                 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                             AT NASHVILLE
                                    January 3, 2000 Session

                    ANGELA COLLINS v. TIMOTHY PHARRIS

                 Appeal from the General Sessions Court for Dickson County
                         No. 99-5403-CV    Durwood Moore, Judge



                     No. M1999-00588-COA-R3-CV - Filed March 7, 2001


The petitioner appeals the general sessions court’s denial of an order of protection and questions the
proper avenue to appeal a general sessions court’s ruling on an order of protection. We hold that,
because the general sessions court has concurrent jurisdiction with the circuit and chancery courts
to hear petitions for orders of protection, this court is the proper one to hear an appeal of the grant
or denial of such an order. Because we find that the evidence does not preponderate against the trial
court’s denial of the order in this case, we affirm the trial court.

      Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the General Sessions Court
                                Affirmed and Remanded

PATRICIA J. COTTRELL , J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which BEN H. CANTRELL , P.J., M.S.
and WILLIAM B. CAIN , J. joined.

Connie Reguli, Nashville, Tennessee, for the appellant, Angela Collins.

Jack L. Garton, Dickson, Tennessee, for the appellee, Timothy Pharris.

                                             OPINION

       Angela Collins and Timothy Pharris had a dating relationship for several years but never
cohabited. The relationship ended sometime in early to mid-1998. Ms. Collins lives in Dickson
County, Mr. Pharris lives in Sumner County, and both parties apparently work in Davidson County.

        Ms. Collins obtained a temporary ex parte order of protection in April 1999 in Dickson
County General Sessions Court, asserting that Mr. Pharris had paged her and e-mailed her saying
things like, “If I can’t have you, no one will,” and talking about a “big day” that was coming. She
also claimed that Mr. Pharris’s past violence toward her required her to undergo surgery, that a key
to her house was missing, and that he had driven past her house. She stated she was afraid of him.
        A hearing was held in general sessions court on May 14, 1999 on Ms. Collins’s petition for
the order of protection.1 Both parties were present at the hearing and represented by counsel. After
hearing the testimony, the trial court dismissed the petition for an order of protection, but made no
findings of fact that are preserved in the record. The form for the order of protection had several
choices for the trial judge to mark. He checked the box on the form marked “This cause is
dismissed. . .” but did not check either of the two boxes below it to indicate the reason for the
dismissal; one reason to dismiss stated that the plaintiff had not appeared, the other stated that the
plaintiff had not met the “burden of supporting the allegations.”

        Following the dismissal of her petition in Dickson County, Ms. Collins sought an order of
protection in Davidson County on May 25. Mr. Pharris appeared in Davidson County General
Sessions Court and presented the Dickson County dismissal. The Davidson County judge
questioned whether the petition was dismissed for failure to meet the burden of proof, because the
dismissal did not indicate its reason, and continued the case. The Davidson County judge contacted
the Dickson County judge about the dismissal and the Dickson County judge then marked the form
to indicate: “This cause is dismissed . . . Plaintiff having failed at [trial] to carry the burden of
supporting the allegations of the petition.” That same day, Ms. Collins filed a handwritten notice
of appeal with the clerk’s office, which forwarded the notice to this court.

        Another hearing was held in Dickson County General Sessions Court on June 11, 1999, in
which Ms. Collins sought, unsuccessfully, to have that court vacate its earlier order and dismiss the
action for lack of jurisdiction or transfer the matter to Davidson County. Because the case was then
on appeal, the trial court declined to take either action. Ms. Collins’s counsel also raised the issue
of appeal, advising the trial court that the clerk had forwarded her notice of appeal to the Court of
Appeals. She maintained that the circuit court was the proper venue for her appeal if the court
refused to vacate its earlier order. Again, the trial court declined to take any action, noting, “This
is where I’m going to let it stay, at the Court of Appeals. I’ll deny your motion. You may argue with
the Court of Appeals that they don’t have jurisdiction.”

                                                             I.

        We shall address the jurisdictional question first. Orders of protection may be sought in most
counties, including Dickson County, in either a “court of record with jurisdiction over domestic
relation matters or the general sessions court of the county in which the petitioner resides.” Tenn.
Code Ann. § 36-3-601(3)(C). Ms. Collins chose to seek an order of protection in the general
sessions court of Dickson County. After it was refused, she sought to appeal the denial to circuit
court, presumably with de novo review and a new evidentiary hearing.

       The Attorney General of Tennessee has issued an opinion on precisely the issue of whether
appeals from general sessions court orders of protection should be taken to the circuit court or to this
court. Tenn. Op. Att’y. Gen. No. 98-043, 1998 WL 129995. In that opinion, the Attorney General


       1
           The tem porary or der of pro tection expir ed that same day.

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was asked whether a party had the right to appeal the issuance or denial of an order of protection,
and if so, whether general sessions court decisions should be appealed to the circuit court or to this
court. The Attorney General answered the first question in the affirmative, relying on general
statutes providing for appeals. Id. at *1 (citing Tenn. Code Ann. § 27-5-108 (appeals from general
sessions courts go to the circuit courts) and § 16-4-108(a)(1) (appeals from “all civil cases” go to this
court)).

        With regard to the proper forum for appeal, the opinion throughly considered and addressed
all relevant authority on the issue. Therefore, we quote generously from it, as follows:

        In Tennessee, orders of protection may be issued by both the circuit court and the
        chancery court in each county. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-3-601(3)(A)-(C) and (E).
        Additionally, the general sessions court in many counties exercises concurrent
        jurisdiction to issue or deny orders of protection. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-3-601(3)(B),
        (C) and (E). See also Barker v. Harmon, No. 01-A01- 9306-CV-00252, 1993 WL
        377623 (Tenn. Ct. App. September 24, 1993).

        Concurrent jurisdiction among the circuit, chancery and general sessions courts
        creates an apparent anomaly in the appeals process, granting two appeals to some
        litigants, but only one appeal to others. Ordinarily, under the general statutes,
        decisions of the general sessions court may first be appealed de novo to the circuit
        court, and second from the circuit court to the Court of Appeals. Tenn. Code Ann.
        §§ 27-5-108 and 16-4-108(a). On the other hand, decisions of the chancery court and
        the circuit court may be appealed only to the Court of Appeals. Tenn. Code Ann. §
        16-4-108(a). If this scheme were followed in appeals of orders of protection, parties
        to a decision originating in general sessions court would get two reviews of the
        decision, while parties to a decision originating in circuit or chancery court would get
        only one.

        Tennessee courts have resolved such anomalies by holding that when an inferior
        court such as the general sessions court exercises concurrent jurisdiction with the
        circuit and chancery court, appeals from the inferior court should properly be taken
        to the Court of Appeals just as appeals from the circuit and chancery court are. In re
        Scalf's Adoption, 144 S.W.2d 772 (Tenn. 1940); Cooper v. Thompson, 710 S.W.2d
        944 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1985). In Scalf's Adoption, the Supreme Court examined a
        statute conferring upon a juvenile court concurrent jurisdiction with the circuit and
        chancery courts over divorce cases. 144 S.W.2d at 774. A separate statute provided
        that juvenile court decisions should be appealed to the circuit court. Id. at 773. The
        Court held, however, that concurrent jurisdiction "is a jurisdiction the exercise of
        which is reviewable in the Court of Appeals or in this court" rather than in circuit
        court. Id. at 774.




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Similarly, in Cooper v. Thompson, a legitimation statute granted the juvenile court
concurrent jurisdiction with the circuit court and the probate court to legitimate
children. 710 S.W.2d at 945. The legitimation statute contained no provision
regarding appeals. Nevertheless, a separate statute provided for appeal to circuit
court from any final disposition of a child by the juvenile court. Id. The Court,
however, distinguished the juvenile court's concurrent jurisdiction in legitimation
matters from the juvenile court's "ordinary" jurisdiction. Id. The Court held that
"[w]ithout express statutory authority to the contrary, we cannot envision an appeal
between two courts exercising concurrent jurisdiction which would enable a party to
have two trials of equal stature on the same matter. Accordingly, we hold that in
matters of legitimation . . . . the appeal from the court of original jurisdiction is to the
Court of Appeals." Id. at 945-946.

Scalf's Adoption and Cooper indicate that the issuance or denial of orders of
protection by the general sessions court should be appealed directly to the Court of
Appeals rather than to circuit court. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36- 3-601 provides that the
general sessions court has concurrent jurisdiction with the circuit court and the
chancery court over orders of protection. There is no express statutory provision for
appeal of orders of protection. Nevertheless, the concurrent jurisdiction exercised
over orders of protection by the general sessions court under Tenn. Code Ann. §§
36-6-601 et seq. should be distinguished from its "ordinary" jurisdiction, which is set
out at Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 16-15-501-505. The appeals process from orders of
protection should also be distinguished from the "ordinary" appeals process from the
general sessions court to circuit court set out at Tenn. Code Ann. § 27-5-108.
Otherwise a party to a general sessions order of protection would "have two trials of
equal stature in the same matter." Cooper, 710 S.W.2d at 946.

This reasoning is supported by Williams v. Clyce, [no number in original] slip op.
(Tenn. Ct. App. Western Section May 23, 1985) modified by order per curiam
(Supreme Court of Tennessee at Jackson November 18, 1985). The issue in Williams
v. Clyce was whether jurisdiction over an appeal from a general sessions court vested
with original probate jurisdiction by a private act lay in circuit court or in the Court
of Appeals. Clyce, slip op. at 1. Chancery courts ordinarily had exclusive probate
jurisdiction. Id., slip op. at 5. The Court of Appeals reasoned that "the legislature
intended to vest the General Sessions Court of Madison County with all the powers
of the Chancery Court," effectively transforming the general sessions court into "the
Probate Court of Madison County with all of the powers and privileges of the
chancery court which includes its status as a court of record from which an appeal
will lie .... [directly] to the Court of Appeals." Id., slip op. at 7. The Supreme Court
amended the Court of Appeals' judgment in other respects, but agreed with the Court
of Appeals that "appeals from the probate division of the General Sessions Court of
Madison County should be taken to the Court of Appeals rather than to the Circuit



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        Court." Williams v. Clyce, order per curiam (Supreme Court of Tennessee at Jackson
        November 18, 1985).

        This reasoning is also supported by appellate procedure in other domestic relations
        cases over which the general sessions court has concurrent jurisdiction. Under Tenn.
        Code Ann. § 16-15-501(b) and (c), the general sessions courts of several counties
        share with the circuit court and the chancery court concurrent jurisdiction over
        divorce cases. The statute does not delineate the appeals process from general
        sessions court. Nevertheless, a number of cases demonstrate that appeals from
        divorces in general sessions court are taken to the Court of Appeals. See, e.g., Griffin
        v. Stone, 834 S.W.2d 300, 301 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1991); Page v. Page, 672 S.W.2d
        423, 424 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1984); Pairamore v. Pairamore, 547 S.W.2d 545, 546
        (Tenn. Ct. App. 1977).

        Finally, the Tennessee Rules of Civil Procedure also support this reasoning. The
        rules of civil procedure apply to a general sessions court "in cases where such courts
        by special or private act exercise jurisdiction similar to that of circuit or chancery
        courts." Tenn. R. Civ. P. 1. On the other hand, the rules do not apply "to general
        sessions courts in the exercise of jurisdiction conferred by general statutes." Tenn.
        R. Civ. P. 1 committee comment. Under Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-3-601 et seq., the
        general sessions court exercises "jurisdiction similar to that of circuit or chancery
        court[]," so the rules of civil procedure apply in a general sessions court issuing or
        denying orders of protection. Because the general sessions court functions
        procedurally as does a circuit or chancery court in orders of protection cases, it is
        reasonable that appeals from its decisions in such cases should go to the Court of
        Appeals.

Id. at *1-3.

        We find this analysis thorough and the reasoning persuasive. Thus, we hold that general
sessions courts’ decisions on the grant or denial of orders of protection are properly appealed to this
court, because those courts hold concurrent jurisdiction with circuit and chancery courts in this area.
We further note that this court, in an opinion regarding an appeal of an order of protection, recently
stated, “A direct appeal to this court is appropriate because . . . the general sessions court and the
circuit court have concurrent jurisdiction over the issuance or denial of an order of protection.”
Garrison v. Burch, No. M1999-02819-COA-R3-CV, 2001 WL 47001 at *1 n.2 (Tenn. Ct. App. Jan.
22, 2001); see also Haskett v. Haskett, No. E1999-01471-COA-R3-CV, 2000 WL 228261 (Tenn.
Ct. App. Feb. 29, 2000) (no Tenn. R. App. P. 11 application filed) (reversing a general sessions
court’s order of protection, implicitly holding that this court was the proper avenue for the appeal).




                                                  -5-
                                                 II.

        We now turn to whether the evidence preponderates against the denial of the order of
protection. To be entitled to an ex parte order of protection, a petitioner must show that “good
cause” for the order exists. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-3-605(a). “An immediate and present danger of
domestic abuse to the petitioner shall constitute good cause for purposes of this section.” Id. Within
fifteen days after the issuance of such an order, the court must hold a hearing, after which it may
either dissolve the previously issued ex parte order or extend the order of protection for a definite
time. Such extension may only be based on proof by the petitioner of “an allegation of domestic
abuse.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-3-605(b). The petitioner must establish such evidence by a
preponderance of the evidence. Id.

        The applicable statute defines domestic abuse as “inflicting or attempting to inflict physical
injury on an adult or minor by other than accidental means, placing an adult or minor in fear of
physical harm, physical restraint, or malicious damage to the personal property of the abused party.”
Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-3-601(1) (Supp. 2000). Our General Assembly has stated its intent in passing
the laws regarding domestic abuse as follows:

       The purpose of this part is to recognize the seriousness of domestic abuse as a crime
       and to assure that the law provides a victim of domestic abuse with enhanced
       protection from domestic abuse. . . . [T]he general assembly intends that the official
       response to domestic abuse shall stress enforcing the laws to protect the victim and
       prevent further harm to the victim, and the official response shall communicate the
       attitude that violent behavior is not excused or tolerated.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-3-618 (1996).

       Thus, a protective order is intended to protect the victim of abuse and to prevent further harm
to the victim. Injunctive in nature, it may prohibit the respondent from among other things,
committing or threatening domestic abuse, contacting the petitioner, or stalking the petitioner. Tenn.
Code Ann. § 36-3-606(a). Violations are punishable as contempt. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-3-612.
Accordingly, an order of protection is appropriate only where there is sufficient evidence that the
victim needs the protection available.

       A statement of the evidence from the hearing states:

       The petitioner testified that she and the respondent had dated for several years, but
       they had never cohabited. Her testimony was that they had broken up approximately
       one year earlier, and that she had not even seen the respondent in over six months.
       The petitioner testified about an incident that occurred in 1996 concerning an alleged
       assault committed upon her by the respondent. A police report was made of the
       incident but she declined to pursue the matter further and, in fact, she continued to
       see the respondent. The petitioner testified that the respondent entered her home in


                                                 -6-
         July of 1998, but admitted that her mother had given the respondent a key and
         permission to enter in order to retrieve some of his personal property. The petitioner
         further testified that the respondent had indicated that he had driven by her house and
         had seen that her lawn was cut, but the respondent testified that he was in Dickson
         County picking up a part for some equipment, and had driven by her house on the
         way back home. The respondent testified that was the first time that he had been in
         Dickson County in almost a year.

         The respondent testified that he had loaned the petitioner some money, and that she
         had refused to pay him back. He testified that he sued the petitioner in Sumner
         County, and that he dismissed the suit because the petitioner promised to pay him out
         of court. The respondent testified that the petitioner refused, once the suit was
         dismissed, to pay him. He testified that his pages to the petitioner were in reference
         to the fact that he was going to refile the civil lawsuit against her. He also testified
         that the petitioner had paged him more than once, and had sent several e-mails to
         him.

         The petitioner testified that in all of her communications with the respondent, that he
         had never threatened physical violence, and that he had never come around her for
         the purpose of threatening violence, but that she had inferred that from the messages.

        Thus, although Ms. Collins testified she was afraid of Mr. Pharris, she also admitted that he
had not threatened her or come around her in order to threaten her. Her concern arose, apparently,
from messages he had left her. Mr. Pharris explained his reasons for contacting Ms. Collins. In
situations such as this one, the credibility of the witnesses plays a crucial role in weighing the
evidence. Because the trial judge is in a better position to weigh and evaluate the credibility of the
witnesses who testify orally, we give great weight to the trial judge's findings on issues involving
credibility of witnesses. Gillock v. Board of Prof’l Responsibility, 656 S.W.2d 365, 367
(Tenn.1983). Based upon the evidence presented, and the deference given to the trial court’s
judgments regarding the credibility of witnesses, we cannot say that the evidence preponderates
against the trial court’s dismissal of the petition for an order of protection.

                                                              III.

        Ms. Collins also asserts that the trial court erred by amending the form order dismissing her
petition for an order of protection ex parte to include the finding that she had failed to meet her
burden of proof. There was no dispute that Ms. Collins appeared in order to prosecute the matter,
and no dispute the order of protection was denied.2 Thus, we are unable to discern how Ms. Collins
was harmed by the trial court’s correction or clarification of its order. Pursuant to Tenn. R. Civ. P.


         2
           At the June 11 hearing before the same trial judge, Ms. Collins did not argue that the judge’s marking the form,
“failed at [trial] to carry the b urden of s upporti ng the allegatio ns of the petition ,” was an inacc urate reflection of his
ruling.

                                                              -7-
60.01, a court is authorized to correct errors in judgments arising from oversights or omissions at any
time on its own initiative. Thus, we find no error in the clarification or correction of the judgment
form and also find no harm to petitioner from such correction.

       This case is remanded to the trial court for such further proceedings as may be necessary.
Costs are taxed to the appellant, Angela Collins, for which execution may issue if necessary.



                                                       ___________________________________
                                                       PATRICIA J. COTTRELL, JUDGE




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