[Cite as In re J.T., 2019-Ohio-465.]


                       IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
                          FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                               JACKSON COUNTY

IN THE MATTER OF:                            :   Case No. 18CA9
                                             :
J.T.                                         :   DECISION AND JUDGMENT
                                             :   ENTRY
ALLEGED UNRULY CHILD                         :
                                             :   Released: 02/05/19

                                       APPEARANCES:

Dana E. Gilliland, Wellston, Ohio, for Appellant.

Timothy E. Forshey, Jackson, Ohio, for Appellee.


McFarland, J.

        {¶1} Appellant, the child’s biological mother, appeals the trial court’s

judgment that granted Appellee, Jackson County Department of Job and

Family Services, permanent custody of her teenage son. Appellant raises

two assignments of error. She first contends that the trial court deprived her

of her parental rights without due process of law. Appellant asserts that the

trial court did not provide her with adequate notice and a meaningful

opportunity to be heard before the court granted Appellee permanent

custody of her child. We agree. The trial court did not comply with the

procedural protections developed to ensure that a parent facing termination

of parental rights receives adequate notice of the permanent custody hearing.
Jackson App. No. 18CA9                                                           2


Accordingly, we sustain appellant’s first assignment of error and reverse the

trial court’s judgment. Appellant’s second assignment of error is moot.

                                  I. FACTS

      {¶2} On September 15, 2017, the child’s stepmother filed a complaint

that alleged the child is unruly. The complaint averred that the child

currently lives with his father and stepmother. The complaint made no

mention of Appellant, the child’s biological mother. The court later found

“that the Summons and Notice heretofore issued have been duly served upon

the parents of said child.”

      {¶3} At a pretrial hearing, the court explained that it learned that the

father and stepmother had surrendered the child and stated that they could no

longer manage the child. The court stated that it would “be changing the

nature of the case” and entered a finding that the child is dependent. Thus,

although the case began as an unruly child complaint, the trial court

subsequently adjudicated the child dependent and placed the child in

Appellee’s temporary custody.

      {¶4} About eight months later, Appellee filed a motion to modify the

disposition to permanent custody. Appellee alleged that the child should not

be placed with either parent. Appellee asserted that the child’s father and

stepmother told Appellee that they no longer want the child in their home.
Jackson App. No. 18CA9                                                         3


Appellee claimed that the child’s biological mother, Appellant, “has been in

contact with [the] agency once.”

      {¶5} Appellee’s motion for permanent custody included a certificate

of service stating that Appellee served the motion upon the child’s guardian

ad litem and upon “Josh Price, attorney for mother.” The record shows,

however, that the court appointed “Joshua Price” as counsel for the child.

      {¶6} Appellee filed a request for service along with its permanent

custody motion and asked the clerk to serve Appellant “with a copy of the

motion requesting modification of temporary commitment to permanent

commitment by personal service, at 688 Ridge Gap Road, Rockwood, TN

37854.” The clerk’s office then sent a request for service to the Roane

County Sheriff’s Department to personally serve Appellant with the

“attached Summons, Motion Requesting Modification of Temporary

Commitment to Permanent Commitment, * * * and Notice of Permanent

Custody hearing set for September 28, 2018, at 9:00 a.m.”

      {¶7} The “Notice of Permanent Custody” states that the court issued

the notice to the attorneys, guardian ad litem, Appellee, the father, and

Appellant that reads: “You are hereby notified that the Court has set the

above-captioned matter for permanent custody hearing on September 28,

2018, at 9:00 A.M.” A deputy clerk signed the notice. The notice does not
Jackson App. No. 18CA9                                                           4


indicate how it was served upon the parties and does not contain any

addresses for the parties.

      {¶8} The request to the Roane County Sheriff’s Department was

returned with a handwritten note that reads: “Address provided is not in

Roane County.” Another handwritten note indicates that the address is in

Cumberland County.

      {¶9} On July 5, 2018, the clerk’s office issued a request for service to

the Cumberland County Sheriff’s Department, and asked the Sheriff’s Office

to make personal service upon Appellant at 688 Ridge Gap Road,

Rockwood, TN 37854.”

      {¶10} On August 20, 2018, Appellee requested the clerk to serve

Appellant by publication. Appellee submitted an affidavit for service by

publication that reads:

             Tara Gilliland, * * * states that the present addresses of [the
      father and Appellant] are unknown to affiant and cannot with
      reasonable diligence be ascertained. Affiant further states that efforts
      made to learn the address of said parties include the following: the
      computer database searches available. Affiant further states that
      service of summons cannot be made * * *.

      {¶11} The clerk requested “The Telegram,” located in Jackson, Ohio,

to publish a notice that reads as follows:

            [The father, the stepmother, and Appellant] will take notice that
      a Motion for Modification of Temporary Commitment to Permanent
      Commitment has been filed in Jackson County, Ohio Juvenile Court
Jackson App. No. 18CA9                                                         5


      concerning the child * * * that said Motion will be set for hearing
      before the said Court in Jackson County, Ohio on the 28th day of
      September, 2018, at 9:00 a.m. at Juvenile Court, Jackson County
      Court House, 350 Portsmouth Street, Ste. 101, Jackson, Ohio 45640;
      and [the parties] are ordered to appear before said Court on said date
      and show cause why the Motion should not be granted.

The notice also included the following statement:

            Any party is entitled to a lawyer in all proceedings in Juvenile
      Court. If a party cannot afford a lawyer and meets certain
      requirements, the Court will appoint one upon request. If you wish to
      have a lawyer, but believe you cannot afford one, call 740-286-6405
      at Juvenile Court at Jackson, Ohio between the hours of 8:00 a.m. and
      4:00 p.m. Monday through Friday.

      {¶12} The Telegram later certified that it published the notice on

August 29, 2018.

      {¶13} On September 28, 2018, the court held a hearing to consider

Appellee’s motion for permanent custody. At the start, Appellee’s counsel

stated that he did not “believe the child’s mother, [Appellant], has really had

any contact with [Appellee] other than once since the case has been going.”

The court stated: “Well, we’ve had no contact with her from the court to ask

for counsel or …other than… we haven’t had any contract from her, have

we?” The court reporter responded, “No.” The court then proceeded with

the hearing.

      {¶14} At the hearing, caseworker Tara Gilliland stated that she had

one contact with Appellant. Gilliland explained that on May 29, 2018, she
Jackson App. No. 18CA9                                                          6


sent a letter to Appellant that requested Appellant to contact the caseworker

about Appellant’s child. Gilliland stated that about one week later,

Appellant contacted her. Gilliland indicated that when Appellant called,

Gilliland had been preparing for a home visit and was not “able to verify any

information at that time.” Gilliland stated that Appellant “asked what was

happening with [the child]” and whether the father “was ok; if there was a

reason why he didn’t have [the child], but that was about as far as the

conversation had got.” Gilliland further explained that when she spoke with

Appellant, Appellant did not indicate that she would like to have custody of

the child.

      {¶15} Gilliland related that Appellant spoke with Gilliland’s

supervisor, as well, but Appellant “refused to give us a call back number and

said that she would call back.” Gilliland testified that she later sent

Appellant another letter and asked Appellant to contact the agency.

Gilliland stated that Appellant did not have any additional contact with

Appellee.

      {¶16} On October 9, 2018, a return of personal service was filed that

indicated that on September 25, 2018, the Cumberland County Sheriff had

personally served Appellant.
Jackson App. No. 18CA9                                                         7


      {¶17} On October 22, 2018, the trial court granted Appellee’s motion

for permanent custody. The court found that Appellant “was served, but did

not appear.” The court additionally determined that Appellant “only had

contact with the caseworker once and has not appeared at any hearings.”

The court further stated that “the mother has not attended any hearings, has

only contacted children’s services once during the course of the case and

appears to have had little, if any, contact with the child. The mother has

shown NO interest in [the child] and has, therefore, effectively abandoned

him * * *.” (Emphasis sic.).

      {¶18} The court determined that the child’s father and stepmother

“decide[d] it is better to hike the Appalachian Trail than engage in case plan

services.” The court noted that the father and stepmother informed Appellee

that they did not want the child to return to their home. The court found that

the child could not be placed with either parent and that it is in his best

interest to place the child in Appellee’s permanent custody.

      {¶19} On October 23, 2018, Appellee requested the court to enter a

reasonable efforts finding. Appellee asserted that the caseworker attempted

to contact Appellant “by sending letters.” Appellee alleged that Appellant

did call once, but she did not provide any contact information.
Jackson App. No. 18CA9                                                        8


      {¶20} Two days later, the court made the reasonable efforts finding

that Appellee requested and made its finding “effective as of September 27,

2018.” The court found that the caseworker attempted to contact Appellant

and that although Appellant called Appellee, the mother did not give

Appellee any contact information.

      {¶21} On October 29, 2018, the court appointed counsel for the

mother for purposes of appeal. This appeal followed.

                      II. ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR

      {¶22} Appellant timely appealed and raises two assignments of error:

      First Assignment of Error:

      “The trial court lacked personal jurisdiction over the mother to
      proceed to trial violating the mother’s right to substantive and
      procedural due process.”

      Second Assignment of Error:

      “The trial court’s decision to terminate mother’s parental rights was
      an abuse of discretion and against the manifest weight of the evidence
      as a result of the due process violations against the mother.”

                              III. ANALYSIS

                                     A.

                              Procedural Issue

      {¶23} We first observe that the mother filed a Civ.R. 59 new trial

motion. App.R. 4(B)(2)(b) states that a “timely and appropriate” new trial
Jackson App. No. 18CA9                                                                                     9


motion filed in a juvenile proceeding tolls the time for filing a notice of

appeal until the trial court enters a judgment that disposes of the new trial

motion. The rule further provides:

                If a party files a notice of appeal from an otherwise final
         judgment but before the trial court has resolved one or more of the
         filings listed in this division, then the court of appeals, upon
         suggestion of any of the parties, shall remand the matter to the trial
         court to resolve the post-judgment filings in question and shall stay
         appellate proceedings until the trial court has done so.

         {¶24} Here, none of the parties have suggested that we remand the

matter to the trial court to resolve Appellant’s new trial motion and stay the

appellate proceedings until the trial court has done so.1 We decline to do so

sua sponte under the circumstances present in the case at bar.

                                                     B.

                                             Due Process

         {¶25} In her first assignment of error, Appellant contends that the trial

court’s permanent custody decision violates her rights to substantive and

procedural due process. Appellant asserts that the trial court did not provide

her with adequate notice and an opportunity to participate in the permanent

custody proceedings. She thus asserts that the court’s permanent custody

decision deprives her of her fundamental parental rights without due process


1
 We observe that Appellant sought a stay of the trial court’s judgment, but she did not seek to stay the
appellate proceedings in order to allow the trial court to rule on her motion for a new trial.
Jackson App. No. 18CA9                                                        10


of law. Appellant contends that the court’s permanent custody decision is

therefore void.

      {¶26} Appellant recognizes that Appellee issued notice by

publication, but she claims that the publication notice is defective.

Appellant argues that Appellee first had to attempt service by certified or

regular mail before resorting to service by publication. Appellant asserts

that service by publication is a method of last resort.

      {¶27} Appellant additionally argues that the affidavit Appellee

submitted to support its request for service by publication is defective. She

points out that the affidavit avers that Appellee had been unable to locate

Appellant’s address, but the record shows that Appellee previously

requested personal service upon Appellant at a known address.

      {¶28} The Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment to the United

States Constitution, as applicable to the states through the Fourteenth

Amendment, provides: “No person shall * * * be deprived of life, liberty, or

property, without due process of law.” “[P]arents’ interest in the care,

custody, and control of their children ‘is perhaps the oldest of the

fundamental liberty interests recognized by this Court.’ ” In re B.C., 141

Ohio St.3d 55, 2014–Ohio–4558, 21 N.E.3d 308, ¶ 19, quoting Troxel v.

Granville, 530 U.S. 57, 65, 120 S.Ct. 2054, 147 L.Ed.2d 49 (2000). Indeed,
Jackson App. No. 18CA9                                                              11


the right to raise one’s “child is an ‘essential’ and ‘basic’ civil right.” In re

Murray, 52 Ohio St.3d 155, 157, 556 N.E.2d 1169 (1990); accord In re

Hayes, 79 Ohio St.3d 46, 48, 679 N.E.2d 680 (1997); see Santosky v.

Kramer, 455 U.S. 745, 753, 102 S.Ct. 1388, 71 L.Ed.2d 599 (1982) (stating

that “natural parents have a fundamental right to the care and custody of

their children”). Thus, “parents who are ‘suitable’ have a ‘paramount’ right

to the custody of their children.” B.C. at ¶ 19, quoting In re Perales, 52 Ohio

St.2d 89, 97, 369 N.E.2d 1047 (1977), citing Clark v. Bayer, 32 Ohio St.

299, 310 (1877); Murray, 52 Ohio at 157.

      {¶29} Additionally, the Ohio Supreme Court has described the

permanent termination of parental rights as “ ‘the family law equivalent of

the death penalty in a criminal case.’ ” Hayes, 79 Ohio St.3d at 48, quoting

In re Smith, 77 Ohio App.3d 1, 16, 601 N.E.2d 45 (6th Dist.1991).

Consequently, courts must afford parents facing the permanent termination

of their parental rights “ ‘every procedural and substantive protection the law

allows.’ ” Id., quoting Smith at 16, 601 N.E.2d 45; accord B.C. at ¶ 19.

Thus, because parents possess a fundamental liberty interest in the care and

custody of their children, the state may not deprive parents of their parental

rights without due process of law. In re James, 113 Ohio St.3d 420, 2007–

Ohio–2335, 866 N.E.2d 467, ¶ 16; e.g., In re A.G., 4th Dist. Athens No.
Jackson App. No. 18CA9                                                       12


14CA28, 2014-Ohio-5014, 2014 WL 5812193, ¶ 12; In re M.H., 4th Dist.

Vinton No. 11CA683, 2011–Ohio–5140, ¶¶ 49–50. Moreover, a parent’s

right to due process “does not evaporate simply because” that parent has

“not been [a] model parent[] or [has] lost temporary custody of their child to

the State.” Santosky, 455 U.S. at 753.

        {¶30} Although “due process” lacks precise definition, courts have

long held that due process requires both notice and an opportunity to be

heard. In re Thompkins, 115 Ohio St.3d 409, 2007–Ohio–5238, 875 N.E.2d

582, ¶ 12, citing Hagar v. Reclamation Dist. No. 108, 111 U.S. 701, 708, 4

S.Ct. 663, 28 L.Ed. 569 (1884); Caldwell v. Carthage, 49 Ohio St. 334, 348,

31 N.E. 602 (1892). “An elementary and fundamental requirement of due

process in any proceeding which is to be accorded finality is notice

reasonably calculated, under all the circumstances, to apprise interested

parties of the pendency of the action and afford them an opportunity to

present their objections.” Mullane v. Cent. Hanover Bank & Trust Co., 339

U.S. 306, 314, 70 S.Ct. 652, 94 L.Ed. 865 (1950); accord In re Thompkins at

¶ 13.

        {¶31} Moreover, given the importance of the parent-child bond, “a

Juvenile Court cannot make a valid order changing temporary commitment

of a dependent child to a permanent one without a service of notice upon the
Jackson App. No. 18CA9                                                        13


parent of the child, strictly in accordance with the law.” In re Frizl, 152 Ohio

St. 164, 173, 87 N.E.2d 583 (1949); accord In re S.S., 9th Dist. Wayne No.

10CA0010, 2010-Ohio-6374, 2010 WL 5541112, ¶ 43, quoting In re

Cowling, 72 Ohio App.3d 299, 500–501, 595 N.E.2d 470 (9th Dist.1991).

Accordingly, if a court fails to serve a summons to a parent in compliance

with the procedural rules, then it lacks personal jurisdiction over the parent.

In re Z.H., 2013–Ohio–3904, 995 N.E.2d 295, ¶ 14 (9th Dist.). “ ‘It is

rudimentary that in order to render a valid personal judgment, a court must

have personal jurisdiction over the defendant.” ’ State ex rel. Doe v. Capper,

132 Ohio St.3d 365, 2012–Ohio–2686, 972 N.E .2d 553, ¶ 13, quoting

Maryhew v. Yova, 11 Ohio St.3d 154, 156, 464 N.E.2d 538 (1984). “ ‘[A]

judgment rendered without proper service or entry of appearance is a nullity

and void.’ ” State ex rel. Ballard v. O'Donnell, 50 Ohio St.3d 182, 183–184,

553 N.E.2d 650 (1990), quoting Lincoln Tavern, Inc. v. Snader, 165 Ohio St.

61, 64, 133 N.E.2d 606 (1956); e.g., Knickerbocker Properties, Inc. XLII v.

Delaware Cty. Bod. of Revision, 119 Ohio St.3d 233, 2008–Ohio–3192, 893

N.E.2d 457, ¶ 20; Cincinnati School Dist. Bd. of Edn. v. Hamilton Cty. Bd.

of Revision, 87 Ohio St.3d 363, 366–367, 721 N.E.2d 40 (2000). “Thus, a

valid court judgment requires both proper service under the applicable Ohio

rules and adequate notice under the Due Process Clause.” In re A.G., 4th
Jackson App. No. 18CA9                                                         14


Dist. Athens No. 14CA28, 2014-Ohio-5014, 2014 WL 5812193, ¶ 14, citing

Sampson Sales, Inc. v. Honeywell, Inc., 66 Ohio St.3d 290, 293, 421 N.E.2d

522 (1981).

      {¶32} When the state seeks to interfere with a parent’s liberty interest

in the care, custody, and management of his or her child, the Due Process

Clause requires the state to “attempt to provide actual notice” to the parents.

Thompkins at ¶ 14 (emphasis sic.), citing Dusenbery v. United States, 534

U.S. 161, 170, 122 S.Ct. 694, 151 L.Ed.2d 597 (2002). Due process does

not, however, require the state to undertake “‘heroic efforts’” to provide

actual notice. Id., quoting Dusenbery, 534 U.S. at 170. Additionally, due

process does not require that a parent receives actual notice before the state

may permanently sever the parent-child relationship. Id. Instead, the state

satisfies its due process obligation to provide notice and an opportunity to be

heard if the state employs means that are “reasonably calculated” to inform

the parent of the proceeding involving his or her child. In re A.G., 139 Ohio

St.3d 572, 2014-Ohio-2597, 13 N.E.3d 1146, 2014 WL 2766200, ¶ 64.

Furthermore, the state must exercise “reasonable diligence in attempting to

notify [parents] that [their] parental rights [are] subject to termination.”

Thompkins at ¶ 15; In re S.S., 9th Dist. Wayne No. 10CA0010, 2010-Ohio-

6374, 2010 WL 5541112, ¶ 49.
Jackson App. No. 18CA9                                                        15


       {¶33} In general, “reasonable diligence” means “ ‘[a] fair, proper and

due degree of care and activity, measured with reference to the particular

circumstances; such diligence, care, or attention as might be expected from a

man of ordinary prudence and activity.’ ” Thompkins at ¶ 25, quoting

Sizemore v. Smith, 6 Ohio St.3d 330, 332, 453 N.E.2d 632 (1983), quoting

Black’s Law Dictionary (5 Ed.1979), 412. “[W]hat constitutes reasonable

diligence will depend on the facts and circumstances of each particular

case.” Sizemore, 6 Ohio St.3d at 332. Essentially, however, “ ‘[r]easonable

diligence requires taking steps which an individual of ordinary prudence

would reasonably expect to be successful in locating a defendant’s

address.’ ” Thompkins at ¶ 25, quoting Sizemore at 332. “ ‘Minimal efforts

do not constitute ‘reasonable diligence;’ rather it is demonstrated by such

diligence, care, or attention as might be expected from a person of ordinary

prudence and activity.’ ” S.S. at ¶ 49, quoting Cowling, 72 Ohio App.3d at

502.

       {¶34} “[S]teps taken in the effort to exercise reasonable diligence

might include consulting a city directory, examining government records, or

making inquiries of possible acquaintances of the person sought.”

Thompkins at ¶ 26, citing Sizemore at 332. These steps are not, however,

“mandatory.” Instead, the steps “exemplify that reasonable diligence
Jackson App. No. 18CA9                                                           16


requires [the use of] common and readily available sources” in the search.

Id.

      {¶35} As a general matter, R.C. Chapter 2151 adequately protects the

due process rights of parents facing the termination of their parental rights.

In re B.C., 141 Ohio St.3d 55, 2014-Ohio-4558, 21 N.E.3d 308, ¶¶ 25-27

(rejecting claim that due process requires delayed appeal in permanent

custody proceedings and instead holding that “statutory protections already

ensure that a parent faced with termination of parental rights has the

opportunity to participate in the proceedings fully, with notice,

representation, and the remedy of an appeal”). R.C. 2151.414 governs the

procedure upon the filing of a permanent custody motion. The statute states

that upon the filing of a permanent custody motion, “the court shall schedule

a hearing and give notice of the filing of the motion and of the hearing, in

accordance with section 2151.29 of the Revised Code, to all parties to the

action.” R.C. 2151.414(A)(1). The statute additionally requires the notice

to contain a full explanation that the granting of permanent custody

permanently divests the parents of their parental rights, a full explanation of

their right to be represented by counsel and to have counsel appointed

pursuant to Chapter 120. of the Revised Code if they are indigent, and the

name and telephone number of the court employee designated by the court
Jackson App. No. 18CA9                                                      17


pursuant to section 2151.314 of the Revised Code to arrange for the prompt

appointment of counsel for indigent persons. Id.

      {¶36} We begin our analysis by examining the requirement set forth

in R.C. 2151.414(A)(1) that the trial court give notice of the permanent

custody motion and hearing in accordance with R.C. 2151.29.

      {¶37} R.C. 2151.29 states:

              Service of summons, notices, and subpoenas, prescribed by
      section 2151.28 of the Revised Code, shall be made by delivering a
      copy to the person summoned, notified, or subpoenaed, or by leaving
      a copy at the person’s usual place of residence. If the juvenile judge
      is satisfied that such service is impracticable, the juvenile judge may
      order service by registered or certified mail. If the person to be served
      is without the state but the person can be found or the person’s
      address is known, or the person’s whereabouts or address can with
      reasonable diligence be ascertained, service of the summons may be
      made by delivering a copy to the person personally or mailing a copy
      to the person by registered or certified mail.
              Whenever it appears by affidavit that after reasonable effort the
      person to be served with summons cannot be found or the person’s
      post-office address ascertained, whether the person is within or
      without a state, the clerk shall publish such summons once in a
      newspaper of general circulation throughout the county. The
      summons shall state the substance and the time and place of the
      hearing, which shall be held at least one week later than the date of
      the publication. A copy of the summons and the complaint,
      indictment, or information shall be sent by registered or certified mail
      to the last known address of the person summoned unless it is shown
      by affidavit that a reasonable effort has been made, without success,
      to obtain such address.
              A copy of the advertisement, the summons, and the complaint,
      indictment, or information, accompanied by the certificate of the clerk
      that such publication has been made and that the summons and the
      complaint, indictment, or information have been mailed as required by
      this section, is sufficient evidence of publication and mailing. When a
Jackson App. No. 18CA9                                                            18


         period of one week from the time of publication has elapsed, the
         juvenile court shall have full jurisdiction to deal with such child as
         provided by sections 2151.01 to 2151.99 of the Revised Code.

         {¶38} R.C. 2151.29 specifically addresses the situation when, as here,

the parent to be served does not live in the State of Ohio.2 R.C. 2151.29

permits service upon an out-of-state parent to be made personally or by

registered or certified mail, so long as “the person’s address is known, or the

person’s whereabouts or address can with reasonable diligence be

ascertained.” Service may be by publication “[w]henever it appears by

affidavit that after reasonable effort the person to be served with summons

cannot be found or the person’s post-office address ascertained.” Id. Service

by publication thus “is reserved for those cases in which the residence of the

parent is unknown and is not ascertainable with reasonable diligence.” In re

R.P., 9th Dist. Summit No. 26271, 2012–Ohio–4799, ¶ 18; accord In re

R.L.P., 12th Dist. Butler No. CA2017-01-012, 2017-Ohio-7359, 2017 WL

3701165, ¶ 19. Service by publication essentially “is a method of last

resort.” Yeomans and Salvador, Ohio Juvenile Law, Section 13:4 (footnote

omitted); In re Miller, 33 Ohio App.3d 224, 226, 515 N.E.2d 635 (1986).

         {¶39} Accordingly, in the case at bar, serving Appellant by

publication was a valid means of service if the state (Appellee and the trial


2
    We note that the Juvenile Rules of Procedure contain similar provisions.
Jackson App. No. 18CA9                                                                     19


court)3 made reasonable efforts to locate Appellant or her post-office address

but could not. That is, serving Appellant by publication was a valid means

of notifying Appellant that her parental rights were subject to termination if

the state did not know Appellant’s address and could not ascertain it by

exercising reasonable diligence.

          {¶40} Service by publication is a valid means of notifying a parent of

a permanent custody proceeding when a children services agency attempts

certified mail and the postal service returns the mailing as, “Attempted Not

Known.” Thompkins at ¶ 2. Therefore, when the postal service returns the

mailing as, “Attempted Not Known,” reasonable diligence does not require

an agency to attempt to serve a parent by ordinary mail before resorting to

service by publication.

          {¶41} In Thompkins, the court held that the agency exercised

reasonable diligence in attempting to serve the parent even though the

agency had not attempted to serve the parent by ordinary mail before

resorting to service by publication. Id. The record in Thompkins established

that the agency first attempted to personally serve the parent at a Dayton

address. Id. at ¶ 4. The process server was not successful and reported that

the parent had not lived at the Dayton address for nearly one year. Id. The


3
    We observe that R.C. 2151.414(A)(1) requires the trial court to give the parties notice of
Jackson App. No. 18CA9                                                         20


agency then filed an affidavit for service by publication. Id. The agency

alleged that the parent could not be served by summons because his address

was unknown and the agency could not ascertain it with reasonable

diligence. Id. A newspaper of general circulation subsequently published a

notice of the upcoming hearing. Id.

       {¶42} The agency also tried to serve the parent by certified mail sent

to a Columbus address. Id. at ¶ 5. The postmaster returned the certified

letter as “Attempted Not Known.” Id.

       {¶43} Although the parent had not been located, the trial court

appointed counsel to represent the parent. Id. at ¶ 6. Counsel appeared at the

permanent custody hearing and asserted that the trial court lacked personal

jurisdiction over the parent due to a failure of service. Id. A magistrate

determined that the agency properly served the parent by publication and

proceeded with the permanent custody hearing. Id.

       {¶44} After the court granted the agency permanent custody of the

child, the parent’s counsel objected to the magistrate’s decision. Id. Counsel

alleged that the court lacked personal jurisdiction over the parent. Id. The

trial court disagreed and adopted the magistrate’s decision. Id. The parent’s

counsel then filed a notice of appeal.


the filing of the motion and hearing.
Jackson App. No. 18CA9                                                        21


      {¶45} On appeal, the appellate court agreed that the trial court lacked

jurisdiction over the parent. Id. at ¶ 7. The court noted that when a children

services agency seeks to terminate parental rights, Juv.R. 16 requires the

agency to exercise reasonable diligence when attempting to serve the

parents. Id. The appellate court concluded that reasonable diligence requires

the agency to attempt to serve the parents in accordance with Civ.R. 4(A),

(C), and (D), 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.5, and 4.6 before resorting to service by

publication. Id. The court determined that the “Attempted Not Known”

notation on the certified mail envelope required the agency to attempt

service by ordinary mail. Id. at ¶ 8. The court thus concluded that because

the agency did not attempt service by ordinary mail, the agency did not

exercise reasonable diligence in attempting to serve the parent before

resorting to service by publication. Id. The appellate court therefore

determined that service by publication was insufficient and that the trial

court lacked personal jurisdiction over the parent. Id.

      {¶46} On further appeal to the Supreme Court of Ohio, counsel for the

parent again argued that the trial court lacked personal jurisdiction over the

parent. The Supreme Court disagreed. The court instead examined the

Juvenile and Civil Rules of Procedure, as well as R.C. 2151.29, and

concluded that service by publication satisfies due process when the agency
Jackson App. No. 18CA9                                                        22


first attempts certified mail and the post office returns the mail as,

“Attempted Not Known.” The court explained:

              When a postal return reads “Attempted Not Known,” no
      purpose would be served by a follow-up ordinary mail letter sent to
      the same address. The “Unclaimed” designation implies that the
      person may in fact reside or receive mail at the designated address but
      for whatever reason has chosen not to sign for the certified mail. In
      that situation, a follow-up communication by ordinary mail is
      reasonably calculated to provide the interested party with notice and
      an opportunity to be heard. Such a communication, not returned,
      bears a strong inference that the intended recipient received the letter.
      This is not so, however, with ordinary mail following the return of a
      certified letter with the endorsement “Attempted Not Known.” The
      inference then is that the intended recipient does not reside or receive
      mail at the designated address and is not known to the residents there.
      A follow-up letter in these circumstances would not permit a similar
      inference of receipt. Id. at ¶ 23.

      {¶47} The Thompkins court thus concluded that the agency complied

with the rules by attempting to personally serve the parent, by attempting to

serve the parent by certified mail, and by publishing a notice in a newspaper

of general circulation. Id. at ¶ 24. The court disagreed that “the Due Process

Clause required the board to attempt service * * * by ordinary mail” before

it could obtain service by publication. Id. The court observed that the

endorsement on the returned certified letter, “Attempted Not Known,”

“clearly demonstrated that [the parent] did not reside and was not known at

the [listed] address.” Id. The court thus concluded that “any ordinary mail

addressed to him at that address could not be reasonably calculated to give
Jackson App. No. 18CA9                                                         23


him notice and an opportunity to be heard at the permanent-custody

proceeding.” Id. The court hence reversed the appellate court’s judgment.

      {¶48} Here, we do not believe that serving Appellant by publication

complied with the due process requirement that service be reasonably

calculated to provide her with notice and an opportunity to be heard at the

permanent custody hearing. Moreover, Appellee did not exercise reasonable

diligence in attempting to serve Appellant with notice that she faced the

termination of her parental rights. First, unlike the situation in Thompkins

where a returned certified mailing showed that the address for the parent was

“Attempted Not Known,” here the record does not contain any evidence that

Appellant’s address was attempted and not known. The first attempt to

personally serve Appellant was returned, not with a notation that the address

was unknown, but rather, with a notation that the clerk’s office sent the

request to the wrong county in Tennessee. The clerk’s office immediately

sent another request for personal service to the correct county in Tennessee.

      {¶49} After approximately forty-five days, the second request for

service had not been returned. Appellee then requested service by

publication. Appellee submitted the caseworkers’ affidavit in support of its

request. The caseworker’s affidavit for service by publication avers that

Appellant’s address is “unknown to affiant and cannot with reasonable
Jackson App. No. 18CA9                                                          24


diligence be ascertained.” It continues: “Affiant further states that efforts

made to learn the address of said parties include the following: the computer

database searches available.” The affidavit also asserted “that service of

summons cannot be made.”

      {¶50} We do not think Appellee showed that Appellant’s address

could not with reasonable diligence be ascertained. First, although the

caseworker indicated in her affidavit for service by publication that

Appellant’s address was unknown, the caseworker testified at the permanent

custody hearing that on May 29, 2018, she sent Appellant a letter. The

caseworker stated that eight days later, Appellant called the caseworker in

response. The caseworker gave no indication that the letter was returned due

to an unknown address. This evidence suggests that the address where the

caseworker sent the letter was a valid post-office address. Thus, the

caseworker’s testimony shows that Appellee could reasonably ascertain, and

did in fact ascertain, Appellant’s post-office address. Because Appellee had

in fact ascertained Appellant’s address, R.C. 2151.29 required the state to

serve Appellant either personally or by registered or certified mail.

      {¶51} Under R.C. 2151.29, service by publication is proper

“[w]henever it appears by affidavit that after reasonable effort the person to

be served with summons cannot be found or the person’s post-office address
Jackson App. No. 18CA9                                                           25


ascertained.” Because the evidence shows that Appellant’s post-office

address not only could, but was, ascertained, we do not think the agency

properly invoked the service-by-publication rule. Dragich v. Dragich, 10th

Dist. No. 86AP–178, 1986 WL 10409, at *1 (“Service by publication based

upon a false affidavit is defective.”); see generally PHH Mtge. Corp. v.

Prater, 133 Ohio St.3d 91, 2012-Ohio-3931, 975 N.E.2d 1008, ¶ 12, quoting

Cent. Trust Co., N.A. v. Jensen, 67 Ohio St.3d 140, 143, 616 N.E.2d 873

(1993) (stating that “ ‘[w]hen a party’s address is known or easily

ascertainable and the cost of notice is little more than that of a first-class

stamp, the balance will almost always favor notice by mail over

publication’ ”); Cent. Trust (holding that notice by publication to a person

with a property interest in a proceeding is insufficient when that person’s

address is known or easily ascertainable). Instead, according to Thompkins,

the agency first should have attempted service by certified mail. Service by

registered or certified mail would have been reasonably calculated to

provide Appellant notice of the permanent custody motion and hearing.

Moreover, when a children services agency has not received notice from the

process server or the post office that the address attempted is unknown,

ordinary prudence would seem to dictate that the agency attempt service by

registered or certified mail before serving by publication.
Jackson App. No. 18CA9                                                          26


      {¶52} We observe that on September 25, 2018, appellant was

personally served with notice of the permanent custody proceedings.

Unfortunately, the return was not filed with the clerk’s office until October

9, 2018, eleven days after the permanent custody hearing had concluded.

            A requirement that notice be served of the time and place of
      hearing in reference to a permanent commitment means a notice
      reasonably in advance of such time so that the parent notified may
      have ample opportunity to secure counsel and prepare to resist the
      application to make the temporary commitment permanent.

In re Frinzl, 152 Ohio St. 164, 172–73, 87 N.E.2d 583, 587–88, 39 O.O. 456

(1949) (concluding that one-hour notice insufficient). We question whether

three days’ notice to a parent who lives in Tennessee constitutes adequate

time to allow the parent to have ample opportunity to secure counsel and

prepare to resist the permanent custody motion. Nevertheless, even if we

overlook the timing of the personal service, more fundamentally, the notice

personally served did not comply with R.C. 2151.414(A)(1).

      {¶53} As we stated earlier, R.C. 2151.414(A)(1) requires the court to

include in its notice each of the following: (1) “a full explanation that the

granting of permanent custody permanently divests the parents of their

parental rights,” (2) “a full explanation of their right to be represented by

counsel and to have counsel appointed pursuant to Chapter 120. of the

Revised Code if they are indigent,” and (3) “the name and telephone number
Jackson App. No. 18CA9                                                        27


of the court employee designated by the court pursuant to section 2151.314

of the Revised Code to arrange for the prompt appointment of counsel for

indigent persons.” The record does not reveal that the notice personally

served upon Appellant contained any of the above information. The notice

that the court issued with its request for personal service states simply: “You

are hereby notified that the Court has set the above-captioned matter for

Permanent Custody Hearing on September 28, 2018, at 9:00 a.m.” The

notice is printed on the court’s letterhead, which contains a phone number,

but the notice does not advise Appellant of the legal effect of granting

permanent custody, of her right to counsel, or the name of an employee

designated to assist indigent parents.

      {¶54} Moreover, although the request for service indicates that the

documents to be served included a summons, the record submitted on appeal

does not contain a copy of a “summons.” Additionally, none of the other

documents requested to be served upon Appellant appear to be a

“summons.” See Juv.R. 15(B) (describing contents of a summons). We thus

are unable to determine whether the summons contained any of the above

information.

      {¶55} Thus, even if we presumed that three days’ advance notice of a

permanent custody hearing to an out-of-state parent constituted sufficient
Jackson App. No. 18CA9                                                           28


notice, the notice actually served upon Appellant did not contain the

information that R.C. 2151.414(A)(1) requires. It therefore was deficient.

      {¶56} Any claim that Appellant had adequate notice of the permanent

custody proceeding due to the caseworker’s one phone call with Appellant is

without merit. First, the phone call occurred before Appellee filed its

permanent custody motion. Second, even if the caseworker had informed

Appellant that Appellee intended to seek permanent custody of the child (no

evidence suggests that the caseworker did), “[n]otice by telephone or

conversation is not sufficient” to comply with the due process protections

afforded parents facing the termination of their parental rights. In re Frizl,

152 Ohio St. at 172; accord In re S.S., 9th Dist. Wayne No. 10CA0010,

2010-Ohio-6374, 2010 WL 5541112, ¶ 47 (citing Frizl and concluding that

caseworker’s testimony that caseworker told parent about permanent

custody hearing does not comply with due-process notice requirement).

      {¶57} Consequently, we agree with Appellant that the trial court’s

decision placing the child in Appellee’s permanent custody deprives her of

due process of law. Even if Appellant has not been a model parent, she had

a constitutionally protected right to due process of law before the state

forever terminated her parental rights: “It is a mere truism to remark that

ordinarily there is no more sacred relationship than that between a mother
Jackson App. No. 18CA9                                                         29


and her child; and that even though a mother may have been grievously at

fault at one time in her life, she has the right to have her character and fitness

judged as of the time of any hearing concerning her and her child.” In re

Frizl, 152 Ohio St. at 172. The failure to exercise reasonable diligence to

serve Appellant deprived her of her fundamental right to maintain a

relationship with her child. As such, we agree with Appellant that she did

not receive constitutionally sufficient notice of the permanent custody

hearing. We must reverse the trial court’s judgment granting Appellee

permanent custody.

      {¶58} Accordingly, based upon the foregoing reasons, we sustain

Appellant’s first assignment of error and reverse the trial court’s judgment.

Appellant’s second assignment of error is moot, and we do not address it.

App.R. 12(A)(1)(c).

                                                  JUDGMENT REVERSED.
Jackson App. No. 18CA9                                                          30


                           JUDGMENT ENTRY

      It is ordered that the JUDGMENT BE REVERSED and that costs be
assessed to Appellee.

      The Court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

       It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this Court directing
the Jackson County Common Pleas Court, Juvenile Division, to carry this
judgment into execution.

       Any stay previously granted by this Court is hereby terminated as of
the date of this entry.

      A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to
Rule 27 of the Rules of Appellate Procedure.

Harsha, J. & Hoover, J.: Concur in Judgment Only.


                                        For the Court,


                                 BY: ______________________________
                                     Matthew W. McFarland, Judge



                          NOTICE TO COUNSEL

      Pursuant to Local Rule No. 14, this document constitutes a final
judgment entry and the time period for further appeal commences from
the date of filing with the clerk.
