            If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
                 revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.




                         STATE OF MICHIGAN

                          COURT OF APPEALS



PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,                                  UNPUBLISHED
                                                                  November 21, 2019
              Plaintiff-Appellee,

v                                                                 No. 344888
                                                                  Wayne Circuit Court
GERREN YOUNG,                                                     LC No. 17-006476-01-FH

              Defendant-Appellant.


Before: CAMERON, P.J., and CAVANAGH and SHAPIRO, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

     Defendant appeals as of right his bench trial conviction for carrying a concealed weapon
(CCW), MCL 750.227. We affirm.

         On March 25, 2017, at about 4:30 a.m., Detroit Police Officer Troy Wesley and his
partner were on patrol when they were notified that a person was unconscious in a vehicle in the
drive-thru lane of a Taco Bell. They were dispatched to determine what was wrong. They
located the vehicle and pulled behind it. The vehicle was a large truck and it was running.
Officer Wesley went to the driver’s side of the vehicle and saw defendant in the driver’s seat.
He appeared to be asleep. Officer Wesley knocked on the window and defendant eventually
woke up. Defendant was asked to step out of the vehicle so that Officer Wesley could determine
defendant’s state of well-being since he had been unconscious or asleep. Officer Wesley asked
defendant where he was coming from and if he had been drinking or was on any medication.
Defendant said he had come from a video shoot and denied drinking or being on medication.
Officer Wesley then asked if defendant had a gun on his person or in his vehicle. At first
defendant said that he did not, but a few seconds later he admitted that there was a gun in his
vehicle between the driver’s seat and center console. Defendant was then handcuffed and
Officer Wesley retrieved the gun from the vehicle. After defendant denied having a concealed
pistol license (CPL), he was arrested.




                                              -1-
        During closing arguments at defendant’s bench trial, defendant’s counsel requested the
court to find that defendant’s constitutional rights were violated because the police officer had no
right to approach defendant who had committed no unlawful act.1 And, to the extent that the
encounter was a “welfare check,” Officer Wesley went beyond its permissible scope. Further,
the search of the vehicle also violated defendant’s rights because it was conducted without
consent or exigent circumstances. The prosecution responded that defendant was not in custody
when he was questioned by Officer Wesley; thus, there was no constitutional violation. Further,
defendant freely volunteered that he had a gun in his vehicle which gave Officer Wesley
probable cause to search that vehicle. No search warrant or consent to search was required.

        In rendering its decision, the trial court addressed, and rejected, defendant’s argument
that his constitutional rights were violated. The court held that the “investigatory stop” of
defendant to determine why he was unconscious and whether a crime had been committed or if
defendant needed assistance was proper and not an unreasonable search or seizure under the
Fourth Amendment. Further, the court concluded, Officer Wesley did recover a gun from
defendant’s vehicle after defendant admitted that he had a gun and its location in the vehicle.
Defendant did not have a CPL. Accordingly, the court found defendant guilty of CCW, as
charged. This appeal followed.

        Defendant argues that there was no probable cause to investigate him and the arresting
officer engaged in illegal activity in making the arrest; therefore, the gun obtained as a result of
the arrest should have been suppressed. We disagree.

        Because the trial court ultimately considered the Fourth Amendment issue raised in
defendant’s motion to suppress, we consider the matter preserved for appellate review.
“Application of the exclusionary rule to a Fourth Amendment violation is a question of law that
is reviewed de novo.” People v Jenkins, 472 Mich 26, 31; 691 NW2d 759 (2005). A trial
court’s decision on a motion to suppress evidence is also reviewed de novo, but its findings of
fact are reviewed for clear error. People v Williams, 472 Mich 308, 313; 696 NW2d 636 (2005);
People v Woodard, 321 Mich App 377, 382-383; 909 NW2d 299 (2017).

        Generally, a search or seizure conducted without a warrant is presumptively
unreasonable, and thus, unconstitutional. People v Barbarich, 291 Mich App 468, 472; 807
NW2d 56 (2011). However, the Fourth Amendment2 protections against unreasonable searches
and seizures only apply to governmental conduct that can reasonably be characterized as a
“search” or a “seizure.” People v Frohriep, 247 Mich App 692, 699; 637 NW2d 562 (2001).
Not all encounters between police officers and persons are “seizures.” Jenkins, 472 Mich at 32.


1
  Before the trial, defendant had filed a motion to suppress evidence premised on the argument
that “the question and answer between the Defendant and the police was unnecessary and
intrusive,” in violation of the Fourth Amendment because defendant “was not under the
reasonable suspicion of criminal activity.” The court declined to hear the pretrial motion as
untimely filed in violation of the court’s scheduling order.
2
    US Const, Am IV; Const 1963, art 1 § 11.


                                                -2-
“A ‘seizure’ within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment occurs only if, in view of all the
circumstances, a reasonable person would have believed that he was not free to leave.” Id. In
other words, a person may be approached in a public place by an officer and asked questions
and, unless there is some form of coercion or detention, there is no seizure. Id. at 33; People v
Shabaz, 424 Mich 42, 56-57; 378 NW2d 451 (1985) (citation omitted); see also Muehler v Mena,
544 US 93, 100-101; 125 S Ct 1465; 161 L Ed 2d 299 (2005) (“We have held repeatedly that
mere police questioning does not constitute a seizure.” (quotation marks and citation omitted)).

        In this case, contrary to defendant’s argument and the trial court’s conclusion, this was
not initially a “Terry stop” or “investigative stop.” See Terry v Ohio, 392 US 1, 30-31; 88 S Ct
1868; 20 L Ed 2d 889 (1968). A Terry stop occurs when a police officer briefly stops a person
because the officer has a reasonable, articulable suspicion that the person has committed or is
committing a crime given the totality of the circumstances. Barbarich, 291 Mich App at 473.
Here, Officer Wesley did not conduct a traffic stop of defendant’s vehicle. Defendant’s vehicle
was already stopped in the drive-thru lane of a fast food place. And defendant was in the
driver’s seat unconscious or asleep with his engine running.

        When Officer Wesley initially approached defendant in his vehicle, and then asked him
questions after he woke up, he was merely attempting to determine defendant’s well-being
considering his odd behavior. This interaction between defendant and Officer Wesley—both the
officer’s initial approach and questioning—did not constitute a Terry stop or “seizure.” Again,
this interaction did not arise from a traffic stop and there was no evidence of coercion or
indication that defendant was not free to leave. See Jenkins, 472 Mich at 33. Police officers do
not violate the Fourth Amendment merely by approaching and questioning a person in a public
place—particularly in the unusual circumstances presented in this case. See People v Anthony,
327 Mich App 24, 32; 932 NW2d 202 (2019) (citation omitted). The Fourth Amendment is not
intended to eliminate all contact between police and citizens; its purpose is “to prevent arbitrary
and oppressive interference by enforcement officials with the privacy and personal security of
individuals.” Id. (quotation marks and citations omitted).

       However, in response to Officer’s Wesley’s noncoercive questioning, defendant
voluntarily admitted that he had a gun in his vehicle between the driver’s seat and center console.
Then defendant was handcuffed. At this point, the encounter between defendant and Officer
Wesley transformed into a Terry stop, i.e., a seizure. Clearly, defendant was not free to leave.
See Jenkins, 472 Mich at 32. But under Terry, a police officer may temporarily detain a person
to permit the investigation of possible criminal behavior even if probable cause to arrest does not
exist. Barbarich, 291 Mich App at 473. Defendant’s admission that he had a gun in his vehicle
gave Officer Wesley probable cause to detain defendant, as well as to conduct a search of
defendant’s vehicle for the gun. See id.; see also Adams v Williams, 407 US 143, 146; 92 S Ct
1921; 32 L Ed 2d 612 (1972) (during a Terry stop an officer may “conduct a limited protective
search for concealed weapons”). After the gun was retrieved and defendant denied having a
CPL, Officer Wesley had probable cause to arrest defendant for CCW. See Shabaz, 424 Mich at
58. Accordingly, the temporary seizure of defendant after he voluntarily disclosed that he had a
gun in his vehicle, and the search of that vehicle, were permissible under the totality of the
circumstances. Therefore, we agree with the trial court’s conclusion that defendant’s Fourth



                                                -3-
Amendment rights were not violated, albeit for different reasons. Accordingly, defendant’s
motion to suppress was properly denied.

      Affirmed.



                                                       /s/ Thomas C. Cameron
                                                       /s/ Mark J. Cavanagh
                                                       /s/ Douglas B. Shapiro




                                           -4-
