                                                                             Digitally signed by
                                                                             Reporter of Decisions
                             Illinois Official Reports                       Reason: I attest to the
                                                                             accuracy and integrity
                                                                             of this document
                                     Appellate Court                         Date: 2017.07.19
                                                                             12:18:15 -05'00'




                  Snow v. Power Construction Co., 2017 IL App (1st) 151226



Appellate Court         JOHN T. SNOW, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. POWER CONSTRUCTION
Caption                 COMPANY, LLC, an Illinois Limited Liability Company, THORNE
                        ASSOCIATES, INC., an Illinois Corporation, and POWER
                        CONTRACTING AND ENGINEERING CORPORATION, an
                        Illinois Corporation, Defendants-Appellees.



District & No.          First District, Fourth Division
                        Docket No. 1-15-1226


Rule 23 order filed     December 22, 2016
Motion to publish
allowed                 April 12, 2017
Opinion filed           May 4, 2017


Decision Under          Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, No. 12-L-3597; the
Review                  Hon. Eileen Brewer, Judge, presiding.



Judgment                Affirmed.


Counsel on              Daniel E. Compton, of Compton Law Group, of Elgin, for appellant.
Appeal
                        Patricia J. Hogan, Yaro M. Melnyk, and James F. Maruna, of Cassiday
                        Schade LLP, of Chicago, for appellees Power Construction Company,
                        LLC, and Power Contracting and Engineering Corp.

                        Robert J. Franco, Christopher G. Beunik, and Christopher M. Cano,
                        Franco & Moroney, LLC, of Chicago, for appellee Thorne Associates,
                        Inc.
     Panel                    JUSTICE McBRIDE delivered the judgment of the court, with
                              opinion.
                              Presiding Justice Ellis and Justice Burke concurred in the judgment
                              and opinion.


                                                OPINION

¶1          Plaintiff John T. Snow filed a negligence action against defendants Power Construction
       Company, LLC (PCC), Power Engineering and Contracting Corporation (PCEC) (collectively
       Power), and Thorne Associates, Inc. (Thorne), after he was injured when several sheets of
       drywall fell on him while at a construction site. Plaintiff was employed by third-party
       defendant, Professionals Associated Construction Layout & Survey Co., Ltd. (Professionals),
       as a surveyor and was on the site in his professional capacity. The trial court granted summary
       judgment in favor of PCC, PCEC, and Thorne.
¶2          Plaintiff appeals, arguing that the trial court erred in (1) granting summary judgment
       because there was a material question of fact regarding the stacking of the drywall and the
       responsibility for safety of persons on the jobsite, (2) ruling that reliance on an alleged custom
       and practice could make an injury unforeseeable as a matter of law, (3) striking portions of the
       affidavits of plaintiff and Richard Hislop tendered in response to the motions for summary
       judgment, and (4) quashing the notice of deposition for Jeff Karp, president of PCC.
¶3          In May 2010, Alexian Brothers Health System (Alexian), as the owner, entered into a
       contract with PCEC, as the construction manager, for the construction of the new children’s
       hospital and bed tower (bed tower site) at St. Alexius Medical Center (St. Alexius) in Hoffman
       Estates, Illinois. In May 2011, PCEC entered into a project specific agreement with
       Professionals to perform surveying work at the bed tower site. A master subcontract agreement
       between PCC and Professionals, from October 2004, governed the project specific agreement
       and was incorporated by reference. Also in May 2011, PCEC entered into a project specific
       agreement with Thorne to perform framing and drywall assembly at the bed tower site. A
       master subcontract agreement between PCC and Thorne, dated November 2003, governed and
       was incorporated by reference.
¶4          As part of Thorne’s subcontract, it was to construct a temporary corridor connecting the
       emergency room of the hospital to the new construction. On June 29, 2011, Thorne completed
       its installation of drywall in the temporary corridor. At the end of the work day, Thorne’s
       employees vertically stacked approximately 14 sheets, 4 by 8 feet high, of leftover drywall
       near the entrance to the corridor. The next morning, on June 30, 2011, plaintiff came to the bed
       tower site to check his previously placed benchmarks in the corridor. Plaintiff believed one of
       his benchmarks was behind the stacked drywall. He then moved the stack toward himself to
       check for his benchmark, but the stack continued to move and fell forward. Plaintiff was struck
       on his right leg and trapped under the drywall. He immediately sought care at St. Alexius.
¶5          Plaintiff initially filed his negligence action in April 2012. In December 2012, plaintiff
       filed his second amended complaint with one count directed at each of the defendants. The
       allegations against PCC and PCEC are identical. The complaint asserts that both PCC and
       PCEC were the general contractor for a project at the east pavilion of St. Alexius. Both PCC


                                                   -2-
     and PCEC retained some control over the safety of the work on the project. PCC and PCEC
     each had a duty to exercise that control with ordinary care. PCC and PCEC were individually
     guilty of one or more negligent and careless acts or omissions: (1) caused drywall to be stacked
     or stored in such a manner as to easily topple over; (2) allowed drywall to be stacked or stored
     in such a way and in such a manner as to be easily tipped or toppled over; (3) failed to brace
     drywall stacked in a vertical manner when it knew or should have known that drywall so stored
     or stacked could easily tip over, causing injury; (4) failed to move, alter, or correct drywall
     stacked or stored in an unsafe manner or direct that drywall so stacked or stored be moved,
     braced, or corrected; (5) scheduled work of the subcontractor Professionals such that its
     employees would have to move or disturb stacked or stored drywall, and (6) failed to assure
     that the drywall was stacked, racked, blocked, interlocked, or otherwise secured to prevent
     sliding, falling, or collapse. As a result of one or more of these acts or omissions, the vertically
     stacked drywall fell and struck plaintiff, trapping him underneath and causing injury to his
     back and legs. As a direct and proximate result of said accident, plaintiff has experienced and
     will continue to experience pain, suffering, disability, loss of normal life, and lost income.
¶6       The third count of the complaint pled the following allegations against Thorne. Thorne was
     a drywall subcontractor at the St. Alexius site, and it stacked, moved, and stored drywall,
     specifically the drywall involved in the accident which injured plaintiff. Thorne had a duty to
     use due care in its stacking, storage, and moving of drywall so as not to cause an unsafe
     condition, which might injure plaintiff and other employees on the project. Thorne was guilty
     of one or more negligent and careless acts or omissions: (1) stored or stacked drywall in an area
     that was neither safe nor authorized; (2) caused drywall to be stacked or stored in a manner
     such that plaintiff could move or dislodge it; (3) failed to brace, band, or secure the drywall in
     such a manner that it would not tip or fall; (4) improperly stacked the drywall; and (5) was
     otherwise careless and negligent. As a result of one or more of these acts or omissions, the
     vertically stacked drywall fell and struck plaintiff, trapping him underneath and causing injury
     to his back and legs. As a direct and proximate result of said accident, plaintiff has experienced
     and will continue to experience pain, suffering, disability, loss of normal life, and lost income.
¶7       The parties engaged in lengthy discovery, which included all relevant contracts as well as
     several depositions of employees of PCC, PCEC, Thorne, and Professionals. The contract
     between Alexian and PCEC included the following provisions in the general conditions of the
     contract for construction.
¶8       Article 1.1.3 detailed the work under the contract.
             “The term ‘Work’ means the construction and services required by the Contract
             Documents, whether completed or partially completed, and included all other labor,
             materials, equipment and services provided or to be provided by the Contractor to
             fulfill the Contractor’s obligations. The Work may constitute the whole or a part of the
             Project. The Work shall also consist of labor, materials, equipment and services
             provided or to be provided by Subcontractors, Sub-subcontractors, material suppliers
             or any other entity for whom the Contractor is responsible under or pursuant to
             Contract documents, and specifically includes the duty to supply all necessary
             supervision and coordination of all forces furnished by and through Contractor.”
¶9       Article 3.3 governs the supervision and construction procedures. Article 3.3.1 stated, in
     relevant part, as follows:


                                                  -3-
                     “The Contractor shall supervise and direct The Work, using the Contractor’s best
                skill and attention. The Contractor shall be solely responsible for and have control over
                construction means, methods, techniques, sequences and procedures and for
                coordinating all portions of the Work under the Contract, unless the Contract
                Documents give specific instructions concerning these matters. If the Contract
                Documents give specific instructions concerning construction means, methods,
                techniques, sequences or procedures, the Contractor shall evaluate the jobsite safety
                thereof, and except as stated below, shall be fully and solely responsible for the jobsite
                safety of such means, methods, techniques, sequences or procedures.”
¶ 10        Article 3.3.2 provided that:
                     “The Contractor shall be responsible to the Owner for acts and omissions of the
                Contractor’s employees, Subcontractors and their agents and employees, and other
                persons or entities performing portions of the Work for or on behalf of the Contractor
                or any of its Subcontractors and for any damages, losses, costs or expenses resulting
                from such acts or omissions.”
¶ 11        Article 5.3 concerned the subcontractual relations of the contract. Article 5.3.1 provided, in
       relevant part, that:
                     “By appropriate agreement, written where legally required for validity, the
                Contractor shall require each subcontractor, to the extent of the Work to be performed
                by the Subcontractor, to be bound to the Contractor by terms of the Contract
                Documents, and to assume toward the Contractor all the obligations and
                responsibilities, including the responsibility for safety of the Subcontractor’s Work,
                which the Contractor, by these Documents, assumes toward the Owner and Architect.”
¶ 12        Article 10.1 detailed the safety precautions and programs under the contract. Article 10.1.1
       provided that, “The Contractor shall be responsible for initiating, maintaining and supervising
       all safety precautions and programs in connection with the performance of the Contract.”
¶ 13        Article 10.2 governed safety of persons and property. Article 10.2.1.1 provided, in relevant
       part:
                     “The Contractor shall take all necessary precautions for safety of, and shall provide
                all necessary protection to prevent damage, injury or loss to *** all persons involved in
                or affected by the Project.”
¶ 14        The master subcontractor agreements between PCC and Professionals, and PCC and
       Thorne, respectively, contain the following identical provisions.
¶ 15        Under Article 1,
                “The Subcontractor shall provide and pay for all labor, materials, tools, plan, supplies,
                scaffolding, transportation, insurance, taxes, equipment, competent full-time
                supervision, and all other services and do all things necessary for the proper and
                complete performance, installation, and construction of all of the work identified in the
                attached Project Specific Agreement.”
¶ 16        Under Article 27, subpart C, the master agreement stated:
                     “Subcontractor shall be and is fully responsible for protection and condition of its
                materials, Work or equipment installed or stored on Job Site or elsewhere until final
                acceptance thereof by Owner and Architect.”
¶ 17        Article 28 of the master agreement provided the following policy on the use of equipment.

                                                    -4-
               “If, at any time during construction of Work covered by the Contract, the
               Subcontractor, its agents, employees or supplies should, either with or without
               permission of General Contractor, use any tools, appliances, hoists, elevators,
               scaffolding, ladders, falsework, shoring, materials, machinery or equipment which
               belong to or are furnished by General Contractor, Subcontractor assumes full
               responsibility for any injury to person or property which may result from or in
               connection with use of any such tools, appliances, hoists, elevators, scaffolding,
               ladders, falsework, shoring, materials, machinery or equipment by Subcontractor, its
               agents, employees or suppliers.”
¶ 18       The project specific agreement between PCEC and Thorne included several general
       provisions:
                   “The Scope of Work shall include, but is not necessarily limited to, furnishing all
               labor supervision, safety, protection, clean-up, insurance, materials, fixtures,
               equipment, tools, supplies, transportation, other property and services to complete the
               GYPSUM BOARD ASSEMBLY work as identified in the plans, specifications, bid
               documents, and as listed herein.
                                                     ***
                   This subcontractor is responsible for the protection of all stored and installed
               materials until final acceptance by the owner of this work.”
¶ 19       On September 25, 2013, the trial court entered a case management order setting the close of
       discovery. The court ruled that plaintiff would be permitted to depose the Power employees
       already noticed for depositions but no further depositions would be allowed. On October 30,
       2013, plaintiff issued a deposition notice for Jeffrey Karp, the president and CEO of PCC. On
       November 4, 2013, PCC moved to quash the deposition notice as untimely and in violation of
       the court’s order. The trial court granted PCC’s motion to quash in May 2014.
¶ 20       Plaintiff testified at his deposition that he was 60 years old and had been working as
       surveyor since 1975. He was employed by Professionals since 1996. Plaintiff had previously
       used spray paint to denote his benchmarks on an existing brick wall that was used for the
       corridor. Plaintiff had returned to the jobsite to check the benchmark to determine if the
       building was settling. He generally came to the site once a week. Between June 20 and June 30,
       the corridor was constructed at the jobsite. Plaintiff had previously checked the benchmarks
       from outside, but now had to go into the corridor to view the benchmarks.
¶ 21       Plaintiff was directed to go to the bed tower site by his boss at Professionals, Larry Nowlin.
       On June 30, 2011, Plaintiff arrived at the site shortly before 7 a.m. He did not check in with
       anyone on site to indicate that he was there. He proceeded to the corridor, which had temporary
       lighting with materials and equipment stored inside, including several sheets of drywall
       leaning against the brick wall. Plaintiff did not bring his field notebook with him to show the
       exact locations of the benchmarks. He identified an area where he believed one benchmark was
       located, which was behind the drywall sheets. There were 14 sheets of 4 by 8 feet drywall
       leaning against the wall. The drywall was stacked four feet high and eight feet across against
       the wall. Plaintiff’s benchmark was four feet above the floor and he believed it was near the top
       of the wall covered by the drywall. Plaintiff then “twisted” his fingers to move the drywall
       away from the wall to locate the benchmark. As he moved the stack of drywall, the stack
       continued to move forward and struck the middle of plaintiff’s right leg.


                                                   -5-
¶ 22        Plaintiff admitted that he did not ask anyone for help to move the drywall. He stated that he
       did not know if it needed to be moved out of the way. If he had needed to move the drywall, he
       had the phone number for Paul Meyer, PCC superintendent. Plaintiff admitted that “almost
       every time” in prior instances if he arrived and something was in his way, he could call to have
       it moved. He also admitted that Professionals’ policy required him to ask for assistance from a
       contractor whose material blocked his work. Plaintiff stated that he has never performed
       drywall work on any job site nor did he ever receive training in drywall work. Plaintiff further
       stated that prior to this project, he had never attempted to move drywall to observe a
       benchmark and had never handled drywall before the accident. Plaintiff conceded that a
       benchmark was not located behind the drywall. He stated that he only moved the drywall
       approximately an inch before it fell. Plaintiff testified that the drywall would not have fallen if
       he had not manipulated it with his hand.
¶ 23        Paul Meyer testified that he was employed as a superintendent for PCC at the bed tower
       jobsite. He stated that Thorne completed the drywall installation in the corridor at the end of
       the day on June 29. He instructed Thorne employees to store their remaining drywall sheets in
       the corridor, away from the points of ingress and egress to prevent a safety hazard. He testified
       that he did not direct Thorne to store the drywall horizontally or vertically. He did not consider
       storing drywall vertically on its edge leaning against a wall to be an unsafe practice. Meyer
       agreed that PCC’s safety manual provides that “materials shall be stacked in a manner to
       prevent tipping, falling, shifting or rolling.” He stated that subcontractors remain responsible
       for the storage of their materials until final acceptance of their respective work by PCC. If he
       had observed the drywall stacked in an unsafe position, he would have directed Thorne to
       correct its storage.
¶ 24        Meyer testified that it is custom and practice that one subcontractor was not permitted to
       move the materials of another subcontractor. The subcontractor was required to contact him to
       coordinate the moving of the materials. He was not contacted by plaintiff to move the drywall.
¶ 25        Shaun Rainey testified that he was employed by PCC as its safety director. As safety
       director, he has the power to stop a subcontractor’s work if he observed danger. He stated that
       the subcontractors are required to conduct weekly toolbox talks, but the content of the talks is
       left to the discretion of the individual subcontractor. Rainey stated that it is industry custom
       and practice for one subcontractor to refrain from moving another subcontractor’s materials.
¶ 26        On June 30, Rainey arrived at the bed tower site at 7 a.m. and did not have a chance to walk
       through the jobsite prior to plaintiff’s accident at 7 a.m. Rainey went to the corridor after being
       notified of the accident. He took photographs of the corridor after the accident but did not have
       any photographs of the drywall before it fell. He did not know the angle at which the drywall
       was stored prior to being moved by plaintiff. Rainey stated that the drywall belonged to
       Thorne. He stated that the drywall was stored securely by leaning it vertically against the wall
       and would not have fallen without plaintiff’s actions. He testified that Thorne chose the
       specific location and method for storing the drywall.
¶ 27        David Glosson testified that he was employed as a foreman with PCC at the bed tower site.
       At the time of the accident on June 30, he was in his office in the trailer at the site; Meyer and
       Rainey were in their respective offices in the trailer. He responded to the accident site and saw
       plaintiff on the ground, but the drywall was not on top of him. Glosson asked plaintiff what
       happened, Glosson stated that plaintiff told him that he “did a stupid thing. I tried pulling the
       drywall back and it fell on top of me.” Glosson completed a statement report about the

                                                    -6-
       accident. In his report, he stated that the drywall was “stacked neat,” which he explained as
       “stacked appropriately against the wall. *** [I]t was a proper stack.” Glosson did not observe
       the Thorne employees stacking the drywall the previous night. He admitted that he had not
       observed the drywall prior to the accident. He could not state the angle the drywall was against
       the wall. He stated that the sheets were five-eighths of aninch thick.
¶ 28       Glosson testified that leaning the drywall against the wall was safer than storing the
       material on a drywall cart because the cart could tip over if someone who was not trained
       pushed the cart. Glosson stated that in his experience, you did not move another entity’s
       materials. If he had seen the drywall in the wrong spot, he would have contacted the drywallers
       to move it.
¶ 29       Michael Degnan testified that he was employed as Thorne’s superintendent and vice
       president of operations. He stated that Thorne’s policy to store drywall was to stack it on its
       edge and lean it against the wall; and it conforms with industry custom and practice. He said
       that when the drywall is leaned against the wall at a proper angle, then no braces, clips, or other
       securing mechanism is required. He stated that drywall leaned against a wall would tip “only if
       somebody touched it and moved it.” He testified that Thorne was responsible for protecting all
       stored material until final acceptance of finished work by Power. Degnan agreed that under the
       contracts, Thorne was required to furnish all labor, supervision, protection, clean-up,
       insurance, materials, fixtures, equipment, tools, supplies, and transportation. Thorne’s foreman
       David Pruitt would have been responsible for getting approval from Power regarding storage
       locations for the drywall and other material. Degnan stated that he would expect Thorne
       employees to ask Power where to store excess drywall but not how to stack and store it.
       Degnan testified that people are “not supposed to touch anybody else’s material on the job.”
¶ 30       David Pruitt testified that he was employed by Thorne as a carpenter foreman at the bed
       tower site. He stated that Thorne began installation of drywall in the corridor on June 24, 2011,
       and completed installation on June 29, 2011, at around 3 p.m. Meyer directed him to have
       Thorne employees place the leftover materials at the south end of the corridor. Pruitt stated that
       Thorne employees stacked the drywall against the brick wall in the corridor. He testified that
       they did not leave the drywall on a cart because the drywall was going to be there for a while
       and someone who did not know how to move it might have moved the cart during that time.
       Pruitt said the drywall was leaned vertically against the wall rather than flat on the ground
       because it was “such a tight area.” He said it was “more of a tripping hazard” on the ground.
       Pruitt did not come to the site to restack the drywall after the accident and did not know how it
       was restacked. He testified that it was “common sense” to “lean the drywall so the weight is
       against the wall that you’re leaning against.” He indicated that he tried to lean it steeply enough
       so that it is difficult to pull away from the wall but not so much that it would slide down. He did
       not stack the drywall flat against the wall. Pruitt stated that he has never seen or used a brace or
       clip for drywall when vertically stacked. He testified that when he left the project on June 29,
       the drywall was vertically stacked against the wall in a safe and proper manner. Pruitt said the
       drywall was stacked four feet high, and one would have seen the benchmark above the
       vertically stacked drywall. He stated that it is common knowledge on a construction site not to
       move another person’s materials. He agreed that someone who is not trained in handling
       drywall should not attempt to move it.
¶ 31       Oscar Ron testified, through an interpreter, that he was employed as a carpenter for Thorne.
       He was part of the crew that worked on the corridor at the bed tower site. He stated that Pruitt

                                                    -7-
       did not do any drywall on the last day of drywall installation. Ron did not know what Pruitt did
       that day. Ron testified that he spoke to Meyer regarding Thorne’s completion of the drywall
       and asked where he wanted them to put everything. Meyer told him to “put it on the edge,
       everything together, without blocking the hallway.” Ron stated that he spoke with Meyer
       because Pruitt had left, but he could not recall when Pruitt left, if he left before or after lunch or
       after the afternoon break. Ron said he was in charge when Pruitt was not present. Ron stated
       that if the drywall was going to obstruct the hallway, they could not lay it down. He said it was
       normal to place it leaning, and he decided to place it that way because he did not want material
       blocking the hallway. Ron did not use a brace for the drywall “because it was secure the way
       that we had set it.” Ron described the drywall as “leaning at an angle to where it can’t fall over
       or slide off.” He could not say the exact angle, but “as you’re putting the sheets one can feel
       that the sheets aren’t going to fall.” He was “sure” that the sheets would not fall.
¶ 32       Larry Nowlin testified that he was employed as a superintendent with Professionals. He
       stated that it was industry custom and practice, including the policy of Professionals, that a
       surveyor was not to move materials that blocked a benchmark. The surveyor was to contact the
       general contractor to coordinate the movement of the materials. Nowlin admitted that this was
       not a written policy but said it had been communicated to his employees, which he believed
       included plaintiff. If the surveyor is unable to read the benchmark, he should record it as
       “blocked” or “obstructed” and move to the next benchmark. The surveyor can return the next
       week and read the obstructed benchmark. Professionals would not take disciplinary action
       against a surveyor who indicated a benchmark was obstructed. Nowlin stated that he directed
       plaintiff to go to the bed tower site on June 30 to check the benchmarks. He said that plaintiff
       generally worked with a partner, but the partner was on vacation that week.
¶ 33       Matthew Murtha testified that he was employed by Professionals as the project manager.
       He does not work as a surveyor. He stated that when a surveyor could not read a benchmark
       because of a blockage, then the surveyor should record it as “blocked” or “covered.” He did not
       know of any surveyor moving material to view a blocked benchmark. Murtha agreed that
       plaintiff’s action in moving the drywall violated Professionals’ rule not to move materials.
¶ 34       In July 2014, PCC filed a motion for summary judgment. In its motion, PCC argued that
       plaintiff cannot prove that PCC owed him a legal duty or that PCC breached any alleged duty.
       PCC asserted that it did not enter any of the contracts in relation to the bed tower site, rather it
       was PCEC, a separate entity, and thus, PCC had no retained control over Thorne’s work.
       Further, PCC contended that it had no actual or constructive knowledge of a dangerous
       condition or unsafe work practice prior to plaintiff’s accident because deposition testimony
       showed that storing drywall on its edge against a wall is an industry custom and practice that is
       not dangerous and complies with Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
       standards. The drywall was not a dangerous condition until plaintiff’s actions moving it. PCC
       maintained that the record showed there was no genuine issue of material fact to preclude
       summary judgment.
¶ 35       Plaintiff filed his response to PCC’s motion for summary judgment. Plaintiff maintained
       that there was a question of fact regarding PCC’s control over the means and methods of
       storage of the drywall. Plaintiff included an affidavit from his expert Richard Hislop as an
       exhibit to his response.
¶ 36       In his affidavit, Hislop stated that he was certified a safety professional with 40 years of
       experience in construction. Hislop discussed Power’s safety program from its website, the

                                                     -8-
       provisions of the contracts for the bed tower project, OSHA regulations, literature from the
       Gypsum Association, and safety warnings from multiple versions of the United States Gypsum
       Corporation’s handbook. The OSHA regulation included in the affidavit stated, “All materials
       stored in tiers shall be stacked, racked, blocked, interlocked, or otherwise secured to prevent
       sliding, falling or collapse.” 29 C.F.R. § 1926.250(a)(1) (1996). He then included several
       portions from the United States Gypsum Corporation guidelines from years 2000, 2003, 2007,
       and 2009. The handbook guideline from 2000 indicated a recommendation that gypsum board
       “be stacked flat because stacking boards vertically against a wall poses a safety hazard.” Other
       provisions state that boards “stacked on edge can easily become unstable and accidentally fall
       over.” The provision from the 2009 handbook detailed how to appropriately store the drywall
       panels vertically.
               “While vertical stacking of panel material can be appropriate and helpful it can also
               pose a falling hazard. When vertical stacking is used, be sure to leave at least 4” to 6” of
               space between the bottom of the first board in the stack and the wall. Leaving less than
               4” creates a risk that the stack could be pulled over; leaving more than 6” applies too
               much weight laterally against the wall. Warning tape or signage should be used to alert
               people of the potential for leaning wallboard to fall if disturbed.”
¶ 37       Hislop opined that PCC was wrong for contending that storing drywall on its edge was an
       industry accepted custom and practice based on his cited sources. Hislop then states, “Storing
       drywall on its edge against walls is common practice in residential construction and on
       occasion in commercial construction, however, injury statistics and experience have
       demonstrated that it is a dangerous practice to do so.” He asserts that storing drywall vertically
       does not comply with his cited “OSHA regulations or the recommendations of the US Gypsum
       Association.”
¶ 38       Hislop concludes that PCC failed in two regards.
                    “1. Its first failure was to allow an unsafe condition identified in both OSHA
               regulations and the US Gypsum Association safety literature to remain unaddressed.
               Power failed to require that Thorne secure its sheetrock from sliding or falling, as
               subsequently occurred in this matter. This failure was a direct cause of the injuries
               sustained by [plaintiff].
                    2. Its second failure was that Power made no effort to assure that individuals who
               came to perform work on their jobsite were aware of the hazards that potentially
               existed there, specifically the hazards inherent in unsecured drywall.”
¶ 39       Defendants filed a joint motion to strike Hislop’s affidavit as improper under Illinois
       Supreme Court Rule 191(a) (eff. Jan. 4, 2013) because his affidavit contained numerous
       conclusions unsupported by facts and referenced statistical facts without identifying the
       information source.
¶ 40       In November 2014, the trial court granted PCC’s motion for summary judgment, finding
       that PCC had no duty to protect plaintiff from the drywall. The court noted that plaintiff had
       established questions of fact regarding whether PCC retained control over Thorne’s placement
       of the drywall but concluded that “it would not be foreseeable by the general contractor that
       [plaintiff], as a surveyor working for one subcontractor would move another subcontractor’s
       drywall.” The court did not address PCC’s motion to strike Hislop’s affidavit because “the
       plaintiff’s amended expert report fails to negate defendant’s undisputed fact that it is an
       industry custom and practice that contractors will not move another contractor’s material or

                                                    -9-
       equipment, and the plaintiff’s employers had procedures for surveyors to mark read sites as
       obstructed.”
¶ 41       In February 2015, both PCEC and Thorne, respectively, filed motions for summary
       judgment. PCEC argued that summary judgment was proper because it owed no duty to
       plaintiff because (1) it did not retain or exercise control over subcontractors Thorne or
       Professionals, (2) it lacked notice of a dangerous condition because stacking drywall against a
       wall is not a dangerous condition, (3) it lacked notice of plaintiff’s dangerous work practice
       against industry custom and practice to move the drywall, and (4) plaintiff’s injuries resulted
       from his unsafe work practice and not from a condition of the land. Thorne asserted in its
       motion that it did not owe plaintiff a duty because (1) it was not foreseeable that plaintiff would
       move its stacked drywall, (2) it did not retain control over plaintiff’s work and lacked
       knowledge of plaintiff’s unsafe work practice, and (3) plaintiff’s injuries were not caused by a
       dangerous condition of the land.
¶ 42       Plaintiff filed responses to the motions, which included an amended affidavit from Hislop
       and an affidavit from plaintiff. Hislop’s amended affidavit added two paragraphs in which he
       stated that
               “it was custom and practice in the construction industry that unless specifically
               restricted contractors will regularly not only move other contractors’ tools and
               materials, they will borrow ladders, Baker scaffolds and other materials. Contractors
               will regularly move material that is in their way in order to perform their job. Even if
               specifically restricted, unless the general contractor regularly enforces the restriction,
               contractors will borrow ladders and other materials to perform their job.”
¶ 43       Plaintiff stated in his affidavit that there was no written policy or procedure by
       Professionals that “its employees not touch or move materials or equipment in order to find or
       uncover benchmarks or survey points.” He said “there was never a rule that prohibited us from
       moving other company’s supplies or equipment to find or measure survey points.” He was
       never told by his coworkers, nor did they tell anyone in his presence, about “said” rule. He was
       never told at previous PCC jobs that employees were not to move other subcontractors’
       equipment or supplies. He referenced previous jobs in which he moved boxes or propane tanks
       to measure benchmarks. He stated that moving supplies was handled on a case-by-case basis,
       and if the supplies could be moved by Professionals’ employees, then they moved it. Plaintiff
       said on the morning of his accident, if he had located a benchmark behind the drywall, then he
       would have requested assistance to relocate the drywall. At the time of the accident, he was
       “only trying to see whether there was a mark behind the drywall.”
¶ 44       Both PCEC and Thorne moved to strike Hislop’s affidavit pursuant to Rule 191(a) because
       the affidavit contained conclusions unsupported by facts, referenced statistical facts without
       identifying sources, and stated scientific claims without providing facts to show how he
       calculated his figures.
¶ 45       In April 2015, the trial court conducted a hearing on the motions. First, the court struck
       plaintiff’s affidavit because it contradicted his prior sworn testimony from his deposition in
       which he testified that if a benchmark was covered, then you get someone to move whatever
       material was in the way. “Plaintiff’s new affidavit contradicts the statement attempting to
       negate any knowledge of the procedure he needed to take if the material blocked the
       benchmark.” Next, the court struck Hislop’s “conclusory statements made in his amended
       affidavit, specifically that the industry standard does not require asking another subcontractor

                                                   - 10 -
       or general to move the other subcontractor’s material. *** Hislop’s assertion is conclusory and
       provides no basis for his opinion.” The court also struck conclusory statements regarding the
       force to pull the drywall, and whether the drywall was stacked in a dangerous manner. Finally,
       the court granted both PCEC’s and Thorne’s respective motions for summary judgment based
       on the same reasons as its ruling on PCC’s motion.
¶ 46        This appeal followed.
¶ 47        On appeal, plaintiff argues that the trial court erred in (1) granting summary judgment in
       favor of each of the defendants because the evidence raised questions of material fact, (2)
       quashing his notice to depose Karp, and (3) striking his affidavit and portions of Hislop’s
       affidavit.
¶ 48        Summary judgment is appropriate where the pleadings, depositions, and admissions on
       file, together with any affidavits and exhibits, when viewed in the light most favorable to the
       nonmoving party, indicate that there is no genuine issue of material fact and the moving party
       is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. 735 ILCS 5/2-1005(c) (West 2014). “Although a
       plaintiff is not required to prove his case at the summary judgment stage, in order to survive a
       motion for summary judgment, the nonmoving party must present a factual basis that would
       arguably entitle the party to a judgment.” Robidoux v. Oliphant, 201 Ill. 2d 324, 335 (2002).
       We review cases involving summary judgment de novo. Ragan v. Columbia Mutual Insurance
       Co., 183 Ill. 2d 342, 349 (1998).
¶ 49        “To state a cause of action for negligence, a complaint must allege facts that establish the
       existence of a duty of care owed by the defendant to the plaintiff, a breach of that duty, and an
       injury proximately caused by that breach.” Marshall v. Burger King Corp., 222 Ill. 2d 422, 430
       (2006). “The question of the existence of a duty is a question of law, and in determining
       whether a duty exists, the trial court considers whether a relationship existed between the
       parties that imposed a legal obligation upon one party for the benefit of the other party.”
       Sameer v. Butt, 343 Ill. App. 3d 78, 85 (2003). In contrast, “whether a defendant breached the
       duty and whether the breach was the proximate cause of the plaintiff’s injuries are factual
       matters for the jury to decide, provided there is a genuine issue of material fact regarding those
       issues.” Marshall, 222 Ill. 2d at 430. “ ‘In the absence of a showing from which the court could
       infer the existence of a duty, no recovery by the plaintiff is possible as a matter of law and
       summary judgment in favor of the defendant is proper.’ ” Bruns v. City of Centralia, 2014 IL
       116998, ¶ 13 (quoting Vesey v. Chicago Housing Authority, 145 Ill. 2d 404, 411 (1991)).
¶ 50        In the context of a construction-related injury, courts analyze whether there is common law
       negligence under section 414 of the Restatement (Second) of Torts. Kotecki v. Walsh
       Construction Co., 333 Ill. App. 3d 583, 587 (2002). Section 414 provides:
                “One who entrusts work to an independent contractor, but who retains the control of
                any part of the work, is subject to liability for physical harm to others for whose safety
                the employer owes a duty to exercise reasonable care, which is caused by his failure to
                exercise his control with reasonable care.” Restatement (Second) of Torts § 414
                (1965).
¶ 51        “Whether a duty exists under section 414 turns on whether the defendant controlled the
       work in such a manner that he should be held liable.” Kotecki, 333 Ill. App. 3d at 587. “As a
       general rule, one who entrusts work to an independent contractor will not be liable for the acts
       or omissions of that independent contractor.” Calderon v. Residential Homes of America, Inc.,
       381 Ill. App. 3d 333, 340 (2008). “This is because the principal generally does not supervise

                                                   - 11 -
       the details of the independent contractor’s work and, as a result, is not in a good position to
       prevent negligent performance.” Pestka v. Town of Fort Sheridan Co., 371 Ill. App. 3d 286,
       300 (2007).
¶ 52       Section 414 “provides a ‘retained control’ exception to the general rule that an employer of
       an independent contractor is not liable for the independent contractor’s acts or omissions.”
       Cochran v. George Sollitt Construction Co., 358 Ill. App. 3d 865, 873-74 (2005). “The issue of
       a defendant’s retained control may be decided as a matter of law where the evidence is
       insufficient to create a factual question.” Carney v. Union Pacific R.R. Co., 2016 IL 118984,
       ¶ 41. Comment c to section 414 explains the concept of retained control for liability under the
       Restatement.
               “In order for the rule stated in this Section to apply, the employer must have retained at
               least some degree of control over the manner in which the work is done. It is not
               enough that he has merely a general right to order the work stopped or resumed, to
               inspect its progress or to receive reports, to make suggestions or recommendations
               which need not necessarily be followed, or to prescribe alterations and deviations. Such
               a general right is usually reserved to employers, but it does not mean that the contractor
               is controlled as to his methods of work, or as to operative detail. There must be such a
               retention of a right of supervision that the contractor is not entirely free to do the work
               in his own way.” Restatement (Second) of Torts § 414 cmt. c, at 388 (1965).
¶ 53       The best indicator of whether the defendant retained control sufficient to trigger the
       potential for liability under section 414 is the parties’ contract. Carney, 2016 IL 118984, ¶ 41.
       “[T]he existence of a safety program, safety manual or safety director does not constitute
       retained control per se; the court must still conduct an analysis pursuant to the section 414
       retained control exception.” Martens v. MCL Construction Corp., 347 Ill. App. 3d 303, 318
       (2004). The defendant’s safety program must sufficiently affect the means and methods of the
       contractor’s work to fall within the ambit of retained control. Id. at 318-19.
¶ 54       Under the contracts in this case, Power’s safety program included employing Rainey as a
       safety director, a general safety manual, requiring each subcontractor to have competent
       supervision, and requiring each subcontractor to conduct weekly toolbox talks. However, the
       content of the respective toolbox talks was left to the subcontractor to determine.
¶ 55       Further, the contracts showed that each subcontractor was responsible for all labor,
       materials, tools, equipment, and supervision and to do all things necessary for the proper and
       complete performance of the work. “Subcontractor shall be and is fully responsible for
       protection and condition of its materials, Work or equipment installed or stored on Job Site or
       elsewhere until final acceptance thereof by Owner and Architect.” The contracts and
       deposition testimony establish that Power reserved the general right to start, stop, and inspect
       the progress of the work, but each subcontractor had control over the means and methods of the
       work performance.
¶ 56       Here, plaintiff has not shown that Power exerted any control over his work performance.
       The evidence shows that Professionals was expected to check its measurements weekly.
       Nowlin testified that he called plaintiff and directed him to go the bed tower site on June 30,
       2011, and check the benchmarks. Plaintiff arrived on the site shortly before 7 a.m. He was not
       required to check in with Power employees, and he did not speak to anyone that morning. He
       proceeded to the enclosed corridor to check the benchmarks. There was no evidence that
       Power had any knowledge of plaintiff’s presence on the site or directed the manner in which he

                                                   - 12 -
       performed his job. Plaintiff failed to establish that Power retained an amount of supervision
       such that plaintiff, a surveyor employed by a subcontractor, was not free to complete the work
       either in his own way or according to his employer’s instructions. See Shaughnessy v. Skender
       Construction Co., 342 Ill. App. 3d 730, 738 (2003).
¶ 57        In Shaughnessy, the plaintiff was employed as an ironworker by a sub-subcontractor. The
       plaintiff was injured on his first day on the job when he placed a wooden board over a gap in
       the floor and fell several feet when the board broke. Id. at 732. Plaintiff alleged claims of
       negligence under section 414 against the general contractor and the subcontractor that hired his
       employer. Id.
¶ 58        The reviewing court found that summary judgment was appropriate because the plaintiff
       failed to raise a question of fact as to whether the defendant exerted sufficient control over the
       plaintiff’s employer. Id. at 737. The court concluded that the evidence established that the
       plaintiff’s employer was “entirely free to perform the work in its own way” where the
       plaintiff’s foreman “gave plaintiff all his work instructions.” Id. at 740. “[N]o one from [either
       defendant] saw plaintiff engage in the unsafe practice that led to his injury or even had notice
       that plaintiff intended to engage in such conduct. Plaintiff, who was injured on his first day at
       the jobsite, admitted that he was only on the board for a ‘fraction of a second’ before the board
       broke and that only his coworker was in the area.” Id. at 739-40. The court observed that “there
       was no evidence that [either defendant] knew or had notice of the hazardous method plaintiff
       employed to descend into the basement.” Id. at 740.
¶ 59        The Shaughnessy court relied on the earlier decision in Rangel v. Brookhaven
       Constructors, Inc., 307 Ill. App. 3d 835 (1999), for support. In that case, the plaintiff was
       employed by the drywall subcontractor. He was injured when he stepped on braces in the
       scaffolding as he was attempting to hang drywall and one of the braces collapsed, causing him
       to fall. The plaintiff was instructed to stand on the braces by his employer. Id. at 837.
¶ 60        Under the contract with the general contractor, the plaintiff’s employer “was to provide all
       labor, materials, tools, plant, equipment, competent full-time supervision and services, and ‘do
       all things necessary for the proper performance, installation, construction and completion of
       all’ ” work. Id. at 836. The reviewing court found that the general contractor retained only a
       general right of supervision, “[i]t does not refer, directly or indirectly, to a right to direct the
       installation of drywall or the erection of the scaffold.” Id. at 839.
                    “There is no evidence to suggest Drywall [(the plaintiff’s employer)] was not
                entirely free to perform the work in its own way. The evidence showed Brookhaven
                [(the general contractor)] never directed the ‘operative details’ of the work performed
                by Drywall and Rangel. Drywall, not Brookhaven, supplied the scaffold on which
                Rangel worked. A Drywall supervisor, not Brookhaven, directed Rangel to utilize the
                braces when necessary for positioning the drywall. This unsafe method of performing
                the work, which led to Rangel’s injury, was proposed by Rangel’s employer just hours
                before the accident. Here, as in Bezan v. Chrysler Motors Corp., 263 Ill. App. 3d 858,
                864 *** (1994), there is nothing to suggest that the general contractor ‘knew or had
                notice of the hazardous method employed within this restrictive time period.’ ” Id.
¶ 61        Similarly, plaintiff has failed to raise a question of material fact that Power retained control
       over his work method. Plaintiff was directed to go to the bed tower site by his employer. He
       had no contact with Power’s employees as to the manner in which he was to perform his job.
       The evidence in the instant case fails to establish that Power retained any control over

                                                    - 13 -
       plaintiff’s work method or had any knowledge of plaintiff’s hazardous method used to check
       for the benchmarks in the corridor.
¶ 62       We also conclude that plaintiff has failed to raise a question of material fact that Power
       controlled Thorne’s work. The crux of plaintiff’s argument is that Meyer told Thorne
       employees to leave the leftover drywall in the corridor for future needs, and the drywall should
       be stored neat and should not block ingress and egress of the corridor. These instructions
       standing alone do not demonstrate control of the manner and means of Thorne’s work by
       Power. As comment c to section 414 stated, suggestions and recommendations are not
       sufficient to establish control. Rather, “[t]here must be such a retention of a right of supervision
       that the contractor is not entirely free to do the work in his own way.” Restatement (Second) of
       Torts § 414 cmt. c, at 388 (1965). The record does not raise a question of fact that such a
       retention of a right of supervision existed. The basic instruction of where to store materials did
       not retain control over how Thorne chose to stack the drywall. Because no question of material
       fact exists as to whether Power retained sufficient control over its subcontractors’ work
       methods, summary judgment was proper as to retained control under section 414 of the
       Restatement for both PCC and PCEC.
¶ 63       Next, we turn to plaintiff’s claims against Thorne for negligence. Plaintiff has alleged that
       Thorne stored the drywall in an unsafe manner, such that it was improperly stacked without
       any means to secure it. Here, we need not reach the question of whether the drywall was
       improperly stacked because we find summary judgment was properly entered as a matter of
       law for the reasons that follow.
¶ 64       There are four factors to consider in a duty analysis: “(1) the reasonable foreseeability of
       the injury, (2) the likelihood of the injury, (3) the magnitude of the burden of guarding against
       the injury, and (4) the consequences of placing that burden on the defendant.” Bruns, 2014 IL
       116998, ¶ 14. “A legal duty refers to a relationship between the defendant and the plaintiff
       such that the law imposes on the defendant an obligation of reasonable conduct for the benefit
       of the plaintiff.” Choate v. Indiana Harbor Belt R.R. Co., 2012 IL 112948, ¶ 22. We find that
       plaintiff has not raised a question of material fact that Thorne owed him a duty because it was
       not reasonably foreseeable that he would move the drywall.
¶ 65       The Illinois Supreme Court “has long recognized that ‘every person owes a duty of
       ordinary care to all others to guard against injuries which naturally flow as a reasonably
       probable and foreseeable consequence of an act, and such a duty does not depend upon
       contract, privity of interest or the proximity of relationship, but extends to remote and
       unknown persons.’ ” Simpkins v. CSX Transportation, Inc., 2012 IL 110662, ¶ 19 (quoting
       Widlowski v. Durkee Foods, 138 Ill. 2d 369, 373 (1990)). “Thus, if a course of action creates a
       foreseeable risk of injury, the individual engaged in that course of action has a duty to protect
       others from such injury.” (Emphasis omitted.) Id. “That something ‘might conceivably occur,’
       does not make it foreseeable. [Citation.] Rather, something is foreseeable only if it is
       ‘objectively reasonable to expect.’ ” Bruns, 2014 IL 116998, ¶ 33 (quoting Hills v. Bridgeview
       Little League Ass’n, 195 Ill. 2d 210, 238 (2000)).
¶ 66       Here, plaintiff argues that it was reasonably foreseeable that an injury would have occurred
       from the manner in which the drywall was stacked. However, the admissible evidence in the
       record is unequivocal that tradespeople do not move the materials belonging to another entity.
       Deposition testimony from employees of Power, Thorne, and Professionals definitively
       established that it was a known custom not to move materials of another subcontractor.

                                                    - 14 -
¶ 67       Plaintiff, himself, admitted that it was Professionals’ policy that when materials obstructed
       benchmarks the surveyor was to contact the general contractor to arrange for the materials to
       be moved. Nowlin, plaintiff’s supervisor, and Murtha, another Professionals employee,
       confirmed this policy. Both Nowlin and Murtha testified that if the obstructed benchmark is
       unable to be cleared after contacting the general contractor, then the surveyor should record the
       benchmark as “blocked” in his notes and return on a later date. No disciplinary action would be
       taken if a benchmark was listed as “blocked.” Further, plaintiff admits that the benchmark was
       not behind the stacked drywall. Plaintiff also admits that the location of the benchmark was
       recorded in his notebook, which he left in his vehicle and did not use to determine the
       benchmark’s location. He assumed that the benchmark was behind the drywall based on his
       own recollection but was in error. Plaintiff further admitted in his deposition that the drywall
       would not have moved if he had not moved it. In his many years as a surveyor, plaintiff had
       never moved drywall prior to the accident. There was no reason for plaintiff to have moved the
       drywall.
¶ 68       Moreover, even if we consider the affidavit from plaintiff’s expert Hislop, Hislop does not
       refute the custom and practice of not moving drywall. Hislop’s general statement, which we
       consider the propriety of striking later in this decision, was that it was “custom and practice” to
       move another contractor’s “tools and materials” unless specifically restricted. Hislop
       referenced borrowing ladders and scaffolds but never stated it was a common practice to move
       another contractor’s drywall. The testimony from the employees of all contactors on the site
       established that it was not a custom and practice to move another contractor’s materials at the
       bed tower site.
¶ 69       Given the unrefuted testimony, including from plaintiff himself and other Professionals
       employees, that it is customary for a tradesperson not to move materials belonging to another
       contractor, as well as plaintiff’s admission that the benchmark was not obstructed by the
       drywall, it was not “objectively reasonable” for Thorne to foresee that plaintiff would attempt
       to move the stacked drywall. Since the drywall did not impede plaintiff’s ability to perform his
       work, it was not foreseeable that plaintiff would engage with the drywall to any extent. Absent
       a reasonably foreseeable risk of injury, no duty on the part of Thorne can exist as a matter of
       law. The lack of any duty forecloses plaintiff’s negligence allegations. Accordingly, summary
       judgment was properly granted in favor of Thorne.
¶ 70       Plaintiff additionally contends that all defendants are liable for premises liability under
       section 343 of the Restatement. Section 343 states:
                   “A possessor of land is subject to liability for physical harm caused to his invitees
               by a condition on the land if, but only if, he
                   (a) knows or by the exercise of reasonable care would discover the condition, and
               should realize that it involves an unreasonable risk of harm to such invitees, and
                   (b) should expect that they will not discover or realize the danger, or will fail to
               protect themselves against it, and
                   (c) fails to exercise reasonable care to protect them against the danger.”
               Restatement (Second) of Torts § 343 (1965).
¶ 71       Under section 343, while “a possessor of land, including a general contractor, owes its
       invitees a common law duty of reasonable care to maintain its premises in a reasonably safe
       condition [citation], it is axiomatic that no legal duty arises unless the harm is reasonably


                                                   - 15 -
       foreseeable [citation].” Clifford v. Wharton Business Group, L.L.C., 353 Ill. App. 3d 34, 42
       (2004). Even if we were to presume both that the stacked drywall was a condition on the land
       and it constituted a dangerous condition, we find that plaintiff has not raised a question of
       material fact under premises liability because the danger of stacked drywall was open and
       obvious. We have already concluded that it was not objectively reasonable to foresee that
       plaintiff would move the drywall because of the policy not to move other entities’ materials
       and that plaintiff’s benchmark was not obstructed by the drywall.
¶ 72        Under the open and obvious rule, “ ‘a party who owns or controls land is not required to
       foresee and protect against an injury if the potentially dangerous condition is open and
       obvious.’ ” Bruns, 2014 IL 116998, ¶ 16 (quoting Rexroad v. City of Springfield, 207 Ill. 2d
       33, 44 (2003)). “The open and obvious rule is also reflected in section 343A of the Restatement
       (Second) of Torts, which this court has adopted.” Id. “Under section 343A, a ‘possessor of land
       is not liable to his invitees for physical harm caused to them by any activity or condition on the
       land whose danger is known or obvious to them.’ ” Id. (quoting Restatement (Second) of Torts
       § 343A, at 218 (1965)). “ ‘Obvious’ means that ‘both the condition and the risk are apparent to
       and would be recognized by a reasonable [person], in the position of the visitor, exercising
       ordinary perception, intelligence, and judgment.’ ” Id. (quoting Restatement (Second) of Torts
       § 343A cmt. b, at 219 (1965)).
¶ 73        “Whether a dangerous condition is open and obvious may present a question of fact,” but
       “where no dispute exists as to the physical nature of the condition, whether the dangerous
       condition is open and obvious is a question of law.” Id. ¶ 18. However, “[t]he existence of an
       open and obvious danger is not an automatic or per se bar to the finding of a legal duty on the
       part of a defendant.” Id. ¶ 19. To determine whether a duty exists, a court must still consider
       the four factors of the duty analysis under the facts of the case at bar. Id. “Application of the
       open and obvious rule affects the first two factors of the duty analysis: the foreseeability of
       injury, and the likelihood of injury.” Id. “Where the condition is open and obvious, the
       foreseeability of harm and the likelihood of injury will be slight, thus weighing against the
       imposition of a duty.” Id.
¶ 74        Plaintiff contends that the “deliberate encounter” exception to the open and obvious rule is
       applicable here. We disagree. “The deliberate encounter exception applies ‘ “where the
       possessor [of land] has reason to expect that the invitee will proceed to encounter the known or
       obvious danger because to a reasonable [person] in his position the advantages of doing so
       would outweigh the apparent risk.” ’ ” Id. ¶ 20 (quoting Sollami v. Eaton, 201 Ill. 2d 1, 15
       (2002), quoting Restatement (Second) of Torts § 343A cmt. f, at 220 (1965)). “Where an
       exception to the open and obvious rule applies, the outcome of the duty analysis with respect to
       the first two factors is ‘reversed.’ ” Id. (quoting Belluomini v. Stratford Green Condominium
       Ass’n, 346 Ill. App. 3d 687, 692 (2004)).
¶ 75        Plaintiff argues that he was “encountering the enclosed hallway for the first time in his
       search for the benchmarks,” was trying to “peer behind the drywall, and was not paying
       attention to how vertically it was stacked.” While it is accurate that this was the first time
       plaintiff had to check the benchmarks since the hallway was enclosed, it was not reasonable
       that he would proceed to “encounter” the drywall when his benchmarks were not obstructed by
       it. As previously discussed, his ability to complete his task at the site did not require him to
       move the drywall. Moreover, none of the testimony in the record supports plaintiff’s position
       that it was reasonable for him to encounter the drywall. See Kotecki, 333 Ill. App. 3d at 591

                                                   - 16 -
       (finding that the plaintiff “offered no evidence or argument that he made a reasonable decision
       to deliberately encounter an obvious danger”). The testimony from employees of Power,
       Thorne, and Professionals, and plaintiff himself, consistently established that it was not a
       practice in the industry to move another contractor’s materials. Further, plaintiff’s expert did
       not testify that moving another contractor’s drywall was customary or even appropriate. He
       never addressed drywall at all. Accordingly, plaintiff has not raised a question of material fact
       to preclude a finding that even if the drywall constituted an open and obvious condition, a
       reasonable person would have proceeded to encounter that known or obvious condition.
       Therefore, summary judgment was proper.
¶ 76       We next consider plaintiff’s argument that the trial court erred in quashing the deposition
       of PCC’s president, Jeff Karp. On September 25, 2013, the trial court entered an order closing
       discovery as to additional depositions, allowing plaintiff to depose witnesses noticed for
       deposition as of that date. On October 30, 2013, plaintiff issued a notice for deposition for
       Karp, the president of PCC. Subsequently, PCC filed a motion to quash the deposition, arguing
       that the notice violates the court’s order and Karp was never at the bed tower site and could not
       offer any testimony regarding the incident. PCC pointed out that plaintiff had previously
       deposed nine Power employees during discovery. Plaintiff responded that Karp was the person
       who negotiated the contracts and could interpret its terms. PCC offered to stipulate the
       contracts’ authenticity and that the contracts speak for themselves. The trial court granted
       PCC’s motion.
¶ 77       “The trial court has freedom to determine the scope of discovery, and, as a reviewing court,
       we will not disturb the trial court’s decision absent an abuse of discretion.” Storino, Ramello &
       Durkin v. Rackow, 2015 IL App (1st) 142961, ¶ 40. Plaintiff maintains that Karp’s deposition
       was relevant to explain changes made to the contract language via strikeouts and added
       language in the agreement with St. Alexius as well as Power’s obligations under the contract
       regarding safety procedures. Plaintiff has offered no explanation why the notice was filed more
       than a month after the court ordered that no additional depositions would be allowed. We find
       no abuse of discretion. The trial court allowed extensive discovery, including numerous
       depositions of Power, Thorne, and Professionals employees. All of the parties’ contracts were
       disclosed and submitted. Under the four corners rule of contract interpretation, “ ‘[a]n
       agreement, when reduced to writing, must be presumed to speak the intention of the parties
       who signed it. It speaks for itself, and the intention with which it was executed must be
       determined from the language used. It is not to be changed by extrinsic evidence.’ ” Air Safety,
       Inc. v. Teachers Realty Corp., 185 Ill. 2d 457, 462 (1999) (quoting Western Illinois Oil Co. v.
       Thompson, 26 Ill. 2d 287, 291 (1962)). PCC did not dispute the authenticity of the contracts,
       nor has plaintiff pointed to any specific provisions he found ambiguous as it related to his
       negligence action. Accordingly, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in quashing
       plaintiff’s notice of deposition.
¶ 78       Finally, plaintiff contends that the trial court erred in striking portions of his affidavit and
       Hislop’s affidavit. The sufficiency of an affidavit in support of a motion for summary
       judgment is determined under Illinois Supreme Court Rule 191(a) (eff. Jan. 4, 2013). The rule
       states that affidavits:
                “shall be made on the personal knowledge of the affiants; shall set forth with
                particularity the facts upon which the claim, counterclaim, or defense is based; shall
                have attached thereto sworn or certified copies of all documents upon which the affiant

                                                    - 17 -
                relies; shall not consist of conclusions but of facts admissible in evidence; and shall
                affirmatively show that the affiant, if sworn as a witness, can testify competently
                thereto.” Id.
¶ 79       Because affidavits submitted in the summary judgment context serve as a substitute for
       testimony at trial, affidavits must strictly comply with Rule 191(a) to ensure that trial judges
       are presented with valid evidentiary facts on which to base a decision. Robidoux, 201 Ill. 2d at
       335-36. “In general, this court reviews a circuit court’s decision on a motion to strike an
       affidavit for an abuse of discretion, but when the motion ‘was made in conjunction with the
       court’s ruling on a motion for summary judgment,’ we employ a de novo standard of review
       with respect to the motion to strike.” US Bank, National Ass’n v. Avdic, 2014 IL App (1st)
       121759, ¶ 18 (quoting Jackson v. Graham, 323 Ill. App. 3d 766, 773 (2001)).
¶ 80       The trial court struck plaintiff’s affidavit filed in response to PCEC’s motion for summary
       judgment because it contradicted statements made in his deposition. In his deposition, plaintiff
       admitted that Professionals’ policy required him to ask for assistance from a contractor whose
       material blocked his work. He testified that he customarily asked for assistance in removing an
       obstruction and previously had never handled drywall sheets or attempted to move drywall
       sheets. Plaintiff admitted that he knew that he had the right and authority to ask for assistance
       to move items in order visualize a benchmark. In his affidavit, plaintiff stated that he had never
       been advised of a policy not to move other trades’ equipment or supplies and described jobsites
       in which he previously had moved materials belonging to other entities.
¶ 81       “ ‘A judicial admission is a deliberate, clear, unequivocal statement of a party about a
       concrete fact within that party’s peculiar knowledge.’ ” Caponi v. Larry’s 66, 236 Ill. App. 3d
       660, 671 (1992) (quoting Hansen v. Ruby Construction Co., 155 Ill. App. 3d 475, 480 (1987)).
       “Although statements made during a discovery deposition are normally treated only as
       evidentiary admissions, which may be contradicted, such statements may be ‘so deliberate,
       detailed, and unequivocal, as to matters with the party’s personal knowledge’ that the
       statements will be held to be judicial admissions.” Id. (quoting Lindenmier v. City of Rockford,
       156 Ill. App. 3d 76, 87 (1987)). A party may not contradict a judicial admission either with his
       own contrary testimony or that of other occurrence witnesses or experts. Id. To the extent that
       plaintiff’s affidavit contradicted his prior testimony, the trial court did not err in striking those
       portions of the affidavit.
¶ 82       We now turn to Hislop’s affidavit. The trial court struck portions of Hislop’s amended
       affidavit. Specifically, the court struck the statements regarding (1) the industry standard does
       not require asking to move another’s materials as conclusory and lacking a basis for his
       opinion, (2) the force to pull the drywall because Hislop did not discuss his calculations or
       methods in reaching his conclusion or provide any foundation for his opinion, and (3) Hislop’s
       opinion that the drywall was stacked in a dangerous manner because it was conclusory and did
       not rely on admissible facts.
¶ 83       “Rule 191(a), however, does not bar legal conclusions per se.” Cain v. Joe Contarino, Inc.,
       2014 IL App (2d) 130482, ¶ 62. “Rather, the rule simply bars any conclusion, legal or
       otherwise, for which the affiant provides no specific factual support.” Id. “ ‘[W]hile an expert
       witness at trial may give opinion testimony without disclosing the facts underlying his opinion
       [citations], the same is not true of affidavits submitted in summary judgment proceedings.’ ”
       Perona v. Volkswagen of America, Inc., 2014 IL App (1st) 130748, ¶ 51 (quoting Woolums v.
       Huss, 323 Ill. App. 3d 628, 636 (2001)). “ ‘Affidavits in opposition to motions for summary

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       judgment must consist of facts admissible in evidence as opposed to conclusions and
       conclusory matters may not be considered in opposition to motions for summary judgment.’ ”
       Id. (quoting Woolums, 323 Ill. App. 3d at 636). “Additionally, ‘[a]n expert’s opinion is only as
       valid as the reasons for the opinion.’ ” Id. (quoting Hudson v. City of Chicago, 378 Ill. App. 3d
       373, 400 (2007)).
¶ 84        The first portion of Hislop’s affidavit struck by the trial court was the added paragraph of
       the amended affidavit stating that
               “it was a custom and practice in the construction industry that unless specifically
               restricted contractors will regularly not only move other contractors’ tools and
               materials, they will borrow ladders, Baker scaffolds and other materials. Contractors
               will regularly move material that is in their way in order to perform their job. Even if
               specifically restricted, unless the general contractor regular enforces the restriction,
               contracts will borrow ladders and other materials to perform their job.”
¶ 85        The trial court properly struck this paragraph of the affidavit as it is conclusory and offers
       no facts or support for his conclusions. As an affidavit in summary judgment proceedings,
       Hislop cannot state his opinion without providing the basis for the opinion. See id.
¶ 86        Next, the court struck portions in which Hislop discussed the force necessary to move the
       drywall. He stated that,
               “[o]nly 7 to 14 pounds of effort is required to pull a single piece of drywall, 4 feet wide
               and 8 feet long that weighs 80 pounds, away from the wall, which is placed 4 to 8
               inches away from the wall at the floor. When an unsuspecting individual pulls
               sheetrock [away] from a wall, before they know it, they then have to restrain an
               accumulating vector force as the sheetrock is tipped past ‘vertical.’ This load increases
               until the individual has to contend with the entire accumulated weight of the sheetrock.
               *** The fourteen (14) sheets that Mr. Snow pulled away from the wall in his matter
               weighed approximately 1040 pounds. To have pulled the 14 sheets of the sheetrock, the
               edges of which were spaced 4 to 8 inches away from the wall, would have required 87
               to 173 pounds of force. That is a substantial effort, not the casual effort Mr. Snow
               indicated he exerted. The deponents in this matter were unable to define the distance
               from the wall they set the edge of their sheetrock. Had the sheetrock been set in a
               position that was more vertical than recommended by the Gypsum Institute, even less
               effort would have been required to pull over the stack of sheetrock.”
¶ 87        The trial court struck this portion of the affidavit because Hislop failed to disclose how he
       calculated the force required to move the drywall or his methods in reaching his conclusion,
       nor did he provide any foundation for his opinion. We agree. Again, an expert’s affidavit in
       summary judgment proceedings must be supported by a factual basis. No such basis was
       provided on how the force calculations were reached, and accordingly, the court properly
       struck this portion of his affidavit.
¶ 88        Finally, the trial court struck Hislop’s opinion as to whether the drywall was stacked in a
       dangerous manner as conclusory and without reliance on admissible facts. As previously
       discussed, Hislop included an OSHA regulation and several portions from different gypsum
       handbooks in his affidavit. Hislop then stated that “tilting sheetrock against a wall does not
       comply with OSHA regulations or the recommendation of the US Gypsum Association.”
       However, as noted above, the cited OSHA regulation is silent about vertical stacking and
       instructs for materials to be stacked to prevent sliding, falling, or collapse. Likewise, the

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       handbook guidelines provided instructions on how to properly stack drywall sheets vertically.
       Hislop then stated, “[t]he hazard of sheetrock stacked on edge has been recognized throughout
       the world to extent that the construction industry is suggesting that edge stacked boards should
       be labeled with ‘Caution’ signs.” Hislop offered no foundation for his opinion that this has
       been “recognized throughout the world.” His support is a portion from the 2009 handbook with
       instructions on how to vertically stack drywall and that warning tape should be used. Hislop
       further stated “[t]he hazard of propping sheetrock against walls has been well established in the
       drywall industry.” He offered no admissible facts to support his statement. Hislop also
       referenced “statistics in sheetrock injury cases reflect that it is not drywall installers who get
       crushed and injured by sheetrock stacked on edge, but individuals who do not regularly work
       with the product and are not aware of the inherent safety hazard.” Hislop provided no
       foundation for this conclusory statement.
¶ 89       After reviewing these portions of the affidavit, we find the statements were in violation of
       Rule 191, and the trial court properly struck them as conclusory and lacking in foundation and
       factual support.
¶ 90       Based on the foregoing reasons, we affirm the decision of the circuit court of Cook County.

¶ 91      Affirmed.




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