                                                                [DO NOT PUBLISH]


                IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                         FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                           ________________________          FILED
                                                    U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                                 No. 09-12011         ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                                                      FEBRUARY 24, 2010
                             Non-Argument Calendar
                                                           JOHN LEY
                           ________________________
                                                             CLERK

                    D. C. Docket No. 08-00061-CR-4-RH-WCS

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,


                                                                   Plaintiff-Appellee,

                                       versus

WILLIE JAMES THOMPSON, JR.,

                                                               Defendant-Appellant.

                           ________________________

                    Appeal from the United States District Court
                        for the Northern District of Florida
                          _________________________

                                 (February 24, 2010)

Before BLACK, HULL and FAY, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

      Willie James Thompson, Jr., appeals his 60-month sentence imposed after he

pled guilty to distributing cocaine base, in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a),
(b)(1)(B)(iii). After review, we affirm.

       On appeal, Thompson challenges the district court’s finding that he

possessed a firearm in connection with the offense and therefore did not qualify for

a safety-valve reduction, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3553(f) and U.S.S.G. § 5C1.2.1

“Safety-valve relief allows for sentencing without regard to any statutory

minimum, with respect to certain offenses.” United States v. Milkintas, 470 F.3d

1339, 1344 (11th Cir. 2006). The defendant must prove eligibility for safety-valve

relief by a preponderance of the evidence. See Milkintas, 470 F.3d at 1345;

Poyato, 454 F.3d at 1296, 1299-1300.

       To be eligible for safety-valve relief, the defendant, among other things,

must not have possessed a firearm “in connection with the offense” of conviction.

See 18 U.S.C. § 3553(f)(2); U.S.S.G. § 5C1.2(a)(2). Generally, “possession”

includes both actual and constructive possession. See, e.g., United States v.

Edwards, 166 F.3d 1362, 1363 (11th Cir. 1999) (controlled substance); United

States v. Sweeting, 933 F.2d 962, 965 (11th Cir. 1991) (firearm); see also United

States v. Clavijo, 165 F.3d 1341, 1342-43 (11th Cir. 1999) (acknowledging both



       1
         When reviewing the denial of a safety-valve reduction, we review the district court’s
factual determinations for clear error and its legal conclusions de novo. United States v. Poyato,
454 F.3d 1295, 1297 (11th Cir. 2006). “[W]e will not find clear error unless our review of the
record leaves us with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed.”
United States v. White, 335 F.3d 1314, 1319 (11th Cir. 2003) (quotation marks omitted).

                                                2
actual and constructive possession, but concluding possession in the safety-valve

context does not include a codefendant’s firearm possession). Actual possession

requires “direct physical control over the contraband.” Edwards, 166 F.3d at 1363.

Constructive possession, on the other hand, requires a defendant only to own or

exercise dominion and control over the premises where the contraband is found.

United States v. Molina, 443 F.3d 824, 829 (11th Cir. 2006).

      Generally, we read the phrase “in connection with” in the Sentencing

Guidelines expansively. See, e.g., United States v. Jackson, 276 F.3d 1231, 1234-

35 (11th Cir. 2001) (construing possession of a firearm “in connection with”

another felony offense under U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(b)(5)2 ); United States v. Matos-

Rodriguez, 188 F.3d 1300, 1308-09 (11th Cir. 1999) (construing possession of a

dangerous weapon “in connection with” a counterfeiting offense under U.S.S.G.

§ 2B5.1(b)(3)3 ); United States v. Young, 115 F.3d 834, 837-38 (11th Cir. 1997)

(construing possession of a firearm “in connection with” a crime of violence or

controlled substance offense under the armed career criminal provision, U.S.S.G.

§ 4B1.4(b)(3)(A)). Accordingly, mere possession of a firearm is “in connection

with the offense” when it is reasonable to conclude that the firearm’s presence



      2
          Now § 2K2.1(b)(6).
      3
          Now § 2B5.1(b)(4).

                                          3
emboldens the defendant to undertake the illegal conduct. Jackson, 276 F.3d at

1234-35. In addition, “possession of a firearm with intent to use it to facilitate the

commission of a felony offense, or with intent to use it should it become necessary

to facilitate that crime, is possession ‘in connection with’ that offense.” Id. Thus,

when the nature of the crime itself supports “an inference that the defendants

would have, if necessary, used their firearms in furtherance of their crimes,” the

firearm possession is “in connection with” the offense. Id. at 1234.

      Here, the district court did not clearly err in finding that Thompson

possessed a firearm in connection with his cocaine trafficking offense. Thompson

was arrested after he sold 5.7 grams of cocaine powder and 9.5 grams of cocaine

base to Drug Enforcement Agency (“DEA”) confidential informants in April and

October 2008, respectively. In November 2008, agents arrested Thompson after he

left his apartment and found 33.4 grams of cocaine on his person. Most of the

drugs were in 67 small ziplock bags, placed in a larger bag. Thompson admitted

he planned to sell the packaged drugs found on him.

      DEA agents searched Thompson’s apartment and found a 9mm handgun, a

magazine and ammunition in a gun box in the closet of Thompson’s bedroom. In a

dresser in the same bedroom agents found packaging material that matched the

packaging material found on Thompson at the time of his arrest and used in the



                                           4
DEA’s two controlled buys. At the sentencing hearing, Thompson testified that he

used the packaging material to divide up his cocaine for retail sale. Thompson

stated that he packaged, but did not sell, the drugs inside his apartment.

      It is undisputed that the 9mm handgun found in Thompson’s bedroom closet

was owned by Thompson’s cousin, a Leon County deputy sheriff. Thompson

testified that his cousin left the firearm at the apartment a week before the arrest.

Thompson explained that he moved the firearm to his bedroom closet because his

girlfriend sometimes brought her niece to the apartment. Although Thompson

claimed that he never used the firearm and that he did not package cocaine in the

bedroom during the week the firearm was in the apartment, the district court

discredited Thompson’s testimony, stating that Thompson’s explanation for the

presence of the gun in the apartment was “not very likely.”

      Given these facts, the district court did not clearly err in finding that

Thompson, at a minimum, constructively possessed the firearm because Thompson

exercised dominion and control over the apartment in which the firearm was kept.

See Molina, 443 F.3d at 829. Further, we find no clear error in the district court’s

finding that Thompson possessed the firearm “in connection with” his drug

trafficking operation. The evidence showed that Thompson packaged the drugs in

his bedroom, the same room in which he kept the firearm. Given the nature of the



                                           5
offense, it is reasonable to infer that Thompson possessed the firearm so he could

protect his illegal contraband from theft if it became necessary. See Jackson, 276

F.3d at 1234. In addition, the presence of the firearm may have emboldened

Thompson to undertake the illicit activity in his bedroom. See id. Although

Thompson testified that he brought the firearm into the bedroom only to keep it

away from a child, the district court discredited his explanation, a finding we have

no cause to disturb. See United States v. Lewis, 115 F.3d 1531, 1538 (11th Cir.

1997) (“We attribute great deference to the court’s credibility determination.”); 18

U.S.C. § 3742(e) (requiring court of appeals to “give due regard to the opportunity

of the district court to judge the credibility of the witnesses” at sentencing).

Accordingly, the district court did not err in concluding that Thompson was

ineligible for a safety-valve reduction.4

       AFFIRMED.




       4
         Thompson asks us to clarify whether the application of the dangerous weapon
enhancement in U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(b)(1) precludes safety-valve relief under U.S.S.G. § 5C1.2.
We need not, and do not, address this issue because the district court concluded that the
standards under § 2D1.1(b)(1) and § 5C1.2 were different and analyzed Thompson’s eligibility
for a safety-valve reduction accordingly. Thus, this issue is not before us. Additionally, the
government construes Thompson’s brief to challenge the district court’s application of the
§ 2D1.1(b)(1) dangerous weapon enhancement. However, Thompson’s counseled brief
consistently states that the issue on appeal is whether he qualified for a safety-valve reduction.
See United States v. Jernigan, 341 F.3d 1273, 1283 n.8 (11th Cir. 2003) (explaining that a party
must raise an issue “plainly and prominently” in the brief to preserve it for appellate review).
Thus, we do not address the propriety of the § 2D1.1(b)(1) enhancement.

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