     Case: 18-30577    Document: 00514809432     Page: 1   Date Filed: 01/25/2019




                      REVISED January 25, 2019

        IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                 FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT
                                                             United States Court of Appeals
                                                                      Fifth Circuit

                                  No. 18-30577                      FILED
                                                             January 10, 2019
                                                               Lyle W. Cayce
TRAVIS THOMAS,                                                      Clerk

             Plaintiff - Appellant

v.

MICHAEL TREGRE, Chief Law Enforcement Officer, St. John the Baptist
Parish,

             Defendant - Appellee




                 Appeal from the United States District Court
                    for the Eastern District of Louisiana


Before JONES, HAYNES, and OLDHAM, Circuit Judges.
HAYNES, Circuit Judge:
      Travis Thomas, a former deputy in St. John the Baptist Parish,
Louisiana, appeals the district court’s order granting summary judgment on
his race discrimination and retaliation claims. For the reasons set forth below,
we AFFIRM the district court’s judgment.
                            I.   BACKGROUND
      Thomas, an African-American man, worked as a deputy in the St. John
the Baptist Parish Sheriff’s Office (the “Sheriff’s Office”) from July 1, 2012, to
    Case: 18-30577         Document: 00514809432          Page: 2     Date Filed: 01/25/2019



                                        No. 18-30577
April 7, 2015. Sheriff Michael Tregre, also an African-American man, was at
all relevant times the chief law enforcement officer of the parish. 1
      While working in the narcotics division of the Sheriff’s Office in February
2014, Thomas took part in an operation that led to the arrest of criminal
suspect Darnell Randle. Thomas later informed Major Walter Chappel, then
the commanding officer of the narcotics division, that blood found on the floor
of the scene belonged to Randle. Thomas also told Chappel he saw fellow officer
Justin Bordelon striking Randle. Another officer, Hardy Schexnayder, also
reported that he saw Bordelon strike Randle. Bordelon denied using force to
intentionally injure Randle. Schexnayder and Chappel are African-American.
Bordelon is Caucasian.
      The internal affairs division of the Sheriff’s Office opened an
investigation into the Randle incident. Captain C.J. Destor, who is Caucasian,
conducted the investigation. Both Chappel and an African-American detective
named Jonathan Rivet corroborated Thomas and Schexnayder’s testimony
during the investigation, stating that they personally observed Bordelon use
force against Randle. But Randle told Destor that Thomas and Schexnayder,
not Bordelon, were the officers who beat him.
      Thomas, Schexnayder, and Bordelon all took polygraph tests during the
investigation. The polygraph results indicated that Bordelon was truthful and
Schexnayder was lying. Thomas’s test results were inconclusive. Given the
parties’ numerous conflicting statements, Tregre did not find that any officer’s
version of events was decisive. He thus decided not to take any disciplinary
action against any of the officers.
      Tregre asserts that about a year later, the local district attorney’s office
told him its attorneys were filing motions in limine to exclude evidence from


      1   Thomas sued Tregre in his official capacity as Sheriff of St. John the Baptist Parish.
                                               2
     Case: 18-30577       Document: 00514809432          Page: 3     Date Filed: 01/25/2019



                                       No. 18-30577
the Randle investigation, including polygraph results, in cases involving
Thomas and Schexnayder. Tregre believed this was an issue, so he attempted
to transfer Thomas and Schexnayder in March 2015 to positions in the
corrections department, which Tregre believed were less likely to result in
arrests. 2 Tregre did not transfer Bordelon. Schexnayder accepted the transfer
and became a courtroom deputy. Thomas decided to terminate his employment
immediately rather than accept a transfer.
       In the meantime, Randle sued Tregre, Thomas, Schexnayder, and
Bordelon, alleging excessive force. The case went to trial in December 2015.
The jury found that neither Thomas nor Schexnayder was liable.
       After the jury verdict, Tregre reassigned Schexnayder to an enforcement
position and gave him back pay. Thomas never applied to resume work at the
Sheriff’s Office. Instead, he filed a complaint with the Equal Employment
Opportunity Commission (“EEOC”) in August 2015. Thomas asserts that he
later asked Tregre in person about reinstatement in January 2016. Thomas’s
attorneys also sent a settlement letter to Tregre in January 2016 requesting
(1) “re-instatement at the rank of Sergeant, with a recommendation that he be



       2   Tregre’s explanations for transferring Thomas and Schexnayder are somewhat
inconsistent. Tregre first claimed he transferred Thomas and Schexnayder after the district
attorney told him she would no longer accept their testimony in criminal cases due to their
polygraph results. But the district attorney stated in a sworn affidavit that she did not tell
Tregre she would not accept Thomas’s testimony due to his polygraph results. Tregre later
stated that the district attorney’s office advised him that “the results of the internal affairs
investigation would result in the D.A.’s Office having problems prosecuting cases wherein
[Thomas] and Deputy Schexnayder were witnesses.” Tregre also said he recognized that
“[t]he polygraph [couldn’t] be used,” but that he transferred Schexnayder and Thomas “to
clear [the] matter up and to . . . stop the tension” in the narcotics division. Nevertheless,
because we hold that there is no genuine issue of material fact as to whether Thomas has
made a prima facie case of discrimination, we do not reach Tregre’s explanations for the
transfer. See McCoy v. City of Shreveport, 492 F.3d 551, 557 (5th Cir. 2007) (per curiam) (“If
the plaintiff makes a prima facie showing, the burden then shifts to the employer to articulate
a . . . nondiscriminatory . . . reason for its employment action.” (emphasis added)).

                                               3
    Case: 18-30577     Document: 00514809432      Page: 4   Date Filed: 01/25/2019



                                   No. 18-30577
assigned to the U.S. Marshal Task Force,” (2) back pay and benefits, and
(3) costs and attorney fees. Tregre has not rehired Thomas.
      After going through the EEOC, Thomas filed suit against Tregre in
district court, alleging racial discrimination and retaliation under Title VII of
the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e. Both Thomas and Tregre
moved for summary judgment. The district court denied Thomas’s motion and
granted Tregre’s motion on April 12, 2018, concluding that Thomas had failed
to establish a prima facie case of either race discrimination or retaliation.
Thomas now appeals.
                      II.   STANDARD OF REVIEW
      We review a district court’s “grant of a motion for summary judgment de
novo, applying the same standard as the district court.” Howell v. Town of
Ball, 827 F.3d 515, 521 (5th Cir. 2016) (quoting Moss v. BMC Software, Inc.,
610 F.3d 917, 922 (5th Cir. 2010)). “When considering a motion for summary
judgment, the court views all facts and evidence in the light most favorable to
the non-moving party.” Howell, 827 F.3d at 522 (quoting Moss, 610 F.3d at
922). A court will enter summary judgment if the nonmovant “fails to make a
showing sufficient to establish the existence of an element essential to that
party’s case, and on which that party will bear the burden of proof at trial.”
Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322 (1986). A fact is material if it “might
affect the outcome of the suit.” Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242,
248 (1986).   A factual dispute is genuine “if the evidence is such that a
reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party.” Id.
                            III.   DISCUSSION
A. Race Discrimination
      Thomas first asserts that Tregre discriminated against him due to his
race. Title VII of the Civil Rights Act makes it unlawful “for an employer . . . to
fail or refuse to hire or to discharge any individual, or otherwise to discriminate
                                        4
    Case: 18-30577     Document: 00514809432     Page: 5   Date Filed: 01/25/2019



                                  No. 18-30577
against any individual with respect to his compensation, terms, conditions, or
privileges of employment, because of such individual’s race, color, religion, sex,
or national origin.” 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(a).
      A Title VII plaintiff bears the initial burden of establishing a prima facie
case of racial discrimination, after which the burden shifts to the employer to
show “some legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason” for the challenged actions.
McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792, 802 (1973). To make a prima
facie showing of racial discrimination, a plaintiff must show that he:
            (1) is a member of a protected group; (2) was qualified
            for the position at issue; (3) was discharged or suffered
            some adverse employment action by the employer; and
            (4) was replaced by someone outside his protected
            group or was treated less favorably than other
            similarly situated employees outside the protected
            group.
McCoy v. City of Shreveport, 492 F.3d 551, 556 (5th Cir. 2007) (per curiam).
      Thomas has failed to create a genuine fact issue regarding the fourth
prong of his racial discrimination claim. The internal investigation exonerated
Bordelon, while concluding that Thomas should be “severely reprimanded” or
even terminated because his “credibility ha[d] been destroyed for future court
cases.” Thomas and Bordelon were thus not similarly situated when Tregre
attempted to transfer Thomas. See Morris v. Town of Independence, 827 F.3d
396, 401 (5th Cir. 2016) (“With respect to the ‘similarly situated employees’
requirement, ‘a plaintiff must show that he was treated less favorably than
others under nearly identical circumstances.’” (quoting Willis v. Cleco Corp.,
749 F.3d 314, 320 (5th Cir. 2014))).
      Thomas contends that he and Bordelon were similarly situated not at
the time of the transfer, but at the beginning of the Randle investigation—
which he argues was itself discriminatory. Thomas notes that the African-

                                        5
    Case: 18-30577      Document: 00514809432        Page: 6    Date Filed: 01/25/2019



                                    No. 18-30577
American officers present at the scene all stated that Bordelon had used force
against Randle. The only person who reported that Thomas and Schexnayder
used force on Randle was Randle himself. Thomas implies that Randle was
not a reliable witness, as he underwent a drug test in connection with his
statements during which he tested positive for cocaine and marijuana. Randle
was not polygraphed due to the drugs in his system. On the other hand, the
investigation concluded that his recall of events was too detailed on other
matters “for him not to remember who beat him up.” Thomas does not explain
how, given the parties’ conflicting stories (not to mention the contrary
polygraph results), accepting Randle’s version of events qualified as racial
discrimination. He has thus not created a genuine issue of material fact with
respect to whether he was “treated less favorably than other similarly situated
employees outside the protected group.” McCoy, 492 F.3d at 556.
      Nor has Thomas raised a genuine issue of material fact as to whether he
was replaced with someone outside his protected class. See id. (stating that a
plaintiff may satisfy the fourth prong of a prima facie discrimination case by
showing he “was replaced by someone outside his protected group”).                    In
discussing his retaliation claim, Thomas argues that instead of rehiring him,
Tregre hired Jake Boudreaux, a Caucasian officer, to the narcotics division
after Thomas resigned. 3       But multiple people left and were hired by the
Sheriff’s Office after Thomas’s resignation. Tregre did not hire Boudreaux
until over ten months after Thomas had resigned. Indeed, the Sheriff’s Office
also hired deputy Christopher Powell, an African-American man, less than
three months after hiring Boudreaux. Thomas points to no evidence that his
position remained vacant for nearly a year and that Boudreaux assumed it.


      3  Thomas does not explicitly argue that Boudreaux replaced him in connection with
his racial discrimination claim. Nevertheless, out of an abundance of caution, we address
the point here.
                                           6
    Case: 18-30577    Document: 00514809432     Page: 7     Date Filed: 01/25/2019



                                 No. 18-30577
Thomas has thus failed to create a genuine issue of material fact regarding the
fourth prong of his discrimination claim.
B. Retaliation
      Thomas next asserts that Tregre retaliated against him by refusing to
reinstate him after he filed a complaint with the EEOC. To establish a prima
facie retaliation claim, Thomas must show that: “(1) he participated in an
activity protected by Title VII; (2) his employer took an adverse employment
action against him; and (3) a causal connection exists between the protected
activity and the adverse employment action.” Id. at 556–57. Thomas has not
produced evidence creating a genuine issue of material fact with respect to the
second or third prong of a prima facie retaliation claim.
      First, Thomas has not raised a genuine fact issue regarding whether
Tregre “took an adverse employment action against him.” Id. at 557. Failure
to hire is an adverse employment action. Southard v. Tex. Bd. of Criminal
Justice, 114 F.3d 539, 555 (5th Cir. 1997) (“Adverse employment actions
include . . . refusals to hire . . .”). But Thomas never actually applied for an
available position with the Sheriff’s Office after he resigned.       Instead, he
verbally asked Tregre for reinstatement in January 2016. Thomas’s attorneys
also sent Tregre a settlement letter requesting (1) “re-instatement at the rank
of Sergeant, with a recommendation that he be assigned to the U.S. Marshal
Task Force,” (2) back pay and benefits, and (3) costs and attorney’s fees.
Thomas asserts that a formal application is not the only means by which the
Sheriff’s Office hired employees.   He points to Tregre’s testimony that he
brought on new officers using fliers, career days, and word of mouth. But
Thomas has not produced evidence showing that the Sheriff’s Office actually
hires employees without requiring them to submit an employment application;
nor has he presented evidence of such an application for a then-available
position.
                                       7
     Case: 18-30577        Document: 00514809432           Page: 8      Date Filed: 01/25/2019



                                         No. 18-30577
       In the context of failure-to-promote claims, we have held that a plaintiff
asserting such a claim must show that “he applied for” the position sought.
Jenkins v. La. Workforce Comm’n, 713 F. App’x 242, 244 (5th Cir. 2017) (per
curiam) (quoting Burrell v. Dr. Pepper/Seven Up Bottling Grp., Inc., 482 F.3d
408, 412 (5th Cir. 2007)). 4 We conclude that rule applies here as well. 5 Thomas
never applied for reinstatement. 6             His conversation with Tregre and his
settlement letter demanding reinstatement, back pay, and attorney’s fees and
costs were not applications for employment. Tregre’s refusal to give Thomas a
job for which he never actually applied was therefore not an adverse
employment action.
       Additionally, even if Thomas presented some evidence of an application,
he presents no evidence showing a causal connection between his filing an



       4“An unpublished opinion issued after January 1, 1996 is not controlling precedent,
but may be persuasive authority.” Ballard v. Burton, 444 F.3d 391, 401 & n.7 (5th Cir. 2006).
       5  Several of our sister circuits have similarly recognized that a plaintiff asserting
retaliatory failure to hire must have applied for the position at issue. See, e.g., Volling v.
Kurtz Paramedic Servs., Inc., 840 F.3d 378, 383 (7th Cir. 2016) (holding that a plaintiff
alleging failure to hire satisfies the materially adverse employment action requirement in
part by showing that she “applied . . . for the . . . position” (emphasis added) (quoting Cichon
v. Exelon Generation Co., 401 F.3d 803, 812 (7th Cir. 2005))); Velez v. Janssen Ortho, LLC,
467 F.3d 802, 807 (1st Cir. 2006) (“Put most simply, in the absence of a job application, there
cannot be a failure-to-hire.”); Carter v. George Washington Univ., 387 F.3d 872, 878 (D.C. Cir.
2004) (“Where, as here, the plaintiff claims that the retaliation took the form of a failure to
hire, the plaintiff must also show . . . that [she] applied for an available job . . .” (alteration
in original) (quoting Morgan v. Fed. Home Loan Mortg. Corp., 328 F.3d 647, 651 (D.C. Cir.
2003))); Ruggles v. Cal. Polytechnic State Univ., 797 F.2d 782, 786 (9th Cir. 1986) (requiring
a plaintiff alleging retaliatory failure to hire “to show that the position for which she applied
was eliminated or not available to her because of her protected activities” (emphasis added)).
       6 A plaintiff alleging failure to promote who did not apply for the position at issue
must “show that such an application would have been a futile gesture.” Jenkins, 713 F. App’x
at 245 (quoting Shackelford v. Deloitte & Touche, LLP, 190 F.3d 398, 406 (5th Cir. 1999)).
This, of course, is a difficult task, which “usually requires a showing that the applicant for
the promotion was deterred by a known and consistently enforced policy of discrimination.”
Shackelford, 190 F.3d at 406. Thomas does not argue that applying for reinstatement would
have been futile. We thus decline to address this exception in connection with Thomas’s
claim.
                                                8
    Case: 18-30577    Document: 00514809432       Page: 9   Date Filed: 01/25/2019



                                   No. 18-30577
EEOC complaint and Tregre’s refusal to rehire him. Indeed, the evidence
shows that Tregre has at least once recommissioned an employee who
previously filed an EEOC complaint against him. Thomas has thus failed to
create a genuine issue of material fact with respect to both the second and third
prongs of his retaliation claim.

                           IV.     CONCLUSION
   For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.




                                        9
