                           NOT FOR PUBLICATION                           FILED
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                        JUL 25 2019
                                                                      MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                       U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

ARNOU AGHAMALIAN, AKA Arnou                     No.    18-56345
Aghomolian,
                                                D.C. Nos.    2:17-cv-08289-PA
                Petitioner-Appellant,                        2:98-cr-01038-PA-1

 v.
                                                MEMORANDUM*
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                Respondent-Appellee.

                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                      for the Central District of California
                    Percy Anderson, District Judge, Presiding

                       Argued and Submitted July 11, 2019
                              Pasadena, California

Before: M. SMITH and FRIEDLAND, Circuit Judges, and SIMON,** District
Judge.

      Arnou Aghamalian appeals the district court’s denial of his petition for a

writ of error coram nobis to vacate his 1998 conviction for access device fraud.

Aghamalian alleges that he received ineffective assistance of counsel because he


      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
      **
             The Honorable Michael H. Simon, United States District Judge for the
District of Oregon, sitting by designation.
was affirmatively misadvised about the immigration consequences of his guilty

plea. The district court dismissed Aghamalian’s petition on the grounds that its

filing was unduly delayed; that Aghamalian had failed to establish that his counsel

performed deficiently; and that Aghamalian had failed to establish prejudice.

Reviewing de novo, see United States v. Riedl, 496 F.3d 1003, 1005 (9th Cir.

2007), we reverse.

      1. “[T]he writ of error coram nobis is a highly unusual remedy, available

only to correct grave injustices in a narrow range of cases where no more

conventional remedy is applicable.” Id. To prevail on a petition for a writ of error

coram nobis, a petitioner must show four things: “(1) a more usual remedy is not

available; (2) valid reasons exist for not attacking the conviction earlier; (3)

adverse consequences exist from the conviction sufficient to satisfy the case or

controversy requirement of Article III; and (4) the error is of the most fundamental

character.” Id. at 1006 (quoting Hirabayashi v. United States, 828 F.2d 591, 604

(9th Cir. 1987)). A petitioner may satisfy the fourth factor, “the fundamental error

requirement[,] by establishing that he received ineffective assistance of counsel.”

United States v. Kwan, 407 F.3d 1005, 1014 (9th Cir. 2005), abrogated on other

grounds by Padilla v. Kentucky, 558 U.S. 356 (2010). To establish ineffective

assistance of counsel, Aghamalian must establish: “1) that his counsel’s

performance fell below an objective standard of reasonableness, and 2) that the


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deficiency in his counsel’s performance prejudiced him.” Id. at 1014-15 (citing

Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 688, 692 (1984)). The Government

argues that Aghamalian’s petition was untimely filed and that he has failed to

establish either prong of ineffective assistance of counsel.

      2. Aghamalian did not unduly delay the filing of his petition. “[T]he time

for filing a [writ of error coram nobis] petition is not subject to a specific statute of

limitations.” Id. at 1012 (quoting Telink, Inc. v. United States, 24 F.3d 42, 45 (9th

Cir. 1994)). Rather, “courts have required coram nobis petitioners to provide valid

or sound reasons explaining why they did not attack their sentences or convictions

earlier.” Id. Aghamalian has provided such reasons. Specifically, Aghamalian

could reasonably have thought that because he told officers with the Department of

Homeland Security about both his federal and state convictions, but was initially

charged as deportable based only on his state conviction, that his federal conviction

did not render him deportable—and, in turn, that the advice he received with

respect to his federal conviction was correct. It was therefore reasonable for

Aghamalian to challenge his federal conviction only after he was made aware both

that there were negative immigration consequences flowing from that conviction

and that the advice he received was incorrect with respect to that specific plea deal

and conviction.




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      3. Aghamalian has also established deficient performance. The parties agree

that if Aghamalian’s counsel affirmatively misrepresented the immigration

consequences of the plea and conviction, that constituted ineffective assistance

under Strickland. See Lee v. United States, 137 S. Ct. 1958, 1964 (2017).

      Here, the Government argues that Aghamalian did not receive incorrect

advice from Ramsey, his attorney of record in the case, but instead from Becker,

who had represented Aghamalian in a separate case. Aghamalian acknowledges

that it was Becker who first told him (incorrectly) that he could not be deported if

he were sentenced to less than one year. But Aghamalian also stated that Ramsey,

who was representing Aghamalian in the federal case at issue, told Aghamalian

that he agreed with Becker’s strategy.1 Aghamalian likewise stated in his

declaration that his attorney “told [him] that the conviction would not affect [his]

immigration status as long as [he] was sentenced to less than one year.” Ramsey’s

contemporaneous statement to the court at Aghamalian’s sentencing also conveyed

that same misinformation. Aghamalian has therefore established that Ramsey

affirmatively misadvised him about the consequences of his guilty plea.

      4. Finally, Aghamalian has established prejudice. To establish prejudice, a

petitioner must demonstrate “a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s

unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different.”


      1
          Becker’s declaration is not to the contrary.

                                            4
United States v. Rodriguez-Vega, 797 F.3d 781, 788 (9th Cir. 2015) (quoting

Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694). Where a petitioner challenges counsel’s advice with

respect to a plea agreement, a “different result” for purposes of establishing

prejudice “means ‘that but for counsel’s errors, [the petitioner] would . . . have gone

to trial’” or that “there existed a reasonable probability of negotiating a better

plea.” Id. (quoting United States v. Howard, 381 F.3d 873, 882 (9th Cir. 2004)).

      Contemporaneous evidence supports Aghamalian’s assertion that he would

not have pled guilty but for counsel’s incorrect advice. At the time of his guilty

plea, Aghamalian was relatively young and had strong family ties to the United

States. Ramsey’s statement at trial made clear that Aghamalian had investigated

the immigration consequences of his plea, and Becker’s declarations submitted in

support of Aghamalian’s post-conviction proceedings corroborate Aghamalian’s

own statements that immigration concerns were important to his decisionmaking at

the time. Additionally, Aghamalian’s contemporaneous decision to accept a

360-day sentence in a separate state case, as well as his decision in his federal case

to accept an 11-month sentence over a sentence of one year and one day, which

Ramsey told him would have resulted in him actually serving less than 11 months

(but that, under Ramsey’s incorrect advice, would have rendered him deportable),

lend support to Aghamalian’s claim that he would not have pled guilty if he had

been aware of the immigration consequences of his plea. There is also evidence to


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support Aghamalian’s assertion that he might have received a better plea bargain

had he been properly advised. Aghamalian has therefore established prejudice.

      For the reasons discussed, the district court’s denial of Aghamalian’s

petition for writ of error coram nobis is REVERSED. Each party shall bear its

own costs.




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