[Cite as State v. Puckett, 191 Ohio App.3d 747, 2010-Ohio-6597.]



                              IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
                                 FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                       ROSS COUNTY


The STATE OF OHIO,                                    :

        Appellee,                                     :    Case No. 10CA3153

        v.                                            :

PUCKETT,                                              :            DECISION AND JUDGMENT
                                                                   ENTRY
        Appellant.                                    :

_____________________________________________________________

                                            APPEARANCES:

Michael M. Ater, Ross County Prosecuting Attorney, and Richard W. Clagg, Assistant
Prosecuting Attorney, for appellee.

Benjamin J. Partee, for appellant.

_________________________________________________________________
CRIMINAL APPEAL FROM COMMON PLEAS COURT
DATE JOURNALIZED: 12-28-10

        ABELE, Judge.

        {¶ 1} This is an appeal from a Ross County Common Pleas Court judgment of conviction

and sentence. The trial court found Darrell A. Puckett, defendant below and appellant herein,

guilty of rape, in violation of R.C. 2907.02, and sentenced him to life in prison.

        {¶ 2} Appellant raises the following assignments of error for review:

        FIRST ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR:

        The trial court committed a plain error when it allowed the appellant’s confession
        to be admitted as the appellee had not established the corpus delicti of the offense of
        rape.
ROSS, 10CA3153                                                                                   2

       SECOND ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR:

       Appellant’s conviction on the third count of rape was against the manifest weight of
       the evidence.

       {¶ 3} On September 4, 2009, the Ross County Grand Jury returned an indictment that

charged appellant with three counts of rape based upon three separate incidents: (1) count one

concerned conduct alleged to have occurred between February 18, 2008, and July 4, 2008; (2)

count two concerned conduct alleged to have occurred between January 1, 2009, and April 1,

2009; and (3) count three concerned conduct alleged to have occurred on August 18, 2009.

Appellant entered not-guilty pleas.

       {¶ 4} On January 11 and 12, 2010, the trial court held a bench trial.      Neri Dewitt, the

victim’s mother, stated that on August 18, 2009 she underwent outpatient surgery while appellant,

her father, watched her two children: a three-year-old daughter and a seven-year-old son. After

she returned home from the surgery, her son told her about some activity that happened while she

was at the hospital. Dewitt then “immediately” took her daughter to the hospital. At the

hospital, medical professionals conducted a physical examination of the child, which included an

examination to determine whether she had been subjected to a sexual assault. The examination

did not reveal any physical signs of sexual assault.

       {¶ 5} John Puckett, appellant’s son, testified that in July 2009, he had had a conversation

with appellant. Appellant related that he did not understand why Dewitt believed he had done

something to her daughter. “He kept denying that he ever did anything to [the victim].” John

stated that appellant “then just out of the blue * * * said it wouldn’t have happened if she didn’t

look so much like your mother. And I said what are you talking about? He said the little girl just

looks so much like your mom, I wouldn’t have did [sic] anything if she didn’t.” John then stated
ROSS, 10CA3153                                                                                      3

that he thinks this conversation occurred in July 2008, “after the first allegation.”1

       {¶ 6} Ross County Sheriff’s Detective Tony Wheaton testified that on August 18, 2009,

he was dispatched to Adena Regional Medical Center to investigate the possible sexual abuse of a

three-year-old girl. Upon his arrival, medical personnel informed him that the victim was

undergoing a sexual-assault examination. Detective Wheaton stated that on August 24, 2009, he

interviewed appellant.     The detective stated that he tape-recorded the interview, and the

prosecution then played the tape.2 Detective Wheaton further stated that he reviewed the findings

of the sexual-assault examination3 and explained that it is not unusual for an examination to fail to

reveal physical findings of sexual assault, especially in a case involving digital penetration.

       {¶ 7} The prosecution then attempted to call the victim’s brother to the witness stand, but

apparently, he was reluctant. The court then continued the trial until the next day.

       {¶ 8} The next day, the victim’s brother took the stand. He stated that he remembered

the day his mother went to the hospital for outpatient surgery but stated that he had stayed at his

aunt’s house while she was at the hospital and that his grandfather was not present. He further

stated that although he recalled his grandfather watching him and his little sister, he did not



       1
          The court later observed that although John testified that appellant made the
incriminating statements in July 2009 or 2008, the sexual-abuse allegations did not arise until
August 2009. The court thus concluded that John must have incorrectly recalled the date, but not
the substance, of the conversation with appellant.
       2
         We observe that although the trial transcript indicates that the tape cassette was played, it
does not contain a transcription of that tape.
       3
          The parties stipulated to the admission of this sexual-assault report. We, however, have
been unable to locate it in the record transmitted to this court. Because the parties do not dispute
the findings of the examination, we rely upon the parties’ representations and the trial testimony
concerning this report.
ROSS, 10CA3153                                                                                     4

remember anything “unusual” that happened. He testified that he recalls telling his mother “about

something” that his grandfather did to his sister, but he could not remember what it was.

       {¶ 9} After the prosecution completed its case, and moved to admit appellant’s taped

confession into evidence, appellant objected. In particular, appellant argued that because the

prosecution failed to present sufficient evidence to prove the corpus delicti of the offense of rape,

the trial court should not permit appellant’s confession to be introduced as evidence. Appellant

recognized that he did not object when the prosecution played the tape during its case-in-chief, but

he decided to object “in light of the evidence that has been received elsewhere in this trial on that

ground that * * * the requirement of corpus delicti has not been established by any subsequent

evidence offered to this court.”

       {¶ 10} The trial court overruled appellant’s objection and explained:

               We have in this case evidence that shows that, at this point and time, that
       [appellant] was the grandfather of [the victim], who at the time I believe was either
       two or three years old. * * * He had the care * * * of [the victim], and the care of *
       * * her brother * * * while * * * the children’s mother was having same day
       surgery. When [the mother] came home from the surgery, [the boy] said
       something to her that caused her to immediately take [the victim] to the hospital for
       an examination. There was no * * * physical evidence of any abuse of [the
       victim]. Subsequently there was an interview of [appellant] in which he admitted
       to inserting a digit approximately ½" into [the victim’s] vagina. * * * Also
       [appellant] made a statement to his son, John, in which he initially said that [the
       children’s mother] was telling lies and then suddenly said I wouldn’t have done
       anything if the little girl hadn’t looked so much like her grandmother. So, in
       addition to [appellant]’s confession, we have something that was said by [the boy]
       to his mother, which led her to take [the victim] to the hospital for an examination.
       We also have [appellant]’s statement to his son, John Puckett. I believe that either
       one of these in and of itself would be sufficient to establish the corpus delicti.

The trial court thus determined that the prosecution had established the corpus delicti with respect

to the August 2009 rape charge. However, the court also found that the prosecution did not

establish the corpus delicti with respect to the remaining two counts that allegedly occurred
ROSS, 10CA3153                                                                                    5

between February 18, 2008, and July 4, 2008, and between January 1, 2009, and April 1, 2009,

respectively.   Thus, the court dismissed those counts.        The court further determined that

appellant’s taped confession with respect to the third count would be admitted into evidence.

       {¶ 11} Appellant did not present any evidence, and the trial court deemed the matter

submitted. After a recess, the court returned with its verdict and found appellant guilty of one

count of rape. On March 9, 2010, the court sentenced appellant to serve life imprisonment without

the possibility of parole. This appeal followed.

                                                   I

       {¶ 12} In his first assignment of error, appellant asserts that the trial court erred by

admitting his confession into evidence when the prosecution failed to present sufficient evidence

independent of his confession to establish the corpus delicti of the crime of rape.

                                                 A

                                         PLAIN ERROR

       {¶ 13} We first observe that appellant failed to object to the admission of his confession

when the prosecution first introduced it during the detective’s testimony. Instead, appellant

objected at the close of the prosecution’s evidence. Appellant thus asserted that the prosecution

did not prove the corpus delicti, thus rendering his confession inadmissible.

       {¶ 14} We believe that appellant should have objected when the prosecution introduced

his confession, not after the close of evidence and after the prosecution had already introduced the

damaging testimony. See State v. Lortz, Summit App. No. 23762, 2008-Ohio-3108, at ¶ 13

(refusing to consider corpus delicti argument when defendant failed to object when written

confession admitted). Thus, because appellant did not timely object, he has waived all but plain
ROSS, 10CA3153                                                                                      6

error. See id. It is well settled that we may notice plain errors or defects affecting substantial

rights, despite an appellant’s failure to bring them to the attention of the trial court. Crim.R.

52(B). Plain error exists when the error is plain or obvious and when the error “affect[s]

‘substantial rights.’ ” The error affects substantial rights when “ but for the error, ‘the outcome of

the trial [proceeding] clearly would have been otherwise.’ ” State v. Litreal, 170 Ohio App.3d

670, 2006-Ohio-5416, 868 N.E.2d 1018, at ¶ 11, quoting State v. Barnes (2002), 94 Ohio St.3d 21,

27, 759 N.E.2d 1240. Generally, courts may take notice of plain error only with the utmost of

caution, under exceptional circumstances, and to prevent a manifest miscarriage of justice. State

v. Gardner, 118 Ohio St.3d 420, 2008-Ohio-2787, 889 N.E.2d 995, at ¶ 78; State v. Patterson,

Washington App. No. 05CA16, 2006-Ohio-1902, at ¶ 13. A reviewing court should consider

noticing plain error only if the error “ ‘ “seriously affect[s] the fairness, integrity or public

reputation of judicial proceedings.” ’ ” Barnes, 94 Ohio St.3d at 27, quoting United States v.

Olano (1993), 507 U.S. 725, 736, 113 S.Ct. 1770, 123 L.Ed.2d 508, quoting United States v.

Atkinson (1936), 297 U.S. 157, 160, 56 S.Ct. 391, 80 L.Ed. 555.

                                                  B

                                    STANDARD OF REVIEW

       {¶ 15} We review a trial court’s decision as to whether the state established the corpus

delicti of a crime under a manifest-weight-of-the-evidence standard. See In re W.B. II, Highland

App. No. 08CA18, 2009-Ohio-1707, at ¶ 31 and 32. Thus, we will uphold the trial court’s

decision as long as the record contains some competent and credible evidence independent of the

defendant’s confession to establish that a crime occurred. See, e.g., State v. Maranda (1916), 94

Ohio St. 364, 114 N.E. 1038, paragraphs one and two of the syllabus; W.B. at ¶ 32.
ROSS, 10CA3153                                                                                      7

                                                   C

                                         CORPUS DELICTI

        {¶ 16} Our decision in W.B. contains a detailed explanation of the corpus delicti

requirement:

                 The corpus delicti of a crime is essentially the fact of the crime itself. State
        v. Hofer, Adams App. No. 07CA835, 2008-Ohio-242, ¶ 36; see, also, State v.
        Haynes (1998), 130 Ohio App.3d 31, 34, 719 N.E.2d 576. It is comprised of “(1)
        The act [and] (2) the criminal agency of the act.” State v. Maranda (1916), 94
        Ohio St. 364, 114 N.E. 1038, paragraph one of the syllabus. See, also, State v.
        Edwards (1976), 49 Ohio St.2d 31, 34, 358 N.E.2d 1051, vacated on other grounds
        (1978), 438 U.S. 911, 98 S.Ct. 3147, 57 L.Ed.2d 1155; Van Hook, supra, at 261,
        530 N.E.2d 883. ‘It has long been established as a general rule in Ohio that there
        must be some evidence outside of a confession, tending to establish the corpus
        delicti, before such confession is admissible.’ Maranda at paragraph two of the
        syllabus. In other words, the state must produce independent evidence of the
        corpus delicti of a crime before the court may admit an extrajudicial confession.
        Hofer at ¶ 36, citing Maranda at paragraph two of the syllabus and Haynes at 34,
        719 N.E.2d 576.
                 “The quantum or weight of such outside or extraneous evidence is not of
        itself to be equal to proof beyond a reasonable doubt, nor even enough to make it a
        prima facie case. It is sufficient if there is some evidence outside of the confession
        that tends to prove some material element of the crime charged.” Maranda at
        paragraph two of the syllabus. (Emphasis sic.); see, also, Edwards, supra. That
        evidence may be direct or circumstantial. Maranda at 371, 114 N.E. 1038; State v.
        Nicely (1988), 39 Ohio St.3d 147, 154-155, 529 N.E.2d 1236; State v. Clark (1995),
        106 Ohio App.3d 426, 431, 666 N.E.2d 308.
                 In Edwards, supra, the Supreme Court of Ohio noted the historical origins
        of the corpus delicti rule were designed to protect an accused from being convicted
        of a crime that never occurred. The court stated that, in light of the “vast number
        of procedural safeguards protecting the due-process rights of criminal defendants,
        the corpus delicti rule is supported by few practical or social-policy
        considerations.” (Emphasis sic.) Id. at 35-36, 358 N.E.2d 1051. Accordingly,
        there is “little reason to apply the rule with a dogmatic vengeance.” Id.; see, also,
        State v. Ferris (Jan. 29, 2001), Lawrence App. No. 00CA12, 2001 WL 243424, at
        *6. The burden upon the state to provide some evidence of the corpus delicti is
        minimal. Edwards at 36, 358 N.E.2d 1051; see, also, Van Hook, supra.

Id. at ¶ 33-35.

        {¶ 17} In applying the corpus delicti rule in W.B., we determined that the state satisfied the
ROSS, 10CA3153                                                                                    8

minimal requirement to produce some evidence independent of the defendant’s confession to

establish the corpus delicti of the crime of rape. In reaching our decision, we relied upon two

prior cases: State v. Ledford (Jan. 24, 2000), Warren App. No. CA99-05-014, and State v. Hofer,

Adams App. No. 07CA835, 2008-Ohio-242. We discussed those cases as follows:

                In State v. Ledford (Jan. 24, 2000), [Warren] App. No. CA99-05-014, 2000
       WL 127095, the Twelfth District Court of Appeals considered whether the state
       had proved the corpus delicti of the crime where the defendant was charged with
       raping a five-year-old boy. The boy, who did not have any physical signs of
       abuse, told his mother that the defendant had sucked on his penis. When later
       questioned by the police, the defendant confessed that he had raped the boy. At
       trial, the boy recanted. In finding that the state produced some evidence tending to
       prove the material elements of rape, the court specifically noted that the state had
       provided testimony that the boy was six years old at the time of the offense and not
       the defendant’s spouse. Moreover, the mother testified that her child spent the
       night at the defendant’s apartment at the time of the offense, that the boy made a
       statement to her which caused her to call the police and then take him to the
       hospital, and that the hospital staff examined his genitals. The court found that
       such evidence satisfied the corpus delicti requirement for the rape charge.
                We recently considered Ledford when addressing a similar argument in
       Hofer, supra. There, the defendant argued that his trial counsel was deficient for
       failing to object to the admission of his confession on the basis that the state had
       failed to produce any substantive evidence of the corpus delicti of the crime where
       he was charged with performing cunnilingus on a two-year-old girl. In concluding
       that the state presented some evidence outside of the confession that tended to
       prove some material elements of rape, we stated:
                “Here, as in Ledford, the victim’s Mother’s testimony contains some
       evidence of the elements of Hofer’s crime. As she entered the apartment, she saw
       Hofer covered only with a blanket. He appeared to have an erection. She saw her
       naked two-year-old daughter on top of Hofer with her legs down towards Hofer’s
       stomach and her vagina up on Hofer’s face. Based on what the mother saw, she
       testified that she talked to her family, which led to a call to police and a medical
       examination of the child by a qualified SANE nurse.”


Hoffer, 2008-Ohio-242, at ¶ 38-39.

       {¶ 18} We then considered the foregoing rules and principles in light of the facts present in

W.B., 2009-Ohio-1707, and observed that the victim testified that the defendant had touched her
ROSS, 10CA3153                                                                                     9

“down here,” indicating that she meant “the privates,” with his finger and that it had “hurt.” Id. at

¶ 38. The victim’s grandmother testified that while giving the victim a bath, she noticed redness

in the victim’s vaginal area. Id. The grandmother asked the victim what had happened and then

called the victim’s mother. The victim’s mother testified that the grandmother accused the

defendant (the victim’s brother) of touching the victim. Id. The victim’s grandmother contacted

children services, and a detective subsequently scheduled an interview with the defendant. We

concluded that the totality of the facts and inferences constituted some evidence to establish the

corpus delicti.

       {¶ 19} In State v. Edinger, Franklin App. No. 05AP-31, 2006-Ohio-1527, the court

considered the corpus delicti rule under facts similar to those in the case at bar. In Edinger, the

victim’s father informed the mother that the six-year-old victim told him that “someone had been

messing with her in a sexual manner.” Id. at ¶ 7. The mother then contacted the police, who

advised her to take the victim to the hospital. A social worker who talked with the victim testified

that the victim told her that the defendant had “touched her private parts with his mouth and [penis]

when he thought she was asleep * * *. [H]e would roll her over and she would pretend to be

asleep.” Id. at ¶ 10. The nurse who examined the victim stated that she did not find any physical

signs of sexual abuse, but further explained that the exam results were not inconsistent with the

victim’s history. The nurse stated that a child of the victim’s age may be sexually assaulted yet

show no signs of physical trauma. Id. at ¶ 11. During a police interview, the defendant admitted

that he may have had sexual contact with the victim.

       {¶ 20} In determining whether the state had presented sufficient evidence independent of

the defendant’s confession to establish the corpus delicti of the crime, the appellate court excluded
ROSS, 10CA3153                                                                                   10

the victim’s statements from its analysis. Instead, the court relied upon the following facts:

         The defendant lived with [the victim], her mother, and her siblings * * * during the
         relevant time period * * *. In August of 2003, [the victim] made statements to her
         father which prompted her father and her mother to call the police. [The victim]’s
         mother called the police, and, based upon the information which was conveyed to
         the police, [the victim]’s mother was referred to Children’s Hospital. [The victim]
         was seen at Children’s Hospital and, based upon the statements [the victim] made, a
         complete physical examination was conducted, and [the victim] was tested for
         sexually transmitted diseases.

Edinger, 2006-Ohio-1527, ¶ 28. The court determined that the trial court properly found that the

state presented sufficient evidence of the corpus delicti of the crime. Id. at ¶ 32. The court

wrote:

                 The state presented evidence that [the victim] was between two to three
         years old at the time, that she was not defendant’s spouse, that she lived in a home
         with defendant during the relevant time period, that she made certain comments to
         her father which prompted her father and her mother to contact the police, that the
         police referred them to Children’s Hospital, and that thereafter she was examined
         by a medical professional.

Id.

         {¶ 21} While both appellee and appellant recognize that Edinger bears some similarity to

the case at bar, appellant contends that the case at bar is missing one important fact present in

Edinger. Appellant observes that in Edinger, the parents learned of the sexual conduct directly

from the victim, while in the case sub judice, the mother learned of some activity that prompted her

to take the victim to the hospital from the victim’s brother.4 Appellant contends that because the

victim’s mother in the case sub judice did not learn the information first-hand from the victim, the

information that she did learn is somehow inappropriate to consider when determining whether the


         4
          Our recitation of the statements the victim’s brother made is intentionally vague due to
the lack of any admissible evidence as to what the victim stated to his mother.
ROSS, 10CA3153                                                                                    11

prosecution presented sufficient evidence to establish the corpus delicti. We, however, are not

persuaded that the source of the information is of consequence when conducting a corpus delicti

inquiry. Rather, we believe that it is the fact of the information—not necessarily the source of the

information—that is relevant in determining whether sufficient evidence of the corpus delicti

exists.

          {¶ 22} We find State v. Kraft, Hamilton App. No. C-060238, 2007-Ohio-2247, instructive

regarding the above principle, i.e., that it is the fact of the information, and not necessarily the

source of the information, that is relevant in a corpus delicti inquiry. In Kraft, law enforcement

officers learned of the defendant’s sexual abuse of his daughter through an Internet chat room. In

that case, a law enforcement officer posed as a 30-year-old female who had a ten-year old

daughter. While posing, the officer engaged in online conversations with the defendant in which

the defendant informed the posing officer that his daughter was four years old, and that his

daughter “does everything but I don't pentrate [sic] her pussy, I do pentrate [sic] her ass.” Id. at ¶

3. The law enforcement officer did not actually observe the defendant engaging in a sexual act

with his daughter. After the defendant’s arrest, he confessed to officers that he had anally raped

his daughter on two occasions and that he had forced her to perform fellatio on three occasions.

The defendant later admitted to a children services employee that he had sexually abused his

daughter.

          {¶ 23} During a subsequent physical examination of the victim, she stated that “daddy

[had] touched her lady,” the term she used to describe her vaginal area. Id. at ¶ 11. The physical

examination, however, did not reveal any physical signs of sexual trauma.

          {¶ 24} After the victim and her siblings were placed with a foster family, the foster mother
ROSS, 10CA3153                                                                                   12

observed the siblings engaging in a game of a sexual nature. She stated that while she bathed the

children, they engaged in a game they called “choo-choo,” in which they would use their private

parts to bump and grind against the other’s “back end.” Id. at ¶ 12. The foster mother also heard

the victim state that her dad has a “big weewee” and that her dad “put his weewee in her butt and it

hurt.” Id.

       {¶ 25} On appeal, the defendant asserted that his confession was inadmissible because the

state had failed to present sufficient evidence to establish the corpus delicti. The appellate court

disagreed, however, and determined that the following facts sufficiently established the corpus

delicti: (1) a doctor testified that the victim’s “precocious knowledge of sexual activity [was] an

indicator of sexual abuse”; (2) the defendant admitted to the online officer posing as a female that

he had anally raped his daughter and that he could make her perform fellatio; and (3) the defendant

admitted to a children services worker that he had sexually abused his daughter. Id. at ¶ 21-24.

The court did not consider the apparently inadmissible hearsay statements that the victim made in

reaching its decision.

       {¶ 26} We believe that the case at bar falls somewhere in between Edinger and Kraft,

2007-Ohio-2247. Similar to the defendant’s admission to the children services employee in

Kraft, in the case at bar the appellant admitted to his son that he had sexually abused the victim.

Moreover, in the case sub judice, as in Kraft, there was no direct testimony from the victim that

appellant had engaged in a sexual act with her. Rather, the source of the information derived from

(1) the victim’s brother, in the case at bar, and (2) an officer’s online chat with the defendant, in

Kraft. In both Kraft and the case at bar, the evidence of sexual activity is circumstantial. In

Kraft, the circumstantial evidence consisted of (1) the doctor’s testimony that the victim’s
ROSS, 10CA3153                                                                                   13

precocious sexual knowledge indicated sexual abuse; (2) the defendant’s online admission to the

officer posing as a female; and (3) the defendant’s admission to the children services worker. In

the case at bar, the circumstantial evidence consists of (1) the victim’s brother’s relaying some

concerning information to his mother; (2) after learning this information, the mother’s immediate

transfer of the victim to the hospital; and (3) medical personnel’s examination of the victim for

evidence of sexual abuse. We note that although the specifics of the son’s statement are not

apparent in the trial testimony, the mother’s reaction speaks volumes. Obviously, the son had told

her something that made her immediately concerned for the victim’s well-being. Putting all of

these circumstances together leads to an inference that someone had sexually abused the victim.

Additionally, as in Kraft, appellant subsequently confessed his sexual acts to a person unaffiliated

with law enforcement. Like the Kraft court, we believe that the foregoing facts satisfy the

minimal standard necessary to establish the corpus delicti. Even if this evidence does not

constitute prima facie evidence of the crime of rape, it satisfies the minimally sufficient standard

required to establish the corpus delicti.

       {¶ 27} Accordingly, based upon the foregoing reasons, we hereby overrule appellant’s

first assignment of error.

                                                  II

       {¶ 28} In his second assignment of error, appellant asserts that his conviction is against the

manifest weight of the evidence. He argues that aside from his confession, the prosecution

presented no “dispositive evidence showing that the alleged sexual assault had ever occurred.”

       {¶ 29} Initially, we observe that although appellant frames this assignment of error as a

manifest-weight-of-the-evidence       argument,        within   his   argument,    he    uses    the
ROSS, 10CA3153                                                                                   14

sufficiency-of-the-evidence standard of review. Specifically, appellant states that our standard of

review is to view the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, and ask whether any

rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime proven beyond a

reasonable doubt. State v. Jenks (1991), 61 Ohio St.3d 259, 274. We point out, however, that

“sufficiency” and “manifest weight” present two distinct legal concepts. See State v. Thompkins

(1997), 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 678 N.E.2d 541. However, in an abundance of caution and in view of

the life sentence that appellant received, we will review appellant’s second assignment of error

using both the manifest-weight standard and the sufficiency standard.

       {¶ 30} When reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence, our inquiry focuses primarily

upon the adequacy of the evidence; that is, whether the evidence, if believed, reasonably could

support a finding of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. See Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d at 386

(“sufficiency is the test of adequacy”); Jenks, 61 Ohio St.3d at 273, 574 N.E.2d 492. The

standard of review is whether, after viewing the probative evidence and inferences reasonably

drawn therefrom in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have

found all the essential elements of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt. Jackson v. Virginia

(1979), 443 U.S. 307, 99 S.Ct. 2781, 61 L.Ed.2d 560; Jenks at 273. Furthermore, a reviewing

court is not to assess “whether the state's evidence is to be believed, but whether, if believed, the

evidence against a defendant would support a conviction.”           Thompkins at 390 (Cook, J.,

concurring).

       {¶ 31} Thus, when reviewing a sufficiency-of-the-evidence claim, an appellate court must

construe the evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution. See State v. Hill (1996), 75

Ohio St.3d 195, 205, 661 N.E.2d 1068; State v. Grant (1993), 67 Ohio St.3d 465, 477, 620 N.E.2d
ROSS, 10CA3153                                                                                  15

50. A reviewing court will not overturn a conviction on a sufficiency-of-the-evidence claim

unless reasonable minds could not reach the conclusion that the trier of fact did. See State v.

Tibbetts (2001), 92 Ohio St.3d 146, 749 N.E.2d 226; State v. Treesh (2001), 90 Ohio St.3d 460,

739 N.E.2d 749.

       {¶ 32} “Although a court of appeals may determine that a judgment of a trial court is

sustained by sufficient evidence, that court may nevertheless conclude that the judgment is against

the weight of the evidence.” Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d at 387. When an appellate court

considers a claim that a conviction is against the manifest weight of the evidence, the court must

dutifully examine the entire record, weigh the evidence, and consider the credibility of witnesses.

The reviewing court must bear in mind, however, that credibility generally is an issue for the trier

of fact to resolve. See State v. Issa (2001), 93 Ohio St.3d 49, 67, 752 N.E.2d 904; State v. DeHass

(1967), 10 Ohio St.2d 230, 227 N.E.2d 212, paragraph one of the syllabus. Once the reviewing

court finishes its examination, the court may reverse the judgment of conviction only if it appears

that the fact-finder, when resolving the conflicts in evidence, “ ‘clearly lost its way and created

such a manifest miscarriage of justice that the conviction must be reversed and a new trial

ordered.’ ” Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d at 387, quoting State v. Martin (1983), 20 Ohio App.3d

172, 175, 485 N.E.2d 717.

       {¶ 33} If the prosecution presented substantial evidence upon which the trier of fact

reasonably could conclude, beyond a reasonable doubt, that the essential elements of the offense

had been established, the judgment of conviction is not against the manifest weight of the

evidence. See State v. Eley (1978), 56 Ohio St.2d 169, 383 N.E.2d 132, syllabus. A reviewing

court should find a conviction against the manifest weight of the evidence only in the “
ROSS, 10CA3153                                                                                   16

‘exceptional case in which the evidence weighs heavily against conviction.’ ” Thompkins, 78

Ohio St.3d at 387, quoting Martin, 20 Ohio App.3d at 175; see also, State v. Lindsey (2000), 87

Ohio St.3d 479, 483, 721 N.E.2d 995.

       {¶ 34} When an appellate court concludes that the weight of the evidence supports a

defendant’s conviction, this conclusion necessarily includes a finding that sufficient evidence

supports the conviction. See State v. Pollitt, Scioto App. No. 08CA3263, 2010-Ohio-2556, at ¶

14. “ ‘Thus, a determination that [a] conviction is supported by the weight of the evidence will

also be dispositive of the issue of sufficiency.’ ” State v. Lombardi, Summit App. No. 22435,

2005-Ohio-4942, at ¶ 9, quoting State v. Roberts (Sept. 17, 1997), Lorain App. No. 96CA006462.

In the case sub judice, therefore, we first consider whether appellant’s conviction is against the

manifest weight of the evidence.

       {¶ 35} R.C. 2907.02(A)(1)(b) sets forth the offense of rape as charged in the case sub

judice as follows: “No person shall engage in sexual conduct with another who is not the spouse of

the offender * * * when * * * ‘[t]he other person is less than thirteen years of age.”

       {¶ 36} In the case at bar, our review reveals that ample competent and credible evidence

supports appellant’s conviction. We do not believe that this is one of the “exceptional” cases that

“weighs heavily against conviction.” Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d at 387. We first observe that

appellant does not raise any argument that the prosecution failed to establish that the victim is not

his spouse or that she is less than 13 years of age. Rather, appellant asserts that the prosecution

failed to present substantial competent and credible evidence that he engaged in sexual conduct

with the victim. We disagree. Appellant confessed to the crime.5 Appellant made statements


       5
           The prosecution introduced appellant’s taped confession at trial. As we earlier noted,
ROSS, 10CA3153                                                                                    17

to his son that indicated that he had sexually abused the victim because she looks like her

grandmother, i.e., appellant’s deceased wife. The victim's mother testified that she learned

information from the victim’s brother, her son, that led her to take the victim to the hospital, where

the victim underwent a sexual assault examination. We believe that the foregoing facts constitute

ample competent and credible evidence that appellant committed the crime of rape.

       {¶ 37} To the extent that appellant asserts that the prosecution failed to produce evidence

independent of his confession to establish the offense, our resolution of appellant’s first

assignment of error adequately disposes of this argument.

       {¶ 38} Furthermore, because we have determined that appellant’s conviction is not against

the manifest weight of the evidence, we have necessarily concluded that sufficient evidence

supports his conviction. Thus, to the extent that appellant asserts that the prosecution failed to

present sufficient evidence to support his conviction, we disagree.

       {¶ 39} Accordingly, based upon the foregoing reasons, we hereby overrule appellant’s

second assignment of error and affirm the trial court’s judgment.

                                                                                 Judgment affirmed.

       MCFARLAND, P.J., and HARSHA, J., concur.

                                     __________________

       HARSHA, Judge, concurring.

       {¶ 40} I agree with the analysis of the principal opinion but note that because the corpus


however, the court reporter did not transcribe this tape as part of the trial transcript. Furthermore,
the record transmitted on appeal does not contain the tape introduced at trial. Inasmuch as neither
party disputes the substance of appellant’s confession, we have no reason to question appellant's
confession as indicated in the parties’ briefs.
ROSS, 10CA3153                                                                                  18

delicti rule is foundational in character, the rules of evidence are generally not applicable in the

admissibility analysis. See In re W.B. II, Highland App. No. 08CA18, 2009-Ohio-1707, at ¶ 32.

Accordingly, both the trial court and this court can consider hearsay, if it is deemed reliable, in

deciding whether the appellant’s confession is admissible.
