           IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                    FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT United States Court of Appeals
                                                   Fifth Circuit

                                                                            FILED
                                                                         February 12, 2008
                                     No. 07-51020
                                   Summary Calendar                   Charles R. Fulbruge III
                                                                              Clerk

ALFRED E. EHM

                                                  Plaintiff-Appellant
v.

SAN ANTONIO CITY COUNCIL

                                                  Defendant-Appellee


                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                        for the Western District of Texas
                                 No. 5:07-CV-365


Before JONES, Chief Judge, and HIGGINBOTHAM and CLEMENT, Circuit
Judges.
PER CURIAM:*
       Alfred E. Ehm, proceeding pro se, appeals the district court’s dismissal
without prejudice of his pro se civil rights action for lack of standing. We
AFFIRM.
       Ehm, a taxpaying resident of San Antonio, Texas (“City”), alleges that the
San Antonio City Council (“City Council”) violated the Equal Protection Clause
of the United States Constitution and various provisions of the Texas
Constitution. He contends that the City Council acted unconstitutionally by

       *
         Pursuant to 5TH CIR. R. 47.5, the court has determined that this opinion should not
be published and is not precedent except under the limited circumstances set forth in 5TH CIR.
R. 47.5.4.
                                  No. 06-11187

enacting an ordinance on January 5, 2006, that approved an amended
agreement for services in lieu of annexation between the City and Lumberman’s
Investment Corporation (“Lumberman’s”). The City agreed not to annex almost
3,000 acres of land that Lumberman’s owned and intended to develop into a
master-planned community with golf courses and hotels.                 In return,
Lumberman’s agreed to impose certain wage standards on the planned hotels
and golf courses. Ehm alleges that “the non-annexation agreement prevents the
City from collecting any sort of municipal tax” on Lumberman’s land. He claims
that this forfeiture of municipal taxes violates both the federal and Texas
constitutions because, inter alia, it reduces the City’s potential tax revenue. The
district court concluded that Ehm lacked standing to bring his claim; thus, the
court lacked subject matter jurisdiction.
      Standing is a jurisdictional question, and thus a question of law that is
reviewed de novo by this court. See James v. City of Dallas, 254 F.3d 551, 562
(5th Cir. 2001). “[B]efore a federal court can consider the merits of a legal claim,
the person seeking to invoke jurisdiction of the court must establish the requisite
standing to sue.” Whitmore v. Arkansas, 495 U.S. 149, 154 (1990). Ehm argues
that he has standing as a municipal taxpayer to challenge the City Council’s
ordinance. The Supreme Court has generally denied federal and state taxpayers
standing under Article III to object to particular expenditures of federal or state
funds simply because they are taxpayers. See DaimlerChrysler Corp. v. Cuno,
126 S. Ct. 1854, 1862-64 (2006). But the Court has “noted with approval the
standing of municipal residents to enjoin the ‘illegal use of the moneys of a
municipal corporation,’ relying on ‘the peculiar relation of the corporate taxpayer
to the corporation’ to distinguish such a case from the general bar on taxpayer
suits.” Id. at 1865 (quoting Frothingham v. Mellon, 262 U.S. 447, 486-87 (1923));
see also ASARCO Inc. v. Kadish, 490 U.S. 605, 613-14 (1989) (opinion of
Kennedy, J.) (recognizing distinction between federal and state taxpayer

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standing and municipal taxpayer standing).
       To establish standing under Article III, “[a] plaintiff must allege personal
injury fairly traceable to the defendant’s allegedly unlawful conduct and likely
to be redressed by the requested relief.” Allen v. Wright, 468 U.S. 737, 751
(1984) (discussing the injury, causation, and redressability requirements of
standing). A plaintiff meets the “injury” requirement of municipal taxpayer
standing if he shows that “he pays taxes to the relevant entity” and “tax
revenues are expended on the disputed practice.”                   See Doe v. Duncanville
Independent School Dist., 70 F.3d 402, 408 (5th Cir. 1995) (municipal taxpayers
lack standing to challenge school district’s policy of permitting private group to
distribute Bibles to students when there is no evidence that district expended
any funds on distribution); Cammack v. Waihee, 932 F.2d 765, 770 (9th Cir.
1991) (“[M]unicipal taxpayer standing is only available when there is an
expenditure of municipal funds alleged.”).1 Other circuits have indicated that
municipal taxpayer standing may also be available when there is a potential loss
of public revenue from municipal dispositions of government property.2 Ehm has
failed to allege either an unlawful expenditure of municipal funds or a potential

       1
         See also Ward v. Santa Fe Independent School Dist., 393 F.3d 599, 606 (5th Cir. 2004)
(municipal taxpayers lack standing to challenge school district’s policy of prohibiting students
from including prayer in pre-football game messages because they do not allege that tax
revenue is expended on policy); Cammack, 932 F.2d at 770 (municipal taxpayer has standing
to challenge city’s expenditure of public funds on Good Friday holiday); United States v. City
of New York, 972 F.2d 464, 471 (2d Cir. 1992) (municipal taxpayer has standing to challenge
New York City’s expenditure of funds on sludge removal contracts); District of Columbia
Common Cause v. District of Columbia, 858 F.2d 1, 8-9 (D.C. Cir. 1988) (municipal taxpayers
have standing to challenge District of Columbia’s expenditure of public funds to oppose citizens’
initiative).
       2
          See Hawley v. City of Cleveland, 773 F.2d 736, 740-42 (7th Cir. 1985) (municipal
taxpayers have standing if they can demonstrate that rental of city property to religious group
for less than market value will result in loss of public revenue); see also Barnes-Wallace v. City
of San Diego, 471 F.3d 1038, 1046 (9th Cir. 2006) (municipal taxpayers do not have standing
to challenge city’s leasing of public park land to Boy Scouts for $1 per year or less because,
inter alia, “[t]here is no evidence that, if the leases were invalidated, the City would use the
land to generate revenue”).

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loss of revenue from the disposition of government property. Therefore, he lacks
standing as a municipal taxpayer.
      The judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.




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