                           NOT FOR PUBLICATION

                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                           FILED
                           FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT                             MAR 13 2014

                                                                          MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
SARKIS KARUNYAN, a married man;                 No. 12-15651               U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

GMS MEDICAL SUPPLY
INCORPORATED, an Arizona                        D.C. No. 2:10-cv-00198-ROS
corporation,

              Plaintiffs - Appellants,          MEMORANDUM*

  v.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA;
LAUREN HANOVER, in his individual
capacity and official capacity as Special
Agent with the United States Department
of Health and Human Services, Office of
the Inspector General,

              Defendants - Appellees.


                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                            for the District of Arizona
                 Roslyn O. Silver, Senior District Judge, Presiding

                      Argued and Submitted January 17, 2014
                            San Francisco, California

Before: O’SCANNLAIN, GRABER, and NGUYEN, Circuit Judges.




        *
         This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by 9th Cir. R. 36-3.
      Plaintiff Sarkis Karunyan appeals the district court’s grant of Defendants’

motion to dismiss his complaint arising from his arrest on charges of Medicare

fraud. Reviewing de novo, N.M. State Inv. Council v. Ernst & Young LLP, 641

F.3d 1089, 1094 (9th Cir. 2011), we reverse and remand.

      1. The district court properly exercised subject matter jurisdiction because

Karunyan’s claims do not arise under the Medicare Act. See Do Sung Uhm v.

Humana, Inc., 620 F.3d 1134, 1141 (9th Cir. 2010).

      2. The district court erred in granting qualified immunity to Defendant

Special Agent Lauren Hanover on the wrongful arrest claim under 42 U.S.C.

§ 1983. Taking the allegations of material fact as true, as we must at this

procedural stage, Sprewell v. Golden State Warriors, 266 F.3d 979, 988 (9th Cir.

2001),1 it was unreasonable for Hanover to conclude that "there was a fair

probability that [Karunyan] had committed a crime," Grant v. City of Long Beach,

315 F.3d 1081, 1085 (9th Cir. 2002) (internal quotation marks omitted). To have

probable cause that Karunyan had engaged in the fraudulent criminal behavior at

issue, Hanover was required to have probable cause not only with respect to the

bare existence of an act of fraud, but also with respect to Karunyan’s specific intent



      1
         We express no view on the merits of any of Plaintiff’s claims; we hold only
that the complaint, as now pleaded, withstands a motion to dismiss.
                                          2
to defraud. Rodis v. City of San Francisco, 558 F.3d 964, 969 (9th Cir. 2009).

The facts as alleged do not permit such a conclusion.

      At the time of Karunyan’s arrest, Hanover knew only that suspicious

Medicare sales had occurred in California nearly a year earlier, that a third-party

billing entity had billed for those sales on behalf of Karunyan’s company, but that

Karunyan’s company had not collected on those sales. Indeed, his company had

done no business in California, and the defrauded customers had never heard of

Karunyan’s company.2 A reasonable officer would have been alert to the need to

conduct further investigation to reconcile those facts, yet Hanover allegedly failed

to investigate why Karunyan’s company had not collected on the sales. In these

circumstances, it was unreasonable for Hanover to conclude that there was

probable cause that Karunyan specifically intended to engage in fraudulent

criminal behavior.

      3. The district court also erred by dismissing the claim of bad faith failure to

collect potentially exculpatory evidence under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. See Miller v.

Vasquez, 868 F.2d 1116, 1120 (9th Cir. 1989) ("[A] bad faith failure to collect

      2
         As it turned out, months before the arrest, Karunyan had returned the
money promptly to the billing entity, explaining that it had wrongly billed under
the Medicare Provider number of Karunyan’s company. At the time of the arrest,
that error was known not only by the third-party billing entity, Karunyan’s
company, and Karunyan himself—but also by Hanover’s own agency.

                                          3
potentially exculpatory evidence would violate the due process clause.").

Potentially exculpatory evidence—that Karunyan immediately had returned the

funds to the billing entity months earlier—was readily available to Hanover, yet he

allegedly failed to collect that evidence. Moreover, taking the allegations as true,

Sprewell, 266 F.3d at 988, at the time of the arrest, apparently without any

evidence of its truthfulness, Hanover accused Karunyan of being involved in

criminal activity by Russian-Armenians in Los Angeles. Failure to collect

potentially exculpatory evidence, coupled with a potentially prejudicially

motivated arrest, is sufficient to constitute a § 1983 claim. Miller, 868 F.2d at

1121.

        4. Finally, the district court erred in dismissing the claims against Defendant

United States. The district court dismissed those claims for the reason that

probable cause supported Karunyan’s arrest. As noted above, that reason is

erroneous. Accordingly, the district court’s dismissal of the claims against

Defendant United States is, likewise, erroneous.

        REVERSED and REMANDED.




                                           4
                                                                                 FILED
Karunyan v. United States, 12-15651                                              MAR 13 2014

                                                                              MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
O’SCANNLAIN, Circuit Judge, dissenting:                                        U.S. COURT OF APPEALS



      Because I am persuaded that probable cause supported Sarkis Karunyan’s

arrest and that Agent Lauren Hanover’s investigation did not violate the Due

Process Clause, I respectfully dissent.

      Hanover knew that someone committed fraud by convincing Medicare to

pay for unnecessary medical equipment. Karunyan’s complaint acknowledges that

Hanover knew that the proceeds from that fraud were originally paid to Karunyan.

This is sufficient to demonstrate “a fair probability that [Karunyan] had committed

a crime.” Grant v. City of Long Beach, 315 F.3d 1081, 1085 (9th Cir. 2002).

      Rodis v. City and County of San Francisco, 558 F.3d 964 (9th Cir. 2009), is

not applicable to this case. Rodis requires that an officer making an arrest for a

specific intent crime “have probable cause [of specific intent] in order to

reasonably believe that a crime has occurred.” Id. at 969 (emphasis added). The

majority does not dispute that Hanover reasonably believed that the perpetrator,

acting with specific intent, committed a crime. The issue is simply whether

Karunyan’s receipt of the proceeds of the crime made it reasonable for Hanover to

believe that Karunyan had committed that crime.




                                          1
      Karunyan also failed to plead a violation of the Due Process Clause. Our

precedent indicates that a bad faith failure to collect potentially exculpatory

evidence violates the Constitution only if “the evidence sought was of such a

nature that it was not reasonably available to the defendant.” United States v.

Martinez-Martinez, 369 F.3d 1076, 1086–87 (9th Cir. 2004) (analyzing a due

process claim for “fail[ure] to collect and preserve evidence” (emphasis added)).

      The duty to collect evidence incorporates the same limitations that the duty

to preserve evidence does, see Miller v. Vasquez, 868 F.2d 1116, 1120 (9th Cir.

1989) (ruling that the bad faith requirement for preservation claims applies a

fortiori to collection claims), and the Supreme Court has expressly enunciated the

unavailability requirement for preservation claims. California v. Trombetta, 467

U.S. 479, 489 (1984). Karunyan failed to plead that the evidence at issue was not

reasonably available to him; indeed, he pled the opposite: the evidence at issue was

in his own company’s records.

      For the foregoing reasons, I would affirm.




                                           2
