                                                                                            06/16/2020
        IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                         AT NASHVILLE
                            Assigned on Briefs July 16, 2019

        ROBERT NELSON BUFORD, III v. STATE OF TENNESSEE

                Appeal from the Criminal Court for Davidson County
                No. 2008-B-1355 Angelita Blackshear Dalton, Judge
                      ___________________________________

                            No. M2018-02176-CCA-R3-PC
                        ___________________________________


Petitioner, Robert Nelson Buford, III, appeals the denial of his petition for post-
conviction relief. Following a jury trial, Petitioner was convicted of facilitation of felony
murder and facilitation of attempted especially aggravated robbery. The convictions
were affirmed on direct appeal. State v. Robert Nelson Buford, III, No. M2011-00323-
CCA-R3-CD, 2013 WL 375424, at *1-6 (Tenn. Crim. App. Jan. 31, 2013). Petitioner
contends on appeal that the trial court erred in denying the petition for post-conviction
relief because he was denied effective assistance of counsel. Following a review of the
briefs and the record, we affirm the judgment of the post-conviction court.

 Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Criminal Court Affirmed

THOMAS T. WOODALL, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which NORMA MCGEE
OGLE and ALAN E. GLENN, JJ., joined.

Joseph L. Morrissey, Jr., Nashville, Tennessee, for the appellant, Robert Nelson Buford,
III.

Herbert H. Slatery III, Attorney General and Reporter; Zachary T. Hinkle, Assistant
Attorney General; Glenn R. Funk, District Attorney General; and Amy M. Hunter,
Assistant District Attorney General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.

                                         OPINION

Background

       The facts of this case as set forth by this court on direct appeal are as follows:
At trial, Janice Tuders, the victim’s mother, testified that the victim was
thirty-three years old when he died. On January 21, 2008, the victim
worked at the Texaco Xpress Lube on Clarksville Pike. He got off work
about 5:15 p.m., received seventy dollars in cash from his employer for
his day of work, and walked to the convenience store next door to buy a
pack of cigarettes and a lottery ticket. The victim carried a wallet with
him sometimes, but Ms. Tuders did not know if he had his wallet on
January 21.

Officer Eric Richardson of the Metropolitan Nashville Police
Department (MNPD) testified that on January 21, 2008, he was
dispatched to an area near the Texaco Xpress Lube and arrived at 6:13
p.m. Other officers were present and tending to the victim. Officer
Richardson found a spent shell casing, which had been ejected from a
semi-automatic weapon, on the ground.

Detective Norris Tarkington of the MNPD testified that he arrived at the
crime scene thirty to forty minutes after the initial call. Standing on
Clarksville Pike and looking at the Texaco Xpress Lube, a car wash was
to the right of the Xpress Lube, and the Bordeaux Phillips 66
convenience store was to the right of the car wash. Hunter’s grocery
store was across the street from the three businesses. Detective
Tarkington found a spent nine millimeter shell casing in front of the car
wash’s office and a twenty-dollar bill and a lottery ticket close to the car
wash’s office door. A blood trail led from the car wash to the back of
the Xpress Lube, where the victim was found, and a pool of blood and a
knit cap were on the ground near the victim. From the evidence,
Detective Tarkington determined that the victim was standing close to
the office door of the car wash when he was shot. The victim ran
through one of the car wash bays and behind the Xpress Lube, where he
collapsed in the parking lot.

On cross-examination, Detective Tarkington acknowledged that
Clarksville Pike was a busy street and said that the victim was shot about
the time “rush hour” ended. The grocery store across from the car wash
had outside lights, but the lights were not bright. The Phillips 66
convenience store to the right of the car wash was known as a busy store
and was well-lit.

Donna Jones testified that on January 21, 2008, she and her teenage son
went to Hunter’s grocery store on Clarksville Pike. As they were
leaving, Jones heard gunshots across the street. She looked at the car
wash and saw three African-American men running and laughing. The

                                   -2-
men ran from the car wash and got into the passenger side of a sport-
utility-type vehicle (SUV). Jones said that she did not see their faces but
that “two were probably younger men, but one was an older man.”
When Jones and her son got into their vehicle and pulled onto
Clarskville [sic] Pike, the SUV was in front of them. Jones drove home
and telephoned the police. She and her son gave statements to the
police, and her son may have given the police a partial license plate
number. The police showed her photograph arrays, but she could not
identify anyone.

On cross-examination, Jones acknowledged that she had testified in
previous trials and hearings related to the victim’s death. She also
acknowledged that she previously testified that she could not remember
if she saw two or three men. However, she stated, “I think it was three.”
Detective Harold Haney of the MNPD testified that shortly after the
shooting, he learned about surveillance video showing the shooting. He
obtained the video, and the State played it for the jury. The video
camera, mounted at the Phillips 66 convenience store and turned toward
the self-service car wash, shows some of the car wash bays. A person
walks through one of the bays, toward the surveillance camera, and out
of view on the bottom left of the screen. About one and one-half
minutes later, two individuals walk through the adjacent, lighted car
wash bay. They walk toward the surveillance camera, in the direction of
the first person, and out of view on the bottom left side of the screen.
Shortly thereafter, a fourth person walks through the same lighted bay
and out of view but on the bottom right side of the screen. Less than one
minute later, the victim appears on the bottom left of the screen, walking
away from the Phillips 66 convenience store and toward the car wash
bays. Someone approaches him from behind and hits him on the head.
As the victim runs toward the car wash bays, the shooter points the gun
at him. A flash of light appears as the shooter fires the gun at the victim.
The victim runs through the lighted car wash bay and out of view at the
top of the screen. The shooter and another person, who are the same two
individuals seen walking together earlier in the video, run through the
adjacent bay and out of view.

Jenness Schuhmann testified that in January 2008, she worked as a crime
scene technician for the MNPD. On January 21, 2008, she went to the
scene of the shooting and collected a knit cap, a twenty-dollar bill, a
Lotto ticket, and a nine millimeter shell casing. She also took
photographs of the scene.



                                   -3-
Lieutenant Frank Ragains of the MNPD testified that he lifted
fingerprints off the suspects’ SUV. Lorita Marsh of the MNPD testified
as an expert in latent print examination that she examined the lifted
prints and compared them to the five defendants’ fingerprints. Marsh
concluded that Kevin L. Buford’s fingerprints were on the Explorer’s
driver-side and passenger-side front doors. Raymond Pirtle’s fingerprints
were on the driver-side and passenger-side rear doors. The appellant’s
fingerprints were on the passenger-side front and rear doors. On cross-
examination, Marsh testified that she could not determine the ages of
fingerprints.

Twenty-year-old Raymond Pirtle testified that he was friends with Kevin
D. and Deangelo Buford, the sons of Kevin L. Buford, and had gone to
school with them since the eighth grade. Pirtle said he carried a gun for
protection. About two weeks before the crimes, Kevin D. asked Pirtle
for the gun, and Pirtle gave it to him. Pirtle said that about noon on
January 21, 2008, Kevin D. came to Pirtle’s home and asked if Pirtle
“[wanted] to ride” with him and “do a robbery.” Pirtle told him yes and
got into a four-door Ford Explorer with him. Kevin L. was driving the
SUV, and Deangelo was sitting in the front passenger seat. Kevin D. sat
behind Kevin L., and Pirtle sat behind Deangelo. Kevin L. drove to the
Burger King on Gallatin Road and told the three juveniles about a car
dealership they could rob. Deangelo had Pirtle’s gun, and the three
juveniles walked to the car lot. However, they were scared and returned
to the SUV. Kevin L. was disappointed that they had not committed the
robbery and tried to get them to return to the car lot, but they refused.
Kevin L. drove to an Auto Zone and went inside to see if surveillance
cameras were in the store, but he returned to the Explorer and drove
away from the store without telling the juveniles anything.

Pirtle testified that Kevin L. claimed he did not have enough money to
buy gasoline and drive them home. Pirtle was friends with someone
named “Little E,” so Kevin L. drove to Little E’s house. Little E walked
outside to the Explorer, and Pirtle bought some marijuana from him.
Kevin L., Kevin D., Deangelo, and Pirtle smoked the marijuana in the
Explorer. Then Kevin L. drove downtown and picked up the appellant.
Pirtle had never met or seen the appellant before that day, and the
appellant sat in the backseat of the Explorer, between Kevin D. and
Pirtle. Kevin L. drove to a liquor store on Jefferson Street and told
everyone in the Explorer, “‘I’m fixin to go in here and I am fixin to buy
some liquor and I am going to tell y’all who is cashing their check and
then when they come out that is when y’all rob them.’” Kevin L. went
into the liquor store, bought some vodka, and returned to the Explorer.

                                  -4-
He told them to rob an African-American man, but they did not want to
rob the man because too many people were outside the store. Kevin L.
came up with a plan for the appellant to rob Little E. He drove to the
Buena Vista Market and told the juveniles to telephone Little E and have
Little E meet them there. The appellant got Pirtle’s gun from Deangelo,
got out of the Explorer, and waited for Little E to arrive. When Little E
arrived at the market and approached the Explorer, the appellant
pretended not to know anyone in the Explorer, walked up to Little E,
pointed the gun at him, and demanded money. Little E threw his money
onto the ground. Pirtle did not know whether the appellant picked up the
money. However, after the robbery, he saw the appellant run through a
field. A short time later, Kevin L. picked up the appellant. The
appellant still had Pirtle’s gun.

Pirtle testified that Kevin L. told everyone in the Explorer, “‘Y’all got 15
minutes to do a robbery, because I have got to pick up my wife from
work.’” He pulled into one of the bays at the Xpress car wash on
Clarksville Pike and saw the victim, who had walked through the car
wash. Pirtle said that the victim was counting money and that Kevin L.
told them, “‘That is who y’all need to rob. He got some money right
there.’” The appellant and Kevin D. got out of the Explorer, and Kevin
L. drove to the grocery store across the street from the car wash. Pirtle
got out of the Explorer and walked toward the car wash to help Kevin D.
and the appellant. The victim came out of the Phillips 66 convenience
store. Pirtle said that he saw Kevin D. hit the victim with the gun, that
the victim turned around and hit Kevin D., and that Kevin D. shot the
victim. Pirtle, Kevin D., and the appellant ran through the car wash bays
and got back into the Explorer. Their seating arrangement was the same
as before except that Pirtle was sitting in the middle of the backseat and
the appellant was sitting directly behind Deangelo.

Pirtle testified that Kevin L. drove his two sons home and that they kept
Pirtle’s gun. Then Kevin L. drove Pirtle home. The next morning, the
police arrived at Pirtle’s house and arrested him. The police searched the
house for the gun but did not find it. Pirtle acknowledged that he had
testified in two previous trials related to this case, that he pled guilty to
facilitation of second degree murder, and that he received a fifteen-year
sentence to be served at thirty percent. He said that prior to the shooting
on July 21, 2008, he had been arrested as a juvenile for evading arrest,
bringing a weapon onto school property with intent to go armed, and
disorderly conduct. He said that he was affiliated with the Gangster
Disciples but that he had never committed a crime for the gang.


                                    -5-
On cross-examination, Pirtle acknowledged that although Kevin L.
claimed he did not have any money, Kevin L. bought vodka from the
liquor store. Pirtle acknowledged that Kevin L. drove to the liquor store
because he thought Mexicans cashed their checks there. Pirtle
acknowledged testifying at Kevin L.’s trial that Kevin L. told them to
rob a woman at the liquor store, not an African-American man. Pirtle
spoke with the police on January 22, 2008, but did not tell them his
complete story until January 2010, almost two years after the shooting.
He acknowledged that he lied to the police when he spoke with them on
January 22 but said he did not remember telling them that he pulled the
gun out of his pants at the car wash and gave it to Kevin D. He also
acknowledged that he talked to a court-appointed mental health evaluator
and that he lied to the evaluator. He said he did not remember telling the
evaluator that he blacked out and had no memory of the crimes. Pirtle
acknowledged that Kevin D. used Pirtle’s gun to shoot the victim.
However, he said, “I had something to do with [the shooting], but I
didn’t get the chance to help because by the time I got over there
everything was already happening.” He acknowledged that Kevin D.
and Deangelo also were members of the Gangster Disciples.

The defense played Pirtle’s January 22, 2008, video-recorded interview
for the jury. During the interview, Pirtle told the officers the following:
The four Bufords picked him up about 2:00 p.m. on January 21, 2008,
and they rode around for hours. They stopped at the grocery store across
the street from the car wash on Clarksville Pike. Kevin D. and a
“lightskinned dude” saw the victim, got out of the Explorer, and walked
to the car wash. Pirtle also got out of the Explorer and walked across the
street to the car wash. The victim walked through one of the car wash
bays and went into the Phillips 66 convenience store. The appellant and
Kevin D. waited in a “dark spot” outside. When the victim came out of
the store, Kevin D. and the light-skinned man “got him.” Kevin D. hit
the victim on the head with the gun, wrestled with the victim, and shot
him. Pirtle did not hear Kevin D. tell the victim, “Give me your wallet.”
Pirtle said that he was “right there with them” and that Kevin L. was
waiting in the Explorer, which was still in the grocery store parking lot
across the street. After the shooting, Pirtle, Kevin D., and the light-
skinned man ran across the street to the Explorer. Pirtle did not know
the light-skinned man’s name and had never seen him before. Initially,
Pirtle claimed that Kevin D. and Deangelo owned the gun. However, he
later admitted that the gun was his and that he bought it “off the streets.”
He said that the gun was a “nine” and that he thought it was a Smith and
Wesson. He explained that about three weeks before the shooting, he
gave the gun to Kevin D. When Kevin D. and Deangelo picked him up

                                   -6-
on the afternoon of January 21, 2008, they returned the gun to him.
However, before the shooting, Pirtle pulled the gun out of his pants and
gave it back to them so they could “go hit the lick.” He said that Kevin
L. knew they were going to rob the victim but that Kevin L. did not
know Kevin D. was going to shoot the victim. Pirtle told the officers
that “we was all in it together” but that Kevin D. “took it too far.” After
the shooting, everyone was “talking bad” to Kevin D. for his having shot
the victim. At the conclusion of the interview, the police officers told
Pirtle that they had talked with Kevin D., that Kevin D. admitted
shooting the victim, and that Kevin D. claimed he gave the gun to Pirtle
after the shooting. Pirtle denied knowing the location of the gun. He
said that Kevin D. and Deangelo had the gun when Kevin L. dropped
them off at home.

On redirect examination, Pirtle acknowledged that much of what he told
the officers during the January 22 interview was consistent with his
testimony at the appellant’s trial and with testimony he gave at previous
trials. He said the light-skinned man was the appellant.

Sergeant Chris Steele of the MNPD testified that on January 21, 2008, he
arrived at the crime scene about twenty minutes after the initial call.
Shortly after his arrival, he learned about a video of the shooting and
obtained it from a nearby business. He also spoke with Donna Jones,
who described the suspect vehicle and gave him a license tag number.
About thirty minutes later, officers located the vehicle, which was owned
by Kevin L. and his wife, at a residence. Officers began watching the
residence. When two vehicles left the home, officers followed them to
the McDonald’s on Gallatin Road. Kevin L., who was in one of the
vehicles, agreed to go with the police to the police department. Sergeant
Steele interviewed Kevin L. He also interviewed Kevin D., Deangelo,
and Raymond Pirtle. Sergeant Steele interviewed Pirtle again on January
29, 2009, and showed Pirtle a photograph array. Pirtle selected the
appellant’s photograph and identified him as the light-skinned man
present at the time of the shooting. The grand jury indicted the
appellant, the police arrested him, and Sergeant Steele interviewed him
on February 2, 2009.

The State played the appellant’s video-recorded interview for the jury.
During the interview, the appellant said he did not understand why he
was being charged with murder when he did not shoot the victim. He
claimed that his brother, nephews, and Raymond Pirtle picked him up
from “the mission” on January 21 and that they rode around in the
Explorer. The appellant wanted Kevin L. to drop him off at the Phillips

                                   -7-
       66 convenience store. Kevin D. told everyone in the Explorer that he
       needed some money and that he was going to rob someone, but the
       appellant and Kevin L. told him not to commit a robbery. Kevin L.
       parked across the street from the car wash on Clarkville [sic] Pike, and
       the appellant and Kevin D. walked through the car wash bays to the
       Phillips 66 convenience store. Pirtle was behind them. The victim came
       out of the convenience store as the appellant was about to go inside. The
       victim walked by the appellant, the appellant heard a gunshot, and Kevin
       D. and Pirtle ran across the street to the Explorer. The appellant also ran
       to the Explorer because he was scared and “didn’t want to get left.”
       After the incident, Kevin L. dropped off the appellant at “the mission.”
       The appellant said that he did not encourage Kevin D. to rob the victim,
       that he did not know Kevin D. was going to rob the victim, and that he
       tried to stop Kevin D. when he saw what was happening.

       On cross-examination, Sergeant Steele acknowledged that he showed
       “photographic line-ups” containing the appellant’s photograph to Donna
       Jones and her son. Ms. Jones did not identify anyone, but her son
       identified Kevin D. and Raymond Pirtle. Sergeant Steele showed the
       Joneses arrays containing the appellant’s photograph, but they did not
       identify him. Sergeant Steele said he used “trickery” during the
       appellant’s interview in order to get the appellant to talk with him. On
       redirect examination, Sergeant Steele acknowledged that both of the
       Joneses said they saw three people run away from the shooting.

       Dr. Sandra Thomas, an assistant medical examiner for Davidson County,
       testified as an expert in forensic pathology that she did not perform the
       victim’s autopsy but that she reviewed his autopsy report and concurred
       with its results. His cause of death was a gunshot wound to the torso,
       and his manner of death was homicide. The bullet entered the victim’s
       back on the left side; struck his heart, spleen, and a couple of other
       muscular structures; and exited his left chest. The bullet traveled back to
       front, left to right, and slightly downward. The victim would have lived
       for a few minutes after receiving the wound. The victim had two
       twenty-dollar bills, a tube of Chapstick, a pack of cigarettes, two lighters,
       and a pocketknife on his person. On cross-examination, Dr. Thomas
       testified that the victim would have been able to run after the shooting.

State v. Robert Nelson Buford, III, No. M2011-00323-CCA-R3-CD, 2013 WL 375424, at
*1-6 (Tenn. Crim. App. Jan. 31, 2013).




                                           -8-
Post-Conviction Hearing

        Petitioner testified that his co-defendant, Raymond Pirtle, was brought into the
courtroom to testify against him at trial “in a yellow jumpsuit and some chains around his
waist and chains around his legs and had handcuffs on.” Petitioner was wearing “street
clothes.” He said that trial counsel did not object to Mr. Pirtle’s attire, and Petitioner
believed that trial counsel’s failure to object made the jury think that Petitioner was
“guilty by association” and that it “adversely affect[ed] the jury’s decision of . . . [his]
character.” Petitioner did not mention anything to trial counsel at the time about Mr.
Pirtle’s attire.

       Petitioner testified that trial counsel filed a motion to suppress his statement, and
the motion was overruled. Petitioner thought that trial counsel should have then sought an
interlocutory appeal. He said that trial counsel raised the suppression issue on appeal,
and this court held that the statement should have been suppressed but concluded that the
error was harmless. He believed that there would have been a different verdict if trial
counsel had been successful in suppressing his statement.

        Petitioner testified that he asked trial counsel to find out the identity of “Little E”
because the State said that “Little E” was a person that Petitioner had attempted to rob
earlier in the day before the shooting. Petitioner testified that trial counsel did not believe
that Petitioner robbed “Little E,” and trial counsel thought that “it was a made up story.”
Petitioner testified:

        To my knowledge and understanding, I asked him of course a couple of
        times questions about that while I was incarcerated before trial, and, uh,
        it was as if - - it was if he don’t exist, couldn’t nobody find no
        information on him. I don’t think, um, me myself I was asking the
        question that since the State used it against me and it was brung up at
        trial that I robbed this person that evidently this guy must be for real, but
        that State witness, that a State witness and that I robbed him, but no one
        would give me an answer where is he at? He never testified at trial.

Petitioner said that no one at trial corroborated Mr. Pirtle’s testimony that Petitioner
robbed “Little E.” He did not know if “Little E” existed, and trial counsel never sent an
investigator to look for “Little E.” Petitioner felt that “Little E’s” testimony would have
rebutted Mr. Pirtle’s testimony that Petitioner committed a robbery earlier in the evening
of the shooting.

       Trial counsel testified that he has been licensed to practice law since 2000, and the
majority of his career has been criminal defense work. Trial counsel did not feel the need
to object to Mr. Pirtle’s attire at trial. Trial counsel testified:


                                             -9-
        I would have preferred it that way and it is because Mr. Pirtle was a co-
        defendant but he was also testifying against us and was the State’s key
        evidence. I wanted him to look like a prisoner. I wanted him to look
        like a liar, so the contrast between [Petitioner] who was wearing, if I
        remember, had on street clothes and Mr. Pirtle who was wearing jail
        clothes, I don’t remember which color, but he was wearing jail clothes
        that was something I wanted.

Trial counsel agreed that he made a strategic decision not to object to the clothing. He
said: “I would have never, it would have never occurred to me to try and put the lying
snitch in a nice suit.”

       Trial counsel did not recall if he determined whether “Little E” existed. He said:

        I know that my theory of the case was that Little E was a fiction and [sic]
        the testifying co-defendant. I am going to call him the snitch. The
        snitch had told this crazy story about several attempted robberies, driving
        all over town. It was fairly obvious to me that they were to justify the
        many different places that the snitch had been and I believed and I
        thought my client believed that that was all a fiction. The challenge was
        to show to the jury that that wasn’t true, so I did not attempt to locate
        Little E. Although I agree if a Little E had come into court and testified
        it would have been powerful.

        *     *      *

        I mean, you know, my sole theory of how to handle the snitch was to
        cross-examine him. There was no evidence that I was aware of that
        would rebut what he said. That was a problem I was never aware that
        Little E actually existed.

Trial counsel testified that if “Little E” would have confirmed Mr. Pirtle’s testimony that
Petitioner robbed “Little E” earlier on the day of the shooting, “that would have been
very, very bad.”

        On cross-examination, trial counsel testified that he did not send an investigator
out to find “Little E.” He thought that there had been an investigator assigned to the case
at one point through Petitioner’s previous counsel. Trial counsel testified: “I don’t recall
what is in that file, but I can tell you that I was confident that Little E didn’t exist.”

       Trial counsel did not agree with this court’s finding that the admission of
Petitioner’s statement at trial was harmless error. When asked if there was anything else


                                           - 10 -
he could have done at trial to keep Petitioner’s statement from being admitted, trial
counsel testified:

        You know, I - - at the trial not that I am aware. On appeal, on direct
        appeal I think that, I mean, obviously I raised the issue. The Court
        agreed with me. But, I probably should have and I believe I even argued
        harmless error in the brief, but I think that is where I should have
        focused my time because I think [Petitioner] and I both anticipated that it
        was a clear error that the trial court made and the question would be
        whether it was harmless, so I guess looking back if I was going to the
        Court of Criminal Appeals on that case again I would spend a lot more
        time on the harmless error issue.

Trial counsel said that Petitioner’s statement did not “admit involvement but sort of
corroborated the fact that they were riding around in a car.” He further testified:

        I believe that . . . his statement, while he did not admit guilt it was
        sufficiently corroborative of the snitch and that was my fear the whole
        time was that all of it together was sort of a cloud of guilt. I think
        without his statement it is a different case and then you’ve just literally
        got Mr. Pirtle saying that my client is there and that is it.

Analysis

        Petitioner appeals the judgment of the post-conviction court denying him relief for
his claims of ineffective assistance of counsel. Petitioner argues that his trial counsel’s
representation fell outside the range of acceptable professional performance for (1)
failing to properly investigate Mr. Pirtle’s claim that Petitioner had robbed “Little E”
earlier in the evening of the shooting; (2) failing to object to Mr. Pirtle’s clothing at trial;
(3) failing to suppress Petitioner’s statement; and (4) failing to argue on appeal that
facilitation was not a predicate felony of felony murder.

       To obtain post-conviction relief, a petitioner must prove that his or
her conviction or sentence is void or voidable because of the abridgement of a right
guaranteed by the United States Constitution or the Tennessee Constitution. T.C.A. § 40-
30-103; Howell v. State, 151 S.W.3d 450, 460 (Tenn. 2004). The Tennessee Supreme
Court has held:

        A post-conviction court’s findings of fact are conclusive on appeal
        unless the evidence preponderates otherwise. When reviewing factual
        issues, the appellate court will not re-weigh or re-evaluate the evidence;
        moreover, factual questions involving the credibility of witnesses or the
        weight of their testimony are matters for the trial court to resolve. The

                                             - 11 -
        appellate court’s review of a legal issue, or of a mixed question of law or
        fact such as a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, is de novo with
        no presumption of correctness.

Vaughn v. State, 202 S.W.3d 106, 115 (Tenn. 2006) (internal citations and quotation
marks omitted); see Felts v. State, 354 S.W.3d 266, 276 (Tenn. 2011); Frazier v. State,
354 S.W.3d 674, 679 (Tenn. 2010).

        A post-conviction petitioner bears the burden of proving his or her allegations of
fact by clear and convincing evidence. T.C.A § 40-30-110(f); Dellinger v. State, 279
S.W.3d 282, 293-94 (Tenn. 2009). “Evidence is clear and convincing when there is no
serious or substantial doubt about the correctness of the conclusions drawn from the
evidence.” Grindstaff v. State, 297 S.W.3d 208, 216 (Tenn. 2009) (quoting Hicks v.
State, 983 S.W.2d 240, 245 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1998). In an appeal of a court’s decision
resolving a petition for post-conviction relief, the court’s findings of fact “will not be
disturbed unless the evidence contained in the record preponderates against them.”
Frazier, 303 S.W.3d at 679.

       A petitioner has a right to “reasonably effective” assistance of counsel under both
the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution and article I, section 9 of the
Tennessee Constitution. State v. Burns, 6 S.W.3d 453, 461 (Tenn. 1999). The right to
effective assistance of counsel is inherent in these provisions. Strickland v. Washington,
466 U.S. 668, 685-86 (1984); Dellinger, 279 S.W.3d at 293. When a claim
of ineffective assistance of counsel is made, the burden is on the petitioner to show (1)
that counsel’s performance was deficient and (2) that the deficiency was prejudicial.
Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. at 687; see Lockhart v. Fretwell, 506 U.S. 364, 368-
72 (1993). Failure to satisfy either prong results in the denial of relief. Id. at 697.

        The deficient performance prong of the test is satisfied by showing that “counsel’s
acts or omissions were so serious as to fall below an objective standard of reasonableness
under prevailing professional norms.” Goad v. State, 938 S.W.2d 363, 370 (Tenn. 1966)
(citing Strickland, 466 U.S. at 688; Baxter v. Rose, 523 S.W.2d 930, 936 (Tenn. 1975)).
Furthermore, the reviewing court must indulge a strong presumption that the conduct of
counsel falls within the range of reasonable professional assistance, see Strickland, 466
U.S. at 690, and may not second-guess the tactical and strategic choices made by trial
counsel unless those choices were uninformed because of inadequate preparation.
 See Hellard v. State, 629 S.W.2d 4, 9 (Tenn. 1982). The prejudice prong of the test is
satisfied by showing a reasonable probability, i.e., a “probability sufficient to undermine
confidence in the outcome,” that “but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the
proceeding would have been different.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694.




                                           - 12 -
       First, Petitioner contends that trial counsel failed to investigate Mr. Pirtle’s claim
that Petitioner robbed someone named “Little E” earlier in the evening of the shooting.
Concerning this issue, the post-conviction court found:

        Petitioner next asserts that his trial attorney was ineffective by failing to
        investigate and interview the alleged robbery victim, “Little E.” A key
        aspect of counsel’s performance pertinent to the allegations raised in this
        case is counsel’s duty to investigate. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 691.
        Defense counsel “must conduct appropriate investigations, both factual
        and legal,” and “must assert them in a proper and timely manner[.]” Id.
        As the United States Supreme Court has said, “counsel has the duty to
        make reasonable investigations or to make a reasonable decision that
        makes particular investigations unnecessary.” Id. [Trial counsel]
        testified that he did not attempt to locate “Little E” because he did not
        believe that “Little E” existed. His strategy to address the allegation of
        robbing “Little E” was to cross-examine Mr. Pirtle about the alleged
        robbery. While the Petitioner disagrees with this strategy, there is no
        evidence that [trial counsel’s] decision was a result of deficient
        representation. As such, this Court finds that the Petitioner has not
        proven by clear and convincing evidence that [trial counsel’s]
        performance on this issue was ineffective.

       We agree with the post-conviction court that Petitioner has not proven factual
allegations by clear and convincing evidence that support his claim of ineffective
assistance of counsel. Trial counsel testified that he chose not to investigate “Little E”
because he was confident that this person did not exist. He felt that Mr. Pirtle “had told
this crazy story about several attempted robberies, driving all over town. It was fairly
obvious to [trial counsel] that they were [trying] to justify the many different places that
[Mr. Pirtle] had been[.]” While trial counsel agreed that “Little E’s” testimony would
have been “powerful,” he noted that if “Little E” confirmed Mr. Pirtle’s testimony that
Petitioner robbed “Little E” earlier on the day of the shooting, “that would have been
very, very bad.” Petitioner did not present “Little E” at the post-conviction hearing or
any evidence concerning what “Little E’s” testimony would have been at trial or even
that “Little E” actually existed. This Court has routinely held that when a petitioner in a
post-conviction proceeding asserts that trial counsel was ineffective by failing to call
certain witnesses to testify, or by failing to interview certain witnesses, these witnesses
must be called to testify at the evidentiary hearing. Otherwise, a petitioner is asking this
Court to grant relief based on speculation. Black v. State, 794 S.W.2d 752, 757 (Tenn.
1990). Petitioner is not entitled to relief on this ground.

      Second, Petitioner asserts that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to object to
Mr. Pirtle’s clothing at trial. Petitioner was dressed in “street clothes” while Mr. Pirtle,
who was a co-defendant, was dressed according to Petitioner “in a yellow jumpsuit and

                                           - 13 -
some chains around his waist and chains around his legs[,] and [he] had handcuffs on.”
Concerning this issue, the post-conviction court found:

        The Petitioner contends that allowing the co-defendant to testify in jail
        attire prejudiced him because the jury perceived that the Petitioner was
        guilty by association. [Trial counsel] stated that it did not occur to him
        to object to the co-defendant’s jail attire, and that he preferred that the
        co-defendant wore jail attire as he testified because it made the co-
        defendant who testified on behalf of the State, look like a criminal. On
        this issue, the Petitioner has not presented proof that he was prejudiced
        by any perception of the jury based on the attire of the co-defendant.
        Therefore, the Court finds that the Petitioner has failed to show that [trial
        counsel] was ineffective on this issue.

       Again we agree with the post-conviction court’s findings. Trial counsel
specifically testified that he made a strategic decision not to object to Mr. Pirtle being
clothed in jail attire during his testimony at trial. He noted that Mr. Pirtle was a co-
defendant and the State’s “key evidence.” Trial counsel testified: “I wanted him to look
like a prisoner. I wanted him to look like a liar[.]” We find that trial counsel made a
strategic decision not to object to Mr. Pirtle’s clothing at trial. It is not the function of
this court to “second guess” tactical and strategic choices pertaining to defense matters if
the choices are informed ones based upon adequate preparation as in this case. See
Campbell v. State, 904 S.W.2d 594, 596 (Tenn. 1995); Hellard v. State, 629 S.W.2d 4, 9
(Tenn. 1982); and Goad v. State, 938 S.W.2d 363, 369 (Tenn. 1996). The fact that a
particular strategy or tactical decision failed does not by itself establish deficiency.
Goad, 983 S.W.2d at 370. Petitioner is not entitled to relief on this ground.

        Third, Petitioner argues in his appellate brief that trial counsel’s “failure to
suppress the appellant’s statement at the trial, but to argue successfully in front of this
Honorable Court should be seen as inadequate representation.” Petitioner’s entire
argument on this ground consists of the following: “While the Court of Criminal
Appeal[]s deemed the trial court’s error to be harmless, it is clear that coupled with Mr.
Pirtle’s testimony, the appellant was prejudiced by his counsel’s shortcomings in this
matter.” Concerning this issue, the post-conviction court found:

        The record reflects that the trial court denied the motion to suppress the
        Petitioner’s statement. The Court of Criminal Appeals addressed the
        issue on direct appeal finding that, in allowing the statement, the trial
        court committed harmless error. See State v. Robert Nelson Buford, No.
        M2011-00232-CCA-R3-CD, 2013 Tenn. Crim. App. LEXIS 76 (April
        18, 2012). Because [trial counsel] moved the trial court to suppress the
        statements, and because [trial counsel] asserted this claim on appeal, and
        the issue was addressed by the Court of Criminal Appeals, this Court

                                           - 14 -
        finds that the Petitioner’s claim that [trial counsel] was ineffective in
        failing to move the court to suppress the statement is without merit.

      The record supports the post-conviction court’s findings. As noted by the post-
conviction court, this court on direct appeal found that Petitioner’s statement was
improperly admitted but that the error was harmless. This court found:

        The trial court’s admitting [Petitioner’s] statement, taken in violation of
        his right to remain silent, did not impact the trial from beginning to end
        and is a non-structural constitutional error. Therefore, the State has the
        burden of proving beyond a reasonable doubt that the error did not
        contribute to the appellant’s conviction. In our view, the State has met
        its burden. Pirtle testified that the appellant robbed Little E at the Buena
        Vista Market. Kevin L. wanted everyone to commit another robbery,
        drove to the Xpress car wash, and saw the victim counting money.
        Kevin L. told everyone in the Explorer that the victim was the person
        they needed to rob. Pirtle said that the appellant and Kevin D. got out of
        the Explorer, walked through the car wash bay, and walked to the
        Phillips 66 convenience store. When the victim came out of the store,
        Kevin D. shot him and everyone ran back to the Explorer. As stated
        previously, Ms. Jones’ testimony and the fingerprint evidence
        sufficiently corroborated Pirtle’s testimony. The jury obviously
        considered the evidence carefully, concluding that the appellant did not
        have the intent required to convict him as charged but that he provided
        “substantial assistance” to Kevin D. Given the evidence, we conclude
        that the trial court’s error was harmless.

State v. Robert Nelson Buford, III, 2013 WL 375424, at *12. At the post-conviction
hearing, trial counsel testified that he was not aware of anything that he could have done
differently at trial to prevent Petitioner’s statement from being admitted. While trial
counsel did posit that he should have done more to argue on appeal that the error was
harmless, Petitioner has not asserted on appeal any specifics of what more trial counsel
could have done concerning this issue. Petitioner has not proven facts by clear and
convincing evidence to establish that trial counsel was deficient in this area. Petitioner is
not entitled to relief on this ground.

       Finally, Petitioner contends that trial counsel’s “inability on appeal to distinguish
Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-202(a)(2) and [Petitioner’s] conviction for the facilitation of
attempted robbery and the facilitation of felony murder should be found to be ineffective
assistance of counsel.” He further asserts that “facilitation was not contemplated by the
General Assembly as a qualifying felony for the purposes of felony murder.” Petitioner
did not raise this issue in his post-conviction petition, his amended petition, or at the post-
conviction hearing. As pointed out by the State, Petitioner may not raise an issue for the

                                            - 15 -
first time on appeal. See Cauthern v. State, 145 S.W.3d 571, 579 (Tenn. Crim. App.
2004)(“[A]n issue raised for the first time on appeal is waived.”). Therefore, this issue is
waived, and Petitioner is not entitled to relief.

       Petitioner also mentions in his conclusion that the “numerous instances” of
ineffective assistance of counsel, “when viewed in the aggregate” establish deficient
representation by trial counsel. In essence, Petitioner is arguing cumulative error.
The cumulative error doctrine applies to circumstances in which there have been
“multiple errors committed in trial proceedings, each of which in isolation constitutes
mere harmless error, but when aggregated, have a cumulative effect on the proceedings
so great as to require reversal in order to preserve a defendant’s right to a fair trial.” State
v. Hester, 324 S.W.3d 1, 76 (Tenn. 2010). This court has also considered this doctrine in
the context of ineffective assistance of counsel. See Gary Hawkins v. State, No. W2016-
00723-CCA-R3-PC, 2017 WL 2829755, at *8 (Tenn. Crim. App. June 30, 2017).
Since we have discerned no error in this case, cumulative error analysis does not apply.
Petitioner is not entitled to relief on this issue.

                                         Conclusion

       For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the post-conviction court.


                                    ____________________________________________
                                    THOMAS T. WOODALL, JUDGE




                                             - 16 -
