
TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN



NO. 03-03-00054-CV


Elizabeth Kobza, Appellant

v.

Gladys Kutac, as Mother and Next Friend of Aaron Kutac;
and Michelle Beyer, Appellees





FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF FAYETTE COUNTY, 155TH JUDICIAL DISTRICT
NO. 2001V-055, HONORABLE DAN R. BECK, JUDGE PRESIDING


O P I N I O N 


	This is an interlocutory appeal from the denial of a motion for summary judgment
filed by Elizabeth Kobza based on her claim that she is entitled to official immunity under section
22.051 of the education code.  See Tex. Educ. Code Ann. § 22.051 (West 1996).  We will reverse
and render judgment in Ms. Kobza's favor.

JURISDICTION AND STANDARD OF REVIEW
	This Court has jurisdiction to consider this interlocutory appeal under section
51.014(a)(5) of the civil practices and remedies code, which allows an interlocutory appeal from the
denial of a motion for summary judgment based on an assertion of official immunity.  See Tex. Civ.
Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 51.014(a)(5) (West Supp. 2003).
	The same standard of review that governs the granting of a summary judgment applies
to the denial of a summary judgment.  San Antonio Express News v. Dracos, 922 S.W.2d 242, 247
(Tex. App.--San Antonio 1996, no writ).  We will uphold a summary judgment only if the record
establishes that there is no genuine issue of material fact, and that the movant is entitled to judgment
as a matter of law on a ground set forth in the motion.  See Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(c); Cathey v. Booth,
900 S.W.2d 339, 341 (Tex. 1995); Nixon v. Mr. Prop. Mgmt. Co., 690 S.W.2d 546, 548-49 (Tex.
1985).  A defendant who conclusively establishes all the elements of an affirmative defense is
entitled to summary judgment.  Cathey, 900 S.W.2d at 341. 

BACKGROUND
	Ms. Kobza was a teacher at Schulenburg High School, teaching word processing,
computer classes, business law, and accounting.  Aaron Kutac was a student in one of Ms. Kobza's
classes during the 1999-2000 school year.  In February 2000, Aaron was participating in a stock
show in Houston where he met a teenage girl who was also a participant.  He became infatuated with
the girl.  The girl's father saw Aaron looking at her and asked Aaron to keep his eyes off his
daughter.  This event was eventually retold to Ms. Kobza.
	When Ms. Kobza saw Aaron a few days later, she told him that she heard what
happened in Houston.  When he asked her how she heard, she jokingly replied that she saw it on the
news.  For the next couple of weeks, when Ms. Kobza saw Aaron she would jokingly call him a
"stalker" and he would laugh.  Subsequently, Ms. Kobza and another teacher, Ms. Beyer, discussed
the possibility of creating a gag newspaper article.  
	Ms. Beyer created the fake newspaper article and Ms. Kobza told another student they
were playing a joke on Aaron and asked the student to take the article to Aaron.  The fake article read
as follows:

SCHULENBURG FFA STUDENT CAUGHT STALKING

A member of the Schulenburg High School Future Farmers of America was caught
stalking other participants at the Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo.  The young
man was asked to stop following and harassing the young ladies.  A formal
investigation and charges are pending.


The student gave the article to Aaron and said, "Here, you made the paper."  Aaron believed the
article was authentic and became upset.  He showed the article to his mother, who contacted the
police to determine if the contents of the article were true.  She then took the matter up with Ms.
Kobza, who informed her that the article was just a joke.  In response, Ms. Kutac filed suit as mother
and next friend of Aaron Kutac ("Kutac"), claiming negligent infliction of emotional distress,
intentional infliction of emotional distress, slander, slander per se, negligence, negligence per se, and
libel.  Additionally, Ms. Kutac filed a complaint with the State Board of Teacher Certification.  In
this suit, Ms. Kobza filed a motion for summary judgment based on official immunity under section
22.051 of the education code.  Her motion was denied.  She now appeals by one issue, claiming that
the trial court erred in denying her motion because she is entitled to immunity under this statute.  See
Tex. Educ. Code Ann. § 22.051. 

DISCUSSION
	In her motion for summary judgment, Ms. Kobza relied on section 22.051 of the
education code.  Section 22.051 provides:

A professional employee of a school district is not personally liable for any act that
is incident to or within the scope of the duties of the employee's position of
employment and that involves the exercise of judgment or discretion on the part of
the employee, except in circumstances in which a professional employee uses
excessive force in the discipline of students or negligence resulting in bodily injury
to students. (1)


Tex. Educ. Code Ann. § 22.051(a).  Therefore, Ms. Kobza is entitled to summary judgment if she
conclusively proves all essential elements of section 22.051:  (1) that she was a professional
employee (which Kutac does not dispute); (2) that her actions were incident to or within the scope
of her duties; (3) that her actions involved the exercise of judgment or discretion; and (4) that her
actions did not fall within the stated exceptions (which neither party asserts).  
	Kutac argues that Ms. Kobza's act was: (1) outside the scope of her employment; (2) 
ministerial, not discretionary; and (3) not performed in good faith, in that a reasonably prudent
official under the same or similar circumstances could not have believed that the official action was
justified.  Because there is no "good faith" element to section 22.051, we will only address Kutac's
first two arguments. (2)

Within the scope of employment
	Whether one is acting within the scope of her employment depends on whether the
general act from which the injury arose was in furtherance of the employer's business and the
objective for which the employee was employed.  Chesshir v. Sharp, 19 S.W.3d 502, 504-05 (Tex.
App.--Amarillo 2000, no pet.) (citing Leadon v. Kimbrough Bros. Lumber Co., 484 S.W.2d 567,
569 (Tex. 1972)).  If this test is satisfied, neither the failure of the employer to expressly authorize
the act nor the fact that it was performed negligently will strip the act of its protective shield.  Id. at
505; Williams v. Chatman, 17 S.W.3d 694, 699 (Tex. App.--Amarillo 1999, pet. denied). 
	To support her defense under section 22.051, Ms. Kobza submitted an uncontroverted
affidavit in which she asserted:

One of the things teachers do to improve the learning environment at a school is
attempt to make the school experience positive for the students by establishing
rapport with and attempting to enhance the students' self-esteem by doing things that
let the students know that the teacher has an interest in him or her as an individual. 
The intention of creating the gag article and giving it to Aaron was to make him
laugh, build rapport with him, and make him feel good about himself and his school
experience by sharing an inside joke with two of the school's faculty members.  This
is what I thought the joking and the kidding with Aaron would accomplish, and this
is what I thought was being accomplished prior to learning that the article had upset
him.


Kutac argues that summary judgment is improper because it is supported entirely and exclusively
by Ms. Kobza's own affidavit and the affidavit states a factual and legal conclusion.  However, an
uncontroverted affidavit of an interested witness is proper if the evidence is clear, positive, direct,
otherwise credible, free from contradictions and inconsistencies, and could have been readily
controverted.  Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(c).  
	We disagree with the assertion that Ms. Kobza's affidavit only states a legal and
factual conclusion.  Her affidavit goes further than simply stating that her actions were within the
scope of her employment and involved the exercise of judgment and discretion.  She discusses the
scope of her duties and how her actions involving Aaron were an attempt to further the objectives
she had as a teacher.  We find her affidavit to be credible summary-judgment evidence.  It is
common knowledge that teachers interact with students on a continual basis to improve the learning
environment by establishing rapport with the students.  Often those interactions are on a personal
level.  Although these interactions are usually in a serious vein, they can include teasing and joking. 
It is not in the interest of schools or students that teachers perform solely as detached teaching
instruments, abstaining from all social interaction with the students.
	Kutac next argues that, because Ms. Kobza's employer and the state board found that
she violated its code of ethics, this conclusively establishes that she was acting outside the scope of
her employment.  We find this argument unpersuasive.  There is no authority for the proposition that
violation of a code of ethics establishes that one is acting outside the scope of her employment.  See 
Williams, 17 S.W.3d at 699.  In Williams, the court held that an employee's negligent performance
of her duties does not prevent the acts from being within the scope of her duties.  Further, in the
context of school-employee immunity, a sister court held that even if a school principal's conduct
were in violation of city ordinances or state law, that would not bar the application of his statutory
immunity.  Pierson v. Houston Indep. Sch. Dist., 698 S.W.2d 377, 380-81 (Tex. App.--Houston
[14th Dist.] 1985, writ ref'd n.r.e.). 
	Section 22.051 provides immunity for an act that is incident to or within the scope
of the employee's duties.  It cannot be said that establishing rapport with students and engaging in
banter with them is outside the scope of a teacher's duties.  Clearly, establishing rapport with
students enhances the learning environment, one of the objectives for which a teacher is employed. 
Although Ms. Kobza may have exercised poor judgment in this instance, we cannot say that she was
acting outside the scope of her duties.  Because we find that Ms. Kobza was acting within the scope
of her duties, whether she discharged her duties negligently will not strip section 22.051 of its
protective shield.  See Chesshir, 19 S.W.3d at 505.

Discretionary or ministerial act
	We next turn to whether the act complained of was discretionary or ministerial. 
Ministerial acts are those "where the law prescribes and defines the duties to be performed with such
precision and certainty as to leave nothing to the exercise of discretion or judgment."  Downing v.
Brown, 935 S.W.2d 112, 114 (Tex. 1996) (quoting City of Lancaster v. Chambers, 883 S.W.2d 650,
654 (Tex. 1994)).  Ministerial actions require obedience to orders or the performance of a duty as
to which the actor has no choice.  Id. at 114.  On the other hand, if an action involves personal
deliberation, decision, and judgment, it is discretionary.  Id.  In other words, if the actor is entitled
to personally deliberate about the manner or means of performance and invoke her own judgment,
then the act is discretionary.  Id. 
	Kutac argues that Ms. Kobza's act violated three separate departmental policies: (1)
the educator shall not intentionally expose the student to disparagement; (2) the educator shall make
reasonable effort to protect the student from conditions detrimental to learning, physical health,
mental health, or safety; and (3) the educator shall not deliberately distort facts.  Kutac claims that
because Ms. Kobza's act violated three departmental policies, it was ministerial.  
	Ms. Kobza claims that the acts complained of in this case were an attempt to further
the school's learning environment by creating rapport with a student by sharing an inside joke with
two of the school's faculty members.  Clearly, Ms. Kobza used poor judgment and the joke
backfired.  However, there is not a prescription or definition of exactly what a teacher must do to
establish rapport with a student.  It is left to the individual teacher's discretion.  The fact that she
violated several ethical policies is not dispositive.  The policies involved do not contain any language
specific to the act complained of here.  There are certain rules prohibiting certain types of conduct
with students, such as those concerning the administration of corporal punishment or involvement
in sexual relations.  However, Ms. Kobza has not been accused of crossing the bright line of clearly
prohibited conduct.  She has been accused of creating a fake article and causing a student distress
because he did not immediately recognize or understand it was a joke.  There is no specific rule that
proscribes this conduct.  We hold the act involved in this case is a discretionary act.  

CONCLUSION
	The fact that Ms. Kobza used poor judgment in dealing with a student and assessed
the situation erroneously does not deprive her of immunity as a teacher.  Section 22.051 was enacted
for the purpose of protecting teachers from being held liable for actions that would otherwise be
actionable.  As long as the teacher's mistake involves the exercise of judgment or discretion, she is
protected by the statute.  A teacher who uses poor judgment is, nevertheless, acting in a way that
involves the exercise of discretion.  The improper action of Ms. Kobza is a matter to be dealt with
by her employer and the state licensing agency.  It is not a matter for the courts, as made clear by the
legislature in section 22.051 of the Texas Education Code.  
	Ms. Kobza is entitled to summary judgment in this cause because she has
conclusively proven as a matter of law that:  (1) she was a professional employee; (2) her actions
were incident to or within the scope of her duties; (3) her actions involved the exercise of judgment
or discretion; and (4) her actions did not fall within the stated exceptions.  Therefore, we reverse the
decision of the trial court and render judgment in favor of Ms. Kobza on the basis that she is immune
from liability for the causes of action alleged by Kutac.  


					__________________________________________
					David Puryear, Justice
Before Chief Justice Law, Justices B. A. Smith and Puryear
Reversed and Rendered
Filed:   May 30, 2003
1.   A "professional employee" includes: (1) a superintendent, principal, teacher . . . .  Tex.
Educ. Code Ann. § 22.051(c)(1) (West 1996) (emphasis added).  

2.   Kutac argues both in her brief and at oral argument that "good faith" is an element of the
immunity defense under the education code.  A plain reading of the statute discloses no such
element, nor does a review of the authority interpreting it.  See Deaver v. Bridges, 47 S.W.3d 549
(Tex. App.--San Antonio 2000, no pet.); Chesshir v. Sharp, 19 S.W.3d 502 (Tex. App.--Amarillo
2000, no pet.); Enriquez v. Khouri, 13 S.W.3d 458, 464 (Tex. App.--El Paso 2000, no pet.); Foster
v. Estrada, 974 S.W.2d 751 (Tex. App.--San Antonio 1998, pet denied).  Kutac cites City of
Lancaster v. Chambers, 883 S.W.2d 650 (Tex. 1994), in support of her contention that a good faith
element should be read into section 22.051.  However, Chambers involves official immunity under
the common law, not statutory immunity under the education code, and is thus not on point. 
Likewise, in Enriquez, the court was faced with the same argument and held that good faith, or the
lack thereof, is nowhere to be found in section 22.051 and refused to add a good faith requirement. 
13 S.W.3d at 464.
