                             UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                             FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA


                                          )
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, ex rel.,        )
 AARON J. WESTRICK, Ph.D.,                )
                                          )
            Plaintiffs,                   )
                                          )
         v.                               )                    Civil Action No. 04-0280 (PLF)
                                          )
SECOND CHANCE BODY ARMOR, INC.,           )
 et al.,                                  )
                                          )
            Defendants.                   )
__________________________________________)


                          MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER

               This matter is before the Court on the Motion in Limine [Dkt. No. 533] of the

United States to Exclude Evidence of Substantially Different Zylon Vests by Pacific Safety

Products, Inc. (“PSP”). Upon careful consideration of the motion, Toyobo’s opposition, and the

reply of the United States, the Court will grant the motion.

               The United States says the PSP vests were designed differently from Second

Chance’s vests and points out a number of differences that it says distinguish the vests that PSP

manufactured and tested from the Second Chance vests at issue in this case. For example, the

vests tested as a part of PSP’s Zylon Integrity Project (“ZIP testing”) contained only one-third

Zylon in contrast to the Second Chance vests, most of which contained 100% Zylon; the PSP

vests were designed with a desiccant to absorb moisture, while Second Chance vests contained

no such desiccant; and the PSP vests that were tested were not sold in the United States but were

returned to PSP for testing by the Army of the Republic of Singapore. See Motion at 3-4. The

United States also points out that only three PSP vests were sold in the United States, Reply at 1,
and that the United States never has had access to the PSP vests to do its own testing or cross-

check on the ZIP tests’ reliability, because PSP destroyed the vests after testing. Motion at 9-10.

Because of these differences, the United States says that any testimony about PSP vests or PSP

testing would be irrelevant and, even if relevant or probative of some issue in the case, any

testimony about them would be both misleading and confusing to the jury.

               Toyobo responds that the differences cited by the United States between PSP’s

vests and Second Chance’s vests are beside the point. According to Toyobo, the purpose of the

proffered testimony is to educate the jury about the actions one vest manufacturer took to

account for the degradation data Toyobo had disclosed and to show that PSP’s redesign of its

vests is probative of the adequacy of Toyobo’s disclosures inasmuch as those disclosures

prompted the testing and the changes in vest design made by PSP. Toyobo argues that PSP’s

decision to begin a monitoring program in response to Toyobo’s disclosures of “degradation of

Zylon in heat and humidity” speaks to the adequacy of Toyobo’s disclosures and its requests that

customers check their products in light of the disclosures. Opp. at 4. It therefore seeks to offer

Bradley Field “as a fact witness based on Mr. Field’s first-hand knowledge.” Id. at 5.

               The Court is inclined to agree with the United States that the probative value of

the PSP evidence proffered by Toyobo is “substantially outweighed by a danger of . . . unfair

prejudice, confusing the issues, [and] misleading the jury . . . .” FED. R. EVID. 403. Such

evidence also may be cumulative, see id., since Toyobo seems to rely at least as much for its

position on correspondence between Second Chance and Toyobo as it does on PSP’s testing.

See Opp. at 4. More importantly, the Court agrees with the United States that Toyobo is

foreclosed from introducing this evidence. It essentially is attempting to resurrect its withdrawn

expert witness, Bradley Field, as a fact witness and to have him provide as fact testimony what



                                                 2
are essentially his opinions, and it seeks to do so without first permitting the Court to evaluate

Mr. Field’s methodology under Daubert and Rule 702 of the Federal Rules of Evidence. See

Reply at 2-3, 5-6. 1 Toyobo will not be permitted to do so because it represented to counsel for

the United States during the deposition of Mr. Field that Toyobo was not presenting and would

not present Mr. Field as a “precipient or fact witness.” Id. at 1; see id. at 5 n.6. Relying on that

representation, counsel for the United States chose not to ask any further questions of Mr. Field

at the deposition. The complete colloquy between government counsel and Toyobo’s lawyers at

the Field deposition was as follows:

               MS. BENTLEY: The only remaining issue is we had some
               discussions earlier about some used Kevlar testing that had been
               done by PSP pursuant to the confidentiality order. As long as
               Toyobo is not presenting Mr. Field as a [p]recipient witness, we
               are going to forego trying to seek that in discovery. Is that
               agreeable?

               MR. GIBSON: We agree to that.

               MS. CHORPENING: He is only being presented here as your
               expert witness, correct?

               MR. GIBSON: That is correct.

               MS. CHORPENING: Thank you, Mr. Field, no further questions.

Reply Ex. 2, 07/12/2012 Field Deposition Transcript at 358:15-359:1. For all of these reasons, it

is hereby

               ORDERED that the United States’ Motion in Limine [Dkt. No. 533] of the United

States to Exclude Evidence of Substantially Different Zylon Vests by Pacific Safety Products,

Inc. is GRANTED; and it is


1
       The United States puts it this way: “Toyobo attempts to take an unqualified expert
witness facing a Daubert motion, withdraw his expert designation, and re-cast him as a factual
witness on the suitability of Zylon for ballistic application in contravention of [] Federal Rule[s]
of Evidence and the Daubert standard.” Reply at 5.

                                                  3
               FURTHER ORDERED that all evidence relating to the PSP vests and ZIP testing

is excluded from this trial.

               SO ORDERED.


                                                               /s/
                                                  PAUL L. FRIEDMAN
                                                  United States District Judge
DATE: February 21, 2018




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