[Cite as State v. Donaldson, 2019-Ohio-232.]




                            IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
                                SIXTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                      WOOD COUNTY


State of Ohio                                            Court of Appeals No. WD-18-034

        Appellee                                         Trial Court No. 2016CR0645

v.

Scott F. Donaldson                                       DECISION AND JUDGMENT

        Appellant                                        Decided: January 25, 2019

                                                  *****

        Paul A. Dobson, Wood County Prosecuting Attorney, and
        David T. Harold, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for appellee.

        Jerome Phillips and Michael H. Stahl, for appellant.

                                                  *****

        SINGER, J.
                                               I. Introduction

        {¶ 1} Appellant, Scott Donaldson, appeals the judgment of the Wood County

Court of Common Pleas, sentencing him to two years of community control following his

no contest plea to one count of trafficking in marijuana and one count of possession of

marijuana. Finding no error, we affirm.
                         A. Facts and Procedural Background

       {¶ 2} This appeal stems from the trial court’s denial of appellant’s motion to

suppress following a June 7, 2017 hearing at which the following facts were established.

       {¶ 3} On December 13, 2016, officer Nick Colwell and auxiliary officer Terry

Glosser of the Walbridge Police Department were monitoring southbound traffic along

Interstate 280 when they observed appellant move from the right lane to the left lane

without using his turn signal. The officers then pulled behind appellant, at which time he

again changed lanes without signaling. According to officer Colwell, appellant merged

in front of a semi-truck in what appeared to be an attempt to shield himself from the

officers. Due to appellant’s failure to signal prior to changing lanes, Colwell initiated a

traffic stop.

       {¶ 4} Once stopped, the officers exited their cruiser and approached appellant’s

vehicle. Colwell approached from the driver’s side and began speaking with appellant

while Glosser remained on the passenger side near the rear of the vehicle. As Colwell

approached appellant’s vehicle, he sensed a “very strong odor of raw marijuana emitting

from the vehicle.” Colwell proceeded to ask appellant for his identification information

and questioned appellant regarding the odor of marijuana. Appellant acknowledged that

he had an amount of marijuana in the pocket of his jacket. Colwell then directed

appellant to remain in the vehicle while he ran his information through dispatch.

       {¶ 5} While in his cruiser, Colwell learned that appellant had an active warrant out

of Erie, Michigan, for marijuana possession, which was not an offense for which




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appellant could be arrested at the time. Colwell then returned to appellant’s vehicle, and

ordered appellant to exit the vehicle. Once appellant was out of the vehicle, he was

ordered to empty his pockets, at which point he produced a small vial of less than 100

grams of marijuana from the pocket of his jacket and $1,401 in cash.

       {¶ 6} After seizing the marijuana and cash, Colwell informed appellant that he

was going to search the vehicle. Appellant then stated, “that’s fine, there’s nothing else

in the vehicle.” Meanwhile, Colwell observed that appellant was “very nervous. And he

kept making – kept looking at the trunk of the vehicle.” Appellant was then placed into

the back of the officers’ cruiser, where he remained while the officers searched the

vehicle.

       {¶ 7} During the execution of the search, the officers proceeded through the

passenger compartment, where no marijuana was found. Due to the strong odor of raw

marijuana that he noticed upon first approaching the vehicle, Colwell decided to search

the trunk. Colwell opened the trunk lid and watched while Glosser began to search

inside. Inside the trunk, Glosser discovered several paint buckets with lids attached.

Glosser then removed the lids from the paint buckets, at which point he noticed a “very

strong odor of marijuana.” In one of the paint buckets, Glosser found seven freezer bags

of green vegetation that was determined to be marijuana. Colwell then returned to his

cruiser and asked appellant how much the bags of marijuana weighed. Appellant replied

that the bags were “QPs,” or quarter-pound bags.




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       {¶ 8} Based upon the large quantity of marijuana found in the back of the vehicle,

appellant was arrested and charged with one count of trafficking in marijuana in violation

of R.C. 2925.03(A)(2) and (C)(3)(c), a felony of the fourth degree, and one count of

possession of marijuana in violation of R.C. 2925.11(A) and (C)(3)(c), a felony of the

fifth degree, along with forfeiture specifications under R.C. 2941.1417(A) pertaining to

the vehicle and the $1,401 in cash in appellant’s possession at the time of the traffic stop.

At his subsequent arraignment, appellant entered a plea of not guilty, and the matter

proceeded through discovery.

       {¶ 9} On May 5, 2017, appellant filed a motion to suppress, in which he sought the

suppression of all evidence obtained from the December 13, 2016 traffic stop. Appellant

argued that the evidence was unlawfully seized as a result of a warrantless search that

was not authorized by any exception to the warrant clauses of the Ohio Constitution or

the Constitution of the United States. As noted above, a hearing on the motion to

suppress was held on June 7, 2017. Thereafter, the parties filed post-hearing briefs, and

the trial court issued its decision on the motion on August 14, 2017.

       {¶ 10} In its decision, the trial court found that Colwell’s detection of the odor of

marijuana provided the requisite probable cause to search appellant’s entire vehicle.

Because Colwell testified to a strong odor of raw marijuana (as opposed to burnt

marijuana), the court found that the permissible scope of the search extended into the

trunk of the vehicle where raw marijuana may reasonably be discovered. The court

further found that the vial of marijuana and cash that was produced by appellant when he




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was instructed to empty his pockets would be subject to suppression because the officers

lacked any reasonable suspicion that appellant was armed or dangerous, and no pat-down

was conducted prior to the emptying of appellant’s pockets. However, the court went on

to conclude that the vial of marijuana and cash should not be suppressed because they

would have inevitably been found after the officers discovered the marijuana in the trunk

of appellant’s vehicle and arrested appellant. Consequently, the trial court denied

appellant’s motion to suppress.

       {¶ 11} Following the trial court’s denial of appellant’s motion to suppress,

appellant entered a no contest plea on both counts contained within the indictment. The

trial court accepted the plea, found appellant guilty, and merged the two counts for

purposes of sentencing. The state elected to proceed to sentencing on the trafficking

count, and the trial court sentenced appellant to two years of community control and

ordered the forfeiture of his vehicle and $1,401 in cash. Appellant’s timely notice of

appeal followed.

                                  B. Assignment of Error

       {¶ 12} On appeal, appellant presents the following assignment of error:

              The trial court erred when it failed to suppress evidence seized from

       a sealed container in the locked trunk of Donaldson’s vehicle as the result

       of a warrantless search without probable cause.




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                                        II. Analysis

       {¶ 13} In appellant’s sole assignment of error, he argues that the trial court erred

in denying his motion to suppress after it concluded that Colwell and Glosser had

probable cause to search the trunk of appellant’s vehicle based upon Colwell’s detection

of a strong odor of raw marijuana.

       {¶ 14} “Appellate review of a motion to suppress presents a mixed question of law

and fact.” State v. Burnside, 100 Ohio St.3d 152, 2003-Ohio-5372, 797 N.E.2d 71, ¶ 8.

When the trial court considers a motion to suppress, it acts as the factfinder and is in the

best position to resolve factual questions and to evaluate the credibility of witnesses. Id.

We accept the trial court’s findings of fact if they are supported by competent, credible

evidence, but we must independently determine whether the facts satisfy the applicable

legal standard without deferring to the trial court’s legal conclusions. Id.

       {¶ 15} The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution, and Article I,

Section 14 of the Ohio Constitution, prohibit “unreasonable searches and seizures.”

“Unless an exception applies, warrantless searches are per se unreasonable.” State v.

Bacher, 170 Ohio App.3d 457, 2007-Ohio-727, 867 N.E.2d 864, ¶ 8 (1st Dist.). “‘Once a

warrantless search is established, the burden of persuasion is on the state to show the

validity of the search.’” State v. Smith, 124 Ohio St.3d 163, 2009-Ohio-6426, 920 N.E.2d

949, ¶ 25, quoting Xenia v. Wallace, 37 Ohio St.3d 216, 218, 524 N.E.2d 889 (1988).

“[T]he prosecution bears the burden of * * * show[ing] by a preponderance of the

evidence that, under the totality of the circumstances, the warrantless search comes




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within one of the defined exceptions to the warrant clause of the Fourth Amendment.”

State v. Baker, 87 Ohio App.3d 186, 192, 621 N.E.2d 1347 (6th Dist.1993).

       {¶ 16} In this case, the record establishes that appellant was properly stopped after

committing a traffic offense. Further, it is clear that Colwell and Glosser searched

appellant’s vehicle without first obtaining a warrant. Under these facts, the only

applicable exception to the warrant clause of the Fourth Amendment is the “automobile

exception” enunciated by the United States Supreme Court in Carroll v. United States,

267 U.S. 132, 45 S.Ct. 280, 69 L.Ed. 543 (1925).

       {¶ 17} Under the automobile exception, police may conduct a warrantless search

of a vehicle if there is probable cause to believe that the vehicle contains contraband, and

exigent circumstances (typically satisfied by the mobility of the vehicle) necessitate a

search or seizure. State v. Mills, 62 Ohio St.3d 357, 367, 582 N.E.2d 972 (1992), citing

Chambers v. Maroney, 399 U.S. 42, 51, 90 S.Ct. 1975, 26 L.Ed.2d 419 (1970). “As it

relates specifically to an automobile search, probable cause is ‘a belief reasonably arising

out of circumstances known to the seizing officer, that an automobile or other vehicle

contains that which by law is subject to seizure and destruction.’” State v. Durham,

2013-Ohio-4764, 999 N.E.2d 1233, ¶ 32 (12th Dist.), quoting State v. Kessler, 53 Ohio

St.2d 204, 208, 373 N.E.2d 1252 (1978). “Probable cause must be based upon objective

facts that would justify the issuance of a warrant by a magistrate.” State v. Jones, 187

Ohio App.3d 478, 2010-Ohio-1600, 932 N.E.2d 904, ¶ 41 (6th Dist.), citing State v.

Welch, 18 Ohio St.3d 88, 92, 480 N.E.2d 384 (1985).




7.
       {¶ 18} Here, the trial court found that Colwell possessed the requisite probable

cause to conduct a search of appellant’s vehicle, including the trunk. In particular, the

trial court stated:

               When [Colwell] was at [appellant’s] driver’s side window and the

       window was opened, [he] could smell the so called strong odor of raw

       marijuana. It is at this point that [Colwell] obtained additional probable

       cause to further detain [appellant] because of the smell of raw marijuana.

               ***

               [Colwell’s] detection of the odor of raw marijuana allowed for the

       continued detention of [appellant] for purposes of searching the entire

       vehicle for the suspected marijuana.

       {¶ 19} In determining whether probable cause existed under the facts of this case,

we are guided (as was the trial court) by our prior decision in State v. Gonzales, 6th Dist.

Wood No. WD-07-060, 2009-Ohio-168, wherein we examined the issue of probable

cause in the context of a search pursuant to the automobile exception premised upon the

smell of raw marijuana. Relevant here, we found that an officer who is qualified to

recognize the smell of raw marijuana is justified in believing that a vehicle contains a

large amount of raw marijuana where the officer, upon approaching the vehicle, detects

an overwhelming odor of raw marijuana. Id. at ¶ 23. Our conclusion was guided by the

Ohio Supreme Court’s decision in State v. Moore, 90 Ohio St.3d 47, 734 N.E.2d 804,

syllabus (2000), which provides that “[t]he smell of marijuana, alone, by a person




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qualified to recognize the odor, is sufficient to establish probable cause to conduct a

search.”

       {¶ 20} During his testimony at the suppression hearing, Colwell testified that he

was trained in conducting drug stops and had completed numerous drug courses through

the Ohio State Highway Patrol. As a trained officer, Colwell was capable of recognizing

the odor of marijuana. According to his testimony, Colwell detected a “very strong odor

of raw marijuana emitting from the vehicle” when he approached the driver’s side. This

fact, standing alone, is sufficient to support a warrantless search of appellant’s vehicle

under the automobile exception. Id.

       {¶ 21} Although the search of appellant’s vehicle was supported by the smell of

raw marijuana alone, two additional facts further support the officers’ decision to search

appellant’s vehicle. First, appellant acknowledged that he was in possession of

marijuana, a small vial of which he later produced from his coat pocket. Second, Colwell

testified that appellant was behaving nervously and “kept looking at the trunk of vehicle”

after being informed that the vehicle was going to be searched. Taken in their totality,

the facts confronting Colwell at the time he decided to search appellant’s vehicle led him

to reasonably believe that appellant’s vehicle contained raw marijuana.

       {¶ 22} In his appellate brief, appellant does not dispute that probable cause to

search a vehicle under the automobile exception may be premised merely upon the

detection of an odor of raw marijuana by a trained officer. However, appellant argues

that the odor of marijuana detected by Colwell was merely sufficient to justify a search of




9.
the vehicle’s passenger compartment; the odor did not justify the search of the trunk. In

advancing his argument, appellant contends that the trial court failed to consider the

totality of the circumstances in order to determine whether Colwell had any reason to

believe that the odor he detected actually came from the trunk as opposed to the

passenger compartment. Appellant further argues that the probable cause that was

created by the smell of raw marijuana was vitiated once he turned over the vial of

marijuana that was in his coat pocket.

       {¶ 23} We turn first to appellant’s argument that the officers lacked probable

cause to search the trunk of the vehicle. The Supreme Court of Ohio, following Moore,

supra, has held that a “trunk and a passenger compartment of an automobile are subject

to different standards of probable cause to conduct searches.” State v. Farris, 109 Ohio

St.3d 519, 2006-Ohio-3255, 849 N.E.2d 985, ¶ 51. The court in Farris went on to find

that the search authorized by Moore, supra, does not extend beyond the passenger

compartment to the trunk of the car. Specifically, the court stated: “The odor of burnt

marijuana in the passenger compartment of a vehicle does not, standing alone, establish

probable cause for a warrantless search of the trunk of the vehicle.” (Emphasis added.)

Id. at ¶ 52.

       {¶ 24} Three years after Farris was decided, we issued our decision in Gonzales.

Importantly, the facts in Gonzales differed from the facts in Farris on one critical point—

the odor of marijuana detected by the officer in Gonzales was that of raw marijuana

rather than the burnt marijuana detected in Farris. We examined Farris and found that




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its holding rested on the common sense notion that “an odor of burning marijuana would

not create an inference that burning marijuana was located in a trunk.” Gonzales, 6th

Dist. Wood No. WD-07-060, 2009-Ohio-168, at ¶ 21. By contrast, we found that an

overwhelming odor of raw marijuana creates probable cause to believe that a large

quantity of raw marijuana will be found, and leads an officer to rationally conclude that

the raw marijuana would be located in a vehicle’s trunk. Id. at ¶ 22, citing United States

v. Ashby, 864 F.2d 690 (10th Cir.1988); and United States v. Bowman, 487 F.2d 1229

(10th Cir.1973). Consequently, we distinguished Farris and held that “[i]f no large

amount of raw marijuana is seen in the passenger compartment, the officer is justified in

believing that a large amount of raw marijuana may be found in a container or

compartment – including the trunk.” Id. at ¶ 23.

       {¶ 25} Likewise, other courts in this state have concluded that the holding in

Farris is limited to cases in which the officer detects an odor of burnt marijuana, thereby

distinguishing Farris from cases involving raw marijuana. In State v. Lynn, 12th Dist.

Butler Nos. CA2017-08-129, CA2017-08-132, 2018-Ohio-3335, ¶ 20, the Twelfth

District followed our reasoning in Gonzales and held that a search premised upon the

odor of raw marijuana emanating from the passenger compartment justified a search of

the vehicle’s trunk. Similarly, in State v. Gartrell, 2014-Ohio-5203, 24 N.E.3d 680, ¶ 72

(3d Dist.), the Third District found that an officer was justified in searching the trunk of a

vehicle where the officer had detected a strong odor of raw, as opposed to burnt,

marijuana. In arriving at its decision, the court in Gartrell quoted a decision we released




11.
after Gonzales, in which we stated: “However, where an officer detects a strong odor of

raw marijuana, but no large amount is found within the passenger compartment of the

vehicle, the officer has probable cause to search the trunk.” State v. Price, 2013-Ohio-

130, 986 N.E.2d 553, ¶ 16 (6th Dist.).

       {¶ 26} In light of the foregoing authority, we hold that a search of a trunk is

permissible under the automobile exception where the officer detects a strong odor of raw

marijuana emanating from the vehicle. Here, Colwell testified that he detected a very

strong odor of raw marijuana, which he could reasonably expect to be found in the trunk

of appellant’s vehicle after discovering no such contraband in the passenger

compartment.

       {¶ 27} Next, we consider appellant’s argument that the probable cause that was

created by the smell of raw marijuana was vitiated once he provided the vial of marijuana

to Colwell. A similar argument was raised in the case of United States v. Deysie, D.Ariz.

No. CR-14-8112-001-PCT-G, 2014 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 108961 (Aug. 7, 2014). In that

case, the defendant argued that there was no probable cause to search his vehicle once he

gave the officer the marijuana that was in his possession, because there was no basis to

believe that there was additional marijuana or contraband in the vehicle. Id. at *10. The

United States District Court for the District of Arizona rejected the defendant’s argument,

stating that “an officer searching a car for drugs and paraphernalia need not stop after

each discovery and determine again whether there is [probable] cause to continue the

search. Similarly, a person stopped by officers cannot preempt a search and remove




12.
probable cause by volunteering some contraband to the officer.” Id. at *10. The court

went on to conclude that the officer “did not have to accept [the defendant’s] claim that

all of his marijuana was in the bag he handed over.” Id.

       {¶ 28} In his brief, appellant cites extensively to our decision in State v. Grubbs,

2017-Ohio-41, 80 N.E.3d 1075 (6th Dist.), as well as State v. Adams, 11th Dist.

Ashtabula No. 2015-A-0003, 2015-Ohio-5072 to support his contention that the small

amount of marijuana he produced prior to the search eliminated the probable cause that

existed by virtue of the odor of raw marijuana that was detected by Colwell. Notably, the

automobile exception was not at issue in these cases, as they addressed the permissibility

of a search of a defendant’s person, not a vehicle. Because our analysis in this case rests

upon the application of the automobile exception, Grubbs and Adams are distinguishable

from the case at bar.

       {¶ 29} Rather than embracing appellant’s argument that officers lose probable

cause to search a vehicle from which a strong odor of marijuana is emanating upon the

occupant’s production of a small amount of marijuana, Ohio courts have held that the

production of drugs by an occupant of a vehicle independently provides an officer with

additional probable cause to believe that the vehicle contains evidence of contraband.

Gartrell at ¶ 59, citing State v. Young, 12th Dist. Warren No. CA2011-06-066, 2012-

Ohio-3131, ¶ 33 and City of Westlake v. Gordon, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 100295, 2014-

Ohio-3031, ¶ 17.




13.
      {¶ 30} Upon consideration, we find that the rationale underlying the foregoing

decisions is sound. Were we to embrace appellant’s argument, an officer detecting the

strong odor of marijuana coming from the passenger compartment of a vehicle would be

preempted from conducting an otherwise lawful vehicle search under the automobile

exception any time an occupant of the vehicle produces a small amount of marijuana

prior to the search. Contrary to appellant’s argument, we find that appellant’s production

of a small amount of marijuana provided further reason to believe that the vehicle

contained contraband subject to seizure. Therefore, we reject appellant’s second

argument.

      {¶ 31} Because we conclude that Colwell’s search of appellant’s vehicle was

supported by probable cause stemming from the strong odor of raw marijuana emanating

from appellant’s vehicle, we conclude that the automobile exception applied in this case.

Thus, the search of appellant’s vehicle was constitutionally permissible and the evidence

discovered pursuant to that search was not subject to suppression. The trial court

properly denied appellant’s motion to suppress.

      {¶ 32} Accordingly, appellant’s sole assignment of error is not well-taken.

                                    III. Conclusion

      {¶ 33} Based on the foregoing, the judgment of the Wood County Court of

Common Pleas is affirmed. Costs are hereby assessed to appellant in accordance with

App.R. 24.

                                                                       Judgment affirmed.




14.
                                                               State v. Donaldson
                                                               C.A. No. WD-18-034




       A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to App.R. 27.
See also 6th Dist.Loc.App.R. 4.




Mark L. Pietrykowski, J.                       _______________________________
                                                           JUDGE
Arlene Singer, J.
                                               _______________________________
Christine E. Mayle, P.J.                                   JUDGE
CONCUR.
                                               _______________________________
                                                           JUDGE


           This decision is subject to further editing by the Supreme Court of
      Ohio’s Reporter of Decisions. Parties interested in viewing the final reported
           version are advised to visit the Ohio Supreme Court’s web site at:
                    http://www.supremecourt.ohio.gov/ROD/docs/.




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