 1      IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO

 2 Opinion Number: ___________

 3 Filing Date: December 29, 2016

 4 NO. 34,662

 5 JEFFREY MARTINEZ,

 6       Petitioner-Appellant/Cross-Appellee,

 7 v.

 8 ANGELA MARTINEZ,

 9       Respondent-Appellee/Cross-Appellant.

10 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF SANTA FE COUNTY
11 Matthew J. Wilson, District Judge

12 The Zamora Law Firm
13 D. Diego Zamora
14 Santa Fe, NM

15 Wray & Girard PC
16 Katherine A. Wray
17 Albuquerque, NM

18 for Appellant

19 The Okon Law Firm
20 Christa M. Okon
21 Santa Fe, NM

22 for Appellee
 1                                       OPINION

 2 SUTIN, Judge.

 3   {1}   Husband Jeffrey Martinez and Wife Angela Martinez were divorced in May

 4 2011. In the years following the divorce, the parties have engaged in a protracted and

 5 bitter dispute over alleged violations relating to court orders, spousal support, child

 6 support, property division, and attorney fees. Husband appeals (1) a contempt order

 7 entered by the district court in connection with enforcement of a spousal support

 8 award to Wife and awarding attorney fees to Wife, (2) the admission of certain

 9 evidence during the hearing on spousal support, and (3) the denial of Husband’s

10 request for additional time to file proposed findings of fact and conclusions of law

11 and a motion to reconsider. Wife cross-appeals a grant of summary judgment denying

12 her community property interest in settlement proceeds Husband obtained in an

13 insurance bad faith action that alleged the mishandling of a claim involving

14 community property insured with community funds.

15   {2}   We reverse and remand based on Wife’s cross-appeal and hold that the district

16 court erred in categorizing the settlement proceeds as Husband’s separate property.

17 Because our decision regarding the cross-appeal necessarily impacts the parties’

18 respective finances, we similarly reverse the spousal support award and remand for

19 further proceedings. Although our reversal obviates the need to address Husband’s
 1 first and third issues on appeal, we address these arguments regarding certain

 2 discretionary matters for clarity on remand.

 3 BACKGROUND

 4   {3}   Because our opinion focuses primarily on Wife’s claim that she is entitled to

 5 a share of the settlement proceeds as community property, we limit our recitation of

 6 the facts in this background section to those necessary for narrative clarity and to

 7 address the relevant issues. Additional facts will be discussed throughout as needed.

 8   {4}   Husband filed for divorce from Wife in April 2010. In the months following

 9 Husband’s filing, the parties made numerous allegations against each other. Husband

10 alleged, among other averments, that Wife violated the temporary domestic order

11 (1) when she took Husband’s clothes to Goodwill, (2) when Wife and the parties’ son

12 allegedly assaulted Husband’s parents, and (3) when Wife and their children broke

13 a television and left it outside of the marital residence. Wife alleged, among other

14 averments, that Husband (1) abused her and their children, (2) removed community

15 property from the marital home while she and the children were not present, and

16 (3) misconstrued the altercation between their son and Husband’s parents and that,

17 in fact, their son was defending himself and Wife.

18   {5}   During this same tumultuous time frame, in June 2010, Husband’s truck, which

19 was community property, was destroyed in a fire. Husband made a claim with Allstate


                                             2
 1 Insurance Company, which was denied. Thereafter, Husband filed a bad faith claim

 2 against Allstate, see State Employees Credit Union v. Martinez and Martinez v.

 3 Allstate Insurance Co., No. D-101-CV-2011-00694, which ultimately settled on

 4 September 7, 2011.

 5   {6}   During the course of this case, Wife had numerous attorneys and, at times,

 6 appeared pro se. When appearing pro se, Wife struggled to comply with the Rules of

 7 Evidence and Rules of Civil Procedure, and the district court attempted to explain

 8 concepts and otherwise accommodate Wife when possible. An initial merits hearing

 9 spanned four days, in part to give Wife an opportunity to review documents and

10 consult with an attorney.

11   {7}   After a hearing in May 2011, the district court entered a decree of dissolution

12 of marriage and entered an order on the distribution of community assets, community

13 personal property, child support, and spousal support. In the order, filed in June 2011,

14 the court addressed the marital residence, college fund accounts, certain debts and

15 offsets, tax refunds, when the parties may respectively claim their minor son as a

16 dependent, and a retirement account. The court took under advisement the child

17 support and spousal support issues.

18   {8}   In July 2012 Wife filed a motion to impose a constructive trust on insurance

19 proceeds and to set child and spousal support. In the motion, Wife addressed a


                                              3
 1 $250,000 insurance check from Allstate in settlement of Husband’s bad faith claim

 2 and for damage to his truck. Wife argued that the truck was community property, that

 3 the settlement proceeds were community property, and that one-half of those proceeds

 4 should have been awarded to her. She sought a constructive trust for one-half of the

 5 insurance proceeds, minus attorney fees, and requested that those funds be placed in

 6 the court registry. In her motion, Wife also sought spousal and child support awards

 7 in appropriate amounts and asked that those awards be retroactive.

 8   {9}   In response to Wife’s motion, Husband argued that Wife “actively conspired

 9 with Allstate and, as a result, her conduct, in part, played a significant part in the

10 decision by Allstate to wrongfully deny [Husband’s] property damage claim under his

11 Allstate automobile policy.” Husband accused Wife of committing “deceptive actions

12 against the community” as evidenced by a letter from Allstate to Wife regarding

13 Husband’s claim. In the letter, Allstate employee Bruce Zinzer sent Wife a copy of

14 an inventory submitted by Husband with a note to Wife that stated, “Let me know

15 what you think.” Husband also asserted that Wife, when interviewed by Allstate’s

16 counsel regarding Husband’s insurance claim,1 stated that Husband was making a

17 fraudulent claim for personal property damages. Husband argued that Wife’s conduct


          1
18          In the briefing, Wife refers to her interview as a “statement under oath.” In the
19 district court, the interview was referred to as an “examination under oath” or a
20 “statement under oath.”

                                               4
 1 was aimed at denying the community the benefit of insurance coverage under the

 2 Allstate policy, and thus she should not be rewarded with any interest in the proceeds.

 3   {10}   Husband’s arguments related to the insurance proceeds dispute rested primarily

 4 on Delph v. Potomac Insurance Co., 1980-NMSC-140, 95 N.M. 257, 620 P.2d 1282.

 5 In Delph, the husband and the wife owned a residence as community property. Id. ¶ 1.

 6 The residence was insured, and both the husband and the wife were named on the

 7 policy. Id. The wife moved out of the residence and sought a dissolution of marriage.

 8 Id. ¶ 2. The wife was granted a divorce and was awarded the residence. Id. However,

 9 prior to entry of the divorce decree, the husband intentionally set fire to the residence.

10 Id. ¶ 3. The wife sought to recover proceeds under the insurance policy for damages

11 caused by the fire, but the insurer refused to pay her, contending that “[the] husband’s

12 arson constituted ‘fraud’ by the ‘insured’ and that the policy coverage was vitiated

13 by the fraud.” Id. ¶ 4. The wife brought suit against the insurer, the district court

14 granted summary judgment in favor of the insurer, and the wife appealed. Id. ¶ 5. On

15 appeal, our Supreme Court considered “whether the intentional burning of a

16 community residence by one spouse will bar recovery by an innocent spouse under

17 a fire insurance policy issued to the community.” Id. ¶ 6.

18   {11}   In resolving the question on appeal, the Court in Delph first held that the

19 residence as well as the insurance policy were community property. Id. ¶ 9. The


                                               5
 1 Court, however, noted that “New Mexico courts have segregated out the interests of

 2 spouses in community property when it has been necessary to do so in order to avoid

 3 injustice.” Id. ¶ 10. Because the parties’ interests were capable of being segregated,

 4 the Court held that “both logic and justice mandate[d] that the [wife] should be

 5 entitled to recover up to one-half of the policy limits in order to compensate for the

 6 damages resulting from the fire.” Id. ¶ 11. The Court stated that in New Mexico a

 7 “spouse who commits a separate tort is individually liable for damages arising out of

 8 the tort and that the separate (or segregable) assets of the innocent spouse may not be

 9 reached to satisfy the liability arising out of the tort.” Id. ¶ 13. In deciding whether

10 the husband’s act of arson was a “community” or “separate” tort, the Delph Court

11 considered “whether the act in which the spouse was engaged at the time of the tort

12 was one which was of actual or potential benefit to the community.” Id. ¶ 14.

13 According to the Court, “[i]f it was of benefit, the tort is a ‘community’ tort, and thus

14 a community debt. If the activity in which the tortfeasor spouse was engaged was of

15 no benefit to the community, the tort is a ‘separate’ tort and thus a separate debt.” Id.

16 Ultimately, the Court held that the husband did not engage in an act that could be of

17 benefit to the community, and thus his responsibility for the fraud was separate. Id.

18 While the husband’s actions could void his own interest in the policy, his fraud “[did]

19 not void the policy as to [the wife].” Id.


                                                6
 1   {12}   Husband argued that Delph controlled the issue in this case because Wife’s

 2 alleged scheming with Allstate could not be construed to benefit the community. He

 3 argued that Wife had a bad motive, and her sole purpose in “surreptitiously

 4 communicating” with Allstate was to harm Husband. Husband’s position was that

 5 Wife’s actions voided her interest in the Allstate policy, and thus voided her interest

 6 in the settlement proceeds.

 7   {13}   In her reply, Wife admitted that she informed Allstate of Husband’s practice

 8 of forging documents, but also asserted that Husband had initially told authorities that

 9 Wife and/or the parties’ sons were responsible for having damaged the truck. She

10 argued that because neither party was ultimately found to have caused the loss to the

11 property and because Wife did not commit a tort, Delph did not apply.

12   {14}   The district court issued an order on Wife’s motion regarding the settlement

13 proceeds in November 2012. The court found that the truck was a community asset

14 but did not have sufficient information regarding whether Wife’s conduct contributed

15 to Allstate’s decision to deny Husband’s property damage claim. The court continued

16 taking the matter of spousal support under advisement pending a decision regarding

17 the Allstate proceeds. At the same time, the court stated that “[a]s a separate issue and

18 regardless of whether [Wife] has a right to share in the Allstate proceeds, the [c]ourt




                                               7
 1 is not foreclosing spousal support, pending testimony of [Wife’s] treating doctors as

 2 to her physical condition and her ability to earn income.”

 3   {15}   Thereafter, in May 2013, Wife filed a motion for summary judgment on

 4 division of the Allstate settlement funds. Wife set out fifty-four statements of fact.

 5 Among those facts were the following. The truck was bought with community funds,

 6 was insured with community funds, and both Husband and Wife were named

 7 insureds. Bruce Zinzer, the Allstate employee who handled the personal property

 8 damage aspect of the claim, reached out to Wife because she was a named insured.

 9 When asked about Husband’s reputation for honesty, Wife gave her “candid opinion

10 of [Husband’s] historical lack of truthfulness, based on examples from her life with

11 [Husband].” Allstate provided Wife with Husband’s inventory of items in the truck,

12 and Wife informed Allstate that some of the items would not have been in the truck

13 and that others did not have the value claimed by Husband. When asked by Allstate’s

14 attorney, Mark Klecan, during an examination under oath about Husband’s reputation

15 for honesty, Wife answered the question by referencing “police reports and an event

16 involving [Husband’s] lying to his probation officer.” When asked for any other

17 examples or instances of Husband’s reputation for honesty or truthfulness, Wife

18 referenced instances where Husband allegedly stole inventory from his employers.

19 Although Klecan stated under oath that Wife’s position was the primary reason for


                                             8
 1 the delay in payment, Zinzer did not believe that Wife’s input caused the denial of the

 2 claim. Wife also highlighted a number of other errors and omissions by Allstate in

 3 handling the claim, including Allstate’s failure to hire a fire investigator, failure to

 4 independently obtain the police report, and failure to respond to Husband’s attorney’s

 5 letters.

 6   {16}   Further, Wife denied playing a significant role in Allstate’s denial of the claim

 7 and argued that it would be against public policy to force her to unconditionally

 8 support Husband’s claims in order to be entitled to her share of the proceeds, even

 9 when she suspected Husband’s claim to be fraudulent. She also argued that Allstate

10 denied the claim because it suspected fraud based on Husband’s actions and that any

11 bad faith claims handling by Allstate was largely due to Allstate’s failure to adhere

12 to accepted claims-handling protocols in a timely manner. Lastly, Wife argued that

13 Delph did not apply because her candor and truthfulness to Allstate is not a deliberate

14 tort that failed to benefit the community.

15   {17}   Husband responded that many of Wife’s “facts” were immaterial because

16 Zinzer handled the claim related to the property inside of the truck, not the claim

17 regarding damage to the truck itself. Husband highlighted testimony from Zinzer that

18 Zinzer believed that Wife was “actively working with [him] to get this claim

19 denied[.]” Husband, again relying on Delph, argued that the settlement proceeds were


                                                9
 1 not a community asset because Wife’s wrongful conduct was intended to deny the

 2 community a benefit under the Allstate insurance policy.

 3   {18}   In August 2013 the district court denied Wife’s motion for summary judgment

 4 regarding the settlement proceeds, finding that, but for Wife’s actions, Allstate would

 5 have had a different take on how to address the claim. It held that because of Wife’s

 6 cooperation and statements to Allstate, Allstate chose to deny Husband’s claim that

 7 gave rise to the bad faith action against Allstate. According to the court, a bad faith

 8 claim did not exist before Wife’s participation, and the bad faith claim arose because

 9 of Wife’s willing participation. Shortly afterward, in October 2013, the case was

10 reassigned to another district court judge who handled the case up to this appeal.

11   {19}   Husband filed a motion for summary judgment in February 2014 on the

12 Allstate settlement proceeds. In support of his motion, Husband stated that the district

13 court entered an order denying Wife’s motion for summary judgment on division of

14 the settlement proceeds, and Husband specifically outlined the findings of the court.

15 Husband again argued that Wife’s bad actions prohibited her from claiming a portion

16 of the settlement proceeds. Alternatively, Husband argued that the settlement

17 proceeds were separate property under NMSA 1978, Section 40-3-8(A) (1990). In

18 response, Wife did not dispute Husband’s material facts but argued that those facts

19 were not sufficient to give Husband unfettered access to the funds. She incorporated


                                              10
 1 by reference her arguments in her motion for summary judgment as to why the funds

 2 should be treated as community property and again disputed the relevance of Delph.

 3 She argued that while she “respectfully disagreed with the [court’s] determination [on

 4 her motion for summary judgment], she did not appeal the determination because the

 5 funds would be the only source available to satisfy a lump sum [spousal support]

 6 award.” She also argued that, even accepting Husband’s contention that the funds

 7 were his separate property by virtue of the court’s ruling on Wife’s motion for

 8 summary judgment as true, the funds could and should be used in granting lump sum

 9 spousal support.

10   {20}   During the hearing on spousal support, child support, and the allocation of the

11 settlement proceeds, before the judge to whom the case was reassigned, Wife’s

12 attorney indicated that there was no contest as to the nature of the proceeds because

13 “[the original judge] clearly [set] the money over to [H]usband.” She stated that,

14 although she thought the prior ruling on the settlement proceeds was “mind-

15 boggling[,]” she did not appeal it because any lump sum spousal support would “have

16 to come from somewhere if [it was] to be made at all.” In light of the prior ruling,

17 Wife did not object to the proceeds being treated as Husband’s separate property

18 based on the expectation that she would be receiving a lump sum spousal support

19 payment from the proceeds. The court subsequently granted Husband’s motion for


                                              11
 1 summary judgment on the settlement proceeds essentially on the same grounds used

 2 to deny Wife’s motion for summary judgment, adding a handwritten caveat that the

 3 proceeds not be used pending the court’s decision on spousal support.

 4   {21}   After the court took evidence de novo from the parties on the matter of spousal

 5 support in August 2014, the court, in November 2014, ordered that Husband pay Wife

 6 a lump sum of $42,000 in spousal support, less amounts previously paid, plus $1,000

 7 per month until further order of the court. In December 2014 the district court

 8 declined to stay its order awarding spousal support or to grant an extension for

 9 Husband to file a motion for reconsideration and requested findings of fact and

10 conclusions of law. In March 2015 the district court entered an order of contempt

11 after granting Wife’s motion to show cause for Husband’s failure to comply with the

12 court’s order for spousal support. Also, in March 2015, the court ordered Husband

13 to pay $10,000 in attorney fees and costs in addition to the attorney fees previously

14 paid by Husband. This appeal followed.

15 DISCUSSION

16 I.       The Settlement Proceeds

17   {22}   As already indicated, we begin by addressing Wife’s cross-appeal because the

18 designation of the settlement proceeds as separate or community property necessarily

19 impacts the appropriateness of the district court’s spousal support award, which


                                              12
 1 should be based in part on the parties’ relative assets and needs. See NMSA 1978,

 2 § 40-4-7(E)(2), (4), (6), (7) (1997) (stating that when determining spousal support,

 3 the court must consider, in relevant part, “the current and future earnings and the

 4 earning capacity of the respective spouses[,]” “the reasonable needs of the respective

 5 spouses[,]” “the amount of the property awarded or confirmed to the respective

 6 spouses,” and “the type and nature of the respective spouses’ assets”).

 7   {23}   The standard of review in this case is complicated. We note that the orders

 8 from which Wife appeals are related to summary judgment as to the Allstate

 9 settlement proceeds, which we review de novo. See Beggs v. City of Portales, 2009-

10 NMSC-023, ¶ 10, 146 N.M. 372, 210 P.3d 798. In general, we review the district

11 court’s equitable distribution of assets and liabilities for abuse of discretion. See

12 Arnold v. Arnold, 2003-NMCA-114, ¶ 6, 134 N.M. 381, 77 P.3d 285. However, even

13 when the appellate courts “review for an abuse of discretion, our review of the

14 application of the law to the facts is conducted de novo. Accordingly, we may

15 characterize as an abuse of discretion a discretionary decision that is premised on a

16 misapprehension of the law.” N.M. Right to Choose/NARAL v. Johnson, 1999-NMSC-

17 028, ¶ 7, 127 N.M. 654, 986 P.2d 450 (alteration, internal quotation marks, and

18 citations omitted). Additionally, while the district court has broad discretion to divide

19 community property, the threshold question of whether settlement proceeds are


                                              13
 1 community property is a question of law that we review de novo. See Arnold, 2003-

 2 NMCA-114, ¶ 6 (“[T]he threshold question of whether [the h]usband’s accumulated

 3 vacation leave and sick leave are community property is a question of law, which we

 4 review de novo.”).

 5   {24}   As we more fully discuss later in this opinion, the district court erred as a

 6 matter of law in misapprehending and misapplying Delph to the facts of this case and

 7 in determining that the settlement proceeds were separate and not community

 8 property. Wife, as a co-insured, responded to Allstate’s investigative questioning.

 9 Nothing in the record, including the court’s findings, shows or permitted a rational,

10 reasonable inference that in doing so Wife acted with a malicious or otherwise

11 tortious wrongful intent or motive to deprive the community of a community asset.

12 A.       The Parties’ Arguments

13   {25}   We focus on Wife’s argument on cross-appeal that as a matter of law her

14 conduct did not deprive her of her community interest in the settlement proceeds.

15   {26}   In arguing that insurance and community property law support her right to

16 share in the bad faith settlement proceeds, Wife points to case law addressing

17 community interests in insurance proceeds. See Harris v. Harris, 1972-NMSC-005,

18 ¶¶ 8, 10, 83 N.M. 441, 493 P.2d 407 (holding that “the policy itself, including the

19 right to receive the sum named therein . . . was community property during coverture”


                                              14
 1 and that “[d]ecedent[-husband], being the owner of half of the policies, had the right

 2 to dispose of his half interest in the proceeds as he pleased”); Hickson v. Herrmann,

 3 1967-NMSC-083, ¶¶ 8, 18, 77 N.M. 683, 427 P.2d 36 (holding that an insurance

 4 policy on the life of the parties’ minor child bought with community funds during the

 5 marriage, though the husband continued to make payments on the policy after

 6 divorce, was community property and noting that while “[t]he proceeds were not paid

 7 during marriage[,] . . . the right to the proceeds was obtained during marriage[, and

 8 that] right was not changed and was not divided upon the divorce”); In re Miller’s

 9 Estate, 1940-NMSC-021, ¶ 12, 44 N.M. 214, 100 P.2d 908 (holding that “the

10 proceeds of an insurance policy obtained after marriage and payable to the estate of

11 the husband is community, because [it was] paid for out of the community funds”);

12 Dydek v. Dydek, 2012-NMCA-088, ¶¶ 42, 59, 62, 288 P.3d 872 (holding that the

13 former wife had a sufficient interest in the husband’s bad faith claim to justify her

14 request for the court’s appointment of a receiver but did not address whether a bad

15 faith action was separate or community property). Wife argues that “insurance law

16 generally holds [that] insurance proceeds arising from a policy owned by both parties

17 belong to the parties equally.” She asserts that “because the truck and policy insuring

18 it were both community assets, any recovery for bad faith claims handling likewise




                                             15
 1 derived from the breach by Allstate of a contractual duty owed to the community and

 2 should therefore be deemed a community asset.”

 3   {27}   Wife then argues that even if her communications to Allstate contributed to

 4 Allstate’s denying payment as to the truck, she is entitled to a community property

 5 share in the settlement funds because community property assets are divisible without

 6 regard to a respective spouse’s fault. She relies on Medina v. Medina, 2006-NMCA-

 7 042, ¶ 13, 139 N.M. 309, 131 P.3d 696, which held that injecting “an element of

 8 moral fault into the rules governing the distribution of community property on

 9 divorce might be inconsistent with New Mexico’s system of no-fault divorce.” Wife

10 also argues that Husband’s reliance on Delph is misplaced because it is factually

11 distinct from the present case. Specifically, she argues that the co-insured spouse’s

12 deliberate act of destruction in Delph is different from her warning Allstate as to

13 Husband’s dishonesty.

14   {28}   In response, Husband contends the settlement funds are his separate property

15 under Section 40-3-8(A) but that, even if the funds are community property,

16 community property is subject to equitable division. He also argues that the no-fault

17 divorce concept is unrelated to community property division. Husband argues that the

18 cases relied upon by Wife—Harris, Hickson, and In re Miller’s Estate—are

19 distinguishable from the present case because they involved life insurance policies


                                             16
 1 whose proceeds were anticipated by the insurance contract, as opposed to car

 2 insurance. He also argues that Dydek is inapplicable because this Court did not decide

 3 whether the bad faith claim in that case was separate or community property, and

 4 because, in this case, Wife actively participated with Allstate to defeat Husband’s

 5 claim. According to Husband, Wife received her community interest in the insurance

 6 policy (i.e., one-half the value of the vehicle), but the settlement proceeds were

 7 separate property because the settlement was finalized after the entry of the divorce

 8 decree.

 9   {29}   As to his “equitable division” point, Husband argues that should we determine

10 that the Allstate proceeds are community property, equity must be taken into account,

11 and we must determine that, based on equitable considerations, Wife is not entitled

12 to any part of the beneficial resolution of the insurance claim. He relies on Delph and

13 the equitable underpinnings of Delph to support his assertion that to permit Wife to

14 benefit from her wrongdoing and receive a share of the settlement funds in any form

15 of an award in the divorce action would be contrary to and thwarts New Mexico

16 public policy. He also responds to Wife’s no-fault divorce argument by arguing that

17 no-fault divorce is unrelated to post-petition spousal behavior. According to Husband,

18 Wife conflated the “fault” of the parties in the dissolution of the marriage and the

19 equitable fault the district court assigned to Wife for her post-petition role in


                                              17
 1 defeating Husband’s insurance claim. Husband acknowledges that pre-divorce-

 2 petition behavior does not impact the division of community property, but argues that

 3 Wife’s post-petition behavior should be considered in the equitable balance for

 4 spousal support.

 5 B.       Analysis

 6   {30}   We agree with Wife that the law regarding community property supports her

 7 assertion that the settlement proceeds are community property. In determining

 8 whether Wife is entitled to a portion of the settlement proceeds as community

 9 property, it is useful to begin by establishing that the settlement proceeds are

10 presumptively community property and that the statutes do not support Husband’s

11 argument that the proceeds are separate property.

12   {31}   “Community property” is defined as “property acquired by either or both

13 spouses during marriage which is not separate property.” Section 40-3-8(B).

14 “Separate property” is defined, in relevant part, as “property acquired by either spouse

15 before marriage or after entry of a decree of dissolution of marriage[.]” Section 40-3-

16 8(A)(1). In New Mexico, “[p]roperty acquired during marriage by either husband or

17 wife, or both, is presumed to be community property.” NMSA 1978, § 40-3-12(A)

18 (1973). “The party asserting that property acquired during marriage is separate bears

19 the burden of presenting evidence that would rebut the presumption by a


                                              18
 1 preponderance of the evidence.” Hodges v. Hodges, 1984-NMSC-031, ¶ 6, 101 N.M.

 2 67, 678 P.2d 695.

 3   {32}   Husband argues that, regardless of Wife’s involvement in the bad faith claim,

 4 the settlement proceeds are separate property because he actually received the

 5 proceeds approximately four months after the divorce decree was entered, and thus

 6 the property was separate under Section 40-3-8(A)(1). However, Husband’s

 7 characterization of the settlement proceeds as separate property under the statute is

 8 inaccurate under New Mexico law. As highlighted by Wife, insurance proceeds that

 9 are paid as a result of a policy that is community property, where that policy was paid

10 for with community funds, are community property. See Russell v. Russell, 1990-

11 NMCA-080, ¶¶ 3, 12, 111 N.M. 23, 801 P.2d 93 (holding that, in the context of the

12 wife’s personal injury claim and recovery for medical expenses, “the community has

13 an interest in the proceeds of the policy as well as in any recovery from the

14 tortfeasor”); see also Harris, 1972-NMSC-005, ¶¶ 6, 9 (holding that “[a]n insurance

15 policy and rights incident thereto (including a right to the proceeds) is property” and

16 noting the parties’ agreement that “since the insurance policies were acquired with

17 community funds, they therefore became community property”); Hickson, 1967-

18 NMSC-083, ¶¶ 3, 10, 22 (holding that the divorced wife “owned the right to receive

19 the proceeds of [a policy insuring the life of the parties’ minor child] as community


                                              19
 1 property” even though the minor child died after the parties were divorced, the

 2 husband was named as the first beneficiary in the policy, and the husband paid the

 3 premiums from the policy from his separate funds after the divorce); In re Miller’s

 4 Estate, 1940-NMSC-021, ¶ 30 (“The policy of insurance, being acquired subsequent

 5 to marriage was unquestionably community property. It was kept alive by the

 6 payment of the premiums with community funds, and the proceeds resulting from

 7 such contract . . . remain as community property to be distributed as such.”).

 8   {33}   Allstate’s alleged bad-faith-claim handling occurred while the parties were

 9 married and impacted both parties, who undisputedly had a community interest in the

10 truck. Thus, the settlement proceeds are presumptively community property. With the

11 understanding that the settlement proceeds are presumptively community property,

12 we turn our focus to Husband’s position that, regardless of our interpretation of the

13 property as community or separate property under the statutes, the settlement

14 proceeds are nevertheless separate under Delph. Husband argues that, per Delph,

15 Wife is not entitled to any portion of the settlement proceeds because she did not act

16 to benefit the community when she told Allstate that Husband was dishonest. We

17 hold that Delph is distinguishable from the present case and does not form a basis for

18 overcoming New Mexico’s presumption in favor of community property. And we




                                             20
 1 hold that the district court erred in denying Wife’s community property interest in the

 2 settlement proceeds.

 3   {34}   As indicated earlier in this opinion, in Delph, the husband intentionally set fire

 4 to the property, prior to entry of the divorce decree. 1980-NMSC-140, ¶ 3. The

 5 specific issue presented on appeal was “whether the intentional burning of a

 6 community residence by one spouse will bar recovery by an innocent spouse under

 7 a fire insurance policy issued to the community.” Id. ¶ 6. The Court held that it was

 8 clear that both the residence and the insurance policy were community property. Id.

 9 ¶ 9. However, the law in New Mexico also clearly states that “a spouse who commits

10 a separate tort is individually liable for damages arising out of the tort and that the

11 separate (or segregable) assets of the innocent spouse may not be reached to satisfy

12 the liability arising out of the tort.” Id. ¶ 13. Because the husband’s arson could not

13 be construed to be a benefit to the community, the responsibility for the fraud was

14 separate rather than community and could not be used to void the entire insurance

15 policy. Id. ¶ 14.

16   {35}   The holding in Delph cannot be used to deny Wife’s community interest in the

17 settlement proceeds because the circumstances here are entirely different from the

18 circumstances in Delph. In Delph, the Court considered the impact of an intentional

19 tort on an innocent spouse. In this case, there was no ruling that Wife committed an


                                                21
 1 intentional tort, or for that matter, any tort. Although the district court opined in a

 2 hearing that Wife’s actions “may be tantamount to” the tort of interference with

 3 contractual relations, there was never an argument or ruling that Wife actually

 4 tortiously interfered with Husband’s contract. In fact, Husband failed to present

 5 evidence or elicit necessary findings that would support a tortious interference with

 6 contract claim, which would require proof in relevant part that “[t]here . . . be some

 7 voluntary conduct on the part of [Wife],” Bynum v. Bynum, 1975-NMCA-005, ¶ 7,

 8 87 N.M. 195, 531 P.2d 618 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted), and that

 9 “the contract interference [was] without justification or privilege[.]” M & M Rental

10 Tools, Inc. v. Milchem, Inc., 1980-NMCA-072, ¶ 17, 94 N.M. 449, 612 P.2d 241

11 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted); see also Lenscrafters, Inc. v. Kehoe,

12 2012-NMSC-020, ¶ 40, 282 P.3d 758 (stating that a plaintiff seeking to prove tortious

13 interference with contract must prove that “the defendant induced the breach without

14 justification or privilege to do so”). There is also no finding by the district court that

15 Wife acted “either with an improper motive or by use of improper means[,]” as

16 required for a tortious interference with contract claim. Ettenson v. Burke, 2001-

17 NMCA-003, ¶ 14, 130 N.M. 67, 17 P.3d 440. To the contrary, the evidence presented

18 indicated that, in expressing her opinion as to Husband’s dishonesty, Wife was

19 responding to questions posed by Allstate about Husband’s credibility and reputation


                                               22
 1 for honesty and truthfulness. Allstate also sent a copy of Husband’s inventory to

 2 Wife, and she was specifically told to let Allstate know what she thought about the

 3 inventory. She was correct to answer those questions as a co-insured and was required

 4 to give her honest and accurate answers as an individual who was duly sworn under

 5 oath. See NMSA 1978, § 30-25-1 (2009) (identifying “perjury” as a fourth degree

 6 felony and consisting of “making a false statement under oath”); 14 Steven Plitt et al.,

 7 Couch on Insurance § 199:3 (3d ed. 2016) (“Most insurance policies, whether they

 8 are liability or indemnity policies, include what is commonly referred to as a

 9 ‘cooperation clause.’ In instances where a policy does not include such a clause, one

10 has been implied in law.” (footnotes omitted)).

11   {36}   Additionally, despite Husband’s assertions that Wife’s accusations were false,

12 there was no evidence or finding by the district court that her responses to Allstate’s

13 questions were dishonest or inaccurate. There is no evidence in the record that Wife

14 volunteered information that was harmful to Husband before she was asked to give

15 information, as a co-insured. There is no evidence from which the district court could

16 reasonably infer, find, or conclude that Wife did anything more than cooperate, as she

17 was required to do, or that she gave information beyond the information required in

18 response to Allstate’s questions in connection with its investigation of possible fraud.




                                              23
 1   {37}   Although Husband argued to the district court that Wife “actively conspired

 2 with Allstate[,]” that her conduct was aimed at getting Husband’s claim denied, and

 3 that she had a bad motive, the district court issued no findings as to Wife’s motive.

 4 There was nothing in the record, aside from Allstate’s speculation, to affirmatively

 5 establish that Wife conspiratorially, with an improper motive, acted with an intent to

 6 deny a benefit to the community. The district court did find that “but for” Wife’s

 7 actions, Allstate would have had a different take on how to address the claim and that

 8 the bad faith claim arose because of Wife’s input; however, those findings do not, on

 9 their own, prove intentional, tortious conduct. Because there was no evidence or

10 findings that would indicate that Wife’s conduct was intentional and tortious, unlike

11 in Delph, Delph is not analogous, does not apply, and cannot be relied upon to deny

12 Wife her community interest in the settlement proceeds.

13   {38}   Husband essentially is asking this Court to look at Delph so broadly that any

14 time a spouse fails to act for the benefit of the community, that spouse’s interest in

15 the community property is at risk. But vague notions of wrongful conduct by a spouse

16 cannot be the test for determining whether a spouse’s interest in community property

17 should be voided. Delph applies in instances in which a spouse is proved to have

18 intentionally and tortiously caused damage to community property. We do not

19 approve of an expansion of Delph which would allow a party to generally allege that


                                              24
 1 a spouse behaved badly, absent proof of an intentional tort, and then use those

 2 allegations to effectively void the spouse’s interest in community property. To affirm

 3 and approve of such a broad use of Delph would almost certainly, in the oft-quoted

 4 words of former New Mexico Governor Bruce King, “open up a whole box of

 5 Pandoras.”

 6   {39}   Because neither the statutes nor Delph provides a basis under which to deny

 7 Wife’s community interest in the settlement proceeds, Husband has failed to

 8 overcome the presumption in favor of community property. Hodges, 1984-NMSC-

 9 031, ¶ 6 (“The party asserting that property acquired during marriage is separate bears

10 the burden of presenting evidence that would rebut the presumption by a

11 preponderance of the evidence.”). We therefore hold that the district court erred in

12 denying Wife’s community share of the settlement proceeds.

13 II.      Remaining Matters Within the District Court’s Discretion

14   {40}   Because we reverse and remand on the ground that the settlement proceeds

15 were improperly determined to be separate property, we choose not to address

16 Husband’s arguments on appeal regarding spousal support and the district court’s

17 rejection of a time extension. As indicated earlier, because the settlement proceeds

18 are community property and not separate property, the relative assets of the parties

19 are likely to be viewed differently on remand, and the proceeds are likely to be


                                             25
 1 allocated differently. Thus, the spousal support awarded by the district court will

 2 likely need to be re-evaluated.

 3   {41}   Although we do not address Husband’s arguments regarding spousal support,

 4 for the sake of clarity and guidance on remand, we address Husband’s arguments that

 5 (1) the district court abused its discretion when it allowed additional, de novo

 6 proceedings after Wife failed to offer evidence during the initial merits hearing on

 7 spousal support; (2) the district court abused its discretion when it admitted Dr.

 8 Amer’s testimony and when it relied on that testimony in coming to the conclusion

 9 that Wife could not work; and (3) the district court improperly awarded attorney fees.

10 The parties agree that we review these points for abuse of discretion. See Riggs v.

11 Gardikas, 1967-NMSC-120, ¶ 8, 78 N.M. 5, 427 P.2d 890 (stating that the district

12 court’s decision to not re-open a case and hear additional evidence is reviewed for

13 abuse of discretion); Roark v. Farmers Grp., Inc., 2007-NMCA-074, ¶ 20, 142 N.M.

14 59, 162 P.3d 896 (recognizing that the admission of evidence is reviewed for abuse

15 of discretion); Garcia v. Jeantette, 2004-NMCA-004, ¶ 15, 134 N.M. 776, 82 P.3d

16 947 (“The decision whether to grant or deny a request for attorney fees rests within

17 the sound discretion of the district court.”). An abuse of discretion occurs when “the

18 court’s ruling exceeds the bounds of all reason” or “is arbitrary, fanciful, or




                                             26
 1 unreasonable.” Clark v. Clark, 2014-NMCA-030, ¶ 8, 320 P.3d 991 (internal

 2 quotation marks and citation omitted).

 3 A.       Additional Proceedings

 4   {42}   Husband argues that it was error for the district court to permit additional

 5 discovery and take new evidence concerning Wife’s health condition more than a year

 6 after the initial trial on the merits. Husband argues that Wife’s pro se status did not

 7 entitle her to a second chance at offering evidence and argues that the second trial

 8 constituted an abuse of discretion because there had been no change in circumstances

 9 relating to Wife’s health between the first and second trials. Husband also argues that,

10 after improperly reopening the proceedings, the court arbitrarily refused to consider

11 the whole record to determine spousal support. Husband highlights statements by the

12 judge who initially presided over the case regarding Wife’s “signs of malingering to

13 influence [the] court and to avoid being present at hearings scheduled by [the] court

14 and for which she had proper notice.” Husband argues that the district court did not

15 consider “all relevant factors” relating to the reopening of the evidence as outlined

16 in Sena v. New Mexico State Police, 1995-NMCA-003, ¶ 12, 119 N.M. 471, 892 P.2d

17 604, including the reasons for Wife’s failure to present or obtain the evidence at trial,

18 the prejudice to Husband, the delay in the proceedings, the importance of the

19 evidence to Wife, and whether reasons existed to deny the request for more discovery


                                              27
 1 and evidence. He argues that the court abused its discretion when it refused to listen

 2 to and incorporate the previous record when Wife was pro se.

 3   {43}   While it is true that pro se parties are held to the same standards as represented

 4 litigants, we conclude there was no abuse of discretion in this case. See Woodhull v.

 5 Meinel, 2009-NMCA-015, ¶ 30, 145 N.M. 533, 202 P.3d 126 (holding that pro se

 6 litigants “will not be treated differently than litigants with counsel”). Here, the district

 7 court neither re-opened a case per Sena, 1995-NMCA-003, ¶ 12, modified an existing

 8 award per Section 40-4-7(B)(2)(a), nor provided a new trial as contemplated under

 9 Rule 1-059 NMRA. Here, the original judge chose not to rule on spousal support and

10 instead took the matter under advisement. Thus, because spousal support had not been

11 awarded, the newly assigned judge could revisit the issue. Husband glosses over the

12 fact that the district court had continuing jurisdiction over support issues, and the

13 court specifically declined to issue a ruling on support until evidence was presented

14 from Wife’s treating doctors regarding her physical condition and ability to earn

15 income.

16   {44}   Similarly, the district court did not abuse its discretion when it decided to take

17 new evidence and not listen to the trial that occurred in 2011. “An abuse of discretion

18 occurs when the ruling is clearly against the logic and effect of the facts and

19 circumstances of the case. We cannot say the trial court abused its discretion by its


                                                28
 1 ruling unless we can characterize it as clearly untenable or not justified by reason.”

 2 State v. Layne, 2008-NMCA-103, ¶ 6, 144 N.M. 574, 189 P.3d 707 (internal

 3 quotation marks and citation omitted). In this case, the judge, to whom the case was

 4 reassigned, appears to have questioned his ability to determine the veracity of the

 5 witnesses based on a recording and informed the parties that he would review the

 6 evidence from the beginning. Both parties were given the opportunity to present

 7 evidence. Husband fails to show how the court’s decision is clearly untenable or not

 8 justified by reason, and we hold that the court did not abuse its discretion.

 9 B.       Medical Testimony

10   {45}   Husband next argues that the testimony offered by Wife’s treating physician

11 about her condition and level of disability was admitted without foundation and did

12 not support a finding that her medical condition caused her inability to earn income.

13 He argues that “[e]xpert testimony founded upon mere surmise, guess[,] or conjecture

14 is not substantial to support a finding of fact.” Fitzgerald v. Fitzgerald, 1962-NMSC-

15 028, ¶ 2, 70 N.M. 11, 369 P.2d 398. He then argues that, in general, “to have adequate

16 foundation, a medical expert must testify to a reasonable medical probability

17 regarding causation.” In support of his position, Husband looks to case law regarding

18 the “reasonable degree of medical probability” standard in negligence and workers’

19 compensation cases that require plaintiffs to establish a causal connection between


                                             29
 1 the defendant’s act or omission and the medical harm. See, e.g., Alberts v. Schultz,

 2 1999-NMSC-015, ¶ 29, 126 N.M. 807, 975 P.2d 1279; Baer v. Regents of the Univ.

 3 of Cal., 1999-NMCA-005, ¶¶ 21-22, 126 N.M. 508, 972 P.2d 9; Medina v. Original

 4 Hamburger Stand, 1986-NMCA-107, ¶¶ 1-3, 105 N.M. 78, 728 P.2d 488. Husband

 5 generally acknowledges that lay testimony is acceptable to establish the medical

 6 condition of a spouse in support proceedings, see Russell v. Russell, 1984-NMSC-

 7 010, ¶¶ 7, 10, 101 N.M. 648, 687 P.2d 83, but argues that this Court should apply a

 8 reasonable medical probability standard to a medical professional’s testimony when

 9 that professional is offered to establish a causal link between a medical diagnosis or

10 condition and an inability to work. Importantly, Husband is not disputing the

11 existence of Wife’s medical conditions or the ability of her treating physician, Dr.

12 Amer, to testify about those conditions. Rather, Husband focuses on the fact that Dr.

13 Amer did not say Wife’s medical conditions caused her to be unable to work with a

14 “reasonable [degree of] medical probability.”

15   {46}   Husband’s arguments are unconvincing. Two of Husband’s cited cases focus

16 on what medical experts must opine in order to establish causation in negligence

17 cases. Alberts, 1999-NMSC-015, ¶ 29 (“If testimony is introduced to establish

18 proximate cause, the evidence thus introduced must show to a reasonable degree of

19 medical probability that the defendant’s negligence caused the loss of the chance of


                                             30
 1 a better result.”); Baer, 1999-NMCA-005, ¶¶ 21-22 (addressing the standard in

 2 proving proximate cause in a medical negligence case). The third case cited by

 3 Husband interprets a provision of the Workers’ Compensation Act that specifically

 4 requires that “where the defendants deny that an alleged disability is a natural and

 5 direct result of the accident, the workman must establish that causal connection as a

 6 medical probability by expert medical testimony.” Medina, 1986-NMCA-107, ¶¶ 1-3

 7 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).

 8   {47}   In this case, neither liability based on medical negligence nor benefits under

 9 the Workers’ Compensation Act is at issue. Here, Dr. Amer did not opine as to

10 whether an injury was caused by a particular act of negligence or an accident that

11 occurred during employment. Dr. Amer’s testimony about Wife’s functional

12 limitations for the purposes of a spousal support calculation is notably different from

13 a medical expert giving an opinion about what caused a patient’s medical decline. We

14 decline to extend Husband’s proposed negligence standard to instances where the

15 testifying provider is not opining as to the cause of a party’s injury, but rather is

16 simply describing limitations associated with a particular patient’s illness and

17 treatment. The district court did not abuse its discretion when it did not apply the

18 reasonable medical probability standard as requested by Husband.




                                              31
 1   {48}   Furthermore, although Husband argues on appeal that Dr. Amer was testifying

 2 as an expert witness under Rule 11-702 NMRA, the nature of the testimony

 3 highlighted by Husband suggests that in this particular case, and as to his particular

 4 statements about Wife’s disability, Dr. Amer was testifying as a lay witness under

 5 Rule 11-701 NMRA. To lay a foundation for the admission of Rule 11-701 testimony,

 6 the witness must be shown to have “first-hand information” that is “rationally

 7 connected to the opinion formed.” Sanchez v. Wiley, 1997-NMCA-105, ¶ 17, 124

 8 N.M. 47, 946 P.2d 650. Here, Wife’s counsel elicited testimony from Dr. Amer that

 9 he was Wife’s treating physician and was familiar with her medical condition, history,

10 and treatment, such that he had first-hand knowledge of those issues. Dr. Amer was

11 not tendered as an expert witness, and the district court only allowed him to testify

12 as to conditions for which he was treating Wife, despite Wife’s attempts to elicit

13 broader testimony. We hold that Dr. Amer’s testimony was appropriate under Rule

14 11-701 and that the “reasonable medical probability” standard that applies to medical

15 experts in medical negligence and workers’ compensation cases does not apply.

16   {49}   Russell, which considered non-expert testimony about a spouse’s medical

17 situation during support proceedings, is instructive. In Russell, the district court

18 accepted the wife’s testimony as to her state of health, which included a “recent

19 history of serious medical problems including toxic shock syndrome, respiratory


                                             32
 1 failure and cardiac arrest.” 1984-NMSC-010, ¶ 6. Our Supreme Court determined that

 2 allowing the wife’s testimony was not an abuse of discretion because the testimony

 3 constituted appropriate non-expert testimony, and the district court had “ample

 4 opportunity to observe and question the witness and make a determination as to her

 5 credibility and knowledge.” Id. ¶¶ 7-10. Here, as in Russell, the testimony offered by

 6 Wife and Dr. Amer regarding Wife’s medical conditions and disability was based on

 7 their perception and was helpful in determining a fact at issue. See Rule 11-701 (A),

 8 (B). While Dr. Amer did testify that he felt Wife was 100 percent disabled and could

 9 not reliably hold down a job, that opinion was based on his knowledge about Wife’s

10 functional physical limitations.

11 C.       Attorney Fees

12   {50}   “The decision whether to grant or deny a request for attorney fees rests within

13 the sound discretion of the district court.” Garcia, 2004-NMCA-004, ¶ 15. “Thus we

14 review the district court’s ruling on attorney fees only for an abuse of discretion.” Id.

15 To award fees in a domestic relations proceeding, the court must consider relevant

16 factors presented by the parties, including: (1) “disparity of the parties’ resources,

17 including assets and incomes”; (2) “prior settlement offers”; (3) “the total amount of

18 fees and costs expended by each party, the amount paid from community property

19 funds, any balances due and any interim advance of funds ordered by the court”; and


                                              33
 1 (4) “success on the merits.” Rule 1-127 NMRA. “In determining whether to award

 2 attorney fees, a showing of economic disparity, the need of one party, and the ability

 3 of the other to pay, has been characterized as the primary test in New Mexico.”

 4 Quintana v. Eddins, 2002-NMCA-008, ¶ 33, 131 N.M. 435, 38 P.3d 203 (internal

 5 quotation marks and citation omitted); see also Alverson v. Harris, 1997-NMCA-024,

 6 ¶ 26, 123 N.M. 153, 935 P.2d 1165 (“The most important factor the trial court

 7 considers in deciding whether to award attorney fees is economic disparity between

 8 the parties.” (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)).

 9   {51}   Husband argues that the district court abused its discretion in awarding attorney

10 fees to Wife because the court did not consider the factors outlined in Rule 1-127.

11 Here, there is no doubt that there was a substantial economic disparity. Wife had

12 minimal assets and income. Although she initially attempted to proceed pro se, she

13 ultimately incurred over $41,000 in attorney fees. Husband had more income and had

14 even more income when considering the settlement proceeds. However, given our

15 holding that the settlement proceeds are community property, the disparity between

16 the parties’ resources will likely change, and thus the parties’ ability to pay may have

17 changed. We therefore remand the issue of attorney fees for further consideration. See

18 Klinksiek v. Klinksiek, 2005-NMCA-008, ¶ 29, 136 N.M. 693, 104 P.3d 559 (“We

19 have partially affirmed and partially reversed the district court order. Under these


                                               34
1 circumstances, while we affirm the award of attorney fees, we hold that it is

2 appropriate for the district court to reconsider the amount of the attorney fees.”).

3 CONCLUSION

4   {52}   The district court’s ruling regarding the insurance settlement proceeds is

5 reversed, and the matter is remanded for further proceedings in accordance with this

6 opinion.

7   {53}   IT IS SO ORDERED.


8                                         __________________________________
9                                         JONATHAN B. SUTIN, Judge

10 WE CONCUR:


11 _______________________________
12 MICHAEL E. VIGIL, Chief Judge


13 _______________________________
14 LINDA M. VANZI, Judge




                                            35
