                          STATE OF MICHIGAN

                           COURT OF APPEALS



PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,                                   UNPUBLISHED
                                                                   May 17, 2018
               Plaintiff-Appellee,

v                                                                  No. 333997
                                                                   Mecosta Circuit Court
KELLY CHRISTOPHER WARREN,                                          LC Nos. 15-008431-FH;
                                                                   14-008297-FH
               Defendant-Appellant.


Before: GLEICHER, P.J., and M. J. KELLY and CAMERON, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

        Defendant, Kelly Warren, pleaded guilty to two counts of operating a motor vehicle
while intoxicated (OWI), third offense, MCL 257.625. The trial court sentenced him to serve
two consecutive terms of 24 to 60 months in prison for each conviction. See MCL 768.7b(2)(a)
(permitting the imposition of a consecutive sentence for an offense committed while the
defendant was on bond for a prior felony offense). Warren moved to withdraw his plea in the
trial court, asserting that it was defective because he had not been advised that he might receive
consecutive sentences. The trial court denied the motion, and Warren applied for delayed leave
to appeal in this Court. We denied his motion,1 and Warren applied for leave to appeal in our
Supreme Court. On July 25, 2017, in lieu of granting leave, our Supreme Court remanded
Warren’s case to this Court for consideration as on leave granted. People v Warren, 500 Mich
1056 (2017). The Court directed us to compare its decision in People v Johnson, 413 Mich 487;
320 NW2d 876 (1982), with this Court’s decision in People v Blanton, 317 Mich App 107; 894
NW2d 613 (2016). The question at issue is whether a trial court must advise a defendant of the
possibility of discretionary consecutive sentencing as a consequence of pleading guilty or no
contest. For the reasons stated in this opinion, we hold that a trial court has no such duty.
Consequently, we affirm.




1
  People v Warren, unpublished order of the Court of Appeals, entered November 1, 2017
(Docket No. 333997).


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                                       I. BASIC FACTS

        On November 29, 2014, Warren was arrested and charged with one count of OWI, third
offense, and one count of operating a motor vehicle with a suspended license (subsequent
offense), MCL 257.904(1). On June 6, 2015, while out on bond for the 2014 OWI, Warren was
arrested and charged with another count of OWI, third offense, one count of operating a motor
vehicle with a suspended license (subsequent offense), and one count of possession of an open
alcohol container in a vehicle, MCL 257.624a. At a plea hearing on both cases, Warren pleaded
guilty to both the 2014 OWI and the 2015 OWI in exchange for the prosecution dismissing the
remaining charges. Although the trial court informed Warren of the maximum sentence possible
for each OWI before accepting his guilty plea, the court did not advise him that by pleading
guilty he could potentially receive a consecutive sentence. As noted above, the court sentenced
Warren to 24 to 60 months for each conviction, with the sentences to be served consecutively.
Warren moved to withdraw his plea, arguing that it was not voluntary and understanding because
at the time he pleaded he did not know that he could receive consecutive sentences. The trial
court, however, denied the motion. We must now determine whether the trial court’s failure to
advise Warren that a consequence of his guilty plea was the possibility of a consecutive sentence
was a defect in the plea-taking process that would permit Warren to withdraw his plea.

                           II. WITHDRAWAL OF GUILTY PLEA

                                A. STANDARD OF REVIEW

       We review a trial court’s ruling on a motion to withdraw for an abuse of discretion.
People v Brown, 492 Mich 684, 688; 822 NW2d 208 (2012). An abuse of discretion occurs
when the trial court’s decision falls outside the range of reasonable and principled outcomes.
Blanton, 317 Mich App at 117. “Interpretation of court rules presents a question of law that we
review de novo.” Id. Questions of constitutional law are reviewed de novo. People v Cole, 491
Mich 325, 330; 817 NW2d 497 (2012).

                                        B. ANALYSIS

       Although a defendant has the absolute right to withdraw a plea before the trial court
accepts it on the record, the ability to withdraw a plea once it is accepted is limited. MCR
6.310(A)-(B). That ability is further limited after the defendant is sentenced. MCR 6.310(C).
Post-sentencing, a defendant “must demonstrate a defect in the plea-taking process” before he or
she may withdraw his or her plea. Brown, 492 Mich at 693. Warren argues that the defect in his
plea was that the court failed to advise him that a potential consequence of his plea was the
imposition of consecutive sentences. We disagree.

        MCR 6.302 governs the procedure the court must follow before accepting a guilty or no-
contest plea. Before accepting a guilty or no-contest plea, the court must be “convinced that the
plea is understanding, voluntary, and accurate.” MCR 6.302(A). Relevant to this appeal, MCR
6.302(B) provides:




                                               -2-
       Speaking directly to the defendant or defendants, the court must advise the
defendant or defendants of the following and determine that each defendant
understands:

        (1) the name of the offense to which the defendant is pleading; the court is
not obliged to explain the elements of the offense, or possible defenses;

      (2) the maximum possible prison sentence for the offense and any
mandatory minimum sentence required by law, including a requirement for
mandatory lifetime electronic monitoring under MCL 750.520b or 750.520c;

       (3) if the plea is accepted, the defendant will not have a trial of any kind,
and so gives up the rights the defendant would have at a trial, including the right:

       (a) to be tried by a jury;

       (b) to be presumed innocent until proved guilty;

       (c) to have the prosecutor prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the
defendant is guilty;

       (d) to have the witnesses against the defendant appear at the trial;

       (e) to question the witnesses against the defendant;

       (f) to have the court order any witnesses the defendant has for the defense
to appear at the trial;

       (g) to remain silent during the trial;

       (h) to not have that silence used against the defendant; and

       (i) to testify at the trial if the defendant wants to testify.

        (4) if the plea is accepted, the defendant will be giving up any claim that
the plea was the result of promises or threats that were not disclosed to the court
at the plea proceeding, or that it was not the defendant’s own choice to enter the
plea;

       (5) any appeal from the conviction and sentence pursuant to the plea will
be by application for leave to appeal and not by right.




                                           -3-
       Under the plain language of MCR 6.302, therefore, the trial court has no explicitly stated
duty to advise a defendant about the possibility that, by pleading guilty or no contest, the
defendant may be subject to possible consecutive sentences. In Johnson, our Supreme Court
held that a trial court has no duty to advise a defendant about consequences not enumerated by
the court rule,2 including “consequences such as consecutive sentencing.” Johnson, 413 Mich at
490. However, in Blanton, this Court stated that there was a defect in the plea-taking process
because the trial court failed to comply with MCR 6.302(B) when it did not advise the defendant
“that by pleading guilty to felony-firearm (1) he would be sentenced to a mandatory two-year
term of imprisonment, (2) this term of imprisonment would be served first, and (3) the
concurrent sentences for armed robbery and assault with intent to commit great bodily harm
would be served consecutively to the felony-firearm sentence.” Blanton, 317 Mich App at 120
(emphasis added). The Blanton Court asserted that it was “well settled that a trial court must
inform the defendant of ‘any consecutive and/or mandatory sentencing’ requirements.” Id. at
119, quoting to People v Mitchell, 102 Mich App 554, 557; 302 NW2d 230 (1980), rev’d in part
on other grounds 412 Mich 853 (1981).

        At first glance, the statement in Johnson that the court has no duty to advise about
consecutive sentencing and the statement in Blanton that the court must advise the defendant that
he or she will be subject to mandatory consecutive sentences appear contradictory. And, as
noted supra, our Supreme Court has directed us to compare the decisions in Johnson and Blanton
as part of our analysis of this case. We discern no true conflict between Johnson and Blanton,
however. Again, Johnson provided that the plain language in the court rule governed what
consequences of a defendant’s plea the trial court had to advise the defendant about. Johnson,
413 Mich at 490. In accord with that reasoning, the Blanton Court concluded (1) the court rule
expressly stated that the court had to advise the defendant about any mandatory minimum
sentence he or she would have to serve as a result of his or her plea, and (2) the mandatory
minimum sentence for felony-firearm was a two-year sentence to be served preceding and
consecutive to the sentence on the underlying offense. Blanton, 317 Mich App at 118-120. In
other words, the requirement to advise a defendant about mandatory consecutive sentences falls
within the plain requirements of the court rule, and the failure to advise a defendant about
mandatory consecutive sentences is a defect in the plea-taking process that entitles a defendant to
withdraw his plea under MCR 6.310(C).

       Because the consecutive sentence imposed in this case was discretionary, not mandatory,
Blanton is inapposite. Furthermore, we also find that Johnson is not dispositive even though it
broadly states that a court has no duty to advise about consequences such as consecutive
sentences. Johnson, 413 Mich at 490. First, as applied to consecutive sentencing, that statement
is nonbinding dicta because it was unnecessary to the resolution of the legal issue to be decided,




2
  When Johnson was decided GCR 1963, 785.7 was the court rule governing the procedure for
accepting guilty pleas. Relevant to this appeal, neither the court rule in effect when Johnson was
decided nor the current version of MCR 6.302 expressly require a trial court to advise a
defendant about a possible consequence sentence.


                                                -4-
see People v Peltola, 489 Mich 174, 190 n 32; 803 NW2d 140 (2011).3 Second, and more
importantly, the rationale in Johnson was undermined by our Supreme Court in Cole, 491 Mich
332-333, 337, where the Court held that even though it was not mandated by MCR 6.302, the
trial court nevertheless had a constitutional duty to advise the defendant that his plea subjected
him to mandatory lifetime electronic monitoring.4

        In Cole, the Court held that in order “[f]or a plea to constitute an effective wavier of [a
defendant’s constitutional rights], the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment requires
the plea be voluntary and knowing,” which “might, in a given proceeding, encompass more than
the explicit requirements” of the court rule. Cole, 491 Mich at 332-333. Thus, if a defendant is
not advised of a “direct and automatic consequence of a defendant’s decision to enter a plea and
forgo his right to trial” then the defendant cannot “be said to have entered an understanding and
voluntary plea.” Id. at 327-328. However, while due process requires a court to advise a
defendant about any direct consequences of his or her plea, there is no requirement that the court
also advise the defendant of any collateral consequences. See id. at 333-335. In People v
Fonville, 291 Mich App 363, 385; 804 NW2d 878 (2011), this Court stated that the “possibility
of imposition of consecutive sentences,” is a collateral or incidental consequence of pleading
guilty.

        Accordingly, we conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion by denying
Warren’s motion to withdraw his plea. There is no express requirement in MCR 6.302 that the
trial court advise Warren that if he pleaded guilty then the court would have discretion to impose
a consecutive sentence. And, because the possibility that a consecutive sentence may be imposed




3
  The prosecution seems to suggest that the statement in Johnson is not dicta because this Court
has cited it as binding in an unpublished per curiam opinion. In People v Lynum, unpublished
per curiam opinion of the Court of Appeals, issued September 22, 2015 (Docket No. 321394);
unpub op 3, this Court cited Johnson for the proposition that our Supreme Court “has explicitly
held that a trial court is not required to offer a defendant advice . . . as to potential sentence
consequences such as consecutive sentencing.” (quotation marks omitted; alteration in original).
However, Lynum lacks precedential value because it is unpublished. MCR 7.215(C)(1).
Restating dicta in a nonbinding opinion does not somehow transform a dicta statement into a
binding statement. Accordingly, we find it of no consequence that Lynum cited Johnson for the
proposition that a trial court need not inform a defendant of the possibility that he or she may
receive a consecutive sentence.
4
 When Cole was decided, the court rules did not explicitly mandate that a defendant be notified
by the trial court that he would be subject to mandatory lifetime electronic monitoring under
MCL 750.520c(2)(b). See Cole, 491 Mich at 330 n 4; see also MCR 6.302, staff comment to
2012 amendment (recognizing that the rule was amended to codify the holding in Cole, 491
Mich 325).



                                                -5-
is a collateral consequence of pleading guilty, the failure to so advise Warren did not render his
plea defective.5

       Affirmed.

                                                            /s/ Michael J. Kelly
                                                            /s/ Thomas C. Cameron




5
  Based on the record before this Court, it is not clear whether Warren’s trial lawyer advised him
that if he pleaded guilty the court would have discretion to impose a consecutive sentence. We
recognize that a lawyer may provide constitutionally ineffective assistance if he or she fails to
advise the defendant of certain consequences of a guilty or no contest plea. See Fonville, 291
Mich App at 394 (finding that the defendant received ineffective assistance when his lawyer
failed to advise him that by pleading guilty he would have to register as a sex offender); see also
Padilla v Kentucky, 559 US 356, 374-375; 130 S Ct 1473; 176 L Ed 2d 284 (2010) (finding that
the defendant’s lawyer’s performance was deficient when the lawyer failed to advise the
defendant that by pleading guilty he was subject to deportation). However, as Warren has not
challenged the effectiveness of his trial lawyer, we will not address this issue further.


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