12-151-cv
Michaelidis v. Berry



                            UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

                                        SUMMARY ORDER

RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A
SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY
FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN
CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE
EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION
“SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING TO A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON
ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.

      At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at
the Daniel Patrick Moynihan United States Courthouse, 500 Pearl Street, in the City of New
York, on the 13th day of November, two thousand twelve.

PRESENT:
                 JON O. NEWMAN
                 BARRINGTON D. PARKER
                 REENA RAGGI,
                         Circuit Judges.
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GEORGE MICHAELIDIS, ALEXANDER
MICHAELIDIS, LAKE PRESPA, LTD.,
                         Plaintiffs-Appellants,

                       v.                                                No. 12-151-cv

DONNA BERRY, BRIAN C. DAVIS,
                         Defendants-Appellees.
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FOR APPELLANT:                                    Richard H. Wyssling, Esq., Buffalo, New York.

FOR APPELLEE:                                    Timothy Alfred Ball, Corporation Counsel of the
                                                 City of Buffalo, Buffalo, New York.
       Appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the Western District

of New York (William M. Skretny, Judge).

       UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND

DECREED that the judgment entered on December 15, 2011, is AFFIRMED.

       Plaintiffs George Michaelidis, Alexander Michaelidis, and Lake Prespa, Ltd. appeal

from an award of summary judgment in favor of defendants Brian C. Davis, a Buffalo city

councilman, and Donna Berry, a Buffalo district police chief, on claims that defendants

violated or conspired to violate plaintiffs’ constitutional rights of contract, association, equal

protection, and due process. See 42 U.S.C. §§ 1981, 1983, 1985. Plaintiffs also appeal the

district court’s refusal to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over their state law claims of race

discrimination. See N.Y. Exec. Law § 290 et seq. We review the award of summary

judgment de novo, viewing the record evidence in the light most favorable to the plaintiffs

and drawing all reasonable inferences in their favor. See Ramos v. Baldor Specialty Foods,

Inc., 687 F.3d 554, 558 (2d Cir. 2012). The rule does not apply, however, to allegations

unsupported by record evidence. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(e); Champion v. Artuz, 76 F.3d 483,

485 (2d Cir. 1996) (“[A] plaintiff opposing summary judgment may not rely on his complaint

to defeat the motion.”). We assume the parties’ familiarity with the facts and the record of

prior proceedings, which we reference only as necessary to explain our decision to affirm.




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1.     Section 1981

       Plaintiffs, who are Caucasian, claim that defendants were animated by racial bias

against their African-American promoter and African-American clients in attempting to

interfere with their promotion and lease contracts. The claim fails for two reasons. First,

plaintiffs’ landlords, who are not defendants in this action, testified that they did not renew

plaintiffs’ lease because of late rent payments and a failure to maintain insurance policies.

Insofar as plaintiffs submit that the landlords’ actions were induced by “hassling” from

defendants, plaintiffs’ hearsay accounts of a statement purportedly made by one landlord that

he feared being “hassled” are not admissible to prove that hassling took place. See Fed R.

Evid. 801(c). In short, plaintiffs fail to adduce sufficient admissible evidence to raise a

triable issue of fact that defendants interfered with any lease contract. See Fed. R. Civ. P.

56(c)(2).

       Moreover, a § 1981 claim requires proof of an intent to disciminate based on race.

See Brown v. Oneonta, 221 F.3d 329, 339 (2d Cir. 2000). Plaintiffs submit that such intent

can be inferred from defendants’ characterization of their promoter as a gangster and drug

dealer in telling plaintiffs that they had to terminate the employee. Plaintiffs urge that these

characterizations are racial stereotypes, which can support an inference of racial bias where,

as here, defendants never substantiated the allegations. See generally Price Waterhouse v.

Hopkins, 490 U.S. 228, 251 (1989). Because this argument was not raised in the district

court, we might well deem it forfeited. See Oneida Indian Nation v. Madison County, 665

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F.3d 408, 441 (2d Cir. 2011) (holding arguments not raised in the district court to be forfeited

on appeal). Even if no such procedural obstacle were present, however, we would not need

to decide in this case whether the circumstances evidenced stereotyping giving rise to an

inference of racial bias, because plaintiffs fail to demonstrate that defendants’ actions

interfered with any contract.      The record indicates that plaintiffs maintained their

employment relationship with their promoter at least until their landlord’s decision not to

renew their lease, an action to which no admissible evidence links defendants.

2.     Section 1983

       Plaintiffs sue under § 1983 for alleged violations of their First Amendment right of

intimate association and their Fourteenth Amendment rights to equal protection and due

process.

       The First Amendment claim fails because plaintiffs fail to allege, much less adduce

evidence of, interference with the sort of close family relationships recognized as intimate

relationships warranting constitutional protection. See Roberts v. U.S. Jaycees, 468 U.S.

609, 619–20 (1984); Patel v. Searles, 305 F.3d 130, 136 (2d Cir. 2002); Adler v. Pataki, 185

F.3d 35, 44 (2d Cir. 1999). Plaintiffs’ relationships with their landlords, their restaurant

customers, and their employees are not sufficiently intimate to implicate this protection.




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       Further, plaintiffs’ equal protection claim under § 1983, like their § 1981 claim,

requires a showing of a nexus between the claimed injury and defendants’ conduct, as well

as discriminatory intent. See Patterson v. County of Oneida, 375 F.3d 206, 226 (2d Cir.

2004). Because plaintiffs rely on the same evidence and arguments to satisfy these

requirements of both claims, we conclude that the § 1983 discrimination claims fail for the

same reasons as do the § 1981 claims.

       Insofar as plaintiffs contend that defendants’ closure of their restaurant on September

27, 2007, violated procedural due process, they fail to show any property right to be open on

that night in light of their concession that they were presenting a live band performance

without the requisite permit. See Narumanchi v. Bd. of Trs., 850 F.2d 70, 72 (2d Cir. 1988)

(“The threshold issue is always whether the plaintiff has a property or liberty interest

protected by the Constitution.”).

3.     Conclusion

       We have considered plaintiffs’ remaining arguments and conclude that they are

without merit. Because plaintiffs’ federal claims were insufficient to withstand summary

judgment, the district court did not abuse its discretion in declining to exercise supplemental

jurisdiction over plaintiffs’ state law claims.       See N.Y. Mercantile Exch., Inc. v.

IntercontinentalExch., Inc., 497 F.3d 109, 119 (2d Cir. 2007).




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Accordingly, the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.

                   FOR THE COURT:
                   CATHERINE O’HAGAN WOLFE, Clerk of Court




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