                                                          [DO NOT PUBLISH]


             IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                    FILED
                     FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                       ________________________ ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                                                             Nov. 17, 2009
                             No. 08-14666                  THOMAS K. KAHN
                         Non-Argument Calendar                 CLERK
                       ________________________

                    D. C. Docket No. 07-20338-CR-PAS

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,


                                                                Plaintiff-Appellee,

                                   versus

DWIGHTE MORLEY,
EUGENE RUSSELL,


                                                        Defendants-Appellants.


                       ________________________

                Appeals from the United States District Court
                    for the Southern District of Florida
                      _________________________

                           (November 17, 2009)

Before BIRCH, CARNES and WILSON, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:
      Dwighte Morley and Eugene Russell appeal their convictions for conspiracy

to import 100 kilograms or more of marijuana, importation of 100 kilograms or

more of marijuana, conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute 100 kilograms or

more of marijuana, and possession with intent to distribute 100 kilograms or more

of marijuana. On appeal, Morley contends (1) that the evidence was insufficient to

establish his participation in either the conspiracies or the substantive offenses; and

(2) that the district court abused its discretion in denying his motion to sever his

trial from that of Russell. Russell argues (1) that the district court abused its

discretion in instructing the jury that it was permitted to consider his flight as

evidence of his guilt, and (2) that his trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance.

After careful review of the record and the parties’ briefs, we discern no error and

AFFIRM.

                                 I. BACKGROUND

      In October 2006, agents with the Drug Enforcement Agency (“DEA”) began

investigating Morley and Russell after receiving information from a confidential

source that they were arranging to smuggle drugs into the United States from

Bimini, Bahamas. R4 at 60, 62. Extensive surveillance on Russell and his

associates conducted by DEA agents and officers with the U.S. Immigration and

Customs Enforcement (“ICE”), U.S. Customs and Border Protection (“CBP”), and



                                            2
City of Miami Police Department (“MPD”), led law enforcement to believe that the

drugs were going to be carried from the Bahamas on a boat belonging to Phillip

Taylor and offloaded in the Coconut Grove area of Miami at a location on Royal

Road, which dead-ends at the Biscayne Bay seawall. Id. at 62-71; see also R6 at

43-44, 46-48, 64-66, 70-75, 122-29; R8 at 7-14. As a result of the DEA

investigation, Dwighte Morley, Eugene Russell, and Morley’s twin brother,

Derrick Morley (“Derrick”),1 were charged in a four-count indictment with:

(1) conspiracy to import 100 kilograms or more of marijuana into the United

States, in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 952(a), 963, 960(b)(2) (Count One); (2)

knowingly and intentionally importing 100 kilograms or more of marijuana into

the United States, in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 952(a), 960(b)(2), 18 U.S.C. § 2

(Count Two); (3) conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute 100 kilograms or

more of marijuana, in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 846, 841(a)(1), (b)(1)(B) (Count

Three); and (4) knowingly and intentionally possessing with intent to distribute

100 kilograms or more of marijuana, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1),

(b)(1)(B), 18 U.S.C. § 2 (Count Four). R1-1.

       Morley and Russell’s co-conspirators, Delton Edward Cash, Lamardo King,

Freedman Robins, Rocky Saunders, and Taylor, were charged in a separate four-


       1
      Derrick Morley pled guilty to Count One pursuant to a written plea agreement. See
CM/ECF, S.D. Fla., Case No. 1:07-cr-20338, Docs. 93, 94, 95, 136.

                                             3
count indictment with conspiracy to import and importation of cocaine and

conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute and possession with intent to

distribute marijuana. Cash, King, Robins, and Saunders all pled guilty to the

conspiracy to import count. Cash and King were sentenced to thirty months of

imprisonment, while Robins and Saunders both were sentenced to thirty-seven

months of imprisonment. Taylor, who went to trial and was found guilty by a jury

on all four counts of the indictment, was sentenced to ninety-six months of

imprisonment.

      At trial, Cash testified to the following. At around 4:00 or 5:00 P.M. on 23

January 2007, he drove from Fort Lauderdale to a residence in Miami, where he

met Taylor and the Morley twins. R8 at 84-86. Cash explained that he did not

know the twins by name, but would be able to tell them apart if he saw them

“standing both by each other” because “one was a little bigger than the other one.”

Id. at 86, 93. Cash thus referred to the Morley twins as “Big Twin and Little

Twin,” and identified Morley as “Big Twin.” Id. at 86, 88. During their meeting,

Little Twin told Cash that “they needed [his] help to go pick up something.” Id. at

86. Big Twin then called King, who, along with King’s cousin, arrived half an

hour later in a burgundy-colored cargo van. Id. at 88-89; see also R4 at 71-73.

The group decided that King would drop off his cousin and they would meet at



                                          4
another location to further discuss their plans. R8 at 89-90. Cash and Big Twin

followed King to King’s cousin’s house, while Taylor and the “small twin” drove

in Morley’s Mercury Sable. Id. at 90; see R4 at 75. Taylor and the “small twin”

were already at King’s cousin’s house when Cash and Big Twin arrived, and King

and his cousin were removing items from the van. R8 at 90-91. Cash remained in

the vehicle while Big Twin went to speak with Taylor and Little Twin. Id. at 91.

Big Twin returned to Cash’s car and told Cash that “it [was] time to go.” Id. Cash

and Big Twin then drove to Big Twin’s house so Big Twin could change into dark

clothes. King followed. Id. at 91. Cash waited in the car, smoking marijuana,

while Big Twin went inside. Id. at 91-92. When Big Twin came back outside, he

was wearing different clothes and carrying two fishing rods. Id. at 92. Big Twin

then said, “we have to go, it is time to go in the Grove, time to go in the hole.” Id.

at 92. Cash explained that “the hole” meant the offload site where they were going

to meet the boat and pick up the drugs. Id.

      Cash testified that before they departed for the offload site, Big Twin told

him to drive in the van with King because he, Big Twin, was going to pick up

Russell in Cash’s car after the drugs were offloaded. Id. at 92, 94. Big Twin also

explained that Little Twin was “going to be on top and be the lookout,” and Taylor

was going to haul the boat trailer to pick up the boat. Id. at 92. Cash then got in



                                           5
the van with King and they started making their way toward Coconut Grove. Id. at

94. During the drive, Cash learned that King did not have a Florida driver’s

license and became concerned that if they were to be pulled over, the police could

arrest King and search the van. Id. at 94-95. Cash called Big Twin, who was

driving Cash’s car, and told him to call off the plan. Id. at 95. Big Twin agreed

that they would pull over at a gas station, Cash would park his car, and Big Twin

would drive the van to the offload site. Id. at 95-96.

      According to Cash, he, King, and Big Twin arrived at the hole around 9:00

P.M. Id. at 97; see also R6 at 66, 70-71. Big Twin and King removed the fishing

rods from the van and pretended to fish. R8 at 96-97. After spotting a vehicle on

the dead-end road, Cash called the “small twin” and “asked him if he [was] on top

watching out[,] if everything looked good up there.” Id. at 97-98. Little Twin

responded, “yes, everything look[s] good, don’t worry about nothing.” Id. at 98.

Shortly thereafter, Cash received word from Taylor, who was waiting by the

marina, that the boat was close to shore. Id. at 98.

      Cash testified that Russell, Saunders, and Robins were aboard the boat when

it pulled up to the seawall. Id. at 99-100; see R10 at 63-65. Saunders testified later

that Cash, King, and Derrick were waiting when they arrived at the offload site.

R10 at 68. According to Saunders, although Derrick and Morley were identical



                                           6
twins, Derrick was the bigger of the two. Id. at 54-55. Saunders stated that he

expected Morley, Derrick, and Cash “to pick up the weed at the time,” but he never

saw Morley at the offload site that night. Id. at 70, 86, 88. When he asked where

Morley was, Saunders was told that Morley was “up top.” Id. at 70, 88. Saunders

explained that “up top” meant Morley was “looking out” from the far end of the

road, away from the offload site. Id. at 88-89.

      Cash further testified that once the boat arrived, Big Twin/Dwighte backed

the van up to the seawall. R8 at 100. Cash, King, and Big Twin began offloading

bags and boxes from the boat and placing them into the rear cargo area of the van.

Id. According to Saunders, it was he, Cash, King, Robins, and Derrick Morley

who offloaded the marijuana. R10 at 68-69. Both Saunders and Cash testified that

after the men finished offloading the parcels, Russell stayed in the boat and the rest

of them got into the van and started traveling west on Royal Road. Id. at 69; R8 at

100. Saunders testified that Derrick was driving the van. R10 at 69.

      DEA Special Agent John Bleier, who arrived at the west-end of Royal Road

at approximately 10:00 P.M. on 23 January, testified that about ten or fifteen

minutes after he established surveillance of the area, he observed the burgundy van

driving west on Royal Road as he was driving east towards the offload site. R6 at

122-124, 126-27. He activated his police lights when he was approximately 150



                                           7
to 200 feet from the van, in “well-enough time for the van to see [him] coming

down the road.” Id. at 128. Once the van got close enough to see Bleier’s police

lights, it started swerving and collided with his police vehicle. Id. at 127-28.

When the vehicles came to a stop, the occupants of the van fled on foot. Id. at 129;

see also R8 at 101; R10 at 70. A subsequent search of the van uncovered

approximately 300 kilograms of marijuana. R6 at 129-30, 135.

      MPD detective David Valentin, who established surveillance of Royal Road

between 8:00 and 9:00 P.M. and observed the offloading operation, testified that

about fifteen or twenty seconds after the van left the offload area, which would

have been the time immediately following the van’s collision with Bleier’s police

vehicle, the driver of the boat “put the . . . pedal to the metal and took off.” Id. at

64-65, 70-74, 76, 117. Detective Valentin testified that when the boat was moving

slowly, he was about five feet from the shoreline and could see that only one

individual, the boat’s driver, was on board. Id. at 75. He could not see the driver’s

face, but could tell that the driver was a heavyset black male. Id. Detective

Valentin testified that he was able to read the boat registration number,

FL0235MM, which he called in via radio. Id. Special Agent Jiries Salameh had

previously testified that this boat was registered to Taylor. R4 at 65-66, 69.

      During his cross-examination of Detective Valentin, Neil Nameroff,



                                            8
Russell’s trial counsel, asked Detective Valentin, “Isn’t it true that after this

incident you were shown a photograph of Eugene Russell?” R6 at 88. When

Detective Valentin stated that he “[did]n’t recall that,” Nameroff again asked him,

“Isn’t it true that after this incident you were shown a photograph of Eugene

Russell and you said that was not the man?” Id. at 88-89. Counsel for the

government then objected to Nameroff’s question for lack of basis. Id. at 89. The

district court instructed Nameroff to proffer a basis for the question and advised

him that if he had no basis for asking the question, then the question was improper.

Id. At side-bar, the following exchange took place:

      Nameroff:            I was told, Your Honor –
      The Court:           You need to whisper.
      Nameroff:            I was told, Your Honor.
      The Court:           Who told you?
      Nameroff:            By Miss Waugh [government’s counsel] that
                           witnesses of this incident were shown photographs
                           – not lineups, but photographs of various people in
                           this case.
      The Court:           And –
      Nameroff:            I asked if he was shown a photograph.
      The Court:           This guy.
      Government:          No, you did not.
      Nameroff:            I asked him if he was shown a photograph.
      Government:          No. Are you addressing what you asked me?
      Nameroff:            No. What I asked him.
      The Court:           You are being very slippery, Mr. Nameroff.
      Nameroff:            Don’t you think – Wait a second. I am not new on
                           the block. I have been doing this for years.
      The Court:           Mr. Nameroff, please keep your emotions under
                           control.

                                            9
Nameroff:     You think Judge for one second he wasn’t shown a
              photograph? Let’s be realistic.
The Court:    Mr. Nameroff, I am asking you to please provide a
              proffer, a basis of your question, and you told me
              that Miss Waugh –
Nameroff:     Said that persons who were present at that scene
              were shown photographs.
The Court:    And did they make a statement that they did not
              identify the person? Is that what you say that she
              said?
Nameroff:     No. She didn’t say that.
The Court:    Then what is the basis of your statement that,
              “Weren’t you shown a photograph and you
              couldn’t identify?” What is the basis of that
              question?
Nameroff:     Because, Your Honor, under these circumstances –
The Court:    You are wanting the jury to hear you?
Nameroff:     No. No. Under these circumstances do you think
              for one moment –
The Court:    What is the basis?
Nameroff:     I have the photograph. I know this procedure. Why
              wouldn’t this witness be shown a photograph and
              asked to identify? Tell me, Judge, does that make
              sense?
The Court:    Mr. Nameroff, I have been asking you to answer
              my question. What is the basis for your statement?
              And the question was, “You were shown that
              photograph and you did not identify them.” What
              is the basis of that statement?
Nameroff:     Because, Your Honor, I have the photograph. I
              know that this procedure was done in this case and
              I know that this witness did not identify my client.
Government:   Your Honor, I am going to respond to this. Mr.
              Nameroff inquired whether or not cooperating
              witnesses were shown photographs, and I said yes,
              cooperating witnesses. Not law enforcement
              witnesses who had previously – Don’t give a
              strange look to convey or telegraph to the jury.

                             10
      The Court:          Just speak to me, Miss Waugh.
      Government:         And I said to him that the witnesses, the
                          cooperating witnesses, were shown images. How
                          is it that that leads to this person being shown any
                          images –
      The Court:          I am going to sustain the objection.

Id. at 89-92.

      Morley’s trial counsel, Roderick Vereen, thereupon stated to the court,

              I am not getting into this between what is going on with Mr.
      Nameroff and what is going on with the government. But I am so
      concerned about the prejudicial spillover because the Court has
      sustained a number of objections against Mr. Nameroff. I do not want
      the jury to get the impression that my client is involved with this.
      There is no basis for that, and the Court is going to sustain the
      objection. I am not sure if the government is asking for an instruction
      because the court already told the jury that if he didn’t have a good-
      faith basis for that then it is improper. And I am reading the jury’s
      expressions on their faces when the Court calls for sidebars, they are
      looking at each other, they are starting to form an opinion about
      defense counsel. I don’t want for my client to be put in a position
      where I am going to more for a mistrial because I am starting to feel
      that way right now because I don’t believe that with all that is going
      on, it doesn’t concern my client with regard to the questions being
      asked and with regard to the objections that are being made, and the
      Court sustaining those objections that my client is getting a fair trial
      here. But I am concerned about the prejudicial spillover . . . .

             . . . . I would move to sever my client at this point . . . I would
      ask the Court to grant a mistrial with regard to Mr. Morley and try us
      separately because I don’t like what I am seeing, I don’t like what I
      am hearing, I don’t like the expressions that I’m getting from these
      jurors. And I think it’s going to blow up in my client’s face and we
      are not involved in it . . . This has been going on for the past two days
      now, and the Court is constantly telling them this is improper, you
      can’t do this, and it will affect my case.

                                          11
Id. at 92-93.

       The district court admonished Nameroff “to act in a professional manner”

and advised him that he was expected “to do what is right for the rest of the trial.”

Id. at 93-94.2 After the court reiterated that it was sustaining the government’s

objection to Nameroff’s question, Vereen informed the court, “Your Honor, I

would like the record to reflect that as Mr. Nameroff just walked by me he looked

at me and he said, ‘You F’ing prick.’ He didn’t say ‘F’ing.’ He used the word.”

Id. at 94-95. At that point, the court concluded the side-bar discussion, sent the

jury out of the courtroom, and, outside of the presence of the jury, reprimanded

Nameroff for what it called his “totally unacceptable conduct.” Id. Nameroff

assured the court that he could “keep [his] emotions in check” and the jury was

called back in for the remainder of Valentin’s testimony. Id. at 96, 98.

       ICE Special Agent Edwin Perez subsequently testified that Taylor’s boat

was discovered on 24 January floating alongside a pier in Legion Park, on the west

side of Biscayne Bay. R10 at 96, 98. One of its lines was loosely tied to a piling

and its engine was still in the water, “as though it just arrived.” Id. at 98-99. ICE

       2
           The district court explicitly denied Morley’s motion to sever on the following day of
trial after finding that there was no reason to believe that the jury’s ability to make a reliable
judgment about guilt or innocence had been compromised by Nameroff’s behavior. R8 at 4-5.
The court assured Morley that it would “continue to remind the jury . . . that there are two
separate defendants and each one must be considered individually, and that . . . the lawyers are
required to make objections and that they [the jury] made a commitment that they would not
consider the objections and the Court’s rulings on them.” Id. at 5.

                                                 12
Special Agent Mark Samples, who assisted in the processing of the boat, testified

that a prescription pill bottle bearing the name “Eugene Russell” was found lying

on the floor of the boat. R12 at 13-16.

      Finally, the government presented the testimony of Agent Stephen Morgan,

an intelligence research specialist with the DEA’s Miami Field Division, who

analyzed call detail records of cellular phones subscribed to by Cash, King, the

Morley twins, and an “Ian White.” Id. at 23-25, 27-28. According to Saunders,

“Ian White” was the alias under which Russell and Taylor had purchased their cell

phones. R10 at 58-59. Agent Morgan testified that between 6:48 and 10:40 P.M.

on 23 January, the phone subscribed to by Morley made and/or received around

thirty calls to and/or from the phones subscribed to by Cash, King, “Ian White,”

and Derrick. R12 at 38-61. All except for two of these calls were answered and

ranged in duration from seventeen seconds to almost four minutes. See id.

Although all phones were reflecting off of cell towers in the Miami Gardens area,

located north of Coconut Grove, in the earlier part of the evening, the call detail

records indicated southerly movement beginning at around 8:00 P.M. Id. at 29, 31,

33, 35, 44-46, 50. By 8:28 P.M., Morley’s phone was reflecting off of cell tower

143, which Agent Morgan testified is located on the Biscayne Bay coast, just

northeast of Royal Road, and by 9:00 P.M., the phones subscribed to by Derrick



                                          13
Morley, King, and Cash all were pinging off cell tower 16, located approximately

three miles north of Royal Road and also on the coast. Id. at 47, 49, 51-54. The

records showed some movement in Morley’s location between about 9:00 and 9:45

P.M., however, he remained in the immediate vicinity of the offload site at all

times and was in the area of tower 16 at 10:33 and 10:34 P.M., when he attempted

to call Cash and King, respectively, and at 10:36 and 10:40 P.M., when he placed

calls to a phone subscribed to by “Ian White,” which also was pinging off cell

tower 16 at the time. Id. at 51-52, 59-61.

      At the close of the government’s case-in-chief, Morley moved for a

judgment of acquittal on all four counts of the indictment. See id. at 113, 145-46.

He argued that it was clear Cash had mistakenly identified him as the twin who

was at the Royal Road offload site on 23 January. Id. at 146. Moreover, he

pointed out, Saunders had testified that it was Derrick who offloaded the marijuana

and that he, Saunders, never saw Morley at the offload site that night. Id. at 151.

At the close of all of the evidence, Morley renewed his motion for a judgment of

acquittal and asked the court to dismiss Cash’s testimony. See R13 at 150. The

court concluded that Cash’s misidentification was not fatal to the government’s

case and denied the motion accordingly. Id. at 157, 160.

      Before excusing the jury to begin its deliberations, the district court advised



                                          14
the jury regarding Cash’s misidentification of Morley as the twin who, along with

Cash, King, Robins, and Saunders, offloaded the marijuana from Taylor’s boat on

the night in question:

              During the testimony of Delton Edward Cash he identified one
      of the individuals that assisted him with the offloading of marijuana
      on January 23, 2007 as defendant Dwighte Morley. I state to you now
      that it is not the theory of the case of the United States that Dwighte
      Morley was one of the individuals offloading the marijuana on
      January 23, 2007. The theory of the case of the United States is that
      Dwighte Morley was to act as a lookout on January 23, 2007.

R14 at 16.

      With respect to evidence presented by the government that Russell fled from

law enforcement, the court instructed the jury:

             You have also heard testimony that after the commission of the
      crime the Captain of the 24-foot open fisherman fled from law
      enforcement officers. Intentional flight of a person immediately after
      a crime has been committed is not of course sufficient in itself to
      establish a defendant’s guilt, but is a fact which if proved may be
      considered by you in light of all of the evidence in the case in
      determining guilt or innocence.
             If you find by evidence beyond a reasonable doubt that the
      Captain of the 24-foot open fisherman was defendant Eugene Russell,
      then you may consider whether defendant Russell’s conduct in this
      case constituted flight . . . and that is exclusively for you to determine.
      And if you determine his conduct constituted flight, then you may
      decide whether or not that flight showed a consciousness of guilt on
      his part and the significance to be attached to that evidence. These
      questions are matters exclusively within your province as judges of
      the facts.
             In your consideration of any evidence of flight, if you should
      find that there was flight as to this defendant you should consider that

                                           15
       there may be reasons for this conduct which are fully consistent with
       innocence.3

Id. at 26-27.

       Finally, the court instructed the jury that it was to consider each defendant

and the evidence against him separately, and that a finding of guilt as to one

defendant on any or all charges “should not affect [its] verdict as to any other

offense or any other defendant.” Id. at 29.

       The jury returned guilty verdicts against Morley and Russell on all counts of

the indictment. R1-115, 116. The district court sentenced Morley to a total of

forty-one months of imprisonment, to be followed by three years of supervised

release, and sentenced Russell to a total of 121 months of imprisonment, to be

followed by eight years of supervised release. R1-145, 154. This appeal followed.

                                      II. DISCUSSION

       On appeal, Morley argues that the evidence was insufficient to sustain

convictions on any of the counts of the indictment and that the district court abused

its discretion in denying his motion to sever his trial from Russell’s. Russell

argues on appeal that the district court erred in giving the jury a “flight” instruction


       3
          The district court had stated previously that it was planning on giving the flight
instruction because there was testimony that: Russell was the driver of the boat, the boat slowly
left the area but sped away after the van crashed with the police vehicle, and the boat was later
found as if “someone was not tying it up carefully as most boats are, suggesting a rapid exit.”
Id. at 4-5.

                                                16
and that his trial counsel was ineffective. We address the arguments of both

defendants in turn.

A. Morley

1. Sufficiency of the Evidence

      Morley argues that the evidence did not support a finding that he “willfully”

joined the conspiracies or acted as a lookout during the offloading of the

marijuana. He asserts that although both Cash and Saunders testified that it was

their understanding that Morley was to act as the lookout, Morley himself never

directly told either of them that he was the lookout. He further contends that the

cell phone records established at most that he arrived within a two and a half to

three mile radius of Royal Road at some point around the time the offloading

apparently took place and that there were no eye witnesses who could affirmatively

place him at the scene.

      “We review the sufficiency of evidence to support a conviction de novo,

viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the government and drawing all

reasonable inferences and credibility choices in favor of the jury’s verdict.” United

States v. Taylor, 480 F.3d 1025, 1026 (11th Cir. 2007). In conducting our review,

“our task is not to chose between competing interpretations of the evidence,” but,

rather, to determine only whether a reasonable jury could have found the defendant



                                          17
guilty based on the evidence before it. United States v. Jordan, 582 F.3d 1239,

1247 (11th Cir. 2009) (per curiam). Accordingly, “[t]he evidence does not need to

exclude every reasonable hypothesis of innocence or be wholly inconsistent with

every conclusion except that of guilt, provided that a reasonable trier of fact could

find that the evidence established guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.” Id. (quotation

marks and citation omitted).

a.    Counts One and Three – Conspiracy to Import Marijuana; Conspiracy to
      Possess with Intent to Distribute Marijuana

      To sustain a conviction for conspiracy under 21 U.S.C. §§ 952(a), 963

(conspiracy to import) or 21 U.S.C. §§ 841, 846 (conspiracy to possess with intent

to distribute), “the government must demonstrate that an agreement existed

between two or more people to commit a crime, that the accused had knowledge of

at least the essential objectives of that agreement, and that armed with that

knowledge, he voluntarily joined or participated in the illegal venture.” United

States v. Battle, 892 F.2d 992, 999 (11th Cir. 1990) (per curiam). A defendant’s

knowing participation in a conspiracy may “be inferred from evidence that the

defendant took action that furthered the conspiracy.” United States v. Cooper, 873

F.2d 269, 272 (11th Cir. 1989) (per curiam). “Culpable participation need not be

great. Guilt may exist even when the defendant plays only a minor role and does

not know all the details of the conspiracy.” United States v. Lyons, 53 F.3d 1198,

                                          18
1201 (11th Cir. 1995). “Although mere presence is inadequate to establish

guilt, . . . it is material, highly probative, and not to be discounted.” United States

v. Gamboa, 166 F.3d 1327, 1332 (11th Cir. 1999) (quotation marks and citation

omitted); see also Lyons, 53 F.3d at 1201 (“Presence . . . raises a permissible

inference of participation in the conspiracy.”).

      Morley does not dispute the existence of the conspiracies, but contends that

he did not knowingly participate in them. Morley’s argument is without merit.

Cash testified at trial that Morley was present when Cash first met with Taylor and

Derrick to discuss the offloading plan and that Morley told him “they needed [his]

help to go pick up something.” Morley’s cell phone records also showed that he

was in near-constant contact with Cash, King, and Derrick, leading up to and

during the offloading operation. This evidence was sufficient to prove that Morley

knew about the illegal scheme to import marijuana.

      The evidence was likewise sufficient to show that Morley was not merely

present at or near the scene of the offloading operation, but acted in furtherance of

the conspiracies by serving as the lookout. Cash testified that after Derrick spoke

with Taylor and Morley at King’s cousin’s house, Derrick told Cash that the plan

was for Morley to “be on top and be the lookout” when they offloaded the

marijuana. Saunders also was told, upon arriving in the boat at the offload site,



                                           19
that Morley was “up top.” Cash further testified that after spotting a vehicle in the

offload area, he called Morley to make sure Morley was “still on top looking out,”

and Morley told him “yes, everything looked good, don’t worry about nothing.”

Morley’s cell phone records confirm that Morley was present in the immediate

vicinity of the offload site and spoke to Cash numerous times during the execution

of the illegal importation scheme. Cash’s and Saunders’ testimonies, which the

jury was entitled to credit, were sufficient for a reasonable jury to find that Morley

knowingly and voluntarily participated in the conspiracies charged. See United

States v. Ndiaye, 434 F.3d 1270, 1296 (11th Cir. 2006).4

b.     Count Two – Importation of Marijuana into the United States

       We have held that where the evidence is sufficient to establish that the

defendant, charged with both conspiracy to import and importation, knowingly

participated in the conspiracy, the government need not present additional evidence

in order to obtain a conviction on the substantive count, “for it charges [him] with

an event which occurred while [he] actively participated in the alleged conspiracy.”

Battle, 892 F.2d at 999. Because the evidence in this case was sufficient to

establish that Morley knowingly joined the conspiracy to import marijuana, it is


       4
        The fact that Cash misidentified Morley at trial and that it was Derrick and not Morley
who assisted in the offloading of the marijuana is of no consequence, as the evidence
nevertheless established that Morley participated in the entire criminal scheme by serving as the
“lookout.”

                                                20
likewise sufficient to establish Morley’s guilt as to the substantive offense of

importation. See id.; see also United States v. Johnson, 575 F.2d 1347, 1366-67

(5th Cir. 1978) (where there was sufficient evidence to prove defendant was active,

knowing participant in conspiracy to import marijuana, no additional evidence was

necessary to convict on substantive importation count that “charge[d] [defendant]

with an event which occurred while he was active as a member of the

conspiracy.”).

c.    Count Four – Possession with Intent to Distribute Marijuana

      To sustain a conviction under 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1), the government must

prove that the defendant knowingly possessed a controlled substance with the

intent to distribute it. 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1); United States v. Hernandez, 433 F.3d

1328, 1333 (11th Cir. 2005). Possession may be actual or constructive, and the

“[i]ntent to distribute may be inferred from the amount of the drug involved.” Id.

(quotation marks, alteration, and citation omitted). A defendant who aids or abets

others in their possession with intent to distribute a controlled substance may be

convicted under § 841(a) as a principal, even if he himself never actually or

constructively possessed the controlled substance. See 18 U.S.C. § 2; Cooper, 873

F.2d at 272-73. “To prove guilt under a theory of aiding and abetting, the

Government must prove: (1) the substantive offense was committed by someone;



                                          21
(2) the defendant committed an act which contributed to and furthered the offense;

and (3) the defendant intended to aid in its commission.” Hernandez, 433 F.3d at

1333 (quotation marks and citation omitted).

       First, there is no question in this case that Morley’s co-conspirators

possessed the marijuana and, based on the amount of marijuana found in the van,

that they intended to distribute it. See id. Second, as we previously discussed, the

trial testimony established that Morley knowingly and intentionally furthered the

commission of the offense by acting as a lookout while the others offloaded the

marijuana from the boat and placed it in King’s van. Inasmuch as the evidence

was sufficient to show that Morley aided and abetted the others in their possession

with intent to distribute the marijuana, it was sufficient to convict Morley as a

principal under 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1), (b)(1)(B).

2. Motion to Sever

      Morley argues that the district court should have severed his trial from that

of Russell because Nameroff’s behavior and the tactics he employed during trial

prejudiced his defense. Specifically, Morley notes that (1) the district court had to

admonish Nameroff on several occasions; (2) Nameroff asked improper questions

about events that never took place; (3) Nameroff called Morley’s attorney a “f’ing

prick”; (4) Nameroff started crying during closing arguments making some of the



                                          22
jurors laugh; and (5) Nameroff told the jury during opening statements that

Russell had an alibi defense but then never presented one.

      “[W]e will not reverse the denial of a severance motion absent a clear abuse

of discretion resulting in compelling prejudice against which the district court

offered no protection.” United States v. Ramirez, 426 F.3d 1344, 1352 (11th Cir.

2005) (per curiam) (quotation marks and citation omitted). Compelling prejudice

exists if “the jury [i]s unable to sift through the evidence and make an

individualized determination as to each defendant.” Id. (quotation marks and

citation omitted). We presume that a jury follows the instructions given to it by the

district court and are “reluctant to reverse a district court’s denial of severance,

particularly in conspiracy cases, as generally persons who are charged together

should also be tried together.” Id. (quotation marks and citation omitted).

       Morley presents no evidence that the jury failed to follow the district court’s

instruction that it treat the defendants and the evidence against them on each

charge separately and independently. He thus failed to show that Nameroff’s

defense of Russell had a compelling prejudicial effect on his case. See id. Further,

the trial transcript reflects that Nameroff called Morley’s attorney a “f-ing prick”

outside the presence of the jury. We thus fail to see how this comment, while

wholly inappropriate, could have prejudiced Morley’s defense. The district court



                                           23
did not abuse its discretion in denying Morley’s severance motion.

B. Russell

1. Flight Instruction

      Russell argues that the district court erred in instructing the jury that it could

consider his flight from law enforcement as evidence of his guilt because the

government failed to show that he was aware at the time of flight that he was being

pursued by law enforcement for the crimes charged.

      “We review de novo the jury instructions given by the district court to

determine whether they misstate the law or mislead the jury to the objecting party’s

prejudice.” United States v. Gomez, 580 F.3d 1229, 1233 (11th Cir. 2009)

(quotation marks and citation omitted). We have held that “[e]vidence of flight is

admissible to demonstrate consciousness of guilt and thereby guilt.” United States

v. Blakey, 960 F.2d 996, 1000 (11th Cir. 1992). Absent a clear abuse of discretion,

we will not overturn the district court’s ultimate decision as to whether to admit

such evidence. See id. at 1001.

      At trial, Valentin testified that after the marijuana was offloaded into the

van, Russell began piloting the boat away from the seawall at a slow rate of speed.

Almost immediately after the crash occurred, however, Valentin observed the boat

speed off and vanish out of sight. Bleier’s testimony that he activated his vehicle’s



                                           24
police lights just prior to the crash also supports a finding that Russell heard the

crash and saw the police lights before speeding away. Further, testimony that the

boat, which contained a prescription pill bottle belonging to Russell, had been

found loosely tied to a pier piling with its engine still in the water suggests that

Russell abandoned the boat in a hurried manner, consistent with flight. Because

the evidence was sufficient to show that Russell fled the police to avoid arrest for

the charged crimes, the district court did not abuse its discretion in giving the flight

instruction.

2. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel

      We do not generally consider on direct appeal a claim of ineffective

assistance of counsel that was not first raised before the district court, unless the

record with regard to the merits of such a claim is sufficiently developed. United

States v. Camacho, 40 F.3d 349, 355 (11th Cir. 1994), overruled in part on other

grounds by United States v. Sanchez, 269 F.3d 1250 (11th Cir. 2001). The record

in this case is not sufficiently developed for us to review Russell’s ineffective-

assistance-of-counsel claim and we therefore will not consider it. Should Russell

wish to assert this claim, the proper vehicle for doing so is a 28 U.S.C. § 2255

motion to vacate. See id.




                                           25
                               III. CONCLUSION

      Dwighte Morley and Eugene Russell appeal their convictions for conspiracy

to import 100 kilograms or more of marijuana, importation of 100 kilograms or

more of marijuana, conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute 100 kilograms or

more of marijuana, and possession with intent to distribute 100 kilograms or more

of marijuana. For the foregoing reasons, their convictions are AFFIRMED.

      AFFIRMED.




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