                       NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
                               File Name: 18a0214n.06

                                         No. 17-2161

                          UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                          FILED
                               FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT                          Apr 26, 2018
                                                                         DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
                                                       )
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                              )
                                                       )      ON APPEAL FROM THE
       Plaintiff-Appellee,
                                                       )      UNITED STATES DISTRICT
v.                                                     )      COURT FOR THE WESTERN
                                                       )      DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN
CALLISTA SUZENA CHIWOCHA,                              )
                                                       )      OPINION
       Defendant-Appellant.                            )


       Before: MOORE, THAPAR, and BUSH, Circuit Judges.

       JOHN K. BUSH, Circuit Judge. Defendant Callista Chiwocha appeals her sentence for

conspiracy to defraud the government by false claims on the grounds that the sentencing court

misapplied several enhancements under USSG §§ 3A1.1 and 3B1.1. For the reasons explained

below, we affirm her sentence.

                                               I

       Chiwocha and members of her immediate family established multiple income-tax

preparation companies. These companies employed a number of “recruiters” and “canvassers”

to visit homeless shelters, community soup kitchens, bus stations, and other locations to find

indigent individuals who had not filed tax returns. These individuals were told that they would

receive money from an “Obama program” for the poor if they would provide identifying

information such as their names, addresses, and social security numbers. This information was

then used to file fraudulent tax returns, most of the money from which was kept by Chiwocha

and her family members.
No. 17-2161, United States v. Chiwocha


       Chiwocha pleaded guilty to one count of conspiring to make fraudulent claims against the

United States, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 286. Over her objection, the district court adjusted her

Guidelines range under USSG §§ 3A1.1(b)(1), for Chiwocha’s knowing that a victim was

vulnerable; 3A1.1(b)(2), for there being a large number of vulnerable victims; and 3B1.1(a), for

Chiwocha’s acting as an organizer or leader of the criminal activity.

       Chiwocha now appeals, arguing that her sentence is procedurally unreasonable because

the district court erred in applying the above-mentioned enhancements.

                                                 II

        When a defendant appeals a district court’s determination that a sentencing enhancement

applies, we review the lower court’s legal interpretation of the Guidelines de novo and may

overturn its factual findings only if they are clearly erroneous. See United States v. Stubblefield,

682 F.3d 502, 510 (6th Cir. 2012).

         USSG § 3A1.1(b)(1) applies if “the defendant knew or should have known that a victim

of the offense was a vulnerable victim,” which is defined as “a person . . . who is unusually

vulnerable due to age, physical or mental condition, or who is otherwise particularly susceptible

to the criminal conduct.” USSG § 3A1.1, comment. (n.2) (emphasis added). Because the

determination that many of Chiwocha’s victims were vulnerable was a factual one, we review for

clear error. United States v. Bolze, 444 F. App’x 889, 892 (6th Cir. 2012).

       The district court did not clearly err in its finding. We have recently found that where a

defendant “targeted low-income neighborhoods” as part of a scheme seeking personal

information to fraudulently apply for unemployment benefits, the victims’ financial troubles

made them “unusually vulnerable” to offers of financial assistance. United States v. Nash,

648 F. App’x 589, 591 (6th Cir. 2016). As the district court correctly noted, “a person . . . in dire



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No. 17-2161, United States v. Chiwocha


straits is somebody who is more likely to part with personal information in exchange for a small

consideration,” and it was not clear error for the district court to find that Chiwocha’s victims

were particularly susceptible to her scheme.

       Chiwocha admits that if we find that she is subject to an enhancement for knowing that

her victims were vulnerable, it follows that she is subject to an enhancement for having

victimized a large number of vulnerable people. We do, and she is.

       Finally, Chiwocha argues that she is not subject to USSG § 3B1.1(a), which applies if the

defendant “was an organizer or leader” of the criminal activity. Because the applicability of this

enhancement “depends on a number of factual nuances that a district court is better positioned to

evaluate,” we subject the district court’s determination to a “deferential” standard of review.

United States v. Washington, 715 F.3d 975, 983 (6th Cir. 2013).

       Chiwocha’s position is that, because of the patriarchal nature of the Chiwocha family, her

husband was the only true leader of the fraudulent scheme. “But [t]here can, of course, be more

than one person who qualifies as a leader or organizer of a criminal association or conspiracy.”

United States v. Tupper, 644 F. App’x 585, 588 (6th Cir. 2016) (alteration in original) (citations

omitted). Given that Chiwocha recruited individuals to canvass for victims, hired employees to

complete the fraudulent tax returns, oversaw the daily operation of those employees, received the

lion’s share of the ill-gotten proceeds into an account she controlled, and was the one person

involved in the scheme with an accounting degree and tax-preparation experience, we defer to

the district court’s determination that she was an organizer or leader of the scheme and reject

Chiwocha’s argument that her husband was the sole leader.

                                               III

       For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM.



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