                In the United States Court of Federal Claims
                                           No. 20-299C

                                (Filed Under Seal: April 16, 2020)

                                     (Reissued: April 21, 2020)

                                               )
 NIKA TECHNOLOGIES, INC.,                      )
                                               )       Protest of refusal to implement an
                        Plaintiff,             )       automatic stay of performance after a
                                               )       protest filed with GAO; 31 U.S.C. § 3553;
           v.                                  )       timeliness of the protest to GAO; statutory
                                               )       interpretation; debriefing date; 10 U.S.C.
 UNITED STATES,                                )       § 2305(b)(5)(B)(vii), 31 U.S.C. §
                                               )       3553(d)(4)(A)(ii)
                        Defendant.             )
                                               )


      Anuj Vohra, Crowell & Moring LLP, Washington, D.C. for plaintiff. On the briefs were
David B. Robbins, James G. Peyster, and Tyler S. Brown, Crowell & Moring LLP, Washington,
D.C.

       James W. Poirier, Trial Attorney, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil Division, United
States Department of Justice, Washington, D.C. for defendant. With him on the briefs were
Joseph H. Hunt, Assistant Attorney General, Civil Division, and Robert E. Kirschman, Jr.,
Director, and Douglas K. Mickle, Assistant Director, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil
Division, United States Department of Justice, Washington, D.C. Of counsel were Tamar
Gerhart and Margaret Simmons, United States Army Corps of Engineers.


                                     OPINION AND ORDER 1

LETTOW, Senior Judge.

        Plaintiff NIKA Technologies, Inc. (“NIKA”) protests the actions of the United States
Army Corps of Engineers (the “Corps”) in refusing to implement an automatic stay of
performance under the Competition in Contracting Act of 1984 (“CICA”), Pub. L. No. 98-369,
98 Stat. 1175 (codified at 31 U.S.C. §§ 3551-56). NIKA alleges that it timely filed a post-award
bid protest at the United States Government Accountability Office (“GAO”) under 31 U.S.C. §
3553(d)(4)(A) and therefore triggered the automatic stay provision of Subparagraph (d)(3)(A).
       1
        Because of the protective order entered in this case, this opinion was filed initially under
seal. The parties were requested to review the decision and provide proposed redactions of any
confidential or proprietary information. No redactions were requested.
The Corps, however, believing NIKA’s GAO protest to be untimely, did not implement a stay of
performance. This dispute originates from the Corps’ decision not to award NIKA a
maintenance engineering contract following the Corps’ request for proposals. As relief, NIKA
requests that this court declare that the Corps’ refusal to implement the CICA stay was arbitrary,
capricious, an abuse of discretion, and not in accordance with law. NIKA requests that this court
enjoin the Corps from taking further action on the contract at issue and grant any other relief the
court deems appropriate. See Compl. at 13, ECF No. 1.

                                             FACTS 2

         On June 21, 2019, the Corps, acting through the United States Army Engineering &
Support Center in Huntsville, Alabama, issued a solicitation (the “solicitation”) seeking services
for its Operation and Maintenance Engineering and Enhancement Program (“OMEE”). AR 1-1
to 2. 3 The Corps planned to award multiple “Indefinite Delivery/Indefinite Quantity (ID/IQ)
type contracts” to qualifying bidders. AR 1-2. NIKA submitted a proposal on August 1, 2019,
see Pl.’s Mot. for Judgment on the Admin. Record (“Pl.’s Mot.”) at 4, ECF No. 18, but was
notified on February 27, 2020 that it was not a successful offeror in this solicitation, see AR 2-
160. The Corps found that NIKA was an unacceptable bidder under Factor 1 of the solicitation,
“Corporate experience,” AR 2-162, and it notified NIKA that “[p]ursuant to FAR 15.506(a),
[NIKA] may request a debriefing by submitting a written request for debriefing to the
contracting officer within three days after receipt of this notice,” AR 2-160.

        On February 28, 2020, NIKA requested a debriefing from the Corps. See AR 3-164. The
Corps acknowledged the request, see AR 4-166 to 167, and on March 3, 2020, NIKA sent the
Corps a list of questions it planned to ask during the debriefing, see AR 4-166. The Corps
provided NIKA with a written debriefing via letter on March 4, 2020, see generally AR 5, and
included in the debriefing the option for NIKA to “submit additional questions related to this
debriefing within two (2) business days after receiving the debriefing,” AR 5-174. The letter
stated that “[t]he [g]overnment will consider the debriefing closed if additional questions are not
received within (2) business days. If additional questions are received, the [g]overnment will
respond in writing within five (5) business days . . . [and] will consider the debriefing closed
upon delivery of the written response to any additional questions.” AR 5-174. 4



       2
        The following recitations constitute findings of fact by the court from the administrative
record of the procurement filed pursuant to Rule 52.1(a) of the Rules of the Court of Federal
Claims (“RCFC”). See Bannum, Inc. v. United States, 404 F.3d 1346, 1356 (Fed. Cir. 2005)
(specifying that bid protest proceedings “provide for trial on a paper record, allowing fact-
finding by the trial court”).
       3
         The government filed the administrative record pursuant to RCFC 52.1(a) on March 20,
2020, ECF No. 16. It is divided into 8 tabs and sequentially paginated. Citations to the record
are cited by tab and page as “AR ___-___.”
       4
        Because the debriefing letter was received on March 4, 2020, the deadline to submit
additional questions was March 6, 2020.


                                                 2
        NIKA sent a letter to the Corps on March 5, 2020 noting that it had received the written
debriefing the previous day and that it planned to “follow up with [the Corps] by [March 6,
2020] on any official debrief questions” it might submit. AR 6-178. On March 7, 2020, NIKA
informed the Corps that it did not have any official debrief questions to submit. See AR 6-176.
NIKA then filed a post-award bid protest at GAO on March 10, 2020. See AR 7-185 to 210. In
this protest, NIKA sought the imposition of “the automatic suspension of contract performance
pursuant to 4 C.F.R. § 21.6[,] 31 U.S.C. § 3553(c)(1), and FAR § 33.104(b)(1).” AR 7-187
(capitals removed). The Corps indicated in a filing to GAO that it believed NIKA’s protest filing
to be untimely for the imposition of an automatic stay under CICA, see AR 8-211, contending
that the latest date for a timely filing would have been March 9, 2020, i.e., “[f]ive days after a
debriefing date offered to the protester under a timely debriefing request and no additional
questions related to the debriefing are submitted,” AR 8-212.

        NIKA filed its complaint in this court on March 16, 2020, challenging the Corps’ refusal
to implement the automatic stay. See generally Compl. Submission of the administrative record
and briefing by the parties was accelerated. Following the submission of the administrative
record on March 20, 2020, NIKA filed its motion for judgment on the administrative record on
March 24, 2020, see Pl.’s Mot., and the government filed a cross-motion for judgment on the
administrative record on March 31, 2020, see Def.’s Cross-Mot. for Judgment on the Admin.
Record and Response to Pl.’s Mot. (“Def.’s Cross-Mot.”), ECF No. 20. Briefing was completed
on April 10, 2020, see Pl.’s Reply and Response to Def.’s Cross-Mot. (“Pl.’s Reply”), ECF No.
21; Def.’s Reply, ECF No. 22, and a hearing was held on April 15, 2020. The case is ready for
disposition.

                                STANDARDS FOR DECISION

        The Tucker Act vests this court with jurisdiction “to render judgment on an action by an
interested party objecting to a . . . proposed contract or to a proposed award or the award of a
contract or any alleged violation of statute or regulation in connection with a procurement or a
proposed procurement.” 28 U.S.C. § 1491(b)(1). This jurisdiction extends to all stages of the
procurement process, including an agency’s decision regarding the implementation of a CICA
stay under 31 U.S.C. § 3553. See RAMCOR Servs. Grp., Inc. v. United States, 185 F.3d 1286,
1290 (Fed. Cir. 1999). Standards set forth in the Administrative Procedure Act (“APA”),
codified in relevant part at 5 U.S.C. § 706, govern the court’s review of an agency’s actions in a
procurement challenge. See 28 U.S.C. 1491(b)(4) (“In any action under this subsection, the
courts shall review the agency’s decision pursuant to the standards set forth in section 706 of title
5.”). Specifically, under 5 U.S.C. § 706(2)(A), the court may set aside an agency’s procurement
decision that is “arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with
law.”

        Traditionally, this court’s cases concerning disputes over 31 U.S.C. § 3553 involve a
situation where the agency has exercised its discretion to override the automatic stay pursuant to
31 U.S.C. § 3553(d)(3)(C). See, e.g., Intelligent Waves, LLC v. United States, 137 Fed. Cl. 623,
626 (2018); Dyncorp Int’l LLC v. United States, 113 Fed. Cl. 298, 299 (2013). In that scenario,
the court reviews the agency’s actions with a deferential view, determining only “whether the
contracting agency provided a coherent and reasonable explanation of its exercise of discretion.”



                                                 3
Impresa Construzioni Geom. Domenico Garufi v. United States, 238 F.3d 1324, 1333 (Fed. Cir.
2001) (internal quotation and citation omitted). This protest, however, does not involve the
review of an agency’s discretionary action but rather presents a pure question of statutory
interpretation. That is, a determination of when the debriefing period closed for NIKA in
applying 31 U.S.C. § 3553(d)(4)(A)(ii), informing the question of whether the agency’s actions
were in accordance with law. The court decides a question of statutory interpretation, such as the
one posed in this case, de novo. Accord Information Tech. & Applications Corp. v. United
States, 316 F.3d 1312 (Fed. Cir. 2003); Mississippi Dep’t of Rehab. Servs. v. United States, 61
Fed. Cl. 20, 25 (2004) (“[T]he interpretation of statutes is a legal matter for courts to decide.”).

                                            ANALYSIS

        This dispute hinges on the timeliness vel non of NIKA’s GAO protest under 31 U.S.C. §
3553(d)(4)(A). Under this statute, NIKA is entitled to an automatic stay of performance if its
GAO protest was filed within the later of two dates: (1) “the date that is 10 days after the date of
the contract award,” 31 U.S.C. § 3553(d)(4)(A)(i); or (2) “the date that is 5 days after the
debriefing date offered to an unsuccessful offeror for any debriefing that is requested and, when
requested, is required,” § 3553(d)(4)(A)(ii) (emphasis added). There is no dispute that the latter
is the applicable deadline in this case, but the parties disagree as to which date is the “debriefing
date.”

        NIKA argues that its “decision not to submit additional debriefing questions by March 6
meant that [its] debriefing was closed as of that date,” and therefore, its protest filed on March 10
would be timely under Clause 3553(d)(4)(A)(ii). Pl.’s Mot. at 6. The government contends
instead that “[t]he debriefing date was March 4, 2020 [and because NIKA] filed its protest six
days later, on March 10, 2020 . . . [NIKA] failed to meet the deadline set forth at 31 U.S.C. §
3553(d)(4)(A)(ii).” Def.’s Cross-Mot. at 21 (footnote omitted).

        The court begins the inquiry with the text of the statute. See Consumer Prod. Safety
Comm’n v. GTE Sylvania, 447 U.S. 102, 108 (1980) (“[T]he starting point for interpreting a
statute is the language of the statute itself.”). The relevant language is that of 31 U.S.C. §
3553(d)(4)(A)(ii), viz., “the date that is 5 days after the debriefing date.” The provisions of 10
U.S.C. § 2305(b)(5)(B), define what is included in the “debriefing” of Section 3553, and are
pertinent to this analysis. These provisions were added as part of the 2018 National Defense
Authorization Act, Pub. L. 115-91, 131 Stat. 1283 (2017) (“2018 NDAA”). Notably, Section
818 of the NDAA, entitled “enhanced Post-award Debriefing Rights,” implemented a series of
changes to DOD’s post-award debriefing process. Pursuant to the 2018 NDAA, the definition of
“debriefing” in CICA, as applicable to DOD, was amended to “include” a two-day period in
which unsuccessful offerors could submit additional questions:

       (B) the debriefing shall include, at a minimum—

               (i) the agency’s evaluation of the significant weak or deficient
           factors in the offeror’s offer;




                                                  4
               (ii) the overall evaluated cost and technical rating of the offer of the
           contractor awarded the contract and the overall evaluated cost and
           technical rating of the offer of the debriefed offeror;

               (iii) the overall ranking of all offers;

               (iv) a summary of the rationale for the award;

                (v) in the case of a proposal that includes a commercial product that
           is an end item under the contract, the make and model of the item being
           provided in accordance with the offer of the contractor awarded the
           contract;

               (vi) reasonable responses to relevant questions posed by the
           debriefed offeror as to whether source selection procedures set forth in
           the solicitation, applicable regulations, and other applicable authorities
           were followed by the agency; and

              (vii) an opportunity for a disappointed offeror to submit, within two
           business days after receiving a post-award debriefing, additional
           questions related to the debriefing.

10 U.S.C. § 2305(b)(5)(B) (emphasis added). 5 Consequently, if questions are not submitted in
the two-day period, the debriefing closes and the debriefing process ends. Id. If questions are
submitted, the procuring agency should respond to those questions within five days and the
extended debriefing process closes upon the offeror’s receipt of those responses. 10 U.S.C. §
2305(b)(5)(C); 31 U.S.C.§ 3553(d)(4)(B).

        NIKA asserts that when Section 3553 is read in conjunction with Section 2305, the
debriefing “include[s] the two-day window following receipt of the March 4 [debriefing] letter in
which NIKA had an opportunity to submit questions.” Pl.’s Mot. at 13. Accepting this
interpretation, the debriefing date would be March 6—two days after March 4. The government
responds with three main arguments. First, the government suggests that because Section 2305
only requires an “opportunity” for supplemental debriefing, this provision merely permits the
government to allow a supplemental debriefing period, triggered by the receipt of additional
questions. See Def.’s Cross-Mot. at 18-19. Second, the government argues that under the plain
meaning of the statute, “the debriefing date” is a singular day and not a “process.” Id. at 20.
Lastly, the government argues that because Congress specifically identifies time periods in
Section 3553 but not the two-day question period, NIKA’s reading runs counter to the statutory
scheme. See id. at 19-20. 6


       5
       There do not appear to be any comparable provisions applicable to debriefings
conducted by federal procurement agencies other than DOD. See 41 U.S.C. § 3704(c).
       6
        The court does not opine on whether this two-business-day period is always required to
be included in DOD’s debriefing process. On the record before the court, this two-day window


                                                   5
        The court is persuaded that NIKA’s interpretation is correct. First, defendant’s reliance
on the term “opportunity” is misguided. An opportunity, by definition, is “a time, condition, or
set of circumstances permitting or favourable to a particular action or purpose.” Opportunity,
Oxford English Dictionary,
https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/131973?redirectedFrom=opportunity#eid (last visited April 14,
2020) (emphasis added). As defined in Subparagraph 2305(b)(5)(B), the debriefing plainly
includes “a time” of two business days in which a disappointed offeror can submit questions for
further debriefing. See 10 U.S.C § 2305(b)(5)(B)(vii).

         The government’s focus on the singular nature of “date” is also unconvincing. The
government suggests the debriefing date must refer to only one date because the statute uses the
singular form, and therefore, “[t]he debriefing date is the date when the debriefing occurs,”
Def.’s Cross-Mot. at 20, here, that date being March 4, 2020, id. at 21. This limited reading,
however, is not supported by the precedents cited by the government in its own brief, i.e., cases
that specifically dealt with scenarios in which the debriefing lasted more than one day. See id. at
20-21 (collecting cases including WiSC Enters., LLC–Costs, B-415613.5, Aug. 28, 2018, 2019
CPD ¶ 189; ERIMAX, Inc., B-410682, Jan. 22, 2015, 2015 CPD ¶ 92; Harris IT Servs. Corp., B-
406067, Jan. 27, 2012, 2012 CPD ¶ 57). These cases confirm that “the debriefing date” in the
statute, while singular, refers to the date at the end of a potentially multi-day debriefing process.
See, e.g., WiSC. Enters., LLC-Costs, B-415613.5, Aug. 28, 2018, 2019 CPD ¶ 189. Therefore,
NIKA’s assertion that its debriefing process lasted three days (March 4-6, 2020), including the
two-business day opportunity to submit questions, neither runs counter to the statutory language
nor common debriefing practice. It follows that “the debriefing date” here, under the statute, is
March 6, 2020—the last day of NIKA’s debriefing process.

        The government suggests that if Congress wanted to include the two-business-day
window for questions as a triggering date in the timing under 31 U.S.C. § 3553(d)(4), it could
have done so when it amended Section 2305 in the 2018 NDAA. See Def.’s Cross-Mot. at 19.
But Congress did not need to amend the “debriefing date” specified in 31 U.S.C. §
3553(d)(4)(A)(ii) to account for these two extra days, because as explained above, this deadline
already included the possibility of a debriefing process that lasts more than one day. Further,
Congress, in choosing not to amend the reference to “debriefing date” in Section 3553 when it
amended Section 2305 to include an extra two business days for questions, implicitly endorsed
the statute’s previous interpretation that the debriefing date referred to in Subparagraph
3553(d)(f)(A) is simply the last day of the debriefing process. 7


was explicitly included in NIKA’s written debriefing letter, see AR 5-174 (quoted supra, at 2), as
Clause 2305(b)(5)(B)(vii) specifies.
       7
         To determine whether a protest is timely for purposes of triggering the automatic stay,
Section 3553 directs as follows:

       [The time for obtaining the automatic stay] is the period beginning on the date of
the contract award and ending on the later of—

       (i)     The date that is 10 days after the date of the contract award; or


                                                  6
        Additionally, the government’s own debriefing letter supports this reading of the statute.
The written debriefing letter provided to NIKA on March 4, 2020 stated that “[t]he [g]overnment
will consider the debriefing closed if additional questions are not received within (2) business
days. If additional questions are received, the [g]overnment will respond in writing within five
(5) business days . . . [and] will consider the debriefing closed upon delivery of the written
response to any additional questions.” AR 5-174. A plain reading of this statement provides two
potential deadlines for the close of the debriefing: (1) if no additional questions were submitted,
the debriefing would close after two days; and (2) if additional questions were submitted, the
debriefing would close after the government provided written responses, no later than five days
after receiving the questions. The letter gives no indication that the agency would consider the
debriefing closed on the date it was received, that is, March 4, 2020. As such, this statement
supports NIKA’s interpretation that “the debriefing date” in this case was March 6, 2020.

                                         CONCLUSION

        For the reasons stated, the court finds that NIKA’s GAO protest was timely under 10
U.S.C. § 2305 and 31 U.S.C. § 3553 and that NIKA was entitled to an automatic stay under
CICA. Consequently, NIKA’s motion for judgment on the administrative record is GRANTED,
and the government’s cross-motion for judgment on the administrative record is DENIED. The
parties stipulated that if NIKA were successful on the merits of the case, an injunction would be
proper. See Def.’s Cross-Mot. at 28; Pl.’s Reply at 14-15. In light of this agreement, the court
ENJOINS the Corps from proceeding with any task order awards during the pendency of
NIKA’s GAO protest. The clerk is directed to enter judgment accordingly.

       No costs.

       It is so ORDERED.

                                                     s/ Charles F. Lettow
                                                     Charles F. Lettow
                                                     Senior Judge




       (ii)    The date that is 5 days after the debriefing date offered to an unsuccessful
               offeror for any debriefing that is requested and, when requested, is
               required.

31 U.S.C. § 3553(d)(4)(A).


                                                 7
