                 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                            AT KNOXVILLE
                     Assigned on Briefs December 17, 2003 Session



                   STATE OF TENNESSEE, DEPARTMENT OF
                    CHILDREN’S SERVICES v. A.W.S. and E.S.
                                In re: R.T.S.


                      Appeal from the Juvenile Court for Blount County
                           No. 8635    William T. Denton, Judge

                                   FILED JANUARY 16, 2004

                                 No. E2002-02227-COA-R3-JV




The State of Tennessee, Department of Children’s Services (“DCS”) filed a petition seeking to
terminate the parental rights of A.W.S. (“Mother”) and E.S. (“Father”), the biological parents of the
minor child, R.T.S. (“the Child”). The Juvenile Court granted DCS’ petition to terminate Mother’s
and Father’s parental rights. Both Mother and Father appeal. We affirm.


     Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Juvenile Court Affirmed;
                                     Case Remanded.


D. MICHAEL SWINEY , J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which HOUSTON M. GODDARD , P.J.,
and HERSCHEL P. FRANKS, J., joined.


Jon A. Anderson, Maryville, Tennessee, for the Appellant, A.W.S.

Wm. Lee Gribble, II, Maryville, Tennessee, for the Appellant, E.S.

Paul G. Summers and John H. Bledsoe, Nashville, Tennessee, for the Appellee, State of Tennessee,
Department of Children’s Services.
                                                      OPINION

                                                     Background

                 This case involves the termination of the parental rights of Mother and Father,
biological parents of the Child. In December of 1998, DCS filed a Petition for Temporary Custody
of the Child, who then was less than six-weeks old. The petition alleged that the Child weighed four
ounces less than at birth and that the “newborn infant is suffering neglect due to the parents’ lack of
parenting skills.” A DCS caseworker stated that the Child’s “skin was hanging on his bones. . . . He
had very little subcutaneous flesh under his skin. He had big, red circles under his eyes. His fingers,
the palms of his hands, the bottoms of his feet were bright, cherry red. He was very, very thin.” The
Petition for Temporary Custody was granted and the Child was placed with his maternal
grandparents.

                Mother was unmarried when the Child was born. However, no one contests that
Father is the Child’s biological father. Mother and Father were married shortly after the Child was
removed from their custody. At the time the Child came into DCS custody, Mother was living at
a shelter for battered women and Father was living in a hotel.

                A permanency plan1 (“Plan”) was created with a stated goal of returning the Child
to his parents. The Plan required Mother and Father to do such things as attend marital counseling
on a regular basis, maintain employment, maintain a residence with rent and utilities paid on time
for a minimum of six months, and provide verification of income to the Court as required by Court
order. The Plan also provided that either Mother or Father needed to obtain a driver’s license in
order to be able legally to use the transportation they had available to them. Mother and Father also
were to attend parenting classes.

                Since the Child came into DCS custody, Mother has been in a battered women’s
shelter twice. She also has moved back in with her parents for very brief periods of time. At one
point while she was in a shelter, Mother contacted DCS and told the caseworker that Father “often
curses her and threatens to kill her because of the situation.” Mother stated she was planning on
getting a divorce and was in the process of getting an order of protection. Mother, however, returned
to Father.

               Mother and Father have moved several times since the Child came into DCS custody
and have failed to keep DCS apprised of changes in address. At one point, DCS attempted to visit
and learned that Mother and Father had moved owing rent and leaving no forwarding address.
Mother and Father did live at one location for approximately seven months. They have lived without


         1
          The original permanency plan is not in the record. However, the permanency plan was revised at least two
times prior to DCS filing the petition to terminate parental rights and these revised plans are in the record. The Juvenile
Court had before it the revised permanency plan and found that M other and Father had failed to substantially comply
with the plan.

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electricity and water sometimes for a couple of months at a time. Mother and Father currently live
in a trailer they claim to be making payments on. Mother stated they eventually plan on buying some
land upon which to put the trailer. However, they still did not have utilities at the time.

               Mother has held a job as a cashier at Wal-Mart for several weeks. Father works
construction jobs and has done so for many years, but his work is not steady. Mother states Father
earns “[a]nywhere from 12 to 13 an hour” when he works.

                 Mother and Father did attend parenting classes and obtained a certificate showing
completion of the classes. They, however, did not attend marital counseling on a regular basis.
Instead, they attended a couple of sessions and then claimed they were attending counseling, but they
refused to provide DCS with any information regarding when, where, or with whom. In addition,
neither Mother nor Father provided the Court with any verification of income, nor did they ever
voluntarily pay any child support. Mother and Father have visited the Child sporadically, at times
missing scheduled visitations for several months at a time.

               After losing contact with both Mother and Father for a period of approximately four
months, DCS filed a petition to terminate parental rights. The maternal grandparents have expressed
a desire to adopt the Child.

                After hearing testimony, the Juvenile Court found that Mother and Father had failed
to comply with the Plan, as revised, by failing to maintain regular employment and stable housing
and that neither Mother nor Father had obtained a driver’s license. Mother and Father had not
reported income as required by court order to allow the Court to determine their child support
obligations. The Juvenile Court found that both Mother and Father failed to obligate themselves
voluntarily to pay any child support and both failed to keep DCS apprised of changes in home
addresses and employment. In addition, the Juvenile Court found that the parties had failed to attend
anger management or substantial marital counseling as required in the Plan. Further, the Juvenile
Court found that Mother and Father’s visitation with the Child had been sporadic at best and that
Mother had made multiple reports of physical abuse by Father. The Juvenile Court found that the
Plan contained “bare bone obligations that could be accomplished within just a very few months,”
but despite the fact that Mother and Father had been given “over 3 and one-half years to substantially
comply with [their] obligations set forth in the permanency plan . . . [they had] yet to make other than
mediocre or minimal progress towards compliance.”

               The Juvenile Court also found:

               That the child has been removed by order of this Court for a period of six (6)
       months; and the child has been placed with the maternal grandparents for over three
       years; that the conditions which led to his removal still persist; or other conditions
       persist which in all probability would cause the child to be subjected to further abuse
       and neglect and which, therefore, prevent the child’s return to the care of [Mother
       and Father]; there is little likelihood that these conditions will be remedied at an early


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        date so that this child can be returned to his parents in the near future; the
        continuation of the legal parent and child relationship greatly diminishes the child’s
        chances of early integration into a stable and permanent home . . . .

              The Juvenile Court entered an order August 27, 2002, terminating the parental rights
of Mother and Father. Mother and Father appeal to this Court.

                                             Discussion

                Mother raises one broadly stated issue on appeal: whether the Juvenile Court erred
in terminating her parental rights. Father raises two issues on appeal: 1) whether the Juvenile
Court erred in terminating his parental rights; and 2) whether Father waived his right to counsel.

                The factual findings of the Juvenile Court are accorded a presumption of correctness,
and we will not overturn those factual findings unless the evidence preponderates against them. See
Tenn. R. App. P. 13(d); Bogan v. Bogan, 60 S.W.3d 721, 727 (Tenn. 2001). With respect to legal
issues, our review is conducted “under a pure de novo standard of review, according no deference
to the conclusions of law made by the lower courts.” Southern Constructors, Inc. v. Loudon County
Bd. of Educ., 58 S.W.3d 706, 710 (Tenn. 2001).

                We will begin by considering whether Father waived his right to counsel. Father’s
brief states:

                 The Court found that [Father] had “waived his right to counsel inasmuch as
        at least on 2 - and as much as 2 attorneys ha[d] been appointed to represent [him] and
        have withdrawn due to [his] failure to cooperate with appointed counsel.” This
        finding was reached without any evidentiary proceeding whatsoever. No evidence
        supports this conclusion in the record, yet alone any clear and convincing evidence.

                We disagree with Father. The record includes orders wherein the Juvenile Court
granted motions to withdraw made by two attorneys appointed to represent Father. The second of
these orders states that the motion is granted because of Father’s “failure to communicate with his
attorney.” Apparently, Father then chose to proceed pro se. Father made his appearance at the
termination hearing pro se and was allowed an opportunity to present his case and to cross-examine
the witnesses.

               “A defendant in a termination of parental rights case has no absolute right to be
represented by counsel.” Dep’t of Children’s Servs. v. Agbigor, No. M2000-03214-COA-R3-JV,
2002 Tenn. App. LEXIS 807, at *13 (Tenn. Ct. App. Nov. 15, 2002), appl. perm. appeal denied May
12, 2003, (holding that defendant effectively waived his right to continued representation by failing
to communicate with his attorney). See In re: K.D.D., No. M2000-01554-COA-R3-JV, 2001 Tenn.
App. LEXIS 141 (Tenn. Ct. App. March 7, 2001), no appl. perm. appeal filed, (holding defendant



                                                 -4-
waived her right to appointed counsel by refusing to avail herself of the opportunities offered by the
trial court).

                Clear and convincing evidence in the record regarding this issue supports the finding
that Father failed to communicate and cooperate with his appointed counsel. We find no error by
the Juvenile Court in its holding that Father waived his right to counsel by his consistent refusal to
cooperate with at least two attorneys appointed to represent him. To hold otherwise would grant a
parent the absolute power to prevent forever a termination hearing from proceeding simply by
refusing to cooperate with appointed counsel. While the Juvenile Court did what it could to see that
Father was represented by counsel, it properly refused to have the Child remain in limbo and the
termination hearing held hostage by Father through his failure to cooperate with appointed counsel.
 We find no error by the Juvenile Court as to this issue.

               We next consider whether the Juvenile Court erred in terminating Mother’s and
Father’s parental rights. In Dep’t of Children’s Servs. v. D.G.S.L. this Court discussed the relevant
burden of proof in cases involving termination of parental rights. Specifically, we observed:

               It is well established that "parents have a fundamental right to the
               care, custody, and control of their children." In re Drinnon, 776
               S.W.2d 96, 97 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1988) (citing Stanley v. Illinois, 405
               U.S. 645, 92 S. Ct. 1208, 31 L. Ed.2d 551 (1972)). "However, this
               right is not absolute and parental rights may be terminated if there is
               clear and convincing evidence justifying such termination under the
               applicable statute." Id. (citing Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745, 102
               S. Ct. 1388, 71 L. Ed.2d 599 (1982)).

                       Termination of parental or guardianship rights must be based
               upon a finding by the court that: (1) the grounds for termination of
               parental or guardianship rights have been established by clear and
               convincing evidence; and (2) termination of the parent’s or guardian’s
               rights is in the best interests of the child. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-
               113(c). Before a parent’s rights can be terminated, it must be shown
               that the parent is unfit or substantial harm to the child will result if
               parental rights are not terminated. In re Swanson, 2 S.W.3d 180, 188
               (Tenn. 1999); In re M.W.A., Jr., 980 S.W.2d 620, 622 (Tenn. Ct. App.
               1998). Similarly, before the court may inquire as to whether
               termination of parental rights is in the best interests of the child, the
               court must first determine that the grounds for termination have been
               established by clear and convincing evidence. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-
               1-113(c). This Court discussed the “clear and convincing evidence”
               standard in O’Daniel v. Messier, 905 S.W.2d 182 (Tenn. Ct. App.
               1995), as follows:



                                                 -5-
                              The “clear and convincing evidence” standard
                      defies precise definition. Majors v. Smith, 776
                      S.W.2d 538, 540 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1989). While it is
                      more exacting than the preponderance of the evidence
                      standard, Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. at 766, 102 S.
                      Ct. at 1401; Rentenbach Eng’g Co. v. General Realty
                      Ltd., 707 S.W.2d 524, 527 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1985), it
                      does not require such certainty as the beyond a
                      reasonable doubt standard. Brandon v. Wright, 838
                      S.W.2d 532, 536 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1992); State v.
                      Groves, 735 S.W.2d 843, 846 (Tenn. Crim. App.
                      1987).

                              Clear and convincing evidence eliminates any
                      serious or substantial doubt concerning the
                      correctness of the conclusions to be drawn from the
                      evidence. See Hodges v. S. C. Toof & Co., 833
                      S.W.2d 896, 901 n. 3 (Tenn. 1992). It should produce
                      in the fact-finder’s mind a firm belief or conviction
                      with regard to the truth of the allegations sought to be
                      established. In re Estate of Armstrong, 859 S.W.2d
                      323, 328 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1993); Brandon v. Wright,
                      838 S.W.2d at 536; Wiltcher v. Bradley, 708 S.W.2d
                      407, 411 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1985).…

Dep’t of Children’s Servs. v. D.G.S.L., No. E2001-00742-COA-R3-JV, 2001 Tenn. App. LEXIS
941, at **16-18 (Tenn. Ct. App. Dec. 28, 2001), no appl. perm. appeal filed. Clear and convincing
evidence supporting any single ground will support a termination order. See In re Valentine, 79
S.W.3d 539, 546 (Tenn. 2002).

                Termination of parental rights may be based upon a number of statutory grounds. In
this case, the two grounds upon which the Juvenile Court based its ruling are:

               (2)    There has been substantial noncompliance by the parent or
                      guardian with the statement of responsibilities in a
                      permanency plan or a plan of care pursuant to the provisions
                      of title 37, chapter 2, part 4; [and]

               (3)(A) The child has been removed from the home of the parent or
                      guardian by order of a court for a period of six (6) months
                      and:




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                       (I)     The conditions which led to the child’s removal or
                               other conditions which in all reasonable probability
                               would cause the child to be subjected to further abuse
                               or neglect and which, therefore, prevent the child’s
                               safe return to the care of the parent(s) or guardian(s),
                               still persist;

                       (ii)    There is little likelihood that these conditions will be
                               remedied at an early date so that the child can be
                               safely returned to the parent(s) or guardian(s) in the
                               near future; and

                       (iii)   The continuation of the parent or guardian and child
                               relationship greatly diminishes the child’s chances of
                               early integration into a safe, stable and permanent
                               home.

Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 36-1-113(g)(2) and (g)(3) (Supp. 2003).

The Juvenile Court found there was clear and convincing evidence that both of these statutory
grounds for termination of Mother’s and Father’s parental rights had been met.

                The Juvenile Court found that Mother and Father had failed to comply substantially
with the Plan by, among other things, failing to maintain regular employment and stable housing and
that neither Mother nor Father had obtained a driver’s license. Mother and Father had not reported
income as required by court order to allow the Court to determine their child support obligations.
The Juvenile Court found that both Mother and Father failed to voluntarily obligate themselves to
pay any child support and both failed to keep DCS apprised of changes in home addresses and
employment. In addition, the Juvenile Court found that the parties had failed to attend anger
management or substantial marital counseling as required in the Plan. Further, the Juvenile Court
found that Mother and Father’s visitation with the Child had been sporadic at best and that Mother
had made multiple reports of physical abuse by Father. The Juvenile Court found that the Plan
contained “bare bone obligations that could be accomplished within just a very few months,” but
despite the fact that Mother and Father had been given “over 3 and one-half years to substantially
comply with [their] obligations set forth in the permanency plan . . . [they had] yet to make other than
mediocre or minimal progress towards compliance.”

               The Juvenile Court also found:

               That the child has been removed by order of this Court for a period of six (6)
       months; and the child has been placed with the maternal grandparents for over three
       years; that the conditions which led to his removal still persist; or other conditions
       persist which in all probability would cause the child to be subjected to further abuse


                                                  -7-
       and neglect and which, therefore, prevent the child’s return to the care of [Mother
       and Father]; there is little likelihood that these conditions will be remedied at an early
       date so that this child can be returned to his parents in the near future; the
       continuation of the legal parent and child relationship greatly diminishes the child’s
       chances of early integration into a stable and permanent home . . . .

               The Juvenile Court heard the testimony of several witnesses, including the DCS case
worker, Mother, and the Child’s maternal grandfather. “Unlike this Court, the [Juvenile Court]
observed the manner and demeanor of the witnesses and was in the best position to evaluate their
credibility.” Union Planters Nat’l Bank v. Island Mgmt. Auth., Inc., 43 S.W.3d 498, 502 (Tenn. Ct.
App. 2000). The trial court’s determinations regarding credibility are accorded considerable
deference by this Court. Id.; Davis v. Liberty Mut. Ins. Co., 38 S.W.3d 560, 563 (Tenn. 2001).
“‘[A]ppellate courts will not re-evaluate a trial judge’s assessment of witness credibility absent clear
and convincing evidence to the contrary.’” Wells v. Tennessee Bd. of Regents, 9 S.W.3d 779, 783
(Tenn. 1999).

                We find the evidence in the record does not preponderate against any of the findings
of the Juvenile Court. Based on our review of the record, including the facts detailed above, we do
not believe the Juvenile Court committed any reversal error in arriving at its conclusion that clear
and convincing evidence existed to terminate both Mother’s and Father’s parental rights pursuant
to these two statutory grounds. Mother’s and Father’s last minute efforts cannot provide the basis
for a conclusion that these statutory grounds have not been proven.

                 Having affirmed that at least one statutory ground for termination was proven by clear
and convincing evidence, we next address the claim that it was not proven by clear and convincing
evidence that termination of Mother’s and Father’s parental rights was in the best interests of the
Child. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(i) describes the standard for determining whether termination
is in the best interests of the child in such cases:

               (i)     In determining whether termination of parental or
                       guardianship rights is in the best interest of the child pursuant
                       to this part, the court shall consider, but is not limited to, the
                       following:

                       (1)      Whether the parent or guardian has made such an
                       adjustment of circumstance, conduct, or conditions as to make
                       it safe and in the child’s best interest to be in the home of the
                       parent or guardian;

                       (2)     Whether the parent or guardian has failed to effect a
                       lasting adjustment after reasonable efforts by available social
                       services agencies for such duration of time that lasting
                       adjustment does not reasonably appear possible;


                                                  -8-
                       (3)      Whether the parent or guardian has maintained regular
                       visitation or other contact with the child;

                       (4)     Whether a meaningful relationship has otherwise been
                       established between the parent or guardian and the child;

                       (5)    The effect a change of caretakers and physical
                       environment is likely to have on the child’s emotional,
                       psychological and medical condition;

                       (6)     Whether the parent or guardian, or other person
                       residing with the parent or guardian, has shown brutality,
                       physical, sexual, emotional or psychological abuse, or neglect
                       toward the child, or another child or adult in the family or
                       household;

                       (7)     Whether the physical environment of the parent’s or
                       guardian’s home is healthy and safe, whether there is criminal
                       activity in the home, or whether there is such use of alcohol
                       or controlled substances as may render the parent or guardian
                       consistently unable to care for the child in a safe and stable
                       manner;

                       (8)     Whether the parent’s or guardian’s mental and/or
                       emotional status would be detrimental to the child or prevent
                       the parent or guardian from effectively providing safe and
                       stable care and supervision for the child; or

                       (9)    Whether the parent or guardian has paid child support
                       consistent with the child support guidelines promulgated by
                       the department pursuant to § 36-5-101.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(i) (Supp. 2003).

                After considering all relevant statutory factors in light of the evidence presented at
trial, we do not believe the Juvenile Court committed reversible error when it concluded that clear
and convincing evidence established it was in the best interest of the Child to terminate both
Mother’s and Father’s parental rights. We hold this issue is without merit.

                Mother argues that the Juvenile Court “did none of the analysis that is required by the
Opinions supporting termination of parental rights” and did “not announce the standard by which
its decision was made.” Father’s brief also argues that the Juvenile Court’s opinion makes findings
“but fails to supported (sic) these findings by clear and convincing evidence.” We are at a loss as


                                                 -9-
to why Mother and Father make these arguments. The Juvenile Court’s August 27, 2002,
Termination of Parental Rights and Final Decree of Guardianship order specifically states: “The
Court has made specific findings in the transcript attached, . . . by clear and convincing evidence.”
The Juvenile Court did indeed make specific findings that were based on clear and convincing
evidence. We cannot imagine what more Mother and Father expected the Juvenile Court to do, nor
can we imagine what more the Juvenile Court could have done. The Juvenile Court properly made
specific findings of fact by clear and convincing evidence resulting in its decision both that the
grounds for termination had been met and that the termination was in the best interest of the Child.
We affirm the termination of both Mother’s and Father’s parental rights.


                                            Conclusion

               The judgment of the Juvenile Court is affirmed, and this cause is remanded to the
Juvenile Court for such further proceedings as may be required, if any, consistent with this Opinion,
and for collection of the costs below. The costs on appeal are assessed equally against the
Appellants, A.W.S. and E.S., and their sureties.




                                                       ___________________________________
                                                       D. MICHAEL SWINEY, JUDGE




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