                             Fourth Court of Appeals
                                    San Antonio, Texas
                                           OPINION
                                       No. 04-12-00442-CV

                              SAN ANTONIO WATER SYSTEM,
                                       Appellant

                                                 v.

                                       Debra NICHOLAS,
                                            Appellee

                     From the 57th Judicial District Court, Bexar County, Texas
                                  Trial Court No. 2010-CI-07444
                           Honorable Antonia Arteaga, Judge Presiding

Opinion by:      Sandee Bryan Marion, Justice

Sitting:         Sandee Bryan Marion, Justice
                 Marialyn Barnard, Justice
                 Luz Elena D. Chapa, Justice

Delivered and Filed: October 23, 2013

AFFIRMED

           Appellee Debra Nicholas sued appellant The San Antonio Water System (“SAWS”) for

retaliation under the Texas Commission on Human Rights Act based upon two alleged adverse

employment actions: SAWS terminated her employment and SAWS refused to consider her or

offer her employment for other positions with the company that she applied for after her

employment was terminated. Nicholas claimed both adverse actions arose from her opposition to

a discriminatory practice when she counseled and reprimanded another employee for sexual
                                                                                        04-12-00442-CV


harassment. A jury returned a verdict favorable to Nicholas on both of her retaliation claims. We

affirm.

                                    STANDARD OF REVIEW

          Nicholas brought her retaliation claims under the Human Rights Act, which provides that

“[a]n employer . . . commits an unlawful employment practice if the employer . . . retaliates or

discriminates against a person who, under this chapter: (1) opposes a discriminatory practice; (2)

makes or files a charge; (3) files a complaint; or (4) testifies, assists, or participates in any manner

in an investigation, proceeding, or hearing.” TEX. LAB. CODE ANN. § 21.055 (West 2006). To

establish a prima facie case of retaliation, a plaintiff must show that: (1) she engaged in a protected

activity; (2) the employer took an adverse employment action against her; and (3) it did so because

of her participation in the protected activity. Herbert v. City of Forest Hill, 189 S.W.3d 369, 376

(Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2006, no pet.). It is the plaintiff’s burden to prove that without her

protected activity, the employer’s prohibited conduct would not have occurred when it did. See

Tex. Dep’t of Human Servs. v. Hinds, 904 S.W.2d 629, 636 (Tex. 1995) (applying standard to

retaliation complaint under Whistleblower Act); McMillon v. Tex. Dep’t of Ins., 963 S.W.2d 935,

940 (Tex. App.—Austin 1998, no pet.) (applying standard to retaliation complaint under Human

Rights Act). In other words, the plaintiff must establish a “but for” causal nexus between her

protected activity and the employer’s prohibited conduct. McMillon, 963 S.W.2d at 940. The

plaintiff need not establish, however, that her protected activity was the sole cause of the

employer’s prohibited conduct. Id.

          On appeal, SAWS asserts Nicholas failed to carry her burden of establishing a “but for”

causal link between the alleged protected activity and the adverse action about which she

complains. SAWS also asserts the evidence is factually insufficient to support the jury’s findings

that Nicholas engaged in a protected activity and that SAWS retaliated against her.
                                                  -2-
                                                                                     04-12-00442-CV


          We first address Nicholas’s contention on appeal that her prima facie case of retaliation

creates a “legally mandatory inference of discrimination” that prevails unless SAWS produces a

legally sufficient reason for her discharge. Nicholas argues that because SAWS provided only a

generalized reason for her discharge—that her position was eliminated due to a company

reorganization—it failed to rebut the presumption created by her prima facie case and, thus, the

burden never shifted to her to show pretext or falsity. Nicholas’s argument presupposes that the

allocation of burdens and order of presentation of proof in a case alleging discriminatory treatment

set forth by the U.S. Supreme Court in McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792 (1973),

applies here. For the reasons set forth below, we disagree.

          In McDonnell Douglas, the United States Supreme Court prescribed a burden-shifting

analysis in Title VII employment discrimination cases. The plaintiff first has the burden of proving

by a preponderance of the evidence a prima facie case of discrimination. Id. at 802. Second, if

the plaintiff succeeds in proving the prima facie case, the burden shifts to the defendant “to

articulate some legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for the employee’s rejection.” Id. Third, if

the defendant carries this burden, the plaintiff must then have an opportunity to prove by a

preponderance of the evidence that the legitimate reasons offered by the defendant are not its true

reasons, but were a pretext for discrimination. Id. at 804. While the burden of production shifts,

the burden of persuasion that the employer intentionally discriminated against the employee

remains always with the employee. See Tex. Dep’t of Cmty. Affairs v. Burdine, 450 U.S. 248, 253

(1981).

          “But when a discrimination case has been fully tried on its merits, as in this case, a

reviewing court does not engage in a burden-shifting analysis.” Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Canchola,

121 S.W.3d 735, 739 (Tex. 2003) (per curiam); Claymex Brick and Tile, Inc. v. Garza, 216 S.W.3d

33, 36 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2006, no pet.) (holding same). “[W]e need not now parse the
                                                 -3-
                                                                                        04-12-00442-CV


evidence into discrete segments corresponding to a prima facie case, an articulation of a legitimate,

nondiscriminatory reason for the employer’s decision, and a showing of pretext.” Rubinstein v.

Administrators of Tulane Educ. Fund, 218 F.3d 392, 402 (5th Cir. 2000). “‘When a case has been

fully tried on the merits, the adequacy of a party’s showing at any particular stage of the McDonnell

Douglas ritual is unimportant.’” Id. (internal citation omitted). Instead, we inquire whether the

evidence is sufficient to support the jury’s ultimate finding. Canchola, 121 S.W.3d at 739.

        When, as here, a party challenges the legal sufficiency of the evidence to support an issue

on which it did not have the burden of proof at trial, that party must demonstrate on appeal that

there is no evidence to support the jury’s adverse finding. Croucher v. Croucher, 660 S.W.2d 55,

58 (Tex. 1983). In reviewing for legal sufficiency of the evidence, we consider all of the evidence

in the light most favorable to the verdict, indulging every reasonable inference that would support

it. See City of Keller v. Wilson, 168 S.W.3d 802, 822 (Tex. 2005). “But if the evidence allows of

only one inference, neither jurors nor the reviewing court may disregard it.” Id. To determine

whether legally sufficient evidence supports a challenged finding of fact, the reviewing court must

credit favorable evidence if reasonable jurors could, and disregard contrary evidence unless

reasonable jurors could not. Id. at 827. Evidence is legally sufficient if it would enable reasonable

and fair-minded people to reach the verdict under review. Id. Evidence is legally insufficient only

if (1) there is a complete absence of evidence of a vital fact, (2) the court is barred by rules of law

or evidence from giving weight to the only evidence offered to prove a vital fact, (3) the evidence

offered to prove a vital fact is no more than a mere scintilla, or (4) the evidence conclusively

establishes the opposite of the vital fact. Id. at 810. If there is more than a scintilla of evidence to

support the finding, the no-evidence challenge fails and must be overruled. BMC Software

Belgium, N.V. v. Marchand, 83 S.W.3d 789, 795 (Tex. 2002). The fact-finder is the sole judge of



                                                  -4-
                                                                                        04-12-00442-CV


the credibility of the witnesses and the weight to give their testimony. City of Keller, 168 S.W.3d

at 819.

          If a party is attacking the factual sufficiency of the evidence to support an adverse finding

on an issue on which the other party had the burden of proof, the attacking party must demonstrate

that there is insufficient evidence to support the adverse finding.          Westech Eng’g, Inc. v.

Clearwater Constructors, Inc., 835 S.W.2d 190, 196 (Tex. App.—Austin 1992, no writ). In

addressing a factual sufficiency of the evidence challenge, an appellate court must consider and

weigh all of the evidence in a neutral light. Cain v. Bain, 709 S.W.2d 175, 176 (Tex. 1986) (per

curiam). The verdict should be set aside only if it is so contrary to the overwhelming weight of

the evidence as to be clearly wrong and unjust. Id. However, this court is not a fact finder, and

we may not pass upon the credibility of the witnesses or substitute our judgment for that of the

trier of fact, even if a different answer could be reached upon review of the evidence. Maritime

Overseas Corp. v. Ellis, 971 S.W.2d 402, 407 (Tex. 1998).

                                     PROTECTED ACTIVITY

          The Human Rights Act protects an employee from retaliation or discrimination by an

employer because the employee “opposed a discriminatory practice.”                  TEX. LAB. CODE

§ 21.055(1). Opposition to a discriminatory practice is a protected activity under the Human

Rights Act, irrespective of the merits of the underlying discrimination claim. City of Waco v.

Lopez, 259 S.W.3d 147, 151 (Tex. 2008). To establish that the employee opposed a discriminatory

practice, the employee must demonstrate a good faith reasonable belief that the underlying

discriminatory practice of the employer violated the law. Cox & Smith Inc. v. Cook, 974 S.W.2d

217, 224 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1998, pet. denied) (employee is not required to show actual

existence of unlawful practice, only that she held a good faith reasonable belief that employer

engaged in activity made unlawful by the Human Rights Act).
                                                  -5-
                                                                                       04-12-00442-CV


         In Cook, a panel of this court held that the term “reasonable belief” includes both subjective

and objective components. 974 S.W.2d at 225. A plaintiff must show that she subjectively (that

is, in good faith) believed her employer was engaged in unlawful employment practices, and her

belief was objectively reasonable in light of the facts and record presented. Id. at 225-26.

Following Cook, we will evaluate Nicholas’s claim by reviewing the evidence consistent with the

jury’s verdict to determine whether it supports a finding that she believed in good faith that Flores’s

conduct actually violated the Texas Labor Code. In addition, we will review the same evidence to

determine whether it supports a finding that this belief was objectively reasonable in light of the

circumstances presented, i.e., such as to cause a reasonable person to believe that Flores engaged

in sexual harassment.

         The jury was instructed that “[t]o oppose sexual harassment, Debra Nicholas’s action in

counseling and reprimanding Greg Flores for sexual harassment must have been based on a

reasonable, good faith belief that his conduct actually violated the Texas Labor Code, even if she

was ultimately mistaken.” The jury found that Nicholas opposed sexual harassment, if any, by

counseling and reprimanding Greg Flores. On appeal, SAWS contends the overwhelming weight

of the evidence is that no sexual harassment occurred and no complaints of sexual harassment or

threats of such complaints were made. SAWS points to the testimony of the two women involved

who denied they were sexually harassed and never intended to make a complaint. SAWS also

relies   on   conflicting   testimony about      the    meeting   in   which    Nicholas    says   she

counseled/reprimanded Flores.

         In 2006, a female paralegal for SAWS, Lisa Spielhagen, mentioned to SAWS general

counsel, Frank Stenger-Castro, that Greg Flores had extended lunch invitations to her and she felt

uncomfortable.     At the time, Flores was the vice president over the customer service and

communications/external relations departments. Also in 2006, SAWS training consultant, Sharon
                                                  -6-
                                                                                   04-12-00442-CV


Snoga, told SAWS employment lawyer, Bill Crow, that she had had a “weird” conversation with

Flores. Crow in turn mentioned Snoga’s comment to Stenger-Castro. Because Stenger-Castro

thought Flores should be informed that Spielhagen did not welcome the lunch invitations because

they were socially awkward, he went to Flores’s supervisor, then CEO David Chardavoyne, and

told him about the lunch invitations.

       Chardavoyne testified Stenger-Castro came to his office one day and told him that Flores

was repeatedly asking Lisa Spielhagen to lunch, she felt like she was being harassed, and if the

lunch invitations did not stop she would file a formal complaint. Chardavoyne testified he did not

want the human resources department involved, and he decided Nicholas should investigate

Spielhagen’s complaint and report back for the purpose of determining the next step, if any.

Chardavoyne testified Nicholas reported to him that not only did Spielhagen have “an issue” with

Flores, but so did another woman.       Chardavoyne, along with Nicholas, later counseled or

reprimanded Flores. According to Chardavoyne, Nicholas did not say much except to confirm

what he told Flores. He said he told Flores to stop asking women out, and Nicholas said “you need

to listen to Dave because what he’s telling you is for your own good.” Chardavoyne said he,

Nicholas, and Flores also discussed rumored sexual harassment allegations made against Flores

when he worked for HEB.

       Nicholas testified that when she was called into the meeting by Chardavoyne, Stenger-

Castro repeated what he had told Chardavoyne, that he was concerned there was a potential sexual

harassment complaint regarding Spielhagen and Flores. Nicholas said Stenger-Castro thought it

would be “a big embarrassment to SAWS” if a new vice president was charged with sexual

harassment. According to Nicholas, Stenger-Castro said that if the lunch invitations by Flores did

not stop, Spielhagen would file a sexual harassment complaint. She said Stenger-Castro said

Sharon Snoga had a similar complaint, but he had not spoken to her. After Stenger-Castro relayed
                                               -7-
                                                                                       04-12-00442-CV


his information, the three talked about how to approach Flores. She said Stenger-Castro did not

think he should talk to Flores because if it was later proved that Flores was sexually harassing

women, then it would be his department (legal) that would become involved in the case. She said

they decided she and Chardavoyne would speak to Flores and, based upon what Flores said, they

would determine what course of action to take. If Flores denied the lunch invitations, then they

would need to investigate further.

       On the other hand, Stenger-Castro testified Spielhagen neither complained about being

sexually harassed nor told him she was going to file a complaint of sexual harassment against

Flores. Stenger-Castro said he “made it very clear” in his conversation with Chardavoyne that he

had asked Spielhagen “is this a sexual harassment complaint, and that she said no.” He also stated

he did not tell Chardavoyne or Nicholas that Spielhagen said she would file a formal complaint if

Flores’s lunch invitations did not stop. He said he went to Chardavoyne out of an abundance of

caution because once an employee says she does not want to be invited to lunch by a senior

employee, he had an obligation to communicate that to Chardavoyne as Flores’s immediate

supervisor. He stated that based on his experience and years as general counsel he did not believe

it was a good idea, “especially when somebody said they don’t want to, for senior management to

socialize with lower-level employees. I think it’s risky . . . .” However, he did not believe Flores’s

behavior violated SAWS’s sexual harassment policy. Stenger-Castro thought Chardavoyne did

not think it was anything to be concerned about, but he asked that Nicholas come into their meeting

so that she could talk to Flores about the situation. Stenger-Castro did not recall Chardavoyne

telling Nicholas to conduct an investigation. Stenger-Castro said he asked Nicholas about two or

three months later if she had spoken to Flores and she said she had not yet done so.

       Nicholas testified Flores admitted at the meeting with her and Chardavoyne that he had

asked the women to lunch, but he did not intend to sexually harass them. She said he also admitted
                                                 -8-
                                                                                        04-12-00442-CV


he had seen Snoga in the cafeteria and commented on how nice she looked and that he was sorry

that happened and he would stop. She said Chardavoyne told Flores he would not allow a member

of the Executive Management Team (“EMT”) to sexually harass anyone. She said she reinforced

what Chardavoyne said and she told Flores “it was not a good idea for him to be going out with

women in the organization or people . . . in the organization by himself. [O]ne, he’s a VP and,

two, he’s married. And it’s not a good idea to do that. And it can be construed as inappropriate.”

She also said she told Flores “to protect his own job, . . . if he continued to do it, he could lose his

job.” When asked if this meeting was, in her mind, a counseling or reprimand to prevent potential

sexual harassment by Flores,” she responded “Absolutely.” When asked if it was her belief that

her counseling or reprimand of Flores was designed to prevent any potential sexual harassment,

she responded “Yes, sir, because Frank Stenger-Castro, who is general counsel, told us that if it

didn’t stop, Lisa Spielhagen would file a complaint.” Nicholas admitted she did not speak with

either Spielhagen or Snoga, she did no investigation, and she did not document the meeting with

Flores.

          Flores testified he sent Snoga an email in February 2006 asking her if she wore colored

contacts; and another email asking her if she was making an indecent proposal. He said he was

unaware Snoga considered his behavior weird and unprofessional. Flores said two rumors were

discussed at the 2006 meeting with Chardavoyne and Nicholas. One rumor was that he had been

dismissed by a former employer for sexual harassment and the other rumor was that Chardavoyne

and Nicholas were having an affair. Flores denied that a conversation about him asking women to

lunch and about Spielhagen’s complaints, or a conversation in which he was reprimanded or

counseled ever took place.

          It was the jury’s prerogative to decide whose version of the meeting to believe and resolve

any conflicts in the testimony. The jury found that Nicholas opposed sexual harassment by
                                                  -9-
                                                                                                  04-12-00442-CV


counseling and reprimanding Flores. We conclude Nicholas established she held a good faith

belief that Flores may have engaged in sexual harassment and that her belief was objectively

reasonable in light of the record presented. Chardavoyne testified Stenger-Castro said Spielhagen

felt like she was being harassed and she would file a complaint if the lunch invitations did not stop.

Although Stenger-Castro denied telling Chardavoyne and Nicholas that Spielhagen would file a

formal complaint, he admitted he went to Chardavoyne out of an abundance of caution because an

employee had said she did not want to be invited to lunch by a senior employee. And, although

Stenger-Castro did not believe Flores’s behavior violated SAWS’s sexual harassment policy, he

testified that based on his experience and years as general counsel he did not believe it was a good

idea, “especially when somebody said they don’t want to, for senior management to socialize with

lower-level employees. I think it’s risky . . . .” We therefore conclude the evidence is legally and

factually sufficient to support the jury’s finding that Nicholas engaged in a protected activity when

she opposed sexual harassment by counseling and reprimanding Flores. On appeal, SAWS does

not contest that Nicholas’s discharge amounted to an adverse employment action. Therefore, we

next consider whether the evidence is sufficient to support the jury’s finding that SAWS retaliated

against Nicholas because she engaged in a protected activity.

                                               RETALIATION

        Nicholas argued SAWS retaliated against her by terminating her employment and by

refusing to consider her or offer her employment for other positions with the company after her

discharge. 1 At trial, Nicholas had to establish a “but for” causal nexus between her protected

activity and SAWS’s prohibited conduct. McMillon, 963 S.W.2d at 940. In relation to this element

of her retaliation claim based on her discharge, the jury was instructed as follows:


1
  The jury found in Nicholas’s favor on both claims, and she elected to recover under only her retaliatory discharge
claim.

                                                       - 10 -
                                                                                        04-12-00442-CV


       Debra Nicholas must establish that without her counseling and reprimanding of
       Greg Flores in opposition to sexual harassment, if any, SAWS’ termination of her
       employment would not have occurred when it did. There may be more than one
       cause for an employment decision. Debra Nicholas need not establish that her
       counseling and reprimanding of Greg Flores in opposition to sexual harassment, if
       any, was the sole cause of SAWS’ termination of her employment.

       If you disbelieve the reasons SAWS has given for its decision, you may, but are not
       required to, infer SAWS terminated Debra Nicholas’ employment because she
       opposed a discriminatory practice by counseling and reprimanding of Greg Flores
       for sexual harassment.

       If you find that Greg Flores made a recommendation, motivated by unlawful
       reasons, that he intended to cause an adverse employment action to Debra Nicholas,
       and SAWS discharged Debra Nicholas based on that recommendation, then you
       may, but are not required to, infer that SAWS discharged Debra Nicholas because
       of her opposition to a discriminatory practice by counseling and reprimanding Greg
       Flores for sexual harassment.

       The jury found that SAWS discharged Nicholas because of her opposition to a

discriminatory practice by counseling and reprimanding Greg Flores. On appeal, SAWS argues

causation is conclusively negated by evidence of delay and there is no evidence from which the

jury could reasonably infer causation. SAWS also asserts the jury’s findings on retaliation are not

supported by factually sufficient evidence.

       SAWS first argues that the passage of three years from the date of the 2006 meeting with

Flores to the date on which Nicholas was discharged conclusively negates causation and, therefore,

it is entitled to reversal and rendition of a take-nothing judgment.

       Neither Title VII nor the Human Rights Act state that retaliation must be immediate for it

to be actionable. However, if the only circumstantial evidence of causation is temporal proximity

between the protected activity and the alleged retaliatory action, then those events must be very

close in time for that evidence to be sufficient for a jury to infer a retaliatory motivation. See Clark

Cnty. Sch. Dist. v. Breeden, 532 U.S. 268, 273-74 (2001) (holding that action taken after twenty

months “suggests, by itself, no causality at all”); Azubuike v. Fiesta Mart, Inc., 970 S.W.2d 60,


                                                 - 11 -
                                                                                       04-12-00442-CV


65 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1998, no pet.) (holding two and one-half years, “with nothing

more, is too long to establish that there was a causal connection”). “But it also is true that there is

no hard-and-fast rule that any specified amount of time is too removed for an inference of

causation. Especially where a defendant retaliates at the first opportunity that is presented, a

plaintiff will not be foreclosed from making out a prima facie case despite a substantial gap in

time.” Pardo-Kronemann v. Jackson, 541 F. Supp. 2d 210, 218 (D.D.C. 2008), aff’d in part, rev’d

in part on other grounds, 601 F.3d 599 (D.C. Cir. 2010); see Porter v. Calif. Dep’t of Corr., 419

F.3d 885, 895 (9th Cir. 2005) (holding specified time period cannot be mechanically applied).

Instead, consideration of the time between the protected activity and the retaliation “is part of our

analysis, but not in itself conclusive of our determination of retaliation.” Shirley v. Chrysler First,

Inc., 970 F.2d 39, 44 (5th Cir. 1992). The Third Circuit explained:

                It is important to emphasize that it is causation, not temporal proximity
       itself, that is an element of plaintiff’s prima facie case, and temporal proximity
       merely provides an evidentiary basis from which an inference can be drawn. The
       element of causation, which necessarily involves an inquiry into the motives of an
       employer, is highly context-specific. When there may be valid reasons why the
       adverse employment action was not taken immediately, the absence of immediacy
       between the cause and effect does not disprove causation.

Kachmar v. SunGard Data Sys., Inc., 109 F.3d 173, 178 (3rd Cir. 1997).

       Thus, we weigh the lapse of time as one of the elements in the entire calculation of whether

Nicholas established a causal link between the protected activity and her subsequent discharge.

When, as here, there is no direct evidence of causation; circumstantial evidence and the reasonable

inferences drawn from that evidence may provide affirmative support for a finding of a causal link.

La Tier v. Compaq Computer Corp., 123 S.W.3d 557, 562 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2003, no

pet.); Kachmar, 109 F.3d at 177 (noting that although lack of temporal proximity may make it

more difficult to show causation, “circumstantial evidence of a ‘pattern of antagonism’ following

the protected conduct can also give rise to the inference.”). In conducting our legal-sufficiency
                                                 - 12 -
                                                                                     04-12-00442-CV


review, we “must consider evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, and indulge every

reasonable inference that would support it.” City of Keller, 168 S.W.3d at 822. The term

“inference” means,

       In the law of evidence, a truth or proposition drawn from another which is supposed
       or admitted to be true. A process of reasoning by which a fact or proposition sought
       to be established is deduced as a logical consequence from other facts, or a state of
       facts, already proved . . . .

Marshall Field Stores, Inc. v. Gardiner, 859 S.W.2d 391, 400 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.]

1993, writ dism’d w.o.j.) (citing BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY 700 (5th ed.1979)). For a jury to infer

a fact, “it must be able to deduce that fact as a logical consequence from other proven facts.” Id.

If the evidence only allows for one inference, neither jurors nor a reviewing court may disregard

it. City of Keller, 168 S.W.3d at 822. Moreover, if the evidence at trial would enable reasonable

minds to differ in their conclusions, a reviewing court must allow the jury to do so and not

substitute its judgment, so long as the evidence falls within a zone of reasonable disagreement. Id.

       We first address the time period relevant to establishing the causal link. SAWS relies on

the almost three-year gap in time between the protected 2006 activity and Nicholas’s discharge in

2009 to argue Flores could have engaged in retaliatory conduct immediately after the 2006 meeting

because as vice president he had the ability to negatively impact Nicholas’s work environment.

However, the record does not support this contention.         Chardavoyne stated Flores had no

opportunity to reprimand or discipline Nicholas while he was CEO and she was his chief of staff.

He agreed some of the board of directors did not like Nicholas; therefore, in April 2008, in an

attempt to satisfy some of the board’s concerns and improve communications between the CEO’s

office and the board, he suggested moving Nicholas to the position of vice president of support

services. However, his reorganization suggestion was never implemented, and one month later,




                                               - 13 -
                                                                                    04-12-00442-CV


he resigned as CEO. Chardavoyne stated he was concerned Nicholas would be targeted by some

of the board members and lose her job. But, he agreed this had nothing to do with Flores.

       Alternatively, SAWS argues that Flores clearly had the opportunity to retaliate in May

2008 when Nicholas was assigned to a position that reported directly to Flores. Nicholas counters

that the probative time frame in which to judge the causal nexus is from February 2009 until

Nicholas’s discharge in May 2009 because this time period was the first opportunity Flores

actually had to retaliate against her. We agree with SAWS that the relevant time period is the year

during which Nicholas first came under Flores’s direct supervision. See Porter, 419 F.3d at 895;

Ford v. Gen. Motors Corp., 305 F.3d 545, 554-55 (6th Cir. 2002); Keyser v. Sacramento City

Unified Sch. Dist., 265 F.3d 741, 752, n.4 (9th Cir. 2001). Therefore, we examine the record for

the events that occurred during the one-year period from May 2008 through mid-2009 for evidence

of a causal nexus between the protected activity and Nicholas’s discharge.

       In the spring of 2008, Chardavoyne resigned as CEO, and Robert Puente assumed the

position of CEO. Puente decided he wanted his own chief of staff and, rather than terminate

Nicholas’s employment, he created an assistant vice president (“AVP”) position for her that

reported directly to Flores. She was the only AVP at SAWS from this date until her position was

eliminated in 2009. Neither Flores nor Nicholas objected or expressed any concerns about her

working for him.

       However, according to Nicholas, Flores’s antagonistic behavior toward her began

immediately after she assumed the AVP position under his supervision. She testified Flores never

came by her office, which was on the same floor as his, to welcome her; instead, he ignored her.

When SAWS began its budget process, she was not told in advance of the meetings. Instead,

Flores’s administrative assistant would call her and ask “Where are you? . . . Greg [Flores] wants

you in this meeting.” Nicholas said this happened numerous times and she spoke to Flores about
                                               - 14 -
                                                                                     04-12-00442-CV


the problem. Flores said he would speak with his assistant and have her put the meetings on

Nicholas’s calendar. Because this never happened, Nicholas resorted to meeting with the assistant

to align the calendars. After resolving the problem with Flores’s assistant, Nicholas attended all

the meetings.

       Nicholas said she believed she was on the Executive Management Team because she

received emails announcing the meetings. However, shortly after becoming AVP under Flores,

he told her not to attend the meetings. Nicholas admitted the decision that she would not attend

the EMT meetings was Puente’s, Flores had no authority to determine who attended the EMT

meetings, and her 2006 counseling of Flores had nothing to do with Puente not wanting an assistant

vice president attending the meetings. She also admitted she never complained to anyone about

not being allowed to attend the meetings.

       Nicholas also testified about two instances where she thought Flores had “set her up” to

appear unprepared. One instance involved her and other SAWS staff working on a survey with a

consultant on a water supply plan that entailed polling the community on various issues. Nicholas

said she briefed Flores of the status of the survey and he reviewed the survey questions. She had

no contact with Puente on the project; Flores told her he communicated with Puente about the

project. When it came time to present the information to Puente, she and Flores went into the

meeting with Puente, his chief of staff, and another vice president. Flores asked Nicholas to make

the presentation, but after she began speaking, Puente turned to his chief of staff and asked if she

knew “that this was going on.” When his chief of staff said she did not know, Puente got upset

and said he did not know either and he left the meeting.

       The second instance involved a meeting to discuss the “Outreach” plan for water resources.

Nicholas asked Flores if there was anything she needed to prepare for or that she needed to take to

the meeting and he told her “no.” She said many people were in the meeting, including Puente
                                               - 15 -
                                                                                     04-12-00442-CV


and the senior vice president of water resources. Nicholas said “it quickly became apparent that I

was the center of attention because all the questions related to how we were going to do the

Outreach plan on water resources . . . .” She said she was angry because Flores did not tell her

they were supposed to make a presentation.

       Nicholas also said the first time she thought she might need to protect herself from Flores

was during a budget meeting that occurred in August 2008, two months after she was placed under

his supervision. She said she and Flores had been invited to the two-day meeting by the director

of budget and rates. She had prepared the budget for the communications/external relations

departments and Flores was unfamiliar with the budget. On the first day of the meeting, many

people attended and Nicholas had no role that day.                   On the second day, the

communications/external relations budget was to be presented. After Nicholas presented the

budget, she received a text message from Flores “telling [her] that [she] probably had better things

to do.” She stated she did not know it was Puente’s decision that she leave the meeting. The day

after the meeting, she met with Flores about her AVP job objectives and to ask him if it was

“Robert or Alex’s” decision that she leave the budget meeting. She did not ask if it was Flores’s

decision and she stated she was not upset with Flores at the time. She admitted “this situation”

had nothing to do with her 2006 counseling of Flores.

       Flores did not initially give Nicholas any job objectives, but she admitted the lack of

objectives did not harm her because she set her own and she already knew what to do with regard

to running the communications department.        She described her performance evaluations as

“neutral.” In November 2008, about five months after Nicholas assumed the AVP position, Flores

sent an email stating he would rely heavily on Nicholas to lead the communications department

because he would be concentrating his leadership efforts on external relations. Nicholas said she

believed she was already running the department even before the email.
                                               - 16 -
                                                                                      04-12-00442-CV


       Stenger-Castro testified he was involved in some of the discussions that led up to

Nicholas’s termination and the issue of Flores asking Spielhagen to lunch did not come up in these

discussions. In fact, he believed Flores and Nicholas were very good friends, and Flores gave

Nicholas a favorable performance evaluation in April 2009. He also believed Flores did not want

to terminate Nicholas, and that decision was made by Puente. Stenger-Castro opined that two

things were happening leading up to the elimination of Nicholas’s position. First, she was laid off

because of the reorganization. Second, Puente did not trust Nicholas in the AVP position with the

public, he believed her judgment was flawed, and she might undermine him publicly. Although

Flores never gave him the impression he wanted to terminate Nicholas, Stenger-Castro said that in

an early 2009 meeting, Puente questioned Flores about whether Nicholas’s position was necessary.

       Flores testified he did not object when told of the assignment of Nicholas as AVP under

his supervision. Flores said Puente decided Nicholas would no longer be on the EMT after the

reassignment. He admitted it was his job to create job objectives for Nicholas, but he did not do

so until April 2009, almost one year after her reassignment and one month before her termination.

       Regarding the company reorganization, Flores testified that in June 2008, one AVP and

three directors worked under him. In September 2008, Puente appointed another vice president to

run customer service, and this person reported to Flores. The appointment of a vice president to

oversee customer service left more time for Flores to spend on the day-to-day operations of the

communications/external relations department. On November 3, 2008, Flores sent an email stating

that although he remained responsible for both customer service and communications/external

relations, he would begin concentrating his leadership efforts on external relations and rely heavily

on Nicholas to lead communications. The customer service department was later reassigned to

report directly to Puente.



                                                - 17 -
                                                                                   04-12-00442-CV


       In the spring of 2009, Puente asked Flores to examine how the communications/external

relations department could be reorganized to improve efficiency and save money. Flores said he

decided he had too many management positions in the communications department versus non-

management positions and some duties were duplicated. For example, the customer service

department had nine management positions for over 200 non-management employees, while the

communications department had seven management positions for only seventeen non-

management employees. Based on these numbers, Flores decided the communications department

was “top-heavy.” From about March 2009 through May 2009, Flores created three reorganization

proposals, the first two of which did not explicitly recommend eliminating the AVP position but

each of which did not show an AVP position. Flores explained he proposed to align the

communications and external relations workgroups under a single director, which resulted in the

elimination of the AVP position over the communications workgroup. In April 2009, Flores gave

Nicholas an evaluation showing her to be a productive employee. The third reorganization

proposal, dated May 11, 2009, for the first time expressly stated the elimination of the AVP

position. This proposal, which was eventually implemented, showed five management positions

all reporting to Flores. Flores said this final structure of the communications department was

similar to the structure he proposed, and of which Nicholas was aware when she was chief of staff,

when he first started working at SAWS.

       Flores said he made the recommendation regarding the AVP position, but Puente made the

ultimate decision. He stated his recommendation had nothing to do with any alleged counseling

or reprimand. On May 11, 2009, Flores told Nicholas her position had been eliminated. On May

22, 2009, the reorganization was announced. No one else at SAWS lost their job as part of the

reorganization.



                                              - 18 -
                                                                                     04-12-00442-CV


       On May 11, 2009, when Flores told Nicholas that her position had been eliminated, she

asked him how he could do this to her after she had “supported him in the sexual harassment.”

She explained she meant that “[h]ad [she] not believed Greg Flores when he said that he would

quit asking Lisa Spielhagen and Sharon Snoga out to lunch, and David Chardavoyne and I talked

about that, there would have been a different outcome[, an investigation].” Flores, on the other

hand, said he did not know what she was referring to when she asked “how can you do this to me

when I stood up for you regarding the allegations of sexual harassment?” He said he was “puzzled”

and “curious.” But, he did not ask her what she meant.

       On May 14, 2009, Nicholas sent a letter to Flores stating she wanted a position at SAWS

and stating she believed he was retaliating against her because she counseled him about asking

Spielhagen and Snoga to lunch. Nicholas said she knew SAWS had hired Cynthia Cano to conduct

an investigation of her retaliation claim, but she was unable to meet with her because her mother

had died. She said Jerry Bailey, vice president of human resources, told her that regardless of the

outcome of the investigation, she would not be rehired by SAWS.

       Robert Puente testified he became SAWS’s CEO in May 2008 and shortly thereafter he

began the first of several reorganizations of SAWS departments. He said he made the decision to

reassign Nicholas to the communications department as an AVP in May 2008 because he wanted

his own chief of staff and he knew the board of directors thought she was difficult to work with,

she did not show the board enough deference, and she was too loyal to Chardavoyne. He said

Flores had some input into the reassignment decision and it was up to Flores to give him

recommendations about how to improve his department, but Flores could not approve or

disapprove the reassignment. Puente said Nicholas took the reassignment very well. Before

creating the AVP position for Nicholas, Puente considered other positions, but he could not find

another position that took advantage of her skills. He also considered laying her off or terminating
                                               - 19 -
                                                                                   04-12-00442-CV


her employment but she had not done anything to justify being fired. On May 23, 2008, Puente

issued an organizational announcement that included an announcement that Nicholas would be an

AVP in communications under Flores.         At this time, he had no doubts about Nicholas’s

competence to act in this capacity. On June 5, 2008, an email from Puente’s administrative

assistant was sent to Nicholas and others about an EMT meeting. However, the next day Flores

emailed Nicholas stating, “Debra, only I am required to represent our group at EMT.” According

to Puente, Nicholas’s transition from chief of staff to AVP effectively removed her from the EMT

because the only members of the EMT were himself, his chief of staff, and other vice presidents,

and he did not invite Nicholas to the EMT meetings. Puente said Nicholas’s name should not have

been on his administrative assistant’s email, and in fact, another woman who no longer worked at

SAWS was also mistakenly on the list of people to attend the meeting. He said the list of people

in his email came from a list of Chardavoyne’s that had never been updated.

       Puente also stated he told Flores that Nicholas should not attend the budget meeting.

Puente explained that at the beginning of the budget process, many people are involved, but as the

decisions are narrowed fewer people were involved. Toward the end of the budget process, at a

meeting of only the EMT members, he noticed Nicholas was present. Puente said he asked Flores

to tell Nicholas that she should excuse herself from the meeting. Puente stated Flores did not

influence this decision. As to the meeting about the water survey, Puente admitted he was upset,

but he said he was mostly frustrated with his own chief of staff because the people at the meeting

did not appear prepared to present the issue to him for a decision. He never felt Nicholas was

unprepared, he thought she always did a good job, and he never saw anything to make him believe

Flores was setting her up.

       Puente testified that during the time Nicholas worked for Flores, Flores never said he

thought the reassignment would not work or gave any indication he could not work with Nicholas.
                                              - 20 -
                                                                                    04-12-00442-CV


Flores never told Puente he was unsatisfied with Nicholas’s work. When Puente was asked if

Flores could have laid Nicholas off without his approval, Puente responded: “I don’t think he could

have, no. Well, if he had, he would have had to seek my input or my understanding of that.”

        Puente stated another reorganization occurred in 2009 and he relied on the

recommendations of his department heads, vice presidents, and others. He explained that 2008

and 2009 were difficult financial years for San Antonio, SAWS had just gotten a rate increase from

City Council and was facing another; therefore, he believed SAWS needed to do as much cost

cutting as possible. A number of positions were vacant and Puente told his vice presidents they

could not fill the positions and to examine their departments and make recommendations regarding

a restructure.

        On March 23, 2009, Flores gave Puente his proposal for reorganizing his department to

include only four leadership positions: three managers and one director. An AVP was not

included. Puente did not accept this proposal. On May 8, 2009, Puente held a meeting in his office

with Flores, Crow, and Bailey to finalize the reorganization announcement and decide who would

be affected by the reorganization. Puente said he made the decision that Nicholas’s AVP position

would be eliminated. An email from Flores to Puente indicated the organizational chart that was

ultimately accepted and again showed the elimination of the AVP position and the downward

reclassification of the director of communications position held by Billy Peche to a manager

position.   Puente also said that at the same time the 200-plus-employees customer service

department was moved from under Flores to report directly to Puente. This decision left less than

thirty people under Flores, which resulted in Flores’s department being top-heavy. Because Flores

no longer had responsibility for the customer service department, he was now free to be “more

hands on” with the communications department. At the time Puente did not know about the 2006

meeting at which Flores had been counseled/reprimanded. At the end of the May 8 meeting,
                                               - 21 -
                                                                                      04-12-00442-CV


Puente told Flores and the human resources department to inform Nicholas that her position had

been eliminated. Because she was not in the office, she was informed on May 11. Approximately

two days later, Flores again asked Spielhagen to lunch.

       Puente admitted he relied on Flores’s recommendations with regard to the communications

department. Puente insisted Nicholas was not fired; instead, her “position was eliminated” because

the AVP position was no longer needed. Other than her position being eliminated, he knew of no

other reason Nicholas no longer worked at SAWS. Puente explained that during the same

reorganization in which Nicholas’s position was eliminated, other already vacant positions were

also eliminated. Puente explained that although these positions were vacant, their elimination

resulted in a “cost-avoidance” savings for SAWS because SAWS collected rates based on all

positions at the company, even vacant ones.

       Viewing all of the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict and indulging every

reasonable inference in favor of the verdict, as we are required to do, we conclude that the evidence

of causation, including circumstantial evidence, amounts to more than a mere scintilla. See City

of Keller, 168 S.W.3d at 822. There is some evidence from which reasonable jurors could draw a

reasonable and logical inference that Flores recommended the elimination of Nicholas’s position

because she had counseled/reprimanded him for sexual harassment. The jury was entitled to

resolve inconsistencies and conflicts in the evidence, and we must accept the jury’s resolution of

these inconsistencies and conflicts. Id. at 819-20. In doing so, the jury could have disregarded

Puente’s testimony that he was not influenced by Flores when the decision was made to eliminate

Nicholas’s position. And, the jury heard evidence that Nicholas was the only SAWS employee to

have her employment terminated during a company-wide reorganization. Because the evidence

rises to a level that would enable reasonable and fair minded people to differ in their conclusions,

we conclude the evidence is legally sufficient to support the jury’s verdict on causation. Id. at 822.
                                                - 22 -
                                                                                                    04-12-00442-CV


Also, viewing all the evidence in a neutral light, we conclude that it is factually sufficient to support

the jury’s finding on the issue of causation, and that the jury’s finding is not so contrary to the

overwhelming weight of the evidence as to be clearly wrong and unjust. See Cain, 709 S.W.2d at

176. 2

                                               DAMAGES CAP

         The jury was asked, in two separate questions, what sum of money, if any, would

compensate Nicholas for her damages relating to her two retaliation claims. Each question set

forth three types of damages: back pay, compensatory damages in the past, and compensatory

damages in the future. For each question, compensatory damages in the future was defined as

including future wages and benefits; and emotional pain and suffering, inconvenience, mental

anguish, and loss of enjoyment of life. Each question on future compensatory damages contained

two sub-parts asking the jury for an amount: one sub-part asked the jury for an amount related to

“[w]ages and benefits that [Nicholas] would have earned in the future” and the second sub-part

asked the jury for an amount related to “[e]motional pain and suffering, inconvenience, mental

anguish, and loss of enjoyment of life that [Nicholas] will likely suffer in the future.”

         On her retaliatory discharge claim, the jury awarded Nicholas future compensatory

damages in the amounts of $759,007.00 for future wages and benefits, and $25,000.00 for

emotional pain and suffering, inconvenience, mental anguish, and loss of enjoyment of life. In its

final issue, SAWS asserts the trial court erred by refusing to apply the Texas statutory cap of

$300,000.00 on future compensatory damages to each claim.




2
  Because we conclude the evidence is sufficient to establish causation on Nicholas’s retaliatory discharge claim, we
do not address SAWS’s other issues on appeal related to the sufficiency of the evidence in support of Nicholas’s claim
that SAWS retaliated against her by refusing to consider her or offer her employment for other positions with the
company after her discharge.

                                                        - 23 -
                                                                                      04-12-00442-CV


        On finding that a defendant “engaged in an unlawful intentional employment practice as

alleged in a complaint, a court may, as provided by this section, award: (1) compensatory damages;

and (2) punitive damages.” TEX. LAB. CODE § 21.2585(a). “Compensatory damages awarded

under this section may not include: (1) back pay; (2) interest on back pay; or (3) other relief

authorized under Section 21.258(b).” Id. § 21.2585(c). “The sum of the amount of compensatory

damages awarded under this section for future pecuniary losses, emotional pain, suffering,

inconvenience, mental anguish, loss of enjoyment of life, and other nonpecuniary losses and the

amount of punitive damages awarded under this section may not exceed, for each complainant

. . . $300,000 in the case of a [defendant such as SAWS] that has more than 500 employees.” Id.

§ 21.2585(d)(4). SAWS asserts Nicholas included her claim for future wages and benefits (“front

pay”) in “compensatory damages” and the award for each claim impermissibly exceeds

$300,000.00. Therefore, SAWS argues the trial court erred in denying its request to apply the cap.

        On appeal, Nicholas argues the statutory cap does not apply because “front pay” is an

equitable remedy intended to make a person whole after suffering employment discrimination

when reinstatement is not feasible. Nicholas relies on the U.S. Supreme Court’s opinion in Pollard

v. E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., 532 U.S. 843, 846 (2001), in which the Court considered

whether front pay was an element of compensatory damages under 42 U.S.C. § 1981a and, thus,

subject to the statutory damages cap imposed by that section.

        In Pollard, the Supreme Court explained that

        [f]ront pay is simply money awarded for lost compensation during the period
        between judgment and reinstatement or in lieu of reinstatement. . . . In cases in
        which reinstatement is not viable because of continuing hostility between the
        plaintiff and the employer or its workers, or because of psychological injuries
        suffered by the plaintiff as a result of the discrimination, courts have ordered front
        pay as a substitute for reinstatement.

Id. at 846.


                                                - 24 -
                                                                                       04-12-00442-CV


           The Court “recognized that reinstatement [is] not always a viable option, and that an award

of front pay as a substitute for reinstatement in such cases [is] a necessary part of the ‘make whole’

relief mandated” in employment discrimination legislation and by the Supreme Court. Id. at 850;

see also Wal–Mart Stores, Inc. v. Davis, 979 S.W.2d 30, 45 (Tex. App.—Austin 1998, pet. denied)

(affirming award of front pay under Human Rights Act). Thus, front pay is awarded to compensate

the plaintiff for future lost wages and benefits. See Hansard v. Pepsi–Cola Metro. Bottling Co.,

Inc., 865 F.2d 1461, 1469 (5th Cir.1989) (stating that “‘[f]ront pay’ refers to future lost earnings”).

           In Pollard, an employee brought a sexual-harassment claim against her employer under

Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The district court denied the employee’s request for

front pay. In determining whether the employee was entitled to an award of front pay, the Supreme

Court addressed section 706(g) of the Civil Rights Act (as originally enacted), 3 which authorized

courts to “enjoin the respondent from engaging in such unlawful employment practice, and order

such affirmative action as may be appropriate, which may include, but is not limited to,

reinstatement or hiring of employees, with or without back pay . . . or any other equitable relief as

the court deems appropriate.” 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(g)(1); Pollard, 532 U.S. at 847-48. The Court

confirmed the availability of front pay as an equitable remedy under the Civil Rights Act. Pollard,

532 U.S. at 853-54.

           In affirming the availability of front pay awards in lieu of reinstatement, the Court

explained:

           We see no logical difference between front pay awards made when there eventually
           is reinstatement and those made when there is not. Moreover, to distinguish
           between the two cases would lead to the strange result that employees could receive
           front pay when reinstatement eventually is available but not when reinstatement is
           not an option—whether because of continuing hostility between the plaintiff and
           the employer or its workers, or because of the psychological injuries that the


3
    Section 706 of the Civil Rights Act may now be found at 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5.

                                                        - 25 -
                                                                                     04-12-00442-CV


        discrimination has caused the plaintiff. Thus, the most egregious offenders could
        be subject to the least sanctions.

Id. at 853.

        The Court noted that, in 1991, Congress expanded the remedies available in intentional

employment discrimination cases by including compensatory and punitive damages, but limited

the recovery of such damages by enacting various statutory damage caps. Id. at 851. The cap in

the Civil Rights Act states:

        The sum of the amount of compensatory damages awarded under this section for
        future pecuniary losses, emotional pain, suffering, inconvenience, mental anguish,
        loss of enjoyment of life, and other nonpecuniary losses, and the amount of punitive
        damages awarded under this section, shall not exceed, for each complaining party
        [a cap amount depending on number of employees].

42 U.S.C. § 1981a(b)(3) (emphasis added).

        In considering whether an award for front pay fell within the statutory cap in the Civil

Rights Act, the Supreme Court stated that, “[i]n the abstract, front pay could be considered

compensation for ‘future pecuniary losses,’” subject to the statutory cap on compensatory

damages. Pollard, 532 U.S. at 852. However, the Court concluded that, in reading section 1981a

as a whole, “the better interpretation is that front pay is not within the meaning of compensatory

damages” and is excluded from the statutory cap. Id. Thus, the Supreme Court held that awards

for front pay in lieu of reinstatement did not fall within the statutory cap on compensatory damages

set forth in section 1981a. Id. at 852-53.

        Few Texas courts have considered whether front pay falls within the meaning of

“compensatory damages” as set forth in the Texas Human Rights Act. In Hoffman-La Roche, Inc.

v. Zeltwanger, the Corpus Christi Court of Appeals, relying on Pollard, held that an award for

front pay in lieu of reinstatement was not subject to the statutory cap on compensatory damages

under Labor Code section 21.2585(d). 69 S.W.3d 634, 653 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 2002),


                                               - 26 -
                                                                                                  04-12-00442-CV


rev’d on other grounds, 144 S.W.3d 438 (Tex. 2004); see also Tex. Comm’n on Human Rights v.

Morrison, 346 S.W.3d 838, 850 n.17 (Tex. App.—Austin 2011) (stating in footnote, “Equitable

relief, such as back pay and front pay, is not subject to the cap [under Texas Labor section

21.2585(d)].”), rev’d on other grounds, 381 S.W.3d 533 (Tex. 2012). One Texas court has

considered the issue under the Whistleblower Act, and held, relying on Pollard, that an award for

front pay in lieu of reinstatement was not subject to the statutory cap on compensatory damages

under the Texas Whistleblower Act. City of Houston v. Levingston, 221 S.W.3d 204, 234 (Tex.

App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2006, no pet.). 4 On appeal, SAWS argues these Texas opinions merely

relied on Pollard without comparing the language of Labor Code section 21.2585 with the

language of 42 U.S.C. § 1981a.

        The Human Rights Act prohibits an employer from discriminating against an individual

because of race, color, disability, religion, sex, national origin, or age. See TEX. LAB. CODE

§ 21.051. “The [Human Rights Act] ‘is modeled after federal law with the purpose of executing

the policies set forth in Title VII of the federal Civil Rights Act of 1964.’” Hoffman-La Roche Inc.

v. Zeltwanger, 144 S.W.3d 438, 445 (Tex. 2004) (quoting Green v. Indus. Specialty Contractors,

Inc., 1 S.W.3d 126, 131 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1999, no pet.)); see also TEX. LAB. CODE

§ 21.001. “As such, federal case law may be cited as authority in cases relating to the Texas Act.”

Zeltwanger, 144 S.W.3d at 446. “In creating causes of action for discrimination . . . both Congress

and the Texas Legislature have specified the types and amounts of damages that may be awarded.”

Id.; see also 42 U.S.C. § 1981a(b); TEX. LAB. CODE § 21.2585. Under both section 1981a and the




4
 “In a suit under [the Whistleblower Act] against an employing state or local governmental entity, a public employee
may not recover compensatory damages for future pecuniary losses, emotional pain, suffering, inconvenience, mental
anguish, loss of enjoyment of life, and other nonpecuniary losses in an amount that exceeds [the cap].” TEX. GOV’T
CODE ANN. § 554.003(c) (West 2012).


                                                       - 27 -
                                                                                   04-12-00442-CV


Human Rights Act, a court may award compensatory damages upon finding that an employer has

engaged in an unlawful intentional employment practice and may further award punitive damages

when the discriminatory practice is with malice or reckless indifference.             42 U.S.C.

§ 1981a(a)(1),(b)(1); TEX. LAB. CODE § 21.2585(a),(b).

       Both section 1981a and the Human Rights Act cap awards of punitive and compensatory

damages on a sliding scale commensurate with the size of the employer. 42 U.S.C. § 1981a(b)(3);

TEX. LAB. CODE § 21.2585(d). The largest employers, like SAWS, are subject to a maximum cap

of $300,000. 42 U.S.C. § 1981a(b)(3)(D); TEX. LAB. CODE § 21.2585(d)(4). The compensatory

damages that are capped under section 1981a specifically include “future pecuniary losses,

emotional pain, suffering, inconvenience, mental anguish, loss of enjoyment of life, and other

nonpecuniary losses . . . .” 42 U.S.C. § 1981a(b)(3). The compensatory damages that are capped

under the Human Rights Act specifically include “future pecuniary losses, emotional pain,

suffering, inconvenience, mental anguish, loss of enjoyment of life, and other nonpecuniary

losses.” TEX. LAB. CODE § 21.2585(d). Under both statutes, the cap does not apply to back pay,

interest on back pay, and equitable relief.       42 U.S.C. § 1981a(b)(2); TEX. LAB. CODE

§ 21.2585(c)(3).

       On appeal, SAWS argues the relief available under Title VII, and more specifically 42

U.S.C. § 2000e-5(g), is much broader than the “other relief authorized under Section 21.258(b)”

of the Human Rights Act. Under the federal statute examined by the Pollard Court, if a court finds

that an employer has

       intentionally engaged in or is intentionally engaging in an unlawful employment
       practice charged in the complaint, the court may enjoin the respondent from
       engaging in such unlawful employment practice, and order such affirmative action
       as may be appropriate, which may include, but is not limited to, reinstatement or
       hiring of employees, with or without back pay (payable by the employer,
       employment agency, or labor organization, as the case may be, responsible for the


                                              - 28 -
                                                                                       04-12-00442-CV


        unlawful employment practice), or any other equitable relief as the court deems
        appropriate. . . . .

42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(g)(1) (emphasis added).

        SAWS argues that in contrast to the broad language emphasized above, the Human Rights

Act specifically states what “additional equitable relief” is appropriate in section 21.258:

        Additional equitable relief may include:

        (1) hiring or reinstating with or without back pay;
        (2) upgrading an employee with or without pay;
        (3) admitting to or restoring union membership;
        (4) admitting to or participating in a guidance program, apprenticeship, or on-the-
        job training or other training or retraining program, using objective job-related
        criteria in admitting an individual to a program;
        (5) reporting on the manner of compliance with the terms of a final order issued
        under this chapter; and
        (6) paying court costs.

TEX. LAB. CODE § 21.258(b).

        SAWS concludes that, other than back pay and interest on back pay, only relief authorized

by section 21.258(b) is excluded from the statutory cap contained in section 21.2858(d). We do

not agree that only the above six forms of relief are available as “additional equitable relief.”

Section 21.258(b) does not state “additional equitable relief” is limited only to the six listed types

of relief. Instead, the section states that “[a]dditional equitable relief may include” the six listed

types of relief.

        Whenever possible, statutes should be given their everyday, reasonable meaning. Use of

the term “may” in statutes is usually construed as directory or permissive. Valles v. Tex. Comm’n

on Jail Standards, 845 S.W.2d 284, 288 (Tex. App.—Austin 1992, writ denied). Generally, “may”

is given a permissive construction, and “shall” is given a mandatory construction. Inwood North

Homeowners’ Ass’n v. Meier, 625 S.W.2d 742, 744 (Tex. Civ. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1981,

no writ); see also Helena Chem. Co. v. Wilkins, 47 S.W.3d 483, 493 (Tex. 2001) (“While Texas


                                                - 29 -
                                                                                       04-12-00442-CV


courts have not interpreted ‘must’ as often as ‘shall,’ both terms are generally recognized as

mandatory, creating a duty or obligation.”); TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 311.016(1), (2), (3) (West

2013) (“(1) ‘May’ creates discretionary authority or grants permission or a power. (2) ‘Shall’

imposes a duty. (3) ‘Must’ creates or recognizes a condition precedent.”). “In determining whether

the Legislature intended the particular provision to be mandatory or merely directory,

consideration should be given to the entire act, its nature and objectives, and the consequences that

would follow from each construction.” Chisholm v. Bewley Mills, 155 Tex. 400, 287 S.W.2d 943,

945 (1956); Planet Ins. Co. v. Serrano, 936 S.W.2d 35, 36-37 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1996, no

writ) (quoting Chisholm); Meier, 625 S.W.2d. at 743 (same).

       “The [Human Rights Act] was enacted to address the specific evil of discrimination and

retaliation in the workplace.” City of Waco, 259 S.W.3d at 153; see TEX. LAB. CODE § 21.001.

“By enacting the [Human Rights Act], the Legislature created a comprehensive remedial scheme

that grants extensive protections to employees in Texas, implements a comprehensive

administrative regime, and affords carefully constructed remedies.” City of Waco, 259 S.W.3d at

153-54. The Human Rights Act’s general purposes include “provid[ing] for the execution of the

policies of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and its subsequent amendments (42 U.S.C.

Section 2000e et seq.)” and “secur[ing] for persons in this state, including persons with disabilities,

freedom from discrimination in certain employment transactions, in order to protect their personal

dignity.” TEX. LAB. CODE § 21.001(1), (4). “The [Human Rights Act] plainly proscribes

retaliation for having opposed conduct made unlawful by the [Human Rights Act], irrespective of

the merits of the underlying discrimination claim.” City of Waco, 259 S.W.3d at 151; Cook, 974

S.W.2d at 224 (same).

       An essential purpose of both the federal and Texas statutes is to make persons “whole”

who have suffered injuries as a result of an unlawful employment practice. Making a claimant
                                                 - 30 -
                                                                                       04-12-00442-CV


“whole” includes an award for back pay and front pay when reinstatement is not feasible. Back

pay is not included within the scope of the compensatory damages cap because back pay is

considered equitable relief. See TEX. LAB. CODE § 21.2585(c)(1). Although neither statute

literally mentions the term “front pay,” both the federal and Texas statutes allow the court to order

appropriate equitable relief. Because front pay is an alternative to reinstatement, we believe it is

equitable in nature. See TEX. LAB. CODE § 21.258(b)(1) (additional equitable relief may include

reinstatement with or without back pay); see also Cook, 974 S.W.2d at 227 (“Under the [Human

Rights Act], front pay is available as equitable relief in lieu of reinstatement.”); Tex. Youth Comm’n

v. Koustoubardis, 378 S.W.3d 497, 502 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2012, no pet.) (“Front pay is an

equitable remedy intended to compensate a plaintiff for future lost wages and benefits.”); City of

Austin v. Gifford, 824 S.W.2d 735, 744 (Tex. App.—Austin 1992, no writ) (holding, “a trial court’s

award of front pay constitutes a legitimate exercise of its equity powers”). We also note that if the

Legislature had intended to limit “additional equitable relief” to only the six types of relief listed

in section 21.258(b), it could have done so with more restrictive language. Therefore, we conclude

that the use of the word “may” in section 21.258(b) is discretionary. Accordingly, because front

pay is a form of equitable relief, it is not limited by the statutory cap on compensatory damages.

       SAWS also argues that treating back pay differently from front pay harmonizes sections

21.258 and 21.2585. Under section 21.258, “[l]iability under a back pay award may not accrue

for a date more than two years before the date a complaint is filed with the commission.” TEX.

LAB. CODE § 21.258(c). According to SAWS, a similar limit on front pay is unnecessary because

front pay is limited under the cap contained in section 21.2585. We disagree with this argument.

       An employment discrimination claim must be filed with the appropriate governmental

agency “not later than the 180th day after the date the alleged unlawful employment practice

occurred.” Id. § 21.202(a). A civil action for employment discrimination under the Human Rights
                                                - 31 -
                                                                                   04-12-00442-CV


Act “may not be brought . . . later than the second anniversary of the date the complaint relating

to the action is filed.” Id. § 21.256. Short limitations periods “limit the employer’s uncertainty

about the composition of his work force and his exposure to claims for back pay, which would

continue to mount up until the judgment if the plaintiff could not find an equivalent job; and to

facilitate reinstatement.” Knutson v. UGS Corp., 526 F.3d 339, 341 (7th Cir. 2008); see also Early

v. Bankers Life & Cas. Co., 959 F.2d 75, 80-81 (7th Cir. 1992) (“The short statutes of limitations

in employment cases have a purpose—both back pay obligations and the difficulty of reintegrating

a terminated worker into the workforce grow with each day that passes before an employment

dispute is resolved—and it is ill served when the employer does not receive prompt notice of the

dispute.”). A two-year limitation on an award of back pay is consistent with these policy

considerations. No such concerns, however, are present with an award of front pay.

                                        CONCLUSION

       For the reasons stated above, we conclude the evidence is sufficient to support the jury’s

verdict on Nicholas’s retaliatory discharge claim, and that the $300,000.00 compensatory damages

cap does not apply to an award of front pay. Therefore, we overrule SAWS’s issues on appeal and

affirm the trial court’s judgment.



                                                 Sandee Bryan Marion, Justice




                                              - 32 -
