[Cite as J.R. v. E.H., 2017-Ohio-516.]
                              IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO

                                   TENTH APPELLATE DISTRICT



[J.R.],                                           :

                 Petitioner-Appellant,            :
                                                                    No. 16AP-431
v.                                                :         (C.P.C. No. 16DV-02-0220)

[E.H.],                                           :        (REGULAR CALENDAR)

                 Respondent-Appellee.             :




                                         D E C I S I O N

                                    Rendered on February 14, 2017


                 On brief: Capital University Law School Family Advocacy
                 Clinic, Ryan Sander, and Lorie McCaughan, for appellant.
                 Argued: Ryan Sander and Lorie McCaughan.

                 On brief: Vassy Law Office, and Nicholas E. Vassy, for
                 appellee. Argued: Nicholas E. Vassy.

                   APPEAL from the Franklin County Court of Common Pleas,
                       Division of Domestic Relations, Juvenile Branch
SADLER, J.
          {¶ 1} Petitioner-appellant, J.R., appeals from a judgment of the Franklin County
Court of Common Pleas, Division of Domestic Relations, Juvenile Branch, denying her
petition for a civil protection order ("CPO"). For the reasons that follow, we reverse.
I. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
          {¶ 2} Appellant and respondent-appellee, E.H., began a relationship in 2010.
They lived together in appellant's home until June 2014 when appellee moved out.
Though the relationship continued "on and off" until December 2015, the testimony of the
parties establishes that the relationship was acrimonious. (Tr. at 7.) In her testimony,
appellant referred to appellee as her ex-fiancé and stated that appellee was "very abusive
No. 16AP-431                                                                              2


the whole relationship." (Tr. at 8.) During the six-year relationship, appellant had filed
criminal charges against appellee on two occasions based on alleged threats of violence by
appellee. On one occasion, the court dismissed the charges due to the lack of evidence,
and on the other, the case was dismissed on motion of the prosecutor. Appellant had also
petitioned the court for a CPO on three occasions previous to the petition at issue in this
case. Appellant acknowledged that she did not appear to give testimony in support of her
three previous petitions and that the court had dismissed the petitions.
       {¶ 3} On February 12, 2016, appellant filed the instant petition alleging three
separate incidents of domestic violence. Appellant testified that the most recent incident
occurred in January 2016 after the relationship had ended. According to appellant,
appellee entered her home without permission at 3:00 a.m., pointed a 9 mm handgun in
her face as she lay in bed, and told her "I will shoot you like your dad did your mom." (Tr.
at 8.) According to appellant, on that day, appellee left the residence without further
incident but left the weapon behind. Appellant testified that she took her children to a
motel for the night because she feared appellee might return. She also changed the locks
at her house because appellee still had a key.
       {¶ 4} Appellant testified that on December 26, 2015, she and appellee got into an
argument which culminated in a "shoving match." (Tr. at 9.) Appellant maintained that
she filed a police report regarding the incident and went to Florida for three weeks.
       {¶ 5} With respect to the incident that occurred on October 26, 2015, appellant
testified as follows:
               I asked him to get out of the truck. We were leaving my
               mother's barn in London, Ohio. I asked [appellee] numerous
               times to get out of my truck because he just started being
               mentally and verbally abusive at that moment and it was
               starting to be a screaming match. He was drunk and I was,
               like, I am not doing this with you. He tries to take my truck
               into oncoming traffic and said, Bitch, I will just kill us right
               here. Then 20 minutes go by, and I am trying to find an exit
               that is lit up. It is 3:00 a.m. Trying to find an exit to go in
               public, I then pull into a truck stop on Wilson and Interchange
               Drive off of 70 West, I go into the gas station, and my phone,
               it started recording but to my knowledge I knew none of this
               until days later that my phone even picked up what happened.
               I go in the gas station and I all looking around and I'll like, oh,
               my God, there is no one big enough to get him out of my car or
No. 16AP-431                                                                                                  3


                  help me in any situation. So I get back in my truck and I tell
                  him, you know, this is it. It is over. You can't do this to me
                  anymore. And he keeps saying what did I do, and I just said I
                  am tired of what you do. You verbally attack me, physically
                  attack me, I'm done. This is not good.

                  And then I pull out of the parking lot and I am sitting at the
                  light, he then yanks me from the driver's seat into the
                  passenger seat and is pounding my head, my ribs, my face. I
                  had seven concussions that day. I had a bloody -- like, bloody
                  up here. He took a chunk out of my arm where he bit me. I
                  still have the scar from October on my arm, they couldn't even
                  stitch it back up, it is to the bone -- and left me. Left me there.
                  Stole my truck right after he did all of that. He stole my truck
                  and left me there. His sister came back with the truck.

(Tr. at 10-11.)
        {¶ 6} The trial court admitted an audiotape recording taken from appellant's cell
phone as petitioner's exhibit 1.1 Appellant's counsel played the audiotape during
appellant's direct examination, and she identified her voice and that of appellee. Appellee
did not deny that his voice is on the audiotape. Because no transcription was made, the
trial court listened to it in chambers prior to issuing its ruling.
        {¶ 7} In the audiotape recording of the October 26, 2015 incident, appellant can
be heard screaming for help and crying during her struggle with appellee. The audiotape
also picked up the voice of a bystander who arrived at the scene after appellee fled in
appellant's truck. The bystander, who identified himself as a firefighter, observed an
injury to appellant's wrist and stated it "looks like a burn." Appellant responded "[h]e bit
me."2
        {¶ 8} On May 10, 2016, the trial court issued a judgment entry wherein the trial
court found "[apppellant] has failed to present any credible or competent evidence to
prove her allegations by a preponderance of the evidence." Appellant timely appealed to
this court from the judgment of the trial court.


1 Appellant explained that she has a "domestic violence app" on her cell phone that activates automatically

"[w]hen your phone senses elevated arguments." (Tr. at 32.) Appellant testified that she played the
recording from her cell phone for her trial counsel, and he recorded it on the audiocassette tape.
2 Appellee conceded at oral argument that the lack of a transcript of the audiocassette tape does not preclude

this court from considering its contents in this appeal because the audiocassette is part of the physical record
in this case. Accordingly, we have considered the contents of the audiocassette in ruling on the appeal.
No. 16AP-431                                                                                4


II. ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR
       {¶ 9} Appellant asserts a single assignment of error as follows:
               The trial court erred when it denied Appellant's Petition for a
               Full Domestic Violence Civil Protection Order because the
               court's ruling was Against the Manifest Weight of the
               Evidence.

III. STANDARD OF REVIEW
       {¶ 10} This court will not reverse the trial court's decision regarding the issuance of
a CPO for being contrary to the manifest weight of the evidence if there is some
competent, credible evidence going to the essential elements of the case. Bradley v. Cox,
10th Dist No. 04AP-118, 2004-Ohio-4840, ¶ 9, citing C.E. Morris Co. v. Foley Constr. Co.,
54 Ohio St.2d 279 (1978), syllabus. See also Strassell v. Chapman, 10th Dist. No. 09AP-
793, 2010-Ohio-4376, ¶ 7-9. "We presume that the findings of the trial court are correct,
because the trial court can view the witnesses and weigh the credibility of the parties'
testimony." Guthrie v. Long, 10th Dist. No. 04AP-913, 2005-Ohio-1541, ¶ 13, citing
Seasons Coal Co., Inc. v. Cleveland, 10 Ohio St.3d 77, 80 (1984). "[T]he weight to be
given to the evidence and the credibility of the witnesses are issues for the trier of fact."
Guthrie at ¶ 13, citing State v. Jamison, 49 Ohio St.3d 182 (1990), cert. denied, 498 U.S.
881.
IV. LEGAL ANALYSIS
       {¶ 11} For purposes of a domestic violence protection order, R.C. 3113.31 defines
"Domestic violence," in relevant part, as follows:
               (A) As used in this section:

               (1) "Domestic violence" means the occurrence of one or more
               of the following acts against a family or household member:

               (a) Attempting to cause or recklessly causing bodily injury;

       {¶ 12} R.C. 2901.22 defining culpable mental states, defines "recklessly" as follows:
               (C) A person acts recklessly when, with heedless indifference
               to the consequences, the person disregards a substantial and
               unjustifiable risk that the person's conduct is likely to cause a
               certain result or is likely to be of a certain nature. A person is
               reckless with respect to circumstances when, with heedless
               indifference to the consequences, the person disregards a
No. 16AP-431                                                                           5


               substantial and unjustifiable risk that such circumstances are
               likely to exist.

               ***

               (E) When recklessness suffices to establish an element of an
               offense, then knowledge or purpose is also sufficient
               culpability for such element.

       {¶ 13} Though R.C. 3113.31 does not define the term "bodily injury," we note that
for purposes of the offense of domestic violence under R.C. 2901.01(A)(3), "physical
harm" to a person means "any injury, regardless of its gravity or duration." State v.
Reynolds, 10th Dist. No. 03AP-701, 2004-Ohio-3692, ¶ 14.
       {¶ 14} At the conclusion of the hearing, the trial court announced its decision on
the record as follows:
               THE COURT: Back on the record in the matter of Raines
               versus Hanes, 16DV-220, let the record reflect I have had an
               opportunity to review the exhibits, and more closely listening
               to the tape, and I've had an opportunity to review the notes.
               In regards to the Civil Protective Order and the hearing today,
               I can state unequivocally the two parties involved should not,
               repeat, should not be in a relationship. If I were to believe
               either one of you, there is more than enough conflict here that
               this relationship should terminate, end of discussion. In
               regards to the incident in January, I am troubled as to what
               may or may not have occurred, but the description left some
               real doubt in my mind.

               In regard to the incident that occurred in December, once
               again, I have a hard time fathoming who started these
               arguments and how they escalated to the point that people
               feel the need to run and go to a hotel and, et cetera. So really
               the incident that I spent the time trying to understand is the
               incident in October and how we got to a point that the two of
               you are beating on each other in a truck and why that
               occurred. I heard testimony as to injury but, unfortunately, I
               don't have verification. I hear testimony that the police are a
               regular person you have contact with on a regular basis, but
               I don't have any reports to tell me why. So I have these two
               large gaps in making my determination as to what occurred
               and who is the more credible.
No. 16AP-431                                                                                           6


                The fact that she has been before this court -- domestic court
                on numerous prior occasions and been dismissed have no
                b[e]aring. That is not an uncommon occurrence for domestic
                violence in the usual so that doesn't tell me anything one way
                or the other. So having explained to you my thought process,
                and understanding the significant implications of a Civil
                Protective Order, I do not find sufficient evidence for the
                granting of a Civil Protective Order in this matter and the
                request for the same is hereby denied.

(Emphasis added.) (Tr. at 61-63.)
        {¶ 15} The "statutory criterion to determine whether or not to grant a civil
protection order pursuant to R.C. 3113.31 is the existence or threatened existence of
domestic violence." Thomas v. Thomas, 44 Ohio App.3d 6, 8 (10th Dist.1988). See also
Parrish v. Parrish, 146 Ohio App.3d 640, 644 (4th Dist.2000), citing Thomas.3 Where
the evidence establishes that an act of domestic violence occurred, the mandates of R.C.
3113.31 for issuance of the order of protection are satisfied, regardless of the fact that the
evidence also establishes that the petitioner no longer has contact with the respondent
and, consequently, is no longer fearful of the respondent. Duncan v. Duncan, 5th Dist.
No. CT2010-0007, 2010-Ohio-5334, discretionary appeal not allowed, 127 Ohio St.3d
1503, 2011-Ohio-19. For the purpose of a CPO under R.C. 3113.31(A)(1)(a), "a petitioner
need not strictly testify that the respondent placed her in fear of imminent harm when he
actually harmed her." Zawrotuk v. Zawrotuk, 7th Dist. No. 14 MA 13, 2014-Ohio-5225, ¶
34. Accordingly, R.C. 3113.31(A)(1)(a) requires the trial court to issue a CPO where the
petitioner establishes by a preponderance of the evidence that respondent attempted to
cause or recklessly caused bodily injury to petitioner. Id. See also J.M. v. M.M., 9th Dist.
No. 15CA0057-M, 2016-Ohio-5368, ¶ 13-14; Calicoat v. Calicoat, 2d Dist. No. 08CA32,
2009-Ohio-5869, ¶ 23.
        {¶ 16} We are mindful that this is not an appeal from an order granting an ex parte
CPO which would have required proof that a CPO was "necessary to protect [appellant]
from domestic violence" or the "[i]mmediate and present danger of domestic violence."
R.C. 3113.31(D)(1). Similarly, though appellant alleges both that she was entitled to a CPO


3Appeal dismissed as having been improvidently allowed in Parrish v. Parrish, 95 Ohio St.3d 1201, 1207-08
(2002).
No. 16AP-431                                                                                                7


under R.C. 3113.31(A)(1)(a) and (b), it is only R.C. 3113.31(A)(1)(b) that requires proof
that appellee placed appellant "by the threat of force in fear of imminent serious physical
harm." Under R.C. 3113.31(A)(1)(a), a CPO will issue on proof that appellee attempted to
cause or recklessly caused bodily injury to appellant regardless of whether appellee also
placed appellant in fear of imminent serious physical harm. Duncan; Zawrotuk. See also
Bullard v. Alley, 4th Dist. No. 12CA835, 2014-Ohio-1016, ¶ 21 ("Because we determined
that some evidence supports the court's finding of domestic violence under R.C.
3113.31(A)(1)(a), we need not also consider whether the evidence supports a finding under
R.C. 3113.31(A)(1)(b).").
        {¶ 17} Pursuant to R.C. 2923.02, an "attempt" is defined as follows: "(A) No
person, purposely or knowingly, and when purpose or knowledge is sufficient culpability
for the commission of an offense, shall engage in conduct that, if successful, would
constitute or result in the offense." In our view, the trial court's finding that appellant and
appellee were "beating on each other in a truck" requires the conclusion that appellee
attempted to cause bodily injury to appellant on October 26, 2015. (Tr. at 62.) By finding
that appellant failed to produce competent, credible evidence that appellee had
committed domestic violence on October 26, 2015, the trial court ignored its own factual
finding and mistakenly focused on the absence of proof as to which of the parties started
the argument and why the argument escalated to the point of physical violence. In so
doing, the trial court imposed an additional burden of proof on appellant that is not
required by R.C. 3113.31(A)(1)(a). See, e.g., State v. Boldin, 11th Dist. No. 2007-G-2808,
2008-Ohio-6408 (a determination of the identity of the primary aggressor is not an
element of the offense of domestic violence; it is relevant only to a claim of self-defense);
Crawford v. Brandon, 12th Dist. No. CA2013-08-150, 2014-Ohio-3659, ¶ 6 (where both
parties seek a CPO, it is up to the trial court to assess credibility and to make a
determination whether to grant or deny the respective petitions).                          See also R.C.
3113.31(E)(4).4



4 Respondent has not filed a separate petition for a protection order in this case.                 Under R.C.
3113.31(E)(4)(a), "[a] court may not issue a protection order that requires a petitioner to do or to refrain
from doing an act that the court may require a respondent to do or to refrain from doing * * * unless * * *
[t]he respondent files a separate petition for a protection order in accordance with this section."
No. 16AP-431                                                                             8


       {¶ 18} During his direct examination of appellee, appellee's trial counsel asked him
about the October 26, 2015 incident:
               Q. Now, there is an argument, do you -- do you -- are you
               guys both arguing back and forth?

               A. Yes. Yeah.

               Q. Okay. And then what happens?

               A. She went into the gas station, came back out and pulled to
               the traffic light. It got pretty heated and I slapped the dash.
               We were yelling at each other. She scratched my face, which
               the officer I believe took pictures. When she was gouging me
               right here, I bit her on the backside of her arm, so she has
               pictures of that also. She jumped out of the vehicle she was
               driving, ran over, she thought there were officers there and
               security there and she jumped on the ground and started
               screaming like she was really hurt. I was scared I was going to
               be arrested for something I didn't do, so I drove off a couple
               blocks away to my sister's house and had her take the vehicle
               back to her.

(Tr. at 48.)
       {¶ 19} On redirect, appellee described the event as follows:
               Q. If we can talk briefly about the bite on the arm. Why don't
               you go a little more in depth as far as what actually physically
               happened in that vehicle?

               A. We were arguing. We were at the stoplight. I had asked
               her about some guy she was talking to, basically, and she
               heard -- she -- whenever, like, she gets really angry and
               screams and she push -- put her hand in my face like this and
               started scratching me. So, basically, I just pushed her hand
               up. When I pushed her up, I bit her on the arm and I just
               pushed her. The next thing I know she gets out the vehicle
               and she thought she seen two officers, she started running in
               their direction screaming.

               Q. So when that happened were you attempting to, basically,
               get her away from you?

               A. Yeah, I didn't want to be scratched anymore.

(Tr. at 57-58.)
No. 16AP-431                                                                                                   9


        {¶ 20} Under the circumstances of this case, appellee's admission that he
intentionally bit appellant on the arm during the domestic altercation that occurred on
October 26, 2015 leads the court to conclude that appellee recklessly caused or attempted
to cause bodily injury to appellant. See McElroy v. McElroy, 5th Dist. No. 15 CA 27, 2016-
Ohio-5148, ¶ 33 (petitioner entitled to a CPO even though evidence established that
petitioner and respondent were engaged in mutual combat). Though appellee testified
that he bit appellant's arm in self-defense, appellee did not file a separate petition for a
CPO, and appellee's trial counsel did not expressly argue self-defense in the trial court.
Nor has appellee raised the issue in his briefing in this court. Consequently, appellee has
arguably waived his claim of self-defense for purposes of this appeal. See Burke v.
Melton, 8th Dist. No. 81994, 2003-Ohio-7054, ¶ 14 (issue of self-defense not waived for
purposes of appeal because the record showed that trial counsel raised the issue in the
opening statement).
        {¶ 21} Moreover, self-defense is an affirmative defense, which means that appellee
had the burden to establish that he caused or attempted to cause bodily injury to
appellant in self-defense. Burke at ¶ 14. See also R.C. 3113.31(E)(4)(d). Because the trial
court did not find that appellee acted in self-defense, the trial court must have concluded
that appellee failed to meet his burden. See Burke at ¶ 15 (trial court need not expressly
address the issue of self-defense in proceedings under R.C. 3113.31 where the record does
not support the defense).
        {¶ 22} In support of the conclusion that appellant failed to produce competent,
credible evidence that she was the victim of domestic violence, the trial court also stated
that there was no verification that appellant sustained an injury on October 26, 2015.
There is, however, no requirement in R.C. 3113.31(A)(1)(5) that appellant prove she
suffered a verified bodily injury.5


5The audiotape of the October 26, 2015 incident reveals that a bystander witnessed the injury to appellant's
wrist immediately after the altercation. Appellee also acknowledged that appellant had taken a photograph
of her injury although she produced no photograph at the hearing. Consequently, even if R.C.
3113.31(A)(1)(a) required a "verified" bodily injury, the record contains such verification. See, e.g., Boldin at
¶ 40 ("Domestic violence merely requires a showing of 'physical harm' as defined in R.C. 2901.01(A)(3),
which does not require evidence of visible injuries."); State v. Barnes, 8th Dist. No. 87153, 2006-Ohio-5239
(even though a victim had no visible injuries after the incident, there was sufficient evidence to support a
finding that the victim was physically injured under R.C. 2901.01(A)(3)); State v. Summers, 11th Dist. No.
2002-A-0074, 2003-Ohio-5866 (testimony of victim that her boyfriend grabbed her around her neck
No. 16AP-431                                                                                            10


        {¶ 23} The trial court expressed no determination regarding appellant's credibility.
Given the trial court's factual finding that the parties were "beating on each other in a
truck," it is evident that the trial court believed some of appellant's testimony regarding
the October 26, 2015 incident.           Even if the trial court disbelieved all of appellant's
testimony regarding the incidents that allegedly occurred in December 2015 and January
2016, the only reasonable conclusion to be drawn from the trial court's factual finding and
appellee's admission that he bit appellant on October 26, 2015 is that appellee attempted
to cause or recklessly caused bodily injury to appellant during that incident. Because the
evidence overwhelmingly supports the conclusion that appellee committed "domestic
violence" against appellant on October 26, 2015, appellant satisfied the mandates of R.C.
3113.31(A)(1)(a) for the issuance of a CPO. Accordingly, we hold that the trial court's
decision denying appellant's petition for a CPO was against the manifest weight of the
evidence.
        {¶ 24} For the foregoing reasons, we sustain appellant's sole assignment of error,
reverse the judgment of the trial court, and remand this case for the trial court to
determine the scope of the domestic violence CPO. R.C. 3113.31(E).
V. CONCLUSION
        {¶ 25} Having sustained appellant's sole assignment of error, we reverse the
judgment of the Franklin County Court of Common Pleas, Domestic Division, Juvenile
Branch, and remand this matter for the trial court to determine the scope of the domestic
violence CPO.
                                                                             Judgment reversed;
                                                                 cause remanded with instructions.

                              DORRIAN and HORTON, JJ., concur.
                                    ___________________




causing a bruise to appear the next day was sufficient to prove physical harm for purposes of a domestic
violence conviction even though the victim admitted she did not seek medical treatment, no one else saw her
injury, and no photographs were taken).
