[Cite as Edminister v. Edminister, 2011-Ohio-1899.]


                                   IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

                                  NINTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                      SUMMIT COUNTY, OHIO


MARY E. EDMINISTER,                                   :   OPINION

                 Plaintiff-Appellee,                  :
                                                          CASE NO. 25428
        - vs -                                        :

MICHAEL E. EDMINISTER,                                :

                 Defendant-Appellant.                 :


Civil Appeal from the Court of Common Pleas, Domestic Relations Division, Case No.
DR 2006 07 2257.

Judgment: Modified and affirmed as modified.


David H. Ferguson, 57 South Broadway Street, 3rd Floor, Akron, OH 44308 (For
Plaintiff-Appellee).

Terence E. Scanlon, 101 Clemson Court, Elyria, OH 44035 (For Defendant-Appellant).



CYNTHIA WESTCOTT RICE, J., Eleventh Appellate District, sitting by assignment.

        {¶1}     Appellant, Michael E. Edminister, appeals from the judgment of the

Summit County Court of Common Pleas, Domestic Relations Division, holding him in

indirect civil contempt for failing to comply with various orders set forth in the parties’

divorce judgment; he also appeals the trial court’s order requiring him to pay attorney

fees accrued by appellee, Mary E. Edminister, in the course of prosecuting the

underlying contempt action. For the reasons discussed in this opinion, we modify the

trial court’s judgment and affirm the judgment as modified.
       {¶2}    On November 17, 2006, the parties were divorced by final decree of the

Summit County Court of Common Pleas, Domestic Relations Division. On April 18,

2008, appellee filed a post-decree motion seeking an order finding appellant in

contempt for failing to meet various obligations under the final decree; in particular,

appellee alleged since the order was journalized, appellant had failed to timely pay

spousal support; failed to pay debts; failed to pay tax obligations; and failed to provide

proof of life insurance. Appellee also requested appellant be required to pay all future

spousal support through the Child Support Enforcement Agency.            Appellee further

sought an order compelling appellant to remove all tax liens against her residence.

And, finally, appellee sought an order requiring appellant to pay all attorney fees and

costs related to the litigation.

       {¶3}    Several hearings were held between April 2008 and early 2010, but the

motion remained pending. On March 3, 2010, the trial court set a final hearing date of

April 22, 2010, to resolve the matter. Six days before the hearing, appellant moved the

trial court for a continuance. Appellant failed to appear at the hearing and, based upon

the length of time the matter had remained pending, the trial court overruled appellant’s

motion for continuance from the bench.

       {¶4}    On April 29, 2010, based upon the testimony and evidence introduced at

the hearing, the trial court found appellant in “willful contempt of the Judgment Entry

filed *** on November 17, 2006.” The court accordingly ordered appellant to serve 10

days in the Summit County Jail unless he “purge[d] himself of said contempt by

removing the tax liens from [appellee’s] residence, providing proof of the required life

insurance policy, reimbursing [appellee] for the portion of the $12,176 she already paid




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and then assuming the payment plan with IRS, paying legal fees in sum of $4,070 to

Attorney David H. Ferguson and making arrangements for payment of the legal fees

owed to Buckingham Doolittle and Burroughs. [Appellant] shall have 90 days from the

date of filing this Judgment to complete the purge requirements.”

         {¶5}   Appellant appeals the above judgment and assigns three errors for our

review.1

         {¶6}   Appellant’s first assignment of error reads:

         {¶7}   “The trial court’s finding of indirect contempt violates due process under

the Ohio and U.S. Constitutions because appellant’s counsel never appeared on the

record to explain his absence and never had access to the disputed attorney fee bills

prior to the hearing.”

         {¶8}   Contempt is generally understood as a disregard for judicial authority.

See, e.g., Lough v. Lough (Nov. 5, 1999), 5th Dist. No. 98CA00120, 1999 Ohio App.

LEXIS 5272, *26.          “Contempt is either direct or indirect, depending on where it

happens.” Forrer v. Buckeye Speedway Inc., 9th Dist. No. 07C0027, 2008-Ohio-4770,

at ¶14. Direct contempt involves disruptive or defiant conduct that is committed in the

presence of the court, or sufficiently near, such that the administration of justice is

disrupted. Harvey v. Harvey, 9th Dist. Nos. 09CA0052 & 09CA0054, 2010-Ohio-4170,

at ¶4.     Indirect contempt, alternatively, occurs outside the court’s presence.                       See

Cincinnati v. Cincinnati Dist. Council 51 (1973), 35 Ohio St.2d 197, 202.


1. As a peremptory note, this court has held a contempt order is final and appealable where the trial court
makes both a finding of contempt and contemporaneously imposes an express penalty or sanction. See,
e.g., Noll v. Noll, 9th Dist. Nos. 01CA007932 and 01CA007976, 2002-Ohio-4154, at ¶13. In this case the
trial court found appellant in contempt and ordered him to serve 10 days in jail if he failed to purge within
90 days. As the order found appellant in contempt and imposed a specific, self-executing sanction, each
requirement has been met. Id.; see, also, Garrison v. Garrison (June 27, 1994), 9th Dist. No. 16242,
1994 Ohio App. LEXIS 2917, *5-*6. The matter is therefore properly before us for consideration.


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      {¶9}   Moreover, contempt proceedings may be either criminal or civil in nature.

Criminal and civil contempt serve different purposes in the judicial system and are

governed by different rules. Lough, supra, at *27. Civil contempt is pursued for the

benefit of a complainant and is therefore remedial in nature. In re Purola (1991), 73

Ohio App.3d 306, 311.     Alternatively, criminal contempt is usually characterized by

unconditional fines or prison sentences. Id. One charged and found guilty of civil

contempt must be allowed to purge him/herself of the contempt by showing compliance

with the court’s order he/she is charged with violating.   Id. at 312. In the case of

criminal contempt, however, there is no requirement that the individual charged be

given the opportunity to purge the contempt.

      {¶10} It is well-established that an alleged contemnor must be afforded due

process. See, e.g., Courtney v. Courtney (1984), 16 Ohio App.3d 329, 332. “The

essence of due process is the requirement that ‘a person in jeopardy of serious loss (be

given) notice of the case against him and opportunity to meet it.’” Mathews v. Eldridge

(1976), 424 U.S. 319, 348, quoting Joint Anti-Fascist Refugee Commt. v. McGrath

(1951), 341 U.S. 123, 171-172 (Frankfurter, J., concurring). Put differently, “*** due

process requires that the alleged contemnor have the right to notice of the charges

against him or her, a reasonable opportunity to defend against or explain such charges,

representation by counsel, and the opportunity to testify and to call other witnesses,

either by way of defense or explanation.” State ex rel. Miller v. Waller, 10th Dist. No.

04AP574, 2004-Ohio-6612, at ¶7. It is axiomatic, however, that due process is not

violated “*** if notice and an opportunity to be heard are given.” Thrower v. Akron, 9th

Dist. No. 21153, 2003-Ohio-1307, at ¶26.




                                           4
       {¶11} Before addressing the specific merits of appellant’s argument, it is

necessary to point out that the case was heard over the course of three separate days.

Although a transcript of the third and final day of hearings appears in the record,

appellant failed to have the first two days of hearings transcribed. As the court stated in

Knapp v. Laboratories (1980), 61 Ohio St.2d 197, 199:

       {¶12} “The duty to provide a transcript for appellate review falls upon the

appellant. This is necessarily so because an appellant bears the burden of showing

error by reference to matters in the record.        ***   When portions of the transcript

necessary for resolution of assigned errors are omitted from the record, the reviewing

court has nothing to pass upon and thus, as to those assigned errors, the court has no

choice but to presume the validity of the lower court’s proceedings, and affirm.”

       {¶13} Because we have no ability to review the substance of the testimony or

issues addressed during the first two days of hearings, any argument challenging the

actual merits of the trial court’s contempt ruling is waived.

       {¶14} With this in mind, we turn to appellant’s initial argument under his first

assignment of error. Appellant claims he was denied due process because he was

denied his right to counsel. Appellant is wrong.

       {¶15} Appellant, an attorney by trade, was proceeding pro se and there is no

indication he wished to enlist the services of independent counsel. Although appellant

ostensibly sent Attorney Brown to meet with the trial judge before the hearing, nothing

indicates Attorney Brown intended to appear on appellant’s behalf, and, even if he had

such intention, there is nothing in the record indicating the court prevented Attorney

Brown from testifying or making a formal appearance.




                                              5
      {¶16} We recognize that there is authority to support the proposition that an

indigent defendant is entitled to court-appointed counsel in contempt proceedings. See,

e.g., Burton v. Hootman, 5th Dist. No. 06-COA-016, 2007-Ohio-521, at ¶32. In this

case, however, there is nothing in the record indicating appellant was either indigent or,

more importantly, prevented from obtaining counsel. The record is clear that appellant,

as a pro se litigant, had notice of the proceedings, but simply failed to appear without

explanation.

      {¶17} Appellant next contends he was denied due process because the trial

court failed to make a record of its conversation with Attorney Brown. Contrary to

appellant’s suggestion, the fact that the court did not engage its court reporter to make a

record of the discussion it had with Attorney Brown in its chambers does not imply

appellant was deprived of his rights. There is no indication Attorney Brown desired to

be placed on record in appellant’s stead. Thus, there is nothing in the record to suggest

the court prevented appellant from attending the hearing or precluded him from being

represented at the proceedings. Appellant’s argument lacks merit.

      {¶18} Next, appellant cites Faulkner v. Pegram, 5th Dist. No. 2010CA00022,

2010-Ohio-6614 for the proposition that due process is violated when a contemnor fails

to appear at a contempt hearing and a court issues an order imposing a term of

incarceration. Faulkner, however, is distinguishable.

      {¶19} In Faulkner, the defendant was charged with criminal contempt. The court

observed that many of the constitutional safeguards required in criminal trials are also

present in criminal contempt proceedings. Id. at ¶15. Such safeguards include “*** the

right of the accused to be advised of the charges against him, to have a reasonable




                                            6
opportunity to meet the charges by way of explanation or defense, and the opportunity

to call other witnesses on his behalf.” Id. Despite the defendant’s absence, the court

found him in criminal contempt and sentenced him to 30 days in jail “without further

hearing.”   Id. at ¶16.   The Fifth Appellate District determined the imposition of the

criminal sentence in the defendant’s absence violated due process and therefore

required a reversal of the court’s judgment. Id.

       {¶20} Here, appellant was found to be in indirect civil contempt and given an

opportunity to purge the order within 90 days. Because the order was civil in nature and

the jail time was conditional, the analysis in Faulkner does not apply to this case.

       {¶21} Finally, appellant contends, by proceeding with the hearing in his absence,

the trial court violated Summit County Domestic Relations Loc.R. 13.04(A). That rule

states, in pertinent part: “The alleged contemnor must be present at the hearing in

order to proceed with contempt charges.”           Because the court proceeded with the

hearing in his absence, appellant contends his due process rights were violated. We

again disagree.

       {¶22} The record demonstrates that hearings on appellee’s show cause motion

were held over the course of three days. Appellant was present for the first two days.

Although he was absent on the third day of hearings, he had notice and an opportunity

to be heard. Appellant was present when the proceedings were initiated and was able

to defend himself accordingly. We therefore hold Loc.R. 13.04(A) to be inapplicable to

the instant case.

       {¶23} The trial court did not deny appellant due process and therefore his first

assignment of error is overruled.




                                             7
       {¶24} Appellant’s second assignment of error provides:

       {¶25} “The trial court abused its discretion when it denied the motion for

continuance.”

       {¶26} The decision to grant or deny a continuance is within a trial court’s

discretion. Carrico v. Carrico, 9th Dist. No. 08CA009394, 2009-Ohio-668, at ¶3. An

abuse of discretion connotes an attitude by the trial court that is arbitrary, capricious, or

unconscionable. In re N.P., 9th Dist. No. 23836, 2007-Ohio-5933, at ¶9. This court

must weigh the potential prejudice to a defendant against the trial court’s “‘right to

control its own docket and the public’s interest in the prompt and efficient dispatch of

justice.’” Id. State v. Unger (1981), 67 Ohio St.2d 65, 67. The Unger court further

explained:

       {¶27} “In evaluating a motion for a continuance a court should note inter alia: the

length of the delay requested; whether other continuances have been requested and

received; the inconvenience to litigants, witnesses, opposing counsel and the court;

whether the requested delay is for legitimate reasons or whether it is dilatory,

purposeful, or contrived; whether the defendant contributed to the circumstances which

give rise to the request for a continuance; and other relevant factors, depending on the

unique facts of each case.” Id. at 67-68.

       {¶28} As indicated above, appellant had notice of the hearing and an opportunity

to be heard. On April 16, 2010, however, appellant moved the court for a continuance

of the April 22, 2010 hearing to obtain further discovery relating to the attorney fees

appellee was seeking and/or had accrued. The motion had not been ruled upon prior to

April 22, 2010. Instead of hedging his bets and appearing at the previously scheduled




                                             8
hearing, appellant sent Attorney Brown to speak with the court. As the discussion

occurred off the record, we cannot speculate as to its substance.                  After the

conversation, Attorney Brown evidently left the court and the hearing commenced in

appellant’s absence.     Prior to taking testimony, the trial court overruled appellant’s

motion to continue from the bench, reasoning:

       {¶29} “This matter has been pending for over two years and it’s time to get it

concluded which is why the Court was of the opinion that if all we needed was some

information about attorney fees we could have gotten that at this hearing today and the

matter would be resolved and done.”

       {¶30} This matter had been pending since 2008. On March 3, 2010, the parties

received notice that the final hearing would be conducted on April 22, 2010. Six days

before the hearing, appellant filed his motion to continue, alleging appellee had failed to

provide certain documentation relating to the issue of attorney fees. Appellant claimed

he had attempted to obtain the evidence “throughout the past week,” but had received

no return calls from appellee’s counsel. Notwithstanding appellant’s representation that

appellee’s counsel failed to return his calls, the record indicates appellant filed his “first

set of interrogatories and request for production of documents” on the same date he

filed the motion for continuance. The matter had been pending for two years at the time

appellant filed his motion for discovery. Furthermore, appellant waited six weeks from

the hearing notice (March 3, 2010) to file his motion for production (April 16, 2010).

Finally, as indicated by the court, appellant’s concerns regarding appellee’s attorney

fees could have been addressed at the hearing on April 22, 2010. Appellant, however,




                                              9
failed to attend the hearing. Given the circumstances of this case, we therefore hold the

trial court did not act unreasonably or arbitrarily in denying the continuance.

       {¶31} Appellant’s second assignment of error is overruled.

       {¶32} Appellant’s third assignment of error provides:

       {¶33} “The trial court erred in ordering appellant to pay $27,775.00 in attorney

fees to Buckingham, Doolittle and Burroughs because the bills lack an hourly rate, lack

a total of hours worked, and [were] not supported by affidavit or witness testimony with

actual knowledge.”

       {¶34} Preliminarily, we note an appellate court reviews a trial court’s award of

attorney fees for an abuse of discretion. Rand v. Rand (1985), 18 Ohio St.3d 356, 359.

Unless the court’s order is arbitrary or unreasonable, we shall leave it undisturbed.

See, e.g., In re N.P., supra.

       {¶35} Here, appellant does not appear to dispute appellee’s entitlement to fees

and costs; rather, he complains that the summary bill of $27,755 for attorney fees to

Buckingham, Doolittle and Burroughs is insufficient to meet minimal requirements of

reasonableness. We disagree.

       {¶36} Summit County Domestic Relations Court Local Rule 25.04(B) provides:

       {¶37} “(1) Expert testimony is not required to prove the reasonableness of

attorney’s fees.

       {¶38} “(2) In determining the reasonableness of attorney’s fees requested, the

court shall consider the affidavit of the attorney concerning fees and expenses, and

Rule 1.5(a) of the Rules of Professional Conduct.”




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       {¶39} Plaintiff’s Exhibit 4, admitted at the hearing, is captioned: “Summary of

Attorney Fees Paid Buckingham Doolittle & Burroughs regarding innocent spouse.” The

document contains voluminous records, which purport to detail-specific services

rendered in the course of obtaining appellee’s status as an “innocent spouse.” The

exhibit, however, fails to indicate the specific amount of time attorneys for the firm spent

managing appellee’s representation on any of the listed dates. Similarly, none of the

documents indicate the hourly rates billed by attorneys representing appellee to achieve

innocent spouse status. Finally, while it appears at least seven separate individuals

(presumably attorneys) from the firm assisted appellee in achieving innocent spouse

status, there was no affidavit attached to Exhibit 4.

       {¶40} We acknowledge Exhibit 4 is general and ambiguous regarding how the

firm arrived at the ultimate fee total; we also acknowledge it lacks an affidavit from an

attorney attesting to the reasonableness of the fees themselves.                Under the

circumstances of this case, however, we find these deficiencies irrelevant.

       {¶41} The record indicates the fees at issue were not outstanding at the time of

the hearing. Rather, the record reflects appellee had previously paid these fees in the

course of obtaining “innocent spouse status” to avoid future (and perhaps nullify past)

penalties assessed by the IRS resulting from appellant’s failure to pay outstanding taxes

to which he was obligated under the separation agreement. Appellee, therefore, is not

asking appellant to cover unpaid attorney fees that were accumulated during the

pendency of the show cause motion; rather, she is seeking reimbursement for fees paid

in the course of separate proceedings to which she was a party as a result of

appellant’s apparent willful neglect of his obligations under the divorce decree.




                                             11
       {¶42} The record demonstrates the trial court incorporated the parties’

separation agreement into the final divorce decree.         Of relevance to the issue of

attorney fees is Section 12.3 of the separation agreement, which provides:

       {¶43} “It is expressly stipulated that if either party fails in the due performance of

any of his or her material obligations under this Agreement, the other party shall have

the right, at his or her election, to sue for damages for breach thereof, to sue for specific

performance, to rescind this Agreement, or to seek any other legal remedies as may be

available, and the defaulting party shall reimburse the nondefaulting party of any legal

fees and expenses for any services incurred in any action or proceeding to compel

performance hereunder. ***” (Emphasis added.)

       {¶44} Here, appellee was required to attain innocent spouse status to avoid tax

penalties for which she was not responsible. Although the fees were not incurred in a

proceeding to directly compel compliance with the separation agreement or divorce

decree, they were necessarily connected to and, perhaps, the first step in enforcing

compliance with the agreement and decree. Once appellee was declared an innocent

spouse, the tax liability became appellant’s sole legal obligation in the eyes of the IRS.

Although the proceedings leading to appellee being declared an innocent spouse were

not initiated to directly force appellant’s compliance with the divorce decree, the IRS will

assuredly use means that will compel appellant to lift the tax liens required by the

underlying decree which he has heretofore ignored. Given this construction, the fees

appellee incurred in the course of obtaining innocent spouse status could reasonably

fall within the gamut of reimbursable expenses contemplated by the parties’ agreement.




                                             12
       {¶45} Justice and equity also support the trial court’s decision requiring appellant

to reimburse appellee. Appellant failed to pay taxes that were his obligation under the

final decree which led to penalties for which appellee became partially, yet unfairly,

responsible. Appellee would not have incurred the litigation expenses of being declared

an innocent spouse had appellant met his obligations under the decree in a timely

manner. Appellant did not do so and, as a result, a persuasive case could be made that

he invited the expenses, regardless of their amount, in connection with the ancillary tax

litigation to which appellee became a reluctant party.

       {¶46} Exhibit 4 indicates the $27,775.26 fee bill had been paid and, at the

hearing, appellee testified she, in fact, paid this amount. Because the amount was

incurred due to appellant’s failure to comply with the divorce decree, we hold the trial

court did not abuse its discretion in requiring appellant to reimburse appellee for the

legal fees she expended to duly protect herself from the consequences of appellant’s

default.

       {¶47} One final point on this issue requires attention. In the underlying judgment

entry, the trial court required appellant to make “arrangements for payment of the legal

fees owed to Buckingham, Doolittle and Burroughs.” As already discussed, appellee

paid the fees to Buckingham, Doolittle and Burroughs. Thus, the order should have

required appellant to make arrangements to reimburse appellee for the fees she

previously paid to the firm. We therefore modify the trial court’s judgment to reflect that

appellant is required to direct payment of the $27,775.26 to appellee, not Buckingham,

Doolittle and Burroughs.

       {¶48} Appellant’s third assignment of error is overruled.




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       {¶49} For the reasons discussed in this opinion, the Summit County Court of

Common Pleas, Domestic Relations Division, is hereby modified and affirmed as

modified.



TIMOTHY P. CANNON, P.J.,
Eleventh Appellate District,
Sitting by assignment,

DIANE V. GRENDELL, J.,
Eleventh Appellate District,
Sitting by assignment,

concur.




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