                                                                         FILED
                                                             United States Court of Appeals
                                                                     Tenth Circuit

                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS December 6, 2013
                                                                 Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                    TENTH CIRCUIT                    Clerk of Court



 CROSS CONTINENT
 DEVELOPMENT, LLC, a Colorado
 limited liability corporation,

           Plaintiff-Appellant,
 v.                                                       No. 12-1391
 TOWN OF AKRON, COLORADO, a                 (D.C. No. 1:09-CV-02413-WYD-KMT)
 Colorado municipal corporation;                          (D. Colo.)
 CARL S. McGUIRE, II, Esq., in his
 official capacity as Attorney for the
 Town of Akron,

            Defendants-Appellees.

 and

 THE AKRON TOWN COUNCIL;
 THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF
 THE TOWN OF AKRON; THE
 COLORADO PLAINS REGIONAL
 AIRPORT DEVELOPMENT
 COMMITTEE,

 Defendants.


                              ORDER AND JUDGMENT *




       *
        This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the
doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited,
however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th
Cir. R. 32.1.
Before BRISCOE, Chief Judge, O’BRIEN and PHILLIPS, Circuit Judges.



      With the hope of improving its economy, the small town of Akron,

Colorado (Town) leased land near its airport to Cross Continent Development,

LLC (CCD), a Colorado corporation. CCD was to develop the land, and the

Town’s economy would then reap the benefits. Unfortunately, this hopeful

arrangement was not successful. Each party accused the other of breaching the

Lease in its nascent stages, and this lawsuit followed.

      CCD sued the Town asserting jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. §§ 1331 and

1343(a)(1) and (a)(3). CCD alleged breach of contract and also claimed that the

Town and the Town’s attorney, Carl McGuire, violated CCD’s Fourteenth

Amendment rights to procedural and substantive due process under 42 U.S.C. §

1983. A jury found for defendants on all claims. On appeal, CCD argues that the

district court’s jury instructions on CCD’s breach of contract claim were

erroneous, and that the jury’s verdicts on all claims were unsupported by

substantial evidence. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and affirm in

part, reverse in part, and remand.

                                        I
                               Factual Background

      “When reviewing a jury verdict, we review the record in favor of the

prevailing party, and give that party the benefit of all reasonable inferences to be


                                          2
drawn from the evidence.” Miller v. Eby Realty Grp. LLC, 396 F.3d 1105, 1108

(10th Cir. 2005) (internal quotation marks omitted). With that in mind, the record

tells the following story.

      The Town is located in eastern Colorado and has a population of 1,700.

Like many rural communities, the Town’s economy is closely tied to agriculture.

However, the Town has something that most small rural towns do not have—an

airport with a 7,000-foot runway. The Akron Airport runway can handle large-

body aircraft, which sets it apart from typical rural airports which are limited to

single or twin-engine planes. The Town’s airport, together with the Town’s

central location, provide a heightened potential for economic growth.

      The Town Board (the mayor and six elected trustees) recognized this

potential. It formed an advisory group called the Airport Development

Committee, giving it the responsibility of recommending airport improvements to

the Board. Armed with its special advisors, the Board pursued various ideas to

grow the airport, none of which yielded significant returns for the Town. Only

one new business began operating at the Akron Airport in the last twenty years.

      It is against this backdrop that CCD enters our story. CCD had an idea. If

it developed the land adjacent to the airport—opening things like new terminals,

restaurants, and hotels—then perhaps the airport and the Town would prosper. So

in March 2006, CCD approached the Board and got the ball rolling. It proposed

that the Town lease to CCD the property on the north side of the airport, which

                                          3
CCD would then sublease to other businesses for development. The Board

agreed, and in May 2006, the Town and CCD entered into the Lease.

      The important terms of the Lease are these. CCD received the exclusive

right to develop the land adjacent to the airport for forty-nine years. CCD’s

“primary obligation” was to “develop the Leased Property for the benefit of the

Town but without any cost or obligation to the Town other than compliance with

the terms of th[e] Lease.” Aplt. App. at 293, ¶ 5. Although CCD did not

guarantee it would make improvements during the first three years of the Lease, it

was obligated to present “a comprehensive plan for the development of the

Leased Property” before December 31, 2008. Id. at 293, ¶ 5(a). The Lease

required that, “[a]t a minimum, the Development Plan . . . include a proposed site

plan, drainage plan, and building plan for the initial project development.” Id. at

293-94, ¶ 5(a) (describing additional requirements of the development plan).

Paragraph 21 addresses default and will become our focus in resolving the issues

presented:

                   21. Default. A default shall occur if either Party hereto
             materially violates any provision of this Lease and, such violation
             continues without cure for a period of at least one year after receipt
             by the defaulting Party of written notice from the other Party of the
             existence of such breach and the obligation of the defaulting Party to
             cure such a breach. A default by either Party includes any failure to
             approve and implement the Development Plan. A condition by a
             Sublessee of [CCD] that constitutes a default under this Lease shall
             be considered a default by [CCD] for which the Town may demand
             cure. Upon an uncured default by [CCD], the Town may, at its
             option, terminate this Lease and/or recover damages for any losses

                                          4
              suffered by it. Upon an uncured default by the Town, [CCD] may, at
              its option, terminate the Lease and/or recover damages for any losses
              suffered by it and its Sublessees.

Id. at 301, ¶ 21.

       On November 3, 2008, CCD presented its development plan to the

Committee and then to the Board. CCD’s materials consisted of a two-page

written summary, and five pages of pictures. The Board was not satisfied. As a

result, on January 5, 2009, the Town’s attorney, Carl McGuire, sent a letter to

CCD expressing the Board’s belief that CCD was in violation of the Lease

because it had failed to present a “comprehensive” development plan. 1 The letter

stated that “[t]he Town, after reviewing CCD’s submissions, finds that the

submitted documents do not fulfill CCD’s obligations” because “CCD’s submitted

documents cannot be considered a comprehensive development plan.” Id. at 308,

311.

       The conclusion of McGuire’s letter ignited the present controversy:

              Accordingly, the Town hereby gives notice of default. The Town
              asserts its rights under the Lease Agreement and terminates the Lease
              Agreement executed by the Town and [CCD] on May 10, 2006.

Id. at 311. Richard Kusel, of CCD, testified that he interpreted “terminates” to

       1
        The letter also asserted that “CCD has failed to fulfill its obligations as
Lessee pursuant to Paragraph 4 requiring maintenance of the Leased Property in
accordance with the Town’s past practices.” Aplt. App. at 311. This refers to the
provision of the Lease requiring CCD to “maintain the Leased Property in
accordance with the Town’s past practice, including mowing weeds and grass,
maintaining walkways, and purchasing and maintaining adequate property damage
and personal injury insurance coverage.” Id. at 293, ¶ 4.

                                          5
mean that the Town would not honor the one-year cure provision in paragraph 21.

By contrast, McGuire testified that the Board understood the letter to be the

“notice” referred to in paragraph 21, and that CCD had one year to cure the

violations. CCD never replied to the letter.

      On February 11, 2009, McGuire sent a lease cancellation agreement to

CCD. In the e-mail accompanying the attached agreement, McGuire wrote: “This

Cancellation of Lease will clarify the rights and responsibilities of the Parties

from January 5, 2009, forward.” Aplee. Suppl. App. at 631. McGuire testified

that the purpose of the cancellation agreement was to end the “limbo” of the one-

year cure period. Robert Serlin, of CCD, testified that he refused to sign the

cancellation agreement because “the Lease didn’t exist anymore. It had been

terminated. [The cancellation agreement] was a document that made no sense.”

Trial Tr. at 215. In reply to the e-mail, CCD announced that it had retained legal

counsel. And on October 9, 2009, CCD initiated this action.

      The following year, on January 25, 2010, McGuire sent another letter to

CCD “to notify CCD that the Town is exercising its right to terminate the Lease

Agreement pursuant to Paragraph 21 of the Lease Agreement.” Aplt. App. at 283.

                                 Procedural History

      This case was tried to a jury for seven days in late August 2012. The

claims at issue were (1) breach of contract by the Town, (2) violation of

substantive due process by the Town and McGuire, and (3) violation of

                                          6
procedural due process by the Town and McGuire. The jury found for the

defendants on all claims.

                                          II

      On appeal, CCD raises two issues: First, the jury instructions erroneously

stated the elements of a breach of contract claim under Colorado law. Second, the

jury verdicts on all three claims were unsupported by substantial evidence.

                                 Jury Instructions

       “We review a district court’s decision to give a particular jury instruction

for abuse of discretion, but we review de novo legal objections to the jury

instructions.” Lederman v. Frontier Fire Prot., Inc., 685 F.3d 1151, 1154 (10th

Cir. 2012) (internal quotation marks omitted). “We read and evaluate the jury

instructions in light of the entire record to determine if they fairly, adequately and

correctly state the governing law and provide the jury with an ample

understanding of the applicable principles of law and factual issues confronting

them.” Id. at 1154-55 (internal quotation marks omitted). “We do not decide

whether the instructions are flawless, but whether the jury was misled in any way

and whether it had an understanding of the issues and its duty to decide those

issues.” Id. at 1155 (alterations omitted) (internal quotation marks omitted). “So

long as the charge as a whole adequately states the law, the refusal to give a

particular requested instruction is not grounds for reversal.” Id. (alterations

omitted) (internal quotation marks omitted).

                                          7
      “If we determine that the trial court erred, we must then determine whether

the error was prejudicial to [CCD].” Id. “The judgment must be reversed if the

jury might have based its verdict on the erroneously given instruction.” Id.

(alterations omitted) (internal quotation marks omitted). “Under our precedents,

reversal is necessary even if that possibility is very unlikely.” Wankier v. Crown

Equip. Corp., 353 F.3d 862, 867 (10th Cir. 2003) (alterations omitted) (internal

quotation marks omitted). “Only when the erroneous instruction could not have

changed the result of the case can we say the error is harmless and does not

require reversal.” Level 3 Commc’ns, LLC v. Liebert Corp., 535 F.3d 1146, 1158

(10th Cir. 2008) (internal quotation marks omitted).

      At the close of evidence, the court instructed the jury as follows:

                                INSTRUCTION NO. 23
            For Plaintiff Cross Continent Development, LLC to recover from
            Defendant Town of Akron on its claim for breach of contract, you
            must find that all of the following have been proved by a
            preponderance of the evidence:

                   1.    Defendant Town of Akron entered into a lease
                         agreement with Plaintiff under which Defendant Town
                         of Akron leased property to Plaintiff;
                   2.    Defendant Town of Akron failed to comply with the
                         terms of the lease including, but not limited to,
                         providing Plaintiff one year to cure any alleged default
                         under the lease; and
                   3.    That Plaintiff substantially performed its part of the
                         contract.

            If you find that any one or more of these statements has not been
            proved, then your verdict must be for Defendant Town of Akron. On
            the other hand, if you find that all of these statements have been

                                         8
               proved, then your verdict must be for Plaintiff Cross Continent
               Development, LLC.

Aplt. App. at 249. CCD objected to the third (“substantial performance”)

element. In overruling CCD’s objection, the court stated that the questions of

whether the development plan is comprehensive and whether the Town’s notice of

default functioned to terminate the Lease “are jury questions as to whether or not

[CCD] substantially performed its part of the contract, and I think that’s

something that the parties need to argue and the jury needs to consider.” Trial Tr.

1043-44.

      Rule 51.1(1) of the Colorado Rules of Civil Procedure dictates that “[i]n

instructing the jury in a civil case, the court shall use such instructions as are

contained in Colorado Jury Instruction (CJI) as are applicable to the evidence and

the prevailing law.” Colo. R. Civ. P. 51.1(1). Rule 51.1(2) cautions, however,

that “[i]n cases in which . . . the factual situation . . . warrant[s] a departure from

the CJI instructions, the court shall instruct the jury as to the prevailing law

applicable to the evidence . . . using CJI instructions as models as to the form so

far as possible.” Colo. R. Civ. P. 51.1(2). With Rule 51.1 in mind, the court

clearly fashioned Instruction 23 after the relevant CJI instructions. See CJI-

Civ.4th 30:10 (“Contract Performance—Breach of Contract—Elements of

Liability”).

      Relevant also is this admonishment in the Notes on Use of CJI-Civ.4th


                                            9
30:10:

               Paragraph 3 [“substantial performance”] of this instruction should be
               used only if the plaintiff's performance or substantial performance of
               the contract is a condition precedent to plaintiff's right to recover
               under the contract. Whether a breach of contract is material and
               therefore excuses the other party from performance is generally a
               question of fact.

CJI-Civ.4th 30:10, note 2 (citations omitted); see also 3A Arthur L. Corbin,

Corbin on Contracts § 700 (1963) (“When a contract has been made for an agreed

exchange of two performances, one of which is to be rendered first, the rendition

of this one substantially in full is a constructive condition of the other party’s

duty to render the second part of the exchange.”). Referring to this Note, CCD

asserted that its substantial performance was not a condition precedent to its right

to recover under the Lease. Trial Tr. at 1042-43 (“[T]he jury can find that [CCD]

breached the contract by not providing a Comprehensive Development Plan, and

still allow [CCD] to recover under breach of contract claim, as a result of not

being provided the year to cure. So I don’t think paragraph three should be there,

even though it’s right out of the stocks.”).

         Turning our focus to the terms of the Lease, only when one party

“materially violates” the Lease may the other send written notice and begin the

one-year clock. Aplt. App. at 301, ¶ 21. Colorado and commentators agree that

finding a material breach precludes finding substantial performance, and vice

versa. See, e.g., W. Distrib. Co. v. Diodosio, 831 P.2d 1053, 1058 (Col. 1992)


                                           10
(en banc) (“Substantial performance occurs when, although the conditions of the

contract have been deviated from in trifling particulars not materially detracting

from the benefit the other party would derive from a literal performance, the

defendant has received substantially the benefit he expected.” (alterations

omitted) (internal quotation marks omitted)); John D. Calamari & Joseph M.

Perillo, The Law of Contracts § 157(b), at 248 (1st ed. 1970) (“Substantial

performance is the antithesis of material breach. Thus if it is determined that a

breach is material it follows that substantial performance has not been

rendered.”). As such, a material violation under paragraph 21 is coextensive with

a failure to substantially perform. And once the one-year clock is activated, the

offending party (CCD) must cure its material violation within one year of

receiving written notice, lest it be in default. Only default by the offending party

(CCD) triggers the innocent party’s (the Town’s) right to “terminate.”

      With that in mind, we can see that Instruction 23 assures the Town of a

favorable verdict. The instruction directs that if CCD failed to substantially

perform, then it cannot recover for the Town’s violation of a paragraph 21

obligation. And, under the Lease, paragraph 21 obligations arise only where there

is an absence of substantial performance. Therefore, so long as CCD failed to

substantially perform, Instruction 23 would give the Town the upper hand in the

jury’s view, and guarantees the Town victory no matter how or when it terminates

the Lease.

                                          11
      By the plain terms of paragraph 21, however, the Town was not entitled to

the benefit Instruction 23 gave it. The Town’s right of termination could not vest

while any of four things were true: (1) CCD committed no material breach; (2)

CCD’s breach persisted for less than one year; (3) CCD’s breach persisted for less

than one year from the time CCD received proper notice; or (4) the Town did not

provide proper notice of breach, meaning either that it provided no written notice

of any kind, or that it provided only defective written notice that failed to indicate

the “existence” of CCD’s breach and CCD’s “obligation” to cure. Proof of any

one of these renders the Town’s termination violative of paragraph 21. At trial,

CCD attempted to prove two of them. It argued in response to (1) that its

development plan was comprehensive and therefore it committed no breach. And

it argued in response to (4) that the Town’s notice was defective because the

notice indicated that the Town would not honor CCD’s right to cure.

      The bottom line is that Instruction 23 made CCD’s substantial performance

a necessary condition (“condition precedent”) to CCD’s ability to recover on its

breach of contract claim, although such a condition is inconsistent with the terms

of the Lease. The jury should have been permitted to find that termination

without proper notice constituted an actionable violation of paragraph 21

notwithstanding CCD’s substantial performance or lack thereof. By instructing

the jury to the contrary, the district court erred.

      Of course, “[o]nly when the erroneous instruction could not have changed

                                           12
the result of the case can we say the error is harmless and does not require

reversal.” Level 3 Commc’ns, 535 F.3d at 1158 (internal quotation marks

omitted). Here, the dispute over the meaning of the word “terminates” in

McGuire’s e-mail heightens the possibility that the jury would have decided the

breach of contract claim differently if it had been properly instructed. Therefore,

the error was prejudicial to CCD and we must remand on the breach of contract

claim.

                                Substantial Evidence

         CCD contends that the jury’s verdicts were not supported by substantial

evidence. The Town points out that CCD never moved under 50(a) or 50(b) for

judgment as a matter of law, 2 which, it says, “bars appellate review of the

sufficiency of the evidence.” Aplee. Br. at 65-66. CCD, however, insists that it

can escape this procedural requirement through the “plain error exception.” Aplt.

Reply Br. at 13. According to CCD, even absent a Rule 50 motion, the plain error

exception permits appellate review “where such plain error is apparent on the face

of the record that failure to review would result in [a] manifest miscarriage of

justice.” Aplt. Reply Br. at 13 (misquoting Cleveland v. Piper Aircraft Corp., 890

F.2d 1540, 1551 (10th Cir. 1989)).

         Simply put, CCD is wrong. Failure to move for judgment as a matter of

         2
        Before giving the jury instructions and beginning closing arguments, the
court asked counsel for CCD whether he had “any Rule 50 motions.” Trial Tr. at
1060. Counsel replied: “No, Your Honor.” Id.

                                          13
law absolutely precludes appellate review of the sufficiency of the evidence. See,

e.g., Unitherm Food Sys., Inc. v. Swift-Eckrich, Inc., 546 U.S. 394, 404 (2006)

(holding that a party’s “failure to comply with Rule 50(b) forecloses its challenge

to the sufficiency of the evidence”); Cavanaugh v. Woods Cross City, 718 F.3d

1244, 1250 n.1 (10th Cir. 2013) (“[T]he sufficiency-of-the-evidence issue

[Appellant] raised could only be preserved for appeal by including it in a Rule

50(a) motion at the close of evidence and a Rule 50(b) motion after the jury

verdict.” (emphasis in original)); 9 James Wm. Moore et al., Moore's Federal

Practice § 50.91 (3d ed. 2011) (“[A] party’s failure to properly assert pre-verdict

and renewed motions for judgment on the basis of insufficient evidence ordinarily

waives the right to challenge sufficiency of the evidence on appeal.”). Without a

Rule 50 motion, we are put in the position of reviewing the jury’s judgment itself,

rather than the trial judge’s response to it. And “[f]ederal appellate courts simply

do not directly review jury verdicts.” Coughlin v. Capitol Cement Co., 571 F.2d

290, 297 (5th Cir. 1978).

      Therefore, CCD failed to preserve the sufficiency-of-the-evidence issue for

appeal. As such, we decline to review the record for plain error, and we affirm

the jury’s verdicts as to the due process claims against the Town and McGuire.

                                         III

      For his part, McGuire challenges the district court’s decision to give the

jury the option of awarding punitive damages against him in his official capacity,


                                         14
which he says contravenes federal law. Specifically, he argues that “[b]ecause

the basis of the District Court’s decision [to allow the jury to consider awarding

punitive damages against him]—Youren v. Tintic Sch. Dist., 343 F.3d 1296, 1307

(10th Cir. 2003)—contravenes federal law, CCD should be precluded from

requesting punitive damages against [him] under any circumstances.” Aplee. Br.

at 78-79; see also id. at 80-82 (listing cases in other circuits that disagree with

Youren). McGuire makes no effort to distinguish Youren or to suggest a

limitation in its holding. In short, McGuire urges that “Youren is an anomalous

outlier that should be disregarded.” Id. at 83.

       Of course, the issue is moot because we affirm the jury’s verdicts that

McGuire committed no due process violation. What is more, we must adhere to

prior rulings of our court in the absence of our court’s issuance of an en banc

decision overruling the prior panel decision. In re Smith, 10 F.3d 723, 724 (10th

Cir. 1993). We feel compelled, however, to note our agreement with McGuire’s

characterization of Youren as an anomalous outlier. After all, if “an

official-capacity suit is, in all respects other than name, to be treated as a suit

against the entity,” Kentucky v. Graham, 473 U.S. 159, 166 (1985) (“It is not a

suit against the official personally, for the real party in interest is the entity.”

(emphasis in original)), and “a municipality is immune from punitive damages

under 42 U.S.C. § 1983,” City of Newport v. Fact Concerts, Inc., 453 U.S. 247,

271 (1981), then individuals sued in their official capacity should be immune


                                            15
from punitive damages as well. The conclusion seems inescapable. Indeed, the

force of this reasoning has led courts within our own circuit to ignore Youren

when dismissing punitive damage claims in official-capacity § 1983 suits. See,

e.g., Fernandez v. Taos Mun. Sch. Bd. of Educ., 403 F. Supp. 2d 1040, 1043

(D.N.M. 2005) (Kelly, J., sitting by designation).

                                         IV

      We AFFIRM the jury’s verdict on the due process claims. We conclude

that Instruction 23 was erroneous and prejudicial to CCD. We therefore

REVERSE the jury’s verdict on the breach of contract claim and REMAND.



                                              Entered for the Court


                                              Mary Beck Briscoe
                                              Chief Judge




                                         16
