[Cite as State v. Sekic, 2011-Ohio-3978.]


                 Court of Appeals of Ohio
                                EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                   COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA


                               JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION
                                        No. 95633




                                       STATE OF OHIO
                                                    PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE

                                              vs.

                                      ANDREAS SEKIC
                                                    DEFENDANT-APPELLANT




                                  JUDGMENT:
                               AFFIRMED IN PART,
                          REVERSED IN PART, REMANDED


                                    Criminal Appeal from the
                             Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas
                                      Case No. CR-531300

        BEFORE: S. Gallagher, J., Kilbane, A.J., and Cooney, J.

        RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: August 11, 2011
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT

Joseph Vincent Pagano
P.O. Box 16869
Rocky River, Ohio 44116

ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE

William D. Mason
Cuyahoga County Prosecutor

BY: Brian S. Deckert
Assistant Prosecuting Attorney
The Justice Center, 9th Floor
1200 Ontario Street
Cleveland, Ohio 44113




SEAN C. GALLAGHER, J.:

       {¶ 1} Appellant Andreas Sekic (“Sekic”) appeals his conviction in the Cuyahoga

County Court of Common Pleas for felonious assault. For the reasons stated herein, we

affirm in part and reverse in part the decision of the trial court.

       {¶ 2} Sekic and his wife’s family have a tumultuous history.         Mrs. Sekic’s

stepbrother, Kristopher Ford (“Kris Ford”), was banned from the Sekic household for

stealing Christmas gifts from the Sekics’ children. Kris Ford’s mother, Barbara Ford,

used to babysit for the Sekic family until Sekic accused her of stealing clothes. This led
to “bad relations” between Sekic and the rest of the Ford family, including Mrs. Sekic’s

stepfather, Steve Ford, and Steve Ford’s brother, Kenneth Ford (“Ken Ford”).

       {¶ 3} On November 17, 2009, Sekic stopped at a convenience store on his way

home from work where Steve, Kris, and Ken Ford were also present. Sekic disputes

whether this was a coincidence or a premeditated act. The Fords pulled their car behind

Sekic’s parked car, blocking Sekic from leaving. Sekic believed he was in danger. The

Fords disputed the nature of the encounter. The Fords claim that Sekic “went crazy”

upon seeing them at the store. Sekic claims the Fords were watching him and blocking

his car in the parking lot. After the short encounter, the Fords drove to their apartment.

       {¶ 4} Sekic drove to another convenience store to buy cigarettes. Whether he

followed the Fords a short way is disputed, but the cars drove in similar directions. Steve

Ford drove Kris and Ken Ford back to the apartment and then returned to the second

convenience store where Sekic was buying cigarettes. Steve Ford had seen Sekic pull

into the lot before dropping his relatives off. Sekic called his father, Asim Sekic, to help

“mediate” the situation with the Fords. After about 15 minutes, Sekic, Asim Sekic, and

Sekic’s sister, Vanessa Sekic, drove to the Fords’ apartment. Vanessa Sekic thought they

were going to talk about the upcoming Thanksgiving holiday. The Fords placed a more

sinister motive behind the Sekics’ action.

       {¶ 5} Upon arriving at the apartment, Sekic stepped down into a patio area and

knocked or banged, depending on the witness, on the sliding glass door. Kris and Steve

Ford answered, and from there the stories significantly diverge. According to Sekic, Kris
and Steve Ford immediately started shouting and threatening to harm Sekic and his father;

Kris stepped outside and started elbowing and shoving Sekic; Steve Ford reached behind

a chair or couch for what Sekic thought was a weapon; and Ken Ford began to step

outside. Sekic claims, after being pushed back onto a small table, he grabbed the first

thing available, a ceramic flowerpot or ashtray, to ward off the “swarming” attackers.

Sekic grabbed a ceramic object and threw it, hitting Kris Ford in the face and ear causing

significant injury. According to Kris Ford, Sekic began berating him immediately, and

then he was hit by the flowerpot that was thrown by Sekic. No one had a weapon.

         {¶ 6} Vanessa Sekic remembers seeing the Fords act aggressively and hearing the

Fords yell at her brother and father. She further stated that Kris Ford then stepped

outside and “chest bumped” Sekic, which caused him to step backwards into the little

table where he found the ceramic object. After the object hit Kris Ford, both he and

Sekic started punching each other. At the same time, Steve Ford was tussling with Asim

Sekic.

         {¶ 7} A jury found Sekic guilty on two counts of felonious assault, which were

merged for sentencing. The trial court sentenced him to two years of incarceration. It is

from this conviction that Sekic timely appeals, raising four assignments of error. We

will address each in turn.

         {¶ 8} Sekic’s first assignment of error provides as follows: “The trial court erred

by denying defense counsel’s request for a self-defense instruction.” We find his first

assignment of error to be without merit.
       {¶ 9} A trial court is provided the discretion to determine whether the evidence

adduced at trial was sufficient to require a corresponding jury instruction. State v.

Fulmer, 117 Ohio St.3d 319, 326, 2008-Ohio-936, 883 N.E.2d 1052. Such a decision

will not be disturbed absent a finding that the trial court abused its discretion. The term

“abuse of discretion” means “an unreasonable, arbitrary, or unconscionable action.”

State ex rel. Doe v. Smith, 123 Ohio St.3d 44, 2009-Ohio-4149, 914 N.E.2d 159, ¶ 130.

It is “a discretion exercised to an end or purpose not justified by, and clearly against

reason and evidence.      The term has been defined as a view or action that no

conscientious judge, acting intelligently, could honestly have taken.” (Citations and

quotations omitted.) State v. Hancock, 108 Ohio St.3d 57, 2006-Ohio-160, 840 N.E.2d

1032, ¶ 130.

       {¶ 10} More specific to the current case, a trial court does not need to instruct the

jury on self-defense unless the defendant has successfully raised the affirmative defense

by introducing “sufficient evidence, which, if believed, would raise a question in the

minds of reasonable [triers of fact] concerning the existence of such issue.” State v.

Melchior (1978), 56 Ohio St.2d 15, 381 N.E.2d 195, paragraph one of the syllabus.

Evidence is sufficient where there is reasonable doubt of guilt based upon a claim of

self-defense. Id. at 20. “If the evidence generates only a mere speculation or possible

doubt, such evidence is insufficient to raise the affirmative defense, and submission of the

issue to the jury will be unwarranted.” Id. Thus, if the evidence submitted at trial is

believed by the trier of fact, the question is whether that evidence will create reasonable
doubt of the defendant’s guilt.     A trial court does not err in refusing to include a

self-defense jury instruction when the evidence does not support the claim. Id. at 22.

       {¶ 11} To establish self-defense at trial, the defendant must show, by a

preponderance of the evidence pursuant to R.C. 2901.05(A), that (1) he was not at fault in

creating the situation giving rise to the disturbance; (2) he had a bona fide belief that he

was in imminent danger of death or great bodily harm; (3) that his only means of escape

from such danger was in the use of such force; and (4) he must not have violated any duty

to retreat or avoid the danger. Id. at 20-21.

       {¶ 12} We agree with the trial court that Sekic failed to raise a colorable claim of

self-defense, however, based on a different standard. The trial court considered the

evidence in a light most favorable to the defendant and found that Sekic failed to meet, by

a preponderance of the evidence, the requirements for a self-defense instruction. The

standard for whether to give an instruction is not preponderance, rather it is whether there

is sufficient evidence if the evidence is believed. Id. at syllabus.

       {¶ 13} In this case, Sekic created the situation at the apartment that led to the

physical confrontation. His encounter with Kris, Steve, and Ken Ford at the convenience

store created the tension that led to the struggle at the Ford residence.       The Fords

voluntarily left the convenience stores’ parking lots, thereby ending the confrontation.

Sekic’s act of going to the apartment to resolve any issues while tensions were still high

elevated the nature of the encounter. Instead of allowing cooler heads to prevail, Sekic
immediately forced the issue, with his father present, by confronting the Fords in their

home.

        {¶ 14} While we agree that according to Sekic, Kris Ford was the immediate

aggressor of the physical altercation on the porch, a self-defense instruction is

unwarranted in such instances where Sekic voluntarily confronted Kris Ford knowing the

possible dangers. See State v. Nichols, Scioto App. No. 01CA2775, 2002-Ohio-415.

For example, the defendant in Nichols exchanged unpleasantries with the victim

throughout an evening spent drinking at a bar. The victim left. The defendant followed

and confronted the victim in the parking lot where a fight ensued. The victim was

knocked down and kicked in the head. The Nichols court affirmed the trial court’s

refusal to give a self-defense instruction, stating that “Ohio courts have long recognized

that a person cannot provoke assault or voluntarily enter an encounter and then claim a

right of self-defense.” Id.

        {¶ 15} Even if we believe all of Sekic’s testimony over that of the Fords, especially

the part where Kris Ford throws the first punch, Sekic created the situation and failed to

avoid the danger that led to the physical altercation.         According to Sekic’s trial

testimony, he was afraid the Fords would try to harm him at the convenience store. Also

according to Sekic, the “conversation” at the apartment turned to fisticuffs almost

immediately. Having willingly advanced toward a volatile situation, where he already

thought the others would harm him, he cannot rely on the affirmative defense of

self-defense when the others actually do that which he feared. In most circumstances, a
defendant may not claim self-defense if he has a reasonable means of retreat from the

confrontation. Melchior, 56 Ohio St.2d at 20.

       {¶ 16} On this point, Sekic relies on our decision in State v. Garltic, Cuyahoga

App. No. 90128, 2008-Ohio-4575, ¶ 22-24, for the proposition that when the evidence

conflicts as to the start of the fight, the self-defense instruction is warranted. Sekic’s

reliance on Garltic is misplaced. This court reversed a jury verdict and remanded the

Garltic case to the trial court based on ineffective assistance of counsel. Garltic argued

that his trial attorney failed to request an instruction on the inferior offense of voluntary

manslaughter in his attempted murder trial. Garltic argued he was provoked. Thus, the

self-defense jury instruction issue was not resolved. In fact, this court specifically noted

that upon remand, the trial court should only give the self-defense instruction at the new

trial if the evidence warranted such. Id. at ¶ 26. The case is therefore inapplicable to

the current one.

       {¶ 17} It is undisputed that the Fords voluntarily parted ways with Sekic at the

convenience store and Sekic then sought out the Fords in order to confront them. In light

of that, it cannot be said that the trial court abused its discretion in omitting the

self-defense jury instruction.    The evidence presented at trial did not sufficiently

establish that the self-defense instruction was warranted. Sekic’s first assignment of

error is overruled.

       {¶ 18} Sekic’s second assignment of error provides as follows: “The trial court

erred by allowing the state to introduce other acts evidence contrary to Evid.R. 404(B)
which resulted in unfair prejudice to appellant.” His second assignment of error lacks

merit.

         {¶ 19} The trial court permitted Sekic’s wife to testify about a police report filed in

March 2008 wherein she alleged that Sekic threatened to kill her and her family. Sekic

challenged the admissibility of the other acts evidence pursuant to Evid.R. 404(B), which

provides in part that “[e]vidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is not admissible to

prove the character of a person in order to show action in conformity therewith.” The

trial court has broad discretion in the admission or exclusion of evidence, and unless it

has clearly abused its discretion and the defendant has been materially prejudiced thereby,

an appellate court should be slow to interfere. Hancock, 108 Ohio St.3d 57, ¶ 122.

         {¶ 20} The other-acts exception is not applicable in the current case. Sekic’s wife

testified to Sekic’s propensity for nonviolence. The defense “opened the door” for the

state to address the police report as it tends to contradict her opinion that Sekic is not

violent.

         {¶ 21} Evid.R. 405(A) provides that “[i]n all cases in which evidence of character

or a trait of character of a person is admissible, proof may be made by testimony as to

reputation or by testimony in the form of an opinion. On cross-examination, inquiry is

allowable into relevant specific instances of conduct.”           A witness testifying to a

defendant’s character may be examined as to the “existence of reports of particular acts,

vices, or associations of the person concerning whom he has testified which are

inconsistent with the reputation attributed to him by the witness — not to establish the
truth of the facts, but to test the credibility of the witness, and to ascertain what weight or

value is to be given his testimony.” State v. Elliott (1971), 25 Ohio St.2d 249, 267

N.E.2d 806, paragraph two of the syllabus.

       {¶ 22} In this case, the testimony of Sekic’s wife about the 2008 police report was

properly admitted to test her credibility, specifically about Sekic’s reputation for

nonviolence, pursuant to Evid.R. 405(A). Sekic’s wife alleged in the report that Sekic

threatened to kill her and her family. That allegation directly contradicts her opinion that

Sekic is not violent.     The court allowed Sekic the opportunity to craft a limiting

instruction to place this testimony into context.         Sekic, not wanting to draw undue

attention to the report, forewent the opportunity. The admission of the evidence for

credibility purposes was in accord with Evid.R. 405(A). The trial court did not abuse its

discretion in admitting the testimony of Sekic’s wife, and Sekic’s second assignment of

error is overruled.

       {¶ 23} Sekic’s third assignment of error provides as follows: “Appellant’s

convictions were against the manifest weight of the evidence.” More specifically, Sekic

challenges the weight of the evidence supporting the felonious assault charge for which

he was convicted, claiming the Fords provoked Sekic into the fight. For the following

reason, his third assignment of error is without merit.

       {¶ 24} In reviewing a claim challenging the manifest weight of the evidence, the

question to be answered is whether “there is substantial evidence upon which a jury could

reasonably conclude that all the elements have been proved beyond a reasonable doubt.
In conducting this review, we must examine the entire record, weigh the evidence and all

reasonable inferences, consider the credibility of the witnesses, and determine whether

the jury clearly lost its way and created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that the

conviction must be reversed and a new trial ordered.” (Internal citations and quotations

omitted.) State v. Leonard, 104 Ohio St.3d 54, 2004-Ohio-6235, 818 N.E.2d 229, ¶ 81.

       {¶ 25} Sekic was convicted of felonious assault in violation of R.C. 2903.11. The

trial court also instructed the jury on the inferior offense of aggravated assault in violation

of R.C. 2903.12 on the theory that the jury could find that the Fords provoked Sekic into

attacking.   The offense of felonious assault under R.C. 2903.11 provides that “[n]o

person shall knowingly * * * [c]ause serious physical harm to another or * * * [c]ause or

attempt to cause physical harm to another * * * by means of a deadly weapon or

dangerous ordnance.”      Aggravated assault, the inferior offense, adds the mitigating

phrase that no person shall knowingly cause, or attempt to cause, serious physical harm

“while under the influence of sudden passion or in a sudden fit of rage, either of which is

brought on by serious provocation occasioned by the victim that is reasonably sufficient

to incite the person into using deadly force.” R.C. 2903.12(A).

       {¶ 26} This court has previously explained as follows:

       “In determining whether there was sufficient evidence of adequate
       provocation, the Ohio Supreme Court set forth a two-part inquiry in
       State v. Mack, 82 Ohio St.3d 198, 201, 1998-Ohio-375, 694 N.E.2d 1328.
       First, an objective standard must be applied to determine whether the
       alleged provocation is reasonably sufficient to bring on a sudden
       passion or fit of rage. In determining whether the provocation was
       reasonably sufficient * * * the court must consider the emotional and
       mental state of the defendant and the conditions and circumstances
        that surround him at the time. The provocation must be occasioned
        by the victim and must be sufficient to arouse the passions of an
        ordinary person beyond the power of his or her control. If the
        objective standard is met, the inquiry shifts to a subjective standard, to
        determine whether the defendant in the particular case actually was
        under the influence of sudden passion or in a sudden fit of rage.”

(Internal citations and quotations omitted.) State v. Shearer, Cuyahoga App. No. 92974,

2010-Ohio-1666, ¶ 24.

        {¶ 27} The jury did not lose its way in finding Sekic guilty of felonious assault

rather than aggravated assault. Sekic voluntarily approached the Fords at their apartment

at least 15 minutes after the initial encounters. We agree with Sekic that Kris Ford had

credibility issues; however, whether Kris Ford started the fight on the porch of the

apartment is not the issue. Sekic instigated the entire situation by confronting the Fords

at their home while tensions were still high. Further, the jury heard all the testimony,

observed the witnesses, and reviewed all the exhibits. Even if the jury disbelieved Kris

Ford’s version of the incident, the evidence still established beyond a reasonable doubt

that Sekic knowingly caused serious physical harm to Kris Ford.

        {¶ 28} The only question is whether the provocation from the convenience store

episode or from Kris Ford’s aggressive behavior was reasonably sufficient to incite

Sekic’s use of force. We find that it was not. After the episode at the convenience

store, Sekic had the opportunity to reflect. The Fords left the convenience store and went

home.    Sekic had the same opportunity, but instead got his father to join him in

confronting the Fords, escalating an already tense situation. Furthermore, Sekic’s own

version of events established that he went there to make peace, not to finish the fight
under the influence of sudden passion or in a sudden fit of rage. He also stated that the

fight happened almost immediately upon opening the door. Those facts alone are enough

to sustain the conviction for felonious assault.      After examining the entire record,

weighing the evidence and all reasonable inferences therefrom, and considering the

credibility of the witnesses, we do not find that Sekic’s conviction is against the manifest

weight of evidence. The state proved every element of felonious assault beyond a

reasonable doubt, and Sekic’s third assignment of error is overruled.

       {¶ 29} Sekic’s fourth assignment of error challenges the trial court’s decision to

impose restitution without holding a hearing to establish the amount. Specifically, it

provides as follows: “The trial court erred by ordering restitution.” This assignment of

error has merit.

       {¶ 30} We review the trial court’s imposition of fines and restitution under the

abuse of discretion standard. The term abuse of discretion means “an unreasonable,

arbitrary, or unconscionable action.” State ex rel. Doe, 123 Ohio St.3d at 47. It is “a

discretion exercised to an end or purpose not justified by, and clearly against reason and

evidence. The term has been defined as a view or action that no conscientious judge,

acting intelligently, could honestly have taken.”     (Citations and quotations omitted.)

Hancock, 108 Ohio St.3d 57, ¶ 130.        Restitution is statutorily controlled. Courts may

order restitution to compensate the victims only under certain conditions.             R.C.

2929.18(A)(1).     The legislature mandated that if a court imposes restitution at

sentencing, it must do so in open court at that time and also hold a hearing on restitution
if the offender disputes the amount. Id. Once the amount of restitution is challenged,

the trial court must determine the amount of restitution to be included in the final

sentencing order after hearing evidence. A sentencing entry that does not include the

amount of restitution is not a final order. State v. Brewer, Cuyahoga App. No. 94144,

2010-Ohio-5242. Moreover, once that amount is determined, there is no provision in

R.C. 2929.18 authorizing the trial court to exercise continuing jurisdiction to modify the

amount of a financial sanction. Id. at ¶ 15, citing State v. Purnell, 171 Ohio App.3d 446,

2006-Ohio-6160, 871 N.E.2d 613, at ¶ 8-9. We acknowledge that trial courts must

balance judicial economies when sentencing offenders. However, on restitution issues,

the legislature required courts to hold a hearing on restitution, once challenged, prior to

determining the final amount. There are no exceptions.

       {¶ 31} In the current case, the trial court imposed restitution at the sentencing

hearing in the amount of $14,540. In arriving at that amount, the state represented to the

court that the victim owes $7,740 on outstanding hospital bills and will incur $6,800 in

future costs to fix the scar on his forehead. No evidence was presented.1 Asim Sekic

disputed the amount of restitution at sentencing. Rather than holding a hearing, the court

       1
            While the dissent correctly points out that the prosecutor referenced a victim impact
statement and an estimate, no hearing was held to introduce the evidence alluded to by the state, the
very purpose of the hearing required by R.C. 2929.18 once the amount was challenged. Further,
immediately after Sekic’s codefendant challenged the amount of restitution, the trial court summarily
imposed restitution and ordered the defendants to brief the issue. R.C. 2929.18 does not authorize the
trial court to summarily impose restitution over an objection and then offer a briefing schedule to
oppose the amount of restitution. Defendants were entitled to a hearing pursuant to the plain
language of the restitution statute, and any objection from Sekic at that point would have been
illusory.
imposed a definite sum of restitution subject to the defendants filing opposition briefs.

That sentencing entry is a final order.

       {¶ 32} Sekic filed the within appeal on August 30, 2010. The July 30, 2010 final

sentencing order contained all the required elements to constitute a final appealable order.

 Most important for this discussion, it contained a definite amount of restitution. See

Brewer, 2010-Ohio-5242. The trial court’s sentencing entry, therefore, is a final order

that divested the trial court of jurisdiction on all issues regarding the final order, including

the amount of restitution. Sekic’s only remedy on the restitution issue at that point was

through appeal.

       {¶ 33} We find the trial court erred by imposing restitution without conducting a

hearing to ascertain the amount of loss suffered by the victim once the amount of

restitution was challenged by Sekic’s codefendant.         R.C. 2929.18(A)(1) mandates a

hearing prior to the determination of the amount of restitution since the defendants

challenged the amount offered by the state.       We reverse the order of restitution in the

sentencing entry and remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

       Affirmed in part and reversed in part. Case remanded.

       It is ordered that appellant and appellee share costs herein taxed.

       The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

       It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this court directing the common

pleas court to carry this judgment into execution.

       A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27 of
the Rules of Appellate Procedure.



       SEAN C. GALLAGHER, JUDGE

       MARY EILEEN KILBANE, A.J., CONCURS;
       COLLEEN CONWAY COONEY, J., CONCURS IN PART
       AND DISSENTS IN PART WITH SEPARATE OPINION


       COLLEEN CONWAY COONEY, J., CONCURRING IN PART, DISSENTING
       IN PART:

       {¶ 34} I respectfully dissent on the issue of remanding this case for a restitution

hearing. I concur in the affirmance of the remainder of the judgment.

       {¶ 35} As the majority correctly points out, it was Sekic’s codefendant who

challenged the restitution order. Since Sekic’s counsel failed to object to the restitution,

no hearing is required for the order of restitution within his sentence. And I disagree

with the majority’s statement that no evidence was presented to support the specific

amount of restitution. Even Sekic acknowledged in his appellate brief that a victim

impact statement claimed the victim owed $7,740 to the hospital, and a letter from a

cosmetic surgeon estimated it would cost $6,800 to repair the scar.            Under R.C.

2929.18(A)(1), the court may base the restitution amount on a presentence report,

estimates or receipts, and other information. Therefore, the court considered proper

documentation in ordering the amount of restitution.
