[Cite as State v. White, 2019-Ohio-4288.]


                              IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
                                 FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                       ADAMS COUNTY


STATE OF OHIO,                               :      Case No. 18CA1080

        Plaintiff-Appellee,                  :

v.                                           :     DECISION AND
                                                   JUDGMENT ENTRY
JENNIFER WHITE,                              :

        Defendant-Appellant.                 :     RELEASED 10/11/2019

______________________________________________________________________
                            APPEARANCES:

Timothy Young, Ohio Public Defender, and Addison M. Spriggs, Ohio Assistant Public
Defender, Columbus, Ohio, for appellant.

David Kelley, Adams County Prosecutor, West Union, Ohio, for appellee.
______________________________________________________________________
Hess, J.

        {¶1}     Jennifer White appeals her conviction for felonious assault in violation of

R.C. 2903.11(A)(2).          Initially, White maintains her conviction is not supported by

sufficient evidence because the state failed to introduce evidence that the pocketknife

used during the altercation was capable of inflicting death and therefore a deadly

weapon. After viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution, we

conclude that any rational trier of fact could have found this element of the crime proven

beyond a reasonable doubt.

        {¶2}     Next, White claims the trial court erred when it instructed the jury that the

affirmative defense of self-defense was unavailable if she “was unlawfully or without

privilege to be at the location where the defensive force was used.” White asserts this

instruction was inappropriate because there was conflicting evidence about the location
Adams App. No. 18CA1080                                                                     2


of the altercation. At trial, White objected to the instruction for a different reason, so she

forfeited all but plain error review as to her conflicting evidence argument. White does

not argue plain error, and we decline to sua sponte conduct a plain error analysis.

       {¶3}   Finally, White asserts that the trial court erred when it ordered restitution

without a hearing and without evidence of the amount of the victim’s economic loss.

White failed to develop any argument regarding the lack of a restitution hearing, so we

reject this claim. However, we agree the court erred when it ordered restitution without

competent, credible evidence to discern the amount of restitution to a reasonable

degree of certainty. We affirm the trial court’s judgment in part, reverse it in part, and

remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

                                         I. FACTS

       {¶4}   The Adams County grand jury indicted White on one count of felonious

assault in violation of R.C. 2903.11(A)(1) and one count of felonious assault in violation

of R.C. 2903.11(A)(2). She pleaded not guilty, and at trial, the state presented the

following evidence. White previously dated the son of Joan Campbell. On July 12,

2018, White arrived at Campbell’s home in a black Kia. Campbell told White to leave,

and White refused. Campbell called the sheriff’s office, and White left. Then, Deputy

Brandon Asbury and Deputy Jason Hanson of the Adams County Sheriff’s Office

arrived. Campbell told them White may have gone to Gidget Parker’s house. Next,

Campbell called her daughter, Stephanie Grooms, who lived near Parker. Grooms

thought she saw the Kia at Parker’s house, drove past the house to confirm that fact,

and drove to Campbell’s house.
Adams App. No. 18CA1080                                                               3


      {¶5}   Subsequently, the deputies drove toward Parker’s house, and Grooms

followed them. At some point, Grooms turned, saw the Kia traveling in the direction of

Campbell’s house, and followed it into Campbell’s driveway.       Campbell called the

sheriff’s office again. White exited the passenger side of the Kia, then Grooms exited

her vehicle. White started “rambling” and “making threats.” Grooms said, “Do you not

understand what you’re not welcome here means?” and told White, “Get in your car and

get out of here.” White initiated an altercation during which she cut Grooms’ left arm,

resulting in an approximately two-inch long laceration that was deep enough to expose

muscle, required five or six stitches and glue, and left a permanent scar. Eventually,

White got back into the Kia, and Parker started to drive the vehicle away, but the

deputies initiated a traffic stop. Deputy Hanson found a pocketknife with bloodstains on

it inside the Kia. White admitted she had used the pocketknife but claimed she had

acted in self-defense. The deputies thought White was impaired by alcohol.

      {¶6}   White testified to her version of events. She testified that Campbell’s son

wanted to reconcile with her, and she picked him up down the road from Campbell’s

home so they could talk. Campbell called law enforcement because she did not want

her son to leave. White parked near a creek, and after she told Campbell’s son that she

did not want to reconcile, he got on a bridge with a rope. White feared he might kill

himself. She panicked, went to a gas station, got gas and a beer, and went to Parker’s

house. Parker then drove White to Campbell’s house and parked on the road. White

tried to tell Campbell that her son was “acting crazy” and “needed help,” but Campbell

swore at her and told her to leave. White and Parker left, but later, Grooms started to

follow them, and White feared that Grooms was going to hit them. Parker stopped at a
Adams App. No. 18CA1080                                                                  4


vacant lot near Campbell’s house. Grooms pulled beside them, got out of her vehicle,

and punched White in the head through an open car window. When White “came to,”

her car door was open, she was hanging out of her car, and Grooms was choking her.

Fearing for her life, White stabbed Grooms.

      {¶7}   The jury found White not guilty of felonious assault in violation of R.C.

2903.11(A)(1) but guilty of felonious assault in violation of R.C. 2903.11(A)(2). The trial

court sentenced her to five years in prison and ordered her to pay $541.73 in restitution

to Grooms.

                            II. ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR

      {¶8}   White presents three assignments of error:

      I. Ms. White’s conviction for felonious assault under R.C. 2903.11(A)(2) is
      not supported by sufficient evidence under the Fifth and Fourteenth
      Amendments to the United States Constitution, and Ohio Constitution,
      Article I, Section 10. October 23, 2018 Judgment Entry on Sentencing.

      II. The trial court committed error when it issued jury instructions for the
      self-defense affirmative defense that included an instruction on unlawful
      location. Fifth, Sixth, and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States
      Constitution; Ohio Constitution, Article I, Sections 10 and 16; Ohio Jury
      Instructions, CR Section 421.21; October 23, 2018 Jury Instructions.

      III. The trial court abused its discretion when it ordered Ms. White to pay
      restitution without any evidence or hearing on the matter. R.C. 2929.18.

                        III. SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE

      {¶9}   In the first assignment of error, White contends her conviction for felonious

assault in violation of R.C. 2903.11(A)(2) is not supported by sufficient evidence

because the state presented no evidence that her pocketknife was capable of inflicting

death. White notes that in State v. Ratcliff, 4th Dist. Pickaway No. 82 CA 13, 1983 WL

3288 (Oct. 26, 1983), we observed not all knives are designed for use as weapons,
Adams App. No. 18CA1080                                                                 5


examined the characteristics of the knife at issue, and concluded it was not a weapon

per se. White asserts that here, the evidence showed the pocketknife had a blade “no

longer than three inches,” the pocketknife was “more of a tool,” and the victim’s “wound

carried little risk of death.” White also maintains that because the jury acquitted her of

the R.C. 2903.11(A)(1) count, i.e., knowingly causing serious physical harm to another,

the state failed to prove that her pocketknife was capable of inflicting death.

       {¶10} “When a court reviews a record for sufficiency, ‘[t]he relevant inquiry is

whether, after viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution, any

rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime proven beyond

a reasonable doubt.’ ” (Alteration in Maxwell.) State v. Maxwell, 139 Ohio St.3d 12,

2014-Ohio-1019, 9 N.E.3d 930, ¶ 146, quoting State v. Jenks, 61 Ohio St.3d 259, 574

N.E.2d 492 (1991), paragraph two of the syllabus, following Jackson v. Virginia, 443

U.S. 307, 99 S.Ct. 2781, 61 L.Ed.2d 560 (1979).          In State v. Anderson, 4th Dist.

Highland No. 18CA14, 2019-Ohio-395, we explained:

       A sufficiency assignment of error challenges the legal adequacy of the
       state’s prima facie case, not its rational persuasiveness. “That limited
       review does not intrude on the jury’s role ‘to resolve conflicts in [the]
       testimony, to weigh the evidence, and to draw reasonable inferences from
       basic facts to ultimate facts.’ ” Musacchio v. United States, ___ U.S. ___,
       136 S.Ct. 709, 715, 193 L.Ed.2d 639 (2016), quoting Jackson at 319 * * *.

(Citation omitted.) Id. at ¶ 13.

       {¶11} R.C. 2903.11(A)(2) states: “No person shall knowingly * * * [c]ause or

attempt to cause physical harm to another * * * by means of a deadly weapon * * *.” A

deadly weapon is “any instrument, device, or thing capable of inflicting death, and

designed or specially adapted for use as a weapon, or possessed, carried, or used as a

weapon.”    R.C. 2923.11(A); R.C. 2903.11(E)(1).         “ ‘When determining whether a
Adams App. No. 18CA1080                                                                  6


defendant possessed a deadly weapon, the factfinder “is entitled to draw all reasonable

inferences from the evidence presented.” ’ ” State v. Williams, 4th Dist. Highland No.

18CA15, 2019-Ohio-2756, ¶ 36, quoting State v. D’Souza, 4th Dist. Scioto No.

13CA3586, 2014-Ohio-5650, ¶ 27, quoting State v. Vonderberg, 61 Ohio St.2d 285, 401

N.E.2d 437 (1980), syllabus.

       {¶12} Any rational trier of fact could have found beyond a reasonable doubt that

the pocketknife White wielded was capable of inflicting death. “It almost follows without

the need to cite legal authority that * * * a knife * * * is capable of inflicting a deadly

wound.    This is especially so if [it] were plunged into the victim’s neck.”     State v.

Umphries, 4th Dist. Ross No. 02CA2662, 2003-Ohio-599, ¶ 8. See also State v. Hesler,

4th Dist. Adams No. 421, 1985 WL 8345, *2 (Sept. 3, 1985), quoting State v. Anderson,

2 Ohio App.3d 71, 440 N.E.2d 814 (1st Dist.1981), syllabus (“a knife is ‘readily

identifiable as * * * * capable of inflicting death’ ”). “[C]ommon sense and experience

dictate that a knife is capable of inflicting death when wielded with the requisite intent

and force.” State v. Henderson, 5th Dist. Richland No. 17CA104, 2018-Ohio-4263, ¶

22. Here, the jurors could infer from their common sense and experience that the

pocketknife, which caused a laceration deep enough to expose muscle and require

multiple stitches and glue, was capable of inflicting death if wielded with the requisite

intent and force on a vital area.

       {¶13} White’s reliance on Ratcliff is misplaced.       There, the defendant was

convicted of carrying a concealed weapon, i.e., a pocketknife.          Ratcliff, 4th Dist.

Pickaway No. 82 CA 13, 1983 WL 3288, *1, 3. On appeal, he asserted the pocketknife

did not satisfy the definition of a deadly weapon. See id. at 3. However, unlike White,
Adams App. No. 18CA1080                                                                                      7

the defendant did not contend the pocketknife was incapable of inflicting death. Id.

Rather, he argued that the state failed to show the pocketknife was designed or

specially adapted for use as a weapon or that he possessed, carried, or used it as a

weapon, and we agreed.              Id.   Here, even if the pocketknife was not designed or

specially adapted for use as a weapon, the evidence shows White used the pocketknife

as a weapon, and she does not assert otherwise.

        {¶14} Because sufficient evidence supports the conclusion that the pocketknife

was a deadly weapon, we overrule the first assignment of error.

                                      IV. JURY INSTRUCTIONS

        {¶15} In the second assignment of error, White contends the trial court erred

when it instructed the jury: “If the Defendant was unlawfully or without privilege to be at

the location where the defensive force was used, then in that event, the defense of self-

defense is not available.”1 White claims she objected to the instruction at trial, so plain

error review does not apply. She maintains the instruction “incorrectly explained the

basic standard of self-defense.” She asserts this incident “did not occur in [Campbell’s]

home or on her porch,” and there was “conflicting and unclear testimony” regarding

whether the incident happened on Campbell’s property or a neighboring property. White

states that the trial court “could not clearly determine where the incident occurred based

off contradictory testimony,” and “[i]t would create an absurd result to adopt a rule

regarding trespass when it was not clearly established that a trespass had occurred.”

        {¶16} “A trial court is obligated to provide jury instructions that correctly and

completely state the law. The jury instructions must also be warranted by the evidence

1 This quotation is taken from the written jury instructions, which the trial court filed and gave to the jury.
The portion of the transcript containing the oral jury instructions appears to contain a typographical error,
stating the trial court used the phrase “defense of force,” rather than “defensive force.”
Adams App. No. 18CA1080                                                                 8


presented in a case. The question of whether a jury instruction is legally correct and

factually warranted is subject to de novo review.”      (Citations omitted.)   Cromer v.

Children’s Hosp. Med. Ctr. of Akron, 142 Ohio St.3d 257, 2015-Ohio-229, 29 N.E.3d

921, ¶ 22. “On appeal, a party may not assign as error the giving or the failure to give

any instructions unless the party objects before the jury retires to consider its verdict,

stating specifically the matter objected to and the grounds of the objection.” (Emphasis

added.)    Crim.R. 30(A).   “Thus, a defendant’s failure to object to the challenged

instruction forfeits all but plain error.” State v. McIntosh, 4th Dist. Gallia No. 17CA14,

2018-Ohio-5343, ¶ 59, citing State v. White, 142 Ohio St.3d 277, 2015-Ohio-492, 29

N.E.3d 939, ¶ 57.     To prevail under the plain error standard, “the defendant must

establish that an error occurred, it was obvious, and it affected his or her substantial

rights.”   State v. Fannon, 2018-Ohio-5242, 117 N.E.3d 10, ¶ 21 (4th Dist.), citing

Crim.R. 52(B); State v. Barnes, 94 Ohio St.3d 21, 27, 759 N.E.2d 1240 (2002). “Notice

of plain error under Crim.R. 52(B) is to be taken with the utmost caution, under

exceptional circumstances and only to prevent a manifest miscarriage of justice.” State

v. Long, 53 Ohio St.2d 91, 372 N.E.2d 804 (1978), paragraph three of the syllabus.

       {¶17} Here, White failed to object to the jury instruction on the specific ground

she raises on appeal and has therefore forfeited all but plain error. At trial, defense

counsel objected to the instruction on the basis that it applied only to altercations that

occurred inside a home or vehicle. White makes a new argument on appeal—that the

instruction was improper due to conflicting testimony about whether the incident

happened on Campbell’s property.
Adams App. No. 18CA1080                                                                     9


       {¶18} Although White mentioned plain error in her appellate brief, she claimed

that she objected to the instruction at issue and did not specifically request plain error

review. In her reply brief, she argued plain error review does not apply. We decline to

construct a plain error argument on her behalf.           See State v. Steers, 4th Dist.

Washington No. 11CA33, 2013-Ohio-3266, ¶ 20 (declining to sua sponte review an

assignment of error using a plain error analysis). We do, however, observe that in Ellis

v. State, 64 Ohio St.3d 391, 395, 596 N.E.2d 428 (1992), the Supreme Court of Ohio

stated: “A trespasser is not entitled to assert self-defense to justify an assault upon

another who legitimately used non-lethal force to exclude him from the property.” We

also observe that although there was conflicting evidence about the location of the

altercation in this case, the instruction at issue used conditional language, and “[i]t is the

duty of the trier of fact to resolve any conflicts in the evidence presented at trial.” State

v. Daniels, 4th Dist. Scioto No. 11CA3423, 2011-Ohio-5603, ¶ 21. We overrule the

second assignment of error.

                                     V. RESTITUTION

       {¶19} In the third assignment of error, White contends the trial court erred when

it ordered her to pay restitution without a hearing and without any evidence to support

the amount of restitution.

       {¶20} We reject the contention that the trial court erred because it did not

conduct a restitution hearing. White did not develop any argument with respect to this

claim in violation of App.R. 16(A)(7) (“The appellant shall include in its brief * * * [a]n

argument containing the contentions of the appellant with respect to each assignment of

error presented for review and the reasons in support of the contentions, with citations
Adams App. No. 18CA1080                                                                    10


to the authorities, statutes, and parts of the record on which appellant relies”).

Moreover, “[a] trial court is required to conduct a hearing on restitution only if the

offender, victim, or survivor disputes the amount of restitution ordered.” State v. Lalain,

136 Ohio St.3d 248, 2013-Ohio-3093, 994 N.E.3d 423, paragraph two of the syllabus.

See R.C. 2929.18(A)(1). Here, White did not dispute the amount of restitution ordered

at the sentencing hearing. Thus, we overrule the third assignment of error to the extent

it challenges the trial court’s failure to conduct a restitution hearing.

       {¶21} Regarding the amount of restitution, White asserts that although the

assistant prosecutor requested $541.73 in restitution, the record contains no competent,

credible evidence to support that amount. White acknowledges that she did not object

to the restitution order but asserts she is entitled to relief pursuant to State v. Alexander,

4th Dist. Scioto No. 10CA3402, 2012-Ohio-2041. The state asserts White agreed to the

amount of restitution because after the state requested it, the trial court stated, “Submit

it counselors?” and defense counsel stated, “Yes, Your Honor.” The state also asserts

that White cannot establish plain error because she did not introduce any evidence to

establish a different restitution amount than the state recommended.

       {¶22} Generally, we review a restitution order to determine whether it is clearly

and convincingly contrary to law. State v. Patton, 4th Dist. Highland No. 18CA9, 2019-

Ohio-2769, ¶ 23. See generally R.C. 2953.08(G)(2). In this case, we do not construe

defense counsel’s agreement to submit the issue of restitution to the trial court as a

stipulation to the amount of restitution. However, we conclude that plain error review

applies because White did not object to the restitution order. See State v. Coleman, 4th

Dist. Highland No. 16CA18, 2018-Ohio-1709, ¶ 12-14 (applying plain error review to a
Adams App. No. 18CA1080                                                                 11


challenge to a restitution order). Although White framed her assignment of error as an

abuse of discretion issue, she has also requested plain error review. We set forth the

standard for plain error review in Section IV.

       {¶23} R.C. 2929.18(A)(1) authorizes a trial court to impose restitution as part of

a felony sentence. In Lalain, the Supreme Court of Ohio stated:

       A trial court has discretion to order restitution in an appropriate case and
       may base the amount it orders on a recommendation of the victim, the
       offender, a presentence investigation report, estimates or receipts
       indicating the cost of repairing or replacing property, and other
       information, but the amount ordered cannot be greater than the amount of
       economic loss suffered as a direct and proximate result of the commission
       of the offense.

136 Ohio St.3d 248, 2013-Ohio-3093, 994 N.E.2d 423, at paragraph one of the

syllabus. “ ‘ “[T]he amount of the restitution must be supported by competent, credible

evidence in the record from which the court can discern the amount of the restitution to

a reasonable degree of certainty.” ’ ” (Alteration in Alexander.) State v. Noble, 4th Dist.

Athens No. 15CA20, 2017-Ohio-1440, ¶ 48, quoting Alexander, 4th Dist. Scioto No.

10CA3402, 2012-Ohio-2041, at ¶ 12, quoting State v. Johnson, 4th Dist. Washington

No. 03CA11, 2004-Ohio-2236, ¶ 10. “ ‘The evidence to support a restitution order can

take the form of either documentary evidence or testimony.’ ” Id. at ¶ 52, quoting State

v. Jones, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 14AP-80, 2014-Ohio-3740, ¶ 23.

       {¶24} “[S]tatements made by the prosecutor are not considered evidence,” State

v. Jackson, 4th Dist. Ross No. 11CA3263, 2012-Ohio-4235, ¶ 10, and a trial court errs if

it orders restitution based solely on a statement by the prosecutor. See Patton at ¶ 23,

27-28 (restitution order based on prosecutor’s statement of amount of loss was clearly

and convincingly contrary to law because record was “devoid of competent, credible
Adams App. No. 18CA1080                                                                12


evidence that would have allowed the court to determine the amount of restitution to a

reasonable degree of certainty”); Alexander at ¶ 8-14 (trial court committed plain error

when it imposed restitution based only on prosecutor’s statement of amount of loss

without evidence regarding value of stolen goods). In this situation, we have vacated

the restitution order and remanded for the trial court to determine the proper amount of

restitution due to the victim. Patton at ¶ 28; Alexander at ¶ 14.

       {¶25} The court made an error when it awarded restitution based solely on a

statement of the assistant prosecutor, which is not competent, credible evidence from

which the court could have discerned the amount of restitution to a reasonable degree

of certainty. This error affected White’s substantial rights because the trial court could

not order her to pay an amount “greater than the amount of economic loss suffered as a

direct and proximate result of the commission of the offense,” Lalain at paragraph one

of the syllabus, and no loss has been established. Accordingly, we sustain the third

assignment of error to the extent it asserts the trial court erred when it ordered

restitution without supporting evidence. We vacate the restitution order and remand for

the trial court to determine the proper amount of restitution due to Grooms.

                                   VI. CONCLUSION

       {¶26} We overrule the first and second assignment of error, and we overrule the

third assignment of error in part and sustain it in part. Accordingly, we affirm the trial

court’s judgment in part, reverse it in part, and remand for further proceedings

consistent with this opinion.

                                                        JUDGMENT AFFIRMED IN PART
                                                            AND REVERSED IN PART.
                                                                CAUSE REMANDED.
Adams App. No. 18CA1080                                                                     13


                                    JUDGMENT ENTRY

       It is ordered that the JUDGMENT IS AFFIRMED IN PART AND REVERSED IN
PART and that the CAUSE IS REMANDED. Appellant and Appellee shall split the
costs.

       The Court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

      It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this Court directing the Adams
County Common Pleas Court to carry this judgment into execution.

        IF A STAY OF EXECUTION OF SENTENCE AND RELEASE UPON BAIL HAS
BEEN PREVIOUSLY GRANTED BY THE TRIAL COURT OR THIS COURT, it is
temporarily continued for a period not to exceed sixty days upon the bail previously
posted. The purpose of a continued stay is to allow Appellant to file with the Supreme
Court of Ohio an application for a stay during the pendency of proceedings in that court.
If a stay is continued by this entry, it will terminate at the earlier of the expiration of the
sixty day period, or the failure of the Appellant to file a notice of appeal with the
Supreme Court of Ohio in the forty-five day appeal period pursuant to Rule II, Sec. 2 of
the Rules of Practice of the Supreme Court of Ohio. Additionally, if the Supreme Court
of Ohio dismisses the appeal prior to expiration of sixty days, the stay will terminate as
of the date of such dismissal.

      A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27 of
the Rules of Appellate Procedure.

Smith, P.J. & Abele, J.: Concur in Judgment and Opinion.


                                           For the Court


                                           BY: ________________________
                                               Michael D. Hess, Judge




                                  NOTICE TO COUNSEL

       Pursuant to Local Rule No. 14, this document constitutes a final judgment
entry and the time period for further appeal commences from the date of filing
with the clerk.
