                       IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

                                        No. 15-0446
                                 Filed September 28, 2016


HEARTLAND COOPERATIVE COMPANY,
    Plaintiff-Appellee/Cross-Appellant,

vs.

GERALD MURPHY,
         Defendant-Appellant/Cross-Appellee
-----------------------------------------------------
HEARTLAND COOPERATIVE COMPANY,
         Plaintiff-Appellant,

vs.

GARY FELL,
     Defendant-Appellee.
________________________________________________________________

        Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Guthrie County, Randy V. Hefner,

Judge.

        Gerald Murphy appeals the district court’s judgment in favor of Heartland

Cooperative Company (Heartland).               Heartland challenges the district court’s

judgment in favor of Gary Fell. AFFIRMED IN PART, REVERSED IN PART,

AND REMANDED ON APPEAL; AFFIRMED ON CROSS-APPEAL.

        Gina C. Badding of Neu, Minnich, Comito & Neu, P.C., Carroll, for Gerald

Murphy and Gary Fell.

        John F. Lorentzen of Nyemaster Goode, P.C., Des Moines, and Sarah J.

Gayer of Nyemaster Goode, P.C., Cedar Rapids, for Heartland Cooperative

Company.

        Heard by Danilson, C.J., and Mullins and Bower, JJ.
                                           2


MULLINS, Judge.

       Gerald Murphy appeals the district court’s judgment in favor of Heartland

Cooperative Company (Heartland) on its breach-of-contract and fraudulent-

misrepresentation claims. Heartland challenges the district court’s judgment in

favor of Gary Fell, alleging the district court abused its discretion by not entering

default judgment against Fell as a discovery sanction. For the reasons stated

herein, we affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand.

   I. Background Facts and Proceedings

       At issue in this case are forty-one hedge-to-arrive (HTA) contracts, which

the district court described as follows:

       A hedge-to-arrive contract, as pertinent to this case, obligates the
       seller to deliver a specified quantity of grain to a specified location
       by a particular date. The buyer agrees to pay a specific price for
       the grain upon delivery. Use of a hedge-to-arrive or cash-forward
       contract provides a [seller] an opportunity to establish a favorable
       sales price prior to harvest. The contract is a “hedge” because the
       [seller] possesses or reasonably anticipates possession of grain in
       sufficient quantities to deliver to the [buyer] at the delivery date.
       These types of contracts are not regulated by the Commodities
       Exchange Act, 7 U.S.C. section 1(a)(11).

       Heartland, an Iowa cooperative, is in the business of buying and selling

grain and offers HTA contracts. To minimize its risk, Heartland sells futures

contracts on the Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT) to offset its obligation to buy

the grain under the HTA contracts.

       Of the forty-one contracts in dispute, thirty were originally entered into by

Heartland and UY Partnership (UY) in 2009 and early 2010. Murphy, who has a

degree in agricultural business and holds a patent he describes as involving a
                                             3


“bundling strategy for financing, crop insurance, and commodity trading,” was a

general manager of UY.

       The district court summarized the history of UY, which was formed in

2006, as follows:

       Fell farmed approximately 5500 acres in 2005. Murphy assisted
       him with marketing grain.       At some point during this 2005
       timeframe, Fell was investigated by the Farm Service Agency
       [(FSA)], which administers crop programs on behalf of the U.S.
       Department of Agriculture, for noncompliance with farm program
       requirements and was disqualified from receiving government farm
       program payments. In order to circumvent Fell’s disqualification,
       Fell and Murphy approached [David Smith and Lynn Smith], who
       had worked for Fell, about forming UY Partnership. UY would not
       be eligible for farm program payments if Fell participated in its
       management. Thus, [Murphy] and the Smiths were reported as
       UY’s general partners. . . . Operational control of the 5500 acres
       Fell had farmed, or a substantial portion thereof, was transferred to
       UY.

       The district court found, based in part on the testimony of David Smith,

that “Fell continued to participate in management of the UY farming operations.”

As a partner of UY, Murphy entered into a number of HTA contracts with

Heartland, placing phone calls to Heartland to create the contracts.1

       In late 2008, Murphy withdrew as a partner from UY, purportedly due to

conflicts between the Smiths and Fell. Murphy testified he informed Heartland of

his departure from the partnership in or before June 2009, which he contends is

confirmed by Heartland’s notation of “Don’t Use” on its customer records for UY.

However, a witness for Heartland testified Heartland was not notified until 2011,


1
  Murphy notes Heartland accepted his calls despite never having had UY execute a
grain authorization form designating individuals authorized to enter into grain contracts
on behalf of the partnership—as is Heartland’s standard practice. Murphy further noted
that, despite Heartland’s claim it would send written confirmation of the calls in the mail,
only two of the UY contracts at issue had actual, signed confirmations from UY.
                                         4


testimony the district court deemed more credible. The district court also found

Murphy continued to exercise control over UY’s grain marketing even after his

withdrawal, relying at least in part on certain HTA confirmation documents

executed by Murphy on behalf of UY in 2009.

       In 2009, FSA notified UY it was disqualified from future participation in the

FSA programs and ordered repayment of certain monies already received

because the FSA had determined UY and its members had “adopted and

participated in a scheme and device that had the effect of evading the payment

limitation and payment eligibility provisions for the 2007 crop year.” By the spring

of 2009, UY was defunct.      The Smiths began farming through a partnership

called UY09; Fell started producing grain under Fell Partnership; Murphy farmed

through JM48 LLC. The above-referenced thirty HTA contracts executed with

UY in 2009 and 2010 (the UY contracts) were formed after UY had stopped

producing grain and after Murphy had withdrawn from UY.

       The district court summarized the events after UY became defunct:

              Control of the 5500 Fell acres was transferred to these
       various entities prior to the 2009 crop year. The result was that UY
       was out of the grain farming business. Murphy continued to enter
       into HTA contracts for UY, even though he had dissociated from the
       partnership and even though UY was no longer producing grain.
       Fell partnership, UY09, and JM48 sold grain harvested from these
       farms to other elevators or merchants.

(Footnote omitted.)

       Heartland became concerned about the HTA contracts in early 2010, at

which point Heartland representatives met with Murphy.          Murphy contended

Heartland asked him to provide a successor entity to UY that could fulfill UY’s

contracts; Heartland argued, and the district court found, Murphy proposed rolling
                                           5


the UY contracts into another name.               Murphy executed a grain trade

authorization form for Equity Control Group (ECG). All but three of the thirty UY

contracts were rolled into contracts with ECG. Murphy also entered into eleven

new HTA contracts on behalf of ECG in 2010 (the ECG contracts).2

       At trial, Murphy testified Heartland was well-aware ECG was an entity “in

name only,” with no actual legal status and no ability to independently perform

the contracts executed, relying in part on Heartland’s failure to request a

taxpayer identification number or other identifying information from ECG. The

district court found Murphy’s testimony not credible, concluding Heartland was

never told ECG and Murphy were not in the farming business, did not produce

grain, and had no means to fulfill the contracts.

       During the summer of 2010, Heartland learned a bank had seized some of

UY’s grain.3 At Murphy’s request, the three outstanding UY contracts were rolled

into 2011.

       In 2011, Murphy requested all the existing contracts be rolled to a different

date; Heartland refused when Murphy was unable to collateralize the contracts.

In March 2011, Fell delivered beans to a Heartland facility. Heartland applied the

proceeds to two of the UY contracts that had been transferred to ECG and

issued contracts for the balance on the Fell Partnership account.               Murphy

testified Heartland did the same thing with grain delivered to one of its elevators

by JM48, applying the proceeds to one of the ECG contracts. Murphy and Fell

2
  The thirty UY contracts and eleven ECG contracts are collectively referred to herein as
the HTA contracts.
3
  Murphy claims that, by at least July 2009, Heartland was aware UY was in financial
hardship, as it was instructed by the same bank to include the bank’s name on all
proceeds checks made to UY.
                                         6


contended they stopped delivering grain to Heartland as a result.       Heartland

claimed Murphy and Fell sold their grain to other buyers who paid a substantially

higher price than they would have received under the UY or ECG contracts.

       In 2012, Heartland sold its futures positions on the CBOT with respect to

the HTA contracts. Had Murphy and Fell disclosed in the spring of 2010 that UY

and ECG could not deliver the contracted grain, Heartland could have liquidated

its futures positions thereby minimizing or preventing its losses.

       On April 24, 2012, Heartland filed its petition against Murphy and Fell,

alleging they were personally liable for the breach of the HTA contracts and had

tortiously interfered with the contracts. In their answer, Murphy and Fell denied

Heartland’s allegations and asserted a number of affirmative defenses.         On

September 19, 2014, Heartland sought leave to file an amended petition in which

it asserted Murphy and Fell had intentionally interfered with the HTA contracts,

had breached the contracts, and had committed fraud. The district court granted

Heartland’s motion to amend on October 20. In their answer, Murphy and Fell

generally raised the same affirmative defenses.

       The matter proceeded to a bench trial on November 18. On January 12,

2015, the district court entered its findings of fact, conclusions of law, and

judgment, finding in favor of Heartland and against Murphy on the breach-of-

contract and fraud claim and entering judgment against Murphy in the amount of

$1,962,009.44 plus postjudgment interest.       The court dismissed Heartland’s

claims against Fell and dismissed the intentional-interference-with-contract claim

against Murphy. The court also found both Murphy and Fell guilty of two counts
                                              7


of contempt of court for violating the court’s discovery orders and ordered each

defendant to pay $500 fines on each count.

       In January 2015, Heartland filed a motion to retax costs and an attorney-

fee application. Heartland also filed a motion to amend or enlarge judgment,

seeking prejudgment interest. Murphy resisted the filings. Following a hearing,

the district court entered an amended and substituted judgment, adjusting the

judgment against Murphy to $2,217,608.20 to include prejudgment interest and

awarding Heartland attorney fees in the amount of $215,761.27 plus interest.

Murphy appeals the district court’s judgment against him; Heartland appeals the

district court’s judgment in favor of Fell.

   II. Analysis

       A. Murphy Appeal

       On appeal, Murphy challenges the district court’s denial of his motion to

dismiss and finding he breached the HTA contracts and committed fraudulent

misrepresentation. Murphy also appeals the damages awarded. We address

each claim in turn.

           1. Motion to Dismiss

       On November 15, 2014, three days before trial was to commence, Murphy

filed a motion to dismiss, alleging the district court lacked jurisdiction to hear the

matter because the HTA contracts at issue are governed by the grain trade rules

of the National Grain and Feed Association (NGFA), which require arbitration of

disputes. Heartland resisted the motion, arguing, in relevant part, Murphy had

waived his right to arbitration by actively participating in the litigation that, at the

time Murphy filed his motion, had been ongoing for thirty-one months.               On
                                              8


November 18, 2014, the district court orally denied Murphy’s motion “for the

reasons stated in [Heartland’s] resistance.”

       “We review a district court’s ruling on a motion to dismiss for the correction

of errors at law.” Iowa Individual Health Benefit Reins. Ass’n v. State Univ. of

Iowa, 876 N.W.2d 800, 804 (Iowa 2016) (citation omitted). “Our standard of

review of rulings on subject matter jurisdiction is also for correction of errors at

law.” Id.

       “The test for waiver of arbitration is twofold.” Pa. Life Ins. Co. v. Simoni,

641 N.W.2d 807, 812 (Iowa 2002). “It requires ‘conduct or activity inconsistent

with the right to arbitration and prejudice to the party claiming waiver.’”       Id.

(citation omitted). “Factors relevant to an assessment of prejudice include the

delay in the moving party’s request for arbitration and the extent of the moving

party’s trial-oriented activity.” Wesley Ret. Servs., Inc. v. Hansen Lind Meyer,

Inc., 594 N.W.2d 22, 30 (Iowa 1999). “Prejudice can be shown by ‘lost evidence,

duplication of efforts, or the use of discovery methods unavailable in arbitration.’”

Id. (citation omitted).    “Ordinarily, waiver is a fact question for the court to

decide.”    Simoni, 641 N.W.2d at 813.             “[E]vidence of waiver must be

compelling . . . .” Id. (citation omitted).

       Here, there is ample evidence Murphy engaged in conduct inconsistent

with the right to arbitration to Heartland’s prejudice. The lawsuit was pending

thirty-one months before Murphy sought dismissal. During the pendency of the

litigation, Murphy filed two answers (neither of which asserted a right to

arbitration), a motion to change venue, and numerous filings on evidentiary

matters and in preparation for trial.         Murphy also sought and obtained two
                                              9


continuances of the trial date and filed resistances to Heartland’s motion to

amend the petition and motions for sanctions. Murphy had also fully utilized the

discovery process, having taken the depositions of Heartland employees and

served interrogatives and requests for production. See Campbell v. AG Finder

Iowa Neb., No. 00-1630, 2002 WL 576160, at *2 (Iowa Ct. App. Feb. 20, 2002)

(finding the parties seeking arbitration “frustrated the purpose behind arbitration

by their long [twenty-month] delay in requesting arbitration and by taking full

advantage of the litigation process”).         We therefore affirm the district court’s

denial of Murphy’s motion to dismiss.4

           2. Breach of Contract

       Murphy raises the following challenges to the district court’s finding on

Heartland’s breach-of-contract claim: (1) the UY contracts transferred to ECG are

void for lack of consideration; (2) the UY contracts transferred to ECG are void

because Heartland fraudulently induced Murphy to execute the documents; (3)

Murphy is not personally liable for the HTA contracts; and (4) Heartland failed to

mitigate its damages.        Heartland alleges Murphy failed to preserve error on

certain of these claims and disputes each claim on the merits.

               a. Standard of Review

       “The standard of review for a breach of contract action is for correction of

errors at law.” Iowa Mortg. Ctr., L.L.C., v. Baccam, 841 N.W.2d 107, 110 (Iowa

2013). “If substantial evidence in the record supports a district court’s finding of

4
   On appeal, Murphy contends he did not assert a right to arbitration in his initial answer
because he did not yet have a copy of the contracts. Murphy does not indicate when he
first received the contracts; Heartland states it provided the contracts “early in the
litigation.” Regardless, in the motion to dismiss, Murphy did not rely upon any alleged
late production of the contracts as a basis for his tardy invocation of his right to arbitrate.
                                          10

fact, we are bound by its finding.” Id. “However, a district court’s conclusions of

law or its application of legal principles do not bind us.” Id.

              b. Consideration

       Murphy contends the transfer of the contracts to ECG necessitated new or

additional consideration.     A claim of lack of consideration is an affirmative

defense.   See In re Koch’s Estates, 142 N.W.2d 541, 544 (Iowa 1966); Ins.

Agents, Inc. v. Abel, 338 N.W.2d 531, 534 (Iowa Ct. App. 1983). “Failure to

plead an affirmative defense normally results in waiver of the defense, unless the

issue is tried with the consent of the parties.” Dutcher v. Randall Foods, 546

N.W.2d 889, 893 (Iowa 1996).         Here, no dispute regarding the existence or

sufficiency of consideration was tried by the parties. To the contrary, the district

court found “[t]he parties do not dispute that the HTA contracts were valid” or

“properly formed under common law principles.”            Murphy argues error was

preserved because his answers to Heartland’s petitions “dispute[d] whether there

are any written contracts” and asserted “any such contracts . . . are contrary to

law.” The vague and solitary invocation that the contracts were “contrary to law”

is not enough to preserve error on a claim for lack of consideration. Moreover,

the district court never ruled upon this affirmative defense.        See Meier v.

Senecaut, 641 N.W.2d 532, 537 (Iowa 2002) (“It is a fundamental doctrine of

appellate review that issues must ordinarily be both raised and decided by the

district court before we will decide them on appeal.”). Error was not preserved.

              c. Fraudulent Inducement

       Murphy next contends Heartland fraudulently induced him to enter into the

contract on behalf ECG by demanding he provide a successor name for UY
                                          11


without him realizing the change would make him liable on all the UY contracts.

In its ruling, the district court concluded Murphy’s allegations were “not supported

by the evidence,” finding “Murphy was a sophisticated business person and

understood what he was doing.” Further, the court concluded, based on the

testimony of a Heartland representative, it was Murphy, not Heartland, who

requested the UY contracts be transferred to ECG.            The district court also

credited the testimony of a Heartland representative as being more credible,

finding it was not until 2011 that Heartland was informed Murphy had withdrawn

from UY.

       Substantial evidence supports these factual findings.         See Tim O’Neill

Chevrolet, Inc. v. Forristall, 551 N.W.2d 611, 614 (Iowa 1996) (“The district court

has a better opportunity than we do to evaluate the credibility of witnesses. So

we think factual disputes depending heavily on such credibility are best resolved

by the district court.”). As it was Murphy, not Heartland, who sought to transfer

the contracts from UY to ECG, Murphy cannot be said to have been fraudulently

induced into doing so.     Murphy has failed to identify a misrepresentation or

concealment by Heartland or his justifiable reliance on the same. See Whalen v.

Connelly, 545 N.W.2d 284, 294 (Iowa 1996) (noting, to prove fraudulent

inducement, the pleading party must demonstrate “by clear and convincing

evidence: (1) representation; (2) falsity; (3) materiality; (4) scienter; (5) intent to

deceive; (6) reliance; and (7) resulting injury and damage”).

              d. Personal Liability

       Murphy raises five objections to the district court’s finding he was

personally liable for the HTA contracts. First, Murphy disputes his liability for the
                                         12


two contracts transferred to Fell Partnership.       At oral arguments, Heartland

conceded it is pursuing its claims as to these two contracts only against Fell, not

Murphy. Accordingly, we vacate the district court’s judgment as to those two

contracts as applied to Murphy.

       Murphy next argues he should not have been found liable for the three

contracts that remained in UY’s name because he had dissociated with UY and

Heartland knew of the dissociation. But Murphy’s contentions are premised upon

factual allegations the district court explicitly rejected. The district court found

Heartland was not informed of Murphy’s departure from UY until 2011. In fact,

two of the three contracts at issue, all of which were executed in 2009, were

signed by Murphy.      Even though Murphy dissociated from UY in 2008, he

remained liable for the UY contracts because Heartland was unaware of this

dissociation. See Iowa Code § 486A.703(2) (“A partner who dissociates without

resulting in a dissolution and winding up of the partnership business is liable as a

partner to the other party in a transaction entered into by the partnership . . .

within two years after the partner’s dissociation, only if . . . [t]he other party did

not have notice of the partner’s dissociation.”).

       Murphy also disputes the district court’s finding ECG was a sole

proprietorship or trade name of ECG, as no such trade name had been filed and

ECG was not registered as a sole proprietorship. Regardless of the label applied

to ECG by the district court, it is undisputed ECG is a nonexistent legal entity and

Murphy entered into contracts with Heartland on ECG’s behalf. Murphy “does

not escape liability by purporting to act for a fictitious or non-existent [company].”

Alsco Iowa, Inc. v. Jackson, 118 N.W.2d 565, 567 (Iowa 1962); see also Allen v.
                                           13

Pegram, 16 Iowa 163, 170 (Iowa 1864) (“[W]here there is no principal who can

be made legally responsible, the agent who undertakes to bind such a principal is

individually liable.”).

       Next, Murphy alleges he cannot be found liable for the ECG contracts

because he was merely functioning as a broker between Heartland and certain

principals—such as UY09—under the NGFA grain trade rules.                   There is no

indication the actual NGFA rule relied on by Murphy was raised before the district

court. In its ruling, the district court noted, “Although [Murphy’s] testimony is

confusing and somewhat contradictory on this point, Murphy seems to claim that

at least some of the ECG contracts were called in for other producers perhaps

UY09.”    The district court went on to conclude, even in the event Murphy’s

allegations were true, Murphy remained liable on these contracts, citing the

Restatement (Third) of Agency sections 6.02 and 6.03. Section 6.02 provides, in

relevant part, “[w]hen an agent acting with actual or apparent authority makes a

contract on behalf of an unidentified principal, . . . the agent is a party to the

contract.”   Restatement (Third) of Agency § 6.02.          Section 6.03 provides, in

relevant part, “[w]hen an agent acting with actual authority makes a contract on

behalf of an undisclosed principal, . . . the agent . . . [is a] part[y] to the contract.”

Id. § 6.03. While Murphy denies making any calls on behalf of ECG, the district

court found “Murphy entered into eleven other HTA contracts with Heartland for

ECG,” and there is no indication any other third-party was disclosed as the

principal in these transactions. Murphy remains liable on these contracts.

       Finally, Murphy claims the eight contracts are unenforceable under Iowa

Code section 554.2201(1) (providing “a contract for the sale of goods for the
                                             14


price of five hundred dollars or more is not enforceable . . . unless there is some

writing sufficient to indicate that a contract for sale has been made between the

parties and signed by the party against whom enforcement is sought”). However,

Murphy failed to raise the statute of frauds as an affirmative defense in his

answer to Heartland’s amended petition. See Harriott v. Tronvold, 671 N.W.2d

417, 422 (Iowa 2003) (“The statute [of frauds] provides a defense, and the party

asserting it must therefore raise it by answer or by objection to evidence at

trial.”). Further, there is no indication the district court considered this claim. To

the contrary, the district court explicitly held “[t]he parties do not dispute that the

HTA contracts are valid” or “were properly formed.” Error was not preserved.

       We find substantial evidence supports the factual findings of the district

court and it did not err in finding Murphy personally liable for the disputed

contracts, with the exception of the two contracts transferred to Fell Partnership.5

               e. Mitigation of Damages

       Finally, Murphy asserts the district court erred in finding he failed to show

Heartland could have mitigated its losses.6 An affirmative defense of failure to

mitigate damages requires a defendant to show, by substantial evidence,

       (1) there was something the plaintiff could have done to mitigate
       [its] loss, (2) requiring the plaintiff to do so was reasonable under
       the circumstances, (3) the plaintiff acted unreasonably in failing to
       undertake the mitigating activity, and (4) a causal connection exists
       between the plaintiff’s failure to mitigate and the damages claimed.


5
  Murphy disputes the district court’s finding of his personal liability only as to sixteen of
the HTA contracts: the eleven ECG contracts, the three UY contracts not transferred to
ECG, and the two contracts transferred to Fell Partnership.
6
  Heartland contends Murphy failed to preserve error on this issue; however, the district
court explicitly found “mitigation of damages was pled” but “Murphy and Fell presented
no evidence supporting this affirmative defense.” We therefore assume, without
deciding, error was preserved.
                                          15

Vasconez v. Mills, 651 N.W.2d 48, 53-54 (Iowa 2002).

       In support of his affirmative defense, Murphy notes Heartland conceded it

could have gotten out of its contracts without a loss in the spring of 2010 but

failed to do so, despite knowing Murphy had left UY and UY was in financial

difficulty. Again, Murphy’s contentions are premised upon factual allegations the

district court explicitly rejected.   The district court found Heartland was not

informed of Murphy’s departure from UY until 2011.              Heartland expressed

concerns about the HTA contracts to Murphy in 2010, at which point Murphy—

not Heartland—requested the UY contracts be transferred to ECG. Heartland

relied upon Murphy’s representations that grain would be produced by the

entities with which Murphy was associated. Substantial evidence supports these

factual findings. Accordingly, we affirm the finding of the district court.

          3. Fraudulent Misrepresentation

       Murphy raises the following challenges to the district court’s finding on the

fraudulent-misrepresentation claim: (1) there was no misrepresentation, (2) there

was no intent to deceive, (3) Heartland lacks justifiable reliance, and (4) any

alleged misrepresentations did not cause Heartland’s damages. See Van Sickle

Constr. Co. v. Wachovia Commercial Mortg., Inc., 783 N.W.2d 684, 687 (Iowa

2010) (listing the elements of fraudulent misrepresentation as “(1) representation,

(2) falsity, (3) materiality, (4) scienter, (5) intent to deceive, (6) reliance, and

(7) resulting injury and damage” (citation omitted)).

              a. Standard of Review

       Our review of the judgment of the district court on Heartland’s fraudulent-

misrepresentation claim is for correction of errors at law. See Chrysler Fin. Co.
                                         16

v. Bergstrom, 703 N.W.2d 415, 418 (Iowa 2005); see also Martin v. Chemtech,

Inc., No. 14-0230, 2015 WL 1332329, at *6 (Iowa Ct. App. Mar. 25, 2015)

(reviewing findings from a bench trial on a fraudulent-misrepresentation claim).

              b. Misrepresentations

       In its ruling, the district court identified the following misrepresentations:

(1) Murphy represented, by signing the grain authorization marketing form, ECG

was in the business of producing grain and (2) Murphy’s implicit representation

UY was actively engaged in grain production after 2009 and his failure to

disclose he had dissociated from UY in 2008. Murphy disputes these findings.

       As to the first misrepresentation, Murphy does not dispute he signed the

grain authorization marketing form but rather the district court’s interpretation of

said form. Our review of the district court’s interpretation of the contract is as a

matter of law. Longfellow v. Sayler, 737 N.W.2d 148, 153 (Iowa 2007).

       The form at issue contains two portions: the first identifying individuals

authorized to enter into grain contracts on behalf of ECG and the second making

representations to Heartland. In the former portion, it provides, “I the customer

[ECG] hereby grant the following individuals authorization to enter into grain

contracts on behalf of the account name and number stated above, including

credit sale contracts and warehouse receipts.” The form then identified and was

signed by Fell, Murphy, and David Smith—through their respective companies—

as authorized individuals.

       Following these signatures, the latter part of the grain trade authorization

form contained the following representation:
                                         17


              Contracting of Grain: I represent to Heartland on behalf of
       the Customer [ECG] that: (1) we routinely sell grain to elevator[s];
       (2) we have the particular skills and knowledge of grain trading
       practices that enable us to understand the terms of grain sale
       contracts enter[ed] into; (3) we are a merchant with respect to the
       sale of grain; (4) we understand that Heartland will rely on this
       representation as a condition for contracting; and ([5]) each of the
       individuals names above is authorized to enter into grain contracts
       with Heartland on our behalf.          National Grain and [F]eed
       Association Rules apply to all contracts.

       In addition to providing his signature identifying him as an individual

authorized to contract on behalf of ECG, Murphy also signed the bottom of the

form following this latter representations portion.

       Murphy claims the form did not represent that ECG was in the business of

producing and selling grain, but rather that the authorized individuals were in the

business of producing and selling grain. On the face of the contract, this claim

lacks merit. Regardless of what entities are also potentially part of the “we”

referenced in the representations portion, the form clearly indicates the

“Customer”—here, ECG—is “a merchant with respect to the sale of grain.” See

generally Hartig Drug Co. v. Hartig, 602 N.W.2d 794, 797 (Iowa 1999) (“In

interpreting contracts, we give effect to the language of the entire contract

according to its commonly accepted and ordinary meaning.”). It is undisputed by

the parties that ECG was, in fact, not producing grain or otherwise engaged in

the industry. Accordingly, we affirm the district court’s ruling that this constituted

a misrepresentation.

       Murphy also challenges the district court’s finding he misrepresented his

status with UY to Heartland. First, as addressed above, substantial evidence

supports the district court’s finding that Murphy did not disclose to Heartland his
                                       18


dissociation with UY until 2011. Following that time, Murphy entered into HTA

contracts with Heartland on behalf of UY. He also worked with Heartland in 2010

to transfer the UY contracts to ECG. Even after 2010, Murphy sought to roll the

remaining UY contracts to future dates, thereby representing UY’s ability to

perform those contracts in the future. Substantial evidence supports that, even

after Murphy’s departure from UY, he continued to present himself as a partner

of a functioning UY.

             c. Intent to Deceive

      Murphy     next   challenges   the    district   court’s   finding   he   made

misrepresentations with the intent to deceive. Specifically, he claims he only

provided the name ECG at Heartland’s request; providing ECG’s name only

converted already existing contracts—thus Heartland was not induced into HTA

contracts by the representations made about ECG; and any representations

made by Murphy about his intent to deliver grain in the future are not actionable

because he had the intent to deliver at the time the statements were made.

      As previously addressed, Murphy’s first argument was dismissed by the

district court, and substantial evidence supports the finding that it was Murphy,

not Heartland, who sought transfer of the UY contracts to ECG. Ultimately, the

district court found Murphy entered into the contracts—and sought to roll over the

contracts—when fully aware he had withdrawn from UY and neither ECG nor UY

were able to perform them. On this element, Murphy’s claim on appeal fails.

             d. Justifiable Reliance

      Murphy avers Heartland lacked justifiable reliance on any alleged

misrepresentations made because it failed to ask for sufficient identifying
                                         19


information from ECG—such as a tax identification number; no business entity

designation was provided for ECG; Murphy provided no indication of the capacity

in which he acted on behalf of ECG; and Heartland requested the entity change

in the relevant UY contracts.

       Reliance on a misrepresentation must be justified, not reasonable.

Spreitzer v. Hawkeye State Bank, 779 N.W.2d 726, 736 (Iowa 2009). “[T]he

standard requires [parties] to utilize their abilities to observe the obvious, and the

entire context of the transaction is considered to determine if the justifiable-

reliance element has been met.” Id. at 737.

       The district court found, in addition to Murphy’s degree and patent, that

Murphy was a sophisticated grain marketer who was responsible for marketing

grain for the entities involved, provided grain marketing advice to Fell, the

Smiths, and others, and otherwise showed substantial marketing expertise.

Substantial evidence supports these factual determinations. Heartland had been

doing business with and through Murphy since 2006. See id. (considering “the

existence of long-standing business or personal relationships”). The district court

explicitly found Murphy did not inform Heartland of his 2008 departure from UY

until 2011.    See id. (considering “the concealment of the fraud” and the

defrauded party’s “opportunity to detect the fraud”). Heartland relied upon the

explicit and implicit representations made by Murphy—about ECG, UY, and his

continued association with UY—when agreeing to transfer the contracts to ECG,

to roll over the contracts for UY, and to enter into new agreements with ECG.

See id. (considering the plaintiff’s “access to the relevant information,” which

party initiated the transaction, and the “generality or specificity of the
                                        20


misrepresentations”). We find no legal error in the district court’s determination

Heartland justifiably relied upon Murphy’s representations.

             e. Damages

      Finally, Murphy contends the alleged misrepresentations did not cause

Heartland’s losses. See id. at 740 (noting damages is an essential element of

fraud, which requires a finding that the misrepresentations “caused the losses in

some way” and that the losses “result[ing] from the reliance were connected to

the misrepresentation[s] in a way to which the law attaches legal significance”).

      The district court noted, “[Heartland’s] claim for damages is based upon

the losses it suffered in liquidating its CBOT contracts, which it foreseeably

purchased to offset the UY and ECG contracts, plus interest on those losses,”

and concluded, “[t]hese damages were foreseeable and reasonably calculated.”

      All of the contracts at issue were entered into in or after 2009, after

Murphy’s dissociation with UY in 2008.            Also subsequent to Murphy’s

dissociation with UY, thirty of those contracts were transferred to ECG and

eleven originated with ECG in 2010.          By originating and continuing those

contracts, Murphy’s misrepresentations “caused the losses in some way” and

would not have happened “but for” Murphy’s misrepresentations. Id. (applying

the “but for” test of factual causation). Further, Murphy’s misrepresentations,

which induced Heartland to maintain or acquire CBOT futures, “increased the risk

of harm.” Id. at 741.

          4. Interest Award

      In its judgment, the district court awarded Heartland $1,962,009.44, the

amount Heartland presented at trial as being its total losses. This calculation
                                         21


included “interest expense,” or the cost to Heartland of maintaining its positions

on the CBOT. On appeal, Murphy contends the district court erred in including

this “unspecified amount of interest in its compensatory damage judgment

against Murphy.”    In its judgment, the district court noted, Murphy had not

“argued that [Heartland’s] calculation of damages is incorrect or applies a wrong

measure of damages.”      At no time prior to appeal did Murphy dispute the

damages calculations provided by Heartland during trial—including the “interest

expense”—which were adopted by the district court and granted in its judgment.

Error was not preserved on this issue.

       Murphy next claims the district court erred in granting Heartland’s motion

to enlarge or amend because a reasonable controversy existed concerning

Heartland’s entitlement to recovery and the amount of that recovery, and thus the

claim was unliquidated and prejudgment interest should not have been awarded.

But Murphy did not raise the alleged unliquidated status of Heartland’s damages

in his resistance to the motion. Error was not preserved.

       B.     Heartland Appeal

       In the cross-appeal, Heartland contends the district court erred in denying

its request for default judgment against Fell and Murphy as a sanction for

discovery violations.

            1. Discovery Process

       This action was initiated in April 2012. On June 20, Heartland served its

first set of interrogatories and requests for production of documents on Murphy

and Fell. By September 11, Heartland had filed its first motion to compel based

upon Murphy and Fell’s failure to provide any response to its discovery requests.
                                       22


The district court granted Heartland’s motion to compel on October 1, giving

Murphy and Fell until October 19 to produce the documents. Murphy and Fell

then served some responses and produced a limited number of documents. In

early 2014, Heartland served more discovery requests. Heartland contends no

response was received. Murphy and Fell were then deposed on April 7, 2014.

At these depositions, Murphy and Fell indicated they, or their agents, were in

possession of numerous relevant documents that had not been produced. On

May 9, Heartland served its third requests for production of documents on Fell

and Murphy, seeking documents identified by them in their depositions.

      On July 23, 2014, Heartland filed its second motion to compel discovery

and subpoenaed documents. As the district court found following trial, Murphy

and Fell “did not resist that motion, did not deny that the requested documents

were in their possession, custody, or control, and did not deny that they had not

produced those documents. They did not contend that the documents were not

discoverable.” However, in early August, Fell and Murphy produced additional

documents to Heartland. On August 11, Heartland’s second motion to compel

was granted. In late August, Murphy and Fell produced additional documents

with a letter that outlined some documents received by Murphy and Fell from

Heartland, specified documents already produced that qualified as the

documents being sought, and denied the existence or possession of other

documents requested.

      In early September, Heartland sent Fell a deficiency letter based on his

production.   By letter dated September 12, 2014, Fell responded to this

deficiency letter, indicating some of the documents sought either were already
                                        23


produced, were not in Fell’s possession, or did not exist. On September 19,

Heartland filed a motion for sanctions seeking default judgment against Murphy

and Fell.   Murphy and Fell summarily resisted.        The district court denied

Heartland’s motion “at this time” but granted Heartland leave to renew its motion.

      On November 11, Heartland renewed its request for sanctions, seeking

default judgment against Murphy and Fell. Murphy and Fell summarily resisted

the motion. On November 18, the date set for trial, the district court deferred

ruling on Heartland’s renewed motion for sanctions.

      Following trial, in its judgment, the district court dismissed the claims

brought against Fell, finding Fell was not a general partner of UY and never

entered into contracts as ECG’s agent. The court stated there was “no evidence”

Fell exercised authority as an ECG agent, had ownership in ECG, had a legal

relationship with ECG, made any false representations to UY, or conspired with

Murphy to defraud Heartland.

      The district court also found the case had been “plagued with discovery

disputes” and “a review of the exhibits to the motion for sanctions establishe[d] a

pattern of late, incomplete, and evasive discovery responses.”          The court

concluded the “situation require[d] imposition of substantial sanctions.” However,

the district court found it was “too late to declare either Defendant to be in

default,” instead treating Murphy and Fell’s discovery violations as contempt of

court and imposing fines of $1000 to each as “the most appropriate remedy

under these circumstances.”
                                           24


           2. Standard of Review

       We review Heartland’s appeal of the sanctions imposed against Fell and

Murphy for abuse of discretion. See Rowedder v. Anderson, 814 N.W.2d 585,

589 (Iowa 2012) (applying an abuse-of-discretion standard when considering an

appeal by the prevailing party that the sanctions were too low and made payable

to the wrong entity); see also Everly v. Knoxville Cmty. Sch. Dist., 774 N.W.2d

488, 492 (Iowa 2009). “An abuse of discretion occurs ‘when the district court

exercises its discretion on grounds or for reasons clearly untenable or to an

extent clearly unreasonable.’” Rowedder, 814 N.W.2d at 589 (citation omitted).7

           3. Default Judgment Against Fell

       Heartland claims the district court abused its discretion in determining it

was “too late” to find Fell in default, because it failed to appropriately consider the

options available. See Lawson v. Kurtzhals, 792 N.W.2d 251, 258 (Iowa 2010)

(“In determining whether the court has abused its discretion, we must determine

whether the trial court appropriately considered the options available.”).

Heartland contends this constitutes an abuse of discretion because the

determination it was “too late” for certain sanctions means the district court failed

to exercise its discretion at all. Id. at 257 (“A court abuses its discretion when it

7
  Both Murphy and Fell dispute the means of review employed by Heartland, arguing the
proper means to raise this challenge was by writ of certiorari. See Everly, 774 N.W.2d at
492 (“The proper means to review a district court’s order imposing sanctions is by writ of
certiorari.”). Heartland contends it is not appealing the sanction imposed, but rather
appealing the district court’s denial of its request for default judgment as a sanction.
Regardless of the proper means to raise this appeal, see Iowa R. App. P. 6.108 (noting,
irrespective of how a case is initiated, the appellate court “shall proceed as though the
proper form of review has been requested”), both parties agree the standard of review is
for abuse of discretion. Compare Everly, 774 N.W.2d at 492 (“A district court’s order
imposing sanctions . . . is reviewable for an abuse of discretion.”), with Mathias v.
Glandon, 448 N.W.2d 443, 445 (Iowa 1989) (applying the abuse-of-discretion standard
to an appeal of the court’s denial of a request for sanctions).
                                         25


fails to exercise any discretion.” (citation omitted)). Heartland also alleges, in

light of the district court’s finding that Fell’s conduct “requires imposition of

substantial sanctions,” a more severe sanction than the de minimis fine of $1000

was necessitated.     Finally, Heartland contends the district court’s abuse of

discretion was prejudicial, because Heartland has presented enough evidence to

justify more severe sanctions and the production of the discovery requested may

well have altered the outcome of its case against Fell. See Jones v. Univ. of

Iowa, 836 N.W.2d 127, 140 (Iowa 2013) (noting, when considering a district

court’s denial of a motion to compel discovery, “[i]t is well-settled that

nonprejudicial error is never ground for reversal on appeal”).             Heartland

concludes the district court failed to impose the just sanctions required when it

failed to grant default judgment.

       “Dismissal and entry of a default judgment should be the rare judicial act.”

Kendall/Hunt Pub. Co. v. Rowe, 424 N.W.2d 235, 241 (Iowa 1988) (citation

omitted). “[B]efore the district court may dismiss an action for failure to comply

with a discovery order there must be a finding that the failure to comply was a

result of willfulness, fault, or bad faith.” Marovec v. PMX Indus., 693 N.W.2d 779,

786 (Iowa 2005). Heartland contends the district court found willfulness when it

imposed a sanction based on contempt, see Reis v. Iowa Dist. Ct., 787 N.W.2d

61, 68 (Iowa 2010) (“Resistance to or violation of an order cannot be considered

contempt of court unless it is willful.”), and that this finding is binding on appeal.

While default may have been justified, “the sanction to result from noncompliance

[with discovery] rests with the sound discretion of the trial court.” Whitley v. C.R.

Pharm. Serv., Inc., 816 N.W.2d 378, 388 (Iowa 2012).              The district court
                                         26


considered the options available for the discovery abuses committed—including

the default judgment Heartland requested—and determined fines for contempt

were “the most appropriate remedy under these circumstances.” We cannot find

the district court abused its discretion in reaching this conclusion.

          4. Default Judgment Against Murphy

       Heartland requests, in the event this court finds in favor of Murphy on his

appeal, that this court grant default judgment against him for the same reasons

asserted against Fell. Because Murphy’s claims have failed, we need not reach

Heartland’s alternative contention.

       C. Appellate Attorney Fees

       On appeal, Heartland seeks an award of its appellate attorney fees.

Murphy resists. “Generally, attorney fees are not allowable unless authorized by

statute or contractual agreement.” FNBC Iowa, Inc. v. Jennessey Grp., L.L.C.,

759 N.W.2d 808, 810 (Iowa Ct. App. 2008) (citing W.P. Barber Lumber Co. v.

Celania, 674 N.W.2d 62, 66 (Iowa 2003)). However, courts are authorized “to

award attorney fees in an action where ‘judgment is recovered upon a written

contract containing an agreement to pay an attorney’s fee.” Id. (quoting Iowa

Code § 625.22). The HTA contracts provide: “In the case of either party’s default

of any of its obligations in this contract, he/she shall be liable to the other party

for all costs incurred (including attorney fees) in the enforcing of this contract

and/or collecting any damages found owing to the party not in default.”

       As the written contract contains a clear and express provision regarding

attorney fees and litigation expenses, Heartland is entitled to attorney fees

expended in defending against Murphy’s appeal. We remand this issue to the
                                         27


district court to make findings and conclusions regarding the appropriate amount

of appellate attorney fees.

   III. Conclusion

       For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the district court in

part, reverse in part, and remand for recalculation of the judgment in favor of

Heartland against Murphy without the two Fell Partnership contracts and related

interest and for calculation of appellate attorney fees.

       AFFIRMED IN PART, REVERSED IN PART, AND REMANDED ON

APPEAL; AFFIRMED ON CROSS-APPEAL.
