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                                                           - 933 -
                             Nebraska Court of Appeals Advance Sheets
                                  27 Nebraska Appellate Reports
                                        MARTINEZ v. INTERNATIONAL PAPER CO.
                                                Cite as 27 Neb. App. 933




                        Jose Martinez, appellee, v. International Paper
                               Company, a foreign corporation,
                                and Old Republic Insurance
                                    Company, appellants.
                                                      ___ N.W.2d ___

                                           Filed January 7, 2020.    No. A-19-409.

                 1. Workers’ Compensation: Appeal and Error. A judgment, order, or
                    award of the Workers’ Compensation court may be modified, reversed,
                    or set aside only upon the grounds that (1) the compensation court acted
                    without or in excess of its powers; (2) the judgment, order, or award was
                    procured by fraud; (3) there is not sufficient competent evidence in the
                    record to warrant the making of the order, judgment, or award; or (4)
                    the findings of fact by the compensation court do not support the order
                    or award.
                 2. ____: ____. Determinations by a trial judge of the compensation court
                    will not be disturbed on appeal unless they are contrary to law or depend
                    on findings of fact which are clearly wrong in light of the evidence.
                 3. ____: ____. On appellate review, the factual findings made by the trial
                    judge of the compensation court have the effect of a jury verdict and
                    will not be disturbed unless clearly wrong.
                 4. ____: ____. An appellate court is obligated in compensation court cases
                    to make its own determinations as to questions of law.
                 5. Courts: Appeal and Error. Under the doctrine of stare decisis, lower
                    courts must follow the precedent of higher appellate courts.
                 6. Workers’ Compensation: Proof. Under Neb. Rev. Stat. § 48-151(2)
                    (Reissue 2010), an injured worker must satisfy three elements to prove
                    an injury is the result of an accident: (1) The injury must be unexpected
                    or unforeseen, (2) the accident must happen suddenly and violently,
                    and (3) the accident must produce at the time objective symptoms
                    of injury.
                 7. Workers’ Compensation: Time: Proof: Words and Phrases. Under
                    Neb. Rev. Stat. § 48-151(2) (Reissue 2010), “suddenly and violently”
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         Nebraska Court of Appeals Advance Sheets
              27 Nebraska Appellate Reports
                MARTINEZ v. INTERNATIONAL PAPER CO.
                        Cite as 27 Neb. App. 933

    does not mean instantaneously and with force; instead, the element is
    satisfied if the injury occurs at an identifiable point in time, requiring
    the employee to discontinue employment and seek medical treatment.
    The time of an accident is sufficiently definite if either the cause is
    reasonably limited in time or the result materializes at an identifi-
    able point.
 8. Workers’ Compensation: Time: Proof. An employee establishes an
    identifiable point in time when a repetitive trauma injury occurs if the
    employee discontinues work and seeks medical treatment; it does not
    matter how long the discontinuation of employment lasts.
 9. Workers’ Compensation. As the trier of fact, the compensation court is
    the sole judge of the credibility of witnesses and the weight to be given
    their testimony.

  Appeal from the Workers’ Compensation Court: Daniel R.
Fridrich, Judge. Affirmed.
  Timothy E. Clarke and Eric J. Sutton, of Baylor Evnen,
L.L.P., for appellants.
   Jamie Gaylene Scholz, of Law Offices of Jamie G. Scholz,
P.C., L.L.O., for appellee.
   Pirtle, Riedmann, and Welch, Judges.
   Riedmann, Judge.
                      INTRODUCTION
  International Paper Company and Old Republic Insurance
Company (collectively International Paper) appeal the
Nebraska Workers’ Compensation Court’s award, finding that
Jose Martinez suffered a repetitive trauma injury and awarding
him benefits. Based on our review of the record, we affirm.
                       BACKGROUND
   In February 2018, Martinez filed a petition in the compen-
sation court seeking benefits from International Paper under
the Nebraska Workers’ Compensation Act. Martinez alleged
that he sustained an injury to his right shoulder by performing
“repetitive use-type activities” and that he “suffered an acute
episode of pain in his right shoulder a few weeks prior to
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        Nebraska Court of Appeals Advance Sheets
             27 Nebraska Appellate Reports
             MARTINEZ v. INTERNATIONAL PAPER CO.
                     Cite as 27 Neb. App. 933

interrupting his employment and seeking medical treatment on
November 9, 2017.” A hearing was held on Martinez’ petition
in February 2019.
   At the hearing, Martinez testified that he was currently
employed at International Paper Company and had worked
for the company for more than 19 years. He indicated that he
developed shoulder pain in 2008, but he did not miss work
due to the pain—although the pain was consistent and wors-
ening from 2008 until 2017. On November 8, 2017, Martinez
felt a sharp pain in his right shoulder, his right arm “locked,”
and he could not move it. He indicated that the pain he expe-
rienced was worse than previous pain and that it prevented
him from even lying on his shoulder that night. Martinez tes-
tified that his shoulder had locked in place before November
8, but it always loosened up; however, on that occasion, it
did not.
   Martinez informed his supervisor before his shift the next
day that he could not work, and he was taken to see a doctor
on November 9, 2017. He underwent an MRI that same day,
and it was discovered that he had a tear of his right rotator
cuff. Following this, he returned to work at International Paper
Company, but was placed on “lighter-duty work.” Martinez
met with Dr. Scott Reynolds in December, and it was decided
that Martinez would undergo surgery to repair his rotator
cuff. Reynolds performed the surgery in January 2018, and
then Martinez underwent physical therapy, returning to work
in April.
   On cross-examination, Martinez testified that he started
feeling pain in his shoulder in 2008 and that his pain contin-
ued to get worse until he saw Reynolds in November 2017.
He testified that he had felt locking and limitations in move-
ment in his arm prior to the incident on November 8, but the
pain was severe enough on that date that he needed to see
a doctor. Martinez admitted to seeing his family physician
in September 2017 for his annual physical. At that appoint-
ment, he informed his doctor that he was having pain in his
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        Nebraska Court of Appeals Advance Sheets
             27 Nebraska Appellate Reports
             MARTINEZ v. INTERNATIONAL PAPER CO.
                     Cite as 27 Neb. App. 933

shoulder. Martinez was also questioned regarding prior intake
forms he filled out in November and December, as well as
prior to his physical therapy in January 2018. On each form,
he indicated that he had been having shoulder pain for a long
period of time and that there was not a specific injury that
occurred prior to his visits.
   Following the hearing, the compensation court issued a
detailed order awarding Martinez temporary and permanent
disability benefits for his shoulder injury. The court noted
that Martinez advanced two alternate theories of recovery
during trial, one alleging that an acute accident happened on
November 8, 2017, and one alleging that his shoulder injury
was the result of repetitive job duties, which manifested itself
on November 9. The court found that Martinez did not suffer
an acute accident on November 8; however, it did find that
Martinez suffered a repetitive trauma accident on November
9. Prior to analyzing Martinez’ repetitive trauma injury, the
court explained the relevant case law for that type of injury
and analyzed Martinez’ injury under the test enunciated in
Dawes v. Wittrock Sandblasting & Painting, 266 Neb. 526, 667
N.W.2d 167 (2003), disapproved on other grounds, Kimminau
v. Uribe Refuse Serv., 270 Neb. 682, 707 N.W.2d 229 (2005).
The court also noted that there were discrepancies between
Reynolds’ causation report, which was offered into evidence
at the hearing, and Martinez’ testimony; however, the court
remained persuaded by the report and issued an award in favor
of Martinez. International Paper timely appealed.
                 ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR
   International Paper assigns, restated and reordered, that
the compensation court erred (1) as a matter of law in apply-
ing the test enunciated in Dawes v. Wittrock Sandblasting
& Painting, supra, rather than the limited test provided in
Maxson v. Michael Todd & Co., 238 Neb. 209, 469 N.W.2d
542 (1991), disapproved, Jordan v. Morrill County, 258 Neb.
380, 603 N.W.2d 411 (1999), and Vencil v. Valmont Indus.,
239 Neb. 31, 473 N.W.2d 409 (1991), disapproved, Jordan
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        Nebraska Court of Appeals Advance Sheets
             27 Nebraska Appellate Reports
             MARTINEZ v. INTERNATIONAL PAPER CO.
                     Cite as 27 Neb. App. 933

v. Morrill County, supra; (2) in concluding that Martinez suf-
fered a compensable repetitive trauma injury arising out of
and in the course and scope of his employment; and (3) in
relying on Reynolds’ causation opinion.
                   STANDARD OF REVIEW
   [1] A judgment, order, or award of the compensation court
may be modified, reversed, or set aside only upon the grounds
that (1) the compensation court acted without or in excess of
its powers; (2) the judgment, order, or award was procured
by fraud; (3) there is not sufficient competent evidence in the
record to warrant the making of the order, judgment, or award;
or (4) the findings of fact by the compensation court do not
support the order or award. Potter v. McCulla, 288 Neb. 741,
851 N.W.2d 94 (2014).
   [2,3] Determinations by a trial judge of the compensation
court will not be disturbed on appeal unless they are contrary
to law or depend on findings of fact which are clearly wrong
in light of the evidence. Kaiser v. Metropolitan Util. Dist., 26
Neb. App. 38, 916 N.W.2d 448 (2018). On appellate review,
the factual findings made by the trial judge of the compensa-
tion court have the effect of a jury verdict and will not be dis-
turbed unless clearly wrong. Id.
   [4] An appellate court is obligated in compensation court
cases to make its own determinations as to questions of law.
Larsen v. D B Feedyards, 264 Neb. 483, 648 N.W.2d 306
(2002).
                          ANALYSIS
Appropriate Test for Repetitive
Trauma Injuries.
   International Paper argues that the compensation court
erred in analyzing Martinez’ repetitive trauma injury under
the test enunciated by the Nebraska Supreme Court in Dawes
v. Wittrock Sandblasting & Painting, supra. International
Paper alleges Martinez’ injury should have been analyzed
under the test prior to Dawes, which was provided in Maxson
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        Nebraska Court of Appeals Advance Sheets
             27 Nebraska Appellate Reports
             MARTINEZ v. INTERNATIONAL PAPER CO.
                     Cite as 27 Neb. App. 933

v. Michael Todd & Co., supra, and Vencil v. Valmont Indus.,
supra. We disagree.
   To adequately address International Paper’s argument, we
will first briefly describe the relevant case law surrounding
repetitive trauma injuries and lay out how the Supreme Court
has addressed such complaints.
   In 1991, the Supreme Court decided Maxson v. Michael
Todd & Co., supra, and Vencil v. Valmont Indus., supra, both
of which addressed repetitive trauma injuries. In Maxson, a
divided Supreme Court affirmed the trial court’s finding that
an employee was not entitled to workers’ compensation ben-
efits for his injury. The court analyzed the employee’s ongoing
shoulder pain under the statutory definition of an accident,
which is defined as an “‘unexpected or unforeseen injury
happening suddenly and violently, with or without human
fault, and producing at the time objective symptoms of an
injury.’” Maxson v. Michael Todd & Co., 238 Neb. 209, 211,
469 N.W.2d 542, 544 (1991), disapproved, Jordan v. Morrill
County, 258 Neb. 380, 603 N.W.2d 411 (1999). The court then
cited to its rule from Sandel v. Packaging Co. of America, 211
Neb. 149, 317 N.W.2d 910 (1982), stating that an accident is
“sudden and violent” if the injury occurs at an identifiable
point in time requiring the employee to discontinue employ-
ment and seek medical treatment. Maxson, 238 Neb. at 212,
469 N.W.2d at 544. The court held, however, that the compen-
sation court correctly concluded that “the cumulative effects
of repeated work-related trauma which do not at an identifi-
able moment produce objective symptoms requiring, within
a reasonably limited period of time, medical attention and
the interruption or discontinuance of employment are not the
product of an accidental injury.” Id. at 213, 469 N.W.2d at 545
(emphasis supplied).
   In Vencil v. Valmont Indus., 239 Neb. 31, 473 N.W.2d
409 (1991), disapproved, Jordan v. Morrill County, supra,
a divided Supreme Court once again affirmed the compen-
sation court’s denial of an employee’s claim for workers’
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        Nebraska Court of Appeals Advance Sheets
             27 Nebraska Appellate Reports
             MARTINEZ v. INTERNATIONAL PAPER CO.
                     Cite as 27 Neb. App. 933

compensation benefits for his back pain. The court conducted
the same analysis as was done in Maxson v. Michael Todd
& Co., supra, and again held that “[t]he cumulative effects
of repeated work-related trauma which do not at an identifi-
able moment produce objective symptoms requiring, within
a reasonably limited period of time, medical attention and
the interruption or discontinuance of employment are not the
product of an accidental injury . . . .” Vencil v. Valmont Indus.,
239 Neb. at 32, 473 N.W.2d at 411.
   In 1999, the Supreme Court again addressed repetitive
trauma injuries in Jordan v. Morrill County, supra. In Jordan,
the compensation court awarded the employee benefits, finding
that he suffered a repetitive trauma injury. The compensation
court review panel reversed the single judge’s decision, finding
that the employee did not interrupt or discontinue his employ-
ment to seek medical treatment. Id. Although the Supreme
Court affirmed the review panel’s decision, it did so because
the employee did not interrupt his employment when he sought
medical treatment. Id. The Supreme Court clarified that “[f]or
purposes of the Nebraska Workers’ Compensation Act, ‘sud-
denly and violently’ does not mean instantaneously and with
force, but, rather, the element is satisfied if the injury occurs
at an identifiable point in time requiring the employee to dis-
continue employment and seek medical treatment.” Jordan v.
Morrill County, 258 Neb. at 389, 603 N.W.2d at 419. The court
concluded by specifically disapproving Maxson v. Michael
Todd & Co., supra, and Vencil v. Valmont Indus., supra, on the
grounds that “interruption of employment” means only discon-
tinuation of employment. Jordan v. Morrill County, 258 Neb.
at 390, 603 N.W.2d at 419.
   The court next addressed the issue in 2003 in its wide-
ranging opinion in Dawes v. Wittrock Sandblasting & Painting,
266 Neb. 526, 667 N.W.2d 167 (2003), disapproved on other
grounds, Kimminau v. Uribe Refuse Serv., 270 Neb. 682, 707
N.W.2d 229 (2005). The court cited to the rule iterated above
in Jordan v. Morrill County, supra, that an accident occurs
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        Nebraska Court of Appeals Advance Sheets
             27 Nebraska Appellate Reports
              MARTINEZ v. INTERNATIONAL PAPER CO.
                      Cite as 27 Neb. App. 933

“‘suddenly and violently’” if the injury occurs at an identifi-
able point. Dawes v. Wittrock Sandblasting & Painting, 266
Neb. at 555, 667 N.W.2d at 192. The court expanded on the
rule, stating, “We have stated that most jurisdictions regard
the time of an accident as sufficiently definite, for purposes of
proving [suddenly and violently], ‘if either the cause is reason-
ably limited in time or the result materializes at an identifiable
point. . . .’” Id. at 556, 667 N.W.2d at 193 (emphasis in origi-
nal). The court then found that the record supported the find-
ing that the employee’s injury occurred at an identifiable point
in time and, thus, was compensable under Jordan v. Morrill
County, 258 Neb. 380, 603 N.W.2d 411 (1999).
   The Supreme Court applied the rule enunciated in Dawes
numerous times in the following years. In Swoboda v. Volkman
Plumbing, 269 Neb. 20, 29, 690 N.W.2d 166, 173 (2004), the
court addressed the employee’s repetitive trauma injury under
the “disjunctive” test provided for in Dawes and found that
the employee’s injury materialized at an identifiable point in
time, which occurred when he sought medical treatment for his
injured shoulders and then discontinued his employment. The
disjunctive test was also applied in Risor v. Nebraska Boiler,
277 Neb. 679, 765 N.W.2d 170 (2009), where the court found
that the employee’s hearing loss materialized at an identifiable
point in time.
   Finally, in Potter v. McCulla, 288 Neb. 741, 748, 851
N.W.2d 94, 100 (2014), the parties agreed that the employee’s
injury happened “‘suddenly and violently’” and the only ques-
tion was which of several successive employers were liable.
The court focused on defining the identifiable point at which
an injury manifests itself, and in doing so, it refused to adopt
tests used by other jurisdictions regarding repetitive trauma
injuries. It reaffirmed its prior holdings that a repetitive trauma
injury manifests on the date that the employee has both sought
medical treatment and missed work due to the injury.
   [5] After considering the above case law, it is clear that the
Supreme Court considers whether a repetitive trauma injury
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        Nebraska Court of Appeals Advance Sheets
             27 Nebraska Appellate Reports
             MARTINEZ v. INTERNATIONAL PAPER CO.
                     Cite as 27 Neb. App. 933

is compensable under the test described in Dawes v. Wittrock
Sandblasting & Painting, supra, and its progeny, and not the
limited test provided for in Maxson v. Michael Todd & Co.,
238 Neb. 209, 469 N.W.2d 542 (1991), disapproved, Jordan v.
Morrill County, supra, and Vencil v. Valmont Indus., 239 Neb.
31, 473 N.W.2d 409 (1991), disapproved, Jordan v. Morrill
County, supra. International Paper argues that the facts of the
present case are more similar to the facts of Maxson and Vencil
and that it is better public policy to deploy the test enunci-
ated in Maxson and Vencil. However, under the doctrine of
stare decisis, lower courts must follow the precedent of higher
appellate courts. See Sanford v. Clear Channel Broadcasting,
14 Neb. App. 908, 719 N.W.2d 312 (2006) (vertical stare
decisis compels lower courts to follow strictly decisions ren-
dered by courts of higher rank within the same judicial sys-
tem). Accordingly, we find that the compensation court did
not err as a matter of law in analyzing Martinez’ repetitive
trauma injury under the test enunciated in Dawes v. Wittrock
Sandblasting & Painting, supra, and its progeny.

Martinez’ Repetitive
Trauma Injury.
   Having concluded that the compensation court used the cor-
rect test to analyze Martinez’ injury, we find that the court did
not err in determining that he suffered a compensable repetitive
trauma injury.
   [6] The Nebraska Workers’ Compensation Act defines an
accident as “an unexpected or unforeseen injury happening
suddenly and violently, with or without human fault, and pro-
ducing at the time objective symptoms of an injury.” Neb. Rev.
Stat. § 48-151(2) (Reissue 2010). Accord Risor v. Nebraska
Boiler, supra. Under § 48-151(2), an injured worker must
satisfy three elements to prove an injury is the result of an
accident: (1) The injury must be unexpected or unforeseen,
(2) the accident must happen suddenly and violently, and (3)
the accident must produce at the time objective symptoms of
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        Nebraska Court of Appeals Advance Sheets
             27 Nebraska Appellate Reports
             MARTINEZ v. INTERNATIONAL PAPER CO.
                     Cite as 27 Neb. App. 933

injury. Risor v. Nebraska Boiler, supra. Only the second ele-
ment is in dispute in this appeal.
   [7,8] Under § 48-151(2), “suddenly and violently” does
not mean instantaneously and with force; instead, the ele-
ment is satisfied if the injury occurs at an identifiable point in
time, requiring the employee to discontinue employment and
seek medical treatment. Risor v. Nebraska Boiler, supra. The
time of an accident is sufficiently definite if either the cause
is reasonably limited in time or the result materializes at an
identifiable point. Id. An employee establishes an identifi-
able point in time when a repetitive trauma injury occurs if
the employee discontinues work and seeks medical treatment;
it does not matter how long the discontinuation of employ-
ment lasts. See Vonderschmidt v. Sur-Gro, 262 Neb. 551, 635
N.W.2d 405 (2001).
   Here, Martinez suffered a repetitive trauma injury that mate-
rialized at an identifiable point. Martinez testified that he felt
a sharp pain in his shoulder and that his shoulder then locked
up on November 8, 2017. When he returned to work the next
day, he informed his supervisor that he could not work, and
he was taken to see the doctor. Following his doctor visit on
November 9, Martinez was placed on light duty at work and
did not use his right arm. Martinez then missed work follow-
ing his surgery to repair his shoulder. Because Martinez dis-
continued his employment and sought medical treatment for
his right shoulder on November 9, his repetitive trauma injury
materialized at an identifiable point in time.
   On appeal, International Paper asserts that November 9,
2017, was not a significant date; instead, it was an “arbitrarily
chosen date concocted as an alternative theory of recovery.”
Brief for appellants at 21. International Paper further asserts
that Martinez experienced no new symptoms on November 9
and that his shoulder pain had been present since 2008. While
Martinez did testify that his shoulder pain began in 2008 and
continued until 2017, his testimony indicated that the only
time that he had to miss work to seek medical treatment
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        Nebraska Court of Appeals Advance Sheets
             27 Nebraska Appellate Reports
             MARTINEZ v. INTERNATIONAL PAPER CO.
                     Cite as 27 Neb. App. 933

for his shoulder was on November 9. Therefore, contrary
to International Paper’s assertion otherwise, November 9
was a significant date because it is the date that Martinez
disrupted his employment to seek medical treatment for
his shoulder.
   International Paper also alleges that Martinez sought medi-
cal attention for his shoulder prior to November 9, 2017, and
that he indicated to his medical providers his pain was con-
stant and worsening from 2008 to 2017. Martinez testified
that he saw his family physician in September for his annual
physical and that he mentioned he was experiencing shoulder
pain at that time. He denied that he saw his doctor because of
his shoulder pain. Further, there is no indication in the record
that Martinez disrupted his work to see his family physician
in September. Moreover, as iterated above, Martinez sought
medical treatment for his shoulder pain on November 9, when
his pain became unbearable. Accordingly, under the appropri-
ate test for repetitive trauma injuries, Martinez’ injury materi-
alized on November 9.
   Based on the record, the compensation court’s determina-
tion that Martinez suffered a compensable repetitive trauma
injury was not clearly wrong.

Reynolds’ Report.
   International Paper also argues that the compensation court
erred in relying on Reynolds’ causation report because it con-
tained errors which made it unreliable. We disagree.
   International Paper asserts that Reynolds’ report was not
credible because it contained the incorrect date of Martinez’
injury and incorrectly identified his injury as an acute injury,
which was contrary to Martinez’ testimony. In his causation
report, Reynolds stated:
      [Martinez] mentioned he had had some occasional sore-
      ness off and on over the years with a lot of repetitive
      use-type activities at work. However, he had an acute
      episode roughly six weeks earlier, which does correspond
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        Nebraska Court of Appeals Advance Sheets
             27 Nebraska Appellate Reports
             MARTINEZ v. INTERNATIONAL PAPER CO.
                     Cite as 27 Neb. App. 933

      to the November 9, 2017, date when all of the sudden he
      had an increase in pain from an activity at work.
   [9] At the hearing, Martinez testified that he had continu-
ous and worsening pain in his shoulder dating back to 2008.
Martinez also testified that he felt a sharp pain in his shoulder
on November 8, 2017. Thus, International Paper is correct
that Reynolds’ report is inconsistent with Martinez’ testimony.
However, the compensation court noted the discrepancies in
Reynolds’ report and still found the report persuasive enough
to carry Martinez’ burden of proof and persuasion. As the trier
of fact, the compensation court is the sole judge of the cred-
ibility of witnesses and the weight to be given their testimony.
Frauendorfer v. Lindsay Mfg. Co., 263 Neb. 237, 639 N.W.2d
125 (2002). We defer to the court’s determination and find no
error in its reliance on Reynolds’ causation report.
                        CONCLUSION
   After reviewing the record, we conclude that the compensa-
tion court applied the appropriate test in analyzing Martinez’
repetitive trauma injury. The court did not err in finding that
Martinez suffered a repetitive trauma injury, and it did not err
in relying on Reynolds’ causation report. We therefore affirm
the award of the compensation court.
                                                   Affirmed.
