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                                                         [DO NOT PUBLISH]



            IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                   FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                     ________________________

                            No. 16-10321
                        Non-Argument Calendar
                      ________________________

                 D.C. Docket No. 1:15-cv-00095-CG-C



THADDEUS D. SMITH, SR.,

                                                           Plaintiff-Appellant,

                                 versus

MOBILE SHIPBUILDING & REPAIR, INC.,
PARKING TOWING COMPANY, INC.,

                                                        Defendants-Appellees.

                      ________________________

               Appeal from the United States District Court
                  for the Southern District of Alabama
                      ________________________

                            (October 4, 2016)

Before WILLIAM PRYOR, JORDAN, and ROSENBAUM, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:
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       In this pro se employment discrimination and retaliation case, filed under

Title VII, 42 U.S.C. §§ 2000e-2(a) and 2000e-3, Plaintiff-Appellant Thaddeus D.

Smith Sr. alleged that Defendants-Appellees Mobile Shipbuilding & Repair, Inc.

(“Mobile Shipbuilding”), and Parker Towing Company, Inc. (“Parker Towing”),

(collectively, “Defendants”) terminated his employment because of his race

(African-American) and because he complained of racial discrimination.                       The

district court granted summary judgment to Defendants. After careful review, we

affirm.

                                                I.

       Smith worked as a welder/fitter1 on contract with Mobile Shipbuilding,

which is in the business of fabrication of structural metal and ship repair. Parker

Towing was Mobile Shipbuilding’s parent company. In his initial complaint and a

supplemental filing, Smith alleged that over four-and-a-half years of employment,

he was subjected to unfair, demeaning, and harsh treatment by two white

employees—Joe Ridderbjelke, a yard supervisor, and Shawn Jackson, a foreman—

because of his race.

       Smith alleged that, on October 3, 2014, he was forced to work in the rain

and lightning and was told to go home when he protested, while white employees

were permitted to go to the breakroom.               He also alleged that he was issued

       1
         According to an affidavit filed in this case, the work of a “fitter” involved positioning
plates on a barge or ship for readiness for welding.
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defective tools while white employees were provided with new ones. In addition,

according to Smith, Jackson referred to him as “ghetto Thad” and used the term

“ghetto” to refer to African-Americans generally.            Smith alleged that he

complained several times about the racially discriminatory treatment, but the

manager, Stephen Waite, who is white, ignored his complaints. Smith also sent an

anonymous letter to Parker Towing complaining of racial discrimination by

Ridderbjelke a few days before he was fired on October 6, 2014.

      After Defendants answered the complaint, Smith filed a motion for

appointment of counsel and later moved for summary judgment. Following a

scheduling conference, a magistrate judge denied Smith appointed counsel and told

him that he could move for summary judgment once discovery closed. At the

close of discovery, Smith refiled his motion for summary judgment, asserting that

Defendants had failed to rebut any of the allegations in his complaint. Smith

argued for the first time that Defendants had violated the Fair Labor Standards Act

(“FLSA”) by failing to keep employment records for him.             He also attached

documents relating to his communications with the Equal Employment

Opportunity Commission (“EEOC”) about the investigation of his complaint of

discrimination and retaliation.

      Defendants moved for summary judgment on October 1, 2015. They argued

that Smith could not establish a prima facie case of either discrimination or


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retaliation under Title VII, and that, even if he could, he could not show that the

legitimate,   non-discriminatory    reason   for   firing     him—substandard     job

performance—was actually a pretext for discrimination.            In support of their

motion, Defendants submitted affidavits from Ridderbjelke and Waite, among

other materials.

      According to Waite’s affidavit, in the months prior to Smith’s termination,

Ridderbjelke complained to Waite about Smith’s poor work and sent him

photographs of the poor workmanship. During the same period of time, Smith

twice complained to Waite that Ridderbjelke was “riding him and harassing him,”

but Smith never mentioned racial discrimination or race generally. Regarding

Smith allegedly having been forced to go home on October 3, 2014, Waite stated

that time records showed that the majority of employees, including Smith, worked

a full day that date. Waite further stated that, on October 6, 2014, Waite received a

call from Ridderbjelke, who explained that he had released Smith from work, but

Smith was refusing to leave. Waite told Smith that he supported Ridderbjelke’s

decision. During that conversation, Waite learned for the first time that Smith had

complained to Parker Towing, but Waite did not know the substance of the

complaint until this lawsuit was filed. Waite also stated that Smith’s position was

filled by an African-American man.




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      In his affidavit, Ridderbjelke stated that “[s]ometime in 2014” he noticed

that Smith’s work performance had deteriorated, and he told Waite about it and

sent him pictures of the poor work. On October 6, 2014, while Smith was working

as a fitter, Ridderbjelke observed that Smith’s work was bad and told him so.

When Smith responded that it was the best he could do, Ridderbjelke told him that

if that was the best he could do then he was released from work. Ridderbjelke sent

a photograph of the work to Waite. Ridderbjelke also stated that he had “never

said a racial slur” to Smith or “anything racial about President Barack Obama,”

though he had said that “Obama is a sorry President.” Finally, Ridderbjelke stated

that Smith had not complained about discrimination to him.

      In an order issued on October 9, 2015, the district court stated that Smith’s

response in opposition to Defendants’ motion for summary judgment was due

October 20, 2015. Further, the court advised that the grant of Defendants’ motion

would represent a final adjudication on the matters raised in the motion, and that

“[a]ny party opposing the motion has the right to file sworn affidavits,

documentary evidence, other material opposing the motion, and a brief containing

any legal arguments contrary to those presented by the party who filed the

motion.” The order listed conditions for affidavits to be considered as evidence. It

warned that “[i]t is important to note that, except in certain circumstances, a person

against whom a motion for summary judgment is filed may not rely on the


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allegations of his pleadings.” Id. Finally, the order provided guidance for a party

unable to secure affidavits to oppose the motion.

      On October 20, 2015, the deadline set in the court’s order, Smith filed a

response in opposition to Defendants’ motion for summary judgment. Smith stated

that Defendants had failed to rebut the charges against them, had lied to the court

about not having personnel files for him, and had submitted irrelevant information.

Smith stated that he stood by the arguments made in his motion for summary

judgment. He did not attach any evidentiary materials to his response or cite to

any materials in the record in support of his claims.

      The district court granted summary judgment to Defendants. The court first

noted that Smith had not presented any evidence in support of his claims. Smith’s

complaints, the court stated, could not be treated as affidavits for purposes of

summary judgment because they were not verified as provided in 28 U.S.C.

§ 1746. See Caldwell v. Warden, FCI Talladega, 748 F.3d 1090, 1098 (11th Cir.

2014) (stating that specific facts in a sworn pro se pleading must be considered at

summary judgment). By contrast, the court explained, Defendants had produced

sufficient evidence to show that summary judgment was warranted.

      As for Smith’s discrimination claim, the district court found that Smith had

not shown that he was treated worse than a similarly situated person outside of his

protected class. Defendants produced evidence that Smith was replaced by an


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African-American man and that Smith was fired for substandard work, but Smith

offered no evidence to support his allegations of discrimination or rebut

Defendants’ evidence. As for the retaliation claim, the court found that Defendants

produced evidence showing that Waite and Ridderbjelke did not know of Smith’s

complaints of racial discrimination—as opposed to general complaints about

workplace harassment—before his termination, so Smith could not establish the

existence of a causal connection between his complaints and his termination.

Consequently, the district court granted summary judgment to Defendants. Smith

now appeals.

                                        II.

      We review a grant of summary judgment de novo, construing the record and

drawing all reasonable inferences in favor of the non-moving party.         Kernel

Records Oy v. Mosley, 694 F.3d 1294, 1300 (11th Cir. 2012). Summary judgment

is appropriate when “there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the

movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.”         Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a).

Summary judgment is not appropriate if a reasonable jury could return a verdict in

favor of the non-moving party. Kernel Records, 694 F.3d at 1300. We liberally

construe the filings of pro se litigants. Timson v. Sampson, 518 F.3d 870, 874

(11th Cir. 2008).




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      The party moving for summary judgment bears the initial burden of

demonstrating, by reference to materials on record, the absence of a genuine

dispute of material fact. Clark v. Coats & Clark, Inc., 929 F.2d 604, 608 (11th Cir.

1991); Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)(1). If that burden is met, the non-moving party

generally “may not rest upon mere allegation or denials of his pleading, but must

set forth specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial.” Anderson v.

Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 256, 106 S. Ct. 2505, 2514 (1986). Thus, in

response to a summary-judgment motion, a plaintiff cannot rely on factual

allegations set forth in the complaint, “but must set forth by affidavit or other

evidence specific facts, which for purposes of the summary judgment motion will

be taken to be true.” Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 561, 112 S. Ct.

2130, 2137 (1992) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).

      Our review of the record indicates that Defendants discharged their burden

in moving for summary judgment. Smith is incorrect that Defendants needed to

produce evidence to rebut Smith’s allegations at any time before moving for

summary judgment. Once Defendants’ summary-judgment motion was filed, it

fell to Smith to show “by affidavit or other evidence specific facts” sufficient to

create a genuine issue for trial. See Lujan, 504 U.S. at 561, 112 S. Ct. at 2137. He

did not do so. Although factual allegations in a pro se plaintiff’s complaint must

be considered at summary judgment where the complaint is verified as provided in


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18 U.S.C. § 1746, see Caldwell, 748 F.3d at 1098, Smith’s complaints were not

verified and therefore did not qualify for consideration at summary judgment. On

that basis, we conclude that the district court’s summary-judgment ruling was

correct. In any case, we find that summary judgment was appropriate even if

Smith’s allegations are taken into account. We explain both of these conclusions

in more detail below.

                                           A.

      We note at the outset, though Smith does not raise the issue on appeal, that

the district court provided Smith adequate notice of his need to file affidavits or

other evidentiary materials in response to the defendant’s motion for summary

judgment. “We have repeatedly emphasized that care must be exercised to ensure

proper notice to a litigant not represented by counsel.” United States v. One Colt

Python, 845 F.2d 287, 289 (11th Cir. 1988). Because pro se litigants lack formal

legal training, district courts must give “clear notice of the need to file affidavits or

other responsive materials” in response to a motion for summary judgment. Id.

Notice also must be given “of the consequences of default.” Id.

      Here, the district court complied with these requirements.            In its order

notifying Smith of Defendants’ summary-judgment motion and the deadline to file

his response, the district court stated Smith had “the right to file sworn affidavits,

documentary evidence, other material opposing the motion,” and warned that it


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was “important to note that, except in certain circumstances, a person against

whom a motion for summary judgment is filed may not rely on the allegations of

his pleadings.” We conclude that the court’s order gave “clear notice of the need

to file affidavits or other responsive materials” and “of the consequences of

default.” See One Colt Python, 845 F.2d at 289.

                                         B.

      We now address the merits of Smith’s claims.              Title VII prohibits

employment discrimination on the basis of race, among other protected grounds.

42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(a)(1). Title VII also prohibits an employer from retaliating

against an employee because the employee “opposed any practice” made unlawful

by Title VII. 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-3(a).

      In most cases, as here, a plaintiff will not have direct evidence of racial

discrimination or retaliation, but rather only circumstantial evidence that he or she

contends supports an inference of discrimination or retaliation.          For these

circumstantial-evidence cases, we generally employ the burden-shifting framework

of McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792, 93 S. Ct. 1817 (1973),

though it is not the only way to prove discrimination or retaliation. See Flowers v.

Troup Cty., Ga., Sch. Dist., 803 F.3d 1327, 1335–36 (11th Cir. 2015), cert. denied,




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136 S. Ct. 2510 (2016) (discrimination); Bryant v. Jones, 575 F.3d 1281, 1307

(11th Cir. 2009) (retaliation).2

       This framework requires the plaintiff first to establish a prima facie case of

discrimination or retaliation, which creates a presumption that the employer

unlawfully discriminated or retaliated against the plaintiff. Flowers, 803 F.3d at

1336; Bryant, 575 F.3d at 1307. To eliminate the presumption, the employer must

produce a legitimate, non-discriminatory reason for the challenged employment

action. Id. Once the employer does so, the presumption drops out, and the

plaintiff then has the opportunity to show that the employer’s proffered reason is

pretextual, which merges with the plaintiff’s ultimate burden of showing

intentional discrimination or retaliation. Id.

       In discrimination cases, a plaintiff makes out a prima facie case by showing

that (1) he is a member of a protected class, (2) he was qualified for the position,

(3) he experienced an adverse employment action, and (4) he was replaced by

someone outside of his protected class or received less favorable treatment than a

similarly situated person outside of his protected class. Flowers, 803 F.3d at 1336.

In order to establish a prima facie case of retaliation, a plaintiff may show that

(1) he engaged in a statutorily protected activity; (2) he suffered a materially



       2
        Bryant addressed a retaliation claim under 42 U.S.C. § 1981, not Title VII, but Title VII
and § 1981 require the same proof and use the same framework. Bryant, 575 F.3d at 1307.
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adverse action; and (3) he established a causal link between the protected activity

and the adverse action. Bryant, 575 F.3d at 1307–08.

      Here, the district court properly found that Smith did not establish a prima

facie case of discrimination.     Defendants produced evidence that Smith was

replaced by someone within his protected class (an African-American male), and

Smith did not attempt to identify any specific similarly situated employee outside

of his protected class before the district court and has not done so on appeal. Thus,

Smith failed to show that he was replaced by someone outside of his protected

class or received less favorable treatment than a similarly situated person outside

of his protected class. See Flowers, 803 F.3d at 1336. Accordingly, the district

court did not err in granting summary judgment on this claim.

      The district court also properly concluded that Smith did not establish a

prima facie case of retaliation. In order to show a causal connection between

protected activity and an adverse action, “the plaintiff must generally show that the

decision maker was aware of the protected conduct at the time of the adverse

employment action.” Brungart v. BellSouth Telecomms., Inc., 231 F.3d 791, 799

(11th Cir. 2000). Here, Defendants produced evidence that neither of the two

decision makers, Ridderbjelke and Waite, knew that Smith had complained of

racial discrimination before the decision to terminate his employment on October




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6, 2014. And “[a] decision maker cannot have been motivated to retaliate by

something unknown to him.” Id.

      While Waite’s affidavit reflects that Smith had previously complained about

Ridderbjelke “riding him and harassing him,” there is no evidence (leaving aside

Smith’s allegations for the moment) that Smith attributed Ridderbjelke’s harassing

conduct to his race, such that Waite would have been on notice that Smith had

complained of racial discrimination, in violation of Title VII, instead of general

unfair treatment in the workplace, which is not protected by Title VII. See, e.g.,

Flowers, 803 F.3d at 1338 (“Title VII does not allow federal courts to second-

guess nondiscriminatory business judgments, nor does it replace employers’

notions about fair dealing in the workplace with that of judges.”). Because Smith

did not show a causal connection between his complaints and his termination, the

district court did not err in granting summary judgment on his retaliation claim.

      Moreover, even assuming that Smith established a prima facie case of

discrimination or retaliation, Defendants proffered evidence showing that they

terminated Smith’s employment because of poor work performance, not race or

retaliation. Specifically, Ridderbjelke claimed that Smith’s work performance had

declined in the months leading up to his termination on October 6, 2014, when

Ridderbjelke again observed Smith doing poor work.




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      While Smith’s allegations, assuming they constitute evidence, suggest that

Ridderbjelke may have harbored some racial animus, the allegations do not present

any specific facts which cast doubt on Defendants’ proffered reason for Smith’s

termination. For example, his allegations do not indicate when, during his four-

and-a-half years of employment, the discriminatory comments were allegedly

made or in what context they were made, nor do they indicate when or how often

Smith received inadequate tools compared to white employees. Because Smith’s

allegations are largely vague and conclusory, they fail to directly rebut with

specific facts Defendants’ evidence that job performance was the real reason for

Smith’s termination. See Crawford v. City of Fairburn, Ga., 482 F.3d 1305, 1309

(11th Cir. 2007) (noting that “evidence of a discriminatory animus” alone will

generally not be sufficient to show pretext “without rebutting each of the proffered

reasons of the employer”). Smith’s assertion that Defendants provided conflicting

reasons for his termination is not borne out by any evidence in the record. In sum,

Smith’s allegations are insufficient to create a genuine dispute about whether job

performance was merely a pretext for his termination.

                                        III.

      Smith presents a few other issues on appeal that were not properly

developed in the district court or were raised for the first time in his reply brief.

First, he argues that Defendants failed to provide various pieces of information he


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requested during discovery. However, the only discovery issue he raised to the

district court concerned his personnel records, and the court determined that Smith

received the requested information. Smith does not explain why that conclusion

was in error, and we decline to address the remaining discovery demands because

they were not presented to the district court. See Access Now, Inc. v. Sw. Airlines

Co., 385 F.3d 1324, 1331 (11th Cir. 2004) (stating that we generally do not

consider issues raised for the first time on appeal).

      Second, Smith charges that Defendants violated the FLSA, but no FLSA

claim was raised in his complaints, and plaintiffs cannot raise new claims through

arguments at summary judgment. Gilmour v. Gates, McDonald & Co., 382 F.3d

1312, 1314–15 (11th Cir. 2004).

      Finally, to the extent that Smith claims that Defendants violated Alabama

state law in various ways, he raised these issues for the first time in his reply brief,

so we will not consider them. See Timson, 518 F.3d at 874 (“[W]e do not address

arguments raised for the first time in a pro se litigant’s reply brief.”).

                                           IV.

      For the reasons stated, we AFFIRM the grant of summary judgment in favor

of Defendants Mobile Shipbuilding and Parker Towing, and the denial of summary

judgment to Smith, on Smith’s Title VII claims for discrimination and retaliation.




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