           Case: 12-13395   Date Filed: 02/19/2013   Page: 1 of 8




                                                         [DO NOT PUBLISH]



            IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                    FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                      ________________________

                            No. 12-13395
                        Non-Argument Calendar
                      ________________________

               D.C. Docket No. 3:11-cr-00133-RBD-TEM-1


UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                                                              Plaintiff-Appellee,

                                  versus

VERONICA OLIVIA BROWN,

                                                         Defendant-Appellant.

                      ________________________

               Appeal from the United States District Court
                   for the Middle District of Florida
                     ________________________

                            (February 19, 2013)

Before HULL, MARCUS and KRAVITCH, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:
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      After pleading guilty, Defendant Veronica Olivia Brown appeals her 30-

month sentence for conspiring to defraud the United States by filing fraudulent tax

returns, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 286. On appeal, Defendant Brown challenges

the district court’s loss calculation and denial of a minor role reduction and argues

that her sentence is substantively unreasonable. After review, we affirm.

      The district court did not err, plainly or otherwise, in calculating a loss

amount of $1,087,308. When an offense involving fraud causes a loss of more

than $1,000,000, but less than $2,500,000, the defendant’s offense level is

increased by sixteen levels. U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1(b)(I). The district court “need only

make a reasonable estimate of the loss” and that loss determination is “entitled to

appropriate deference.” Id. § 2B1.1, cmt. n.3(C).

      At sentencing, Brown did not challenge the Presentence Investigation

Report’s (“PSI”) calculation of the $1,087,308 loss amount. Instead, she argued

that she should not be held accountable for that amount because it was not

reasonably foreseeable to her. On appeal, Brown has changed her argument and

now contends that the government failed to present reliable and specific evidence

of the loss amount and that the district court failed to make particularized findings

as to the scope of Brown’s role in the conspiracy to support the loss amount.

Because Brown did not object on the grounds she raises on appeal, we review only

for plain error. See United States v. Massey, 443 F.3d 814, 818-19 (11th Cir.


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2006) (using plain error review where the defendant raised a new legal theory on

appeal for his objection to the district court’s upward departure at sentencing).

       Furthermore, although Defendant Brown objected to paragraph 15 of the PSI

applying § 2B1.1(b)(1)(I)’s sixteen-level enhancement to Brown’s offense level,

she did not object to the PSI’s factual allegations. The PSI’s factual allegations,

namely paragraphs 7 and 8, established that: (1) Defendant Brown agreed to let

Bryan Copeland use her address on fraudulent federal income tax returns and then

gave the refund checks to Copeland when they arrived; (2) Defendant Brown knew

that Copeland used her address as a “drop” so the refund checks would not be

traced to him; and (3) the IRS estimated that it processed approximately 287

fraudulent tax returns with Defendant Brown’s address, for an intended loss

amount of $1,087,308. 1 See Fed. R. Crim. P. 32(i)(3)(A) (providing court “may

accept any undisputed portion of the presentence report as a finding of fact”);

United States v. Beckles, 565 F.3d 832, 844 (11th Cir. 2009) (“[A] failure to object

to allegations of fact in a PSI admits those facts for sentencing purposes and

precludes the argument that there was error in them.” (quotation marks omitted)).

       1
         At sentencing, Defendant Brown agreed that the actual loss was $767,585, which was
the amount of restitution she was ordered to pay jointly and severally with Copeland. Because
the undisputed intended loss was greater than the undisputed actual loss, the district court
properly used the intended loss amount. See U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1, cmt. n.3(A) (requiring the court
to use the greater of the actual and intended loss). Moreover, because both the intended and
actual loss could be determined, there is no merit to Brown’s claim that the district court instead
should have used Brown’s financial gain from the conspiracy to determine the loss amount. See
id. § 2B1.1, cmt. n.3(B) (“The court shall use the gain that resulted from the offense as an
alternative measure of loss only if there is a loss but it reasonably cannot be determined.”).
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Because these undisputed facts are sufficient to support § 2B1.1(b)(1)(I)’s sixteen-

level enhancement, the government was not required to present any additional

evidence as to the amount of the loss.

      The record belies Defendant Brown’s claim that the district court failed to

make particularized findings as to Brown’s involvement in the conspiracy to

defraud the government. See United States v. Mateos, 623 F.3d 1350, 1370 (11th

Cir. 2010) (requiring the district court to “make individualized findings concerning

the scope of [the defendant’s] criminal activity,” before considering all reasonably

foreseeable acts of coconspirators that resulted in losses (quotation marks

omitted)). As to Defendant Brown’s role in the conspiracy, the district court

explicitly found that: (1) the “wide-ranging criminal conspiracy . . . was

orchestrated by Mr. Copeland”; (2) Defendant Brown “was involved in a long-term

relationship with Mr. Copeland” and “provided the address to serve as the drop for

the fraudulent tax refunds received from the Internal Revenue Service as a result of

her relationship with Mr. Copeland”; and (3) “[t]he facts suggest she was very

knowledgeable about the scope of the criminal conspiracy and unlawful conduct

that Mr. Copeland was engaged in and willingly participated in it.”




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       The district court also did not clearly err in denying Defendant Brown’s

request for a minor-role reduction. 2 In calculating her offense level, the district

court held Brown accountable for only the 287 fraudulent tax returns filed using

her address, the refund checks for which Brown admitted delivering to Copeland.

In other words, Brown’s relevant conduct was the same as her actual conduct in the

fraud conspiracy. See United States v. DeVaron, 175 F.3d 930, 940 (11th Cir.

1999) (en banc) (instructing court to consider defendant’s role in relation to the

relevant conduct attributed to the defendant at sentencing). Thus, Brown cannot

point to Copeland’s wider fraud conspiracy for which she was not held accountable

to show her role was minor. See id. at 941.3

       Although Defendant Brown contends her role was minor compared to

Copeland’s role, the district court may, but is not required to, compare a

defendant’s role to the other participants in the relevant conduct. See id. at 944. In

any event, the fact that Brown was less culpable that Copeland, the “mastermind”

of the conspiracy, does not mean that her role was minor. See id. (explaining that

it is possible to have no minor or minimal participants). While Copeland filled out

       2
        We review for clear error the district court’s determination as to a defendant’s role in the
offense. United States v. DeVaron, 175 F.3d 930, 937 (11th Cir. 1999) (en banc).
       3
          At his sentencing, Copeland was held accountable for over $5 million in losses.
Copeland’s broader conspiracy involved several other individuals who were prosecuted
separately. Brown has not shown that these other individuals participated in her relevant conduct
or, if so, to what extent, thus Brown has not carried her burden of comparing her culpability to
them. See DeVaron, 175 F.3d at 944 (“The district court may consider only those participants
who were involved in the relevant conduct attributed to the defendant.”).
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the returns and received the full benefits of the refunds, the use of Brown’s address

and Brown’s delivery of the refund checks to Copeland were important to carrying

out the conspiracy. Further, Brown admitted she was aware of the unlawful

purpose of the scheme and willingly entered into it. Given the undisputed facts,

the district court’s finding that Brown played more than a minor role in the fraud

conspiracy was not clear error.

       Finally, Defendant Brown has not shown that her 30-month sentence, at the

low end of the advisory guidelines range of 30 to 37 months, was substantively

unreasonable. We review the reasonableness of a sentence for abuse of discretion.

Gall v. United States, 552 U.S. 38, 51, 128 S. Ct. 586, 597 (2007). The abuse of

discretion standard “allows a range of choice for the district court, so long as that

choice does not constitute a clear error of judgment.” United States v. Irey, 612

F.3d 1160, 1189 (11th Cir. 2010) (en banc), cert. denied, __ U.S. __, 131 S. Ct.

1813 (2011) (internal quotation marks omitted). The defendant bears the burden to

show her sentence is unreasonable in light of the record and the 18 U.S.C.

§ 3553(a) factors.4 United States v. Talley, 431 F.3d 784, 788 (11th Cir. 2005).


       4
         The § 3553(a) factors include: (1) the nature and circumstances of the offense and the
history and characteristics of the defendant; (2) the need to reflect the seriousness of the offense,
to promote respect for the law, and to provide just punishment for the offense; (3) the need for
deterrence; (4) the need to protect the public; (5) the need to provide the defendant with needed
educational and vocational training and medical care; (6) the kinds of sentences available; (7) the
Sentencing Guidelines range; (8) pertinent policy statements of the Sentencing Commission; (9)
the need to avoid unwarranted sentencing disparities; and (10) the need to provide restitution to
victims. 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a).
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Although we do not apply a presumption of reasonableness, we ordinarily expect a

sentence within the correctly calculated advisory guidelines range to be reasonable.

United States v. Hunt, 526 F.3d 739, 746 (11th Cir. 2008). A sentence imposed

well below the statutory maximum (in this case ten years, pursuant to 18 U.S.C.

§ 286) is another indicator of a reasonable sentence. See United States v.

Gonzalez, 550 F.3d 1319, 1324 (11th Cir. 2008).

      Here, for over four years, Defendant Brown willingly participated in a

conspiracy to defraud the government using hundreds of fraudulent tax returns and

resulting in over $1 million in intended losses and over $700,000 in actual losses.

The district court heard Brown’s arguments in mitigation, including that Brown:

(1) was a single mother raising two children, (2) had a stable work history and was

pursuing her education, (3) did not receive much financial gain from the

conspiracy, and (4) was willing to testify against Copeland, which contributed to

his decision to plead guilty. Although Brown minimizes her role in the conspiracy

and argues that the amount of loss overrepresented her culpability, the district court

was within its discretion to conclude that Brown’s low-end guidelines sentence

“accurately captured the involvement of the defendant [and] her culpability” and to

refuse her request for a downward variance.

      Defendant Brown contends her sentence created unwarranted sentencing

disparities between herself and the other individuals who conspired with Copeland


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to commit tax fraud. In considering sentencing disparities, however, the district

court is not required to adjust a defendant’s sentence based on the relative

sentences of coconspirators because doing so could create disparities between her

sentence and the sentences of similarly-situated defendants in other cases. See

United States v. Regueiro, 240 F.3d 1321, 1326 (11th Cir. 2001). And, more

importantly, Brown has not shown that she and Copeland’s other conspirators were

similarly-situated. See United States v. Williams, 526 F.3d 1312, 1324 (11th Cir.

2008) (explaining that there is not unwarranted disparity where the other defendant

received a shorter sentence because he provided substantial assistance). Brown

does not dispute that, unlike Brown, Copeland’s other conspirators all entered into

written plea agreements and benefited from substantial assistance motions or that

most of them were held accountable for smaller losses. 5

       For all the forgoing reasons, we affirm Defendant Brown’s 30-month

sentence.

       AFFIRMED.




       5
         In arguing that the district court should have varied downward, Brown’s counseled brief
cursorily states that she should have received a downward departure under U.S.S.G. § 5K1.1 for
her substantial assistance. Apart from the fact that Brown did not raise this issue at sentencing,
this kind of passing reference, without substantive legal argument or citations of authority, is not
sufficient to preserve this issue for appellate review. See United States v. Jernigan, 341 F.3d
1273, 1284 n.8 (11th Cir. 2003). In any event, Brown has shown no plain error in this regard.
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