                                  NUMBERS 13-06-00039-CV
                                          13-06-00127-CV
                                          13-06-00128-CV

                                  COURT OF APPEALS

                      THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS

                         CORPUS CHRISTI - EDINBURG


OCTAVIO CASTANEDA, INDIVIDUALLY,
AND D/B/A O. CASTANEDA BAIL BONDS,                                                          Appellant,

v.

THE STATE OF TEXAS,                                                                          Appellee.


               On appeal from the 92nd and 370th District Courts
                           of Hidalgo County, Texas.


                               MEMORANDUM OPINION
                    Before Justices Rodriguez, Garza, and Vela
                     Memorandum Opinion by Justice Garza

        In each of three cases, appellant, Octavio Castaneda, individually and d/b/a O.

Castaneda Bail Bonds, appeals from a judgment forfeiting a bail bond.1 In each cause
        1
          Although appellant is the sam e in each case, the principals and bond am ounts differ. Nevertheless,
the issue is the sam e in each appeal. Furtherm ore, this Court granted Castaneda’s m otion for consolidation
on October 5, 2006, for purposes of briefing. Therefore, we address all three cases in one opinion.
number, by a single issue, Castaneda contends that the trial court abused its discretion by

entering a final judgment in the bond forfeiture proceeding when American Surety

Company (“American”), a necessary party, was never served. We reverse and render

judgment in favor of Castaneda in cause numbers 13-06-127-CV and 13-06-128-CV, and

we dismiss cause number 13-06-039-CV as moot.

                               I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

        Castaneda is a bail bondsman and an agent of American.2 He issued bail bonds

for the principals in these three cases.

A. Cause Number 13-06-127-CV

        In cause number 13-06-127-CV, Castaneda was the executing agent on a $5,000

bail bond for principal Cesar Prado, who was charged with delivery of a controlled

substance—cocaine. Prado failed to appear in court on June 7, 2001, and the trial court

issued a judgment nisi on June 14, 2001. Castaneda filed a pro se verified first amended

original answer on November 14, 2001, asserting that he should be absolved of all liability

because, among other things, American, a necessary party to the bond, was not served

with notice of the judgment nisi. On January 11, 2005, after a hearing, the trial court

entered a final judgment on bond forfeiture in favor of the State for $5,000 plus costs of

court and interest on the bond after forfeiture.

        Castaneda filed a petition for bill of review on July 5, 2005, arguing that because

American was not provided notice of the trial setting, he was entitled to an “exoneration on

[the] bond in question.” After a hearing on October 11, 2005, the trial court granted


        2
            At all pertinent hearings and in all filings, the State referenced Castaneda as the surety of the bonds
at issue.
                                                         2
Castaneda’s petition for bill of review. The trial court conducted an additional hearing on

February 16, 2006, and entered a final judgment of bond forfeiture in favor of the State the

next day. The trial court concluded that Prado and Castaneda were jointly and severally

liable for the $5,000 bail bond plus costs of court. Castaneda filed his notice of appeal on

March 14, 2006. On August 15, 2006, Castaneda filed a supersedeas bond with the trial

court for the full bond amount. See TEX . OCC . CODE ANN . § 1704.204(a)(2) (Vernon 2004).

B. Cause Number 13-06-128-CV

       In cause number 13-06-128-CV, Castaneda was the executing agent on a $10,000

bail bond for principal Oscar Morales Rutiaga, who was charged with unlawful possession

of marihuana. Rutiaga failed to appear in court on June 13, 2001. The trial court issued

a judgment nisi on June 20, 2001. Castaneda filed a pro se verified first amended original

answer on November 14, 2001, asserting, among other things, that because American was

a necessary party to the bond and was not served with notice of the judgment nisi, he

should be exonerated from complying with the judgment nisi. However, on January 11,

2005, the trial court entered a final judgment of bond forfeiture in favor of the State.

       Castaneda filed a petition for bill of review on July 5, 2005, arguing that because

American did not receive notice of the trial setting, he was entitled to an “exoneration on

[the] bond in question.” After a hearing, the trial court granted Castaneda’s petition for bill

of review on October 11, 2005. The trial court conducted an additional hearing on

February 16, 2006, and entered a final judgment of bond forfeiture in favor of the State the

next day. The trial court concluded that Rutiaga and Castaneda were jointly and severally

liable for the $10,000 bail bond plus costs of court. Castaneda filed his notice of appeal

on March 14, 2006. On August 15, 2006, Castaneda filed a supersedeas bond with the
                                        3
trial court for the full bond amount. See id. § 1704.204(a)(2).

C. Cause Number 13-06-039-CV

       In cause number 13-06-039-CV, Castaneda was the executing agent on a $15,000

bail bond for principal Jose Garcia, who was charged with unlawful possession of

marihuana in an amount exceeding fifty pounds but less than 2,000 pounds. Garcia failed

to appear at a hearing on December 18, 1998, due to his deportation. As a result of his

failure to appear, the trial court entered a judgment nisi. On June 21, 1999, the trial court

conducted a trial on bond forfeiture, which resulted in a judgment in favor of the State.

       On December 9, 2003, Castaneda filed a petition for bill of review. After a hearing

on August 17, 2004, the trial court denied Castaneda’s petition on January 6, 2006.

Castaneda filed a pro se notice of appeal on January 11, 2006. On August 15, 2006,

Castaneda filed a supersedeas bond with the trial court for the full bond amount. See id.

§ 1704.204(a)(2). Subsequently, the State filed a motion to dismiss the judgment nisi given

that Garcia had “pled guilty or no contest.” The trial court granted this motion on August

2, 2007.

                                   II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

       Bond forfeitures are criminal matters. State v. Sellers, 790 S.W.2d 316, 321 (Tex.

Crim. App. 1990). However, article 22.10 of the code of criminal procedure prescribes that

civil rules shall govern all proceedings in the trial court following judgment nisi. TEX . CODE.

CRIM . PROC . ANN . art. 22.10 (Vernon Supp. 2007).

       In a bail bond forfeiture, the State has the burden of proof. Kubosh v. State, 241

S.W.3d 60, 63 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007) (citing Deckard v. State, 605 S.W.2d 918, 921 (Tex.


                                               4
Crim. App. 1980)). “The essential elements of the State’s cause of action in a bond

forfeiture proceeding are the bond and the judicial declaration of the forfeiture of the bond,

which is the judgment nisi.”3 Alvarez v. State, 861 S.W.2d 878, 880-81 (Tex. Crim. App.

1992).

         Under article 22.17, after a final judgment is entered in a bond forfeiture proceeding,

the surety on the bond may file a special bill of review with the court requesting, on

equitable grounds, that the final judgment be reformed and that all or part of the bond

amount be remitted to the surety, less (1) the costs of court, (2) any reasonable costs to

the county for the return of the principal, and (3) the interest accrued on the bond amount

from the date of forfeiture. TEX . CODE. CRIM . PROC . ANN . art. 22.17(a) (Vernon 1989).

Article 22.17 further states that the decision to grant or deny the bill of review, in whole or

in part, is entirely within the discretion of the trial court. Id.; see Lyles v. State, 850 S.W.2d

497, 502 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993); see also Alkek v. State, No. 13-05-00209-CV, No. 13-05-

00210-CV, No. 13-05-00211-CV, No. 13-05-00212-CV, 2006 Tex. App. LEXIS 5335, at

**2-3 (Tex. App.–Corpus Christi June 22, 2006, no pet.).

         “In determining whether the trial court abused its discretion, we must determine if

the judge acted without reference to any guiding rules and principles, or, in other words,

whether the court acted arbitrarily or unreasonably.” Lyles, 850 S.W.2d at 502; Makeig v.

State, 802 S.W.2d 59, 62 (Tex. App.–Amarillo 1990), aff’d, 830 S.W.2d 956 (Tex. Crim.

App. 1992). Article 22.17 does not contain any guidelines for the exercise of the court’s
         3
          A judgm ent nisi entered on a bail bond is not a final judgm ent but rather is in the nature of an
interlocutory judgm ent. State v. Sellers, 766 S.W .2d 312, 314 (Tex. App.–Houston [14th Dist.] 1989), aff’d,
790 S.W .2d 316 (Tex. Crim . App. 1990). Therefore, the judgm ent nisi has no binding effect by itself. Sellers,
766 S.W .2d at 314. However, a judgm ent nisi becom es final if, after trial of the issues, no sufficient cause
is shown why the principal failed to appear. Id.



                                                       5
discretion. Lyles, 850 S.W.2d at 502. As in the case where the surety seeks exoneration,

a surety seeking a remittitur bears the burden of pleading and proving facts to justify his

request. See McKenna v. State, 221 S.W.3d 765, 768 (Tex. App.–Waco 2007, no pet.).

                                                  III. ANALYSIS4

        In his sole issue in all three cases, Castaneda asserts that the trial court erred in

concluding that the bail bonds in each of these cases should be forfeited to the State

because the State failed to serve American, a named surety on each of the bonds at issue,

with notice of the forfeiture proceedings. See TEX . CODE CRIM . PROC . ANN . art. 22.05

(Vernon Supp. 2007) (stating that a surety is entitled to notice by service of citation); id. art.

22.14 (Vernon 1989). Therefore, he claims that the trial court’s judgment was not final

because it did not dispose of all necessary parties and that the State cannot cure the

service defect because the statute of limitations has run. See id. art. 22.18 (Vernon Supp.

2007) (“An action by the state to forfeit a bail bond under this chapter must be brought not

later than the fourth anniversary of the date the principal fails to appear in court.”). As a

result, Castaneda argues that all or part of the bail bond should be remitted.5 We construe

these contentions as an attack on the final judgment and the judgment nisi entered by the

trial court.



        4
            The State has not filed an appellate brief in this m atter.

        5
           On bill of review in cause num bers 13-06-127-CV and 13-06-128-CV, Castaneda argued that he was
entitled to an exoneration on the bonds in question. However, on appeal, Castaneda contends that he is
entitled to a rem itittur on all or part of the relevant bail bonds. W e will therefore focus on Castaneda’s
argum ents pertaining to rem ittitur. In any event, the record dem onstrates that Castaneda is not entitled to
exoneration because he does not fall within the purview of article 22.13 of the code of crim inal procedure.
See T EX . C OD E C R IM . P R O C . A N N . art. 22.13 (Vernon Supp. 2007) (providing various causes which will
exonerate).



                                                          6
A. Jurisdiction

         Our initial inquiry is always whether we have jurisdiction over an appeal. See Tex.

Ass’n of Bus. v. Tex. Air Control Bd., 852 S.W.2d 440, 443 (Tex. 1993). Unless one of the

sources of our authority specifically authorizes an interlocutory appeal, we only have

jurisdiction over an appeal taken from a final judgment. See Lehmann v. Har-Con Corp.,

39 S.W.3d 191, 195 (Tex. 2001). If the record does not affirmatively demonstrate our

jurisdiction, we must dismiss the appeal. See Garcia v. Comm’rs Court of Cameron

County, 101 S.W.3d 778, 784 (Tex. App.–Corpus Christi 2003, no pet.). A judgment is not

final unless it disposes of all pending parties and claims in the record. See Lehmann, 39

S.W.3d at 205-06. In a bond forfeiture proceeding, a trial court’s final judgment must be

rendered against both the principal and the surety. See TEX . CODE CRIM . PROC . ANN . art.

22.14.

         In this case, the record does not reflect that there were any pending claims

unaddressed by the trial court. The only parties to the proceeding were the State,

Castaneda, and the principals. Because there were no claims or parties not addressed by

the court’s final judgment, we conclude that the judgment is final for purposes of appeal.

See id. art. 44.42 (Vernon 2006) (“An appeal may be taken by the defendant from every

final judgment rendered upon . . . bail bond . . . where such judgment is for twenty dollars

or more . . . .”); Lehmann, 39 S.W.3d at 205-06.

B. Discussion of Cause Numbers 13-06-127-CV and 13-06-128-CV

         Article 22.05 of the code of criminal procedure states that all sureties shall be

entitled to notice by service of citation in the manner required in civil actions. TEX . CODE


                                              7
CRIM . PROC . ANN . art. 22.05. In addition, article 22.03 provides that “[u]pon entry of

judgment, a citation shall issue forthwith notifying the sureties of the defendant, if any, that

the bond has been forfeited, and requiring them to appear and show cause why the

judgment of forfeiture should not be made final.” Id. art. 22.03(a) (Vernon Supp. 2007).6

The names of all parties, including the principal and all sureties, are an essential part of

the judgment nisi. See Smith v. State, 485 S.W.2d 787, 787 (Tex. Crim. App. 1972); Joe’s

Bonding Co. v. State, 481 S.W.2d 145, 146 (Tex. Crim. App. 1972) (holding that “[a] failure

to name all the obligors in the judgment nisi is reversible error.”); see also Williams v. State,

No. 13-03-747-CV, 2005 Tex. App. LEXIS 6363, at **2-3 (Tex. App.–Corpus Christi Aug.

11, 2005, no pet.) (holding that in a bond forfeiture proceeding, a trial court’s final judgment

must be rendered against both the principal and the surety).

         In cause numbers 13-06-127-CV and 13-06-128-CV, the record reflects that

Castaneda was served with notice and appeared at the bond forfeiture proceedings.7

However, nothing in the record demonstrates that American was properly served with

notice of the proceedings. See Gilbert, 623 S.W.2d at 352 (noting that “it is essential that

there be a strict compliance with the Rules of Civil Procedure relating to the issuance of

citation, the manner and mode of service, and the return of process”). American neither


         6
             Article 22.03 further provides that citation to a surety that is a corporation or other entity m ust be
served to the attorney designated for service of process by the corporation or entity. T EX . C OD E C R IM . P R O C .
A N N . art. 22.03 (Vernon Supp. 2007). The record does not establish that Castaneda is an attorney or was
designated as Am erican’s agent for service of process in these cases.

        7
           The trial court adm itted Castaneda’s “ASSUMED NAME RECORDS CERTIFICATE OF
OW NERSHIP FOR UNINCORPORATED BUSINESS OR PROFESSION” at the February 16, 2006 hearing.
This docum ent establishes that O. Castaneda Bail Bonds is a sole proprietorship. David Jones, an em ployee
of O. Castaneda Bail Bonds, testified at the February 16, 2006 hearing that Castaneda is m erely an agent
authorized to write bonds on behalf of Am erican. Jones also testified that Am erican was the corporate surety
in these cases.



                                                          8
filed a waiver of service of process nor made an appearance in the trial court prior to the

rendition of the final judgment.8 It was incumbent upon the State to show that the trial court

acquired jurisdiction over American by means of valid issuance of citation, service and

return thereof. See id. (“Citations are materially defective and wholly insufficient to

authorize a judgment by default, unless they contain the names of each and every

defendant in the cause.”) (citing Portwood v. Wilburn, 33 Tex. 713, 713 (1871)). Copies

of the bail bonds at issue were introduced at the various hearings and each bail bond

clearly provided an address for American and specifically noted that Castaneda was the

“executing agent.”9

        Based on the fact that not all of the obligors on the bonds at issue were properly

served with process, we conclude that the trial court erred in entering judgments solely

against the principals and Castaneda in the underlying cause numbers. See Huntley v.

State, 65 Tex. Crim. 275, 143 S.W. 1166, 1167 (Tex. Crim App. 1912) (stating that “a

judgment nisi is void unless rendered against the principal in the bond and all the sureties”

(emphasis added)). We further conclude that because American was not properly served,

the trial court abused its discretion in determining that the bonds at issue should be

forfeited. Accordingly, we sustain Castaneda’s sole issue on appeal in cause numbers 13-

        8
            W ith respect to service of process, article 22.04 provides that:

                A citation shall be sufficient if it be in the form provided for citations in civil cases in
        such court; provided, however, that a copy of the judgm ent of forfeiture entered by the court,
        a copy of the forfeited bond, and a copy of any power of attorney attached to the forfeited
        bond shall be attached to the citation and the citation shall notify the parties cited to appear
        and show cause why the judgm ent of forfeiture should not be m ade final.

Id. art. 22.04 (Vernon Supp. 2007).

        9
         At the top-center of each of the bail bonds is the following language: “Am erican Surety Com pany[,]
P.O. Box 68932, Indianapolis, IN 46268".



                                                         9
06-127-CV and 13-06-128-CV.

C. Discussion of Cause Number 13-06-039-CV

        We do not, however, find Castaneda’s contentions to be persuasive in cause

number 13-06-039-CV. As previously mentioned, in this case, the trial court granted the

State’s motion to dismiss the underlying judgment nisi because Garcia, the principal, had

pleaded guilty or no contest. Because Castaneda’s appellate arguments serve as an

attack on the final judgment and the underlying judgment nisi, the trial court’s granting of

the State’s motion to dismiss the judgment nisi renders this cause moot. See Pharris v.

State, 165 S.W.3d 681, 687 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005) (stating that “[a] case that is moot is

normally not justiciable”); Duncan v. Evans, 653 S.W.2d 38, 41 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990)

(Onion, P.J., dissenting) (noting that when an order that is the subject of appeal has been

vacated, the question presented is moot and that when a question becomes moot, the

case should be dismissed); see also TEX . CODE CRIM . PROC . ANN . art. 22.01 (Vernon

1989).10 Accordingly, we overrule Castaneda’s sole issue in cause number 13-06-039-CV.

                                               IV. CONCLUSION

        In cause numbers 13-06-127-CV and 13-06-128-CV, we reverse the judgment of

the trial court, and we render judgment in favor of Castaneda.11 With respect to cause

        10
           Article 22.01 of the code of crim inal procedure provides that a bond is forfeited when “a defendant
is bound by bail to appear and fails to appear in any court in which such case m ay be pending and at any tim e
when his personal appearance is required under this Code . . . a forfeiture of his bail and a judicial declaration
shall be taken . . . .” Id. art. 22.01 (Vernon 1989) (em phasis added).

          11
             On appeal, Castaneda argues that the statute of lim itations has run and that the State is not entitled
to re-institute the bond forfeiture proceedings by serving Am erican. W e agree. The record reflects that m ore
than four years have elapsed since Prado and Rutiaga failed to appear in court in cause num bers 13-06-127-
CV and 13-06-128-CV. See T EX . C OD E C R IM . P R O C . A N N . art. 22.18 (Vernon Supp. 2007) (“An action by the
state to forfeit a bail bond under this chapter m ust be brought not later than the fourth anniversary of the date
the principal fails to appear in court.”). Because the State failed to serve Am erican in the original bond



                                                        10
number 13-06-039-CV, we dismiss as moot.




                                                            ______________________________
                                                            DORI CONTRERAS GARZA,
                                                            Justice

Memorandum Opinion delivered and
filed this the 30th day of June, 2008.




forfeiture proceedings within the four-year statute of lim itations period provided by article 22.18 of the code
of crim inal procedure, we render judgm ent in favor of Castaneda in cause num bers 13-06-127-CV and 13-06-
138-CV. See id.



                                                      11
