                     United States Court of Appeals
                             For the Eighth Circuit
                         ___________________________

                                 No. 14-3136
                         ___________________________

                              United States of America

                        lllllllllllllllllllll Plaintiff - Appellee

                                           v.

                                George Thunderhawk

                       lllllllllllllllllllll Defendant - Appellant
                                       ____________

                     Appeal from United States District Court
                    for the District of North Dakota - Bismarck
                                   ____________

                              Submitted: June 12, 2015
                               Filed: August 27, 2015
                                   ____________

Before LOKEN, BYE, and KELLY, Circuit Judges.
                           ____________

LOKEN, Circuit Judge.

      A jury convicted George Thunderhawk of abusive sexual contact of a child
under 12 years of age in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2244(a)(5). The district court1
sentenced him to 41 months in prison. Thunderhawk appeals, arguing the court erred


      1
       The Honorable Daniel L. Hovland, United States District Judge for the District
of North Dakota.
in not suppressing his allegedly involuntary confessions, in instructing the jurors to
draw reasonable inferences from their experience and common sense, in denying two
motions for mistrial based on improper closing arguments, and in committing three
sentencing errors. We affirm.

                               I. Suppression Issues

       In 2013, FBI Special Agent Ryan O’Neil interviewed V.R.B., the reported
victim of child abuse. V.R.B. told him that one night in 2008, when she was eight or
nine years old and living with her mother, she awakened when someone lay down in
bed behind her, reached around, and touched her vaginal area through her clothes for
one to two minutes. V.R.B. pretended to remain asleep, but got up after the person
left and saw Thunderhawk, who was socially involved with her mother, sitting on the
couch in her living room. After this interview, O’Neil and BIA Special Agent
Lawrence knocked on the door of Thunderhawk’s home in Cannonball, North
Dakota, and asked if they could speak with him regarding an allegation.
Thunderhawk agreed to talk, and the agents waited in their car. Ten minutes later,
Thunderhawk came out and entered the front passenger seat of O’Neil’s vehicle.

        The agents informed Thunderhawk they wanted to ask him a few questions, he
could end the interview and leave at any time, he was not under arrest, and he would
not be arrested at the end of the interview regardless of what he told them. The
agents interviewed Thunderhawk for approximately twenty minutes. He initially
denied the allegations, suggesting someone else may have assaulted V.R.B. O’Neil
said he thought Thunderhawk was lying. Thunderhawk eventually admitted getting
into bed with the victim, telling O’Neil he had been drinking heavily at that point in
his life. O’Neil asked if he could turn on his recorder and summarize the interview.
Thunderhawk agreed. In a five-minute taped statement, O’Neil reviewed the
interview and gave Thunderhawk an opportunity to correct any mistakes. O’Neil then



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asked Thunderhawk if he would be willing to do a polygraph test at some point in the
future. Thunderhawk agreed and then exited the vehicle and returned to his home.

       A month later, O’Neil called Thunderhawk to ask if he was available for a
polygraph test the next day. Thunderhawk agreed but needed a ride to the police
department, so O’Neil offered to pick him up for the interview. Thunderhawk rode
in the front passenger seat of O’Neil’s vehicle to the police department. O’Neil told
Thunderhawk taking the test was voluntary, he could stop at any time, and O’Neil
would give him a ride home at the end of the day no matter what he said. At the
police department, Thunderhawk signed written Miranda warnings and was advised
that the polygraph was voluntary and he could stop at any time. O’Neil interviewed
Thunderhawk after the one or two hour polygraph. During the recorded interview,
Thunderhawk admitted getting into bed with V.R.B. and touching her vaginal area
over her clothes for thirty to sixty seconds. O’Neil then drove Thunderhawk home.

      In the district court, Thunderhawk filed a motion to suppress, arguing he was
in custody during the first interview and made involuntary inculpatory statements
without the required Miranda warnings. The district court denied the motion,
concluding that the first interview was not custodial and thus Miranda warnings were
not required, a ruling Thunderhawk does not appeal, and that the inculpatory
statements were not involuntary, a ruling he does appeal.

        On appeal, Thunderhawk argues that his incriminating statements during the
first interview must be suppressed because they were constitutionally involuntary.2
“[C]oercive police activity is a necessary predicate to the finding that a confession is
not ‘voluntary’ within the meaning of the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth

      2
      Thunderhawk does not argue the second interview was impermissibly coercive
nor explain why his more detailed confession at the second interview must be
suppressed if his statements at the first interview a month earlier were involuntary.
As we conclude the first statements were voluntary, we need not consider this issue.

                                          -3-
Amendment.” Colorado v. Connelly, 479 U.S. 157, 167 (1986); see United States v.
Bordeaux, 400 F.3d 548, 560-61 (8th Cir. 2005). Thunderhawk concedes “there were
no physical or psychological ploys used against Thunderhawk to get him to talk.”
However, he argues, Agent O’Neil’s misleading assurance that Thunderhawk would
not be arrested rendered his statements involuntary because the assurance was made
“to coerce Thunderhawk into making a statement.” We disagree. It is significant that
O’Neil truthfully told Thunderhawk he would not be arrested at the end of the
interview regardless of what he said, not that he would never be arrested or
prosecuted. More importantly, a promise made by law enforcement not to arrest or
prosecute does not render a confession involuntary; “our polestar always must be to
determine whether or not the authorities overbore the defendant’s will and critically
impaired his capacity for self-determination.” United States v. LeBrun, 363 F.3d 715,
725 (8th Cir. 2004) (en banc), cert. denied, 543 U.S. 1145 (2005). Here, there was
no coercive police activity that overbore Thunderhawk’s will. Rather, he voluntarily
made incriminating statements after twenty or twenty-five minutes of non-coercive
questioning. See id. at 726 (placing “substantial weight” on the fact that defendant
confessed after thirty-three minutes).

       Thunderhawk further argues that it was misleading and coercive for Agent
O’Neil to wait until the end of the first interview to turn on the tape recorder, relying
on the Supreme Court’s decision in Missouri v. Seibert, 542 U.S. 600 (2004), and on
O’Neil’s testimony that turning on a recorder at the outset of an interview can have
a chilling effect. Justice Kennedy, whose separate opinion provided the fifth vote in
Seibert, explained that the interrogation technique used in that case was
unconstitutional because it was “designed to circumvent Miranda v. Arizona, 384
U.S. 436 (1966),” by intentionally deferring Miranda warnings until the suspect in
custody confessed. 542 U.S. at 618, 620-21 (Kennedy, J., concurring in the
judgment). Here, the district court concluded that Thunderhawk was not in custody,
so Miranda warnings were not required. Thus, Seibert has no bearing on this case.
See United States v. Thomas, 664 F.3d 217, 222-23 (8th Cir. 2011). Thunderhawk

                                          -4-
agreed to Agent O’Neil’s non-coercive request to record a summary of his voluntary
statements during the first interview. We affirm the denial of the motion to suppress.

                            II. A Jury Instruction Issue

       At trial, Agent O’Neil testified to the two interviews with Thunderhawk, and
the interview recordings were played for the jury. V.R.B. also testified regarding the
assault. Thunderhawk’s defense was that he had been drinking and did not know what
he was doing to V.R.B. until he came to, realized what he was doing was wrong, and
stopped. O’Neil testified that the level of detail Thunderhawk provided about the
incident suggested he was able to understand what happened that night.

       Quoting the indictment, the district court instructed the jury that the
government must prove, beyond a reasonable doubt, that Thunderhawk “knowingly
engaged in sexual contact with V.R.B. . . . with an intent to abuse, arouse, and gratify
the sexual desire of any person.” Overruling Thunderhawk’s timely objection, the
court also gave an “Inferences” instruction:

      You are to consider only the evidence in the case. In your consideration
      of the evidence, you are not limited to the statements of the witnesses.
      In other words, you are not limited solely to what you see and hear as
      the witnesses testify. You are permitted to draw, from facts which you
      find have been proven, such reasonable inferences as you feel are
      justified in light of experience and common sense.


On appeal, Thunderhawk argues the district court erred in giving this instruction
because it came “too close” to creating a mandatory presumption that relieved the
government of its burden to prove that he touched V.R.B. with the requisite criminal
intent. See generally Francis v. Franklin, 471 U.S. 307, 313-15 (1985). This
contention is without merit. “Juries have long been instructed, in state and federal
courts,” that, in basing their verdicts only on the evidence, they are permitted to draw

                                          -5-
“such reasonable inferences as you feel are justified in the light of your experience
and common sense.” Grotemeyer v. Hickman, 393 F.3d 871, 879 (9th Cir. 2004)
(quotation omitted), cert. denied, 546 U.S. 880 (2005). In Karras v. Leapley, 974
F.2d 71, 72-73 (8th Cir. 1992), we held that an instruction stating that “an inference
arises” did not create an unconstitutional mandatory presumption. Here, the
boilerplate instruction did not identify a specific inference the jury was permitted to
draw. It created no impermissible presumption.

                            III. Closing Argument Issues

       Thunderhawk argues that the district court erred in not granting a mistrial when
the government made two objectionable statements during closing argument. A
mistrial may result during closing arguments if (1) the prosecutor’s remarks were
improper, and (2) the remarks prejudicially affected the defendant’s substantial rights
by depriving him of a fair trial. United States v. Eagle, 515 F.3d 794, 804 (8th Cir.
2008). We review the district court’s denial of a mistrial for abuse of discretion.
United States v. Burns, 432 F.3d 856, 860 (8th Cir. 2005).

       A. Thunderhawk argues the district court erred in denying his request for a
mistrial when government counsel improperly argued that the jury could convict
Thunderhawk if it found that he engaged in sexual contact with V.R.B. with the intent
to abuse, arouse, or gratify the sexual desire of any person. We reject this contention
because the argument was not improper. The governing statute expressly states this
element of the offense in the disjunctive. See 18 U.S.C. § 2246(3). Although the
court’s instruction defining this element, like the indictment, stated the alternatives
in the conjunctive -- “an intent to abuse, arouse, and gratify” sexual desire -- it is well
established that, when the statute is phrased in the disjunctive, “an indictment
charge[s] in the conjunctive to inform the accused fully of the charges,” but “proof
of any one of the violations charged conjunctively in the indictment will sustain a
conviction.” United States v. Urkevich, 408 F.3d 1031, 1036 (8th Cir. 2005)

                                           -6-
(quotations omitted); see Griffin v. United States, 502 U.S. 46, 56-57 (1991), and
cases cited.

       In these circumstances, Thunderhawk’s contention that the government’s
closing argument ignored law of the case established by the court’s instruction is
without merit. Where the evidence is sufficient to prove all statutory elements of the
offense beyond a reasonable doubt, as in this case, a jury instruction erroneously
requiring additional proof is not a basis for overturning the conviction. See United
States v. Inman, 558 F.3d 742, 749-50 (8th Cir.), cert. denied, 558 U.S. 916 (2009).

       B. Thunderhawk further argues the district court erred in denying a mistrial
when government counsel improperly shifted the burden of proof to the defense by
stating, “the Defendant had no real case to present to you from the defense
perspective. He made admissions, a confession not once, but twice.” We agree the
government may not properly suggest the defendant has the burden to produce
evidence. “When the defendant’s attorney offers a theory of defense, however, the
government may respond by noting the absence of evidence to support that defense.”
Burns, 432 F.3d at 861 (citation omitted). Here, the government commented on the
strength of Thunderhawk’s intoxication defense; it did not improperly argue
Thunderhawk had the burden to present evidence of his innocence. The district court
instructed the jury that the government had the burden to prove all elements of the
offense beyond a reasonable doubt, that the defendant was not required to present a
defense, and that counsel’s argument was not evidence. The court did not abuse its
discretion in denying Thunderhawk’s request for a mistrial. See id. at 861-62.

                              IV. Sentencing Issues

      A. Acceptance of Responsibility. The district court adopted the Presentence
Investigation Report’s recommendation that Thunderhawk be denied a reduction for
acceptance of responsibility under U.S.S.G. § 3E1.1 because he put the government

                                         -7-
to its burden of proof at trial. At the sentencing hearing and on appeal, Thunderhawk
argues he deserved the reduction because he admitted the act and only went to trial
on the legal question of whether he could formulate the requisite criminal mens rea,
given his level of intoxication. The court denied the reduction. Noting that most
defendants in criminal sexual offense cases argue that alcohol or drugs played a role
in the offense, the court found that this was not the “rare case” where a defendant who
takes a case to trial should still get a reduction for acceptance of responsibility. See
U.S.S.G. § 3E1.1, comment. (n.2). We review the court’s interpretation and
application of the Guidelines de novo and its factual findings for clear error. United
States v. Herron, 539 F.3d 881, 887 (8th Cir. 2008).

        On appeal, Thunderhawk argues that we should treat an intoxication defense
like an insanity defense, which may “in the sound discretion of the sentencing court”
warrant an acceptance of responsibility reduction. See United States v. Barris, 46
F.3d 33, 35 (8th Cir. 1995). In United States v. Big Crow, 898 F.2d 1326, 1330 (8th
Cir. 1990), we affirmed grant of the reduction based on the defendant’s showing that
excessive drinking caused his admitted criminal behavior. However, in Herron, 539
F.3d at 887, we affirmed denial of the reduction when, as in this case, defendant “not
only put the government to its proof at trial, but also continued to deny that he had
the ability to form the requisite intent due to his voluntary intoxication.” Here,
although Thunderhawk confessed to sexual contact with V.R.B., he did not stipulate
to his conduct at trial, thereby requiring the government to call both O’Neil and the
victim to testify to the events in question. He was not the rare defendant who “goes
to trial to assert and preserve issues that do not relate to factual guilt.” United States
v. Rivera, 370 F.3d 730, 735 (8th Cir. 2004). The district court did not abuse its
discretion or clearly err in denying the acceptance of responsibility reduction.

       B. Restitution. Adopting the PSR’s recommendation, the district court
imposed restitution in the amount of $14,967.47 for the cost of V.R.B.’s health care,
rejecting Thunderhawk’s contention that restitution is a criminal punishment that

                                           -8-
increases the statutory maximum sentence and must therefore be found by a jury and
proven beyond a reasonable doubt. On appeal, Thunderhawk again argues that
restitution is criminal punishment beyond the statutory maximum and therefore must
be proved to a jury under Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466 (2000), and its
progeny. His briefs fail to acknowledge that our court has repeatedly held to the
contrary. See United States v. Thomas, 422 F.3d 665, 670 (8th Cir. 2005), citing
United States v. Carruth, 418 F.3d 900, 904 (8th Cir. 2005), where we concluded that
Apprendi does not prohibit judicial restitution fact finding because “it is essentially
a civil remedy created by Congress and incorporated into criminal proceedings for
reasons of economy and practicality.”

       Thunderhawk argues that, for Sixth Amendment purposes, restitution is similar
to criminal fines, which the Supreme Court held are criminal punishment subject to
the rule of Apprendi in Southern Union Co. v. United States, 132 S. Ct. 2344, 2357
(2012). We conclude the analogy is unsound and find nothing in the Southern Union
opinion leading us to conclude that our controlling precedent in Carruth and Thomas
was implicitly overruled. Accord United States v. Kieffer, 596 F. App’x 653, 663-64
(10th Cir. 2014), cert. denied, 125 S. Ct. 2825 (2015).

       C. Substantive Reasonableness. The district court sentenced Thunderhawk
to 41 months in prison, the bottom of his advisory guidelines sentencing range,
rejecting his request for a downward variance. On appeal, Thunderhawk argues the
district court abused its discretion and imposed a substantively unreasonable sentence
when it denied a downward variance. We review the substantive reasonableness of
a sentence for abuse of discretion. United States v. Thibeaux, 784 F.3d 1221, 1227
(8th Cir. 2015). Here, in determining that Thunderhawk warranted a sentence at the
bottom of the advisory guidelines range, the district court considered the 18 U.S.C.
§ 3553(a) sentencing factors, Thunderhawk’s letters of support from the community,
his minimal criminal history, and victim impact statements. The court has wide



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latitude to weigh these factors. See id. There was no abuse of its substantial
discretion in imposing a sentence within the guidelines range.

      The judgment of the district court is affirmed.
                     ______________________________




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