Filed 10/31/13 P. v. Belardo CA1/2
                      NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
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              IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                       FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                  DIVISION TWO


THE PEOPLE,
         Plaintiff and Respondent,
                                                                     A133128
v.
WILBERTO BELARDO,                                                    (Solano County Super. Ct.
                                                                      No. FCR260088)
         Defendant and Appellant.


         Wilberto Belardo appeals from his conviction for the 1998 murder (Pen. Code,
§ 187) 1 of Jose Zarate and the special circumstance finding that Belardo committed the
murder during the commission of a robbery (§ 192.2, subd. (a)(17)(A)). Belardo asserts
the following errors: (1) the trial court failed to obtain a separate waiver of trial by jury
on the special circumstance allegation; (2) the trial court should not have admitted the
testimony of two witnesses, because that testimony was uncorroborated and the witnesses
were liable for prosecution of the murder of Zarate; (3) insufficient evidence established
his identity as the shooter in the Zarate homicide; (4) the People failed to inform the
defense of material, exculpatory evidence in a timely manner, depriving him of a fair trial
(a Brady violation); (5) the trial court erred in denying a mistrial because of the Brady
violation; (6) because he was brought to trial in 2011 for a crime that occurred in 1998,
he was prejudiced by the delay in prosecution; (7) because of the alleged Brady violation,
his waiver of trial by jury on the issue of guilt was neither knowing nor intelligent; and


         1
             Unless otherwise indicated, all statutory citations are to the Penal Code


                                                             1
(8) the trial court erred in denying him a new trial because of new evidence discovered
after trial.
         We conclude that the trial court erred in failing to obtain a separate waiver of trial
by jury on the special circumstance allegation, but we also conclude that the error was
harmless. Finding no merit in Belardo’s other assertions of error, the judgment and
orders of the trial court are affirmed.
                                       BACKGROUND
         This criminal case involves the February 15, 1998 murder of Zarate, during the
commission of a robbery. Although the Zarate homicide occurred in 1998, charges were
not brought against Belardo until 2010 because witnesses were not as forthcoming with
investigators in 1998 as they would prove to be 10 years later. Alvaro Delatorre was
present during the events and one of the perpetrators assaulted him, but he was unable to
provide a certain identification of Belardo as the person who shot Zarate. Belardo’s half
brother, David Bango, and his girlfriend at the time of the murder, Melony Ellis, testified
about admissions that Belardo made to them after the murder. Their testimony was the
primary evidence for the prosecution.
I. Procedural Background
         The People filed an information on May 10, 2010,2 charging Belardo with the
murder of Zarate (§ 187), with personal discharge of a firearm causing death (§ 12022.53,
subd. (d)), personal discharge of a firearm (§ 12022.53, subd. (c)), and personal use of a
firearm (§ 12022.53, subd. (b)). The information also alleged the special circumstance
that Belardo committed the murder while engaged in the commission of a robbery.3
(§ 190.2, subd. (a)(17)(A).) Belardo pleaded not guilty and denied the sentencing
enhancements.



         2
             The information was amended on August 31, 2010, to correct a typographical
error.
         3
         The information also charged Belardo with the assault of Delatorre with a
firearm, but that count was dismissed “per statute of limitations.”


                                                2
       After the court and parties had settled several in limine motions, Belardo’s counsel
announced a willingness to waive trial by jury. The district attorney checked with her
office, a brief voir dire followed, and trial by jury was deemed waived.
       The trial commenced on April 27, 2011. The prosecution presented 21 witnesses,
including Delatorre, Bango and Ellis. During the trial, additional information regarding
the Zarate murder investigation was identified and turned over to the defense, leading to
several mistrial and dismissal motions.
       On May 12, 2011, the court found Belardo guilty of first degree murder (§ 187,
subd. (a)) during a robbery (§ 190.2, subd. (a)(17)(A)). The court also found true the
section 12022.53, subdivisions (b), (c), and (d) enhancements.
       On August 18, 2011, the court heard and denied Belardo’s motion for a new trial,
based upon alleged Brady violations, newly discovered evidence, and insufficient
evidence. The court sentenced Belardo to life in prison without parole for the murder
during a robbery (§ 187, subd. (a); § 190.2, subd. (a)(17)(A)), plus 25 years to life in
prison for personal discharge of a firearm causing death (§ 12022.53, subd. (d)).
       Belardo filed a timely notice of appeal on August 24, 2011.
II. Factual Background 4
       In February 1998, Zarate lived alone in a small trailer, from which he sold drugs,
at the corner of Jackson and Cherry Streets in Dixon, California. Across the street from
Zarate’s trailer, about 20 to 25 feet away, Charlie Moore lived in a four-unit building.
Belardo lived in Dixon with his mother, Norma Rivera; his stepfather; his girlfriend,
Ellis; and his 15-year-old half brother, Bango.
A. The Homicide and Delatorre’s Identification Efforts
       On February 15, 1998, Alvaro Delatore was visiting Zarate, his friend, while
Moore hosted a barbecue party across the street. About 9:00 p.m., there was a knock at


       4
          Pursuant to the applicable standard of review, discussed below, we state the
facts in the light most favorable to the prosecution as the prevailing party. (People v.
Zamudio (2008) 43 Cal.4th 327, 342, although we take note of certain inconsistencies
among the prosecution’s witnesses.)


                                              3
the door of Zarate’s trailer.5 The visitor gave a name that Delatorre did not remember
and Zarate said it was okay to open the door. Delatorre saw a man pointing a revolver at
them, accompanied by another man wearing what might have been a nylon stocking over
his face. The man with the gun said, “This is a robbery. Give us the money, the jewelry,
and the dope.” The man then hit Delatorre on the top of his head with the gun, cutting his
scalp and leaving him dizzy and dazed. One of the men reached around Delatorre’s neck
and grabbed jewelry. Delatorre took out his wallet and the gunman took it from his hand.
       The gunman repeated his demand for money, dope, and jewelry and Zarate said, “I
ain’t giving nothing up.” Delatorre heard multiple gunshots and saw that Zarate had been
hit. After telling Delatorre to keep quiet, the two men left. According to Delatorre,
Zarate had methamphetamine and $1,500 on his person before the robbery. When
Zarate’s body was later examined, the drugs and cash were gone.
       Delatorre ran to Moore’s house, where the party was still in progress, and reported
the incident to the 911 operator. He went back to the trailer and the police arrived a short
time later. Zarate was still alive when police arrived, but was unable to communicate.
His shirt had been removed and he was bleeding heavily from a bullet wound in the
center of the chest. Paramedics removed Zarate from the trailer, but he died at the scene.
       When police interviewed him, Delatorre described the gunman as a “Black male
around five foot six” with “a muscular build,” “round face,” and “puffy cheeks and short
hair.” Delatorre thought the second man was also African-American, based on seeing his
hands and arms. During a pretrial conditional examination, held in anticipation of
Delatorre’s imminent deportation, he described the gunman as clean shaven, with no acne
on his face, no visible tattoos,6 and wearing a tank top. He told the police that the
revolver was chrome colored.

       5
         Delatorre testified that the knock came at 8:00 p.m. or shortly thereafter. Other
witnesses, however, placed the subsequent events at or after 9:00 p.m.
       6
         Belardo’s sister testified for the defense that Belardo had gang tattoos between
his fingers and on the back of his arm before February 15, 1998; Delatorre testified that
he did not see the back of the gunman’s arms and was not looking for tattoos when the
man held the gun to his head.

                                              4
       Search of the trailer revealed a bloody shirt with a bullet hole on the bed with a
spent bullet underneath it. A ballistics expert testified that the bullet was .38 caliber,
typically fired from a .38 special ammunition revolver. No spent casings were found.
       Zarate had a bullet entry wound in the chest and an exit wound in his back. He
also had separate entry and exit wounds in his left arm.
       At trial, Delatorre testified that the gunman looked like one of two persons he had
seen watching him and Zarate from Moore’s party that night. He said that he had seen
the gunman “driving around” in a black convertible Mustang about a week before the
shooting. The People also presented testimony from a number of witnesses indicating
that Belardo’s stepbrother, Greg Felix,7 drove a Mustang convertible and that Belardo
rode in the car with Felix.8
       When Delatorre testified at the conditional hearing, he identified Belardo as the
gunman, but he was “not a hundred percent sure.” Belardo was wearing “jail clothes”
and was in shackles at that hearing. At trial, Delatorre again identified Belardo as one of
the two men who entered Zarate’s trailer. He was about 50 percent sure.
       However, on the night of the homicide, Delatorre assisted in the preparation of a
computer-generated composite of the suspect.9 As the investigation progressed, he
viewed several photographic lineups that included Belardo, but he told the police that he
did not recognize anyone as the assailant. On February 23, Delatorre viewed a live
lineup including Belardo, but did not identify him. The investigators told Delatorre that
the shooter was in the live lineup, and when he said he did not recognize anyone, they
told him, “Yes, he is. He’s there. Pick him out.” Delatorre felt he was being pushed into

       7
         Some witnesses identified Felix as Belardo’s “brother.” Bango identified
Belardo as his “half brother” and Felix as his “stepbrother.”
       8
         When Delatorre was interviewed by the police in 1998 he repeatedly said that he
had not seen the gunman before the incident. He said that he had not looked at the people
across the street or paid any attention to them. It was only when he was contacted by law
enforcement again in 2008 that he mentioned seeing the gunman in a Mustang the week
before the shooting.
       9
         This composite of the shooter was “lost” by the time of trial.


                                               5
picking somebody. He then selected someone other than Belardo from the live lineup
and told the investigators he was 90 percent sure.
B. Belardo’s Parole Violation and Account to Police
       Belardo was on parole from the California Youth Authority on February 15, 1998,
and was subject to electronic monitoring, with a curfew of 10:00 p.m. He subsequently
admitted a parole violation because electronic monitoring showed that he was not in his
residence until 10:08 p.m. on February 15, 1998. He told police that he was at Moore’s
house between 7:00 and 9:00 p.m. and then walked home, a distance of about half a
mile.10 He said that when he got home he played with the dog in the back yard and
denied possessing a gun.
       The police searched Belardo’s residence on February 17, 1998 and found no
evidence connecting him to the robbery and homicide.
C. Events at Moore’s Party
       Belardo, Bango, Felix, and Belardo’s long-time friend, Dustin Blaylock, attended
Moore’s barbecue. They congregated in the carport area, from which Zarate’s trailer was
visible. Moore’s girlfriend, Lea Mitchell, testified that at some point she overheard a
conversation about “jacking” someone. She did not know who made the statement.
       Bango was in the carport watching Belardo and Blaylock play craps when Belardo
showed Bango a .38 revolver, which he held under a towel. Bango asked why he had a
gun, and Belardo responded, “In case something happens. In case something pops off.”
Later that afternoon, Belardo asked Bango to hold the gun and then left the carport.
Belardo returned within five minutes and took the gun back. Bango never saw the gun
again and he left the party about 5:00 p.m. to meet friends.
       In the evening, Belardo and Blaylock left the party and a short time later, Mitchell
heard gunshots. She did not see Belardo or Blaylock again that night.



       10
           On cross examination, the police officer testifying about the distance admitted
that it was his best guess, but that it was possible that, if Google Maps indicated a
distance of 1.7 miles, that distance might be correct.


                                             6
D. Francisco Garcia’s Account of Blaylock and “Willie”
       At the time of the homicide, Francisco Garcia lived next door to Blaylock and .46
miles from Zarate’s trailer. About 9:00 p.m., Garcia heard sirens and saw police cars
going by. Blaylock then came to Garcia’s house with “a Black guy” named “Willie”11
and asked to use the telephone. Garcia testified that he knew Willie’s brother, Felix, and
he had seen Willie driving around in Felix’s car.12 Blaylock and Willie appeared
exhausted, as if they had been running. Willie left a short time later, but Garcia did not
know how long Blaylock stayed.13
E. Bango’s Account of Belardo’s Admissions
       Bango returned to Moore’s party that evening with Ellis and a friend, and, on
arrival, encountered Delatorre, bleeding and seeking help. After taking Delatorre to
Moore’s residence to call the police, Bango and Ellis returned to Bango’s house.14
       When they arrived home, Belardo and Rivera were there. Bango asked whether
Belardo had anything to do with the shooting. Belardo appeared agitated and told him to
“Shut up.” Bango asked Belardo several times whether he was involved and Belardo
responded by making threats. He said, “I did it once. What makes you think I won’t do
it again?” Bango understood that Belardo would kill him if he talked to anybody about
the incident. Belardo told him, “I’ll beat the ‘F’ out of you” and “Don’t say anything.
You are trying to get me 25 to life.”
       Bango testified that Belardo suggested he take responsibility for the shooting,
telling him that because he was a minor his punishment would be relatively light.15


       11
          Belardo was known as “Willie.”
       12
          On cross-examination, Garcia said that he did not “know” the man he referred
to as “Willie.” Garcia failed to identify Belardo in a pretrial photo lineup in 2009,
selecting another photograph, but saying he was “not sure.”
       13
          Garcia admitted lying to police when he told them in 1998 that Blaylock had
stayed at his house the entire night.
       14
          Bango’s account of meeting Delatorre in the street was not corroborated by
other witnesses. Delatorre did not mention it. Ellis testified that when they arrived at
Moore’s, the road was blocked off and they saw police officers, so they went back home.


                                             7
Belardo told Bango that he should expect to be questioned by the police and that Bango
needed to corroborate his alibi about being in the backyard playing with the dog.
F. Ellis’s Account of the Gun and Belardo’s Admissions
       Ellis had moved in with Belardo about a month before the Zarate homicide. She
testified that Belardo sold drugs and that, on his behalf, she sold drugs at school. About a
week before the homicide, Ellis overheard Belardo in a telephone conversation “about the
guy in the trailer that sold drugs.” Belardo said he was “considering robbing” the man.
She did not know with whom Belardo was speaking.
       On the night of the homicide, when she and Bango returned home after trying to
go to Moore’s party, Belardo was home, shaving, and “shaking and scared.” They started
talking about the shooting. Ellis said that Belardo wanted Bango to confess to the
shooting, saying he was only 15 years old and would not “do very much time.”
       Belardo told Ellis “he didn’t go there to do that. He went there to rob him and
ended up shooting a guy; probably took a guy’s life. It wasn’t worth very much. They
didn’t even get very much money out of it.” Belardo said that Blaylock was with him.
       Ellis was scared because she was dating Belardo and living in his house. Belardo
and Ellis began taking measures to “stay out of the view.” They hid in a crawl space in
Rivera’s closet and Belardo would hide in the trunk of their vehicle as they were driving.
Belardo told Ellis that, when questioned by the police, she should say that he was in the
back yard that night playing with the dogs because the back yard was far enough from the
house to set off his ankle monitor.
       Ellis testified that a day or two after the shooting, Rivera asked Ellis to accompany
her and they drove to Lake Berryessa. Rivera handed Ellis a revolver, which she
recognized as belonging to Belardo, and she threw it into the water from the edge of a




       15
          Bango did not tell investigators that Belardo suggested he take responsibility
until 2008.


                                             8
cliff.16 After Ellis disposed of the gun, Belardo told her he would harm her or her family
if she “confessed.”
       Ellis later married Belardo. They moved first to Florida and then to Tennessee,
where Belardo continued to threaten her, saying that with what she knew about the
shooting, she “could really put him in jail for a long time, so he said it was all on me.”
He told her that no one would ever find her body, and her family would not know that she
was gone. On one occasion he held a gun to her head and beat her severely. Ellis
eventually left Belardo and had no contact with him after 2002.
       In 2009, Belardo was incarcerated in Tennessee and was disciplined for adding
some dreadlocks to his short hair. James Russell, an employee at the Tennessee
correctional facility, testified that Belardo told him he was facing a murder charge in
California and “he wanted to change how he looked.”
                                       DISCUSSION
I. Waiver of Trial by Jury on the Special Circumstance Allegation
       On April 20, 2011, prior to the commencement of jury selection, Belardo’s
counsel stated that Belardo was prepared to waive trial by jury. The court gave the
People time to consider waiving jury trial and, after a recess, the People stated their
willingness to waive as well. The court instructed Belardo’s counsel to conduct a voir
dire of Belardo, which proceeded as follows: “[Y]ou have a right to have a jury trial, a
jury of 12 people, listen to this case. By waiving that right, that means that you will not
have a jury trial, that the person who is going to be judging the facts and credibility of the
case will be the judge alone. [¶] You have a right to have the jury trial. [¶] Are you
willing to waive it?” Belardo answered in the affirmative and his counsel announced,
“Defense waives.” The court asked Belardo, “You understand, when you say, ‘you
waive,’ that means you are giving up that right?” Belardo answered, “Yes, sir.” The
court then asked, “And I’m the one that makes the decision, guilty or not guilty. Do you

       16
          Ellis did not tell investigators about throwing the gun into Lake Berryessa until
2008. The investigators then searched the area of the lake, and surrounding dry bank,
specified by Ellis, but did not find the firearm.


                                              9
understand that?” Belardo again answered, “Yes, sir.” Finally, the court asked, “And
you’re prepared to give up that right and have me do that?” Again, Belardo answered,
“Yes, sir.” The court then accepted the jury waiver.
       Belardo contends that the record does not contain a knowing and intelligent waiver
of the right to a jury determination of the special circumstance allegation that the murder
of Zarate took place during commission of a robbery (§ 190.2, subd. (a)(17)(A)).
Without such a waiver, he argues, we must reverse the finding on the special
circumstance and adjust his sentence to life in prison with the possibility of parole.
       Section 190.4, subdivision (a), expressly provides the procedure for reaching
findings on special circumstance allegations at bench trials: “If the defendant was
convicted by the court sitting without a jury, the trier of fact shall be a jury unless a jury
is waived by the defendant and by the people, in which case the trier of fact shall be the
court.” Our Supreme Court has construed this provision to mean that “an accused whose
special circumstance allegations are to be tried by a court must make a separate, personal
waiver of the right to a jury trial.” (People v. Memro (1985) 38 Cal.3d 658, 704
(Memro), overruled on other grounds by People v. Gaines (2009) 46 Cal.4th 172, 181, fn.
2.) “Assuming an accused desires to waive his right to a jury as to both the guilt and
special circumstance determinations, the trial court could satisfy section 190.4,
subdivision (a)’s requirement by taking separate waivers as to each before
commencement of trial.” (Memro, at p. 704.)
       In People v. Diaz (1992) 3 Cal.4th 495 (Diaz), the defendant was advised:
“ ‘[Y]ou’ll be giving up that right to have the jury in two different functions. First of all,
first function is to decide the question of your guilt or innocence. Then the second
function, similarly, . . . you would have 12 jurors who must unanimously agree as to the
punishment . . . . And you’ll be giving up that right.’ ” (Id. at p. 564.) The defendant
answered, “ ‘I’m giving it up’ ” and acknowledged his understanding that the waiver
applied “to ‘both phases . . . of the special circumstances case.’ ” (Ibid.) The Diaz court
explained that under Memro, “a waiver of a defendant’s right to have a jury determine the
truth or falsity of alleged special circumstances may not be accomplished by counsel’s


                                              10
stipulation. The waiver must be made by the defendant personally, and must be
‘separate’—that is, if the defendant is to be deemed to have waived the right to jury trial
on both guilt and special circumstances, the record must show that the defendant is aware
that the waiver applies to each of these aspects of trial.” (Diaz at p. 565.) Applying this
rule, the court concluded: “In this case, the trial court explained to defendant that the
waiver of his right to trial by jury applied to all aspects of his special circumstances case,
from beginning to end. Defendant also told the court that he had discussed the matter
‘quite thoroughly’ with his counsel. Although the trial court’s admonition was not a
model of clarity, we believe it was sufficient to advise defendant that his waiver, which
included all aspects of guilt and penalty, included within it a waiver of the right to jury
trial on the truth or falsity of the special circumstance allegation.” (Ibid.)
       The defendant in People v. Wrest (1992) 3 Cal.4th 1088 (Wrest) was advised that
his right to a jury trial included “ ‘any other special allegations that are charged in this
particular case.’ ” (Id. at p. 1103.) He was also told that if tried by a jury, all 12 jurors
would have to agree on the special circumstances. (Ibid.) The defendant then waived his
right to a jury trial as to the “ ‘special allegations that we’ve already talked about’ ” and
agreed that he did not “ ‘want a jury trial on the issue of guilt or the special
circumstances.’ ” (Id. at p. 1104.) The court held that the record “reflects an express and
personal understanding and waiver of appellant’s right to jury trial on the special
circumstance allegations. The mere fact that the prosecutor’s questions combined issues
of guilt, special circumstances, and enhancements did not vitiate the waiver.” (Ibid.) The
court explained that Memro “does not require . . . a waiver to be taken in accordance with
any particular procedure.” (Id. at p. 1105.)
       In People v. Weaver (2012) 53 Cal.4th 1056 (Weaver), the Supreme Court again
rejected a defendant’s contention that Memro required a finding that his waiver of a jury
trial was not a waiver of a jury finding on the special circumstance allegation: “In this
case, the record demonstrates that defendant’s jury waiver included the special
circumstance allegations. The written waiver regarding guilt that defendant and his
counsel signed did not specifically reference the special circumstance allegations. But in


                                               11
the oral proceedings, the court advised defendant that ‘a waiver of jury is a waiver of jury
on all of the triable issues before the court.’ It explained to defendant twice that these
issues included the special circumstance allegations. Additionally, the written waiver as
to penalty, which defendant and his counsel also signed, expressed defendant’s desire to
waive a penalty jury if, at the guilt phase, he was ‘found guilty of first degree murder and
a special circumstance is found true.’. . . Defendant understood and intended his waiver
to include both guilt and special circumstances as well as, if it came to that, the penalty
determination. To require more, or to mandate a different procedure, would exalt form
over substance.” (Id. at p. 1075.)
       Diaz, Wrest, and Weaver all had records demonstrating that the defendant was
aware that his waiver applied both to the issue of guilt and to the issue of the truth of a
special circumstance. In each case, during colloquy with the court, the special
circumstance aspect was specifically mentioned, or the defendant was informed that his
waiver applied to all triable issues and the written waiver noted the special circumstance
aspect of the trial. In Belardo’s case, no written waiver was executed and in the colloquy
with the court, there was no mention of the special circumstance aspect of the charges.
Belardo’s attorney did obtain Belardo’s agreement that “the person who is going to be
judging the facts and credibility of the case will be the judge alone,” but this does not
demonstrate (as a reference to “all triable issues” might have) that Belardo understood his
waiver to apply not only to the issue of guilt, but also to the special circumstance.
       We conclude that the record does not demonstrate that Belardo was aware that his
waiver applied to both guilt and the special circumstance allegation. The Diaz test is not
satisfied and it was error for the court, and not a jury, to make a finding on the special
circumstance.
       Belardo argues that “[p]rejudice in a failure-of-advisement context is measured by
whether the defendant was aware of his constitutional rights.” None of the cases he cites
for this proposition involves the separate waiver of a right to a jury trial on a special




                                              12
circumstance allegation.17 Memro made clear that an error in obtaining a separate waiver
to a jury trial on a special circumstance allegation does not require automatic reversal—
prejudice must be shown: “In this case, the record is clear that the trial court erred in
failing to take a personal jury waiver on the multiple murder special circumstance
allegation. However, since the judgment must be reversed on other grounds, it is
unnecessary to determine whether appellant was prejudiced by that error. The question
as to what standard of prejudice should be applied in this situation is left for another
day.”18 (Memro, supra, 38 Cal.3d at pp. 704-705, fn. omitted.)
       Here, the evidence that Zarate was shot during the course of, at a minimum, an
attempted robbery, was uncontroverted. Defense counsel argued that there was no
evidence that the two assailants took anything. However, Delatorre testified without
equivocation that the gunman told Zarate, “This is a robbery. Give us the money, the
jewelry, and the dope.” Delatorre also stated that his wallet was taken, but even if the
robbery had not been completed, there was no question that the victim was shot during an
attempt to rob him and Zarate. Moreover, Ellis testified that before the homicide,
Belardo discussed robbing “the guy in the trailer” in a telephone conversation, and after
the homicide he told her that “[h]e went there to rob him.”
       The error in failing to obtain a separate waiver on the special circumstance
allegation from Belardo was harmless under any standard of prejudice. Once having
determined that Belardo murdered Zarate, no reasonable trier of fact could have failed to
find that the murder occurred in the commission of a robbery. (See People v. Simpson

       17
           People v. Stills (1994) 29 Cal.App.4th 1766, 1770; People v. Howard (1992) 1
Cal.4th 1132, 1180; People v. Mosby (2004) 33 Cal.4th 353, 359, and People v. Christian
(2005) 125 Cal.App.4th 688, 691, all involved the admission of a prior felony and
whether the defendant was sufficiently aware of his constitutional rights.
        18
           The Memro court reversed the defendant’s conviction because “the trial court
erred in summarily denying [defendant’s] discovery motion.” (Memro, supra, 38 Cal.3d
at p. 665.) Even though the court had already determined that reversal was required on
another ground, it addressed the issue of failure to obtain a separate waiver of jury on the
trial of the special circumstance allegation “[b]ecause this issue is an important one likely
to arise not only on retrial in this case but in many cases . . . .” (Id. at p. 700.)


                                             13
(1991) 2 Cal.App.4th 228, 236-237 [concluding the even if there had been error in failing
to obtain a separate waiver to a trial by jury on a special circumstance allegation, that
error was harmless because of overwhelming evidence supporting the special
circumstance allegation].)
II. The Testimony of Ellis and Bango
       Belardo contends that the court erred by admitting the testimony of Ellis and
Bango concerning statements he made to them. His argument is that Ellis and Bango
were accomplices and, therefore, their testimony could not be admitted without
corroboration, which, he also contends, was lacking.
       Section 1111 provides: “A conviction cannot be had upon the testimony of an
accomplice unless it be corroborated by such other evidence as shall tend to connect the
defendant with the commission of the offense; and the corroboration is not sufficient if it
merely shows the commission of the offense or the circumstances thereof. [¶] An
accomplice is hereby defined as one who is liable to prosecution for the identical offense
charged against the defendant on trial in the cause in which the testimony of the
accomplice is given.”
A. Bango
       Belardo argues that Bango was liable to prosecution for the murder of Zarate for
three reasons: (1) Bango briefly held Belardo’s gun at Moore’s party several hours
earlier, which Belardo characterizes as a “convenient excuse for fingerprints, should any
materialize”; (2) Bango had a dark enough complexion to be considered one of the two
African-American robbers; and (3) Bango testified to an encounter with Delatorre after
the shooting, contradicting the testimony of other witnesses, which Belardo characterizes
as a fabrication to provide a reason why Delatorre might pick him from a lineup, should
that eventuality arise. Belardo’s characterization of the cited facts is rank speculation.
To suggest that this amounts to probable cause to charge Bango with the murder of
Zarate verges on frivolous argument.




                                             14
B. Ellis
       Ellis testified about her participation in Belardo’s drug sales. Belardo’s argument
concerning why Ellis could be charged with the murder of Zarate is not clear, but seems
to be that the murder was a natural and probable consequence of Belardo’s drug sales, to
which Ellis was an admitted accomplice. We do not accept Belardo’s suggestion that
murder is a natural and probable consequence of dealing drugs. (See People v. Hinton
(2006) 37 Cal.4th 839, 880 [“[n]or do we accept defendant’s suggestion that murder was
a natural and probable consequence of any drug deal ‘involving a large sum of
money’ ”].)
       Ellis might have been liable for prosecution as an accessory (§ 32) to the murder
of Zarate, because she threw Belardo’s gun into Lake Berryessa, but not as a principal
(§ 31), so she was not liable to prosecution for the identical offense with which Belardo
was charged. Accordingly, Belardo’s contention that Ellis was an accomplice fails.
       Because Bango and Ellis were not liable to prosecution for the murder of Zarate,
section 1111 does not apply and their testimony did not require corroboration. Thus, we
need not reach the question of whether their testimony was, in fact, corroborated.19
III. Sufficiency of the Evidence
       Belardo contends that insufficient evidence established his identity as the shooter
in the Zarate homicide.
       “ ‘The proper test for determining a claim of insufficiency of evidence in a
criminal case is whether, on the entire record, a rational trier of fact could find the
defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. [Citations.] On appeal, we must view the
evidence in the light most favorable to the People and must presume in support of the
judgment the existence of every fact the trier could reasonably deduce from the evidence.
[Citation.] [¶] Although we must ensure the evidence is reasonable, credible, and of
solid value, nonetheless it is the exclusive province of the trial judge or jury to determine

       19
            We note that even if, contrary to our determination, Ellis were an accomplice,
her testimony was corroborated by Bango, and the additional evidence discussed in part
III of this opinion placing Belardo at or near the scene of the crime before and after it.


                                              15
the credibility of a witness and the truth or falsity of the facts on which that determination
depends. [Citation.] Thus, if the verdict is supported by substantial evidence, we must
accord due deference to the trier of fact and not substitute our evaluation of a witness’s
credibility for that of the fact finder. [Citations.]’ ” (People v. Ochoa (1993) 6 Cal.4th
1199, 1206.)
       We have no difficulty determining that substantial evidence supported the
identification of Belardo as the gunman in the Zarate homicide. Ellis testified that she
overheard a conversation that Belardo had on the telephone about robbing a man in a
trailer. She also testified that Belardo told her, among other admissions, of going to rob a
man, but “it didn’t turn out as well, and he ended up shooting a guy.” She hid with
Belardo immediately after the shooting and disposed of a revolver like the one used to
kill Zarate.
       Bango testified that Belardo was in possession of a gun on the day Zarate was
killed. He also testified that Belardo threatened him when he asked Belardo about his
involvement and that Belardo suggested he take the blame for him.
       Other evidence also supported a finding that Belardo was guilty, including
Delatorre’s testimony that the gunman looked like one of the two persons he had seen
watching him and Zarate from Moore’s party that day, and that he had seen the gunman
previously, in a Mustang convertible, about a week before the shooting. A number of
witnesses testified that Belardo rode in Felix’s Mustang convertible. Garcia testified that
Blaylock and Willie, whose brother Felix he knew, came to his residence exhausted, as if
they had been running, while police responded to the Zarate crime scene.
       It is for the trial court to determine whether to believe each of these witnesses,
despite their failure to tell the police the truth when first interviewed. Because substantial
evidence supported the court’s determination that Belardo was the shooter in the Zarate
homicide, we reject Belardo’s attack on the sufficiency of the evidence.
IV. Alleged Brady Violation
       Belardo contends that material exculpatory evidence was not provided to him
before trial, depriving him of a fair trial.


                                               16
A. Background
       After Belardo began to present his defense, it came to light that the defense had
not been provided with three reports, from the 1998 investigation of the Zarate homicide,
that Belardo contends were material to his defense. The issues raised do not require us to
examine why these reports were not turned over before trial, so we review here only their
content.
       The first report summarized an interview with Zarate’s former girlfriend,
identified as Donna Sanders.20 Sanders told police that on February 13, 1998, David
Castaneda, with two associates, came to Zarate’s trailer and argued with him about a
camera he had accepted in exchange for methamphetamine. During the argument,
Sanders heard Castaneda tell Zarate, “I’ll just kill you.”21 Sanders said she knew the
Castaneda family to be violent and the threat made her concerned for Zarate’s safety.
Although Sanders knew that Castaneda had been arrested the day before Zarate was shot,
she believed that the family was responsible for the killing. Sanders believed that
Castaneda’s brother, Monce Castaneda (Monce), was “capable of this type of crime” and
that he was “hanging out” in Vacaville with an African-American male, about 30 years
old, with a stocky build, and six feet tall. Sanders thought that Monce was “taking care
of business for his brother . . . when he attacked and shot [Zarate].”
       The second report concerned Lewis Thomas. The investigator was attempting to
identify the African-American male reported to be associating with Monce. Thomas was
African-American and had been arrested with Monce in 1993. According to the report, a
photo lineup that included Thomas’s photograph was shown to Delatorre. Delatorre


       20
           After the trial, defense investigator discovered, after the trial, that the police
actually interviewed Danyielle Sanders, who was Zarate’s former girlfriend, and not
Donna, her sister.
        21
           The defense was already aware that Castaneda had an argument with Zarate
over a camera, because Delatorre had mentioned that fact in an interview with the police.
A transcript of that interview was provided to Belardo. Delatorre did not, however, say
that a death threat was made. Delatorre said that Castaneda wanted the camera back and
he believed that Zarate had returned it.


                                             17
indicated that photo number three (not Thomas) “looked very familiar” and then pointed
to Thomas’s photo and said it “looks familiar.”
       Following the photo lineup, the investigator interviewed Thomas.22 Thomas said
that on the night Zarate was killed, he was at home with his wife and children, and that he
had not seen Monce or been in Solano County since 1993. He said he was willing to take
a computer voice stress analysis (CVSA) examination to prove his innocence. The exam
results indicated no deception when Thomas denied being involved in the shooting.
When the investigator told Thomas that a pair of pants with a red stain on them was
found in his house, Thomas said the stains were from a red marker. He suggested the
investigator could have the pants tested.
       The third report was of a police interview with Monce, who denied involvement in
the Zarate homicide and said he was with friends in Watson on the night it occurred.
Monce agreed to a CVSA examination and the investigator “ran two charts.” Review of
the second chart indicated deception on two of the relevant questions. Monce said he
might be showing stress because “he has been out in the street and he has heard that
people are saying he was involved in the shooting.” Monce reiterated his denial of
involvement and the investigator “opted to do a third chart.” No deception was indicated
and the investigator concluded that “all indicators reflect that he is being honest in this
exam.” Monce agreed to participate in a lineup if requested.
B. Legal Standard
1. Brady Violations
       In Brady v. Maryland (1963) 373 U.S. 83 (Brady) “the United States Supreme
Court held that a defendant’s right to due process is violated when ‘favorable’ evidence
that has been ‘suppressed’ by the prosecution is ‘material’ to the issue of guilt or
punishment. The violation occurs even when the prosecution has not acted in bad faith
and the favorable evidence has not been requested.” (In re Pratt (1999) 69 Cal.App.4th
1294, 1312.) Brady and other federal precedent establish “a duty on the part of the
       22
          Although the investigator’s report had not previously been provided to Belardo,
a transcript of the interview with Thomas had been provided.


                                              18
prosecution, even in the absence of a request therefor, to disclose all substantial material
evidence favorable to an accused, whether such evidence relates directly to the question
of guilt, to matters relevant to punishment, or to the credibility of a material witness.”
(People v. Ruthford (1975) 14 Cal.3d 399, 406 (Ruthford), overruled on another ground
in In re Sassounian (1995) 9 Cal.4th 535, 545-546, fn. 7.) “The scope of this disclosure
obligation extends beyond the contents of the prosecutor’s case file and encompasses the
duty to ascertain as well as divulge ‘any favorable evidence known to the others acting on
the government’s behalf . . . .’ [Citation.] Courts have thus consistently ‘decline[d] “to
draw a distinction between different agencies under the same government, focusing
instead upon the ‘prosecution team’ which includes both investigative and prosecutorial
personnel.” ’ ” (In re Brown (1998) 17 Cal.4th 873, 879.)
        “Evidence is ‘material’ [under Brady] ‘only if there is a reasonable probability
that, had [it] been disclosed to the defense, the result . . . would have been different.’
[Citations.] The requisite ‘reasonable probability’ is a probability sufficient to
‘undermine[] confidence in the outcome’ on the part of the reviewing court.” (In re
Sassounian, supra, 9 Cal.4th at p. 544.) “The defendant must make a showing of
substantial materiality and even after this showing is made reversal is not required if the
prosecution establishes the failure to disclose was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.
The prosecution does not have to risk reversal simply because a complete accounting of
all conceivably exculpatory evidence is not made.” (Ruthford, supra, 14 Cal.3d at p.
409.)
        We review the elements of a Brady claim de novo. (People v. Salazar (2005) 35
Cal.4th 1031, 1042.)
2. Third-Party Culpability
        “[T]o be admissible, evidence of the culpability of a third party offered by a
defendant to demonstrate that a reasonable doubt exists concerning his or her guilt, must
link the third person either directly or circumstantially to the actual perpetration of the
crime. In assessing an offer of proof relating to such evidence, the court must decide
whether the evidence could raise a reasonable doubt as to defendant’s guilt and whether it


                                              19
is substantially more prejudicial than probative under Evidence Code section 352.”
(People v. Bradford (1997) 15 Cal.4th 1229, 1325.) “ ‘Evidence that raises a reasonable
doubt as to a defendant’s guilt, including evidence tending to show that another person
committed the crime, is relevant. But evidence that another person had a motive or
opportunity to commit the crime, without more, is irrelevant because it does not raise a
reasonable doubt about a defendant’s guilt; to be relevant, the evidence must link this
third person to the actual commission of the crime.’ ” (People v. Linton (2013) 56
Cal.4th 1146, 1202.)
C. Application to Belardo’s Case
       The essence of Belardo’s argument is that the late production of documents
relating to the investigation of the Castanedas in 1998 prevented him from mounting a
viable defense of third-party culpability, depriving him of a fair trial. As he puts it:
“[T]he error in the instant case cannot be shown harmless beyond [a] reasonable
doubt. . . . Thomas presented a far more viable candidate as Zarate’s murderer having
been identified as ‘looks familiar’ by Delatorre in a photographic lineup. The motive
provided by a used-camera-for-methamphetamine deal gone [bad] compared favorably
with that of a crime-of-opportunity robbery selecting a low-budget methamphetamine
dealer. Indeed, post-trial investigation would reveal that Danyielle Sanders, misnamed
‘Donna’ Sanders in the late-disclosed police reports, was available to testify that she was
Zarate’s girlfriend in 1998 and witnessed the death threat by David Castaneda. . . . The
third-party-culpability evidence as to the Castaneda family threat compared favorably
with that produced against appellant at trial. It certainly raises a doubt as to who is the
actual responsible [sic] for shooting Zarate.”
       We disagree. The statement by Delatorre that a photograph of Thomas looked
familiar, does not link Thomas to the shooting of Zarate. Stating that a person “looks
familiar” is far different from stating “this person looks like the person who shot Zarate.”
Similarly, there is no information in the reports of interviews with Thomas and Monce
that would link them either directly or circumstantially to the Zarate homicide. The death



                                              20
threat by Castaneda might indicate motive for him to kill Zarate, but does not supply
information linking Castaneda, or his family, to the homicide.
       Belardo’s theory of third-party culpability, based on the late-produced reports
from the People, is purely speculative. The information in these reports does nothing to
diminish the credibility of Bango or Ellis, who provided independent accounts of
Belardo’s statements admitting his participation in the Zarate homicide. Nothing here
undermines our confidence in the outcome reached by the trial court. Thus, the late-
produced information was not material and no Brady violation occurred.
       Belardo also challenges the trial court’s failure to grant its motion for a mistrial
based on the late-produced reports from the 1998 investigation. Because these reports
were not material to Belardo’s defense, he was not prejudiced by the late production, and
there is no reason for us to reexamine the trial court’s denial of a mistrial.
V. The Delay in Prosecution
       Belardo argues that, brought to trial in 2011 for a crime that occurred in 1998, he
was prejudiced by the delay in prosecution, and the prejudice was aggravated by the
delay in disclosure of information related to the investigation of potential involvement in
the crime by the Castaneda family, discussed above.
       “Delay in prosecution that occurs before the accused is arrested or the complaint is
filed may constitute a denial of the right to a fair trial and to due process of law under the
state and federal Constitutions. A defendant seeking to dismiss a charge on this ground
must demonstrate prejudice arising from the delay. The prosecution may offer
justification for the delay, and the court considering a motion to dismiss balances the
harm to the defendant against the justification for the delay.” The prosecution’s
investigator admitted that “[t]he maintenance of the files have been kept in less than
adequate order, as well as the order in which they were maintained within the binders,
interviews by each of the investigators involved should have been kept in order of date
and the person(s) conducting the interview. Unfortunately they were not.” While the
information turned over to the defense may have been disorganized and, as already
discussed, not produced for the defense in a timely manner, Belardo does not explain how


                                              21
this prejudiced his case and rendered his trial unfair. We have already determined that
the late-produced investigation reports were not material and the defense was not
prejudiced by the late production. While the defense may have had difficulty
constructing “an accurate review of the investigation,” Belardo does not argue that the
defense was unable to do so or explain how a better understanding of the police
investigation would have affected the outcome of the trial to his advantage.
       Belardo next cites the problem that “[p]hysical evidence that had been collected
was no longer available for testing.” This evidence, once in the possession of the police
but not available at trial, includes a bicycle found in a vacant lot near the crime scene; a
small backpack; and Delatorre’s composite drawing of the shooter.
       The police seized the bicycle on the night of the murder because it was in a vacant
lot near the crime scene and a neighbor did not recognize it. The officer who collected it
thought it had been there for some time because it was covered with dew. The police
department disposed of the bicycle sometime between 1998 and Belardo’s trial. The
police also collected the backpack that night, but no information about it, beyond the fact
of its collection and its description, is in the record.
       Belardo observes that neither the bicycle nor the backpack were tested for gunshot
residue, fingerprints, or DNA evidence and that, because they are now missing, they
cannot be tested now. However, nothing in the record links the bicycle or the backpack
to the shooting of Zarate, so any significance they might have is speculative. Belardo has
failed to show that the absence of the bicycle or the backpack was prejudicial to him.
       The composite drawing might have been useful to Belardo in challenging the
credibility of Delatorre’s identification of Belardo, but it would only have been
cumulative because no trier of fact could have given much weight to that identification.
The defense was able to clearly establish that Delatorre had examined multiple
photographic lineups that included Belardo and had failed to identify Belardo as the
shooter. Delatorre also was unable to identify Belardo as the shooter at a live lineup. By
the time Delatorre provided his less than certain identifications of Belardo at the
conditional hearing (where Belardo appeared in prison garb) and at trial, he had seen


                                               22
Belardo or his images multiple times. Because the defense was able, without the
composite drawing, to effectively compromise Delatorre’s identification, the lack of the
drawing was not prejudicial.
       Belardo also argues that some of the photographic lineups shown to Delatorre had
been lost and that the investigators’ recollections about the lineups were “rather faded.”
Any missing material or faded memories concerning the photographic lineups could only
have served to impeach Delatorre’s identification of Belardo and, like the missing
composite drawing, would only have been cumulative.
       The missing bicycle and backpack, the lost composite drawing, and any missing
information about photographic lineups had nothing to do with Ellis’s and Bango’s
testimony concerning Belardo’s admissions and threats, and could not have served to cast
doubt on the prosecution’s primary evidence against him.
       We conclude that Belardo has failed to demonstrate prejudice from the delay in
prosecution and we need not proceed to examine justification for the delay.
VI. Waiver of Trial by Jury on the Issue of Guilt
       Belardo contends that the late-produced reports from the 1998 investigation,
discussed above, worked to render his waiver of a trial by jury on the issue of guilt
neither knowing nor intelligent.
       “To be valid, a defendant’s waiver of the right to a jury must also be ‘knowing and
intelligent, that is, “ ‘ “made with a full awareness both of the nature of the right being
abandoned and the consequences of the decision to abandon it,” ’ ” as well as voluntary
“ ‘ “in the sense that it was the product of a free and deliberate choice rather than
intimidation, coercion, or deception.” ’ ” ’ ” (Weaver, supra, 53 Cal.4th at pp. 1071-
1072, quoting People v. Collins (2001) 26 Cal.4th 297, 305.)
       Belardo appears to believe that a waiver, made knowingly and intelligently, might
later be rendered unknowing or unintelligent because some facts about the case, not
contemplated at the time of the waver, come to light. He is wrong. “[T]he law ordinarily
considers a waiver knowing, intelligent, and sufficiently aware if the defendant fully
understands the nature of the right and how it would likely apply in general in the


                                              23
circumstances—even though the defendant may not know the specific detailed
consequences of invoking it.” (United States v. Ruiz (2002) 536 U.S. 622, 629.) The
late-produced discovery had no bearing on Belardo’s prior understanding of the nature of
the right to a jury trial and how waiving that right would apply in general.
VII. Denial of a New Trial
A. Background
       On July 1, 2011, Belardo filed a motion for a new trial based, in part, on the
ground that new evidence had been discovered that was material to his defense. The
motion and supporting declaration by a defense investigator related that Danyielle
Sanders had been located in prison and that she recalled the death threat made against
Zarate, but that she was unwilling to make a declaration or testify, for fear of retaliation.
According to the defense investigator, Sanders also said that “she was not sure if she was
remembering David Castaneda as actually being present and making the threat
against . . . Zarate because she had read the report to refresh her memory during my
initial visit with her or because mentioning the Castaneda family name caused her to
recall the past event.”
       On July 12, 2011, Belardo filed a supplemental motion for a new trial, providing
additional new evidence—a declaration by Tiffany Stevens. According to the
declaration, Stevens was visited one evening in 1998 by her friend Monce (no last name
provided), accompanied by an African-American man named David. Monce told her that
they had just robbed and shot someone, and that David was responsible for the shooting.
       On August 18, 2011, after a hearing, the trial court denied the motion for a new
trial, stating: “As to whether or not there is new evidence to support the defendant’s
motion, I think the only thing we knew, no new documents were filed with the court to
raise further opportunities to speculate as to some third person or some other person who
might be involved. None of it is compelling and would lead the court to believe any of
these Castaneda people were involved in this particular violation.”




                                              24
B. Legal Standard
       Section 1181 provides the grounds upon which a court may grant a new trial. One
of the listed grounds, section 1181, subdivision 8, is: “When new evidence is discovered
material to the defendant, and which he could not, with reasonable diligence, have
discovered and produced at the trial. When a motion for a new trial is made upon the
ground of newly discovered evidence, the defendant must produce at the hearing, in
support thereof, the affidavits of the witnesses by whom such evidence is expected to be
given, and if time is required by the defendant to procure such affidavits, the court may
postpone the hearing of the motion for such length of time as, under all circumstances of
the case, may seem reasonable.”
       In order to prevail on a motion for a new trial based on newly discovered
evidence, a defendant must show the following: (1) the evidence itself, and not simply its
materiality, is newly discovered; (2) the evidence is not merely cumulative; (3) the new
evidence would make probable a different result on retrial; (4) the moving party could
not, with reasonable diligence, have discovered and produced the new evidence at the
trial; and (5) these facts are demonstrated by the best evidence that the case admits.
(People v. Dyer (1988) 45 Cal.3d 26, 50-51.)
       “ ‘The determination of a motion for a new trial rests so completely within the
court’s discretion that its action will not be disturbed unless a manifest and unmistakable
abuse of discretion clearly appears.’ ” (People v. Williams (1988) 45 Cal.3d 1268, 1318,
abrogated on another ground in People v. Guiuan (1998) 18 Cal.4th 558, 560-561.)
However, when a significant constitutional issue is implicated in a motion for a new trial
and the trial court denies the motion, some courts apply a de novo standard of review.
(People v. Albarran (2007) 149 Cal.App.4th 214, 224, fn. 7.)
C. Application to Belardo’s Case
       Belardo contends that he was entitled to a new trial because of the newly
discovered evidence and that the trial court erred in denying him a new trial. He argues
that we should engage in a de novo review because his motion for a new trial implicates
issues of due process.


                                             25
       We review the denial of Belardo’s motion for abuse of discretion because “the
exclusion of weak and speculative evidence of third party culpability does not infringe on
a defendant’s constitutional rights.” (People v. Gonzales (2012) 54 Cal.4th 1234, 1261.)
       In order to prevail in its motion for a new trial, Belardo had to demonstrate, among
other things, that the new evidence would make probable a different result on retrial.
There is no indication that the court failed to appreciate the content of the offer of new
evidence or that it failed to weigh that offer against the evidence presented at trial.
Indeed, the court found that the evidence against Belardo was “substantial and
compelling”: Bango, Ellis, and Delatorre, “as well as the other witnesses, all testified,
and it appeared to the court they were truthful, although there were a number of
contradictions in their presentation of the evidence and what they said 13 years before
during interviews, some of which was not the same. But the main theme, and throughout
the entire trial, was that [Belardo] is the one who committed the crimes.”
       The court concluded that the offer of new evidence was not compelling and would
not lead the court to believe that the Castanedas or their associates were involved in
Zarate’s murder. We detect no abuse of discretion in that determination by the court.




                                              26
                                    DISPOSITION
      The judgment and orders of the trial court are affirmed.

                                                _________________________
                                                Brick, J.*


We concur:


_________________________
Kline, P.J.


_________________________
Richman, J.




      * Judge of the Alameda County Superior Court, assigned by the Chief Justice
pursuant to article VI, section 6 of the California Constitution.




                                           27
