                              UNPUBLISHED ORDER
                           Not to be cited per Circuit Rule 53




       United States Court of Appeals
                             For the Seventh Circuit
                             Chicago, Illinois 60604

                            Argued September 13, 2005
                               Decided May 9, 2006

                                       Before

                   Hon. RICHARD A. POSNER, Circuit Judge

                   Hon. KENNETH F. RIPPLE, Circuit Judge

                   Hon. DIANE P. WOOD, Circuit Judge


Nos. 05-1234, 05-1330                           Appeals from the United States
                                                District Court for the Northern
ALL EMS, INCORPORATED, an                       District of Illinois, Eastern Division.
Illinois corporation, MAGDY WAGDY
and SUSAN WAGDY,                                No. 96 C 6235
       Plaintiffs-Counter-
       Defendants-Appellants,                   Wayne R. Andersen, Judge.
       v.

7-ELEVEN, INCORPORATED, a
foreign corporation, doing business
as 7-ELEVEN FOOD STORES,
       Defendant-Counter-
      Plaintiff-Appellee.



                                      ORDER

       This diversity action arises out of the troubled relationship between the 7-
Eleven Corporation (“7-Eleven”) and one of its franchisees, All EMS, Incorporated
(“All EMS”), whose co-owners operate a 7-Eleven store in Chicago, Illinois. The
parties have been litigating their difficulties since 1996, each claiming that the
Nos. 05-1234, 05-1330                                                            Page 2


other, at various points, has breached the agreement that governs their franchise
relationship. The first trial in June 2000 resulted in a hung jury. The case then
was retried before the district court as a bench trial, and in an order dated January
3, 2005, the district court awarded 7-Eleven possession of the store and $2,731.54 in
damages. All EMS has appealed, contending that the bench trial impaired its
rights to due process and a jury and that the district court calculated damages
improperly. For the reasons set forth in the following order, we affirm the
judgment of the district court with a slight modification of the damages awarded to
7-Eleven.


                                           I

                                  BACKGROUND

      Initially, we recount a basic synopsis of the facts found by the district court,
which are not to be “set aside unless clearly erroneous.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 52(a);
Cerros v. Steel Techs., Inc., 288 F.3d 1040, 1044 (7th Cir. 2002). As we proceed to
discuss the parties’ arguments on appeal, we shall describe additional facts and
procedural details when necessary.


A. Facts

       On April 14, 1987, 7-Eleven entered into a store franchise agreement with
Magdy and Susan Wagdy (collectively, the “Wagdys”), the sole owners of All EMS,
which was assigned the Wagdys’ rights and obligations under the agreement. By
the terms of the agreement, 7-Eleven provided All EMS with a lease of the store,
use of the 7-Eleven license and trademark, and consulting support services to assist
the Wagdys’ in accounting, payroll and day-to-day store operations. 7-Eleven also
provided All EMS with short-term financing to cover its operating expenses.

       As part of the Wagdys’ obligations under the franchise agreement, they were
required to maintain a minimum balance of $10,000 in an account entitled “Net
Worth.” Net worth represented the franchisee’s equity stake in the business at any
given time and was meant to assure full repayment of 7-Eleven’s short-term
financing loans in the event of franchisee default. The net worth balance was
calculated by subtracting from the franchisee’s total assets any amounts owed to 7-
Eleven under the ongoing financing arrangement.

     The franchise agreement further provided that failure to maintain the
minimum level of net worth constituted a “Material Breach” that gave 7-Eleven
Nos. 05-1234, 05-1330                                                       Page 3


good cause to terminate the franchise. R.329-1, Ex.1 at 11. Should the Wagdys’ net
worth balance fall below the required amount, 7-Eleven would send them a written
notice indicating that they were in breach of the agreement. Upon receiving a
notice of breach, the agreement gave All EMS a four-day window in which to cure
the breach by restoring the Wagdys’ net worth balance to the contractual minimum.
However, the agreement denied All EMS the right to cure if it already had
committed two material breaches within the previous three years.

       The primary events at issue in this appeal began on January 24, 2000, when
7-Eleven sent All EMS a notice of breach alerting it that its net worth balance had
fallen below $10,000. The shortfall, as acknowledged by the notice, was due partly
to a charge that 7-Eleven previously had made against the Wagdys’ net worth
account. Recognizing that the Wagdys disputed this charge, the notice recited that,
even apart from any disputed amount, All EMS still needed to remit $14,210 to cure
its breach. On January 27, 2000, All EMS paid 7-Eleven $14,210. However, on
January 31, 2000, 7-Eleven mailed All EMS a second notice of breach indicating
that the previous notice stated an incorrect deficit. The $14,210 amount demanded
by the previous notice and paid by the Wagdys brought their net worth to $0, not to
the $10,000 required under the franchise agreement. Consequently, the January
31, 2000 letter demanded an additional payment of $10,000. Under the agreement’s
cure provisions, All EMS had until February 4, 2000 to remit the $10,000. On
February 3, 2000, All EMS made a payment of $301. All EMS’ next payment did
not come until February 21, 2000, when it submitted $2,730.

       Over the next 21 months, All EMS’ net worth shortage continued to grow. 7-
Eleven repeatedly sent out notices of breach that declared the franchise agreement
terminated and asserted 7-Eleven’s right to repossess the Wagdys’ store.
Nevertheless, the Wagdys refused to surrender possession of the store or to settle
their net worth balance. They claimed that 7-Eleven had failed to fulfill basic
obligations under the franchise agreement and thereby had prevented the Wagdys
from earning the revenue needed to meet their net worth obligations. 7-Eleven’s
breaches allegedly included: (1) failing to replace freezers in the store, thereby
depriving All EMS of frozen food revenue; (2) failing to replace phone card and
money order machines; (3) failing to notify All EMS of upcoming cigarette
promotions; (4) charging All EMS’ equity account for maintenance that was not
performed; and (5) failing to provide All EMS with the consultation services of 7-
Eleven Field Representatives, who work with individual stores to maximize profits.


B. District Court Proceedings
Nos. 05-1234, 05-1330                                                            Page 4


       Although the events just recited took place in early 2000, litigation between
All EMS and 7-Eleven actually commenced in 1996 with the filing of All EMS’ first
complaint in state court. The complaint arose out of a September 23, 1996 notice of
termination that 7-Eleven had sent to All EMS because the Wagdys allegedly had
been underreporting retail prices.1 The case was removed to the United States
District Court for the Northern District of Illinois and proceeded to a jury trial in
2000. The jury could not reach a verdict, and the court declared a mistrial. The
case then was retried as a bench trial.

       At the time the bench trial commenced, All EMS had filed its Fourth
Amended Complaint, which alleged the following seven counts: (1) breach of the
implied covenants of good faith and fair dealing; (2) violation of the Illinois
Franchise Disclosure Act; (3) breach of contract; (4) & (5) common law fraud; (6)
intentional spoliation of evidence; and (7) negligent spoliation of evidence. These
counts related to the events beginning with the January 25, 2000 notice of breach.
For its part, 7-Eleven had filed a counterclaim alleging breach of the franchise
agreement and seeking repossession of the store. However, because 7-Eleven’s
pleading did not mention the 1996 events, All EMS also filed a counterclaim of its
own, setting forth all of its existing claims against 7-Eleven, including those
remaining from the 1996 dispute.

        The district court found for 7-Eleven on all counts, awarding 7-Eleven
repossession of the store as sought in its counterclaim. Determining that All EMS
had breached materially the franchise agreement’s net worth requirements, the
court held that 7-Eleven also was entitled to monetary damages. In calculating 7-
Eleven’s relief, the court began with an initial figure of negative $55,422, which
represented the Wagdys’ net worth balance according to a March 13, 2002 notice of
termination. The court then analyzed “whether the reduction in Net Worth [was]
justified due to 7-Eleven’s misconduct.” R.311 at 7. The court found that 7-Eleven’s
failure to replace or maintain the freezers resulted in $37,091 in lost sales and


      1
         Under the franchise agreement, 7-Eleven was entitled to a 52% share in net
revenue earned by the Wagdys’ store. According to a 1996 notice of termination sent by
7-Eleven, the Wagdys had been reporting retail prices to 7-Eleven that were lower than
those actually charged to customers, thereby depriving 7-Eleven of 52% of the difference
between the two prices. The notice reported that All EMS’ net worth account had been
credited with the amount 7-Eleven believed it should have received absent the
misreporting. After adjustment, All EMS’ net worth had fallen below the contractually-
required minimum, and, as a result, All EMS was in breach of the franchise agreement
and risked losing possession of its store. All EMS objected and sued to halt repossession
of the store.
Nos. 05-1234, 05-1330                                                            Page 5


inventory. It further concluded that All EMS had been damaged in the amount of
$15,600 by 7-Eleven’s failure to provide field representative support. The court
reduced 7-Eleven’s damages by these amounts and arrived at a damage total of
$2,731.

      The district court then “resolve[d] with finality all issues pending before the
Court” as a result of the “numerous pleadings and amended pleadings in this long
and drawn out litigation.” Id. at 9. The court ruled in favor of 7-Eleven on all of the
remaining counts contained in All EMS’ Fourth Amended Complaint and Second
Amended Counterclaim.


                                           II

                                    DISCUSSION

A. Standard of Review

        On appeal from a decision rendered in a bench trial, we review for clear error
the district court’s resolution of factual questions, see Fed. R. Civ. P. 52(a), such as
which party breached the franchise agreement and when that breach occurred. See,
e.g., Elda Arnhold & Byzantio, L.L.C. v. Ocean Atl. Woodland Corp., 284 F.3d 693,
709 (7th Cir. 2002).


B. Breach of the Franchise Agreement

        As it did at the bench trial, All EMS seeks to avoid liability for breach of the
franchise agreement’s net worth provisions by asserting that 7-Eleven induced the
breach when it failed to fulfil its own obligations under the contract. Although the
district court decided the issue of contractual liability in 7-Eleven’s favor, All EMS
now maintains that the district court, by reducing 7-Eleven’s award,
“demonstrate[d] that the conduct of 7-Eleven prevented or frustrated the Wagdy’s
[sic] ability to fully perform under the Store Franchise Agreement.” Appellants’ Br.
at 28. This misconduct, according to the district court, included 7-Eleven’s failure
to fix the Wagdys’ freezers and provide them with adequate consulting support. In
addition, All EMS cites instances in which 7-Eleven deprived the Wagdys of the
opportunity to participate in revenue-generating cigarette promotions and made
improper charges against the Wagdys’ net worth account. All EMS claims that
these additional instances of misconduct on the part of 7-Eleven were overlooked by
the district court, further prevented the Wagdys from meeting their net worth
Nos. 05-1234, 05-1330                                                             Page 6


obligations and should excuse their breach. We shall address these contentions
after setting forth the basic legal framework.

       Under Illinois law, “[a] party that fails to perform its contractual duties is
liable for breach of contract, and a material breach of the terms of the contract will
serve to excuse the other party from its duty of counterperformance.” Elda Arnhold
& Byzantio, L.L.C., 284 F.3d at 700 (collecting Illinois authority). A breaching
party will not be liable, however, when the other party to the contract unjustifiably
caused the breach by preventing the breaching party from performing.2 A party is
said to have prevented performance when it refuses to comply with its own
obligations under the agreement, and the party accused of breach can show that it
would have rendered performance absent the hindering party’s misconduct. See
Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 245, comments a & b.

       In seeking relief from liability under this doctrine, All EMS first contends
that the district court should have considered an assortment of “disputed charges”
imposed by 7-Eleven that decreased the Wagdys’ net worth by a total of $8,263.
Appellants’ Br. at 36. By wrongfully imposing these charges, All EMS submits, 7-
Eleven contributed to the decline in the Wagdys’ net worth and induced their
material breach. As far as we can tell, the most significant of these charges, and
the only one addressed by All EMS in any detail, is a $6,167 “Inventory Variation
charge” assessed in January 1999. See id. Concerning this charge, All EMS
maintains that evidence of an “audit adjustment” occurring in December 1998
demonstrates that the charge was booked improperly against All EMS’ net worth
account. We fail to see, however, why evidence of an “audit adjustment” would
supply proof that the improper charge stayed on the books. As All EMS explains it,
the audit would appear to have corrected such a charge. Moreover, as All EMS
concedes, 7-Eleven offered testimony that this inventory variation was handled
properly by its accountants. In hearing this testimony and reviewing what appears
to be a proper adjustment, the district court’s refusal to accept All EMS’ contention
was not clear error.



      2
         This rule has deep roots in the common law and has been reaffirmed by Illinois
courts and federal courts applying Illinois law. See United States v. Peck, 102 U.S. 64,
65 (1880) (“[H]e who prevents a thing being done shall not avail himself of the
non-performance he has occasioned.”); Cenco Inc. v. Seidman & Seidman, 686 F.2d 449,
453 (7th Cir. 1982) (“A breach of contract is excused if the promisee’s hindrance or
failure to cooperate prevented the promisor from performing the contract.”); Pfaff v.
Petrie, 71 N.E.2d 345, 351 (Ill. 1947) (“[D]elays and non-performance may be . . . excused
where prevented by the other party to the contract.”).
Nos. 05-1234, 05-1330                                                           Page 7


       All EMS contends next that 7-Eleven contributed to the decline in the
Wagdys’ net worth by denying Mr. Wagdy the display pieces necessary to
participate in lucrative cigarette promotions. In addressing this contention, the
district court relied upon what it deemed credible testimony from Bernard Schmidt,
a 7-Eleven field representative, that Mr. Wagdy already had the shelving necessary
to participate in the cigarette promotions. All EMS now submits that Schmidt “had
a problem recalling things” on the stand, Appellants’ Br. at 39, and therefore that
his testimony should not have been credited. This argument does not present a
sound basis for overturning the district court’s credibility determination on appeal.
The district court heard Schmidt testify and did not think that his testimony should
be discounted because of his problems recalling the events. Such a credibility
determination “can virtually never amount to clear error,” Lac Du Flambeau v. Stop
Treaty Abuse-Wisconsin, Inc., 41 F.3d 1190, 1194 (7th Cir. 1994), and it did not in
this instance.

       Of course, the district court did find that 7-Eleven’s failure to repair the
Wagdys’ freezers and provide adequate consulting support impeded All EMS’ ability
to earn revenue and remedy its net worth balance. The court penalized 7-Eleven for
its misconduct by reducing the award of damages. All EMS now submits that 7-
Eleven’s misconduct also should relieve the Wagdys of contractual liability.
However, even according to All EMS’ chronology, 7-Eleven’s misconduct cannot
excuse the Wagdys’ breach. On January 31, 2000, All EMS’ net worth account
reflected a balance of $0, meaning that All EMS was $10,000 short of the
contractual minimum. Thus, as of this date, All EMS was in material breach of the
franchise agreement and had until February 4, 2000 to cure the breach by paying 7-
Eleven $10,000. All EMS paid only $301 before the February 4, 2000 deadline. It
made no additional payment until February 21, 2000, and even that payment,
$2,730, failed to remedy the net worth deficit. Failure to cure the January 31, 2000
shortfall placed All EMS squarely in breach of the agreement as of February 4,
2000. The February 4 date is crucial--and ultimately fatal to All EMS’ position--
because conduct attributed to 7-Eleven that caused the decline in All EMS’ net
worth began at the earliest on March 23, 2000, well after All EMS already had
breached the agreement.

       For instance, All EMS’ brief cites “Spring of 2000" as the first time 7-Eleven
had notice of problems concerning the freezer equipment in the store. Appellants’
Br. at 12. More specifically, All EMS describes a visit on March 23, 2000 from 7-
Eleven Field Consultant Bernard Schmidt, in which he observed the freezer
problems and reported them to a 7-Eleven market manager. All EMS points out
that, despite this visit, the freezer problems went unrepaired. Yet, even assuming
7-Eleven’s failure to fix the freezers hindered All EMS’ performance, this neglect
did not begin for more than a month after All EMS had let its net worth deficit go
Nos. 05-1234, 05-1330                                                           Page 8


uncured. Similarly, the interruption in field consultant support, according to All
EMS, began on July 17, 2000, when John Stetzinger replaced Schmidt as the field
consultant assigned to All EMS’ store. See id. at 13. This date also is well after the
point at which All EMS and the Wagdys were in material breach of the franchise
agreement. The sequence of events establishes, therefore, that All EMS materially
breached the agreement and surrendered its rights to the franchise before any
conduct by 7-Eleven would have justified that breach.

       Of course, as the district court concluded, part of the subsequent decline in
the Wagdys’ net worth may have been exacerbated by 7-Eleven’s own actions.
Ordinarily, when one party to a contract is in material breach, the non-breaching
party is excused from performance. See, e.g., Eager v. Berke, 142 N.E.2d 36 (Ill.
1957). However, when the non-breaching party was partially to blame for the harm
that it suffered, there are two doctrines in contract law that allow a court to reduce
the damages awarded to that party.3 The first is the obligation imposed on the non-
breaching party to mitigate damages. See Maier v. Lucent Techs., Inc., 120 F.3d
730, 738 (7th Cir. 1997) (discussing the duty to mitigate under Illinois contract
law). In the present case, All EMS breached the franchise agreement first, but 7-
Eleven failed to ease, or “mitigate,” the effect of this breach by refusing All EMS the
services that it needed to maximize net worth for the remainder of the parties’
relationship. Therefore, the district court was justified in reducing 7-Eleven’s
damages by the degree to which it failed to mitigate.

       The second doctrine supporting a reduction in 7-Eleven’s damages is known
most commonly as “partial breach.” See Israel v. Nat’l Canada Corp., 658 N.E.2d
1184, 1190 (Ill. App. Ct. 1995) (citing Corbin on Contracts § 946 at 926). Under this
doctrine, a non-breaching party who fails to terminate the contractual relationship
upon the other party’s material breach will be said to treat that breach as “partial”
instead of as material.4 In such a case, the non-breaching party may sue for


      3
          The district court, in analyzing “whether the reduction in Net Worth [was]
justified due to 7-Eleven’s misconduct,” R.311 at 7, failed to specify which of these
doctrinal approaches it followed. Nevertheless, we may affirm the ultimate conclusion
on any basis fairly supported by the record. See Cygan v. Wisconsin Dep’t Corr., 388
F.3d 1092, 1098 (7th Cir. 2004).
      4
         An explanation of this approach can be found in Farnsworth on Contracts §
8.15 (2d. Ed. 2001):

      If the injured party does not terminate the contract, either because that party
                                                                         (continued...)
Nos. 05-1234, 05-1330                                                                Page 9


damages, but must continue performing its own obligations under the contract. Id.
(“[A] partial breach by one party does not justify the other party’s subsequent
failure to perform.” (internal quotation marks omitted)). Applying this doctrine to
the record before us, we see that 7-Eleven, although justified at various points to
terminate the contract, did not. It therefore was obligated, until it did terminate
the agreement, to continue performing its end of the bargain. To the extent that it
did not and therefore was responsible for the post-breach decline in All EMS’ net
worth, the district court was correct in offsetting 7-Eleven’s damages accordingly.
We therefore see no reason to upset the district court’s formula for apportioning
damages.


C. All EMS’ Right to Due Process and a Jury Trial

       Although its contentions concerning contractual liability lack merit, All EMS
has urged two alternative positions with a view to keeping its claims alive. It
asserts that the bench trial in which the district court resolved all remaining issues
raised by All EMS’ then-extant pleadings deprived All EMS of its Seventh
Amendment right to a jury trial on those residual issues. All EMS also submits
that its right to due process was violated when the district court decided these
issues without hearing evidence on them. We shall address each contention in turn.


       1. All EMS’ Right to a Jury

      As we previously described, the district court attempted to put an end to the
protracted litigation between these parties that had been ongoing for almost ten


(...continued)
         has no right to or does not choose to, the injured party is said to treat the breach
         as partial. The injured party has a claim for damages for partial breach, in
         addition to its remaining substantive rights under the contract. Damages are
         calculated on the assumption that both parties will continue to perform in spite
         of the breach. They therefore compensate the injured party only for the loss it
         suffered as the result of the delay or other defect in performance that
         constituted the breach . . . .

(footnotes omitted); see also Dr. Franklin Perkins Sch. v. Freeman, 741 F.2d 1503,
1518-19 (7th Cir. 1984) (holding that a non-material breach allows the non-breaching
party to sue for damages, but does not relieve the non-breaching party of its obligations
under the contract); see also Restatement (Second) of Contracts §§ 237, 241(a).
Nos. 05-1234, 05-1330                                                            Page 10


years. As part of the court’s January 5, 2005 order, entered at the conclusion of the
bench trial, the court disposed of all counts pending in All EMS’ Fourth Amended
Complaint and Second Amended Counterclaim. All EMS contends that this was
constitutional error because the bench trial was a “bifurcated” proceeding meant to
decide solely the issues related to All EMS’ 2000 net worth deficit. According to All
EMS, the parties intended to proceed, at the conclusion of the bench trial, to a trial
before a jury on All EMS’ remaining grievances, including those related to the older,
1996 dispute. The record, interestingly, is devoid of any reference to bifurcation,
and neither the district court nor the parties ever referred to the bench trial as a
bifurcated proceeding until All EMS’ motion for a new trial. See R.313 at 1. The
bench trial, nonetheless, did seem focused on deciding 7-Eleven’s Third Amended
Counterclaim, which alleged breach of the franchise agreement based on events
occurring in 2000, and sought damages and repossession of the Wagdys’ store. See
R.279.

       Assuming, arguendo, that All EMS is correct in characterizing the bench trial
as a bifurcated proceeding, Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 42(b) governs the
parties’ claims. Rule 42(b) gives a district court the power “in furtherance of
convenience or . . . when separate trials will be conducive to expedition and
economy, . . . [to] order a separate trial . . . of any separate issue or issues.” Using
bifurcation in order to conduct “an evidentiary hearing limited to a discrete,
potentially dispositive issue is an authorized and frequently a sensible method for
expediting the decision of cases.” Robinson v. Sheriff of Cook County, 167 F.3d
1155, 1157 (7th Cir. 1999). The rule qualifies this power by providing that a
procedural device such as bifurcation may not be used in a manner that impinges
upon the constitutional right to a jury trial guaranteed by the Seventh Amendment.
Fed. R. Civ. P. 42(b).

       Importantly, however, “[t]he right [to a jury trial] disappears if all parties
entrust the resolution of factual issues to the court without objection.” Stewart v.
RCA Corp., 790 F.2d 624, 630 (7th Cir. 1986). “This circuit is in the majority of
circuits that hold that failure to object to a non-jury factfinding proceeding waives a
valid jury demand as to any claims decided in that proceeding, at least where it was
clear that the court intended to make fact determinations.” Lovelace v. Dall, 820
F.2d 223, 227 (7th Cir. 1987).5


      5
          The precise language of Rule 39(a), which governs the availability of bench
trials, provides: “The trial of all issues so demanded shall be by jury unless (1) the
parties or their attorneys of record, by written stipulation filed with the court or by an
oral stipulation made in open court and entered in the record, consent to trial by the
                                                                            (continued...)
Nos. 05-1234, 05-1330                                                           Page 11


       All EMS concedes that it agreed to a bench trial that would resolve “issues
regarding Net Worth being asserted by 7-Eleven.” Appellants’ Br. at 41. All EMS
also concedes that “[t]he allegations set forth in the Wagdy’s [sic] Fourth Amended
Complaint are intricately intertwined with 7-Eleven’s allegations concerning Net
Worth.” Appellants’ Reply Br. at 23. At the very least, therefore, All EMS
proceeded willingly to a bifurcated proceeding on allegations that very likely would
be resolved, as a matter of law, once the net worth issues were decided. Having
consented to a bench trial where “it was clear that the court intended to make fact
determinations” whose unfavorable resolution would end this litigation, All EMS
and the Wagdys waived their right to a jury. Lovelace, 820 F.2d at 227.


      2. All EMS’ Due Process Rights

        All EMS further contends that the district court’s decision, at the conclusion
of the bifurcated bench trial, to “resolve with finality all issues pending before the
Court,” R.311 at 9, deprived it of due process of law. We note, as a preliminary
matter, that the district court’s original decision to bifurcate was interlocutory, and
a trial court has discretion to revise or set aside its interlocutory orders before the
entry of final judgment. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 54(b); Partmar Corp. v. Paramount
Pictures Theatres Corp., 347 U.S. 89, 100 (1954); O’Malley v. United States Fid. &
Guar. Co., 776 F.2d 494, 500-01 (5th Cir. 1985). We therefore are confined to
determining whether, under the circumstances here, the bifurcated proceeding
deprived the Wagdys of their constitutional entitlement to due process.

      In Partmar, the Supreme Court considered whether due process was violated
when a district court dismissed a party’s claims in a bifurcated proceeding without
conducting a separate trial as to their merits. In that case, Partmar and
Paramount entered into a franchise agreement in which Partmar agreed to exhibit
Paramount’s first-run films at a cinema leased from Paramount. Subsequently, a
decree was entered in an antitrust suit initiated by the United States against
Paramount, which enjoined Paramount from performing under existing franchise
agreements and from entering into future franchise agreements. Paramount relied
on the antitrust decree as cause for terminating Partmar’s franchise and lease


      5
        (...continued)
court sitting without a jury . . . .” Fed. R. Civ. P. 39(a). The language of Rule 39 “has
been interpreted broadly so as to encompass orders entered by the court and not
objected to; statements by the judge on the record that are not objected to; and briefs
arguing that the judge can decide certain matters as a legal question.” Lovelace v.
Dall, 820 F.2d 223, 227 (7th Cir. 1987).
Nos. 05-1234, 05-1330                                                          Page 12


agreements. See Partmar Corp., 347 U.S. at 93. When Partmar refused to vacate
the leased premises, Paramount sued Partmar for unlawful detainer and for a
declaratory judgment. Partmar subsequently filed a counterclaim against
Paramount seeking treble damages for alleged antitrust violations. Partmar’s
counterclaim asserted that the franchise and lease agreements had “excessive terms
and conditions” as a result of an unlawful conspiracy between Paramount and
others. Id. at 93-94. The district court ordered separate trials for Paramount’s
claims and Partmar’s counterclaims. Before trial, however, the United States
Supreme Court overturned a portion of the antitrust decree, holding that
Paramount’s franchise agreements were not per se unlawful. Following the trial on
Paramount’s claims, the district court found that the franchise and lease
agreements were not illegal, so Paramount had no basis for terminating them. The
district court, therefore, dismissed Partmar’s counterclaims without proceeding to
the second trial. On appeal, Partmar did not challenge the district court’s findings
pertaining to Paramount’s claims, but challenged instead the dismissal of its
counterclaims without the benefit of trial. The Supreme Court affirmed the
dismissal, concluding that the district court’s finding of no conspiracy “determined
the key ingredient of Partmar’s counterclaims . . . and thus precluded recovery upon
such claims.” Id. at 101. The bifurcated proceeding comported with due process
because Partmar “had ample opportunity upon trial to present evidence and to
contest the conspiracy finding.” Id.

       In a similar situation, the Second Circuit heard an appeal of an action
brought by attorneys to recover a $155,000 bonus owed by a client for services
rendered under a retainer agreement. See Knapp v. McFarland, 457 F.2d 881 (2d
Cir. 1972). At the outset of that action, the district court directed that the trial of
issues pertaining to the $155,000 bonus agreement be bifurcated: the court would
determine first whether such an agreement was made, and if an agreement was
found, then a jury would hear evidence at a deferred proceeding as to whether the
bonus was conscionable. During the bench trial, the court refused to hear certain
expert evidence on the conscionability issue, noting that the trial on that issue had
been deferred. Much of the other evidence that was introduced related to the
making of the agreement, but was relevant also to the issue of conscionability. As a
result, the district court resolved the parties’ entire dispute at the conclusion of the
bench trial, finding “on the basis of the evidence already introduced that the bonus
contract was ‘a fair and reasonable compensation agreement.’” Id. at 887. The
Second Circuit reversed and remanded to the district court, directing it to afford the
parties “a fair opportunity to offer proof with respect to the deferred issue.” Id. The
court of appeals reasoned that, “[a]lthough most of the essential proof as to
conscionability may well have been received by the court in connection with other
issues and [the client] not only cross-examined others but also testified personally
with respect to circumstances bearing on reasonableness, he was not given the
Nos. 05-1234, 05-1330                                                         Page 13


opportunity to introduce expert witnesses, and he may not have fully
cross-examined [the attorneys] as to the issue.” Id. The court then distinguished
the case from Partmar, in which the only evidence not offered--the Paramount case
decree--would not have changed the result. In Knapp, by contrast, the client’s
proffered evidence potentially could have altered the district court’s determination
of whether the attorneys’ bonus was fair and reasonable.

        The principle to be drawn from Partmar and Knapp is that a court has
discretion not to hold a subsequent trial if undisputed evidence already adduced can
resolve the issues reserved for the deferred proceeding. To demonstrate that due
process was violated, a party must explain how additional process, in the form of
expert testimony or cross-examination, see, e.g., Knapp, 457 F.2d at 887, potentially
could have altered the bench trial’s result. Turning to All EMS’ contentions
regarding the district court’s failure to hear evidence on certain counts, we shall
determine whether All EMS has proffered any evidence, not introduced at the bench
trial, that would have altered the outcome on those issues. Each of the counts shall
be addressed in turn.


             a. violation of the Illinois Franchise Disclosure Act

      At the conclusion of the bench trial, the district court decided that, because it
already had found All EMS to be in breach of the franchise agreement, the Illinois
Franchise Disclosure Act (“IFDA”) did not prevent 7-Eleven from terminating the
agreement. The IFDA requires a franchisor to show good cause before terminating
a franchise. Good cause as it relates to this case means “the failure of the
franchisee to comply with any lawful provisions of the franchise or other agreement
and to cure such default after being given notice thereof and a reasonable
opportunity to cure such default, which in no event need be more than 30 days.”
815 ILCS 705/19(b). All EMS undisputedly let its net worth deficit go uncured for
more than 30 days. By the plain terms of the IFDA, then, 7-Eleven had the
statutory right to terminate the franchise. See Original Great American Chocolate
Chip Cookie Co., Inc. v. River Valley Cookies, Ltd., 970 F.2d 273, 279 (7th Cir. 1992).
All EMS does not proffer evidence that would change this result. In fact, All EMS’
appellate briefing does not even address the IFDA count.


             b. breach of contract

        The district court’s dismissal of All EMS’ breach of contract count merits
little discussion. It is fairly obvious that, in concluding that All EMS breached the
agreement’s net worth provisions before 7-Eleven did anything to induce that
Nos. 05-1234, 05-1330                                                         Page 14


breach, the district court had to decide, a fortiori, that 7-Eleven did not breach the
agreement. The bench trial, even if confined to 7-Eleven’s breach of contract claim,
gave All EMS adequate opportunity to introduce evidence that 7-Eleven breached
first. Due process guarantees, therefore, were not violated.


             c. 1996 dispute over retail price misreporting

        At oral argument, counsel for All EMS argued strenuously that the district
court, in calculating damages, failed to account for the $11,013 previously deducted
from the Wagdys’ net worth account due to the 1996 dispute over retail price
misreporting. In a June 2000 trial, a jury could not reach a verdict on the
misreporting dispute, and the issue lingered as the parties’ litigation developed to
encompass later instances of material breach. The district court seemed to assume,
by the time the bench trial concluded, that the parties had settled their dispute
pertaining to the price misreporting. See R.311 at 10 (“We note that subsequent to
the filing of the Fourth Amended Complaint, 7-Eleven agreed to, and did, credit All
EMS and the Wagdys with $11,013.53.”). All EMS now contends that this
assumption was incorrect and unsupported by evidence. More specifically, All EMS
contends that the court’s starting point for calculating damages--the $55,422 net
worth shortage indicated on the March 13, 2002 Notice of breach--did not take into
account the $11,013 still in dispute. All EMS also maintains that the court failed to
account for interest that accrued on this amount and was charged against the
Wagdys’ net worth.

       A closer look at the March 13, 2002 notice reveals that 7-Eleven was willing
to accept $9,648 less than the Wagdys’ actual net worth deficit because it had
charged the Wagdys that amount following the 1996 incident. The notice reiterated
7-Eleven’s position that it actually was owed $65,422, but stated that 7-Eleven was
willing to accept $55,733 ($65,422 - $9,648) in light of the dispute between the
parties. Thus, the court’s starting point, $55,422, came close to accounting for the
1996 dispute. Unfortunately, it did so by the wrong amount. The parties now do
not contest that $11,013 is the actual amount remaining in dispute after the 1996
misreporting incident. For whatever reason, 7-Eleven’s notices of breach used the
figure $9,648, which the district court then adopted in calculating damages.

       Despite the discrepancy, there is no need to remand, as the district court’s
principle for calculating damages was sound. We agree with its use of the
statement of net worth reflected in the March 13, 2002 notice as a starting point,
and it was appropriate to adjust this figure by any amount charged against the
Wagdys’ net worth following the 1996 incident. Everyone agrees at this stage that
$11,013, rather than $9,648, was the disputed charge. See Appellants’ Br. at 34;
Nos. 05-1234, 05-1330                                                        Page 15


Appellee’s Br. at 24-25; R.311 at 10. The parties also seem to agree that interest
was charged on this amount. See Appellants’ Br. at 34; Appellee’s Br. at 25.
Therefore, we shall recalculate damages to account for these oversights. As of the
March 13, 2002 notice of breach, the Wagdys’ net worth account showed a negative
balance of $55,422, meaning they needed to pay 7-Eleven $65,422 to cure their
breach. Applying the $11,013 credit to this amount makes the starting point for
damages $54,409, instead of the $55,422 amount that the district court used. From
that, we subtract $8,536 for the interest assessed, as of March 2002, against the
Wagdys’ net worth account. See Appellants’ Separate App., Tab 15. We then
subtract, as the district court did, the amounts by which 7-Eleven caused the
Wagdys’ net worth to decline when it failed fix their freezers or provide them with
adequate consulting support ($37,091 and $15,600 respectively). In the end, these
subtractions entirely wipe out 7-Eleven’s damages, and we therefore modify the
district court’s damage award by reducing it to zero. We reiterate, however, that
All EMS remains liable for breach of contract and must surrender possession of the
store. This is because the date for determining contractual liability, as we
discussed earlier, is different from the date for assessing damages. As of February
4, 2000--the Wagdys’ deadline for curing their net worth deficit--7-Eleven was still
in compliance with its obligations under the agreement; it had not yet let the
freezers fall into disrepair and still was providing adequate consulting support. It
also, as of this date, had assessed only $4,446 worth of interest on the disputed
charge. See Appellants’ Separate App., Tab 15. Therefore, as of the date for
determining liability, the Wagdys’ net worth still was $5,303 below the $10,000
contractual minimum. They were in breach of the franchise agreement, and our
modification of the damage award does not alter that conclusion.


             d. spoliation of evidence

       Counts VI and VII of All EMS’ complaint asserted that 7-Eleven destroyed
records that allegedly were doctored to give the impression that the Wagdys were
underreporting retail prices in 1996. The court denied the relief requested in these
counts on two grounds: (1) lack of credible evidence that 7-Eleven negligently or
intentionally destroyed the records; and (2) lack of prejudice to All EMS because the
allegedly destroyed evidence would not have affected the determination of breach.
Although the district court found for 7-Eleven without allowing a factual
presentation, the court’s second, independent ground represented a legal conclusion
based on the facts already established at bench trial. This legal conclusion was
correct because the allegedly spoliated evidence related to a disputed charge that,
as we have mentioned, was reversed for purposes of calculating the Wagdys’ net
worth balance. The Wagdys would have been in material breach with or without
Nos. 05-1234, 05-1330                                                          Page 16


the information contained in the allegedly spoliated evidence. Accordingly, the
court’s resolution of All EMS’ spoliation claims comported with due process.


             e. fraud

       Counts IV and V of All EMS’ Fourth Amended Complaint sought damages
arising from “7-Eleven’s fraudulent conversion of the Wagdys’ Net Worth” in the
amount of $11,013. Appellants’ Br. at 46. The fraud counts are essentially a
restatement of the 1996 misreporting dispute styled as allegations of 7-Eleven’s
intentional scheme to defraud. The $11,013 that remained in dispute over the 1996
incident is being taken into account in 7-Eleven’s damage award. This accounting
renders All EMS’ fraud allegations moot.


                                     Conclusion

        The bench trial did not impinge on All EMS’ right to a jury trial or to due
process of law. As discussed, we notice slight oversights in the court’s calculation of
damages. Consequently, we reduce 7-Eleven’s damages from $2,731 to $0. We
otherwise affirm the judgment of the district court.

                                                           AFFIRMED as MODIFIED
