            If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
                 revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.




                          STATE OF MICHIGAN

                            COURT OF APPEALS



ROXANNE COLEN,                                                       UNPUBLISHED
                                                                     January 21, 2020
               Plaintiff-Appellant,

v                                                                    No. 345318
                                                                     Wayne Circuit Court
CHIAM COLEN,                                                         LC No. 12-115379-DM

               Defendant-Appellee.


Before: K. F. KELLY, P.J., and BORRELLO and SERVITTO, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

         This appeal concerns plaintiff’s post-judgment motion for attorney fees in a divorce
action. Plaintiff appeals as of right the trial court’s order denying her motion for attorney fees
related to earlier proceedings in the divorce action that had culminated in an April 2016 opinion
and order. For the reasons set forth in this opinion, we affirm the trial court’s order and remand
to allow the trial court an opportunity to address plaintiff’s new request for attorney fees related
to this appeal under MCR 3.206(D).

                                       I. BACKGROUND

       Plaintiff and defendant were divorced on April 10, 2013, pursuant to a consent judgment
of divorce. Under the consent judgment, plaintiff was granted “sole care, custody and control”
of the parties’ three minor children. Defendant was ordered to pay child support and spousal
support. The consent judgment also provided that “Defendant will be responsible for Plaintiff’s
attorney fees for an amount not to exceed $5,000.00.”

        From March 2014 until April 2016, the court addressed various disputes between the
parties, involving child support, spousal support, property division, custody, and parenting time
matters. On February 9, 2015, the trial court entered an order requiring defendant to pay plaintiff
$20,000 “for the resolution of all currently outstanding attorney fees as of today’s date, February
9, 2015.”

       On April 18, 2016, the trial court entered an opinion and order following an evidentiary
hearing that resolved the parties’ parenting time dispute. In this written opinion, the trial court


                                                -1-
did not address, or make any reference to, attorney fees. Plaintiff’s trial brief, filed before the
evidentiary hearing, did not include any request for attorney fees.

        Almost two years later, on April 5, 2018, plaintiff filed a motion in the trial court
involving child support matters and a request for attorney fees, and it is this motion that forms
the underlying basis for the instant appeal. Plaintiff was represented by different counsel at this
point. The register of actions reflects that no filings were made in the case during this period
between the trial court’s April 18, 2016 opinion and order and plaintiff’s April 5, 2018 motion.
Because the instant appeal involves only plaintiff’s motion for attorney fees and the child support
matters are not at issue, we will not discuss the child support issues in detail. Suffice it to say
that plaintiff essentially alleged that defendant was in arrears on his child support despite having
a significantly high income. Plaintiff also alleged that her sole source of income was child and
spousal support.

        As specifically relevant to the issues on appeal, plaintiff’s motion requested that
defendant be ordered to pay plaintiff’s attorney fees “for this litigation, as well as the litigation
incident to the parties’ competing parenting time motions which were resolved via an opinion
entered on April 18, 2016.” Plaintiff specified that she was seeking to be reimbursed for attorney
fees related to that parenting time dispute that were incurred from February 10, 2015 through
November 2, 2017. Plaintiff maintained that MCR 3.206(C)(1) permitted her to “at any time,
request that the court order the other party to pay all or part of the attorney fees and expenses
related to the action or specific proceeding, including a post-judgment proceeding.”1 Plaintiff’s
motion alleged that she incurred $37,887.60 in attorney fees that were owed to her former
counsel’s law firm and that she had also paid a retainer to her new counsel. Plaintiff
subsequently filed an amended motion specifically limited to her request for attorney fees and
with essentially the same relevant underlying factual allegations.




1
  The provision in MCR 3.206(C) was relettered to MCR 3.206(D), but without any change in
language, pursuant to the May 30, 2018 amendment to the court rule that took effect on
September 1, 2018. See 501 Mich ___ (2018). As will be discussed, this court rule has also
been amended since the proceedings at issue below occurred. However, it is still the language
that remained in effect through the May 30, 2018 amendment to the court rule that was in effect
at all times during the proceedings below that are relevant to the instant appeal and that we will
cite unless we state otherwise, even though that language was contained in subrule (C) at the
time. For the sake of simplicity, we will use the current lettering for subrule (D); the lettering
still has not changed even in the most recent amendment. The newest version of MCR 3.206
took effect on January 1, 2020, and it does include some additional language in Subrule (D)(2).
See Michigan Supreme Court Order, ADM File Nos. 2002-37 and 2018-19, Amendment of Rule
3.206 of the Michigan Court Rules, entered November 13, 2019. We refer to this newly
amended version below as necessary, but we note here that our analysis of the particular issues
raised on appeal does not implicate the most recent change to MCR 3.206(D)(2) and that our
conclusion would be the same under either version of this subrule.


                                                -2-
       The trial court held a hearing on July 23, 2018, dedicated entirely to the attorney fee
issue. After hearing oral arguments from the parties, the trial court denied plaintiff’s motion for
attorney fees with respect to prior fees “up and through the current request.” The trial court
recognized that the court rule permitted a request for attorney fees to be made at “any time,” but
nonetheless reasoned that plaintiff’s request was untimely because she had waited more than two
years without pursuing the attorney fees related to the prior parenting time motions that had
already been resolved. 2 The trial court also clarified that it was not permitting attorney fees
regarding the instant motion for attorney fees. Plaintiff now appeals and challenges this ruling.

                                 II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

         This Court reviews a trial court’s decision regarding whether to award attorney fees in a
divorce action for an abuse of discretion. Richards v Richards, 310 Mich App 683, 699; 874
NW2d 704 (2015). “An abuse of discretion occurs when the trial court’s decision falls outside
the range of reasonable and principled outcomes.” Smith v Smith, 278 Mich App 198, 207; 748
NW2d 258 (2008). The trial court’s factual findings underlying an award of attorney fees are
reviewed for clear error. Richards, 310 Mich App at 700. “A finding is clearly erroneous if we
are left with a definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been made.” Id. (quotation marks
and citation omitted). To the extent that questions of law are presented, our review is de novo.
Reed v Reed, 265 Mich App 131, 16; 693 NW2d 825 (2005).

                                         III. ANALYSIS

        On appeal, plaintiff argues that the trial court abused its discretion and erred as a matter
of law by denying her motion for attorney fees for the period of February 9, 2015 through July
23, 2018 (the date of the motion hearing) for being untimely. Plaintiff maintains that MCR
3.206(D)(1) expressly allows a party to seek attorney fees from the other party in a divorce
action “at any time.”

       “Under the ‘American rule,’ attorney fees are not recoverable as an element of costs or
damages unless expressly allowed by statute, court rule, common-law exception, or contract.”
Reed, 265 Mich App at 164 (citations omitted). “In domestic relations cases, attorney fees are
authorized by both statute, MCL 552.13, and court rule, [currently MCR 3.206(D)].” Reed, 265
Mich App at 164. However, “attorney fees are not recoverable as of right in divorce actions.”
Reed, 265 Mich App at 164.

       MCL 552.13(1) provides in relevant part that “[i]n every action brought, either for a
divorce or for a separation, the court may require either party . . . to pay any sums necessary to
enable the adverse party to carry on or defend the action, during its pendency.” Under MCR
3.206(D)(1), “[a] party may, at any time, request that the court order the other party to pay all or


2
  Although the trial court ruled that plaintiff could not be awarded attorney fees related to the
prior parenting time proceedings or for the current motion seeking those fees, the trial court
reserved the issue of attorney fees with respect to plaintiff’s concurrent child support motion and
plaintiff does not challenge that ruling on appeal.


                                                -3-
part of the attorney fees and expenses related to the action or a specific proceeding, including a
post-judgment proceeding.”3

        The issue presented by plaintiff’s appellate argument is whether a trial court may
determine that a motion for attorney fees by a party in a divorce action was untimely and deny
the motion on that basis, despite the language in MCR 3.206(D)(1) permitting a party in a
divorce action to request attorney fees “at any time.” We acknowledge that this language
appears broad and that there is no explicit time limitation in the rule. See Smith, 278 Mich App
at 207 n 3. However, this case is distinguishable from Smith in a crucial respect. Plaintiff in this
case allowed almost two years to elapse without taking any action in the trial court related to the
divorce action, much less any action in the trial court directed at attempting to recover attorney
fees related to any portion of the action under MCR 3.206. Smith, in contrast, involved an
attorney fee request that was made in the context of ongoing litigation that was actively
proceeding in the trial court. See Smith, 278 Mich App at 207 n 3. Accordingly, we conclude
that we are not bound by Smith on this issue under the circumstances of this case.4

        Instead, to guide our analysis, we turn to other decisions of this Court involving statutes
that do not include express time limits for a party to seek the relief provided for by the statute.

        In Baynesan v Wayne State Univ, 316 Mich App 643, 647-649, 655-656; 894 NW2d 102
(2016), this Court held that the Court of Claims did not abuse its discretion by determining that
the defendant’s attempt to transfer a case from the circuit court to the Court of Claims was
ineffective for being untimely even though the statute allowing such a transfer did not contain an
explicit timing limitation. The Court of Claims, in transferring the matter back to the circuit
court (which had concurrent jurisdiction over the matter), recognized that the statute providing
the vehicle for transfer from the circuit court to the Court of Claims did not have a time limit but
reasoned that the defendant had continued to actively litigate the matter in the circuit court for
almost one year after the option to transfer the matter to the Court of Claims had become
available through the enactment of the relevant statute5 and that such conduct demonstrated “an
unequivocal act of approval to the matter being joined for trial in [the circuit] court.” Id. at 648-
649, 652-653. The Court of Claims further expressed its concerns about unrestricted forum-
shopping and found that the defendant’s notice of transfer was untimely and impermissible. Id.
at 649-650.




3
  We note that MCR 3.206(D)(1) has not been affected by the recent amendment to the court rule
that took effect on January 1, 2020.
4
 For the same reason, the unpublished case relied on by plaintiff on appeal, Pierron v Pierron,
unpublished per curiam opinion of the Court of Appeals, issued January 27, 2011 (Docket No.
292817), is distinguishable and unpersuasive in resolving this appeal.
5
  The statute at issue in Baynesan allowing for transfer to the Court of Claims was MCL
600.6404(3).


                                                -4-
        On appeal, this Court affirmed, reasoning that the Court of Claims’ ruling “was within
the inherent authority of a court to impose sanctions appropriate to contain and prevent abuses so
as to ensure the orderly operation of justice.” Id. at 655 (quotation marks and citation omitted).
The Baynesan Court stated, “ ‘This power is not governed so much by rule or statute, but by the
control necessarily vested in courts to manage their own affairs so as to achieve the orderly and
expeditious disposition of cases.’ ” Id., quoting Maldonado v Ford Motor Co, 476 Mich 372,
376; 719 NW2d 809 (2006). The Baynesan Court further noted that a “trial court has the
inherent authority to control its own docket.” Baynesan, 316 Mich App at 651.

        Another approach is illustrated in Avery v Demetropoulos, 209 Mich App 500, 501; 531
NW2d 720 (1994), in which this Court addressed the plaintiff’s appeal from an order awarding
costs and attorney fees to the defendant “because plaintiff filed a frivolous claim within the
meaning of MCL 600.2591(3).”6 MCL 600.2591(1) provides that “[u]pon motion of any party,”
a court in a civil action “shall award to the prevailing party the costs and fees incurred by that
party in connection with the civil action” if the court finds that a civil action or defense was
“frivolous.” The term “frivolous” is defined for purposes of this statute in MCL 600.2591(3).
MCL 600.2591(2) states, “The amount of costs and fees awarded under this section shall include
all reasonable costs actually incurred by the prevailing party and any costs allowed by law or by
court rule, including court costs and reasonable attorney fees.” There is no timing requirement
contained in MCL 600.2591 for when a motion for costs under this statute must be made. This
Court held that with respect to the procedure for recovering costs under MCL 600.2591, the
“appropriate standard to apply to the statute is whether the motion for costs was filed within a
reasonable time after the prevailing party was determined.” Avery, 209 Mich App at 503.
Subsequently, this Court has concluded that whether a motion for costs under MCL 600.2591
was brought within a reasonable time after the prevailing party was determined “depends on the
circumstances” of the individual case. In re Costs & Attorney Fees, 250 Mich App 89, 107-108;
645 NW2d 697 (2002).

        Accordingly, we conclude that a motion for attorney fees under MCR 3.206(D) must be
brought within a reasonable time after the fees sought were incurred and that what constitutes a
reasonable time depends on the particular facts and circumstances of each case. Avery, 209 Mich
App at 503; In re Costs & Attorney Fees, 250 Mich App at 107-108. A trial court’s decision to
deny attorney fees on the ground that the motion was untimely for being made outside a
reasonable time is within its inherent authority to “impose sanctions appropriate to contain and
prevent abuses so as to ensure the orderly operation of justice,” as well as its inherent authority
to “manage [its] own affairs so as to achieve the orderly and expeditious disposition of cases.”
Baynesan, 316 Mich App at 655 (quotation marks and citations omitted). “An exercise of the
court’s ‘inherent power’ may be disturbed only upon a finding that there has been a clear abuse
of discretion.” Id. at 651 (quotation marks and citation omitted). “An abuse of discretion occurs
when a court chooses an outcome outside the range of principled outcomes.” Id. Underlying
factual findings are reviewed for clear error. Id.



6
    This statute has not been amended since Avery was decided.


                                                -5-
        In this case, the trial court did not abuse its discretion denying plaintiff’s motion for
attorney fees with respect to the matters preceding and including the 2018 motion for attorney
fees on the ground that by neglecting the matter for almost two years, plaintiff had failed to
timely pursue attorney fees under MCR 3.206. To the extent that plaintiff apparently attempted
to recover certain additional attorney fees in 2016 after the February 9, 2015 order awarding fees
and before the April 18, 2016 order resolving the parties’ parenting time dispute, it appears from
the record that plaintiff abandoned this attempt and that plaintiff never took any action in the trial
court between April 2016 and April 2018 to obtain attorney fees for the period at issue after the
attorney fee issue was not addressed in the trial court’s April 18, 2016 order. Under these factual
circumstances, plaintiff’s April 2018 motion was not brought within a reasonable time after the
attorney fees at issue were incurred, and the trial court did not abuse its discretion by
determining that the motion was untimely. Dismissal of the motion on the basis of untimeliness
was within the trial court’s inherent authority to manage its affairs and sanction litigants. The
trial court’s ruling is affirmed.

        Additionally, plaintiff argues that this Court should award her appellate attorney fees
related to this appeal under MCR 3.206(D) and based on the existing record. This Court has
indicated that appellate attorney fees may be awarded under MCR 3.206(D). See Myland v
Myland, 290 Mich App 691, 703; 804 NW2d 124 (2010).

       As an initial matter, this Court has explained that MCR 3.206(D)(2) “provides two
independent bases for awarding attorney fees and expenses.” Richards, 310 Mich App at 700.
Subrule (D)(2)(a) “allows payment of attorney fees based on one party’s inability to pay and the
other party’s ability to do so,” while Subrule (D)(2)(b) “considers only a party’s behavior,
without reference to the ability to pay.” Richards, 310 Mich App at 701.

       In this case, plaintiff specifically argues that she is entitled to appellate attorney fees
based on subrule (D)(2)(a), arguing that she is unable to bear the expense of the action while
defendant has the ability to pay. “Attorney fees in a divorce action may be awarded when a
party needs financial assistance to prosecute or defend the suit,” and “a party should not be
required to invade assets to satisfy attorney fees when the party is relying on the same assets for
support.” Smith, 278 Mich App at 207 (quotation marks and citations omitted). “Pursuant to
[MCR 3.206(D)(2)(a)], the party requesting the fees must allege facts sufficient to show that he
or she is ‘unable to bear the expense of the action, and that the other party is able to pay.’ ”
Smith, 278 Mich App at 207.7




7
    The version of MCR 3.206(D)(2)(a) that took effect on January 1, 2020 provides as follows:
                 (2) A party who requests attorney fees and expenses must allege facts
         sufficient to show that

                (a) the party is unable to bear the expense of the action, including the
         expense of engaging in discovery appropriate for the matter, and that the other
         party is able to pay . . . . [MCR 3.206(D)(2)(a), as amended by Michigan


                                                 -6-
        Accordingly, in this context, the analytical focus is on the financial status of each party in
relation to the attorney fees because this is all that MCR 3.206(D)(2)(a) discusses and there is no
language in the subrule requiring consideration of whether the party requesting attorney fees
prevailed on other substantive matters. MCR 3.206(D)(2)(a); see also Smith, 278 Mich App at
207 (explaining what the party requesting fees must allege); Myland, 290 Mich App at 701-703
(concluding that the trial court made an error of law by denying the plaintiff’s need based request
for attorney fees under what is now MCR 3.206(D)(2)(a) because the trial court’s decision was
based on its belief that attorney fees should only be awarded if a party engaged in egregious
conduct or wasteful litigation; this Court stated that “[i]t was incumbent upon the trial court to
consider whether attorney fees were necessary for plaintiff to defend her suit, including whether,
under the circumstances, plaintiff would have to invade the same spousal support assets she is
relying on to live in order to pay her attorney fees and whether, under the specific circumstances,
defendant has the ability to pay or contribute to plaintiff’s fees”); Edge v Edge, 299 Mich App
121, 136; 829 NW2d 276 (2012) (explaining that a circuit court had not actually granted attorney
fees under MCR 3.206(D), even though the circuit court had cited that subrule as a basis for its
decision, because the circuit court had expressly stated that it was granting attorney fees and
costs as sanctions for making frivolous claims on appeal and did not make any factual findings
about the parties’ relative abilities to pay the expense of the defendant’s appeal or whether the
defendant refused to comply with a previous order despite having the ability to comply). Thus,
plaintiff’s failure to prevail on her appellate argument in this Court regarding the trial court’s
denial of her motion for attorney fees as being untimely is not dispositive of the issue regarding
her request for attorney fees in pursuing the instant appeal.




       Supreme Court Order, ADM File Nos. 2002-37 and 2018-19, Amendment of Rule
       3.206 of the Michigan Court Rules, entered November 13, 2019.]

The former version of this subrule provided as follows:
               (2) A party who requests attorney fees and expenses must allege facts
       sufficient to show that

               (a) the party is unable to bear the expense of the action, and that the other
       party is able to pay . . . . [MCR 3.206(D)(2)(a), as amended by 501 Mich ___
       (2018).]

We do not perceive that the addition of language to the court rule clarifying that the expense of
the action includes the expense of engaging in appropriate discovery would have any effect on
the standard described in this Court’s decisions cited in the body of this opinion, i.e., that a court
must determine the financial ability of the parties to pay the attorney fees and expenses. As will
be more fully explained, our disposition the appellate attorney fee issue is based on the absence
of factual findings by the trial court in the current record regarding the parties’ respective
financial ability to pay the attorney fees. Accordingly, further discussion of the amended
language is unnecessary.


                                                 -7-
        However, the record before this Court does not include factual findings by the trial court
sufficient for us to review the issue whether plaintiff is currently unable to bear these expenses. 8
“[W]hether a party has an inability to pay is dependent on the particular facts and circumstances
of each case.” Loutts v Loutts, 309 Mich App 203, 217; 871 NW2d 298 (2015).

                       It [i]s incumbent upon the trial court to consider whether
               attorney fees [a]re necessary for plaintiff to defend her suit,
               including whether, under the circumstances, plaintiff would have
               to invade the same spousal support assets she is relying on to live
               in order to pay her attorney fees and whether, under the specific
               circumstances, defendant has the ability to pay or contribute to
               plaintiff’s fees.

       This requires a trial court to give “special consideration to the specific financial
       situations of the parties and the equities involved.” [Id. at 217-218 (citations
       omitted; alteration in original).]

        In this case, the level of defendant’s financial resources, which the parties disputed, is
unclear from the record. Moreover, this Court has no record of the amount of fees to which
plaintiff claims she is entitled as a result of this appeal or whether she would actually need to
invade the same spousal support assets that she relies on for living expenses in order to pay her
attorney fees. The essence of plaintiff’s argument is that she has fewer financial resources than
defendant, but the standard for awarding attorney fees under MCR 3.206(D)(2)(a) is more
complex than that. See Loutts, 309 Mich App at 217-218. The determination whether plaintiff
satisfies the requirements of the court rule regarding her financial inability to bear these costs is a
factual one that should first be addressed by the trial court. See id.; see also Allen v Keating, 205
Mich App 560, 564; 517 NW2d 830 (1994) (“Appellate review is limited to issues actually
decided by the trial court.”).9

        Because the record is insufficiently developed to allow adequate appellate review of this
issue, the trial court should first address plaintiff’s request for appellate attorney fees. Notably,
this request was made within a reasonable time of incurring those fees since they were incurred
in the process of pursuing the instant appeal and are not fees incurred for the prior proceedings
that culminated in the April 2016 order.

       We recognize that in Gates v Gates, 256 Mich App 420, 439; 664 NW2d 231 (2003), this
Court determined that the defendant was entitled to appellate attorney fees under what is now


8
  Although the trial court did order defendant to pay $2,900 in attorney fees to plaintiff’s counsel
in an order on January 15, 2019, involving the ongoing child support dispute, the record before
this Court does not contain the trial court’s factual findings with respect to that ruling.
9
  Although plaintiff logically could not have requested these appellate fees in the trial court
before deciding to pursue an appeal, remanding this matter to the trial court will still allow her to
attempt to recover these fees.


                                                  -8-
MCR 3.206(D)(2)(a) and remanded only for the trial court to decide the appropriate amount of
those fees. The Gates Court concluded that the defendant was “unable to bear the expense of
this action on appeal for the same reasons we have determined that the award of spousal support
and attorney fees by the trial court is inadequate” and that the trial court on remand was to “also
determine an appropriate award of attorney fees for this appeal.” Id.

         However, in Gates, this Court had relevant factual findings by the trial court to review
that are not available in the instant case. See id. at 423, 433-434, 436-439. The trial court in this
case denied attorney fees to plaintiff on the ground that her motion was untimely and without
making any factual findings regarding the parties’ respective abilities to pay attorney fees, and
there are no pertinent findings in the current record from which this Court could make a
determination whether plaintiff may be entitled to appellate attorney fees under MCR
3.206(D)(2)(a). Thus, Gates does not require this Court to decide first whether plaintiff in this
case is entitled to some amount of attorney fees before remanding this matter, nor does Gates
prohibit this Court from remanding this matter to the trial court to address this question in the
first instance.

        In conclusion, we affirm the trial court’s decision denying plaintiff’s motion for attorney
fees related to the prior 2016 hearing and the 2018 motion pursuing those fees, and we remand
this matter to the trial court to allow plaintiff to pursue her request for appellate attorney fees
related to the instant appeal under MCR 2.306(D)(2)(a) in the trial court so as to develop an
appropriate factual record.

       Affirmed but remanded for purposes of allowing the trial court to address plaintiff’s
motion for appellate attorney fees under MCR 2.306(D)(2)(a). We do not retain jurisdiction.



                                                              /s/ Kirsten Frank Kelly
                                                              /s/ Stephen L. Borrello
                                                              /s/ Deborah A. Servitto




                                                 -9-
