                            UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                            FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

MESERETU WONDIE,                              :
                                              :
                       Plaintiff,             :       Civil Action No.:       09-0625 (RMU)
                                              :
                       v.                     :       Re Document No.:        7
                                              :
RAHEAL MEKURIA,                               :
                                              :
                       Defendant.             :

                                    MEMORANDUM OPINION

                GRANTING THE PLAINTIFF’S MOTION FOR DEFAULT JUDGMENT

                                       I. INTRODUCTION

       This matter is before the court on the plaintiff’s motion for default judgment. The

plaintiff, an artist of Ethiopian origin, commenced this action for copyright infringement under

the Copyright Act of 1976, 17 U.S.C. §§ 101 et seq., claiming that the defendant produced and

sold unauthorized copies of one of his copyrighted paintings. The defendant has not responded

to the plaintiff’s complaint or otherwise participated in this litigation. For the reasons discussed

below, the court grants the plaintiff’s motion for default judgment and awards him injunctive and

monetary relief.



                      II. FACTUAL & PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

       The plaintiff is an artist of Ethiopian origin whose paintings center on his Ethiopian

heritage and have been exhibited internationally. Compl. ¶¶ 9-10. He is the creator of an

original painting titled “Meskelathe Beza” (“the Painting”), for which he owns a registered

United States copyright. Id. ¶ 1, Ex. B. The defendant is the owner of a store located in the

District of Columbia that sells Ethiopian food, clothing, music and art. Id. ¶ 5. In 1993, the
defendant purchased a set of poster prints of the Painting, at ten dollars per print, for the

purposes of reselling them at her store. Id. ¶ 2; Pl.’s Decl. ¶ 5. Each print contained a copyright

notice. Compl. ¶ 13. Between 1993 and 2003, the defendant occasionally bought more prints

from the plaintiff to replenish her supply. Pl.’s Decl. ¶ 6.

       In May 2006, the plaintiff visited the defendant’s store and observed at least fifteen

unauthorized copies of the Painting on sale for seven to ten dollars. Id. ¶ 9. The unauthorized

copies did not contain the plaintiff’s copyright notice. Compl. ¶ 13. The plaintiff purchased one

unauthorized copy of the Painting at the defendant’s store for seven dollars. Pl.’s Decl. ¶ 9; Pl.’s

Mot., Ex. D.

       On April 6, 2009, the plaintiff filed a complaint against the defendant for copyright

infringement. See generally Compl. The plaintiff served the defendant on April 29, 2009 by

leaving a copy of the summons and complaint with the defendant’s husband at her residence.

Pl.’s Aff. of Serv. Because the defendant failed to appear, plead or otherwise defend herself in

this action, the Clerk of the Court entered default against the defendant on September 4, 2009.

Entry of Default (Sept. 4, 2009). On May 10, 2010, the plaintiff filed this motion for default

judgment, seeking a permanent injunction and monetary damages. See generally Pl.’s Mot.

Despite being served with a copy of this motion, the defendant has failed to respond.



                                          III. ANALYSIS

           A. Legal Standard for Entry of Default Judgment Under Rule 55(b)(2)

       A court has the power to enter default judgment when a defendant fails to defend its case

appropriately or otherwise engages in dilatory tactics. Keegel v. Key W. & Caribbean Trading

Co., 627 F.2d 372, 375 n.5 (D.C. Cir. 1980). Rule 55(a) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure



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provides for entry of default “[w]hen a party against whom a judgment for affirmative relief is

sought has failed to plead or otherwise defend as provided by these rules.” FED. R. CIV. P. 55(a).

Upon request of the party entitled to default, Rule 55(b)(2) authorizes the court to enter against

the defendant a default judgment for the amount claimed and costs. Id. 55(b)(2).

       Because courts strongly favor resolution of disputes on their merits, and because “it

seems inherently unfair” to use the court’s power to enter judgment as a penalty for filing delays,

modern courts do not favor default judgments. Jackson v. Beech, 636 F.2d 831, 835 (D.C. Cir.

1980). Accordingly, default judgment usually is available “only when the adversary process has

been halted because of an essentially unresponsive party . . . [as] the diligent party must be

protected lest he be faced with interminable delay and continued uncertainty as to his rights.” Id.

at 836 (quoting H. F. Livermore Corp. v. Aktiengesellschaft Gebruder Loepfe, 432 F.2d 689, 691

(D.C. Cir. 1970)).

       Default establishes the defaulting party’s liability for the well-pleaded allegations of the

complaint. Adkins v. Teseo, 180 F. Supp. 2d 15, 17 (D.D.C. 2001); Avianca, Inc. v. Corriea,

1992 WL 102999, at *1 (D.D.C. Apr. 13, 1992); see also Brock v. Unique Racquetball & Health

Clubs, Inc., 786 F.2d 61, 65 (2d Cir. 1986) (noting that “default concludes the liability phase of

the trial”). Default does not, however, establish liability for the amount of damage that the

plaintiff claims. Shepherd v. Am. Broad. Cos., Inc., 862 F. Supp. 486, 491 (D.D.C. 1994),

vacated on other grounds, 62 F.3d 1469 (D.C. Cir. 1995). Instead, “unless the amount of

damages is certain, the court is required to make an independent determination of the sum to be

awarded.” Adkins, 180 F. Supp. 2d at 17; see also Credit Lyonnais Secs. (USA), Inc. v.

Alcantara, 183 F.3d 151, 155 (2d Cir. 1999) (stating that the court must conduct an inquiry to

ascertain the amount of damages with reasonable certainty). The court has considerable latitude



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in determining the amount of damages. Jones v. Winnepesaukee Realty, 990 F.2d 1, 4 (1st Cir.

1993). To fix the amount, the court may conduct a hearing. FED. R. CIV. P. 55(b)(2). The court

is not required to do so, however, “as long as it ensure[s] that there [is] a basis for the damages

specified in the default judgment.” Transatlantic Marine Claims Agency, Inc. v. Ace Shipping

Corp., Div. of Ace Young Inc., 109 F.3d 105, 111 (2d Cir. 1997).

         B. The Court Grants the Plaintiff’s Motion for Entry of Default Judgment

     1. The Defendant’s Default Establishes Her Liability for Copyright Infringement

       The defendant’s default in this action establishes her liability for the well-pleaded

allegations in the plaintiff’s complaint. Adkins, 180 F. Supp. 2d at 17. Accordingly, the plaintiff

argues that the defendant is liable for copyright infringement and that the court should enter a

default judgment. Pl.’s Mot. at 2-3.

       To establish liability for copyright infringement, the plaintiff must demonstrate “(1)

ownership of a valid copyright, and (2) copying of constituent elements of the work that are

original.” Stenograph L.L.C. v. Bossard Assocs., Inc., 144 F.3d 96, 99 (D.C. Cir. 1998) (quoting

Feist Publ’ns, Inc. v. Rural Tel. Serv. Co., 499 U.S. 340, 361 (1991)). The plaintiff is the owner

of a valid copyright for the Painting. Compl., Ex. B. The defendant made unauthorized copies

of the Painting, removed the plaintiff’s copyright notice and sold the unauthorized copies for

profit without the plaintiff’s knowledge or authorization. Compl. ¶¶ 2-3. These allegations,

coupled with the defendant’s default, establish the defendant’s liability for willfully infringing on

the plaintiff’s copyright in the Painting. Id. Accordingly, the court concludes that the defendant

is liable for copyright infringement, grants the plaintiff’s motion and enters default judgment

against the defendant. See Int’l Painters & Allied Trades Indus. Pension Fund v. Auxier

Drywall, L.L.C., 531 F. Supp. 2d 56, 57 (D.D.C. 2008) (explaining that a defendant’s failure to



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respond to the summons and complaint, the entry of default, or the motion for default judgment

satisfies the standard for entry of default judgment) (citing Gutierrez v. Berg Contracting Inc.,

2000 WL 331721, at *1 (D.D.C. Mar. 20, 2000)).

                 2. The Plaintiff is Entitled to Injunctive and Monetary Relief

                         a. The Plaintiff’s Request for Injunctive Relief

       The plaintiff requests that the court permanently enjoin the defendant, her employees and

agents and all persons acting in concert with her from engaging in future infringement of the

plaintiff’s copyright in the Painting. Pl.’s Mot. at 3-5. The plaintiff argues that such an

injunction is necessary because his ability to exclusively market and sell his original work is

being permanently and irreparably impaired by the defendant’s actions. Id. at 4-5.

       In determining whether to grant a permanent injunction, the court “considers a modified

iteration of the factors it utilizes in assessing preliminary injunctions: (1) success on the merits,

(2) whether the plaintiffs will suffer irreparable injury absent an injunction, (3) whether,

balancing the hardships, there is harm to defendants or other interested parties, and (4) whether

the public interest favors granting the injunction.” American Civil Liberties Union v. Mineta,

319 F. Supp. 2d 69, 87 (D.D.C. 2004). In copyright infringement cases, a copyright holder is

“‘presumed to suffer irreparable harm as a matter of law when his right to the exclusive use of

copyrighted material is invaded.’” Health Ins. Ass’n of Am. v. Novelli, 211 F. Supp. 2d 23, 28

(D.D.C. 2002) (quoting Hart v. Sampley, 1992 WL 100135, at *3 (D.D.C. Feb. 4, 1992)).

Further, a defendant’s “continuing disregard for Plaintiff’s rights demonstrates that Defendant

will continue to infringe on Plaintiff’s rights, absent an injunction. This finding alone entitles

Plaintiff to a permanent injunction.” Lifted Research Grp., Inc. v. Behdad, Inc., 591 F. Supp. 2d




                                                   5
3, 8 (D.D.C. 2008) (“Behdad I”) (citing Walt Disney Co. v. Powell, 897 F.2d 565, 567 (D.C. Cir.

1990)).

          As discussed in the previous section, the plaintiff has succeeded on the merits; the

defendant’s default establishes her liability for infringing on the plaintiff’s copyright over the

Painting. See supra Part III.B.1. This invasion of the plaintiff’s “right to the exclusive use of

[his] copyrighted material” constitutes irreparable harm. Novelli, 211 F. Supp. 2d at 28. An

injunction would cause no harm to the defendant or others, whereas without an injunction, the

defendant may continue to produce and sell unauthorized copies of the Painting. Furthermore,

the public interest favors protecting the plaintiff’s copyright and federal copyright law. Behdad

I, 591 F. Supp. 2d at 8. Accordingly, the court grants the plaintiff’s request for a permanent

injunction.

                        b. The Plaintiff’s Request for Monetary Damages

          The plaintiff also requests monetary damages for the defendant’s infringement. The

plaintiff contends that the defendant has sold at least 300 unauthorized copies of the Painting for

seven to ten dollars each. Pl.’s Mot. at 6. The plaintiff argues that each infringing copy sold by

the defendant represents a copy that the plaintiff could have sold. Id. Because the plaintiff

generally sold copies of the Painting to third parties for up to twenty dollars a copy, he contends

that the defendant’s infringement resulted in lost revenues of $6,000 (300 copies at twenty

dollars per copy). Id. The plaintiff asserts that he has lost profits in the amount of $4,030,

representing $6,000 in lost revenue less $1,970 in costs associated with the creation and sale of

the Painting. Id.

          Under the Copyright Act, a copyright owner is “entitled to recover the actual damages

suffered . . . as a result of the infringement, and any profits of the infringer that are attributable to



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the infringement and are not taken into account in computing the actual damages.” 17 U.S.C. §

504(b). In calculating actual damages on a motion for default judgment, the plaintiff must prove

his entitlement to the amount of damages requested. Breaking the Chain Found., Inc. v. Capitol

Educ. Support, Inc., 589 F. Supp. 2d 25, 31 (D.D.C. 2008). In its determination of actual

damages, a court may draw all reasonable inferences from the plaintiff’s recollections and the

evidence offered. Pleitez v. Carney, 594 F. Supp. 2d 47, 48-49 (D.D.C. 2009).

       Alternatively, the court may award statutory damages (instead of actual damages),

holding the infringer liable for an amount not less than $750 or more than $30,000 per work

infringed. 17 U.S.C. § 504(c)(1). In cases of willful infringement, the court in its discretion may

increase this award up to $150,000. Id. § 504(c)(2). Statutory damages are often appropriate on

a motion for default judgment because a defaulting party has information needed to prove actual

damages. Behdad I, 591 F. Supp. 2d at 8 (quoting Microsoft Corp. v. McGee, 490 F. Supp. 2d

874, 882 (S.D. Ohio 2007)).

       Calculating actual damages in this case proves to be difficult due to the incomplete nature

of the plaintiff’s evidence. The plaintiff asserts, based on information and belief, that the

defendant has sold at least 300 copies of the Painting at seven to ten dollars each. Pl.’s Decl. ¶

11. The plaintiff has not, however, provided the court with information regarding the

defendant’s sales, revenues or profits from the sale of the infringing copies. See generally Pl.’s

Mot. Given that the plaintiff himself purchased an unauthorized copy for seven dollars, see Pl.’s

Decl. ¶ 9, the court cannot assume that the defendant sold all 300 unauthorized copies for ten

dollars each. Cf. Breaking the Chain, 589 F. Supp. 2d at 31-32 (accepting price of concert event

as printed on ticket in calculating the defendant’s profits from ticket sales in trademark

infringement case, but rejecting hearsay evidence as proof of how many tickets were sold).



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Furthermore, because the defendant sold the infringing copies at a lower price (seven to ten

dollars) than the plaintiff would have charged (ten to twenty dollars), the court cannot assume

that the plaintiff would have been able to sell all 300 copies at a higher price. See Stevens Linen

Assocs., Inc. v. Mastercraft Corp., 656 F.2d 11, 14 (2d Cir. 1981) (refusing to grant damage

award based on an assumption that the plaintiff would have sold the entire amount of fabric that

the defendant copied and sold at a lower price). Indeed, the plaintiff has presented scant

evidence that the defendant actually sold 300 unauthorized copies of the Painting. See generally

Pl.’s Mot.; Pl.’s Decl.

       The difficulty of computing actual damages in this case suggests that statutory damages

are more appropriate here. See Behdad I, 591 F. Supp. 2d at 8. Although usually awarded upon

the plaintiff’s request, a court may exercise its discretion to award statutory damages even if the

plaintiff does not specifically request such an award. See Dan Kasoff, Inc. v. Palmer Jewelry

Mfg. Co., 171 F. Supp. 603, 607 (S.D.N.Y. 1959) (stating that “the inadequacy of proof as to

both profits and damages, does show that this is a case for the exercise of a proper judicial

discretion in fixing statutory damages”). In determining an award of statutory damages, courts

look to factors including “(1) expenses saved and profits reaped by the infringing party, (2)

revenues lost by the copyright holder, and (3) whether the infringing party acted willfully.”

Lifted Research Grp., Inc. v. Behdad, 2010 WL 2662277, at *5 (D.D.C. June 30, 2010) (“Behdad

II”). Courts have wide discretion as to the amount of statutory damages to be awarded. Id.;

compare Harrison Music Corp. v. Tesfaye, 293 F. Supp. 2d 80, 84 (D.D.C. 2003) (awarding

$2,000 per infringement in a case involving unauthorized use of copyrighted music, when the

defendants knowingly failed to pay licensing fees but reaped minimal profits from the

infringement) with Behdad II, 2010 WL 2662277, at *6 (awarding $30,000 for the willful



                                                 8
infringement of copyrighted apparel and explaining that such award was reasonable and within

the accepted range of damages under the statute).

       Considering the expenses saved and profits reaped by the defendant, and revenues lost by

the plaintiff, the court concludes that $4,000 is a reasonable and just award for the defendant’s

willful violation of the plaintiff’s copyright. The award includes $3,000 to compensate the

plaintiff for lost profits: the defendant informed the plaintiff that she possessed at least 300

infringing copies of the Painting, and, as per their previous arrangement, the defendant paid the

plaintiff ten dollars per copy ($3,000 = 300 copies at ten dollars per copy). See Pl.’s Decl. ¶ 5,

10. The award also includes $1,000 in consideration of the willful nature of the defendant’s

actions, demonstrated by her deliberate removal of the plaintiff’s copyright notice. See Harrison

Music Corp., 293 F. Supp. 2d at 84 (awarding statutory damages to compensate the plaintiff for

unpaid licensing fees as well as to account for the willfulness of the defendants’ infringement).

This award is commensurate with the plaintiff’s original request for actual damages, see Pl.’s

Mot. at 5-6, and comports with the objective of statutory damages of deterring wrongful conduct.

See Harrison Music Corp., 293 F. Supp. 2d at 83 (stating that “[s]tatutory damages are not

designed to be merely compensatory or restitutionary, but are also meant to discourage wrongful

conduct”). Accordingly, the court determines that the defendant is liable for $4,000 in statutory

damages.



                                        IV. CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, the court grants the plaintiff’s motion for entry of default

judgment. An Order consistent with this Memorandum Opinion is separately and




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contemporaneously issued this 4th day of October, 2010.



                                                   RICARDO M. URBINA
                                                  United States District Judge




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