                         NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
                                File Name: 20a0283n.06

                                           No. 19-5891

                          UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                               FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                                                                       FILED
 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                               )                       May 19, 2020
                                                         )                   DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
        Plaintiff-Appellee,                              )
                                                         )
 v.                                                      )       ON APPEAL FROM THE
                                                         )       UNITED STATES DISTRICT
 THOMAS J. BIGSTAFF, III,                                )       COURT FOR THE EASTERN
                                                         )       DISTRICT OF KENTUCKY
        Defendant-Appellant.                             )
                                                         )


       Before: GILMAN, KETHLEDGE, and MURPHY, Circuit Judges.

       KETHLEDGE, Circuit Judge. Thomas Bigstaff pled guilty to growing marijuana plants

on his Kentucky farm. The district court sentenced him to the mandatory minimum of 60 months’

imprisonment, based on its finding that Bigstaff was responsible for 6,884 marijuana plants.

Bigstaff argues that he was responsible for only 93 plants. We reject his arguments and affirm.

       Bigstaff owned 450 acres on which he maintained a greenhouse business and his home.

Across the street from this property, Bigstaff also managed 850 acres that belonged to his

neighbors, Walter and Whitney Jones. In 2017, the Kentucky State Police flew over these two

properties and spotted marijuana plants. During a later search of the properties, officers seized 93

plants from a trailer near Bigstaff’s home, 2,585 plants from seven outdoor plots spread across his

property, and 4,206 plants from a single outdoor plot on the Joneses’ property. Bigstaff admitted

that he grew the plants in the trailer, but denied any involvement with the outdoor plants. He later
No. 19-5891, United States v. Bigstaff


pled guilty to the manufacture of 100 or more marijuana plants, in violation of 21 U.S.C.

§ 841(a)(1).

       During a two-day sentencing hearing, the government presented evidence that the outdoor

plants had been transplanted as seedlings from another site, that Bigstaff’s trailer had equipment

for transplanting seedlings, and that the outdoor grow sites on both properties were part of a single

operation. Bigstaff’s former daughter-in-law also testified that she had repeatedly seen Bigstaff

in close proximity to the outdoor sites. Bigstaff’s only witness testified—not credibly, in the

district court’s opinion—that he had hunted on “every inch” of the properties, but had never seen

the marijuana plots. The court found over Bigstaff’s objection that he was responsible for all 6,884

plants on the properties—the equivalent of 688 kilograms of marijuana. The presentence report

recited a mandatory-minimum sentence of 60 months. Bigstaff later argued that he was eligible

for an exception (the “safety valve”) to the mandatory minimum.                    See 21 U.S.C.

§ 841(b)(1)(B)(vii); 18 U.S.C. § 3553(f). The court disagreed, finding that Bigstaff had not

provided the government with a full and truthful account of his involvement with the outdoor

marijuana plants. The court then sentenced Bigstaff to the mandatory-minimum sentence of

60 months. This appeal followed.

       Bigstaff first argues that the district court erred when it found him responsible for the

outdoor plants.    The government must prove drug quantity to the sentencing court by a

preponderance of the evidence, and we review the court’s finding for clear error. United States v.

Russell, 595 F.3d 633, 646 (6th Cir. 2010).

       Bigstaff disputes only that he grew the outdoor plants. At sentencing, the government

presented evidence that the outdoor plants on Bigstaff’s property had been transplanted using

cloning materials from another location, and that cloning materials had been found in Bigstaff’s



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No. 19-5891, United States v. Bigstaff


trailer (along with the 93 marijuana plants there). Some of the outdoor plots were only a few

hundred yards from either Bigstaff’s home, business, or trailer; the road leading to the largest plots

passed by Bigstaff’s home. And the plots were conspicuous: there were clearings with trees felled

by chainsaws, a plot surrounded by barbed wire, stumps painted green to avoid aerial detection,

campsites, and basins and tubes for irrigation. The marijuana plot on the Joneses’ property

likewise had equipment out in the open, a campsite, and painted green stumps. Although Bigstaff

did not own or rent this property, a government witness testified that Bigstaff controlled access to

it by means of a locked gate. Moreover, Bigstaff’s former daughter-in-law, Kristianna Apodaca,

testified that Bigstaff actively participated in the cultivation of the outdoor marijuana. Bigstaff

suggests that various tenants and lessees might have been responsible for the outdoor plants, but

Apodaca testified that the marijuana plots were present before those third parties arrived on the

property.     Ample evidence therefore supports the district court’s finding that Bigstaff was

responsible for all the plants seized on the properties.

       That conclusion likewise forecloses Bigstaff’s argument that he was eligible for safety-

valve relief, since he concedes that he denied to law enforcement that he had any involvement with

the outdoor plants. See 18 U.S.C. § 3553(f)(5); United States v. Barron, 940 F.3d 903, 917 (6th

Cir. 2019).

       The district court’s judgment is affirmed.




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