          United States Court of Appeals
                       For the First Circuit

No. 11-1914

                      UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                              Appellee,

                                    v.

                          ROBERT S. CIRESI,

                        Defendant, Appellant.


          APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

                  FOR THE DISTRICT OF RHODE ISLAND

              [Hon. Mary M. Lisi,    U.S. District Judge]


                               Before

                         Lynch, Chief Judge,
                     Souter, Associate Justice,*
                      and Lipez, Circuit Judge.



     Martin G. Weinberg, with whom Kimberly Homan and John
Cicilline were on brief, for appellant.
     Donald C. Lockhart, Assistant United States Attorney, with
whom Peter F. Neronha, United States Attorney, was on brief, for
appellee.


                           October 5, 2012




    *
       The Hon. David H. Souter, Associate Justice (Ret.) of the
Supreme Court of the United States, sitting by designation.
           LIPEZ, Circuit Judge.    After a jury trial in the United

States District Court for the District of Rhode Island, Robert

Ciresi, a seventy-eight-year-old North Providence attorney, was

convicted on bribery, extortion, and conspiracy charges stemming

from his involvement in a scheme to purchase the votes of three

corrupt town councilmen on two zoning matters.    During the trial,

the district court admitted into evidence under Federal Rule of

Evidence 801(d)(2)(E) a number of recorded statements about Ciresi

made by one of the councilmen to a government informant.         On

appeal, in seeking a new trial, Ciresi argues that some of these

statements should have been excluded as hearsay, and challenges the

admission of all the statements on constitutional grounds under the

Sixth Amendment's Confrontation Clause.     He also claims that the

district court erred in calculating his sentence under the United

States Sentencing Guidelines ("Guidelines").    We affirm.

                                   I.

A.   Factual Background

           We set forth the facts in the light most favorable to the

jury's verdict. See United States v. Rodríguez-Rodríguez, 663 F.3d

53, 55 (1st Cir. 2011); United States v. Mitchell, 596 F.3d 18, 20

n.1 (1st Cir. 2010).

           1.   The Supermarket Bribe

           In the fall of 2008, Richard Baccari, a commercial

developer represented by Ciresi, applied to the seven-member North


                                 -2-
Providence Town Council ("Town Council") to rezone a plot of

residential land on which he hoped to build a supermarket. Shortly

thereafter, a local official overheard one of the councilmen, John

Zambarano, telling another councilman, Raymond Douglas, that he was

eager to approve Baccari's application because he "could really use

the money."      Zambarano's comment was relayed by the local official

to the Federal Bureau of Investigation ("FBI"), which enlisted

another councilman, Paul Caranci, to join the extortion scheme as

a   government    informant.    Caranci   was directed   to   record   his

conversations with Zambarano, Douglas, and Joseph Burchfield, the

third corrupt councilman.

           On February 9, 2009, the day before the zoning vote,

Zambarano told Caranci that Baccari had agreed to pay $25,000 in

exchange for approval of his application.       Caranci's share was to

be $4,000.       Zambarano explained that no payments would be made

until the vote was completed: "I'm meeting [Baccari] and Bobby

Ciresi about an hour after the meeting, and he's giving, and he's

giving me the money.      So . . . I'll give everybody theirs too, and

then Wednesday after work I'll . . . give you the $4,000."

Zambarano also said that Ciresi had arranged for him to meet

privately with Baccari to negotiate the bribe amount and that

Ciresi had communicated to him that Baccari wanted his application

approved with no conditions.        Zambarano left Caranci with the

impression that there would be other opportunities to mine Baccari,


                                   -3-
or different developers, for money in the future: "[T]here's

something else coming down the road, in the future . . . we can all

be part of this again."1

            The next day, the Town Council unanimously approved

Baccari's   application.    After   the    vote,   FBI    agents   tailed

Zambarano's car to an empty restaurant parking lot.         A few minutes

after Zambarano arrived, a car registered to Ciresi's wife entered

the lot from the opposite direction and parked for several minutes

alongside Zambarano's car, so that the driver's side windows

aligned.    The car's driver was an older white male with salt and

pepper hair who was wearing a suit.    This limited description was

consistent with Ciresi's appearance.      Cell phone records also show

that Ciresi received a call from Zambarano one minute before the

car registered to his wife arrived at the parking lot and that

Ciresi's cell phone was within one mile of the lot when the call

was placed.

            The following day, February 11, 2009, Zambarano and

Caranci met in the driveway of Zambarano's home.         Zambarano handed

Caranci $4,000 and then said that he "got this last night after the

meeting." Zambarano proceeded to describe in detail how Ciresi had

brokered his negotiations with Baccari, noting that Zambarano was



     1
       Ciresi challenges the admission of the February 9, 2009,
conversation on constitutional grounds only; he attacks the
admission of the remaining conversations on both evidentiary and
constitutional grounds.

                                -4-
"very close to Bobby Ciresi" and that Ciresi had vouched for him to

Baccari by advising Baccari that "he doesn't want to talk to

anybody   else."    Zambarano     also   referred   to   other   extortion

opportunities that might arise "in the future" and said he would

demand a larger bribe "next time."

           2.   The Mill Bribe

           In March 2010, Zambarano told Caranci that he "might be

working on something else" on behalf of the corrupt councilmen.

Two developers, Vincent Coccoli and Kevin O'Sullivan, had applied

to the Town Council to rezone an industrial mill complex that they

hoped to convert into apartments.         Zambarano was attempting to

extract a bribe from them in exchange for approval of their

application.    Ciresi represented these developers as well.

           On March 15, 2010, Zambarano informed Caranci that Ciresi

was "going to try" to arrange a bribe but harbored doubts about his

ability to do so because he had never before represented these

developers. Two weeks later, on March 28, 2010, Zambarano reported

to Caranci that he had asked Ciresi about negotiating a bribe with

Coccoli and that Ciresi had replied: "I don't even know him . . .

so let me feel him out."         Zambarano also said that Ciresi had

subsequently warned him against approaching Coccoli for a bribe but

had suggested that O'Sullivan could be approached by his former




                                   -5-
business partner, Edward Imondi, whom Zambarano knew.2              Zambarano

also told Caranci that although Ciresi had received "a few thousand

dollars" for his involvement in the supermarket bribe, "[h]e seems

like he doesn't want nothing doin" in the mill bribe.

              On April 4, 2010, Zambarano notified Caranci that Ciresi

was   "out"    but   that   Imondi   had    helped   arrange   a   bribe   from

O'Sullivan and would receive a share of this bribe, just as Ciresi

had received a share of the supermarket bribe.                 In response to

Caranci's questioning about how the bribes were being divided up,

Zambarano disclosed that his own share of the supermarket bribe had

been $2,200 larger than Caranci's because he had done more legwork.

              On April 26, 2010, O'Sullivan delivered a down payment on

the $75,000 bribe to Imondi, who retained his own share and passed

along the remainder to Douglas and Burchfield.             The Town Council

unanimously voted to approve the rezoning application the same day.

B.    Procedural History

              Ciresi was indicted on August 19, 20103 for one count of

bribing a local government official, in violation of 18 U.S.C.

§ 666(a)(2), one count of aiding and abetting an extortion, in

violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 2 and 1951, and one count of conspiring



      2
      Phone records indicate that Zambarano and Ciresi spoke twice
on March 16, 2010, and that Ciresi called Imondi three minutes
after their second conversation.
      3
        Zambarano, Douglas, Burchfield, and Imondi were                    also
indicted. They pleaded guilty to the charges against them.

                                      -6-
to commit the same crimes, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 371.                 The

bribery and extortion charges related only to the supermarket

bribe.    The conspiracy charge also related to the mill bribe.

            The   indictment   included      references   to   a   number   of

recorded statements about Ciresi made by Zambarano to Caranci in

the course of both bribes.          The government sought to introduce

these statements during trial.       Zambarano did not testify.       Ciresi

moved to exclude as hearsay any of Zambarano's statements that

postdated   the completion     of   the     supermarket   bribe.     He    also

objected to the admission of all of Zambarano's statements to

Caranci, including the February 9, 2009, conversation, under the

Sixth    Amendment's   Confrontation       Clause.    Consistent    with    the

procedures we outlined in United States v. Ciampaglia, 628 F.2d 632

(1st Cir. 1980), the district court provisionally admitted the

statements into evidence. Then, in response to Ciresi's renewal of

his hearsay objection at the trial's end, the court ruled that they

were properly admitted as nonhearsay under Federal Rule of Evidence

801(d)(2)(E).     The district court also summarily rejected Ciresi's

constitutional challenge.

            Ciresi was convicted on April 26, 2011.            On August 3,

2011, he received a sentence that included a 63-month term of

imprisonment.       The   district     court's       Guidelines    sentencing

calculation took into account both the supermarket bribe and, over

Ciresi's protest, the mill bribe.          This timely appeal followed.


                                     -7-
                                      II.

A.    The Hearsay Challenge

            The government sought to admit Zambarano's out-of-court

statements under Federal Rule of Evidence 801(d)(2)(E).              The rule

provides that a statement made by a defendant's coconspirator

"during the course of and in furtherance of the conspiracy" may be

introduced as the nonhearsay admission of a party opponent.                Fed.

R. Evid. 801(d)(2)(E); see also United States v. Díaz, 670 F.3d

332, 348 (1st Cir. 2012); United States v. Fogg, 666 F.3d 13, 15

(1st Cir. 2011).      The proponent of such a statement must prove, by

a    preponderance    of   the   evidence,    that the   declarant   and   the

defendant were members of a conspiracy when the statement was made,

and that the statement was made in furtherance of the conspiracy.

See United States v. Famania-Roche, 537 F.3d 71, 76 (1st Cir.

2008); United States v. Bradshaw, 281 F.3d 278, 283 (1st Cir.

2002). A district court's determination "as to whether this burden

has been met is known in this circuit as a Petrozziello ruling,"

after our holding in United States v. Petrozziello, 548 F.2d 20

(1st Cir. 1977).      United States v. Mitchell, 596 F.3d 18, 23 (1st

Cir. 2010); see also Famania-Roche, 537 F.3d at 75.

            As we explained in Ciampaglia, a district court is not

required to    make    a Petrozziello        ruling   prior to   admitting   a

statement under Rule 801(d)(2)(E).            Instead, the court may admit

the statement provisionally when it is introduced, deferring a


                                      -8-
final decision until the close of evidence.             See 628 F.2d at 638;

see also Bradshaw, 281 F.3d at 283.           To preserve a challenge to a

district court's Petrozziello ruling, a defendant must object on

hearsay grounds when his or her coconspirator's statement is

provisionally admitted and must renew the objection at the close of

evidence.       See United States v. Avilés-Colón, 536 F.3d 1, 13-14

(1st Cir. 2008).      We review preserved challenges for clear error.

See United States v. Fernández-Hernández, 652 F.3d 56, 74 (1st Cir.

2011); United States v. Thompson, 449 F.3d 267, 273 (1st Cir.

2006).       Unpreserved challenges are reviewed for plain error.          See

Fernández-Hernández, 652 F.3d at 74.

               In this case, when the first of Zambarano's recorded

statements to Caranci was introduced at trial, Ciresi objected on

hearsay grounds, citing Petrozziello.          When the next statement was

introduced, Ciresi objected again, noting that he construed our

precedent to require him to interrupt proceedings with a hearsay

objection each time one of Zambarano's statements was mentioned.

The government agreed to "waive any argument that he would have to

[object] every time," and the district court permitted Ciresi to

lodge    a    continuing   objection    to   all   of   Zambarano's   recorded

statements.       At the close of evidence, Ciresi renewed his hearsay

objection, again adverting to Petrozziello.

               In light of these circumstances, we review Ciresi's

challenge for clear error.        "This deferential standard of review


                                       -9-
places a heavy burden on a defendant seeking to overturn a . . .

Petrozziello ruling."           United States v. Newton, 326 F.3d 253, 257

(1st Cir. 2003).

            Ciresi raises three arguments in his hearsay challenge to

Zambarano's statements.           First, he contends that the supermarket

bribe and     the      mill    bribe   were       in    fact    separate   conspiracies

involving separate actors, and that he never participated in the

mill bribe.      Second, he argues that even if the two bribes were

part of   the        same scheme,      he    affirmatively          withdrew     from the

conspiracy before the mill bribe occurred.                      Third, he asserts that

Zambarano's      statements       were      not       made    in   furtherance     of    the

conspiracy.      We address each argument in turn.

            1.       Separate Conspiracies

            Ciresi argues that the district court should have drawn

a hard line between the supermarket bribe and the mill bribe

because they were separate conspiracies and he only partook in the

former.     To       determine    whether         a    set    of   criminal     activities

constitutes      a    single    conspiracy,           we     generally   look    to     three

factors: (1) the existence of a common goal, (2) overlap among the

activities'      participants,         and    (3)       interdependence         among    the

participants.        See United States v. Dellosantos, 649 F.3d 109, 117

(1st Cir. 2011); United States v. Sánchez-Badillo, 540 F.3d 24, 29

(1st Cir. 2008).          None of these factors is conclusive standing

alone; instead, "[w]e look to the totality of the evidence to see


                                            -10-
if it supports a finding of a single conspiracy."   United States v.

Soto-Beniquez, 356 F.3d 1, 19 (1st Cir. 2003).      A general scheme

may exist "notwithstanding variations in personnel and their roles

over time."   United States v. Shea, 211 F.3d 658, 665 (1st Cir.

2000) (quoting United States v. Bello-Perez, 977 F.2d 664, 668 (1st

Cir. 1992)) (internal quotation marks omitted).

          These factors all point toward the existence of a single

conspiracy.   Broadly construed, see Dellosantos, 649 F.3d at 117,

the bribes in this case shared a common goal: extorting clients of

Ciresi who had submitted rezoning applications to the Town Council.

The second factor, overlap among the participants, "is satisfied by

the pervasive involvement of a single core conspirator, or hub

character."   Id. (quoting United States v. Mangual-Santiago, 562

F.3d 411, 422 (1st Cir. 1999)) (internal quotation marks omitted).

Zambarano played such a role here - he participated in both bribes,

shuttled information back and forth among the participants, and

facilitated the activities of the various conspirators.4         His

consistent involvement strongly supports the existence of overlap

between the two schemes.


     4
       Ciresi himself was also arguably part of the conspiracy's
"hub." Due to his representation of the parties seeking to bribe
the councilmen, he had relationships to and crucial information
about all the relevant players.     With Zambarano's aid, he used
these connections to link the conspirators with one another and
suggested useful means of effectuating their common goals. Ciresi
and Zambarano can therefore be seen as joint members of the "hub."
See Newton, 326 F.3d at 255 n.2 (noting that "individual or group
of individuals" may comprise hub of "single, illegal enterprise").

                               -11-
          The third element, interdependence, addresses “whether

the activities of one aspect of the scheme are necessary or

advantageous to the success of another aspect of the scheme.”      Id.

(citations omitted) (quoting Mangual-Santiago, 562 F.3d at 422).

"Each   individual   must   think   the   aspects   of   the   venture

interdependent, and each defendant's state of mind, and not his

mere participation in some branch of the venture, is key."     United

States v. Portela, 167 F.3d 687, 695 (1st Cir. 1999).      Here, each

of the participants understood the bribes' success to hinge on the

others' cooperation.   For example, each of the three councilmen

knew the others' votes were potentially necessary for the seven-

member Town Council to approve the rezoning applications.

          Hence, all of Zambarano's statements about Ciresi fell

within the course of a conspiracy of which he was a member.

          2.   Withdrawal

          Ciresi next contends that even if the two bribes were

part of the same scheme, he withdrew from the conspiracy before the

participants engaged in the mill bribe. See United States v. Abou-

Saada, 785 F.2d 1, 7-8 (1st Cir. 1986); United States v. Mardian,

546 F.2d 973, 978 n.5 (D.C. Cir. 1976) ("Had [the defendant]

withdrawn, the declarations of coconspirators uttered after the

date of his withdrawal would not be admissible against him."). "In

order to withdraw, a conspirator must act affirmatively either to

defeat or disavow the purposes of the conspiracy."       United States


                                -12-
v. Juodakis, 834 F.2d 1099, 1102 (1st Cir. 1987) (per curiam); see

also United States v. Pizarro-Berríos, 448 F.3d 1, 10 (1st Cir.

2006). "Typically, that requires either . . . a full confession to

authorities     or   a   communication       by     the     accused      to   his

co-conspirators that he has abandoned the enterprise and its

goals.”     United States v. Piper, 298 F.3d 47, 53 (1st Cir. 2002)

(quoting Juodakis, 834 F.2d at 1102) (internal quotation marks

omitted).      Moreover,    the   "[m]ere    cessation       of   activity     in

furtherance of the conspiracy does not constitute withdrawal."

Juodakis, 834 F.2d at 1102 (quoting United States v. Dunn, 758 F.2d

30, 37 (1st Cir. 1985)) (internal quotation marks omitted).                   This

standard is "strict" and not easily met.            Id.

            Ciresi's argument relies primarily on a statement made

during    Zambarano's    March    28,   2010,     discussion      with   Caranci

regarding the pending mill bribe.          Zambarano reported that Ciresi

"seems like he doesn't want nothing doin."                Zambarano also told

Caranci on April 4, 2010, that Ciresi was "out."

            These remarks are ambiguous, however, and do not clearly

evince a "change of heart or abandonment."                  United States v.

Arboleda, 929 F.2d 858, 871 (1st Cir. 1991).              Indeed, Zambarano's

statements are even more equivocal when viewed in their full

context.    As the district court noted in its Petrozziello ruling,

Ciresi played a crucial role in facilitating the mill bribe.

According to Zambarano, Ciresi said he was "going to try" to


                                    -13-
arrange a bribe and then steered Zambarano away from Coccoli and

toward O'Sullivan, proposing Imondi as a middleman.                            Phone records

corroborate that Ciresi spoke to Zambarano and Imondi in quick

succession on March 16, 2010, during the mill bribe's planning

stage.     Against this backdrop, that Ciresi was "out" could easily

have     just     meant    that      he    would     not       again        directly    broker

negotiations       or     hand-deliver       the     bribe,      as     he    had    with     the

supermarket bribe.          See Juodakis, 834 F.2d at 1102.                     As a result,

we   are   satisfied       that      Ciresi's       membership         in    the    conspiracy

extended through the mill bribe phase, and any statement made by

Zambarano in the context of either bribe was made during the course

of a conspiracy involving Ciresi.

             3.    In Furtherance of the Conspiracy

             Ciresi argues that even if he was a participant in the

entire     conspiracy,         any    statements         about    Ciresi's          role     that

Zambarano made after the completion of the supermarket bribe were

mere   narratives         of    past      events     that      did     not     satisfy       Rule

801(d)(2)(E)'s "in furtherance" requirement.                           See, e.g., United

States v. Warman, 578 F.3d 320, 338 (6th Cir. 2009) ("[M]ere idle

chatter or casual conversation about past events is not considered

a statement in furtherance of the conspiracy.") (quoting United

States v. Darwich, 337 F.3d 645, 657 (6th Cir. 2003)); United

States v. Santos, 20 F.3d 280, 286 (7th Cir. 1994) ("[N]arrative

discussions       of    past    events      .   .    .    do     not    satisfy        the   'in


                                            -14-
furtherance'    requirement   of      Rule   801(d)(2)(E).").

          There are three such statements, or groups of statements.

We consider each in turn, keeping in mind that "a coconspirator's

statement is considered to be in furtherance of the conspiracy as

long as it tends to promote one or more of the objects of the

conspiracy."   United States v. Piper, 298 F.3d 47, 54 (1st Cir.

2002).   "To be deemed 'in furtherance,' a statement 'need not be

necessary or even important to the conspiracy, or even made to a

coconspirator, as long as it can be said to advance the goals of

the conspiracy in some way.'"      Id. (quoting United States v.

Martínez-Medina, 279 F.3d 105, 117 (1st Cir. 2002)).            It is

immaterial that the person to whom the statement is made is a

government informant, like Caranci, as long as the statement itself

was made in furtherance of the common scheme.     See Avilés-Colón,

536 F.3d at 15.5

          The first statements at issue were made on February 11,

2009, the day after the Town Council approved Baccari's rezoning



     5
       We note that while a government agent cannot be considered
a part of a conspiracy, this rule "has relevance only in situations
where the conspiracy involves only [one] defendant and a government
informer. In that situation there can be no conspiracy because it
takes two to conspire . . . ." United States v. Giry, 818 F.2d
120, 126 (1st Cir. 1987) (alteration in original) (citation
omitted) (quoting United States v. Martino, 648 F.2d 367, 405 (5th
Cir. Unit A June 1981)) (internal quotation mark omitted).       By
contrast, the Rule 801(d)(2)(E) analysis focuses on whether the
speaker "regarded" or "viewed" the listener as a coconspirator when
making the statements, regardless of whether the listener truly
shared the conspiracy's goals. Avilés-Colón, 536 F.3d at 15-16.

                               -15-
application.    After paying Caranci his share of the supermarket

bribe, and thereby effectively bringing that bribe to a close, cf.

United States v. Fields, 871 F.2d 188, 199 (1st Cir. 1989) (stating

that conspiracy had not ended because "[p]roceeds . . . were still

to be distributed"), Zambarano hinted that other bribes might be in

store for them and described how simple the supermarket bribe had

been to arrange:

          I went down to Baccari's. . . . Because
          remember that all the councilmen were invited
          to go down there. . . . Well, what happened
          was I'm very close to Bobby Ciresi. I'm very
          close to him. And he said to me, "John, I'm
          gonna make you last," he said, "Because if you
          want, if youse want something, you're the guy
          that's gonna do the deal.      I already told
          [Baccari] that he doesn't want to talk to
          anybody else about it." So I went down there
          and we, we showed [Baccari] the plans and he
          said to Bobby, "Did you say you had to go
          bring something to my secretary?" That was a
          way of getting him out of the office. . . . He
          says . . . "Now we're here to do business."
          So I said "All right." And I said, "How does
          twenty-five sound?" He said, "That's fine."
          Just like that.

Zambarano added that he "could have said fifty" and that "next

time" he would ask for more money.

          These comments were not simply idle chatter or narratives

of past events.    They were calculated to impress upon Caranci the

ease with which other bribes could be solicited in the future.   As

such, they set the table for the mill bribe and furthered the

conspiracy.    See United States v. Pelletier, 845 F.2d 1126, 1128

(1st Cir. 1988) ("Statements . . . made for the purpose of inducing

                                -16-
continuing participation in the conspiracy, are statements made in

furtherance   of   the    conspiracy.");        see   also    United      States   v.

Sepulveda, 15 F.3d 1161, 1181 (1st Cir. 1993) ("[T]he sharing of

pertinent   information         about   a   conspiracy's     mode   of    operation

furthers the conspiratorial ends . . . .").                  They also served to

reassure    Caranci      that     Zambarano     was   looking       out    for     the

conspiracy's profitability, see Newton, 326 F.3d at 260, and to

familiarize Caranci with the respective roles Zambarano and Ciresi

had played in the supermarket bribe and, presumably, would continue

to play down the road, see Avilés-Colón, 536 F.3d at 15.

            The second group of statements was made on March 28,

2010. In a conversation about the mill bribe's progress, Zambarano

told Caranci that Ciresi had never before worked with Coccoli and

was apprehensive about approaching him for a bribe. Zambarano then

alluded to Ciresi's role in the supermarket bribe: "Bobby was

involved in the other one. . . . See him and . . . Baccari they

were like that.    So it was easy."          He also repeated the details of

how Ciresi had introduced him to Baccari, mentioning for the first

time that Ciresi had been unaware of Caranci's involvement in the

supermarket bribe but that he had recently notified Ciresi that the

mill bribe would have to be split four ways among the councilmen:

            [T]he last one Bobby was a party to. . . .
            [H]e was the one that set up the meeting with
            . . . Baccari. And I went down there and I
            was, sat in his office.     I told you that
            story. And he said you know what's going on
            and I told him what was going on. . . . So

                                        -17-
             . . . we gave Bobby some money. We gave him a
             few thousand dollars . . . but this time I
             said, Bob, there's four votes, I said it's
             gonna be four. . . . [H]e never even knows who
             was involved with the last time.      He just,
             Bobby Ciresi, he just knows with me.

             These statements plainly were in furtherance of the

ongoing conspiracy.          They were intended to reassure Caranci that

Zambarano was dealing squarely with him and that he would receive

a fair share of the mill bribe.             See United States v. Siegelman,

640   F.3d   1159,    1181    (11th    Cir.     2011)   ("[S]tatements      between

conspirators which provide reassurance [or] serve to maintain trust

and   cohesiveness     among    them    .   .   .   further   the    ends   of   the

conspiracy . . . ." (second alteration in original) (quoting United

States v. Ammar, 714 F.2d 238, 252 (3d Cir. 1983))).                 In addition,

they helped explain why, by comparison to the supermarket bribe,

the mill bribe was proceeding slowly: there was no close personal

relationship, such as had existed between Ciresi and Baccari, to

speed   along   the    mill    bribe.       Therefore,     they     furthered    the

conspiracy by keeping Caranci "abreast of current developments and

problems facing the group."           United States v. Flemmi, 402 F.3d 79,

95 (1st Cir. 2005) (quoting United States v. Jefferson, 215 F.3d

820, 824 (8th Cir. 2000)); see also United States v. Rivera-Donate,

682 F.3d 120, 131-32 (1st Cir. 2012); Diaz, 670 F.3d at 349.

             The third group of statements was made on April 4, 2010.

In the course of a conversation about how the mill bribe would be

divided, Caranci expressed some concern about whether his share of

                                        -18-
the supermarket bribe had been equivalent to everyone else's,

saying that he "felt bad after . . . thinking about it."              Zambarano

explained that his portion had been $2,200 larger because he had

assumed the risk of meeting face-to-face with Baccari:

            I went there twice in this fucking guy's
            office, face to face with, ah, Richard Baccari
            negotiating this deal. . . . Well, when I went
            down to Richard's, that was the first time I
            ever did something like that, right, and he
            said come on in, come on in. Now Bobby was
            like, Bobby Ciresi's like this with him so he
            knew. And Bobby says "He does that all the
            time, Johnny, but you gotta go talk to him."

Zambarano   then   described   how    he    also   had   been   the    one   who

rendezvoused with Ciresi after the rezoning vote:

            I called Bobby on his cell phone and I said
            what's the plan? He said meet him down there
            in the parking lot. So I go down there in the
            parking lot. So I go down there I got, I was
            in this car, right. I pulled up, his . . .
            his Mercedes, whatever were parked this way.
            There was, I pulled up close, close, I opened
            the window, he threw the money in it, a bag
            right on my lap.        He says thank you,
            bud. . . . So that wasn't worth $2,200 more?
            . . . . I mean I'm, I'm, I'm a pretty fair
            guy.

From Zambarano's perspective, these statements served to placate

Caranci and forestall any dissension among the councilmen in the

weeks leading up to the mill bribe.                As such, they were in

furtherance of the charged conspiracy.         See Siegelman, 640 F.3d at

1181; Newton, 326 F.3d at 260.

            In sum, Zambarano's recorded statements to Caranci about

Ciresi were all made during the course of and in furtherance of an

                                     -19-
ongoing, multi-phase conspiracy in which Ciresi was an active

member. Accordingly, they were admissible as nonhearsay under Rule

801(d)(2)(E).     There was no clear error in the district court's

Petrozziello ruling.

B.    The Constitutional Challenge

            Because Zambarano did not testify during the trial, and

hence was not subject to cross-examination, Ciresi argues that the

admission of his recorded statements violated the Confrontation

Clause of the Sixth Amendment, which provides that "[i]n all

criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right . . . to

be confronted with the witnesses against him."         U.S. Const. amend.

VI.

            As Ciresi acknowledges, however, the Supreme Court has

held that the Confrontation Clause only applies to statements that

are deemed testimonial.         Davis v. Washington, 547 U.S. 813, 821

(2006).     The   Court   has    also   commented   that   statements   made

unwittingly to a government informant are "clearly nontestimonial."

Id. (citing Bourjaily v. United States, 483 U.S. 171, 181-84

(1987)); see also Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36, 56 (2004)

(stating that "statements in furtherance of a conspiracy" are "by

their nature" not testimonial).         Ciresi attempts to dismiss these

statements as mere dicta, but the Court's instruction cannot be

cast aside so easily.      See United States v. Jiminéz-Beltre, 440

F.3d 514, 517 (1st Cir. 2006) (en banc); McCoy v. MIT, 950 F.2d 13,


                                    -20-
19 (1st Cir. 1991) (concluding that “federal appellate courts are

bound by the Supreme Court's considered dicta almost as firmly as

by the Court's outright holdings, particularly when . . . a dictum

is    of   recent    vintage    and    not    enfeebled   by   any    subsequent

statement”).

             Moreover, we have already addressed this issue post-

Crawford    and     concluded   that   coconspirator      statements    such   as

Zambarano's are, by their nature, not testimonial.                   See Rivera-

Donate, 682 F.3d at 132 n.11; United States v. De La Paz-Rentas,

613 F.3d 18, 28 (1st Cir. 2010); United States v. Malpica-Garcia,

489 F.3d 393, 397 (1st Cir. 2007) (holding that coconspirator

statements were nontestimonial because they were "made in the

course of private conversations or in casual remarks that no one

expected would be preserved or used later at trial").6               Even if the

Court's statements do not explicitly bind us, our prior precedents

do.

             Recognizing this obstacle, Ciresi contends that Davis and

Michigan v. Bryant, 131 S. Ct. 1143 (2011), have clarified that

"[i]n determining whether a declarant's statements are testimonial,

courts should look to all of the relevant circumstances," including



      6
      Our sister circuits are in accord. See, e.g., United States
v. Farhane, 634 F.3d 127, 162-63 (2d Cir. 2011); United States v.
Underwood, 446 F.3d 1340, 1347-48 (11th Cir. 2006); United States
v. Jenkins, 419 F.3d 614, 618 (7th Cir. 2005); United States v.
Delgado, 401 F.3d 290, 299 (5th Cir. 2005); United States v.
Hendricks, 395 F.3d 173, 183-84 (3d Cir. 2005).

                                       -21-
the "statements and actions of both the declarant and interrogators

. . . ."   Id. at 1160-62; see also Davis, 547 U.S. at 828 (stating

that circumstances      surrounding     encounter with        law   enforcement

personnel did not "objectively indicate" that declarant's statement

was testimonial).       This language, Ciresi argues, constitutes an

"express rejection" of Crawford's focus on the intentions of the

declarant and demands that we revisit our previous holding. Ciresi

ignores,    however,    that    the    Supreme     Court      recently   placed

coconspirator remarks in a category of statements that, "by their

nature, [are] made for a purpose other than use in a prosecution,"

suggesting their nontestimonial nature. Bryant, 131 S. Ct. at 1157

n.9. Accordingly, we perceive nothing in Crawford's recent progeny

that mandates a reevaluation of our prior opinions.

            In short, Supreme Court precedents and our prior opinions

foreclose Ciresi's arguments. Thus we find no constitutional error

in the admission of Zambarano's statements.

C.   The Sentencing Challenge

            During sentencing, Ciresi argued that he should be held

accountable only for the $25,000 supermarket bribe, and not for the

$75,000 mill bribe.     Overruling his objections, the district court

added to Ciresi's base offense level a two-level increase for being

"involved in more than one bribe," USSG § 2C1.1(b)(1), and an

eight-level increase because the bribes had totaled more than

$70,000    but   less   than   $120,000,     see   id.   §§    2B1.1(b)(1)(E),


                                      -22-
2C1.1(b)(2).    These increases brought Ciresi's total offense level

to 26 and, paired with a criminal history category of I, produced

a Guidelines sentencing range of 63 - 78 months imprisonment.              The

district court imposed an incarcerative term at the bottom of the

range: 63 months.    If Ciresi's objections had been sustained, and

the mill bribe had not been counted against him, his Guidelines

sentencing range would have been 33 - 41 months imprisonment.

           We review the district court's Guidelines calculation de

novo and any predicate factual findings for clear error.                United

States v. Thomas, 635 F.3d 13, 16 (1st Cir. 2011).                On appeal,

Ciresi challenges the district court's factual finding that he

should be held responsible for the mill bribe as well as the

supermarket bribe.

           We discern no error.        As we have already established,

Ciresi   was   actively   involved    in    both   phases   of   the   charged

conspiracy.    He was instrumental in bringing about the mill bribe,

dissuading Zambarano from approaching Coccoli for a bribe, advising

him instead to approach O'Sullivan, and proposing Imondi as a

middleman. Therefore, the increases to his base offense level were

warranted.

           The only remaining issue is a minor one. The supermarket

bribe and the mill bribe add up to $100,000, and the district court

apparently relied upon that sum in sentencing Ciresi. However, the

written judgment of conviction incorrectly reflects a total bribe


                                     -23-
amount of $107,000.    This figure includes two bribes in which, as

the government concedes, Ciresi was uninvolved.       This mistake

appears to have been inadvertent, and it did not affect Ciresi's

sentence.    Nevertheless, it must be corrected.

                                III.

            We affirm with an instruction to the district court to

correct Ciresi's written judgment of conviction to reflect a total

bribe amount of $100,000, not $107,000.

            So ordered.




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