                                   UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                                   FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

_________________________________________
                                          )
STEPHEN KELLEHER,                         )
                                          )
      Plaintiff,                          )
                                          )
              v.                          )                                 Case No. 1:16-cv-02092 (APM)
                                          )
DREAM CATCHER, L.L.C., et al.,            )
                                          )
      Defendants.                         )
_________________________________________ )

                                MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER

         This Memorandum Opinion and Order sets forth the reasons for the court’s oral ruling,

entered at the hearing held on September 15, 2017, denying Defendants Cesar de Armas and Heidi

Schultz’s (“Individual Defendants”) Application for Stay Pending Arbitration (“Motion”).

See Ind. Defs.’ Appl. for Stay, ECF No. 41 [hereinafter Appl. for Stay]; Hr’g Tr. (draft), Sept. 15,

2017. When denying that Motion, the court also deemed Individual Defendants’ Application for

Stay and any subsequent appeal to be “frivolous” and, thus, retained jurisdiction over the case.1

         Individual Defendants’ Motion, filed more than ten months after this action began, seeks

to invoke an arbitration clause in the contract underlying this litigation (the “Contract”) and stay

further proceedings in this court pending the results of arbitration. Appl. for Stay at 3–6; see also

9 U.S.C. § 3. The court previously denied a similar motion filed by the organizational Defendant,

Dream Catcher LLC, on the ground that Dream Catcher had forfeited its right to arbitrate by failing

to invoke the right at the “earliest available opportunity,” as required under Zuckerman Spaeder,


1
  Defendant Dream Catcher LLC appealed the court’s denial of its Motion to Stay and Compel Arbitration. On
September 28, 2017, the D.C. Circuit issued a Per Curiam Order, finding that Dream Catcher’s appeal was not
frivolous, thereby divesting this court of jurisdiction. As a result, this court stayed this matter in its entirety on that
same date. See Minute Order, Sept. 28, 2017. Nevertheless, because this written decision reflects the court’s
reasoning for its earlier oral ruling, the court writes this opinion as if it had issued before the D.C. Circuit’s Per Curiam
Order.
LLP v. Auffenberg, 646 F.3d 919, 923–24 (D.C. Cir. 2011). Individual Defendants, taking a

different tack than Dream Catcher, argue that they did not forfeit their right to arbitrate despite

their ten-month filing delay because they are not named parties to the Contract, and thus did not

have a right to invoke the Contract’s arbitration clause until the court ruled that Plaintiff Stephen

Kelleher had successfully pleaded a claim of alter ego liability against them, thereby subjecting

them to potential liability under the Contract.       See Appl. for Stay at 4.      Thus, Individual

Defendants maintain, they in fact invoked their arbitration rights at the “earliest available

opportunity” by invoking the Contract’s arbitration clause after the court made its veil-piercing

finding, thereby satisfying Zuckerman.

       The court concludes Individual Defendants misunderstand when the “earliest available

opportunity” to invoke the Contract’s arbitration clause arose in this matter. Like Defendant

Dream Catcher, Individual Defendants were fully able to invoke their right to arbitration upon

filing of Plaintiff’s Complaint and failed to do so. Accordingly, Individual Defendants clearly

forfeited their right to arbitrate the claims against them. Moreover, the court finds that any appeal

of such a straightforward application of Zuckerman would be frivolous.              Thus, Individual

Defendants’ Motion is denied, and the court will retain jurisdiction over this matter.

                                                  I

       The underlying premise of Individual Defendants’ position—that their ability to invoke the

Contract’s arbitration clause hinged on Plaintiff first pleading a plausible alter-ego liability claim

against them—is simply wrong. “[A] litigant who [is] not a party to the relevant arbitration

agreement may invoke § 3 [of the Federal Arbitration Act] if the relevant state contract law allows

him to enforce the agreement.” Arthur Andersen LLP v. Carlisle, 556 U.S. 624, 632 (2009). The

Contract is governed by the law of the District of Columbia. See Def. Dream Catcher’s Mot. to

                                                  2
Stay, ECF No. 21 [hereinafter Dream Catcher Mot.], Ex. 1, ECF No. 21-1 [hereinafter Contract].

Applying District of Columbia law here, it is plain that Individual Defendants could have invoked

the Contract’s arbitration clause at the time they were named in the Complaint (1) under the theory

that they are third-party beneficiaries to the Contract, or (2) under equitable principles of estoppel.

       First, Individual Defendants could have invoked the Contract’s arbitration clause at the

time Plaintiff filed his Complaint because they are third-party beneficiaries of the Contract.

Although the D.C. Court of Appeals has not squarely addressed whether arbitration agreements

can be enforced by non-signatories, it is clear under District of Columbia law that a third party

may sue to enforce contract provisions if the contracting parties intended for the third party to

benefit directly from the contract. See Hossain v. JMU Props., LLC, 147 A.3d 816, 820 (D.C.

2016). A third party need not be named in the contract itself to qualify as an intended beneficiary,

but his or her identity must be ascertainable from either the terms of the contract or the

circumstances surrounding its creation. See id. In circumstances similar to those present here,

the D.C. Court of Appeals held, in Hossain v. JMU Properties, that the sole owner of a closely-

held business was a third-party beneficiary of an agreement and could sue to enforce its terms.

See id. In Hossain, the defendant was the sole owner of a tax preparation franchise, JMU Tax,

who had negotiated and signed a franchise agreement with the plaintiff on behalf of JMU Tax.

The defendant also was the sole owner of a real estate company, JMU Properties, and, in a

transaction related to the franchise agreement, negotiated and signed a commercial lease with the

plaintiff on behalf of JMU Properties. See id. at 818. After the plaintiff fell behind on lease

payments, the defendant, acting on behalf of JMU Properties, changed the locks on the leased

office space, and the plaintiff sued for wrongful eviction. Id. The defendant proceeded to

countersue the plaintiff for, among other things, breaching the franchise agreement, and the

                                                  3
plaintiff, in turn, moved to dismiss the counter-claim on the ground that the defendant, in his

individual capacity, could not sue for breach of the franchise agreement because he was not a

signatory to the agreement—JMU Tax was the “real party in interest for claims arising under the

franchise agreement.” Id. The D.C. Court of Appeals disagreed, holding that the defendant was

a third-party beneficiary of the franchise agreement because, as the sole owner of both JMU Tax

and JMU Properties, he “clearly stood to benefit” from the commercial arrangements between his

businesses and the plaintiff franchisee. Id. at 820. Further, the court explained, the defendant’s

“involvement plainly [was] ascertainable from the four corners of the contract” because he had

negotiated and signed both the franchise agreement and the related lease.               Id. at 820.

Accordingly, the non-signatory defendant could counterclaim to enforce the franchise agreement

as an ascertainable third-party beneficiary. See id.

       Based on the allegations in the Amended Complaint, which the court must accept as true

at this stage in the litigation, Individual Defendants are third-party beneficiaries of the Contract.

First, Individual Defendants’ “involvement was plainly ascertainable” from the “four corners” of

the Contract; after all, Defendant De Armas signed the Contract on behalf of Dream Catcher and

was listed as its “authorized representative.” See Contract at 1, 9. Second, Plaintiff was clearly

aware that Individual Defendants “stood to benefit” from the Contract’s creation. According to

Plaintiff’s own Amended Complaint, Individual Defendants are the sole owners of Dream Catcher,

“controlled Dream Catcher, made all material decisions affecting Dream Catcher, and dominated

the conduct of Dream Catcher.” Am. Compl., ECF No. 13 [hereinafter Am. Compl.], ¶ 73.

Moreover, Defendant Schultz obtained a home improvements salesperson’s license on behalf of

Dream Catcher, see id. ¶ 30. Thus, much like the defendant in Hossain, Individual Defendants

“clearly stood to benefit” from the Contract. Hossain, 147 A.3d at 820. Accordingly, as third-

                                                 4
party beneficiaries to the contract between Dream Catcher and Plaintiff, Individual Defendants

were entitled to enforce the arbitration clause contained therein at the time they were named in the

Complaint.

       Second, and in addition to their status as third-party beneficiaries of the Contract,

Individual Defendants also could have compelled Plaintiff to arbitrate his claims under the doctrine

of estoppel. Courts in this jurisdiction have recognized that the doctrine of estoppel permits “a

non-signatory . . . [to] compel arbitration with a signatory when the non-signatory is seeking to

resolve issues that are intertwined with an agreement that the signatory has signed.” Riley v. BMO

Harris Bank, N.A., 61 F. Supp. 3d 92, 99 (D.D.C. 2014). For example, where there would be no

claim against the non-signatory defendant but for the contract, applying the doctrine of estoppel is

appropriate. See id. (collecting cases). That is precisely the situation here. Plaintiff’s claims

against Individual Defendants exist only because of the Contract. Indeed, Plaintiff asserts the

exact same claims, based on the same operative set of facts, against the Individual Defendants as

he does against Dream Catcher. See Am. Compl. ¶¶ 8–80. The only thing distinguishing

Defendant Dream Catcher from Individual Defendants is that Plaintiff alleges that Defendant

Dream Catcher is directly liable for damages, whereas he alleges that Individual Defendants are

liable based on an alter ego theory. Plaintiff’s claims against Individual Defendants, therefore,

are plainly “intertwined” with those against the signatory to the contract, Defendant Dream

Catcher. Thus, under the doctrine of estoppel, Individual Defendants could have moved to

compel Plaintiff to arbitrate the claims against them at the time the Complaint was filed, and they

did not need to await a threshold determination from this court concerning their potential liability

under the Contract before doing so.




                                                 5
                                                  *        *         *

         In sum, the court finds that Individual Defendants could have compelled Plaintiff to

arbitrate his claims upon filing of the Complaint on two separate grounds. First, as third-party

beneficiaries of the Contract, District of Columbia law permitted Individual Defendants to invoke

the Contract’s arbitration clause. See Hossain, 147 A.3d at 820. Second, Individual Defendants

could have relied on the doctrine of estoppel to compel arbitration. See Riley, 61 F. Supp. 3d at

99. Instead of promptly moving to compel Plaintiff to arbitrate his claims against them upon

filing of the Complaint, though, Individual Defendants waited over ten months to do so. Even

more inexplicably, Individual Defendants allowed five months to pass after Defendant Dream

Catcher invoked the Contract’s arbitration clause before filing the present Motion. Compare

Dream Catcher Mot. (filed April 10, 2017), with Appl. for Stay (filed August 29, 2017).

Accordingly, like Defendant Dream Catcher, Individual Defendants failed to invoke their right to

arbitrate at the “earliest available opportunity” and, thus, forfeited that right. See Zuckerman, 646

F.3d at 923–24.2

                                                           II

         The court also finds that Individual Defendants’ Motion to Stay is “frivolous.” In the D.C.

Circuit, “a non-frivolous appeal from the district court’s order [denying a motion to compel

arbitration] divests the district court of jurisdiction over those aspects of the case on appeal.”

Bombardier Corp. v. Nat’l R.R. Passenger Corp., No. 02-7125, 2002 WL 31818924, at *1 (D.C.


2
  The cases cited by the Individual Defendants do not compel a different result. See Appl. for Stay at 4–5 (citing
Oehme, van Sweden & Assocs., Inc. v. Maypaul Trading & Servs., Ltd., 902 F. Supp. 2d 87 (D.D.C. 2012), and
Signature Tech. Sols. v. Incapsulate, LLC, 58 F. Supp. 3d 72 (D.D.C. 2014)). Those cases stand for the proposition
that, in order for a signatory to an arbitration agreement to compel a non-signatory to arbitrate claims, the party must
first demonstrate to the court that the nonparty is equitably bound by the contract that contains the arbitration clause.
This case presents precisely the opposite situation. Here, a non-signatory to an arbitration agreement seeks to compel
a signatory to arbitrate. The cases upon which Individual Defendants rely, therefore, are wholly inapplicable in the
present context.

                                                           6
Cir. Dec. 12, 2002). A motion is “frivolous” when its disposition is obvious and the legal

arguments are wholly without merit. See Reliance Ins. Co. v. Sweeney Corp., 792 F.2d 1137,

1138 (D.C. Cir. 1986) (quoting Gattuso v. Pecorella, 733 F.2d 709, 710 (9th Cir. 1984)).

Individual Defendants’ argument for their belated filing is not only predicated on a flawed legal

theory derived from plainly inapposite case law, see supra n.2, but their Motion wholly ignored

controlling Supreme Court precedent and pertinent cases from the D.C. Court of Appeals and this

District Court that clearly would have enabled them to seek to compel arbitration months earlier.

The court, therefore, finds no purpose in staying this matter pending resolution on appeal and

retains jurisdiction over it.

                                               III

        For the foregoing reasons, the Individual Defendants’ Application for Stay Pending

Arbitration is denied.




                                                     ______________________
Dated: October 4, 2017                               Amit P. Mehta
                                                     United States District Judge




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