                Not for Publication in West's Federal Reporter

          United States Court of Appeals
                       For the First Circuit

Nos. 07-1514
     07-1916
                       JOSE YIMI CAMPOS-GOMEZ,

                               Petitioner,

                                     v.

               MICHAEL B. MUKASEY, ATTORNEY GENERAL,

                               Respondent.


               ON PETITION FOR REVIEW OF ORDERS OF
                 THE BOARD OF IMMIGRATION APPEALS


                                  Before

                      Boudin, Lipez and Howard,
                           Circuit Judges.



     William A. Hahn and Hahn & Matkov on brief for petitioner.
     Corey L. Farrell, Office of Immigration Litigation, Peter D.
Keisler, Assistant Attorney General, and Terri J. Scadron,
Assistant Director, on motion for summary affirmance.



                           November 5, 2008
            Per Curiam. At issue in this immigration case is whether

a Rhode Island conviction for simple assault is a "crime of

violence" under 18 U.S.C. § 16 and is thus an "aggravated felony"

under 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(43)(F). In an unrelated case, we recently

answered this question in the affirmative.         See Lopes v. Keisler,

505 F.3d 58 (1st Cir. 2007).        Finding Lopes dispositive, we grant

respondent's motion for summary affirmance and deny the petition

for review.

            Petitioner has been found removable based on his 2005

conviction for misdemeanor assault under R.I. Gen. Laws § 11-5-3.

That enactment, entitled "Simple assault or battery," provides that

"every person who shall make an assault or battery or both shall be

imprisoned not exceeding one year or fined."           Id. § 11-5-3(a).     As

reported in the criminal complaint and docket sheet, petitioner

pled guilty to the charge of assaulting a police officer (and to a

second, related charge) and received a one-year suspended sentence.

According to respondent, that conviction for simple assault is a

crime of violence and thus an aggravated felony, which renders him

ineligible for discretionary relief.

            Three statutory provisions are implicated.            "Any alien

who   is   convicted   of   an   aggravated   felony   at   any   time   after

admission is deportable." 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(2)(A)(iii). The term

"aggravated felony" includes "a crime of violence (as defined in

section 16 of Title 18 ...) for which the term of imprisonment [is]


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at least one year."    Id. § 1101(a)(43)(F).   And the term "crime of

violence" means

                (a) an offense that has as an element the
           use, attempted use, or threatened use of
           physical force against the person or property
           of another, or
                (b) any other offense that is a felony
           and   that,   by  its   nature,   involves   a
           substantial risk that physical force against
           the person or property of another may be used
           in the course of committing the offense.

18 U.S.C. § 16.       Because petitioner's assault conviction is a

misdemeanor (under both state and federal law), § 16(b) is not at

issue here.   Accordingly, the question is whether use of physical

force is an "element" of Rhode Island simple assault--i.e., "a

constituent part of the offense which must be proved by the

prosecution in every case to sustain a conviction."         Singh v.

Ashcroft, 386 F.3d 1228, 1231 (9th Cir. 2004) (internal quotation

marks and emphasis deleted).

           As explained in State v. Jeremiah, 546 A.2d 183, 186

(R.I. 1988), the "standard definition of criminal assault" in Rhode

Island is set forth in State v. Baker, 38 A. 653 (R.I. 1897), as

follows:

           An assault, as ordinarily defined, is any
           unlawful attempt or offer with force or
           violence to do a corporal hurt to another,
           whether from malice or wantonness.         The
           offense may consist also in putting another in
           fear of violence.

Id. at 654 (emphasis added); accord, e.g., State v. Coningford, 901

A.2d 623, 630 (R.I. 2006); State v. McLaughlin, 621 A.2d 170, 177

                                 -3-
(R.I.       1993).1    Relying   on   the   emphasized   portions   of   this

definition, we concluded in Lopes that under Rhode Island law

"there can be no assault without the presence of physical force."

505 F.3d at 63.       We thus held that a conviction for simple assault

under § 11-5-3 "satisfies the statutory definition of a crime of

violence because it has as an element the 'attempted use, or

threatened use of physical force against the person or property of

another.'" Id.        (quoting 18 U.S.C. § 16(a)).2

               Petitioner's attempts to challenge or distinguish the

reasoning in Lopes fall short.          His main argument is that simple

assault in Rhode Island can include "reckless" conduct--which,

under the case law applying Leocal v. Ashcroft, 543 U.S. 1 (2004),

is a mens rea that does not satisfy the "use of physical force"

requirement in 18 U.S.C. § 16.        See, e.g., United States v. Zuniga-

Soto, 527 F.3d 1110, 1123-24 (10th Cir. 2008).               We rejected a



        1
        Battery is a separate offense. It "refers to an act that
was intended to cause, and does cause, an offensive contact with or
unconsented touching of or trauma upon the body of another, thereby
generally resulting in the consummation of the assault."
Coningford, 901 A.2d at 630 (internal quotation marks omitted);
accord, e.g., State v. Davis, 384 A.2d 1061, 1064 (R.I. 1978)
("battery ... is the intentional and unlawful application of the
slightest force to the person of another").
        2
        The alien in Lopes was convicted under both § 11-5-3 and
the state's Domestic Violence Prevention Act, R.I. Gen. Laws § 12-
29-5. The latter is not a separate offense, but rather imposes
enhanced penalties for assault (and related crimes) when committed
against family or household members. That § 12-29-5 was involved
in Lopes does not affect the analysis of whether simple assault
constitutes a crime of violence.

                                      -4-
Leocal-based      argument   in     Lopes,       albeit       without        addressing

recklessness.      See 505 F.3d at 63.            In any event, petitioner's

expansive definition of assault proves mistaken.                   He relies solely

on the 1897 Baker decision and two references contained therein to

recklessness.     See 38 A. at 654.       Yet the court did not there hold,

and has not since held, that reckless as opposed to intentional

conduct could suffice for an assault conviction; to the contrary,

it noted that "[t]here must be an intent to commit an assault, or

else there can be no assault."               Id. at 653 (quoting jury charge

with approval).         Moreover, petitioner's view is at odds with

general descriptions of the common law.                      See, e.g., Popal v.

Gonzales, 416 F.3d 249, 255 n.5 (3d Cir. 2005) ("The common law ...

required 'willfulness,' i.e., intent, in order to find a defendant

guilty   of    simple   assault.");      2     Wayne    R.    LaFave,    Substantive

Criminal Law, § 16.3, at 566 & 569 (2d ed. 2003 & '08 Supp.)

(explaining     that    recklessness      does    not    suffice        to   establish

assault).

              To be sure, some statutory "assault" provisions contain

a recklessness element. See, e.g., Fernandez-Ruiz v. Gonzales, 466

F.3d 1121, 1125 (9th Cir. 2006) (en banc).               Yet these are actually

"battery-type statutes."         See 2 LaFave, supra, § 16.2(c), at 557

("In the modern codes, a substantial majority of the battery-type

statutes    expressly    state    that    the    crime       may   be   committed   by

recklessness--that is, where there is subjective awareness of the


                                         -5-
high risk of physical injury.") (footnotes omitted).            And just as

in Lopes, see 505 F.3d at 62, it is clear that petitioner here was

convicted of assault rather than battery.3

           Petitioner   also   alleges   that   the   assault    definition

applied by Lopes was drawn from cases involving offenses more

serious than simple assault.      See, e.g., McLaughlin, 621 A.2d at

177 (misdemeanor manslaughter); Baker, 38 A. at 653 (assault with

a dangerous weapon).     Yet nothing more than simple assault was

involved in State v. Tabele, 621 A.2d 185 (R.I. 1993), which

enunciated a similar definition.         In a related vein, petitioner

insists that Congress never intended that the term "crime of

violence" would encompass such a relatively insignificant offense.

Yet the legislative history contains a specific reference to simple

assault suggesting otherwise.      See, e.g., Popal, 416 F.3d at 254

n.5.

           The motion for summary affirmance is granted, and the

petition for review is denied.




       3
         For example, petitioner never objected to the BIA's
observation that "[w]hile [§ 11-5-3(a)] proscribes the commission
of both simple assault and battery, the parties appear to agree
that [petitioner] was only convicted of simple assault."      As a
result, petitioner's reliance on cases such as Chrzanoski v.
Ashcroft, 327 F.3d 188 (2d Cir. 2003), and United States v. Bayes,
210 F.3d 64 (1st Cir. 2000), is misplaced.        The offense in
Chrzanoski, for example, although denominated as "third degree
assault," required a showing of physical injury and thus was in
fact a form of battery.

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