                                 IN THE

    SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF ARIZONA

                           STATE OF ARIZONA,
                               Appellee,

                                    v.

                       DONALD WAYNE DALTON,
                             Appellant.


                          No. CR-16-0012-PR
                        Filed December 22, 2016


          Appeal from the Superior Court in Maricopa County
               The Honorable Michael W. Kemp, Judge
                         No. CR2014-000938
                            AFFIRMED


             Opinion of the Court of Appeals, Division One
                 239 Ariz. 74, 366 P.3d 133 (App. 2016)
                               VACATED


COUNSEL:

Mark Brnovich, Attorney General, John R. Lopez IV, Solicitor General,
Joseph T. Maziarz, Chief Counsel, Linley Wilson (argued), Assistant
Attorney General, Criminal Appeal Section, Phoenix, Attorneys for State of
Arizona

James J. Haas, Maricopa County Public Defender, Paul J. Prato (argued),
Deputy Public Defender, Phoenix, Attorneys for Donald Wayne Dalton
                            STATE V. DALTON
                            Opinion of the Court

VICE CHIEF JUSTICE PELANDER authored the opinion of the Court, in
which CHIEF JUSTICE BALES and JUSTICES BRUTINEL, TIMMER, and
BOLICK joined.


VICE CHIEF JUSTICE PELANDER, opinion of the Court:

¶1             Under Arizona Rule of Criminal Procedure 18.5(h), when a
trial court permits the mid-deliberation substitution of a juror, the court
must instruct all jurors, including the alternate, “to begin deliberations
anew.” When, as here, a defendant does not object to a trial court’s failure
to give that instruction and is then convicted, the defendant must establish
on appeal that the omission constituted fundamental error. Because
defendant Donald Wayne Dalton has not shown prejudice from the trial
court’s failure to give the “deliberate-anew” instruction, we affirm his
conviction and sentence.

                                       I.

¶2            In May 2003, a 911 caller reported seeing a man, later
identified as Brian Day, on a vacant home’s roof attempting to remove a
swamp cooler. The witness also reported seeing another man, who turned
out to be Dalton, in an alley behind the home. The witness then informed
the police that the two men were walking away from the home together.
An officer arrived, stopped the pair, and, after questioning, arrested them.
Dalton was charged with second degree burglary and criminal damage.
The State alleged that he was an accomplice.

¶3             At the close of evidence after a two-day trial, the trial court’s
instructions to the jury included the following: 1) the verdict must be
unanimous; 2) the jurors must discuss all of the evidence before taking a
vote; and 3) they must carefully and impartially consider all evidence in the
case. Just before deliberations, one juror was designated as an alternate in
accordance with Rule 18.5(h). Before releasing the alternate juror, the court
informed her that she was still bound by the admonitions the jury received
two days earlier at the beginning of trial (including the admonition to form
final opinions only after hearing the final instructions and discussing the
case with the other jurors during deliberations). The jury then retired and
deliberated for just over two hours before stopping for the day. Because
one juror could not return the next day, the parties agreed to replace her
with the alternate juror.
                                       2
                             STATE V. DALTON
                             Opinion of the Court

¶4            The jury reconvened the next morning with the alternate
juror. The trial court did not instruct the jury to begin deliberations anew
and neither party objected. After about forty-three minutes, the jury
returned its verdict finding Dalton guilty of second degree burglary and
not guilty of criminal damage. The trial court then polled the jurors
individually and each confirmed that the verdict was his or her true verdict.

¶5              In a split decision, relying largely on State v. Guytan, 192 Ariz.
514, 968 P.2d 587 (App. 1998), the court of appeals vacated Dalton’s
conviction and sentence and remanded for a new trial. State v. Dalton, 239
Ariz. 74, 75-76 ¶ 1, 81 ¶ 27, 366 P.3d 133, 134-35, 140 (App. 2016). The
majority concluded that the trial court’s failure to instruct the jury to begin
deliberations anew violated Dalton’s right to a unanimous verdict under
article 2, section 23 of the Arizona Constitution and thus was fundamental
error. Id. at 77 ¶¶ 7-8, 366 P.3d at 136. The majority also found the error
prejudicial because the court could not “say beyond a reasonable doubt that
the jury would have reached the same result had the superior court
properly instructed it to begin deliberations anew when the alternate joined
it.” Id. at 79 ¶ 14, 366 P.3d at 138.

¶6             The dissenting judge concluded that “the unobjected-to
failure to instruct the jurors regarding deliberating anew did not rise to the
level of fundamental, prejudicial error.” Id. at 81 ¶ 28, 366 P.3d at 140.
(Cattani, J., dissenting). Pointing to the simple facts underlying the case
and the trial court’s post-verdict polling of each juror, id. at 82 ¶ 33, 83 ¶
¶ 36, 38, 366 P.3d at 141, 142, the dissent found “nothing in the record
suggesting that issues were resolved prior to the dismissal of the excused
juror, and the remaining jurors and the substitute juror were adequately
instructed regarding their duty to reach a unanimous verdict.” Id. at 83
¶ 40, 366 P.3d at 142.

¶7             We granted review to clarify the standard for evaluating
prejudice when a trial court, without objection, fails to give a “deliberate-
anew” instruction under Rule 18.5(h). We have jurisdiction under article 6,
section 5(3) of the Arizona Constitution and A.R.S. § 12-120.24.

                                       II.

¶8           Preliminarily, we reject Dalton’s belated argument, first made
in his supplemental brief in this Court, that the trial court’s failure to give a
deliberate-anew instruction constitutes structural error that automatically

                                        3
                            STATE V. DALTON
                            Opinion of the Court

requires reversal. See State v. Valverde, 220 Ariz. 582, 585 ¶ 10, 208 P.3d 233,
236 (2009) (“If an appellate court finds structural error, reversal is mandated
regardless of whether an objection is made below or prejudice is found. If
error is structural, prejudice is presumed.”). As we recently stated, “the
omission of [the deliberate-anew instruction] does not always require
reversal of a conviction.” State v. Kolmann, 239 Ariz. 157, 162 ¶ 19, 367 P.3d
61, 66 (2016).

¶9             Structural errors “deprive defendants of basic protections
without which a criminal trial cannot reliably serve its function as a vehicle
for determination of guilt or innocence.” State v. Ring (Ring III), 204 Ariz.
534, 552 ¶ 45, 65 P.3d 915, 933 (2003) (internal quotation marks omitted)
(quoting Neder v. United States, 527 U.S. 1, 8-9 (1999)). Such errors are very
limited in nature and number inasmuch as they “affect the entire conduct
of the trial from beginning to end, and thus taint the framework within
which the trial proceeds.” State v. Henderson, 210 Ariz. 561, 565 ¶ 12, 115
P.3d 601, 605 (2005) (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting State v.
Anderson, 197 Ariz. 314, 323 ¶ 22, 4 P.3d 369, 378 (2000)).

¶10             We recognize that a trial court’s failure to give a deliberate-
anew instruction to a reconstituted jury, as Rule 18.5(h) requires, is different
from evidentiary, trial, or other types of instructional error. And proving
that noncompliance with Rule 18.5(h) prejudiced a defendant might be
difficult given the confidentiality of jury deliberations and the constraints
on probing the motives or mental processes of jurors. See Ariz. R. Crim. P.
24.1(d); see also Kolmann, 239 Ariz. at 161 ¶ 15, 367 P.3d at 65 (stating that
courts generally prohibit inquiry into how a jury or individual juror
deliberated or reached a decision). Despite the potential challenges in
proving prejudice, a trial court’s failure to give a deliberate-anew
instruction does not fall within the very limited category of errors that are
structural. See Ring III, 204 Ariz. at 552 ¶ 46, 65 P.3d at 933 (“The Supreme
Court has defined relatively few instances in which we should regard error
as structural.”).

                                      III.

¶11           Because Dalton did not object to the trial court’s failure to
instruct the reconstituted jury to begin deliberations anew, he must show
fundamental error. Henderson, 210 Ariz. at 567 ¶ 19, 115 P.3d at 607. To
establish fundamental error, Dalton of course must first show error. Id. at
568 ¶ 23, 115 P.3d at 608. He has done so here, as the State correctly

                                       4
                             STATE V. DALTON
                             Opinion of the Court

concedes that the trial court erred in not giving the deliberate-anew
instruction once the alternate joined the reconstituted jury. See Kolmann,
239 Ariz. at 162 ¶ 19, 367 P.3d at 66 (“After the alternate juror joined the
deliberations, the trial court should have instructed the entire jury to begin
deliberations anew” under Rule 18.5(h), despite neither side requesting that
instruction.).

¶12           To carry his burden of showing fundamental error, Dalton
must establish that the nature of the error 1) “goes to the foundation of [the]
case,” 2) “takes away a right that is essential to his defense,” and 3) “is of
such magnitude that he could not have received a fair trial.” Henderson, 210
Ariz. at 568 ¶ 24, 115 P.3d at 608; see also Valverde, 220 Ariz. at 585 ¶ 12, 208
P.3d at 236. The burden of persuasion remains on the defendant in order
“to discourage a defendant from tak[ing] his chances on a favorable verdict,
reserving the hole card of a later appeal on [a] matter that was curable at
trial, and then seek[ing] appellate reversal.” Henderson, 210 Ariz. at 567
¶ 19, 115 P.3d at 607 (internal quotation marks omitted).

¶13            Although the issue is debatable, we assume, without
deciding, that the trial court fundamentally erred in failing to give the
deliberate-anew instruction. See Valverde, 220 Ariz. at 586 ¶ 15, 208 P.3d at
237 (assuming without deciding that trial court’s instructional omission
was fundamental error but finding no prejudice). To prevail under
fundamental-error review, however, “a defendant must establish both that
fundamental error exists and that the error in his case caused him
prejudice.” Henderson, 210 Ariz. at 567 ¶ 20, 115 P.3d at 607; see also Valverde,
220 Ariz. at 585 ¶ 12, 208 P.3d at 236. This is “a fact-intensive inquiry,” and
“[t]he showing a defendant must make varies, depending upon the type of
error that occurred and the facts of a particular case.” Henderson, 210 Ariz.
at 568 ¶ 26, 115 P.3d at 608.

¶14            The error in Henderson “exist[ed] on two levels” — “[f]irst, the
aggravating facts used to enhance Henderson’s sentence were found by a
judge instead of a jury, violating Henderson’s Sixth Amendment right to a
jury trial,” and second, “the trial judge applied a preponderance standard,
not the constitutionally required standard of beyond a reasonable doubt,
violating Henderson’s Fifth Amendment rights.” Id. at 568 ¶ 25, 115 P.3d
at 608. Thus, “the nature of the error involved [in that case] deprived
Henderson of the opportunity to require that a jury find facts sufficient to
expose him to an aggravated sentence.” Id. at 569 ¶ 27, 115 P.3d at 609.
Under those circumstances, this Court ruled that to establish prejudice,
                                       5
                            STATE V. DALTON
                            Opinion of the Court

“Henderson must show that a reasonable jury, applying the appropriate
standard of proof, could have reached a different result than did the trial
judge.” Id.

¶15            Relying on that language in Henderson, the court of appeals in
this case stated that, “[t]o show prejudice, Dalton bears the burden of
showing that a reasonable jury ‘could have reached a different result’ had
it been properly instructed under Rule 18.5(h).” Dalton, 239 Ariz. at 78 ¶ 9,
366 P.3d at 137 (quoting Henderson, 210 Ariz. at 569 ¶ 27, 115 P.3d at 609).
But that standard, though appropriate in Henderson based on the nature of
the errors in that case, does not fit the different situation here.

¶16             Henderson did not address any Rule 18.5(h) issue or other
instructional error. And although the court of appeals treated the Henderson
standard as broadly applicable, Henderson did not prescribe a general
standard of prejudice for all jury-related instructional errors. Instead, we
recognized for particular constitutional errors a specific standard of
prejudice—whether the jury could have reached a different result than the
trial court when the judge deprived Henderson of a jury trial on
aggravating circumstances and applied an incorrect standard of proof.
Henderson, 210 Ariz. at 565 ¶ 11, 568 ¶ 25, 115 P.3d at 605, 608. And we
emphasized in Henderson that “the showing required to establish
prejudice . . . differs from case to case.” Id. at 568 ¶ 26, 115 P.3d at 608.

¶17             In addition, the court of appeals found prejudice because it
“[could not] say beyond a reasonable doubt that the jury would have
reached the same result had the superior court properly instructed it to
begin deliberations anew when the alternate joined it.” Dalton, 239 Ariz. at
79 ¶ 14, 366 P.3d at 138. But that conflates fundamental-error review with
harmless-error review, which clearly does not apply here. Cf. Valverde, 220
Ariz. at 585 ¶ 11, 208 P.3d at 236 (noting that when a defendant properly
objects at trial to non-structural error, the state must prove harmlessness by
establishing beyond a reasonable doubt that, in light of all the evidence,
“the error did not contribute to or affect the verdict”). Nor does the court
of appeals’ reliance on Guytan support a finding of prejudice in this case.
See Dalton, 239 Ariz. at 78 ¶¶ 9-11, 366 P.3d at 137. Although Guytan
addressed Rule 18.5(h) error and aptly explains the potential risks of juror
substitution after deliberations have commenced, 192 Ariz. at 518 ¶ 11, 521
¶¶ 21-22, 968 P.2d at 591, 594, Guytan pre-dated Henderson and did not
clearly articulate the standard of review it applied in finding no “reversible
error” in that case, id. at 521 ¶¶ 21-24, 968 P.2d at 594.
                                      6
                            STATE V. DALTON
                            Opinion of the Court

¶18           Under Henderson’s error-specific approach, Dalton must show
that the trial court’s failure to instruct the reconstituted jury to begin
deliberations anew denied him a deliberative, impartial, unanimous jury
verdict, not merely that the jury could have reached a different result had
the instruction been given. Applying this standard, we agree with the
dissent below that Dalton failed to carry his burden of showing prejudice.
239 Ariz. at 81 ¶ 28, 83 ¶ 41, 366 P.3d at 140, 142 (Cattani, J., dissenting).

¶19             Contrary to the court of appeals majority’s conclusion, we
find that some of the trial court’s “other instructions to the jury ameliorated
the failure to instruct the jury it was required to begin its deliberations anew
when the alternate joined it.” Dalton, 239 Ariz. at 78 ¶ 10, 366 P.3d at 137.
At the close of evidence, the trial court instructed all jurors, including the
alternate, that their verdict “must be unanimous” and “[e]veryone must
agree”; they were required to discuss their own personal views “as well as
the views of other jurors”; and they were to “carefully and impartially
consider all of the evidence in this case” while refraining from “tak[ing] a
vote until [they had] discussed all the evidence in the case.” Significantly,
the jurors received those instructions less than twenty-four hours before the
alternate re-joined them the next morning. And in its preliminary
instructions just two days earlier, the trial court admonished the jurors to
form their final opinions only after they had heard the final instructions and
had “an opportunity to discuss the case with each other” in deliberations.
Before dismissing the alternate juror at the end of trial, the court expressly
reminded her that those “admonition[s] still appl[y] to you.”

¶20             We assume jurors follow the instructions they are given. State
v. Newell, 212 Ariz. 389, 403 ¶ 68, 132 P.3d 833, 847 (2006). As the Dalton
dissent observed, “[t]here is no indication whatsoever that the jurors who
decided this case failed to understand and comply with these directives.”
239 Ariz. at 82 ¶ 32, 366 P.3d at 141 (Cattani, J., dissenting). “[N]othing in
the record suggest[s] that issues were resolved prior to the dismissal of the
excused juror, and the remaining jurors and the substitute juror were
adequately instructed regarding their duty to reach a unanimous verdict.”
Id. at 83 ¶ 40, 366 P.3d at 142 (Cattani J., dissenting).

¶21            The court’s instructions required the alternate juror to
consider and discuss all the relevant evidence and other jurors’ views, and
likewise required the other jurors to do the same. In light of these
instructions, the presumption that the jurors followed them, and the short
time span between the trial court’s instructions and the alternate juror’s
                                       7
                            STATE V. DALTON
                            Opinion of the Court

returning for deliberations the next morning, we conclude that Dalton has
not shown he was denied an impartial, deliberative, and unanimous
verdict. See Claudio v. Snyder, 68 F.3d 1573, 1577 (3d Cir. 1995) (stating that
phrase “begin [deliberations] anew” does not carry “talismanic power”
when other instructions eliminated any disadvantage an alternate juror
might have had); Peek v. Kemp, 784 F.2d 1479, 1485 (11th Cir. 1986)
(concluding that although there was no deliberate-anew instruction, other
instructions to the substitute juror corrected any error); cf. Kolmann, 239
Ariz. at 162 ¶¶ 18-20, 367 P.3d at 66 (in light of other instructions given to
the jury, defendant did not establish how trial court’s failure to instruct the
alternate juror resulted in prejudice).

¶22           In addition, each juror, when polled, unreservedly confirmed
that the verdict was his or her true verdict. That procedural safeguard
lessened possible prejudice from the lack of a deliberate-anew instruction.
See Ariz. R. Crim. P. 23.4 (permitting trial court to poll the jurors and to
require further deliberations if a juror’s response does not support the
verdict).

¶23            The polling process also alleviated any concerns that the
alternate juror might have simply acquiesced in a predetermined verdict as
a result of coercion, unease, or incomplete deliberation. If the alternate
juror or any other juror questioned the verdict, the polling allowed that
juror to express disagreement or other concerns, which in turn would have
prompted the court to take remedial action. See Ariz. R. Crim. P. 23.4; State
v. Rodriquez-Rosario, 219 Ariz. 113, 115-17 ¶¶ 8-20, 193 P.3d 807, 809-11
(App. 2008) (vacating defendant’s convictions when record reflected juror
coercion and juror clearly stated during polling he did not agree with the
verdict); State v. Hernandez, 147 Ariz. 312, 313, 709 P.2d 1371, 1372 (App.
1985) (when polling reveals a juror’s reservations, if the court has any doubt
it must return the jury for further deliberation or declare a mistrial). In
short, the post-verdict polling helped ensure that Dalton received a
unanimous verdict. See State v. Kiper, 181 Ariz. 62, 68, 887 P.2d 592, 598
(App. 1994) (quoting Miranda v. United States, 255 F.2d 9, 17 (1st Cir. 1958),
to explain that polling permits the parties to “ascertain with certainty that
a unanimous verdict has in fact been reached”); see also United States v.
Morris, 612 F.2d 483, 489 (10th Cir. 1979) (“Polling is one means of ensuring
unanimity.”).

¶24          Pointing to the discrepancy in the amount of time the jury
spent deliberating before versus after the substitution occurred, Dalton
                                      8
                            STATE V. DALTON
                            Opinion of the Court

argues that the alternate juror lacked “sufficient time to meaningfully
deliberate the[] issues in the less than 43 minutes that the alternate was part
of the reconstituted jury.” Before the substitution the jury spent roughly
two hours selecting a foreperson, submitting a question to the judge, and
deliberating. The jury then retired for the evening, returned the next
morning for deliberations with the substitute juror, and returned its verdict
about forty-three minutes later.          Because “the bulk of the jury’s
deliberations here occurred before the alternate joined the panel,” the court
of appeals found no “reasonable assurances that the reconstituted jury
began deliberations anew, with each juror fully participating.” Dalton, 239
Ariz. at 79 ¶ 12, 366 P.3d at 138.

¶25           Although the comparative time a jury spends deliberating
before and after a juror substitution is relevant in determining whether the
jury in fact deliberated after the substitution, it is not dispositive. See
Kolmann, 239 Ariz. at 159 ¶ 2, 162 ¶ 20, 367 P.3d at 63, 66 (stating that the
reconstituted jury’s seventy-minute deliberation, after the original jury
deliberated for “several hours,” “does not itself suggest a failure by the jury
to deliberate anew”); cf. Martinorellan v. State, 343 P.3d 590, 594 (Nev. 2015)
(stating, under prejudice analysis related to the substitution of an alternate
juror, courts consider the length of deliberations before and after
substitution). The time comparison must consider the complexity of the
issues and relative strength of each party’s position.

¶26            Here, Dalton was prosecuted under an accomplice theory. An
eyewitness alerted police that a man (Day) was on the roof of a nearby
vacant home removing a swamp cooler. The witness told police that
another man (Dalton) was also at the scene and that Dalton and Day were
walking away together. Police stopped both men near the vacant home.
Dalton first claimed they had not been at the house but rather were coming
from a park. After giving inconsistent stories, Dalton admitted he had been
living in the vacant home and was in the house that day, but he denied any
criminal wrongdoing involving the swamp cooler. Dalton told the officer
that Day was acting “stupid,” and Dalton was merely trying to get Day “to
leave the premises and [to] stop doing what he was doing” because he did
not want Day to get in trouble.

¶27          At trial, Dalton testified that he had slept in the vacant house
without permission, did not know Day planned to remove the swamp
cooler, was with Day only because Day was “upset” and “depressed,” and
persuaded Day to leave the house with him so Day would not hurt himself
                                      9
                            STATE V. DALTON
                            Opinion of the Court

or get in trouble. The jury essentially had but one issue to consider: was
Dalton at the vacant home to knowingly assist Day in stealing the swamp
cooler or rather merely present at the house and then attempting to get Day
help? At oral argument in this Court both parties acknowledged that
resolution of that issue turned solely on Dalton’s credibility. The
reconstituted jury, including the substitute juror, could have readily and
reasonably concluded in a short time that it did not believe Dalton’s
testimony and that he was guilty as an accomplice to burglary.

¶28            On this record, we cannot say that the jury’s post-substitution
deliberation of about forty minutes indicates that the verdict lacked
sufficient deliberation or deprived Dalton of an impartial and unanimous
verdict. The facts and issues were not complicated and the trial was short
(less than two days of testimony). That the reconstituted jury reached its
verdict in less than forty-five minutes, relative to the almost two hours the
original jury spent deliberating the day before, “does not itself suggest a
failure by the jury to deliberate anew.” Kolmann, 239 Ariz. at 162 ¶ 20, 367
P.3d at 66. That is particularly so considering that on the first day of
deliberations the jury had to elect a foreperson and submitted a question to
the judge, and on the second day the other eleven jurors likely would have
been more prepared to clearly and concisely express their views.

¶29            In sum, even if we assume the trial court’s failure to give the
deliberate-anew instruction to the reconstituted jury is fundamental error,
Dalton has not carried his burden of establishing prejudice. We agree with
the Dalton dissent that “any suggestion that the substitute juror did not fully
deliberate is simply speculation and improperly ignores the substitute
juror’s affirmative statement that the verdict of guilt represented her true
individual verdict.” 239 Ariz. at 83 ¶ 40, 366 P.3d at 142 (Cattani, J.,
dissenting); cf. State v. Munninger, 213 Ariz. 393, 397 ¶ 14, 142 P.3d 701, 705
(App. 2006) (refusing to speculate whether sentencing judge could have
come to a different result when record provided no support for such
speculation).

                                       IV.

¶30            Although Dalton has not established prejudice in this
particular case, we again emphasize the potential problems and inherent
risks that accompany any substitution of jurors after deliberations have
begun. See Kolmann, 239 Ariz. at 162 ¶ 19, 367 P.3d at 66; Guytan, 192 Ariz.
at 518 ¶ 11, 521 ¶¶ 21-22, 968 P.2d at 591, 594. Recognizing those concerns,

                                      10
                             STATE V. DALTON
                             Opinion of the Court

we strongly urge trial courts to comply with Rule 18.5(h) by giving a
deliberate-anew instruction, whether or not requested. See Recommended
Arizona Jury Instruction Standard Criminal 45 – Reconstituting the Jury,
RAJI (Criminal) (4th ed. 2012). The instruction helps to safeguard several
constitutional rights. See Ariz. Const. art. 2, § 23 (requiring a unanimous
jury verdict in criminal cases); Hurst v. Florida, 136 S. Ct. 616, 621 (2016)
(reaffirming the Sixth Amendment right of an accused to an impartial jury);
Williams v. Florida, 399 U.S. 78, 100 (1970) (stating that essential feature of
jury trial is the “interposition . . . of the commonsense judgment of a group
of lay[persons], and in the community participation and shared
responsibility that results from that group’s determination of guilt or
innocence”). The need to protect these rights becomes particularly acute
when the trial court permits the substitution of an alternate juror after
deliberations have begun. See Guytan, 194 Ariz. at 518 ¶ 11, 968 P.2d at 591
(recognizing that an alternate juror inserted into the deliberative process
may lack the opportunity to fully participate and obtain the benefits of prior
deliberations).

¶31            Unlike Arizona, some states prohibit the mid-deliberation
substitution of jurors or presume it is prejudicial. Id. at 519 ¶ 14, 968 P.2d
at 592; see Hayes v. State, 735 A.2d 1109, 1119 n.2 (Md. Ct. App. 1999); see
also People v. Burnette, 775 P.2d 583, 590 (Colo. 1989) (presuming prejudice
when an alternate juror joins the jury mid-deliberation because state law
only permitted replacement before the jury retired to consider its verdict);
State v. Miley, 603 N.E.2d 1070, 1072, 1074-75 (Ohio Ct. App. 1991) (finding
prejudice when no deliberate-anew instruction given after trial court
violated rule against permitting mid-deliberation substitution). Although
Arizona permits juror substitution after deliberations have commenced and
does not presume prejudice in that scenario, the deliberate-anew
instruction mandated by Rule 18.5(h) is a vital procedural safeguard
designed to address the various concerns arising from this occurrence and
to protect a defendant’s constitutional rights. See California v. Collins, 552
P.2d 742, 745-47 (Cal. 1976) (requiring “the court instruct the jury to set
aside and disregard all past deliberations and begin deliberating anew” in
order to ensure “that a jury in a felony prosecution consist of 12 persons
and that its verdict be unanimous”); New Jersey v. Corsaro, 526 A.2d 1046,
1052 (N.J. 1987) (noting that New Jersey permits an alternate juror
substitution, but “the jury must be instructed in clear and unequivocal
terms that it is to begin its deliberations anew”); cf. Claudio, 68 F.3d at 1575-
76 (noting that no federal court has found mid-deliberation substitution to

                                       11
                           STATE V. DALTON
                           Opinion of the Court

violate either the Sixth or Fourteenth Amendment when the trial court
implements procedural safeguards). Therefore, we again urge trial courts
to be especially vigilant in cases where mid-deliberation juror substitution
occurs and, even absent any request, to give the deliberate-anew instruction
to the reconstituted jury.

                                    V.

¶32          The court of appeals’ opinion is vacated, and Dalton’s
conviction and sentence are affirmed.




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