                                                                             F I L E D
                                                                      United States Court of Appeals
                                                                              Tenth Circuit
                      UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                            August 22, 2005
                                     TENTH CIRCUIT
                                                                         PATRICK FISHER
                                                                                  Clerk

 WILLIAM B. DEMPSEY; ERIC J.
 GARCIA; CHARLES W. HENSLEY,
 II; CHARLES R. WOOLSONCROFT,

          Plaintiffs - Appellants,                         No. 04-3347
                                                            (Kansas)
 v.                                                (D.Ct. No. 03-CV-2009-CM)

 CITY OF BALDWIN, Mayor, City
 Administrator, and City Council,

          Defendant - Appellee.


                             ORDER AND JUDGMENT *


Before TACHA, ANDERSON, and O’BRIEN, Circuit Judges.



      After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined

unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist the determination of

this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is

therefore ordered submitted without oral argument.



      *
          This order and judgment is not binding precedent except under the doctrines of
law of the case, res judicata and collateral estoppel. The court generally disfavors the
citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order and judgment may be cited under
the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.
      Former and current police officers of the Baldwin City Police Department

sued the City of Baldwin, Kansas (the City) and others, alleging the Mayor, as the

final policymaker for the City, terminated the employment of two of the officers

and caused various adverse employment actions against all of them in violation of

the First and Fourteenth Amendments and Kansas state law. The district court

granted summary judgment in favor of the City after determining the final

policymaker for personnel issues was the City Council, not the Mayor. Exercising

jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we AFFIRM.

                                     Background

      In March 2001, Appellants Corporal William Dempsey, Officers Charles

Hensley, Eric Garcia and Charles Woolsoncroft (collectively “Appellants”) were

police officers for the City. 1 At that time, the Baldwin Police Department (the

Department) was comprised of Chief Steve Butell, Sergeant Colleen Larson, the

Appellants, Officer Glendon Rhea, Animal Control Officer Tara Craig and School

Resource Officer Suzanne Evinger. The City is a “city of the third class” 2




      1
        Appellants began their employment with the Baldwin Police Department on the
following dates: Dempsey, April 15, 1996; Garcia, March 13-14,1999; Hensley, July 13,
1999; and Woolsoncroft, August 21, 2000.
      2
        KAN. STAT. ANN. § 15-101 defines a “city of the third class” as a town with no
more than 2,000 residents.

                                           -2-
governed by a five member City Council 3 and a Mayor. The City’s charter

ordinance authorizes the Mayor to appoint three officers: the City Magistrate, the

City Attorney and the City Treasurer. The remainder of the City’s officers are

appointed by the City Administrator who has the authority to fire, with review if

requested by the employee, by the City Council. At the time relevant to this

lawsuit, the recently-elected Ken Hayes was serving as Mayor, 4 Larry Paine was

the City Administrator and Bob Bezek was the City Attorney.

      In the fall of 2000, shortly after Woolsoncroft was hired, Garcia, Rhea and

Woolsoncroft rented a townhouse together. At some time during October 2000

through March 2001, Garcia and Woolsoncroft witnessed Rhea serving alcohol to

underage college students on several occasions. They also observed him arrive

home in his car after consuming excessive amounts of alcohol. Woolsoncroft

reported these incidents to his immediate supervisor, Cpl. Dempsey, anywhere

from one day to one week after the incidents occurred. Dempsey verbally relayed

the information to Sgt. Larson and Chief Butell. At some point (Dempsey

believes it was in February 2001), Butell told Dempsey to instruct the officers to

put their complaints about Rhea in writing.

      On March 11-12, 2001, Officers Woolsoncroft, Garcia and Hensley

      3
       At the time of the events leading to Appellants’ lawsuit, the Council members
were George McCrary, Ken Wagner, Ed Cohen, Marilyn Pearse and J.R. Brecheisen.
      4
          Mayor Hayes was elected in April 2001, and took office in May 2001.

                                           -3-
submitted memos to Dempsey, addressed to Chief Butell, regarding their concerns

about Rhea’s behavior. Woolsoncroft’s letter stated that during recent routine

patrols, Rhea made statements “of a psychiatric nature” regarding Rhea’s paranoia

and anxiety attacks. (R. Vol. 3 at 688). Woolsoncroft also reported Rhea

appeared angry while at work; an attitude that Woolsoncroft believed raised

safety issues for the public and other officers while Rhea continued as a police

officer. In addition, Woolsoncroft stated he personally observed Rhea engage in

various ethical violations such as following a motorist out of his jurisdiction and

then falsely reporting he observed a violation within the City’s limits.

Woolsoncroft renewed his previous accusations regarding Rhea’s driving while

intoxicated and complained he was taking excessive breaks, causing dissension

among the officers and degrading his fellow officers to other officers in the

Department and to people in other agencies. Woolsoncroft concluded with his

belief that Rhea should be released from his duties because he is “too

unpredictable and unreliable to assist any officer at this time.” (Id. at 696.)

      The memos written by Officers Hensley and Garcia reported an incident

that occurred after Rhea returned from a call with the county sheriff’s office

responding to a house alarm. Hensley and Garcia stated that upon Rhea’s return

to the station, he climbed on top of a dividing wall and acted “pumped up.” (Id. at

699.) Then, pretending to cradle a shotgun, Rhea stated that after the house was


                                         -4-
cleared, “he held his shotgun and kissed it” and told the sheriff’s officers on the

scene “he was making up with his baby because she didn’t get to shoot someone

like he had promised.” (Id. at 699.) The officers also expressed their concerns

regarding Rhea’s work ethic, his demoralizing activities within the Department

and their worry for the safety of the officers and the public due to Rhea’s mental

instability. 5

       After Cpl. Dempsey gave the memos to Sgt. Larson and Chief Butell, Butell

and Larson met with Rhea. He generally denied the charges made by his fellow

officers but stated he was getting counseling because he was dealing with a

divorce, his mother’s cancer diagnosis and his father’s death. Rhea was

scheduled to go on vacation in a few days. Butell told Rhea to take his vacation

but instructed him not to return to work until he had a letter from both his

counselor and a medical doctor that cleared him for duty as a police officer.

Shortly thereafter, Chief Butell and Sgt. Larson met with Woolsoncroft, Garcia

and Hensley. 6 Butell explained the actions that had been taken with respect to

Rhea. Sgt. Larson also told them that Rhea should be provided the opportunity to

       5
         In addition to voicing complaints about concern for the safety of the public and
other officers, the letters contained complaints about Rhea’s attitude that he was better
than the other officers, his efforts to be called to assist the county sheriff’s officers and
his rudeness to his fellow officers during the time he was appointed Officer in Charge, a
position directly under Cpl. Dempsey.

       Cpl. Dempsey was not at the meeting because he had expressed a feeling of being
       6

uncomfortably caught in the middle of the situation.

                                              -5-
correct his behavior, just as they had been given when complaints were made

against them.

       Nonetheless, the animosity in the Department increased. Some time in

May, after Rhea returned with his various medical approvals, Woolsoncroft

reported to Cpl. Dempsey that while he was at home one evening he heard Rhea,

who was also home on a dinner break, telephone the Douglas County Dispatch

with an unauthorized request for a “Triple I” 7 report to determine whether the

boyfriend of a friend’s daughter had a criminal record. Woolsoncroft stated that

when confronted with his transgression, Rhea said, “oh, shut up, man. Tell me

you wouldn’t do it for your friend.” (R. Vol. 4 at 1115.) Woolsoncroft reported

the incident to Cpl. Dempsey, who went to Rhea’s desk and discovered the Triple

I report on top of the desk. 8

       On May 18, 2001, Chief Butell issued a memo ordering anyone requesting a

Triple I report to notify him, Sgt. Larson or a supervisor of the reason for the

request. He warned that a violation of this general order might result in

       7
        The Interstate Identification Index, otherwise known as “Triple I,” is part of a
computerized information system that allows law enforcement to check an individual’s
criminal history. The Baldwin Police Department ran all Triple I requests through the
Douglas County Sheriff’s Office which, in turn, was connected to the computers at the
Kansas Highway Patrol. The use of the system is strictly limited to criminal
investigations.
       8
         A later investigation of Rhea’s use of the Triple I system by the Kansas Highway
Patrol and the Kansas Bureau of Investigation resulted in the Department’s loss of
authorization to use the system for one month.

                                            -6-
discipline, including suspension. He also admonished that Triple I checks and

other reports were not to be left in plain view. No other disciplinary action was

taken.

         On May 22, 2001, Woolsoncroft again brought forward a complaint about

Rhea after learning from a clerk at the Kwik Shop convenience store that Rhea

allegedly attempted to purchase beer after hours. Woolsoncroft reported the

incident to Dempsey and the clerk also submitted a written complaint. In

response, Chief Butell verbally counseled Rhea and issued him a written warning.

         Frustrated by the perceived lack of appropriate response by police

administration to Rhea’s behavior, some time in May or June 2001, Officer

Woolsoncroft and Cpl. Dempsey began communicating with Mayor Hayes and

Councilman Wagner regarding their concerns about Rhea and Chief Butell’s

alleged cavalier response to their complaints. Whether it was Dempsey and

Woolsoncroft or the Mayor and Wagner who initiated the conversations is hotly

disputed. However, there is no question that Dempsey and Woolsoncroft

conveyed their displeasure, including giving both the Mayor and the Councilman

a copy of Woolsoncroft’s March 12, 2001 memo regarding Rhea’s behavior.

Meanwhile, the cohesion of the Department continued to deteriorate. Chief Butell

and Sgt. Larson felt the other officers were unfairly targeting Rhea. For their

part, Appellants felt the administration was not listening to their legitimate


                                          -7-
concerns.

      In late June 2001, Mayor Hayes and Councilman Wagner went to

Administrator Paine to advise him of their contacts with Cpl. Dempsey and

Officer Woolsoncroft and to determine if Paine was aware of the substance of

Appellants’ complaints. The next day, Paine and City Attorney Bezek went to

Chief Butell and Sgt. Larson for an explanation. Paine told them the Mayor

wanted to fire both of them. Both the Chief and the Sergeant were “highly

incensed that the communication was occurring [between the elected officials and

members of the Department] without their knowledge.” (R. Vol. 3 at 955.)

      Matters began to roll downhill quickly from there. Butell and Larson

isolated themselves from Appellants because they felt they could not be trusted,

especially Dempsey. The communication between Appellants, the Mayor and the

Council members continued. 9 In addition, Administrator Paine brought

Appellants’ allegations to the attention of the entire City Council. As a result, the

City Council authorized an investigation of the Department by an outside

investigator, Mark Bennett, 10 and hired two outside consultants to address the

Department’s internal angst.


      9
        Officer Garcia stated his communications with elected officials concerned only
the condition of the Department’s vehicles.
      10
         Bennett, an attorney from Topeka, was hired based on his previous engagement
by the Shawnee County Jail to investigate the conditions at that facility.

                                          -8-
      Toward the end of June, Rhea was involved in a one-car rollover and the

sheriff’s office allegedly issued him a citation for driving under the influence of

alcohol. Shortly thereafter, on July 6, 2001, he submitted his resignation.

Unfortunately, Rhea’s resignation did not alleviate the situation. Following

Rhea’s car accident, Appellants’ contact with the Council members increased,

including contact with some who did not want to be involved. Consequently, on

July 9, 2001, at the request of the Mayor, Administrator Paine issued a memo

directing the members of the Department to follow the chain of command and to

cease going directly to Council members regarding internal police matters. The

memo also stated:

      I stated last week there should not be any further contact with City
      Council members. It is important that you should not be seen with
      elected officials during this period of time. You know how many
      sets of eyes there are in the community and folks are taking the
      opportunity to let me know about those contacts.

      I offer some guidance. If you are approached by an elected official
      to have a conversation, decline. If necessary, call me to be present. .
      . . I am trying to ease tensions on everyone’s part. Those who
      choose to follow a different course will have their own employment
      options to consider. . . . Suspension without pay will be the next
      course in this situation.

      I cannot stress enough that you must let us take care of the issues that
      have been brought to my attention. I am looking forward to your
      cooperation. I do not expect less.

(R. Vol. 4 at 1095.)

      Bennett took the sworn statements of all Department employees beginning


                                         -9-
July 27, 2001, and concluding on September 12, 2001. He submitted his report to

the City Council on September 24, 2001. His report contained a summary of the

sworn statements, a list of documents provided by Chief Butell and Bennett’s

opinions and recommendations based on the information he received. 11 After

exonerating the Department on some of the charges and holding it responsible for

others, Bennett concluded:

       In my opinion there is very little if any basis for terminating any of
       the line officers . . . . Arguably, there may be a basis for terminating
       Chief Butell . . . . However, that too is questionable in my mind.
       Should a decision be made to terminate Chief Butell or should he
       resign, it would be my very strong recommendation that the new
       Chief not be selected from within the Department. If that were to
       happen, I believe those remaining officers would see that promotion
       from within as a signal that they won the battle for control of the
       Department, making it difficult if not impossible for the Council to
       exercise supervisory control over the Department.

(R. Vol. 4 at 1086.) Bennett also strongly recommended that the Council not

release any information contained in his report as he understood Rhea was

contemplating a lawsuit.

       On September 28, 2001, Chief Butell issued a verbal counseling (warning) 12

to Cpl. Dempsey based on two incidents when Dempsey allegedly violated the

mandate of the July 9, 2001 memo. Butell presented Dempsey with another copy



       11
            Copies of the sworn statements and the documents were attached to the report.
       12
          A verbal warning is the first level of disciplinary action and is the only action
that can be taken without consulting the City Administrator.

                                             -10-
of the memo and informed him that the next violation would be considered

insubordiantion and would result in a written reprimand. Dempsey did not appeal

the disciplinary action.

      At the City Council meeting on October 1, 2001, Appellants’ attorney

spoke on their behalf to “express [their] concerns about the officer Rhea problem,

as well as the hostile work environment and unlawful restrictions on

communication with their elected officials.” (R. Vol. 4 at 1026.) On October 2,

Administrator Paine and Mayor Hayes issued another memo to all City employees

regarding the importance of understanding and following the grievance process

and the necessity of going through the chain of command before speaking directly

to elected officials regarding job issues. The memo concluded by stating, “any

employee who bre[a]ches the chain of command and goes directly to an elected

official, will be immediately referred to the City Administrator and Department

Head for resolution of the issue.” (R. Vol. 2 at 557.)

      On October 5, 2001, Administrator Paine, Mayor Hayes and Councilman

McCrary met with Chief Butell and Sgt. Larson regarding the grievance process.

After the meeting, Paine prepared a memo summarizing the substance of the

discussion. The memo was distributed to Appellants, the City Council, Hayes,

Butell and Larson. It expressed support for Chief Butell and Sgt. Larson and

encouraged “all members of the department [to] begin to work together again and


                                        -11-
rebuild the trust factor among all personnel.” (Id. at 559.)

       Unfortunately, cooperation was not to be had. At the November 19, 2001

City Council meeting, an issue was raised by Councilman Wagner regarding the

Department’s internal communication of police reports. It appears Wagner

learned of this issue in the form of complaints made directly to him without first

informing Sgt. Larson or Chief Butell. As a result, Chief Butell called a staff

meeting and verbally counseled the entire Department.

       Having had time to consider the Bennett Report, the City Council, at its

December 3, 2001 executive session directed Administrator Paine to issue notices

of disciplinary action to Butell, Larson and Appellants. 13 According to Mayor



        Chief Butell received notice of a three-day suspension without pay. Sgt. Larson
       13

was given notice of an oral reprimand.

       As to Officer Woolsoncroft, the notice charged him with: failure to file a grievance
with the City Administrator; failure to follow the chain of command in spite of written
directives to do so; failure to report the consumption of alcohol by a minor in his presence
and at his residence; failure to inform the Chief in a timely manner of a crime committed
by a fellow officer; failure to cooperate by providing the names of persons alleging drug
use by an officer; and poor judgment in securing a written statement from an alleged
battery victim. Officer Garcia was also charged with failure to file a grievance; failure to
follow the chain of command; discussing with third parties internal police matters that are
not of public concern without informing the Chief; failure to report the consumption of
alcohol by a minor; and failure to report the criminal activities of a fellow officer in a
timely manner. Both officers were suspended one day without pay. Cpl. Dempsey was
charged with: failure to file a grievance; independently initiating investigations without
notifying or informing the Chief; discussing internal police matters not of public concern
with elected officials without informing the Chief; and continuing to go outside the chain
of command after being directed to follow procedures. He, too, was suspended for one
day without pay. Officer Hensley was given an oral reprimand for failing to follow the

                                           -12-
Hayes, the notices were issued for the purpose of allowing the individuals in the

Department to respond to the Bennett Report. Each notice stated that the City

intended “to waive the provision for having a Grievance Committee as outlined in

Article H-2 paragraph 2” and that “[b]y requesting an appeal, [each would] agree

that a Grievance Committee is not appropriate and that appeal to the whole

Council is proper.” (R. Vol. 2 at 579.)

      On December 11, 2001, all recipients of the disciplinary notices replied by

filing a single request for an appeal before a neutral Grievance Committee. By

letter dated December 18, 2001, Administrator Paine denied the request. He

explained the City’s rules required the Grievance Committee to be comprised of a

supervisor/department head, the City Administrator and a third non-supervisory

employee chosen by the two. Although the rules did not specifically address

situations where the City Administrator was the person imposing the discipline,

Paine believed his presence on the Committee might taint the decision. He

concluded that the step should be eliminated. Instead, the matter should proceed

directly to the City Council. In response, the Department requested Paine recuse

himself and appoint a non-biased member such as a judge. If that was not

possible, the members of the Department wanted to appeal “as a whole

department and not as individuals.” (R. Vol. 3 at 681.) On December 28, 2001,


chain of command to resolve grievances.

                                          -13-
Paine denied the request and scheduled a time for each individual to present his

case to the Council in executive session prior to the general January 7, 2002 City

Council meeting.

       On January 5, 2002, Mayor Hayes called Cpl. Dempsey regarding a

dangerous road condition. Without Hayes’ knowledge, Dempsey tape-recorded

the conversation. After discussing the road condition, Mayor Hayes asked

Dempsey, “How you doing man?” (R. Vol. 2 at 581.) When Dempsey replied

that he was doing “OK, [] considering,” Hayes launched into an attempt to

explain the disciplinary action from his point of view. (Id.) Basically, he

explained that his major goal was to get rid of Chief Butell, but some Council

members would not allow the Chief to be disciplined without considering the

actions of the rest of the Department. He stated, “[t]he decision [] who got

handed what, was not mine and not mine alone . . . . [T]he, ah, end all of what

occurred as far as who got disciplined, who didn’t, was a ‘political decision.’”

(Id. at 582.) Mayor Hayes also stated he was going to push to have the Bennett

Report published so the public can understand “what the [h]ell this is all about.”

(Id. at 585.)

       According to Paine, Dempsey told him of the existence of the transcript

prior to the January 7 Council meeting. Dempsey told Paine the transcript was

“damaging to the [M]ayor and all I want is this stuff to go away.” (R. Vol. 3 at


                                        -14-
969.) Dempsey asked Paine to inform the Council about the tape “so that, you

know, we can just go on and live our lives.” (Id.) However, Paine did not know

the actual substance of the conversation until the transcript was published in the

Baldwin newspaper in March 2002. Dempsey does not deny he went to Paine

before the meeting, but contends he told Paine the transcript would be published

to give Paine a “heads up to do the right thing and show the mayor was lying!”

(R. Vol. 5 at 1491.)

      On January 7, 2002, the Department’s disciplined members appeared before

the City Council in executive session. The Council then conducted its regular

meeting and afterward returned to executive session to discuss the disciplinary

appeals. The Council met again two days later to finalize its unanimous

decisions. 14 Letters informing each officer of the result of his or her appeal were

issued on January 10, 2002. Officer Garcia’s discipline was decreased from a

one-day suspension to a written reprimand. The one-day suspensions without pay

were upheld for Officer Woolsoncroft and Cpl. Dempsey. Chief Butell’s three-

day suspension without pay was also upheld. Sgt. Larson’s initial oral reprimand

was increased to a one-day suspension without pay, while Officer Hensley was

completely exonerated and the notice of discipline removed from his files.



      14
         Because the vote of the Council was unanimous, Hayes did not vote because his
authority to vote only arose in the event of a tie.

                                         -15-
      The City Council’s final decision, however, did not heal the distressed

Department. The activity surrounding the Department understandably caused a

great deal of public interest accompanied by local news coverage. Believing the

Mayor was unfairly portraying them in the news, Cpl. Dempsey made the

transcript of his telephone conversation with the Mayor available to the local

newspaper. The transcript was printed on March 27, 2002. Also, on March 6,

2002, Chief Butell placed Woolsoncroft on six months probation following

several complaints regarding his conduct. Woolsoncroft appealed and the

decision was upheld by Administrator Paine on March 16, 2002. On March 12,

2002, Appellants’ attorney sent letters to the city clerk pursuant to “KSA 12-

105b” stating claims for “unlawful job action[s] . . . in violation of tort law

regarding ‘whistle blowing’ [and] for violation of . . . constitutional rights under

the First and Fourteenth Amendments.” (R. Vol. 4 at 1024.)

      In late June or early July 2002, Paine discovered Chief Butell had removed

disciplinary documents from Woolsoncroft’s file prior to a visit from a

representative of the Shawnee Police Department regarding Woolsoncroft’s

potential employment. When Paine discovered the file had been cleansed, he

telephoned the Shawnee City Manager and told him Woolsoncroft’s file was

incomplete when reviewed and a complete file would be made available for a

second review. No one returned to view the complete file and Woolsoncroft was


                                         -16-
not offered the position. Chief Butell resigned upon Paine’s request in July 2002.

      After Chief Butell resigned, Sgt. Larson became Acting Chief. On October

15, 2002, Acting Chief Larson gave Woolsoncroft a notice of intent to terminate

his employment which set forth in detail the reasons for doing so. Woolsoncroft

appealed the decision to Paine and then to the City Council. The decision to

terminate his employment was affirmed by the City Council on October 23, 2002.

      On December 16, 2002, Michael McKenna, who had retired from the

Wichita Police Department, was sworn in as Chief of the Baldwin City Police

Department and began his official duties on January 2, 2003. On May 18, 2003,

Chief McKenna ran background checks on all police department employees and

two applicants for a secretary position. The report returned on Cpl. Dempsey

revealed the existence of a felony conviction in California in 1964. As a result,

McKenna issued Dempsey a notice of formal disciplinary action on June 10, 2003.

The notice informed Dempsey that he was immediately suspended with pay and

that his prior conviction was cause for termination. On July 9, 2003, Dempsey

received a letter of termination and his police officer’s certification was revoked

by the Kansas Law Enforcement Commission. Dempsey appealed and a

Grievance Committee upheld the decision. He filed an appeal to the City Council

but later withdrew his appeal and, instead, issued a letter of resignation on July

21, 2003. After he withdrew his appeal, Dempsey presented evidence that his


                                         -17-
conviction had been reduced to a misdemeanor on September 29, 2003, and the

Kansas Law Enforcement Committee reinstated his police officer’s certificate on

March 3, 2004. 15

                              Procedural Background

      On January 7, 2003, Appellants filed a complaint in the United States

District Court for the District of Kansas against the City, Mayor Hayes,

Administrator Paine and the City Council for actions primarily taken by Hayes,

and to a lesser extent, Paine, Butell and McKenna. Appellants claimed a violation

of their constitutional rights under the First and Fourteenth Amendments pursuant

to 42 U.S.C. § 1983. In addition, they stated a claim under Kansas law for

defamation. On February 19, 2003, Appellants filed a First Amended Complaint

with essentially the same allegations. On August 28, 2003, Appellants moved to

amend their First Amended Complaint to include a claim that they had been

subjected to continuing work-related retaliation, specifically noting the

termination notice to Cpl. Dempsey. The motion was granted and on September

23, 2003, Appellants filed their Second Amended Complaint including an

allegation of a pattern and practice of retaliation and intentional infliction of

emotional distress. During the pretrial conference, Appellants stipulated to the


      15
        Sgt. Larson voluntarily resigned from the Department on January 21, 2003.
Officers Garcia and Hensley were still employed with the Department at the time this
appeal was fully briefed.

                                          -18-
dismissal with prejudice of all claims against Mayor Hayes, Administrator Paine

and the City Council, leaving the City as the only remaining defendant. They also

dropped the intentional infliction of emotional distress claims.

      The City filed a motion for summary judgment and supporting brief on

December 16, 2003, arguing that the offending parties were not the final

policymakers and claiming Appellants’ speech was not protected under the First

Amendment. Following the Appellants’ response, including the extensive

affidavits of Dempsey, Garcia and Woolsoncroft, the district court granted

summary judgment in favor of the City on August 17, 2004. The district court

determined that the City Council was the final policymaker for the purposes of

personnel decisions, and therefore the City could not be held liable for the actions

of the Mayor or other City employees. The district court further declined to

exercise supplemental jurisdiction over Appellants’ state law claims. 16 This

timely appeal followed.

                                   Standard of Review

      “We review the grant of summary judgment de novo, applying the same

standard as the district court.” PETA, People for the Ethical Treatment of

Animals v. Rasmussen, 298 F.3d 1198, 1203 (10th Cir. 2002). Summary judgment

is proper when the “pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and


      16
           Appellants have not appealed this determination.

                                            -19-
admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no

genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a

judgment as a matter of law.” F ED . R. C IV . P. 56(c). “In cases involving the First

Amendment, the de novo standard is appropriate . . . for the further reason that . .

. [i]n cases raising First Amendment issues . . . an appellate court has an

obligation to make an independent examination of the whole record in order to

make sure that the judgment does not constitute a forbidden intrusion on the field

of free expression.” Horstkoetter v. Dep’t of Pub. Safety, 159 F.3d 1265, 1270

(10th Cir. 1998) (quotations omitted).

                                      Discussion

      A government entity may not be held liable under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 by way

of the respondeat superior doctrine. Monell v. Dep’t of Social Servs. of City of

N.Y., 436 U.S. 658, 691 (1978); City of St. Louis v. Praprotnik, 485 U.S. 112, 127

(1988). To obtain a judgment against the City, Appellants must prove that the

municipality itself supported the violation of rights alleged. Monell, 436 U.S. at

692-95; Pembaur v. City of Cincinnati, 475 U.S. 469 (1986). Section 1983

liability attaches to a municipality only when “execution of a government’s policy

or custom, whether made by its lawmakers or by those whose edicts or acts may

fairly be said to represent official policy, inflicts the injury . . . .” Monell, 436

U.S. at 694. The question of who is a “policymaker” is a question of state law.


                                          -20-
Praprotnik, 485 U.S. at 124. In looking to state law, a court must determine

which official has final, unreviewable discretion to make a decision or take an

action. Id. at 127.

       To determine the identity of the final policymaker, we consider whether: 1)

the official is meaningfully constrained by policies made by another; 2) the

official’s decisions are subject to meaningful review; and 3) the decisions are

within the realm of the official’s authority. Randle v. City of Aurora, 69 F.3d

441, 448 (10th Cir. 1995). Liability will be imposed on a government entity for

the actions of an official who is subject to review by other policymakers or who is

limited by the policy and decisions of others only if the final policymaker ratifies

the decision of the subordinate. Praprotnik, 485 U.S. at 127. The final

policymaker must not only approve the decision, but also adopt the basis for the

decision, and the ratification must be the moving force, or cause, of the alleged

constitutional violation. Paprotnik, 480 U.S. at 127 (“If the authorized

policymakers approve a subordinate’s decision and the basis for it, their

ratification would be chargeable to the municipality because their decision is

final.”); David v. City & County of Denver, 101 F. 3d 1344, 1358 (10th Cir.

1996). With these principles in mind, we begin with a review of the controlling

law.




                                         -21-
State Law

The following statutes apply to cities of the third class.

      K AN . S TAT . A NN . § 15-301 provides:

      The mayor shall preside at all meetings of the city council, and shall
      have a casting vote when the council is equally divided, and none
      other, and shall have general supervision over the affairs of the city.
      The mayor shall be active and vigilant in enforcing all laws and
      ordinances for the government of the City, and he or she shall cause
      all subordinate officers to be dealt with promptly for any neglect or
      violation of duty.

      K AN . S TAT . A NN . § 15-204 provides in relevant part:

      The mayor, with the consent of the council, may appoint . . . the
      following city officers: A municipal judge of the municipal court, a
      clerk, a treasurer, a marshal-chief of police, law enforcement officers
      and such other officers as deemed necessary . . . . The duties and pay
      of the various officers shall be regulated by ordinance. Any officer
      may be removed by a majority vote of the total membership elected
      or appointed to the council and may be suspended at any time by the
      mayor.

City Rules and Regulations

      Article A-3 of the City’s Uniform Personnel Rules and Regulations

authorize the head of each city department to adopt written rules and regulations

for the operation of the department, so long as the regulations do not conflict with

the City’s. Articles G-1 and G-2 authorize department heads to discipline

employees for, inter alia, violating the City’s rules, the department’s regulations

or for engaging in general misconduct. Pursuant to Article G-3, discipline may

involve a verbal warning (referred to in the Department as verbal counseling), a


                                         -22-
written reprimand, probation, salary reduction, demotion, suspension or

termination of employment. However, Article G-4 requires any discipline more

severe than a verbal warning to be approved by the City Administrator.

      Article H sets out the City’s grievance procedure and Article G-4(g)

requires an employee to be notified of his or her right to file a grievance at the

time discipline is implemented. Article H-1 states that “[a]ny employee has the

right to present a complaint or grievance concerning his or her job, working

conditions, salary, relationship between employees and co-workers, supervisor, or

departmental head . . . .” (R. Vol. 2 at 509.) This article also provides that “[a]

sincere attempt should be made by each employee and supervisor to resolve any

grievance before it becomes necessary to resort to the grievance procedure.” (Id.)

Article H-2 requires the initial grievance to be filed with the employee’s

supervisor. If the employee disagrees with the supervisor’s decision, he may

forward a written complaint to the department head. If the employee’s supervisor

is the department head, the grievance may be forwarded to the City Administrator.

If the grievance is not resolved to the employee’s satisfaction, the employee may

file a complaint with the City Administrator and it will be heard by a three-person

Grievance Committee comprised of the City Administrator, a supervisor or

department head appointed by the Mayor and a non-supervisory employee. If the

employee remains dissatisfied with the Grievance Committee’s decision, he may


                                         -23-
appeal directly to the City Council, whose decision is final.

Police Department Policies

      Section 2.035 notes:

      It shall be the duty of all supervisors and employees to take
      corrective action and/or promptly submit a written report to the Chief
      through channels whenever they, through personal observation or
      report, learn of any violation of the rules and regulations, personnel
      rules, and/or the laws of the State of Kansas or the United States.

(R. Vol. 2 at 513.) Section 2.105 requires an employee having knowledge of any

criminal act or activity to immediately report the information to the appropriate

division or supervisor at the Department. Section 2.030 states that disciplinary

action under the Department’s policies will be in accordance with the City’s

Uniform Personnel Rules and Regulations.

Final Policymaker

      In the district court, Appellants’ constitutional claims were directed toward

the actions of Mayor Hayes, Administrator Paine, Chief Butell and Chief

McKenna. The district court found that the City Council was the final

policymaker on personnel decisions for the City. Because neither Hayes, Paine,

Butell or McKenna had final policymaking authority for the personnel matters at

issue, the district court concluded the City could not be held liable for their

actions and, as a result, granted summary judgment in favor of the City. On

appeal, Appellants argue they submitted sufficient evidence demonstrating Mayor



                                         -24-
Hayes was the final policymaker. 17 Specifically, they argue Mayor Hayes

“bargained away” their rights in order to remove Chief Butell. (Appellants’ Br. at

48.) 18 In the alternative Appellants contend that, even if the Mayor is not a final

policymaker under Kansas law, the Council’s acquiescence to the Mayor’s

position rendered the City liable for the Mayor’s unwarranted discipline of the

officers in retaliation for stepping forward about Officer Rhea’s activities and the

lack of response by Chief Butell and Sgt. Larson.

       In support of their argument that Mayor Hayes was the City’s final

policymaker regarding the officers’ discipline, they cite to Meade v. Grubbs, 841

F.2d 1512 (10th Cir. 1988), Wulf v. City of Wichita, 883 F.2d 842 (10th Cir.

1989), and Flanagan v. Munger, 890 F.2d 1557 (10th Cir. 1989). In Meade, the

plaintiff claimed the county commissioners were liable for the alleged negligent

hiring, training and supervision of the Sheriff’s deputies. 841 F.2d at 1519. We

refused to hold the county responsible, recognizing that under Oklahoma law, the

sheriff had the sole responsibility for such duties and was therefore the final



        Except for vague inferences in their reply brief, Appellants do not argue that
       17

Paine, Butell or McKenna are final policymakers for the City.
       18
         Appellants argue the district court erred in failing to consider the entirety of their
submitted affidavits. After a review of the affidavits, we find they are irrelevant as to
whether the City Council ratified the actions of the Mayor or was aware of the alleged
misrepresentations of the Mayor, the Administrator, or the various chiefs. Therefore, the
admission of the affidavits in their entirety would not affect our decision and we need not
reach the issue.

                                             -25-
policymaker. Id. at 1528. Meade does not help Appellants. Here, the controlling

law is found in the Kansas statutes and the City of Baldwin’s rules and

regulations, not Oklahoma law. The City’s rules and regulations give the Council

the final authority to review all personnel disciplinary decisions. Thus, even if

the Mayor had the authority to cause Appellants to be “dealt with promptly” under

Kan. Stat. Ann. § 15-301, the Council had the final say in how they would be

dealt with.

      Wulf and Flanagan are similarly unpersuasive. In Wulf, a police officer

sued the city based on his termination by the police chief and the city manager.

883 F.2d at 846. We determined that the city manager, not the police chief, was

the final policymaker in employment matters. Id. at 868. We reasoned, absent

“official copies of the City Charter or the relevant ordinances or procedure

manuals for the City,” the evidence demonstrated that the city manager “is the

only person with any claim of having ‘final policymaking authority’ over

employment decisions.” Id. We then held the City was not liable because the city

manager (as opposed to the police chief) did not violate the police officer’s

constitutional rights.

      Appellants claim Wulf is similar to the facts in this case because the city

manager’s decision was subject to a grievance procedure before “the City

Personnel Advisory Board (the ‘Board’), composed of four private citizens and


                                        -26-
one City employee.” Id. at 854. However, Appellants fail to note in Wulf, after

the Board concurred with the termination, “[the city manager] concurred with the

Board’s report and findings, and sustained Wulf’s termination.” Id. In other

words, “[t]he Board's opinion [was] merely advisory, and the [c]ity [m]anager

need not accept it.” Id. at 854-55 n.17. Unlike Wulf, the record contains the

City’s policies clearly identifying the Council as the final authority in personnel

matters.

      In Flanagan, two police officers sued the city and police chief for, inter

alia, violating their First Amendment rights in issuing written reprimands based

on their part ownership in a video store that stocked sexually explicit videos. 890

F.2d at 1561. We rejected the city’s argument that it meaningfully reviewed

written reprimands given by the police chief. Id. at 1568-69. Our decision was

based on the city’s admission that it had delegated its authority to the police chief

to set policy regarding discipline imposed on officers for violations of department

rules and therefore, “for all intents and purposes the Chief’s discipline decisions

[were] final, and any meaningful administrative review [was] illusory.” Id. at

1569. Here, we find no evidence that the City Council delegated its authority to

the Mayor and no evidence that the Council’s review was “illusory.” Instead, the

facts clearly demonstrate the Mayor did not control the Council. The Council did

not accept the discipline imposed by Administrator Paine at the request of the


                                         -27-
Mayor nor did it terminate Chief Butell – the Mayor’s ultimate goal. Indeed, it

exonerated Officer Hensley, decreased the discipline for Officer Garcia, and

increased the discipline for Sgt. Larson. Despite the Appellants’ perception of

the Mayor’s political control, it is clear he did not hold such sway with the

Council members.

      Turning to the claim that the Council ratified the Mayor’s unlawful activity,

Appellants primarily rely on the taped telephone conversation between Dempsey

and Mayor Hayes on January 5, 2002. They contend the conversation “proves . . .

Mayor Hayes was a final policy maker acting as a driving force causing other

officials to support adverse employment actions [against Appellants].”

(Appellants’ Br. at 42.) The transcript reveals Mayor Hayes explained to

Dempsey that to get Chief Butell removed, he had to agree to discipline everyone

involved. He also told Dempsey he wanted to merely issue written reprimands to

Appellants and Larson, but suspend Butell for five days. However, Hayes

reported that when he discussed the issue with Council members, at least three

members said that if Hayes wanted to suspend Butell, he had to suspend all of the

officers. Hayes also said:

      And it looks like, and I understand where you guys are coming from,
      from my position, it looks like I am just laying fire down on the
      whole organization but, in order to get the leader out, I gotta bring
      fire on all of you.

(R. Vol. 2 at 586.)

                                         -28-
       Further, Appellants claim the following statements are explicit proof that

the disciplinary action was an agreed upon bargain between Hayes and the

Council:

       Because, if, and I tried it once, if I single him out, the Chief, for
       disciplinary action, and I have no support as far as two members and
       the swing vote . . . .

(Id.) and

       I’m sure you guys feel like I’ve betrayed you and that I, you know,
       that I’ve not acted in your best interest. Ah, that’s not the case, the
       ah, end all of what occurred as far as who got disciplined, who
       didn’t, was a political decision.

(Id. at 582).

       Appellants conclude the Mayor’s admission that the disciplinary action was

“a political decision,” coupled with the Council’s knowledge of the First and

Fourteenth Amendment violations as explained by their attorney at the October

meeting, establish the Council’s ratification of the Mayor’s “plan to remove Chief

Butell in exchange for Mayor Hayes’ disciplining of [Appellants] for speaking out

on a matter of public concern.” (Appellants’ Br. at 43.) The most glaring

problem with this argument is the fact that the Council did not remove Chief

Butell, nor did it completely concur with Paine’s disciplinary decisions. What the

conversation does reveal is a mayor with his own agenda and a council composed

of independent members who did not acquiesce to the Mayor’s plans. Rather, the

Council fully considered the situation and performed a meaningful appellate

                                          -29-
review of the personnel decisions.

      Finally, Appellants maintain the Council allowed the Mayor to speak for it

as a policymaker and therefore, the City is liable for the Mayor’s actions. This

claim is based on several news articles published between November 2001 and

March 2002 in which the Mayor made statements regarding his assessment of the

Department situation and his belief that the Bennett Report should be made

public. A careful review reveals the Mayor’s opinions were his alone. In fact,

the Council disagreed with his position on the publication of the Bennett Report

and voted accordingly. There is no evidence in the record that the Council

delegated the Mayor as its spokesperson.

                                     Conclusion

      In sum, Appellants failed to establish any material fact demonstrating the

relinquishment of the Council’s clear authority to independently and finally

review city officials’ personnel decisions. While Appellants’ revelations raised

quite a stir in the small town of Baldwin and created a political issue embraced

and manipulated by the Mayor, the record contains nothing to indicate the Council

did not carefully and independently consider Appellants’ appeals of the

disciplinary actions taken against them. Accordingly, we agree with the district




                                        -30-
court that the City Council is the final policymaker for the City’s personnel

actions and AFFIRM summary judgment in favor of the City.


                                       Entered by the Court:

                                       Terrence L. O’Brien
                                       United States Circuit Judge




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