                                                                         FILED
                                                             United States Court of Appeals
                                                                     Tenth Circuit
                   UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                 September 12, 2014
                                TENTH CIRCUIT
                                                                 Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                                     Clerk of Court

 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

              Plaintiff-Appellee,

 v.                                                     No. 13-6123
                                               (D.C. No. 5:08-CR-00094-M-1)
 STANLEY REMOND HARRIS, a/k/a                          (W.D. Okla.)
 Stanley Remond Harris, Jr.,

              Defendant-Appellant.


          ORDER DENYING CERTIFICATE OF APPEALABILITY *


Before KELLY, HOLMES, and MATHESON, Circuit Judges.


      Stanley Remond Harris, a federal prisoner proceeding pro se, 1 seeks a

certificate of appealability (“COA”) so he can appeal from the district court’s



      *
             After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has
determined unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist the
determination of this matter. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G).
The case is therefore ordered submitted without oral argument.

      This order is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of
the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its
persuasive value consistent with Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 32.1 and
Tenth Circuit Rule 32.1.
      1
             Because Mr. Harris is proceeding pro se, we construe his filings
liberally. See Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 94 (2007) (per curiam); Garza v.
Davis, 596 F.3d 1198, 1201 n.2 (10th Cir. 2010).
denial of his Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 60(b) motion. He additionally seeks

leave to proceed in forma pauperis (“IFP”) on appeal. For the reasons stated

below, we DENY Mr. Harris’s application for a COA, DENY his request to

proceed IFP, and DISMISS this matter.

                                         I

      Mr. Harris pleaded guilty in November 2008 to possession of a firearm by a

felon, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1). He did so without the benefit of a

written plea agreement. The district court sentenced Mr. Harris to 120 months’

incarceration to be followed by three years’ supervised release and imposed a

$14,000 fine. In a motion pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2255, Mr. Harris sought to

have his sentence vacated, alleging ineffective assistance of counsel. The district

court denied the motion, and we in turn denied Mr. Harris’s request for a COA to

appeal that decision. See United States v. Harris, 404 F. App’x 264, 265 (10th

Cir. 2010).

      In March 2012, Mr. Harris filed a “Motion for 60(b) Relief on Unresolved

Claims Alleged in § 2255 Motion” in the district court. R., Vol. I, at 101 (Mot.

for 60(b) Relief, filed Mar. 26, 2012) (capitalization altered). In this motion, Mr.

Harris alleged a “fundamental defect” in his prior § 2255 proceeding—namely:

              The Court failed to rule on [Mr. Harris’s] Claim that counsel
              rendered ineffective assistance of counsel by materially
              misinforming [Mr. Harris] regarding the consequences of the
              plea, as it related to the use of the suppressed evidence to
              enhance his sentence . . . .


                                             2
Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). The district court found that the motion

“present[ed] a ‘true’ Rule 60(b) claim,” rather than a second or successive habeas

petition, but nevertheless denied relief. Id. at 128 (Order, filed Mar. 14, 2013).

Noting that district courts are not required to address issues that a § 2255 motion

does not “adequately present . . . such that they require[] consideration,” id. at

129 (quoting United States v. Duran, 454 F. App’x 671, 678 (10th Cir. 2012)), the

court found that:

             [The] defendant did not adequately develop any argument
             regarding a claim that his counsel rendered ineffective assistance
             of counsel by misinforming him regarding the consequences of
             his plea as it related to the use of the suppressed evidence to
             enhance his sentence. Nowhere in the body of defendant’s
             motion, brief in support, or reply does defendant mention, let
             alone discuss, any claim that his counsel provided ineffective
             assistance of counsel by misinforming him regarding the
             consequences of his plea as it related to the use of suppressed
             evidence to enhance his sentence. The only place that such a
             claim is mentioned is in paragraph 11 of his Affidavit which was
             attached to his brief in support.

Id. The district court thus denied Mr. Harris’s Rule 60(b) motion. In a separate

order, the court also denied his request for a COA. Mr. Harris now seeks a COA

from this court to appeal from the district court’s decision.

                                          II

      Mr. Harris’s application to this court advances a single argument: that his

Rule 60(b) pleading and affidavit in fact “did state his claim properly when the

affidavits and the pleadings are taken as a whole,” and that in finding otherwise,



                                           3
the district court erred by failing to give his pro se filings a sufficiently liberal

construction. Appl. for COA at 6. For the reasons set forth below, we conclude

that this argument is without merit. And, because reasonable jurists could not

debate the correctness of the district court’s ruling, we are obliged to deny Mr.

Harris’s application for a COA.

                                            A

      When a district court has denied a “‘true’ Rule 60(b) motion . . . , we will

require the movant to obtain a certificate of appealability . . . before proceeding

with his or her appeal.” Spitznas v. Boone, 464 F.3d 1213, 1218 (10th Cir. 2006).

We will issue a COA “only if the [movant] has made a substantial showing of the

denial of a constitutional right.” 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(2). In cases where the

decision being appealed from was decided on procedural grounds, “a COA may

only issue if ‘the prisoner shows, at least, that jurists of reason would find it

debatable whether the petition states a valid claim of the denial of a constitutional

right and that jurists of reason would find it debatable whether the district court

was correct in its procedural ruling.’” Spitznas, 464 F.3d at 1225 (emphasis

added) (quoting Slack v. McDaniel, 529 U.S. 473, 484 (2000)). “[G]iven the

typically procedural nature of rulings on Rule 60(b) motions, we ordinarily have

‘applied the two-part COA standard the Supreme Court first articulated’ in Slack

v. McDanel.” Clay v. Smith, 365 F. App’x 98, 102 (10th Cir. 2010) (quoting

Dulworth v. Jones, 496 F.3d 1133, 1137 (10th Cir. 2007)).


                                            4
                                          B

      Although the two-part standard set forth in Slack applies to Mr. Harris’s

application for a COA, we need not assay the merits of Mr. Harris’s constitutional

claim under that standard. This is because we conclude that Mr. Harris has failed

to satisfy the procedural component of that standard—viz., we conclude that

jurists of reason would not find debatable the district court’s conclusion that the

issue raised in Mr. Harris’s Rule 60(b) motion was not adequately presented in his

§ 2255 motion. See United States v. Crawford, 564 F. App’x 380, 382 (10th Cir.

2014) (“Because reasonable jurists would not find the correctness of the district

court’s procedural ruling debatable, . . . we need not reach the merits of [the

petitioner’s constitutional] claims.”); Cathey v. Workman, 516 F. App’x 698, 699

(10th Cir. 2013) (declining to consider the merits where petitioner did “not come

close to demonstrating [that] the district judge’s procedural ruling [wa]s

debatable”).

      It is beyond debate that, to prevail on a Rule 60(b) motion premised on a

district court’s alleged failure to address a claim raised in his § 2255 motion, a

litigant must demonstrate that the § 2255 motion adequately presented the claim

in question. Here, Mr. Harris contends that, contrary to the district court’s

finding, his § 2255 motion adequately alleged an ineffective-assistance claim

based on his counsel’s failure to “advise[] him how he could be enhanced, under

relevant conduct, for evidence that was suppressed.” Appl. for COA at 8.


                                          5
      Mr. Harris does not argue that he expressly asserted this claim. Rather, he

argues that, affording his pleadings the liberal construction to which he is entitled

as a pro se litigant, the court should have concluded that he actually presented the

claim in adequate fashion. In particular, Mr. Harris contends that the court

should have discerned this claim from the combination of three allegations—two

made in Mr. Harris’s brief in support of his § 2255 motion, and one made only in

his affidavit submitted with the motion. First:

             [Counsel] rendered ineffective assistance of counsel when he
             negotiated the plea, by providing Defendant with fallacious
             representation. That is, “misadvising” and “misinforming”
             Defendant of the potential sentence he would receive by pleading
             guilty.

R., Vol. I, at 50 (Br. in Supp. of § 2255 Mot., filed Jan. 25, 2010). Next:

             [Counsel] failed to explain the United States Sentencing
             Guidelines (USSG) would be applied to Defendant’s case.

Id. at 53. And finally, Mr. Harris points to the allegation in the affidavit:

             At the time of [counsel’s] negotiating the plea he never advised
             me that I could be enhanced with relevant conduct on the
             evidence that was suppressed and ruled an illegal search and
             seizure. Neither did he try to perfect a plea agreement, knowing
             that I could be enhanced. Had he explained said ramifications to
             me before I pleaded guilty I never would have plead[ed] guilty
             without some type of plea agreement.

Id. at 69 (Aff. of Stanley Harris, filed Jan. 25, 2010).

      Mr. Harris’s contention that the district court should have construed these

statements together as adequately presenting the suppression-related claim that he



                                           6
highlights in his Rule 60(b) motion is fatally flawed in at least two respects.

First, Mr. Harris fails to recognize that the two cited allegations from his § 2255

motion expressly raised distinct claims that the district court did properly address

and deny in the § 2255 proceeding. We are thus hard-pressed to accept Mr.

Harris’s contention now that these allegations were merely part of a larger distinct

ineffective-assistance argument related to suppression of evidence, which the

district court overlooked because of its failure to employ liberal construction

principles. Specifically, the first cited allegation asserted an ineffective-

assistance claim based on counsel’s purportedly erroneous estimation of Mr.

Harris’s potential sentencing exposure. This claim was rejected on its merits by

the district court in an order that we subsequently affirmed. See Harris, 404 F.

App’x at 266–67. The second cited allegation stated an ineffective-assistance

claim based on counsel’s alleged failure to explain that the United States

Sentencing Guidelines (“USSG”) would apply to his case, and in particular that

“the USSG’s provision regarding relevant conduct would apply to his case and

have an impact on his sentence.” 2 R., Vol. I, at 96 (Order, filed July 21, 2010).

      2
              In his application for a COA, in discussing this second allegation,
Mr. Harris excerpts only the small portion of text set forth in a block quote,
supra. However, by examining the full text of his § 2255 motion, it becomes
clear to us that in this section of the motion he was asserting counsel’s alleged
failure to explain the possibility of a relevant-conduct enhancement generally, as
opposed to counsel’s failure to specifically explain that such an enhancement, if
applicable, could be predicated on previously suppressed evidence. See R. at 53
(“[Counsel] failed to advise Defendant of the true contentions of pleading
                                                                       (continued...)

                                           7
The district court rejected this claim on its merits, and we affirmed. See Harris,

404 F. App’x at 266–67.

      Insofar as Mr. Harris believes that it was enough to preserve the specific

suppression-related ineffective-assistance argument that he highlights now for

him to have raised some ineffective-assistance argument in his § 2255 motion, or

even for him to have presented an ineffective-assistance argument that generally

implicated the relevant-conduct rubric of the USSG, we are constrained to inform

him that our caselaw addressing preservation of issues clearly indicates that his

belief is misguided. See United States v. A.B., 529 F.3d 1275, 1279 n.4 (10th Cir.

2008) (“We have repeatedly declined to allow parties to assert for the first time

on appeal legal theories not raised before the district court, even when they fall

under the same general rubric as an argument presented to the district court.”);

Lyons v. Jefferson Bank & Trust, 994 F.2d 716, 721–22 (10th Cir. 1993) (“While

we have at times given a liberal reading to pleadings and motions in the trial

court, we have consistently turned down the argument that the raising of a related

theory was sufficient.” (citations omitted)).

      The second fatal flaw in Mr. Harris’s argument stems from his apparent

belief that the district court was obliged to take the averments found in his

affidavit and combine them with the arguments that he did make in his § 2255

      2
        (...continued)
guilty[,] i.e., that upon entering a plea [of] guilty, the USSG[]s would have an
impact on his sentence, that is, as here, could be enhanced.”).

                                          8
motion and cobble together the related argument regarding the use of suppressed

evidence that he presented in his Rule 60(b) motion. In this regard, Mr. Harris

maintains that “the District Court erred by considering the affidavit and pleadings

as separate entities.” Appl. for COA at 5. However, Mr. Harris cites no

controlling authority that comes close to directly indicating that the district court

was required to engage in such an alchemic exercise to yield his current

suppression-related ineffective-assistance argument, and we are aware of none.

      Mr. Harris falls back on our settled caselaw discussing the liberal

construction that courts afford to pro se litigants’ pleadings. While it is true that,

in the case of pro se litigants, “if the court can reasonably read the pleadings to

state a valid claim on which the plaintiff could prevail, it should do so despite the

plaintiff’s failure to cite proper legal authority, his confusion of various legal

theories, his poor syntax and sentence construction, or his unfamiliarity with

pleading requirements,” we also have made crystal clear that “we do not believe it

is the proper function of the district court to assume the role of advocate for the

pro se litigant.” Hall v. Bellmon, 935 F.2d 1106, 1110 (10th Cir. 1991); see, e.g.,

Garrett v. Selby Connor Maddux & Janer, 425 F.3d 836, 840 (10th Cir. 2005)

(“[C]ourt[s] cannot take on the responsibility of serving as the litigant’s attorney

in constructing arguments and searching the record.”); see also Abdelsamed v.

United States, 13 F. App’x 883, 884 (10th Cir. 2001) (“[T]he parties and the court

are under no obligation to craft legal theories for the plaintiff, nor may they


                                           9
supply factual allegations to support a pro se plaintiff’s claim for relief.”). In our

view, a court ordinarily would be adopting precisely such an advocate’s role,

were it to undertake a searching examination, akin to a scavenger hunt, of all of a

pro se litigant’s filings—including his evidentiary submissions—with the aim of

weaving together a substantive argument for relief that the litigant never made in

his motion or other pleading. Indeed, in Barnett v. Hargett, 174 F.3d 1128 (10th

Cir. 1999), which Mr. Harris himself invoked in his Rule 60(b) motion, see R.,

Vol. I, at 105 (“Movant would ask that the Court apply its liberal pleading

requirements to his § 2255 pleadings as stated in Bar[n]ett . . . .”), we

emphasized that “a district court . . . may ‘not rewrite a petition to include claims

that were never presented,’” Barnett, 174 F.3d at 1133 (quoting Parker v.

Champion, 148 F.3d 1219, 1222 (10th Cir. 1998)). Therefore, even our liberal-

construction cases offer Mr. Harris no succor because they still require a pro se

litigant to actually make the arguments upon which he seeks relief—however

inartfully he may do so—and to present them in an identifiable fashion, which

ordinarily will mean in the body of the motion or other pleading in which the

litigant argues for relief.

       In light of the above, we think that it is clear that Mr. Harris’s § 2255

motion did not adequately present an ineffective-assistance claim premised on

counsel’s purported failure to explain that Mr. Harris’s sentence could be subject

to a relevant-conduct enhancement based on previously suppressed evidence. We


                                          10
conclude that reasonable jurists could not debate the district court’s conclusion to

this same effect. Accordingly, we deny Mr. Harris’s application for a COA.

                                         III

      For the foregoing reasons, we DENY Mr. Harris’s request for a COA and

DISMISS this matter. We also DENY Mr. Harris’s motion to proceed IFP

because he has not demonstrated “the existence of a reasoned, nonfrivolous

argument on the law and facts in support of the issues raised on appeal.” Watkins

v. Leyba, 543 F.3d 624, 627 (10th Cir. 2008) (quoting McIntosh v. U.S. Parole

Comm’n, 115 F.3d 809, 812 (10th Cir. 1997)) (internal quotation marks omitted).



                                       Entered for the Court


                                       JEROME A. HOLMES
                                       Circuit Judge




                                         11
