                                        No. 120,129

             IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF KANSAS

                                  PANTALEON FLOREZ III,
                                       Appellant,

                                             v.

                          RICK GINSBERG, SALLY ROBERTS,
                     PAUL MARKHAM, and UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS,
                                    Appellees.


                              SYLLABUS BY THE COURT

1.
       Whether a district court erred by granting a motion to dismiss is a question of law
subject to unlimited review. The appellate court will view the well-pleaded facts in a light
most favorable to the plaintiff and assume as true those facts and any inferences
reasonably drawn from them. If those facts and inferences state any claim upon which
relief can be granted, then dismissal is improper.


2.
       Kansas does not recognize a cause of action in tort for educational malpractice.


3.
       Courts must be careful not to reject all claims that arise out of a school
environment under the umbrella of educational malpractice. Instead, the specific facts of
each case must be considered in light of the relevant policy concerns that drive the
rejection of educational malpractice actions.




                                                1
4.
        To state a claim for negligent misrepresentation, a plaintiff must allege that (1)
defendant failed to exercise reasonable care in obtaining or communicating false
information, (2) plaintiff relied on the information that defendant supplied for their
benefit and guidance, and (3) plaintiff suffered damages in a transaction that defendant
intended to influence.


5.
        An appellate court has unlimited review over the interpretation and application of
a statute of limitations under the Kansas Consumer Protection Act.


6.
        A Kansas Consumer Protection Act claim becomes actionable, triggering the
limitations period, when the consumer becomes aggrieved. A consumer becomes
aggrieved when the consumer suffers legal harm, even if he or she fails to discover or
recognize the harm.


7.
        An appellate court reviews the district court's decision to deny a motion to alter or
amend the judgment using an abuse of discretion standard.


        Appeal from Douglas District Court; BARBARA KAY HUFF, judge. Opinion filed August 23,
2019. Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded with directions.


        Pantaleon Florez Jr., of Topeka, for appellant.


        Eric J. Aufdengarten and Michael C. Leitch, Office of the General Counsel, University of Kansas,
for appellees.


Before HILL, P.J., STANDRIDGE, J., and NEIL B. FOTH, District Judge, assigned.


                                                    2
       STANDRIDGE, J.: On May 23, 2016, Pantaleon Florez III filed a lawsuit against the
University of Kansas (KU); Dr. Rick Ginsberg, Dean of the KU School of Education; Dr.
Sally Roberts, Associate Dean of the KU School of Education; and Dr. Paul Markham,
Associate Professor within the KU School of Education (Defendants). In the lawsuit,
Florez alleged negligence and a violation of the Kansas Consumer Protection Act
(KCPA) based on information posted to the KU School of Education website that
misrepresented the requirements necessary to obtain an initial teaching license in Kansas.
The district court granted a motion to dismiss in favor of Defendants based on the court's
finding that Florez' negligence claim was actually a claim for educational malpractice,
which is not an actionable theory in Kansas, and its finding that the KCPA claim was
barred by the statute of limitations. Florez filed a motion to alter or amend the judgment,
but the district court denied his motion. On appeal, Florez argues the district court erred
in dismissing his claims. We agree. Accordingly, and for the reasons stated below, we
reverse the district court's order dismissing the petition and remand with directions for the
district court to reinstate the action and otherwise proceed in a manner consistent with
this decision.


                                           FACTS

       The following facts are taken from the petition filed by Florez and are assumed to
be true for purposes of reviewing the district court's ruling on Defendants' motion to
dismiss. See Cohen v. Battaglia, 296 Kan. 542, 545-46, 293 P.3d 752 (2013) (district
court's decision on motion to dismiss is subject to unlimited review and appellate court
must accept facts alleged by plaintiff as true).


       In 2012, Florez applied for and was accepted into the KU School of Education to
pursue a Master's degree in Curriculum and Instruction with an endorsement in Teaching
English to Speakers of Other Languages (TESOL). Florez successfully completed the
coursework and received his Master's degree in May 2014.


                                              3
       From the date Florez submitted his application in 2012 through the date Florez
received his Master's degree in 2014, KU represented on its official School of Education
website that the Curriculum and Instruction "[c]oursework fulfills the requirement for the
degree and a Kansas initial teaching license." During the relevant time period, each of the
Defendants knew that the representations made on the website were false because each of
the Defendants knew that a degree in Curriculum and Instruction from the KU School of
Education did not actually meet the qualifications necessary to obtain an initial teaching
license in Kansas.


       On May 21, 2014, Florez met with his advisor, Professor Markham. During this
meeting, Florez learned for the first time that, contrary to the representations on the
website, successful completion of the coursework and a degree in Curriculum and
Instruction from the KU School of Education failed to meet the qualifications necessary
to obtain an initial teaching license in Kansas. Professor Markham told Florez that the
Curriculum and Instruction coursework was not an initial licensure program. In response
to Florez' claim that the website stated otherwise, Professor Markham disagreed.


       Later that day, Florez e-mailed Dean Ginsberg about the issue. Ginsburg
confirmed that his degree failed to meet the qualifications necessary to obtain an initial
teaching license in Kansas and agreed with Professor Markham's opinion that the official
website did not represent that successful completion of the Curriculum and Instruction
coursework qualified him to obtain an initial teaching license in Kansas.


       On May 22, 2014, the day after Florez met with Professor Markham and
communicated by e-mail with Dean Ginsberg, Defendants removed from the website the
language upon which Florez relied to enroll in and pursue his degree in Curriculum and
Instruction and replaced it with new language. The new language stated that successful
completion of the coursework "'will prepare students for the PRAXIS exam required by



                                              4
the State of Kansas to add an endorsement. Successful completion of the exam will allow
the addition of the TESOL endorsement to a teaching license.'"


       At some point after May 21, 2014, Florez later met with Associate Dean Roberts
to discuss his situation. Roberts suggested to Florez that he enroll in an alternative
licensure program outside of KU. The program suggested by Roberts would require two
more years of education and cost over $10,000 in tuition alone.


       On May 23, 2016, Florez filed a lawsuit against Defendants seeking relief for
damages he sustained as a result of the false information posted on KU's official website.
The petition requested relief under a theory of common-law negligence and for violations
of the KCPA.


       Defendants filed a motion to dismiss both claims. With regard to the negligence
claim, Defendants argued it was actually a claim of educational malpractice, which is not
a cause of action recognized in Kansas. With regard to the KCPA claim, Defendants
argued it was time barred by the three-year statute of limitations.


       The district court granted Defendants' motion to dismiss on both claims. Florez
filed a motion to alter or amend the judgment on the KCPA claim, which the district
court denied.


                                         ANALYSIS

1. Negligence

       Florez argues the district court erred by misconstruing his negligence claim as one
for educational malpractice, which is not an actionable claim in Kansas.




                                              5
       Whether a district court erred by granting a motion to dismiss is a question of law
subject to unlimited review. The appellate court will view the well-pleaded facts in a light
most favorable to the plaintiff and assume as true those facts and any inferences
reasonably drawn from them. If those facts and inferences state any claim upon which
relief can be granted, then dismissal is improper. Cohen, 296 Kan. at 545-46.


       a. Educational malpractice

       There is no dispute between the parties here that Kansas does not recognize a
cause of action in tort for educational malpractice. See Finstad v. Washburn University,
252 Kan. 465, 477, 845 P.2d 685 (1993). Relevant here, the plaintiffs in Finstad sued
Washburn University for breach of contract and negligent supervision after the school
falsely stated in its catalog that its court reporting program was accredited. In actuality,
the program was only in the process of becoming accredited. The district court discussed
these two theories of recovery under the single heading, "'educational malpractice.'" 252
Kan. at 474. On appeal, the students did not object to this characterization of their claims
and, in fact, affirmatively asserted in their appellate brief that the issue before the court
was whether the court would recognize a claim of educational malpractice under the facts
presented. Thus, whether the court properly construed their breach of contract and
negligent supervision claims as educational malpractice was not an issue in the Finstad
case; the issue presented was whether educational malpractice should be recognized as an
actionable theory of liability in Kansas. The court concluded it was not.


               "The students do not offer a single valid reason why this court should create a
       cause of action against schools and/or teachers for negligence in education. . . .
               "The strong public policy reasons for not recognizing a tort action for educational
       malpractice are identified in Ross [v. Creighton University, 740 F. Supp. 1319 (N.D. Ill.
       1990), aff'd in part, rev'd in part 957 F.2d 410 (7th Cir. 1992)] and Donohue [v.
       Copiague USFD, 47 N.Y.2d 440, 418 N.Y.S.2d 375, 391 N.E.2d 1352 (1979)] as (1) a
       lack of a measurable standard of care; (2) inherent uncertainties as to the cause and nature



                                                    6
       of damages; (3) the potential for a flood of litigation; and (4) the courts' overseeing the
       day-to-day operation of the schools. We find these reasons to be compelling and the
       rationales of Ross and Donohue to be persuasive." 252 Kan. at 476-77.


       Notably, the Finstad court did not conclude that a negligence claim against a
university will always amount to educational malpractice. The Finstad court limited its
analysis to the viability of a claim for negligence based on the quality of education a
student receives. The court noted there are many factors that play into a student's
education—attitude, motivation, temperament, experience, and environment—and that
the causation element of a negligence claim based on the value or quality of education
would be very difficult to establish. To that end, the court cited the public policy
concerns expressed in other jurisdictions that previously had considered and rejected
educational malpractice as an actionable theory of liability. 252 Kan. at 477 (citing Ross
v. Creighton University, 740 F. Supp. 1319 [N.D. Ill. 1990], aff'd in part, rev'd in part
957 F.2d 410 [7th Cir. 1992], and Donohue v. Copiague UFSD, 47 N.Y.2d 440, 418
N.Y.S.2d 375, 391 N.E.2d 1352 [1979]).


       Presumably because it declined to recognize educational malpractice as a viable
cause of action in Kansas, the Finstad court did not expressly define the tort or identify
the elements that would have been necessary to establish such a claim. But the court
made clear that a claim of educational malpractice almost exclusively centers on a
school's failure to provide an effective education. See 252 Kan. at 474-77. And like a
claim of medical or legal malpractice, a claim of educational malpractice seeks to impose
upon schools a duty to furnish a certain quality of education suitable to each student as it
relates to teaching, supervising, placing, and testing students for competency and
academic performance. See Dobbs, The Law of Torts § 259 (2000); Davis, Examining
Educational Malpractice Jurisprudence: Should a Cause of Action Be Created for
Student-Athletes?, 69 Denv. U.L.Rev. 57, 61 (1992).




                                                     7
       Here, Florez alleged in his petition that Defendants knowingly placed false
information on the KU School of Education website declaring that successful completion
of a degree in Curriculum and Instruction would meet the qualifications necessary to
obtain an initial teaching license in Kansas. Unlike an educational malpractice claim,
Florez' negligence claim is not a challenge to classroom methodology, theories of
education, or the quality of the education he received. His claim is unrelated to academic
performance or the lack of expected skills. His claim does not bring into question internal
operations, curriculum or academic decisions of an educational institution, or any
assigned function of a school under state law. Finally, his claim does not interfere with
the legislative standards and policies of competency. In sum, we find the district court
erred in construing Florez' claim as one for educational malpractice.


       Although we recognize it is in the context of a federal court applying Kansas law,
our finding is supported by Jamieson v. Vatterott Educational Centers, Inc., 259 F.R.D.
520, 537 (D. Kan. 2009). In Jamieson, the plaintiffs first alleged the defendant university
and its employees negligently misrepresented that it "'had connections with Koch
Industries, Coleman, and many airline companies' and that these companies 'actively and
regularly sought Vatterott graduates.'" 259 F.R.D. at 537. When the plaintiffs found out
this was not true, they sued the college. The defendants argued the claim should be barred
under the reasoning in Finstad because prevailing would require evidence related to why
the plaintiffs were unable to secure a position with these employers. The district court
found Finstad was not implicated and did not bar the claim.


       "Unlike a complaint about the suitability of course materials or the competency of
       teachers, determining whether specified local employers 'actively and regularly sought
       Vatterott graduates' appears to involve an assertion of historical fact that would not
       require any inquiry into educational methods or policies. Nor does it necessarily require
       an examination of why a particular plaintiff was not hired. Finstad might be implicated if
       plaintiffs were to claim a loss of income from not being hired by these companies—such
       a claim would require evidence of why they were not hired. But insofar as plaintiffs


                                                    8
       merely claim they suffered monetary damages by paying tuition to Vatterott—tuition
       they would not have paid but for the misrepresentation—Finstad is not implicated and
       does not bar the claim." 259 F.R.D. at 537.


       Thus, Jamieson suggests Finstad will not apply when the public policy reasons for
prohibiting an educational malpractice claim are not implicated.


       "[W]hen students allege that educational institutions have failed to provide specifically
       promised services—for example, a failure to offer any classes at all or a failure to deliver
       a promised number of hours of instruction—such claims have been upheld on the basis of
       the law of contracts. The latter type of claims would presumably be actionable as well
       under a theory of misrepresentation or consumer fraud. Examples of representations that
       could permit a cause of action would be where a trade school . . . 'has asserted that it is
       accredited or licensed to give a certain degree and it is later discovered that this is false.'
       [Citation omitted.]" 259 F.R.D. at 538.


       The Jamieson court denied the defendant's motion to dismiss plaintiffs'
misrepresentation claim because the claim was grounded on an objective fact that easily
could be confirmed. The Jamieson court granted the defendant's motion to dismiss on
plaintiffs' claim that they received insufficient training to pass a competency exam. 259
F.R.D. at 538-39. The court construed the insufficient training claim as one for
educational malpractice because it alleged inadequacies related to a subjective issue
regarding the general quality of education the students received rather than an issue
regarding whether an objective fact was misrepresented. 259 F.R.D. at 539.


       Like the court in Jamieson, we must be careful not to reject all claims that arise
out of a school environment under the umbrella of educational malpractice. Instead, the
specific facts of each case must be considered in light of the relevant policy concerns that
drive the rejection of educational malpractice actions. See Finstad, 252 Kan. at 477.




                                                      9
       b. Negligent misrepresentation

       Having determined the district court erred in construing Florez' negligence claim
as one for educational malpractice, we now must determine whether Florez' common-law
claim of negligent misrepresentation is sufficient to survive a motion to dismiss. In
making this determination, we assume the facts alleged by Florez in his petition are true
and construe any inferences reasonably drawn from those facts in a light most favorable
to him. Cohen, 296 Kan. at 545-46.


       The Kansas Supreme Court adopted negligent misrepresentation as an actionable
tort in 1994. See Mahler v. Keenan Real Estate, Inc., 255 Kan. 593, 604-05, 876 P.2d 609
(1994). To state a claim for negligent misrepresentation, a plaintiff must allege that (1)
defendant failed to exercise reasonable care in obtaining or communicating false
information, (2) plaintiffs relied on the information that defendant supplied for their
benefit and guidance, and (3) plaintiffs suffered damages in a transaction that defendant
intended to influence. Stechschulte v. Jennings, 297 Kan. 2, 22, 298 P.3d 1083 (2013).


       In his petition, Florez claims that


    During the relevant time period from 2012 through 2014, the KU Department of
       Education's official website stated that a degree in Curriculum and Instruction
       qualified the recipient of that degree to receive an initial teaching license in
       Kansas.
    During the relevant time period from 2012 through 2014, a degree in Curriculum
       and Instruction from the KU School of Education did not qualify the recipient of
       that degree to receive an initial teaching license in Kansas.
    Defendants knew or should have known that they posted false information on the
       KU School of Education website declaring that successful completion of a degree




                                              10
      in Curriculum and Instruction would meet the qualifications necessary to obtain an
      initial teaching license in Kansas.
    Defendants owed Florez a duty to exercise reasonable care by posting accurate
      information regarding whether a degree in Curriculum and Instruction from the
      KU School of Education qualified the recipient of that degree to receive an initial
      teaching license in Kansas.
    Defendants breached their duty to exercise reasonable care by publishing false or
      misleading information regarding whether a degree in Curriculum and Instruction
      form the KU School of Education qualified the recipient of that degree to receive
      an initial teaching license in Kansas.
    The individual Defendants were acting within the scope of their employment with
      KU at the time of their negligent conduct; thus, KU is liable under the doctrine of
      respondeat superior.
    As a result of Defendants' negligent acts, Florez has suffered and will continue to
      suffer monetary damages.
    As a result of Defendants' negligent acts, Florez has suffered emotional distress,
      embarrassment, humiliation, and damage to his reputation, as well as actual out-
      of-pocket expenses.


      Viewing the allegations in Florez' petition in a light most favorable to him, and
assuming as true the facts alleged and any inferences reasonably drawn from them, we
find Florez successfully has stated an actionable claim of negligent misrepresentation
against Defendants. See Cohen, 296 Kan. at 545-46.


2. KCPA

      Although the district court acknowledged that Florez had alleged sufficient facts to
state a claim upon which relief could be granted under the KCPA, the court ultimately




                                               11
granted Defendants' motion to dismiss that claim based on a finding that it was time-
barred based on the applicable statute of limitations.


       We have unlimited review over the interpretation and application of a statute of
limitations under the KCPA. Four Seasons Apts. v. AAA Glass Service, Inc., 37 Kan.
App. 2d 248, 250, 152 P.3d 101 (2007). Florez' KCPA claim is governed by the three-
year statute of limitations in K.S.A. 60-512(2). See Alexander v. Certified Master
Builders Corp., 268 Kan. 812, 824, 1 P.3d 899 (2000); Golden v. Den-Mat Corporation,
47 Kan. App. 2d 450, Syl. ¶ 6, 276 P.3d 773 (2012). A KCPA claim becomes
actionable—triggering the limitations period—when the consumer suffers legal harm or,
in the words of the KCPA, is "aggrieved." K.S.A. 50-634; see Finstad, 252 Kan. at 472;
Four Seasons Apts., 37 Kan. App. 2d 248, Syl. ¶ 10. The limitations period starts running
when the consumer becomes aggrieved, even if he or she fails to recognize the harm.
Four Seasons Apts., 37 Kan. App. 2d 248, Syl. ¶ 10. A consumer may be aggrieved under
the KCPA without having suffered a direct monetary loss; acting on a statutorily defined
deceptive or unconscionable practice to select a provider of covered goods or services
may be enough. See Via Christi Regional Med. Center, Inc. v. Reed, 298 Kan. 503, 519,
314 P.3d 852 (2013) (direct financial loss not necessary for KCPA violation).


       In the district court's analysis of whether Florez suffered a legal harm and became
aggrieved as defined by the KCPA, it reviewed the facts set forth by Florez in the
petition: "[Florez] alleges that he applied to and entered into the [KU] School of
Education on some undisclosed date in 2012 and that he was induced to do so in part
because of alleged misrepresentations on the website relating to licensure for teaching."
Based on these allegations, the court determined that the KCPA cause of action accrued
in 2012, when Florez first enrolled in KU's School of Education Curriculum and
Instruction program. The court ultimately held that the KCPA claim—filed by Florez on
May 23, 2016—was barred by the applicable statute of limitations because it was filed
more than three years after it accrued.


                                             12
       On appeal, Florez challenges the district court's determination that he became an
aggrieved consumer in 2012 when he enrolled. Specifically, Florez claims he did not
suffer a legal harm (and therefore aggrieved) until he discovered on May 21, 2014, that
successful completion of KU's School of Education Curriculum and Instruction program
did not qualify him for an initial teaching license as represented on KU's official website.
But K.S.A. 60-512(2) does not provide a discovery provision allowing a claim under the
KCPA to be tolled. And this court uniformly has refused to apply a tolling provision to
claims brought under the KCPA. Bonura v. Sifers, 39 Kan. App. 2d 617, 635, 181 P.3d
1277 (2008); see also Louisburg Building & Development Co. v. Albright, 45 Kan. App.
2d 618, 629, 252 P.3d 597 (2011) (KCPA has three-year statute of limitations which
starts running with occurrence of alleged conduct constituting violation, not discovery of
violations); Campbell v. Hubbard, 41 Kan. App. 2d 1, 7, 201 P.3d 702 (2008) ("[T]he
time limit for bringing a claim under the KCPA begins when the KCPA violation
occurs."); Four Seasons Apts., 37 Kan. App. 2d at 250-51 (discovery rule does not apply
to KCPA cases).


       As properly identified by the district court, the real question in determining
whether the statute of limitations has run is not when Florez actually discovered he had
suffered a legal harm, but the point at which Florez actually suffered the legal harm. We
agree with the district court that Florez suffered a legal harm and became aggrieved in
2012 when, in his words, he was induced to enroll in the program based on website
misrepresentations relating to licensure for teaching. But the district court's finding is
predicated on the assumption that Florez relied on the website misrepresentations only
when he initially enrolled in 2012. Assuming as true the facts alleged in the petition—as
well as any inferences that we can reasonably draw from those facts—we construe the
allegations in Florez' petition more broadly. Viewed in a light most favorable to Florez,
the facts in his petition encompass a claim that he suffered a separate legal harm each
time he relied on website misrepresentations to pay a new round of tuition and enroll in
new classes within the Curriculum and Instruction program. In other words, the facts


                                              13
alleged by Florez could support multiple claims for relief under the KCPA, each of which
may have accrued on a separate and distinct date. Although Florez is precluded from
pursuing the KCPA claim that accrued in 2012 when he initially paid tuition for and
enrolled in a particular number of classes within the Curriculum and Instruction program,
Florez must be given an opportunity to engage in discovery and develop additional facts
to support a claim that he suffered a legal harm and became an aggrieved consumer under
the KCPA in the three years preceding May 23, 2016.


3. Motion to alter or amend judgment

       After the district court dismissed his case, Florez filed a motion to alter or amend
the judgment in which he argued that KU violated the KCPA in May 2014 when it
removed the alleged misrepresentation from its website. Florez characterized KU's
conduct as a "bait-and-switch" tactic, which is prohibited by the KCPA. The district court
denied the motion. Florez appeals from that decision, arguing that the court erred by
failing to address the merits of his claim that he was baited in 2012 when KU
misrepresented the requirements necessary to obtain an initial teaching license and KU
switched the represented outcome in 2014 when KU removed the misrepresentation from
its website.


       We review the district court's decision to deny a motion to alter or amend the
judgment using an abuse of discretion standard. Exploration Place, Inc. v. Midwest
Drywall Co., 277 Kan. 898, 900, 89 P.3d 536 (2004). An abuse of discretion occurs when
(1) no reasonable person would take the view adopted by the trial court, (2) the ruling is
based on an error of law, or (3) the ruling is based on an error of fact. Bd. of Cherokee
County Comm'rs v. Kansas Racing & Gaming Comm'n, 306 Kan. 298, 323, 393 P.3d 601
(2017). In this case, we find no abuse of discretion.




                                             14
       A bait-and-switch claim is governed by K.S.A. 2018 Supp. 50-626(b)(5), which
prohibits "offering property or services without intent to sell them." Manley v. Wichita
Business College, 237 Kan. 427, 436, 701 P.2d 893 (1985). In Manley, our Supreme
Court described this tactic as follows:


       "'Bait advertising is an alluring but insincere offer to sell a product or service which the
       advertiser in truth does not intend or want to sell. Its purpose is to switch consumers from
       buying the advertised merchandise, in order to sell something else, usually at a higher
       price or on a basis more advantageous to the advertiser. The primary aim of the bait
       advertisement is to obtain leads as to persons interested in buying merchandise of the
       type so advertised.'" 237 Kan. at 436 (quoting 16 C.F.R. § 238.0 [1985]).


       The facts alleged by Florez do not reflect a bait-and-switch operation. And even if
facts supported a bait-and-switch scheme, Florez does not claim that KU's decision to
remove the alleged misrepresentation from its website caused him to suffer a legal harm
and become an aggrieved consumer under the KCPA. Florez' petition makes clear that he
is alleging Defendants' conduct caused legal harm in the form of his inability to qualify
for an initial teaching license after successfully completing the program. The decision to
remove the alleged misrepresentation from the KU website may be relevant to whether
Defendants knew or should have known the information posted was false but it is
immaterial to the issue of when Florez suffered a legal harm and became an aggrieved
consumer. For these reasons, we conclude the district court did not abuse its discretion by
denying Florez' motion to alter or amend judgment.


       Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded with directions to reinstate
Florez' petition.




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