                                RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                                    Pursuant to Sixth Circuit I.O.P. 32.1(b)
                                             File Name: 14a0147p.06

                        UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                         FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                           _________________


 ETHEL HARMON,                                                     ┐
                                                   Petitioner,     │
                                                                   │
                                                                   │         Nos. 12-3268/4173
            v.                                                     │
                                                                    >
                                                      │
 ERIC H. HOLDER, JR., Attorney General,               │
                                        Respondent. │
                                                      │
                                                      ┘
                           On Petition for Review of a Decision of
                             the Board of Immigration Appeals.
                                     No. A079 691 042.
                                         Argued: December 4, 2013
                                     Decided and Filed: July 10, 2014

                 Before: COOK and STRANCH, Circuit Judges; CARR, District Judge.*

                                             _________________

                                                  COUNSEL

ARGUED: Maris J. Liss, GEORGE P. MANN & ASSOCIATES, Farmington Hills, Michigan,
for Petitioner. Kelly J. Walls, UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, Washington,
D.C., for Respondent. ON BRIEF: Maris J. Liss, George P. Mann, GEORGE P. MANN &
ASSOCIATES, Farmington Hills, Michigan, for Petitioner. Kelly J. Walls, UNITED STATES
DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, Washington, D.C., for Respondent. Stephen W. Manning,
IMMIGRANT LAW GROUP PC, Portland, Oregon, Russell Abrutyn, MARSHAL E. HYMAN
& ASSOCIATES, PC, Troy, Michigan, for Amicus Curiae.




        *
         The Honorable James G. Carr, Senior United States District Judge for the Northern District of Ohio, sitting
by designation.




                                                         1
Nos. 12-3268/4173           Harmon v. Holder                                  Page 2

                                     _________________

                                           OPINION
                                     _________________

       STRANCH, Circuit Judge. Ethel Harmon, an adult who entered the United States as an
unaccompanied alien child in 1994, was denied asylum, withholding of removal, and protection
under the Convention Against Torture. Harmon argues that the Immigration Judge did not have
jurisdiction over her asylum claim, that the William Wilberforce Trafficking Victims Protection
Reauthorization Act (TVPRA) permanently exempts former unaccompanied alien children from
the one-year filing deadline for asylum applications, and that the BIA erred by denying her
claims on the merits. For the reasons that follow, we DENY Harmon’s motion to remand on
jurisdictional grounds, and we DENY Harmon’s petition for review.

                                      I.     Background

       Ethel Harmon was born in Liberia in 1984, a few years before the start of the Liberian
Civil War. Harmon was separated from her parents when she was roughly four-years-old, and
afterward lived with several different family members and others. She testified that she recently
got in touch with her brother Clarence who told her that around 1989 Clarence and their mother
were captured by a rebel group and Clarence witnessed her rape and the assault that resulted in
her death. Clarence also told Harmon that their father had been killed by a rebel group because
they suspected him of being involved with the Liberian government.

       Harmon recalls running from one village to another and being caught by a rebel group
who separated her from her caretakers and threatened to kill her if she did not remain still. She
saw another girl shot while attempting to flee. Harmon reports that during this transient period,
she was repeatedly sexually molested and raped by her caretakers, by male visitors, and once by
a stranger who entered her home while she and a relative fled the war. Harmon did not disclose
the sexual assaults to anyone until she was older, and she has been unable to get her family
members to discuss past trauma.

       In 1992, Harmon’s aunt, Meg Barroar, came to Liberia and took Harmon with her to the
Liberian embassy in Gambia, where Barroar worked. Harmon lived with her aunt for two years
Nos. 12-3268/4173             Harmon v. Holder                                      Page 3

until, when she was ten-years-old, her aunt brought her to the United States on a visitor’s visa
that would expire in 1995. Barroar took Harmon to live with Harmon’s brother Herbert in
Maryland. There Harmon remained for some time. She now has no family or connections in
Liberia.

        Harmon turned eighteen on May 15, 2002.                In early 2003, Herbert assisted her in
applying for Temporary Protected Status (TPS) from the United States Citizenship and
Immigration Service (USCIS), which was approved. Herbert filed a second application on
Harmon’s behalf in 2004, and this, too, was approved. When Harmon turned 19, she left
Herbert’s home, and was less successful without his assistance. She missed the TPS deadline
while trying to collect money for the application fee, had her next application denied, and
mistakenly sent her appeal to the wrong address.

        In 2007, when she was twenty-three-years-old, Harmon tried to enter Canada because she
had heard that she could get refugee protection, but she was waylaid on the border by
Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE). Soon afterward, she received notice that she was
removable under the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) § 237(a)(1)(B), 8 U.S.C.
§ 1227(a)(1)(B) (2012), for remaining in the United States longer than permitted. She appeared
before the immigration court for removal proceedings and filed defensive applications for
asylum, withholding of removal, and relief under the Convention Against Torture (CAT). The
Immigration Judge (IJ) denied these on the merits, approved the previous denial of TPS, and
ordered Harmon to be removed to Liberia.

        In 2012, the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA) dismissed Harmon’s appeal and denied
her motion to terminate proceedings and remand to the USCIS for initial review of her asylum
application. Harmon moved to reopen her case, again seeking to terminate proceedings and
remand to the USCIS, this time citing a recent Sixth Circuit order sending an asylum application
for a forty-year-old former unaccompanied minor to the USCIS for initial review. The BIA
construed the motion as a motion to reconsider and denied it as untimely and for failing to
establish a legal or factual error in the original decision.

        Harmon now appeals the BIA’s denial of her motion to reopen and terminate proceedings
and moves for a remand to the USCIS on jurisdictional grounds. She also appeals the BIA’s
Nos. 12-3268/4173                Harmon v. Holder                                           Page 4

conclusion that she is bound by the one-year filing deadline for asylum applications as well as its
denial of her underlying asylum, withholding of removal, and CAT claims on the merits. We
consolidate review of a motion to reopen or reconsider with review of a removal order. 8 U.S.C.
§ 1252(b)(6).

        The Government informs the court that while this appeal was pending, Harmon
successfully entered Canada and applied for the Canadian equivalent of lawful permanent
resident status. While this information is not found in the administrative record, Harmon does
not dispute it.

                        II.      Our Jurisdiction and the Standard of Review

        This court has jurisdiction, under 8 U.S.C. § 1252, to review the BIA’s final
determination regarding an order of removal. Umana-Ramos v. Holder, 724 F.3d 667, 670 (6th
Cir. 2013). Where, as here, the BIA issues its own decision rather than summarily affirming the
IJ, the BIA decision is reviewed as the final agency decision, but the IJ’s decision is also
reviewed to the extent that the BIA adopted it. Khalili v. Holder, 557 F.3d 429, 435 (6th Cir.
2009). The factual findings of the BIA are reviewed under the highly deferential substantial-
evidence standard. Id. “Under this standard, we will not reverse a factual determination . . .
unless we find that the evidence not only supports a contrary conclusion, but compels it.” Ceraj
v. Mukasey, 511 F.3d 583, 588 (6th Cir.2007) (internal quotation marks omitted); see also
8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4)(B). We review the legal conclusions of the BIA de novo, first asking
whether the immigration statute is clear; if it is silent or ambiguous, we give deference to the
agency’s reasonable interpretation.1 Flores v. U.S. Citizenship & Immigration Servs., 718 F.3d
548, 551 (6th Cir. 2013); see also Umana-Ramos, 724 F.3d at 670; 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4)(D)
(granting authority to reverse a removal order where the decision is manifestly contrary to law or
an abuse of discretion).         Harmon’s appeal of the BIA’s denial of her motion to reopen


        1
           Because the relevant portions of the INA are unambiguous, as discussed below, we have no occasion to
address the parties’ arguments about whether the unpublished BIA opinion here should receive “Chevron deference”
or “Skidmore deference.” Compare I.N.S. v. Aguirre-Aguirre, 526 U.S. 415, 425 (1999) (holding that the BIA
should be accorded Chevron deference), and Umana-Ramos, 724 F.3d at 670 (noting that this court uses arbitrary
and capricious review for BIA interpretations), with Flores, 718 F.3d at 551 (applying Skidmore deference to BIA’s
interpretation of a non-immigration statute), and Japarkulova v. Holder, 615 F.3d 696, 700-01 (6th Cir. 2010)
(suggesting that non-precedential, single-member BIA decisions are not entitled to Chevron deference).
Nos. 12-3268/4173            Harmon v. Holder                                     Page 5

proceedings is reviewed for abuse of discretion, Liu v. Holder, 560 F.3d 485, 489 (6th Cir.
2009), but an error of law is always abuse of discretion. See, e.g., Serrano v. Cintas Corp., 699
F.3d 884, 902 (6th Cir. 2012).

                                         III.    Mootness

       We first briefly address the Government’s contention that Harmon’s appeal has become
moot because she went to Canada and applied for permanent Canadian status while this appeal
was pending. Appeals from removal orders are reviewed based only on the facts found in the
administrative record, 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4)(A), which contains nothing about Harmon’s status
in Canada other than the Government’s statement. Nevertheless, Harmon admits that she went to
Canada “in compliance with an order of removal.”

       Mootness doctrine arises from the Article III requirement that courts may only consider a
live controversy. The Government, as the party seeking mootness, bears a heavy burden to
demonstrate that it applies here. L.A. Cnty. v. Davis, 440 U.S. 625, 631 (1979). “[A] case is
moot when the issues presented are no longer ‘live’ or the parties lack a legally cognizable
interest in the outcome.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). Harmon has a cognizable
interest that defeats mootness, if she “suffered, or [is] threatened with, an actual injury traceable
to” the Government and if the injury “is likely to be redressed by a favorable judicial decision.”
Lewis v. Cont’l Bank Corp., 494 U.S. 472, 477 (1990).

       Harmon’s appeal is not moot. She has suffered an injury—the removal order—that could
be redressed by an outcome vacating the removal order or giving her protected status with entry
privileges. To the extent that Harmon removed herself pursuant to the removal order, the
“removal of an alien does not moot a pending appeal” because the alien continues to suffer an
ongoing injury in the form of the five-year restriction on re-entry. Garcia-Flores v. Gonzales,
477 F.3d 439, 441 n.1 (6th Cir. 2007); see also 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(9)(A)(i). The Government
cites cases dealing with aliens who failed to appear at removal proceedings, suggesting that
Harmon, like those petitioners, has mooted her claim by ensuring that an adverse judgment
cannot be enforced against her. Gonzales-Flores, 477 F.3d at 440-42. This suggestion is
misplaced. Harmon is not a “fugitive” like the alien in Garcia-Flores who chose to stay in the
United States while avoiding authorities; she left the country, as ordered, but continues to pursue
Nos. 12-3268/4173              Harmon v. Holder                                Page 6

her rights through the authorities. The Government has cited no case suggesting that removal
may only occur on the Government’s dime.

       The Government’s suggestion that remand would be futile does not present a mootness
issue. The Government’s arguments related to the futility claim, moreover, are not based in law.
Harmon has not received an offer of permanent status subjecting her to the firm resettlement bar.
See 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(2)(A)(vi); 8 C.F.R. § 208.15; see also Hanna v. Holder, 740 F.3d 379,
393-94 (6th Cir. 2014). The rule of abandonment has not been extended to removal pursuant to a
removal order. See 8 C.F.R. § 1208.8(a); Garcia-Flores, 477 F.3d at 441 n.1. And the cases
from other circuits discouraging “country-shopping” have not been applied to an immigrant who
seeks an alternative place of refuge after a removal order. See Sall v. Gonzales, 437 F.3d 229,
231, 233 (2d Cir. 2006) (noting, in the context of an asylum claim by a person firmly resettled in
a third country prior to entering the United States, that asylum is for those with nowhere else to
turn); Maharaj v. Gonzales, 450 F.3d 961, 989 (9th Cir. 2006) (O’Scannlain, J., concurring in
part and dissenting in part) (condemning “country-shopping” by a petitioner who had a pending
asylum appeal in a third country before entering the United States).

       We therefore review Harmon’s appeal on the merits.

                         IV.      Initial Jurisdiction Under the TVPRA

       Harmon argues as she did before the BIA that the TVPRA vests original jurisdiction in
the USCIS for asylum claims brought by all current and former unaccompanied minors and that,
therefore, the IJ did not have authority to deny her asylum claim.

       The TVPRA was enacted in 2008 “to enhance measures to combat trafficking in
persons.” TVPRA, Pub. L. 110-457, 122 Stat. 5044 (2008). The portion of the legislation at
issue here—“an important step to protecting unaccompanied alien children” who had “been
forced to struggle through an immigration system designed for adults”—creates new procedures
for unaccompanied alien children. TVPRA § 235(d); Cong. Rec. S10886-01 (daily ed. Dec. 10,
2008) (statement of Sen. Feinstein, cosponsor of original Senate version).         One of these
protections gives unaccompanied alien children the right to have their asylum applications
reviewed in the first instance by an asylum officer with the USCIS. TVPRA § 235(d)(7)(B)
Nos. 12-3268/4173               Harmon v. Holder                                           Page 7

(codified at 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(3)(C)). This is a deviation from the procedure for adults, in
which the right to seek asylum from the USCIS is lost once a Notice to Appear in immigration
court is issued. See USCIS, Memorandum 2 (Mar. 25, 2009).2

        Section 1158(b)(3) of Title 8 now provides that “[a]n asylum officer . . . shall have initial
jurisdiction over any asylum application filed by an unaccompanied alien child.” 8 U.S.C. §
1158(b)(3)(C) (emphasis added). An “unaccompanied alien child” is defined as one who 1) “has
no lawful immigration status in the United States,” 2) “has not attained 18 years of age,” and 3)
either has no lawful parent or guardian in the United States or has none available to provide care
or custody. 6 U.S.C. § 279(g). Harmon argues that the new jurisdictional provision applies to
her application for asylum as an adult because the new TVPRA protections—which appear in a
section of the TVPRA entitled “Permanent Protections for Certain At-Risk Children”—were
intended to “permanently” protect those who were vulnerable, unaccompanied minors at the time
they entered the United States. See TVPRA § 235(d).

        Harmon is incorrect. The language “filed by an unaccompanied alien child” creates
simultaneous statutory requirements—filing the asylum application while an unaccompanied
alien child. Harmon was not a child when she filed her asylum application at the age of twenty-
three. The provision simply does not apply to her.

        Harmon’s argument that the TVPRA section heading “Permanent Protections” broadens
the meaning of the jurisdictional provision to cover former unaccompanied alien children is not
persuasive. The section heading indicates that once an unaccompanied alien child files an
asylum application, the USCIS maintains jurisdiction even if that person turns eighteen while the
application is pending. See USCIS, Memorandum 3, 4 (Mar. 25, 2009) (interpreting its own
jurisdiction).3 Viewing the statute as a whole, nothing in the TVPRA or the statute it revised

        2
         available at
http://www.uscis.gov/sites/default/files/USCIS/Humanitarian/Refugees%20%26%20Asylum/Asylum/Minor%20Chi
ldren%20Applying%20for%20Asylum%20By%20Themselves/jurisdiction-provision-tvpra-alien-children2.pdf.
        3
           See also USCIS, Questions and Answers: Updated Procedures for Determination of Initial Jurisdiction
over Asylum Applications Filed by Unaccompanied Alien Children 2 (June 10, 2013), available at
http://www.uscis.gov/sites/default/files/USCIS/Refugee%2C%20Asylum%2C%20and%20Int%27l%20Ops/Asylum
/ra-qanda-determine-jurisdiction-uac.pdf (“USCIS will accept a prior UAC status determination” that was in place
when the immigrant filed an asylum application even if the immigrant turns eighteen during the process.). Harmon
has not alleged that she ever received a favorable status determination.
Nos. 12-3268/4173            Harmon v. Holder                                    Page 8

suggests that the jurisdictional provision applies to formerly unaccompanied alien children. See
Flores, 718 F.3d at 551 (noting that this court interprets a statute by considering “the language of
the statute itself, the specific context in which that language is used, and the broader context of
the statute as a whole” (internal quotation marks and brackets omitted)).

       Harmon also points to an order filed by a non-oral argument panel of this court in
Alnaham v. Holder, No. 10-3488 (6th Cir. Mar. 26, 2012). There, this court terminated removal
proceedings against a 40-year-old man who had entered the United States as a minor so that his
asylum application could be reviewed in the first instance by the USCIS, supposedly pursuant to
the TVPRA. Id. The Government’s attempt to distinguish Alnaham is unavailing. Alnaham
appears factually similar to the present case for all relevant purposes. Nevertheless, this per
curiam order has no controlling weight, and the plain meaning of the statute contradicts it.

       We hold that the TVPRA does not transfer initial jurisdiction over asylum applications
filed by former unaccompanied alien children to the USCIS. The IJ, therefore, had the authority
to review Harmon’s asylum claim.

                                         V.      Asylum

       Harmon claims that the BIA erred both by denying her asylum claim as untimely and by
denying it on the merits.

       We have jurisdiction to consider timeliness questions, like the one here, that involve the
construction of a statute. Almuhtaseb v. Gonzales, 453 F.3d 743, 748 (6th Cir. 2006). Under
8 U.S.C. § 1158(a)(1), any alien who is physically present in the United States may file for
asylum. Subparagraph (B), however, specifies that the right to asylum “shall not apply to an
alien unless the alien demonstrates by clear and convincing evidence that the application has
been filed within 1 year after the date of the alien’s arrival in the United States.” 8 U.S.C.
§ 1158(a)(2)(B). The TVPRA modified this exception, adding that subparagraph “(B) shall not
apply to an unaccompanied alien child.”         TVPRA § 235(d)(7)(A) (codified at 8 U.S.C.
§ 1158(a)(2)(E)). Harmon argues, supported by amicus, that the new TVPRA provision means
that once a person is an unaccompanied alien child in the United States, the time limitation
imposed in subparagraph (B) shall never apply to that person, even when she is no longer an
Nos. 12-3268/4173              Harmon v. Holder                                    Page 9

unaccompanied alien child. Harmon argues that this interpretation makes sense in light of the
goals of the TVPRA as well as the pre-existing protections that the TVPRA was intended to
supplement.    The government responds that the new TVPRA provision only relieves an
unaccompanied alien child of the burden to prove compliance with the one-year time limit while
she remains a child, but never relieves her of the time limit itself. This is an open question in the
Sixth Circuit, but we do not resolve it because Harmon’s asylum claim fails.

       An alien is eligible for asylum if she demonstrates that she is a refugee, meaning that she
“has suffered past persecution on the basis of race, religion, nationality, social group, or political
opinion; or ... show[s] that . . . [s]he has a well-founded fear of persecution on one of those same
bases.” Cruz-Samoyoa v. Holder, 607 F.3d 1145, 1150 (6th Cir. 2010) (internal quotation marks
omitted); see also 8 C.F.R. § 1208.13(b). General conditions of rampant violence alone are
insufficient to establish eligibility. Umana-Ramos, 724 F.3d at 670. Rather, the context must
indicate that the applicant was targeted “based on h[er] membership in a protected category.” Id.
at 671 (internal quotation marks omitted). Because Harmon filed for asylum after May 2005, she
is subject to the Real ID Act, which requires her to show that her membership in a particular
group was or will be at least one central reason for the persecution. Id.; see also 8 U.S.C.
§ 1158(b)(1)(B)(i).

       Harmon based her claim of past persecution on her family’s political opinions.
According to her, her mother and father were killed because of their political support of the
government, and the horrific violence and sexual assaults she experienced were tied to her
parents’ political opinions.     See Thap v. Mukasey, 544 F.3d 674, 681-82 (6th Cir. 2008)
(suggesting that persecution on account of the political opinions of one’s family can form the
basis of an asylum claim); Akhtar v. Gonzales, 406 F.3d 399, 406 (6th Cir. 2005) (suggesting
that the political opinions of one’s family can be imputed to the applicant if the applicant
suffered as a result of it). The BIA concluded that Harmon proved only that she was a “general
victim[] of widespread violence” during the Liberian Civil War. In other words, Harmon did not
establish any nexus between the attacks and her membership in any protected group. See, e.g.,
Ali v. Ashcroft, 366 F.3d 407, 410 (6th Cir. 2004) (requiring that the harm be motivated by
membership in a protected group rather than civil unrest).
Nos. 12-3268/4173                 Harmon v. Holder                                            Page 10

       The BIA was not “compelled” to conclude to the contrary. Harmon’s testimony about
the political basis for her parents’ death was not strong. She said that her brother Clarence told
her that “my father was carried away (indiscernible) of him being involved in, I don’t know,
government or something. They assume he was involved in something, and I don’t really know
the entire story, but that he was killed by rebels.” When asked whether her father was actually
involved with the Liberian government Harmon responded “[n]ot that I know of.” One cannot
expect an applicant to have a perfect memory of events that occurred when she was four-years-
old. See Yu Yun Zhang v. Holder, 702 F.3d 878, 881-82 (6th Cir. 2012) (overturning BIA
decision where it rejected evidence for being unsworn, an unreasonable requirement under the
circumstances).       This evidence, however, does not unquestionably show that the deaths of
Harmon’s parents were tied to their political opinions, much less that her own persecution was
tied to it. The harm Harmon suffered was reprehensible, but she simply has not met her burden
under the statute to show that it was connected to a protected ground.

       Harmon bases her claim of “well-founded fear” of future persecution on her membership
in another social group—foreign women. Pointing to two studies indicating that rape and female
genital mutilation often go unprosecuted in Liberia, Harmon argues that as a foreigner, she
would not know how to avoid victimization. The BIA assumed that “foreign women” comprise
a protected social group. Assuming that it does, the BIA was not compelled to conclude that
Harmon has a genuine and objectively reasonable fear tied to her membership in this group. See
Rreshpja v. Gonzales, 420 F.3d 551, 555 (6th Cir. 2005). The Liberian country reports show
problems with the prosecution of rape but also efforts to curb the problem. Moreover, the reports
do not show that adult women are targeted for female genital mutilation or that foreign women
are targeted for rape.4

               VI.      Withholding of Removal and the Convention Against Torture

       Harmon’s claim for withholding of removal similarly fails. To qualify for withholding of
removal, an applicant must show that “there is a clear probability that [s]he will be subject to
persecution if forced to return to the country of removal” on account of race, religion,

       4
           In fact, one report shows that a special court for rape and sexual violence has been opened in Monrovia.
Nos. 12-3268/4173            Harmon v. Holder                                 Page 11

nationality, membership in a social group, or political opinion. Umana-Ramos, 724 F.3d at 674
(internal quotation marks omitted). While withholding of removal is mandatory rather than
discretionary as is asylum, the burden for withholding of removal is the more stringent of the
two. Khalili, 557 F.3d at 435-36. Harmon argues only that there is a clear probability that if she
is removed to Liberia she will be targeted for rape and female genital mutilation on account of
her status as a foreign woman. This argument failed under the asylum claim, and it must
similarly fail here.

        Harmon’s claim for protection under the Convention Against Torture (CAT) fails for a
different reason: she did not exhaust her administrative remedies. See Lin v. Holder, 565 F.3d
971, 979 (6th Cir. 2009) (denying a CAT claim because this court has no jurisdiction where the
petitioner did not exhaust a claim before the BIA). The only mention of the CAT claim in
Harmon’s BIA appeal was a generic request on the final page that the BIA “grant CAT relief,”
and the BIA did not consider this claim. See Ramani v. Ashcroft, 378 F.3d 554, 559-60 (6th Cir.
2004) (rejecting claim as unexhausted where petitioner did not advance the substance of her
argument before the BIA and where the BIA did not consider the claim on the merits). This
claim, therefore, is not subject to review by this court.

                                         VII.    Conclusion

        For the reasons explained above, Harmon’s motion to remand to the BIA for termination
and referral to the USCIS and her petition for review are both DENIED.
