                              RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
                              Pursuant to Sixth Circuit I.O.P. 32.1(b)
                                     File Name: 20a0212p.06

                   UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT



 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                                 ┐
                                  Plaintiff-Appellee,      │
                                                           │
                                                            >        No. 19-5658
       v.                                                  │
                                                           │
                                                           │
 WILLIE GARTH,                                             │
                               Defendant-Appellant.        │
                                                           ┘

                          Appeal from the United States District Court
                     for the Eastern District of Tennessee at Chattanooga.
                 No. 1:18-cr-00041-1—Travis R. McDonough, District Judge.

                                   Argued: June 18, 2020

                             Decided and Filed: July 14, 2020

        Before: COLE, Chief Judge; McKEAGUE and KETHLEDGE, Circuit Judges.
                                 _________________

                                          COUNSEL

ARGUED: Erin P. Rust, FEDERAL DEFENDER SERVICES OF EASTERN TENNESSEE,
INC., Chattanooga, Tennessee, for Appellant. Daniel J. Richardson, UNITED STATES
DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, Washington, D.C., for Appellee. ON BRIEF: Erin P. Rust,
FEDERAL DEFENDER SERVICES OF EASTERN TENNESSEE, INC., Chattanooga,
Tennessee, for Appellant. Debra A. Breneman, UNITED STATES ATTORNEY’S OFFICE,
Knoxville, Tennessee, Christopher D. Poole, UNITED STATES ATTORNEY’S OFFICE,
Chattanooga, Tennessee, for Appellee.

      McKEAGUE, J., delivered the opinion of the court in which KETHLEDGE, J., joined.
COLE, C.J. (pg. 8), delivered a separate opinion concurring in part and in the judgment.
 No. 19-5658                         United States v. Garth                               Page 2


                                      _________________

                                           OPINION
                                      _________________

       McKEAGUE, Circuit Judge.           Under the United States Sentencing Guidelines, a
defendant’s sentence in federal court can be enhanced by his prior conviction in state court. An
earlier state drug crime, for instance, will often boost prison time for a federal one. But not
always. The guidelines have just one definition of drug crimes that can enhance sentences
(“controlled-substance offenses”), yet each state defines its drug crimes in its own way—
sometimes in ways that venture beyond the guidelines’ definition. Willie Garth’s appeal from
his sentence requires us to decide whether his prior Tennessee conviction for possessing
marijuana with intent to deliver counts as a sentence-enhancing controlled-substance offense.
We hold that it does, and affirm Garth’s sentence.

                                                   I

       Garth pled guilty to possessing crack-cocaine with the intent to distribute, in violation of
21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1) and (b)(1)(C). His sentencing guidelines range was originally 70 to 87
months’ imprisonment. The range jumped, though, after taking into account Garth’s prior
Tennessee convictions for aggravated assault and possession of marijuana with intent to deliver.
Those two convictions combined triggered the “career-offender enhancement,” which applies
when a defendant has more than one prior conviction for either crimes of violence or controlled-
substance offenses. U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1. Adding the enhancement to the mix, Garth’s guidelines
range became 151 to 188 months’ imprisonment. The district court ultimately sentenced Garth
to 110 months’ imprisonment.

                                                II

       Garth appealed, and argues that the career-offender enhancement shouldn’t have applied
because Tennessee possession with intent to deliver is not a controlled-substance offense as the
guidelines define that phrase. We review this claim de novo. United States v. Havis, 927 F.3d
382, 384 (6th Cir. 2019) (en banc) (per curiam).
 No. 19-5658                          United States v. Garth                               Page 3


       To determine whether Garth’s prior conviction counts as a controlled-substance offense
under the guidelines, we use the three-step “categorical approach.” We first map out what
conduct is criminalized under the guidelines’ definition. Next, we do the same for conduct
criminalized under the state law that led to the conviction. Finally, we overlay the two: if the
outer edges of the state law—often the “least culpable conduct” that the law proscribes—extend
past the guidelines’ definition, then the conviction doesn’t count; if, however, the boundaries of
the state law and the guidelines’ definition are coterminous, or the guidelines’ definition sweeps
more broadly, then the conviction counts. In other words, the guidelines must fully envelop the
state law of conviction. See id. at 384–85 (explaining the categorical approach).

       Section 4B1.2(b) of the guidelines is therefore the starting point. That section, using the
language of federal drug law, defines a controlled-substance offense as

       an offense under federal or state law, punishable by imprisonment for a term
       exceeding one year, that prohibits the manufacture, import, export, distribution, or
       dispensing of a controlled substance (or a counterfeit substance) or the possession
       of a controlled substance (or a counterfeit substance) with intent to manufacture,
       import, export, distribute, or dispense.

Or, to simplify, a federal or state felony conviction for possessing a controlled substance with
intent to distribute counts as a controlled-substance offense. Let’s map out the elements of
federal possession with intent to distribute, which § 4B1.2(b) mentions by name.               The
government must prove that the defendant knowingly possessed a controlled substance with
intent to distribute it. United States v. Calvetti, 836 F.3d 654, 668 (6th Cir. 2016). Distribution
means “delivery”—“the actual, constructive, or attempted transfer of a controlled substance
. . . .” 21 U.S.C. § 802(8) and (11). And intent to distribute can be inferred from the quantity of
a controlled substance possessed by the defendant and other evidence indicating the substance
possessed was not intended for personal use. See United States v. Vincent, 20 F.3d 229, 233 (6th
Cir. 1994).

       Next, Tennessee law. Under Tennessee’s possession-with-intent-to-deliver statute, Tenn.
Code Ann. § 39-17-417(a)(4), the state must prove both that the defendant “knowingly possessed
the controlled substance” and “intended to sell or deliver the substance.” State v. Ostein, 293
S.W.3d 519, 529 (Tenn. 2009). Delivery is “the actual, constructive, or attempted transfer from
 No. 19-5658                          United States v. Garth                               Page 4


one person to another of a controlled substance.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-17-402(6). And intent
to deliver “may be inferred from the amount of a controlled substance or substances possessed
by an offender, along with other relevant facts surrounding the arrest[.]” Ostein, 293 S.W.3d at
529 (quoting Tenn. Code Ann. § 39–17–419).

       Now we compare. Is there any daylight between Tennessee possession with intent to
deliver and federal possession with intent to distribute, the crime listed in the guidelines? We
think not. Both criminalize the same conduct: knowing that you have illegal drugs (like
marijuana) and intending to give them to someone else. And yes, Tennessee opted for the word
“deliver” in its law rather than the federal term “distribute,” but the distinction makes no
difference. To distribute under federal law is to deliver, just as Tennessee uses the word deliver:
“actual, constructive, or attempted transfer.” Compare 21 U.S.C. § 802(8) and (11) with Tenn.
Code Ann. § 39-17-402(6). These similarities are unsurprising considering Tennessee’s drug
law was “patterned after the Uniform Controlled Substances Act,” which, “in turn, is based in
large measure on the Federal Controlled Substances Act[.]” State v. Edwards, 572 S.W.2d 917,
920 n.2 (Tenn. 1978).

       We’re not looking for a literal match, anyway. As long as “the elements of the [state]
offense are of the type that would justify its inclusion within the definition of a controlled-
substance offense[,]” the offense is covered. United States v. Woodruff, 735 F.3d 445, 449 (6th
Cir. 2013).    Any mere “lexical differences” between Tennessee law and federal law are
immaterial.    United States v. Douglas, 563 F. App’x 371, 377 (6th Cir. 2014).                So,
understandably, panels of this court have “always treated” Tennessee possession with intent to
deliver “as a categorical controlled substance offense.” Id. (collecting unpublished cases).

                                                III

       Garth argues everything changed with our en banc decision in Havis. There, we decided
that Havis’s Tennessee conviction for delivery of a controlled substance was not a controlled-
substance offense under the guidelines. Havis, 927 F.3d at 387. We reached that result because
“the parties agree[d] that the least culpable conduct” Tennessee delivery proscribes is “attempted
delivery,” but the guidelines’ definition covers only the controlled-substance offenses listed in
 No. 19-5658                           United States v. Garth                                 Page 5


the definition (which are all completed crimes), not the attempted versions of those offenses
listed in the Sentencing Commission’s commentary. Id. at 385, 387. So, Garth says, the same
goes for Tennessee possession with intent to deliver. If delivery means attempted delivery,
Tennessee therefore proscribes “possession-with-intent-to-attempt-to-deliver,” an attempted
crime or form of simple possession falling outside the guidelines’ definition. A Tennessee
conviction for possession with intent to deliver thus cannot be a sentence-enhancing controlled-
substance offense, Garth argues.

       We disagree for three reasons.

       First, Garth makes the wrong substitution.         Delivery means attempted transfer, not
attempted delivery. Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-17-402(6). Why split hairs? Because, following
federal law down a definitional rabbit-hole, 21 U.S.C. § 802(8) and (11), we end up with the
same crime as in Tennessee: possession-with-intent-to-attempt-to-transfer. This crime, strange
as it sounds, is what the text of the guidelines’ definition covers.

       Of course, Havis did say delivery covers attempted delivery. But that was because of the
parties’ agreement. Were we to extend that agreement, strange results would follow. If Garth
and the parties in Havis are right that Tennessee delivery covers attempted delivery because
delivery means attempted transfer, see Havis, 927 F.3d at 384, the same presumably goes for
identically defined federal distribution—which is to say, delivery, or attempted transfer. By this
logic, federal distribution encompasses attempted distribution, so all 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)
convictions for distribution and possession with intent to distribute (that is, most federal drug
convictions) would fall outside the guidelines’ definition of a controlled-substance offense. That
can’t be what the guidelines’ drafters had in mind. See United States v. Oliver, 919 F.3d 393,
400 (6th Cir. 2019) (noting that courts interpret the guidelines so as not to “produce a result
demonstrably at odds with the intentions of” its drafters).            Nor can it be that distribution
encompasses attempted distribution, as that would mean the guidelines’ definition of controlled-
substance offenses does include attempted crimes—the very result we rejected in Havis. See
also United States v. Winstead, 890 F.3d 1082, 1091–92 (D.C. Cir. 2018). Either way, the
correct substitution is possession-with-intent-to-attempt-to-transfer—not attempt-to-deliver—
which confirms that the letter of Tennessee law parallels federal law and thus the guidelines.
 No. 19-5658                         United States v. Garth                               Page 6


       Second, possession with intent to deliver is a completed crime, not an attempted one that
Havis puts beyond the guidelines’ reach. Once a defendant knowingly possesses a controlled
substance and harbors the intent to deliver it—which can be shown by the possession of a large
quantity of drugs alone—the crime is complete. True, in many cases possession with intent to
deliver will amount to an attempted delivery. But possession is the completed act the law here
proscribes—no delivery need actually occur. See State v. Chearis, 995 S.W.2d 641, 645 (Tenn.
Crim. App. 1999); accord United States v. Faymore, 736 F.2d 328, 333 (6th Cir. 1984).
Incomplete delivery doesn’t render the possession incomplete along with it. So Garth puts
“attempt” too far down the phrase possession-with-intent-to-attempt-to-deliver. The real analogy
to Havis is attempted-possession-with-intent-to-deliver—still a mouthful, but not a controlled-
substance offense under the guidelines. See Havis, 927 F.3d at 387. Garth, however, wasn’t
convicted of attempted possession under Tennessee’s attempt statute, Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-12-
101. Cf. State v. Champion, No. W2019-00230-CCA-R3-CD, 2020 WL 504826, at *4–6 (Tenn.
Crim. App. Jan. 30, 2020); State v. Cox, No. M2015-00512-CCA-R3-CD, 2016 WL 1270391, at
*1 (Tenn. Crim. App. Mar. 31, 2016). Garth’s Tennessee conviction for possession with intent
to deliver is accordingly a completed controlled-substance offense.

       Third, even if Garth were right that Tennessee possession with intent to deliver
theoretically encompasses possession-with-intent-to-attempt-to-deliver—some kind of attempt
crime, or form of simple possession with the mere thought of delivery—he hasn’t shown there is
a “realistic probability” Tennessee applies its law this way.         Gonzales v. Duenas-Alvarez,
549 U.S. 183, 193 (2007). Garth cannot point to (nor can we find) a single Tennessee case
where a defendant was convicted of an attempted or simple possession under Tenn. Code Ann. §
39-17-417(a)(4), Garth’s statute of conviction. Indeed, there is no such thing as “intent-to-
attempt” or “attempt-to-attempt” under Tennessee law, even if § 39-17-417(a)(4) seems to say
so. State v. Jackson, 697 S.W.2d 366, 371 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1985), overruled on other grounds
by State v. Thorpe, 463 S.W.3d 851 (Tenn. 2015) (“Perhaps philosophers or metaphysicians can
intend to attempt to act, but ordinary people intend to act, not to attempt to act.” (quotation
omitted)); State v. Faulkner, No. E2006-02094-CCA-R3-CD, 2008 WL 2242531, at *14 (Tenn.
Crim. App. June 2, 2008); State v. Adams, 238 S.W.3d 313, 328 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2005); State
 No. 19-5658                          United States v. Garth                               Page 7


v. Johnson, No. W2000-00386-CCA-R3-CD, 2001 WL 721082, at *8 (Tenn. Crim. App. June
26, 2001).

       So, to use Garth’s counsel’s example, if a defendant possesses illegal drugs and intends to
“call his buddies [to] see if they want to come over and share [the drugs] with him,” Oral Arg. at
5:42–6:26, there’s either intent to deliver or no intent at all—nothing in-between. And as in any
case, whether the defendant had a provable intent to deliver depends on the evidence: the
defendant’s statements regarding intent, the quantity of drugs possessed, their street value, their
purity, and so on. Compare State v. Belew, 348 S.W.3d 186, 192 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2005), with
State v. Shaw, 37 S.W.3d 900, 902–03 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2001). Tennessee possession-with-
intent-to-attempt-to-deliver, while theoretically possible, is thus not realistically probable.
United States v. McClain, --- F. App’x ---, 2020 WL 1888852, at *4–6 (6th Cir. Apr. 16, 2020).

                                                IV

       For these reasons, Tennessee possession with intent to deliver is categorically a
controlled-substance offense under U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2(b). That means Garth qualified for the
career-offender enhancement at sentencing. Id. § 4B1.1. We therefore affirm Garth’s sentence.
 No. 19-5658                          United States v. Garth                               Page 8


                _____________________________________________________

                   CONCURRING IN PART AND IN THE JUDGMENT
                _____________________________________________________

       COLE, Chief Judge, concurring in part and concurring in the judgment. I concur in the
majority opinion except for its discussion in part III of whether delivery of a controlled substance
under Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-17-417 includes attempted delivery. That discussion is unnecessary
to our decision today, which rejects Garth’s argument that his Tennessee conviction for
possession with intent to deliver is not a controlled-substance offense in light of Havis. As the
majority opinion lays out, regardless of whether delivery includes attempted delivery, possession
with intent to deliver under Tennessee law is a completed crime, not an attempted one that would
implicate Havis. And in any event, Garth has not shown that there is a “realistic probability” that
a person in Tennessee would be convicted of possession with intent to attempt to deliver under
§ 39-17-417(a)(4). Because the only question before us is whether Tennessee possession with
intent to deliver is a controlled-substance offense, I would leave for another day the issue of
whether Tennessee delivery includes attempted delivery.
