                                                                                        12/14/2017
        IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                         AT KNOXVILLE
                                  November 28, 2017

        STATE OF TENNESSEE v. ANDREW BERNARD BEVERLY

                  Appeal from the Circuit Court for Sevier County
                   No. 20240 Paul G. Summers, Senior Judge
                     ___________________________________

                           No. E2017-00056-CCA-R3-CD
                       ___________________________________


After a jury trial, the defendant, Andrew Bernard Beverly, was convicted of first-degree
premeditated murder, first-degree felony murder, attempted first-degree murder, and
possession of a firearm during the commission of a dangerous felony. On appeal, the
defendant asserts the evidence was insufficient to support his convictions for
premeditated murder, felony murder, and attempted murder, arguing the State failed to
prove the appropriate mens rea for the offenses. The defendant also claims the trial court
erred in denying his motion to suppress three statements made after his arrest claiming
his Miranda waiver prior to the initial interview did not pass constitutional muster.
Following our review, we affirm the judgments of the trial court.

  Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgments of the Circuit Court Affirmed

J. ROSS DYER, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which THOMAS T. WOODALL, P.J.,
and ROBERT W. WEDEMEYER, J., joined.

Edward C. Miller, Dandridge, Tennessee, for the appellant, Andrew Bernard Beverly.

Herbert H. Slatery III, Attorney General and Reporter; Katherine C. Redding, Assistant
Attorney General; Jimmy B. Dunn, District Attorney General; and Ronald C. Newcomb,
Assistant District Attorney General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.

                                       OPINION

                                        FACTS

       On March 3, 2015, a Sevier County Grand Jury indicted the defendant for twenty-
three crimes for actions committed against victims, Angela Beverly and Jabari Dial. At
issue in this appeal are the crimes committed against the victims on September 24, 2014,
in Sevier County, Tennessee. On that day, the defendant shot and killed Ms. Beverly, his
estranged wife, and attempted to kill Mr. Dial. After fleeing the scene of the shooting,
the defendant was arrested in Harlan County, Kentucky on the evening of September 24,
2014. Subsequent to his arrest, the defendant gave three separate statements regarding
his involvement in the crimes, twice to Sevier County officers and once to the news
media. Following several pre-trial hearings, the defendant proceeded to trial for the first-
degree, premeditated murder of Ms. Beverly (Count 1), the first-degree, felony murder of
Ms. Beverly during the attempted murder of Mr. Dial (Count 3), the attempted first-
degree, premeditated murder of Mr. Dial (Count 4), and the possession of a firearm
during the commission of a dangerous felony (Count 18).1

    I.       Motion to Suppress

       Prior to trial and significant to this appeal, the trial court conducted a hearing on
the defendant’s motion to suppress the three statements made after his arrest. The first
statement occurred during the defendant’s initial interrogation by Sevier County officers
in Harlan County, Kentucky on September 25, 2014. The defendant made his second
statement to the news media while still incarcerated in Harlan County on September 25,
2014. The third statement occurred on September 26, 2014, during the defendant’s
second interview with Sevier County officers after he was extradited to Tennessee. In his
motion to suppress, the defendant argued he “did not waive his right against self-
incrimination prior to his initial statement,” thus rendering it involuntary. The defendant
further argued the two “subsequent statements were fruit of the prior unconstitutional
statement” and should be suppressed. The State disagreed, and presented evidence
regarding the constitutionality and admissibility of the three separate statements at the
suppression hearing.

       Deputy Will Pope and Officer Michael Boggs were on duty in Harlan County,
Kentucky on September 24, 2014, prior to the defendant’s arrest. Deputy Pope testified
he apprehended the defendant in a gas station parking lot in Harlan County and
eventually charged him with first-degree murder on a Sevier County warrant. Neither
Deputy Pope nor Officer Boggs interviewed the defendant upon his arrest; however, both
officers testified the news media was at the Harlan County jail on September 25, 2014.

       Captain Stephanie Hodges and Detective Jeff McCarter of the Sevier County
Sheriff’s Office conducted the initial interview of the defendant in Harlan County on
September 25, 2014. During Captain Hodges’ testimony, the State entered the audio
recording and transcript of the initial interview into evidence. On cross-examination,

         1
         The trial court dismissed Counts 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 17 and severed Counts 12, 13, 14,
15, 16, 19, 20, 21, 22, and 23 under the original indictment.
                                                  -2-
Captain Hodges explained she and Detective McCarter conducted the interview in a
chapel inside the Harlan County jail. When the defendant entered the chapel, Captain
Hodges and Detective McCarter introduced themselves, explained why they were there,
and read the defendant his Miranda rights. According to Captain Hodges, the chapel had
an “outrageous” echo and, as a result, she did not initially record the interview with the
defendant. However, after approximately five minutes she “decided to take [her] chances
and hit record.” Accordingly, the remainder of the interview was captured and
transcribed.

        After turning the recording on, Captain Hodges interrupted the defendant to
confirm he understood his Miranda rights. Captain Hodges read the transcript of this
portion of the interview into the record, stating: “I said, ‘Okay, well, like I said, you
understand what your rights are?’ [The defendant] said, ‘Right.’ And then on page two,
there’s another one. Then on page two, ‘And I read you your rights, okay, and you
understand what they are?’ [The defendant] said, ‘Right.’” Captain Hodges further
stated, “I read the Miranda warning to [the defendant] in the presence of Chief McCarter,
explained to him why we were there. Okay? He was read his Miranda warnings.”
Though Captain Hodges read and explained the defendant’s Miranda rights to him from a
waiver, she acknowledged the defendant did not sign the waiver during the initial
interview. Rather, the defendant signed a waiver of rights during the second interview
with Sevier County officers conducted after his extradition to Tennessee on September
26, 2014. Despite his failure to sign a waiver, Captain Hodges testified the defendant
waived his rights during the initial interview and “acknowledged to [her] that he was
certainly ready to make a statement and answer questions and go forward.”

       Further, at the suppression hearing, Captain Hodges discussed why she did not
stop the interview after the defendant indicated he might want “to talk to somebody.”
During the interview, the following exchange occurred:

      [The defendant]: I’m (inaudible) to talk to somebody because I mean you
      all talking to me like this right here.
      [Chief McCarter]: Well we’re just telling you how it is.
      [Captain Hodges]: Hey, I’ve not lied to you once.
      [Chief McCarter]: We’re just telling you how it is.
      [The defendant]: Well I’m trying to tell you guys how it all begin (sic), ok,
      that’s what I’m trying to do.
      [Captain Hodges]: Well I’m all ears.

According to Captain Hodges, the defendant “continued to talk” after indicating he might
want to talk to someone. She further explained:

                                          -3-
              [The defendant] made the statement along the lines of -- when I
       reread it, “maybe I should talk to somebody because you all are being
       harsh,” something along those lines. And then Chief McCarter answered
       with, “We’re just telling you how it is.” Again, he was just at that point
       pretending to not know what we were talking about or why we were there.
       Your client was very cooperative and he understood his Miranda warnings
       and I explained those initially.

Though he was cooperative, the defendant initially denied any knowledge of the death of
his wife, Ms. Beverly, even acting “surprised at first.” However, as the interview
progressed, the defendant ultimately confessed to shooting Ms. Beverly. The defendant
further admitted he intended to shoot Mr. Dial on September 24, 2014. Before
concluding the interview, the defendant signed forms consenting to the search of his car,
telephone, and home.

        Chief McCarter also testified regarding the defendant’s initial interview in Harlan
County, Kentucky. According to him, Captain Hodges read the defendant his Miranda
rights prior to beginning the interview, despite them not being captured in the recording.
At the motion to suppress hearing, Chief McCarter acknowledged he made a statement to
the defendant during the interview suggesting that if he confessed, he might avoid the
death penalty. Specifically, Chief McCarter testified this statement was made at a point
in the interview when the defendant maintained he had no knowledge of Ms. Beverly’s
death. Chief McCarter stated: “You can set (sic) here and hold to that story and you can
fry in the electric chair or you can set (sic) here and you can be a man and tell us what
happened. It might help you from getting the death penalty.” Chief McCarter explained
he made the statement “to try to elicit a response from [the defendant].” However, Chief
McCarter testified the comment was not a promise of leniency used to obtain a
confession from the defendant. Captain Hodges testified Chief McCarter made this
statement to the defendant during the initial interview.

      Additionally, while in the Harlan County jail, the defendant agreed to speak to the
news media. Chief McCarter testified that during “the latter part of the interview” a
Harlan County officer interrupted the interview to inform the defendant the news media
was ready to speak with him. Before the defendant gave a statement to the media, Chief
McCarter discussed the request with the defendant. Chief McCarter explained:

              As we were leaving the interview -- well, it wasn’t an interview
       room. It actually, I believe, [was] a chapel. As we were walking out with
       [the defendant] and I believe it was Officer Moore from Harlan County jail,
       again, I stopped in the hallway and my words to [the defendant] were, “. . .
       I’m not your attorney and I’m in no way your legal adviser, but I believe if
                                           -4-
         I was a man in your shoes I don’t believe I would be talking to the TV
         station.” Then he just looked at me and said, “Thank you.” And I believe
         he even shook my hand and that was the last time I ever saw him until we
         got back to Sevier County.

       Regarding the defendant’s media interview, Chief Derrick Moore of the Harlan
County Sheriff’s Department explained he approached the defendant with the news
media’s request for an interview. Chief Moore asked the defendant if he would like to
speak to the media, and the defendant stated he would. Chief Moore testified he did not
force the defendant to speak to the media, stating “if [the defendant] would have said no
during the interview, we would have told them to shut the cameras off.” Further, Chief
Moore stated he had no control over the interview and would not have allowed it if the
defendant stated he did not want to participate. During Chief Moore’s testimony, the
defendant’s statement to the media was admitted into evidence and played at the
suppression hearing. In the interview, the defendant again confessed to shooting Ms.
Beverly and admitted he intended to shoot Mr. Dial.

       Finally, Chief McCarter discussed the defendant’s third recorded interview given
on September 26, 2014. Prior to the interview, the defendant signed a written waiver of
his Miranda rights. After doing so, the defendant showed Chief McCarter how he shot
Ms. Beverly. According to Chief McCarter, the defendant’s third statement was
consistent with the statement from the first interview.

       Upon its review, the trial court issued an order denying the defendant’s motion to
suppress the three statements finding the defendant knowingly waived his Miranda
rights. The State proceeded to trial with this evidence.

   II.      Trial

       At trial, the surviving victim, Jabari Dial, explained he was at Ms. Beverly’s home
in Sevier County, Tennessee on the morning of September 24, 2014. Around 10 a.m.,
Mr. Dial made coffee while Ms. Beverly prepared to take out the garbage. According to
Mr. Dial, Ms. Beverly had to “walk around the corner [of the house] to take the trash to
the trash can.” Mr. Dial stated Ms. Beverly walked outside to do so, and then he heard
her scream. After hearing Ms. Beverly scream, Mr. Dial looked outside and saw the
defendant holding a gun over her. He described the scene, as follows:

                Then the next -- from where I was standing in the window, I heard
         the scream and then the next thing I seen was I seen [Ms. Beverly] backing
         up holding the -- she was holding the trash bag still in one hand and holding

                                             -5-
      [the defendant’s] hand with the gun over her head with another -- with her
      other arm as she was backing up.

        Mr. Dial ran outside and asked the defendant, “what are you doing, why do you
have a gun . . . what are you going to do, you going to shoot us now, shoot her now.”
According to Mr. Dial, the defendant stated, “yeah, I’m going to shoot her and then I’m
going to shoot you.” Mr. Dial “kind of froze for a minute,” and then the defendant “took
the gun and he pointed it down on top of [Ms. Beverly] and he shot her.” After the
defendant shot her once, “right on her head,” Ms. Beverly fell to the ground face-first.
During cross-examination, Mr. Dial testified the struggle between the defendant and Ms.
Beverly lasted approximately “seven to eight minutes, conversation and all.” He stated,
“for the majority of the time [the defendant] had the gun over [Ms. Beverly] trying to
point it down on top of her and she was trying to fight his hand back.”

       After the shot, Mr. Dial ran to a neighbor’s house. He noticed the defendant’s
vehicle was parked on the side of the house near the garbage cans in an area that cannot
be seen from inside the home. As Mr. Dial sought help from a neighbor, he saw the
defendant drive away. The neighbor called 911, and Mr. Dial “ran back over to kind of
check on [Ms. Beverly] to see what was going on and that’s when she was dead.”

      Mr. Dial explained that prior to the shooting, he stayed with Ms. Beverly at her
home when she asked him to do so. When he spent the night, Mr. Dial slept in the bed
with Ms. Beverly “for [her] protection.” Mr. Dial denied a sexual relationship with Ms.
Beverly.

       Charles Moffett worked with the defendant at Food City grocery store prior to the
shooting. Mr. Moffett worked in the meat department of the store. He stated
approximately three weeks before Ms. Beverly’s death, the defendant approached him
about borrowing a firearm. The defendant claimed he needed a gun to protect himself
because he had recently been “beaten up” by his wife’s boyfriend. At the time, however,
Mr. Moffett did not see any injuries on the defendant. Regardless, Mr. Moffett gave the
defendant a .22 revolver and ammunition which the defendant stored in the glove box of
his red Pontiac SUV. Mr. Moffett stated the defendant did not return the gun.

      Several of the defendant’s neighbors, Christy Sellars, Troy Sellars, Gary Tarwater,
Donna Tarwater, and Leslie Carl Parsons, testified they saw a red Pontiac parked
between the Beverlys’ home and a retaining wall near their garbage cans either prior to or
on September 24, 2014. Further, Mr. Parsons testified he heard a woman scream twice,
and then heard what “sounded like a pistol shot” around 11:05 a.m. on September 24,
2014. When he looked out his window, Mr. Parsons saw a red vehicle leaving the area of
the Beverlys’ home “going fairly fast.” Donna and Gary Tarwater also heard two
                                          -6-
screams coming from the Beverlys’ home around 11:00 a.m. Ms. Tarwater saw a red
SUV “[m]aking several forward and reverse motions” to get out of the driveway. Mr.
Tarwater further stated, he “saw [the defendant] run to his vehicle, get in his vehicle and
made several backing attempts so he wouldn’t run over [Ms. Beverly],” whose body was
lying “partially in the driveway.” Mr. Tarwater later used his metal detector to try to
locate the gun used by the defendant; however, he was unsuccessful in finding the
weapon.

       Troy Sellars testified he did not hear screams or a gunshot on September 24, 2014.
Rather, around 11:15 a.m., he heard a “loud knocking on [his] front door.” Mr. Sellars
“retrieved [his] firearm” and opened the door to Mr. Dial who was “extremely
distraught.” At the victim’s home, he saw Ms. Beverly lying face down with “a very
bloody spot on the top of the head and blood coming from the top of the head.” Mr.
Sellars called 911 and remained on the scene until officers arrived.

       Deputies Aaron Foster, Ryan Cleveland, and Robert Stoffle of the Sevier County
Sheriff’s Office responded to the 911 call at the Beverlys’ residence. Upon arrival,
Deputy Foster saw Ms. Beverly lying face-down with an injury to the head. Deputy
Stoffle stated Ms. Beverly’s body was “in the driveway at the back of the house.”
Deputies Foster and Cleveland secured the scene. Deputy Foster made an initial report,
and Deputy Cleveland produced a crime scene log which was entered into evidence.
Additionally, Deputy Foster interviewed Mr. Dial who completed a written statement on
the scene. Deputy Stoffle tried to locate the defendant in the area, but was unsuccessful.

       Tom Weekly, a chaplain with the Sevier County Sheriff’s Office, was riding with
Deputy Foster at the time of the 911 call. At the Beverlys’ home, he saw Ms. Beverly
deceased with a gunshot wound to the head. Mr. Weekly spoke to Mr. Dial at the scene,
describing him as “[a]gitated, concerned, [and] very sorrowful about a long-term person
that he had known.”

       David Walker and Michael Beningo, Sevier County Ambulance Service
employees, were dispatched to the scene for “a possible shooting.” Upon their arrival,
Mr. Walker and Mr. Beningo saw a gunshot wound to the top of Ms. Beverly’s head. Mr.
Beningo explained they did not try to resuscitate the victim because of “[t]he obvious
signs of death.” After the investigation was complete, Mr. Walker and Mr. Beningo
transported Ms. Beverly’s body to the local hospital.

       Captain Hodges processed the crime scene on September 24, 2014. When she
arrived on the scene, Ms. Beverly was lying face-down on the ground. Captain Hodges
placed bags over the victim’s hands to preserve any evidence and took photographs,

                                           -7-
video, and measurements of the crime scene. Captain Hodges testified they were unable
to locate the murder weapon.

       On September 25, 2014, Captain Hodges interviewed the defendant with her
partner, Chief McCarter, while the defendant was in custody in the Harlan County,
Kentucky jail. Before beginning the interview, Captain Hodges read the defendant his
Miranda rights, which the defendant waived. Captain Hodges’ trial testimony
concerning the procedural aspects of the initial interview was consistent with her
testimony from the suppression hearing regarding the same.

        As to the substance of the defendant’s initial statement, Captain Hodges explained,
“[a]t first he acted like he did not know why we were there and didn’t know what was
going on.” However, as the interview progressed, the defendant admitted to driving to
his home in Sevier County in a red vehicle and parking on the backside of the house near
the garbage cans. The defendant stated he waited in his car until Ms. Beverly came
outside to take out the trash, admitting “[t]hat he knew her routine, when she fed the cat,
when she fed the dog, when she took the trash out, and that he knew that she would be
coming out around that time frame to do so.” Additionally, the defendant stated he
parked his car near the garbage cans on the side of the house because “[h]e didn’t want
them to know he was there. He wanted to put the car back there where they couldn’t see
him until she came out.” As he waited in his car for approximately one hour, the
defendant listened to Ms. Beverly and Mr. Dial talking on the front porch.

       Eventually, the defendant saw Ms. Beverly emerge from the house, and he got out
of his vehicle with the gun. When he got out of the car, “[the defendant] said he grabbed
[Ms. Beverly] and shot her.” Further, the defendant stated:

             When [Ms. Beverly] came out, she said [“]ah,[”] and I grabbed her, I
      grabbed her like this here and I had a gun and I pointed down and it just
      shot and that’s what it did. I grabbed and it shot. The next thing you know
      she fell down and I said [“]oh god[”] and then I went over there and I said
      [“]Angela are you alright.[”] Like I said, she just didn’t move. So I tossed
      the gun and got in my car and I just left, that’s exactly what I did.

The defendant stated he did not know where he shot Ms. Beverly, but told Captain
Hodges he fired the gun only once. After shooting Ms. Beverly, the defendant “tossed”
the gun and fled the scene. He stated he got the gun and ammunition from Charles
Moffett, a man he worked with at Food City. Additionally, the defendant admitted he
intended to “hurt” and “shoot” Mr. Dial on September 24, 2014. At the end of the initial
interview, the defendant signed consent to search waivers for his car, cell phone, and
home. The recording of the interview was played for the jury at trial.
                                           -8-
        On cross-examination, Captain Hodges explained the defendant was upset that Mr.
Dial was living in his house with his wife. The defendant also claimed to have caught
Ms. Beverly having sex with another man on August 8, 2014, prior to the shooting.
Further, the defendant stated he did not intend for the gun to go off. Captain Hodges
testified the defendant seemed remorseful for Ms. Beverly’s death.

        The State then played the defendant’s interview with the news media for the jury
and recalled Captain Hodges who testified the defendant’s initial interview occurred prior
to the interview with the media. According to Captain Hodges, Chief McCarter advised
the defendant against speaking to the media, stating “[t]hat he didn’t have to talk to the
media, he shouldn’t do it.” During the media interview, the defendant again admitted to
shooting Ms. Beverly and stated his intent on September 24, 2014 was to shoot Mr. Dial.
Finally, Captain Hodges testified the defendant “went to [a] Maryville residence directly
after [the shooting] and stayed for [sic] there for a while and then went to eat at Ruby
Tuesday’s with a friend and then left about four or 4:30 to go to Harlan.”

       Deputy Chief McCarter then testified. Chief McCarter’s testimony describing the
defendant’s initial interview mirrored his testimony from the suppression hearing
regarding the same. Chief McCarter stated Captain Hodges provided the defendant with
appropriate Miranda warnings, and then proceeded with the interview. Additionally, he
explained the defendant signed a waiver of rights prior to the second interview conducted
on September 26, 2014, after the defendant was extradited to Sevier County. Portions of
the September 26 interview were then played for the jury.

     Regarding the September 26 interview, Chief McCarter testified the defendant
demonstrated how he fired the weapon at Ms. Beverly. Chief McCarter explained:

             [The defendant] again during that interview started alluding to the
      fact that -- and again, we started talking about [Ms. Beverly’s] height. I
      believe he told me she was about five-three or five-four, and he told me he
      was about six foot tall. And of course I think I’m asking the question,
      without looking at the transcript, about how he -- I said, did you have her
      around the head. And he said, no. He said he had her around the upper part
      of her body and that he had the gun, and he indicated, which was on the
      video, that it was pointed like to where it’s the top of her head.

The defendant told Chief McCarter his intentions on September 24, 2014, were to talk to
Ms. Beverly and to hurt Mr. Dial. When Chief McCarter asked the defendant about his
intentions during the interview, the defendant responded, as follows: “[W]ell, I was just
right outside where we take our garbage at. If you see where the garbage is at I promise
                                          -9-
you my intention was not to hurt my wife, shoot my wife or anything. My intention was
to hurt him, not kill him, but to hurt him.” The defendant again stated he parked his car
near the garbage cans on the side of the house because he knew Ms. Beverly would not
be able to see it in that location. The defendant denied threatening Mr. Dial stating he did
not see anyone else come out of the house during his altercation with Ms. Beverly. The
defendant also claimed he was assaulted prior to September 24, 2014, and he admitted to
having someone load the gun for him prior to the shooting.

      Additionally, during the September 26 interview, the defendant stated he told his
mother about the shooting. Chief McCarter explained:

               [The defendant] just said [his mother] asked him -- he told her he
       was in the Harlan County jail. She asked him what was going on. He said,
       Mom, I done something I had no business doing. And she said, did you
       shoot that girl, and I said yes, but I said it was an accident, that I had no
       intentions of doing it. And she said I knew better. She said I knew better
       than to do anything like that, you knew better than to have a gun [in] your
       possession. And then he goes on and talked about getting jumped, and she
       said it didn’t matter. She talked about it was more of a man to have a gun
       in his possession. She said, you’ve got two fists, you should have used
       them. She said if you got your butt whooped, you got your butt whooped,
       and that’s how my mom explained it to me, and she was the only one that
       told me about it because I didn’t tell anybody else.

        On cross-examination, Chief McCarter confirmed officers failed to locate the gun
used by the defendant. Further, Chief McCarter testified the defendant stated he tried to
talk to Ms. Beverly about Mr. Dial living in his house prior to shooting her. According to
the defendant, when he did, Ms. Beverly said, “[Mr. Dial] has that right.” The defendant
then “grabbed” Ms. Beverly and, according to the defendant, he “pointed the gun down
and it went off.”

        Dr. Darinka Mileusnic-Polchan, an expert in forensic pathology, performed the
autopsy of Ms. Beverly on September 25, 2014. Dr. Mileusnic-Polchan testified the
victim’s cause of death was a contact gunshot wound of the head. Dr. Mileusnic-Polchan
found gunpowder in Ms. Beverly’s scalp, indicating the gun was in “tight contact” with
the head. She recovered a small caliber lead bullet that “became shaved and fragmented
by going through the bone on the right side of the head and also hitting the bone on the
left base of the skull.” Dr. Mileusnic-Polchan stated the bullet entered the head “from top
down, very steeply, and from right to left.” She opined the trajectory of the bullet was
“unusual” at approximately a 45 degree angle. Additionally, Dr. Mileusnic-Polchan

                                           - 10 -
noted Ms. Beverly had abrasions and contusions on her face from falling to the ground
after the shot.

        The defendant’s work associate, Steve Trout, and Ms. Beverly’s work associate,
Litton Cochran, also testified at trial. Mr. Trout stated he began working with the
defendant in the mid-2000’s and that the defendant was a good manager. Mr. Cochran
testified he worked with Ms. Beverly for fifteen years at a local McDonald’s. Mr.
Cochran described Ms. Beverly as “consistent” and “reliable,” stating he hoped she
would become the next manager of the McDonald’s.

       Finally, the State called Glenn Parton, who talked to the defendant about his
personal life and criminal activity while both were incarcerated in the Sevier County jail.
Mr. Parton stated the defendant told him he purposefully “shot [Ms. Beverly] in the
head.” Mr. Parton testified the defendant offered him money and a car in exchange for
killing the witness to Ms. Beverly’s murder. During cross-examination, Mr. Parton
explained at the time of the conversations with the defendant, he was in jail for
misdemeanors but was housed in maximum security because he had previously been
attacked in jail and because of his familial connection to law enforcement officials. Mr.
Parton stated his conversations with the defendant occurred “in front of the intake” at the
jail between June 7, 2016 and June 14, 2016. Mr. Parton admitted to providing
information to law enforcement in the past.

       The defendant presented proof from the Sevier County Sheriff’s Office to rebut
Mr. Parton’s testimony at trial. Specifically, Lieutenant Matthew Cubberley, Detective
Maria Cutshaw, Chief McCarter, and Captain Hodges testified that Mr. Parton previously
gave unconfirmed information to law enforcement “about a body that was buried in Knox
County.” Additionally, Captain Ken Hatcher of the Sevier County jail testified that
according to his records, Mr. Parton was not housed in maximum security. However,
during cross examination, Captain Hatcher stated it is possible Mr. Parton could have
been housed in maximum security for a period of time that was not documented
correctly.

       The State recalled Mr. Parton who described the area of the jail where he spoke to
the defendant as “the kiosk” in the common area where all inmates have “rec time.”
During their conversations, the defendant told Mr. Parton he drove a SUV, his wife had
been cheating on him, he got a gun from his coworker who worked in the meat
department, and he shot Ms. Beverly in “[t]he top of the head.” The defense presented
surrebuttal proof from Captain Hatcher who further described the set-up of the jail,
stating general population and maximum security inmates use separate kiosks. However,
Captain Hatcher stated in the booking area of the jail, it is possible for inmates from

                                          - 11 -
maximum security to interact with inmates not in maximum security. Both sides then
rested.

        The jury found the defendant guilty of first-degree, premeditated murder and first-
degree, felony murder of Ms. Beverly, attempted first-degree, premeditated murder of
Mr. Dial, and possession of a firearm during the commission of a dangerous felony. The
trial court merged the convictions for premeditated and felony murder, and sentenced the
defendant as a Range I offender to life in prison with the possibility of parole as to both
convictions. For the attempted murder conviction, the trial court sentenced the defendant
as a Range I offender to a concurrent, fifteen-year sentence. Finally, the trial court
imposed a three-year sentence for the possession of a firearm conviction to be served
consecutively to his effective life sentence. The defendant filed a motion for new trial
which was denied by the trial court, and this timely appeal followed.

                                       ANALYSIS

        On appeal, the defendant presents two issues for our review. First, the defendant
claims the trial court erred in denying his motion to suppress the three statements made
after his arrest. The defendant argues he did not knowingly waive his Miranda rights
prior to the initial interview, thus rendering all three of the statements unconstitutional
and subject to suppression. Secondly, the defendant asserts insufficient evidence exists to
uphold his convictions for first-degree, premeditated, felony, and attempted murder. The
State contends the trial court did not err in denying the defendant’s motion to suppress as
the record shows he properly waived his Miranda rights prior to the first interview and,
as a result, the subsequent interviews are not “fruit of that unconstitutional statement.”
Additionally, the State asserts sufficient evidence exists to support his murder convictions
and the attempted murder conviction. After our review of the record, we agree with the
State, and will address each issue in turn.

   I.     Suppression of the Statements

       Suppression issues on appeal are subject to a well-established standard of review.
Appellate courts are bound by a trial court’s findings of facts determined after a
suppression hearing unless the evidence preponderates against them. State v. Odom, 928
S.W.2d 18, 23 (Tenn. 1996); State v. Matthew T. McGee, No. E2011-01756-CCA-R3-
CD, 2012 WL 4017776, at *2 (Tenn. Crim. App. Sept. 13, 2012). “Questions of
credibility of the witnesses, the weight and value of the evidence, and resolution of
conflicts in the evidence are matters entrusted to the trial judge as the trier of fact.”
Odom, 928 S.W.2d at 23. Appellate courts should consider the entire record, affording
the prevailing party “the strongest legitimate view of the evidence and all reasonable
inferences drawn from that evidence.” McGee, No. E2011-01756-CCA-R3-CD, 2012
                                           - 12 -
WL 4017776, at *2 (citing State v. Hicks, 55 S.W.3d 515, 521 (Tenn. 2001)); see also
State v. Sanders, 452 S.W.3d 300, 306 (Tenn. 2014). However, applying the law to the
factual findings of the trial court is a question of law, which is reviewed de novo on
appeal. State v. Yeargan, 958 S.W.2d 626, 629 (Tenn. 1997); State v. Walton, 41 S.W.3d
75, 81 (Tenn. 2001). When reviewing the trial court’s ruling on a motion to suppress,
appellate courts may consider the evidence presented at both the suppression hearing and
the subsequent trial. State v. Henning, 975 S.W.2d 290, 299 (Tenn. 1998).

        On appeal, the defendant challenges the constitutionality of the waiver of his
Miranda rights made prior to giving an initial statement to Sevier County officers after
his arrest. The Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution, applicable to states
through the Fourteenth Amendment, states that “[n]o person . . . shall be compelled in
any criminal case to be a witness against himself.” U.S. Const. Amend. V. Similarly, the
Tennessee Constitution states “that in all criminal prosecutions, the accused . . . shall not
be compelled to give evidence against himself.” Tenn. Const. art. I, § 9. If a suspect is in
police custody “or otherwise [has been] deprived of his freedom of action in any
significant way,” the police must first inform him of his Fifth Amendment rights for any
subsequent confession to later be admissible as substantive evidence. Miranda v.
Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 444 (1966). In this regard, the United States Supreme Court has
said, “[p]rior to any questioning, the person must be warned that he has a right to remain
silent, that any statement he does make may be used as evidence against him, and that he
has a right to the presence of an attorney, either retained or appointed.” Id. These rights
may be voluntarily, knowingly, and intelligently waived. Id.

       The Miranda decision only applies “to the questioning of an individual who has
been taken into custody or otherwise deprived of his freedom by the authorities in a
significant way.” State v. Dailey, 273 S.W. 3d 94, 102 (Tenn. 2009) (quoting Miranda,
384 U.S. at 478) (internal quotation marks omitted). Accordingly, Miranda warnings are
only required when a suspect is (1) in custody and (2) subjected to questioning or its
functional equivalent. State v. Walton, 41 S.W. 3d 75, 83 (Tenn. 2001). In the absence
of either, Miranda requirements are not necessitated. Id.

       The test for determining if an individual is in custody for Miranda purposes is
“whether, under the totality of the circumstances, a reasonable person in the suspect’s
position would consider himself or herself deprived of freedom of movement to a degree
associated with a formal arrest.” State v. Anderson, 937 S.W.2d 851, 855 (Tenn. 1996).
The defendant’s initial statement, given while he was incarcerated in Harlan County,
Kentucky, was clearly the result of a custodial interrogation. Thus, in order to be
admissible, the defendant’s statement must have been voluntarily given. See Arizona v.
Fulminate, 499 U.S. 279, 286-88 (1991); see also State v. Climer, 400 S.W.3d 537, 568
(Tenn. 2013) (stating “the voluntariness test remains distinct from Miranda”).
                                           - 13 -
        A confession is involuntary if it results from “‘any sort of threats or violence, . . .
any direct or implied promises, however slight, . . . [or] by the exertion of any improper
influence.’” State v. Smith, 42 S.W.3d 101, 109 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2000) (quoting Bram
v. United States, 168 U.S. 532, 542-43 (1897)). When evaluating the voluntariness of a
statement, “the essential inquiry . . . is whether a suspect’s will was overborne so as to
render the confession a product of coercion.” Climer, 400 S.W.3d at 568. A defendant’s
subjective perception alone is insufficient to support a finding that a confession was not
voluntary. State v. Smith, 933 S.W.2d 450, 455 (Tenn. 1996). Instead, “coercive police
activity is a necessary predicate to finding that a confession is not voluntary.” Id.

        One form of coercive state action occurs when officers make promises of leniency
prior to a confession. “However, ‘[p]romises of leniency by state officers do not render
subsequent confessions involuntary per se: The Fifth Amendment does not condemn all
promise-induced admissions and confessions; it condemns only those which
are compelled by promises of leniency.’” State v. Sanders, No. W2014-01513-CCA-R3-
CD, 2015 WL 9433473, at *8 (Tenn. Crim. App. Dec. 23, 2015), perm. app.
denied (Tenn. May 10, 2016) (quoting Smith, 933 S.W.2d at 455 (internal quotations
omitted)). “The determinative question is ‘whether the behavior of the State’s law
enforcement officials was such as to overbear [the defendant’s] will to resist and bring
about confessions not freely self-determined.’” Id. (quoting State v. Kelly, 603 S.W.2d
726, 728 (Tenn. 1980)). When evaluating the voluntariness of a statement, courts
consider the totality of the circumstances, including “characteristics of [the] accused and
details of the interrogation.” Climer, 400 S.W.3d at 568. Relevant factors include:

               [T]he age of the accused; his lack of education or his intelligence
       level; the extent of his previous experience with the police; the repeated and
       prolonged nature of the questioning; the length of the detention of the
       accused before he gave the statement in question; the lack of any advice to
       the accused of his constitutional rights; whether there was an unnecessary
       delay in bringing him before a magistrate before he gave the confession;
       whether the accused was injured[,] intoxicated[,] or drugged, or in ill health
       when he gave the statement; whether the accused was deprived of food,
       sleep[,] or medical attention; whether the accused was physically abused;
       and whether the suspect was threatened with abuse.

Id.

       In the present case, the defendant asserts he “did not waive his right against self-
incrimination during his initial interview with law enforcement in Harlan, Kentucky,”
thus rendering the two subsequent statements as “fruit of the prior unconstitutional
                                            - 14 -
statement.” We disagree. The record supports the trial court’s finding that the defendant
waived his Miranda rights prior to the initial interview in Harlan, Kentucky. As a result,
the initial statement was admissible and not subject to suppression. Further, the record
shows the second statement, given to the news media, was made voluntarily and was not
the result of state action, also rendering it admissible and not subject to suppression.
Finally, the record indicates the defendant understood and executed a Miranda waiver
prior to the third statement given on September 26, 2014. Accordingly, the third
statement passes constitutional muster and was not subject to suppression. Though we
conclude the trial court did not err in denying the defendant’s motion to suppress, we will
address the specific findings of the trial court in detail below.

      Looking first to the Sevier County officers’ initial interview with the defendant in
the Harlan County jail, the trial court found Captain Hodges properly Mirandized the
defendant before questioning him. In examining the constitutionality of the initial
statement, the trial court stated:

             The first level of inquiry, as it relates to confession or statement,
      number one, is whether the Miranda warnings had been given. Obviously
      this was a custodial interrogation, which mandated that those rights be
      given. The defendant argues that as the officers had an audio device
      available, that the absence of that is somewhat evidence that they were not
      given. They also point to statements made by the defendant, which could
      or could not be taken as that he wanted to talk to an attorney.

             The [c]ourt will say this. First of all, that the only evidence before
      the [c]ourt that challenges the testimony of [Captain] Hodges and then
      Detective McCarter is by negative inference, if you will, that because it was
      not recorded, it did not in fact happen, and the nebulous statement of [the
      defendant] saying “right.” And so this [c]ourt must find, and does so find,
      that based upon the credibility of the officers testifying in this case, that
      they did in fact advise this defendant of his constitutional rights as is
      required by Miranda.

             The second point to be addressed is whether or not the defendant
      requested an attorney. Obviously when a defendant requests an attorney,
      the questioning has to immediately stop. There are some exceptions where
      a defendant may reinstitute discussions but that is not relevant for our
      discussion. The [c]ourt finds, and must find, that there is nothing in this
      record which indicates that this defendant gave an unequivocal indication
      that he wanted an attorney, and in fact the [c]ourt is satisfied, based on his
      statements and the total circumstances of the interrogation, that he in fact
                                          - 15 -
       did not want them to either quit talking to him or to make sure that he had
       an attorney appointed to him. So for that reason, as to statement number
       one, the [c]ourt must find and does so find that the taking of the statement
       in question certainly satisfies constitutional standards.

       Upon our review of the record, we agree with the trial court’s finding that the
defendant received proper Miranda warnings, which he waived, prior to the initial
statement. When the defendant entered the interview room, Captain Hodges introduced
herself and Chief McCarter and explained to the defendant why they were speaking with
him. Both Captain Hodges and Chief McCarter testified Captain Hodges read the
defendant his Miranda rights prior to beginning or recording the interview. Captain
Hodges testified after turning on the recording device, she again confirmed with the
defendant that he understood his rights. After receiving an affirmative response from the
defendant, the interview continued. The trial court found the testimony of Captain
Hodges and Chief McCarter to be credible and nothing in the record preponderates
against this finding of fact. Accordingly, we will not disturb it on appeal. Odom, 928
S.W.2d at 23; McGee, No. E2011-01756-CCA-R3-CD, 2012 WL 4017776, at *2.

        Turning to the voluntariness of the defendant’s initial statement, we again find no
error in the trial court’s finding that the defendant made the statement voluntarily. In
reaching its decision, the trial court considered the totality of the circumstances
surrounding the initial interview by detailing the “characteristics of the [defendant] and
the details of the interrogation.” Climer, 400 S.W.3d at 568 (quoting Dickerson v. United
States, 530 U.S. 428, 434 (2000)). The trial court stated:

               Now, the [c]ourt has seen the medical records pertaining to this
       defendant’s mental capacity. No question that at least according to the
       information that I have been shown in the record that in some testing on
       some factors that he does rate below average intelligence. And at this point
       for purposes of what I’m doing, the [c]ourt has no problem in accepting
       that. The other side of it is, however, that officers do not have the
       responsibility of having mental exams done before they interrogate
       somebody unless there’s something just extremely obvious. And in this
       case, just looking at the video alone, this [c]ourt would see no reason to
       indicate that the defendant in this case didn’t know what he was doing. As
       I say, I have -- and granted, this is not to condemn or make fun or anything,
       but I mean, it is obvious to this [c]ourt that he sure knew what he was
       saying when he gave these interviews. And so I see no evidence, I see no
       evidence, that indicates that any deficiencies of this defendant had any
       impact on the statements that he gave. He was a willing confesser, if you
       will.
                                          - 16 -
         Upon our review of the record as a whole, we agree with the trial court’s
assessment of the voluntariness of the defendant’s initial statement. At the time of the
initial interview, the defendant was a high school graduate in his forties. He maintained a
successful career with Food City, working his way up to a managerial position. The
interview lasted an hour “at least, maybe more” the morning after the defendant’s arrest.
Both Captain Hodges and Chief McCarter testified the defendant received Miranda
warnings before being questioned, despite the warnings not being captured on the
recording of the interview. The trial court accredited the testimony of the officers.
Odom, 928 S.W.2d at 23; McGee, No. E2011-01756-CCA-R3-CD, 2012 WL 4017776, at
*2. Additionally, after Captain Hodges initiated the recording, she confirmed the
defendant understood his Miranda rights and received an affirmative answer from the
defendant before continuing the interview. No evidence of injury, intoxication, or ill
health as to the defendant exists in the record. There is also no evidence the defendant
was deprived of food, sleep, or medical attention, or that he was threatened with abuse
prior to or during the interview. Accordingly, the circumstances surrounding the
defendant’s initial interview support the trial court’s finding that the defendant made a
voluntary statement during his initial interview with Sevier County officers.

        Furthermore, the record also supports the trial court’s finding that the defendant’s
initial statement was made absent police coercion. The defendant argues the “officers
used psychological coercion that overbore” his will. Specifically, the defendant cites
Chief McCarter’s statement wherein he alludes the defendant might avoid the death
penalty and “fry[ing] in the electric chair” if he told the truth. However, upon our
review, the record indicates the defendant was cooperative during the initial interview
and he understood his rights prior to making a statement. The trial court analyzed the
facts surrounding the defendant’s initial confession in the context of Chief McCarter’s
death penalty statements, as follows:

               Now, let me say this -- of the Fifth Amendment. Let me say this.
       The requirements, generally, of the exclusionary rule, are to keep -- is to
       punish, properly so in the [c]ourt’s opinion, any misconduct on behalf of
       law enforcement. That’s why it was developed and has been stated and
       restated since the sixties. And in this case -- and certainly Tennessee does
       not recognize a good faith exception, so we’re not on that point -- but as
       one of the factors a court should consider in determining the admissibility
       of a statement is, you know, what were the officers trying to do. What were
       they trying to do. Again, not to excuse misconduct, but to try to glean from
       in fact were they trying to avoid complying with Miranda. This [c]ourt
       finds that there is no evidence of that. As I said, I will be real candid with
       you, as we all know, that anytime the death penalty is mentioned, it does
                                           - 17 -
       raise the attention of every court, and our supreme courts of the nation and
       the state have cautioned us about that. But the [c]ourt does not think that
       any statement about the death penalty impacted this defendant’s willingness
       to cooperate nor did it override any effort by him to keep from talking.

        Again, we agree with the trial court’s finding that Chief McCarter’s statements
were not coercive. The record shows Chief McCarter discussed the death penalty as a
possible outcome for the defendant during the initial minutes of the interview. At the
time, the defendant denied involvement in and knowledge of Ms. Beverly’s death. After
the statements were made, the defendant began to discuss the marital issues he and Ms.
Beverly faced at the time of the shooting. Specifically, the defendant discussed a “verbal
altercation” he had with Ms. Beverly on August 8, 2014. He explained after the
altercation, he left the marital home and began staying in hotels near the Food City in
Alcoa, Tennessee. During this time, he also purchased an engagement ring for a
girlfriend who lived in Maryville, Tennessee. Additionally, the defendant detailed how
the couple struggled with infidelity in the last five years of marriage. After discussing the
above issues, the defendant said, “I’ve got to get this off my chest,” before describing the
events that led to the shooting and ultimately confessing to Ms. Beverly’s murder.
Accordingly, nothing in the record indicates Chief McCarter’s statements compelled the
defendant’s confession. See Sanders, No. W2014-01513-CCA-R3-CD, 2015 WL
9433473, at *8. Rather, after Chief McCarter’s statements, the defendant talked in detail
about his marital problems before confessing to shooting Ms. Beverly. Though Chief
McCarter indicated he made the comments about the death penalty in order to elicit a
response from the defendant, there is no evidence Chief McCarter extended a specific
promise of leniency to the defendant in exchange for a confession. Therefore, Chief
McCarter’s statements about the death penalty, when examined in the context of the
entire interview, were not such to “overbear [the defendant’s] will to resist” confessing to
Ms. Beverly’s murder. Id. While we do not condone the language used by Chief
McCarter during the initial interview with the defendant, nothing in the record
preponderates against the trial court’s finding of fact that the defendant’s confession was
voluntarily given free from police coercion. Odom, 928 S.W.2d at 23; McGee, No.
E2011-01756-CCA-R3-CD, 2012 WL 4017776, at *2. Accordingly, relying upon the
record and the defendant’s confession itself, we agree with the trial court’s assessment of
the voluntariness of the defendant’s statement. The defendant is not entitled to relief as
to this issue.

        Looking next to the defendant’s statement to the media and his third statement on
September 26, 2014, the trial court again found both statements not subject to
suppression. The trial court found the media statement occurred absent state action and
the third statement was accompanied by a signed Miranda waiver of the defendant. The
trial court explained:
                                           - 18 -
               As to the second one, the interview by the news media, as I say, the
       [c]ourt -- they asked open-ended questions. They did not lead him down
       the primrose path of anything. They asked him open-ended questions and
       he answered. You know, part of it, at least according to his statements,
       would be trying to lessen his awareness of what was going on, and that will
       be an issue I’m assuming for the jury to determine. The testimony is
       uncontradicted in this record as to what the officers from Kentucky said.
       While I would admit, I would admit, that it is somewhat strange -- or let me
       say this. We don’t see many cases where the defendants give interviews.
       However, I have had two in my career, much to my chagrin, and both of
       them went to the penitentiary because I was unable to exclude their
       statements. But there is no evidence that the law enforcement in either state
       did anything wrong in this case. The defendant was asked, apparently it
       was passed through the officers to the defendant, if he would be willing to
       talk to [the media], and apparently and obviously he was. But all of the
       five officers who testified here, there was nothing that indicated -- no
       testimony that they asked him to speak to the media. And in fact, as I said,
       Detective Hodges and Detective McCarter both told him that he did not
       have to do that and in fact indicated that it would not be in his best interest.
       So they did everything they should have done in that situation. And then
       the third statement was given, and the defendant was Mirandized on that.

        Again, we agree with the trial court’s assessment of the admissibility of the
defendant’s final two statements. As to the media statement, nothing in the record
indicates the media request occurred as a result of state action. Rather, officers passed on
the media request for an interview, and the defendant agreed to the same. For a
confession to be deemed involuntary, “it must be the product of coercive state action.”
State v. Downey, 259 S.W.3d 723, 733 (Tenn. 2008) (internal citations omitted). Not
only was the media confession not the result of state action, but both Chief McCarter and
Chief Moore advised the defendant he did not have to give a statement to the media and
in fact, should not do so. Finally, the defendant executed a Miranda waiver prior to the
September 26, 2014 statement and nothing in the record indicates the waiver was
obtained improperly. Accordingly, the trial court properly denied the defendant’s motion
to suppress as it relates to the defendant’s statements to the media and on September 26,
2014.

       In ruling on the defendant’s suppression motion, the trial court stated “that each
and every statement was given in compliance with the requirements of the Fifth
Amendment and that there is no constitutional basis to exclude either of the three, and,
therefore, the motion to suppress each and every one of the statements is hereby
                                            - 19 -
respectfully overruled.” Nothing in the record preponderates against the trial court’s
assessment that all three statements were given voluntarily and passed constitutional
muster. The defendant is not entitled to relief.

    II.       Sufficiency of the Evidence

       The defendant next challenges the sufficiency of the evidence as to his first-
degree, premeditated, felony, and attempted murder convictions, arguing generally that
the State failed to prove the appropriate mental state for the convicted offenses.2 Upon
our review of the record, however, we disagree.

        When the sufficiency of the evidence is challenged, the relevant question of the
reviewing court is “whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the
prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime
beyond a reasonable doubt.” Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979); see also
Tenn. R. App. P. 13(e) (“Findings of guilt in criminal actions whether by the trial court or
jury shall be set aside if the evidence is insufficient to support the findings by the trier of
fact of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.”); State v. Evans, 838 S.W.2d 185, 190-92
(Tenn. 1992); State v. Anderson, 835 S.W.2d 600, 604 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1992). All
questions involving the credibility of witnesses, the weight and value to be given the
evidence, and all factual issues are resolved by the trier of fact. See State v. Pappas, 754
S.W.2d 620, 623 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1987). “A guilty verdict by the jury, approved by
the trial judge, accredits the testimony of the witnesses for the State and resolves all
conflicts in favor of the theory of the State.” State v. Grace, 493 S.W.2d 474, 476 (Tenn.
1973). Our Supreme Court has stated the rationale for this rule:

                 This well-settled rule rests on a sound foundation. The trial judge
          and the jury see the witnesses face to face, hear their testimony and observe
          their demeanor on the stand. Thus the trial judge and jury are the primary
          instrumentality of justice to determine the weight and credibility to be
          given to the testimony of witnesses. In the trial forum alone is there human
          atmosphere and the totality of the evidence cannot be reproduced with a
          written record in this Court.

Bolin v. State, 405 S.W.2d 768, 771 (Tenn. 1966) (citing Carroll v. State, 370 S.W.2d
523 (Tenn. 1963)). “A jury conviction removes the presumption of innocence with
which a defendant is initially cloaked and replaces it with one of guilt, so that on appeal a


          2
         The defendant does not contest the sufficiency of the evidence as it relates to his possession of a
firearm conviction. As such, it is not addressed in this appeal.
                                                  - 20 -
convicted defendant has the burden of demonstrating that the evidence is insufficient.”
State v. Tuggle, 639 S.W.2d 913, 914 (Tenn. 1982).

   A. First-Degree, Premeditated Murder of Ms. Beverly and Attempted First-Degree
      Murder of Mr. Dial

       In the instant case, the jury convicted the defendant of the first-degree,
premeditated murder of Ms. Beverly and the first-degree, attempted murder of Mr. Dial.
First-degree murder is “a premeditated and intentional killing of another.” Tenn. Code
Ann. § 39-13-202(a)(1). In this context, premeditation is “an act done after the exercise
of reflection and judgment.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-202(d). Tennessee Code
Annotated section 39-13-202(d) further states:

               “Premeditation” means that the intent to kill must have been formed
       prior to the act itself. It is not necessary that the purpose to kill preexist in
       the mind of the accused for any definite period of time. The mental state of
       the accused at the time the accused allegedly decided to kill must be
       carefully considered in order to determine whether the accused was
       sufficiently free from excitement and passion as to be capable of
       premeditation.

Id. “The element of premeditation is a question for the jury which may be established by
proof of the circumstances surrounding the killing.” State v. Young, 196 S.W.3d 85, 108
(Tenn. 2006) (citing State v. Bland, 958 S.W.2d 651, 660 (Tenn. 1997)). The Tennessee
Supreme Court has identified certain factors which tend to support a finding of
premeditation, including: “the use of a deadly weapon upon an unarmed victim; the
particular cruelty of the killing; declarations by the defendant of an intent to kill;
evidence of procurement of a weapon; preparations before the killing for concealment of
the crime, and calmness immediately after the killing.” Bland, 958 S.W.2d at 660 (citing
State v. Brown, 836 S.W.2d 530, 541-42 (Tenn. 1992); State v. West, 844 S.W.2d 144,
148 (Tenn. 1992)). Bland does not include an exhaustive list of factors for consideration
when finding premeditation. State v. Adams, 405 S.W.3d 641, 663 (Tenn. 2013). A
conclusion the killing was premeditated may also be supported by the nature of the
killing or evidence establishing a motive. Id. Likewise, lack of provocation by the
victim, failure to render aid, and destruction or secretion of evidence may also support an
inference of premeditation. State v. Larkin, 443 S.W.3d 751, 815-16 (Tenn. Crim. App.
2013) (internal citations omitted).

        In attacking the sufficiency of the evidence as to his first-degree, premeditated and
first-degree, attempted murder convictions, the defendant argues “the [S]tate failed to
prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the [d]efendant killed [Ms. Beverly] at a time when
                                            - 21 -
his mental state was [] significantly free from excitement or passion to be capable of
premeditation.” In support of this argument, the defendant claims Ms. Beverly’s “death
was the result of raw emotion fueled by an extra marital affair coupled with the
[defendant] witnessing sexual intercourse with another man in the marital home.” The
record, however, does not support the defendant’s argument.

        Rather, the evidence, supported by three confessions from the defendant, shows
that on September 24, 2014, the defendant drove to his home in Sevier County and
parked in an area beside the house where he knew Ms. Beverly would not be able to see
his car. The defendant was armed with a gun he borrowed from his co-worker, Mr.
Moffett, three weeks prior to the shooting. The defendant then stored the gun in his car
prior to the shooting. After parking outside of his home, the defendant waited in his car
for approximately one hour, listening to Ms. Beverly and Mr. Dial carry out their
morning routine. The defendant admitted he knew Ms. Beverly’s routine, specifically
when she would come outside to take out the garbage. When Ms. Beverly came outside,
the defendant got out of his car armed with a gun, grabbed Ms. Beverly, and pointed the
gun to her head. Mr. Dial ran outside. As the defendant held the gun to Ms. Beverly’s
head, he threatened to shoot both Ms. Beverly and Mr. Dial. The defendant then shot Ms.
Beverly in the head, and Mr. Dial ran for help. The defendant “tossed” the gun and fled
the scene. In the hours after the murder, the defendant went to a friend’s house and then
out to dinner.

       Looking specifically to the premeditation factors outlined by our Supreme Court,
the record establishes the defendant parked outside of the home where he knew Ms.
Beverly and Mr. Dial to be in an area where they could not see him. As he waited
outside of the home for over an hour, the defendant listened to Ms. Beverly and Mr. Dial
talk on the porch and go about their morning routine. The defendant knew Ms. Beverly’s
specific routine, including when she fed the pets and took out the garbage. When Ms.
Beverly came outside to take out the trash, the defendant attacked Ms. Beverly, who was
unarmed. When Mr. Dial came outside and asked what he was doing, the defendant
stated he intended to kill Ms. Beverly and Mr. Dial. At the time of the threats, the
defendant had Ms. Beverly restrained and was pointing a gun to her head. Furthermore,
the defendant admittedly obtained the murder weapon three weeks prior to the shooting.
After the shooting, the defendant went to a friend’s house and then out to dinner. See
Bland, 958 S.W.2d at 660. Accordingly, the record is sufficient to establish the
defendant committed the premeditated murder of Ms. Beverly.

       Though the defendant reported he was upset by the relationship between Ms.
Beverly and Mr. Dial, the record does not support a finding that he committed the murder
in the heat of passion. Rather, the evidence shows the defendant planned and executed
the murder of Ms. Beverly after obtaining a gun weeks in advance, lying in wait,
                                         - 22 -
undetected outside of the home, and attacking Ms. Beverly in a moment the defendant
knew she would be outside, unarmed, and alone. As such, the defendant’s heat of
passion argument fails as the record supports the jury’s finding of premeditation in that
he planned and executed the murder of Ms. Beverly free from “raw emotion fueled by an
extra marital affair.” The defendant is not entitled to relief as to this issue.

        The defendant also attacks the sufficiency of the evidence as it relates to his
conviction for the attempted first-degree murder of Mr. Dial. As relevant in this case, a
person commits criminal attempt who, acting with the kind of culpability otherwise
required for the offense, “[a]cts with intent to complete a course of action or cause a
result that would constitute the offense, under the circumstances surrounding the conduct
as the person believes them to be, and the conduct constitutes a substantial step toward
the commission of the offense.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-12-101(a)(3); see State v.
Dickson, 413 S.W.3d 735, 745 (Tenn. 2013). “Conduct does not constitute a substantial
step . . . unless the person’s entire course of action is corroborative of the intent to
commit the offense.” Id. § 39-12-101(b). As noted supra, first degree murder is the
premeditated and intentional killing of another person. Id. § 39-13-202(a)(1).
Premeditation is defined as “an act done after the exercise of reflection and judgment.”
Id. § 39-13-202(d). In assessing attempts, our Supreme Court has stated:

              [W]hen an actor possesses materials to be used in the commission of
       a crime, at or near the scene of the crime, and where the possession of those
       materials can serve no lawful purpose of the actor under the circumstances,
       the jury is entitled, but not required, to find that the actor has taken a
       “substantial step” toward the commission of the crime if such action is
       strongly corroborative of the actor’s overall criminal purpose.

State v. Reeves, 916 S.W.2d 909, 914 (Tenn. 1996).

        Here, the record contains sufficient proof that the defendant took a substantial step
toward killing Mr. Dial on September 24, 2014. Id. Not only did the defendant confess
that his intent on September 24, 2014 was to shoot Mr. Dial, but also he initiated a plan to
make his intentions a reality. In his attempt to kill Mr. Dial, the defendant waited outside
of his marital home as Mr. Dial and Ms. Beverly carried out their morning routine. The
defendant concealed his presence by parking in an area where he knew Ms. Beverly and
Mr. Dial would not be able to see him from inside the home. In his car, the defendant
had a loaded and ready-to-use gun that he obtained weeks in advance of the shooting.
When Ms. Beverly exited the house, the defendant grabbed her so that she could not
escape. Ms. Beverly screamed, and Mr. Dial came outside to find the defendant pointing
a gun at her. The defendant threatened to shoot both Ms. Beverly and Mr. Dial, and in
fact, did shoot Ms. Beverly in the head. After his arrest, the defendant admitted in his
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statements to Sevier County officers that he intended to shoot Mr. Dial when he went to
the home on September 24, 2014. The defendant also confessed his intent to shoot Mr.
Dial to the news media in the statement he made on September 25, 2014. As such, the
record makes clear the defendant attempted to kill Mr. Dial in that his course of action on
September 24, 2014 constituted a substantial step toward the commission of the murder.
The defendant waited with a loaded gun outside of the home where he knew Mr. Dial to
be and then threatened to shoot Mr. Dial while holding a gun to Ms. Beverly’s head. The
defendant is not entitled to relief as to this issue.

   B. First-Degree, Felony Murder of Ms. Beverly

        Finally, the jury convicted the defendant of the first-degree, felony murder of Ms.
Beverly committed during the first-degree, attempted murder of Mr. Dial. First-degree,
felony murder is “[a] killing of another committed in the perpetration of or attempt to
perpetrate any first degree murder.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-202(a)(2). “The plain
meaning of the felony murder statute is that a killing in the course of an attempted first
degree murder is first degree felony murder.” Millen v. State, 988 S.W.2d 164, 167
(Tenn. 1999). First degree murder “remains, in a class by itself, [as] an offense classified
even higher than a Class A felony.” Coleman v. Morrow, No. E2010-02299-CCA-R3-
HC, 2011 WL 3667724, at *2 (Tenn. Crim. App. Aug. 22, 2011). In analyzing our
legislature’s definition of intentional acts as it relates to first-degree murder, our Supreme
Court explained:

                The legislature has broadly defined an “intentional” act as: “a
       person who acts intentionally with respect to the nature of the conduct or to
       a result of the conduct when it is the person’s conscious objective or
       desire to engage in the conduct or cause the result.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-
       11-302(a) (1991). A plain reading of this statute as applied to first degree
       murder indicates that a defendant’s conscious objective need not be to kill a
       specific victim. Rather, the statute simply requires proof that the
       defendant’s conscious objective was to kill a person, i.e., “cause the result.”
       In short, if the evidence demonstrates that the defendant intended to “cause
       the result,” the death of a person, and that he did so with premeditation and
       deliberation, then the killing of another, even if not the intended victim
       (i.e., intended result), is first degree murder.

Millen, 988 S.W.2d at 168.

       In the present case, the evidence is sufficient to support the elements of first-
degree, felony murder. The defendant’s course of action on September 24, 2014 --
obtaining a gun in advance of the shooting, lying in wait, undetected outside of the home,
                                            - 24 -
attacking Ms. Beverly by grabbing her and pointing a gun to her head, threatening to
shoot both Ms. Beverly and Mr. Dial, shooting Ms. Beverly, and then fleeing the scene as
Mr. Dial ran for help -- established his conscious objective was to kill Ms. Beverly and
Mr. Dial. The defendant admitted to Sevier County officers and the news media he
intended to kill Mr. Dial on September 24, 2014. As such, the State established the
defendant committed the first-degree, attempted murder of Mr. Dial with sufficient
evidence and, in doing so, also provided sufficient evidence to sustain the conviction of
the first-degree, felony murder of Ms. Beverly as the defendant’s actions on September
24, 2014 resulted in her death. Id. at 167-68. The defendant is not entitled to relief as to
this issue.

                                     CONCLUSION

        Based on the foregoing authorities and reasoning, we affirm the judgments of the
trial court.



                                             ____________________________________
                                             J. ROSS DYER, JUDGE




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