                        REVISED May 28, 2013

        IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                 FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUITUnited States Court of Appeals
                                                               Fifth Circuit

                                                             FILED
                                                            April 30, 2013
                                 No. 12-30934
                                                            Lyle W. Cayce
                                                                 Clerk

GLORY TRUONG,

                                           Plaintiff - Appellant
v.

BANK OF AMERICA, N.A.; WELLS FARGO BANK, N.A., As Trustee For the
Benefit of the Certificate Holders Asset-backed Pass-through Certificates
Series 2004-WCW1,

                                           Defendants - Appellees



                Appeal from the United States District Court
                   for the Eastern District of Louisiana


Before KING, DAVIS, and ELROD, Circuit Judges.
KING, Circuit Judge:
      Plaintiff-Appellant brought a diversity action against two national
banking associations, alleging violations of Louisiana consumer protection law
in connection with a mortgage foreclosure proceeding. Plaintiff-Appellant sought
damages and declaratory relief. The district court dismissed the action in part
pursuant to the Rooker-Feldman doctrine and in part for failure to state a claim
because of a statutory exemption under Louisiana law. For the reasons that
follow, we AFFIRM the district court’s judgment.
                                 No. 12-30934

           I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
      On December 1, 2011, Plaintiff-Appellant Glory Truong filed this diversity
action against Defendants-Appellees Bank of America, N.A. (“BOA”) and Wells
Fargo Bank, N.A. (“Wells Fargo”), alleging that they had violated the Louisiana
Unfair Trade Practices and Consumer Protection Law (“LUTPA”), La. Rev. Stat.
Ann. §§ 51:1401–:1430, in prosecuting a state-court foreclosure action that
resulted in the seizure and sale of Truong’s home.
      As alleged, Truong took out a mortgage loan to purchase a home in
Marrero, Louisiana. According to the complaint, the “loan was securitized, a
process whereby the right to payment was transferred to an asset backed
security, a bond” for which Wells Fargo eventually became the trustee. On June
17, 2010, Wells Fargo filed in state court a “Petition for Mortgage Foreclosure
By Executory Process Without Appraisal” as to Truong’s home. See 1A Frank L.
Maraist, Louisiana Civil Law Treatise: Civil Procedure – Special Proceedings §
3.1 (2012) (“The essence of executory process is that a creditor whose debtor has
confessed judgment in advance may obtain immediate seizure and prompt
judicial sale of the security by submitting sufficient proof to the court.”).
Included with the foreclosure petition were a copy of the note underlying
Truong’s mortgage loan and an assignment of the note to Wells Fargo. Also
included with the foreclosure petition was the affidavit of Kathy Repka (an
employee of the bond servicer), in which Repka represented that Truong had
defaulted on her mortgage obligations. Implicitly finding this evidence to be
authentic, as Louisiana law requires, the state court issued a Writ of Seizure
and Sale as to Truong’s home on June 30, 2010. See La. Code Civ. Proc. Ann.
arts. 2635, 2638.
      About thirteen months after Wells Fargo filed the foreclosure petition,
Truong applied to BOA for a loan modification under the Home Affordable
Modification Program (“HAMP”)—a federal program meant to help “homeowners

                                       2
                                       No. 12-30934

on the verge of foreclosure to modify their loans to an affordable level.” Loan
Modification Grp., Inc. v. Reed, 694 F.3d 145, 147 (1st Cir. 2012). BOA allegedly
represented to Truong that the foreclosure process would be stayed pending
approval or rejection of her application. Less than two months later, Truong
followed up with BOA regarding her HAMP application, and was told that BOA
had not received it. She submitted a second application, and was again told that
the foreclosure process would be stayed. Although not alleged in Truong’s
complaint, this apparently caused her to forego an injunction proceeding,
whereby a mortgagor can challenge the authenticity of evidence supporting the
use of executory process, and thus potentially arrest the seizure and sale of her
property. See La. Code Civ. Proc. Ann. art. 2751. This proceeding can no longer
be initiated once the property has been sold.1 Id. art. 2752. Less than one month
after Truong submitted her second HAMP application, Wells Fargo purchased
her home at a sheriff’s sale of which Truong supposedly had never been notified.
She further alleged that because Wells Fargo was not the mortgage bond’s
servicer, it was not authorized to initiate foreclosure proceedings under the
bond’s “Pooling and Service Agreement.”
       Truong asserted three claims in the instant suit, the first two of which
arose under LUTPA. Truong alleged that Wells Fargo’s and BOA’s “unfair and
deceptive” acts resulted in wrongful foreclosure on her mortgage loan. In her
first claim for relief, Truong alleged that the assignment of the note attached to
the foreclosure petition was not properly endorsed to Wells Fargo, and therefore


       1
         After this point, the state court’s order to issue a writ of seizure and sale becomes a
final judgment for res judicata purposes. See Countrywide Home Loans Servicing, LP v.
Thomas, No. 2012-CA-1304, 2013 WL 1150496, at *4 (La. Ct. App. Mar. 20, 2013). A
mortgagor may nonetheless initiate in the issuing court an action to annul the sale if the
judgment was “obtained by fraud or ill practices.” La. Code Civ. Proc. Ann. art. 2004.
“Objections as to the lack of authentic evidence or as to minor defects of form or procedure may
not be used as ground for an action to annul a judicial sale of immovable property by executory
process.” Deutsche Bank Nat’l Trust Co. v. Carter, 59 So. 3d 1282, 1286 (La. Ct. App. 2011).

                                               3
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Wells Fargo lacked standing to seek executory process against her. In her second
claim for relief, Truong alleged that BOA misled her into believing it would
process her HAMP application and falsely told her that no sale would be
scheduled until the HAMP process was completed. She further alleged that the
Repka affidavit was not authentic evidence because Repka was a known “robo-
signer” who had not reviewed any documents respecting Truong’s indebtedness
or default and was not authorized to give such testimony.2 In her final claim for
relief, Truong sought a declaration under 28 U.S.C. § 2201 that the use of
executory process in the foreclosure action was inappropriate because Wells
Fargo and BOA had failed to include all necessary authentic evidence required
by Louisiana law. As relief, Truong sought damages for economic loss;
compensatory, statutory, and punitive damages for mental anguish, humiliation,
embarrassment, and loss of enjoyment of life; fees and costs; punitive damages;
interest on the judgment; and a declaratory judgment.
      Wells Fargo and BOA moved to dismiss the complaint pursuant to Federal
Rules of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1) and 12(c). The district court dismissed most of
Truong’s claims “with prejudice” for lack of subject matter jurisdiction pursuant
to the Rooker-Feldman doctrine, which bars federal courts from adjudicating
claims where the plaintiff seeks to overturn a state-court judgment. See District
of Columbia Court of Appeals v. Feldman, 460 U.S. 462 (1983); Rooker v. Fidelity
Trust Co., 263 U.S. 413 (1923). The district court held that Rooker-Feldman
applied to Truong’s LUTPA claims against Wells Fargo, to her claims based on
Repka’s alleged acts, and to her claims based on allegations that she had not
been notified of the foreclosure. It reasoned that these claims were inextricably
intertwined with and required review of the state-court foreclosure judgment.

      2
        The allegation respecting Repka’s affidavit is used to support Truong’s LUTPA claim
against BOA. Truong’s theory of liability appears to be based on respondeat superior and
corporate veil-piercing. As alleged, Repka worked for BAC Home Loans Servicing, LP, which
is a BOA subsidiary that Truong did not name as a defendant.

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                                  No. 12-30934

With respect to Truong’s claim that BOA misled her about processing her HAMP
application, the district court held that Truong failed to state a claim for relief
because BOA was exempt from LUTPA liability due to a statutory exemption.
Although the court gave Truong twenty days to amend her complaint with
respect to the HAMP-related claims, Truong did not do so. After the deadline
expired, the court entered final judgment against Truong.
                         II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
      We review de novo a district court’s dismissal for lack of subject matter
jurisdiction or failure to state a claim. Ctr. for Biological Diversity, Inc. v. BP
Am. Prod. Co., 704 F.3d 413, 421 (5th Cir. 2013). A Rule 12(c) motion “is subject
to the same standards as a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6).” In re Great
Lakes Dredge & Dock Co., 624 F.3d 201, 209–10 (5th Cir. 2010).
      A federal court sitting in diversity applies the forum state’s substantive
law. Coe v. Chesapeake Exploration, L.L.C., 695 F.3d 311, 316 (5th Cir. 2012).
When construing a state statute absent explicit state-court guidance, “we must
attempt to predict state law, not to create or modify it.” Id. (citation omitted).
                               III. DISCUSSION
      A. Rooker-Feldman
      Because the Rooker-Feldman doctrine is jurisdictional, we must address
this issue first. Weaver v. Tex. Capital Bank N.A., 660 F.3d 900, 904 (5th Cir.
2011). “Reduced to its essence, the Rooker-Feldman doctrine holds that inferior
federal courts do not have the power to modify or reverse state court judgments”
except when authorized by Congress. Union Planters Bank Nat’l Ass’n v. Salih,
369 F.3d 457, 462 (5th Cir. 2004) (internal quotation marks and citation
omitted); see generally 18B Charles Alan Wright et al., Federal Practice and
Procedure § 4469.1 (2d ed. 2002 & Supp. 2012). The Supreme Court has
explained that the doctrine is a narrow one and “is confined to . . . cases brought
by state-court losers complaining of injuries caused by state-court judgments

                                        5
                                  No. 12-30934

rendered before the district court proceedings commenced and inviting district
court review and rejection of those judgments.” Exxon Mobil Corp. v. Saudi Basic
Indus. Corp., 544 U.S. 280, 284 (2005). The Supreme Court has cautioned that
in light of the “narrow ground” Rooker-Feldman occupies, it does not prohibit a
plaintiff from “present[ing] some independent claim, albeit one that denies a
legal conclusion that a state court has reached in a case to which he was a
party.” Id. at 284, 293 (quoting GASH Assocs. v. Village of Rosemont, Ill., 995
F.2d 726, 728 (7th Cir. 1993)). In these circumstances, state-law preclusion
principles control. Id. at 293; see also Lance v. Dennis, 546 U.S. 459, 466 (2006)
(“Rooker-Feldman is not simply preclusion by another name.”).
      One hallmark of the Rooker-Feldman inquiry is what the federal court is
being asked to review and reject. See Exxon Mobil, 544 U.S. at 284. A federal
district court lacks jurisdiction “over challenges to state court decisions in
particular cases arising out of judicial proceedings.” Feldman, 460 U.S. at 486
(emphasis added); accord GASH Assocs., 995 F.2d at 728. Thus, the rule does not
prohibit a district court from reviewing non-state-court decisions. See Verizon
Md., Inc. v. Pub. Serv. Comm’n of Md., 535 U.S. 635, 644 n.3 (2002) (review of
executive action). It also does not bar a challenge to a rule on which a judicial
decision was based if the rule was “promulgated in a non-judicial proceeding.”
Feldman, 460 U.S. at 486; see also Skinner v. Switzer, 131 S. Ct. 1289, 1297–98
(2011) (Rooker-Feldman does not bar a federal plaintiff’s constitutional challenge
to a state statute after a state court has construed the statute adversely to the
plaintiff). Thus, in Feldman, the district court could not hear a bar examination
applicant’s claim that the District of Columbia Court of Appeals had violated his
due process rights by acting arbitrarily and capriciously in rejecting his petition.
460 U.S. at 486–87. The district court could, however, hear his constitutional
challenge to the bar admissions rule the Court of Appeals had applied in
reaching its decision. Id. at 487; see also Doe v. Fla. Bar, 630 F.3d 1336, 1341–42

                                         6
                                   No. 12-30934

(11th Cir. 2011) (Rooker-Feldman bars as-applied constitutional challenges, but
not facial challenges); Kastner v. Tex. Bd. of Law Exam’rs, 408 F. App’x 777, 779
(5th Cir. 2010) (same).
      The second hallmark of the Rooker-Feldman inquiry is the source of the
federal plaintiff’s alleged injury. See Exxon Mobil, 544 U.S. at 284. In a decision
that the Exxon Mobil Court cited with approval, the Ninth Circuit held that
      [i]f a federal plaintiff asserts as a legal wrong an allegedly erroneous
      decision by a state court, and seeks relief from a state court
      judgment based on that decision, Rooker-Feldman bars subject
      matter jurisdiction in federal district court. If, on the other hand, a
      federal plaintiff asserts as a legal wrong an allegedly illegal act or
      omission by an adverse party, Rooker-Feldman does not bar
      jurisdiction.
Noel v. Hall, 341 F.3d 1148, 1164 (9th Cir. 2003); see also Morris v. Am. Home
Mortg. Servicing, Inc., 443 F. App’x 22, 24 (5th Cir. 2011) (federal plaintiff’s
claim that a foreclosure judgment is unlawful is barred “because he is
complaining of injuries caused by the state court judgments”); Scott v.
Fortenberry, 278 F. App’x 440, 441 (5th Cir. 2008) (Rooker-Feldman does not bar
a § 1983 plaintiff’s claim for damages arising from court reporter’s failure to
prepare a trial transcript and consequent delay of his criminal appeal because
the suit did not challenge his conviction); Mosley v. Bowie Cnty. Tex., 275 F.
App’x 327, 328–29 (5th Cir. 2008) (Rooker-Feldman bars a claim that a state
child support order is void, but not a claim that state government defendants
violated the federal plaintiffs’ constitutional rights in the course of enforcing the
order).
      In sum, Truong has alleged that BOA and Wells Fargo (1) misled the state
court into thinking that the executory process evidence was authentic when, in
fact, it was not; and (2) misled her into foregoing her opportunity to dispute
authenticity in the state-court proceedings. These are independent claims over
which the district court had jurisdiction; Truong did not seek to overturn the

                                         7
                                        No. 12-30934

state-court judgment, and the damages she requested were for injuries caused
by the banks’ actions, not injuries arising from the foreclosure judgment.3 See
La. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 51:1409(A) (providing damages for “the use or employment
by another person of an unfair or deceptive method, act or practice”); Drake v.
St. Paul Travelers Ins. Co., 353 F. App’x 901, 905 (5th Cir. 2009) (Rooker-
Feldman does not bar state-court loser’s claim for damages as to state-court
winner’s allegedly fraudulent statements in state-court litigation); see also Ill.
Cent. R.R. Co. v. Guy, 682 F.3d 381, 391 (5th Cir. 2012) (Rooker-Feldman does
not bar a claim that the state-court plaintiffs’ lawyers obtained a settlement
judgment through fraudulent misrepresentations); Great W. Mining & Mineral
Co. v. Fox Rothschild LLP, 615 F.3d 159, 162, 171 (3d Cir. 2010) (Rooker-
Feldman does not bar a federal plaintiff’s claims that the defendants had
conspired to engineer its loss in state court by exercising improper influence on
state judges); McCormick v. Braverman, 451 F.3d 382, 392–93, 395–96 (6th Cir.
2006) (Rooker-Feldman does not bar claims that state-court opponents
committed fraud and abuse of process, but does bar a claim that an adverse
receivership order was illegal); cf. Price v. Porter, 351 F. App’x 925, 926–27 (5th
Cir. 2009) (Rooker-Feldman bars due process and equal protection claims that


       3
         There is, of course, no general rule that any claim that relies on a fraud allegation is
an “independent claim” for Rooker-Feldman purposes. See Magor v. GMAC Mortg., L.L.C., 456
F. App’x 334, 336 (5th Cir. 2011) (Rooker-Feldman bars a claim that a state foreclosure
judgment was procured through fraud because “reversal of the state court’s foreclosure
judgment would be a necessary part of the relief requested”); Turner v. Cade, 354 F. App’x 108,
110–11 (5th Cir. 2009) (Rooker-Feldman bars a claim that a state-court divorce decree was
procured through fraud when the federal plaintiff asked the decree be declared void); Turner
v. Chase, 334 F. App’x 657, 659–60 (5th Cir. 2009) (Rooker-Feldman bars a federal suit in
which the plaintiff alleges fraud “and, ultimately, seeks to nullify the state-court judgment
averse to her”); Sookma v. Millard, 151 F. App’x 299, 300–01 (5th Cir. 2005) (Rooker-Feldman
bars a federal plaintiff’s claim that her state-court opponents and state judges conspired to
deprive her of civil rights when she sought to enjoin enforcement of a state divorce decree);
United States v. Shepherd, 23 F.3d 923, 924–25 (5th Cir. 1994) (Rooker-Feldman prohibits a
district court from voiding state foreclosure judgments, notwithstanding claims that the
judgments were fraudulently procured).

                                               8
                                      No. 12-30934

a state-court judge should have recused himself due to a conflict of interest). To
be sure, the banks’ actions allegedly led to a state-court judgment that inflicted
further injury on Truong. But as one of our sister circuits has stated, although
the damages recoverable through an independent claim might be limited by
preclusion principles, “[t]he Rooker-Feldman doctrine does not . . . turn all
disputes about the preclusive effects of judgments into matters of federal
subject-matter jurisdiction.”4 Freedom Mortg. Corp. v. Burnham Mortg., Inc., 569
F.3d 667, 671 (7th Cir. 2009) (Easterbrook, C.J.)5; see also Nesses v. Shepard, 68
F.3d 1003, 1005 (7th Cir. 1995) (Posner, C.J.) (although an alleged conspiracy
cannot result in harm if the resulting state-court judgment is presumed correct,
a federal plaintiff can seek to vindicate his right to a judicial proceeding
“uncontaminated by politics”); cf. Morris, 443 F. App’x at 24 (an otherwise
independent claim of unlawful debt collection practices in relation to a
foreclosure judgment is barred because the only relief sought “was the setting
aside of the state foreclosure judgment and staying of the execution of the writ
of possession”). Because Truong did not seek to reverse or void the adverse
foreclosure judgment, her request for a declaration that “[Wells Fargo and BOA]
lacked the necessary authentic evidence to support the use of executory process”
did not deprive the district court of jurisdiction. This conclusion holds even
though such a declaration would “den[y] a legal conclusion that a state court has
reached in a case to which [Truong] was a party.” Exxon Mobil, 544 U.S. at 293
(citation omitted); see also Weaver, 660 F.3d at 904 (“[T]he Rooker-Feldman

       4
        The Supreme Court’s decision in ASARCO Inc. v. Kadish, 490 U.S. 605, 622–23 (1989),
includes language that, before Exxon Mobil, was read by some as making preclusion analysis
a part of Rooker-Feldman analysis. As the Tenth Circuit has explained, ASARCO did not
expand Rooker-Feldman in this way. Bolden v. City of Topeka, Kan., 441 F.3d 1129, 1145 (10th
Cir. 2006); see also Exxon Mobil, 544 U.S. at 287 n.2.
       5
       Chief Judge Easterbrook also authored an earlier Rooker-Feldman decision that the
Exxon Mobil Court cited with approval. See 544 U.S. at 293 (citing GASH Assocs., 995 F.2d at
728).

                                             9
                                       No. 12-30934

doctrine generally applies only where a plaintiff seeks relief that directly attacks
the validity of an existing state court judgment.” (emphasis added)); Nesses, 68
F.3d at 1004 (“When a plaintiff seeks to relitigate a suit that has been decided
against him, he is not so much attacking as trying to bypass the judgment in
that suit; and the doctrine that blocks him is res judicata.”).6
       BOA and Wells Fargo argue that Rooker-Feldman bars Truong’s claims
because they are “inextricably intertwined” with the state-court judgment. As
the Exxon Mobil Court reiterated, the Feldman Court adopted this language
only to explain that a “state court loser” cannot invite a federal district court to
“sit in direct review of state court decisions” by asserting constitutional claims
that the state court had not directly addressed. Exxon Mobil, 544 U.S. at 286 n.1;
Feldman, 460 U.S. at 482 n.16 (quoting Atl. Coast Line R.R. Co. v. Bhd. of
Locomotive Eng’rs, 398 U.S. 281, 296 (1970)). The Feldman Court repeated this
phrase when this precise situation arose in that case: The federal plaintiff could
not assert a claim in federal court that the District of Columbia Court of
Appeals’s adverse decision deprived him of his constitutional due process rights,
even when he had not raised this argument before the Court of Appeals. 460
U.S. at 486–87; see also Randolph v. Texaco Incorporation, 471 F. App’x 416, 417
(5th Cir. 2012) (Rooker-Feldman bars constitutional claims that “essentially
attack[]” a state-court judgment); Pease v. First Nat’l Bank, 335 F. App’x 412,
415 (5th Cir. 2009) (Rooker-Feldman bars a federal plaintiff’s § 1983 claim
challenging an adverse foreclosure judgment as a constitutional due process
violation). In Exxon Mobil’s wake, numerous federal courts of appeal have
recognized that “inextricably intertwined” does not enlarge the core holding of



       6
         BOA and Wells Fargo contend that Truong cannot invoke a “fraud exception” to
Rooker-Feldman because she has not sufficiently alleged fraud. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 9(b). As we
have explained, there is no such thing as a “fraud exception.” The question is whether Truong’s
claim is an independent claim.

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                                        No. 12-30934

Rooker or Feldman. See Great W. Mining, 615 F.3d at 169–70; McCormick, 451
F.3d at 394–95; Bolden, 441 F.3d at 1141; Davani v. Va. Dep’t of Transp., 434
F.3d 712, 719 (4th Cir. 2006); Hoblock v. Albany Cnty. Bd. of Elections, 422 F.3d
77, 86–87 (2d Cir. 2005); see also McKithen v. Brown, 481 F.3d 89, 97 n.7 (2d Cir.
2007) (“independent claim” and “inextricably intertwined” are simply descriptive
labels devoid of substantive content). Moreover, BOA and Wells Fargo concede
that the labels “independent claim” and “inextricably intertwined” are mutually
exclusive, see McKithen, 481 F.3d at 97 n.7, and we have already explained that
Truong’s claims are independent. Accordingly, BOA and Wells Fargo’s invocation
of the “inextricably intertwined” label is unavailing.
       For the foregoing reasons, we conclude that the district court had
jurisdiction to hear Truong’s claims, which are “independent claims” for Rooker-
Feldman purposes.7 As we will explain, however, Truong’s complaint must
nonetheless be dismissed for failure to state a claim.
       B. LUTPA
       As noted above, all damages requested by Truong are based on the banks’
alleged LUTPA violations. We conclude, however, that LUTPA does not provide
Truong an avenue for relief because both BOA and Wells Fargo are exempt from
LUTPA claims under La. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 51:1406, which precludes LUTPA
liability for various entities, including “[a]ny federally insured financial
institution.”8


       7
         The res judicata and collateral estoppel doctrines in Fifth Circuit states embrace
issues that have been or should have been raised in earlier proceedings. See Pursue Energy
Corp. v. Abernathy, 77 So. 3d 1094, 1099–1100 (Miss. 2011); Citizens Ins. Co. of Am. v.
Daccach, 217 S.W.3d 430, 449 (Tex. 2007); Brouillette v. Brouillette, 18 So. 3d 756, 758 (La. Ct.
App. 2009). Accordingly, we anticipate that our decision today will not open the “litigation
floodgates.” See Weaver, 660 F.3d at 905–08 (disposing of case on res judicata grounds when
Rooker-Feldman did not apply).
       8
           The statute provides:
       The provisions of this Chapter shall not apply to:

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                                         No. 12-30934

       The district court held that § 51:1406’s exemption from LUTPA applied to
Truong’s claims against BOA that were related to her HAMP application.
Truong does not address the district court’s holding in her opening brief. The
application of the exemption to BOA on the HAMP-related claims is therefore
waived. See, e.g., Tex. Democratic Party v. Benkiser, 459 F.3d 582, 594 (5th Cir.
2006) (failing to raise an argument in an opening brief effectively waives it).
       Truong raises several arguments in her reply brief that the statutory
exemption of § 51:1406 does not apply to the defendants, but these arguments
come too late. See id. (refusing to consider argument raised for the first time in
a reply brief); Lockett v. E.P.A., 319 F.3d 678, 684 n.16 (5th Cir. 2003) (viewing
as waived issue raised for the first time in appellants’ reply brief). Moreover,
Truong’s contentions are unavailing even if we were to consider them. Further,
although the district court dismissed only the HAMP-related LUTPA claim
under Rule 12(b)(6), it dismissed the remaining LUTPA claims with prejudice,
and none of the parties has challenged the “with prejudice” dismissal on appeal.
Accordingly, we may affirm the district court’s judgment as a dismissal on the
merits. Both BOA and Wells Fargo sought dismissal pursuant to the exemption
below and on appeal. See Cuvillier v. Taylor, 503 F.3d 397, 401 (5th Cir. 2007).
       Although BOA and Wells Fargo are both federally chartered banks insured
by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, Truong contends that they cannot
fall under the statutory exemption in light of LUTPA’s history. The exemption
formerly applied only to “[a]ctions or transactions subject to the jurisdiction of”


       (1) Any federally insured financial institution, its subsidiaries, and affiliates or
       any licensee of the Office of Financial Institutions, its subsidiaries, and affiliates
       or actions or transactions subject to the jurisdiction of the Louisiana Public
       Service Commission or other public utility regulatory body, the commissioner of
       financial institutions, the insurance commissioner, the financial institutions and
       insurance regulators of other states, or federal banking regulators who possess
       authority to regulate unfair or deceptive trade practices.
La. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 51:1406.

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                                 No. 12-30934

the regulatory bodies identified in the exemption’s current version. Daigle v.
Trinity United Mortg., L.L.C., 890 So. 2d 583, 590 (La. Ct. App. 2004). A
Louisiana appellate court held in 2005 that the exemption did not apply to
foreclosure activity because such activity was “outside the regulatory authority
of the state and federal banking agencies.” Levine v. First Nat’l Bank of
Commerce, 917 So. 2d 1235, 1241 (La. Ct. App. 2005), aff’d in part and rev’d in
part by 948 So. 2d 1051 (La. 2006). On June 2, 2006, however, the Louisiana
Legislature amended LUTPA to exempt “[a]ny federally insured financial
institution” and “any licensee of the Office of Financial Institutions.” 2006 La.
Sess. Law Serv. 285 (West). Following this amendment, the Louisiana Supreme
Court partially reversed the Court of Appeal’s 2005 decision in Levine, holding
that the defendant bank’s conduct did not violate LUTPA. Levine, 948 So. 2d at
1066 (“Our finding that the Bank’s seizure of Dr. Levine’s property was not
wrongful eliminates any basis for the Bank’s liability to Dr. Levine pursuant to
LUTPA.”).
      Truong submits that because the Louisiana Supreme Court disposed of
Levine on the merits instead of through application of the LUTPA exemption, the
Court of Appeal’s holding respecting the exemption remains intact. Truong
misconstrues the state court’s decision. The Louisiana Supreme Court held that
under federal law—which preempts otherwise applicable state law—the
defendant bank’s actions were not wrongful. Id. at 1064–65. Because allowing
the plaintiff to proceed under LUTPA would “circumvent federal law,” the court
concluded that the absence of a wrongful act under federal law precluded
LUTPA liability. Id. at 1066. Accordingly, we do not view the Louisiana Supreme
Court’s post-amendment decision as an endorsement of the Court of Appeal’s
pre-amendment interpretation of the LUTPA exemption. The 2006 LUTPA
amendment obviously broadens the exemption’s application beyond the Court
of Appeal’s holding in Levine. See Caillet v. Regions Fin. Corp., 282 F.R.D. 406,

                                       13
                                   No. 12-30934

413 (W.D. La. 2012); Cope v. Citimortgage, Inc., No. 2:10 CV 922, 2010 WL
4976868, at *1 (W.D. La. Dec. 1, 2010); Fitch v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., 709
F. Supp. 2d 510, 517 (E.D. La. 2010); Whittington v. Patriot Homes, Inc., Nos. 06-
1068, 06-2129, 2008 WL 1736821, at *3 (W.D. La. Apr. 11, 2008).
      Truong also asks us to hold that the exemption does not apply to BOA or
Wells Fargo because courts “routinely find exceptions to bank exemptions under
state unfair and deceptive trade practice statutes.” See Heastie v. Cmty. Bank of
Greater Peoria, 690 F. Supp. 716 (N.D. Ill. 1988); Vogt v. Seattle-First Nat’l
Bank, 817 P.2d 1364 (Wash. 1991); Plaza Nat’l Bank v. Walker, 767 S.W.2d 276
(Tex. App.—Beaumont 1989, writ denied); Ashlock v. Sunwest Bank of Roswell,
N.A., 753 P.2d 346 (N.M. 1988), overruled on other grounds by Gonzales v.
Surgidev Corp., 899 P.2d 576 (N.M. 1995); Raymer v. Bay State Nat’l Bank, 424
N.E.2d 515 (Mass. 1981). The decisions she offers provide no basis for an
exception. They concern either federal preemption of state law (which is not at
issue here) or statutory exemptions narrower than LUTPA’s exemption of “any
federally insured financial institution.”
      Truong further argues that the exemption does not apply because, as
relevant to her claims, BOA and Wells Fargo did not act in their capacities as
banks, but instead as a mortgage servicer (BOA) and bond trustee (Wells Fargo).
Louisiana’s rules of statutory construction prohibit us from adopting Truong’s
interpretation. Under Louisiana law, “[w]hen the wording of a Section is clear
and free of ambiguity, the letter of it shall not be disregarded under the pretext
of pursuing its spirit.” La. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 1:4; State v. R.W.B., 105 So. 3d 54,
56 (La. 2012) (per curiam). The Louisiana Legislature has decided that LUTPA
should not apply to “[a]ny federally insured financial institution, its subsidiaries,
and affiliates,” and has not set out any exception to this broad rule. La. Rev.
Stat. Ann. § 51:1406(1); see also Crier v. Whitecloud, 496 So. 2d 305, 309–10 (La.
1986) (the legislature may “restrict causes of action” or “creat[e] various areas

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of statutory immunity from suit”). Because the statutory language is
unambiguous, we cannot look behind the text to determine if it properly gives
effect to LUTPA’s “spirit,” nor may we hold that the exemption is overbroad. See
Tenn. Valley Auth. v. Hill, 437 U.S. 153, 194 (1978); R.W.B., 105 So. 3d at 57
(“[I]t is not this court’s role to consider the policy or the wisdom of the legislature
in adopting a statute.”).
       Finally, Truong asks us to hold that she pleaded sufficient facts to state
a cause of action for wrongful seizure under Louisiana law. Because she did not
seek to add this claim below, even when the district court gave her ample
opportunity to do so following the dismissal of her claims, we perceive no error.
See Gabel v. Lynaugh, 835 F.2d 124, 125 (5th Cir. 1988) (per curiam) (“Generally
speaking, we are a court of errors and appeals; and the trial court cannot have
erred as to matters which were not presented to it.”).
       C.     Declaratory Judgment Claim
       Truong’s declaratory judgment claim—requesting a “declaration that [BOA
and Wells Fargo] lacked the necessary authentic evidence to support the use of
executory process”—can be dismissed under Louisiana preclusion principles. See
Exxon Mobil, 544 U.S. at 293. BOA and Wells Fargo argued below and on appeal
that res judicata bars Truong’s claim.9 See Cuvillier, 503 F.3d at 401. In
Louisiana, res judicata embraces both claim preclusion and issue preclusion, and
thus “has two different aspects: 1) foreclosure of relitigating matters that have
never been litigated but should have been advanced in the earlier suit; and 2)
foreclosure of relitigating matters that have been previously litigated and
decided.” In re Interdiction of Stephens, 930 So. 2d 1222, 1226 (La. Ct. App. 2006)
(quotation omitted). Because issuance of a writ of seizure and sale requires a


       9
       As we discussed above, the district court dismissed Truong’s complaint with prejudice,
which none of the parties has challenged. Accordingly, we can affirm the district court’s
judgment as a merits dismissal.

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Louisiana judge to determine that the executory process evidence submitted
with a foreclosure petition is authentic, see La. Code Civ. Proc. Ann. arts. 2635,
2638, the object of Truong’s declaratory judgment claim has already been
decided in a judicial proceeding. Moreover, if authenticity is to be challenged,
this must be done in an injunction proceeding in the court that ordered the writ
to be issued. Deutsche Bank, 59 So. 3d at 1286; Citizens Bank & Trust Co. v.
Little Ford, Inc., 522 So. 2d 1124, 1133 (La. Ct. App. 1988). Both in the
proceedings below and on appeal, Truong has not disputed that her claim
satisfies the requirements for res judicata under Louisiana law. See Countrywide
Home Loans Servicing, 2013 WL 1150496, at *3–4. Accordingly, her declaratory
judgment claim is barred.
                              IV. CONCLUSION
      For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the district court’s judgment.




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