                           STATE OF MICHIGAN

                            COURT OF APPEALS



JESSICA KUBACKI,                                                       UNPUBLISHED
                                                                       December 11, 2018
               Plaintiff-Appellee,

v                                                                      No. 343526
                                                                       Sanilac Circuit Court
                                                                       Family Division
JAMES KUBACKI,                                                         LC No. 12-034834-DM

               Defendant-Appellant.


Before: M. J. KELLY, P.J., and METER and O’BRIEN, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

        After the parties’ divorce in November 2012, plaintiff was granted sole legal and physical
custody of the parties’ minor children, JMK and JJK. 1 In October 2017, defendant filed a motion
to modify the children’s custodial arrangement concerning legal custody and also to modify the
parenting-time schedule. The trial court denied defendant’s motion, reasoning that defendant
had not established proper cause or a change in circumstances necessary to warrant altering the
children’s custodial arrangement or parenting-time schedule. Defendant appeals as of right. We
affirm the trial court’s order to the extent that it denied defendant’s request to alter the children’s
custodial arrangement. However, we reverse the trial court’s order to the extent that it denied
defendant’s request to modify the parenting-time schedule, and we remand this case for the trial
court to revisit this request.

        Defendant, in his motion requesting a change in the children’s custodial arrangement and
in the parenting-time schedule, argued that (1) his lack of legal representation before entry of the
consent judgment of divorce resulted in an unusual custodial arrangement; (2) he had attempted
to persuade plaintiff to stipulate to a change in the children’s custodial environment and
parenting-time schedule; (3) he had a good relationship with his children; (4) plaintiff had been
allowing defendant to exercise alternative weekly parenting time with the children during the


1
  The record is not entirely clear regarding JJK’s birth date and thus whether JJK has already
reached 18 years of age. If he has already reached 18 years of age, JJK is no longer subject to
orders of custody and parenting time under MCL 722.27(1)(c). In that case, our holdings affect
only the custodial arrangement and parenting-time schedule pertaining to JMK.


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two preceding summers, notwithstanding the time allotted by the Friend of the Court; (5)
plaintiff had frequently allowed defendant to exercise parenting time for one or two days during
the week, notwithstanding the time allotted by the Friend of the Court; (6) plaintiff’s occupation
as a preschool teacher and volleyball coach frequently required her to spend time working after
school hours; (7) defendant had acquired seasonal employment that allowed him to take time
away from work for three to four months around winter, which he could spend with the children;
and (8) it would be in the children’s best interests to modify the custodial arrangement and
parenting-time schedule. Plaintiff did not file a written response to defendant’s motion.

        The trial court conducted a hearing on defendant’s motion, indicating that the only issue
it would address at the hearing was whether defendant had shown the requisite proper cause or
change in circumstances to warrant a modification of parenting time or the children’s custodial
arrangement. Plaintiff’s counsel argued that defendant had not established proper cause or a
change in circumstances as required under the standards outlined in Vodvarka v Grasmeyer, 259
Mich App 499; 675 NW2d 847 (2003). The trial court agreed, concluding that defendant had not
established proper cause or a change in circumstances sufficient to warrant a modification of
parenting time or the children’s custodial arrangement. With regard to parenting time,
specifically, the trial court noted that the parties were free to modify the parenting-time
arrangement as they saw fit. Defendant appeals as of right.

        In issues concerning custody of a child, “all orders and judgments of the circuit court
shall be affirmed on appeal unless the trial judge made findings of fact against the great weight
of evidence or committed a palpable abuse of discretion or a clear legal error on a major issue.”
MCL 722.28. The statute articulates three standards of review, applied in different contexts.
Yachcik v Yachcik, 319 Mich App 24, 31; 900 NW2d 113 (2017); Phillips v Jordan, 241 Mich
App 17, 20; 614 NW2d 183 (2000). This Court reviews for an abuse of discretion a trial court’s
decision whether to change custody of a minor child. Yachcik, 319 Mich App at 31. “ ‘In this
context, an abuse of discretion exists when the result is so palpably and grossly violative of fact
and logic that it evidences a perversity of will, a defiance of judgment, or the exercise of passion
or bias.’ ” Id., quoting Sulaica v Rometty, 308 Mich App 568, 577; 866 NW2d 838 (2014).
Questions of law are reviewed for “clear legal error.” Yachcik, 319 Mich App at 31. Clear legal
error results when a trial court incorrectly chooses, interprets, or applies the law. Id. Findings of
fact are reviewed under the great-weight-of-the-evidence standard, which dictates that “[t]his
Court may not substitute [its] judgment on questions of fact unless the facts clearly preponderate
in the opposite direction.” Id. (citations and quotation marks omitted). These same standards
also apply when reviewing orders concerning parenting time. Shade v Wright, 291 Mich App 17,
20-21; 805 NW2d 1 (2010).

        Further, this Court reviews for an abuse of discretion a trial court’s decision regarding
whether to omit or limit oral argument. Fisher v Belcher, 269 Mich App 247, 252; 713 NW2d 6
(2005).




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       Defendant argues that the trial court erred when it denied his motion to the extent that he
requested a change in the children’s custodial arrangement.2

        Under MCL 722.27(1)(c), a trial court may “modify or amend its previous judgments or
orders for proper cause shown or because of change of circumstances until the child reaches 18
years of age . . . .” Judgments and orders that may be modified include those providing for legal
custody, physical custody, or parenting time. See MCL 722.1102(c) and Shade, 291 Mich App
at 22. This Court has previously determined that, under these rules, a trial court is not authorized
to revisit an otherwise valid prior custody decision or to consider the statutory best-interests
factors under MCL 722.23 until after the party requesting a modification of a child’s custodial
arrangement has proven, by a preponderance of the evidence, that proper cause or a change of
circumstances has occurred warranting such a revisiting. Vodvarka, 259 Mich App at 508-509.
The trial court is not required to conduct an evidentiary hearing to address this threshold
question. Id. at 512; Corporan v Henton, 282 Mich App 599, 605; 766 NW2d 903 (2009).

        In cases in which a parent requests a change of custody, “proper cause means one or
more appropriate grounds that have or could have a significant effect on the child’s life to the
extent that a reevaluation of the child’s custodial situation should be undertaken.” Vodvarka,
259 Mich App at 511. This Court has explained that

       to establish “proper cause” necessary to revisit a custody order, a movant must
       prove by a preponderance of the evidence the existence of an appropriate ground
       for legal action to be taken by the trial court. The appropriate ground(s) should be
       relevant to at least one of the twelve statutory best interest factors, and must be of
       such magnitude to have a significant effect on the child’s well-being. [Id. at 512.]

The Vodvarka Court held that, to show a “change in circumstances” sufficient to warrant
revisiting custody,

       a movant must prove that, since the entry of the last custody order, the conditions
       surrounding custody of the child, which have or could have a significant effect on
       the child’s well-being, have materially changed. Again, not just any change will
       suffice, for over time there will always be some changes in a child’s environment,
       behavior, and well-being. Instead, the evidence must demonstrate something


2
  To the extent that defendant, by way of some of the statements in his appellate brief, may be
attempting to argue that the trial court erred by failing to advise him, before the 2013 consent
judgment of divorce, of the possibility of joint custody, see MCL 722.26a(1), we find that such
an argument effectively constitutes a collateral attack on the consent judgment because defendant
is not raising it on direct appeal of that judgment. See People v Howard, 212 Mich App 366,
369; 538 NW2d 44 (1995) (“[W]e believe a collateral attack occurs whenever a challenge is
made to a judgment in any manner other than through a direct appeal.”). Judgments of divorce
are generally not subject to collateral attack. Estes v Titus, 481 Mich 573, 590 n 43; 751 NW2d
493 (2008). In addition, defendant has not provided adequate factual support for his assertion
that he was never advised of the possibility of joint custody.


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       more than the normal life changes (both good and bad) that occur during the life
       of a child, and there must be at least some evidence that the material changes have
       had or will almost certainly have an effect on the child. This too will be a
       determination made on the basis of the facts of each case, with the relevance of
       the facts presented being gauged by the statutory best interest factors. [Id. at 513-
       514.]

        On appeal, defendant does not argue that a change in circumstances occurred sufficient to
warrant a revisiting of the children’s custodial arrangement. Rather, he argues that such
revisiting was supported solely by proper cause. In addition, defendant has failed to articulate
how a revisiting of the children’s custodial arrangement has been supported by proper cause. In
his appellate brief, defendant simply contends, without citing any factual support, that “[i]t is
obviously appropriate to the circumstances and an appropriate ground for legal action to be taken
to simply grant Defendant joint legal custody with the Plaintiff concerning their two minor
children.” Without more, this bare assertion is insufficient under Vodvarka, Mich App at 512, to
establish the requisite proper cause.

        Even if defendant had made the same assertions as he had in his motion—i.e., that (1) he
did not have a right to retrieve his children from school or take them to medical appointments,
(2) he could not request the children’s school or medical records, and (3) he had been engaging
in parenting time in excess of what was outlined in the parenting-time agreement and would be
able to continue engaging in additional parenting time in the future—defendant would not
prevail. Indeed, defendant failed to discuss how these facts, if accepted as true, were “of such
magnitude [as] to have a significant effect on the child[ren]’s well-being.” Vodvarka, 259 Mich
App at 512. Defendant has not suggested—nor has he put forward any evidence to support—that
plaintiff has struggled to retrieve the children from school or take them to medical appointments.
Likewise, defendant has offered no evidence demonstrating that there is a need for him to
acquire the children’s medical or school records; the parties do not appear to disagree on matters
pertaining to the children’s education or medical requirements, and the children do not appear to
have any unique or special needs with respect to either. Moreover, defendant has failed to
explain why the additional parenting time he has exercised constitutes proper cause under
Vodvarka. 3

        The trial court did not err when it determined that defendant failed to satisfy his burden of
proving, by a preponderance of the evidence, that proper cause or a change in circumstances
existed sufficient to warrant revisiting the children’s custodial arrangement.

        Defendant further contends that the trial court erred when it denied his motion to the
extent that he requested a modification of parenting time.


3
  We note that the parties are entitled to agree on parenting time that does not follow the
provisions in the Sanilac County Friend of the Court guidelines unless the trial court determines
that such deviations are not in the children’s best interests. See Sanilac County Circuit Court,
Friend of the Court Parenting Time Guidelines (May 12, 2017), p 5, available at
<https://www.sanilaccounty.net/Handlers/File.ashx?ID=22114> (accessed December 3, 2018).


                                                -4-
         If a parent requests a mere change in parenting time—as opposed to a change in a child’s
established custodial environment4—the Vodvarka standards generally do not apply. Shade, 291
Mich App at 25-28. In other words, a parent does not need to establish proper cause or a change
in circumstances in accordance with Vodvarka before the trial court may grant a request to
modify the parenting-time schedule, unless such modification would result in a change in the
established custodial environment. Id. at 27-28. Instead, “a lesser, more flexible understanding
of ‘proper cause’ or ‘change in circumstances’ ” applies. Kaeb v Kaeb, 309 Mich App 556, 570-
571; 873 NW2d 319 (2015); Shade, 291 Mich App at 30-31 (unless the requested parenting-time
modification would result in changes to the established custodial environment, “normal life
changes” that occur in a child’s life, such as a desire to be more involved in extracurricular
activities, are sufficient to modify parenting time).

       “In a parenting-time matter, when the proposed change would not affect the established
custodial environment, the movant must prove by a preponderance of the evidence that the
change is in the best interests of the child.” Lieberman v Orr, 319 Mich App 68, 84; 900 NW2d
130 (2017). This requires a trial court to determine whether an established custodial
environment exists and whether modification of a parenting-time schedule would alter that
environment. Marik v Marik (On Remand), ___ Mich App ___, ___; ___ NW2d ___ (2018)
(Docket No. 333687); slip op at 8-9.

        The trial court automatically assumed that the Vodvarka standards applied to defendant’s
motion, but defendant in his motion clearly requested a change in legal custody and for
“additional parenting time.” We therefore remand this case for a reevaluation of the request for a
change in parenting time in accordance with the applicable standards.

         Defendant appears to be raising unpreserved arguments that the trial court erred by
denying his motion because it should not have allowed plaintiff’s counsel to speak at oral
arguments and because plaintiff effectively consented to defendant’s motion when she failed to
file a responsive brief. Defendant has cited no authority in support of either of these contentions.
This Court will not search for authority in support of a party’s position on appeal, and a party’s
failure to cite sufficient supporting authority constitutes abandonment of the issue. King v
Oakland Co Prosecutor, 303 Mich App 222, 236; 842 NW2d 403 (2013). At any rate, MCR
2.119(E)(3) states that a trial court “may require the parties to file briefs . . . in opposition to a
motion.” MCR 2.119(E)(3) (emphasis added). Ordinarily, use of the word “may” indicates a
permissive, but not mandatory, action. See Ladd v Motor City Plastics Co, 303 Mich App 83,
106; 842 NW2d 388 (2013). Accordingly, even if we were to consider defendant’s position, we



4
    MCL 722.27(1)(c) provides, in part:
         The custodial environment of a child is established if over an appreciable time the
         child naturally looks to the custodian in that environment for guidance, discipline,
         the necessities of life, and parental comfort. The age of the child, the physical
         environment, and the inclination of the custodian and the child as to permanency
         of the relationship shall also be considered.



                                                 -5-
would find no error with the trial court’s process—it had discretion to allow plaintiff to present
her arguments at the motion hearing as opposed to in a written response.

        Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded for further proceedings in accordance
with this opinion. We do not retain jurisdiction.



                                                            /s/ Michael J. Kelly
                                                            /s/ Patrick M. Meter
                                                            /s/ Colleen A. O'Brien




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