              Case: 12-14322      Date Filed: 07/14/2014   Page: 1 of 12


                                                               [DO NOT PUBLISH]



                IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                          FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                            ________________________

                            Nos. 12-14322 and 13-13776
                              Non-Argument Calendar
                            ________________________

                        D.C. Docket No. 1:09-cv-03008-RWS

ARLANDA ARNAY SMITH,

                                                                  Plaintiff-Appellant,

                                        versus

M. L. MERCER,
SOLOMON DANIELS,
JACQUELYN PHILLIPS,
in their official and individual capacities,

                                                               Defendants-Appellees.

                            ________________________

                    Appeals from the United States District Court
                        for the Northern District of Georgia
                           ________________________

                                    (July 14, 2014)

Before HULL, MARCUS, and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:
              Case: 12-14322     Date Filed: 07/14/2014    Page: 2 of 12


      In Case No. 12-14322, Arlanda Smith appeals the district court’s grant of

summary judgment in favor of Sergeant M.L. Mercer of the DeKalb County Police

Department (“DKPD”) in her individual and official capacity, and Deputies

Solomon Daniels and Jacqueline Phillips of the DeKalb County Sheriff’s Office

(“DKSO”), (collectively “Defendants”) in their individual and official capacities,

in his pro se 42 U.S.C. § 1983 civil rights claim. In Case No. 13-13776, Smith

appeals the district court’s denial of his motion for reconsideration of its order

granting summary judgment in favor of Defendants. We consolidated Smith’s

appeals.

                                I. Summary Judgment

                                  A. Local Rule 56

      Smith argues that the court erred by granting summary judgment in favor of

Defendants in their official and individual capacities on his federal and state law

claims. He contends that the district court wrongly found that he was deemed to

have admitted Defendants’ facts pursuant to N.D. Ga. L.R. 56.

      We review a district court’s order granting summary judgment de novo,

viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the non-moving party. Thomas

v. Cooper Lighting, Inc., 506 F.3d 1361, 1363 (11th Cir. 2007). We give great

deference to a district court’s local rules, and review a court’s application of local




                                           2
              Case: 12-14322     Date Filed: 07/14/2014   Page: 3 of 12


rules for abuse of discretion. Reese v. Herbert, 527 F.3d 1253, 1267 n.22 (11th

Cir. 2008).

      Summary judgment is appropriate if there is no genuine issue of material

fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Thomas, 506

F.3d at 1363; see also Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(a).

      The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure state that a party asserting that a fact is

genuinely disputed must cite to specific materials in the record, and a failure to do

so allows the district court to consider the fact as undisputed for purposes of the

motion for summary judgment. Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c)(1)(A), (e)(2). Similarly,

Northern District of Georgia Local Rule 56.1(B) states, in relevant part, that a

district court will deem the movant’s statement of material facts as admitted unless

the non-movant’s response “contain[s] individually numbered, concise,

nonargumentative responses corresponding to each of the movant’s numbered

undisputed material facts,” and “(i) directly refutes the movant’s fact with concise

responses supported by specific citations to evidence (including page or paragraph

number).” N.D. Ga. L.R. 56.1(B)(2)a.(1), (2).

      Failure by the non-moving party to comply with Local Rule 56.1 is “the

functional analog of an unopposed motion for summary judgment,” but the district

court must review the “movant’s citations to the record to determine if there is,

indeed, no genuine issue of material fact,” before granting summary judgment.


                                          3
                Case: 12-14322   Date Filed: 07/14/2014    Page: 4 of 12


Reese, 527 F.3d at 1268-69 (quotation omitted). A district court applying Local

Rule 56.1 must “disregard or ignore evidence relied on by the respondent – but not

cited in its response to the movant’s statement of undisputed facts – that yields

facts contrary to those listed in the movant’s statement.” Id. at 1268.

      While we liberally construe the filings of pro se plaintiffs, the Supreme

Court has stated that it “never suggested that procedural rules in ordinary civil

litigation should be interpreted so as to excuse mistakes by those who proceed

without counsel.” McNeil v. United States, 508 U.S. 106, 113, 113 S.Ct. 1980,

1984, 124 L.Ed.2d 21 (1993). We have held that “once a pro se IFP litigant is in

court, he is subject to the relevant law and rules of court, including the Federal

Rules of Civil Procedure.” Moon v. Newsome, 863 F.2d 835, 837 (11th Cir. 1989);

see also Bilal v. Driver, 251 F.3d 1346, 1348 n.1 (11th Cir. 2001) (noting that the

fact that a plaintiff “filed his complaint pro se does not change the effect of the

local rule”).

      Here, despite Smith’s pro se status, the district court did not abuse its

discretion in applying N.D. Ga. L.R. 56.1 to deem Defendants’ facts admitted. The

district court previously warned Smith that he must comply with the local rules in

drafting his response to Defendants’ statement of material facts. However, Smith’s

response failed to comply with L.R. 56.1 by not including citations to evidence.

See N.D. Ga. L.R. 56.1(B)(2)a.(1), (2). Smith is not excused from following the


                                           4
              Case: 12-14322     Date Filed: 07/14/2014    Page: 5 of 12


court’s rules of procedure simply because of his pro se status. See, e.g., Moon, 863

F.2d at 837. The district court thus did not abuse its discretion in deeming

Defendants’ facts admitted, and disregarding or ignoring evidence relied on by

Smith – but not cited in his response to Defendants’ statement of undisputed facts

– that yields facts contrary to those listed in Defendants’ statement. See Reese, 527

F.3d at 1267 n.22, 1268. Although Smith failed to comply with Local Rule 56.1,

creating “the functional analog of an unopposed motion for summary judgment,”

the district court was still required to review the “movant’s citations to the record

to determine if there is, indeed, no genuine issue of material fact,” before granting

summary judgment. See id. at 1268-69 (quotation omitted). As explained below,

the district court properly granted summary judgment in favor of Defendants.

                        B. Federal Official Capacity Claims

      Smith’s complaint alleged that Mercer, a DKPD employee, violated his

constitutional rights by: (1) not conducting a warrant application hearing pursuant

to O.C.G.A. § 17-4-40(b); (2) procuring an arrest warrant without probable cause;

and (3) not taking him to a probable cause hearing within 72 hours after his arrest,

as required under § 17-4-26. He alleged that Daniels and Phillips, DKSO

employees, violated his constitutional rights by: (1) arresting him without probable

cause; (2) using force during the illegal arrest; and (3) not taking him to a probable

cause hearing within 72 hours after his arrest.


                                           5
              Case: 12-14322    Date Filed: 07/14/2014   Page: 6 of 12


      Section 1983 provides that:

      Every person, who, under color of any statute, ordinance, regulation,
      custom, or usage, of any State or Territory or the District of
      Columbia, subjects, or causes to be subjected, any citizen of the
      United States or other person within the jurisdiction thereof to the
      deprivation of any rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the
      Constitution and laws, shall be liable to the party injured in an action
      at law, suit in equity, or other proper proceeding for redress . . . .

42 U.S.C. § 1983. To prevail in a civil rights action under § 1983, a plaintiff must

show that: (1) the act or omission deprived him of a right, privilege, or immunity

secured by the Constitution or laws of the United States; and (2) the act or

omission was done by a person acting under color of law. Marshall Cnty. Bd. of

Educ. v. Marshall Cnty. Gas Dist., 992 F.2d 1171, 1174 (11th Cir. 1993).

      Official-capacity suits are another way of pleading an action against an

entity of which an officer is an agent. Monell v. Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 436 U.S. 658,

690 n.55, 98 S.Ct. 2018, 2035 n.55, 56 L.Ed.2d 611 (1978). A county can be sued

under § 1983 where the alleged unconstitutional action “implements or executes a

policy statement, ordinance, regulation, or decision officially adopted and

promulgated by that body’s officers.” Id. at 690, 98 S.Ct. at 2035-36. However,

local governments may also be sued under § 1983 for constitutional violations

pursuant to governmental custom, even if the custom has not received formal

approval from the body’s official decision makers. Id. at 690-91, 98 S.Ct. at 2036.

A plaintiff must identify a “consistent and widespread practice” of constitutional


                                          6
              Case: 12-14322    Date Filed: 07/14/2014    Page: 7 of 12


deprivations to prove local government liability for an unofficial custom. Depew

v. City of St. Mary’s, 787 F.2d 1496, 1499 (11th Cir. 1986).

      Smith identified no official DeKalb County policy that he alleged is

unconstitutional. See Monell, 436 U.S. at 690, 98 S.Ct. at 2035-36. In addition,

his claims arise out of a single incident, and any unofficial custom must be

“consistent and widespread.” See Depew, 787 F.2d at 1499. Thus, the court

properly granted summary judgment in favor of Defendants in their official

capacities on Smith’s federal claims.

                       C. Federal Individual Capacity Claims

      Qualified immunity shields government officials performing discretionary

functions from § 1983 suits as long as their conduct does not violate clearly

established statutory or constitutional rights of which a reasonable person would

have known. Wilson v. Layne, 526 U.S. 603, 609, 119 S.Ct. 1692, 1696, 143

L.Ed.2d 818 (1999). We conduct a two-part inquiry in determining whether

qualified immunity applies. Hartsfield v. Lemacks, 50 F.3d 950, 953 (11th Cir.

1995). First, the defendant official must prove that he was acting within the scope

of his discretionary authority when the alleged wrongful acts occurred. Id. If the

defendant satisfies this burden, the plaintiff must prove that the defendant violated

clearly established law based upon objective standards. Id. Discretionary

authority includes all actions of a government official that were: (1) taken pursuant


                                          7
              Case: 12-14322    Date Filed: 07/14/2014    Page: 8 of 12


to the performance of his duties; and (2) were within the scope of his authority.

Jordan v. Doe, 38 F.3d 1559, 1566 (11th Cir. 1994).

      Here, Defendants showed eligibility for qualified immunity. First,

Defendants’ actions were performed pursuant to their job functions and within the

scope of their authority. Second, Smith did not demonstrate that Defendants

violated clearly established law. See Leslie v. Hancock Cnty. Bd. of Educ., 720

F.3d 1338, 1345 (11th Cir. 2013) (holding that clearly established law is law

decided by the Supreme Court, the Eleventh Circuit, or the Georgia Supreme

Court); see also Hartsfield, 50 F.3d at 953. Although Smith contended that Mercer

violated O.C.G.A. § 17-4-20.1 by not investigating the claims of Smith’s ex-wife,

Marjorie Smith, Mercer attested that she investigated: (1) the criminal history of

both parties; (2) prior abuse of the court system; (3) underlying issues such as

mental incapacity or substance abuse; (4) the temporary protective order (“TPO”);

(5) the greeting card; and (6) Smith’s history of violating the TPO. Moreover,

Mercer’s investigation created probable cause to procure an arrest warrant for

Smith because a greeting card signed by “Arlanda” was sent to Marjorie Smith

when a TPO was in effect. See Wood v. Kesler, 323 F.3d 872, 878 (11th Cir. 2003)

(holding that probable cause to arrest exists “when the facts and circumstances

within the officer’s knowledge, of which he or she has reasonably trustworthy

information, would cause a prudent person to believe, under the circumstances


                                          8
                Case: 12-14322        Date Filed: 07/14/2014        Page: 9 of 12


shown, that the suspect has committed . . . an offense”). 1 In addition, because

Mercer was a law enforcement officer, she was not required to hold a preliminary

warrant application hearing. See O.C.G.A. § 17-4-40(b)(1) (describing procedures

for warrant applications made “by a person other than a peace officer or law

enforcement officer”). Further, Defendants were allowed to arrest Smith prior to

trial because he was charged with violating a state statute, and not a county

ordinance or citation. See O.C.G.A. §§ 15-10-62(b), 63(d) (providing that those

accused of violating county ordinances and citations “shall not be arrested prior to

the time of trial,” but violations of state statutes “may provide for immediate

arrest”). Moreover, Daniels and Phillips did not violate the Fourth Amendment by

falsely arresting Smith, because, as discussed above, Mercer’s investigation

supported probable cause, and an arrest made with probable cause does not violate

the Fourth Amendment. See Wood, 323 F.3d at 878. Finally, contrary to Smith’s

assertion, the record shows that Smith admitted that he received a post-arrest

hearing. Accordingly, Defendants were entitled to qualified immunity on Smith’s

federal individual capacity claims. See Hartsfield, 50 F.3d at 953.

                                     D. State Law Claims




       1
         To the extent that Smith argues that the district court abused its discretion in denying his
motions to strike evidence based upon Fed.R.Evid. 404(b) that Mercer submitted to the
magistrate in support of the arrest warrant, his argument is meritless.
                                                 9
             Case: 12-14322      Date Filed: 07/14/2014    Page: 10 of 12


      Smith conceded in the district court that state law barred his claims of

malicious prosecution, false arrest, and false imprisonment against Deputies

Daniels and Phillips. Accordingly, his only remaining state law claim is against

Sergeant Mercer for intentional infliction of emotional distress.

      Sovereign immunity extends to the state and all of its departments and

agencies, and can only be waived by an Act of the General Assembly which

specifically provides that sovereign immunity is waived and the extent of the

waiver. Ga. Const. art. I, § 2, ¶ 9(e). Departments and agencies of the State

include counties, which are entitled to sovereign immunity. Hill v. DeKalb Reg’l

Youth Det. Ctr., 40 F.3d 1176, 1197 n.36 (11th Cir. 1994), overruled in part on

other grounds by Hope v. Pelzer, 536 U.S. 730, 739, 122 S.Ct. 2508, 2515, 153

L.Ed.2d 666 (2002). Smith has produced no evidence indicating that DeKalb

County has waived its sovereign immunity for purposes of this suit. Thus,

sovereign immunity bars his state law claim against Mercer in her official capacity.

See Ga. Const. art. I, § 2, ¶ 9(e); Hill, 40 F.3d at 1197 n.36.

      Georgia law grants official immunity to public officials “for their

discretionary acts unless they acted with ‘actual malice.’” Hoyt v. Cooks, 672 F.3d

972, 981 (11th Cir. 2012). Actual malice requires the deliberate intent to cause the

harm suffered. Id. Smith provided no evidence that Mercer acted with actual

malice when she investigated and procured an arrest warrant pursuant to her


                                           10
             Case: 12-14322     Date Filed: 07/14/2014    Page: 11 of 12


discretionary function. Accordingly, Mercer is entitled to official immunity under

Georgia law. See id.

      Based on the above, Smith was unable to demonstrate a genuine issue of

material fact, and Defendants were thus entitled to judgment as a matter of law.

See Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(a); see also Thomas, 506 F.3d at 1363. Accordingly, we

affirm the district court’s grant of summary judgment in Defendants’ favor in Case

No. 12-14322.

                           II. Motion for Reconsideration

      In Case No. 13-13776, Smith argues that reconsideration is necessary “to

correct a clear error of law or fact.” He again challenges the merits of the district

court’s summary judgment order.

      We review the denial of a motion for reconsideration for an abuse of

discretion. Cliff v. Payco Gen. Am. Credits, Inc., 363 F.3d 1113, 1121 (11th Cir.

2004). A party waives or abandons an issue by not addressing it in his initial brief,

and we may affirm the abandoned issue. Sapuppo v. Allstate Floridian Ins. Co.,

739 F.3d 678, 680-81, 683 (11th Cir. 2014).

      Although the district court denied Smith’s motion for reconsideration as

untimely, Smith does not address that finding in his brief. We thus affirm the

district court’s denial of Smith’s motion for reconsideration, because Smith




                                          11
             Case: 12-14322    Date Filed: 07/14/2014   Page: 12 of 12


abandoned the timeliness issue by failing to address it in his brief. See Sapuppo,

739 F.3d at 680-81, 683.

      AFFIRMED.




                                         12
