                                       2015 IL 116949



                                          IN THE
                                 SUPREME COURT
                                              OF
                           THE STATE OF ILLINOIS



                                     (Docket No. 116949)

      THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Appellee, v. JOHN BARNER,
                               Appellant.


                                 Opinion filed April 16, 2015.



        JUSTICE THEIS delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.

        Chief Justice Garman and Justices Freeman, Thomas, Karmeier, and Burke
     concurred in the judgment and opinion.

        Justice Kilbride dissented, with opinion.



                                          OPINION

¶1       Defendant John Barner was convicted of two counts of aggravated criminal
     sexual assault (720 ILCS 5/12-14(a)(1) (West 1998)) following a jury trial in the
     circuit court of Cook County and sentenced to natural life in prison. His convictions
     and sentence were affirmed on appeal. People v. Barner, No. 1-06-3738 (2009)
     (unpublished order under Supreme Court Rule 23). Following defendant’s initial
     appeal to this court, we vacated the appellate court’s judgment and remanded the
     cause to that court for reconsideration in light of People v. Williams, 238 Ill. 2d 125
     (2010). People v. Barner, No. 109320 (Ill. Sept. 29, 2010) (supervisory order). The
     appellate court again affirmed defendant’s convictions and sentence. People v.
     Barner, No. 1-06-3738 (2011) (unpublished order under Supreme Court Rule 23).
     That decision was then vacated pursuant to a new supervisory order from this court
     to reconsider in light of People v. Leach, 2012 IL 111534. People v. Barner, No.
     112094 (Ill. Jan. 30, 2013) (supervisory order). After reconsideration, the appellate
     court once again affirmed. 2013 IL App (1st) 063738-U. This court then allowed
     defendant’s petition for leave to appeal under Supreme Court Rule 315. (Ill. S. Ct.
     R. 315 (eff. July 1, 2013)).

¶2       At issue is whether defendant’s right to confrontation under the sixth
     amendment of the United States Constitution (U.S. Const., amend. VI), as held in
     Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36 (2004), and its progeny, was violated when
     three State witnesses were allowed to testify concerning the DNA laboratory work
     and conclusions of nontestifying scientists.

¶3      For the reasons that follow, we affirm the judgment of the appellate court.



¶4                                    BACKGROUND

¶5      On July 14, 2002, defendant was arrested and charged by criminal complaint
     with the aggravated criminal sexual assault of F.M. The criminal conduct at issue
     occurred on the evening of March 13, 1999, and continued until the next morning.

¶6       Prior to defendant’s trial in November 2006, the State filed motions for leave to
     present forensic DNA evidence against defendant through the testimony of three
     experts: Greg DiDomenic, Jennifer Reynolds, and Edgardo Jove. The State
     recognized that some of the laboratory analysis in this case was completed by
     nontestifying scientists working at the Illinois State Police (ISP) crime laboratory
     and Orchid-Cellmark (Cellmark), a private laboratory located in Maryland.
     Nevertheless, the State asserted that it was permissible for these three witnesses to
     testify to the technical review each did of the work completed by the nontestifying
     DNA analysts.

¶7       In response, defendant claimed that the analysts who completed the actual DNA
     laboratory work were required to testify concerning their analysis. According to
     defendant, any admission into evidence of the results of their work through the
     testimony of others would violate his constitutional right to confrontation. After a
     hearing, the trial court concluded that the testimony of the expert witnesses would
     not contravene Crawford and allowed the State’s motions. The trial court held that
                                              -2-
       the witnesses could testify to their review, analysis, and opinion regarding the work
       they had supervised relating to the underlying DNA work of the nontestifying
       scientists.

¶8         At trial, F.M. testified that on March 13, 1999, at approximately 8 p.m., she was
       walking from her sister Brenda’s home on the south side of Chicago to another
       sister’s home when she stopped to watch a young “prostitute girl” who was
       smoking drugs in the street and taking her clothes off. After approximately 30 to 40
       minutes, F.M. heard movement behind her. Defendant grabbed her by the neck and
       dragged her toward a nearby abandoned building. As he pulled her into the
       building, F.M. grabbed a banister on the porch and defendant told her “ ‘[l]et go
       [of] the porch, bitch. Bitch, I’m going to break your neck.’ ” Defendant
       subsequently dragged her through the dark building, up a flight of stairs, then up
       some more stairs, pushed her into a room, and placed a couch in front of the door.

¶9         F.M. further testified that after they entered the room, defendant ordered her to
       remove her clothes and to sit on a mattress on the floor. At first she refused, but
       ultimately obeyed. F.M. testified that defendant repeatedly forced her to engage in
       oral and vaginal intercourse until morning. She testified that they had vaginal
       intercourse about four times and that she was forced to perform oral sex on him
       twice. She further testified that he forced her to have vaginal intercourse one more
       time in the morning. Defendant then led her out of the building and let her go. As he
       was helping her out of a window, she saw defendant’s face from a couple of inches
       away. After leaving defendant, F.M. ran to her sister’s house and was taken to
       Provident Hospital for treatment. At the hospital, a doctor swabbed her mouth and
       vagina and police took her underwear, bra, T-shirt, and long underwear.

¶ 10       On May 30, 2002, more than three years after the assault, the police showed
       F.M. a photo array at her house and she made a tentative identification of
       defendant. On July 13, 2002, she viewed a lineup at the police station and identified
       defendant as her attacker after each lineup participant stated the phrase, “Bitch, if
       you don’t let go, I’ll break your neck.” She also positively identified defendant in
       court. F.M. testified that she had been convicted in May 2006 for possession of a
       controlled substance and received a sentence of probation. 1

           1
            At the time of defendant’s trial, F.M. was being held in custody for a violation of probation and
       on a warrant for failure to appear in court in this case. F.M. testified that she had failed to appear
       because she did not want to see defendant again.

                                                       -3-
¶ 11       On cross-examination, F.M. testified that defendant did not let her go to the
       bathroom, that she urinated on the floor, and that she had lost her keys during the
       attack. Defense counsel also questioned her concerning some inconsistencies on
       the exact number of times each sex act was performed.

¶ 12       F.M.’s sister, Brenda J., testified that around 8 a.m. on March 14, 1999, F.M.
       arrived at her house “hysterical.” Brenda testified that her sister was crying,
       screaming, dirty, and beaten up. F.M. told Brenda that she had been raped.

¶ 13       Sharon Smith, a registered nurse at Provident Hospital, testified that she treated
       F.M. at approximately 8:45 a.m. on March 14, 1999. F.M. appeared scared and
       looked disheveled. Smith testified that Dr. Bhatt took swabs of F.M.’s vagina and
       mouth and that she sealed those swabs in a sexual assault evidence collection kit.
       She gave the kit to a police officer along with, among other items, F.M.’s
       underwear. Smith further testified that she observed blood in F.M.’s vaginal canal
       and that she had an abrasion on her right thigh. Smith did not observe any scratches,
       bruises, or other marks on F.M.’s body other than the one on the thigh.

¶ 14       Chicago police officer Gerald Ostafin testified that he received the sexual
       assault kit from Smith on March 14, 1999. He kept the items in his continuous
       custody and control and inventoried the kit under inventory No. 2105348.

¶ 15       Chicago police detective Paulette Wright testified that she interviewed F.M. at
       the hospital at approximately 10:45 a.m. on March 14, 1999. F.M. was very upset
       and agitated. The following morning, she took F.M. to the abandoned building
       where the incident occurred to investigate and locate the set of keys she had lost.
       Wright observed a green couch in the third floor room and testified that F.M.
       became visibly upset when they entered the space. Wright did not see urine on the
       floor or locate any keys. On August 23, 1999, the ISP crime lab informed Wright
       that the semen recovered from the item in F.M.’s sexual assault kit produced a
       match. Wright tried to contact F.M. by going to her home and that of her sister, but
       was unsuccessful for almost three years.

¶ 16       Wright further testified that on May 29, 2002, she again went to F.M.’s home.
       Wright showed her a photo array at that time and F.M. made a tentative
       identification of defendant as her attacker. She informed Wright, however, that she
       needed to see him in person. Wright sent out an “investigative alert” for defendant
       who was ultimately taken into custody on July 12, 2002. The following day, F.M.
       viewed a physical lineup. She tentatively identified defendant and mentioned that
                                               -4-
       he looked thinner to her. F.M. then asked to hear each lineup participant speak.
       After hearing defendant’s voice, F.M. said that defendant was “definitely” her
       attacker.

¶ 17       The State called G.W. as an “other crimes” witness. At the time of trial, G.W.
       had been convicted for possession of a controlled substance and forgery and was in
       custody. On the evening of March 23, 2002, G.W. was walking within blocks of the
       abandoned building where the assault in this case had occurred. G.W. testified that
       defendant approached her and attempted to engage her in small talk. He then
       grabbed her by the hood of her coat and said, “Shut up bitch before I kill you.” He
       then dragged her into an abandoned building and ordered her down the rear stairs.
       When she refused, he struck her over the head with a bottle of beer. He pushed her
       down the stairs and ordered her to take her clothes off. Defendant had vaginal sex
       with G.W. and forced her to perform oral sex on him repeatedly before he let her
       leave in the morning.



¶ 18                                   Forensic Evidence

¶ 19      All of the DNA work at issue in this case was conducted between 1999 and
       2001.

¶ 20       Brian Hapack, a forensic scientist with ISP, testified that he received F.M.’s
       sexual assault kit that was submitted to ISP’s crime lab on March 23, 1999, and
       inventoried under inventory No. 2105348. He tested the items in the kit for the
       presence of sperm using the acid phosphatase test and slide examination. He
       determined that there was semen on F.M.’s underwear, as well as the rectal and
       vaginal swabs, but not the oral swabs. Hapack sealed and placed the items into a
       secured freezer for future DNA analysis.

¶ 21       Chicago police detective Delores Myles testified that on April 26, 1999, she
       took defendant to Provident Hospital where she observed a nurse take a blood
       specimen from him. She sealed the specimen in a blood specimen kit and
       inventoried it under No. 2111323.

¶ 22       The record establishes that defendant’s blood standard was collected by police
       in relation to the unrelated murder case of Cheryl Cross.


                                              -5-
¶ 23                                  RFLP DNA Testing

¶ 24       Greg DiDomenic, a forensic DNA analyst at the ISP crime lab, testified that he
       received the sexual assault kit containing the vaginal and rectal swabs taken from
       F.M., her underwear which was stained by semen, and a sample of her blood. In
       July 1999, he isolated F.M.’s DNA profile from the vaginal swab, but was unable to
       produce a profile for the donor of the sperm found on the vaginal or rectal swabs
       because each sample was of insufficient quantity to do so. A DNA profile of the
       sperm donor, however, was obtained from the semen stain on F.M.’s underwear.
       DiDomenic compared “five locations of DNA” using the “restriction fragment
       length polymorphism” (RFLP) analysis method. He explained that at the time he
       conducted his analysis, it was established in the scientific community “that there
       were five genetic markers used in forensics and those were the ones we used [for
       our testing].” DiDomenic further testified that he entered the DNA profile he
       created into the Combined DNA Index System (CODIS), ISP’s DNA database, and
       discovered that it was associated with a standard from defendant.

¶ 25       DiDomenic testified, over defense counsel’s objection, that subsequent to the
       CODIS “hit” he reasonably relied on the work of two other analysts, Tanis
       Wildhaber and Joanne Olson. DiDomenic reviewed the laboratory notes produced
       by Wildhaber, which indicated that on April 28, 1999, she received defendant’s
       blood sample which had been inventoried under No. 2111323. She preserved a
       portion of that sample, dried it down on filter paper, sealed it, and placed it in
       frozen storage for future analysis. DiDomenic also reviewed the laboratory notes
       produced by Olson, which indicated that she retrieved defendant’s sample on May
       1, 1999, and was able to obtain a DNA profile from his blood that was suitable for
       comparison. Olson placed the remainder of defendant’s blood standard in frozen
       storage. Based upon DiDomenic’s analysis of the sperm from the semen stain on
       F.M.’s underwear, and the work of Olson that produced defendant’s DNA profile,
       he opined within a reasonable degree of scientific certainty that the semen
       identified on the underwear was consistent with having originated from defendant.

¶ 26       On cross-examination, DiDomenic explained that although he relied on the
       work of Wildhaber and Olson, he did not observe either execute their work and did
       not attempt to replicate their work by conducting the analysis again himself.
       Instead, he relied on the written notes that they made while working at the
       laboratory and explained that based on his examination of their notes, his personal
       experiences working with them, and the fact that he received the same training and
                                              -6-
       followed the same protocols, he agreed with their conclusions and believed that
       they followed all of the proper procedures in doing their work. He further testified
       that DNA analysis enables forensic scientists not only to match, but also to exclude
       individuals. He explained that forensic scientists look at evidence in a reference
       sample and can tell whether a person could, or could not have, contributed to a
       particular stain.



¶ 27                                         STR DNA Testing

¶ 28        Dr. Jennifer Reynolds, a forensic DNA expert, testified that she was formerly
       employed by Cellmark as its laboratory director. At Cellmark, she supervised DNA
       analysis in criminal cases, reviewed data, and drew independent conclusions from
       the data. According to Dr. Reynolds, Cellmark assisted the ISP crime lab with a
       backlog of DNA case work and that it was standard practice in 2001 for ISP to send
       such samples to Cellmark. Dr. Reynolds testified, over defense counsel’s objection,
       that a Cellmark case file indicated that on May 1, 2001, it received from ISP a
       standard of blood identified as being from defendant. She testified that as a result of
       the forensic analysis subsequently completed at Cellmark’s laboratory, a DNA
       profile of defendant was produced and sent to ISP. Dr. Reynolds further testified
       that she completed a “technical review” of the case file and reasonably relied on
       information contained therein. She testified that the analysis performed on
       defendant’s blood by an unnamed Cellmark employee was of a type commonly
       accepted within the scientific community and followed proper protocols. When
       asked to explain this conclusion, she stated that she based her opinion on the case
       file and the control samples that were run with this case. Dr. Reynolds testified that
       she saw no evidence of contamination with defendant’s blood standard. She
       acknowledged that she did not complete any laboratory analysis of defendant’s
       blood herself, but merely reviewed notes produced by the other analyst who
       completed the work.

¶ 29        Edgardo Jove, an expert in the field of forensic DNA analysis, testified that he
       is a group supervisor in the forensic biology DNA section at the ISP crime lab. He
       testified, over defense counsel’s objection, that he performed a technical review of
       analysis conducted by ISP forensic chemist Sandra Lambatos. 2 He explained that

           2
           Lambatos wrote a report of her DNA analysis in this case, dated August 22, 2001, that was not
       admitted at trial.
                                                     -7-
       Lambatos performed a newer and more accurate form of DNA analysis than
       completed by DiDomenic in 1999. Jove further explained that this newer method,
       called the “short tandem repeat” (STR) method, compared 13 areas of DNA,
       instead of the five areas of DNA analyzed under the method utilized by
       DiDomenic. Jove testified that Lambatos conducted DNA analysis on the semen
       stain from F.M.’s underwear and that she obtained a male DNA profile. Lambatos
       then compared that DNA profile to defendant’s known standard and concluded that
       the two matched. Defendant’s known standard was based on the updated profile
       completed by an analyst at Cellmark. Jove explained that the ISP crime lab had a
       standard practice of sending its DNA samples to Cellmark for analysis in order to
       decrease the backlog of cases requiring forensic analysis.

¶ 30       Jove further testified that he performed a “technical review” of the work done
       by Lambatos and the Cellmark analyst and concluded that the male DNA profile
       found in the semen stain on F.M.’s underwear matched that of defendant. Jove
       opined that the DNA profile extracted from the semen stain on the underwear
       would be expected to occur in approximately “one in 1.4 quadrillion black, one in
       130 quadrillion white or one in 70 quadrillion Hispanic unrelated individuals.”
       Jove acknowledged that he did not personally perform any laboratory work on the
       forensic evidence gathered in this case and that he did not try to duplicate the
       analysis completed by either the Cellmark scientists or Lambatos. Jove testified
       that, based on his review of Lambatos’s laboratory notes, he was able to conclude
       that she followed the scientific protocol established by the ISP, which is generally
       accepted in the forensic science community.

¶ 31      Defendant presented no evidence at trial.

¶ 32       In closing argument, the defense argued, inter alia, that F.M. voluntarily met
       defendant and they had a “rendezvous.” Defense counsel stated:

             “She [F.M.] has an intent to lie in this case. She goes off with John Barner.
          They stay the night together. At the [end] of the night, he doesn’t give her
          anything, no money, nothing. He leaves.

              ***

             And if the State really wanted to make a big deal about DNA, they should
          have brought in the people that actually did the test. *** [B]ring in the person


                                              -8-
          that did the notes, *** bring them in to show what they did, what tests they
          performed, not somebody else who looked over their notes.”

¶ 33       The jury found defendant guilty of two counts of aggravated criminal sexual
       assault. He was subsequently sentenced to natural life imprisonment.

¶ 34       On appeal, defendant argued, inter alia, that his right to confrontation under
       Crawford was violated when the State’s forensic witnesses, some of whom did not
       conduct laboratory analysis themselves, testified regarding the conclusions of
       nontestifying forensic analysts. 2013 IL App (1st) 063738-U, ¶ 39. In affirming
       defendant’s convictions following our remand to reconsider in light of Leach, the
       appellate court concluded that although DiDomenic, Jove, and Reynolds relied
       upon the work of other experts in reaching their conclusions, the results of the work
       of the nontestifying experts were not testimonial as they are indistinguishable from
       those at issue in Williams v. Illinois, 567 U.S. ___, 132 S. Ct. 2221 (2012) (plurality
       opinion). 2013 IL App (1st) 063738-U, ¶ 68. The appellate court held that although
       some of the nontestifying experts were employed by a law enforcement agency,
       nothing in the record suggests that they could have known whether the profiles,
       which were not in and of themselves incriminating, would ultimately confirm the
       identification of defendant as F.M.’s attacker, or exonerate him. Id. ¶ 71. The
       appellate court concluded that the DNA profiles in this case were not created for the
       primary purpose of incriminating defendant, but for investigating the identity of
       F.M.’s attacker. Id. ¶¶ 70-71. The appellate court also held that the reports upon
       which the witnesses relied lacked the requisite “formality and solemnity” to
       constitute a testimonial statement. Id. ¶ 71; Williams, 567 U.S. at ___, 132 S. Ct. at
       2255 (Thomas, J., concurring in the judgment).

¶ 35       Justice Robert Gordon dissented. He believed that defendant’s DNA profile,
       which was created by two nontestifying DNA experts from defendant’s blood
       sample, was prepared for the primary purposes of accusing a targeted individual
       and for providing evidence in a criminal case against him. 2013 IL App (1st), ¶ 95
       (Gordon, P.J., dissenting). He therefore concluded “that the report at issue was
       testimonial and cannot be admitted as an exception to the rule against hearsay.” Id.
       In reaching this conclusion, he emphasized that the nontestifying witnesses were
       employees of the ISP crime lab. Id. ¶ 96.




                                                -9-
¶ 36      Defendant subsequently filed a petition for leave to appeal in this court under
       Supreme Court Rule 315 (Ill. S. Ct. R. 315 (eff. July 1, 2013)), which we allowed. 3



¶ 37                                               ANALYSIS

¶ 38      As before the appellate court, defendant contends that his right to confrontation
       under Crawford and its progeny was violated when DiDomenic, Dr. Reynolds, and
       Jove testified concerning the DNA laboratory work and conclusions of
       nontestifying scientists at ISP and Cellmark.

¶ 39      We apply de novo review of this issue because defendant’s claim that his sixth
       amendment right of confrontation was violated constitutes a question of law.
       Leach, 2012 IL 111534, ¶ 64.

¶ 40       The sixth amendment to the United States Constitution provides that “[i]n all
       criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right *** to be confronted with
       the witnesses against him.” U.S. Const., amend. VI. This portion of the sixth
       amendment is known as the confrontation clause and applies to the states through
       the fourteenth amendment. People v. Stechly, 225 Ill. 2d 246, 264 (2007).

¶ 41       Current confrontation clause jurisprudence stems from Crawford. There, the
       Supreme Court held that “[w]here testimonial statements are at issue, the only
       indicium of reliability sufficient to satisfy constitutional demands is the one the
       Constitution actually prescribes: confrontation.” Crawford, 541 U.S. at 68-69.
       Specifically, “the Sixth amendment demands what the common law required:
       unavailability and a prior opportunity for cross-examination.” Id. at 68. The Court
       left “for another day any effort to spell out a comprehensive definition of
       ‘testimonial,’ ” to which its rule applied. Id. However, the Court recognized
       “[w]hatever else the term covers, it applies at a minimum to prior testimony at a
       preliminary hearing, before a grand jury, or at a former trial; and to police
       interrogations. These are the modern practices with closest kinship to the abuses at
       which the Confrontation Clause was directed.” Id.


           3
             After allowing defendant’s petition for leave to appeal, we entered an order directing the
       circuit court to bind and certify certain documents for filing with this court as a supplemental record.
       This material includes ISP and Cellmark lab reports, documents and case files. We also granted the
       parties time for additional briefing to address the significance, if any, of these documents to their
       arguments.
                                                       - 10 -
¶ 42       Thereafter, in Davis v. Washington, 547 U.S. 813 (2006), the Court explained
       the distinction between testimonial and nontestimonial statements:

          “Statements are nontestimonial when made in the course of police interrogation
          under circumstances objectively indicating that the primary purpose of the
          interrogation is to enable police assistance to meet an ongoing emergency. They
          are testimonial when the circumstances objectively indicate that there is no
          such ongoing emergency, and that the primary purpose of the interrogation is to
          establish or prove past events potentially relevant to later criminal
          prosecution.” Id. at 822.

       The Davis Court cautioned in a footnote, however, that it did not mean to “imply
       *** that statements made in the absence of any interrogation are necessarily
       nontestimonial.” Id. at 822 n.1.

¶ 43       Justice Thomas, in his partial concurrence, concluded that out-of-court
       statements that lack “some degree of solemnity” are not testimonial in nature. Id. at
       836 (Thomas, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part). He would have found
       affidavits, depositions, prior testimony, and confessions sufficiently solemn “to
       constitute formalized statements” subject to the rule of Crawford. Id. at 836-37.

¶ 44       The Supreme Court has, on three subsequent occasions, considered whether
       scientific reports are testimonial under Crawford and subject to the strictures of the
       confrontation clause.

¶ 45       First, in Melendez-Diaz v. Massachusetts, 557 U.S. 305 (2009), the Court
       considered whether sworn certificates from forensic analysts, admitted to attest that
       the substance seized from the defendant was cocaine, were testimonial for
       confrontation clause purposes. Five members of the Court held in the affirmative.
       Four members reasoned that “the sole purpose of the affidavits[,] was to provide
       ‘prima facie evidence of the composition, quality, and the net weight’ of the
       analyzed substance,” and that it could be safely assumed “that the analysts were
       aware of the affidavits’ evidentiary purpose.” (Emphasis in original.) Id. at 311
       (quoting Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 111, § 13). They concluded that although the
       analysts’ statements might “qualify as business or official records,” they were
       prepared specifically for use in a criminal trial and were, therefore, testimony
       against the defendant and subject to confrontation. Id. at 324.



                                               - 11 -
¶ 46        Justice Thomas, providing the necessary fifth vote to find a violation of the
       confrontation clause, distanced himself from consideration of the primary purpose
       of the out-of-court statement. He reiterated his adherence to the position that
       extrajudicial statements implicate the confrontation clause “only insofar as they are
       contained in formalized testimonial materials, such as affidavits, depositions, prior
       testimony, or confessions.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Id. at 329 (Thomas,
       J., concurring).

¶ 47       Next, in Bullcoming v. New Mexico, 564 U.S. ___, 131 S. Ct. 2705 (2011), the
       Court considered whether a lab report, certifying the results of a blood-alcohol test
       performed on a sample taken from the defendant at the time of his arrest for driving
       while intoxicated, was properly introduced at trial. Id. at ___, 131 S. Ct. at 2709-10.
       The signatory analyst did not testify, but another analyst familiar with the
       laboratory’s procedures did. Id. at ___, 131 S. Ct. at 2709-10. The testifying
       analyst, however, had not participated in or observed the defendant’s blood test. Id.
       at ___, 131 S. Ct. at 2709.

¶ 48       In vacating the defendant’s conviction, the Bullcoming Court stressed that the
       blood-alcohol test results were testimonial in nature because the report was created
       solely for an “ ‘evidentiary purpose’ ” in aid of a police investigation. Id. at ___,
       131 S. Ct. at 2717 (quoting Melendez-Diaz, 557 U.S. at 311). Although the report
       lacked formal certification or notarization, the formalities attending the creation of
       the report and its purpose were “more than adequate” to classify it as testimonial.
       Id. at ___, 131 S. Ct. at 2717.

¶ 49        Most recently, in Williams v. Illinois, 567 U.S. ___, 132 S. Ct. 2221 (2012), the
       Court considered, similar to this case, whether a DNA expert’s testimony violated
       the confrontation clause. The expert witness, employed by the ISP crime lab,
       testified at a bench trial regarding a DNA match that incriminated the defendant. Id.
       at ___, 132 S. Ct. at 2229. The ISP had sent Cellmark, the same private laboratory
       utilized in this case, a vaginal swab and directed Cellmark to conduct DNA
       analysis. Id. at ___, 132 S. Ct. at 2230. Cellmark returned the vaginal swab and a
       report containing the DNA analysis. Id. at ___, 132 S. Ct. at 2230. The expert
       witness testified that the DNA profile obtained by Cellmark from the vaginal swab
       matched the defendant’s DNA profile, which was obtained from the State’s
       forensic database. Id. at ___, 132 S. Ct. at 2230. The expert witness did not have
       any first hand knowledge of how Cellmark handled the vaginal swab, what tests
       were actually run on the swab or the manner in which the tests were conducted. Id.
                                               - 12 -
       at ___, 132 S. Ct. at 2230. The expert witness was permitted, however, to testify
       that the DNA taken from the vaginal swab matched to a reasonable degree of
       medical certainty the defendant’s DNA. Id. at ___, 132 S. Ct. at 2230. In Williams,
       as in the instant case, the report itself was not admitted into evidence. Id. at ___,
       132 S. Ct. at 2230.

¶ 50       Five members of the Court held that the expert testimony at issue did not violate
       the confrontation clause. Four of the five reasoned that:

          “[T]his form of expert testimony does not violate the Confrontation Clause
          because that provision has no application to out-of-court statements that are not
          offered to prove the truth of the matter asserted. When an expert testifies for the
          prosecution in a criminal case, the defendant has the opportunity to
          cross-examine the expert about any statements that are offered for their truth.
          Out-of-court statements that are related by the expert solely for the purpose of
          explaining the assumptions on which that opinion rests are not offered for their
          truth and thus fall outside the scope of the Confrontation Clause.” Id. at ___,
          132 S. Ct. at 2228.

¶ 51      The four also provided a “second independent basis” for their decision:

          “[W]e also conclude that even if the report produced by Cellmark had been
          admitted into evidence, there would have been no Confrontation Clause
          violation. The Cellmark report is very different from the sort of extrajudicial
          statements, such as affidavits, depositions, prior testimony, and confessions,
          that the Confrontation Clause was originally understood to reach. The report
          was produced before any suspect was identified. The report was sought not for
          the purpose of obtaining evidence to be used against petitioner, who was not
          even under suspicion at the time, but for the purpose of finding a rapist who was
          on the loose. And the profile that Cellmark provided was not inherently
          inculpatory. On the contrary, a DNA profile is evidence that tends to exculpate
          all but one of the more than 7 billion people in the world today. The use of DNA
          evidence to exonerate persons who have been wrongfully accused or convicted
          is well known. If DNA profiles could not be introduced without calling the
          technicians who participated in the preparation of the profile, economic
          pressures would encourage prosecutors to forgo DNA testing and rely instead
          on older forms of evidence, such as eyewitness identification, that are less
          reliable. [Citation.] The Confrontation Clause does not mandate such an

                                              - 13 -
          undesirable development. This conclusion will not prejudice any defendant
          who really wishes to probe the reliability of the DNA testing done in a
          particular case because those who participated in the testing may always be
          subpoenaed by the defense and questioned at trial.” Id. at ___, 132 S. Ct. at
          2228.

¶ 52       Justice Thomas, again providing the necessary fifth vote, concluded that there
       was no violation of the confrontation clause because the statements at issue, while
       being admitted for the truth of the matter asserted, lacked the formality and
       solemnity associated with testimonial evidence. Id. at ___, 132 S. Ct. at 2255
       (Thomas, J., concurring in the judgment). The four dissenting justices found that
       the statements were offered for the truth of the matter asserted and did violate the
       confrontation clause. Id. at ___, 132 S. Ct. at 2264-65 (Kagan, J., dissenting, joined
       by Scalia, Ginsburg and Sotomayor, JJ.).

¶ 53       Following Williams, this court had an opportunity to consider whether the
       admission of expert testimony recounting autopsy findings of another pathologist,
       and admission of the autopsy report itself, violated the confrontation clause. In
       Leach, we analyzed whether an autopsy report constituted testimonial hearsay. We
       conducted a comprehensive review of the Supreme Court’s instructions from
       Crawford through Williams. We ultimately summarized the positions of the
       plurality and dissent in Williams as follows:

              “When we must determine whether a forensic report is testimonial in
          nature, the Williams plurality instructs us to apply an objective test, looking for
          ‘the primary purpose that a reasonable person would have ascribed to the
          statement, taking into account all of the surrounding circumstances.’ Id. at ___,
          132 S. Ct. at 2243. If this inquiry reveals that the forensic report was ‘made for
          the purpose of proving the guilt of a particular criminal defendant at trial’ (id. at
          ___, 132 S. Ct. at 2243), it is testimonial.

              The Williams dissent rejects this focus on the targeting of a particular
          individual, reminding us that Davis formulated the test as whether the
          out-of-court statement was ‘made for the primary purpose of establishing “past
          events potentially relevant to later criminal prosecution”—in other words, for
          the purpose of providing evidence.’ Id. at ___, 132 S. Ct. at 2273 (Kagan, J.,
          dissenting, joined by Scalia, Ginsburg and Sotomayor, JJ.) (quoting Davis, 547
          U.S. at 822).” Leach, 2012 IL 111534, ¶¶ 120-21.

                                               - 14 -
¶ 54       In Leach, we found that whichever definition of primary purpose is applied, the
       autopsy report was not testimonial because it was not prepared for the primary
       purpose of accusing a targeted individual or for the primary purpose of providing
       evidence in a criminal case. Id. ¶ 122. We also found that under Justice Thomas’s
       “formality and solemnity” rule, autopsy reports prepared by a medical examiner’s
       office in the normal course of its duties are nontestimonial. Id. ¶ 136.



¶ 55                                 RFLP DNA Evidence

¶ 56       Turning to defendant’s specific claims, he first challenges Wildhaber’s 1999
       report concerning the preservation of his blood standard, as well as Olson’s 1999
       report detailing her RFLP DNA analysis of his blood standard, as testimonial
       statements that should not have been admitted into evidence through the testimony
       of DiDomenic.

¶ 57       As a threshold matter, the State argues that defendant has forfeited any review
       of his contentions surrounding Wildhaber’s and Olson’s work because that
       argument was not specifically contained in his petition for leave to appeal. The
       State is correct that the thrust of defendant’s argument in his petition related to
       testimony concerning the analysis completed by Lambatos. We will address his
       argument here, however, because it is closely related to the claim contained in his
       petition that his right to confrontation was violated when a State’s witness was
       allowed to testify concerning the lab work and conclusions of nontestifying
       scientists. See People v. McKown, 236 Ill. 2d 278, 310 (2010) (“When an issue is
       not specifically mentioned in a party’s petition for leave to appeal, but it is
       inextricably intertwined with other matters properly before the court, review is
       appropriate.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.)). We also note that the issue was
       properly preserved below because defendant repeatedly argued both in the trial and
       appellate courts that testimony by DiDomenic concerning Wildhaber’s and Olson’s
       work on the preservation and testing of his blood standard violated his right to
       confrontation.

¶ 58      Now, against the backdrop of Crawford and the subsequent authorities
       applying it, we consider the confrontation clause implications, if any, of
       DiDomenic’s testimony regarding the work performed by Olson and Wildhaber.



                                             - 15 -
¶ 59       At trial, DiDomenic testified that the semen identified from the stain on F.M.’s
       underwear was consistent with having originated from defendant. In reaching this
       conclusion, DiDomenic explained that he developed an RFLP DNA profile from
       the semen stains on the underwear, that he entered the profile into the CODIS
       system, and that there was a “hit.” He subsequently reviewed the laboratory notes
       and casework of Wildhaber and Olson that had produced defendant’s RFLP DNA
       profile and concluded that they matched. He did not testify to the details of the data
       at the RFLP markers and provided no opinion as to the rarity of the RFLP DNA
       profile.

¶ 60       As we recognized in Leach, when determining whether a forensic report is
       testimonial in nature, the Williams plurality instructs us to apply an objective test,
       looking for “the primary purpose that a reasonable person would have ascribed to
       the statement, taking into account all of the surrounding circumstances.” Leach,
       2012 IL 111534, ¶ 120. If this inquiry reveals that the forensic report was “made for
       the purpose of proving the guilt of a particular criminal defendant at trial, it is
       testimonial.” Id.

¶ 61       Based on the documents contained in the supplemental record, defendant now
       acknowledges that Olson’s and Wildhaber’s work on his blood standard in 1999,
       was not performed after the CODIS “hit” in this case but, rather, for the purpose of
       uploading it into CODIS in order to compare it to evidence from the unrelated
       Cheryl Cross murder investigation. Defendant was not in custody on that matter
       when he submitted his blood sample and was ultimately eliminated as a suspect in
       the Cross murder case.

¶ 62        We are not persuaded by defendant’s argument that the targeted individual test
       still applies to Olson’s and Wildhaber’s out-of-court statements because the work
       of these two scientists employed by a law enforcement agency was performed at a
       time when he was a suspect in a criminal case, even if that case was not the instant
       case. As with the report at issue in Williams, the reports by Olson and Wildhaber
       were produced before any suspect was identified in this case. The reports were not
       sought for the purpose of obtaining evidence to be used against defendant, who was
       not even under suspicion in this case at the time they were produced, but for the
       purpose of resolving the unrelated murder case. As in Williams, the two
       nontestifying scientists could not have possibly known that the DNA profile
       produced at the ISP crime lab would turn out to later inculpate defendant in the
       unrelated sexual assault of F.M. Similar to Williams, the possibility that shoddy lab
                                               - 16 -
       work or malfeasance by the DNA analysts doing work in the Cross investigation
       would somehow produce a match to a person later picked out of a police lineup by
       the victim in this case is “beyond fanciful.” Williams, 567 U.S. at ___, 132 S. Ct. at
       2244.

¶ 63       We have also reviewed the laboratory case files and reports contained in the
       record, including DiDomenic’s. These documents consist of lab case notes and
       worksheets, data from DNA testing, inventory forms, consent for analysis on
       samples, and conversation logs. These files and reports are markedly different from
       the signed laboratory report certifying the results of the blood-alcohol test
       performed on the sample taken from the defendant in Bullcoming, or the sworn
       certificates from the forensic analysts in Melendez-Diaz, which were admitted into
       evidence to attest to the substance that was seized from the defendant. None of the
       documents in this case take the form of an affidavit, attestation, certification, sworn
       statement, or formal declaration. Similarly, defendant has not cited to any
       document in the record created by either Wildhaber or Olson that takes such form.
       Consequently, we find the documents here lack the “formality and solemnity” that
       Justice Thomas has consistently found necessary for a statement to be testimonial.

¶ 64       For these reasons, we conclude that based upon the Court’s most recent
       instructions in Williams, and our holding in Leach, the reports by Olson and
       Wildhaber were nontestimonial, and their admission through the testimony of
       DiDomenic did not violate defendant’s right to confrontation.

¶ 65       Defendant also raises, for the first time in this court, a claim that DiDomenic’s
       testimony about the “entry of his [original] DNA profile into CODIS” in 1999 by
       an unknown individual was testimonial hearsay and should not have been allowed.
       The same is true with his claim that DiDomenic’s testimony concerning the
       analysis performed by Wildhaber and Olson was impermissible because it was
       offered for the truth of the matter asserted. Defendant fails to pinpoint the specific
       testimony that he is challenging. As the State asserts, defendant did not raise these
       issues in the trial court, the appellate court, or in his petition for leave to appeal with
       this court. Additionally, defendant’s arguments on these issues are entirely
       undeveloped and unclear. For all these reasons, we find these claims forfeited and
       decline to address them. See People v. Robinson, 223 Ill. 2d 165, 173-74 (2006)
       (defendant forfeited this court’s consideration of an issue where it was not raised in
       his posttrial motion, his appeal before the appellate court, or in his petition for leave
       to appeal to this court); see also People ex rel. Illinois Department of Labor v.
                                                 - 17 -
       E.R.H. Enterprises, Inc., 2013 IL 115106, ¶ 56 (“a reviewing court is not simply a
       depository into which a party may dump the burden of argument and research”).



¶ 66                                  STR DNA Testimony

¶ 67       Defendant also claims that his right to confrontation was violated through
       Jove’s testimony concerning Lambatos’s report from August 2001, regarding her
       updated STR DNA testing of F.M.’s underwear and her comparison of that DNA
       profile to defendant’s STR DNA profile. Similarly, he challenges Dr. Reynolds’s
       testimony regarding the forensic analysis completed by an unnamed scientist at
       Cellmark which resulted in the creation of defendant’s updated DNA profile which
       was produced and sent to ISP. Defendant unconvincingly claims that documents
       contained in the record show that ISP and the Chicago police department
       communicated throughout the investigation of F.M.’s sexual assault, including
       after the CODIS hit, which supports his claim that the new testing performed by
       Lambatos and Cellmark was done for the primary purpose of accusing a targeted
       individual (i.e., defendant) or creating evidence for use in a criminal case.

¶ 68       The State responds that in 2000-01 DNA databases and laboratories were
       involved in a statewide conversion from RFLP DNA analysis to STR technology.
       According to the State, the work completed on defendant’s blood standard at
       Cellmark, and Lambatos’s testing of the DNA found on the underwear, was done as
       part of this process. According to the State, this conversion made it possible for
       STR profiles to be entered into CODIS, which was transitioning to using the 13
       core STR loci and phasing out of the RFLP markers. Consequently, the State claims
       that the purpose of the updated testing in this case had nothing to do with accusing
       a targeted individual, namely defendant, but was part of this transition to the use of
       STR profiles. The State also points out that all of the DNA testing in this case was
       completed approximately one year prior to when defendant was arrested and
       charged with the sexual assault of F.M.

¶ 69       We recognize that defendant’s trial occurred in 2006, well before case law on
       the right to confrontation developed to include inquiries of whether certain
       evidence was prepared for the primary purpose of targeting a specific individual or
       for use in a criminal prosecution. We can find nothing in the record, however, that
       conclusively establishes that the reason Lambatos, and the Cellmark analysts,

                                               - 18 -
       performed their work on the samples was due to a statewide conversion process. 4
       The record similarly fails to establish that it was done for the primary purpose of
       targeting defendant or creating evidence for use in a criminal prosecution as
       defendant urges.

¶ 70       Nevertheless, we do not have to surmise as to the State’s purpose for updating
       the profiles using STR DNA technology. We conclude that even if the testimony of
       Jove and Dr. Reynolds regarding the lab work and conclusions of the two
       nontestifying scientists violated defendant’s right of confrontation, he would not be
       entitled to a new trial because the error would be harmless beyond a reasonable
       doubt.

¶ 71       Admission of testimonial hearsay is error unless the declarant is unavailable
       and the defendant has had a prior opportunity for cross-examination. Leach, 2012
       IL 111534, ¶ 140 (citing Crawford, 541 U.S. at 68-69). Upon showing of such an
       error, the defendant is entitled to a new trial unless it appears beyond a reasonable
       doubt that the error did not contribute to the verdict obtained at trial. Id. “When
       determining whether an error is harmless, a reviewing court may, (1) focus on the
       error to determine whether it might have contributed to the conviction; (2) examine
       the other properly admitted evidence to determine whether it overwhelmingly
       supports the conviction; or (3) determine whether the improperly admitted
       evidence is merely cumulative or duplicates properly admitted evidence.” (Internal
       quotation marks omitted.) In re Brandon P., 2014 IL 116653, ¶ 50.

¶ 72       In this case, F.M. testified that on the evening of March 13, 1999, defendant
       dragged her from the street into an abandoned building, ordered her to remove her
       clothes, and repeatedly forced her to engage in oral and vaginal intercourse for
       hours. Prior to being released by defendant the following morning, F.M. testified
       that she was able to see his face from a couple of inches away. F.M. positively
       identified defendant as her attacker over a period of years first in a photo array, then
       a physical lineup, and finally at trial. Although F.M.’s testimony was slightly
       inconsistent on minor details concerning the exact number of times each sex act


           4
            The State claims that the trial record “clearly establishes” that the STR testing of defendant’s
       blood standard at Cellmark was done as part of this statewide process to convert RFLP DNA
       samples to STR profiles. In doing so, the State repeatedly cites to a page in the record that includes
       the background section of one of its own motions in limine. We obviously cannot rely upon a factual
       representation made in the background section of a party’s own motion which cannot be
       independently established in the record.
                                                      - 19 -
       was performed, and she was reluctant to testify at trial, she was consistent in her
       claim that defendant assaulted her.

¶ 73       After leaving the abandoned building, F.M. immediately went to her sister
       Brenda’s house. Brenda testified that when F.M. arrived at her home she was
       hysterical, crying, dirty, looked beat up, and said that she had been raped. Smith
       testified that she treated F.M. at Provident Hospital at 8:45 a.m. on March 14, 1999.
       F.M. appeared scared and looked disheveled. While Smith did not observe any
       scratches, bruises, or other marks on F.M.’s body, she did observe blood in her
       vaginal canal and an abrasion on her right thigh. Detective Wright testified that she
       interviewed F.M. at the hospital and F.M. was very upset and agitated. The
       following morning, she took F.M. to the abandoned building. Detective Wright
       observed a couch in the third-floor room, consistent with F.M.’s testimony, and
       stated that F.M. became visibly upset when they entered the space.

¶ 74       Additionally, we have already determined that RFLP DNA evidence linking
       defendant to the victim was properly admitted at trial. DiDomenic testified that he
       was able to create a DNA profile of the sperm donor from the semen stain on F.M.’s
       underwear. DiDomenic compared five locations of DNA using the earlier RFLP
       DNA analysis method. At the time that he conducted this analysis in 1999, he
       explained that it was the established method in the scientific community.
       DiDomenic testified that he entered the RFLP DNA profile that he created from
       F.M.’s underwear into CODIS and there was a “hit.” Based upon DiDomenic’s
       own forensic analysis of the sperm from the semen stain on F.M.’s underwear, and
       his comparison of defendant’s known DNA profile, he opined that the semen
       identified on the underwear was consistent with having originated from defendant.

¶ 75       We also emphasize that the main focus at trial, as illustrated by defense
       counsel’s closing argument, did not have to do with the identification of F.M.’s
       attacker. Instead, the primary issue for the jury to consider was F.M.’s credibility
       and whether the jury believed her account of the assault. Based upon the verdict in
       this case, the jury found F.M.’s testimony credible and did not believe the sexual
       activity was consensual.

¶ 76      Moreover, G.W. testified that defendant attacked her in a very similar fashion,
       by grabbing her on the street and forcing her into an abandoned building in the
       same general area as F.M. was attacked. G.W. also testified that defendant


                                              - 20 -
       repeatedly forced her to engage in vaginal intercourse and to perform oral sex on
       him over a period of hours until he finally released her the next morning.

¶ 77      Defendant presented no evidence at trial and did not impeach the State’s
       witnesses in any significant way.

¶ 78       For these reasons, we find that even if the testimony of Jove and Dr. Reynolds
       concerning the reports of the nontestifying witnesses violated defendant’s right of
       confrontation, it was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. This evidence would be
       cumulative or duplicative of the properly admitted DNA evidence, any improperly
       admitted evidence did not contribute to defendant’s guilt, and the properly admitted
       evidence in this case overwhelmingly supports defendant’s conviction.



¶ 79                                     CONCLUSION

¶ 80      Accordingly, we affirm the judgment of the appellate court affirming the circuit
       court.



¶ 81      Affirmed.



¶ 82      JUSTICE KILBRIDE, dissenting:

¶ 83       I dissent from the majority opinion. I joined the majority in People v. Williams,
       238 Ill. 2d 125 (2010), where this court held that an expert’s testimony, relying on a
       DNA report prepared by a laboratory, did not implicate a defendant’s sixth
       amendment confrontation right. That decision was affirmed by the Supreme Court
       on other grounds. Williams v. Illinois, 567 U.S. ___, 132 S. Ct. 2221 (2012)
       (plurality opinion). In this case, as in People v. Leach, 2012 IL 111534, I believe
       the majority erroneously relies on Williams, 567 U.S. ___, 132 S. Ct. 2221, “a
       fractured opinion with no majority support for its rationale.” Leach, 2012 IL
       111534, ¶ 161 (Kilbride, C.J., dissenting). I believe the majority in this case also
       erroneously relies on the isolated position of Justice Thomas in Williams, 567 U.S.
       at ___, 132 S. Ct. at 2255 (Thomas, J., concurring in the judgment), Melendez-Diaz
       v. Massachusetts, 557 U.S. 305, 329 (2009) (Thomas, J., concurring), and Davis v.
       Washington, 547 U.S. 813, 836 (2006) (Thomas, J., concurring in the judgment in
                                                - 21 -
       part and dissenting in part), to bolster its decision in this case when that position has
       never been joined by any other Supreme Court justice. I believe Williams provides
       no guidance for resolving this case.

¶ 84       In Leach, I noted that “[t]he most that can be gleaned from the plurality opinion
       in Williams is simply that a majority held that admission of the DNA profile under
       the facts of that case was permissible.” Leach, 2012 IL 111534, ¶ 163 (Kilbride,
       C.J., dissenting). Since the Supreme Court issued the fractured holdings in
       Williams, many other courts have recognized Williams as a case of questionable
       precedential value. See United States v. Katso, 73 M.J. 630, 638 (A.F. Ct. Crim.
       App. 2014) (finding “Williams does not provide a definitive test for determining
       when a statement is to be deemed testimonial” and, accordingly, applying
       pre-Williams confrontation clause law); State v. Dotson, 450 S.W.3d 1 (Tenn.
       2014) (finding Williams provides little guidance and is of uncertain precedential
       value); State v. Michaels, 95 A.3d 648, 666 (N.J. 2014) (finding “Williams’s force,
       as precedent, at best unclear” and, accordingly, applying pre-Williams
       confrontation clause law); Jenkins v. United States, 75 A.3d 174, 184 (D.C. 2013)
       (noting that Williams “has not provided any clarity” to confrontation clause
       jurisprudence); United States v. Tearman, 72 M.J. 54, 58 (C.A.A.F. 2013)
       (recognizing that current state of the law for determining when a particular
       statement is classified as testimonial is unclear and “far from fixed”); State v.
       Ortiz-Zape, 743 S.E.2d 156, 161 (N.C. 2013) (noting “lack of definitive guidance”
       provided by Williams); United States v. James, 712 F.3d 79, 95 (2d Cir. 2013)
       (finding Williams does not provide a controlling rule); United States v.
       Duron-Caldera, 737 F.3d 988, 994 n.4 (5th Cir. 2013) (finding plurality’s test in
       Williams not “controlling”); State v. Kennedy, 735 S.E.2d 905, 916 (W. Va. 2012)
       (viewing Williams, a fractured plurality opinion, “with caution” as “Williams
       cannot be fairly read to supplant the ‘primary purpose’ test previously endorsed by
       the Court”).

¶ 85       Additionally, when discussing the RFLP DNA evidence, the majority opinion
       erroneously states that “Defendant was not in custody on [the unrelated Cheryl
       Cross murder investigation] when he submitted his blood sample and was
       ultimately eliminated as a suspect in the Cross murder case.” Supra ¶ 61. On the
       contrary, defendant was, in fact, under arrest, in police custody, and under
       suspicion for a crime when the blood sample was drawn and sent to the lab for
       testing. Therefore, Olson’s and Wildhaber’s work was prepared to obtain evidence
       for use against defendant in a criminal case (albeit a different criminal case). No
                                              - 22 -
       case examined by the majority has determined that the DNA report must be
       prepared for evidence in the specific case targeting the defendant. No doubt the
       DNA report would have been “testimonial” had it been used as evidence against
       this defendant in the murder case. I fail to see, however, how the DNA report now
       becomes nontestimonial when it is introduced in a criminal prosecution of the same
       defendant in a different case. This, logically, cannot be.

¶ 86       I disagree with the majority that any error in the admission of the STR DNA
       testimony was harmless, particularly when the majority’s harmless-error analysis
       relies heavily on the RFLP DNA evidence that I believe violates Crawford.
       Additionally, the victim initially named “Carl Long” as the assailant, but the DNA
       analysis on his buccal swab standard was canceled after the CODIS matched to
       defendant. The ISP crime lab notes indicate the investigating detective “says victim
       named Carl Long as an assailant but she has credibility problems and “cannot rely
       on the victim’s statements; says to ‘cancel’ any analysis on Long’s buccal swab
       standard.” The victim in this case was under arrest and in custody at the time of
       defendant’s trial and admitted that the State had to keep her locked up to get her to
       testify against defendant. Given that the State relied primarily on DNA evidence to
       convict defendant, taken together with the conflicting evidence and credibility
       problems of the victim, I cannot say that any error in the admission of the DNA
       testimony was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.

¶ 87      For these reasons, I respectfully dissent.




                                              - 23 -
