                   IN THE SUPREME COURT OF TENNESSEE
                               AT MEMPHIS
                                 November 14, 2000 Session

            SUZANNE KAY BURLEW v. BRAD STEVEN BURLEW

       Appeal by permission from the Court of Appeals, Western Section
                     Chancery Court for Shelby County
                No. D-26813-II Floyd Peete, Jr., Chancellor



            No. M1998-01177-SC-R11-CV - Filed February 20, 2001


The issue in this divorce case concerns the type and amount of alimony that should be awarded to
the Wife. The trial court awarded her $220,000 of alimony in solido to be paid out in decreasing
amounts over eight years, and declined to award her rehabilitative alimony. The Court of Appeals
affirmed the trial court’s in solido award but remanded the case to the trial court to award
rehabilitative alimony of at least $1,000 per month for a reasonable period of time. Before this
Court, the Husband/appellee argues that rehabilitative alimony is unnecessary and that the alimony
in solido award is excessive. The Wife/appellant counters that the in solido award was not
excessive; indeed, she argues that she should have been awarded alimony in futuro. We hold that
the trial court properly awarded alimony in solido rather than alimony in futuro. We also hold that
the trial court did not err in denying the Wife’s request for rehabilitative alimony. Thus, we affirm
in part and reverse in part the decision of the Court of Appeals.

        Tenn. R. App. P. 11 Application for Permission to Appeal; Judgment of the
                  Court of Appeals Affirmed in Part; Reversed in Part.

FRANK F. DROWOTA, III, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which , E. RILEY ANDERSON, C.J.,
ADOLPHO A. BIRCH, JR., JANICE M. HOLDER, and WILLIAM M. BARKER, JJ. joined.

Stevan L. Black and Vickie Hardy Jones, Memphis, Tennessee, for the appellant, Suzanne Kay
Burlew.

William W. Dunlap, Jr., Memphis, Tennessee, for the appellee, Brad Steven Burlew.
                                            OPINION

        Suzanne Kay Burlew, the appellant (Wife), and Brad Steven Burlew, the appellee (Husband),
were married in 1972 in Flint, Michigan. In 1998, at the time of trial, she was forty-five years old
and he was forty-seven. At the beginning of their marriage, the Husband worked for General Motors
as an engineer and the Wife studied to obtain a Bachelor of Science degree in nursing. Two years
later she began work as a registered nurse and he enrolled in a program to complete prerequisites for
medical school while he worked part-time. The next year they moved to Chicago where he enrolled
in medical school at Northwestern University and she began new employment.

         In 1979, the parties moved to Detroit where the Husband completed an internship, residency,
and fellowship in cardiology. The Wife continued to work full-time as a nurse. The next year they
started to experience marital problems. The Husband admitted that he had an extramarital affair but
promised he would not have other affairs. The parties recommitted to their marriage.

        The Wife worked until 1986, and her income was used to pay for living expenses as well as
the Husband’s medical school expenses. During this time she also obtained a Master’s degree in
nursing, attending classes on a part-time basis and utilizing a tuition reimbursement plan provided
by her employer. In 1986, they moved to Memphis where the Husband accepted a teaching position
with the University of Tennessee and joined a private medical practice with the UT Medical Group.
The Wife began attending law school at the University of Memphis. She obtained her degree and
passed the bar exam in 1989.

        During this time the parties unsuccessfully attempted to conceive a child; the Wife had
several miscarriages. In 1989, she finally became pregnant. After what was considered a high-risk
pregnancy she gave birth to Geoff, the parties’ only child. They agreed that she would remain at
home to raise Geoff.

        The Husband had a second affair in 1993. They again decided to remain married, but in 1995
the Wife learned that he was spending time with another woman. He denies having a sexual
relationship with her. In 1996, the Wife filed for divorce, alleging irreconcilable differences and
inappropriate marital conduct. The Husband counterclaimed on the same grounds.

       The trial court awarded a divorce to the Wife on the ground of inappropriate marital conduct
and made various rulings with respect to child custody, visitation rights, attorney fees, and other
matters. The court also awarded the Wife alimony in solido. Before discussing this award, and the
Court of Appeals’ decision, it will be useful to outline the parties’ financial and employment status
as shown in the trial court record. At the time of trial in 1998, the Husband was a tenured associate
professor of medicine at the University of Tennessee, for which he earned $93,000 per year. He also
earned $101,300 from his work for the UT Medical Group, and $9,000 as a consultant. His gross
income was therefore $203,300 per year. The Wife, at the time of trial, was studying to obtain an
M.B.A. degree. She testified that she decided to pursue this degree when she realized that her skills


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were dated after having stayed home to raise Geoff. While raising Geoff she briefly held two part-
time nursing positions, but this was only to obtain her license. She had no source of income other
than what she received from her Husband. The parties agreed prior to trial that the division of
marital property would be as follows: $377,400 to the Wife (60.7%) and $223,700 to the Husband
(39.3%).

         Both parties presented expert testimony on the Wife’s financial situation. Robert Winfield,
a certified financial planner, testified for the Wife that the Husband could pay $3,500 per month in
alimony and $2,100 per month in child support. Winfield assumed that the Wife’s earning capacity
was $30,000 per year and that she would work part-time until Geoff reached the age of twelve. He
testified that this amount in alimony and child support, plus $1,000 per month in rehabilitative
alimony, would be necessary to prevent the Wife from depleting her share of the marital property.
The Husband presented the testimony of William H. Watkins, a certified public accountant. Watkins
testified that if the Wife earned $30,000 per year, her net annual income with child support would
not require her to encroach upon her share of the marital property. The Husband also testified that
the Wife could earn $35,000 to $65,000 per year.

       A final area of testimony relevant to this appeal is the Wife’s admission that she used over
$61,000 in joint marital funds before the trial began. She spent most of this money on her attorneys,
the completion of her M.B.A, and Geoff’s private school tuition. The Husband also paid her $5,000
per month in temporary child support and alimony while the trial was pending, totaling $105,000.

         The trial court ordered the Husband to pay $2,100 per month in child support, as well as
Geoff’s education expenses of $7,032 per year. The court also awarded the Wife alimony in solido
in the amount of $220,000. The Husband was ordered to pay this amount in installments: $45,000
the first year, reduced by $5,000 each subsequent year, ending after eight years. The court required
the Husband to pay for the completion of the Wife’s M.B.A. degree.

        Both parties appealed numerous issues to the Court of Appeals, including the trial court’s
award of alimony in solido. The Wife contended that the court erred in failing to award her alimony
in futuro rather than alimony in solido. The Husband contended that the alimony award was
excessive.

        The Court of Appeals affirmed the trial court’s decision on all issues except that it also
awarded the Wife rehabilitative alimony. The trial court’s order makes no mention of rehabilitative
alimony, but the court implicitly considered and rejected the Wife’s request for such alimony
because her expert, Winfield, specifically testified that she needed rehabilitative alimony so as not
to deplete her share of the marital property.

       In ordering rehabilitative alimony the Court of Appeals noted that the Wife worked while the
Husband attended medical school and completed his internship, residency, and fellowship and that
she moved several times in furtherance of his career, causing her to forfeit certain retirement
benefits. The court also noted that the parties agreed she would stay home to raise Geoff. Thus,


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although she obtained several degrees with his financial support, by their agreement she did not seek
outside employment; her old skills are dated, and she has been unable to utilize her new skills. The
court noted that although the Wife’s earning capacity is unclear based on the trial record, it is
substantially less than the Husband’s capacity. The court also noted that the Husband’s inappropriate
marital conduct contributed to the termination of the marriage. Based on these factors, the long
duration of the marriage, and the standard of living enjoyed by the parties during the marriage, the
court remanded the case to the trial court for a “determination of when Wife could reasonably be
expected to attain an income level commensurate with her education and for an award of
rehabilitative alimony in an amount not less than $1,000 per month.”

         We granted the parties’ applications to appeal to consider whether the Court of Appeals erred
in its rulings concerning alimony, namely, that the trial court properly awarded the Wife $220,000
alimony in solido to be paid out in decreasing amounts over eight years, and that the trial court
should have awarded rehabilitative alimony. 1

                                                ANALYSIS
                                            Standard of Review
        Appellate review of findings of fact by the trial court are de novo upon the record of the trial
court accompanied by a presumption of the correctness of the findings, unless the preponderance of
the evidence is otherwise. See Tenn. R. App. P. 13(d). If the trial court has not made findings of
fact with respect to the relevant factors an appellate court must conduct its “own independent review
of the record to determine where the preponderance of the evidence lies.” Crabtree v. Crabtree, 16
S.W.3d 356, 360 (Tenn. 2000) (citing Brooks v. Brooks, 992 S.W.2d 403, 405 (Tenn. 1999)).
Review of questions of law is de novo, without a presumption of correctness. See Nelson v. Wal-
Mart Stores, Inc., 8 S.W.3d 625, 628 (Tenn. 1999). The amount of alimony awarded is largely a
matter left to the discretion of the trial court, and the appellate courts will not interfere except in the
case of an abuse of discretion. See Crabtree, 16 S.W.3d at 360 (citing Hanover v. Hanover, 775
S.W.2d 612, 617 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1989)).

                                 Alimony In Solido, Alimony In Futuro,
                                      and Rehabilitative Alimony

        The Wife argues that she should have been awarded alimony in futuro rather than alimony
in solido. The Husband argues that the in solido award is excessive. The parties also disagree with
the Court of Appeals’ ruling on rehabilitative alimony. A brief review of the differences between
these three types of alimony is in order.

      For purposes of this appeal, the relevant portion of the statute governing alimony is
Tennessee Code Annotated section 36-5-101(d), which provides in pertinent part:


        1
            The Wife has also applied for permission to appeal the Court of Appeals’ rulings on custody,
visitation rights, and attorney fees. That court affirmed the trial court on these issues. We in turn affirm the
Court of Appeals.

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       It is the intent of the general assembly that a spouse who is economically
       disadvantaged, relative to the other spouse, be rehabilitated whenever possible by the
       granting of an order for payment of rehabilitative, temporary support and
       maintenance. Where there is such relative economic disadvantage and rehabilitation
       is not feasible in consideration of all relevant factors, including those set out in this
       subsection, then the court may grant an order for payment of support and
       maintenance on a long-term basis or until the death or remarriage of the recipient
       except as otherwise provided in subdivision (a)(3).

Tenn. Code. Ann. § 36-5-101(d)(1). Accordingly, as we recently stated, “the legislature has
demonstrated a preference for an award of rehabilitative alimony to rehabilitate an economically
disadvantaged spouse.” Crabtree, 16 S.W.3d at 358.

        When deciding whether rehabilitation is possible, and, in general, determining the proper
form and amount of alimony, courts must consider the “relevant factors” set forth in section
101(d)(1)(A) through (L), but “the real need of the spouse seeking the support is the single most
important factor. In addition to the need of the disadvantaged spouse, the courts most often consider
the ability of the obligor spouse to provide support.” Aaron v. Aaron, 909 S.W.2d 408, 410 (Tenn.
1995) (quoting Cranford v. Cranford, 772 S.W.2d 48, 50 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1989)); see also Anderton
v. Anderton, 988 S.W.2d 675, 683 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1999). A court must keep in mind that “the
purpose of spousal support is to aid the disadvantaged spouse to become and remain self-sufficient
and, when economic rehabilitation is not feasible, to mitigate the harsh economic realities of
divorce.” Anderton, 988 S.W.2d at 381 (citing Shackleford v. Shackleford, 611 S.W.2d 598, 601
(Tenn. Ct. App. 1980)). The amount of alimony should be determined so “that the party obtaining
the divorce [is not] left in a worse financial situation than he or she had before the opposite party’s
misconduct brought about the divorce.” Aaron, 909 S.W.2d at 411 (citing Shackleford, 611 S.W.2d
at 601).

        In Crabtree v. Crabtree we recently held that “[i]f an award of rehabilitative alimony is
justified by the parties’ circumstances, a trial court initially should award rehabilitative alimony
only.” Crabtree, 16 S.W.3d at 360. The legislative purpose of rehabilitation is to encourage
divorced spouses to become self-sufficient. Id. “If rehabilitation is not feasible, the trial court may
then make an award of alimony in futuro. Accordingly, a concurrent award of both types of alimony
is inconsistent.” Id. This holding emphasizes both the legislative preference for rehabilitation as
well as the established rule that this preference does not “entirely displace other forms of spousal
support when the facts warrant long term or more open-ended support.” Anderton, 988 S.W.2d at
682; see Aaron, 909 S.W.2d at 410; Isbell v. Isbell, 816 S.W.2d 735, 739 (Tenn. 1991)).

        There are two forms of “long term or more open-ended support”: alimony in futuro and
alimony in solido. “Whether alimony is in futuro or in solido is determined by either the definiteness
[in solido] or indefiniteness [in futuro] of the sum of alimony ordered to be paid at the time of the
award.” Waddey v. Waddey, 6 S.W.3d 230, 232 (Tenn. 1999) (citing McKee v. McKee, 655 S.W.2d
164, 165 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1983)). Alimony in solido is an award of a definite sum of alimony and


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“may be paid in installments provided the payments are ordered over a definite period of time and
the sum of the alimony to be paid is ascertainable when awarded.” Id. A typical purpose of such
an award would be to adjust the distribution of the parties’ marital property. See, e.g., Lindsey v.
Lindsey, 976 S.W.2d 175, 180-91 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1997); Houghland v. Houghland, 844 S.W.2d
619, 622-23 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1992).

        “Alimony in futuro, however, lacks sum-certainty due to contingencies affecting the total
amount of alimony to be paid.” Waddey, 6 S.W.3d at 232. Unlike alimony in solido, an award of
alimony in futuro is subject to modification, and its duration may be affected by contingencies agreed
upon by the parties or imposed by courts. Id. at 232-33; see also Day v. Day, 931 S.W.2d 936, 939
(Tenn. Ct. App. 1996) (“Final awards of alimony in solido are not modifiable.”). As we have noted,
the purpose of this form of alimony is to provide financial support to a spouse who cannot be
rehabilitated.

                                      The Trial Court’s Award
        The trial court awarded the Wife alimony in solido but declined to award rehabilitative
alimony. The Court of Appeals affirmed the in solido award but concluded that rehabilitative
alimony was also appropriate. We recently held in Crabtree that alimony in futuro and rehabilitative
alimony are mutually exclusive, reasoning that to allow “concurrent awards of alimony in futuro and
rehabilitative alimony would require a trial court to engage in an act of clairvoyance. The trial court
would not only be required to anticipate the duration necessary for rehabilitation but would also be
required to anticipate the future needs of a spouse who, it has been determined, can be rehabilitated.”
See Crabtree, 16 S.W.3d at 360.
Thus, we stated that “if an award of rehabilitative alimony is justified by the parties’ circumstances,
a trial court initially should award rehabilitative alimony only.” Id. (emphasis added). This
holding, along with the Court of Appeals’ decision in this case, raises the question of whether
rehabilitative alimony can be combined with an award of alimony in solido. The comparison
between alimony in solido and alimony in futuro discussed above makes it clear that only the latter
is inconsistent with a concurrent award of rehabilitative alimony. The very definition and purpose
of rehabilitation means that if a spouse can be rehabilitated he or she has no need of alimony in
futuro. This is the meaning of our decision in Crabtree. As noted above, however, an award of
alimony in solido is for a definite sum of money, to be paid all at once or in installments over a
definite period of time, and is often awarded to adjust the division of marital property. Such an
award cannot be modified. This is quite different from alimony in futuro, which is indefinite and
modifiable. Both in terms of logic and the purposes of alimony, we think it clear that alimony in
solido is not inconsistent with a concurrent award of rehabilitative alimony.

         Purely as a matter of law, therefore, we conclude that the Court of Appeals did not err simply
because it ordered a concurrent award of alimony in solido and rehabilitative alimony. However,
we find that the record does not reveal good cause for disturbing the trial court’s award. Provided
that the trial court considers the purposes of alimony, discussed above, and the specific factors listed
in the statute, Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-5-101(d), it has wide discretion in determining the appropriate
award. See Crabtree, 16 S.W.3d at 360. Although a trial court may award alimony in solido along


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with rehabilitative alimony if the circumstances of the parties permit, the trial court in this case did
not err by awarding only alimony in solido.

       The Court of Appeals emphasized the following facts in holding that rehabilitative alimony
was appropriate: the Wife’s earning capacity is substantially less than the Husband’s; the Husband
contributed to the termination of the marriage based on his inappropriate marital conduct; the long
duration of the marriage; and the standard of living enjoyed by the parties during the marriage.
These facts are worthy of emphasis. But they are also clearly reflected in the record, and we have
no reason to think that the trial court failed to consider them. Nor does the trial court’s award appear
too low in light of the two most important factors: the Wife’s need and the Husband’s ability to pay.
The parties’ agreed that the Wife would take $377,400, or 60.7% of the marital property. On top of
this sum, the trial court ordered the Husband to pay $220,000 in non-modifiable alimony in solido
over an eight-year period, $2,100 per month in child support, and $7,100 per month for Geoff’s
educational expenses. The Wife can also be expected to earn $30,000 per year once she starts to
work full-time again; given her substantial education, she may earn more than this amount.

         The Wife argues that she should have been awarded alimony in futuro rather than alimony
in solido. The trial court did not fully explain the basis of its award, but it is clear that the court did
not think the Wife was incapable of being rehabilitated. Her prior experience as a full-time
registered nurse and her education, including several graduate degrees, indicate that she is capable
of being rehabilitated. Indeed, the Husband argues that the Court of Appeals erred because she is
already rehabilitated. Whether the Wife is fully rehabilitated or almost rehabilitated is a close
question but it is clear that she is not incapable of being rehabilitated; thus, she is not a candidate
for alimony in futuro. As to the Husband’s contention, we need not decide whether the Wife is fully
rehabilitated. By inference from its award, the trial court agreed with the Husband. Although it is
a close question, after examining the record we do not find that the evidence preponderates against
the trial court’s ruling. We therefore reverse the Court of Appeals’ decision to award rehabilitative
alimony.

       Finally, the Husband argues that the alimony in solido award of $220,000 is excessive.
Neither the trial court nor the Court of Appeals agreed. We see no reason to reduce the amount of
the award.

        For these reasons we think that the trial court’s alimony award should be upheld in its
entirety. 2


                                            CONCLUSION



        2
           The Wife has offered additional evidence of her financial and medical circumstances in her
Motion for Consideration of Post-Judgment Facts Relating to Alimony. We have considered this motion but
we do not think it requires a different disposition of this case.

                                                   -7-
       For the reasons discussed above, we affirm the Court of Appeals’ decision on all issues
except for the award of rehabilitative alimony. On that issue, we find that the evidence does not
preponderate against the trial court’s ruling.




                                            FRANK F. DROWOTA, III, JUSTICE




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