[Cite as Findley v. Union Cty. Mem. Hosp., 2014-Ohio-3547.]




                      IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
                          THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT
                               UNION COUNTY




GLORIA FINDLEY,

        PLAINTIFF-APPELLANT,                                  CASE NO. 14-13-20

        v.

MEMORIAL HOSPITAL OF UNION
COUNTY SLEEP LAB, ET AL.,                                     OPINION

        DEFENDANTS-APPELLEES.




                  Appeal from Union County Common Pleas Court
                           Trial Court No. 2011 CV 0087

                                     Judgment Affirmed

                           Date of Decision: August 18, 2014




APPEARANCES:

        Gloria Findley, Appellant

        Susan Healy Zitterman and John S. Wasung for Appellees
Case No. 14-13-20


SHAW, J.

      {¶1} Plaintiff-Appellant Gloria Findley (“Gloria”) appeals the September

25, 2013 judgment of the Union County Common Pleas Court, granting summary

judgment in favor the Defendants-Appellees, Memorial Hospital of Union County

Sleep Lab (“MHUC Sleep Lab”), et al. (collectively the “Defendants-Appellees”).

On appeal, Gloria contends that the trial court erred by granting the Defendants-

Appellees’ motion for summary judgment because there were genuine issues of

material fact as to whether Gloria was sexually assaulted during a sleep study at

MHUC Sleep Lab.       For the reasons that follow, we affirm the trial court’s

judgment.

      {¶2} Around 8:00 p.m. on January 7, 2009, Gloria went to the MHUC

Sleep Lab to participate in a sleep study.     Upon her arrival, Calisto Atriano

(“Atriano”) introduced himself to Gloria as a sleep lab technician who would be

monitoring her sleep study that night. Atriano subsequently led Gloria to her room

where Gloria changed into her pajamas and watched television. Shortly after,

Atriano came back to Gloria’s room and started to apply leads on Gloria’s arms,

legs, back, and face. Gloria then fell asleep but was awoken shortly thereafter

when Atriano came into her room to re-tape one of the leads that had fallen off her

leg. Several hours later, Atriano came into the room a second time, at Gloria’s

request, to unhook Gloria from the monitor so she could use the bathroom.


                                        -2-
Case No. 14-13-20


        {¶3} Gloria was awakened around 6:00 a.m. on January 8, 2009 and her

sleep study ended. Upon awakening, Gloria first complained to Atriano about the

loud noises she heard throughout the night. Atriano then got his manager, Jeff

Tanner, who also spoke with Gloria about the loud noises. Gloria left MHUC

Sleep Lab feeling unrested and ill.

        {¶4} During her car ride home, Gloria began experiencing vaginal

discomfort. According to Gloria, her “vagina [was] bubbling fluids” and she had

“feeling[s] that [were] postcoital [sic] in nature.” (Gloria’s Deposition Tr., p. 265-

66). Once she arrived home, Gloria pulled down her pants and observed a “milky

white discharge” and a pubic hair she believed belonged to someone else. (Id. at

265). She then swabbed her vagina with Q-tips, and inserted a tampon in an

attempt to collect evidence. She also used scotch tape to collect the foreign pubic

hair1 and called her husband, Douglas Findley (“Douglas”). Gloria told Douglas

that he needed to leave work immediately and come home.

        {¶5} Upon Douglas arriving home, Gloria informed him that she believed

she was drugged and raped during the sleep study despite having no recollection

that a sexual assault occurred. (Gloria’s Deposition Tr., p. 374). Gloria and

Douglas (collectively “the Findleys”) went to Dublin Methodist Hospital, where a


1
  Denise Arndt, a Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner (SANE) who examined Gloria, testified she did not
collect Gloria’s tampon, Q-tips, or scotch tape to include in the sexual assault examination, as it would
have not been admissible evidence due to chain of custody. Arndt also testified she is unaware of whether
Gloria kept these samples or handed them over to Detective Seeberg.

                                                  -3-
Case No. 14-13-20


sexual assault examination was completed. After the examination, the Findleys

talked to the Marysville Police Department. Detective Chad Seeberg was the lead

detective on Gloria’s case.    Gloria told Detective Seeberg that she believed

Atriano had been the person who raped her. After meeting with the Findleys,

Detective Seeberg interviewed Atriano at the Marysville Police Department.

Atriano adamantly denied all allegations of him knowing of, or participating in, a

sexual assault against Gloria. He volunteered his DNA to Detective Seeberg, in

order to exonerate himself.

       {¶6} Sometime in February of 2009, Gloria had a “flashback” of the night

of the alleged sexual assault. According to Gloria, she suddenly remembered

seeing Atriano and another sleep technician, later identified as Steve Weate, in her

room. Gloria stated that she awoke to an “intense pain in [her] left thigh.” (Id. at

86). She testified that she saw Atriano standing to the side of her bed holding a

syringe and then “los[t] consciousness rapidly.” (Id.) Three months after the

alleged sexual assault, Gloria gained another new “memory.” This time, Gloria

claimed to have a vivid memory of Atriano raping her.

       {¶7} The results of the DNA testing showed that Atriano and Weate were

not the source of DNA found inside Gloria. Instead, the DNA results showed that




                                        -4-
Case No. 14-13-20


the only DNA found inside of Gloria was that of her husband, Douglas.2 Further,

the toxicology report came back negative for any drugs that are traditionally used

in sexual assault cases.

        {¶8} Gloria’s sexual assault examination came back with mixed findings.

There was “very slight” redness around Gloria’s labia minora. (Arndt Deposition

Tr., p. 47). Denise Arndt, the SANE nurse who performed Gloria’s sexual assault

examination, testified that redness can be caused not only by sexual assault but

also by “tight underwear; riding a bike; riding a horse; having a little irritation or

an allergic reaction to the elastic on your underwear; a tampon; [or] a pad.” (Id. at

50). Arndt also noticed a circular bruise around Gloria’s cervix. However, Arndt

stated that the type of bruise she saw on Gloria was a bruise that would usually

appear “two to three days after the injury[.]” (Id. at 43). Further, Arndt looked at

Gloria’s entire body for injection marks, but found none. Arndt also examined

Gloria’s body with a “Wood’s Lamp,” to search for fluids and bruising, but found

nothing.

        {¶9} The Marysville Police Department also reviewed the six hour sleep

study video of Gloria on the nights of January 7 and 8, 2009. The sleep study

video uses “Rembrandt” software and records a patient’s physiologic data while



2
 Gloria and Douglas both testified, on numerous occasions, that they had not had sex together for ten days
prior to the alleged sexual assault. However, both Arndt and Tammy Lawhorn, another certified SANE
nurse, testified that it is extremely unlikely for DNA to be inside someone for longer than 72-96 hours.

                                                   -5-
Case No. 14-13-20


simultaneously recording a video of the patient sleeping. It is undisputed that the

video did not show Gloria being drugged or raped on January 7 or 8, 2009.

        {¶10} After the investigation into Gloria’s allegations was completed, the

Marysville Police Department decided not to pursue charges against Atriano or

Weate.      Thereafter, Gloria decided to file a civil suit against the people she

believed were responsible for the alleged sexual assault. On March 4, 2011,

Gloria filed a ten-count complaint against MHUC Sleep Lab, Memorial Hospital

Auxiliary of Union County, Ohio, Inc., Atriano, Tanner, Dr. Mahmoud Qadoom,

John Doe Employees 1-10, John Doe Physicians 1-5, John Doe Corporations 1-5,

and John Does 1-25. Gloria alleged that the named defendants were responsible

for (1) premises liability/negligence; (2) negligence per se; (3) negligent hiring

and retention; (4) negligent and reckless supervision; (5) assault; (6) battery; (7)

medical malpractice/hospital negligence; (8) respondent superior; (9) intentional

infliction of emotional distress; and (10) punitive damages.3

        {¶11} The Defendants-Appellees filed numerous answers and motions to

dismiss. On March 21, 2011, Gloria filed an amended complaint to add two more

defendants, John Harnden, D.O., and Steve Weate.




3
  According to the record, Gloria had filed a civil suit regarding this matter previously and voluntarily
dismissed it.

                                                  -6-
Case No. 14-13-20


         {¶12} On July 8, 2011 the trial court ordered that count seven4 of Gloria’s

amended complaint be dismissed as Gloria never attached an affidavit of merit to

support her medical malpractice claim. As a result, Dr. Qadoom was dismissed as

a party to the litigation. In addition, the trial court dismissed Weate and Harnden

as parties to the action because Gloria filed the complaint against them after the

two year statute of limitation period. The trial court also dismissed count two as it

pertained to negligence per se; however, the portion of count two alleging a

common law breach of the duty of care, was retained. (Docket No. 82, p. 1-2).

         {¶13} On July 13, 2011, the Court of Common Pleas of Delaware County

Domestic Relations Division issued a Civil Protection Order for Atriano against

Gloria. Gloria had hired a private investigator to do “background checks” on

Atriano and Weate, hoping to find evidence and discover prior bad acts she could

use at trial. At the hearing, Gloria admitted she was having “homicidal” thoughts

towards Atriano. (Docket No. 113, Exhibit B, p. 5).

         {¶14} On August 15, 2011, Defendants-Appellees filed a counterclaim

against Gloria alleging: (1) libel, slander, and defamation; (2) slander per se, libel

per se, and defamation per se; (3) infliction of emotional distress; (4) frivolous

conduct; (5) conspiracy to file frivolous lawsuit; and (6) punitive damages.


4
  In Gloria’s complaint, she numbered her counts incorrectly. She has two separate “fourth causes of
action.” (Docket No. 1, p. 11-12). Therefore, her medical malpractice claim, which is labeled as her sixth
cause of action, should really be her seventh cause of action. In the trial court’s judgment entry, they also
mistakenly refer to the medical malpractice claim as count six. (Docket No. 82, p. 1).

                                                    -7-
Case No. 14-13-20


       {¶15} On January 30, 2013, Defendants-Appellees filed a Motion for

Summary Judgment. In its motion, Defendants-Appellees argued that Gloria’s

counsel had conceded that Gloria would not call any of the experts Gloria had

listed on her expert witness list to testify at trial. Therefore, the only evidence

Gloria could produce at trial of an alleged sexual assault were her “memories” of

the night in question. Further, the Defendants-Appellees offered the affidavit of

Dr. Catherine Frank who opined that Gloria’s memory was unreliable and that

Gloria suffered from a personality disorder. (Docket No. 163, Exhibit A).

       {¶16} In their summary judgment motion, Defendants-Appellees also

submitted the report indicating that there was no DNA evidence that linked

Atriano to the alleged sexual assault, and the toxicology report, which indicated no

presence of any drug which could have incapacitated Gloria. (Docket No. 163,

Exhibits B, C).

       {¶17} In addition, Defendants-Appellees argued that nothing on the sleep

study video showed Gloria being sexually assaulted, a fact that Gloria admitted

herself, and that there was no evidence of the interruption or alternation of the

video. (Id., Exhibit E). Finally, Defendants-Appellees argued that Gloria’s own

expert witness, Tammy Lawhorn, admitted in her deposition that she could not

say, more likely than not, that Gloria was sexually assaulted on the night of

January 7, 2009.


                                        -8-
Case No. 14-13-20


        {¶18} On February 15, 2013, Defendants-Appellees filed a Supplement to

Motion for Summary Judgment, which contained an affidavit from Dr. Lawrence

MacDonald, who reviewed Gloria’s sleep study. Dr. MacDonald was a “board

certified physician, specializing in pulmonology, critical care and sleep medicine.”

(Docket No. 176, p. 2). According to Dr. MacDonald’s expert opinion, “the

physiologic data indicates that at no time during the study was it interrupted,

beyond the known disconnection for her requested trip to the bathroom, and at no

time was Gloria Findley, drugged, sedated, placed in an insulin induced coma, or

physically assaulted.” (Id.).

        {¶19} Gloria filed her Motion in Opposition to Summary Judgment on

February 15, 2013.5 Gloria argued that there were genuine issues of material fact

because ether and insulin were not tested in her toxicology report. Further, she

argued that Lawhorn’s testimony showed that Gloria’s injuries could be consistent

with sexual assault. Gloria also offered the untimely6 sworn affidavit7 of Edward


5
  Two separate Motions in Opposition to Summary Judgment were filed on February 15, 2013. One
Motion was a pro se motion Gloria wrote herself, and the other was written by her attorney. Gloria’s
attorney had filed a Motion to Withdraw on January 29, 2013, citing irreconcilable differences and the trial
court granted her Motion to Withdraw, with the caveat that Gloria’s attorney continue to represent her
through the summary judgment proceedings. (Docket Nos. 162, 183).
6
  Gloria offered the sworn affidavit of Edward Moser after the deadline to disclose expert witnesses had
passed. Gloria filed a Motion to Leave to Amend her Expert Witness List, but the trial court never ruled on
this motion. However, Gloria attached the affidavit to her Motion in Opposition for Summary Judgment.
As such, we will consider the affidavit since it is a part of the record.
7
   In the Appellees’ brief, they argue that Moser’s affidavit was not sworn and therefore, improper to
consider. We note that Gloria’s pro se Motion in Opposition to Summary Judgment does not contain the
first page of Moser’s affidavit, which demonstrated that it was properly sworn to. However, Gloria’s
second Motion in Opposition to Summary Judgment, which her attorney filed on her behalf, contained the
first page of the affidavit. Therefore, we will consider Moser’s affidavit as properly sworn to and will
consider it on appeal.

                                                    -9-
Case No. 14-13-20


Moser, which she believed created a genuine issue of material fact as to the

validity of the sleep study data and video.

       {¶20} In addition, Gloria relied heavily on a subsequent bad act of Atriano

to show that there was a genuine issue of material fact. Gloria had discovered that

after her alleged assault, Atriano was arrested for another, unrelated charge.

Gloria believed that this created a genuine issue of material fact because it

demonstrated that Atriano has a propensity to act immorally.

       {¶21} On February 25, 2013 the trial court issued a judgment entry and

granted summary judgment in favor of the Defendants-Appellees. The trial court

gave the following explanation for its decision:

       Construing the evidence most strongly in [Gloria’s] favor, the
       Court finds that there is no factual basis for her claim. The
       evidence favorable to her consists solely of her unsupported
       testimony concerning her feelings and memories which is
       contradicted by all of the other evidence in the case. While the
       Court reviewed the deposition of Mr. Kochan concerning the
       study, his testimony concerns only the value of the study and not
       any actions of Atriano during the study.

       On the other hand, there is the unrebutted [sic] affidavit of a
       psychiatrist concerning the validity of [Gloria’s] recollections
       and the physical evidence, all of which negates her claim. The
       DNA evidence demonstrates that her only sexual activity within
       the previous 72 hours had been with her husband. The blood
       test revealed no drugs consistent with the feelings she expressed.
       The SANE nurse did not observe the physical trauma [Gloria]
       later reported, although [the SANE nurse] examined [Gloria].
       The opinion evidence concerning sexual assault was not given to
       the requisite degree of medical certainty. The Wood[’]s lamp


                                        -10-
Case No. 14-13-20


      revealed no stains. Finally, the videotape and computer data
      revealed nothing consistent with sexual assault.

(Docket No. 184, p. 2).

      {¶22} On March 12, 2013, Defendants-Appellees dismissed all of their

counterclaims against Gloria. A final judgment entry was then filed September

25, 2013, terminating the matter in its entirety. Gloria then timely appealed this

judgment, presenting the following assignments of error for our review.

                  ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR 1
      THE   TRIAL   COURT   ERRED    IN GRANTING
      DEFENDANTS[’] MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT
      PURSUANT TO CIV.R. 56(C) WHEN THERE WERE
      TRIABLE ISSUES OF FACT THAT APPELLANT WAS
      ASSAULTED.

                  ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR 2
      THE TRIAL COURT ERRED AS A MATTER OF LAW IN
      GRANTING SUMMARY JUDGMENT FOR BATTERY
      WHEN EVIDENCE WAS PRESENTED CREATING A
      GENUINE ISSUE THAT A BATTERY OCCURRED AND
      FORCEFUL, SEXUAL ACTIONS WERE PERFORMED ON
      PLAINTIFF WHILE SHE WAS A PATIENT.

                  ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR 3
      THE TRIAL COURT EERRED AS A MATTER OF LAW IN
      GRANTING SUMMARY JUDGMENT ON THE ISSUE OF A
      CIVIL ASSAULT BY DEFENDANTS AGAINST PLAINTIFF
      WHEN EVIDENCE WAS PRESENTED CREATING A
      GENUINE ISSUE THAT AN ASSAULT WAS PERPETRATED
      UPON PLAINTIFF.

                  ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR 4
      THE TRIAL COURT ERRED AS A MATTER OF LAW IN
      GRANTING SUMMARY JUDGMENT ON THE ISSUE OF
      NEGLIGENCE BY DEFENDANTS AGAINST PLAINTIFF

                                       -11-
Case No. 14-13-20


      WHEN EVIDENCE WAS PRESENTED CREATING A
      GENUINE ISSUE THAT DEFENDANTS WERE NEGLIGENT
      AND THEIR NEGLIGENCE IN THE SCOPE [OF] THEIR
      EMPLOYMENT BY MEMORIAL HOSPITAL OF UNION
      COUNTY PROXIMATELY AND DIRECTLY CAUSED
      PLAINTIFF’S INJURIES.

                   ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR 5
      THE TRIAL COURT ERRED AS A MATTER OF LAW IN
      GRANTING SUMMARY JUDGMENT ON THE ISSUES OF A
      NEGLIGENT HIRING, SUPERVISION, AND TRAINING OF
      ITS EMPLOYEES WHEN THE UNDERLYING TORTS OF
      BATTERY, ASSAULT, AND NEGLIGENCE BY THE
      EMPLOYEES PROXIMATELY CAUSE[D] PLAINTIFF’S
      INJURIES, BY THE REQUISITE PROOF REQUIRED OF
      APPELLANT TO DEFEAT SUMMARY JUDGMENT AND
      APPELLEE DID NOT PROVIDE EVIDENCE TO CONTEST
      THIS ISSUE.

                  ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR 6
      THE TRIAL COURT ERRED AS A MATTER [OF LAW] IN
      GRANTING SUMMARY JUDGMENT TO DEFENDANTS ON
      THE ISSUE OF PUNITIVE DAMAGES WHEN THE
      UNDERLYING TORTS OF BATTERY AND ASSAULT, AND
      NEGLIGENCE     BY    DEFENDANT     EMPLOYEES
      PROXIMATELY CAUSED PLAINTIFF’S INJURIES, BY THE
      REQUISITE PROOF REQUIRED OF APPELLANT TO
      DEFEAT    SUMMARY     JUDGMENT     AND      THE
      REQUIREMENTS FOR PUNITIVE DAMAGES, BOTH
      DIRECTLY AND VICARIOUSLY, HAVE BEEN MET.

                  ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR 7
      THE   TRIAL   COURT   ERRED   IN  ALLOWING
      DEFENDANTS’ COUNTERCLAIM TO STAND; IT WAS
      TIME-BARRED.

                  ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR 8
      THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN GRANTING DEFENDANT’S
      MOTION TO DISMISS; THE WITHHOLDING OF MEDICAL
      RECORDS WAS SHOWN, GOOD CAUSE WAS JUSTIFIED

                            -12-
Case No. 14-13-20


      TO AVOID DISPOSITION AND TO ALLOW TIME FOR
      AFFIDAVIT OF MERIT.

      {¶23} As the first six assignments of error all relate to a discussion of the

evidence and the trial court’s decision to grant summary judgment to the

Defendants-Appellees, we elect to address those assignments of error together.

                       First, Second, Third, Fourth, Fifth,
                        and Sixth Assignments of Error

      {¶24} In Gloria’s first six assignments of error, she argues that the trial

court erred by granting the Defendants-Appellees’ motion for summary judgment

and dismissing Gloria’s complaint.      Specifically, she asserts that there was

evidence in the record that she was raped that the trial court failed to consider,

leading to her various tort claims. Moreover, Gloria contends that the record

illustrated that one of the sleep videos was “missing” five minutes of video, and

that there were “gaps” in her medical record. Furthermore, Gloria argues that

while none of the toxicology reports found any drugs that were used to

incapacitate her, she could have been drugged with insulin.

      {¶25} An appellate court reviews a summary judgment order de novo.

Hillyer v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 131 Ohio App.3d 172, 175 (8th Dist.

1999). Accordingly, a reviewing court will not reverse an otherwise correct

judgment merely because the lower court utilized different or erroneous reasons as

the basis for its determination. Diamond Wine & Spirits, Inc. v. Dayton


                                       -13-
Case No. 14-13-20


Heidelberg Distrib. Co., 148 Ohio App.3d 596, 2002-Ohio-3932, ¶ 25 (3d Dist.),

citing State ex rel. Cassels v. Dayton City School Dist. Bd. of Edn., 69 Ohio St.3d

217, 222 (1994). Summary judgment is appropriate when, looking at the evidence

as a whole: (1) there is no genuine issue as to any material fact, and (2) the moving

party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Civ.R. 56(C). In conducting this

analysis the court must determine “that reasonable minds can come to but one

conclusion and that conclusion is adverse to the party against whom the motion for

summary judgment is made, [the nonmoving] party being entitled to have the

evidence or stipulation construed most strongly in the [nonmoving] party’s favor.”

Id. If any doubts exist, the issue must be resolved in favor of the nonmoving

party. Murphy v. Reynoldsburg, 65 Ohio St.3d 356, 358-59 (1992).

       {¶26} The party moving for summary judgment has the initial burden of

producing some evidence which demonstrates the lack of a genuine issue of

material fact. Dresher v. Burt, 75 Ohio St.3d 280, 292 (1996). In doing so, the

moving party is not required to produce any affirmative evidence, but must

identify those portions of the record which affirmatively support his argument. Id.

at 292. The nonmoving party must then rebut with specific facts showing the

existence of a genuine triable issue; he may not rest on the mere allegations or

denials of his pleadings. Id.; Civ.R. 56(E).




                                        -14-
Case No. 14-13-20


       {¶27} In this case the Defendants-Appellees moved for summary judgment,

submitting evidence that the toxicology reports did not show Gloria had been

given an incapacitating drug, that the video of the sleep study did not show a rape

occurring, that the video of the sleep study had not been stopped, paused, or

altered, that the only DNA found on Gloria during the SANE evaluation was

Gloria’s husband’s, and that the SANE nurses could not say more likely than not

that a sexual assault occurred.

       {¶28} In arguing against the Defendants-Appellees’ evidence, Gloria

contends that the trial court did not properly consider her own testimony from her

depositions, her sworn affidavit, and her statements that she gave to the police

when the trial court granted summary judgment.

       {¶29} “ ‘Generally, a party’s unsupported and self-serving assertions,

offered by way of affidavit, standing alone and without corroborating materials

under Civ.R. 56, will not be sufficient to demonstrate material issues of fact.

Otherwise, a party could avoid summary judgment under all circumstances solely

by simply submitting such a self-serving affidavit containing nothing more than

bare contradictions of the evidence offered by the moving party.’ ” Cornell v.

Rudolph Foods, Inc., 3d Dist. Allen No 1-10-89, 2011-Ohio-4322, ¶ 12 quoting

TJX Cos., Inc. v. Hall, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 91415, 91421, 2009-Ohio-3372, ¶

30; see also Bell v. Beightler, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 02AP-569, 2003-Ohio-88, ¶


                                       -15-
Case No. 14-13-20


33. We find that Gloria’s affidavit and deposition testimony merely reiterate her

complaint and do not demonstrate any material fact.

        {¶30} In her deposition, Gloria admits that the DNA evidence did not

implicate either Atriano or Weate in a sexual assault against her.                          She also

admitted that the toxicology reports came back negative for any incapacitating

drugs. However, Gloria believed that Atriano used a drug that was not tested for

in her original toxicology report; specifically, ether or insulin. Despite this belief,

Gloria failed to support this allegation with any evidence. She had the opportunity

to test her blood for insulin and/or ether, but failed to do so before the summary

judgment proceedings.8

        {¶31} Gloria also admitted that the sleep study video does not show that a

sexual assault took place. It was Gloria’s contention that the video was somehow

altered. Again, Gloria did not provide any evidence that explained how the video

of the sleep study was altered or provide expert testimony whose opinion was that

the video was actually altered. At best, Gloria provided the testimony of Dr.

Edward Moser, whose observations did not make any explicit or concrete

conclusions that Gloria was sexually assaulted or that the video was edited. Dr.

Moser is a registered respiratory therapist, but does not seem to have any

experience with sleep disorders or experience with the technical machinery used to


8
  In fact, Gloria apparently did have multiple tests done on her own prior to summary judgment
proceedings, but she did not provide any evidence from the results of those tests to support her claims.

                                                 -16-
Case No. 14-13-20


monitor sleep studies. After reviewing the study, Moser made the following

observations:

      1.    Study appears to be a blended study with another patient.

      2. The lack of progress notes by the technician present during
      the study would warrant this study to be invalid by most
      physicians.

      3.    There seems to be no video of the actual study[.]

      4. The Oxygen Saturation changed only 1-3 percentage pts.
      Usually a patients [sic] 02 Saturation changes more during
      different periods of the sleep cycle.

      5. There is no change in heart rates digital number, even when
      the EKG demonstrates artifact. Summary sheet shows a short
      period of tachycardia and bradycardia, but the study doesn’t
      show any change in HR.

      6. Between 4:15:26 and 4:22:56 there is right leg movement
      but not left leg movement.

(Doc. No. 177).

      {¶32} Moser did not provide any explanation on how these observations

proved, or in any manner indicated, that Gloria was sexually assaulted.        Dr.

Moser’s observations similarly did not explain how the video was edited or altered

as Gloria contends. Moreover, nowhere in Moser’s report did it say that it was his

opinion that Gloria was sexually assaulted or that the sleep study video was edited

because of these observations. In sum, Gloria’s expert testimony does not create

an issue of fact as it does not offer any proof toward whether a sexual assault


                                       -17-
Case No. 14-13-20


occurred, thus offering no proof of the corresponding civil torts Gloria sued

Defendants-Appellees for.

       {¶33} Gloria also argues that the trial court failed to construe the testimony

of Tammy Lawhorn in Gloria’s favor. Lawhorn is a registered SANE nurse and

teaches seminars on sexual assault. Lawhorn reviewed all the contents of Gloria’s

sexual assault examination and it was her opinion that the findings in Gloria’s file

“can be consistent with sexual assault. However, they can also be due to a

medical condition.”    (Lawhorn’s Deposition Tr., p. 37).        When asked what

medical condition could produce redness and bruising, Lawhorn replied, “[t]hey

could be from a sexually transmitted disease, endometriosis, [and] cancers.” (Id.)

       {¶34} Further, in her deposition Lawhorn admitted that she could not say,

“more probable than not, that the redness noted on [Gloria’s] right and left labia

minora were the result of being sexually assaulted[.]” (Id. at 48-49). Lawhorn

also admitted that she could not say, “more likely than not, that the bruising [noted

on Gloria’s cervix] came from sexual assault.” (Id. at 52). In addition, Lawhorn

stated that “a whitish-yellow discharge coming from the cervical os” is not

consistent with a sexual assault. (Id. at 53). Lawhorn then had the following

exchange with defense counsel:

       Q: [C]an you say, more likely than not, that [Gloria] wasn’t
       sexually assaulted in the Sleep Lab just prior to going to the ER,
       as she claims?


                                        -18-
Case No. 14-13-20


      A: That’s hard to answer because there’s always those what
      ifs. Can I say yes, semi-colon?

      Q: Well, what are you struggling with?

      A: If, for instance, a male would have a condom on covering
      the penis inserting into the vagina that can take away the DNA.

      Q: All of it?

      A:    Possible, but not likely.

      ***

      Q: We’re dealing with more likely, you know 50 percent or
      more. That’s what we’re dealing with.

      ***

      Q: Assuming that the DNA testing showed the DNA of [Douglas]
      ***

      * * * you cannot say, more likely than not, that [Gloria] was
      sexually assaulted in the Sleep Lab earlier that morning?

      A:    Correct.

(Emphasis added.) (Id. at 64-65).

      {¶35} Gloria contends that the redness and bruise found on her cervix was

caused by her alleged sexual assault. However, Gloria’s own expert witness

testified in her deposition that she was unable to say that Gloria’s injuries were

more likely than not caused by a sexual assault rather than an unrelated medical

condition. “The admissibility of expert testimony that an event is the proximate

cause is contingent upon the expression of an opinion by the expert with respect to

                                        -19-
Case No. 14-13-20


the causative event in terms of probability.” Stinson v. England, 69 Ohio St.3d

451 (1994) paragraph one of the syllabus. In order to show that an event is

probable, the expert must testify that there is a greater than 50 percent chance that

it produced the occurrence at issue. Id. Therefore, an expert opinion concerning a

causative event must be expressed in terms of probability. Id. Since Lawhorn

could not say that a sexual assault was probable in Gloria’s situation, her expert

testimony would not be admissible at trial, or at the very least, would not warrant

the reversal of the trial court’s grant of summary judgment.9

         {¶36} Finally, Gloria’s own allegations that she was sexually assaulted the

night of January 7, 2009, and her “memories” regarding those allegations, were

called into question by Defendants-Appellees’ expert, who opined that Gloria

suffered from a personality disorder.

         {¶37} Therefore, looking at the record in its entirety, Gloria has not

provided evidence to rebut the evidence submitted by Defendants-Appellees.

Under these circumstances, we cannot find that the trial court erred in granting

summary judgment in the Defendants-Appellees’ favor.

         {¶38} Accordingly, Gloria’s first, second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth

assignments of error are overruled.

9
  We would also reiterate that Denise Arndt, the SANE nurse who performed Gloria’s sexual assault
examination, testified that redness found in Gloria’s examination could be caused not only by sexual
assault but also by “tight underwear; riding a bike; riding a horse; having a little irritation or an allergic
reaction to the elastic on your underwear; a tampon; [or] a pad.” In addition, Arndt checked Gloria for
possible injection sites and found nothing.

                                                    -20-
Case No. 14-13-20


                                   Seventh Assignment of Error

        {¶39} In Gloria’s seventh assignment of error, she contends that the trial

court erred in allowing the appellees’ counterclaim as it was “time-barred.”

However, as the appellees have dismissed their counterclaim, this assignment of

error is rendered moot, and we decline to further address it.10

                                   Eighth Assignment of Error

        {¶40} In Gloria’s eighth assignment of error, she argues that the trial court

erred in granting Dr. Qadoom’s 12(B)(6) motion to dismiss for failing to attach an

affidavit of merit to her complaint regarding her medical claims against Dr.

Qadoom.

        {¶41} Civil Rule 10(D)(2), which governs this issue, reads as follows.

        (2) Affidavit of merit; medical liability claim.

        (a) Except as provided in division (D)(2)(b) of this rule, a
        complaint that contains a medical claim, dental claim,
        optometric claim, or chiropractic claim, as defined in section
        2305.113 of the Revised Code, shall include one or more
        affidavits of merit relative to each defendant named in the
        complaint for whom expert testimony is necessary to establish
        liability. Affidavits of merit shall be provided by an expert
        witness pursuant to Rules 601(D) and 702 of the Ohio Rules of
        Evidence. Affidavits of merit shall include all of the following:




10
  At oral argument Gloria stated that Defendants-Appellees had refiled their claims against her. Nothing in
the record before this court indicates that this case has been reopened or that Defendants-Appellees’ claims
have been revived. We make no finding as to the validity of Gloria’s argument as it pertains to any re-filed
case, as it would constitute an advisory opinion.

                                                   -21-
Case No. 14-13-20


       (i) A statement that the affiant has reviewed all medical
       records reasonably available to the plaintiff concerning the
       allegations contained in the complaint;

       (ii) A statement that the affiant is familiar with the applicable
       standard of care;

       (iii) The opinion of the affiant that the standard of care was
       breached by one or more of the defendants to the action and that
       the breach caused injury to the plaintiff.

       (b) The plaintiff may file a motion to extend the period of time
       to file an affidavit of merit. The motion shall be filed by the
       plaintiff with the complaint. For good cause shown and in
       accordance with division (c) of this rule, the court shall grant the
       plaintiff a reasonable period of time to file an affidavit of merit,
       not to exceed ninety days, except the time may be extended
       beyond ninety days if the court determines that a defendant or
       non-party has failed to cooperate with discovery or that other
       circumstances warrant extension.

       {¶42} The failure to file a Civ.R. 10(D)(2) affidavit is contested by way of

a Civ.R. 12(B)(6) motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim upon which relief

can be granted. Fletcher v. Univ. Hosps. of Cleveland, 120 Ohio St.3d 167, 2008–

Ohio–5379, ¶ 13. A motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim upon which

relief can be granted is procedural and tests the sufficiency of the complaint. State

ex rel. Hanson v. Guernsey County Board of Commissioners, 65 Ohio St.3d 545

(1992). Our standard of review on a Civ.R. 12(B)(6) motion to dismiss is de novo.

Greeley v. Miami Valley Maintenance Contrs., Inc., 49 Ohio St.3d 228 (1990).

       {¶43} In this case it is not disputed that Gloria failed to provide an affidavit

of merit with her complaint as it relates to the medical claims. In addition, Gloria

                                         -22-
Case No. 14-13-20


did not file a motion for an extension of time to file that affidavit with her

complaint. We would note that this is the second time Gloria has filed this action,

and she still failed to attach the required affidavit to proceed on this claim. As the

failure to attach the affidavit is fatal to the claim, we cannot find that the trial court

erred in granting Dr. Qadoom’s motion to dismiss. See Fletcher v. Univ. Hosps. of

Cleveland, 120 Ohio St.3d 167, 2008–Ohio–5379, ¶ 9–15. Accordingly, Gloria’s

eighth assignment of error is overruled.

       {¶44} For the foregoing reasons Gloria’s first, second, third, fourth, fifth,

sixth, and eighth assignments of error are overruled, and her seventh assignment of

error is moot. Therefore the judgment of the Union County Common Pleas Court

is affirmed.

                                                                    Judgment Affirmed

WILLAMOWSKI, P.J. and ROGERS, J., concur.

/jlr




                                           -23-
