                                 NOT FOR PUBLICATION                     FILED
                        UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                      MAY 6 2020
                                                                     MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                       U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                                 FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

In re: MICHAEL A. TURCHIN,                         No. 19-60002

                   Debtor,                         BAP No. 17-1252
------------------------------
                                                   MEMORANDUM*
MICHAEL A. TURCHIN,
                   Appellant,
     v.

STEVEN BERKOWITZ,
                   Appellee.

                             Appeal from the Ninth Circuit
                              Bankruptcy Appellate Panel
              Lafferty, Spraker, and Taylor, Bankruptcy Judges, Presiding

                                 Submitted February 12, 2020**
                                     Pasadena, California

Before: BYBEE, COLLINS, and BRESS, Circuit Judges.

          Debtor Michael Turchin appeals the decision of the Bankruptcy Appellate

Panel (“BAP”) affirming the bankruptcy court’s grant of summary judgment in



*
 This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as
provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
**
  The panel unanimously concludes that this case is suitable for decision without
oral argument. See FED. R. APP. P. 34(a)(2).
favor of creditor Steven Berkowitz. The bankruptcy court found a $624,822.53

debt owed by Turchin to Berkowitz to be nondischargeable under both 11 U.S.C.

§ 523(a)(2)(A) and § 523(a)(6), which respectively render nondischargeable any

debt for money obtained by “false pretenses, a false representation, or actual fraud”

and any debt for “willful and malicious injury by the debtor.” Summary judgment

was granted based on the preclusive effect of a Colorado state court judgment

finding Turchin liable to Berkowitz for common law fraud. The BAP affirmed the

grant of summary judgment on the basis of § 523(a)(2)(A) and declined to address

§ 523(a)(6). Reviewing de novo, see Boyajian v. New Falls Corp. (In re

Boyajian), 564 F.3d 1088, 1090 (9th Cir. 2009), we affirm.

       1.    Issue preclusion applies in nondischargeability proceedings brought

under 11 U.S.C. § 523(a). Grogan v. Garner, 498 U.S. 279, 284 n.11 (1991).

“Under the Full Faith and Credit Act, 28 U.S.C. § 1738, the preclusive effect of a

state court judgment in a subsequent bankruptcy proceeding is determined by the

preclusion law of the state in which the judgment was issued.” Harmon v. Kobrin

(In re Harmon), 250 F.3d 1240, 1245 (9th Cir. 2001). Here, the relevant judgment

was rendered under Colorado law by a Colorado court, so Colorado preclusion law

governs.

       Under Colorado law, the doctrine of issue preclusion bars relitigation of an

issue if:


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      (1) the issue is identical to an issue actually litigated and necessarily
      adjudicated in the prior proceeding; (2) the party against whom estoppel was
      sought was a party to or was in privity with a party to the prior proceeding;
      (3) there was a final judgment on the merits in the prior proceeding; and
      (4) the party against whom the doctrine is asserted had a full and fair
      opportunity to litigate the issues in the prior proceeding.

Stanton v. Schultz, 222 P.3d 303, 307 (Colo. 2010). Turchin does not contest that

elements (2)-(4) are met with respect to the proceedings that produced the

Colorado judgment. The only question is whether the issues determined in that

judgment include the same issues that are needed to establish nondischargeability

under § 523(a)(2)(A) or § 523(a)(6).

      2.     A creditor asserting nondischargeability under § 523(a)(2)(A) based

on “actual fraud” must establish, by a preponderance of the evidence, five

elements: “(1) misrepresentation, fraudulent omission or deceptive conduct by the

debtor; (2) knowledge of the falsity or deceptiveness of his statement or conduct;

(3) an intent to deceive; (4) justifiable reliance by the creditor on the debtor’s

statement or conduct; and (5) damage to the creditor proximately caused by its

reliance on the debtor’s statement or conduct.” Turtle Rock Meadows

Homeowners Ass’n v. Slyman (In re Slyman), 234 F.3d 1081, 1085 (9th Cir. 2000).

These elements substantially overlap with the elements of common law fraud

under Colorado law, which are as follows: “that the defendant made a false

representation of a material fact; that the party making the representation knew it

was false; that the party to whom the representation was made did not know of the

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falsity; that the representation was made with the intent that it be acted upon; and

that the representation resulted in damages.” Brody v. Bock, 897 P.2d 769, 775–76

(Colo. 1995). The Colorado judgment made specific findings with respect to each

of these elements of common law fraud, and these findings establish all five

elements needed to show that the debt is nondischargeable under § 523(a)(2)(A).

      The Colorado judgment found that at the time that Turchin promised (along

with two others) to indemnify Berkowitz for losses he might suffer in providing

additional collateral for a real estate project, Turchin had no intention of paying

Berkowitz any such indemnification. In finding that Turchin “knew he did not

intend to pay the indemnification he promised,” the Colorado judgment necessarily

found that Turchin made a misrepresentation that he knew to be false (elements (1)

and (2) of the § 523(a)(2)(A) claim, as noted above). It is irrelevant whether

Turchin would later be unable to provide indemnification; what matters is that, at

the time he made the promise, he did not intend to fulfill that obligation should it

later be triggered. See Hayhoe v. Cole (In re Cole), 226 B.R. 647, 654 (B.A.P. 9th

Cir. 1998); see also Slyman, 234 F.3d at 1085. In finding that “Turchin intended

that Berkowitz rely on his promise,” which Turchin knew to be false, the Colorado

judgment likewise necessarily found that Turchin acted with an intent to deceive

Berkowitz (element (3) of the § 523(a)(2)(A) claim). And the Colorado

judgment’s finding that “Berkowitz reasonably” relied on the false promise “to his


                                          4
detriment” establishes the elements of justifiable reliance and causation of

damages (elements (4) and (5) of the § 523(a)(2)(A) claim). Turchin raises various

arguments as to why the Colorado judgment’s findings were unwarranted, but

these contentions are beside the point. See Lobato v. Taylor, 70 P.3d 1152, 1166

(Colo. 2003) (preclusive effect of final judgment is not “‘altered by the fact that the

judgment may have been wrong’”) (quoting Federated Dep’t Stores, Inc. v. Moitie,

452 U.S. 394, 398–99 (1981)).

      3.       Because we affirm the BAP’s conclusion that summary judgment was

properly granted based on § 523(a)(2)(A), we need not address Berkowitz’s

alternative theory that the Colorado judgment is also nondischargeable under

§ 523(a)(6).

      AFFIRMED.




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