[Cite as State v. Watkins, 2018-Ohio-46.]



                                     IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

                           TWELFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT OF OHIO

                                            CLERMONT COUNTY




STATE OF OHIO,                                     :

                 Plaintiff-Appellee,               :     CASE NO. CA2017-03-013

                                                   :           OPINION
    - vs -                                                      1/8/2018
                                                   :

MICHAEL G. WATKINS, JR.,                           :

                 Defendant-Appellant.              :



    CRIMINAL APPEAL FROM CLERMONT COUNTY COURT OF COMMON PLEAS
                          Case No. 2016CR0442



D. Vincent Faris, Clermont County Prosecuting Attorney, Nicholas A. Horton, 76 South
Riverside Drive, 2nd Floor, Batavia, Ohio 45103, for plaintiff-appellee

John Woliver, 204 North Street, Batavia, Ohio 45103, for defendant-appellant



        HENDRICKSON, P.J.

        {¶ 1} Defendant-appellant, Michael G. Watkins Jr., appeals the bindover decision of

the Clermont County Court of Common Pleas, Juvenile Division, and his conviction and

sentence in the Clermont County Court of Common Pleas, General Division.

        {¶ 2} On May 9, 2016, 16-year-old Watkins executed a plan to rob two victims by

having two minor codefendants lure them to a Clermont County apartment. Upon arriving at

the apartment, Watkins and his codefendants threatened the victims with a firearm, then
                                                                  Clermont CA2017-03-013

assaulted and robbed them. Following the completion of the robbery plan, the victims left the

apartment and contacted the police who responded to the apartment and arrested Watkins.

On May 10, 2016, the state filed a delinquency complaint alleging charges for felony

aggravated robbery and misdemeanor assault. On May 30, 2016, while at a juvenile

detention facility for the delinquency charges, Watkins assaulted a corrections officer. In

turn, the state charged Watkins with felonious assault on a correctional facility employee.

       {¶ 3} The state moved for a mandatory bindover for criminal prosecution of the

aggravated robbery charges and for a discretionary bindover for criminal prosecution of the

assault charges. On June 8, 2016, the juvenile court held a probable cause hearing on the

felony aggravated robbery and misdemeanor assault charges and heard arguments

regarding the state's motion for mandatory transfer. As detailed below, the juvenile court

found probable cause for the charges. Following the hearing, the juvenile court scheduled a

probable cause hearing for the felonious assault charge for June 22, 2016, ordered a mental

examination of Watkins, and scheduled an amenability hearing for July 18, 2016. The

juvenile court also took Watkins' motion to dismiss the state's motion for mandatory bindover

under advisement. At the June 22, 2016 hearing, the juvenile court found probable cause for

the felonious assault charge. Additionally, the juvenile court once again ordered a mental

examination of Watkins and scheduled an amenability hearing on the felonious assault

charge for July 18, 2016. Pursuant to R.C. 2152.12(G), the juvenile court issued written

notice of the hearing to the parties.

       {¶ 4} On June 30, 2016, Dr. Paul Deardorff conducted the court-ordered mental

examination of Watkins. On July 13, 2016, the juvenile court journalized its earlier findings

as follows: (1) it determined that Watkins was 16 years old at the time of the commission of

the offenses, (2) the offenses would be felonies if committed by an adult, and (3) there was

probable cause supporting the charges. However, the juvenile court denied the state's

                                             -2-
                                                                    Clermont CA2017-03-013

motion for mandatory bindover because it found Watkins did not have a firearm on or about

his person or under his control while committing the offense, and did not display, brandish,

indicate possession of or use a firearm to facilitate commission of the aggravated robberies.

Rather, the juvenile court found probable cause for complicity to aggravated robbery. The

juvenile court ordered a mental examination of Watkins and included notice of the hearing in

its entry finding probable cause.

       {¶ 5} On July 18, 2016, the juvenile court conducted the amenability hearing. The

juvenile court heard testimony from Watkins and Adam Burke, Watkins' probation officer.

Burke testified regarding the contact he has had with Watkins, Watkins' history of

delinquency, prior dispositions ordered on such delinquency, and Watkins' response to the

prior rehabilitative efforts of the juvenile court. During the amenability hearing, the juvenile

court acknowledged that a separate mental examination had not been completed in the

aggravated robbery case. Upon inquiry by the juvenile court, counsel for both parties agreed

to the use of the June 30, 2016 mental examination previously completed by Dr. Deardorff for

the felonious assault case.

       {¶ 6} On July 25, 2016, the juvenile court issued an entry granting the state's motion

for discretionary bindover of the aggravated robbery and assault charges for criminal

prosecution. In so doing, the juvenile court noted Watkins was 16 years old at the time of the

commission of the offenses, it previously found probable cause for the offenses, and had

Watkins committed the offenses as an adult, the offenses would be felonies and a

misdemeanor, respectively. In granting the state's motion, the juvenile court considered the

factors favoring transfer pursuant to R.C. 2152.12(D) and the factors against transfer

pursuant to R.C. 2152.12(E).

       {¶ 7} On August 23, 2016, the Clermont County Grand Jury returned a three-count

indictment charging Watkins with two felony counts of aggravated robbery with gun
                                              -3-
                                                                    Clermont CA2017-03-013

specifications and one count of felonious assault. Watkins entered pleas of no contest to the

two counts of aggravated robbery without the gun specifications and the count of felonious

assault. Prior to sentencing, Watkins informed the trial court he wished to withdraw his pleas

of no contest. The trial court held a hearing on the matter and determined Watkins wished to

withdraw his pleas so that he could file a motion to dismiss the charges thereby preserving

for appeal his constitutional challenges to the bindover procedure. The trial court determined

it was without jurisdiction to review the juvenile court's bindover decision and denied Watkins'

motion to withdraw his pleas. The trial court sentenced Watkins to an aggregate eight-year

prison term, four-year prison terms on each aggravated robbery count running consecutive to

each other and a concurrent twelve-month prison term for the felonious assault count.

Watkins timely appealed.

       {¶ 8} Assignment of Error No.1:

       {¶ 9} THE JUVENILE COURT ERRED TO THE PREJUDICE OF APPELLANT BY

GRANTING THE STATE'S MOTION TO RELINQUISH JURISDICTION.

       {¶ 10} Assignment of Error No. 3:

       {¶ 11} THE OPERATION OF R.C. 2152.12 AND 5139.41(C)(2) VIOLATES

DEFENDANT'S RIGHT TO DUE PROCESS OF LAW AS PROTECTED BY THE

FOURTEENTH AMENDMENT TO THE UNITED STATES CONSTITUTION AND THE OHIO

CONSTITUTION.

       {¶ 12} Watkins contends the juvenile court erred by making findings unsupported by

the record in its consideration of the factors favoring and against transfer pursuant to R.C.

2152.52(D) and (E). In turn, Watkins argues this failure resulted in the juvenile court abusing

its discretion by granting the state's motion for a discretionary bindover. Watkins further

asserts the juvenile court's decision to relinquish jurisdiction violated his due process rights

pursuant to the United States and Ohio Constitutions because the juvenile court's decision-
                                              -4-
                                                                      Clermont CA2017-03-013

making process was "tainted by the court's own funding considerations."

       {¶ 13} Juvenile courts have exclusive original jurisdiction over proceedings involving a

child alleged to have committed a delinquent act.             R.C. 2151.23(A)(1).      Therefore,

proceedings regarding juveniles must originate in juvenile court and continue in such court

unless it relinquishes jurisdiction in accordance with the bindover procedures set forth in R.C.

2152.10 and 2152.12. State v. J.T.S., 10th Dist. Franklin No. 14AP-516, 2015-Ohio-1103, ¶

10. The Ohio Revised Code provides two types of bindover procedures, mandatory and

discretionary. State v. D.W., 133 Ohio St.3d 434, 2012-Ohio-4544, ¶ 10. The present

appeal involves the juvenile court's decision with respect to the latter.

       {¶ 14} Pursuant to R.C. 2152.12(B)(3), when deciding whether to transfer a juvenile to

the adult court system, the juvenile court must consider and weigh certain statutory factors.

The juvenile court has wide latitude in making its determination and we will not reverse its

decision absent an abuse of discretion. State v. Ramirez, 12th Dist. Butler No. CA2010-11-

305, 2011-Ohio-6531, ¶ 12. An abuse of discretion is more than an error of law or judgment.

Rather, it suggests the "trial court's decision was unreasonable, arbitrary or unconscionable."

State v. Perkins, 12th Dist. Clinton No. CA2005-01-002, 2005-Ohio-6557, ¶ 8. "A review

under the abuse-of-discretion standard is a deferential review." State v. Morris, 132 Ohio

St.3d 337, 2012-Ohio-2407, ¶ 14. "As long as the [juvenile] court considers the appropriate

statutory factors and there is some rational basis in the record to support the court's findings

when applying those factors, we cannot conclude that the [juvenile] court abused its

discretion in deciding whether to transfer jurisdiction." State v. Phillips, 12th Dist. Clinton No.

CA2009-03-001, 2010-Ohio-2711, ¶ 39.

       {¶ 15} According to R.C. 2152.12(B),

              * * * after a complaint has been filed alleging that a child is a
              delinquent child for committing an act that would be a felony if
              committed by an adult, the juvenile court at a hearing may
                                                -5-
                                                                    Clermont CA2017-03-013

             transfer the case if the court finds all of the following:

             (1) The child was fourteen years of age or older at the time of
             the act charged.

             (2) There is probable cause to believe that the child committed
             the act charged.

             (3) The child is not amenable to care or rehabilitation within the
             juvenile system, and the safety of the community may require
             that the child be subject to adult sanctions. In making its
             decision under this division, the court shall consider whether the
             applicable factors under division (D) of this section indicating that
             the case should be transferred outweigh the applicable factors
             under division (E) of this section indicating that the case should
             not be transferred. The record shall indicate the specific factors
             that were applicable and that the court weighed.

      {¶ 16} Watkins does not contest the juvenile court's findings with respect to R.C.

2152.12(B)(1) and (2), and only challenges the juvenile court's weighing of the factors for

consideration as set forth in R.C. 2152.12:

             (D) In considering whether to transfer a child under division (B)
             of this section, the juvenile court shall consider the following
             relevant factors, and any other relevant factors, in favor of a
             transfer under that division:

             (1) The victim of the act charged suffered physical or
             psychological harm, or serious economic harm, as a result of the
             alleged act.

             (2) The physical or psychological harm suffered by the victim
             due to the alleged act of the child was exacerbated because of
             the physical or psychological vulnerability or the age of the
             victim.

             (3) The child's relationship with the victim facilitated the act
             charged.

             (4) The child allegedly committed the act charged for hire or as a
             part of a gang or other organized criminal activity.

             (5) The child had a firearm on or about the child's person or
             under the child's control at the time of the act charged, the act
             charged is not a violation of section 2923.12 of the Revised
             Code, and the child, during the commission of the act charged,
             allegedly used or displayed the firearm, brandished the firearm,

                                              -6-
                                                              Clermont CA2017-03-013

       or indicated that the child possessed a firearm.

       (6) At the time of the act charged, the child was awaiting
       adjudication or disposition as a delinquent child, was under a
       community control sanction, or was on parole for a prior
       delinquent child adjudication or conviction.

       (7) The results of any previous juvenile sanctions and programs
       indicate that rehabilitation of the child will not occur in the
       juvenile system.

       (8) The child is emotionally, physically, or psychologically mature
       enough for the transfer.

       (9) There is not sufficient time to rehabilitate the child within the
       juvenile system.

       (E) In considering whether to transfer a child under division (B)
       of this section, the juvenile court shall consider the following
       relevant factors, and any other relevant factors, against a
       transfer under that division:

       (1) The victim induced or facilitated the act charged.

       (2) The child acted under provocation in allegedly committing
       the act charged.

       (3) The child was not the principal actor in the act charged, or, at
       the time of the act charged, the child was under the negative
       influence or coercion of another person.

       (4) The child did not cause physical harm to any person or
       property, or have reasonable cause to believe that harm of that
       nature would occur, in allegedly committing the act charged.

       (5) The child previously has not been adjudicated a delinquent
       child.

       (6) The child is not emotionally, physically, or psychologically
       mature enough for the transfer.

       (7) The child has a mental illness or intellectual disability.

       (8) There is sufficient time to rehabilitate the child within the
       juvenile system and the level of security available in the juvenile
       system provides a reasonable assurance of public safety.

{¶ 17} "Generally[,] the greater the culpability of the offense, the less amenable will the


                                        -7-
                                                                    Clermont CA2017-03-013

juvenile be to rehabilitation." State v. Watson, 47 Ohio St.3d 93, 96 (1989). There is no

requirement that each statutory factor must be "resolved against the juvenile so long as the

totality of the evidence supports a finding that the juvenile is not amenable to treatment."

State v. Haynie, 12th Dist. Clinton No. CA93-12-039, 1995 Ohio App. LEXIS 517, *13 (Feb.

13, 1995); see also State v. Rice, 12th Dist. Butler No. CA2016-01-005, 2016-Ohio-5372, ¶ 9

(stating a juvenile court has wide latitude in determining whether a juvenile is amenable to

rehabilitation in the juvenile system).

       {¶ 18} After a thorough review of the record, we find that the juvenile court did not err

in finding that Watkins was not amenable to treatment as a juvenile. The juvenile court found

that seven factors weighed in favor of transfer while two weighed against transfer. The

juvenile court found the victims suffered physical harm as a result of the offenses because

evidence was presented that Watkins and his codefendants physically beat the victims. The

juvenile court further found that this physical harm was exacerbated by the victims'

vulnerability because Watkins was much larger in stature than the two victims. The juvenile

court noted the offenses were committed as part of an organized activity as Watkins and his

codefendants planned how the offenses would occur and how to distribute the fruits of the

robbery amongst themselves. The juvenile court found Watkins partook in this planning

process, received a share of the stolen items, and assisted in hiding the firearm.

       {¶ 19} The juvenile court further noted Watkins' extensive juvenile record in the two

years preceding the commission of the offenses, including assault, criminal damaging,

felonious assault, felonious assault on a police officer, felony theft of a motor vehicle,

robbery, and five community control violations. Additionally, Watkins has broken house

arrest and removed a Global Positioning System ("GPS") monitoring device. The juvenile

court detailed its prior dispositions, including extensive detention time, eleven orders of

community control, intensive probation, school-based probation visits, house arrest, GPS
                                              -8-
                                                                       Clermont CA2017-03-013

monitoring, various assessments, drug and alcohol monitoring, and suspended Department

of Youth Services ("DYS") commitments. Additionally, Watkins failed to engage in court-

ordered treatment at the Clermont Recovery Center in addition to other failed treatment

opportunities.

          {¶ 20} Based on the foregoing, the juvenile court found factors (1) thru (3) and (6) thru

(9) favored transfer. The juvenile court found two factors weighed against transfer: (1)

Watkins was not the principal offender, and (2) he suffered from bipolar and related disorder

and unspecified disruptive, impulse control and conduct disorder. Watkins challenges the

juvenile court's findings with respect to factors (8) and (9). Watkins contends the juvenile

court's findings that there was not sufficient time to rehabilitate him within the juvenile

system, and that Watkins is emotionally, physically, or psychologically mature enough for

transfer, are either not supported by the record or are contradicted by the record.

          {¶ 21} First, we examine the juvenile court's finding that Watkins is emotionally,

physically, or psychologically mature enough for transfer. Watkins correctly asserts that Dr.

Deardorff's professional conclusion following his mental examination was that Watkins was

"not emotionally, physically, or psychologically mature enough for the transfer." However,

Watkins also correctly asserts that the juvenile court is not bound by the findings of an

expert. State v. Rice, 12th Dist. Butler No. CA2016-01-005, 2016-Ohio-5372, ¶ 16. Rather,

as the juvenile court did in this case, it must consider and weigh Dr. Deardorff's report

amongst the other evidence presented, and make conclusions pursuant to each relevant

factor.

          {¶ 22} In support of its finding Watkins was mature enough for transfer, the juvenile

court noted Watkins' stature as a tall young man who has inflicted physical harm on both

juveniles and adults. Watkins is an "emotionally and behaviorally troubled [juvenile]," yet

"was polite and cooperative" and demonstrated "no eccentricities of manner." His "thought
                                                 -9-
                                                                    Clermont CA2017-03-013

processes were clear and logical and displayed no abnormalities of mental content," and was

"alert, responsive and lacked no awareness as to his past and present situation." Watkins'

memory, attention, concentration skills, and reasoning abilities appeared intact, and he is of

"bright-average intelligence." In regard to his emotional state, Watkins was generally in good

spirits, but often anxious.

       {¶ 23} Next, we turn to the juvenile court's finding there is not sufficient time to

rehabilitate Watkins within the juvenile system. The juvenile court found Watkins exhausted

the sanctions available to him within the system. Despite comprehensive efforts by the

juvenile court to provide myriad avenues for rehabilitation, Watkins continued to exercise

poor judgment coupled with impulse, resulting in "seriously problematic behavior." The

juvenile court supported this finding with Watkins prior history with the juvenile court, as

detailed above. Specifically, the juvenile court noted the escalation in violence regarding

Watkins' criminal behavior over 22 months, including "fights with law enforcement,

corrections officers and both children and adults." Therefore, the juvenile court found it could

"only conclude that [Watkins] does not want to change, and [it was] unable to offer any

sanctions in the time remaining to rehabilitate him within the juvenile system." In making

such determination, the juvenile court noted it had considered the opinion of Dr. Deardorff.

       {¶ 24} Contrary to Watkins' claims, there is some rational basis in the record to

support each individual finding in its analysis of the two disputed factors as well as its

consideration of the factors in totality. As discussed above, the juvenile court thoroughly

conducted the required statutory analysis, considering each factor in favor of, and against,

transfer. While the outcome of the juvenile court's analysis differed from the opinion of Dr.

Deardorff, this alone does not constitute an abuse of discretion. Rice at ¶ 16 (stating a

juvenile court has discretion to assign weight to an expert's report and is not otherwise bound

by the expert's opinion). Rather, the record clearly reflects the juvenile court conjunctively
                                             - 10 -
                                                                    Clermont CA2017-03-013

considered the opinion of Dr. Deardorff with the remainder of the evidence in the record to

find factors in favor of, and against, transfer. Therefore, the juvenile court did not abuse its

discretion in conducting the requisite statutory analysis.

       {¶ 25} Watkins contends the juvenile court further erred by failing to consider a DYS

commitment. Certainly, in determining whether a juvenile is amenable to rehabilitation in the

juvenile system might involve consideration of whether a DYS commitment is a viable

dispositional alternative.    However, the General Assembly did not enumerate this

consideration as a prerequisite to discretionary bindover. Rather, it formulated the factors in

R.C. 2152.12(D) and (E) for a juvenile court to weigh when determining whether bindover is

appropriate. As we found above, the juvenile court considered the statutory factors and

made findings pursuant thereto, which were supported by the record.

       {¶ 26} Watkins further contends the juvenile court improperly considered financial

considerations to suggest that it ordered a discretionary bindover as opposed to a DYS

commitment to avoid any negative financial impact. In support of this argument, Watkins

proffered into the record information disclosing that the Clermont County Juvenile Court had

not committed a juvenile to DYS in the last five years. However, even accepting Watkins

argument as true, Watkins fails to introduce any evidence to indicate financial considerations

played any role in the juvenile court's disposition in this case, or over the last five years.

Further, Watkins' argument fails to consider that other dispositions have budgetary impacts

that may bear less, equal, or more cost than a DYS commitment. Rather, all dispositions

have a budgetary impact, and as such, this argument could be made anytime a more

restrictive, yet less costly disposition is ordered.    Thus, Watkins' argument does not

demonstrate the juvenile court's disposition violated his due process rights without evidence

that financial considerations were a significant factor in the juvenile court's decision. The

mere fact the juvenile court has not made a DYS commitment in five years does not raise the

                                             - 11 -
                                                                     Clermont CA2017-03-013

inference asserted by Watkins that the juvenile court's decision must be financially motivated.

Therefore, Watkins' argument is without merit.

       {¶ 27} Accordingly, Watkins' first and third assignments of error are overruled.

       {¶ 28} Assignment of Error No. 2:

       {¶ 29} THE JUVENILE COURT ERRED TO THE PREJUDICE OF DEFENDANT BY

VIOLATING THE SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS SET FORTH IN R.C. 2152.12(C) AND (G).

       {¶ 30} Watkins asserts the juvenile court erred by not strictly adhering to the

parameters of R.C. 2152.12(C) and (G). Specifically, Watkins contends the juvenile court

failed to obtain a competent and intelligent waiver from him regarding the mental examination

required by R.C. 2152.12(C). Watkins further argues the juvenile court did not adhere to the

notice provisions enumerated in R.C. 2152.12(G).

       {¶ 31} R.C. 2151.12(C) provides:

              Before considering a transfer under division (B) of this section,
              the juvenile court shall order an investigation into the child's
              social history, education, family situation, and any other factor
              bearing on whether the child is amenable to juvenile
              rehabilitation, including a mental examination of the child by a
              public or private agency or a person qualified to make the
              examination. The investigation shall be completed and a report
              on the investigation shall be submitted to the court as soon as
              possible but not more than forty-five calendar days after the court
              orders the investigation. The court may grant one or more
              extensions for a reasonable length of time. The child may waive
              the examination required by this division if the court finds that the
              waiver is competently and intelligently made. Refusal to submit
              to a mental examination by the child constitutes a waiver of the
              examination.

(Emphasis added.) Likewise, Juv.R. 30(C) states, in pertinent part:

              In any proceeding in which transfer of a case for criminal
              prosecution is permitted * * * and in which probable cause is
              found at the preliminary hearing, the court shall continue the
              proceeding for full investigation. The investigation shall include a
              mental examination of the child by a public or private agency or
              by a person qualified to make the examination.


                                              - 12 -
                                                                    Clermont CA2017-03-013

       {¶ 32} The juvenile court ordered the mental examination for the assault on a

corrections officer case on June 22, 2016 and the mental examination for the aggravated

robbery case on July 13, 2016. The former was completed, but not the latter. At the July 18,

2016 amenability hearing for all charges, the juvenile court realized the second mental

examination had not been completed. Therefore, the juvenile court inquired of counsel for

both parties if they would agree to the juvenile court's consideration of the mental

examination completed on June 30, 2016 and a psychological evaluation completed on

February 24, 2016. Counsel for both parties agreed. The juvenile court did not directly

address the issue with Watkins or inquire of Watkins' counsel as to whether he had consulted

with Watkins regarding a waiver of the second mental examination.

       {¶ 33} Watkins contends the juvenile court committed prejudicial error by permitting

the discretionary bindover proceedings to continue without a second completed mental

examination and without a sufficient waiver of such requirement made directly by him.

However, Watkins fails to explain how the juvenile court's consideration of the first mental

examination and a prior psychological evaluation prejudiced him. This is not a case where

no investigation occurred, but rather, a mental examination was prepared three weeks prior

to the amenability hearing, which considered the pendency of all relevant charges. See, e.g.,

State v. Cooperwood, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga Nos. 99309, 99310, and 99311, 2013-Ohio-3432,

¶ 26 (finding juvenile court met its statutory bindover requirements, in pertinent part, by

ordering one full psychological evaluation of a juvenile for three pending cases and holding a

combined amenability hearing). Moreover, neither the record indicates nor does Watkins

argue, how a separate mental examination would have rendered anything new or of

significance for the juvenile court to consider in light of the timing of the first examination.

Therefore, the juvenile court did not err in its consideration of the first examination.

       {¶ 34} Watkins further contends the juvenile court failed to adhere to the notice
                                             - 13 -
                                                                    Clermont CA2017-03-013

requirements in R.C. 2152.12(G) for the amenability hearing. R.C. 2152.12(G) provides

"[t]he court shall give notice in writing of the time, place, and purpose of any hearing held

pursuant to division (A) or (B) of this section to the child's parents, guardian, or other

custodian and to the child's counsel at least three days prior to the hearing."

       {¶ 35} With respect to R.C. 2152.12(G), the juvenile court issued the required notice of

the amenability hearing in the assault on a corrections officer case. However, the juvenile

court did not issue notice of the amenability hearing in the same manner for the aggravated

robbery case. Rather, the juvenile court provided in its July 13, 2016 entry finding probable

cause for the charges in the aggravated robbery case that it would conduct the aggravated

robbery amenability hearing on July 18, 2016, in conjunction with the assault on a corrections

officer amenability hearing.    This entry set forth the time, place, and purpose of the

amenability hearing and was served upon Watkins' father. Watkins' mother was not served,

but she was imprisoned and unlikely able to attend the hearing. While Watkins' father did not

attend the hearing, the record does reflect that he was aware of the hearing and could not

attend due to his employment. Watkins' attorney, guardian ad litem, and stepmother all

attended the hearing.

       {¶ 36} Watkins cites a Fourth District opinion to support his assertion that the juvenile

court's notice via entry failed to meet the requirements of R.C. 2152.12(G), and thus, the

juvenile court committed reversible error in moving forward with the bindover proceedings.

See generally Turner v. Hooks, 4th Dist. Ross No. 15CA3477, 2016-Ohio-3083. However,

Turner is distinguishable from the situation in the present case. In Turner, the juvenile court

did not provide notice of the amenability hearing to the juvenile's legal custodian, his

grandmother, and she did not attend the hearing. Turner at ¶ 51. Rather, the juvenile court

provided notice to the juvenile's mother who had been previously determined unfit for custody

of the juvenile, which the Fourth District determined to be reversible error. Id. Unlike Turner,
                                             - 14 -
                                                                     Clermont CA2017-03-013

evidence exists in the record that Watkins' attorney, guardian ad litem, stepmother, and

father all had notice of the amenability hearing on the pending charges, and all were in

attendance for the hearing except his father. Therefore, we find no reversible error in the

juvenile court's entry providing notice of the hearing. State v. Rodriguez, 12th Dist. Butler No.

CA2008-07-162, 2009-Ohio-4460, ¶ 30 (finding no reversible error despite juvenile court's

failure to provide written notice pursuant to R.C. 2152.12[G] because the juvenile's legal

custodians attended the hearing); State v. Reynolds, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 06AP-915, 2007-

Ohio-4178, ¶ 14 (finding both parents need not be provided notice pursuant to the statute).

       {¶ 37} Accordingly, Watkins' second of assignment of error is overruled.

       {¶ 38} Assignment of Error No. 5:

       {¶ 39} THE TRIAL COURT COMMITTED ERROR BY DENYING DEFENDANT'S

MOTION TO WITHDRAW HIS NO CONTEST PLEA AND BY FAILING TO CONSIDER

DEFENDANT'S CHALLENGE TO THE BINDOVER ORDER.

       {¶ 40} Watkins argues the trial court possessed the inherent right to determine the

constitutional challenges Watkins posed before it. Thus, the trial court erred by refusing to

permit Watkins to withdraw his pleas of no contest prior to sentencing in order to consider the

constitutional issues.

       {¶ 41} As discussed above, the juvenile court considered Watkins' various

constitutional challenges to the bindover procedures before granting the state's motion for

discretionary bindover. In turn, the juvenile court transferred Watkins' case to the general

division of the Clermont County Court of Common Pleas. After the trial court accepted

Watkins' pleas of no contest, but before sentencing, Watkins requested to withdraw his pleas

to provide the trial court an opportunity to review the constitutional arguments he posed

before the juvenile court. The trial court denied Watkins' request and proceeded to the

sentencing phase of the case.
                                              - 15 -
                                                                     Clermont CA2017-03-013

       {¶ 42} Despite Watkins' argument, we find the trial court did not err in denying his

motion to withdraw his pleas of no contest. "The Ohio Supreme Court has held that a

defendant may not immediately appeal a juvenile court's order transferring jurisdiction of his

case to the common pleas court, but must wait to appeal any error stemming from the order

following a final judgment in the common pleas court." State v. Amos, 1st Dist. Hamilton No.

C-150265, 2016-Ohio-1319, ¶ 26, citing In re Becker, 39 Ohio St.2d 84, 87 (1974). Thus, a

defendant cannot challenge "in the common pleas court the juvenile court's bindover order

because [a] common pleas court ha[s] no jurisdiction to review the juvenile court's bindover

order for error." Amos at ¶ 27, citing State v. Washington, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 20226,

2005-Ohio-6546, ¶ 8; State v. Whiteside, 6 Ohio App.3d 30, 37 (3d Dist.1982).

       {¶ 43} Therefore, because the trial court did not have jurisdiction to review the juvenile

court's bindover order for error – constitutional or otherwise – it did not err in denying

Watkins' motion to withdraw his pleas of no contest to provide time for such review.

       {¶ 44} Accordingly, Watkins' fifth assignment of error is overruled.

       {¶ 45} Assignment of Error No. 4:

       {¶ 46} THE TRIAL COURT'S SENTENCE ORDERING DEFENDANT TO SERVE

TWO CONSECUTIVE TERMS OF FOUR YEARS VIOLATES DEFENDANT'S RIGHTS

UNDER THE UNITED STATES AND OHIO CONSTITUTIONS AND STATE LAW.

       {¶ 47} Watkins contends the trial court erred in sentencing him in the same manner as

an adult for the crimes he committed at 16 years of age. Specifically, Watkins claims the trial

court "[did n]ot consider * * * youth as a factor in its sentence * * *, constitut[ing] cruel and

unusual punishment in violation of [Watkins'] rights established under the Eighth Amendment

to the United States Constitution and violat[ing] Ohio's sentencing statutes to wit: R.C.

2929.11 [thru 2929].14."

       {¶ 48} R.C. 2953.08(G)(2) sets forth the standard of review for all felony sentences.
                                              - 16 -
                                                                     Clermont CA2017-03-013

State v. Marcum, 146 Ohio St.3d 516, 2016-Ohio-1002, ¶ 1; accord State v. Crawford, 12th

Dist. Clermont No. CA2012-12-088, 2013-Ohio-3315, ¶ 6. Pursuant to R.C. 2953.08(G)(2),

when hearing an appeal of a trial court's felony sentencing decision, "[t]he appellate court

may increase, reduce, or otherwise modify a sentence that is appealed under this section or

may vacate the sentence and remand the matter to the sentencing court for resentencing."

       {¶ 49} As explained in Marcum, "[t]he appellate court's standard for review is not

whether the sentencing court abused its discretion." Marcum at ¶ 9. Rather, pursuant to

R.C. 2953.08(G)(2), an appellate court may only "increase, reduce, or otherwise modify a

sentence * * * or may vacate the sentence and remand the matter to the sentencing court for

resentencing" if the court finds by clear and convincing evidence "(a) [t]hat the record does

not support the sentencing court’s findings[,]" or "(b) [t]hat the sentence is otherwise contrary

to law." R.C. 2953.08(G)(2)(a)-(b). A sentence is not "clearly and convincingly contrary to

law where the trial court considers the principles and purposes of R.C. 2929.11, as well as

the factors listed in R.C. 2929.12, properly imposes postrelease control, and sentences the

defendant within the permissible statutory range." State v. Ahlers, 12th Dist. Butler No.

CA2015-06-100, 2016-Ohio-2890, ¶ 8, citing State v. Moore, 12th Dist. Clermont No.

CA2014-02-016, 2014-Ohio-5191, ¶ 6.

       {¶ 50} After thoroughly reviewing the record, we find no error in the sentence imposed

by the trial court. Watkins does not specifically challenge the trial court's consideration of the

principles and purposes of R.C. 2929.11, the factors listed in R.C. 2929.12, the imposition of

postrelease control, or that the sentence was within the permissible statutory range. Rather,

Watkins claims the trial court fashioned a sentence without considering his age at the time of

commission of the offenses. Therefore, we consider Watkins argument as claiming the trial

court failed to consider a relevant factor pursuant to R.C. 2929.12(B).

       {¶ 51} Contrary to Watkins' assertion, the trial court specifically stated it considered
                                              - 17 -
                                                                    Clermont CA2017-03-013

Watkins' age in imposing his sentence. In pertinent part, the trial court stated:

              Here's the last thing I want to say to you, just so your dad knows.
              I took your age in consideration, because with your record if – if I
              had had all of you, it might have been different. I gave you what
              I gave you partly because of your age, and partly because they
              got what they got. * * * So you may walk out of here, and Mr.
              Hunt may think I didn’t think about your age. I'm telling you, I
              thought about your age, because I could have given you more,
              Mr. Watkins, and felt fine about it, and I didn't.

Therefore, not only did the trial court specifically inform Watkins it considered his age in

formulating Watkins' sentence, the trial court sentenced him more leniently than it would

have had Watkins been an adult at the time of commission of the offenses. Thus, Watkins'

argument is clearly unsupported by the record and without merit. Furthermore, Watkins'

sentence was not clearly and convincingly contrary to law because the trial court sentenced

him within the statutory range, considered the principles and purposes of felony sentencing in

R.C. 2929.11 and the factors in R.C. 2929.12, and made the requisite findings for the

imposition of consecutive sentences in R.C. 2929.14.

       {¶ 52} Accordingly, Watkins' fourth assignment of error is overruled.

       {¶ 53} Judgment affirmed.


       S. POWELL and M. POWELL, JJ., concur.




                                             - 18 -
