                         COURT OF APPEALS
                          SECOND DISTRICT OF TEXAS
                               FORT WORTH

                              NO. 02-10-00302-CR


EUGENE NIMELY JOHNSON                                                APPELLANT

                                        V.

THE STATE OF TEXAS                                                         STATE


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      FROM CRIMINAL DISTRICT COURT NO. 2 OF TARRANT COUNTY

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                         MEMORANDUM OPINION1
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      Appellant Eugene Nimely Johnson made an open plea of guilty to the

offense of aggravated robbery, seeking community supervision.            The jury

assessed his punishment at seven years’ confinement, and this appeal followed.

Now, in two issues, he complains that the trial court erred by failing to give “the

section 26.13 warnings,” and that his sentence constitutes an abuse of

discretion. We reverse and remand.


      1
       See Tex. R. App. P. 47.4.
      In his first issue, Appellant argues that the trial court erred by failing to give

the admonishments required by article 26.13(a)(1)–(5) of the Texas Code of

Criminal Procedure before accepting his guilty plea, affecting his substantial

rights under rule of appellate procedure 44.2(b).2 Specifically, he complains that

the trial court failed to admonish him of the deportation consequences of

pleading guilty if Appellant was not a citizen of the United States. See Tex. Code

Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 26.13(a)(4). The State concedes that the trial court erred by

failing to admonish Appellant as required by article 26.13(a)(4).

      There is no burden on either party to prove harm or harmlessness resulting

from the error, but when the record is either silent on citizenship or insufficient to

determine citizenship, the trial court’s failure to admonish a defendant on the

immigration consequences of a guilty plea establishes harm under the standard

of rule 44.2(b). VanNortrick v. State, 227 S.W.3d 706, 709, 714 (Tex. Crim. App.

2007).

      In the instant case, there is no direct evidence of Appellant’s citizenship

status.   Appellant contends that the testimony of Leon Deemi, Appellant’s

maternal uncle, cast doubt about whether Appellant was a citizen. Leon testified


      2
       Article 26.13(a) contains admonishments of (1) the range of punishment,
(2) the fact that an agreed plea bargain is not binding on the trial court, (3) that
permission of the trial court is required to appeal in an agreed plea bargain
scenario, (4) the consequences of a guilty or nolo contendere plea on a
defendant’s citizenship status, and (5) the sex offender registration requirement
when applicable. See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 26.13(a)(1)–(5) (West
Supp. 2010).


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that he came to this country in 1988, when Appellant was two months old; at that

time Appellant was living with his mother. Appellant’s mother, Esther Deemi,

testified that, at the time of trial, she had been a United States Postal Service

employee for thirteen years, and prior to that, had served ten years in the United

States military.

      At the time of trial, Appellant was twenty-one years old, so at the time of

his birth, his mother was in the United States military.         However, under

10 U.S.C.A. § 504(b)(1), a person may be enlisted in any armed force if the

person is a “national of the United States” or “an alien lawfully admitted for

permanent residence.”3 10 U.S.C.A. § 504(b)(1)(A)–(B) (West 2010). A “national

of the United States” under the immigration code means either a U.S. citizen or

“a person who, though not a citizen of the United States, owes permanent

allegiance to the United States.”      8 U.S.C.A. § 1101(a)(22) (West 2005)

(emphasis added). And just being lawfully admitted for permanent residence or

being a “national of the United States” does not make one a citizen. See id.

§ 1101(a)(20), (22); see also id. §§ 1422–27 (West 2005) (setting out eligibility

and requirements for naturalization). From Appellant’s mother’s presence in the

military when Appellant was born, we can only conclude that she could have

been a citizen, a national who was not a citizen, or an alien lawfully admitted for

      3
       There are additional options for persons subject to the Compact of Free
Association between the United States and the Federated States of Micronesia,
the Republic of the Marshall Islands, or Palau. 10 U.S.C.A § 504(b)(1)(C) (West
2010).


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permanent residence. No one testified about where Appellant was born, and

nothing in the record shows that he was born on U.S. soil, which would make him

a citizen. See id. § 1401 (West 2005) (setting out different ways to be born a

U.S. citizen). Finally, no one at trial testified about whether Appellant’s mother

was a U.S. citizen or subsequently became one, and when. See id. § 1431

(West 2005) (setting out elements for a child’s automatic derivative naturalization

when a parent becomes naturalized). That is, the record tells us nothing about

Appellant’s citizenship status. Because the record is insufficient to determine

Appellant’s citizenship status, the trial court’s failure to admonish him on the

immigration consequences of a guilty plea establishes harm under the standard

of rule 44.2(b). See VanNortrick, 227 S.W.3d at 714. Therefore, we sustain

Appellant’s first issue.4

      Having sustained Appellant’s first issue, we reverse the trial court’s

judgment and remand this case to the trial court for a new trial.


                                                    PER CURIAM

PANEL:    CHARLES F. CAMPBELL (Senior Judge, Retired, Sitting By
Assignment); LIVINGSTON, C.J.; and GABRIEL, J.

DO NOT PUBLISH
Tex. R. App. P. 47.2(b)

DELIVERED: August 18, 2011


      4
       Based on our resolution here, we do not reach his second issue. See
Tex. R. App. P. 47.1.


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