Filed 11/13/14 Shalikar v. Shalikar CA4/2

                      NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
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           IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                   FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                 DIVISION TWO



OLGA SHALIKAR et al.,

         Plaintiffs and Appellants,                                      E056412

v.                                                                       (Super.Ct.No. RIC419394 &
                                                                          RIC419424)
MOHAMMAD I. SHALIKAR et al.,
                                                                         OPINION
         Defendants and Respondents.


MOHAMMAD I. SHALIKAR et al.,

         Plaintiffs and Respondents,

v.

TOURYALAI SHALIKAR et al.,

         Defendants and Appellants.




         APPEAL from the Superior Court of Riverside County. John W. Vineyard, Judge.

Affirmed.



                                                             1
       The Law Office of John Derrick and John Derrick for Plaintiffs, Defendants, and

Appellants.

       Law Offices of Lawrence R. Bynum and Lawrence R. Bynum for Plaintiffs,

Defendants, and Respondents.

                                   I. INTRODUCTION

       Plaintiff, defendant, and appellant Touryalai Shalikar and plaintiff, defendant, and

respondent Mohammad Shalikar are brothers.1 They jointly owned certain businesses

and real property, including four parcels of land in Hesperia. They have been litigating

disputes regarding these properties and other matters since at least 2004.

       In 2006, Touryalai and Mohammad entered into a settlement agreement. The

agreement called for Touryalai to transfer his interest in the four Hesperia parcels to

Mohammad and for Mohammad to transfer other property to Touryalai. For the next

three years, neither side performed their obligations under the agreement or demanded

that the other do so. In the meantime, they sold three of the four Hesperia parcels to the

City of Hesperia (the City) in response to the City’s threat of condemnation proceedings.

The proceeds for the parcels were split evenly between Touryalai and Mohammad. The

parties continued to jointly hold one Hesperia parcel.




       1 Because Touryalai and Mohammad share the same last name, we will refer to
them by their first names. Touryalai’s and Mohammad’s wives are also parties to the
underlying litigation and this appeal. In their briefs on appeal, both sides refer only to the
brothers’ names in the interests of brevity. Without meaning any disrespect for any party,
we will abide by that convention for the sake of brevity as well as avoiding confusion.

                                              2
       In 2009, as the trial between them began, Mohammad moved to have judgment

entered on the settlement agreement pursuant to section 664.6 of the Code of Civil

Procedure.2 Over Touryalai’s opposition, the court granted the motion. Soon afterward,

both sides filed motions to interpret and enforce the agreement. In ruling on these

motions, the court concluded that the four jointly held Hesperia parcels were not covered

by the agreement. Mohammad appealed to this court and, in an unpublished opinion, we

reversed. (Shalikar v. Shalikar (Mar. 10, 2011, E050447) [nonpub. opn.] (Shalikar I).)3

       We concluded that the agreement and judgment called for Touryalai to transfer his

interest in the four Hesperia parcels to Mohammad. We modified the court’s order to

direct Touryalai to transfer his interest in the one Hesperia parcel that remained jointly

held to Mohammad. As for the proceeds Touryalai obtained from the sale of the three

parcels to the City, we directed the trial court to consider that issue upon remand.

       Following remand, an evidentiary hearing was held to consider the remaining

issues. The trial court ordered Touryalai to pay to Mohammad the amount he received in

exchange for the three sold parcels, plus prejudgment interest. Touryalai appealed.


       2  All further statutory references are to the Code of Civil Procedure unless
otherwise indicated. Section 664.6 provides: “If parties to pending litigation stipulate, in
a writing signed by the parties outside the presence of the court or orally before the court,
for settlement of the case, or part thereof, the court, upon motion, may enter judgment
pursuant to the terms of the settlement. If requested by the parties, the court may retain
jurisdiction over the parties to enforce the settlement until performance in full of the
terms of the settlement.”

       3  We take judicial notice of our opinion in Shalikar I and of the record on appeal
in that case. (Evid. Code, §§ 452, subd. (d), 459, subd. (a).)

                                              3
       We affirm.

             II. SUMMARY OF FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

A. Background: The Litigation, the Settlement Agreement, and the Judgment

       Touryalai sued Mohammad, among others, in 2004. In August 2005, Touryalai

filed a first amended complaint alleging disputes concerning certain business and real

property transactions involving the parties. Touryalai sought a variety of remedies,

including rescission, specific performance, damages, quiet title, partition and accounting,

and declaratory relief.4 Among the properties Touryalai sought to partition were various

parcels he owned jointly with Mohammad in Hemet, Victorville, and Hesperia.

       In August 2006, the parties entered into a written settlement agreement. The

agreement consisted of five numbered paragraphs. Under the first paragraph,

Mohammad was to transfer certain property in Hemet and Sun City to Touryalai. Under

the second paragraph, Touryalai was to transfer to Mohammad his interest in a parcel of

land in Victorville and an unspecified “4 parcels of land” in Hesperia. The third

paragraph required Touryalai to pay $150,000 to another family member; paragraph four

addressed restrictions on the parties’ abilities to compete against each other; and

paragraph five provided for the removal of liens on Mohammad’s properties in Hesperia

and Homeland.


       4 The register of actions for the case indicates that Mohammad commenced a
separate action against Touryalai, that the two actions were consolidated, and that
Mohammad subsequently filed a cross-complaint in the consolidated case. The pleadings
filed by Mohammad are not included in our record on appeal.

                                             4
       Despite the agreement, the litigation between the parties continued.5 Mohammad

did not transfer or tender the Hemet or Sun City properties to Touryalai, and Touryalai

did not transfer or tender the Hesperia or Victorville properties to Mohammad. In

February 2008, Touryalai filed a second amended complaint that included the claims

asserted in the first amended complaint and added additional claims. It did not mention

the settlement agreement.

       In 2007 or 2008, the City of Hesperia contacted Touryalai about the City’s interest

in acquiring, by eminent domain if necessary, an easement over one of the jointly held

Hesperia parcels for a drainage project. Touryalai referred the City to Mohammad

because Mohammad “has experience in real estate.” Mohammad thereafter conducted

most of the negotiations with the City.

       Although the City sought an easement over one parcel only, Mohammad

negotiated to have the City purchase three of the Hesperia parcels. The initial form of

escrow instructions called for the purchase money to be disbursed to Touryalai and

Mohammad jointly. The escrow instructions were thereafter modified to provide for

separate checks to each party. According to Touryalai, this was done because

Mohammad “was very broke at the time and . . . wanted to split the checks” so that each

       5 Mohammad explains that shortly after the settlement agreement was signed, two
nephews who had not signed the agreement intervened and joined in the action.
Touryalai subsequently added other parties to the case. Because the new parties to the
lawsuit were not parties to the settlement agreement, Mohammad was “prevented” from
moving to enforce the settlement. In July 2009, the additional parties were dismissed
from the lawsuit and, one week later, Mohammad moved to have judgment entered based
on the settlement agreement.

                                            5
received one-half of the proceeds. Mohammad testified that while he agreed to separate

checks, he believed their agreement was in effect at that time and that the proceeds did

not affect the agreement. The transaction closed in October 2008. They each received

$633,517.66. According to Touryalai, once they received their checks, they “never

talked about it.”

       In July 2009, as trial in the case commenced, Mohammad filed a motion to have

judgment entered pursuant to the terms of the settlement agreement. In opposing the

motion, Touryalai’s counsel argued that “there are issues of enforcement that will

immediately pop up, and the parties would be obliged to file motions to deal with those

questions of interpretation and modification, whatever those issues are.” He further

asserted that granting the motion would “spark a whole series of issues that we’ll have to

deal with which will result in post ruling motions.”

       After the court indicated it would grant the motion, the court asked Touryalai’s

counsel whether he would object to the court’s continuing jurisdiction. The attorney

responded: “I really do not, Your Honor, because it’s pretty clear to me that the Court

may be called upon to make further orders to carry out the judgment, whatever the

judgment is.” None of the parties personally requested or expressly stipulated to the

court’s continuing jurisdiction.

       The judgment attached and incorporated the settlement agreement. The judgment

further provides: “Pursuant to the parties’ stipulation, the Riverside Superior Court

retains jurisdiction to enforce the judgment.”


                                             6
B. Postjudgment Motions and Shalikar I

         Within three months after the judgment was entered, both sides filed motions

calling for the interpretation and enforcement of the judgment. Mohammad filed a

motion to enforce the judgment in October 2009. According to Mohammad, Touryalai

was required under paragraph 2 of the settlement agreement to transfer his interest in a

certain Victorville parcel and four specific parcels in Hesperia that they had held jointly

when the agreement was made, including the three parcels that were sold to the City in

2008. Mohammad requested an order directing Touryalai to execute deeds to the

remaining Hesperia parcel and the Victorville parcel and, as to the three sold parcels, a

writ of execution covering Touryalai’s proceeds from the sale.

         Touryalai opposed the motion and asserted that the “4 parcels of land” referenced

in paragraph 2 of the settlement agreement are not the jointly held Hesperia parcels

identified by Mohammad, but rather four different parcels held in Mohammad’s name

alone.

         In November 2009, Touryalai filed a motion for an injunction to prevent

Mohammad from competing against Touryalai in violation of the settlement agreement.

According to Touryalai, the motion was made “in aid of enforcement of the judgment”

and recited that, “[p]ursuant to the stipulation of the parties, the court retained jurisdiction

to enforce the judgment.”

         Mohammad’s motion to enforce the judgment and Touryalai’s motion for an

injunction were heard together in January 2010. The court granted Mohammad’s motion


                                               7
in part and issued orders directing the transfer of certain properties among the parties.

However, the trial court agreed with Touryalai’s interpretation of paragraph 2 and,

consequently, made no order concerning the remaining jointly held Hesperia parcel or the

proceeds from the sale of the other three parcels. The court also granted Touryalai’s

motion in part and ordered Mohammad to close a certain business he was operating in

violation of the noncompetition provision of the agreement.

       In February 2010, pursuant to the court’s January 2010 orders, Mohammad

transferred to Touryalai the Sun City and Hemet properties and Touryalai transferred to

Mohammad the Victorville property. Touryalai also paid the $150,000 payment required

under paragraph 3 of the agreement.6

       Mohammad appealed. In Shalikar I, we agreed with Mohammad and construed

the “4 parcels of land” referenced in paragraph 2 to mean the four Hesperia parcels

identified by Mohammad. With respect to the parcel that was still held jointly by the

parties, we modified the court’s order to require that Touryalai transfer his interest in that

parcel to Mohammad. As for Mohammad’s request that Touryalai be ordered to turn

over his share of the proceeds for the sale of the other three parcels, we stated: “[W]e

think the appropriate remedy is to direct the trial court to consider that request following

remand. . . . [T]he trial court never reached the question of [Mohammad’s] right to the

proceeds. If it has jurisdiction to consider the question, its resolution may involve

       6 The agreement called for this payment to be made to Najiba Faizy. After Faizy
assigned her right to the payment to Mohammad, Touryalai made the payment to
Mohammad.

                                              8
equitable considerations, factual determinations, and the exercise of judicial discretion

that are more properly within the province of the trial court. The trial court should be

given the opportunity to address such issues.” Specifically, we concluded: “Upon

motion by [Mohammad] following remand, the court shall consider [Mohammad’s]

request to modify the judgment by providing for an order that [Touryalai] pay

[Mohammad his] share of proceeds from the sale of three jointly held parcels to the City

of Hesperia.”

C. Postremand Motion to Enforce the Judgment

       Following remand, Mohammad filed the motion permitted by Shalikar I. He

sought $633,517.33 in principal plus $140,332.50 in prejudgment interest. After the

submission of opposing and reply papers and oral argument, the court ordered an

evidentiary hearing and further briefing.

       The evidentiary hearing was held on February 24, 2012. In addition to testimony

from Touryalai and Mohammad, the court heard testimony from a representative of the

City who was involved in the negotiations for the sale of the three Hesperia parcels, the

escrow agent involved in the sale, and a nephew of the parties.

       On May 22, 2012, the court issued an order and written findings. The court stated

that “[p]ursuant to the parties’ settlement, [Mohammad was] the equitable owner[] of the

three Hesperia parcels on the date of the sale. (Rogers v. Davis (1994) 28 Cal.App.4th

1215 [[Fourth Dist., Div. Two] (Rogers)].) Any other result would constitute a windfall

to [Touryalai] and would frustrate the intent of the parties as reflected in their settlement


                                              9
agreement, now judgment. As a result, [Mohammad is] entitled to recover the proceeds

of that sale, less an offset of $59,403.60, along with prejudgment interest . . . plus 10%

post judgment interest . . . .” The offset was based on Touryalai’s payment of mortgage

payments and other expenses relating to the sold Hesperia parcels.

       With respect to the issue of whether Mohammad waived his right to the proceeds

of the sale, the court found that Touryalai “did not meet [his] burden of proving that

[Mohammad] acted, voluntarily, in any manner so inconsistent with [his] rights as to

induce a reasonable belief that such rights had been relinquished.”

       Touryalai appealed.

                                     III. DISCUSSION

A. Jurisdiction

       Touryalai contends that the trial court did not retain jurisdiction after the judgment

was entered. In particular, he asserts that the court’s purported retention of jurisdiction

was ineffective because section 664.6 authorizes the retention of jurisdiction only when

the parties (and not merely their counsel) request it, and the parties did not do so in this

case. As we explain below, we reject this argument because, regardless of whether the

parties must personally request the court to retain jurisdiction under section 664.6, the

court has the inherent power to retain jurisdiction to enforce and interpret the judgment

and to resolve remaining issues to avoid further litigation.

       Ordinarily, a trial court’s “‘jurisdiction over the parties and the subject matter . . .

continues until a final judgment is entered . . . .’ [Citation.]” (Diamond Heights Village


                                              10
Assn., Inc. v. Financial Freedom Senior Funding Corp. (2011) 196 Cal.App.4th 290,

305.) However, a court retains jurisdiction to “compel obedience to its judgments,

orders, and process . . . .” (§ 128, subd. (a)(4).) In cases involving equitable claims and

relief, such jurisdiction has been expressed in broad terms: “‘The jurisdiction of a court

of equity to enforce its decrees is coextensive with its jurisdiction to determine the rights

of the parties, and it has power to enforce its decrees as a necessary incident to its

jurisdiction. Except where the decree is self-executing, jurisdiction of the cause

continues for this purpose, or leave may be expressly reserved to reinstate the cause for

the purpose of enforcing the decree, or to make such further orders as may be necessary.

[Citations.] A court of equity can mold its decrees to suit the exigencies of the case.

[Citation.] Where equity has acquired jurisdiction for one purpose, it will retain that

jurisdiction to the final adjustment of all differences between the parties arising from the

causes of action alleged. [Citations.] Where a court has taken jurisdiction of a suit in

equity it may determine all legal as well as equitable issues in order to completely

dispose of the matters in controversy. [Citations.]’” (Day v. Sharp (1975) 50 Cal.App.3d

904, 912-913, quoting Klinker v. Klinker (1955) 132 Cal.App.2d 687, 694; accord,

Balboa Island Village Inn, Inc. v. Lemen (2007) 40 Cal.4th 1141, 1161.)

       The power to retain and exercise postjudgment jurisdiction by a court in equity in

order to interpret the judgment and determine unresolved issues and future problems is

well settled. (See, e.g., Dawson v. East Side Union High School Dist. (1994) 28

Cal.App.4th 998, 1044-1045; Day v. Sharp, supra, 50 Cal.App.3d at pp. 911-913;


                                              11
Rynsburger v. Dairymen’s Fertilizer Coop., Inc. (1968) 266 Cal.App.2d 269, 278-279

[Fourth Dist., Div. Two]; Ecker Bros. v. Jones (1960) 186 Cal.App.2d 775, 787; see also

Roden v. AmerisourceBergen Corp. (2005) 130 Cal.App.4th 211, 217 [“court showed

exquisite foresight” in retaining jurisdiction “to entertain and resolve [future

employment] benefits issues”]; see generally 2 Witkin, Cal. Procedure (5th ed. 2008)

Jurisdiction, § 420, pp. 1070-1071.) Indeed, even in the absence of an express

reservation of jurisdiction, “[a]n equity court has inherent power to make its decree

effective by additional orders affecting the details of performance . . . .” (Barnes v.

Chamberlain (1983) 147 Cal.App.3d 762, 767; accord, Palmco Corp. v. Superior Court

(1993) 16 Cal.App.4th 221, 225.)

       The postjudgment exercise of jurisdiction in equity cases is supported by policies

favoring judicial economy and finality; by resolving issues that remain after judgment is

entered, the court is able “to do full and final justice between [the parties] without the

necessity of filing a new action.” (Day v. Sharp, supra, 50 Cal.App.3d at p. 912; see also

Pailhe v. Pailhe (1952) 113 Cal.App.2d 53, 64 [in exercising its equitable powers, the

court can, “‘in one action, grant all the relief to which the parties are entitled, although at

law such a result might strictly require several actions.’”].)

       Here, there is no dispute that the parties’ claims and the remedies employed to

resolve them are predominately equitable in nature: Touryalai claims included rescission,




                                              12
specific performance, quiet title, partition and accounting, and declaratory relief;7 the

judgment establishes the parties’ rights to real and personal property, requires transfers of

property to reflect those rights, and sets restrictions on the parties’ abilities to compete

against each other. Under the authorities cited above, the court had continuing

jurisdiction to make the “‘final adjustment of all differences between the parties’” and

“‘determine all legal as well as equitable issues in order to completely dispose of the

matters in controversy.’” (Day v. Sharp, supra, 50 Cal.App.3d at pp. 912-913.)

       The court’s retention of jurisdiction was particularly appropriate in light of the

recognition by the parties and the court that the entry of judgment would not end the

matter. For example, at the hearing on Mohammad’s motion to have judgment entered,

Touryalai’s counsel argued that “there are issues of enforcement that will immediately

pop up, and the parties would be obliged to file motions to deal with those questions of

interpretation and modification . . . .” The remaining issues include the “interpretation of

the obviously ambiguous language of the document” and “the effect of one or more

parties disabling themselves from performing” under the agreement. When the court

inquired whether Touryalai’s counsel would object to the court’s continuing jurisdiction,

counsel said he would not “because it’s pretty clear . . . that the Court may be called upon

to make further orders to carry out the judgment . . . .”




       7 Our record does not include Mohammad’s pleadings. However, in his October
2009 motion to enforce the judgment, Mohammad refers to his “Complaint for Partition
of Real Property and Acctg.”

                                              13
       Indeed, soon after the judgment was entered both sides took advantage of the

court’s retained jurisdiction by filing motions calling for the court to interpret and enforce

different provisions of the settlement agreement: Mohammad filed his motion to enforce

the judgment, the ruling on which was the focus of Shalikar I, and Touryalai filed his

motion to enjoin Mohammad from certain competitive practices “in aid of enforcement of

the judgment . . . .” In support of his motion, Touryalai expressly relied on the parties’

stipulation to have the court retain jurisdiction.8

       In light of the equitable nature of the claims and the remedies, the near-certainty of

postjudgment disputes, and the interest in avoiding new and multiple lawsuits, the court’s

express retention and exercise of jurisdiction was appropriate and amply supported by the

authorities cited above.

       The primary focus of Touryalai’s argument is that the retention of jurisdiction

under section 664.6 is effective only if it was “requested by the parties.” (§ 664.6.)

Touryalai relies on the second sentence of section 664.6, which provides: “If requested

by the parties, the court may retain jurisdiction over the parties to enforce the settlement

until performance in full of the terms of the settlement.” This language was construed in


       8  Touryalai’s reliance on the court’s retained jurisdiction to support his
postjudgment motion for injunctive relief arguably supports an argument that he is
judicially estopped from asserting that the court did not have jurisdiction to hear
Mohammad’s motion. (See, e.g., Aguilar v. Lerner (2004) 32 Cal.4th 974, 986
[“‘“Judicial estoppel precludes a party from gaining an advantage by taking one position,
and then seeking a second advantage by taking an incompatible position.”’”].) Because
Mohammad does not explicitly rely on this theory and it is unnecessary to reach our
decision, we do not decide this issue.

                                              14
Wackeen v. Malis (2002) 97 Cal.App.4th 429, as requiring that the request to retain

jurisdiction “must be made by the parties, not by their attorneys, spouses or other such

agents.” (Id. at p. 433.) It does not, however, apply here.

       The second sentence of section 664 was added to solve “the problem presented in

[one case], where the trial court lost jurisdiction of a case, and hence the ability to enforce

a settlement agreement, because the terms of the stipulated settlement required or

contemplated that the case would be dismissed.” (Wackeen v. Malis, supra, 97

Cal.App.4th at p. 439.) With the addition of the second sentence to section 664.6, even

after a settled case is dismissed, “the court may nevertheless retain jurisdiction to enforce

the terms of the settlement, until such time as all of its terms have been performed by the

parties, if the parties have requested this specific retention of jurisdiction.” (Ibid.; see

also Hines v. Lukes (2008) 167 Cal.App.4th 1174, 1182 [“The court retains jurisdiction to

enforce a settlement under the statute even after a dismissal, but only if the parties

requested such a retention of jurisdiction before the dismissal.”].)

       Here, the court was never presented with the problem that the second sentence of

section 664.6 was intended to resolve. The settlement agreement did not call for the

dismissal of the case and the parties never dismissed the case. Nothing in section 664.6

or the authorities cited by Touryalai abrogates the principles regarding the retention of

jurisdiction discussed above. Thus, if the trial court could retain jurisdiction based on its

inherent powers to enforce the judgment, there was no need to resort to the jurisdiction

retention provision of section 664.6 or to require the personal request or stipulation of the


                                              15
parties. As discussed above, there is ample authority for the court’s retention of

jurisdiction in this case, and it could do so without regard to whether the parties

personally requested it. We therefore reject Touryalai’s argument.

       Under separate headings, Touryalai contends that even if the court had jurisdiction

to enforce the judgment, the court’s order to turn over the sale proceeds went beyond

mere enforcement and “changed the terms of the judgment.” There is, he asserts, “a big

difference between a judgment of specific performance and an order to pay money.”9

       We conclude that the court’s order was within its jurisdiction. The settlement

agreement and judgment required Touryalai to transfer his interest in the four Hesperia

properties to Mohammad—an equitable remedy within the scope of the claims between

the parties. Because three of the four parcels had been sold, Touryalai could not comply

with the judgment or any order that he transfer his interest in those parcels. Yet

Mohammad had complied with his obligations to transfer the Sun City and Hemet

properties to Touryalai. Thus, if, as Touryalai argues, the court could do nothing further,

Mohammad would be deprived of a key benefit of the settlement agreement (the three

Hesperia parcels) and Touryalai would receive an undeserved windfall (the proceeds

       9  We anticipated this issue in Shalikar I when we noted: “[I]t is not clear to us
that the trial court’s retained jurisdiction to enforce the judgment includes the power to
order [Touryalai] to pay money to [Mohammad]. The jurisdiction to enforce a judgment
is ‘reserved to modify[ing] procedural provisions, not to materially change the
adjudication of substantial issues.’ (7 Witkin, Cal. Procedure [(5th ed. 2008)] Judgment,
§ 80, p. 616.) Arguably, an order for the payment of money would be a substantive
change to the judgment beyond a mere procedural modification.” (Shalikar I, supra, at
pp. 19-20.) Because the issue had not been briefed, we declined to express any view
concerning the merits of such an argument. (Id. at pp. 20-21.)

                                             16
from the sale of the parcels). Clearly, “full and final justice” would not be achieved—at

least not without another lawsuit and further litigation. (See Day v. Sharp, supra, 50

Cal.App.3d at p. 912.)

       Fortunately, the law does not require such inefficiency. As discussed above,

when, as here, “‘a court has taken jurisdiction of a suit in equity[,] it may determine all

legal as well as equitable issues in order to completely dispose of the matters in

controversy. [Citations.]’” (Day v. Sharp, supra, 50 Cal.App.3d at p. 913.) In Shalikar

I, we specifically directed the trial court to consider whether Touryalai should be ordered

to pay to Mohammad the proceeds Touryalai received from the sale of the three parcels.

That question is thus indisputably an issue that remains in this case, the resolution of

which is necessary for the complete disposition of the matter. The trial court, therefore,

had jurisdiction to determine that issue.

B. The Merits

       Touryalai next contends that the court’s decision on the merits was erroneous.

More specifically, he asserts the court erred in applying the doctrine of equitable

conversion and in finding that Mohammad had not waived his right to the sale proceeds.

In addition, Touryalai contends that Mohammad is barred by the doctrine of judicial

estoppel from receiving the relief he sought. We reject these arguments.

       1. The Standard of Review

       Initially, we reject Touryalai’s argument that we should apply a de novo standard

of review with respect to the trial court’s conclusions. As Touryalai acknowledges, a trial


                                             17
court’s exercise of its equitable powers is generally reviewed for abuse of discretion.

(See Ho v. Hsieh (2010) 181 Cal.App.4th 337, 345; De Anza Enterprises v. Johnson

(2002) 104 Cal.App.4th 1307, 1315.) However, Touryalai argues that the court’s order in

this case is analogous to a summary judgment based on equitable defenses, which is

reviewed under the de novo standard. (See, e.g., Johnson v. City of Loma Linda (2000)

24 Cal.4th 61, 67-68.) We disagree. Rulings on summary judgment motions are

reviewed under the de novo standard because the “‘motions raise only questions of law

regarding the construction and effect of the moving and opposing papers . . . .’

[Citations.]” (Hamburg v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. (2004) 116 Cal.App.4th 497, 502-503.)

Here, by contrast, the proceeding involved live testimony where the court could observe

the demeanor of the witnesses and assess their credibility. The hearing on the motion

was more akin to a trial than a summary judgment motion. Accordingly, we reject the

contention that we should depart from the deferential standard of review generally

applicable to equitable determinations.10

       In reviewing the court’s ruling under the abuse of discretion standard, we observe

that “‘“[t]he discretion of a trial judge is not a whimsical, uncontrolled power, but a legal

discretion, which is subject to the limitations of legal principles governing the subject of

its action, and to reversal on appeal where no reasonable basis for the action is shown.

       10  A deferential standard of review is also implicit in Shalikar I, where we
directed the parties to raise these issues in the trial court on remand because their
resolution “may involve equitable considerations, factual determinations, and the exercise
of judicial discretion that are more properly within the province of the trial court.”
(Shalikar I, supra, at p. 21.)

                                             18
[Citation.]”’ [Citations.] The scope of discretion always resides in the particular law

being applied, i.e., in the ‘legal principles governing the subject of [the] action . . . .’

Action that transgresses the confines of the applicable principles of law is outside the

scope of discretion and we call such action an ‘abuse’ of discretion.” (City of

Sacramento v. Drew (1989) 207 Cal.App.3d 1287, 1297.)

        2. Equitable Conversion

        Mohammad’s claim to Touryalai’s sale proceeds and the court’s ruling were based

upon the doctrine of equitable conversion. Under this doctrine, “[w]hen a binding

executory contract for the sale of real property is entered into, an equitable conversion of

the property . . . occurs under which the purchaser is deemed to be the equitable owner of

the property and the seller the owner of the purchase money, with an equitable lien on the

property for the balance of the unpaid purchase price. The vendor is regarded as holding

the legal title in trust for the purchaser; the purchaser, in turn, is considered the trustee of

the purchase money for the benefit of the vendor.” (Mamula v. McCulloch (1969) 275

Cal.App.2d 184, 193-194; see generally Estate of Reid (1938) 26 Cal.App.2d 362, 367-

370.)

        The equitable conversion doctrine “‘is a mere fiction resting upon the principle

that equity regards things which are directed to be done as having actually been

performed where nothing has intervened which ought to prevent such a performance.’

[Citation.]” (Parr-Richmond Industrial Corp. v. Boyd (1954) 43 Cal.2d 157, 165-166.)

The doctrine will not apply “where the contracting parties demonstrate an intention to the


                                               19
contrary” (id. at p. 166), or “when ‘it would compel an inequitable result . . . .’

[Citation].” (Ocean Avenue LLC v. County of Los Angeles (2014) 227 Cal.App.4th 344,

352.)

        In Alhambra Redevelopment Agency v. Transamerica Financial Services (1989)

212 Cal.App.3d 1370 (Alhambra Redevelopment), this doctrine was applied to uphold an

award of condemnation proceeds to a purchaser of condemned property who had not yet

obtained title to the property. As the Court of Appeal explained: “[A] purchaser of real

property under a land sales contract is considered an equitable owner of the property and

is vested with the right to any condemnation award. ‘An executory contract to convey

has the effect of vesting the equitable estate in the vendee, leaving in the vendor the

naked legal title. As the equitable owner of the land, the vendee is entitled to any award

which may be made on condemnation of the property.’ [Citations.] [¶] In contrast, the

seller’s rights in the property are extremely limited. . . . [T]he seller only possesses legal

title to the property. [Citation.] The seller is considered to be nothing more than a

trustee, ‘holding the land in trust for the purchaser as security for the payment of the

purchase price until a conveyance of the legal title to the vendee is finally made.’

[Citations.]” (Id. at pp. 1375-1376.)

        In the case cited by the trial court in the present case—Rogers, supra, 28

Cal.App.4th 1215—the doctrine was applied to uphold the right of the

purchaser/equitable owner to receive the excess proceeds from a foreclosure sale of the

subject property. (Id. at p. 1223.) The court explained that, “as the equitable owners of


                                              20
the property at the time of the foreclosure sale, plaintiffs would be entitled, in equity, to

the sales proceeds under the doctrine of equitable conversion.” (Ibid., fn. omitted.) By

awarding the sale proceeds to the purchaser, the trial court “properly and fairly fashioned

equitable relief ‘to create substantially the same legal effects that the promised

performance would have created’ [citation], i.e., a judgment which gave [the purchaser]

the benefit of the equity in the property, i.e., the sales proceeds . . . .” (Id. at p. 1224.)

       The equitable conversion doctrine can, as a general matter, be applied in the

present case in a straightforward manner. Under the settlement agreement, Touryalai was

contractually obligated to deed his interest in the Hesperia properties to Mohammad.

Mohammad was thus in the position of a purchaser of Touryalai’s interests in the

Hesperia properties and, consequently, the equitable owner of those interests. Although

Touryalai continued to hold his legal interests in the parcels, he held such interests in

trust for Mohammad as security for the purchase price—i.e., the performance of

Mohammad’s obligations under the agreement.

       If the Hesperia parcels were condemned or foreclosed upon prior to Touryalai’s

transfer of his interest in the parcels, we could see no reason to distinguish this situation

from that in the Alhambra Redevelopment or Rogers cases and would be compelled to

conclude that Mohammad was entitled to the condemnation or excess foreclosure sale

proceeds, subject to Mohammad’s performance of his obligations. Indeed, it does not

appear that Touryalai would disagree with this.




                                               21
       The problem, according to Touryalai, is that the sale of the three parcels did not

come about by condemnation or foreclosure, but by Mohammad’s choice to sell the

parcels. Rogers, Touryalai asserts, is factually distinguishable and inapposite because the

purchaser in Rogers “did not bring about the situation where performance of the contract

became impossible. Here, by contrast, it was uncontroverted that Mohammad chose to

sell the three properties to the City (with Touryalai receiving half the proceeds).” By

doing so, Touryalai contends, Mohammad “intervened” and prevented Touryalai’s

performance of the contract. As such, Mohammad is precluded from invoking the

equitable conversion doctrine. (See Parr-Richmond Industrial Corp. v. Boyd, supra, 43

Cal.2d at pp. 165-166 [equitable conversion applies “‘where nothing has intervened

which ought to prevent such a performance.’”].)

       We see no reason why Mohammad’s efforts to sell the Hesperia parcels should

render the equitable conversion doctrine inapplicable and necessarily preclude him from

obtaining the proceeds from that sale when both he and Touryalai agreed to the sale to the

City. Under the equitable conversion doctrine, the equitable conversion occurs upon the

entry into an agreement for the purchase of property. (See Estate of Dwyer (1911) 159

Cal. 664, 675; Estate of Reid, supra, 26 Cal.App.2d at p. 368.) Although its effect may

not become apparent until a subsequent event, such as condemnation in Alhambra

Redevelopment or the foreclosure sale in Rogers, the purchaser nevertheless acquires

equitable title at the time the agreement is made. The seller, so long as he or she retains

legal title, holds such title in trust for the purchaser as security for the purchase price.


                                               22
(Alhambra Development, supra, 212 Cal.App.3d at p. 1376; Orange Cove Water Co. v.

Sampson (1926) 78 Cal.App. 334, 342.) If, prior to the transfer of legal title, the

purchaser/equitable owner desires to sell the purchased parcels and negotiates a price

with a third party, and the seller/legal titleholder agrees to that sale, the proceeds from the

sale would, in substance, take the place of the parcels. In that case, the parties should

have the same status as to the proceeds that they had to the parcels prior to the third party

sale. The equitable owner of the parcels would become the equitable owner of the sale

proceeds; and the holder of the legal title to the parcels would hold the proceeds in trust

for the benefit of the equitable owner. Thus, Touryalai, who held legal title to the parcels

in trust for Mohammad as security for the performance of Mohammad’s obligations

under the agreement, would now hold the sale proceeds in trust for Mohammad for the

same purpose; and Mohammad would have the equitable interest in the cash proceeds

and be entitled to receive them outright upon the performance of his obligations.

       Essential to this analysis is Touryalai’s consent to the sale negotiated by

Mohammad. If Touryalai, as one holding legal title as security for Mohammad’s

performance under the agreement, was concerned that the cash proceeds would provide

inadequate security for Mohammad’s performance, he could have refused to sell or

insisted upon additional security as a condition of his approval. Mohammad’s

“intervention” in negotiating a sale did not, as Touryalai contends, prevent Touryalai’s

performance; Touryalai’s performance became impossible only by his consent to the sale




                                              23
to the City. Under these circumstances, Mohammad’s efforts to sell the parcels did not

prevent the application of the equitable conversion doctrine.

       As noted above, the equitable conversion doctrine will not apply “when ‘it would

compel an inequitable result . . . .’ [Citation].” (Ocean Avenue LLC v. County of Los

Angeles, supra, 227 Cal.App.4th at p. 352.) The court’s ruling did not produce an

inequitable result; indeed, a contrary result would appear to be inequitable. The essence

of the settlement agreement was that Mohammad would turn over his interest in

properties located in Sun City and Hemet to Touryalai, Touryalai would turn over his

interest in properties located in Hesperia and Victorville to Mohammad, and neither

would compete against the other. Although the agreement appears to have been ignored

in the three years after it was made, Mohammad has since delivered the Sun City and

Hemet properties to Touryalai and has complied with the noncompetition provision; he

has, in short, performed his part of the deal. Touryalai has delivered the Victorville

property and one of the Hesperia properties to Mohammad, but never delivered his

interest in the remaining Hesperia parcels; his performance remains deficient. Although

the sale of the Hesperia parcels to the City has made his full performance to that extent

impossible, fairness and equity compel the conclusion that the proceeds he received from

that sale should be delivered to Mohammad. As the trial court recognized, “[a]ny other

result would constitute a windfall to [Touryalai] and would frustrate the intent of the

parties as reflected in their settlement agreement, now judgment.”




                                             24
       3. Waiver

       Touryalai next contends that Mohammad waived his right to Touryalai’s proceeds

from the sale. The trial court explicitly rejected this argument.

       “‘Waiver is the intentional relinquishment of a known right after knowledge of the

facts.’ [Citations.] The burden is on the party claiming waiver ‘to prove it by clear and

convincing evidence that does not leave the matter to speculation, and “doubtful cases

will be decided against a waiver.”’ [Citations.] Waiver may occur by intentional

relinquishment or by conduct so inconsistent with an intent to enforce the right as to

induce a reasonable belief that such right has been relinquished.” (Harper v. Kaiser

Cement Corp. (1983) 144 Cal.App.3d 616, 619.)

       Touryalai points to evidence that Mohammad arranged for the proceeds from the

sale to the City to be paid in separate checks to Touryalai and himself rather than a single

check payable to the parties jointly. We do not believe that this arrangement necessarily

reflects Mohammad’s waiver of his right to the proceeds. Mohammad was indisputably

entitled to one-half of the proceeds from the sale to the City; his and Touryalai’s rights to

the other half was uncertain. Mohammad’s desire for separate checks could have been

motivated by a desire for an immediate payout of his undisputed one-half of the proceeds

without having to wait until the rights to the remainder were determined. This possibility

is suggested by Touryalai’s testimony that he (Touryalai) wanted the proceeds “to go to

the trust account, to be deposited in court or whatever.” However, Mohammad “was very

broke at the time” and told Touryalai that “he did need money” and “wanted to split the


                                             25
checks.” This indicates that Touryalai believed that disbursement of the proceeds should

await a judicial determination, thus tying up the entire sum until the rights were

adjudicated, while Mohammad desired immediate disbursement of the proceeds even if

he would only receive one-half the total at that time. That Mohammad desired immediate

and separate disbursement does not necessarily mean that he was relinquishing any claim

he had to the amounts disbursed to Touryalai.

       Mohammad also testified that while he agreed to provide for separate checks, he

thought the “settlement agreement was still in effect.” He believed that the payment did

not affect the settlement agreement because he “could have made a different lawsuit and

stop it, but [he] already had the lawsuit and [he] didn’t want to go through another hell.”

Finally, on cross-examination he agreed with Touryalai’s counsel that he allowed

separate checks to be issued even though he understood that Touryalai “would gain

possession of money that would otherwise come to [him] jointly” “because [he] didn’t

want any more headaches with this.” These statements are equivocal and subject to

different interpretations. They could support an inference, as Touryalai suggests, that

Mohammad was relinquishing any claim to half the proceeds to avoid “any more

headaches.” But they could also support the view that Mohammad continued to believe

that the agreement would control the rights to the proceeds and that he agreed to separate

checks only because he was broke and needed some money immediately without the

“headaches” of litigation.




                                             26
       Touryalai next asserts that Mohammad’s act of moving to have judgment entered

on the settlement agreement after the three Hesperia parcels had been sold evidences

waiver. This argument assumes the conclusion that Mohammad had no right to the

proceeds from the sale to the City under the settlement agreement. If he did not,

Touryalai would be correct: Having judgment entered on an agreement that did not

entitle Mohammad to the sale proceeds would be strong, if not conclusive, evidence of

waiver. However, as established in the preceding part, Mohammad was entitled to the

proceeds under the agreement (or, at least, the trial court could reasonably conclude he

had that right) with the aid of the equitable conversion doctrine. Because Mohammad

was entitled to the proceeds under the settlement agreement, his effort to have that

agreement enforced as a judgment cannot constitute a waiver of his claim to the proceeds.

       Touryalai also points to the following colloquy between his counsel and the trial

court at the hearing to have judgment entered on the settlement agreement:

       “[Counsel for Touryalai:] . . . I’m also concerned that when the Court is speaking

of this at this time, it[’]s speaking of a transaction that was done in August, 2006, and

whatever the events are after that, that might affect the rights and liabilities of the parties

are issues that are not before the Court, quite frankly.

       “[Court]: That’s right, and I’m not a referee, and you might be interested in my

thoughts on what you ought to do, but those and 50 cents might not even buy you a cup

of coffee anymore.”




                                              27
       Touryalai asserts that the court’s comment “amounted to an advisement that by

asking for judgment to be entered, Mohammad was locking into the state of affairs as of

August 2006, without factoring in the sale that had happened subsequently.” Touryalai

adds that Mohammad’s counsel did not respond to this colloquy indicating that

Mohammad “was content to have the 2006 settlement converted to a judgment as it stood

– with no ‘ifs’ or ‘buts.’”

       We see nothing in the cited colloquy between the court and Touryalai’s counsel or

in Mohammad’s counsel’s apparent lack of interest in that colloquy that suggests that

Mohammad was waiving his right to assert his claim to the sale proceeds.

       In conclusion, although there is evidence in the record from which inferences can

be drawn to support a waiver argument, we cannot conclude that the trial court erred in

finding that Touryalai failed to satisfy his burden of proving waiver.

       4. Judicial Estoppel

       Touryalai next contends that Mohammad is judicially estopped from asserting his

claim for the sale proceeds. Although the trial court did not expressly address this

argument, it was raised below and implicitly rejected. Because we find no abuse of

discretion in rejecting the argument, there was no error.

       “‘“‘Judicial estoppel precludes a party from gaining an advantage by taking one

position, and then seeking a second advantage by taking an incompatible position.

[Citations.] The doctrine’s dual goals are to maintain the integrity of the judicial system

and to protect parties from opponents’ unfair strategies. [Citation.] . . .’” [Citation.]


                                             28
The doctrine applies when “(1) the same party has taken two positions; (2) the positions

were taken in judicial or quasi-judicial administrative proceedings; (3) the party was

successful in asserting the first position (i.e., the tribunal adopted the position or accepted

it as true); (4) the two positions are totally inconsistent; and (5) the first position was not

taken as a result of ignorance, fraud, or mistake.” [Citations.]’ [Citations.]” (People v.

Castillo (2010) 49 Cal.4th 145, 155.) “[J]udicial estoppel is an equitable doctrine, and its

application, even where all necessary elements are present, is discretionary.” (MW

Erectors, Inc. v. Niederhauser Ornamental & Metal Works Co., Inc. (2005) 36 Cal.4th

412, 422.)

       Touryalai argues that Mohammad’s two positions are: (1) that the settlement

agreement represents a full, final, and complete agreement between the parties; and (2) he

is asking for a form of relief not contained in the settlement agreement or judgment, i.e., a

cash payment. Touryalai contends these two positions are inconsistent because the “final

and complete” settlement agreement “provides for one thing,” but Mohammad later

argued that he is “actually entitled to something different.”

       The two positions are not necessarily inconsistent. Mohammad’s assertion that the

settlement agreement is a full, final, and complete agreement was made in the context of

the motion to enforce the settlement and have judgment entered thereon. He insists that

he has never asserted otherwise. According to Mohammad, by seeking the proceeds

Touryalai received from the sale, “he is simply seeking to enforce the full and final

settlement . . . .” There is logic to Mohammad’s position: The full, final, and complete


                                              29
agreement calls for Touryalai to transfer his interest in the Hesperia parcels to

Mohammad; if Touryalai never sold his interest in the Hesperia parcels, a motion to

enforce the agreement by compelling Touryalai to deliver title to the Hesperia properties

would have been consistent with the assertion that the agreement is a full, final, and

complete agreement; however, Touryalai sold three of the Hesperia parcels for cash;

under the doctrine of equitable conversion, Mohammad has the same right to that cash

that he did to the parcels; it follows that a motion to compel Touryalai to deliver that cash

is just as consistent with the assertion of a full, final, and complete settlement agreement

as a motion to compel Touryalai to deliver title to the Hesperia properties would have

been.

        Because the trial court could reasonably conclude that the assertion of the

agreement as full, final, and complete was not inconsistent with Mohammad’s effort to

enforce the agreement by seeking to recover Touryalai’s proceeds, the court did not abuse

its discretion in rejecting the judicial estoppel argument.

C. Effect of Purchase and Sale Agreement

        The purchase and sale agreement with the City regarding the three Hesperia

parcels includes this “merger” provision: “This Agreement and other documents

incorporated herein by reference contain the entire understanding between the parties

relating to the transaction contemplated hereby and all prior to [sic] contemporaneous

agreements, understandings, representations and statements, oral or written, are merged

herein and shall be of no further force or effect.” Touryalai quoted this provision, among


                                             30
numerous other provisions of the purchase agreement, in the statement of facts in his

opposition to the motion to enforce the judgment. He did not, however, make any

argument based on the provision.

         On appeal, Touryalai contends that the merger provision constitutes an express

acknowledgment by Mohammad “that the 2006 agreement would be of ‘no further force

or effect,’” and that it “amounted to a voluntary, contractual – as opposed to equitable –

abandonment of whatever rights regarding the three properties Mohammad would

otherwise have had.” We decline to consider this argument because it was not asserted

below. (See Perez v. Grajales (2008) 169 Cal.App.4th 580, 591-592 [arguments raised

for the first time on appeal are generally deemed forfeited].) Although we may consider

new arguments that present pure questions of law (In re Spencer S. (2009) 176

Cal.App.4th 1315, 1323), Touryalai’s argument raises factual issues as to whether the

parties’ intended the provision to cancel the 2006 settlement agreement. Because neither

Mohammad nor the trial court had the opportunity to address this argument and the

factual issues it raises, it would be unfair to both to decide the appeal on that basis. (See

Doers v. Golden Gate Bridge etc. Dist. (1979) 23 Cal.3d 180, 184-185, fn. 1;

Zimmerman, Rosenfeld, Gersh & Leeds LLP v. Larson (2005) 131 Cal.App.4th 1466,

1488.)

         Even if the argument has not been forfeited, it is not persuasive. The merger

clause does not, as Tourylai asserts, expressly acknowledge that the 2006 settlement

agreement will have no further force or effect; indeed, it makes no mention whatsoever of


                                             31
that agreement. Instead, it refers only vaguely to the understanding of the parties

“relating to the transaction contemplated hereby.” The contemplated transaction is the

sale of the three Hesperia parcels to the City, not the exchange of properties between

Touryalai and Mohammad called for in the 2006 agreement. Moreover, if Touryalai and

Mohammad intended to cancel or novate their 2006 agreement, it is unlikely they would

have used what appears to be a boilerplate merger clause within the

“MISCELLANEOUS” provisions of the City’s purchase and sale contract without

making any specific reference to the prior agreement. Reading the merger provision in

light of the entire purchase and sale contract, we do not believe the parties intended that it

render the 2006 agreement ineffective and unenforceable.

                                    IV. DISPOSITION

       The judgment is affirmed. Respondents shall recover their costs on appeal.

       NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS


                                                                 KING
                                                                                            J.


We concur:

RAMIREZ
                        P. J.

MILLER
                           J.




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