                                                                        F I L E D
                                                                 United States Court of Appeals
                                                                         Tenth Circuit
                     UNITED STATES CO URT O F APPEALS
                                                                       August 13, 2007
                            FO R TH E TENTH CIRCUIT                 Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                                        Clerk of Court

    U N ITED STA TES O F A M ER ICA,

                Plaintiff-Appellee,

    v.                                                    No. 06-4118
                                                  (D.C. Nos. 2:01-cr-250-TC &
    REFUGIO M ARIZCALES-                                2:04-cv-76-TC)
    D ELG A DILLO ,                                        (D. Utah)

                Defendant-Appellant.



            OR DER DENY ING CERTIFICATE O F APPEALABILITY *


Before HA RTZ, EBEL, and T YM KOVICH, Circuit Judges.




         Refugio M arizcales-Delgadillo, a federal prisoner proceeding pro se, seeks

a certificate of appealability (COA) to appeal the district court’s denial of his

motion for relief under Fed. R. Civ. P. 60(b)(6). In his Rule 60(b) motion, he

asked the district court to vacate its order denying his 28 U.S.C. § 2255 motion to

vacate, set aside, or correct his sentence. W e view M r. M arizcales-Delgadillo’s


*
       After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist the determination of
this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is
therefore ordered submitted without oral argument. This order is not binding
precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and
collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent
with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
pro se filings liberally, see Hall v. Bellmon, 935 F.2d 1106, 1110 & n.3 (10th Cir.

1991), and, for the following reasons, deny a COA and dismiss the appeal.

                                  I. Background

      In September 2002, M r. M arizcales-Delgadillo pleaded guilty to one count

of possession of a controlled substance with intent to distribute and was sentenced

to 240 m onths of incarceration followed by three years of supervised release. H e

did not file a direct appeal.

      On January 26, 2004, he filed his § 2255 motion alleging that his trial

counsel had rendered ineffective assistance at the sentencing hearing by failing to

raise appropriate objections, and that counsel was ineffective because he

disregarded M r. M arizcales-Delgadillo’s request to file a direct appeal of the

criminal conviction. Along with his § 2255 motion, M r. M arizcales-Delgadillo

filed motions (1) to obtain copies of certain documents from both the court and

his retained counsel, who allegedly refused to supply them, including the

government’s plea-offer letters leading up to his plea agreement, the plea

agreement itself, and the sentencing transcripts; (2) for leave to supplement his

§ 2255 motion after he had an opportunity to review the requested documents; and

(3) to toll the one-year statute of limitations on his § 2255 motion. On April 21,

2004, the district court denied the § 2255 motion sua sponte on the ground that in

his plea agreement, M r. M arizcales-Delgadillo had waived his right to challenge

his sentence in any collateral attack, including a § 2255 motion. The court denied

                                         -2-
his other motions as moot. The district court did not enter a separate judgment as

provided under Fed. R. Civ. P. 58, and M r. M arizcales-Delgadillo did not appeal.

      M ore than twenty months later, in a letter filed in the district court on

January 6, 2006, M r. M arizcales-Delgadillo stated that he had never received a

copy of the April 21, 2004, order denying his § 2255 motion and only became

aware of the denial in December 2005 when another prisoner checked the docket

for him on the district court’s PA CER website. He also requested a copy of the

order so that he could prepare a Rule 60(b) motion or a motion to file a notice of

appeal out of time. On M arch 2, 2006, he filed a Rule 60(b)(6) motion asking the

court to vacate the denial of his § 2255 motion. He argued primarily that the

court erred in ruling on the § 2255 motion, which he characterized as ill-pled,

without first giving him an opportunity to obtain copies of the documents relevant

to his plea agreement and a chance to amend the § 2255 motion. On M arch 6,

2006, the district court summarily denied the Rule 60(b) motion in a “[d]ocket

text order only.” See Docket Entry No. 13.

      M r. M arizcales-Delgadillo then filed a timely notice of appeal from the

denial of the Rule 60(b)(6) motion and moved for a COA. The district court did

not grant or deny the motion for a COA within thirty days, so we deem it denied

and treat his notice of appeal as a renewed COA application. See Fed. R. App.

P. 22(b)(2); 10th Cir. R. 22.1(A), (C).




                                          -3-
                                    II. Discussion

      Before we can consider whether M r. M arizcales-Delgadillo is entitled to a

COA on the denial of his Rule 60(b)(6) motion, we first must determine whether

the motion was a “true” Rule 60(b) motion or a second or successive motion for

§ 2255 relief, a distinction the Supreme Court drew in Gonzalez v. Crosby,

545 U.S. 524, 531-33 (2005), in the context of a habeas petition filed by a state

prisoner under 28 U.S.C. § 2254. W hen the district court summarily denied the

Rule 60(b) motion in M arch 2006, it did not make this threshold determination.

Indeed, not until well after the court’s order did we set forth procedures district

courts are to follow in this situation. See Spitznas v. Boone, 464 F.3d 1213,

1216-17 (10th Cir. 2006). Applying Gonzalez in the context of this § 2255 case,

see United States v. Nelson, 465 F.3d 1145, 1147, 1148 (10th Cir. 2006), we

conduct this inquiry in the first instance, see Spitznas, 464 F.3d at 1224. The

answ er to this threshold question will direct whether we treat this matter as a

request for a COA and apply the standard set forth in 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(2), or

whether we must consider authorizing a second or successive § 2255 motion

under the standard set out in paragraph eight of § 2255.

                                           A.

      A Rule 60(b) motion is a second or successive § 2255 motion under

Gonzalez if, in substance or effect, it asserts or reasserts a federal basis for relief

from the sentence imposed. See Gonzalez, 545 U.S. at 538; Spitznas, 464 F.3d

                                          -4-
at 1215. On the other hand, a “true” Rule 60(b) motion is one that “attacks, not

the substance of the federal court’s resolution of a claim on the merits, but some

defect in the integrity of the federal habeas proceedings.” Gonzalez, 545 U.S.

at 532. As we have interpreted Gonzalez, a true Rule 60(b) motion is one that

challenges either (1) a procedural ruling that precluded a determination on the

merits of the underlying habeas petition, or (2) a defect in the integrity of the

proceedings in the federal district court that does not inextricably lead to an

attack on a merits-based resolution of the underlying habeas petition. Spitznas,

464 F.3d at 1215-16.

      Applying this analytic framew ork to this § 2255 case, we need not

determine w hether the district court’s denial of M r. M arizcales-Delgadillo’s

§ 2255 motion was procedural or on the merits. Regardless of how that denial

may be characterized, his Rule 60(b)(6) motion is a “true” 60(b) motion because

it challenged a defect in the integrity of the district court proceedings without

necessarily attacking the reason the district court denied the underlying § 2255

motion. In his Rule 60(b)(6) motion, M r. M arizcales-Delgadillo primarily argued

that the court had erred by denying his § 2255 motion without giving him an

adequate opportunity to access record documents and amend the motion to present

his claims properly, thus calling into question the integrity of the proceedings

from the point of view of procedural due process.




                                          -5-
      Although M r. M arizcales-Delgadillo also discussed the merits of his § 2255

motion in his Rule 60(b)(6) motion, he did so on the theory that to prevail on the

60(b) motion, he had to show that there was some merit in the underlying claims

in the § 2255 motion. 1 In the particular circumstances of this case, we do not

construe this effort as reasserting a federal basis for relief from his sentence that

would render the 60(b)(6) motion a second or successive § 2255 motion. See

Gonzalez, 545 U.S. at 538; Spitznas, 464 F.3d at 1215. Rather, the relief

sought— an opportunity to obtain the relevant documents and file an amended

§ 2255 motion for the court’s consideration— makes evident that his Rule 60(b)

motion challenged the process the court used in deciding to deny the § 2255

motion, not the substance of that decision. 2




1
      M r. M arizcales-Delgadillo’s belief was based on extra-circuit case law. W e
express no opinion on the matter.
2
       In his application for a COA in this court, M r. M arizcales-Delgadillo
contends that in his Rule 60(b) motion, he asked the district court to vacate its
ruling on his ineffective assistance claim regarding counsel’s failure to file a
direct appeal from his conviction, as requested, based on United States v. Garrett,
402 F.3d 1262 (10th Cir. 2005). In Garrett, a § 2255 case decided after the
district court denied M r. M arizcales-Delgadillo’s § 2255 motion, we held that a
criminal defendant is entitled to a delayed appeal if he can establish that he asked
his attorney to file an appeal and the attorney ignored the request, even if the
defendant had accepted a plea agreement purporting to waive the right to
challenge his conviction or sentence on direct appeal. Id. at 1266-67. W e fail to
see where Garrett was raised in the Rule 60(b) motion.

                                          -6-
                                          B.

      Having concluded that the motion is a “true” Rule 60(b)(6) motion, we next

must determine whether M r. M arizcales-D elgadillo is entitled to a COA. See

28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(2). A COA may issue only “if the [movant] has made a

substantial showing of the denial of a constitutional right.” 28 U.S.C.

§ 2253(c)(2). In the habeas context, a petitioner seeking a COA to challenge the

denial of a true Rule 60(b) motion on procedural grounds must satisfy a two-part

test by showing “‘that jurists of reason would find it debatable whether the

petition states a valid claim of the denial of a constitutional right and that jurists

of reason would find it debatable w hether the district court was correct in its

procedural ruling.’” Spitznas, 464 F.3d at 1225 (quoting Slack v. M cDaniel,

529 U.S. 473, 484 (2000)).

      The district court here gave no reason in its “docket text order” for denying

the Rule 60(b)(6) motion. The “failure to offer any reason for denial of such a

motion could . . . constitute an abuse of discretion,” Pelican Prod. Corp. v.

M arino, 893 F.2d 1143, 1146 (10th Cir. 1990) (emphasis added), but “a failure of

explanation is harmless when the record reveals the apparent reason or reasons

justifying” a discretionary decision, Hill v. SmithKline Beecham Corp., 393 F.3d

1111, 1116 (10th Cir. 2004). As explained below, it is clear from the record that

procedural grounds justify the district court’s decision. Therefore, we may apply




                                          -7-
the two-part Slack test to what was in effect a procedural denial of a true

Rule 60(b) motion. See Spitznas, 464 F.3d at 1225. 3

      The Slack test is disjunctive, so we may base our denial of a CO A on

M r. M arizcales-D elgadillo’s failure to meet either part of the test. See Slack,

529 U.S. at 485. W e base our decision on Slack’s second prong, taking into

consideration that we review the district court’s denial of the Rule 60(b)(6)

motion for an abuse of discretion. See Fleming v. Evans, 481 F.3d 1249,

1254-55, 1257, 1258 (10th Cir. 2007) (considering second prong of Slack test in

context of applicable standard of review ); Zurich N. Am. v. M atrix Serv., Inc.,

426 F.3d 1281, 1289 (10th Cir. 2005) (setting forth standard of review for

Rule 60(b)(6) motions). Thus, we must consider w hether jurists of reason would

3
       W hen a district court dismisses a habeas petition or § 2255 motion on
procedural grounds and an appeal is sought, the first part of the Slack test looks to
the habeas petition or § 2255 motion in order to determine whether a petitioner
has stated a valid claim of the denial of a constitutional right. But in the context
of a request for a COA to appeal the procedural denial of a Rule 60(b) motion,
there is a question as to whether we look to the underlying habeas petition or
§ 2255 motion when making this inquiry, to the Rule 60(b) motion itself, or
perhaps to some combination of the two. In Spitznas, we appeared to look at the
underlying habeas petition without firmly resolving the issue. See Spitznas,
464 F.3d at 1225 (quoting Slack test verbatim as test applicable when considering
whether to issue a CO A as to the denial of a true Rule 60(b) motion but not
applying first part of test). Two other circuits that have considered this question
in the habeas context have looked either to the Rule 60(b) motion first and,
finding no constitutional claim to support issuing a COA, to the underlying
petition, see Reid v. Angelone, 369 F.3d 363, 371 (4th Cir. 2004), or to the
underlying petition in light of the grounds asserted in support of the Rule 60(b)
motion, see Kellogg v. Strack, 269 F.3d 100, 104 (2d Cir. 2001) (per curiam). W e
need not resolve the matter because, as we explain, we base our denial of a COA
on the second part of the Slack test.

                                          -8-
find it debatable that the district court’s denial of the Rule 60(b)(6) motion was an

abuse of discretion. 4

      “[A] movant seeking relief under Rule 60(b)(6) [must] show extraordinary

circumstances justifying the reopening of a final judgment.” Gonzalez, 545 U.S.

at 535 (quotation omitted). M r. M arizcales-Delgadillo asserted in his

Rule 60(b)(6) motion that the district court’s ruling on his § 2255 motion was

premature because the court did not give him a chance to review documents

relevant to his plea agreement and sentencing and to amend his pleading,

arguments the court had rejected once in denying relief. He could have asserted

these allegations of error if he had appealed his § 2255 denial, but he did not

appeal. Allegations of error that could have been raised on direct appeal

generally are not the sort of extraordinary circumstances that entitle a litigant to

relief under Rule 60(b)(6). See Zurich, 426 F.3d at 1289 (“Parties seeking relief

under Rule 60(b) have a higher hurdle to overcome because such a motion is not a

substitute for an appeal.” (quotations and citation omitted)); LaFleur v. Teen

Help, 342 F.3d 1145, 1153 (10th Cir. 2003) (explaining that a litigant “must

overcome a higher hurdle to obtain relief from a post-judgment motion than on

direct appeal from a judgment”).



4
      M r. M arizcales-Delgadillo made passing reference to subsection (b)(1) of
Rule 60 in his brief in support of his motion, but his motion and his arguments
were clearly limited to subsection (b)(6). Even if we construed his motion as
based in part on subsection (b)(1), it would not change the result here.

                                          -9-
      W e are not insensitive to M r. M arizcales-Delgadillo’s allegations that he

did not receive notice of the denial of his § 2255 motion from the court and did

not become aware of that ruling until long after the time for filing a notice of

appeal had passed. But granting the Rule 60(b) motion effectively would have

relieved M r. M arizcales-Delgadillo of his failure to appeal. This w ould be in

contravention of the applicable procedural rule, which states that a “[l]ack of

notice of the entry [of an order or judgment] by the clerk does not affect the time

to appeal or relieve or authorize the court to relieve a party for failure to appeal

within the time allowed, except as permitted in Rule 4(a) of the Federal Rules of

Appellate Procedure.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 77(d). The most applicable Rule 4(a)

exception is Fed. R. App. P. 4(a)(6). Rule 4(a)(6), which implements 28 U.S.C.

§ 2107(c), see Bowles v. Russell, 127 S. Ct. 2360, 2363 (2007), applies when a

litigant has not received notice of an appealable order or judgment, and it allow s a

district court to reopen the time to file an appeal for fourteen days provided

certain conditions are met.

      Unfortunately, we cannot treat M r. M arizcales-Delgadillo’s Rule 60(b)

motion as one to reopen the time to appeal under Rule 4(a)(6) because a

Rule 60(b) motion cannot be used to circumvent that rule’s filing deadlines, even

in uncounseled cases. See W atson v. Ward, 404 F.3d 1230, 1232 (10th Cir. 2005);

Clark v. Lavallie, 204 F.3d 1038, 1040-41 (10th Cir. 2000). Strict time limits

govern when a Rule 4(a)(6) motion must be filed— “within 180 days after the

                                          -10-
judgment or order is entered or 7 days after the moving party receives notice

under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 77(d) of the entry, whichever is earlier.”

Fed. R. App. P. 4(a)(6)(B) (emphasis added); see also 28 U.S.C. § 2107(c)

(substantially the same). The 180-day deadline is an “outer time limit” w ithin

which a litigant may ask the district court to reopen the time for filing a notice of

appeal. Servants of Paraclete v. Does, 204 F.3d 1005, 1009-10 (10th Cir. 2000).

This limitation, mandated by statute, is “specific and unequivocal,” not

“permissive,” and may not be waived “for equitable reasons.” Clark, 204 F.3d

at 1040; cf. Bowles, 127 S. Ct. at 2366 (explaining that statutorily-mandated

fourteen-day time limit to file appeal under Rule 4(a)(6) and § 2107(c) once court

reopens period is jurisdictional and not subject to equitable exceptions). 5

      M r. M arizcales-Delgadillo filed his Rule 60(b) motion beyond the 180-day

limit of Fed. R. App. P. 4(a)(6). Because no separate judgment in accordance

with Fed. R. Civ. P. 58 was entered after the district court denied the § 2255

motion on April 21, 2004, judgment was deemed entered 150 days from that date,

or approximately September 20, 2004. See Fed. R. App. P. 4(a)(7). He then had

sixty days to file a notice of appeal under Fed. R. App. P. 4(a)(1)(B), and he did



5
       In addition to a motion’s timeliness, a court must make two findings before
reopening the time to file an appeal under Rule 4(a)(6), “that the moving party
did not receive notice under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 77(d) of the entry of
the judgment or order sought to be appealed within 21 days after entry,” and “that
no party would be prejudiced.” Fed. R. App. P. 4(a)(6)(A), (C). W e need not
address these other requirements.

                                         -11-
not. Assuming that he never received notice of the order denying his § 2255

motion, as he claims, any Rule 4(a)(6) motion to reopen was due no later than 180

days from September 20, 2004, or approximately M arch 21, 2005. See Fed. R.

App. P. 4(a)(6)(B). He did not file his Rule 60(b) motion until M arch 2, 2006,

nearly a year later and clearly beyond the jurisdictional limitations of

Rule 4(a)(6)(B). 6 Thus, we may not consider it as a motion to reopen.

                                  III. Conclusion

      For the foregoing reasons, we conclude that no jurist of reason could debate

that the district court’s denial of M r. M arizcales-Delgadillo’s Rule 60(b)(6)

motion was not an abuse of discretion. 7 Accordingly, we deny




6
      To the extent that M r. M arizcales-Delgadillo’s Rule 60(b) motion could be
characterized as a motion for extension of time to file a notice of appeal under
Fed. R. App. P. 4(a)(5) and 28 U.S.C. § 2107(c), it was clearly filed beyond the
applicable 30-day jurisdictional time limit set forth in those provisions.
7
      Our resolution of this issue does not foreclose the use of Rule 60(b)
motions in § 2255 or habeas cases. As the Supreme Court pointed out in
Gonzalez, “Rule 60(b) has an unquestionably valid role to play” in such cases,
including to obtain relief from a default judgment or from a judgment rendered in
the absence of jurisdiction. 545 U.S. at 534.

                                         -12-
M r. M arizcales-Delgadillo’s request for a COA and dismiss the appeal. W e

grant his motion for leave to proceed without prepayment of costs or fees.


                                                   Entered for the Court



                                                   Timothy M . Tymkovich
                                                   Circuit Judge




                                        -13-
