                                 COURT OF APPEALS
                              EIGHTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
                                   EL PASO, TEXAS

                                              §
 TERRANCE DEERING BLACK,                                    No. 08-12-00338-CR
                                              §
                      Appellant,                                 Appeal from
                                              §
 v.                                                          296th District Court
                                              §
 THE STATE OF TEXAS,                                       of Collin County, Texas
                                              §
                      Appellee.                            (TC # 296-81761-2012)
                                             §

                                       OPINION

       Terrance Deering Black appeals his conviction of capital murder. A jury found Appellant

guilty, and because the State did not seek the death penalty, the trial court automatically

sentenced Appellant to life imprisonment. We affirm.

                                   FACTUAL SUMMARY

       Susan Loper began dating Appellant in the Spring of 2006. She was married at the time

to Craig Loper and they had a young son, but the marriage became strained because Craig

worked out of town for extended periods. The Lopers divorced in 2007. Appellant and Susan

dated for approximately a year on a steady basis and then off-and-on until late 2009. She

became pregnant with Appellant’s child in May 2009, and opted for an abortion. They broke up

permanently in August 2009.

       Susan met Jayson Hayes through eHarmony in January 2010 and they began dating the
following month. Appellant became aware of the relationship and he took flowers to Susan’s

mother, Katherine Miller, for her birthday in May 2010. Appellant told Miller that he knew

about Jayson and Jayson “had baggage.” Miller described Appellant as “very agitated” and

obsessive when he was talking to her about Susan. Appellant also told Miller that he did not

understand why Susan liked “bad guys” and he expressed his belief that he, Susan, and her son

would make such a nice family. Susan continued to date Jayson until her death in April 2011.

       Susan taught Pilates at the Gleneagles County Club in Plano. She had been teaching

there for sixteen years, but had decided just a few months prior to her death to move her Pilates

studio to a different location and start her own business. Her last scheduled day to teach at

Gleneagles was April 19, 2011. Susan’s mother and father stayed at her home during the work

week to care for her eight-year-old son. Miller recalled that Susan kept a strict schedule during

the work week. Her routine included leaving the house every morning between 5:15 and 5:30,

stopping at Starbuck’s for coffee, and arriving at the Pilates studio around 6. When Miller arose

on the morning of April 19, 2011, Susan was already gone and Miller assumed that she had left

for work at the usual time.

       Terry Kennedy had a standing appointment with Susan at 6:15 a.m., but when she arrived

at the studio, Susan’s car was not in the parking lot and the studio’s lights were off. Kennedy

was surprised because Susan never missed her appointments.           Susan did not respond to

Kennedy’s text message.

       A short time later, Cruz Hernandez, who worked in housekeeping at Gleneagles, found a

purse on the ground by the backdoor of the Pilates studio. The purse’s straps were caught in the


                                              -2-
door.    Hernandez notified his supervisor, Egobio Mendoza, about the purse and Mendoza

collected the purse and turned it over to Human Resources. Neither man looked inside of the

purse.

         At approximately 10 a.m., other Pilates clients arrived at the studio for class, but Susan

was not present and the lights were still turned off. Another Gleneagles employee stopped by

and turned on the lights. One of the women, Laura Curran, noticed that a room divider had

fallen over onto a piece of equipment, a plant had been knocked over, and other items were on

the floor. The women notified the club’s general manager who asked the receptionist to look

inside of the purse found earlier that morning. When they realized it was Susan’s purse, the

general manager called the police.

         Officer Joel Scott was the first police officer at arrive at Gleneagles. He saw that a room

divider and plant had been knocked over and a Starbucks coffee cup had been spilled onto the

floor. He also saw blood on the floor along with an unfired round of ammunition. Scott made

these observations from a distance because he did not want to walk through the crime scene.

Based on his observations, Scott called his supervisor and requested backup. Several officers

arrived, including Detective Scott Epperson.

         After waiting for the crime scene investigators to finish with their tasks, Epperson

examined the crime scene. Like Officer Scott, he observed that the area around Susan’s desk

was in disarray and it appeared that there had been a struggle. He found blood and two unfired

nine millimeter cartridges on the floor. Epperson found a significant amount of blood on the

driveway in front of the building, a small amount of blood outside the back door to the Pilates


                                                -3-
studio, a small amount of blood in the Pilates studio, and another unfired nine millimeter

cartridge in the bushes outside of the building’s front door. Epperson also noticed a Starbucks

cup on the floor which had a time-stamped receipt on it showing it had been purchased at 5:45

that morning.1 After learning that Susan’s purse and cell phone had not been taken, but her car

keys and SUV were missing, Epperson concluded that this was not a robbery. Based on the

evidence, he instead believed that Susan had been “violently kidnapped” at around 6 a.m. and

injured in the course of the kidnapping. Epperson was able to narrow the time of the offense to

6 a.m. because Susan had purchased coffee at Starbucks at 5:45 a.m., and Susan and her SUV

were missing from the facility at 6:15 a.m. when Susan’s first client arrived.

        Detective Bruce Pfahning called Susan’s current boyfriend, Jayson Hayes.                       When

Pfahning told him that Susan was missing, Jayson initially did not believe the detective. Jayson

at first said that everyone loved Susan, but he then identified Appellant as someone who did not

like her.    In Pfahning’s opinion, Jayson was extremely cooperative and his response was

consistent with someone who had just gotten bad news about a girlfriend.

        Detectives Epperson and Pfahning went to Susan’s home to speak with her parents.

Craig Loper and two of Susan’s friends, Melanie Malone and Julie Mitchell, were also present at

the house and Jayson arrived later. Detective Epperson spoke with Jayson, and consistent with

Pfahning’s earlier assessment, he observed that Jayson was cooperative and willing to answer his

questions. Based on statements made by nearly everyone present, Appellant became a focus of

the investigation into Susan’s disappearance. The detectives went to Appellant’s residence in


1
   Records maintained by Starbucks showed that Susan’s Starbucks card had been used to purchase coffee at 5:45
that morning at a Starbucks located near Gleneagles Country Club.
                                                    -4-
Frisco but he was not at home.

        Detective Fred Garcia reviewed security video recordings from Gleneagles Country Club.

The video quality is poor and the area is poorly lit, but the video depicts a vehicle pulling into the

parking lot at approximately 5:55 a.m. and parking off-camera.2 Moments later, a person can be

seen walking towards the Pilates studio but the image is obscured by trees and foliage. At

around 6 a.m., a person can be seen walking toward the area where the vehicle parked and

seconds later, a white SUV with its headlights illuminated pulled up to the driveway by the

Pilates studio.3 At 6:01 a.m., the driver exits the vehicle, leaves the driver’s side door open, and

walks around the front of the SUV toward the Pilates studio. Less than a minute later, a person

is seen walking from the rear of the SUV to the driver’s door which is still open. The same

person walks back around the rear of the vehicle and is obscured from view for about one minute

before walking around the front of the car and getting in the driver’s seat and closing the door.

The vehicle drives away at approximately 6:02. Blood was found on the circular drive near the

location where the SUV had stopped. After reviewing this video evidence as well as the other

evidence in the case, the detectives believed that Susan had been abducted by one perpetrator.

        Susan had a “Tolltag” for her white Toyota RAV4 and records related to her account

assisted the investigators in their search for Susan and her SUV. The Tolltag records showed

that her SUV entered the Dallas North Tollway on April 19, 2011 at 6:12 a.m. at the Parker Road

entrance traveling northbound. The car exited the tollroad at 6:16 at the Lebanon exit in Frisco,

2
  The time-stamp on the video showed that the vehicle pulled into the parking lot at 5:48 a.m., but Detective Fred
Garcia testified that the time-stamp on the video is off by about seven minutes.
3
  The video showed that a small white SUV pulled up at approximately 5:53, but the detective who obtained the
video recording confirmed that the time-stamp on the video is off by about seven minutes.
                                                      -5-
which is where Appellant lived. At 6:36 a.m., Susan’s SUV re-entered the tollroad at the

Lebanon entrance traveling southbound. Two minutes later, the SUV exited the tollroad just

prior to the Parker Road exit, but it re-entered the tollroad at Parker Road. The records did not

show any other transactions. This meant that the SUV exited the tollroad at a free exit. The

detectives knew from the Tolltag records that Susan’s SUV had most likely exited the tollroad in

the vicinity of the Country Club, so they focused their search for Susan’s SUV in that area. A

patrol officer found Susan’s locked car in the parking lot of an apartment complex less than one

mile from the Country Club.           Based on the video and Tolltag evidence, the investigators

concluded that Susan’s abductor had parked his own vehicle in this area, walked to the

Gleneagles Country Club and abducted Susan, and then later returned in her vehicle to pick up

his own vehicle.

        Detective Pfahning found blood and hair on the SUV’s right-front passenger window. He

also saw a large amount of blood in both the front and back seats, as well as a bloody handprint

on the outside of the SUV. There were no distinguishable fingerprints on that handprint which

led Pfahning to conclude that the person who left the print had been wearing a latex glove.4

Green vegetation was found in the SUV’s front grill, the right-front floor mat, and the right-front

front running board.

        Detective Epperson obtained a search warrant for Appellant’s home and officers executed

the warrant at 5:30 a.m. on April 20, 2011. Appellant was not at home, the house was clean and

orderly, and officers found no blood evidence. They also did not find a nine-millimeter gun or


4
   At the time of the offense, Appellant was attending night school at Sanford Brown College which has programs
related to the medical field. Students have access to latex gloves.
                                                     -6-
bullets.

           The police then focused their search for Susan in Frisco near Lebanon Road because the

Tolltag records showed that Susan’s SUV exited there. Officer Joel Scott began looking in fields

in the area and he found fresh tire marks headed into one field. He followed the tracks on foot

and eventually found Susan’s body at 8:35 a.m. on April 20, 2011. Officers also found two

unfired nine millimeter bullets within fifteen or twenty feet of Susan’s body.

           Robert Laughon, a field agent for the medical examiner’s office, went to the location

where Susan’s body was discovered. His initial examination revealed that the back of Susan’s

skull was “eggshell”, meaning that it was completely fragmented and “caved in.” The medical

examiner subsequently determined that Susan died as the result of blunt force trauma to her head.

She had sustained one blow to her forehead and at least seven blows to the back of her head with

a hard object. Her injuries could have been caused by someone striking her head with a

handgun. In the medical examiner’s opinion, the beating suffered by Susan indicated that the

perpetrator had an intent to kill.

           One of Appellant’s neighbors, Jocelyn Humphries, sent Appellant a text message

expressing sympathy for what had happened to Susan and offering assistance to him. Appellant

sent her a reply text stating, “What happened to Susan? I’ve been out of town since Monday.”

Given that Appellant seemed to be unaware, Humphries did not want to break the news to him

by text, so she suggested that Appellant give her a call when he had a chance. Appellant called

Humphries about twenty minutes later and she told him about Susan. Appellant seemed upset

and Humphries asked him when he had last spoken with Susan. Appellant replied that he last


                                                -7-
saw Susan in December 2010. He also told Humphries that he was in El Paso because he needed

to get away.

       Detective Jeff Rich contacted Appellant’s cell phone provider, AT&T, on April 19, 2011

when the investigation began and learned that his cell phone was in New Mexico. The police

subsequently obtained Appellant’s cell phone records. Contrary to Appellant’s statement to

Humphries that he had been in El Paso since Monday, April 18, 2011, his cell phone was in

Frisco at 7:28 on April 19, the morning of Susan’s disappearance. Twenty-nine minutes later, at

7:57 a.m., Appellant’s cell phone was southwest of Frisco in “The Colony” on Main Street.

Police later found a sales receipt in Appellant’s Escalade showing he bought gas in The Colony

on April 19 at 8:09 a.m. The cell phone records showed that Appellant’s cell phone began

traveling west on the morning of April 19. According to the records, Appellant’s cell phone was

in El Paso at 6:29 p.m. and it entered New Mexico at 9:40 p.m. The following day, Appellant

traveled through New Mexico and arrived in Flagstaff, Arizona at 2:44 p.m.

       On April 22, 2011, park rangers at the Grand Canyon responded to a call involving a man

panhandling at a scenic overlook. They located the man, later identified as Appellant, and saw

that he was talking to a group of about six people. The rangers approached him and asked for

identification, but he claimed that he did not have any ID because he had lost his money belt.

Appellant told the rangers his name was Jeffrey Stevens and he gave them a date of birth, but the

dispatcher notified the rangers that there was no one with that name and date of birth. Appellant

told the rangers he was going to look for his money belt and he started walking down a trail. The

rangers ordered him to stop, but he continued down a steep slope at the edge of the canyon and


                                              -8-
suddenly jumped into the canyon. Appellant landed twenty-five feet below in a sloped area with

a thicket. He appeared unconscious at first, but he sat up and began moving around. The rangers

yelled at him not to move because he was in danger of sliding down the slope and falling into the

“real Grand Canyon.” A tactical rope team was able to eventually reach Appellant and they

removed him from the canyon. One of the rangers found Appellant’s driver’s license partially

buried in the dirt near where they found him. Two days later, the park rangers went back to the

area where Appellant had fallen to conduct a search for any other items he might have discarded.

One of the rangers found Appellant’s key fob to his Escalade partially-buried in the dirt. Two

days later at a different location, a ranger found a hand-written note which read: “family, so

sorry for all of the pain. I’ve been in pain for awhile now. Debts were too high, school too long

and made too many mistakes in life. Thanks for all you have done, especially Wendi and her

support. I just can’t mooch any longer. Pray for me. Love you all, Rance.” The other side of

the note had the message, “extremely depressed, someone killed Susan. She was amazing.”

Detective Epperson traveled to Arizona on April 22, 2011 and obtained a search warrant for

Appellant’s Escalade. In the vehicle, officers found a large amount of clothes, a suitcase, two

laptops, an iPhone, and a passport. The laptops were forensically examined. The examination

showed that Appellant had been accessing Susan’s emails as recently as the day before the

offense. Significantly, Appellant had accessed an email Susan sent to a client on the afternoon of

April 18, 2011. Susan advised her client that the following day would be her last at Gleneagles

Country Club and she would be at the Pilates studio by 6:30 a.m. Appellant also had a photo of

Susan and Jayson taken on Valentine’s Day in 2011 and the image had been named, “Whore.”


                                              -9-
       In addition to the evidence Appellant had been cyberstalking Susan, there was other

evidence showing he had been obsessed with her since their break up in 2009. Detective Rich

found multiple entries on the “Calendar” portion of Appellant’s iPhone which formed something

resembling a journal.    On November 29, 2009, the entry read, “lost her again, fucking

eHarmony.” He wrote on December 13, 2009, “last time I saw her” and “God must help.” His

entry on April 20, 2010, “Buy G.” which could be interpreted as a reference to buying a gun.

The entry for May 3, 2010, said “D day sl gotta go can’t let a bastard have my hard work.”

Appellant wrote on December 9, 2010, “Decision day for smoke her.” The entries for March 11,

2011 and April 4, 2011 simply state, “Smoker.” Evidence showed that Appellant purchased a

Ruger P95 nine-millimeter handgun and two boxes of ammunition on June 21, 2010. The

unfired nine-millimeter bullets found at Gleneagles and in the field near Susan’s body were the

same brand as one of the boxes of ammunition purchased by Appellant. A firearms expert,

Detective Luke Grant, offered an explanation for the unfired rounds found in both locations. The

Ruger model purchased by Appellant has a safety. If a person unfamiliar with this type of

firearm attempts to fire it when the safety mechanism is engaged, a live round will be ejected.

One of Appellant’s friends testified that Appellant did not have an interest in guns and was not

knowledgeable about them.

       A head hair recovered from the driver’s side of Susan’s SUV had similar microscopic

characteristics to Appellant’s known head hair. A DNA profile from the gearshift of Susan’s

car was consistent with a mixture from Susan, Appellant, and an unknown individual.

Appellant’s identifiers were present at only twelve of the fifteen locations tested, but the


                                             - 10 -
probability of selecting an unrelated person at random who could be a contributor to the profile is

approximately one in 4.697 million for Caucasians, one in 4.566 million for Blacks, and one in

7.825 million for Hispanics. The driver’s seat headrest was swabbed for DNA and that DNA

profile was consistent with a mixture from Susan, Appellant, Jayson, and an unknown individual.

       The State presented Jayson Hayes’ testimony to establish his activities in the days leading

up to and on the morning of the offense. Jayson testified that he had been helping Susan get

ready to move her Pilates studio to the new location. He and Susan spent several hours together

on Easter Sunday, but they did not see each other on Monday, April 18, 2011. They planned to

meet on the afternoon of April 19 to move the studio to the new location. On the morning of

April 19, Jayson got up at about 6:15 a.m. and did his exercise program before getting ready for

work. He is a pharmaceutical representative and was scheduled to go to several doctor’s offices

that day. He left his home in Arlington and went to the office of Dr. Burlyn Nelon in Burleson.

As part of his job, Jayson uses a company iPad to make entries indicating he delivered

pharmaceutical samples to the doctor’s office and the physician is required to electronically sign

indicating receipt of the samples or products. The system automatically records Jayson’s log-in

time as well as the time the doctor signs for the samples. Jayson testified that he does not log

into the iPad until after he has looked at the sample closet and made a determination whether the

doctor’s office needs samples. If the doctor needs samples, Jayson logs the lot number and exact

amount of samples into the system so the doctor can sign for the samples. On some occasions he

has to wait for the doctor and he also spends time discussing the clinical data and benefits of the

pharmaceutical products with the doctor. Records reflect that Jayson logged into his company


                                              - 11 -
iPad at 8:02 a.m. and Dr. Nelon signed the electronic form at 8:18 a.m. Dr. Nelon confirmed that

he signed for the samples as shown in the records and he recalled that there was nothing unusual

about Jayson’s demeanor that morning.

          Appellant presented an alternative perpetrator defense at trial.   During his opening

statement, defense counsel argued that the case was a “rush to judgment,” and by 6 p.m. on

April 19, 2011, law enforcement had decided that Appellant was the only suspect and they never

considered Jayson Hayes to be a suspect. The evidence showed that the police did not search

Jayson’s house, car, cell phone, or computers. Detective Epperson never considered Jayson a

suspect and he did not interview either of Jayson’s ex-wives. Further, defense counsel brought

forward evidence that Jayson and Susan had broken up one month before the offense and had a

contentious relationship at the time of the offense as evidenced by their text messages.5 Counsel

also focused the jury’s attention on evidence showing that Jayson knew Susan’s work schedule,

his fingerprints were found on the privacy screen which had been knocked over at Gleneagles,

his DNA was found on the headrest and gearshift of her car, and it was Jayson who first

mentioned Appellant’s name to the police as a suspect. The defense also presented evidence that

Jayson could have committed the offense and still arrived at Dr. Nelon’s office by 8:02 a.m. on

the morning of the offense. Cami Sandifer, a private investigator employed by the defense,

testified that she attempted to determine whether she could drive from the southbound exit on

Dallas North Tollway at Parker Road at 6:38 in the morning, drive to the apartment complex

where the victim’s SUV was abandoned, and then drive to Dr. Nelon’s office arriving by 8:02 in

the morning. On her first attempt, Sandifer was slowed by construction as well as an accident
5
    The evidence showed that the break-up lasted only a few days.
                                                       - 12 -
and the trip took her a total of ninety-three minutes. She believed that the traffic congestion

added nine or ten minutes to the trip. Several days later, Sandifer made a second attempt and

drove a different route. This time, the trip took only seventy-three minutes.

       Susan’s hair stylist, Deanna Howard, testified for the defense that Susan had been her

client for several years and she had met Jayson in January 2011. Jayson called Howard in late

March 2011 and talked to her about arranging spa services as a gift for Susan’s upcoming

birthday. Howard does not provide spa services but she obtained information for him. Howard

saw Susan at her April 9, 2011 appointment, and she recalled that when they talked about

Jayson, Susan’s demeanor was “flat.” When Howard heard that Susan was missing, she called

the Plano Police Department and gave them Jayson’s phone number.

       The jury rejected the alternative perpetrator defense and found Appellant guilty of capital

murder. Because the State did not seek the death penalty, the trial court automatically sentenced

Appellant to life imprisonment.

                              THE FIRST SEARCH WARRANT

       In his first Issue, Appellant challenges the trial court’s ruling denying his motion to

suppress evidence seized as a result of the search warrant for Appellant’s home executed during

the early morning hours of April 20, 2011. He contends that the search warrant did not establish

probable cause to believe evidence related to a crime would be found in his home.

                                       Standard of Review

       When reviewing a trial court’s ruling on a motion to suppress, we generally utilize a

bifurcated standard which requires us to give almost total deference to the trial court’s findings


                                              - 13 -
of historical fact and review conclusions of law de novo. State v. McLain, 337 S.W.3d 268, 271

(Tex.Crim.App. 2011). A different standard is required when the case involves a motion to

suppress evidence seized pursuant to a search warrant. See id. In that situation, a trial court is

limited to the four corners of the affidavit supporting the warrant; consequently, the court makes

no factual or credibility determinations. Id.    Accordingly, when reviewing the magistrate’s

decision to issue a warrant, we apply a highly deferential standard. Id. We will uphold the

magistrate’s probable cause determination as long as the magistrate had a substantial basis for

concluding that probable cause existed. Id.; Robinson v. State, 368 S.W.3d 588, 598 (Tex.App.--

Austin 2012, pet. ref’d). This standard is consistent with the constitutional preference that

searches be conducted pursuant to a warrant. McLain, 337 S.W.3d at 271; Rodriguez v. State,

232 S.W.3d 55, 61 (Tex.Crim.App. 2007).

       Probable cause exists if, under the totality of the circumstances set forth in the affidavit

before the magistrate, there is a fair probability that contraband or evidence of a crime will be

found in a particular place at the time the warrant is issued. State v. Jordan, 342 S.W.3d 565,

568-69 (Tex.Crim.App. 2011). We are instructed to avoid interpreting the affidavit in a hyper-

technical manner. McLain, 337 S.W.3d at 271. Further, we must defer to all reasonable

inferences that the magistrate could have made. Rodriguez, 232 S.W.3d at 61; Robinson, 368

S.W.3d at 598.

                                          The Affidavit

       Detective Epperson’s probable cause paragraph stated the following:

              On April 19, 2011 at about 10:56 am, Plano Police Officer J. Scott # 1423
       was dispatched to a report of a burglary at the Gleneagles Country Club located at

                                              - 14 -
5401 W Park Blvd, Plano, Collin County, Texas. Officer Scott was directed to
the smaller free standing building just east of the main club house known as the
‘Golf Teaching Center.’ Call notes on Officer Scotts [sic] computer indicated one
of the rooms inside the building was in disarray. Upon his arrival, Officer Scott
was contacted by the Gleneagles General Manager, Michael Wszolek, along with
two pilate [sic] students, Lisa Bacic and Laura Curran. Officer Scott was advised
by Bacic and Curran they had arrived at said location for their pilates class which
was to have taken place at 1000 hours and was to be given by their long time
friend and instructor, Susan Loper W/F/xx/xx/xxxx [birthdate redacted]. Bacic
and Curran could not find Loper at said location and Loper’s vehicle, a white
2010 Toyota RAV-4 was not parked in its usual position near the tennis courts.
Curran advised in a written statement to Officer Scott upon entering the workout
area of said building, ‘We then noticed that the office area of the studio was
messy, and we moved closer to see a broken jar, a plant dumped over, a box and
capsules, a bullet (actually we didn’t notice the bullet until later), a coffee cup, a
small tote bag and spilled liquid on the floor. The screen used to separate the
office area from the exercise equipment was laying on a gravity bench like it had
been tipped over. We walked around some more and found glass shards over by
the mats to the right and mud on the pink mat.’ Officer Scott entered said
workout room and noticed an apparent struggle had taken place. Officer Scott
noticed what appeared to be blood on the floor and also observed a live bullet as
well. No person on property could locate Susan Loper nor her vehicle.

        Affiant arrived at the location to investigate the disappearance [sic] of
Loper. Affiant was advised of additional apparent blood found in two different
locations outside of said building. Affiant noticed one area of blood was near the
curb next to the driveway leading to the front door of said building. Affiant was
advised a total of three live bullets were found in the area and all were CBC 9mm
Luger bullets with a round nose. Manager Wszolek was able to provide personal
information for Loper which was used to contact Loper’s mother, Catherin [sic]
Miller, who was staying at Loper’s residence in Frisco, Texas. Miller was able to
provide the license plate for the above listed vehicle as BR4C986. Affiant spoke
with Curran and Bacic who advised they had known Loper for several years and it
was highly uncharacteristic for her to miss a pilates class. Affiant learned at the
scene, Miller also did not know of Loper’s location. Affiant was advised by
Plano Police Detective Spillman, who was also at said location, Loper’s purse had
been located just outside of an exit door near the back of said location and the
only apparent missing item from said purse was her vehicle keys. Affiant has
learned many of Loper’s personal items and valuables were left in said purse
along with her Texas Driver’s License. Loper’s cell phone was also found inside
the purse. Affiant was advised by Curran and Bacic they were certain Loper
would not voluntarily leave her purse or cell phone behind.

                                        - 15 -
        Affiant went to Loper’s residence in Frisco, Texas to contact Miller for
more information. Present with Catherine Miller was Loper’s father, Morris
Miller, along with Loper’s ex-husband, Craig Loper. At this point these
individuals realized the great possibility that Loper had been the victim of foul
play. All three individuals expressed concern about an individual named,
Terrance ‘Rance’ Black, who was Loper’s ex-boyfriend. Affiant was soon able to
fully identify Black as Terrance Deering Black W/M/xx/xx/xxxx with TX DL#
xxxxxxxx [birthdate and driver’s license number redacted]. Said DL showed
home address for Black to be 9111 Rio Blanco Drive Frisco, Denton County,
Texas. Miller advised Loper and Black had been involved in a relationship that
ended badly when Black become ‘obsessed’ with Loper and his actions toward
her were described as ‘smothering.’ Craig Loper advised Affiant after he and
Susan Loper were divorced, he (Craig Loper) was involved in a physical
alteration at Susan Loper’s residence because Black became extremely agitated
and combative toward Susan Loper. Affiant was advised by Miller, Black has
tried on numerous occasions to re-establish a relationship with Susan Loper but
each time Susan Loper refused. Affiant’s investigation revealed Susan Loper had
worked at the Gleneagles Country Club for several years and Black was familiar
with her work location and schedule. Affiant understands Susan Loper recently
complained to her friend, Pat Smerge, Black had recently attempted to give Susan
Loper gifts which she refused, resulting in Black becoming angry. Before leaving
said residence, Affiant was advised Susan Loper may have been wearing a red
women’s pilates jacket, black ‘yoga’ pants, and a ‘swatch watch’ on the morning
of April 19, 2011.

        Affiant went to Black’s residence at 9111 Rio Blanco Drive, on the
afternoon of April 19, 2011 and was unable to contact him. Affiant realized that
Black’s residence was located west of the North Dallas Tollway and north of
Main Street in Frisco, Texas. Affiant travelled via the North Dallas Tollway in
order to arrive at Black’s residence.

        Affiant has viewed the security camera footage from the morning of April
19, 2011 of the area in front of the above listed building already identified [as] the
Golf Teaching Center. Affiant noticed that prior to 0600 am, a white vehicle
matching the description of the above listed Toyota RAV-4, stopped in the
driveway in front of said location and was parked near the location of the apparent
blood that was found near the curb. Affiant noticed the vehicle was faced in such
a manner that would allow the blood to be located nearest the passenger side of
the vehicle. On same footage, Affiant noticed an individual exited said vehicle
and left vehicle unattended for a short period of time. Affiant then noticed on the
same footage, that an individual re entered [sic] the driver’s door of said vehicle
and it drove from the location.

                                        - 16 -
               Affiant received information from Jay Scifres, an employee of the North
       Texas Tollway Authority (NTTA), the Tolltag assigned to the Toyota RAV-4
       indicated said vehicle had travelled northbound on the North Dallas Tollway on
       April 19, 2011 at approximately 0609 hours in the area of just north of W. Park
       Blvd. The tolltag indicated said vehicle exited the North Dallas Tollway at
       approximately 0616 hours near Lebanon Rd in Frisco, Texas. Approximately 17
       minutes later at 0633 hours, the tolltag indicated said vehicle entered the North
       Dallas Tollway (southbound) near Lebanon Rd in Frisco, Texas. The tolltag then
       indicated the vehicle exited the North Dallas Tollway (southbound) near Parker
       Rd in Plano, Texas at approximately 0638 hours. On April 20, 2011, Affiant
       drove a route in which Affiant exited the North Dallas Tollway (northbound) at
       Lebanon Rd in Frisco, Texas and drove to Black’s residence and then returned
       back to the North Dallas Tollway (southbound) and re-entered said roadway near
       Lebanon Rd in Frisco, Texas. This driving exercise took Affiant approximately
       14 minutes to complete.

               Affiant learned on April 20, 2011, at about 0029 hours, a Plano Police
       Officer had located said Toyota RAV-4 in an apartment complex located at 2525
       Preston Rd, Plano, Texas. Affiant knows said location where vehicle was found
       is on Preston Rd between W Park Blvd and W Parker Rd. Affiant also knows the
       approximate walking distance from the location of found said vehicle to the
       Gleneagles Golf Teaching Center is 1 mile. Affiant was advised there is apparent
       blood evidence located on the inside and the outside of said vehicle.

             Affiant has reason to believe and does believe that probable cause exists to
       show evidence related to the aggravated kidnapping investigation is located inside
       9111 Rio Blanco, Frisco, Denton County, Texas.

                           Evaluation of the Probable Cause Affidavit

       Appellant first argues that the affidavit fails to state probable cause to believe any

evidence of a criminal offense would be found in his home. For example, Appellant asserts that

the affidavit does not show that he had been at the house on the morning of the offense or that his

neighbors had observed any unusual activity at the house.         Additionally, he criticizes the

affidavit because it does not include any evidence showing that he had been at Gleneagles on the

morning of the offense, that he owned a gun capable of using the type of live rounds found at

                                              - 17 -
Gleneagles, or that he had ever been violent toward the victim. As noted by the State in its brief,

the Court of Criminal Appeals has rejected an approach which focuses on facts not included in

the warrant affidavit: “The issue is not whether there are other facts that could have, or even

should have, been included in the affidavit; we focus on the combined logical force of facts that

are in the affidavit, not those that are omitted from the affidavit.” Rodriguez, 232 S.W.3d at 62.

Accordingly, we will focus our review on the facts actually stated in the affidavit and the

reasonable inferences which can be drawn from those facts.

       The probable cause affidavit set forth facts showing that Susan was attacked in the

building where she worked at the Gleneagles Country Club at around 6 a.m. on April 19, 2011

and she was injured during the course of the initial attack. Security camera footage showed that

a person pulled Susan’s SUV up to the driveway by the building and it remained at that location

for a short period of time before it was driven away. In addition to the blood found inside of the

building where Susan worked, investigators found blood on the curb where the SUV was

momentarily parked.     The vehicle was driven northbound on the tollway to an area near

Appellant’s home, and after a seventeen-minute gap, the vehicle re-entered the tollroad and it

was driven back to the area near Gleneagles and abandoned less than one hour after it was driven

away from Gleneagles.       Detective Epperson verified that a person could drive from the

northbound Lebanon exit to Appellant’s home and then return to the southbound Lebanon

entrance to the tollroad in fourteen minutes. Susan’s SUV was found shortly after midnight on

April 20, 2011 with blood located on both the interior and exterior, and Susan was still missing

when Detective Epperson applied for the search warrant. The affidavit showed that robbery was


                                              - 18 -
not a motive for the offense because Susan’s purse and her valuables were left behind and the

perpetrator returned the vehicle to the area from which it had been taken less than one hour later.

       The affidavit showed that Susan had a romantic relationship with Appellant in the past,

but she had rejected Appellant’s repeated efforts to renew that relationship. Recently, Appellant

became angry when Susan refused to accept gifts he attempted to give her. Susan’s ex-husband

related to Detective Epperson that he had a physical altercation with Appellant when Appellant

became extremely agitated and combative toward Susan. Susan’s mother expressed concern

about Appellant and she described him as “obsessed” with Susan. She also stated that Appellant

was familiar with Susan’s workplace and her work schedule.

       Appellant does not challenge the portions of the affidavit regarding the evidence gathered

at the crime scene, from the Tolltag records, or from Susan’s SUV when it was recovered. He

instead focuses on the statements made by Susan’s family and friends about his relationship with

Susan and he criticizes those statements as being nothing more than speculation and conjecture.

When making the probable cause determination, the magistrate must evaluate the reliability of

the affiant and his sources of information as part of the totality of the circumstances. State v.

Anderson, 917 S.W.2d 92, 96 (Tex.App.--Houston [14th Dist.] 1996, pet. ref’d). A magistrate is

entitled to rely on source information supplied by an average citizen, since, unlike many police

informants, they are “much less likely to produce false or untrustworthy information.” Id.,

quoting Jaben v. United States, 381 U.S. 214, 85 S.Ct. 1365, 14 L.Ed.2d 345 (1965). The

magistrate could have inferred from the affidavit that Catherine Miller was knowledgeable about

Susan’s relationship with Appellant.      Further, her characterization of Appellant as being


                                               - 19 -
obsessive is not speculation because she related that Appellant continued to pursue Susan even

though she rejected him repeatedly.

       Appellant additionally argues that Epperson’s statement in the affidavit regarding

Appellant’s familiarity with Susan’s work location and schedule is a conclusion not supported by

any evidence. The affidavit sets forth facts regarding Officer Scott’s initial investigation at

Gleneagles and his conversations with the Gleneagles general manager, Michael Wszolek, and

two of Susan’s Pilates students, Lisa Bacic and Laura Curran. Bacic and Curran were there to

attend a Pilates class at 10 a.m. which was going to be taught by their “long time friend and

instructor, Susan Loper.” Epperson also interviewed Bacic and Curran who told him that they

had known Susan for several years and it was uncharacteristic for her to miss a Pilates class.

These facts support an inference that Susan had taught Pilates at Gleneagles for several years.

The search warrant affidavit also reflects that Appellant and Susan had a romantic relationship in

the past and it is reasonable to infer that he knew where she worked as well as her schedule.

       The search warrant affidavit set forth facts which permitted the magistrate to conclude

this was a planned rather than random crime and the motive for the abduction was something

other than robbery. The magistrate could have reasonably found that Susan was abducted by

someone who knew her and was familiar with her work schedule. Based on the statements of

Susan’s friends and families, Appellant became the immediate focus of the investigation and the

evidence showed that the perpetrator drove Susan’s SUV directly to the area where Appellant

lived. Further, Detective Epperson confirmed that a person could drive from the tollway to

Appellant’s house and back to the tollway within the timeframe established by the Tolltag


                                              - 20 -
records. We conclude that the magistrate had a substantial basis for finding there was a fair

probability that evidence related to Susan’s kidnapping would be found in Appellant’s home.

Issue One is overruled.

                            THE SECOND SEARCH WARRANT

       In Issue Two, Appellant contends that the trial court erred by denying his motion to

suppress evidence seized under the second search warrant because the affidavit contained a

deliberate or reckless falsehood.

                             Standard of Review and Applicable Law

       The United States Supreme Court held in Franks v. Delaware that if a defendant

establishes by a preponderance of the evidence that the probable cause affidavit includes a false

statement that was made knowingly, intentionally, or with reckless disregard for the truth, and

the false statement is necessary to establish probable cause, the search warrant is invalid under

the Fourth Amendment. Franks v. Delaware, 438 U.S. 154, 155-56, 98 S.Ct. 2674, 2676, 57

L.Ed.2d 667 (1978); Thom v. State, 437 S.W.3d 556, 563 (Tex.App.--Houston [14th Dist.]. 2014,

no pet.). A misstatement in an affidavit that is the result of simple negligence or inadvertence, as

opposed to reckless disregard for the truth, will not invalidate the warrant. Dancy v. State, 728

S.W.2d 772, 783 (Tex.Crim.App. 1987), citing Franks, 438 U.S. at 170, 98 S.Ct. at 2674. An

affidavit supporting a search warrant begins with the presumption of validity. Franks, 438 U.S.

at 171, 98 S.Ct. at 2684; Cates v. State, 120 S.W.3d 352, 355 (Tex.Crim.App. 2003).

Consequently, the defendant has the burden to rebut that presumption by proving by a

preponderance of the evidence that the affiant made the false statement deliberately or with a


                                               - 21 -
reckless disregard for the truth. Franks, 438 U.S. at 156, 171, 98 S.Ct. at 2676, 2684; Davis v.

State, 144 S.W.3d 192, 201 (Tex.App.--Fort Worth 2004, pet. ref’d) (op. on reh’g).             The

defendant must also show that absent the false information, the remaining content is insufficient

for probable cause. Franks, 438 U.S. at 156, 171-72, 98 S.Ct. at 2676, 2684-85; Davis, 144

S.W.3d at 201.

       We explained in the discussion of Issue One that a highly deferential standard of review

applies to a probable cause challenge to a search warrant because the trial court is restricted to

the four corners of the document and no credibility determinations are made. See McLain, 337

S.W.3d at 271. A different standard applies when the defendant challenges the warrant affidavit

on the ground that it contains known falsehoods as the trial court is not limited to the four

corners of the affidavit. Cates, 120 S.W.3d at 355 n.3. If the defendant makes the requisite

preliminary showing of deliberate falsity, the trial court must go behind the four corners of the

affidavit. Id. The trial court at a suppression hearing, including one involving a Franks claim, is

the sole trier of fact and the judge of the credibility of the witnesses and the weight to be given

the evidence. Hinojosa v. State, 4 S.W.3d 240, 247 (Tex.Crim.App. 1999); Janecka v. State, 937

S.W.2d 456, 462 (Tex.Crim.App. 1996). Accordingly, we will utilize the bifurcated standard of

review applicable to most suppression issues. Jones v. State, 338 S.W.3d 725, 739 (Tex.App.--

Houston [1st Dist.] 2011), affirmed, 364 S.W.3d 854 (Tex.Crim.App. 2012); Davis v. State, 144

S.W.3d 192, 201 (Tex.App.--Fort Worth 2004, pet. ref’d) (op. on reh’g). Under that standard,

we give almost total deference to a trial court’s rulings on questions of historical fact and

application-of-law-to-fact questions that turn on an evaluation of credibility and demeanor while


                                              - 22 -
we review de novo application-of-law-to-fact questions that do not turn upon credibility and

demeanor. Johnson v. State, 68 S.W.3d 644, 652-53 (Tex.Crim.App. 2003). Because the trial

court did not make explicit findings of fact, we must review the evidence in a light most

favorable to the trial court’s ruling. See Torres v. State, 182 S.W.3d 899, 902 (Tex.Crim.App.

2005); Maxwell v. State, 73 S.W.3d 278, 281 (Tex.Crim.App. 2002).

                               No False Statement in the Affidavit

       On April 20, 2011, after the first search warrant was executed at Appellant’s home,

Detective Jeff Rich applied for a second search warrant of Appellant’s home to seize computers,

computer equipment and peripheral devices, data storage devices, stored communications, and

printed or stored images of the victim. The affidavit set forth the same facts contained in

Detective Epperson’s affidavit and additionally stated the following:

       Detective Epperson and Detective Spillman executed a search warrant at 9111
       Rio Blanco, Frisco, Denton, County, Texas. During this search, several letters
       and notes regarding the victim were located as well as printed information which
       appears to have been printed from a computer regarding the victim. Detective
       Epperson located a computer in the residence as well that was running and
       appeared to be connected to a printer. Affiant has reason to believe and does
       believe that probable cause exists to show evidence related to the Aggravated
       Kidnapping investigation is located inside 9111 Rio Blanco, Frisco, Denton
       County, Texas.

       At the suppression hearing, Detective Elizabeth Spillman testified that she participated in

the execution of the first search warrant at approximately 5:30 a.m. on April 20, 2011, and she

seized some handwritten notes and printed documents from a desk drawer in Appellant’s home.

The handwritten notes specifically mentioned Susan’s name. The handwritten note titled “Magic

Formula” stated:


                                              - 23 -
   (1) I desire my lover (Susan) to love me and only me. I want her to be faithful to me, love
       me unconditionally, and be loyal to me.

   (2) I always receive whatever I ask for.

   (3) I will not question or judge how it will come about. If I make no judgement by myself,
       whatever I wish for will be granted.

   (4) I will express my gratitude.

The printed documents pertain generally to dating relationships and do not mention Susan’s

name. One document, which appears to have been printed or downloaded from the internet, is

titled “Chapter 6: Easing Back Into Your Relationship” and it provides detailed advice for

someone wishing to renew a relationship with an “Ex.”

       Detective Epperson explained in his testimony at the suppression hearing that even

though the printed documents did not mention Susan by name, an inference could be drawn that

they pertained to her. Detective Rich testified that his affidavit is based on information he

received from Detectives Epperson, Spillman, and Pfahning. He further explained that the

statements made in the last paragraph of his affidavit are based on information he received from

the other detectives, and he understood that the handwritten notes mentioned Susan by name and

the printed documents, which were about how to win someone back, were related to the victim.

       Contrary to Appellant’s reading of the affidavit, Detective Rich did not affirmatively

state that the printed documents mentioned or referred to Susan by name. His affidavit instead

states that the printed documents are “regarding the victim.” There is evidence that the printed

documents and handwritten notes are related because they were found together in the same

drawer. The printed documents provided instructions on how to renew a romantic relationship


                                              - 24 -
with an “ex” and the handwritten notes address Appellant’s desire to be romantically involved

with Susan. A logical inference is that the printed documents pertain to Susan. Thus, the trial

court could have reasonably found that challenged statement is not false. Even if the statement is

construed as a misstatement or mischaracterization of the printed documents, there is no

evidence that Detective Rich deliberately made a false statement or made it with reckless

disregard for the truth. Accordingly, we overrule Issue Two.

                       ALTERNATIVE PERPETRATOR DEFENSE

       In his final issue, Appellant argues that the trial court violated his Sixth Amendment right

to present a defense by excluding evidence that Jayson Hayes was an alternative perpetrator of

the offense.   More specifically, Appellant contends that the court abused its discretion by

excluding evidence that Jayson Hayes had acted aggressively and violently with his ex-wives

and others.

                            Standard of Review and Applicable Law

       The Sixth Amendment guarantees a defendant a meaningful opportunity to present a

complete defense. Crane v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 683, 690, 106 S.Ct. 2142, 2146, 90 L.Ed.2d 636

(1986); Miller v. State, 36 S.W.3d 503, 506 (Tex.Crim.App. 2001).             A defendant has a

fundamental right to present evidence of a defense as long as the evidence is relevant and is not

excluded by an established evidentiary rule. Miller, 36 S.W.3d at 507. Erroneous evidentiary

rulings rarely rise to the level of denying the fundamental constitutional right to present a

meaningful defense. Wiley v. State, 74 S.W.3d 399, 405 (Tex.Crim.App. 2002); Potier v. State,

68 S.W.3d 657, 663 (Tex.Crim.App. 2002). A ruling excluding evidence may rise to the level of


                                              - 25 -
a constitutional violation in two situations: (1) a state evidentiary rule which categorically and

arbitrarily prohibits the defendant from offering otherwise relevant and reliable evidence which

is vital to his defense; and (2) a trial court’s clearly erroneous ruling excluding otherwise

relevant and reliable evidence which forms such a vital portion of the case that its exclusion

effectively precludes the defendant from presenting a defense. Wiley, 74 S.W.3d at 404; Potier,

68 S.W.3d at 665.      Exclusions of evidence are unconstitutional only if they “significantly

undermine fundamental elements of the accused’s defense.” Potier, 68 S.W.3d at 666, quoting

United States v. Scheffer, 523 U.S. 303, 315, 118 S.Ct. 1261, 1267-68, 140 L.Ed.2d 413 (1998).

The exclusion of evidence is not prejudicial if the defendant was not prevented from presenting

the substance of his defense to the jury. Potier, 68 S.W.3d at 666.

       In Wiley, the Court of Criminal Appeals recognized that a defendant has a right to attempt

to establish his innocence by showing that someone else committed the crime, but he “still must

show that his proffered evidence regarding the alleged alternative perpetrator is sufficient, on its

own or in combination with other evidence in the record, to show a nexus between the crime

charged and the alleged ‘alternative perpetrator.’” Wiley, 74 S.W.3d at 406.         In order to be

admissible, evidence must be relevant. TEX.R.EVID. 401, 402. Even relevant evidence may be

excluded if its probative value is substantially outweighed by a danger of unfair prejudice,

confusing the issues, or misleading the jury. See TEX.R.EVID. 403.

       As a general rule, we review a trial court’s decision to admit or exclude evidence for an

abuse of discretion and we will not reverse the ruling as long as it falls within the zone of

reasonable disagreement. See Rodriguez v. State, 203 S.W.3d 837, 841 (Tex.Crim.App. 2006).


                                               - 26 -
The abuse of discretion standard applies when the appellant asserts that the trial court violated

his right to present a defense under the Sixth Amendment. See Miller v. State, 36 S.W.3d 503,

507 (Tex.Crim.App. 2001); Delapaz v. State, 228 S.W.3d 183, 201 (Tex.App.--Dallas 2007, pet.

ref’d). Consequently, we will not reverse the trial court’s decision to exclude defensive evidence

unless the decision falls outside of the zone of reasonable disagreement. Delapaz, 228 S.W.3d at

201.

                                The Excluded Defensive Evidence

        At the hearing held to determine the admissibility of the evidence regarding the

alternative perpetrator defense, Appellant’s counsel sought to introduce evidence that Jayson had

committed bad acts against his ex-wives in order to show that he has a “propensity for violence

and controlling the women in his life . . . .” Jayson’s first wife, Tiffany Kana, testified that she

and Jayson were married from March 1998 until December 1998. Jayson punched Tiffany in the

face with his fist on two different occasions during the marriage, but she did not report the

assaults to the police. She also characterized him as emotionally abusive and controlling.

Tiffany admitted that Jayson did not ever contact her after the marriage ended in December

1998.

        Suzanne McDonald and Jayson were married from March 2005 until August 2007, and

they had one child together, S.H. In March of 2006, Suzanne and Jayson got into an argument

during Spring Break and Jayson took Suzanne’s car keys, cell phone, and the home cordless

phone. Suzanne’s oldest daughter from a prior relationship and S.H. were at home with them.

When Suzanne confronted Jayson, he asked her what was she going to do, and was she going to


                                               - 27 -
pick one child to take and leave the other one behind. Suzanne tried to get to the front door to

scream for help, but Jayson grabbed both of her arms and held them. During this confrontation,

Suzanne’s mother, Ginger Curbello, called on Jayson’s cell phone and he answered. When

Suzanne heard her mother’s voice, she began screaming. Curbello and Suzanne convinced

Jayson to leave Suzanne and the child alone in the master bedroom that evening. The following

day, Suzanne’s arms were bruised. Suzanne did not call the police to report the incident. Jayson

did not commit any other act of violence against Suzanne during the marriage, but he was

controlling. He required Suzanne to be home from work at a specific time and he monitored the

items she bought at the grocery store. Suzanne also testified that Jayson stalked her after the

divorce. She admitted on cross-examination that they had been embroiled in a protracted

custody fight over S.H. for six years. After Susan’s death, Suzanne sent an email to Jayson

stating that he could not exercise his scheduled Thursday night visitation with their daughter.

Suzanne felt uncomfortable due to the media coverage of Susan’s murder and she also thought

Jayson needed time to grieve and “get his thoughts together emotionally.” Jayson left a message

for Suzanne stating that it was “no big deal” and he intended to exercise his scheduled visitation.

When they spoke on the phone, Jayson became extremely angry to the point that Suzanne handed

the phone to her husband, Richard. Jayson threatened to go over to the house and kill Richard.

       Richard McDonald testified that Jayson had threatened him with violence at least four or

five times. After Suzanne and Richard began dating, Jayson called Richard and told him to stay

away from Suzanne and his daughter or he would “whip [Richard’s] ass.” This occurred

approximately one year after Suzanne and Jayson divorced. In the fall of 2009, Jayson showed


                                              - 28 -
up at S.H.’s dance class even though it was not a scheduled visitation night. He became

belligerent with Suzanne and told her he would show up whenever he wanted. Richard stepped

between them and Jayson threatened to “whip [Richard’s] ass” in front of everyone, including

numerous small children. Approximately one year later, Jayson again appeared at the recreation

center and created a disturbance approaching Suzanne and attempting to intimidate her. Jayson

was forced to leave and he waited for Richard outside. Jayson threatened to beat up Richard

because he had gotten him kicked out of the dance class.          Richard confirmed Suzanne’s

testimony about the conversation they had with Jayson the day after Susan’s death. When

Richard got on the phone with Jayson and told him they would not allow Jayson to have his

visitation with S.H., Jayson became enraged and told Richard, “I will come and kill you.”

Despite all of these threats, Jayson never struck Richard with his fist. On cross-examination,

Richard reluctantly admitted that he might have called Jayson in February 2012 after Suzanne

filed for divorce and left a message apologizing to him.

       Suzanne’s mother, Ginger Curbello, contacted the Plano Police Department after Susan

went missing and advised them of her concerns about Jayson. Curbello told the police that

Jayson had been violent toward Suzanne. Curbello also testified that Jayson had a reputation for

being violent towards women, but she admitted that she had no knowledge of his reputation and

she based her opinion on what she had seen. Curbello provided two examples. In 2009, Jayson

dropped off S.H. at Suzanne’s house and would not let anyone hold S.H. Curbello told Jayson

that this was not good for the child and Jayson replied, “Don’t worry, this is only the beginning

of the trouble.” Curbello’s second example was the confrontation between Suzanne and Jayson


                                              - 29 -
when he hid the keys and telephones.

        Appellant also sought to introduce the testimony of S.H.’s counselor, Ann Beal. Beal

related that S.H. fears Jayson and suffers emotional distress when she visits him. S.H. told Beal

that Jayson has repeatedly threatened to “get rid of” Richard and Suzanne and said that he would

not let her go to their funerals.

        The trial court concluded that this evidence did not connect Jayson to the charged

offense, and further, the evidence would be excluded under Rule 403 due to the risk of jury

confusion. The court granted the State’s motion in limine and advised the parties to approach the

bench if any evidence opened the door to the admission of this defensive evidence. While the

trial court excluded the evidence pertaining to Jayson’s prior bad acts, the court permitted

Appellant to introduce other alternative perpetrator evidence as detailed in the factual summary.

This included evidence that Jayson’s fingerprints were found in the Pilates studio, his DNA was

found in Susan’s car, and he was Susan’s boyfriend at the time of the offense. During trial on

the merits, the court denied Appellant’s request to cross-examine Jayson about his history of

violence with his ex-wives. Likewise, the court refused to permit Appellant to cross-examine

Detective Epperson about the violence Jayson directed at his ex-wives.

                                           No Nexus

        The question before us is whether the excluded alternative perpetrator evidence is

sufficient, on its own or in combination with other evidence in the record, to show a nexus

between the crime charged and Jayson. This court noted in Workman v. State that “it is unclear

exactly how much evidence is necessary to sufficiently prove a nexus between the offense and


                                             - 30 -
allegedly guilty third party,” but evidence of third party guilt is inadmissible if it is mere

speculation that another person may have committed the offense. Workman v. State, No. 08-07-

00299-CR, 2010 WL 109704 at *5-7 (Tex.App.--El Paso Jan. 13, 2010, pet. ref’d)(not

designated for publication). The excluded evidence showing that Jayson punched his first wife

on two occasions and grabbed his second wife by the arms during an argument simply does not

tend to connect him to the capital murder of Susan particularly when there is no evidence that he

ever assaulted Susan or directed violence against her. Likewise, the evidence that Jayson was

controlling in his relationship with his second wife does not tend to connect him to the charged

offense because there is no evidence that the person who committed the offense had a controlling

personality. Further, Jayson’s emotionally hostile post-marriage relationship with his second

wife and his threats to kill her current husband appear to be related exclusively to the ongoing

child custody dispute. Given that Susan and Jayson did not have a child together, this evidence

does not tend to make it more likely that Jayson killed Susan.

                                            Rule 403

       Even if we assume for the sake of argument that the excluded evidence has some

relevance, the trial court could have reasonably found that its probative value was minimal and

substantially outweighed by the danger that the evidence would have confused the issues and

misled the jury. See TEX.R.EVID. 403. In the absence of a nexus between the excluded evidence

and the charged offense, this evidence would have drawn the jury’s attention away from the

charged offense to predominantly irrelevant matters and would have invited the jury to speculate

that Jayson might have committed the offense. As the Court of Criminal Appeals observed in


                                              - 31 -
Wiley, such invited speculation “intensifies the grave risk of jury confusion, and it invites the

jury to render its findings based on emotion or prejudice,” rather than on hard evidence. Wiley,

74 S.W.3d at 407, quoting United States v. McVeigh, 153 F.3d 1166, 1191 (10th Cir. 1998). We

conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion by excluding this evidence. Issue Three

is overruled. Having overruled each issue presented, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.



September 23, 2015
                                     ANN CRAWFORD McCLURE, Chief Justice

Before McClure, C.J., Rodriguez, and Hughes, JJ.

(Do Not Publish)




                                              - 32 -
