           In the United States Court of Federal Claims
                                         No. 19-748C

                                (E-filed: October 16, 2019) 1

                                            )
    METROPOLITAN INTERPRETERS               )
    AND TRANSLATORS, INC.,                  )
                                            )
                 Plaintiff,                 )
                                            )      Motion to Strike; Supplementing the
    v.                                      )      Administrative Record; Fed. R. Evid.
                                            )      1006; Compliance with Formatting
    THE UNITED STATES,                      )      Requirements; Technical Evaluation;
                                            )      Past Performance Evaluation; FAR
                 Defendant,                 )      8.404(d) (2018); FAR 8.405-2(d)
                                            )      (2018); Denying Permanent Injunctive
    and                                     )      Relief.
                                            )
    MVM, INC.,                              )
                                            )
                 Intervenor-defendant.      )
                                            )

Holly A. Roth, McLean, VA, for plaintiff.

Veronica N. Onyema, Trial Attorney, with whom appeared Joseph H. Hunt, Assistant
Attorney General, Robert E. Kirschman, Jr., Director, and Douglas K. Mickle, Assistant
Director, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil Division, United States Department of
Justice, Washington, DC, for defendant. Douglas J. Becker, United States Immigration
and Customs Enforcement, of counsel.

Meghan F. Leemon, Washington, DC, for intervenor-defendant.




1
       This opinion was issued under seal on September 26, 2019. Pursuant to ¶ 6 of the
ordering language, the parties were invited to identify proprietary or confidential material
subject to deletion on the basis that the material was protected/privileged. The parties’
agreed-upon redactions are acceptable to the court. All redactions are indicated by
brackets ([ ]).
                                        OPINION

CAMPBELL-SMITH, Judge.

        Plaintiff Metropolitan Interpreters and Translators, Inc. (also referred to as Metro
or MIT), filed this bid protest to challenge the award of a contract for the provision of
translation services to the United States Immigration and Customs Enforcement agency
(the agency or ICE). The parties’ cross-motions for judgment on the administrative
record (AR) and defendant’s motion to strike are now before the court. The motions are
fully briefed and ripe for decision. In ruling on these motions, the court has considered
the following: (1) plaintiff’s second amended complaint, ECF No. 34 (complaint); (2)
the AR, ECF Nos. 26, 30; (3) plaintiff’s motion for judgment on the AR, ECF No. 32; (4)
defendant’s response to plaintiff’s motion for judgment on the AR, cross-motion for
judgment on the AR, and motion to strike, ECF No. 35; (5) intervenor-defendant’s
response to plaintiff’s motion for judgment on the AR, and its cross-motion for judgment
on the AR, ECF No. 36; (6) plaintiff’s reply in support of its motion for judgment on the
AR, and its response to defendant’s and intervenor-defendant’s cross-motions for
judgment on the AR, ECF No. 37; (7) defendant’s reply in support of its cross-motion for
judgment on the AR and motion to strike, ECF No. 38; and (8) intervenor-defendant’s
reply in support of its cross-motion for judgment on the AR, ECF No. 40.

      For the reasons set forth below: (1) plaintiff’s motion for judgment on the AR,
ECF No. 32, is DENIED; (2) defendant’s cross-motion for judgment on the AR and
motion to strike, ECF No. 35, are GRANTED; and (3) intervenor-defendant’s cross-
motion for judgment on the AR, ECF No. 36, is GRANTED.

I.     Background

       A.     The RFQ and Amendments

       On May 1, 2017, the agency issued Request for Quotation No. HSCEMS-17-Q-
00010 (RFQ) seeking “General Translation, Transcription, and Interpretation Services,”
under its Title III, Monitoring and General Translation & Transcription Services
program. ECF No. 26-2 at 530. As explained in the AR,

       Title III of the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Street Act of 1968 (Wiretap
       Act) as amended provides the statutory framework that governs real-time
       electronic surveillance of the contents of communications. The Title III act
       establishes procedures agencies must follow to obtain a federal court order
       to authorize the interception of oral, wire and electronic communications
       (known as Title III or wiretap). This act regulates how law enforcement
       agents can use and further disclose information obtained under a Title III
       order.

                                             2
Id. at 205. These services are presently provided by multiple vendors, but the agency
now intends to consolidate the services with one vendor to increase efficiency. See id. at
206. Both plaintiff and intervenor-defendant (MVM) are incumbent contractors. ECF
No. 26-3 at 282.

       The agency issued Amendment 1 to the RFQ on May 23, 2017, see ECF No. 26-2
at 603, and awarded the contract to MVM on August 4, 2017, see id. at 36. In response
to four bid protests filed with the Government Accountability Office (GAO), the agency
took corrective action, see id. at 207, and the GAO dismissed the protests as moot, see
ECF No. 26-1 at 177. As part of the corrective action, the agency issued two additional
amendments—Amendment 2 and Amendment 3—to the RFQ. Amendment 3, “for all
intents and purposes, replaced the original RFQ.” ECF No. 35 at 11 (citing ECF No. 26-
1 at 233). Amendment 3, in several respects, reduced the scope of the procurement. For
example, it removed braille from the list of languages and eliminated the request for
interpretation services generally. See ECF No. 26-1 at 236, 239-43, 263.

        The performance work statement (PWS) that accompanied Amendment 3 stated
that “[t]he contractor shall furnish all personnel and all necessary equipment, materials
and supplies, transportation, security clearance, and background investigation verification
necessary to perform Title III Monitoring and General Translation and Transcription
Services.” Id. at 239. The PWS also stated that “ICE will require local
linguists/translators for Tier I and Tier II languages in certain areas of the [United States].
This will be determined at the case assignment level.” Id. at 247. It also noted that “[a]ll
services required in support of Title III wiretap intercepts will take place in a Government
controlled facility.” Id. at 248.

      Amendment 3 further required that each submission conform to the following
format:

       The Technical submission shall not exceed 35 pages on 8.5 X 11 paper in
       Times New Roman 12 pt. Font and 1 inch margins (excluding resumes, Key
       Personnel Certification, and Past Performance Questionnaires). Vendors are
       permitted to use different fonts and sizes for graphs, illustrations, tables, etc.
       permitted they remain legible.

Id. at 261 (emphasis in original).

       B.     The Evaluation Criteria

        The RFQ stated that the task order would be awarded “to the responsible GSA
Schedule Holder . . . whose quote for the services described herein conforms to the
solicitation and represents [the] best overall value to the Government.” Id. at 260. The
evaluation factors include: Technical Approach, Management Approach, Past

                                               3
Performance & Experience, and Price. Id. Under the terms of the RFQ, “[n]on-price
factors, when combined, are significantly more important than Price,” but “[a]s the
technical evaluations become more equal, price becomes more important in making the
award determination.” Id. In addition, the RFQ stated that “[i]n the event that two or
more quotes are determined to have received the same technical rating, award may be
made to the lower priced [offeror].” Id.

              1.     Technical Approach and Management Approach

        The agency began its evaluation of each offeror’s technical approach by
determining “the extent to which the Offeror conveys its understanding of the tasks
identified in the Performance Work Statement (PWS).” Id. at 261. The agency also
evaluated “whether the proposed approach is sound, practical, and feasible to accomplish
the requirements, and the Offeror’s demonstrated ability to staff the ICE Title III
Monitoring and General Translation and Transcription Services program.” Id. The
technical approach factor included a review of two sub-factors: an offeror’s technical
capabilities, and its quality control plan. See id.

        With regard to each offeror’s management approach, the agency “assess[ed] the
extent to which the Offeror’s approach provides a thorough and relevant plan for
managing, overseeing, and accomplishing performance as required in the RFQ and
PWS.” Id. at 262. In addition, the agency “evaluate[d] the Offeror’s approach for
obtaining, allocating, monitoring, and controlling all resources required to ensure
successful performance.” Id. The management approach also addressed four sub-factors:
transition plan, organizational structure and staffing plan, invoicing, and capability and
experience of key personnel. Id. at 262-63.

       Both the technical approach and the management approach of each offeror was
rated as Excellent, Good, Acceptable, Marginal, or Unacceptable. Id. at 265.

              2.     Past Performance and Experience

       The agency evaluated offerors’ past performance based on responses to a past
performance questionnaire. Id. at 263. The RFQ described relevant experience to
include the successful provision of translation and transcription services of “similar size,
scope and complexity as described in the PWS,” within the preceding five years. Id.
Sources of information for evaluation under this factor included: “information provided
by the Offeror, information obtained from past performance questionnaires, and
information from any other sources available to the Government.” Id. The agency rated
offerors under this factor as: Substantial Confidence (Outstanding), Satisfactory
Confidence (Satisfactory), Limited Confidence (Marginal), No Confidence
(Unsatisfactory), and Unknown Confidence (Neutral). Id. at 266.


                                              4
                 3.     Price

        Offerors were required, under the terms of the RFQ to present proposed prices in a
specified format, and to clearly indicate any assumptions included in their calculations.
See id. at 263. The agency instructed offerors to include a list of forms and attachments
as part of its price quote, including “Attachment D – Pricing Evaluation Spreadsheet,”
which would “be used solely for evaluation of price for award purposes only.” Id. at 264.
Attachment D addresses rates for Tier I and Tier II languages, and states on the top of
each page that “[o]nly languages in Tier I & II will be used in calculating a vendor’s total
evaluated price for award purposes.” Id. at 286-90. The RFQ also specifies that “[p]rice
quotations will be evaluated in accordance with FAR 8.404(d),” and that “[e]ach
Offeror’s Total Evaluated Price will be evaluated utilizing Attachment D – Pricing
Evaluation Spreadsheet.” Id. at 264. Prices for Tier III languages were “evaluated for
reasonableness separately from the evaluation of price for award purposes.” Id.

          C.     Award Decision Following Amendment 3

       Both plaintiff and MVM submitted revised quotes based on Amendment 3. Id. at
236; ECF No. 26-2 at 246-369 (plaintiff’s revised quote); id. at 370-467 (MVM’s revised
quote). Two additional offerors submitted quotes, but the agency deemed both ineligible
for award. ECF No. 26-1 at 177. Two teams reviewed the quotes and issued reports to
the Source Selection Authority (SSA). The Technical Evaluation Team (TET) issued its
report on April 11, 2018. 2 See ECF No. 26-2 at 153-174. The Price Evaluation Team
(PET) issued its report on June 15, 2018. See id. at 175-77. The SSA then reviewed the
TET and PET reports and recommended selecting MVM for award. See id. at 178-203
(award decision memorandum).

                 1.     Technical Evaluation Team Report

       In its report, the TET assigned both plaintiff and MVM the highest rating for each
of the non-price evaluation factors. The report included a table summarizing the TET’s
conclusions, as reproduced here:

           Vendor                   Technical         Management       Past Performance
                                   Approach            Approach          & Experience
    Metropolitan                Excellent           Excellent          Substantial
    Interpreters and                                                   Confidence
    Translators, Inc.
    (Metro)

2
       The first page of the TET report records the date as March 12, 2018, but the final
page, which includes signatures from the team members, indicates the report was
finalized on April 11, 2018. See ECF No. 26-2 at 153, 174.
                                                5
 MVM, Inc.                Excellent              Excellent             Substantial
                                                                       Confidence

Id. at 155. The TET identified no weaknesses, deficiencies, or risks in either plaintiff’s
or MVM’s quote. See id. at 157, 160, 162 (evaluation of plaintiff’s quote); id. at 166,
170, 172 (evaluation of MVM’s quote).

        The TET’s analysis of plaintiff’s quote was detailed and notably positive. With
regard to plaintiff’s technical approach, the TET stated that plaintiff demonstrated both
“exceptional understanding of the Government’s goals and objectives,” and “significant
strengths within their proposal regarding their Technical Capability and Quality Control
Plan that would benefit the Government if selected for award.” Id. at 155. The TET
found that plaintiff’s proposed management approach “established a thorough and
exceptional understanding of the requirements defined in the PWS for the Transition
Plan, Staffing, Invoicing capability and experience of Key personnel.” Id. at 157. And
after reviewing Contractor Performance Assessment Reports (CPARs) and the nature and
scope of plaintiff’s past performance submissions, the TET concluded that plaintiff’s
“past performance and experience appear[ ] to be exceptional.” Id. at 160.

       The TET’s evaluation of MVM was similarly detailed and positive. The TET’s
conclusions with regard to MVM’s quote were nearly identical to its conclusions with
regard to plaintiff’s quote. The TET found that: MVM’s technical approach
“demonstrate[d] an exceptional understanding of the Government’s goals and
objectives,” id. at 162; MVM’s management approach “demonstrate[d] a thorough and
exceptional understanding of the requirements in the PWS for the Transition Plan,
Staffing, Invoicing capability and experience of Personnel,” id. at 166; and MVM’s “past
performance and experience appear[ ] to be exceptional,” id. at 170.

       The TET concluded its report as follows:

       Based on the results of the technical evaluation, TET recommends award of
       the single Task Order to either MVM or Metro as both vendors provided a
       proposal with a clear and concise direction on how they would transition
       from a multi-vendor BPA [Blanket Purchase Agreement] system down to a
       single provider. [Each] vendor[’]s proposal methodically details its approach
       in ensuring quality control and demonstrated a clear understanding of its
       importance to ICE/HIS’s [Homeland Security Investigations] mission
       success. . . . In conclusion, the TET team is fully confident that either MVM
       or Metro can perform the tasks required for this contract.

Id. at 173.



                                             6
             2.     Price Evaluation Team Report

        In accordance with the RFQ, the PET compared specific price proposals for Tier I
& Tier II languages based on responses to a pricing spreadsheet, while making a “fair &
reasonableness determination” for Tier III languages, which were not included on the
spreadsheet. Id. at 175. The PET stated that “MVM submitted the lower price quote
with a total evaluated price of $205,803,583.85.” Id. at 176. Plaintiff’s price quote was
3.28% higher, “with a total evaluated price of $212,957,791.38.” Id. The PET further
stated that the prices quoted by both plaintiff and MVM were within the guidelines
previously determined by the General Services Administration (GSA) to be “fair and
reasonable,” and that “[e]ach of the contractors further discounted their GSA Schedule
rates.” Id.

       On June 15, 2018, the SSA determined that it was in the government’s best
interest to select MVM, and awarded MVM the contract. See id. at 178-203.

      D.     Fifth and Sixth GAO Protests

        Following the initial award decision, plaintiff filed two bid protests before the
GAO. The first protest was filed on June 25, 2018. See ECF No. 26-1 at 7. The agency
acknowledged an administrative error and took corrective action, and the GAO dismissed
the protest as moot. See id. at 28-30, 34. Following corrective action, the agency again
awarded the contract to MVM. See id. at 304. On July 27, 2018, plaintiff filed a second
protest challenging the agency’s technical and price evaluations, and its best value
determination. See id. at 35. Upon discovery of another administrative error, the agency
took corrective action for a second time, and the GAO dismissed the protest as moot. See
id. at 60-61, 64-65; ECF No. 30-1 at 15.

      E.     Final Award Decision

       The SSA made its final award decision on December 21, 2018. See ECF No. 26-2
at 204-45. After a lengthy comparison of plaintiff’s and MVM’s proposals, the SSA
determined that “the technically excellent-rated and lower-priced offeror, MVM presents
the best value to the Government.” Id. at 244. In reaching this conclusion, the SSA
reviewed the two corrective actions, along with the TET report and the PET report. Id. at
214-30, 231-33.

             1.     Evaluation of Plaintiff’s Non-Price Factors

        The SSA found that plaintiff’s quote “proposed features that exceed the
government’s requirements,” “contains more than one strength,” and “[n]o weaknesses.”
Id. at 214. The SSA identified “numerous features and strengths” in plaintiff’s technical
approach, including: (1) plaintiff’s “13 years of extensive history and experience

                                            7
performing monitoring, analysis, translation and transcription services with ICE”; (2)
plaintiff’s [ ]; (3) plaintiff’s “nationwide network of secure transcription centers,” and
“large linguistic pool”; and (4) plaintiff’s [ ]. Id. at 215-16.

        The SSA assessed that plaintiff’s management approach “demonstrate[d] an
exceptional understanding of the Government’s goals and objectives through their
transition, organization and proposed staffing, invoicing, and key personnel.” Id. at 219.
In particular, the SSA identified as benefits the “expertise and knowledge” of plaintiff’s
personnel, the employees at various locations, and plaintiff’s ability to recruit in a manner
that would reduce costs and allow for rapid vetting. Id. at 218.

       And plaintiff’s past performance and experience gave the SSA “substantial
confidence that they can perform the services required.” Id. at 221. Specifically, the
SSA considered the “scope and complexity” of the services performed under the
referenced contracts as relevant, and reviewed plaintiff’s successful performance of the
same. See id. at 219-20.

              2.     Evaluation of MVM’s Non-Price Factors

       As with plaintiff’s quote, the SSA found that MVM’s technical approach
“proposed features that exceed the government’s requirements,” and “identified several
strengths and no weaknesses.” Id. at 221-22. The SSA highlighted both MVM’s [ ] as a
means of facilitating efficient performance, and the systems in place for recruiting
qualified linguists. Id. at 224. In addition, the SSA was impressed by MVM personnel’s
depth of experience, its efforts to “create cost efficiencies,” its plans to add personnel and
translation centers, its process for determining appropriate staffing levels, and its quality
control process. Id.

       According to the SSA, MVM’s management approach “proposes features that
exceed the government’s requirements and its quote demonstrates an exceptional
understanding of the goals and objectives of this acquisition including requirements in the
PWS for the transition plan, staffing, invoicing, as well as capability and experience of
Key Personnel.” Id. at 225. The evaluation “identified several strengths and no
weaknesses” with regard to the proposed management approach. Id. Of particular note
was the strength of MVM’s transition plan, organization structure, recruiting efforts, and
invoicing procedures. Id. at 227.

       The SSA determined that, with regard to past performance and experience, the
“scope and complexity of services performed” under each of the referenced contracts
made those contracts relevant. Id. at 228-29. The SSA also determined that each
contract was performed successfully. Id. As a result, the SSA had “substantial
confidence that [MVM] [could] perform the services required.” Id. at 230.


                                              8
       Following this award decision, plaintiff filed another GAO protest on December
31, 2018, see ECF No. 26-1 at 66-173, which was denied on May 14, 2019, see ECF No.
26-3 at 265. Plaintiff then filed this case on May 20, 2019. See ECF No. 1 (complaint).

II.    Legal Standards

       A.     Bid Protest Standard of Review

        As the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit has stated, “the
proper standard to be applied in bid protest cases is provided by 5 U.S.C. § 706(2)(A): a
reviewing court shall set aside the agency action if it is ‘arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of
discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law.’” Banknote Corp. of Am. v. United
States, 365 F.3d 1345, 1350-51 (Fed. Cir. 2004) (citing Advanced Data Concepts, Inc. v.
United States, 216 F.3d 1054, 1057-58 (Fed. Cir. 2000)). The court’s analysis of a “bid
protest proceeds in two steps.” Bannum, Inc. v. United States, 404 F.3d 1346, 1351 (Fed.
Cir. 2005). First, the court determines, pursuant to the Administrative Procedure Act
standard of review, whether the “agency’s action was arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of
discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with [the] law.” Glenn Def. Marine (ASIA),
PTE Ltd. v. United States, 720 F.3d 901, 907-08 (Fed. Cir. 2013) (citing 28 U.S.C. §
1491(b)(4) (adopting the standard of 5 U.S.C. § 706)). If the court finds that the agency
acted in error, the court then must determine whether the error was prejudicial. See
Bannum, 404 F.3d at 1351.

        To establish prejudice, “a protester must show ‘that there was a substantial chance
it would have received the contract award but for that error.’” Alfa Laval Separation, Inc.
v. United States, 175 F.3d 1365, 1367 (Fed. Cir. 1999) (quoting Statistica, Inc. v.
Christopher, 102 F.3d 1577, 1582 (Fed. Cir. 1996)). “In other words, the protestor’s
chance of securing the award must not have been insubstantial.” Info. Tech. &
Applications Corp. v. United States, 316 F.3d 1312, 1319 (Fed. Cir. 2003). The
substantial chance requirement does not mean that plaintiff must prove it was next in line
for the award but for the government’s errors. See Sci. & Mgmt. Res., Inc. v. United
States, 117 Fed. Cl. 54, 62 (2014); see also Data Gen. Corp. v. Johnson, 78 F.3d 1556,
1562 (Fed. Cir. 1996) (“To establish prejudice, a protester is not required to show that but
for the alleged error, the protester would have been awarded the contract.”).
Demonstrating prejudice does require, however, that the plaintiff show more than a bare
possibility of receiving the award. See Bannum, 404 F.3d at 1358 (affirming the trial
court’s determination that the plaintiff had not demonstrated a substantial chance of
award when its “argument rest[ed] on mere numerical possibility, not evidence”).

        Given the considerable discretion allowed contracting officers, the standard of
review is “highly deferential.” Advanced Data Concepts, 216 F.3d at 1058. De minimis
errors in the procurement process do not justify relief. Grumman Data Sys. Corp. v.
Dalton, 88 F.3d 990, 1000 (Fed. Cir. 1996) (citing Andersen Consulting v. United States,

                                             10
959 F.2d 929, 932-33, 935 (Fed. Cir. 1992)). The bid protest plaintiff bears the burden of
proving that a significant error marred the procurement in question. Id. (citing CACI
Field Servs., Inc. v. United States, 854 F.2d 464, 466 (Fed. Cir. 1988)). Examples of
arbitrary and capricious agency action include “when the agency ‘entirely failed to
consider an important aspect of the problem, offered an explanation for its decision that
runs counter to the evidence before the agency, or [the decision] is so implausible that it
could not be ascribed to a difference in view or the product of agency expertise.’”
Alabama Aircraft Indus., Inc.-Birmingham v. United States, 586 F.3d 1372, 1375 (Fed.
Cir. 2009) (quoting Motor Vehicle Mfrs. Ass’n v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 463
U.S. 29, 43 (1983)) (alteration in original). The court will, however, “uphold a decision
of less than ideal clarity if the agency’s path may reasonably be discerned.” Bowman
Transp., Inc. v. Arkansas-Best Freight Sys., Inc., 419 U.S. 281, 286 (1974) (citation
omitted).

        The agency’s technical evaluation of proposals is reviewed with considerable
deference because “technical ratings . . . involve discretionary determinations of
procurement officials that a court will not second guess.” E.W. Bliss Co. v. United
States, 77 F.3d 445, 449 (Fed. Cir. 1996) (citations omitted). Indeed, the Federal Circuit
describes an agency’s technical evaluation of proposals as “an inherently judgmental
process requiring deference.” Galen Med. Assocs., Inc. v. United States, 369 F.3d 1324,
1339 (Fed. Cir. 2004). “‘If the court finds a reasonable basis for the agency’s action, the
court should stay its hand even though it might, as an original proposition, have reached a
different conclusion as to the proper administration and application of the procurement
regulations.’” Honeywell, Inc. v. United States, 870 F.2d 644, 648 (Fed. Cir. 1989)
(quoting M. Steinthal & Co. v. Seamans, 455 F.2d 1289, 1301 (D.C. Cir. 1971)).

       B.     Permanent Injunctive Relief

       As the Federal Circuit has held:

       In deciding whether a permanent injunction should issue, a court considers:
       (1) whether, as it must, the plaintiff has succeeded on the merits of the case;
       (2) whether the plaintiff will suffer irreparable harm if the court withholds
       injunctive relief; (3) whether the balance of hardships to the respective
       parties favors the grant of injunctive relief; and (4) whether it is in the public
       interest to grant injunctive relief.

PGBA, LLC v. United States, 389 F.3d 1219, 1228-29 (Fed. Cir. 2004) (citing Amoco
Prod. Co. v. Vill. of Gambell, Alaska, 480 U.S. 531, 546 n.12 (1987)).




                                              11
III.   Analysis

       A.     Defendant’s Motion to Strike

        Plaintiff filed two exhibits along with its motion for judgment on the AR: (1) the
declaration of Ariel H. Collis, a consultant who was “asked by [plaintiff’s counsel] to
estimate the total cost to the [agency] for Translation and Transcription Services for Tier
III languages for [plaintiff] and MVM, Inc. using pricing given in their proposals for the
[RFQ],” ECF No. 32-2 at 2-24; and (2) a table, apparently created by plaintiff, purporting
to illustrate inconsistencies in the technical evaluations at issue, ECF No. 32-3 at 2-5.
Defendant has moved to strike the exhibits because “these documents are not part of the
administrative record.” ECF No. 35 at 53. In response, plaintiff argues that Ms. Collis’s
declaration is necessary for effective judicial review, see ECF No. 37 at 31-33; and that
plaintiff’s chart is admissible as a summary pursuant to Federal Rule of Evidence 1006,
see id. at 33-34.

        The Federal Circuit has established that supplementation is only appropriate when
the auxiliary materials are necessary to allow the court to conduct “meaningful judicial
review.” Axiom Res. Mgmt. v. United States, 564 F.3d 1374, 1379-80 (Fed. Cir. 2009).
In this case, Ms. Collis’s calculations do not serve that end. The proper standard of
judicial review in this case is the “highly deferential” inquiry as to whether the agency’s
action was arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance
with law. Advanced Data Concepts, 216 F.3d at 1058. The court must not second guess
the agency’s technical judgments. See E.W. Bliss, 77 F.3d at 445; Galen, 369 F.3d at
1339. “‘If the court finds a reasonable basis for the agency’s action, the court should stay
its hand even though it might, as an original proposition, have reached a different
conclusion as to the proper administration and application of the procurement
regulations.’” Honeywell, 870 F.2d at 648 (quoting M. Steinthal, 455 F.2d at 1301). The
court has no need for independent calculations in order to determine whether the agency
acted arbitrarily or capriciously, or abused its discretion in awarding the contract to
MVM.

       The court likewise rejects plaintiff’s argument that its chart—which summarizes
alleged inconsistencies in the evaluation process—is necessary due to the volume of
material that it synthesizes. Federal Rule of Evidence 1006 states, in its entirety:

       The proponent may use a summary, chart, or calculation to prove the content
       of voluminous writings, recordings, or photographs that cannot be
       conveniently examined in court. The proponent must make the originals or
       duplicates available for examination or copying, or both, by other parties at
       a reasonable time and place. And the court may order the proponent to
       produce them in court.


                                             12
The court does not accept plaintiff’s argument that “the AR is too voluminous for Metro”
to have addressed its contents in its motion for judgment on the administrative record.
ECF No. 37 at 34. Plaintiff’s chart is five pages long, and cites a total of only eight pages
in the AR. See id. (citing ECF No. 26-2 at 163-64, 252-53, 272-75). If plaintiff needed
additional space to address these matters as part of its written argument, it should have
sought leave to exceed the page limit set by the rules of this court.

       Accordingly, defendant’s motion to strike is GRANTED.

       B.     The Agency Did Not Err in Accepting MVM’s Proposal

        The RFQ required offerors to submit their technical proposals in accordance with
the following format:

       The Technical submission shall not exceed 35 pages on 8.5 X 11 paper in
       Times New Roman 12 pt. Font and 1 inch margins (excluding resumes, Key
       Personnel Certification, and Past Performance Questionnaires). Vendors are
       permitted to use different fonts and sizes for graphs, illustrations, tables, etc.
       permitted they remain legible.

ECF No. 26-1 at 261 (emphasis in original). Plaintiff argues that “MVM’s quote
circumvented the RFQ’s page limitation by using smaller font sizes than permitted by the
RFQ for narrative text, i.e., anything that was not a graph, illustration, table, etc.” ECF
No. 32-1 at 14.

        According to plaintiff’s calculations, “39% of the text used in MVM’s technical
quote is 9 point Arial Narrow font or smaller.” Id. at 15. Plaintiff claims that “[m]any of
the sections of MVM’s technical quote that are in a smaller font size have no identifying
label such as ‘table’ nor are they graphs or illustrations.” Id. (citing ECF No. 26-2 at 382,
384-85). In addition, plaintiff argues that MVM “interspersed boxes filed with narrative
text into its technical quote.” Id. Plaintiff posits that “[h]ad MVM complied with the
RFQ’s instructions and used the 12-point font required for narrative text, its technical
quote would have surpassed the page limitation of 35 pages.” Id.

       Plaintiff claims that the agency should have rejected MVM’s quote on this basis.
See id. As support for this position, plaintiff cites to a number of cases affirming an
agency’s decision to exclude proposals when the offeror failed to comply with formatting
requirements. See id. at 14-15 (citing Leader Commc’ns, Inc. v. Fed. Aviation Admin.,
757 F. App’x 763 (10th Cir. 2019); Tetra Tech AMT v. Dell Servs. Fed. Gov’t, 128 Fed.
Cl. 169 (2016); Navarro Research & Eng’g, Inc. v. United States, 106 Fed. Cl. 386, 411
(2012)).



                                              13
        Defendant argues that the technical evaluators appropriately used their broad
discretion to determine whether MVM’s quote met the formatting requirements. ECF
No. 35 at 28. The court agrees. The RFQ expressly permitted vendors “to use different
fonts and sizes for graphs, illustrations, tables, etc. permitted they remain legible.” ECF
No. 26-1 at 261. The pages cited to by defendant as examples of MVM’s alleged
misconduct, ECF No. 26-2 at 382, 384-385, include sections that both could reasonably
be interpreted as tables and are legible. Moreover, as defendant correctly notes, the
permissible deviations from the font-size requirement ends with “etc.,” a term that is, by
definition, flexible. As such, MVM did not clearly violate the stated formatting
requirements, and the agency did not err in accepting MVM’s quote.

       C.     The Agency’s Technical Evaluation Was Not Irrational, Arbitrary, or
              Capricious

              1.     Technical Approach Evaluation

        According to plaintiff, the technical approach section of its quote was unfairly
evaluated in three respects: (1) plaintiff’s “nationwide service locations” should have
been considered a strength as compared to MVM’s more limited locations, specifically
with regard to plaintiff’s ability to reduce temporary duty (TDY) costs, ECF No. 32-1 at
18-20; (2) the SSA disparately treated plaintiff’s and MVM’s technical approaches with
regard to TDY costs, see id. at 20-21; and (3) plaintiff should have been given more
credit for its ability to provide staff for the agency’s assignments, see id. at 21-22. Each
of these arguments lacks merit.

                     a.     Evaluation of Plaintiff’s Nationwide Service Locations

        First, plaintiff insists that the SSA “ignored the TET’s findings that Metro’s
existing translation service centers throughout the country exceeded the RFQ
requirements.” Id. at 18. The record contradicts plaintiff’s assertion. The SSA noted
plaintiff’s “nationwide network of secure transcription centers located in [ ],” as well as
the fact that its “subcontractors have four additional secure locations in [ ].” ECF No. 26-
2 at 215. Moreover, the SSA explained why it did not value these multiple locations
more highly:

       The benefit of this feature for both offerors is limited by the nature of the
       workflow between ICE and is vendors. Live Title III intercept work is only
       performed at law enforcement locations, not offsite contractor facilities.
       Typically, translation/transcription requirements are either shipped or
       commonly e-mailed to the vendors for completion. Multiple secure centers
       are not necessary to perform that requirement. The requirement is for a
       vendor to provide services 24 hours per day, 7 days per week, regardless of


                                             14
       the number, location or time-zone of secure locations. What is important is
       that work is timely completed in a secure facility.

Id. at 237. The SSA did not fail to consider the issue, nor is the SSA’s explanation
implausible or counter to the evidence in the record. See Alabama Aircraft, 586 F.3d at
1375. Although plaintiff clearly disagrees with the manner in which the SSA evaluated
this aspect of the technical approach, the court will not second-guess the agency’s
discretionary determinations. See E.W. Bliss, 77 F.3d at 449; Honeywell, 870 F.2d at
648.

        Plaintiff also argues that the SSA irrationally disregarded the impact of its multiple
locations on TDY costs. But the record does not support plaintiff’s claim. The SSA
discussed plaintiff’s ability to reduce TDY costs at several points in its analysis. See,
e.g., ECF No. 26-2 at 215 (noting that plaintiff’s “large linguistic work pool . . . reduce[s]
the number of temporary duty (TDY) linguists and associated costs”); id. at 218 (“This
would allow [plaintiff] to reduce potential TDY costs”); id. at 241 (“The Government
anticipates that [plaintiff’s] organizational and staffing structure, concentrated in high-
usage markets would enable [plaintiff] to reduce personnel and TDY expenses”). The
SSA simply disagreed that the potential reduction in TDY costs was worth paying
plaintiff’s premium price. See id. at 242 (“Both [organizational and staffing] approaches
are expected to provide substantial benefit to the Government; however, considered in
total, MVM’s proposed features compared to MIT’s features at a $7 Million lower price
constitutes a better value to the Government.”). The SSA reached a conclusion that the
court does not find to be irrational. Again, the court will not second-guess the SSA’s
judgment.

                     b.     SSA’s Treatment of Plaintiff’s Current Locations Compared
                            with Its Treatment of MVM’s Potential Future Locations

        Next, plaintiff claims “the arbitrary and capricious nature of the SSA’s conclusion
is amplified by its disparate treatment of plaintiff with respect to MVM’s proposal.” ECF
No. 32-1 at 20. According to plaintiff, the technical approach evaluation was unfair
because, despite the SSA’s failure to properly credit plaintiff for its network of locations,
“the agency” at the same time considered MVM’s potential future locations to be a
strength. Id. at 21 (citing ECF No. 26-2 at 164). The portion of the record to which
plaintiff cites in support of its argument, however, is the TET report, not the SSA award
decision. The SSA, for its part, noted that the effect of multiple transcription centers on
both proposals was the same: “The benefit of this feature for both offerors is limited by
the nature of the workflow between ICE and its vendors.” ECF No. 26-2 at 237
(emphasis added). As such, the record demonstrates that the agency treated plaintiff and
MVM equally, not disparately, as to the effect of multiple service locations on the
strength of their respective quotes. The court does not credit plaintiff’s claim to the
contrary.

                                             15
                     c.     MVM’s Ability to Perform

        Finally, plaintiff claims that the SSA’s technical approach evaluation was
irrational because it “did not assess MVM’s ability to staff and provide all required
services.” ECF No. 32-1 at 21. Pursuant to the RFQ, the agency was required to
evaluate whether “the Offeror’s demonstrated ability to staff the ICE Title III Monitoring
and General Translation and Transcription Services program,” and “the extent to which
the Offeror . . . has the capability to provide all required services at all required
locations.” ECF No. 26-1 at 261. As defendant points out, “[a]lthough the TET and SSA
may not have parroted back this exact language from the RFQ in their evaluations, the
administrative record makes clear that ICE determined that MVM did, in fact, have the
technical ‘capability to provide all required services at all required locations.’” ECF No.
35 at 33-34. See, e.g., ECF No. 26-2 at 162 (TET stating that “MVM’s Technical
Approach indicates the offeror exceeds the minimum requirements”); id. at 164 (TET
stating that “MVM has developed a [ ] to ensure the appropriate number of linguists with
the right skill sets are used to efficiently execute all tasks and meet all performance
requirements in a timely manner”); id. at 221 (SSA stating that “MVM proposed features
that exceed the government’s requirements”); id. at 224 (SSA stating that “MVM has
developed a [ ] to ensure the appropriate number of linguists with the right skill sets are
used to efficiently execute all tasks and meet all performance requirements in a timely
manner”); id. at 237 (SSA stating that “MVM proposes its secure facility in [ ],” and
“[m]ultiple secure centers are not necessary to perform the requirement”).

        Plaintiff concludes its argument on this point as follows: “ICE’s failure to
recognize the technical superiority of Metro’s ability to presently meet Factor 1’s
requirement for a demonstrated ability to staff the ICE Title III program and capability to
provide all required services at all required locations was irrational and arbitrary and
capricious as a result.” ECF No. 32-1 at 22. This statement is revealing in several
respects. First, plaintiff misrepresents the applicable standard of review—the court does
not review an agency’s award decision to determine whether the agency chose the
“technically superior” quote. The court is, in fact, prohibited from substituting its own
judgment for that of the agency. See Honeywell, 870 F.2d at 648 (“‘If the court finds a
reasonable basis for the agency’s action, the court should stay its hand even though it
might, as an original proposition, have reached a different conclusion as to the proper
administration and application of the procurement regulations.’”) (quoting M. Steinthal,
455 F.2d at 1301). In addition, plaintiff equates the agency’s failure to “recognize the
technical superiority” of its proposal with an irrational or arbitrary decision. See ECF
No. 32-1 at 22. Plaintiff’s strong disagreement with the agency’s discretionary judgment
does not make the award to MVM an irrational one; nor does the record support
plaintiff’s position.




                                            16
              2.     Management Approach Evaluation

       Plaintiff next argues that “ICE did not conduct a fair consideration of Metro’s and
MVM’s technical quotes under Factor 2, Management Approach, as ICE’s evaluation
expressly departed from the stated criteria and overlooked indisputable strengths in
Metro’s quote while recognizing the same features as strengths in MVM’s quote to
Metro’s prejudice.” Id. Specifically, plaintiff claims that the agency: (1) “departed from
the RFQ’s stated evaluation criteria by refusing to consider TDY costs savings offered by
Metro’s proposal,” id.; and (2) improperly “disregarded and/or otherwise minimized, the
strengths in Metro’s proposal acknowledged by the TET related to Metro’s already-
cleared ICE employees,” id. at 24.

                     a.     Consideration of TDY Cost Savings

       The RFQ required the agency to evaluate each offeror’s quote for “the
geographical locations of linguists and its ability to minimize travel costs.” ECF No. 26-
1 at 262. Consideration of this criteria was included as part of the agency’s review of the
non-rated sub-factor titled “Organizational Structure and Staffing Plan.” Id. Plaintiff
does not argue that the SSA failed to consider the potential that plaintiff’s quote would
allow for TDY cost savings; instead, plaintiff disagrees with the contracting officer’s
characterization of those costs as “speculative,” and argues that the SSA did not properly
value its potential to minimize such costs. ECF No. 32-1 at 23 (quoting ECF No. 26-2 at
136). Defendant argues that the RFQ did not require the SSA to consider actual TDY
savings, but rather was required to consider the more general “ability” of each offeror to
minimize TDY expenses. ECF No. 35 at 35; see also ECF No. 26-1 at 261-64. In its
reply, plaintiff characterizes defendant’s response as “semantic, but ultimately
implausible and illogical.” ECF No. 37 at 23.

        Plaintiff does not clearly articulate, however, what it believes the SSA should have
done differently other than to value plaintiff’s purported TDY cost savings more highly
than it did. The SSA clearly considered plaintiff’s ability to minimize travel costs, as
required by the RFQ. See, e.g., ECF No. 26-2 at 218 (“MIT operates and has employees
at various locations where nearly [ ] of ICE Title III work originates. This would allow
MIT to reduce potential TDY costs and make it easier to recruit local linguists.”).
Ultimately, the SSA found that any TDY cost savings were too uncertain to dramatically
impact the award decision. The SSA concluded that “each vendor proposed features
designed/intended to save the Government money,” but “due to the nature of this work
(unknown labor hours, TDY, cancellation), an exact estimate of potential cost saving is
impossible to determine here.” Id. at 242. The SSA also found that “[b]ecause each
vendor proposes significant staffing where approximately [ ] of ICE’s Title III cases
originate, the government does not expect that [plaintiff] will be able to reduce TDY
expenses under its staffing and technical approach significantly more than MVM,


                                            17
especially considering [plaintiff’s] approximately $7 Million higher price over MVM.”
Id.

       The court understands that plaintiff vehemently disagrees with the SSA’s analysis,
but such disagreement does not render the evaluation arbitrary, capricious, or irrational,
and the court will not substitute its judgment for the SSA’s on this point. See Honeywell,
870 F.2d at 648 (“‘If the court finds a reasonable basis for the agency’s action, the court
should stay its hand even though it might, as an original proposition, have reached a
different conclusion as to the proper administration and application of the procurement
regulations.’”) (quoting M. Steinthal, 455 F.2d at 1301).

                     b.     Employees Previously Cleared by ICE

        Plaintiff also challenges the evaluation of its management approach because, it
argues, the SSA “disregarded and/or otherwise minimized, the strengths in Metro’s
proposal acknowledged by the TET related to Metro’s already-cleared ICE employees.”
ECF No. 32-1 at 24. Plaintiff claims the SSA did not properly evaluate the following:
(1) the large number of trained, already vetted linguists who work for plaintiff in “high
usage markets,” id.; (2) the fact that some of the linguists to whom MVM claims access
for staffing are actually employed by a subcontractor, id. at 25-26; (3) the relative merits
of plaintiff’s and MVM’s staffing proposals, id. at 27-28; and (4) MVM’s restriction on
allowing employees to work double-shifts, id. at 28.

        Each of these arguments is fundamentally rooted, again, in plaintiff’s
disagreement with the SSA’s discretionary judgments. According to plaintiff, the SSA
failed to take into consideration the various strengths reflected in plaintiff’s management
approach, particularly as compared to MVM’s. See, e.g., id. at 25 (stating that the TET
discussed the number of linguists that plaintiff has in relevant markets as a strength, but
the SSA did not); id. at 26 (faulting the TET for failing to note the strength of its quote
with regard to vetted linguists with sufficient specificity, while overstating MVM’s
strength on this point); id. (criticizing the agency for considering linguists available to
MVM [ ] as a strength); id. at 27 (stating that the agency failed to “give Metro a strength
for its unique strategies for identifying and obtaining Tier III linguists,” while giving
MVM a strength for its proposed recruitment strategy); id. at 28 (claiming that the SSA
improperly assigned MVM a strength for its policy of [ ] when the RFQ required the
same).

        The record clearly establishes that the SSA took the TET report into consideration.
See ECF No. 26-2 at 218 (noting the “evaluation team[’s]” conclusions regarding
plaintiff’s management approach). Moreover, the SSA acknowledged the value of
plaintiff’s experienced workforce. See id. at 216 (“MIT’s Management Approach
provides a thorough and exceptional understanding of the requirements in the PWS as
evidenced in its proposed transition plan, staffing, invoicing, and capability and

                                             18
experience of Key Personnel, which include features that exceed the government’s
requirements.”); id. at 218 (“MIT maintains an additional pool of [ ] [who] are not
currently vetted for ICE [but] who can be rapidly vetted by ICE to meet any time
sensitive language needs and rapidly deployed.”).

        The fact that the SSA did not treat every detail of its proposal in the manner the
plaintiff considers most advantageous to its evaluation does not justify the court’s
intervention. Challenges involving “the minutiae of the procurement process in such
matters as technical ratings . . . involve discretionary determinations of procurement
officials that a court will not second guess.” E.W. Bliss, 77 F.3d at 449. “[N]aked
claims” of disagreement with evaluations, “no matter how vigorous, fall far short of
meeting the heavy burden of demonstrating that the findings in question were the product
of an irrational process and hence were arbitrary and capricious.” Banknote Corp. of
Am. v. United States, 56 Fed. Cl. 377, 384 (2003), aff’d, 365 F.3d 1345 (Fed. Cir. 2004).
Plaintiff’s challenges to the SSA’s judgment in assigning—or not assigning—various
strengths to its proposal fall squarely within the realm of minutiae into which the court
must not intrude.

       D.     Plaintiff Has Failed to Demonstrate that the Agency Unfairly Conducted Its
              Technical Evaluation

       Plaintiff accuses the agency of failing to evaluate the quotes “fairly and even-
handedly.” ECF No. 32-1 at 28. Specifically, plaintiff claims that “ICE ascribed
strengths to features of MVM’s quote while ignoring the similar, if not identical, features
of Metro’s quote.” Id. at 29. There are no examples of unequal treatment in this section
of plaintiff’s brief; instead plaintiff cites to a chart attached thereto as an exhibit. See id.
The court, however, has already determined that this chart is not properly part of the
record in this case. While the court agrees that the SSA was required to treat the offerors
equally, plaintiff does not support its claim that the SSA did otherwise by referring to
evidence that is in the record. The court will not supply argument that plaintiff itself did
not make on this point, and therefore, declines to credit this claim by plaintiff. See
Grumman Data, 88 F.3d at 1000 (“A protestor bears the burden of proving error in the
procurement process sufficient to justify relief.”) (citing CACI, 854 F.2d at 466).

       E.     The Agency’s Past Performance Evaluation Was Not Irrational, Arbitrary,
              or Capricious

       Plaintiff claims that the SSA acted irrationally by assigning MVM a “Substantial
Confidence” rating for its past performance, despite the fact that MVM had a history of
receiving lower ratings. See ECF No. 32-1 at 30. For example, the SSA noted that
“MVM was rated ‘Marginal’ on Business Relations and Utilization of Small Business”
on a past contract. ECF No. 26-2 at 229. The SSA noted, however, that the “Business
Relations” factor “is no longer used in the current version of the system,” id., and

                                               19
“consider[ed] MVM’s Marginal ratings for Small Business Utilization irrelevant to the
current requirement, because the current requirement does not involve any small business
component, and Small Business Utilization does not reflect on components of prior
performance relative here, such as Quality.” Id. at 230. The SSA further noted that
“[n]either vendors’ [Past Performance Retrieval System (PPIRS)] ratings for Small
Business Utilization were considered relevant under this evaluation.” Id. Plaintiff
persists, however, and takes issue with the fact that the TET noted improvement on the
past Business Relations factor, which it claims is contradictory to the SSA’s decision not
to consider the criterion. See ECF No. 32-1 at 33 (citing ECF No. 26-2 at 173, 230).

        Unless plaintiff can carry the “onerous” burden of demonstrating that the agency’s
performance rating “lacked any rational basis,” the court “must defer to the SSA’s
decision.” Overstreet Elec. Co., Inc. v. United States, 59 Fed. Cl. 99, 117 (2003) (citing,
inter alia, Info. Tech., 316 F.3d at 1319; E.W. Bliss, 77 F.3d at 449). Plaintiff cannot
meet this standard. First, to the extent that any conflict exists between the TET report
and the SSA’s award decision, the SSA’s decision is authoritative. Coastal Int’l Sec.,
Inc. v. United States, 93 Fed. Cl. 502, 536 (2010) (stating that, as a matter of law, the
SSA is required to exercise independent judgment and is not bound by the findings of
lower-level evaluators). In any event, here, the SSA specifically explained the
inconsistency between the two reports: “At the time of the evaluation, the TET utilized
‘legacy’ PPIRS reports which contained the area of importance ‘Business Relations’.
Business Relations is no longer used in the current version of the system.” ECF No. 26-2
at 229.

        More importantly, however, the SSA clearly articulated a rational basis both for
disregarding the Small Business Utilization criteria and for assigning MVM a
“Substantial Confidence” rating. See id. at 228-30. The SSA discussed MVM’s staffing,
the number of languages covered by its linguists, the professional comportment of MVM
employees, and MVM’s professional reputation. See id. It also acknowledged that
MVM’s ratings ranged from “Marginal” to “Exceptional.” See id. After reviewing the
details of MVM’s three past performance references, the SSA concluded that “MVM’s
Past Performance submissions demonstrated successful performance on contracts
relevant in size, scope, and complexity within the past five (5) years,” which, in its view,
justified its “Substantial Confidence” rating. Id. at 243. Plaintiff has failed to show that
the agency’s decision with regard to MVM’s past performance lacked any rational basis;
accordingly, the court defers to the SSA’s decision and will not sustain plaintiff’s protest
on this basis.

       F.     The Agency’s Price Evaluation Was Not Irrational, Arbitrary, or Capricious

        Plaintiff alleges two errors with regard to the agency’s price evaluation: (1)
plaintiff argues that the agency “did not fairly consider offerors’ total price as ICE’s
evaluation did not comply with FAR § 8.405-2(d),” ECF No. 32-1 at 34; and (2) plaintiff

                                            20
claims that “ICE failed to fairly consider Metro’s price quote assumptions regarding TDY
cost savings,” id. at 38.

              1.     Total Price Evaluation

        The RFQ stated that the agency would evaluate price quotes in accordance with
Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR) 8.404(d), which directs the agency to conduct “a
price evaluation as required by 8.405-2(d).” See ECF No. 26-1 at 264 (RFQ provision);
48 C.F.R. § 8.404(d) (2018). The price evaluation outlined in FAR 8.405-2(d) requires,
in relevant part, as follows:

       The ordering activity shall evaluate all responses received using the
       evaluation criteria provided to the schedule contractors. The ordering
       activity is responsible for considering the level of effort and the mix of labor
       proposed to perform a specific task being ordered, and for determining that
       the total price is reasonable.

48 C.F.R. § 8.405-2(d) (2018). The RFQ also explicitly stated that:

       3.     Vendors must also complete Attachment D – Pricing Evaluation
       Spreadsheet and return it with their price quote submission. Attachment D –
       Pricing Evaluation Spreadsheet will be used solely for evaluation of price for
       award purposes only.

       4.     Proposed Tier III rates will be evaluated for reasonableness separately
       from the evaluation of price for award purposes.

ECF No. 26-1 at 264. Attachment D, in turn, included the following language at the top
of each of its five pages: “Only languages in Tier I & Tier II will be used in calculating a
vendor’s total evaluated price for award purposes. Tier III languages will be evaluated
separately for price reasonabl[e]ness.” 3 See id. at 286-90.

        According to plaintiff, the agency’s decision to include only Tier I and Tier II
languages as part of its total evaluated price violated the requirements of FAR 8.405-2(d).
“[T]he RFQ required offerors to price linguist and supervisor rates for all three Tiers I-III
of the language categories offered by the offerors. Thus, pursuant to FAR § 8.405-2(d),
ICE was required to evaluate the ‘Total Price’ for reasonableness—not just a subset.”
ECF No. 32-1 at 36. And, plaintiff contends, if the agency had included the pricing for

3
        The record indicates that the agency intentionally excluded Tier III pricing in the
total evaluated price because “[t]he estimated labor hours required for Tier III languages
case assignments could not be estimated and therefore were not included in Attachment –
D for this reason.” ECF No. 26-2 at 143.
                                              21
all three tiers in its total evaluated price, it “would have necessarily realized that MVM’s
Tier, I, II and III supervisor rates were higher than [plaintiff’s] and that MVM’s Tier III
linguist and supervisor rates were also significantly higher than Metro’s rates.” Id. at 36-
37.

        Plaintiff’s argument that the agency’s price evaluation was improper hinges on its
contention that the text of FAR 8.405-2(d), stating that the agency is “responsible . . . for
determining that the total price is reasonable,” is fundamentally at odds with the agency’s
decision to consider only Tier I and II languages in its total evaluated price. The court
sees no such conflict. As an initial matter, FAR 8.405-2(d) instructs the agency to
“evaluate all responses received using the evaluation criteria provided to the schedule
contractors.” The RFQ clearly indicated that the agency intended to include only Tier I
and II languages in its “total evaluated price for award purposes,” and that Tier III
languages would be evaluated separately for reasonableness. ECF No. 26-1 at 264, 286-
90. FAR 8.405-2(d) required the agency to abide by these terms. 4

         FAR 8.405-2(d) then vests the agency with the authority to “determin[e] that the
total price is reasonable.” The agency, as promised, conducted a reasonableness analysis
for all three tiers of languages. The PET report explained that it evaluated the Tier I and
II languages based on the “pricing evaluation spreadsheet” submitted by each offeror, and
that it separately made a “fair & reasonableness determination . . . for all Tier III
languages not included on the pricing evaluation spreadsheet.” ECF No. 26-2 at 175.
The PET concluded that all prices submitted by both plaintiff and MVM were reasonable.
Id. at 176. The SSA followed the same evaluation structure, analyzing Tiers I and II
based on the offerors’ spreadsheets, and separately considering the reasonableness of Tier
III pricing. The SSA concurred that all proposed prices were reasonable. See id. at 232-
33.

      Neither the record nor the law cited by plaintiff support its assertion that the
agency was required to combine all three tiers of languages in its total evaluated price for


4
        To the extent that plaintiff challenges the terms of the RFQ, its protest is untimely.
See Blue & Gold Fleet, L.P. v. United States, 492 F.3d 1308, 1315 (Fed. Cir. 2007)
(holding that “a party who has the opportunity to object to the terms of a government
solicitation containing a patent error and fails to do so prior to the close of the bidding
process waives its ability to raise the same objection afterwards in a § 1491(b) action in
the Court of Federal Claims.”); id. at 1314 (“‘Vendors cannot sit on their rights to
challenge what they believe is an unfair solicitation, roll the dice and see if they receive
award [sic] and then, if unsuccessful, claim the solicitation was infirm.’”) (quoting
Argencord Mach. & Equip., Inc. v. United States, 68 Fed. Cl. 167, 175 n.14 (2005)).


                                             22
award purposes. And the court has found no error in the agency’s price evaluation
process. As such, the court cannot sustain plaintiff’s protest on this basis.

              2.     Assumptions Regarding TDY Cost Savings

        Plaintiff next claims that the agency should have considered its expected TDY cost
savings as part of its “total price evaluation.” See ECF No. 32-1 at 38. According to
plaintiff, the cost savings were an “assumption” that it was required to include—and the
agency was required to consider—under the terms of the RFQ. Id. The RFQ stated, in
the section titled “Factor 4: Pricing,” that “Vendors shall indicate, in this section only if
any price related assumptions have been made.” ECF No. 26-1 at 263. And plaintiff did,
in fact, explain its expected TDY cost savings as part of its announced price assumptions,
as directed. See ECF No. 26-2 at 28-84.

        This argument, however, fails for the same reason plaintiff’s argument with regard
to Tier III pricing failed. The terms of the RFQ clearly indicated that the agency intended
to include only Tier I and II languages in its “total evaluated price for award purposes.”
ECF No. 26-1 at 264, 286-90. Plaintiff has not identified any part of the record or any
legal authority that would require the agency to include expected TDY cost savings as
part of that calculation. 5

       G.     The Agency’s Best Value Determination Was Not Irrational

       Finally, plaintiff argues that the agency’s best value determination was arbitrary,
capricious, and irrational because it “was based off a flawed technical and price
evaluation.” ECF No. 32-1 at 40. As support for this argument, plaintiff simply refers
back to the substance of its previous arguments. Because the court has rejected the
arguments on which plaintiff relies, this final challenge likewise fails.

       H.     Permanent Injunctive Relief Not Warranted

       Plaintiff has not succeeded on the merits of its protest. “Because proving success
on the merits is a necessary element for a permanent injunction,” Dell Fed. Sys., L.P. v.
United States, 906 F.3d 982, 999 (Fed. Cir. 2018) (footnote omitted), no injunctive relief
is warranted in this case. This protest must be dismissed.




5
       Here again, if plaintiff means to challenge the terms of the solicitation, its
challenge is untimely. See id.
                                              23
IV.   Conclusion

      Accordingly:

      (1)   Plaintiff’s motion for judgment on the administrative record, ECF No. 32,
            is DENIED;

      (2)   Defendant’s motion to strike, ECF No. 35, is GRANTED; the clerk’s
            office is directed to STRIKE the declaration of Ariel H. Collis, ECF No.
            32-2, and plaintiff’s table, ECF No. 32-3;

      (3)   Defendant’s cross-motion for judgment on the AR, ECF No. 35, is
            GRANTED;

      (4)   Intervenor-defendant’s cross-motion for judgment on the AR, ECF No. 36,
            is GRANTED;

      (5)   The clerk’s office is directed to ENTER final judgment DISMISSING
            plaintiff’s complaint, with prejudice; and

      (6)   On or before October 15, 2019, counsel for the parties shall CONFER
            and FILE a notice of filing, attaching a proposed redacted version of this
            opinion, with any material deemed proprietary blacked out, so that a copy
            of the opinion can then be made available in the public record of this
            matter.

      IT IS SO ORDERED.

                                         s/Patricia E. Campbell-Smith
                                         PATRICIA E. CAMPBELL-SMITH
                                         Judge




                                         24
