                                                                                           FILED
                                                                                   COUR T OF APPEALS
                                                                                        DIVISION if

                                                                                  2013 SEP —
                                                                                           4 AM Eta: 15

                                                                                  S TA71 E OP VIA SHINGT0fl
      IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OYR

                                               DIVISION II
                                                                                     WAS*-,
                                                                                          DE
                                                                                                    T




STATE OF WASHINGTON,                                                           No. 42416 9 II
                                                                                         - -


                                    Respondent,

            V.




JEREMY WAYNE CARR,                                                       UNPUBLISHED OPINION




            JOHANSON, J. — Jeremy Wayne Carr appeals his two jury convictions for first degree

child rape and two sentencing conditions. Carr argues that (1) trial court erred in admitting
                                                              the

child hearsay statements because several Ryan' factors weighed against reliability, 2) trial
                                                                                    ( the
court erred by not allowing Carr to cross -examine witnesses about AB's habit of lying, 3)
                                                                                        ( the

State produced insufficient penetration evidence to constitute rape, 4) sentencing court erred
                                                                     ( the

by prohibiting Carr from contact with minors and requiring Carr to submit to polygraph testing,
and (5)cumulative         error   deprived   Carr of   a   fair trial.   We hold that (1)substantial evidence

supports the trial court's finding of reliability and the child hearsay's admission was proper, 2)
                                                                                                (
Carr failed to preserve for review the issue of witness cross -examination regarding AB's habit of

lying, 3) State presented sufficient penetration evidence to support two rape convictions, 4)
       ( the                                                                               (
the sentencing conditions were proper, and (5)there is no cumulative error. Accordingly, we
affirm.




1
    State   v.   Ryan, 103 Wn. d 165, 691
                             2                2d 197 (
                                             P.      1984).
No.42416 9 II
         - -



                                               FACTS


         In 2008, Carr and KF began dating. Soon, Carr, KF, and her. children, EB,LB, and AB,

began living together. Carr's brother,.
                                      Chris, and Carr's son also lived with them at times. Carr
and Chris watched the kids while KF worked.          By September or October 2009, KF and Carr

broke up and Carr moved out. About a month later, Carr returned to the home and stayed a few

more days before moving out permanently.

         In June or July 2010, eight -yearold AB told KF that one night while KF was at work,
                                          -

Carr came into her room and touched her vagina with two fingers. AB demonstrated to KF how

Carr did so by wiggling her fingers back and forth. KF did not know when it had happened but

she reported it to the police.

         In August 2010, Sasha . Mangahas, a Kitsap County child interviewer with the

prosecutor's office, interviewed    AB.    AB told her that one evening while her mother was at

work, Carr came into her room, pulled up her skirt and underwear and slid his fingers inside of
her "          which
     wee wee, "'          meant her genitalia area. Verbatim Report Proceedings (VRP) June 9,
                                                                                       (

2011) at 35. And, AB told Mangahas that Carr left the room but returned several minutes later
and touched her the same way a second time and that afterwards AB went to the bathroom and

observed a scratch in her genital area.

         In January 2011, the State charged Carr with one count of first degree child molestation.
The State later amended the charges to two counts of first degree child rape. In May 2011, the



2
    We use initials to protect the privacy of sexual assault victims.

3 For clarity, we refer to Carr's brother by his first name, intending no disrespect.

                                                    1)
No. 42416 9 II
          - -




trial court held a child hearsay or Ryan hearing and Mangahas, KF, EB, and AB testified. The

trial court determined that AB's pretrial statements were reliable and admissible at trial.

        During motions in limine,the State moved to exclude KF and EB's testimony about AB's

credibility. The court allowed "
                               reputation evidence of truthfulness."VRP (June 6, 2011) at 11.

And, specifically instructed Carr, I]
                                   "[ f   you believe ...   that the State has opened the door [to

404( )], that you simply take this matter up before you start questioning so you can get a
   b I ask

further ruling from the Court."
                              VRP ( une 6,2011)at 11 -12. At trial, Carr did not ask KF or EB
                                  J

about AB's credibility nor did Carr ask the trial court to further rule on the issue.

        In addition to KF and Mangahas, the State called EB and AB to testify. EB testified that

after Carr moved out, AB told him that Carr touched her in her private and that AB was scared to

tell EB because she thought that he would not believe her. AB testified that her relationship with

Carr was "not so good"and that he was meaner to her than he was to all the other children. VRP

June 9, 2011) at    92.   Also, AB testified about the incident and stated that it happened one

evening after KF had gone to work. While she was in her room watching a movie, Carr came in,

put his hand up her underwear and shorts and touched the inside of her "front private." VRP

June 9, 2011) at 84. He wiggled his fingers inside her front private for about a.minute, left the

room for a few minutes, and then came back in and did it again. Afterwards, he threatened her

and told her not to tell anyone. Carr moved out of their house shortly after this happened but AB

waited to tell her mom because she wanted to make sure that Carr was completely out of her life

before doing so.



4
    Ryan, 103 Wn. d at 165.
                2



                                                  3
No. 42416 9 II
          - -



          Carr did not testify, but presented testimony from Chris, and Becky Durkee, a private

defense    investigator who also interviewed   AB. Durkee testified about her interview with AB


and that AB told her about Carr's        touching      and that it   happened   twice.   During their

deliberations, the jury asked for the legal definition of vagina."The court provided an agreed
                                                          "

response to the jury. The jury found Carr guilty of two counts of first degree child rape.

          The court imposed a standard range sentence and numerous community placement

conditions including restricting Carr from contact with minors and requiring him to submit to

polygraph examinations. Carr did not object. Carr timely appeals.
                                            ANALYSIS


                                        I. CHILD HEARSAY


          Carr argues that the trial court erred by admitting AB's statements to KF, Mangahas, and

EB after the child hearsay hearing pursuant to State v. Ryan, 103 Wn. d 165, 691 P. d 197
                                                                    2             2

1984).We disagree.

                                      A. Standard of Review


          We review the trial court's decision to admit child hearsay evidence for an abuse of

discretion. State v. Borboa, 157 Wn. d 108, 121, 135 P. d 469 (2006).A trial court abuses its
                                   2                  3

discretion "`
           only when its decision is manifestly unreasonable or is based on untenable reasons
or   grounds. "' Borboa, 157 Wn. d at 121 (quoting State v. C. ., Wn. d 672, 686, 63 P. d
                               2                             J 148  2                 3

765 (2003)). review challenges to findings of fact supporting the admission to determine
           We

whether substantial evidence supports each challenged finding, and we review the trial court's

conclusions of law de novo to determine whether the findings support the challenged

conclusions. State 'v. Halstien, 122 Wn. d 109, 128 29, 857 P. d 270 (1993);
                                       2            -        2             State v. Alvarez,


                                                   M
No. 42416 9 I1
          - -




105 Wn. App. 215, 220, 19 P. d 485 (2001);
                           3             State v. B. .
                                                  S., Wn. App. 91, 97, 169 P. d 34
                                                   J 140                    3

2007).Substantial evidence is evidence sufficient to persuade a fair -
                                                                     minded, rational person of

the truth of the premise's assertion. Halstien, 122 Wn. d at 129. Unchallenged findings of fact
                                                      2

are verities on appeal. State v. Hill, 123 Wn. d 641, 647, 870 P. d 313 (1994).
                                             2                  2

                                                 B. Discussion


       RCW 9A. 4.authorizes the admission of hearsay statements made by a child under
           120
             4

certain circumstances. In a case alleging a defendant had sexual contact with a child,'
                                                                                     statements

by the child describing the contact are admissible if the court holds a hearing outside the jury's

presence and finds that the time, content, and circumstances of the statements provide indicia of

reliability and the child testifies   at   the   proceeding.    RCW 9A. 4. In
                                                                    120.
                                                                      4               Ryan, the Supreme

Court adopted a set of factors applicable to determining the reliability of hearsay statements. 103

Wn. d at 175 76. The factors are:
  2          -


        1) [hether there is an apparent motive to lie; 2) general character of the
              W]                                         ( the
        declarant; 3)
                   ( whether more than one person heard the statements; 4)
                                                                        ( whether the
        statements were made spontaneously; and ( ) timing of the declaration and the
                                                  5 the
        relationship between the declarant and the witness[;]" [( statement contains
                                                            6)]  the
        no express assertion about past fact[; ( cross examination could not show the
                                               7)]
        declarant's lack of knowledge[; 8)] possibility of the declarant's faulty
                                        ( the
        recollection is remote[;] [( )] circumstances surrounding the statement ( n
                               and 9 the                                        i
        that case spontaneous and against interest) are such that there is no reason to
        suppose the declarant misrepresented defendant's involvement.

Borboa, 157 Wn. d at 121 22 ( uoting Ryan, 103 Wn. d at 175 76 ( lterations in original)).
              2          - q                     2          - a                          To

be admissible, the statements need         only substantially   meet these factors.   State v. Woods, 154

Wn. d 613, 623 24, 114 P. d 117 (2005).
  2            -        3




                                                       5
No.42416 9 II
         - -




       Carr challenges findings of fact and conclusions of law relating to four of the Ryan

factors. After careful review of the record we hold the trial court properly admitted the child

hearsay statements after finding the statements reliable under the Ryan factors.

       1. Motive To Lie


       Carr challenges finding of fact 19 and 20. Finding 19 provides:
       That the Court finds that while [AB] obviously disliked the Defendant when he
       lived in the house, this dislike has not risen to the level of animosity necessary to
       create a motive to lie.


CP at 73. Similarly, finding 20 provides:

       That for the Court to find that [AB]had a motive to lie, it would need indications .
       that she thought the Defendant was coming back to the house, that her mom and
       the Defendant were getting back together, or that there was some type of gain for
       her, none of which are supported by the evidence here.

CP at 73.


       These findings were supported by AB's,EB's,and KF's testimony at the child hearsay
hearing.

       Although Carr asserts that AB must have had something to gain because she wanted Carr

out of the house, AB did not tell KF about the incident until long after Carr had moved out. She

specifically testified that she wanted to make sure Carr was completely out of her life before she
told KF about what happened. Mangahas testified that AB told her that she waited to tell KF

because she did not want to upset her, and KF and EB testified that Carr had already moved out
when AB had told them about the incidents.       Further, unchallenged finding 25 is a verity on

appeal and it supports this finding; it says that there was no evidence that AB was in trouble or


5 The trial court used Roman numerals.


                                                 0
No. 42416 9 II
          - -




seeking    attention when she disclosed to EB and KF what       happened.    Substantial evidence


supports findings 19 and 20.

          2. More than One Person Hearing the Statements

          Carr challenges finding of fact 30 which provides that multiple people heard AB's

statement and it was relatively consistent. Although Carr asserts that they were inconsistent, the

trial court found that AB's statements were "relatively consistent" and that finding is supported

by the testimony from AB, KF,EB, and Mangahas at the child hearsay hearing. Mangahas and
KF testified that AB told them that Carr came into her room one night after KF had gone to work

and touched the inside of her vagina with his fingers. Mangahas and KF also testified that it

happened before Carr had moved out, and that AB waited to tell KF about it until after Carr

moved out. AB told Mangahas that she waited to tell KF because she did not want to upset her

and EB testified that she asked him not to tell KF because she wanted to do it herself but that she

waited a few months to do so. EB also testified that Carr was no longer living with them when

AB told him about the touching and that AB said that Carr touched her privates. AB testified to

all these things that Carr came into. her room one night after KF left for work and started
                 —

touching the inside of her privates with his fingers. AB also testified about the timeline, that she

waited a long time before telling KF because she wanted Carr to be out of her life before she did
SO.




          Carr argues that AB's statements to Mangahas, KF and EB were inconsistent because (1)

AB told only Mangahas that Carr covered her mouth with a teddy bear when she tried to yell and

did not tell anyone else about the teddy bear, and (2) told Mangahas that she was wearing a
                                                      AB
skirt at the time but AB testified that she was wearing shorts. The State responded that these


                                                 7
No. 42416 9 II
          - -



were not important details, especially because KF and EB both testified that AB simply did not

give them details when she told them about the touching. The State is correct. Carr does not

show how details about a teddy bear or what AB was wearing make AB's stories inconsistent.

Thus, the trial . ourt did not abuse its discretion in determining that AB's stories were relatively
                c

consistent. Finding 30 is supported by substantial evidence.

       3. Timing and Relationship

       Carr challenges finding 41 which provides:

       That though [AB] disclosed to family members, there is nothing to indicate that
       she had anything to gain by disclosing or that she did gain anything by disclosing.

CP at 75. Carr also challenges finding 18 which provides:

       That when [AB] disclosed to both [EB] and [KF], Defendant was no longer
                                                     the
       living in the house.

CP at 73.


        KF and EB testified that Carr had already moved out when AB told them about the

incidents. And AB testified that she waited until after he moved out before telling KF because

she wanted Carr to be completely out of her life before doing so, indicating that she had nothing

to gain by telling. Further, unchallenged finding 25 is a verity on appeal; it says that there was
no evidence that AB was in trouble or seeking attention when she disclosed what happened to

EB and KF. Substantial evidence supports findings 18 and 41.

        4. The Circumstances Surrounding the Statements

        Carr argues that the trial court erred in entering findings 55 and 56 which provide:

        That AB testified that she did not know why she talked to Ms. Mangahas,
        demonstrating that she was unaware her statements would be used to prosecute
        the Defendant.




                                                  N.
No. 42416 9 II
          - -




        That while the Court is aware that one of Ms. Mangahas's]roles is to investigate,
                                                                [
        it is clear that AB did not have any knowledge of Ms. Mangahas' s]role when she
                                                                        [
        collected her statement.


CP at 76. AB testified that she knew that her mom had called the police but she also stated twice

that when she talked to Mangahas she did not know why. Findings 55 and 56 are supported by

AB's testimony.

        Carr argues that the trial court erred in entering conclusion 4 which provides "[ hat
                                                                                        t]
AB]' statements to Ms. Mangahas were not testimonial and are therefore admissible at trial."
  s
CP at.77.    We review this conclusion de novo to determine whether the findings support the

conclusion. B. .140 Wn. App. at 97; Alvarez, 105 Wn. App. at 220. Findings 55 and 56
            S.,
             J

support this conclusion. And Carr does not explain why the trial court erred or why we should
determine that AB's statements to Mangahas were testimonial. And, because AB was available

and testified at trial, Crawford and the confrontation clause are not implicated. State v. Price,
158 Wn. d 630,633, 146 P. d 1183 (2006).
      2                 3

         In sum, substantial evidence supports the trial court's findings and the findings support

the trial court's conclusion that AB's pretrial statements are reliable. Accordingly, the trial court

did not abuse its discretion.




6
    Crawford v. Washington, 541 U. .36, 124 S. Ct. 1354, 158 L.Ed. 2d 177 (2004).
                                 S

                                                  9
No.42416 9 II
         - -



                             II. CROSS -EXAMINATION OF WITNESSES


       Next, Carr argues that the trial court abused its discretion and violated his constitutional

right to cross -examine witnesses when it excluded witness testimony that AB had a habit of

lying. But under RAP 2. ,Carr failed to preserve this alleged error for review.
                      5

       The State moved in limine to exclude any testimony from KF and EB about AB's

credibility. Carr responded that he anticipated that AB's potential or history of telling lies may
                                                          "

become an issue."VRP (June 6,2011)at 11. The court then stated:

       All right. What I am going to do is that I am going to restrict both parties to the
       colloquy that is issued by Carl [sic] Tegland with respect to reputation evidence
       of truthfulness.
               Carr], you believe that 404( )
                     if                     b evidence like telling lies or prior acts of
       lying becomes relevant because you think that the State has opened the door, I ask
       that you simply take this matter up before you start questioning so you can get a
       further ruling from the [c]
                                 ourt.

VRP ( une 6, 2011)at 11 12. Carr agreed.
    J                   -

       However, at trial, Carr never asked KF or EB about AB's habit of lying nor did Carr ask

the trial court to further rule on the issue. Thus, the matter was not preserved for review.

                                  Ill. SUFFICIENCY OF EVIDENCE


       Carr argues that insufficient evidence supports his convictions because (1)nowhere at

trial, except for Mangahas's testimony, did the State present evidence of penetration; ( )the
                                                                                       2

State asked AB leading questions; and (3) jury must have been confused because they asked
                                         the

for the definition of vagina during deliberations. We reject these arguments.

       Evidence is sufficient to support a conviction if it permits a reasonable fact finder to find

each element of the charged crime beyond a reasonable doubt. State v. Green, 94 Wn. d 216,
                                                                                  2

221, 616 P. d 628 (1980).An insufficiency claim admits the truth of the State's evidence and all
          2


                                                 10
No. 42416 9 II
          - -



reasonable inferences that can be drawn. State v. Drum, 168 Wn. d 23, 35, 225 P. d 237 (2010).
                                                              2                3

We defer to the trier of fact on issues of conflicting testimony, witness credibility, and the

evidence's   persuasiveness.   State v. Camarillo, 115 Wn. d 60, 71, 794 P. d 850 ( 1990).
                                                         2                2

Circumstantial evidence and direct evidence are equally reliable. State v. Delmarter, 94 Wn. d
                                                                                           2

634, 638, 618 P. d 99 (1980).
               2

       To establish that Carr committed two counts of first degree child rape, the State had to

prove that on two occasions (1)Carr had sexual intercourse with AB, 2)AB was less than 12
                                                                    (

years old and not married to Carr, 3)
                                   ( Carr was more than 24 months older than AB, and (4)
                                                                                       the

acts occurred in Washington. RCW 9A. 4. The definition of sexual intercourse includes
                                 073.
                                   4

any penetration of the vagina or anus however slight, by an object, when committed on one

person by another."RCW 9A. 4.
                       b).
                       010(
                          1)(
                          4

       At trial, AB testified that ( ) was in her room one night when Carr came in and put
                                   1 she

his hand up her shorts and underwear and started touching the inside of her privates with his two

fingers; 2)Carr did the touching once, left her room, and then came back a few minutes later
         (

and did the same touching another time; 3) was eight years old when the acts occurred and
                                        ( AB                   '

that Carr was her mom's boyfriend at the time; and (4) acts occurred in her family's home in
                                                      the

Bremerton, Washington. VRP (June 9, 2011) at 82. Several other people also testified at trial

that AB told them about Carr's touching. Mangahas, the State's child interviewer, testified that

AB told her in their interview that Carr put his fingers inside her genitalia area two times, and

that the two acts occurred several minutes apart. AB's mother and AB's brother testified that

AB told each of them that Carr had touched her private parts at their Bremerton home. Also,




                                               11
No.42416 9 II
         - -




Durkee, Carr's private investigator, testified about her interview with AB and that AB told her

about Carr's touching and that it happened twice.

           Further, Carr's initial assertion concedes the          very   argument he attempts    to make.   He


acknowledges      that   Mangahas testified   that Carr     penetrated     AB.   This alone, taken in the light

most favorable to the State could support a reasonable inference that Carr penetrated AB.

Mangahas testified that AB told her in their interview that Carr put his fingers inside her

genitalia area two times.

           Next Carr argues that there was insufficient evidence because AB's testimony was the

result of the State's leading questions. The general rule is that we will not consider issues raised

for the first time on appeal. RAP 2. (
                                  a); Kirkman, 159 Wn.2d 918, 926, 155 P. d 125
                                   5 State v.                           3
2007).The purpose behind issue preservations rules is to encourage the efficient use ofjudicial
resources "by ensuring that the trial court has the opportunity to correct any errors, thereby

avoiding unnecessary appeals."State v. Robinson, 171 Wn. d 292, 304 05,253 P. d 84 (2011).
                                                       2            -       3
Carr did not     object   to AB'
                               s      testimony   as   leading. Had Carr objected, the court could have

corrected the alleged error but because he did not object, he has failed to preserve the issue on

appeal.




7
 RAP 2. (
        a) 5 provides exceptions for manifest error affecting a constitutional right, lack of trial
court jurisdiction, and the failure to establish facts upon which relief can be granted; none of
which apply here.
8
    Carr    objected     one   time   during AB's testimony.          When AB was testifying about her
conversation with EB, she said that at first EB did not believe her because Carr has daughters of
his   own.    AB told EB that Carr       probably      loved his   own    daughters   but did not love her. Carr

objected as beyond the scope of the question and the court directed the State to ask another
question.

                                                           12
No. 42416 9 II
          - -



       Finally, Carr argues that the jury was confused about whether penetration occurred

because    they asked for   the definition of   vagina. We presume that the jury follows the trial

court's instructions and properly found that penetration occurred based on the court's definition

of vagina and the elements of rape. State v. Grisby, 97 Wn. d 493, 499, 647 P. d 6 (1982),
                                                          2                  2           cent.

denied, 459 U. . 1211 (1983).And Carr does not cite any authority supporting his argument that
             S

a question from the jury somehow amounts to insufficient evidence.

       Taken in the light most favorable to the State, the evidence supports a reasonable

inference that Carr committed two counts of first         degree   child rape.   His arguments to the

contrary fail.

                                    IV. SENTENCING CONDITIONS


          Carr challenges two of the trial court's sentencing conditions: (1) no-
                                                                             the contact order

with children and (2) polygraph testing. His arguments are unpersuasive.
                    the

                                        A. No-
                                             Contact Order


          Carr argues that the no-
                                 contact order (1)violates his fundamental right to parent his

children because there was no evidence that Carr ever abused his own children or was a danger

to them, and (2)violates his constitutional right to freedom of association because the order was

purely punitive and not sensitively imposed. We disagree.

          We review sentencing conditions for an abuse of discretion. State v. Riley, 121 Wn. d
                                                                                            2

22, 37, 846 P. d 1365 ( 1993).
             2                        A sentencing court abuses its discretion if its decision is



9 At the time of the presentence investigation report, Carr had three biological children, an
11- old son who lives with his mother in Port Orchard and two daughters, ages 11 and 9,
   year -
who live with their mother in Massachusetts.



                                                    13
No. 42416 9 II
          - -



manifestly unreasonable, meaning it is beyond the court's authority to impose, or if exercised on

untenable grounds or for untenable reasons. Riley, 121 Wn. d at 37; State v. Corbett, 158 Wn.
                                                         2

App. 576, 597, 242 P. d 52 (2010); State v. Jones, 118 Wn. App. 199, 208, 76 P. d 258
                    3            see                                          3

2003). Sentencing courts may impose crime -related prohibitions for a term of the maximum

sentence to a crime, independent of conditions of community custody. State v. Armendariz, 160

Wn. d 106, 118 19, 156 P. d 201 ( 2007).
  2            -        3                          Crime -related prohibitions directly relate to the

circumstances of the crime. RCW 9.0). typically uphold sentencing conditions
                                030( 4A. We
                                   1
                                   9

if reasonably crime related. Riley, 121 Wn. d at 36 37.
                                          2         -

       Further, sentencing courts must sensitively impose conditions interfering with one's

fundamental rights. Riley, 121 Wn. d at 37. Rights to marriage and to the care, custody, and
                                 2

companionship of one's children are fundamental constitutional rights, and we subject any state

interference with those rights to strict scrutiny. State v. Warren, 165 Wn. d 17, 34, 195 P. d 940
                                                                          2                3

2008),
     cent. denied, 129 S. Ct. 2007, 173 L. Ed. 2d 1102 (2009). But parental rights are not
                                                                          158 Wn.   App.   at   598.   A
absolute and may be      subject   to reasonable   regulation. Corbett,

sentencing court may restrict a convicted defendant's fundamental parenting rights " by

conditioning a criminal sentence if the condition is reasonably necessary to further the State's

compelling interest in preventing harm and protecting children."Corbett, 158 Wn. App. at 598.
        Because Carr abused his parenting role by sexually abusing a minor in his care and living
in his home, the   no   contact with minors   provision   is   appropriate. Corbett, 158 Wn. App. at




   RCW 9. has been amended several times since Carr's offense, but the section we cite
       030
        94A.
has not changed.



                                                    14
No. 42416 9 II
          - -




599. Further, Carr argues that the no-
                                     contact order violated his freedom of association and was

purely punitive and not sensitively imposed, relying on State v. Riley, 121 Wn. d 22, 37 38, 846
                                                                              2          -

P. d 1365 ( 1993). But
 2                        Riley involved convictions for computer trespass, making it obviously

distinguishable   from the Carr's child rape convictions.   121 Wn. d at 38. And, the sentencing
                                                                  2

court's condition that prohibited Riley from associating with other computer hackerswas upheld

as reasonably necessary to prevent Riley from further criminal conduct during the duration of his

sentence. Riley, 121 Wn. d at 38.
                       2

       Likewise, Carr's prohibition on contact with minors is undoubtedly reasonably necessary

to prevent Carr from further criminal conduct involving children and Carr does not cite a single

case that is factually similar where the opposite conclusion was reached. And Carr ignores the

Supreme Court's ruling in State v. Riles, that no-
                                                 contact provisions for defendants that have been

convicted of a sex offense against a child do not violate the defendant's freedom of association.
135 Wn. d 326, 342, 957 P. d 655 (1998),
      2                  2             abrogated on other grounds, State v. Valencia, 169

Wn. d 782, 239 P. d 1059 (2010).
  2             3

       We hold that the sentencing court's no-
                                             contact condition was reasonably necessary to

further the State's compelling interest in preventing harm and protecting children. The trial court

did not err in prohibiting Carr from contact with minors.




11
   Relying on State v. Letourneau, Carr argues that the no- contact order was not reasonably
necessary to protect his children. 100 Wn. App. 424, 997 P. d 436 (2000).But Letourneau is
                                                            2
readily distinguishable because Letourneau did not sexually abuse a child living in her home.
100 Wn. App. at 429. We reject Carr's his arguments relying on Letourneau.


                                                 15
No.42416 9 II
         - -



                                     B. Polygraph Testing

       Next, Carr argues that the trial court improperly ordered him to submit to polygraph

testing, which is prohibited by RCW 9.0).
                                    030( 4A. Again we disagree.
                                       1
                                       9

       RCW 9.0)
           030( 4A.provides:
              1
              9

       Crime-   related prohibition" means an.order of a court prohibiting conduct that
       directly relates to the circumstances of the crime for which the offender has been
       convicted, and shall not be construed to mean orders directing an offender
       affirmatively to participate in rehabilitative programs or to otherwise perform
       affirmative conduct. However, affirmative acts necessary to monitor compliance
       with the order of a court may be required by the department.

          505( 4A. allows affirmative conduct: " As part of any [felony] sentence, the
Also, RCW 9. 8)
             9

court may impose and enforce crime -related prohibitions and affirmative conditions as provided

in this chapter."In addition, RCW 9. )
                                  703( 4A.allows a sentencing court to impose affirmative
                                     3
                                     9

conditions as part of a community custody sentence. It may order an offender to "[
                                                                                p] articipate in

rehabilitative programs or otherwise perform affirmative conduct reasonably related to the
circumstances of the offense, the offender's risk of reoffending, or the safety of the community."

RCW 9.
    d).
    703( 4A. Thus the trial court properly ordered Carr to submit to polygraph testing.
       3)(
       9

       Carr cites In re the Detention of Hawkins, to argue that trial courts cannot order

polygraph exams.. 169 Wn. d 796, 799, 238 P. d 1175 (2010).But Hawkins is distinguishable
                        2                  3
because it involved the use of pretrial polygraphs to determine whether Hawkins was a sexually

violent predator, not polygraphs as sentencing conditions. 169 Wn. d at 799.
                                                                 2

       Contrary to Carr's arguments, in Riles, our Supreme Court upheld polygraph testing for

sex offenders as "an important asset in monitoring the sex offender client in the community."




                                               16
No. 42416 9 II
          - -




Riles, 135 Wn. d
             2       at   342.   Thus   we   reject   Carr's arguments that   ignore Riles's holding.   135


Wn. d at 342. We hold that polygraph testing was an appropriate community custody condition
  2

for Carr, a convicted sex offender, pursuant to RCW 9.0), 8), 3), Riles.
                                                    030( 4A.505( . 703( . and
                                                       1
                                                       9

         In sum, Carr's arguments, if preserved, are not persuasive. We conclude that there was

no error,thereby also rejecting Carr's cumulative error claim. Accordingly, we affirm.

         A majority of the panel having determined that this opinion will not be printed in the

Washington Appellate Reports, but will be filed for public record in accordance with RCW

040,
2.6.it is so ordered.
 0




                                                                              Johanson, J.
We concur:




                  Worsw' ,     C. .
                                J



                 M        aAhy,JP. .
                                 T




12
     Our legislature has amended the sentencing statutes numerous times, but the relevant statutory
languagethat the legislature intended to allow polygraphs for monitoring compliance with
         —
sentencing    conditions —remains
                               in effect. See RCW 9.0) (
                                                     030( 4A.allowing "
                                                           1
                                                           9          affirmative acts
necessary to monitor compliance with the order of a court").

                                                        17
