          Case: 17-12020   Date Filed: 08/14/2018   Page: 1 of 11


                                                         [DO NOT PUBLISH]

            IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                   FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                     ________________________

                            No. 17-12020
                        Non-Argument Calendar
                      ________________________

                  D.C. Docket No. 0:15-cv-61830-FAM,
                      Bkcy No. 14-bkc-11822-RBR


In Re: MARY A. TUCKER,

                                                                       Debtor.
____________________________________________________

MARY A. TUCKER,
                                                           Plaintiff-Appellant,

                                 versus

JP MORGAN CHASE BANK N.A.,
                                                          Defendant-Appellee.

                      ________________________

               Appeal from the United States District Court
                   for the Southern District of Florida
                     ________________________

                            (August 14, 2018)

Before WILLIAM PRYOR, ROSENBAUM, and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:
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      Mary Tucker, a Chapter 13 debtor proceeding pro se, appeals the district

court’s order dismissing for mootness her appeal of the bankruptcy court’s (1)

order granting JP Morgan Chase Bank N.A. (“Chase”) relief from the automatic

stay as to a mortgage on Tucker’s real property (the “stay-relief order”); and (2)

denials of her two subsequent motions to vacate. She argues her case is not moot,

and effective relief remains available. Alternatively, she argues that her case falls

within the exception to mootness for matters capable of repetition, yet evading

review. Additionally, Tucker asserts that the bankruptcy and district courts should

have determined Whether Chase violated the automatic stay by filing several

documents in a state foreclosure proceeding. After review of the record and the

parties’ briefs, we affirm the district court’s dismissal.

                                           I.

      On January 27, 2014, Tucker initiated Chapter 13 bankruptcy proceedings.

Prior to those proceedings, in May of 2009, Tucker and Chase became embroiled

in a mortgage-foreclosure proceeding in state court concerning her property in

Parkland, Florida (“Tucker I”). Tucker I was pending at the time that the Chapter

13 bankruptcy proceedings were initiated. On February 23, 2015, the Bankruptcy

Court confirmed Tucker’s fifth amended Chapter 13 plan. Tucker agreed to deal

with her debtors directly, outside of her Chapter 13 plan, with respect to the

property that was the subject of Tucker I.


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      After the confirmation of Tucker’s Chapter 13 plan, Chase moved the

Bankruptcy Court to lift the automatic stay of relief that accompanied the

bankruptcy-plan confirmation in order to resolve the litigation in Tucker I.

Immediately after the Bankruptcy Court granted Chase relief from the automatic

stay, Chase filed documents with the state court in Tucker I. Tucker subsequently

moved to vacate the stay-relief order and, after the motion was denied, moved for

relief from judgment, which was also denied.

      Tucker appealed to the district court the bankruptcy court’s orders granting

Chase relief from the automatic stay and denying her motion to vacate. Before the

district court ruled on the appeal, Tucker then moved in the bankruptcy court to

vacate the order denying her first motion to vacate. The bankruptcy court denied

Tucker’s second motion to vacate.

      So Tucker amended her notice of appeal to the district court to include the

bankruptcy court’s denial of the second motion to vacate. While Tucker’s appeal

to the district court was pending, the bankruptcy court dismissed her Chapter 13

proceedings because she failed to make required payments under her Plan. Chase

then moved the district court to dismiss Tucker’s appeal of the stay-relief order,

arguing that it was mooted by the dismissal of her Chapter 13 case. The district

court granted the motion and dismissed Tucker’s appeal.




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         Before this Court, Tucker argues that her appeal is not moot, and that even if

it is, it fits into the exception for matters that are capable of repetition, yet evading

review. She also argues that the bankruptcy and district courts erred in failing to

find that Chase violated the automatic stay by prematurely executing the stay-relief

order.

                                            II

         We consider questions of mootness, which implicate our jurisdiction, de

novo. Flanigan’s Enters., Inc. of Ga. v. City of Sandy Springs, Ga., 868 F.3d 1248,

1255 (11th Cir. 2017).

         Under Article III of the United States Constitution, our jurisdiction is limited

to “actual, ongoing cases or controversies.” Id. (internal quotations omitted). It is

not enough for an actual controversy to exist at the time of the complaint. Rather,

“an actual controversy must be extant at all stages of review.” Preiser v. Newkirk,

422 U.S. 395, 401 (1975) (quoting Steffel v. Thompson, 415 U.S. 452, 459 n. 10

(1974)). See also, e.g., Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113, 125 (1973).

         One component of this requirement is reflected in the mootness doctrine.

Christian Coal. of Fla., Inc. v. United States, 662 F.3d 1182, 1189 (11th Cir.

2011). “An issue is moot when it no longer presents a live controversy with

respect to which the court can give meaningful relief.” Id. (internal quotations

omitted). Regardless of whether the parties “vehemently . . . continue to dispute


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the lawfulness of the conduct that precipitated the lawsuit, the case is moot if the

dispute is no longer embedded in any actual controversy about the plaintiffs’

particular legal rights.”   Already, LLC v. Nike, Inc., 568 U.S. 85, 91 (2013)

(internal quotations omitted).      Mootness doctrine requires us consider the

challenged events at the present time, not when the plaintiff filed the complaint or

court issued the challenged order. Dow Jones & Co. v. Kaye, 256 F.3d 1251, 1254

(11th Cir. 2001).

      The doctrine of mootness is not without its exceptions. When a claim is

“capable of repetition, yet evading review,” a court may retain jurisdiction over a

case that would otherwise be moot. Arcia v. Sec’y of Fla., 772 F.3d 1335, 1343

(11th Cir. 2014). See also Bourgeois v. Peters, 387 F.3d 1303 (11th Cir. 2004)

(applying the exception). But this exception is limited to situations where (1) the

challenged action is too short in duration to be fully litigated prior to its cessation,

and (2) a reasonable expectation exists that the same complaining party will be

subject to the same action again. Arcia, 772 F.3d at 1343. So in the second

situation, a “mere physical or theoretical possibility” of repetition is not sufficient;

the record must reflect a “demonstrated probability” that the same controversy will

recur involving the same complaining party. Murphy v. Hunt, 455 U.S. 478, 482

(1982).




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                                        III

                                         A

      In the bankruptcy context, we have held that “the dismissal of a Chapter 13

case moots an appeal arising from the debtor’s bankruptcy proceedings.” Neidich

v. Salas, 783 F.3d 1215, 1216 (11th Cir. 2015). In Neidich, the appellant sought

review of whether a debtor, in his Chapter 13 plan, could deduct scheduled

payments on a secured mortgage debt from disposable income, even though he was

not making those payments. Id. at 1215. After the parties filed their briefs, the

debtor asked the bankruptcy court to dismiss his case without prejudice, and the

court complied. Id. at 1216. As a result, the debtor no longer had a Chapter 13

plan containing the objected-to deduction. Id. Accordingly, we concluded that

“any ruling on our part would amount to an impermissible advisory opinion

concerning the propriety of the challenged deduction,” and we dismissed the

trustee’s appeal as moot. Id.

      Tucker argues that “effective relief” remains available with respect to two

issues, despite the dismissal of her underlying Chapter 13 bankruptcy plan: (1)

whether the district court erred in finding that Chase is a secured creditor in the

underlying Tucker I case, and (2) whether Chase violated the automatic 14-day

stay of the stay-relief order imposed by the Bankruptcy Court. We address these

arguments in order.


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      Tucker’s argument that her appeal is not moot because it involves the

question of whether Chase is a secured creditor is without merit. She claims that

the bankruptcy court made a finding, sua sponte, that Chase is a secured creditor.

But as the Bankruptcy Court correctly pointed out, the question of whether Chase

is a secured creditor is one for the state court to decide in Tucker I. [App. 121:13–

20.]. Indeed, it has long been settled that “the determination of property rights in

the assets of a bankrupt’s estate [is left] to state law.” Butner v. United States, 440

U.S. 48, 54 (1974). State law defines and creates property interests. Id. at 55.

“Unless some federal interest requires a different result, there is no reason why

such interests should be analyzed differently simply because an interested party is

involved in a bankruptcy proceeding.” Id. at 55. This applies “with equal force to

security interests” like the secured-creditor claim Tucker brings today. Id.

      Because underlying questions of property ownership are determined by

looking to state law, we reject Tucker’s request that we remand to the district court

for a finding on whether Chase is a secured creditor. Cf. In re Codrington, 691

F.3d 1336, 1339 (11th Cir. 2012) (certifying underlying questions of property

ownership to Georgia Supreme Court).

                                          B

      Tucker also argues in this appeal that effective relief in the form of sanctions

is available because Chase violated the fourteen-day stay of the stay-relief order.


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A bankruptcy-court order “granting a motion for relief from an automatic stay

made in accordance with Rule 4001(a)(1) is stayed until the expiration of 14 days

after the entry of the order, unless the court orders otherwise.” Fed. R. Bankr. P.

4001. A party who violates the automatic stay is subject to various penalties,

including the possibility of compensatory and punitive sanctions for any willful

violation. 11 U.S.C.A. § 362(k) (2010). Section 105 gives the court broad powers

to enforce all the provisions within the title. 11 U.S.C.A. § 105 (2010); see also In

re Hardy, 97 F.3d 1384, 1380–90 (11th Cir. 1996) (“§ 105 grants courts

independent statutory powers to award monetary and other forms of relief for

automatic stay violations”) (internal quotations omitted).

      As an initial matter, a motion for sanctions that raises issues collateral to the

merits of the action is not mooted by resolution of the underlying action. See

Mahone v. Ray, 326 F.3d 1176, 1180-82 (11th Cir. 2003) (concerning a motion for

sanctions brought under Rule 11, Fed. R. Civ. P.); see also Jackson v. Cintas

Corp., 425 F.3d 1313, 1316-17 (11th Cir. 2005).              And district courts have

jurisdiction to entertain claims by debtors that creditors violated the automatic stay,

even when those claims are asserted in a separate civil action filed after the

bankruptcy case has been dismissed. See Justice Cometh, Ltd. v. Lambert, 426

F.3d 1342, 1342-43, 1343 n.1 (11th Cir. 2005).




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      But before the district court, Tucker did not sufficiently raise this issue.

True, she did note in her first motion to vacate that Chase moved to reinstate

Tucker I only a day after the bankruptcy court entered the stay-relief order, and she

separately did request sanctions under Rule 9011, Fed. R. Bankr. P. She further

reiterated her factual allegation in her second motion to vacate. But she did not

actually argue the legal point in the bankruptcy court and connect her factual

allegation to the request for sanctions. This failure to “plainly and prominently”

raise the issue, such as by devoting a discrete section of her argument to the claim,

results in abandonment of it. See Sapuppo v. Allstate Floridian Ins. Co., 739 F.3d

678, 681 (11th Cir. 2014); see also First Ala. Bank of Montgomery, N.A., 899 F.2d

at 1060 n.8 (explaining the reasons why we generally do not consider arguments

that have not been appropriately raised below).

      The record also contains no indication that Tucker complied with Rule

9011’s 21-day safe-harbor provision by giving Chase the opportunity to correct the

challenged action. See Fed. R. Bankr. P. 9011(c)(1)(A). Rule 9011(c)(1)(A)

prohibits the filing of a motion for sanctions under it if the movant fails to comply

with the 21-day safe-harbor requirement.

      And even if we overlook those problems, though Tucker did designate as an

issue on appeal to the district court the allegation that Chase violated the stay by

acting in Tucker I during the fourteen-day period and she indicated that she wanted


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to appeal the bankruptcy court’s failure to order sanctions for that alleged

violation, she then abandoned the sanctions issue in her actual appeal to the district

court. Although she identified the claim in her statement of issues on appeal, she

never addressed it in her response to Chase’s motion to dismiss, nor did she file an

independent brief arguing the claim. See Sapuppo, 739 F.3d at 681.

      “Ordinarily an appellate court does not give consideration to issues not

raised below,” Hormel v. Helvering, 312 U.S. 552, 556 (1941), but an appellate

court may consider an issue not raised below “if it involves a pure question of law”

and “refusal to consider it would result in a miscarriage of justice.” Roofing &

Metal Sheets Servs., Inc. v. La Quinta Motor Inns, Inc., 689 F.2d 982, 990 (11th

Cir. 1982). In the bankruptcy context, we have described this as “a civil version of

the plain error rule.” In re Lett, 632 F.3d 1216, 1227 (11th Cir. 2011).    Here, the

question of whether Chase violated the fourteen-day stay of the stay-relief order is

not a pure question of law, so it cannot benefit from this rule.

      Alternatively, Tucker argues that her claims lie as an exception to mootness

because they are capable of repetition, yet evading review. But she has failed to

show a “reasonable expectation” or “demonstrated probability” that she will face

the same issue in the future. See Murphy, 455 U.S. at 483. The underlying

Chapter 13 bankruptcy plan was dismissed because of Tucker’s failure to comply

with her scheduled plan payments. While she points out that the 180-day prejudice


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period preventing her from filing again in bankruptcy court has since passed, we

must “look at the events at the present time.” Dow Jones, 256 F.3d at 1254. And

she has suggested nothing more than a “theoretical possibility” of re-filing her

bankruptcy plan and being subjected to the same litigation. See Murphy, 455 U.S.

at 483–84. 1 As a result, Tucker’s assertion that the matter is capable of repetition

yet evading review is too tenuous to create a “reasonable expectation” of

repetition.

                                               IV

       In sum, we determine that the district court did not err in dismissing

Tucker’s appeal for mootness and, accordingly, affirm.

       AFFIRMED.




       1
        Tucker additionally argues that as a procedural matter, the district court violated Federal
Rule of Bankruptcy Procedure 8018(a)(4) when it dismissed her appeal. This argument is
misplaced. That provision governs dismissals where a bankruptcy appellant fails to file a brief,
and it has no bearing on the doctrine of constitutional mootness. See Fed R. Bankr. P.
8018(a)(4).
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