[Cite as State v. Jones, 2020-Ohio-3852.]


                                    IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

                                ELEVENTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                            LAKE COUNTY, OHIO


STATE OF OHIO,                                       :      OPINION

                 Plaintiff-Appellee,                 :
                                                            CASE NO. 2019-L-056
        - vs -                                       :

DARRELL JONES,                                       :

                 Defendant-Appellant.                :


Criminal Appeal from the Lake County Court of Common Pleas, Case No. 2018 CR
001140.

Judgment: Affirmed.


Charles E. Coulson, Lake County Prosecutor, and Alexandra E. Kutz and Teri R.
Daniel, Assistant Prosecutors, Lake County Administration Building, 105 Main Street,
P.O. Box 490, Painesville, OH 44077 (For Plaintiff-Appellee).

Cory R. Hinton, Hanahan & Hinton, LLC, 8570 Mentor Ave., Mentor, OH 44060 (For
Defendant-Appellant).



CYNTHIA WESTCOTT RICE, J.

        {¶1}     Appellant, Darrell Jones, appeals from the judgment of the Lake County

Court of Common Pleas, convicting him on one count of aggravated robbery, with a

firearm specification, two counts of robbery, and one count of possessing criminal tools.

At issue is whether the convictions are against the manifest weight of the evidence and

whether the trial court abused its discretion in joining the offenses for a single trial. We

affirm the trial court.
      {¶2}   On the morning of July 24, 2018, an African-American male approached

the front desk of the Quality Inn, located in the city of Wickliffe. The man was wearing a

hat, sunglasses with “rainbow” tinted lenses, and had a napkin over his face. The man

advised the clerk, Tempestt Varner, that he was robbing the business and he had a

gun. Ms. Varner did not see a firearm but ran to the back office without surrendering

any money. The man walked away from the counter towards the interior of the hotel.

The incident was captured on video.

      {¶3}   On the morning of July 29, 2018, an African-American male approached

the front desk of the same Quality Inn where a clerk, Jolante Jones, was working. The

male approached from the inside of the hotel and had a bandana over his nose and

mouth, was wearing a black jacket, a hat, and sunglasses with lenses tinted with

“different colors.” The male asked Mr. Jones for money and indicated he had a gun.

Mr. Jones did not see a gun but gave the male the money and retreated to the back

office. Mr. Jones stated he did not observe a firearm because the suspect’s hands were

in his pockets. He fled from the front desk, however, because of the threat. The male

walked away from the desk toward the inside of the hotel. This incident was also

captured on video.

      {¶4}   Finally, on the morning of August 2, 2018, an African-American male

approached the front counter of a Sunoco Gas Station in Wickliffe, Ohio. The business

was located adjacent to the Quality Inn that was the subject of the two previous

incidents. The store’s manager, Rachel Lauriel, stated the man was donning a hat, dark

coat, sunglasses, and had a blue bandana over his mouth. As he approached Ms.

Lauriel with hands in his pockets, he demanded “the F’ing money” while, at the same

time, flashing a silver object in his pocket. Ms. Lauriel did not know what the object was


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but believed it to be a gun. In response, Ms. Lauriel screamed and ran. The male then

left the store, running in the direction of the Quality Inn. The incident was caught on

surveillance video.   The identity of the individual was unknown at this time; police,

however, believed the three incidents were committed by the same individual.

       {¶5}    Upon leaving work for the day, Ms. Lauriel returned to her home, located

down the street from the Sunoco station. The residence also abuts the fence line of the

property on which the Quality Inn is located. After retrieving trash containers from the

edge of the road, she noticed a blue bandana at the bottom of her yard-waste container.

She believed it to be the bandana used in the robbery of the Sunoco store. Ms. Lauriel

did not touch the item and notified the police of its discovery the next day, August 3,

2018. Police arrived at Ms. Lauriel’s residence and an evidence technician retrieved the

bandana; while on the property, police also found a black jacket and sunglasses at the

edge of Ms. Lauriel’s yard, where her property line meets that of the Quality Inn.

       {¶6}    The items found were submitted to the Lake County Crime Laboratory

(“LCCL”).     A DNA profile was obtained from the bandana, which was submitted by

LCCL to the Combined DNA Index System (“CODIS”). CODIS returned appellant’s

name as a positive identification of the DNA from the bandana. Based on the similar

behaviors of the male in each video, the locations of the crimes, witness’ descriptions of

the offender, and the DNA match, appellant was arrested and ultimately indicted on the

following four counts: Count One, aggravated robbery (occurring on August 2, 2018), a

felony of the first degree, in violation of R.C. 2911.01(A)(1), with a firearm specification,

pursuant to R.C. 2941.145 and R.C. 2941.141; Count Two, Possessing Criminal Tools

(for August 2, 2018 robbery), a felony of the fifth degree, in violation of R.C. 2923.24;

and Counts Three and Four, robberies (occurring on July 29 and July 24, 2018,


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respectively), in violation of R.C. 2911.02(A)(2), each with a firearm specification, in

violation of R.C. 2941.141. Counts One and Two pertains to the robbery of the Sunoco

gas station; Counts Three and Four pertains to the robberies committed at the Quality

Inn.

         {¶7}   Appellant pleaded “not guilty” and the matter proceeded to jury trial.

Appellant filed a motion for severance of counts for trial; the state opposed the motion

and the trial court denied the same. After trial, appellant was found guilty of all four

counts of the indictment and the R.C. 2941.145 firearm specification attached to Count

One. He was found not guilty of the firearm specifications charged pursuant to R.C.

2941.141. Appellant was ultimately sentenced to serve terms of four years on Count

One; 12 months on Count Two, three years on Count Three, and two years on Count

Four.     The terms for Counts One, Three, and Four were ordered to be served

consecutively to each other, and the sentence for Count Two was ordered to run

concurrent with these. Appellant was also ordered to serve a term of three years for the

firearm specification, for a total term of 12 years.

         {¶8}   Appellant now appeals, assigning two errors. His first assignment of error

provides:

         {¶9}   “The jury’s finding of guilt and the defendant’s subsequent conviction for

Count One, aggravated robbery, Count Two, possession of criminal tools, Count Three,

robbery, and Count Four, robbery, are contrary to the manifest weight of the evidence;

therefore, Defendant’s convictions for said counts should be overturned, and Defendant

should be remanded to the trial court for a new trial on Counts One, Two, Three, and

Four.”




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      {¶10} A court reviewing the manifest weight observes the entire record, weighs

the evidence and all reasonable inferences, considers the credibility of the witnesses

and determines whether, in resolving conflicts in the evidence, the jury clearly lost its

way and created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that the conviction must be

reversed and a new trial ordered. State v. Schlee, 11th Dist. Lake No. 93-L-082, 1994

WL 738452, *4 - *5 (Dec. 23, 1994).

      {¶11} Appellant argues there was not substantial evidence upon which the jury

could have reasonably concluded that all elements of each crime was proved beyond a

reasonable doubt. He argues that none of the witnesses could identify appellant; there

was little evidence that the bandana collected by police was the bandana used in the

commission of two of the robberies; there is no way to know that the jacket was used in

the robberies, and the evidence indicated that the jacket worn by the individual in the

video was different than the jacket found on Ms. Lauriel’s property. Finally, he asserts

that although the bandana was charged as a criminal tool, the evidence indicated the

pattern on the bandana was a common pattern.

      {¶12} Appellant was convicted of one count of robbery, in violation of R.C.

2911.01(A)(1) and two counts of robbery, in violation of R.C. 2911.01(A)(2). Those

subsections provide:

      {¶13} (A) No person, in attempting or committing a theft offense, as
            defined in section 2913.01 of the Revised Code, or in fleeing
            immediately after the attempt or offense, shall do any of the
            following:

      {¶14} (1) Have a deadly weapon on or about the offender’s person or
            under the offender’s control and either display the weapon,
            brandish it, indicate that the offender possesses it, or use it;

      {¶15} (2) Have a dangerous ordnance on or about the offender’s person
            or under the offender’s control;


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       {¶16} Appellant was also convicted of possessing criminal tools, in violation of

R.C. 2923.24, which provides:

       {¶17} No person shall possess or have under the person’s control any
             substance, device, instrument, or article, with purpose to use it
             criminally.

       {¶18} Preliminarily, each victim/witness testified that the perpetrator of the three

offenses had a remarkably similar appearance and a similar method of approaching

them. Ms. Varner testified the individual who attempted to rob the Quality Inn on July

24, 2018 was an older African-American male, wearing a hat, rainbow, reflective

sunglasses, and covered his mouth with a napkin. The man demanded money and

stated he had a gun. After the exchange, Ms. Varner stated the man went back toward

the inside of the hotel. And, when Ms. Varner reviewed the video from the second

robbery which took place at the Quality Inn, she believed the same person committed

both crimes.

       {¶19} Mr. Jones testified that, on July 29, 2018, an older African-American male,

wearing a baseball cap, multicolor sunglasses, and had a bandana around his mouth

and nose area, approached him at the front desk of the Quality Inn. The man stated he

was robbing the hotel and he had a gun. After the crime, the man retreated toward the

inside of the hotel.

       {¶20} Officer Nicholas Merrifield responded to the scene of the July 29 robbery.

He was able to view the video surveillance from that robbery as well as the footage from

the July 24 robbery. Officer Merrifield testified that the suspect in each was similar in

build and had the same bowlegged “stance.”          He additionally pointed out that the

suspect came from within the building and went back into the building after each



                                            6
incident. In light of the foregoing, the officer testified that he believed the same person

committed both robberies.

      {¶21} Ms. Lauriel testified an African-American man wearing a hat, coat,

sunglasses, and bandana over his mouth entered the Sunoco Station on August 2,

2018 and demanded money. She noted that the male flashed a silver object in his

pocket that he began to lift but did not remove. Ms. Lauriel believed the object to be a

gun. Ms. Lauriel, who lived a short distance from both the Sunoco station and the

Quality Inn, found a bandana matching the bandana used in the robbery. When police

arrived, they collected the bandana and additionally found a dark coat with reflective,

colored sunglasses under it.

      {¶22} The three witnesses testified that the perpetrator in each crime was

dressed almost identically during the three robberies; used an object to shield his mouth

and lower face as he made his demands; indicated he was in possession of a gun, but

did not overtly utilize a firearm in any of the robberies; further, in the two Quality Inn

robberies, the man hastened toward the interior of the hotel after the crimes. And after

the Sunoco robbery, the man ran in the direction of the hotel, which also was in the

direction of Ms. Lauriel’s home, where the bandana, jacket, and sunglasses were found.

      {¶23} Significantly, with respect the direction the man fled after each of the

robberies, the jury heard testimony that appellant was staying at the Econo Lodge,

which is physically connected to the Quality Inn, from July 16 through July 26, 2018. On

July 26, 2018, appellant was removed from the Econo Lodge for failing to pay for his

room; he subsequently stayed approximately six-tenths of a mile down the street from

the Quality Inn/Econo Lodge at the Plaza Motel, from July 26, 2018 through August 2,

2018. This evidence demonstrated appellant was staying in the hotel complex where


                                            7
and when the first robbery occurred and residing in a hotel less than one mile away

from the second and third robberies when they occurred.

       {¶24} Also, Dr. Karen Zaverella, DNA analyst and supervisor with the LCCL,

extracted DNA profiles from both the bandana and jacket. The bandana yielded at least

three DNA contributors and the jacket yielded a profile from a minimum of two

contributors. The predominant profile from the primary contributor, the individual who

most likely had direct physical contact with the bandana and jacket, was submitted to

the CODIS database which returned appellant’s name. A known sample was taken

from appellant. Subsequently, Dr. Zavarella then performed a statistical analysis. With

respect to the analysis, she explained:

       {¶25} [The] analysis [is] called a likelihood ratio and a likelihood ratio is
             pitting two different hypotheticals that [are] mutually exclusive. One
             hypothetical says that the suspect in question is the contributor, is a
             contributor to the evidence, the evidentiary profile. The alternative
             hypotheses would be that the suspect in question is not a
             contributor, it would be as opposed to a random individual from the
             population. As a result we get a statistic that would say, we would
             term it as so and so is let’s say a million times more likely to be a
             contributor as to opposed to an unknown random individual. We
             consider in the laboratory a million times more likely to be a very
             strong statistic and that’s where your reporting threshold is set to.

       {¶26} After her analysis, Dr. Zavarella testified that the DNA mixture profile from

the bandana was 562 trillion times more likely to consist of DNA from appellant and two

unknown contributors, as opposed to three unknown contributors; and, the DNA mixture

profile from the jacket was 190 trillion times more likely to consist of DNA from appellant

and one unknown contributor, as opposed to two unknown contributors. Dr. Zavarella

testified to the certainty of her analysis, stating her “numbers are absolutely accurate.”

       {¶27} Finally, the jury was able to view the video recordings of the robberies and

compare the individual in the videos to appellant in the courtroom.


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        {¶28} Circumstantial evidence is accorded the same probative value as direct

evidence.     State v. Jenks, 61 Ohio St.3d 259 (1991), paragraph one of the

syllabus. “Circumstantial evidence involves evidence not grounded on actual personal

knowledge or observation of the facts in controversy, but of other facts from which

inferences are drawn, showing indirectly the facts sought to be established.” State v.

Skaggs, 11th Dist. Lake No. 2015-L-024, 2016-Ohio-1160, ¶20 citing State v. Nicely, 39

Ohio St.3d 147, 150 (1988). An inference is “a conclusion which, by means of data

founded upon common experience, natural reason draws from facts which are proven.”

State    v.   Nevius, 147     Ohio   St.   263    (1947).    It    therefore   follows   that

when circumstantial evidence forms the basis of a conviction, that evidence must

establish collateral facts and circumstances, from which the existence of primary facts

may be rationally inferred according to common experience. State v. Windle, 11th Dist.

Lake No. 2010-L-033, 2011-Ohio-4171, ¶25.

        {¶29} We recognize there were no witnesses to directly identify appellant; still,

the eyewitness testimony, the physical similarities of the perpetrator, the proximity of

appellant’s location (i.e., where he was residing) to the locations of the robberies, as

well as the DNA evidence provided sufficient, credible circumstantial evidence to

support the jury’s verdict.

        {¶30} Appellant’s first assignment of error lacks merit.

        {¶31} Appellant’s second assignment of error provides:

        {¶32} “The trial court failed to sever the trial of the appellant although three

separate incidents of robberies were being alleged. The appellant should have been

given the opportunity to have three separate trials.”




                                             9
       {¶33} “Pursuant to Crim.R. 8(A), ‘two or more offenses may be charged in the

same indictment, information or complaint in a separate count for each offense if the

offense charged, whether felonies or misdemeanors or both, are of the same or similar

character * * *.’ Generally, joinder of offenses is liberally permitted in order to conserve

judicial resources, prevent incongruous results in successive trials, or to diminish

inconvenience to witnesses.” State v. Quinones, 11th Dist. Lake No. 2003-L-015, 2005-

Ohio-6576, ¶35, citing State v. Torres, 66 Ohio St.2d 340, 343 (1981).                  The law

generally favors joinder of multiple offenses in a single trial. State v. Franklin, 62 Ohio

St.3d 118, 122 (1991)

       {¶34} Pursuant to Crim.R. 14, it may be necessary to separate trials to prevent

prejudice. State v. Brinkley, 105 Ohio St.3d 231, 2005-Ohio-1507, ¶29. Crim.R. 14,

provides, in relevant part: “If it appears that a defendant * * * is prejudiced by a joinder

of offenses * * * for trial together of indictments, informations or complaints, the court

shall order an election or separate trial of counts * * *.”

       {¶35} “When a defendant claims that joinder is improper, he must affirmatively

show that his rights have been prejudiced.” Quinones at ¶38.               “The accused must

provide the trial court with sufficient information demonstrating that he would be

deprived of the right to a fair trial if joinder is permitted.” Id., citing State v. Lott, 51 Ohio

St.3d 160, 163 (1990). “The state may negate the defendant's claim of prejudice by

demonstrating either of the following: (1) that the evidence to be introduced relative to

one offense would be admissible in the trial on the other, severed offense, pursuant

to Evid.R. 404(B); or (2) that, regardless of the admissibility of such evidence, the

evidence relating to each charge is simple and direct.” Quinones at ¶39, citing State v.

Franklin, 62 Ohio St.3d 118, 122 (1992).


                                               10
       {¶36} The standard for granting or denying separate trial is an abuse of

discretion, which should be so exercised as to prevent injustice and secure the

applicant of his right to a fair trial. See, e.g., State v. Brunelle-Apley, 11th Dist. Lake No.

2008-L-014, 2008-Ohio-6412, ¶108.

       {¶37} Appellant argues his right to a fair trial was prejudiced because evidence

from a stronger case was used to supplement and connect the stronger case to the

weaker cases.        In particular, evidence of the blue bandana and jacket, found

subsequent to the August 2, 2018 incident, was exclusively used to establish guilt for

the July 24, and 29, 2018 incidents. We do not agree.

       {¶38} Pursuant to Evid.R. 404(B), other acts evidence may be admissible “as

proof of motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, or absence of

mistake or accident.” “To be admissible to prove identity through a certain modus

operandi, other-acts evidence must be related to and share common features with the

crime in question.” (Emphasis sic.) State v. Lowe, 69 Ohio St.3d 527 (1994), paragraph

one of the syllabus.

       {¶39} Here, the other acts evidence was admissible under Evid.R. 404(B) to

establish appellant’s identity as well as a common scheme or plan. All three robberies

occurred within 10 days of one another, between July 24, 2018 and August 2, 2018.

The sites of the three robberies, the Quality Inn and Sunoco gas station, essentially

neighbor one another on Euclid Avenue in the city of Wickliffe. Appellant, at the time of

the first robbery, was staying at the hotel that was robbed and, when the next two

robberies occurred, he was residing at a hotel six- tenths of a mile from the other

robbery locations.     Finally, the perpetrator, in each of the crimes, had a common

appearance and methodology; he approached witnesses wearing a hat, and sunglasses


                                              11
with uniquely tinted lenses. And in two of the three robberies, he wore a coat – peculiar

attire for the mid-summer months. He covered his mouth and lower face to disguise his

facial features; in the first robbery, with a napkin and, in the second and third, a

bandana. And, upon contacting the witnesses, he either threatened them with a gun or

showed the witness that he possessed what appeared to be a gun.

       {¶40} The Supreme Court of Ohio has validated the use of other acts evidence

in order to establish identity. See, e.g., State v. Coley, 93 Ohio St.3d 253 (2001)

(“other-acts” evidence of kidnapping, robbery, and other related crimes admissible in

aggravated murder trial); State v. Green, 90 Ohio St.3d 352, 369 (2000) (same facts;

Coley’s accomplice, Joseph Green); State v. Bey, 85 Ohio St.3d 487, 490

(1999) (nearly identical facts between prior homicide to prove identity not an abuse of

discretion); State v. Woodard, 68 Ohio St.3d 70, 73 (1993) (carjacking attempt to prove

identity   as     to     later    carjacking   and   murder   properly    allowed); State      v.

Jamison, 49 Ohio St.3d 182, 183-187 (1990) (evidence of other similar robberies

sufficiently probative to prove identity).

       {¶41} In light of the common features of the crimes, we conclude the other-acts

evidence was admissible to prove identity under Evid.R. 404(B).                  In this respect,

appellant has failed to establish his rights were prejudiced by the joinder of offenses.

       {¶42} Even if the other acts evidence would have been inadmissible, we further

conclude    the        evidence    of   each   offense   is simple and direct.     Evidence    is

“simple and direct” if the jury is readily capable of separating the proof required for each

offense, if the evidence is not likely to confuse jurors, if the evidence is straightforward,

and if there is little danger that the jury would improperly consider testimony regarding

one offense as corroborative of the other. See State v. Freeland, 4th Dist. Ross No.


                                                12
12CA003352, 2015-Ohio-3410, ¶14; see also State v. Goodner, 195 Ohio App.3d 636,

2011-Ohio-5018, ¶44 (2d Dist.)

        {¶43} Each of the robberies involved different witnesses that independently

testified to the facts of the crimes, which were of a similar character. The facts of each

offense were uncomplicated and straightforward. And, under the circumstances of each

incident, we discern no basis for the conclusion that the evidence of each, heard

together, would confuse the jury or that the jury would improperly consider the testimony

concerning one offense as corroborative of another offense. The evidence of the three

crimes was therefore separate and distinct and did not prejudice appellant’s rights. We

accordingly hold the trial court did not abuse its discretion in joining the offenses for a

single trial.

        {¶44} Appellant’s second assignment of error is without merit.

        {¶45} For the reasons discussed in this opinion, the judgment of the Lake

County Court of Common Pleas is affirmed.



MARY JANE TRAPP, J., concurs,

THOMAS R. WRIGHT, J., concurs in judgment only.




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