                              SECOND DIVISION
                                BARNES, P. J.,
                          MILLER, P. J., and DOYLE , J.

                     NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be
                     physically received in our clerk’s office within ten
                     days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.
                                 http://www.gaappeals.us/rules


                                                                     October 27, 2017




In the Court of Appeals of Georgia
 A17A1301. RODRIGUEZ v. THE STATE.                                             DO-044 C

      DOYLE, Judge.

      Following a jury trial, Onofre Rodriguez, Jr., appeals from his conviction for

committing reckless conduct by an HIV-infected person.1 He contends that the

evidence was insufficient to prove that he was an HIV-infected person, as that term

is defined by the applicable Code section, OCGA § 31-22-9.1. Because the State

failed to adduce sufficient evidence to prove this element, we reverse.

      Construed in favor of the verdict,2 the evidence shows that 43-year-old S. F.

became acquainted with 29-year-old Rodriguez when he came to her house to visit

her grandson. After a few more encounters, S. F. invited Rodriguez to go dancing


      1
          OCGA § 16-5-60 (c) (1).
      2
          See Short v. State, 234 Ga. App. 633, 634 (1) (507 SE2d 514) (1998).
with her on a Saturday night, and he agreed. After an evening of dancing, S. F. and

Rodriguez went back to S. F.’s apartment where they engaged in consensual sexual

intercourse. S. F. insisted that Rodriguez use a condom, but during intercourse she

noticed that he was no longer wearing the condom. S. F. ended the intercourse and

demanded to know why Rodriguez had removed the condom. Rodriguez responded

that he was sorry and reluctantly told her, “I am HIV positive. I just carry the virus.”

      S. F. immediately sought medical advice and the following day, Sunday,

reported the incident to the police. On Monday, S. F. went to the health department

with Rodriguez to get herself tested and to confirm that Rodriguez was HIV positive.

After individual counseling at the health department, S. F. privately spoke with

Rodriguez and asked him to prove his status to her. He resisted, and she waited in the

parking lot; eventually, Rodriguez met S. F. in the parking lot and handed her a

single-page document from Quest Diagnostics purporting to show that he had tested

positive for the presence of HIV infection. Later testing of S. F. revealed that she did

not contract HIV.

      Based on S. F.’s report, police contacted Rodriguez, who agreed to speak to

them at the police department. During the interview, Rodriguez admitted that he was

“HIV positive” and that he had had sex with S. F. without telling her of his status

                                           2
beforehand. Based on the interview, police obtained a warrant for Rodriguez’s arrest,

and he was charged with one count of reckless conduct by engaging in sexual

intercourse without first disclosing that he is an HIV-infected person. Following a

jury trial, he was found guilty and sentenced to ten years imprisonent. Rodriguez now

appeals from the denial of his motion for new trial.

      Rodriguez contends that the evidence was insufficient to support the guilty

verdict because the State failed to prove an essential element of the crime, i.e., that

Rodriguez is an “HIV infected person” as that term is defined by statute. Based on the

record in this case, and the controlling statutory authority, we agree.

      When an appellate court reviews the sufficiency of the evidence, “the relevant

question is whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the

prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the

crime beyond a reasonable doubt.”3

      We begin with the axiom that “[t]he State bears the burden of proving every

essential element [of an offense]. . . and the fact that a defendant does not

affirmatively challenge an element at trial does not relieve the State of this burden,


      3
          Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U. S. 307, 319 (III) (B) (99 SCt 2781, 61 LE2d 560)
(1979).

                                           3
nor does it justify the conclusion that the defendant stipulates to the existence of that

element.”4

      The essential elements of a crime are prescribed by the applicable statutory

provisions.5 When reading these provisions,

      [w]e must also bear in mind . . . that where the statutory language is
      plain and susceptible of but one natural and reasonable construction, the
      court has no authority to place a different construction upon it, but must
      construe it according to its terms. In addition, a statute must be
      construed in relation to other statutes of which it is a part, and all
      statutes relating to the same subject-matter, briefly called statutes “in
      pari materia,” are construed together, and harmonized wherever
      possible, so as to ascertain the legislative intendment and give effect
      thereto.6




      4
      (Punctuation omitted.) Melton v. State, 282 Ga. App. 685, 689 (1) (c) n.3 (639
SE2d 411) (2006).
      5
        See Krist v. State, 227 Ga. 85, 89 (1) (179 SE2d 56) (1970) (“For any
particular act or conduct to constitute a criminal offense[,] the statute defining the
offense, or some other law of the State must in express terms declare such conduct
to be a violation of the law or provide that it be punished as a criminal offense.”)
(punctuation and emphasis omitted.).
      6
       (Footnotes and punctuation omitted.) Weaver v. State, 299 Ga. App. 718,
721-722 (2) (683 SE2d 361) (2009).

                                           4
In sum, “[t]hough we may review the text of the provision in question and its context

within the larger legal framework to discern the intent of the legislature in enacting

it, where the statutory text is clear and unambiguous, we attribute to the statute its

plain meaning, and our search for statutory meaning ends.”7

      Here, the elements of the crime are set forth in OCGA § 16-5-60 (c) (“HIV

Reckless Conduct Statute”):

      A person who is an HIV infected person who, after obtaining knowledge
      of being infected with HIV . . . [k]nowingly engages in sexual
      intercourse . . . and . . . does not disclose to the other person the fact of
      that infected person’s being an HIV infected person prior to that
      intercourse or sexual act . . . is guilty of a felony and, upon conviction
      thereof, shall be punished by imprisonment for not more than ten years.


Importantly, subsection (a) of the same Code section provides that “[a]ny term used

in this Code section and defined in Code Section 31-22-9.1 shall have the meaning

provided for such term in Code Section 31-22-9.1.”8 Thus, the statute requires that




      7
       (Punctuation and citation omitted.) Patton v. Vanterpool, __ Ga. __ (Case No.
S17A0767; decided Oct. 16, 2017), citing Scott v. State, 299 Ga. 568, 571 (788 SE2d
468) (2016).
      8
          OCGA § 16-5-60 (a).

                                           5
certain terms in the HIV Reckless Conduct Statute must be given the meanings

provided in OCGA § 31-22-9.1.

      OCGA § 31-22-9.1 defines a number of terms and phrases that appear in the

HIV Reckless Conduct Statute. First, the term “HIV infected person” is defined as

someone “who has been determined to be infected with HIV. . . .”9 The latter phrase

“means having a confirmed positive HIV test.”10 And the phrase “confirmed positive

HIV test” “means the results of at least two separate types of HIV tests, both of which

indicate the presence of HIV in the substance tested thereby.”11 Finally, “HIV test”

is defined as “any antibody, antigen, viral particle, viral culture, or other test to

indicate the presence of HIV in the human body, which test has been approved for

such purposes by the regulations of the department.”12 As used in that chapter of the

Code, “the department” refers to the Department of Community Health (“DCH”).13




      9
          OCGA § 31-22-9.1 (a) (11).
      10
           Id. at (a) (7).
      11
           Id. at (a) (5).
      12
           (Emphasis supplied.) Id. at (a) (12).
      13
           OCGA § 31-22-1 (2.2).

                                            6
       Rodriguez argues that his conviction must be reversed because the DCH has

not promulgated any regulations approving of testing “to indicate the presence of HIV

in the human body,”14 so there was no evidence that he was an “HIV infected

person”15 as defined in the statute. In response, the State identifies no regulations but

simply argues that it was not required to prove the “mysterious new fifth element.”

But as set forth in OCGA §§ 16-5-60 (a) and 31-22-9.1 (12), this element is explicitly

included in the method for proving that a person is an “HIV infected person” for

purposes of the HIV Reckless Conduct Statute. Thus, when these Code sections are

read together, they require the State to prove, among the other elements, that

Rodriguez was determined to be infected with HIV by an HIV test “approved for such

purposes by the regulations of the [DCH].”16 Absent such proof, Rodriguez could not

be found guilty because “[u]nder the uniform rule of strict construction, a penal

statute can not be expanded by implication” to include conduct or persons not

explicitly identified in the statute.17


       14
            Id.
       15
            Id. at (a) (11).
       16
            OCGA § 31-22-9.1 (a) (12).
       17
            Wood v. State, 219 Ga. 509, 513 (134 SE2d 8) (1963).

                                           7
      Other than general clinical laboratory licensing requirements,18 we have found

no DCH regulations specifically purporting to approve testing for purposes of

indicating the presence of HIV. Pretermitting whether the DCH’s general licensing

requirements satisfy the HIV Reckless Conduct Statute, there was no evidence of any

license held by any lab in this case, nor was there any evidence regarding whether the

lab or testing in this case satisfies the DCH’s general licensing requirements.

      The only evidence of Rodriguez’s HIV status was (a) his admission to S. F. and

to police that he was “HIV positive,” and (b) a one-page Quest Diagnostics testing

report that Rodriguez handed to S. F. as they spoke in the parking lot outside of the

local health department office. With respect to Rodriguez’s admission, it could not

satisfy the State’s burden to prove his HIV status as defined under OCGA § 31-22-9.1

because it did not address the statutory element discussed above, i.e. the type of

testing or the approval by DCH.19



      18
           See Ga. Comp. R. & Regs. r. 111-8-10-.01 et seq.
      19
         In the absence of the definitions in OCGA § 31-22-9.1, it would be
reasonable to conclude that a physician’s diagnosis or even a layman’s common-sense
understanding of his status might suffice to prove a person’s HIV status. But the HIV
Reckless Conduct Statute explicitly requires that its language be defined according
to the meanings given in OCGA § 31-22-9.1, and we are without authority to ignore
those meanings or change them. See Weaver, 299 Ga. App. at 721-722 (2).

                                          8
      Likewise, the Quest Diagnostics document does not purport to satisfy the

regulations of the DCH, nor did any witness testify as to the nature of the Quest

Diagnostics report or its compliance with DCH regulations or licensing

requirements.20 It was simply a document that Rodriguez handed to S. F. in a parking

lot, authenticated at trial by S. F. as such a document but nothing more. The report

itself, as it appears in the record, presents raw blood data and medical jargon.21 The

State did not call any physician or other competent witness to explain the test report;

testify as to its origin, methodology, or meaning; or describe how it satisfies the

statutory criteria for demonstrating that a person is an “HIV infected person” under

the definitions in OCGA § 31-22-9.1.22


      20
          It may well be, as a factual matter, that Quest Diagnostics is a fully licensed
clinical laboratory authorized to perform HIV testing. But our review, as was the
jury’s, is properly confined to the proof admitted at trial. See Melton, 282 Ga. App.
at 689 (1) (c) n.3 (noting the State’s burden of proof).
      21
         The substantive portion of the test includes the following notations: “EIV 1/2
EIA AB screen w/ reflex to HIV 1 WB[,] HIV 1/2 EIA AB screen repeatedly
reactive[,] HIV-1 AB confirmation by western blot interpretation . . . In conjunction
with a repeatedly reactive HIV 1/2 screening test, a positive HIV-1 western blot result
confirms the presence of HIV-1 infection in patients greater than 24 months of age.”
      22
        We note that Rodriguez also makes a Confrontation Clause argument that we
need not address. See generally Bullcoming v. New Mexico, 564 U. S. 647, 652 (131
SCt 2705, 180 LE2d 610) (2011) (holding that the Confrontation Clause prevents
admission of “a forensic laboratory report containing a testimonial certification –

                                           9
      Notably, the trial court instructed the jury that an “HIV test” is one that “has

been approved for [indicating the presence of HIV] by the regulations of the [DCH].”

But based on the record before us, there was no evidence addressing this element, so

there was no evidence to support a finding that Rodriguez was an “HIV infected

person”23 with a “confirmed positive HIV test,”24 as those terms are defined by the




made for the purpose of proving a particular fact – through the in-court testimony of
a scientist who did not sign the certification or perform or observe the test reported
in the certification”).
      23
           OCGA § 31-22-9.1 (a) (11).
      24
           Id. at (a) (5).

                                         10
statute.25 Based on this record, we conclude that the State failed to meet its burden to

prove Rodriguez’s status under OCGA § 16-5-60.

      Rodriguez’s remaining enumerations are moot.

      Judgment reversed. Barnes, P. J., and Miller, P. J., concur.




      25
          Compare Davis v. State, __ Ga. App. __ (Case No. A17A1008; decided
September 27, 2017) (not addressing the sufficiency of the evidence of the
defendant’s HIV status but reciting testimony from a treating physician who
diagnosed the defendant with “full blown AIDS”); Ginn v. State, 293 Ga. App. 757,
758 (667 SE2d 712) (2008) (affirming a conviction where the defendant did not
challenge the proof of her HIV status); Burk v. State, 223 Ga. App. 530, 530-531 (1)
(478 SE2d 416) (1996) (affirming a conviction where the defendant’s treating
physician testified that the defendant had developed AIDS, which is another method
of proving HIV status under OCGA § 31-22-9.1 (7)); Davis v. State, 196 Ga. App.
390, 391 (1) (396 SE2d 301) (1990) (affirming conviction on general grounds but not
providing a detailed recitation of the evidence nor specifically addressing the
elements of the crime). Our decision is based on the record and briefing before us and
in the trial court. This Court’s cases affirming other convictions do not conflict with
the holding herein because the argument Rodriguez makes was not ruled upon in
those cases. “Issues merely lurking in the record, neither brought to the court’s
attention nor expressly ruled upon, have not been decided so as to constitute
precedent.” Eady v. Capitol Indem. Corp., 232 Ga. App. 711, 713 (502 SE2d 514)
(1998).

                                          11
