                 United States Court of Appeals
                            For the Eighth Circuit
                        ___________________________

                                No. 18-3633
                        ___________________________

 Robert McKeage, on behalf of themselves and all others similarly situated; Janet
       McKeage, on behalf of themselves and all others similarly situated

                      lllllllllllllllllllllPlaintiffs - Appellants

                                          v.

    Bass Pro Outdoor World, LLC; TMBC, LLC; Tracker Marine Retail, LLC

                      lllllllllllllllllllllDefendants - Appellees
                                       ____________

                    Appeal from United States District Court
                for the Western District of Missouri - Springfield
                                 ____________

                         Submitted: September 25, 2019
                           Filed: December 4, 2019
                                ____________

Before KELLY, MELLOY, and STRAS, Circuit Judges.
                           ____________

KELLY, Circuit Judge.

       Robert and Janet McKeage filed this class action lawsuit in 2009. They
alleged that TMBC’s nationwide practice of charging a fee for preparing legal
documents when selling boats and trailers constituted unauthorized law business in
violation of Mo. Rev. Stat. §§ 484.010 and 484.020. The district court granted
summary judgment to the class and awarded attorney’s fees and costs from the
common fund. We affirmed the grant of summary judgment but reversed and
remanded the award of attorney’s fees and costs, directing the district court to enforce
a contractual fee-shifting provision that entitled the class to recover “all litigation
costs and expenses, including reasonable attorneys’ fees” from TMBC.1 On remand,
the district court shifted $2,398,353.09 in attorney’s fees to TMBC but awarded
$700,000 in costs from the common fund.

       The McKeages appeal. They contend that the district court erred in awarding
costs from the common fund, in denying as “speculative” $18,633.56 in future costs,
and in declining to award additional attorney’s fees from the common fund. TMBC
counters that the class members lack standing to bring this action. We conclude that
the plaintiffs have standing, and we find no error in the amount of attorney’s fees and
costs awarded, but we reverse the district court’s decision to award the plaintiffs’
costs from the common fund rather than shifting them to TMBC.

                                     I. Standing

       After ten years of litigation, TMBC asserts, for the first time, that the class
members lack standing because they voluntarily agreed to pay the document fee as
part of their boat purchases. In TMBC’s view, the class members were not injured
because they “wanted what they got and got what they wanted.” We disagree.

       The class members have a statutory right not to be charged for law business by
a non-attorney. TMBC’s violation of that right caused a “particularized” injury that
affected the class members in a “personal and individual way.” Spokeo, Inc. v.
Robins, 136 S. Ct. 1540, 1548 (2016) (citation omitted). Paying a fee they should not


      1
     The relevant factual background is fully set forth in our prior opinion,
McKeage v. TMBC, LLC, 847 F.3d 992 (8th Cir. 2017).

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have been charged was also a “concrete” injury, not an “abstract” one that does not
“actually exist.” Id. (cleaned up). Thus, the class members suffered an injury in fact
and have standing to bring this action. Cf. Hargis v. Access Capital Funding, LLC,
674 F.3d 783, 791 (8th Cir. 2012) (a plaintiff who did not pay a fee for unauthorized
legal services did not have standing to bring an unauthorized-practice-of-law claim).

                                 II. Attorney’s Fees

       The district court initially awarded the class $2,425,359.42 in attorney’s fees
from the common fund (33% of the plaintiffs’ untrebled damages). McKeage v. Bass
Pro Outdoor World, L.L.C., No. 12-03157-CV-S-GAF, 2015 WL 13637253, at *5
(W.D. Mo. Aug. 11, 2015). We reversed, finding it inequitable for the common fund
to pay the entire fee award when a contractual fee-shifting provision entitled the class
to recover “all litigation costs and expenses, including reasonable attorneys’ fees”
from TMBC. McKeage, 847 F.3d at 1004. However, because there is “a distinction
between the amount a losing party may be required to pay under an agreed-upon
contractual fee-shifting provision and the amount a class member should equitably
be required to pay his or her own lawyer under the common fund doctrine,” we left
the decision of whether to award additional fees from the common fund to the district
court’s discretion. Id.

       On remand, the district court awarded the class $2,398,353.09 in attorney’s
fees, to be paid by TMBC, under the lodestar method. It declined to award additional
attorney’s fees from the common fund. On appeal, the McKeages do not contest the
district court’s lodestar calculation or the amount it shifted to TMBC. They argue
only that the district court abused its discretion in not awarding additional attorney’s
fees from the common fund.

       We emphasized in our prior opinion that the decision of whether to award
additional fees from the common fund was discretionary. McKeage, 847 F.3d at

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1004. In awarding only the lodestar amount, the district court effectively decided that
it was not inequitable for the class to receive the full damages award while class
counsel received a presumptively reasonable fee from TMBC. See City of Burlington
v. Dague, 505 U.S. 557, 562 (1992) (“We have established a strong presumption that
the lodestar represents the reasonable fee.” (cleaned up)). The McKeages have not
contested the district court’s lodestar calculation, and we find no abuse of discretion
in the district court’s decision to award only that amount.

                                     III. Costs

       The district court previously granted the plaintiffs’ request for $409,211.48 in
costs but awarded them from the common fund. McKeage, 2015 WL 13637253 at
*5. The McKeages argued on appeal that their costs should be shifted to TMBC
under the parties’ contracts. After we remanded for the district court to enforce the
fee-shifting provision, the McKeages increased their request to $718,633.56 in costs.
This included the previously awarded $409,211.48 plus $18,470.08 for subsequent
expenses and $290,952 that they expected to incur when they administered the fund.
TMBC did not dispute that it was liable for the previously awarded $409,211.48 or
the subsequently incurred $18,470.08. However, it argued that the fee-shifting
provision “permits the prevailing party to recover no more than its actual litigation
costs and expenses” and that the estimated $290,952 in fund-administration expenses
were not actual litigation costs and expenses because they had not yet been incurred.
The amount was merely an estimate “based on a number of assumptions, including
that there will be a 10% return rate for undeliverable mail, costing $14,134.” The
district court held that “to balance the need for additional funds to administer the
common fund with the speculative nature of the future costs claimed by Plaintiffs, the
Court will award total costs from the common fund of no greater than $700,000,
inclusive of the $409,211.48, to be awarded immediately.”




                                         -4-
        The McKeages challenge the district court’s decisions to award the costs from
the common fund and to limit the award to $700,000. TMBC does not renew its
argument that the fund-administration expenses are speculative. Instead, it raises a
new argument that fund-administration expenses do not fall within the phrase “all
litigation costs and expenses” in the parties’ contract. Because TMBC did not raise
this argument before the district court, we decline to consider it here. See Ames v.
Nationwide Mut. Ins. Co., 760 F.3d 763, 770 (8th Cir. 2014) (“As a general rule, we
do not consider arguments or theories on appeal that were not advanced in the
proceedings below.” (citation omitted)). TMBC has not argued that the proper
resolution of this issue is beyond any doubt or that injustice might result from our
failure to consider its new argument. See id.

       We find no abuse of discretion in the district court’s decision to limit the
award, including future costs, to $700,000. See Sturgill v. United Parcel Serv., 512
F.3d 1024, 1036 (8th Cir. 2008) (standard of review). The district court reasonably
found that the plaintiffs did not establish that they were entitled to the full amount of
costs they requested, as the future costs had not been incurred and the plaintiffs’
estimates were based, in part, on assumptions about future behavior.

       However, we conclude that the district court erred in awarding the plaintiffs’
costs from the common fund rather than shifting them to TMBC. The class members’
contracts entitled them to have “all litigation costs and expenses” paid by TMBC.
Neither party argued that the non-speculative costs should not be shifted to TMBC,
and the district court’s sua sponte decision to instead award them from the common
fund deprived the class members of the benefit of their contractual bargain. See
McKeage, 847 F.3d at 1004.




                                          -5-
                                  IV. Conclusion

       Accordingly, we affirm the district court’s award of $2,398,353.09 in attorney’s
fees to be paid by TMBC. We also affirm the district court’s award of up to $700,000
in costs. But we reverse the district court’s decision to award these costs from the
common fund. They are instead shifted to TMBC pursuant to the parties’ contracts.
                      ______________________________




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