                  United States Court of Appeals
                             For the Eighth Circuit
                         ___________________________

                                 No. 14-2732
                         ___________________________

                              United States of America

                         lllllllllllllllllllll Plaintiff - Appellee

                                            v.

                                Armando Vera-Porras

                       lllllllllllllllllllll Defendant - Appellant
                                       ____________

                     Appeal from United States District Court
                 for the Eastern District of Arkansas - Little Rock
                                  ____________

                            Submitted: January 16, 2015
                               Filed: May 20, 2015
                                  [Unpublished]
                                 ____________

Before WOLLMAN, SMITH, and SHEPHERD, Circuit Judges.
                          ____________

PER CURIAM.

       Armando Vera-Porras, an inmate at the Federal Correctional Institution in
Forrest City, Arkansas, was found guilty after a jury trial of possessing a prohibited
item in prison in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1791(a)(2) after officers recovered from a
common area a cell phone that had been used to communicate with contacts found on
Vera-Porras’s approved contact list. The district court1 sentenced Vera-Porras to 4
months imprisonment, to be served consecutively with his original 120-month
sentence. Vera-Porras appeals, asserting that the district court erred in denying his
motion for judgment of acquittal on the basis that the government failed to
sufficiently prove two elements of the crime: that Vera-Porras actually possessed the
contraband cell phone and that the phone was “used by a user of commercial mobile
service,” pursuant to the statute. We affirm.

                                           I.

       At trial, the jury heard testimony from Correctional Officers Robert Steward,
Daniel Harris, and Byron Flint, as well as testimony from Officer Stanley Davenport,
a Special Investigative Services Technician, and Darnell Stewart, a forensic examiner.
 “Consistent with our standard of review, the following facts are described in the light
most favorable to the verdict.” United States v. Garcia, 521 F.3d 898, 899 (8th Cir.
2008). Early in the morning on May 5, 2013, Officer Steward found three cell phones
in a common area of the unsecured camp at the Forrest City Federal Correctional
Institution. Each cell phone was concealed in an individual potato chip bag in a trash
can in the facility’s laundry room. Because Officer Steward was the only officer on
duty at the unsecured camp, the operations lieutenant sent Officer Harris to pick up
the phones from Officer Steward. Officer Harris delivered the phones to the
operations lieutenant, and the operations lieutenant placed each phone in its own
secured drop box. Officer Davenport removed one phone from one of the drop boxes,
photographed it, and placed it in an evidence safe. This phone is the subject of the
charges against Vera-Porras. Officer Flint removed the phone from the safe,
photographed it, and sent it to Washington, D.C., to a forensic examiner, Stewart.



      1
       The Honorable J. Leon Holmes, United States District Judge for the Eastern
District of Arkansas.

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Officer Flint noted that the phone was operational, was made by Samsung, and had
a T-Mobile service provider logo.

       Stewart utilized a computer program to retrieve all of the physical data from
the phone. He downloaded the entire memory and all available data, retrieving at
least 107 deleted text messages in the process. The last outgoing text message on the
phone was sent at 4:15 am on May 5, 2013, roughly one hour before Officer Steward
found the phone. After Stewart recovered the deleted text messages from the cell
phone, Officer Flint compared the phone numbers from the messages to lists of all the
prisoners’ authorized contacts. These lists contained each individual prisoner’s
authorized contacts for phone, email, and visitation. Eighty-five of the recovered text
messages were sent to or received from a phone number that appeared only on Vera-
Porras’s authorized contacts list.

      At the close of the government’s evidence, Vera-Porras moved for a judgment
of acquittal, arguing that the government had not provided sufficient evidence to
prove two elements required by 18 U.S.C. § 1791(a)(2): that Vera-Porras possessed
the contraband cell phone and that the cell phone was “used by a user of commercial
mobile service.” The district court denied the motion for judgment of acquittal,
finding that the evidence of the 85 messages to contacts only on Vera-Porras’s
contact list was sufficient to show possession and finding that the T-Mobile service
provider logo on the phone and a text message referencing T-Mobile were sufficient
to show the phone was serviced by a “commercial mobile service.” The case was
submitted to the jury, who returned a guilty verdict. The district court then sentenced
Vera-Porras to 4 months imprisonment, to be served consecutively with his original
120-month sentence. This appeal follows.




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                                         II.

       We consider whether the district court erred in denying Vera-Porras’s motion
for judgment of acquittal on the basis that the government’s evidence was insufficient
to prove all elements of the charged crime. “We review the denial of a motion for a
judgment of acquittal based on the sufficiency of the evidence de novo.” United
States v. Jenkins, 758 F.3d 1046, 1049 (8th Cir. 2014) (internal quotation marks
omitted). We view all evidence “in the light most favorable to the government,
resolving conflicts in the government’s favor, and accepting all reasonable inferences
that support the verdict.” United States v. Johnson, 639 F.3d 433, 437 (8th Cir. 2011)
(internal quotation marks omitted). We will sustain a jury’s verdict if “any rational
jury could have found the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.” United
States v. Ojeda-Estrada, 577 F.3d 871, 874 (8th Cir. 2009).

       Vera-Porras argues that the government did not provide sufficient evidence to
prove that Vera-Porras had either actual or constructive possession of the contraband
cell phone. In particular, Vera-Porras asserts that only weak circumstantial evidence
supports the contention that he possessed the phone and that this circumstantial
evidence is insufficient to support a conviction. We disagree. The evidence the
government provided to prove constructive possession, while circumstantial, was
sufficient to support a guilty verdict. This evidence included the fact that the vast
majority of the 107 text messages were sent to or received from numbers only on
Vera-Porras’s contact list, that Vera-Porras had access to the unsecured area in which
Officer Steward recovered the cell phone, and that the last text message was sent
shortly before the discovery of the phone. Viewing the evidence in the light most
favorable to the government, and accepting all reasonable inferences in support of the
verdict, we conclude that a rational jury could have found Vera-Porras guilty beyond
a reasonable doubt. The district court thus did not err in denying Vera-Porras’s
motion for judgment of acquittal on this basis.



                                         -4-
       Vera-Porras also argues that the government did not provide sufficient
evidence to prove that the phone was “used by a user of commercial mobile service,”
specifically alleging that the government did not utilize expert testimony or phone
records to prove this element. Under 18 U.S.C. § 1791(a)(2), any prisoner who
possesses a prohibited object is subject to punishment under this section. A
“prohibited object” is defined to include “a phone or other device used by a user of
commercial mobile service (as defined in section 332(d) of Title 47) in connection
with such service.” 18 U.S.C. § 1791(d)(1)(F). Title 47 defines “commercial mobile
service” as “any mobile service . . . that is provided for profit and makes
interconnected service available (A) to the public or (B) to such classes of eligible
users as to be effectively available to a substantial portion of the public . . . .” 47
U.S.C. § 332(d).

       The district court concluded that the T-Mobile logo on the phone, as well as a
text message retrieved from the phone referencing T-Mobile, sufficiently proved that
the phone was “used by a user of commercial mobile service.” We agree. Although
no case law provides guidance regarding the evidence required to prove this element
of the crime, we find cases considering the evidence required to prove a defendant
possessed a firearm under 18 U.S.C. § 922(g) instructive. In these cases, lay
testimony from eye witnesses can be sufficient to support a finding that an object is
a firearm and the government need not present expert testimony. See, e.g., United
States v. Dobbs, 449 F.3d 904, 910-11 (8th Cir. 2006) (holding that government
could prove an object is a firearm without a physical examination of the object and
a lay person may testify as to whether an object meets the statutory definition of a
firearm). Here, expert testimony is similarly unnecessary to prove that the phone
Officer Steward recovered was “used by a user of commercial mobile service.” The
government presented sufficient evidence, both in the form of lay testimony and the
cell phone itself, to prove this element of the crime. This evidence included
testimony that the phone was operational on the day Officer Steward discovered the
phone because the last text message on the phone was sent roughly one hour prior to

                                         -5-
discovery, a T-Mobile logo on the phone itself, and a text message received by the
phone stating “T-Mobile, right?” indicating that the text message discussion referred
to the phone carrier. And, with respect to the physical examination of the phone, the
jury was entitled to rely upon its common sense that an operational cell phone bears
the logo of its commercial carrier in determining whether the cell phone was “used
by a user of commercial mobile service.” Cf. United States v. French, 12 F.3d 114,
117 (8th Cir. 1993) (“Expert testimony was inappropriate because the subject matter
of the proffered testimony was a matter of common sense.”). We thus conclude that
the district court did not err in denying Vera-Porras’s motion for judgment of
acquittal.

                                        III.

      For the foregoing reasons, we affirm.
                      ______________________________




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