        IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                         AT NASHVILLE
                                 January 15, 2014 Session

                STATE OF TENNESSEE v. RICKEY BRADFORD

                   Appeal from the Circuit Court for Lincoln County
                        No. S1100043 Robert Crigler, Judge


                  No. M2012-02616-CCA-R3-CD - Filed May 30, 2014


The Defendant, Rickey Bradford, was convicted by a Lincoln County Circuit Court jury of
two counts of making a false report, Class C felonies, and extortion, a Class D felony. See
T.C.A. §§ 39-16-502, 39-14-112 (2010). The trial court merged the false report convictions
and sentenced the Defendant as a Range II, multiple offender to concurrent sentences of eight
years for making a false report and five years for extortion. The court ordered that the
effective eight-year sentence be served consecutively to any unexpired sentences. On appeal,
the Defendant contends that (1) the trial court erred by admitting evidence regarding
Navigator Telecommunications records, (2) the trial court erred by failing to instruct the jury
on lost or destroyed evidence, (3) the trial court erred by admitting photographs taken from
a lost or destroyed video recording, (4) the trial court erred by admitting bank records without
requiring the State to comply with the Financial Records Privacy Act, (5) the trial court erred
by permitting the State to impeach him with his previous conviction, and (6) that the
cumulative effect of the trial court’s errors requires a new trial. We affirm the judgments of
the trial court.

  Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgments of the Circuit Court Affirmed

J OSEPH M. T IPTON, P.J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which T HOMAS T. W OODALL
and R OBERT W. W EDEMEYER, JJ., joined.

Robert D. Massey, Pulaski, Tennessee, for the appellant, Rickey Bradford.

Robert E. Cooper, Jr., Attorney General and Reporter; Clark B. Thornton, Senior Counsel;
Robert J. Carter, District Attorney General; and Ann L. Filer, Assistant District Attorney
General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.
                                         OPINION

        This case relates to a bomb threat at a Walmart store in Fayetteville, Tennessee. At
the trial, Joe McGee testified that he worked as the night manager on November 22, 2010.
The grocery-side entrance was the only door open after 10:00 p.m., and video recording
devices were operational inside and outside the store. The store received a telephone call
around 3:00 a.m., and Mr. McGee answered the phone. He said that a middle-aged, male
caller said three bombs were inside the store and instructed him to put money in a bag, take
it to the trees outside the store, and not to call the police. The caller said he was watching
Mr. McGee and threatened to blow up the building if Mr. McGee did not comply. Mr.
McGee did not believe the caller disguised his voice during the call.

       After receiving the bomb threat, Mr. McGee dialed *57 to trace the caller, which was
consistent with Walmart policy. All the employees and patrons were evacuated, and the
police were called. Mr. McGee said several people were inside the store, including forty
employees. The employees and patrons were evacuated to the area with the trees where the
caller wanted the money placed. Mr. McGee did not place money at the trees. The police
arrived shortly after the store was evacuated.

        Mr. McGee testified that the bomb threat interrupted their stocking for the
Thanksgiving holiday and disrupted his patrons’ shopping. Mr. McGee, Jeff Porter, the store
manager, and a few police officers entered the store to determine if anything was a threat.
Although Mr. McGee was afraid to enter the store, he and Mr. Porter were in the best
positions to know if something looked out of place. Mr. McGee feared for his safety and the
safety of his employees and his patrons. He was concerned the injuries resulting from a
bomb would be terrible. The caller did not identify a time frame in which he was required
to deliver the money, but Mr. McGee understood he was to comply immediately.

       Walmart Store Manager Jeff Porter testified that on November 22, 2010, he received
a telephone call from Mr. McGee regarding a bomb threat. The police and fire department
were at the scene when he arrived. He, Mr. McGee, several volunteers, and police officers
entered the store to look for anything out of the ordinary. They did not find a bomb, the store
did not explode, and the store reopened a couple of hours later.

        Mr. Porter reviewed the store call log and testified that employee Rodney Medley
called the employee automated system at 3:26 a.m., during which time the store was
evacuated. He said the stocking of goods was affected because of the bomb threat. He said
that around Thanksgiving, night-shift employees usually unpacked and stocked about 3500
to 4000 boxes of goods. He said sales were affected the next day because the building was
not ready for business until 2:00 or 3:00 p.m.

                                              -2-
        Walmart Asset Protection Manager Matt Phelps testified that he managed all external
and internal theft cases, safety-related issues, and inventory-related issues. He said the video
recording system, which included exterior cameras in the parking lot, worked on November
22, 2010. The morning after the bomb threat, he and a detective reviewed the video
recordings. He printed photographs of a man, who he said was suspicious based on the
manner in which the man walked and the manner in which he entered and left the store.
Based on his experience, he said that many times people entered the store and looked around
as if they were “casing the place.” He also printed photographs of the man’s truck seen in
the parking lot.

       Mr. Phelps testified that the man came into the store twice on November 22, 2010.
The first time, the man entered the grocery section, walked into apparel, looked around for
a second, walked to the register with a couple of items, paid for the items, left the store, got
into his blue truck, and left. A few minutes after the bomb threat was received, the man
returned to the parking lot in the same truck. The man walked to the store “with a very
determined purpose.” As the man entered the store, Walmart employees told him to evacuate
because a bomb threat was received. He provided the video recording and the photographs
to law enforcement, which were received as exhibits. The State played portions of the
recording to the jury showing the man’s previously described movements.
       Mr. Phelps was able to identify the man’s purchase occurring at 2:47 a.m. in the
store’s electronic journal. The store record showed the man paid cash for two tobacco
products and a drink. Mr. Phelps reviewed additional video recordings based on a tip he
received and saw that two nights before the bomb threat at 1:50 a.m., a female from the same
truck entered the store and made a purchase. He said the female left the store and got into
the passenger side of the truck. The store’s electronic journal showed the last four digits of
the debit card number used in the transaction. He provided the information to a detective.

        On cross-examination, Mr. Phelps testified that he learned of the bomb threat from
Detective Eubanks when he arrived for work the next morning. He was provided a time
frame in which the bomb threat was received and used that information to begin his
investigation. He said he did not review the video recordings from November 20 before
concluding that the truck was suspicious. The truck became suspicious to Mr. Phelps when
it entered the parking lot twice. The tip he received about looking at video recordings from
November 20 came from the detective showing third-shift employees a photograph of the
man driving the truck. Mr. Phelps said the man appeared to be “twitching” when he paid for
his items and talked to the cashier “a little more than normal for that time frame.” Mr. Phelps
agreed no one directed patrons not to enter the store after the bomb threat was received,
although they were told to leave after entering.




                                              -3-
       Jared Parsons, Vice-President of Parsons Oil Company, testified that he supervised
the company’s convenience stores, including Arby’s Shell Station near Walmart in
Fayetteville. The store had surveillance cameras inside and outside on November 22, 2010.
Officers contacted the store asking to review the video recordings from November 22. He
learned someone used the pay phone to call Walmart when the convenience store was closed.
He provided the police with a recording of the only person who used the pay phone at the
specified time. He also printed photographs from the video recording, which included a
photograph of the man driving a blue truck who used the telephone around 2:53 a.m. The
man inside the truck was the same man who purchased two tobacco products and a drink at
Walmart. Another photograph showed the truck leaving the convenience store at 3:01 a.m.

       On cross-examination, Mr. Parsons testified that the video recordings were saved for
five days and that on the sixth day, new recordings were taped over the old recordings. The
company who owned the phone paid rent for the phone to be on Mr. Parsons’s property, and
he assumed the phone was operational.

        Winter Walden-Schwartz testified that she was a customer service manager at the
Walmart in Fayetteville and that she worked the night shift on November 22, 2010. She
helped evacuate the customers and gathered them around the trees in the parking lot. On the
night shift, most Walmart patrons were “regulars” who were leaving work from the local
factories. She knew many of the regulars’ faces. She spoke to a detective about her working
the cash register when a particular patron checked out. A detective showed her a photograph
of the suspicious man identified by Mr. Phelps, and she recognized him as a person she
waited on before the bomb threat. The man told her he drove a truck from Florida, and he
bought two tobacco products and a drink. She said the man wore a blue shirt and hat. She
identified the receipt information from the man’s purchase and her operator number. She
previously waited on the man when he bought two identical tobacco products and wore the
same clothes.

        Michael McAllister testified that at the time of the offenses, he was general counsel
and director of regulatory affairs for Navigator Telecommunications. Mr. McAllister
identified November 22, 2010 call records regarding the pay phone at Arby’s convenience
store in Fayetteville. The records showed that at 2:59 a.m., a call was placed to the
Fayetteville Walmart and that the call lasted one minute and fourteen and one-half seconds.

       On cross-examination, Mr. McAllister testified that the document produced was a
“call record,” not a summary he compiled during his research, that each call produced a
record, and that the record was used for billing purposes. The document was retrieved by
Gary Pharis at Mr. McAllister’s direction. Mr. Pharis obtained the call record and showed



                                             -4-
the results to Mr. McAllister, who asked Mr. Pharis to obtain the information again while he
watched Mr. Pharis retrieve the information.

       Walmart market asset manager Glen Ford testified that his responsibilities included
store safety and security. Mr. Ford had access to all data regarding debit and credit card
purchases. He discussed the level of security involved to access a patron’s full debit or credit
card number and identified his printout from the system used to identify a particular
transaction. He identified a November 20, 2010 purchase made at 1:50:58 a.m., which he
said included the full debit card number used in the transaction.

       Eddie Toombs, a regional security officer with Trustmark National Bank, testified that
he received a subpoena to verify the validity of an account number. The data related to its
account holders were maintained as part of the bank’s regular business practices. The
account number was identified as belonging to Lacey N. Spooner, who was issued a debit
card for the account.

       Fayetteville Police Officer Tony Metcalf testified that on November 22, 2010,
Detective Eubanks showed him a photograph of a suspect the detective was attempting to
identify. He told the detective the person in the photograph looked like the Defendant. He
and the Defendant were distant relatives by marriage and had known each other since
childhood. On cross-examination, he stated that he did not know at the time he viewed the
photograph why the detective was looking for the Defendant.

        Fayetteville Police Detective Adam Eubanks testified that he investigated the Walmart
bomb threat. He learned the threat was received by a telephone call, obtained Walmart’s
telephone number, and sent inquiries to telephone service providers to determine the
telephone number associated with the bomb threat. He learned from Navigator
Telecommunications that a call was received by Walmart from a pay phone at Arby’s Shell
Station around 2:59 or 3:00 a.m. He contacted Mr. Phelps and asked him to review
surveillance recordings at Walmart. Mr. Phelps provided a copy of the recording and printed
still photographs from the recording of the man and the man’s truck Mr. Phelps found
suspicious. The man was later identified as the Defendant by Officer Metcalf.

       Regarding the pay phone at Arby’s Shell Station, Detective Eubanks reviewed the
surveillance recording focusing on the pay phone and concluded that the truck in the
recording was the same truck seen in the Walmart recording. The time stamp on the
recording and still photographs was 3:01:01 a.m. Mr. Parsons provided a copy of the
recording. After “quite a period of time” elapsed, the detective attempted to review the
recording, but it was not on the flash drive. By the time the detective realized the recording



                                              -5-
did not properly copy to his flash drive, the original recording at the convenience store had
been overwritten.

       Detective Eubanks learned from Ms. Walden-Schwartz that she was the cashier who
helped the Defendant on November 22, 2010, and that she recalled the items purchased by
the Defendant, the clothes he wore, and his purchasing items a couple of days previously.
He reviewed with Mr. Phelps Walmart’s security recordings from November 20, which
showed the same truck. In the November 20 recording, a female got out of the passenger side
of the truck, entered the store, and bought items with a debit card. The debit card
information was later obtained by Walmart personnel, and the account holder information
was later obtained from Trustmark National Bank. His investigation showed that the account
holder, Ms. Spooner, was related to the Defendant and that the Defendant owned a truck
matching the description of the truck seen in the video recordings at Walmart and at the
convenience store.

       Detective Eubanks located the Defendant at his mother’s apartment on November 23,
2010. The detective noted that the Defendant wore clothes identical to those in the video
recordings from November 22. The Defendant told the detective that he was at Walmart
around 3:00 on the morning the bomb threat was made and that he went to Arby’s Shell
Station after leaving Walmart. The Defendant initially told the detective he went to the
convenience store to purchase a lottery ticket but later said he wanted something to drink,
although he purchased a drink at Walmart minutes earlier. When asked if the Defendant used
the pay phone at the convenience store, he said that his cell phone service was not working
and that he was going to use the pay phone to call his mother. The Defendant also admitted
returning to Walmart after using the pay phone to purchase Campho Phenique. The detective
did not observe a cold sore on the Defendant’s mouth.

        Detective Eubanks drove the distance between Walmart and Arby’s Shell Station
twice, which took one and one-half minutes and one minute and nine seconds respectively.
On the second occasion, the traffic conditions were consistent with the time of the bomb
threat, and he drove the speed limit and was not stopped by any traffic lights.

        On cross-examination, Detective Eubanks testified that he did not give the prosecutor
the flash drive in which the recording from Arby’s Shell Station was supposed to be copied.
He did not provide it to the prosecutor because the recording was not on the flash drive,
although he denied attempting to load the flash drive onto equipment other than his
computer. He attempted to recover fingerprints from the pay phone on November 22, but
none were found, although he did not complete a respective report for his file.




                                             -6-
       Detective Eubanks learned the Defendant had Boost cell service but did not subpoena
the records for his phone. He agreed the Defendant said that he “was at the phone to call his
mother,” not that he used the pay phone.

        Fayetteville Police Officer Nathan Massey testified that he, Detective Eubanks, and
Lieutenant Joel Massey, Officer Massey’s father, went to the Defendant’s mother’s
apartment to talk to the Defendant. He wore a video recording device on his shirt. The video
recording was played for the jury. In the recording, the police officers knocked on the door
and asked for the Defendant, the Defendant came to the door, Detective Eubanks read him
his Miranda rights, and the Defendant said he understood his rights. The Defendant was
asked to account for his whereabouts on Monday, November 22, 2010, at 2:50 a.m., and the
Defendant said he was at Walmart. The Defendant said that after he left Walmart, he drove
to a store to get something to drink. The detective said that the store was closed and that the
Defendant was at the pay phone. The Defendant said he was attempting to get cell phone
service to call his mother but denied calling her. The detective said that when the Defendant
was sitting at the pay phone around 2:59 a.m., Walmart received a bomb threat from the pay
phone at the convenience store. The Defendant admitted returning to Walmart for his cold
sore medication. He said he went to the convenience store to purchase lottery tickets. He
said he drank the soda he purchased at Walmart and needed another one. The Defendant was
placed under arrest. The Defendant said he “never touched that phone.”

       Fayetteville Police Lieutenant Joel Massey testified that he assisted Detective Eubanks
and Officer Massey in talking to the Defendant. He identified photographs he took of the
Defendant’s truck and said the Defendant was read his Miranda rights at the scene and at the
police station.

       Shelia Bradford, the Defendant’s wife, testified for the defense that on November 20,
2010, she, the Defendant, their daughter, and their granddaughter traveled from Florida to
Fayetteville for Thanksgiving. They stopped at Walmart when they arrived in the early
morning hours to buy items for their daughter. They left Walmart and drove to the
Defendant’s mother’s apartment. She said that the Defendant usually went to bed around
6:00 p.m. because of his construction job and that it was not unusual for him to go to
Walmart in the early morning hours.

       On cross-examination, Ms. Bradford testified that Ms. Spooner was the Defendant’s
and her daughter. She was unemployed from August 29, 2009 to March 9, 2010. She and
the Defendant co-owned a truck matching the description of the truck in the recordings
previously received as exhibits. She said that the Defendant was employed in November
2010, and that his mother was awake at 2:00 a.m. when they arrived at her apartment. They
visited the Defendant’s mother for about forty-five minutes to an hour, left, drove to her

                                              -7-
father’s house, and arrived there at 3:45 to 4:00 a.m. They slept for a while, woke, and
visited the family. She said that the Defendant got up in the middle of the night on
November 22, 2010, and left without her and that he was not with her from 2:30 to 3:00 a.m.
She denied knowing about a $7000 civil judgment against the Defendant.

       The Defendant testified that he worked in commercial building construction, that the
duration of his employment depended on the work contracts, and that most of his work was
on military bases in Florida. His work took him away from home multiple weeks a month,
and his work hours during those times prevented a regular sleep pattern. He said he usually
awoke around 1:00 or 2:00 a.m. He admitted to a previous battery conviction.

       The Defendant had Boost cell service on November 22, 2010, and he changed
providers because he did not have “service anywhere.” He said that in Lincoln County, the
service was poor because no cell towers were nearby. He denied entering Walmart on
November 20 when he and his family arrived in Fayetteville. He gave similar testimony as
Ms. Bradford regarding the family’s movements after leaving Walmart on November 20.

       The Defendant testified that on November 22, he woke up, went to town, and stopped
at Walmart for tobacco and a drink. He left Walmart, drove to Arby’s Shell Station for
scratch-off lottery tickets, and realized the store was closed. He denied using the pay phone.
He realized he did not purchase cold sore medication at Walmart and returned to purchase
it. He denied calling in a bomb threat to Walmart.

       The Defendant testified that Ms. Walden-Schwartz was the cashier when he checked
out at Walmart on November 22, 2010, and recalled talking to her for a few minutes. He
denied knowing about a $7000 judgment against him but said the issue was probably about
property he and his former wife bought in Florida. He denied knowing he owed anyone
money.

        On cross-examination, the Defendant testified that he was employed last in 2010 and
had just finished a construction job in November 2010. He stopped at Arby’s Shell Station
after leaving Walmart because the outside lights were on and because he thought the store
was open. He attempted to retrieve his cell phone messages when he stopped in the Arby’s
parking lot. He thought he was there for about five minutes and denied seeing or intending
to use a pay phone. He identified himself and his truck as depicted in photographs from
Walmart and Arby’s Shell Station.

       Regarding his police interview, he agreed he told the police he was going to call his
mother on the pay phone because he could not get service on his cell phone, although he
stated at the trial that he did not park next to the pay phone to use it. He maintained he did

                                             -8-
not intend to use the pay phone and said he sat inside his truck and attempted to get service
on his cell phone. After the Defendant left Walmart when the employees told him the store
was closed, the Defendant went to the Shelbyville Walmart. A receipt for lip balm was time
stamped 5:17 a.m.

       The Defendant was convicted of two counts of making a false report and extortion.
The trial court merged the false report convictions and sentenced the Defendant as a Range
II, multiple offender to concurrent sentences of eight years for making a false report and five
years for extortion, for an effective eight-year sentence to be served in confinement. This
appeal followed.

                                                 I

       The Defendant contends that the trial court erred by admitting as evidence the
Navigator Telecommunications records and by permitting the State’s witness to testify about
the records. He argues that the document identifying the telephone number from which the
bomb threat was made, the time of the call, and the number called was inadmissible hearsay
and violated his confrontation rights because the information was researched and compiled
by someone other than the State’s testifying witness. The State responds that the court
properly admitted the document pursuant to the business records exception to the rule against
hearsay and that the testifying witness was a qualified, live witness to cross-examine. We
conclude that the Defendant is not entitled to relief.

        Hearsay is defined as “a statement, other than one made by the declarant while
testifying at the trial or hearing, offered in evidence to prove the truth of the matter asserted.”
Tenn. R. Evid. 801(c). Hearsay is inadmissible unless admission is authorized by the
evidence rules or by other controlling provisions of law. Id. at 802. One exception to the
hearsay rule is records of regularly conducted activity. Id. at 803(6). Under this exception,

       [a] memorandum, report, record, or data compilation, in any form . . . made at
       or near the time by or from information transmitted by a person with
       knowledge and a business duty to record or transmit if kept in the court of a
       regularly conducted business activity and if it was the regular practice of that
       business activity to make the memorandum, report, record or data compilation,
       all as shown by the testimony of the custodian or other qualified witness[.]

Id. The rule requires that the declarant have a business duty to record or transmit information
and that without such duty, the business record lacks the trustworthiness for which the
exception to the rule against hearsay is based. Id., Advisory Comm’n Cmts. “Whether the
admission of hearsay statements violated a defendant’s confrontation rights is . . . a pure

                                                -9-
question of law,” and the standard of review is de novo. State v. Franklin, 308 S.W.3d 799,
809 (Tenn. 2010) (citing Lilly v. Virginia, 527 U.S. 116, 125 (1999)).

       Before the trial, the State filed a motion seeking permission to present Mr.
McAllister’s affidavit and corresponding Navigator Telecommunication records regarding
the details of the call made from the pay phone rather than to present Mr. McAllister, the
records custodian, at the trial. The Defendant objected on the ground that he had the right
to confront a live witness. In a written order, the trial court concluded that the Confrontation
Clause prohibited the admission of the affidavit in lieu of a live witness.

        At the trial, Mr. McAllister testified that the document produced was a “call record,”
not a summary he compiled during his research, that each call produced a record, and that the
call record was used for billing purposes. He said the call record was retrieved by Gary
Pharis at his direction. He said that Mr. Pharis obtained the call record and showed him the
results and that he asked Mr. Pharis to duplicate the results of his investigation while Mr.
Pharis retrieved the information in his presence.

        The State attempted to present the affidavit created by Mr. McAllister. At a jury-out
hearing, defense counsel objected to the admission of the affidavit related to the telephone
records as hearsay. He argued the affidavit failed to meet the business records exception to
the hearsay rule under Tennessee Rule of Evidence 803(6). Counsel argued that the affidavit
was not produced in the ordinary course of regularly conducted business and was prepared
for the purpose of litigation. Counsel noted that the affidavit referred to a printout of the call
placed at the pay phone, which he argued was an inadmissible summary. Counsel, likewise,
argued that the Confrontation Clause required the State to produce Mr. Pharis, who reviewed
the company’s records, investigated the pay phone at issue, and produced the printout of the
telephone call.

        Regarding the business records exception to the hearsay rule, the trial court stated that
more than one records custodian could exist and that Mr. Pharis and Mr. McAllister were
each custodians. The court found that Mr. Pharis created the document at Mr. McAllister’s
direction as a result of a subpoena and that Mr. McAllister verified the information contained
in the document. The court found that Mr. McAllister had sufficient personal knowledge to
authenticate the results of their investigation. The court, likewise, found that the telephone
records were maintained by the company and that they were kept in the normal course of
business. The court found that the printout regarding the relevant phone call identified the
connection time as 2:59 a.m. on November 22, 2010, the pay phone’s number, the number
dialed, and the duration of the call. The court found that the printout was admissible
evidence. The court found, though, that the affidavit was not a business record and was
inadmissible hearsay.

                                              -10-
       The record shows that Michael McAllister was general counsel and director of
regulatory affairs for Navigator Telecommunications at the time of the offenses. He testified
that business records were maintained regarding the telephone calls made from their pay
phones. The relevant document was a “call record,” which was produced when a call was
made from the pay phone and was used for billing purposes. Mr. McAllister directed Gary
Pharis to retrieve the call record. Mr. Pharis obtained the call record and showed Mr.
McAllister the results of his investigation, after which Mr. Pharis duplicated the results in
Mr. McAllister’s presence.

        We conclude that the call record qualified as a business record exception to the
hearsay rule. Navigator Telecommunication produced call records for each call placed by
their pay phones, which included the incoming and outgoing telephone numbers, the date and
time the call was made, and the duration of the call. The call record was created during the
course of Navigator Telecommunications’ regularly conducted business activity. We note
the call records, like the one in the present case, were used for billing purposes, a business
activity. The critical inquiry is whether the record itself was created in the regular course of
business at or near the time of the recorded event. State v. Baker, 842 S.W.2d 261, 264
(Tenn. Crim. App. 1992) (stating that the record custodian “must be able to testify as to the
identity of the record, the mode of preparation, and whether the record was made in the
regular course of business at or near the time of the recorded event.”). The call record was
not created pursuant to a subpoena but was simply found and printed pursuant to a subpoena.
The fact that the call record was researched and printed after it was recorded is of no
consequence. We conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion.

         Regarding the Defendant’s claim that his confrontation rights were violated because
the State should have presented Mr. Pharis, who located and printed the call record, instead
of Mr. McAllister, we conclude that the Defendant’s confrontation rights were not violated.
The Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides, “In all criminal
prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right . . . to be confronted with the witnesses against
him.” U.S. Const. amend. VI. Article I, section 9 of the Tennessee Constitution states, “That
in all criminal prosecutions, the accused hath the right . . . to meet the witnesses face to face.”
This court “‘has previously adopted the standards of the U.S. Supreme Court under the Sixth
Amendment in determining’” whether a defendant’s confrontation rights have been violated.
State v. Michael Presson, No. W2012-00023-CCA-R3-CD, slip op. at 38 (Tenn. Crim. App.
Apr. 24, 2014) (quoting State v. Armes, 607 S.W.2d 234, 237 (Tenn. 1980)); see State v.
Middlebrooks, 840 S.W.2d 317, 332-33 (Tenn. 1992).

       In Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36, 55 (2004), the Supreme Court concluded
that “[w]here testimonial evidence is at issue, . . . the Sixth Amendment demands . . .
unavailability and a prior cross-examination.” 541 U.S. at 68. When nontestimonial

                                               -11-
evidence is at issue, the States have “flexibility in their development of hearsay law[.]” Id.
Our supreme court has concluded that in Tennessee, “the admissibility of a nontestimonial
hearsay statement is governed by the Tennessee Rules of Evidence.” State v. Franklin, 308
S.W.3d 799, 810 (Tenn. 2010) (citing State v. Lewis, 235 S.W.3d 136, 145 (Tenn. 2007)).
Thus, nontestimonial statements are outside the scope of the Confrontation Clause. Davis
v. Washington, 547 U.S. 813, 821 (2006). The Supreme Court has concluded that business
records do not contain testimonial hearsay. See Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36, 55
(2004); see Crawford, 541 U.S. at 76 (stating that if the Court were to conclude that business
records were testimonial, it “would require numerous additional witnesses without any
apparent gain in the truths-seeking process”) (C.J. Rehnquist, concurring in judgment).

        The trial court properly permitted Mr. McAllister to testify as the records custodian
for Navigator Telecommunications. The call record was a business record and does not
contain testimonial evidence. Mr. McAllister was general counsel for Navigator
Telecommunications and knowledgeable about the record keeping process. Although he
directed Mr. Pharis to research the relevant phone call and print the results, Mr. McAllister
requested Mr. Pharis duplicate his results in Mr. McAllister’s presence. Mr. McAllister was
qualified as a custodian to testify about the call record in the present case. The Defendant
is not entitled to relief on this basis.

                                               II

        The Defendant contends that the trial court erred by failing to include a jury
instruction regarding lost or destroyed evidence. He argues that the lost recording from
Arby’s Shell Station warranted the instruction. The State responds that the trial court did not
abuse its discretion by refusing to include the instruction. We agree that the Defendant is not
entitled to relief.

        In criminal cases, the trial court must give “a complete charge of the law applicable
to the facts of the case and the defendant has a right to have every issue of fact raised by the
evidence and material to his defense submitted to the jury upon proper instructions by the
judge.” State v. Thompson, 519 S.W.2d 789, 792 (Tenn. 1975). An erroneous jury
instruction deprives the defendant of the constitutional right to a jury trial and is subject to
a harmless error analysis. See State v. Garrison, 40 S.W.3d 426, 433-34 (Tenn. 2000). A
jury instruction must be reviewed in its entirety and read as a whole rather than in isolation.
State v. Leach, 148 S.W.3d 42, 58 (Tenn. 2004). “An instruction should be considered
prejudicially erroneous only if the jury charge, when read as a whole, fails to fairly submit
the legal issues or misleads the jury as to the applicable law.” State v. Faulkner, 154 S.W.3d
48, 58 (Tenn. 2005) (citing State v. Vann, 976 S.W.2d 93, 101 (Tenn. 1998)).



                                              -12-
       The State has a constitutional duty to furnish a defendant with exculpatory evidence
pertaining to the defendant’s guilt or innocence or to the potential punishment faced by a
defendant. See Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83, 87 (1963). Our supreme court has said,
“[T]he evidence must potentially possess exculpatory value and be of such a nature that the
defendant would be unable to obtain comparable evidence by other reasonably available
means.” State v. Merriman, 410 S.W.3d 779, 785 (Tenn. 2013) (citing Ferguson, 2 S.W.3d
at 915-16).

       In Ferguson, our supreme court looked to Arizona v. Youngblood, 488 U.S. 51 (1988),
as the “leading federal case regarding the loss or destruction of evidence.” Ferguson, 2
S.W.3d at 915. Both Ferguson and Youngblood dealt with the loss or destruction of
potentially exculpatory evidence. The Court in Youngblood concluded that “unless a
criminal defendant can show bad faith on the part of the police, failure to preserve potentially
useful evidence does not constitute a denial of due process of law.” 488 U.S. at 58. In
Ferguson, our supreme court rejected the bad faith requirement in the Youngblood analysis
because “proving bad faith on the part of the police would be, in the least, extremely
difficult,” and “the Youngblood analysis apparently permits no consideration of the
materiality of the missing evidence or its effect on the defendant’s case.” Ferguson, 2
S.W.3d at 916. Instead, the court adopted a balancing approach and stated that the critical
inquiry in determining the consequences that flow from the State’s loss or destruction of
evidence which the accused contends would be exculpatory is whether “a trial, conducted
without the destroyed evidence, would be fundamentally fair[.]” Id. at 914.

       Ferguson imposed the duty on the State to preserve “potentially exculpatory
evidence.” Noting that the evidence in question “was probably of marginal exculpatory
value,” the court nevertheless said “it was at least ‘material to the preparation of the
defendant’s defense’ and might have led the jury to entertain a reasonable doubt about [the
defendant’s] guilt.” Id. The court said that the State breached its duty to preserve the
evidence and conducted the balancing analysis using the three factors we have noted below.
See id. at 917.

       In the present case, we begin with determining whether the State had a duty to
preserve the evidence. Merriman, 410 S.W.3d at 785; Ferguson, 2 S.W.3d at 917. If the
State had a duty to preserve the evidence and failed in that duty, the court should consider
the following factors in determining the consequences of that error: (1) the degree of
negligence involved, (2) the significance of the lost or destroyed evidence, considered in light
of the probative value and reliability of secondary or substitute evidence that remains
available, and (3) the sufficiency of the other evidence used at the trial to support the
conviction. Ferguson, 2 S.W.3d at 917. If the trial court determines that a trial without the
missing evidence would not be fundamentally fair, then the trial court may dismiss the

                                              -13-
charges or craft such orders as may be appropriate, including a jury instruction, to protect the
defendant’s right to a fair trial. Id.; Merriman, 410 S.W.3d at 785-86. Review of a trial
court’s ruling on the fundamental fairness of a trial without the missing evidence is de novo.
Merriman, 410 S.W.3d at 790. Review of the appropriateness of the remedy provided by the
trial court is for abuse of discretion. Id.

       The evidence shows that the police attempted but failed to copy the video recording
from Arby’s Shell Station to a flash drive. When the detective realized that the flash drive
did not contain the recording, the original recording was no longer available for copying.
The police were able to obtain still photographs showing the Defendant’s truck at the pay
phone outside the convenience store at the time Walmart received the bomb threat, which
were presented at the trial. As a result of the lost recording from the convenience store, the
Defendant requested an instruction on lost or destroyed evidence.

       In a jury-out hearing, the Defendant made an offer of proof to show that the jury
instruction was appropriate because the State violated its duty to preserve evidence.
Detective Eubanks testified that he reviewed the video recording from Arby’s Shell Station
on the store’s DVR. He said the DVR recordings remained stored for about six days and
were then recorded over with new material. He said he reviewed the portion of the recording
showing twenty minutes before and after 2:59 a.m., the time the bomb threat was received.
He said that at 2:59 a.m., the Defendant’s truck was parked in front of the pay phone. He
said the only other vehicle in the recording during the time frame was an employee who did
not park in front of the pay phone. He said no one got out of the truck to use the telephone.

       On cross-examination, Detective Eubanks testified that he could not see anyone reach
out the truck window to use the pay phone or see the occupant of the truck. He agreed the
truck was parked between the telephone and the video camera.

        The trial court stated that neither the State nor the defense asked the detective during
his trial testimony about what he saw on the recording. The court found that the evidence
was of marginal value and had no exculpatory value. The court found that the level of
negligence in the destruction of the evidence was slight. The court noted the detective did
not place the flash drive in the police file to prove at a later date that the recording was not
on it. The court said, though, hindsight was always twenty-twenty. The court found that the
detective testified during his trial testimony that once he realized the recording was not on
the flash drive, it was too late to attempt to obtain another copy of it. The court found that
the recording had minimal significance because the Defendant admitted being at the pay
phone at the specified time. Regarding the sufficiency of the evidence, the court found that
the state had presented a “good circumstantial case” and declined to provide a jury instruction
regarding preservation of evidence.

                                              -14-
        We conclude that the State had a duty to preserve the video recording from the
convenience store. Although the significance of the recording was diminished by the
Defendant’s admitting he was parked near the pay phone when Walmart received the bomb
threat and by Detective Eubanks’ testifying that the Defendant was not visible inside the
truck, the evidence was potentially exculpatory in that the Defendant was not seen making
a telephone call from the pay phone. The level of negligence, though, on the part of the State
was slight because the detective believed a copy of the video recording was on the flash
drive, although he failed to confirm the recording was copied before the time frame expired
to obtain another copy. The Defendant denied using the pay phone. The truck’s location
prevented a showing whether the Defendant reached out the window to use the telephone,
and the still photographs did not show whether the Defendant or someone else used the
telephone. Regarding sufficiency of the other evidence, the Defendant admitted being at
Walmart on the morning of the bomb threat and returning minutes after the threat was
received to purchase cold sore medication, although no cold sore was visible hours after the
bomb threat. He provided inconsistent statements to the police for his being at the
convenience store. We conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion by failing to
provide a jury instruction regarding lost or destroyed evidence. See Merriman, 410 S.W.3d
at 790.

                                               III

        The Defendant contends that the trial court erred by admitting into evidence still
photographs taken from the lost recording at Arby’s Shell Station. He argues that the
admission of the photographs violated Tennessee Rules of Evidence 901(a) and 1002. He
asserts that because the video recording was unavailable, the photographs taken from the
recording were duplicates of the original and were inadmissible. The State responds that the
trial court did not abuse its discretion. We agree with the State.

        Tennessee Rule of Evidence 901(a) requires evidence to be authenticated or identified
and provides, “The evidence of authentication or identification as a condition precedent to
admissibility is satisfied by evidence sufficient to the court to support a finding by the trier
of fact that the matter in question is what its proponent claims.” Tenn. R. Evid. 901(a). Rule
of Evidence 1002 states, “To prove the contents of a . . . photograph, the original . . .
photograph is required, except as otherwise provided in these rules or by Act of Congress or
the Tennessee Legislature.” Id. at 1002.

        However, “A duplicate is admissible to the same extent as an original unless a genuine
question is raised as to the authenticity of the original.” Id. at 1003. Likewise, “The original
is not required, and other evidence of a . . . photograph is admissible if all originals are lost
or destroyed, unless the proponent lost or destroyed them in bad faith.” Id. at 1001(4). “An

                                              -15-
‘original’ of a photograph includes the negatives or any print. If data are stored in a
computer or similar device, any printout or other output readable by sight and shown to
reflect the data accurately is an ‘original.’” Id. at 1001(3). “A ‘duplicate’ is a copy produced
by the same impression as the original, or from the same matrix, or by means of photograph,
. . . or by mechanical or electronic re-recording, or by chemical reproduction, or by other
equivalent techniques which accurately reproduce the original[.]” Id. at 1001(4).

       Although the Defendant claims the still photographs were inadmissible because the
recording from which they came was unavailable, he does not dispute the accuracy of the
depictions in the photographs. The photographs at issue were printed from the recording
stored on a DVR at Arby’s Shell Station, which was the original evidence. The accuracy and
authenticity of the recording and photographs were not disputed. See id. at 1001(3).
Likewise, the recording was not required and the photographs were admissible because the
recording was lost but not in bad faith. See id. at 1001(4). Therefore, the still photographs
were admissible under our rules of evidence. The Defendant is not entitled to relief on this
basis.

                                              IV

        The Defendant contends that the trial court erred by admitting bank records without
requiring the State to comply with the Financial Records Privacy Act regarding the evidence
related to Ms. Spooner’s debit card that was used at Walmart two days before the bomb
threat. He argues that Ms. Spooner was not given notice of the subpoena and was deprived
of her right to attempt to quash the subpoena and that this violation of the Act made the
evidence inadmissible. The State responds that the evidence was properly admitted because
non-compliance with the Act does not require exclusion of the evidence. We agree with the
State.

       The Tennessee Financial Records Privacy Act states, in relevant part, that

       [a] subpoena authorizing the production of financial records may be served
       upon a financial institution only if [a] copy of the subpoena has been served
       upon the customer, if the customer is available for service, in the manner
       provided by law for the service of subpoena, or, in any judicial proceedings in
       which the customer is a named party, a copy of the subpoena has been served
       on the customer in the manner provided for the service of pleadings
       subsequent to the original complaint by the Tennessee Rules of Civil
       Procedure[.]




                                              -16-
T.C.A. § 45-10-106(1) (2012). Further, the Act provides that “[a] financial institution shall
not be required to produce financial records in response to a subpoena unless [t]he subpoena
indicates that the requirements of § 45-10-106 have been met[.]” Id. at § 45-10-107(a)(1).
The statute provides,

       The customer, in the case of a judicial subpoena issued in a proceeding in
       which the customer is not a party, has not moved to quash the subpoena within
       ten (10) days after service of a copy of the subpoena on the customer; or in the
       case of a nonjudicial subpoena, the customer has not notified the issuer, within
       ten (10) days after service of a copy of the subpoena, in which case the issuer
       must petition an appropriate court and obtain approval of the court before
       issuing the subpoena.

Id. at § 45-10-106(2).

        Defense counsel objected to Mr. Toombs’s identifying the account holder for the debit
card on the ground that the State failed to comply with the provision of the Financial Records
Privacy Act requiring service of a copy of the subpoena on the person whose financial
information was sought, which provided the account holder the opportunity to file within
fifteen days a motion to quash the subpoena. Counsel stated that the subpoena did not show
Ms. Spooner was provided a copy of the subpoena and that Ms. Spooner told counsel she did
not receive a copy. Counsel argued that as a result, the evidence related to the account was
inadmissible.

        The trial court noted that section 45-10-107 provided that a financial institution shall
not be required to produce financial records in response to a subpoena. The court found that
although the bank was not required to produce records related to the account, a bank
representative was present at the trial nonetheless. The court found that the statute did not
preclude admission of his testimony.

       Although the Defendant contends that noncompliance with the statute made the
banking records inadmissible against him at his trial, he cites no authority for his position that
he has standing to object to the admission of the banking records. In any event, this court has
concluded that “the Act is directed to financial institutions,” and “contains no penalty for its
violation and certainly does not prohibit the introduction of evidence obtained without
compliance with the Act[.]” State v. M. Dale Lowe, No. 89-92-III, slip op. at 19 (Tenn.
Crim. App. 1990), perm. app. denied (Tenn. Feb. 11, 1991). We conclude that
noncompliance with the Act did not render Ms. Spooner’s financial records inadmissible at
the Defendant’s trial. The Defendant is not entitled to relief on this basis.



                                              -17-
                                               V

       The Defendant contends that the trial court erred by permitting the State to impeach
him with his previous battery conviction. He argues that the court failed to determine the
conviction was relevant to his credibility pursuant to Tennessee Rule of Evidence 609. The
State concedes that the trial court failed to analyze the relevance of the battery conviction to
the Defendant’s credibility but argues that any error by the trial court was harmless. We
conclude that the Defendant is not entitled to relief.

       Pursuant to Tennessee Rule of Evidence 609, the credibility of the accused may be
attacked by presenting evidence of prior convictions. The prior conviction must be for a
felony offense or for a crime involving dishonesty or false statement. Tenn. R. Evid.
609(a)(2). Less than ten years must have elapsed between the date the accused was released
from confinement and the commencement of the prosecution. Id. at 609(b). Also, the State
must give reasonable written notice of the impeaching conviction before trial, and the trial
court must find that the conviction’s probative value on credibility outweighs its unfair
prejudicial effect on the substantive issues. Id. at 609(a)(3); see State v. Mixon, 983 S.W.2d
661, 674 (Tenn. 1999); State v. Farmer, 841 S.W.2d 837, 839 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1992). This
requires the court to analyze the impeaching conviction’s relevance to credibility and to
determine the similarity between the current offense and the offense underlying the
impeaching conviction. State v. Thompson, 36 S.W.3d 102, 109 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2000);
see Mixon, 982 S.W.2d at 674. The previous felony conviction “need not involve
dishonesty.” Thompson, 26 S.W.3d at 109. The trial court’s decision to allow a prior
conviction under Rule 609 will not be reversed on appeal unless the trial court abused its
discretion. State v. Blanton, 926 S.W.2d 953, 960 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1996).

        Before the trial, the Defendant sought to exclude his previous convictions pursuant
to Rule 609. In a written order, the trial court took the Defendant’s motion under advisement
and reserved ruling until the trial. We note the transcript from this hearing is not included
in the appellate record.

       In a jury-out hearing at the trial, the trial court found that the Defendant had previous
felony convictions for theft, arson, attempt to commit a felony, and battery, for which he
received respective two, four, one, and two-year sentences. The court found that the State
could impeach the Defendant if he chose to testify with his 2001 felony battery conviction.
The court found that the probative value of the conviction outweighed its prejudicial effect
and that it was a dissimilar crime than the current offenses. The court precluded the State
from using the other convictions for impeachment purposes because they were committed
in 1982 and 1991 but permitted their use if the defense opened the door.



                                              -18-
        The State concedes that the trial court failed to analyze the conviction’s relevance to
the Defendant’s credibility. Pursuant to Florida law, felony battery is defined as “actually
or intentionally touch[ing] or strik[ing] another person against the will of the other . . . and
[c]aus[ing] great bodily harm, permanent disability, or permanent disfigurement.” Fla. Stat.
§ 784.041. Regarding the similarity of the offenses, the purpose contemplated by the Rule
is to prevent the danger that a jury will improperly consider a similar previous conviction as
“evidence of the propensity of the defendant to commit the [charged] crime.” State v.
Waller, 118 S.W.3d 368, 373 (Tenn. 2003). Because the Defendant’s previous battery
conviction and the current offenses are dissimilar, the unfair prejudicial effect of the battery
conviction was minimal.

       Although Rule 609 suggests that the commission of any felony is “generally
probative” of a defendant’s credibility, our supreme court has rejected a per se rule that
permits impeachment by any felony conviction. Mixon, 983 S.W.2d at 674; Waller 118
S.W.3d at 371. We note that although the Defendant asserts that his battery conviction was
inadmissible because it did not involve dishonesty, Rule 609 requires a previous felony
conviction or a previous conviction for an offense involving dishonesty or a false statement.
Previous felony convictions “need not involve dishonesty.” Thompson, 26 S.W.3d at 109.

        This court has upheld the admission of unlawful weapon possession and drug-related
convictions under Rule 609, in part, because the defendant’s credibility was the “paramount
factual issue in the case.” State v. Timothy Aaron Baxter, No. W2012-02555-CCA-R3, slip
op. 11 (Tenn. Crim. App. Jan. 3, 2014). This court concluded that the convictions were
probative of the defendant’s credibility, which became an issue when he denied standing at
the podium while the trial court instructed him about when to return to court. Id. (citing State
v. Jeffery Yates, No. W2003-02422-CCA-R3-CD, slip op. at 14-15 (Tenn. Crim. App. July
21, 2009) (concluding that “the [d]efendant put his credibility . . . at issue because he took
the witness stand and denied that he had been with Michael Kay” when the offense occurred
and that “the probative value of past actions of poor moral character became particularly
important”); see State v. Michael Brady, No. M1999-02253-CCA-R3-CD, slip op. at 6 (Tenn.
Crim. App. Jan. 12, 2001) (concluding that the defendant “made his credibility an important
issue by denying any wrongdoing and asserting legitimate conduct”).

       In the present case, the Defendant admitted being at Walmart before and after the
bomb threat was received. He admitted being at Arby’s convenience store when the bomb
threat was made but denied placing the telephone call from the pay phone. Rather, he
asserted he was engaging in legitimate conduct, although the store was not open for him to
purchase lottery tickets or a second drink. We note that although the State presented a strong
circumstantial case that the Defendant made a bomb threat by using the pay phone outside
the convenience store, no direct evidence showed the Defendant using the pay phone at the

                                              -19-
relevant time. The Defendant made his credibility a critical issue by denying any
wrongdoing, which the jury had to assess, and the battery conviction was probative of his
credibility. See State v. Bruce Marvin Vann, No. W2002-00161-CCA-R3-CD, slip op. at 8
(Tenn. Crim. App. Mar. 31, 2003) (concluding that the trial court did not abuse its discretion
by admitting felony evading arrest and reckless endangerment convictions pursuant to 609
when the Defendant’s credibility was a critical issue for the jury to determine); see also See
Jeffery Yates, slip op. at 14-15; Timothy Aaron Baxter, slip op. at 10. Thus, although the trial
court failed to engage in a full analysis pursuant to Rule 609, we conclude that the trial court
did not abuse its discretion by permitting the State to impeach the Defendant with his
previous felony battery conviction. We conclude that the probative value of the evidence on
the Defendant’s credibility substantially outweighed any prejudicial effect. The Defendant
is not entitled to relief on this basis.

                                                VI

        The Defendant contends that the cumulative effect of the trial court’s errors entitles
him to a new trial. The State responds that the Defendant has not established that he is
entitled to a new trial on the basis of cumulative error. We agree with the State.

        The cumulative error doctrine stands for the proposition that “multiple errors
committed in the trial proceedings, each of which in isolation constitutes mere harmless
error, but which when aggregated, have a cumulative effect on the proceedings so great as
to require reversal in order to preserve a defendant’s right to a fair trial.” State v. Hester, 324
S.W.3d 1, 76-77 (Tenn. 2010) (internal citations omitted). Our supreme court has stated that
“‘the combination of multiple errors may necessitate the reversal . . . even if individual errors
do not require relief.’” State v. Jordan, 325 S.W.3d 1, 79 (Tenn. 2010) (quoting State v.
Cribbs, 967 S.W.2d 773, 789 (Tenn. 1998)).

        We have concluded that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in the evidentiary
issues raised by the Defendant. As a result, cumulative error does not exist. The Defendant
is not entitled to relief on this basis.

        In consideration of the foregoing and the record as a whole, we affirm the judgments
of the trial court.

                                              ____________________________________
                                             JOSEPH M. TIPTON, PRESIDING JUDGE




                                               -20-
