
214 Mich. App. 66 (1995)
542 N.W.2d 282
VOLKEMA
v.
DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES
Docket No. 159820.
Michigan Court of Appeals.
Submitted February 16, 1995, at Grand Rapids.
Decided October 20, 1995, at 9:10 A.M.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Thomas L. Casey, Solicitor General, and Thomas J. Emery, Assistant in Charge, and Kevin T. Smith, Assistant Attorney General, for the defendant.
Amicus Curiae:
Dickinson, Wright, Moon, Van Dusen & Freeman (by Gregory L. McClelland and David E. Pierson), for Michigan Association of Realtors.
Before: NEFF, P.J., and SAWYER and MARKEY, JJ.
NEFF, P.J.
Plaintiffs appeal, and defendant cross appeals, from an order of the circuit court denying plaintiffs relief with respect to their inverse condemnation claim. We affirm.
I
Plaintiffs purchased approximately forty-five acres of commercial property in Kentwood in 1963 and an additional contiguous five-acre parcel in 1979. Plaintiffs made various improvements to the property, sold parcels of the property, and leased a ten-acre parcel to a water park operator. After the sales and lease, 24.6 acres remained, which are the subject of the present litigation. Plaintiffs sought to have the water park developed on the remaining 24.6 acres in conjunction with the leased ten acres. The water park has a plan that eventually calls for the purchase of the property. However, the 24.6-acre parcel includes some lowlands, which have been classified as protected wetlands under *69 the Wetland Protection Act, MCL 281.701 et seq.; MSA 18.595(51) et seq., which was enacted in 1980. Defendant denied plaintiffs' request for a permit to fill 4.3 acres of wetlands. Plaintiffs now seek compensation for the six acres they claim are rendered useless by the denial of the fill permit.
The trial court determined that the relevant parcel to consider in determining whether there was a taking is the remaining 24.6-acre parcel. The trial court determined that because only approximately one-quarter of the property was affected, there was no taking.
II
On appeal, the parties present a number of arguments, all of which essentially raise the same issue, namely, whether there was a taking. Because we conclude there was none, we affirm the trial court's decision.
A
1
It is now well-established under constitutional doctrine that a taking of property requiring just compensation may occur if a landowner's property is either physically invaded or regulated "too far." See Lucas v South Carolina Coastal Council, 505 US 1003, 1014; 112 S Ct 2886; 120 L Ed 2d 798 (1992). Although the Supreme Court has declined to definitively state what "too far" is, two circumstances exist in which compensation is afforded the property owner without a case specific inquiry. Id. at 1015.
The first category in which compensation is automatically awarded is where the government physically invades a landowner's property. Id. This *70 case, however, does not present such a circumstance, and thus any case law or arguments of the parties based on a physical invasion of property are irrelevant to this appeal.
The second distinct category in which compensation is automatically awarded is where a regulation denies all economically beneficial or productive use of one's land. Id. In other words, the Fifth Amendment right to just compensation is violated when a land-use regulation either (1) does not substantially advance a legitimate state interest, or (2) denies a landowner all economically viable use of his land in contravention of the property owner's investment-backed expectations.[1]Id. at 1016.
This is not to suggest that compensation is always awarded. When a land-use regulation merely results in diminution in a property's value, the property owner is not entitled to compensation. Id. at 1018. The justification for this rule is often stated as being that
[g]overnment hardly could go on if to some extent values incident to property could not be diminished without paying for every such change in the general law.... [Id.]
2
After a review of the parties' appeal and cross appeal, it is apparent that neither party here is arguing that the land-use regulation at issue does not substantially advance a legitimate state interest. Accordingly, we express no opinion with regard to that matter and assume, for the purposes *71 of this appeal, that the regulation does advance a legitimate state interest.[2]
Thus, the only question that must be answered here is whether plaintiffs were denied all economically viable use of their land. The answer to this question depends on what parcel of land is used to compare plaintiffs' before and after property values.[3] In other words, if we focus only on the six acres that plaintiffs claim were rendered economically useless by the Wetland Protection Act, then plaintiffs have established that they were deprived of all the economically beneficial use of their land. If, however, we use some larger parcel, say the 24.6-acres that encompasses the six acres, or the fifty acres that previously made up all of plaintiffs' property, then all plaintiffs have established is a mere diminution in value, and although they still might be eligible to obtain compensation for the loss, they would fall outside the categorical entitlement to such compensation.[4] See Lucas, supra at 1019, n 8.
We have found two cases to be instructive in making this determination.
B
1
In Loveladies Harbor, Inc v United States, 28 *72 F3d 1171 (CA Fed, 1994),[5] Loveladies originally owned 250 acres of land adjacent to wetlands. In 1972, after Loveladies developed approximately 199 acres, § 404 of the Clean Water Act, 33 USC 1344, was enacted, and Loveladies was forced to obtain a permit to fill in the remaining land in accordance with their overall development plan. In the following years, New Jersey, the state in which the land was located, and Loveladies entered into negotiations to allow Loveladies to develop the remaining fifty-one acres. Ultimately, Loveladies agreed to essentially donate 38.5 acres to the state, in order to allow 12.5 acres to be filled and developed. The state accepted this plan.
Unfortunately for Loveladies, the permit process also required obtaining approval from the Army Corps of Engineers. Apparently the corps traditionally follows the state's recommendation, and, although New Jersey had previously granted the state permit, it recommended to the corps that it deny the federal permit. The corps followed New Jersey's recommendation. Id. at 1174.
Loveladies sued the United States, claiming that a compensable regulatory taking had occurred because it was denied all economically feasible use of the 12.5 acres of land. The United States disagreed, arguing that Loveladies merely suffered a diminution in its property's value, comparing the 12.5 acres with either the original 250 acres, or the fifty-one acres remaining after the 1972 amendment in the law. Thus, as here, one of the main issues before the court was how much of Loveladies' land to use as a comparison to the affected parcel to determine the extent of Loveladies' *73 loss. Otherwise stated, the court in Loveladies was called on to determine the denominator parcel.[6]Id. at 1179.
The court of appeals began its discussion by eschewing any bright-line test to determine the denominator parcel and instead held that a flexible approach designed to account for factual nuances of each individual case should be used. Id. at 1181.
The court then examined the factual nuances of the case before it and held that the 199 acres that had been developed before the enactment of § 404 of the Clean Water Act should not be considered as part of the denominator because no effort had been made by the state to regulate that land. Id. The court then determined that the 38.5 acres that had, in essence, been dedicated to the state should not be part of the denominator because it had no value to Loveladies. Id. Thus, the court was left with the 12.5 acres of land affected by the corp's permit denial. Because the court found the remaining value to be so small as to be useless, it concluded that Loveladies was denied all economically viable use of the property, thus entitling it to compensation under Lucas, supra.
2
Here, employing a similar analysis, we conclude that the denominator should not consist of the *74 entire forty-five acres originally owned by plaintiffs because approximately half of that land already had been developed before the enactment of the Wetland Protection Act.
Examining the remaining 24.6 acres, we see no reason to exclude some eighteen acres of that land as part of the denominator in determining plaintiffs' loss. This case is in stark contrast with Loveladies, supra, to the extent the court in Loveladies determined that only the affected 12.5 acres in question had value to Loveladies. Here, the entire 24.6 acres is admittedly of high value to the plaintiffs. In other words, although plaintiffs lost the use of approximately six acres of the remaining 24.6-acre parcel, the land, when viewed as a whole, continues to have substantial value and may still be used in the manner intended by plaintiffs, i.e., it may be developed for commercial purposes.
Accordingly, the trial court properly concluded that plaintiffs' loss should be considered in light of the 24.6 acres, not merely the affected six acres.
C
Bevan v Brandon Twp, 438 Mich 385; 475 NW2d 37 (1991), also supports our conclusion here. In Bevan, the plaintiffs owned two parcels of lake-front property but were restricted by a zoning ordinance to being able to develop only one house on the two parcels. Although the plaintiffs argued that because of the restriction they were denied all economically feasible use of one of the parcels, our Supreme Court disagreed, holding that both of the parcels must be examined as a whole to determine the plaintiffs' loss. Id. at 396-397.
The Court relied on two United States Supreme Court opinions, Keystone Bituminous Coal Ass'n v DeBenedictis, 480 US 470; 107 S Ct 1232; 94 L Ed *75 2d 472 (1987), and Penn Central Transportation Co v New York City, 438 US 104; 98 S Ct 2646; 57 L Ed 2d 631 (1978),[7] to support its ultimate conclusion that when determining whether a taking has occurred, the "plaintiffs' land, and the full bundle of property rights associated with it, must be viewed in its entirety," Bevan, supra at 397.
D
Accordingly, on the basis of squarely applicable precedent of the Supreme Courts of both the United States and Michigan, we conclude that the trial court properly considered the panoply of plaintiffs' remaining property rights, rather than merely a portion of those rights, in determining the extent of the Wetland Protection Act's effect on plaintiffs' property. In other words, the court correctly used the 24.6-acre parcel as the denominator in determining the extent of plaintiffs' loss.
E
We also conclude that the trial court did not err *76 in determining that plaintiffs were not entitled to compensation for the diminution in the value of their property. See Lucas, supra at 1019, n 8. Plaintiffs have failed to show that their property either is unsuitable for use because of the Wetland Protection Act or is now unmarketable. Bevan, supra at 403. Indeed, as plaintiffs acknowledge, their land, even as regulated, is still worth more than $600,000, and the majority of it may still be developed for commercial purposes. Accordingly, we find no error in this aspect of the trial court's conclusion.
III
In sum, we conclude that the trial court properly determined the extent of plaintiffs' loss by considering how the land-use regulation in question affected plaintiffs' rights to their property as a whole, rather than by examining the effect of the regulation on only the affected six acres. Employing this analysis, we also agree with the trial court that the mere diminution in the value of plaintiff's property is not compensable.
Affirmed.
MARKEY, J., concurred.
SAWYER, J. (dissenting).
I respectfully dissent.
The majority correctly looks to the United States Supreme Court's decision in Lucas v South Carolina Coastal Council, 505 US 1003; 112 S Ct 2886; 120 L Ed 2d 798 (1992), for guidance. However, the majority fails to appreciate the ramifications of the Lucas decision.
In Lucas, the Supreme Court reiterated the rule that where regulation denies all economically beneficial or productive use of land, a taking occurs *77 and the owner is entitled to compensation. Id. at 1016. The Lucas Court found a taking where a state statute prohibited building on the plaintiff's beach-front property. The instant dispute involves the question raised, but not directly answered, in Lucas, namely, whether all the economic use of all of plaintiffs' property must be deprived by the regulation before there is a taking or whether it is sufficient that a portion of plaintiffs' parcel is denied all of its beneficial use because of the taking.[1] The Court commented on this question in Lucas, id. at 1016, 1017, n 7:
Regrettably, the rhetorical force of our "deprivation of all economically feasible use" rule is greater than its precision, since the rule does not make clear the "property interest" against which the loss of value is to be measured. When, for example, a regulation requires a developer to leave 90% of a rural tract in its natural state, it is unclear whether we would analyze the situation as one in which the owner has been deprived of all economically beneficial use of the burdened portion of the tract, or as one in which the owner has suffered a mere diminution in value of the tract as a whole. (For an extreme  and, we think, unsupportable  view of the relevant calculus, see Penn Central Transportation Co v New York City, 42 NY2d 324, 333-334; 366 NE2d 1271, 1276-1277 (1977), aff'd 438 US 104 [98 S Ct 2646; 57 L Ed 2d 631] (1978), where the state court examined the diminution in a particular parcel's value produced by a municipal ordinance in light of total value of the taking claimant's other holdings in the vicinity.) Unsurprisingly, this uncertainty regarding the composition of the denominator in our "deprivation" *78 fraction has produced inconsistent pronouncements by the Court.
While the Supreme Court was able to avoid the question in Lucas because it was undisputed that Lucas was denied the beneficial use of all of his property by the regulatory taking, that question cannot be avoided in the case at bar. If either the remaining 24.6-acre parcel or the original fifty-acre parcel is viewed as a whole, then it is clear that plaintiffs have not been denied all economic use of their property because the property is usable with the exception of approximately 4.3 to 6 acres of wetlands and surrounding area. On the other hand, if we focus on the wetland parcel itself, plaintiffs are denied the economic use of that property inasmuch as the denial of the fill permit precludes them from developing and making use of that parcel.
In reaching its decision, the majority finds support in Bevan v Brandon Twp, 438 Mich 385; 475 NW2d 37 (1991). In Bevan, our Supreme Court concluded that there was no taking where a zoning ordinance had the effect of allowing the property owner to build only one house on two contiguous lots.[2] Our Supreme Court concluded that in determining whether a taking existed, the property must be viewed as a whole. Id. at 397. However, I do not believe that Bevan is controlling for two reasons.
First, the Michigan Supreme Court's decision in Bevan was rendered before the United States Supreme Court's decision in Lucas. Accordingly, there is a question whether Bevan remains good law. The viability of the decision in Bevan, moreover, *79 is additionally questionable because of Bevan's strong reliance on the United States Supreme Court's decision in Penn Central, supra. Indeed, the Michigan Supreme Court directly cites Penn Central in support of the proposition that the property must be viewed as a whole. However, when the United States Supreme Court decided Lucas the following year, it disavowed that view expressed in Penn Central, declaring that view to be "extreme" and "unsupportable." 505 US 1017, n 7.
Moreover, even if we were to defer to the Supreme Court to address the question of the continuing viability of Bevan in light of Lucas, I do not believe that Bevan is relevant to the disposition of the case at bar. In Bevan, the property owner was not denied the beneficial use of all of his property, or even a portion of his property. Rather, he merely was restricted with respect to the extent to which he could use and develop the property. That is, unlike the case at bar, the property owner in Bevan could build a single-family detached house, the intended use of the lots, anywhere he wanted on either of the lots involved. He merely was precluded from building two houses, one on each lot, as he had intended. Therefore, the property owner was able to use all of his property, though not in the manner he desired. In the case at bar, however, the property owner enjoys no such freedom. The effect of the Wetland Protection Act, MCL 281.701 et seq.; MSA 18.595(51) et seq., and of defendant's denial of a fill permit is to preclude utterly the use of a portion of plaintiffs' property. Plaintiffs are not free to choose what portion of their property to develop. Rather, the regulation allows development of a specific portion of the property and absolutely precludes the development of another portion of the property.
*80 The majority's strong reliance on Loveladies Harbor, Inc v United States, 28 F3d 1171 (CA Fed, 1994), is somewhat mystifying inasmuch as that court ruled in favor of the property owner. Ultimately, like Lucas, it avoided a clear determination on partial takings, concluding that a full taking had occurred. Loveladies, supra at 1182.
In sum, where there is a mere restriction on the extent of use of property, as was the case in Bevan, there is no taking. However, where a property owner is prohibited from making use of his property, or even a portion of the property, then there is a taking with respect to the identifiable portion which cannot be used. In short, in light of the strong historical protection of private property in this country and the constitutional mandate that the government may put private property to public use only after compensating the owner of that property, I believe that the question posed in Lucas is best answered by concluding that a taking occurs where a regulation precludes the use of an identifiable, discreet piece of property, even if that property forms only a portion of a larger parcel. I do not find it relevant how large a portion of property the owner possesses. What is relevant is that the government has determined that a public purpose would be served by denying the rightful owner of the property the use of that property and requiring it to be used, or in this case not used, in accordance with that public purpose. While the government is permitted to do this, it must compensate the property owner for putting the property to public use. Our historical protection of private property in the constitution allows no less.[3]
*81 For the above reasons, I would conclude that the trial court erred in determining that there was no taking. Rather, the trial court should have determined that a taking occurred by the denial of the fill permit under the Wetland Protection Act and should have proceeded to determine the amount, if any, of compensation due plaintiffs.
NOTES
[1]  An exception to this rule exists: a state government may always regulate land pursuant to its common law regarding nuisances. Id.
[2]  In presuming the validity of this enactment, we recognize that a broad range of governmental purposes and regulations satisfy the requirement that the laws must advance a legitimate state interest. See Bevan v Brandon Twp, 438 Mich 385, 398; 475 NW2d 37 (1991). We also note that the validity of the Wetland Protection Act is presumed and that, on the basis of the record below, plaintiffs have not met their burden of overcoming this presumption. Id.
[3]  The record demonstrates that plaintiffs had an investment-backed expectation in the property in question.
[4]  Although the Supreme Court's opinion in Lucas settled some aspects of takings law, it expressly declined to answer the question before us today, i.e., which parcel should be used as a denominator in regulatory takings causes of actions. Id. at 1016-1017, n 7. Thus, we must look elsewhere for the answer to that question.
[5]  The court's opinion in Loveladies, in concise yet complete detail, lays out the history of the law of regulatory takings and successfully puts into perspective the effects of Lucas on the development of the law in this area. The court in Loveladies then specifically addresses the issue presented here and brings that issue into sharp, clear focus.
[6]  The court in Loveladies, supra at 1180, n 13, cited Keystone Bituminous Coal Ass'n v DeBenedictis, 480 US 470, 497; 107 S Ct 1232; 94 L Ed 2d 472 (1987), in which the Court defined the "denominator parcel" in the following manner:

"Because our test for regulatory taking requires us to compare the value that has been taken from the property with the value that remains in the property, one of the critical questions is determining how to define the unit of property `whose value is to furnish the denominator of the fraction.'"
[7]  With regard to Penn Central, the United States Supreme Court in Lucas, supra, suggested that New York's determination that all of Penn Central's holdings in the area could be used as the denominator was unsupportable. The Court in Penn Central, however, did not rely on that determination. Instead, the Court focused on the property in question and the alleged total loss of airspace rights when it stated:

"Taking" jurisprudence does not divide a single parcel into discrete segments and attempt to determine whether rights in a particular segment have been entirely abrogated. [438 US 130.]
Thus, while it may be argued that the extent of New York's decision in Penn Central was unsupportable, it cannot be gainsaid that the Supreme Court approved the concept of viewing an affected property as a whole. We conclude it would be contrary to the holding in Penn Central to extract portions of a property and examine those portions piecemeal when determining the effect of a land-use regulation on the property.
[1]  This appears to be the basis of the dispute between the parties concerning whether the remaining 24.6-acre parcel should be considered or whether the original fifty-acre parcel should be considered in analyzing whether there was a taking. However, it is not relevant which of those two parcels is viewed. Rather, the focus is on the 4.6-acre parcel that forms the subject of the regulation.
[2]  The reason for the restriction was that the property was accessible only by an easement that was twenty feet wide while a zoning ordinance required a road with a right of way of sixty-six feet in width if it was servicing two or more houses.
[3]  It should be noted that the conclusion that there is a taking does not necessarily compel the conclusion that there must always be compensation. Compensation is, of course, required for the value taken. If the property is utterly worthless, then there is no value taken and no need for compensation. Similarly, if the cost of filling the property and rehabilitating it to the point that it can be developed would exceed the value of the property once it is rehabilitated, then nothing of value is taken. However, we are not called upon in this appeal to address the issue of the amount of compensation, rather only whether there was a taking. I would conclude that there was a taking, but leave it for the trial court to determine the amount, if any, of compensation that is due.
