UNITED STATES ARMY COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS
                                           Before
                             CAMPANELLA, HAIGHT, and MAGGS 1
                                  Appellate Military Judges

                              UNITED STATES, Appellee
                                           v.
                         Sergeant IAN C. SEMENIUK-HAUSER
                             United States Army, Appellant

                                        ARMY 20110976

              Headquarters, Joint Readiness Training Center and Fort Polk
                           Gregory A. Gross, Military Judge
                    Colonel Keith C. Well, Staff Judge Advocate


For Appellant: Captain Robert N. Michaels, JA (argued); Colonel Patricia A. Ham,
JA; Lieutenant Colonel Peter Kageleiry, Jr., JA; Captain Robert Feldmeier , JA (on
brief).

For Appellee: Captain Timothy C. Erickson (argued); Lieutenant Colonel Amber J.
Roach, JA; Major Daniel D. Maurer, JA (on brief).


                                         31 March 2014

                                   ----------------------------------
                                    MEMORANDUM OPINION
                                   ----------------------------------

    This opinion is issued as an unpublished opinion and, as such, does not serve as precedent.

HAIGHT, Judge:

       An officer panel sitting as a general court-martial convicted appellant,
contrary to his pleas, of wrongful introduction of cocaine onto a militar y installation
with the intent to distribute, two specifications of wrongful distribution of cocaine,
and wrongful use of cocaine, in violation of Article 112a, Uniform Code of Military
Justice, 10 U.S.C. § 912a (2006) [hereinafter UCMJ]. The members sentenced
appellant to a bad-conduct discharge, to be confined for twelve months, forfeiture of
all pay and allowances, and to be reduced to the grade of E-1. The convening
authority approved the adjudged sentence.



1
    Judge MAGGS took final action in this case while on active duty.
SEMENIUK-HAUSER — ARMY 20110976

      This case is before us for review under Art icle 66, UCMJ. 2 Appellant raises
two assignments of error to this court, both of which merit discussion but no relief.
Additionally, those matters personally raised by appellant pursuant to United States
v. Grostefon, 12 M.J. 431 (C.M.A. 1982), are witho ut merit.

                                  BACKGROUND

    During a criminal investigation, appellant confessed to Criminal Investigation
Command (CID) Special Agent (SA) SKO:

             Prior to April 2010, I purchased one joint of Spice from
             PV2 [CZ] at his barracks room for about $20. In Augus t
             for my wife’s birthday I bought two grams of cocaine from
             a guy at the Paradise Bar in Leesville, LA named JUAN –
             he was a customer for about $150. In early January I sold
             about one gram of cocaine to [CZ] for $60. We (my wife
             and I) had snorted the rest of it in August for her birthday.

For appellant’s admitted misconduct, the government charged him with introducing
cocaine onto Fort Polk, Louisiana in August 2010 with the intent to distribute, use of
cocaine in August 2010, and distribution of cocain e in August 2010 as well as
distribution of cocaine between about 1 January 2011 and about 1 February 2011.

       At trial, SA SKO testified regarding her rights advisal to appellant, his
informed and voluntary waiver of those rights, and the circumstances surrounding
appellant’s rendering of his confession. At that point, the government moved for the
admission of appellant’s sworn statement. The military judge asked for any
objection, to which the defense counsel replied, “No objection, Your Honor.”

       During its case-in-chief, the government called various witnesses to meet its
burden of proof. Private (PVT) CZ testified that he was a drug addict and his unit,
687th Engineer Company, “had a huge drug problem.” He continued, “all the drug
addicts went by the first name basis. My name is Chris and we called him
[appellant] Ian and things of that nature.” Private CZ then detailed that when he was
being administratively separated from the Army, he was told to report to the
installation legal (JAG) office on 1 February 2011 to sign for and pick up a written
order not to re-enter or be found within the limits of Fort Polk (bar letter) following
his discharge. As appellant was PVT CZ’s supervisor (appellant alternated during
this time frame between being PVT CZ’s team leader and squad leader), he escorted
PVT CZ to retrieve the bar letter. Upon leaving the JAG office, in one of their cars


2
 Oral argument in this case was heard in Washington, D.C. on 12 February 2014 at
the George Washington University Law Sch ool as part of the Outreach Program of
the United States Army Court of Criminal Appeals .


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SEMENIUK-HAUSER — ARMY 20110976

in the parking lot, PVT CZ purchased $60.00 worth of powder cocaine from
appellant.

       Private CZ detailed why this opportunity to obtain cocaine from appellant was
not a particularly surprising turn of events. Prior to February 2011, appellant went
to PVT CZ’s quarters and gave him a “taste and try” of cocaine. Private CZ
indicated that it came up in conversation during this “tast e and try” that appellant’s
wife also used cocaine. The topic of appellant’s wife’s drug use s tuck in PVT CZ’s
memory because he “knew that [appellant’s] wife was pregnant or they were trying
to have a baby and . . . I said, ‘That’s stupid.’” On that occasion, PVT CZ did not
purchase any drugs but said, “Well payday is coming up.” Accordingly, on 1
February 2011, PVT CZ knew appellant possessed cocaine available for purchase
and decided to avail himself of that opportunity.

       The government also moved for the admission of appellant’s Defense
Enrollment Eligibility Reporting System (DEERS) enrollment form, indicating his
wife’s birthday is in August. The military judge asked the defense if there was any
objection. Being none, the form was admitted into ev idence.

       When the government rested its case, the defense moved for a finding of not
guilty to the offenses of wrongful introduction in August 2010, wrongful distribution
in August 2010, and wrongful use in August 2010. The defense posited that
appellant’s confession, at least to those three crimes, had not been adequately
corroborated as required by Military Rule of Evidence [hereinafter Mil. R. Evid.]
304(g). The military judge denied the Rule for Courts-Martial [hereinafter R.C.M.]
917 motion in its entirety, specifically mentioning the DEERS form as well as
discussing the corroborative value of PVT CZ’s testimony not only to appellant’s
admitted distribution to PVT CZ but also to appellant’s other admitted crimes.
Specifically, the military judge opined:

             I think the statement, again in paragraph 1, specifically
             states that Sergeant Hauser states, in August he bought 2
             grams of cocaine at the Paradise Bar in Leesville and then
             the next paragraph says in early January he sold about 1
             gram of cocaine to [PVT CZ]; and the next paragraph,
             which ties these two things together, is the accused said,
             “We had snorted the rest of it,” meaning part of the 2
             grams that he bought in Leesville. I understand there’s no
             – there isn’t necessarily any direct evidence of an intent to
             distribute but that can be inferred from the circumstances.
             If he bought two, used one, and sold the rest there is some
             evidence that the panel could find that he brought one on
             the installation so he could sell the rest. It’s clear he said




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             he bought it in Leesville and [PVT CZ] said he sold it to
             him on post.

       The defense then presented its case, basically portraying appellant as a good
soldier and PVT CZ as a sub-standard and unreliable soldier. The defense theory
was that PVT CZ falsely accused appellant of drug distribution to get back at
appellant, his supervisor, for negatively counseling PVT CZ on numerous occasions
and for creating a damning “paper trail” against him. Two facts , among others,
became amply clear during the defense’s presentation of evidence: appellant
moonlighted off-post at the Paradise Bar in Leesville, and appellant and his wife,
throughout the relevant time period, lived on -post.

       The defense called both appellant and his wife to the stand. They both denied
any and all illegal involvement with cocaine. Appellant testified he falsely
confessed because he was scared that, if he did not admit to what he was suspected
of, he would go to prison and lose his children. Appellant’s wife not only denied
using cocaine, but repeatedly denied admitting to a CID investigator that she had
requested her husband obtain cocaine to snort on her birthday, that they had snorted
the cocaine on her birthday, and that she did not like it.

       After the defense rested, the government c alled CID investigator LM in
rebuttal. Investigator LM testified that, during the investigation, he went to
appellant’s wife’s civilian place of employment and interviewed her. According to
Investigator LM’s testimony, during that interview, appellant’s wife recounted a
story of the couple’s illicit drug use consistent with appellant’s confession.
Although defense counsel objected to this testimony on the overruled grounds that
the investigator, at this non-custodial interview of a potential witness, did not advise
this civilian of her rights, there was no objection on the grounds of hearsay.

       The military judge provided no instruction to the panel regarding either the
permissible uses of prior inconsistent statements or the corroboration requirement
for confessions. The defense specifically stated it had no objection to the given
instructions or any request for additional instruc tions.

       Now, on appeal, appellant alleges the military judge abused his discretion by
denying defense’s R.C.M. 917 motion as appellant’s confession was uncorroborated,
at least for the August 2010 offenses. Furthermore, appellant also alleges the
military judge committed plain error by not instructing the panel that appellant’s
wife’s prior inconsistent statement could only be considered for the purpose of
impeachment, and not as substantive evidence of his guilt.

                              LAW AND DISCUSSION

                      Corroboration of Appellant’s Confession



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       The military judge admitted appellant’s confession into evidence without
objection. When the “defense fails to object to admission of specific evidence, the
issue is waived, absent plain error.” United States v. Maynard, 66 M.J. 242, 244
(C.A.A.F. 2008) (citing United States v. Hardison, 64 M.J. 279, 281 (C.A.A.F.
2008)); See also Mil. R. Evid. 103, 304(a). An error is plain only if that error is
“clear or obvious.” United States v. Knapp, 73 M.J. 33, 36 (C.A.A.F. 2014).
Admitting a confession without any corroboratio n would be plain error under Mil. R.
Evid. 304(g). But in this case there was corroboration, namely, PVT CZ’s testimony
and the DEERS form. Although appellant now argues this evidence was not enough
to corroborate his confession under the low standard of Mil. R. Evid. 304(g)(1) , we
cannot say that this alleged insufficiency was “clear or obv ious.” Therefore, the
military judge did not commit plain error by admitting appellant’s confession into
evidence.

      However, admission of a confession and the weight to be given that
confession when determining sufficiency upon review ar e two interrelated but
separate questions.

             The corroboration rule seems to contemplate two different
             issues: First, if objected to, the military judge must . . .
             determine whether there is sufficient corroborating
             evidence to admit the statement, [Mil. R. Evid.] 304(g)(2);
             second, the trier of fact must consider the ‘amount and
             type of evidence introduced as corroboration . . . in
             determining the weight, if any, to be given to the
             admission or confession.’ [Mil. R. Evid.] 304(g)(1).

United States v. Wilson, 67 M.J. 423, 430 (C.A.A.F. 2009). Accordingly, although
appellant waived the issue of his confession’s admission into evidence absent plain
error, review of the military judge’s decision to deny the subsequent R .C.M. 917
motion, a motion made on the grounds of insufficient corroboration, is a different
matter.

       The applicable test for ruling on an R.C.M. 917 motion for a finding of not
guilty is a simple question of sufficiency or insufficiency of the evidence to sustain
a conviction. The standard for granting such a motion is an “absence of some
evidence which, together with all reasonable inferences and applicable
presumptions, could reasonably tend to establish every essential element of an
offense charged.” R.C.M. 917(d). In this case, this sufficiency test must be
reviewed in light of the rules regarding corroboration of confessions. Simply put,
convictions based solely on uncorroborated confessions must be set aside. United
States v. Duvall, 47 M.J. 189 (C.A.A.F. 1997). “The general rule that an accused
may not be convicted on his own uncorroborated confession” serves the purpose of




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SEMENIUK-HAUSER — ARMY 20110976

preventing “convictions based upon untrue confessions alone.” Smith v. United
States, 348 US 147, 152-53 (1954) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted) .

       At the outset of our review of the sufficiency of the independently admissible
corroboration of appellant’s confession, the military judge’s denial of defense’s
R.C.M. 917 motion, and ultimately the factual and legal sufficiency of appellant’s
convictions, we note that we are not confined to the state of the evidence when the
motion was made. Rule for Courts-Martial 917(g) states that even if “the motion for
[a] finding of not guilty should have been granted,” the findings do not have to be
set aside “[i]f all the evidence admitted before findings, regardless by whom offered ,
is sufficient to sustain findings of guilty.” We also acknowledge that our
consideration of appellant’s confession hinges upon its corroboration. M il. R. Evid.
304(g).

       As his confession to selling cocaine to PVT CZ in early 2011 was
satisfactorily corroborated, appellant now alleges his confession to the earlier crimes
in August 2010 of bringing cocaine onto Fort Polk with the intent to distribute it, the
actual distribution of it to his wife, an d his own use of that cocaine were not
adequately corroborated. Confessions must be corroborated by “independent
evidence, either direct or circumstantial . . . that corroborates the essential facts
admitted to justify sufficiently an inference of their t ruth.” Mil. R. Evid. 304(g).
Our superior court has provided:

             The corroboration requirement for admission of a
             confession at court-martial does not necessitate
             independent evidence of all the elements of an offense or
             even of the corpus delicti of the offense. Rather, the
             corroborating evidence must raise only an inference of
             truth as to the essential facts admitted. Moreover, while
             the reliability of the essential facts must be established, it
             need not be done beyond a reasonable doubt or by a
             preponderance of the evidence.

United States v. Seay, 60 M.J. 73, 79 (C.A.A.F. 2004) (citing United States v.
Cottrill, 45 M.J. 485, 489 (C.A.A.F. 1997)). In addition, “[b]oth [Mil. R. Evid.]
304(g) and Cottrill set forth a very low standard,” Seay, 60 M.J. at 80, and “it is
settled military law that the quantum of evidence needed to corroborate [a
confession] ‘may be very slight.’” United States v. Grant, 56 M.J. 410, 416
(C.A.A.F. 2002) (citing United States v. Melvin, 26 M.J. 145, 146 (C.M.A. 1988)).
Generally speaking, the corroboration need only establish the confession is
trustworthy. See United States v. Rounds, 30 M.J. 76, 80 (C.M.A. 1990) (citing
Opper v. United States, 348 U.S. 84, 93 (1954)).




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SEMENIUK-HAUSER — ARMY 20110976

       After resting and in response to defense’s R.C.M. 917 motion, the government
asserted that PVT CZ’s testimony along with the DEERS enrollment form, showing
that appellant’s wife had an August birthday, were sufficient to render appellant’s
statement believable and truthful. At first blush, the month in which appellant’s
wife celebrates her birthday would seem either inconsequential or peripheral.
However, if the converse had proven to be true, and for instance her birthday was
actually in April, then that disconnect surely would have cast the confession’s
veracity in a more dubious light.

       As to PVT CZ’s testimony, his testimony regarding the amount of cocaine
available for purchase is consistent with appellant’s account of how much was
acquired off-post in August 2010, how much he used concurrently with hi s wife, and
how much he would have had left over. See United States v. Seipelt, ACM 31816,
1996 WL 493041, at *2 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 19 Aug. 1996) (distribution of eight
“hits” of LSD is corroborative of appellant’s confession to purchasing ten “hits” and
using some of the now unaccounted for supply of drugs ). We are cognizant that if
the corroboration raises “an inference of the truth of some but not all of the essential
facts admitted, then the confession . . . may be considered . . . only with respect to
those essential facts” that are corroborated. M il. R. Evid. 304(g). As the military
judge pointed out, the corroborative link between appellant’s interaction with PVT
CZ in early 2011 and the earlier drug offenses is supplied by appellant himself whe n
admitting the cocaine he distributed to PVT CZ was “the rest of it” from his
previous drug purchase. Appellant cannot provide the connection between his
multiple crimes and then cry foul when others choose to believe th at nexus exists.

       Furthermore, the subsequent distribution of the remaining cocaine was the
final step in appellant’s admitted continuous course of criminal conduct involving
that amount of cocaine. “It strains credulity to believe that appellant would
accurately confess” to distribution of cocaine but then fabricate how he acquired it
and, in the process of that prevarication, falsely implicate his supportive wife.
Grant, 56 M.J. at 417. As this court determined in Grant, corroboration of one
criminal act may corroborate a series of other prior criminal acts. Id.

        As explained earlier, our analysis is not limited to the state of the evidence as
it existed at the close of the government’s case. In his defense, appellant took the
stand and provided sworn testimony, explicitly recanting his confession and
explaining that he falsely confessed in order to protec t his family. Leaving aside the
logic of endeavoring to protect your family by accusing that unit’s matriarch of
criminal activity, the tactical decision to testify has evidentiary ramifications. An
accused testifies at his own peril.

             “Defendants in criminal trials are not obliged to testify.
             And a defendant who chooses to present a defense runs a
             substantial risk of bolstering the Government's case.”



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             United States v. Bennett, 848 F.2d 1134, 1139 (11th Cir.
             1988). “Most important, a statement by a defendant, if
             disbelieved by the jury, may be considered as substantive
             evidence of the defendant's guilt.”         United States v.
             Brown, 53 F.3d 312, 314 (11th Cir. 1995). . . . This Circuit
             said that “when a defendant chooses to testify, he runs the
             risk that if disbelieved the jury might conclude the
             opposite of his testimony is true.” Id. (citations omitted).

United States v. Pleasant, 71 M.J. 709, 713 (Army Ct. Crim. App. 2012) (citing
United States v. Williams, 390 F.3d 1319, 1325 (11th Cir. 2004)). “Where some
corroborative evidence of guilt exists for the charged offense . . . and the defendant
takes the stand in [his] own defense, the Defendant's testimony, denying guilt, may
establish, by itself, elements of the offense.” Williams, 390 F.3d at 1326. On the
basis of all the evidence admitted before findings, the members were justified in
concluding that appellant’s testimony was not believable and that the falsi ty of his
in-court assertions corroborated his earlier confession.

       We now turn our attention to the lack of instruction by the military judge to
the panel regarding the corroboration requirement. Similar to this case, in United
States v. Bridges, “[a]t trial, the appellant did not suggest such an instruction.
Therefore, absent plain error, the appellant forfeits the issue. The determination
whether an admission or confession is adequately corroborated is made by the
military judge. Mil. R. Evid. 304(g)(2).” United States v. Bridges, 52 M.J. 795, 801
(A. F. Ct. Crim. App. 2000). So, like the Air Force Court in Bridges, we find no
error in not giving a specific instruction regarding corroboration. ” 52 M.J. at 802;
See also United States v. Seigle, 22 U.S.C.M.A. 403, 407, 47 C.M.R. 340, 344
(1973). Furthermore, even without the benefit of a specific instruction, defense
counsel still highlighted for the panel in closing argument that a confession is
insufficient without adequate corroboration and argued that the gover nment’s case
suffered from a lack of this required corroboration.

       Appellant confessed his crimes. That confession was adequately corroborated
by admissible independent evidence, properly admitted into evidence, and
appropriately considered. Thus, the findings of guilty are factually and legally
sufficient.

                         Wife’s Prior Inconsistent Statement

       After appellant’s wife had testified in defense of her husband and denied any
illegal involvement with cocaine, the gov ernment called CID Investigator LM in
rebuttal. He testified that he visited appellant’s wife’s place of business and
discussed the allegations made by her husband of their collective use of cocaine on
her birthday. According to Investigator LM, appellant’s wife explained, “she had



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mentioned to her husband that she wanted to try cocaine for her birthday and that he
went out and got it, [and] brought it back to the residence here on Fort Polk. . . .
They went upstairs and snorted lines of cocaine. She stated that she didn’t like it.”

       While the defense objected on foundational grounds to Investigator LM
recounting what he was told by appellant’s wife, no hearsay objection was voiced.
See United States v. Reynoso, 66 M.J. 208, 210 (C.A.A.F. 2008) (foundational
objection was insufficient to preserve evidentiary issue on appeal). Also, the
defense never asked the military judge to limit the consideration of the prior
inconsistent statements to impeachment purposes. The general rule now is that
where hearsay is admitted without objection, the fact finder may give that hearsay
its natural probative value. See Mil. R. Evid. 802 analysis at A22-55; Dep’t of
Army, Pam. 27-9, Legal Services: Military Judge’s Benchbook, para. 7-11-1 n.2 (1
Jan. 2010); Cf. United States v. Zone, 7 M.J. 21, 22 (C.M.A. 1979). Accordingly,
the wife’s prior inconsistent statement not only served to impeach her credibility but
to corroborate her husband’s confession. If the military judge had provided specific
instruction concerning appellant’s wife’s prior inconsistent statements, given the
lack of objection, the appropriate instruction would have only highlighted the
potential substantive use of that evidence rather than limiting its use to solely
impeachment purposes.

       Turning to defense’s decision to proceed in such a fash ion, we note that
failure to object to hearsay testimony at tr ial waives the issue for appeal, absent a
finding of plain error. United States v. Cox, 45 M.J. 153, 156 (C.A.A.F. 1996);
United States v. Toro, 37 M.J. 313, 316 (C.M.A. 1993). Plain error analysis should
take into account the defense strategy. See Toro, 37 M.J. at 317. In this case, the
defense’s approach to the conversation between appellant’s wife and Investigator
LM was twofold. The defense portrayed appellant’s wife as scared, falsely-
implicated, and whose denial of any wrongdoing should be be lieved. On the other
hand, defense counsel painted Investigator LM as an overbearing, aggressive, rights -
infringing government agent whose account of appellant’s wife’s admissions was
fiction. Through that lens, the defense’s lack of objection and request for limiting
instruction may have served some tactical purpose. Basically, if the panel believed
appellant’s wife’s testimony at trial, then the government would only hurt its
prosecution of this case by having Investigator LM present evidence contrary to
appellant’s wife’s testimony. As such, no error occurred, plain or otherwise.

                                   CONCLUSION

      The findings of guilty and the sentence are AFFIRMED.

      Judge CAMPANELLA and Judge MAGGS concur.




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                            FOR THE
                           FOR  THE COURT:
                                    COURT:




                           MALCOLM
                           MALCOLM H.   H. SQUIRES,
                                            SQUIRES, JR.
                                                      JR.
                           Clerk of Court
                           Clerk of Court




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