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           IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                    FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT
                                                                          United States Court of Appeals
                                                                                   Fifth Circuit

                                    No. 14-10826                                 FILED
                                  Summary Calendar                          March 23, 2015
                                                                            Lyle W. Cayce
                                                                                 Clerk
CHONG H. CHOE; GRETCHEN H. CHOE,

                                                 Plaintiffs–Appellants
v.

BANK OF AMERICA, N.A.,

                                                 Defendant–Appellee




                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                        for the Northern District of Texas
                              USDC No. 3:13-CV-120


Before PRADO, OWEN, and GRAVES, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:*
       Plaintiffs–Appellants Chong Choe and Gretchen Choe sued Defendant–
Appellee Bank of America, N.A. for breach of contract, fraud, and violations of
the Texas Debt Collection Practices Act (DCPA) and the Texas Deceptive Trade
Practices Act (DTPA) stemming from Bank of America’s conduct in foreclosure
proceedings and loan-modification negotiations. The district court dismissed
all of the Choes’ claims under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6), save for


       * Pursuant to 5TH CIR. R. 47.5, the court has determined that this opinion should not
be published and is not precedent except under the limited circumstances set forth in 5TH
CIR. R. 47.5.4.
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                                      No. 14-10826
the fraud claim, on which the district court later granted summary judgment.
We affirm.
                                I.   BACKGROUND
       In June 2009, Chong and Gretchen Choe, a married couple, obtained a
loan from Bank of America secured by a mortgage on their home in Dallas,
Texas. 1 The Choes fell behind on their mortgage payments, and in April 2012
they received a letter from Bank of America advising them of “several
programs designed to help homeowners” and informing them that it was
“possible that one could help.” When the Choes contacted Bank of America to
inquire about these programs, Bank of America assigned them Customer
Service Representative Theresa Becker and instructed them to begin collecting
pertinent documents and to review Bank of America’s loan-assistance website.
The website “advised that a [loan] modification would mean that missed
payments would be rolled into a new loan and would be repaid by extending
the loan.” The Choes completed a loan-modification application and submitted
the required documents to Bank of America in May 2012.
       In June 2012, the Choes received separate letters from Bank of America
informing them that their application had been denied because the “assistance
requested was not an option” and the Choes’ application was “incomplete.”
After speaking with Becker, the Choes gathered the missing records and
resubmitted their application. The next month, the Choes contacted Becker to
inquire into the status of their application. Becker stated that the Choes’
request was “under review” and that the Choes “would not go into foreclosure.”
       In July 2012, while their loan-modification application supposedly was
pending, the Choes made a mortgage payment. They allege in their complaint


       1 As most of the Choes’ claims were disposed of on a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss,
the facts of the case are drawn from the Choes’ pleadings. Those facts particularly relevant
to the summary-judgment motion are drawn from the record.
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                                No. 14-10826
that they were “ready, willing, and able to continue to make mortgage
payments” at this time, but they evidently made no additional payments.
      In August 2012, Bank of America sent the Choes a letter indicating that
they were not eligible for a federal Home Affordable Modification Program
(HAMP) loan modification due to their debt-to-income ratio. But in a
subsequent telephone call, the bank disclosed that the Choes’ loan-
modification application had been denied due to the bank’s mislabeling of the
Choes’ second-quarter-2012 profit/loss statement. At Bank of America’s
request, the Choes again resubmitted their application, and the bank again
confirmed—both via mail and via telephone—that it had received the
application and had forwarded it to the appropriate department for review.
      In September 2012, Becker called the Choes and informed them that,
contrary to Bank of America’s previous representations, she had not reviewed
the Choes’ application and had not reopened their loan-modification request
because the bank still was not in possession of the Choes’ second-quarter-2012
profit/loss statement. After the Choes resent their profit/loss statement to
Bank of America, Becker informed the Choes that the bank needed other
updated records, as the earlier-submitted records had gone stale. The Choes
complied with this request and obtained Becker’s assurance that no other
documents would be needed to process their application. Nevertheless, on the
day of this conversation and on the following day, Bank of America sent the
Choes two foreclosure notices. Both notices were addressed to “Chong Choe
and Gretchen H. Cole.”
      In October 2012, the Choes received more conflicting reports from Bank
of America concerning the status of their loan-modification application. Bank
of America sent the Choes one letter stating that their application was under
review and one letter notifying them of a scheduled trustee sale of their home,
and a customer service representative stated that “[the Choes’] file had been
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                                 No. 14-10826
flagged for a modification.” Becker subsequently notified the Choes that their
loan-modification application had been denied because they had “insufficient
income” and “too many expenses.” When the Choes asked whether Bank of
America had considered Gretchen Choe’s recent raise and the termination of
Chong Choe’s child-support obligations, Becker indicated that “despite being
aware of [these facts], the loan modification had not considered [them]” and
that the Choes would need to submit a new application specifying the change
in circumstances. The Choes complied. They also checked the status of the
application referenced by Becker on Bank of America’s website and discovered
that it had not been forwarded for review.
      After receiving notice that the foreclosure sale was proceeding as
scheduled, the Choes called Bank of America several times in November 2012
to inquire into the status of their loan-modification application. Although
Becker advised the Choes that “there was no longer a foreclosure date . . . as
[the Choes’] loan was being reviewed for a modification,” Bank of America’s
customer service department notified the Choes in December 2012 that their
application had been denied and a sale had been scheduled for January 2013.
      On December 27, 2012, the Choes filed suit against Bank of America in
Texas state court, alleging breach of contract, third-party beneficiary breach of
contract, and fraud. They sought, inter alia, a temporary restraining order to
prevent Bank of America from foreclosing on their home. After Bank of
America removed the case and moved to dismiss, the Choes amended their
complaint to add claims for negligence and violations of the DCPA and the
DTPA. They alleged that Bank of America breached a contract to modify the
Choes’ loan and separately breached the promissory note and the deed of trust




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                                    No. 14-10826
by incorrectly addressing the notices of foreclosure to “Gretchen H. Cole.” 2 As
for their fraud claim, the Choes alleged that Bank of America misrepresented
the status of their loan-modification application. The remaining claims—
negligence and violations of the DCPA and the DTPA—were all premised on
the flawed foreclosure notices.
      After Bank of America successfully moved to dismiss the Choes’
complaint, the Choes filed a second amended complaint, which supplemented
their factual allegations and eliminated their claim for third-party beneficiary
breach of contract. Bank of America again moved to dismiss under Rules 9(b)
and 12(b)(6), and the district court granted the motion as to all of the Choes’
claims except for their fraud claim.
      After discovery concluded, Bank of America moved for summary judgment
on the Choes’ fraud claim. The district court granted the motion, finding that
the Choes had failed to identify a genuine dispute of material fact concerning
the “knowledge” element of their fraud claim—that is, that the bank either knew
the statements were false or made them without knowledge of their truth.
      The Choes filed a motion to alter or amend the judgment under Rule
59(e), citing both a manifest error of law in the district court’s application of
the knowledge standard and “newly discovered evidence” in the form of an
affidavit by Chong Choe and the deposition testimony of Bank of America
employee Monica Aguilar. They additionally asserted that Bank of America
had impeded their ability to gather evidence necessary to defend against
summary judgment by failing to make Becker available for a deposition and by
designating Aguilar a corporate representative despite her unfamiliarity with




      2  The Choes premised their third-party beneficiary breach of contract claim on a
federal consent judgment filed in the United States District Court for the District of
Columbia.
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                                  No. 14-10826
the Choes’ application. The district court denied the motion without
considering the “new” evidence. This appeal followed.
         II.   JURISDICTION AND STANDARD OF REVIEW
      The district court had jurisdiction over the Choes’ suit pursuant to 28
U.S.C. § 1332. This Court has jurisdiction to review the district court’s
judgment of dismissal pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291.
      We review de novo the dismissal of a claim under Rule 12(b)(6).
Vanderbrook v. Unitrin Preferred Ins. Co. (In re Katrina Canal Breaches Litig.),
495 F.3d 191, 205 (5th Cir. 2007). We “accept all well-pleaded facts as true,
viewing them in the light most favorable to the plaintiff.” Jones v. Greninger,
188 F.3d 322, 324 (5th Cir. 1999) (per curiam). “To avoid dismissal, a plaintiff
must plead ‘enough facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’”
Johnson v. Teva Pharm. USA, Inc., 758 F.3d 605, 614 (5th Cir. 2014) (quoting
Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)).
      Likewise, we review a grant of summary judgment de novo, applying the
same legal standards as the district court. Am. Home Assurance Co. v. United
Space Alliance, LLC, 378 F.3d 482, 486 (5th Cir. 2004). Summary judgment is
appropriate only “if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to
any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.”
Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). If the nonmovant bears the ultimate burden of proof on
an issue at trial, the movant may obtain summary judgment by disproving or
showing an absence of evidentiary support for any essential element of the
nonmovant’s claim or defense. Fontenot v. Upjohn Co., 780 F.2d 1190, 1194
(5th Cir. 1986); see also Miss. River Basin Alliance v. Westphal, 230 F.3d 170,
174 (5th Cir. 2000). To defeat summary judgment, “the non-movant must go
beyond the pleadings and come forward with specific facts indicating a genuine
issue for trial.” LeMaire v. La. Dep’t of Transp. & Dev., 480 F.3d 383, 387 (5th
Cir. 2007). A court considering summary judgment must construe all facts and
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                                      No. 14-10826
evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmovant, must draw all
reasonable inferences in favor of the non-movant, and must refrain from
making credibility determinations and weighing the evidence. Haverda v. Hays
Cnty., 723 F.3d 586, 591 (5th Cir. 2013).
       By contrast, the standard of review we apply to the denial of a motion to
alter or amend a judgment under Rule 59(e) is contingent on “whether the
district court considered the materials attached to the . . . motion, which were
not previously provided to the court.” Templet v. HydroChem Inc., 367 F.3d 473,
477 (5th Cir. 2004). Where, as here, the district court declined to consider the
materials, we apply the abuse-of-discretion standard and assess only whether
“the district court’s decision and decision-making process [were] reasonable.” Id.
                               III.    DISCUSSION
       The Choes raise five claims of error. We discuss each in turn.
A.     Dismissal of Breach-of-Contract Claim Under Rule 12(b)(6)
       The Choes first assert that the district court erroneously dismissed their
breach-of-contract claim. 3
       A breach of contract claim under Texas law requires proof of four
elements: “(1) the existence of a valid contract; (2) performance or tendered
performance by the plaintiff; (3) breach of the contract by the defendant; and
(4) damages sustained by the plaintiff as a result of the breach.” Smith Int’l,
Inc. v. Egle Grp., LLC, 490 F.3d 380, 387 (5th Cir. 2007) (quoting Valero Mktg.
& Supply Co. v. Kalama Int’l, L.L.C., 51 S.W.3d 345, 351 (Tex. App.—Houston
[1st Dist.] 2001, no pet.)). Relatedly, “a party to a contract who is himself in



       3Although the Choes alleged two separate breach-of-contract claims before the district
court—one premised on an alleged contract to modify their loan and one premised on the note
and the deed of trust—they press only the breach of the note and the deed of trust on appeal.
Accordingly, they have abandoned any arguments relating to the purported loan-modification
contract, see Yohey v. Collins, 985 F.2d 222, 224–25 (5th Cir. 1993), and we limit our
discussion to the note and the deed of trust.
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                                       No. 14-10826
default cannot maintain a suit for its breach.” Dobbins v. Redden, 785 S.W.2d
377, 378 (Tex. 1990) (internal quotation marks omitted).
       According to the Choes, Bank of America breached the express terms of
the note and the deed of trust when it sent foreclosure notices addressed to
“Gretchen H. Cole.” 4 They point out that the note obligates Bank of America to
give any notice required by law “by delivering it or by mailing it by first class
mail to Borrower,” with “Borrower” defined as “each person signing at the end
of this Note”—here, Chong H. Choe and Gretchen H. Choe. “This requirement,”
they observe, “is similarly echoed in the deed of trust.” In support of their
argument, the Choes cite two Texas cases purportedly standing for the premise
that “[t]he deed of trust must be followed according to the principle of strict
compliance.”
       The Choes’ arguments are unpersuasive. The Choes never alleged that
they properly and continuously performed or tendered performance under the
note or the deed of trust, or that they lawfully were excused from performance.
Further, through their pleadings and the records properly before the district
court, the Choes impliedly admitted to receiving actual notice of the foreclosure
despite the misspelling of Gretchen Choe’s name in the written notices. These
facts are fatal to the second and third elements of their claim. See Smith Int’l,
Inc., 490 F.3d at 387. Further, insofar as the Choes remained in default of their
obligations under the note and the deed of trust at the time they filed suit, they
cannot maintain an action for breach of those contracts. See Dobbins, 785
S.W.2d at 378.



       4  As the district court correctly observed, the Choes’ decision to attach the notice to
their response, coupled with their references to the notice in their complaint, enabled the
district court to review the record without transforming the motion to dismiss into a motion
for summary judgment. See, e.g., Brand Coupon Network, L.L.C. v. Catalina Mktg. Corp., 748
F.3d 631, 635 (5th Cir. 2014). The same is true for the note and deed of trust, which Bank of
America attached to its first motion to dismiss. See id.
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                                 No. 14-10826
      The Choes’ reliance on “the principle of strict compliance” is unavailing
as well. The only pertinent authorities cited in the Choes’ brief are drawn from
contexts other than breach of contract. One case, University Savings Ass’n v.
Springwoods Shopping Center, 644 S.W.2d 705, 705 (Tex. 1982), centers on a
claim for wrongful foreclosure; the other case, Myrads Properties, Inc. v.
Lasalle Bank National Ass’n, 252 S.W.3d 605, 607 (Tex. App.—Austin 2008),
rev’d, 300 S.W.3d 746 (Tex. 2009), involves a challenge to a foreclosure sale.
Though both cases indicate that a valid foreclosure sale requires “strict
compliance” with the terms of a deed of trust, neither case supports the
proposition that a failure to so “strictly” comply constitutes an actionable
breach of contract. See Univ. Sav. Ass’n, 644 S.W.2d at 706; Myrads Props.,
Inc., 252 S.W.3d at 615. If the Choes intended this reference to “strict
compliance” to invoke the doctrine of material breach as an excuse from
performance, they have abandoned any such argument through inadequate
briefing. See Yohey, 985 F.2d at 224–25. We therefore find no error in the
dismissal of the Choes’ breach-of-contract claim.
B.    Dismissal of DCPA and DTPA Claims Under Rule 12(b)(6)
      The Choes next contend that the district court erred in ruling that they
failed to state claims under the DCPA and the DTPA.
      The Choes predicate their DCPA claim on the “defective notice” of
foreclosure addressed to “Gretchen Cole.” According to the Choes’ complaint,
the misspelling of Gretchen Choe’s name violated the principle of “strict
compliance” and therefore resulted in wrongful acceleration of the note—a per
se violation of the DCPA.
      Although the Choes do not specify the section of the DCPA that Bank of
America violated through wrongful acceleration, they rely exclusively on cases
applying the predecessor to Texas Finance Code § 392.301(a)(8), which prohibits
a debt collector from “threatening to take an action prohibited by law.” See Rey
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                                  No. 14-10826
v. Acosta, 860 S.W.2d 654, 659 (Tex. App.—El Paso 1993, no writ); Dixon v.
Brooks, 604 S.W.2d 330, 334 (Tex. Civ. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1980, writ
ref’d n.r.e.). Notably, these cases interpret Texas Property Code § 51.002 or its
predecessor, which set forth the mandatory statutory notice for foreclosure. See
Rey, 860 S.W.2d at 659; Dixon, 604 S.W.2d at 334. Section 51.002 requires that
a debtor be served “with written notice by certified mail,” and it explains that
“[s]ervice . . . is complete when the notice is deposited in the United States mail,
postage prepaid and addressed to the debtor at the debtor’s last known address.”
Tex. Prop. Code § 51.002(d)–(e). Texas courts have recognized that “[t]he general
purpose of [§ 51.002] is to provide a minimum level of protection for the debtor,
and it provides for only constructive notice of the foreclosure.” WTFO, Inc. v.
Braithwaite, 899 S.W.2d 709, 720 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1995, no writ).
      The Choes make no argument that the mailed notices failed to comply
with Texas Property Code § 51.002. Moreover, their implicit admission of actual
notice of the foreclosure precludes a DCPA claim founded on a violation of
§ 51.002. See WTFO, Inc., 899 S.W.2d at 720. The Choes attempt to rely on the
principle of “strict compliance” to support their claim of wrongful acceleration,
but they fail to explain how an alleged violation of the note and deed of trust
qualifies as a “threat[] to take an action prohibited by law” or a violation of any
other provision of the DCPA. Although the Choes assert on appeal that Bank of
America independently violated a different provision of the DCPA—Texas
Finance Code § 392.304(a)(14)—by misrepresenting the status or nature of the
loan-modification services it rendered, they neither pled this cause of action nor
made this argument to the district court. Accordingly, we will not consider this
claim on appeal, see XL Specialty Ins. Co. v. Kiewit Offshore Servs., Ltd., 513
F.3d 146, 152 (5th Cir. 2008), and we conclude that the district court committed
no error in dismissing the DCPA claim.


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                                  No. 14-10826
       As regards the DTPA, the Choes argue only that their claim should
survive dismissal because a violation of the DCPA is independently actionable
under the DTPA. They neither dispute the district court’s ruling that they are
not “consumers” within the meaning of the DTPA, see Miller v. BAC Home
Loans Servicing, L.P., 726 F.3d 717, 724–25 (5th Cir. 2013), nor identify any
basis for their DTPA claim other than the DCPA violation premised on
“defective notice.” Because we agree with the district court that the Choes
failed to state a claim under the DCPA, and because the Choes have abandoned
any alternative grounds for reversal, see Yohey, 985 F.2d at 255, we find no
error in the dismissal of the DTPA claim.
C.     Grant of Summary Judgment on Fraud Claim
       The Choes’ next claim of error centers on their fraud claim.
       Under Texas law, the elements of fraud are: (1) a material representation
was made; (2) the representation was false; (3) when the representation was
made, the speaker either “knew it was false or made it recklessly without any
knowledge of the truth and as a positive assertion”; (4) the speaker made the
representation with the intent that the other party act upon it; (5) the party in
fact acted in reliance on the representation; and (6) the party suffered injury
as a result. Italian Cowboy Partners, Ltd. v. Prudential Ins. Co. of Am., 341
S.W.3d 323, 337 (Tex. 2011).
       In   their   complaint,   the   Choes   alleged   three   false,   material
misrepresentations by Bank of America: (1) that the documents they submitted
with their loan-modification application were “under review”; (2) that the “loan
would not go into foreclosure or that foreclosure had been stopped”; and (3) that
“missed payments would be rolled into the new loan by extending the loan
and/or forgiving part of the loan.” The district court granted Bank of America’s
motion for summary judgment based on the absence of evidence of the third
element of the Choes’ fraud claim—Bank of America’s knowledge of the falsity
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                                  No. 14-10826
of the representations or its recklessness disregard as to their truth. The
district court reasoned that the Choes failed to cite relevant portions of the
record in support of their argument, and the only evidence they proffered in
opposition to Bank of America’s motion—an affidavit from Gretchen Choe—
contained “conclusory,” “speculative,” and “unsubstantiated” assertions that
failed to create a genuine issue of material fact.
      On appeal, the Choes contend that the district court erred by analyzing
only the knowledge standard for the third element of fraud and ignoring the
Choes’ evidence that would satisfy the alternative, reckless-disregard
standard. The Choes cite Gretchen Choe’s affidavit to show that, at some point
in the loan-modification-application process, they were “dual-tracked for both
foreclosure and modification.” From this point forward, they submit, “any
representations, from customer service to the website, indicating that the
Choes’ loan request was under review, became reckless.”
      The Choes’ arguments are without merit. The district court expressly
found that the statements in Gretchen Choe’s affidavit regarding Bank of
America’s presumed knowledge or reckless disregard were too conclusory and
speculative to defeat a summary-judgment motion premised on the absence of
competent evidence of that element. Indeed, once Bank of America charged
that evidence of that essential element was lacking, the burden shifted to the
Choes to go “beyond the pleadings” and identify “specific facts indicating a
genuine issue for trial,” see LeMaire, 480 F.3d at 387. The Choes’ reliance on
Gretchen Choe’s affidavit, which necessarily could speak only to the Choes’
perceptions of Bank of America’s knowledge and the company’s intentions with
regard to the Choes’ loan, failed to discharge this burden. See Forsyth v. Barr,
19 F.3d 1527, 1533 (5th Cir. 1994) (“Summary judgment, to be sure, may be
appropriate, even in cases where elusive concepts such as motive or intent are
at issue, . . . if the nonmoving party rests merely upon conclusory allegations,
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improbable inferences, and unsupported speculation.” (internal quotation
marks omitted)).
       Before this Court, the Choes continue to rest on Gretchen Choe’s affidavit;
they do not now point to any other evidence sufficient to create a genuine dispute
of material fact on the element of knowledge. Nor, for that matter, do they cite
any law that would support their characterization of recklessness on these facts.
Correspondingly, we find no error in the award of summary judgment.
E.     Denial of Motion to Alter or Amend Judgment
       For their final point of error, the Choes assert that the district court
improperly denied their motion to alter or amend the judgment under Rule
59(e). A Rule 59(e) motion “must clearly establish either a manifest error of law
or fact or must present newly discovered evidence and cannot be used to raise
arguments which could, and should, have been made before the judgment
issued.” Schiller v. Physicians Res. Grp. Inc., 342 F.3d 563, 567 (5th Cir. 2003)
(internal quotation marks omitted). In their motion, the Choes charged (1) clear
error in the district court’s application of the knowledge standard, (2) the need
to avoid manifest injustice by acquiescing in Bank of America’s alleged discovery
abuse, and (3) newly discovered evidence. In denying the motion, the district
court observed that it had found evidence of both knowledge and recklessness
lacking, that the Choes should have raised the discovery dispute in a Rule 37(a)
motion to compel or a Rule 56(d) motion for continuance, and that the “new
evidence”—another affidavit from Gretchen Choe and the deposition testimony
of Bank of America employee Monica Aguilar—was available to the Choes when
they responded to the summary-judgment motion.
       On appeal, the Choes make only one argument for the relief they seek:
the district court clearly erred in granting summary judgment because “the
underlying condition for filing the Rule 56 motion was deficient”—owing to its
discovery abuse, Bank of America did not, and indeed could not, demonstrate
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                                  No. 14-10826
that it held a belief that no genuine dispute of material fact existed on the
element of knowledge. The Choes’ position seems to be that, because Bank of
America failed to provide Becker for a deposition and instead designated as a
witness an employee with no knowledge of the Choes’ case, it not only
prevented the Choes from responding to the bank’s motion for summary
judgment, but also precluded the bank itself from claiming the absence of
evidence on an element of the Choes’ fraud claim.
      This argument finds no support in our law. There is no “belief” condition
precedent to filing a motion for summary judgment. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a).
Indeed, in Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, the Supreme Court rejected the proposition
that “the burden is on the party moving for summary judgment to produce
evidence showing the absence of a genuine issue of material fact,” explaining
that, instead, “the burden on the moving party may be discharged by ‘showing’—
that is, pointing out to the district court—that there is an absence of evidence to
support the nonmoving party’s case.” 477 U.S. 317, 325 (1986).
      Further, as the district court observed, a Rule 59(e) motion is not the
proper vehicle for raising discovery disputes for the first time. See, e.g., Fanning
v. Metro. Transit Auth. of Harris Cnty., Tex., 141 F. App’x 311, 315 (5th Cir.
2005) (per curiam) (citing Access Telecom, Inc. v. MCI Telecomms. Corp., 197
F.3d 694, 719–20 (5th Cir. 1999)). The Choes were aware of Bank of America’s
recalcitrance by February 17, 2014, at the latest, when Bank of America
provided Aguilar and not Becker for a deposition. Discovery was scheduled to
conclude by February 28, 2014, and Bank of America moved for summary
judgment one month later, on March 26, 2014. At no time before filing their Rule
59(e) motion did the Choes inform the district court of their discovery concerns
or move for appropriate relief. Under these circumstances, we cannot say that
the district court’s decision and decisionmaking process were unreasonable, no
less an abuse of discretion. See Templet, 367 F.3d at 477.
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                           No. 14-10826
                     IV.   CONCLUSION
  For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the district court’s judgment.




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