                                                                  Filed: August 23, 2012

              IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF OREGON

STATE OF OREGON,
                                                                  Respondent on Review,

      v.

MICHAEL LEE MULLINS,
                                                                    Petitioner on Review.

                     (CC 085207AFE; CA A141529; SC S059833)

      En Banc

      On review from the Court of Appeals.*

      Argued and submitted June 13, 2012.

        Mary M. Reese, Deputy Public Defender, Salem, argued the cause and filed the
brief for petitioner on review. With her on the brief was Peter Gartlan, Chief Defender.

      Paul L. Smith, Attorney-in-Charge, Salem, argued the cause and filed the brief for
respondent on review. With him on the brief were John R. Kroger, Attorney General,
and Anna M. Joyce, Solicitor General.

      WALTERS, J.

       The decision of the Court of Appeals is affirmed. The judgment of conviction and
sentence and the supplemental judgment for restitution entered by the circuit court are
affirmed.

       *Appeal from Jackson County Circuit Court, Lisa C. Greif, Judge. 245 Or App
505, 263 P3d 370 (2011).
 1                 WALTERS, J.

 2                 In this criminal case, we must determine whether defendant filed his notice

 3   of appeal from a supplemental judgment awarding restitution within the time allowed by

 4   ORS 138.071(4), which requires that the notice of appeal be filed not later than 30 days

 5   after "the defendant receives notice that the judgment has been entered." The Court of

 6   Appeals concluded that defendant's notice of appeal from the supplemental judgment was

 7   untimely and dismissed that appeal for lack of jurisdiction. State v. Mullins, 245 Or App

 8   505, 263 P3d 370 (2011).1 For the reasons set out in this opinion, we too conclude that

 9   defendant's notice of appeal was not timely filed, and we therefore affirm the decision of

10   the Court of Appeals.

11                 The procedural facts are as follows. Defendant was charged in December

12   2008 with second- and third-degree assault, and was represented by trial counsel. In

13   early February 2009, a jury found defendant guilty on both charges. That same day, the

14   trial court entered a judgment of conviction and sentence, which included an instruction

15   that defendant pay restitution "in an amount to be determined as ordered and pursuant to

16   ORS 137.106[(1)](b)." 2 In March 2009, defendant, with the assistance of different

            1
                    The Court of Appeals also rejected without discussion issues relating to the
     underlying judgment of conviction and sentence that defendant raised in a pro se
     supplemental brief in that court; the court affirmed that underlying judgment. Mullins,
     245 Or App at 507, 507 n 1. In this court, defendant does not challenge the decision of
     the Court of Appeals affirming the judgment of conviction and sentence; instead, he
     requests that this court reverse the Court of Appeals' jurisdictional ruling as to the
     supplemental judgment and remand to that court for consideration of his challenge to the
     merits of the supplemental judgment.
            2
                   ORS 137.106(1)(b) provides, in part, that a judgment may include:

                                                  1
 1   appellate counsel, filed a timely notice of appeal from the judgment of conviction and

 2   sentence.3 At that time, defendant's trial counsel continued to represent defendant on

 3   post-judgment matters to be decided in the trial court, including matters relating to the

 4   amount of restitution that defendant would be required to pay.

 5                 On July 9, 2009, the state moved for an "amended" judgment and money

 6   award, and sought $2,603.70 in restitution. That same day, without conducting a

 7   hearing,4 the trial court signed a "Judgment for Restitution" that ordered defendant to pay

 8   the amount requested. On July 10, the trial court entered that supplemental judgment in

 9   the register. Neither defendant, his trial counsel, nor his appellate counsel received notice

10   of entry of the supplemental judgment at that time. However, the parties agree that, at

11   least by November 20, 2009, defendant's trial counsel -- but not his appellate counsel -- in


                   "A requirement that the defendant pay the victim restitution, and that
            the specific amount of restitution will be established by a supplemental
            judgment based upon a determination made by the court within 90 days of
            entry of the judgment. In the supplemental judgment, the court shall
            establish a specific amount of restitution that equals the full amount of the
            victim's economic damages as determined by the court. The court may
            extend the time within which the determination and supplemental judgment
            may be completed for good cause."
            3
                  Under ORS 138.071(1), the notice of appeal from the judgment of
     conviction and sentence was due "not later than 30 days after the judgment or order
     appealed from was entered in the register."
            4
                     Nothing in this opinion should be construed to sanction the procedure that
     the trial court used -- that is, entry of a supplemental judgment awarding restitution
     without first conducting a hearing. See ORS 137.106(5) (requiring court to allow a
     defendant "to be heard" if the defendant objects to imposition, amount, or distribution of
     restitution). As noted below, the trial court's failure to conduct a hearing was the basis
     for defendant's challenge to the supplemental judgment on the merits, and we do not
     reach that challenge here.

                                                  2
 1   fact had received notice of entry of the supplemental judgment.5 On and after that date,

 2   trial counsel continued to serve as defendant's trial court attorney of record (no formal

 3   notice of withdrawal appears in the record).

 4                 On March 23, 2010, more than eight months after entry of the supplemental

 5   judgment and approximately four months after defendant's trial counsel received notice

 6   of entry of the supplemental judgment, defendant's appellate counsel learned of entry of

 7   that judgment and filed an amended notice of appeal from it. In his opening brief on

 8   appeal, defendant assigned error to the trial court's entry of the supplemental judgment

 9   without providing defendant with an opportunity to be heard. See ORS 137.106(5)

10   (requiring court to allow a defendant "to be heard" if the defendant objects to imposition,

11   amount, or distribution of restitution). In response, the state contended that the Court of

12   Appeals did not have jurisdiction to consider defendant's claim of error, because

13   defendant's amended notice of appeal was untimely under ORS 138.071(4).

14                 The Court of Appeals affirmed defendant's judgment of conviction and

15   sentence, but dismissed his appeal from the supplemental judgment awarding restitution,

16   concluding -- as the state argued -- that it lacked jurisdiction because defendant's appeal

17   from the supplemental judgment was untimely under ORS 138.071(4). Mullins, 245 Or


            5
                   In August 2009, defendant's codefendant had requested a hearing on the
     amount of restitution that he would be required to pay, and the trial court scheduled a
     hearing for November 23, 2009, with notice to both the codefendant and defendant. On
     November 20, defendant's trial counsel moved to continue the hearing, which later was
     rescheduled to March 1, 2010. The parties agree that, as of the date of the motion to
     continue filed on November 20, 2009, defendant's trial counsel had received notice of the
     supplemental judgment entered in defendant's case.

                                                    3
 1   App at 507, 510. The court relied on this court's then-recent decision in State v. Fowler,

 2   350 Or 133, 252 P3d 302 (2011), which we discuss in detail later in this opinion. We

 3   allowed defendant's petition for review.

 4                 Ordinarily, a notice of appeal must be filed and served "not later than 30

 5   days after the judgment or order appealed from was entered in the register." ORS

 6   138.071(1). However, ORS 138.071(4) sets out an exception to that rule, and it is that

 7   exception that is at issue in this case. That exception applies to appeals from certain

 8   corrected, modified, or supplemental judgments -- including a supplemental judgment

 9   that determines the amount and terms of restitution ordered in a previous judgment -- and

10   provides:

11                "If the trial court enters a corrected or a supplemental judgment
12          under ORS 138.083,[6] a notice of appeal from the corrected or

            6
                   ORS 138.083 grants a trial court post-judgment jurisdiction to (1) modify a
     judgment or sentence to correct any arithmetic or clerical errors; (2) delete or modify any
     erroneous term in a judgment; or (3) determine the amount of restitution previously
     ordered, through entry of a supplemental judgment. As to restitution, ORS 138.083(2)
     provides:

                   "(a) A judgment that orders payment of restitution but does not
            specify the amount of restitution imposed is final for the purpose of
            appealing the judgment.

                   "(b) Notwithstanding the filing of a notice of appeal, the sentencing
            court retains authority to determine the amount of restitution and to enter a
            supplemental judgment to specify the amount and terms of restitution.

                   "(c) If a sentencing court enters a supplemental judgment under this
            subsection while an appeal of the judgment of conviction is pending, the
            court shall immediately forward a copy of the supplemental judgment to the
            appellate court. Any modification of the appeal necessitated by the
            supplemental judgment may be made in the manner specified by rules
            adopted by the appellate court."

                                                  4
 1          supplemental judgment must be filed not later than 30 days after the
 2          defendant receives notice that the judgment has been entered."

 3   (Emphasis added.)

 4                 The parties' dispute centers on the emphasized wording of ORS 138.071(4).

 5   Defendant's argument is composed of two parts. First, defendant asserts that, for the 30-

 6   day appeal period to begin to run, a defendant must receive actual notice that a

 7   supplemental judgment under ORS 138.083 has been entered in the register. Second,

 8   defendant contends that, in requiring that "the defendant" receive actual notice, ORS

 9   138.071(4) requires that notice be received by the defendant's counsel, if the defendant is

10   represented, and, specifically, by the defendant's appellate counsel, if the defendant is

11   represented by different counsel on appeal than at trial. That is, even if a defendant

12   personally, or the defendant's trial counsel, has received actual notice of entry of a

13   supplemental judgment under ORS 138.083, the 30-day appeal period begins to run only

14   if and when the defendant's appellate counsel receives actual notice of entry of the

15   supplemental judgment.

16                 For its part, the state does not disagree that ORS 138.071(4) sets out an

17   "actual" rather than a "constructive" notice requirement. The state also does not disagree

18   that the words "the defendant" could include a defendant's appellate counsel. In the

19   state's view, however, once the defendant, trial counsel, or appellate counsel receives

20   actual notice of entry of a supplemental judgment under ORS 138.083, the statutory



     For purposes of construing ORS 138.071(4) in this opinion, we refer to a trial court's
     entry of a supplemental judgment awarding restitution under ORS 138.083(2)(b) as a
     "supplemental judgment under ORS 138.083."
                                                   5
 1   requirement is satisfied, and the 30-day appeal period begins to run. And, here, because

 2   the record reflects that defendant's trial counsel received notice of entry of the

 3   supplemental judgment not later than November 20, 2009, the 30-day appeal period ran

 4   on December 21, 2009,7 approximately three months before defendant's appellate counsel

 5   filed the amended notice of appeal from the supplemental judgment.

 6                 To resolve the parties' dispute, we must construe ORS 138.071(4), using

 7   our established methodology. See State v. Gaines, 346 Or 160, 171-72, 206 P3d 1042

 8   (2009) (when construing statutes, court first considers statutory text and context and, to

 9   extent useful to court's analysis, legislative history); State v. Toevs, 327 Or 525, 532, 964

10   P2d 1007 (1998) (court also considers case law construing statute at issue at first level of

11   analysis). Again, as pertinent here, the operative words of ORS 138.071(4) are that an

12   appeal from a supplemental judgment under ORS 138.083 must be filed "not later than 30

13   days after the defendant receives notice that the judgment has been entered."

14                 As noted, the parties do not dispute that, by stating that a defendant must

15   "receive[] notice" for the 30-day appeal period to begin to run, the legislature intended

16   that a defendant receive actual rather than constructive notice of entry of the

17   supplemental judgment. In other words, the legislature contemplated that (1) some

18   person or entity would provide the defendant with the notice in question (that is, that


            7
                   Because December 20, 2009, fell on a Sunday, the last day to file a notice
     of appeal from the supplemental judgment -- assuming receipt of notice of entry of that
     judgment by "defendant" on November 20, 2009 -- was December 21, 2009. See ORS
     174.120(2)(a) (stating time computation rule when last day falls on legal holiday); ORS
     187.010(1)(a) (designating each Sunday as legal holiday).

                                                   6
 1   entry of a qualifying judgment had occurred); and (2) the defendant need not act to

 2   preserve the time for appeal until receiving that notice. Entry of the supplemental

 3   judgment in the register would not alone be sufficient to trigger the 30-day appeal period.

 4                 We agree with the parties that the statutory text of ORS 138.071(4) plainly

 5   contemplates a defendant's receipt of actual notice of entry of a supplemental judgment

 6   under ORS 138.083. The statutory wording, "after the defendant receives notice," is set

 7   out in the passive voice and therefore does not identify the actor who must deliver notice

 8   to the defendant. See generally Brentmar v. Jackson County, 321 Or 481, 487, 900 P2d

 9   1030 (1995) (where land use statute provided that certain uses "may be established,"

10   statute's use of passive voice in key verb "establish" meant that statute did not specify the

11   actor); Duncan v. Augter, 286 Or 723, 727, 596 P2d 555 (1979) (passive wording in

12   statute of limitations regarding when injury is discovered or reasonably should have been

13   discovered did not specify whose discovery triggered time limitation). However, the

14   statutory wording unambiguously directs that the trigger for the start of the 30-day appeal

15   period is a defendant's receipt of notice of entry of a supplemental judgment from some

16   source. It follows that a defendant is not deemed to receive that notice by virtue of its

17   entry and is not independently obligated to determine the date or fact of entry of a

18   supplemental judgment under ORS 138.083 to preserve the time for appeal.

19                 Statutory context confirms that reading. Most notably, other parts of ORS

20   138.071 that establish various time periods for appeal are based on the date of entry of

21   the judgment or order at issue -- and thereby on a party's constructive notice of that date -

22   - and not on a defendant's receipt of actual notice of entry. See, e.g., ORS 138.071(1)

                                                   7
 1   (setting out general rule that notice of appeal must be served and filed "not later than 30

 2   days after the judgment or order appealed from was entered in the register" (emphasis

 3   added)); ORS 138.071(2)(a) (same, regarding notice of appeal from order disposing of

 4   motion for new trial or arrest of judgment). That distinct difference in statutory wording

 5   indicates that, by using the precise words "receives notice" in ORS 138.071(4), the

 6   legislature intended to impose an actual, not a constructive, notice requirement for

 7   appeals from supplemental judgments entered under ORS 138.083.

 8                 In their application of that "actual notice" requirement to the facts of this

 9   case, the parties discuss this court's decision in Fowler, 350 Or 133, and, as noted, the

10   Court of Appeals followed Fowler in concluding that defendant's amended notice of

11   appeal was untimely. In Fowler, the trial court had informed the defendant, at the

12   conclusion of a hearing on the state's request for transportation costs, that an "amended

13   judgment" awarding costs would be entered and that the time to appeal that judgment had

14   begun to run. Two days later, a supplemental judgment was entered in the register. More

15   than 30 days later, the defendant filed his notice of appeal from the supplemental

16   judgment. Id. at 135-36.

17                 The Court of Appeals affirmed both the original and supplemental

18   judgments without opinion, and the defendant petitioned for review. Id. at 136. In an

19   opinion that allowed the defendant's petition in part, this court vacated the aspect of the

20   Court of Appeals decision that affirmed the supplemental judgment and remanded with

21   instructions to dismiss the defendant's appeal from that judgment for lack of jurisdiction.

22   Id. at 140. This court expressed two bases for its decision: (1) nothing in the record

                                                   8
 1   suggested that the supplemental judgment at issue qualified as a supplemental judgment

 2   awarding restitution under ORS 138.083, thereby rendering ORS 138.071(4) -- which

 3   measures the time for appeal from the date that a defendant receives notice of entry of

 4   supplemental judgment rather than from the date of its entry -- inapplicable; and (2) even

 5   if the judgment at issue qualified under ORS 138.083 and therefore ORS 138.071(4)

 6   applied, the trial court had informed both the defendant and her trial counsel that it would

 7   impose the requested costs in a supplemental judgment, and, in that circumstance, the

 8   defendant's failure to "check the status of that judgment" did not excuse her failure to file

 9   a timely notice of appeal. 350 Or at 139.

10                 In its opinion in this case, the Court of Appeals determined that this court's

11   secondary rationale in Fowler amounted to an independent reason for reaching the

12   dispositional result, rather than mere dictum that accompanied a primary holding that the

13   judgment in question did not qualify as a supplemental judgment awarding restitution

14   under ORS 138.083. Accordingly, the Court of Appeals relied on that independent

15   reason to conclude that defendant's notice of appeal was not timely filed. Mullins, 245 Or

16   App at 510.

17                 The Court of Appeals fairly characterized the secondary rationale from

18   Fowler as an alternative holding, rather than dictum. See Woodard v. Pacific F. & P.

19   Co., 165 Or 250, 256-67, 106 P2d 1043 (1940) ("[W]here the court bases its decision on

20   two or more distinct grounds, each ground so specified is, as much as any of the others,

21   one of the grounds, a ruling upon questions involved in the case, and not 'mere dictum.'"

22   (Internal quotation marks omitted.)) And, the Court of Appeals understandably reasoned

                                                   9
 1   that that secondary rationale controlled the outcome in this case -- that is, the suggestion

 2   in Fowler that the defendant's failure to ascertain the date of entry of a known, impending

 3   judgment did not excuse her failure to timely file a notice of appeal under ORS

 4   138.071(4). Fowler, 350 Or at 139.

 5                 As noted, one of the key facts before this court in Fowler was that the

 6   supplemental judgment at issue was not a judgment awarding restitution under ORS

 7   138.083. Consequently, the identified predicate requirement for the appeal timeline set

 8   out in ORS 138.071(4) -- that the supplemental judgment be one establishing the amount

 9   and terms of previously ordered restitution under ORS 138.083 -- was not satisfied. That

10   fact is not present in this case; the parties agree that the supplemental judgment at issue

11   here is a judgment awarding restitution under ORS 138.083. Therefore, we must decide

12   whether the secondary and alternative rationale expressed in Fowler controls the result in

13   this case.

14                 The parties' arguments in that respect permit us to see more closely than

15   was obvious when this court decided Fowler that two aspects of the opinion in that case

16   could prove confusing. First, Fowler could be read to hold that a defendant against

17   whom a supplemental judgment under ORS 138.083 is entered may be required under

18   ORS 138.071(4) to "check the status of that judgment" to ensure the timely filing of a

19   notice of appeal, rather than await actual notice of entry of that judgment. 350 Or at 139.

20   That reading of Fowler is not justified. In Fowler, the trial court expressly had informed

21   both the defendant and her trial counsel in open court, at the conclusion of a hearing on

22   the matter at issue, that it would enter a supplemental judgment and that the time for

                                                  10
 1   appealing the matter had commenced. It was only in that context that this court

 2   commented that the defendant's failure to ascertain the date of entry of that judgment was

 3   unavailing. The court did not hold that constructive notice was sufficient to meet the

 4   requirements of ORS 138.071(4), and, for the reasons that we have given, that statute

 5   requires actual rather than constructive notice of entry of a supplemental judgment under

 6   ORS 138.083.

 7                 The second aspect of Fowler that requires attention is its implication that

 8   actual notice that a supplemental judgment under ORS 138.083 will be entered may meet

 9   the requirement of ORS 138.071(4) that a defendant receive notice that such a judgment

10   "has been entered." (Emphasis added.) This court in Fowler was not asked to focus --

11   and did not focus -- on that wording. It is appropriate for us to do so now. As previously

12   discussed, ORS 138.071(4) requires that a defendant receive actual notice that a

13   supplemental judgment under ORS 138.083 "has been entered," and we disavow any

14   contrary implication in Fowler.8

15                 We therefore turn to the issue on which this case depends and on which the

16   parties' arguments differ: Whether, to meet the requirement in ORS 138.071(4) that "the

17   defendant" receive notice of entry of a supplemental judgment under ORS 138.083, it is

18   sufficient that a defendant, personally, or the defendant's trial counsel -- as opposed to the

19   defendant's appellate counsel -- receive such notice. As noted earlier, defendant contends


            8
                  The facts in this case do not call on us to decide whether oral notice that a
     supplemental judgment under ORS 138.083 "has been entered" is sufficient to satisfy the
     requirements of ORS 138.071(4), and we do not do so.

                                                  11
 1   that, if a defendant is represented by appellate counsel, only notice received by appellate

 2   counsel triggers the 30-day appeal period. The state does not disagree that the statutory

 3   phrase "the defendant" could be construed to include appellate counsel, but argues that

 4   notice received by the defendant, personally, or by trial counsel also satisfies the statutory

 5   requirement. From that premise, the state reasons that the notice of entry of the

 6   supplemental judgment received by defendant's trial counsel in November 2009 triggered

 7   the 30-day appeal period in this case and that the amended notice of appeal filed in March

 8   2010 therefore was untimely.

 9                 We agree with the parties that, when the legislature based the time to appeal

10   from a supplemental judgment under ORS 138.083 on the date that "the defendant

11   receives notice that the judgment has been entered," ORS 138.071(4) (emphasis added), it

12   intended to include notice received by defense counsel, if the defendant is represented.9

13   It is, of course, literally possible to view that text as referring to only the defendant

14   personally; however, as defendant emphasizes, various contextual statutes suggest a

15   broader reading when a defendant is represented by counsel. For example, in addition to

16   setting out the requirements to file a notice of appeal, ORS 138.071 sets out other service

17   and filing requirements that apply to a "defendant," even though the actions described

18   ordinarily are taken by counsel, if a defendant is represented. See ORS 138.071(3)

            9
                    We emphasize that the dispute in this case centers on the fact that
     defendant's trial counsel, but not his appellate counsel, received notice of entry of a
     supplemental judgment under ORS 138.071(4). This case does not present the
     circumstance in which a represented defendant, personally -- but not the defendant's
     counsel -- received notice, and we do not decide how ORS 138.071(4) would apply in
     that circumstance.

                                                    12
 1   (cross-appealing "defendant" must serve and file notice of cross-appeal within specified

 2   time limit); ORS 138.071(5)(a) ("defendant" filing motion for leave to file late notice of

 3   appeal must show that failure to timely appeal not attributable to defendant personally

 4   and also show colorable claim of error in underlying proceeding). And, as the state notes,

 5   nothing in the statutory context suggests that ORS 138.071(4) was intended to exclude

 6   defense counsel, if a defendant is represented.

 7                 Two other Oregon statutes -- both contained in chapter 9 of the Oregon

 8   Revised Statutes, pertaining to attorneys -- provide additional context for our construction

 9   of ORS 138.071(4). ORS 9.310 provides, in part:

10                  "An attorney is a person authorized to represent a party in the written
11          proceedings in any action, suit or proceeding, in any stage thereof. An
12          attorney * * * may also represent a party in court, or before a judicial
13          officer, in which case the attorney is known as counsel, and the authority of
14          the attorney is limited to the matters that transpire in the court or before
15          such officer at the time."

16   (Emphasis added.) Additionally, ORS 9.320 provides, in part:

17                 "Any action, suit, or proceeding may be * * * defended by a party in
18          person, or by attorney * * *. Where a party appears by attorney, the written
19          proceedings must be in the name of the attorney, who is the sole
20          representative of the client of the attorney as between the client and the
21          adverse party [with an exception that does not apply here]."

22   (Emphasis added.) Consistently with those statutes, counsel for a criminal defendant

23   effectively serves as a representative or agent for the defendant in a court proceeding for

24   which an attorney is appointed or retained See Lehman v. Knott, 100 Or 240, 246, 187 P

25   1109 (1920) ("The relationship of attorney and client is that of principal and agent."); see

26   also Granewich v. Harding, 329 Or 47, 56 n 5, 985 P2d 788 (1999) (citing agency


                                                  13
 1   principles in context of attorney-client relationship). As this court has explained, in the

 2   context of an administrative agency proceeding,

 3          "when an [administrative] agency has actual knowledge that a person is
 4          represented by counsel, that knowledge triggers certain obligations on the
 5          part of the agency and certain rights in the represented person. After
 6          receiving information that a party is represented by a lawyer, an agency
 7          rightfully may presume that the lawyer has authority to speak on behalf of
 8          the party on all matters pertaining to the representation. By the same token,
 9          a party, having elected to be represented by a lawyer, is entitled to rely on
10          the lawyer to deal with the agency on its behalf and to expect the agency to
11          deal with the lawyer."

12   ETU, Inc. v. Environmental Quality Commission, 343 Or 57, 66, 162 P3d 248 (2007).

13   See also generally Goldsborough v. Eagle Crest Partners, Ltd., 314 Or 336, 342, 343 n

14   10, 838 P2d 1069 (1992) (in absence of evidence to contrary, inference may be drawn

15   that lawyer who voluntarily turned over privileged material during discovery acted within

16   scope of authority from client and with client's consent; attorney akin to agent). That

17   reasoning applies with equal force to the relationship between a criminal defendant and

18   counsel representing the defendant in the criminal case.

19                 It follows as a textual and contextual matter that, in referring to notice

20   received by "the defendant," ORS 138.071(4) includes notice received by the defendant's

21   counsel in the case. Although the parties agree on that point, their arguments diverge

22   regarding whether the statute requires notice to a defendant's appellate counsel if the

23   defendant is represented on appeal or also refers to notice received by the defendant's trial

24   counsel during the course of any concurrent representation. Turning again to the context

25   that ORS 9.310 provides, the authority of counsel in the representation "is limited to the

26   matters that transpire in the court." In this case, both trial and appellate counsel had

                                                  14
 1   authority to act on defendant's behalf in their respective courts. Trial counsel represented

 2   defendant in the underlying trial court proceeding, including the post-judgment

 3   proceedings that culminated in entry of the supplemental judgment. The supplemental

 4   judgment awarding restitution was entered in those post-judgment proceedings while trial

 5   counsel was attorney of record for defendant in that court. Consequently, the scope of

 6   trial counsel's representation extended to receipt of notice of entry of that supplemental

 7   judgment. Appellate counsel, in turn, represented defendant on appeal. Such

 8   representation encompassed the filing of any required notice of appeal -- here, the notice

 9   of appeal from the judgment of conviction and sentence and the amended notice of appeal

10   from the supplemental judgment. Consequently, the scope of appellate counsel's

11   representation also extended to receipt of notice of entry of the supplemental judgment,

12   the event that triggered the 30-day period for filing the notice of appeal.

13                 The foregoing statutory context supports the state's reading of ORS

14   138.071(4) as applied to this case -- that is, that notice received by "the defendant"

15   included notice received by defendant's trial counsel and, therefore, that trial counsel's

16   receipt of notice of entry of the supplemental judgment was sufficient to trigger the 30-

17   day appeal period. Defendant argues, however, that we also must consider relevant

18   legislative history and that the history that he proffers supports his assertion that ORS

19   138.071(4) requires receipt of notice by appellate counsel, if the defendant is represented

20   for purposes of appeal. The state does not challenge the history that defendant proffers,

21   but it draws a different conclusion from it, in the context of the facts of this case.

22                 The identified legislative history is primarily recited in an unpublished

                                                   15
 1   order that the Court of Appeals Appellate Commissioner issued in State v. Bennett

 2   (A141528), which the Court of Appeals also reviewed in this case before concluding that

 3   this court's decision in Fowler controlled. Mullins, 245 Or App at 509-10. For the

 4   reasons explained below, we agree with the parties that the proffered legislative history

 5   sheds light on the intended purpose of the notice requirement in ORS 138.071(4);

 6   however, we ultimately agree with the state that the notice received by trial counsel in

 7   this case was sufficient to trigger the 30-day appeal period set out in that statute.

 8                 We begin by framing the enactment history of both ORS 138.071(4), the

 9   statute at issue, and ORS 138.083, the statute that grants a sentencing court post-

10   judgment jurisdiction for the purpose of either correcting or modifying the judgment in

11   certain circumstances or determining an amount of restitution to be set out in a

12   supplemental judgment.10 The latter statute was enacted in 1989; as originally enacted,

13   the statute granted a sentencing court narrow authority for 60 days post-judgment,

14   irrespective of any notice of appeal, to modify a judgment and sentence to correct any

15   arithmetic or clerical error. Or Laws 1989, ch 790, § 20. The legislature amended ORS

16   138.083 three times between 1989 and 2007, and, by 2007, the statute granted a trial

17   court authority post-judgment to award restitution in a supplemental judgment and

18   required that the trial court forward to the appellate court a copy of a corrected or

19   modified judgment, but not a supplemental judgment awarding restitution. See Or Laws


            10
                   We set out the current version of ORS 138.083(2)(b), which permits entry
     of a supplemental judgment for restitution, earlier in this opinion. ___ Or at ___ n 6 (slip
     op at 4 n 6).

                                                   16
 1   1995, ch 109, § 1 (adding post-judgment authority to delete or modify erroneous

 2   judgment term and requiring trial court to forward copy of amended judgment to

 3   appellate court); Or Laws 1997, ch 389, § 2 (adding provision governing supplemental

 4   judgments awarding restitution, but not including requirement to forward copy of

 5   amended judgment awarding restitution to appellate court); Or Laws 2003, ch 576, § 165

 6   (incorporating "supplemental judgment" wording).

 7                  The predecessor to ORS 138.071 was part of the original 1953 Oregon

 8   Revised Statutes; former ORS 138.070 (1953) simply provided that "[a]n appeal must be

 9   taken within 60 days after the judgment or order appealed from was given or made." In

10   1971, the legislature repealed former ORS 138.070 and replaced it with ORS 138.071,

11   which shortened the appeal period from 60 to 30 days and added a provision relating to

12   appeal from disposition of a motion for new trial or motion in arrest of judgment. Or

13   Laws 1971, ch 565, §§ 20, 21. In 1985, the legislature again amended the statute,

14   replacing the requirement that the judgment or order appealed from be "given or made"

15   with the requirement that it be "entered" (at that time, in the journal of the circuit court or

16   docket of the district court). Or Laws 1985, ch 282, § 1.11 Before 2007, ORS 138.071

17   did not include the exception now set out in subsection (4), regarding an appeal from a

18   corrected or supplemental judgment entered under ORS 138.083. Instead, an appeal from

19   such a supplemental judgment was governed by ORS 138.071(1), which required -- and

20   still requires -- that a notice of appeal be filed not later than 30 days after the date that the

            11
                   The legislature amended ORS 138.071 in other ways between 1971 and
     2007, but those amendments are not relevant to our analysis.

                                                    17
 1   judgment at issue is entered in the register.

 2                  In 2007, the legislature amended ORS 138.071 to add, inter alia, the new

 3   subsection (4) that is at issue in this case; the legislature also enacted a companion

 4   amendment to ORS 138.083. Or Laws 2007, ch 547, §§ 2, 3. In Bennett, the Appellate

 5   Commissioner summarized the relevant legislative history regarding those collective

 6   2007 amendments as follows (new 2007 statutory text in boldface type; omitted statutory

 7   text in brackets and italics):

 8                "ORS 138.071(4) was enacted as part of House Bill 2322
 9          (Oregon Laws 2007, ch 547), sections 2 and 3 of which are relevant
10          here. Section 3, in addition to modifying the numbering of [the
11          subsections of] ORS 138.083[], included the following:

12                         "[(1) * * *]

13                         "[* * * * *]

14                         "'(b) If a sentencing court enters [an amended] a
15                  corrected judgment under this [section] subsection while an
16                  appeal of the judgment is pending, the court shall
17                  immediately forward a copy of the [amended] corrected
18                  judgment to the appellate court. Any modification of the
19                  appeal necessitated by the [amended] corrected judgment
20                  shall be made in the manner specified by rules adopted by the
21                  appellate court.

22                         "'[(2) * * *]

23                         "'* * * * *

24                         "'(c) If a sentencing court enters a supplemental
25                  judgment under this subsection while an appeal of the
26                  judgment of conviction is pending, the court shall
27                  immediately forward a copy of the supplemental
28                  judgment to the appellate court. Any modification of the
29                  appeal necessitated by the supplemental judgment may be
30                  made in the manner specified by rules adopted by the
31                  appellate court.'

                                                     18
 1         "Section 2 of HB 2322, among other things, amended ORS 138.071 to
 2         add what is now subsection (4), which, as noted above, provides that a
 3         notice of appeal from a corrected or supplemental judgment under ORS
 4         138.083 must be filed no later than 30 days after the 'defendant receives
 5         notice' that the judgment has been entered.

 6                "HB 2322 was introduced at the request of the Judicial
 7         Department. The Department's written testimony in support of the bill
 8         noted, with respect to sections 2 and 3, that:

 9                "'The new Appellate Case Management System has been
10                programmed to automatically generate a notice to parties
11                on appeal when the appellate court receives a copy of a
12                corrected or supplemental judgment.'

13         "(Written testimony dated May 3, 2007, of Kingsley Click, State Court
14         Administrator, before the Senate Judiciary Committee). That testimony
15         is consistent with [Oregon Rule of Appellate Procedure (]ORAP[)]
16         8.28(2)(a), which addresses notices of appeal from corrected or
17         supplemental judgments under ORS 138.083, providing in part: 'The
18         amended notice of appeal shall state when the party received notice of
19         entry of the corrected or supplemental judgment.'

20                "Thus, the legislative scheme anticipated that (1) the trial court
21         would forward a copy of a corrected or supplemental judgment * * * to
22         the appellate court; (2) the appellate court would give the parties notice
23         of entry of the corrected or supplemental judgment; and (3) the time
24         period for filing notice of appeal from such a corrected or supplemental
25         notice would not begin to run until 'the defendant' received notice that
26         the judgment had been entered. Ms. Click's testimony pointed out why
27         the legislation was necessary:

28                "'Current law requires the trial court to send a copy of a
29                corrected judgment to the appellate court (but not to the
30                parties); however, trial courts do not consistently do so in a
31                timely way, and some parties on appeal, therefore, may not
32                discover the corrected or supplemental judgment until late in
33                the appeal process. The changes preserve both the state's and
34                the defendant's right to appeal if the trial court fails to send
35                timely copies to the appellate court.'"

36   State v. Bennett (A141528), Order Denying Motion to Strike Respondent's Brief and

37   Granting Motion for Leave to File Reply Brief (unpublished), 5-6 (issued April 22, 2011)

                                                 19
 1   (most brackets in original). In Bennett, the Appellate Commissioner also took judicial

 2   notice of the following:

 3          "[T]he case register system used by the appellate courts is programmed so
 4          that, when a party is represented by counsel on appeal, any notice issued to
 5          a party is actually issued to the attorney representing the party on appeal.
 6          Indeed, when an attorney files a notice of appeal on behalf of a party, the
 7          notice of appeal does not provide the party's address, and the court has no
 8          alternative except to correspond with the attorney. See ORAP 2.05(5)
 9          (requiring notice of appeal to contain the names of parties and their
10          attorneys, the addresses of attorneys, and the address of a party only if the
11          party is proceeding without counsel)."

12   Id. at 6 (footnote omitted). Nothing in the legislative history suggests that, in enacting

13   HB 2322 (2007), the legislature intended any result beyond addressing the concerns that

14   the Judicial Department had expressed in requesting enactment of the bill.12


            12
                   The state offers additional legislative history on HB 2322 (2007), as that
     bill was considered in the House, to essentially same effect. For example, in her oral
     testimony before the House Judiciary Committee, State Court Administrator Kingsley
     Click stated:

                    "Basically, right now, after you have your regular judgment, you
            send up your notice of appeal, the defendant or most often the defendant's
            counsel. There is for motions that happen after the fact some error,
            something that occurs after the original judgment, there's a need for an
            amended or a supplemental judgment. Under the statute, there's no
            requirement that the trial court provide this to the defendant. And, so often
            there's an amended judgment that's gone up, the defendant's appeal is
            progressing, no one knows that now they must file an amended notice of
            appeal. So, this would put it, really, in the appellate court's responsibility to
            provide the notice to the defendant and allows them to have the 30 days to
            send up an amended notice after that. * * * As many of you were able to
            hear, we have a new appellate case management system at the appellate
            level * * * [that] can automatically generate notices to parties. So * * * we
            think this will actually decrease delay instead of increase problems in this
            area."

     Audio Recording, House Committee on Judiciary, HB 2322, Feb 1, 2007, at 46:50:5
                                                   20
 1                 From the foregoing, defendant contends that -- in accord with the Appellate

 2   Commissioner's review of the legislative history in Bennett -- to trigger the 30-day appeal

 3   period under ORS 138.071(4), a defendant's appellate counsel must receive the notice

 4   that that provision contemplates.13 In reviewing the applicable legislative history, we

 5   agree that the legislature's purpose in adding new subsection (4) to ORS 138.071 and in

 6   amending ORS 138.083 was to facilitate receipt of actual notice of entry of a

 7   supplemental judgment by the person responsible for filing the notice of appeal -- that is,

 8   by appellate counsel (or by the defendant, if unrepresented on appeal). As defendant

 9   contends, the legislature intended to address persistent complications that arise when

10   appellate counsel is not aware of entry of a supplemental judgment and consequently

11   misses an entry-based deadline for appeal. The legislative solution was to (1) expressly

12   require the trial court to send a copy of the corrected or supplemental judgment to the

13   appellate court if an appeal is pending; (2) inferentially rely on the appellate court to send

14   notice of entry of the supplemental judgment to appellate counsel or to the defendant, if

15   unrepresented on appeal; and (3) expressly base the time period for appeal from the



     (statement of Kingsley Click), http://www.leg.state.or.us/listn/ (accessed Aug 9, 2012).
            13
                    In Bennett, the defendant's appellate counsel had received notice of entry of
     a supplemental judgment entered under ORS 138.083 more than seven months after entry
     of that judgment in the register and then filed an amended notice of appeal within 30 days
     of receiving notice. State v. Bennett (A141528), Order Denying Motion to Strike
     Respondent's Brief and Granting Motion for Leave to File Reply Brief (unpublished), 2
     (issued April 22, 2011). In Bennett, the Appellate Commissioner concluded that the
     amended notice of appeal was timely. Id. at 7. Bennett did not involve the factual
     scenario at issue in this case, in which trial counsel received notice of entry of the
     supplemental judgment before the date that appellate counsel received such notice.

                                                  21
 1   supplemental judgment on receipt of the notice of entry of that judgment, instead of on

 2   the fact of entry.

 3                  In this case, however, we can infer from the record that the anticipated

 4   process did not occur.14 Defendant's trial counsel, instead of his appellate counsel,

 5   received notice of entry of the supplemental judgment in November 2009, more than four

 6   months after entry of that judgment, and approximately four months before appellate

 7   counsel received notice of entry of that judgment.

 8                  We again turn to the specific words of ORS 138.071(4), guided by the

 9   principle that "there is no more persuasive evidence of the intent of the legislature than

10   the words by which the legislature undertook to give expression to its wishes." State v.

11   Gaines, 346 Or at 171 (internal quotation marks omitted). ORS 138.071(4) requires that

12   a notice of appeal be filed not later than 30 days after "the defendant receives notice that

13   the judgment has been entered." Notably, in enacting that subsection in 2007, the

14   legislature did not identify appellate counsel as the required recipient of the notice, if a

15   defendant is represented on appeal. See generally ORS 174.010 (in construction of a

16   statute, court must not insert what has been omitted). Instead, the legislature used only

17   the words "the defendant," which, as noted earlier in our discussion of statutory context,

18   may include both a criminal defendant's trial and appellate counsel, each of whom acts as

19   an agent for the defendant in the course of the proceeding for which that counsel is


            14
                    Our conclusion in this case does not alter that anticipated process. Rather,
     it decides a narrow issue about how ORS 138.071(4) operates when the anticipated
     process does not occur.

                                                   22
 1   appointed or retained.

 2                 Here, the parties agree that defendant's trial counsel received notice of the

 3   entry of the supplemental judgment in November 2009, at a time when that counsel

 4   continued to serve as attorney of record for defendant in the trial court proceeding.

 5   Therefore, trial counsel was serving as defendant's agent on that date. Given the wording

 6   that the legislature used when it enacted ORS 138.071(4), we conclude that trial counsel's

 7   receipt of notice of entry of the supplemental judgment amounted to notice received by

 8   "the defendant" under ORS 138.071(4) that that judgment had been entered and,

 9   therefore, that the 30-day appeal period began to run as of the date of trial counsel's

10   receipt of that notice. The amended notice of appeal that incorporated the supplemental

11   judgment, filed in March 2010, therefore was not timely filed. The Court of Appeals

12   correctly dismissed defendant's appeal for lack of jurisdiction.

13                 The decision of the Court of Appeals is affirmed. The judgment of

14   conviction and sentence and the supplemental judgment for restitution entered by the

15   circuit court are affirmed.




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