         IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                           AT JACKSON
                               Assigned on Briefs May 2, 2006

                   STATE OF TENNESSEE v. ASHLEY MARTIN

                  Direct Appeal from the Criminal Court for Shelby County
                            No. 03-08306    Chris Craft, Judge



                    No. W2005-01814-CCA-R3-CD - Filed October 23, 2006


The defendant, Ashley Martin, was convicted of two counts of aggravated robbery: aggravated
robbery by violence and aggravated robbery by fear. The trial court merged the convictions and
sentenced the defendant to thirty years as a Range III, career offender. This appeal follows the denial
of his motion for a new trial in which he alleged that: (1) the evidence was insufficient to support
his conviction, and (2) the trial court erred in ruling his nine prior convictions for aggravated robbery
were admissible for purposes of impeachment if he chose to testify. After careful review, the
judgments of the trial court are affirmed.

     Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgments of the Criminal Court Affirmed

JOHN EVERETT WILLIAMS, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which THOMAS T. WOODALL and
J.C. MCLIN , JJ., joined.

Robert Wilson Jones, District Public Defender, and Tony N. Brayton and Trent Hall, Assistant
Public Defenders, for the appellant, Ashley Martin.

Paul G. Summers, Attorney General and Reporter; Jennifer L. Bledsoe, Assistant Attorney General;
William L. Gibbons, District Attorney General; and Michelle Parks, Assistant District Attorney
General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.

                                              OPINION

                                    Facts and Procedural History

       As a result of an incident on August 4, 2003, at Exline’s Best Pizza in Town, a restaurant in
Shelby County, the defendant was charged with two counts of aggravated robbery and two counts
of possession of cocaine with intent to sell or deliver. A nolle prosequi was entered as to both counts
of possession of cocaine.
         During the defendant’s trial, Yolanda Ware, the manager of the restaurant, testified that she
was working at the register when a man entered the restaurant and asked about an application. She
said that they were not hiring, and he left. He returned and inquired about the pay for a cook, pulled
up his shirt, pulled out a gun, and pointed it at her. She described the robber as a black male wearing
a baseball cap pulled down on his head, but she could not remember what he was wearing. She said
that she would be unable to identify him if she saw him in the court room that day, but she then
pointed him out in the courtroom. She testified that he wanted the money in the register and that she
had difficulty opening the register. When the register was opened, he put down the gun and started
to pick through the money. She recalled that there were four hundred dollars in the register. She
testified that when he was picking through the money, she grabbed the gun and pointed it at him.
He told her that it was not loaded so she threw it across the room, grabbed her son, and ran from the
restaurant. She said she flagged down a car, and the police arrived shortly thereafter. She gave a
statement to the police and identified the defendant in a photo line-up.

        On cross-examination, Ms. Ware testified that there is a surveillance camera in the restaurant
but either the tape was not working or there was no tape in the camera. She said that you can see
the register on the surveillance monitor in the kitchen.

        Next, Tamara McNary, the restaurant cook working on the morning of the incident, testified
that she saw the defendant come in the first time and inquire about a job. She said an order came
in, and she went to the kitchen to prepare it. She noticed on the monitor that the man had returned
but, on this occasion, he was in the area of the counter and appeared to have a gun. She said she
heard something like a gunshot and ran out the back door. She testified that the robber was a young
black man wearing a blue cap, blue shirt, and blue jeans and that she had never seen him before this
incident. She went to the house behind the store and told a man at this house about the robbery.
This man called the police from a cell phone in his truck while following the robber. Ms. McNary
was confused as to whether he phoned the police from his house phone or his cell phone. She
provided a statement to the police and was able to identify the defendant in a photo line-up. At trial
she was unable to identify the defendant.

        During cross-examination, Ms. McNary acknowledged that she had identified the wrong
person during a preliminary hearing and that she could not identify the sound she believed to be a
gunshot. She did not know how the robber left because she stayed at the neighbor’s house until the
police arrived.

        The next witness, Richard Brackey, was the neighbor who phoned the police and followed
the robbery suspect in his truck. He testified that his wife works for the restaurant. He said that
Tamara McNary came to his house and told him that the restaurant had been robbed. He did not
observe the robbery but saw a black male run to the van, which he then followed in his truck. He
described the suspect as wearing a blue shirt and blue jeans but said that he was unable to see his
face. He listened to the 9-1-1 tape and authenticated it as his voice. He said he followed the van
until two suspects exited the vehicle, carrying a weapon, and ran into the woods between Stage Road
and James Road.


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        On cross-examination, Mr. Brackey testified that his home is located directly behind the
restaurant, on the opposite side of a 200-foot field. He did not see the suspect come from inside the
restaurant but saw him come from the front of the building. He said that Ms. McNary came out of
the back exit which faces his house. He testified that the van was parked at the end of Corner Street
and that he saw the suspect enter the van’s sliding door and saw another person driving. He said
he was between 100 and 150 feet behind the van when the occupants got out and ran through the
woods. He said he stopped the van before it rolled into the road because the occupants left it in gear
when they fled. He put the van in park and left the engine running.

        The next witness, Cassandra Hampton, testified that she had recently sold the van to the
defendant’s brother. She said that the van was a black, four-door, M.T.D. van. She testified that she
spoke with the defendant’s mother regarding the van because she was afraid that there would be
trouble between her son and the defendant’s brother. She said that she approached the defendant’s
brother to sign the title to the van. She said that she knew of the relationship between the defendant
and his brother but that she did not have any contact with the defendant regarding the purchase of
the van.

         Next, Officer Brian Westbrook, the first Memphis Police Officer to arrive on the scene,
testified that the call went out on the police radio as an armed robbery. He recalled that he went to
the restaurant and encountered two female black adults and a male black juvenile at the scene. He
went inside to ascertain what happened and began the paperwork for his report. He spoke with all
three witnesses who he described as excited, nervous, and scared. He did no other investigation into
the robbery. He marked the location of the restaurant on a map which was admitted as evidence.

        On cross-examination, Officer Westbrook said he spent two hours on the scene. He did not
gather any evidence but was present while other officers processed the scene for prints and collected
evidence. During redirect, he said his report reflected that Ms. McNary said she saw a gun pointed
at Ms. Ware by the suspect.

        Next, Officer Monica Carson, a patrol officer with the Memphis Police Department, testified
that she responded to the robbery and went to the area where the suspect was apprehended. She
identified the defendant as the suspect caught in the field. She said that she spoke with the defendant
when he was taken into custody. She recalled that he said he robbed a business and was not alone.
She said he was laughing and thought it was funny that the people in the restaurant thought he
wanted to order a pizza. She said he identified the driver as someone from South Memphis named
“Q” and told her that “Q” had no prior knowledge of the robbery. She identified the defendant’s
identification card with the name “Ashley Rogers” and said he signed his name “Ashley Martin.”
She said the defendant had a cut on his finger that he claimed occurred while jumping a fence.

         Next, Officer Victor Lester testified that he was responsible for recovering the van. He
initially testified that the van was green but, when he saw the arrest ticket he said it was a black
Mazda minivan. He received a call with the general location of the vehicle, went to the area, and


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observed the vehicle. He said the van had struck something and its tires were going flat. He said
the van was unoccupied when he arrived and, inside, he found a drive out tag, a Tennessee drivers
license application, and a photo. He recalled the name “Quinton Martin” was on the application.
He testified that he did not process the van for prints. He placed a mark on the exhibit map where
the van was located.

        Next, Officer Laverne Jones testified she was employed with the crime response unit of the
Memphis Police Department and that she went to the scene to collect evidence and make
photographs. She recalled the cash register drawer was open when she arrived. She said she focused
her investigation on the counter area where the incident occurred. She said she processed the scene
and recovered the blood and fingerprint samples. She retrieved the blood and fingerprints from the
interior primary door but was not involved in testing either sample.

        On cross-examination, Officer Jones testified that she took the money recovered at the scene
to have it chemically processed for prints, but it was not tested. She did not process a broken bottle
recovered at the scene because no substance had been observed on the bottle.

        Officer Elizabeth Mize of the Memphis Police Department testified she was on patrol on the
day of the robbery. She responded to the robbery at the restaurant and saw the suspect, a black male
wearing a blue t-shirt and jeans, running through a backyard and the woods on Viscosia. She was
responsible for radioing other officers of the direction the suspect was running. She did not pursue
the suspect and had no other involvement in the investigation.

        Next, Cheryl Hayes, a criminal investigator with the district attorney’s office, testified that
she took DNA samples from the defendant and sent them to the lab to be tested against samples
recovered at the scene. She took a photo of the defendant when she took the swabs but it did not turn
out well. She contacted the latent print department and asked them to compare the recovered prints
against the “R&I” of the defendant. She testified that the “R&I” is a unique identifier assigned to
an individual when they are booked into jail and then filed according to the “R&I.” She said the
defendant signed the order as “Ashley Rogers.”

        Officer James Hill, a latent print examiner with the Memphis Police Department, testified
that one of the fingerprints recovered at the restaurant was of value. He said the defendant was the
individual responsible for the prints at the scene.

        Officer Andre Mohammed of the Memphis Police Department testified that he responded to
the call over the radio. He said he received a description of the suspect as a black male wearing a
blue t-shirt and jeans and saw the suspect running through a field. Officer Mohammed pursued the
defendant until he stopped and surrendered. He said there were several bills on the ground at the
defendant’s feet. He was able to identify the defendant in the courtroom as the individual that he
apprehended in the field. He said the defendant had a cut on his hand that he claimed occurred while
jumping a fence. He said the defendant’s demeanor was one of regret.



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       On cross-examination, Officer Mohammed testified that he collected $150 at the scene. He
acknowledged he had reviewed the arrest ticket prior to his testimony. He said he turned the
defendant over to Officer Carson.

         Next, Officer Thomas E. Arnold, a K-9 officer with the Memphis Police Department,
testified that he was called by other officers who were chasing a robbery suspect. He said his dog
is trained to search for human odors and has been very successful in apprehending individuals.
Officer Arnold and the dog went into the woods, and the dog found the pistol hidden under some
brush. He notified the officers at the crime scene and they recovered the pistol. He testified that the
defendant was apprehended in a bean field but that he was not involved in the arrest.

       Officer Daniel Jacobs testified that he was responsible for recovering the pistol discovered
by the police dog. He said the pistol was loaded with six live rounds. He also recovered one
hundred dollars from the street where the van was abandoned and in the wooded area. He said he
tagged the money and stored it.

        Next, Sergeant Joe Starks testified he was the case officer on this investigation. He said he
spoke with both Ms. Ware and her son during his investigation. He said Ms. Ware gave a statement
and identified the defendant in the photo spread. Two identification cards were recovered in the
abandoned van. He testified the defendant waived his rights and agreed to provide a statement. In
his statement, the defendant said he was in a store with a gun and that he put down the gun. The
defendant said that Ms. Ware threw the gun; he retrieved it and then left.

        On cross-examination, Sergeant Starks said he did not know if the gun was processed for
prints. He testified he does not keep his handwritten notes after they are typed.

        At the conclusion of this testimony, the State rested their proof and the trial court conducted
a jury-out hearing on the admissibility of the defendant’s prior felony convictions. The State sought
to use the defendant’s prior convictions as impeachment evidence and argued that the convictions
go to truthfulness. The trial court determined that the defendant’s prior convictions for aggravated
assaults do not involve dishonesty and would not be allowed for impeachment because they were
more prejudicial than probative. It also determined that the nine priors for aggravated robberies did
involve dishonesty and would be admissible as impeachment evidence. The defendant moved for
acquittal, but his motion was denied. The defendant took the stand and acknowledged that he did
not wish to testify.

        The defendant’s only witness was Dr. Qadriyyah Debnam, a special agent and forensic
scientist in serology with the DNA unit of the Tennessee Bureau of Investigation, Memphis Crime
Laboratory. He testified that he received two blood samples from the scene, as well as the swabs
from the defendant. He said the samples did not match the blood at the crime scene.




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       On cross-examination, Dr. Debnam testified that he had no knowledge of the facts of the
case. He said his sole responsibility was to determine whether there was a DNA match and there
were no matches in this case.

        The defendant rested his case, and the matter was sent to the jury. The closing arguments
of the parties are not a part of the record on appeal. After deliberation, the defendant was found
guilty on two counts: (1) aggravated robbery by violence and (2) aggravated robbery by fear. The
counts were merged into a single conviction, and the defendant was later sentenced to thirty years
as a career criminal with his sentence to be served consecutive to his prior aggravated robberies for
which he was on parole at the time of this crime.

                                                Analysis

I. Sufficiency

       The defendant argues that the evidence was not sufficient for a rational trier of fact to find
him guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. He concedes that there was evidence to support his
convictions in light of the proof offered by the State at trial but requests that this court review the
evidence to determine if a rational trier of fact could find him guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.

        When an accused challenges the sufficiency of the evidence, this court must review the
record to determine if the evidence adduced during the trial was sufficient “to support the finding
by the trier of fact of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.” Tenn. R. App. P. 13(e). This rule is
applicable to findings of guilt predicated upon direct evidence, circumstantial evidence, or a
combination of direct and circumstantial evidence. State v. Brewer, 932 S.W.2d 1, 18 (Tenn. Crim.
App. 1996).

        In determining the sufficiency of the evidence, this court does not reweigh or reevaluate the
evidence. State v. Cabbage, 571 S.W.2d 832, 835 (Tenn. 1978). Nor may this court substitute its
inferences for those drawn by the trier of fact from circumstantial evidence. Liakas v. State, 199
Tenn. 298, 305, 286 S.W.2d 856, 859 (1956). To the contrary, this court is required to afford the
State the strongest legitimate view of the evidence contained in the record as well as all reasonable
and legitimate inferences which may be drawn from the evidence. State v. Elkins, 102 S.W.3d 578,
581 (Tenn. 2003).

        The trier of fact, not this court, resolves questions concerning the credibility of the witnesses,
the weight and value to be given the evidence, as well as all factual issues raised by the evidence.
Id. In State v. Grace, the Tennessee Supreme Court stated that “[a] guilty verdict by the jury,
approved by the trial judge, accredits the testimony of the witnesses for the State and resolves all
conflicts in favor of the theory of the State.” 493 S.W.2d 474, 476 (Tenn.1973).

      Because a verdict of guilt removes the presumption of innocence and replaces it with a
presumption of guilt, the accused has the burden in this court of illustrating why the evidence is


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insufficient to support the verdict returned by the trier of fact. State v. Tuggle, 639 S.W.2d 913, 914
(Tenn.1982); Grace, 493 S.W.2d at 476.

        In support of his argument, the defendant contends that the evidence, tested against the
standard enunciated in Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 99 S. Ct. 2781 (1979), is insufficient to
justify a rational trier of fact in finding him guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. He asserts that no
witness was able to unequivocally identify him at trial as the perpetrator of the robbery and contends
that the only evidence against him was his arrest in a field in the vicinity of the getaway van, an oral
statement of admission, and a palm print found at the scene. He contends that this evidence should
not have convinced a rational person of his guilt. The record does not support his claims.

        The proof here demonstrates that the defendant entered a restaurant, pulled out a gun, and
pointed it at the restaurant manager. He indicated that he wanted money from the cash register and,
when it was opened for him, he picked through the money and took what he wanted. The manager
was able to identify the defendant from a photo line-up on the day of the robbery and pointed him
out in the courtroom at trial. Further, his palm print was recovered from the front door of the
restaurant. He fled the robbery scene in a van, belonging to his brother, which they later abandoned.
When he was apprehended in a nearby field, he had several bills of money around him and at his
feet. He made a statement to one officer that he had robbed a business and laughed because the
employees thought he wanted a pizza. In a later interview with police, he admitted he was
responsible for the robbery, and his story was consistent with the manager’s story.

       Based on our review of the evidence, we conclude that a jury could reasonably conclude that
the defendant committed the offense of aggravated robbery. We affirm the conviction of the
defendant.

II. Prior convictions

         The defendant argues that the trial court erred in ruling that his nine prior convictions for
aggravated robbery would be admissible for impeachment purposes should he decide to testify. He
argues that the prior convictions are unfairly prejudicial due to their nature and number as they were
all the same type of offense for which he was on trial.

        The State may use a prior adult conviction to impeach the testimony of an accused in a
criminal prosecution if: (a) the conviction was for a crime that is punishable by death or
imprisonment in excess of one year or a misdemeanor involving dishonesty or false statement; (b)
less than ten years has elapsed between the date the accused was released from confinement and the
commencement of the prosecution; (c) the State gives reasonable written notice of the particular
conviction or convictions it intends to use to impeach the accused prior to trial; and (d) the trial court
finds that the probative value of the felony or misdemeanor on the issue of credibility outweighs its
unfair prejudicial effect on the substantive issues. Tenn. R. Evid. 609; See State v. Mixon, 983
S.W.2d 661, 674 (Tenn.1999). The admissibility of the prior convictions is within the trial court’s
discretion.


                                                   -7-
        Here, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in concluding that the probative value of the
defendant’s convictions outweighed their prejudicial effect. The trial court found that aggravated
robbery involved dishonesty and was probative of the defendant’s credibility. This court has
previously concluded that crimes involving theft are probative of credibility. See State v. Crank, 721
S.W.2d 264, 266-67 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1986); State v. Miller, 737 S.W.2d 556, 560 (Tenn. Crim.
App.1987); State v. Tune, 872 S.W.2d 922, 927 (Tenn. Crim. App.1993). Prior convictions for these
types of felonies may be used to impeach a defendant on trial for an offense involving theft. State
v. Baker, 956 S.W.2d 8, 15 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1997) (citing Tune, 872 S.W.2d at 927; Miller, 737
S.W.2d at 560; Johnson v. State, 596 S.W.2d 97, 104 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1979); Price v. State, 589
S.W.2d 929, 931-32 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1979)). The trial court considered each of the defendant’s
prior convictions and denied the admission of his convictions for facilitation and aggravated assaults
but determined that the robbery convictions would be admissible as crimes involving dishonesty.
The court also determined that because the convictions for aggravated robbery all occurred on the
same day that they were not as prejudicial as if they had been committed over several years. Despite
the defendant’s contentions, we do not find any abuse of discretion and conclude that the trial court
properly determined that the defendant’s prior convictions for aggravated robbery were admissible
for purposes of impeachment.

                                             Conclusion

       For all the foregoing reasons, the judgments of the trial court are affirmed.




                                                        ___________________________________
                                                        JOHN EVERETT WILLIAMS, JUDGE




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