[Cite as State v. Pigge, 2010-Ohio-6541.]


                      IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
                         FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                               ROSS COUNTY

STATE OF OHIO,                  :
                                :
     Plaintiff-Appellee,        : Case No. 09CA3136
                                :
     vs.                        : Released: December 21, 2010
                                :
CASEY L. PIGGE,                 : DECISION AND JUDGMENT
                                : ENTRY
     Defendant-Appellant.       :
_____________________________________________________________
                          APPEARANCES:

Peter Galyardt, Columbus, Ohio, for Appellant.

Michael M. Ater, Ross County Prosecuting Attorney, Chillicothe, Ohio, for
Appellee.
_____________________________________________________________

McFarland, P.J.:

        {¶1} Defendant-Appellant, Casey Pigge, appeals the Ross County

Court of Common Pleas’ judgment that found him guilty of the following

criminal offenses: (1) two counts of aggravated murder, in violation of R.C.

2903.01(A); (2) aggravated robbery, in violation of R.C. 2911.01(A)(1); (3)

aggravated burglary, in violation of R.C. 2911.11; (5) aggravated arson, in

violation of R.C. 2909.02; (6) burglary, in violation of R.C. 2911.12(A)(2);

and (7) tampering with evidence, in violation of R.C. 2921.12. He asserts

that the trial court improperly accepted his guilty plea because he did not
Ross App. No. 09CA3136                                                          2


knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily decide to plead guilty. Specifically,

appellant contends that the trial court failed to adequately explain his

constitutional right to compulsory process so that he could make a knowing,

intelligent, and voluntary decision to plead guilty. The plea hearing

transcript plainly shows that the trial court strictly complied with Crim.R.

11(C)(2)(c) both by using the literal terms of the rule and by explaining

appellant’s right to compulsory process in a reasonably intelligible manner.

Therefore, we disagree with appellant that the trial court did not adequately

explain his compulsory process right. Accordingly, the trial court did not

erroneously determine that appellant entered a knowing, voluntary, and

intelligent plea.

       {¶2} Appellant additionally argues that the trial court wrongly

sentenced him for both aggravated arson and tampering with evidence. He

contends that the two offenses constitute allied offenses of similar import

and, thus, that he may be sentenced for only one of those offenses. Because

the two offenses do not correspond to such a degree that the commission of

one necessarily results in the commission of the other, the two offenses are

not allied offenses of similar import. Consequently, the trial court did not

improperly sentence appellant for these two offenses.
Ross App. No. 09CA3136                                                          3


       {¶3} Accordingly, we overrule appellant’s two assignments of error

and affirm the trial court’s judgment.

                                         I.

                                   FACTS

       {¶4} On September 5, 2008, appellant violently murdered Rhonda

Summer. As the prosecutor recited: “[Appellant] pulled out a knife and at

least five times he ripped it across [Summer’s] throat. It caused at least eight

inch lacerations, severed her carotid artery and jugular veins. He then sat on

the couch and watched her die. He went upstairs to wash the blood off of

himself. He went downstairs to stole [sic] some of her money then set the

house on fire.”1

       {¶5} On September 12, 2008, the Ross County Grand Jury returned an

indictment that charged appellant with: (1) two counts of aggravated

murder, in violation of R.C. 2903.01(A), with death penalty specifications;

(2) aggravated robbery, in violation of R.C. 2911.01(A)(1); (3) aggravated

burglary, in violation of R.C. 2911.11; (4) aggravated arson, in violation of

R.C. 2909.02; (5) burglary, in violation of R.C. 2911.12(A)(2); (6)

tampering with evidence, in violation of R.C. 2921.12; and (7) gross abuse

of a corpse, in violation of R.C. 2927.01.
Ross App. No. 09CA3136                                                                                      4


         {¶6} On August 25, 2009, at a pre-trial hearing, the state requested the

court to dismiss the death penalty specifications due to the state’s expert’s

opinion that appellant suffers from mental retardation. Apparently, the

dismissal of the death penalty specifications prompted appellant to decide to

engage in plea negotiations with the state, which ultimately resulted in his

decision to plead guilty.

         {¶7} On October 27, 2009, the court held a change of plea hearing and

engaged in a Crim.R. 11(C) colloquy with appellant. One of the first

questions the court asked appellant was whether he has “any sort of mental

or physical disability.” Appellant responded that he did not. Appellant

stated that he understood why he was present at the hearing, and the court

then explained the rights appellant would waive by pleading guilty:

                 “ * * * You have the right to a speedy and public trial by
         trial [sic] or if you choose, by a judge[;] by pleading guilty you
         are giving up that right. Do you understand that?
                 [Appellant]: Yes your honor.
                 The Court: [Appellant], all twelve jurors, if it is a jury
         trial, or the judge if it is a trial to court, must be convinced that
         the state has proved each and every element of the charges
         against you beyond a reasonable doubt before you can be
         convicted of those charges. By pleading guilty you are giving
         up that right. Do you understand that?
                 [Appellant]: Yes your honor.
                 The Court: * * * You have the right not to be forced to
         testify at trial in these cases. That means that you can not [sic]
1
  Because this appeal originates from a guilty plea, the record contains little explanation of the facts
constituting the crimes. We have used the state’s recitation of the crime as stated in the sentencing hearing
transcript.
Ross App. No. 09CA3136                                                          5


       be called to the witness stand if you do not wish to go; your
       decision not to testify can not [sic] be used against you[;] in fact
       if it’s a jury trial and you ask me to I have to instruct the jury
       the can not [sic] consider your decision not to testify for any
       purpose. By pleading guilty you are giving up that right. Do
       you understand that?
               [Appellant]: Yes your honor.
               The Court: You also have the right to confront any
       witnesses the state of Ohio might have against you at trial. That
       means you have the right to be here in court when those
       witnesses testify; you have the right for your attorneys to ask
       questions of those witnesses on cross-examination. By
       pleading guilty you are giving up that right. Do you understand
       that?
               [Appellant]: Yes your honor.
               The Court: You also have the right to a compulsory
       process. That means you have the right to have subpoena’s
       [sic] issued for any witness that you want to appear on your
       behalf in court. B[y] pleading guilty you are giving up that
       right. Do you understand that?
               [Appellant]: Yes your honor.
               * * * *.”

       {¶8} The court asked appellant if he reviewed the guilty plea petition

with his attorneys. He stated that he had and indicated that he understood it.

Appellant further stated that he had signed the plea form. With respect to

appellant’s right to compulsory process, the form advised appellant that he

has “the right to use the power and process of the Court to compel the

production of any evidence, including the attendance of any witnesses in my

favor.”

       {¶9} The court asked: “Do you have any questions about anything we

have just been over in these matters that I can answer for you? Please don’t
Ross App. No. 09CA3136                                                          6


hesitate to ask if you have a question.” Appellant stated that he did not have

any questions. The court further asked the prosecutor and appellant’s

attorneys whether they had “anything with regards to the plea[].” Both

stated that they did not. The court then determined “that [appellant]

understands all of his rights as set forth in [Crim.R. 11(C)], he has been

advised of his constitutional rights, stated in open court[,] that he understood

and waived those rights. The court finds that [appellant’s] guilty pleas in

both these cases were made knowingly, voluntarily, intelligently and [of

appellant]’s own free will.”

       {¶10} On November 16, 2009, the court sentenced appellant. The

court observed that: (1) the two counts of aggravated murder merged and

that the state elected to proceed to sentencing on the first count; and (2)

counts four (aggravated burglary) and six (burglary) merged with count

three (aggravated robbery). The court then sentenced appellant to: (1) life

with parole eligibility after thirty years for the aggravated murder offense;

(2) six years for the aggravated robbery offense; (3) six years for the

aggravated arson offense; and (4) two years for the tampering with evidence

offense. The court ordered that appellant serve the aggravated murder and

aggravated robbery sentences consecutively and that he serve the aggravated
Ross App. No. 09CA3136                                                            7


arson and tampering with evidence offenses concurrently with the

aggravated robbery and aggravated murder offenses.

                                       II.

                         ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR

       {¶11} Appellant timely appealed the trial court’s judgment and raises

two assignments of error.


       First Assignment of Error:

       Mr. Pigge was deprived of his right to due process under the
       Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution and
       Section 10, Article I of the Ohio Constitution when the trial
       court accepted an unknowing, unintelligent, and involuntary
       guilty plea.

       Second Assignment of Error

       The trial court erred when it convicted Mr. Pigge of both
       aggravated arson under R.C. 2909.02(A)(2), and tampering
       with evidence under R.C. 2921.12(A)(1), as those offenses are
       allied offenses of similar import, and the record is silent as to
       whether the offenses were committed with a separate animus.


                                      III.

                                GUILTY PLEA

       {¶12} In his first assignment of error, appellant argues that the trial

court erred by accepting his guilty plea when he did not knowingly,

intelligently, and voluntarily enter it. In particular, appellant contends that
Ross App. No. 09CA3136                                                           8


he did not knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily enter his guilty plea

because the trial court did not adequately explain his right to compulsory

process in a manner that was reasonably intelligible to appellant, a mentally

retarded individual. Appellant essentially argues that because he is mentally

retarded, the trial court possessed a heightened duty to define his right to

compulsory process in terms that a mentally retarded individual could

understand. Appellant contends that his plea is invalid because the “court

failed to adequately advise him that he had the right to compulsory process,

which meant that the trial court would use its power to compel any defense

witnesses to appear and testify in court, and that [appellant] did not have to

secure his own witnesses.” Appellant asserts that “the trial court should

have further explained that [appellant]’s witnesses would not be permitted to

ignore the subpoena, as the power to subpoena them would be coming from

the court, and that [appellant] did not have to secure such witnesses on his

own.” Appellant contends that he “could not have understood the nuanced

legal meanings of ‘compulsory process’ and ‘subpoenas’” and that the court

should have informed him that it “would use its power to secure

[appellant]’s witnesses, and if necessary, force them to testify on his behalf.”

       {¶13} The ultimate inquiry when reviewing a trial court’s acceptance

of a guilty plea is whether the defendant entered the plea in a knowing,
Ross App. No. 09CA3136                                                            9


intelligent, and voluntary manner. See State v. Veney, 120 Ohio St.3d 176,

2008-Ohio-5200, 897 N.E.2d 621, at ¶7, citing State v. Engle (1996), 74

Ohio St.3d 525, 527, 660 N.E.2d 450. A defendant enters a plea in a

knowing, intelligent, and voluntary manner when the trial court fully advises

the defendant of all the constitutional and procedural protections set forth in

Crim.R. 11(C) that a guilty plea waives. See State v. Clark, 119 Ohio St.3d

239, 2008-Ohio-3748, 893 N.E.2d 462, at ¶25, citing Engle, 74 Ohio St.3d at

527; State v. Eckler, Adams App. No. 09CA878, 2009-Ohio-7064, at ¶48.

Thus, when a court reviews a trial court’s acceptance of a guilty plea, it must

independently review the record to ensure that the trial court followed the

dictates of Crim.R. 11(C). See State v. Kelley (1991), 57 Ohio St.3d 127,

128, 566 N.E.2d 658 (“When a trial court or appellate court is reviewing a

plea submitted by a defendant, its focus should be on whether the dictates of

Crim.R. 11(C) have been followed.”); Eckler at ¶48 (noting that standard of

review is de novo); State v. Hamilton, Hocking App. No. 05CA4, 2005-

Ohio-5450, at ¶9; see, also, State v. Gilmore, Cuyahoga App. Nos. 92106,

92107, 92108, and 92109, 2009-Ohio-4230, at ¶12.

       {¶14} Crim.R. 11(C)(2) (a)-(c) sets forth the process a trial court must

follow before accepting a guilty plea. The rule prohibits a trial court from

accepting a guilty plea unless the court personally addresses the defendant
Ross App. No. 09CA3136                                                              10


and (1) determines “that the defendant is making the plea voluntarily, with

understanding of the nature of the charges and of the maximum penalty

involved, and if applicable, that the defendant is not eligible for probation or

for the imposition of community control sanctions at the sentencing

hearing:” (2) informs “the defendant of and determin[es] that the defendant

understands the effect of the plea of guilty or no contest, and that the court,

upon acceptance of the plea, may proceed with judgment and sentence”; and

(3) informs “the defendant and determin[es] that the defendant understands

that by the plea the defendant is waiving the rights to jury trial, to confront

witnesses against him or her, to have compulsory process for obtaining

witnesses in the defendant’s favor, and to require the state to prove the

defendant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt at a trial at which the defendant

cannot be compelled to testify against himself or herself.”

       {¶15} When a trial court engages in a plea colloquy with the

defendant, it must strictly comply with Crim.R. 11(C)(2)(c), which sets forth

the constitutional rights a guilty plea waives. Thus, the trial court must

explain to the defendant, either literally or in a reasonably intelligible

manner, that a guilty plea waives (1) the right to a jury trial, (2) the right to

confront one’s accusers, (3) the right to compulsory process to obtain

witnesses, (4) the right to require the state to prove guilt beyond a reasonable
Ross App. No. 09CA3136                                                            11


doubt, and (5) the privilege against compulsory self-incrimination. Veney at

syllabus and ¶¶18, 27 (stating that trial court must literally comply with

Crim.R. 11(C)(2)(c), but its failure to do so will not invalidate a plea when

the trial court adequately conveys the information to the defendant in a

reasonably intelligible manner). Failure to do so renders the plea invalid.

Id. at syllabus.

       {¶16} “The best way to ensure that pleas are entered knowingly and

voluntarily is to simply follow the requirements of Crim.R. 11 when

deciding whether to accept a plea * * *.” Clark at ¶29; see, also, State v.

Ballard (1981), 66 Ohio St.2d 473, 479, 423 N.E.2d 115 (stating that “the

best method of informing a defendant of his constitutional rights is to use the

language contained in Crim.R. 11(C), stopping after each right and asking

the defendant whether he understands the right and knows that he is waiving

it by pleading guilty”). Thus, “’[l]iteral compliance with Crim.R. 11, in all

respects, remains preferable to inexact plea hearing recitations.’” Clark at

¶29, quoting State v. Griggs, 103 Ohio St.3d 85, 2004-Ohio-4415, 814

N.E.2d 51, at ¶19, fn.2. However, “a rote recitation of Crim.R. 11(C) is not

required, and failure to use the exact language of the rule is not fatal to the

plea.” Ballard, 66 Ohio St.2d at 480. Instead, the trial court need only

“explain[] or refer[]” to the Crim.R. 11(C) protections “in a manner
Ross App. No. 09CA3136                                                                                     12


reasonably intelligible to that defendant.” Id.; see, also, Veney at ¶27

(stating that “a trial court can still convey the requisite information on

constitutional rights to the defendant even when the court does not provide a

word-for-word recitation of the criminal rule, so long as the trial court

actually explains the rights to the defendant”). Thus, a reviewing court

should not invalidate a plea merely because a trial court did not engage in a

“formalistic litany of constitutional rights.” Ballard, 66 Ohio St.2d at 480.

         {¶17} A trial court “may not relieve itself of the requirement of

Crim.R. 11(C) by exacting comments or answers by defense counsel as to

the defendant’s knowledge of his rights.” Id. at 481. However, a reviewing

court may consider “such a colloquy * * * in the totality of the matter.” 2 Id.

Thus, if the record shows that the trial court ascertained that defense counsel

advised the defendant of his rights, a reviewing court may consider this as a

factor in determining whether the totality of the circumstances supports the

2
  The Supreme Court of Ohio has never explicitly overruled or limited this aspect of Ballard. However, we
observe that subsequent cases seem to have limited any “totality of the circumstances” inquiry only when
determining if the trial court substantially complied with Crim.R. 11(C)’s non-constitutional provisions.
See, e.g., Veney. Moreover, Veney distinguished Ballard and stated that “the court cannot simply rely on
other sources to convey these rights to the defendant” and that it would not “‘presume a waiver of these * *
* important [constitutional] rights from a silent record.’” Id at ¶29, quoting Boykin v. Alabama (1969), 395
U.S. 238, 243, 89 S.Ct. 1709, 23 L.Ed.2d 274. It is not clear whether this statement is intended to be a
repudiation of the Ballard totality of the circumstances approach as it pertains to the constitutional rights
outlined in Crim.R. 11(C)(2)(c), or whether this statement simply means that it will not allow “other
sources” to substitute for the court’s duty to convey the information when the court completely fails to
convey the information. Unlike Ballard, Veney involved a situation where the trial court completely failed
to mention a certain right. In contrast, in Ballard the court explained the constitutional rights, just not in
the exact terms of Crim.R. 11(C). Veney does not seem to reject any idea that a court may look to “other
sources” as additional evidence that a court adequately advised a defendant of his constitutional rights.
Thus, although the continuing validity of this proposition from Ballard may be in question, we do not
believe that it has clearly been invalidated such that we are unjustified in following it.
Ross App. No. 09CA3136                                                           13


trial court’s finding that the defendant knowingly, intelligently, and

voluntarily entered the plea. Id. (noting that “the record shows that the trial

judge initially ascertained from the defense counsel that the defendant had

been advised of his rights”); see, also, State v. McKenna, Trumbull App. No.

2009-T-0034, 2009-Ohio-6154, at ¶67; State v. DeArmond (1995), 108 Ohio

App.3d 239, 245, 670 N.E.2d 531, quoting Riggins v. McMackin (C.A.6,

1991), 935 F.2d 790, 795 (construing Ohio Crim.R. 11), and citing North

Carolina v. Alford (1970), 400 U.S. 25, 91 S.Ct. 160, 27 L.Ed.2d 162, fn.3

(stating that inquiry into whether the trial court properly advised a defendant

of the constitutional rights “is not limited solely to the information provided

to the defendant by the trial court. We examine the totality of the

circumstances surrounding the plea. ‘A defendant may learn of information

not relayed to him by the trial court from other sources, such as his

attorney’”); State v. Diaz (June 2, 1993), Lorain App. No. 92CA5499.

       {¶18} In State v. Saaty (Mar. 4, 1997), Franklin App. No. 96APA06-

777, the court applied this principle and concluded that although a defense

counsel’s representation that counsel advised the defendant of his rights may

constitute additional evidence that the court explained the right in a manner

reasonably intelligible to the defendant, it cannot substitute for the court’s
Ross App. No. 09CA3136                                                        14


compliance with the rule when the court utterly fails to mention one of the

constitutional rights. The court stated:

               “* * * [W]hile defense counsel advised the trial court he
       read aloud the plea forms to defendant and in his opinion
       defendant understood them, counsel’s actions cannot excuse the
       trial court’s failure to specifically inform defendant he was
       waiving his right to a jury trial. In response to questioning from
       the trial court, defense counsel in Ballard stated he had
       explained to defendant his constitutional rights, and he believed
       defendant understood them. The Ballard court considered
       defense counsel’s representations as additional proof that the
       trial court had meaningfully informed defendant of his right to a
       jury trial, stating, ‘[a]lthough the trial court may not relieve
       itself of the requirement of Crim.R. 11(C) by exacting
       comments or answers by defense counsel as to the defendant’s
       knowledge of his rights, such a colloquy may be looked to in
       the totality of the matter.’ Ballard, supra, at 481.
               Thus, where the trial court makes only an indirect or
       ‘glancing’ reference to a constitutional right, a defense
       counsel’s representation that he informed a defendant of his
       constitutional rights can be ‘looked to in the totality of the
       matter’ in determining whether the trial court explained or
       referred to a constitutional right in a manner reasonably
       intelligible to that defendant. However, where the trial court
       has completely omitted mentioning a right specified in Boykin
       and Ballard, defendant’s counsel’s representation is not
       sufficient; defendant’s plea is invalid and must be vacated. See
       [State v.] Sturm[ (1981), 66 Ohio St.2d 483, 422 N.E.2d 853].
       Here, the trial court did not refer to the right to a jury trial in
       any manner. As Ballard dictates, the trial court’s exacting
       comments or answers from defendant’s attorney did not relieve
       it from the mandate of Crim.R. 11(C). Id.”

       {¶19} With the foregoing principles in mind, we turn to appellant’s

specific argument—that the trial court failed to adequately advise him of his

constitutional right to compulsory process. We recently considered the
Ross App. No. 09CA3136                                                        15


adequacy of a trial court’s explanation of the defendant’s right to

compulsory process in State v. McDaniel, Vinton App. No. 09CA677, 2010-

Ohio-5215. In McDaniel, the trial court explained the defendant’s right to

compulsory process as follows: “you’re waiving your right to bring in your

own witnesses to subpoena those witnesses if necessary, to come in as a part

of your defense. Do you understand you are waiving that right?” Id. at ¶16.

The defendant asserted that the trial court’s explanation “did not sufficiently

inform him that he could compel witnesses to testify.” Id. at ¶17. We

disagreed. We observed that other Ohio courts have found similar

statements sufficient to explain a defendant’s right to compulsory process.

Id., citing State v. Ward, Montgomery App. No. 21044, 2006-Ohio-832, at

¶12 (court’s statement that the defendant was giving up his right to have his

own witnesses come and testify was “adequate, if less than ideal” when

informing him of compulsory process right); State v. Anderson (1995), 108

Ohio App.3d 5, 11-12, 669 N.E.2d 865 (finding that “[y]ou are giving up

your right to call witnesses on your own behalf” informed the defendant of

compulsory process right in a reasonably intelligible manner); State v.

Thomas, Franklin App. No. 04AP-866, 2005-Ohio-2389, at ¶9 (finding that

“right to have your witnesses, should you have any, subpoenaed to the
Ross App. No. 09CA3136                                                        16


courtroom” informed the defendant of compulsory process right in a

reasonably intelligible manner).

       {¶20} We further observed that some Ohio courts “have required the

trial court to specifically inform the defendant of the power to compel the

attendance of witnesses.” Id. at ¶18, citing State v. Gardner, Lorain App.

No. 08CA009520, 2009-Ohio-6505, at ¶9 (court failed to reasonably apprise

defendant of compulsory process right because it did not inform him that he

could use the court’s subpoena power to compel witnesses’ attendance);

State v. Parks, Cuyahoga App. No. 86312, 2006-Ohio-1352, at ¶17 (stating

that trial court “clearly informed” defendant of compulsory process right by

stating that defendant had a right to subpoena witnesses); State v. Wilson,

Cuyahoga App. No. 82770, 2004-Ohio-499, at ¶16 (“The trial court must

inform a defendant that it has the power to force, compel, subpoena, or

otherwise cause a witness to appear and testify on the defendant’s behalf.

Otherwise, the logical import of the court’s notice is that the defendant could

present such witnesses as he could only secure through his own efforts.”)

(emphasis sic); see, also, State v. Rosenberg, Cuyahoga App. No. 84457,

2005-Ohio-101, at ¶14 (stating that “strict compliance with Crim.R. 11(C)

requires the trial court to inform the defendant that witnesses could be

‘forced,’ ‘subpoenaed,’ ‘compelled,’ ‘summoned,’ or ‘required’ to appear”
Ross App. No. 09CA3136                                                         17


and that “[m]erely advising a defendant that he has ‘the right to bring in

witnesses to this courtroom to testify for your defense’ is insufficient to

apprise a defendant of this constitutional right to compulsory process”);

State v. Cummings, Cuyahoga App. No. 83759, 2004-Ohio-4470 (holding

that informing defendant he had a right to “call witnesses” did not

sufficiently advise him of compulsory process right).

       {¶21} We declined to specifically adopt either view, but instead,

determined that “even under the more restrictive cases, the trial court’s

statement is satisfactory because the statement indicates that [the defendant]

could have had the court issue subpoenas to ensure the presence of

witnesses. The gist of the trial court’s statement was that [the defendant]

had the right to subpoena witnesses to testify at any potential trial. We find

that this would reasonably apprise an individual of the nature of his

constitutional right to compulsory process.” Id. at ¶19.

       {¶22} In the case at bar, the trial court’s statement adequately advised

appellant of his right to compulsory process by using the literal language of

the rule and by explaining the term in reasonably intelligible terms. The trial

court explained to appellant that he has “the right to a compulsory process.

That means you have the right to have subpoena’s [sic] issued for any

witness that you want to appear on your behalf in court.” The trial court’s
Ross App. No. 09CA3136                                                          18


statement that appellant has “the right to a compulsory process” mirrors the

language used in Crim.R. 11(C)(2)(c) and as such, constitutes literal, and

hence strict, compliance with the rule. See State v. Senich, Cuyahoga App.

No. 82581, 2003-Ohio-5082, at ¶31, citing State v. Strawther (1978), 56

Ohio St.2d 298, 383 N.E.2d 900 (stating that use of term “compulsory

process” sufficient to explain the right). We therefore reject appellant’s

assertion that the trial court did not strictly comply with Crim.R.

11(C)(2)(c).

       {¶23} Not only did the court literally comply with the rule, it went a

step further and explained the compulsory process right in terms that were at

least reasonably intelligible to appellant. While slight nuances exist between

the trial court’s statement in the case at bar and the trial court’s statement in

McDaniel, both statements advised that pleading guilty waives the right to

have subpoenas issued. We agree with those cases holding that a trial

court’s statement to the effect that a guilty plea waives the right to subpoena

witnesses sufficiently advises a defendant in a reasonably intelligible manner

of his compulsory process right. See State v. Moulton, Cuyahoga App. No.

93726, 2010-Ohio-4484, at ¶12 (concluding that trial court “clearly

informed” defendant of compulsory process right by stating that defendant

had a right to “subpoena and call witnesses”); State v. Thomas, Franklin
Ross App. No. 09CA3136                                                          19


App. No. 04AP-866, 2005-Ohio-2389, at ¶9 (finding trial court’s statement

that defendant had the “right to have your witnesses, should you have any,

subpoenaed to the courtroom” sufficient explained compulsory process

right); State v. Moorefield (Oct. 8, 1999), Champaign App. No. 99CA4

(stating that trial court’s explanation that defendant’s plea would waive his

“right to make witnesses attend and testify” explained compulsory process

right “in a functional sense” so as to be “fully sufficient to make [it]

reasonably intelligible” to defendant); State v. Lelux (Mar. 4, 1997), Franklin

App. No. 96APA08-1018 (noting that term “subpoena” is so frequently used

that its meaning is commonly known and understood by laypeople and

holding that trial court’s explanation of compulsory process right as “the

right to subpoena witnesses for the trial” reasonably informed defendant of

his constitutional right).

       {¶24} Moreover, when the court asked appellant whether he

understood that pleading guilty waives his right to compulsory process, i.e.,

the right to have subpoenas issued, appellant stated that he did. Although

determining what a defendant subjectively understands is not an exact

science, “if the defendant receives the proper information, then [a court] can

ordinarily assume that [the defendant] understands that information.” State

v. Carter (1979), 60 Ohio St.2d 34, 38, 396 N.E.2d 757. We already
Ross App. No. 09CA3136                                                          20


determined that the trial court relayed accurate information. The court both

literally complied with the rule and further explained the phrase

“compulsory process” in a reasonably intelligible manner. Thus, we may

assume that appellant understood that information. Nothing in the record

affirmatively suggests that he did not understand. At no point during the

plea hearing did he indicate, in any manner, any sort of confusion over the

meaning of any of the court’s statements or the rights he waived by pleading

guilty. Rather, every time the court asked him if he understood, appellant

indicated that he did. Had appellant not understood what the court meant by

use of the terms “compulsory process” and “subpoena,” he should have so

advised the court when asked.

       {¶25} As additional evidence that the trial court adequately advised

appellant of his compulsory process right, we point out that appellant stated

that he had reviewed the plea petition with his attorneys. See Ballard

(approving the idea that a court may look to defense counsel’s

representations as additional evidence that defendant understood Crim.R.

11(C)(2)(c) rights). The plea petition recited that appellant understood that

he has the constitutional right “to use the power and process of the Court to

compel the production of any evidence, including the attendance of any

witnesses in my favor.” This is the precise language that appellant asserts
Ross App. No. 09CA3136                                                                                          21


the court should have used during the plea hearing to explain his compulsory

process right. We do not believe that the trial court was required to repeat

this exact phraseology at the plea hearing. Rather, the trial court used the

exact language set forth in Crim.R. 11(C) and informed appellant of his

subpoena right. Both statements sufficiently advised him of his compulsory

process right. The plea petition further defines that right, but there is no

requirement that the court use that definition during the plea hearing.

Instead, the plea petition may be used as additional evidence that the

defendant understood what the court meant by the terms “compulsory

process” and “subpoena.” See Ballard, supra.

         {¶26} To the extent appellant argues that the trial court possessed

some heightened duty to further define the concept of compulsory process, a

term not commonly understood by a layperson,3 we note that at least one

other court has rejected this exact argument. See State v. Mundy (Oct. 18,

1996), Greene App. No. 96CA1. In Mundy, the defendant asserted that he

could not have entered his plea in a knowing and voluntary manner because

the phrase “compulsory process” is not known to the average layperson. In


3
  As a general proposition, we do not disagree with appellant’s suggestion that a trial court should consider
defining legal terms of art that may be unknown to a layperson or a person with mental retardation.
However, the Ohio Supreme Court has never stated that when the court strictly and literally complies with
the rule, it must also define the constitutional terms used in Crim.R. 11(C)(2)(c). Moreover, we are
unwilling to inject such a requirement into what is already an apparently much-litigated area of the law.
Rather, once a trial court explains the constitutional rights, either strictly or in terms reasonably intelligible
Ross App. No. 09CA3136                                                                                  22


rejecting the defendant’s argument, the court first observed that the trial

court used the language of Crim.R. 11(C) when advising the defendant of

the rights he waived by pleading guilty. The court then observed that

although “the trial court might have gone beyond the language of Rule 11 in

explaining the right of compulsory process for obtaining favorable

witnesses, it was not required to do so and, from our review of the record,

there is nothing to suggest that [the defendant] did not mean what he said

when he responded affirmatively to the court’s question as to whether he

understood he was giving up his right to compulsory process for obtaining

favorable witnesses.” The court additionally noted that the defendant signed

a petition to enter a guilty plea in the presence of his attorney and that in the

petition, the defendant “acknowledged that he had a right, if he stood upon

his plea of not guilty and went to trial, ‘to compulsory process for obtaining

witnesses in my favor.’”

         {¶27} The case at bar is quite similar to Mundy. In both cases, the

courts used the language set forth in Crim.R. 11(C). In both cases, the

courts asked whether the defendant (in Mundy) and appellant (in the case

sub judice) understood the compulsory process right and both parties

indicated that they did. In neither case did either party indicate a failure to

to the defendant, it possesses no further duty to define those rights, unless the defendant expresses
confusion or misunderstanding.
Ross App. No. 09CA3136                                                                                  23


understand this right. Furthermore, in both cases, the plea petitions recited

and explained the compulsory process right and both parties acknowledged

that they understood that right. Under these circumstances, we can only

conclude that appellant meant what he said. There is nothing in the record to

suggest that appellant, despite his mental retardation, did not understand his

right to compulsory process.

        {¶28} Moreover, to the extent appellant’s argument might be

construed as asserting that he was not competent to enter a guilty plea,4 we

disagree. Without question, the conviction of a defendant who is not

competent to enter a plea violates due process of law. See State v. Skatzes,

104 Ohio St.3d 195, 2004-Ohio-6391, 819 N.E.2d 215, at ¶155, citing Drope

v. Missouri (1975), 420 U.S. 162, 171, 95 S.Ct. 896, 43 L.Ed.2d 103, and

State v. Berry (1995), 72 Ohio St.3d 354, 359, 650 N.E.2d 433. However, in

the absence of evidence to the contrary, a criminal defendant is rebuttably

presumed competent to enter a guilty plea. See R.C. 2945.37(G); State v.

Were, 118 Ohio St.3d 448, 2008-Ohio-2762, 890 N.E.2d 263, at ¶45. A

finding of incompetency is not automatic simply because a defendant is

labeled mentally retarded. See Id. at ¶48, quoting Atkins v. Virginia (2002),


4
  Appellant argues, in not so many words, that his mental retardation rendered him unable to understand the
terms “compulsory process” and “subpoena.” An assertion that a defendant lacks the ability to understand
the proceedings, or a concept, is an assertion that the defendant is not competent. See Godinez, infra, 509
U.S. 401 fn.12 (“The focus of a competency inquiry is the defendant’s mental capacity; the question is
Ross App. No. 09CA3136                                                                                   24


536 U.S. 304, 318, 122 S.Ct. 2242, 153 L.Ed.2d 335 (stating that

“’[m]entally retarded persons frequently * * * are competent to stand

trial’”); State v. Hall (Feb. 25, 2000) Jackson App. No. 99CA847, citing

State v. Barnhart (Sept. 24, 1997), Washington App. No. 96CA32. Rather, a

court will presume that the defendant is competent, unless the defendant

shows that the defendant is unable to understand the proceedings or to assist

in the defense. Were at ¶45. “The test for determining whether a defendant

is competent to stand trial [or to plead guilty] is ‘”’whether [the defendant]

has sufficient present ability to consult with his lawyer with a reasonable

degree of rational understanding—and whether he has a rational as well as a

factual understanding of the proceedings against him.’”’” Id., quoting State

v. Berry (1995), 72 Ohio St.3d 354, 359, 650 N.E.2d 433, quoting Dusky v.

United States (1960), 362 U.S. 402, 402, 80 S.Ct. 788, 4 L.Ed.2d 824; see,

also, Godinez v. Moran (1993), 509 U.S. 389, 113 S.Ct. 2680, 125 L.Ed.2d

321. A trial court possesses no need to sua sponte inquire into a defendant’s

competency unless the record contains “’sufficient indicia of incompetence,’

such that an inquiry * * * is necessary to ensure the defendant’s right to a

fair trial.” Berry, 72 Ohio St.3d at 359, quoting Drope, 420 U.S. at 175; see,




whether he has the ability to understand the proceedings”) (emphasis sic). Thus, one might state that to be
presumed competent is to be presumed competent to understand the Crim.R. 11(C) rights.
Ross App. No. 09CA3136                                                                                          25


also, State v. Ahmed, 103 Ohio St.3d 27, 2004-Ohio-4190, 813 N.E.2d 637,

at ¶65.

         {¶29} In the case at bar, we believe that the record demonstrates that

appellant was competent to plead guilty and that the record does not contain

sufficient indicia of incompetence to have required the court to ascertain, sua

sponte, appellant’s competency. Throughout the plea proceedings, appellant

clearly answered all of the court’s questions and indicated his understanding

of all the information that the court relayed. When the court asked appellant

whether he suffered from any mental disability, appellant responded that he

did not. Although the record contains evidence that appellant has been

identified as mentally retarded since he was a young child, mental

retardation alone does not constitute a sufficient indicia of incompetency to

require a trial court to sua sponte conduct a competency inquiry.5 See State

v. Beck, Hamilton App. Nos. C-020432, C-020449, and C-030062, 2003-

Ohio-5838, at ¶12 (citations omitted). As the United States Supreme Court

has recognized, a mentally retarded individual may be competent to enter a

guilty plea. See Atkins, supra; see, also, Were at ¶48. The Court has


5
  Given the nature of the charges, it may have been preferable for the trial court in the case sub judice to
hold a competency hearing. However, a competency hearing was not constitutionally required. See State
v. Bock (1986), 28 Ohio St.3d 108, 109, 502 N.E.2d 1016 (stating that “the right to a hearing on the issue of
incompetency rises to constitutional proportions only when the record contains sufficient indicia of
incompetency * * * such that a formal inquiry into defendant’s competency is necessary to protect his right
to a fair trial”). It is not reversible error for a trial court to fail to hold a competency hearing when the issue
is not raised prior to trial and when the record fails to show sufficient indicia of incompetency. See State v.
Ross App. No. 09CA3136                                                                                 26


identified no presumption that a mentally retarded individual is presumed

incompetent. In fact, the proper procedure is that all criminal defendants are

presumed competent and the burden rests with the defendant to prove

incompetency. See R.C. 2945.37(G); Were at ¶45.

        {¶30} We reiterate that in the case at bar, nothing in the record raises

sufficient indicia of incompetency to suggest that appellant was not

competent to enter a guilty plea. As such, appellant was competent to

understand the plea proceeding, including his right to compulsory process,

and to speak up if he did not. If appellant did not understand what the court

meant by the words “compulsory process” and “subpoena,” he should have

said so. Instead, he affirmatively indicated that he understood. Unless a

defendant indicates in some way that he is confused or does not understand

the meaning of “compulsory process” or “subpoena,” we do not believe that

a trial court possesses an independent duty to engage in a lengthy

dissertation of the meaning of the court’s subpoena power and the

constitutional right to compulsory process—even when the defendant is

mentally retarded. Furthermore, appellant informed the court that he did not

suffer from any mental disability, that he understood everything the court

stated, and that he had reviewed the plea petition with his attorneys.

Eley (1996), 77 Ohio St.3d 174, 183-184, 672 N.E.2d 640; Bock at paragraph one of the syllabus; State v.
Borchers (1995), 101 Ohio App.3d 157, 159, 655 N.E.2d 225; see, also, Hall, supra.
Ross App. No. 09CA3136                                                         27


       {¶31} We find the case at bar similar to State v. Bennett (July 18,

1991), Montgomery App. No. 12208. In Bennett, the defendant asserted that

he did not understand the effect of his plea when he could not “adequately

read or write” and when “his mental capacity is quite diminished, even to the

point of having been labeled ‘mentally retarded’ while in school.” The court

rejected the defendant’s argument, explaining that the defendant “failed to

point out how these matters, if true, impaired his ability to understand the

effect of his plea. A criminal defendant may very well understand the effect

of his plea, after proper explanation, even though he is subject to those

limitations.” The court further observed that the trial court asked the

defendant “several times” whether he understood, and each time, appellant

responded that he did.

       {¶32} Similarly, in the case sub judice, the record does not support

any finding that appellant’s status as a mentally retarded individual

precluded him from understanding the consequences of his guilty plea,

including that he would waive his right to compulsory process. We

emphasize, again, that appellant never gave any indication that he failed to

comprehend the proceedings or what the court meant by the terms

“compulsory process” and “subpoena.” Had he done so, then the trial court

should have inquired further and possibly further explained the concepts. In
Ross App. No. 09CA3136                                                         28


the absence of some confusion on appellant’s part, the trial court possessed

no independent duty to further define those terms.

       {¶33} Furthermore, allowing a defendant to state in open court that he

understood a Crim.R. 11(C) right, but then argue on appeal that he did not,

would contravene the general principle that guilty pleas should be final. See

Ballard, 66 Ohio St.2d at 479 (stating that in accepting a guilty plea, a court

must protect “the interest of finality”). As the United States Supreme Court

explained in United States v. Timmreck (1979), 441 U.S. 780, 784, 99 S.Ct.

2085, 60 L.Ed.2d 634:

              “‘Every inroad on the concept of finality undermines
       confidence in the integrity of our procedures; and, by increasing
       the volume of judicial work, inevitably delays and impairs the
       orderly administration of justice. The impact is greatest when
       new grounds for setting aside guilty pleas are approved because
       the vast majority of criminal convictions result from such pleas.
       Moreover, the concern that unfair procedures may have resulted
       in the conviction of an innocent defendant is only rarely raised
       by a petition to set aside a guilty plea.’”

Id., quoting United States v. Smith (C.A.7, 1971), 440 F.2d 521, 528-529

(Stevens, J., dissenting); see, also, Hill v. Lockhart (1985), 474 U.S. 52, 58,

106 S.Ct. 366, 88 L.Ed.2d 203. Because “[a] plea of guilty is a complete

admission of guilt,” State v. Stumpf (1987), 32 Ohio St.3d 95, 104, 512

N.E.2d 598, “absent some assertion that a conviction is inherently erroneous,

courts should be reluctant to disturb the finality of convictions based on
Ross App. No. 09CA3136                                                        29


guilty pleas.” State v. Graves (July 7, 1993), Medina App. No. 2203. In the

case at bar, there is nothing so inherently erroneous regarding appellant’s

guilty plea that we should tip the scales of justice in order to invalidate

appellant’s plea.

       {¶34} Accordingly, based upon the foregoing reasons, we overrule

appellant’s first assignment of error.

                                         IV.

                 ALLIED OFFENSES OF SIMILAR IMPORT

       {¶35} In his second assignment of error, appellant argues that the trial

court erred by convicting him of aggravated arson and tampering with

evidence when those two offenses constitute allied offenses of similar

import. He contends that the commission of aggravated arson necessarily

results in commission of tampering with evidence.

                                         A.

                              WAIVER ISSUES

       {¶36} Before considering the merits of appellant’s assignments of

error, we address the state’s arguments that (1) appellant waived any alleged

error by failing to object at the sentencing hearing, and (2) he cannot appeal

the sentence because he received the sentence for which he negotiated. We

reject both of the state’s arguments.
Ross App. No. 09CA3136                                                             30


                                        1.

                                PLAIN ERROR

       {¶37} When a defendant fails to object to the imposition of multiple

sentences for allied offenses of similar import, we may recognize the error if

it constitutes plain error. It is well settled that we may notice plain errors or

defects affecting substantial rights, despite an appellant's failure to bring

them to the attention of the trial court. Crim.R. 52(B). Plain error exists

when the error is plain or obvious and when the error “affect[s] ‘substantial

rights.’” The error affects substantial rights when “‘but for the error, the

outcome of the trial [proceeding] clearly would have been otherwise.’”

State v. Litreal, 170 Ohio App.3d 670, 2006-Ohio-5416, 868 N.E.2d 1018,

at ¶11, quoting State v. Barnes (2002), 94 Ohio St.3d 21, 27, 759 N.E.2d

1240. We take notice of plain error with the utmost of caution, under

exceptional circumstances, and only to prevent a manifest miscarriage of

justice. State v. Gardner, 118 Ohio St.3d 420, 2008-Ohio-2787, 889 N.E.2d

995, at ¶78; State v. Patterson, Washington App. No. 05CA16, 2006-Ohio-

1902, at ¶14. A reviewing court should consider noticing plain error only if

the error “‘“seriously affect[s] the fairness, integrity or public reputation of

judicial proceedings.”’” Barnes, 94 Ohio St.3d at 27, quoting United States

v. Olano (1993), 507 U.S. 725, 736, 113 S.Ct. 1770, 123 L.Ed.2d 508,
Ross App. No. 09CA3136                                                          31


quoting in turn United States v. Atkinson (1936), 297 U.S. 157, 160, 56 S.Ct.

391, 80 L.Ed. 555. We have previously recognized that plain error exists

when a defendant is convicted of multiple offenses that constitute allied

offenses of similar import. See State v. Shaw, Scioto App. No. 07CA3190,

2008-Ohio-5910, at ¶16. In the case at bar, we do not believe that plain

error exists.

                                      2.

   EFFECT OF NEGOTIATED SENTENCE ON APPEALABILITY OF
                  ALLIED OFFENSE ISSUE

       {¶38} A criminal defendant has the right to appeal the issue of allied

offenses under R.C. 2941.25, even if the defendant entered into a plea

bargain and even if the sentence was an agreed sentence under R .C.

2953.08(D). State v. Underwood, 124 Ohio St.3d 365, 2010-Ohio-1, 922

N.E.2d 923, paragraph one of the syllabus. Underwood further held that a

trial court is prohibited from imposing individual sentences for “counts that

constitute allied offenses of similar import.” Underwood at ¶26.

       {¶39} Based upon the clear holding of Underwood, we reject the

state’s argument that appellant is prohibited from appealing the multiple

sentences for allied offenses when the sentence resulted from a plea

negotiation.

                                      B.
Ross App. No. 09CA3136                                                        32


                         ALLIED OFFENSE ANALYSIS

       {¶40} R.C. 2941.25 sets forth the statutory analysis for determining

whether offenses constitute allied offenses of similar import:

              (A) Where the same conduct by defendant can be
       construed to constitute two or more allied offenses of similar
       import, the indictment or information may contain counts for all
       offenses, but the defendant may be convicted of only one.
              (B) Where the defendant’s conduct constitutes two or
       more offenses of dissimilar import, or where his conduct results
       in two or more offenses of the same or similar kind committed
       separately or with a separate animus as to each, the indictment
       or information may contain counts for all such offenses, and the
       defendant may be convicted of all of them.

       {¶41} The Supreme Court of Ohio has interpreted R.C. 2941.25 to

involve a two-step analysis:

              “’In the first step, the elements of the two crimes are
       compared. If the elements of the offenses correspond to such a
       degree that the commission of one crime will result in the
       commission of the other, the crimes are allied offenses of
       similar import and the court must proceed to the second step.
       In the second step, the defendant’s conduct is reviewed to
       determine whether the defendant can be convicted of both
       offenses. If the court finds either that the crimes were
       committed separately or that there was a separate animus for
       each crime, the defendant may be convicted of both offenses.’”

State v. Harris, 122 Ohio St.3d 373, 2009-Ohio-3323, 911 N.E.2d 882, at

¶10, quoting State v. Blankenship (1988), 38 Ohio St.3d 116, 117, 526

N.E.2d 816; see, also, State v. Winn, 121 Ohio St.3d 413, 2009-Ohio-1059,
Ross App. No. 09CA3136                                                                                     33


905 N.E.2d 154; State v. Cabrales, 118 Ohio St.3d 54, 2008-Ohio-1625, 886

N.E.2d 181, at ¶14.

         {¶42} To determine whether offenses are allied offenses of similar

import under R.C. 2941.25(A), courts must “compare the elements of

offenses in the abstract, i.e., without considering the evidence in the case.”

Cabrales at ¶27; see, also, Harris at ¶12. The elements need not, however,

be identical for the offenses to constitute allied offenses of similar import.

Winn at ¶12. The key word is “similar,” not “identical.” Winn at ¶12; see,

also, Harris at ¶16 (stating that the offenses need not exactly align to

constitute allied offenses). Offenses constitute allied offenses of similar

import if, “‘in comparing the elements of the offenses in the abstract, the

offenses are so similar that the commission of one offense will necessarily

result in commission of the other.’”6 Winn at ¶12, quoting Cabrales at ¶26.



         6
            We point out what appears to us to be somewhat of an anomaly in some of the Supreme Court of
Ohio’s explanation of the allied offense analysis. On at least two occasions, the Court has stated that it
applies the “same analysis to determine whether two aggravating circumstances merge as it utilizes to
decide whether two offenses are allied offenses of the same import.” State v. Franklin, 97 Ohio St.3d 1,
2002-Ohio-5304, 776 N.E.2d 26, at ¶51; see, also, State v. Jenkins (1984), 15 Ohio St.3d 164, 197, 473
N.E.2d 264, fn.27 (stating that in concluding that death penalty specifications should have merged, court
was “guided by principles espoused in considering the doctrine of merger under R.C. 2941.25”). The court
has stated that in determining whether death penalty specifications should merge, the inquiry is “whether
the specifications at issue ‘ar[o]se from the same act or indivisible course of conduct,’ and were thus, in
fact, duplicative.” State v. Garner (1995), 74 Ohio St.3d 49, 53, 656 N.E.2d 623. Whether two offenses
“arose from an indivisible course of conduct” seems to us to be an entirely different question than whether
a comparison of the elements in the abstract leads to a conclusion that the commission of one offense
necessarily results in the other. Thus, we are confused by the court’s statement in Franklin that the two
tests are one and the same. We choose, therefore, to follow the Supreme Court of Ohio’s more recent
pronouncements regarding R.C. 2941.25 and to apply the more recently-outlined analysis. Perhaps a more
accurate statement would be that the two analyses are similar in respect to the application of the second part
of the allied offense test, i.e., whether the offenses were committed with a separate animus.
Ross App. No. 09CA3136                                                        34


       {¶43} As the foregoing analysis directs, we being by comparing the

elements of the two offenses in the case at bar, aggravated arson and

tampering with evidence, in the abstract.

       {¶44} The aggravated arson statute, R.C. 2909.02, provides:

             (A) No person, by means of fire or explosion, shall
       knowingly do any of the following:
             (1) Create a substantial risk of serious physical harm to
       any person other than the offender;
             (2) Cause physical harm to any occupied structure;
             ****
       The tampering with evidence statute, R.C. 2921.12, provides:

              (A) No person, knowing that an official proceeding or
       investigation is in progress, or is about to be or likely to be
       instituted, shall do any of the following:
              (1) Alter, destroy, conceal, or remove any record,
       document, or thing, with purpose to impair its value or
       availability as evidence in such proceeding or investigation

       {¶45} When we compare the elements of these two offenses in the

abstract, we do not find that they correspond to such a degree that

commission of the one necessarily results in the commission of the other.

The elements we must compare are (1) fire or explosion, (2) knowingly, (3)

(a) create substantial risk of serious physical harm, or (b) cause physical

harm to occupied structure (aggravated arson); and (1) knowing, (2) official

proceeding or investigation, (3) alter, destroy, conceal, remove, (4) purpose

to impair, (5) value or availability as evidence (tampering with evidence).

One can commit the offense of tampering with evidence without necessarily
Ross App. No. 09CA3136                                                         35


committing aggravated arson. Tampering with evidence does not require a

fire or explosion. Furthermore, one can commit the offense of aggravated

arson without necessarily tampering with evidence. One can knowingly

create a substantial risk of serious physical harm or cause physical harm to

an occupied structure by means of fire or explosion without necessarily

altering, destroying, concealing, or removing with the purpose to impair the

value of an item or its availability as evidence. An aggravated arson does

not necessarily result in the commission of tampering with evidence. Cf.

State v. Kelly, Franklin App. No. 02AP-195, 2002-Ohio-5797, at ¶32

(concluding that aggravated arson and felonious assault do not constitute

allied offenses because “felonious assault need not be committed by fire or

explosion” and “aggravated arson necessarily is committed with fire or an

explosive and does not [necessarily] require that the offender cause or

attempt to cause harm to any person”); State v. Brown, Montgomery App.

No. 18643, 2002-Ohio-277 (holding that felony murder and aggravated

arson were not allied offenses even though aggravated arson caused the

victim’s death, because “[a]ggravated arson can be committed without a

killing, and felony murder can be committed by means of a first or second

degree felony other than [by fire or explosion]”).
Ross App. No. 09CA3136                                                           36


       {¶46} Appellant nevertheless asserts that we should follow the court’s

analysis in State v. Moore (Oct. 21, 1987), Hamilton App. No. C-860814,

and conclude that aggravated arson and tampering with evidence constitute

allied offenses of similar import. We do not find Moore directly apposite

and decline to follow it.

       {¶47} In Moore, the court determined that arson (not aggravated) and

tampering with evidence constitute allied offenses. The court found that the

commission of arson will result in the commission of tampering with

evidence. At the time Moore was decided, the arson statute, R.C. 2909.03

stated: “(A) No person, by means of fire or explosion, shall knowingly: (1)

Cause, or create a substantial risk of, physical harm to any property of

another without his consent.” The tampering with evidence statute stated:

“(A) No person, knowing that an official proceeding or investigation is in

progress, or is about to be or is likely to be instituted, shall do any of the

following: (1) Alter, destroy, conceal or remove any record, document, or

thing, with purpose to impair its value or availability as evidence in such

proceeding or investigation.” The court stated that both statutes require a

“knowing” state of mind and prohibit the destruction of property. The court

determined that “[t]he use of fire to destroy potential evidence will result in

the commission of both arson and tampering.”
Ross App. No. 09CA3136                                                        37


       {¶48} In the case at bar, the aggravated arson statute reads differently

than the arson statute considered in Moore. The aggravated arson statute,

unlike the arson statute in Moore, does not involve physical harm to “any

property,” but rather, it involves either (1) a substantial risk of serious

physical harm to any person other than the offender, or (2) physical harm to

any occupied structure. Thus, the aggravated arson statute is more specific

than the arson statute and requires more than just damage to “any property.”

Thus, we find Moore distinguishable and, therefore, decline to follow it.

       {¶49} Because we determined that the commission of aggravated

arson does not necessarily result in the commission of tampering with

evidence, or vice versa, we have no need to consider whether appellant

committed the offenses separately or with the same animus.

       {¶50} Accordingly, based upon the foregoing reasons, we overrule

appellant’s second assignment of error and affirm the trial court’s judgment.

                                                JUDGMENT AFFIRMED.


Kline, J., concurring.

       {¶51} I concur in judgment and opinion. I write separately to explain

how I distinguish State v. Moore (Oct. 21, 1987), Hamilton App. No. C-

860814, which the appellant relies on in his argument that the offenses of
Ross App. No. 09CA3136                                                           38


aggravated arson and tampering with evidence constitute allied offenses of

similar import. See Second Assignment of Error.

       {¶52} Moore relies on the assumption that arson involves an attempt

to destroy property with fire or explosion. And since arson involves an

attempt to destroy property, it is an allied offense to tampering because

tampering also prohibits the destruction of property where the malefactor

knows that the property is likely to be evidence in an official investigation.

Id. at ¶46-49.

       {¶53} In my view, the Moore analysis fails because the use of fire or

explosion does not destroy evidence related to arson. That is, even if the

property is entirely consumed, the resulting ashes are, in fact, evidence of

arson. The fire may or may not consume evidence of another crime or other

evidence related to arson but the fire does not necessarily destroy evidence

of arson because the use of fire is an element of arson. Therefore, an

offender may commit the crime of aggravated arson without necessarily

committing the crime of tampering with evidence. It is, of course, easy to

see that an individual may tamper with evidence without committing arson.

Therefore these offenses “are not allied offenses because the commission of

one will not automatically result in commission of the other.” State v.

Rance, 85 Ohio St.3d 632, 639, 1999-Ohio-291, citing State v. Preston
Ross App. No. 09CA3136                                                    39


(1986), 23 Ohio St.3d 64, 65. Accordingly, for the above reason, I also

reject Moore and agree that the offenses of aggravated arson and tampering

with evidence do not constitute allied offenses of similar import.
Ross App. No. 09CA3136                                                        40



                           JUDGMENT ENTRY
     It is ordered that the JUDGMENT BE AFFIRMED and that the
Appellee recover of Appellant costs herein taxed.

       The Court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

      It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this Court directing
the Ross County Common Pleas Court to carry this judgment into execution.

       IF A STAY OF EXECUTION OF SENTENCE AND RELEASE
UPON BAIL HAS BEEN PREVIOUSLY GRANTED BY THE TRIAL
COURT OR THIS COURT, it is temporarily continued for a period not to
exceed sixty days upon the bail previously posted. The purpose of a
continued stay is to allow Appellant to file with the Supreme Court of Ohio
an application for a stay during the pendency of proceedings in that court. If
a stay is continued by this entry, it will terminate at the earlier of the
expiration of the sixty day period, or the failure of the Appellant to file a
notice of appeal with the Supreme Court of Ohio in the forty-five day appeal
period pursuant to Rule II, Sec. 2 of the Rules of Practice of the Supreme
Court of Ohio. Additionally, if the Supreme Court of Ohio dismisses the
appeal prior to expiration of sixty days, the stay will terminate as of the date
of such dismissal.

      A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to
Rule 27 of the Rules of Appellate Procedure.
Exceptions.

Harsha, J.: Concurs in Judgment and Opinion.
Kline, J.: Concurs in Judgment and Opinion with Opinion.

                                        For the Court,

                                        BY: _________________________
                                            Matthew W. McFarland
                                            Presiding Judge

                          NOTICE TO COUNSEL
      Pursuant to Local Rule No. 14, this document constitutes a final
judgment entry and the time period for further appeal commences from
the date of filing with the clerk.
