            If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
                 revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.




                          STATE OF MICHIGAN

                           COURT OF APPEALS



PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,                                    UNPUBLISHED
                                                                    November 14, 2019
               Plaintiff-Appellee,

v                                                                   No. 345666
                                                                    Oakland Circuit Court
MARK SHAKKURI,                                                      LC No. 2018-265668-FH

               Defendant-Appellant.


Before: M. J. KELLY, P.J., and FORT HOOD and SWARTZLE, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

        A jury convicted defendant of interfering with an electronic communication, MCL
750.540(5)(a), for which the trial court sentenced him to two days in jail with credit for two days
served, and 18 months’ probation. Defendant appeals as of right. We affirm defendant’s
conviction and sentence, but remand for further proceedings to allow the trial court to establish a
factual basis for the amount of court costs imposed, or to modify that amount if appropriate.

         Defendant’s conviction arises out of a domestic dispute during which defendant allegedly
obstructed his wife, Noura Shakkuri, from summoning the police to their Troy home. The
prosecution presented evidence that, after defendant became angry with Noura and picked up a
small knife, Noura retrieved a landline phone, walked into their children’s bedroom, and called
911. Defendant followed her into the room, grabbed the phone from her hand, and ended the
call. When the 911 operator called back, defendant again ended the call, stating that there was
no emergency. Ultimately, Noura was able to retrieve her cell phone and successfully complete
a call to 911. While Noura was on the phone with the 911 operator, defendant left the house. At
trial, defendant denied any wrongdoing, claiming that he did not end the call because Noura was
calling the police, and that there was no emergency. The jury acquitted defendant of a charge of
felonious assault, MCL 750.82, but found him guilty of interfering with an electronic
communication.

                            I. SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE




                                                -1-
        Defendant first argues that the prosecution failed to present sufficient evidence to prove
beyond a reasonable doubt that he prevented Noura from calling 911 to sustain his conviction of
interfering with electronic communications. We disagree.

        We review de novo a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence. People v Bailey, 310
Mich App 703, 713; 873 NW2d 855 (2015). When ascertaining whether sufficient evidence was
presented at trial to support a conviction, this Court must view the evidence in a light most
favorable to the prosecution and determine whether a rational trier of fact could find that the
essential elements of the crime were proven beyond a reasonable doubt. People v Reese, 491
Mich 127, 139; 815 NW2d 85 (2012). This Court will not interfere with the trier of fact’s role of
determining issues of weight and credibility. People v Unger, 278 Mich App 210, 222; 749
NW2d 272 (2008). Rather, “a reviewing court is required to draw all reasonable inferences and
make credibility choices in support of the jury’s verdict.” People v Nowack, 462 Mich 392, 400;
614 NW2d 78 (2000).

       MCL 750.540(4) provides:

               A person shall not willfully and maliciously prevent, obstruct, or delay by
       any means the sending, conveyance, or delivery of any authorized
       communication, by or through any telegraph or telephone line, cable, wire, or any
       electronic medium of communication, including the internet or a computer,
       computer program, computer system, or computer network.

Noura testified that, after defendant “got mad” and pulled a knife from a kitchen cabinet—in the
presence of their children—Noura became scared, picked up a cordless landline phone, and
called 911. She walked from the kitchen to a bedroom, and defendant followed her with the
knife in his hand. As she was talking to the 911 operator, requesting that the police “please
come” to their house, defendant took the phone from her hand and “[h]ung up,” causing the 911
call to disconnect.

        The audio evidence of the 911 call reveals yelling in the background before the call is
disconnected. When the 911 operator called back, defendant again ended the call. The phone
“hit[] the ground” and “the battery came out.” The responding officer then confirmed in his
testimony that the phone’s battery was hanging out and disconnected, “render[ing] the phone
inoperable.” This evidence, viewed in a light most favorable to the prosecution, was sufficient to
permit a rational trier of fact to infer beyond a reasonable doubt that, as Noura was using the
landline phone to communicate with the 911 operator, defendant willfully and maliciously
prevented, obstructed, or delayed her ability to convey an authorized communication to the
police.

        Defendant suggests that the evidence did not support his conviction because (1) he ended
the call because there was no emergency, and (2) Noura ultimately was able to call 911. Despite
defendant’s opinion that there was no emergency, there was evidence that Noura was calling 911
for help because defendant was armed with a knife and Noura was concerned for the safety of
herself and their four children. Furthermore, the fact that Noura was able to ultimately call 911
using her cell phone did not prevent the jury from finding that defendant’s act of taking the
landline phone from her, ending the call, and ultimately rendering the phone inoperable

                                               -2-
obstructed or delayed the sending of an authorized communication. The prosecution presented
sufficient evidence to support defendant’s conviction of interfering with an electronic
communication.

                                     II. SCORING OF OV 10

       Defendant next argues that he is entitled to resentencing because the trial court erred by
scoring offense variable (OV) 10 (exploitation of a vulnerable victim) of the sentencing
guidelines. Again, we disagree.

         When reviewing a trial court’s scoring decision, the trial court’s “factual determinations
are reviewed for clear error and must be supported by a preponderance of the evidence.” People
v Hardy, 494 Mich 430, 438; 835 NW2d 340 (2013). “Whether the facts, as found, are adequate
to satisfy the scoring conditions prescribed by statute, i.e., the application of the facts to the law,
is a question of statutory interpretation, which an appellate court reviews de novo.” Id.

       OV 10 addresses exploitation of a vulnerable victim, and the trial court must assess 10
points for OV 10 if “[t]he offender exploited a victim’s physical disability, mental disability,
youth or agedness, or a domestic relationship, or the offender abused his or her authority status.”
MCL 777.40(1)(b). The statute instructs that “[t]he mere existence of 1 or more factors
described in subsection (1) does not automatically equate with victim vulnerability.” MCL
777.40(2). “Vulnerability” is defined by MCL 777.40(2)(c) as the “readily apparent
susceptibility of a victim to injury, physical restraint, persuasion, or temptation.” “ ‘Exploit’
means to manipulate a victim for selfish or unethical purposes.” MCL 777.40(3)(b). The trial
court must score zero points if “[t]he offender did not exploit a victim’s vulnerability.” MCL
777.40(1)(d).

        The facts of the case provided a reasonable basis for the trial court to conclude that
defendant exploited his domestic relationship with Noura by preventing her from calling the
police in an emergency.1 Defendant and Noura were married and lived together in the same
house with their four young sons. Again, there was evidence that, after defendant retrieved a
small knife, he followed Noura, who was concerned about her and their children’s safety, into
their children’s bedroom as she was calling 911 for assistance. Defendant then took the phone
and ended the call. This evidence supports a finding that defendant acted to prevent Noura from
summoning assistance because of his actions toward her in the context of their domestic
relationship, and out of his fear of being arrested by the police. This inference is supported by
defendant’s act of leaving the familial home, while Noura was later on the phone with 911,
before the police arrived. The trial court did not err by finding that the facts supported a 10-point
score for OV 10. Hardy, 494 Mich at 438.

                                        III. COURT COSTS


1
  When calculating scores under the sentencing guidelines, a trial court may consider all the
evidence in the trial court record. People v Dickinson, 321 Mich App 1, 21; 909 NW2d 24
(2017).


                                                 -3-
       In his last claim, defendant argues that remand is necessary for a determination of
whether there was a reasonable relationship between the $500 in court costs imposed by the trial
court and the actual costs incurred by the court. We agree.

        Because defendant did not challenge the trial court’s imposition of court costs before the
trial court, we review defendant’s unpreserved claim for plain error affecting defendant’s
substantial rights. People v Carines, 460 Mich 750, 762-763; 597 NW2d 130 (1999).

         “[C]ourts may impose costs in criminal cases only where such costs are authorized by
statute.” People v Cunningham, 496 Mich 145, 149; 852 NW2d 118 (2014). Defendant does not
challenge the trial court’s authority to impose such costs, and indeed, MCL 769.1k provides trial
courts with the authority to impose “any cost reasonably related to the actual costs incurred by
the trial court without separately calculating those costs involved in the particular case[.]” MCL
769.1k(1)(b)(iii). Such actual costs include:

               (A) Salaries and benefits for relevant court personnel.

               (B) Goods and services necessary for the operation of the court.

              (C) Necessary expenses for the operation and maintenance of court
       buildings and facilities. [MCL 769.1k(1)(b)(iii)(A)-(C).]

Although a trial court is not required to separately calculate the court costs, it is required to “
‘establish a factual basis’ from which this Court can ‘determine whether the costs imposed were
reasonably related to the actual costs incurred by the trial court.’ ” People v Stevens, 318 Mich
App 115, 121; 896 NW2d 815 (2016), quoting People v Konopka (On Remand), 309 Mich App
345, 359-360; 869 NW2d 651 (2015).

        In this case, the trial court provided no factual basis for assessing $500 in court costs.
“[W]ithout a factual basis for the costs imposed, we cannot determine whether the costs imposed
were reasonably related to the actual costs incurred by the trial court, as required by MCL
769.1k(1)(b)(iii).” Konopka (On Remand), 309 Mich App at 360. We therefore remand for the
trial court to provide a factual basis for the imposition of $500 in court costs under MCL
769.1k(1)(b)(iii), or to modify that amount if appropriate.

        Affirmed in part and remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. We
do not retain jurisdiction.



                                                            /s/ Michael J. Kelly
                                                            /s/ Karen M. Fort Hood
                                                            /s/ Brock A. Swartzle




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