[Cite as In re Adoption of M.M.R., 2017-Ohio-7222.]




                            IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
                               SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                    CHAMPAIGN COUNTY

 IN THE MATTER OF THE                                 :
 ADOPTION OF M.M.R.                                   :
                                                      :   C.A. CASE NO. 2017-CA-12
                                                      :
                                                      :   T.C. NO. 16-AD-9
                                                      :
                                                      :   (Civil Appeal from Common Pleas
                                                      :    Court, Probate Division)
                                                      :
                                                      :

                                              ...........

                                              OPINION

               Rendered on the ___15th __ day of _____August_____, 2017.

                                              ...........

KIRK D. ELLIS, Atty. Reg. No. 0055275, 121 S. Main Street, Urbana, Ohio 43078
      Attorney for Appellant

ROBERT N. LANCASTER, JR., Atty. Reg. No. 0039461, 700 East High Street,
Springfield, Ohio 45505
      Attorney for Appellees

                                            .............

FROELICH, J.

        {¶ 1} The biological mother (“Mother”) of M.M.R. appeals from a judgment of the

Champaign County Court of Common Pleas, Domestic Relations-Juvenile-Probate

Division, which found that her consent to her daughter’s adoption was not required. The

trial court’s conclusion was based on its finding that Mother had failed to support the child,
                                                                                            -2-


without justifiable cause, for at least one year preceding the filing of the adoption petition.

For the following reason, the trial court’s judgment will be affirmed.

                                   I. Procedural History

       {¶ 2} M.M.R. was born in August of 2014, to Mother and Father, who were not

married. Father died in late May of 2015. “Cousin” is the first cousin of Father. Cousin

and her husband (“Husband”) have been married since September 2011, and they have

two young children (ages 2 and 3) together.         M.M.R. began living with Cousin and

Husband in June 2015, when she was 10 months old, and has been living exclusively

with Cousin and Husband since July 5, 2015.

       {¶ 3} On September 28, 2016, Cousin and Husband filed a petition for adoption.

The petition did not indicate that Mother’s consent was not required. On October 20,

2016, Cousin and Husband filed an amended adoption petition, indicating that Mother’s

consent was not required, because Mother had failed, without justifiable cause, to provide

maintenance and support for M.M.R. for one year preceding the petition.

       {¶ 4} On March 14, 2017, the trial court held a hearing on whether Mother’s

consent was required for the adoption. Mother, Cousin, and Husband testified. On April

19, 2017, the trial court concluded that Mother’s consent to M.M.R.’s adoption was not

required. Mother appeals the trial court’s judgment. See In re Adoption of Greer, 70

Ohio St.3d 293, 638 N.E.2d 999 (1994), paragraph one of the syllabus (“A trial court’s

finding pursuant to R.C. 3107.07 that the consent to an adoption of a party described in

R.C. 3107.06 is not required is a final appealable order.”).

                           II. Was Mother’s Consent Required

       {¶ 5} It is well established that “ ‘[a] parent has a fundamental right to care for and
                                                                                           -3-


have custody of his or her child.’ Those rights are terminated when a child is adopted.”

(Citation omitted.) In re Adoption of E.E.R.K., 2d Dist. Miami No. 2013 CA 35, 2014-

Ohio-1276, ¶ 16. “Any exception to the requirement of parental consent [to adoption]

must be strictly construed so as to protect the right of natural parents to raise and nurture

their children.” In re Schoeppner, 46 Ohio St.2d 21, 24, 345 N.E.2d 608 (1976); id. at ¶

17.

       {¶ 6} R.C. 3107.07(A) provides, in pertinent part, that consent to adoption is not

required of the parent of a minor “when it is alleged in the adoption petition and the court,

after proper service of notice and hearing, finds by clear and convincing evidence that the

parent has failed without justifiable cause to provide more than de minimis contact with

the minor or to provide for the maintenance and support of the minor as required by law

or judicial decree for a period of at least one year immediately preceding * * * the filing of

the adoption * * *.”

       {¶ 7} Probate courts undertake a two-step analysis when applying R.C.

3107.07(A). The first step involves deciding a factual question or questions: whether the

parent had failed to provide for the support and maintenance of a minor child or had failed

to have more than de minimis contact with the child.           Probate courts have broad

discretion over these factual determinations, which will not be disturbed absent an abuse

of discretion. In re Adoption of J.R.H., 2d Dist. Clark No. 2013-CA-29, 2013-Ohio-3385,

¶ 25-28, citing In re Adoption of M.B., 131 Ohio St.3d 186, 2012-Ohio-236, 963 N.E.2d

142, ¶ 21-23; In re R.L.H., 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 25734, 2013-Ohio-3462, ¶ 12.

       {¶ 8} If a probate court finds a parent’s failure to provide maintenance and support

or to have less than de minimis contact with the child, the court’s second step is to
                                                                                          -4-


determine whether justifiable cause for the failure has been proven by clear and

convincing evidence. In re J.R.H. at ¶ 27. The question of whether justifiable cause for

such a failure has been proven in a particular case is a determination for the probate court

and will not be disturbed on appeal unless such determination is against the manifest

weight of the evidence. Id., quoting In re Adoption of Masa, 23 Ohio St.3d 163, 492

N.E.2d 140 (1986), paragraph two of the syllabus.

       {¶ 9} “ ‘In determining whether a judgment is against the manifest weight of the

evidence, we must review the entire record, weigh the evidence and all reasonable

inferences, consider witness credibility, and determine whether, in resolving conflicts in

the evidence, the trier of fact “clearly lost its way and created such a manifest miscarriage

of justice” that there must be a reversal of the judgment and an order for a new trial.’ ” In

re Adoption of B.A.H., 2d Dist. Greene No. 2012-CA-44, 2012-Ohio-4441, ¶ 21, quoting

Steagall v. Crossman, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 20306, 2004-Ohio-4691, ¶ 29.

       {¶ 10} Husband testified that he and Cousin first learned of M.M.R. at Father’s

funeral in May of 2015. He stated that, in the days following the funeral, Cousin had a

“growing concern” for Mother and M.M.R., and Cousin reached out to Mother on

Facebook, offering babysitting assistance with M.M.R. Husband testified that Mother

asked him and Cousin to watch M.M.R. while she (Mother) attended a concert. Mother

left M.M.R. with Cousin and Husband for a few days. On a few occasions between June

13 and July 5, 2015, Mother would take M.M.R. overnight, but M.M.R. was otherwise with

Cousin and Husband.       Husband stated that M.M.R. has lived with him and Cousin

continuously since July 5, 2015.

       {¶ 11} When asked about the agreement between Mother, Cousin, and Husband,
                                                                                        -5-


Husband responded: “There was never a concrete agreement. It was just kind of always,

you know, she would say I’m getting a place or got a job or something. It just kind of

evolved. So we were in a little bit of limbo not really knowing what – never had any

concrete arrangements. Despite the fact we tried to have conversations about that.”

Husband stated that Mother twice offered to provide some support for M.M.R.             He

indicated that, at the beginning, she offered to bring food and diapers and, at another

time, offered to pay for swim lessons; Husband testified that Mother did not follow through

with either offer.   Mother offered financial assistance to Cousin and Husband, but

Husband stated that she did not follow through with that, either. Husband acknowledged

that he did not request money, clothing, or food from Mother.

       {¶ 12} Husband further testified that Mother would say she would come to visit, but

would not come. Husband stated that “there would be months at a time where we would

not hear from her and not know where she was.” Husband testified that he once heard

from Mother’s stepmother that Mother was in jail in Utah; Husband had not known that

Mother had left the state. Husband indicated that the primary method of communication

between Mother and Cousin was through Facebook messaging.

       {¶ 13} Husband testified that M.M.R. is well cared for, and that he and Cousin have

been able to provide her with food and shelter. Husband stated that he and Cousin have

taken her to every doctor appointment. Husband testified that he and Cousin have not

kept M.M.R. from her mother. He indicated that Mother last saw M.M.R. on the child’s

second birthday (in August of 2016) and the day after the birthday; Mother’s previous visit

had been Christmas 2015.

       {¶ 14} Cousin testified that she knew Mother was going through a hard time with
                                                                                         -6-


Father’s death, and she offered to help Mother with babysitting if Mother needed a break

or wanted to go out.      Cousin testified that there was no “real discussion,” but she

assumed that she would have M.M.R. overnight or for a weekend. Cousin stated that

Mother initially said she would bring by diapers and offered to pay for swim lessons, but

Mother “never followed through.” Cousin stated that she never asked Mother for money,

because Mother was always saying that she was trying to get a job or find her own place.

Cousin testified, “So at what point do you ask somebody that doesn’t have a job for

money.” Cousin stated that Mother did not share the money Mother had gotten for

M.M.R. from a government agency. Cousin indicated that Mother had not provided any

financial maintenance or support for M.M.R. in the 12 months preceding the filing of the

adoption petition.

         {¶ 15} Cousin stated that she and Husband have provided M.M.R. with a place to

live, food, education, medical care, and the like since M.M.R. has been with them.

Cousin testified that Mother had not seen M.M.R. since early August of 2016, and has not

asked about her. Cousin testified that, at some point, Mother indicated that she would

be over to visit every Wednesday (when Mother went to La Palma, near Cousin’s

residence, to sing)1, but Mother did not come.

         {¶ 16} Cousin stated that, in July 2016, she brought up with Mother her (Cousin’s)

intention to pursue the adoption of M.M.R. Cousin stated that Mother responded that

she did not want to give up her rights.

         {¶ 17} Mother agreed that since June 13, 2015, M.M.R. has resided with Cousin

and Husband, and that Cousin and Husband provided for M.M.R.’s food, clothing, shelter,


1
    See infra ¶ 21.
                                                                                          -7-


medical care, education, and discipline. She acknowledged that she did not provide

financial assistance for M.M.R. for the year prior to the filing of the adoption petition.

Mother also stated that, “short of gifts for holidays,” she did not provide any kind of food,

clothing, or shelter for her daughter for the year prior to the filing of the petition. She

testified that she did not believe her financial assistance was necessary and that Cousin

and Husband were “blasé” about it.

         {¶ 18} Mother testified that she resides on the farm of a family friend, who often

travels for his job. Mother has a high-school education, and at the time of the hearing,

she was employed painting vehicles. Mother indicated that she “took three or four years

off to have my kids and their fathers were working[,] but other than that, [she’s] had part-

time things here and there.” She indicated that, from Memorial Day 2015 to summer

2016, she did not have “her life together,” and during the year preceding the filing of the

adoption petition, she “worked here and there * * * enough to pay my electric and pay my

bills.   But I didn’t have a steady job.”    Mother acknowledged that she “was never

desperate”; she stated, “I live minimally and I have what I need.”

         {¶ 19} Mother testified that she has two other children with other fathers. Mother

testified that while M.M.R. was with Cousin and Husband, her other children were also

placed with relatives. Mother testified that she was now co-parenting her other children,

and she hoped for a similar arrangement for M.M.R. Mother indicated that Cousin told

her that Cousin and Husband wanted to adopt M.M.R., and that Mother tried to talk with

Cousin’s attorney and another individual to prepare paperwork for a different custodial

arrangement. Mother acknowledged that she has not communicated with Cousin or tried

to see M.M.R. since receiving the adoption paperwork; Mother explained that “it hurts”
                                                                                          -8-


and that she “did not want to aggravate a situation that was at one point extremely positive

and healthy.” Mother reiterated that she was “okay” with Cousin and Husband having

M.M.R., but she did not want to consent to the adoption, because she would want some

sort of shared parenting.

       {¶ 20} Mother stated that she received Social Security money for M.M.R. in August

or September 2016, but she used the money to prepare her household for the return of

her children; she acknowledged that she did not give any of that money to Cousin and

Husband.    Mother stated that she used money she received to fix her house and

purchase a seven-passenger van. Mother specified that she fixed the chimney and the

“roof of the chimney around it,” installed a new stove, finished the plumbing, and bought

new beds for her children.     Mother indicates that she receives $709 per month for

M.M.R., but has not used it for M.M.R.; Mother stated, “In my opinion, keeping my

household and myself and everything on the road and me in working order is foreseeably

helping me keep my kids and household together.” Mother acknowledged that she has

not saved any money for M.M.R.

       {¶ 21} Upon being asked about the horse that Mother has, Mother testified that it

is a retired pasture pony that lives in a friend’s pasture; Mother stated, “He doesn’t cost a

whole lot.” Mother was also asked about going to La Palma on Wednesdays. Mother

testified, “I love music. It keeps me sane. There is a group of old ladies there and we

range in age of 26 to 72 and we’ve all been widowed. We sing sad, old country songs

and drink margaritas on Wednesdays.” Mother acknowledged that she occasionally

contributed to the drink costs at La Palma and that she spends $10 to $15 per week for

cigarettes. Upon further cross-examination, Mother stated, “Yeah, I had a little extra
                                                                                           -9-


[money] here and there.”

        {¶ 22} After the hearing, Cousin and Husband filed a motion asking the trial court

to order Mother to produce copies of the Social Security award letters granting a lump

sum award and a period payment award for M.M.R. due to the death of Father. Cousin

and Husband asserted that those documents were relevant to Mother’s credibility.

Mother filed those documents on March 31, 2017.

        {¶ 23} In its judgment, the trial court made the following findings:

        The child’s biological father is deceased.

        [Mother] has had very sporadic limited contact with the child in the last year.

        There is no dispute that [Mother] did not provide for the maintenance and support

         of her child for the year preceding the filing of the adoption petition.

        [Mother] understood and knew she had a duty to provide for her child.

        [Cousin and Husband’s] income and resources could not be extensive because

         [Husband] is a student, there was no evidence that [Cousin] is employed, and

         they have two small children of their own that they care for and support.

        There is no Court ordered child support and [Cousin and Husband] have not

         requested such an order.

        [Mother] testified that she was never economically desperate (just grieving and

         depressed), that she received public assistance for the child, and she received

         Social Security benefits for the child. In addition, she was employable as she

         worked at several different jobs in the last year.

        [Mother] often asked what the child needed and offered to supply those needs

         but never actually followed through. These offers indicate [Mother] believed her
                                                                                          -10-


         assistance may have been needed.

        [Cousin and Husband] could only communicate with [Mother] through Facebook

         Messenger and often did not hear from her or know where she was located.

        [Cousin and Husband] did not specifically request assistance from [Mother]

         because she offered assistance and then did not follow through thereby making

         any requests seem futile. They would have accepted any assistance provided

         by [Mother].

        [Mother] has a horse for which she provides maintenance and support.

        The public assistance and the Social Security benefits [Mother] received for the

         child were never shared with [Cousin and Husband], but instead went towards

         [Mother’s] personal needs, - renovation of a house that does not belong to her

         and a vehicle, - with no benefit to the child.

        [Cousin and Husband] provided all maintenance and support for the child

         beginning in July 2015, and continue to present day.

(Emphasis in original.) Based on those findings, the trial court further found that Mother

“failed without justifiable cause to provide for the maintenance and support of the child for

at least one year immediately preceding the filing of the petition for adoption.” The trial

court concluded that Mother’s consent to M.M.R.’s adoption was not required.

        {¶ 24} On appeal, Mother claims that she had justifiable cause for failing to provide

maintenance and support for M.M.R. (She does not dispute that she failed to provide

maintenance and support to M.M.R. for the relevant one-year period.) She asserts that

her situation was analogous to those in In re Adoption of Hadley, 2d Dist. Greene No. 90

CA 117, 1991 WL 227737 (May 6, 1991) and In re Adoption of LaValley, 2d Dist.
                                                                                        -11-


Montgomery No. 17710, 1999 WL 961785 (July 9, 1999).

       {¶ 25} In Hadley, the child’s biological mother and the prospective adopted

parents, the Hadleys, had an informal agreement whereby the Hadleys took the child in

their home and the mother came to visit from time to time. With respect to maintenance

and support, the mother never provided support to the Hadleys, and the Hadleys had

never indicated that they did not need to be paid. However, they had never asked for

support and indicated that they did not expect any. The trial court concluded that the

mother’s failure to provide support for her child was justifiable. The Hadleys appealed.

We affirmed the trial court, holding:

       Where a child’s needs are being adequately provided for by step-parents,

       who are in a better financial position than the natural parent, and the step-

       parents, being aware of the natural parent’s financial circumstances,

       express no interest in receiving financial assistance from the natural parent,

       we conclude that the natural parent’s failure to contribute towards the

       support of the child is not “without justifiable cause,” for purposes of R.C.

       3107.07(A).

Hadley at *3.

       {¶ 26} We followed Hadley in LaValley, stating:

       The case sub judice is indistinguishable from Hadley; therefore, we find it

       controlling. Here, the [prospective adoptive parents] never asked LaValley

       for financial assistance.   Additionally, no court order was ever issued

       against LaValley, ordering her to pay support for [her child].      LaValley

       reasonably believed that [her child] was being well provided for by the
                                                                                          -12-


       [prospective adoptive parents], who had a combined annual income of

       nearly $100,000, and she had no reason to believe that her financial

       assistance was necessary for the child’s support. Furthermore, while the

       evidence shows that LaValley could have paid some support for [her child],

       it also shows that LaValley was in dire financial circumstances during the

       one-year period in question. Therefore, the trial court’s determination that

       LaValley failed, without justifiable cause, to make any contribution towards

       her child’s support is against the manifest weight of the evidence.

LaValley at *5.

       {¶ 27} We discussed Hadley in In re Adoption of J.M.N, 2d Dist. Clark Nos. 08-CA-

23, 08-CA-24, 2008-Ohio-4394.        We indicated that our rationale in Hadley and its

progeny “is in accord with the purpose and intent * * * of the consent statute, which is to

identify when a parent has abandoned her child.” J.M.N. at ¶ 18. For the failure to

provide support to be justifiable, “[c]ritically, there must be evidence that the parent made

a conscious decision not to provide support based on a reasonable belief that her financial

support was unnecessary.” Id. We noted that Hadley cautioned that “[i]f a parent has

any reason to believe that his or her financial assistance may be reasonably necessary

for the support of the child, then the failure to provide any financial assistance for a full

year evinces such a complete abdication of parental responsibility as to justify the

termination of the parental relationship in favor of adoption.” Id., quoting Hadley.

       {¶ 28} Here, as in Hadley and LaValley, the evidence reflects that Mother had

limited employment income and that Cousin and Husband did not expressly request

financial assistance from Mother. Further, there was no court order requiring Mother to
                                                                                       -13-

pay support for M.M.R. We nevertheless find Hadley and LaValley to be distinguishable.

      {¶ 29} First, Hadley and LaValley relied in part, on evidence that the adopting

parents were in a better financial position than the natural parent. While Mother was

unemployed for a portion of the one-year period preceding the filing of the adoption

petition, the trial court reasonably found that Mother “was never economically desperate”

and was employable.      And, there was no evidence at the hearing that Cousin and

Husband were significantly better off financially than Mother; Husband testified that he

was a full-time student at the University of Dayton, and there was no evidence that Cousin

had significant income. 2   (The court’s home study, conducted prior to the hearing,

reflected that Cousin was self-employed as a photographer.) In addition, Cousin and

Husband’s general failure to request financial assistance from Mother was influenced by

Mother’s consistent failure to follow through when Mother indicated that she would

provide money or other items for M.M.R. and by Mother’s statements to Cousin which

suggested that she (Mother) did not have the means to provide support.          Although

Mother testified that Cousin and Husband were “blasé” about financial support from her,

the trial court could have reasonably concluded that Mother did not reasonably believe

that Cousin and Husband did not need financial assistance for M.M.R.

      {¶ 30} Moreover, Mother testified that she received Social Security income that

was specifically provided for the support of M.M.R., yet she did not provide that money to



2 The Assessment for Child Placement (home study) report, filed with the trial court on
December 30, 2016, reflects that Cousin has gross annual income of $6,000, Husband
receives a school living allowance of $6,700 per semester, and the family receives SNAP
food benefits of $770 per month. The report itemized the family’s expenses and
concluded that the couple “appear to live responsibly on their income and to be able to
continue to care for [M.M.R.’s] needs.”
                                                                                        -14-


Cousin and Husband. Mother testified that she used those funds to purchase a van and

make improvements on the home in which she lived, but did not own.                Mother’s

supplemental filing indicated that, around August 29, 2016, Mother received a Social

Security survivor’s award of $4,254, which reflected money that M.M.R. was due for

February 2016 through July 2016. Into early 2017, Mother received $709 per month

around the second Wednesday of each month. (Cousin and Husband now receive those

payments.) The trial court could have reasonably concluded that Mother consciously

decided to use funds that were expressly intended for M.M.R.’s support for her (Mother’s)

own purposes rather than for her child.

       {¶ 31} In addition, although Mother testified that her horse was pasture fed and did

not “cost a whole lot,” Mother maintained a horse throughout the relevant one-year period,

while not providing any support for M.M.R. Although Mother’s appellate brief suggests

that the trial court gave these facts too much weight, this testimony supports a finding by

the court that Mother prioritized the support of her horse over the support of her child.

Mother also acknowledged that she purchased cigarettes ($10 to $15 per week),

occasionally bought drinks at La Palma, and “had a little extra [money] here and there.”

Even assuming that Mother had little discretionary income from which to support M.M.R.,

the record supported a conclusion that Mother simply chose not to support M.M.R. during

the one-year period prior to the filing of the adoption petition.

       {¶ 32} Having reviewed the entire record, we conclude that the weight of the

evidence supports the trial court’s determination that Mother’s failure to support M.M.R.

was not justifiable. Accordingly, the trial court did not err in concluding that Mother’s

consent to M.M.R.’s adoption was not required.            Mother’s assignment of error is
                                                            -15-


overruled.

                                     III. Conclusion

      {¶ 33} The trial court’s judgment will be affirmed.

                                        .............

HALL, P.J. and TUCKER, J., concur.

Copies mailed to:

Kirk D. Ellis
Robert N. Lancaster, Jr.
Hon. Lori L. Reisinger
