J-S04015-15


                                   2015 PA Super 99

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA,                           IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                                              PENNSYLVANIA
                            Appellee

                       v.

JOSE ALEJANDRO STULTZ,

                            Appellant                        No. 817 MDA 2014


                   Appeal from the PCRA Order May 2, 2014
               In the Court of Common Pleas of Lebanon County
              Criminal Division at No(s): CP-38-CR-0000700-2010


BEFORE: BOWES, ALLEN, and STRASSBURGER,* JJ.

OPINION BY BOWES, J.:                                        FILED APRIL 28, 2015

       Jose Alejandro Stultz, a/k/a, David Brown, appeals pro se from the

denial of his first petition filed pursuant to the Post-Conviction Relief Act

(“PCRA”), 42 Pa.C.S. §§ 9541-9546. We affirm.

       At approximately 3:15 a.m., on February 14, 2010, Officer Benjamin

Lauver witnessed Appellant driving the wrong way on Ninth Street, a one-

way street in Lebanon City, Lebanon County.                 Officer Lauver turned his

vehicle around and activated his lights and siren and began to pursue

Appellant’s    car.      Appellant     did     not   immediately   pull   over,   driving

approximately forty miles per hour (“mph”) in a twenty-five mph zone, but

eventually came to a stop at a red light.                Officer Lauver reported that
____________________________________________


*
    Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
J-S04015-15



Appellant’s vehicle never left his sight. Upon encountering Appellant, Officer

Lauver placed him under arrest for fleeing and detected the odor of alcohol

emanating from Appellant. Appellant was transported to a hospital for blood

testing, which revealed a blood alcohol content (“BAC”) of .134 percent. In

addition, while at the hospital, the officer had Appellant perform field

sobriety tests, which Appellant failed.          A search of Appellant’s car at the

scene led to the discovery of heroin and suboxone.

       The Commonwealth charged Appellant with a felony of the third

degree fleeing or attempting to elude a police officer,1 two counts of driving

under the influence (“DUI”) of alcohol, and four summary traffic offenses2 as

well as violations of the Controlled Substance, Drug, Device, and Cosmetic

Act.   Appellant filed a motion to suppress, challenging the validity of the

traffic stop and the search of his vehicle.          The court granted in part and

denied in part that motion.          It suppressed several statements made by

Appellant to police as well as the drugs located in his vehicle. However, it

upheld the traffic stop and the blood test results.                Thereafter, the

Commonwealth withdrew the drug charges.



____________________________________________


1
 The fleeing charge was graded as a felony based on Appellant fleeing while
committing a DUI violation. See 75 Pa.C.S. § 3733(a.2)(2)(i).
2
  75 Pa.C.S. § 3308 (driving on one-way roadway); 75 Pa.C.S. § 3736
(reckless driving); 75 Pa.C.S. 4703 (operating vehicle without certificate of
inspection); 75 Pa.C.S. § 3323 (failure to stop or yield at stop or yield sign).



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      Appellant proceeded to a jury trial on June 7, 2011. The jury found

Appellant guilty of the fleeing while DUI count.      The court adjudicated

Appellant guilty of the DUI and summary offenses.       Thereafter, the court

sentenced Appellant on July 27, 2011, to a sentence of one to five years

imprisonment for the fleeing charge. The court sentenced Appellant on one

of the DUI charges to a concurrent sentence of forty-eight hours to six

months incarceration. The other DUI charge merged.

      Appellant filed a timely post-sentence motion, which the court denied.

A timely direct appeal ensued. Appellant challenged the trial court’s denial

of his suppression motion, the sufficiency of the evidence with respect to the

fleeing count, a jury instruction, and the weight of the evidence.        We

affirmed on December 11, 2012.      Commonwealth v. Stultz, 64 A.3d 16

(Pa.Super. 2012).    Appellant did not seek allowance of appeal with our

Supreme Court but filed the underlying PCRA petition on January 28, 2013.

      The court appointed counsel filed an amended petition reiterating

Appellant’s claims. However, at Appellant’s request and after conducting the

requisite colloquy, the PCRA court permitted him to continue pro se.      The

PCRA court conducted an evidentiary hearing.       Following the hearing, the

court denied Appellant’s petition on May 2, 2014, and issued an opinion in

support thereof.    This timely appeal followed.    The PCRA court directed

Appellant to file and serve a Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) concise statement of errors

complained of on appeal. Appellant complied, and the PCRA court indicated

that the reasons for its decision could be found in its earlier opinion. The

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matter is now ready for this Court’s consideration.        Appellant raises the

following issues for our review.

      I.     Whether the PCRA court erred or abused its discretion in
             denying Post-Conviction relief on the Claim whethe[r]
             Petitioner was prosecuted/sentence[d] in a tribunal that
             lack’s [sic] subject matter jurisdiction?

      II.    Whether the PCRA court erred or abused its discretion in
             denying Post-Conviction relief on the claim of whether
             counsel was [i]neffective?

                A) Counsel did not object to leading questions to
                   O[f][f]icer Lauver during the preliminary hearing.
                   (Page 16, lines 6-7 and 12-13).

                B) Counsel did not ask for a continuance or [f]ile
                   another [s]uppression [h]earing when collecting
                   discovery [m]aterial [u]ntimely.

                C) Counsel did not argue the suppression hearing
                   properly when [he] should have questioned the
                   arrest not the stop.

                D) Counsel did not ask [f]or an [e]xpert in order to fight
                   the DUI.

                E) Counsel [f]ailure [sic] to challenge the lack of
                   Miranda warnings of the videotape.

      III.   Whether the PCRA court erred or abused its discretion in
             denying Petitioner[’]s claim that [his] sentence is illegal or
             unlawful [f]or lack of statutory authorization?

      IV.    Whether the PCRA court violated Appellant[’]s [d]ue
             [p]rocess and [e]qual [p]rotection [c]onstitutionally
             guaranteed and [p]rotected [r]ight by not allowing
             adequate time for Appellant to rebuttal [sic] the
             Commonwealth[’s] [b]rief?

Appellant’s brief at viii-ix.



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        In conducting review of a PCRA matter, we consider the record “in the

light   most   favorable    to   the   prevailing   party   at   the   PCRA   level.”

Commonwealth v. Henkel, 90 A.3d 16, 20 (Pa.Super. 2014) (en banc).

Our review is limited to the evidence of record and the factual findings of the

PCRA court.       Id.   This Court will afford “great deference to the factual

findings of the PCRA court and will not disturb those findings unless they

have no support in the record.”        Id.   Thus, when a PCRA court’s ruling is

free of legal error and is supported by record evidence, we will not disturb its

decision.   Id.    Of course, if the issue pertains to a question of law, “our

standard of review is de novo and our scope of review is plenary.” Id.

        We begin by noting that Appellant is no longer eligible for relief with

respect to his DUI convictions, having completed serving his sentence for the

DUI count for which he was incarcerated.             42 Pa.C.S. § 9543(a)(1)(i);

Commonwealth v. Turner, 80 A.3d 754 (Pa. 2013); Commonwealth v.

Ahlborn, 699 A.2d 718 (Pa. 1997); Commonwealth v. Williams, 977

A.2d 1174 (Pa.Super. 2009); Commonwealth v. Pagan, 864 A.2d 1231

(Pa.Super. 2004); Commonwealth v. Hayes, 596 A.2d 195 (Pa.Super.

1991) (en banc).        Thus, to the extent his claims relate solely to the DUI

charges, he is not entitled to relief.

        Appellant’s initial challenge is to the trial court’s subject matter

jurisdiction. Claims relating to subject matter jurisdiction present questions

of law.     Commonwealth v. Elia, 83 A.3d 254, 265 (Pa.Super. 2013).


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Appellant does not level a subject matter jurisdiction argument on the basis

of the location of where his offenses occurred. Rather, Appellant maintains

that the trial court lacked jurisdiction based on four separate grounds.3

       First,   Appellant     avers    that,   because   the   1968   Pennsylvania

Constitution contains no savings clause, he was prosecuted under criminal

statutes that were legally inoperative upon ratification of that constitution.

Next, Appellant posits that since there is no express state constitutional

provision providing authority to enact a state crimes code, the trial court

lacked jurisdiction.     Third, Appellant asserts that he was prosecuted under

criminal rules of procedure and rules of evidence adopted by the judicial

branch in violation of the federal constitution pursuant to Article 1, § 1,

Article 4, § 4, Article 6, § 2, and Article 7 of that charter.4 Lastly, Appellant

submits that he was prosecuted under statutes that lacked an enacting

clause. We address each of Appellant’s arguments seriatim and find them

meritless.


____________________________________________


3
  Although similar and identical claims are frequently leveled in PCRA
petitions, which are untimely and thereby preclude merits review, see
Commonwealth v. Taylor, 933 A.2d 1035, 1037-1038 (Pa.Super. 2007),
and less frequently raised in timely PCRA matters, no published decision has
addressed these positions. Numerous non-binding unpublished decisions
have rejected these arguments.
4
  Article 1, § 1 of the federal constitution authorizes legislative power in
Congress. Article 4, § 4 is the Republican Form of Government Clause.
Article 6, § 2 is the Supremacy Clause, and Article 7 relates to ratification.



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       Appellant’s initial argument appears to be that the Pennsylvania

Crimes Code was repealed by the 1968 Pennsylvania Constitution because

the amendments to the 1874 Constitution failed to include a savings clause. 5

In essence, Appellant seems to suggest that’ because the 1968 Pennsylvania

Constitution contained no savings clause, all criminal statutes are null and

void. In support, Appellant relies on Commonwealth v. Bangs, 393 A.2d

720 (Pa.Super. 1978).

       In Bangs, we considered the effect of an amendment to the definition

of statutory rape to a statutory rape prosecution in progress on the effective

date of the amendment. The statutory amendment, which reduced the age

of consent from sixteen to fourteen, was enacted without a clause

specifically permitting ongoing statutory rape prosecutions to continue under

the prior definition. In the relevant footnote, we observed, “With respect to

the absence of a saving clause, we note that Pennsylvania is among the

handful of states presently without a general saving clause applicable to

criminal prosecutions.”         Id. at 721 n.2.   Significantly, however, our




____________________________________________


5
  We note our disapproval of Appellant’s attempt to incorporate by reference
his filings made below with respect to his subject matter jurisdiction
arguments. Commonwealth v. Briggs, 12 A.3d 291, 342 (Pa. 2011)
(“‘[I]ncorporation by reference’ is an unacceptable manner of appellate
advocacy for the proper presentation of a claim for relief to our Court.”);
Commonwealth v. Dodge, 77 A.3d 1263, 1275 (Pa.Super. 2013) (same).



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observation about Pennsylvania’s lack of a general savings clause had no

bearing upon the outcome of that case.

      Contrary to Appellant’s inference, we did not conclude that the

absence of a general savings clause in our constitution rendered the

statutory amendment invalid or divested the legislature of authority to

establish criminal offenses. Instead, we reasoned that since the amended

definition of statutory rape effectively altered the elements of the offense in

order to decriminalize the conduct underlying the appellant’s prosecution,

the   Commonwealth      was   required   to   dismiss   the   pending   criminal

proceedings. Hence, Appellant’s reliance on our obiter dictum in Bangs in

support of his position that the legislature lacks authority to promulgate

criminal offenses is inapposite. No relief is due.

      Further, it is long-standing law that the creation of a new constitution

does not “destroy all preceding systems and start the government anew.”

Thomas Raeburn White, Commentaries on the Constitution of Pennsylvania,

at 21 (1907).     The Pennsylvania Supreme Court earlier recognized these

sound principles. In County of Allegheny v. Gibson's Son & Co., 90 Pa.

397 (1879), the plaintiffs brought an action against the county to recover

damages from the destruction of sixty barrels of whiskey that occurred

during mob riots in 1877.     Statutory law provided for recovery in such a

situation.   The county argued that the statutory law was inconsistent with

the 1874 Pennsylvania Constitution and was not preserved by that


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constitution’s savings schedule and, therefore, was invalid. In disposing of

this position, the High Court opined,

      This argument is based upon the theory that the constitution
      was not a mere amendment of the constitution of 1838, but a
      substitution of a new frame of government, and that it was an
      abrogation of all acts and authorities derived from the old frame
      unless preserved by the new. It is true this principle of
      constitutional law was introduced into this state by the
      constitution of 1777, and the Act of Revival of January 28th of
      that year: 1 Bioren's Laws 429. The preamble to the constitution
      recites the rights of the people and the oppressions of the crown,
      and declares that all allegiance and fealty to the said king and
      his successors are dissolved and at an end, and all power and
      authority derived from him ceased in these colonies. It is not
      difficult to understand why this principle should be asserted in a
      constitution that was the outgrowth of a revolution and of a total
      severance of all political relations between the colonies and the
      mother country. In its application to the present times we must
      not overlook the fact that the conditions are essentially different.
      The convention of 1873 was not throwing off the yoke of an
      oppressor and abrogating laws imposed upon the people by a
      parliament not in sympathy with their views, and in whose
      deliberations they had no voice. The convention was simply the
      people of the state, in a representative capacity, it is true, sitting
      in judgment upon their own acts, altering and modifying their
      own constitution to suit the progress of the age, and changing
      their own laws where deemed essential to the welfare of
      the state. To such a body so constituted no intention to abrogate
      all that had gone before can be imputed, unless such intention
      be clearly expressed.

Id. at 405-406. Continuing, the Court reasoned,

      The amendments were radical, yet they were but amendments.
      A large body of the prior constitution remained. It may be called
      a new constitution, in the sense in which we call a machine new
      after it has left the repair shop. Still the fact remains that the
      constitution is but the prior constitution amended. It matters
      little how we designate it. The constitution of 1874 was not an
      abrogation of a former frame of government, as was the
      constitution of 1777.


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Id. at 406.      We acknowledge that the 1874 Constitution had a general

savings    schedule,     see     Gibson’s      Son,    supra,    unlike    the   current

Pennsylvania Constitution.          However, it is evident from the rationale

expressed in Gibson’s Son that the 1968 Constitution did not require a

savings schedule to preserve prior statutory enactments because of the

manner in which it was adopted and ratified.

       The 1968 Constitution amended the 1874 Constitution via a limited

Constitutional     Convention      as   well   as     through   other     amendments.6

Therefore, the 1874 Constitution was never suspended or completely

abrogated. See also Commonwealth v. Beattie, 93 Pa. Super 404, 413

(1928) (discussing statutory law, and opining, “The repeal of a statute

accompanied by a re-enactment of its terms, or of its substantial provisions

in any other form of expression, does not break its continuity; and there is
____________________________________________


6
   “The Constitution of 1874 was modified and renumbered by extensive
amendments on May 17, 1966, November 8, 1966, and May 16, 1967; and
by proclamation of the Governor of July 7, 1967, P.L. 1063, pursuant to the
act of August 17, 1965 (P.L.345, No.180). Proposals 1 through 7 to amend
the Constitution were recommended by a Constitutional Convention which
was called pursuant to the act of March 15, 1967 (P.L.2, No.2). The
proposals were approved by the electorate on April 23, 1968. By statute, 1
Pa.C.S. § 906, the Constitution, as amended by referenda of May 17, 1966,
November 8, 1966, May 16, 1967, and April 23, 1968, and as numbered by
proclamation of the Governor of July 7, 1967, shall be known and may be
cited          as          the          Constitution         of         1968.”
http://www.legis.state.pa.us/WU01/LI/LI/CT/HTM/00/00.001..HTM             (last
visited March 3, 2015); see also http://www.duq.edu/academics/gumberg-
library/pa-constitution/historical-research/constitutional-convention-1967-
1968 (last visited March 4, 2015).




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no moment when, whatever words of repeal are employed it can be said to

be repealed”: Bishop on Statutory Crimes, Ed. 1901, par. 181, p. 99.”).

        Writing over a century ago, Professor White cogently explained,

               Even the original government established in 1776, while in
        one sense a completely new system, in fact was made up in very
        large part of existing institutions. The subsequent constitutions
        have never been construed as abolishing old systems and
        establishing new, but rather in the light of amendment of
        existing law.    This being so, the constitution is not to be
        construed as an abrogation of existing laws unless the intent is
        too clear to be mistaken, but, like amendments to the statute
        law, is deemed to be operative only for the future.

White, Commentaries on the Constitution of Pennsylvania, at 21-22.

Consistent with this principle, only those laws that were clearly and

unequivocally inconsistent with the substantive changes made between the

1874 constitution and 1968 constitution would be abrogated.

        More importantly, the factual predicate for Appellant’s claim does not

exist. Appellant was sentenced for crimes enacted under the Motor Vehicle

Code, not the Crimes Code.         The original Motor Vehicle Code became

effective July 1, 1977. See 1976, June 17, P.L. 162, No. 81 § 1, eff. July 1,

1977.     Subsequent changes relative to the fleeing and eluding offense

necessarily occurred afterward.      The 1968 Constitution could not have

repealed the Motor Vehicle Code.       Similarly, the enactment of the 1968

Pennsylvania Constitution could not repeal the Crimes Code since that code

did not exist until 1972, four years after the 1968 Constitution was adopted.

See Act of December 6, 1972, P.L. 1482 No. 334.        Thus, the Crimes Code


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was not rendered invalid by the 1968 Pennsylvania Constitution. Appellant’s

issue is frivolous.

      Appellant’s next argument fares no better.        Appellant contends that

since the Pennsylvania Constitution does not explicitly provide legislative

authority   to   adopt    criminal   statutes,   the   entire   Crimes   Code   is

unconstitutional.     As mentioned, Appellant was not prosecuted under the

Crimes Code; nonetheless, to the extent his argument pertains to crimes

under the Motor Vehicle Code, his position is refuted by well-established

Pennsylvania precedent.

      While “it is a familiar doctrine that the federal government is one of

enumerated powers, and Congress has no power except that which has been

conferred upon it by the constitution, . . . . no such question arises when an

act of the State Legislature is under consideration[.]” White, Commentaries

on the Constitution of Pennsylvania, at 5. Rather, “[t]he Legislature possess

all legislative power except such as is prohibited by express words or

necessary implication.”      Lewis & Nelson’s Appeal, 67 Pa. 153, 165

(1870); Sharpless v. Mayor & Citizens of Philadelphia, 21 Pa. 147, 160

(1853) (“The federal government can do nothing but what is authorized

expressly or by clear implication; the state may do whatever is not

prohibited.”); see also Commonwealth v. Hartman, 17 Pa. 118, 119

(1851) (“Congress can pass no laws but those which the constitution

authorizes either expressly or by clear implication; while the Assembly has


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jurisdiction of all subjects on which its legislation is not prohibited. The

powers, not granted to the government of the Union, are withheld; but the

state retains every attribute of sovereignty which is not taken away.”). The

cases cited by Appellant simply do not stand for the proposition that a state

cannot enact criminal statutes without an express provision within its

constitution as those decisions relate to the federal constitution and its

limitation on federal power.     See Appellant’s brief at 5 (citing Martin v.

Hunter’s Lessee, 14 U.S. 304, 326 (1816); United States v. Lopez, 514

U.S. 549, 551-552 (1995)).

      Pointedly,   the   Pennsylvania    Constitution    impliedly   recognizes

authorization for passing criminal laws in numerous clauses.     In Article II, §

7, it provides, “No person hereafter convicted of embezzlement of public

moneys, bribery, perjury or other infamous crime, shall be eligible to the

General Assembly, or capable of holding any office of trust or profit in this

Commonwealth.” Pa. Const. Art. II, § 7. Further, the Declaration of Rights

sets forth:

      In all criminal prosecutions the accused hath a right to be heard
      by himself and his counsel, to demand the nature and cause of
      the accusation against him, to meet the witnesses face to face,
      to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor,
      and, in prosecutions by indictment or information, a speedy
      public trial by an impartial jury of the vicinage; he cannot be
      compelled to give evidence against himself, nor can he be
      deprived of his life, liberty or property, unless by the judgment
      of his peers or the law of the land.

Pa. Const. Art. I, § 9. Concomitantly, Article I, § 10 states,


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      No person shall, for any indictable offense, be proceeded against
      criminally by information, except in cases arising in the land or
      naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual service, in time of
      war or public danger, or by leave of the court for oppression or
      misdemeanor in office. No person shall, for the same offense,
      be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall private property
      be taken or applied to public use, without authority of law and
      without just compensation being first made or secured.

      Other constitutional provisions, such as the prohibition against

unlawful searches and seizures, Pa. Const. Art. I, § 8, the cruel punishment

clause, Pa. Const. Art. I, § 13, the habeas corpus clause, Art. I, § 14, the

prohibitions against both special criminal tribunals, Pa. Const. Art. I, § 15,

and ex post facto legislation, Pa. Const. Art. I, § 17, all recognize the

authority of a state government to enact criminal law. It would be absurd

ab initio for these provisions to exist in the Pennsylvania Constitution if the

legislature could not pass criminal legislation.      Indeed, the Pennsylvania

Constitution   authorizes   the   Governor     to   pardon   individuals   for   the

commission of crimes and creates a Board of Pardons. Pa. Const. Art. IV, §

9. These provisions were not limited to individuals who committed crimes

before 1968.

      In sum, states are empowered with broad police powers to protect the

health, safety, and welfare of its citizens.    Among the powers every state

government has is the power to enact statutory criminal law. According to

Appellant’s theory, the Commonwealth has no authority to pass any criminal

statutory law since the Pennsylvania Constitution only provides general

authority to draft legislation. Since nothing in the Pennsylvania Constitution

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prohibits the Commonwealth from enacting criminal statutes, the enactment

of the Pennsylvania Crimes Code and Motor Vehicle Code were valid

exercises of power.        See Nelson’s Appeal, supra; Sharpless, supra;

Hartman, supra.

       Appellant also claims that our Supreme Court violated the doctrine of

separation of powers by promulgating rules of court, rules of criminal

procedure, and evidence and that the legislature cannot delegate rule-

making authority to the judiciary.             The Pennsylvania Constitution has

specifically authorized our Supreme Court to promulgate rules governing the

practice, procedure, and conduct of all of the courts in the Commonwealth.

Pa.Const. Art. V § 10(c);7 see also Commonwealth v. McMullen, 961

A.2d 842, 847 (Pa. 2008) (“T[he] [Supreme] Court retains exclusive rule-

____________________________________________


7
  The Pennsylvania Constitution, Article V § 10(c) provides, in relevant part,
as follows:

       (c) The Supreme Court shall have the power to prescribe general
       rules governing practice, procedure and the conduct of all courts,
       justices of the peace and all officers serving process or enforcing
       orders, judgments or decrees of any court or justice of the
       peace, including the power to provide for assignment and
       reassignment of classes of actions or classes of appeals among
       the several courts as the needs of justice shall require, and for
       admission to the bar and to practice law, and the administration
       of all courts and supervision of all officers of the judicial branch,
       if such rules are consistent with this Constitution and neither
       abridge, enlarge nor modify the substantive rights of any
       litigant, nor affect the right of the General Assembly to
       determine the jurisdiction of any court or justice of the peace,
       nor suspend nor alter any statute of limitation or repose. . . .



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making authority to establish rules of procedure.”). Hence, the legislature

did not delegate rule-making authority, but the people of Pennsylvania, in

voting to ratify the amendments to the 1874 Constitution, i.e., the 1968

constitution, specifically authorized the Pennsylvania Supreme Court to craft

rules governing court procedures.              Since this practice does not violate a

specific provision of the federal constitution, this delegation is not improper.

       Instantly, it is apparent that Appellant misunderstands the doctrine of

separation of powers.        While no governmental branch “should exercise the

functions exclusively committed to another branch[,]” Commonwealth v.

Melvin, 103 A.3d 1, 14 (Pa.Super. 2014) (quoting Sweeney v. Tucker,

375 A.2d 698, 706 (Pa. 1977)), a constitutional violation does not

automatically occur when one governmental branch exercises a power

specifically delegated to it.        Under Pennsylvania constitutional law, the

legislature does not have the authority to pass purely procedural criminal

rules. Thus, the Supreme Court’s promulgation of such rules does not per se

infringe upon the legislature’s authority to pass statutory law. Importantly,

nothing in the federal constitution specifically prohibits a state from

delegating to its high court the authority to craft procedural or evidentiary

rules.8    Indeed, the Tenth Amendment provides that the powers not


____________________________________________


8
  We note that Pennsylvania’s rules of evidence are largely a codification of
long-standing Pennsylvania common law jurisprudence. Therefore, even if
(Footnote Continued Next Page)


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delegated to the federal government and not specifically prohibited from the

states by the Constitution are reserved to the people and the states. See

U.S.Const. Am. X.

      Appellant’s reliance on the Republican Form of Government Clause,

Supremacy     Clause,      and    various    other    provisions   within   the   federal

constitution is misplaced.         Nothing within the clauses cited by Appellant

expressly or impliedly prohibits a state from authorizing its supreme court to

adopt procedural and evidentiary rules.              The Supremacy Clause does not

prohibit citizens of a state from making or passing state constitutional law.

Where the federal constitution prohibits specific state action, it sets forth the

prohibition in clear "No State shall" language.             U.S.Const. Art. I, § 10;

U.S.Const. Am. XIV. Nowhere does the federal constitution provide that the

citizens of a state do not have the power to create a state constitution that

delegates the drafting of criminal procedural rules or evidentiary rules to the

courts.    While a state cannot pass a law that violates the federal

constitution, the federal constitution has always allowed states broad

authority to pass state constitutions and state law.

      Indeed, early Pennsylvania case law recognized the power of a court to

create rules even absent an express constitutional provision.                 Barry v.

Randolph, 3 Binn. 277, 278 (Pa. 1810) (Chief Justice Tilghman writing,
                       _______________________
(Footnote Continued)

the rules of evidence were considered void, a consistent body of case law
would fill the gap.



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“Every court of record has an inherent power to make rules for the

transaction of its business, provided such rules are not contradictory to the

law of the land.”); Id. (Justice Yeates opining, “courts must necessarily have

the power of framing such rules, as they think best calculated to carry the

laws   into   execution     with   convenience     and   despatch.”);   Vanatta   v.

Anderson, 3 Binn. 416, 423 (Pa. 1811) (it is not denied that [the courts]

have power from the nature of the constitution, to make rules for the

relation of their practice.”); Snyder v. Bauchman, 8 Serg. & Rawle 336,

338-339 (Pa. 1822) (“Without this [rule-making] power it would be

impossible for Courts of justice to dispatch the public business. Delays would

be interminable, and delay not unfrequently is the object of one of the

parties. Every Court, therefore, must have stated rules to go by, and they

are the properest judges of their own rules of practice.”).9

       While the courts and legislature shared rule-making functions during

this Commonwealth’s early years, it is obvious that the separation of powers

doctrine did not prohibit courts from enacting procedural rules.           Further,

besides Pennsylvania, numerous other states have either judicially decided

or by constitution provided that procedural rule-making is exclusively a
____________________________________________


9
  Dean Roscoe Pound penned an influential article in the early 20th century
arguing that judicial rule-making, even absent express constitutional
authorization, was not constitutionally prohibited by the separation of
powers doctrine. See Roscoe Pound, Regulation of Judicial Procedure by
Rules of Court, 10 Ill. L. Rev. 163 (1915).




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function of the judiciary.10 Other states’ courts and legislature share power

over making such rules,11 or the legislature has enacted law delegating such

authority to the courts.12       For all the aforementioned reasons, Appellant’s

position fails.

       The final challenge Appellant forwards with respect to subject matter

jurisdiction is that he was prosecuted under criminal statutes that lack an

enacting clause. Appellant is incorrect. Pursuant to 1 Pa.C.S. § 1101(a), all

statutes are required to begin, “The General Assembly of the Commonwealth

of Pennsylvania hereby enacts as follows.” The clause is required to appear

“immediately after the preamble or the table of contents of the statute.”
____________________________________________


10
    See e.g. R.E.W. Construction Co. v. District Court, 88 Idaho 426
(1965); Winberry v. Salisbury, 5 N.J. 240 (1949); Newell v. State, 308
So.2d 71 (Miss. 1975); Ammerman v. Hubbard Broadcasting, Inc., 551
P.2d 1354 (N.M. 1976); People v. Cox, 412 N.E. 2d 541 (Ill. 1980);
Jennings v. State, 276 Ark. 217 (1982); State v. Keith, 325 N.W.2d 641
(Minn. 1982); Ariz. Const. Art. VI, § 5(5); Colo. Const. Art. VI, § 21; Del.
Const. Art. IV, § 13(1); Hawaii Const. Art. 6, § 7; Ky. Const. § 116; Mich.
Const. Art. VI, § 5; N.D. Const. Art. VI, § 3; W.V. Const. Art. VIII, § 3.
11
  Ala. Const. Art. VI, § 150; Alaska Const. Art. IV, § 15; Fla. Const. Art. V,
§ 2; La. Const. Art. V, § 5(A); Md. Const. Art. IV, § 18(a); Mo. Const. Art. V,
§ 5; Mont. Const. Art. VII, § 2(3); Neb. Const. Art. V, § 25; N.C. Const. Art.
IV, § 13; Ohio Const. Art. IV, § 5(B); Okla. Const. Art. 7, § 5; S.C. Const.
Art. V, § 4; S.D. Const. Art. V, § 12; Vt. Const. Chapter II, § 37; see also
Va. Code § 8.01-3; State ex rel. Frederick v. District Court, 399 P.2d
583 (Wyo. 1965); Bourne v. Atichison, Topeka & Sante Fe Ry., 497 P.2d
110 (Kan. 1972); Neeley v. State, 305 N.E.2d 434 (Ind. 1974); Iowa Civil
Liberties Union v. Critelli, 244 N.W.2d 564. (Iowa 1976).
12
  Me. Rev. Stat. Ann. Tit. 4, § 8; Nev. Rev. Stat. § 2.120(2); N.M. Stat.
Ann. § 38-1-1; R.I. Gen. Laws § 8-6-2; Utah Code Ann. § 78A-3-103; Wash.
Rev. Code Ann. § 2.04.190.



                                          - 19 -
J-S04015-15


1 Pa.C.S. § 1101(a).

       Appellant asserts that the Pennsylvania Crimes Code does not have

the required enacting clause. Again, Appellant was not prosecuted under the

Crimes Code.       Moreover, although West Publishing Company omitted the

enacting clause from its annotated edition of the Crimes Code and Motor

Vehicle Code, our review of the official codification of the Pennsylvania

Crimes Code enacted by the General Assembly in 1972 reveals the enacting

clause immediately before the table of contents for Title 18.      See Act of

December 6, 1972, P.L. 1482 No. 334. Similarly, criminal legislation for the

crimes charged under the Motor Vehicle Code provide, in the official

codification of those laws, enacting clauses. See 1976, June 17, P.L. 162,

No. 81, § 1; 1994, Dec. 27, P.L. 1337, No. 154, § 3; 2001, June 26, P.L.

734, No. 75, § 6; 2006, July 10, P.L. 1086, No. 113, § 4 (governing fleeing

or attempting to elude police officer).13

       To the extent Appellant’s position forwarded below was premised upon

the Commonwealth Court of Pennsylvania’s discussion of the West Publishing

Company’s Purdon’s Pennsylvania Statutes in In Re Appeal of Tenet

Health Systems Bucks County, LLC, 880 A.2d 721 (Pa.Cmwlth. 2005), it

affords him no relief.       That case involved an attorney’s reliance upon a
____________________________________________


13
   The official versions of these laws, with their respective enacting clauses,
can               be             located              via            searching
http://www.legis.state.pa.us/cfdocs/legis/CL/Public/cl_view.cfm. (last visited
March 4, 2015).



                                          - 20 -
J-S04015-15


misprint in Purdon’s Pennsylvania Statutes that caused him to file an

untimely tax assessment appeal.            The relevant citation was to 72 P.S. §

5349(c). The trial court rejected counsel’s request to file the appeal nunc

pro tunc.    In affirming the trial court’s determination, the Commonwealth

Court explained that Pennsylvania Consolidated Statutes are the official

codifications that are enacted by the General Assembly and Purdon’s

Pennsylvania Statutes is the unofficial work product of West Publishing

Company.       Id. at 725.14      The Court further elucidated, “The distinction

between the official and unofficial codification of Pennsylvania’s statutes can

be seen in the form of citation.” Id.

       [A] citation to “ 1 Pa.C.S. § . . . .” is a citation to positive law in
       the form of an official code adopted by the General Assembly
       and that “1 Pa.C.S.A. § . . . .” is the citation to the Purdon's
       annotated edition of that code, but that “7 P.S. § . . . .” is
       merely a citation to an unofficial codification of a private
       publisher which has no official counterpart. . . .

Id. (quoting William H. Clark, Jr., Introduction to the Pennsylvania

Consolidated Statutes, Title 1, 7 (1995) (emphasis added by Commonwealth

Court). Simply stated, Pennsylvania Consolidated Statutes, cited as Pa.C.S.,

is the official codification of statutory laws; Purdon’s Consolidated Statutes

Annotated, cited as Pa.C.S.A., is the annotated edition of the official

codification; and Purdon’s Pennsylvania Statutes, cited as P.S., is West
____________________________________________


14
  Appellant incorrectly asserted below that the consolidated statutes were
unofficial. It appears that he meant to allege that the annotated statutes
were unofficial codifications of the pamphlet laws.



                                          - 21 -
J-S04015-15


Publishing Company’s own codification of legislation that has not been

included in the official codification.   In In Re Appeal of Tenet Health

Systems Bucks County, LLC, the Commonwealth Court concluded that the

attorney’s failure to recognize that “72 P.S. § 5349 is West Publishing

Company's unofficial codification of Section 8 of the Assessment Law [was] a

foundational error.” Id. at 726.

      With that background in mind, we confront Appellant’s contention

herein and find it meritless. Unlike the attorney in In Re Appeal of Tenet

Health Systems Bucks County, LLC, the Commonwealth in the case sub

judice did not cite to the unofficial statutory codification in the criminal

informations. In fact, Appellant’s position betrays his misunderstanding of

our sister court’s rationale. A review of the several criminal informations in

this case reveals that the Commonwealth did not cite to Purdon’s

Consolidated Statutes Annotated, the annotated edition of the official code

adopted by the General Assembly nor do the informations cite to Purdon’s

Pennsylvania Statutes. Further, any citation to the annotated edition would

refer directly to sections assigned by the legislature in its official counterpart

and not West Publishing Company. See id. (Pa.C.S.A. is citation to Purdon’s

annotated edition of the official code). Thus, Appellant’s reliance below upon

In Re Appeal of Tenet Health Systems Bucks County, LLC, is

unavailing.   For all of the aforementioned reasons, Appellant’s subject




                                     - 22 -
J-S04015-15


matter jurisdiction claims are without any sound legal basis and are

frivolous.

      Appellant’s next five issues relate to the effectiveness of counsel. “To

plead and prove ineffective assistance of counsel a petitioner must establish:

(1) that the underlying issue has arguable merit; (2) counsel's actions

lacked an objective reasonable basis; and (3) actual prejudice resulted from

counsel's act or failure to act.” Commonwealth v. Stewart, 84 A.3d 701,

706 (Pa.Super. 2013) (en banc). The failure to meet any of these aspects of

the ineffectiveness test results in the claim failing. Id.

      Arguable merit exists when the factual statements are accurate and

“could establish cause for relief.” Id. at 707. Whether the “facts rise to the

level of arguable merit is a legal determination.”           Id.   In considering

whether counsel acted reasonably, we look to “whether no competent

counsel would have chosen that action or inaction, or, the alternative, not

chosen, offered a significantly greater potential chance of success.”         Id.

“Counsel's decisions will be considered reasonable if they effectuated his

client's interests. We do not employ a hindsight analysis in comparing trial

counsel's actions with other efforts he may have taken.”            Id. (citations

omitted).    Lastly, prejudice exists where “there is a reasonable probability

that, but for counsel's errors, the result of the proceeding would have been

different.” Id. This probability is sufficient when it “undermines confidence

in the outcome of the proceeding.” Id.


                                     - 23 -
J-S04015-15


      Appellant’s initial ineffective assistance of counsel claim is that

preliminary hearing counsel was ineffective for failing to object to a

purported leading question asked of Officer Lauver during that proceeding.

He argues that the alleged improper questioning allowed the prosecution to

inject false evidence to establish his fleeing and eluding charge. In his view,

had counsel objected, the Commonwealth would have been unable to prove

that he willfully refused to bring his car to a stop. Thus, Appellant maintains

that the outcome of the preliminary hearing would have been different

because the district court would have dismissed the fleeing count.

      Initially, we note that Appellant’s assertion that the relevant prejudice

pertains to the outcome of the preliminary hearing is without legal support.

The PCRA statute requires the prejudice to affect the adjudication of guilt

and our case law has also recognized that the law applies to sentencing.

While in certain contexts such as the waiver of a jury trial right, we do not

look to the trial outcome, Commonwealth v. Mallory, 941 A.2d 686 (Pa.

2008), the same is not true in the preliminary hearing context.            The

distinction between the jury trial waiver scenario and a preliminary hearing

is that the waiver proceeding affects the very manner in which an individual

is tried. In contrast, a preliminary hearing only establishes whether prima

facie evidence that a crime occurred and that the person charged committed

it exist.   The failure to establish a prima facie case does not preclude the

Commonwealth from re-filing charges and beginning the process anew.


                                     - 24 -
J-S04015-15


      In Commonwealth v. Lyons, 568 A.2d 1266 (Pa.Super. 1989), no

preliminary hearing was conducted due to the inability to locate the

defendant.    The Commonwealth received permission to file its criminal

information absent the preliminary hearing.       Lyons’ subsequent motion to

conduct such a hearing was denied.        Following a non-jury trial, the court

found the defendant guilty of robbery and conspiracy. During PCRA review,

the defendant alleged that counsel was ineffective in failing to move to

quash the information and preserving his issue regarding the lack of a

preliminary hearing.

      The panel opined that the absence of the preliminary hearing did not

impair the truth-determining process at trial and that the defendant could

not establish prejudice. It reasoned, “the case was tried and the evidence

was submitted to the court which, as trier of the facts, found not only that

the Commonwealth had established a prima facie case of guilt but that

appellant's guilt had been proved beyond a reasonable doubt.” Id. at 1268.

The Lyons Court continued that any deficiency in the preliminary hearing

was harmless and that Lyons had failed to show that “the absence of a

preliminary hearing in any way undermined the truth determining process so

as to render unreliable the trial court's finding of guilt.” Id. at 1269.

      Moreover, our Supreme Court, in the direct appeal context, has

concluded that “once a defendant has gone to trial and has been found guilty

of the crime or crimes charged, any defect in the preliminary hearing is


                                     - 25 -
J-S04015-15


rendered immaterial.” Commonwealth v. Sanchez, 82 A.3d 943, 984 (Pa.

2013). It would be incongruous to make the prejudice analysis for purposes

of PCRA review less stringent than that during direct review. Nonetheless,

even assuming that for purposes of prejudice we look to the outcome of the

preliminary hearing, Appellant’s claim would fail as not only can he not

establish prejudice, but his issue lacks arguable merit.

       Our discussion above should not be read to suggest that ineffective

assistance of counsel claims relative to a preliminary hearing are not

cognizable under the PCRA.          Although this Court reached such a result in

Commonwealth v. Lassen, 659 A.2d 999 (Pa.Super. 1995), the decisions

relied on by that court, relative to cognizability, have been either expressly

or impliedly overruled. See Commonwealth ex rel. Dadario v. Goldberg,

773 A.2d 126 (Pa. 2001), and compare Lassen, supra at 1007 (citing

Commonwealth           v.    Tanner,      600      A.2d   201   (Pa.Super.   1991);15

Commonwealth v. Wolfe, 580 A.2d 857 (Pa.Super. 1990), abrogation

recognized by Commonwealth v. Watson, 835 A.2d 786 (Pa.Super.

2003); Commonwealth v. Pitts, 580 A.2d 352 (Pa.Super. 1990);

Commonwealth v. Grier, 599 A.2d 993 (Pa.Super. 1991).                  Each of these

decisions is invalid, post-Dadario, to the extent they conclude ineffective

____________________________________________


15
    In Commownealth v. Prout, 814 A.2d 693 (Pa.Super. 2002), this
Court recognized that decisions akin to Commonwealth v. Tanner, 600
A.2d 201 (Pa.Super. 1991), were invalid.



                                          - 26 -
J-S04015-15


assistance of counsel claims are not cognizable under the PCRA. See e.g.

Watson, supra. Accordingly, Lassen is no longer sound, and we look to

the traditional ineffectiveness test and decide the issue on its merits.

      First, we note that Appellant failed to ensure the transcript of the

preliminary hearing was made part of the certified record on appeal.

Despite this omission, the PCRA court has quoted directly from the transcript

the relevant question. The question is as follows:

      Prosecutor: When the vehicle stopped at the stoplight, was
      there anything else besides the stoplight that prevent the car
      from moving or was it just the stoplight?

      Officer Lauver: There was a vehicle facing east on Willow Street
      at Twelfth Street and the Defendant—because of the snow on
      the roadway, the Defendant would not have been able to go
      around and continue on Willow Street.

PCRA Court Opinion, 5/2/14, at 10 (quoting N.T., 5/13/10, at 16).

      The PCRA court correctly found that the question was not leading. A

leading question suggests or provides the answer desired by putting words

in the witness’s mouth.      Commonwealth v. Lambert, 765 A.2d 306,

357 (Pa.Super. 2000). For example, had the prosecutor stated, “Isn’t it true

that due to snow in the roadway and a vehicle in the area that the defendant

was forced to stop,” the question would have been leading.           Appellant’s

assertion that the question was leading demonstrates a fundamental

misapprehension of the law. Counsel cannot be ineffective for failing to raise

a meritless objection.




                                     - 27 -
J-S04015-15


      We add that Appellant’s position that, because the officer had not

mentioned another vehicle blocking his travel in his incident report or

affidavit of probable cause, the Commonwealth could not establish a prima

facie case of fleeing, is also patently meritless. Failing to pull over after an

officer activates his siren and lights, speeding away, and running through a

stop sign is prima facie evidence of the crime in question. Appellant’s claim

is baseless.

      Next, Appellant avers that trial counsel was ineffective for not seeking

a continuance or seeking an additional suppression hearing where discovery

materials were turned over in an untimely manner.         In rambling fashion,

Appellant attacks the Lebanon County District Attorney’s and Public

Defender’s Office. It appears that Appellant’s complaint pertains to untimely

receipt of a video from Officer Lauver’s dashboard camera and radio

communications from Officer Lauver during the chase.              According to

Appellant, this evidence     was exculpatory     and impeaching      Brady v.

Maryland, 373 U.S. 83 (1963) evidence, which he could have successfully

used at his suppression hearing to negate the probable cause to arrest his

fleeing charge. Appellant maintains that Officer Lauver testified at trial that

he activated his lights and then turned on his siren.      In contrast, Officer

Lauver had testified during the preliminary hearing and suppression hearing

that he activated his lights and sirens simultaneously.            This minor

discrepancy is immaterial for purposes of Appellant’s suppression hearing.


                                     - 28 -
J-S04015-15


       Officer Lauver viewed Appellant driving the wrong way on a one-way

street. Hence, he had probable cause to effectuate a traffic stop. Appellant

was also speeding and failed to stop at a stop sign. Since Officer Lauver had

probable cause to stop Appellant for all of these violations, the stop was

valid. Insofar as Appellant is not contesting his stop, no other argument is

actually forwarded in his brief under this subsection, and we address the

probable cause for his arrest for fleeing in disposing of his next claim.

       In his third ineffectiveness challenge, Appellant contends that trial

counsel was ineffective in choosing to contest the lawfulness of his stop

rather than his arrest.        Appellant submits that the Commonwealth only

needed to establish reasonable suspicion to conduct the traffic stop, but that

he was illegally arrested for fleeing immediately after he stopped his car.

Appellant avers that because he stopped his vehicle forty-one seconds after

Officer Lauver activated his lights and siren, the officer lacked probable

cause to arrest him for fleeing.16       He is mistaken.

       Assuming arguendo that Appellant did stop his vehicle within forty-one

seconds of the officer turning on his lights and siren, the fact does not ipso

facto mean that he did not flee or elude the officer. Forty-one seconds while

traveling at a high rate of speed is not an insignificant period. Indeed, the
____________________________________________


16
   In Appellant’s direct appeal brief, contained in the certified record, he
averred that the stop occurred forty-three seconds after the officer turned
on his siren. The trial testimony of the officer was also forty-three seconds.
N.T., 6/7/11, at 52.



                                          - 29 -
J-S04015-15


evidence, viewed in         a    light   most   favorable    to   the    Commonwealth,

establishes that Appellant only stopped his vehicle because a car and snow

pile blocked his path. Probable cause for an arrest exists “where the facts

and circumstances within the officers' knowledge are sufficient to warrant a

person of reasonable caution in the belief that an offense has been or is

being     committed.”           Commonwealth        v.      Rushing, 71       A.3d   939,

965 (Pa.Super. 2013), reversed on other ground, 99 A.3d 416 (Pa. 2014).

Here, Officer Lauver had probable cause to arrest Appellant for fleeing when

Appellant failed to pull over immediately after the officer activated his lights

and sirens, and Appellant instead traveled at a high rate of speed and ran

through a stop sign.        Since Officer Lauver had probable cause to arrest

Appellant for fleeing, counsel cannot be ineffective in electing not to

challenge the lawfulness of the arrest.

        Appellant also disputes trial counsel’s decision not to present an expert

witness to challenge the Commonwealth’s BAC testing.                    Appellant submits

that the Commonwealth failed to present evidence of a conversion factor,

and it did not test his whole blood. Since Appellant is no longer serving a

sentence for DUI, he is ineligible for relief on this claim. 17 We add that on

direct appeal, Appellant claimed that the evidence was insufficient to convict

him of DUI because only the supernatant of his blood was tested. This Court
____________________________________________


17
   No expert was necessary to establish the DUI element of his fleeing
charge. Cf. Commonwealth v. Griffith, 32 A.3d 1231, 1238 (Pa. 2011).



                                          - 30 -
J-S04015-15


rejected that position based on the rationale of the trial court, which opined

that the Commonwealth had presented a conversion factor.                 As the

underlying conversion factor issue was previously litigated, Appellant’s

ineffectiveness claim would necessarily fail.     Commonwealth v. Collins,

888 A.2d 564, 573 (Pa. 2005) (holding that while “ineffectiveness claims are

distinct' from those claims that are raised on direct appeal. . . .Ultimately,

the claim may fail on the arguable merit or prejudice prong for the reasons

discussed on direct appeal.”).

      Appellant’s final ineffectiveness claim is based on trial counsel’s failure

to contest the absence of Miranda warnings prior to his field sobriety tests.

Appellant argues that because he was under arrest for the fleeing charge

and the officer used the field sobriety tests to discover incriminating

evidence as to the DUI charges, the field sobriety tests were an interrogation

and required Miranda warnings. To the extent this position pertains to his

DUI crimes, Appellant is ineligible for relief. In addition, Appellant’s BAC was

over the legal limit; thus, even absent the field sobriety test evidence, the

Commonwealth proved the DUI aspect of his fleeing charge.

      In his penultimate issue, Appellant avers that he is serving an illegal

sentence. Appellant initially contends that 42 Pa.C.S. § 9721 sets forth the

sentencing alternative in Pennsylvania.       Noting that it provides for “total

confinement,” he maintains that because the terms “imprisonment” and

“total confinement” are different, we must presume the words have separate


                                     - 31 -
J-S04015-15


meanings and his sentence of incarceration is illegal. Appellant’s position is

untenable.   Total confinement and imprisonment are synonyms, as is the

word incarceration, which is obvious from the context of § 9721, since it

provides for probation, partial confinement, county intermediate punishment

and state intermediate punishment.             Black’s Law Dictionary defines

“confinement” as “[t]he act of imprisoning or restraining someone; the state

of being imprisoned or restrained.” Where there is no ambiguity in a term

we apply its plain meaning. 1 Pa.C.S. § 1921(b). “Total confinement” is not

ambiguous and includes imprisonment.               See also 42 Pa.C.S. § 9762

(discussing total and partial confinement and plainly indicating that

confinement includes incarceration). As Appellant’s interpretation is at odds

with numerous remaining provisions of the Sentencing Code, we do not

employ such an absurd reading.        1 Pa.C.S. § 1921(a) (“The object of all

interpretation and construction of statutes is to ascertain and effectuate the

intention of the General Assembly. Every statute shall be construed, if

possible, to give effect to all its provisions.”); 1 Pa.C.S. § 1922 (General

Assembly does not intend absurd results and intends entire statute to be

effective and certain).

      Appellant   also    maintains   that   his    sentence   is   illegal   because

Pennsylvania law requires a definite term of imprisonment. See 42 Pa.C.S.

§ 9721(e) (“All sentences of imprisonment imposed under this chapter shall

be for a definite term.”). He submits that his one to five year sentence is an


                                      - 32 -
J-S04015-15


indefinite sentence that permitted the court to sentence him within a

permissible range of sentences.    While Appellant is correct that the court

sentenced him within a permissible range of sentences, he is incorrect that

he was sentenced illegally.

      Under Appellant’s logic, he could only be sentenced to a flat sentence.

However, flat sentences are generally illegal, Commonwealth v. Mitchell,

986 A.2d 1241, 1244 (Pa.Super. 2009); Commonwealth v. Cain, 637 A.2d

656, 658 (Pa.Super. 1994), and Pennsylvania law requires a definite

minimum and definite maximum term of incarceration for most crimes, with

the minimum sentence being at most one-half the maximum. 42 Pa.C.S. §

9756; 42 Pa.C.S. § 9755(b); 42 Pa.C.S. § 9757. As noted previously, the

legislature intends for entire statutes to be effective. Further, we construe

our sentencing statutes or parts of those statutes in pari materia. 1 Pa.C.S.

§ 1932. The meaning of “definite” in the context of a prison sentence under

42 Pa.C.S. § 9721(e) means a set minimum and set maximum. It does not

mean a flat fixed sentence.

      Finally, as it relates to his sentencing issue, Appellant posits that his

sentencing order does not indicate under what statutory authority he was

sentenced. He alleges that this is a due process violation and renders his

sentence illegal.   First, due process sentencing claims are waivable. See

Commonwealth v. Hartz, 532 A.2d 1139, 1142–1143 (Pa.Super. 1987)

(en banc) (Cirillo, P.J., concurring) (collecting cases); Commonwealth v.


                                    - 33 -
J-S04015-15


Wallace, 533 A.2d 1051 (Pa.Super. 1987).          Although Appellant purports

that his issue presents a non-waivable illegal sentencing claim, he cites no

Pennsylvania authority that holds that the absence of a citation in a

sentencing order renders the sentence invalid or presents a legality of

sentence question.

      Appellant’s reliance on Perkins v. Payton, 369 F.2d 590, 592 (4th Cir.

1966), offers him no comfort. That case did not hold that a sentencing order

must contain citations to statutory sentencing law.     Here, under 42 Pa.C.S.

§ 9721 and 42 Pa.C.S. § 9756, the court had authority to impose a prison

sentence. Further, since Appellant’s fleeing crime was a third-degree felony,

75 Pa.C.S. § 3733(a.2)(2)(i), the court had statutory authority to impose up

to a seven year maximum sentence. 18 Pa.C.S. § 106(b)(4). It is beyond

cavil that the sentencing court had authority to impose the one to five year

sentence herein.

      We also find our Supreme Court’s decision in Commonwealth v.

Walton, 397 A.2d 1179 (Pa. 1979), germane.          In Walton, the defendant

fired a shotgun into a woman’s face.      The court imposed a nineteen year

probationary sentence with the condition that he pay restitution of $25 per

week for the entire probation period. The court imposed restitution under

the Penal Code of 1939; specifically, § 5109.       However, that section was

repealed by the enactment of the Crimes Code.           The defendant did not

contest his sentence at the trial level. This Court held the restitution illegal.


                                     - 34 -
J-S04015-15


Our Supreme Court reversed. It did so on the ground that, at the time, the

trial court had sentencing authority under 19 P.S. § 1051, despite the fact

that the sentencing court did not invoke that statute.          The Walton Court

concluded that the restitution requirement was not illegal and the issue was

waived.   Cf. In re Melograne, 812 A.2d 1164, 1167 (Pa. 2002) (“Claims

relating to a tribunal's power are, unlike claims of subject matter

jurisdiction, waivable.”).      Hence, failing to cite a statute does not

automatically result in a sentence being illegal where the court otherwise

had statutory authority to sentence the defendant. Since Appellant’s claim

is both waived, see 42 Pa.C.S. § 9544(b), and without merit, he is entitled

to no relief.

      The final issue Appellant presents is that he was deprived of due

process because he was not afforded enough time to file a response to the

Commonwealth’s PCRA brief at the PCRA court level.               Citing Hamdi v.

Rumsfeld,       542   U.S.   507,   589   (2004),   Appellant   argues   that   the

government did not proceed according to written constitutional and statutory

provisions.     Procedural due process at its core requires notice and an

opportunity to be heard. Fiore v. Bd. of Fin. & Revenue, 633 A.2d 1111,

1114 (Pa. 1993) (“due process ‘requires at a minimum that the deprivation

of life, liberty or property by adjudication must be preceded by notice and

opportunity for hearing appropriate to the nature of the case.’ . . . we note

that procedural due process requires more than notice and hearing, but


                                      - 35 -
J-S04015-15


protects as well the right to an orderly proceeding adapted to the nature of

the case.”).

      There is no procedural rule or statutory or constitutional requirement

that Appellant be guaranteed an opportunity to file a response to a

Commonwealth brief in a PCRA proceeding prior to the court disposing of the

matter. Here, Appellant filed two lengthy and detailed briefs in support of

his petition. In addition, despite none of his arguments raising any issues of

genuine material fact, the court afforded him an evidentiary hearing.

Appellant was afforded ample due process.

      Order affirmed.

      Judge Allen joins the opinion.

      Judge Strassburger files a concurring statement.


Judgment Entered.




Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary



Date: 4/28/2015




                                       - 36 -
