                                                                                   Jul 03 2013, 6:59 am

FOR PUBLICATION
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT:                            ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEES:

MARK SMALL                                         ANGELA S. JOSEPH
Indianapolis, Indiana                              Office of Corporation Counsel
                                                   Indianapolis, Indiana


                              IN THE
                    COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

BOOKER T. PRINCE, JR.,                             )
                                                   )
       Appellant-Respondent,                       )
                                                   )
              vs.                                  )     No. 49A02-1210-MI-835
                                                   )
MARION COUNTY AUDITOR and                          )
MARION COUNTY TREASURER,                           )
                                                   )
       Appellees-Petitioners.                      )


                        APPEAL FROM THE MARION CIRCUIT COURT
                              The Honorable Louis Rosenberg, Judge
                        The Honorable Mark A. Jones, Master Commissioner
                               Cause No. 49C01-1009-MI-040603



                                          July 3, 2013

                                OPINION - FOR PUBLICATION

SHARPNACK, Senior Judge
                              STATEMENT OF THE CASE

       Booker T. Prince, Jr., appeals the trial court’s denial of his motion for relief from

judgment. We affirm.

                                         ISSUES

       Prince raises two issues, which we restate as:

       I.     Whether the trial court abused its discretion in determining that the
              application for judgment and order for sale of Prince’s property of the
              Marion County Auditor and Marion County Treasurer (collectively, “the
              officials”) substantially complied with statutory requirements.

       II.    Whether the trial court abused its discretion in determining that the
              officials’ notices to Prince regarding the tax sale process met the
              requirements of due process.

                        FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

       In 2003, Prince purchased two adjoining parcels of land in Indianapolis. One

parcel has an apartment building and the other parcel is a parking lot. Prince hired a

building manager, who worked in an office in the building. Subsequently, Prince moved

to California and provided the Auditor with a California post office box for receipt of

correspondence. The Auditor also had the apartment building’s street address, but Prince

did not provide the unit or apartment number for the building’s office.

       Prince failed to pay property taxes on the building and the parking lot. In August

2010, the Auditor sent a “Notice of Tax Sale” to Prince at the apartment building’s

address. Ex. Vol., Ex. A. The Auditor also sent copies of the notice to Prince at his

California post office box via first class mail and certified mail. The copy of the notice

that the Auditor sent to the apartment building came back marked “return to sender,


                                             2
vacant, unable to forward.” Ex. Vol., Ex. C. Prince received the copy of the notice that

was sent to his California post office box by certified mail and signed for it. However,

the notice was stolen out of his car before he opened it. The notice that the Auditor sent

to Prince’s box via first class mail was not returned. The notice of tax sale advised that

Prince’s parcels would be sold at a tax sale on or after September 15, 2010, unless the

taxes were paid prior to that date. Prince did not pay the taxes due.

       On September 15, 2010, the officials filed with the trial court an application for

judgment and order for sale, seeking permission to sell several parcels of land, including

the parcels at issue here. On October 4, 2010, the trial court issued a judgment and order

for the sale of Prince’s parcels. On October 8, 2010, the parcels were sold to Marion

County at a tax sale. After the tax sale, the Auditor hired a title company to perform a

title search on Prince’s parcels to uncover any additional addresses for Prince. No

additional addresses were found.

       On January 3, 2011, the Auditor sent Prince a notice informing him that his

parcels had been sold at a tax sale and that he had a right to redeem them. The Auditor

sent a copy to the apartment building by first class mail and sent copies to Prince’s

California post office box by first class mail and certified mail. At that time, Prince had

begun using a different post office box. He did not inform the officials of his new

address, but he had arranged to have mail that arrived at his old post office box forwarded

to the new box. Once again, the copy of the notice that the Auditor sent to the apartment

building came back marked “return to sender, vacant, unable to forward.” Ex. Vol., Ex.

E. Furthermore, Prince did not claim the copy that was sent to his post office box via

                                             3
certified mail. However, the copy that the Auditor sent to his post office box via first

class mail was not returned.

        Next, in May 2011, the Auditor sent Prince a notice that a petition had been filed

with the trial court to issue a tax deed on or after June 10, 2011. Once again, the Auditor

sent a copy to the apartment building by first class mail and sent copies to Prince’s

California post office box by first class mail and certified mail. The copy of the notice

that the Auditor sent to the apartment building came back marked “return to sender,

vacant, unable to forward.” Ex. Vol., Ex. G. However, the copy that the Auditor sent to

Prince’s post office box via first class mail was not returned.

        Subsequently, Prince received a call from the manager of his apartment building,

who told him that several individuals had arrived at the building and asserted that they

were the new owners.1 After receiving this information, Prince filed a motion for relief

from judgment, asking the court to set aside the judgment and order for sale. The court

held an evidentiary hearing. After the hearing, the trial court concluded as follows:

        The Auditor’s efforts to notify Prince of the sale, redemption period and
        issuance of the tax deed were constitutionally and statutorily sufficient.
        The failure to include the dates of notice and publication in the Application
        does not cause the Judgment And Order For Sale—and thus the sale
        itself—to be void; there was substantial compliance with the statute, and
        the Application did not mislead or otherwise prejudice Prince. Prince’s
        Motion For Relief From Judgment is DENIED.

Appellant’s App. p. 15. This appeal followed.




1
 The record does not reveal the identity of these individuals or whether Marion County had, in fact, sold
or otherwise transferred the parcels to them.
                                                   4
                              DISCUSSION AND DECISION

       Motions for relief from judgment are governed by Indiana Trial Rule 60(B).

Prince cited Rule 60(B)(6) in his motion. That rule provides, in relevant part, “On

motion and upon such terms as are just the court may relieve a party or his legal

representatives from a judgment, including a judgment by default, for the following

reasons . . . the judgment is void.”

       The decision of whether to grant or deny a Trial Rule 60(B) motion for relief from

judgment is within the sound, equitable discretion of the trial court. Stonger v. Sorrell,

776 N.E.2d 353, 358 (Ind. 2002). We will not reverse a denial of a motion for relief from

judgment in the absence of an abuse of discretion. Id. A trial court abuses its discretion

if its decision clearly contravenes the logic and effects of the facts and circumstances or if

the trial court has misinterpreted the law. Purcell v. Old Nat’l Bank, 972 N.E.2d 835, 843

(Ind. 2012).

       In addition, where, as here, the trial court enters special findings and conclusions,

our standard of review is two-tiered. Stonger, 776 N.E.2d at 358. First, we determine

whether the evidence supports the findings, and second, whether the findings support the

judgment. Id. The findings and conclusions will be set aside only if they are clearly

erroneous. Id. The evidence is viewed in the light most favorable to the judgment, and

we will defer to the trial court’s factual findings if they are supported by the evidence and

any legitimate inferences therefrom. Marion Cnty. Auditor v. Sawmill Creek, LLC, 964

N.E.2d 213, 216-17 (Ind. 2012). Legal conclusions are reviewed de novo. Id.



                                              5
    I. ADEQUACY OF APPLICATION FOR JUDGMENT AND ORDER FOR SALE

        Prince argues that the trial court’s order authorizing the sale of his parcels was

void because the officials’ application failed to comply with statutory requirements.

        When an owner of real estate fails to pay property taxes, the property may be

subject to sale in settlement of the delinquent taxes. Id. at 217. The tax sale process is a

purely statutory creation and requires material compliance with each step of the statutes,

Indiana Code sections 6-1.1-24-1 through -15 (sale) and 6-1.1-25-1 through -19

(redemption and tax deeds).2 Schaefer v. Kumar, 804 N.E.2d 184, 191 (Ind. Ct. App.

2004), trans. denied. The issuance of a tax deed creates a presumption that a tax sale and

all of the steps leading up to the issuance of the tax deed are proper. Id. However, this

presumption may be rebutted by affirmative evidence to the contrary. Id.

        As part of the tax sale process, the county treasurer and county auditor must file an

application for judgment and order for tax sale with a court and receive the court’s

permission to proceed with the tax sale. Ind. Code § 6-1.1-24-4.6 (2007). This statute

provides, in relevant part:

        Application for judgment and order for sale shall be made as one (1) cause
        of action to any court of competent jurisdiction jointly by the county
        treasurer and county auditor. The application shall include the names of at
        least one (1) of the owners of each tract or item of real property, the dates
        of mailing of the notice required by sections 2 and 2.2 of this chapter, the
        dates of publication required by section 3 of this chapter, and the affidavit
        and corrected list as provided in subsection (a).

Ind. Code § 6-1.1-24-4.6(b).
2
 Prince cites Marra v. Clapp, 255 Ind. 97, 262 N.E.2d 630 (1970), for the principle that a party following
a process set forth by statute must strictly comply with the terms of the statute. Marra addresses an
election contest, not a tax sale. We conclude that Schaefer and its antecedents, which directly address tax
sales and require material, rather than strict, compliance with statutory requirements, are applicable here.
                                                     6
        Here, the officials filed an application for judgment and order for tax sale for with

the trial court on September 15, 2010. The officials concede the application lacked the

dates of mailing of the pre-sale notice and the dates of publication for the parcels at issue.

However, they argue that the application nonetheless materially complied with the

requirements of the statute.

        Prince claims the affidavit the officials attached to their application is defective

because it lacks a notarial seal.3 As a general rule, all notarial acts must be attested by a

seal. Ind. Code § 33-42-2-4 (2004). Our Supreme Court, however, does not require strict

compliance with this requirement. See Brown v. N. Ind. Land Co., 185 Ind. 520, 112

N.E. 525, 527 (1916) (reversing the trial court’s decision to dismiss a case due to an

affidavit’s lack of a notarial seal and holding that the appellant had substantially

complied with the requirements for an affidavit).

        In this case, the officials provided Prince with notice of the sale, as they asserted

in their affidavit. Prince does not dispute signing for the certified copy of the notice that

they sent to his California post office box.4 Furthermore, Prince does not dispute that he



3
  Prince further notes that the record contains two versions of the affidavit, both of which bear a
September 15, 2010 file-mark. The version that is attached to the trial court’s ruling on Prince’s motion
for relief from judgment contains the notary public’s signature, the date of execution, the county, and the
date the notary’s commission expired. The version Prince attached to his motion for relief from judgment
lacks the date of execution and the date the notary’s commission expires. Prince fails to explain why
there are two versions of the affidavit. We shall consider the more complete version of the affidavit to be
valid in the absence of evidence or argument to the contrary, and the sole defect in that version is the
absence of a notarial seal.
4
  Prince argues for the first time in his reply brief that the officials could not have known at the time they
filed the application that they had provided Prince with proper notice because the certified mail receipt
did not come back until after the officials had filed the application. We disagree. The Auditor had sent
copies of the notice of tax sale to Prince’s California post office box by first class mail and certified mail,
                                                      7
owed property taxes on the parcel, as stated in the officials’ affidavit. Prince also fails to

explain how he was prejudiced by any defects in the application, because the officials

were not required to send him a copy and he did not see it until after he had been

informed that the parcels had been sold. In addition, the application stated Prince’s

name, identified the parcels at issue, and stated the amount of property taxes due. While

it would have been better for the court to require the officials to provide all of the

information set forth in Indiana Code section 6-1.1-24-4.6(b), there is sufficient evidence

to support the trial court’s findings and conclusions that the application substantially

complied with the statutory requirements. The trial court did not abuse its discretion.

                                     II. NOTICE TO PRINCE

        Prince claims that the officials failed to provide him with adequate notice of the

sale of his properties, thereby depriving him of due process of law.                        Before the

government may sell property due to unpaid property taxes, the Due Process Clause of

the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution requires the government to

provide the owner with “notice and opportunity for hearing appropriate to the nature of

the case.” Sawmill Creek, 964 N.E.2d at 217 (quoting Jones v. Flowers, 547 U.S. 220,

223, 126 S. Ct. 1708, 164 L. Ed. 2d 415 (2006)). Due process does not require that a

property owner receive actual notice before the government may take his property.

Jones, 547 U.S. at 226.           Rather, the government must provide notice reasonably




and the copy they sent first class was not returned. Thus, the officials had reason to state that they had
sent Prince notice of the sale.
                                                    8
calculated, under all the circumstances, to apprise interested parties of the pendency of

the action and afford them an opportunity to present their objections. Id.

        In Indiana, title conveyed by a tax deed may be defeated if three required notices,

specifically the notice of tax sale, the notice of the right of redemption, and the notice of

petition for tax deed, are not in substantial compliance with statutory requirements.

Schaefer, 804 N.E.2d at 191. The notice of tax sale is governed by Indiana Code section

6-1.1-24-4 (2007), which requires the county auditor to send notice of the tax sale by

certified mail to the owner or owners of the real property at their last known address.

        Next, Indiana Code section 6-1.1-25-4.5 (2007) governs notices of the right of

redemption. According to that statute, a person who purchases property at a tax sale must

send the owner of the property a notice of the sale and of the right of redemption via

certified mail at the last address for the owner as indicated in the county auditor’s

records. Id.

        Finally, if the owner of record does not redeem the property from the tax sale

within the required period, the purchaser may petition the trial court for issuance of a tax

deed.    Ind. Code § 6-1.1-25-4.6 (2007). The purchaser must provide notice of the

petition to the owner of record in the same manner set forth in Indiana Code section 6-

1.1-25-4.5. Ind. Code § 6-1.1-25-4.6.

        Here, the Auditor sent Prince the notice of the tax sale, the notice of the right of

redemption, and the notice of petition for tax deed in three different ways: (1) to the

apartment building, (2) to Prince’s California post office box via certified mail, and (3) to

Prince’s California post office box via first class mail. Furthermore, after the tax sale the

                                             9
Auditor obtained a title search on Prince’s parcels in an unsuccessful effort to locate

additional addresses. All of the notices sent to the apartment building were returned to

the Auditor indicating that the property was vacant. However, Prince received the notice

of tax sale that was sent to his post office box via certified mail. Furthermore, none of

the notices that the Auditor sent to Prince’s post office box via first class mail were

returned to the Auditor. Thus, the Auditor substantially complied with the statutes that

govern the notices, and the manner of service the Auditor chose was reasonably

calculated, under all the circumstances, to apprise Prince of the pendency of the action

and afford him an opportunity to object.         See Sawmill Creek, 964 N.E.2d at 220

(determining that the county auditor’s manner of service satisfied due process

requirements, despite the property owner’s failure to receive actual notice, because the

Auditor published notices in multiple ways, mailed notices to all addresses of which it

was aware, and obtained a title search in an attempt to find additional addresses for the

owner).

       Prince argues that the officials should have posted the notices at the apartment

building, where his manager would have seen it. We cannot conclude that principles of

due process required the officials to post the notice. All of the notices the Auditor had

sent to the apartment building had come back indicating that the property was vacant. It

would not be reasonable to require the Auditor to post notice at what was, to the best of

the Auditor’s knowledge, vacant property. See id. at 221 (determining that the Auditor

was not required to post notice at the property because the Auditor’s records indicated the

property was empty land).

                                            10
       Next, Prince argues that the holding in Jones requires us to reverse, but that case is

factually distinguishable.   In Jones, the government agency seeking to sell Jones’s

property for unpaid taxes sent one notice of the tax sale to Jones, via certified mail. The

certified mail was unclaimed, and the agency proceeded with the tax sale. The United

States Supreme Court concluded that, under the circumstances, the agency’s attempts to

provide notice to Jones did not comply with principles of due process, particularly

because the agency took no further steps after learning that the only notice that it sent had

failed to reach the owner. Jones, 547 U.S. at 238.

       In the current case, none of the notices that the Auditor sent to Prince’s post office

box via first class mail were returned. Furthermore, Prince had signed the certified mail

receipt for the notice of tax sale, which was also sent to the post office box. Thus, the

Auditor knew that service had been accomplished. Furthermore, after the tax sale the

Auditor obtained a title search to locate other addresses for Prince. Consequently, the

officials acted with far more diligence than the agency in Jones, and that case does not

compel reversal here. The trial court did not abuse its discretion in concluding that the

officials’ notices to Prince regarding the tax sale process met the requirements of due

process.

                                      CONCLUSION

       For the reasons stated above, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.

       Affirmed.

BAKER, J., and MAY, J., concur.



                                             11
