                                                                            FILED
                           NOT FOR PUBLICATION
                                                                            DEC 12 2017
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                       MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                          U.S. COURT OF APPEALS


                            FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT


MARILYN D. MINTZ,                                No.   16-16840

              Plaintiff-Appellant,               D.C. No. 3:16-cv-03384-MMC

 v.
                                                 MEMORANDUM*
SUBARU OF AMERICA, INC.,

              Defendant-Appellee.


                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                      for the Northern District of California
                   Maxine M. Chesney, District Judge, Presiding

                          Submitted December 8, 2017**
                            San Francisco, California

Before: THOMAS, Chief Judge, and LUCERO*** and OWENS, Circuit Judges.




      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
      **
             The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision
without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).
      ***
            The Honorable Carlos F. Lucero, United States Circuit Judge for the
U.S. Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit, sitting by designation.
      Marilyn D. Mintz appeals the district court’s judgment dismissing her claims

against Subaru of America. We affirm. Because the parties are familiar with the

history of this case, we do not recount it here.

                                           I

      The district court properly dismissed Mintz’s trademark infringement claim.

To establish trademark infringement under federal law, Mintz must plausibly

allege that Subaru’s design and phrase are “likely to cause confusion, or to cause

mistake, or to deceive.” 15 U.S.C. § 1114(1)(a). “The confusion must be

probable, not simply a possibility.” Murray v. Cable Nat’l Broadcasting Co., 86

F.3d 858, 860 (9th Cir. 1996) (internal quotation marks omitted). Likelihood of

confusion can be determined at the pleading stage where the parties have obviously

dissimilar marks. See id. at 860-61.

      Mintz does not plausibly allege trademark infringement. As the district

court observed, the design and phrase used in Subaru’s “Share the Love” campaign

are obviously dissimilar from Mintz’s marks. Subaru’s phrase “Share the Love”

and Mintz’s trademarked phrase “A World of Love, for You and Those You Love”

only share the generic word “love,” which could not be trademarked on its own

and cannot plausibly be the ground for an infringement claim. Subaru’s design

depicting a hand with a heart on it is plainly not similar to Mintz’s “Heart on


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Hand” trademark except in the use of a common symbol. Mintz’s design includes

a hand that is circumscribed by a heart and includes an entire body; Subaru’s

design includes a hand that radiates blue beams and is not connected to a body.

Considered in their entireties, the designs are so facially dissimilar that they cannot

plausibly create a likelihood of confusion.

                                           II

      For similar reasons, the district court properly dismissed Mintz’s trademark

dilution claim. To establish trademark dilution, Mintz must plausibly allege that

her mark is “famous and distinctive” and that Subaru’s “use of the mark is likely to

cause dilution by blurring or dilution by tarnishment.” Jada Toys, Inc. v. Mattel,

Inc., 518 F.3d 628, 634 (9th Cir. 2008); see 15 U.S.C. § 1125(c)(1). To establish

dilution by tarnishment, Mintz must show that Subaru’s use of her mark is likely to

cause an “association arising from the similarity between a mark or trade name and

a famous mark that harms the reputation of the famous mark.” 15 U.S.C. §

1125(c)(2)(C). Assuming, arguendo, that Mintz plausibly alleged that her marks

were famous, she does not plausibly allege dilution by tarnishment. As discussed

above, Mintz’s marks and Subaru’s marks are obviously dissimilar. Mintz cannot

plausibly allege that any “association” will arise from a “similarity” between the

marks.


                                           3
                                          III

      The district court properly dismissed Mintz’s copyright infringement claims.

To establish copyright infringement under federal law, Mintz must plausibly allege

that Subaru had access to her copyrighted work and that the works at issue are

substantially similar in their protected elements. Cavalier v. Random House, Inc.,

297 F.3d 815, 822 (9th Cir. 2002). Mintz does not plead sufficient facts for either

element.

      Mintz does not plausibly allege that Subaru had access to her copyrighted

work. Mintz cites her allegations that her copyrights have been featured and

advertised in multiple publications that were sold in stores, sent to the general

public, and distributed at festivals and trade shows. Without specific allegations

that any Subaru employee viewed any of the publications in which her designs

were featured or that the publications were widely disseminated to the general

public, Mintz has not plausibly alleged that Subaru had access to her works.

      Mintz also does not plausibly allege that the works at issue are “substantially

similar.” Id. As discussed above, Mintz’s designs and phrase are obviously

dissimilar from Subaru’s designs and phrase. Mintz argues that her copyrighted

works are not before the court, and that the court thus cannot determine at the

pleading stage whether Subaru’s works are substantially similar. As the district


                                           4
court noted, Mintz has had ample opportunity to allege that her copyrighted works

differ from the works in which she asserts trademark rights, and she has not done

so. While this court is obligated to view allegations in the complaint in the light

most favorable to Mintz on a motion to dismiss, the court is not obligated to make

“unwarranted deductions of fact, or unreasonable inferences.” Daniels-Hall v.

Nat’l Educ. Ass’n, 629 F.3d 992, 998 (9th Cir. 2010).

                                          IV

      Mintz’s remaining claims fail for the same reasons the above claims fail. As

Mintz acknowledges, the elements needed to establish federal unfair competition

under 15 U.S.C. § 1125(a) are identical to the elements needed to establish

trademark infringement under 15 U.S.C. § 1114. Thus, her claim for federal unfair

competition fails for the same reason as her federal trademark infringement claim.

      As Mintz also acknowledges, her claims for California trademark

infringement and dilution under Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code §§ 14245 and 14247 and

for California unfair competition under Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code § 17200 are

“substantially congruent” with her claims for trademark infringement, dilution, and

unfair competition under federal law. Grupo Gigante S.A. de C.V. v. Dallo & Co.,

391 F.3d 1088, 1100 (9th Cir. 2004) (citation omitted). Thus, because Mintz does




                                           5
not plausibly allege these claims under federal law, she also does not plausibly

allege her claims under California state law.

      Mintz does not plausibly allege false advertising under California law.

Because her marks are obviously dissimilar from Subaru’s marks, she has not

plausibly pled that “members of the public are likely to be deceived.” Williams v.

Gerber Products Co., 552 F.3d 934, 938 (9th Cir. 2008) (citation omitted).

Similarly, because of the dissimilarity between the two parties’ marks, Mintz

cannot plausibly allege that Subaru knowingly made a false representation to the

U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, which is a necessary element of her trademark

cancellation claim. Hokto Kinoko Co. v. Concord Farms, Inc., 738 F.3d 1085,

1097 (9th Cir. 2013).



      AFFIRMED.




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