                NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
               APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION

                                    SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
                                    APPELLATE DIVISION
                                    DOCKET NO. A-5432-14T3

STATE OF NEW JERSEY,                   APPROVED FOR PUBLICATION

                                             May 5, 2016
         Plaintiff-Appellant,
                                          APPELLATE DIVISION
v.

RYAN SUTHERLAND,

          Defendant-Respondent.
_____________________________________________________

         Argued March 8, 2016 – Decided May 5, 2016

         Before Judges Yannotti, St. John and
         Guadagno.

         On appeal from the Superior Court of New
         Jersey, Law Division, Morris County,
         Indictment No. 14-10-0985.

         Paula Jordao, Assistant Prosecutor, argued
         the cause for appellant (Fredric M. Knapp,
         Morris County Prosecutor, attorney; Ms.
         Jordao, on the brief).

         Nelson Gonzalez argued the cause for
         respondent.

     The opinion of the court was delivered by

GUADAGNO, J.A.D.

     By our leave granted, the State appeals from the June 26,

2015 Law Division order granting defendant Ryan Sutherland's

motion to suppress.    Defendant was stopped by a police officer

for driving a vehicle at night with an inoperable rear tail
light.   When the officer learned that defendant's license was

suspended, he issued two summonses.

    Defendant appeared in municipal court and it was determined

that his license suspension was due to a third conviction for

driving while intoxicated (DWI).    Subsequently, a grand jury

sitting in Morris County returned a one-count indictment

charging defendant with fourth-degree operating a motor vehicle

during a period of license suspension for a second or subsequent

DWI conviction, N.J.S.A. 2C:40-26(b).

    Defendant moved to suppress the traffic stop and to dismiss

the indictment.   He argued that because his vehicle had three

operable tail lights, he was in compliance with N.J.S.A. 39:3-

61(a) and -66, and the traffic stop was unreasonable.    The judge

agreed and granted defendant's motion to suppress the motor

vehicle stop, although he denied defendant's motion to dismiss

the indictment.

    We granted the State's motion for leave to appeal and now

hold that, even if the officer was mistaken that the inoperable

tail light constituted a Title 39 violation, he had an

objectively reasonable basis for stopping defendant's vehicle.

Therefore, we reverse.

    We glean the following facts from the transcript and the

exhibits introduced at the hearing on defendant's motion to




                                2                          A-5432-14T3
suppress.   On February 3, 2014, just before 9:00 p.m., Mount

Olive Township Police Officer Michael Carletta was on patrol in

the southbound lane of Route 206 when he observed a Toyota Camry

travelling northbound with one of its tail lights not

illuminated.

     Carletta made a U-turn and approached the Camry in an

adjacent lane.1   In a drizzling rain, he observed that the Camry

had four tail lights, two on each side.   While both tail lights

were illuminated on the driver's side, the upper tail light on

the passenger's side was not functioning.   Carletta activated

the dash cam video recorder on his police vehicle, pulled into

the lane directly behind the Camry, and activated his police

lights to effect a stop.

     Carletta approached the Camry and observed defendant behind

the wheel and an unidentified female in the passenger's seat.

When Carletta requested defendant's driving credentials,

defendant responded that he had a license but that it was "not

on [him] right now."   After obtaining defendant's name and date

of birth, Carletta returned to his vehicle and contacted

dispatch to verify that defendant had a license.   Shortly




1
  At this point, Route 206 has two northbound and two southbound
lanes.



                                 3                           A-5432-14T3
thereafter, Carletta was informed that defendant's driver's

license was suspended.

    Carletta returned to the Camry and told defendant that his

license was suspended and he could not continue driving.

Carletta suggested that the female passenger drive them to their

destination.   Carletta explained to defendant that his "main

reason for pulling [him] over was [his] maintenance of [his]

tail light," and issued traffic summonses for driving with a

suspended license, N.J.S.A. 39:3-40, and for maintenance of

lamps, N.J.S.A. 39:3-66.   Defendant and the female passenger

switched spots, and the female drove off.       The stop lasted

approximately fifteen minutes.

    On June 11, 2015, the Law Division held a hearing on

defendant's motion to suppress.       Officer Carletta testified that

he received training in, and regularly handled, motor vehicle

violations under Title 39.    Carletta explained that, in his

experience, drivers usually do not check their vehicles to

ensure that all their lights are working, so he "stop[s] them to

let them know that there is a problem with their lamp and it

needs to be taken care of."   Carletta's usual practice when a

driver's light is out is "to give them a warning and then send

them on their way."




                                  4                           A-5432-14T3
    Carletta's rationale for stopping defendant was that his

understanding of N.J.S.A. 39:3-66 required "that all lamps . . .

must be in good working order."       He was aware that defendant's

vehicle had a non-functioning light, but did not know whether

"there was a violation at that point[.]"      Additionally, Carletta

testified "we stop for community caretaking . . . to make the

driver aware that he does have an equipment violation so that he

has the opportunity to take care of it."

    On cross-examination, Carletta conceded that he was not

sure how many lights were required on a vehicle, but that he

understood the requirement to be two total tail lights, "one on

each side."   He testified that vehicles were also required to

have two turn signals, one on each side, as well as three brake

lights, "one on each side and one on top."

    Carletta acknowledged that three of four tail lights on the

Camry were illuminated and that he would not have stopped

defendant's vehicle but for the one non-functioning tail light,

because the vehicle was not driving erratically, was within the

speed limit, maintained its lane, and Carletta had no concern

that anything was wrong with the driver.

    On June 26, 2015, the Law Division judge issued an order,

accompanied by a seventeen-page written decision granting

defendant's motion to suppress the vehicle stop.       The judge




                                  5                           A-5432-14T3
found that N.J.S.A. 39:3-61(a) and -66 "set forth a baseline of

what lights/lamps are required" on a motor vehicle.   In

reference to these statutes, the judge described the vehicle

code as "arcane and chaotic" and noted that it "has not kept up

with the times on this topic, and utterly fails to factor in,

for example, the substantial changes in automotive design,

materials, and manufacturing" since it was last updated.     The

judge noted that, in the past, it "would have been rare to

observe . . . a vehicle with multiple rear running lights [or]

more than one tail light lens on the left and right rear side of

a passenger vehicle," but today that was not so.

    The judge stated that the motor vehicle code created

"opportunities for confusion and uncertainty for . . . those in

law enforcement."   The judge found that Carletta "testified

honestly and candidly that he understood that any light not

working properly is . . . a basis for stopping an offending

vehicle."

    However, the judge concluded that "Officer Carletta's

understanding of the statute[s], perhaps facilitated by [their]

confusing and outdated terminology, was incorrect."   The judge

found that the code did not declare, for instance, that "all

original equipment lamps/lights" must be "in working order at

all times."   Instead, the statutes required "two properly




                                6                            A-5432-14T3
functioning rear lights, one on each side," and that "even with

one non-functioning rear light, defendant's vehicle still had

three properly functioning lights."

    Relying on our published opinion in State v. Puzio, 379

N.J. Super. 378 (App. Div. 2005), and an unpublished opinion in

State v. McDade, No. A-4909-07 (App. Div. Mar. 30, 2009), the

judge concluded that Carletta held "a mistaken view of the law

in question" and therefore his "suspicion was not objectively

reasonable" and "could not justify his warrantless stop of

defendant's vehicle."

    The judge rejected the State's argument that the stop was

justified under the community caretaking doctrine.   Relying on

McDade, the judge concluded that the State "has failed to

present compelling evidence that defendant's vehicle presented a

safety hazard, thus warranting the community caretaking

doctrine."   The judge noted that Carletta "did not express any

public safety concerns in his role as a 'caretaker,'" and made

the factual finding that Carletta "acted solely and exclusively

pursuant to law enforcement objectives, based on his good faith,

yet misplaced, belief as to the impact of N.J.S.A. 39:3-66."

    On appeal, the State claims that Officer Carletta's stop of

the Camry was lawful because he had a reasonable and articulable

suspicion of a motor vehicle violation.   The State argues




                                7                            A-5432-14T3
alternatively that the stop was justified under the community

caretaking doctrine.

      We begin our analysis by noting the bedrock constitutional

principle that a police stop of a moving vehicle constitutes a

seizure of the vehicle's occupants and therefore falls within

the purview of the Fourth Amendment. Whren v. United States, 517

U.S. 806, 809-10, 116 S. Ct. 1769, 1772, 135 L. Ed. 2d 89, 95

(1996); State v. Baum, 199 N.J. 407, 423 (2009).

      The State argues that Carletta had articulable and

reasonable suspicion to stop defendant because the non-

functioning tail light constituted a violation of N.J.S.A. 39:3-

66.   Even if there was no violation, the State maintains that

Carletta's mistake of law did not negate the reasonableness of

the traffic stop.

      We first address the motion judge's conclusion that,

because defendant's Camry had functioning tail lights on the

left and right sides, the non-functioning fourth tail light did

not constitute a motor vehicle violation and the officer's

"mistaken view of the law" rendered his stop of the vehicle

unreasonable.

      N.J.S.A. 39:3-61(a) provides in pertinent part:

          Every motor vehicle . . . shall be equipped
          on the front with at least two headlamps, an
          equal number at each side, and with two turn
          signals, one on each side; and on the rear



                                8                            A-5432-14T3
            with two tail lamps, two or more stop lamps,
            . . . two turn signals, and two reflectors,
            one of each at each side; . . . In addition,
            every motor vehicle shall be equipped with
            adequate license plate illumination, and
            with one or more lamps capable of providing
            parking light[.]

    N.J.S.A. 39:3-66 requires:

            All lamps, reflectors and other illuminating
            devices required by this article shall be
            kept clean and in good working order and, as
            far as practicable, shall be mounted in such
            a manner as to reduce the likelihood of
            their being obscured by mud or dust thrown
            up by the wheels.

    It is undisputed that Officer Carletta stopped defendant's

Camry because one of its four tail lights was not illuminated,

and then issued a summons believing that it violated N.J.S.A.

39:3-66.    No published decisions interpret the meaning of this

statute and the motion judge relied heavily on the unpublished

opinion in State v. McDade, which presented similar facts.

    McDade involved the stop of a 2001 Volkswagen Jetta because

a passenger side rear tail light was out. McDade, supra, slip

op. at 2.    The officer acknowledged that it was possible that

the vehicle had two tail lights on each side and that only one

of the four tail lights was out. Id. at 3.    Subsequent proofs by

the defendant demonstrated that the 2001 Volkswagen Jetta had

"multiple lights on each side of the vehicle's rear." Id. at 4.

The panel concluded




                                 9                         A-5432-14T3
          suspicion based on a mistaken view of the
          law cannot be the reasonable suspicion
          required for the Fourth Amendment, because
          the legal justification for a traffic stop
          must be objectively grounded.   Here, we are
          satisfied that the law requires only a total
          of two functioning rear tail lamps, one on
          each side. Thus, if as defendant maintains,
          only   one   of   four    tail   lights  was
          extinguished, leaving the minimum number of
          working rear tail lights, then no violation
          of the law occurred here and [the officer's]
          honest but mistaken view of the law cannot
          justify the vehicular stop in issue.

          [Id. at 15-16.]

      Because the record in McDade was not clear as to "whether

there were a total of two functioning rear tail lights, one on

each side," the panel remanded for further fact-finding. Id. at

16.

      McDade is non-precedential. R. 1:36-3; Liberty Mut. Ins.

Co. v. Garden State Surgical Ctr., L.L.C., 413 N.J. Super. 513,

525 n.5 (App. Div. 2010).     Moreover, to the extent that McDade

holds that a traffic stop premised upon a good faith mistake of

law is objectively unreasonable and cannot satisfy the

reasonable suspicion requirement of the Fourth Amendment, we

disagree with the decision.

      The motion judge also relied on State v. Puzio.   In Puzio,

a police officer saw a sports car that bore a commercial license

plate but lacked signage identifying the owner of the vehicle.

Puzio, supra, 379 N.J. Super. at 380.    Believing this violated



                                  10                        A-5432-14T3
N.J.S.A. 39:4-46(a), which requires display of a business name

and address on a commercial vehicle, the officer stopped the car

and the defendant was ultimately arrested for DWI. Ibid.     The

municipal judge denied the defendant's motion to suppress and

reasoned that the stop was made "in good faith and based on

articulable suspicion." Ibid.   The defendant pled guilty to DWI

and appealed. Id. at 381.   A Law Division judge agreed that the

police officer had a reasonable and articulable suspicion to

stop the driver based on his interpretation of that statute. Id.

at 381.

     Defendant appealed and we reversed.   We first noted the

distinction between cases where an officer has a mistaken view

of a statute and those "where the officer correctly understands

the statute but arguably misinterprets the facts concerning

whether a vehicle, or operator, has violated the statute." Id.

at 382.   We held that "where an officer mistakenly believes that

driving conduct constitutes a violation of the law, but in

actuality it does not, no objectively reasonable basis exists

upon which to justify a vehicle stop." Id. at 383.   We rejected

the judge's implied2 reliance on the officer's good faith, noting


2
  We noted that the municipal judge referred to the officer's
"good faith belief" and we implied that the Law Division judge
did the same by concluding that he need not resolve whether the
officer's interpretation of the statute was correct. Ibid.



                                11                         A-5432-14T3
that "our courts have rejected a good faith exception to the

Fourth Amendment exclusionary rule." Ibid. (citing State v.

Novembrino, 105 N.J. 95, 157-58 (1987)).

    We found that,

         [e]ven under the good faith exception
         rejected in Novembrino, objective
         reasonableness is judged through the eyes of
         a reasonable officer acting "in accordance
         with governing law. To create an exception
         here would defeat the purpose of the
         exclusionary rule, for it would remove the
         incentive for police to make certain that
         they properly understand the law that they
         are entrusted to enforce and obey."

         [Id. at 384 (quoting United States v. Lopez-
         Soto, 205 F.3d 1101, 1106 (9th Cir. 2000)).]

    Puzio and McDade were decided before the United States

Supreme Court's recent decision in Heien v. North Carolina, 574

U.S. ___, 135 S. Ct. 530, 190 L. Ed. 2d 475 (2014).   In Heien,

an officer stopped a vehicle after observing that its right

brake light was not functioning. Id. at ___, 135 S. Ct. at 534,

190 L. Ed. 2d at 480.   After a consent search, a bag of cocaine

was recovered and the vehicle's owner was charged with attempted

cocaine trafficking. Id. at ___, 135 S. Ct. at 534-35, 190 L.

Ed. 2d at 481.   The defendant moved to suppress the evidence,

contending that the stop violated the Fourth Amendment. Id. at

___, 135 S. Ct. at 535, 190 L. Ed. 2d at 481.   After a hearing,




                                12                        A-5432-14T3
the trial court denied the suppression motion and the defendant

pled guilty, reserving his right to appeal. Ibid.

    The North Carolina Court of Appeals determined that driving

with only one working brake light was not illegal under North

Carolina law and the officer's mistake of law invalidated the

stop and subsequent search. Ibid.   The State appealed, and the

North Carolina Supreme Court reversed, concluding that the

officer who initiated the stop "may make a mistake, including a

mistake of law, yet still act reasonably under the

circumstances." Ibid.

    The United States Supreme Court granted certiorari to

consider "whether [a police officer's] mistake of law can

nonetheless give rise to the reasonable suspicion necessary to

uphold the seizure [of a vehicle] under the Fourth Amendment."

Id. at ___, 135 S. Ct. at 534, 190 L. Ed. 2d at 480.   The Court

held that just as mistakes of fact can establish reasonable

suspicion, so too can mistakes of law:

         [R]easonable men make mistakes of law, too,
         and such mistakes are no less compatible
         with the concept of reasonable suspicion.
         Reasonable   suspicion   arises   from   the
         combination of an officer's understanding of
         the facts and his understanding of the
         relevant law. The officer may be reasonably
         mistaken on either ground.      Whether the
         facts turn out to be not what was thought,
         or the law turns out to be not what was
         thought, the result is the same: the facts
         are outside the scope of the law. There is



                               13                           A-5432-14T3
          no reason, under the text of the Fourth
          Amendment or our precedents, why this same
          result should be acceptable when reached by
          way of a reasonable mistake of fact, but not
          when   reached   by  way   of  a   similarly
          reasonable mistake of law.

          [Id. at ___, 135 S. Ct. at 536, 190 L. Ed.
          2d at 482-83.]

     Moreover, the Court highlighted "the reality that an

officer may 'suddenly confront' a situation in the field as to

which the application of a statute is unclear — however clear it

may later become." Id. at ___, 135 S. Ct. at 539, 190 L. Ed. 2d

at 486.   Indeed, the Court noted an officer may "have to make a

quick decision on the law." Ibid.     Accordingly, the Heien Court

concluded that so long as such a mistake is objectively

reasonable, it may give rise to reasonable suspicion. Id. at

___, 135 S. Ct. at 540, 190 L. Ed. 2d at 487.

     Given the well-reasoned holding in Heien, we express doubts

as to the continued vitality of Puzio.     Nor are we as convinced

as the McDade panel that a non-functioning fourth tail light

cannot be a violation of Title 39.3


3
  In response to McDade, Assembly Bill 354 was introduced, which
would have made it "an equipment violation if any lighting
device installed on a vehicle is not in working order." 2012
Bill Text N.J. A.B. 354 (Jan. 10, 2012). The proposed bill
would have amended N.J.S.A. 39:3-66 to change the language
"required by this article" to "equipped on a motor vehicle."
Ibid. The bill also proposed changing a portion of N.J.S.A.
39:3-61(j) from "Required headlamps, tail lamps . . . shall be
                                                      (continued)


                                14                          A-5432-14T3
    As the motion judge noted, there is ambiguity in the

relevant statutes.   N.J.S.A. 39:3-61(a) provides that each motor

vehicle must have two tail lamps; N.J.S.A. 39:3-66 provides that

all lamps "required" by Title 39 "shall be kept in good working

order."

    The motor vehicle statutes thus indicate that two tail

lamps are required and they must be kept in good working order.

However, one statute appears to encourage law enforcement

officers to stop drivers to notify them when any vehicle lamps

are not in working order.   N.J.S.A. 39:3-61(l) provides:

          Whenever a law enforcement officer detects a
          motor vehicle with a lamp not in working
          order, the driver may be permitted to park
          the vehicle temporarily at some safe place
          nearby and make the necessary repairs or
          replacement to restore the lamp to working
          order before moving the vehicle, in which
          event, there is no violation of this Title.



(continued)
lighted" to stating that "All headlamps, tail lamps . . . shall
be lighted." Ibid. Both changes were rejected and an amended
bill passed the Assembly without any changes made to the
language of "required by this article" under N.J.S.A. 39:3-66,
and only adding to N.J.S.A. 39:3-61(a) the language "or more"
next to the number of stop lamps required on motor vehicles.
2012 Bill Tracking N.J. A.B. 354 (Jan. 10, 2012); A.B. 354
[First Reprint] 215th Leg., (N.J. 2013).
     With minor amendments, the Senate passed S. 3028, an
identical bill to A.B. 354. Governor Christie signed the bill
into law on January 17, 2014 as P.L. 2013, c. 230. The law
neither amended N.J.S.A. 39:3-66 nor required that any more than
the two requisite tail lamps under Title 39 were required to be
illuminated.



                                15                          A-5432-14T3
    While the reference to "no violation" can fairly be

interpreted as permitting an officer to stop a vehicle only when

a "required lamp" is not in working order, the Legislature did

not include that specific limitation in this section, as it did

with N.J.S.A. 39:3-66.   Words chosen by the Legislature are

given their plain meanings. 612 Assocs., L.L.C. v. N. Bergen

Mun. Utils. Auth., 215 N.J. 3, 15 (2013); see also GE Solid

State, Inc. v. Dir., Div. of Taxation, 132 N.J. 298, 308 (1993)

(finding Legislature's use of words in one section of statute

indicated that omission of same words in another section was

intentional).

    At the time Carletta stopped defendant's Camry, there was

no authoritative judicial interpretation of this statute, and

while the statute may be read to apply only to non-working,

required lamps, a law enforcement officer could have reasonably

interpreted the statute to permit that officer to stop and

advise drivers of any non-functioning lights and allow the

driver an opportunity to correct the problem without penalty.

This is exactly what Officer Carletta intended to do when he

stopped defendant's Camry.   Carletta, who was found credible by

the motion judge, testified that his usual practice and his

initial intention here was to merely issue a warning for a

defective lamp.




                                16                        A-5432-14T3
    We also note that the distance visibility requirement of

N.J.S.A. 39:3-48(b) requires the light "from every required

exterior lamp on a vehicle shall be visible from a distance of

500 feet," but the locational visibility requirement of N.J.S.A.

39:3-48(d) is not limited to "required" lights:

         Light from every headlamp, other driving
         lamp, clearance lamp, identification lamp
         and single-faced turn signal mounted on or
         at the front of a vehicle, and front parking
         light, shall be visible to the front; that
         from   every   side-marker  lamp  and   side
         reflector shall be visible to the side; that
         from every stop lamp, tail lamp, clearance
         lamp, identification lamp, back-up lamp and
         reflector mounted on the rear, from every
         turn signal mounted on the rear of a vehicle
         or the cab of a truck tractor, and from any
         rear parking lamp, shall be visible to the
         rear; that from any double-faced turn signal
         shall be visible to the front and to the
         rear at the side on which such lamp is
         mounted; and that from any projecting load
         marker lamp or combination marker lamp shall
         be visible from the direction stated in the
         provision requiring it.

         [N.J.S.A. 39:3-48(d) (emphasis added).]

    We recognize that both subsections (b) and (d) should be

read in pari materia and construed together as a unitary and

harmonious whole. St. Peter's Univ. Hosp. v. Lacy, 185 N.J. 1,

14-15 (2005).   However, given the ambiguities in these statutes,

which the Legislature was unsuccessful in clarifying, and the

absence of any authoritative judicial interpretation, we cannot

conclude that Officer Carletta's interpretation that all tail



                                17                        A-5432-14T3
lights must be in working order was a clear mistake of law.

Even if Carletta was mistaken, it cannot follow that his mistake

was unreasonable.

    In determining whether the stop was reasonable, we consider

all details of the incident.   The non-functioning tail light can

be clearly seen on Carletta's dash cam video, and the stop was

done in good faith and without pretext.   Carletta's detention

and interaction with defendant was minimal and the encounter,

lasting fifteen minutes, was not unreasonably extended or more

intrusive than necessary. Baum, supra, 199 N.J. at 425 (finding

twenty-six minute traffic stop not unreasonable).    Defendant was

not arrested, and his passenger was not even asked for her

driving credentials before she was allowed to drive off in the

Camry. See State v. Sloane, 193 N.J. 423, 439 (2008) (police do

not need reasonable suspicion to run database check of passenger

during motor vehicle stop).    There was no inquiry as to where

defendant was coming from, where he was going to, whether he had

been drinking, or whether there was contraband in the car,

questions that are frequently asked during motor vehicle stops.

    Here, Officer Carletta's belief that defendant's non-

functioning tail light was a motor vehicle violation was

objectively reasonable.   Even if his conclusion amounted to a

mistake of law, which we do not now determine, any error was




                                 18                        A-5432-14T3
reasonable given the confusing state of the statutes.      Because

the Fourth Amendment tolerates objectively reasonable mistakes

of law, Heien, supra, 574 U.S. at ____, 135 S. Ct. at 539, 190

L. Ed. 2d at 486, Carletta's stop of defendant's vehicle was

permissible.

       Our decision does not run afoul of the holding in

Novembrino, as defendant contends.    In Novembrino, supra, the

Court declined to follow the federal good faith exception to the

exclusionary rule announced in United States v. Leon, 468 U.S.

897, 104 S. Ct. 3405, 82 L. Ed. 2d 677 (1984). 105 N.J. at 157-

58.    The Novembrino Court held that an officer's good faith

reliance on a constitutionally deficient search warrant violates

Article I, Paragraph 7 of the New Jersey Constitution. Id. at

159.   The Court held that police may not circumvent the probable

cause requirement even if the error was inadvertent. Id. at 157.

       We find Novembrino, which dealt with invalid search

warrants and unlawful police activity, inapplicable to the

circumstances of this case. Id. at 157-58.    Here, the State is

not seeking to introduce the fruits of unlawful police conduct

because Officer Carletta's stop of defendant's vehicle was

lawful, reasonable, done in good faith, non-pretextual, and was

based on malfunctioning safety equipment.    We reject defendant's

suggestion that Novembrino precludes application of the




                                 19                          A-5432-14T3
reasonableness standard announced in Heien.   Because Carletta's

stop was reasonable, defendant's constitutional rights were not

violated.

    Because we conclude the stop was reasonable, we need not

address the State's alternative argument that it was permissible

under the community caretaking doctrine.

    Reversed.




                               20                         A-5432-14T3
