                         This opinion will be unpublished and
                         may not be cited except as provided by
                         Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2014).

                              STATE OF MINNESOTA
                              IN COURT OF APPEALS
                                    A14-2003

                                  State of Minnesota,
                                     Respondent,

                                           vs.

                                   Pierre Scott Glass,
                                       Appellant.

                               Filed December 21, 2015
                                      Affirmed
                                   Schellhas, Judge

                             Ramsey County District Court
                               File No. 62-CR-13-9348

Lori Swanson, Attorney General, St. Paul, Minnesota; and

John J. Choi, Ramsey County Attorney, Peter R. Marker, Assistant County Attorney, St.
Paul, Minnesota (for respondent)

Bradford Colbert, Legal Assistance to Minnesota Prisoners, St. Paul, Minnesota (for
appellant)

      Considered and decided by Schellhas, Presiding Judge; Bjorkman, Judge; and

Rodenberg, Judge.

                        UNPUBLISHED OPINION

SCHELLHAS, Judge

      Appellant challenges his convictions of attempted second-degree murder and crimes

committed for the benefit of a gang. We affirm.
                                          FACTS

         In November 2013, a large group of teenagers, including 16-year-old L.H., attended

a house party in St. Paul. Around 10 p.m., appellant Pierre Glass and several others arrived.

People attending the party identified Glass as an “opp,” a gang term for a member of a

different gang or “[s]omeone you don’t hang with or someone that you don’t like.” One of

the newcomers shouted, “Squad, let’s go,” and all of the newcomers left the party.

         Later, a group of 20 to 30 people, including L.H., 14-year-old D.J., and D.J.’s

friends, left the party and walked to a bus stop. A black car with four or five occupants

pulled up alongside the group. Loud music emanated from the car, and some of the people

in the group began dancing to the song that they heard, which included the sound of

gunshots and the lyrics, “Shoot the whole crowd for one specific person.”1 After that part

of the song, Glass exited the car and said, “‘Ha. Ha. Ha. Y’all ready?’” He then ran toward

the group with a gun, firing multiple shots. L.H. ran because he heard Glass say his name

and heard gunshots. A bullet hit D.J., who dragged herself to a nearby church parking lot.

While D.J.’s friends assisted her, a person approached her and said, “‘I’m sorry. We didn’t

mean to hit you,’” and then ran away. The person later was identified as a member of Hit

Squad.

         Police arrested Glass, who denied that he was the shooter but admitted that he was

at the party and claimed that he walked toward L.H. to fight but fled when he heard

gunshots. Respondent State of Minnesota charged Glass with (1) attempted second-degree


1
  The state played for the jury a YouTube video of this song; Glass appears in the video
alongside identified members of the Hit Squad and Latin Kings gangs.

                                             2
murder for the benefit of a gang (as to L.H.); (2) attempted second-degree murder (as to

L.H.); (3) second-degree assault for the benefit of a gang (as to L.H.); (4) second-degree

assault (as to L.H.); (5) attempted second-degree murder for the benefit of a gang (as to

D.J.); (6) attempted second-degree murder (as to D.J.); (7) first-degree assault for the

benefit of a gang (as to D.J.); (8) first-degree assault (as to D.J.); (9) second-degree assault

for the benefit of a gang (as to D.J.); and (10) second-degree assault (as to D.J.). A jury

found Glass guilty of all charges, and the district court imposed concurrent sentences of

165 months’ imprisonment for attempted second-degree murder for the benefit of a gang

(as to L.H.) and 200 months’ imprisonment for attempted second-degree murder for the

benefit of a gang (as to D.J.).

       This appeal follows.

                                       DECISION

Transferred intent

       Glass argues that the doctrine of transferred intent is inapplicable to attempted

murder offenses. The state argues that the application of transferred intent is subject to a

plain-error analysis because Glass failed to object to the transferred-intent jury instruction

that pertained to charges of attempted murder of D.J. Noting that Glass did not object to

the instruction, the state argues that we should not entertain Glass’s “unpreserved policy

argument.” “Failure to object to jury instructions before they are given generally constitutes

a forfeiture of the right to an appeal based on those instructions.” State v. Vance, 734

N.W.2d 650, 654 (Minn. 2007), overruled on other grounds by State v. Fleck, 810 N.W.2d

303, 311–12 (Minn. 2012). “But failure to object will not preclude appellate review if the


                                               3
instructions constitute plain error affecting substantial rights or an error of fundamental

law.” Id. at 655.

       The state also notes correctly that Glass did not brief the issue of plain error. At oral

argument, Glass maintained that he is not challenging the transferred-intent jury

instructions but is challenging the application of the doctrine of transferred intent to

attempted murder as a matter of law. We reject Glass’s argument and conduct a plain-error

analysis to determine whether the district court erred by instructing the jury on transferred

intent regarding the charges of attempted murder of D.J. Under the plain-error standard,

“[appellate courts] may review an unobjected-to error only if there is (1) error; (2) that is

plain; and (3) that affects substantial rights.” Id. at 655–56.

       Second-degree murder occurs when a person “causes the death of a human being

with intent to effect the death of that person or another, but without premeditation.” Minn.

Stat. § 609.19, subd. 1 (2012). The supreme court has recognized that “Minnesota’s

homicide statutes . . . incorporate the doctrine of transferred intent.” State v. Cruz-Ramirez,

771 N.W.2d 497, 507 (Minn. 2009); see also State v. Sutherlin, 396 N.W.2d 238, 240

(Minn. 1986) (concluding that evidence was sufficient to prove defendant’s intent to kill

victim, reasoning in part that first-degree premeditated-murder statute “incorporate[d] the

traditional doctrine of ‘transferred intent’”).

       Glass argues that Minnesota Statutes section 609.19, subdivision 1, permits the use

of the transferred-intent doctrine for second-degree murder but does not permit the use of

the doctrine for attempted murder. To support his argument, Glass cites only one case,

State v. Noble, in which this court stated in dicta that “[i]t is questionable whether the


                                                  4
doctrine of transferred intent applies to attempted murder.” 669 N.W.2d 915, 919 (Minn.

App. 2003), review denied (Minn. Dec. 23, 2003). Subsequent to this court’s decision in

Noble, both the supreme court and this court have affirmed attempted-murder convictions

that were based on the doctrine of transferred intent. See Cruz-Ramirez, 771 N.W.2d at

501, 506–07 (affirming attempted first-degree murder convictions based on transferred-

intent doctrine); State v. Holliday, 745 N.W.2d 556, 559, 562–64 (Minn. 2008) (affirming

attempted first-degree murder conviction based on transferred-intent doctrine); State v.

Bakdash, 830 N.W.2d 906, 909–10, 912, 914–15 (Minn. App. 2013) (affirming attempted

second-degree murder convictions and rejecting contention that “there can be no

transferred intent from the attempted murder of a specific victim”), review denied (Minn.

Aug. 6, 2013). We therefore conclude in this case that the district court did not err by

instructing the jury on the doctrine of transferred intent in connection with the attempted-

murder charges as to D.J.

Sufficiency of the evidence

       Glass argues that, even if the doctrine of transferred intent applies to attempted

murder, this court must reverse his convictions for attempted second-degree murder and

attempted second-degree murder for the benefit of a gang as to L.H. and D.J. because the

evidence was insufficient to prove that he intended to kill L.H. and, as a result, no intent to

kill transferred to D.J.

       A person is guilty of an attempt to commit a crime if he intends to commit the crime

and “does an act which is a substantial step toward, and more than preparation for, the

commission of the crime.” Minn. Stat. § 609.17, subd. 1 (2012). Second-degree murder


                                              5
occurs when a person “causes the death of a human being with intent to effect the death of

that person or another, but without premeditation.” Minn. Stat. § 609.19, subd. 1. “A person

who commits a crime for the benefit of, at the direction of, in association with, or motivated

by involvement with a criminal gang, with the intent to promote, further, or assist in

criminal conduct by gang members is guilty of a crime . . . .” Minn. Stat. § 609.229, subd.

2 (2012).

       “‘With intent to’ . . . means that the actor either has a purpose to do the thing or

cause the result specified or believes that the act, if successful, will cause that result.” Minn.

Stat. § 609.02, subd. 9(4) (2012). “Because intent and premeditation are states of mind,

they are generally proved circumstantially—by drawing inferences from the defendant’s

words and actions in light of the totality of the circumstances.” State v. Cooper, 561

N.W.2d 175, 179 (Minn. 1997). In addition, “[b]ecause the jury is in the best position to

evaluate the credibility of witnesses and weigh the evidence, its verdict must be given due

deference.” Id.; see also State v. Davis, 656 N.W.2d 900, 905 (Minn. App. 2003) (“The

intent element of a crime, because it involves a state of mind, is generally proved

circumstantially, and the jury is in the best position to evaluate the credibility of witnesses

and weigh the evidence regarding intent.”), review denied (Minn. May 20, 2003).

       The state acknowledges that the evidence of Glass’s intent to kill L.H. was

circumstantial and that this court therefore must review the sufficiency of the evidence

under the two-step circumstantial-evidence test. When proof of an element of a crime is

dependent on circumstantial evidence, the reviewing court must apply the two-step

circumstantial-evidence test. See State v. Al-Naseer, 788 N.W.2d 469, 473–75 (Minn.


                                                6
2010); see also State v. Porte, 832 N.W.2d 303, 309 (Minn. App. 2013) (“Generally, if the

state’s evidence on an element of an offense . . . consists solely of circumstantial evidence,

the supreme court applies the circumstantial-evidence standard of review.”).

       The first step of the circumstantial-evidence test is “to identify the circumstances

proved.” State v. Silvernail, 831 N.W.2d 594, 598 (Minn. 2013). “[Appellate courts]

consider only those circumstances that are consistent with the verdict.” Id. at 599. In doing

so, “[appellate courts] defer to the jury’s acceptance of the proof of these circumstances

and rejection of evidence in the record that conflicted with the circumstances proved by

the State.” Id. at 598–99 (quotations omitted). “[Appellate courts] construe conflicting

evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict and assume that the jury believed the

State’s witnesses and disbelieved the defense witnesses.” Id. at 599 (quotation omitted).

       Although Glass concedes that the state proved that “there might have been some

animosity between [him] and [L.H.] as a result of [L.H.] leaving the West Side Boys,” he

argues that testimony that he was “shooting into the crowd” and a witness’s “guess[]” that

“[Glass] was shooting at somebody particular in the crowd” is not sufficient to prove that

he intended to kill L.H. Curiously, Glass contends that “[s]imply firing shots is insufficient

to show an intent to kill,” but he cites three cases in which the reviewing court concluded

that evidence of firing a gun at a victim was sufficient to establish intent to kill. See State

v. Fardan, 773 N.W.2d 303, 321–22 (Minn. 2009); State v. Whisonant, 331 N.W.2d 766,




                                              7
768 (Minn. 1983); State v. Chuon, 596 N.W.2d 267, 270–71 (Minn. App. 1999), review

denied (Minn. Aug. 25, 1999).

       Our careful review of the evidence leads us to conclude that the state proved that

Glass was in a car that pulled alongside the group of departing partygoers while playing a

song that included the line, “Shoot the whole crowd for one specific person.” Glass exited

the car, laughed, and said, “Y’all ready?” Glass then ran towards the group, passing by

people and calling L.H.’s name. Glass fired his gun into the group multiple times and a

bullet struck D.J. Glass had a motive to kill L.H. for changing gangs.

       The second step of the circumstantial-evidence test is to “determine whether the

circumstances proved are consistent with guilt and inconsistent with any rational

hypothesis except that of guilt.” Silvernail, 831 N.W.2d at 599 (quotations omitted).

“[Appellate courts] review the circumstantial evidence not as isolated facts, but as a

whole.” Id. In addition, “[appellate courts] examine independently the reasonableness of

all inferences that might be drawn from the circumstances proved; including the inferences

consistent with a hypothesis other than guilt.” Id. (quotations omitted). “[Appellate courts]

give no deference to the fact finder’s choice between reasonable inferences.” Id. (quotation

omitted).

       In Cruz-Ramirez, the supreme court concluded that evidence that the defendant

exited a car and fired a gun multiple times at a group of rival gang members was sufficient

circumstantial evidence of the defendant’s intent to kill. 771 N.W.2d at 509–10. The court

implicitly rejected the defendant’s argument that the circumstances proved were “just as

consistent” with his intent merely to injure or scare the victims. See id. Likewise, we reject


                                              8
the hypothesis that Glass merely intended to scare or injure L.H. Glass called L.H.’s name

and fired live ammunition into a group of people that included L.H., whom Glass had a

motive to kill. We conclude that the circumstances proved by the state are consistent with

Glass’s guilt and inconsistent with any rational hypothesis other than Glass’s guilt.

       As to his convictions of crimes committed for the benefit of a gang with respect to

D.J., Glass also argues that section 609.229, subdivision 2, requires “intent to promote,

further, or assist” specific criminal conduct and that, because he did not intend to commit

any crimes against D.J., he could not have intended to commit any crimes for the benefit

of a gang with respect to her. But in State v. Vue, the supreme court agreed with the state

that the statutory language, “with the intent to promote, further, or assist in criminal

conduct,” merely “describes the mens rea (guilty mind) required at the time the person

commits the actus reus (wrongful deed).” 797 N.W.2d 5, 17 (Minn. 2011) (emphasis

omitted) (quotation omitted). The court rejected the argument that the quoted language

requires proof of “intent to promote, further, or assist in an additional specific criminal

act.” Id. Additionally, the supreme court has affirmed convictions of murder committed for

the benefit of a gang based on transferred intent. See, e.g., State v. Caldwell, 803 N.W.2d

373, 377, 390 (Minn. 2011) (affirming conviction of aiding and abetting first-degree

premeditated murder for the benefit of a gang based on transferred intent).

       Moreover, Glass provides no authority for his argument. “An assignment of error in

a brief based on mere assertion and not supported by argument or authority is waived unless

prejudicial error is obvious on mere inspection.” State v. Wembley, 712 N.W.2d 783, 795




                                             9
(Minn. App. 2006) (quotation omitted), aff’d, 728 N.W.2d 243 (Minn. 2007). Prejudicial

error is not obvious on mere inspection here.

       We conclude that the evidence was sufficient to prove that Glass had the intent to

kill L.H. and that the district court did not err by instructing the jury on the doctrine of

transferred intent. We therefore affirm Glass’s convictions.

       Affirmed.




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