                IN THE SUPREME COURT OF IOWA
                               No. 12–2270

                         Filed February 13, 2015


STATE OF IOWA,

      Appellee,

vs.

DEMETRICE DE’ANGELO TOMPKINS,

      Appellant.



      On review from the Iowa Court of Appeals.



      Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Black Hawk County,

Joseph Moothart, Judge.



      Defendant appeals his conviction for domestic abuse assault

causing bodily injury pursuant to Iowa Code section 708.2A(2)(b),

claiming ineffective assistance of counsel under the Sixth Amendment to

the United States Constitution and article I, section 10 of the Iowa

Constitution.      DECISION    OF   COURT      OF   APPEALS   VACATED;

DISTRICT COURT JUDGMENT AFFIRMED.



      Mark C. Smith, State Appellate Defender, and Rachel C. Regenold,

Assistant Appellate Defender, for appellant.



      Thomas J. Miller,       Attorney General, Bridget A. Chambers,

Assistant Attorney General, Thomas J. Ferguson, County Attorney, and

Jeremy Westendorf, Assistant County Attorney, for appellee.
                                     2

ZAGER, Justice.

      Demetrice Tompkins was convicted after a jury trial of domestic

abuse assault causing bodily injury pursuant to Iowa Code section

708.2A(2)(b) (2011). He appeals his conviction, maintaining he received

ineffective assistance of trial counsel on two grounds.           First, he

maintains counsel was ineffective in failing to object to an officer’s

testimony regarding the complaining witness’s out-of-court statements

under the Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment to the United

States Constitution.    Second, he maintains counsel was ineffective in

failing to object to and move to strike as hearsay the officer’s unsolicited

testimony regarding another witness’s out-of-court statement.       Finally,

he maintains the cumulative effect of counsel’s alleged deficiencies

caused him prejudice.

      Upon our de novo review, we conclude trial counsel was not

ineffective in failing to object on Confrontation Clause grounds to the

officer’s testimony regarding the complaining witness’s out-of-court

statements. Further, we conclude the record before us is insufficient to

determine whether trial counsel should have objected to and moved to

strike as hearsay the officer’s unsolicited testimony regarding the other

witness’s out-of-court statement. We vacate the decision of the court of

appeals and affirm the judgment of the district court.

      I. Background Facts and Proceedings.

      In June 2012, Tompkins and A.H. were in a relationship and living

together in an apartment in Waterloo, Iowa. At approximately 12:26 a.m.

on June 18, Officer Kyle Jurgensen of the Waterloo Police Department

was dispatched to the couple’s apartment complex for a domestic

dispute.   This was in response to a 911 call made by a neighbor who

reported that A.H. told her Tompkins assaulted her and requested that
                                    3

the neighbor call 911. Upon arrival, Officer Jurgensen found the couple

in front of the apartment complex.       Approximately four to five other

people were also present. Tompkins was demonstrably upset and yelling

“[homophobic] derogatory slang [and] curse words” at A.H.

      Officer Jurgensen separated the parties and attempted to calm

Tompkins down and determine what was going on.                  During this

conversation, Tompkins informed Officer Jurgensen that earlier that

night “he had caught [A.H.] cheating with another female.” He further

informed Officer Jurgensen he was “done with the relationship” and had

come to the apartment that night to “grab his stuff.”           During their

conversation, Officer Jurgensen observed that Tompkins smelled like

alcohol and was slurring his speech. Additionally, Tompkins continued

to intermittently yell disparaging remarks at A.H. from a distance. After

approximately twenty to twenty-five minutes, Officer Jurgensen placed

Tompkins in the back of his police car. From that location, Tompkins

continued to yell disparaging remarks at A.H.

      Officer Jurgensen then turned his attention to A.H. and asked her

what had happened that night.       A.H. told Officer Jurgensen she and

Tompkins were “arguing in front of the [apartment] complex and he had

pushed her down on the concrete during the argument.”                Officer

Jurgensen   also   spoke   with   one   other   witness   who   stated   that

“[Tompkins] had pushed [A.H.].”     According to Officer Jurgensen, this

other witness was noticeably intoxicated and uncooperative.          Officer

Jurgensen also observed injuries on A.H., which included fresh scrapes

on her left elbow and left knee. A.H.’s glasses were also broken. Officer

Jurgensen noted that A.H.’s injuries were consistent with a fall on

concrete, as described by A.H.
                                         4

         Officer Jurgensen then left the scene with Tompkins. En route to

the county jail, Tompkins was upset and verbally abusive towards Officer

Jurgensen.      Tompkins denied pushing A.H., claiming A.H. “did those

injuries to herself by hitting a window.”            After arriving at the jail,

Tompkins attempted to negotiate with Officer Jurgensen, saying he

would “[take] . . . a breath test if [Officer Jurgensen] didn’t charge him

with domestic assault.”         Officer Jurgensen declined this offer, and

Tompkins refused to take a breath test.

         As a result of the above incident, the district court entered a no-

contact order against Tompkins barring him from having any contact

with A.H.     Later that day, A.H. submitted a letter to the district court

requesting it lift the no-contact order.           In the letter, A.H. claimed

Tompkins “never put his hands on [her] and . . . helps [her] with bills,

food, [and] gas expense[s].” The letter further stated that on the night of

the incident the couple had been “drinking and got into an argument

outside of [their] apartment and one of the neighbors had called the

cops.”     A.H. also claimed that when she was attempting to enter the

apartment she “tripped and fell on the stairs.”

         On July 9, the district court lifted the no-contact order. Also on

July 9, the State formally charged Tompkins with domestic abuse assault

causing bodily injury in violation of Iowa Code section 708.2A(2)(b).1

Counsel was appointed to represent Tompkins on the charge, and

Tompkins entered a plea of not guilty.

         Based on the letter A.H. had presented to the district court, A.H.

appeared to recant the version of events she relayed to Officer Jurgensen

        1The State also charged Tompkins with public intoxication, second offense, in

violation of Iowa Code sections 123.46(2) and 123.91(1). However, prior to trial
Tompkins pled guilty to this charge.     Tompkins does not challenge the public
intoxication conviction on appeal.
                                     5

the night of the incident. In light of this recantation, Tompkins filed a

motion in limine requesting that the court preclude the State from calling

A.H. as a witness.    Specifically, the motion contended that the State

intended to violate the principles established in State v. Turecek, 456

N.W.2d 219, 225 (Iowa 1990).       That is, Tompkins believed the State

would call A.H. in an effort to present inadmissible hearsay, her prior

statements, to the jury under the guise of impeachment.

      On the morning of trial, by way of an oral ruling, the district court

partially granted Tompkins’s motion in limine regarding the Turecek

issue. The State confirmed that it did not intend to call A.H. for the sole

purpose of impeaching her, but rather only to establish a domestic

relationship between her and Tompkins. Accordingly, the district court

barred the State from eliciting additional information from A.H. about the

incident without first alerting the court and defense counsel so it could

hold a hearing outside of the presence of the jury.

      At trial, the State called A.H. as its first witness to establish a

domestic relationship between her and Tompkins. Consistent with the

district court’s ruling, the State did not elicit any additional evidence

from A.H. Following this questioning, Tompkins did not cross-examine

A.H. However, A.H. remained subject to the State’s subpoena, and the

State admonished her to remain within five minutes of the courthouse at

all times until the close of evidence “for the possibility that she would be

called by either the State or the defense.”

      The State next called Officer Jurgensen to testify.            Officer

Jurgensen testified in detail to his investigation of the incident and his

own observations as discussed above. After this preliminary testimony,

in reference to his conversation with A.H., the State then asked Officer

Jurgensen, “And what did she say?”       This question drew an objection
                                           6

from defense counsel on hearsay grounds.               The district court initially

sustained the objection.        However, after the State set forth additional

foundational evidence, the district court overruled the hearsay objection

and allowed the State to proceed under the excited utterance exception.2

Officer Jurgensen then testified that A.H. told him “that her and her

boyfriend were arguing in front of the complex and he had pushed her

down on the concrete during the argument.”                 Officer Jurgensen also

testified that A.H. told him that is how she sustained her injuries.

Defense counsel made no additional objection to this testimony.

       On cross-examination, defense counsel asked Officer Jurgensen if

it was possible that one of the other four to five people present could

have been responsible for A.H.’s injuries. Officer Jurgensen responded

that it was not possible. Specifically, he stated, “I had one person there

tell me [Tompkins] had pushed [A.H.], but due to [that person’s]

intoxication level and her unwillingness to cooperate with police, she

wasn’t mentioned in any reports.” Counsel did not object to or move to

strike from the record this statement on hearsay grounds.

       After the above testimony by Officer Jurgensen, Tompkins’s

counsel did not ask the State to recall A.H. or attempt to have A.H. testify

on behalf of Tompkins. Counsel presented no defense.

       On October 24, the jury returned a verdict of guilty.                Tompkins

appealed, and we transferred the case to the court of appeals. The court

of appeals rejected Tompkins’s ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claims

and affirmed his conviction. The court of appeals concluded trial counsel

had not breached an essential duty in failing to object on Confrontation

      2The district court weighed the factors outlined by this court in State v. Atwood,

602 N.W.2d 775, 782 (Iowa 1999), and concluded A.H.’s statements were admissible
under the excited utterance exception to the hearsay rule, Iowa R. Evid. 5.803(2).
Tompkins has not challenged this ruling on appeal.
                                            7

Clause grounds to Officer Jurgensen’s testimony regarding A.H.’s out-of-

court statements.         Specifically, the court of appeals reasoned that a

Confrontation Clause objection would have been meritless because A.H.

had been present at trial and available for cross-examination. Further,

the court of appeals concluded counsel had not breached an essential

duty in failing to object to and move to strike as hearsay Officer

Jurgensen’s       testimony     regarding       the   other    witness’s   out-of-court

statement.     In this latter respect, the court of appeals also concluded

that even if counsel’s failure breached an essential duty, Tompkins had

not suffered prejudice as a result of counsel’s deficiency.

       Tompkins applied for further review, which we granted.

       II. Standard of Review.

       We review ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claims de novo. State

v. Clay, 824 N.W.2d 488, 494 (Iowa 2012). This is because such claims

are   grounded      in    the   Sixth   Amendment             to   the   United   States

Constitution. 3     Id.    In a criminal case, an ineffective-assistance-of-

counsel claim “need not be raised on direct appeal from the criminal

proceedings in order to preserve the claim for postconviction relief

purposes.” Iowa Code § 814.7(1). However, a defendant may raise such
a claim on direct appeal if they have “reasonable grounds to believe that

the record is adequate to address the claim on direct appeal.”                       Id.

§ 814.7(2). Ordinarily, we preserve such claims for postconviction relief

proceedings.      Clay, 824 N.W.2d at 494.             “We prefer to reserve such

questions for postconviction proceedings so the defendant’s trial counsel

       3In his brief, Tompkins cites both the Sixth Amendment and article I, section 10
of the Iowa Constitution in support of his ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claims.
Tompkins does not argue that we should interpret article I, section 10 differently than
the parallel provisions of the Sixth Amendment. Thus, for purposes of our analysis we
assume that the legal principles governing both provisions are the same. See Simmons
v. State Pub. Defender, 791 N.W.2d 69, 76 n.3 (Iowa 2010).
                                    8

can defend against the charge.”    State v. Tate, 710 N.W.2d 237, 240

(Iowa 2006). This is especially appropriate when the challenged actions

concern trial strategy or tactics counsel could explain if a record were

fully developed to address those issues. Clay, 824 N.W.2d at 494. “We

will resolve the claims on direct appeal only when the record is

adequate.” Id. However, it is a rare case in which the trial record alone

is sufficient to resolve a claim on direct appeal.   State v. Straw, 709

N.W.2d 128, 133 (Iowa 2006).

      We determine the record is adequate in this case to reach the

merits of Tompkins’s claim that counsel was ineffective in failing to

object on Confrontation Clause grounds to Officer Jurgensen’s testimony

regarding A.H.’s out-of-court statements.   However, we determine the

record is insufficient to determine whether counsel should have objected

to and moved to strike as hearsay Officer Jurgensen’s unsolicited

testimony regarding the other witness’s out-of-court statement.

      III. Discussion.

      To succeed on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, a

claimant must establish by a preponderance of the evidence: “ ‘(1) his

trial counsel failed to perform an essential duty, and (2) this failure

resulted in prejudice.’ ”   State v. Adams, 810 N.W.2d 365, 372 (Iowa

2012) (quoting Straw, 709 N.W.2d at 133); accord Strickland v.

Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687, 104 S. Ct. 2052, 2064, 80 L. Ed. 2d 674,

693 (1984). Reversal is warranted only where a showing of both of these

elements is made. Simmons v. State Pub. Defender, 791 N.W.2d 69, 75–

76 (Iowa 2010). If we conclude a claimant has failed to meet his or her

burden as it relates to either prong, we need not decide whether the

claimant has satisfied his or her burden as it relates to the remaining

prong.   See Clay, 824 N.W.2d at 501 n.2 (“The court always has the
                                      9

option to decide the claim on the prejudice prong of the Strickland test,

without deciding whether the attorney performed deficiently.”).

      Under the first prong, “ ‘we measure counsel’s performance against

the standard of a reasonably competent practitioner.’ ”        Id. at 495

(quoting State v. Maxwell, 743 N.W.2d 185, 195 (Iowa 2008)).         It is

presumed the attorney performed his or her duties competently, and the

claimant must successfully rebut this presumption by establishing by a

preponderance of the evidence that counsel failed to perform an essential

duty. Id. We assess counsel’s performance “objectively by determining

whether [it] was reasonable, under prevailing professional norms,

considering all the circumstances.”       State v. Lyman, 776 N.W.2d 865,

878 (Iowa 2010). Further, where a claimant alleges counsel’s failure to

pursue a particular course breached an essential duty, there is no such

duty when the suggested course would have been meritless. See State v.

Musser, 721 N.W.2d 734, 754 (Iowa 2006) (holding counsel did not

breach an essential duty when “an objection under the Confrontation

Clause would have had no merit”); State v. Button, 622 N.W.2d 480, 485

(Iowa 2001) (“Because [defendant’s] argument has no merit, his counsel

was not ineffective for failing to make this challenge.”).

      Under the second prong, the claimant must establish that

prejudice resulted from counsel’s failure to perform an essential duty.

Clay, 824 N.W.2d at 496. Prejudice exists where the claimant proves “ ‘a

reasonable probability that, but for the counsel’s unprofessional errors,

the result of the proceeding would have been different.’ ”    Bowman v.

State, 710 N.W.2d 200, 203 (Iowa 2006) (quoting State v. Hopkins, 576

N.W.2d 374, 378 (Iowa 1998)). The claimant must prove prejudice by a

preponderance of the evidence. Clay, 824 N.W.2d at 496. A claimant

need not establish it is more likely than not that counsel’s deficient
                                    10

conduct altered the outcome in the case. Id. Instead, a claimant need

only show “ ‘that the probability of a different result is sufficient to

undermine confidence in the outcome.’ ”       Id.   (quoting Maxwell, 743

N.W.2d at 196). “In determining whether this standard has been met, we

must consider the totality of the evidence, what factual findings would

have been affected by counsel’s errors, and whether the effect was

pervasive or isolated and trivial.” State v. Graves, 668 N.W.2d 860, 882–

83 (Iowa 2003).

      With these principles in mind, we turn now to address Tompkins’s

allegations concerning his trial counsel’s ineffective performance.

      A. Whether Trial Counsel Was Ineffective in Failing to Object

on Confrontation Clause Grounds to Officer Jurgensen’s Testimony

Regarding A.H.’s Out-of-Court Statements. Tompkins claims his trial

counsel breached an essential duty in failing to object on Confrontation

Clause grounds to A.H.’s out-of-court statements offered through Officer

Jurgensen during the State’s case.       Tompkins relies on Crawford v.

Washington, 541 U.S. 36, 124 S. Ct. 1354, 158 L. Ed. 2d 177 (2004), and

several other recent United States Supreme Court decisions for authority

that the State’s presentation of A.H.’s hearsay statements violated the

Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment to the United States

Constitution.

      In 1980, the Supreme Court held that a determination of whether

a witness’s hearsay statement admitted pursuant to various common law

exceptions to the hearsay rule violated the Confrontation Clause turned

on whether such evidence contained sufficient “ ‘indicia of reliability.’ ”

See Ohio v. Roberts, 448 U.S. 56, 66, 100 S. Ct. 2531, 2539, 65 L. Ed. 2d

597, 608 (1980) (“[W]hen a hearsay declarant is not present for cross-

examination at trial, the Confrontation Clause normally requires a
                                     11

showing that he is unavailable. Even then, his statement is admissible

only if it bears adequate ‘indicia of reliability.’ ”), overruled by Crawford,

541 U.S. at 68–69, 124 S. Ct. at 1374, 158 L. Ed. 2d at 203; see also

State v. Shipley, 757 N.W.2d 228, 235 (Iowa 2008). However, in 2004 the

U.S. Supreme Court, in Crawford, revised the test for the admission of

hearsay statements challenged under the Confrontation Clause.            541

U.S. at 68–69, 124 S. Ct. at 1374, 158 L. Ed. 2d at 203 (“Where

testimonial statements are at issue, the only indicium of reliability

sufficient to satisfy constitutional demands is the one the Constitution

actually prescribes: confrontation.”). Rather than focusing on indicia of

reliability, it stated the inquiry should instead turn on what it identified

as the “principal evil” the Confrontation Clause was intended to protect

against: inquisitorial ex parte examinations by government officials. Id.

at 61, 124 S. Ct. at 1370, 158 L. Ed. 2d at 199. As held by the Supreme

Court, admission of such statements does not turn on notions of

reliability.   Id. at 51, 124 S. Ct. at 1364, 158 L. Ed. 2d at 192–93.

Instead, the court held that where such statements are “testimonial,”

they are admissible in subsequent proceedings only if: (1) the declarant

is unavailable and (2) there has been a prior opportunity for cross-

examination. Id. at 61, 124 S. Ct. at 1370, 158 L. Ed. 2d at 198.

       But first, we must determine whether the Confrontation Clause is

even implicated under the unique procedural facts presented here. We

begin by considering whether Tompkins’s motion in limine based on

Turecek precluded him from cross-examining A.H.           We conclude that

Tompkins’s motion in limine based on Turecek did not preclude him from

cross-examining A.H.
                                          12

       After A.H. wrote her letter to the district court effectively recanting

her previous statements, Tompkins’s counsel made the tactical decision

to file a motion in limine based on Turecek. Turecek states:

       The State is not entitled under rule [5.]607 to place a witness
       on the stand who is expected to give unfavorable testimony
       and then, in the guise of impeachment, offer evidence which
       is otherwise inadmissible. To permit such bootstrapping
       frustrates the intended application of the exclusionary rules
       which rendered such evidence inadmissible on the State’s
       case in chief.

456 N.W.2d at 225 (emphasis added).
       In its preliminary ruling, the district court granted the motion in

limine.     When the State later attempted to elicit A.H.’s hearsay

statements through Officer Jurgensen, the district court initially

sustained Tompkins’s hearsay objection. However, after several attempts

by the State to lay a proper foundation for the admission of A.H.’s

hearsay statements, the district court ultimately ruled the statements

were admissible as excited utterances. 4 See Iowa R. Evid. 5.803(2); see
also State v. Atwood, 602 N.W.2d 775, 782 (Iowa 1999) (setting forth

criteria for determining when a statement is an excited utterance). When

a witness’s hearsay statement is admissible to prove the truth of the

matter asserted, there is no Turecek violation. See State v. Rojas, 524

N.W.2d 659, 662 (Iowa 1994) (“There is no Turecek violation here

because we find the videotape was admissible under rule [5.]803(24).”).

Turecek is a rule that prevents parties from unfairly circumventing the

hearsay rule.     See 456 N.W.2d at 225.           Thus, once the State laid the

proper foundation for the admission of A.H.’s hearsay statements under

the excited utterance exception to the hearsay rule, they were admissible


       4Again, Tompkins has not appealed the district court’s ruling with respect to the
admission of A.H.’s hearsay statements as excited utterances.
                                    13

as evidence of the fact that Tompkins pushed her, and Turecek no longer

applied.

      We now turn to consider whether counsel breached an essential

duty in failing to object to the admission of A.H.’s hearsay statements on

Confrontation Clause grounds.      We begin by considering whether an

objection on Confrontation Clause grounds would have been meritless.

We conclude that an objection on Confrontation Clause grounds would

have been meritless.

      Tompkins maintains that although A.H. testified at trial, the State

limited its questioning of A.H. to establishing a domestic relationship

between Tompkins and A.H.         Thus, because Iowa Rule of Evidence

5.611(b) limits the scope of cross-examination to matters raised on direct

examination, Tompkins was effectively unable to cross-examine A.H.

regarding her prior statements to Officer Jurgensen at that time.

Tompkins further asserts that he could not recall A.H. to confront her on

her hearsay statements because he was placed in a constitutionally

impermissible catch-22: forego either his Confrontation Clause rights or

his right to have the State prove its case against him.

      “[T]he Confrontation Clause imposes a burden on the prosecution

to present its witnesses, not on the defendant to bring those adverse

witnesses into court.”   Melendez–Diaz v. Massachusetts, 557 U.S. 305,

324, 129 S. Ct. 2527, 2540, 174 L. Ed. 2d 314, 330 (2009).

Notwithstanding this obligation, the general rule is that “when the

declarant appears for cross-examination at trial, the Confrontation

Clause places no constraints at all on the use of his prior testimonial

statements.” Crawford, 541 U.S. at 59 n.9, 124 S. Ct. at 1369 n.9, 158

L. Ed. 2d at 198 n.9.    “[T]he Confrontation Clause guarantees only an

opportunity for effective cross-examination, not cross-examination that is
                                     14

effective in whatever way, and to whatever extent, the defense might

wish.” United States v. Owens, 484 U.S. 554, 559, 108 S. Ct. 838, 842,

98 L. Ed. 2d 951, 957 (1988) (internal quotation marks omitted).

      We agree with Tompkins that the State’s decision not to question

A.H. about the statements she made to Officer Jurgensen, or the events

surrounding the night in question, placed Tompkins in the unenviable

position to weigh the advantages and disadvantages of cross-examining

A.H. during her initial testimony or calling her as a witness for the

defense.   However, Tompkins’s Confrontation Clause rights were not

violated based on this choice. The choice whether and to what extent to

cross-examine a witness always requires a cost-benefit analysis.          But

where the witness takes the stand and is available for cross-examination,

the Confrontation Clause places no constraints on the use of the

witness’s prior testimonial hearsay statement. Crawford, 541 U.S. at 59

n.9, 124 S. Ct. at 1369 n.9, 158 L. Ed. 2d at 198 n.9.

      In this case, A.H. was placed under oath and made available for

cross-examination. Further, the record established that even after the

court initially dismissed A.H. from the witness stand, she remained

under the State’s subpoena and near the courthouse at all times until

the close of evidence. Tompkins could have cross-examined A.H. during

her initial testimony.   See Iowa R. Evid. 5.611(b) (“Cross-examination

should be limited to the subject matter of the direct examination and

matters affecting the credibility of the witness.     The court may, in the

exercise of discretion, permit inquiry into additional matters as if on direct

examination.”   (Emphasis added.)).       More importantly, after the court

admitted A.H.’s hearsay statements into evidence through Officer

Jurgensen, Tompkins could have recalled her during his case-in-chief.

See Iowa R. Evid. 5.806 (“When a hearsay statement . . . has been
                                    15

admitted in evidence, the credibility of the declarant may be attacked . . .

by any evidence which would be admissible for those purposes if

declarant had testified as a witness. . . . If the party against whom a

hearsay statement has been admitted calls the declarant as a witness, the

party is entitled to examine the declarant on the statement as if under

cross-examination.” (Emphasis added.)). Tompkins chose not do so, and

we cannot conclude that this apparently tactical decision deprived him of

the opportunity to confront A.H.

      Further, the majority of courts from other jurisdictions that have

addressed this issue have reached similar conclusions, although there

are several outliers. See, e.g., United States v. Butterworth, 511 F.3d 71,

75–76 (1st Cir. 2007) (“Alexander was present at trial and was available

for cross-examination for the defense. . . . This is not a case where the

defense has a legitimate claim of surprise. Nor did the defense ask that

Alexander be recalled when the grand jury testimony itself was offered.”

(Citation omitted.)); United States v. Cree, 778 F.2d 474, 478 (8th Cir.

1985) (“We decline to hold that a defendant’s right of confrontation

mandates that the prosecution call to the stand a person who is available

to be called by either side simply because cross-examination of that

person may be favorable to the defense.”); People v. Rodriguez, 319 P.3d

151, 197 (Cal. 2014) (finding no Confrontation Clause violation when the

prosecution introduced a girl’s hearsay statement through an expert, but

the defendant had the opportunity to and did call her as his own

witness); State v. Davis, 951 A.2d 31, 38 (Conn. App. Ct. 2008)

(“Although the victim was called to testify before the state introduced his

challenged testimonial statements during its later direct examination of

[the officer], the defendant could have attempted to recall the victim as a

witness.   The defendant did not do so.     Because the record does not
                                     16

reflect either that the defendant sought to conduct further cross-

examination of the victim after [the officer] testified or that the court in

any way restricted the defendant’s rights to cross-examine the victim we

conclude that his claim must fail . . . .” (Citations omitted.)); McKnight v.

State, 656 S.E.2d 830, 832 (Ga. 2008) (“[S]he had already testified at trial

and remained subject to recall. Therefore, . . . Crawford is not applicable

to this case.”); State v. Rossignol, 215 P.3d 538, 547–48 (Idaho Ct. App.

2009) (finding no Confrontation Clause violation when the district court

offered the defendant the opportunity to recall the victim after the

transcript of her interview was admitted into evidence); State v. Rickett,

967 A.2d 671, 676 (Me. 2009) (finding no Confrontation Clause violation

where witness appeared at trial and testified for defense); Smith v. State,

984 So. 2d 295, 303 (Miss. Ct. App. 2007) (“Since Mr. Clark testified

during the trial, Crawford v. Washington does not apply . . . .”); Williams

v. State, 970 So. 2d 727, 734 (Miss. Ct. App. 2007) (“[W]e cannot find

that Williams was unduly prejudiced because Williams cross-examined

Jane later during the trial and even called Jane during his case-in-

chief.”); State v. Perez, 920 N.E.2d 104, 128 (Ohio 2009) (“[Defendant]

cites no authority for his contention that the Confrontation Clause

requires such a statement to be introduced during the testimony of the

declarant.”); State v. Pollock, 284 P.3d 1222, 1224 (Or. Ct. App. 2012)

(“Defendant also chose not to recall the victim for cross-examination

although he could have after the prosecutor played the DVD.”); State v.

Stokes, 673 S.E.2d 434, 440 (S.C. 2009) (“[I]t is the opportunity to cross-

examine that is constitutionally protected. In the instant case, appellant

had that opportunity.    It is undisputed Brown appeared at trial, was

available for cross-examination, and could have been recalled after the

statement was admitted.” (Emphasis omitted.)); State v. Hoch, 18 A.3d
                                     17

562, 565 (Vt. 2011) (finding no Confrontation Clause violation despite

witness having “testified prior to the admission of the videotape” because

“defendant was entirely free to recall her to the stand for cross-

examination”); State v. Nelis, 733 N.W.2d 619, 628 (Wis. 2007) (finding

no Confrontation Clause violation when officer testified to prior

inconsistent statements of another witness because witness had already

testified and it had not been shown witness was unavailable for recall).

But see, e.g., State v. Rohrich, 939 P.2d 697, 700–01 (Wash. 1997) (en

banc) (holding the Confrontation Clause “requires the State to elicit the

damaging testimony from the witness so the defendant may cross

examine if he so chooses” and noting that “[t]he State’s failure to

adequately draw out testimony from [a witness] before admitting the

[witness’s] hearsay [statement] puts the defendant in ‘a constitutionally

impermissible Catch–22’ of calling the child for direct or waiving his

confrontation rights” (quoting Lowery v. Collins, 996 F.2d 770, 772 (5th

Cir. 1993)).

      There was no Confrontation Clause violation in this case.     Once

the district court admitted Officer Jurgensen’s testimony regarding A.H.’s

out-of-court statements, the issue became whether counsel should have

either requested that the State recall A.H. so she could be cross-

examined or recalled her during the defense case-in-chief.     That issue

has not been raised in this appeal, and we do not decide it. However,

nothing in our opinion precludes Tompkins from raising it in subsequent

postconviction relief proceedings.

      B. Whether Trial Counsel Was Ineffective in Failing to Object

to and Move to Strike as Hearsay Officer Jurgensen’s Testimony

Regarding the Other Witness’s Out-of-Court Statement.           Tompkins

also contends counsel was ineffective in failing to object to and move to
                                       18

strike as hearsay Officer Jurgensen’s testimony regarding the other

witness’s out-of-court statement that she saw Tompkins push A.H.

during the incident. In contrast, the State argues counsel had no duty to

object to this statement because the State did not offer it to prove the

truth of the matter asserted and therefore it was not hearsay. Instead,

the State maintains the offered statement only explains Officer

Jurgensen’s investigation and why it did not call the witness at trial.

      Hearsay is “a statement, other than one made by the declarant

while testifying at the trial or hearing, offered in evidence to prove the

truth of the matter asserted.” Iowa R. Evid. 5.801(c). However, “[w]hen

an out-of-court statement is offered, not to show the truth of the matter

asserted but to explain responsive conduct, it is not regarded as

hearsay.”   State v. Mitchell, 450 N.W.2d 828, 832 (Iowa 1990).           As we

explained in State v. Elliott, in the context of police investigations,

      “In criminal cases, the arresting or investigating officer will
      often explain his going to the scene of the crime or his
      interview with the defendant, or a search or seizure, by
      stating that he did so upon information received and this of
      course will not be objectionable as hearsay, but if he
      becomes more specific by repeating definite complaints of a
      particular crime by the accused, this is so likely to be
      misused by the jury as evidence of the fact asserted that it
      should be excluded as hearsay.”

806 N.W.2d 660, 668 (Iowa 2011) (quoting State v. Doughty, 359 N.W.2d

439, 442 (Iowa 1984)) (internal quotation marks omitted).

      In    this   case,   the   following   exchange   occurred    on    cross-

examination:

             Q. Officer Jurgensen, when you arrived at the scene
      . . . were the only two people present Mr. Tompkins and
      [A.H.]? A. No.

             ....
                                     19
              Q. And there were four or five other people there? A.
       Yes.

              Q. So it is possible that those injuries could have been
       inflicted by any one of those people? A. No.

             Q. It’s not possible? A. No. I had one person there
       tell me that he had pushed her, but due to her intoxication
       level and her unwillingness to cooperate with police, she
       wasn’t mentioned in any reports or anything[.]

       Here, Officer Jurgensen went beyond the mere fact that a

conversation occurred and instead actually stated what the witness said.

His testimony did not merely explain the investigation or why the State
did not call the other witness to testify, as the State contends. Rather,

by repeating the other witness’s statement he directly challenged

counsel’s assertion that someone else at the scene could have pushed

A.H.   This testimony was hearsay and an objection would have been

appropriate along with a request to have the statement striken from the

record. See Milks v. Iowa Oto-Head & Neck Specialists, P.C., 519 N.W.2d

801, 806 (Iowa 1994) (“If the grounds for the objection are disclosed only

after the testimony is given, the proper procedure is to move to strike and

have the jury admonished to disregard the objectionable statement.”).

       Having concluded Tompkins’s counsel could have objected to this

statement as hearsay, we must next determine whether counsel’s failure

to object fell below the standard of a reasonably competent practitioner,

such that counsel failed to perform an essential duty. In this case, we do

not know whether, under the circumstances, counsel’s failure to object

to these statements was a trial tactic or strategy. See Clay, 824 N.W.2d

at 500–01 (concluding record was insufficient to resolve ineffective-

assistance-of-counsel claim on direct appeal when record was not

developed as to trial counsel’s state of mind with respect to counsel’s

failure to object to several out-of-court statements); see also State v.
                                     20

Rubino, 602 N.W.2d 558, 563 (Iowa 1999) (“Ordinarily claims of

ineffective assistance of counsel are preserved for postconviction relief.

That is particularly true where the challenged actions of counsel

implicate trial tactics or strategy which might be explained in a record

fully developed to address those issues.” (Citation omitted.)). Thus, at

this time, the record before us is insufficient to address this issue.

      IV. Conclusion.

      We conclude trial counsel was not ineffective in failing to object on

Confrontation Clause grounds to Officer Jurgensen’s testimony regarding

A.H.’s out-of-court statements. Further, we conclude the record before

us is insufficient to determine whether trial counsel should have objected

to and moved to strike as hearsay the unsolicited testimony of Officer

Jurgensen regarding the other witness’s out-of-court statement.          We

vacate the decision of the court of appeals and affirm the judgment of the

district court.

      DECISION OF COURT OF APPEALS VACATED; DISTRICT

COURT JUDGMENT AFFIRMED.
