[Cite as State v. Saylor, 2019-Ohio-1025.]




                              IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
                                 SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                      CHAMPAIGN COUNTY

 STATE OF OHIO                                     :
                                                   :
          Plaintiff-Appellee                       :   Appellate Case No. 2018-CA-14
                                                   :
 v.                                                :   Trial Court Case No. 2017-CR-274
                                                   :
 FOREST HEATH SAYLOR                               :   (Criminal Appeal from
                                                   :   Common Pleas Court)
          Defendant-Appellant                      :
                                                   :

                                              ...........

                                             OPINION

                             Rendered on the 22nd day of March, 2019.

                                              ...........

SAMUEL ADAM USMANI, Atty. Reg. No. 0097223, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney,
Champaign County Prosecutor’s Office, 200 North Main Street, Urbana, Ohio 43078
     Attorney for Plaintiff-Appellee

ADAM JAMES STOUT, Atty. Reg. No. 0080334, 2600 Far Hills Avenue, Suite 315,
Dayton, Ohio 45419
      Attorney for Defendant-Appellant

                                             .............
                                                                                           -2-


TUCKER, J.



         {¶ 1} Defendant-appellant Forest Heath Saylor appeals from his conviction

following his guilty plea to several drug-related offenses. Saylor contends that the trial

court erred by imposing consecutive sentences. He also contends that the trial court

considered improper factors in imposing his sentence.

         {¶ 2} We conclude that the record supports the sentence imposed by the trial court

and that the sentence is not contrary to law. Accordingly, the judgment of the trial court

is affirmed.



                           I.     Facts and Course of the Proceedings

         {¶ 3} In December 2017, members of the Urbana Police Department executed a

search warrant at a residence located on Boyce Street. Saylor was inside the residence

when the search commenced. Upon entering the home, the police detected a strong

odor of marijuana. During the search of an upstairs bedroom, the police found raw

marijuana in the closet.1 They also found a nine-millimeter handgun on the television

stand in the room as well as a Glock .45-caliber handgun under the bed. Both guns had

loaded magazines, and more ammunition was observed in different places in the room.

Also on the television stand were a bowl containing white powder, a metal crushing

device, and a pill press. 2     At the bottom of the stand was a small white jar with a


1
 It appears from the record that Saylor occupied the upper portion of the residence, while
his mother, sister and 5-year-old niece occupied the lower portion.

2
    According to the record, a pill press is used to turn a powdered substance into pill form.
                                                                                           -3-


powdered substance inside. The police also found a plastic container containing hashish

and a second plastic container with raw pieces of marijuana. Marijuana and marijuana

paraphernalia were found around the room. A storage box contained a bowl and a rolled

one-dollar bill, both of which had a white powder residue.

         {¶ 4} In the second upstairs bedroom, the police found raw marijuana scattered

around the room and a 5-gallon bucket filled with cut marijuana. The room had multiple

pieces of netting hanging from the ceiling.3 In the upstairs bathroom, the police located

blue dye and observed red and blue dye stains on the countertop. There were also

various powders and chemicals in the bathroom.4

         {¶ 5} In the laundry room, police located a prescription bottle containing marijuana,

as well as a mason jar later determined to contain a Schedule I controlled hallucinogen.

Two pill containers with traces of marijuana were located in the living room.

         {¶ 6} The basement was divided into separate areas used for a marijuana growing

operation. Three of the areas contained marijuana plants in various stages of growth.

The police observed a total of 27 plants. Each of these three areas had its own lighting,

water filtration and air filtration systems that were set on different timers. One area of

the basement contained potting soil for planting, while another area was set up for drying

plants after harvest. Plant food and soil heating pads were located in several areas.

The entire basement had ductwork that vented the basement air up through the home’s

chimney.

         {¶ 7} A search of the garage uncovered several marijuana stems, a pot burner, a


3
    The record indicates that such netting is used to dry marijuana.

4
    The record indicates that such dyes and powders are used in the manufacture of pills.
                                                                                          -4-


mason jar containing large salts, a mason jar containing a dark unknown liquid, and trace

amounts of white powder in plastic baggies.

       {¶ 8} On March 1, 2018, Saylor was indicted on the following counts:

       Counts One and Two - aggravated possession of drugs in violation of R.C.

       2925.11(A)(C)(1)(a);

       Count Three - possession of marijuana in violation of R.C. 2925.11(A)(C)(3)(c);

       Count Four - possession of L.S.D. in violation of R.C. 2925.11(A)(C)(5)(a);

       Count Five - trafficking in counterfeit controlled substances in violation of R.C.

       2925.37(C) and (H);

       Count Six - illegal cultivation of marijuana in violation of R.C. 2925.04(A)(C)(5)(c);

       Count Seven - assembly or possession of chemicals used to manufacture a

       controlled substance with intent to manufacture a controlled substance in violation

       of R.C. 2925.041(A)(C);

       Count Eight - endangering children in violation of R.C. 2919.22(B)(6)(E)(3); and

       Counts Nine and Ten - having weapons under disability in violation of R.C.

       2923.13(A)(4)(B).

       {¶ 9} Each of the counts carried a firearm specification. Additionally, except for

Counts Five, Nine and Ten, each of the counts carried a forfeiture of property

specification.

       {¶ 10} Following negotiations, Saylor entered a plea of guilty to Counts Four, Five,

Seven and Eight, as well as the firearm specification attached to Count Seven.             In

exchange, the State agreed to dismiss the remaining counts and specifications. No

agreement was reached regarding sentencing.
                                                                                        -5-


      {¶ 11} A sentencing hearing was conducted on May 1, 2018. At that time, Saylor

acknowledged that he was addicted to heroin. He also admitted that he would purchase

heroin and Carfentanil from a supplier in Springfield and that he had a kit for testing its

purity. He further admitted that he then converted those substances into pill form, which

he sold as the prescription drug Percocet. He claimed that he only made about ten pills

per week and that he sold them to people he knew. Saylor also claimed that his buyers

were aware of the actual ingredients in the pills. Finally, he claimed that he grew the

marijuana for personal use only.

      {¶ 12} The trial court sentenced Saylor to prison terms of six months on Count

Four, eighteen months on Count Five, eight years on Count Seven and twenty-four

months on Count Eight. The trial court also imposed a one-year prison term on the

specification to Count Seven.      The trial court further ordered that “[t]he sentences

imposed in Counts Five and Eight shall be served CONSECUTIVELY to one another and

CONSECUTIVELY to the sentence imposed in Count Seven and Specification 1 to Count

Seven but CONCURRENTLY to the sentence imposed in Court Four, making a TOTAL

SENTENCE OF TWELVE AND ONE HALF (12 ½ ) YEARS.” (Emphasis sic.) Dkt. No.

30.

      {¶ 13} Saylor appeals.




                                   II.   Recidivism Analysis

      {¶ 14} Saylor’s first assignment of error is as follows:

      THE TRIAL COURT ERRED WHEN IT FOUND THE APPELLANT’S LACK
                                                                                            -6-


       OF INCOME AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS AS [A] FACTOR THAT

       INCREASED THE LIKELIHOOD OF RECIDIVISM.

       {¶ 15} Saylor contends that the trial court erred in weighing the recidivism factors

set forth in R.C. 2929.12.

       {¶ 16} The standard of review set forth in R.C. 2953.08(G)(2) applies to sentencing

challenges. State v. Marcum, 146 Ohio St.3d 516, 2016-Ohio-1002, 59 N.E.3d 1231,

¶ 22. That standard permits us to vacate or modify a sentence only if we find, by clear

and convincing evidence, that the sentence is contrary to law or that the record does not

support the trial court’s findings under certain statutes (including the findings required for

consecutive sentences). Id. “Clear and convincing” means “[t]he measure or degree of

proof that will produce in the mind * * * a firm belief or conviction as to the allegations

sought to be established. It is intermediate, being more than a mere preponderance, but

not to the extent of such certainty as required beyond a reasonable doubt as in criminal

cases. It does not mean clear and unequivocal.” In re Estate of Haynes, 25 Ohio St.3d

101, 103-104, 495 N.E.2d 23 (1986).

       {¶ 17} R.C. 2953.08(G)(2)(a) does not mention R.C. 2929.11 and 2929.12. Thus,

while acknowledging that some sentences do not require any of the findings referenced

in R.C. 2953.08(G)(2), the Ohio Supreme Court also reasoned:

       * * * [I]t is fully consistent for appellate courts to review those sentences that

       are imposed solely after consideration of the factors in R.C. 2929.11 and

       2929.12 under a standard that is equally deferential to the sentencing court.

       That is, an appellate court may vacate or modify any sentence that is not

       clearly and convincingly contrary to law only if the appellate court finds by
                                                                                         -7-


      clear and convincing evidence that the record does not support the

      sentence.

Marcum at ¶ 23.

      {¶ 18} A sentence is contrary to law if the sentence falls outside the statutory range

for the particular degree of offense or the trial court failed to consider the purposes and

principles of felony sentencing set forth in R.C. 2929.11 and the sentencing factors in

R.C. 2929.12. State v. Hinton, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 102710, 2015-Ohio-4907, ¶ 10,

citing State v. Smith, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 100206, 2014-Ohio-1520, at ¶ 13-14.

      {¶ 19} A “trial court has full discretion to impose any sentence within the authorized

statutory range, and the court is not required to make any findings or give reasons for

imposing maximum or more than minimum sentences.”             (Citation omitted.) State v.

Nelson, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 25026, 2012-Ohio-5797, ¶ 62. But “in exercising its

discretion, a trial court must consider the statutory policies that apply to every felony

offense, including those set out in R.C. 2929.11 and R.C. 2929.12.” (Citations omitted.)

State v. Castle, 2016-Ohio-4974, 67 N.E.3d 1283, ¶ 26 (2d Dist.).

       {¶ 20} A court sentencing an offender for a felony is guided by the purposes of

felony sentencing set forth in R.C. 2929.11(A), which states that “the overriding purposes

of felony sentencing are to protect the public from future crime by the offender and others

and to punish the offender using the minimum sanctions that the court determines

accomplish those purposes without imposing an unnecessary burden on state or local

government resources.”       Additionally, the sentencing court must consider the

seriousness and recidivism factors set forth in R.C. 2929.12 in determining the most

effective way to comply with the purposes and principles of sentencing contained in R.C.
                                                                                           -8-


2929.11.

       {¶ 21} A review of the record shows that the trial court imposed the maximum

sentence allowed for the offenses of trafficking in counterfeit prescription drugs and illegal

cultivation of marijuana. The sentence imposed for the offense of possession of L.S.D.

was the minimum sentence possible and the sentence imposed for endangering children

was a mid-level sentence. All of these sentences were in the appropriate statutory

ranges. Thus, on their face, the terms of the sentences were not contrary to law.

       {¶ 22} However, Saylor contends that the sentences were contrary to law because

they infringed upon his right to equal protection of law. In support, he claims that the trial

court improperly considered his financial circumstances as a factor increasing the

likelihood of recidivism.

       {¶ 23} R.C. 2929.12(D) and (E) enumerate factors to be considered in weighing

the likelihood of the offender’s recidivism. As set forth in R.C. 2929.12(D), the following

factors indicate that an offender is likely to commit future crimes:

       (1) At the time of committing the offense, the offender was under release

       from confinement before trial or sentencing; was under a sanction imposed

       pursuant to section 2929.16, 2929.17, or 2929.18 of the Revised Code; was

       under post-release control pursuant to section 2967.28 or any other

       provision of the Revised Code for an earlier offense or had been

       unfavorably terminated from post-release control for a prior offense

       pursuant to division (B) of section 2967.16 or section 2929.141 of the

       Revised Code; was under transitional control in connection with a prior

       offense; or had absconded from the offender's approved community
                                                                                      -9-


       placement resulting in the offender's removal from the transitional control

       program under section 2967.26 of the Revised Code.

       (2) The offender previously was adjudicated a delinquent child pursuant to

       Chapter 2151. of the Revised Code prior to January 1, 2002, or pursuant to

       Chapter 2152. of the Revised Code, or the offender has a history of criminal

       convictions.

       (3) The offender has not been rehabilitated to a satisfactory degree after

       previously being adjudicated a delinquent child pursuant to Chapter 2151.

       of the Revised Code prior to January 1, 2002, or pursuant to Chapter 2152.

       of the Revised Code, or the offender has not responded favorably to

       sanctions previously imposed for criminal convictions.

       (4) The offender has demonstrated a pattern of drug or alcohol abuse that

       is related to the offense, and the offender refuses to acknowledge that the

       offender has demonstrated that pattern, or the offender refuses treatment

       for the drug or alcohol abuse.

       (5) The offender shows no genuine remorse for the offense.

       {¶ 24} R.C. 2929.12(E) requires consideration of the following factors indicating

that recidivism is not likely:

       (1) Prior to committing the offense, the offender had not been adjudicated

       a delinquent child.

       (2) Prior to committing the offense, the offender had not been convicted of

       or pleaded guilty to a criminal offense.

       (3) Prior to committing the offense, the offender had led a law-abiding life
                                                                                            -10-


       for a significant number of years.

       (4) The offense was committed under circumstances not likely to recur.

       (5) The offender shows genuine remorse for the offense.

       {¶ 25} The trial court found that Saylor was more likely to commit future crimes

because he was previously adjudicated a delinquent child, had not been rehabilitated to

a satisfactory degree after previously being adjudicated a delinquent child, and showed

no genuine remorse for the offense. R.C. 2929.12(D)(2)(3) and (5). With regard to the

factors indicating that an offender is not likely to commit future crimes, the trial court found

that Saylor had not been convicted of any crimes as an adult and had led a law-abiding

life for a significant number of years. R.C. 2929.12(E)(2) and (3).

       {¶ 26} Saylor takes issue with the trial court’s finding made in regard to R.C.

2929.12(E)(4). With regard to that finding the trial court stated:

       The Court gave consideration to whether the offense was committed under

       circumstances not likely to reoccur. And the Court did not find that factor

       applicable here because, as we just went through the affidavit of indigency,

       the Defendant has no employment, no vehicle, does not own a home, and

       has liabilities, which make it more likely that the Defendant would return to

       selling drugs in order to support his lifestyle.

       {¶ 27} Based upon this record, we cannot say that the trial court improperly

considered Saylor’s financial situation. In making its statement above, the trial court was

not making an affirmative finding that Saylor’s lack of income or financial stability

mandated a prison term. Instead, the trial court was merely setting forth the reason it

did not believe that the factor set forth in R.C. 2929.12(E)(4) was applicable. The finding
                                                                                         -11-


was not unreasonable given that Saylor readily admitted that he sold drugs in order to

make money to support his own drug habit. Notably, the trial court did not rely on that

factor alone in rendering its decision. Thus, we cannot say that the trial court’s statement

renders the sentence contrary to law.

       {¶ 28} When a sentence is not contrary to law, we may only vacate or modify the

sentence if we find by clear and convincing evidence that the record does not support it.

Marcum, 146 Ohio St.3d 516, 2016-Ohio-1002, 59 N.E.3d 1231, at ¶ 7. Having reviewed

the record, we cannot say that it clearly and convincingly does not support the trial court's

consideration of the statutory principles and purposes of sentencing or the seriousness

and recidivism factors as they pertained to the sentences Saylor received.

       {¶ 29} The first assignment of error is overruled.



                                           III.   ORAS

       {¶ 30} The second assignment of error asserted by Saylor states:

       THE TRIAL COURT’S RELIANCE ON THE ORAS SCORE IN SUPPORT

       OF ITS SENTENCE IS CONTRARY TO LAW, BECAUSE THE TRIAL

       COURT MISINTERPRETS THE ORAS RESULTS, AND [THE] ORAS

       SCORE RELIES ON DEMOGRAPHIC DATA OUTSIDE THE SCOPE OF

       THE APPELLANT’S CONDUCT AND CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE

       OFFENSE.

       {¶ 31} Saylor argues that the trial court improperly utilized the Ohio Risk

Assessment System (ORAS).

       {¶ 32} This court has discussed ORAS in State v. Jennings, 2d Dist. Clark No.
                                                                                        -12-


2013 CA 60, 2014-Ohio-2307:

             In 2006, the Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and Correction

      (ODRC) contracted with the University of Cincinnati, Center for Criminal

      Justice Research, to develop risk and needs assessment tools that were

      predictive of recidivism at multiple points in the criminal justice system.

      Edward Latessa, et al., Creation and Validation of the Ohio Risk

      Assessment          System,       Final       Report        (July       2009),

      http://www.ocjs.ohio.gov/ORAS/FinalReport.pdf (accessed May 20, 2014).

      R.C. 5120.114, which was enacted as part of H.B. 86 in 2011, requires

      ODRC to select a single validated risk assessment tool for adult offenders,

      to be used by a variety of entities, including courts (when the court orders

      an assessment of the offender for sentencing or another purpose),

      probation departments, the adult parole authority, and correctional facilities.

      ODRC selected the Ohio Risk Assessment System (ORAS), created by the

      University of Cincinnati. Ohio Adm.Code 5120-13-01.

             The ORAS assesses an offender in seven categories: (1) criminal

      history, (2) education, employment, and financial situation, (3) family and

      social support, (4) neighborhood problems, (5) substance use, (6) peer

      associations, and (7) criminal attitudes and behavioral patterns; subsets of

      neighborhood problems are “high crime area” and “drugs readily available

      in neighborhood.”

             Crime statistics concerning neighborhoods (however that is defined),

      employment history, school attendance, race, gender, age, prior
                                                                                          -13-


       involvement in law enforcement, and other factors may result in figures

       regarding the relationship of these factors with recidivism. However, they

       can often be misleading and biased and based on unreliable (in the sense

       of not being relevant or accurate predictors of future behavior of a specific

       individual) facts, and can conflate correlation with causation.

              ORAS is a work in progress, and it is not a litmus test for sentencing.

       Rather, at most, it may be one factor in informing a trial court’s discretion in

       imposing specific methods to address an offender’s “rehabilitative needs.”

       Ohio statutory authority and case law place enormous discretion with the

       trial judge to sentence an offender, and the more sources of accurate

       information that guide that discretion, the better for the defendant and the

       community.

Id. at ¶ 25-28.

       {¶ 33} Saylor’s overall assessment indicated that he was a “moderate” risk for

reoffending. The trial court noted that this score was “awfully high for somebody who

has no adult record and has led a law-abiding life for a significant number of years.”

Sent. Tr. p. 25. Saylor claims that the trial court “inaccurately [read] the results of the

ORAS” because it “hypothesized” that the score was “abnormally high” “due to the

severity of the case.”

       {¶ 34} We find this argument somewhat disingenuous. The trial court did not

state that the score was high due to the severity of the case. Instead, Saylor’s attorney

made that statement during the sentencing hearing. The trial court merely mentioned

the score twice during the entire 32-page transcript of the sentencing hearing. The trial
                                                                                          -14-


court noted the score, and then later noted that the score was higher than expected.

There was no indication that the trial court placed any importance on the score, and

indeed, it appears that the court somewhat discredited the score by finding it to be higher

than would be expected. Further, as stated above, the record otherwise supported a

finding that Saylor was more likely to re-offend. Thus, we cannot say that the record

clearly and convincingly demonstrates that the trial court committed error with regard to

the ORAS score.

       {¶ 35} Saylor's second assignment of error is overruled.



                            IV.     Consecutive Sentence Analysis

       {¶ 36} Saylor’s third assignment of error states:

       THE     TRIAL    COURT       IMPROPERLY         IMPOSED       CONSECUTIVE

       SENTENCES ON THE DEFENDANT.

       {¶ 37} Under this assignment of error, Saylor contends that the trial court erred by

imposing consecutive sentences.

       {¶ 38} When a defendant challenges a trial court’s consecutive-sentence findings,

“R.C. 2953.08(G)(2)(a) directs the appellate court ‘to review the record, including the

findings underlying the sentence’ and to modify or vacate the sentence ‘if it clearly and

convincingly finds * * * [t]hat the record does not support the sentencing court's findings

under division * * * (C)(4) of section 2929.14 * * * of the Revised Code.’ ” State v. Bonnell,

140 Ohio St.3d 209, 2014-Ohio-3177, 16 N.E.3d 659, ¶ 28, quoting R.C.

2953.08(G)(2)(a).

       {¶ 39} “There are two ways that a defendant can challenge consecutive sentences
                                                                                      -15-


on appeal. First, the defendant can argue that consecutive sentences are contrary to

law because the court failed to make the necessary findings required by R.C.

2929.14(C)(4).” State v. Adams, 2d Dist. Clark No. 2014-CA-13, 2015-Ohio-1160, ¶ 17,

citing R.C. 2953.08(G)(2)(b) and Bonnell at ¶ 29. “Second, the defendant can argue that

the record does not support the findings made under R.C. 2929.14(C)(4).” Id., citing R.C.

2953.08(G)(2)(a) and State v. Moore, 2014-Ohio-5135, 24 N.E.3d 1197 (8th Dist.).

      {¶ 40} R.C. 2929.14(C)(4), which is an exception to the presumption in favor of

concurrent sentences in R.C. 2929.41(A), provides:

      If multiple prison terms are imposed on an offender for convictions of

      multiple offenses, the court may require the offender to serve the prison

      terms consecutively if the court finds that the consecutive service is

      necessary to protect the public from future crime or to punish the offender

      and that consecutive sentences are not disproportionate to the seriousness

      of the offender’s conduct and to the danger the offender poses to the public,

      and if the court also finds any of the following:

      (a) The offender committed one or more of the multiple offenses while the

      offender was awaiting trial or sentencing, was under a sanction imposed

      pursuant to section 2929.16, 2929.17, or 2929.18 of the Revised Code, or

      was under post-release control for a prior offense.

      (b) At least two of the multiple offenses were committed as part of one or

      more courses of conduct, and the harm caused by two or more of the

      multiple offenses so committed was so great or unusual that no single

      prison term for any of the offenses committed as part of any of the courses
                                                                                             -16-


       of conduct adequately reflects the seriousness of the offender’s conduct.

       (c) The offender’s history of criminal conduct demonstrates that consecutive

       sentences are necessary to protect the public from future crime by the

       offender.

       {¶ 41} The trial court made the appropriate initial R.C. 2929.14(C)(4) findings and

then made the R.C. 2929.14(C)(4)(b) finding that “the harm caused by two or more of the

multiple offenses * * * was so great or unusual that no single prison term for any of the

offenses committed as part of any of the courses of conduct adequately reflects the

seriousness of the offender's conduct.” Also, although the Supreme Court of Ohio in

Bonnell, 140 Ohio St.3d 209, 2014-Ohio-3177, 16 N.E.3d 659, at syllabus, stressed that

a trial court “has no obligation to state reasons to support its findings” in connection with

the statutory findings required to impose consecutive sentences, the trial court did make

the following finding regarding R.C. 2929.14(C)(4)(b):

       Defendant’s uninformed and non-scientific method of manufacturing and

       selling of fake Percocet pills containing carfentanil to an opiate starved

       community posed a risk of death to unsuspecting first party buyers or third

       party buyers on the resale market.

       {¶ 42} We conclude that the trial court made the required statutory findings; thus,

we find no error in this regard.

       {¶ 43} Saylor’s argument, however, centers on the second basis for attacking a

consecutive sentence, that the record does not support the trial court’s findings. In

support, he takes issue with the trial court’s mention of selling counterfeit pills to an opiate-

starved public and argues that there was no connection between his conduct and the
                                                                                          -17-


court’s finding that the harm caused by the offense was great or unusual. In support, he

argues that there was no evidence that his counterfeit drugs were different from other

such drugs or that fentanyl is more harmful than other drugs. He also notes that there

was no showing as to the strength of his counterfeit pills.

       {¶ 44} We begin by noting that it is within the discretion of the individual judge “to

determine the weight to assign a particular statutory factor.” State v. Arnett, 88 Ohio

St.3d 208, 215, 724 N.E.2d 793 (2000). When making such judgments, the sentencing

court “is not required to divorce itself from all personal experiences and make [its] decision

in a vacuum.” Id. at 215-216, quoting State v. Cook, 65 Ohio St.3d 516, 529, 605 N.E.2d

70 (1992).

       {¶ 45} In this case, the record supports a finding that Saylor was making pills by

combining heroin with Carfentanil. The trial court was free to take notice of its experience

that there is a growing opiate overdose problem nationally, as well as in Urbana, to which

the trial court alluded. Further, as noted by the concurring and dissenting opinion in

State v. Woodard, 12th Dist. Warren No. CA2016-09-084, 2017-Ohio-6941:

       Rising mortality rates due to accidental overdose are due in part to the fact

       that drug dealers are spiking heroin with much more potent synthetic

       opioids, such as fentanyl and carfentanil. Synthetic opioids are usually in

       the form of a white powder and may be indistinguishable from other street

       drugs. Fentanyl and carfentanil are multiple times more powerful than

       heroin and can be purchased at a lower cost. The incentive for the dealer

       is simple. Adding a small amount of fentanyl or carfentanil to heroin is a low-

       cost way to increase its value. The dealer may take heroin, cut it with a
                                                                                         -18-


       common filler to increase the volume and then add a more powerful

       synthetic opioid to maintain high potency. The dealer would then sell the

       drug to the user who may be completely unaware of the contents.

Id. at ¶ 45.

       {¶ 46} According to the Centers for Disease Control, Ohio and two other states

have the highest rate of synthetic opioid overdoses in the country.                     See

www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/data/fentanyl. The synthetic opioid Fentanyl is 100 times

more potent than morphine, while Carfentanil is “the most potent fentanyl analog detected

in the U.S., [and] is estimated to be 10,000 times more potent than morphine. Id.

       {¶ 47} The record establishes that Saylor combined Carfentanil with heroin and

then, using a pill press, turned this mixture into pills disguised as prescription Percocet

tablets, which he then sold. Especially since a trial judge need not turn a blind eye to

that which is occurring in his jurisdiction, these facts undercut Saylor’s consecutive

sentence argument. In short, we cannot conclude by clear and convincing evidence that

the imposed consecutive service was not supported by the record.



                                       V.      Conclusion

       {¶ 48} All of Saylor’s assignments of error being overruled, the judgment of the trial

court is affirmed.

                                      .............

WELBAUM, P.J. concurs.

FROELICH, J., concurs:

       {¶ 49} Saylor is a 27-year-old heroin addict, who the court commented has “no
                                                                                         -19-


adult record [* * * and] has led a law-abiding life for a significant number of years”; his

juvenile record, according to the prosecutor, was “virtually nothing.” The prosecutor

requested an aggregate sentence of five to seven years, and defense counsel requested

a three-year sentence.      The trial court sentenced Saylor to 12 1/2 years in prison.

Although it found Saylor to be indigent and did not impose the mandatory fine, the court

imposed a $500 fine and assessed attorney fees and costs; the court also specifically

disapproved a Risk Reduction sentence or placement in the Intensive Program Prison

(IPP).

         {¶ 50} I have previously voiced my concerns about the almost unfettered discretion

available to a sentencing court when the current case law apparently does not permit a

review for abuse of discretion. State v. Roberts, 2d Dist. Clark No. 2017-CA-98, 2018-

Ohio-4885, ¶ 42-45, (Froelich, J., dissenting). However, in this case, the trial court

considered the statutory factors in R.C. 2929.11 and R.C. 2929.12, the individual

sentences were within the statutory ranges, and the court’s consecutive sentencing

findings, including the course-of-conduct finding under R.C. 2929.14(C)(4)(b), were

supported by the record.

         {¶ 51} As for the trial court’s consideration of ORAS, the “algorithmization” of

sentencing is perhaps a good-faith attempt to remove unbridled discretion – and its

inherent biases – from sentencing. Compare State v. Lawson, 2018-Ohio-1532, 111

N.E.3d 98, ¶ 20-21 (2d Dist.) (Froelich, J., concurring). However, “recidivism risk modeling

still involves human choices about what characteristics and factors should be assessed,

what hierarchy governs their application, and what relative weight should be ascribed to

each.”     Hillman, The Use of Artificial Intelligence in Gauging the Risk of Recidivism, 58
                                                                                         -20-


The Judges Journal 40 (2019).

       {¶ 52} The court’s statement that the “moderate” score was “awfully high,” given

the lack of criminal history, could imply that the court believed there must be other factors

reflected in the score that increased Saylor’s probable recidivism. There is nothing on this

record to refute or confirm the relevance of Saylor’s ORAS score or any ORAS score.

Certainly, the law of averages is not the law. The trial court’s comment further suggested

that its own assessment of Saylor’s risk of recidivism differed from the ORAS score. The

decision of the trial court is not clearly and convincingly unsupported by the record,

regardless of any weight potentially given to the ORAS score by the trial court. Therefore,

on this record, I find no basis for reversal.




Copies sent to:

Samuel Adam Usmani
Adam James Stout
Hon. Nick A. Selvaggio
