    Case: 15-20775   Document: 00513653655   Page: 1   Date Filed: 08/26/2016




         IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                  FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT
                                                              United States Court of Appeals
                                                                       Fifth Circuit


                             No. 15-20775
                                                                     FILED
                                                               August 26, 2016
                           Summary Calendar
                                                                Lyle W. Cayce
                                                                     Clerk



RON SOMMERS, Chapter 7 Trustee
 of Exquisite Designs by Castlerock & Company,
                                        Plaintiff–Appellee,
versus
BANK OF AMERICA, N.A.,
                                        Defendant–Appellee,
versus
BRAD JONES,
                                        Movant–Appellant.




               Appeal from the United States District Court
                    for the Southern District of Texas




Before JOLLY, SMITH, and GRAVES, Circuit Judges.
JERRY E. SMITH, Circuit Judge:

     Brad Jones appeals, pro se, the denial of his motion to intervene in a
lawsuit between the Chapter 7 Trustee of Exquisite Designs by Castlerock &
Company (“Exquisite Designs”) and Bank of America, N.A. (“Bank of Amer-
ica”). He also appeals the order granting the stipulation of dismissal with
    Case: 15-20775         Document: 00513653655         Page: 2    Date Filed: 08/26/2016



                                       No. 15-20775
prejudice filed by those parties. We affirm.

                                              I.
      Jones is the sole shareholder of Exquisite Designs, a company that filed
for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 2009 and 2012. In 2014, the second bankruptcy
case was converted to a Chapter 7 proceeding, and Ron Sommers was ap-
pointed Trustee.

      On November 3, 2014, the Trustee sued Bank of America in state court.
After removal to federal court, the parties proceeded to mediation. On Novem-
ber 2, 2015, they filed a stipulation of dismissal. The next day, the district
court signed an order, entered November 4, granting the stipulation.

      On November 18, Jones moved to intervene. On December 1, the district
court denied the motion without a hearing or offering findings or conclusions.
Jones filed his notice of appeal on December 30.

                                              II.
      We begin by considering appellate jurisdiction. We conclude that we
have jurisdiction, but limited to one issue.

                                              A.
      Jones appeals both the denial of his motion to intervene and the order
granting the stipulation of dismissal. His notice of appeal is untimely as to the
latter. With exceptions not applicable here, Federal Rule of Appellate Proce-
dure 4(a)(1)(A) requires that the notice of appeal “be filed with the district clerk
within 30 days after entry of the judgment or order appealed from.” The re-
quirement “is not jurisdictional but is a ‘prerequisite to the exercise of [subject
matter] jurisdiction.’” 1 Because the notice of appeal was filed well over thirty


      1   United States v. Burns, 668 F.2d 855, 858 (5th Cir. 1982) (quoting Sanchez v. Bd. of
                                               2
     Case: 15-20775       Document: 00513653655          Page: 3    Date Filed: 08/26/2016



                                       No. 15-20775
days after the order granting the stipulation of dismissal, we have no jurisdic-
tion to review that order even though the appellant’s objections go to the dis-
trict court’s jurisdiction. 2

                                              B.
       In the district court, Jones moved for both intervention as of right and
permissive intervention. Under our precedents, “[t]he denial of a motion to
intervene of right is an appealable final order under 28 U.S.C. § 1291,” but “we
have only provisional jurisdiction” to review the denial of permissive interven-
tion. Edwards v. City of Hous., 78 F.3d 983, 992 (5th Cir. 1996) (en banc). “If
the district court’s denial of permissive intervention does not constitute an
abuse of discretion, we must dismiss the appeal for lack of jurisdiction.” Id.

       For purposes of the instant appeal, however, we may ignore the distinc-
tion between absolute and provisional jurisdiction. Because Jones’s initial
brief on appeal advances no argument as to why the district court erred in
denying permissive intervention, that issue has been waived. See Mullins v.
TestAmerica, Inc., 564 F.3d 386, 417 (5th Cir. 2009). We thus consider only
the denial of intervention as of right, which we review de novo. Texas v. United
States, 805 F.3d 653, 656 (5th Cir. 2015) (citing Edwards, 78 F.3d at 995).

                                             III.
       The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure specify two situations in which a
person is permitted to intervene as of right: first, when a federal statute grants
“an unconditional right to intervene,” FED. R. CIV. P. 24(a)(1); and second,



Regents of Tex. S. Univ., 625 F.2d 521, 522 n.1 (5th Cir. 1980)).
       2 See THOMAS E. BAKER, A PRIMER ON THE JURISDICTION OF THE U.S. COURTS OF
APPEALS 22 (2d ed. 2009) (“[B]ecause a timely appeal is a procedural prerequisite, a court of
appeals may not consider an untimely appeal, even if the appeal only involves a challenge to
the subject-matter jurisdiction of the district court.”).
                                              3
     Case: 15-20775       Document: 00513653655         Page: 4    Date Filed: 08/26/2016



                                      No. 15-20775
when a person “claims an interest relating to the property or transaction that
is the subject of the action, and is so situated that disposing of the action may
as a practical matter impair or impede the movant’s ability to protect its inter-
est, unless existing parties adequately represent that interest,” FED. R. CIV. P.
24(a)(2). Jones has asserted no federal statute giving him “an unconditional
right to intervene,” 3 so at issue is only whether he can intervene as of right
under Rule 24(a)(2).

       There is a four-prong test for intervention as of right under Rule 24(a)(2):
    (1) the application for intervention must be timely; (2) the applicant
    must have an interest relating to the property or transaction which is
    the subject of the action; (3) the applicant must be so situated that the
    disposition of the action may, as a practical matter, impair his ability
    to protect that interest; (4) the applicant’s interest must be inade-
    quately represented by the existing parties to the suit.

Texas, 805 F.3d at 657 (quoting New Orleans Pub. Serv., Inc. v. United Gas
Pipe Line Co., 732 F.2d 452, 463 (5th Cir. 1984) (en banc)). In evaluating time-
liness, a district court should consider four factors:
    (1) The length of time during which the would-be intervenor actually
    knew or reasonably should have known of its interest in the case before
    it petitioned for leave to intervene; (2) the extent of the prejudice that
    the existing parties to the litigation may suffer as a result of the would-
    be intervenor’s failure to apply for intervention as soon as it knew or
    reasonably should have known of its interest in the case; (3) the extent
    of the prejudice that the would-be intervenor may suffer if intervention
    is denied; and (4) the existence of unusual circumstances militating
    either for or against a determination that the application is timely.
Ford v. City of Huntsville, 242 F.3d 235, 239 (quoting Sierra Club v. Espy,
18 F.3d 1202, 1205 (5th Cir. 1994)). We generally review for abuse of discretion
a district court’s determination regarding the timeliness of intervention. Id.


       3  Although Jones moved to intervene under Rule 24(a)(1), neither his motion in the
district court nor his briefs on appeal identify any federal statute granting him an uncondi-
tional right to intervene.
                                             4
     Case: 15-20775        Document: 00513653655          Page: 5     Date Filed: 08/26/2016



                                        No. 15-20775
But where, as here, “the district court failed to make any findings regarding
its timeliness conclusion,” our review is de novo. Id.

       Under these tests, the district court rightly denied intervention, because
Jones’s motion was untimely. First, he knew of his alleged interest in the case
long before he filed his motion. Although he claims that he “could not have
been aware that his interests would be adversely affected until the case was
dismissed,” that is not the relevant inquiry. What matters is not when he knew
or should have known that his interests would be adversely affected but,
instead, when he knew that he had an interest in the case.

       Second, affirming the denial of intervention would not prejudice Jones.
As a private agreement, the mediated settlement binds only its parties. It can-
not affect any claims that Jones possesses in his personal capacity, nor does
the agreement purport to do so. 4

       Finally, also weighing against a finding of timeliness is the fact that
Jones waited until after the court had already dismissed the case with preju-
dice before seeking to intervene. Though the appellees are incorrect in suggest-
ing that intervention is always improper after a case has been dismissed, they
are accurate in asserting that it is a factor weighing against timeliness. 5



       4 Jones claims that the release provision of the mediated settlement agreement could
be interpreted as taking away his right to litigate against Bank of America in the future. But
he is mistaken. His interpretation rests on a misreading of “Sommers’ Release.” He takes
the pronoun “its” in the definition of the releasors to refer to Exquisite Designs and/or the
loans at issue in this litigation. But the pronoun in fact refers to Sommers, the Trustee.
Jones also expresses concern at language in the release concerning “any past, present, or
future person or any entity that held or holds any interest in the Loan(s), and the underlying
Note, Deed of Trust and/or Mortgage.” That language, however, occurs in the definition of
the releasees. Far from causing Jones injury, then, that language in fact confers on him a
benefit: In consenting to this language, the Trustee has agreed not to sue Jones for conduct
relating to the loans.
       5In Ford, 242 F.3d at 239, we found intervention as of right appropriate, even though
the appellant did not file its motion for intervention until after the district court had entered
                                               5
     Case: 15-20775        Document: 00513653655          Page: 6     Date Filed: 08/26/2016



                                        No. 15-20775
                                              IV.
       In addition to maintaining that he can intervene as of right, Jones
advances arguments regarding the mediated settlement agreement and the
merits of the Trustee’s suit. Those issues are outside the scope of the notice of
appeal, so we do not consider them. Because Jones is proceeding pro se, how-
ever, we note that insofar as he is trying to attack the bankruptcy court’s
approval of the agreement, he has chosen the wrong forum. This suit is an
adversary proceeding independent of the bankruptcy-court proceedings. The
district court never approved the agreement, so Jones would be unable to
attack it in the instant suit even if we permitted him to intervene.

       AFFIRMED.




an agreed order of dismissal. This case is materially indistinguishable.
        In support of the position that intervention after dismissal is always improper, the
Trustee points to various cases in which we have stated that “[a] prerequisite of an interven-
tion (which is an ancillary proceeding in an already instituted suit) is an existing suit within
the Court’s jurisdiction.” Non Commissioned Officers Ass’n of U.S. v. Army Times Pub. Co.,
637 F.2d 372, 373 (5th Cir. Unit A Feb. 1981) (per curiam). The Trustee misreads those
decisions, which stand merely for the proposition that a person may not intervene as of right
in a “jurisdictionally or procedurally defective” suit. Truvillion v. King’s Daughters Hosp.,
614 F.2d 520, 526 (5th Cir. 1980). Our caselaw does not forbid intervention as of right in a
jurisdictionally and procedurally proper suit that has been dismissed voluntarily.
        In SmallBizPros, Inc. v. MacDonald, 618 F.3d 458 (5th Cir. 2010), we held that a
voluntary stipulation of dismissal under Rule 41(a)(1)(A)(ii) deprives the district court of jur-
isdiction to enforce the terms of a settlement agreement unless the stipulation expressly pro-
vides for the retention of ancillary jurisdiction. The decision does not stand for the proposi-
tion that a voluntary stipulation of dismissal deprives the district court of jurisdiction from
later making any decision whatsoever with regard to the case, some imprecise language in
the opinion notwithstanding. Bank of America is thus mistaken when it asserts that “the
District Court was powerless to do anything but adopt the Joint Stipulation of Dismissal,
enter the Order of Dismissal . . . , and deny the Motion to Intervene by Jones sixteen days
after the District Court lost jurisdiction.”
                                               6
