                      COURT OF APPEALS
                       SECOND DISTRICT OF TEXAS
                            FORT WORTH

                           NO. 02-14-00293-CV


AMERICAN HOMEOWNER                                            APPELLANT
PRESERVATION FUND, LP

                                    V.

BRIAN J. PIRKLE, TARRANT                                      APPELLEES
COUNTY, TARRANT COUNTY
HOSPITAL DISTRICT, CITY OF
SANSOM PARK, AND TARRANT
COUNTY COMMUNITY COLLEGE
DISTRICT


                                 ----------

       FROM THE 236TH DISTRICT COURT OF TARRANT COUNTY
                 TRIAL COURT NO. 236-265110-13

                                 ----------

                               OPINION

                                 ----------


                             I. Introduction

     In three issues, Appellant American Homeowner Preservation Fund, LP

(American) appeals a judgment declaring null and void its lien on property
purchased by Appellee Brian J. Pirkle at a tax-foreclosure sale, declaring null and

void a note executed by Cathy Lewis1 and secured by the property, dismissing

American’s constitutional takings claims against the taxing authorities involved in

the foreclosure sale, and awarding attorney’s fees to Pirkle. We modify the trial

court’s judgment and affirm the judgment as modified.

                                   II. Factual History

      On October 20, 2003, Lewis executed a note and deed of trust in favor of

Available Mortgage Funding, LLC (AMF) secured by property located at 5700

Calloway Street, Fort Worth. The deed of trust was filed of record ten days later,

perfecting AMF’s security interest in the property. See Tex. Prop. Code Ann.

§§ 13.001–.002 (West 2014).

      In 2009, the note and deed of trust were assigned to Stewardship Fund

No. 3, LP (SF3) by Mortgage Electronic Registration Systems, Inc. (MERS),

acting solely as nominee for AMF. This assignment was filed of record shortly

thereafter.

      One year later, on August 27, 2010, Appellees Tarrant County, the Tarrant

County Hospital District, the City of Sansom Park, and the Tarrant County

Community College District (collectively, the taxing authorities) filed a delinquent-

property-tax suit. In that suit, the taxing authorities named only Lewis and MERS

as defendants. SF3, the lienholder of record at the time the delinquent-tax suit


      1
       Cathy Lewis is not a party to this appeal.

                                         2
was filed, was not named as a defendant, nor was SF3 ever made a party to the

lawsuit.2

      On April 26, 2012, the trial court entered judgment against Lewis and

MERS, authorizing the sale of the property to satisfy the tax liens.          At the

subsequent tax-foreclosure sale, which occurred on August 7, 2012, Pirkle

purchased the property. The constable’s deed, which acknowledged the tax sale

and purported to convey free and clear title to Pirkle, was recorded on August 27,

2012. See Tex. Tax Code Ann. § 34.01(m) (West 2015).

      Two months after the deed was recorded, on October 31, 2012, SF3

assigned all of its rights, title, and interest in the property to American. American

contends that it took the assignment without notice of the tax suit or the tax sale,

even though the constable’s deed had been on file in the deed records for 65

days prior to the assignment and the tax suit had been on file for 2 years and 65

days prior to the assignment.

      Pirkle was first introduced to American by a letter from American’s counsel

dated January 15, 2013, the same day that American filed its assignment from

SF3 in the deed records of Tarrant County. This letter notified Pirkle that SF3’s

note and deed of trust had been assigned to American and that American now

claimed a lien against Pirkle’s property, a lien that American believed survived


      2
       It is undisputed that SF3 did not receive actual notice of the lawsuit or the
tax sale.


                                         3
the tax sale because the taxing authorities had failed to join SF3 as a party to the

tax suit.

                             III. Procedural History

       On February 15, 2013, American sent a notice of default to Lewis

describing Lewis’s default under the terms of the note, notifying Lewis that

American had accelerated the note, and demanding payment of the entire

balance due on the note.3 After Lewis failed to pay as demanded, American

prepared for a nonjudicial foreclosure of its interest in the property and posted

the property for foreclosure sale to occur on Tuesday, April 2, 2013. See Tex.

Prop. Code Ann. § 51.002 (West 2014).

       The day before the foreclosure sale, Pirkle filed a lawsuit seeking a

temporary restraining order (TRO) and temporary injunction to stay the

foreclosure proceedings. The trial court granted the TRO, and 14 days later, it

signed a temporary injunction enjoining American from proceeding with the

nonjudicial foreclosure sale on the property.

       On May 2, 2013, American answered the lawsuit and asserted a

counterclaim for judicial foreclosure of its security interest. Within a month, both

sides had filed competing summary judgment motions, which were heard on

August 29, 2013. On September 30, the trial court signed an order granting

partial summary judgment in favor of Pirkle, denying American’s summary


       3
        American claimed Lewis owed $99,901.71 on the note.

                                         4
judgment motion, and declaring that: (1) the constable’s deed conveying title to

Pirkle was a valid deed; (2) American’s rights under the deed of trust were

extinguished by the tax sale; (3) American’s rights under the note were

extinguished by the tax sale; and (4) American’s claim or lien on the property was

extinguished and otherwise null and void.

        The September 30 summary judgment remained interlocutory because it

did not dispose of Pirkle’s claim for attorney’s fees, and on January 31, 2014, the

trial court signed an order permitting American to file a third-party petition against

the taxing authorities. See Tex. R. Civ. P. 38(a). American’s third-party petition,

filed on March 7, 2014, added the taxing authorities4 to the lawsuit as third-party

defendants, suing for damages for an unconstitutional taking of the property

under article I of the Texas Constitution and for an “invalidation of the [t]ax [s]uit

[j]udgment and subsequent [t]ax [s]ale” under Texas Government Code chapter

2007.

        On June 26, 2014, the trial court granted the taxing authorities’ plea to the

jurisdiction. The final judgment in this case was signed on August 14, 2014,

incorporating and merging the interlocutory orders into the final judgment and

awarding to Pirkle attorney’s fees in the amount of $35,000.



        4
        American also named Castleberry Independent School District, which had
intervened in the original tax-delinquency suit as a third-party defendant prior to
the judgment and tax sale. Castleberry was subsequently nonsuited and is not a
party to this appeal. See Tex. R. Civ. P. 162.

                                          5
                                  IV. Discussion

      American brings three issues on appeal.          In its first issue, American

challenges the trial court’s rulings on the competing summary judgment motions.

In its second issue, American alternatively complains that if the trial court

correctly granted Pirkle’s motion, then the taxing authorities are liable for an

unconstitutional taking of its extinguished lienholder’s rights.    And in its third

issue, American contends that the trial court erred by awarding attorney’s fees to

Pirkle when no evidence was presented on the segregation of attorney’s fees

between the various parties involved and causes of action asserted.

A. Pirkle’s Summary Judgment

      In its first issue, American challenges the trial court’s summary judgment

rulings on the basis that the trial court “effectively rul[ed] that a tax foreclosure

sale extinguishes an existing lien against real property despite the fact that the

lienholder of record was not a party to, nor provided notice of, the underlying

delinquent tax lawsuit,” and that American established as a matter of law its

entitlement to judicial foreclosure. American also argues that the trial court erred

by granting declaratory relief on the underlying note.5


      5
        American further argues that Pirkle failed to submit competent summary
judgment evidence and that the trial court erred by overruling American’s
objections to the summary judgment evidence that Pirkle did submit, but based
on our resolution below, we do not reach this sub-issue. See Tex. R. App. P.
47.1. We do note, however, that the trial court had before it competing motions
for summary judgment filed by both parties on a pure question of law, that neither
side contends that a fact issue precluded the granting of summary judgment, and
that all of the facts necessary to decide the legal issue before this court are
                                         6
      1. Summary Judgment on the Lewis Note

      Because the note represented Lewis’s promise to pay the lender and any

assignees of the note the amounts due and because Pirkle had no interest under

the note, American argues that no justiciable controversy existed between Pirkle

and American with respect to the Lewis note. Therefore, American argues, the

trial court erred by declaring that the note was “null and void and has no force

and effect.” American is correct.

      Under the Uniform Declaratory Judgments Act, “[a] court of record within

its jurisdiction has power to declare rights, status, and other legal relations

whether or not further relief is or could be claimed.” Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code

Ann. § 37.003(a) (West 2015). However, a declaratory judgment is appropriate

only if a justiciable controversy exists as to the rights and status of the parties.

Bonham State Bank v. Beadle, 907 S.W.2d 465, 467 (Tex. 1995).             Because

Lewis was not a party to this suit, and Pirkle had no interest with regard to the

note, there was no justiciable controversy between Pirkle and American

regarding the validity of Lewis’s note.      See id.   Therefore, the trial court’s


undisputed by both American and Pirkle and included in their briefs on appeal.
See Tex. R. App. P. 38.1(g) (stating that in civil cases, “the court will accept as
true the facts stated unless another party contradicts them”). We also note that
because both motions were properly before the court at the time summary
judgment was granted on Pirkle’s motion, all of the evidence accompanying
American’s summary judgment motion could have been considered by the trial
court in deciding Pirkle’s motion, and vice versa. See FM Props. Operating Co.
v. City of Austin, 22 S.W.3d 868, 872 (Tex. 2000); DeBord v. Muller, 446 S.W.2d
299, 301 (Tex. 1969).

                                         7
declaration regarding the validity of the Lewis note was improper under these

circumstances, and we sustain this part of American’s first issue.

      2. Effect of the Tax Foreclosure Sale on SF3’s and American’s Lien

      American argues that, pursuant to rule of civil procedure 39, SF3 was a

necessary and indispensable party to the delinquent tax suit, and because SF3

was not joined as a party to the lawsuit, American was therefore not bound by

the judgment or tax sale that followed. According to American, Pirkle purchased

the property at the tax sale subject to SF3’s lien. Then when SF3 assigned all of

its rights, title, and interest to the property to American three months later,

American stood in the shoes of SF3 with full authority to enforce and foreclose

upon the lien on Pirkle’s property.

      Pirkle frames the issue differently. Notwithstanding the fact that SF3 was

neither aware of nor made a party to the underlying delinquent-tax lawsuit, Pirkle

contends that because the property was acquired at a tax sale, his ownership

interest came with certain statutory protections. American learned of Pirkle’s

ownership interest and the circumstances under which he had acquired the

property within at least six months of the recording of Pirkle’s deed.6 Pirkle

contends that once American became aware of the tax sale, it was incumbent

upon American to comply with the requirements of the tax code in order to

challenge Pirkle’s claim. Instead, American chose to proceed with foreclosure,

      6
       On January 15, 2013, American sent its first letter to Pirkle in which it
discussed the tax sale.

                                        8
notwithstanding the tax code’s provisions. Pirkle argues that American’s refusal

to follow the statutory scheme regarding tax-sale challenges barred any recovery

against Pirkle by American and, pursuant to section 33.54 of the tax code, on

August 28, 2013, Pirkle owned the property free and clear of American’s

purported lien.

             a. Tax Code Provisions

      The tax code provides a statutory framework through which a challenge to

a tax sale may be instituted against a purchaser at the sale. Section 34.08,

“Challenge to Validity of Tax Sale,” provides:

      (a) A person may not commence an action that challenges the
      validity of a tax sale under this chapter unless the person:

             (1) deposits into the registry of the court an amount equal to
             the amount of the delinquent taxes, penalties, and interest
             specified in the judgment of foreclosure obtained against the
             property plus all costs of the tax sale; . . .

             ....

      (b) A person may not commence an action challenging the validity of
      a tax sale after the time set forth in Section 33.54(a)(1) . . . against a
      subsequent purchaser for value who acquired the property in
      reliance on the tax sale. The purchaser may conclusively presume
      that the tax sale was valid and shall have full title to the property free
      and clear of the right, title, and interest of any person that arose
      before the tax sale . . . .

Tex. Tax Code Ann. § 34.08 (West 2015) (emphasis added). Tax code

section 33.54, “Limitation on Actions Relating to Property Sold for Taxes,”

further provides:



                                          9
        (a) Except as provided by Subsection (b), an action relating to the
        title to property may not be maintained against the purchaser of the
        property at a tax sale unless the action commenced:

                 (1) before the first anniversary of the date that the deed
                 executed to the purchaser at the tax sale is filed of record; . . .

                 ....

        (c) When actions are barred by this section, the purchaser at the tax
        sale . . . has full title to the property, precluding all other claims.

Tex. Tax Code Ann. § 33.54 (West 2015) (emphasis added).

        Pursuant to these statutes, in order to challenge the validity of the tax sale

or Pirkle’s right to the property free and clear of liens, American was required to:

(1) commence an action against Pirkle no later than August 27, 2013, the one-

year anniversary of the tax-sale-deed recordation and (2) prior to commencing

the action, make a deposit into the registry of the court in an amount equal to the

amount of the delinquent taxes, penalties, and interest, plus all costs of the tax

sale.       See id. §§ 33.54(a)(1), 34.08(a)(1).     Pirkle argues that American was

required to do both, and American admits that it did neither.7 Therefore, unless

American was not subject to the statutory requirements for challenging a tax sale

or a tax-sale purchaser’s title, by the one-year anniversary of the recording of the

sale—August 28, 2013—Pirkle could have conclusively presumed that the tax

        7
        American argues that it “never filed suit to set aside the judgment
rendered in the underlying tax suit . . . because it was not required to do so in
order to protect and enforce its rights in the Property.” It further argues, “More
importantly, [American] was not subject to the ‘prerequisites’ imposed by Tax
Code §34.08 and is not barred thereby from taking legal action to enforce its
rights in the Property.”

                                             10
sale was valid and that he was vested with full title to the property free and clear

of American’s purported lien. See id. § 34.08(b).

      To support its assertion that it was not required to comply with the

mandates of the tax code, American relies primarily on Security State Bank &

Trust v. Bexar County. 397 S.W.3d 715, 722 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2012, pet.

denied) (op. on reh’g). In Security State Bank, the bank—a lienholder of record

at the time the tax suit and sale occurred that had not received notice of, nor

been made a party to, the delinquent tax lawsuit—brought a lawsuit challenging

the tax sale. Id. at 717–18. The bank’s challenge did not comply with the tax

code in two respects: (1) the lawsuit was filed four days after the one-year

limitations period had run and (2) the deposit was not filed prior to, but rather 55

days after, the bank’s lawsuit had been filed. Id. at 720–21. Nevertheless, after

considering the bank’s due-process arguments, the court held that the bank’s

challenge was proper, independent of the tax code, and that the tax judgment

and tax sale were void as to the bank. Id. at 724. In so holding, the court drew a

distinction between the facts of its case and the line of cases that have held that

regardless of the merits of a tax sale challenge, the challenger must bring its suit

within the tax code’s limitations period and make the required deposit prior to

filing the suit. Id. (“These cases are distinguishable, however, because none

involved a record lienholder with a prior lien against the property.”).

      The distinction between a purported owner and a record lienholder

becomes significant in the context of tax-sale challenges because of the

                                         11
application of the tax code’s tolling provision as to limitations. The tax code

provides that the one-year limitation for challenging a tax sale can be tolled by a

party who continues to pay taxes on the property up until the party’s challenge is

made.8 As upheld by our sister court, the requirement that a property owner

challenge the tax sale within the one-year time limit or, in the alternative,

continue to pay property taxes, which tolls limitations, is not unreasonable. W.L.

Pickens Grandchildren’s Joint Venture v. DOH Oil Co., 281 S.W.3d 116, 121

(Tex. App.—El Paso 2008, pet. denied). After all, even if a property owner is

unaware of the foreclosure, he or she should continue to pay property taxes. Id.

This explains why—regardless of whether he or she is named and served with

citation in a tax suit—the tax code does not work to deny an owner the

opportunity to challenge the tax sale.        See id.; see also John K. Harrison

Holdings, LLC v. Strauss, 221 S.W.3d 785, 789 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 2007,

pet. denied) (“It is reasonable to expect one claiming an ownership in property to

pay the taxes on the property to avoid the limitations bar.”).




      8
       Tax code section 33.54(b) provides,

      If a person other than the purchaser at the tax sale . . . pays taxes
      on the property during the applicable limitations period and until the
      commencement of an action challenging the validity of the tax sale
      and that person was not served citation in the suit to foreclose the
      tax lien, [the] limitations period does not apply to that person.

Tex. Tax Code Ann. § 33.54(b).

                                         12
       This rationale does not necessarily hold true for lienholders, however. A

lienholder, who is not ordinarily liable for payment of taxes on the property, would

not be in the same position as an owner who, perhaps unwittingly, tolls the

limitations period simply by carrying on in the normal course through the payment

of property taxes as they become due. In recognition of this distinction, the court

in Security State Bank rejected the notion that the bank in that case, which was a

lienholder “at the time the delinquent tax suit was filed” rather than a property

owner, was precluded from collaterally attacking the tax sale, independent of the

tax code provisions. 397 S.W.3d at 721–25. Under the facts of Security State

Bank and the cases Security State Bank cites in support of its holding, the

lienholder received no notice of the lawsuit and had no opportunity to toll

limitations through payment of property taxes. Id. The facts of our case are quite

different.

       Unlike the lienholder in Security State Bank—which had an existing lien

against the property at the time the delinquent tax suit was filed and when the

sale occurred and was deprived of notice of these events—American acquired its

lien on the property with full notice of the delinquent tax lawsuit, the judgment

resulting from the lawsuit that authorized the tax sale, and the resulting tax sale

itself. As of October 31, 2012, the date American received its assignment from

SF3, the constable’s deed had been on file in the deed records for 65 days, the

judgment ordering the tax sale had been on file for 188 days, and the tax suit had



                                        13
been on file for 2 years and 65 days prior to the assignment.9 The holding in

Security State Bank is therefore distinguishable on its facts.

      In this case, well within the limitations period and armed with actual

knowledge of Pirkle’s purchase of the property at the tax sale and at least

general awareness of the existence of the Texas Tax Code,10 American made a

conscious decision not to comply with the statutory framework created by the

Texas Legislature to be followed in these very circumstances. American chose

not to make the required statutory deposit. American chose not to file suit within

the statutory limitations period or, in the alternative—even if it was already

engaged in litigation with Pirkle—to toll limitations through the interim payment of

property taxes. Instead, from the outset, American held steadfast to its position

that it was exempt from the law.

      To support its position, American claims status in the underlying lawsuit as

a necessary party under rule of civil procedure 39. Rule 39, “Joinder of Persons

Needed for Just Adjudication,” requires service and joinder of persons whose

      9
       The property code provides that an “instrument that is properly recorded
in the proper county . . . is notice to all persons of the existence of the
instrument.” Tex. Prop. Code Ann. § 13.002(1); Aston Meadows, Ltd. v. Devon
Energy Prod. Co., 359 S.W.3d 856, 859 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2012, pet.
denied). Once the constable’s deed was properly filed in the deed records of
Tarrant County, an irrebuttable presumption of notice arose as to Pirkle’s
ownership of the property free and clear of all liens. Aston Meadows, 359
S.W.3d at 859; see also Ford v. Exxon Mobil Chem. Co., 235 S.W.3d 615, 617
(Tex. 2007).
      10
         American references the tax code in its January 15, 2013 demand letter
to Pirkle.

                                         14
interests would be affected by a judgment. Tex. R. Civ. P. 39(a). When a person

claims an interest relating to the subject matter of an action, and “is so situated

that the disposition of the action in his absence may . . . as a practical matter

impair or impede his ability to protect that interest,” rule 39 compels his joinder in

the action. Security State Bank, 397 S.W.3d at 722 (quoting Tex. R. Civ. P. 39);

see also Brooks v. Northglen Ass’n, 141 S.W.3d 158, 162 (Tex. 2004) (“Rule

39(a)(1) requires the presence of all persons who have an interest in the litigation

so that any relief awarded will effectively and completely adjudicate the

dispute.”).

      In the context of delinquent-tax suits, Texas courts have generally held that

because a record lienholder possesses a significant interest in the property

subject to foreclosure, a lienholder is a necessary party who must be joined in

the suit to be bound by it. Security State Bank, 397 S.W.3d at 722; Mem’l Park

Med. Ctr., Inc. v. River Bend Dev. Grp., L.P., 264 S.W.3d 810, 814 (Tex. App.—

Eastland 2008, no pet.); Jordan v. Bustamante, 158 S.W.3d 29, 38–39 (Tex.

App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2005, pet. denied); Murphee Prop. Holdings, Ltd. v.

Sunbelt Sav. Ass’n of Tex., 817 S.W.2d 850, 852–53 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st

Dist.] 1991, no writ). These courts have further held that the absence of the

lienholder from the tax suit will render the tax sale invalid as to the lienholder.

Security State Bank, 397 S.W.3d at 722–24. At the time of the lawsuit and

subsequent tax sale, American had no interest in the property that would be

affected by the judgment.

                                         15
      It is undisputed that SF3 was the record lienholder on the property at the

time of the tax sale. As such, SF3 should have been joined in the lawsuit as a

party and afforded an opportunity to protect its property interest. See id. at 721–

22. Because it was not joined in the delinquent tax lawsuit, SF3 was not legally

bound by the judgment or the tax sale. See id. at 724. Following Security State

Bank, SF3 could have side-stepped the mandates of the tax code and collaterally

attacked the tax judgment to set aside both the judgment and tax sale as to its

lien interest. See id. at 724–25.

      But SF3 did not do this. Instead, three months after the tax sale, SF3

assigned its lien to American, which, as discussed above, purchased the

assignment with an irrebuttable presumption of notice of the intervening tax sale.

See Ford, 235 S.W.3d at 617; Aston Meadows, 359 S.W.3d at 859.               Since

American was not a record lienholder and had no ownership interest in the

property at the time of the tax judgment and tax sale, American possessed no

due-process rights to notice or service of the delinquent-tax lawsuit or the

subsequent sale.     American was afforded its own due process rights as a

subsequent purchaser of SF3’s interest in the property when it purchased the

assignment with notice of the intervening tax sale. Whether American, as SF3’s

successor in interest, could likewise disregard the tax code depends wholly upon

whether American has standing to assert SF3’s right to due process.




                                        16
             b. Due Process

      Generally speaking, a party has no standing to set aside a tax sale based

upon the failure to join other necessary or indispensable parties in the

delinquent-tax lawsuit. Jordan, 158 S.W.3d at 39 (citing Sweed v. City of El

Paso, No. 08-00-00195-CV, 2001 WL 1469071, at *2 (Tex. App.—El Paso Nov.

20, 2001, pet. denied) (not designated for publication) (holding failure to join all

interested parties in delinquent-tax suit did not deprive trial court of power to

render valid judgment against those actually named, and appellant had no

standing to assert any rights on behalf of third party)); see also Murmur Corp. v.

Bd. of Adjustment, 718 S.W.2d 790, 793 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1986, writ ref’d

n.r.e.) (holding subsequent purchaser of property had no standing to complain of

lack of notice to former owner). American argues that it has standing because,

as SF3’s assignee, American “effectively stands in the shoes of SF3” to assert its

claims against the taxing authorities.

      Whether American’s presumption is correct, however, is not so clear.

Assuming without holding that the assignment purported to convey the right to

sue generally, whether a lienholder’s right to challenge a tax judgment and sale

based upon due-process violations is assignable at all appears to be an issue of

first impression in Texas.

      It is axiomatic that an assignee stands in the shoes of its predecessor in

interest, and, at first blush, this general principle should end the inquiry. Indeed,

in its brief, American reaches this conclusion in one sentence, with no scrutiny of

                                         17
the basis for that conclusion. In fact, the entire premise regarding standing to

sue for another’s due-process violations is glossed over by American without a

single citation to authority and simply a recitation that SF3 “assigned, granted,

transferred and conveyed all of SF3’s rights, title and interest in the Note and

Deed of Trust to [American].”

      We start with the general rule that causes of action are freely assignable

in Texas. City of Brownsville ex rel. Pub. Utils. Bd. v. AEP Tex. Cent. Co., 348

S.W.3d 348, 358 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2011, pet. denied). However, exceptions

have been carved out of this general rule, mostly in situations when “the

particular assignment presents specific dangers, such as jury confusion, the

multiplication of disputes, and potential prejudice to the parties.” HSBC Bank

USA, N.A. v. Watson, 377 S.W.3d 766, 774 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2012, pet.

dism’d) (citing State Farm Fire & Cas. Co. v. Gandy, 925 S.W.2d 696, 707–11

(Tex. 1996)).

      Although not a delinquent-tax suit, the facts of HSBC are somewhat similar

and its analysis is instructive to this case. See id. at 770–71, 774–75. HSBC

involved an attempt to set aside a default judgment that voided a lien and deed of

trust on the grounds that the prior lienholder had not been served or made a

party to the underlying lawsuit. Id. at 770. Like American, the appellant in HSBC

had no then-existing right or interest at the time of the judgment. Id. HSBC, who

took the lien by assignment postjudgment, brought a bill of review and asserted

standing to challenge the judgment by asserting a violation of the prior

                                       18
lienholder’s due-process rights, just as American does in this case. Id. at 770–

71, 773–74. And in HSBC, as in this case, the appellees argued that only the

party whose due-process rights were violated had standing to assert those rights.

Id. at 774.

      In permitting the subsequent lienholder to pursue the bill of review, the

court held that, in the absence of policy reasons forbidding the particular

assignment, the policy of the state would be to permit it. Id. at 775. Because the

assignment to HSBC was not “inimical to public policy,” the court allowed HSBC

to step into the shoes of its predecessor in interest and pursue its predecessor’s

due-process-violation claim. Id.

      We agree with the analysis of HSBC, and the question now becomes—is

there a public policy reason to forbid the due-process claim assignment in this

particular case? We believe there is.

      As the supreme court explained in Gandy, a deceptive-trade-practices-act

(DTPA) case, the question of assignability of causes of action has its roots in

equity, not law. 925 S.W.2d at 705–15. At early common law, a cause of action

could not be assigned.       Id. at 705–06.      This common law rule against

assignability was believed to be rooted in two equitable principles. Id. at 706.

First, the bar served as a guard against the proliferation of lawsuits and unethical

practices, and, second, common law regarded rights as personal to the holder,

considering the individuals and circumstances involved, such that rights and



                                        19
obligations could not be enforced apart from their context without risking

distortion. Id.

      The supreme court further explained that as early as the fifteenth century,

this common law bar began to give way to the demands of commerce that

assigned debts should be enforceable, and by the eighteenth century, it had

collapsed with regard to debts and contract rights. Id. The only remnants of the

common law bar against assignability of causes of action that survived in

American common law were those pertaining to some torts, and by 1895, even

personal-injury claims became assignable in Texas. Id. at 706–07 (citing Beech

Aircraft Corp. v. Jinkins, 739 S.W.2d 19, 22 (Tex. 1987)). The supreme court

explained that while “practicalities of the modern world” have now made the

assignability of causes of action the general rule, the “common law’s reservations

to alienability” have not been entirely dispelled, nor has the “role of equity or

policy” been displaced in shaping the rule, such that even today, contractual

assignments may be “inoperative on grounds of public policy.” Id. at 707.

      The court outlined four instances in which it has held the assignment of a

cause of action invalid, each of which was based on equitable principles and

“historical reservations.” Id. These four instances are (1) the assignment of legal

malpractice claims, as “demean[ing to] the legal profession,” Zuniga v. Groce,

Locke & Hebdon, 878 S.W.2d 313, 314, 317–18 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1994,

writ ref’d); (2) the assignment to settling defendants of a part of a plaintiff’s claim

against nonsettling defendants—“Mary Carter” agreements—as void against

                                          20
public policy due to the tendency to promote litigation rather than settle it and the

distorting effect such agreements have on the rights of nonsettling defendants,

Elbaor v. Smith, 845 S.W.2d 240, 242, 246–50 (Tex. 1992); (3) the assignment to

one tortfeasor of rights to prosecute against a joint tortfeasor as unenforceable

due to its tendency to confuse the jury and prejudice the rights of the remaining

parties, Int’l Proteins Corp. v. Ralston–Purina Co., 744 S.W.2d 932, 933–34 (Tex.

1988); and (4) the particular assignment of an interest in an estate, due to its

distorting effect at trial and its effect of depriving other parties of their rights,

Trevino v. Turcotte, 564 S.W.2d 682, 684–88 (Tex. 1978). Id. at 707–11.

      The court then turned to the facts of Gandy, stating,

      The common law’s concerns about alienability of choses in action,
      voiced by Lord Coke and Holmes, echo in our own decisions. In
      widely different contexts we have invalidated assignments of choses
      in action that tend to increase and distort litigation. We have never
      upheld assignments in the face of those concerns. With these
      things in mind, we turn to the assignment in this case, and others
      like it.

Id. at 711. After considering the facts of the case before it and applying the

equitable principles involved, the supreme court held invalid assignments of an

insured’s DTPA cause of action against its insurance company, citing, among

other reasons, that the point of the assignment would not end litigation but rather

prolong it. Id. at 712–14.

      Both Gandy and HSBC stand for the proposition that, in the face of a

challenge as to standing to assert a due-process claim that has been purportedly

assigned to another, courts should inquire as to whether there are notions of

                                         21
equity and public policy that would vitiate the assignment of the claim under the

circumstances. Applying this standard, this court finds at least six equitable and

public-policy reasons why American should not be permitted to stand in the

shoes of SF3 to assert SF3’s due process violations.

            (1.)    Equity Favors Diligence

      The expectation that parties exercise diligence and vigilance in their own

affairs is a deeply rooted principle of equity. Rivercenter Assocs. v. Rivera, 858

S.W.2d 366, 367 (Tex. 1993) (orig. proceeding) (“‘Equity aids the diligent and not

those who slumber on their rights.’”) (quoting Callahan v. Giles, 155 S.W.2d 793,

795 (Tex. 1941)).     This fundamental notion of equity would be violated by

permitting a subsequent purchaser to ignore the deed records that would put him

on notice of the purported extinguishment of the property rights he seeks to

acquire and then to collaterally attack the very deed that would have provided

notice in advance of the acquisition. Instead, it would reward indolence and

neglect.

      On more than one occasion, the supreme court has pointed out that the

fundamental purpose of recording laws is to protect parties such as American

from this very circumstance. Ojeda de Toca v. Wise, 748 S.W.2d 449, 450–51

(Tex. 1988) (“We conclude instead that the purpose of recording statutes is to

protect ‘intending purchasers and encumbrancers . . . against the evils of secret

grants and secret liens . . . .’”) (citing 66 Am. Jur. 2d Records and Recording

Laws § 48 (1973)). The court in Ojeda explained that to protect American—and

                                       22
others like it—“the Texas Legislature enacted a comprehensive statutory

recording system which provides in part that ‘[a]n instrument . . . properly

recorded in the proper county is notice to all persons of the existence of the

instrument.’” Id. at 451 (citing Tex. Prop. Code Ann. § 13.002).11

      As one commentator has observed, “The central purpose of law is to guide

behavior. When legislatures create rules, a person properly forms expectations

about how the legal system will respond to his actions.” Stephen R. Munzer, A

Theory of Retroactive Legislation, 61 Tex. L. Rev. 425, 426 (1982).        In this

circumstance, where American, through the exercise of diligence, would have

discovered Pirkle’s claim prior to taking the assignment from SF3, it would be

violative of both public policy, as expressed by both the property code and the

tax code, and principles of equity to allow American nevertheless to bypass the

statutory scheme available to challenge the tax sale. Applying the standards of

Gandy and HSBC, the equitable principle favoring due diligence, combined with

a comprehensive statutory system for recording real-property records, weigh



      11
        The court further explained that while the deed record provided notice to
a subsequent purchaser, failure to search the deed records prior to purchase
would not operate as a bar against a fraud action against the seller. Ojeda, 748
S.W.2d at 451. So, for example, here, American’s failure to search the deed
records would not have precluded an action by it against SF3. See id. But if
American had pursued an action against SF3, limitations on that action would
have begun to run immediately because, as the supreme court has held, even
when a party fails to examine the public record, he still is on notice of the deed
records contained therein for the purposes of limitations. HECI Exploration Co.
v. Neel, 982 S.W.2d 881, 887 (Tex. 1998).

                                        23
against permitting the assignment of SF3’s due-process claim to American under

these circumstances.

             (2.)   Public Policy Favors Limitations

      In this case, American seeks to collaterally attack the effects of a tax sale

rather than utilize the statutory remedy that was available to it but that also

carried with it a limitations period. See Tex. Tax Code Ann. §§ 33.54, 34.08. As

the court in Security State Bank pointed out, a collateral attack may be brought at

any time, and it is not limited to a definite time period after the tax judgment has

been rendered or the sale has occurred. 397 S.W.3d at 723. But allowing a

lienholder who acquired its interest with notice of the tax judgment and sale to

collaterally attack the tax judgment at any time in the future, unfettered by any

applicable limitations period, would serve to undermine the public policy in favor

of imposing limitations on causes of action. Cf. id.

      Texas law favors limitations of actions. See Strauss, 221 S.W.3d at 789

(“Statutes of limitations serve to further the policy that one must diligently pursue

legal rights at the risk of losing them if they are not timely asserted.”).       The

supreme court has declared that “[i]t is in society’s best interest . . . that disputes

be settled or barred within a reasonable time.”           Wagner & Brown, Ltd. v.

Horwood, 58 S.W.3d 732, 734 (Tex. 2001).               In both law and law-making,

limitations statutes are ubiquitous.    See, e.g., Tex. Bus. & Com. Code Ann.

§ 17.565 (West 2011); Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. §§ 16.002, 16.004–

.005, .022–.028 (West 2002), §§ 16.003, .0045 (West Supp. 2014), §§ 16.051,

                                          24
.061 (West 2015); Tex. Gov’t Code Ann. § 2253.073 (West 2008); Tex. Ins. Code

Ann. § 541.162 (West 2009); Tex. Loc. Gov’t Code Ann. § 62.089 (West 2008);

Cosgrove v. Cade, No. 14-0346, 2015 WL 3976719, at *2 (Tex. June 26, 2015)

(“A four-year period also applies to deed-reformation claims.”); Am. Star Energy

& Minerals Corp. v. Stowers, 457 S.W.3d 427, 430 (Tex. 2015) (stating that when

the legislature employs the term “accrued” without accompanying definition, “‘the

courts must determine when that cause of action accrues and thus when the

statute of limitations commences to run’”) (quoting Moreno v. Sterling Drug, Inc.,

787 S.W.2d 348, 351 (Tex. 1990)).12

      Nor has limitations escaped the context of tax sales.            The Texas

Legislature considered limitations to be sufficiently important in the context of

finality of tax sales to provide for a one-year limitations period in which to levy

any challenge. See Tex. Tax Code Ann. § 33.54(a). Further recognizing that

this one-year limitations period might work an injustice to parties who did not

receive actual notice of the delinquent tax lawsuit or sale, the legislature also

expressly provided for the tolling of limitations for parties so situated. See id.


      12
         We cite these merely for example. There are many, many more. Indeed,
a search on the Texas Legislature’s website using “limitations” as the keyword (in
addition to “statute” as a secondary key word and “statute of limitations” as the
exact phrase being sought) showed that for more than two decades, not a single
regular legislative session has passed without consideration of proposed
legislation relating to limitations in some form or manner. See Texas Legislature
Online,               Text               Search,           available            at
http://www.legis.state.tx.us/Search/TextSearch.aspx (last visited August 31,
2015).

                                        25
§ 33.54(b).13 Despite the fact that American was aware of the tax sale well within

the limitations period and had the ability to toll the period even further, American

instead deliberately chose to disregard the limitations deadline.

      The undisputed evidence in this case establishes that no later than

January 15, 2013, American was aware of the August 27, 2012 tax sale. By that

time, American was still within the applicable limitations period to file suit against

Pirkle. See Tex. Tax Code Ann. §§ 33.54(a)(1), 34.08(b). At that point in time,

American had more than seven months to decide whether to pay the deposit and

file the challenge, or to pay the property taxes and toll the limitations period

      13
         Prior to September 1, 1997, the tax code provided a three-year
limitations period to bring a tax sale challenge. See Act of May 24, 1979, 66th
Leg., R.S., ch. 841, § 1, sec. 33.54(a), 1979 Tex. Gen. Laws 2296, 2296, 2332
(amended 1997) (current version at Tex. Tax Code Ann. § 33.54 (West 2015)).
The 75th Legislature shortened that period of time to one year and retained the
tolling provision for those who were not served with citation in the foreclosure
suit, but added the provision that prohibits a person from challenging the validity
of a tax sale unless he or she deposits a certain amount into the registry of the
court or files an affidavit of inability to pay. Compare id., with Act of May 22,
1997, 75th Leg., R.S., ch. 1136, § 1, sec. 33.54(a), § 4, sec. 34.08(a), 1997 Tex.
Gen. Laws 4299, 4299–302 (current version at Tex. Tax Code Ann. §§ 33.54,
34.08). The bill analysis explained the public-policy reason for shortening the
limitations period from three years to one, stating:

             Currently . . . the Property Tax Code provides a three-year
      period following the tax sale in which the procedural methodology of
      the foreclosure can be contested. . . . The potential of such a claim
      can effectively forestall redevelopment of the property until the three-
      year limitations period elapses, causing abandoned properties to
      abound. This legislation would shorten the limitations period to one
      year . . . .

Senate Comm. on Intergovernmental Relations, Bill Analysis, Tex. S.B. 1249,
75th          Leg.,            R.S.         (1997),          available   at
http://www.capitol.state.tx.us/tlodocs/75R/analysis/html/SB01249S.htm.
                                         26
indefinitely.   See id. §§ 33.54(b), 34.08(a)(1).       The parties were cast as

adversaries in litigation seventy-five days later—when Pirkle filed suit against

American on April 1, 2013—and still American had almost six months left of the

one-year limitations period to make a decision on whether to challenge the tax

suit or to pay the property taxes, thereby extending the limitations period even

further. See id.

       In this circumstance, where American had more than ample opportunity to

comply with the tax code and challenge the tax sale during the applicable period

of limitations—or to take the necessary action to toll the applicable limitations

period altogether—it would be contrary to public policy to permit American to

ignore the applicable statutes governing tax sale challenges and, instead, to

insist that it be allowed to collaterally attack the tax sale at whatever juncture, on

whatever timeframe,14 it fancied. Applying the standards of Gandy and HSBC,

the strong public policy in Texas that favors the imposition of limitations on the

commencement of actions—specifically, limitations on actions challenging

delinquent-property-tax sales—balances against permitting the assignment of

SF3’s due-process claim to American under these circumstances.

       14
         The legislature has evidenced a strong desire that the statutory scheme
of requiring a deposit be made prior to asserting a challenge to the tax sale be
followed. As explained in the analysis of the 1997 amendments to the tax code,
“Finally, this bill seeks to forestall frivolous claims of faulty process by requiring
all taxes, penalties, interest, and costs on the property to be deposited into the
registry of the court at the time such a claim is made . . . .” Senate Comm. on
Intergovernmental Relations, Bill Analysis, Tex. S.B. 1249, 75th Leg., R.S.
(1997),                                     available                                at
http://www.capitol.state.tx.us/tlodocs/75R/analysis/html/SB01249S.htm.
                                          27
             (3.)    Public Policy Favors Free and Clear Title

      Equally evident from the tax code provisions is the public policy that favors

the conveyance of free and clear title to purchasers at tax sales.15

      As the supreme court has repeatedly emphasized, “[t]he plain language of

a statute is the surest guide to the Legislature’s intent.” Prairie View A & M Univ.

v. Chatha, 381 S.W.3d 500, 507 (Tex. 2012); see also Greater Houston P’ship v.

Paxton, No. 13-0745, 2015 WL 3978138, at *5 (Tex. June 26, 2015) (“We seek

that [legislative] intent first and foremost in the plain meaning of the text.”);

Valdez v. Hollenbeck, No. 13-0709, 2015 WL 3640887, at *8 (Tex. June 12,

2015) (“Our plain-language reading of section 31 is reinforced when the statute is

viewed within the context of the Probate Code.”); Lippincott v. Whisenhunt, 462

S.W.3d 507, 509 (Tex. 2015) (“Our objective in construing a statute is to give

effect to the Legislature’s intent, which requires us to first look to the statute’s

plain language.”).

      The current tax code is replete with affirmations that the purchaser at tax

sales should take the property free and clear of all liens. See Tex. Tax Code

Ann. § 33.54(c) (“When actions are barred by this section, the purchaser at the

tax sale . . . has full title to the property, precluding all other claims.”), § 34.08(b)


      15
        The need for “stability and certainty” in title to real estate is also a central
purpose of imputing constructive notice through the statutory recording scheme
discussed above. HECI, 982 S.W.2d at 887. Thus, through both the tax code
and the property code, the public policy in favor of effectuating clean title
transfers by availing oneself of the statutory mechanisms in place is manifest.

                                           28
(stating that when limitations has run under section 33.54(a)(1) or (2), the

purchaser “may conclusively presume that the tax sale was valid and shall have

full title to the property free and clear of the right, title, and interest of any person

that arose before the tax sale, subject only to recorded restrictive covenants and

valid easements of record,” per section 34.01(n), “and subject to applicable rights

of redemption”), § 34.01(n) (West 2015) (“[T]he [constable’s] deed vests good

and perfect title in the purchaser or the purchaser’s assigns” subject to a few

exceptions not applicable here).16

      The public policy underlying this legislative scheme, and all other

jurisdictions with similar delinquent-property-tax-sale statutes, is to encourage tax

sale purchases.17     See Frank S. Alexander, Tax Liens, Tax Sales, and Due

      16
           Changes to the tax code in 1997 made even more evident legislative
intent that tax purchasers take free and clear title, subject only to challenges
within the statutory framework that the legislature devised. The legislature
amended section 33.54(c)’s statutory language, which had provided that the
purchaser “shall be held to have full title to the property, precluding all other
claims,” see Act of May 24, 1979, 66th Leg., R.S., ch. 841, sec. 33.54(c), 1979
Tex. Gen. Laws 2217, 2296 (amended 1997), to a more direct assertion that the
purchaser “has full title to the property, precluding all other claims,” see Act of
May 28, 1997, 75th Leg., R.S., ch. 1192, § 1, sec. 33.54(c), 1997 Tex. Gen.
Laws 4594, 4595, and added section 34.08(b), which provides that unless the
limitations period and deposit requirements were complied with, “[s]uch
purchaser may conclusively presume that the tax sale was valid and shall have
full title to the property free and clear . . . .” Act of May 28, 1997, 75th Leg., R.S.,
ch. 1192, § 3, sec. 34.08(b), 1997 Tex. Gen. Laws 4594, 4595–96 (amended
nonsubstantively 1999).
      17
        Tax sale purchases—through the transfer of good title—are encouraged
because doing so “recovers more delinquent taxes, and should start a period of
timely payment of future taxes.” 21 Jay D. Howell Jr., Texas Practice Series:
Property Taxes § 871 (4th ed. 2014).

                                           29
Process, 75 Ind. L.J. 747, 763 (2000) (observing that a property-tax lien has

“super-priority status”); Michael G. Pellegrino & Ralph P. Allocca, Tax

Certificates: A Review of the Tax Sale Law, 26 Seton Hall L. Rev. 1607, 1608

(1996) (“The public policy underlying the [New Jersey] Tax Sale Law is to

encourage tax sale foreclosure in order to assist municipalities in collecting

delinquent taxes.”); see also Michelle Z. Marchiony, Comment, Making Debt Pay:

Examining the Use of Property Tax Delinquency as a Revenue Source, 62

Emory L.J. 217, 223–24 (2012) (explaining that property tax liens enable tax

enforcement in that the local government can foreclose upon them and compel

transfer of the underlying property to allow recovery on the debt, extinguish the

lien, and provide government services); Jennifer C.H. Francis, Comment,

Redeeming What is Lost: The Need To Improve Notice for Elderly Homeowners

Before and After Tax Sales, 25 Geo. Mason U. Civ. Rts. L.J. 85, 90 (2014)

(stating that “[e]very state has laws implementing tax lien systems that enable

local governments to sell a homeowner’s property for unpaid taxes”); Matthew J.

Samsa, Note, Reclaiming Abandoned Properties: Using Public Nuisance Suits

and Land Banks to Pursue Economic Redevelopment, 56 Clev. St. L. Rev. 189,

191–93 (2008) (addressing real property abandonment to note that “[l]ocal

governments currently use tax foreclosure and building and housing codes as the

principal methods of abating nuisances”).

       It is a generally well-accepted principle that investors are risk averse.

Henry N. Butler, Economic Analysis for Lawyers 11, 571 (2d ed. 1998)

                                       30
(observing that “the concept of risk aversion is the basis for many important

weights in economics, finance, and law” and that economists assume that most

people are risk averse “concerning gambles that affect a significant proportion of

their wealth”). The assessment of risk, though not readily quantifiable, is an

appreciable consideration for those engaging in business transactions.         See

Mark Moller, Procedure’s Ambiguity, 86 Ind. L.J. 645, 708 (2011) (distinguishing

between the risk-averse, who avoid bets that present quantifiable odds of a

terrible loss, and the uncertainty-averse, who avoid bets where the odds are

unknown). One of the most critical determinants in the willingness of a private

investor to purchase property at a tax sale is uncertainty. See Alexander, supra,

at 763. Few title companies will insure title derived from a tax sale. Id. at 748.

Because the risk of potential claims against property purchased at a tax sale

might prevent or hinder prospective buyers from participating in tax sales, the

Texas Legislature has reduced that risk by providing for full and clear title to

those who purchase property at tax sales. See Tex. Tax Code Ann. §§ 33.54(c),

34.08(b). With greater certainty about the strength of the title they acquire, those

who are risk-averse have more incentive to purchase property at tax sales.

      Absent from the facts of this case is any compelling reason to allow an

assignment of a cause of action that would only serve to create more litigation

and uncertainty with regard to the effect of tax sales, especially when the

legislature has expressed unambiguous intent that it wants tax-sale purchasers

to take free and clear of all preexisting liens. See id.

                                          31
      To allow American to stand in the shoes of SF3 to assert SF3’s due-

process violations would further serve to thwart public policy and the intent of the

Texas Legislature that unless a challenge is made within the limitations period

and using the statutory framework that was promulgated for the purpose of

warding against frivolous claims, tax-sale purchasers receive free and clear title

to the property purchased. Thus, the well-established public policies in favor of

stability and certainty of the purchaser’s title at a delinquent-tax sale weigh

against permitting the assignment of SF3’s due-process claim to American under

these circumstances.

            (4.)   Public Policy Disfavors Promoting Litigation

      Allowing American to pursue SF3’s claim for due-process violations would

also serve to promote litigation, rather than end it. In both Elbaor and Gandy, the

supreme court held that an assignment of a cause of action that serves to

promote litigation rather than end it violates public policy and should not be

enforced. Gandy, 925 S.W.2d at 705–15; Elbaor, 845 S.W.2d at 250.

      While SF3 could have asserted its due-process violations through a

collateral attack on the judgment, it did not choose to do so. Instead, SF3 sold its

interest to American, which took the interest with constructive notice of the

recorded constable’s deed that vested “good and perfect title” to the property in

Pirkle, subject only to the provisions for challenge and redemption under tax

code section 34.01(n). Allowing SF3’s due-process violations to be litigated by

American through collateral attack, notwithstanding limitations or any other

                                        32
statutory restriction that would otherwise apply, would create not only a viable

threat of litigation but also a threat that would last in perpetuity.

      As Pirkle points out in his brief, permitting American to pursue SF3’s due

process violation claim risks “establish[ing] a dangerous precedent” by providing

“an incentive to predators to peruse tax sale records for defects in notice to

lienholders, acquire the lien at a discount, and then to foreclose on the lien

without any protections to the property tax sale purchaser.”18 We agree. To

permit the assignment of SF3’s due-process claim in this circumstance would

work to encourage litigation, rather than to curb it.

             (5.)   Collateral Attacks are Disfavored

      Collateral attacks are disfavored because they run counter to the strong

public policy of the law to give finality to judgments. H.E.B., L.L.C. v. Ardinger,

369 S.W.3d 496, 521 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2012, no pet.) (citing Browning v.

Prostok, 165 S.W.3d 336, 345 (Tex. 2005)). Consequently, only a void judgment

may be collaterally attacked. Browning, 165 S.W.3d at 346.

      While Security State Bank permitted a collateral attack on a tax suit

judgment by a lienholder who did not receive notice of the lawsuit, we can find no

      18
          This is not merely a theoretical concern. In Acirema, N.V. v. Lilly, a
lienholder took by transfer and assignment in 1996 all rights to property that had
been sold at a tax sale in 1994. No. CIV. A. 1:96–0559, 1997 WL 876738, at *1–
2 (S.D. W.Va. Aug. 11, 1997), aff’d, 141 F.3d 1157 (4th Cir. 1998). The
subsequent lienholder sought to have the tax deed set aside, asserting a due-
process violation as to its predecessor in interest who had received no notice of
the original, first attempt at a tax sale in 1989. Id. at *4. The court declined to
reinstate the deed of trust, however, partly because the lienholder failed to avail
itself of statutory remedies. Id. at *4–5.
                                           33
case where the right of collateral attack has been extended to subsequent

lienholders, such as American, who took their interests with notice. The holding

of Security State Bank was narrowly drawn, encompassing only the party whose

due process rights were denied. See 397 S.W.3d at 724–25 (concluding that the

bank’s suit was a proper collateral attack based upon a due-process violation

that rendered the tax judgment and tax sale void as to it; finding the bank was not

bound by the judgment, but the judgment valid to other parties; holding that the

bank was entitled to have the tax judgment set aside as to its lien interest; and

setting aside the tax judgment and sale as to the bank’s interest).

      And while Security State Bank supports the proposition that the delinquent

tax judgment in this case was void as to SF3, it does not support the contention

that the judgment should be void as to American. Cf. id. American took its

interest with constructive notice of the constable’s deed at a time when it could

have directly attacked the judgment.         The strong public policy disfavoring

collateral attacks on judgments therefore militates against permitting the

assignment of SF3’s due-process claim to American under these circumstances.

            (6.)   Considerations of Comity

      Through an elaborate scheme that has been revisited and amended over

the years, the Texas Legislature has clearly expressed a desire to resolve tax-

sale challenges pursuant to statute, not collateral attack. See Tex. Tax Code

Ann. §§ 33.54, 34.08. Unlike the parties involved in the cases that American



                                        34
cites,19 at no point in this series of circumstances was American ever deprived of

a due process right, i.e., the opportunity to avail itself of statutory remedies to

challenge the sale.20

      When the legislature has exercised its authority to provide a statutory

remedy that, if followed, would have fully addressed every due process concern


      19
          In addition to Security State Bank, American also relies on Kothari v.
Oyervidez, 373 S.W.3d 801, 810 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2012, pet.
denied), First State Bank-Keene v. Metroplex Petroleum Inc., 155 F.3d 732, 737
(5th Cir. 1998), and Murphee Property Holdings, Ltd. v. Sunbelt Savings
Association of Texas, 817 S.W.2d 850, 852 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.]
1991, no writ). All three cases are distinguishable, however, because the
complaining parties in those cases were the actual lienholders at the time the
tax-suit judgment was rendered. First State Bank-Keene, 155 F.3d at 733–34,
737 (holding that under Texas law, because the FDIC was not made a party to
the tax suit, its lien interest was not disposed of and the tax sale purchasers took
the property subject to that lien); Kothari, 373 S.W.3d at 802–04, 811 (reversing
summary judgment because the summary judgment record did not address
critical facts concerning notice and filing that were necessary for the court to
determine as a matter of law whether the appellant was entitled to foreclose his
liens on the property); Murphee, 817 S.W.2d at 851, 854 (affirming judgment for
record lienholder who was not made a party to the tax suit).
      20
         American is not asking this court to merely follow Security State Bank
and the line of cases that, applying the principles of due process, carve out a
tolling provision for lienholders who were not served with notice of the delinquent
tax lawsuit. In those cases, had the courts not intervened and permitted a
collateral attack on the tax-sale judgment, valuable due-process rights would
have been denied to otherwise assiduous lienholders who held existing property
rights. What American instead asks this court to do is take these cases one step
further. American asks this court to carve out another exception for a special
class of litigants—subsequent lienholders who take, with eyes wide open,
assignments with constructive notice of the properly-recorded constable’s deed,
and, thereafter, armed with actual knowledge of the tax sale well within the
applicable period of limitations, nevertheless proceed to turn a blind eye to the
statutory mandates in place to assert a challenge to the tax sale in a proper and
timely manner.

                                        35
present in this circumstance, there is little justification for the courts to intervene

to create new rights and remedies that would allow lienholders to side-step

legislative mandates.     The due-process analysis in Acirema is particularly

instructive:

      Where the plaintiff alleges that the deprivation of his property interest
      was unauthorized by state law, the state need not provide
      predeprivation process but instead need only provide a
      postdeprivation remedy. Assuming, arguendo, that the increased
      cost of redemption did constitute a deprivation, the amended statute
      which provides for notice—and under which Equitable did indeed
      receive notice—provided a postdeprivation remedy of which
      Equitable did not avail itself. Thus, plaintiff’s challenge to the
      sheriff’s sale has been effectively dealt with by the state legislature
      in its amended statutory provisions.

1997 WL 876738, at * 5 (citations omitted).

      Similarly, American seeks predeprivation process when it had full post-

deprivation remedies available to it. American asks this court to alter the system

devised by the Texas Legislature and to substitute instead the right to litigate

another party’s due process violations by collateral attack on the tax sale

judgment. To do so would not only reward American for sleeping on its rights but

also encourage similar behavior by others who would follow American’s lead in

the conduct of their business affairs in the future. Principles of comity weigh

against permitting the assignment of SF3’s due-process claim to American under

these circumstances.21


      21
          We note that the Fifth Circuit, in In re Paxton, 440 F.3d 233, 236 (5th Cir.
2006), stated that it found no reversible error when a bankruptcy court and then a
district court found that a mortgage-interest assignee could pursue its assignor’s
                                          36
   3. Conclusion

      Regardless of whether SF3 was named and served with citation in the tax

suit, American was provided ample notice and opportunity to challenge the

validity of Pirkle’s deed in compliance with the statutory scheme designed for just

this situation.   Instead, American, aware of the tax code and its provisions

(having cited portions of the code to Pirkle in its January 15 letter), simply chose

to ignore its statutory remedies. Applying long-standing notions of equity and

public policy, as set forth above, we hold that American has no standing to assert

SF3’s due-process violations under the circumstances presented in this case.22

We overrule this part of American’s first issue, and in light of our disposition here,

we hold that American’s purported lien was not enforceable against Pirkle.

Therefore, the trial court did not err by denying American’s motion for summary

judgment on its cause of action for judicial foreclosure.




due process claims. However, the court did not elaborate on how the lower
courts reached this conclusion or the underlying rationale beyond the district
court’s finding that “a valid assignment confers upon the assignee standing to
sue in place of the assignor,” and the lower courts apparently did not publish
opinions to explain their reasoning. Id. And the court did not explain whether the
lower courts reached this conclusion under federal law or Louisiana law or
address whether there were other statutory remedies to address pre-deprivation
process or any post deprivation remedies available to the parties involved. Id.
Therefore, we do not consider Paxton to determine the outcome of this appeal.
      22
         This holding should not inhibit assignments of liens in the future. Rather,
assignees are simply encouraged to exercise the due diligence that is expected
of any party involved in a real-estate transaction, i.e., to consult the deed records
prior to acquiring an interest in property.

                                         37
B. Unconstitutional Taking Claim and Plea to the Jurisdiction

      In its second issue, American complains that the taxing authorities are

liable under its takings cause of action, a claim that American contends was

timely asserted, and that the trial court erred by granting the taxing authorities’

plea to the jurisdiction.

      In its third-party petition against the taxing authorities,23 American asserted

its takings claim based on three grounds: “(1) the taxing authorities performed

an intentional act that proximately caused the extinction of Appellant’s interest in

the Property; (2) Appellant did not consent to the action; and (3) Appellant did not

receive adequate compensation for the taking.” The taxing authorities responded

that American had no standing to assert the claims, that the claims were time-

barred, and that the taxing authorities were immune from suit.

      Section 2007.021 of the government code, the Private Real Property

Rights Preservation Act (PRPRPA) provides,

      (a) A private real property owner may bring suit under this
      subchapter to determine whether the governmental action of a
      political subdivision results in a taking under this chapter. A suit
      under this subchapter must be filed in a district court in the county in
      which the private real property owner’s affected property is
      located . . . .



      23
        The trial court had already ruled on American’s and Pirkle’s summary
judgment motions and declined American’s motion for reconsideration when
American filed its third-party petition on March 7, 2014—more than a year after
American acquired its interest in the property and sent its first letter to Pirkle
regarding the tax sale.

                                        38
      (b) A suit under this subchapter must be filed not later than the
      180th day after the date the private real property owner knew or
      should have known that the governmental action restricted or limited
      the owner’s right in the private real property.

Tex. Gov’t Code Ann. § 2007.021 (West 2008) (emphasis added).

      Assuming, without deciding, that American had standing to bring suit

against the taxing authorities,24 pursuant to PRPRPA, American was required to

bring suit within 180 days of the date it knew or should have known that its rights

in the property had been restricted or limited. See id. Setting aside the question

of whether on October 31, 2012—the date American received its assignment

from SF3—American should have known about the tax sale and constable’s

deed (which had been filed of record more than two months earlier), certainly the

record establishes that as of January 15, 2013—the date American sent its letter

to Pirkle—American actually knew that the tax sale had occurred. Therefore,

pursuant to section 2007.021(b), the very latest date on which American could

have filed its takings claim was July 15, 2013—180 days after January 15, 2013.

American filed its third-party petition on March 7, 2014.

      American does not dispute that its takings claim was subject to PRPRPA’s

180-day limitations period, but it argues that its claim was nevertheless timely


       24
            The PRPRPA defines an “owner” as “a person with legal or equitable
title to affected private real property at the time a taking occurs,” and “private real
property” as “an interest in real property recognized by common law . . . that is
not owned by the federal government, this state, or a political subdivision of this
state.” Tex. Gov’t Code Ann. § 2007.002(2), (4) (West 2008) (emphasis added).


                                          39
because the claim was not “ripe” until the trial court ruled on the summary

judgment motions, declaring that the tax sale extinguished American’s rights in

the property under the deed of trust.25

      To support this contention, American relies heavily upon Williamson

County Regional Planning Commission v. Hamilton Bank of Johnson City, a

zoning-ordinance case in which the Supreme Court held that “a claim that the

application of government regulations effects a taking of a property interest is not

ripe until the government entity charged with implementing the regulations has

reached a final decision regarding the application of the regulations to the

property at issue.” 473 U.S. 172, 186, 105 S. Ct. 3108, 3116 (1985). American

argues that since the trial court fits the general description of a government entity

“with the authority to interpret and adjudicate the proper applications of statu[t]es

and regulations,” its takings claim was not ripe for filing until the trial court

entered its partial summary judgment on September 30, 2013, which “divested

[American] of its rights in the [p]roperty.”

      This argument wholly ignores the prior judgment issued by the same trial

court more than a year earlier, on April 26, 2012, which granted the authority to

conduct the tax sale. Once the tax sale occurred pursuant the authority of the

court, tax code section 34.08 established that Pirkle took “free and clear title,”

      25
       American argues that “[b]ecause [American] filed its Third Party Petition
158 days later, on March 7, 2014, the [t]axing [a]uthorities’ argument, that
[American] asserted its claim outside the 180-day statutory period, must
necessarily fail.”

                                           40
subject only to timely challenge pursuant to other Texas Tax Code provisions. At

the very latest, as soon as SF3 or American knew about the court-authorized tax

sale, it also knew that governmental action had been taken which “restricted or

limited” its right in property. See Tex. Gov’t Code Ann. § 2007.021.

      Furthermore, the facts of this case are quite different from circumstances

where a party is awaiting a final decision from a zoning commission or other

regulatory agency to determine whether the ultimate decision will be adverse to

its property interest. Cf. Williamson Cnty., 473 U.S. at 186, 105 S. Ct. at 3116

(stating that a takings claim is ripe when a final decision on the application of

zoning ordinance and subdivision regulations to the property is obtained and

state procedures have been used for obtaining just compensation). In fact, the

PRPRPA recognizes this distinction by providing two methods through which a

property owner may assert a takings claim under PRPRPA:                (1) a section

2007.021 “suit . . . to determine whether the governmental action . . . results in a

taking” or (2) a section 2007.022 “contested case with a state agency to

determine whether a governmental action of the state agency results in a

taking.”26 Tex. Gov’t Code Ann. §§ 2007.021–.022 (West 2008); BP Am. Prod.

Co., 290 S.W.3d at 366 (holding that the former must be brought in district court

      26
         If a property owner asserts a takings claim by filing a contested case with
a state agency, it must exhaust all administrative remedies available within that
agency and be “aggrieved by a final decision” in the contested case to be entitled
to judicial review. State v. BP Am. Prod. Co., 290 S.W.3d 345, 366 (Tex. App.—
Austin 2009, pet denied); see also Tex. Gov’t Code Ann. § 2007.025(b) (West
2008).

                                        41
in the county where the property is located and the latter is filed with the state

agency whose “governmental action” is alleged to have constituted a taking, but

“[in] each case, the proceeding must be filed with its appropriate tribunal ‘not later

than the 180th day after the date the . . . owner knew or should have known that

the governmental action restricted or limited the owner’s right in the private real

property’”) (quoting Tex. Gov’t Code Ann. §§ 2007.021(b), .022(b)).

         Beginning on the date when American “knew or should have known” about

the tax sale and constable’s deed—whether October 31, 2012 or January 15,

2013—American possessed all facts necessary to determine whether a takings

claim should be filed against the taxing authorities. See Hidalgo Cnty. v. Dyer,

358 S.W.3d 698, 707 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 2011, no pet.) (rejecting

argument that takings claim was tolled pending a ruling by the trial court in

condemnation suit and holding that nothing in PRPRPA’s plain language

provides for tolling the time a private property owner may bring suit: “Under the

statute, the time to file suit depends only on when the property owner knew or

should have known of the restriction or limitation on the owner’s real-property

right.    It does not depend on the timing of any other factor.”).        By its own

admission,27 when the taxing authorities failed to name SF3 as a party to the


         27
          In its brief, American complains,

                 Perhaps most troubling is the inescapable conclusion that the
         [t]axing [a]uthorities knowingly violated state law when they filed the
         [t]ax [s]uit. As stated in [American’s] Third Party Petition, “SF3, the
         current lienholder of record and a party needed for just adjudication
                                           42
underlying delinquent-tax suit, the taxing authorities had taken action that either

“caused” the taking or that was “substantially certain to result in the complained-

of taking.” We overrule American’s second issue without reaching the remainder

of its arguments. See Tex. R. App. P. 47.1.

C. Attorney’s Fees

      In its final issue, American argues that the trial court erred by awarding

attorney’s fees to Pirkle, contending that Pirkle’s counsel failed to segregate her

fees between the various parties and the causes of action asserted at the August

14, 2014 hearing on American’s motion for entry of final judgment. However, a

reporter’s record of the August 14, 2014 hearing was not made.28 Without a

reporter’s record of the hearing, we cannot determine whether American objected

to the alleged failure to segregate. See Tex. R. App. P. 33.1; Green Int’l, Inc. v.


      of the matter, was not named as a defendant in the [t]ax [s]uit by any
      of the [t]axing [a]uthorities and was not provided any notice of the
      [t]ax [s]uit proceedings.”

             ....

              By ignoring the statutorily mandated requirements for
      instituting the [t]ax [s]uit, specifically by failing to identify and join the
      lienholder of record in the [t]ax [s]uit, the [t]axing [a]uthorities took
      action that caused the taking or that was substantially certain to
      result in the complained-of taking.” [Emphasis added.]
      28
        The clerk of this court has contacted the trial court clerk to determine
whether the hearing was recorded, and the trial court clerk has indicated that no
such record was made or filed. The clerk’s record contains only American’s letter
designating the contents of the clerk’s record and does not contain a request by
American for the reporter’s record or a designation of the portions that it should
contain. See Tex. R. App. P. 34.5(a)(9), 34.6(b).

                                           43
Solis, 951 S.W.2d 384, 389 (Tex. 1997); see also Fire Ins. Exch. v. Kennedy, No.

02-11-00437-CV, 2013 WL 441088, at *5 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Jan. 31, 2013,

pet. denied) (mem. op.).29 We overrule American’s final issue.

                                  V. Conclusion

      Having sustained the part of American’s first issue pertaining to the

declaration on Lewis’s note, we modify the trial court’s judgment to delete this

declaration. Having overruled the remainder of American’s dispositive issues, we

affirm the trial court’s judgment as modified.



                                                  /s/ Bonnie Sudderth
                                                  BONNIE SUDDERTH
                                                  JUSTICE

PANEL: DAUPHINOT, GABRIEL, and SUDDERTH, JJ.

DAUPHINOT and GABRIEL, JJ., concur without opinion.

DELIVERED: September 3, 2015




      29
        The clerk’s record does not reflect that American filed any post-judgment
motions to attempt to preserve this complaint. Compare Goldman v. Olmstead,
414 S.W.3d 346, 368 n.6 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2013, pet. denied) (concluding that
complaint about failure to segregate fees was preserved in post-trial brief
submitted before rendition of judgment), with Lawson v. Keene, No. 03-13-
00498-CV, 2015 WL 4071561, at *5 (Tex. App.—Austin July 1, 2015, no pet. h.)
(mem. op.) (requiring segregation to be raised in a bench trial and holding that
raising segregation for the first time in a motion for new trial does not preserve
error).

                                         44
