               NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                          File Name: 08a0112n.06
                          Filed: February 21, 2008

                                     Nos. 04-4329, 05-3513

                          UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                               FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT


ALTIN TODI,                                      )
                                                 )
       Petitioner,                               )
                                                 )    ON PETITION FOR REVIEW FROM A
v.                                               )    FINAL ORDER OF THE BOARD OF
                                                 )    IMMIGRATION APPEALS
MICHAEL B. MUKASEY, Attorney General,            )
                                                 )
       Respondent.                               )




       Before: SILER, CLAY, and COOK, Circuit Judges.


       COOK, Circuit Judge. In this consolidated action, Albanian citizen Altin Todi petitions for

review of the Board of Immigration Appeals’ (“BIA”) denials of his second and third motions to

reopen removal proceedings as procedurally barred. Because the BIA did not abuse its discretion,

we deny the petitions.


                                                 I


       Petitioner Altin Todi, a native and citizen of Albania, entered the United States illegally in

1999. The Immigration and Naturalization Service (“INS”) commenced removal proceedings,

charging Todi removable as an alien who entered the country without proper documentation.

Meanwhile, Todi married lawful permanent resident Enkelejda Keci, and she filed a Form I-130 visa
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Todi v. Mukasey


petition on his behalf—the first step toward Todi’s obtaining residency based on marriage to a lawful

permanent resident. See 8 U.S.C. § 1154(a)(1)(B)(i).1 Appearing before the Immigration Judge

(“IJ”) in removal proceedings, Todi conceded removability but sought two forms of discretionary

relief: asylum and withholding of removal grounded on political persecution. The IJ found Todi not

credible, denied relief, and ordered him removed to Albania. Todi then appealed to the BIA.


        In the interim, Keci became a United States citizen, which in turn prompted Todi to file a

Form I-485 (though the underlying Form I-130 was still pending). See supra n.1. After the BIA

summarily affirmed the IJ’s removal order a few months later, Todi pursued parallel paths for relief:

he petitioned for review of the removal order and, as now concerns this court, filed three motions

to reopen his proceedings to enable him to adjust his status.


       Todi’s First Motion to Reopen. Two days after Todi petitioned for review of the removal

order, he filed his first motion to reopen directly with the BIA. JA 53 (Motion to Reopen, Nov. 21,

2002). The BIA denied that motion on May 30, 2003, reasoning that because the Department of



       1
         The procedure an alien follows when seeking to immigrate as the spouse of a lawful
permanent resident differs slightly from that used when an alien seeks residence based on marriage
to a citizen. For the former, immigrant visas are subject to a numerical cap. See 8 U.S.C.
§§ 1151(a)(1), 1153(a)(2)(A). Thus, the DHS’s approving the I-130 petition merely places the alien
on a waiting list according to his or her priority date and preference category. See United States v.
Atandi, 376 F.3d 1186, 1191 (10th Cir. 2004). When the priority date becomes current and an
immigrant visa is immediately available, the alien may file a Form I-485 application to adjust status.
8 C.F.R. § 245.1(g)(1). In contrast, visas for aliens seeking permanent residence based on marriage
to a citizen are not numerically capped, and those aliens may therefore file an I-485 application
together with the I-130 petition. See 8 U.S.C. §§ 1151(b)(2)(A)(i), 1255(a).

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Homeland Security (“DHS”) had not yet approved Keci’s Form I-130, Todi could not establish prima

facie eligibility for adjustment. See INS v. Abudu, 485 U.S. 94, 104 (1988) (holding that the BIA

may deny an alien’s motion to reopen if the alien is not prima facie eligible for the relief sought).

Moreover, because the DHS objected to reopening, Todi did not qualify for reopening under In re

Velarde-Pacheco, 23 I. & N. Dec. 253 (BIA 2002).2 When Todi petitioned for review of that denial,

we dismissed the petition for want of prosecution. Todi v. Ashcroft, No. 03-3911 (6th Cir. Dec. 12,

2003) (order).


        On November 17, 2003, the DHS approved Keci’s I-130 visa petition. Rather than

immediately taking action, Todi waited until June 24, 2004—one day before his petition for review

challenging the underlying removal order was submitted to this court—to move to remand his case

to the BIA to await adjudication of his Form I-485. Given its late filing, we denied the motion,

stating that


        Todi fails to explain why he waited over six months—until June 24, 2004—to file
        this motion to remand, only one day before the Court was set to consider his petition.
        He also has failed to provide the Court with any legal authority supporting his claim
        that a remand would be appropriate under these circumstances.


        2
        Historically, when an alien married a citizen after removal proceedings began, the BIA
would not continue or reopen proceedings to await resolution of an adjustment-of-status application
based on a pending visa petition. See In re Arthur, 20 I. & N. Dec. 475, 477 (BIA 1992). Velarde-
Pacheco recently softened this approach by allowing an IJ to continue and reopen such proceedings
if, among other prerequisites, “the Service either does not oppose the motion or bases its opposition
solely on Matter of Arthur, [20 I. & N. Dec. 475 (BIA 1992)].” 23 I. & N. Dec. at 256. Because
the DHS objected to reopening based on discretionary grounds, the BIA did not await the resolution
of Todi’s visa petition.

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Todi v. Mukasey


Todi v. Ashcroft, No. 02-4345 (6th Cir. July 15, 2004). We also denied the underlying petition for

review because substantial evidence supported the IJ’s adverse credibility decision. Id.


       Todi’s Second and Third Motions to Reopen. Undeterred, Todi filed a second motion to

reopen directly with the BIA on August 13, 2004. Only days later, he filed an identical, third motion

to reopen in the immigration court. In both, Todi argued that his proceedings should be reopened

because, among other things, the Attorney General could waive his removal under § 237(a)(1)(H)

of the Immigration and Nationality Act (“INA”), and the approved I-130 entitled him to adjust his

status under the LIFE Act, INA § 245(i). The IJ denied Todi’s third-filed motion on September 15,

2004, however, finding it both untimely and numerically barred, and specifically declining to

exercise discretionary authority to reopen Todi’s proceedings. Todi appealed to the BIA.


       Early the next month, the BIA denied as numerically barred Todi’s second-filed motion to

reopen under 8 C.F.R. § 1003.1(e)(6), which authorizes a single adjudicator to review a case instead

of referring it to a three-member panel. Todi petitioned this court for review. See Case No. 04-4329.


       Finally, in April 2005, the BIA (again through a single member) adopted and affirmed the

IJ’s denial of Todi’s third motion to reopen. Todi petitioned for review (Case No. 05-3513), and we

consolidated the two petitions, see 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(6).


       Todi raises identical arguments in support of his two petitions: (1) the BIA abused its

discretion in not granting his motions to reopen as a matter of discretion; (2) he is entitled to adjust


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Todi v. Mukasey


his status pursuant to the LIFE Act, INA § 245(i); (3) denying him the ability to adjust status violates

the constitutional rights of his spouse and children; and (4) the BIA erred in twice failing to assign

his case for three-member panel review.3


                                                   II


       We have jurisdiction to review the denial of a motion to reopen. Haddad v. Gonzales, 437

F.3d 515, 517 (6th Cir. 2006). Our review is for an abuse of discretion, which will be found when

the BIA offers no rational explanation for its decision, inexplicably departs from established policies,

or rests its decision on an impermissible basis. Balani v. INS, 669 F.2d 1157, 1161 (6th Cir. 1982).

We review de novo any legal issues and conclusions. Haddad, 437 F.3d at 517.


       As an initial matter, we discern no abuse of discretion in the BIA’s denying Todi’s second

and third motions to reopen as numerically barred. Section 240 of the INA, which governs removal

proceedings, provides that an alien ordered removed may file only one motion to reopen. 8 U.S.C.


       3
         Todi also argues the merits of the BIA’s May 30, 2003, denial of his first motion to reopen
by faulting the government for opposing it. Supra n.2. The May 30 denial is not before us, however,
as we previously dismissed Todi’s petition for review challenging that denial for want of
prosecution. Todi v. Ashcroft, No. 03-3911 (6th Cir. Dec. 12, 2003) (order). Moreover, the lapse
in time bars Todi from reviving this challenge. Petitions for review coming from final appealable
removal orders, which include denials of motions to reopen, “must be filed not later than 30 days
after the date of the final order of removal.” Musaj v. Gonzales, 215 F. App’x 495, 497 (6th Cir.
2007) (quoting 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(1)). Because this window is jurisdictional, we treat each petition
for review independently as challenging only the decision from which it was timely filed. See Stone
v. INS, 514 U.S. 386, 405–06 (1995); Min Sheng Chen v. U.S. Attorney Gen., 231 F. App’x 80, 81
(2d Cir. 2007) (“[Petitioner] argues the merits of the agency’s denial of his underlying claims for
relief and the merits of a previous motion to reopen, neither of which is before us.”).

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Todi v. Mukasey


§ 1229a(c)(7)(A); see also 8 C.F.R. § 1003.2(c)(2). Todi filed his first motion to reopen on

November 19, 2002, his second on August 13, 2004, and the third on August 16, 2004. The latter

two are plainly subject to the numerical bar.


       The statute and regulations provide only four exceptions to the numerical bar, none of which

apply here.4 Todi’s counsel conceded this fact at oral argument but nonetheless analogizes Todi’s

situation to the exception covering successive motions to reopen to apply for asylum or withholding

of removal “based on changed country conditions arising in the country of nationality or the country

to which removal has been ordered” so long as such changes are “material and [evidence of such

changes was] not available and would not have been discovered or presented at the previous

proceeding.” 8 U.S.C. § 1229a(c)(7)(C)(ii); see also 8 C.F.R. § 1003.2(c)(3)(ii) (using the phrase

“changed circumstances arising in the country of nationality or in the country to which deportation

has been ordered”). Todi argues that his second and third motions to reopen are based on changed

circumstances—the fact that Keci’s Form I-130 was approved. We disagree with Todi’s analogy.

That development, while certainly a material change, does not bring him within the exception



       4
         The regulations provide exceptions for “motions to reopen (1) filed by aliens who are
deported in absentia; (2) filed by aliens seeking asylum or withholding of deportation based on
changed country circumstances; (3) jointly filed by the alien and the INS; and (4) filed by the INS
where the basis of the motion is fraud in the original proceeding or a crime that would support
termination of asylum.” Harchenko v. INS, 379 F.3d 405, 409 (6th Cir. 2004) (citing 8 C.F.R.
§ 3.2(c)(3)(i)–(iv) (recodified at 8 C.F.R. § 1003.2(c)(3)(i)–(iv)). In In re Lozada, 19 I. & N. Dec.
637 (BIA 1988), the BIA also set forth procedures for making successive motions to reopen
premised on ineffective assistance of counsel. See Nikollbibaj v. Gonzales, 232 F. App’x 546,
554–55 (6th Cir. 2007).

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because he filed the motions to reopen not seeking asylum or withholding of removal and, moreover,

alleged “a purely personal change in circumstances that does not constitute changed conditions or

circumstances in [a country].” Haddad, 437 F.3d at 517 (holding that an alien’s divorce does not

qualify as changed country conditions under § 1229a(c)(7)(C)(ii)).


       Nor did the BIA abuse its discretion by affirming the IJ’s denial of Todi’s third motion to

reopen as untimely. An alien must file a motion to reopen within ninety days of “the date of entry

of a final administrative order of removal.” 8 U.S.C. § 1229a(c)(7)(C)(i). Here, the BIA entered

its final removal order on November 12, 2002, and Todi filed his August 16, 2004, motion too late.


       Notwithstanding the procedural bar to Todi’s motions, the IJ and BIA retained discretion to

reopen the removal proceedings sua sponte. 8 C.F.R. § 1003.2(a). The IJ opted not to exercise that

discretion, finding that Todi’s case did not present the kinds of exceptional circumstances warranting

such relief. See JA 16 (declining to exercise discretion because Todi “failed to depart the United

States although under a final order [of removal] for almost two years” and “[g]ranting this motion

to reopen would reward . . . his continued violation of the immigration laws”). Todi offers two

reasons why declining to do so constituted an abuse of discretion. First, he suggests that his case

presents a “special legal circumstance” pursuant to the BIA’s internal Practice Manual. See BIA

Practice Manual 5.6(e)(vi) (2002) (“In addition to the regulatory exceptions for motions to reopen,

exceptions may be created in accordance with . . . other special legal circumstances.”). Second, he

theorizes that reopening his case would advance the immigration laws’ goals of family unification.


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       Despite these arguments, we unquestionably “lack[] jurisdiction to find that the BIA abused

its discretion by failing to exercise its discretionary authority to reopen [Todi’s] proceedings.”

Harchenko, 379 F.3d at 410–11; see Rasi v. Mukasey, No. 06-4539, 2007 WL 4232790, at *2 (6th

Cir. Dec. 3, 2007) (collecting cases).5 Far from rebutting this principle, the quoted passage from the

BIA’s Practice Manual only confirms the Board’s discretion. See Harchenko, 379 F.3d at 411 (the

authority to reopen in “exceptional” circumstances “merely provides the BIA the discretion to reopen

. . . as it sees fit” (quoting Anin v. Reno, 188 F.3d 1273, 1279 (11th Cir. 1999))). And Todi’s

assertion that reopening would further legislative intent is equally unpersuasive. E.g., Abudu, 485

U.S. at 108 (“The [DHS] should have the right to be restrictive. Granting such motions too freely

will permit endless delay of deportation by aliens creative and fertile enough to continuously produce

new and material facts sufficient to establish a prima facie case.” (quoting INS v. Jong Ha Wang, 450

U.S. 139, 144 n.5 (1981))).


       Still seeking to sidestep the procedural bar, Todi next argues that the BIA abused its

discretion in not granting his second and third motions to reopen based on his entitlement to adjust

status under the LIFE Act, INA § 245(i), 8 U.S.C. § 1255(i). In relevant part, § 1255(i) allows an

alien physically present in the United States who entered without inspection to apply for status

adjustment upon payment of $1,000 if the alien is the beneficiary of a Form I-130 filed on or before

April 30, 2001, and was physically present in the country on December 21, 2000.


       5
        The Eight Circuit recently vacated the one contrary opinion, and the case is now awaiting
en banc review. See Tamenut v. Gonzales, 477 F.3d 580, 582 (8th Cir. 2007), reh’g granted, opinion
vacated (Jul. 19, 2007).
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       Todi’s argument misconstrues the statute. For one thing, relief premised on the LIFE Act

is ultimately discretionary—it “creates an opportunity rather than an entitlement.” Jarad v.

Gonzalez, 461 F.3d 867, 868 (7th Cir. 2006); see 8 U.S.C. § 1255(i)(2) (“[T]he Attorney General

may adjust the status of an alien.” (emphasis added)). Equally important, successive motions to

reopen, as here, are subject to the typical time and numeric limitations and exceptions, as the “LIFE

Act Amendments contain no special provisions for reopening cases under Section 245(i) of the

Act . . . where an alien already is the subject of a final order of removal, deportation or exclusion.”

Li v. Agagan, No. 04-40705, 2006 WL 637903, at *3 (5th Cir. Mar. 14, 2006) (quoting Adjustment

of Status To That Person Admitted for Permanent Residence; Temporary Removal of Certain

Restrictions of Eligibility, 66 Fed. Reg. 16383, 16386 (Mar. 26, 2001) (to be codified at 8 C.F.R. pt.

245)). Todi’s argument thus repackages his attack on the BIA’s decision not to exercise its sua

sponte power to reopen his case, which, as we explained, is not something we may consider. See

Bhoja v. Attorney Gen. of U.S., 239 F. App’x 754, 754–55 (3d Cir. 2007) (recognizing the court’s

lack of jurisdiction to consider the BIA’s refusal to grant an alien’s second motion to reopen under

§ 245(i) where the alien was beneficiary of an approved I-140 petition).


       We have authority to consider “constitutional claims or questions of law,” 8 U.S.C.

§ 1252(a)(2)(D), but Todi’s argument that denying him the ability to adjust status violates the

constitutional rights of his citizen family requires little discussion. Congress has plenary power to

determine the conditions under which an alien may enter and remain in the country. See, e.g.,

Shaughnessy v. United States ex rel. Mezei, 345 U.S. 206 (1953); Harisiades v. Shaughnessy, 342

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Todi v. Mukasey


U.S. 580 (1952); United States ex rel. Knauff v. Shaughnessy, 338 U.S. 537 (1950). Although the

Todis face a Hobson’s choice, neither the Constitution nor any statute supplies the right of a citizen

spouse to have his or her alien spouse remain in the country. See Bangura v. Hansen, 434 F.3d 487,

496 (6th Cir. 2006); Almario v. Attorney Gen., 872 F.2d 147, 151 (6th Cir. 1989).


       As a final ground for relief, Todi suggests—almost as an afterthought—that the BIA abused

its discretion by invoking its streamlining procedure, whereby all cases are assigned to a single Board

member unless the case meets one of the exceptions listed at 8 C.F.R. § 1003.1(e)(6).6 It remains

an open question in this circuit whether we have jurisdiction to review the BIA’s decision to utilize

the streamlining procedures, see Hassan v. Gonzales, 403 F.3d 429, 437–38 (6th Cir. 2005), but we

do not believe Todi’s cursory argument is sufficient to raise whether the BIA failed to properly

follow its own rules. We require parties to develop their arguments in a non-perfunctory manner or

risk waiving them. Sarr v. Gonzales, 127 F. App’x 815, 819 (6th Cir. 2005) (“Issues adverted to in


       6
        According to the streamlined-review process,
       Cases may only be assigned for review by a three-member panel if the case presents
       one of these circumstances:
       (i) The need to settle inconsistencies among the rulings of different immigration
       judges;
       (ii) The need to establish a precedent construing the meaning of laws, regulations, or
       procedures;
       (iii) The need to review a decision by an immigration judge or the Service that is not
       in conformity with the law or with applicable precedents;
       (iv) The need to resolve a case or controversy of major national import;
       (v) The need to review a clearly erroneous factual determination by an immigration
       judge; or
       (vi) The need to reverse the decision of an immigration judge or the Service, other
       than a reversal under § 1003.1(e)(5).
8 C.F.R. § 1003.1(e)(6).
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Todi v. Mukasey


a perfunctory manner, unaccompanied by some effort at developed argumentation, are deemed

waived.” (quoting McPherson v. Kelsey, 125 F.3d 989, 995–96 (6th Cir. 1997))). Todi merely sets

forth the regulation and a bald conclusion that three-member review was needed to establish a

precedent construing the meaning of the LIFE Act, but then neglects to offer any supporting

argument for our finding error therefrom. Given Todi’s failure to develop this argument, we deem

it waived.


                                                III


       Although we recognize that Todi’s removal to Albania will cause hardship to him and his

family, because the BIA did not abuse its discretion in denying his second and third motions to

reopen as procedurally barred, and as Todi offers nothing to distinguish his case from controlling

precedent, we deny the petitions for review.




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