      TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN


                                       NO. 03-12-00648-CV



                              City of Georgetown, Texas, Appellant
                                               v.

                           Lower Colorado River Authority, Appellee


     FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF TRAVIS COUNTY, 250TH JUDICIAL DISTRICT
         NO. D-1-GN-12-002982, HONORABLE TIM SULAK, JUDGE PRESIDING



                                           OPINION


               In this interlocutory appeal, appellant City of Georgetown (the City) challenges

the trial court’s order denying its plea to the jurisdiction based on governmental immunity. The

underlying controversy concerns the City’s long-term contract to purchase electricity from appellee,

the Lower Colorado River Authority (the LCRA). The LCRA sought declaratory relief concerning

the parties’ rights and obligations under the contract, and the City filed a plea to the jurisdiction,

asserting that the LCRA’s pleadings fail to demonstrate a valid waiver of governmental immunity.

Because we conclude that the City has no immunity from this suit, we affirm the trial court’s order

denying the City’s plea to the jurisdiction.


                                         BACKGROUND

               According to its pleadings, the LCRA entered into standard “Wholesale Power

Agreements” with various municipalities, including the City, in 1974. Under the terms of the
Wholesale Power Agreement, the City would purchase 100% of its electricity from the LCRA and

then resell that electricity to the City’s retail customers through its municipal utility. The Wholesale

Power Agreement is set to expire June 25, 2016, and the City has given LCRA notice of its intent

not to renew the contract.

                The LCRA asserts that on June 28, 2012, the City sent a letter to the LCRA in which

it alleged that the LCRA had breached the terms of the Wholesale Power Agreement by selling

electricity to other customers at a lower rate. According to the LCRA, the letter stated that the City

would terminate the Wholesale Power Agreement within thirty days unless the LCRA cured the

alleged breach. On August 13, 2012, the City sent a follow-up letter in which it declared that the

Wholesale Power Agreement was terminated.

                In response, the LCRA filed this underlying action, seeking a declaratory judgment

that it has not materially breached the Wholesale Power Agreement.1 The City filed a plea to the

jurisdiction, asserting that the LCRA’s pleadings fail to affirmatively demonstrate a waiver of the

City’s governmental immunity. In its amended pleadings, the LCRA asserts that the City has no

governmental immunity because this case arises out of the City’s proprietary function, rather than

its governmental function. Alternatively, the LCRA asserts that if the City has governmental

immunity, that immunity has been waived by statute. See Tex. Loc. Gov’t Code § 271.152 (waiving

sovereign immunity for breach of contract claims “subject to the terms and conditions of this




       1
         The LCRA also sought injunctive relief “commanding [the City] to desist and refrain from
taking any further action to prematurely terminate the [Wholesale Power Agreement].” The trial
court did not rule on the LCRA’s request for injunctive relief, and that claim is not part of this
interlocutory appeal.

                                                   2
subchapter”). Following a hearing, the trial court denied the City’s plea to the jurisdiction. This

interlocutory appeal followed. See Tex. R. App. P. 51.014(a)(8) (permitting interlocutory appeal

from denial of plea to jurisdiction).


                                    STANDARD OF REVIEW

                A plea to the jurisdiction is a dilatory plea that challenges the trial court’s authority

to determine the subject matter of a specific cause of action. See Bland Indep. Sch. Dist. v. Blue,

34 S.W.3d 547, 553–54 (Tex. 2000). Governmental immunity from suit deprives a court of subject-

matter jurisdiction and therefore is properly asserted in a plea to the jurisdiction. State v. Lueck,

290 S.W.3d 876, 880 (Tex. 2009). Whether a trial court has subject-matter jurisdiction is a question

of law that we review de novo. Westbrook v. Penley, 231 S.W.3d 389, 394 (Tex. 2007). When, as

here, the plea to the jurisdiction challenges the pleadings, we construe the pleadings liberally in favor

of the plaintiff, and unless challenged with evidence, we accept all allegations as true. Texas Dep’t

of Parks & Wildlife v. Miranda, 133 S.W.3d 217, 226–27 (Tex. 2004).

                Some of the issues in this case concern interpretation of statutes, which is a question

of law that we review de novo. See First Am. Title Ins. Co. v. Combs, 258 S.W.3d 627, 631 (Tex.

2008). When construing a statute, our primary objective is to ascertain and give effect to the

legislature’s intent. Id. at 631–32. In determining legislative intent, we first consider the plain

language of the statute. GMC v. Bray, 243 S.W.3d 678, 685 (Tex. App.—Austin 2007, no pet.).

When statutory text is clear, it is determinative of legislative intent, unless enforcing the plain

meaning of the statute’s words would produce an absurd result. Entergy Gulf States, Inc. v.

Summers, 282 S.W.3d 433, 437 (Tex. 2009). Our analysis of the statute is also informed by the

                                                   3
presumption that “the entire statute is intended to be effective” and that “a just and reasonable

result is intended.” Tex. Gov’t Code § 311.021(2), (3). We may consider such matters as “the

object sought to be attained,” “the circumstances under which the statute was enacted,” legislative

history, and “common law or former statutory provisions, including laws on the same or similar

subjects.” Id. § 311.023(1)–(4).


                                           DISCUSSION

               A municipality performs a governmental function when it acts “as the agent of the

State in furtherance of general law for the interest of the public at large.” Gates v. City of Dallas,

704 S.W.2d 737, 738–39 (Tex. 1986) (internal quotations omitted), superseded by statute on other

grounds as stated in City of Terrell v. McFarland, 766 S.W.2d 809, 813 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1988,

writ denied). Given that the municipality is effectively acting on behalf of the state when it performs

a governmental function, it is imbued with the state’s sovereign immunity, and therefore is entitled

to governmental immunity.2 Id. By contrast, “[p]roprietary functions are those functions performed

by a city, in its discretion, primarily for the benefit of those within the corporate limits of the

municipality.” Id. Because the municipality is not acting on behalf of the state when it performs




       2
          Courts frequently use the terms sovereign immunity and governmental immunity
interchangeably, but the terms technically involve two distinct concepts. See Wichita Falls State
Hosp. v. Taylor, 106 S.W.3d 692, 694 n.3 (Tex. 2003). “Sovereign immunity refers to the State’s
immunity from suit and liability,” which extends to “the various divisions of the state government,
including agencies, boards, hospitals, and universities. Governmental immunity, on the other hand,
protects political subdivisions of the State, including counties, cities, and school districts.” Id.
(internal citations omitted). Although this distinction does not affect our analysis in this case, it
is worth noting that when we refer to the City’s immunity, or lack thereof, we are referring to
governmental immunity. See id.

                                                  4
proprietary functions, the municipality traditionally is not entitled to governmental immunity for

those functions, and thus has “the same duties and liabilities as those incurred by private persons

or corporations.” Id.; see also Bailey v. City of Austin, 972 S.W.2d 180, 192–93 (Tex. App.—Austin

1998, pet. denied) (concluding that city’s provision of health insurance to its employees is

proprietary function for which governmental immunity does not apply).

               The LCRA asserts that when the City contracted to purchase power as a municipal

utility, the City performed a proprietary function rather than a governmental function. See Tex.

Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code § 101.0215(b)(1) (defining “operation or maintenance of a public utility”

as proprietary function for purposes of Texas Tort Claims Act). Therefore, according to the LCRA,

the City has no governmental immunity from this suit, which arises out of its operation of a

municipal utility.

               The City asserts that “the proprietary-governmental function dichotomy is a creature

of tort law” that does not apply to contract claims. Specifically, the City argues that because section

271.152 of the Local Government Code—the statute that waives sovereign immunity for certain

contract claims—does not mention the proprietary-governmental dichotomy, the legislature intended

for the dichotomy not to apply to contract claims. Therefore, according to the City, municipalities

have governmental immunity for contract claims regardless of whether the claim arises out of

their proprietary or governmental functions. As a result, the City asserts that it has governmental

immunity from LCRA’s claims and that LCRA cannot demonstrate a clear and unambiguous waiver

of the City’s immunity. See Tooke v. City of Mexia, 197 S.W.3d 325, 332 (Tex. 2006) (noting that

legislature must clearly and unambiguously waive sovereign immunity).



                                                  5
               The arguments in this case primarily concern whether the proprietary-governmental

dichotomy applies to contract claims. As we will explain, this issue involves two separate legal

questions: (1) does the proprietary-governmental dichotomy apply to contract claims under the

common law and (2) if so, has the legislature abrogated the common law? In making these

determinations, we first discuss the history and underlying rationale for treating proprietary

functions differently than governmental functions. Next, we consider whether the common law

applies the proprietary-governmental dichotomy to contract claims. Finally, we determine whether

the legislature has abrogated common-law precedent, thereby ending the application of the

dichotomy to contract claims.


History and rationale for proprietary-governmental dichotomy

               Texas has long recognized sovereign immunity as the bedrock principle that “‘no state

can be sued in her own courts without her consent, and then only in the manner indicated by that

consent.’” See Tooke, 197 S.W.3d at 331 (quoting Hosner v. DeYoung, 1 Tex. 764, 769 (1847)).

This immunity extends to the various divisions of the state government as well as its political

subdivisions, such as the City. See supra n.2. “[G]overnmental immunity has two components:

immunity from liability, which bars enforcement of a judgment against a governmental entity, and

immunity from suit, which bars suit against the entity altogether.” Tooke, 197 S.W.3d at 332. When

a governmental entity enters into a contract it “necessarily waives immunity from liability, . . .

but it does not waive immunity from suit.” Id. Thus, when governmental immunity applies, a

governmental entity may not be sued for breach of contract unless its immunity from suit has

been waived. Id. We defer to the legislature to waive immunity from suit by statute or resolution.

                                                 6
Wichita Falls State Hosp. v. Taylor, 106 S.W.3d 692, 695–96 (Tex. 2003). The legislature’s waiver

of immunity from suit must be clear and unambiguous. Tooke, 197 S.W.3d at 332–33. These

principles of immunity from suit and waiver of immunity are well established.

               However, it is also well established that before a court considers whether governmental

immunity has been waived, the court must determine whether governmental immunity exists in the

first place. See, e.g., City of El Paso v. Heinrich, 284 S.W.3d 366, 371–72 (Tex. 2009) (explaining

that ultra vires claims are not against state and therefore do not implicate sovereign immunity).

“[T]he distinction between waiving immunity and finding it nonexistent is a fine one that yields

the same effect and, ‘[d]ue to the risk that the latter could become a ruse for avoiding the

Legislature, courts should be very hesitant to declare immunity nonexistent in any particular case.’”

Nueces Cnty. v. San Patricio Cnty. 246 S.W.3d 651, 652 (Tex. 2008) (quoting City of Galveston v.

Texas, 217 S.W.3d 466, 471 (Tex. 2007)). Therefore, courts generally presume that governmental

immunity applies. See id. With these principles in mind, we turn to the history of the proprietary-

governmental dichotomy.

               Over 125 years ago, the Texas Supreme Court considered the extent to which

governmental immunity applies to municipalities. City of Galveston v. Posnainsky, 62 Tex. 118

(1884). In Posnainsky, a father sued a municipality for injuries resulting from his minor child’s fall

into an uncovered drain on a public street. Id. at 122–23. The court held that because the municipality

constructed and maintained the streets for its “own advantage or emolument,” it was not immune

from suit for negligently maintaining those streets. Id. at 131. As the court explained, when a

municipality “exercises powers exclusively public in their character, forced upon it without its



                                                  7
consent, simply because the state can thus, through such local agencies, more easily and effectively

discharge duties essentially its own, it is but proper that no action should be maintained against”

the municipality unless the state has waived immunity from suit. Id. at 125. However, when

municipalities “exercise power not of this character, voluntarily assumed—powers intended for the

private advantage and benefit of the locality and its inhabitants,—there seems to be no sufficient

reason why they should be relieved from that liability to suit and measure of actual damage to

which an individual or private corporation” would be held. Id.

               Posnainsky established what has become the proprietary-governmental dichotomy.

When a municipality exercises powers, public in nature, at the direction of the state, it performs a

governmental function for which it has governmental immunity. But when a municipality acts

within its discretion, primarily for the benefit of those within its corporate limits, it performs a

proprietary function for which it has no immunity. See Nueces Cnty., 246 S.W.3d at 652–53 (citing

Posnainsky, 62 Tex. at 125).

               The courts have traditionally been left to determine which municipal functions are

proprietary and which are governmental. See, e.g., Gates, 704 S.W.2d at 739. However, in 1987,

the Texas Constitution was amended to give the legislature the authority to “define for all

purposes those functions of a municipality that are to be considered governmental and those that

are proprietary, including reclassifying a function’s classification assigned under prior statute

or common law.” Tex. Const. art. XI, § 13(a). Thus, the legislature may, through statute, change

the common-law classifications of municipal functions, effectively “grant[ing] municipalities

immunity from certain suits that could have been maintained at common law.” City of Tyler v. Likes,

962 S.W.2d 489, 503 (Tex. 1997).

                                                 8
               The legislature has exercised its authority to reclassify proprietary functions

as governmental functions almost exclusively in the Tort Claims Act.3 See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem.

Code § 101.0215; see also Likes, 962 S.W.2d at 502 (noting that Tort Claims Act reclassified

maintenance of storm sewers as governmental function even though considered proprietary

function at common law). As noted above, the Tort Claims Act specifically defines the “operation

and maintenance of a public utility” as a proprietary function, thereby affirming its common-law

classification, at least with respect to tort claims. See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code § 101.0215(b)(1);

San Antonio Indep. Sch. Dist. v. City of San Antonio, 550 S.W.2d 262, 264 (Tex. 1976) (noting that

operation of public utility is proprietary function at common law).


The common-law rule and Tooke v. City of Mexia

               Posnainsky applied the proprietary-governmental dichotomy to a tort claim. See 62

Tex. at 125. Prior to Tooke, 197 S.W.3d at 343–44, the Texas appellate courts—including this

Court—also unanimously applied the proprietary-governmental dichotomy to claims for contract

damages. See Bailey, 972 S.W.2d at 192.4 Although some of these opinions acknowledged that the

       3
          The legislature has also specified that certain public operations and government agencies
perform only governmental functions. See, e.g., Tex. Transp. Code § 452.0561(b) (stating that
operations of public transportation entity are governmental functions); Tex. Water Code § 67.0105(b)
(“The furnishing of a water supply and fire hydrant equipment by a governmental entity or a
volunteer fire department . . . is an essential governmental function . . . .”); Tex. Spec. Dist. Code
§ 3503.002(b) (stating that operations of “TexAmericas Center” are governmental functions for all
purposes). The City’s contract with the LCRA does not implicate any of these provisions, and
therefore these statutes are not applicable to the case before us.
       4
         See also Temple v. City of Houston, 189 S.W.3d 816, 819–20 (Tex. App.—Houston
[1st Dist.] 2006, no pet.); City of Roman Forest v. Stockman, 141 S.W.3d 805, 811 (Tex.
App.—Beaumont 2004, no pet.); City of Mexia v. Tooke, 115 S.W.3d 618, 624–25 (Tex.
App.—Waco 2003), aff’d, 197 S.W.3d 325, 347 (Tex. 2006); Williams v. City of Midland, 932

                                                  9
dichotomy was originally applied to tort claims, the opinions mostly assumed, without explanation,

that “the dichotomy applies with equal force to contract claims.” See City of Mexia v. Tooke, 115

S.W.3d 618, 624–25 (Tex. App.—Waco 2003), aff’d, 197 S.W.3d at 347.

               However, the supreme court’s opinion in Tooke has brought that uniform assumption

into question. In Tooke, the supreme court stated that the “proprietary-governmental dichotomy has

been used to determine a municipality’s immunity from suit for tortious conduct . . . . [b]ut we have

never held that this distinction determines whether immunity from suit is waived for breach of

contract claims . . . .”5 197 S.W.3d at 343. The court explained that it “need not determine that



S.W.2d 679, 683–84 (Tex. App.—El Paso 1996, no writ); City of Houston v. Southwest Concrete
Constr., Inc., 835 S.W.2d 728, 732–33 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1992, writ denied); City
of Dallas v. Moreau, 718 S.W.2d 776, 779–80 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 1986, writ ref’d n.r.e.);
International Bank of Commerce of Laredo v. Union Nat. Bank of Laredo, 653 S.W.3d 539, 546
(Tex. App.—San Antonio 1983, writ ref’d n.r.e.); Blythe v. City of Graham, 287 S.W.2d 527, 530
(Tex. App.—Fort Worth 1956, writ ref’d n.r.e.); Boiles v. City of Abilene, 276 S.W.2d 922, 925
(Tex. App.—Eastland 1955, writ ref’d); City of Crosbyton v. Texas–New Mexico Util. Co., 157
S.W.2d 418, 420–21 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 1941, writ ref’d w.o.m.); Texas One P’ship v. City of
Dallas, No. 05-92-01097-CV, 1993 WL 11621, at *3 (Tex. App.—Dallas Jan. 15, 1993, writ denied)
(not designated for publication). The parties do not cite to, and we could not find, any cases from
the Texarkana or Tyler Courts of Appeals applying or refusing to apply the proprietary-governmental
dichotomy to a contract claim prior to Tooke v. City of Mexia, 197 S.W.3d at 343–44.
       5
          Immediately following this sentence, the court in Tooke cited Gates v. City of Dallas, a
previous supreme court opinion in which the court noted that “[c]ontracts made by municipal
corporations in their proprietary capacity have been held to be governed by the same rules as
contracts between individuals.” See Tooke, 197 S.W.3d at 343 n.89 (citing Gates, 704 S.W.2d 737,
738–39 (Tex. 1986)). Given that the disposition in Gates appears to have required an application
of the proprietary-governmental dichotomy to a contract claim, it is not entirely clear what the court
in Tooke meant when it said, in dicta, that it had never held that the dichotomy applies to such
claims. See id.; see also City of San Antonio ex. rel. City Pub. Serv. Bd. v. Wheelabrator Air
Pollution Control, Inc., 381 S.W.3d 597, 604 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2012, pet. filed) (concluding
Tooke brings Gates into question). Nevertheless, we will take at face value the supreme court’s
conclusion that it has never expressly held that the proprietary-governmental dichotomy applies to
contract claims.

                                                 10
issue” because the case involved a governmental function, and thus, even assuming that the

dichotomy applied, the municipality had governmental immunity. Id. Nevertheless, Tooke arguably

called into question the vitality of the longstanding assumption that the proprietary-governmental

dichotomy applies with equal force to contract claims as it does to tort claims. See East Houston

Estate Apartments, L.L.C. v. City of Houston, 294 S.W.3d 723, 731–32 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st

Dist.] 2009, no pet.) (discussing appellate courts’ post-Tooke treatment of proprietary-governmental

dichotomy for contract claims). However, until the supreme court answers this question, we rely on

this Court’s precedent, as well as the nearly unanimous opinions of our sister courts, to conclude that

the proprietary-governmental dichotomy applies to contract claims under the common law.

               Prior to Tooke, the appellate courts unanimously applied the proprietary-governmental

dichotomy to contract claims. See supra n.3. Following Tooke, several appellate courts, including

this Court, have assumed without deciding that the dichotomy continues to apply to contract claims.

See, e.g., East Houston Estate Apartments, L.L.C., 294 S.W.3d at 731–32; Smith v. City of Blanco,

No. 03-08-00784-CV, 2009 WL 3230836, at *3 (Tex. App.—Austin Oct. 8, 2009, no pet.) (mem.

op.). At least one of our sister courts has continued to expressly apply the proprietary-governmental

dichotomy to contract claims post-Tooke. See Casso v. City of McAllen, No. 13-08-00618, 2009 WL

781863, at *5–7 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi Mar. 26, 2009, pet. denied) (mem. op.) (concluding

municipality’s provision of health insurance to its employee is proprietary function for which it

had no immunity from contract claim). These opinions did not engage in substantial analysis of

why the dichotomy was equally applicable to contracts, perhaps because they did not think such

analysis was necessary.



                                                  11
               Although Tooke brought this issue into question, it did not suggest, and we have not

found, any principled reason why the proprietary-governmental dichotomy should apply to tort

claims but not contract claims under the common law.6 See 197 S.W.3d at 343–44. Without such

a principled reason or guidance from the supreme court, we are reluctant to overturn our own

precedent or disagree with persuasive authority from the majority of our sister courts on the issue.

See Grapevine Excavation, Inc. v. Maryland Lloyds, 35 S.W.3d 1, 5 (Tex. 2000) (“Adhering to

precedent fosters efficiency, fairness, and legitimacy.”); see also Bailey, 972 S.W.2d at 192;

supra n.3. The proprietary-governmental dichotomy exists because we have determined that when

a municipality does not act on behalf of the state, it is not imbued with the state’s immunity. Thus,

the underlying rationale for the dichotomy is the relationship, or lack thereof, between the

municipality and the state, not the relationship between the municipality and the party bringing suit.

See Posnainsky, 62 Tex. at 126–128.

               In its brief, the City primarily relies on the San Antonio Court of Appeals’ recent

holding in City of San Antonio ex. rel. City Public Service Board v. Wheelabrator Air Pollution

Control, Inc., 381 S.W.3d 597, 603–05 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2012, pet. filed). In that case, the

court held that the legislature’s failure to include the proprietary-governmental dichotomy in


       6
          The City argues that we should be hesitant to conclude that governmental immunity does
not exist in this context because such arguments can be used as a “ruse” to circumvent the
legislature. See Nueces Cnty. v. San Patricio Cnty., 246 S.W.3d 651, 652 (Tex. 2008). While we
agree that courts should not make this determination lightly, the proprietary-governmental
dichotomy has existed for over 125 years and has been applied to contract claims for at least 70
years. See City of Galveston v. Posnainsky, 62 Tex. 118 (1884); City of Crosbyton, 157 S.W.2d at
420–21. Therefore, we disagree with the City’s assertion that applying the proprietary-governmental
dichotomy to contract claims is a ruse to avoid the legislature; rather, it is a reasonable application
of jurisprudence that is nearly as old as the state itself. See Posnainsky, 62 Tex. at 127–28.

                                                  12
“the contract-claim scheme” meant that the dichotomy did not apply. Id. at 605. In reaching this

conclusion, the court did not expressly state whether the legislature abrogated the common-law rule

that would have applied the dichotomy to contract claims. However, the court noted that Tooke

brought Gates—a previous supreme court opinion that applied the proprietary-governmental

dichotomy to a contact claim—into question because Tooke “used a compare signal when citing

Gates right after explicitly stating it has never held that the proprietary/governmental distinction

applies to determine whether immunity is waived for breach of contract claims . . . .” Wheelabrator,

381 S.W.3d at 604 (citing Tooke, 197 S.W.3d at 343 n.89). To the extent Wheelebrator’s analysis

suggests that Tooke changed the common law, we respectfully disagree.

               We agree that Tooke’s citation to Gates could be read to mean that Gates did not

expressly hold that the proprietary-governmental dichotomy applies to contract claims, and thus

there is no binding precedent from the supreme court that answers this question. See supra n.4.

Nevertheless, we do not agree with Wheelebrator’s intimation that Tooke changed the common law

or somehow called the holding of Gates into question. By its own terms, Tooke assumed without

deciding that the proprietary-governmental dichotomy applied to contract claims and therefore

did not overrule any prior precedent. See 197 S.W.3d at 343. Furthermore, the underlying analysis

in Tooke primarily concerned whether the phrase “plead and be impleaded” within the local

government code was a clear and unambiguous waiver of sovereign immunity. See id. at 342–43.

As we have explained, the proprietary-governmental dichotomy concerns whether a municipality has

governmental immunity in the first place, not whether that immunity has been waived. Therefore,

Tooke’s analysis of waiver of immunity has little bearing on the proprietary-governmental



                                                13
dichotomy, and the more relevant precedents are those cases addressing whether governmental

immunity exists in the first instance. See, e.g., Heinrich, 284 S.W.3d at 371–72; Nueces Cnty.

246 S.W.3d at 652–53.

               For the foregoing reasons, we adhere to our precedent and conclude that the

proprietary-governmental dichotomy does apply to contract claims under the common law. See Bailey,

972 S.W.2d at 192. Having made this determination, we next consider whether the legislature has

abrogated that common-law rule.


Legislative intent

               In its brief, the City argues that the legislature’s failure to expressly adopt the

propriety-governmental dichotomy for contract claims indicates that the dichotomy does not apply.

As we have noted, the legislature has the authority to reclassify a municipality’s functions as either

proprietary or governmental, thereby abrogating their common-law classifications. See Tex. Const.

art. XI, § 13(a). The legislature has exercised this authority almost exclusively in the Tort Claims

Act, in which it provided non-exhaustive lists of proprietary and governmental functions. See Tex.

Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code § 101.0215; supra n.3. Section 271.152 of the Local Government

Code—the section that waives local governmental entities’ immunity from suit for certain contract

claims—does not reference the proprietary-governmental dichotomy. Given that chapter 271 does

not mention the proprietary-governmental dichotomy in any respect, there is no plain statutory

text from which we can determine whether the legislature intended to abandon the dichotomy for

contract claims.




                                                 14
                The City asserts that we should take the legislature’s silence to mean that the

proprietary-governmental dichotomy no longer applies to contract claims. The City again relies on

the analysis in Wheelebrator, in which the San Antonio Court of Appeals stated the following:


                The Legislature easily could have included the
                proprietary/governmental dichotomy it used in the tort-claims context
                in the contract-claim scheme, but chose not do so. As it is solely the
                Legislature’s role to clearly and unambiguously waive governmental
                immunity from suit, and it has not done so for quantum meruit claims,
                we hold [the municipality] is immune from suit on Wheelebrator’s
                quantum meruit claim.


See 381 S.W.3d at 605 (internal quotation omitted). Because we conclude that this analysis

incorrectly places the burden on the legislature to affirmatively adopt the common-law rule, we

respectfully disagree.

                We are mindful of the fact that although “silence can be significant . . . . legislatures

do not always mean to say something by silence. Legislative silence may be due to mistake,

oversight, lack of consensus, implied delegation to courts or agencies, or an intent to avoid unnecessary

repetition.” PPG Indus., Inc. v. JMB/Houston Ctr. Partners Ltd. P’ship, 146 S.W.3d 79, 84 (Tex.

2004). Therefore, in order to give effect to the legislature’s intent, we must utilize other tools of

statutory construction. See Tex. Gov’t Code § 311.023. In particular, we consider the common

law’s treatment of the proprietary-governmental dichotomy prior to the adoption of section

271.152, as well as the legislative history and purpose behind that section’s adoption. See id.

§ 311.023(3)–(4); Tex. Loc. Gov’t Code § 271.152.




                                                   15
               Section 271.152 was signed into law on June 17, 2005, just over one year before the

supreme court issued its opinion in Tooke. See Act of May 23, 2005, 79th Leg., R.S., ch. 604,

§§ 1–2, 2005 Tex. Gen. Laws 1548, 1549; see also Tooke, 197 S.W.3d at 325. At the time the

legislature considered and adopted section 271.152, the appellate courts unanimously applied the

proprietary-governmental dichotomy to contract claims in the same manner that they applied the

dichotomy to torts. See supra n.3. We presume that the legislature was aware of the state of the

common law when it adopted section 271.152. See Shook v. Walden, 304 S.W.3d 910, 917 (Tex.

App.—Austin 2010, no pet.). The legislature did not express any disagreement with that precedent;

therefore we presume that the legislature did not intend to abrogate the common law. See Cash Am.

Int’l Inc. v. Bennett, 35 S.W.3d 12, 16 (Tex. 2000) (“Abrogating common-law claims is disfavored

and requires clear repugnance between the common law and statutory causes of action.”) (internal

quotations omitted). Furthermore, although the legislature could have repeated the list of proprietary

and governmental functions from the Tort Claims Act in some part of chapter 271 of the Local

Government Code, it could have reasonably concluded that such repetition was unnecessary. See

Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code § 101.0215; PPG Indus., Inc., 146 S.W.3d at 84 (noting legislative

silence may indicate intent to avoid unnecessary repetition); see also Tooke, 197 S.W.3d at 343–44

(concluding that there is “no reason to think that the classification [of proprietary and governmental

functions] would be different under the common law.”).

               Similarly, the history behind section 271.152 indicates that it was adopted to expand,

rather than limit, plaintiffs’ ability to sue municipalities for contract damages. As section 271.158

of the Local Government Code makes clear, nothing in section 271.152 “shall constitute a grant



                                                 16
of immunity to suit to a local governmental entity.” This is consistent with the bill analysis for

section 271.152, which states that it “clarifies and re-expresses the legislature’s intent that all local

governmental entities that are given the statutory authority to enter into contracts shall not be

immune from suits arising from contracts, subject to the limitations set forth in C.S.H.B. 2039.”

House Comm. On Civil Practices, Bill Analysis, Tex. H.B.2039, 79th Leg., R.S. 2005. Thus, the

legislative history strongly indicates that section 271.152 was adopted to expand—or at a minimum

not reduce—access to the courthouse.7 It would be entirely inconsistent with this purpose to treat

section 271.152 as an abrogation of the proprietary-governmental dichotomy for contract claims.

See Likes, 962 S.W.2d at 503 (noting that when legislature reclassifies proprietary function as

governmental function, it expands governmental immunity beyond common law).

                Finally, as we have explained, the proprietary-governmental dichotomy concerns

whether governmental immunity exists in the first place, not whether it has been waived. Therefore,

the statutory provision that waives governmental immunity in chapter 271 does not logically

implicate the proprietary-governmental dichotomy, which applies before consideration of waiver.

As a result, the legislature could have reasonably believed it did not need to reiterate the validity of

the dichotomy in section 271.152. This interpretation is directly supported by section 271.158, in

which the legislature expressly stated that nothing in section 271.152 “shall constitute a grant of

immunity to suit to a local governmental entity.”




        7
          As our sister court explained, section 271.152 was adopted to overrule various appellate
court cases that found that governmental entities’ immunity from suit had not been waived for
various contract claims. See Clear Lake City Water Auth. v. MCR Corp., No. 01-08-00955-CV, 2010
WL 1053057, at *9 n.6 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] March 11, 2010, pet. denied) (mem. op.).

                                                   17
                Therefore, we find that Wheelebrator’s interpretation of the legislature’s silence is

inconsistent with legislative history and the purpose of section 271.152. We conclude that the

legislature did not intend section 271.152 to abrogate the common law’s treatment of the proprietary-

governmental dichotomy. Having concluded that the common law applies that dichotomy to

contract claims, and that the operation of a municipal utility is a proprietary function, we further

conclude that the City was acting in its proprietary capacity when it entered into its contract with the

LCRA. See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code § 101.0215(b)(1) (listing operation and maintenance of

municipal utility as proprietary function); Tooke, 197 S.W.3d at 344 (using classification of municipal

function in Tort Claims Act in application to contract claim). Therefore, the City has no governmental

immunity from the LCRA’s claims, and the trial court did not err in denying the City’s plea to the

jurisdiction on this basis.8


                                          CONCLUSION

                We affirm the trial court’s order denying the City’s plea to the jurisdiction.



                                                __________________________________________

                                                Scott K. Field, Justice

Before Chief Justice Jones, Justices Goodwin and Field
 Dissenting Opinion by Justice Goodwin

Affirmed

Filed: August 23, 2013


        8
       Having concluded that the City has no governmental immunity, we need not address the
LCRA’s alternative argument that the City’s immunity has been waived.

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