[Cite as Washington v. Covelli, 2015-Ohio-2928.]


                                    COURT OF APPEALS
                                  MAHONING COUNTY, OHIO
                                SEVENTH APPELLATE DISTRICT



HERBERT L. WASHINGTON, ET AL.                      :   JUDGES:
                                                   :   Hon. W. Scott Gwin, P.J.
        Plaintiffs-Appellants                      :   Hon. Sheila G. Farmer, J.
                                                   :   Hon. Patricia A. Delaney, J.
-vs-                                               :
                                                   :
SAM COVELLI, ET AL.                                :   Case No. 2013 MA 83
                                                   :
        Defendants-Appellees                       :   OPINION




CHARACTER OF PROCEEDING:                               Appeal from the Court of Common
                                                       Pleas, Case No. 1998 CV 2332




JUDGMENT:                                              Affirmed/Reversed in Part and
                                                       Remanded




DATE OF JUDGMENT:                                      June 30, 2015




APPEARANCES:

For Plaintiffs-Appellants                              For Defendants-Appellees

THOMAS J. LIPKA                                        KEVIN P. MURPHY
EDWIN ROMERO                                           MATTHEW G. VANSUCH
201 East Commerce Street                               108 Main Avenue
Atrium Level Two                                       Suite 500
Youngstown, OH 44503-1641                              Warren, OH 44481
Farmer, J.

      {¶1}     Pursuant to a Purchase and Sale Agreement entered into on August 18,

1998, appellant, Herbert Washington, purchased nineteen of thirty McDonald's

restaurants owned by appellee, Sam Covelli. The agreement included a "Piracy and

Nondisclosure" clause to prevent appellee from "cherry-picking" the best employees for

his own businesses. Appellee was restricted from hiring managers and supervisors for

six months and hiring shift managers and assistant managers for three months. The

clause contained liquidated damages in the event of a breach, $500.00 per day for each

manager and supervisor and $200.00 per day for each of the remaining covered

employees. Closing occurred on September 22, 1998.

      {¶2}     On October 9, 1998, appellant and his company filed a complaint against

appellee and his companies for damages, claiming appellee violated the piracy clause

and stole fourteen employees. Appellant received a temporary restraining order and

sought a preliminary injunction.

      {¶3}     On October 9, 1998 and October 4, 2002, appellee filed an answer and

counterclaim    and   amended      answer   and   counterclaim,   respectively,   claiming

interference with business relationships and alleging appellant stole employees from

him in violation of the Franchise Agreement between McDonald's and appellant.

Appellee argued since he continued to operate McDonald's restaurants until March of

1999, he was a third-party beneficiary of said Franchise Agreement. Appellee also

sought a preliminary injunction.

      {¶4}     On October 20, 1998, the parties entered into a stipulated preliminary

injunction to halt further "employee poaching" while the case was litigated.           By
magistrate's decision filed October 1, 1999, appellee was found to have violated the

stipulated injunction and was ordered to pay appellant $7,500.00 as a civil contempt

sanction.    By judgment entry filed October 26, 1999, the trial court approved and

adopted the magistrate's decision.

      {¶5}    A trial before a magistrate commenced on June 14, 2004. By decision

filed September 24, 2007, the magistrate found in favor of appellant in the amount of

$86,000.00 plus interest and attorney fees ($7,507.49) with interest and in favor of

appellee in the amount of $35,400.00 plus interest. Pursuant to a request for findings of

fact and conclusions of law, the magistrate issued another decision on August 22, 2011

to explain how he arrived at the stated amounts.         The magistrate found appellee

violated the terms of the piracy clause and appellant violated the terms of the Franchise

Agreement of which appellee was a third-party beneficiary.

      {¶6}    Appellant filed objections. By judgment entry filed April 25, 2013, the trial

court overruled the objections and approved and adopted the magistrate's decision.

      {¶7}    Appellant filed an appeal and this matter is now before this court for

consideration. Assignments of error are as follows:

                                             I

      {¶8}    "THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN FINDING THAT THE STIPULATED

PRELIMINARY INJUNCTION LIMITED THE PIRACY CLAUSE'S RESTRICTED

PERIODS."

                                            II

      {¶9}    "THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN AWARDING COVELLI DAMAGES."
                                              I

       {¶10} Appellant claims the trial court erred in determining the cut-off date for

damages was October 20, 1998, the date the parties entered into the stipulated

preliminary injunction. We agree.

       {¶11} The arguments raised herein involve contract interpretation and are

therefore questions of law which will be reviewed de novo. Nationwide Mutual Fire

Insurance Company v. Guman Brothers Farm, 73 Ohio St.3d 107 (1995). Under de

novo review, an appellate court may interpret the language of the contract and

substitute its interpretation for that of the trial court. Children's Medical Center v. Ward,

87 Ohio App.3d 504 (2nd Dist.1993).

       {¶12} Following the stipulated preliminary injunction, the magistrate found

appellee violated said injunction in a decision filed October 1, 1999, approved and

adopted by the trial court on October 26, 1999. Appellee was ordered to pay appellant

$7,500.00 as a civil contempt sanction. Appellee argues the decision is controlling

wherein the magistrate found the following:



              With the foregoing in mind, defendants were in contempt of the

       Injunction for a period of 75 days. At argument, plaintiffs' counsel urged

       that the Court find damages in the amount of $37,500.00. This represents

       $500.00 per day as was the liquidated damages clause of the sale

       agreement. However, the sales agreement is no longer in effect and only

       constitutes some evidence of the loss sustained by plaintiffs. It is the

       judgment of the undersigned that the damages allowable for the civil
      contempt of defendants is a much lower amount.            Based upon the

      evidence, the undersigned finds as damages the amount of $7,500.00.

      There is no easy method for calculating these damages.            It is the

      undersigneds (sic) judgment that the activity of defendants agents in the

      employing of Housteau was most likely an error, not a long planned

      subversion of the Injunction. It is further felt that a significant award of

      $7,500.00 will preclude defendants or plaintiffs from further breaches of

      the Injunction. The Order Granting Stipulated Preliminary Injunction shall

      remain in effect until the Court can conduct a trial on the merits as to all

      issues raised by the parties in their respective pleadings and motions. No

      bond shall be required of either party. (Emphasis added.)



      {¶13} Appellee argues the highlighted dicta was never objected to pursuant to

Civ.R. 53(D) and therefore the issue is not properly appealable and is binding for

subsequent decisions. We conclude the dicta is not a bar to the pursuance of this

appeal for the following reasons.

      {¶14} First, at the time of the issuance of the October 1, 1999 decision, the

piracy clause, Section 2.22 of the Purchase and Sale Agreement, had expired. The

Purchase and Sale Agreement closed on September 22, 1998. The piracy clause was

enforceable for up to six months or March 22, 1999. The magistrate's civil contempt

decision was filed on October 1, 1999. Secondly, the magistrate's decision was to the

limited issues raised by appellee's motion to dissolve or modify the preliminary

injunction and appellant's motion for order to show cause. It was not determinative of
the issues raised in the complaint, answer, counterclaim, and stipulated preliminary

injunction.1   We conclude the timeliness of this appeal is not barred by the dicta

included in the magistrate's decision.

       {¶15} The gravamen of this assignment of error is the effect of the stipulated

preliminary injunction upon the determination of damages for the breach of Section 2.22

of the Purchase and Sale Agreement.

       {¶16} The magistrate's August 22, 2011 decision and the trial court's April 25,

2013 judgment entry approving and adopting the decision do not specifically explain

why the stipulated preliminary injunction cut-off the damages to appellant, nor do they

discern whether any of the covered employees pirated by appellee were employed for

the full three or six month period as set forth in the piracy clause. The language of the

magistrate's decision simply states without any discussion or novation that the damages

covered the time period from "after Closing, September 22, 1998, and on or before

October 20, 1998, the date of the stipulated preliminary injunction."

       {¶17} The issue then is whether the stipulated preliminary injunction was a

novation to the September 22, 1998 Purchase and Sale Agreement.

       {¶18} As explained by the Seventh District in Gardner v. Oxford Oil Company,

7th Dist. Monroe No. 12 MO 7, 2013-Ohio-5885, ¶ 22-23:



               "A contract of novation is created where a previous valid obligation

       is extinguished by a new valid contract, accomplished by substitution of

       parties or of the undertaking, with the consent of all the parties, and based

1
 We note the defense of the stipulated preliminary injunction was not raised in the
pleadings until appellee's amended counterclaim of October 4, 2002.
       on valid consideration." Williams v. Ormsby, 131 Ohio St.3d 427, 2012-

       Ohio-690, 966 N.E.2d 255, ¶ 18. A "novation can never be presumed but

       must be evinced by a clear and definite intent on the part of all the parties

       to the original contract to completely negate the original contract and enter

       into the second." Id.

              Further, "[B]ecause a novation is a new contract, it too must meet

       all the elements of a contract." Id. at ¶ 19. "Essential elements of a

       contract include an offer, acceptance, contractual capacity, consideration

       (the bargained for legal benefit and/or detriment), a manifestation of

       mutual assent and legality of object and of consideration." Kostelnik v.

       Helper, 96 Ohio St.3d 1, 2002-Ohio-2985, 770 N.E.2d 58, ¶ 16 (citation

       omitted).



       {¶19} Section 2.22 of the Purchase and Sale Agreement specifically provided for

liquidated damages "for each day a Covered Employee is employed by any of the

Sellers in the amount of Five Hundred Dollars ($500) for a manager, and two hundred

dollars ($200) for any other Covered Employee." The language of Section 2.22 clearly

states the amount of damages pertains to any time a covered employee is pirated

during the three month period (shift and assistant managers) or six month period

(managers and supervisors) from the date of the Purchase and Sale Agreement.

Therefore, the cut-off dates would have been December 22, 1998 and March 22, 1999.

       {¶20} A temporary restraining order was issued on October 9, 1998, enjoining

appellee from "directly or indirectly contacting or soliciting" and "employing or continuing
to employ" any of the covered employees.          Also on October 9, 1998, prior to the

issuance of this temporary restraining order, appellee filed an answer and counterclaim,

alleging appellant hired away appellee's employees in violation of Section 14 of its

Franchise Agreement with McDonald's. On October 13, 1998, appellee filed a motion to

dissolve or modify the restraining order, specifically citing to the claim that appellant was

in violation of Section 14 of its Franchise Agreement. On October 15, 1998, appellant

filed a memorandum in opposition to said motion.            A hearing for the preliminary

injunction was set for October 22, 1998. However, on October 20, 1998, the trial court

filed an "Order Granting Stipulated Preliminary Injunction" which restrained each party

from pirating each other's "store managers, supervisors, shift managers and assistant

managers or other personnel presently employed." The stipulated preliminary injunction

noted: "THIS ORDER is entered by agreement of the parties, and is not intended as a

determination or adjudication of any of the issues raised by the respective pleadings

and motions of the parties."

       {¶21} Appellee argues the stipulated preliminary injunction is a novation of the

original language of the Purchase and Sale Agreement, as the order replaced and

superseded the provisions of Section 2.22 and its three/six month time limits.

       {¶22} From our review of the pleadings, the issues that were potentially arguable

at the trial court's October 22, 1998 preliminary injunction hearing date were (1) a denial

of pirating by appellee, (2) appellee's claim of "unclear hands" against appellant under

the Franchise Agreement with McDonald's, and (3) continual acts by appellee in

violation of Section 2.22 of the Purchase and Sale Agreement.
      {¶23} As noted by the parties, the agreed injunction was an attempt at a "cease

fire," and added the provision of "mutual pirating" of each other's employees. The

stipulated preliminary injunction set the scene for how the parties were going to proceed

in the future. By the specific language at the conclusion of the agreement cited above,

it reserved the issues raised by the pleadings and motions.

      {¶24} Although the stipulated preliminary injunction was a valid contract for the

conduct of the parties in the future, we find it was not a novation to the Purchase and

Sale Agreement. There is no specific reference that the stipulated preliminary injunction

superseded the provisions of the agreement.            It is inconceivable that these

sophisticated enterprises would omit such an important concession. It is more probable

that the precise wording of the stipulated preliminary injunction reserved the issues

raised by the pleadings and motions.

      {¶25} Upon review, we find the trial court erred in cutting off damages for the

covered employees named in the verified complaint. The matter is remanded to assess

damages for the named fourteen covered employees listed in the August 22, 2011

magistrate's decision during the times they were employed by appellee within the

three/six month periods.

      {¶26} Assignment of Error I is granted.

                                           II

      {¶27} Appellant claims the trial court erred in awarding appellee damages as a

third-party beneficiary to the Franchise Agreement between appellant and McDonald's.

We disagree.
      {¶28} As in the previous assignment of error, the issues herein are reviewed de

novo. Nationwide, supra; Children's, supra.

      {¶29} In Nationwide Insurance Company v. Rice, 5th Dist. Muskingum No.

CT2001-0017, 2001 WL 1744493, *3 (Oct. 15, 2001), this court explained the following:



             "A third party beneficiary is one for whose benefit a promise has

      been made in a contract but who is not a party to the contract." Chitlik v.

      Allstate Ins. Co. (1973), 34 Ohio App.2d 193, 196. "The third party need

      not be named in the contract, as long as [she] is contemplated by the

      parties to the contract and sufficiently identified."   Id.   Moreover, the

      "promisee must intend that a third party benefit from the contract in order

      for that third party to have enforceable rights under the contract[.]"

      Laverick v. Children's Hosp. Med. Ctr. of Akron (1988), 43 Ohio App.3d

      201, 204.***The contract does not have to name the third-party

      beneficiary, as long as "the third person is in the contemplation of the

      parties." Hines v. Amole (1982), 4 Ohio App.3d 263, 268.



      {¶30} As explained by our brethren from the Eleventh District in James v. Sky

Bank, 11th Dist. Trumbull No. 2010-T-0116, 2012-Ohio-3883, ¶ 33: "[a] party seeking

damages for breach of contract must present sufficient evidence to show entitlement to

damages in an amount which can be ascertained with reasonable certainty."
      {¶31} Appellee claims he is third-party beneficiary of the Franchise Agreement

between appellant and McDonald's and appellant violated Section 14 of said agreement

which states the following:



             14. Inference With Employment Relations of Others. During the

      term of this Franchise, Franchisee shall not employ or seek to employ any

      person who is at the time employed by McDonald's, any of its subsidiaries,

      or by any person who is at the time operating a McDonald's restaurant or

      otherwise induce, directly or indirectly, such person to leave such

      employment. This paragraph 14 shall not be violated if such person has

      left the employ of any of the foregoing parties for a period in excess of six

      (6) months.



      {¶32} Appellee argues appellant violated this provision by pirating some of his

employees while he continued to operate McDonald's restaurants. Appellant argues

appellee was not an intended beneficiary under his Franchise Agreement with

McDonald's and at most, was an incidental beneficiary and therefore not entitled to

claim a breach of contract. Under the totality of circumstances, we find appellee was an

intended beneficiary under the Franchise Agreement for the following reasons.

      {¶33} Appellee and appellant are similarly situated parties. Each is privy to its

own Franchise Agreement with McDonald's, and each is on equal footing in identical

situated enterprises, the operation of McDonald's restaurants.        Appellee was still

working with and managing under his McDonald's Franchise Agreement at the time of
the pirating of his employees by appellee.      The McDonald's Franchise Agreement

equally controlled the parties as to their area/location of operation [Section 1(e)], and

personal involvement of the major investor (Section 13).        Further, the Franchise

Agreement in its scope and purpose states that McDonald's franchisees are part of

"restaurant system" that is comprehensive, all inclusive, and serves the public under the

generalized "good will" of McDonald's [Section 1(a)]. As noted by the magistrate in his

August 22, 2011 decision:



             ¶14 of the Franchise Agreement between Mr. Washington and Mr.

      Covelli, as Franchisees, and McDonald's Corporation is intended to

      protect each Franchisee from exactly the type of activity which occurred

      between the parties.    The solicitation and employment of each other's

      restaurant personnel was destructive in the short-term for each

      Franchisee. Mr. Washington's employment of persons who worked in Mr.

      Covelli's McDonald's restaurants caused Mr. Covelli disruptions to his

      McDonald's business due to uncertain staff scheduling and staffing

      shortages of experienced workers.



      {¶34} We agree that Section 14 is intended to protect McDonald's franchises

and their respective franchisees from the pirating of employees. Each franchisee has a

duty to not pirate another franchisee's employees.

      {¶35} Upon review, we find the trial court did not err in determining that appellee

was an intended beneficiary under Section 14 of the Franchise Agreement.
      {¶36} The Franchise Agreement included the following restriction at Section

11(a) that was the genesis for the sale of the McDonald's restaurants by appellee to

appellant:



             During the term of this Franchise, Franchisee shall not, without the

      prior written consent of McDonald's, directly or indirectly, engage in,

      acquire any financial or beneficial interest (including interests in

      corporations, partnerships, trusts, unincorporated associations, or joint

      ventures) in, or become a landlord for any restaurant business, which is

      similar to the Restaurant.



      {¶37} Section 18 of the Franchise Agreement covered items that would

constitute a "Material Breach." Included in the list at subsection (f) is a violation of

Section 11(a).

      {¶38} Based upon these provisions, appellant argues appellee cannot now take

advantage of Section 14 of the Franchise Agreement as he has "unclean hands" by

owning Panera Bread restaurants in violation of his own McDonald's Franchise

Agreement and keeping employees that should have gone with appellant under the

Purchase and Sale Agreement. Although appellee admitted to owning Panera Bread

restaurants while still owning McDonald's restaurants, he claimed McDonald's was

aware of this and agreed to maintain their franchise relationship during his period of

divestiture. T. at 31-34, 97-98. Appellee admitted to breaching Section 2.22 of the

Purchase and Sale Agreement by keeping Caroline Cox as an employee, but argued he
did so after appellant hired away two of his employees not covered under the

agreement in breach of a verbal agreement between the parties not to do so. T. at 48-

53, 73.

      {¶39} The magistrate and trial court concluded the evidence supported

appellee's position that McDonald's was "cordial" and cooperative with him during

divestiture and even purchased the remaining stores. T. at 30-33, 58-59. As noted by

the magistrate in his August 22, 2011 decision:



             The Covelli Group and McDonald's Corporation cooperated in the

      orderly divestment of McDonald's restaurants by Mr. Covelli.      While a

      Franchisee's acquisition of a significant interest in a restaurant business

      similar to McDonald's is a material breach of the Franchise Agreement,

      McDonald's Corporation elected to cooperate with Sellers in their quest to

      sell its McDonald's franchises.      McDonald's Corporation elected to

      continue to maintain its Franchise Agreements with the Covelli Group

      during the transition.



      {¶40} We find this conclusion to be supported by the evidence. During the time

of divestiture, appellee was continuing to manage McDonald's restaurants with the

assent of McDonald's. We therefore reject appellant's argument of "unclean hands."

      {¶41} There is no dispute that during the relative time periods, appellant hired

certain employees of appellee's while appellee was still a franchisee of McDonald's in

violation of Section 14 of the Franchise Agreement. Appellee's Chief Financial Officer,
Robert Fiorino, filed an affidavit on June 24, 2003 wherein he averred to the following in

pertinent part:



              5. Between the closing of the transaction on September 22, 1998

       and approximately October 10, 1998, when the Court of Common Pleas,

       Mahoning County issued its stipulated preliminary injunction, and

       especially during the first week of October 1998, certain persons

       employed by Sam Covelli at McDonald's restaurants which were not sold

       to HLW were induced to quit their employment with Covelli and go to work

       for HLW Fast Track, Inc. Those persons are: Keith Holzhauser, Manager,

       Downtown Warren; Maria Beard, Assistant Manager, Downtown Warren;

       Becky Badila, Manager, Salt Springs Road; Nancy Miletta, Assistant

       Manager, Salt Springs Road; Breena Deans,         Assistant Manager, Salt

       Springs Road and three crew people from Salt Springs Road, as well as

       Amy Zinz, Assistant Manager, Austintown Re-Lo; and Scott Creamans,

       Assistant Manager, Austintown Re-Lo. Also induced to leave Covelli's

       employment    were Ken Antonucci and Mark             Beechy    who    were

       maintenance workers employed by Covelli Enterprises, Inc.

              6. None of these employees was working at a McDonald's

       restaurant which was sold to HLW on September 18, 1998.

              7. Sam Covelli, or entities controlled by him were operating eleven

       McDonald's restaurants after the closing on September 22, 1998. The

       stolen employees were important to the continued operation of the
       restaurants in which they were employed. The loss of these employees

       caused Sam Covelli, or entities controlled by him, significant harm and

       economic damages.



       {¶42} Appellee also filed an affidavit on June 24, 2003 and averred the following

in pertinent part:



              9. The sale of the nineteen McDonald's restaurants to HLW Fast

       Track, Inc. and Herbert L. Washington closed on or about September 22,

       1998. Thereafter, I continued to operate eleven McDonald's restaurants.

       These restaurants which I continued to operate were not the subject

       matter of the purchase and sales agreement with HLW. The employees

       working at these McDonald's restaurants had nothing to do with, nor were

       they covered by, the purchase and sales agreement of August 18, 1998.

              10. In the weeks following the closing, HLW induced eleven

       employees of mine who had been working at stores not sold to HLW, to

       quit their employment with me and to go to work for HLW.

              11. These stolen employees were important to my continued

       operation of the eleven McDonald's restaurants which I operated after the

       November 22, 1998 closing. On September 24, 1998, I gave notice to

       McDonald's Corporation of the employee piracy by HLW, and in doing so,

       I referenced Item 14 in the franchise agreements. See attached Exhibit B.
              12. I had many conversations with Mr. Washington over the months

      leading up to the closing. He knew that I would continue to operate eleven

      McDonald's restaurants.     He also knew that I would need the stolen

      employees to operate those restaurants.



      {¶43} In awarding appellee damages, appellant argues the trial court erred in

using the same formula contained in Section 2.22 of the Purchase and Sale Agreement.

We concur with the trial court's use of the negotiated damages clause for both the

violation of the Purchase and Sale Agreement and for the violation of Section 14 of the

Franchise Agreement.

      {¶44} It is undisputed that the parties made a decision as to the value of

potential pirating. We can only find that to calculate appellee's damages less than

appellant's would be error. To use an old adage, "what is sauce for the goose is sauce

for the gander." The parties, on equal footing, negotiated the liquidated damages rate

and engaged in similar pirating; therefore, they must now abide by its enforcement.

      {¶45} Appellant argues to be equitable, either he should be entitled to damages

for days prior to the closing date as a franchisee relative to appellee's Franchise

Agreement with McDonald's or appellee's award should be reduced for those prior days.

We note appellant never raised any claim under appellee's Franchise Agreement with

McDonald's.

      {¶46} Assignment of Error II is denied.
       {¶47} The judgment of the Court of Common Pleas of Mahoning County, Ohio is

hereby affirmed in part and reversed in part, and the matter is remanded to said court

for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

By Farmer, J.

Gwin, P.J. and

Delaney, J. concur.
