                                                                       [PUBLISH]


               IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                        FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT                     FILED
                          ________________________         U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                                                             ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                                                                  July 12, 2007
                                No. 06-15742                    THOMAS K. KAHN
                            Non-Argument Calendar                   CLERK
                          ________________________

                              BIA No. A77-977-849

YI QIANG YANG,


                                                                        Petitioner,

                                     versus

U.S. ATTORNEY GENERAL,

                                                                      Respondent.

                          ________________________

                     Petition for Review of a Decision of the
                          Board of Immigration Appeals
                          _________________________

                                 (July 12, 2007)

Before BLACK, CARNES and MARCUS, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

      Yi Qiang Yang, a native and citizen of China, entered the United States

illegally on September 28, 2001. While he was detained at the airport, immigration
officials conducted an entrance interview. They asked Yang why he came to the

United States. He said that he came because America was “better [than] China”

and “the greatest country in the world,” and he wanted “to earn a living.” Yang

was then asked whether he had any reason to fear returning to China. He said that

he might be put in jail for not having a passport, but that he would not be harmed.

However, Yang continued, he “really [did not] want to go back to China.” When

asked for his marital status, Yang said he was “single.”

      Yang was charged with removal for, among other things, failing to possess a

valid entry document at the time he sought admission into the country, in violation

of 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(7)(A)(i)(I). Yang conceded that he was removable based on

this charge. He also applied for asylum, withholding of removal, and relief under

the Convention Against Torture.

      At his asylum hearing, Yang testified that he and Jiang Hui Ling had a

“traditional marriage ceremony” with friends and family on July 15, 2000. They

could not be formally married, according to Yang, because under Chinese law they

were under the legal age—Yang was 20 and Ling was 17.

      The couple discovered that Ling was pregnant in February 2001. Because

they were not legally married, Yang said, the Chinese government would force

Ling to have an abortion if it discovered that she was pregnant. To avoid

detection, Yang and Ling hid at Yang’s grandmother’s house.
                                          2
      The government found out anyway. On July 3, 2001, family planning

officials took Ling to the hospital to have an abortion. When Yang discovered that

Ling was missing, he went to the hospital to free her. Once there, five government

officials began to beat Yang, but, according to him, he grabbed a broom, beat the

officials off of him, and escaped.

      Yang did not return to his home because the family planning officials were

waiting for him there; the next day they sent a subpoena ordering that Yang come

to the local security office. Yang later heard that Ling had been forced to abort the

baby. He left China on September 25, 2001.

      In addition to his testimony, Yang submitted corroborating evidence in

support of his asylum petition. Among the exhibits introduced at the asylum

hearing, Yang offered: (1) the State Department’s country report on China; (2) a

note from Lianjiang hospital, dated July 3, 2001, stating that Ling had an induced

abortion; (3) a subpoena from the local security office, dated July 4, 2001,

summoning Yang to its office the next day; (4) a receipt, dated July 2, 2000, for

two wedding rings paid for by Yang; and (5) a letter from Yang’s uncle stating that

he attended Yang’s “traditional wedding” on July 15, 2000, Yang and Ling were

married by traditional means because “early marriage is forbidden,” and when Ling

was forcibly taken by family planning officials to have an abortion, Yang “tried to

save his wife and fought with the officials.”
                                          3
      Yang’s exhibits also included an affidavit and a letter from Ling. The

affidavit, dated March 10, 2005, stated that she and Yang “held a wedding

according to the old traditional custom on July 15, 2000 . . . and started to live

together without going through the marriage registration formalities.” The letter,

dated January 7, 2003, gave the following account of her marriage, pregnancy and

abortion:

      Dear Husband, do you still remember our wedding on July 15, 2000?
      Sometime after our marriage, in around February 2001, I did not feel
      good and went to see a doctor. It was then we found out I would give
      birth to our child . . . . But since China has a very strict checking
      system on Family Planning, we women have to have physical check
      up every three-month. On July 3rd, Mom called us and said she was
      very sick. We were very worry and afraid something might happen,
      so we rushed back to visit her. After you found out she was really
      sick, you sent her to the hospital immediately and left me home alone.
      At around 2 p.m. in the afternoon there came seven people. They
      claimed they were from the Family Planning Office and tried to take
      me away forcefully. Even though I tried to struggle and begged for
      their mercy, they would not bother to care. They took me to Lianjiang
      County Hospital and locked me up in a room. A moment later two
      nurses came inside. One of the nurses who had a syringe in her hand
      gave me a shot in my abdomen. After a few minutes, I had a very
      sharp pain in that area. And after my baby came out of my body, I
      saw the nurses put the poor baby in a plastic bag. I was so shock that
      I passed out. After I regain my consciousness, my mother told me that
      you tried to save me and fought with the officials of the Family
      Planning Office. The Cadres of the Family Planning Unit were
      looking for you and tried to arrest you.

      The immigration judge found that Yang was not entitled to asylum because

he had not established that he was subject to past persecution or that he had a well-

                                           4
founded fear of future persecution. The IJ acknowledged that in Matter of C-Y-Z-

the Board of Immigration Appeals held “that an alien who’s [sic] spouse was

forced to undergo an abortion or sterilization procedure can establish past

persecution on account of political opinion as a refugee within the definition of that

word under Section 101(a)(42) of the Immigration and Nationality Act.” But the IJ

found that Yang had “failed first of all to prove that he and this person he describes

as his wife entered into a traditional marriage in [his] country of China.”

      The IJ also found that Yang had “failed to present anything to the Court to

show that traditional marriages are legal in China and recognized by the

government of China.” And, the IJ found that in Yang’s “own mind he is single.

That’s why he answered the question regarding his marital status as being single.”

      The IJ concluded that Yang had “failed to establish [] a spousal relationship

between him and the person he described or referred to as his wife throughout his

application.” Therefore,

      even if the Court were to conclude that [Yang] was able to prove that
      the person he refers to as his wife was forced to undergo abortion he
      cannot benefit from that. The reason is that he failed to show that they
      were legally married and the decision in the Matter of C-Y-Z-, applies
      only where a spousal relationship has been established between the
      respondent and the spouse. The Court concludes that the Board of
      Immigration Appeals in the Matter of C-Y-Z-, does not apply in
      [Yang]’s case.

      The IJ also concluded as an alternative ground for denying Yang’s petition

                                           5
that the encounter with family planning officials he described was not sufficiently

serious to constitute persecution. As to any well-founded fear of future

persecution, the IJ found Yang’s testimony to be not credible, and therefore,

according to the IJ, Yang had not presented sufficient evidence that “anyone in

China is looking for him on account of a protected ground.”

      Because Yang had not meet his burden as to asylum, the IJ concluded that he

could not meet the higher burden for establishing entitlement to withholding of

removal. And as to Yang’s CAT claim, the IJ concluded that Yang had “failed to

establish that he was tortured in his country or that it is more likely than not that he

would be tortured if he were to return to his country.”

      The BIA dismissed Yang’s appeal of the IJ’s decision. The BIA agreed with

the IJ that “an applicant must have entered into a legally recognizable marriage in

order to be considered a spouse within the meaning of Matter of C-Y-Z-.,” and

“[u]nderage couples living in de facto unregistered relationships are not recognized

as married by the Chinese government.”

      The BIA also concluded that Yang was not entitled to relief based on his

own independent opposition to China’s population control program. The BIA

agreed with the IJ that Yang was not credible given the inconsistencies between his

initial airport interview and his asylum application. Therefore, the BIA concluded

that Yang’s testimony regarding his confrontation with the family planning
                                            6
officials was to be disregarded.

       Yang petitions for review of the BIA’s decision on his asylum and

withholding of removal claims.1 He contends that: (1) the BIA’s disparate

treatment of lawfully married couples from traditionally married couples is a

violation of the Equal Protection Clause; (2) the BIA’s adverse credibility finding

is not supported by the record; (3) the BIA’s decision that Yang and Ling’s

marriage was not a spousal relationship was an unreasonable interpretation of the

refugee statute, 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42), and the C-Y-Z- decision; and (4) the BIA’s

conclusion that Yang had not been persecuted for resisting China’s coercive

population control program was not supported by the record.

       The Secretary of Homeland Security or the Attorney General may grant

asylum to an alien in this country if he meets the definition of “refugee.” 8 U.S.C.

§ 1158(b)(1). A “refugee” is

       any person who is outside any country of such person’s nationality or,
       in the case of a person having no nationality, is outside any country in
       which such person last habitually resided, and who is unable or
       unwilling to return to, and is unable or unwilling to avail himself or
       herself of the protection of, that country because of persecution or a
       well-founded fear of persecution on account of race, religion,
       nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political
       opinion.



       1
         Yang has not sought review of the BIA’s decision to deny him relief under the CAT.
He has therefore abandoned that issue here. See Sepulveda v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 401 F.3d 1226,
1228 n.2 (11th Cir. 2005).
                                               7
Id. § 1101(a)(42). “[A] person who has been forced to abort a pregnancy or to

undergo involuntary sterilization, or who has been persecuted for failure or refusal

to undergo such a procedure or for other resistance to a coercive population control

program, shall be deemed to have been persecuted on account of political

opinion . . . .” Id.

        The BIA’s factual determinations are reviewed under the substantial

evidence test, and we must affirm the BIA’s decision if it is supported by

reasonable, substantial, and probative evidence on the record considered as a

whole. Al Najjar v. Aschroft, 257 F.3d 1262, 1283–84 (11th Cir. 2001). The

substantial evidence test is deferential and does not allow us to re-weigh the

evidence from scratch. Mazariegos v. Office of U.S. Att’y Gen., 241 F.3d 1320,

1323 (11th Cir. 2001). The BIA’s “decision can be reversed only if the evidence

‘compels’ a reasonable fact finder to find otherwise.” Sepulveda, 401 F.3d at

1230.

        Yang first argues that BIA’s disparate treatment of legally married couples

from traditionally married couples violated the Equal Protection Clause. We

cannot reach the merits of Yang’s equal protection argument because he failed to

exhaust his administrative remedies by raising it before the BIA. Amaya-

Artunduaga v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 463 F.3d 1247, 1250 (11th Cir. 2006) (petitioner

failed to exhaust his administrative remedies where he did not raise argument in
                                           8
notice of appeal or brief before the BIA). Accordingly, we lack jurisdiction to

consider the argument now. Id. (the Court “lack[s] jurisdiction to consider a claim

raised in a petition for review unless the petitioner exhausted his administrative

remedies with respect thereto”); see also 8 U.S.C. § 1252(d) (“A court may review

a final order of removal only if the alien has exhausted all administrative remedies

available to the alien as of right . . . .”). We will therefore dismiss this part of

Yang’s petition.

       Yang’s second contention is that the BIA’s adverse credibility finding is not

supported by the record. Specifically, Yang argues that inconsistencies between

his initial interview at the airport and his later statements do not necessarily

suggest, as the BIA concluded, that his later statements are not credible. Indeed,

three of our sister circuits have held that an airport interview should only be used

against an alien where the interview meets certain indicia of reliability. See

Balogun v. Ashcroft, 374 F.3d 492, 504 (7th Cir. 2004) (“airport interviews only

are useful and probative if they are reliable”); Ramsameachire v. Ashcroft, 357

F.3d 169, 179 (2d Cir. 2004) (“The airport interview is an inherently limited forum

for the alien to express the fear that will provide the basis for his or her asylum

claim, and the BIA must be cognizant of the interview’s limitations when using its

substance against an asylum applicant.”); Balasubramanrim v. INS, 143 F.3d 157,

164 (3d Cir. 1998) (“That there were some inconsistencies between the airport
                                             9
statement and Balasubramanrim’s testimony before the immigration judge is not

sufficient, standing alone, to support the Board's finding that Balasubramanrim was

not credible.”)

      We have had no occasion to address the reliability of airport interviews, and

this case continues that trend. There was other evidence in the record supporting

Yang’s account of the events, but even assuming for present purposes that

everything he said is true, he still has not met his burden to establish that the BIA’s

decision to deny him asylum and withholding of removal was not supported by

substantial evidence, as we discuss below.

      Yang next argues that the BIA’s decision that only legal spouses are entitled

to protection under the family planning provisions of the refugee statute, 8 U.S.C.

§ 1101(a)(42), is an unreasonable application of that statute. In its In re C-Y-Z-,

21 I. & N. Dec. 915 (BIA 1997) (en banc) decision, the BIA confirmed the INS’

position that “the spouse of a woman who has been forced to undergo an abortion

or sterilization procedure can thereby establish past persecution.” Id. at 918.

Quoting from a 1996 INS memorandum, the BIA said that “an applicant whose

spouse was forced to undergo an abortion or involuntary sterilization has suffered

past persecution, and may thereby be eligible for asylum under the terms of the

new refugee definition.” Id. at 917–18.

      In its In re S-L-L-, 24 I. & N. Dec. 1 (BIA 2006) (en banc), decision the BIA
                                           10
“decline[d] to extend [its] holding in Matter of C-Y-Z-, as modified, to unmarried

applications claiming persecution based on a partner’s abortion or sterilization.”

Id. at 4. “[W]e limit our holding to applicants who are legally married under

Chinese law.” Id. (footnote omitted). This limitation was necessary, the BIA said,

because “the sanctity of marriage and the long term commitment reflected by

marriage place the husband in a distinctly different position from that of an

unmarried father. From the point of view of the wife, the local community, and the

government, a husband shares significantly more responsibility in determining,

with his wife, whether to bear a child in the face of societal pressure and

government incentives . . . .” Id. at 9. The BIA continued: “In the absence of a

legal marriage, evaluating the existence of the requisite nexus is problematic, both

as to whether the applicant was, in fact, the father of the child and as to whether

local officials considered him responsible, or were even aware of his involvement.”

Id. at 9–10.

      Yang argues that the legal marriage requirement in S-L-L- is unreasonable.

The BIA’s interpretation of immigration statutes are due Chevron deference where

appropriate. Balogun v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 425 F.3d 1356, 1361 (11th Cir. 2005).

“Under Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc., 467 U.S.

837, 104 S. Ct. 2778 (1984), where Congress in a statute has not spoken

unambiguously on an issue, the interpretation of the statute by an agency entitled
                                          11
to administer it is entitled to deference so long as it is reasonable.” Mazariegos,

241 F.3d at 1327 n.4. “The degree of deference is especially great in the field of

immigration.” Id.

      Here, Congress has not spoken unambiguously on the issue of whether

husbands are permitted to step into their wives shoes for the purpose of family

planning refugee status. The decision to allow husbands to claim refugee status

because their wives were forced to have abortions was based solely on the BIA’s

interpretation of the refugee statute in C-Y-Z- and S-L-L-, and not on anything

Congress explicitly said in § 1101(a)(42). Thus, we must determine whether the

BIA’s interpretation of “spouse” to include only those who are “legally married”

was reasonable, giving great deference to the BIA’s decision.

      We conclude that the BIA’s interpretation was reasonable. As the Board

noted in the S-L-L- decision, legal marriage reflects a sanctity and long-term

commitment that other forms of cohabitation simply do not. A legal husband, at

least in the eyes of the government, shares significantly more responsibility in

determining, with his wife, whether to bear a child in the face of societal pressure

and government incentives.

      Furthermore, as the BIA observed, “benefits and presumptions based on

marriage are found in so many other areas of the law and in other provisions of the

Immigration and Nationality Act that ‘it would seem absurd to characterize
                                          12
reliance on marital status in C-Y-Z- as arbitrary and capricious.’” S-L-L-, 24 I. &

N. Dec. at 9 (quoting Chen v. Ashcroft, 381 F.3d 221, 227 n.6 (3d Cir. 2004)). We

agree. Paternity of the baby is presumed when a woman gives birth in wedlock.

As the BIA noted, determining paternity of the aborted baby is considerably more

difficult, yet essential for asylum based on family planning refugee status, where

the mother and father have no legal relationship. Id. at 10. Using marital status is

“a rough way of identifying a class of persons whose opportunities for

reproduction and child-rearing were seriously impaired or who suffered serious

emotional injury as the result of the performance of a forced abortion or

sterilization on another person.” Id. at 9 (quoting Chen, 381 F.3d at 227). Any

other rule “would create numerous practical difficulties that the BIA might

reasonably have chosen to avoid.” Id. at 10 (quoting Chen, 381 F.3d at 228).

      We recognize that two circuits have held that when a couple has taken all the

steps necessary to be married, including a traditional wedding, but are precluded

from marrying due to the age requirements of the family planning laws, then the

couple is married for the purposes of claiming asylum under the C-Y-Z- decision.

Ma v. Ashcroft, 361 F.3d 553, 558–61 (9th Cir. 2004); Zhang v. Gonzales, 434

F.3d 993, 999 (7th Cir. 2006). However, both decisions were rendered before the

BIA’s S-L-L- decision interpreting the spouse requirement in C-Y-Z-, and

therefore are of little precedential value. Having conducting our own Chevron
                                          13
analysis after S-L-L-, we find the requirement that an applicant be “legally

married” to the mother of his aborted child to be reasonable for the reasons

discussed above.

      Accordingly, following S-L-L- we hold that for a male to claim refugee

status pursuant to the provision in § 1101(a)(42) that “a person who has been

forced to abort a pregnancy . . . shall be deemed to have been persecuted on

account of political opinion,” he must be “legally married” to the mother of his

aborted baby under the laws of his native country. Because Yang and Ling’s

traditional marriage was not recognized under the laws of China, Yang cannot

claim refugee status under this provision.

      Yang’s final argument is that even if he was not legally married to Ling, he

is still a refugee under the part of § 1101(a)(42) which grants protection to any

“person . . . who has been persecuted for . . . other resistance to a coercive

population control program.” In S-L-L- the BIA explained:

      That the holding in Matter of C-Y-Z- is limited to legally married
      spouses does not mean that an unmarried applicant may never
      demonstrate past persecution in the context of a partner’s forced
      abortion or sterilization. . . . [T]here may be cases in which an
      unmarried partner in an extremely close and committed relationship
      may demonstrate persecution based on the clause referring to “other
      resistance to a coercive population control program.”

24 I. & N. Dec. at 10.

      The BIA held that “[i]n the context of coercive family planning, the term
                                           14
‘resistance’ covers a wide range of circumstances, including expressions of general

opposition, attempts to interfere with enforcement of government policy in

particular cases, and other overt forms of resistance to the requirements of the

family planning law.” Id. In a follow up to S-L-L-, the Ninth Circuit held that an

applicant establishes “resistance” where he “physically or vocally resisted birth

control officials while the officials performed duties related to the birth control

program.” Lin v. Gonzales, 472 F.3d 1131, 1135 (9th Cir. 2007). However, “[i]n

addition to meeting the nexus requirement based on ‘resistance’ to the family

planning law, an applicant claiming persecution based on an unmarried partner’s

abortion must demonstrate that he has suffered harm amounting to persecution on

account of that resistance.” S-L-L-, 24 I. & N. Dec. at 10; see also Lin, 472 F.3d at

1135 (“Even though Lin resisted a coercive population control program, and thus

satisfied the ‘on account of political opinion’ component of § 1101(a)(42)(B), this

finding does not automatically establish persecution. Instead . . . Lin must also

demonstrate past persecution or a well-founded fear of future persecution.”).

      Finally, in determining whether an unmarried partner is in an extremely

close and committed relationship with the pregnant mother, the BIA said one

should look to:

      whether the couple has children together, has cohabited for a
      significant length of time, holds themselves out to others as a
      committed couple, has taken steps to have their relationship
                                           15
      recognized in some fashion (perhaps having taken such steps
      repeatedly, as where permission to marry has been denied by
      authorities based on failure to meet the minimum age requirements), is
      financially interdependent, and whether persuasive objective evidence
      of that relationship’s continued existence during the time that the
      applicant has been in the U.S. is presented.

S-L-L-, 24 I. & N. Dec. at 10–11 (quotation omitted).

      In this case, the BIA found that Yang “ha[d] not met his burden of proving

his persecution claim on account of his own resistance to a coercive population

control program or resistance to the alleged forced abortion of his partner.” Even

assuming that the documentary evidence established that Ling and Yang had an

extremely close and committed relationship and that Yang resisted family planning

officials at the hospital where Ling was taken to have an abortion, the evidence

does not compel the conclusion that Yang was persecuted on account of his

resistance to Ling’s abortion. The documentary evidence established: (1) that

Yang had a physical altercation with family planning officials; (2) that Yang was

subpoenaed by the local security office; (3) the “cadres of the Family Planning

Unit were looking for [Yang] and tried to arrest him”; and (4) “the Family

Planning Officials and the Village Cadres are still looking for [Yang] and tried to

arrest [him].”

      This is insufficient to establish persecution. In Zheng v. United States

Attorney General, 451 F.3d 1287 (11th Cir. 2006), we held that evidence the

                                         16
asylum petitioner had been detained by the Chinese government for five days but

had suffered no injuries did not compel the conclusion that he had been persecuted.

Id. at 1290–91. Here, Yang was not detained for any length of time and, as far as

we can tell from the record, suffered no physical injuries from his encounter with

the family planning officials. While Yang was subpoenaed and threatened with

arrest for opposing China’s family planning laws, the State Department’s country

report, in the section titled “Penalties and Rewards,” stated that in the Fujian

province where Yang is from, those who have more children than permitted are

assessed a fine, but the Consulate General “did not find any cases of physical force

actually employed in connection with abortion or sterilization. In interviews of

Fujian visa applicants who had several children, U.S. Consular officers found

many violators of the one-child policy paid fines; however, the officers had

personally seen no forced abortion or property confiscation.”

         From this record, having suffered no prolonged detention or physical

violence, and being at little risk of physical violence for having opposed the family

planning laws if returned to China, we are not compelled to conclude that Yang

was subject to past persecution or has a well-founded fear of future persecution.

Accordingly, we will deny his petition to review the BIA’s decision on his asylum

claim.

         Moreover, because there is no evidence compelling a finding that Yang was
                                           17
persecuted, he cannot meet the higher burden for withholding of removal by

pointing to evidence compelling a finding that it is more likely than not that he will

be persecuted upon his return to China. See Al Najjar, 257 F.3d at 1292–93

(“Where an applicant is unable to meet the ‘well-founded fear’ standard for

asylum, he is generally precluded from qualifying for either asylum or withholding

of [removal].”). We will therefore deny his petition to review the BIA’s decision

on his withholding of removal claim.

      PETITION DISMISSED IN PART AND DENIED IN PART.




                                          18
