Shih Ping Li v. Tzu Lee, No. 50, September Term, 2013.

FAMILY LAW – MARITAL SETTLEMENT AGREEMENTS – LACK OF
INFORMED CONSENT – VOIDABILITY – Court of Appeals held that marital
settlement agreements were not voidable by a self-represented husband who did not give
informed consent, confirmed in writing, to an attorney’s adverse representation of his
wife in connection with the drafting of the agreements, in assumed violation of that
attorney’s obligations under Rule 1.7 and 1.9 of the Maryland Lawyers’ Rules of
Professional Conduct, where the husband was a sophisticated party who obtained advice
of counsel in connection with a similar agreement with a prior spouse, the agreements at
issue contained provisions apprising husband of his right and opportunity to obtain the
advice of independent counsel before execution, and the record revealed no clear
example of the adverse use of any of husband’s assertedly confidential information.
Circuit Court for Montgomery County
Case No. 80154FL
Argued: 10 January 2014

                                         IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF
                                                 MARYLAND

                                                           No. 50

                                               September Term, 2013


                                                   SHIH PING LI

                                                             v.

                                                      TZU LEE


                                              Barbera, C.J.,
                                              Harrell,
                                              Battaglia,
                                              Greene,
                                              Adkins,
                                              McDonald,
                                              Cathell, Dale R. (Retired,
                                                             Specially Assigned),

                                                     JJ.



                                                Opinion by Harrell, J.


                                      Filed: February 21, 2014
      In what was described by the trial court judge who heard Husband’s Motion to Set

Aside Marital Settlement Agreements as “a case of buyer’s remorse,” Petitioner Shih

Ping Li (“Husband”) asks us to hold that two marital settlement agreements, executed by

him and Tzu Lee (“Wife”) in 2005 and 2008, are voidable at his demand. Husband

grounds his demand before us on the contention that an attorney, Yu Gu (“Gu”), who

assisted the couple earlier in obtaining permanent resident status for Wife in the United

States and subsequently served largely as scrivener as to the settlement agreements

negotiated between Husband and Wife, violated Rule 1.7, or, in the alternative, Rule 1.9,

of the Maryland Lawyers’ Rules of Professional Conduct (“MLRPC”), by failing to

obtain Husband’s informed consent, confirmed in writing, to her representation of Wife

in connection with the two marital settlement agreements. We hold that, on this record,

even assuming (without deciding) that a violation of either MLRPC 1.7 or 1.9 occurred,

sufficient grounds to render the agreements voidable are not present.

                                         FACTS

      On 12 June 2003, Husband and Wife married, after rekindling a romantic

relationship from years past and divorcing their respective prior spouses. We describe

below the facts pertinent to this appeal stemming from Husband’s and Wife’s relationship

and eventual separation and divorce.

             I.     The 2003 Immigration Proceeding

      In 2001, Husband entered into a Voluntary Separation and Property Settlement

Agreement with his first wife, Ms. Mak. Husband retained counsel to assist him in the

negotiation and execution of that agreement. Thereafter, he elected to proceed, without
counsel, in filing a Complaint for Divorce from Ms. Mak and representing himself at the

resulting uncontested divorce proceedings in 2002.

      One year later, just prior to the marriage of Husband and Wife, the couple sought

to obtain permanent resident status in the United States for Wife, a Canadian citizen.

Wife identified Gu to assist in that process. On 13 June 2003, the day after their

marriage, Husband and Wife signed a Notice of Entry of Appearance as Attorney or

Representative naming Gu to file what became the 2003 immigration case.

      On 3 July 2003, Gu filed with the federal government several forms on behalf of

the couple, 1 including a Form I-485 Application to Register Permanent Resident or

Adjust Status (“Form I-485 Application”), on which Wife was listed as the Applicant,

and Form I-130 Petition for Alien Relative (“Form I-130 Petition”), on which Husband

was listed as the Petitioner. Gu also filed a Form I-864 Affidavit of Support (“Form I-

864 Affidavit”), in support of the Form I-130 Petition, which supplied details of

Husband’s ability to support financially Wife. Wife provided Gu with the necessary

information and documentation to complete the Form I-864 Affidavit, which included

copies of Husband’s 2000-2002 tax returns, his three most recent payroll statements, and

1
  The record is unclear regarding the identity of the federal government agency that
received initially the documents filed by Gu. Husband’s and Wife’s briefs state that the
documents were filed with the United States Department of Justice (“DOJ”), and the
Form I-130 Petition that was admitted into evidence in the present case bears DOJ’s
name. The federal Department of Homeland Security’s (“DHS”) U.S. Citizenship and
Immigration Services (“USCIS”) appears, however, to have assumed officially the duties
of the former DOJ Immigration and Naturalization Service on 1 March 2003 (four
months before Gu filed Husband’s and Wife’s documents). Our History, U.S.
Citizenship and Immigration Servs., http://www.uscis.gov/about-us/our-history (last
updated May 25, 2011).

                                          -2-
information regarding his bank accounts. The Petition was approved by the DHS on 12

April 2005. 2

       In the meantime, in July 2004, the couple purchased a home together in Rockville,

Maryland, and sold the separate homes in which they resided previously. The mortgage

application contained detailed information regarding each party’s income, assets, and

liabilities. The couple had a single joint checking account that they used to pay expenses

for the Rockville home and common living expenses, to which Husband contributed

monthly $4,000 and Wife contributed monthly $2,000.

       In 2005, the couple contracted to build a new house in Frederick, Maryland. They

provided their financial information to the builder of the home and the mortgage lender,

including their income, asset, and liability information, their credit report, and a mortgage

loan application. By that time, Husband, who worked for the United States Department

of Transportation at the time that the immigration Form I-864 Affidavit was completed in

2003, was working for the DHS.




2
   From what we can gather from the record, the approval of the Petition (and,
presumably, the accompanying Form I-485 Application) resulted in Wife receiving
conditional permanent resident status (i.e., a conditional Green Card). A conditional
Green Card is given when one applies (and is approved) for permanent resident status
based on a marriage that is less than two years old on the day that permanent resident
status is granted. Remove Conditions on Permanent Residence Based on Marriage, U.S.
Citizenship and Immigration Servs., http://www.uscis.gov/green-card/after-green-card-
granted/conditional-permanent-residence/remove-conditions-permanent-residence-based-
marriage.html (last updated June 3, 2010). A conditional Green Card is valid for two
years, at which time the holder of the conditional status may apply for removal of the
condition by filing a Form I-751 Petition to Remove Conditions on Residence. Id.

                                             -3-
              II.    The 2005 Marital Settlement Agreement

       In September 2005, Wife discovered that Husband had an extra-marital affair.

The couple discussed separation, deciding that the soon-to-be-completed Frederick home

would be titled solely in Wife’s name.       They decided further that Husband would

continue his monthly contributions of $4,000 to cover their mortgage and housing

expenses. After agreeing on the terms, the couple sought to memorialize their agreement.

Wife requested that Gu draft a Marital Settlement Agreement (the “2005 Agreement”)

regarding the parties’ agreed upon division of marital property in the event of a

separation. 3 Gu drafted the Agreement, based on the terms provided her by Wife, and

sent it electronically to her. Wife, in turn, sent electronically the Agreement to Husband,

who hand-wrote on a printed copy proposed revisions to ensure that the $4,000 monthly

alimony payment for which Husband was responsible, according to the terms of the draft

Agreement, would not increase if his salary increased, but would be reduced

proportionate to his income in the event that he lost his job and obtained employment

with lesser pay.


3
  The parties offered conflicting testimony at the trial of the present litigation regarding
Gu’s representation in connection with the 2005 Agreement. Wife testified that she told
Husband that Gu would be representing her, and that he chose to proceed without counsel
because he did not want to pay for an attorney, believing himself to be capable of
negotiating the Agreement. Husband testified that he thought Gu would be acting in the
interests of both parties in drafting the Agreement, and that Wife told him not to bother
Gu as she would take care of any necessary communications with Gu. The trial judge in
the Circuit Court for Montgomery County found that Husband’s testimony on that issue
was not credible. Although Husband contends still that he thought Gu was representing
his interests in connection with the 2005 Agreement, he does not argue that the Circuit
Court committed clear error in finding that she did not represent him in that matter.

                                            -4-
        Gu drafted a final version of the Agreement, including Husband’s revisions. The

parties executed the Agreement on 18 October 2005. The Agreement addressed the

parties’ real property interests and alimony, but left other issues to be addressed at a later

date.   The initial draft and final version of the Agreement contained the following

provision:

                                   Independent Counsel

               Wife hereby acknowledges that Yu Gu, Esquire has represented her
        in drafting and execution of this agreement. Husband acknowledges that he
        has been advised and afforded the opportunity to obtain independent
        counsel of his own selection in connection with this Agreement, so that he
        may have his own attorney answer any questions which he may have.
        Husband further acknowledges that Wife’s attorney has neither represented
        Husband nor provided him with any legal advice in connection with the
        terms or operating effect of this Agreement.            Finally, Husband
        acknowledges that his decision to execute this Agreement without his own
        attorney is made freely and voluntarily.

In executing the final Agreement, Husband initialed each page, including the page

containing the independent counsel provision.

        Gu was not present when the parties executed the Agreement.              Gu did not

communicate directly with Husband concerning the 2005 Agreement, nor did Husband

contact, or communicate otherwise with, Gu. As it turned out, the parties did not separate

after executing the 2005 Agreement. They sold their Rockville home and applied the

proceeds of the sale toward the purchase of the home in Frederick. Title to the Frederick

residence was placed solely in Wife’s name, but the couple obtained the mortgage in their

joint names. Husband and Wife moved into the Frederick home.




                                             -5-
              III.      The 2007 Immigration Proceeding

       In 2007, Wife contacted Gu to remove the condition on Wife’s permanent resident

status resulting from the 2005 approval of the 2003 immigration filings. Removal of the

condition required proof of a bona fide marriage by providing evidence of joint property

held by Husband and Wife. To that end, Wife provided Gu with copies of the couple’s

federal income tax returns (filed jointly) for tax years 2003-2005, evidence of their joint

home, automobile, and health insurance, joint utility bills, and documentation of their

purchase and sale of the Rockville home and purchase of the Frederick home. Wife did

not provide Gu with any information concerning Husband’s individual finances. Gu

prepared a Form I-751 Petition to Remove Conditions on Residence (“Form I-751

Petition”), which Wife (as Petitioner) and Husband (as Petitioner’s Spouse) signed on 13

January 2007.    On that same day, Husband and Wife signed a Notice of Entry of

Appearance as Attorney or Representative authorizing Gu to file the Form I-751 Petition.

Although he signed the necessary documents, Husband did not communicate directly

with Gu regarding the filing of the Form I-751 Petition.           Husband did provide

information for the Petition to Wife, who provided the information, in turn, to Gu.

Husband’s then employer, the DHS, approved the Form I-751 Petition on 3 July 2007,

removing the condition on Wife’s resident status.

              IV.       The 2008 Marital Settlement Agreement

       In the Summer or Fall of 2007, Wife discovered that Husband was having another

extra-marital affair.     At that point, the parties commenced discussion of another

settlement agreement to address the issues not resolved in the 2005 Agreement. A

                                            -6-
significant point of contention was clarifying who would bear the income tax burdens

associated with Husband’s $4,000 monthly alimony payments to Wife provided for in the

2005 Agreement. Based on the parties’ current discussions, Wife asked Gu to draft

another agreement (“2008 Agreement”). Gu forwarded a draft Agreement to Wife, which

she forwarded to Husband.

      The parties partook in several discussions and electronic exchanges regarding the

terms of the proposed 2008 Agreement. On 31 January 2008, Husband sent Wife an

email stating that he wanted to “re-think this new settlement agreement. It is not a fair

agreement to me.” A few days later, on 4 February 2008, Husband emailed a marked-up

version of the draft 2008 Agreement to Wife containing substantive and non-substantive

revisions to several provisions. In the body of the email message, Husband stated:

      I have made the changes that we’ve agreed:

      1. Made the non-taxable alimony period to be 3 years after separation;
      2. Provide life insurance for $300K to you for 3 years after separation; and
      3. Agreed to pay any tax liability for you for the non-taxable alimony
         payments;

      I hope to make this easy for you and Gu to review. Let me know what
      changes you would want. I will get the court paperwork to find out what I
      have to file.

The next day, Husband sent Wife another copy of the draft Agreement with two

additional, minor grammatical edits. Wife told Gu she agreed to the changes and asked

Gu to prepare a final draft. Gu emailed the final Agreement to Wife, who forwarded it to

Husband.




                                           -7-
       On 8 February 2008, Husband and Wife executed the final 2008 Agreement. The

drafts and final version of the 2008 Agreement contained the same independent counsel

provision as in the 2005 Agreement. As with the 2005 Agreement, Husband initialed

every page of the 2008 Agreement before signing it, including the page containing the

independent counsel provision. Additionally, as with the 2005 Agreement, Gu was not

present when the parties executed the 2008 Agreement.

                             PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

       On 14 August 2009, Husband filed a Complaint for Judgment of Absolute Divorce

and for Other Appropriate Relief (the “Complaint”) in the Circuit Court for Montgomery

County.    In the Complaint, Husband alleged that the 2005 and 2008 Agreements

(collectively, the “Separation Agreements”) were “void and unenforceable,” and

requested that they be set aside. Wife filed an Answer to Husband’s Complaint, on 14

September 2009, in which she maintained that the 2008 Agreement superseded the 2005

Agreement, resolved all issues between the parties, and was valid and enforceable.

Accordingly, Wife requested that the 2008 Agreement be validated and incorporated, but

not merged, into the Judgment of Absolute Divorce. On 17 September 2009, Husband

filed a Motion to Set Aside Marital Settlement Agreements arguing that the Separation

Agreements were unconscionable and entered into while the parties were still in a

confidential relationship.

       The Honorable Ronald B. Rubin presided over a hearing on Husband’s Motion on

19 April 2010. Following testimony from the parties and Gu, Judge Rubin made, in sum,

the following determinations: Gu did not at any time represent Husband in connection

                                         -8-
with the immigration matters or either of the Separation Agreements; Husband’s

testimony, that he believed Gu represented him in connection with the Separation

Agreements, was not credible; Husband was a sophisticated party who was overly modest

in describing his “business acumen”; the Separation Agreements were the result of

“intense, thorough, [and] thoughtful” negotiations, and “good faith[] give-and-take

between the parties”; Husband knew he could seek independent counsel, but chose not to

do so in order to save money; and, Husband bargained for the terms that he later sought

to repudiate. Accordingly, Judge Rubin held that the Separation Agreements were not

unconscionable and entered an Order, on 22 April 2010, denying Husband’s Motion as to

both Agreements. Following additional hearings on the merits of the grounds for the

divorce before a Family Division Master, the Circuit Court docketed, on 20 May 2010, a

Judgment of Absolute Divorce in which the Separation Agreements were incorporated,

but not merged. 4

       On 11 June 2010, Husband filed timely a Notice of Appeal from the Circuit

Court’s Judgment. While that appeal was pending before the Court of Special Appeals,

Husband filed a Motion to Revise the Circuit Court’s 22 April 2010 Order based on

evidence he obtained via a federal Freedom of Information Act (“FOIA”) request. 5


4
  The initial Judgment for Absolute Divorce described inaccurately the date of the 2005
Agreement, and, accordingly, the Circuit Court docketed an Amended Judgment on 4
June 2010.
5
 Husband filed a FOIA request, after the hearing on his Motion to Set Aside, to obtain
copies of the Petitions that Gu filed with the federal government on behalf of Husband
and Wife, because Gu was unable to produce them at the hearing in response to
                                                                         (continued…)
                                          -9-
Husband’s appeal was stayed pending resolution of his Motion to Revise, which the

Circuit Court denied on 22 December 2011. Husband noted an appeal of that denial on

24 January 2012. The stay on Husband’s initial appeal was lifted and the two appeals

consolidated by the Court of Special Appeals.

      On 4 March 2013, the intermediate appellate court decided the appeals in a

reported opinion affirming the Circuit Court’s judgment. Li v. Lee, 210 Md. App. 73, 62

A.3d 212 (2013). With regard to the Circuit Court’s denial of the Motion to Set Aside,

the Court of Special Appeals held that the Circuit Court did not err in finding that the

Agreements were not substantively unconscionable; that the Circuit Court erred in

finding that no attorney-client relationship existed between Gu and Husband in

connection with the immigration matters, but the immigration matters and Separation

Agreements were not “substantially related,” and therefore Gu could not have violated

MLRPC 1.9 by neglecting to obtain Husband’s informed consent, confirmed in writing,

to her representation of Wife in connection with the Agreements; and, that the Separation

Agreements were not unconscionable.




(…continued)
Husband’s subpoena for her pertinent records. After obtaining copies of the original
filing from the USCIS as a result of his FOIA request, Husband filed the Motion to
Revise arguing that the newly obtained documents demonstrated that Husband was, in
fact, Gu’s client with regard to the immigration filings. Husband grounded his argument
on the two Notice of Appearance filings, which bore Husband’s signature, and a letter
printed on Gu’s law firm’s letterhead stating that the filings were for “Tzu Lee on behalf
of Mr. Shiping Li.”

                                          -10-
       Husband filed timely a Petition for Writ of Certiorari in this Court, which we

granted on 20 June 2013, Li v. Lee, 432 Md. 211, 68 A.3d 286 (2013), to consider the

following question:

              Does an attorney’s failure to [obtain] informed consent, confirmed in
       writing, pursuant to the Maryland Lawyers’ Rules of Professional Conduct,
       render a separation agreement voidable at the election of the client who did
       not give informed consent, confirmed in writing?[6]

       As discussed in detail below, we hold that, on this record, the Separation

Agreements are not voidable according to the demand of Husband.

                                STANDARD OF REVIEW

       When, as in this case, an action is tried without a jury, “the appellate court will

review the case on both the law and the evidence.” Md. Rule 8-131(c). Although we

“will not set aside the judgment of the trial court on the evidence unless clearly

erroneous,” id., “[t]he legal analysis of the lower court . . . enjoys no deferential appellate

review.” Helinski v. Harford Mem’l Hosp., Inc., 376 Md. 606, 614, 831 A.2d 40, 45

(2003).



6
  Husband phrased in his brief the single question presented in his Certiorari Petition as
two questions:

       Did Attorney Gu’s attorney-client relationship with Husband in the
       immigration matter require her to obtain Husband’s informed consent,
       confirmed in writing, to her representation of Wife in the Family Matter?

       Are the Separation Agreements invalid, where they are the product of a
       conflict of interest, without informed consent, confirmed in writing?



                                             -11-
                                         ANALYSIS

         Husband mounts two arguments. First, he argues that Gu was required, under the

MLRPC, to obtain Husband’s informed consent, in writing, to Gu’s representation of

Wife in connection with the Separation Agreements. Husband contends that Gu failed to

obtain informed consent, and her failure to do so violated MLRPC 1.7 (duties to current

clients), 7 or, in the alternative, Rule 1.9 (duties to former clients). 8 Second, Husband

argues that Gu’s failure to obtain his informed consent, in writing, renders the Separation

Agreements voidable at his demand.

         Wife ripostes with three counter-arguments.        First, in response to Husband’s

allegation that Gu violated MLRPC 1.7, Wife maintains that Gu was not engaged in the

representation of Husband while representing Wife with regard to the Separation

7
    Rule 1.7 reads, in pertinent part:

          (a) Except as provided in paragraph (b), a lawyer shall not represent a
         client if the representation involves a conflict of interest . . .

         (b) Notwithstanding the existence of a conflict of interest under paragraph
         (a), a lawyer may represent a client if:
                 ...

                 (4) each affected client gives informed consent, confirmed in
                 writing.
8
    Rule 1.9 reads, in pertinent part:

         (a) A lawyer who has formerly represented a client in a matter shall not
         thereafter represent another person in the same or a substantially related
         matter in which that person's interests are materially adverse to the interests
         of the former client unless the former client gives informed consent,
         confirmed in writing.


                                              -12-
Agreements. Second, in response to Husband’s alternative argument that Gu violated

MLRPC 1.9, she contends that if Husband was Gu’s former client in the immigration

matters, the immigration and Separation Agreement matters were not “substantially

related.” Third, Wife argues that, even assuming Gu violated MLRPC 1.7 or 1.9, it is not

an appropriate remedy, on this record, to set aside the Separation Agreements.

      Because we agree, as explained below, with Wife’s third argument, we need not

decide here whether an MLRPC violation occurred. Nor do we need decide whether, if a

violation occurred, it was a violation of MLRPC 1.7 or 1.9, because it makes no

difference to the outcome of the case. The basis Husband alleges for the violation of

each of the two Rules is the same—failure to obtain informed consent. 9

      Although there may be circumstances in which a conflict of interest pertaining to

an attorney’s current client could lead to the potential abuse of more confidential

information than a conflict pertaining to a former client, such circumstances are not

present in this case. Regardless of whether Gu’s alleged representation also of Husband

in the immigration matters was prior to, or concurrent with, the Separation Agreement

matters, the record demonstrates that Husband provided Gu with a quite discrete and

limited amount of confidential information on a limited number of occasions. Therefore,

on this record, the failure to obtain informed consent from Husband (if he were a current

9
  Were we required to confront the merits of which Rule (if either) Gu may have violated,
it is more likely that MLRPC 1.9 would be implicated. The Court of Special Appeals
considered only whether a violation of MLRPC 1.9 occurred because it was not until
Husband’s Petition for Certiorari to this Court that he raised the question of whether Gu
violated MLRPC 1.7. He did not invoke MLRPC 1.7 in the Circuit Court or the
intermediate appellate court.

                                          -13-
client) would not have a greater or lesser impact on the decision of whether to set aside

the Separation Agreements than would the failure to do so if he were a former client.

      Even assuming, for present purposes, that Gu violated either MLRPC 1.7 or 1.9 by

failing to obtain Husband’s informed consent, confirmed in writing, to her representation

of Wife in the Separation Agreement matters, we are not persuaded that the Separation

Agreements he signed should be set aside. Husband contends first that, because Gu did

not communicate with him regarding the Separation Agreements, she “never even

undertook any explanation of the risks of her conflicted representation.” As a result,

Husband claims, “the lack of [his] informed consent to Attorney Gu’s conflicted

representation of Wife stripped [him] of any meaningful choice in agreeing to the terms

of the Separation Agreements.”

      The facts belie Husband’s argument. Although Gu did not communicate directly

with husband, both of the Separation Agreements he signed contained independent

counsel provisions, which made clear that: (1) Gu represented Wife in connection with

the Agreements; (2) Gu did not purport to represent Husband or provide him with any

legal advice in connection with the Agreements; (3) Husband was advised to seek the

assistance of independent counsel in connection with the Agreements and afforded the

opportunity to do so; and, (4) Husband decided, “freely and voluntarily,” to execute the

Agreements without seeking the advice of independent counsel.

      The fact that Husband retained counsel to assist in executing his separation

agreement with his prior wife also indicates that he had some appreciation of the

desirability and importance of receiving advice from his own counsel in connection with

                                           -14-
negotiating and executing such agreements. The emails between Husband and Wife

pertaining to the 2008 Agreement demonstrate that Husband took it upon himself to

negotiate the terms of the Agreement alone. Perhaps the advice of independent counsel

would have led ultimately to more favorable terms for Husband, but we do not conclude

that Husband was deprived of meaningful choice due to Gu’s limited participation. The

Separation Agreements were not contracts of adhesion: the only thing preventing

Husband from attempting to achieve more favorable terms was his informed and

voluntarily decision to represent himself.

       Additionally, the legal authorities on which Husband bases his argument are

inapposite or distinguishable from the circumstances of the present case. Husband’s

reliance on Hale v. Hale, 74 Md. App. 555, 539 A.2d 247 (1988), and Blum v. Blum, 59

Md. App. 584, 477 A.2d 289 (1984), to support his assertion that Maryland courts have

“repeatedly . . . been troubled by instances of attorney representation of both parties to a

separation agreement without obtaining the necessary full disclosure or informed

consent,” is misplaced. Although Blum and Hale do stand for that proposition, they are

not applicable to the present case.

       Blum and Hale involved individual attorneys who agreed to represent both parties

to the preparation of separation agreements. Here, Gu did not purport to represent

Husband and Wife in connection with the Separation Agreements—the independent

counsel provisions she included in the Agreements stated expressly that she was

representing only Wife. Husband conflates what he claims to be Gu’s dual representation

of the couple in connection with the immigration matters with Gu’s representation of

                                             -15-
Wife only in the family law matters. Unlike Blum and Hale, Husband never met with, or

even communicated directly with, Gu in connection with the Separation Agreements. See

Hale, 74 Md. App. at 560, 539 A.2d at 249 (noting that Mr. and Mrs. Hale went together

to the office of an attorney, who represented them in prior legal matters, to draft the terms

of their separation agreement); Blum, 59 Md. App. at 589, 477 A.2d at 291 (same).

Despite Husband’s testimony that he believed Gu represented him with regard to the

Separation Agreements, the independent counsel provisions contained in the Separation

Agreements combined with the undisputed fact that Gu did not communicate directly

with Husband in connection with either of the Agreements contradict the notion that she

acted as a dual representative for the parties in the two transactions.

       Husband’s reliance on Atlantic Richfield Co. v. Sybert, 295 Md. 347, 456 A.2d 20

(1983), fails for the same reasons. He emphasizes from Atlantic Richfield the proposition

that “generally a transaction in which a party is represented by an attorney who

simultaneously represents adverse interests will not be set aside if the client, after full

disclosure by the attorney, voluntarily and knowingly consents to enter into the

transaction.” 295 Md. at 356, 456 A.2d at 25 (emphasis added in Husband’s brief).

Atlantic Richfield involved, however, two lawyers from the same law firm who each

represented an adverse party in the same real estate transaction. 295 Md. at 350, 456

A.2d at 21-22. Moreover, we concluded in Atlantic Richfield that the agreement at issue

should not be set aside because the client seeking to invalidate the agreement was aware

fully of the dual representation when that client “voluntarily and knowingly consented” to

the terms of the agreement, and there were no potential pitfalls related to the lawyers’

                                             -16-
limited role in the transaction that would require advice to seek independent counsel. 295

Md. at 360-61, 456 A.2d at 27.

       Here, Gu did not represent both Husband and Wife in connection with the

Separation Agreements. Although representation of Wife in an adversarial family law

transaction during or after representation of Wife and Husband in an immigration matter

would be fraught with peril, hence the need for the informed consent provisions in

MLRPC 1.7 and 1.9, those dangers are distinguishable, to some extent, from the dangers

arising out of the type of dual representation at issue in Atlantic Richfield (as well as in

Hale and Blum). Furthermore, Gu made Husband aware, by and through the independent

counsel provisions, that she was not representing his interests in connection with the

Agreements and that it would be prudent of him to seek the advice of his own counsel.

Husband consented, voluntarily and knowingly, to the terms of the Agreements without

choosing to seek such advice or representation.

       The final precedent on which Husband pins his hopes is Post v. Bregman, 349 Md.

142, 707 A.2d 806 (1998). Husband highlights from Post the propositions that the

MLRPC “constitutes an expression of public policy having the force of law” outside of

the attorney disciplinary context, and that “clear and flagrant” violations of the MLRPC

may render a resulting agreement unenforceable. 349 Md. at 163, 168, 707 A.2d at 816,

818. Husband ignores, however, the part of our analysis in Post where we emphasized

that a clear and flagrant violation of Rule 1.5(e) “may extend to holding fee-sharing

agreements . . . unenforceable” in part because it would be “anomalous” to allow an

attorney to enforce the same unethical fee-sharing agreement that would subject the same

                                           -17-
attorney to professional disciplinary action. 349 Md. at 168, 707 A.2d at 818. Here,

assuming, arguendo, that Gu violated MLRPC 1.7 or 1.9, the anomaly discussed in Post

is not present because Gu is not the enforcer of the Separation Agreements.

       Perhaps more importantly, we explained in Post that our emphasis on the word

“may” meant that the Rule was “not a per se defense,” and that “merely technical,

incidental, or insubstantial” violations of the Rule should not be grounds to invalidate

otherwise valid agreements. 349 Md. at 168, 707 A.2d at 819. We continued by noting

that a portion of the MLRPC commentary concerning the scope of the Rules states, in

pertinent part: (1) that a violation of a Rule should not “create any presumption that a

legal duty has been breached”; and, (2) “the purpose of the Rules can be subverted when

they are invoked by opposing parties as procedural weapons.” Id.

       To the extent that we might be willing to extend the reasoning of Post to MLRPC

Rules other than 1.5(e), we cannot conclude, on this record, that an assumed violation of

MLRPC 1.7 or 1.9 by Gu would constitute the type of “clear and flagrant” violation that

would require a court to set aside the resulting agreement. For two reasons, we conclude

that if a violation occurred in the present case, it was more of a “technical, incidental, or

insubstantial” violation than a flagrant one. First, although the Rules require that Gu

explain sufficiently the nature of any conflicted representation to Husband and make a

paper record of his consent, the existence of the independent counsel provisions in each

agreement and Husband’s acknowledgement of those provisions mitigates, to some

extent, the failure to obtain his informed consent confirmed in writing.



                                            -18-
       Second, the record does not reveal a clear example of how Gu used adversely

against Husband in connection with the Separation Agreements any truly confidential

information she obtained through Wife in her representation of Husband and/or Wife in

the immigration matters. It seems that most, if not all, of the information concerning

Husband’s finances that Wife provided to Gu in connection with the Form I-864

Affidavit filed in 2003 was stale, due to Husband’s change in employment, by the time

Gu drafted the 2005 Agreement. With regard to the Form I-751 Petition filed in 2007,

the only information provided to Gu concerned Husband and Wife’s joint finances, to

which information each party had access and a right to disclose.           Thus, the 2007

immigration matter did not result in Gu receiving any additional confidential information

concerning Husband’s individual finances. Even if husband is correct in his assertion

that the proper question to ask in determining whether two representational matters are

related substantially, with regard to a potential violation of MLRPC 1.9, is if confidential

information could have been used in the adverse representation—as opposed to whether

any such information was, in fact, used—the actual use (or not) of any such confidential

information is, in our view, an appropriate consideration in the analysis of whether a

violation of the Rule was a flagrant or a technical/incidental/insubstantial one.

Furthermore, it is evident from Husband’s discussions with Wife and his revisions to the

Agreements that he was aware of, and agreed with, the provisions of the Agreements

concerning his financial obligations at the time the Agreements were negotiated and

executed.



                                           -19-
      Husband mounts no argument sufficient to demonstrate clear error in the Circuit

Court’s findings that Husband was aware of the benefits of obtaining independent

counsel, that he chose voluntarily to forego the services of independent counsel, that he

was a sophisticated party, and that the Agreements he negotiated were not

unconscionable. In light of those findings, to allow Husband to set aside the Agreements

he bargained for based on a violation of MLRPC 1.7 or 1.9 for failure to obtain informed

consent, confirmed in writing, would be to allow him to use improperly the MLRPC as a

sword or “procedural weapon.” We hold that, on this record, even assuming a violation

of either MLRPC 1.7 or 1.9 occurred, the Separation Agreements are not voidable by

Husband.

                                         JUDGMENT OF THE COURT OF
                                         SPECIAL APPEALS AFFIRMED. COSTS
                                         IN THIS COURT AND THE COURT OF
                                         SPECIAL APPEALS TO BE PAID BY
                                         PETITIONER.




                                          -20-
