                                   COURT OF APPEALS
                                EIGHTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
                                     EL PASO, TEXAS


                                                  §
  ROBERT G. HOULE,                                                No. 08-16-00234-CV
                                                  §
                           Appellant,                                 Appeal from
                                                  §
  v.                                                           County Court at Law No. 5
                                                  §
  CAPITAL ONE BANK (USA), N.A.,                                 of El Paso County, Texas
                                                  §
                           Appellee.                            (TC # 2015-CCV01442)
                                                  §

                                          OPINION

       This is a traditional summary judgment case arising from alleged non-payment of a credit

card account. Appellant Robert G. Houle appeals the trial court’s grant of summary judgment in

favor of Appellee, Capital One Bank (USA), N.A. (“Capital One”). We affirm the trial court’s

judgment.

                               PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

       Houle entered into a credit card account agreement with Capital One in 1998. In 2014,

Capital One filed its original petition in Justice Court, Precinct 3, Place 1 of El Paso County, and

therein asserted causes of action against Houle for breach of contract and account stated. Capital

One sought to recover $4007.72 from Houle on his account, which Capital One identified in its

petition as “XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX.” Capital One also noted in its petition that Houle’s

account number had been redacted pursuant to Rule 21c(a)(2) and 508.2(a)(1)(B) of the Texas
Rules of Civil Procedure. TEX.R.CIV.P. 21c(a)(2)(Privacy Protection for Filed Documents),

508.2(a)(1)(B)(Debt Claim Cases, Petition, Contents, Credit Accounts). On July 31, 2015, the

Justice Court entered final judgment in favor of Capital One and awarded it the principal sum of

$4,007.72, without interest, and costs of court.

       Houle appealed the Justice Court’s judgment to County Court at Law Number 5 (the trial

court), and Capital One filed a motion for summary judgment accompanied by a supporting brief.

In support of its motion for summary judgment, Capital One presented evidence in the form of an

affidavit executed by Diane Trittipoe, who averred that she is an employee of Capital One Services,

LLC, an agent and affiliate of Plaintiff Capital One Bank that provides services to Capital One in

relation to its credit card and banking practices. Trittipoe’s responsibilities as a Litigation Support

Representative provide her access to relevant Capital One systems and documents necessary for

validation of the information and statements made in her affidavit. In her affidavit, Trittipoe

states she has personal knowledge of the manner and method by which Capital One creates and

maintains certain business books and records, including computer records of customer accounts.

       Trittipoe attached 183 pages of records to her affidavit as evidence of the applicable terms,

conditions, and activity related to the credit card account “ending in XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX

issued to [Robert G. Houle] by [Capital One.]” Trittipoe does not represent that all records on the

account are attached to her affidavit nor represents that the records she has produced include all

records for a particular period of time. Although the account number on the statements has been

redacted, Trittipoe states that the records are originals or are exact duplicates of the originals.

       The records include some, but not all, credit card account statements due in and between

the months of February 2008 and June 2013. The records show that the annual percentage rate


                                                   2
assessed on the account balance varied each month from a low of 13.43% to a high of 25.15%.

The rate often changed from month to month, and rarely remained constant for more than two or

more consecutive months. After Houle’s account became delinquent, the annual percentage rate

of 29.40% was applied to the account balance. The last account statement for the period of May

11, 2013 to June 10, 2013, shows a previous balance of $3,832.72, payment and credits of $0.00,

fees and interest charged in the sum of $175.00, and a new balance of $4,007.72, the sum which

Capital One sought to recover in its suit. That statement also includes contact information for

Capital One, a statement that Houle’s account has been “charged off,” which is described as a

status change from “past due,” as well as a notification that although Houle would remain

responsible for paying the balance on the account, Capital One would no longer charge Houle past

due, over limit, or membership fees.

        In response, Houle asserted that Capital One’s motion for summary judgment should be

denied because a genuine issue of material fact exists regarding “the amount claimed by [Capital

One],” in part because the records attached to Trittipoe’s affidavit did not contain a statement for

the month of July 2010, and the interest rate on the account in June 2010 was shown to be 13.47%

but had increased to 29.40% in August 2010. Houle also complained of Trittipoe’s alleged lack

of personal knowledge to support the affidavit as well as the state of the records attached to the

affidavit.

        The trial court granted final summary judgment in favor of Capital One. Houle appeals

the trial court’s judgment.




                                                 3
                                          DISCUSSION

       In his sole issue on appeal, Houle contends the trial court erred in granting Appellee’s

motion for summary judgment. This contention is based on Houle’s assertions that Capital One

failed to properly authenticate its business records through Trittipoe, that the records were

incomplete and contained conflicting inconsistencies, and that genuine issues of material fact exist

in relation to the interest rate assessed and changes thereto as well as the amount owed on his

Capital One account.

                                        Standard of Review

       We review a summary judgment de novo. Valence Operating Company v. Dorsett, 164

S.W.3d 656, 661 (Tex. 2005); Roth v. JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., 439 S.W.3d 508, 511-12

(Tex.App.--El Paso 2014, no pet.). To prevail on a summary judgment motion, the movant must

demonstrate that there no genuine issues of material fact exist and that it is entitled to judgment as

a matter of law. TEX.R.CIV.P. 166a(c); Provident Life and Acc. Ins. Co. v. Knott, 128 S.W.3d

211, 215-16 (Tex. 2003); Nixon v. Mr. Property Management Company, Inc., 690 S.W.2d 546,

548 (Tex. 1985).

       A movant for summary judgment must conclusively prove all elements of its cause of

action as a matter of law. TEX.R.CIV.P. 166a(c); see Rockwall Commons Associates, Ltd. v. MRC

Mortg. Grantor Trust I, 331 S.W.3d 500, 505–06 (Tex.App.--El Paso 2010, no pet.). If ordinary

minds could not differ as to the conclusion to be drawn from the evidence, a matter is conclusively

proven. Id. at 505. If the movant conclusively proves its right to summary judgment as a matter

of law, the burden then shifts to the non-movant to present evidence that raises a genuine issue of

material fact, precluding the summary judgment. Id.


                                                  4
       When determining whether a disputed issue of material fact exists that would preclude

summary judgment, we regard all evidence in the summary judgment record in the light most

favorable to the non-movant, and indulge every reasonable inference and resolve any doubts in

favor of the non-movant. Walters v. Cleveland Regional Medical Center, 307 S.W.3d 292, 296

(Tex. 2010); Provident, 128 S.W.3d at 215-16. When a trial court’s summary judgment order

does not state the specific grounds for its ruling, we must affirm the judgment if any of the theories

advanced by Appellee’s motion are meritorious. Western Investments, Inc. v. Urena, 162 S.W.3d

547, 550 (Tex. 2005).

       The standards for determining the admissibility of evidence is the same in a summary

judgment proceeding as at trial. See Seim v. Allstate Texas Lloyds, 551 S.W.3d 161, 163-64 (Tex.

2018)(per curiam), citing United Blood Servs. v. Longoria, 938 S.W.2d 29, 30 (Tex. 1997)(per

curiam); Rockwall Commons Associates, Ltd., 331 S.W.3d at 505-06. The admission or exclusion

of evidence rests in the sound discretion of the trial court.         See Interstate Northborough

Partnership v. State, 66 S.W.3d 213, 220 (Tex. 2001), citing City of Brownsville v. Alvarado, 897

S.W.2d 750, 753 (Tex. 1995). Evidence presented in support of a summary judgment must be in

a form that would render the evidence admissible in a conventional trial. TEX.R.CIV.P. 166a(f);

see United Blood Services v. Longoria, 938 S.W.2d 29, 30 (Tex. 1997).

       We apply an abuse of discretion standard when reviewing a trial court’s decision to admit

or exclude summary judgment evidence. Harris v. Showcase Chevrolet, 231 S.W.3d 559, 561

(Tex.App.--Dallas 2007, no pet.). The test for abuse of discretion is not whether, in our opinion,

the facts present an appropriate case for the trial court’s actions.        Downer v. Aquamarine

Operators, Inc., 701 S.W.2d 238, 241-42 (Tex. 1985). Rather, it is a question of whether the trial


                                                  5
court acted without reference to any guiding rules and principles. Id. In other words, we must

determine whether the court’s rulings were arbitrary or unreasonable. Id. at 242. The mere fact

that a trial court may decide a matter within its discretionary authority in a different manner than

an appellate judge in a similar circumstance does not demonstrate that an abuse of discretion has

occurred. Id.

                                        Preservation of Error

        We first address Capital One’s assertion that Houle has failed to preserve this issue for our

review. The rules of error preservation applicable during trial also apply in summary-judgment

proceedings. TEX.R.APP.P. 33.1(a); see Seim, 551 S.W.3d at 164, citing Mansions in the Forest,

L.P. v. Montgomery Cty., 365 S.W.3d 314, 317-18 (Tex. 2012)(per curiam). Consequently, to

preserve a complaint for appellate review: (1) a party must complain to the trial court by way of a

timely request, objection, or motion; and (2) the trial court must rule or refuse to rule on the request,

objection, or motion. TEX.R.APP.P. 33.1(a); Mansions in the Forest, L.P., 365 S.W.3d. at 317.

The party asserting objections should obtain a written ruling at, before, or very near the time the

trial court rules on the motion for summary judgment or risk waiver. See TEX.R.APP.P. 33.1(a);

Dolcefino v. Randolph, 19 S.W.3d 906, 926 (Tex.App.--Houston [14th Dist.] 2000, pet. denied).

        If the factual statements in an affidavit are “not obviously based on hearsay[,]” a defect is

purely formal. See Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Penn, 363 S.W.2d 230, 234 (Tex. 1962); see

also Ford Motor Co. v. Leggat, 904 S.W.2d 643, 645 (Tex. 1995)(affidavit not defective where

affiant swore before officer authorized to administer oaths that facts attested to were based on

personal knowledge; in absence of challenge to authenticity of affidavit, submission of a copy

provides no ground for rejection); Dolcefino v. Randolph, 19 S.W.3d 906, 927 (Tex.App.--Houston


                                                   6
[14th Dist.] 2000, pet. denied)(trial court may not consider hearsay evidence in ruling on motion

for summary judgment). When an affidavit suffers from a mere formal defect in form, a party

must object to the formal defect and secure a ruling from the trial court to preserve error.

TEX.R.CIV.P. 166a(f); see Seim, 551 S.W.3d at 166, citing Well Sols., Inc., 32 S.W.3d at 317.

Defects that are purely formal may not be raised for the first time on appeal. Well Sols., Inc. v.

Stafford, 32 S.W.3d 313, 317 (Tex.App.--San Antonio 2000, no pet.). Conversely, a party may

first complain on appeal about a purely substantive defect present in an affidavit. See Seim, 551

S.W.3d at 166, citing Well Sols., Inc., 32 S.W.3d at 317; Dailey v. Albertson’s, Inc., 83 S.W.3d

222, 225 (Tex.App.--El Paso 2002, no pet.). Unless an order sustaining the objection to summary-

judgment evidence is reduced to writing, signed, and entered of record, the evidence remains part

of the summary-judgment proof even if a party has objected to an opponent’s summary-judgment

evidence. See Seim, 551 S.W.3d at 166, citing Mitchell v. Baylor Univ. Med. Ctr., 109 S.W.3d

838, 842 (Tex.App.--Dallas 2003, no pet.).

                                              Analysis

       Houle asserts that he specifically objected in the trial court to information missing from

Diana Trittipoe’s affidavit when he observed that the affidavit “does not advise the court as to how

[Trittipoe] comes by that ‘personal knowledge.’” Houle also candidly acknowledges that the trial

court “did not comment on the objection.” Capital One counters that Houle not only failed to

secure the trial court’s ruling on this specific objection but also failed to obtain the trial court’s

ruling regarding his objection that Trittipoe failed to address the redaction of information in

account statements which she averred in her affidavit to be true and correct copies of original

documents. For these reasons, Capital One contends Houle has failed to preserve for our review


                                                  7
his trial court objections to Capital One’s summary judgment evidence. In reply, Houle asserts

that because the business records failed to satisfy the standard for summary judgment on the bases

that they were not properly authenticated, were incomplete, and contained conflicting

inconsistencies, “an actual objection was not necessary to preserve error.”

         The record before us does not include a reporter’s record of any proceedings in the trial

court nor does it contain an express ruling by the trial court on Houle’s objections to Capital One’s

summary-judgment evidence. The trial court’s final summary judgment does include a Mother

Hubbard clause that declares “[a]ll relief not expressly granted is denied.” We look to Houle’s

response to Capital One’s motion for summary judgment to determine whether Houle preserved

error.

                                    Conflicting Inconsistencies

         On appeal, Houle complains in part that the business records used to support the summary

judgment “contained conflicting inconsistencies.”       Houle’s brief includes a heading titled,

“Inconsistent Records,” in which he notes that the Capital One records attached to Trittipoe’s

affidavit are missing a record for July 2010, reflect an increased interest rate, and despite being

declared true and correct copies, have had the account number redacted. Unlike his appellate

complaint, in his response to Capital One’s motion for summary judgment, Houle did not globally

complain that the business records contain “conflicting inconsistencies.” To the extent that

Houle’s “conflicting inconsistencies” complaint may be deemed to stand independently of the

complaints set out under the “Inconsistent Records” portion of his brief, we find it is not preserved

for our consideration. TEX.R.APP.P. 33.1.




                                                 8
                                         Defects of Form

        In his response to the summary-judgment motion, Houle specifically complained in the

trial court:


        Diana Trittipoe is not an employee of the Plaintiff, nor is she the custodian of
        records for the Plaintiff. She is an employee of another company and simply
        claims to have ‘personal knowledge of the manner and method by which Capital
        One created and maintains certain business book and record, including computer
        records of customer accounts.’ She does not advise the court as to how she comes
        by that ‘personal knowledge.’ The Court should be suspicious of her affidavit
        because she claims: ‘The attached records are the originals or exact duplicates of
        the originals.’ She identifies the account as consisting of 16 ‘Xs.’ According to
        the Defendant’s Affidavit, his account number did not consist of 16 ‘Xs’ but
        contained a series of arabic numerals. It is apparent from examining the
        documents attached as Plaintiff’s Exhibit A-1 that information has been redacted
        from the original document and that these copies are not ‘exact duplicates’ which
        is the express language of Rule 902 (10), Texas Rules of Evidence for
        authentication by affidavit. The information set forth in the paragraph above has
        already noted that the records are not complete, and now there are not the originals
        or exact duplicates. The summary judgment evidence produced by Plaintiff will
        not support a summary judgment.


On appeal, Houle complains that the records attached to Trittipoe’s affidavit were not properly

authenticated, were incomplete, and were not true and complete copies of the originals because

they bore redaction of Houle’s specific account number with Capital One.

        These purported defects are purely formal. See Well Sols., Inc. v. Stafford, 32 S.W.3d 313,

317 (Tex.App.--San Antonio 2000, no pet.)(objection to deposition or affidavit, that is, statement

in writing of a fact or facts signed by party making statement, sworn to before officer authorized

to administer oaths, and officially certified to by officer under his seal of office, on basis that

statement does not establish foundation for statement is purely formal defect), citing Leggat, 904

S.W.2d at 645-46. Because Houle failed to object to the purported formal defects and secure a


                                                 9
ruling from the trial court in order to preserve error, he may not raise these complaints for the first

time on appeal. TEX.R.CIV.P. 166a(f); see Seim, 551 S.W.3d at 166, citing Well Sols., Inc., 32

S.W.3d at 317.

        Although the Texas Supreme Court has recognized that an implicit ruling may be sufficient

to preserve an issue for appellate review, it has clarified that the trial court’s ruling must be clearly

implied by the record. See Seim, 551 S.W.3d at 166, citing In the Interest of Z.L.T., J.K.H.T.,

and Z.N.T., 124 S.W.3d 163, 165 (Tex. 2003). In Seim, the Court acknowledged the correct

reasoning of the San Antonio Court of Appeals in Well Sols., Inc. v. Stafford, 32 S.W.3d 313, 317

(Tex.App.--San Antonio 2000, no pet.) when that court declared:

        [R]ulings on a motion for summary judgment and objections to summary
        judgment evidence are not alternatives; nor are they concomitants. Neither
        implies a ruling--or any particular ruling--on the other. In short, a trial court’s
        ruling on an objection to summary judgment evidence is not implicit in its ruling
        on the motion for summary judgment; a ruling on the objection is simply not
        ‘capable of being understood’ from the ruling on the motion for summary judgment.

See Seim, 551 S.W.3d at 165.

        We agree that a trial court’s ruling on an objection to summary judgment evidence is not

implicit in its ruling on the motion for summary judgment. See Seim, 551 S.W.3d at 166, citing

Well Sols., Inc., 32 S.W.3d at 317. Moreover, that the trial court’s judgment in this case includes

a Mother Hubbard clause stating that “[a]ll other relief not expressly granted is denied[,]” does not

constitute   a   showing     that   the   trial   court   ruled   on Houle’s    objections to    Capital

One’s summary judgment evidence. See Lissiak v. SW Loan OO, L.P., 499 S.W.3d 481, 488

(Tex.App.--Tyler 2016, no pet.). We conclude the trial court did not implicitly rule on Houle’s

objections to Capital One’s summary-judgment evidence. See Seim, 551 S.W.3d at 166. As

these complaints have not been preserved, they are waived. TEX.R.APP.P. 33.1.

                                                   10
                                             Personal Knowledge

        Affidavits supporting a summary-judgment motion must be made on personal knowledge,

not supposition, and “shall set forth such facts as would be admissible in evidence, and shall show

affirmatively that the affiant is competent to testify to the matters stated therein.” TEX.R.CIV.P.

166a(f); TEX.R.EVID. 602 (“A witness may testify to a matter only if . . . the witness has personal

knowledge of the matter.”); Marks v. St. Luke’s Episcopal Hosp., 319 S.W.3d 658, 666 (Tex.

2010). An affidavit not based on personal knowledge is not legally sufficient. Id., 319 S.W.3d

at 666, citing Kerlin v. Arias, 274 S.W.3d 666, 668 (Tex. 2008)(per curiam).

        Houle contends on appeal as he did in the trial court that Trittipoe failed to demonstrate

adequate personal knowledge underlying her testimony for proving up the attached Capital One

business records. We have previously held that a lack of personal knowledge, reflected in the

affiant’s testimony itself and not just as the lack of a formal recitation, is a defect of substance that

may be raised for the first time on appeal. Dailey v. Albertson’s, Inc., 83 S.W.3d 222, 226

(Tex.App.--El Paso 2002, no pet.).

        To the extent Houle’s complaint may be said to constitute a defect of substance and may

be raised for the first time on appeal, we conclude it is without merit. The essence of his complaint

is that there is some reason to doubt whether Trittipoe’s testimony regarding Capital One’s record-

keeping procedures was based on her personal knowledge because she is employed by a Capital

One agent and affiliate rather than Capital One itself.

        Trittipoe adequately demonstrates her competence to give the testimony she provided.

She testified that her responsibilities as a Litigation Support Representative provide her access to

all relevant systems and documents needed to validate the information she has supplied. Trittipoe


                                                   11
also explained that her personal knowledge of the manner and method by which Capital One

creates and maintains certain books and records, including computer records of customer accounts,

arises from the scope of her responsibilities as a Litigation Support Representative. In that role,

Trittipoe    also    declared      that   records     of        Houle’s   credit   card    account      ending     in

“XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX” were kept in the regular course of its business and that the account

is the subject of this suit.

         The records are comprised of over 180 pages of documents that Trittipoe identifies as

related to Houle’s account with Capital One. Trittipoe identified the records as originals or exact

duplicates of the originals and established them to be Capital One’s business records containing

statements of activity on Houle’s account. The records reflect extensions of credit requested by

Houle and extended by Capital One, payments made by Houle and other credits, fees and interest

assessed on the account, installments due and owing, and account balances owed. Trittipoe

explained that the records contain the terms and conditions applicable to Houle’s account, and also

include the application Houle signed as well as copies of Houle’s payments on the account.

Trittipoe concludes her affidavit by stating, “As of the date of this affidavit, the amount due and

owing on the account is $4,007.72.”

         Contrary to Houle’s suggestion, the rules of evidence do not require that the

qualified witness who lays the predicate for the admission of business records be their creator or

have personal knowledge of the contents of the record. See TEX.R.EVID. 803(6), 902(10) 1 ;

see also Bridges v. Citibank (S.D.) N.A., No. 02-06-00081-CV, 2006 WL 3751404, at *2


1
  Rule 902(10)(b) sets out a form affidavit to be used when introducing business records under Rule 803(6).
TEX.R.EVID. 902(10)(b), 803(6). Rule 902(10)(b) provides, however, that the form set out in the rule is not exclusive.
An affidavit that substantially complies with the affidavit set out in the rule will suffice. TEX.R.EVID. 902(10)(b);
see also Fullick v. City of Baytown, 820 S.W.2d 943, 944 (Tex.App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 1991, no writ).
                                                           12
(Tex.App.--Fort Worth Dec. 21, 2006, no pet.)(mem.op.), citing In re K.C.P., 142 S.W.3d. 574,

578 (Tex.App.--Texarkana 2004, no pet.).       The witness is required only to have personal

knowledge of the manner in which the records were kept. See TEX.R.EVID. 803(6), 902(10); see

also Bridges, 2006 WL 3751404, at *2.

       We conclude that Trittipoe’s testimony adequately demonstrates the basis for her personal

knowledge of the manner and method by which Capital One kept its records and the other facts to

which she testified. Other Texas courts have considered similar affidavit testimony by such

personnel as adequate to establish the basis for the affiants’ personal knowledge and competence.

See, e.g., Damron v. Citibank (S. Dakota) N.A., 03-09-00438-CV, 2010 WL 3377777, at *3-4

(Tex.App.--Austin Aug. 25, 2010, pet. denied)(mem. op.); McFarland v. Citibank (S.Dakota),

N.A., 293 S.W.3d 759, 762 (Tex.App.--Waco 2009, no pet.)(affiant’s affidavit based on personal

knowledge derived from her work as a litigation analyst was not conclusory as it provided proper

basis for admitting business records); Wynne v. Citibank (S.D.) N.A., No. 07-06-000162-CV, 2008

WL 1848286, at *2 (Tex.App.--Amarillo Apr. 25, 2008, pet. denied)(mem.op.); Jones v. Citibank

(S.D.), N.A., 235 S.W.3d 333, 337 (Tex.App.--Fort Worth 2007, no pet.); Hay v. Citibank (S.D.)

N.A., No. 14-04-01131-CV, 2006 WL 2620089, at *3 (Tex.App.--Houston [14th Dist.] Sept. 14,

2006, no pet.)(substitute op.).

                                  Genuine Issue of Material Fact

       The four elements of a breach of contract claim are: (1) the existence of a valid contract;

(2) performance, or tendered performance, by the plaintiff; (3) breach of the contract by the

defendant; and (4) damages to the plaintiff resulting from that breach. Restrepo v. All. Riggers &

Constructors, Ltd., 538 S.W.3d 724, 740 (Tex.App.--El Paso 2017, no pet.), citing Velvet Snout,


                                               13
LLC v. Sharp, 441 S.W.3d 448, 451 (Tex.App.--El Paso 2014, no pet.). A party is entitled to

relief for a stated account where: (1) transactions between the parties give rise to indebtedness of

one to the other; (2) an agreement, express or implied, between the parties fixes an amount due,

and (3) the one to be charged makes a promise, express or implied, to pay the indebtedness. Eaves

v. Unifund CCR Partners, 301 S.W.3d 402, 407-08 (Tex.App.--El Paso 2009, no pet.); McFarland

v. Citibank (South Dakota), N.A., 293 S.W.3d 759, 763 (Tex.App.--Waco 2009, no pet.); Dulong

v. Citibank (South Dakota), N.A., 261 S.W.3d 890, 893 (Tex.App.--Dallas 2008, no pet.).

Because an agreement on which an account stated claim is based can be express or implied, a

creditor need not produce a written contract to establish the agreement between the parties; an

implied agreement can arise from the acts and conduct of the parties. See Walker v. Citibank,

N.A., 458 S.W.3d 689, 692-93 (Tex.App.--Eastland 2015, no pet.), citing McFarland, 293 S.W.3d

at 763.

          The evidence showed that Capital One and Houle entered into a credit card agreement, that

Capital One issued a credit card to Houle, that Houle used the credit card to make purchases, and

that Houle made payments on the account.           Evidence of the card-member agreement was

presented to the trial court through Trittipoe’s affidavit. The agreement provides that Capital One

would allow Houle to purchase goods and services with credit in exchange for payment.

According to the terms of the agreement, Capital One would assess interest charges based on the

application of the annual percentage rate, which varies as the index for the rate increases or

decreases, and in the event of two late payments, the variable annual percentage rate would

increase to an unspecified “penalty annual percentage rate.” Further, the record showed that

Houle’s account was past due for six consecutive months, from January 2013-June 2013, and was


                                                 14
thereafter “charged off,” with a final balance of $4007.72.

       Based on the card-member agreement, Capital One’s extension of credit on Houle’s

account, Houle’s usage of the credit card and failure to pay on the account in accordance with the

terms of the agreement, and Capital One’s resulting damages, the trial court could have reasonably

concluded that Capital One satisfied each element of its breach of contract cause of action and, if

necessary for the account-stated cause of action, could have concluded or reasonably inferred that

Houle agreed to pay a fixed amount equal to the purchases and cash advances he made, plus

interest. See Dulong, 261 S.W.3d at 894; McFarland, 293 S.W.3d at 763-64 (cases holding

creditor could collect debt on account stated where, based on series of transactions reflected on

account statements, creditor established that card holder agreed to full amount shown on

statements and impliedly promised to pay indebtedness). We conclude that no genuine issue of

material fact exists as to any element of Capital One’s causes of action against Houle.

       Moreover, with limited exceptions, Rule 21c requires that unless the inclusion of sensitive

data is required by statute, court rule, or administrative regulation, a document containing sensitive

data, including credit card numbers, may not be filed with the court unless that data is redacted.

See TEX.R.CIV.P. 21c(a)(2), (b). The rule requires that sensitive data be redacted by using the

letter “X” in place of each omitted digit or character or by other means specified therein. See

TEX.R.CIV.P. 21c(c).     The redaction of Houle’s credit cards account data from the records

attached to Trittipoe’s affidavit in compliance with Rule 21c does not raise a genuine issue of

material fact as to any element of Capital One’s breach of contract and account stated claims.

       The trial court did not abuse its discretion in granting summary judgment in favor of Capital

One. Houle’s sole issue on appeal is overruled.


                                                 15
                                        CONCLUSION

       The trial court’s judgment is affirmed.


September 28, 2018
                                     ANN CRAWFORD McCLURE, Chief Justice

Before McClure, C.J., Rodriguez, and Palafox, JJ.




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