                          UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                          FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
____________________________________
                                    )
SAFARI CLUB INTERNATIONAL, et al., )
                                    )
                       Plaintiff,   )
                                    )
       v.                           )               Civil Action No. 14-0670 (ABJ)
                                    )
SALLY M. R. JEWELL, in her official )
capacity as Secretary of the U.S.   )
Department of the Interior, et al., )
                                    )
                       Defendants.  )
____________________________________)


                        MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER

       Plaintiff Safari Club International brought this lawsuit to challenge two decisions of the

United States Fish and Wildlife Service (“FWS”) to suspend any importation of sport-hunted

African elephant trophies from Zimbabwe and Tanzania in 2014. Compl. [Dkt. # 1] ¶ 1.1

Plaintiff alleges that the decisions violate the Endangered Species Act and the Administrative

Procedures Act.   Id. ¶¶ 77–111.    After filing its complaint, plaintiff filed a motion for a

preliminary injunction. Mot. for Prelim. Inj. [Dkt. # 4] (“Mot.”); Mem. of P. & A. in Supp. of




1      On May 16, 2014, Safari Club filed an amended complaint to add the National Rifle
Association as a plaintiff in the case. Am. Compl. [Dkt. # 13] ¶¶ 19–24.


                                               1
Mot. for Prelim. Inj. [Dkt. # 4-2] (“Mem.”). The parties have fully briefed the motion, 2 and it is

now before the Court.

       Safari Club alleges that actions of FWS have irreparably harmed its interests as an

organization and the interests of its members. Because plaintiff has failed to demonstrate the

necessary irreparable injury, the Court will deny the motion for a preliminary injunction. 3

                                           ANALYSIS

       On April 4, 2014, FWS issued a press release announcing “a suspension on imports of

sport-hunted African elephant trophies taken in Tanzania and Zimbabwe during calendar year

2014.” April 4, 2014 Press Release, Ex. A to Mem. [Dkt. # 4-5]. 4 Plaintiff has challenged the

agency’s action and moved for a preliminary injunction to restore the pre-suspension status quo

pending a ruling on the merits of the lawsuit.

       To obtain a preliminary injunction, Safari Club must establish that: 1) it is likely to

succeed on the merits; 2) it is likely to suffer irreparable harm in the absence of preliminary




2       Defendants filed an opposition to plaintiff’s motion, and pursuant to the schedule
established by the Court, simultaneously filed a motion to dismiss for lack of jurisdiction. See
Defs.’ Opp. to Mot. for Prelim. Inj. and Mem. in Supp. of Cross-Mot. to Dismiss [Dkt. # 10]
(“Opp.”); Defs.’ Mot. to Dismiss [Dkt. # 11]. With leave of Court, plaintiff filed a reply in
support of its motion, with supplemental declarations, see Pl.’s Reply to Defs.’ Opp. to Mot. for
Prelim. Inj. [Dkt. # 14] (“Reply”), and defendants filed a surreply in support of their opposition.
See Defs.’ Surreply [Dkt. # 19].

3       The Court recognizes that defendants have raised questions about subject matter
jurisdiction in their motion to dismiss. But the questions are sufficiently close and the lack of
irreparable harm sufficiently clear that the Court will proceed to rule on the need for expedition
first and take the motion to dismiss under advisement. The defendants will also have the
opportunity to file any other motions under Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6).

4       FWS later modified the suspension to apply to elephants taken during the 2014 season
only after April 4, 2014. See Van Norman Decl., Ex. 1 to Opp. [Dkt. # 10-1] ¶¶ 14–15, 25, 28.

                                                 2
relief; 3) the balance of equities tips in its favor; and 4) an injunction serves the public interest.

Winter v. Natural Res. Def. Council, Inc., 555 U.S. 7, 20 (2008). 5

       Injunctive relief is an extraordinary remedy that may only be awarded upon a clear

showing that the plaintiff is entitled to such relief. Id. at 22. Failure to show any irreparable

harm is grounds for the court to refuse to issue a preliminary injunction, even if the other three

factors entering the calculus point in the plaintiff’s favor. Chaplaincy of Full Gospel Churches

v. England, 454 F.3d 290, 297 (D.C. Cir. 2006); see also GEO Specialty Chem., Inc. v. Husisian,

923 F. Supp. 2d 143, 147 (D.D.C. 2013) (“[A] court may refuse to issue an injunction without

considering any other factors when irreparable harm is not demonstrated.”).

       To show irreparable harm, plaintiff must demonstrate that the harm has occurred in the

past and is likely to occur again, or that the harm is certain to occur in the near future. Wis. Gas

Co. v. FERC, 758 F.2d 669, 674 (D.C. Cir. 1985). Plaintiff must also show the alleged harm will

“directly result” from the action that plaintiff seeks to enjoin. Id. The harm “must be both


5       A number of circuits, including the D.C. Circuit, have historically evaluated the four
factors utilizing what has been referred to as a “sliding scale” approach. See Davis v. Pension
Benefit Guar. Corp., 571 F.3d 1288, 1291 (D.C. Cir. 2009). The Court of Appeals articulated
the balancing test as follows: “[i]f the arguments for one factor are particularly strong, an
injunction may issue even if the arguments in other areas are rather weak. An injunction may be
justified . . . where there is a particularly strong likelihood of success on the merits even if there
is a relatively slight showing of irreparable injury.” CityFed Fin. Corp. v. Office of Thrift
Supervision, 58 F.3d 738, 747 (D.C. Cir. 1995). But it is questionable whether this formulation
has survived the Supreme Court’s 2008 decision in Winter. See Davis, 571 F.3d at 1295–96
(Kavanaugh, J., and J. Henderson, concurring). In Winter, the Supreme Court specifically
rejected the Ninth Circuit’s reasoning that “when a plaintiff demonstrates a strong likelihood of
prevailing on the merits, a preliminary injunction may be entered based only on a ‘possibility’ of
irreparable harm.” Winter, 555 U.S. at 21. The Court found that standard to be “too lenient.”
Id. at 22. Thus, setting the bar at a “relatively slight showing,” CityFed Fin. Corp., 58 F.3d at
747, is not likely to pass muster either. But it is not necessary to settle the question of the
viability of the sliding scale approach to decide this case. Even when the balancing test was the
clear governing standard, the D.C. Circuit warned: “[d]espite this flexibility, we require the
moving party to demonstrate at least ‘some injury’ . . . since ‘[t]he basis of injunctive relief in the
federal courts has always been irreparable harm.’” Id.


                                                  3
certain and great” and “actual and not theoretical.” Id. And, it cannot arise from plaintiff’s own

actions. Pennsylvania v. New Jersey, 426 U.S. 660, 664 (1976) (per curiam) (holding that

litigant cannot “be heard to complain about damage inflicted by its own hand”); Lee v. Christian

Coal. of Am., Inc., 160 F. Supp. 2d 14, 33 (D.D.C. 2001) (holding that a “preliminary injunction

movant does not satisfy the irreparable harm criterion when the alleged harm is self-inflicted”)

(citations omitted); see also Safari Club Int’l v. Salazar, 852 F. Supp. 2d 102, 123 (D.D.C. 2012)

(no irreparable harm when plaintiffs could avoid harm).

       Safari Club alleges that the moratorium on the importation of elephant trophies from two

countries in Africa has irreparably harmed the recreational, conservationist, and economic

interests of its members and of the Safari Club as an organization. But the motion falls well

short of the legal standard for preliminary relief. Plaintiff has not shown that members who plan

to travel to Africa and hope to shoot an elephant, or that members who have already successfully

accomplished that feat, will suffer grave, imminent, and certain harm because while they may

hunt elephants, and they may remember, recount, and record any success they achieve, they will

not be permitted – at least for now – to bring home a particularly prized souvenir.

       Plaintiff asserts: “[b]y depriving U.S. hunters of an important element of the elephant’s

value, the U.S. government has all but taken the hunter out of the field.” Mem. at 27, quoting

Hurt Decl., Ex. XX to Mem. [Dkt. # 4-54] ¶ 11. But that statement overstates the impact of the

suspensions.   The agency’s announcement did not prohibit anyone from hunting African

elephants in Zimbabwe or Tanzania or anywhere else; it did not bar plaintiff or its members from

organizing elephant hunts or earning income by providing services to hunting enthusiasts; and it

did not restrict anyone’s ability to support the conservation of elephants. These facts and,




                                                 4
indeed, the declarations supplied by plaintiff’s own members, defeat plaintiff’s claim of

irreparable harm.

   I.      Plaintiff Has Not Shown Irreparable Harm to Recreational Interests

        Safari Club asserts that its members have suffered irreparable harm to their recreational

interests because the opportunity to import elephants from Tanzania and Zimbabwe has been

suspended. In support of this argument, Safari Club provides numerous declarations from its

members.

        The record includes declarations from two hunters who began elephant hunts before April

4, 2014, shot and killed elephants after that date, but were prevented from importing their

trophies, such as the hides and tusks, because of the suspensions. Grieb Decl., Ex. U to Mem.

[Dkt. # 4-25] ¶¶ 11–12; Whaley Decl., Ex. FF to Mem. [Dkt. # 4-36] ¶¶ 10, 15. 6

        Other members report that they decided to hunt other animals after learning they would

not be able to bring home the elephant trophies from hunts scheduled for 2014. See Holdridge

Decl., Ex. R to Mem. [Dkt. # 4-22] ¶ 6 (“I had a hunt planned for July 2014 in Zimbabwe for

elephant, lion and leopard. I am no longer going to hunt an elephant due to the trophy

importation ban. . . . [M]y outfitter has offered to shift the deposit to other hunts instead.”);

Capozza Decl., Ex. AA to Mem. [Dkt. # 4-31] ¶¶ 19–20 (“I cancelled the elephant hunt when I

learned that I would be unable to import the elephant that I hunted. . . . I was able to rebook

another hunt with my safari operator for other species during the same time frame . . . .”).

        Some members are proceeding with elephant hunts despite the suspensions. See Cheek

Decl. Ex. N to Mem. [Dkt. # 4-18] ¶ 13 (stating “I am prepared to go forward with the hunt


6      These members indicate that their elephants are stored in Zimbabwe, Grieb Decl. ¶ 12,
Whaley Decl. ¶ 15, suggesting the elephants may be imported at a later date if FWS reverses
course. See also Van Norman Decl. ¶¶ 11, 25 (stating that FWS may amend the challenged
findings). This indicates that these members’ inability to import now may not be “irreparable.”
                                                5
despite my concern that I will be unable to import the trophy, but I am hopeful that the [FWS]

will rescind the bans”); Beardmore Decl., Ex. L to Mem. [Dkt. # 4-16] ¶ 24 (“Although the

government has deprived me and my son of our ability to import our elephant from our hunt, I

refuse to seek refunds.”); Netzley Decl., Ex. Z to Mem. [Dkt. # 4-30] ¶ 10 (“I will still hunt

elephant and just not bring home the trophy.”).

       Finally, numerous other members with hunts planned for later in the year have not yet

decided whether to cancel their trips or not. See, e.g., Didado Decl., Ex. M to Mem. [Dkt. # 4-

17] ¶ 13 (“Nothing has been determined or finalized yet, but I am worried that we will need to

cancel the trip.”); Rawson Decl., Ex. P to Mem. [Dkt. # 4-20] ¶ 17 (stating “I may attempt to

cancel”); Ingersoll Decl., Ex. Q to Mem. [Dkt. # 4-21] ¶ 9 (“I have not decided whether I am

going to try to cancel this trip.”); Buch Decl., Ex. T to Mem. [Dkt. # 4-24] ¶ 17 (“I am not sure

what to do at this point.”); Condon Decl., Ex. V to Mem. [Dkt. # 4-26] ¶ 20 (“I will likely cancel

my hunt.”); Nice Decl., Ex. W to Mem. [Dkt. # 4-27] ¶ 11 (stating he “may decide to cancel”);

Taylor Decl., Ex. DD to Mem. [Dkt. # 4-34] ¶ 19 (“I am still considering my options with my

outfitter.”); McDonnold Decl., Ex. JJ to Mem. [Dkt. # 4-40] ¶ 8 (“I do not know if I will

continue with my hunt.”); Bridges Decl., Ex. CC to Mem. [Dkt. # 4-33] ¶ 11 (“I have not yet

decided if I will cancel my 2014 elephant hunt and seek a refund.”); Johnson Decl., Ex. VV to

Mem. [Dkt. # 4-52] ¶ 12 (“I am considering cancelling my hunt.”).

       Those who choose to cancel their hunts state they will miss out on the recreational

opportunity to hunt elephant, and those who plan to proceed note that if they are successful, they

will not be able to bring home the elephants, and therefore they will be deprived of a valuable

part of the hunt. See Beardmore Decl. ¶ 16 (“[B]eing able to import the successfully hunted

elephant from this amazing experience is a significant element and memory of the hunt.”). In



                                                  6
sum, plaintiff asserts that the import suspensions have “dramatically changed the nature of that

hunt,” and that hunters have been or will be deprived of “the full enjoyment of the hunt.” Reply

at 12.

         The Court does not doubt the sincerity of declarants’ disappointment and it does not find

that the suspensions will have no effect on their overall hunting experience. But the inability to

import elephant trophies does not result in a “certain and great” harm to the recreational interest

alleged. First of all, as plaintiff acknowledges, the FWS suspensions do not prohibit hunters

from participating in hunts of African elephants. See, e.g., April 4, 2014 Press Release, Ex. A to

Mem.; Mem. at 21 n.7 (explaining that the suspension does not affect the number of elephant

hunts in Zimbabwe); Beardmore Decl. ¶ 24 (“[T]he hunt I paid for is still perfectly legal and

absolutely necessary.”). Those already on hunts when the suspensions took effect and those who

will proceed with their hunts despite the suspensions may still enjoy the recreational benefits of

participating in hunts. See Rhyne Decl., Ex. BB to Mem. [Dkt. # 4-32] ¶ 9 (stating that he hunts,

in part, for personal enjoyment); Vick Decl., Ex. II to Mem. [Dkt. # 4-39] ¶ 13 (stating he enjoys

the intensity of the hunt). Notwithstanding the “great emotional significance” of an elephant

trophy, Reply at 16, hunters may still engage in the core recreational activity of hunting. So

while the “full enjoyment of the hunt” may be diminished, it has not been eliminated.

         Second, it is worth noting that a hunter must successfully shoot an elephant in order to

garner a trophy worth importing. So it is not necessarily clear that any Safari Club member other

than the declarants with elephants already in storage, see Grieb Decl. ¶ 12; Whaley Decl. ¶ 15,

will be affected by this ban for the rest of 2014.

         Moreover, those hunters who chose to rearrange their hunts so that they could hunt other

species or who cancelled their trips entirely did so of their own volition. Thus, any loss of their



                                                     7
recreational interest in participating in hunts did not “directly result” from the FWS suspensions.

Wis. Gas, 758 F.2d at 674. Rather, the harm is self-inflicted and, therefore, not the irreparable

harm that supports injunctive relief. Pennsylvania v. New Jersey, 426 U.S. at 664.

          Finally, since most of the hunter declarants are still considering whether to cancel or

change their trips or not, it is uncertain whether any harm will come to their recreational interests

at all. Irreparable harm must be great and certain, not speculative. Wis. Gas, 758 F.2d at 674.

For all of these reasons, the Court holds that the FWS suspensions have not caused irreparable

harm to plaintiff’s recreational interests.

    II.      Plaintiff Has Not Shown Irreparable Harm to Conservation Interests

          Safari Club’s claim of irreparable harm to its own and its members’ conservation

interests fails for the same reasons.         Plaintiff and its members state that they support the

sustainable use conservation of African elephants though hunting, which contributes to anti-

poaching efforts and supports elephant habitat. Mem. at 19–20, 26. Plaintiff also states that the

organized hunts encourage tolerance for elephants within the local communities that derive such

benefits as job opportunities and elephant meat from the hunts. Id. at 18–19, 26. Plaintiff

contends that the inability to import irreparably harms these conservation efforts: fewer elephant

hunts will take place; less money will flow to support conservation efforts; and fewer hunters,

who deter and sometimes catch poachers, will be in the field to support anti-poaching activities.

Id. at 21–25, 27–28.

          Putting aside the question of whether these generalized policy interests satisfy standing

requirements, the fact is that the challenged suspensions do not prohibit U.S. hunters from

hunting African elephants in Zimbabwe or Tanzania, so they do not prevent the Safari Club or its

members from supporting elephant conservation by participating in or supporting hunts. Any



                                                    8
decline in funds available for conservation efforts resulting from hunters’ cancellations is the

result of hunters’ decisions and not the result of the suspensions.           Accordingly, it is not

irreparable harm. Wis. Gas., 758 F.2d at 674; Pennsylvania, 426 U.S. at 664. This is true even

if, as plaintiff contends, FWS imposed the suspensions recognizing that Zimbabwe and Tanzania

might lose a portion of conservation funding and hunt-generated revenue and that U.S. hunters

might cancel hunts.       See Reply at 20–21.     Elephant hunts in these two countries are not

prohibited, U.S. hunters remain free to participate in those and other hunts, and any decline in

elephant conservation efforts arising because of hunters’ decisions to cancel their trips is indirect

and speculative. For this reason, the Court holds that plaintiff has not demonstrated irreparable

harm to its or its members’ conservation interests.

   III.      Plaintiff Has Not Shown Irreparable Harm to Economic Interests

          Safari Club also asserts that the suspensions will cause irreparable economic harm to its

members.      Plaintiff notes that hunters who cancel or rearrange their hunts because of the

suspensions may lose deposits they have already paid towards hunting expeditions, as well as the

money they have already spent purchasing such items as airline tickets, firearms, ammunition,

training, and video equipment. Mem. at 15–16, 25. But any economic harm hunters may suffer

arises out of their own decisions to cancel or change their plans and, therefore, it is indirect, self-

inflicted, and not irreparable harm. Wis. Gas., 758 F.2d at 674; Pennsylvania, 426 U.S. at 664.

          Safari Club also asserts that outfitters and other businesses that support these hunts will

be harmed economically due to the suspensions. See, e.g., Carter Decl., Ex. NN to Mem. [Dkt.

# 4-44] ¶ 19 (stating the suspensions have already hurt his business); Barth Decl., Ex. OO to

Mem. [Dkt. #4-45] ¶ 13 (same). It is true that “[t]he loss of business opportunities, market share,

and customer goodwill are typically considered to be economic harms.” Air Transp. Ass’n of



                                                   9
Am., Inc. v. Export-Import Bank of the U.S., 840 F. Supp. 2d 327, 335 (D.D.C. 2012). But the

general rule in this Circuit is “that economic harm does not constitute irreparable injury.” Davis

v. Pension Benefit Guar. Corp., 571 F.3d at 1295; see also Wis. Gas., 758 F.2d at 674 (“It is . . .

well settled that economic loss does not, in and of itself, constitute irreparable harm.”). Courts in

this Circuit have recognized that economic loss can constitute irreparable injury only in limited

circumstances: where “monetary loss . . . threatens the very existence of the movant’s business,”

Wis. Gas., 758 F.2d at 674, or where the claimed economic loss is unrecoverable. Nat’l Mining

Ass’n v. Jackson, 768 F. Supp. 2d 34, 53 (D.D.C. 2011). But the “fact that economic losses may

be unrecoverable does not, in and of itself, compel a finding of irreparable harm,” id., for the

harm must also be “more than simply irretrievable; it must also be serious in terms of its effect

on the plaintiff.” Mylan Pharm., Inc. v. Shalala, 81 F. Supp. 2d 30, 42 (D.D.C. 2000).

       Plaintiff does not present any evidence that would indicate that the FWS import

suspensions threaten the very existence of any business that supports elephant hunts, nor does it

contend that any threatened economic losses are serious in terms of their effect on these

businesses. See Reply at 18–19. Given this, the Court finds that the claim of economic harm to

hunting-related businesses does not constitute irreparable harm. See Wis. Gas., 758 F.2d at 674;

Mylan Pharm., 81 F. Supp. 2d at 42.

       Plaintiff contends that the financial harms arising from the suspensions “were set in

motion and expected by” defendants. Reply at 19. But this has nothing to do with the legal

requirement that the harm be irreparable. The law requires that the harm must be “must be both

certain and great” and “actual and not theoretical.” Wis. Gas., 758 F.2d at 674. Here, the

outfitters state that they may suffer economic losses if hunters cancel expeditions. See, e.g.,

Pole Decl., Ex. LL to Mem. [Dkt. # 4-42] ¶ 11 (“My company will potentially lose the income



                                                 10
from nine elephant safaris this year due to the trophy importation ban.”); Oosterhuis Decl., Ex.

MM to Mem. [Dkt. # 4-43] ¶¶ 14–15 (reporting that he has tried to cancel two clients’ hunts, is

considering refunding his clients’ money, and stating that “[a]t this point, I do not know what we

will do”); De Vries Decl., Ex. SS to Mem. [Dkt. # 4-49] ¶ 14 (stating that about eighty percent of

his hunting clientele is comprised of U.S. hunters and his business would lose approximately

$500,000 if they all cancel). 7 Outfitters also state that cancelled trips may be rebooked by

hunters from other countries, so it is not even certain that cancelled trips will result in lost

revenues. See, e.g., Pole Decl. ¶ 13 (“We will attempt to sell our elephant hunts to non-U.S.

hunters if necessary.”); Carter Decl. ¶ 18 (“[O]utfitters can and will attempt to book elephant

hunts with hunters from countries other than the U.S.”); Cooke Decl., Ex. QQ to Mem. [Dkt. #

4-47] ¶ 18 (“I will have to try to sell these hunts to citizens of other countries. . . . I believe that

the European hunting market is weak, but Russia and especially China are strong, so I will try to

sell the hunts there.”); Duckworth Decl., Ex. RR to Mem. [Dkt. # 4-48] ¶ 15 (“We will

obviously attempt to sell the elephant hunts to non-U.S. hunters . . . .”). Because the outfitters

do not even know if their clients will cancel or if they will be replaced, their assertions of

economic harm are speculative.

        The Court appreciates that there may well be some loss of revenue if U.S. hunters with a

particular interest in elephants change their plans. See De Vries Decl. ¶ 15 (“We will never

generate the same amount of revenue by selling the hunts to non-U.S. hunters, especially so late



 7      Some declarants acknowledge that they do not even sell elephant hunts, which suggests
 any harm caused to their businesses will be minimal. Hurt Decl. ¶ 7 (“I guide 4-5 hunts each
 year in which the clients may be entitled to hunt for elephant (if they chose to take this
 option). We have not actively sold elephant hunts in recent times, as a management decision,
 in order to try to encourage the stewardship of older bull for the future.”); Angelides Decl.,
 Ex. YY to Mem. [Dkt. # 4-55] ¶ 13 (“I am not a big elephant outfitter, so the harm to my
 personal business will be minimal. However, I am likely not going to pursue obtaining the
 rights to hunt in a new area for elephants, and my business will not grow.”).
                                                  11
in the year.”). But because the import suspensions do not completely prohibit U.S. hunters from

hunting African elephants in Zimbabwe or Tanzania, the Court finds that the economic harm

arising from cancellations are not the direct result of the FWS import suspensions but rather of

the hunters’ independent decisions to cancel their hunts.

       For all of these reasons, the Court finds that the economic harm alleged by plaintiff does

not rise to the level of the irreparable harm needed to support extraordinary injunctive relief.

                                         CONCLUSION

       For the reasons stated above, plaintiff’s motion for a preliminary injunction [Dkt. # 4] is

DENIED.




                                                      AMY BERMAN JACKSON
                                                      United States District Judge

DATE: June 6, 2014




                                                 12
