     10-2289-ag
     Zheng v. Holder

1                                         UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
2                                            FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
3
 4                                                 SUMMARY ORDER
 5
 6           Rulings by summary order do not have precedential effect. Citation to a summary order
 7   filed on or after January 1, 2007, is permitted and is governed by Federal Rule of Appellate
 8   Procedure 32.1 and this court’s Local Rule 32.1.1. When citing a summary order in a document
 9   filed with this court, a party must cite either the Federal Appendix or an electronic database
10   (with the notation “summary order”). A party citing a summary order must serve a copy of it
11   on any party not represented by counsel.
12
13          At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at the
14   Daniel Patrick Moynihan United States Courthouse, 500 Pearl Street, in the City of New York,
15   on the 7th day of March, two thousand and twelve.
16
17   PRESENT:
18
19             JOSÉ A. CABRANES,
20             DEBRA ANN LIVINGSTON,
21             SUSAN L. CARNEY,
22                                  Circuit Judges.
23   - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -x
24   MINDENG ZHENG,
25
26                       Petitioner,
27
28                       -v.-                                                                   No. 10-2289-ag
29
30   ERIC H. HOLDER, JR., United States Attorney General,
31
32                        Respondent.
33   - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -x
34   FOR PETITIONER:                                                           Michael Brown, New York, NY.
35
36   FOR RESPONDENT:                                                         Dana M. Camilleri, Trial Attorney (Tony West,
37                                                                           Assistant Attorney General, Ernesto H. Molina,
38                                                                           Jr., Assistant Director, on the brief), Office of
39                                                                           Immigration Litigation, Civil Division, United
40                                                                           States Department of Justice, Washington, D.C.
41
42             Petition for review of a decision of the Board of Immigration Appeals.

43

44
                                                                         1
1            UPON DUE CONSIDERATION of this petition for review of a Board of Immigration

2    Appeals (“BIA”) decision, it is hereby ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND DECREED that the petition

3    for review is DISMISSED in part and DENIED in part.

4

5            Mindeng Zheng, a native and citizen of China, entered the United States in 1991. In 1993,

6    Zheng filed an application for asylum, alleging that he had been persecuted in China because of his

7    involvement in the 1989 pro-democracy student movement. In 1997, Zheng was served with a Notice

 8   to Appear (“NTA”), charging him with removability as an alien not in possession of valid entry

 9   documents. In September 1998, after Zheng failed to appear at a scheduled hearing, an immigration

10   judge (“IJ”) issued a removal order in absentia against him.

11           In June 1999, Zheng filed a motion to reopen with the immigration court, alleging that he was

12   eligible for protection under the Convention Against Torture (“CAT”). Later that year, an IJ reopened

13   Zheng’s proceedings for consideration of CAT relief. In 2000, Zheng again failed to appear before an

14   IJ, whereupon the IJ issued a second in absentia order of removal, finding that Zheng, at a prior hearing,

15   had admitted the factual allegations in the NTA and thereby conceded removability, and had thereafter

16   abandoned his application for relief by failing to appear.

17           Despite having been ordered removed in absentia, Zheng failed to leave the United States. He

18   instead married a U.S. citizen wife, with whom he had a U.S. citizen child in 2005. He alleges that he

19   learned in 2008 that officials from his home town of Changle City (in Fujian Province) had visited his

20   father’s home in China in order to threaten Zheng with arrest. A notice from the DongGuan

21   Community Residential Committee (the “Notice”) was allegedly posted on Zheng’s father’s door stating

22   that Zheng’s activities in the United States—which included his 1993 application for asylum and past

23   political activism—would interfere with the successful hosting of the 2008 Olympic Games and would

24   therefore not be tolerated. Zheng was allegedly ordered to return to China for punishment, and his

25   father was told that if he did not do so, Zheng would be punished even more severely.

26           Shortly after he claims he learned of the Notice, Zheng filed a second motion to reopen the

27   proceedings, asking the immigration court to rescind his second in absentia order of removal and rehear
                                                          2
 1   his case on the merits.1 Zheng stated that he discovered in March 2000 that he had been ordered

 2   removed in absentia, but he did not file a motion to reopen then because he received uncertain advice

 3   from immigration agencies and friends. In support of his motion, Zheng argued that the motion was

 4   exempt from the time limitations on such motions because, although the immigration court sent a notice

 5   of hearing to his attorney, he himself never received notice because the attorney never conveyed the

 6   scheduled hearing date to him. Zheng further asserted that within 30 days of filing his motion he would

 7   file an ineffective assistance of counsel claim against his attorney if it were deemed necessary by the IJ.

 8   Additionally, Zheng argued that his proceedings should be reopened because: (1) his wife had filed an

 9   I-130 immediate relative petition on his behalf; and (2) he feared persecution in China because of the

10   government’s increased persecution of its critics in the run up to the Olympic Games, as the authorities

11   there had discovered that he had applied for asylum in the United States, and, as a result, had visited his

12   family, and ordered him to stop criticizing the government and return to China for punishment. In

13   support of the latter argument, Zheng provided his own affidavit, the affidavit of his father, a document

14   he alleged to be the Notice, and background material on an asserted increase in persecution of political

15   dissidents in China in advance of the 2008 Olympic Games.

16           In a decision rendered on September 18, 2008, an IJ denied Zheng’s motion to reopen as

17   untimely. The IJ found that: (1) the record of proceedings indicated that his attorneys received proper

18   notice of the hearings; (2) Zheng had not established ineffective assistance of counsel because he had

19   not complied with the requirements of Matter of Lozada, 19 I. & N. Dec. 637 (B.I.A. 1988); and (3)

20   because Zheng waited over eight years to seek reopening, he had not demonstrated the due diligence in

21   pursuing his ineffective assistance of counsel claim required to toll the time limitations on motions to

22   rescind or reopen. Additionally, the IJ found that Zheng’s motion did not establish “a relevant and


                   1
                      The portion of Zheng’s motion to reopen that is based on an alleged lack of notice is more properly cast
          as a separate motion to rescind the agency’s in absentia order of deportation. “[A]lthough a motion to rescind is a
          type of motion to reopen, it is distinctive in that a ‘motion to reopen for purposes of rescinding an in absentia
          [removal] order . . . seeks to restart proceedings as if the previous proceedings never occurred.’” Alrefae v. Chertoff,
          471 F.3d 353, 357 (2d Cir. 2006) (quoting Maghradze v. Gonzales, 462 F.3d 150, 152 n.1 (2d Cir. 2006)). However,
          because the distinction between a motion to reopen and a motion to rescind relates only to the available remedy, see
          id., and because we find that any separate motion to rescind would be meritless, we treat Zheng’s filing as a single
          integrated motion to reopen.
                                                                   3
 1   significant” change in conditions in China which would exempt his motion from the time limitations on

 2   motions to reopen.

 3           Zheng appealed to the BIA, arguing that: (1) his motion to reopen was appropriate since he was

 4   a beneficiary of an I-130 petition from his U.S. citizen wife; (2) he had established changed country

 5   conditions, thereby exempting his motion from the time limits; (3) the IJ erred in finding that he had

 6   submitted only copies of documents, as he had submitted the originals in a supplemental packet; and (4)

 7   his motion to reopen had not included a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, but rather had asked

 8   the IJ for an opportunity to bring such a complaint if the IJ thought it was appropriate.

 9           In a May 17, 2010 decision, the BIA denied Zheng’s appeal. The BIA found that the IJ had

10   correctly denied Zheng’s motion as Zheng had failed to demonstrate that he exercised due diligence in

11   pursuing his case and had failed to comply with the requirements of Lozada. Additionally, the BIA

12   found that because Zheng’s motion was untimely, the IJ’s denial of his request for reopening to apply

13   for adjustment of status was correct. Finally, the BIA found that Zheng’s proffered new evidence,

14   purportedly showing that the Chinese authorities sought to punish him because they had discovered that

15   he had applied for asylum and spoken against the government, did not establish changed country

16   conditions because: (1) his documents were not properly authenticated; and (2) his allegations, even if

17   true, established changed personal circumstances, not changed country conditions.

18           Zheng filed a timely petition for review of the BIA’s decision with this Court. In his brief,

19   Zheng argues that the BIA abused its discretion by: (1) failing to consider his eligibility for adjustment of

20   status; (2) dismissing his motion to reopen for failure to comply with Lozada or establish due diligence;

21   (3) improperly discounting the evidentiary value of the documents he offered to support his claim; and

22   (4) finding that he could not establish changed country conditions but only changed personal conditions.

23   In response, the government argues that the BIA did not err, or “abuse its discretion,” in any of these

24   respects.

25                                                 DISCUSSION

26   A.      Standard of Review

27           We review the BIA’s denial of a motion to reopen for “abuse of discretion.” Kaur v. BIA, 413
                                                          4
 1   F.3d 232, 233 (2d Cir. 2005). “We will identify such abuse only if the BIA’s decision-making was

 2   arbitrary or capricious, as evidenced by a decision that provides no rational explanation for the agency’s

 3   conclusion, . . . is devoid of any reasoning, or contains only summary or conclusory statements.” Jian

 4   Hui Shao v. Mukasey, 546 F.3d 138, 169 (2d Cir. 2008) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted);

 5   see generally Sims v. Blot, 534 F.3d 117, 132 (2d Cir. 2008) (explaining the term of art “abuse of discretion”

 6   as including errors of law).

 7   B.      Motion to Reopen

 8           i.         Lack of Notice

 9           Zheng argues that the BIA abused its discretion by addressing his motion to reopen as one

10   based on having received ineffective assistance from his immigration counsel, rather than as a petition to

11   rescind the IJ’s March 2000 in absentia removal order due to his alleged lack of notice of the hearing.

12   While rescission for lack of notice may be granted at any time, 8 C.F.R. § 1003.23(b)(4)(iii)(A)(2),2

13   rescission because a petitioner received ineffective assistance of counsel may be granted only upon a

14   showing of due diligence and by otherwise complying with the requirements of Lozada, 19 I. & N. Dec.

15   637. By casting his motion as one based on ineffective assistance of counsel, Zheng argues, the BIA

16   applied an incorrect standard of proof and thereby abused its discretion or erred.

17           Zheng’s argument is meritless. He could have corrected the agency’s characterization of his

18   application by informing either the IJ or the BIA of the intended basis for his motion, thereby giving

19   himself the opportunity to directly argue for rescission based on lack of notice, but he evidently chose
20   not to do so.3 Further, because he did not correct the agency, and therefore did not argue to the BIA
21   that he merited rescission under 8 U.S.C. § 1229a(b)(5)(C)(ii),4 he has failed to exhaust his administrative

                    2
                     "(A) An order entered in absentia in deportation proceedings may be rescinded . . . upon a motion to
          reopen filed . . . (2) [a]t any time if the alien demonstrates that he or she did not receive notice . . . and the failure to
          appear was through no fault of the alien." 8 C.F.R. § 1003.23(b)(4)(iii)(A)(2).
                    3
                     In fact, in a memorandum of law submitted to the BIA Zheng alleged that the IJ had erroneously denied
          him the opportunity to file a complaint against his former counsel pursuant to Lozada. Zheng cannot now argue
          that the BIA’s invocation of Lozada was improper.
                    4
                    An order of removal in absentia may be rescinded only "upon a motion to reopen filed at any time if the
          alien demonstrates that the alien did not receive notice . . . [or] the alien demonstrates that . . . the failure to appear
          was through no fault of the alien." 8 U.S.C. § 1229a(b)(5)(C)(ii).
                                                                     5
 1   remedies with regard to that basis for relief. Accordingly, we are without jurisdiction to consider this

 2   argument. 8 U.S.C. § 1252(d)(1) (providing that this Court “may review a final order of removal only if

 3   . . . the alien has exhausted all administrative remedies available to the alien as of right”); Karaj v.

 4   Gonzales, 462 F.3d 113, 119 (2d Cir. 2006) (explaining that this jurisdictional rule is absolute with respect

 5   to the requirement that on appeal to the BIA the alien must raise each category of relief subsequently

 6   raised in this Court).

 7           The portion of Zheng’s appeal that is related to his alleged lack of notice—what could be called

 8   a motion to rescind under 8 U.S.C. § 1229a(b)(5)(C)(ii)—is dismissed for want of jurisdiction. We now

 9   turn our attention to whether the agency abused its discretion in denying his motion to reopen under 8

10   U.S.C. § 1229a(c)(7).

11           ii.         Adjustment of Status

12           Zheng’s motion to reopen so that his status could be adjusted on the basis of his wife’s

13   citizenship was indisputably time-barred as it was not filed within 90 days of the entry of the order of

14   removal. Indeed, it was filed more than eight years after the entry of his removal order. See 8 U.S.C.

15   § 1229a(c)(7)(C)(i).5 Insofar as Zheng sought reopening based on his application for adjustment of

16   status, the agency did not abuse its discretion in denying the motion as untimely because an adjustment

17   application is not an exception to the time limitation. See 8 C.F.R. § 1003.2(c)(3)(i)-(iv);6 Ali v. Gonzales,

18   448 F.3d 515, 516–17 (2d Cir. 2006) (holding that the BIA did not abuse its discretion in denying as

19   untimely a motion to reopen in order to apply for adjustment of status).


                    5
                      “Except as provided [in several exceptions inapplicable here], the motion to reopen shall be filed within
           90 days of the date of entry of a final administrative order of removal.” 8 U.S.C. § 1229a(c)(7)(C)(i).

                    6
                        Insofar as it is relevant here, 8 C.F.R. § 1003.2(c) provides as follows:
                               (3) [T]he time limitation . . . shall not apply to a motion to reopen proceedings:
                                            (i) Filed [under certain inapplicable circumstances];
                                            (ii) To apply or reapply for asylum or withholding of deportation based on changed
                                circumstances arising in the country of nationality or in the country to which deportation has
                                been ordered, if such evidence is material and was not available and could not have been
                                discovered or presented at the previous hearing;
                                            (iii) Agreed upon by all parties . . .; or
                                            (iv) Filed by the [INS] in exclusion or deportation proceedings when the basis of the
                                motion is fraud in the original proceeding or a crime that would support termination of
                                asylum . . . .
                                                                     6
 1           iii.    Asylum

 2           Zheng also sought reopening so that he could bring a petition for asylum. There is no time

 3   limitation on motions to reopen to apply for asylum if the alien establishes materially “changed country

 4   conditions arising in the country of nationality.” 8 U.S.C. § 1229a(c)(7)(C)(ii); see also 8 C.F.R.

 5   § 1003.2(c)(3)(ii). The IJ denied Zheng’s motion to reopen on this basis, finding that he had not

 6   established changed country conditions. The BIA affirmed, first finding that Zheng’s evidence was

 7   inadequate because it was not authenticated, and then noting, in the alternative, that even if the evidence

 8   were authentic and adequate, Zheng had alleged only a change in his personal circumstances and thus

 9   could not establish changed country conditions. We find that the former conclusion of the BIA was

10   erroneous. Nevertheless, the BIA’s alternative conclusion—that Zheng’s evidence, even if

11   authenticated, could not support a claim of changed country conditions—was supported by substantial

12   evidence and legally sufficient for it to deny relief. We therefore deny Zheng’s petition for review.

13                   a.       Authentication of Documents

14           The BIA erred when it found that Zheng’s country conditions evidence was of insufficient

15   evidentiary value because it had not been authenticated. The BIA’s decision did not explain how it

16   expected Zheng to further authenticate his documents—which consisted of sworn affidavits from both

17   Zheng and his father, as well as the alleged Notice from the village committee—but based on the BIA’s

18   invocation of Qin Wen Zheng v. Gonzales, 500 F.3d 143 (2d Cir. 2007), we assume the BIA expected

19   Zheng to seek an attestation from a Chinese official that the documents were genuine. See 8 C.F.R. §

20   287.6 (agency regulations providing that certain foreign documents should be attested to by a foreign
21   government official). However, “‘asylum applicants can not always reasonably be expected to have an
22   authenticated document from an alleged persecutor.’” Cao He Lin v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 428 F.3d 391,

23   404 (2d Cir. 2005) (quoting Gui Cun Liu v. Ashcroft, 372 F.3d 529, 532 (3d Cir. 2004)) (holding that an IJ

24   may not reject an asylum seeker’s document solely because the document was not authenticated

25   pursuant to regulation); see also Qin Wen Zheng, 500 F.3d at 148 (absent an adverse credibility

26   determination, “the IJ errs if he or she rejects a document supporting the application solely because it

27   was not properly authenticated under the BIA’s regulations”).
                                                            7
 1                      b.       Changed Circumstances

 2           Although the BIA erred in finding that Zheng’s documents had not been properly authenticated,

 3   it provided an adequate alternative basis for its adverse ruling, leading us to conclude that “remand

 4   would be futile.” Singh v. B.I.A., 438 F.3d 145, 150 (2d Cir. 2006). After determining that Zheng’s

 5   documents would not be credited, the agency went on to note that even if it were inclined to credit

 6   Zheng’s evidence regarding the alleged persecution that awaited him in China, such persecution would
 7   establish “at most a change in [his] personal circumstances,” and could not suffice to establish a change
 8   in country conditions.7 This conclusion, which is supported by substantial evidence in the record, was a

 9   sufficient basis for the BIA to deny relief.

10           We therefore decline to remand Zheng’s petition to the BIA as “there is no realistic possibility

11   that, absent the errors, the . . . BIA would have reached a different conclusion.” Cao He Lin, 428 F.3d at

12   401; see also Singh, 438 F.3d at 149 (remand unnecessary where “despite the IJ’s errors, ‘we can state with

13   confidence that the IJ would adhere to his decision were the petition remanded’ (quoting Xiao Ji Chen v.

14   U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 434 F.3d 144, 161 (2d Cir. 2006)).

15                                                        CONCLUSION

16           In sum, the petition for review is

17           (1) DISMISSED as to the motion to reopen based on a lack of notice or on the allegedly

18   ineffective assistance of counsel; and

19           (2) DENIED as to the motion to reopen for adjustment of status and for asylum.

20

21

22


                    7
                      Changed personal circumstances may include, for example, the birth of a second child (illegal under
           China’s "one child" policy), participation in a democratic political movement, or conversion to a new religion such
           as Christianity or Falun Gong. See, e.g., Yuen Jin v. Mukasey, 538 F.3d 143, 155 (2d Cir. 2008). Changed
           circumstances in the country of origin, by contrast, often include broad national (or regional) changes, such as, for
           example, an increase in anti-Semitism, see Poradisova v. Gonzales, 420 F.3d 70, 81–82 (2d Cir. 2005), or purported
           changes to the enforcement of China’s family planning policy, see Shao, 546 F.3d at 168–70. Highly localized
           persecution such as the city-wide policy alleged by Zheng generally will not be considered to be a changed country
           circumstance sufficient to excuse an untimely asylum petition. See, e.g., Santoso v. Holder, 580 F.3d 110, 112 (2d Cir.
           2009).
                                                                    8
1           Having completed our review, any stay of removal that the Court previously granted in this

2    proceeding is VACATED, and any pending motion for a stay of removal in this proceeding is

3    DENIED as moot.

4

5                                                 FOR THE COURT,
6                                                 Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk of Court
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