               IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF IDAHO

                                       Docket No. 39287

STATE OF IDAHO,                                 )     2013 Opinion No. 61
                                                )
       Plaintiff-Respondent,                    )     Filed: November 14, 2013
                                                )
v.                                              )     Stephen W. Kenyon, Clerk
                                                )
FRANKLIN WARD OSTERHOUDT,                       )
                                                )
       Defendant-Appellant.                     )
                                                )

       Appeal from the District Court of the Fifth Judicial District, State of Idaho, Twin
       Falls County. Hon. G. Richard Bevan, District Judge.

       Judgment of conviction for rape, incest, and lewd conduct, affirmed.

       Sara B. Thomas, State Appellate Public Defender; Jason C. Pintler, Deputy
       Appellate Public Defender, Boise, for appellant. Jason Curtis Pintler argued.

       Hon. Lawrence G. Wasden, Attorney General; Daphne J. Huang, Deputy
       Attorney General, Boise, for respondent. Daphne J. Huang argued.
                 ________________________________________________
PERRY, Judge Pro Tem
       Franklin Ward Osterhoudt appeals from the judgment of conviction entered upon the jury
verdict finding him guilty of rape, Idaho Code §§ 18-6101, 18-6104; incest, I.C. §§ 18-6602, 18-
112; and two counts of lewd conduct with a minor under sixteen, I.C. § 18-1508. Specifically,
Osterhoudt challenges the district court’s order allowing the State to present evidence of his
uncharged misconduct over his objection and challenges the district court’s ruling admitting
recordings of his telephone conversations as substantive evidence. We affirm.
                                               I.
                    FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
       Osterhoudt was arrested after his fifteen-year-old daughter, H.O., disclosed that he had
been sexually abusing her. Osterhoudt was charged with five counts of lewd conduct with a
minor under sixteen, one count of incest, and one count of rape. The case went to trial three
times. The first trial resulted in a mistrial after the jury was unable to reach a unanimous



                                               1
decision. Prior to the second trial, the State provided notice that it would seek to present
evidence of prior bad acts committed by Osterhoudt pursuant to I.R.E. 404(b). Osterhoudt
objected and an evidentiary hearing was held, wherein the State presented evidence
demonstrating that when H.O. was five years old, she reported to authorities that Osterhoudt
sexually abused her.     The district court found that such evidence may become relevant if
Osterhoudt presented evidence that H.O. recently fabricated the charged allegations. The district
court also ruled that evidence that Osterhoudt had provided methamphetamine to H.O. when she
was fourteen years old would be admissible for the purpose of showing that he “groomed” her
for sex.
        The second trial resulted in guilty verdicts on all seven counts against Osterhoudt.
However, the district court granted a new trial after finding that the prosecutor committed
misconduct during closing arguments. Prior to the third trial, the State again provided notice that
it would seek to present evidence of prior bad acts, pursuant to I.R.E. 404(b), and the district
court held that the previous court’s ruling, made prior to the second trial, would apply to the third
trial. Osterhoudt also filed a motion in limine to exclude recordings of telephone conversations
between himself and defense witnesses that occurred while he was incarcerated. The State
alleged that the telephone conversations demonstrated an effort by Osterhoudt and defense
witnesses to coordinate their testimonies. The district court ruled, based on late disclosure, that
the recordings would not be admitted in the State’s case-in-chief.
       During the third trial, H.O. testified that Osterhoudt sexually abused her between the ages
of eleven and fourteen.     She further testified that Osterhoudt regularly provided her with
methamphetamine. Defense witnesses testified that H.O. fabricated the allegations because she
was angry her father was forbidding her to see her nineteen-year-old boyfriend. In rebuttal, the
State presented testimony from H.O. that she had reported sexual abuse by Osterhoudt when she
was five years old.
       Additionally, during cross-examination of defense witnesses, the witnesses implied that
they had no discussions with each other or with the defendant regarding the coordination of their
testimonies. Based on that testimony, the district court ruled that the recordings of the telephone
conversations between Osterhoudt and defense witnesses had become relevant to show bias.
Thereafter, over the objection of Osterhoudt, the State played the recordings to the jury.




                                                 2
       The jury found Osterhoudt guilty of rape, incest, and two counts of lewd conduct with a
minor under sixteen. The district court imposed a concurrent unified term of life with twenty-
five years determinate for each count of lewd conduct and for the rape conviction. The court
also imposed a concurrent determinate term of twenty-five years for the incest conviction.
Osterhoudt appeals.
                                                II.
                                           ANALYSIS
       Osterhoudt claims: (1) the district court erred by allowing the State to present evidence
that he provided methamphetamine to H.O.; (2) the district court erred by allowing the State to
present testimony that H.O. reported that she was sexually abused when she was five years old;
(3) the district court erred by admitting into evidence the recordings of phone conversations
between Osterhoudt and defense witnesses; and (4) the accumulation of errors deprived
Osterhoudt of a fair trial. We discuss each issue in turn.
A.     Providing Methamphetamine to H.O.
       Osterhoudt asserts that evidence he provided methamphetamine to H.O. was improper
character evidence of prior bad acts. The evidence rule in question, I.R.E. 404(b), provides:
               Evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is not admissible to prove the
       character of a person in order to show that the person acted in conformity
       therewith. It may, however, be admissible for other purposes, such as proof of
       motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, or absence of
       mistake or accident, provided that the prosecution in a criminal case shall file and
       serve notice reasonably in advance of trial, or during trial if the court excuses
       pretrial notice on good cause shown, of the general nature of any such evidence it
       intends to introduce at trial.

       This rule prohibits introduction of evidence of acts other than the crime for which a
defendant is charged if its probative value is entirely dependent upon its tendency to demonstrate
the defendant’s propensity to engage in such behavior. State v. Grist, 147 Idaho 49, 54, 205 P.3d
1185, 1190 (2009); see also State v. Avila, 137 Idaho 410, 412, 49 P.3d 1260, 1262 (Ct. App.
2002). Of course, evidence of a prior crime, wrong, or act may implicate a person’s character
while also being relevant and admissible for some permissible purpose, such as those listed in the
rule. See State v. Pepcorn, 152 Idaho 678, 688-89, 273 P.3d 1271, 1281-82 (2012).
       When determining the admissibility of evidence to which a Rule 404(b) objection has
been made, the trial court must first determine whether there is sufficient evidence of the other


                                                 3
acts that a reasonable jury could find the conduct actually occurred. If so, then the court must
consider: (1) whether the other acts are relevant to a materially-disputed issue concerning the
crime charged, other than propensity; and (2) whether the probative value is substantially
outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice. Grist, 147 Idaho at 52, 205 P.3d at 1188; State v.
Parmer, 147 Idaho 210, 214, 207 P.3d 186, 190 (Ct. App. 2009). On appeal, this Court defers to
the trial court’s determination that there is sufficient evidence of the other acts if it is supported
by substantial and competent evidence in the record. Parmer, 147 Idaho at 214, 207 P.3d at 190.
In this case, Osterhoudt does not challenge the sufficiency of the evidence to allow a finding that
he provided methamphetamine to H.O. Therefore, we address only the relevancy and unfair
prejudice issues. However, we exercise free review of the trial court’s relevancy determination.
State v. Sheldon, 145 Idaho 225, 229, 178 P.3d 28, 32 (2008). The trial court’s balancing of the
probative value of the evidence against the danger of unfair prejudice will not be disturbed
unless we find an abuse of discretion. State v. Norton, 151 Idaho 176, 190, 254 P.3d 77, 91 (Ct.
App. 2011).
       As discussed above, Osterhoudt objected to the use of I.R.E. 404(b) evidence. The
district court held an evidentiary hearing wherein H.O. testified that Osterhoudt offered her
methamphetamine on a regular basis from April 20, 2005, to November 30, 2006. She also
testified that on two occasions, Osterhoudt used methamphetamine to bribe her to have sexual
intercourse with him. 1    Additionally, she testified that she quit using methamphetamine in
September of 2006, although Osterhoudt continued to offer her methamphetamine until she went
into foster care on November 30, 2006.
       Based on this testimony, the district court found that there was sufficient evidence for a
reasonable jury to believe that Osterhoudt offered H.O. methamphetamine in exchange for sexual
intercourse. Further, the district court found that the evidence was relevant to Count I which
charged that Osterhoudt committed lewd conduct between November 1, 2006, and November 30,
2006, 2 because the evidence was “probative of a continuing criminal design by the defendant to
cultivate a relationship with [H.O.] to induce her submission to his sexual demands.” The court

1
       The first bribe occurred in June and the second bribe occurred in July. However, it is
unclear from the record whether these bribes occurred in 2005 or 2006.
2
        Osterhoudt’s other charges stemmed from events that occurred prior to April 2005, the
date he allegedly started offering H.O. methamphetamine.

                                                  4
relied on the rationale of State v. Blackstead, 126 Idaho 14, 878 P.2d 188 (Ct. App. 1994) in
reaching its conclusion. Additionally, the district court conducted an I.R.E. 403 balancing test
and concluded that the probative value was not substantially outweighed by unfair prejudice.
       On appeal, Osterhoudt claims evidence that he bribed H.O. with methamphetamine is not
relevant to Count I because it alleges bribery prior to November 1, 2006. Therefore, he argues
that the evidence is not tied to Count I but instead is only probative of his bad character.
Osterhoudt also contends that the probative value, if any, is minimal and substantially
outweighed by unfair prejudice.       Additionally, Osterhoudt argues that the rationale in
Blackstead, relied on by the district court, is questionable in light of the Idaho Supreme Court’s
decision in Grist.
       We first address Osterhoudt’s implication that the Blackstead analysis is no longer valid.
In Blackstead, this Court determined evidence that the defendant provided the victim with drugs
was relevant to a charge of lewd and lascivious conduct because it indicated an ongoing scheme
to accomplish sexual contact with the victim. Blackstead, 126 Idaho at 19-20, 878 P.2d at 193-
94. In that case, Blackstead engaged in three episodes of criminal conduct. In the first episode,
the victim went to Blackstead’s residence and Blackstead provided her with marijuana and
“crank” and then engaged in sexual intercourse with her. Following the incident, Blackstead
took the victim back to her house and gave her forty dollars and a bag of marijuana. Blackstead
was charged with lewd conduct for this episode. The second episode occurred several days later
when Blackstead went to the victim’s house, provided her with more marijuana and “crank,”
asked her if she could “slip away,” but the victim declined and no sexual contact occurred.
Blackstead was not charged with criminal conduct for the second episode. The third episode
occurred weeks later when Blackstead had more sexual contact with the victim. Blackstead was
charged with lewd conduct for the third episode involving sexual contact. This Court held that
evidence of Blackstead providing drugs to the victim during the second episode was relevant to
the charge of lewd conduct stemming from the third episode because it was probative of
Blackstead’s “grooming” of the victim for sexual purposes. Id. at 20, 878 P.2d at 194.
       Here, Osterhoudt implies that the Grist holding makes Blackstead obsolete. In Grist, the
Idaho Supreme Court stated that “trial courts must carefully scrutinize evidence offered as
‘corroboration’ or as demonstrating a ‘common scheme or plan’ in order to avoid the erroneous
introduction of evidence that is merely probative of the defendant’s propensity to engage in


                                                5
criminal behavior.” However, the Grist decision did not eliminate the ability to admit evidence
of a common scheme or plan if the evidence serves its articulated purpose. Grist, 147 Idaho at
55, 205 P.3d at 1191.
       More to the point, in State v. Truman, 150 Idaho 714, 720, 249 P.3d 1169, 1175 (Ct. App.
2010), this Court upheld the rationale in Blackstead. In that case, this Court analyzed a similar
issue regarding “grooming” and stated, “we find our decision in [Blackstead] to be instructive
and to have continued applicability even in light of our Supreme Court’s Rule 404(b)
clarifications in Grist and [State v. Johnson, 148 Idaho 664, 227 P.3d 918 (2010)].” Truman,
150 Idaho at 720, 249 P.3d at 1175. In explaining how Blackstead survived Grist, we stated:
       What the Grist Court found to be problematic was the “exception” that had
       essentially been carved out of Rule 404(b) for child sex abuse cases--thus
       allowing other acts evidence to be admitted if the barest of similarities were
       present. Blackstead, however, did not rely on this “exception,” but rather
       presented a reasoned analysis of the use of prior acts evidence for the purpose of
       showing a continuing criminal design (“grooming”) as to the same victim, which
       the Court concluded was a permissible use of evidence for an objective other than
       demonstrating a defendant’s character or propensity.

Truman, 150 Idaho at 722, 249 P.3d at 1177.
       Next, we address Osterhoudt’s contention that the evidence was not relevant to Count I
because the methamphetamine bribes were not “tied” to the charges in Count I. Here, evidence
was presented to the district court that Osterhoudt first provided methamphetamine to H.O. on
April 20, 2005, and thereafter provided her with methamphetamine or offered her
methamphetamine regularly until she went into foster care on November 30, 2006. H.O. testified
that during this time period, Osterhoudt offered her methamphetamine in exchange for sexual
intercourse on at least two specific occasions.     H.O. also testified that she stopped using
methamphetamine in September 2006, but nonetheless Osterhoudt continued to offer her
methamphetamine until she went into foster care.
       We conclude that evidence of Osterhoudt’s act of providing methamphetamine to H.O. in
exchange for sexual intercourse was admissible to show “grooming.”             It indicates that
Osterhoudt repeatedly used a highly-addictive drug as a tool to obtain H.O.’s submission to his
sexual demands. As discussed in Blackstead, evidence of Osterhoudt’s use of methamphetamine
as a tool to seduce H.O. and reward her for her submission is relevant to demonstrate the
criminal design he employed to accomplish the acts he is criminally charged with. Even though


                                               6
Osterhoudt did not provide H.O. with methamphetamine in November 2006--when the charged
offense occurred--his previous pattern of providing H.O. with the addictive drug was relevant to
show he was cultivating a controlling relationship over H.O., allowing him to sexually abuse her
in November 2006. Therefore, similar to our determination in Truman, Osterhoudt’s act of
repeatedly offering H.O. methamphetamine demonstrates his continuing criminal design to
achieve submission to his sexual demands. See Truman, 150 Idaho at 722, 249 P.3d at 1177
(holding that the defendant’s sexual comments towards the victim, the act of showing the victim
pornography, the use of rewards and punishments depending on whether the victim gave in to the
defendant’s sexual demands, and the sexual acts the two engaged in were admissible evidence to
establish “grooming”). Thus, the evidence was relevant to demonstrate the criminal design used
by Osterhoudt to enable him the opportunity to have sexual intercourse with H.O. during the
time frame alleged in Count I.
       Osterhoudt claims that the probative value of the evidence was substantially outweighed
by its prejudicial effect. Osterhoudt argues that the evidence was prejudicial because it allowed
the jury to consider his “ill character” rather than considering the evidence directly related to
Count I. The district court recognized that the evidence was prejudicial, but found that the
probative value was not substantially outweighed by prejudicial effect. Further, immediately
following H.O.’s testimony regarding methamphetamine, the district court provided the jury with
a limiting instruction:
               I just wanted to indicate to the jury that evidence has been introduced that
       the defendant has committed crimes, wrongs, or acts other than that for which the
       defendant is on trial. Such evidence if believed is not to be considered by you to
       pro[ve] the defendant’s character or [that] the defendant has a disposition to
       commit crimes. Such evidence may be considered by you only for the limited
       purpose of proof o[f] plan to commit a charged offense in this case.

       We presume that the jury followed the district court’s instructions. See State v. Kilby,
130 Idaho 747, 751, 947 P.2d 420, 424 (Ct. App. 1997); State v. Hudson, 129 Idaho 478, 481,
927 P.2d 451, 454 (Ct. App. 1996). Therefore, based on the probative value of the evidence and
the limiting instruction lessening the prejudicial effect, we conclude that the district court did not
err in allowing evidence that Osterhoudt offered H.O. methamphetamine in exchange for sexual
intercourse.




                                                  7
B.     Prior Disclosure Evidence
       Osterhoudt claims the district court erred by allowing the State to present evidence, in
rebuttal and pursuant to I.R.E. 404(b), that H.O. reported he engaged in sexual contact with her
when she was five years old. Prior to the second trial, the State provided notice of its intent to
present testimony that when H.O. was five years old she disclosed to authorities that Osterhoudt
had sexually touched her (prior disclosure). The district court found that the prior disclosure and
the instant charges were “too attenuated to establish relevance under [I.R.E.] 404(b).” However,
the district court stated that if the defendant presented evidence at trial that H.O. “made up” the
charged allegations because she was angry with Osterhoudt, then evidence of the prior disclosure
may become relevant. As discussed above, this ruling was applied to the third trial as well.
       At trial, defense counsel presented several witnesses who testified that H.O. fabricated
the charges because she was angry with Osterhoudt for forbidding her from seeing her nineteen-
year-old boyfriend. Thereafter, the State requested permission to present the prior disclosure.
The district court ruled that the door had been opened for the prior disclosure to be admitted for
the limited purpose of rebutting Osterhoudt’s claim that H.O. fabricated the charges.
       On appeal, Osterhoudt claims that the prior disclosure was not relevant because it did not
actually rebut the allegation that H.O. fabricated the charges. Osterhoudt’s defense theory was
that H.O. had a motive to fabricate the charges in order to continue seeing her boyfriend. The
prior disclosure directly rebuts this claim by showing that H.O. disclosed an incident of sexual
abuse to authorities prior to the alleged motive to fabricate. As the district court stated, “there
does not appear to be the presence of other improper motive” for H.O. to make the prior
disclosure. Thus, the prior disclosure rebuts the allegation of recent fabrication and is relevant.
       Further, even if H.O.’s testimony about the prior disclosure was improper rebuttal, the
prior disclosure is still relevant to corroborate the testimony of Detective White. Detective
White testified earlier in the trial that H.O. disclosed to authorities when she was five years old
that Osterhoudt had touched her inappropriately. A witness’s credibility is always relevant.
State v. Hairston, 133 Idaho 496, 503, 988 P.2d 1170, 1177 (1999); State v. Arledge, 119 Idaho
584, 588, 808 P.2d 1329, 1333 (Ct. App. 1991). Accordingly, H.O.’s testimony about the prior
disclosure is relevant to demonstrate Detective White’s credibility.
       Osterhoudt also claims that the probative value of the prior disclosure is substantially
outweighed by unfair prejudice. He argues that the evidence is highly prejudicial because it


                                                  8
suggests that Osterhoudt sexually abused H.O. significantly longer than the charges alleged. The
district court conducted an I.R.E. 403 analysis and concluded that the probative value was not
substantially outweighed by unfair prejudice. We agree. First, the evidence is highly probative
of H.O.’s credibility. The record demonstrates that Osterhoudt’s defense focused on discrediting
H.O. and alleging that she fabricated the charges.          The prior disclosure shows that H.O.
complained of sexual abuse well before her alleged motive to fabricate arose. Second, the prior
disclosure was not highly prejudicial because a different witness had already testified about it.
During the trial, the lead investigator, Detective White, provided testimony regarding her
investigation into H.O.’s claims.     When cross-examining Detective White, defense counsel
initiated a line of questioning regarding her investigation tactics:
       DEFENSE COUNSEL:                Okay. And this is the first time that these
                                       allegations were disclosed to anyone, correct?
       WHITE:                          No, that’s not true.
       DEFENSE COUNSEL:                This was the first time to your understanding that
                                       these allegations had been disclosed; is that correct?
       WHITE:                          No, that’s not true.

       Later, outside the presence of the jury, defense counsel objected, arguing that “this
witness is trying to put before the jury uncharged [I.R.E.] 404(b) conduct.” Based on defense
counsel’s entire cross-examination, the district court concluded that the door had been “kicked
down” for the witness to testify about the prior disclosure.              Accordingly, on redirect
examination, the State asked Detective White when H.O. first disclosed the allegations. Defense
counsel objected on the basis of hearsay, and the district court overruled the objection and
provided the jury with a limiting instruction. Thereafter, Detective White testified that when
H.O. was five years old, she disclosed that Osterhoudt sexually abused her.
       Osterhoudt does not claim on appeal that the district court erred by allowing Detective
White to testify about the prior disclosure; nor does he assert that the door was not opened to
allow such testimony. Instead, he only complains that the district court erred when H.O. testified
about the prior disclosure. However, given Detective White’s testimony, Osterhoudt has not
shown how H.O.’s own testimony about the prior disclosure would amount to prejudice as the
evidence was already before the jury. Further, following H.O.’s testimony, the district court
provided the jury with another limiting instruction. Therefore, based on the foregoing, we
conclude that the district court did not err by allowing H.O. to testify about the prior disclosure.



                                                  9
C.      Recordings of Telephone Conversations
        Osterhoudt claims that the district court erred by allowing audio recordings of telephone
conversations between Osterhoudt and defense witnesses to be admitted as substantive evidence.
Osterhoudt argues that even if the recordings were admissible to show bias, they were still
hearsay and should not have been admitted for the truth of the statements made. The State
claims the issue is unpreserved because Osterhoudt did not request that the district court provide
the jury with an instruction limiting the use of the recordings. Therefore, the State asserts
Osterhoudt is required to meet the fundamental error standard. 3
        One of Osterhoudt’s lewd conduct charges stemmed from an alleged incident that
occurred the night of January 1, 2006. H.O. testified that on that night, she asked Osterhoudt if
she could go to a movie with her friends. Osterhoudt allegedly told her that she could only go if
she would have sex with him and then took her outside to the lambing shed and had sexual
intercourse with her. Multiple defense witnesses testified that they were working in the lambing
shed during the time H.O. claimed Osterhoudt had sex with her.
        Following the defense’s presentation of evidence, the State sought to admit, as rebuttal
evidence, recordings between Osterhoudt and certain defense witnesses.           The recordings
contained statements from defense witnesses stating that the family discussed the case together,
read and distributed letters to each other regarding Osterhoudt’s “story,” and “refreshed” each
other’s memories. Additionally, the recordings also contained statements about Osterhoudt’s
lambing shed. Specifically, the recordings indicated that the lambing shed did not contain any
lambs on January 1, 2006, and that the lambing process generally began in February or March.
This contradicted defense witnesses’ testimonies indicating that they were working inside the
lambing shed on January 1, 2006. Osterhoudt objected to the recordings on the basis of hearsay
and relevance. The district court overruled the hearsay objection, finding that the recordings
were presumably being admitted for impeachment purposes.           The court also overruled the
relevance objection, finding that the recordings were direct evidence of the witnesses’ bias. In
its ruling, the district court stated:




3
        The fundamental error standard applies to unobjected to errors before the district court.
State v. Perry, 150 Idaho 209, 226, 245 P.3d 961, 978 (2010).

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       We’re talking about bias, and I guess to put it uncharitably and maybe the most
       extreme inference again, fabrication or concocting of testimony. The witnesses
       testified to that. Their motive, their bias is all relevant.
                ....
                So bias is not collateral and bias is not something that is limited
       necessarily by the impeachment rule of prior inconsistent statements. And here
       by bias we have an effort where an inference can be drawn strongly from these
       recordings that there was an effort to coordinate testimony which was denied
       directly on the stand.
                So in this case, to exclude this evidence would be to hide some of the most
       relevant evidence about the truth of the witnesses[’] testimony from the jury. It’s
       not merely impeaching. It is hugely relevant if it is the type of evidence that is
       direct evidence.

Following the district court’s ruling, the State published the recordings to the jury.
       On appeal, Osterhoudt argues that the recordings were hearsay and therefore should not
have been admitted for the truth of their content. Hearsay is defined as “a statement, other than
one made by the declarant while testifying at the trial or hearing, offered in evidence to prove the
truth of the matter asserted.” I.R.E. 801(c). Based on our review of the record, we conclude that
the statements were not inadmissible as hearsay.         The recordings contained two types of
statements--statements made by defense witnesses and statements made by Osterhoudt. The
statements made by defense witnesses were not hearsay because they were not offered to prove
the truth of the statements made on the recordings. Rather, the statements were offered to
demonstrate the bias of the defense witnesses and to impeach their testimony that was
inconsistent with statements in the recordings.        Osterhoudt’s own statements, pursuant to
I.R.E. 801(d)(2), were not hearsay as they were statements made by a party-opponent. Pursuant
to I.R.E. 801(d)(2), statements are not hearsay if the statement is offered against a party and is
the party’s own statement, in either an individual or a representative capacity. Therefore, the
district court did not err in overruling Osterhoudt’s hearsay objection.
       Osterhoudt could have requested and received an instruction limiting the scope of the
evidence to impeachment of defense witnesses. Whether a court is required to give a limiting
instruction sua sponte is a question of law. State v. Moore, 131 Idaho 814, 823, 965 P.2d 174,
183 (1998). This Court reviews questions of law de novo. Id. Pursuant to I.R.E. 105, 4 the




4
       Idaho Rule of Evidence 105 states:

                                                 11
district court is only required to give a limiting instruction when a party requests such an
instruction. Id. Therefore, the district court did not err in failing to give a limiting instruction
sua sponte. 5
        Additionally, Osterhoudt claims that the State used the recordings in their closing
argument for a hearsay purpose as evidence of the truth of the statements in the recordings.
During closing arguments, defense counsel argued that defense witnesses testified that they were
working in the lambing shed on January 1, 2006, and that such testimony was not rebutted. In
rebuttal closing argument, the prosecutor said, “That’s not true. The tape recordings clearly
rebut that testimony from a very good source: The defendant himself on that tape. And I would
focus your attention to Exhibit 71 and 72, he said: There’s no sheep. He said it wasn’t lambing
season.” There was nothing impermissible in this argument. As explained above, Osterhoudt’s
own statements on the recordings were not hearsay and were admissible to prove the truth of the
matter asserted. Therefore, the prosecutor was entitled to refer to Osterhoudt’s own admissions
on the tape as evidence that it was not lambing season and there was no one working in the
lambing sheds.
D.      Cumulative Error
        Osterhoudt claims that the accumulation of errors at trial deprived him of a fair trial. The
cumulative error doctrine refers to an accumulation of irregularities, each of which by itself
might be harmless, but when aggregated, show the absence of a fair trial in contravention of the
defendant’s right to due process. Moore, 131 Idaho at 823, 965 P.2d at 183. The presence of
errors alone, however, does not require the reversal of a conviction because, under due process, a
defendant is entitled to a fair trial, not an error-free trial. Id. Osterhoudt has failed to show that
two or more errors occurred in his trial, and therefore the doctrine is inapplicable in this case.




               When evidence which is admissible as to one party or for one purpose but
        not admissible as to another party or for another purpose is admitted, the court,
        upon request, shall restrict the evidence to its proper scope and instruct the jury
        accordingly.
5
        See also United States v. Multi-Management, Inc., 743 F.2d 1359, 1364 (9th Cir. 1984)
(“It is well-settled that where no limiting instruction is requested concerning evidence of other
criminal acts, the failure of the trial court to give such an instruction sua sponte is not reversible
error.”).

                                                 12
                                                 III.
                                          CONCLUSION
       Osterhoudt has failed to demonstrate reversible error in the district court’s evidentiary
rulings. Accordingly, Osterhoudt’s judgment of conviction for rape, incest, and lewd conduct is
affirmed.
       Chief Judge GUTIERREZ CONCURS.
       Judge LANSING, CONCURRING IN THE RESULT
       I concur in all parts of the majority opinion except the conclusion in Section II(B) that
H.O.’s testimony that she had reported sexual abuse by Osterhoudt when she five years old was
relevant to rebut the defense allegation that H.O. had recently fabricated the allegations for
which Osterhoudt was charged. According to the majority opinion, H.O.’s own testimony about
the prior disclosure is relevant to rebut the defense claim that H.O. fabricated the charges after
Osterhoudt forbade her to see her boyfriend. While I agree that evidence of a disclosure made
prior to the alleged motive to lie would be relevant to rebut the defense claim, logic tells me that
to be relevant such evidence must come from a source other than H.O.’s testimony. 1 Her own
testimony about a prior disclosure cannot logically rebut a claim of recent fabrication because
H.O.’s testimony in court is itself presented after the alleged motive to fabricate arose. What is
needed to rebut a claim of recent fabrication is evidence from a source other than the testimony
of the alleged fabricator showing that the alleged fabricator made the same or similar accusations
before the existence of the motive to lie. If H.O. had a motive to fabricate at the time of trial, her
testimony that she reported sex abuse at age five is just as likely to be fabricated as her testimony
that she was sexually abused from ages eleven to fourteen. Logically, her trial testimony about a
prior disclosure does not reduce the probability that H.O. is lying about the charged offenses.
       The majority opinion holds, in substance, that H.O.’s testimony about the prior disclosure
somehow corroborates her testimony about the subsequent abuse, but in my view that idea is
without support and logic. The Idaho Supreme Court recently cautioned against admission of
evidence for corroboration when it does not actually serve that function. In State v. Grist, 147



1
       Indeed, our hearsay rule expressly provides that evidence of an out-of-court statement is
not inadmissible hearsay if it is consistent with the declarant’s testimony and offered to rebut a
charge against a declarant of recent fabrication or improper influence or motive. Idaho Rule of
Evidence 801(d)(1).

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Idaho 49, 53-54, 205 P.3d 1185, 1189-90 (2009), the Court said: “[W]e wish to emphasize that
evidence offered for the purpose of ‘corroboration’ must actually serve that purpose; the courts
of this state must not permit the introduction of impermissible propensity evidence merely by
relabeling it as ‘corroborative’ or as evidence of a ‘common scheme or plan.’” The Court went
on to define the verb “corroborate” in part by stating that “the testimony of a witness is said to be
corroborated when it is shown to correspond with the representation of some other witnesses, or
to comport with some facts otherwise known or established.” Id. at 54, 205 P.3d at 1190
(quoting BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY 311 (5th ed. 1979)). That definition requires that the
corroboration come from a different witness or other independent source of facts and does not
encompass one witness bolstering her own allegations by making some additional, different
allegations. See State v. Witmer, 118 N.W.2d 510, 512 (Neb. 1962) (“If a witness testifies that
criminal intercourse was had upon one day, the fact that she testifies that a like act was had upon
another occasion does not corroborate her testimony.”).
       Fortunately for the State, however, there was other evidence of H.O.’s prior disclosure.
As noted in the majority opinion, Detective White testified that H.O. had reported sexual abuse
by Osterhoudt when she was five years old.            That testimony, which is not challenged by
Osterhoudt on appeal, plainly was relevant to rebut the defense theory that H.O. was motivated
by Osterhoudt’s impeding her relationship with her boyfriend. I conclude that after Detective
White, an independent source of the information, had testified to the prior disclosure, H.O.’s own
testimony verifying that she had disclosed abuse when she was five years old was at least
marginally relevant to corroborate Detective White’s testimony.           I also concur with the
majority’s conclusion that the probative value of H.O.’s testimony on this point was not
outweighed by the risk of unfair prejudice. Therefore, I concur in the ultimate conclusion that
H.O.’s testimony was properly admitted, but only for the purpose of corroborating Detective
White, and not for the purpose of corroborating herself by purportedly rebutting the defense
theory of recent fabrication.




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