J-S14035-19


NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

    COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA               :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                               :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                               :
                v.                             :
                                               :
                                               :
    WILLIAM NOBBLEN                            :
                                               :
                       Appellant               :   No. 3621 EDA 2017

            Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence October 27, 2017
    In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Criminal Division at
                       No(s): CP-51-CR-0008332-2015


BEFORE:      LAZARUS, J., NICHOLS, J., and PELLEGRINI*, J.

MEMORANDUM BY PELLEGRINI, J.:                            FILED APRIL 30, 2019

        William Nobblen (Nobblen) appeals from the judgment of sentence

imposed by the Philadelphia County Court of Common Pleas (trial court)

following his conviction of Assault of a Law Enforcement Officer, two counts of

Aggravated Assault, Firearms not to be Carried Without a License, Firearms

Not to be Carried on the Streets of Philadelphia, Possession of an Instrument

of a Crime (PIC), and Persons not to Possess a Firearm.1 We affirm.

        We take the following pertinent facts and procedural history from the

trial court’s July 20, 2018 opinion and our independent review of the certified

record. On April 23, 2015, at approximately 10:00 p.m., Police Officer Daniel

Kostick and his partner, Officer Thomas Howe, were on routine bicycle patrol

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1   18 Pa.C.S. §§ 2702.1(a), 2702, 6106, 6108, 907(a), and 6105, respectively.


____________________________________
* Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
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in West Philadelphia. They observed a minivan parked along the side of the

street with its engine running in front of a beer distributor occupied by

Nobblen, who was sitting in the driver’s seat smoking marijuana.           When

Nobblen noticed the officers, he placed his vehicle in drive, started

accelerating towards them, then put the van in reverse, made an illegal U-

turn and drove away at a high rate of speed.           The officers sent out a

description of the van over police radio and split up to pursue it individually to

cover more ground.

      Officer Kostick came into contact with Nobblen, who was then on foot,

and immediately recognized him as the driver of the minivan. After Officer

Kostick asked Nobblen where he was coming from and what he was doing,

Nobblen turned to face the officer and said “[I] didn’t want to have to do

this[,]” as he pulled a semiautomatic firearm out of his waistband. (N.T. Trial,

3/31/17, at 52; see id. at 51). He shot Officer Kostick in the shoulder and

the officer fired his firearm in return.    Officer Kostick fled and radioed for

assistance. Police located Nobblen hiding behind a wall smoking marijuana

and bleeding from two gunshot wounds to his right arm.

      At a jury trial in March 2017, Nobblen was convicted of the above-

mentioned offenses. The trial court sentenced Nobblen to an aggregate term

of not less than thirty-five nor more than seventy years of incarceration. After

the trial court’s denial of Nobblen’s post-sentence motion, this timely appeal

followed.


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       Nobblen raises four issues for our review in which he challenges the

sufficiency of the evidence, the trial court’s refusal to give a requested jury

instruction, the court’s decision regarding his claim of prosecutorial

misconduct, and the court’s sentence. (See Nobblen’s Brief, at 4).

                                               A.

       We begin by addressing his sufficiency claim.2 Nobblen contends that

the evidence was insufficient to support his convictions of assault of a law

enforcement officer, aggravated assault and PIC because he claims he was

acting in self-defense on the night of the shooting. In support of that claim,

Nobblen points to the position of Officer Kostick’s bike on the sidewalk at the

shooting and the position and presence of blood on fired cartridge casings as

evidence establishing his self-defense claim. (See id. at 17).

       “The use of force against a person is justified when the actor believes

that such force is immediately necessary for the purpose of protecting himself

against the use of unlawful force by the other person.” Commonwealth v.



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2 “Whether the evidence was sufficient to support the conviction presents a
matter of law; our standard of review is de novo and our scope of review is
plenary.” Commonwealth v. Smyser, 195 A.3d 912, 915 (Pa. Super. 2018)
(citation omitted). “In conducting our inquiry, we examine whether the
evidence admitted at trial, and all reasonable inferences drawn therefrom,
viewed in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth as verdict winner,
support the jury’s finding of all the elements of the offense beyond a
reasonable doubt.” Id. (citation omitted). “The Commonwealth may sustain
its burden by means of wholly circumstantial evidence.” Id. (citation
omitted).


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Ward, 188 A.3d 1301, 1304 (Pa. Super. 2018), appeal denied, 199 A.3d 341

(Pa. 2018) (citation omitted).     “When a defendant raises a claim of self-

defense by identifying evidence that supports the claim, the Commonwealth

has the burden of disproving self-defense beyond a reasonable doubt.” Id.

(citation omitted).   “Although the defendant has no burden to prove self-

defense, . . . before the defense is properly in issue, there must be some

evidence, from whatever source, to justify such a finding.” Commonwealth

v. Williams, 176 A.3d 298, 309 (Pa. Super. 2017), appeal denied, 187 A.3d

908 (Pa. 2018) (citation omitted).

      Here, the trial court determined that “[Nobblen] failed to introduce any

evidence of self-defense and thus the justification of self-defense was never

properly at issue before this court.” (Trial Ct. Op., at 6). In his appellate

brief, Nobblen baldly claims that Officer Kostick’s bike position and the casings

establish self-defense, but he discusses no testimony in the record supporting

this theory or his allegation that Officer Kostick fired his weapon first. (See

Nobblen’s Brief, at 16-24).    Although Nobblen refers to defense counsel’s

opening statement and closing argument, it is well-settled that an attorney’s

argument is not evidence. See Commonwealth v. Page, 965 A.2d 1212,

1223 (Pa. Super. 2009), appeal denied, 74 A.3d 125 (Pa. 2013). In any event,

the record reflects that Nobblen was the initial aggressor during both the initial

encounter with Officers Kostick and Howe where he accelerated his vehicle

towards them while they were on bicycles; and during the later incident with


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Officer Kostick when he drew and fired his weapon after the officer asked him

a few general questions. (See N.T. Trial, 3/30/17, at 85, 89; see also N.T.

Trial, 3/31/17, at 48, 52-53).          After review, we conclude that Nobblen’s

sufficiency of the evidence claim lacks merit.

                                               B.

       Nobblen next argues that the trial court erred in denying his request

that it instruct the jury on the issue of self-defense where the evidence

warranted such instruction. (See Nobblen’s Brief, at 25-27).3

       “There is no requirement for the trial judge to instruct the jury pursuant

to every request made to the court.”                Phillips, supra at 110 (citation

omitted). “Instructions regarding matters which are not before the court or

which are not supported by the evidence serve no purpose other than to

confuse the jury.” Id. (citation omitted).

       Instantly, as discussed above, the defense theory of self-defense lacked

evidentiary support. We, therefore, discern no abuse of discretion or error of

law in the trial court’s decision not to instruct the jury regarding self-defense.




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3“In deciding whether a trial court erred in refusing to give a jury instruction,
we must determine whether the court abused its discretion or committed an
error of law.” Commonwealth v. Phillips, 946 A.2d 103, 110 (Pa. Super.
2008), appeal denied, 964 A.2d 895 (Pa. 2009), cert. denied, 556 U.S. 1264
(2009) (citation omitted).


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                                               C.

       Nobblen next contends that the prosecutor’s extensive misconduct

during closing argument deprived him of a fair trial. (See Nobblen’s Brief, at

28-34).4 He argues chiefly that the prosecutor made prejudicial references to

his decision to remain silent and not testify and to his right to confront his

accusers. (See id.).5

       “[I]t is well settled that any challenged prosecutorial comment must not

be viewed in isolation, but rather must be considered in the context in which

it was offered.” See Jones, supra at 835 (citation omitted). “Our review of

a prosecutor’s comment and an allegation of prosecutorial misconduct

requires us to evaluate whether a defendant received a fair trial, not a perfect

trial.” Id. (citation omitted). “Thus, it is well settled that statements made

by the prosecutor to the jury during closing argument will not form the basis

for granting a new trial unless the unavoidable effect of such comments would

be to prejudice the jury, forming in their minds fixed bias and hostility toward

the defendant so they could not weigh the evidence objectively and render a


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4 “In reviewing a claim of improper prosecutorial comments, our standard of
review is whether the trial court abused its discretion.” Commonwealth v.
Jones, 191 A.3d 830, 835 (Pa. Super. 2018) (citation omitted).

5 For example, Nobblen asserts that the prosecutor’s statement, “Who is
behaving like a victim and who is behaving like a defendant?” when describing
the actions of Officer Kostick and Nobblen on the night of the shooting was a
comment on Nobblen’s silence at trial. (N.T. Trial, 4/06/17, at 42-44; see
also Nobblen’s Brief, at 29).


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true verdict.” Id. (citation omitted). Counsel is accorded reasonable latitude

and may employ oratorical flair in arguing his or her version of the case to the

jury. See id.

       Here, the trial court concluded that the challenged statements “served

merely as a summary of the facts in the case and [were] presented with

permissible ‘oratorical flair[,]’” and that none of the comments rose to such a

level so as to require the grant of a new trial. (Trial Ct. Op., at 18; see id. at

20). After reviewing the entirety of the prosecution’s closing argument and

considering the context in which the individual-challenged remarks were

made, we cannot conclude that the “unavoidable effect of such comments

would be to prejudice the jury[.]” Jones, supra at 835 (citation omitted).

We also note that we disagree with Nobblen’s characterization of the

challenged comments as improper references to his exercise of his

constitutional rights. Therefore, his prosecutorial misconduct claim fails.

                                               D.

       Lastly, Nobblen contends that the trial court misinterpreted 42 Pa.C.S.

§ 9719.1 to require imposition of a mandatory minimum sentence where the

statute instead mandates a mandatory maximum sentence. (See Nobblen’s

Brief, at 35-45).6


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6 “A trial court’s application of a statute is a question of law, and our standard
of review is plenary. Moreover, our review is limited to determining whether
the trial court committed an error of law.” Commonwealth v. Lewis, 180
A.3d 786, 788 (Pa. Super. 2018) (citation omitted).

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     “The principal objective of interpreting a statute is to effectuate the

intention of the legislature and give effect to all of the provisions of the

statute.” Lewis, supra at 788 (citation omitted). “In construing a statute to

determine its meaning, courts must first determine whether the issue may be

resolved by reference to the express language of the statute, which is to be

read according to the plain meaning of the words.” Id. (citation omitted).

“When analyzing particular words or phrases, we must construe them

according to rules of grammar and according to their common and approved

usage.” Id. (citation omitted).

     Regarding sentences for offenses committed against law enforcement

officers, the Sentencing Code provides:

     (a) Mandatory sentence.—A person convicted of the following
     offense shall be sentenced to a mandatory term of imprisonment
     as follows:

     18 Pa.C.S. § 2702.1(a) (relating to assault of law enforcement
     officer)—not less than 20 years.

42 Pa.C.S. § 9719.1 (emphasis added).

     This Court has determined that “[t]he words ‘not less than’ used in [a]

statute unambiguously connote a minimum term of imprisonment. It strains

all notions of common sense to suggest that ‘not less than’ can reasonably be

interpreted as meaning ‘maximum.’” Commonwealth v. O’Brien, 514 A.2d

618, 620 (1986), appeal denied, 527 A.2d 537 (Pa. 1987); see also

Commonwealth v. Madeira, 982 A.2d 81, 84 (Pa. Super. 2009), appeal

denied, 987 A.2d 160 (Pa. 2009), cert. denied, 560 U.S. 914 (2010)

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(reaffirming definition of “not less than” set forth in O’Brien and stating that

“the phrase . . . refers to the minimum sentence that the trial court may

impose.”).

      Consistent with the foregoing, the trial court found that Section 9719.1

required imposition of a twenty-year minimum sentence.              (See N.T.

Sentencing, 7/24/17, at 13). We discern no error of law in this decision.

      Judgment of sentence affirmed.

Judgment Entered.




Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary



Date: 4/30/19




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