                                                         [DO NOT PUBLISH]


             IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                    FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                      ________________________                  FILED
                                                       U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                             No. 09-12060                ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                                                         SEPTEMBER 28, 2009
                         Non-Argument Calendar
                                                          THOMAS K. KAHN
                       ________________________
                                                               CLERK

                   D. C. Docket No. 07-01833-CV-CC-1

YVETT SMITH,


                                                           Plaintiff-Appellant,

                                  versus

ATLANTA POSTAL CREDIT UNION,

                                                          Defendant-Appellee.


                       ________________________

                Appeal from the United States District Court
                   for the Northern District of Georgia
                     _________________________

                           (September 28, 2009)

Before CARNES, PRYOR and KRAVITCH, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:
          Yvett Smith appeals the district court’s order denying her motion for recusal,

granting in part defendant-appellee, Atlanta Postal Credit Union’s (APCU), motion

for attorney’s fees, and granting APCU’s motion to dismiss the action with

prejudice.1 Following a brief recitation of the facts, we address each of these

issues in turn.

                                       I. BACKGROUND

          Smith, proceeding pro se, filed suit against APCU seeking $10 million in

damages for alleged employment discrimination in violation of the Americans with

Disabilities Act, 42 U.S.C. § 12112. After Smith refused to sign a form

authorizing the release of her medical records and provided inadequate responses

to APCU’s initial discovery requests, APCU moved the court for an order to show

cause or, in the alternative, an award of attorney’s fees associated with bringing the

motion. The court declined to issue an order to show cause, but it did order Smith

to sign the medical release form, respond fully to APCU’s discovery requests, and

reimburse APCU for expenses reasonably incurred in making the motion.2 In its

order, dated July 1, 2008, the court found Smith’s repeated noncompliance with the

Federal Rules of Civil Procedure and the applicable Local Rules to be without


1
  Smith also raises arguments concerning the case’s underlying merits, which were not pertinent
to the district court’s order and are irrelevant to this appeal.
2
    APCU filed a petition showing the amount of attorney’s fees requested on July 10, 2008.

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substantial justification, and it warned her that failure to comply with the order

would result in sanctions that could include the dismissal of her lawsuit.

       Four weeks later, APCU filed a motion to dismiss the action with prejudice

pursuant to Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 37(b)(2) and 41(b). APCU alleged

that although Smith had finally authorized the release of her medical records, she

had not properly responded to its discovery requests by the deadlines established in

the district court’s July 1 order.

       While APCU’s motion to dismiss was pending, Smith filed a motion to

“remove” the judge from her case. She argued that the judge’s previous rulings in

APCU’s favor and the court’s delays in responding to her motions demonstrated

bias against her and warranted the assignment of a new judge.

       The district court issued its final order on March 19, 2009. The court

construed Smith’s motion to remove the judge as a motion for recusal under 28

U.S.C. § 455 and denied it on the ground that adverse rulings and delays did not

constitute bias. The court also awarded APCU $3,880 for attorney’s fees it had

incurred in bringing its motion to show cause. Finally, after finding that Smith had

willfully failed to comply with her discovery obligations, the procedural rules

applicable to her case, and the district court’s order of July 1, 2008, the court

granted APCU’s motion to dismiss with prejudice. This appeal followed.



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                                    II. RECUSAL

      We review the district court’s refusal to recuse for abuse of discretion.

Gwynn v. Walker (In re Walker), 532 F.3d 1304, 1308 (11th Cir. 2008). A “judge

of the United States shall disqualify himself in any proceeding in which his

impartiality might reasonably be questioned.” 28 U.S.C. § 455(a). Generally, only

personal bias stemming from extrajudicial sources is sufficient to disqualify a

judge. See 28 U.S.C. §§ 144, 455(b)(1); Hamm v. Members of Bd. of Regents, 708

F.2d 647, 651 (11th Cir. 1983). An exception exists for judicial conduct

demonstrating “such pervasive bias and prejudice that it constitutes bias against a

party,” but neither “rulings adverse to a party, nor friction between the court and

counsel constitute[s] pervasive bias.” Hamm, 708 F.2d at 651 (citations omitted).

On the contrary, “the standard is whether an objective, fully informed lay observer

would entertain significant doubt about the judge’s impartiality.” Christo v.

Padgett, 223 F.3d 1324, 1333 (11th Cir. 2000).

      Smith argues that the district court abused its discretion by denying her

motion for recusal. She alleges that the judge acted as an attorney for the defense

when he granted APCU’s motions and denied hers. She also claims that the judge

acted maliciously in refusing to recuse himself and in dismissing her case after she

questioned his impartiality. She has failed, however, to state specific facts that



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would establish personal or pervasive bias. Rulings against one party in favor of

another, without more, do not require a judge to disqualify himself, Hamm, 708

F.2d at 651, and Smith has not alleged any facts that would lead a reasonable and

objective observer to question the district court judge’s impartiality. The district

court, therefore, did not abuse its discretion in denying the motion for recusal.

                              III. ATTORNEY’S FEES

      We review the imposition of sanctions under Rule 37 for an abuse of

discretion. Serra Chevrolet, Inc. v. Gen. Motors Corp., 446 F.3d 1137, 1146–47

(11th Cir. 2006). We likewise review an award of attorney’s fees for abuse of

discretion. Bivins v. Wrap It Up, Inc., 548 F.3d 1348, 1351 (11th Cir. 2008).

      Smith contests the district court’s award of attorney’s fees on the grounds

that they were excessive and that the associate who worked on APCU’s motion to

show cause did not enter an appearance in the case until after the motion had been

filed. She also argues that the district court should have made a finding of bad

faith before imposing sanctions.

      The district court in this case calculated APCU’s attorney’s fees using the

lodestar method, multiplying defense counsel’s reasonable hours by a reasonable

hourly rate. In determining the reasonable rate, the district court properly

considered “the prevailing market rate in the relevant legal community for similar



                                           5
services by lawyers of reasonably comparable skills, experience, and reputation.”

Norman v. Housing Authority, 836 F.2d 1292, 1299 (11th Cir. 1988). The court

also excluded from APCU’s initial fee calculation any “hours that were not

reasonably expended,” Hensley v. Eckerhart, 461 U.S. 424, 434 (1983) (citation

and quotation marks omitted), subtracting 2.5 hours from the time entries

submitted by defense counsel. There is a “strong presumption that the lodestar

figure . . . represents a ‘reasonable’ fee,” Pennsylvania v. Delaware Valley

Citizens’ Council for Clean Air, 478 U.S. 546, 565 (1986), and nothing in the

record before us indicates that the district court abused its discretion in calculating

and adhering to the lodestar in this case.

      Smith’s argument that the district court should not have awarded fees for

time expended by the associate because he had not yet entered an appearance is

similarly unavailing. Neither the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure nor the district

court’s Local Rules require every attorney working on a case to enter an

appearance before the court. Cf. Fed. R. Civ. P. 11(a) (“Every pleading, written

motion, and other paper must be signed by at least one attorney of record in the

attorney’s name . . . .” (emphasis added)); N.D. Ga. R. 83.1(D)(1) (“Any other

attorney who signs a subsequent pleading or paper on behalf of a party must file a

notice of appearance with the clerk.” (emphasis added)).



                                             6
      With respect to Smith’s contention that the imposition of sanctions required

a finding of bad faith, Rule 37 fee awards, unlike sanctions imposed pursuant to

the court’s inherent powers, do not require such a finding. Compare DeVaney v.

Continental Am. Ins. Co., 989 F.2d 1154, 1162 (11th Cir. 1993) (“[T]he 1970

amendments [to Rule 37] were specifically enacted to eliminate the possibility that

a bad faith requirement would be read into the rule . . . .”), with Thomas v. Tenneco

Packaging Co., 293 F.3d 1306, 1320 (11th Cir. 2002) (“[B]efore a court can

impose sanctions against a lawyer under its inherent power, it must find that the

lawyer’s conduct constituted or was tantamount to bad faith.” (citation and

quotations marks omitted)).

      District courts granting motions to compel discovery shall “require the party

or deponent whose conduct necessitated the motion . . . to pay the movant’s

reasonable expenses incurred in making the motion, including attorney’s fees,”

unless the “circumstances make an award of expenses unjust.” Fed. R. Civ. P.

37(a)(5); see also Fed. R. Civ. P. 41(b)(2)(C). Pro se litigants are “subject to

sanctions like any other litigant,” Moon v. Newsome, 863 F.2d 835, 837 (11th Cir.

1989), and the district court here found no substantial justification for Smith’s

resistance to discovery. It therefore did not abuse its discretion by ordering her to

pay APCU’s attorney’s fees.



                                           7
                        IV. DISMISSAL WITH PREJUDICE

      “This Court reviews dismissals under Fed. R. Civ. P. 41 and 37 for abuse of

discretion.” Gratton v. Great Am. Commc’ns, 178 F.3d 1373, 1374 (11th Cir.

1999). Rule 37 permits the district court to dismiss an action for failure to

cooperate during discovery or failure to comply with a court order. Fed. R. Civ. P.

37(b)–(d). Rule 41 similarly allows the dismissal of an action when “the plaintiff

fails to . . . comply with these rules or a court order.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 41(b).

“Dismissal under Rule 41(b) is appropriate where there is a clear record of ‘willful’

contempt and an implicit or explicit finding that lesser sanctions would not

suffice.” Gratton, 178 F.3d at 1374.

      In this case, Smith repeatedly failed to comply with the Federal Rules of

Civil Procedure and refused to cooperate during the discovery process. For

instance, she filed several improper and legally insufficient motions to compel

discovery without first making any good faith attempt to confer with opposing

counsel. While APCU’s motion to dismiss was pending, Smith also refused to

answer any questions during her deposition that she deemed “personal,” including

routine inquiries about her employment, marital status, medical history, and

involvement in other litigation. Moreover, the district court found her “willful”




                                            8
failure to make adequate, timely responses to APCU’s initial discovery requests a

sign of “bad faith and blatant disregard” of the court’s July 1, 2008 order.

      A district court does not abuse its discretion by dismissing an action with

prejudice “[w]hen a party demonstrates a flagrant disregard for the court and the

discovery process.” Aztec Steel Co. v. Florida Steel Corp., 691 F.2d 480, 481

(11th Cir. 1982). Smith’s conduct during the course of this litigation evinced a

flagrant disregard for both her obligations as a litigant and the procedural rules

governing her case. In light of her recalcitrance, the district court made an explicit

finding that no lesser sanction than dismissal was appropriate. Having already

warned the plaintiff and attempted to deter future abuses of the discovery process

by imposing the lesser sanction of attorney’s fees, the district court did not abuse

its discretion in dismissing Smith’s action with prejudice.

                                 V. CONCLUSION

      For the foregoing reasons, the district court did not abuse its discretion in

denying Smith’s motion for recusal, awarding APCU attorney’s fees, and

dismissing the action with prejudice. The district court’s order of March 19, 2009,

is therefore

      AFFIRMED.




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