                                STATE OF VERMONT
                     SUPERIOR COURT – ENVIRONMENTAL DIVISION

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     In re Regan Subdivision Permit               {              Docket No. 188-9-09 Vtec
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                       Decision on Cross Motions for Summary Judgment

         Currently before the Court are the parties’ cross motions for summary judgment. This
appeal was from the City of Burlington (“City”) Development Review Board (“DRB”) approval
of Applicant Ute Regan’s (“Applicant”) proposed subdivision, dividing her 0.41 acre parcel on
Chittenden Drive in Burlington into two parcels. Appellants DeForest Realty (“DeForest”) and
Friends of Chittenden Drive (“Friends”) (collectively “Appellants”) appealed the decision,
asking this Court to consider whether the subdivision meets applicable standards and criteria in
the City of Burlington Comprehensive Development Ordinance (“CDO”).1

                                        Factual Background
         For the sole purpose of putting the pending motions into context, the Court recites the
following facts, all of which we understand to be undisputed unless otherwise noted:
1.       Applicant owns a parcel of land, originally identified as Parcel 76 when the lot was first
created, located on Chittenden Drive in Burlington.           The property is improved with a
residential house and is currently identified as 46 Chittenden Drive. Applicant’s property is
hereinafter referred to as the Property.
2.       The Property comprises 17,656 square feet, or about 0.41 of an acre and has 147 feet of
frontage along Chittenden Drive.
3.       The Property was originally created in 1955 as one of several lots that were part of an
approved subdivision then known as the Overlake Park Development.




1
   Appellant DeForest and Applicant initially challenged the propriety of a condition that the DRB
imposed requiring Applicant to prove that the new lot would have legal access across a 10 foot wide
green strip separating it from the paved roadway portion of Chittenden Drive. Since the filing of this
appeal, the Civil Division of the Vermont Superior Court rendered a determination regarding the legal
merit of Applicant’s access across the green strip. See Regan v. Pomerleau, No. S0239-11 CnCv (Vt.
Super. Ct. Civ. Div. Oct 27, 2011) (Crawford, J.). This legal issue and the propriety of an approval
condition like that imposed by the DRB is the subject of DeForest’s Question 4 and Applicant’s
Question 1. Since the parties do not address these issues in their cross motions for summary judgment,
we do not address them in this pre-trial decision.


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4.     By warranty deed in 1961, Overlake Park Development Corporation conveyed the
subdivided property, along with “all that land that was laid out as public streets on [a certain
site] map” to Appellant DeForest Realty, Inc.
5.     The City has performed some maintenance-related tasks on Chittenden Drive to provide
a base measure of protection for the general public, including snow plowing and maintenance
on water and sewer lines.
6.     The paved road surface of Chittenden Drive is about 30 feet wide.
7.     Several other residential properties are located on Chittenden Drive, including some that
adjoin Applicant’s property.
8.     On its western end, Chittenden Drive connects to South Willard Street, a public road
that is also known as Vermont Route 7.
9.     On September 1, 2009, the DRB approved Applicant’s proposed subdivision of her lot
into two lots: one being an 11,326 square foot lot with 87 feet of frontage on Chittenden Drive
and another being a 6,330 square foot lot with 60 feet of frontage on Chittenden Drive. The first
of these proposed lots contains the existing single family residence,2 while the second would be
a vacant lot. To assist the reader, we have attached to this Decision a copy of Applicant’s site
map, filed as Exhibit 3 to Applicant’s summary judgment motion; Applicant’s proposed
undeveloped lot is identified on this site map as “Lot 1,” and the developed lot is identified as
“Lot 2.”
10.    Applicant’s Property is located in a Residential Low Density Zoning District (“the RL
District”), as defined by the CDO.
11.    The version of the CDO that applies to Applicant’s 2009 application became effective on
January 30, 2008.

                                            Discussion
       We begin our analysis by restating the procedural standard for considering pre-trial
requests for summary judgment, which may only be granted to a moving party if she shows
that “there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment
as a matter of law.” V.R.C.P. 56(a); V.R.E.C.P. 5(a)(2). We must “accept as true the [factual]
allegations made in opposition to the motion for summary judgment” and give the non-moving

2  In a coordinated case, we have already issued a decision regarding Applicant’s application for an
accessory dwelling permit within this single family residence. See Regan Accessory Use Permit
Application, No. 117-7-12 Vtec (Vt. Envtl. Ct. Dec. 14, 2012) (Durkin, J.).


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party the benefit of all reasonable doubts and inferences. Robertson v. Mylan Labs., Inc., 2004
VT 15, ¶ 15, 176 Vt. 356; see also V.R.C.P. 56(c). When considering cross-motions for summary
judgment, we look at each motion individually and give the party opposing a motion the
benefit of all reasonable doubts and inferences.              City of Burlington v. Fairpoint
Communications, 2009 VT 59, ¶ 5, 186 Vt. 332 (citing Toys, Inc. v. F.M. Burlington Co., 155 Vt.
44, 48 (1990)). Nonetheless, both the party claiming that a material fact is undisputed and the
party seeking to establish a dispute of material fact must support their assertions with citations
to admissible evidence. V.R.C.P. 56(c)(1). See Reporter’s Notes—2012 Amendment, V.R.C.P. 56
(“Rules 56(c)(1)(B) and (c)(2) clarify that all asserted facts must be based on admissible
evidence”). The Environmental Division follows the Vermont Rules of Evidence, except that we
may admit evidence otherwise inadmissible under those Rules, “if [the proffered evidence] is of
a type commonly relied upon by reasonably prudent persons in the conduct of their affairs.”
V.R.E.C.P. 5(e)(1).
       Applicant has moved for summary judgment on whether her subdivision proposal
conforms to CDO §§ 5.2.2, 4.4.5, 3.2.2, 6.0.1, and 6.1.2. These inquiries encompass all of the legal
questions raised in this appeal, although the legal issues are raised in each party’s Statements of
Questions in differently-numbered paragraphs. We address each legal issue in turn.

I.     CDO § 5.2.2 (required frontage on a public road or public waters)
       Appellants ask whether the proposed subdivision will violate CDO § 5.2.2, which
forbids land development on “lots that do not have frontage on a public road or public waters,”
with one exception: “[f]or lots of record existing as of January 1, 2007, development may be
permitted with approval of the DRB, if access to such road or public waters exists by a
permanent easement or right-of-way of at least twenty-five (25) feet in width.” The applicable
enabling statute directs that:
       Land development may be permitted on lots that do not have frontage either on
       a public road or public waters, provided that access through a permanent
       easement or right-of-way has been approved in accordance with standards and
       process specified in the bylaws. This approval shall be pursuant to subdivision
       bylaws adopted in accordance with section 4418 of this title, or where
       subdivision bylaws have not been adopted or do not apply, through a process
       and pursuant to standards defined in bylaws adopted for the purpose of
       assuring safe and adequate access. Any permanent easement or right-of-way
       providing access to such a road or waters shall be at least 20 feet in width.
24 V.S.A. §4412(3).


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       Applicant first argues that Chittenden Drive is a public road and thus her proposal
complies with CDO § 5.2.2 without having to reach the exception. In the alternative, Applicant
argues that even if Chittenden Drive is a private road, her proposal meets the exception because
her Property—as it currently exists and after future subdivision—has a permanent easement to
access and use Chittenden Drive,3 which is over 25 feet wide and connects to a public road:
Route 7; she maintains that the enabling statute prevents the City from treating lots created
before January 1, 2007 differently than later-created lots. Appellants counter that Chittenden
Drive is not a public road under Vermont Supreme Court precedent in Okemo Mountain, Inc. v.
Town of Ludlow Zoning Bd. of Adjustment, 164 Vt. 447 (1995), and that the exception included
in CDO § 5.2.2 cannot benefit Applicant and her proposed subdivision because the City validly
requires all lots created after January 1, 2007 to have frontage on a public road, and Applicant
proposed her subdivision after that date.
       When interpreting a municipal bylaw, courts must give effect to the intent of the
relevant legislative body. See Town of Killington v. State, 172 Vt. 182, 188 (2001); In re Vt. Nat'l
Bank, 157 Vt. 306, 312 (1991). Since land use regulation is in derogation of the common law, if
the plain language of an ordinance is unclear, we generally resolve any ambiguity in favor of
the landowner. In re Miserocchi, 170 Vt. 320, 324 (2000). However, we may not interpret an
ordinance inconsistently with its enabling statute. Lemieux v. Tri-State Lotto Comm'n, 164 Vt.
110, 116-17 (1995).
       As a so-called Dillon’s Rule state, Vermont municipalities possess only those powers
and functions that the state legislature affirmatively authorizes them to possess through
enabling statutes, as well as additional functions incident, subordinate, or necessary to their
exercise. See Gade v. Chittenden Solid Waste Dist., 2009 VT 107, ¶ 13, 187 Vt. 7; Hinesburg
Sand & Gravel Co. v. Town of Hinesburg, 135 Vt. 484, 486 (1977). As John Forrest Dillon, for
whom that principle is named, famously described while Chief Justice of the Iowa Supreme
Court: “Municipal corporations owe their origin to, and derive their powers and rights wholly
from, the legislature. It breathes into them the breath of life, without which they cannot exist.
As it creates, so it may destroy. If it may destroy, it may abridge and control.” City of Clinton


3
  Applicant argues that the Civil Division’s most recent determination includes an acknowledgment of
her easement over the 10 foot wide green strip separating her Property from the paved roadway portion
of Chittenden Drive. See Regan v. Pomerleau, No. S0239-11 CnCv (Vt. Super. Ct. Civ. Div. Oct. 27, 2011)
(Crawford, J.).


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v. Cedar Rapids & Mo. River R.R., 24 Iowa 455, 475 (1868). Dillon's Rule operates as a canon of
construction requiring us to consider whether an enabling statute limits the powers that
municipalities claim to have. See Valcour v. Vill. of Morrisville, 104 Vt. 119, 130 (1932) ( “[I]f
any fair, reasonable, substantial doubt exists concerning [a grant of power,] it must be resolved
against the [municipality], and its power denied.”). With these legal standards in mind, we set
about to apply the undisputed facts concerning Applicant’s proposed subdivision to the legal
standards codified in CDO § 5.2.2

        a. The definition of “public road” for purposes of CDO § 5.2.2.
        First, we turn to the question of the meaning of “public road,” looking to the CDO itself,
the state enabling statute, and relevant case law.
        The CDO does not define “public road.” It defines “public use” as one “that is owned
and operated by a public agency, or by a private/non-profit entity for use by the general public
without unreasonable restriction.” CDO § 13.1.2. It defines “road” with the words “see street,”
whose definition includes “a private way devoted to public use.” Id. The definition for “street”
continues, “The word ‘street’ shall include the entire width between property lines of every way
used for vehicular and pedestrian travel which has become public by authority of the law, and
such ways on public places other than highways as the public is permitted to use for vehicular
and pedestrian traffic.” Id. By combining these terms, it is conceivable that the City meant for
“public road” to include private streets maintained for use by the public for pedestrian and
vehicular traffic, at least for the purposes of CDO § 5.2.2.
        It is not apparent that the CDO’s drafters intended such a broad definition of “public
road.” Even if they did, however, such a broad definition appears to exceed the City’s statutory
authority. Under Vermont law, municipalities “may define and regulate land development” in
any manner they establish in their bylaws; however, they may not enact bylaws that directly
conflict with the several specified state laws relating to municipal and regional planning.
24 V.S.A. § 4410.    One of these laws with which municipal bylaws shall not conflict is
24 V.S.A. § 4412. Part 3 of 24 V.S.A. § 4412 directly corresponds to (and is the enabling statute
for) CDO § 5.2.2, addressing frontage on public roads. Specifically, the state statute prohibits
development on lots that lack frontage on public roads or public waters.4 24 V.S.A. § 4412(3).


4 The section is entitled “Required frontage on, or access to, public roads or public waters” and begins,
“Land development may be permitted on lots that do not have frontage either on a public road or public


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The “definitions” section applicable to this prohibition is 24 V.S.A. §4303,5 and its definition of
“public road” does not include private ways maintained for public use. Rather, the statute
defines “public road” as “a state highway as defined in 19 V.S.A. § 1 or a class 1, 2, or 3 town
highway as defined in 19 V.S.A. § 302(a).”6 24 V.S.A. §4303(33).             As explained in more detail
below, neither the “state highway” classification in 19 V.S.A. §1 nor the “class 1, 2, or 3 town
highway” classification in 19 V.S.A. § 302(a) include private ways maintained for public use.
Given the verbiage used in the enabling statute, we conclude that the City zoning ordinance
may not define “public road” more broadly than the enabling statute does.
        Although the legislature added the “public road” definition subsequent to Applicant’s
2009 application (2011 Adj. Sess., No. 155, § 13, eff. July 1, 2012),7 where circumstances clearly
indicate that a legislative body intended merely to clarify an existing law though subsequent
amendment, courts can apply the clarification without implicating concerns about retroactive
application. King v. American Airlines, 284 F.3d 352, 358 n.3 (2d Cir. N.Y. 2002) (citation
omitted); see also State v. Thompson, 174 Vt. 172, 178 (2002) (where state legislature amended a
statute to add a definition for a previously undefined term, the change constituted a
clarification rather than a substantive change in law, as circumstances clearly indicated this to


waters. . . .” 24 V.S.A. § 4412(3) (emphasis added). Although the statute does not contain a separate
sentence explicitly requiring frontage on a public road or public waters, the title makes clear that such
frontage is required. Moreover, a prior version of the statute stated, “No land development may be
permitted on lots which do not either have frontage on a public road or public waters or, with the
approval of the planning commission[,] access to such a road or waters by a permanent easement or
right-of-way at least twenty feet in width.” 24 V.S.A. §4406(2). Of course, 24 V.S.A. § 4412(3) also makes
an exception for access ways, discussed in more detail later in this decision.
5 This definitions section applies to all of Title 24, Chapter 117: Municipal and Regional Planning and
Development.
6 It additionally states, “A municipality may, at its discretion, define a public road to also include a class
4 town highway as defined in 19 V.S.A. § 302(a).” Since the City has not done so in this case, we conclude
that that portion of the definition is not relevant to our analysis. Class 4 town highways “are all town
highways that are not class 1, 2, or 3 town highways or unidentified corridors. The selectboard shall
determine which highways are class 4 town highways.” 19 V.S.A. § 302(a)(3). There is no evidence
suggesting that the City’s selectboard has determined Chittenden Drive to be a class 4 town highway.
7 The same adjudicative session also added “class 4 town highways” to 24 V.S.A. § 4412(3) such that it is
now entitled “Required frontage on, or access to, public roads class 4 town highways, or public waters”
and begins, “Land development may be permitted on lots that do not have frontage either on a public
road, class 4 town highway or public waters. . ..” 24 V.S.A. § 4412(3) (emphasis added). Unlike the
amendment to the definition section that merely clarified a preexisting term, the amendment adding
“class 4 town highway” to the statute affirmatively adds a distinct category in addition to public roads
and public waters. Thus, we do not consider whether Chittenden Drive is a “class 4 town highway.”
Instead, we simply interpret the meaning of “public road.”


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be the legislature’s intent). In assessing the import of a statutory amendment, courts presume
that the legislature made changes in the law in light of relevant Supreme Court decisions. State
v. Messier, 2005 VT 98, ¶ 10, 178 Vt. 412 (quoting Thayer v. Herdt, 155 Vt. 448, 453 (1990)). In
light of this precedent and the surrounding circumstances, we conclude that this more detailed
definition for “public road” was a legislative effort to clarify and not to impose a wholly
different definition for the term than had developed through caselaw.
          Here, circumstances clearly indicate that the legislature added a definition of “public
road” merely to clarify existing law, and thus our interpretation does not implicate concerns
about retroactive application.      In particular, the definition incorporates the longstanding
precedent from the Vermont Supreme Court’s ruling in Okemo, 164 Vt. 447. In Okemo, a
landowner’s property abutted a road owned by the State of Vermont, which leased portions of
the state lands to Okemo Mountain, Inc. for winter use as a ski trail. Id. In considering whether
the road was public for purposes of satisfying a municipal ordinance requirement of frontage
on a public road, the Vermont Supreme Court noted that neither the municipal ordinance nor
its state enabling statute8 defined the term, so it interpreted a definition applicable to both. Id.
at 454.     Noting that Black’s Law Dictionary listed “public road” as synonymous with
“highway,” the Court turned to the definition of “highway” found in 19 V.S.A. § 1(12) (“State
Highway Law”). Id. at 454-55. In its most recent act of adding a definition of “public road” that
refers to 19 V.S.A. § 1, the Vermont Legislature appears to have simply incorporated the
wisdom of the Supreme Court’s 1995 Okemo decision.
          In sum, because the state enabling statute forbids development on lots lacking frontage
on public roads, municipalities lack the authority to define “public road” more broadly than the
enabling statute does. Even if the City desires to consider Chittenden Drive “a thoroughfare
open for public use” that meets the definition of a public road for purposes of the CDO, (City’s
Resp. to DeForest Realty’s Cross-Mot. for Summ. J. at 1, filed Jun. 22, 2012), it lacks the power to
do so. The question of whether Chittenden Drive is “public” depends on whether it meets the
definition in 24 V.S.A. §4303(33) of “a state highway as defined in 19 V.S.A. § 1 or a class 1, 2, or
3 town highway as defined in 19 V.S.A. § 302(a).”

8 At that time, the relevant enabling statute was 24 V.S.A. §4406(2), stating, “No land development may
be permitted on lots which do not either have frontage on a public road or public waters or, with the
approval of the planning commission access to such a road or waters by a permanent easement or right-
of-way at least twenty feet in width.” The Town of Ludlow had adopted similar language in its zoning
ordinance.


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       In the next section, we consider whether Chittenden Drive meets this definition for
“public road” or provides sufficient access to another road that is a public road. For the reasons
detailed below, we conclude that it would be improper for us to summarily offer a conclusion
on either of these legal issues, based upon the evidence currently presented.

       b. Whether Chittenden Drive meets the definition of “public road.”
       Chittenden Drive is not a class 1 or 2 town highway as defined in 19 V.S.A. § 302(a), as
these terms are both statutorily defined as major roads. Class 3 town highways “are all traveled
town highways other than class 1 or 2 highways. The selectmen, after conference with a
representative of the [Vermont Agency of Transportation] shall determine which highways are
class 3 town highways.” Id. The section goes on to describe minimum standards for class 3
highways for stability and safe access. Id. There has been no evidence presented in the current
record to suggest that the City has determined Chittenden Drive to be a class 3 highway; there
is certainly no evidence that the City has done so in consultation with a representative of the
Agency of Transportation.
       Turning next to 19 V.S.A. § 1, “highways” are defined as:
       only such as are laid out in the manner prescribed by statute; or roads which
       have been constructed for public travel over land which has been conveyed to
       and accepted by a municipal corporation or to the state by deed of a fee or
       easement interest; or roads which have been dedicated to the public use and
       accepted by the city or town in which such roads are located; or such as may be
       from time to time laid out by the [Vermont Agency of Transportation] or town. . .

19 V.S.A. §1(12) (emphasis added). Chittenden Drive was not laid out by statute, nor has any
party suggested that the state holds a deeded fee or easement interest or that the Agency of
Transportation or the City formally laid out the road. One point, however, appears clear with
regard to Chittenden Drive: we do not have sufficient undisputed material evidence in the
record currently before us to decide on summary judgment whether Chittenden Drive was
“dedicated to the public use and accepted by” the City per 19 V.S.A. §1(12).
       Although “[t]he essential element [of dedication] is the intent of the owner,” (Okemo,
164 Vt. 454-455), it is well settled that an individual’s conduct can demonstrate an intent to
dedicate land, even over that individual’s assertions of ownership. See Druke v. Town of
Newfane, 137 Vt. 571 (1979). Indeed, “[t]he allowance by the owners of repairs at public
expense is one circumstance that strongly tends to show the intent to dedicate.” Town of
Springfield v. Newton, 115 Vt. 39, 43-44 (1947) (citation omitted). Similarly, acceptance may be


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either express or implied, and a municipality’s choice to undertake road repairs and
maintenance may support an inference of acceptance. Druke, 137 Vt. 571, 576.
        Although both Applicant and the City have suggested that the City performs at least
some maintenance activity on Chittenden Drive, the parties dispute the extent of that activity.
Although Applicant asserts—and Friends do not dispute—that members of the public use the
road (Friends’ Answer to Applicant’s Statement of Material Facts at 1, filed May 21, 2010), it is
unclear to what extent. Neither Appellant asserts that DeForest performs or ever performed
maintenance on the road, nor that DeForest ever excluded members of the general public from
using the road. However, the public’s use of and the City’s maintenance of Chittenden Drive
are disputed material facts relevant to the factual determination of whether the road was
dedicated and accepted under 19 V.S.A. § 1. 9

        c. Whether the access way exception applies.
        Aside from the date restriction, Applicant’s proposed lots appear to meet the access
drive exception in CDO § 5.2.2. The Civil Division of the Vermont Superior Court has already
determined that Applicant’s Property—and future subdivided portions thereof—has an implied
easement entitling their owners to cross over the 10-foot wide green strip between the Property
and Chittenden Drive and to make any legal use of Chittenden Drive. Regan v. Pomerleau, No.
S0239-11 CnCv, slip op. at 2-4 (Vt. Super. Ct. Civ. Div. Oct. 27, 2011) (Crawford, J.). Undisputed
material facts establish that Chittenden Drive is a 30-foot-wide paved road that connects to a
public road (Route 7), contains water and sewer lines, and serves several existing residences. It
thus provides access to a public road by a permanent easement or right-of-way of at least
twenty-five (25) feet in width as required by CDO § 5.2.2. We now turn to the date restriction.
        We reject Applicant’s assertion that the enabling statute requires municipalities to allow
development on properties that lack frontage on a public road where appropriately-sized access
ways exist. The enabling statute is clear that municipalities “may” choose to allow access ways
in lieu of frontage on public roads; it simply requires that when they choose to do so, they must
approve such access ways through proper procedure and ensure that they are at least 20 feet


9   However, see CDO § 10.1.12, setting up strict requirements for dedication and acceptance, which
appears to provide the City Council with exclusive authority to accept city streets, and to state that streets
remain private until so accepted. We leave it to the parties to research and provide legal arguments at
trial on the applicability of CDO § 10.1.12 to the facts presented in this appeal, and under applicable case
law.


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wide. 24 V.S.A. § 4412(3). We agree with Applicants that § 4412 is mandatory, but only as to
the approval procedures used and the minimum width of the access drive.
       Thus, the City could have chosen not to allow any development at all on lots lacking
frontage on public roads. Indeed, the City already ensures that new subdivision occurs only on
public roads: it now requires subdivision developers to dedicate and convey to the City all
roads within proposed subdivisions. CDO § 10.1.12(b). For new subdivision developments, the
requirement in CDO § 5.2.2 that lots created after January 1, 2007 have frontage on a public road
simply mirrors the requirement in CDO § 10.1.12(b). Rather, the question is whether the City’s
provision of the access way exception only for lots created before January 1, 2007 is valid as
applied to pre-existing subdivisions.
       This is a question we decline to resolve on summary judgment, as the parties and their
advocates deserve the opportunity to argue as to whether this restriction has a rational relation
to the purpose of CDO Article 5 and whether applying the provision could lead to absurd
results in this case.   In particular, we will be considering the safety implications—or lack
thereof—of subdivision and development on lots with frontage on a 30-foot-wide paved road
that has served several residences for decades and that already contains water and sewer lines.
We are particularly concerned about a literal application of CDO § 5.2.2, because the definition
of “development” includes the act of subdivision itself. CDO § 13.1.2.
       For the reasons stated above we DENY summary judgment on this question of whether
Applicant’s proposal conforms to CDO § 5.2.2.

II.    CDO § 4.4.5 (dimensional requirements in residential districts)
       Appellants ask whether the proposed subdivision will violate CDO § 4.4.5. 10 Article 4 of
the CDO is entitled “Zoning Maps and Districts,” and CDO §4.4.5 lists the dimensional
standards applicable in residential zoning districts, including the RL District. Appellants do not
challenge whether the proposed building envelope11 adheres to the specific dimensional
standards: minimum lot size, minimum frontage, base residential density, maximum lot




10  Both DeForest’s and Friends’ Statements of Questions challenge Applicant’s compliance with this
section of the CDO, but because only Friends briefed the issue, we address only Friends’ arguments.
11  Although Applicant proposes no construction, her plan does include a building envelope.
Acknowledging that no construction is proposed, we nonetheless examine the proposed building
envelope to the extent that it enters into our determination of whether subdivision is appropriate.


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coverage, maximum building height, and building setbacks.12 Instead, Friends argue that the
proposal fails to comply with the purpose provision of the Residential Districts section, which
provides:
       The Residential Districts are intended to control development in residential
       districts in order to create a safe, livable, and pedestrian friendly environment.
       They are also intended to create an inviting streetscape for residents and visitors.
       Development that places emphasis on architectural details and form is
       encouraged, where primary buildings and entrances are oriented to the
       sidewalk, and historic development patterns are reinforced. Parking shall be
       placed either behind, within, or to the side of structures, as is consistent with the
       district and/or the neighborhood. Building facades designed for parking shall
       be secondary to the residential aspect of a structure.
CDO §4.4.5(a).
       Friends contend that Applicant’s proposal is inconsistent with historic development
patterns insofar as neighboring lots are large, with symmetrical configurations and lot lines
extending perpendicularly or radially from the streets. They allege that Applicant’s proposal
“is smaller in size to the others in the neighborhood, has an irregular shape[,] and angled
building envelope. (Exhibit N).” (Friends’ Opp’n to Applicant’s Mot. for Summ. J. at 7, filed
May 21, 2010). They state that building envelopes in the neighborhood are generally centered
within lot lines with façades directly oriented toward street frontage, whereas a future building
on Applicant’s proposed subdivided lot would have a “significantly smaller” façade that would
not be oriented toward the street. Id.
       We do not see any map in the record depicting the current configurations of other
houses on lots in the neighborhood or the size of their façades. While we can see lot lines in the
neighborhood on Exhibit 14, and we can see the building envelope proposed for the vacant
subdivided lot (Lot 1) on Exhibit 3, Appellants have not provided evidence on the other
buildings in the neighborhood. Thus, we lack a point of comparison.13 Neither party has
established that undisputed material facts exist that support as a matter of law a grant of
summary judgment in their favor.




12 Indeed, Friends concede that “Applicant arguably meets the dimensional requirements of the RL
district.” (Friends’ Opp’n to Applicant’s Mot. for Summ. J. at 8, filed May 21, 2012).
13 Appellants Friends include a spreadsheet document (Exhibit 14) that appears to list the acreage of
other lots on Chittenden Drive, calculating average and median acreage; however this document has no
indicia of authorship or reliability.


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        Even if Friends’ claims are accurate, the purpose provision in CDO § 4.4.5(a), while the
source of helpful guidance, does not constitute enforceable regulatory language.                When a
zoning bylaw consists only of aspirational language and therefore does not provide specific
notice of what development activity will be allowed or prohibited, it cannot be said to impose a
regulatory restriction, even though purpose provisions in zoning bylaws provide helpful
context and direction on what the regulatory provisions are intended to accomplish. See In re
Rivers Development, LLC, Nos. 7-1-05 Vtec and 68-3-07 Vtec, slip op. at 10 (Vt. Super. Ct. Envtl.
Div. Jan. 8, 2008) (Durkin, J.) (stating that regulatory language directing what a project “should”
include or consider is aspirational and not mandatory in nature). Moreover, our Supreme
Court has directed that since land use regulations are in derogation of private property rights,
they “must be construed narrowly in favor of the land owner.” In re Toor & Toor Living Trust
NOV, 2012 VT 63 ¶9 (citing In re Appeal of Weeks, 167 Vt. 551, 555 (1998) & In re Vitale, 151 Vt.
580, 584 (1989)).
        The purpose provision that Friends cite merely recites what the CDO’s drafters, in
choosing specific dimensional limits, intended to do. The provision “encourages,” rather than
mandates, development that orients primary buildings and entrances to the sidewalk and
reinforces historic development patterns. CDO §4.4.5(a). The word “shall” appears only in
relation to parking, and there is nothing on the record indicating that Applicant’s proposed new
lot fails to comply with this provision.14 Particularly in light of our mandate to construe land
use regulations narrowly in favor of the property owner, we cannot agree with Appellant
Friends’ argument that Applicant’s proposal violates the language of the purpose provision of
CDO § 4.4.5.
        Additionally, we have examined the dimensional requirements listed in CDO § 4.4.5 and
determined that the proposal complies with them, with one potential exception: density. The
CDO limits density to seven dwelling units per acre in the RL District. CDO §4, Table 4.4.5-2.
Applicant proposes to divide her property into two lots: one containing 11,326 square feet
(where the single family residence is currently located) and another containing 6,330 square
feet. The CDO mandates the following method for calculating density on a dwelling unit per
acre basis:

14 Friends argue that parking for the proposed site “is designated in the front of the building envelope,”
(Friends’ Opp’n to Applicant’s Mot. for Summ. J. at 8, filed May 21, 2012), but provide no evidence in
support of this statement.


                                                   12
        The total number of dwelling units provided on a development site . . . shall be
        divided by the gross site area expressed in acres. In calculating the number of
        residential units permitted, fractional units of less than five-tenths (0.5) shall be
        rounded down to the nearest whole number and fractional units of five-tenths
        (0.5) or greater shall be rounded up to the nearest whole number. Any rounding
        of fractional units shall be limited to a single final calculation for any
        development.

CDO § 5.2.7(a)(1). Using this method of calculation and assuming one dwelling unit per lot,
neither lot in the proposed subdivision would violate the density limit of no more than the
equivalent of seven dwelling units per acre.15
        However, the coordinated accessory use case that we have previously decided requires
us to expand our discussion of density. That case concerns Friends’ appeal of the DRB decision
granting Applicant a permit for an accessory dwelling unit within the existing single family
home located on the Property. See Regan Accessory Use Permit Application, No. 117-7-12 Vtec
(Vt. Envtl. Ct. Dec. 14, 2012) (Durkin, J.). There, we affirmed the DRB’s grant of the accessory
use permit based on the current size of Applicant’s Property, but the subdivision that Applicant
proposes would put the 11,326 square foot lot with the existing house (including its newly
approved accessory use) in nonconformity with density requirements, as two dwelling units on
that lot could result in a density of over seven dwelling units per acre.
        Thus, although we GRANT Appellant summary judgment as to her proposed
subdivision’s compliance with CDO § 4.4.5, we will require prior to trial that Applicant revise
her plans and disclose her revised plans to the other parties at least thirty days prior to trial to
ensure that (1) the parcel with the existing house and accessory unit and (2) the subdivided
parcel with the potential for one residential unit both conform to the CDO’s density
requirements, and that such changes do not put either parcel out of conformity with setback
requirements or other provisions of the CDO.

III.    CDO § 6.0.1 (Architectural Review development principles)
        Appellants ask whether the proposed subdivision will violate CDO § 6.0.1, the “Intent
and Citywide Development Principles” explanation for the CDO’s Article 6, which provides




15
   We calculate that a single dwelling unit on a lot containing 0.26 of an acre (i.e.: Lot 2) equates to a
density of just under four dwelling units per acre; a single dwelling unit on a lot containing 0.1453 of an
acre equates to a density of just under seven dwelling units per acre.


                                                    13
development principles and design standards.16 Specifically, Friends note that the CDO states
that the lettered “development principles” “serve as the highest order of importance in cases
where individual standards appear to conflict and greater discretion on the part of the DRB is
required.”   CDO § 6.0.1.    Friends allege that Applicant’s plan violates the development
provision stating that development in the City shall “[c]omplement Burlington’s architectural
and cultural heritage by conserving and/or reflecting dominant design elements and
characteristics of neighborhoods, and maintaining neighborhood proportions of scale and
mass.” CDO § 6.0.1(f).
       Purpose statements in municipal zoning bylaws guide the interpretation and
enforcement of the bylaws' remaining regulatory provisions, but generally have “no direct
regulatory effect.” In re Meaker, 156 Vt. 182, 185 (1991). This does not mean, however, that
purpose provisions never contain enforceable regulatory language. For example, the word
“shall” imposes a mandatory requirement, no matter where it may appear in a municipal
zoning regulation. In re Verizon Wireless Barton Permit, No. 133-6-08 Vtec, slip op at 8 (Vt.
Envtl. Ct. May 20, 2009) (Durkin, J.). Even where a provision contains mandatory language,
however, the provision will be unenforceable where its language is standardless. In re Appeal
of JAM Golf, LLC, 2008 VT 110, ¶¶ 12–14, 185 Vt. 201. In JAM Golf, the Vermont Supreme
Court refused to enforce a municipal ordinance requiring planned residential development
designs to “protect important natural resources including streams, wetlands, scenic views,
wildlife habitats and special features,” stating that the ordinance provided no standards that a
court could use to determine what constituted a failure to “protect” the listed resources. Id.
       Despite its use of the word “shall,” we find CDO § 6.0.1(f) to be standardless and
therefore unenforceable. The provision gives courts no guidance on how to determine what
constitutes a failure to “reflect dominant design elements and characteristics of the
neighborhood.” Furthermore, the detailed dimensional standards for development in CDO’s
Article 4 (discussed above) are the clearest implementation of the mandate in § 6.0.1(f) to
“maintain[] neighborhood proportions of scale and mass.” We refrain from specifically voiding
CDO § 6.0.1(f), since it provides important and helpful guidance of what the City aspires for its
zoning regulations to accomplish, but we decline to rely upon CDO § 6.0.1(f) to specifically

16 As with CDO § 4.4.5, both DeForest’s and Friends’ Statements of Questions challenge Applicant’s
compliance with CDO § 6.0.1, but because only Friends briefed the issue, we address only Friends’
arguments.


                                                14
judge Applicant’s proposed subdivision, since we are left to guess at what standards to apply
when considering the application.
        Finally, we note that Applicant proposes no construction at this time; she merely
provides a sketch with a potential building envelope for the purposes of determining whether
her subdivision lines would allow compliance with setback requirements. If and when the DRB
considers a proposal for construction on the site, it is tasked with carefully considering both
aspirational and mandatory portions of the CDO (including the architectural review
development standards), giving each its proper weight.
        Thus, we GRANT summary judgment in favor of Applicant on the question of whether
her proposed subdivision, with no construction proposed, complies with CDO § 6.0.1.

IV.     CDO § 6.1.2 (Land division design review standards)
        Appellants17 ask whether the proposed subdivision will violate CDO § 6.1.2, which sets
forth general standards for reviewing development. The design review standards provide
“specific direction” for implementing the more general development principles set out at the
beginning of CDO Article 6.       The CDO explains that the design standards “include both
required (“shall”) and flexible (“should”) components.        It is understood that many of the
standards presented are not the only options available, and creativity is encouraged to achieve
the desired result.” CDO § 6.0.1. Thus we read the standards according to whether their
provisions are requirements or flexible suggestions.
        Specifically, Friends contend that Applicant’s plan fails to meet CDO § 6.1.2(c), which
states in its entirety:
        The size and arrangement of new lots shall reflect and perpetuate the existing
        development pattern of the surrounding neighborhood. Lots shall be created in
        such a way as to enable their development pursuant to the requirements of this
        ordinance, and ensure a clear transfer of title.
        Interior lot lines extending from a street should be perpendicular or radial to the
        street right-of-way line to the greatest extent feasible. Flag lots and through lots
        are discouraged, and shall be allowed only to the extent where topography and
        existing block and lot arrangement allow no suitable alternative. In such cases, a
        minimum frontage for access of 20-feet shall be required.




17 Here again, both DeForest’s and Friends’ statements of questions challenge Applicant’s compliance
with CDO § 6.1.2, but because only Friends briefed the issue, we address only Friends’ arguments.


                                                15
CDO § 6.1.2(c) (emphasis added). The first paragraph of this standard contains mandatory
language.    The language from the first sentence (“reflect and perpetuate the existing
development pattern of the surrounding neighborhood”) is insufficiently specific, standing
alone, to provide enforceable standards. We interpret the second sentence’s reference to “the
requirements of this ordinance” as referring to the CDO’s detailed dimensional requirements.
As discussed above and incorporating our condition regarding residential density, Applicant’s
proposal conforms to them. We are satisfied that those dimensional requirements provide
conditions and safeguards sufficient for us to conclude that the subdivision would adequately
reflect the existing development pattern in this neighborhood that the City has chosen to
classify an RL zone. The second paragraph of this section is a flexible standard, and only
suggests that lot lines be perpendicular or radial to the street “to the greatest extent feasible.”
The drawing that Applicant has submitted shows lot lines that appear in part perpendicular
and in part somewhat angled, the latter due to the need to accommodate 60 feet of street
frontage. Thus, the lines are perpendicular or radial “to the greatest extent feasible.” We have
reviewed the remainder of CDO § 6.1.2 and find the Applicant’s proposal to be in compliance.
We therefore GRANT Applicant’s motion as to her compliance with CDO § 6.1.2.

V.     CDO § 3.2.2
       Appellants ask whether the proposed subdivision will violate CDO § 3.2.2, which
requires compliance with the dimensional standards in the CDO’s Article 4 and the
development standards in its Article 6. As we concluded above that the proposal does not
violate those provisions, we conclude that it does not violate CDO § 3.2.2, and we GRANT
Applicant’s motion for summary judgment on the issue of her compliance with CDO § 3.2.2.

                                               Conclusion
       For the reasons stated above, we DENY all motions and cross motions for summary
judgment as to whether Applicant’s proposal complies with CDO § 5.2.2 regarding frontage on
a public road. We find that Applicant’s proposal complies with CDO §§ 6.0.1, 6.1.2, and 3.2.2
and we therefore GRANT Applicant’s motion as to Appellants’ questions relating to those
provisions. We GRANT Applicant’s motion for summary judgment as to whether her proposal
complies with CDO § 4.4.5 on the condition that the Applicant revise her plans to ensure that
both subdivided lots conform to the CDO’s density requirements, and that such changes do not
put the project out of conformity with setback requirements or other provisions of the CDO.



                                                16
       In light of our rulings here, we understand that the following legal issues remain for our
consideration at trial:

       •   Appellant Defrost Realty, Inc.’s Questions 1 and 4 from its Statement of Questions
           filed October 15, 2009;
       •   Appellant Friends of Chittenden Drive Question 3 from its Statement of Questions
           filed October 22, 2009; and
       •   Applicant’s one and only Question (concerning the DRB Condition 3) included in her
           Statement of Questions filed November 20, 2009.

        This matter now appears ready for trial. We direct all parties, by Monday, January 7,
2013, to provide the Court, in writing, with a list of their and their witnesses’ unavailable dates
for trial during the month of February, 2013, together with their respective estimates of how
many days may be required to complete the trial. The Court will thereafter set the matter for a
final pre-trial conference and trial.

        Done at Newfane, Vermont this 18th day of December, 2012.



                                                     ____________________________________
                                                      Thomas S. Durkin, Environmental Judge




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