[Cite as State v. Taylor, 2012-Ohio-5421.]


                 Court of Appeals of Ohio
                                EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                   COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA


                               JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION
                                       No. 98107



                                       STATE OF OHIO
                                                       PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE

                                                 vs.

                                             ALI TAYLOR
                                                       DEFENDANT-APPELLANT




                                             JUDGMENT:
                                              AFFIRMED


                                     Criminal Appeal from the
                              Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas
                                       Case No. CR-553483

        BEFORE: Boyle, P.J., Celebrezze, J., and E. Gallagher, J.

        RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: November 21, 2012
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT

Craig J. Morice
P.O. Box 392
Wickliffe, Ohio 44092

ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE

Timothy J. McGinty
Cuyahoga County Prosecutor
BY: James M. Rice
Assistant County Prosecutor
8th Floor Justice Center
1200 Ontario Street
Cleveland, Ohio 44113




MARY J. BOYLE, P.J.:

       {¶1} Defendant-appellant, Ali Taylor, appeals his convictions for felonious

assault and having a weapon while under a disability.      He raises three assignments of

error for our review:

             [1.] The trial court abused its discretion in permitting the proffering
       and admission of state’s exhibits 1.1 - 1.6 and 4 - 19 in contravention of
       Ohio Rules of Evidence 403, 602, and 1003.

              [2.] In light of the unfairly prejudicial evidence erroneously admitted
       against defendant/appellant, said evidence was insufficient as a matter of
       law to support the verdict and conviction rendered in the trial court.
               [3.] The verdict and conviction entered against defendant/appellant
         was against the manifest weight of the evidence.

         {¶2} Finding no merit to his appeal, we affirm.

                         Procedural History and Factual Background

         {¶3} In August 2011, Taylor was indicted on three counts: two counts of

felonious assault, in violation of R.C. 2903.11(A)(1) and (A)(2), with one- and three-year

firearm specifications, and one count of having a weapon while under a disability, in

violation of R.C. 2923.13(A)(2). The indictment arose from allegations that on the night

of August 3, 2011, Taylor shot a 15-year-old male in the parking lot of a convenience

store.    The following facts were presented to a jury.

         {¶4} The victim, T.W., testified that on the evening of August 3, 2011, he was at

“C Town,” a convenience store and deli, hanging out with some of his friends. A man,

who appeared to be drunk, came up to one of T.W.’s friends and shook his hand.        The

man then “slapped” his friend, and his friend hit the man back. T.W. said that he was

not really paying attention, but the “next thing he [knew],” the man had a gun in his hand

and started shooting. T.W. said everyone took off running, including him, and he got

shot in his buttocks. T.W. heard three shots. He ran to his aunt’s house around the

corner, and she called the police.

         {¶5} T.W. testified that the shooter was “big” and was wearing a “black do-rag”

and “jogging pants.” He said the gun looked like a .38 revolver. He was not able to

identify the shooter in a photo array. He testified that he did not know the shooter, did

not talk to the shooter, and everything happened “too fast.”
        {¶6} Officer Troy Strong of the Cleveland Police Department testified that he

responded to C Town, but was redirected to an apartment near there.     He spoke with the

victim, who gave him a description of the shooter. He and his partner went to C Town

and viewed surveillance cameras from the store.

        {¶7} Detective Ronda Gray testified that after she was assigned to the case, she

learned about the surveillance video that was taken at C Town on the night of the

shooting. She went to the store on August 5, 2011, to view the surveillance video.     She

testified that the video recording system “was quite an elaborate surveillance system,” and

had the capability to record DVDs, but the store manager did not know how to do it.

The store manager also told her the video recording was on a loop and would record over

the video, so she recorded the surveillance video with her cell phone as she watched it.

        {¶8} Detective Gray explained that there were “quite a few frames” because

there were several different camera views.       She watched each of them and hit record

every time she saw the suspect.     She then emailed the videos on her cell phone to her

supervisor, Sergeant Matt Putnam. Her supervisor told her that the videos were upside

down on his computer, so she went back to the store on August 6 to re-record the

surveillance video on her cell phone so that the video would not be upside down when

viewing it on a computer.

        {¶9} Detective Gray testified that she also showed the videos on her cell phone

to Detective Ronald Berry.    Detective Berry recognized Taylor from arresting him in the

past.   Taylor became a suspect at that point.
       {¶10} Detective Gray viewed the state’s exhibits 1.1 through 1.6 in court and

identified them as the six segments of the videos that she took with her cell phone.     She

explained that the videos depicted the suspect going into the C Town store, walking

around it, leaving, and then shooting at someone in the parking lot outside the store.   She

said the videos that were played in court were accurate as far as she remembered.        She

then identified still-frame photos that she explained were taken from the videos that she

recorded.

       {¶11} After Taylor became a suspect, Detective Gray learned that he had been

arrested in Bedford several hours after the shooting at the C Town store.   Detective Gray

had Taylor transferred from the Bedford jail to the Cuyahoga County jail.

       {¶12} Detective Gray explained on cross-examination that when she was recording

the surveillance video with her cell phone, she hit reverse so that she could capture the

suspect’s face for a longer time.     She further explained that she executed a search

warrant at Taylor’s mother’s home, where Taylor also resided.     She never found a gun or

bullets in Taylor’s mother’s home.

       {¶13} Detective Berry testified that on August 6, 2011, he viewed a video on

Detective Gray’s cell phone.     The state played a video in court that Detective Berry

identified as the same video that he viewed on Detective Gray’s cell phone.       Detective

Berry said that when he saw the suspect in the video walk into the C Town store, he

recognized him as Taylor.    Detective Berry explained that he recognized Taylor because
he had arrested Taylor in the past.    Detective Berry had “seen” Taylor “more than five

times in the past,” but said that it had been “about ten years or so” since the last time.

       {¶14} Detective Berry identified a still-frame photo of Taylor walking into the C

Town store. He explained that this was the same shot from the video where he had first

identified Taylor on Detective Gray’s cell phone.      Detective Berry stated that the video

that was played in court was just as he “remember[ed] seeing it” when he viewed it on

Detective Gray’s cell phone.

       {¶15} Officer Val Closs of the Bedford Police Department testified that in the

early morning hours of August 4, 2011, she responded to a call involving Taylor.             She

testified that she remembered that Taylor was wearing a blue striped shirt, dark pants, and

a blue “do-rag.”     She was shown a still-frame photo of Taylor that according to

Detectives Gray and Berry, shows him walking into the C Town store. Officer Closs

stated that Taylor was wearing the same clothing when she picked him up around 2:00

a.m. on August 4. She further identified a booking photo of Taylor where he was

wearing the same clothes except without the “do-rag.”       She explained that she had given

the “do-rag” to Taylor’s mother according to department policy.

       {¶16} Mohammed Suleiman testified that he is the manager of C Town. He

testified that he recognized Taylor as a customer at C Town.      He said that Taylor used to

be a regular customer and had been in C Town “[w]ell over 50 times.”

       {¶17} Suleiman testified that C Town has eight, “high quality” cameras; “two in

the office, two in the front, one outside, two in the back and one on the side of the store.”
 He explained that the cameras record on a “36-hour loop,” which meant that after 36

hours, the video automatically records over itself.

          {¶18} Suleiman further explained that the videos are stored on a “DVR.”      He said

that the DVR has the capability to record the videos with a DVD.          He stated that police

officers came to view the surveillance videos at the store and recorded them on a cell

phone.      He viewed the video in court and stated that it was a true and accurate depiction

of the surveillance video that was recorded at his store on the night of the shooting.

          {¶19} On cross-examination, Suleiman testified that he never made a statement to

police officers until a few days before trial.     He agreed on cross-examination that police

officers never brought a DVD to record the surveillance video, despite that capability.

He further explained that a police officer recorded the surveillance video on his cell

phone on the night of the shooting.     A female officer came back later and recorded it on

her cell phone.

          {¶20} The jury found Taylor guilty on all three counts and specifications.       The

trial court merged the felonious assault convictions and firearm specifications.             It

sentenced Taylor to eight years for felonious assault, three years for the firearm

specifications, and three years for having a weapon while under a disability, for an

aggregate sentence of 14 years in prison.        The trial court further advised Taylor that he

would be subject to three years of mandatory postrelease control upon his release from

prison.

                                      Evidentiary Issues
       {¶21} In his first assignment of error, Taylor contends that the trial court erred and

abused its discretion by admitting the duplicate recording (state’s exhibits 1.1 through

1.6) and still-frame photos (state’s exhibits 4 through 19) of the store’s surveillance video

because they were (1) unfairly prejudicial, (2) could not be authenticated, and (3) did not

suffice as reliable “duplicates” of the original recording.

       {¶22} The admission or exclusion of evidence lies in the trial court’s sound

discretion.    State v. Sage, 31 Ohio St.3d 173, 510 N.E.2d 343 (1987). A trial court will

be found to have abused its discretion when its decision is contrary to law, unreasonable,

not supported by the evidence, or grossly unsound.      See State v. Boles, 187 Ohio App.3d

345, 2010-Ohio-278, 932 N.E.2d 345, ¶ 16-18 (2d Dist.) citing Black’s Law Dictionary

11 (8th Ed.Rev.2004). Further, this abuse of discretion must have materially prejudiced

the defendant. State v. Lowe, 69 Ohio St.3d 527, 532, 634 N.E.2d 616 (1994), citing

State v. Maurer, 15 Ohio St.3d 239, 265, 473 N.E.2d 768 (1984).

       {¶23} Taylor raises evidentiary issues relating to authentication and the best

evidence rule.    Evid.R. 901 provides for the authentication or identification of evidence

prior to its admissibility.     The rule provides, in pertinent part: “The requirement of

authentication or identification as a condition precedent to admissibility is satisfied by

evidence sufficient to support a finding that the matter in question is what its proponent

claims.”      Evid.R. 901(A).     By way of illustration, Evid.R. 901(B) provides that

evidence may be properly authenticated by “testimony of witness with knowledge” that “a

matter is what it is claimed to be.”
       {¶24} The common law “best evidence rule” in Ohio is codified in Evid.R. 1001

through 1008.      It provides: “[t]o prove the content of a writing, recording, or

photograph, the original writing, recording, or photograph is required, except as otherwise

provided in these rules[.]”    Evid.R. 1002.    The “best evidence rule” rests on the fact

that an original writing is more reliable, complete, and accurate as to its contents and

meaning. United States v. Holton, 116 F.3d 1536, 1545 (D.C.Circ.1997).

       {¶25} Evid.R. 1001(3) defines an original of a “writing or recording” as “the

writing or recording itself or any counterpart intended to have the same effect by a person

executing or issuing it.” Evid.R. 1001(4) provides that:

       A “duplicate” is a counterpart produced by the same impression as the
       original, or from the same matrix, or by means of photography, including
       enlargements and miniatures, or by mechanical or electronic re-recording,
       or by chemical reproduction, or by other equivalent techniques which
       accurately reproduce the original.

       {¶26} Here, the videos and still-frame photographs taken from the surveillance

video were duplicates of the original recording. Evid.R. 1003 governs the admissibility

of duplicates, and provides: “[a] duplicate is admissible to the same extent as an original

unless (1) a genuine question is raised as to the authenticity of the original or (2) in the

circumstances it would be unfair to admit the duplicate in lieu of the original.”

       {¶27} Further, the party seeking to exclude a duplicate has the burden of

demonstrating that the duplicate should be excluded.        State v. Tibbetts, 92 Ohio St.3d

146, 160, 2001-Ohio-132, 749 N.E.2d 226. “The decision to admit duplicates, in lieu of

originals, is one that is left to the sound discretion of the trial court.” State v. Easter, 75
Ohio App.3d 22, 27, 598 N.E.2d 845 (4th Dist.1991). In State v. Barton, 12th Dist. No.

CA2005-03-036, 2007-Ohio-1099, ¶ 80, the court explained:

             When the party opposing the duplicate’s admission raises a genuine
      question as to the duplicate’s trustworthiness, the trial court must determine
      whether the testimony authenticating the duplicate is sufficient to convince
      the court “of the improbability of the original item having been exchanged
      with another or otherwise tampered with.” [Easter] at 26. The trial
      court’s ruling on the sufficiency of authentication evidence is also reviewed
      under an abuse of discretion standard. Id.

      {¶28} Detective Gray testified that she went to the store and viewed the

surveillance videos from the different cameras on a computer.      She explained that she

recorded each video where she saw the suspect.          As she watched the videos, she

recorded them with her iPhone.    She showed the recorded videos to Detective Berry on

her cell phone; Detective Berry recognized Taylor from previous dealings he had with

Taylor.   Detective Gray also emailed the videos on her cell phone to her supervisor.

      {¶29} The state played the videos in court on either a television or a computer.

During Detective Gray’s testimony, she identified the videos as the same videos that she

had recorded with her cell phone.    She further explained that the videos were accurate

copies of the store surveillance videos.      The state also played the videos during

Detective Berry’s testimony.   Detective Berry stated that the videos were the same as the

ones that he viewed on Detective Gray’s cell phone.

      {¶30} The state played the videos during the store manager’s testimony as well;

the store manager explained that the video portrayed what was recorded inside and

outside of his store on the day of the shooting.   The store manager further testified that
the videos played in court were a true and accurate depiction of the surveillance video

that was recorded at his store on the night of the shooting.

       {¶31} Detective Gray sufficiently testified to satisfy the requirements under

Evid.R. 901, as she had personal knowledge regarding both the original recording and the

duplicate and was able to state that the duplicate correctly reproduced the original.

Evid.R. 901(A) and (B)(1).

       {¶32} Taylor argues that the trial court erred in admitting the videos because they

were only “portions of the surveillance video taken by the digital recording system in

place,” and “were purportedly taken via Detective Gray’s operating a cell phone video

camera on at least two occasions.”      But even Taylor concedes that despite these two

facts, the videos and photographs were permissible “duplicates” under Evid.R. 1001(4).

He argues, however, that “issues surrounding [the videos] making cast further doubt on

their authenticity and reliability.”

       {¶33} First, Taylor implies that Detective Gray lied when testifying in court. He

states that Detective Gray testified that “she could not record from the digital video

surveillance recording system in place at the C Town Deli onto a DVD,” so she recorded

it with her cell phone.      He asserts that the store manager’s testimony contradicted

Detective Gray’s, because the store manager stated that the system was capable of

recording the surveillance recordings onto a DVD.        Detective Gray, however, actually

testified that the system was capable of recording onto a DVD, but that the store manager
did not know how to do it. The store manager’s testimony does not contradict Detective

Gray’s testimony.

         {¶34} Taylor next argues that Detective Berry, who identified Taylor, only viewed

the videos on Detective Gray’s cell phone, not on the computer as they were played in

court.    Detective Berry testified, however, that the videos that were played in court were

the same videos that he viewed on Detective Gray’s cell phone.

         {¶35} Taylor further argues that the state did not establish the proper chain of

custody for the videos and still-frame photos.          He argues that Detective Gray’s

supervisor, Sergeant Putnam, did not testify, even though he is the one who received the

emailed videos.     Taylor further maintains that no one testified how the videos were

transmitted, or how the still-frame photos were obtained from the videos.

         {¶36} The chain of custody is part of the authentication and identification

requirement in Evid.R. 901. State v. Brown, 107 Ohio App.3d 194, 200, 668 N.E.2d 514

(3d Dist.1995). The prosecution bears the burden of establishing a proper chain of

custody. State v. Moore, 47 Ohio App.2d 181, 183, 353 N.E.2d 866 (9th Dist.1973).

Chain of custody can be established by direct testimony or by inference. State v. Conley,

32 Ohio App.2d 54, 60, 288 N.E.2d 296 (3d Dist.1971). The state, however, has no duty

to eliminate every possibility that tampering or substitution occurred. Id. The state

must only show that it is reasonably certain that a substitution, tampering, or alteration did

not occur. Id.
       {¶37} We agree with Taylor that the state failed to establish a proper chain of

custody with respect to the videos and still-frame photos. No one testified as to how the

still-frame photos were obtained or how the emailed videos ended up with the state.

Detective Gray testified that she emailed them to her supervisor, but she did not know

how they were transmitted to the state.

       {¶38} Nonetheless, we conclude that the state provided sufficient testimony from

Detective Gray, Detective Berry, and the store manager that the videos were not altered or

tampered with such that they should be deemed unreliable.        Further, any break in the

chain of custody goes to the weight afforded to the evidence, not to its admissibility.

Columbus v. Marks, 118 Ohio App. 359, 194 N.E.2d 791 (10th Dist.1963); State v. Mays,

108 Ohio App.3d 598, 671 N.E.2d 553 (8th Dist.1996).

       {¶39} We conclude that Taylor did not meet his burden to establish that the

duplicate videos and still-frame photos should have been excluded as he did not raise

genuine questions as to their trustworthiness. Accordingly, we decline to hold that the

trial court’s admission of the evidence was an abuse of discretion.

       {¶40} Taylor’s first assignment of error is overruled.

                      Sufficiency and Manifest Weight of Evidence

       {¶41} In his second and third assignments of error, Taylor argues that his

convictions were not supported by sufficient evidence and were against the manifest

weight of the evidence.
      {¶42} When an appellate court reviews a record upon a sufficiency challenge,

“‘the relevant inquiry is whether, after viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to

the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the

crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt.’”        State v. Leonard, 104 Ohio St.3d 54,

2004-Ohio-6235, 818 N.E.2d 229, ¶ 77, quoting State v. Jenks, 61 Ohio St.3d 259, 574

N.E.2d 492 (1991), paragraph two of the syllabus.

      {¶43} In reviewing a claim challenging the manifest weight of the evidence,

      [t]he question to be answered is whether there is substantial evidence upon
      which a jury could reasonably conclude that all the elements have been
      proved beyond a reasonable doubt. In conducting this review, we must
      examine the entire record, weigh the evidence and all reasonable inferences,
      consider the credibility of the witnesses, and determine whether the jury
      clearly lost its way and created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that
      the conviction must be reversed and a new trial ordered.

(Internal quotes and citations omitted.) Leonard at ¶ 81.

      {¶44} With respect to Taylor’s sufficiency argument, he concedes that if we find

that the trial court properly admitted the videos and still-frame photos, that the state

presented sufficient evidence such that any rational trier of fact could have found the

essential elements of the crimes proven beyond a reasonable doubt.           Because we

concluded that the trial court properly admitted that evidence, Taylor’s sufficiency

argument is without merit.

      {¶45} Regarding manifest weight of the evidence, Taylor again claims that the the

videos and still-frame photos were “fatally defective.” In addition to that argument,

Taylor asserts that no other evidence corroborated that he was even at the store. He
contends that the victim could not identify him, and the store manager did not hear a

shooting take place outside of his store. We disagree.

       {¶46} Detective Gray showed the surveillance video to Detective Berry.

Although it had been over ten years, Detective Berry testified that he recognized Taylor

from previous dealings.      After Taylor became a suspect, Detective Gray discovered that

he had been arrested in Bedford a few hours after the shooting at the C Town store.

       {¶47} The Bedford police officer who arrested Taylor testified that he was wearing

a dark blue striped shirt, a blue “do-rag,” and dark jeans when she arrested him.     When

showed a photo of Taylor in the C Town store, the Bedford police officer testified that he

was wearing those exact same clothes when she arrested him.          The Bedford officer

further identified a booking photo of Taylor wearing the same striped shirt and pants, but

not the “do-rag.”   She explained that she gave it to Taylor’s mother, along with some of

Taylor’s other belongings.

       {¶48} After reviewing the entire record, weighing the evidence and all

reasonable inferences, considering the credibility of witnesses, and resolving conflicts in

the evidence, we conclude that the jury did not clearly lose its way and create such a

manifest miscarriage of justice that the conviction must be reversed and a new trial

ordered. State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 387, 678 N.E.2d 541 (1997). Thus,

Taylor’s arguments regarding manifest weight of the evidence are overruled.

       {¶49} Accordingly, Taylor’s second and third assignments of error are overruled.

       {¶50} Judgment affirmed.
      It is ordered that appellee recover of appellant costs herein taxed.

      The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

      It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this court directing the common

pleas court to carry this judgment into execution. The defendant’s conviction having

been affirmed, any bail pending appeal is terminated.     Case remanded to the trial court

for execution of sentence.

      A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27 of

the Rules of Appellate Procedure.




MARY J. BOYLE, PRESIDING JUDGE

FRANK D. CELEBREZZE, JR., J., and
EILEEN A. GALLAGHER, J., CONCUR
