                                                                              FILED
                           NOT FOR PUBLICATION                                AUG 02 2010

                                                                          MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                          U.S. COURT OF APPEALS



                           FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT


UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                        No. 09-50050

             Plaintiff - Appellee,               D.C. No. 2:08-cr-00020-ABC-1

  v.
                                                 MEMORANDUM *
RICARDO SERVANDO FRUTOS-
LOPEZ, AKA John Doe, AKA Ricardo
Frutos-Vargas, AKA Ricky Servando
Lopez, AKA Ricardo Frutos- Lopez,

             Defendant - Appellant.


                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                      for the Central District of California
                   Audrey B. Collins, District Judge, Presiding

                               Argued June 1, 2009
                              Submitted July 29, 2010
                               Pasadena, California

Before: RYMER, GRABER, and BEA, Circuit Judges.

       Ricardo Servando Frutos-Lopez pled guilty in the Central District of

California to violating 8 U.S.C. § 1326. His plea was conditional on the right to



        *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by 9th Cir. R. 36-3.
appeal a number of issues related to the removal order upon which his § 1326

conviction is predicated. We affirm.

      After Frutos-Lopez was convicted for second-degree robbery in violation of

California Penal Code § 211, an immigration judge in March 2001 ruled that the

conviction was an “aggravated felony,” and the government then removed Frutos-

Lopez pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(2)(A)(iii). Frutos-Lopez came back into the

United States without permission. When the government charged Frutos-Lopez

with violation of § 1326 in the District of Nevada, he successfully argued for

dismissal of the indictment because the March 2001 removal order erroneously

categorized his robbery conviction as an “aggravated felony” based on then-

governing Ninth Circuit precedent. The district court in Nevada dismissed the

indictment, but Frutos-Lopez never asked that court to vacate the removal order,

and the court never purported to take such an action. Thus, we have no occasion to

consider whether a district court in criminal proceedings pursuant to a § 1326

charge has jurisdiction to vacate the underlying removal order.

      The government removed Frutos-Lopez again, and he again returned to the

United States without permission. Frutos-Lopez was charged in the Central

District of California with a new violation of § 1326 based on the March 2001

removal order. Frutos-Lopez did not argue collateral estoppel (issue preclusion)


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before the district court. Review is therefore for plain error. Given the intervening

change in law caused by Gonzales v. Duenas-Alvarez, 549 U.S. 183 (2007), the

district court did not plainly err by refusing to follow the decision by the District of

Nevada. “[E]ven where the core requirements of issue preclusion are met, an

exception to the general rule may apply when a ‘change in [the] applicable legal

context’ intervenes.” Bobby v. Bies, 129 S. Ct. 2145, 2152 (2009) (second

alteration in original) (quoting Restatement (Second) of Judgments § 28 cmt. c

(1980)); Richey v. IRS, 9 F.3d 1407, 1410 (9th Cir. 1993); Artukovic v. INS, 693

F.2d 894, 898 (9th Cir. 1982).

      Frutos-Lopez’s remaining arguments are foreclosed by circuit precedent.

His conviction for second-degree robbery under California Penal Code § 211 is an

“aggravated felony” under the removal statute, 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(2)(A)(iii),

because such a conviction is a categorical crime of violence under 8 U.S.C.

§ 1101(a)(43)(F) and because Frutos-Lopez was sentenced to at least one year for

his crime. See United States v. Becerril-Lopez, 541 F.3d 881, 889 (9th Cir. 2008),

cert. denied, 129 S. Ct. 959 (2009); United States v. McDougherty, 920 F.2d 569,

573 (9th Cir. 1990) (“[R]obbery under California law is . . . by definition a crime

of violence.”). That conviction is also a “crime of violence” under U.S.S.G.

§ 2L1.2. Becerril-Lopez, 541 F.3d at 893. And we have already rejected the


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argument that § 1326(b) is facially unconstitutional. United States v. Salazar-

Lopez, 506 F.3d 748, 751 n.3 (9th Cir. 2007).

      AFFIRMED.




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