[Cite as Smith v. McBride, 130 Ohio St.3d 51, 2011-Ohio-4674.]




          SMITH, APPELLANT, v. MCBRIDE ET AL.; CLINTON TOWNSHIP,
                                   APPELLEE, ET AL.
        [Cite as Smith v. McBride, 130 Ohio St.3d 51, 2011-Ohio-4674.]
The absence of a mutual-aid agreement between two jurisdictions is not
        determinative of whether a peace officer who leaves his jurisdiction is on
        an emergency call for purposes of R.C. 2744.01(A) and 2744.02(B)(1)(a).
 (No. 2010-0809—Submitted April 20, 2011, at the Guernsey County Session—
                             Decided September 20, 2011.)
     APPEAL from the Court of Appeals for Franklin County, No. 09AP-571,
                                    2010-Ohio-1222.
                                 __________________
                               SYLLABUS OF THE COURT
The absence of a mutual-aid agreement between two jurisdictions is not
        determinative of whether a peace officer who leaves his jurisdiction is on
        an emergency call for purposes of R.C. 2744.01(A) and 2744.02(B)(1)(a).
                                 __________________
        CUPP, J.
        {¶ 1} In this political-subdivision-immunity case, a township police
officer was involved in a motor-vehicle accident outside his own jurisdiction
while responding to a general dispatch call for assistance from an officer in
another jurisdiction. At issue is whether the police officer can be considered to
have been on an emergency call at the time of the accident for purposes of R.C.
Chapter 2744 when the evidence is insufficient to establish the existence of a
mutual-aid agreement between the jurisdictions. We hold that he can, because
application of the immunity statutes in this case does not depend on whether a
mutual-aid agreement existed. Accordingly, we affirm the judgment of the court
of appeals.
                                  SUPREME COURT OF OHIO




                            I. Facts and Procedural History
           {¶ 2} Late in the evening of March 14, 2006, Clinton Township Police
Sergeant Travis Carpenter1 was at his police headquarters in Clinton Township,
an unincorporated area of Franklin County, when he heard a general dispatch call
from a Franklin County sheriff’s deputy requesting assistance because the deputy
was on foot and was pursuing a fleeing suspect. The call originated about two
miles from Carpenter’s location in what Carpenter knew to be a high-crime area
outside of Clinton Township’s jurisdiction.
           {¶ 3} Carpenter immediately headed to the location in a marked police
cruiser.     Although Carpenter was speeding, he was not using his siren or
emergency lights. Driving east in light traffic on Morse Road, he approached the
intersection with Chesford Road. Carpenter had a green light to proceed through
the intersection, which is located in the city of Columbus, a third jurisdiction.
           {¶ 4} Just prior to Carpenter’s entry into the intersection, a vehicle that
had been traveling west on Morse Road made a left turn in front of him to go
south on Chesford Road. That vehicle was closely followed by a second vehicle,
which also attempted to make a left turn onto Chesford Road. The latter vehicle
and Carpenter’s cruiser collided in the intersection.
           {¶ 5} The speed limit on Morse Road at this location was 45 miles per
hour. Evidence in the record indicates that Carpenter was traveling about 64
miles per hour at the time.
           {¶ 6} Vashawn McBride was the driver of the vehicle that collided with
the cruiser, and he was severely injured in the crash. Plaintiff-appellant, Lea




1. Carpenter is not an appellee in this appeal, even though all the filings list him as such. As is
detailed in this opinion, his personal liability was resolved in his favor in the courts below, and
that issue has not been appealed. He therefore cannot be individually liable no matter how this
case is resolved.




                                                2
                                  January Term, 2011




Smith, a passenger in McBride’s vehicle who was asleep at the time of the
accident, was also injured.
        {¶ 7} Smith filed a personal-injury suit naming as defendants, inter alia,
McBride, Carpenter, and Clinton Township,2 among others.                    After filing
depositions in the case, Carpenter and Clinton Township moved for summary
judgment, asserting that they were entitled to immunity under R.C. Chapter 2744.
The trial court granted the motion for summary judgment as to both parties,
concluding that because Carpenter had a professional obligation to respond to the
dispatch, he was on an emergency call for purposes of R.C. 2744.01(A) and
2744.02(B)(1)(a). The trial court also determined that Carpenter had not engaged
in willful or wanton misconduct for purposes of R.C. 2744.02(B)(1)(a). Finally,
the trial court determined that Carpenter’s behavior had not been reckless for
purposes of R.C. 2744.03(A)(6).
        {¶ 8} The trial court later granted Smith’s motion for Civ.R. 54(B)
certification, and she took an immediate appeal of the immunity issues.
        {¶ 9} In her appeal to the Tenth District Court of Appeals, Smith
contended that Clinton Township was not entitled to immunity under R.C.
2744.01(A) and 2744.02(B)(1)(a), because the record did not establish that there
was a mutual-aid agreement between Clinton Township and Franklin County.
Smith argued that in the absence of such an agreement, Carpenter did not have a
professional obligation to respond to the dispatch that ultimately caused him to be
at the intersection outside of his jurisdiction where the accident occurred and,
thus, summary judgment was improper.             Smith also asserted that summary
judgment should not have been granted because under R.C. 2744.02(B)(1)(a) and
2744.03(A)(6)(b), Carpenter’s operation of his cruiser was reckless and
constituted wanton misconduct.

2. Smith actually named the Clinton Township Police Department as a defendant, but Clinton
Township was later substituted for the Clinton Township Police Department.




                                            3
                             SUPREME COURT OF OHIO




        {¶ 10} The appellate court, in a divided decision, affirmed the trial court’s
grant of summary judgment in all respects.
        {¶ 11} We accepted Smith’s appeal under our discretionary jurisdiction
for review of two propositions of law. 126 Ohio St.3d 1543, 2010-Ohio-3855,
932 N.E.2d 338. The first proposition asserts that absent a mutual-aid agreement
or equivalent legislative resolution, a police officer does not have a professional
obligation to respond to a call outside his jurisdiction when he is not engaged in
hot pursuit and therefore cannot be on an emergency call for purposes of
immunity under R.C. Chapter 2744 when responding. The second proposition
asserts that such an agreement must be in writing. Because we hold with regard
to the first proposition that such an agreement is not necessary, we need not
address Smith’s second proposition.
                                    II. Analysis
        {¶ 12} Summary judgment is appropriate when an examination of all
relevant materials filed in the action reveals that “there is no genuine issue as to
any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of
law.”    Civ.R. 56(C).     Our determination whether summary judgment was
appropriate is made upon a de novo review. Comer v. Risko, 106 Ohio St.3d 185,
2005-Ohio-4559, 833 N.E.2d 712, ¶ 8.
                               A. R.C. Chapter 2744
        {¶ 13} In determining whether a political subdivision is immune from tort
liability under R.C. Chapter 2744, courts apply a three-tiered analysis. Colbert v.
Cleveland, 99 Ohio St.3d 215, 2003-Ohio-3319, 790 N.E.2d 781, ¶ 7; Lambert v.
Clancy, 125 Ohio St.3d 231, 2010-Ohio-1483, 927 N.E.2d 585, ¶ 8. The first tier
involves the general grant of immunity of R.C. 2744.02(A)(1), which provides
that “a political subdivision is not liable in damages in a civil action for injury,
death, or loss to person or property allegedly caused by any act or omission of the




                                          4
                                  January Term, 2011




political subdivision or an employee of the political subdivision in connection
with a governmental or proprietary function.”
        {¶ 14} Political-subdivision immunity is not absolute, however.               The
second tier of the analysis focuses on the five exceptions to immunity listed in
R.C. 2744.02(B), which can expose the political subdivision to liability. Colbert
at ¶ 8; Lambert at ¶ 9. In cases involving the alleged negligent operation of a
motor vehicle by an employee of a political subdivision, the second tier of the
analysis includes consideration of whether the specific defenses of R.C.
2744.02(B)(1)(a) through (c) apply to negate the immunity exception of R.C.
2744.02(B)(1). Colbert at ¶ 8.
        {¶ 15} If any of the exceptions to immunity of R.C. 2744.02(B) do apply,
and if no defense in that section applies to negate the liability of the political
subdivision under that section, then the third tier of the analysis requires an
assessment of whether any defenses in R.C. 2744.03 apply to reinstate immunity.
Id. at ¶ 9; Lambert at ¶ 9.3
                      B. R.C. 2744.02(B)(1)(a) and 2744.01(A)
        {¶ 16} The statutes central to the resolution of this case are R.C.
2744.02(B)(1)(a) and 2744.01(A).            Under R.C. 2744.02(B)(1), a political
subdivision is generally liable for injury, death, or loss caused by the negligent
operation of a motor vehicle by one of its employees acting in the scope of
employment. However, a political subdivision is granted a full defense to this
liability by R.C. 2744.02(B)(1)(a) if the employee was “[a] member of [the]
municipal corporation police department or any other police agency [and] was
operating [the] motor vehicle while responding to an emergency call and the
operation of the vehicle did not constitute willful or wanton misconduct.”


3. For an individual employee of a political subdivision, a different analysis applies. See
Lambert, 125 Ohio St.3d 231, 2010-Ohio-1483, 927 N.E.2d 585, at ¶ 10; Cramer v. Auglaize
Acres, 113 Ohio St.3d 266, 2007-Ohio-1946, 865 N.E.2d 9, ¶ 17; R.C. 2744.03(A)(6).




                                            5
                              SUPREME COURT OF OHIO




        {¶ 17} “Emergency call” is defined in R.C. 2744.01(A) as “a call to duty,
including, but not limited to, communications from citizens, police dispatches,
and personal observations by peace officers of inherently dangerous situations
that demand an immediate response on the part of a peace officer.”
        {¶ 18} R.C. 2744.02(B)(1)(a), therefore, provides a full defense to a
political subdivision for motor-vehicle liability when its three conditions are met:
(1) the vehicle’s operator was a member of the municipal corporation’s police
department, (2) the officer was responding to an emergency call, and (3) the
operation of the vehicle did not constitute willful or wanton misconduct.
        {¶ 19} The appeals court affirmed the trial court’s finding that Carpenter’s
operation of his vehicle did not constitute willful or wanton misconduct for
purposes of R.C. 2744.02(B)(1)(a). Because Smith has not appealed that aspect
of the court of appeals’ decision, that matter has been conclusively determined in
Clinton Township’s favor. In addition, Smith has not appealed from the appellate
court’s holding that Carpenter did not act in a wanton or reckless manner for
purposes of R.C. 2744.03(A)(6)(b). Consequently, Carpenter’s personal liability
is not at issue before this court.
        {¶ 20} The only relevant issue before us, then, is whether Carpenter could
have been on an emergency call for purposes of R.C. 2744.02(B)(1)(a) and
2744.01(A) in the absence of a mutual-aid agreement between Clinton Township
and Franklin County.       Asked another way, was Carpenter’s response to the
dispatch call for assistance precluded from being an emergency call under the
statutes if Carpenter’s employing jurisdiction and the jurisdiction where the call
originated did not have a mutual-aid agreement that required Carpenter to respond
outside his own jurisdiction?
                                C. Colbert v. Cleveland
        {¶ 21} In Colbert, 99 Ohio St.3d 215, 2003-Ohio-3319, 790 N.E.2d 781,
at ¶ 1, this court noted that a political subdivision generally will not be liable for




                                          6
                                  January Term, 2011




damages caused by a police officer’s negligent operation of a motor vehicle if the
officer was responding to an emergency call when the accident occurred. In that
case, we held that an emergency call for R.C. 2744.01(A) purposes need not
involve an inherently dangerous situation, and we adopted a broader definition of
“emergency call” that turns on whether an officer was acting pursuant to a call to
duty at the time of the accident. Id. at ¶ 10-11.
        {¶ 22} Colbert involved two Cleveland police officers on patrol in the
early morning hours who witnessed what they believed was a drug deal in a high-
crime area. Id. at ¶ 3. The officers then pursued the suspects’ vehicle in their
patrol car but did not activate their emergency lights or siren or summon backup.
Id. At an intersection, the officer driving the patrol car stopped and looked both
ways, but upon entering the intersection, the patrol car was struck by a vehicle
driven by an uninvolved third party, who subsequently sued the city of Cleveland
for his injuries. Id. at ¶ 4-5.
        {¶ 23} In construing the statutory meaning of the phrase “a call to duty” in
Colbert, we focused on the dictionary definition of “duty” as “ ‘obligatory tasks,
conduct, service, or functions enjoined by order or usage according to rank,
occupation, or profession.’ ”      Id., 99 Ohio St.3d 215, 2003-Ohio-3319, 790
N.E.2d 781, ¶ 13, quoting Webster’s Third New International Dictionary (1986)
705. We concluded that for purposes of R.C. 2744.01(A), “a ‘call to duty’
involves a situation to which a response by a peace officer is required by the
officer’s professional obligation,” Colbert at ¶ 13, and accordingly held that the
inquiry into whether an officer is on an emergency call centers on whether the
officer was required to respond by the officer’s professional obligation, id. at ¶ 15
and at the syllabus.
        {¶ 24} In Colbert, we affirmed the grant of summary judgment to the city
of Cleveland. We held that the officers involved were responding to a call to duty
and, therefore, were responding to an emergency call when the accident occurred.



                                          7
                                  SUPREME COURT OF OHIO




The city was entitled to immunity under R.C. 2744.02(B)(1)(a) as a matter of law.
Id. at ¶ 16.
                  D. Mutual-Aid Agreements and R.C. Chapter 2744
         {¶ 25} This case has a number of similarities to the situation in Colbert.
However, Smith asserts, in essence, that Colbert is fundamentally distinguishable
because the police officers in Colbert were acting in their own jurisdiction but in
this case, Carpenter was responding to a call in a different jurisdiction. Smith
asserts that Carpenter could not have been on an emergency call as a matter of
law if there was no mutual-aid agreement between Clinton Township and
Franklin County at the time of the accident. Carpenter’s professional obligation
to respond to the dispatch, Smith argues, was dependent on the existence of such
an agreement. Smith further asserts that such an agreement must be in writing to
be effective, and asserts that because the record does not affirmatively establish
that such an agreement existed, there are genuine issues of material fact that
should preclude the granting of summary judgment in the township’s favor.
         {¶ 26} We agree with Smith that the record is inconclusive as to whether a
mutual-aid agreement existed between Clinton Township and Franklin County at
the time of the accident. Therefore, we conduct our inquiry on the assumption
that no mutual-aid agreement between the relevant jurisdictions existed when the
accident occurred.4
         {¶ 27} In support of her argument that Carpenter’s professional obligation
to respond to the dispatch was dependent on the existence of a mutual-aid
agreement, Smith relies on two main sources—this court’s decision in Sawicki v.


4. The court of appeals in denying Smith’s application for reconsideration of its decision
determined that even if Carpenter’s testimony may have been inconclusive as to whether a mutual-
aid agreement existed, Smith had failed to present for the trial court’s consideration any probative
evidence (such as an affidavit from a law-enforcement official) that a mutual-aid agreement did
not exist, beyond an unsupported statement in her brief to that effect, and therefore had failed to
create an issue of fact on that point for Civ.R. 56 purposes. Because of the way we resolve this
case, we do not need to assess the validity of this part of the appellate court’s reasoning.




                                                 8
                                January Term, 2011




Ottawa Hills (1988), 37 Ohio St.3d 222, 525 N.E.2d 468, and various statutes
outside of R.C. Chapter 2744, including those regarding mutual-aid agreements.
        {¶ 28} Smith asserts that in Sawicki, “this Court emphasized that pursuant
to R.C. § 2935.03, ‘police officers had no arrest powers, as police officers, when
acting outside the boundaries of their political subdivisions.’ ” Smith’s brief,
quoting Sawicki at 226. Smith further contends that in a footnote in Sawicki, this
court acknowledged that a mutual-aid agreement may establish extrajurisdictional
authority (and duty) to act. In Sawicki at 226, fn. 3, we stated:
        {¶ 29} “A Mutual Aid Pact is, in essence, an agreement between
contiguous municipalities. It requires that, under specified circumstances, one
municipality may request and receive aid from an adjoining municipality. It
allows a municipality’s police officer to respond to an out-of-jurisdiction request
for aid, when the request is made by a command officer of the adjoining
municipality.”
        {¶ 30} Smith maintains that in the absence of a mutual-aid agreement, an
officer has no duty or professional obligation to respond, and that, quoting
Sawicki, 37 Ohio St.3d at 227, 525 N.E.2d 468, any “ ‘officer who respond[s]
[will do] so with only the authority and the insurance protection of an ordinary
citizen.’ ”
        {¶ 31} Sawicki involved claims that the Ottawa Hills Police Department
had been negligent for failing to respond to a call from outside of, but very near
to, its jurisdiction. Id. at 223-224. The issues involved whether the defendant,
Ottawa Hills, owed the plaintiffs, crime victims, a duty to respond to the
extrajurisdictional call for assistance and whether the failure to respond
proximately caused the injuries. Id. at 225. However, the events in Sawicki
occurred prior to the 1985 effective date of R.C. Chapter 2744. Id. The Sawicki
court’s analysis and reasoning regarding mutual-aid agreements is based on pre-
R.C. Chapter 2744 law and is thus distinguishable from the matters under



                                          9
                             SUPREME COURT OF OHIO




consideration in the present case, and we therefore afford it no precedential value
in resolving the issues in the present case.
       {¶ 32} Smith attempts to buttress her Sawicki argument with citations to
and discussions of several statutes covering mutual-aid agreements and statutes
relating to a police officer’s authority to act outside his jurisdiction.     As to
mutual-aid agreements, Smith relies on R.C. 505.431, which provides:
       {¶ 33} “The police department of any township * * * may provide police
protection to any county * * * without a contract to provide police protection,
upon the approval, by resolution, of the board of township trustees of the
township in which the department is located and upon authorization by an officer
or employee of the police department providing the police protection who is
designated by title of office or position, pursuant to the resolution of the board of
township trustees, to give such authorization.
       {¶ 34} “Chapter 2744. of the Revised Code, insofar as it applies to the
operation of police departments, shall apply to any township police department *
* * and to its members when such members are rendering police services pursuant
to this section outside the township * * * by which they are employed.”
       {¶ 35} Clinton Township asserts, however, that a mutual-aid agreement
and an officer’s obligation to respond to a particular dispatch are two separate,
unconnected matters and that the existence of a mutual-aid agreement is irrelevant
to the consideration of whether an officer is on an emergency call for R.C.
Chapter 2744 purposes. It further argues that because the text of the immunity
statutes relevant to this case provides no geographic limitations, those statutes are
not concerned with whether an officer was acting outside his jurisdiction. To that
end, Clinton Township points out that R.C. 2744.02(A)(2) states that in general,
immunity applies even when acts are “performed * * * on behalf of another
political subdivision.”




                                          10
                                January Term, 2011




       {¶ 36} There is no indication within R.C. Chapter 2744 that the immunity
for an emergency call is conditioned on the existence of a mutual-aid agreement.
Smith’s reliance on statutes such as R.C. 505.431 is therefore unavailing.
Although R.C. 505.431 expressly invokes the application of R.C. Chapter 2744 to
the actions of police officers taken outside of their employing township pursuant
to that statute, it neither expressly nor implicitly precludes the application of R.C.
Chapter 2744 to extrajurisdictional actions taken when a mutual-aid agreement is
not involved. R.C. 505.431 cannot reasonably be read to limit immunity and
impose liability in such situations by its silence when R.C. Chapter 2744, by its
own terms, encompasses every emergency call.
       {¶ 37} Smith also cites R.C. 2935.03, which states that a police officer
shall make arrests within his or her jurisdiction for violations of the law (R.C.
2935.03(A)), and which contains an exception for an officer to pursue, arrest, and
detain a suspect outside his or her jurisdiction for certain hot-pursuit situations,
R.C. 2935.03(D). Smith contends that because it is undisputed that there was no
hot pursuit in this case, Carpenter had no authority to exercise arrest powers
outside his jurisdiction in the absence of a mutual-aid agreement. And since
Carpenter did not have arrest powers, Smith concludes, Carpenter had no
authority or duty to respond to the dispatch for help outside his jurisdiction.
       {¶ 38} Clinton Township acknowledges that there are statutory limits on
an officer’s authority to act outside his jurisdiction, but it asserts that even when
an officer does not have authority to make an arrest, he can still render assistance
and therefore can reasonably be acting pursuant to a professional obligation to
respond to a call for R.C. Chapter 2744 purposes.
       {¶ 39} We agree with Clinton Township that a police officer’s authority to
make an arrest is different from a police officer’s professional obligation to
respond to a request for assistance and that a responding officer may provide
assistance to another law-enforcement officer absent the authority to arrest. For



                                         11
                             SUPREME COURT OF OHIO




that reason, Smith’s reliance on R.C. 2935.03 to support her claim that Carpenter
lacked a professional duty to respond to the dispatch’s call for assistance is
unavailing.
       {¶ 40} The term “emergency call” as defined in R.C. 2744.01(A) and used
in R.C. 2744.02(B)(1)(a) does not incorporate any concept of a peace officer’s
authority to act or lack of authority to act. Rather, those statutes by their clear
terms grant immunity to a political subdivision when an officer is responding to a
call to duty, which includes responding to a dispatch for assistance out of a
professional obligation to do so. We accordingly apply those statutes as written
and will not read into the statutes language that does not exist. See Colbert, 99
Ohio St.3d 215, 2003-Ohio-3319, 790 N.E.2d 781, at ¶ 15; see also Zumwalde v.
Madeira & Indian Hill Joint Fire Dist., 128 Ohio St.3d 492, 2011-Ohio-1603,
946 N.E.2d 748, ¶ 24 (a statute that is clear and unambiguous on its face requires
no interpretation).
       {¶ 41} Because we must apply statutes that are clear on their face as
written, we find no merit in Smith’s arguments that public-policy considerations
require this court to establish a bright-line rule that political subdivisions do not
retain their immunity for their police officer’s responses to calls outside their
jurisdictions unless the officers are acting pursuant to written mutual-aid
agreements or equivalent legislative resolutions and that R.C. Chapter 2744 is
inapplicable if such agreements or resolutions do not exist.
       {¶ 42} For all the foregoing reasons, we hold that the absence of a mutual-
aid agreement between two jurisdictions is not determinative of whether a peace
officer who leaves his jurisdiction is on an emergency call for purposes of R.C.
2744.01(A) and 2744.02(B)(1)(a).
       {¶ 43} Smith’s propositions of law focus on the alleged relationship
between mutual-aid agreements and R.C. Chapter 2744. Because we conclude
that the absence of a mutual-aid agreement between Clinton Township and




                                         12
                                     January Term, 2011




Franklin County does not preclude application of R.C. Chapter 2744 statutory
immunity, our holding also resolves this case on its merits.
        {¶ 44} The record supports the trial court’s ruling that unrebutted evidence
establishes that Carpenter’s actions were undertaken pursuant to his professional
obligation as a police officer5 and were a legitimate response to a general call for
assistance regarding a nearby deputy sheriff on foot pursuing a fleeing suspect
after dark in a high-crime area. There was no error in the holdings of the trial and
appellate courts that Carpenter was on an emergency call as a matter of law when
the accident occurred.
                                       III. Conclusion
        {¶ 45} We hold that the absence of a mutual-aid agreement between two
jurisdictions is not determinative of whether a peace officer who leaves his
jurisdiction is on an emergency call for purposes of R.C. 2744.01(A) and
2744.02(B)(1)(a). The judgment of the court of appeals affirming the trial court’s
grant of summary judgment to Clinton Township is therefore affirmed.
                                                                          Judgment affirmed.
        O’CONNOR, C.J., and LUNDBERG STRATTON, O’DONNELL, LANZINGER,
and MCGEE BROWN, JJ., concur.
        PFEIFER, J., dissents.


5. Carpenter testified at his deposition that he had not activated his emergency lights and siren,
because he did not consider himself to be on an emergency run for purposes of the Clinton
Township Police Department’s rules, regulations, and procedures. The department’s internal
protocols discourage the use of emergency lights and siren except in certain situations, which
include an emergency run responding to an officer-in-trouble call. Carpenter testified that
although he responded in order to provide possible aid to the officer on foot who requested
assistance, he was not certain the officer was “in trouble.” Smith implies that Carpenter’s
statement that he was not on an emergency run should equate to an admission that he was not on
an emergency call for R.C. Chapter 2744 purposes. However, an emergency run pursuant to the
police department’s protocols and an emergency call for purposes of statutory immunity are
different. For purposes of evaluating whether immunity attaches, even when an officer is not on
an emergency run, he may still be responding to a call to duty and thus be acting under a
professional obligation to respond. See Colbert, 99 Ohio St.3d 215, 2003-Ohio-3319, 790 N.E.2d
781, at the syllabus.




                                               13
                             SUPREME COURT OF OHIO




                              __________________
       PFEIFER, J., dissenting.
       {¶ 46} A police officer spends a large percentage of his time in his cruiser
without sovereign-immunity protection for his employer. When officers are on
routine patrol, transporting suspects, or returning to the police station, their
“political subdivisions are liable for injury, death, or loss to person or property”
caused by the officers’ negligent operation of their motor vehicles. R.C.
2744.02(B)(1).       The General Assembly has carved out only limited
circumstances—emergencies—when political subdivisions enjoy sovereign
immunity when their police officers drive negligently. R.C. 2744.02(B)(1)(a). I
would hold that Officer Carpenter’s well-intentioned foray outside his jurisdiction
is included in that broad category of police work that is not contained within the
narrow exception to liability. The term “emergency” cannot be used to describe a
situation in which a police officer has no actual duty to respond, has no authority
to make an arrest, and does not demonstrate to other drivers that he is responding
to an emergency, i.e. does not use lights and sirens.
       {¶ 47} In this case, this court tells citizens harmed in an accident allegedly
caused by the negligent driving of a police officer while outside his jurisdiction
that they cannot recover damages from the officer’s employer. Yet at the place
where the accident occurred, that same officer would have no authority to cite
those citizens for so much as a muffler violation and would be under no duty to
help them if they were in a dangerous situation. I have long argued that sovereign
immunity is unconstitutional. Garrett v. Sandusky (1994), 68 Ohio St.3d 139, 144,
624 N.E.2d 704 (Pfeifer, J., concurring). I have accepted that that is a losing
battle. But can we at least agree that the sovereign has no immunity where it is
not the sovereign?
                               _________________
       Brian G. Miller Co., L.P.A., and Brian G. Miller, for appellant.




                                         14
                               January Term, 2011




       Surdyk, Dowd & Turner Co., L.P.A., Jeffrey C. Turner, Boyd W. Gentry,
and Joshua R. Schierloh, for appellee.
       Murray & Murray Co., L.P.A., Margaret M. Murray, and Michael Stewart,
urging reversal for amicus curiae Ohio Association for Justice.
       Schroeder, Maundrell, Barbiere & Powers and Jay D. Patton, urging
affirmance for amicus curiae Ohio Association of Civil Trial Attorneys.
                           ______________________




                                         15
