                                 STATE OF VERMONT

                              ENVIRONMENTAL COURT

                                                 }
In re: Valois Airplane Storage Application       }     Docket No. 254-11-07 Vtec
        (Appeal of Valois)                       }
                                                 }

         Decision and Order on Cross-Motions for Partial Summary Judgment

      Appellant-Applicant Paul Valois (Applicant) appealed from a decision of the Zoning

Board of Adjustment (ZBA) of the Town of Addison, denying Applicant’s most recent

zoning application regarding the storage of his airplane on his property. Applicant is

represented by Marsha Smith Meekins, Esq. The Town is represented by Donald R.

Powers, Esq. Interested Persons John M. Baker, Janice and Pierre Barre, Eric J. and Lisa A.

Campbell, Jane and Phillip Grace, Deborah G. and Leon J. Laframboise, and Dale M. and

Diane L. Rose have entered their appearances representing themselves.

      On May 3, 2007, this Court issued a decision on the merits of an earlier application

filed by Applicant proposing the use of a 1,100-foot-long mowed grass landing strip on his

residential property in the Low-Density Residential and Agricultural zoning district,

including the use of the strip for associated takeoffs and landings. The Court concluded

that the proposed use did not qualify as an accessory use to the residential use of his

property. In re: Appeal of Valois, Docket No. 7-1-06 Vtec (Vt. Envtl. Ct. May 3, 2007).

      That decision noted, with regard to the annual off-season storage of Applicant’s

airplane in the already-existing hangar on his property, that no evidence had been

presented on, and the Court did not reach, the following question:

      [w]hether the off-season storage of hobby conveyances (such as aircraft,
      boats, recreational vehicles, and snow machines) is sufficiently common to
      make just the off-season storage of the airplane an accessory use to the
      residential use of the property, if the landing strip were capable of being

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       approved for safety for that single annual trip by the necessary state or
       federal aeronautical regulatory authorities.
Id., slip op. at 10, n.11.

       Although Questions 2, 3, and 4 in the Statement of Questions are posed in terms of

whether the ZBA erred, in a de novo appeal such as this one those issues are more properly

stated in terms of whether the Court should come to those conclusions on the merits of the

present appeal. Applicant and the Town have filed a joint statement of undisputed facts,

with supporting exhibits, and have each moved for summary judgment. The following

facts are undisputed unless otherwise noted.

       Some time ago Applicant had constructed a storage building on his property,

suitable for use for storage, as a barn or as a hangar for a small fixed-wing aircraft. The

construction of the storage building is not at issue in this appeal. The description of

Applicant’s property and the history of Applicant’s earlier applications relating to this

property is outlined in In re: Appeal of Valois, Docket No. 7-1-06 Vtec (Vt. Envtl. Ct. May 3,

2007), and In re: Appeal of Valois, Docket No. 226-12-04 Vtec (Vt. Envtl. Ct. Aug. 24, 2005),

and will not be repeated in the present decision unless necessary.

       Within a few days after the Court’s decision was issued in Docket No. 7-1-06 Vtec,

on May 13, 2007, Applicant initially submitted a new zoning application that requested to

“store airplane” as per “permit #32-92.” That permit number referred to a zoning permit

granted to another landowner in the Town of Addison in 1992. The application approved

in that 1992 permit had requested the new construction of “aircraft storage” and to “mow

& maintain 2,000’ grass strip for aircraft.” The Zoning Administrator declined to rule on

Applicant’s May 13, 2007 application, and returned it and the filing fee to Applicant, stating

in a separate letter that the application was incomplete, that it was not clear from the

application “what it is that you want,” and that the zoning ordinance “has no provision

concerning what is stored in buildings.” The letter invited Applicant to “submit an


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application stating what you want with respect to your property, keeping in mind the

above information.” The June 11, 2007 letter of the Zoning Administrator was not appealed

and is not at issue in the present appeal.

       Rather than appealing the Zoning Administrator’s initial determination, Applicant

submitted a new application on June 26, 2007, this time with an attached narrative

statement. The narrative stated that Applicant was seeking a zoning permit “for ‘aircraft

storage’ at my property . . . and to ‘mow and maintain an 1,100 foot grass strip for my

current private owned single-engine, fixed wing airplane aircraft’ or an aircraft of similar

size or smaller.” The narrative stated that the grass strip is not to be used by other pilots,

but only by Applicant as the owner of the single-family residence on the property. The

narrative stated that “I desire to store my aircraft at my property in the off-season (winter

and early spring) just as the owners of similar hobby conveyances such as recreational

vehicles, sailboats, motorboats, all terrain vehicles, and/or snow machines do within the

Town of Addison.” The narrative did not propose a particular number of takeoffs and

landings to occur in connection with the proposed storage use.

       The narrative explained that Applicant was also seeking a permit because Mr.

Spencer had been required in 1992 to apply for a zoning permit for “aircraft storage” and

“to mow and maintain a 2,000 foot grass strip for aircraft.” The narrative requested the

Town to advise Applicant in writing if “no permit is required for the aircraft storage and to

mow and maintain my proposed 1,100 grass strip for the aircraft.”

       The narrative also explained that Applicant was aware of this Court’s decision in

Docket No. 7-1-06 Vtec, and stated that his “proposed use of the 1,100 [foot] grass strip will

be in conformance with” that decision.

       The Zoning Administrator denied this second application on July 3, 2007; Applicant

appealed the denial to the ZBA, which warned and held a hearing on August 29, 2007. At

the August 29, 2007 hearing, the ZBA heard testimony on the application, but voted to

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“table this case to next month’s regular meeting [on September 26, 2007] and have the town

lawyer” attend that meeting.

       The parties have not provided the warning notice for the September 26, 2007

meeting.

       The minutes of the September 26, 2007 ZBA meeting reflect that one of the neighbors

of this project, Phillip Grace, was present, but that neither Applicant nor his attorney nor

the Town’s attorney was present. After the meeting was called to order, the ZBA first

voted “to open the Paul Valois case.” No additional evidence or argument was offered on

the project. The ZBA then voted to “go into [e]xecutive [s]ession to share additional

information before deliberation.”

       After coming back into the public hearing after its executive session deliberations,

the ZBA voted to “submit a draft motion of our decision of denial to the Paul Valois case.”

As amended, the minutes reflect that the ZBA proposed that “the motion will be submitted

via-email after the editing of the decision of denial by the town’s lawyer.” As drafted by

the ZBA at its September 26, 2007 meeting, the denial decision as stated in the minutes read

as follows (bold type in original):

       The Town of Addison does not regulate what is stored in buildings. The
       Town does not regulate what is done with fields. The Town of Addison
       does not consider an airstrip to be an accessory use of a residence as
       decided on by the Environmental Court on [M]ay 3, 2007.
The minutes stated that “[t]his will be out to everyone by October 5th, 2007.”

       The written decision denying the application was issued on Monday, October 15,

2007. After making findings which included that Applicant “seeks zoning approval to

mow and maintain a grass strip for aircraft,” including for “aircraft landings and takeoffs,”

and that Applicant “did not specify a specific number of landings and takeoffs per year,”

the decision made four conclusions. It concluded that the Zoning Ordinance does not

regulate what is stored in buildings and does not regulate “the mowing of a strip of land.”

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The written decision also reiterated that the Zoning Ordinance “does not permit aircraft

landing strips as accessory uses to residential uses,” and “does not permit the use of

landing strips as permitted uses under the category of Recreation.” (The latter two findings

reflect the decisions of this Court in Docket Nos. 7-1-06 Vtec and 226-12-04 Vtec.) The two-

sentence “decision” portion of the ZBA decision stated that Applicant’s “application for a

permit to mow and maintain a 1100’ grass strip for aircraft is denied” and that his

“application for a permit to store an aircraft is moot because no such permit is authorized

or required” by the zoning ordinance.

       A signed copy of the ZBA decision was sent to Applicant by first class mail,

postmarked on October 25, 2007.



Deemed Approval - Question 1

       Question 1 of Applicant’s Statement of Questions asks whether the ZBA’s decision

was issued within the 45-day statutory period found in 24 V.S.A. § 4464(b)(1), or whether it

was deemed to have been approved.

       Section 4464(b)(1) provides that the ZBA “should close the evidence promptly” after

all parties have submitted any requested information, and that the ZBA “should adjourn

the hearing and issue a decision within 45 days after the adjournment of the hearing.” It

provides that the failure of the ZBA “to issue a decision within this period shall be deemed

approval and shall be effective on the 46th day.” Id. Decisions must be in writing and

must include “a statement of the factual bases on which the [ZBA] has made its conclusions

and a statement of the conclusions.” Id. “The minutes of the meeting may suffice,

provided the factual bases and conclusions relating to the review standards are provided in

conformance with [§ 4464(b)(1)].” Id.

       The statutory provision for deemed approval “is ‘intended to remedy indecision and

protracted deliberations on the part of zoning boards and to eliminate deliberate or

                                             5
negligent inaction by public officials.’” In re McEwing Services, LLC, 2004 VT 53, ¶ 21, 177

Vt. 38 (quoting In re Fish, 150 Vt. 462, 464 (1988)). Deemed approval is not appropriately

applied to timely decisionmaking, even if the decision itself is technically deficient. See id.

(collecting cases inappropriate for deemed approval because a timely decision was

rendered, despite defects in decision or decisionmaking process). Applying the deemed

approval remedy to situations without protracted deliberations, indecision, or deliberate

or negligent inaction could result in approval of permits “wholly at odds with the zoning

ordinance.” In re Newton Enters., 167 Vt. 459, 465 (1998).

       The ZBA began its hearings on Applicant’s application on August 29, 2007. After

consideration of Applicant’s application, the application “was tabled to the next regular

meeting on September 26, 2007 at 7:30 [p.m.]”

       A ZBA may continue its hearings, provided that the time and place of the continued

hearing is announced at the prior hearing. 24 V.S.A. § 4468. To prevent deemed approval,

the continued hearing must constitute a public hearing, not only a deliberative session. In

re McEwing Services, LLC, 2004 VT 53, ¶ 16 (“[O]nly public hearings, and not ‘deliberative

sessions’ . . . , can prevent deemed approval in the absence of a timely decision from the

board.”).

       A public hearing occurs if “(1) the hearing is open to the public, (2) the applicant

receives notice of the hearing, [and] (3) the board offers an opportunity for interested

persons to be heard on the issues before it.” In re Fish, 150 Vt. at 465.1

       The September 26, 2007 hearing was announced at the August hearing as being a


1 In In re Fish the Vermont Supreme Court construed a slightly different and earlier
deemed-approval provision, former 24 V.S.A. § 4407(2), since amended and recodified by
statute. Both the former § 4407(2) and current § 4464(b)(1) count the deemed-approval
period from the date of the final public hearing. The former statute required the ZBA to
“act to approve or disapprove” the application within the period, while the current statute
requires the ZBA to “issue a decision” within the period.

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regular public meeting of the ZBA. From the minutes of the August and September

hearings, it appears that all three of the Fish criteria were met. Although in fact no

additional evidence ended up being taken at the September 26, 2007 hearing, that hearing

was open to the public, and Applicant received notice of the hearing at least at the August

hearing. At the September hearing, the ZBA voted first to open the Valois case on the

agenda, allowing any interested persons the opportunity to ask to testify further on the

application, before voting to go into executive session.

       Even if the September hearing had not qualified as a public hearing, that is, even if

the deemed approval period had to be counted from August 29, 2007 rather than from

September 26, 2007, the forty-fifth day fell on October 13, 2007, a Saturday. V.R.C.P. 6

provides a method for “computing any period of time prescribed or allowed . . . by any

applicable statute.” By that method, the day of the initial act is not included and, if the final

day falls on a Saturday or Sunday (among other exceptions), the period runs to the end of

the next day which is not among the listed exceptions. In the present case, the deemed-

approval period therefore expired at the end of Monday, October 15, 2007, which is the

date on which the written decision was in fact issued.

       The ZBA appears to have made a decision to deny the application at the September

26, 2007 meeting, as it provided its “draft decision of denial” in the minutes of that meeting,

but it did not issue a decision in writing on that day. The written decision was not issued

until October 15, and the written minutes were not approved until the regular October 24,

2007 meeting of the ZBA. Unlike under the former statute, which turned on when the ZBA

had voted or rendered a decision, the current statute requires the ZBA to “issue” its

decision in writing or in the minutes within the required period. Compare, e.g., Leo’s

Motors, Inc. v. Town of Manchester, 158 Vt. 561, 565 (1992) (decision “finally made” at

meeting), with In re: Dufault Variance Application, Docket No. 287-12-07 Vtec, slip op. at 7

(Vt. Envtl. Ct. Aug. 4, 2008) (meeting minutes reflected a vote, conclusions, and reasoning

                                               7
preventing deemed approval).

       Because the written decision was issued on October 15, 2007, well within the

required time when measured from the September 26, 2007 public hearing, and was also

within the time when measured from the August 29, 2007 public hearing, deemed approval

did not occur. The fact that it was mailed out ten days later does not trigger deemed

approval “so long as the failure to send a copy is inadvertent and not the result of a policy

or purpose to withhold notice of the decision.” Leo’s Motors, 158 Vt. at 565; accord In re

Griffin, 2006 VT 75, ¶¶ 14–15, 180 Vt. 589, 592–93 (mem.).

       Summary judgment must therefore be denied to Applicant and granted in favor of

the Town on Question 1; the application was not deemed to be approved.



       Scope of present application - Questions 2 , 3, and 4 of the Statement of Questions

       Footnote 11 on page 10 of the May 2007 decision left open only the possibility of

Applicant’s applying for off-season storage of the airplane in the storage building on his

residential property, together with the single flight to the property in the early winter and

away from the property in the late spring necessary to bring the aircraft to and from the

storage building, and then if and only if the landing strip is approvable by the aeronautical

authorities for that purpose. That is, if such a single annual flight were applied for, it

would be considered as accessory to the storage use. In such an application, the Applicant

would have the burden of showing that the off-season storage is “customarily incidental

and subordinate to” the residential use of the property, and that the single annual flight is

customarily incidental and subordinate to the off-season storage. Definition of “Accessory

Building or Use,” Article VIII of the Zoning Ordinance.

       In the present application Applicant applied for such off-season storage and applied

“to mow and maintain a grass strip for the aircraft,” but did not specify any particular

number of flights he proposed to make from or to the property, using the mowed grass

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strip as a landing strip for his aircraft. Applicant also requested that, if no permit is

required, the Town so advise him in writing.

       The ZBA ruled that no permit was required for storage of the aircraft or for mowing

and maintaining the grass strip, and that this Court’s May 3, 2007 decision in Docket No. 7-

1-06 Vtec had concluded the issue of use of the strip for takeoffs and landings as an

accessory use to the residential use of the property. Although the ZBA did not specifically

rule on whether off-season (winter and early spring) storage of the aircraft is similar to that

done by owners of similar items such as recreational vehicles, sailboats, motorboats, all-

terrain vehicles, and/or snow machines –– that is, whether such off-season storage is an

accessory use to the residential use of the property –– the Town does not object to

Applicant’s storing his aircraft in the storage building.2 Nor does the Town object to any

mowing or maintenance the Applicant wishes to conduct on the property.

       If Applicant, by Questions 2 and 3 of this appeal, means to challenge the ZBA’s

decision allowing the storage and the mowing, the Court can proceed to address those

questions by summary judgment, as no material facts appear to be in dispute. However,

the argument at page 5 of Applicant’s “reply brief” filed on April 24, 2008, does not appear

to challenge either of these decisions. Rather, Applicant argues an issue not contained in

the Statement of Questions nor contained in the scope of the application: whether the ZBA

can regulate the use of the grass strip for landings and takeoffs if it has no authority to

regulate storage and mowing.

       If Applicant is requesting to use the mowed grass strip for takeoffs and landings as

accessory to the storage request, he did not request any specific number of flights in the



2  While in this instance the ZBA decision stated that the Zoning Regulations do not
regulate the contents of a storage building, in fact the Zoning Regulations do regulate
aspects of storage, for example, “inside storage” as a cottage industry under § 518, or the
proportion of a dwelling used for storage of inventory for a home occupation under § 503.

                                              9
present application, and did not show the number of flights that would be “customarily

incidental and subordinate to” the storage use of the property. The fact that the storage

building is already built and that the storage use of the property (as accessory to the

residential use) is a permitted use, does not exempt the change of use of the mowed grass

strip from requiring a zoning permit. At the very least, by the terms of § 320 of the Zoning

Ordinance, the use of the mowed grass strip for any takeoffs or landings would have to

obtain a Certificate of Occupancy stating that the proposed use of the land conforms to the

provisions of the zoning regulations. Such use only conforms to the provisions of the

zoning regulations if it can be shown to be accessory to some allowed use.

       The use of the mowed grass strip as accessory to the residential use of the property

was decided in Docket No. 7-1-06 Vtec; all that remains in the present case is whether the

use of the mowed grass strip for some limited number of takeoffs and landings is accessory

to the off-season storage use of the storage building.

       Material facts are in dispute as to those aspects of Questions 2, 3, and 4 that

incorporate this remaining issue; summary judgment is DENIED.



       Question 5 – Selective Treatment

       Although this appeal is not brought in the enforcement context, Applicant’s

Question 5 essentially raises the question of whether he has been treated improperly and

differently from a similarly situated 1992 permittee. See In re Letourneau, 168 Vt. 539,

549–50 (1998) (describing this type of equal-protection claim). The question of whether

Applicant is similarly situated to the other applicant is essentially a question of fact.

Although those facts may not be in dispute, they have not yet been provided to the Court

on this issue in the present appeal.

       The 1992 Spencer permit was not appealed; there is no indication whether it was

issued in compliance with the zoning ordinance as it existed in 1992. The Spencer airstrip is

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2000 feet long; no evidence is before the Court regarding its surroundings. If it is in use,

presumably it has received approval from the relevant aeronautical authority.

       This Court’s decision on a proposed expansion of the use of the Spencer airstrip in In

re Spencer, Docket No. 24-2-98 Vtec, slip op. at 1–2 (May 17, 1999) reveals that the Spencer

property had obtained a subdivision permit in 1996, which also was not appealed, and that

the Spencer residential lot was a separate subdivided lot (Lot 4) in that subdivision, distinct

from Lot 6 which contained only the airstrip. This Court’s decision in Spencer stated that

“[b]ecause there is no primary use on Lot 6 other than the airstrip, this application does not

raise or resolve the question of whether an airstrip on a large residential property could

ever qualify as an accessory use to the single-family residential use of the parcel.” Id. at 2.

       If Applicant wishes to pursue Question 5 of the Statement of Questions, he should be

prepared to address whether his property or application is “similarly situated” to the

Spencer property or application.



       Accordingly, based on the foregoing, it is hereby ORDERED and ADJUDGED that

summary judgment is GRANTED in favor of the Town on Question 1; the application was

not deemed to be approved. Questions 2 through 5 remain for trial or for further motions

consistent with this decision. A telephone conference has been scheduled (see enclosed

notice) to discuss further scheduling in this matter.


       Done at Berlin, Vermont, this 23rd day of September, 2008.




                             _________________________________________________
                                   Merideth Wright
                                   Environmental Judge

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