                                      2013 IL App (1st) 121072
                                                                               SECOND DIVISION
                                                                               November 26, 2013




No. 1-12-1072


THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS,                             )    Appeal from the
                                                                 )    Circuit Court of
                Plaintiff-Appellee,                              )    Cook County
                                                                 )
v.                                                               )
                                                                 )    No. 99 CR 12385
                                                                 )
DON JUAN RIOS,                                                   )    Honorable
                                                                 )    Thomas M. Tucker,
                Defendant-Appellant.                             )    Judge Presiding.


       JUSTICE PIERCE delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
       Justices Harris and Simon concurred in the judgment and opinion.


                                              OPINION

¶1     Defendant Don Juan Rios appeals from the denial of his petition for habeas corpus relief.

Defendant argues that the circuit court erred in finding that it lacked jurisdiction to grant relief

under the Habeas Corpus Act (Act) (735 ILCS 5/10-124 (West 2012)), where defendant asserted

that his judgment of conviction was void because the judge who presided over his bench trial

lacked the constitutional mandated qualifications to be a judge. For the following reasons, we

affirm the judgment of the circuit court.

¶2                                          BACKGROUND

¶3     Defendant was charged with two counts of first degree murder, three counts of attempted
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first degree murder, and two counts of aggravated discharge of a firearm after he shot into a

vehicle containing four passengers, killing one of them. On April 29, 2002, following a bench

trial before then Judge Golniewicz, defendant was convicted of first degree murder and two

counts of aggravated discharge arising out of events that occurred in May 1999. Shortly

thereafter, the Judicial Inquiry Board (JIB) filed a complaint against the trial judge, who was then

placed on placed on administrative leave. Defendant was later sentenced by Judge Daniel Kelly

to 45 years' imprisonment for first degree murder and two concurrent 10-years terms of

imprisonment for aggravated discharge. People v. Rios, No. 1-04-0058 (Jan. 31, 2006)

(unpublished order under Supreme Court Rule 23). By order entered November 15, 2004, the JIB

found, inter alia, that Golniewicz violated certain rules of judicial conduct in that he used

deception to get elected to his judicial office and thereafter continued to violate residency

requirements for sitting judges as set forth in relevant sections of the Election Code, which

warranted his removal from office. In re Golniewicz, Ill. Ct. Comm’n, No. 02 CC 1 (Nov.15,

2004).

¶4       Among the issues defendant raised on direct appeal, defendant alleged that his jury

waiver was involuntary because Golniewicz failed to disclose that he was the subject of a JIB

investigation at the time of defendant's trial. We rejected defendant's arguments and affirmed his

conviction. Rios, slip op. at 30-33.

¶5       Thereafter, defendant filed a postconviction petition alleging that Golniewicz may have

been biased because he was the subject of a JIB investigation and that the trial court erred in

prohibiting him from conducting a posttrial investigation to uncover the potential bias.

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Defendant's petition was summarily dismissed by the trial court and this court affirmed. People

v. Rios, No. 1-07-1668 (December 22, 2008) (unpublished order under Supreme Court Rule 23).

¶6     Defendant's successive postconviction petition was also summarily dismissed by the trial

court. On appeal, defendant's counsel and the State filed an agreed motion for summary

disposition asking this court to award defendant an additional 11 days of presentence credit. We

granted the motion.

¶7     On December 21, 2011, defendant filed a pro se petition for habeas corpus relief that is

the subject of the instant appeal. In the petition, defendant argued that his conviction and

sentence are void because Golniewicz falsified his judicial application and fraudulently obtained

his judgeship. Therefore, defendant argued, Golniewicz lacked the judicial authority to preside

over his trial. Defendants attached an order issued by the Illinois Courts Commission removing

Golniewicz from judicial office. In re Golniewicz, Ill. Ct. Comm'n, No. 02 CC 1 (Nov. 15,

2004). After an extensive discussion of the evidence and testimony presented, the Commission

concluded that Golniewicz

       "consistently engaged in a pattern of behavior that violated the judicial canons, demeaned

       the integrity of the judiciary, and brought the judicial office into disrepute. Respondent

       used deception to get elected. He was living in Riverside, but used his parents' address

       to run for election because he had a much greater chance of winning an election using

       that address. Respondent actively concealed his true permanent abode. ***

       Once elected, respondent continued to violate state residency law by residing outside of

       the subcircuit from which he was elected." Id. at 31.

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The trial court denied defendant's petition for habeas corpus relief finding that it lacked the

necessary jurisdiction. It is from this order that defendant now appeals.

¶8                                        ANALYSIS

¶9     Defendant argues that the trial court erred in finding that it lacked jurisdiction under the

Act, where he asserted that his judgment of conviction was void because the judicial officer who

presided over his bench trial lacked the constitutional mandated qualifications to be a judge.

¶ 10   Habeas corpus relief is only available on the seven grounds specified by the Code of

Civil Procedure. See 735 ILCS 5/10-124 (West 2012); Beacham v. Walker, 231 Ill. 2d 51, 58

(2008). These seven grounds fall into two general categories: (1) the prisoner was incarcerated

by a court which lacked personal or subject matter jurisdiction; or (2) some occurrence

subsequent to the prisoner's conviction entitled the prisoner to immediate release. Hennings v.

Chandler, 229 Ill. 2d 18, 30 (2008). "A complaint for order of habeas corpus may not be used to

review proceedings that do not exhibit one of these defects, even though the alleged error

involves a denial of constitutional rights." Beacham, 231 Ill. 2d at 58.

¶ 11   A judgement is void only if the court that entered it lacked jurisdiction. People v. Davis,

156 Ill 2d 149, 155-56 (1993). The lack of jurisdiction can result from the lack of personal

jurisdiction or subject matter jurisdiction, but lack of jurisdiction can also be found where the

court lacked the power to render the particular judgment or sentence. Davis, 156 Ill. 2d at 155-

56. As defendant claims that his conviction is void because the court lacked the necessary

jurisdiction, the appropriate review is de novo. In re Luis R., 239 Ill. 2d 295, 299 (2010).

¶ 12   Defendant argues that People v. Kelly, 2012 IL App (1st) 101521, is instructive in this

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case. Although Kelly is interesting, it does not inform our analysis of this appeal. In Kelly, the

trial judge was also Judge Golniewicz. On appeal from the second-stage dismissal of his

postconviction petition, defendant advanced three arguments: (1) he was denied his constitutional

right to counsel of his choice; (2) he made a substantial showing that he was deprived of his right

to a fair trial where he alleged that Golniewicz was not actually a judge under the Illinois

Constitution because he falsified his application to be placed on the ballot for the tenth judicial

subcircuit, claiming to live there when he did not, and violated the Illinois Constitution's

residency requirement; and (3) postconviction counsel failed to provide a reasonable level of

assistance. Id. ¶ 23-26.

¶ 13   In Kelly, we dealt with an appeal from the denial of a second stage postconviction petition

and the relevant question was whether defendant made a substantial showing of a violation of his

constitutional rights. We observed that courts should not consider constitutional questions if the

case can be decided on other grounds and reversed the circuit court's dismissal of the petition and

remanded for further proceedings finding the nonconstitutional issue of postconviction counsel's

ineffectiveness to be dispositive. Id. ¶ 27. Although we did not reach the defendant's

constitutional claims, we did make some observations regarding the relief the defendant sought

related to his claim about Judge Golniewicz. Id. (Murphy, J. specially concurring) (agreeing with

the court that the defendant's constitutional claims need not be addressed and therefore choosing

not to comment on the relief sought on the defendant's constitutional claim regarding

Golniewicz); see also Cates v. Cates, 156 Ill. 2d 76, 80 (1993) (Dictum is a remark or expression

of opinion that a court uttered as an aside and is generally not considered binding authority).

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However, the observations made in Kelly are not helpful in deciding the instant appeal where we

directly consider the denial of a petition for habeas corpus relief where the trial court ruled that it

lacked jurisdiction.

¶ 14    The procedural postures of Kelly and the case at bar differ significantly. Kelly dealt with

an appeal from the denial of a second-stage postconviction petition where the relevant question

was whether defendant made a substantial showing of a violation of his constitutional rights. The

question we must answer here is whether a collateral attack on the authority of a judicial officer

raised in a habeas corpus proceeding renders a defendant's conviction and sentence void because

the trial judge was removed from office for conduct which demeaned the integrity of the

judiciary by violating the residency requirements of the Illinois Constitution and the Election

Code.

¶ 15    Again, a judgement is void only if the court that entered it lacked jurisdiction. People v.

Davis, 156 Ill 2d 149, 155-56 (1993). Jurisdiction lies in the court itself, not in an individual

judge. People ex rel. Sandbach v. Weber, 403 Ill. 331, 335 (1949); Generes v. Foreman, 277 Ill.

App. 3d 353, 356 (1995). In Illinois, a court's jurisdiction is conferred by the constitution.

People v. Gilmore, 63 Ill. 2d 23, 26 (1976). "Pursuant to article VI, section 9, of our constitution,

the circuit courts have jurisdiction over all justiciable matters (Ill. Const. 1970, art. VI, § 9), and

a trial court obtains personal jurisdiction over a defendant when he appears before it [citation]."

People v. Raczkowski, 359 Ill. App. 3d 494, 497 (2005). Our supreme court has defined a

"justiciable matter" as "a controversy appropriate for review by the court, in that it is definite and

concrete, as opposed to hypothetical or moot, touching upon the legal relations of parties having

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adverse legal interests." Belleville Toyota, Inc. v. Toyota Motor Sales, U.S.A., Inc., 199 Ill. 2d

325, 334-35 (2002).

¶ 16    In the case at bar, defendant had been charged under the Criminal Code of 1961 with two

counts of first degree murder (720 ILCS 5/9-1(A)(2) (West 1998)), two counts of attempted first

degree murder (720 ILCS 5/8-4(A), 9-1 (West 1998)), and two counts of aggravated discharge of

a firearm (720 ILCS 5/24-1.2(2) (West 1998)), a controversy appropriate for consideration by the

trial court. Thus, the trial court had subject matter jurisdiction. Furthermore, the trial court

acquired personal jurisdiction over defendant when he personally appeared before the court.

People v. Speed, 318 Ill. App. 3d 910 (2001). The defendant does not contend otherwise.

Because the circuit court properly had both subject matter jurisdiction and personal jurisdiction

over defendant's case, defendant's conviction and sentence are not void for either of these

reasons.

¶ 17    The thrust of defendant's argument is that Golniewicz fraudulently held his judicial

position and, therefore, the judgment of conviction entered is void. This argument has been

rejected as a collateral attack on the judicial orders of a de facto officer. United States ex rel.

Doss v. Lindsley, 148 F.2d 22, 23 (7th Cir. 1945) (habeas corpus petition properly dismissed

where a person actually performing the duties of an office under color of title is an officer de

facto and such acts are valid so far as the public or third parties who have an interest in them are

concerned). In Ex Parte Ward, 173 U.S. 452 (1899), the Supreme Court rejected an attempt to

vacate a sentence on the grounds that the commission of the trial judge was defective. The Court

stated that it was well settled that where a court has jurisdiction over the subject matter and the

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person and the proceedings and conviction are otherwise proper, the judge is an officer de facto

and the validity of the judge's position or the right to exercise judicial functions is not a proper

subject of a habeas corpus proceeding. Id. at 455-56. "[T]he title of a person acting with color of

authority, even if he be not a good officer in point of law, cannot be collaterally attacked; and as

[the judge] acted, at least, under such color, we cannot enter on any discussion of proposition

involving his title to the office held." Id at 456; see also Habeas Corpus on

Ground of Defective Title to Office of Judge, Prosecuting Attorney, or Other Officer

Participating in Petitioner's Trial or Confinement, 158 A.L.R. 529 (1945).

¶ 18    The well-established de facto doctrine provides that a person performing the duties of an

office under color of title is an officer de facto and such acts are valid so far as the public or third

parties who have an interest in them are concerned. People ex rel. Rusch v. Wortman, 334 Ill.

298 (1928); Cleary v. Chicago Title & Trust Co., 4 Ill. 2d 57 (1954); People ex rel. Chillicothe

Township v. Board of Review, 19 Ill. 2d 424 (1960); People v. O'Neill, 33 Ill. 2d 184 (1965).

Defendant argues that because of Golniewicz's deception and fraud his authority as a judge

cannot be recognized under the equitable de facto doctrine citing, without elaboration, Daniels v.

Industrial Comm'n, 201 Ill. 2d 160 (2002). This reliance on Daniels is misplaced because

Daniels was a direct attack, not a collateral attack, on an officer's authority and a plurality of the

court determined a de facto analysis should not apply because the administrative agency acted

without statutory authority in making the questioned appointments and as a result threatened the

basic objectives of the relevant legislation. Id at 164-67.

¶ 19    In the present case, defendant makes a collateral attack on the trial judge's authority as a

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de facto officer which, as earlier explained, he cannot do in a habeas corpus proceeding. The trial

court had subject matter jurisdiction and personal jurisdiction over the defendant; therefore,

defendant's conviction and sentence are not void.

¶ 20   Defendant's original judgment of conviction is not void, his maximum term has not yet

expired, and nothing has occurred to warrant defendant's immediate discharge. Therefore, the

trial court is without jurisdiction to grant habeas corpus relief. Faircloth v. Sternes, 367 Ill. App.

3d 123, 125 (2006). We find that the trial court did not err in this case when it determined that it

did not have jurisdiction to grant habeas corpus relief.

¶ 21                               CONCLUSION

¶ 22   Based on the foregoing, the judgment of the circuit court is affirmed.

¶ 23   Affirmed.




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