[Cite as State v. Laber, 2013-Ohio-2681.]
                                   IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
                                      FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                          LAWRENCE COUNTY


STATE OF OHIO,                                                :

         Plaintiff-Appellee,                                  :    Case No. 12CA24

         vs.
                                                              :
DAVID L. LABER,                                                    DECISION AND JUDGMENT ENTRY
                                                              :
         Defendant-Appellant.
                                       :
_________________________________________________________________

                                                   APPEARANCES:

COUNSEL FOR APPELLANT:                          Michael A. Davenport, 215 South Fourth Street, P.O. Box
                                                725, Ironton, Ohio 45638

COUNSEL FOR APPELLEE:                           J.B. Collier, Jr., Lawrence County Prosecuting Attorney,
                                                and W. Mack Anderson, Lawrence County Assistant
                                                Prosecuting Attorney, Lawrence County Courthouse, One
                                                Veterans Square, Ironton, Ohio 45638

CRIMINAL APPEAL FROM COMMON PLEAS COURT
DATE JOURNALIZED: 6-11-13
ABELE, J.

         {¶ 1} This is an appeal from Lawrence County Common Pleas Court judgments of

conviction and sentence. A jury found David L. Laber, defendant below and appellant herein,

guilty of making terrorist threats in violation of R.C. 2909.23(A)(1)(a)(2).

         {¶ 2} Appellant assigns the following errors for review1:




         1
          Appellant’s brief does not contain a separate statement of the assignments of error.   See App.R. 16(A)(3).
Consequently, we take these assignments of error from the table of contents.
[Cite as State v. Laber, 2013-Ohio-2681.]
                   FIRST ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR:

                   “THE JURY’S VERDICT FINDING APPELLANT GUILTY OF
                   VIOLATING R.C. § 2909.03 WAS AGAINST THE MANIFEST
                   WEIGHT OF THE EVIDENCE.”

                   SECOND ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR:

                   “THE TRIAL COURT JUDGE ABUSED HIS DISCRETION BY
                   TAKING INTO CONSIDERATION APPELLANT’S PRIOR
                   RECORD AND IMPOSING A SENTENCE FOR THREE
                   YEARS FOR VIOLATING R.C. §2909.23.”

                   THIRD ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR:

                   “PROBABLE CAUSE DID NOT EXIST FOR APPELLANT’S
                   WARRANTLESS ARREST, AND AS A RESULT, THE
                   ARREST OF APPELLANT VIOLATED HIS FOURTH
                   AMENDMENT RIGHTS UNDER THE UNITED STATES
                   CONSTITUTION.”

         {¶ 3} On August 1, 2012, appellant was employed at "Emerson Labored” in Ironton,

Ohio.2 While so employed, he engaged in a conversation with Linda Lawless and asked if she

ever thought of shooting someone or bombing their place of employment. Lawless replied in

the negative. Appellant continued that he thought of shooting two co-workers and that he had

three bombs and “would start at the front office.” Lawless contacted her superiors who, later

that day, terminated appellant’s employment and notified authorities.

         {¶ 4} Three weeks later, the Lawrence County Grand Jury returned an indictment that

charged appellant with making a terrorist threat. Appellant pled not guilty and the matter

proceeded to a jury trial. At trial, Lawless testified concerning the comments and further related

that she (1) took appellant's threats seriously, and (2) felt like appellant tried to intimidate her.


         2
             The employer below was referred to, alternatively, as both “Labored” and “Emerson Labored.”   For the sake of
simplicity, we use the shorter of the two names.
LAWRENCE, 12CA24                                                                                       3

In addition, several other Labored employees testified as to the company’s response to

appellant’s remarks.

       {¶ 5} After hearing the evidence, the jury returned a guilty verdict and the trial court

imposed a three year prison sentence. This appeal followed.

                                                   I

       {¶ 6} We first consider, out of order, appellant's third assignment of error. Appellant

asserts that insufficient probable cause existed for a warrantless arrest and, therefore, his arrest

was improper. We, however, need not, and do not, reach the merits of this assignment of error.

       {¶ 7} First, a warrantless arrest should be challenged in a motion to suppress. See State

v. Whitt, 2nd Dist. No. 2010 CA 3, 2010-Ohio-5291, at ¶40; State v. Askew, 5th Dist. No.

2004CA275, at ¶¶25-26. We find no such motion after our review of this matter. Second, the

absence of a motion to suppress notwithstanding, it does not appear that appellant used any other

method to raise this particular issue. We must not consider constitutional issues for the first

time on appeal. State v. Johnson, 4th Dist. Nos. 11CA925, 11CA926 & 11CA927,

2012-Ohio-5879, at ¶15; State v. Cotrill, 4th Dist. 11CA3270, 2012-Ohio-1525, at ¶6.

       {¶ 8} For these reasons, we hereby overrule appellant's third assignment of error.

                                                  II

       {¶ 9} In his first assignment of error, appellant challenges the evidence adduced at trial.

 The actual assignment of error is couched in terms of his conviction being against the manifest

weight of the evidence. In his argument, however, appellant posits that insufficient evidence

supports his conviction. These arguments are not interchangeable. Manifest weight and

sufficiency arguments are, both quantitatively and qualitatively, different from one another. See
LAWRENCE, 12CA24                                                                                   4

State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 678 N.E.2d 541 (1997) at paragraph two of the syllabus;

also see State v. Hill, 4th Dist. No. 09CA30, 2010-Ohio-2552, at ¶13. Nevertheless, we conclude

that appellant’s arguments fail under either standard of review.

       {¶ 10} When appellate courts conduct a sufficiency of the evidence review, the court will

look to the adequacy of the evidence and determine whether such evidence, if believed by the

trier of fact, supports a finding of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. Thompkins, supra at 386;

State v. Jenks, 61 Ohio St.3d 259, 273, 574 N.E.2d 492 (1991). In other words, after viewing the

evidence, and each inference reasonably drawn therefrom in a light most favorable to the

prosecution, could a rational trier of fact have found all the essential elements of the offense

beyond a reasonable doubt? See State v. Were, 118 Ohio St.3d 448, 890 N.E.2d 263,

2008-Ohio-2762; at ¶132; State v. Hancock, 108 Ohio St.3d 57, 840 N.E.2d 1032,

2006-Ohio-160, at ¶34; State v. Jones, 90 Ohio St.3d 403, 417, 739 N.E.2d 300 (2000).

       R.C. 2909.23 states, in pertinent part, as follows:

       “(A) No person shall threaten to commit or threaten to cause to be committed a
       specified offense when both of the following apply:

       (1) The person makes the threat with purpose to do any of the following:

       (a) Intimidate or coerce a civilian population;

                               *               *              *

       (2) As a result of the threat, the person causes a reasonable expectation or fear of
       the imminent commission of the specified offense.”

       {¶ 11} Appellant first argues that he did not actually make a “threat” for purposes of this

statute. Throughout Lawless's testimony she stated that appellant did not convey to her that he

was going to shoot someone or bomb their place of employment. Rather, he speculated about
LAWRENCE, 12CA24                                                                                     5

committing these acts. Appellant posits that such comments do not rise to the level of a “threat”

for purposes of R.C. 2909.23(A). However, the statute states that “[i]t is not a defense . . . the

defendant did not have the intent or capability to commit” the threatened offense.” Id. at (B).

(Emphasis added.) In other words, whether the appellant actually intended to carry through on

the remarks that he conveyed to Lawless is irrelevant. The fact that he made those comments is

sufficient for the trier of fact to conclude that they constitute threats.

        {¶ 12} Appellant next argues that no evidence was adduced at trial to show that the threat

was made “to intimidate or coerce a civilian population.” Appellant points out that he

communicated the threat to Lawless and no other person. However, in State v. Baughman, 6th

Dist. No. L–11–1045, 2012-Ohio-5327, the court concluded that letters that the defendant sent to

an ex-girlfriend and mother of his children, wherein he threatened to kill “pigs” and “maggots,”

(language the ex-girlfriend explained that the defendant used to describe people involved in the

judicial system) is sufficient for a reasonable trier of fact to conclude that the defendant intended

to intimidate or to coerce a civilian population. Id. at ¶¶ 25-27.

        {¶ 13} In the case sub judice, appellant was even less removed from the targets of his

threats than the defendant in Baughman. In Baughman, the defendant was incarcerated when he

threatened the judicial system. Here, appellant conveyed threats to a fellow employee against

his employer while at his place of employment. These facts are sufficient for the trier of fact to

conclude that appellant meant to intimidate the population at the workplace. Moreover, as the

Baughman court noted, it is not a defense to a R.C. 2909.23 violation that the threat was made to

someone other than the subject of the offense. See id. at (B); Baughman, supra at ¶26.

        {¶ 14} Finally, appellant asserts that the evidence failed to establish that the threat
LAWRENCE, 12CA24                                                                                       6

“caused a reasonable expectation or fear” of the imminent commission of the threatened act.

Again, we disagree. During her testimony, Lawless was asked whether she took appellant’s

“threats seriously.” She answered affirmatively. Indeed, Lawless testified that “I did take him

very serious.” Nona Callahan, Human Resources Manager at Labored, also testified as follows:

       “Q. Was management concerned about the um, eminent threat that was made?

       A. Absolutely, absolutely. As a matter of fact we made arrangements for extra
       security, we called law enforcement, we called our corporate security people. We
       mobilized.”

       {¶ 15} Appellant cites Callahan’s testimony to point out that his employer permitted him

to leave the plant after his shift as evidence that the company did not take him seriously.

Callahan, however, addressed that point and explained that (1) appellant’s shift was over, and (2)

“[w]e were still in the process of deciding what to do.” Here, the trier of fact may have

concluded that it is not unreasonable for an employer to allow someone who threatened fellow

employees to leave the place of employment, rather than keep the employee on site with an

extended opportunity to carry out the threats.

       {¶ 16} It is fundamental that evidence weight and credibility are issues that the trier of

fact must determine. See e.g. State v. Frazier, 115 Ohio St.3d 139, 873 N.E.2d 1263,

2007-Ohio-5048, at ¶106; State v. Dye, 82 Ohio St.3d 323, 329, 695 N.E.2d 763 (1998); State v.

Williams, 73 Ohio St.3d 153, 165, 652 N.E.2d 721 (1995). Here, the jury, sitting as the trier of

fact, could opt to believe all, part or none of the testimony of any witness. State v. Colquitt, 188

Ohio App.3d 509, 2010-Ohio- 2210, 936 N.E.2d 76, at ¶10, fn. 1 (2nd Dist.); State v. Nichols, 85

Ohio App.3d 65, 76, 619 N.E.2d 80 (4th Dist. 1993); State v. Caldwell, 79 Ohio App.3d 667, 679,

607 N.E.2d 1096 (4th Dist. 1992). The underlying rationale for deferring to the trier of fact on
LAWRENCE, 12CA24                                                                                             7

evidence weight and credibility issues is that the trier of fact is best positioned to view the

witnesses, to observe their demeanor, gestures and voice inflections and to use those

observations to weigh witness credibility. See Myers v. Garson, 66 Ohio St.3d 610, 615, 614

N.E.2d 742 (1993); Seasons Coal Co. v. Cleveland, 10 Ohio St.3d 77, 80, 461 N.E.2d 1273

(1984).

          {¶ 17} In the case sub judice, it is apparent that the jury, sitting as the trier of fact, found

the evidence, including the testimony of Lawless and Callahan, sufficient to show a reasonable

expectation or fear that appellant may carry out his threat. In light of the evidence adduced at

trial to support that determination, we will not second-guess the jury. For these reasons, we

conclude that sufficient evidence supports appellant’s conviction.

          {¶ 18} We again note that although appellant’s argument is largely a challenge to the

sufficiency of evidence, his assignment of error also includes a manifest weight of the evidence

argument. Insofar as a manifest weight challenge is concerned, a reviewing court will not

reverse a conviction on grounds that the conviction is against manifest weight of the evidence

unless it is obvious that the jury lost its way and created such a manifest miscarriage of justice

that a reversal of the judgment and a new trial are required. See State v. Earle, 120 Ohio App.3d

457, 473, 698 N.E.2d 440 (11th Dist.1997); State v. Garrow, 103 Ohio App.3d 368, 370–371,

659 N.E.2d 814 (4th Dist.1995); State v. Daniels, 4th Dist. No. 11CA3423, 2011–Ohio–5603, at

¶22. Here, we are not persuaded that the judgment is against the manifest weight of the

evidence. First, appellant offered no evidence in his own defense. Second, ample competent,

credible evidence adduced at trial supports the jury's conclusion. Accordingly, we cannot

conclude that the evidence for an acquittal outweighs the evidence that supports a conviction.
LAWRENCE, 12CA24                                                                                      8

         {¶ 19} For all of these reasons, we find no merit to appellant's first assignment of error

and it is hereby overruled.

                                                  III

         {¶ 20} In his second assignment of error, appellant argues that the trial court erred by (1)

taking his prior criminal record of misdemeanor violations into account for purposes of

sentencing, and (2) imposing a three year term of imprisonment.

         {¶ 21} Generally, appellate review of a criminal sentence involves a two step process.

State v. Kalish, 120 Ohio St.3d 23, 2008–Ohio–4912, 896 N.E.2d 124; State v. Leffingwell, 4th

Dist. No. 12CA1, 2013-Ohio-1421, at ¶22. First, an appellate court must determine whether a

trial court complied with all applicable rules and statutes. Kalish, supra at ¶26; also see State v.

Marino, 4th Dist. No. 11CA36, 2013–Ohio–113, at ¶6 State v. Pearson, 4th Dist. No. 10CA17,

2011–Ohio–5910, at ¶5. If so, the appellate court will review the trial court decision for an abuse

of discretion. Kalish, supra, at ¶26; State v. Adams, 4th Dist. No. 10CA3391, 2012–Ohio–255,

at ¶4.

         {¶ 22} In the case at bar, appellant does not argue that the trial court violated any

applicable statute. Instead, he argues that the trial court erred by considering his prior

misdemeanor offenses. Appellant, however, cites no authority, as App.R. 16(A)(7) requires, to

support his argument that prior misdemeanor violations should not be taken into account for

sentencing purposes. To the contrary, we find considerable authority for the proposition that a

court’s consideration of prior convictions (of any degree) is highly relevant when determining an

appropriate sentence. See e.g. State v. Connin, 6th Dist. No. L–11–1312, 2012-Ohio-4989, at

¶34; State v. Pettit, 5th Dist. No. 11CA0108, 2012-Ohio-3057, at ¶41.
LAWRENCE, 12CA24                                                                                        9

        {¶ 23} We now turn to the question of whether the trial court's sentence constitutes an

abuse of discretion. A person convicted of making a terrorist threat under R.C. 2909.23 is guilty

of a third degree felony. Id. at (C). Appellant's three year sentence fell within the sentence range

of nine to thirty-six months. R.C. 2929.14 (A)(3)(b). Thus, we will review the sentence under

the abuse of discretion standard. Generally, an “abuse of discretion” is more than an error of

law or judgment; rather, it implies that a trial court's attitude is unreasonable, arbitrary or

unconscionable. State v. Herring, 94 Ohio St.3d 246, 255, 762 N.E.2d 940 (2002); State v.

Adams, 60 Ohio St.2d 151, 157, 404 N.E.2d 144 (1980). Additionally, when reviewing for an

abuse of discretion, appellate courts must not substitute their judgment for that of the trial court.

State ex rel. Duncan v. Chippewa Twp. Trustees, 73 Ohio St.3d 728, 732, 654 N.E.2d 1254

(1995); In re Jane Doe 1, 57 Ohio St.3d 135, 137-138, 566 N.E.2d 1181 (1991).

        {¶ 24} In the case sub judice, the testimony adduced at trial reveals that appellant’s

threats caused panic amongst his fellow employees (Lawless), as well as others who worked for

his employer (Callahan). We cannot conclude that such panic should have been discounted, just

as we cannot conclude the trial court should have disregarded it when it imposed sentence. In

the end, we find nothing arbitrary, unreasonable or unconscionable in the imposition of a three

year sentence for the events that transpired and we hereby overrule appellant's third assignment

of error.

        {¶ 25} Having considered all of the errors argued and assigned, we hereby affirm the trial

court's judgment.

                                                        JUDGMENT AFFIRMED.

                                        JUDGMENT ENTRY
LAWRENCE, 12CA24                                                                                 10


        It is ordered the judgment be affirmed and appellant to recover of appellee the costs
herein taxed.

       The Court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

     It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this Court directing the Lawrence County
Common Pleas Court to carry this judgment into execution.

        If a stay of execution of sentence and release upon bail has been previously granted, it is
continued for a period of sixty days upon the bail previously posted. The purpose of said stay is
to allow appellant to file with the Ohio Supreme Court an application for a stay during the
pendency of the proceedings in that court. The stay as herein continued will terminate at the
expiration of the sixty day period.

       The stay will also terminate if appellant fails to file a notice of appeal with the Ohio
Supreme Court in the forty-five day period pursuant to Rule II, Sec. 2 of the Rules of Practice of
the Ohio Supreme Court. Additionally, if the Ohio Supreme Court dismisses the appeal prior to
the expiration of said sixty days, the stay will terminate as of the date of such dismissal.

       A certified copy of this entry shall constitute that mandate pursuant to Rule 27 of the
Rules of Appellate Procedure.

       McFarland, P.J. & Hoover, J.: Concur in Judgment & Opinion

                                                             For the Court




                                                             BY:
                                            Peter B. Abele, Judge



                                    NOTICE TO COUNSEL

       Pursuant to Local Rule No. 14, this document constitutes a final judgment entry and the
time period for further appeal commences from the date of filing with the clerk.
