                          STATE OF MICHIGAN

                           COURT OF APPEALS



                                                                    UNPUBLISHED
In re E. EMERY, Minor.                                              February 15, 2018

                                                                    No. 339191 and 339278
                                                                    Delta Circuit Court
                                                                    Family Division
                                                                    LC No. 16-000247-NA


Before: MARKEY, P.J., and M. J. KELLY and CAMERON, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

        In these consolidated appeals, 1 respondent-mother and respondent-father appeal by right
the order terminating their parental rights to the minor child pursuant to MCL 712A.19b(3)(c)(i)
(conditions at the time of adjudication continue to exist), (g) (failure to provide proper care and
custody), and (j) (reasonable likelihood of harm if returned to the parent). We affirm.

                                 I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND

        In September 2016, the court authorized a petition seeking jurisdiction over respondents’
18-month old son, EE. According to the petitioner, law enforcement found both respondents
under the influence of drugs. Respondent-father was arrested for possession of analogues, and
respondent-mother was arrested on an outstanding warrant. There was no one available to take
custody of EE. He was placed with the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) for
care and supervision. The court took jurisdiction over EE when respondent-father pleaded guilty
to the allegations in the petition, and respondent-mother entered a nolo contendere plea. Both
parents were warned that they needed to make a choice between their son and drugs.

         Respondents were ordered to comply with the case service plan, which included
refraining from using drugs and completing substance abuse treatment. However, both parents
struggled with compliance and continuously tested positive for controlled substances. Both tried
and failed twice to complete inpatient substance abuse treatment. Respondent-mother was
lodged in jail for approximately three months over the course of the proceedings because her
failure to complete a rehabilitation program was a violation of her probation.


1
 In re E Emery Minor, unpublished order of the Court of Appeals, entered July 21, 2017 (Docket
Nos. 339191, 339278).


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        In June 2017, the court authorized a supplemental petition seeking termination of
respondents’ parental rights. The petition alleged that respondents failed to rectify the conditions
that led to the adjudication, had not participated or benefitted from services offered to them, were
unemployed, did not have independent housing, and continued to test positive for controlled
substances. Following a hearing, the court terminated respondents’ parental rights.

                      II. STATUTORY GROUNDS FOR TERMINATION

       Respondents both argue that the trial court erred in finding that statutory grounds for
termination were established by clear and convincing evidence. We review a trial court’s
findings that a ground for termination has been established under the clearly erroneous standard.
MCR 3.977(K); In re Moss, 301 Mich App 76, 80; 836 NW2d 182 (2013). “Clear error exists
when some evidence supports a finding, but a review of the entire record leaves the reviewing
court with the definite and firm conviction that the lower court made a mistake.” In re Dearmon,
303 Mich App 684, 700; 847 NW2d 514 (2014). In this case, the thrust of respondents’
arguments is that they were not offered sufficient services to secure reunification with their son.
Neither respondent-mother nor respondent-father argued in the trial court that their case service
plans were insufficient or that they were not provided with adequate services. Therefore,
respondents’ arguments are unpreserved. In re Utrera, 281 Mich App 1, 8; 761 NW2d 253
(2008). We review unpreserved issues for plain error affecting substantial rights, i.e., errors that
may have affected the outcome of the proceedings. Id. at 8-9.

       The trial court may terminate parental rights on a showing of at least one statutory ground
by clear and convincing evidence. MCL 712A.19b(3). MCL 712A.19b(3) authorizes the
termination of parental rights under the following relevant circumstances:

               (c) The parent was a respondent in a proceeding brought under this
       chapter, 182 or more days have elapsed since the issuance of an initial
       dispositional order, and the court, by clear and convincing evidence, finds either
       of the following:

              (i) The conditions that led to the adjudication continue to exist and there is
       no reasonable likelihood that the conditions will be rectified within a reasonable
       time considering the child’s age.

                                              * * *

               (g) The parent, without regard to intent, fails to provide proper care or
       custody for the child and there is no reasonable expectation that the parent will be
       able to provide proper care and custody within a reasonable time considering the
       child’s age.

                                              * * *

               (j) There is a reasonable likelihood, based on the conduct or capacity of
       the child’s parent, that the child will be harmed if he or she is returned to the
       home of the parent. [MCL 712A.19b(3)(a), (c)(i), (g), and (j).]


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       “[W]hen a child is removed from the parents’ custody, the petitioner is required to make
reasonable efforts to rectify the conditions that caused the child’s removal by adopting a service
plan.” In re Fried, 266 Mich App 535, 542; 702 NW2d 192 (2005). DHHS has a statutory duty
to create a case services plan for a parent, which must include a schedule of services to be
provided to the parent. In re Mason, 486 Mich 142, 156; 782 NW2d 747 (2010). DHHS has the
“responsibility to expend reasonable efforts to provide services to secure reunification.” In re
Frey, 297 Mich App 242, 248; 824 NW2d 569 (2012) (emphasis added). However, parents have
“a commensurate responsibility . . . to participate in the services that are offered.” Id.

                                 A. RESPONDENT-MOTHER

        Respondent-mother argues that because she was not provided with services while she was
incarcerated, termination of her parental rights was erroneous and premature. She cites to In re
Mason, 486 Mich 142, in support of this argument. In that case, our Supreme Court held that
“[t]he state is not relieved of its duties to engage an absent parent merely because that parent is
incarcerated.” Id. at 152. Over months the incarcerated respondent-father was only given the
opportunity to participate in two hearings via telephone. Id. at 153, 155. And, because the
respondent-father was incarcerated, DHHS did not offer him any services or afford him any
opportunity to comply with a case services plan; consequently, the Mason Court found that the
respondent-father’s rights were terminated in error “solely because of his incarceration.” Id. at
159-160.

        Unlike in Mason, respondent-mother’s parental rights were not terminated because of her
incarceration: they were terminated largely because of her failure to address substance abuse
addiction. Further, respondent-mother had sufficient opportunity to participate in services,
unlike the respondent-father in Mason. The case services plan was adopted on October 28, 2016;
respondent-mother entered a substance abuse treatment center on January 18, 2017. She was,
however, unsuccessfully discharged two weeks later, and because her discharge was a probation
violation, she was lodged in jail until February 15, 2017. She entered another substance abuse
treatment center on March 6, 2017, but was again unsuccessfully discharged on March 28, 2017.
At that point, she was jailed until May 29, 2017. She did not seek any counseling or treatment in
the time between her release from jail and the termination trial. Therefore, although respondent-
mother did spend approximately three months in jail over the course of these proceedings, she
was also afforded ample time to participate in services. Her situation differs from that of the
respondent-father in Mason who was in prison the entire time and was not afforded the
opportunity to take advantage of any services. Id. at 159.

       Termination of respondent-mother’s parental rights was appropriate under MCL
712A.19b(3)(c)(i) because more than 182 days had passed since the adjudication, and the
conditions that led to the adjudication still existed. It was clear from respondent-mother’s own
testimony that the same conditions remained—primarily, her struggle with drug use and failure
to provide proper care and custody. She had never completed substance abuse counseling or any
other requirements of the case service plan and was still addicted to benzodiazepines and
Suboxone; she also tested positive for controlled substances within the two weeks preceding the
termination of parental rights trial. Furthermore, it was not clearly erroneous for the court to
determine that there was no reasonable likelihood that respondent-mother could rectify these


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issues within a reasonable time based on her complete lack of involvement in the case services
plan.

        Termination need only be supported by one statutory ground. MCR 3.977(A)(3); In re
Moss, 301 Mich App 80, 88. But the court also did not clearly err in finding that MCL
712A.19b(3)(g) and (j) were supported by clear and convincing evidence. “A parent’s failure to
participate in and benefit from a service plan is evidence that the parent will not be able to
provide a child proper care and custody.” In re White, 303 Mich App 701, 710; 846 NW2d 61
(2014). Also, “a parent’s failure to comply with the terms and conditions of his or her services
plan is evidence that the child will be harmed if returned to the parent’s home.” Id. at 711.

         The evidence presented supported the trial court’s finding under MCL 712A.19b(3)(g)
and (j). Respondent-mother had recently been released from jail and had no housing or steady
income. Most importantly, respondent-mother still had major unaddressed substance abuse
issues. Although she expressed a need for a few more months to “get [her] life together,” she
had not yet completed any of the requirements of the case services plan. Respondent’s complete
lack of progress on her treatment plan supported termination under both MCL 712A.19b(3)(g)
and (j).

                                  B. RESPONDENT-FATHER

        Respondent-father argues that because DHHS did not address other issues such as
housing or employment in the services provided, he was deprived of the benefit of the case
services plan. Respondent-father cites no legal authority to support his assertion that DHHS was
required to offer him any particular combination of services. Wilson v Taylor, 457 Mich 232,
243; 577 NW2d 100 (1999) (“It is not sufficient for a party simply to announce a position or
assert an error and then leave it up to [the] Court to discover and rationalize the basis for his
claims . . . .”) (quotation marks omitted). Notably, respondent-father was offered substance
abuse treatment and parenting classes, and he was forthcoming in admitting to the court that he
did not complete either. It is unclear from respondent-father’s demonstrated inability to benefit
from those services offered how he would have benefitted from any other services that DHHS
may have offered him. His failure to complete or benefit from the services that were offered to
him precludes him from arguing that DHHS should have offered him additional services. Frey,
297 Mich App at 248. Furthermore, “[t]he time for asserting the need for accommodation in
services is when the court adopts a service plan.” Id. at 247.

        Termination of respondent-father’s parental rights was proper under MCL
712A.19b(3)(c)(i),(g), and (j). Respondent-father was addicted to drugs, homeless, and
unemployed at the time of the adjudication. More than 182 days later, respondent-father was
still addicted to drugs, did not have independent housing, and did not have a steady income.
Accordingly, the court did not clearly err in finding this statutory ground by clear and convincing
evidence. In re Moss, 301 Mich App at 80. Moreover, failure to participate and benefit from a
case service plan is evidence that a parent cannot provide a child proper care and custody and
that the child would be harmed if returned to the parent. White, 303 Mich App at 710. The court
found that it would be hard to find “even a scintilla of evidence” that “even a little part” of the
case service plan was completed. The evidence overwhelmingly supports the conclusion that
respondent-father did not address his substance abuse issues; therefore, he could not provide

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proper care and custody for EE and/or negate the conclusion that there was a reasonable
likelihood that EE would be harmed if placed in his care. MCL 712A.19b(3)(g),(j). The trial
court did not clearly err in finding these statutory grounds were proven by clear and convincing
evidence.

                                      III. BEST INTERESTS

         After a trial court finds that a statutory ground for termination has been proven by clear
and convincing evidence, it must terminate parental rights if it finds by a preponderance of the
evidence that doing so is in the child’s best interests. MCL 712A.19b(5); Moss, 301 Mich App
at 83. In determining a child’s best interests, the court must consider a variety of factors,
including “the child’s bond to the parent, the parent’s parenting ability, the child’s need for
permanency, stability, and finality, and the advantage of a foster home over the parent’s home.”
White, 303 Mich App at 713. Other factors a court may consider are “a parent’s history of
domestic violence, the parent’s compliance with his or her case service plan, the parent’s
visitation history with the child, the children’s well-being while in care, and the possibility of
adoption.” Id. at 714. The child, not the parent, is the “focus” at the best interests stage. Moss,
301 Mich App at 87. We review a trial court’s decision regarding a child’s best interests for
clear error. In re Laster, 303 Mich App 485, 496; 845 NW2d 540 (2013). A decision is clearly
erroneous if, although there is evidence to support it, this Court is left with a definite and firm
conviction that a mistake was made. Mason, 486 Mich at 152.

                                  A. RESPONDENT-MOTHER

        Respondent-mother failed to support her argument that the court erred in its best interests
finding. Her only argument was that if services had been made available to her while she was
incarcerated, she would have had a stronger bond with her son. Whether respondent-mother was
satisfied with the services she received is not the focus of the best interest inquiry. Id. It is not
necessary for this Court to discover and rationalize respondent-mother’s assertion that
termination was not in EE’s best interests. Wilson, 457 Mich at 243.

         Nevertheless, the record shows that the trial court did not err in finding that terminating
respondent-mother’s parental rights was in EE’s best interests. Although it was undisputed that
respondent-mother loved her child, testimony established that her long absences throughout the
proceedings resulted in a diminished bond with her two-year-old. Respondent-mother had not
demonstrated that she could remain sober for any meaningful length of time, including the two
weeks leading up to the termination trial. She was unable to provide EE with permanency and
stability and had not established stable housing or a steady income. Although she believed that
losing her parental rights to EE would have an extremely detrimental effect on herself, the focus
is on what was in EE’s best interests. The court did not clearly err in terminating respondent-
mother’s parental rights. Laster, 303 Mich App at 496.

                                   B. RESPONDENT-FATHER

       Respondent-father argues that because he had a strong bond with EE and because he
believes that adopted children are “much more likely to commit crime” and “much more likely to


                                                -5-
have addictive behavior,” the trial court erred in finding that termination was in EE’s best
interests.

       Again, the focus at the best interests stage of a termination trial is on the child, not the
parent. Moss, 303 Mich App at 87. Quality of parent-child contact during parenting time is a
valid consideration during the best interest determination. In re BZ, 264 Mich App 286, 301;
690 NW2d 505 (2004). The trial court may also consider the likelihood that a child could be
returned to the parent’s home in the foreseeable future, considering the child’s need for a
“permanent, safe, and stable home.” Frey, 297 Mich App at 248-249.

        There was evidence that respondent-father loved his child and that the two were bonded.
The foster care specialist explained that respondent-father was very affectionate with EE and that
he loved him. She described the bond between EE and respondent-father as “overall pretty
typical” and agreed that it was characterized by love and affection. Respondent-father testified
that he had a bond with his son, which he described as “very playful,” and explained how EE
showed him things, called him dad, and looked to him for guidance.

       However, the foster care specialist also testified that she observed negative behaviors
during parenting times such as respondent-father spanking EE, calling him a brat, swearing in
front of him, and being unable to handle his temper tantrums. Further, respondent-father
completely failed to comply with the case services plan by completing parenting classes, which
would have helped him to handle and appropriately discipline EE. He also did not complete
substance abuse treatment and continued to use drugs throughout the pendency of the case. He
was living with his grandmother, although for how long was unclear, and he did not have steady
income. Given this evidence and the fact after nine months respondent-father had shown no
improvement, we conclude that the trial court did not clearly err in finding that termination of
respondent-father’s parental rights was in EE’s best interests.

       We affirm.

                                                            /s/ Jane E. Markey
                                                            /s/ Michael J. Kelly
                                                            /s/ Thomas C. Cameron




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