Opinion issued May 16, 2013




                                   In The

                              Court of Appeals
                                  For The

                       First District of Texas
                        ————————————
                           NO. 01-07-00898-CV
                        ———————————
                MICHAEL FRANCIS PALMA, Appellant
                                     V.
  HOUSTON INDEPENDENT SCHOOL DISTRICT AND LINEBARGER
          GOGGAN BLAIR & SAMPSON, LLP, Appellees



                  On Appeal from the 61st District Court
                          Harris County, Texas
                    Trial Court Case No. 2006-14382



                     MEMORANDUM OPINION

     Appellant Michael Francis Palma appeals from a judgment (1) awarding

$2,559.10 in 2006 property taxes jointly to the Houston Independent School
District1 (“HISD”), Harris County, the City of Houston, and Houston Community

College System and (2) a take-nothing judgment on his amended counterclaim2

against HISD and Linebarger Goggan Blair & Sampson, LLP (“Linebarger”).3

The only parties Palma identifies as appellees are HISD and Linebarger. 4 We

affirm.

      Palma discusses numerous issues in his brief that do not appear to directly

relate to the $2,559.10 in 2006 property taxes or the dismissal of the counterclaim.

As we must, we limit our review to (1) allegations in Palma’s brief that the trial

court committed reversible error, if those allegations were preserved pursuant to


1
      HISD sued Palma as “Houston Independent School District, for itself and on
      behalf of Harris County Education District.” Palma also sued the Harris County
      Appraisal District and Jim Robinson, and the trial court granted a plea to the
      jurisdiction and dismissed them. The clerk’s record does not reflect how Harris
      County, the City of Houston, and Houston Community College System became
      parties, and the Harris County Education District is not mentioned in the final
      judgment. No question regarding the propriety of the parties to the trial court’s
      final judgment is before us.
2
      HISD originally sued Washington Mutual Bank, FA, Wells Fargo HomeMortgage,
      and JPMorgan Chase Bank as lienholders. Palma originally counterclaimed
      against the banks. The banks do not appear in the written final judgment, which
      was rendered after trial on the merits and contains a Mother Hubbard clause. See
      N.E. Indep. Sch. Dist. v. Aldridge, 400 S.W.2d 893, 897–98 (Tex. 1966).
3
      This appeal has been the subject of several contests regarding Palma’s indigency,
      and briefing on the merits was finally completed on December 2012. The 2012
      amendments to Texas Rule of Appellate Procedure 20 should prevent future
      prolonged delays in resolving indigency questions.
4
      Because Palma does not identify Harris County, the City of Houston, and Houston
      Community College System as appellees, the award of $2,559.10 in 2006 property
      taxes is unchallenged on appeal as to those three parties to the trial court’s final
      judgment.

                                           2
Texas Rule of Appellate Procedure 33.1(a) and are contained in the appellate

record (the clerk’s record and reporter’s record) and (2) fundamental error.

Accordingly, we do not address the portions of Palma’s brief that do not directly

relate to what the trial court actually did or reach the merits of allegations of error

that were not preserved at trial and are not documented in the appellate record,

which include arguments made for the first time on appeal, statements of Palma’s

understanding of the law, and rhetorical questions posed to this Court. In doing so,

we adhere to our proper role in the judicial system, which precludes this Court

from a de novo review of the underlying case. Finally, we deny Palma’s motion

that we certify the following advisory questions to the Supreme Court of Texas:

      a.     What is the definition of the term of art “located in this state” in
             11.001 and 11.002 of the Tax Code?

      b.     Is a Natural Person liable for a property tax under any chapter
             of the Tax Code when the property is not in business or when a
             Natural Person is not specifically listed in the [T]ax [C]ode?

      c.     Does the act of “taxation” on a Natural Person or his property
             that is neither in business, nor producing income put the Natural
             Person in a state of peonage or involuntary servitude to the state
             and its political subdivisions?

                                     Discussion

Unpreserved issues

      We begin by listing the issues raised in Palma’s brief that were not

preserved:


                                          3
      1. The trial court denied him due process during the pretrial conference by

the following statements:

      THE COURT: The law is actually not admitted as evidence at trial.

      MR. PALMA: But it can be referenced?

      THE COURT: It can be referenced to the court but not the jury. I’ll tell the
          jury what the law is.


No objection was made.

      2. The trial court denied him due process, as demonstrated by the following

voir dire discussion:

      JUROR: Mine’s not a medical issue. Just with people not paying
          taxes. I have to pay mine and I pay mine on time. I have a type
          of a problem with it, people not paying their taxes.

      THE COURT: Are you juror 15?

      JUROR: Fifteen.

      MR. PALMA: May I say something, your Honor?

      JUROR: I’m a single mom, too. And I’ve raised my kids for 11
          years. And I pay my taxes.

      MR. PALMA: Mine – okay. The case is about not the fact that I
          didn’t pay. In fact, Mr. Rider will admit, and you’ll hear, that I
          did pay.

      JUROR: You didn’t pay for three years.

      MR. PALMA: I paid it in ‘03. I paid it in ‘04. And I paid it in ‘05
           directly to the law firm. Each year. They decided to send it
           back. The case is not about if I should pay or not. The case is


                                        4
            about: Number one, why did they send it back? That’s really it.
            But I did pay it. I just want you to understand that.

      JUROR: I thought it was you didn’t pay for three years. You were
          delinquent on your taxes.

      MR. PALMA: No.

      JUROR: Then why were they going after you, if you didn’t pay?

      MR. PALMA: Because they sent the money back. That’s what the
           case is about.

      THE COURT: Wait. Wait. Before you leave: Do you feel now,
          after discussing this, that you cannot serve or you can?

      JUROR: I feel like I already have a prejudice just because of the fact
          that, you know, people have all these sad – sad songs, stories
          and stuff like that. And I’ve done it. And I’m, you know – and
          I’ve had to work and, you know, that kind of stuff. And I just
          already have a prejudice.

      THE COURT: All right. And you are Juror 15?

      JUROR: Uh-huh.

      THE COURT: All right. Thank you, ma’am. Thank you.

      (Juror excused from the courtroom.)

      (Open court.)

      THE COURT: So, 15 is struck.

No due-process violation complaint was raised at trial.

      3. His due-process rights were violated by the Harris County Tax Assessor-

Collector sending him a flyer entitled “We’re Here To Help Don’t Let Your Taxes

Remain Delinquent”; and this “threat” to sell the property during the trial rendered

                                         5
that tax void. The record does not reflect that this issue was preserved in the trial

court.

         4.    His claims that taxation of non-income producing property violates

federal statutes concerning peonage and involuntary servitude. See 18 U.S.C. §§

1581 (2000), 1584 (2008). Under this issue, Palma specifically states, “It is now

time to say, conclusively, that ownership of private non-business property by a

natural person or when held in trust for that natural person is an inherent right that

is reaffirmed by the [C]onstitution and case law and cannot be mandatorily taxed.”

The record does not reflect that this issue was preserved in the trial court.

         5. He “believes that this court would agree that non-business property that is

not rendered cannot be taxed regardless if owned by a ‘person’ or ‘natural person’

unless voluntarily rendered.” In support of this argument, Palma cites to Tax Code

section 22.01(a)-(d) which provides as follows:

         (a)    Except as provided by Chapter 24, a person shall render for
                taxation all tangible personal property used for the production
                of income that the person owns or that the person manages and
                controls as a fiduciary on January 1. A rendition statement
                shall contain:

                (1) the name and address of the property owner;

                (2) a description of the property by type or category;

                (3) if the property is inventory, a description of each type of
                inventory and a general estimate of the quantity of each type of
                inventory;


                                             6
               (4) the physical location or taxable situs of the property; and

               (5) the property owner’s good faith estimate of the market value
               of the property or, at the option of the property owner, the
               historical cost when new and the year of acquisition of the
               property.

         (b)   When required by the chief appraiser, a person shall render for
               taxation any other taxable property that he owns or that he
               manages and controls as a fiduciary on January 1.

         (c)   A person may render for taxation any property that he owns or
               that he manages and controls as a fiduciary on January 1,
               although he is not required to render it by Subsection (a) or (b)
               of this section.

         (d)   A fiduciary who renders property shall indicate his fiduciary
               capacity and shall state the name and address of the owner.

TEX. TAX CODE ANN. § 22.01(a)-(d) (West Supp. 2012). Palma contends there are

no “rendering forms” for private real property.

         Again, the record does not reflect that this issue was preserved in the trial

court.

         6. He argues there is a difference between a “constitutional tax” and an

“administrative tax.”        Without citation to authority, Palma states that a

“constitutional tax” must be collected by an “oathed official” and an

“administrative tax” must be collected by a “bonded official.” He further argues

that a “constitutional tax” may only be paid with gold or silver coin (citing U.S.

CONST. art. I, § 10, cl. 2), not with federal reserve notes.

         The record does not reflect that this issue was preserved in the trial court.

                                             7
      7. He contends that land conveyed by a land patent is not subject to control

by the State except under the conditions described in Severance v. Patterson:

      Limitations on property rights may be by consent of the owner, state
      condemnation with payment of just compensation, appropriate
      government action under its police power (such as addressing
      nuisances), sufficient proof of use by persons other than the owner
      that creates an estoppel-based right to continuing use (easements) or
      pre-existing limitations in the rights of real property owners that have
      existed “since time immemorial,” in the words of the Texas Open
      Beaches Act (OBA).

370 S.W.3d 705, 710 (Tex. 2012). Palma argues that otherwise patented land may

not be involuntarily controlled and that the State lacks jurisdiction to tax severed

real property. If the State does attempt to enforce a tax, then Palma argues that is

an unreasonable seizure (U.S. CONST. amend. IV), an unconstitutional taking (U.S.

CONST. amend. V), and an unconstitutional violation of substantive due process

(U.S. CONST. amend. XIV, § 1). The record does not reflect that this issue was

preserved in the trial court.

      Accordingly, we hold that Palma has not preserved any of the complaints

discussed in numbers 1-7 for appellate review. See TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1(a)(1)

(requiring complaint to have been made to trial court in order for complaint to have

been preserved for appeal).

      We overrule each of these issues.

      8. Two other issues are mentioned in Palma’s “statement of case and issues

presented”: (1) a question, “Once an amount due, alleged debt/tax, has been paid to
                                          8
a third party collector, and returned by said collector, is the debt/tax discharged?,”

and (2) a complaint that the trial court did not make findings of fact and

conclusions of law. Neither of these last two issues is discussed in the argument

section of Palma’s brief, and the record does not reflect that they were preserved in

the trial court, e.g., the clerk’s record contains no request for findings of fact and

conclusions of law as required by Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 296. See TEX. R.

APP. P. 33.1(a)(1) (preservation of error); TEX. R. APP. P. 38.1(i) (requiring briefs

contain “a clear and concise argument for the contentions made, with appropriate

citations to authorities and to the record”); see also Howeth Invs., Inc. v. City of

Hedwig Village, 259 S.W.3d 877, 902 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2008, pet.

denied) (declining to reach, for lack of adequate briefing, appellate challenge

lacking citation to authority and sufficient legal analysis).

      We overrule both of these issues.

Preserved issues

      1. The trial court did not grant a continuance:

      THE COURT: But the case is actually in trial at this time. You are
          in trial at this time in my court. And we’re continuing the trial–
          recessing–until Wednesday, September 19th, 2007, at which
          time I’ll notify you when we’re going to proceed.

             Sir?

      MR. PALMA: Again, I’d like to state for the record that I object
          about this. It’s against medical advice. I’m requesting from the


                                           9
             court both the oath of office, of Mr. John Donovan, and his
             bond.

      THE COURT: All right. The matter is proceeding to trial. Okay.
          See you all next week, then.

Palma did not provide sufficient cause supported by affidavit as required by Texas

Rule of Civil Procedure 252. We overrule this issue.

      2. The trial court erred in submitting an issue in the charge on a violation of

the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (FDCPA), 15 U.S.C. §§ 1692–1692p (West

2009 & Supp. 2012). During the charge conference, the trial court denied a

question on Palma’s counterclaim under the FDCPA because the unpaid taxes are

not a “debt” as defined by FDCPA section 1692a(5): “The term ‘debt’ means any

obligation or alleged obligation of a consumer to pay money arising out of a

transaction in which the money, property, insurance, or services which are the

subject of the transaction are primarily for personal, family, or household purposes,

whether or not such obligation has been reduced to judgment.” Id. at § 1692a(5).

By its plain terms, the FDCPA applies solely to the collection of consumer debt,

not taxes. See Pollice v. Nat’l Tax Funding, L.P., 225 F.3d 379, 401–02 (3rd Cir.

2000) (stating FDCPA inapplicable to collection of property taxes); Beggs v. Rossi,

145 F.3d 511, 512–13 (2d Cir. 1998) (same); cf. Hassan v. Greater Houston

Transp. Co., 237 S.W.3d 727, 731 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2007, pet.

denied) (citing Kiefer v. Cont’l Airlines, Inc., 882 S.W.2d 496, 502 (Tex. App.—


                                         10
Houston [1st Dist.] 1994), aff’d, 920 S.W.2d 274 (Tex. 1996)) (stating that

although Texas state courts interpret federal law independently, they “typically

seek guidance from among the decisions of the lower federal courts” and treat such

decisions “with respectful consideration”).

       On appeal, Palma primarily cites to an attorney-general opinion as his

authority that a tax can be considered a debt. See Tex. Att’y Gen. No. Op.

GA-0518 (2007). This opinion, however, does not discuss the FDCPA’s definition

of “debt.” Other citations later in his brief that do not discuss the FDCPA are to

Local Government Code section 262.0276, Tax Code section 26.012, a 1959 Fifth

Circuit opinion that predates the 1978 enactment of the Act, a 1992 Austin Court

of Appeals opinion discussing the state franchise tax, and two other

attorney-general opinions. TEX. LOC. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 262.0276 (West 2005);

TEX. TAX CODE ANN. § 26.012 (West Supp. 2012); Rochelle v. City of Dallas, 264

F.2d 166 (5th Cir. 1959); Wilburn v. State, 824 S.W.2d 755 (Tex. App.—Austin

1992, no writ); Tex. Att’y Gen. Op. Nos. JC-0087 (1999), MW-0416 (1981).

These citations are inapplicable to Palma’s FDCPA argument. In the absence of

appropriate citations to authority, as required by Texas Rule of Appellate

Procedure 38.1(i), we decline to construct Palma’s argument for him. We overrule

this issue.




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                                   Conclusion

      We affirm the trial court’s judgment.




                                              Jim Sharp
                                              Justice

Panel consists of Justices Keyes, Sharp, and Huddle.




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