      MEMORANDUM DECISION
                                                                                    FILED
      Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D),                                   Nov 04 2016, 8:25 am
      this Memorandum Decision shall not be                                         CLERK
      regarded as precedent or cited before any                                 Indiana Supreme Court
                                                                                   Court of Appeals
      court except for the purpose of establishing                                   and Tax Court


      the defense of res judicata, collateral
      estoppel, or the law of the case.


      ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT                                  ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE
      Darrell E. Felling II                                   Henry L. Antonini
      City of Terre Haute                                     Antonini and Antonini
      Terre Haute, Indiana                                    Clinton, Indiana



                                                IN THE
          COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
      City of Terre Haute,                                    November 4, 2016
      Appellant-Respondent,                                   Court of Appeals Case No.
                                                              84A01-1512-MI-2185
              v.                                              Appeal from the Vigo Superior
                                                              Court
      Bass Enterprises, LLC, and                              The Honorable Michael J. Lewis,
      VCA, LLC,                                               Judge
      Appellee-Petitioner.                                    Trial Court Cause No.
                                                              84D06-1504-MI-2459



      Mathias, Judge.


[1]   The City of Terre Haute (“the City”) appeals the entry of a declaratory

      judgment and temporary restraining order by the Vigo Superior Court in favor

      of Bass Enterprises, LLC, and VCA, LLC (“the Owners”), prohibiting the City

      from placing a sewer lien on certain real estate owned by the Owners. On
      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 84A01-1512-MI-2185 | November 4, 2016           Page 1 of 10
      appeal, the City presents two issues, which we restate as whether the trial court

      erred in its interpretation and application of the controlling statute.


[2]   We affirm.


                                    Facts and Procedural History

[3]   The facts of this case are undisputed. The Owners are the record title holders of

      certain real property located on Washington Avenue in Terre Haute, Indiana

      (“the Property”). This Property consists of a residential home that the Owners

      rent to a single tenant. From October 31, 2011 through October 16, 2014, the

      Property was rented by Codi Evans (“Tenant”). At this time, Tenant became a

      customer of the City of Terre Haute Sewer Department for sewer services to the

      Property. Tenant ultimately incurred an unpaid bill for these sewer services in

      the amount of $988.88, representing twenty months of unpaid service from

      February 1, 2013, through October 17, 2014.


[4]   The City made no apparent effort to collect this bill from Tenant. Instead, on

      April 10, 2015, the City sent a “Notice to Property Owner” to the Owners

      listing the balance due of $988.88, the service address of the Property, and the

      service name of the Tenant. The notice stated that failure to remit payment by

      April 16, 2015, could result in a lien being placed on the Property. The Owners

      received the notice on April 20, 2015. This was the first time the City had

      notified them of the outstanding balance on the sewer account.


[5]   On April 21, 2015, the Owners filed a Motion for Temporary Restraining Order

      and Motion for Declaratory Judgment. The trial court held a hearing on this

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 84A01-1512-MI-2185 | November 4, 2016   Page 2 of 10
      motion on September 14, 2015. The trial court took the matter under

      advisement, and the parties submitted proposed findings and conclusions to the

      court. On November 17, 2015, the trial court granted the Owners’ request for a

      declaratory judgment, prohibiting the City from placing a lien on the rental

      property. The City now appeals.


                                           Standard of Review

[6]   The parties agree as to the relevant facts, and the only issue before us is whether

      the trial court properly construed the applicable statutes. The question of

      statutory interpretation is a pure question of law subject to de novo review.

      Pinnacle Properties Dev. Grp., LLC v. City of Jeffersonville, 893 N.E.2d 726, 727

      (Ind. 2008).


                                       Discussion and Decision

[7]   The City claims that the trial court erred in granting declaratory judgment in

      favor of the Owners. Specifically, the City claims that the trial court erred by

      applying a recently amended version of the relevant statutes retroactively to

      cover sewer bills that were due prior to the effective date of the amendments to

      the statutes.


[8]   Indiana Code chapter 36-9-23 authorizes municipalities to operate sewage

      works, including sewage treatment plants, sewer branches and mains, and

      sewage stations. Pinnacle Properties, 893 N.E.2d at 727. This chapter also

      governs the collection of sewer fees, which are set by the municipal legislative

      body and are payable by the owner of each piece of realty connected to the

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 84A01-1512-MI-2185 | November 4, 2016   Page 3 of 10
      sewer system. Id. (citing Ind. Code § 36-9-23-25(a), (c)). Fees not paid by the

      due date set by the municipality become delinquent and incur a ten percent

      penalty. Id. (citing Ind. Code § 36-9-23-31). The statutes authorize recovery of

      delinquent fees and penalties in three ways, one of which is relevant here:1 the

      municipality may file a lien against the property served, which may be

      foreclosed to satisfy the fees, penalties, and reasonable attorney fees. Id. at 728

      (citing Ind. Code §§ 36-9-23-32, -34(a)).


[9]   As explained in Pinnacle Properties, Indiana Code sections 36-9-23-32 and 36-9-

      23-33 govern the lien process. 893 N.E.2d at 728. The municipal officer

      responsible for collection of delinquent fees and penalties files a lien with the

      county recorder in the form of either a list of owners and properties or an

      individual lien for each property. Id. (citing Ind. Code § 36-9-23-33(b)).2 The

      municipal officer must notify each property owner that a lien has been

      recorded. Id. (citing I.C. § 36-9-23-33(c)).3 “With two exceptions, when notice

      of the lien is filed with the county recorder, the lien attaches and becomes

      enforceable by foreclosure against the property.” Id. (citing I.C. § 36-9-23-

      32(a)). The first exception, which is not at issue in the present case, deals with

      the transfer of ownership before a lien is filed. Id. (citing I.C. § 36-9-23-32(b)).




      1
       The other two methods are: (1) applying the user’s deposit toward the outstanding fees and penalties, Ind.
      Code § 36-9-23-28, and bringing a civil action to recover fees, penalties, and reasonable attorney’s fees. I.C. §
      36-9-23-31.
      2
          This portion of the statute is now codified in subsection 33(c).
      3
          This portion of the statute is now codified in subsection 33(d).


      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 84A01-1512-MI-2185 | November 4, 2016              Page 4 of 10
[10]   The second exception is found in section 36-9-23-32(c). Prior to July 1, 2014,

       section 32(c) provided:


                 A lien attaches against real property occupied by someone other
                 than the owner only if the utility notified the owner within
                 twenty (20) days after the time the utility fees became sixty (60)
                 days delinquent. However, the utility is required to give notice to the
                 owner if the owner has given the general office of the utility written notice
                 of the address to which the owner’s notice is to be sent. A notice sent to
                 the owner under this subsection must be sent by certified mail,
                 return receipt requested, or an equivalent service permitted under
                 IC 1-1-7-1 to:
                      (1) the owner of record of real property with a single owner;
                      or
                      (2) at least one (1) of the owners of real property with
                      multiple owners;
                 at the last address of the owner for the property as indicated in
                 the records of the county auditor on the date of the notice. The
                 cost of sending notice under this subsection is an administrative
                 cost that may be billed to the owner.

       I.C. § 36-9-23-32(c) (2010) (emphasis added).4




       4
           Prior to 2010, Subsection 32(c) was more succinct, providing:

                 A lien attaches against real property occupied by someone other than the owner only if the
                 utility notified the owner within twenty (20) days after the time the utility fees became sixty
                 (60) days delinquent. However, the utility is required to give notice to the owner only if the owner
                 has given the general office of the utility written notice of the address to which the owner’s notice is to be
                 sent.
       I.C. § 36-9-23-32(c) (2006) (emphasis added). Thus, the earlier version of the statute still required a non-
       occupant owner to provide written notice of a mailing address before utility was required to send notice of
       the delinquency to the owner.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 84A01-1512-MI-2185 | November 4, 2016                            Page 5 of 10
[11]   Under this version of the statute, a lien could only attach against property

       occupied by someone other than the owner if the utility notified the owner

       within twenty days after the utility fees were sixty days delinquent. However,

       this notice was required only if the non-occupant owner took the affirmative

       step of giving the utility written notice of the address to which the owner’s

       notice was to be sent.


[12]   Effective July 1, 2014, Section 32(c) was amended to provide:


                Except as otherwise provided in a provision included in an
                ordinance under section 25(f)(3) of this chapter,5 a lien attaches
                against real property occupied by someone other than the owner
                only if the utility notifies the owner not later than twenty (20)
                days after the time the utility fees become sixty (60) days
                delinquent. A notice sent to the owner under this subsection must
                be sent by first class mail or by certified mail, return receipt
                requested (or an equivalent service permitted under IC 1-1-7-1)
                to:
                    (1) the owner of record of real property with a single owner;
                        or
                    (2) at least one (1) of the owners of real property with multiple
                        owners;
                at the last address of the owner for the property as indicated in
                the records of the county auditor on the date of the notice of the


       5
         Section 36-9-23-25(f) states that a municipality may adopt an ordinance regarding property occupied by a
       non-owner. Such an ordinance may provide one or more of the following provisions: (1) that sewer fees are
       to be paid by the non-owner occupant; (2) that sewer fees are payable by the non-owner occupant only if the
       owner or occupant gives written notice to the utility that the occupant is to be responsible; (3) that “fees
       assessed against the property for the services rendered by the sewage works to the property do not constitute a
       lien against the property, notwithstanding section 32 of this chapter, and subject to any requirements or
       conditions set forth in the ordinance.” The City makes no argument that an ordinance adopted under section
       25(f)(3) applies, as this would mean that the lien could not attach at all on the property of a non-occupant
       owner.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 84A01-1512-MI-2185 | November 4, 2016           Page 6 of 10
               delinquency, or to another address specified by the owner, in a
               written notice to the utility, at which the owner requests to
               receive a notice of delinquency under this subsection. The cost of
               sending notice under this subsection is an administrative cost that
               may be billed to the owner.

       I.C. § 36-9-23-32(c) (2014). This is the current version of the statute.


[13]   Noticeably absent from the current version of the statute is the requirement that

       the non-occupant owner give the utility written notice of the address to which

       the owner’s notice of any delinquency is to be sent. Thus, a non-occupant

       owner of property is no longer required to give the sewer utility written notice

       of its address before the utility is required to send notice of the delinquency to

       the non-occupant owner. The sewer utility must now send notice to all non-

       occupant owners, regardless of whether the owner has provided written notice

       of its address.6


[14]   In the present case, it is undisputed that the Owners did not provide written

       notice to the City’s sewer utility of the address to which any notice of

       delinquency was to be sent. Also, the trial court applied the most recent version

       of the statute. See Appellant’s App. p. 26 (trial court’s findings and conclusions

       explicitly quoting the most recent version of Section 36-9-23-32(c)). The City

       claims that this was an improper retroactive application of this statute.

       Specifically, the City claims that the prior version of the statute should apply



       6
         The current version of Section 36-9-23-32(c) provides that a non-occupant owner may give written notice to
       the utility of an address to which notice of a lien is to be sent, but this written notice is no longer a
       prerequisite to the duty of the utility to send the non-occupant owner notice of a lien.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 84A01-1512-MI-2185 | November 4, 2016         Page 7 of 10
       because the delinquent sewer fees accrued when the prior version of the statute

       was still in effect.


[15]   The question of whether a statute is to be applied retroactively depends upon

       the legislature’s intent. Robinson v. Valladares, 738 N.E.2d 278, 281 (Ind. Ct.

       App. 2000) (citing Chesnut v. Roof, 665 N.E.2d 7, 9 (Ind. Ct. App. 1996)).

       Absent an express indication to the contrary, we will presume that the

       legislature intended that the statute be applied prospectively only. Chesnut, 665

       N.E.2d at 9 (citing Gosnell v. Ind. Soft Water Serv., 503 N.E.2d 879, 880 (Ind.

       1987)).7


[16]   In the present case, we need not attempt to discern the General Assembly’s

       intent with regard to retroactive application of this statute, because we do not

       agree with the City that the trial court applied the statute retroactively.


[17]   The Tenant incurred an unpaid bill for sewer service from February 1, 2013,

       through October 17, 2014. And Section 36-9-23-32 was amended effective July

       1, 2014. Thus, a portion of the unpaid balance accrued under the prior version

       of the statute, and a portion of the unpaid balance accrued under the current

       version of the statute. The final amount of this unpaid balance did not accrue

       until after the July 1 effective date of the new statute.




       7
         Gosnell was partially superseded by statute on other grounds, regarding the nature of punitive damages, as
       noted in Cheatham v. Pohle, 789 N.E.2d 467, 472 n.3 (Ind. 2003).

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 84A01-1512-MI-2185 | November 4, 2016          Page 8 of 10
[18]   In addition, the City, for whatever reason, chose not to attempt to file a lien

       against the Owners’ property until April 10, 2015, when the City sent the

       Notice to Property Owner. This was well after the July 1, 2014 effective date of

       the amendments to Section 36-9-23-32(c).


[19]   Section 36-9-23-32(c) explains the prerequisites for the attachment of a lien for

       the failure to pay sewer utility fees. It does not govern the underlying fees, nor

       does it make any distinction between fees incurred under the older version of

       the statute and the current version of the statute.


[20]   Therefore, the statute in effect at the time the balance was fully accrued, and at the

       time the City attempted to file the lien was the most recently amended version of the

       statute, which eliminated the requirement that the non-occupant owner provide

       the utility with written notice of the address to which notice of any delinquency

       should be sent. This statute requires the utility to “notif[y] the owner not later

       than twenty (20) days after the time the utility fees became sixty (60) days

       delinquent” before the City could file a lien against the owner’s property. I.C. §

       36-9-23-32(c). It is undisputed that the City did not so notify the Owners in the

       present case.

[21]   We therefore conclude that the trial court did not err by “retroactively”

       applying the amended version of the sewer lien statute. It simply applied the

       version of the statute in effect at the time the City attempted to file the lien. This

       is not a retroactive application of the statute.




       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 84A01-1512-MI-2185 | November 4, 2016   Page 9 of 10
                                                    Conclusion

[22]   The trial court properly applied the currently applicable version of the statute

       that was in effect at the time the City attempted to file the lien. Because the

       statute was not retroactively applied, the trial court did not err. 8


[23]   Affirmed.


       Vaidik, C.J., and Barnes, J., concur.




       8
        Because we conclude that the trial court did not apply the statute retroactively, we do not address the
       Owners’ argument that, under Indiana Code section 36-9-23-33, the City was required to file any lien within
       ninety days of the sewer fees becoming due and payable. Nor do we address the City’s counter-argument
       under Indiana Code section 36-9-25-11(h) that “[a] fee assessed against real property under this section
       constitutes a lien against the property assessed only when the fee is delinquent for no more than three (3)
       years from the day after the fee is due.”

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 84A01-1512-MI-2185 | November 4, 2016        Page 10 of 10
