                                 NO. 12-09-00104-CR

                       IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

          TWELFTH COURT OF APPEALS DISTRICT

                                     TYLER, TEXAS

                                                 §            APPEAL FROM THE
EX PARTE:
                                                 §            COUNTY COURT AT LAW
BENNIE EARL ROBERT
                                                 §            HENDERSON COUNTY, TEXAS


                                  MEMORANDUM OPINION
       Bennie Earl Robert appeals from a trial court order denying relief on his application for writ
of habeas corpus. Proceeding pro se, Appellant argues in three issues that his conviction for assault
should be set aside because the trial court lacked jurisdiction and because there is no evidence to
support his conviction. We affirm.


                                          BACKGROUND
       Appellant pleaded no contest to a charge of assault with the agreement that the State would
recommend that he be sentenced to seventy-five days in jail. The trial court accepted his plea, found
him guilty, and followed the State’s sentencing recommendation. Several months later, Appellant
filed a writ of habeas corpus challenging his conviction. In his writ, Appellant argued that his
conviction should be overturned because he was never arraigned, arrested, or fingerprinted for this
offense. The trial court held a hearing and denied relief. This appeal followed.


                                      STANDARD OF REVIEW
       Appeals from the denial of relief sought in misdemeanor postconviction writs of habeas
corpus are properly directed to the courts of appeals. See Ex parte Jordan, 659 S.W.2d 827, 828
(Tex. Crim. App. 1983); Dahesh v. State, 51 S.W.3d 300, 302 (Tex. App.–Houston [14th Dist.]
2000, pet. ref’d); see also TEX . R. APP . P. 31 (governing appeals from habeas corpus proceedings).
       When reviewing a trial court’s decision to grant or deny relief on a writ of habeas corpus, we
afford almost total deference to a trial court’s factual findings, especially when those findings are
based upon credibility and demeanor. Ex parte White, 160 S.W.3d 46, 50 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004).
We afford the same amount of deference to the trial court’s rulings on “applications of law to fact
questions” if the resolution of those ultimate questions turns on an evaluation of credibility and
demeanor. See Ex parte Martin, 6 S.W.3d 524, 526 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999). We review wholly
legal conclusions de novo. See Ex parte Peterson, 117 S.W.3d 804, 819 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003),
overruled in part on other grounds, Ex parte Lewis, 219 S.W.3d 335, 371 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007);
Guzman v. State, 955 S.W.2d 85, 89 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997).


                                           JURISDICTION
       In his first and second issues, Appellant argues that his conviction is void because he was
“never arrested, arraigned or immediately accused and taken in front of a magistrate and arraigned
for bond and charged with the offense of Assault Bodily Injury Family Violence.”
       This case began when the police were called after Appellant assaulted his former girlfriend
on or about September 3, 2007. Appellant had left the scene, and the police conducted an
investigation. An investigator swore out a complaint on October 5, 2007, and the county attorney
filed an information charging Appellant with assaulting a family member. It is not clear when or if
Appellant was formally arrested on this charge. From his brief and pleadings, it appears that
Appellant was in jail on another charge when he was informed of this charge.
       The central thrust of Appellant’s argument is that the trial court did not have jurisdiction
because he had not been formally arrested or arraigned. However, all that is required to vest
jurisdiction in a trial court in a criminal case is the filing of an accusatory instrument, either an
indictment or an information. See TEX . CONST . art. V, § 12(b); see also TEX . CODE CRIM . PROC.
ANN . art. 21.20 (Vernon 2009) (defining an information as “a written statement filed and presented
in behalf of the State by the district or county attorney, charging the defendant with an offense which


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may by law be so prosecuted[]”); Teal v. State, 230 S.W.3d 172, 176 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007).
Misdemeanor prosecutions may be commenced in the county court by information filed by the
county attorney. TEX . CONST . art. V, § 17. Some defects in the charging instrument can be serious
enough to deprive a trial court of jurisdiction. See Duron v. State, 956 S.W.2d 547, 550-51 (Tex.
Crim. App. 1997).
        The information filed in this case alleges an offense, and Appellant does not argue that it is
insufficient or defective. Therefore, because the proper accusatory instrument had been filed, the
trial court had jurisdiction of this case when it heard Appellant’s plea. Turning to Appellant’s
specific arguments, it does appear that Appellant was not formally arraigned. This is so because
Appellant formally waived arraignment by way of a written document signed by him and his
attorney. See TEX . CODE CRIM . PROC. ANN . art. 26.011 (Vernon 2009).
        Appellant has cited no authority to support his contention that a person must be arrested
before he can be convicted. However, Appellant admits that he was in custody when he pleaded no
contest, and an arrest is nothing more than a seizure of a person. See TEX . CODE CRIM . PROC. ANN .
art. 15.22; California v. Hodari D., 499 U.S. 621, 627, 111 S. Ct. 1547, 1551, 113 L. Ed. 2d 690
(1991); see also Ragan v. State, 642 S.W.2d 489, 491, n.4 (Tex. Crim. App. 1982) (“It is doubtful
that Texas law recognizes such a thing as being placed under formal arrest.”). Therefore, though we
doubt it is required, Appellant was under “arrest” when he was taken before the trial court for his
plea.
        Finally, the requirement imposed by articles 14.06, 15.16, and 15.17 of the code of criminal
procedure that an arrested person be taken before a magistrate after being arrested is not a
prerequisite to a trial court’s later having jurisdiction of the case. Instead, its purpose is to ensure
that an accused person is promptly and fully informed of the accusation against him and to comply
with the Fourth Amendment requirement that a probable cause determination be made for
warrantless arrests. See Sorto v. State, 173 S.W.3d 469, 486 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005). The failure
to take a person promptly before a magistrate may result in the exclusion of a confession that is
causally connected to that failure, see Boyd v. State, 811 S.W.2d 105, 125 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991),
but it has no impact on a trial court’s jurisdiction.
        The trial court properly rejected Appellant’s jurisdictional arguments. The trial court’s


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jurisdiction depended on whether the appropriate accusatory instrument had been filed, not on
whether Appellant was arrested, fingerprinted, or taken before a magistrate. The appropriate
instrument had been filed, and so the trial court had jurisdiction. We overrule Appellant’s first and
second issues.


                                         SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE
         In his third issue, Appellant argues that there is no evidence to support his conviction. This
is contradicted by the record. The judgment reflects that Appellant agreed to stipulate to evidence.
The record contains State’s exhibit 1, which is an offense report. The offense report provides a
factual basis to support Appellant’s plea. Even so, a trial court may find a person guilty in a
misdemeanor proceeding upon his plea of guilty or no contest without evidence at all. See TEX .
CODE CRIM . PROC. ANN . art. 27.14 (Vernon 2006) (“A plea of ‘guilty’ or a plea of ‘nolo contendere’
in a misdemeanor case may be made either by the defendant or his counsel in open court; in such
case, the defendant or his counsel may waive a jury, and the punishment may be assessed by the
court either upon or without evidence, at the discretion of the court.”). Appellant acknowledged in
his written plea agreement that he understood this.1
         Therefore, the trial court properly denied relief. Either the stipulated evidence or Appellant’s
plea of no contest was sufficient to provide a factual basis to support the conviction. We overrule
Appellant’s third issue.


                                                      DISPOSITION
         Having overruled Appellant’s three issues, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.
                                                                             SAM GRIFFITH
                                                                                     Justice
Opinion delivered August 19, 2009.
Panel consisted of Worthen, C.J., Griffith, J., and Hoyle, J.


                                                (DO NOT PUBLISH)


         1
           At the hearing on his writ application, Appellant testified that he agreed with “the plea a hundred percent,”
and that he did not “have a problem with the plea bargain.”

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