
386 B.R. 17 (2008)
In re W.R. GRACE & CO., et al., Debtor(s).
W.R. Grace & Co., et al., Plaintiffs,
v.
Margaret Chakarian, et al., and John Does 1-1000, Defendants.
Bankruptcy No. 01-01139 (JKF). Adversary No. A-01-771.
United States Bankruptcy Court, D. Delaware.
April 11, 2008.
*19 Kathleen M. Miller, Smith, Katzenstein & Furlow LLP, Wilmington, DE, for Debtors.
David W. Carickhoff, Jr., James E. O'Neill, Laura Davis Jones, Scotta Edelen McFarland, Timothy P. Cairns, Pachulski Ziehl Stang Ziehl Young Jones LLP, Wilmington, DE, Paula Ann Galbraith, Chicago, IL, for Plaintiffs.
Margaret Chakarian, pro se.
John Does 1-1000, pro se.

Related to Doc. "No. 398, Motion for Preliminary Injunction to Include Actions Against BNSF[1]


*20 MEMORANDUM OPINION[2]
JUDITH K. FITZGERALD, United States Bankruptcy Judge.
The matter before the Court is the Debtors' Motion to Expand the Preliminary Injunction to Include Actions Against Burlington Northern and Sante Fe Railroad ("BNSF") (the "Expansion Motion"),[3] which seeks to expand the relief granted by the preliminary injunction (the "Injunction") to specifically include actions against Burlington Northern and Sante Fe Railroad ("BNSF") for exposure of some kind to the Debtors' former vermiculite mining operations in Libby, Montana (the "Montana Actions").
Debtors filed the Expansion Motion in response to the Motion of BNSF for Clarification of the Scope of the Preliminary Injunction, or in the Alternative, for Relief from the Preliminary Injunction ("BNSF Motion").[4] BNSF filed a response to the Expansion Motion requesting that the court deny the motion based on the argument that injunctive relief under § 105 of the Bankruptcy Code is improper.[5] The Official Committee of Asbestos Personal-Injury Claimants ("ACC") and the *21 "[c]laimants injured by exposure to asbestos from Grace's operations in and near Libby, Montana" (the "Libby Claimants") also filed opposition to the Expansion Motion arguing that the court lacks subject matter jurisdiction over the Montana Actions and that injunctive relief under § 105 is not warranted.[6] Debtors filed a reply in support of their Expansion Motion.[7] Maryland Casualty Company ("MMC"), one of debtors' insurers, also filed a reply in support of the Expansion Motion.[8] The relevant history of this case is as follows.
On April 2, 2001 (the "Petition Date"), Debtors filed a voluntary petition for relief under Chapter 11 of the United States Bankruptcy Code. Soon after, the United States Trustee appointed the Property Damage Committee, the Official Committee of Asbestos Personal Injury Claimants, the Official Committee of Unsecured Creditors, and the Official Committee of Equity Holders. Debtors continue in possession of their property and the management of their businesses as debtors-in-possession pursuant to sections 1107 and 1108 of the Bankruptcy Code.
The preliminary injunction was obtained as follows: on the first day of Debtors' chapter 11 cases, April 2, 2001, the Debtors obtained a temporary restraining order[9] against actions being pursued against their nondebtor affiliates and certain third parties that arise from alleged exposure to vermiculite ore indirectly or directly caused by the Debtors. A preliminary injunction was entered on April 25, 2001,[10] pending a hearing on May 3, 2001.
The preliminary injunction at issue in this proceeding was issued on May 3, 2001,[11] barring the prosecution of currently pending actions against various affiliated entities and third parties whose purported liability was solely derivative of W.R. Grace. After May 3, 2001, the preliminary injunction was extended.[12] On January 22, 2002, the court entered an order modifying the preliminary injunction to include certain additional affiliates and to reinstate the bar against the commencement of new actions against affiliates arising from alleged exposure to asbestos whether indirectly or directly cause by W.R. Grace.[13] On February 4, 2002, Carol Gerard, a former resident of Libby, Montana, filed a motion to intervene in this adversary and *22 sought modification of the injunction in order to pursue an alleged direct cause of action against Maryland Casualty Company ("MCC"), one of Debtors' insurers.[14] This court denied the request to modify, Doc. No. 109, and denied a motion to reconsider that order, Doc. No. 133, which was ultimately upheld by the U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit. Gerard v. W.R. Grace & Co. (In re W.R. Grace & Co.), 115 Fed.Appx. 565 (3d Cir. 2004).
Certain plaintiffs in a prepetition Montana state court suit next attempted to pursue their asbestos personal injury claims arising out of Debtors' Libby mining operations by including Montana Vermiculite Company ("MVC") in their state court suit. MVC was a former owner of assets one of the Debtors purchased in 1963. See Doc. No. 153, Debtors' Motion to Expand the Preliminary Injunction to Include Actions Against [MVC]. This court amended the injunction to stay the actions against MVC on February 25, 2005.[15] On August 22, 2005, Debtors filed a motion to expand the preliminary injunction to include actions filed against the State of Montana for, among other things, negligence in failing to warn about the risks of asbestos at the Debtors' workplace and mine in Libby, Montana (the "State Court Actions").[16] By Memorandum Opinion and Order dated April 13, 2007, this court denied the motion.[17] This court held that related-to subject matter did not exist for the purpose of expanding the injunction to include the State Court Actions because the Supreme Court of Montana, in Orr v. State of Montana, 324 Mont. 391, 106 P.3d 100, 104 (2004), provided a cause of action separate and apart from the conduct of Debtors and "the State Court Actions will not be binding on the estate and will not have a direct impact on the estate without additional intervening adjudication."[18] The Debtors and the State of Montana subsequently filed motions for reconsideration ("Reconsideration Motions").[19]
*23 On May 21, 2007, this court held a hearing on the Reconsideration Motions and the Expansion Motion. At the hearing, the court took the Reconsideration Motions and the Expansion Motion under advisement and orally entered a temporary stay pending its ruling on the motions. On June 6, 2007, the court entered its written order with respect to BNSF.[20] The Libby Claimants[21] and the ACC[22] filed motions to alter or amend the order (the "Motions to Alter Stay Order"), BNSF filed a joinder[23] to the Libby Claimants' Motion, and Debtors[24] and the State of Montana[25] filed responses to the Motions to Alter Stay Order. On July 23, 2007, a hearing was held on the Motions to Alter Stay Order. The court ruled orally at the hearing[26] and entered a written order[27] on August 29, 2007 ("Stay Order"), holding that the temporary stay was appropriate until the court ruled on the Reconsideration Motions and Expansion Motions. The Libby Claimants thereafter appealed the entry of the Stay Order to the United States District Court for the District of Delaware.[28] The Debtors filed a Motion to Dismiss the Appeal in which the State of Montana joined and all parties filed corresponding briefs.[29] The Libby Claimants and BNSF filed opposition to the motions to dismiss.[30] On January 22, 2008, the District Court entered a Memorandum and Order granting the Debtors' and State of Montana's motions to dismiss.[31] On March 27, 2008, this court entered a memorandum opinion and order denying the Reconsideration Motions.[32]
The Montana Actions which Debtors request to be covered by the Injunction, include approximately 113 asbestos-related personal injury suits involving over 600 plaintiffs filed postpetition against BNSF relating to its rail transportation of vermiculite derived from the Debtors' former vermiculite ore mining operations in Libby, Montana. Most of these actions were filed against BNSF postpetition. Approximately four were filed against BNSF prepetition. Most of the prepetition actions were filed against Debtors. Only after Debtors filed bankruptcy did the filings against BNSF increase dramatically.[33]
The relationship between Debtors and BNSF had a long history. Between 1938 *24 and 1995, BNSF and its predecessor entered into various agreements with the Debtors or their predecessors (collectively, the "Agreements") relating to the Debtors' mining operations in Libby, Montana.[34] Through these Agreements, BNSF granted Debtors permission to use certain BNSF property or granted the right of way for the Debtors to conduct certain operations across or on BNSF property. Under some of the agreements Debtors agreed to indemnify BNSF and to hold it harmless for liability with respect to injury or death resulting from certain actions associated with the loading and transport of ore from the mine using the BNSF railroad. Doc. No. 398 at 3. Debtors also agreed to obtain insurance for BNSF and did so. Id.[35] Specifically, the Debtors mined vermiculite ore from the Libby mine, which was then loaded by Debtors into railroad cars which BNSF employees attached to BNSF trains. The trains transported the ore to various places.[36]
The majority of the plaintiffs in the Montana Actions fall into one of two categories: (1) former railroad employees and (2) residents or former residents of the Libby area, including former mine employees or members of their families (denominated in Debtors' motion as "Community Claimants").[37] As explained in the affidavit of Dr. Terry Spear[38], railroad workers were exposed to "clouds of asbestos dust" from the railroad cars loaded with vermiculite ore and residents of Libby were exposed when these dust clouds drifted into the community.[39] The Libby Claimants allege that BNSF was negligent because it failed to warn or protect its workers and the Libby community and failed to use a number of standard measures to control the dust. They contend that the railroad operations were a major factor in the widespread contamination in the community of Libby, Montana.[40]
Debtors shut down their Libby operations in 1990.

DISCUSSION

Jurisdiction
In their reply brief, Doc. No. 432, Debtors argue that the court has related-to subject matter jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1334(b) to expand the injunction to include the Montana Actions against BNSF and that Debtors are entitled to injunctive relief under 11 U.S.C. § 105(a). In the briefs opposing the expansion of the injunction, the Libby Claimants, Doc. No. *25 418, the ACC, Doc. No. 414, and BNSF, Doc. No. 413, argue that the court does not have related-to subject matter jurisdiction and Debtors do not meet the requirements for a § 105(a) injunction.
In Matter of Zale Corp., 62 F.3d 746 (5th Cir.1995), the Court, of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit explained that:
Subject matter jurisdiction and power [under § 105 of the Bankruptcy Code] are separate prerequisites to the court's capacity to act. Subject matter jurisdiction is the court's authority to entertain an action between the parties before it. Power under Section 105 is the scope and forms of relief the court may order in an action in which it has jurisdiction.
62 F.3d at 751 (citing American Hardwoods, Inc. v. Deutsche Credit Corp. (In re American Hardwoods, Inc.), 885 F.2d 621, 624 (9th Cir.1989)). While aspects of the § 105(a) analysis may be relevant to the related-to jurisdiction inquiry, the two inquiries are analytically distinct. In re Combustion Engineering, Inc., 391 F.3d 190, 224 (3d Cir.2004). Section 105(a) "does not provide an independent source of federal subject matter jurisdiction." Id. at 225. Therefore, this court must establish subject matter jurisdiction before considering the merits of a § 105(a) injunction.
Section 1334(b) of title 28 provides that "the district courts shall have original but not exclusive jurisdiction of all civil proceedings arising under title 11, or arising in or related to cases under title 11." 28 U.S.C. § 1334(b). Section 157(a) of title 28 permits the district court to refer "any or all cases ... and proceedings arising under title 11 or arising in or related to a case under title 11 ... to the bankruptcy judges for the district."
The generally accepted test for determining whether a bankruptcy court has subject matter jurisdiction over litigation between nondebtor third parties is whether "the outcome of that proceeding could conceivably have any effect on the estate being administered in bankruptcy." Pacor, Inc. v. Higgins, 743 F.2d 984, 994 (3d Cir.1984). However, as exhibited by Pacor itself, application of this test has proven to be difficult in cases involving indemnification and contribution.
In Pacor, John and Louise Higgins initially brought suit against Pacor, a distributor of chemical supplies, in Pennsylvania state court, seeking damages allegedly caused by Mr. Higgins's work-related exposure to asbestos supplied by Pacor. Pacor, in turn, filed a third party complaint impleading the Johns-Manville Corporation, which soon after filed a chapter 11 bankruptcy petition. In determining whether the bankruptcy court had subject matter jurisdiction, the Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit held that the primary action between the third parties, Higgins and Pacor, would have no effect on the Johns-Manville bankruptcy estate. The court decided that:
At best, it is a mere precursor to the potential third party claim for indemnification by Pacor against Manville.... Even if the Higgins-Pacor dispute is resolved in favor of Higgins (thereby keeping open the possibility of a third party claim), Manville would still be able to relitigate any issue, or adopt any position, in response to a subsequent claim by Pacor. Thus, the bankruptcy estate could not be affected in any way until the Pacor-Manville third party action is actually brought and tried.
743 F.2d at 995. The court held that a bare claim of common law indemnity was not enough to establish jurisdiction; any effect on the estate is indirect and contingent on intervening litigation. "[A]ny *26 judgment received by the plaintiff ... could not itself result in even a contingent claim against Manville, since Pacor would still be obligated to bring an entirely separate proceeding to receive indemnification." Id. That is, the outcome of the action between Pacor and Higgins would have no effect on the bankruptcy estate of Johns-Manville and a separate indemnification action would be required before an effect could be established.
The Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit adopted a different interpretation of the Pacor test. In re Dow Corning Corp., 86 F.3d 482 (6th Cir.1996), a case involving mass tort claims against shareholders of a chapter 11 debtor, the Sixth Circuit found related-to jurisdiction because of the likelihood of indemnity or contribution claims against the debtor from the shareholders, some which had been already been filed. The court found the significant part of the test to be this:
A key word in [the] test is `conceivable.' Certainty, or even likelihood, is not a requirement. Bankruptcy jurisdiction will exist so long as it is possible that a proceeding may impact on `the debtor's rights, liabilities, options, or freedom of action' or the `handling and administration of the bankrupt estate.'
Id. at 491 (quoting In re Marcus Hook Dev. Park, Inc., 943 F.2d 261, 264 (3d Cir.1991)). The possibility of indemnity or contribution claims alone was considered sufficient to satisfy the Pacor test under the circumstances of that case where the court found that the possibility of contribution or indemnity liability was "far from attenuated." Id. at 494.
Shortly after the In re Dow Corning decision, the district court, sitting as the bankruptcy court having withdrawn the reference with respect to three motions, reiterated its understanding of the decision of the Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit in Pacor in the case of In re Federal-Mogul Global, Inc., 282 B.R. 301 (Bankr.D.Del), mandamus denied 300 F.3d 368 (3d Cir.2002), cert, denied sub nom. DaimlerChrysler Corp. v. Official Committee of Asbestos Claimants, 537 U.S. 1148, 123 S.Ct. 884, 154 L.Ed.2d 851 (2003), stating that "the broader principle is that [in cases cited] ... the potential impact on the debtor's estate would have been direct with no intervening adjudication or. joinder of issue necessary against the non-debtor to affect assets, re-prioritize creditors and thwart the bankruptcy court's administration of the estate." 282 B.R. at 307. In Federal-Mogul, jurisdiction in the bankruptcy of debtor automobile part supplier was sought for the third party action between personal injury claimants and the automobile companies (including the "Big Three" Auto Makers) who used asbestos-containing automobile products purchased from debtors in their own products. Applying its decision in Pacor, the Court of Appeals, in denying mandamus, held that related-to jurisdiction was lacking because it would take the intervention of yet another lawsuit before the defendants would have indemnity claims against Federal-Mogul, noting that in Pacor the outcome of the suit between the nondebtors "could not result `in even a contingent claim' against the debtor." 300 F.3d at 382.[41]
The district court in Federal-Mogul noted that in Celotex Corp. v. Edwards, 514 U.S. 300, 115 S.Ct. 1493, 131 L.Ed.2d 403 *27 (1995), In re A.H. Robins Co., 828 F.2d 1023 (4th Cir.1987), cert, denied, 485 U.S. 969, 108 S.Ct. 1246, 99 L.Ed.2d 444 (1988), and Halper v. Halper, 164 F.3d 830 (3d Cir.1999), the decisions followed the Third Circuit's interpretation of Pacor and the finding of jurisdiction in the three cases could be "explained at least in part by the recognition that they each involved property or rights belonging to the estate." 282 B.R. at 307. Celotex involved the debtor's cash collateral, A.H. Robins concerned insurance proceeds, and Halper addressed a guarantee which was available as a creditor's alternative source of recovery. Id. The rulings in each of these third party cases would have had a direct effect on the estate.
This factual distinction between Pacor and Celotex, A.H. Robins, and Halper noted by the court in Federal-Mogul is also evident in the decisions to include the claims against Maryland Casualty Company ("MCC"), Gerard v. W.R. Grace & Co. (In re W.R. Grace & Co.), 115 Fed.Appx. 565 (3d Cir.2004), and Montana Vermiculite Company ("MVC"), W.R. Grace & Co. v. Chakarian (In re W.R. Grace & Co.), 315 B.R. 353 (Bankr.D.Del.2004), reconsideration denied 2008 WL 868034 (March 27, 2008),[42] in the injunction here. MCC was a workers compensation insurer for Debtors and a ruling against MCC would have had a direct impact on the estates. In the MVC litigation this court explained that:
In this case, if there is a judgment against MVC which resulted in damages for asbestos related injuries, the Montana Plaintiffs [[43]] would look to Royal with respect to the insurance policies and Debtors' indemnity obligations under their settlement with Royal would be triggered. The indemnity between Debtors and Royal is contractual; in Pacor a common law indemnity claim existed and was held to be an insufficient basis for "related to" jurisdiction.
315 B.R. at 359. Similarly, in AH. Robins Co., Inc. v. Piccinin, 788 F.2d 994 (4th Cir.1986), cert, denied 479 U.S. 876, 107 S.Ct. 251, 93 L.Ed.2d 177 (1986), an injunction was proper when suits against "indemnitees on claims on which the indemnitees are entitled to indemnity by" debtor would result in "either a binding judgment against the debtor ... or ... inconsistent judgments." 788 F.2d at 1008.[44]
*28 The Montana Actions filed against BNSF are similar to the claims in Celotex Corp. v. Edwards, 514 U.S. 300, 115 S.Ct. 1493, 131 L.Ed.2d 403 (1995), In re A.H. Robins Co., Inc., 828 F.2d 1023 (4th Cir. 1987), cert, denied, 485 U.S. 969, 108 S.Ct. 1246, 99 L.Ed.2d 444 (1988), and Halper v. Halper, 164 F.3d 830 (3d Cir.1999), and the claims against Maryland Casualty Company ("MCC"), Gerard v. W.R. Grace & Co. (In re W.R. Grace & Co.), 115 Fed.Appx. 565 (3d Cir.2004), and Montana Vermiculite Company ("MVC"), W.R, Grace & Co. v. Chakarian (In re W.R. Grace & Co.), 315 B.R. 353 (Bankr.D.Del. 2004), because property of the estates is implicated and, unlike the State Court Actions against the State of Montana, could have a direct impact on the estates. BNSF asserts four avenues by which it has indemnification rights against Debtors, at least three of which will directly impact the estates if the Montana Actions filed against BNSF are permitted to proceed.[45]
These four avenues are contractual indemnification, policies on which BNSF claims to be a named insured, separate insurance paid for by the Debtors, and common law indemnification.[46] This court need not discuss common law indemnification because the Court of Appeals in Pacor held that a common law indemnity claim in and of itself was an insufficient basis for related-to subject matter jurisdiction. Pacor, Inc. v. Higgins, 743 F.2d 984 (3d Cir.1984).
BNSF has claimed contractual indemnification rights against the Debtors pursuant to 15 different agreements.[47] BNSF provided the Debtors with copies of 12 of the 15 agreements and an index specifically identifying the relevant indemnification provisions in all 15 agreements.[48] These agreements contain indemnities for actions including, inter alia, BNSF's own negligence. The existence of contractual indemnification rights was one of the reasons the court recognized its jurisdiction in W.R. Grace & Co. v. Chakarian (In re W.R. Grace & Co.), 315 B.R. 353, 359 (Bankr.D.Del.2004). In Pacor, the Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit distinguished the case before it from one in which there was a contractual indemnification right. Pacor, Inc. v. Higgins, 743 F.2d 984, 995-6 (3d Cir.1984).
BNSF has also alleged entitlement to defense and indemnification from the Insurers (1) under certain policies which were settled by the Debtors, (2) under which the Debtors agreed to indemnify and hold the Insurers harmless from any suits, and (3) where BNSF claims it is a named insured.[49]
*29 Another complication and indication of a direct impact on Debtors' estates that will be occasioned by the BNSF litigation concerns Debtors' Insurers. Debtors settled some of their insurance policy issues with their Insurers, the terms of which include, as to some policies, an obligation by Debtors to assume the defense or to indemnify the Insurers for the cost of defense. Certain of the Insurers have notified Debtors that demands for defense by BNSF against certain of the settled policies will trigger Debtors' obligations.[50] BNSF has made a demand on Insurers for defense in the Montana Actions[51] and has sought discovery from the Insurers in the state court litigation[52] who have in turn asserted that even if BNSF is unsuccessful in its claims against the policies, any demand made by BNSF on the insurers to defend under one of the policies triggers Debtors' obligation to either assume the defense or indemnify the Insurers for any costs with respect to the defense.[53] Additionally, Debtors allege that, even if the Debtors and BNSF do not share the insurance, the Debtors' estates are nonetheless impacted inasmuch as any separate insurance policies issued by the Insurers were purchased by the Debtors' predecessors pursuant to an indemnity agreement between Debtors' predecessors and BNSF.[54] These two avenues, insurance indemnification and separate insurance paid for by the Debtors, further establish the direct impact on the estates occasioned by the Montana Actions against BNSF.
Thus, the court has jurisdiction to consider whether to expand the preliminary injunction.[55]
It should also be noted that after the appeals of this court's order (Doc. No. 466) temporarily staying actions against the State of Montana and BNSF pending resolution of various motions, including the one at bench, were dismissed, the Libby Claimants, Debtors, and BNSF submitted letters to this court, pursuant to Del. Bankr.L.R. 7007-1(b),[56] calling to the court's attention and briefly discussing the opinion of the Court of Appeals for the *30 Second Circuit in In re Johns-Manville Corp. (Travelers Casualty and Surety Co., et al v. Chubb Indemnity Insurance Co., et al), 517 F.3d 52 (2d Cir.2008).[57] The Johns-Manville opinion is not dispositive' of the Expansion Motions. The facts are distinguishable from those currently before this court. In the present case, Debtors seek to expand the preliminary injunction preconfirmation to protect assets of their estates. The expansion of the injunction in Johns-Manville was sought postconfirmation by an insurer to protect it from statutory and common law claims based upon an alleged independent duty owed to plaintiffs in those actions. Although the "independent duty" allegation in Johns-Manville is similar to that lodged against BNSF, the basis for the injunction here is different. In Johns-Manville, the estate had been wound up decades before the court considered the injunction. Travelers conceded that the compensation sought for its alleged tortious conduct was not related to proceeds of Manville's policies. Id., at 63. Furthermore, the plaintiffs did not rely on Manville's insurance policies or seek insurance proceeds for recovery. Id. at 63-64. In sum, there was no effect on the res of the Manville estate by the actions against Travelers, a nondebtor insurer, and the bankruptcy court had no subject matter jurisdiction to enjoin the type of suits at issue, postconfirmation, against Travelers. Id. at 68. In the present case, the contractual indemnity agreements will involve a direct impact on these preconfirmation estates by requiring Debtors to defend the actions and any judgment against BNSF as the result of the Montana Actions will have a direct effect on the res of the estates.
As stated, Debtors have established three separate ways in which the Debtors' estates will be directly affected if the Montana Actions continue to proceed against BNSF. For the reasons discussed above, this court has related-to subject matter jurisdiction for the purpose of considering whether to expand the injunction to include BNSF. We therefore, now turn to the analysis of whether an injunction under § 105(a) is appropriate.

Expansion of the Injunction
Two factors courts generally use to determine whether an injunction seeking to expand the protections of the automatic stay to nondebtor parties under § 105(a) is appropriate are: (1) whether the nondebtor and debtor share an identity of interest such that a suit against the nondebtor is essentially a suit against the debtor and (2) whether the third-party action will have an adverse impact on the debtor's ability to accomplish reorganization. See, e.g., In re Prussia Assoc., 322 B.R. 572, 599 (Bankr. E.D.Pa.2005), citing Matter of Zale Corp., 62 F.3d 746, 761 (5th Cir.1995)(discussing identity of interest and adverse impact in the context of issuing an injunction). See also Matter of Rickel Home Ctrs., Inc., 199 B.R. 498, 500-01 (Bankr.D.Del.1996)(discussing the same two factors in the context of extending the automatic stay to lawsuits against nondebtors). This is often referred to as the "unusual circumstances" test. See In re A.H. Robins Co., Inc. v. Piccinin, 788 F.2d 994, 999 (4th Cir.1986).

1. Identity of Interests
BNSF and the Debtors share an identity of interest as it is the Debtors' operations and conduct at the Libby mines that are at the core of the issues raised in *31 the Montana Actions filed against BNSF. Indeed, James Roberts, trial counsel for BNSF defending the Montana Actions, stated that "Grace's operations at Libby were a proximate cause of the individual Plaintiffs' injuries[58]" and that "BNSF anticipates that it may assert in excess of 1,000 indemnification claims against Grace."[59]
Moreover, the contractual indemnification agreements discussed above indicate an identity of interest between BNSF and Debtors. The Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit found the "identity of interest" test satisfied when the judgment against the third-party defendant would in effect be a judgment or finding against the debtor. A.H. Robins Co., Inc. v. Piccinin, 788 F.2d 994 (4th Cir.1986). The court specifically determined that an indemnification right implicates such an "identity of interest." The court stated that:
[a]n illustration of [an identity of interest] situation would be a suit against a third-party who is entitled to absolute indemnity by the debtor on account of any judgment that might result against them [sic] in the case. To refuse application of the statutory stay in that case would defeat the very purpose and intent of the statute.
Id. at 999. See also In re Combustion Engineering, Inc., 391 F.3d 190 (3d Cir. 2004).
The ACC and the Libby Claimants argue that the "unusual circumstances" test is not satisfied with respect to BNSF because the allegation in the Montana Actions is that BNSF has independent liability. No direct action statute has been asserted. BNSF's liability is alleged to arise from its dealings with Debtors, implicates Debtors' insurance, and defense of the Montana Actions by BNSF would require Debtors to defend those actions. Therefore the Montana Actions will have a direct impact on Debtors' estates. Furthermore, the Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit in In re A.H. Robins Co., Inc. v. Piccinin, 788 F.2d 994 (4th Cir. 1986), in discussing applicability of § 362 to nondebtor co-defendants, held that a stay may be appropriate where there are "unusual circumstances" which can exist "when there is such identity between the debtor and the third-party defendant that the debtor may be said to be the real party defendant and that a judgment against the third-party defendant will in effect be a judgment or finding against the debtor." 788 F.2d at 999. Accord Matter of Zale Corp., 62 F.3d 746, 761 (5th Cir.1995).

2. Adverse Impact on Debtor's Ability to Accomplish Reorganization
Considering the three avenues through which the Montana Actions can directly affect the Debtors' estates, the adverse impact on Debtors is obvious. As mentioned above, it is anticipated that BNSF may assert in excess of 1,000 indemnification claims against the Debtors through contractual indemnification agreements[60] and under insurance policies on *32 which BNSF is named or additionally insured.[61] Additionally, because the Debtors' Libby mine operations and actions are at the core of the Montana Actions, allowing the Montana Actions to proceed will require the Debtors to defend BNSF while, at the same time, defending their own products, business operations, etc., in essence, the very claims they filed bankruptcy to stop through the auspices of the automatic stay. Such a diversion of resources would retard the administration of the chapter 11 cases by requiring the time and commitment of individuals intimately involved in the chapter 11 cases at this critical time, seven years into the case, when based on a settlement with asbestos constituencies regarding the personal injury estimation and issues with respect to property damage claims are in the process of being resolved, the parties are preparing to go forward with disclosure and plan confirmation hearings. Because of the overlap of issues relevant to the chapter 11 proceedings and the Montana Actions, Debtors' participation would also duplicate expenses and unnecessarily divert if not deplete the resources and assets of the estates.

Traditional Standards for Injunctive Relief
The Libby Claimants, Doc. No. 417, and the ACC, Doc. No. 414, both asserted that the Debtors must also meet the four traditional equitable factors for obtaining a preliminary injunction, as a showing of an identity of interest and adverse impact alone is insufficient Doc. No. 417 at 11-28, 18-19; Doc. No. 414 at 2, 16-17. In support of this proposition the Libby Claimants[62] and the ACC[63] both cited The Pitt News v. Fisher, 215 F.3d 354, 365-66 (3d Cir.2000), cert, denied 531 U.S. 1113, 121 S.Ct. 857, 148 L.Ed.2d 771 (2001), which lists the four factors as: (1) a substantial likelihood that the movant will prevail on the merits; (2) a substantial threat that the movant will suffer irreparable injury if the injunction is not granted; (3) the extent to which the enjoined party would suffer irreparable injury if the injunction is issued, and (4) public interest. Debtors argued that because The Pitt News is a first amendment opinion which does not involve chapter 11 debtors, it is not relevant to this matter. Debtors assert that the two factor test, which this court applied in the past to expand the preliminary injunction to include MVC[64] and MCC,[65] is the appropriate standard.
Although the Debtors did not address the matter in their arguments, the court will address the traditional standards for injunctive relief. In doing so, this court notes the decision of the Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit in In re Excel Innovations, *33 Inc., 502 F.3d 1086, 1096 (9th Cir.2007), in which the court explained that in a bankruptcy case where the debtor seeks a preliminary injunction to stay a proceeding where the debtor is not a party, the court must apply the "usual preliminary injunction standard," id. at 1096, and "consider whether the debtor has a reasonable likelihood of a successful reorganization, the relative hardship of the parties, and any public interest concerns if relevant." Id.

1. Likelihood of Success on the Merits
The ACC asserts that Debtors cannot prevail on the merits because BNSF will never be entitled to a § 524(g) injunction on the basis of derivative liability.[66] That, however, is not the test in a bankruptcy reorganization case. See In re Excel Innovations, Inc., 502 F.3d 1086, 1096 (9th Cir.2007)("a bankruptcy court must consider whether the debtor has a reasonable likelihood of a successful reorganization"). Neither Libby Claimants nor the ACC addressed the reasonable likelihood of successful reorganization. However, the underlying objective of the request to expand the preliminary injunction is to prevent the Montana Actions from negatively impacting the Debtors' reorganization. All the evidence before the court indicates that the parties are working toward plan confirmation and a successful reorganization is likely. Nearly all the property damage claims at issue in Grace have been addressed and, after approximately seven days of trial with additional days reserved through June, 2008, a settlement has been reached, although yet to be finalized, regarding personal injury estimation.[67] Competing plans have been filed[68] and, with settlement of the personal injury estimation issue[69], the confirmation process is underway. Thus, despite seven years in chapter 11, no party is suggesting that the case should be converted to chapter 7 or that reorganization is not likely.

2. Relative Hardship of the Parties.
The second and third factors of the traditional standards governing preliminary injunctions are whether the debtor will suffer irreparable injury without the injunction and the harm to others which will occur if the injunction is granted. In the context of a bankruptcy proceeding, the Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit in In re Excel Innovations, Inc., 502 F.3d 1086 (9th Cir.2007), addressed these two factors to determine the "relative hardship of the parties." Id. at 1096. This court will compare the potential irreparable harm Debtors will suffer without the injunction against the potential harm to BNSF and the Libby Claimants if the injunction is granted. Based on the analysis below, and as a matter of bankruptcy law, we conclude that the relative hardship of the parties favors the Debtors.


*34 A. Debtors[70]
Allowing the Montana Actions to proceed could subject the Debtors to additional fixed and liquidated indemnity claims. As stated earlier, the record indicates that BNSF has contractual indemnification rights and is either a named or additional insured under Debtors' policies and the Montana Actions implicate Debtors' conduct and product. Therefore, Debtors have an obligation to defend, which creates an immediate effect on these estates, and face the possibility of liability on the contractual indemnity. Any judgment against BNSF would create an indemnity claim by BNSF against Debtors. The Montana Actions involve Debtors' conduct in using BNSF railroad cars and loading dock to transport Debtors' asbestos product. Therefore, by permitting the actions to proceed against BNSF, Debtors face substantial risk, should judgments be entered against BNSF, of an immediate liquidated claim against Debtors.
If the actions proceed against BNSF without Debtors, Debtors will not have an opportunity to defend their conduct or products. Debtors have asserted that record taint and collateral estoppel will adversely effect these estates.[71] The Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit, in Gerard v. W.R. Grace & Co. (In re W.R. Grace & Co.), 115 Fed.Appx. 565 (3d Cir.2004), has already rejected the Libby Claimants' theory that collateral estoppel and record taint were not legitimate concerns for the Debtors in granting the preliminary injunction.
Plaintiffs' counsel's theory that under a principal/agent analysis the absence of Grace would protect it from collateral estoppel should not be tested, at Grace's peril. It is more supposition then certainty at this juncture. [[72]] Furthermore, the courts have never adopted the absence of collateral estoppel as the test for preventing actions from proceeding against third parties when the debtor is protected by the automatic stay. Rather, *35 courts employ a broader view of the potential impact on the debtor. The standard for the grant of a stay is generally whether the litigation "could interfere with the reorganization of the debtor," In re A.H. Robins Co., 828 F.2d 1023, 1025 (4th Cir.1987) or "would interfere with, deplete or adversely affect property of [the] estates or which would frustrate the statutory scheme of chapter 11 or diminish [the debtor's] ability to formulate a plan of reorganization," Johns-Manville Corp. v: Asbestos Litig. Group (In re Johns-Manville Corp.), 26 B.R. 420, 436 (Bankr.D.N.Y., 1983). Accordingly, the plaintiffs had to show that the Bankruptcy Court's ruling to that effect was in error with respect to the possible impact of The Lawsuit.
Id. at 569-70. Under this "broader view of the potential impact on the debtor," this court takes into account the risks of collateral estoppel and record taint. Additionally, forcing the Debtors to now participate in the Montana Actions to prevent these adverse consequences (indemnity, collateral estoppel, and record taint) will encumber the estates with additional litigation burdens from which the stay specifically protects them.

B. BNSF
BNSF asserts that it will be harmed if the Montana Actions against it are stayed because once the injunction is lifted witnesses will no longer be available or their memories will have faded and facts to support BNSF's defenses may no longer be available. BNSF identifies neither any witnesses who may be lost nor any facts that are subject to disappearing if the actions against BNSF are delayed. Thus, it has not established harm and any harm it has alleged is (1) no different from that suffered by any other creditor in a bankruptcy case whose state law claims or actions are delayed by the bankruptcy and (2) any harm to BNSF is far outweighed by the prejudice to Debtors if the state court actions proceed against BNSF at this time. As to Debtors, first the automatic stay prevents any action against them, or their estates or property and Debtors' interests and property would be directly affected by the state court actions. Second, Debtors are, as stated, devoting substantial attorney time and resources to this bankruptcy case in order to resolve critical issues and proceed to plan confirmation.

C. Libby Claimants
The Libby Claimants assert that the harm caused by expanding the injunction is that it allows sick and dying claimants to continue to suffer without compensation. The Libby Claimants raise the same arguments here that they raised in connection with a motion for relief from the automatic stay so that they could proceed to litigate in state court. Doc. No. 245. This court denied that motion for relief from stay by orders dated August 25, 2004,[73] after a hearing[74] at which the Libby Claimants presented documentary evidence. However, the court permitted the parties to propose a procedure by which preservation of testimony could be accomplished pending plan confirmation. The parties were ordered to
lay out the procedures whereby a motion that complies with Rule 27(c) ... be filed along with the copies of the medical evidence that [will] be used to *36 support the motion, ... there must be an allegation by counsel that he has interviewed the client and believes that it's necessary to go forward with the deposition for whatever reasons counsel feels are appropriate in addition to the medical criteria.... That has to be filed and served on all parties.... In the event that someone is so ill that it's necessary to take that deposition without complying with those case management procedures, I always will consider some emergency motion.[75]
At a hearing on August 23, 2004, the court acknowledged that the delays caused by the proceedings affect all "asbestos victims" and that was why the court was "pushing the debtor to get a plan through... and get people who are entitled to compensation compensated."[76] The diversion of time, effort and resources that would be required if the Montana Actions proceed would further delay the reorganization process, and implicate estate property.[77]

3. Public Interest
The public interest is a somewhat nebulous factor to be considered in determining whether an injunction should issue in bankruptcy cases. In this case, due to the volume of claims, jurisdictional spread,[78] and numerous controversies, completing the reorganization process also serves the public interest by resolving thousands of claims in a uniform and equitable manner. Thousands of claims, including environmental issues, have already been resolved in this case in such a manner and more are being addressed. Thus, the bankruptcy process has been utilized to the fullest extent and should continue to be through conclusion of the reorganization. To the extent relevant, the public interest weighs in favor of issuing the preliminary injunction to include BNSF.

CONCLUSION
Based on the discussion above, expansion of the preliminary injunction satisfies the four traditional standards for injunctive relief. Additionally, to the extent the unusual circumstances test differs from the traditional standards used to impose a preliminary injunction, both are met here in that Debtors and BNSF share an "identity of interest" and Debtors will be adversely impacted by the prosecution of the Montana Actions. We find that it is necessary to expand the relief granted by the preliminary injunction to specifically include the Montana Actions filed against BNSF with respect to Debtors' former vermiculite mining operations in Libby, Montana.
An appropriate order will be issued.


*37 ORDER EXPANDING THE PRELIMINARY INJUNCTION TO INCLUDE ACTIONS AGAINST BURLINGTON NORTHERN AND SANTE FE RAILROAD

Related to Doc. No. 359
AND NOW, this 11th day of April, 2008, for the reasons expressed in the foregoing Memorandum Opinion, it is ORDERED, ADJUDGED, and DECREED that the objections are overruled and the Debtors' Motion to Expand the Preliminary Injunction to Include Actions Against Burlington Northern and Sante Fe Railroad ("BNSF"), which seeks to expand the relief granted by the preliminary injunction to specifically include actions against BNSF for exposure of some kind to the Debtors' former vermiculite mining operations in Libby, Montana (the "Montana Actions"), is GRANTED.
It is further ORDERED, ADJUDGED, and DECREED that the Injunction, as defined in the foregoing Memorandum Opinion, is hereby expanded to include BNSF as a Nondebtor Affiliate and that the Montana Actions and all other similar actions that have been or may be brought against BNSF that arise from alleged exposure to vermiculite ore from the Debtors' Libby mining operations are and shall be stayed until further order of the Court.
Counsel for Debtors shall immediately serve a copy of this Opinion and Order on all parties in interest and file a certificate of service forthwith.
NOTES
[1]  The actual document is entitled "Debtors' Motion to Expand the Preliminary Injunction to Include Actions Against BNSF."
[2]  The court's jurisdiction was not at issue. This Memorandum Opinion constitutes our findings of fact and conclusions of law.
[3]  Doc. No. 398.
[4]  BNSF's motion is at Doc. No. 389. BNSF moved "(a) For a determination that the preliminary injunction does not preclude discovery of the existence of asbestos-related liability insurance coverage with the Insurance Carriers, where BNSF is the named insured on policies purchased by the Debtors for BNSF's benefit, or where BNSF is named as an additional insured on policies which also accord coverage to the Debtors; (b) In the alternative, for relief from the preliminary injunction to proceed with such discovery; and (c) for such other and further relief as is appropriate." Doc. No. 389 at 2-3. Responses were filed by the Libby Claimants (Libby Claimants' Statement concerning Motion of BNSF Concerning Preliminary Injunction, Doc. No. 390); Continental Casualty Company (Objection of Continental Casualty Company to Motion of BNSF For Clarification of the Scope of the Preliminary Injunction, or in the Alternative, For Relief From the Preliminary Injunction, Doc. No. 391); Royal Indemnity Company (Royal Indemnity Company's Opposition to Motion of BNSF for Clarification of the Scope of the Preliminary Injunction, or in the Alternative, for Relief From the Preliminary Injunction, Doc. No. 392); Maryland Casualty Company (Objection of Maryland Casualty Company to the Motion of BNSF for Clarification of the Scope of the Preliminary Injunction, or in the Alternative, for Relief from the Preliminary Injunction, Doc. No. 393); and Debtors (Debtors' Response to Motion of BNSF for Clarification of the Scope of the Preliminary Injunction and Cross Motion to Expand the Preliminary Injunction to Include Actions Against BNSF, Doc. No. 394). Royal Indemnity filed a Response to Debtors' Response to Motion of BNSF For Clarification of the Scope of the Preliminary Injunction and Cross Motion to Expand the Preliminary Injunction to Include Actions Against BNSF, Doc. No. 397. The court heard the BNSF Motion on April 2, 2007, and deferred it until May 2, 2007, pending a hearing on the Expansion Motion, Doc. No. 398. On June 11, 2007, this court entered an order granting the BNSF Motion to the following extent: "BNSF may seek discovery of independent asbestos-related insurance coverage policies that are NOT: (i) policies that are property of the estates of the above-captioned debtors ("Debtors'); (ii) policies where any of the Debtors are insured; or (iii) polices where any of the Debtors have a claim to their proceeds." Doc. No. 457. The June 11, 2007, Order addressed the BNSF Motion, but did not address Debtors' Cross Motion, Doc. No. 394. A separate order regarding the Debtors' Cross Motion was entered at Doc. No. 396. That order provided that a response to a motion could not include a request for affirmative relief and that a separate motion was required. The Expansion Motion, Doc. No. 398, was filed as a result of the order at Doc. No. 396 and is addressed herein.
[5]  Response of BNSF to Debtors' Motion to Expand the Preliminary Injunction to Include Actions Against BNSF, Doc. No. 413.
[6]  Opposition of the Official Committee of Asbestos Personal-Injury Claimants to Debtors' Motion to Expand the Preliminary Injunction to Include Actions Against BNSF, Doc. No. 414; Opposition of Libby Claimants to Debtors' Motion to Expand the Preliminary Injunction to Include Actions Against BNSF, Doc. No. 417, at 1 (referring at n. 1 to the "Amended and Restated Verified Statement of Cohn Whitesell & Goldberg LLP and Landis Rath & Cobb LLP" Pursuant to Fed.R.Bankr. P.2019 filed in Case No. 01-01139, Doc. No. 13940, as it may be amended and restated from time to time).
[7]  Debtors' Reply in Support of Their Motion to Expand the Preliminary Injunction to Include Actions Against BNSF, Doc. No. 432. Debtors filed Motion for Leave to File a Reply in Further Support of Their Motion to Expand Preliminary Injunction to Include Actions Against BNSF, Doc. No. 424, and the court entered an Order Granting that motion at Doc. No. 431.
[8]  "[I]ncorporating the law of this case as established by this Court and the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit in this Adversary Proceeding, and the arguments and authorities set forth in the Expansion Motion." Doc. No. 422.
[9]  Doc. No. 6.
[10]  Doc. No. 13.
[11]  Doc. No. 32.
[12]  Doc. No. 32.
[13]  Doc. No. 87, Order Granting Modified Preliminary Injunction.
[14]  See Doc. No. 85. The pleading is captioned and docketed as a motion to intervene filed on behalf of Carol Gerard but sought clarification of the scope of the injunction or, alternatively, a modification of the injunction so the proposed intervener could obtain documents for use in her Maryland state court action. Ms. Gerard then filed a separate motion seeking clarification of the preliminary injunction or, in the alternative, to modify the preliminary injunction so she could pursue MCC. Doc. No. 86.
[15]  The order entered on February 25, 2005, at Doc. No. 358 amended an order entered October 7, 2004, Doc. No. 299, which was entered in conjunction a Memorandum Opinion of the same date, Doc. No. 298.
[16]  Doc. No. 359.
[17]  Doc. Nos. 419 (Memorandum Opinion) and 420 (Order). The Memorandum Opinion is published at 366 b4 295 (Bankr.D.Del. 2007). On the same day this court denied the State of Montana's motion for relief from stay. See In re W.R. Grace & Co., 2007 WL 1129170 (April 13, 2007).
[18]  W.R. Grace & Co. v. Chakarian (In re W.R. Grace & Co.), 366 B.R. 295, 302 (Bankr. D.Del.2007).
[19]  Debtors' Motion to Alter and Amend the Court's Order Denying Its Request to Expand the Preliminary Injunction to Include Actions Against the State of Montana, Doc. No. 427; State of Montana's Motion for Reconsideration of Court's Opinion and Order Denying Debtors' Motion for Expansion of Preliminary Injunction, Doc. No. 426. The Libby Claimants and the ACC filed Oppositions to the motions for reconsideration: Libby Claimants' Objection to Motions Filed by Debtors and State of Montana, to Reconsider Order Denying Debtors' Motion to Expand the Preliminary Injunction to Include Actions Against the State of Montana, Doc. No. 442, and Opposition of the Official Committee of Asbestos Personal Injury Claimants to the Debtors' and the State of Montana's Motions to Reconsider the Court's Decision Denying a Stay of Litigation Against Montana, Doc. No. 443.
[20]  Doc. No. 453. The State of Montana's Motion for Reconsideration was referred to in this order and both were addressed in an order entered on August 29, 2007, Doc. No. 466. The appeal from the order at Doc. No. 466 was denied. See Doc. No. 485.
[21]  Doc. No. 459.
[22]  Doc. No. 458.
[23]  Doc. No. 461.
[24]  Doc. No. 463.
[25]  Doc. No. 462.
[26]  Transcript of 7/23/2007 Hearing, Case No.01-01139, Doc. No. 16445, at 97:24-98:2.
[27]  Doc. No. 466.
[28]  Doc. No. 467, Civil Action No. 07-609.
[29]  Civil Action No. 07-609, Doc. Nos. 7-14.
[30]  Civil Action No. 07-609, Doc. Nos. 11, 12, and 13.
[31]  Civil Action No. 07-609, Doc. No. 15; Adv. 01-771, Doc. Nos. 474, 475, 476.
[32]  Memorandum Opinion, Doc. No. 483 (duplicate at Doc. No. 485). Order Denying Motion to Reconsider, Doc. No. 484.
[33]  At least four of the actions were brought against BNSF prepetition. Doc. No. 398 at 7, ¶ 15. None of the suits filed postpetition name the Debtors as a party-defendant, inasmuch as the automatic stay was in place when the plaintiffs filed suit. Doc. No. 398 at 8, ¶ 16.
[34]  BNSF's predecessor, The Great Northern Railway Company, and certain of the Debtors' predecessors, The Zonolile Company or Universal Zonolite Insulation Company, entered into various agreements between 1938 and 1956. The Zonolite Company assigned all of its rights, title, interest and equity in and to these several contracts to W.R. Grace & Co. in 1973. In 1974, W.R. Grace & Co. and Burlington Northern, Inc. entered into yet another agreement. The final agreement between and among Burlington Northern, W.R. Grace & Co.-Conn., and the City of Libby was entered into in 1995. Doc. No. 398, at 3, n. 3.
[35]  There apparently is a dispute regarding whether BNSF is a named insured under some policies but that issue need not be determined for purposes of the issue before us. See Doc. No. 398 at 4, n. 4.
[36]  Doc. No. 398 at 3, ¶ 1.
[37]  Doc. No. 398 at 8, ¶ 17.
[38]  Doc. No. 417, Exh. B. Dr. Spear is a professor of industrial hygiene at Montana Tech in Butte, Montana. He has done investigations, reviewed information, and testified regarding conditions in Libby, Montana.
[39]  Objection to Debtors' Motion to Expand the Preliminary Injunction to Include Actions Against BNSF, Doc. No. 417 at 4, quoting Affidavit of Dr. Terry M. Spear, Exhibit B to Doc. No. 417, at ¶ 28.
[40]  Doc. No. 417.
[41]  The Court of Appeals rioted that at the time of its decision denying mandamus, all courts of appeals except those in the Second and Seventh Circuits had adopted the Third Circuit's Pacor test with little or no variation. 300 F.3d at 381, citing Celotex Corp. v. Edwards, 514 U.S. 300, 305-09, 115 S.Ct. 1493, 131 L.Ed.2d 403 (1995).
[42]  Doc. No. 485.
[43]  The Libby Claimants also call themselves "Montana Plaintiffs." See, for example, Doc. No. 442 designated as filed by Libby Claimants. However, the document filed at Doc. No. 442 refers to "Montana Plaintiffs."
[44]  The position of the State Court Actions against the State of Montana in W.R. Grace & Co., et al. v. Chakarian, et al. (In re W.R. Grace & Co.), 366 B.R. 295 (Bankr.D.Del. 2007), on the other hand, was nearly identical to the claims in Pacor and Federal-Mogul.

Before any effect on Debtors can be realized, the State of Montana must first be found liable in state court and then pursue its claim for indemnification in bankruptcy court. While the court in Orr v. State of Montana, supra, found that a duty existed on behalf of the State, the case was remanded for determination of whether the State of Montana breached that duty. If breach is not found, indemnification/contribution is not possible. If breach is found, Montana Plaintiffs "would still be obligated to bring an entirely separate proceeding to receive indemnification." Pacor, 743 F.2d at 995. Montana law prohibits the State of Montana from litigating or establishing a factual basis (i.e., percentage of comparative fault) against Debtors for either contribution or indemnity during the course of the State Court Actions, See Mont. Ann. § 27-1-703 (1997), and Plumb v. Fourth Judicial Dist. Court, 279 Mont. 363, 927 P.2d 1011 (Mont. 1996) (entry of findings against non-party violates substantive due process). A judgment against the State of Montana will not bind Debtors. An intervening adjudication is necessary to affect the estate.
. . . .
Additionally, in Orr, it is the actions of the State of Montana, not Debtors, which are the basis of the claims. The question in Orr became one of whether, assuming the State had the information, it had an independent responsibility to distribute or act upon the information for the benefit of the plaintiffs in the litigation. "[T]he State had discretion to determine what information to gather, but once that information was gathered, it had no discretion about whether to distribute it." Orr, 106 P.3d at 108.
366 B.R. at 301-02 (footnotes omitted). As in Pacor and Federal-Mogul, the State Court Actions against the State of Montana were not binding on the estates and would not have a direct impact on the estates without additional intervening adjudication.
[45]  "Debtors do not acknowledge liability to BNSF under any of these circumstances." Debtors' Reply in Support of Their Motion to Expand the Preliminary Injunction to Include Actions Against BNSF, Doc. No. 432, at 4.
[46]  Doc. No. 432 at 5-6.
[47]  See Doc. No. 432 at 4.
[48]  Doc. No. 432 at 5, n. 11.
[49]  Doc. No. 432 at 5. In its response to Debtors' motion to expand the preliminary injunction to include BNSF, BNSF asserts that "[u]nderlying its Motion for Clarification Of the Scope Of The Preliminary Injunction ... [Docket No. 389], BNSF is seeking discovery from the Insurance Carriers as to the extent of any available independent, collateral insurance coverage for liability that may be imposed on BNSF.... The insurance policies are different policies than those that are involved in the settlement agreement between the Debtors and the Insurance Carriers and that are currently subject to the preliminary injunction." Doc. No. 413 at 2, ¶ 2. An order was entered on June 11, 2007, permitting BNSF to seek discovery of independent asbestos-related insurance policies that were not property of the estates, not policies in which any of the Debtors is an insured, or policies in which any Debtor has a claim to proceeds. Doc. No. 457. Nonetheless, the issue before us with respect to the Expansion Motion involves Debtors' conduct and products and, therefore, may involve insurance policies that are estate property.
[50]  Doc. No. 432 at 6.
[51]  Doc. No. 398 at 9.
[52]  Doc. No. 413 at 2, ¶ 2.
[53]  Doc. No. 432 at 6.
[54]  Doc. No. 432 at 6, n. 16.
[55]  See also Gerard v. W.R. Grace & Co. (In re W.R. Grace & Co.), 115 Fed.Appx. 565, 567-8 (3d Cir.2004) (Injunctive relief proceeding initiated by debtor in its own chapter 11 is assuredly related to and arose under the bankruptcy and may be a core proceeding).
[56]  The Local Rule provides:

Citation of Subsequent Authorities. No additional briefs, affidavits or other papers in support of or in opposition to the motion shall be filed without prior approval of the Court, except that a party may call to the Court's attention and briefly discuss pertinent cases decided after a party's final brief is filed or after oral argument.
[57]  Letter from Daniel C. Cohn, Esquire to the Honorable Judith K. Fitzgerald Re: Injunction Pleadings, Doc'. No. 478; Letter to Judge Fitzgerald (from Debtors) regarding Manville Opinion, Doc. No. 479; Letter to Judge Fitzgerald regarding Manville Opinion from State of Maryland, Doc. No. 480.
[58]  Motion of BNSF for Clarification of the Scope of the Preliminary Injunction, or in the Alternative, for Relief from the Preliminary Injunction, Doc. 389, Affidavit of James Roberts at 3.
[59]  Id. at 2.
[60]  Motion of BNSF for Clarification of the Scope of the Preliminary Injunction, or in the Alternative, for Relief from the Preliminary Injunction, Doc. 389, Affidavit of James Roberts at 2, ¶ 6. We acknowledge that the Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit recently discussed the "assertion" of indemnity claims as distinguished from the right to recover an indemnity in In re Excel Innovations, Inc., 502 F.3d 1086 (9th Cir.2007). In that case, the court found that a bare allegation that a party would make a claim to indemnification would not be sufficient to support proof of irreparable harm to the debtor. Here, however, the record contains proof of fifteen insurance policies that have contractual indemnities. The parties may dispute the eventual liability of Debtors thereunder but, at this stage, in determining the balance of harm to the parties, there is clear documentation that Debtors will be subject to indemnity claims. That evidence, coupled with BNSF's acknowledgment that it will make claims against those indemnities convinces this court that the balance of harm to Debtors outweighs any countervailing harm to the other parties in awaiting the outcome of the reorganization.
[61]  Doc. No. 389, at 2-3.
[62]  Doc. No. 417 at 12.
[63]  Doc. No. 414 at 16.
[64]  In re W.R. Grace & Co., 315 B.R. 353 (Bankr.D.Del.2004).
[65]  Gerard v. W.R. Grace & Co. (In re W.R. Grace & Co.), 115 Fed.Appx. 565 (3d Cir. 2004).
[66]  Doc. No. 414 at 16.
[67]  See note 69, infra.
[68]  Debtors filed a plan and disclosure statement in 2004 (Doc. Nos.6895, 6896) and amended same at Doc. Nos. 7559, 7560. Exclusivity was terminated by order of July 26, 2007, Doc. No. 16396. Thereafter the ACC and the Future Claimants' Representative filed their competing plan in November of 2007 at Doc. No. 17306. No disclosure statement has been filed in connection with that plan.
[69]  A settlement was announced on April 7, 2008, between and among Debtors, the ACC, and the Future Claimants Representative ("FCR"). The unsecured creditors committee, property damage, and equity committees are in the process of reviewing the terms.
[70]  Nothing in this Memorandum Opinion is intended to or shall be construed as a ruling with respect to any party's rights or liabilities, including Debtors'.
[71]  Doc. No. 398, at 16-18; Doc. No. 332, at 7-8.
[72]  Gerard v. W.R. Grace & Co. (In re W.R. Grace & Co.), 115 Fed.Appx. 565, 569 fn. 4 (3d Cir.2004) ("Plaintiffs' counsel urges that collateral estoppel would not be applied to Grace as a result of issues decided in the course of litigating The Lawsuit, but they offer little authority for this sweeping proposition. We think the issue to be at least unclear.") See United Nat'l Ins. Co. v. Equip. Ins. Managers, No. 95-CV-0116, 1997 WL 241152, **3-4, 1997 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 6177, at * 11-13 (3d Cir. May 6, 1997) (holding that because a corporation who was a debtor in bankruptcy might be "impaired or impeded by proof at trial only of it officers" and could be bound by collateral estoppel as a result of corporate agency principles, suit against the individual corporate officers should not be allowed to proceed independently of the debtor); In re American Film Technologies, Inc., 175 B.R. 847, 850 (Bankr.D.Del.1994) (holding that a potential finding of liability against directors of the corporation would be for acts undertaken as agents of the corporation, and thus would expose the corporation to the risk of being collaterally estopped from denying liability for the director's actions). Also, in In re Johns-Manville Corp., 40 B.R. 219, 225 (S.D.N.Y.1984), the court did comment on the potential effect that witness testimony could have on the debtor. It stated, "once a witness has testified to a fact, or what sounds like a fact, that witness may be confronted with his prior testimony under oath in a future proceeding directly involving Manville, whether or not Manville was a party to the record on which the initial testimony was taken. Once an admission against interest is made, under oath or otherwise, by the agent of a party, that admission stands for all time. No matter what Lake may stipulate, the thousands of other claimants and cross-claimants who are after Manville's assets, would be entitled to use the product of such discovery."
[73]  The orders are at Doc. Nos. 266, 267, and 268.
[74]  The transcript of that hearing, conducted on August 23, 2004, is at Case No. 01-1139, Doc. No. 6266.
[75]  Transcript of 4/23/04, Case No. 01-1139, Doc. No. 6266 at 73-74. The personal injury case management order entered in this case has been amended several times.
[76]  Case No. 01-01139, Doc. No. 6266, Transcript of 8/23/04, at 55.
[77]  The Libby Claimants also contend that the preliminary injunction should not be expanded to include BNSF because Debtors' proposed plan does not provide payment for 24-hour end stage care and home assistance to those with asbestos disease. For purposes of determining whether a successful reorganization is likely, which is the issue before us with respect to the preliminary injunction, whether a plan has to provide care and assistance to certain asbestos creditors is immaterial at this stage and will not be the ultimate determining factor in whether a plan is or is not confirmed.
[78]  Debtors conduct business in the United States and several other nations.
