J-A20011-15

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION – SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P 65.37

IN THE INTEREST OF: D.M.W.              :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                        :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                        :
                                        :
                                        :
APPEAL OF: D.M.W.                       :   No. 913 EDA 2014

            Appeal from the Dispositional Order March 12, 2014,
                Court of Common Pleas, Philadelphia County,
              Juvenile Division at No. CP-51-JV-0001624-2013

BEFORE: DONOHUE, SHOGAN and WECHT, JJ.

MEMORANDUM BY DONOHUE, J.:                        FILED AUGUST 17, 2015

      D.M.W., a minor, appeals from the March 12, 2014 dispositional order

entered by the Court of Common Pleas, Philadelphia County, following

D.M.W.’s adjudication of delinquency entered on March 12, 2014. For the

reasons set forth herein, we affirm.

      The trial court provided a brief summary of the factual and procedural

history as follows:

            The only testimony in this matter was given by Miss
            Glennist Williams [(“Miss Williams”)], a hall monitor
            at the Brian Elementary School.        Miss Williams
            testified without an apparent motive and this [c]ourt
            found her to be a credible witness. According to Miss
            Williams, on April 26, 2013 she was standing next to
            a teacher while the students were changing classes.
            As a student later identified as Maurice Green was
            going into a classroom, a BB gun fell from his
            schoolbag[.] (N.T. 3/12/14, p.3). He picked up the
            gun and ran away first attempting to enter a locked
            bathroom and subsequently ran down the steps.
            (N.T. 3/12/14, p.4). Miss Williams testified that kids
            were running around the school. In response the
            school police put the school on lockdown and began
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            searching students’ book bags. (N.T. 3/12/14, p.4,
            6).    Eventually [D.M.W.] approached an Officer
            Gilmore and stated “I kind of sort of know where the
            gun is at.”    (N.T. 3/12/14, pp.4, 6). With that
            [D.M.W.] opened her book bag and a gun was found
            in her possession. (N.T. 3/12/14, p.5). As [D.M.W.]
            was being escorted to the principal’s office, she
            stated that she found the BB gun in Cobbs Creek
            Parkway and gave it to Maurice Green.          (N.T.
            3/12/14, p.5).

Trial Court Opinion, 10/9/14, at 1-2.

      D.M.W. was arrested and charged with possession of a weapon on

school property, 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 912(a), and conspiracy, 18 Pa.C.S.A. §

903(c). At an adjudicatory hearing on March 12, 2014, the trial court found

D.M.W. guilty of possessing a weapon on school property and adjudicated

her dependent.

      On March 21, 2014, D.M.W. filed a timely notice of appeal. On appeal,

D.M.W. raises the following two issues for our review:

            1. Where the only evidence is that a minor
            possessed a BB gun briefly to turn it over to school
            police, is not the evidence insufficient as a matter of
            law to sustain an adjudication for possession of a
            weapon on school property pursuant to 18
            Pa.C.S.[A.] § 912?

            2. Was not the evidence insufficient as a matter of
            law to sustain [D.M.W.]’s adjudication for possession
            of a weapon on school property pursuant to 18
            Pa.C.S.[A.] § 912 where there was no evidence
            presented that the item possessed met § 912(a)’s
            definition of a weapon, i.e. being capable of inflicting
            serious bodily injury?

D.M.W.’s Brief at 3.



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     Our standard of review to a challenge to the sufficiency of the

evidence supporting an adjudication of delinquency is well settled:

           When a juvenile is charged with an act that would
           constitute a crime if committed by an adult, the
           Commonwealth must establish the elements of the
           crime by proof beyond a reasonable doubt. When
           considering a challenge to the sufficiency of the
           evidence following an adjudication of delinquency,
           we must review the entire record and view the
           evidence in the light most favorable to the
           Commonwealth.

           In    determining    whether    the   Commonwealth
           presented sufficient evidence to meet its burden of
           proof, the test to be applied is whether, viewing the
           evidence in the light most favorable to the
           Commonwealth,       and    drawing   all   reasonable
           inferences therefrom, there is sufficient evidence to
           find every element of the crime charged.         The
           Commonwealth may sustain its burden of proving
           every element of the crime beyond a reasonable
           doubt by wholly circumstantial evidence.

           The facts and circumstances established by the
           Commonwealth need not be absolutely incompatible
           with a defendant’s innocence. Questions of doubt
           are for the hearing judge, unless the evidence is so
           weak that, as a matter of law, no probability of fact
           can be drawn from the combined circumstances
           established by the Commonwealth.

In re V.C., 66 A.3d 341, 348 (Pa. Super. 2013) (quoting In re A.V.,

48 A.3d 1251, 1252-53 (Pa. Super. 2012)).

     To sustain an adjudication of delinquency for possession of a weapon

on school property, the Commonwealth must establish that the juvenile

“possesse[d] a weapon in the buildings of, on the grounds of, or in any




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conveyance providing transportation to or from any elementary or secondary

publicly-funded educational institution….” 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 912(b).

      For her first issue on appeal, D.M.W. asserts that there was insufficient

evidence to establish that she possessed the BB gun because “the

Commonwealth failed to prove [she] had any criminal intent while the BB

gun was briefly in her possession.” D.M.W.’s Brief at 10-11. D.M.W. claims

that she only had temporary or transitory possession of the BB gun with the

sole intention of voluntarily turning the gun over to school police. Id.

      D.M.W. further argues that section 912(b) is not a strict liability

statute and that to hold otherwise would produce unjust results in situations

such as this one, where a citizen voluntarily relinquishes a weapon to police.

Id. at 12.   In support of her contention, D.M.W. relies upon this Court’s

holding in Commonwealth v. Heidler, 741 A.2d 213 (Pa. Super. 1999),

wherein this Court determined that the appellant in that instance did not

“have the necessary power to control or intent to control [a] gun” because

he handed the gun to his girlfriend prior to entering the school. Id. at 216.

The Heidler Court found that the appellant intended to relinquish control of

the gun when he handed the gun to his girlfriend, and therefore, the

Commonwealth failed to establish the elements of the crime of possession of

a weapon on school property. Id. at 216. D.M.W. asserts that her intent to

relinquish control of the gun is even clearer than it was in Heidler.

D.M.W.’s Brief at 14.



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      D.M.W.’s contention fails, however, as the appellant in Heidler was

found guilty of joint constructive possession, which requires evidence “that

the defendant had both the power to control the firearm and the intent to

exercise such control.” Heidler, 741 A.2d at 216 (emphasis in original). In

this case, D.M.W. was found in actual possession of the weapon, and

therefore, proof of intent to control is not at issue. Moreover, the trial court

in this case determined that D.M.W.’s assertion that she possessed the gun

with the sole intention of turning it in to police lacked credibility. Trial Court

Opinion, 10/9/14, at 3.      Instead, the trial court found that “[D.M.W.’s]

actions were obviously done with the knowledge and fear that she would

eventually be found to be in possession of the weapon.” Id.

      It is well settled that “factual findings and credibility determinations in

juvenile proceedings are within the exclusive province of the hearing

judge[.]”   See In re B.T., 82 A.3d 431, 434 (Pa. Super. 2013).             After

reviewing the record, we conclude that the evidence supports the trial

court’s determination as Miss Williams’ testimony established that D.M.W.

did not immediately go to the school police officer, but rather, appeared with

the gun as school police began searching backpacks of students and

discussed locking the school down.       N.T., 3/12/14, at 6.     As the record

supports the trial court’s determination, we are unable to find that the trial

court abused its discretion.       Accordingly, we conclude that D.M.W.’s

assertion that the Commonwealth failed to establish the possession element



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of section 912(a) is without merit.    D.M.W. is not entitled to relief on this

issue.1

      For her second issue on appeal, D.M.W. asserts that there was no

evidence that the BB gun at issue here met the definition of a ‘weapon’ in 18

Pa.C.S.A. § 912(a).

            (a) Definition – Notwithstanding the definition of a
            “weapon” in section 907 (relating to possessing
            instruments of crime), “weapon” for purposes of this
            section shall include but not be limited to any knife,
            cutting instrument, cutting tool, nun-chuck stick,
            firearm, shotgun or rifle and any other tool,
            instrument or implement capable of inflicting serious
            bodily injury.

18 Pa.C.S.A. § 912(a); D.M.W.’s Brief at 15. The trial court determined that

the BB gun in D.M.W.’s possession met this definition because it constituted

an “instrument or implement capable of inflicting serious bodily harm.” Trial

Court Opinion, 10/9/14, at 2.     Specifically, the trial court ruled that “the

projectile from a BB gun has the capacity to partially blind another, which

clearly satisfies the ‘serious bodily injury’ requirement of the statute.” Id.


1
    We note that D.M.W. also claims that the Commonwealth failed to
disprove her statutory defense under section 912(c) which provides: “It shall
be a defense that the weapon is possessed and used in conjunction with a
lawful supervised school activity or course or is possessed for other lawful
purpose.” D.M.W.’s Brief at 11-13; see 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 912(c). D.M.W.
contends that her temporary possession of the BB gun while carrying out her
intention to voluntarily relinquish the BB gun to the school police was a
lawful purpose. D.M.W.’s Brief at 12. As discussed, however, the trial court
found D.M.W.’s claim that her sole intention was to relinquish the gun to
police lacked credibility. As the trial court’s determination is supported by
the evidence, we find no basis upon which to grant D.M.W. relief on this
issue.


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      On appeal, D.M.W. argues that the Commonwealth failed to present

any evidence that “there were any projectiles to be fired or whether if there

were, it was even capable of firing them.”     D.M.W.’s Brief at 16.   D.M.W.

directs us to our decision in In re M.H.M., 864 A.2d 1251 (Pa. Super.

2004), in which we concluded that a carbon-dioxide-powered paintball gun

was a “weapon” under section 912. According to D.M.W., in this case, unlike

in M.H.M., “there was no evidence presented in the case at bar to prove the

BB gun was loaded or operable or carbon dioxide-powered.” D.M.W.’s Brief

at 16-17.

      D.M.W. misconstrues our decision in M.H.M. In that case, we did not

conclude that the paintball gun constituted a weapon under section 912

because it was loaded, or operable, or carbon dioxide-powered. Instead, we

determined that a paintball gun is a weapon under section 912 because “[a]

paintball gun is capable of inflicting serious bodily injury, such as permanent

eye injury and loss of vision.”   Id. at 1257 (citing In Interest of G.C.,

179 N.J. 479, 846 A.2d 1222, 1224 (2004)). In reliance on our decision in

M.H.M., the Commonwealth Court of Pennsylvania, in Picone v. Bangor

Area Sch. Dist., 936 A.2d 556, (Pa. Cmwlth. 2007), likewise determined

that a pellet gun constitutes a “weapon” under section 1317.2 of the Public

School Code, 24 P.S. § 13–1317.2, which, like section 912, defines a

weapon to include an “instrument or implement capable of inflicting serious

bodily injury.” 24 P.S. § 13–1317.2(a). The Commonwealth Court concluded



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that a pellet gun, like a paintball gun, “is capable of inflicting serious injury

to the eye.” Id. at 561-62.

      We also reject D.M.W.’s contention that the Commonwealth needed to

offer proof that the BB gun at issue in the present case was operable at the

time of the offense. While no Pennsylvania appellate court appears to have

addressed this precise issue in connection with weapons under section 912,

we have addressed the issue in connection with firearms under the

Pennsylvania Uniform Firearms Act, 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 6101 et seq.              Under

these statutes, including sections 6105 (persons not to possess firearms)

and 6106 (firearms not to be carried without a license), we have held that

“[t]he Commonwealth [] need not show the weapon to have been operable

until evidence of its inoperability has been introduced into evidence.”

Commonwealth v. Horshaw, 346 A.2d 340, 342 (Pa. Super. 1975).

Instead,

            [a] reasonable fact finder may, of course, infer
            operability from an object which looks like, feels like,
            sounds like or is like, a firearm. Such an inference
            would be reasonable without direct proof of
            operability. The inference of operability, however,
            cannot reasonably be made where all parties agree
            that the object was not operable.

Commonwealth v. Layton, 307 A.2d 843, 844 (Pa. 1973).                        Thus,

“testimony that defendant possessed a gun allow[s] a reasonable inference

of   operability,   despite   lack   of    direct   testimony   on   this   issue.”

Commonwealth v. Holguin, 385 A.2d 1346, 1351 (Pa. Super. 1978)



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(citing Commonwealth v. Yaple, 357 A.2d 617 (Pa. Super. 1976)).

D.M.W. has not asserted, or introduced any evidence to prove, that the BB

gun in this case was inoperable.

      For these reasons, we agree with the trial court that the BB gun at

issue here constituted a “weapon” pursuant to section 912, because it has

the capacity to inflict serious bodily injury, including the potential to cause

serious injuries to the eyes of individuals on school property. As a result, we

find no error in connection with D.M.W.’s second issue on appeal.

      Order affirmed.

Judgment Entered.




Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 8/17/2015




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