                            UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                            FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA


ROSA ALBA FLORES-HERNANDEZ,

                       Plaintiff,

                       v.                            Civil Action No. 11-cv-897 (RLW)

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, et al.,

                       Defendants.

                                    MEMORANDUM OPINION

       In November 2012, the Court presided over a four-day bench trial in this case, ultimately

finding that Plaintiff Rosa Alba Flores-Hernandez (“Flores-Hernandez”) failed to carry her

burden of proof on her delayed-diagnosis medical malpractice claim. In brief, Flores-Hernandez

asserted that Defendant United States of America (the “United States” or the “Government”),

acting through Dr. Luis Padilla, negligently delayed in referring her to a specialist for diagnostic

tests that, according to Flores-Hernandez, would have detected the presence of her cervical

cancer much earlier than it was ultimately discovered. Because of Dr. Padilla’s delay, Flores-

Hernandez argued, by the time her cancer was ultimately discovered and diagnosed, the disease

had already progressed to Stage IVA cervical cancer and her chances of recovery and survival

were only a fraction of what they might have been.

       After careful consideration of all of the evidence presented at trial, the Court found that

Flores-Hernandez did successfully establish some elements of her malpractice claim—the

applicable standard of care, and also a deviation from that standard on Dr. Padilla’s part when he

failed to timely refer Flores-Hernandez to a gynecologist based on the symptoms she presented

with at the time. But the Court’s analysis—and Flores-Hernandez’s burden—did not end there.


                                                 1
Although she proved that Dr. Padilla breached the applicable standard of care by a

preponderance of the evidence, the Court found that she did not clear the final hurdle to prove

her claim because she failed to demonstrate that Dr. Padilla’s actions proximately caused a delay

in the ultimate diagnosis and treatment of her cervical cancer. Simply put, Flores-Hernandez’s

evidence on this last element was simply too speculative to carry the day, and the only expert

testimony she presented with respect to causation was not credible. Consequently, the Court

found against Flores-Hernandez and issued judgment in favor of the United States. 1

       Flores-Hernandez now moves to alter and amend this judgment under Federal Rule of

Civil Procedure 59(e), arguing that the Court’s Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law contain

“several factual errors on the face of the record that result in its finding that Dr. Padilla’s

negligence did not matter to Flores-Hernandez’s outcome.” (Dkt. No. 72 (“Pl.’s Mem.”) at 1).

She argues that “[t]he Court did not just reach the wrong conclusion in failing to make [these]

findings—it misconstrued, or in some cases, overlooked facts about this case which showed the

likely course of events if Dr. Padilla had followed the standard of care.” (Id.). She maintains

that the “clear errors” committed by the Court warrant amendment of judgment in her favor, and

an award of damages, as she sought at trial. The Court does not agree.

       Accordingly, upon careful consideration of the parties respective briefing, (Dkt. Nos. 72,

77, 80), and the entire record in this action, the Court concludes that Flores-Hernandez’s Motion

to Alter and Amend Judgment will be DENIED for the reasons set forth herein.




1
        For purposes of this Opinion, the Court provides only a general summary of the most
salient facts and findings surrounding Flores-Hernandez’s claim and the presentation of this case
at trial. A more detailed discussion can be found in the Court’s Findings of Fact and
Conclusions of Law. See Flores-Hernandez v. United States, --- F. Supp. 2d ----, 2012 WL
6600366 (D.D.C. Dec. 18, 2013).
                                               2
                                          ANALYSIS
   A. Standard of Review

       Motions to alter or amend under Rule 59(e) are disfavored, “and relief from judgment is

granted only when the moving party establishes extraordinary circumstances.” Niedermeier v.

Office of Max S. Baucus, 153 F. Supp. 2d 23, 28 (D.D.C. 2001) (citing Anyanwutaku v. Moore,

151 F.3d 1053, 1057 (D.C. Cir. 1998)). As explained by our Circuit, a Rule 59(e) motion “need

not be granted unless the district court finds that there is an intervening change of controlling

law, the availability of new evidence, or the need to correct a clear error or prevent manifest

injustice.” Messina v. Krakower, 439 F.3d 755, 758 (D.C. Cir. 2006); Firestone v. Firestone, 76

F.3d 1205, 1208 (D.C. Cir. 1996). Consequently, “a losing party may not use a Rule 59 motion

to raise new issues that could have been raised previously.” Kattan by Thomas v. District of

Columbia, 995 F.2d 274, 276 (D.C. Cir. 1993). Nor is a Rule 59 motion a means by which to

“reargue facts and theories upon which a court has already ruled,” New York v. United States,

880 F. Supp. 37, 38 (D.D.C. 1995), or “a chance . . . to correct poor strategic choices,” SEC v.

Bilzerian, 729 F. Supp. 2d 9, 15 (D.D.C. 2010).


   B. Flores-Hernandez Does Not Merit Relief Under Rule 59(e)

       Through her Rule 59(e) motion, Flores-Hernandez raises three purported errors on the

Court’s part that she contends warrant reversal of its prior ruling.    First, she argues that the

Court erred “in determining that Dr. Hamilton would not have performed an endometrial biopsy

in late 2007 or early 2008,” assuming that Dr. Padilla had promptly referred her to a gynecologist

at that time. (Id. at 3-6). Second, she asserts that “the Court erred in finding that Ms. Flores-

Hernandez did not prove that she would have had some stage of diagnosable cancer at the time

Dr. Padilla violated the standard of care.” (Id. at 6-15). And third, she argues that the Court

“erred in determining that a cone biopsy would not have been performed sooner if Dr. Padilla

                                                  3
complied with the standard of care in late 2007.” (Id. at 15-20). The Court considers each of

these contentions in turn, but concludes that none warrants relief.


           1. The Court’s Finding That Flores-Hernandez Did Not Prove That An
              Endometrial Biopsy Would Have Been Performed In 2008

       Flores-Hernandez first insists that the Court erred in finding that she failed to prove, by a

preponderance of the evidence, that an endometrial biopsy would have been performed during

2008, if she had been more promptly referred to a gynecologist by Dr. Padilla. On this point, the

Court agrees with her initial premise—that, based on the evidence, it appears that Dr. Hamilton

and her assistant were prompted to perform an endometrial biopsy, at least in part, based on

Flores-Hernandez’s complaints of irregular menstrual bleeding in late July 2009. Yet Flores-

Hernandez seems to ignore the next step in the Court’s analysis—that “to assume that an

endometrial biopsy would have taken place in 2008, the Court would need to find that it is more

likely than not that Flores-Hernandez would have complained to Dr. Hamilton about menstrual

bleeding at some point during that timeframe, and the evidence does not tilt in Flores-

Hernandez’s favor on this point.” Flores-Hernandez, 2012 WL 6600336, at *14. In support of

this conclusion, the Court set forth a number of evidentiary findings that cut against Flores-

Hernandez, including that: (1) during her first visit with Dr. Hamilton, Flores-Hernandez did not

describe any history or ongoing symptoms of irregular menstrual bleeding; (2) during her visits

with Dr. Padilla in December 2008 and May 2009, there is no indication that Flores-Hernandez

complained about any irregular menstrual bleeding; and (3) between December 2007 and

December 2008, Flores-Hernandez did not return to Unity for any health concerns, and certainly

not to complain about irregular bleeding. See id. On the other side of the coin, the Court also

took note of Flores-Hernandez’s testimony to the contrary—that she “always” complained to her

doctors about menstrual bleeding during every visit, and that her symptoms “increased day by

                                                 4
day”—but, as the Court already explained, it did not find her testimony on this point to be

credible. Id. Flores-Hernandez effectively ignores these findings.

       Instead, she argues that the evidence shows that Dr. Hamilton (“or any other gynecologist

that she might have been referred to”) would have performed an endometrial biopsy immediately

upon referral from Dr. Padilla in late 2007 or 2008. (Pl.’s Mem. at 4). But the record establishes

no such thing. As the Government points out, this line of argument wrests a portion of Dr.

Hamilton’s testimony out of context, claiming that she said “Menometrorrhagia in a, at this time,

39-year-old would have required an endometrial biopsy in addition to the colposcopy.” (Id. at

4). Notably, however, Dr. Hamilton’s reference to “at this time” meant in June or July 2009, as

reflected by her deposition testimony read into the record by Flores-Hernandez’s counsel:

       Q:     “If [the history of metrorrhagia] had been reviewed by you prior to seeing
       her, how would that have impacted your treatment of her at this point [in June
       2009] during the colposcopy?”
       Answer: “I still would have asked her the same questions. From the standpoint of
       irregular periods, same questions every time for a colposcopy: Is this resolved?
       What’s going on with regards to this? I mean, that – the same questions.”
       Then I said: “Okay, if it hasn’t resolved, if this were still the case, then the same
       question: How would that have affected your opinion of her case?”
       “With regards to having – it depends on the quality, how heavy the periods are.
       Metrorrhagia in a, at this time, 39-year-old would have required an endometrial
       biopsy in addition to the colposcopy.”
       “Okay. That’s the step you would have taken if you had the history at that time?”
       “Correct. If she had reported that at that time, that would have been something
       that we would have discussed, correct.”
       Is that your testimony?
       A:      Yes, it is.

(Dkt. No. 63, 11/15/12 AM Transcript, at 57-58) (emphases added). As shown, Dr. Hamilton

repeatedly clarified that she was discussing potential treatment in mid-2009, and not in late-2007

or early-2008, as Flores-Hernandez seems to suggest. In addition, Dr. Hamilton’s responses

were not nearly as unequivocal as Flores-Hernandez would have the Court believe. As reflected
                                                5
above, she concluded her testimony by stating that an endometrial biopsy “would have been

something that [she] would have discussed” if presented with irregular bleeding, not that she

definitely would have performed such a procedure.           And she stated the same on redirect,

explaining that an endometrial biopsy would have been a possibility:

       Q:      Plaintiff’s counsel asked whether, if the patient had told you that she had
       metrorrhagia at the June 8th visit, would that have changed your diagnosis. And
       what is your answer to that?
       A:     He asked whether the report of the irregular bleeding would have changed
       what I would have done from the standpoint of the colposcopy and endometrial
       biopsy. There would have been further questioning with the irregular bleeding,
       and possibly a need for an endometrial biopsy . . . .

(Id. at 79) (emphasis added). Simply stated, Flores-Hernandez’s counsel did not establish it was

more likely than not that Dr. Hamilton would have performed an endometrial biopsy in 2008—

much less that she “definitively” would have done so, (see Pl.’s Mem. at 6)— based solely on a

referral from Dr. Padilla. As the Court previously noted, this is “a question that could have been

easily posed to Dr. Hamilton during trial, but was not.” Flores-Hernandez, 2012 WL 6600336,

at *14. And the Court disagrees that Flores-Hernandez’s tortured reading of Dr. Hamilton’s

testimony establishes that the Court committed an error with respect to this aspect of its analysis,

much less the requisite “clear error” that would warrant relief here.

       All that said, in making this particular argument, Flores-Hernandez seems to be missing

the bigger picture. Because even if she had proven that an endometrial biopsy would have been

performed in late 2007 or early 2008, she still “failed to establish that the results of such a biopsy

would have led to a cone biopsy any sooner” or otherwise accelerated her course of treatment.

Id. More specifically, the Court previously explained its reasoning as follows:

       Flores-Hernandez did not present any expert testimony, other than arguably from
       Dr. Boothby, as to what the likely results of an endometrial biopsy would have
       revealed in 2008, let alone what the appropriate course of treatment would have
       been based on those results. If anything, the evidence establishes that an

                                                  6
       endometrial biopsy taken in 2008 might have revealed the presence of CIN-1 or
       CIN-2, given that Ms. Yoxthimer’s subsequent attempt at an endometrial biopsy
       yielded CIN-1 and CIN-2 endocervical cells in late 2009. Given the nature of an
       endometrial biopsy—which Dr. Hamilton explained was a “blind” procedure—
       there is no basis for the Court to find it more likely than not that a biopsy would
       have obtained anything beyond CIN-1 or CIN-2 tissue in any event. But even if
       an endometrial biopsy had been performed in 2008, and even if it had shown
       CIN-1 or CIN-2, Flores-Hernandez did not present any evidence that the
       appropriate standard of care upon a finding of CIN-2 would have led to a cone
       biopsy or some other excisional procedure.

Id. at *14 n.11.     Thus, Flores-Hernandez’s supposition that she would have received an

endometrial biopsy is only one step in the causation theory she pressed at trial. Even if she could

establish that the Court committed “clear error” in finding an endometrial biopsy unlikely in

2008, Flores-Hernandez would still need to show that the Court committed another “clear error”

in concluding that she failed to show the results of such an earlier endometrial biopsy would

have accelerated her treatment and led to an earlier diagnosis of her disease. Because she comes

up short on both of these issues, the Court rejects her plea for relief on these grounds.


    C. The Court’s Purported Findings Regarding The Development Of Flores-
       Hernandez’s Cancer

       Flores-Hernandez’s next argument is that the Court clearly erred in finding that she “had

at worst CIN-1, or just as likely no abnormal cells at all, only two-and-one-half years before she

was diagnosed with Stage IV cervical cancer.” (Pl.’s Mem. at 6). While she devotes the bulk of

her briefing to this particular argument, the Court need not dwell long here for the simple reason

that the Court rendered no such finding. 2


2
         In pressing this argument, the Court presumes that Flores-Hernandez refers to its finding
that, if she had undergone a colposcopy and biopsy in late-2007—as she ultimately did in mid-
2009—that it was “likely that, at worst, the tests would have indicated the same results—a
finding of CIN-1—but it is equally likely that the results in November or December 2007 would
not have revealed any atypical cells at all.” Flores-Hernandez, 2012 WL 6600336, at *13
(emphases added). But, in making this finding, the Court expressed no opinion about the
accuracy of those theoretical results, or whether they would have revealed the true state of
                                                  7
       As the Court previously made clear, the critical question underlying the issue of causation

is not whether Flores-Hernandez can prove that she actually had invasive cancer at some

particular point in time; rather, “the question is whether, if Flores-Hernandez had been referred

to a gynecologist sooner, the course of treatment she received would have led to the treatment

and eradication of her condition sooner, before it advanced to Stage IVA.” Flores-Hernandez,

2012 WL 6600336, at *12; see also id. at *15 (“To meet her burden of proof, she cannot prove

causation simply by proving the presence of cancer. Even if her cancer were present in 2008, the

real issue is whether she can prove that it would have been detected by a gynecologist—and

therefore treated—in 2008 or 2009.”). And in this respect, the Court concluded its prior analysis

by explaining that “Flores-Hernandez simply failed to adduce sufficient evidence to prove that it

is more likely than not that her cancer (or precancerous condition) would have been diagnosed

and treated any earlier—whether through a cone biopsy or otherwise—if Dr. Padilla had referred

her to a gynecologist in November or December 2007.” Id. at *15 (emphasis added). The Court

therefore did not make any findings about the stage of Flores-Hernandez’s disease in late-2007

or early-2008. Indeed, under the facts of this case and the evidence presented at trial, it was not

necessary to do so because, even assuming that her condition was more progressed than the test

results indicated, Flores-Hernandez still needed to prove that specialists acting within the

applicable standard of care would have reached an earlier diagnosis and accelerated her

treatment. It was on this point that Plaintiff’s proof simply came up short.

       Consequently, Flores-Hernandez’s various arguments about the typical growth rate of

cervical cancer—and her contentions about the parties’ stipulation to that effect—completely



Flores-Hernandez’s condition. Instead, as explained, the Court’s focus was rightly on whether,
in responding to those results, reasonable medical specialists would have discovered and
diagnosed Flores-Hernandez’s cervical cancer any earlier.
                                                 8
miss the mark. 3 So too does her reliance on Dr. Boothby’s testimony that she “had either a pre-

invasive cancer or precancerous dysplasia at the time that Dr. Padilla initially violated the

standard of care,” and that her “cervical cancer developed over the course of many years, due to

the usual course of that disease.” (Pl.’s Mem. at 7, 10). This evidence places undue focus on the

growth and degree of Flores-Hernandez’s cancer, rather than on the critical issue of whether, in

response to an earlier referral from Dr. Padilla, gynecological specialists would have discovered

and diagnosed her cancer or precancerous condition—regardless of its progress—any sooner.

       Additionally, as to Dr. Boothby’s testimony, the Court previously made clear that it

found his opinions on the issue of causation not credible. Flores-Hernandez, 2012 WL 6600336,

at *13; id. at *13 nn.7-8.    Undeterred, Flores-Hernandez tries to parse out Dr. Boothby’s

testimony regarding cervical cancer’s “usual progression” and/or “any other aspect of cervical

cancer in general” from his opinions about the development of Flores-Hernandez’s specific case

of cervical cancer, arguing that the Court expressed no credibility opinion as to the former

category of testimony. (See Pl.’s Mem. at 7 n.2). The Court disagrees, but to remove all doubt,

the Court hereby confirms, in no uncertain terms, that it did not find Dr. Boothby’s testimony

regarding any aspect of Flores-Hernandez’s causation theory to be credible, including with

respect to the growth-rate of Flores-Hernandez’s cervical cancer.

       Flores-Hernandez also attempts to draw support from Tarpeh-Doe v. United States, in

which the D.C. Circuit explained: “When, as is often the case in medical malpractice actions, a

defendant’s negligent act or omission makes it more difficult to determine what the medical

3
        The Court also rejects Flores-Hernandez’s suggestion that it “overlooked” the fact of the
Government’s stipulations. (Pl.’s Mem. at 7). To the contrary, the Court squarely took the
parties’ stipulation that “cervical cancers are typically slow-growing cancers” into account, but
found that this stipulation merited “minimal significance” because, inter alia, it only spoke in
generalities and said nothing about whether “Flores-Hernandez’s specific case of cervical cancer
was slow-growing.” Flores-Hernandez, 2012 WL 6600336, at *15.
                                                9
outcome would have been but for that negligence, the plaintiff’s burden of demonstrating a

favorable outcome may be lightened.” 28 F.3d 120, 124 n.3 (D.C. Cir. 1994). The Court finds

this argument unavailing. First, to the extent Flores-Hernandez relies on this language to argue

that her causation burden should have been lightened, this is improper at the Rule 59 stage, given

that she failed to advance this theory before. Kattan by Thomas, 995 F.2d at 276 (“[A] losing

party may not use a Rule 59 motion to raise new issues that could have been raised previously.”).

But even if the Court were to consider this belated theory now, she fares no better on the

substance. As the Government points out, the majority in Tarpeh-Doe actually reversed the

district court’s verdict in favor of the plaintiff, at least in part, on the basis that there was no

competent evidence presented to show that any earlier action would have prevented or slowed

the progression of the plaintiff’s condition:

       Nor is there any evidence that, had [the doctor] been available on June 3 [the date
       on which the plaintiff alleged he should have been evaluated], he could then have
       diagnosed, or more importantly correctly diagnosed, [the plaintiff’s] condition or
       that earlier diagnosis would have prompted him to pursue a different course of
       treatment or would have slowed [the plaintiff’s] deterioration.

Id. at 125 (emphasis omitted). This reasoning closely parallels the Court’s determination in this

case—that Flores-Hernandez failed to present sufficient evidence from which the Court could

reasonably conclude that an earlier referral from Dr. Padilla would have led to an earlier

diagnosis of her condition, or that it would have eradicated her cancer sooner.

       Finally, Flores-Hernandez wrongly argues that the Court committed a legal error by

holding her to too high a burden in requiring “‘concrete’ evidence regarding the stage of her

cancer when Dr. Padilla violated the standard of care.” (Pl.’s Mem. at 12). In referencing

“concrete” evidence, however, the Court was not requiring Flores-Hernandez to prove her case

with certainty, or any other threshold beyond the “preponderance of the evidence” standard that

governs her claim; rather, the Court was simply emphasizing that the opinion testimony she did
                                                10
put forward was simply too speculative to carry the day. See Flores-Hernandez, 2012 WL

6600336, at *14. The Court rejects any suggestion to the contrary, and this particular argument

does not establish any clear error justifying relief under Rule 59.


    D. The Court’s Finding That Flores-Hernandez Did Not Prove That She Likely Would
       Have Undergone An Earlier Cone Biopsy With An Earlier Referral By Dr. Padilla

       Finally, Flores-Hernandez argues that the Court committed clear error in finding that “a

cone biopsy would not have been performed sooner if Dr. Padilla complied with the standard of

care in late 2007.” (Pl.’s Mem. at 15). In her view, “[t]he record shows clearly that this test,

along with a colposcopy and cervical biopsy, would have been performed by a gynecologist in

response to Ms. Flores-Hernandez’s irregular menstrual bleeding, much sooner than eventually

happened.” (Id. at 16). To say that Flores-Hernandez pressed this argument previously would be

an understatement—this was essentially her entire theory of the case, both throughout trial and in

her post-trial briefing. Therefore, the Court has already considered and rejected her assertions,

and nothing she puts forward at this point convinces the Court that its analysis was in error,

much less the “clear error” that she must show.

       In large part, Flores-Hernandez relies again on the testimony and opinions of Dr.

Boothby. As should be patently clear by this point, however, the Court placed no stock in his

causation opinions and found his testimony not credible. 4 And other than Dr. Boothby, Flores-

Hernandez failed to offer any expert testimony in support of her causation theory—i.e., that

reasonable medical professionals would have progressed to more invasive diagnostic tests, such




4
        Flores-Hernandez expends considerable effort in her reply brief attempting to rehabilitate
Dr. Boothby’s credibility. (Dkt. No. 80 at 12-14, 20-22). The Court already considered her
attempts to explain Dr. Boothby’s inconsistent testimony, and she presents nothing new that
causes the Court to reconsider its prior assessment.

                                                  11
as a LEEP procedure or a cone biopsy, any sooner than they did. 5 To the contrary, the evidence

presented at trial established that, in response to a finding of CIN-1—which the Court

determined would have been the likely result of Pap smear or colposcopy procedure performed

on Flores-Hernandez in late 2007—the appropriate course of treatment would have been to

observe and monitor, with follow-up testing in six months.          Flores-Hernandez, 2012 WL

6600336, at *13. Similarly, as the Court previously explained, Flores-Hernandez failed to

present any credible evidence at trial establishing that the likely response following a finding of

CIN-2 would have been to proceed “to a cone biopsy or some other excisional procedure.” Id. at

*14 n.11. In the face of this testimony and the evidence surrounding her actual course of

treatment once she was referred to specialists, the Court concluded that she simply failed to

demonstrate that an earlier referral would have accelerated the diagnosis of her condition.

       In attacking this reasoning, Flores-Hernandez accuses the Court of engaging in

speculation, rather than considering what “the standard of care would have required of a

subsequent treating gynecologist.” (Pl.’s Mem. at 19). This argument is unavailing. To the

contrary, it was precisely the Court’s duty to eschew speculation that precluded it from adopting

Flores-Hernandez’s theory of causation at trial. It was her burden to establish, through expert

testimony, that “based on a reasonable degree of medical certainty, that the defendant’s

negligence is more likely than anything else to have been the cause (or a cause) of [her] injuries.”

5
        Flores-Hernandez’s only other expert witness was Dr. Weisburger, but he testified as a
pathologist and readily admitted that he was not a clinician capable of offering opinions on the
appropriate course of treatment:
    Q:      And Doctor, you agree that the recommended course of action for ASCUS and
    CIN-1 is to observe and monitor, because, as you said, many of those cases resolve
    themselves?
    A:      You know, I’m not a treating physician so I’m not going to tell you how to
    monitor a patient in that regard. I make a diagnosis but I don’t—I’m not a clinician, so I
    really can’t answer that question.
(Dkt. No. 62, 11/14/12 AM Transcript, at 27).
                                                12
Giordano v. Sherwood, 968 A.2d 494, 498 (D.C. 2009). Yet, Flores-Hernandez failed to proffer

a credible expert witness to establish this causal link. And while she now argues that the Court

must consider and apply the appropriate standard of care for a treating gynecologist, the Court

did not receive any expert evidence on this issue at trial—in large part because of Flores-

Hernandez’s own strident objections that any such testimony would be irrelevant. (See Dkt. No.

61, 11/15/12 AM Transcript, at 81-103). In the absence of such evidence, the Court was left to

consider the likely course of treatment based upon the actual medical care that was ultimately

provided to Flores-Hernandez by Dr. Hamilton and the other gynecologists at Howard University

Hospital—doctors, the Court emphasizes, whose treatment decisions Flores-Hernandez agreed

were entirely reasonable and appropriate. 6 To this end, as the Court noted in its Findings of Fact

and Conclusions of Law, both Dr. Hamilton and the Howard University specialists deferred and

postponed a cone biopsy procedure in the face of diagnostic test results that, more likely than

not, showed a more progressed stage of Flores-Hernandez’s condition than would have been

revealed by tests in late-2007 or early-2008, and “[t]here was no credible evidence presented to

prove that the Howard specialists,” or any other gynecologist for that matter, “would have taken

any different course of action in 2008.” Flores-Hernandez, 2012 WL 6600336, at *15 n.13.7

Thus, simply put, based on the evidence presented at trial, Flores-Hernandez failed to prove that

6
        Flores-Hernandez takes issue with this approach, arguing that the Court was incorrect in
“focusing on what specifically Dr. Hamilton or Howard University would have done if Dr.
Padilla had followed the standard of care and testing had begun in late 2007.” (Pl.’s Mem. at
19). But in the absence of any expert evidence regarding the appropriate standard of care for a
treating gynecologist—which Flores-Hernandez, herself, successfully sought to keep out during
trial—the Court was left with no choice but to look to the treatment decisions of Flores-
Hernandez’s actual doctors; the only other alternative was to simply reject Flores-Hernandez’s
causation theory out of hand, which the Court declined to do.
7
        In fact, as the Court pointed out, even Dr. Boothby agreed (during his deposition
testimony) that it was reasonable for Dr. Hamilton not to “jump to a cone biopsy in June of 2009,
but to just bring the patient [Flores-Hernandez] back for a Pap smear 6 months later.” Flores-
Hernandez, 2012 WL 6600336, at *13-14.
                                                13
Dr. Padilla’s breach of the standard of care caused a delay in the diagnosis and treatment of her

cervical cancer.

       Accordingly, the Court disagrees that it committed clear error as to this aspect of its

analysis, and Flores-Hernandez is not entitled to any relief as a result.


                                          CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, Flores-Hernandez’s Motion to Alter and Amend Judgment

must be DENIED. An appropriate Order accompanies this Memorandum Opinion.

                                                                   Digitally signed by Judge Robert
                                                                   L. Wilkins
                                                                   DN: cn=Judge Robert L. Wilkins,
                                                                   o=U.S. District Court,
                                                                   ou=Chambers of Honorable
Date: May 10, 2013                                                 Robert L. Wilkins,
                                                                   email=RW@dc.uscourt.gov, c=US
                                                                   Date: 2013.05.10 14:31:23 -04'00'


                                                       ROBERT L. WILKINS
                                                       United States District Judge




                                                 14
