Filed 7/27/15 Gentile v. Keenan & Assocs. CA2/3
                  NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
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              IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                     SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                DIVISION THREE


ANNA MARIE GENTILE,                                                      B253097

         Plaintiff and Appellant,                                        (Los Angeles County
                                                                         Super. Ct. No. BC471005)
         v.

KEENAN & ASSOCIATES,

         Defendant and Respondent.




         APPEAL from an order of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County,
Michelle R. Rosenblatt, Judge. Affirmed.
         Blumenthal, Nordrehaug & Bhowmik, Norman B. Blumenthal, Kyle R.
Nordrehaug and Aparajit Bhowmik, for Plaintiff and Appellant.
         Sheppard, Mullin, Richter & Hampton, Richard J. Simmons, Daniel J. McQueen
and Won B. Kim, for Defendant and Respondent.

                                        _________________________
       Plaintiff Anna Marie Gentile (plaintiff), a former workers’ compensation claims
examiner for defendant Keenan & Associates (Keenan), appeals the trial court’s denial of
her motion for class certification. Plaintiff’s complaint alleged that Keenan misclassified
its claims examiners as “exempt” employees to avoid paying overtime; her class
certification motion asserted that the misclassification claim should be addressed on a
class basis because all of Keenan’s claims examiners performed the same primary duties.
The trial court denied the class certification motion, concluding that the elements
necessary to establish liability were not susceptible to common proof and a class action
was not a superior method of resolving the claims.
       We affirm. An employee is exempt from overtime pay under the “administrative
exemption” if, among other things (1) the employee’s job duties relate to management
policies or general business operations, (2) the employee customarily and regularly
exercises discretion and independent judgment, and (3) the employee performs under
only “general” supervision. (Wage Order 4-2001 (Jan. 1, 2001), codified at Cal. Code
Regs., tit. 8, § 11040 (hereafter Wage Order 4-2001).) In the present case, substantial
evidence supported the trial court’s conclusion that common issues did not predominate
as to any one of these prongs and that a class action was not a superior method of
resolving plaintiff’s claims. Thus, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying
plaintiff’s motion for class certification.
                  FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
                                              I.
                                     The Present Action
       Keenan is an insurance brokerage and consulting firm that acts as a third-party
administrator of workers’ compensation claims. Plaintiff worked in Keenan’s Torrance
office as a senior claims examiner from September 2009 to June 2011. Keenan
terminated plaintiff in June 2011, allegedly because she provided confidential
information to a competitor.
       Plaintiff filed the present putative class action on October 11, 2011, and filed the
operative first amended complaint (complaint) on March 9, 2012. The complaint alleges

                                              2
that although claims examiners performed predominantly non-exempt clerical work,
Keenan classified them as exempt employees. As a result, although claims examiners
worked 10 to 20 hours of overtime each week, they were not paid for that overtime.
       Plaintiff purported to represent a class made up of claims examiners employed by
Keenan in California after October 2007. She asserted five causes of action: (1) unfair
competition in violation of Business and Professions Code sections 17200 et seq.;
(2) failure to pay overtime compensation in violation of Labor Code sections 510, 1194,
and 1198 et seq.1; (3) failure to provide accurate itemized wage statements in violation of
section 226; (4) failure to pay wages timely in violation of sections 201-203; and
(5) violation of the Private Attorneys General Act, section 2698 et seq.
                                             II.
                        Plaintiff’s Motion for Class Certification
       A.     Proceedings
       On March 8, 2013, plaintiff moved to certify a class defined as: “[A]ll those
individuals employed by Defendant Keenan & Associates, as Claims Examiners or
Senior Claims Examiners in California (the ‘Claims Examiners’) who worked in the
Workers’ Compensation Department, Schools Division, between October 11, 2007 and
July 26, 2013 (‘Class Period’).” (Hereinafter, we refer to those claims examiners who
were part of the proposed class as Claims Examiners.)2
       Plaintiff asserted that the proposed class was made up of 92 members who
performed the same job: processing workers’ compensation claims in accordance with
Keenan’s “Master Binder.” According to plaintiff, the Master Binder “routinized and
circumscribed the Class Members’ tasks by requiring strict adherence to the procedures,
rules, and preformatted templates” and “provided . . . detailed instructions as to how files
must be documented and processed.” As a result, “the Class Members are no more than

1
       All subsequent undesignated statutory references are to the Labor Code.
2
       The proposed class did not include claims examiners who processed medical-only
claims, whom Keenan classified as hourly employees.

                                             3
interchangeable parts” performing the “same routine, day-to-day tasks.” Plaintiff also
asserted that the management structure of each branch was the same, subjecting each
class member to the same layers of close, immediate supervision: “All the duties of the
Class Members were so severely restricted and tightly controlled that their supervisors
were, to the extent a decision was made, the real decision makers.”
       Keenan opposed the motion for class certification. It contended that Claims
Examiners were subject to only general supervision and were responsible for exercising
discretion and independent judgment. Further, although exempt Claims Examiners
shared certain core responsibilities, “the specific duties they actually perform, as well as
the time spent performing those duties, differ greatly from day to day, person to person,
and office to office.” Thus, Keenan asserted, plaintiff’s claims were not suitable for class
treatment.
       B.     Ruling
       The trial court denied class certification on October 21, 2013. It found that the
class was ascertainable and numerous, plaintiff was typical of the class, and class counsel
was adequate. However, it found that plaintiff was not an adequate class representative,
common issues did not predominate, and a class action was not a superior way of
resolving claims in this action:
       Plaintiff not an adequate class representative. The court noted that plaintiff was
terminated for distributing proprietary and privileged information regarding an employee,
including medical information. Thus, plaintiff’s credibility as a class representative
could be open to attack, making her a poor class representative.3
       Common issues not predominant. The trial court rejected plaintiff’s contention
that common issues predominated with regard to Claims Examiners’ exempt or non-
exempt status. The court explained as follows: “Plaintiff also argues the job duties of
each and every Class Member are severely limited by the California Workers’
3
        The court said that if all the other criteria for class certification were met, it would
grant plaintiff leave to find another class representative. However, because the other
criteria were not met, the issue was moot.

                                               4
Compensation laws, Keenan’s Master Binder, and the customers’ special handling
instructions such that the Class members ‘are no more than changeable parts.’ [Record
cite omitted.] Thus, Plaintiff argues commonality is satisfied because all of the Claims
Examiners are nothing more than cogs in the machinery of the Schools Division of
Keenan’s Workers’ Compensation Department. The Master Binder provides that ‘The
Keenan Master Binder was constructed in an effort to streamline the workflow within
branch offices . . . as an easy reference guide for workers’ compensation claims handling
. . . . The Master Binder is to be used as a resource and educational reference for
[Keenan’s] workers’ compensation claims staff.
       “Plaintiff’s reliance on the Pilcher declaration4 to support the position that
Plaintiff’s daily activities were controlled by the Master Binder is misplaced as this
declaration is not signed under penalty of perjury . . . and there is no indicat[ion] as to
what qualifications Pilcher has to serve as an expert on this particular issue.
       “Keenan has provided declarations indicating that many Claims Examiners
understood the Master Binder to be a resource and rarely referred to it when performing
their duties. Several Claims Examiners indicated they felt the Master Binder offered
general information and they were expected to use their own judgment and specialized
training in performing their duties.
       “Plaintiff further argues that the Class Members were subject to uniform
supervision as the management structure at each of the Workers’ Compensation branches
was the same, with each Class Member subject to the same layers of immediate
supervision. Plaintiff argues ‘[t]he Workers’ Compensation supervisors are responsible
to ensure that their team is performing the job duties of their positions . . . by supervising
and managing their employees.’ Plaintiff provides declarations from four Claims
Examiners in the Torrance office. However, Keenan’s evidence shows that responsibility
and supervision vary by individual Claims Examiner, supervisor and office.
4
       In support of her motion for class certification, plaintiff submitted the purported
expert declaration of David E. Pilcher. The trial court sustained defendant’s objection to
the declaration in its entirety.

                                               5
       “Keenan provides more weighty evidence that Claims Examiners have reported to
approximately 20 different Claims Supervisors and 10 Claims Managers, each with their
own managerial skills, styles, and preferences. The evidence shows that some Claims
Examiners work in the same office as their supervisors, whereas others work at locations
where there is no management employee or any direct supervision, either due to the fact
that the Claims Examiner works in the client’s premises, because there is no on site
supervisor or because the supervisor provides the Claims Examiner with limited
supervision and great discretion. Keenan provides declarations from Claims Examiners
and Senior Claims Examiners from the San Jose Office, Pleasanton Office, Riverside
Office, Torrance Office, Redwood City in a client’s office, San Mateo in a client’s
premises, Rancho Cordova Office, [and] Eureka Office. Keenan provides evidence
indicating that individual work experiences are impacted by the unique managerial styles
of the supervisors and the individual relationship between Supervisor and Claims
Examiner; that whether a Supervisor would approve a particular Claims Examiner’s
recommendation was dependent on subjective factors such as trust and perceived skill or
expertise.
       “It is important to note that the Claims Examiner declarations provided by Keenan
indicate that Claims Examiners experience differing levels of general supervision, from
meeting with their supervisor on[c]e a month to meeting only ‘as needed.’ The Court
finds that the evidence shows that there is a variation in the level of discretion and
independent judgment among the Claims Examiners as well as the time spent on
supervisory and administrative duties as opposed to ministerial tasks. The Court finds
that some Claims Examiners perform their duties in accordance with the Keenan Master
Binder and some use their own judgment and training.
       “The Court finds that the Claims Examiner declarations provided by Keenan
outweigh the evidence put forth by Plaintiff. The Court finds that while the same basic
factors must be considered when assessing each Claims Examiner, those factors must be
evaluated in light of the individual factual circumstances underlying each Claims
Examiner’s work experience.

                                              6
         “Thus, in sum, the Court finds that the evidence shows that all potential class
members are responsible to one extent or another for processing up to 150 indemnity
claims. . . . The primary difference between the employees is in the level of discretion
and independent judgment that each of the class members is allowed to have. Some
perform their duties in accordance with the Keenan Master Binder. This depends on their
location, supervisor and amount of supervision. Some have supervisors on site who[m]
they must report to and some do not. Some work out of their clients’ facilities. Some
just use their own judgment and training. Plaintiff alleges that her job duties are severely
limited by workers’ compensation laws, the Keenan Master Binder which she must
follow, and customers’ special handling instructions. Keenan provides declarations that
show that many claims examiners regard the Master Binder as a resource only and that
they use their own judgment and specialized training, which varies from claims examiner
to claims examiner. Plaintiff’s evidence is based on four declarations from claims
examiners who work out of three of the ten offices. Defendant provides 30 credible
declarations that show that the day to day responsibilities and the amount of supervision
varies from office to office and from claims examiner to claims examiner. Plaintiff has
not provided evidence that the duties and responsibilities of Keenan’s claims examiners
were similar in critical respects from location to location, whether the responsibility of
the claims examiners differed if there was no supervisor on site and whether the job
varied throughout all locations. Thus, Plaintiff does not show by a preponderance of the
evidence that the elements necessary to establish liability are susceptible of common
proof.
         “As to the derivative claims (UCL, wage statements, and waiting time penalties),
Plaintiff’s allegations are predicated on the position that Keenan improperly classified the
Class. If the Court were able to determine the exemption issue on a class wide basis, it
would then be appropriate to certify the class as to the remaining causes of action as
well . . . . However, as the exemption issue cannot properly be decided on a class wide
basis, certification for purposes of resolving these causes of action is not proper.”


                                               7
       Superiority. The court found that a class action was not a superior means of
resolving plaintiff’s claims. The court noted that four factors generally are considered in
deciding if class adjudication is superior: (1) the interest of each member in controlling
his or her own case; (2) the difficulties, if any, likely to be encountered in managing a
class action; (3) the nature and extent of any litigation by individual class members
already in progress involving the same controversy; and (4) the desirability of
consolidating all claims in a single action before a single court. The Court “must
‘carefully weigh respective benefits and burdens and . . . allow maintenance of class
action only where substantial benefits accrue both to litigants and the courts.’
[Citations.]” In the present case, plaintiff “has not addressed any of the factors recited
above” and “does not introduce a trial plan on how to effectively manage the issues in
this case.” Thus, the court found that plaintiff failed to establish that a class action was a
superior way of resolving the dispute.
       Notice of entry of the order denying class certification was served October 28,
2013. Plaintiff timely appealed.
                                       DISCUSSION
                                              I.
                       Class Certification and Standard of Review
       A class action may be maintained if the party advocating class treatment
demonstrates “the existence of an ascertainable and sufficiently numerous class, a well-
defined community of interest, and substantial benefits from certification that render
proceeding as a class superior to the alternatives. [Citations.] ‘In turn, the “community
of interest requirement embodies three factors: (1) predominant common questions of
law or fact; (2) class representatives with claims or defenses typical of the class; and
(3) class representatives who can adequately represent the class.” ’ ” (Brinker Restaurant
Corp. v. Superior Court (2012) 53 Cal.4th 1004, 1021 (Brinker).) Plaintiff’s appeal
concerns primarily two elements of class suitability: predominance and superiority.
       Predominance. Predominance asks “whether individual questions or questions of
common or general interest predominate.” (Brinker, supra, 53 Cal.4th at p. 1021.)

                                              8
“ ‘The answer hinges on “whether the theory of recovery advanced by the proponents of
certification is, as an analytical matter, likely to prove amenable to class treatment.”
[Citation.] . . . “As a general rule if the defendant’s liability can be determined by facts
common to all members of the class, a class will be certified even if the members must
individually prove their damages.” [Citations.]’ [Citations.]” (Duran v. U.S. Bank
National Assn. (2014) 59 Cal.4th 1, 28 (Duran).) However, “class treatment is not
appropriate ‘if every member of the alleged class would be required to litigate numerous
and substantial questions determining his individual right to recover following the “class
judgment” ’ on common issues.” (Ibid.)
       Because actions asserting misclassification will typically require an inquiry into a
particular job category and the work actually done by individuals within that job
category, these actions often involve both common and individualized issues. “The
inquiry into a job’s requirements and an employer’s expectations likely involves common
issues. [Citations.] [¶] The inquiry into what work is actually done, however, can be
heavily individualized. [Citations.] [¶] When there are both common and individual
issues, the question for the trial court is which sort of issues predominate. [Citations.]”
(Mies v. Sephora U.S.A., Inc. (2015) 234 Cal.App.4th 967, 979 (Mies).)
       Superiority. Although predominance of common issues is often a major factor in a
certification analysis, it is not the only consideration. “In certifying a class action, the
court must also conclude that litigation of individual issues, including those arising from
affirmative defenses, can be managed fairly and efficiently. [Citation.] ‘[W]hether in a
given case affirmative defenses should lead a court to approve or reject certification will
hinge on the manageability of any individual issues. [Citation.]’ [Citation.] In wage and
hour cases where a party seeks class certification based on allegations that the employer
consistently imposed a uniform policy or de facto practice on class members, the party
must still demonstrate that the illegal effects of this conduct can be proven efficiently and
manageably within a class setting. [Citation.]” (Duran, supra, 59 Cal.4th at pp. 28-29.)
       Standard of review. Whether to grant or deny class certification is a matter within
the trial court’s discretion. “ ‘Because trial courts are ideally situated to evaluate the

                                               9
efficiencies and practicalities of permitting group action, they are afforded great
discretion in granting or denying certification. . . . [Accordingly,] a trial court ruling
supported by substantial evidence generally will not be disturbed ”unless (1) improper
criteria were used [citation]; or (2) erroneous legal assumptions were made [citation]”
[citation]. . . . “Any valid pertinent reason stated will be sufficient to uphold the order.” ’
[Citations.]” (Sav-On Drug Stores, Inc. v. Superior Court (2004) 34 Cal.4th 319, 326-
327 [Sav-On].)
       “ ‘[I]f the parties’ evidence is conflicting on the issue of whether common or
individual questions predominate (as it often is . . .), the trial court is permitted to credit
one party’s evidence over the other’s in determining whether the requirements for class
certification have been met. . . .’ [Citation.]” (Mies, supra, 234 Cal.App.4th at p. 981.)
“As the Supreme Court has noted, this deferential aspect of the standard of review means
that when an employee has sought to certify a ‘misclassification’ class of fellow
employees with the same job title, the Courts of Appeal have ‘routinely upheld’ trial
court orders denying certification, while also upholding other trial court orders granting
certification. [Citation.] Thus, in Sav-On, for instance, affirmance of class certification
was appropriate after the trial court credited the plaintiffs’ disputed evidence . . . . The
court took pains to point out the trial court could have credited the employer’s evidence
of no intentional misclassification and evidence the ‘actual tasks performed by class
members and the amount of time spent on those tasks var[ied] significantly from manager
to manager.’ [Citation.] Had the trial court done so and reached the contrary
conclusion—that individual instead of common issues predominated—denial of
certification might have been affirmed on the very same evidentiary record.” (Ibid.)
                                               II.
                    The Administrative Exemption to the Mandatory
                           Overtime Rule (Wage Order 4-2001)
       Under California law, employees are presumptively entitled to overtime pay if
they work more than eight hours a day or 40 hours a week. (§ 510, subd. (a).) However,
some categories of employees are exempt from the mandatory overtime requirement

                                               10
pursuant to wage orders issued by the Industrial Welfare Commission (IWC). 5 At issue
in this case is Wage Order 4-2001, which exempts persons employed in “administrative,”
“executive,” and “professional” capacities.
       As relevant here, Wage Order 4-2001 provides that an exempt administrative
employee is any employee:
       (1) Whose duties and responsibilities involve the performance of office or non-
manual work directly related to management policies or general business operations of
the employer or the employer’s customers; and
       (2) Who customarily and regularly exercises discretion and independent
judgment; and
       (3) Who performs under only general supervision work along specialized or
technical lines requiring special training, experience, or knowledge, or who executes
under only general supervision special assignments and tasks; and
       (4) Who is primarily engaged in duties that meet the test of the exemption; and
       (5) Who earns a monthly salary equivalent to at least two times the state
minimum wage for full-time employment. (Wage Order 4-2001, subd. (1)(A)(2).)
       Whether an employee is exempt “depends not only upon factors related to the job,
itself (e.g., ‘employer’s realistic expectations’ and ‘realistic requirements of the job’), but
also ‘first and foremost’ upon what an employee actually does on the job (e.g., ‘work
actually performed’). [Citations.] ‘No bright-line rule can be established classifying
everyone with a particular job title as per se exempt or nonexempt.’ [Citation.] Thus,
even though ‘[e]mployers often treat all workers within a job position as either exempt or
nonexempt’ in reality, ‘exemptions frequently depend on how individual employees
perform their jobs.’ [Citation.]” (Mies, supra, 234 Cal.App.4th at p. 978.)




5
       Pursuant to authority granted by various Labor Code provisions, the IWC
regulates wages and working hours in various industries through wage orders. (Duran,
supra, 59 Cal.4th at p. 25, fn. 24.)

                                              11
                                              III.
                    The Trial Court Did Not Abuse Its Discretion in
               Concluding That Individual Questions Predominated for
               Purposes of Deciding Whether Members of the Proposed
                   Class Were “Exempt” or “Nonexempt” Employees
       Plaintiff contends that the trial court abused its discretion in concluding that
individual questions predominated as to the first three prongs of the administrative
exemption identified above—i.e., whether the proposed plaintiff class (1) performed
work directly related to management policies or general business operations, (2) regularly
exercised discretion and independent judgment, and (3) performed under only general
supervision.
       Preliminarily, we note that plaintiff contends that she “need only show that
adjudication of only one prong raises a predominant common question.” (Certain italics
omitted.) We do not agree. Indeed, plaintiff’s contention runs counter to the
predominance inquiry itself: The relevant question is not whether the putative class has
at least one issue in common, but “whether individual questions or questions of common
or general interest predominate.” (Brinker, supra, 53 Cal.4th at p. 1021, italics added;
see also Nguyen v. BDO Seidman, LLP (C.D. Cal. July 6, 2009, No. SACV 07-01352-
JVS (MLGx)) 2009 U.S.Dist. Lexis 97524, *7.) Common evidence as to a single prong,
therefore, is not sufficient to support a class certification order. In any event, for the
reasons that follow, we find no abuse of discretion as to the trial court’s findings that
individual issues predominated as to each of the three disputed prongs of the
administrative exemption.
       A.      Performs Work “Directly Related to Management Policies or General
               Business Operations”
       An employee comes within the first disputed prong of the administrative
exemption if he or she performs “office or non-manual work directly related to
management policies or general business operations of his [or] her employer or [the]
employer’s customers.” (Wage Order 4-2001, subd. (1)(A)(2)(a)(I).)

                                              12
         Wage Order 4-2001 does not define “directly related to management policies or
general business operations,” but it directs that whether work is exempt or nonexempt
under this section “shall be construed in the same manner as such terms are construed in
[enumerated] regulations under the Fair Labor Standards Act effective as of the date of
this order.” (Wage Order 4-2001, subd. (1)(A)(2)(f).)6 Federal Regulations former part
541.205 (2000) is one of the regulations incorporated into Wage Order 4-2001, and it
provides in relevant part as follows:
         “(a) The phrase ‘directly related to management policies or general business
operations of his employer or his employer’s customers’ describes those types of
activities relating to the administrative operations of a business as distinguished from
‘production’ or, in a retail or service establishment, ‘sales’ work. In addition to
describing the types of activities, the phrase limits the exemption to persons who perform
work of substantial importance to the management or operation of the business of his
employer or his employer’s customers. . . .
         “(c) As used to describe work of substantial importance to the management or
operation of the business, the phrase ‘directly related to management policies or general
business operations’ is not limited to persons who participate in the formulation of
management policies or in the operation of the business as a whole. Employees whose
work is ‘directly related’ to management policies or to general business operations
include those [whose] work affects policy or whose responsibility it is to execute or carry
it out. . . .
         “(1) It is not possible to lay down specific rules that will indicate the precise point
at which work becomes of substantial importance to the management or operation of a
business. It should be clear that the cashier of a bank performs work at a responsible


6
       The enumerated regulations are 29 Code of Federal Regulations parts 541.201-
205, 541.20-208, 541.210, and 541.15. (See Wage Order 4-2001, subd. (2)(f).) Because
Wage Order 4-2001 refers to the regulations “effective as of the date of this order”
(subd. (1)(A)(2)(f)), we discuss the regulations in effect in 2001 (which we refer to as the
“former” regulations), rather than regulations subsequently adopted.

                                                13
level and may therefore be said to be performing work directly related to management
policies or general business operations. On the other hand, the bank teller does not.
Likewise it is clear that bookkeepers, secretaries, and clerks of various kinds hold the
run-of-the-[mill] positions in any ordinary business and are not performing work directly
related to management policies or general business operations. On the other hand, a tax
consultant employed either by an individual company or by a firm of consultants is
ordinarily doing work of substantial importance to the management or operation of a
business.
       “(2) An employee performing routine clerical duties obviously is not performing
work of substantial importance to the management or operation of the business even
though he may exercise some measure of discretion and judgment as to the manner in
which he performs his clerical tasks. . . .
       “(3) Some firms employ persons whom they describe as ‘statisticians.’ If all such
a person does, in effect, is to tabulate data, he is clearly not exempt. However, if such an
employee makes analyses of data and draws conclusions which are important to the
determination of, or which, in fact, determine financial, merchandising, or other policy,
clearly he is doing work directly related to management policies or general business
operations. . . .
       “(5) The test of ‘directly related to management policies or general business
operations’ is also met by many persons employed as advisory specialists and consultants
of various kinds, credit managers, safety directors, claim agents and adjusters, wage-rate
analysts, tax experts, account executives of advertising agencies, customers’ brokers in
stock exchange firms, promotion men, and many others.” (Fed. Regs. § 541.205(a)-(c)
(2001), quoted in Harris v. Superior Court (2011) 53 Cal.4th 170, 181, fn. 6 (Harris),
italics added.)
       Our Supreme Court has interpreted the quoted language of the federal regulations
to mean “that work qualifies as ‘administrative’ when it is ‘directly related’ to
management policies or general business operations. Work qualifies as ‘directly related’
if it satisfies two components. First, it must be qualitatively administrative. Second,

                                              14
quantitatively, it must be of substantial importance to the management or operations of
the business. Both components must be satisfied before work can be considered ‘directly
related’ to management policies or general business operations in order to meet the test of
the exemption. (Fed. Regs. § 541.205(a) (2000).) [¶] The regulation goes on to further
explicate both components. Federal Regulations former part 541.205(b) (2000) discusses
the qualitative requirement that the work must be administrative in nature. It explains
that administrative operations include work done by ‘white collar’ employees engaged in
servicing a business. Such servicing may include, as potentially relevant here, advising
management, planning, negotiating, and representing the company. Federal Regulations
former part 541.205(c) (2000) relates to the quantitative component that tests whether
work is of ‘substantial importance’ to management policy or general business
operations.” (Harris, supra, 53 Cal.4th at pp. 181-182.)
       Plaintiff contends that the “directly related” prong is appropriate for class
treatment because all members of the proposed class performed the same duties:
processing workers’ compensation claims for the Schools Division of Keenan’s Workers’
Compensation Department. These duties, plaintiff says, were low-level, formulaic tasks
that did not relate to the administrative operations of Keenan’s business. The trial court
found otherwise, concluding that although it was undisputed that all members of the
proposed class were responsible for processing indemnity claims, the evidence
demonstrated “that there is a variation [among Claims Examiners] in . . . the time spent
on supervisory and administrative duties as opposed to ministerial tasks.”
       Substantial evidence supports the trial court’s conclusion. In her declaration,
plaintiff stated that as a Claims Examiner, she was required to “calculate the benefits to
be paid pursuant to the formulas of the Benefit Rate Chart included [in Keenan’s Master
Binder]” and to use a “preformatted balance sheet” when settling claims. Plaintiff further
stated that none of her tasks involved making decisions directly related to management
policies of Keenan or Keenan’s customers. The declarations of four current and former
Claims Examiners submitted in support of class certification included similar statements.
These declarations, therefore, suggest that some members of the proposed class

                                             15
performed routine tasks akin to “tabulat[ing] data.” (See Fed. Regs. § 541.205(c)(3)
(2001).)
       The declarations submitted by Keenan, in contrast, suggest that other members of
the proposed plaintiff class engaged in work that “affects policy or . . . execute[s] or
carr[ies] it out.” (Fed. Regs. § 541.205(a)-(c) (2001).) In this regard, defendant’s
declarants said that they investigated claims, identified and reported possible fraud,
pursued subrogation rights, adjusted reserves, negotiated and settled claims, negotiated
and settled outstanding liens, prepared for audits, and supervised claims assistants, claims
technicians, and file clerks. Many declarants emphasized the exercise of judgment
necessary to perform these tasks. For example, with regard to setting reserves, many
declarants said that “[t]here are no written guidelines that tell me specifically how I
should determine the potential value of a claim.” Others said they were authorized to
settle claims up to a specified amount without any approval or oversight, and if they
estimated that the value of a claim exceeded their settlement authority, they requested
higher authority, which was usually or almost always granted.
       Many Claims Examiners also said they took an active role in managing litigation.
For example, one Claims Examiner said: “For claims that are in litigation, I often
communicate with defense attorneys who represent the client and attorneys who represent
the claimant. With respect to defense counsel, I am very involved in the litigation
process and approve litigation expenses. Specifically, I make recommendations to
outside counsel, such as when to settle a claim, the amount of settlement, whether a
request for medical examination should be made, whether we should file a declaration of
readiness to go to the WCAB, and whether to take the deposition of the claimant.
Sometimes, when a claim is litigated, I decide not to engage a defense attorney. That is a
discretionary choice on my part. If I do not get an attorney, I handle negotiations with
the claimant’s attorney myself.” Another Claims Examiner said: “I make
recommendations to outside counsel, such as the amount of settlement and litigation
strategy. For example, if the claimant’s attorney is nonresponsive or stonewalling me, I
strategize with outside counsel on how to effectively pressure the claimant’s attorney into

                                             16
responding, or if the medical examiner is taking too long to issue a report, I strategize
with outside counsel on pressuring the medical examiner to issue his or her report.”
       Taken together, therefore, the evidence before the trial court supported the
conclusion that while some Claims Examiners may have performed predominantly non-
discretionary, data-tabulating tasks, others performed work directly related to
management policies or general business operations. The trial court’s conclusion that
individual issues predominated as to the “directly related” prong thus was supported by
substantial evidence. (See Soderstedt v. CBIZ Southern California, LLC (2011)
197 Cal.App.4th 133 (Soderstedt) [affirming order denying certification of a proposed
class of accountants; while some accountants asserted their primary duty was to prepare
tax returns using standardized computer software, others researched tax issues, performed
audits, applied district tax treatments for various types of clients, and served as a primary
client contact].)
       Plaintiff urges that even conceding some differences among potential class
members, common issues predominated as to the “directly related” prong because “[a]ll
witness and documentary evidence resoundingly confirm that the Class Members’ work
was limited to the day to day processing of individual workers’ compensation files, as
opposed to formulating managerial or operating policies.” (Emphasis omitted.) We do
not agree. Although it is undisputed that all members of the proposed class processed
workers’ compensation claims, the significant variation in the tasks for which class
members were responsible and in the discretion they exercised is highly relevant to the
“directly related” prong. That is, plaintiff assumes that employees must “formulat[e]
managerial or operational policies” in order to satisfy this prong, and she posits that
because the evidence shows that none of the Claims Examiners did so, the prong is
susceptible to common proof. The problem with plaintiff’s analysis is that the
formulation of policy is not an essential element of the “directly related” prong.
(Fed.Regs. former part 541.205 (2000) [phrase “directly related to management policies
or general business operations” is not limited to persons who formulate policy].) Instead,
as we have said, duties “directly related” to management policies or general business

                                             17
operations include those duties performed “by ‘white collar’ employees engaged in
servicing a business,” which servicing may include “advising management, planning,
negotiating, and representing the company” if it is of “ ‘substantial importance’ to . . .
general business operations.” (Harris, supra, 53 Cal.4th at pp. 181-182.)7 Because the
evidence demonstrates differences in Claims Examiners’ duties as relevant to these
issues, the trial court properly concluded that common issues did not predominate over
individual ones with regard to the “directly related” prong.
       Plaintiff also contends that common issues necessarily predominated because she
and members of the putative plaintiff class “were subject to exactly the same uniform
restrictions that are set forth in the Keenan Master Binder” and, thus, “were . . . all
required to perform their day to day tasks in accordance with the precise, step by step
instructions provided by the Keenan Master Binder.” The Court of Appeal rejected a
similar contention in Mies, supra, 234 Cal.App.4th at pp. 983-984: “[T]he mere fact
Sephora has common policies applicable to all employees . . . cannot, alone, compel class
certification. [Citations.] To the contrary, ‘courts have routinely concluded that an
individualized inquiry is necessary even where the alleged misclassification involves
application of a uniform policy.’ [Citation.] [¶] Mies would have us, from Sephora’s
detailed policies, draw inferences about what every [employee] actually does and how
much independence every [employee] actually exercises, while essentially ignoring the
declarations from both sides, which the trial court credited on those very subjects—
declarations that indicate a lack of class-wide uniformity. [Fn. omitted.] Mies’s request,
then, is one to reweigh the evidence on appeal, something we cannot do.”
7
       For this reason, plaintiff’s reliance on Dobrosky v. Arthur J. Gallagher Service
Co., LLC (C.D. Cal. July 30, 2014, No. EDCV 13-0646 JGB (SPx)) 2014 U.S.Dist. Lexis
106345 (Dobrosky) is not persuasive. In Dobrosky, the district court concluded that
common issues predominated as to the “directly related” prong because defendant
“admitted that Class Members do not have authority to formulate management or
operating policies or to waive or violate Defendant’s established policies.” (Id. at p. 39.)
As we have said, the formulation of policy is not an essential element of the “directly
related” prong under California law. We therefore reject Dobrosky’s analysis of state law
on this issue.

                                              18
       B.     “Customarily and Regularly Exercises Discretion and Independent
              Judgment”
       The second contested prong of the administrative exemption requires that an
exempt employee “customarily and regularly exercises discretion and independent
judgment.” (Wage Order 4-2001, subd. (1)(A)(2)(b).) Wage Order 4-2001 does not
define “discretion and independent judgment,” but Federal Regulations former part
541.207 (2000), to which Wage Order 4-2001 refers, says that the exercise of discretion
and independent judgment “involves the comparison and the evaluation of possible
courses of conduct and acting or making a decision after the various possibilities have
been considered.” (Subd. (a).) Further, the phrase “implies that the person has the
authority or power to make an independent choice, free from immediate direction or
supervision and with respect to matters of significance.” (Ibid.) In contrast, an employee
“who merely applies his knowledge in following prescribed procedures or determining
which procedure to follow, or who determines whether specified standards are met or
whether an object falls into one or another of a number of definite grades, classes, or
other categories . . . is not exercising discretion and independent judgment. . . . [¶] . . .
Employees of this type may make recommendations on the basis of the information they
develop in the course of their inspections (as for example, to accept or reject an insurance
risk or a product manufactured to specifications), but these recommendations are based
on the development of the facts as to whether there is conformity with the prescribed
standards. . . . The [employee] is engaged in exercising skill rather than discretion and
independent judgment within the meaning of the regulations.” (Id., subd. (c)(1)-(2).)
       The fact that an employee is supervised or lacks ultimate decision-making
authority is not dispositive of this prong. For example, in rejecting the contention of a
former law clerk that he did not exercise discretion and independent judgment because
his work was “supervised, corrected, and approved by a supervising attorney,” the Court
of Appeal said: “[T]he existence of such limitations and oversight does not negate the
fact that [plaintiff’s] responsibilities required the exercise of discretion and judgment.
According to the federal regulations in accordance with which [California Code of

                                               19
Regulations, title 8,] section 11040, subdivision (1)(A)(3)(e) states explicitly that
subdivision 1(A)(3)(b) is intended to be construed: ‘The term “discretion and
independent judgment” . . . does not necessarily imply that the decisions made by the
employee must have a finality that goes with unlimited authority and a complete absence
of review. The decisions made as a result of the exercise of discretion and independent
judgment may consist of recommendations for action rather than the actual taking of
action. The fact that an employee’s decision may be subject to review and that upon
occasion the decisions are revised or reversed after review does not mean that the
employee is not exercising discretion and independent judgment within the meaning of
the regulations . . . .” (29 C.F.R. § 541.207(e) (2001).) As the district court observed in
Campbell when addressing the meaning of ‘general supervision’ in connection with the
administrative exemption in wage order No. 4-2001, ‘Obviously, some degree of
supervision is not fatal to exemption.’ (Campbell v. PricewaterhouseCoopers, LLP
[(E.D. Cal. 2009)] 602 F.Supp.2d [1163,] 1183 [revd. (2011) 642 F.3d 820].)” (Zelasko-
Barrett v. Brayton-Purcell, LLP (2011) 198 Cal.App.4th 582, 591; see also Soderstedt,
supra, 197 Cal.App.4th at p. 148 [fact that an employee’s decisions are subject to review
does not mean the employee is not exercising discretion and independent judgment].)
       Here, substantial evidence supports the trial court’s conclusion that plaintiff failed
to show common issues predominated with regard to the discretion and independent
judgment exercised by members of the proposed class. As the trial court noted, each of
the current and former Claims Examiners who submitted declarations in support of
plaintiff’s motion for class certification said they were not permitted to exercise
discretion or independent judgment in approving or denying claims—to the contrary,
each said he or she was required to calculate benefits in accordance with formulas set out
in the Master Binder and Labor Code section 4453, subdivision (a). The declarations
submitted by Keenan, however, reflected that the exercise of independent judgment and
discretion varied among members of the proposed class. Those declarations stated that
many Claims Examiners performed a variety of discretionary tasks, including


                                             20
investigating, litigating, and settling workers’ compensation claims. The following
declaration is illustrative:
       “For each client, I was expected to perform, and did perform a variety of duties
and responsibilities for each claim. For example, I was responsible for processing claims
and handling each claim from start to finish; evaluating the facts and circumstances for
each claim; advising management on my recommendations for each claim; identifying,
preventing, and mitigating penalties for late payments; identifying and reporting possible
fraud by claimants; investigating and arranging for the investigations of claimants;
examining evidence; identifying and pursuing subrogation rights when third parties were
involved; settling, monitoring, and adjusting reserves as the claim progressed; accepting
or denying claims; negotiating and settling claims; approving payments; analyzing and
planning the course of action to be taken for each claim; . . . negotiating and settling any
outstanding liens; communicating with and advising the client; interviewing and
assessing the claimant; evaluating the credibility of claimants and witnesses; interacting
with claimant attorneys regarding claims; interacting with the nurse case manager;
overseeing the progression of the claimant’s medical treatment; planning and strategizing
to resolve claims; participating in quarterly client reviews; [and] completing excess
claims reports.” For claims in litigation, which “were complex and required me to
constantly draw from my claims-handling experience and use my judgment and
discretion,” the declarant “was very involved in the litigation process and approved
litigation expenses. Specifically, I made recommendations to outside counsel, such as
when to settle a claim, the amount of settlement, and also litigation strategy and tactics. I
was actively involved in the litigation process, because as the Claims Examiner or the
Senior Claims Examiner on the claim, it was up to me to determine what was best for the
client and the claim. In addition, it was important for me to be engaged in the litigation
process, because the course of the litigation affected the value of the claim and the
amount that I decided to reserve.”
       Each of Keenan’s declarants also said Claims Examiners did not perform their
duties by merely plugging claimant data into formulas provided by Keenan. Again, the

                                             21
following declaration is illustrative: “At times, I referred to materials that Keenan
provided us to use as reference tools. If I ever referred to them, it was only to check on
general information or just for a quick reference. In my opinion, and based on my
experience, it was not possible to perform my claims management duties as a Claims
Examiner or Senior Claims Examiner through these reference[] tools, because there were
so many variables and other factors to consider for each claim.” Another Claims
Examiner stated similarly: “In performing my duties, I infrequently refer to the Workers’
Compensation Master Binders or other materials that Keenan provides us to use as
reference tools. If I refer to them, it is only to check on general information. These
reference tools do not tell me how to make a decision or resolve a particular claim. Every
claim is different and requires strategic thinking to resolve it. Claims cannot be resolved
by using a checklist in a Master Binder or other reference materials.” A Senior Claims
Examiner also emphasized the need to exercise discretion in performing her job: “The
Master Binder provides general protocols and tools, but it does not tell me how to
perform my job. I do not look to the Master Binder as any sort of ‘instruction manual.’
In performing the vast majority of my job duties, I make independent decisions by
relying on my own judgment, experience, specialized training and generalized knowledge
of the workers’ compensation insurance system and laws.”
       On this record, the trial court was not required to conclude, as plaintiff suggests,
that all members of the proposed class were “required to perform their day to day tasks in
accordance with the precise, step by step instructions provided by the Keenan Master
Binder.” Instead, the record supports the trial court’s finding that “some Claims
Examiners perform their duties in accordance with the Keenan Master Binder and some
use their own judgment and training.” As such, substantial evidence supports the court’s
conclusion that the discretion and independent judgment prong was not susceptible to
common proof.




                                             22
       C.        “Performs Under Only General Supervision”
       The third contested prong of the administrative exception requires that an
employee “performs under only general supervision work along specialized or technical
lines requiring special training, experience, or knowledge.” (Wage Order 4-2001,
subd. (2)(d).)
       Plaintiff appears to concede that Claims Examiners perform work requiring
“special training, experience, or knowledge,” but she contends that Claims Examiners
were uniformly subject to close (not “general”) supervision. In contrast, Keenan urges
that supervision was not uniform, but instead varied greatly among Claims Examiners.
Accordingly, Keenan contends, the level of supervision to which Claims Examiners were
subject cannot be determined on a class basis.
       The trial court concluded that members of the proposed plaintiff class were not
subject to uniform supervision. It noted that Keenan’s declarations showed that “some
Claims Examiners work in the same office as their supervisors, whereas others work at
locations where there is no management employee” and, moreover, individual work
experiences “are impacted by the unique managerial styles of the supervisors and the
individual relationship between Supervisor and Claims Examiner; that whether a
Supervisor would approve a particular Claims Examiner’s recommendation was
dependent on subjective factors such as trust and perceived skill or expertise.” Thus, the
court concluded, the level of supervision afforded members of the proposed plaintiff class
was not subject to class treatment.
       The trial court’s conclusion is supported by substantial evidence. Plaintiff and the
four current and former employees who submitted declarations in support of class
certification each said she was subject to close managerial oversight such that she was
never free from immediate direction or supervision. Plaintiff’s declaration is illustrative.
She said she could not finalize a settlement without a Claims Supervisor’s approval, and
Keenan’s computer system allowed her Claims Supervisor and Claims Manager to
“provid[e] notes, review and recommendations for further handling.” Further, plaintiff
said, “[a] second and third set of eyes was never far from my work. Even more

                                             23
immediate direction and supervision was imposed on me in the form of supervisor
accountability reports, which documented productivity and performance, including, but
not limited to monitoring of: the number of claims on my diary that are more than 5
work days overdue; the total number of claims in my caseload; the percentage of number
of overdue diaries; the number of my claims that are on delayed status; whether 3 point
contact was timely made; the number of penalties imposed on me; the number of
settlements that were paid within the previous week; and the number of insufficient
reserve errors. Defendant had audit procedures which reviewed the reserves I set to rate
whether the reserve was timely, accurately reflecting probable outcome. These audits
were routinely performed to assess whether I established appropriate reserves,
documented reserve changes, timely adjusted reserves, had appropriate settlement
negotiations, maintained appropriate settlement documents, had a plan of action
documented upon each diary review, took an appropriate plan of action, timely completed
3 point contact, documented communications with employee and employer, maintained
appropriate diary intervals, had appropriate medical management, too[k] appropriate
steps towards resolution of the claim, identified subrogation and other issues, used
scheduled payments, and handled conflict claims.”
       The declarations submitted by Keenan in opposition to class certification painted a
very different picture of the supervision these declarants experienced. Keenan’s Claims
Examiner declarants agreed that denying a claim required supervisory approval, but each
said his or her supervisor usually or always approved the recommended denials.
Similarly, although Keenan’s declarants said Claims Examiners needed a supervisor’s
approval to set reserves above $74,999, they said supervisors always or almost always
approved the amounts requested. Finally, many Claims Examiners said they were
authorized to settle claims up to a fixed amount without a supervisor’s approval; if a
claim exceeded their settlement authority, the Claims Examiners requested higher
settlement authority, which requests were usually or almost always approved.
       Jessica Blakiston, a Claims Supervisor, said that the Claims Examiners she
supervised made independent decisions for their claims, committing clients to financial

                                            24
obligations that, in the aggregate, exceeded millions of dollars per year without her
approval. She noted that the Claims Examiners who reported to her were expected to
perform the vast majority of their responsibilities independently, outside of her presence,
and without any involvement or input from her. She said: “Because Claims Examiners
act independently most of the time, and make decisions while interacting with attorneys,
physicians, and other health care providers and investigators, they receive very little
direct supervision. I meet with the Claims Examiners who report to me on an as-needed
basis to discuss their claims and to provide direction. . . . The amount of time that I
spend per week with each Claims Examiner providing general direction (via telephone,
email or any other means) really varies per week. Generally speaking, the amount of
time is very minimal.”
       Andrea Brown, another Claims Supervisor, said that the degree of supervision she
provided depended on the Claims Examiner in question, noting that she gave closer
attention to the recommendations of those who were less experienced. She also noted
that as a general rule, she trusted her Claims Examiners to make the right decisions,
saying, “I have to do that. As a Supervisor, if I had to scrutinize every claim file, I would
never be able to manage my workload.” A current Claims Examiner, who formerly
worked as a Claims Supervisor and Manager, stated similarly: “When I was a supervisor,
I expected the claims examiners to manage and run their claims from start to finish with
little direct input, direction or guidance from me. There is a level of trust that a manager
must have in the claims examiners to manage their claims, analyze the particulars of each
claim and make appropriate recommendations.”
       Taken as a whole, the evidence thus supported the trial court’s finding that the
“general supervision” prong was not subject to common proof. To quote another
appellate court, “ ‘It is the degree of supervision that is key, and the degree of supervision
of class members cannot be determined on common proof because the evidence indicates
that they had significantly different experiences while working for [the employer].’ ”
(Soderstedt, supra, 197 Cal.App.4th at p. 151, italics added [held: substantial evidence
supported denial of class certification where, among other things, the evidence

                                             25
established that the level of supervision among the proposed class varied depending on
the individuals involved, the type of engagement, and the office where the individuals
worked].)
       Plaintiff contends that the variances in supervision on which the trial court relied
were not material because “[plaintiff] relied only on the baseline supervision that applied
to each and every Class Member”—i.e., “the uniform nature of Defendant’s supervisory
policies requiring audits, supervisory approval over delays and denials, . . .
‘supervisor’[s] involvement every 30 days’ on all of the Class Members’ files . . . [and]
the standardized policy that ‘[t]he supervisor prior to issuance of the settlement checks
must approve the calculation on the balance sheet.’ ” The problem with plaintiff’s
contention is that she did not rely solely on these “uniform” supervisory policies—to the
contrary, she and her declarants described a variety of ways in which they were closely
supervised, including a computer system that “allowed [supervisors and managers] to
direct my work by providing notes, review and recommendations for further handling,”
near-constant oversight “with regard to whether I had a current diary, whether the
reserves I set were appropriate, and whether I properly documented disability status in the
claims notes,” mandatory supervisory approval for all in-house litigation, supervisor
accountability reports, and mandatory supervisory approval of all closings. In short, even
at the class certification stage, plaintiff did not limit her claims regarding supervision to a
handful of supposedly uniform policies, but described chronic supervisory intrusion such
that “I was never free from immediate direction or supervision” and “a second and third
set of eyes was never far from my work.” Accordingly, the trial court did not err in
considering a wide range of purported differences in the ways in which Claims
Examiners were supervised.




                                              26
                                              V.
         Substantial Evidence Supported the Finding That Class Treatment
                   Was Not a Superior Means of Resolving This Case
       As we have said, in certifying a class action, the trial court must consider not only
whether common issues predominate, but also whether the litigation of individual issues
can be managed fairly and efficiently. (Duran, supra, 59 Cal.4th at pp. 28-29.)
       Our Supreme Court has noted that misclassification actions frequently pose special
manageability challenges because employers typically argue that their exemption defense
raises issues unique to each individual class member. “ ‘For purposes of class action
manageability, a defense that hinges liability vel non on consideration of numerous
intricately detailed factual questions, as is sometimes the case in misclassification suits, is
different from a defense that raises only one or a few questions and that operates not to
extinguish the defendant’s liability but only to diminish the amount of a given plaintiff's
recovery.’ [Citation.] Defenses that raise individual questions about the calculation of
damages generally do not defeat certification. [Citation.] However, a defense in which
liability itself is predicated on factual questions specific to individual claimants poses a
much greater challenge to manageability. This distinction is important. . . . ‘Only in an
extraordinary situation would a class action be justified where, subsequent to the class
judgment, the members would be required to individually prove not only damages but
also liability.’ ” (Duran, supra, 59 Cal.4th at p. 30.)
       “As with the foregoing factors, the proponent of class certification bears the
burden of establishing that a class action will be a superior means of resolving the
dispute. [Citations.] In determining the superiority of class treatment, the trial court
must weigh the respective benefits and burdens of class litigation; maintenance of the
class action will only be permitted where substantial benefits accrue to both the litigants
and the court. [Citations].” (Soderstedt, supra, 197 Cal.App.4th at p. 156.)




                                              27
       In the present case, the trial court found that in view of its other findings, a class
action would not be a superior method of adjudication. Having concluded that substantial
evidence supported each of the trial court’s findings with regard to predominance, we
necessarily find that substantial evidence also supported its finding with regard to
superiority.
                                       DISPOSITION
       The order denying class certification is affirmed. Defendant is awarded its
appellate costs.


       NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS




                                                   EDMON, P. J.

We concur:




                     ALDRICH, J.




                     EGERTON, J.*




*
        Judge of the Los Angeles Superior Court, assigned by the Chief Justice pursuant to
article VI, section 6 of the California Constitution.

                                              28
