Filed 1/5/18




                            CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION


               IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                            FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                    DIVISION THREE


THE PEOPLE,

    Plaintiff and Respondent,                       G053419

        v.                                          (Super. Ct. No. 08CM09805)

FINANCIAL CASUALTY & SURETY,                        OPINION
INC.,

    Defendant and Appellant.



                 Appeal from a judgment of the Superior Court of Orange County, Thomas
A. Delaney, Judge. Affirmed.
                 Law Office of John Rorabaugh, John M. Rorabaugh and Robert Tomlin
White, for Defendant and Appellant.
                 Leon J. Page, County Counsel and Carolyn M. Khouzam, Deputy County
Counsel for Plaintiff and Respondent.
                                *            *            *
                A surety posted a $50,000 bail bond for a misdemeanor defendant.
Throughout the case, defendant’s attorney appeared on his behalf: “In all cases in which
the accused is charged with a misdemeanor only, he or she may appear by counsel
only . . . .” (Pen. Code, § 977, subd. (a)(1).)1 The trial court granted defendant
probation, continued several probation violation hearings, and eventually ordered
defendant to personally appear. When defendant failed to appear, the court ordered the
bond forfeited.
                On appeal, the surety argues that section 977 does not allow attorneys to
appear on behalf of misdemeanor defendants at probation violation hearings; therefore,
the surety contends that the trial court should have declared a forfeiture at an earlier point
in time. We disagree and affirm the judgment. We hold that under section 977, an
attorney may appear on behalf of a misdemeanor defendant at a probation violation
hearing.


                                               I
                    FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
                In September 2008, the People filed a misdemeanor complaint charging
defendant Raul Esteban Ramirez Santillan with driving under the influence and other
related traffic offenses. (Veh. Code, §§ 23152, subds. (a) & (b), 12500, subd. (a).)
In February 2009, Santillan pleaded guilty to all charges. The trial court suspended
imposition of sentence and granted him three years informal probation. In June 2009, the
court received notice that Santillan had violated various terms of his probation. The court
issued a bench warrant and set bail at $50,000.
                In February 2012, the police arrested Santillan on the outstanding warrant.
Financial Casualty & Surety, Inc. (the surety), posted a $50,000 bail bond. Santillan


1   Further undesignated statutory references will be to the Penal Code.

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appeared in court with retained counsel for a hearing on his failure to appear. The trial
court set a probation violation hearing and ordered Santillan to return.
              In May 2012, Santillan failed to appear. The court ordered the bond
forfeited and issued a second warrant for Santillan’s arrest. In October 2012, the surety
filed a motion to extend the time for the forfeiture of the bond for 180 days. The court
granted the motion.
              In April 15, 2013, the trial court recalled the warrant and the surety filed a
reassumption of the bond.2 The court ordered the forfeiture vacated, reinstated the bond,
and reset the probation violation hearing. The court continued the probation violation
hearing over a dozen times over the course of just over a year. At each hearing, Santillan
did not personally appear, but he appeared though counsel. In June 2014, the court
ordered Santillan to personally appear at the next probation violation hearing.
              On July 28, 2014, Santillan failed to personally appear. The trial court
ordered the bond forfeited, issued a third warrant for Santillan’s arrest, and eventually
entered a summary judgment against the surety for $50,000. The surety filed a motion to
set aside the judgment. The court denied the motion and the surety timely appealed.


                                             II
                                       DISCUSSION
              “The term ‘bail’ refers ‘to the undertaking by the surety into whose custody
the defendant is placed that he will produce the defendant in court at a stated time and
place.’” (County of Los Angeles v. Williamsburg National Ins. Co. (2015) 235
Cal.App.4th 944, 949.) A bail bond “‘is a contract between the surety and the


2 The surety states that defendant was present at this hearing. This is a logical inference
given that the trial court recalled the warrant; however, the clerk’s transcript states
otherwise. Ultimately, this fact is not relevant to the resolution of the issues in this
appeal.

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government whereby the surety acts as a guarantor of the defendant’s appearance in court
under the risk of forfeiture of the bond.’” (People v. American Contractors Indemnity
Co. (2004) 33 Cal.4th 653, 657.)
               “If a criminal defendant out on bail fails to appear when lawfully required
to do so, the trial court must declare bail forfeited.” (People v. Tingcungco (2015) 237
Cal.App.4th 249, 253.) If the court fails to declare a forfeiture when required “to do so, it
loses jurisdiction and the bond is exonerated by operation of law. [Citations.] The court
does not have jurisdiction to declare a forfeiture later.” (People v. Indiana Lumbermens
Mutual Ins. Co. (2011) 194 Cal.App.4th 45, 49.)
               Section 1305 provides: “(a)(1) A court shall in open court declare forfeited
the undertaking of bail or the money or property deposited as bail if, without sufficient
excuse, a defendant fails to appear for any of the following: [¶] (A) Arraignment. [¶]
(B) Trial. [¶] (C) Judgment. [¶] (D) Any other occasion prior to the pronouncement of
judgment if the defendant’s presence in court is lawfully required.” (Italics added.)
               Here, on July 28, 2014, Santillan failed to appear for a probation violation
hearing after being ordered to be there in person. We find that the trial court properly
forfeited the bond because Santillan’s presence was “lawfully required.” (See People v.
Lexington National Ins. Corp. (2016) 1 Cal.App.5th 1144 [when a court orders the
defendant to appear in court, his or her “presence in court is lawfully required,” within
the meaning of section 1305, subdivision (b)(4), and a court may order bail forfeited if
the defendant fails to appear as required by the order].)
               Nonetheless, the surety argues that under section 977, an attorney can never
appear on behalf of a misdemeanor defendant at a probation violation hearing. Thus,
according to the surety, the trial court’s failure to declare forfeiture at “[Santillan’s] initial




                                                4
unexcused non-appearance” delayed its fugitive investigation, and “divested [the court]
of jurisdiction to subsequently declare forfeiture of the bond.” 3
                 This issue presents a question of statutory interpretation, which we review
de novo. (People ex rel. Lockyer v. Shamrock Foods Co. (2000) 24 Cal.4th 415, 432.) In
construing a statute, we follow well-established principles. The primary goal is to
ascertain legislative intent so as to effectuate the purpose of the law. (People v. Jefferson
(1999) 21 Cal.4th 86, 94.) The words of a statute, which are the most reliable indicator
of legislative intent, are to be given their “‘usual and ordinary meanings.’” (People v.
Lawrence (2000) 24 Cal.4th 219, 230-231.) Where the statutory language is
unambiguous, courts are to presume the Legislature meant what it said, and the plain
meaning of the language governs. (Ibid.)
                 Section 977, subdivision (a)(1), states: “In all cases in which the accused is
charged with a misdemeanor only, he or she may appear by counsel only . . . .” (Italics
added.) There are two statutory exceptions, which are not relevant here. (§ 977, subd.
(a)(1) & (2).)
                 It is well understood that a criminal “case” generally commences upon the
filing of a complaint and remains the same “case” throughout the subsequent
proceedings, up to and including sentencing. “The first pleading on the part of the
[P]eople in a misdemeanor or infraction case is the complaint . . . .” (§ 949, italics added;
People v. Soria (2010) 48 Cal.4th 58, 64-65 [“a ‘case’ is a formal criminal proceeding,
filed by the prosecution and handled by the court as a separate action with its own
number”]; People v. Superior Court (Mitchell) (1993) 5 Cal.4th 1229, 1233 [penalty
phase is part of a criminal “case”]; People v. Stuckey (2009) 175 Cal.App.4th 898, 909

3The surety does not specify the date of the “initial unexcused non-appearance.” The
surety’s opening brief notes 17 dates prior to July 28, 2014, in which defendant “did not
appear in court at hearings that required his appearance to adjudicate his alleged
probation violation.” However, two of those dates (April 25, 2012, and May 8, 2012)
were before the surety filed a reassumption of the bond (April 15, 2013).

                                                5
[“The Fifth Amendment’s right against self-incrimination expressly applies to any
‘criminal case,’ not ‘criminal trial,’ and ‘criminal case’ includes sentencing”].)
              We think that the meaning of the phrase “in all cases” is unambiguous and
a probation violation hearing is simply a part of the underlying misdemeanor “case.”
Therefore, we hold that a misdemeanor defendant is entitled to have an attorney appear
on his or her behalf at a probation violation hearing under section 977; the defendant’s
personal appearance is not “lawfully required,” until such time that the court orders a
defendant to personally appear. (§ 1305, subd. (a)(1)(D).)
              This interpretation of section 977 effectuates the purpose of the statute,
which is to allow criminal defendants to waive their presence at various stages of
criminal proceedings. (Simmons v. Superior Court (1988) 203 Cal.App.3d 71, 74 & fn. 2
[section 977 applies at arraignment]; Mills v. Municipal Court (1973) 10 Cal.3d 288, 301-
302, fns. 10 & 11 [section 977 applies at entry of guilty plea]; Olney v. Municipal Court
(1982) 133 Cal.App.3d 455, 461 [section 977 applies at trial readiness and sentencing
hearings].) This inclusive interpretation of section 977 is particularly true as to
misdemeanor defendants. (People v. American Bankers Ins. Co. (1987) 191 Cal.App.3d
742, 746-747 [the attorney’s authorization to appear on behalf of the misdemeanor client
need not be in writing; “the attorney’s representation that he or she is authorized to
proceed in the defendant’s absence is sufficient,” unless a local rule requires written
authorization].)
              The surety argues that once a defendant is convicted he is no longer
charged with, nor is he accused of a misdemeanor, therefore any subsequent probation
violation hearings are not included within the “case” under section 977. The surety’s
interpretation of the statute is somewhat contrived and wholly unsupported by case law.
Taken to its logical extreme, this argument would also apply to a sentencing hearing (a
defendant has also been convicted at that point). But it is settled law that a misdemeanor
defendant may waive the right to be personally present at sentencing. (See Olney v.

                                              6
Municipal Court, supra, 133 Cal.App.3d at p. 461; § 1193, subd. (b) [“If the conviction
be of a misdemeanor, judgment may be pronounced against the defendant in his
absence”].)
              In misdemeanor cases, a trial court may generally grant unsupervised or
“summary” probation. (§ 1203b; People v. Caron (1981) 171 Cal.App.3d 236, 246.)
However, a court may revoke, modify, or terminate probation at any time before the term
expires, after conducting a probation violation hearing. (§§ 1203.1-1203.3.) Indeed, if
the imposition of sentence has been suspended, and a trial court revokes probation, the
court may take the defendant into custody and impose a sentence up to the maximum
punishment allowed for the underlying charge. (§ 1203.1.) Thus, at probation violation
hearings, courts routinely take into account the defendant’s actions, including what has
occurred during the entirety of the underlying “case,” in order to decide whether to
revoke, modify, or terminate probation.
              Moreover, when granting probation, trial courts ordinarily suspend the
imposition of sentence, as happened in this case. (§ 1203.2, subd. (c).) In other words,
Santillan’s sentence had not been imposed, and therefore the same criminal “case”
continued during his probationary period. There is simply no basis to conclude that a
probation violation hearing is not part of a defendant’s continuing criminal “case.”
              Finally, the surety points out there is a different standard of proof at a
probation violation hearing than at a criminal trial. (People v. Rodriguez (1990) 51
Cal.3d 437, 445; Lucido v. Superior Court (1990) 51 Cal.3d 335, 348-349.) While that
observation may be accurate, it is unremarkable and irrelevant. Different standards of
proof apply at preliminary hearings and various pretrial evidentiary hearings, but the
surety could not credibly argue that those hearings are not a part of a particular
defendant’s same underlying criminal “case.”
              Simply put, there is nothing unique about a probation violation hearing that
separates it from the rest of a criminal “case.” Under section 977, Santillan was lawfully

                                              7
entitled to have his counsel appear on his behalf, until the point at which the trial court
ordered him to be personally present. The lower court properly declared a forfeiture of
the bond when Santillan failed to personally appear at that particular hearing.


                                             III
                                       DISPOSITION
              The judgment is affirmed.



                                                   MOORE, ACTING P. J.

WE CONCUR:



ARONSON, J.



THOMPSON, J.




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