                                 NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
                                APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
        This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court ." Although it is posted on the
     internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited . R. 1:36-3.




                                                         SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
                                                         APPELLATE DIVISION
                                                         DOCKET NO. A-1340-17T3

HERB PETERMANN,
DORIS PETERMANN,
and TOM PETERMANN,

          Plaintiffs-Respondents,

v.

MARIA G. DUARTE, a/k/a
MARIA DUARTE,

          Defendant,

and

ARMANDO S. DUARTE,
a/k/a ARMANDO DUARTE,

     Defendant-Appellant.
_____________________________

                   Submitted January 8, 2019 – Decided April 8, 2019

                   Before Judges Fisher and Suter.

                   On appeal from Superior Court of New Jersey,
                   Chancery Division, Bergen County, Docket No. C-
                   000185-16.
            Armando S. Duarte, appellant pro se.

            LoFaro & Reiser, LLP, attorneys for respondents
            (Glenn R. Reiser, on the brief).

PER CURIAM

      Defendant Armando S. Duarte appeals a judgment in favor of plaintiffs

Herb and Doris Petermann 1 that determined them to be the owners of two vintage

automobiles. The judgment required defendant to endorse the titles of the two

vehicles and tender them to Herb and Doris. Separately, Doris was required to

pay $6500 to defendant through her attorney. Although defendant appeals the

judgment, he endorsed the titles and accepted the $6500 payment from Doris.

      The only issue raised by defendant in this appeal is his claim that the trial

court erred as a matter of law by dismissing his counterclaim for replevin as

untimely asserted. We agree the counterclaim was correctly dismissed, and

affirm the court's order.

                                      I

      Herb and Doris knew defendant through their son, plaintiff Thomas

Petermann, who had known defendant since high school. Herb owned a 1978



1
  We refer to the Petermanns by their first names to avoid confusion because
they share the same surname. Later we refer to defendant's mother, Maria
Duarte, by her first name for the same reason.
                                                                           A-1340-17T3
                                          2
Corvette; Doris owned a 1968 Camaro. Herb and Doris individually held title

to these vehicles and stored them in a garage in Pennsylvania.

      In 1998, Thomas asked defendant for a loan to invest in a music artist he

was promoting. Herb also was involved with the music venture. Herb and Doris

agreed to pledge the two vintage automobiles as collateral to secure two loans

that totaled $12,000. In March 1998, Herb and Thomas signed a $6000 note and

security agreement, prepared by defendant's attorney, in which they promised to

repay $6000 with interest of $500. The note did not have a maturity date; it did

not list the lender; it was not signed by defendant; and it was never recorded as

a lien. The 1978 Corvette was listed in the note as security for the loan.

      The note provided that Herb could keep possession of the Corvette unless

there was a default. In the event of default, notice of the intended disposition of

the collateral was to be mailed to Herb at least ten days in advance.

      Herb signed the car's title. Pursuant to the note, it was to be held in escrow

by defendant's attorney. A separate escrow agreement was prepared but never

completed. It had no signature page and did not list the lender. Herb never

received a fully executed copy of the note or escrow agreement.

      None of the parties disputed that Doris was supposed to receive a similar

note, security agreement and escrow agreement where she would pledge her


                                                                             A-1340-17T3
                                         3
1968 Camaro as security for a loan in the same amount with all the same terms.

She testified that she signed the title to the Camaro so it could be held in escrow

as security for the loan; she did not intend to sell the car. However, Doris

testified she did not receive the loan documents and they were not produced

during the trial.2

      Just four days later, defendant claimed that his mother, Maria Duarte,

loaned Thomas $85,000. Contrary to the formality of the first note, this note

was handwritten by Thomas on a single piece of paper. Thomas was the only

signatory. Maria did not sign it even though her name and address appeared on

the document. Under the terms of this note, Thomas agreed to "pay back a loan

of $85,000.00 cash to Maria G. Duarte in [thirty] days." The note was not

recorded; Herb and Doris were not signatories.

      Thomas testified that he asked defendant to borrow $8500 not $85,000.

He claimed that additional zeros were added to make it appear the loan was for

a larger sum. Thomas testified that when he signed the document, it had nothing



2
   Defendant's post-trial motion for reconsideration alleged that he discovered
the original note and security agreement for the Camaro after the trial and that
it was for $5000 plus interest of $500 for a total of $5500. The court denied
reconsideration because these documents could have been produced earlier and
by this time, defendant already had signed over the titles to Herb and Doris and
received payment of $6500.
                                                                           A-1340-17T3
                                        4
to do with the vintage automobiles. The additional language on the agreement,

"1978 Corvette 25th Silver Anniversary Pace Car" and "1968 Camaro RS+SS ,"

was not his handwriting.

       Herb and Doris never relinquished possession of the vintage automobiles.

Unknown to them, however, the titles to those vehicles were not escrowed with

defendant's attorney; defendant kept them. In 2000, without any notice to Herb

or Doris, defendant transferred both titles to Maria, who then registered them

with the Motor Vehicle Commission in her name.

       For the next few years, defendant and Maria attempted to enforce the

debts. In 2001, defendant unsuccessfully made a demand for possession of the

automobiles in connection with Herb's Chapter Seven bankruptcy, where Herb

had listed the 1978 Corvette as his property and identified defendant as a secured

creditor. In 2002, defendant filed a report with the police where he alleged Herb

and Doris sold the vehicles to him for $80,000 but would not give him

possession. This is how Herb and Doris learned the titles were not being held

in escrow but had been transferred to Maria. In 2004, the bankruptcy court

dismissed a claim by Maria in Herb's bankruptcy proceeding to obtain

possession of the vehicles. She claimed she had paid for them in exchange for

the titles.


                                                                          A-1340-17T3
                                        5
        In 2006, defendant filed a verified complaint in the Chancery Division

against Herb and Doris (but not Thomas) for replevin, alleging they were in

default of an $85,000 debt and that defendant was the titled owner of the

vehicles.    That case was dismissed without prejudice in 2007 because

defendant's Chapter Eleven bankruptcy filing was converted into a Chapter

Seven case.3 For the next ten years, neither defendant nor Maria made any

attempts to collect on the loans.

        Herb, Doris and Thomas filed the verified complaint for declaratory

judgment—which is the focus of this appeal—in July 2016 and amended it in

March 2017. In count one, plaintiffs sought a declaratory judgment that they

owed no debt to defendant or Maria, that Herb and Doris were the owners of the

two vintage automobiles and that the title transfers were null and void. Other

counts of the complaint requested a judgment against defendant and Maria for

conversion and for a storage lien.

        Defendant filed a counterclaim for replevin of the vehicles. In it, he

referenced the note between Thomas and Maria but claimed that it was Herb and

Doris who had borrowed $85,000 from Maria and then secured that loan with

the two vehicles. He claimed that when Herb and Doris defaulted on the loan,


3
    Defendant was discharged from bankruptcy under Chapter Seven in May 2010.
                                                                       A-1340-17T3
                                       6
"in lieu of payment, [they] turned over title of the vehicles to Maria . . . [and

that she] subsequently turned the title to the vehicles over to [defendant]."

      Shortly after, plaintiffs filed a motion for partial summary judgment to

dismiss the replevin counterclaim and for a declaratory judgment under count

one of their amended complaint. They argued that defendant did not have

standing to pursue any claims on Maria's behalf and that his claims were barred

by statutes of limitations. Defendant filed a cross-motion seeking an order to

file an amended counterclaim for possession of the vehicles and a judgment.

      Judge Robert P. Contillo found that defendant had no standing to pursue

the replevin claim or any debts owed to Maria. He ruled that the six-year statute

of limitations for replevin actions had expired for any claims by defendant or

Maria. See N.J.S.A. 2A:14-1. Defendant's initial complaint for replevin was

dismissed in 2006. Since then, defendant and Maria had not "pursued their legal

rights concerning the vehicles." Regarding the loans, the court found the note

from Thomas to Maria matured on April 23, 1998, thirty days after the date on

the note. The contract could be enforced until April 23, 2004, but after that, any

claim was barred by the six-year statute of limitations for contracts.          See

N.J.S.A. 2A:14-1. The court denied the relief requested by defendant's cross-

motion.


                                                                          A-1340-17T3
                                        7
      The case proceeded to trial before Judge Contillo on plaintiffs' amended

verified complaint. In a comprehensive oral decision, Judge Contillo ruled that

Herb was the owner of the Corvette and Doris was the owner of the Camaro. By

its own terms, the alleged $85,000 agreement matured in thirty days, which was

April 24, 1998. More than six years had elapsed from then until defendant

sought judgment on the counterclaim. The court found the claim was time-

barred. He also found that this loan was Thomas' stand-alone obligation; it was

not a loan to Herb and Doris and did not relate to the automobiles. Thomas had

no ability to encumber their vehicles. The court found the obligation was $8500

not $85,000 because the testimony about this handwritten agreement did not

"ring true." This loan lacked the formality that had been used for the smaller

loans; there was no proof where the cash came from to pay the loan or where the

money was deposited; and Maria testified that she did not remember loaning

$85,000 to Thomas.

      The court found there were two loans of $6000 between Herb, Doris and

defendant. Although the $6000 note did not include a maturity date, the court

concluded it was due within one year based on the $500 interest charge that was

included. The parties intended to have the same note and escrow agreement for




                                                                       A-1340-17T3
                                      8
the Camaro that they had for the Corvette although the paperwork never was

done.

        The court found that "no part of the money was ever paid back." At some

point, defendant "took matters into his own hands and put the titles in his

mother's name," even though she had nothing to do with the transactions.

Defendant treated the titles as if they were his. All of this was done without

notice to plaintiffs. The court found that defendant "was manipulating the title

for reasons related to creditor avoidance," which is why defendant did not list

the vehicles in his bankruptcy petition.

        The court found that defendant did not "exercise the rights that he did have

under these agreements with respect to the collateral." Although he filed a

replevin action in 2006, it was dismissed when he went into bankruptcy "[ a]nd

he continued not to press the issue until finally [Herb and Doris] . . .

affirmatively [brought] this action to have their entitlement confirmed by the

[c]ourt."    The court found that Herb's obligation was discharged in his

bankruptcy and was time-barred. Doris' obligation similarly was time-barred

and could no longer be enforced by defendant. However, the court found as a




                                                                            A-1340-17T3
                                           9
matter of equity that defendant was entitled to $6500 from Doris, even though

the debt was time-barred.4

      Defendant was ordered to endorse the titles to Herb and Doris and then

tender them in exchange for $6500 that Doris was to pay.               The parties

acknowledged the tender and exchange had occurred. Defendant's subsequent

motion for reconsideration was denied.

      On appeal, defendant argues that the trial court erroneously applied the

statute of limitations because plaintiffs' "used it as a sword rather than as shield

as it was intended." We do not agree the court erred. 5

                                         II

      We afford a deferential standard of review to the factual findings of the

trial court on appeal from a bench trial. Rova Farms Resort, Inc. v. Inv'rs Ins.

Co. of Am., 65 N.J. 474, 483-84 (1974). These findings will not be disturbed

unless they are "so manifestly unsupported by or inconsistent with the

competent, relevant and reasonably credible evidence as to offend the interests



4
   The court dismissed Herb and Doris's claim against defendant for storage
charges because they could have stopped these charges at any point by paying
the loans.
5
  Plaintiffs did not appeal the dismissal of their storage claim nor the court's
order for Doris to pay $6500 to defendant.
                                                                            A-1340-17T3
                                        10
of justice." Id. at 484 (quoting Fagliarone v. Twp. of N. Bergen, 78 N.J. Super.

154, 155 (App. Div. 1963)). Our review of a trial court's legal determinations

is plenary.   D'Agostino v. Maldonado, 216 N.J. 168, 182 (2013) (citing

Manalapan Realty, LP v. Twp. Comm. of Manalapan, 140 N.J. 366, 378 (1995)).

      Defendant's appeal is focused on whether the statute of limitations should

have been applied to dismiss his replevin counterclaim and to enter judgment

for plaintiffs on their claim that they owned the vehicles. These are legal

determinations that we review de novo.

      There really is no question that the six-year statute of limitations for

replevin and contract actions has expired. See N.J.S.A. 2A:14-1 (providing that

"[e]very action of law . . . for replevin of goods or chattels . . . or for recovery

upon a contractual claim or liability . . . shall be commenced within [six] years

next after the cause of any such action shall have accrued"). We agree with the

trial court that the stand-alone contract signed by Thomas was due in thirty days

according to the agreement itself. Defendant's last attempt to enforce this was

in 2006 when his first replevin action was dismissed in connection with his

bankruptcy. Defendant filed the replevin counterclaim again in 2017. Because

more than six years expired, this counterclaim was barred by N.J.S.A. 2A:14-1.




                                                                            A-1340-17T3
                                        11
      Similarly, Herb and Doris' obligations to repay defendant on the $6500

loans were no longer enforceable because of the same statute of limitations. See

N.J.S.A. 2A:14-1. There had been no attempt by defendant or Maria to collect

on these loans within the last ten years.

      Defendant argues that a statute of limitations should not be used as

"sword," to cut off his ability to enforce these debts. We do not agree with that

proposition as a general matter.

      "A statute of limitations has two purposes." Ochs v. Federal Ins. Co., 90

N.J. 108, 112 (1982). It "stimulate[s] litigants to pursue a right of action within

a reasonable time so that the opposing party may have a fair opportunity to

defend," and in doing so prevents "the litigation of stale claims." Ibid. It also

"'penalize[s] dilatoriness and serve[s] as a measure of repose.'" Ibid. (quoting

Farrell v. Votator Div. of Chemetron Corp., 62 N.J. 111 (1975)).

      Both reasons apply in this case. Defendant was well aware of his claims

and did not timely pursue them in the last ten years.         Plaintiffs' amended

complaint sought to prevent the litigation of stale claims that defendant had not

pursued.

      The cases cited by defendant do not persuade us to the contrary. In White

v. Karlsson, defendant raised the statute of limitations defense a week before


                                                                           A-1340-17T3
                                       12
trial. 354 N.J. Super. 284, 286 (App. Div. 2002). We found that as a result of

defendant's "inaction both parties expended substantial time, energy, and money

preparing for trial." Id. at 290. We reversed the trial court's dismissal and

remanded for a trial on the merits, holding that the "equities clearly weigh[ed]

in plaintiffs' favor." Id. at 292. In Williams v. Bell Tel. Labs. Inc., the Court

declined to extend the defense where a defendant raised the defense in its answer

but then failed to mention it at any stage in the three-and-one-half-year

proceedings until after the jury returned a verdict. 132 N.J. 109, 119-20 (1993).

In Zaccardi v. Becker, the Court declined to extend the defense to a defendant

whose conduct over seventeen months was inconsistent with its position that the

action was barred and led plaintiffs to reasonably believe the defendant did not

object to the continuation of the case. 88 N.J. 245, 257-58 (1982).

      In contrast, plaintiffs did not wait until late in the litigation to raise the

statute of limitations defense. They moved for summary judgment to dispose of

the counterclaim for replevin approximately three months after defendant filed.

There is no evidence either side expended a considerable amount of time and

resources litigating the case during those three months.

      Defendant does not cite to any evidence that plaintiffs intentionally

induced or tricked him into missing the statute of limitations. The cases cited


                                                                            A-1340-17T3
                                       13
by defendant are inapposite. There was no indication that plaintiffs intentionally

extended settlement negotiations so as to have the statute of limitations expire

as in Friedman v. Friendly Ice Cream Co., 133 N.J. Super. 333, 337 (App. Div.

1975). This case did not involve any attempt to disclaim insurance coverage as

in Griggs v. Bertram, 88 N.J. 347, 362 (1982), which was not a statute of

limitations case but an estoppel case. In Harr v. Allstate Ins. Co., 54 N.J. 287,

300 (1969), an insurer was estopped from asserting a limitation defense in part

because it concealed that plaintiff was suing under the wrong policy. Those

facts have nothing to do with the present case; there was no allegation that

plaintiffs concealed anything from defendant or Maria.

      Defendant claims plaintiffs' inaction induced him into missing the statute

of limitations. However, he was aware of his rights to recover the vehicles; he

unsuccessfully attempted to assert his claims to the vehicles on different

occasions while the statute was running. Then, he slept on his rights until after

the statute of limitations had run. There was no evidence that defendant was

induced to inaction by any conduct or omission of plaintiffs.




                                                                          A-1340-17T3
                                       14
      We affirm the court's October 3, 2017 judgment based on the thorough

and well-reasoned analysis of Judge Contillo. 6

      Affirmed.




6
   We comment briefly on the issue of standing. Defendant has not challenged
the court's finding that he lacked standing to enforce Maria's rights under the
contract that she allegedly had with Thomas. This alone would support
dismissal of the counterclaim which was based entirely on this alleged $85,000
loan. See N.J. Dept. of Envtl. Prot. v. Alloway Twp., 438 N.J. Super. 501, 505-
06 n.2 (App. Div. 2015) (providing that "[a]n issue that is not briefed is deemed
waived upon appeal"). Liebling v. Garden State Indem., 337 N.J. Super. 447,
465-66 (App. Div. 2001) (providing that we will not "consider matters not
properly raised below" unless the issue is of "sufficient public concern"). The
issues in this case do not implicate significant public concerns. At some point,
defendant transferred the titles from Maria to himself. We reach no conclusion
whether this affected his lack of standing.


                                                                         A-1340-17T3
                                      15
