                     IN THE SUPREME COURT OF MISSISSIPPI

                                 NO. 2016-IA-01118-SCT

KD HATTIESBURG 1128, INC., KD
HATTIESBURG II 1128A, INC., KIMCO
HATTIESBURG L.P., KIMCO HATTIESBURG II,
L.P. AND KIMCO DEVELOPERS, INC.

v.

TURTLE CREEK CROSSING, LLC


DATE OF JUDGMENT:                           07/14/2016
TRIAL JUDGE:                                HON. ANTHONY ALAN MOZINGO
TRIAL COURT ATTORNEYS:                      MARK A. NELSON
                                            S. ROBERT HAMMOND, JR.
                                            LISA ANDERSON REPPETO
                                            ANDREW SCOTT HARRIS
                                            NICHOLAS KANE THOMPSON
COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED:                  LAMAR COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANTS:                   LISA ANDERSON REPPETO
                                            ANDREW SCOTT HARRIS
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE:                     MARK A. NELSON
                                            S. ROBERT HAMMOND, JR.
                                            NICHOLAS KANE THOMPSON
NATURE OF THE CASE:                         CIVIL - CONTRACT
DISPOSITION:                                AFFIRMED AND REMANDED - 02/15/2018
MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:
MANDATE ISSUED:



       BEFORE KITCHENS, P.J., MAXWELL AND ISHEE, JJ.

       MAXWELL, JUSTICE, FOR THE COURT:

¶1.    Turtle Creek Crossing, LLC, a minority interest holder in Kimco Hattiesburg, L.P.,

filed an action in circuit court after it learned it would receive no distribution from the sale
of the partnership’s only asset—a multimillion-dollar shopping center. In its complaint,

Turtle Creek alleges its fellow partners breached their fiduciary duties and conspired with

each other, the partnership, and a sister partnership to market and sell the asset in such a way

as to keep Turtle Creek from profiting. It also asserts the partnerships commingled and

misallocated funds. Turtle Creek seeks an accounting and damages.

¶2.    The defendants responded with a motion to transfer the entire action or, alternatively,

sever and transfer the equitable claims to chancery court. After their motion was denied, they

filed for—and were granted—this interlocutory appeal. According to the defendants, the

predominant claim is for an accounting—an equitable claim that belongs in chancery court.

And had this case been filed in chancery court, there would be a strong argument for the

chancery court’s original jurisdiction over the accounting claim, as well as pendant

jurisdiction over the legal claims. But Turtle Creek did not file this action in chancery court.

It filed it in circuit court. And the circuit court too has original jurisdiction not only over the

accounting claim but also Turtle Creek’s other legal claims.

¶3.    Because Turtle Creek chose a forum with proper subject-matter jurisdiction, that

choice must be respected. We affirm the circuit court’s denial of the motion to transfer and

remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

                        Background Facts and Procedural History

       I.      Two Partnerships




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¶4.    Kimco Hattiesburg, L.P., was formed in October 2004. The aim of the limited

partnership was to develop “Phase I” of the Turtle Creek Crossing shopping center on

Highway 98 West in Hattiesburg, Mississippi, with Target as the anchor tenant.

¶5.    Under the original limited-partnership agreement, KD Hattiesburg 1128, Inc., was the

general partner, with a one-percent interest. Kimco Developers, Inc.,1 was the Class A

limited partner, with a forty-nine-percent interest. And Turtle Creek Crossing, LLC, was

the Class B limited partner, with a fifty-percent interest. But in October 2012, the limited-

partnership agreement was amended. By agreement, Turtle Creek Crossing transferred half

of its interest in the partnership to one of its members, Eric Seitz, who in turn transferred his

interest to Kimco Developers. The following partnership structure resulted:

                                  Kimco Hattiesburg, L.P.
 Partner                                   Class                         Percentage Interest
 KD Hattiesburg 1128, Inc                  General Partner                        1%
 Kimco Developers, Inc.                    Class A Limited Partner               49%
 Kimco Developers, Inc.                    Class B Limited Partner               25%
 Turtle Creek Crossing, LLC                Class B Limited Partner               25%

¶6.    In May 2007, a second limited partnership, Kimco Hattiesburg II, L.P., was formed

to develop “Phase II” of the Turtle Creek Crossing shopping center, with Kohl’s as the

anchor tenant. KD Hattiesburg II 1128A, Inc., was the general partner; Kimco Developers,




       1
        Kimco Developers, Inc., is incorporated in Delaware. All other entities in this suit
are Mississippi corporations, companies, or partnerships.

                                               3
the Class A limited partner; and Turtle Creek Commons, LLC,2 was the Class B partner. As

did Turtle Creek Crossing, Turtle Creek Commons transferred half of its interest in Kimco

Hattiesburg II to member Seitz, who further transferred it to Kimco Developers in 2012,

resulting in the following structure:

                                Kimco Hattiesburg II, L.P.
 Partner                                 Class                       Percentage Interest
 KD Hattiesburg II 1128A, Inc.           General Partner                      1%
 Kimco Developers, Inc.                  Class A Limited Partner              49%
 Kimco Developers, Inc.                  Class B Limited Partner              25%
 Turtle Creek Commons, LLC               Class B Limited Partner              25%

¶7.    On November 4, 2015, general partner KD Hattiesburg 1128 notified Turtle Creek

Crossing that a third party had offered $42,569,000 to buy Kimco Hattiesburg’s single

asset—Phase I of the Turtle Creek Crossing shopping center.           That same day, KD

Hattiesburg II 1128A notified Turtle Creek Commons of a third-party offer to buy Phase II

for $5,531,000.

       II.    Turtle Creek Crossing’s Complaint

¶8.    In response to the offers, Turtle Creek Crossing filed a complaint in the Lamar County

Circuit Court on November 16, 2015. The company named as defendants both partnerships,

Kimco Hattiesburg and Kimco Hattiesburg II; both general partners, KD Hattiesburg 1128




       2
         Though they share the same members, Turtle Creek Commons is a separate legal
entity from Turtle Creek Crossing.

                                             4
and KD Hattiesburg II 1128A; and its fellow limited partner, Kimco Developers (collectively

“Kimco” or “the Kimco Defendants”).

¶9.    Turtle Creek Crossing accused the Kimco Defendants of breaching their duty of

loyalty. According to Turtle Creek Crossing, both properties were marketed together, even

though they were the separate assets of separate limited partnerships. As a result, the offer

reflects the aggregate appraised value of the two properties combined, instead of the fair

market value of each property. And while selling the two properties together would benefit

Kimco Hattiesburg II, KD Hattiesburg II 1128A, and Kimco Developers, the sale would

damage Turtle Creek Crossing, which would receive no profits from the sale, based on the

way the partnership agreement structured distributions.

¶10.   Turtle Creek Crossing also accused Kimco of commingling the funds of the two

limited partnerships in one “Kimco main cash account” so that the funds belonging to Kimco

Hattiesburg, L.P., cannot be separated out. Such an “unorthodox accounting method,” the

complaint alleged, not only violated the limited partnership agreement and generally accepted

accounting principles but also violated the defendants’ duty of loyalty owed to Turtle Creek

Crossing, which has been damaged as a result.

¶11.   Turtle Creek Crossing’s complaint brought nine counts:

       (1)    Accounting

       (2)    Interference with Contract and Interference with Business Relations

       (3)    Breach of Fiduciary Duty

       (4)    Breach of Contract, Tortious Breach of Contract, and Anticipatory
              Breach of Contract

                                             5
       (5)      Injunction3

       (6)      Punitive Damages

       (7)      Negligence and Gross Negligence

       (8)      Conspiracy

       (9)      Declaratory Judgment

       III.     Kimco’s Motions

¶12.   Kimco responded with a motion to transfer or, alternatively, sever and transfer

equitable claims. While this motion was heard on November 23, 2015, due to the pending

motion for preliminary injunction,4 the circuit court decided to hold this motion in abeyance.

Kimco then filed its answer, asserting counterclaims of breach of contract, breach of the

implied duty of good faith and fair dealing, civil conspiracy, and abuse of process.

¶13.   On March 4, 2016, Kimco filed a motion to dismiss. Kimco argued Turtle Creek

Crossing’s claims for legal damages constituted a derivative action, which Turtle Creek



       3
         In this count, Turtle Creek Crossing sought to enjoin the sale of the Target property.
Soon after the complaint was filed, the circuit court granted a preliminary injunction. While
the sale of the two properties could go forward, the circuit court enjoined the two limited
partnerships, Kimco Hattiesburg and Kimco Hattiesburg II, from distributing any of the
profits. Instead, the $8,100,000 in profits had to “be segregated into separate depository
account(s) and held in trust by the Defendants, pending further order of the [Circuit] Court,
and all such proceeds shall be accounted for to the Court under the Courts’ supervision,
auspices and control.”
        In January 2016, the parties agreed to dissolve the injunction. While the agreed order
to dissolve leaves unclear the reasons why, Turtle Creek Crossing’s later amended complaint
explains nonparty Kimco Realty Corporation—the Kimco Defendants’ parent
company—executed a guaranty agreement to hold the $8.1 million in escrow until this
lawsuit ended, in case Turtle Creek Crossing should succeed.
       4
           See note 3, supra.

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Crossing lacked standing to bring on behalf of the partnership. Alternatively, the motion

requested the court compel the joinder of Turtle Creek Commons, which Kimco argued was

an indispensable party. Prior to the ruling on the motion to dismiss, Kimco reasserted its

motion to transfer or, alternatively, sever and transfer equitable claims.

¶14.   The circuit court heard both motions on July 8, 2016. The court denied the motion

to dismiss, specifically finding Turtle Creek Crossing’s claims were not derivative. But it

granted the motion to compel the joinder of Turtle Creek Commons as an indispensable

party. The court also denied the motion to transfer or, alternatively, sever and transfer

equitable claims, expressly finding:

       [W]hile some of the relief requested in the Complaint may be equitable in
       nature, other relief sought are questions of law, and therefore the Court should
       retain jurisdiction. Mark S. Bounds Realty Partners, Inc. v. Lawrence, 34 So.
       3d 1224, 1229 (¶14) (Miss. Ct. App. 2010) (“In cases in which some doubt
       exists as to whether a complaint is legal or equitable in nature, the better
       practice is to try the case in circuit court.”). Further, “Recent cases hold that
       equitable claims are more appropriately brought before a circuit court when
       they are connected to a contractual relationship or other claims tied to
       questions of law.” Tyson Breeders, Inc. v. Harrison, 940 So. 2d 230, 233 (¶9)
       (Miss. 2006). The motion is therefore denied.

¶15.   Kimco filed for—and was granted—interlocutory appeal of the order denying its

motion to transfer. It did not seek interlocutory appeal of the denial of the motion to dismiss.

                                          Discussion

       Motion to Transfer

¶16.   A motion to transfer raises the question of subject-matter jurisdiction—a question this

Court reviews de novo. Derr Plantation, Inc. v. Swarek, 14 So. 3d 711, 715 (Miss. 2009).

This question is particularly amenable to interlocutory appeal, because once a case proceeds


                                               7
to final judgment, that judgment will not be reversed based solely on subject-matter

jurisdiction. Tillotson v. Anders, 551 So. 2d 212, 215 (Miss. 1989). See also Derr

Plantation, 14 So. 3d at 716 (“A party aggrieved by the trial court’s grant or denial of a

motion to transfer may seek relief by pursuing an interlocutory appeal[.]”).

¶17.   This is why interlocutory appeal was granted in this case—to ensure on the front end

that this case landed in the court with proper subject-matter jurisdiction. “To determine

whether a court has subject matter jurisdiction, we look to the face of the complaint,

examining the nature of the controversy and the relief sought.” Derr Plantation, 14 So. 3d

at 716. See also Trustmark Nat’l Bank v. Johnson, 865 So. 2d 1148, 1151-52 (Miss. 2004)

(emphasizing that the substance and not the form of the claim controls). And, indeed, at first

blush, because of the equitable nature of the accounting claim, as well as Kimco’s assertion

that all Turtle Creek’s legal claims were really improper derivative claims, it appeared that

Turtle Creek may have filed an action in circuit court that really belonged in chancery court.

But upon further review, we find no jurisdictional problem with Turtle Creek Crossing’s

choice—circuit court.

¶18.   Kimco’s main argument on appeal is that the predominant claim is for an accounting,

and an accounting claim belongs in chancery court. The Mississippi Constitution does grant

the chancery court jurisdiction over “suits involving inquiry into matter of mutual accounts.”

Miss. Const. art. 6, § 161. This jurisdiction, however, is not exclusive but rather concurrent

with the circuit court. Id. Section 161 provides, “if the plaintiff brings suit in the circuit

court, . . . the court may, on application of the defendant, transfer the cause to the chancery



                                              8
court, if it appears that the accounts to be investigated are mutual and complicated.” Miss.

Const. art. 6, § 161 (emphasis added). But transfer is not mandatory.5

¶19.   Still, chancery court “is the preferred court” to hear accounting matters. Re/Max

Estate Partners, Inc. v. Lindsley, 840 So. 2d 709, 713 (Miss. 2003). “There are three factors

to consider when deciding whether a court of equity has jurisdiction over matters of account,

(1) the need of discovery, (2) the complicated character of the accounts, and (3) the existence

of a fiduciary or trust relation.” Id. at 712 (citing Henry v. Donovan, 148 Miss. 278, 114 So.

482, 484 (1927)). In this case, all three grounds are present. (1) There is a need for

discovery. According to the complaint, without discovery, Turtle Creek Crossing has been

unable to conduct an independent audit of Kimco’s books. (2) The accounts are complicated.

Again, according to the complaint, the accounts have been commingled and funds going in

and out have been mislabeled. Moreover, the relief Turtle Creek Crossing seeks is based on

a complex profit-sharing structure created by the partnership agreement. And (3) there exists

a fiduciary relationship among the members of the partnership. See Fought v. Morris, 543

So. 2d 167, 170 (Miss. 1989) (citing Ross v. Biggs, 206 Miss. 542, 40 So. 2d 293, 296

(1949)) (recognizing a fiduciary relationship among partners).

¶20.   Thus, had Turtle Creek Crossing brought its complaint in chancery court, as did the

plaintiff in Lindsley, the chancery court would have original jurisdiction over the accounting



       5
        This is a key distinction between this case and two cases on which Kimco relies,
Germany v. Germany, 123 So. 3d 423 (Miss. 2013), and Trustmark National Bank v.
Johnson, 865 So. 2d 1148 (Miss. 2004). In those cases, this Court held the respective
divorce-related and testamentary-related claims could be tried only in chancery court.
Moreover, in both cases, actions were already pending in chancery court.

                                              9
claim and pendant jurisdiction over the other legal claims. See Lindsley, 840 So. 2d at 714.

But unlike the plaintiff in Lindsley, Turtle Creek Crossing did not bring its action in chancery

court. Instead, “[p]resumably with the knowledge that concurrent jurisdiction between

chancery and circuit court existed for this matter,” Turtle Creek Crossing chose to bring its

suit for equitable and legal relief in circuit court. Id. at 713. “This was [its] choice and, if

proper and fair, must be respected here.” Id.

¶21.   We find Turtle Creek Crossing’s choice of circuit court was both proper and fair.

¶22.   It was proper because, as the circuit court recognized, while some of the relief

requested may be equitable in nature, other relief sought was legal, establishing the circuit

court’s jurisdiction over the entire complaint. See Derr Plantation, 14 So. 3d at 716 (“[I]f

the complaint seeks legal relief, even in combination with equitable relief, the circuit court

can have proper subject matter jurisdiction.”). Kimco is dismissive of Turtle Creek

Crossing’s legal claims, calling them an improper derivative action6 that should not dictate

the jurisdictional question. But the circuit court rejected Kimco’s derivative-action argument

when it denied Kimco’s separate motion to dismiss—a motion that is not part of this

interlocutory appeal.7 Even so, without straying too far into an interlocutory issue that



       6
         Stated simply, a “derivative action” is one brought on behalf of a corporation (or in
this case a partnership). An interest holder brings the action in the name of the corporation
to recover for injuries to the corporation. Mathis v. ERA Franchise Sys., Inc., 25 So. 3d
298, 303 (Miss. 2009). To be able to bring a derivative action on behalf of a corporation, an
interest holder must follow certain procedures—procedures that were not followed here, as
Kimco is quick to point out. See Scafidi v. Hille, 180 So. 3d 634, 646 (Miss. 2015).
       7
       Moreover, this argument ignores the fact Kimco countered in its answer with its
own legal claims.

                                              10
remains within the trial court’s jurisdiction, it plainly appears from the face of the complaint

that at least some of Turtle Creek Crossing’s legal claims form a direct action.8

¶23.   Turtle Creek Crossing alleges the Kimco defendants conspired against it, not the

partnership, and manipulated the accounting and sale price of the Target property in violation

of the fiduciary duties owed it, not the partnership. See Fought, 543 So. 2d at 171

(recognizing members of closely-held corporation—like members of partnerships—owe

fiduciary duties to each other in addition to the corporation). Indeed, its theory of liability

is that the defendants structured the sale in such a way that the partnerships would profit but

Turtle Creek Crossing would not. In other words, Turtle Creek Crossing seeks to recover for

its own injuries, not just injuries to the partnership as a whole. See, e.g., Brothers v.

Winstead, 129 So. 3d 906, 923-24 (Miss. 2014) (recognizing an LLC member had an

individual claim for legal damages for the breach of fiduciary duties owed him, which was

separate from a claim of breach of fiduciary duties owed to the company). Thus, for these

individual legal claims, Turtle Creek Crossing has properly sought legal relief in the circuit

court—the court of general jurisdiction. See Tillotson, 551 So. 2d at 215 (citing Miss. Const.

art. 6, § 156).

¶24.   In addition to being proper, Turtle Creek Crossing’s choice of court also was fair.

Under our constitution, “the right of trial by jury shall remain inviolate.” Miss. Const. art. 3,



       8
        In contrast to a derivative action, in a “direct action,” an interest holder brings an
action on his own behalf “to redress an injury sustained by, or enforce a duty owed to, the
holder.” Mathis, 25 So. 3d at 303. “An action in which the holder can prevail without
showing an injury or breach of duty to the corporation should be treated as a direct action
that may be maintained by the holder in an individual capacity.” Id.

                                               11
§ 31. But only in circuit court can Turtle Creek Crossing exercise this right. See Burnette

v. Hartford Underwriters Ins. Co., 770 So. 2d 948, 952 (Miss. 2000) (recognizing the

plaintiffs’ “right to a jury trial would be infringed upon if this case were heard in chancery

court”). For this reason, we have held that any doubt should be resolved in favor of circuit-

court jurisdiction. Derr Plantation, 14 So. 3d at 716 (citing Burnette, 770 So. 2d at 952).

¶25.   So because Turtle Creek Crossing’s decision to file its action in circuit court, versus

chancery court, was both proper and fair, as in Lindsley, it should “be respected here.”

Lindsley, 840 So. 2d at 713. We affirm the circuit court’s denial of the motion to transfer

and remand this case for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

¶26.   AFFIRMED AND REMANDED.

    WALLER, C.J., RANDOLPH AND KITCHENS, P.JJ., KING, COLEMAN,
BEAM, CHAMBERLIN AND ISHEE, JJ., CONCUR.




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