19‐112‐cr
United States v. Williams

                              UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                  FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

                                        SUMMARY ORDER

RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT.
CITATION TO A SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS
PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE
PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT=S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A
SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY
MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE
(WITH THE NOTATION ASUMMARY ORDER@).       A PARTY CITING TO A
SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT
REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.

      At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit,
held at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the
City of New York, on the 4th day of May, two thousand twenty.

        PRESENT: RALPH K. WINTER,
                         RICHARD C. WESLEY,
                         RICHARD J. SULLIVAN,
                                 Circuit Judges.
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        UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                            Appellee,

                   v.                                                        No. 19‐112‐cr

        TIMOTHY WILLIAMS,

                            Defendant‐Appellant.

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      FOR APPELLANT:                                  GARY L. CUTLER, Gary L.
                                                      Cutler, P.C. New York, NY.

      FOR APPELLEE:                                   JOSHUA G. HAFETZ, Assistant
                                                      United States Attorney (David
                                                      C. James, Assistant United
                                                      States Attorney, on the brief), for
                                                      Richard P. Donoghue, United
                                                      States Attorney for the Eastern
                                                      District of New York,
                                                      Brooklyn, NY.

      Appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the Eastern

District of New York (LaShann DeArcy Hall, Judge).

      UPON      DUE     CONSIDERATION,           IT     IS    HEREBY       ORDERED,

ADJUDGED, AND DECREED that the judgment of the district court is

AFFIRMED.

      Timothy Williams appeals from a restitution order imposed by the United

States District Court for the Eastern District of New York (Hall, J.) following his

guilty plea to one count of mail fraud in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1341.     In an effort

to evade previously incurred credit card debts, Williams falsely informed various

credit rating agencies and financial institutions that he was the victim of identity

theft and had never opened the accounts in question.             Upon learning of the



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purported identity theft, Chase Bank (“Chase”) wrote off Williams’s credit card

debts.     At sentencing, the district court ordered Williams to pay Chase restitution

of $23,567.57 – the amount Williams owed on his Chase accounts at the time of the

charge‐off – under the Mandatory Victims Restitution Act (“MVRA”), 18 U.S.C. §

3663A.      On appeal, Williams argues that the scheme did not directly and

proximately harm Chase and that restitution is unwarranted because Chase has

alternate means of being made whole.        We assume the parties’ familiarity with

the underlying facts and the record of prior proceedings, to which we refer only

as necessary to explain our decision.

         “In general, we review an MVRA order of restitution deferentially, and we

will reverse only for abuse of discretion.”    United States v. Gushlak, 728 F.3d 184,

190(2dCir.2013)(internalquotationmarksomitted). “A district court abuses its

discretion when a challenged ruling rests on an error of law, a clearly erroneous

finding of fact, or otherwise cannot be located within the range of permissible

decisions.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted).

         The MVRA mandates restitution to victims of certain crimes, including, as

relevant here, offenses committed by fraud or deceit in which a victim “has


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suffered a . . . pecuniary loss.”   18 U.S.C. §§ 3663A(a)(1), 3663A(c)(1).     The statute

defines “victim” broadly to include “a person directly and proximately harmed as

a result of the commission of [the] offense.”       Id. § 3663A(a)(2).    This Court has

found direct cause to be established where a defendant’s action was the “but for”

cause of the harm.     See United States v. Marino, 654 F.3d 310, 322–23 (2d Cir. 2011).

As to proximate cause, we consider “whether the harm alleged has a sufficiently

close connection to the conduct at issue,” and the requirement may be satisfied

where the harm was “foreseeable.”        Robers v. United States, 572 U.S. 639, 645 (2014)

(internal quotation marks omitted).

       Williams contends that the scheme did not directly or proximately cause a

loss to Chase because his debts were already past due when he executed the fraud.

On Williams’s view, any pecuniary loss was triggered by his non‐payment of the

amounts owed, as opposed to Chase’s discharge of that obligation, and would

have occurred regardless of his scheme. We find this argument, as well as its

underlying conception of the relevant harm, to be meritless.                 For starters,

Williams stipulated that the scheme was intended to cause losses of approximately

$207,000, which included the amounts Williams already owed to Chase at the time


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of the crime.    As the district court noted, Chase wrote off that debt as a result of

Williams’s false assertion of identity theft, and Williams ceased owing Chase

$23,567.57 as a result of the write‐off.       Thus, Chase suffered a loss when

Williams’s accounts were “closed as fraudulent applications,” as it explained in its

declaration, because Chase could no longer seek collection on the debt.      J. App’x

at 176.      That result was a foreseeable – indeed, intended – consequence of

Williams’s fraud.     Further, Williams offers no evidence to suggest that Chase

would have written off the debt if not for his false identity theft claim.

Accordingly, the district court did not abuse its discretion in finding that Chase

was directly and proximately harmed by Williams’s crime in the amount of the

write‐off.

          Williams also argues that restitution is unwarranted because Chase can be

returned to the position that it was in prior to his scheme by exercising its right to

reinstate the debt report now that Williams’s fraud has been uncovered.             In

essence, Williams suggests that Chase did not suffer an actual loss because it can

undertake actions itself to reverse the write‐off it made in reliance on Williams’s

fraud.     But as the district court noted, any right that Chase had to reinstate the


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debt came only “later,” after “the moment that the fraud was consummated” and

caused Chase’s loss.    J. App’x at 164.       Relatedly, whether Chase is entitled to

restitution under the MVRA does not depend on whether it can be made whole

through reinstatement or some other civil process. The MVRA makes clear that

“[i]n no case shall the fact that a victim has received or is entitled to compensation

. . . [from] any other source be considered in determining the amount of

restitution.” 18 U.S.C. § 3664(f)(1)(B). We therefore find no abuse of discretion

in the district court’s rejection of Williams’s arguments concerning the charged‐off

debt.

        We have considered Williams’s remaining arguments and conclude that

they are without merit. For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the district

court is AFFIRMED.

                                       FOR THE COURT:
                                       Catherine O=Hagan Wolfe, Clerk of Court




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