                            UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                            FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

                                              )
UNITED STATES, ex rel.,                       )
THOMAS O’NEILL MORGAN,                        )
                                              )
               Plaintiff-Relator,             )
                                              )
       v.                                     )      Civil Action No. 05-1757 (RMC)
                                              )
SCIENCE APPLICATIONS                          )
INTERNATIONAL COMPANY, et al.,                )
                                              )
               Defendants.                    )
                                              )

                                 MEMORANDUM OPINION

               Thomas O’Neill Morgan instituted this suit in September 2005, alleging that Science

Applications International Co. (“SAIC”) and SPARTA, Inc. (“SPARTA”), both federal contractors,

violated the False Claims Act, 31 U.S.C. § 3728 et seq. (“FCA”). After years of impossibly slow

investigation, the United States declined to intervene in June 2008. Although represented by counsel

when the complaint was filed and throughout the investigation, Mr. Morgan has been proceeding pro

se since September 2008, when prior counsel withdrew. He now has informed the Court that he has

not located counsel since then and will no longer seek counsel. See Pl.’s Notice Advising Ct. of

Status of Counsel [Dkt. # 50]. Because an individual cannot represent the United States pro se, and

the Relator in an FCA case stands in the shoes of the federal government, the Court must dismiss

Counts I-X and XII of the Complaint. As to Count XI, which alleges retaliation by both Defendants

based on Mr. Morgan’s whistleblower activity, SPARTA has filed a motion to dismiss for failure

to state a claim, which Mr. Morgan opposes.

               The Complaint does not allege that SPARTA was Mr. Morgan’s employer or that
SPARTA and SAIC were joint employers. The Court has re-read the 862-paragraph Complaint in

its entirety, noting that it was prepared by counsel for Mr. Morgan, and could find very little that

offers any support for a joint employer finding, which is what Mr. Morgan argues, in other

terminology, in his Opposition. Because there was not an employer-employee relationship between

Mr. Morgan and SPARTA, and because SPARTA cannot be sued by Mr. Morgan pro se on the FCA

allegations, SPARTA’s motion to dismiss will be granted.

                                             I. FACTS

               As noted above, the Complaint is long and detailed, quite beyond notice-pleading

requirements. The Court will summarize briefly the points that are relevant to disposition of the

pending motion.

               Thomas O’Neill Morgan is a former Senior Scientist at SAIC. He began work there

on May 17, 2004 as a member of the Black Team providing support to the Missile Defense Agency,

a component agency of the Department of Defense. Compl. ¶¶ 1-2, 64. SAIC employed Mr. Morgan

to assist on federal contracts it maintained with the Missile Defense Agency. Id. ¶ 2. “Mr. Morgan

was hired by SAIC to provide the government with budgetary and technical expertise based on his

more than twenty years of post doctorate experience in missile defense.” Id. ¶ 15. SPARTA also

provided support to the Missile Defense Agency pursuant to federal contracts and often drew on the

resources of SAIC to fulfill its obligations under its contracts. In this relationship, SPARTA was the

prime contractor with the Missile Defense Agency and SAIC was the sub-contractor. Id. ¶ 57. Mr.

Morgan was initially hired by SAIC to assist with two of these sub-contracts. Id. ¶ 53. He reported

directly to SAIC’s Area Manager, Bien Vu. Id. ¶ 58.

               The Missile Defense Agency organizes technical expertise around several color-coded


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working groups and hires outside experts to staff these teams. Id. ¶ 16. The Black Team was

organized to provide guidance regarding allocation of resources and determinations of how to handle

problems in missile defense technology. Id. ¶ 17. Mr. Morgan was hired to serve as liaison between

the Black Team and the Government. Id. ¶ 22. Over time, Mr. Morgan “discovered that SAIC and

SPARTA supervisors were primarily concerned with securing business and using contract funds to

benefit their companies, often at the expense of fulfilling the companies’ obligations to the

Government.” Id. ¶ 23. The bulk of the Complaint consists of former counsel’s efforts to detail

these allegations.

               The Complaint never alleges that SPARTA was Mr. Morgan’s employer. It does

allege that in July of 2004, Mr. Morgan met with Mr. Vu, Dennis Nihiser, the contracting authority

for the Government, and Paul Krause, a SPARTA employee who acted as Mr. Nihiser’s Deputy and

Budget Manager. Id. ¶¶ 65, 68. Mr. Nihiser assigned the duties of Black Team Administrative Lead

to Mr. Morgan. Id. ¶ 66.

               After receiving his new assignment, Morgan met Vu and Krause to
               discuss the color-coded teams’ budgets. Krause began the meeting by
               handing Vu a sheet of paper with his proposed budgets. . . . Krause
               indicated that Morgan was to use these estimates and prepare the
               budget submission, under Morgan’s authority as the administrative
               lead.

Id. ¶¶ 72-73, 76. However, when Mr. Morgan prepared the budget as he believed it should be done,

it was rejected twice and “Vu told Morgan to use the funds exactly as allocated by Krause.” Id. ¶ 86.

               Mr. Morgan also alleges that Mr. Vu assigned him tasks of working for SPARTA’s

benefit. See, e.g., id. ¶¶ 289-322. For example, Mr. Morgan contends that “SAIC allowed SPARTA

to use Morgan’s resume to help obtain a contract.” Id. ¶ 325. David Beerman, SPARTA’s Contract



                                                -3-
Manager, directed Mr. Morgan to prepare the resume and then included it with a list of qualified

personnel SPARTA would use to perform on a government contract. Id. ¶¶ 326-27. In addition, Mr.

Morgan alleges that SPARTA and SAIC personnel shared office space at 1911 N. Fort Meyer Drive

in Arlington, Virginia, through a sublet of space by SAIC from SPARTA. Id. ¶¶ 348, 350.

               After pages of detailed allegations that Mr. Morgan asserts show that SAIC

knowingly and intentionally produced shoddy work on its contract with the Missile Defense Agency,

he alleges that he “repeatedly complained to management both at SAIC and SPARTA, the prime

contractor for SAIC relation[ship] with [the Missile Defense Agency], regarding the quality of the

work performed. Nonetheless, SAIC continued to willfully and recklessly bill the [Missile Defense]

Agency for work that it knew was not correct.” Id. ¶¶ 730-31. When he discovered the Defendants’

alleged fraudulent business practices, Mr. Morgan “began to openly question their commitment to

ethical and legal standards.” Id. ¶ 740. Aside from confronting Mr. Vu several times about these

indiscretions, he also began to express his concerns to Mr. Beerman. Id. ¶ 741.

               Then, in November of 2004, after numerous complaints by Mr. Morgan regarding the

Defendants’ business practices, Mr. Beerman and Mr. Vu removed Mr. Morgan from a Threat

System Engineering project which was assigned to Mr. Morgan by the Missile Defense Agency

National Team Chairman, Gordon Niva. Id. ¶ 742. Mr. Morgan complained to Messrs. Vu and

Beerman, pleading that their actions were “unethical . . . because SAIC was withholding the services

it had contracted with the [Missile Defense Agency] to provide.” Id. ¶ 745. When Mr. Morgan

confronted Mr. Beerman directly about his unethical actions which caused SAIC to provide “shoddy

and substandard” work, Mr. Beerman told Mr. Morgan to keep that information “among our circle

. . . [,] which Morgan interpreted at the time as meaning not to report it to the [Department of


                                                -4-
Defense] Inspector General, or anyone else who could take action.” Id. ¶ 747. Despite this

instruction, Mr. Morgan added a note to his weekly report that he had been removed from a

government assigned activity “for reasons of SAIC billing.” Id. ¶ 748. Upon reviewing the report,

Mr. Vu directed Mr. Morgan to remove the statement. Id. ¶ 749.

               Shortly before a meeting that Mr. Niva, the Missile Defense Agency National Team

Chairman, had directed Mr. Morgan to attend, Mr. Beerman notified Mr. Niva that Mr. Morgan had

been replaced but gave no reason. Id. ¶ 750. In response, Mr. Morgan sent an email to Mr.

Beerman, “stating that SAIC’s and SPARTA’s assignments of his time amounted to fraud in

managing its contract, and that SAIC was more interested in its employee bonus program than it was

in providing the government with a legitimate service.” Id. ¶ 754. According to the Complaint, Mr.

Beerman showed the email to Mr. Vu and to Lee Phillips of SAIC. Id. ¶ 755. Lee Phillips then

promptly called Mr. Morgan in for a meeting and told him that he could either resign immediately

or be fired. Id. ¶ 757. Fearing that getting fired would harm his reputation, Mr. Morgan reluctantly

resigned. Id. ¶ 756.

               Count XI of the Complaint alleges that Mr. Morgan “was replaced on a project and

then fired for complaining about SAIC’s business practices.” Id. ¶ 852. It further charges that Mr.

Morgan “has suffered employment related damages pursuant to 31 U.S.C. Section 3730(h) as he was

fired for engaging in whistleblower activity.” Id. ¶ 853.

                                   II. LEGAL STANDARDS

               A motion to dismiss pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) challenges

the adequacy of a complaint on its face, testing whether a plaintiff has properly stated a claim.

Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8(a) requires that a complaint contain “a short and plain statement


                                                -5-
of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a). A complaint must

be sufficient “to give a defendant fair notice of the claims against him.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly,

127 S. Ct. 1955, 1964 (2007). Although a complaint does not need detailed factual allegations, a

plaintiff’s obligation to provide the grounds of his entitlement to relief “requires more than labels

and conclusions, and a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action will not do.” Id. at

1964-65 (internal citations omitted). Rule 8(a) requires a “showing” and not just a blanket assertion

of a right to relief. Id. at 1965 n.3.

                A court must treat the complaint’s factual allegations as true, “even if doubtful in

fact,” id. at 1965, and must draw all reasonable inferences in the plaintiff’s favor. Macharia v.

United States, 334 F.3d 61, 64, 67 (D.C. Cir. 2003). Even so, the facts alleged “must be enough to

raise a right to relief above the speculative level,” Twombly, 127 S. Ct. at 1965, and the court need

not accept as true inferences unsupported by facts set out in the complaint or legal conclusions cast

as factual allegations. Browning v. Clinton, 292 F.3d 235, 242 (D.C. Cir. 2002). “[A] complaint

needs some information about the circumstances giving rise to the claims.” Aktieselskabet Af 21.

Nov. 2001 v. Fame Jeans, Inc., 525 F.3d 8, 16 n.4 (D.C. Cir. 2008) (emphasis in original).

                In deciding a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, the Court may consider only “the facts alleged

in the complaint, documents attached as exhibits or incorporated by reference in the complaint, and

matters about which the Court may take judicial notice.” Gustave-Schmidt v. Chao, 226 F. Supp.

2d 191, 196 (D.D.C. 2002) (citation omitted). Once a claim has been stated adequately, “it may be

supported by showing any set of facts consistent with the allegations in the complaint.” Twombly,

127 S. Ct. at 1968-69.




                                                 -6-
                                          III. ANALYSIS

               SPARTA first moves to dismiss Counts I-X and XII of the Complaint because there

is no reasonable possibility that Mr. Morgan will obtain new counsel. A lay person is not qualified

to represent the United States in a qui tam action. See Rockefeller v. Westinghouse Elec. Co., 274

F. Supp. 2d 10, 16 (D.D.C. 2003), aff’d, No. 03-7120, 2004 WL 180264 (D.C. Cir. Jan. 21, 2004).

Because the Relator in an FCA case stands in the shoes of the federal government as a plaintiff, the

Relator may not proceed pro se. Since SPARTA’s filing of its motion to dismiss, Mr. Morgan

notified the Court that he has been unable to retain new counsel and requested that the Court proceed

to the merits of his case. The Court therefore must dismiss Counts I-X and XII of the Complaint.

               SPARTA also seeks dismissal of Count XI, to the extent it might be read to charge

SPARTA with violating Mr. Morgan’s rights as a putative whistleblower, because SPARTA was not

Mr. Morgan’s employer. Mot. to Dismiss of SPARTA, Inc. (“Def.’s Mem.”) at 3 [Dkt. # 28]. The

False Claims Act provides in relevant part:

               Any employee who is discharged . . . or in any other manner
               discriminated against in the terms and conditions of employment by
               his . . . employer because of lawful acts done by the employee on
               behalf of the employee or others in furtherance of an action under [the
               False Claims Act], including the investigation for, initiation of,
               testimony for, or assistance in an action filed or to be filed under [the
               False Claims Act], shall be entitled to all relief necessary to make the
               employee whole. Such relief shall include reinstatement with the
               same seniority status. . . . An employee may bring an action [in
               district court] . . . for [relief].

31 U.S.C. § 3730(h). As SPARTA points out, the statute prohibits retaliation by an employer against

an employee for engaging in a wide range of protected activity. Only a whisteblower’s employer,

however, is subject to liability for retaliation or discrimination under section 3730(h). Thus, if



                                                 -7-
SPARTA were not Mr. Morgan’s employer it would be an improper defendant even if SAIC sub-

contracted with and worked closely with SPARTA on projects to which Mr. Morgan was assigned.

See U.S. ex rel. Chandler v. Hektoen Institute for Medical Research, 35 F. Supp. 2d 1075, 1087

(N.D. Ill. 1999) (plaintiff alleged, “[a]t best,” a conspiracy between a county hospital and plaintiff’s

employer, a medical research institute, to remove certain matters from the plaintiff’s responsibilities

as project director of a research study jointly administered by the hospital and the research institute,

but liability under § 3730(h) does not extend to non-employers on the basis of a conspiracy); Mruz

v. Caring, Inc., 991 F. Supp. 701, 709 (D.N.J. 1998) (“the hallmark of liability under section 3730(h)

is an ‘employment relationship,’” and non-employers may not be held liable under the qui tam

statute for retaliatory employment actions even if they conspired with the employer to discharge or

discriminate against a whistleblowing employee; had Congress wanted to extend liability to non-

employers, it could have done so, as it did in § 3729); see also Vessel v. DPS Associates of

Charleston, Inc., 148 F.3d 407, 412 (4th Cir. 1998) (liability under qui tam statute does not extend

to subcontractor employees or to independent contractors); Palladino ex rel. U.S. v. UNA of Southern

New Jersey, 68 F. Supp. 2d 455, 464-65 (D.N.J. 1999) (claim against non-employer was dismissed

with prejudice for failure to state a claim).

                Count XI is clear: it alleges that Mr. Morgan suffered damages because he was fired

by SAIC for engaging in whistleblower activity. Compl. ¶ 853. It does not allege that he was fired

by SPARTA. See id. ¶¶ 851-54. Although neither Count XI specifically, nor the Complaint in its

entirety, alleges that Mr. Morgan was fired by SPARTA, Count XI does state that, in addition to

being fired by SAIC, Mr. Morgan “was replaced on a project . . . for complaining about SAIC’s

business practices,” id. ¶ 852. The Complaint arguably alleges that Mr. Morgan was removed from


                                                  -8-
the project by Mr. Beerman, SPARTA’s Contract Manager, and that the removal damaged Mr.

Morgan’s reputation, see id. ¶¶ 750-54, but there is no indication anywhere in the Complaint that

SPARTA and Mr. Morgan ever had an employer-employee relationship. The factual allegations in

the Complaint simply fail to allege that SPARTA’s role in Mr. Morgan’s work for SAIC rendered

it a joint employer. Thus, Count XI must be dismissed as against SPARTA.1

                                     IV. CONCLUSION

              Counts I through X and Count XII, which advance allegations of FCA violations

against SPARTA and SAIC, will be dismissed because Mr. Morgan cannot represent the United

States without counsel.   SPARTA’s motion to dismiss Count XI, which alleges retaliatory

termination of employment, will be granted and the suit against SPARTA will be dismissed. A

memorializing order accompanies this Memorandum Opinion.



Date: April 3, 2009                                               /s/
                                                ROSEMARY M. COLLYER
                                                United States District Judge




       1
          Mr. Morgan presents an e-mail from SPARTA’s counsel threatening to request that the
Court order Mr. Morgan to pay SPARTA’s reasonable attorneys’ fees and expenses in defending this
matter. See Pl.’s Opp’n to Mot. to Dismiss of Sparta, Ex. C-1. The Court dismisses SPARTA from
this case because it never had an employer-employee relationship with Mr. Morgan. The Court does
not, and because the case against SPARTA never reached the discovery phase, cannot make any
factual conclusions regarding the basic allegations of retaliation against Mr. Morgan by certain
SPARTA employees. The Court therefore does not conclude that Mr. Morgan’s claims against
SPARTA are frivolous, vexatious, or brought for the purpose of harassment. Mr. Morgan will not
be required to pay SPARTA’s attorneys’ fees. See 31 U.S.C. § 3730(d)(4).

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