[Cite as State v. Jones, 2012-Ohio-5334.]




                       IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
                           THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT
                               VAN WERT COUNTY




STATE OF OHIO,

        PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE,                               CASE NO. 15-11-16

        v.

SHAWN M. JONES,                                           OPINION

        DEFENDANT-APPELLANT.




                Appeal from Van Wert County Common Pleas Court
                            Trial Court No. 10-10-154

                                      Judgment Affirmed

                          Date of Decision:   November 19, 2012




APPEARANCES:

        Kelly J. Rauch for Appellant

        Charles F. Kennedy, III and Eva J. Yarger for Appellee
Case No. 15-11-16


WILLAMOWSKI, J.

      {¶1} Plaintiff-Appellant, Shawn M. Jones (“Appellant”), appeals the

judgment of the Van Wert County Court of Common Pleas finding him guilty of

the murder of his grandmother. Appellant contends that the trial court erred when

it denied his motion to suppress his videotaped statement; when it admitted

improper hearsay testimony; and, he also claims he was denied the right to

effective assistance of counsel. For the reasons set forth below, the judgment is

affirmed.

      {¶2} On October 8, 2010, Appellant was indicted by the Van Wert county

Grand Jury on one count of murder in violation of R.C. 2903.02. The charges

stem from the murder of Appellant’s 84-year old grandmother, Edna LaRue (“the

victim” or “grandmother”), on October 1, 2010.

      {¶3} Dale LaRue, the victim’s husband, was paying Appellant to stay at

the home and take care of Mrs. LaRue while he visited out-of-state relatives. (Tr.

48-49) Mr. LaRue became concerned when he called home several times and no

one answered the phone. He contacted Joette Jones (“Ms. Jones”), the victim’s

daughter and Appellant’s mother, and asked her to check on his wife. (Tr. 51)

      {¶4} Ms. Jones had to wait until Appellant returned home to gain entrance

to the home because all of the doors were double locked and her key would not

work. When Ms. Jones and Appellant entered the home, she discovered her


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mother’s dead and bloody body lying on the floor. The police and EMS were

summoned and they began to investigate. As they were preparing to take photos,

Appellant approached the police officers holding an alarm clock that had blood on

it. He told them that the it was going to have his fingerprints on it because the

clock’s cord was wrapped around his grandmother’s neck and he had to take it off

her neck. (Tr. 105)

       {¶5} Ms. Jones and Appellant were asked to go to the police station to

give their statements, where Appellant was questioned by Detective Jeffrey

Blackmore and Sergeant Haggerty. Appellant was also asked to provide a DNA

sample, his hands were photographed, and his clothes and shoes were examined

for blood spatter evidence. (Tr. 164) Appellant’s shoes had blood spatter stains

on them and they were collected for evidence. At some point thereafter, the police

obtained a search warrant for all of Appellant’s clothing. (Tr. 149-150; 165-66)

       {¶6} Although Appellant was not told he was under arrest, he was under

the constant supervision of a police officer during the entire time he was at the

station. The interview began after midnight and it lasted for approximately 56

minutes. (2/28/11 Suppression Hearing Tr. 3) Prior to beginning the interview,

Detective Blackmore advised Appellant of his Miranda rights and Appellant

acknowledged that he understood them. (Id. 5-9) He did not ask for an attorney

and agreed to speak with the officers. (Id.)


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      {¶7} Appellant originally told the officers that he left his grandmother at

home at 5:30 p.m. when he went to a free church supper, stopped at Wal-Mart, and

then gave a ride home to a friend he met while at Wal-Mart. He stated that his

grandmother had had a bloody nose, and that was the reason he had some blood on

his clothing. Appellant claimed that his grandmother was fine when he left the

house and that the first time he learned anything was wrong was when returned

home and walked inside with his mother.

      {¶8} The officers noted inconsistencies in his story and questioned him

further. Eventually, Appellant admitted to strangling his grandmother. (Supp.

Hrg. 10-11) He had argued with her about his going out, and he admitted to

knocking her down, dragging her around with his belt, and then strangling her

with the cord from an alarm clock to keep her from calling for help. (Id. 11-13)

Appellant was arrested and taken into custody.

      {¶9} Appellant entered a plea of not guilty by reason of insanity.

Appellant’s counsel submitted a written plea and requested an evaluation to

determine if Appellant was competent to stand trial, and to determine his mental

state at the time of the offense. The court ordered that Appellant be examined by

Court Diagnostic Center (“CDC”) in Toledo. After that report had been filed with

the court, Appellant requested that an independent evaluation be done by Jeffrey




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Smalldon, Ph.D. The trial court granted funds for the second evaluation. Both the

CDC report and Dr. Smalldon’s report found Appellant competent to stand trial.

         {¶10} Appellant filed a motion to suppress the statements that he made to

the Van Wert Police Department and a hearing was held on that motion on

February 28, 2011. The trial court determined that Appellant was not in custody at

the time of the interrogation, that his confession was voluntary, and that the

videotaped statement would be admissible in the upcoming trial. (Supp. Hrg. Tr.

84-85)

         {¶11} A three-day bench trial was held commencing October 17, 2011.

The State presented the testimony of numerous individuals from the Bureau of

Criminal Investigation (“BCI”) and introduced various exhibits confirming that

the blood found on Appellant’s shoes and jeans had a DNA profile that was

consistent with that of the victim. (Trial Tr. 421-22). The coroner testified about

the autopsy report and her finding that the cause of death was ligature

strangulation. (Id. 80-81) The coroner further testified that the ligature mark on

the victim’s neck was consistent with the electrical cord from the alarm clock. (Id.

75-76)

         {¶12} Other witnesses testifying for the State included Mr. LaRue and

several of the first responders and investigators. The State questioned Detective

Blackmore about the investigation and the statements made by Appellant on


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October 2, 2010. The videotaped confession was introduced through Detective

Blackmore.

       {¶13} One of Appellant’s cellmates from jail also testified that Appellant

had told him that he had killed his grandmother. (Tr. 453-469) The cellmate’s

statements were consistent with Appellant’s taped confession.

       {¶14} Robert Albright, a friend of Appellant, testified that he had spent

part of the day with Appellant on October 1, 2010, and he testified that Appellant

had told him that day that he had killed his grandmother. (Id. 469-473) Mr.

Albright testified that he was with Appellant when he cashed in the change at the

Coin-Star machine from a small bank that had been in the grandmother’s home.

(Id. 474; 53-55) At one point, Appellant even brought Mr. Albright back to the

house and he saw the grandmother’s body lying on the floor with something

around her neck. (Id. 480-481) He further testified that Appellant discussed

disposing of the body. (Id. 487) Mr. Albright admitted that he should have called

the police, but that he did not because he was scared. (Id. 495-496)

       {¶15} Mr. Albright also identified a letter that Appellant had written to him

while Appellant was in jail. (Tr. 489-90; Ex. 74). Mr. Albright read a part of

Appellant’s letter to the court:

       I was going to bag granny in a big trash bag with other garbage and
       haul it out to the dump. All in all this whole episode was a bunch of
       bullshit and it was stupid on my part, STUPID!


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(Id.)   The letter also contained comments by Appellant, bragging about how he

was going to get out of prison and be sent to a mental hospital in Toledo after the

mental evaluations found him to be “coo-coo.” After that, Appellant wrote that he

would probably be released a few months later and would qualify for disability

benefits. (Ex. 74)

        {¶16} The defense presented the testimony of only one witness,

Appellant’s mother. Ms. Jones primarily testified about a traffic accident in 1996

that Appellant had been involved in when he was about twenty years old. (Tr.

531) She stated that he suffered from a massive head trauma and he was not the

same person when he came home from the hospital as he had been before. After

the accident, Appellant’s decision making skills were impaired and he would

“freak out” if he felt pressured, and would sometimes have memory gaps. (Id.

534) Ms. Jones testified that Appellant’s condition had been getting worse over

the past year and that he had been scheduled for a re-evaluation on October 5,

2010. (Id. 535)

        {¶17} After hearing all of the evidence and reviewing over one-hundred

exhibits, the trial court found Appellant guilty. He was sentenced to an indefinite

prison term of fifteen years to life.

        {¶18} Appellant now brings this appeal, raising the following three

assignments of error.


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                             First Assignment of Error

       The trial court erred when it denied Appellant’s motion to
       suppress the videotape of his statements.

                            Second Assignment of Error

       The trial court erred when it admitted extensive hearsay
       testimony.

                            Third Assignment of Error

       Appellant was denied the right to effective assistance of counsel
       and he was prejudiced as a result.

       {¶19} In the first assignment of error, Appellant argues the trial court

should have granted his motion to suppress his video confession because the facts

contradict the trial court’s finding that he was not actually “in custody” when he

was questioned at the police station. He also contends that the statement was not

voluntary because he was pressured by the officers into making incriminating

statements, and that the court failed to take into account Appellant’s “mental

capacity” as a result of his brain injury.

       {¶20} To dispel the factors of compulsion inherent in the custodial

interrogation setting, the United States Supreme Court mandated in Miranda v.

Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966), that individuals must be apprised of their right to

remain silent and their right to the assistance of counsel.        The protections

established in Miranda operate to temper “the inherently compelling pressures [of

custodial interrogation] which work to undermine the individual's will to resist and

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Case No. 15-11-16


to compel him to speak where he would not otherwise do so freely.” Miranda at

467; State v. Perez, 124 Ohio St.3d 122, 2009-Ohio-6179, ¶ 57. Miranda is

concerned with only one specific type of coercive environment: that created by

custodial interrogation in a police-dominated atmosphere. Perez at ¶ 60.

       {¶21} For purposes of Miranda, a defendant is not subject to custodial

interrogation simply because of his presence at a police department, even though

the defendant may be considered a suspect. State v. Greeno, 3d Dist. No. 13–02–

46, 2003-Ohio-3687, ¶ 14, quoting State v. Biros, 78 Ohio St.3d 426, 440, 1997-

Ohio-204. At a suppression hearing, the trial court assumes the role of trier of fact

and, as such, is in the best position to resolve questions of fact and to evaluate

witness credibility. See, e.g., State v. Carter, 72 Ohio St.3d 545, 552, 1995-Ohio-

104. A reviewing court must accept a trial court's factual findings if they are

supported by competent, credible evidence. State v. Greeno, at ¶ 10.

       {¶22} First, Appellant claims that the trial court erred in its denial of his

motion to suppress when it determined that he was not in custody at the time of his

interrogation. Giving due deference to the trial court’s findings of fact, we find

that this determination was supported by credible evidence at the suppression

hearing. However, whether or not he was in custody is immaterial in this case,

because Appellant was informed of his Miranda rights before the interview with

the officers began. Appellant acknowledged that he understood his rights and at


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no time did he request an attorney or indicate that he wished to consult an attorney

or that he wished to exercise his right to remain silent. (Hrg. Tr. 7-8)

        {¶23} Nevertheless, a confession made after a Miranda warning may still

be inadmissible if the confession is not made voluntarily, knowingly, and

intelligently. Miranda, 384 U.S. at 444; State v. Wilson, 117 Ohio App.3d 290,

293 (1st. Dist.1996). A trial court, in determining whether a statement was made

voluntarily, and whether defendant knowingly and voluntarily waived his Miranda

rights prior to giving a statement, should consider the totality of the circumstances,

including the age, mentality, and prior criminal experience of the defendant; the

length, intensity, and frequency of interrogation; the existence of physical

deprivation or mistreatment; and the existence of threat or inducement. State v.

Brinkley, 105 OhioSt.3d 231, 2005 -Ohio- 1507, ¶ 57, quoting State v. Edwards,

49 Ohio St.2d 31(1976), paragraph two of the syllabus.

        {¶24} Appellant contends that the waiver of his rights under Miranda and

his confession were not made voluntarily, knowingly, and intelligently because of

coercive police conduct and his decreased mental capacity. He argues that he was

“pressured” into making incriminating statements because of the officers’

statements that his failure to tell the truth would make him look bad in front of a

jury.




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       {¶25} We find that the record supports the trial court’s finding that

Appellant’s confession was voluntary under the totality of the circumstances.

(Hrg. Tr. 85)       The entire interrogation was videotaped, and the record

demonstrates that the officers were polite and accommodating to Appellant in

every respect. Pursuant to R.C. 2933.81(B), such an interrogation is presumed to

be voluntary if the statements made by the person are electronically recorded. The

person making the statements during the electronic recording has the burden of

proving that the statements were not voluntary. Id.

       {¶26} Prior to the questioning, Appellant had the opportunity to use the

restroom and to smoke. The questioning took place in a casual manner with

everyone sitting around a table, wearing casual clothing. Although the officers did

not tell Appellant he was free to leave, he never asked to leave, never asked for a

break, and was only questioned for 56 minutes.               While the officers urged

Appellant to tell the truth, there were never any threats.

       Clearly, a suggestion of leniency by the police is not enough to
       invalidate a confession, but would merely be a factor bearing on
       whether the confession was voluntary. State v. Cooey (1989), 46
       Ohio St.3d 20, 544 N.E.2d 895. Admonitions to tell the truth made
       by police officers are considered neither threats nor promises, and
       are permissible. Id.; State v. Wiles (1991), 59 Ohio St.3d 71, 571
       N.E.2d 97, certiorari denied (1992), 506 U.S. 832, 113 S.Ct. 99, 121
       L.Ed.2d 59. Promises that a defendant's cooperation will be
       considered in disposition of the case, or that a confession will be
       helpful, do not invalidate an otherwise legal confession. State v.
       Loza (1994), 71 Ohio St.3d 61, 641 N.E.2d 1082, certiorari denied
       (1995), 514 U.S. 1120, 115 S.Ct. 1983, 131 L.Ed.2d 871.

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Case No. 15-11-16



State v. Wilson, supra, 177 Ohio App.3d at 294.           The officers’ requests of

Appellant to tell the truth did not constitute excessive coercion. See id.

       {¶27} The results of the Appellant’s two competency evaluations did not

indicate that his mental condition was a significant factor in considering the

voluntariness of his confession.          The video shows that Appellant fully

comprehended everything the officers were saying, and he spoke articulately and

demonstrated a great capacity for remembering phone numbers, addresses, and

other details in response to their questions. Appellant had also been arrested and

convicted before, so he had some familiarity with the procedures.

       {¶28} Furthermore the expert from the CDC evaluation found that

Appellant was “oriented to time, place and person. There was no evidence of

attention or concentration deficits serious enough to have interfered with our

conversation. There was no evidence of any significant intellectual impairment.”

(Court’s Exhibit #1 to Competency hearing, 1/5/11). Appellant’s own expert, Dr.

Smalldon, found that Appellant “possesses the functional capacities that are

required for a legal finding that he is ‘competent to stand trial’ under Ohio law.”

(Court’s Exhibit #3 to Competency Hearing, 2/14/11). Without official coercion

or an overbearing interrogation, Appellant’s mental condition alone does not

dispose of a question of voluntariness.



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       {¶29} Under the totality of the circumstances, Appellant has not met his

burden to demonstrate that his confession was not voluntary. We do not find that

the trial court abused its discretion when it denied his motion to suppress. The

first assignment of error is overruled.

       {¶30} Appellant’s second assignment of error asserts that the trial court

erred when it allowed witnesses to give testimony consisting of inadmissible

hearsay. He specifically objects to instances of testimony where Officer Black

related what Ms. Jones had told him when he arrived at the scene of the crime and

when Detective Blackmore testified as to what Mr. Albright had told him.

Appellant contends that the trial court erred when it overruled defense counsel’s

objection to Officer Black’s testimony. And, even though there was no objection

to Detective Blackmore’s testimony, he contends that its admission amounted to

plain error.

       {¶31} “‘Hearsay’” is a statement, other than one made by the declarant

while testifying at the trial or hearing, offered in evidence to prove the truth of the

matter asserted.” Evid.R. 801(C). Generally, hearsay is not admissible unless one

of several exceptions to the hearsay rule is applicable. See Evid.R. 802–807. Also,

Evid.R. 801(D) specifies certain statements which are not considered hearsay.

       {¶32} Officer Black’s statements concerning what Ms. Jones had told him

when he arrived at the scene were offered more in the context of his describing


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what occurred at the beginning of the investigation, when he first arrived at the

scene and was trying to find out what had occurred. While it does not appear as if

the statements were being offered for the truth of the matter asserted, we agree

with Appellant in that Black’s reiteration of the conversations with Ms. Jones went

beyond what was necessary to factually describe the procedural history as to what

occurred when the victim’s body was first encountered by the police.

         {¶33} At trial, the State argued that the testimony should be admissible

because Ms. Jones had been subpoenaed and was available to be cross-examined.

(Tr. 97) Evid.R. 801(D)(1) does provide that a statement is not hearsay “if (1) the

declarant testifies at trial or hearing and is subject to cross examination concerning

the statement * * *.” However, this exception is not applicable here. In addition

to the above requirement, the second part of this hearsay exclusion rule requires

that one of three additional conditions must be met, namely that the statements

pertain to prior inconsistent statements, Evid.R. 801(D)(1)(a); that the statements

pertain to prior consistent statements; Evid.R. 801(D)(1)(b); or, that the statements

pertain to identification, Evid.R. 801(D)(1)(c).1 These factors were not applicable

to the testimony of Ms. Jones in this trial. Furthermore, the circumstances giving

1
  The entire text of Evid.R. 801(D) states: “A statement is not hearsay if: (1) Prior statement by witness.
The declarant testifies at trial or hearing and is subject to cross-examination concerning the statement, and
the statement is (a) inconsistent with declarant's testimony, and was given under oath subject to cross-
examination by the party against whom the statement is offered and subject to the penalty of perjury at a
trial, hearing, or other proceeding, or in a deposition, or (b) consistent with declarant's testimony and is
offered to rebut an express or implied charge against declarant of recent fabrication or improper influence
or motive, or (c) one of identification of a person soon after perceiving the person, if the circumstances
demonstrate the reliability of the prior identification.”

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rise to testimony under factors (a) or (b) would ordinarily only be permitted on

rebuttal, after the declarant’s testimony has come under attack.

       {¶34} However, the improper admission of evidence is harmless error

where the remaining evidence constitutes overwhelming proof of a defendant’s

guilt, beyond a reasonable doubt. State v. Murphy, 91 Ohio St.3d 516, 555, 2001-

Ohio-112, quoting State v. Williams, 6 Ohio St.3d 281 (1983), paragraph six of the

syllabus. In making a Crim.R. 52(A) harmless error analysis, any error will be

deemed harmless if it did not affect the accused's “substantial rights.” An error is

harmless where there is no reasonable probability that the error contributed to the

outcome of the trial. State v. Brown, 65 Ohio St.3d 483, 485, 1992-Ohio-61.

       {¶35} Here, Appellant’s video-taped confession, the testimony of Mr.

Albright, and the forensic evidence, all provided overwhelming evidence of

Appellant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. Officer Black’s hearsay testimony

did not necessarily provide any specific evidence of Appellant’s guilt, and its

omission would not have affected the trial’s outcome in any way. Furthermore,

because this was a bench trial rather than a trial before a jury, a judge is presumed

to consider only the relevant, material and competent evidence in arriving at a

judgment unless the contrary affirmatively appears from the record.” State v.

Colegrove, 140 Ohio App.3d 306 (8th Dist.2000), quoting State v. Eubank, 60

Ohio St.2d 183, 187 (1979). Based on all of the facts in the record, the admission


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of Officer Black’s testimony concerning Ms. Jones’ statements was harmless

error.

         {¶36} Appellant also objects to Detective Blackmore’s testimony when he

testified as to what Mr. Albright told him during the investigation. As discussed

above, this testimony would have constituted hearsay.         However, Appellant’s

failure to object at trial waives any claim of error on appeal except for plain error.

See Crim.R. 52(B); State v. Bahns, 185 Ohio App.3d 805, 2009–Ohio–5525, 925

N.E.2d 1025, ¶ 19 (2d Dist.). Under that rule, the defendant bears the burden of

demonstrating that a plain error affected his substantial rights. State v. Perry, 101

Ohio St.3d 118, 2004 -Ohio- 297, ¶ 14. Even if the defendant satisfies this burden,

an appellate court has discretion to disregard the error and should correct it only to

“prevent a manifest miscarriage of justice.” State v. Barnes, 94 Ohio St.3d 21, 27,

759 N.E.2d 1240 (2002).

         {¶37} As discussed above, even if all of Detective Blackmore’s hearsay

testimony was ignored, the outcome of the trial would not have been any different

because of the overwhelming evidence of guilt found in Appellant’s confession

and the forensic evidence.        Furthermore, although Detective Blackmore’s

recitation of what Mr. Albright had told him during the investigation was hearsay,

Mr. Albright himself testified to most of the significant points, so all of the

information that was offered by Detective Blackmore was in the record through


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the witness’ direct testimony. The few differences in the testimony between the

two were merely minor details. Therefore, not only did Detective Blackmore’s

hearsay testimony fail to rise to the level of being plain error, it basically

constituted harmless error.

       {¶38} Thus, while the challenged testimony of Officer Black and Detective

Blackmore did constitute hearsay, its inclusion in the trial was merely harmless

error. The second assignment of error is overruled.

       {¶39} In his third and final assignment of error, Appellant asserts that he

did not receive a fair trial based on the ineffectiveness of his trial counsel.

Appellant maintains that his counsel was ineffective (1) when he failed to object to

Detective Blackmore’s hearsay testimony; (2) when he failed to object to the

admission of various exhibits without a proper foundation; (3) when he failed to

object to “improper opinion testimony” elicited by the State from Detective

Blackmore; and, (4) when he failed to make an argument for the court regarding

Appellant’s plea of not guilty by reason of insanity.

       {¶40} To establish ineffective assistance of counsel, a defendant must

show (1) deficient performance by counsel, i.e., performance falling below an

objective standard of reasonable representation, and (2) prejudice, i.e., a

reasonable probability that but for counsel's errors, the proceeding's result would

have been different. State v. Group, 98 Ohio St.3d 248, 2002–Ohio–7247, ¶ 132;


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State v. Bradley, 42 Ohio St.3d 136 (1989), paragraphs two and three of the

syllabus; Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687–688 (1984). “A ‘reasonable

probability’ is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the result of the

proceeding.” State v. Group, at ¶ 132. The failure to make objections is not alone

enough to sustain a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel and may be justified

as a tactical decision. State v. Gumm, 73 Ohio St.3d 413, 428, 1995–Ohio–24.

There is strong presumption that counsel’s conduct falls within the wide range of

reasonable professional assistance, and that strategy and tactical decisions

exercised by defense counsel are well within the range of professionally

reasonable judgment and need not be analyzed by a reviewing court. State v.

Robinson, 108 Ohio App.3d 428 (3d Dist.1996).

       {¶41} First, as discussed above in the second assignment of error, the

admission of the hearsay testimony was found to be harmless error. Appellant

cannot show that he was prejudiced in any way by the admission of this evidence.

Furthermore, since the trial court had already overruled his objections to Officer

Black’s statement, counsel cannot be faulted for not raising a similar objection to

Detective Blackmore’s testimony. Based upon the overwhelming evidence of

appellant's guilt, we find that even if the trial counsel erred in failing to object to

inadmissible hearsay, any such error was harmless. The outcome of appellant's




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trial would not have been different had the allegedly hearsay testimony been

objected to by trial counsel and deemed inadmissible.

      {¶42} Next, Appellant asserts that counsel was ineffective when he failed

to object to the admission of various exhibits without a proper foundation, and to

accompanying hearsay evidence relative to those exhibits. Specifically, Appellant

complains that counsel failed to authenticate multiple documents, such as the

printout from the coin-star machine, labeled Exhibit 68; a receipt from a cash

register paying out for the change put into the coin-star machine, labeled Exhibit

69; and photos from a Marathon Station in Delphos and an Aaron’s Rental

security video, that were used to identify the shirt Appellant was wearing when he

was arrested and to track his whereabouts on the date of the murder. Also,

Appellant submits that counsel erred when he failed to object to Detective

Blackmore’s testimony concerning several exhibits that were not admitted. And

finally, he claims that counsel should have objected to the admission of the letter

Appellant wrote to Mr. Albright.

      {¶43} It has long been held that trial courts enjoy broad discretion in

admitting or rejecting evidence. State v. Long, 53 Ohio St.2d 91, 98. Even if trial

counsel had objected to more of the exhibits, it cannot be said with any certainty

that they would have been excluded. And, oftentimes trial counsel’s decision to

forego an objection to a matter, especially if not significant, may be a matter of


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sound trial strategy and does not constitute ineffective assistance of counsel. See,

e.g., State v. Dixon, 152 Ohio App.3d 760, 2003 -Ohio- 2550, ¶ 43 (3d Dist.).

       {¶44} Furthermore, the few exhibits that Appellants complains of

constituted just a small fraction of the more than one hundred exhibits that were

offered for admission.     Moreover, the evidence complained of was minor

evidence, and was merely corroborative or cumulative to the main evidence. The

majority of the State’s case relied upon Appellant’s statement, the eyewitness

testimony, and the forensic evidence. And again, because this was a bench trial,

the presumption is that the trial court considered only the admissible evidence.

See, e.g., State v. Reddy, 192 Ohio App.3d 108, 2010 -Ohio- 5759, ¶ 58 (8th Dist.).

       {¶45} Although the letter from Appellant to Mr. Albright was probably

more significant than the other exhibits, the record demonstrates that the exhibit

was properly identified and authenticated by Mr. Albright. Evid.R. 901(A) states

the following: “(A) General provision. The requirement of authentication or

identification as a condition precedent to admissibility is satisfied by evidence

sufficient to support a finding that the matter in question is what its proponent

claims.” The rule continues, explaining that testimony of a witness with

knowledge that a matter is what it is claimed to be conforms to the requirement of

the rule. Evid.R. 901(B)(1). The proponent must present foundational evidence or

testimony from which a rational jury may determine that the evidence is what it is


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claimed to be. Mr. Albright identified the letter, the circumstances of its receipt,

and explained how he was familiar with Appellant’s handwriting and was certain

that this was a letter from Appellant. (Tr. 488)

       {¶46} Appellant also claims counsel erred when he failed to object to

“improper opinion testimony” elicited by the State from Detective Blackmore,

where he complains that Detective Blackmore was expressing his belief about the

credibility of another witness.     The record does not support that assertion.

Detective Blackmore gave his opinion that his belief was that the victim was

already dead at a time when he was questioned about a statement that had been

made by one of the neighbors who thought she saw the victim during the

afternoon. That neighbor was not even a witness and did not testify (and there was

also evidence in the record that this neighbor had memory problems) and the time

of death was not a key issue. The detective never gave any direct testimony

considering the veracity of this neighbor; he just commented that her recollection

did not comport with his belief as to the time of death, based his lengthy

investigation and evidence from multiple sources.

       {¶47} And finally, Appellant argues that trial counsel failed to present

evidence to the Court or make an argument regarding the not guilty by reason of

insanity claim. First, Appellant’s incorrectly asserts that the CDC report only

discussed Appellant’s competency to stand trial and did not discuss his mental


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state at the time of the offense. The report of Dr. Thomas Sherman of CDC

specifically found that “[i]t is my medical opinion with reasonable professional

certainty that this defendant, at the time of the offense, did not suffer from a

mental disease or defect which prevented him from knowing the wrongfulness of

his acts.” (Emphasis in original.) (1/5/11 Competency Hearing Tr. p. 2; Ex. 1)

       {¶48} To establish the defense of insanity, the defendant must prove by the

greater weight of the evidence that at the time of the offense, he did not know, as a

result of a severe mental disease or defect, the wrongfulness of his act. R.C.

2901.01(14). Clearly, Dr. Sherman found that Appellant did not meet the test for

not guilty by reason of insanity. There is no evidence in the record that counsel

could have presented that would have met this standard, so it cannot be said that

counsel was ineffective for not pursuing this defense.

       {¶49} Appellant has failed to demonstrate that his counsel’s representation

was ineffective. The third assignment of error is overruled.

       {¶50} Having found no error prejudicial to the appellant herein in the

particulars assigned and argued, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.

                                                                Judgment Affirmed

PRESTON and ROGERS, J.J., concur.

/jlr




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