                                             COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA


              Present: Judges Petty, Huff and Senior Judge Annunziata
UNPUBLISHED


              Argued at Lexington, Virginia


              JAMES D. COX, S/K/A
               JAMES DAVIS COX
                                                                            MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY
              v.     Record No. 1501-13-3                                      JUDGE GLEN A. HUFF
                                                                                DECEMBER 9, 2014
              COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA


                              FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF WAYNESBORO
                                        Humes J. Franklin, Jr., Judge Designate

                               Varinder S. Dhillon, Assistant Public Defender (Office of the Public
                               Defender, on brief), for appellant.

                               Elizabeth C. Kiernan, Assistant Attorney General (Mark R.
                               Herring, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.


                     James Davis Cox (“appellant”) appeals his conviction for possession of a sawed-off

              shotgun, in violation of Code § 18.2-300. Following a bench trial in the Circuit Court for the

              City of Waynesboro (“trial court”), appellant was sentenced to three years’ incarceration with

              two years and eleven months suspended. On appeal, appellant contends that the trial court erred

              “in denying [appellant’s] [m]otions to [s]trike the [e]vidence because the Commonwealth failed

              to prove that the [a]ppellant was in possession of a ‘sawed[-]off shotgun’ as defined in Virginia

              Code § 18.2-299 and prohibited by Virginia Code § 18.2-300, more specifically that the firearm

              in question was ‘originally designed as a shoulder weapon.’” For the following reasons, this

              Court affirms appellant’s conviction.




                     *
                         Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.
                                         I. BACKGROUND

        On appeal, “‘we consider the evidence and all reasonable inferences flowing from that

evidence in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, the prevailing party at trial.’”

Williams v. Commonwealth, 49 Va. App. 439, 442, 642 S.E.2d 295, 296 (2007) (en banc)

(quoting Jackson v. Commonwealth, 267 Va. 666, 672, 594 S.E.2d 595, 598 (2004)). So viewed,

the evidence is as follows.

        On December 27, 2012, Corporal Vincent J. Donald, III (“Donald”), an officer for the City

of Waynesboro Police Department, and his recruit officer, Joshua Graves (“Graves”), responded to

a report of a suspicious vehicle parked in the Stop-In parking lot in Waynesboro, Virginia. The

officers approached the vehicle and found appellant in the driver’s seat. Appellant informed Donald

that he was “having some kind of transmission issue” and drove the car 15-20 feet to demonstrate

the problem. After the car stopped, Donald approached appellant and “noticed that he was slurring

his speech” and smelled of a “[v]ery light” odor of alcohol. Additionally, Graves noticed “a knife

on [the] front seat” and also “a baseball bat.” Believing appellant was driving under the influence,

Donald requested that appellant step out of the vehicle and asked “if there was anything in the

vehicle that [he] needed to know about.” Initially, appellant responded “no” and gave Donald

permission to search the vehicle. As appellant stepped out of the car, however, he handed Donald

three “folding knives” and informed him “There’s something in the front seat that you’re not going

to like.” A search of the vehicle revealed a firearm1 in the front seat and additional “knives, the

baseball bat, . . . and then all the 20-guage [shotgun] shells.” Consequently, Donald arrested

appellant for possession of sawed-off shotgun.



        1
         At trial, Donald initially called the firearm a “sawed-off shotgun” and appellant
objected to the characterization. The Commonwealth agreed to refer to the weapon as a firearm.

                                                 -2-
       At trial, Donald was the only witness to testify. Additionally, a photograph of the firearm

was introduced as Commonwealth’s Exhibit 1,2 the actual firearm was introduced as

Commonwealth’s Exhibit 2, and a photograph of the original unmodified model of the firearm was

introduced as Exhibit 3. Donald testified that the barrel of the firearm was 14.75 inches long and

there was a laser pointer taped below the barrel. Furthermore, Donald stated he understood what

weapons qualified as a sawed-off shotgun and that upon finding the firearm he “actually looked at

the Code Section [18.2-299, -300] . . . as to what constitutes a sawed-off shotgun.”

       On appellant’s motion, Donald was qualified as a firearms expert. During

cross-examination, Donald described the edge of the barrel of the firearm as “smooth” and that it

felt like “something that’s been machined.” On re-direct, Donald stated he researched the firearm

online “by looking at the make and model number.” From his search, Donald determined that the

firearm was a “New England Firearms, Pardner, SBI-20-gauge, single shell shotgun.” Additionally,

Donald indicated that “someone [had] cut [the butt of the firearm] and taped it back up, with . . .

black electrical tape and white electrical tape.” Moreover, Donald described the firearm’s grip as “a

pistol grip.” On recross-examination, Donald stated

               based off of my experience with – dealing with weapons, as a Police
               Officer, that looks like it was – it was cut and taped up, to be used for
               whatever it was used for. But I don’t think . . . I don’t think that
               would come from any factory that way, even if you were talking of a
               pistol-gripped smooth-bore rifle or anything like that. Usually
               they’re more decorative, they’re more ornate. There is . . . wood
               grain showing.

       At the conclusion of the Commonwealth’s case-in-chief, appellant moved to strike the

evidence and argued the Commonwealth had not met its burden. The trial court denied the motion.




       2
         Pictures of the firearm and the original unmodified model were offered into evidence
and are reproduced at the end of this opinion for illustrative purposes.
                                                 -3-
Appellant did not present any evidence and renewed his motion to strike, which the trial court again

denied.

          The trial court then found that

                 it’s self-evident, by looking at Commonwealth’s Exhibit 2, that [the]
                 gun has been modified. As the Officer testified, it appears that the
                 pistol-grip has been sawed on; it was originally a shoulder-fired
                 weapon, that’s been sawed off. The barrel is shortened. It’s 14 and
                 three quarters inches.

Moreover, the trial court explained “[t]his is a common-sense case . . . nothing more and nothing

less.” Further, the trial court indicated that the firearm had been “modified from a shoulder-use

firearm to a . . . whatever you’d call that. And I don’t even call it a pistol grip. It doesn’t look like

that . . . . That’s been modified beyond what a pistol-grip long-arm is.” Accordingly, the trial court

found appellant guilty of possession of a sawed-off shotgun. This appeal followed.

                                            A. Standard of Review

          “When examining a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, an appellate court must

review the evidence in the light most favorable to the prevailing party at trial and consider any

reasonable inferences from the facts proved.” Viney v. Commonwealth, 269 Va. 296, 299, 609

S.E.2d 26, 28 (2005) (citing Zimmerman v. Commonwealth, 266 Va. 384, 386, 585 S.E.2d 538,

539 (2003)). Furthermore, this Court must “‘presume the judgment of the trial court to be

correct,’” Davis v. Commonwealth, 39 Va. App. 96, 99, 570 S.E.2d 875, 876-77 (2002) (quoting

Broom v. Broom, 15 Va. App. 497, 504, 425 S.E.2d 90, 94 (1992)), and “‘will not set it aside

unless it is plainly wrong or without evidence to support it,’” id. (quoting Dodge v. Dodge, 2

Va. App. 238, 242, 343 S.E.2d 363, 365 (1986)).

                                     B. Sufficiency of the Evidence

          On appeal, appellant contends that the trial court erred in denying his motion to strike

because the evidence was insufficient to prove that appellant possessed a sawed-off shotgun as
                                                    -4-
defined under Code § 18.2-299. Specifically, appellant argues that there was reasonable doubt as

to whether the firearm was originally designed as a shoulder weapon. The Commonwealth

responds that the trial court was permitted to use reasonable and common sense in determining

whether the firearm met the requirements of the Code.

       Code § 18.2-300(B) states “Possession or use of a ‘sawed-off’ shotgun or ‘sawed-off’

rifle for any other purpose, except as permitted by this article and official use by those persons

permitted possession by § 18.2-303, is a Class 4 felony.” Moreover, “sawed-off shotgun” is

defined, under Code § 18.2-299, as

               any weapon, loaded or unloaded, originally designed as a shoulder
               weapon, utilizing a self-contained cartridge from which a number
               of ball shot pellets or projectiles may be fired simultaneously from
               a smooth or rifled bore by a single function of the firing device and
               which has a barrel length of less than 18 inches for smooth bore
               weapons and 16 inches for rifled weapons. Weapons of less than
               .225 caliber shall not be included.

Importantly, “‘[w]hether [a] weapon met the statutory definition [of a sawed-off shotgun] was a

factual issue for the [finder of fact] to decide.’” Person v. Commonwealth, 60 Va. App. 549,

554, 729 S.E.2d 782, 784 (2012) (quoting Bruce v. Commonwealth, 9 Va. App. 298, 301, 387

S.E.2d 279, 280 (1990)). Consequently, the trial court’s finding that appellant possessed a

sawed-off shotgun “‘shall not be set aside unless it appears from the evidence that such judgment

is plainly wrong or without evidence to support it.’” Id. (quoting Code § 8.01-680).

       The current matter is analogous to this Court’s previous ruling in Person. In Person, the

police recovered a sawed-off shotgun believed to belong to the defendant after they received tips

of its location following a burglary. Id. at 551-52, 729 S.E.2d at 783. The officers found the

firearm wrapped in cloth with defendant’s name tag attached. Id. at 552, 729 S.E.2d at 783. At

trial, the Commonwealth introduced a picture of the firearm and the actual firearm as evidence.

Id. at 552, 729 S.E.2d at 784. The defendant moved to strike and argued that the Commonwealth
                                                -5-
failed to prove the firearm was a sawed-off shotgun, which the trial court denied. Id. at 553, 729

S.E.2d at 784. On appeal, this Court determined that “[u]sing their reason, common sense,

knowledge, and experience, the jury could determine from examining the gun whether it met the

statutory definition, and, in finding defendant guilty, the jury necessarily determined that it did.”

Id. at 555-56, 729 S.E.2d at 785. Moreover, this Court explained “[b]ecause the gun was

admitted into the evidence, it was not an evidentiary prerequisite for the Commonwealth to

present testimony regarding the gun’s characteristics in order for the jury to reach its

conclusions.” Id. at 556, 729 S.E.2d at 785.

        In this case, a photograph of the firearm and the actual firearm were submitted into

evidence. Moreover, the evidence established that the firearm’s barrel was 14.75 inches in

length and “someone [had] cut [the butt of the firearm] and taped it back up, with . . . black

electrical tape and white electrical tape.” Furthermore, Donald, who was qualified as an expert by

appellant’s own motion, indicated that “I don’t think that [the firearm] would come from any

factory that way, even if you were talking of a pistol-gripped smooth-bore rifle or anything like

that.” Lastly, evidence established that the firearm likely was a New England Firearms, Pardner,

SBI-20-gauge, single shell shotgun before it was modified.

        Therefore, this Court cannot say that the trial court erred by finding it was “self-evident” that

the firearm was a sawed-off shotgun after reviewing the firearm entered into evidence. Further, the

trial court supported this finding by indicating that the “pistol-grip has been sawed on; it was

originally a shoulder-fired weapon, that’s been sawed off. The barrel is shortened. It’s 14 and three

quarters inches.” “Using . . . reason, common sense, knowledge, and experience, [the trial court]

could determine from examining the gun whether it met the statutory definition, and, in finding

defendant guilty, [the trial court] necessarily determined that it did.” Person, 60 Va. App. at



                                                  -6-
555-56, 729 S.E.2d at 785. Accordingly, this Court finds that the trial court’s finding was not

plainly wrong or without evidence to support it.

                                       III. CONCLUSION

       Based on the foregoing, this Court holds that the trial court did not err in denying

appellant’s motion to strike and finding the evidence sufficient to prove appellant possessed a

sawed-off shotgun. Finding no error, this Court affirms the trial court’s ruling.

                                                                                          Affirmed.




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