           IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                    FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT  United States Court of Appeals
                                                    Fifth Circuit

                                                 FILED
                                                                         December 23, 2009

                                     No. 09-10349                      Charles R. Fulbruge III
                                   Summary Calendar                            Clerk



PRIME INCOME ASSET MANAGEMENT INC,

                                                   Plaintiff - Appellant
v.

ONE DALLAS CENTRE ASSOCIATES LP,

                                                   Defendant - Appellee




                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                        for the Northern District of Texas
                                  3:07-CV-1731


Before GARZA, CLEMENT, and OWEN, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:*
       After failing to consummate a commercial real estate transaction, Prime
Income Asset Management, Inc. (Prime) sued One Dallas Centre Associates, L.P.
(ODCA) seeking to recover $750,000 in earnest money. Prime asserted various
contract and fraud claims. ODCA moved for summary judgment on all claims,
which the district court granted. Prime appeals.




       *
         Pursuant to 5TH CIR . R. 47.5, the court has determined that this opinion should not
be published and is not precedent except under the limited circumstances set forth in 5TH CIR .
R. 47.5.4.
                                      No. 09-10349

       Prime and ODCA entered a Purchase and Sale Agreement (the
Agreement) for a commercial building in Dallas, Texas.                    As part of the
Agreement, Prime deposited $750,000 in earnest money in an escrow account.
The parties realized they would be unable to close the sale by the initial closing
date. Thereafter, they executed four amendments to the Agreement, each time
agreeing to extend the closing date and/or the deadline by which Prime was
required to make an additional extension deposit of $1,000,000. As part of the
second such amendment, Prime expressly and irrevocably directed the release
of the initial $750,000 deposit to ODCA. Ultimately, Prime failed to pay the
additional extension deposit. ODCA terminated the Agreement and retained the
$750,000 that Prime had released as part of the second amendment. Prime then
filed the instant suit seeking to recoup the $750,000 based on, inter alia, breach
of contract, misrepresentation, and money had and received theories. ODCA
filed a motion for summary judgment on all of Prime’s claims. The district court
granted ODCA’s motion and entered judgment against Prime on all its claims
for relief.1
       We review the district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo.
Ackermann v. Wyeth Pharmaceuticals, 526 F.3d 203, 207 (5th Cir. 2008).
Summary judgment is proper if the movant demonstrates the absence of genuine
issues of material fact and its entitlement to judgment as a matter of law.
Thurman v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., 952 F.2d 128, 131 (5th Cir. 1992). Because
jurisdiction is premised upon diversity and the Agreement involved property
located in Dallas, Texas, we apply Texas substantive law. See Instone Travel
Tech Marine & Offshore v. Int’l Shipping Partners, Inc., 334 F.3d 423, 427 (5th
Cir. 2003).

       1
         The district court initially refused to grant summary judgment on the contract claim
because there was a factual dispute as to who had breached the contract. After ODCA filed
a supplement to its motion for summary judgment, the court determined that Prime had failed
to allege damages and granted summary judgment on the contract claim.

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       Under Texas law, a court interpreting a contract seeks to discern the true
intent of the parties as stated in the contract. Nat’l Union Fire Ins. Co. v. CBI
Indus., Inc., 907 S.W.2d 517, 520 (Tex. 1995). “When there is no ambiguity, it
is the court’s duty to give the words used their plain meaning.” Puckett v. U.S.
Fire Ins. Co., 678 S.W.2d 936, 938 (Tex. 1984). The second amendment to the
Agreement contains the critical language:
       In consideration for the Agreement by [OCDA] to extend the Date
       of Closing, (I) [Prime] hereby expressly and irrevocably directs the
       Title Company to release and pay the [$750,000] Initial Deposit to
       [OCDA] . . . . [T]he Initial Deposit . . . shall be non-refundable to
       [Prime] but shall be applicable to the Purchase Price at closing . . . .
The trial court determined that the terms of the Agreement were unambiguous
with regard to the refundability of the initial deposit. We agree. As an initial
matter, the express terms of the amendment provide that the initial deposit
“shall be non-refundable.”     Further, the second amendment’s unambiguous
terms provide that, in consideration for an extension of the closing date, Prime
“expressly and irrevocably directs the title company to release” the initial deposit
to ODCA. Black’s Dictionary defines “express” as “[c]learly and unmistakably
communicated,” and “irrevocable” as “[u]nalterable [or] committed beyond
recall[.]”   B LACK’S L AW D ICTIONARY (8th ed. 2004).       Interpretation of the
language at issue leads to only one reasonable conclusion: in order to extend the
closing date, Prime agreed to irrevocably release the $750,000 deposit to OCDA
and that deposit is non-refundable. See Nat’l Union, 907 S.W.2d at 520.
       Under the plain language of the second amendment, the only act required
by ODCA for the deposit to become non-refundable was the extension of the
closing date. When OCDA extended the closing date, the initial deposit was
expressly and irrevocably released to ODCA and thus ceased to be property of
Prime. Prime bargained for an extension of the closing date and once that




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extension was granted, Prime had received its consideration and could no longer
recover its initial deposit.
      To establish a breach of contract claim under Texas law, a plaintiff must
prove, inter alia, damages to the plaintiff resulting from that breach. Harris v.
Amer. Protection Ins. Co., 158 S.W.3d 614, 622)23 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2005,
no pet.). Because Prime sought only the deposit money as damages for its
contract claim, and Prime is no longer entitled to these funds, Prime failed to
allege all the elements of a breach of contract. The district court was correct to
grant summary judgment on Prime’s contract claim.
      Prime argues that this same logic does not doom its “money had and
received” claim because the claim is equitable in nature.      Prime asks us to
ignore the express terms of the contract because “in equity and good conscience”
the money belongs to Prime. Although cloaked in the guise of equity, Prime
seeks to reassert its contract claim, arguing that OCDA should return the
deposit because its lack of cooperation in due diligence is to blame for the
collapse of the Agreement. Generally speaking, when a valid, express contract
covers the subject matter of the parties’ dispute, there can be no recovery under
a quasi-contract theory. Fortune Prod. Co. v. Conoco, Inc., 52 S.W.3d 671 (Tex.
2000); TransAm. Natural Gas Corp. v. Finkelstein, 933 S.W.2d 591, 600 (Tex.
App.)San Antonio 1996, writ denied); Lone Star Steel Co. v. Scott, 759 S.W.2d
144, 154 (Tex. App.)Texarkana 1988, writ denied). Parties should be bound by
their express agreements and when a valid agreement already addresses the
matter, recovery under an equitable theory is generally inconsistent with the
express agreement. See TransAm. Natural Gas, 933 S.W.2d at 600. The Texas
Court of Appeals has noted that this rule is particularly appropriate when
sophisticated parties bargain for express contracts. Id. We see no reason to
allow Prime to escape the express language of the second amendment under the



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guise of equity and find no error in the grant of summary judgment on the
money had and received claim.2
       Prime also argues that the district court was incorrect to find that its
fraud and negligent misrepresentation claims failed because disclaimers in the
Agreement negated any reliance.3 Under Texas law, contracting parties may
create contractual provisions that disclaim reliance. See Forest Oil Corp. v.
McAllen, 268 S.W.3d 51, 61 (Tex. 2008); Schlumberger Tech. Corp. v. Swanson,
959 S.W.2d 171, 181 (Tex. 1997).                “The contract and the circumstances
surrounding its formation determines whether the disclaimer of reliance is
binding.” Schlumberger, 959 S.W.2d at 179–80. The Texas Supreme Court has
found a clear and specific intent to disclaim reliance when “sophisticated parties,
represented by competent legal counsel, included an emphatic particularized
disclaimer of reliance in the contract.” Schlumberger, 959 S.W.2d at 180.
       As the district court noted, this was a multimillion dollar arm’s length
transaction for the sale of a downtown Dallas commercial building between
sophisticated parties, both represented by attorneys. See Forest Oil, 268 S.W.3d
at 60–61; Coastal Bank SSB v. Chase Bank of Texas, N.A., 135 S.W.3d 840, 843
(Tex. App.)Houston 2004). The Agreement between ODCA and Prime contains



       2
         Although the district court decided this issue based on its interpretation of the
contract, we are free to affirm on different grounds. See Seneca v. Phillips Petroleum Co., 963
F.2d 762 (5th Cir. 1992) (noting that the court of appeals can affirm on different grounds than
those relied upon by the district court). Because we decide the issue on different grounds, we
express no opinion as to the merits of the district court’s analysis. See Terra Res., Inc. v. Lake
Charles Dredging & Towing Inc., 695 F.2d 828, 832 n.9 (5th Cir. 1983).
       3
          Each of the separate fraud-related claims brought by Prime share in common the
requirement that the plaintiff must prove justifiable reliance on the representations made by
the defendant. See TEX. BUS. & COM. CODE § 27.01(a)(1)(B), (a)(2)(D) (statutory fraud);
Ernst & Young, L.L.P. v. Pacific Mut. Life Ins. Co., 51 S.W.3d 573, 577 (Tex. 2001) (fraud);
Haase v. Glazner, 62 S.W.3d 795, 798 (Tex. 2001) (fraudulent inducement); Fed. Land Bank
Ass’n v. Sloane, 825 S.W.2d 439, 442 (Tex. 1991) (negligent misrepresentation); Coldwell
Banker Assocs. v. Ryan Equity Partners Ltd., 181 S.W.3d 879, 888 (Tex. App.–Dallas 2006, no
pet.) (statutory fraud).

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extensive disclaimers in which Prime disclaims reliance on representations
made by ODCA and specifically any reliance on the truth, accuracy, or
completeness of any documents relating to the property. Furthermore, there is
a merger clause which prevents reliance on later oral representations. See
Armstrong v. Am. Home Shield Corp., 333 F.3d 556, 571 (5th Cir. 2003). Given
the disclaimers and taking into account the nature of the transaction and the
totality of the circumstances surrounding the Agreement, we agree with the
district court that the justifiable reliance element common to all of the
fraud-related claims has been negated as a matter of law. See U.S. Quest Ltd. v.
Kimmons, 228 F.3d 399, 403 (5th Cir. 2000); Forest Oil Corp., 268 S.W.3d at
60–61; Schlumberger, 959 S.W.2d at 179–80.
      AFFIRMED.




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