                           NOT FOR PUBLICATION                           FILED
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                       MAY 18 2020
                                                                      MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                       U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

GREEN SOLUTIONS RECYCLING, LLC,                 No.    19-15201

                Plaintiff-Appellant,            D.C. No.
                                                3:16-cv-00334-MMD-CBC
 v.

RENO DISPOSAL COMPANY, INC., et                 MEMORANDUM*
al.,

                Defendants-Appellees.

                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                            for the District of Nevada
                  Miranda M. Du, Chief District Judge, Presiding

                             Submitted May 14, 2020**
                             San Francisco, California

Before: FRIEDLAND and BENNETT, Circuit Judges, and RAKOFF,*** District
Judge.

      Nevada law allows municipalities to “displace or limit competition” by



      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
      **
             The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision
without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).
      ***
            The Honorable Jed S. Rakoff, United States District Judge for the
Southern District of New York, sitting by designation.
“[g]rant[ing] an exclusive franchise” to a private party for the “[c]ollection and

disposal of garbage and other waste.” Nev. Rev. Stat. §§ 268.081, 268.083.

Exercising that authority, the City of Reno (the “City”) entered into an agreement

(the “Franchise Agreement”) with Reno Disposal Company, Inc. (“Reno

Disposal”) that granted Reno Disposal the exclusive right to collect both solid

waste and many recyclable materials from businesses in the City. Green Solutions

Recycling, LLC (“GSR”) then began competing with Reno Disposal for recycling

collection business in the City. The City and Reno Disposal concluded that GSR

was violating the Franchise Agreement by collecting recyclable materials for a fee.

The City informed GSR that GSR’s collection of recyclable materials covered by

the Franchise Agreement could result in “code enforcement issues,” and Reno

Disposal’s counsel sent letters to GSR’s customers telling them they could be fined

for violating the Franchise Agreement.

      GSR filed this action against both the City and Reno Disposal, alleging, as

relevant here, that the City and Reno Disposal had restrained trade in the market

for recyclable materials, in violation of Section 1 of the Sherman Antitrust Act, 15

U.S.C. § 1. The district court entered summary judgment on that claim in favor of

the City and Reno Disposal based on the doctrine of state-action antitrust

immunity, as articulated in Parker v. Brown, 317 U.S. 341 (1943), and its progeny.

Reviewing GSR’s appeal de novo, we affirm.


                                          2
      1. State-action antitrust “immunity will only attach to the activities of local

governmental entities if they are undertaken pursuant to a ‘clearly articulated and

affirmatively expressed’ state policy to displace competition.” FTC v. Phoebe

Putney Health Sys., Inc., 568 U.S. 216, 226 (2013) (quoting Cmty. Commc’ns Co.

v. Boulder, 455 U.S. 40, 52 (1982)). There are, in turn, two elements to whether a

local government’s challenged activities satisfy this clear-articulation requirement:

(a) “whether the [state] legislature authorized the challenged actions of the [local

government]”; and (b) “whether the legislature intended to displace competition

with regulation.” Traweek v. City & County of San Francisco, 920 F.2d 589, 591-

92, 591 n.1 (9th Cir. 1990); see also Phoebe Putney, 568 U.S. at 228 (explaining

that there must be “state-law authority to act” and the local government “must also

show that it has been delegated authority to act or regulate anticompetitively”).

We hold that the market restraint that GSR challenges in this case was imposed by

the City pursuant to a clearly articulated and affirmatively expressed Nevada

policy.

      First, the City had state-law authority to act as it did. The statutory term

“other waste,” Nev. Rev. Stat. § 268.081(3), is broad enough that it at least

arguably encompasses the recyclable materials covered by the Franchise

Agreement—in relevant part, those recyclables “collected and transported as a

service,” but not those “sold by the generator thereof directly to a buyer of


                                          3
recyclable material at market price.” Reno, Nev. Admin. Code § 5.90.010. The

Nevada legislature delegated some discretion to the City to decide what might be

included in an exclusive contract as “other waste.” Either the City did not err at all

in its exercise of that discretion, or it made the type of “[o]rdinary error[]” that

“should be left for state tribunals to control” rather than being corrected through

federal antitrust litigation. Boone v. Redevelopment Agency of San Jose, 841 F.2d

886, 891 (9th Cir. 1988) (quotation marks omitted) (quoting Llewellyn v. Crothers,

765 F.2d 769, 774 (9th Cir. 1985)); see also City of Columbia v. Omni Outdoor

Advert., Inc., 499 U.S. 365, 372 (1991) (“[I]n order to prevent Parker from

undermining the very interests of federalism it is designed to protect, it is

necessary to adopt a concept of authority broader than what is applied to determine

the legality of the municipality’s action under state law.”). Particularly given

ongoing proceedings in state court in which the parties to this case are litigating

related issues about the proper interpretation of “other waste” under state law, we

emphasize that we need not and do not definitively resolve whether the Franchise

Agreement improperly extends to the collection and disposal of any materials that

are not in fact “other waste” under state law.

      Second, the Nevada legislature plainly intended to displace competition with

regulation when it authorized municipalities to “displace or limit competition,”

Nev. Rev. Stat. § 268.081, by granting an exclusive franchise for the collection and


                                            4
disposal of waste. See Tom Hudson & Assocs., Inc. v. City of Chula Vista, 746

F.2d 1370, 1373-74 (9th Cir. 1984) (reasoning that a legislature had

“unquestionably contemplated” that a municipality could grant an exclusive trash

hauling contract and displace competition when the legislature authorized cities to

provide for solid waste handling through a partially or wholly exclusive franchise

(quotation marks omitted)).

      2. The “active supervision” requirement, which private parties must satisfy

to be shielded by state-action antitrust immunity, does not apply to the City. See

Town of Hallie v. City of Eau Claire, 471 U.S. 34, 47 (1985) (“[A]ctive state

supervision is not a prerequisite to exemption from the antitrust laws where the

actor is a municipality rather than a private party.”). The fact that GSR’s antitrust

claim challenges actions taken by Reno Disposal in concert with the City does not

trigger the “active supervision” requirement for the City. GSR’s antitrust claim

essentially challenges “nothing more than an agreement” by the City to “impose” a

particular definition of waste through the Franchise Agreement and the

corresponding provisions of the Reno Administrative Code. Omni, 499 U.S. at

374-75 (rejecting a “conspiracy exception” to state-action antitrust immunity).

Although Reno Disposal was also a party to that agreement and helped implement

its terms, this is not a case in which “the anticompetitive restraint turns on the

discretion of private actors.” Chamber of Commerce of the U.S. v. City of Seattle,


                                           5
890 F.3d 769, 788-89, 789 n.16 (9th Cir. 2018).

      3. The City’s immunity from GSR’s antitrust claim, which follows from the

foregoing conclusions, also entitles Reno Disposal to Parker immunity. See

Charley’s Taxi Radio Dispatch Corp. v. SIDA of Haw., Inc., 810 F.2d 869, 878

(9th Cir. 1987) (holding that where a state actor is immune from a claim that it

improperly granted an exclusive franchise, a private party “cannot be held liable

for possessing that monopoly”).

      AFFIRMED.




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