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                                                      [DO NOT PUBLISH]



            IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                    FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                      ________________________

                             No. 15-15532
                         Non-Argument Calendar
                       ________________________

                        Agency No. A071-502-702


CRISTINA JAIMES-LOPEZ,

                                                                     Petitioner,

                                  versus

U.S. ATTORNEY GENERAL,

                                                                     Respondent.

                       ________________________

                  Petition for Review of a Decision of the
                       Board of Immigration Appeals
                        ________________________

                            (January 10, 2017)

Before MARCUS, ROSENBAUM, and FAY, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:
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      Cristina Jaimes-Lopez seeks review of the decision of the Board of

Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) affirming the Immigration Judge’s (“IJ”) order of

removal rendered on the ground that she was removable from the United States for

having been “convicted of a crime involving moral turpitude,” 8 U.S.C.

§ 1227(a)(2)(A)(ii), due to her conviction for armed robbery under Fla. Stat.

§ 812.13(2)(a). On appeal, Jaimes-Lopez argues that the BIA failed to properly

apply the “categorical approach” when determining that her conviction qualified as

a crime involving moral turpitude. After careful review, we deny the petition.

                                                 I.

      We review de novo the legal question of whether a conviction qualifies as a

crime involving moral turpitude. Gelin v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 837 F.3d 1236, 1240

(11th Cir. 2016). We review only the decision of the BIA, except to the extent that

the BIA expressly adopts the IJ’s decision. Al Najjar v. Ashcroft, 257 F.3d 1262,

1284 (11th Cir. 2001).

      Jaimes-Lopez is removable if she committed a “crime involving moral

turpitude.” See 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(2)(A)(i). 1 The term “moral turpitude” is not


      1
          In full, 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(2)(A)(i) provides,

      Any alien who—

            (I) is convicted of a crime involving moral turpitude committed within five
            years (or 10 years in the case of an alien provided lawful permanent resident
            status under section 1255(j) of this title) after the date of admission, and


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defined by the statute, but we have “defined a crime of moral turpitude as an act of

baseness, vileness, or depravity in the private and social duties which a man owes

to his fellow men, or to society in general, contrary to the accepted and customary

rule of right and duty between man and man.” Walker v. U.S. Atty. Gen., 783 F.3d

1226, 1229 (11th Cir. 2015) (alteration adopted) (internal quotation marks

omitted). We have held, for varying reasons, “that uttering a forged instrument,

resisting an officer with violence, criminal reckless conduct, second-degree arson,

aggravated battery, aggravated child abuse, and misprision of a felony are all

crimes involving moral turpitude.” Gelin, 837 F.3d at 1240–41.

      In deciding whether a particular offense constitutes a crime involving moral

turpitude, we generally apply what has been termed the “categorical approach.” Id.

at 1241. Under this approach, “we consider only the fact of conviction and the

statutory definition of the offense, rather than the specific facts underlying the

defendant’s case.” Id. “In doing so, we ask whether the least culpable conduct

necessary to sustain a conviction under the statute meets the standard of a crime

involving moral turpitude.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted).

      When a statute is “divisible”—meaning that it sets forth alternative elements

of the same crime—we may apply what has been termed the “modified categorical


         (II) is convicted of a crime for which a sentence of one year or longer may be
         imposed,

      is deportable.
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approach.” Id. This approach allows courts to look beyond the fact of conviction

and consider a limited class of documents to determine under which alternative

version of the statutory elements a defendant was convicted. Id.; see Descamps v.

United States, 133 S. Ct. 2276, 2285 (2013).

                                         II.

      The statute at issue is the Florida robbery statute, Fla. Stat. § 812.13. Florida

defines robbery as

      the taking of money or other property which may be the subject of
      larceny from the person or custody of another, with intent to either
      permanently or temporarily deprive the person or the owner of the
      money or other property, when in the course of the taking there is the
      use of force, violence, assault, or putting in fear.

Fla. Stat. § 812.13(1). In addition, there is no dispute that Jaimes-Lopez was

convicted of Fla. Stat. § 812.13(2)(a), which makes it a first-degree felony “[i]f in

the course of committing the robbery the offender carried a firearm or other deadly

weapon.” Fla. Stat. § 812.13(2)(a).

      The BIA determined that Jaimes-Lopez’s robbery conviction under

§ 812.13(2)(a) qualified as a crime involving moral turpitude. Relying on long-

standing BIA precedent, the BIA agreed with the IJ that “robbery is a crime of

moral turpitude.” See Matter of Martin, 18 I. & N. Dec. 226, 227 (BIA 1982)

(“[R]obbery is universally recognized as a crime involving moral turpitude.”). In

addition, the BIA explained, “the robbery statute under which the respondent was


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convicted involves the additional aggravating factor of the use of a firearm or

deadly weapon.”

      Jaimes-Lopez mainly argues that the BIA failed to properly apply the

categorical approach because the BIA failed to compare the state statute to a

comparable federal statute.   In Jaimes-Lopez’s view, the categorical approach

requires two steps. At step one, the elements of the state statute must be compared

with “the analogous federal statute dealing with the crime in question.”

Appellant’s Initial Br. at 15.    If the state statute criminalizes conduct the

comparable federal statute does not, a conviction under the statute is not

categorically a crime involving moral turpitude. The underlying reason for that

rule, Jaimes-Lopez states, is that immigration is a federal matter, so all persons

“need to be held to the same federal standard.” Id. at 38. If the elements of the

state statute match the federal counterpart, “step two involves looking at the

inherent nature of the elements to determine whether the act was one of baseness,

vileness, depravity or against the societal norms and duties between men,” Jaimes-

Lopez asserts. Id. at 15. According to Jaimes-Lopez, her robbery conviction is not

a crime involving moral turpitude because the Florida robbery statute is broader

than the corresponding federal robbery statute, 18 U.S.C. § 1951.

                                        A.




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      Here, the BIA did not err in applying the categorical approach to determine

that Jaimes-Lopez’s armed robbery conviction under Fla. Stat. § 812.13(2)(a)

qualified as a crime involving moral turpitude. Jaimes-Lopez’s “step one” is not

part of the analysis we use to determine crimes of moral turpitude. That is, we do

not compare the elements of the state statute with the elements of a comparable

federal offense, as the BIA correctly recognized. See BIA Decision at 3 (noting

that it “was not obligated to compare the state statute with a comparable federal

statute to determine whether her conviction involves moral turpitude”).

      Rather, as mentioned previously, when applying the categorical approach we

look to the statutory definition of the offense to determine whether it meets the

federal standard of a crime involving moral turpitude. Gelin, 837 F.3d at 1241.

Our precedent is consistent on this point. See Cano v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 709 F.3d

1052, 1053 (11th Cir. 2013); Keungne v. United States Att’y Gen., 561 F.3d 1281,

1284 n.3 (11th Cir. 2009); Vuksanovic v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 439 F.3d 1308, 1311

(2006); Sosa-Martinez v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 420 F.3d 1338, 1341–42 (11th Cir.

2005); Garcia v. Att’y Gen. of U.S., 329 F.3d 1217, 1222 (11th Cir. 2003); Itani v.

Ashcroft, 298 F.3d 1213, 1215–16 (11th Cir. 2002) (“Whether a crime involves the

depravity or fraud necessary to be one of moral turpitude depends upon the

inherent nature of the offense, as defined in the relevant statute . . . .”). Likewise,




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Jaimes-Lopez has identified no precedent from the Supreme Court applying her

proposed analysis to crimes of moral turpitude.

      To be sure, in some immigration matters we do compare the elements of the

state crime with the elements of a corresponding federal crime. For example, to

determine whether a conviction qualifies an “aggravated felony” under the

categorical approach, we generally look to “whether the state statute defining the

crime of conviction categorically fits within the generic federal definition of a

corresponding aggravated felony.” Moncrieffe v. Holder, 133 S. Ct. 1678, 1684

(2013) (internal quotation marks omitted); see also Donawa v. United States, 735

F.3d 1275, 1280 (11th Cir. 2013). The question in Moncrieffe was whether a state

drug conviction qualified as the aggravated felony of “illicit trafficking in a

controlled substance,” which the Court previously had held “encompasses all state

offenses that ‘proscrib[e] conduct punishable as a felony under the [the federal

Controlled Substances Act].’” Moncrieffe, 133 S. Ct. at 1685 (quoting Lopez v.

Gonzalez, 549 U.S. 47, 60 (2006)). Thus, the resolution of that question depended

on a comparison between the state definition of the crime and the “generically

defined federal crime.” Id. at 1685–86.

      Even within the realm of aggravated felonies, however, there is not always a

federal crime to serve as a point of comparison. For example, in Ramos v. United

States Attorney General, 709 F.3d 1066, 1069 (11th Cir. 2013), we addressed


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whether a state conviction constituted a “theft offense” as that term is defined in

the aggravated felony statute. We explained that “when Congress has listed a

specific crime, it means to refer to that crime in the generic sense in which the term

is now used in the criminal codes of most States.” Id. (internal quotation marks

omitted). So, “the term ‘theft offense,’ as § 1101(a)(43)(G) uses it, denotes the

generic definition of theft.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). Therefore, the

analysis in Ramos depended on a comparison between the state offense and the

generic definition of theft implicitly adopted by Congress. See id. at 1169–71.

       What these examples from Moncrieffe and Ramos show is that there is not

some uniform requirement that a state offense must be compared with a federal

offense for all immigration matters, as Jaimes-Lopez contends, but that the

appropriate analysis depends on the specific statutory language at issue. Here, the

relevant statutory language is “crime involving moral turpitude,” not “robbery.”

Thus, the relevant point of comparison is the standard of “moral turpitude”—which

is a uniform standard2—and not some generic definition of robbery.                  So, in

applying the categorical approach in this context, we consider “only the fact of

conviction and the statutory definition of the offense” and ask “whether the least




       2
         The Supreme Court has indicated that courts should “look to the manner in which the
term ‘moral turpitude’ has been applied by judicial decision.” Jordan v. De George, 341 U.S.
223, 227 (1951).
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culpable conduct necessary to sustain a conviction under the statute meets the

standard of a crime involving moral turpitude.” Gelin, 837 F.3d at 1241.

      For these reasons, we reject Jaimes-Lopez’s argument that her robbery

conviction under Fla. Stat. § 812.13(2)(a) did not qualify as a crime of moral

turpitude because it did not match the elements of the federal definition of robbery.

We also see no indication that the BIA improperly relied on the underlying facts of

Jaimes-Lopez’s conduct in its decision. Thus, the BIA did not err in its analysis.

                                          B.

      We also agree with the BIA’s ultimate determination that Jaimes-Lopez’s

conviction under § 812.13(2)(a) categorically qualifies as a crime involving moral

turpitude. For this reason, we need not, and do not, decide whether the Florida

statute is divisible or indivisible. See Gelin, 837 F.3d at 1243.

      The federal circuit courts have long considered theft offenses, including

robbery, to involve moral turpitude. See Mendoza v. Holder, 623 F.3d 1299,

1303–04 & nn. 8, 9 (9th Cir. 2010) (holding that robbery under California law

categorically qualified as a crime involving moral turpitude, and noting “precedent

in this and other circuits that theft crimes are [crimes involving moral turpitude]”);

Soetarto v. INS, 516 F.2d 778, 780 (7th Cir. 1975) (“Theft has always been held to

involve moral turpitude, regardless of the sentence imposed or the amount

stolen.”); McKenzie v. Savoretti, 200 F.2d 546, 548 (5th Cir. 1952) (stating that


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“crimes of forgery, larceny, uttering, and stealing . . . are regarded as involving

moral turpitude”); Cerami v. Uhl, 78 F.2d 698, 698 (2d Cir. 1935) (concluding that

a robbery conviction involved moral turpitude). So, too, has the BIA. See Matter

of Martin, 18 I. & N. Dec. at 227 (“It is clear . . . that robbery is universally

recognized as a crime involving moral turpitude.”); Matter of De La Nues, 18 I. &

N. Dec. 140, 145 (BIA 1981) (“Burglary and theft or larceny, whether grand or

petty, are crimes involving moral turpitude.”).

      Jaimes-Lopez does not dispute the general proposition that robbery, in some

generic sense, is a crime involving moral turpitude. And while she attempts to

highlight differences between the state definition of robbery and the federal

definition of robbery, we have held in another context that the Florida definition of

robbery in § 812.13(1) is a “clear equivalent[]” of the “generic form of robbery.”

United States v. Lockley, 632 F.3d 1238, 1242 (11th Cir. 2011) (analyzing

§ 812.13(1) under the categorical approach for purposes of the Armed Career

Criminal Act). At the very least, Lockley’s holding suggests little reason for us in

this case to deviate from the general consensus that robbery and theft offenses

involve moral turpitude.

      Turning to the specific elements of the statute, this Court in Lockley, after

surveying Florida Law, summarized the elements as follows:

      commission of robbery in violation of Fla. Stat. § 812.13(1)
      necessarily requires that the defendant (1) commit a taking of money
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      or other property from another person or in the custody of another
      person (2) with the intent to permanently or temporarily deprive the
      person of the money or property or any benefit thereof (3) using force,
      violence, or an intentional threat of imminent force or violence against
      another coupled with an apparent ability to use that force or violence,
      or by causing the person to fear death or great bodily harm (4) where
      the money or property has value.

Id. at 1242–43; see also United States v. Seabrooks, 839 F.3d 1326, 1340–41 (11th

Cir. 2016) (summarizing our decision in Lockley). The Supreme Court of Florida

has held that “the specific intent to commit robbery is the intent to steal.” Daniels

v. State, 587 So. 2d 460, 462 (Fla. 1991); see also Estremera v. State, 89 So. 3d

291, 292–93 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2012) (“[P]etit theft is a necessarily lesser

included offense of robbery.”). In addition, because we are specifically concerned

with armed robbery under § 812.13(2)(a), the state must prove that the defendant

“carried a firearm or other deadly weapon” while committing the robbery. Fla.

Stat. § 812.13(2)(a).

      Thus, robbery under § 812.13(2)(a) requires proof of a taking with the

specific intent to steal, which alone suggests a disregard for the “private and social

duties which a man owes to his fellow men, or to society in general.” See Cano,

709 F.3d at 1054; see McKenzie, 200 F.2d at 548 (“[C]rimes of . . . larceny [and]. .

. stealing . . . are regarded as involving moral turpitude.”).      In addition, the

defendant must use “force, violence, assault, or putting in fear” in the course of the

taking, which further reinforces the baseness or depravity of the conduct required.


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Fla. Stat. § 812.13(1).   As we explained in Lockley, robbery under Fla. Stat.

§ 812.13(1) is “an aggressive and potentially violent act,” id. at 1246, requiring

either the use physical force or violence, the threat of imminent force or violence

coupled with an apparent ability to use that force or violence, or “some act that

puts the victim in fear of death or great bodily harm.” Lockley, 632 F.3d at 1242;

cf. Cano, 709 F.3d at 1054 (concluding that resisting an officer with violence

constitutes a crime involving moral turpitude in part because it “involves the use or

threat of physical force”). Finally, although the statute does not require the “use”

of a firearm or deadly weapon, the fact that a firearm or deadly weapon is “carried”

during a robbery indicates its potential to be used by the defendant in furtherance

of the robbery. Cf. Sosa-Martinez, 420 F.3d at 1342 (holding that an intentional

battery that involves the use of a deadly weapon constitutes a crime of moral

turpitude).

      All of these factors combined lead us to the conclusion that the least

culpable conduct necessary to sustain a conviction for armed robbery under Fla.

Stat. § 812.13(2)(a) involves moral turpitude. Accordingly, the BIA did not err in

finding Jaimes-Lopez removable for having been convicted of that offense. See 8

U.S.C. § 1227(a)(2)(A)(ii).




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       PETITION DENIED. 3




       3
         Jaimes-Lopez also argues that her offense does not qualify as a firearms offense, see 8
U.S.C. § 1227(a)(2)(C), but the BIA did not address the IJ’s determination on that ground for
removal, so we do not address it, either.
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