’s texts “because she thought her daughter was being dramatic about saying
she was calling the police.” Mother stated that she took S.C. from Father, with whom he
had been living, in November 2013, because she did not want the child to be exposed to
violence and/or drugs. She indicated there was a history of domestic violence within the
relationship and said she was now pursuing full legal custody of S.C. Father reported
Mother had a history of leaving S.C. in the care of her daughter. He had also filed for
emergency custody. He denied committing acts of domestic violence and claimed
Mother had a history of making false accusations.
       Mother’s daughter reported that after her mother left the house she was not alone
with her brother for very long because her father “was always around.” She said she
contacted the police because she was worried about her mother, as she could tell someone
had been reading her sent text messages. Normally, her mother was always reachable by
phone when she was away.
       The Agency concluded that, while the exact circumstances surrounding Mother’s
disappearance were disputed, she had demonstrated a lack of healthy coping skills and
had made a series of poor choices, causing her children and other loved ones to worry
about her well-being. Further information supported an assessment that her employment


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of poor coping skills was not an isolated incident. Formal in-home services would thus
be beneficial to the entire family.
       On February 26, 2014, the Agency filed an addendum report, indicating S.C. was
doing well in Mother’s care and that she was actively engaged in individual counseling
sessions. Mother acknowledged she had experienced difficulty coping with parenting
and other life stressors.
II.    Contested Jurisdiction/Disposition Hearing
       A contested jurisdictional and dispositional hearing began on February 26, 2014.
Mother’s ex-husband testified that he lives in Southern California and visits Mother’s
home every two weeks or so to help out as much as he can. On December 29, 2013, he
was staying at Mother’s house to help the family clean up and organize their possessions
after a recent household move. Mother left the house around 6:00 p.m. after the two of
them had an argument. On her way out she said, “You take care of the children.” He
responded, angrily, “Okay.” He stayed at the house, spending the night in the home’s
converted garage. The following night, he left the home at around 9:00 p.m. to pick up a
car. The children remained in the home by themselves. His daughter called him and told
him the police had been notified about Mother’s disappearance. He returned to the home
around 11:00 p.m. When he arrived, the police were already there. They released his
daughter to his care. They did not release S.C. to him because he was not the boy’s
biological father.
       Mother’s daughter testified that Mother left the house between 5:30 p.m. and
6:00 p.m. on December 29, 2013, saying that she was worried about her boyfriend and
wanted to check on him. She returned home on December 31 at 5:00 a.m.
       After Mother left the house, she did not respond to any of her daughter’s text
messages. The daughter and S.C. were at home with her father until the following
evening, when her father left the house at around 7:30 p.m. or 8:00 p.m. to take BART to
pick up a car. While he was on BART, they kept in contact through text messages. Two
police officers came to her home around 9:00 p.m. Mother’s boyfriend arrived about 15



                                            4
minutes later. The police came again early the next morning after her mother had
returned. They removed S.C. from the home.
       Mother’s daughter also testified that S.C. had seen police officers in his home in
the past when Mother and Father had been fighting. At times, he had witnessed them
arguing while he was being held by one of his parents. Mother’s daughter also witnessed
Mother and Father engaging in physical fights. The fights occurred about a month before
Father was forced to leave the house.
III.   Post-Hearing Orders
       On June 5, 2014, the Agency filed another addendum report. The social worker
had visited Mother and S.C. in their home and the child appeared to be doing well. Her
daughter was going to be leaving for college soon, which would be an adjustment for the
family. Mother reported that S.C.’s school had expelled him from its kindergarten
program due to his hitting other children. Both Mother and her son were actively
engaging in counseling. Father had been found guilty of felony domestic violence and
was sentenced to a year in jail. Mother was awaiting her trial on child endangerment.
       On June 27, 2014, the juvenile court found true the allegation that Mother had
placed S.C. at risk of harm by her unexplained absence, leaving the boy with his sister for
a substantial period of time with no way to contact her. The court also found the
allegations of domestic violence to be true. The court found S.C. was a child described
by section 300, subdivision (b), and ordered the Agency to provide family maintenance
services to Mother. This appeal followed.
                                        DISCUSSION
       “A jurisdictional finding under section 300, subdivision (b) requires ‘(1) neglectful
conduct by the parent in one of the specified forms; (2) causation; and (3) “serious
physical harm or illness” to the minor, or a “substantial risk” of such harm or illness.’
[Citation.] ‘Subdivision (b) means what it says. Before courts and agencies can exert
jurisdiction under section 300, subdivision (b), there must be evidence indicating that the




                                              5
child is exposed to a substantial risk of serious physical harm or illness.’ [Citations.]”
(In re John M. (2013) 217 Cal.App.4th 410, 418.)4
       The juvenile court’s findings at a jurisdiction or disposition hearing are reviewed
for substantial evidence. (In re Heather A. (1996) 52 Cal.App.4th 183, 193.) “In making
this determination, we draw all reasonable inferences from the evidence to support the
findings and orders of the dependency court; we review the record in the light most
favorable to the court’s determinations; and we note that issues of fact and credibility are
the province of the trial court. [Citation.]” (Ibid.) “We do not reweigh the evidence or
exercise independent judgment . . . . ‘ “[T]he [appellate] court must review the whole
record in the light most favorable to the judgment below to determine whether it discloses
substantial evidence—that is, evidence which is reasonable, credible, and of solid
value—such that a reasonable trier of fact could find [that the order is appropriate].” ’
[Citation.]” (In re Matthew S. (1988) 201 Cal.App.3d 315, 321.)
       Viewing the evidence under this standard, we find there is substantial evidence to
support jurisdiction. Contrary to Mother’s implicit argument, this is not a case where
there was merely a single incident of neglect. While the petition’s allegations as to
Mother did not specifically reference domestic violence, her daughter’s testimony
indicated that S.C. had witnessed his parents’ arguments in the past. That the child was
returned to Mother’s care after 10 days, once the Agency determined he was not at
immediate risk of serious harm, does not support the contention that there was no
evidence of actual harm to the child or any demonstrable risk of the possibility of future
harm. Mother’s disappearance was preceded by a history of domestic violence that she
admittedly had found stressful. It further appears that while the child might not have
witnessed physical violence between his parents, he appeared to be suffering from the


4
  The Agency contends Mother’s appeal must be dismissed as there is no justiciable
controversy over the juvenile court’s jurisdiction over S.C., because uncontested
jurisdictional findings as to domestic violence sustained against Father were sufficient to
give the court jurisdiction. We exercise our discretion to consider Mother’s jurisdiction
challenge. (See In re Quentin H. (2014) 230 Cal.App.4th 608, 613.)

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effects of stresses in the home, as evidenced by his expulsion from school for his hitting
other children.
       Additionally, as the juvenile court noted, Mother did not provide a satisfactory
explanation as to why she chose to absent herself from the home while cutting off
communication with her family members. Further, the evidence showed there was no
actual plan in place to care for the children. While her ex-husband was present in the
home when she left, he had not agreed to remain there indefinitely and she did not
indicate when she would return. Even if she believed her ex-husband would care for her
children in her absence, her refusal to respond to her daughter’s text messages and
alleviate the family’s reasonable concern for her well-being evidences a level of
irresponsibility that could be detrimental to a young child’s well-being.
       Mother argues there was no evidence S.C. was at substantial risk of physical harm
as the result of her having left the home. That the child did not suffer any harm during
her disappearance was entirely due to the intervention of her daughter and her ex-
husband, and not to any conduct on her part. There thus existed a potential for serious
harm to the child. Additionally, given that her daughter was soon to leave home for
college, the juvenile court was justified in concluding family services were necessary to
assist Mother in developing appropriate coping strategies and avoiding future
disappearances. For this reason, we conclude that the court’s refusal to order informal
supervision was not an abuse of discretion. Once jurisdiction has been found, the court
“has broad discretion to determine what would best serve and protect the child’s interest
and to fashion a dispositional order in accord with this discretion.” (In re Christopher H.
(1996) 50 Cal.App.4th 1001, 1006.) In light of the evidence summarized above, we find
no abuse of discretion here.
                                     DISPOSITION
       The jurisdictional and dispositional orders are affirmed.




                                             7
                                _________________________
                                DONDERO, J.


We concur:


_________________________
HUMES, P.J.


_________________________
BANKE, J.




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