                United States Court of Appeals
                           For the Eighth Circuit
                       ___________________________

                               No. 14-1639
                       ___________________________

                             Charles Gordon Miller

                      lllllllllllllllllllll Plaintiff - Appellant

                                          v.

    Carolyn W. Colvin, Acting Commissioner, Social Security Administration

                      lllllllllllllllllllll Defendant - Appellee
                                     ____________

                   Appeal from United States District Court
                for the Western District of Missouri - St. Joseph
                                ____________

                          Submitted: January 16, 2015
                             Filed: April 27, 2015
                                ____________

Before LOKEN, MELLOY, and GRUENDER, Circuit Judges.
                           ____________

GRUENDER, Circuit Judge.

      Charles Miller appeals the district court’s1 judgment upholding the final
decision of the Commissioner of the Social Security Administration
(“Commissioner”). The Commissioner determined that Miller was not disabled and

      1
       The Honorable Dean Whipple, United States District Judge for the Western
District of Missouri.
therefore not entitled to disability insurance benefits and supplemental security
income. We affirm.

I.    Background

       This matter concerns two injuries that Miller suffered: a brain injury from
1998 and a back injury from 2004. Miller claims these injuries caused him to become
disabled starting on December 7, 2007. In November 2008, Miller requested
disability insurance benefits as well as supplemental security income. He received
a hearing before an administrative law judge (“ALJ”) to determine his entitlement to
these benefits. During this hearing, the following evidence was offered.

       A car accident in 1998 caused Miller’s brain injury. As relevant here, Miller
saw Dr. Jon Rupright in June 2003 for follow-up treatment. Miller reported that he
was “doing well” and that his memory had improved with medication. Dr. Rupright
increased Miller’s dosage so that his memory would continue to improve. When
Miller saw Dr. Rupright again in February 2004, Miller reported that he was doing
“quite good” and that his memory had continued to improve. Miller saw Dr. Rupright
again in June 2005. Although Miller complained of short-term memory problems, Dr.
Rupright described Miller’s brain injury as “fairly stable.” At his next appointment
in June 2006, Miller worried that his memory had worsened. However, Dr. Rupright
believed sleep patterns and stress, not Miller’s brain injury, likely caused any
decrease in memory. Indeed, Dr. Rupright described Miller’s injury as “stable.”
Miller next saw Dr. Rupright in October 2007, more than one year later. This time,
Miller complained of weakness in his left thigh and arm and chronic back and neck
pain. Miller denied stumbling or falling as a result of these issues and reported no
gait or balance problems. Dr. Rupright again described Miller’s brain injury as
“stable” and noted the development of proximal weakness on Miller’s left side.




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       After Dr. Rupright retired, Miller began seeing Dr. Katherine Downey for
follow-up treatment.2 During his October 2008 appointment, Miller reported that he
had fallen a “couple of times” but noted that he “works out occasionally, using work
out tapes and back stretching exercises.” Miller described his back and neck pain as
“occasional.” Dr. Downey noted that Miller walked normally and that he had good
strength in his arms and legs. With respect to Miller’s brain injury, Miller and his
wife told Dr. Downey that his memory was “much improved” with medication. Dr.
Downey decided to make no changes to Miller’s treatment regimen. Miller followed
up with Dr. Downey in October 2009. Miller reported that he was lifting weights
with his son. Dr. Downey recommended that Miller add regular cardiovascular
exercise to his workout routine; Miller was “agreeable” to this suggestion. Miller
also reported that his memory was slowly improving but that he was having episodes
of “violent/aggressive behavior.”

       Two other individuals also evaluated Miller’s brain injury. In November 2004,
Dr. Jason Wells, a psychologist, performed a neuropsychological evaluation. Of the
various tests that Dr. Wells performed, Miller scored poorly on non-verbal reasoning,
abstract thinking, and understanding and following directions. But Dr. Wells
described Miller’s memory as “average” and found that Miller had no significant
deficits with respect to his attention or concentration. Dr. Wells diagnosed Miller
with a personality change from his brain injury, noted his history of depression, and
calculated a Global Assessment of Functioning score (“GAF score”) of forty-nine.
Dr. Wells ultimately concluded that Miller likely was capable of a wide array of
employment opportunities.

     Dr. Attaulah Butt performed a psychiatric evaluation of Miller in December
2010. Although Dr. Butt observed that Miller had never been psychiatrically


      2
        Dr. Downey later changed her last name to Edwards. To avoid confusion, we
refer to her as Dr. Downey throughout this opinion.

                                         -3-
hospitalized, Dr. Butt documented Miller’s self-reported memory problems. Dr. Butt
diagnosed Miller with a closed-head traumatic brain injury, intermittent explosive
disorder, a personality disorder, and an unspecified mood disorder. Dr. Butt
calculated Miller’s GAF score as between forty-five and fifty.

       Miller also received treatment for his 2004 back injury. In April 2004, Miller
saw his primary-care physician, Dr. Sally Bomar, who prescribed pain medication.
When Miller returned with continuing pain, Dr. Bomar referred him to Dr. Alexander
Bailey. Dr. Bailey reviewed an MRI of Miller’s back and suggested a conservative
treatment regimen. However, Miller returned in October 2004 with persistent pain
in his legs and back, leading Dr. Bailey to conclude that Miller’s initial treatment
regimen had failed. Ultimately, in January 2005, Dr. Bailey performed surgery on
Miller’s back. The next month, Miller reported that the surgery had led to a “major
reduction” in his back and leg pain. Miller suffered a “complete setback” in May
2005, but by August 2005, Miller reported that his back and leg pain was “much
improved.” Dr. Bailey released Miller for work at “medium physical demand level
or less.”

      In advance of Miller’s hearing before the ALJ, two consulting physicians
offered opinions concerning Miller’s residual functional capacity. In November
2007, Dr. David Cathcart observed that Miller walked normally without a cane or a
walker, was able “to squat fully and rise from a squatted position on his own power,”
and had “[n]o trouble moving from a seated to a supine [position] and back to a
seated position on his own power.” Dr. Cathcart concluded that Miller could sit for
six hours during an eight-hour day, occasionally could lift between thirty and forty
pounds, and frequently could lift between fifteen and twenty pounds. However, Dr.
Cathcart noted that Miller “should be restricted from more than occasional bending,
stooping, kneeling, crouching or crawling.” Dr. Cathcart therefore found that
Miller’s neck and back pain could be accommodated in the workplace with the



                                         -4-
exception of “any moderate to heavy labor.” Around this same time, Dr. Susan
Rosamond similarly concluded that Miller could perform light work.

         Several of Miller’s doctors also filled out questionnaires about Miller’s residual
functional capacity. On her questionnaire, Dr. Bomar concluded that Miller could sit
for twenty minutes at a time and could stand for thirty minutes at a time. Dr. Bomar
further determined that Miller occasionally could lift less than ten pounds, rarely
could lift ten and twenty pounds, and never could lift fifty pounds. Dr. Bomar
estimated that Miller would miss more than four days of work each month because
of his health. Miller’s counsel sent Dr. Bomar’s questionnaire to Dr. Downey and
asked that she review it. Dr. Downey responded that she “would not change or
correct any of Dr. Bomar’s opinions.” Dr. Rodney Smith, a chiropractor who had
seen Miller over the course of several years, also filled out a questionnaire. Dr. Smith
concluded that Miller was “severely limited [i]n his work ability and conditions.” Dr.
Smith estimated that Miller could sit and stand for thirty minutes at a time,
occasionally could lift ten pounds, rarely could lift twenty pounds, and never could
lift fifty pounds.

       During his hearing before the ALJ, Miller testified that his back surgery was
the primary reason he could not work. Miller estimated that he could stand or sit for
twenty minutes at a time and that he could walk one city block before his pain
increases. Miller also stated that he could lift forty pounds more than once over half
an hour but that doing so would cause back pain and spasms. Miller further testified
that he struggles with his memory and concentration because of his brain injury.
Miller also stated that he gets angry very easily but that his medication controls this
issue.

       The ALJ concluded that Miller was not disabled and therefore was not entitled
to disability insurance benefits and supplemental security income. In so doing, the
ALJ gave “little weight” to Dr. Bomar’s, Dr. Smith’s, and Dr. Butt’s opinions and

                                           -5-
concluded that Miller had the residual functional capacity to perform light work, as
defined by 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1567(b) and 416.967(b). The Appeals Council denied
Miller’s request for review, making the ALJ’s decision the final decision of the
Commissioner.      Miller then sought review in the district court under
42 U.S.C. § 405(g). The district court rejected Miller’s argument that the ALJ failed
to give appropriate weight to his doctors’ opinions and found that substantial
evidence supported the ALJ’s decision. Miller now appeals.

II.   Discussion

      We review de novo the district court’s decision affirming the ALJ’s denial of
benefits. Blackburn v. Colvin, 761 F.3d 853, 858 (8th Cir. 2014). In reviewing the
ALJ’s decision, we examine whether it is supported by substantial evidence on the
record as a whole and whether the ALJ made any legal errors. Id. “Substantial
evidence is less than a preponderance of the evidence” and is “‘such relevant
evidence as a reasonable mind would find adequate to support the Commissioner’s
conclusion.’” Id. (quoting Davis v. Apfel, 239 F.3d 962, 966 (8th Cir. 2001)). We
may not reverse simply because we would have reached a different conclusion than
the ALJ or because substantial evidence supports a contrary conclusion. Id.

       Miller first disputes the ALJ’s decision to accord “little weight” to the opinion
of Dr. Bomar, Miller’s primary-care physician. Miller points out that “[a] treating
physician’s opinion should not ordinarily be disregarded and is entitled to substantial
weight.” Cunningham v. Apfel, 222 F.3d 496, 502 (8th Cir. 2000). Indeed, a treating
physician’s opinion “should be granted controlling weight if it is well-supported by
medically acceptable clinical and laboratory diagnostic techniques and is not
inconsistent with the other substantial evidence in the record.” Id. However, the
opinion of a treating physician “does not automatically control or obviate the need to
evaluate the record as a whole.” Hogan v. Apfel, 239 F.3d 958, 961 (8th Cir. 2001).
In fact, “an ALJ may discount or even disregard the opinion of a treating physician

                                          -6-
where other medical assessments are supported by better or more thorough medical
evidence, or where a treating physician renders inconsistent opinions that undermine
the credibility of such opinions.” Wildman v. Astrue, 596 F.3d 959, 964 (8th Cir.
2010) (quoting Goff v. Barnhart, 421 F.3d 785, 790 (8th Cir. 2005)).

       The ALJ discounted Dr. Bomar’s opinion that Miller could not perform
sedentary work as not well-supported by medically acceptable diagnostic techniques
and as inconsistent with other substantial evidence in the record. The ALJ observed
that Miller failed to provide any diagnostic tests from on or after December 7, 2007,
the alleged onset date of his disability, showing continuing problems with his spine.
Miller does not dispute this absence of evidence. The ALJ also catalogued the
evidence in the record that supported its determination that Miller could perform light
work. For example, in November 2007, Dr. Cathcart noted that Miller walked
normally without a cane or walker, that Miller could squat and stand back up on his
own power, and that Miller had no trouble moving from sitting to lying down and
back to sitting. Dr. Downey made similar observations in October 2008, noting that
Miller reported working out occasionally, that Miller described his neck and back
pain as “occasional,” that Miller walked normally, and that he had good strength in
his arms and legs. Moreover, in October 2009, Dr. Downey documented that Miller
was lifting weights with his son and that he had a smooth, symmetrical arm swing and
stride. Dr. Downey also advised Miller that he should begin a regular cardiovascular
exercise routine, a recommendation with which Miller agreed. The ALJ also relied
upon Dr. Cathcart’s and Dr. Rosamond’s opinions that Miller was capable of
performing light work. Based upon this evidence, we agree with the district court that
substantial evidence on the record as a whole supported the ALJ’s decision that
Miller could perform light work. Therefore, the ALJ was justified in discounting Dr.
Bomar’s opinion.

      Miller relatedly argues that the ALJ should have given more weight to the
opinion of Dr. Smith, Miller’s longtime chiropractor, that Miller could not perform

                                         -7-
sedentary work. As a chiropractor, Dr. Smith “is not an acceptable medical source
for determining disability,” but “evidence from chiropractors may be used to show
‘the severity of [Miller’s] impairment(s) and how it affects [his] ability to work.’”
See McDade v. Astrue, 720 F.3d 994, 999 (8th Cir. 2013) (quoting 20 C.F.R.
§§ 404.1513(d), 416.913(d)). The ALJ discounted Dr. Smith’s opinion for primarily
the same reasons that Dr. Bomar’s opinion was given little weight; that is, Dr. Smith’s
opinion was not well-supported by medically acceptable diagnostic techniques and
was inconsistent with other substantial evidence in the record. For the reasons just
discussed, the ALJ was free to discount Dr. Smith’s opinion.

       Miller also contends that the ALJ should have given greater weight to Dr.
Butt’s opinion. Dr. Butt diagnosed Miller with a closed-head traumatic brain injury,
intermittent explosive disorder, a personality disorder, and an unspecified mood
disorder. Dr. Butt estimated that Miller’s GAF score was between forty-five and
fifty. Cf. Brueggeman v. Barnhart, 348 F.3d 689, 695 (8th Cir. 2003) (noting that a
GAF score of fifty “reflects serious limitations in the patient’s general ability to
perform basic tasks of daily life”). The ALJ accorded “little weight” to Dr. Butt’s
opinion because it was based on a single evaluation of Miller and was inconsistent
with Miller’s daily activities, his statements that his memory had improved, and Dr.
Wells’s neuropsychological evaluation. The decision to discount Dr. Butt’s opinion
is supported by substantial evidence on the record as a whole. For example, when
Miller saw Dr. Rupright and Dr. Downey, he received generally positive reports about
his brain injury. During several of these appointments, Miller or his wife reported
that Miller’s memory was better with medication. Furthermore, Dr. Rupright
regularly described Miller’s brain injury as “stable” or “fairly stable.” Moreover, Dr.
Wells concluded that Miller likely was capable of a wide array of employment
opportunities. Although Miller scored poorly in several skill areas, Dr. Wells
described Miller’s memory as “average” and found that he had no significant deficits
with respect to his attention or concentration. Based upon this evidence, the ALJ did
not err in discounting Dr. Butt’s opinion.

                                         -8-
       Miller next argues that the ALJ erred by failing to evaluate Dr. Downey’s
medical opinion. “The Social Security Administration . . . regulations establish that
an ALJ will evaluate every medical opinion, regardless of its source . . . .” Wiese v.
Astrue, 552 F.3d 728, 730 (8th Cir. 2009); 20 C.F.R. § 404.1527(b)-(c). Miller
asserts that the ALJ failed to evaluate Dr. Downey’s opinion that she “would not
change or correct any of Dr. Bomar’s opinions [in her questionnaire].” Miller’s
argument fails for two reasons. First, the ALJ did not entirely disregard Dr.
Downey’s medical opinion. To the contrary, the ALJ expressly relied upon her
observations and recommendations from Miller’s appointments in 2008 and 2009.
And second, Dr. Downey’s statement that she “would not change or correct any of Dr.
Bomar’s opinions” added nothing of substance to Dr. Bomar’s reasoning or
conclusions, which the ALJ evaluated and appropriately discounted. For these
reasons, the ALJ did not err by failing to consider Dr. Downey’s statement.3

       Last, Miller contends that the ALJ erred by stating that “[a]n individual’s
residual functional capacity is not a medical issue regarding the nature and severity
of an individual’s impairments but an administrative finding that is dispositive of a
case.” As evidence of an error, Miller directs us to our statement that a “claimant’s
residual functional capacity is a medical question.” Lauer v. Apfel, 245 F.3d 700, 704
(8th Cir. 2001) (quoting Singh v. Apfel, 222 F.3d 448, 451 (8th Cir. 2000)). Plucked
from the context in which it was made, the ALJ’s above-quoted statement may seem
concerning. But viewed in context, the ALJ simply was explaining that a claimant’s
residual functional capacity is “ultimately an administrative determination reserved


      3
        Miller also contends that the ALJ erred by not evaluating the opinions of John
Keough, M.A., and Martin Isenberg, Ph.D, two other individuals who offered
opinions about Miller. Miller did not raise this argument before the district court, and
we decline to consider it for the first time here. See Rodysill v. Colvin, 745 F.3d 947,
953 n.3 (8th Cir. 2014) (“[I]t is well established that, unless a manifest justice would
result, a claim not articulated to the district court is subject to forfeit on appeal.”
(quoting Roberts v. Apfel, 222 F.3d 446, 470 (8th Cir. 2000)).

                                          -9-
to the Commissioner.” Cox v. Astrue, 495 F.3d 614, 619-20 (8th Cir. 2007). Indeed,
immediately after the statement to which Miller now objects, the ALJ explained that
“[t]he regulations provide that the final responsibility for deciding [a claimant’s
residual functional capacity] is reserved to the Commissioner.” This explanation of
the process for determining a claimant’s residual functional capacity is consistent
with our conclusions that “a statement by a medical source that a claimant is disabled
does not necessarily mean the Commissioner will find the claimant disabled,” Brown
v. Barnhart, 390 F.3d 535, 540 (8th Cir. 2004), and that the ALJ bears “the primary
responsibility for assessing a claimant’s residual functional capacity based on all
relevant evidence,” Wildman, 596 F.3d at 969 (quoting Roberts v. Apfel, 222 F.3d
466, 469 (8th Cir. 2000)).

III.   Conclusion

       We affirm.
                       ______________________________




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