                                                                               [PUBLISH]



                      IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                             FILED
                                   FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                                    ________________________  ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                                                                          JUNE 20, 2012
                                            No. 11-13670                   JOHN LEY
                                      ________________________              CLERK


                                D.C. Docket No. 1:09-cv-21850-MGC



FELIX WAJNSTAT,

llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll                         Plaintiff - Appellee,

                                              versus

OCEANIA CRUISES, INC.,

llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll                         Defendant - Appellant.

                                     ________________________

                           Appeal from the United States District Court
                               for the Southern District of Florida
                                 ________________________

Before CARNES, BARKETT and HILL, Circuit Judges.

CARNES, Circuit Judge:

         Oceania Cruises, Inc., attempts to bring this interlocutory appeal under 28

U.S.C. § 1292(a)(3), contending that the district court erred when it held that a
limitation-of-liability provision in Oceania’s ticket contract was unenforceable.

The district court concluded that the provision, which incorporated by reference

portions of international treaties and the United States Code, was so confusing that

it did not reasonably communicate to the passengers the cruise line’s liability

limits.

                                                I.

          Felix Wajnstat and his wife booked a cruise on a ship owned by Oceania,

which would depart from Istanbul, Turkey, stop at various Black Sea ports, and

then end in Athens, Greece. During that cruise, Wajnstat became ill and sought

medical attention from the ship’s doctor. He eventually had to be evacuated to

Sevastopol, Ukraine, where he underwent three surgeries and allegedly received

substandard care.

          Wajnstat then filed this lawsuit in federal district court,1 and in his second

amended complaint he claimed that Oceania negligently hired, retained, and

supervised the ship’s doctor. Oceania answered, and raised as an affirmative




          1
         This cased ended up in the United States District Court for the Southern District of
Florida because the ticket contract included a forum-selection clause, designating that court as
the correct forum for any “dispute arising out of, in connection with or incident to” the ticket
contract or the cruise.

                                                 2
defense that its liability to Wajnstat, if any, was limited by the Athens Convention2

as incorporated by reference into the limitation-of-liability provision in the ticket

contract. Oceania then filed a motion for partial summary judgment on its

limitation-of-liability affirmative defense.

       The district court applied the “reasonable communicativeness” test from

Shankles v. Costa Armatori, S.P.A., 722 F.2d 861, 863–67 (1st Cir. 1983), to

determine whether the non-negotiated limitation-of-liability provision was

enforceable. It concluded that the provision was not reasonably communicative

because it was confusing and because it required the passengers to parse through

the treaties and the statutes to determine the limits of Oceania’s liability. The

court also noted that the Ninth Circuit had held a similar limitation-of-liability

provision unenforceable in Wallis v. Princess Cruises, Inc., 306 F.3d 827, 837 (9th

Cir. 2002). The court denied Oceania’s motion for partial summary judgment and

instead granted partial summary judgment to Wajnstat on Oceania’s limitation-of-

liability defense. Oceania then filed this interlocutory appeal.




       2
         The Athens Convention is a multilateral treaty, which for the purposes of Oceania’s
ticket contract consists of the Athens Convention Relating to the Carriage of Passengers and
Their Luggage by Sea, Dec. 13, 1974, 1463 U.N.T.S. 19, and the Protocol to the Athens
Convention Relating to the Carriage of Passengers and Their Luggage by Sea, Nov. 19, 1976,
1545 U.N.T.S. 339. The United States is not a party to the Athens Convention. Wallis v.
Princess Cruises, Inc., 306 F.3d 827, 837 (9th Cir. 2002).

                                               3
                                          II.

      We must inquire into our own jurisdiction if it is possible that jurisdiction

does not exist. Amnesty Int’l, USA v. Battle, 559 F.3d 1170, 1176 (11th Cir.

2009). We are generally precluded from hearing interlocutory appeals under the

final judgment rule. See 28 U.S.C. § 1291 (“The courts of appeals . . . shall have

jurisdiction of appeals from all final decisions of the district courts of the United

States . . . .”); Birmingham Fire Fighters Ass’n 117 v. City of Birmingham, 603

F.3d 1248, 1254 (11th Cir. 2010) (“[F]inal judgments of a district court are

appealable to the United States Courts of Appeals, whereas interlocutory orders

are not.”). In admiralty cases, however, we have jurisdiction over interlocutory

appeals “determining the rights and liabilities of the parties.” 28 U.S.C. §

1292(a)(3). Both Wajnstat and Oceania contend that this appeal fits within that

exception and that we, therefore, have jurisdiction.

      In order for this appeal to fit within the § 1292(a)(3) exception to the final

judgment rule, the district court must have determined the “rights and liabilities”

of Wajnstat and Oceania when it decided that the limitation-of-liability provision

in the ticket contract was unenforceable and, as a result, inapplicable. See id. In

Ford Motor Co. v. S.S. Santa Irene, 341 F.2d 564, 564 (5th Cir. 1965), our

predecessor court assessed its jurisdiction under § 1292(a)(3) over an interlocutory

                                           4
appeal from a district court’s determination that the limitation-of-liability

provision in the Carriage of Good at Sea Act, 46 U.S.C. § 1304 (1964), applied

and limited liability to $500 for each injury. The Ford Motor Co. decision held

that the application of the limitation-of-liability provision was not an immediately

appealable order under 28 U.S.C. § 1292(a)(3). 341 F.2d at 564 (citing Lissner &

Co. v. Oceanic Storm Navigation Co., 30 F.2d 290 (2d Cir. 1929)).

       The same rule applies here. If, as Ford Motor Co. held, a district court does

not determine the “rights and liabilities of the parties” when it decides the

applicability of a statutory limitation of liability, it also does not determine the

“rights and liabilities of the parties” when it determines the applicability of a

contractual limitation of liability. The Ninth Circuit reached a contrary conclusion

about contractual limitations of liability in Wallis, 306 F.3d at 834, but we are

bound by Ford Motor Co.3 And our conclusion here, which follows the Ford

Motor Co. precedent, is also in keeping with our Court’s narrow interpretation of

§ 1292(a)(3). See Beluga Holding, Ltd. v. Commerce Capital Corp., 212 F.3d

1199, 1203 (11th Cir. 2000); Sea Lane Bahamas, Ltd. v. Europa Cruises Corp.,

188 F.3d 1317, 1322–23 (11th Cir. 1999).


       3
        In Bonner v. City of Prichard, 661 F.2d 1206, 1209 (11th Cir. 1981) (en banc), we
adopted as binding precedent all decisions of the former Fifth Circuit handed down before
October 1, 1981.

                                               5
      Oceania contends that even if we do not have interlocutory jurisdiction

under § 1292(a)(3), we do have it under the collateral order doctrine. See Cohen

v. Beneficial Indus. Loan Corp., 337 U.S. 541, 546–47, 69 S.Ct. 1221, 1225–26

(1949). “To qualify for this exception, an order must conclusively determine the

disputed question, resolve an important issue completely separate from the merits

of the action, and be effectively unreviewable on appeal from a final judgment.”

Young v. Prudential Ins. Co. of Am., 671 F.3d 1213, 1216 (11th Cir. 2012)

(quotation marks omitted).

      Putting aside the “completely separate from the merits” requirement, the

district court’s order fails the Cohen test because the limitation-of-liability

provision is not “effectively unreviewable on appeal from a final judgment.” “If

[Wajnstat’s] case goes forward and [Oceania] is ultimately found liable for

compensatory damages, it will have an ample opportunity to test the propriety of

that award before it is forced to pay.” Espinal-Dominguez v. Puerto Rico, 352

F.3d 490, 498 (1st Cir. 2003). If, on the other hand, Wajnstat does not succeed,

there will be no award against Oceania.

      That is what concerns Oceania—the possibility of a pyrrhic victory.

Oceania argues that, if it is not found liable in this case, it will be unable to appeal

the district court’s interlocutory ruling that the limitation-of-liability provision is

                                            6
unenforceable. See Abbs v. Sullivan, 963 F.2d 918, 924 (7th Cir. 1992) (“[A]

winner cannot appeal a judgment merely because there are passages in the court’s

opinion that displease him—that may indeed come back to haunt him in a future

case. He can appeal only if the judgment gives him less relief than he considers

himself entitled to.” (citations omitted)). Even though no court, including the

issuing court will be bound by the ruling, Oceania fears that the very existence of

the ruling will persuade other courts to follow it. But so what? If another court

does follow the ruling and Oceania suffers a non-limited award of damages in

some future case, it can appeal that judgment and argue the issue on appeal. If the

appellate court agrees with Oceania on the issue, it will have suffered no harm

from the reiteration of the ruling. If the appellate court disagrees with Oceania on

the issue, it will have suffered nothing that it should not have.

      Oceania’s proposed interpretation of the Cohen “effectively unreviewable

on appeal” requirement would effectively take the “require” out of requirement. It

would do so because virtually every interlocutory ruling is unreviewable on appeal

if the party who suffers that ruling ultimately prevails in the trial court. As the

First Circuit has explained, if an issue that concerns a party were considered

effectively unreviewable simply because that party might prevail in the district

court and thereby moot the issue, “almost every pretrial or trial order might be

                                           7
called ‘effectively unreviewable’ in the sense that relief from error can never

extend to rewriting history.” Espinal-Dominguez, 352 F.3d at 498 (quoting

Digital Equip. Corp. v. Desktop Direct, Inc., 511 U.S. 863, 872, 114 S.Ct. 1992,

1998 (1994)). The Supreme Court has “repeatedly stressed that the ‘narrow’

[Cohen] exception should stay that way and never be allowed to swallow the

general rule that a party is entitled to a single appeal, to be deferred until final

judgment has been entered, in which claims of district court error at any stage of

the litigation may be ventilated.” Digital Equip., 511 U.S. at 868, 114 S.Ct. at

1996 (citation omitted); cf. Liberty Mut. Ins. Co. v. Wetzel, 424 U.S. 737, 744, 96

S.Ct. 1202, 1207 (1976) (“[Judgments] where assessment of damages or awarding

of other relief remains to be resolved have never been considered to be ‘final’

within the meaning of 28 U.S.C. [§] 1291.”). Unless and until interlocutory

appeals are more generally permitted, the worrisome prospect of victory in the trial

court is one with which parties will have to live.

       This appeal is DISMISSED for lack of jurisdiction.4




       4
          This appeal was originally scheduled for oral argument, but under 11th Circuit Rule 34-
3(f) it was removed from the oral argument calendar.

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