                            UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee,

                                                       v.

                         Don McCRANIE, Jackson Jones, Defendants-Appellants.

                                                 No. 97-9358.

                                       United States Court of Appeals,

                                              Eleventh Circuit.

                                               March 12, 1999.

Appeals from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Georgia. (No. 3:97-CR-06-03),
Dudley H. Bowen, Jr., Judge.

Before DUBINA and BARKETT, Circuit Judges, and JONES*, Senior Circuit Judge.

        DUBINA, Circuit Judge:

        This case involves fraudulent voting activities. Specifically, these activities include vote buying, vote

selling, multiple voting, and votes casts by felons and deceased voters.

        Defendant Jackson Jones ("Jones"), sheriff of Dodge County, Georgia, is charged in Counts I and II

of a federal indictment with two separate conspiracies to buy votes in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 3711 and 42




   *
    Honorable Nathaniel R. Jones, Senior U.S. Circuit Judge for the Sixth Circuit, sitting by designation.
   1
    "If two or more persons conspire either to commit any offense against the United States, or to defraud
the United States, or any agency thereof in any manner or for any purpose, and one or more of such
persons do any act to effect the object of the conspiracy, each shall be fined under this title or imprisoned
not more than five years, or both."
U.S.C. §§ 1973i(c)2 and (e)3. Jones is also charged in Count III with misprision of a felony, in violation of

18 U.S.C. § 4. Defendant Don McCranie ("McCranie"), commissioner of Dodge County, Georgia, is only

charged in the Count II vote buying conspiracy. The defendants were tried together and convicted on all

counts. After sentencing, they perfected their appeals.

                                         I. BACKGROUND FACTS

        This case involves two conspiracies by the opposing candidates for county commissioner and their

respective supporters to buy votes in the July 9, 1996, Dodge County primary election in Eastman, Georgia.

McCranie's challenger was Doyce Mullis ("Mullis"), the former Dodge County commissioner. Jones, the

thirty-year incumbent sheriff of Dodge County, was charged in both conspiracies, because he had supporters

in both of the county commissioner camps who bought votes for him. The election was a mixed federal-state

election because there were candidates for the United States Senate and the House of Representatives on the

ballot, along with the contests for county commissioner, sheriff, and numerous other local races.


   2
    "Whoever knowingly or willfully gives false information as to his name, address, or period of
residence in the voting district for the purpose of establishing his eligibility to register or vote, or
conspires with another individual for the purpose of encouraging his false registration to vote or illegal
voting, or pays or offers to pay or accepts payment either for registration to vote or for voting shall be
fined not more than $10,000 or imprisoned not more than five years, or both: Provided, however, That
this provision shall be applicable only to general, special, or primary elections held solely or in part for
the purpose of selecting or electing any candidate for the office of President, Vice President, presidential
elector, Member of the United States Senate, Member of the United States House of Representatives,
Delegate from the District of Columbia, Guam, or the Virgin Islands, or Resident Commissioner of the
Commonwealth of Puerto Rico."
   3
    "(1) Whoever votes more than once in an election referred to in paragraph (2) shall be fined not more
than $10,000 or imprisoned not more than five years, or both.

                 (2) The prohibition of this subsection applies with respect to any general, special, or
        primary election held solely or in part for the purpose of selecting or electing any candidate for
        the office of President, Vice President, presidential elector, Member of the United States Senate,
        Member of the United States House of Representatives, Delegate from the District of Columbia,
        Guam, or the Virgin Islands, or Resident Commissioner of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico.

                 (3) As used in this subsection, the term 'votes more than once' does not include the
        casting of an additional ballot if all prior ballots of that voter were invalidated, nor does it include
        the voting in two jurisdictions under section 1973aa-1 of this title, to the extent two ballots are
        not cast for an election to the same candidacy or office."

                                                       2
        In the county commissioner's race, McCranie won by only 31 votes. Jones' sole opponent for sheriff

was Theo "Ted" Parkerson, Jr. ("Parkerson"). Jones won the disputed primary election by only nine votes.

        The losing candidates in the two races, Mullis and Parkerson, filed petitions contesting the election

results in the Dodge County Superior Court. The Dodge County Superior Court voided the July 9th primary

election results due to numerous "irregularities," and that decision was affirmed by the Supreme Court of

Georgia. See McCranie v. Mullis, 267 Ga. 416, 478 S.E.2d 377 (1996). A new election occurred and

McCranie won again, but Jones was defeated by Parkerson.

        A joint federal-state investigation revealed widespread election fraud in both the McCranie and

Mullis camps. Both sides bought votes. The two separate conspiracies to buy votes in this election were the

"McCranie-Jones" conspiracy and the "Mullis-Jones" conspiracy. As previously stated, Jones had supporters

who bought votes in both camps.

        The government's evidence at trial included the testimony of several co-conspirators who bought

votes for the candidates.    Cooperation witness Charles Deloach ("Deloach") testified about Jones'

participation in the "Mullis-Jones" vote buying conspiracy. Early in the campaign Jones and Mullis met with

Deloach at the county jail and discussed how much money to pay various voters for voting a certain way.

The parties discussed payment of $20 per voter.

        Donald Kennedy ("Kennedy"), another Mullis and Jones supporter, testified that four or five days

before election day, Jones handed him $4,000 in $20 bills "to pay haulers." (R2-140-42). Mullis testified

that when he gave cash to Kennedy and others, it was understood, without saying, how the cash was to be

used. Kennedy stated that vote buying was a way of life in Dodge County politics.

        In the "McCranie-Jones" conspiracy, six of the vote buyers were McCranie's employees at the Dodge

County road department. Cooperating government witness Obbie Mann ("Mann") testified that employees

were required, as part of their jobs, to campaign for McCranie. Mann testified that McCranie would

sometimes deliver money for buying votes to the road department. Mann also testified that on the day before



                                                     3
the election, McCranie handed him $1,000 in $20 bills to be used for buying votes. Moreover, Mann testified

that McCranie delivered another $2,000 in cash to him in $20 bills on election day. In addition to live

testimony, the government also introduced bank records showing that during the campaign McCranie and

Jones each obtained $15,000 in $20 bills from an Eastman bank.

         The investigation revealed that most of the illegal vote buying occurred during the absentee voting

period prior to election day. The investigation disclosed that for the challenged primary, 1,647 absentee

ballots were issued for a voting population of approximately 11,000 voters. In other words, approximately

15% of all ballots issued were absentee ballots. State election officials advised that issuance of more than

10% of absentee ballots for a registered voter population was considered extremely high.

         The Dodge County election superintendent testified that 1,500 absentee votes (out of less than 8,000

total votes cast in the election), was unprecedented for Dodge County. Out of approximately 1,500 absentee

ballots counted in the sheriff's race, Jones received 1,047 votes and his opponent, Parkerson, received only

449 votes. In the county commissioner's race, McCranie received 693 absentee votes, while Mullis received

794.

         Incredibly, each of the two camps—McCranie and Mullis-actually set up tables inside the courthouse

at opposite ends of the hall, where supporters on both sides openly bid against each other to buy absentee

votes.

         At trial, a Dodge County magistrate described the rowdy courthouse atmosphere during the absentee

voting period as "a successful flea market." (R3-446). One of the vote buyers in the Mullis camp also

testified that the open bidding for votes was "[l]ike an auction." (R2-257).

         Vote buyers for both sides paid the voter $20 to $40 after the voter cast his or her absentee ballot.

Sometimes, the cash payment occurred in the courthouse bathroom. More frequently, the voters received

their payment while the "haulers" drove them home after they voted. McCranie's haulers generally drove the

absentee voters to the courthouse to see Bryant Williams ("Williams") whose primary role was to physically



                                                      4
mark the voters' absentee ballots for McCranie and Jones, no matter what the voters' preferences were.

Williams was not a county employee but a volunteer campaign worker for McCranie. Williams' wife,

however, was McCranie's clerk at the Dodge County Courthouse. Approximately 40 absentee voters also

testified at trial that they were paid by one side or the other to vote for either Mullis and Jones or McCranie

and Jones.

                                     II. STATEMENT OF THE ISSUES

        (1) Whether federal jurisdiction exists in a vote buying case involving a mixed federal-state election

with unopposed federal candidates on the ballot.

        (2) Whether the evidence was sufficient to support the guilty verdicts.

        (3) Whether the district court abused its discretion by instructing the jury on aiding and abetting in

relation to the misprision of a felony count.

        (4) Whether the district court's sentencing enhancements for role in the offense and obstruction of

justice were clearly erroneous.

        (5) Whether the district court's ruling which struck a prejudicial portion of the testimony of a

government witness constituted improper curtailment of cross-examination where the defendant rejected an

opportunity to further cross-examine the witness.

        (6) Whether the district court abused its discretion in refusing to sever the trials of McCranie and

Jones in this vote buying conspiracy case.

                                                III. DISCUSSION

         Whether federal jurisdiction exists in this type of fraudulent voting activities case is a question of

first impression in this circuit, so it merits discussion. The jurisdiction issue presents a question of law;

accordingly, the de novo standard of review is applicable. See United States v. Johns, 984 F.2d 1162, 1163

(11th Cir.1993).




                                                       5
        After reviewing the record, we conclude that there is no merit to any of the remaining issues

McCranie and Jones present in this appeal. Accordingly, we affirm the district court's disposition of those

issues without further discussion.4

        McCranie and Jones first allege that the district court lacked jurisdiction in this case because the

federal candidates in the primary election lacked opposition. As a starting point, we observe that the federal

vote buying statute, 42 U.S.C. § 1973i(c), and the multiple voting statute, 42 U.S.C. § 1973i(e), plainly

prohibit voting fraud "in any general, special, or primary elections held solely or in part for the purpose of

electing federal candidates." (Emphasis added). The government correctly notes that McCranie and Jones

cite no authority in support of their jurisdictional argument. None exists. The only circuit to address this

identical question we are faced with in this appeal is the Seventh Circuit in United States v. Cole, 41 F.3d 303

(7th Cir.1994). Cole, an opinion authored by Senior Circuit Judge John C. Godbold, sitting by designation,

held that federal jurisdiction is satisfied so long as a single federal candidate is on the ballot. Id. at 307.

Additionally, the court held that federal jurisdiction exists even if the federal candidate is unopposed because

fraud in a mixed election does have an impact "on the integrity of the election." Id. at 307.

        The court in Cole correctly observed that the federal election fraud statutes were implemented to

protect two aspects of a federal election: the actual results of the election and the integrity of the process of

electing federal officials. In the present case, we agree with the government that McCranie's and Jones'

fraudulent conduct corrupted the election process, if not the election results. Id.

         Moreover, the government maintains, and we agree, that the Constitution's Necessary and Proper

Clause, (Art. I, § 8, cl.18), along with Art. I, § 4, empowers Congress to regulate mixed elections even if the

federal candidate is unopposed. See United States v. Bowman, 636 F.2d 1003 (5th Cir. Unit A Feb.1981).

Although there is no Eleventh Circuit case directly on point with the jurisdictional question presented in this




   4
    See 11th Cir. R. 36-1.

                                                       6
case, Bowman, which is binding on us,5 is a factually similar case and is not inconsistent with Cole. The

language of § 1973i(c) and (e) clearly gives us jurisdiction over elections held solely or in part for the purpose

of selecting a candidate for the United States Congress. However, the defendants argue that language in

Bowman creates an additional requirement that in order for us to have jurisdiction, the fraud that is directed

toward the state election must "affect" or "corrupt" the outcome of the federal election. We do not agree with

this narrow reading of Bowman. The language in Bowman not only prohibits any fraudulent activity that

affects the outcome of a federal election but also prohibits any activity that has the potential to affect "the

integrity and purity" of an election. Bowman, 636 F.2d at 1012. Again, whether the federal candidate is

opposed or unopposed is of little consequence because the integrity of a mixed federal-state election is marred

by fraudulent voting activities, even if these activities are only directed toward the state elections. See Cole,

41 F.3d at 306.

        In conclusion, we adopt the reasoning of the Seventh Circuit in Cole and hold that the district court

had jurisdiction to try McCranie and Jones for voter fraud in violation of § 1973i(c) and (e) despite the

presence of uncontested federal races on the same ballot with contested state and local races. We therefore

affirm McCranie's and Jones' convictions and sentences.

        AFFIRMED.




   5
   In Bonner v. City of Prichard, 661 F.2d 1206 (11th Cir.1981) (en banc), the Eleventh Circuit Court of
Appeals adopted as binding precedent the decisions of the former Fifth Circuit issued before October 1,
1981.

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