                                                                                    FILED
                                                                        United States Court of Appeals
                                                                                Tenth Circuit

                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                          August 30, 2011

                                                                            Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                     TENTH CIRCUIT                              Clerk of Court



 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

        Plaintiff-Appellee,                                     No. 10-8097
                                                     (D.C. No. 2:10-CR-00127-NDF-1)
 v.                                                              (D. Wyo.)

 ABEL MEDINA-GONZALEZ,

        Defendant-Appellant.


                               ORDER AND JUDGMENT*


Before LUCERO, EBEL and GORSUCH, Circuit Judges.


       In this direct criminal appeal, Defendant-Appellant Abel Medina-Gonzalez

challenges the district court’s refusal to suppress illicit drugs discovered in his car.

Having jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we AFFIRM.

                                      BACKGROUND

       On March 21, 2010, Officer Richard Hillhouse stopped to assist Medina-Gonzalez

       *After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously to grant the parties’ request for a decision on the briefs without oral
argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(f) and 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). This order and judgment
is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and
collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed.
R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
with his disabled Dodge Caravan on a highway in Wyoming. Medina-Gonzalez, in

broken English, informed Officer Hillhouse that he was traveling from Los Angeles,

California, to St. Paul, Iowa. Medina-Gonzalez also explained that he was waiting for a

man and a woman, who were passengers in his car, to return with motor oil for the

vehicle.

       Officer Hillhouse noticed one duffel bag and one smaller bag in the vehicle, and

so he asked if he could see the contents of the vehicle and the bags. Medina-Gonzalez

agreed and opened the doors of the vehicle. Medina-Gonzalez also showed Officer

Hillhouse the contents of the bags: each bag contained approximately one days’ worth of

clothes and one of the bags contained syringes and an insulin bottle with Medina-

Gonzalez’s name on it.

       Officer Hillhouse then left in search of the two passengers who had gone into town

for motor oil, but he failed to locate the individuals. So Officer Hillhouse returned to the

vehicle where he found that the two passengers had joined Medina-Gonzalez. The

passengers identified themselves as Edith Cabrera and Oscar Cervantes-Lopez.

       Medina-Gonzalez used Cabrera as a translator to show title to the vehicle to

Officer Hillhouse and to explain that he purchased the vehicle six days earlier for $2,800

cash. Officer Hillhouse reviewed the title and noted that it did not include Medina-

Gonzalez’s name but had been signed over by the previous owner.

       Officer Hillhouse then began questioning Cabrera about the trip. Cabrera

explained that she, Medina-Gonzalez, and Cervantes-Lopez were traveling from Los
                                             2
Angeles to Minnesota for seven days to visit Medina-Gonzalez’s friends and family.

Cabrera began this conversation calmly but when Officer Hillhouse explained that he

thought it was odd that there was very little clothing for a seven-day trip, Cabrera became

upset. Officer Hillhouse asked Cabrera if there was anything in the vehicle that could get

them in trouble, to which Cabrera responded that Medina-Gonzalez had made comments

about transporting something to where they were going. Cabrera also stated that Medina-

Gonzalez was paying them to ride along. Cabrera and Cervantes-Lopez both attempted

to get Medina-Gonzalez to admit to what he had commented about earlier in the trip, but

Medina-Gonzalez insisted that he did not possess anything illegal.

       Officer Hillhouse, using Cabrera as a translator, asked Medina-Gonzalez if he

wanted a tow truck, and Medina-Gonzalez responded that he did. Officer Hillhouse also

asked Medina-Gonzalez if he would agree to a search of the vehicle, and Medina-

Gonzalez gave verbal consent. So Officer Hillhouse contacted dispatch to get a tow truck

and requested additional law enforcement assistance. A tow truck and an additional

officer arrived at the scene shortly thereafter.

       At this point, Officer Hillhouse performed the first of four searches on the vehicle.

While Officer Hillhouse did not find anything illegal in the interior of the vehicle, he

noticed that the interior panels looked like they had been previously removed a number of

times. Officer Hillhouse also found a screwdriver and several screws in a pullout drawer

under the front passenger seat. After this first unsuccessful search, the tow truck

transported the vehicle and its occupants into a nearby town.
                                               3
       While in his patrol car on the way to town, Officer Hillhouse’s supervisor

instructed him to go back to Medina-Gonzalez to receive written consent to search the

vehicle again. So Officer Hillhouse approached Medina-Gonzalez outside of a motel and

again asked Medina-Gonzalez for consent to search the vehicle. Medina-Gonzalez again

consented but this time signed a written waiver to that effect.

       Based on Medina-Gonzalez’s written consent, Officer Hillhouse went to the

towing facility and searched the vehicle a second time. During this search, Officer

Hillhouse noted that Medina-Gonzalez left his duffel bag in the vehicle with his insulin

and clothes. And Officer Hillhouse also noticed again that the interior panels looked like

they had been previously removed a number of times and had thus suffered wear and tear.

Further, several of the screws on the interior panels were mismatched. Still, Officer

Hillhouse did not find anything illegal during this second search.

       After the second unsuccessful search, Officer Hillhouse, who was a certified

narcotics canine handler, went to Cheyenne to retrieve his narcotics canine, Czar. Officer

Hillhouse returned to the towing facility and deployed Czar around the vehicle. Czar

alerted to the exterior driver’s side front corner of the vehicle. Based on Czar’s alert,

Officer Hillhouse searched the vehicle a third time but again did not find anything illegal.

       Officer Hillhouse and his fellow officer, Yemoans, went back to the motel where

Medina-Gonzalez had been earlier. Upon the officers’ arrival at the motel, Cabrera and

Cervantes-Lopez told the officers that Medina-Gonzalez walked away from the motel

wrapped in a blanket about five minutes after signing consent to search the vehicle. The
                                              4
officers then left the motel in search of Medina-Gonzalez but failed to locate him. The

officers, therefore, issued an attempt to locate and returned to the police department.

       The officers returned to the towing facility, Czar again alerted to the front driver’s

side door and the front and driver’s side undercarriage of the vehicle, and so the officers

performed a fourth and final search. During this search, one of the officers noticed that

the spare tire looked cleaner, as if it had been handled recently. When the officers hit the

tire wall, they heard something moving inside the tire. One of the officers also noticed

that the tire iron used to lower the tire had scratches, but the tire jack looked like it had

never been used. Thus, the officers lowered the tire to inspect it further. When the tire

rolled on the cement floor, there were several audible thuds, indicating that there were

objects inside the tire. The officers deflated the spare tire, cut it open, and found

packages that tested presumptively positive for methamphetamine.

       In the meantime, dispatch had received a call about a suspicious person wearing a

blanket at a truck stop. So the officers responded to the truck stop, found Medina-

Gonzalez, and placed him under arrest.

       On May 20, 2010, a grand jury indicted Medina-Gonzalez with conspiracy to

possess with intent to distribute 50 grams or more of methamphetamine and possession

with intent to distribute 50 grams or more of methamphetamine. Medina-Gonzalez filed

a motion to suppress, arguing that the search that resulted in the seizure of the

methamphetamine violated the Fourth Amendment because it was without consent,

without probable cause, and without a warrant. The district court denied Medina-
                                               5
Gonzalez’s motion to suppress, and a jury eventually convicted him of both charges. The

district court sentenced Medina-Gonzalez to 168 months’ imprisonment on each count, to

be served concurrently, and Medina-Gonzalez timely appealed.

                                        ANALYSIS

       When reviewing the denial of a motion to suppress evidence, “we review the

court’s factual findings for clear error and view the evidence in the light most favorable

to the government. We review de novo the reasonableness of a search or seizure under

the Fourth Amendment.” United States v. Worthon, 520 F.3d 1173, 1178 (10th Cir.

2008) (internal quotation marks omitted). “The credibility of witnesses, the weight

accorded to evidence, and the reasonable inferences drawn therefrom fall within the

province of the district court.” Id.

       The Fourth Amendment guarantees the “right of the people to be secure in their

persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures.” U.S.

Const. amend. IV. While warrantless searches are typically per se unreasonable under

the Fourth Amendment, Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347, 357 (1967), “[a] warrantless

search of an automobile is reasonable if there is probable cause to believe it contains

contraband,” United States v. Ludwig, 10 F.3d 1523, 1528 (10th Cir. 1993). “The

rationale for the automobile exception is based on both the inherent mobility of cars (as it

is often impracticable to obtain a warrant before a car can be relocated) and the fact that

there is a reduced expectation of privacy with motor vehicles.” United States v.

Mercado, 307 F.3d 1226, 1228 (10th Cir. 2002).
                                              6
       Medina-Gonzalez first argues that the automobile exception does not apply in this

case because the vehicle was not readily mobile. That argument is foreclosed by this

Court’s precedent. See id. at 1227–29 (concluding that the automobile exception applies

to temporarily immobile vehicles when the immobility is caused by mechanical

problems); see also Michigan v. Thomas, 458 U.S. 259, 261 (1982) (“[T]he justification

to conduct a warrantless search does not vanish once the car has been immobilized; nor

does it depend upon a reviewing court’s assessment of the likelihood in each particular

case that the car would have been driven away, or that its contents would have been

tampered with, during the period required for the police to obtain a warrant.”). Thus, the

district court correctly concluded that the automobile exception applied in this case and

continued to determine whether probable cause existed.

       The alert of a certified narcotics canine “creates general probable cause to search a

vehicle.” United States v. Rosborough, 366 F.3d 1145, 1153 (10th Cir. 2004); see also

United States v. Kitchell, Nos. 09-6176, 09-6206, 2011 WL 3452082, at *12 (10th Cir.

Aug. 9, 2011) (“[It is a] well-established principle that a positive alert from a reliable

narcotics-detection dog gives rise to probable cause to search a vehicle.”). “Once

probable cause to search is established, the officer may search the entire vehicle,

including the trunk and all containers therein that might contain contraband.” United

States v. Parker, 72 F.3d 1444, 1450 (10th Cir. 1995).

       In this case, Czar alerted to the vehicle before the officers performed the

challenged third and fourth searches. Czar’s alert created the necessary probable cause
                                              7
for the searches. That probable cause was further bolstered by the other factors that the

district court highlighted: (1) Cabrera’s nervousness and her subsequent nervous

statement that there was something in the vehicle; (2) Cabrera and Cervantes-Lopez’s

insistence that Medina-Gonzalez admit what was being transported in the vehicle; (3) The

screwdriver and screws underneath the seat coupled with the appearance of tool marks on

the interior panels; (4) The small amount of luggage and clothing for three people going

on a seven-day trip; (5) Medina-Gonzalez’s promise to pay Cabrera and Cervantes-Lopez

to travel with him; (6) The recent cash purchase of the vehicle and the incomplete title;

(7) Medina-Gonzalez’s failure to get his luggage and insulin from the vehicle; and (8)

The officers’ observation that the spare tire looked different than the undercarriage of the

vehicle, as though it had been handled recently. For all of these reasons, we conclude

that probable cause existed to search the vehicle. Thus, the district court did not err by

denying Medina-Gonzalez’s motion to suppress.

                                     CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the district court’s denial of Medina-

Gonzalez’s motion to suppress.



                                           ENTERED FOR THE COURT



                                           David M. Ebel
                                           Circuit Judge

                                              8
