                     NOTICE: NOT FOR OFFICIAL PUBLICATION.
 UNDER ARIZONA RULE OF THE SUPREME COURT 111(c), THIS DECISION IS NOT PRECEDENTIAL
                 AND MAY BE CITED ONLY AS AUTHORIZED BY RULE.




                                    IN THE
             ARIZONA COURT OF APPEALS
                                DIVISION ONE


                              MIGUEL ESPITIA,
                              Petitioner Employee,

                                        v.

            THE INDUSTRIAL COMMISSION OF ARIZONA,
                           Respondent,

                    USW/CAT CONSTRUCTION AND
                       RESTORATION EXPERTS
                     CASTASTROPHE TEAM, INC.,
                         Respondent Employer,

                      SPECIAL FUND DIVISION/NO
                         INSURANCE SECTION,
                        Respondent Party in Interest.

                             No. 1 CA-IC 18-0076
                               FILED 6-18-2019


               Special Action - Industrial Commission
                        ICA No. 20172-420049
    The Honorable C. Andrew Campbell, Administrative Law Judge

                            AWARD AFFIRMED


                                   COUNSEL

Snow, Carpio & Weekley, PLC, Phoenix
By Erica Rose Gonzalez-Melendez
Counsel for Petitioner Employee
Industrial Commission of Arizona, Phoenix
By Stacey A. Rogan
Counsel for Respondent ICA

Hendrickson & Palmer, PC, Phoenix
By Adam P. Palmer
Counsel for Respondent Employer

Industrial Commission of Arizona, Phoenix
By Stephen D. Ball
Counsel for Respondent Party in Interest



                       MEMORANDUM DECISION

Judge Diane M. Johnsen delivered the decision of the Court, in which
Presiding Judge Paul J. McMurdie and Judge Peter B. Swann joined.


J O H N S E N, Judge:

¶1            Miguel Espitia appeals by special action the Decision Upon
Review of the Industrial Commission of Arizona ("ICA"). Espitia argues
the Administrative Law Judge ("ALJ") erred by finding he was not an
employee of USW/CAT Construction and Restoration Experts Catastrophe
Team, Inc. ("USW") at the time of the accident. For the reasons that follow,
we affirm.

             FACTS AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

¶2           Espitia fell three or four feet from a ladder at a job site on July
14, 2017, and landed on his right knee. The knee swelled, caused him
"severe pain." Physicians at urgent care detected a "small knee joint
effusion" and instructed Espitia to "[r]est, ice and elevate the affected area"
and use a brace on the knee.

¶3            Espitia began using crutches and did not return to work. He
later underwent an MRI and an x-ray and visited Dr. Jason Ferrari. Ferrari's
review of the MRI and x-ray revealed a "lateral femoral posterior condylar
area" fracture, and he noted Espitia "may need a knee replacement in the
future." Ferrari instructed Espitia to refrain from working for an additional
month. After requesting a change in doctor through the ICA, Espitia visited



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                 ESPITIA v. USW/CAT/SPECIAL FUND
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Dr. Brad Cucchetti, who ordered additional tests "to evaluate any progress
or subsidence of the fracture."

¶4             Meanwhile, Espitia filed a claim for worker's compensation
benefits, listing USW as his employer. The Special Fund Division – No
Insurance Section originally denied Espitia's claim but later rescinded its
denial, accepted the claim. USW timely filed a Request for Hearing,
asserting it was not Espitia's employer at the time of the accident.

¶5             At the hearing, ALJ Gaetano Testini heard testimony from
Espitia, Joel Lewis and Alan Perry, USW's corporate officer and director.
The ALJ also received Espitia's medical records; images of text messages
between Espitia and Lewis and between Espitia and Mike Perry, Alan's son;
images of canceled checks made out to Espitia from USW; and Home Depot
receipts showing purchases made by Espitia on behalf of USW.

¶6              Espitia testified he had worked "with" USW beginning in
November or December of 2015. Explaining how he began to do so, Espitia
said he ran into Lewis, whom he had known for many years, and told Lewis
he was available if he had any work for Espitia. Thereafter, Espitia said, he
began working with Lewis on various projects. Espitia first helped Lewis
dig ditches for an electric company, and next assisted Lewis with a patio
demolition for USW. Espitia continued to help Lewis with various tasks on
USW projects, including painting, carpentry and cleaning. He testified
Lewis told him what time to start work and what work he was to do. When
Espitia finished a project, he would let Lewis know. He testified he did not
know whether Lewis checked his work, but that he would send Lewis
photos when he was finished with a project. If Espitia found something
"wrong" when working on a project, he would tell Lewis, and Lewis would
tell him what needed to be done. Espitia testified he would use his own "air
guns, . . . a compressor, a generator, drills, things like that," but sometimes
he needed to use other tools belonging to Lewis or others on the job site.

¶7            USW originally paid Espitia in cash but in 2017 began paying
him by check. USW did not deduct taxes from his pay, and Espitia admitted
that he knew he would have to pay taxes on his wages. When Espitia filled
out a W-9 form in May 2017, he checked the box indicating he was an
individual/sole proprietor but testified at the hearing he did not remember
doing that. Espitia testified he would let Lewis know when he was going
to take vacation days. He received no vacation pay, although he testified
USW gave him $50 on his last vacation day; nor did he receive sick pay,
health insurance or other benefits.




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                 ESPITIA v. USW/CAT/SPECIAL FUND
                         Decision of the Court

¶8            Lewis testified he (Lewis) was a self-employed contractor
who did work mainly for USW but also worked for other contracting
companies. He testified he managed Espitia and others as subcontractors;
he would tell Espitia where to go to work each day, when to start the work
if there was a set appointment and would check Espitia's work to ensure
that it was done correctly. Lewis testified Espitia worked five days some
weeks, but two or three days other weeks. He also testified Espitia was free
to set his own schedule, could start work when he wanted, take breaks
when he wanted, leave when he wanted, could refuse any work offered him
and did not need to get approval when he wanted to take vacation time or
sick days.

¶9             In his Decision Upon Hearing, the ALJ found Lewis's and
Perry's testimony to be "more probably correct" and resolved all conflicts in
the testimony in their favor. The ALJ concluded Espitia was neither a direct
nor statutory employee of USW at the time of the accident and denied
Espitia's claim. Espitia timely filed a request for review. Before that review
took place, ALJ Testini resigned, and a new ALJ was assigned.

¶10            ALJ C. Andrew Campbell reviewed and affirmed the
Decision Upon Hearing. ALJ Campbell acknowledged he was "bound by
the credibility findings made by the presiding ALJ at hearing" and ruled
that by finding Lewis's and Perry's testimony "more probably correct," ALJ
Testini had made such a credibility finding. Based on the facts as found by
ALJ Testini, ALJ Campbell concluded as a matter of law that USW was
neither Espitia's direct nor statutory employer at the time of the accident
and affirmed the Decision Upon Hearing.

¶11           Espitia timely petitioned for special action relief. We have
jurisdiction pursuant to Article 6, Section 9, of the Arizona Constitution,
Arizona Revised Statutes ("A.R.S.") sections 12-120.21(A)(2) (2019), 23-
951(A) (2019) and Arizona Rule of Procedure for Special Actions 10.1

                               DISCUSSION

¶12          Espitia raises two challenges to the award. First, he contends
neither ALJ made a credibility finding, which he argues was required to
dispose of the matter. He argues that although ALJ Testini found that
Lewis's and Perry's testimony was "more probably correct," ALJ Testini did
not make a credibility finding. Second, Espitia argues the award should be


1      Absent material revision after the relevant date, we cite the current
version of a statute or rule.


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                 ESPITIA v. USW/CAT/SPECIAL FUND
                         Decision of the Court

overturned because "the evidence did not support the finding . . . that USW
did not have the right to control [Espitia's] work and [Espitia] was therefore
not a direct employee of USW."

¶13            "In reviewing ICA findings and awards, we defer to the ALJ's
factual findings but review questions of law de novo." Landon v. Indus.
Comm'n, 240 Ariz. 21, 24, ¶ 9 (App. 2016). We view the evidence in the light
most favorable to upholding the ALJ's award, and when reasonable
evidence supports the ALJ's decision, we are bound by the ALJ's resolution
of conflicting testimony. Kaibab Indus. v. Indus. Comm'n, 196 Ariz. 601, 605,
609, ¶¶ 10, 25 (App. 2000).

¶14           Whether an individual is an employee or an independent
contractor turns on the alleged employer's "right to control or supervise the
method of reaching a specific result." Home Ins. Co. v. Indus. Comm'n, 123
Ariz. 348, 350 (1979); A.R.S. § 23-902 (2019). When considering an
employer's right to control, we look to the totality of the facts and
circumstances and consider several indicia of control, including

       the duration of the employment; the method of payment; who
       furnishes necessary equipment; the right to hire and fire; who
       bears responsibility for workmen's compensation insurance;
       the extent to which the employer may exercise control over
       the details of the work, and whether the work was performed
       in the usual and regular course of the employer's business.

Home Ins., 123 Ariz. at 350.

¶15            Contrary to Espitia's contention, neither ALJ was required to
make a specific finding on the credibility of the witnesses in this case
because the testimony bearing on whether USW had the right to control
Espitia's work was not substantially inconsistent. Espitia did not assert
USW officially hired him, and he admitted that when work was slow at
USW, he worked for an "investor" and another company. Although Espitia
testified he used USW's or Lewis's equipment, he also admitted – and text
messages showed – he often brought his own tools to project sites. Espitia
testified he "would let [Lewis or USW] know" when he planned to take
vacation days, but he never suggested Lewis or USW needed to approve
him taking time off. In fact, Espitia testified that when Lewis asked him to
work on a project, he could have declined the work if he "had a lot of
money." Finally, Espitia, Lewis and Perry agreed USW paid Espitia by
check without withholding taxes and did not disagree that Espitia
performed work in the usual and regular course of USW's business.



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                ESPITIA v. USW/CAT/SPECIAL FUND
                        Decision of the Court

¶16         As for Espitia's second argument, the evidence recounted
above provided substantial support for the following findings by ALJ
Testini:

      Here, the applicant was not hired by USW, did not work
      exclusively for USW, did not use equipment provided by
      USW, did not need to have vacation approved and could
      refuse work without fear of [repercussions]. There is no
      evidence that USW exercised, or had the right to exercise,
      control over the details of the applicant's work. USW paid the
      applicant by check, although no taxes were taken out of the
      checks, and the work performed by the applicant was in the
      usual and regular course of USW's business.

                              *      *      *

      When all of the evidence is considered in its entirety and upon
      a resolution of the conflicts in the evidence it is found herein
      that applicant has not established by preponderance of the
      evidence that he was a direct or statutory employee of the
      defendant employer, therefore he did not sustain a
      compensable injury on July 14, 2017, as to the defendant
      employer. Applicant is thus not entitled to benefits pursuant
      to the Workers' Compensation Act of the State of Arizona.

¶17           Espitia argues the text messages showed Lewis and Mike
Perry directed the details of his work, including the time he "was to show
up and what was to be done." Although the text messages showed Lewis
directed Espitia to complete certain projects on certain days, the messages
did not show Lewis controlled the details of Espitia's work or Espitia's
"method of reaching a specific result." Home Ins., 123 Ariz. at 350. In one
message, Lewis asked Espitia if Espitia wanted to work the following day;
in another, Espitia asked Lewis whether there will be "any work for this
week." In a separate series of messages, Lewis asked whether Espitia could
work Tuesday, Wednesday and Friday, to which Espitia responded he
could work Tuesday, Wednesday and Saturday instead. Additional text
messages also showed Espitia working independently at job sites without
supervision from Lewis.

¶18           In sum, the evidence failed to show Lewis or USW controlled
Espitia's schedule or method of work. Viewed in the light most favorable
to upholding the ALJ's award, the texts and the testimony support the
finding that Lewis and USW did not have the right to control Espitia's work



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                ESPITIA v. USW/CAT/SPECIAL FUND
                        Decision of the Court

pursuant to § 23-902 and Home Insurance. Accordingly, the ALJ properly
concluded Espitia was not a direct employee of either Lewis or USW and
therefore was not entitled to compensation for his injury.2

                              CONCLUSION

¶19          For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the Decision Upon
Review.




                         AMY M. WOOD • Clerk of the Court
                         FILED: AA




2      By failing to present argument, Espitia has waived any challenge to
the ALJ's conclusion that USW was not Espitia's statutory employer under
§ 23-902(B). MacMillan v. Schwartz, 226 Ariz. 584, 591, ¶ 33 (App. 2011).


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