                                          COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA


            Present: Judges O’Brien, Russell and Senior Judge Clements
            Argued at Richmond, Virginia
PUBLISHED




            SIDI O. JIDDOU
                                                                                 OPINION BY
            v.     Record No. 1910-18-2                                JUDGE JEAN HARRISON CLEMENTS
                                                                              DECEMBER 27, 2019
            COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA


                             FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF CHESTERFIELD COUNTY
                                           David E. Johnson, Judge

                           David G. Boyce (Cullen D. Seltzer; Sean M. Hutson; Sands
                           Anderson PC, on briefs), for appellant.

                           Rosemary V. Bourne, Senior Assistant Attorney General (Mark R.
                           Herring, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.


                   In a jury trial, Sidi O. Jiddou (appellant) was convicted for two counts of fraudulently

            purchasing cigarettes in violation of Code § 58.1-1017.3, three counts of possessing with the

            intent to distribute tax-paid, contraband cigarettes in violation of Code § 58.1-1017.1, and two

            counts of money laundering in violation of Code § 18.2-246.3. On appeal, appellant argues that

            1) the trial court erred in refusing to find, as a matter of law, that appellant’s conduct on February

            13, 16, and 22, 2017, did not violate either Code § 58.1-1017.3 or Code § 58.1-1017.1; 2) the

            evidence was insufficient to sustain his convictions; 3) the trial court improperly permitted the

            Commonwealth to elect a jury trial; and 4) the trial court erred in admitting prejudicial evidence.

            Finding no error, we affirm appellant’s convictions.

                                                          FACTS

                   “In general, when reviewing a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence to support a

            conviction, an appellate court considers the evidence in the light most favorable to the
Commonwealth, the prevailing party below, and reverses the judgment of the trial court only

when its decision is plainly wrong or without evidence to support it.” Marshall v.

Commonwealth, 69 Va. App. 648, 652-53 (2019). “If there is evidentiary support for the

conviction, ‘the reviewing court is not permitted to substitute its own judgment, even if its

opinion might differ from the conclusions reached by the finder of fact at the trial.’” Chavez v.

Commonwealth, 69 Va. App. 149, 161 (2018) (quoting Banks v. Commonwealth, 67 Va. App.

273, 288 (2017)). “In accordance with familiar principles of appellate review, the facts will be

stated in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, the prevailing party at trial.” Gerald v.

Commonwealth, 295 Va. 469, 472 (2018) (quoting Scott v. Commonwealth, 292 Va. 380, 381

(2016)). Moreover, “[o]n appellate review of issues involving the admissibility of evidence, the

Court views the evidence in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth as the party who

prevailed below.” Haas v. Commonwealth, 71 Va. App. 1, 5 n.1 (2019).

       Individuals engaged in illegal cigarette trafficking in Virginia are known to take

advantage of the available sales tax exemption for retail businesses, and to purchase large

quantities of cigarettes from wholesale outlets and “big-box” stores, such as Sam’s Club or

Costco. Even though they do not actually represent operating retail businesses, cigarette

traffickers nonetheless present apparently legitimate documentation of entitlement to the sales

tax exemption when they purchase cigarettes at wholesale, then resell those cigarettes for profit

in states where the price of cigarettes and the sales tax are much higher than in Virginia.1




       1
         We note that, effective January 1, 2018, Virginia adopted more stringent standards
pertaining to the purchase of cigarettes and that a “taxpayer” seeking to buy cigarettes without
paying sales tax now must obtain and present a “cigarette exemption certificate.” Code
§ 58.1-623.2.
                                                -2-
                            Background Relating to Cigarette Express

       On June 16, 2015, appellant applied for a business membership at a Sam’s Club for the

business “Cigarette Express Number 1.” In connection with the application, appellant completed

and signed a standardized ST-10 form from the Virginia Department of Taxation (the

Department) stating that Cigarette Express was exempt from paying sales tax for the purchase of

items resold through that retail business. The ST-10, signed by appellant as the owner of

Cigarette Express, stated that the certificate of exemption “shall remain in effect until revoked in

writing by the Department of Taxation.” To obtain the Sam’s Club business membership,

appellant also was required to provide proof of the business’ existence with a “Certificate of

Registration for the Collection of Virginia Sales and Use Tax,” the standardized ST-4 form

issued by the Department. Accordingly, with the Sam’s Club membership application, appellant

submitted a ST-4 form issued to Cigarette Express at 9905 Hull Street Road. As directed to the

holder of the certificate, the ST-4 advised, “If you cease to conduct business at this place of

business, the certificate immediately expires. You must notify the Department of Taxation . . . in

writing within 30 days and return this Certificate of Registration.” On the ST-10 that appellant

submitted to Sam’s Club, he was required to provide the registration number for Cigarette

Express issued by the Department on the ST-4. Upon this documentation, Sam’s Club issued a

business membership to Cigarette Express, with appellant listed as the contact. The business

membership thus permitted appellant to purchase qualifying products at Sam’s Club without

paying sales tax.

       The commissioner of revenue for Chesterfield County issued a business license to

Cigarette Express at the location of 9905 Hull Street Road in 2015. The license was valid until

the end of 2015, but was not renewed in 2016. In fact, appellant sold Cigarette Express to




                                                -3-
another person, Shao Wu, before the end of 2015.2 A second entity, Good Time LLC, was

issued a business license at 9905 Hull Street Road in 2015, and that license expired at the end of

2016.

        Investigation of Appellant’s Cigarette Purchases at Sam’s Club in February 2017

        Beginning in 2012, Detective Rich Regan of the Chesterfield County police investigated

illegal cigarette trafficking in Virginia, and he has made more than 200 arrests for that enterprise.

In Regan’s experience, cigarette trafficking in Virginia results in the loss of sales tax revenue to

the state, as well as an increased rate in many types of crime. During his investigations, Regan

often conducts undercover surveillance outside stores like Sam’s Club or Costco to watch for

potential traffickers buying large quantities of cigarettes, but purchasing nothing else that

typically would be sold in a legitimate retail business.

        On February 13, 2017, while stationed in the parking lot of a Chesterfield County Sam’s

Club, Regan saw appellant exit the store with a man named Abaydee, who had a prior conviction

for cigarette trafficking. Appellant was pushing a cart with what Regan later determined to be

240 cartons of cigarettes.3 Appellant and Abaydee noticed Regan sitting in his vehicle, pointed

at him, and walked to appellant’s car. Regan saw appellant and Abaydee load the cigarettes into

the back of the car, and appellant drove away. Abaydee returned to the store. He later exited the

store with Hassan Akim, who had purchased about 200 cartons of cigarettes.

        Regan entered the store and obtained a sales receipt indicating that appellant’s business

membership to Sam’s Club had been used that day to purchase 240 cartons of Newport




        2
         After appellant’s arrest in February of 2017 for the charged offenses, appellant admitted
to the police that he knew the business license for Cigarette Express had expired and that he had
sold the business in September of 2015.
        3
            Each carton of cigarettes contains ten packs. There are twenty cigarettes in each pack.
                                                  -4-
cigarettes.4 Videotape from the store’s surveillance camera showed appellant making the

purchase.

       The Sam’s Club purchase history for the Cigarette Express business membership

reflected a cash purchase, using appellant’s membership card, of 220 cartons of two types of

Newport cigarettes on February 16, 2017. Appellant was the holder of the only active

membership card for the account. In addition, the purchase history for the Cigarette Express

account showed a cash purchase, using appellant’s Sam’s Club membership card, of 220 cartons

of various brands of cigarettes on February 22, 2017.

       Luis Basco, a compliance manager at the Sam’s Club store, testified that, to obtain a

business membership to purchase items without sales tax, as appellant did in 2015, an applicant

must complete a ST-10 form and provide proof of the business’ existence. With a business

membership in hand, the member may then purchase certain products without paying state sales

tax. At the time of a purchase, a Sam’s Club member is required to produce a membership card

bearing his or her photograph. The cashier verifies that the photograph on the card matches the

purchaser before completing the transaction. Basco stated that Sam’s Club keeps its cigarette

inventory in a “tobacco cage,” which has a separate point of sale from the other cash registers.

At the tobacco cage, a cashier fills a customer’s request for cigarettes, follows the normal

procedure to verify the customer’s identity with his membership card, and processes the sale.

       Sam’s Club sells cigarettes only by whole sealed cartons, not individual packs. As a

general practice, cigarettes are sold by the manufacturer to a stamping agent, which applies the

required Virginia tax stamp to cigarette packs before they are sold to wholesale outlets in

Virginia. Basco testified that, within the sealed cartons, all cigarette packs bear the Virginia tax

stamp, which is applied before the product reaches Sam’s Club.


       4
           The amount of the cash sale on February 13, 2017, was $12,182.40.
                                               -5-
       Candace Banks, a senior tobacco analyst with the Department of Taxation, testified that

Virginia law requires a retail business to register with the Department and obtain a ST-4

registration to post at its location. Only after obtaining a ST-4 certificate of registration may a

business lawfully complete a ST-10 form, the certificate of exemption from sales tax. Banks

testified that a ST-4 certificate becomes invalid immediately, just as it states, if the business

closes. Banks further testified that for a business’ ST-10 form to remain valid, the business must

have a valid ST-4 certificate as a prerequisite. Banks also stated that a ST-10 form may be

rendered invalid, other than by the business closing, through revocation by the Department.

       Cigarette Express never filed any of the required documents with the Department

regarding the collection of sales taxes from retail sales. Following an audit that was prompted by

appellant’s arrest, the Department notified appellant in writing on or about March 2, 2017, that

the ST-10 for Cigarette Express was invalid. Banks testified that, notwithstanding the written

notice in March of 2017, the ST-10 for Cigarette Express became invalid with the lapse of the

business’ ST-4 registration.

       Testifying as an expert in the field of cigarette trafficking, Detective Michael Wyatt

stated that proceeds from cigarette trafficking were used to support terrorist organizations and

drug cartels in foreign countries. He opined that appellant’s use of cash to purchase the amount

of cigarettes he bought in February 2017 was inconsistent with possession of cigarettes for

personal use or in connection with a legitimate retail business. Consistent with Banks’s

testimony, Wyatt stated that a ST-10 form expires immediately when the business closes and that

any tax-free purchase upon the expired ST-10 form would be invalid. Wyatt also testified that,

because Sam’s Club receives its cigarettes from McLane, a licensed cigarette stamper for

Virginia, the store’s inventory of cigarettes would not have contained unstamped cigarettes.




                                                 -6-
                                             ANALYSIS

                                                   I.

        The jury convicted appellant for fraudulently purchasing cigarettes on February 13 and

16, 2017, in violation of Code § 58.1-1017.3. Under Code § 58.1-1017.3, “[a]ny person who

purchases more than 5,000 (25 cartons) cigarettes using a . . . forged or invalid Virginia sales and

use tax exemption certificate . . . is guilty of a Class 6 felony for a first offense and a Class 5

felony for a second or subsequent offense.”5 Appellant argues that, as a matter of law, his

purchases of cigarettes on February 13 and 16, 2017, did not violate Code § 58.1-1017.3 because

the ST-10 for Cigarette Express had not yet been revoked in writing by the Department.6

        A “question of law” is defined as “[a]n issue to be decided by the judge, concerning the

application or interpretation of the law[,]” and “[a] question that the law itself has authoritatively

answered, so that the court may not answer it as a matter of discretion[.]” Question of Law,

Black’s Law Dictionary (11th ed. 2019). By contrast, a “question of fact” is “[a]n issue that has

not been predetermined and authoritatively answered by the law[.]” Question of Fact, Black’s,

supra. No Virginia statute or regulation defines what constitutes an “invalid” tax exemption

certificate for purposes of Code § 58.1-1017.3. Therefore, the issue before us does not involve a

pure question of law, but rather an application of law to the facts of the case. Accordingly, on



        5
          Effective January 1, 2018, the General Assembly amended Code § 58.1-1017.3 to
prohibit the purchase of cigarettes using a “forged or invalid Virginia cigarette exemption
certificate,” as set forth in Code § 58.1-1017.4.
        6
          On brief, appellant also asserts this argument in challenging his three convictions under
Code § 58.1-1017.1, which provides that “[a]ny person who possesses, with intent to distribute,
40,000 (200 cartons) or more tax-paid cigarettes is guilty of a Class 6 felony for a first offense
and is guilty of a Class 5 felony for a second or subsequent offense.” A conviction under Code
§ 58.1-1017.1 prohibits the mere possession of a quantity of tax-paid cigarettes with the intent to
distribute, not the acquisition of them pursuant to an invalid ST-10 exemption form. At oral
argument, however, appellant conceded that the validity of the ST-10 is the dispositive issue in
the case.
                                                  -7-
appeal, we must determine whether “any rational trier of fact could have found the essential

elements of the crime[s] beyond a reasonable doubt.” Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319

(1979).

          Appellant asserts that his ST-10 form for Cigarette Express remained valid because the

standardized form itself states that it “shall remain in effect until revoked in writing by the

Department of Taxation.” It is undisputed that at the time of the February 13 and 16, 2017

cigarette purchases, the ST-10 had not been revoked in writing by the Department.

          Appellant relies upon a section of the Virginia Administrative Code addressing

certificates of sales tax exemption and stating:

                 All sales, leases and rentals of tangible personal property are
                 subject to the tax until the contrary is established. The burden of
                 proving that the tax does not apply rests with the dealer unless he
                 takes, in good faith from the purchaser or lessee, a certificate of
                 exemption indicating that the property is exempt under the law.
                 The certificate will remain in effect except upon notice from the
                 Department of Taxation that it is no longer acceptable. However, a
                 certificate that is incomplete, invalid, infirm or inconsistent on its
                 face is never acceptable, either before or after notice.

23 VAC 10-210-280 (emphasis added). See also Code § 58.1-623(A). According to this

regulation, the entity that accepts the ST-10, in this case Sam’s Club, is entitled to rely on the

form’s validity until the Department issues notice that the certificate is no longer acceptable.

Nonetheless, the last sentence of the regulation explicitly acknowledges that a certificate of

exemption may be invalid even without written notice from the Department.

          Under Virginia law, the validity of the certificate of registration, the ST-4, and the

certificate of exemption, the ST-10, are linked. Code § 58.1-613, which governs the issuance of

a certificate of registration by the Department, provides that “[e]very person desiring to engage

in or conduct business as a dealer in this Commonwealth shall file with the Tax Commissioner or

the local commissioner of the revenue . . . an application for a certificate of registration for each


                                                   -8-
place of business in this Commonwealth.” Code § 58.1-613(A). Any resulting certificate of

registration “shall be at all times conspicuously displayed at the place for which issued.” Code

§ 58.1-613(C). The certificate of registration bears an identification number that must be

included on the ST-10, which a business completes to enable it to make purchases that are

exempt from sales tax.

        When appellant applied for the business membership at Sam’s Club, he placed the

registration number issued by the Department for Cigarette Express in the ST-4 on the ST-10

form. Thus, appellant had notice that the validity of the ST-10 was linked to the validity of the

ST-4.

        Furthermore, under Code § 58.1-613(F),

               [i]f the holder of a certificate of registration ceases to conduct his
               business at the place specified in his certificate, the certificate shall
               thereupon expire, and such holder shall inform the Tax
               Commissioner in writing within 30 days after he has ceased to
               conduct such business at such place that he has so ceased.

(Emphasis added). By operation of this provision, the certificate of registration for Cigarette

Express expired when appellant sold the business in 2015 and ceased operations. Nonetheless,

appellant never advised the Department that he had sold Cigarette Express. Nor did appellant

comply with the Virginia Administrative Code regulation requiring a dealer who sells his

business to return the certificate of registration to the Department. See 23 VAC 10-210-3090(A).

        Viewed in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, the evidence supported the

jury’s conclusion that written revocation by the Department was not the only means by which a

ST-10 may be rendered invalid. Banks and Wyatt testified that a business’ possession of a valid

ST-4 is required for a ST-10 for that same business to be valid and that a business’ ST-4 is

rendered invalid immediately when the business ceases operation. The ST-4 appellant provided

to Sam’s Club to obtain his membership specifically advised him of that fact.


                                                 -9-
       The uncontroverted evidence proved that Cigarette Express had no business license and

was not an operating business in February 2017. In fact, appellant sold Cigarette Express, and

the business license lapsed, at the end of 2015. Appellant did not notify the Department that the

business had ceased operating, did not return the ST-4 to the Department as required, and did not

file a return for sales taxes collected through the business for sales of cigarettes or anything else.

Nonetheless, in February of 2017 appellant purchased quantities of cigarettes from Sam’s Club

using a membership for a business that no longer existed, and, in doing so, relied upon the ST-10

filed in 2015 to avoid sales tax upon the purchases. At that time, however, the ST-4 for Cigarette

Express was invalid and, consequently, the ST-10 was invalid also.

       Prompted by appellant’s arrest for the offenses, the Department conducted an audit and

issued written notice in March of 2017 that the ST-10 for Cigarette Express was invalid.

Notwithstanding the written notice, as Banks testified, the ST-10 already had been rendered

invalid when the ST-4 expired. Thus, upon this evidence, a reasonable finder of fact could

conclude beyond a reasonable doubt that in February of 2017 appellant used an invalid Virginia

sales tax exemption certificate to purchase cigarettes.

                                                  II.

       Appellant asserts several arguments challenging the sufficiency of the evidence to

support elements of the offenses for which he was convicted.7




       7
         In his reply brief, appellant argues for the first time that Code § 58.1-1017.1 is
unconstitutionally void for vagueness relating to the placement of the required cigarette tax
stamp. The petition for appeal did not raise this issue as an assignment of error. “Only
assignments of error assigned in the petition for appeal will be noticed by this Court.” Rule
5A:12(c)(1)(i). Accordingly, applying the requirements of Rules 5A:12(c)(1)(i) and 5A:20(c),
appellant waived this issue, and we do not consider it. Simmons v. Commonwealth, 63 Va. App.
69, 75 n.4 (2014).
                                                - 10 -
                               Appellant’s Purchase of “Cigarettes”

       Appellant contends that the receipt and purchase history pertaining to the Cigarette

Express account at Sam’s Club identified the items purchased by brand, such as Newport and

Marlboro, but not specifically as “cigarettes.” Thus, appellant contends, the evidence did not

prove that the items he purchased actually were cigarettes.

       Regan testified without objection that he observed appellant leaving the store on February

13, 2017, with 240 cases of “cigarettes.” Regan identified Newport as a brand of cigarette, and

said that there were other brands of cigarette as well. The receipt for the February 13, 2017

incident showed that appellant bought “Newports.” The Sam’s Club purchase history for

February 13, 16, and 22, 2017, showed the purchase of “Newports” and “Marlboros.” Upon this

evidence, the jury could have concluded beyond a reasonable doubt that appellant purchased and

possessed actual cigarettes on February 13, 16, and 22, 2017.

                               Possession of Tax-stamped Cigarettes

       Appellant maintains that the evidence did not demonstrate that any cigarettes he

possessed had been tax-stamped, as required by Code § 58.1-1017.1.8 The Commonwealth

proved, however, that the cigarette purchases were made from Sam’s Club, which sold only

sealed cartons of packages of cigarettes. The store received its cigarette inventory directly from

a licensed cigarette stamper for Virginia. Thus, unstamped packages of cigarettes would not


       8
           Appellant also argues that Code § 58.1-1017.1 prohibits the possession of individual
cigarettes, not packages, which bear a Virginia tax stamp. Appellant did not raise this issue in
the trial court. “No ruling of the trial court . . . will be considered as a basis for reversal unless
an objection was stated with reasonable certainty at the time of the ruling, except for good cause
shown or to enable the Court of Appeals to attain the ends of justice.” Rule 5A:18. “The
purpose of this contemporaneous objection requirement is to allow the trial court a fair
opportunity to resolve the issue at trial, thereby preventing unnecessary appeals and retrials.”
Creamer v. Commonwealth, 64 Va. App. 185, 195 (2015). Appellant does not invoke the good
cause or ends of justice exceptions to Rule 5A:18 as to this issue, and the Court will not apply
the exceptions sua sponte. Edwards v. Commonwealth, 41 Va. App. 752, 761 (2003) (en banc).
Accordingly, Rule 5A:18 bars our consideration of this aspect of appellant’s argument on appeal.
                                                   - 11 -
have been for sale at Sam’s Club. No evidence tended to show that un-stamped packages of

cigarettes had somehow infiltrated the inventory at Sam’s Club. “For a hypothesis of innocence

to be reasonable, it must flow from the evidence actually presented; it cannot spring forth from

the imagination of an appellant or his counsel.” Butcher v. Commonwealth, 69 Va. App. 406,

420 (2018). Therefore, we reject this argument.

                                 Purchase and Possession of Cigarettes

       Appellant argues that the evidence did not prove beyond a reasonable doubt that on

February 13, 16, and 22, 2017, he purchased, and thus possessed, cigarettes in violation of Code

§ 58.1-1017.1. and Code § 58.1-1017.3. Appellant argues that the only evidence of his

purchases of cigarettes at Sam’s Club on February 16 and 22, 2017, was the purchase history for

the Cigarette Express account, which was introduced into evidence without objection.

       Regan testified that he saw appellant leaving the store on February 13, 2017, with 240

cases of “cigarettes.” The store’s security camera recorded video of appellant making the

purchase, and the Commonwealth introduced the receipt. In addition, in conjunction with the

other evidence, the purchase history proved that on February 16 and 22, 2017, appellant’s

membership card for Cigarette Express was used to purchase 220 cartons of cigarettes on both

dates. As a carton contains 200 cigarettes, the Commonwealth proved the purchase of more than

40,000 cigarettes on each occasion. Appellant was the only person with an active membership

card for the Cigarette Express account. Considering this fact with the testimony that Sam’s Club

employees verified the identity of the purchaser as the club member presenting his or her card,

the jury reasonably could conclude that appellant was the purchaser on all the occasions, even

without video evidence of the transactions. Contrary to appellant’s assertion on appeal, the

jury’s determination of guilt was based upon evidence, not speculation, and it was the function of




                                              - 12 -
the jury to determine the weight of the evidence presented at trial. Bloom v. Commonwealth,

262 Va. 814, 821 (2001).

                      Possession of Cigarettes with the Intent to Distribute

       Challenging his convictions under Code § 58.1-1017.1, appellant argues that the

Commonwealth failed to prove that he possessed cigarettes with the intent to distribute them.

The Commonwealth proved, however, that appellant purchased, with cash, more than 40,000

cigarettes on three separate occasions within a short period of time. Testifying as an expert on

cigarette trafficking, Wyatt stated that the purchase of such quantities with cash was inconsistent

with possession of cigarettes for personal use or in connection with a legitimate business.

Appellant submitted no documentation to the Department indicating the collection of sales taxes

in connection with cigarette sales. Upon the Commonwealth’s evidence, a reasonable finder of

fact could conclude beyond a reasonable doubt that appellant had the intent to distribute the

cigarettes he purchased and that he was guilty of three counts of violating Code § 58.1-1017.1.

                                        Money Laundering

       Appellant also was convicted for committing money laundering in violation of Code

§ 18.2-246.3 on February 16 and 22, 2017. A conviction under Code § 18.2-246.3 requires that a

defendant “knowingly . . . conduct a financial transaction where [he] knows the property

involved in the transaction represents the proceeds of an activity which is punishable as a felony”

under Virginia law. Appellant challenges his convictions for money laundering under this

statute, arguing that the evidence was insufficient to prove an underlying felony conviction of

Code § 58.1-1017.1 or Code § 58.1-1017.3. However, because the evidence was sufficient to

sustain appellant’s convictions under those two statutes, as noted above, we need not further

consider this argument.




                                               - 13 -
                                                  III.

        Appellant argues that the trial court erred in ordering a jury trial upon the

Commonwealth’s request. Initially, the matter was set for a bench trial on September 5, 2017, on

the joint motion of the parties. Upon the Commonwealth’s motion and with appellant’s

agreement, the bench trial was continued to October 10, 2017, because a witness was

unavailable. On October 10, 2017, the Commonwealth requested a trial by jury. Although

appellant conceded that he had been alerted that the Commonwealth might request a jury trial, he

asserted that the Commonwealth had waived its right to request a jury trial. The Commonwealth

argued that no prior order reflected a waiver of the right to a jury trial. The trial court agreed that

there had been no such waiver, granted the Commonwealth’s motion, and set the matter for a

jury trial.

        “[I]n criminal prosecutions . . . [the accused] shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public

trial, by an impartial jury of his vicinage . . . .” Va. Const. art. 1, § 8. “If the accused plead not

guilty, he may, with his consent and the concurrence of the attorney for the Commonwealth and

of the court entered of record, . . . waive a jury.” Id.; see also Code § 19.2-257; Rule 3A:13(b).

                Under the scheme mandated by our constitution and augmented by
                statute and the Rules of the Supreme Court, circuit courts must
                assume that trial will be by jury unless and until the accused
                knowingly and intelligently waives that right and the attorney for
                the Commonwealth and the trial court concur in the decision to
                forego a jury trial.

Wright v. Commonwealth, 4 Va. App. 303, 309 (1987).

        Nonetheless, a defendant has no constitutional right to a bench trial. O’Dell v.

Commonwealth, 234 Va. 672, 689 (1988). While “the accused does have a constitutional right

to a jury trial, . . . the Virginia Constitution gives the Commonwealth ‘an equal voice’ in

determining whether the case will be heard by a jury[.]” King v. Commonwealth, 40 Va. App.



                                                 - 14 -
364, 374 (2003) (citing O’Dell, 234 Va. at 689). “Thus, if the accused does not demand trial by

jury, the Commonwealth nevertheless may choose a jury trial.” Id.

       In this case, the matter initially was set for a bench trial, but neither party indicated that it

was waiving the right to a jury. Nor was there any indication that the trial court concurred in a

waiver of a jury trial. Under Virginia law, there is no time limitation within which the

Commonwealth must exercise its right to choose a jury trial. See id. Accordingly, we conclude

that the trial court did not err in granting the Commonwealth’s motion and in holding a jury trial

upon the Commonwealth’s request.

                                                  IV.

       Appellant argues that the trial court erred in admitting evidence relating to his nationality

and religion, and testimony that tended to connect cigarette trafficking and terrorism.

       In discussing his qualifications and background in cigarette trafficking, Wyatt testified

that cigarette trafficking is “not only a tax issue,” but that it “funnels money overseas to terrorist

units like Hamas, Muslim Brotherhood, and stuff like that.” Wyatt explained how money from

the illegal cigarette trade travels from banks to Lebanon, parts of the Middle East, Hamas, and Al

Qaeda, and “some of it is funneled back into Mexican drug cartels.” On cross-examination,

appellant asked if Wyatt was familiar with Mauritania, appellant’s country of origin. Wyatt

admitted that he was. In response to a question on redirect, Wyatt said that he had had contact

with Mauritanians who were buying five cartons of cigarettes at a time for resale, a practice

known as “smurfing.”

       Appellant argues that the Commonwealth improperly introduced evidence regarding his

national origin, indicated racial bias against him, and implied that he was associated with

terrorist organizations. During his trial, appellant did not raise any objections to this evidence.




                                                - 15 -
       “[A]n objection to the admissibility of evidence must be made when the evidence is

presented. The objection comes too late if the objecting party remains silent during its

presentation and brings the matter to the court’s attention by a motion to strike made after the

opposing party has rested.” Wells v. Commonwealth, 65 Va. App. 722, 729 (2016) (quoting

Kondaurov v. Kerdasha, 271 Va. 646, 655 (2006)). “[P]ost-trial motions regarding admission of

evidence generally are not timely, especially after the jury has reached a verdict and been

excused.” Jones v. Commonwealth, 50 Va. App. 437, 445 (2007). If a party fails to timely and

specifically object, he waives his argument on appeal. Arrington v. Commonwealth, 53

Va. App. 635, 641 (2009).

       “No ruling of the trial court . . . will be considered as a basis for reversal unless an

objection was stated with reasonable certainty at the time of the ruling, except for good cause

shown or to enable the Court of Appeals to attain the ends of justice.” Rule 5A:18. Appellant

argues that this Court should invoke the ends of justice exception to Rule 5A:18 in this instance.

“We apply the ends of justice exception to Rule [5A:18] in limited circumstances. Applying the

exception is appropriate when there is error as contended by the appellant and when the failure to

apply the exception would result in a grave injustice.” Hicks v. Director, Dep’t of Corr., 289 Va.

288, 296 (2015) (citations omitted). “In order to avail oneself of the exception, a defendant must

affirmatively show that a miscarriage of justice has occurred . . . .” Redman v. Commonwealth,

25 Va. App. 215, 221 (1997). To demonstrate a miscarriage of justice, appellant “must show

that either the conduct for which he was convicted is not a criminal offense or that the record

affirmatively establishes that an element of the offense did not occur.” Le v. Commonwealth, 65

Va. App. 66, 74 (2015).

       As noted above, the evidence proved that appellant’s conduct violated three Virginia

statutes and that the Commonwealth proved all the elements of the offenses beyond a reasonable

                                                - 16 -
doubt. Wyatt’s testimony related simply to the worldwide impact of cigarette trafficking in

general. The Commonwealth elicited no evidence relating to appellant’s or his wife’s religion.

Indeed, appellant, through his cross-examination of Wyatt, opened the door to further testimony

regarding appellant’s country of origin. Under these circumstances, this is not one of the rare

instances where we invoke the ends of justice exception and consider the issue raised by

appellant on appeal. See Lacey v. Commonwealth, 54 Va. App. 32, 46 (2009).

                                         CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, we affirm appellant’s convictions.

                                                                                        Affirmed.




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