In the Supreme Court of Georgia



                                                  Decided: September 14, 2015


                            S15A0891. HILL v. THE STATE.


       NAHMIAS, Justice.

       Appellant Jarmal Hill was convicted of felony murder and numerous other

crimes in connection with a home invasion that resulted in the shooting death

of his accomplice, Calvin Lavant. On appeal, he contends only that the evidence

presented at trial was insufficient to support his convictions. We affirm.1

       1.     On the night of May 2-3, 2009, Terrion Key and Charles Bailey

hosted a party for a group of about a dozen friends at their apartment in College

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          The crimes occurred on May 3, 2009. On February 15, 2011, a Fulton County grand jury
indicted Appellant for three counts of felony murder, ten counts of armed robbery, 11 counts of
aggravated assault with a deadly weapon, 11 counts of false imprisonment, burglary, attempted rape,
and four counts of possession of a firearm during the commission of a felony. Trial began on March
7, 2011, and on March 15, the jury found Appellant guilty of all charges. The trial court sentenced
him to serve life in prison for felony murder; a consecutive term of ten years for each count of false
imprisonment, running concurrently with each other; a consecutive term of ten years for attempted
rape; and a consecutive term of five years for each of three counts of possession of a firearm during
the commission of a felony, running concurrently with each other, plus a consecutive term of five
years for the fourth firearm conviction. The remaining guilty verdicts merged or were vacated by
operation of law. On March 21, 2011, Appellant filed a motion for new trial, which he amended on
April 11, 2013. After an evidentiary hearing, the trial court denied the motion on May 29, 2013.
Appellant filed a timely notice of appeal directed to the Court of Appeals, which properly transferred
the case to this Court on December 18, 2014. See Neal v. State, 290 Ga. 563, 569-570 (722 SE2d
765) (2012) (Hunstein, C.J., concurring). The case was docketed here for the April 2015 term and
submitted for decision on the briefs.
Park. Around 3:00 a.m., Appellant and Lavant, who lived in the same apartment

complex, entered the apartment through an open sliding glass door. Appellant

was armed with a black handgun and Lavant had a silver revolver; both men

were dressed in black clothes and wore caps along with bandanas covering their

noses and mouths. Appellant and Lavant ordered everyone in the apartment to

lie on the floor and took their wallets, cell phones, and other valuables. Two

former United States Marines, Sean Barner and James Adams, were attending

the party but had gone outside briefly a few minutes before the home invasion;

when they returned, they too were ordered at gunpoint to lie on the floor, and

Appellant and Lavant took their cell phones, a wallet, and an iPod.

      Appellant and Lavant ransacked the apartment for other items of value,

and then decided to separate their male and female prisoners. The men were

forced at gunpoint to go into the back bedroom and lie on the floor there, and

two of the female guests were forced into the other bedroom, while the other

two female guests remained in the living room. Lavant said to Appellant, “we

are about to have sex with these girls, then we are going to kill them all.”

Barner heard Appellant and Lavant discussing condoms and the number of

bullets in their guns, and he decided that he needed to act. He had brought his


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book bag to the party, with his pistol in it, and, fortuitously, the bag was behind

the bed in the bedroom where he was lying.

      Barner took out his gun, stood up, and walked down the hallway into the

living room with Adams following closely behind him. Barner saw Appellant

standing by the front door of the apartment looking out and opened fire on

Appellant, who ran out the sliding glass door. Barner then rushed back to the

bedroom where Lavant was holding two of the women, shouted for everyone to

get down, and broke down the door with his shoulder. Lavant had ordered the

two women to bend over the bed, pulled one of the women’s underwear aside,

and placed a condom over his penis. When Barner crashed into the room,

Lavant started shooting at him. Barner fired back at Lavant, who fled through

a window. Lavant was shot in the face and thigh, and one of the women in the

room was hit in the arm and both legs, but she survived. The victims called 911.

      Appellant and Lavant both fled towards Lavant’s building in the

apartment complex. Lavant collapsed in the bushes outside his building, but

Appellant continued on to the home of Lavant’s neighbor, Renaldo Weekes.

Appellant arrived at Weekes’s door wearing all black and appearing “shook up”

and “nervous.” He told Weekes that Lavant had been shot and was lying outside


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in the bushes, and after Weekes looked out the window and saw Lavant lying

there, he called 911. Appellant claimed that Lavant had asked him to meet up

at the front of the apartment complex because Lavant was being shot at, and

when Appellant got there, he saw Lavant jump out of a window and then he and

Lavant both started running.

      The police arrived to process the crime scene and began interviewing

witnesses. Weekes called officers over to help Lavant, who was taken to the

hospital but pronounced dead on arrival. The police found Appellant’s cell

phone near Lavant’s body and property stolen from the victims nearby.

Appellant stayed in Weekes’s apartment until the police were gone; Weekes

then saw Appellant place a black handgun in Lavant’s apartment before leaving

for his hometown of Cordele, Georgia.

      Later that morning, Lavant’s roommate, Anthony Floyd, called Appellant,

who told Floyd that Lavant had gotten shot when he went to a party to rob it.

Floyd also spoke to Lavant’s older brother, Casey Lewis, who then talked to

Appellant. Appellant admitted to Lewis that he went with Lavant to rob a group

of people and Lavant let one of the victims “slip off . . . and get to them.”

Appellant was arrested in Cordele two days after the home invasion.


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      Barner and Key identified Appellant in court as the surviving assailant.

Other testifying victims consistently described the surviving assailant as heavy-

set and dark-skinned, as Appellant was, and said he carried a black handgun.

      2. Appellant’s sole contention is that the evidence presented at trial was

legally insufficient to support his convictions. We disagree.

            (a)    Appellant argues first that the evidence was insufficient to

support his convictions under the federal due process standard. See Jackson v.

Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (99 SCt 2781, 61 LEd2d 560) (1979). Specifically,

he asserts that the in-court identifications of him by Barner and Key were

unreliable because they were not asked to identify him in a photographic lineup

before trial and their testimony about the appearance of the surviving assailant

differed to some extent. However, Appellant did not object to the admission of

this eyewitness identification evidence at trial. See Neil v. Biggers, 409 U.S.

188, 196-201 (93 SCt 375, 34 LE2d 401) (1972) (discussing the due process

protection against the admission of evidence deriving from suggestive

identification procedures). And it is firmly established that the determination

of a witness’s credibility, including eyewitness identification, is within the

exclusive province of the jury. See Reeves v. State, 288 Ga. 545, 546 (705


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SE2d 159) (2011). See also Walker v. State, 295 Ga. 688, 690 (763 SE2d 704)

(2014) (holding that whether and to what extent a witness’s testimony should

be believed is “a matter to be decided by the jury that saw and heard the

testimony, not by an appellate court reviewing a transcript”); Vega v. State, 285

Ga. 32, 33 (673 SE2d 223) (2009) (“‘It was for the jury to determine the

credibility of the witnesses and to resolve any conflicts or inconsistencies in the

evidence.’” (citation omitted)).

      Viewed in the light most favorable to the verdicts, the evidence presented

at trial and summarized above was sufficient to authorize a rational jury to find

Appellant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt of the crimes for which he was

convicted, either directly or as a party to Lavant’s criminal conduct. See

Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. at 319; OCGA § 16-6-20 (parties to crime); State

v. Jackson, 287 Ga. 646, 652-653 (697 SE2d 757) (2010) (holding that a

defendant may be convicted of felony murder when the death of his accomplice

was a reasonably foreseeable result of their commission of a felony).

            (b)     Appellant also argues that the evidence was insufficient to

support his convictions under former OCGA § 24-4-6, which said: “To warrant

a conviction on circumstantial evidence, the proved facts shall not only be


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consistent with the hypothesis of guilt, but shall exclude every other reasonable

hypothesis save that of the guilt of the accused.”2 However, this doctrine only

applies when the State’s case against the defendant was “wholly circumstantial,”

Walker, 295 Ga. at 691, and in this case, the State did not rely solely on

circumstantial evidence. There was substantial direct evidence in the form of

not only Barner’s and Key’s testimony identifying Appellant as one of their

assailants, but also Appellant’s admission to Lewis of his participation in the

home invasion. See id. Appellant disputes the credibility of the identification

testimony, but “direct evidence from a witness who observed a crime is not

converted into circumstantial evidence by the witness’s credibility or lack

thereof.” Lewis v. State, 296 Ga. 259, 261 (765 SE2d 911) (2014). Moreover,

the circumstantial evidence presented was also sufficient for the jury to reject

any other reasonable theory except that Appellant was guilty as charged. See

Clark v. State, 296 Ga. 543, 545-546 (769 SE2d 376) (2015). Thus, Appellant’s

statutory challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence is meritless.

       Judgment affirmed. All the Justices concur.



       2
         This case was tried under Georgia’s old Evidence Code. Former OCGA § 24-4-6 is carried
forward in the new Evidence Code as OCGA § 24-14-6.

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