[Cite as State v. Smith, 2013-Ohio-576.]


                  Court of Appeals of Ohio
                                EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                   COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA


                               JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION
                                       No. 98280



                                       STATE OF OHIO
                                                      PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE

                                                vs.

                                           TAUNEE SMITH
                                                      DEFENDANT-APPELLANT




                                JUDGMENT:
                             AFFIRMED IN PART,
                      REVERSED IN PART, AND REMANDED


                                     Criminal Appeal from the
                              Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas
                                       Case No. CR-557838

        BEFORE: Boyle, P.J., E.A. Gallagher, J., and Kilbane, J.

        RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: February 21, 2013
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT

Stephen L. Miles
20800 Center Ridge Road
Suite 405
Rocky River, Ohio 44116

ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE

Timothy J. McGinty
Cuyahoga County Prosecutor
BY: Brent C. Kirvel
Assistant County Prosecutor
The Justice Center
1200 Ontario Street
Cleveland, Ohio 44113
MARY J. BOYLE, P.J.:

       {¶1} Defendant-appellant, Taunee Smith, appeals his sentence and convictions.

We affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand for further proceedings.

                                 Procedural History and Facts

       {¶2} In December 2011, Smith was indicted in a multicount indictment on the

following charges: two counts of aggravated murder, in violation of R.C. 2903.01(A) and

(B); two counts of aggravated burglary, in violation of R.C. 2911.11(A)(1) and (A)(2); two

counts of aggravated robbery, in violation of R.C. 2911.01(A)(1) and (A)(3); four counts

of kidnapping, in violation of R.C. 2905.01(A)(2); and one count of having a weapon

under disability, in violation of R.C. 2923.13(A)(2). All the counts carried one- and

three-year firearm specifications, a repeat violent offender specification, and a notice of

prior conviction.

       {¶3} Smith pleaded not guilty to all the charges. He was charged along with

three codefendants: Taylor Dammons, Leonte Cromity, and William Lee.1

       {¶4} Prior to trial, Smith moved to bifurcate the having a weapon while under

disability count, seeking to have that count and the repeat violent offender specifications

tried to the bench.   The trial court granted the motion, and the matter proceeded on the

remaining charges before a jury.


       1
          Chrishawn Slade was indicted separately in a capital case. He ultimately reached a plea
agreement where he pleaded guilty to murder and agreed to testify against Smith at his trial.
       {¶5} We summarize the following facts from the evidence presented at trial.             We

will discuss the facts in further detail as they pertain to the raised assignments of error.

       {¶6} On August 29, 2011, around 10:30 in the evening, DeJohn Dammons was

shot dead with a .40-caliber gun in the driveway of his home on Breckenridge Road in

Euclid. At the time of the shooting, DeJohn’s fiancée, Ebony Johnson, was inside their

home, along with her two daughters, Faith Smedley and Deasia Dammons.

       {¶7} According to Ebony, she was in her bedroom when she heard a “loud

banging” on her front door. She went to the front door and discovered “someone”

banging a gun on the door window and ordering her to open the door. She immediately

ran upstairs and called 911.    Then, her front door was “kicked in.”      The perpetrator ran

upstairs, grabbed the phone from her, and pushed her into her children’s room and turned

on the light, all the while holding a gun to her face and ultimately striking her in the eye

with the gun.   Ebony further testified that, after the person left, she heard a gunshot and

found DeJohn lying face down in the driveway.

       {¶8} Euclid police officer Donald Ivory testified that he responded to a 911 hang

up from the Breckenridge Road residence.         While en route, he learned that there was a

followup call regarding a shooting within one to two minutes after the hang-up call.

Officer Ivory spoke with Ebony at the scene who provided a description of the suspect as a

“dark-skinned black male, approximately five feet, eight inches.”

       {¶9} At trial, Ebony denied that she described the suspect as dark skinned and

instead stated that the suspect was “brown skinned.” She further identified Smith as the
individual who charged into her home.     She acknowledged that she had identified another

person the night of the shooting but that she was never 100 percent certain.          Ebony

further acknowledged that the first time she identified Smith was after seeing his booking

picture in connection with a news story identifying him as being charged in connection

with DeJohn’s homicide. According to Ebony, her daughter first saw the news story

while at her grandmother’s house and told her grandmother that was the person that she

saw in her bedroom the night of the shooting. Ebony looked up the news story on the

Internet and saw Smith’s booking photo.

       {¶10} The state presented the testimony of several witnesses, including all of the

codefendants, as well as Chrishawn Slade, as to the events leading up to the fatal shooting.

 Through the testimony of DeJohn’s younger brother, Taylor Dammons, the state

established that Taylor set the events in motion leading to the homicide of his brother.

       {¶11} Approximately six weeks before the shooting, Taylor had been fired from

DeJohn’s restaurant after money was missing from the cash register.        Taylor, who was

bitter over being fired and the fact that money was withdrawn from his last paycheck,

testified that he orchestrated a plan to rob DeJohn.     The plan required a “group” with

“pistols” to ambush DeJohn outside his house when he returned home from work at night,

taking any cash that DeJohn had and going inside the house.

       {¶12} The state established that DeJohn was a large, muscular man who regularly

boxed. Despite DeJohn’s size, Taylor testified that DeJohn would turn over the money if

confronted by a group with pistols. According to Taylor, DeJohn did not carry a gun.
       {¶13} Taylor testified that he, along with some friends, drove to DeJohn’s house on

three occasions prior to August 29th — the first time simply as a dry run. Taylor

intended to send his friends to confront DeJohn and execute the plan at the house while he

waited in another vehicle.     On subsequent occasions, the plan was not executed because

of “bad timing” or people being around outside. Taylor identified Chrishawn Slade and

Leonte Cromity as both his friends and participants in the earlier attempts.

       {¶14} On the night of the shooting, while Taylor was home, he received a text from

Slade, stating, “I got you.”    Later that evening, around midnight, Taylor received a call

from Slade, who was using Cromity’s cell phone. According to Taylor, Slade told him

that “the robbery didn’t go well, DeJohn was shot, and that he lost his phone there.”

       {¶15} Euclid police detective Daniel Novitski testified as to the extensive

investigation that led to the initial arrest of Slade, followed by the other codefendants:

first, Cromity; second, Taylor; then William Lee; and lastly, Smith.            Det. Novitski

testified that the police recovered photos from the cell phone discovered at the scene and

that Ebony identified one of the photos as a possible match to the perpetrator who charged

into her house.   The police later determined that the photo was a match for Slade.

       {¶16} A few days later, Det. Novitski interviewed Slade, following Slade’s arrest

by Cleveland police in connection with a raid on a house.          Slade initially denied any

involvement in DeJohn’s death, claiming that his cell phone had been stolen. Slade told

the police that he had spent that night at the Quality Inn with his friend, “Tay.”
          {¶17} The police investigated Slade’s alibi, obtaining a video showing Slade and

Leonte Cromity arriving together at the Quality Inn approximately an hour after the

shooting. Upon being interviewed, Cromity denied being with Slade on the night of the

shooting.     He immediately recanted after being shown the video but claimed he “forgot.”

 The police later obtained Cromity’s cell phone records that linked his phone to the area of

DeJohn’s residence at the time of the homicide. Faced with this information, Cromity

admitted to police that he was with Slade, putting himself at the scene as the “get-away”

driver.     Cromity further informed the police of the conversation between Slade and

Taylor following the shooting and that two other males were involved — friends of Slade.

 Det. Novitski testified that Cromity led them to a house on Noble Road where he

believed one of the males lived.    The police later obtained an electric bill in Smith’s name

that connected him to the residence on Noble Road.

          {¶18} During the course of the police investigation of DeJohn’s homicide, Cromity

and another individual were apprehended in the course of a burglary in Euclid.            The

police recovered two firearms from the arrest.

          {¶19} Det. Novitski further testified that, based on the information obtained from

Cromity, the police brought Taylor back into the station for further questioning. Taylor

also consented to a search of his cell phone where     police recovered the text from Slade

to Taylor on the night of the shooting. Taylor ultimately admitted to his involvement.
       {¶20} Following the retrieval of the text and the information obtained from Taylor,

the police obtained an arrest warrant for Slade.     Shortly following Slade’s arrest, the

police obtained an arrest warrant for Taylor and Cromity.

       {¶21} According to Det. Novitski, Cromity ultimately led the police to the identity

of William Lee (nickname “Work”) after Cromity ran into Lee while they were both

incarcerated.   On September 3, 2011, the Cleveland police arrested Lee after he fled from

a car being driven by Smith.     Lee was carrying a 9 mm pistol and was charged with

having a weapon while under disability. Det. Novitski testified that they determined

from Cromity’s telephone records that a few texts were sent back and forth between

Cromity and Lee on the night of the shooting, including a text asking Lee if “he was still

coming.”

       {¶22} Det. Novitski interviewed Lee and questioned him regarding his involvement

in the homicide. According to Det. Novitski, Lee initially denied any involvement but,

within five minutes, Lee ultimately admitted to being involved and stated that “he was just

brought in as an extra body.”     Det. Novitski further testified that, during the course of

his interview, he asked Lee about the name of the fourth individual identified by Slade as

“T.”   Lee claimed that he did not know “T’s” real name but that he had a picture of him

on his Facebook account.     Through Lee’s sister, the police obtained access to Lee’s

Facebook account and the photos. Police subsequently presented the Facebook photos to

Slade, who identified Smith as “T.” The other codefendants, Cromity and Lee, also
positively identified Smith in a photo array presented by police as the fourth person there

on the night of the shooting.

       {¶23} Thereafter, police obtained an arrest warrant for Smith —              the final

codefendant arrested in connection with the homicide, and the only one to deny

involvement.    All of the codefendants agreed to a plea agreement that included a

dismissal of some of the counts and the potential for less prison time provided that they

cooperated at Smith’s trial.

       {¶24} Slade, Cromity, and Lee all testified at trial and identified Smith as the fourth

person who accompanied them the night of the shooting. Although all three accounts

varied as to exact details of the evening, including who entered the house and who shot

DeJohn, the three consistently testified that Smith left the car and accompanied Slade and

Lee to confront DeJohn. Slade also testified that he got $2,000 from DeJohn.

       {¶25} The state also offered the testimony of FBI agent Timothy Kolonick, who

testified that he “came into contact with a written letter that was sent by Smith to Gregory

Craig.” Agent Kolonick subsequently met with Craig, confronted him with a copy of the

letter written by Smith, and had him initial each page.   The state called Craig to testify at

trial. According to Craig, he is Smith’s friend and has known him all his life. The letter

asked Craig to notify police and tell them that Smith was with him on August 29 at

Lakeshore Cocktails all night.      Craig testified, however, that he has never been to

Lakeshore Cocktails and that he burned the letter after receiving it.
        {¶26} Following the presentation of the state’s case, the trial court granted Smith’s

Crim.R. 29 motion for acquittal as to Count 1 of the indictment, aggravated murder, in

violation of R.C. 2903.01(A), but denied it as to the remaining counts.

        {¶27}   Smith offered two witnesses to testify on his behalf. Victor Parker, who

was being held in the county jail at the time of the trial, testified that in the week prior he

ran into Lee who used to supply him with pills, while in the “bullpen” — an area in the

county jail. According to Parker, Lee asked him if “Toon” was being held on his floor.

(Toon is Smith’s nickname.) Parker told him that he did not know Toon but asked if

Toon was a codefendant in his case.      Lee then told him that “he really [is] the fall guy.”

He further disclosed that Toon was not with him during the robbery — “he’s just the fall

guy.”

        {¶28} On cross-examination, Parker acknowledged that Toon confronted him after

the hearing that he was talking about him and that, upon being confronted by Toon, he

then shared what Lee said.

        {¶29} Smith also offered the testimony of his investigator, John Kassay. Kassay

testified as to photos that he took of Smith’s right hand, evidencing a deformity in his

index finger. Smith offered the photos into evidence.

        {¶30} On cross-examination, Kassay testified that in police training the firearm

instruction includes learning to shoot with one’s inferior hand.

        {¶31} After the presentation of all the evidence, the trial court charged the jury on

the counts contained in the indictment, as well as the lesser-included offenses of
aggravated murder, namely, murder in violation of R.C. 2903.02(A) (purposeful intent)

and murder in violation of R.C. 2903.02(B) (felony murder).         The trial court further

charged the jury under the complicity statute, instructing the jury that a person who aids

and abets another in the commission of a crime is equally culpable as the principal

offender.

       {¶32} The jury acquitted Smith of the aggravated murder charge contained in Count

2 but found him guilty of the lesser-included offense of murder with no firearm

specifications attached.    The jury also returned a not guilty verdict of the aggravated

robbery counts but guilty of the remaining counts, namely, the aggravated burglary and

kidnapping counts, with no firearm specifications.

       {¶33}    As to the count and specifications tried to the bench, the state established

that Smith had pled guilty to attempted murder on January 13, 2003. Relying on this

evidence and the evidence presented at trial, the trial court found Smith guilty of having a

weapon while under disability and guilty of the RVO specifications.

       {¶34} The trial court subsequently sentenced Smith to 15 years to life for murder,

ten years for the merged aggravated burglary counts, ten years for the merged kidnapping

charges, and three years on the having a weapon while under disability, all to be served

consecutively, for a total of 35 years to life.

       {¶35} Smith now appeals, raising the following five assignments of error:

       I. The trial court erred by denying the appellant’s motion to suppress the
       appellant’s in-court identification by Ebony Johnson and Faith Smedley.
       II. The appellant’s due process right to being found guilty by a jury
       unanimously was violated when the jury found him guilty of two counts of
       murder pursuant to R.C. 2903.02(A) and R.C. 2903.02(B) on the same
       verdict form, and two counts of aggravated burglary pursuant to R.C.
       2911.11(A)(1) and R.C. 2911.11(A)(2) on the same verdict form.

       III. The appellant’s convictions were against the manifest weight of the
       evidence.

       IV. The trial court erred by sentencing the appellant to a disproportionate
       sentence compared to similarly situated offenders.

       V. The trial court erred by sentencing the appellant to consecutive
       sentences.

                                  Eyewitness Identification

       {¶36} In his first assignment of error, Smith argues that the trial court erred by

allowing Ebony Johnson and Faith Smedley to identify him in court as the person who

held them at gunpoint and forced his way into their house. He contends that the trial

court should have granted his motion to suppress because their in-court identification was

the result of an unduly suggestive booking photograph seen by them on television almost

three months after the shooting.      He further contends that Ebony’s description of the

perpetrator provided to the police did not match his physical description and that she had

previously identified Slade as the perpetrator, evidencing that any identification was

unreliable.

       {¶37} With respect to a motion to suppress, “the trial court assumes the role of trier

of fact and is in the best position to resolve questions of fact and evaluate the credibility of

witnesses.” State v. Hopfer, 112 Ohio App.3d 521, 548, 679 N.E.2d 321 (2d Dist.1996),

quoting State v. Venham, 96 Ohio App.3d 649, 653, 645 N.E.2d 831 (4th Dist.1994).
The court of appeals must accept the trial court’s findings of fact if they are supported by

competent, credible evidence in the record.          State v. Isaac, 2d Dist. No. 20662,

2005-Ohio-3733, citing State v. Retherford, 93 Ohio App.3d 586, 639 N.E.2d 498 (2d

Dist.1994).   Accepting those facts as true, the appellate court must then independently

determine, as a matter of law and without deference to the trial court’s legal conclusion,

whether the applicable legal standard is satisfied. Id.

       To warrant suppression of identification testimony, the accused bears the
       burden of showing that the identification procedure was “so impermissibly
       suggestive as to give rise to a very substantial likelihood of irreparable
       misidentification” and that the identification itself was unreliable under the
       totality of the circumstances.

State v. Bates, 2d Dist. No. 23707, 2012-Ohio-6039, ¶ 15, quoting Manson v. Brathwaite,

432 U.S. 98, 106, 97 S.Ct. 2243, 53 L.Ed.2d 140 (1977); Neil v. Biggers, 409 U.S. 188,

199, 93 S.Ct. 375, 34 L.Ed.2d 401 (1972).

       {¶38} It is well settled that “‘when a witness has been confronted with a suspect

before trial, due process requires a court to suppress her identification of the suspect if the

confrontation was unnecessarily suggestive of the suspect’s guilt and the identification

was unreliable under all the circumstances.’” State v. Murphy, 91 Ohio St.3d 516, 534,

747 N.E.2d 765 (2001), quoting State v. Waddy, 63 Ohio St.3d 424, 438, 588 N.E.2d 819

(1992).   “The rationale for excluding a tainted pretrial identification is to protect the

defendant from misconduct by the state.” State v. Brown, 38 Ohio St.3d 305, 310, 528

N.E.2d 523 (1988).
       {¶39} But in the absence of any action taken by the state, there is no basis to

exclude an in-court identification.     Indeed, “[i]f no state action was involved in any

pretrial exposure to a television newscast showing the defendant’s picture, any alleged

suggestiveness goes to the weight and credibility of the witness’s testimony, rather than to

its admissibility.” State v. Erkins, 1st Dist. No. C-110675, 2012-Ohio-5372, ¶ 66, citing

State v. Monford, 190 Ohio App.3d 35, 2010-Ohio-4732, 940 N.E.2d 634, ¶ 55 (10th

Dist.). Thus, “[w]itness exposure to photographs of the suspect shown on television

before the identification does not require suppression of the identification.”     Erkins at ¶

66.

       {¶40} Here, police did not engage in any suggestive procedure resulting in the

in-court identification. Ebony and Faith’s pretrial exposure to Smith was based on a

news story featured on television and the Internet.     There was no state action taken in this

case. As for Ebony and Faith seeing Smith’s photo on television three months after the

shooting, Smith’s counsel cross-examined them greatly as to the identification — leaving

the jury to weigh the credibility of their testimony.

       {¶41} We find no error in the trial court’s denial of Smith’s motion to suppress.

       {¶42} The first assignment of error is overruled.

                            Verdict Forms and Jury Instructions

       {¶43} In his second assignment of error, Smith argues that his due process rights

were violated by virtue of two verdict forms presented to the jury. He argues that the

verdict forms did not match the instructions given by the judge and that the forms
          improperly merged multiple offenses and presented them in a single charge, thereby

          raising an issue of jury unanimity.

                 {¶44} Initially, we note that Smith never objected to the jury instructions or verdict

          forms despite given the opportunity to do so. He therefore has waived all but plain error.

           An error constitutes plain error if it is obvious and affects a substantial right.   State v.

          Yarbrough, 95 Ohio St.3d 227, 2002-Ohio 2126, 767 N.E.2d 216, ¶ 108.              Plain error

          exists only where it is clear that the verdict would have been otherwise but for the error.

          State v. Skatzes, 104 Ohio St.3d, 2004-Ohio-6391, 819 N.E.2d 215, ¶ 52. Notice of plain

          error is to be taken with utmost caution, under exceptional circumstances, and only to

          prevent a manifest miscarriage of justice. State v. Phillips, 74 Ohio St.3d 72, 83, 656

          N.E.2d 643 (1995).

                 A.     Murder Verdict Form

                 {¶45} We turn first to the verdict form for Count 2 — lesser-included offense of

          aggravated murder as charged in Count 2 of the indictment.             The form states the

          following under the heading “Verdict”:

          We, the Jury in this case being duly empaneled and sworn, do find the Defendant, Taunee
          Smith, (*) ______________ of Murder in violation of §2903.02(A) and (B) of the Ohio
          Revised Code, a Lesser Included Offense of Aggravated Murder as charged in count and
          [sic] Two of the Indictment.

          {¶46} Below this paragraph, contained the following instruction:

          (*) INSERT IN INK:          “GUILTY” or “NOT GUILTY”

          {¶47} Within the blank space, the jury wrote “GUILTY.”         The form was signed by all twelve

jurors.
       {¶48} In its charge to the jury, the trial court stated in pertinent part the following:

       What is the lesser offense? This is an alleged violation of 2903.02(A) and/or (B). If
       you find the State failed to prove beyond a reasonable doubt all the essential elements of
       aggravated murder, then your verdict must be not guilty of that offense. In that event or
       if you’re unable to unanimously agree, you will continue your deliberations to decide
       whether the State has proven beyond a reasonable doubt all of the essential elements of the
       lesser included offense of murder.

       Before you can find the defendant guilty of murder, you must find beyond a reasonable
       doubt that on or about the 29th day of August, 2011, and in Cuyahoga County, Ohio, the
       defendant, A, purposely caused the death of DeJohn Dammons or — this is again
       disjunctive or the alternative — caused the death of DeJohn Dammons as a proximate
       result of committing or attempting to commit aggravated burglary and/or aggravated
       robbery.

       {¶49} The written jury instructions provided to the jury also charged on the lesser-included

offense with the use of the phrase “and/or.”    The verdict form, however, solely stated “and.”

              {¶50} Smith argues that the instructions and the verdict form deprived him of an

       unanimous verdict because “there is no telling if some of the jurors found him guilty of

       murder pursuant to R.C. 2903.02(A) and if some of the jurors found him guilty of murder

       pursuant to R.C. 2903.02(B).”       He argues that the verdict form requires reversal and

       entitles him to a new trial.   We disagree.

              {¶51} Both sections of the statute carry the same penalty and constitute the offense

       of murder.    R.C. 2903.02(A) states: “No person shall purposely cause the death of

       another * * *.”   R.C. 2903.02(B) states: “No person shall cause the death of another as a

       proximate result of the offender’s committing or attempting to commit an offense of

       violence that is a felony of the first or second degree * * *.”
       {¶52} In support of his argument, Smith relies on the Ninth District’s decision in

State v. Ward, 9th Dist. No. 09CA009720, 2011-Ohio-518, where the court found plain

error based on the trial court’s failure to sever an aggravated robbery count into two counts

where the state’s case focused on the prosecution of several distinct acts.   We find Ward

distinguishable from the instant case.      Indeed, even Smith acknowledges that Ward

involves a single murder and single aggravated burglary. Thus, the confusion that the

Ninth District found in Ward regarding several distinct offenses presented within a single

charge simply does not exist in this case. Id. at ¶ 12.

       {¶53} Conversely, the Fifth District addressed this very same issue and found no

plain error. See State v. Collins, 5th Dist. No. 2003-CA-0073, 2005-Ohio-1642. Like

the instant case, the jury was presented with a single verdict form for the charges relating

to violations of R.C. 2903.02(A) and 2903.02(B)— both charges supporting a single

count of murder. The jury returned a guilty verdict that did not specify guilty or not

guilty of murder under R.C. 2903.02(A) or 2903.02(B). Collins argued on appeal that he

was denied his right to a unanimous verdict because it was not clear if the jury

unanimously agreed to the theory of culpable conduct supporting the guilty verdict for

murder.   Id. In rejecting Collins’s argument, the Fifth District relied on the United

States Supreme Court’s decision in Schad v. Arizona, 501 U.S. 624, 111 S.Ct. 2491, 115

L.Ed.2d 555 (1991), noting the following:

       In Schad, the defendant was convicted of first-degree murder after the
       prosecution advanced theories of premeditated murder and felony murder.
       The jury was not instructed to unanimously find defendant guilty based on
       one of the proposed theories of guilt. The Schad court found that different
              mental states of moral and practical equivalence (premeditated and felony
              murder) may serve as alternative means to satisfy the mens rea element for
              the single offense of murder, without infringing upon the constitutional
              rights of the defendant.

       The Schad court noted: “We have never suggested that in returning general verdicts in
       [cases proposing multiple theories] the jurors should be required to agree upon a single
       means of commission, any more than the indictments were required to specify one alone.
       In these cases, as in litigation generally, ‘different jurors may be persuaded by different
       pieces of evidence, even when they agree upon the bottom line. Plainly there is no general
       requirement that the jury reach agreement on the preliminary factual issues which underlie
       the verdict.’” Id. at 631-632, 111 S.Ct. 2491, 115 L.Ed.2d 555, quoting McKoy v. N.
       Carolina (1990), 494 U.S. 433, 449, 110 S.Ct. 1227, 108 L.Ed.2d 369 (1990) (Blackmun,
       J., concurring).

Id. at ¶ 157-158.

       {¶54} The Ohio Supreme Court has likewise applied the reasoning of Schad, rejecting a

defendant’s claim that the right to an unanimous verdict includes a right to an unanimous theory of

culpable conduct supporting that verdict.    See Skatzes, 104 Ohio St.3d 195, 2004-Ohio-6391, 819

N.E.2d 215, ¶ 53-54.

              {¶55} We further note that the jury was instructed several times that it must

       unanimously agree as to each count and to consider each count separately.      Under such

       circumstances, Ohio courts have consistently held that the jury is presumed to have

       reached an unanimous verdict. See, e.g., State v. Bell, 112 Ohio App.3d 473, 679 N.E.2d

       44 (3d Dist.1996); State v. Luks, 8th Dist. No. 89869, 2008-Ohio-3974; State v. Shafer, 8th

       Dist. No. 79758, 2002-Ohio-6632; State v. Hunter, 2d Dist. No. 11853, 1991 Ohio App.

       LEXIS 626 (Feb. 12, 1991). Notably, in addition to all 12 jurors signing their names on

       the verdict form, all 12 jurors raised their hands upon being polled as to their finding of

       guilty on the murder charge.     And while the record contains sufficient evidence to
support either lesser-included offense, we note that the jury’s verdict finding Smith guilty

of a separate count of aggravated burglary, coupled with the undisputed evidence that

DeJohn died from a bullet fired during the course of the burglary, dispels any fear of the

jury being confused over the charge and its guilty verdict of murder.

       {¶56} Accordingly, we find no plain error with respect to the murder conviction.

       B.     Verdict Form for Two Counts of Aggravated Burglary

       {¶57} Smith next challenges the trial court’s use of a single verdict form for

convicting him of two separate counts of aggravated burglary, violations of R.C.

2911.11(A)(1) and (A)(2).     Unlike the murder verdict form used to cover a single count

of murder, this verdict form essentially “merged” two separate counts into a single verdict

form, forcing the jury to make a single determination for two separate counts.

       {¶58} While it is obvious that the trial court, as well as the attorneys, believed that

the two counts would merge as allied offenses if the jury found Smith guilty under each of

them, a merger of the offenses is only permitted after the jury renders a separate verdict on

each count. See Crim.R. 31. Nonetheless, we do not find plain error as it relates to

Count 4, a violation of R.C. 2911.11(A). Here, the record contains a written question

from the jury to the trial judge specifically related to this verdict form, asking the

following question:

Counts 4 & 5 merged creates a problem for us, the jury. We don’t find the Defendant
guilty of the Firearm Specifications. Counts 4 & 5 combined, we find that the offender
“DID” or is “Guilty” of Count 4, but NOT GUILTY of Count 5. Can we separate Counts
4 and 5?
       {¶59} With the agreement of the both the state and defense, the trial judge responded to

the question as follows:

       4 & 5 are under both possible theories either/or (in the disjunctive).
       * * * criminal offense, to wit: Theft, R.C. 2913.02(A)(1) & the offender had a
       deadly weapon or dangerous ordnance, to wit: firearm on or about his person or
       under his control
       [OR]
       * * * Theft, R.C. 2913.02(A)(1), & the offender recklessly inflicted, or attempted to

       inflict physical harm on DeJohn Dammons.

       {¶60} While this instruction may have been permissible if the jury was considering a

single count, the same does not hold true when the jury was presented with two separate counts of

the indictment on one verdict form.    Any concern as to whether the jury unanimously agreed as

to Count 4 is eliminated by virtue of the jury’s question to the trial judge. Conversely, however,

it is clear that Smith should have been acquitted of Count 5 and that the jury would have returned

a not guilty verdict as to this count if presented with a separate verdict form.    Accordingly, we

uphold the conviction as it relates to Count 4 and vacate the conviction as it relates to Count 5.

       {¶61} The second assignment of error is overruled in part and sustained in part.

                                     Manifest Weight of the Evidence

              {¶62} In his third assignment of error, Smith challenges his convictions as being

       against the manifest weight of the evidence.     He contends that the evidence presented by

       the state to support the murder, aggravated burglary, and kidnapping convictions lacked

       credibility.   He further argues that the absence of any physical evidence tying him to the

       crime scene warrants a reversal.   We disagree.
       {¶63} When a defendant asserts that a conviction is against the manifest weight of

the evidence, an appellate court must review the entire record, weigh the evidence and all

reasonable inferences, consider the credibility of witnesses and determine whether, in

resolving conflicts in the evidence, the factfinder clearly lost its way and created such a

manifest miscarriage of justice that the conviction must be reversed and a new trial

ordered. State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 387, 678 N.E.2d 541 (1997).

       {¶64} Smith argues that Ebony and Faith’s testimony identifying him as the

perpetrator who entered their home was not credible and arose only after they knew the

police had arrested him in connection with the crime.      Smith further contends that any

identification of him was not reliable because (1) Ebony previously identified Slade, and

(2) Ebony’s physical description of the suspect given to the police did not match him. He

further contends that the only other evidence tying him to any involvement in the crimes

comes from the codefendants — all of whom have extensive criminal records, repeatedly

lied to the police throughout the investigation, contradicted each other as to the details of

the evening, and clearly had a motive to testify against him to secure a favorable deal with

the state.   While all of these assertions are true, the jury heard these factors and had the

opportunity to weigh the credibility of the witnesses.

       {¶65} We further note that, even if the jury did not believe Ebony and Faith’s

identification, they could have still found Smith guilty under the complicity charge

provided by the court.    Indeed, even if the jury believed that Slade was the perpetrator to
enter the home, Smith’s participation and assistance that night subjects him to liability as

an aider and abettor.

       {¶66} As for Smith’s participation — Slade, Cromity, and Lee’s testimony all

identified him as the fourth person who accompanied them that night and exited the car,

along with Slade and Lee, to take down DeJohn. This was not a case of Smith merely

being present at the scene.   Additionally, the state established that the plan to rob required

at least three people to ambush DeJohn because of DeJohn’s size. And although Slade’s

testimony implicated Smith as the shooter, whereas Lee and Cromity’s testimony

implicated Slade as the shooter, the identity of the shooter was not crucial to obtaining a

conviction against Smith. Again, the state prosecuted Smith under the complicity statute.

 The jury was charged that it could find Smith guilty of any of the offenses if it found that

he aided and abetted in the commission of the offenses. Here, the testimony of all the

codefendants consistently identified Smith as the fourth person who assisted in the crimes.

       {¶67} Further, we find that aside from the codefendants’ testimony, Smith

implicated himself in the crimes by virtue of the letter he sent to his lifelong friend,

obviously seeking a false alibi for the night of the shooting.

       {¶68} Under well-settled precedent, we are constrained to adhere to the principle

that the credibility of witnesses and the weight to be given to their testimony are matters

for the trier of fact to resolve. See State v. DeHass, 10 Ohio St.2d 230, 231, 227 N.E.2d

212 (1967). As this court has previously recognized, a defendant is not entitled to a

reversal on manifest-weight grounds merely because inconsistent evidence was presented
at trial. State v. Gaughan, 8th Dist. No. 90523, 2009-Ohio-955, ¶ 32, citing State v.

Raver, 10th Dist. No. 02AP-604, 2003-Ohio-958 at ¶ 21.

       {¶69} As for the having a weapon while under disability count that was tried to the

bench, we likewise cannot say that the verdict is against the manifest weight of the

evidence.    In support of this count, the state presented evidence that Smith had been

convicted of attempted murder in 2003. The mere fact that the jury did not convict Smith

of the firearm specifications did not preclude the trial judge from finding that Smith was

carrying a firearm. The trial judge was free to believe Slade’s testimony that Smith had a

gun.

       {¶70} Based on the record before us, we cannot say that this is the exceptional case

where the jury clearly lost its way.      Accordingly, the third assignment of error is

overruled.

                                         Sentence

       {¶71} In his fourth and fifth assignments of error, Smith argues that the trial court

erred in imposing the sentence. He contends that his sentence is not proportionate to

other similarly-situated offenders, namely, the codefendants, and that the trial court failed

to consider the new sentencing guidelines outlined in H.B. 86 to warrant consecutive

sentences.

       {¶72} An appellate court must conduct a meaningful review of the trial court’s

sentencing decision.   State v. Johnson, 8th Dist. No. 97579, 2012-Ohio-2508, ¶ 6, citing

State v. Hites, 3d Dist. No. 6-11-07, 2012-Ohio-1892, ¶ 7.               Specifically, R.C.
2953.08(G)(2) provides that our review of consecutive sentences is not an abuse of

discretion.   An appellate court must “review the record, including the findings underlying

the sentence or modification given by the sentencing court.” Id. If an appellate court

clearly and convincingly finds either that (1) “the record does not support the sentencing

court’s findings under [R.C. 2929.14(C)(4)],” or (2) “the sentence is otherwise contrary to

law,” then “the appellate court may increase, reduce, or otherwise modify a sentence * * *

or may vacate the sentence and remand the matter to the sentencing court for

resentencing.” Id.

       {¶73} H.B. 86, which became effective on September 30, 2011, revived the

language provided in former R.C. 2929.14(E) and moved it to R.C. 2929.14(C)(4). The

revisions to the felony sentencing statutes under H.B. 86 now require a trial court to make

specific findings when imposing consecutive sentences. R.C. 2929.14(C)(4) provides, in

relevant part:

       (4) If multiple prison terms are imposed on an offender for convictions of
       multiple offenses, the court may require the offender to serve the prison
       terms consecutively if the court finds that the consecutive service is
       necessary to protect the public from future crime or to punish the offender
       and that consecutive sentences are not disproportionate to the seriousness of
       the offender’s conduct and to the danger the offender poses to the public,
       and if the court also finds any of the following:

       (a) The offender committed one or more of the multiple offenses while the
       offender was awaiting trial or sentencing, was under a sanction imposed
       pursuant to section 2929.16, 2929.17, or 2929.18 of the Revised Code, or
       was under post-release control for a prior offense.

       (b) At least two of the multiple offenses were committed as part of one or
       more courses of conduct, and the harm caused by two or more of the
       multiple offenses so committed was so great or unusual that no single prison
      term for any of the offenses committed as part of any of the courses of
      conduct adequately reflects the seriousness of the offender’s conduct.

      (c) The offender’s history of criminal conduct demonstrates that consecutive
      sentences are necessary to protect the public from future crime by the
      offender.

      {¶74} In this case, the trial court failed to comply with the mandate of H.B. 86

before imposing consecutive sentences.     Indeed, the trial court failed to make a single

finding on the record.   The trial court merely stated the term of the sentence on the

record.   Accordingly, we sustain the fifth assignment of error, vacate the consecutive

sentence, and remand for resentencing on this issue.

      {¶75} With respect to Smith’s proportionality argument, we note that there is no

requirement that codefendants receive equal sentences. See State v. Nelson, 11th Dist. No.

2008-L-072, 2008-Ohio-5535. Indeed, R.C. 2929.11(B) states that a felony sentence must

be “consistent with sentences imposed for similar crimes committed by similar offenders.”

The goal of felony sentencing is to achieve consistency not uniformity.     State v. Pruitt,

8th Dist. No. 98080, 2012-Ohio-5418, ¶ 26, citing State v. Marshall, 8th Dist. No. 89551,

2008-Ohio-1632; State v. Dawson, 8th Dist. No. 86417, 2006-Ohio-1083 (although an

offense may be similar, distinguishing factors may justify dissimilar treatment). Further,

“consistency in sentencing does not result from a case-by-case comparison, but by the trial

court’s proper application of the statutory sentencing guidelines.” State v. Dahms, 6th

Dist. No. S-11-028, 2012-Ohio-3181, ¶ 22, citing State v. Hall, 179 Ohio App.3d 727,

2008-Ohio-6228, 903 N.E.2d 676, ¶ 10 (10th Dist.).
       {¶76} Smith’s argument, however, is based on the trial court imposing a

consecutive sentence resulting in 35 years to life.        Given that we are vacating the

consecutive sentences, we find that Smith’s fourth assignment of error is moot. Further,

Smith can raise the issue of proportionality upon remand for a new sentencing hearing on

the issue of consecutive sentences.         See State v. Wilson, 8th Dist. No. 91971,

2010-Ohio-1196, ¶ 101.

       {¶77} In summary, we affirm Smith’s convictions for murder, kidnapping, having a

weapon while under disability, and a single count of aggravated burglary as contained in

Count 4. We vacate Smith’s conviction for aggravated burglary as stated in Count 5.

The trial court’s judgment sentencing Smith to 15 years to life for murder, ten years for

aggravated burglary, ten years for kidnapping, and three years for having a weapon while

under disability is affirmed. The portion of the trial court’s judgment ordering that the

sentences be served consecutively is vacated.     The case is remanded to the trial court to

consider whether consecutive sentences are appropriate and, if so, to enter the proper

findings on the record.

       {¶78} Judgment affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded to the lower court

for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

       It is ordered that appellant and appellee share in the costs herein taxed.

       The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

       It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this court directing the common

pleas court to carry this judgment into execution. The defendant’s conviction having
been affirmed in part, any bail pending appeal is terminated.    Case remanded to the trial

court for execution of sentence.

       A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27 of the

Rules of Appellate Procedure.




MARY J. BOYLE, PRESIDING JUDGE

EILEEN A. GALLAGHER, J., and
MARY EILEEN KILBANE, J., CONCUR
