                                                            FILED
                                                             MAY 28 2013
 1                                                       SUSAN M SPRAUL, CLERK
                                                           U.S. BKCY. APP. PANEL
 2                                                         OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT


 3                  UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY APPELLATE PANEL
 4                            OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT
 5   In re:                        )       BAP No.    CC-12-1542-TaDKi
                                   )
 6   ERKAN EREREN and AYLIN        )       Bk. No.    10-bk-22580-CB
     EREREN,                       )
 7                                 )       Adv. No.   10-ap-01600-CB
                     Debtors.      )
 8   ______________________________)
                                   )
 9   ERKAN EREREN; AYLIN EREREN,   )
                                   )
10                   Appellants,   )
                                   )
11   v.                            )       MEMORANDUM*
                                   )
12   RICHARD A. MARSHACK,          )
     Chapter 7 Trustee; UNITED     )
13   STATES TRUSTEE,               )
                                   )
14                   Appellees.    )
                                   )
15
                     Argued and Submitted on May 15, 2013
16                          at Pasadena, California
17                            Filed – May 28, 2012
18             Appeal from the United States Bankruptcy Court
                   for the Central District of California
19
         Honorable Catherine E. Bauer, Bankruptcy Judge, Presiding
20
     Appearances:     Michael Harvey Raichelson of the Law Offices of
21
                      Michael H. Raichelson argued on behalf of
22                    Appellants; Melissa Davis Lowe of Shulman Hodges &
                      Bastian LLP argued on behalf of Appellee Richard
23                    A. Marshack, Chapter 7 Trustee.
24
     Before:   TAYLOR, DUNN, and KIRSCHER, Bankruptcy Judges.
25
26        *
            This disposition is not appropriate for publication.
27   Although it may be cited for whatever persuasive value it may
     have (see Fed. R. App. P. 32.1), it has no precedential value.
28   See 9th Cir. BAP Rule 8013-1.

                                       1
 1                              INTRODUCTION
 2        Debtors Erkan Ereren (“Mr. Ereren”) and Aylin Ereren
 3   (“Mrs. Ereren” and jointly, “Debtors”) appeal from the bankruptcy
 4   court's judgment denying their chapter 7 discharge pursuant to
 5   § 727(a)(2), (a)(4), and (a)(5)1 and its order on findings of
 6   fact and conclusions of law following trial.    We AFFIRM the
 7   bankruptcy court’s denial of discharge under § 727(a)(2) and
 8   (a)(4).
 9                                  FACTS
10                             Pre-Bankruptcy
11        The Debtors are a married couple and immigrants from Turkey.
12   Mr. Ereren is a surgeon, but in 1996 he was injured in a ski
13   accident that left him permanently disabled.    In addition to $800
14   in monthly gross income, Mr. Ereren receives approximately
15   $14,400 per month in disability payments.
16        In January 2008, Mr. Ereren obtained $3,000,000 in “markers”
17   from MGM Grand Hotel, LLC (“MGM”) in Las Vegas and in
18   approximately 24 hours suffered substantial losses.   MGM
19   subsequently sued Mr. Ereren in Nevada state court to collect on
20   his gambling debt.   On January 28, 2010, it obtained a judgment
21   against Mr. Ereren in the amount of $2,379,350.   On March 9,
22   2010, MGM obtained a “sister-state” judgment against Mr. Ereren
23   in California in the amount of $3,317,625.66.
24        At the time of the domestication of judgment, the Debtors
25
          1
            Unless otherwise indicated, all chapter and section
26   references are to the Bankruptcy Code, 11 U.S.C. §§ 101-1532.
27   “Rule” references are to the Federal Rules of Bankruptcy
     Procedure, and “Civil Rule” references are to the Federal Rules
28   of Civil Procedure.

                                      2
 1   owned two Mercedes-Benzes (the “Vehicles”).      On March 16, 2010,
 2   however, Mr. Ereren traded-in the Vehicles at a Mercedes-Benz
 3   dealership and received $59,000 in proceeds.      Mr. Ereren then
 4   entered into leases for two 2010 Mercedes-Benzes.
 5        MGM began to further ratchet up its collection efforts
 6   against Mr. Ereren during the summer of 2010.      On June 16, 2010,
 7   it obtained a Writ of Execution on the sister-state judgment in
 8   California state court, and a Notice of Levy was issued by the
 9   Orange County Sheriff.   MGM also conducted two judgment debtor
10   examinations of Mr. Ereren, and, on August 23, 2010, it obtained
11   an order for a judgment debtor examination of Mrs. Ereren.
12        On July 26 and July 27, 2010, and while collection efforts
13   intensified, Mrs. Ereren made two2 transfers of funds in the
14   total amount of $178,681 (the “Funds”) to her brother Huseyin
15   Chait Berk (“Berk”).   Berk lives in Turkey.
16             Chapter 7 Filing and the Adversary Proceeding
17        On September 7, 2010, the Debtors filed a voluntary
18   chapter 7 bankruptcy petition.   Richard A. Marshack was appointed
19   as the chapter 7 trustee (“Trustee”).
20        After two § 341(a) meetings of creditors, the Trustee filed
21   an adversary complaint objecting to the Debtors’ discharge under
22   § 727(a)(2), (a)(4), and (a)(5).       The complaint alleged that the
23   Debtors transferred the Funds and the Vehicles with the intent to
24
25
26
          2
27          The first transfer was made on July 26, 2010 in the amount
     of $87,000 and the second transfer was made the following day in
28   the amount of $91,681.

                                        3
 1   hinder, delay, or defraud their creditors;3 that they knowingly
 2   and fraudulently omitted the transfer of the Vehicles from their
 3   statement of financial affairs (“SOFA”); and that they failed to
 4   satisfactorily explain the loss or deficiency of the assets to
 5   meet the Debtors’ liabilities.
 6           The bankruptcy court scheduled a trial for September 4,
 7   2012.       In advance of trial, the Debtors each filed a declaration
 8   in lieu of direct trial testimony.
 9           Mr. Ereren declared that between 2003 and 2004, his father
10   (who lived in Turkey) became ill.        Between the latter half of
11   2004 until the elder Ereren's death in January 2005, Mr. Ereren
12   allegedly borrowed approximately $157,500 from Berk to pay for
13   the elder Ereren’s medical bills, expenses, and funeral in
14   Turkey.      Mr. Ereren stated that based on Berk’s request, in
15   January 2005, Mrs. Ereren and he executed a promissory note in
16   favor of Berk (“Berk Note”), evidencing their promise to repay
17   the money loaned by Berk.      He stated that the total amount owed
18   under the Berk Note was $178,681 and that it matured on or before
19   August 1, 2010.
20           Mr. Ereren further declared that he did not learn of the MGM
21   sister-state judgment until late March/early April 2010 and that
22   he disclosed to MGM his trade-in of the Vehicles during his
23   judgment debtor examination.      Mr. Ereren stated that the Debtors
24   did not believe they were required to list the trade-in of the
25   Vehicles on their SOFA, as it was Mr. Ereren’s regular practice
26
27           3
            Although the Trustee does not specifically identify the
28   creditors, it appears that, at a minimum, he refers to MGM.

                                          4
 1   to upgrade the couple’s cars every four to five years, which the
 2   Debtors disclosed to their bankruptcy counsel.4   Finally,
 3   Mr. Ereren declared that bankruptcy counsel advised the Debtors
 4   as to the possible preference issue and attempted to recover the
 5   Funds from Berk, but to no avail.
 6        Mrs. Ereren declared that she was not involved in the
 7   couple's financial affairs.   She stated that she traveled to
 8   Turkey during the summer of 2010, where Berk continuously
 9   demanded payment on the note.   Consequently, she stated that she
10   merely paid the Berk Note when she transferred the Funds.
11        Both of the Debtors further testified at the September 2012
12   trial.   Mr. Ereren testified on cross-examination that the
13   Debtors paid the Berk Note based on moral and cultural reasons.
14   On her cross-examination, Mrs. Ereren testified that she
15   unsuccessfully requested an extension from her brother and
16   advised her husband of her intent to transfer the Funds.     She
17   stated that while she knew that her husband gambled, she was not
18   aware of the extent of his losses or the MGM judgments.      At the
19   conclusion of trial, the bankruptcy court took the matter under
20   submission.
21        The bankruptcy court subsequently entered its judgment
22   (“Judgment”) denying the Debtors’ discharge under § 727(a)(2),
23   (a)(4), and (a)(5).   The Judgment was brief, but included an
24   express statement that the bankruptcy court did not find the
25   Debtors credible.
26
27        4
            The Debtors were represented by different counsel in
28   filing their chapter 7 bankruptcy petition.

                                      5
 1        The Trustee moved for findings of fact and conclusions of
 2   law under Civil Rule 52 and Rule 7052.     He also requested that
 3   the bankruptcy court take judicial notice of certain documents in
 4   support of his opposition to the Debtors’ independent motion
 5   under Civil Rule 52.5
 6        On October 15, 2012, the bankruptcy court entered an order
 7   on its findings of fact and conclusions of law following trial
 8   (“Order on Findings of Facts and Conclusions of Law”).6    In doing
 9   so, the bankruptcy court adopted the Trustee’s proposed findings
10   of fact, as well as his proposed conclusions of law save two
11   alterations.
12        The Debtors timely appealed from the Judgment and Order on
13   Findings of Facts and Conclusions of Law.7
14                               JURISDICTION
15        The bankruptcy court had jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C.
16   §§ 1334 and 157(b)(2)(J).   We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C.
17
          5
18          The Debtors concurrently moved to alter or amend the
     findings of fact and conclusions of law under Civil Rule 52, for
19   a new trial under Civil Rule 59, and to amend the Judgment under
20   Civil Rule 59. As discussed in note 6, infra, the bankruptcy
     court did not rule on their motion.
21
          6
            After entering the Order, it appears that the bankruptcy
22   court did not rule on the Debtors’ motion or the Trustee’s
     request for judicial notice. We do not consider the Debtors’
23
     requests relating to their motion, as issues as to the
24   disposition of their motion are not before us in this appeal.

25        7
            While the Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law as
     entered does not provide that it is an order, it was entered on
26   the Trustee’s motion under Civil Rule 52 and, thus, we treat it
27   as an order. Under Rule 8002, the Trustee’s motion tolled the
     time for appeal and, therefore, the Debtors’ appeal of both the
28   Judgment and Order is timely. See Fed. R. Bankr. P. 8002(b)(1).

                                      6
 1   § 158.
 2                                  ISSUES
 3        1.     Did the bankruptcy court err in denying the Debtors’
 4               discharge under § 727(a)(2)?
 5        2.     Did the bankruptcy court err in denying the Debtors’
 6               discharge under § 727(a)(4)?
 7                            STANDARD OF REVIEW
 8        In an action for denial of discharge, we review:   (1) the
 9   bankruptcy court's determinations of the historical facts for
10   clear error; (2) its selection of the applicable legal rules
11   under § 727 de novo; and (3) its application of the facts to
12   those rules requiring the exercise of judgments about values
13   animating the rules de novo.   Searles v. Riley (In re Searles),
14   317 B.R. 368, 373 (9th Cir. BAP 2004) (citation omitted), aff'd,
15   212 Fed. Appx. 589 (9th Cir. 2006).
16        Factual findings are clearly erroneous if illogical,
17   implausible, or without support in the record.   Retz v. Samson
18   (In re Retz), 606 F.3d 1189, 1196 (9th Cir. 2010) (citation
19   omitted).   We give great deference to the bankruptcy court’s
20   findings when they are based on its determinations as to the
21   credibility of witnesses.   Id. (noting that as the trier of fact,
22   the bankruptcy court has “the opportunity to note variations in
23   demeanor and tone of voice that bear so heavily on the listener's
24   understanding of and belief in what is said.") (citation and
25   quotation marks omitted).   Where there are two permissible views
26   of the evidence, the bankruptcy court’s choice between them
27   cannot be clearly erroneous.   Ng v. Farmer (In re Ng), 477 B.R.
28   118, 132 (9th Cir. BAP 2012) (citation omitted).   We may affirm

                                       7
 1   on any basis in the record.    See Caviata Attached Homes, LLC v.
 2   U.S. Bank, N.A. (In re Caviata Attached Homes, LLC), 481 B.R. 34,
 3   44 (9th Cir. BAP 2012).
 4        Notwithstanding, when the bankruptcy court adopts proposed
 5   findings of fact and conclusions of law, we review its decision
 6   with special scrutiny in determining whether its findings were
 7   clearly erroneous.    See Alcock v. Small Bus. Admin. (In re
 8   Alcock), 50 F.3d 1456, 1459 n.2 (9th Cir. 1995) (“Findings of
 9   fact prepared by counsel and adopted by the trial court are
10   subject to greater scrutiny than those authored by the trial
11   judge.”); see also Anderson v. City of Bessemer City, 470 U.S.
12   564, 572 (1985).
13                                 DISCUSSION
14        In general, the bankruptcy court must grant a discharge to
15   an individual chapter 7 debtor unless one of the twelve
16   enumerated grounds in § 727(a) is satisfied.   In the spirit of
17   the “fresh start” principles that the Bankruptcy Code embodies,
18   claims for denial of discharge are liberally construed in favor
19   of the debtor and against the objector to discharge.   Khalil v.
20   Developers Sur. & Indem. Co. (In re Khalil), 379 B.R. 163, 172
21   (9th Cir. BAP 2007), aff'd, 578 F.3d 1167 (9th Cir. 2009)
22   (citation omitted).   The objector to discharge bears the burden
23   to prove by a preponderance of the evidence that the debtor's
24   discharge should be denied under an enumerated ground of
25   § 727(a).   Id. (citation omitted).
26   A.   Preliminary Matters
27        1.     Joint Pre-Trial Order
28        Prior to trial, the parties apparently entered into a joint

                                         8
 1   pre-trial order (“JPTO”), which narrowed the disputed issues of
 2   law and fact for trial.    In his opening brief, the Trustee
 3   identifies an additional issue on appeal; namely, whether certain
 4   issues of law and fact not identified in the JPTO should have
 5   been litigated at the trial, specifically with respect to the
 6   § 727(a)(5) claim.    The Trustee did not file a cross-appeal and,
 7   thus, is not a cross-appellant on appeal.
 8         The Debtors object and contend that the JPTO is not part of
 9   the record because it was not entered by the bankruptcy court.
10   They, in turn, reference their opposition to the Trustee’s
11   request for judicial notice before the bankruptcy court; in that
12   opposition, the Debtors argued that judicial notice of the JPTO
13   was improper because the parties submitted the proposed order
14   nine months before trial, and the Debtors subsequently requested
15   changes to the JPTO before trial, which were never addressed.
16         The Trustee is not a cross-appellant and cannot present
17   additional issues on appeal.    See Fed. R. Bankr. P. 8006; Leavitt
18   v. Alexander (In re Alexander), 472 B.R. 815, 824 (9th Cir. BAP
19   2012).     Further, as discussed below, we take no position on the
20   § 727(a)(5) ruling.    Consequently, we do not consider the JPTO in
21   this appeal.
22         2.     Statutory Basis for Denial of Discharge
23         The adversary complaint sought denial of discharge under,
24   among other grounds, § 727(a)(2) and (a)(4).    Based on the briefs
25   and the record on appeal, we assume that the precise denial of
26   discharge was under § 727(a)(2)(A) and (a)(4)(A).
27   ///
28   ///

                                        9
 1   B.   The bankruptcy court did not err in denying the discharge
          under § 727(a)(2)(A).
 2
 3        Section 727(a)(2)(A) provides that the bankruptcy court may
 4   deny a debtor’s discharge if the debtor disposed of or permitted
 5   the disposal of his or her property, with the intent to hinder,
 6   delay, or defraud a creditor or an officer of the estate, within
 7   one year prior to the date of petition.   The objector to
 8   discharge under § 727(a)(2)(A) must prove two things: (1) a
 9   disposition of property, whether by transfer, removal,
10   destruction, mutilation, or concealment (within the statutory
11   time period); and (2) the debtor’s subjective intent to hinder,
12   delay or defraud a creditor through the act of disposing of the
13   property.    In re Retz, 606 F.3d 1189, 1200 (9th Cir. 2010)
14   (citation and quotation marks omitted).
15        The bankruptcy court denied discharge under § 727(a)(2)(A)
16   based on the prepetition disposition of the Funds and the
17   Vehicles.    The Debtors do not contest that the Funds and the
18   Vehicles were their property prior to filing bankruptcy.    They
19   also cannot contest that Mrs. Ereren transferred the Funds and
20   that Mr. Ereren traded-in the Vehicles within the statutory
21   prepetition time period.   Therefore, our review focuses on the
22   Debtors’ intent to hinder, delay, or defraud a creditor.
23        The intent to hinder, delay, or defraud “is a question of
24   fact that requires the trier of fact to delve into the mind of
25   the debtor and may be inferred from surrounding circumstances.”
26   In re Searles, 317 B.R. at 379 (citation omitted).    Similarly,
27   the debtor's “course of conduct may be probative of the
28   question.”   Id. at 380 (citation omitted).   The basis of intent

                                      10
 1   is disjunctive and, thus, a finding of intent to hinder or delay
 2   or defraud is sufficient to deny discharge under § 727(a)(2).
 3   In re Retz, 606 F.3d at 1200 (citation omitted).
 4        On appeal, the Debtors argue that the Trustee failed to meet
 5   his burden of showing that the Debtors intended to hinder, delay,
 6   or defraud.   The Debtors contest the bankruptcy court’s finding
 7   as to Mrs. Ereren’s knowledge of her husband's gambling problem
 8   and the MGM judgments at the time that she transferred the Funds.
 9   They reiterate that Mrs. Ereren transferred the Funds as payment
10   on the Berk Note and that the Debtors regularly upgraded their
11   cars every four to five years.   Thus, the Debtors argue that the
12   bankruptcy court erred in finding that one or both of the Debtors
13   intended to hinder, delay, or defraud a creditor.   At oral
14   argument, the Debtors further emphasized that the Order on
15   Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law failed to contain a
16   finding as to Mrs. Ereren’s intent to hinder, delay, or defraud.
17        The Trustee asserts that he introduced significant evidence
18   at trial from which the bankruptcy court inferred the Debtors’
19   intent.   He cites to evidence such as MGM’s collection efforts
20   prior to the transfers; the Debtors’ failure to present adequate
21   evidence of consideration for the Funds transfer; the fact that
22   Berk was an insider; Mrs. Ereren’s testimony that she was aware
23   of Mr. Ereren’s gambling problem; and the fact that Mr. Ereren
24   did not make his settlement offer to MGM until after the
25   transfers.
26        The bankruptcy court generally determined that the Debtors'
27
28

                                      11
 1   testimony was not credible.8   It affirmatively found that
 2   Mr. Ereren knew that his wife intended to transfer the Funds, but
 3   did nothing to dissuade her and that Mrs. Ereren knew that her
 4   husband had a gambling problem, at least at the time that she
 5   transferred the Funds.   The bankruptcy court did not make
 6   additional express findings as to the Debtors’ states of mind
 7   when they transferred the Funds or the Vehicles.    But based on
 8   the evidence before it, the bankruptcy court ultimately
 9   determined that the Debtors intended to hinder, delay, or defraud
10   a creditor(s) in making these transfers.
11        In so determining, the bankruptcy court necessarily
12   disregarded the Debtors' explanations that their disposition of
13   the Funds or the Vehicles were neutral decisions.   That is, it
14   did not believe that Mr. Ereren traded in the Vehicles in March
15
          8
16          This finding is contained in the Judgment and it is the
     sole finding made by the bankruptcy court in the Judgment. Civil
17   Rule 58, incorporated into adversary proceedings by Rule 7058,
18   provides that every judgment must be set in a separate document.
     Fed. R. Civ. P. 58(a). This Panel has stated that “[a] separate
19   document means one that is separate from an opinion, memorandum,
     or findings of the court.” Boggan v. Hoff Ford, Inc.
20   (In re Boggan), 251 B.R. 95, 98 n.2 (9th Cir. BAP 2000)
21   (construing a former version of Rule 9021(a), which was amended
     in 2009 in connection with the addition of Rule 7058). The
22   separate document rule, however, is intended to calculate the
     time for an appeal; it is not jurisdictional and may be waived.
23   Id. Civil Rule 58 was recently amended to provide that if a
24   separate document is required, the judgment is deemed entered
     when a separate document is entered or 150 days from entry of the
25   order or opinion on the docket, whichever is earlier. Fed. R.
     Civ. P. 58(c)(2).
26        Neither party raises this issue on appeal. To the extent
27   the Judgment contained one finding, the 150-days expired on
     February 3, 2013. Thus, the Judgment does not violate the
28   separate document rule for the purposes of this appeal.

                                     12
 1   2010 simply because it was his regular practice to do so.    To the
 2   extent the bankruptcy court did or did not believe that there was
 3   a valid obligation owed to Berk, on which we do not opine, it did
 4   not believe that Mrs. Ereren transferred the Funds simply because
 5   the Berk Note was set to mature or even solely because of social
 6   or cultural reasons.   The bankruptcy court’s findings and
 7   determinations are supported by the record, which reveals that
 8   the transactions conspicuously followed the MGM judgment, roughly
 9   coincided with MGM’s domestication of its judgment in California
10   and its acceleration of its collection efforts against
11   Mr. Ereren, and preceded a settlement offer to MGM.
12          As the Debtors asserted at oral argument, minor discord
13   exists between the Judgment and the Order on Findings of Fact and
14   Conclusions of Law with respect to Mrs. Ereren’s intent under
15   § 727(a)(2)(A).   Specifically, the Order does not contain an
16   express finding as to Mrs. Ereren’s intent to hinder, delay, or
17   defraud a creditor under § 727(a)(2)(A).   Rather, the bankruptcy
18   court concluded that Mr. Ereren, with the intent to hinder,
19   delay, or defraud, allowed his wife to transfer the Funds.    This
20   lack of precision, however, is of no moment under these
21   circumstances.    The Judgment provides for denial of discharge
22   under § 727(a)(2) against both of the Debtors.   Further, even if
23   there was a valid obligation to Berk, the timing and
24   circumstances of Mrs. Ereren’s transfer were such that it
25   warranted an inference of intent to hinder, delay, or defraud
26   MGM.   The Debtors repeatedly represented that Mrs. Ereren had
27   minimal involvement in the Debtors’ finances leading up to the
28   date of the petition; yet, she caused the transfer of a

                                      13
 1   significant amount of money, roughly congruent with MGM’s
 2   increasing efforts to collect on its judgment.   Thus, the record
 3   supports the bankruptcy court’s ultimate conclusion as to
 4   Mrs. Ereren notwithstanding the absence of an express finding.9
 5   See In re Caviata Attached Homes, LLC, 481 B.R. at 44 (we may
 6   affirm on any basis in the record).
 7        The Debtors suggest that, at worst, the transfer of the
 8   Funds was a preference to Berk.    Preference of one creditor does
 9   not per se result in a finding of intent to hinder, delay, or
10   defraud another creditor.   See Murphey v. Crater (In re Crater),
11   286 B.R. 756, 761-62 (Bankr. D. Ariz. 2002) (collecting cases);
12   see also Foxmeyer Drug Co. v. Gen. Elec. Capital Corp.
13   (In re Foxmeyer Corp.), 296 B.R. 327, 337 (Bankr. D. Del. 2003)
14   (collecting cases).   But a debtor's preference of one creditor
15   does not preclude a finding of intent to hinder, delay, or
16   defraud his or her other creditors.    See Cox v. Villani
17   (In re Villani), 478 B.R. 51, 61 (1st Cir. BAP 2012); Warchol v.
18   Barry (In re Barry), 451 B.R. 654, 662 (1st Cir. BAP 2011).
19   Thus, a debtor's alternative motivations for the disposition of
20   property are irrelevant when the debtor harbors an intent to
21   hinder, delay, or defraud another creditor.   First Beverly Bank
22   v. Adeeb (In re Adeeb), 787 F.2d 1339, 1343 (9th Cir. 1986).
23   Here, once again, Mrs. Ereren’s transfer of the Funds (coupled
24   with the timing of MGM’s collection efforts) provide a strong
25
26        9
            Even if the record did not support denial of discharge
27   under § 727(a)(2) as to Mrs. Ereren, as discussed in section C,
     the Panel affirms the denial of discharge under § 727(a)(4) as to
28   both Debtors.

                                       14
 1   inference as to her intent to hinder, delay, or defraud a
 2   creditor.   Thus, whether the transfer of the Funds was also a
 3   preference is essentially irrelevant.
 4        On this record, the bankruptcy court’s findings are not
 5   illogical, implausible, or without support from the record.10    It
 6   did not err in finding that both of the Debtors intended to
 7   hinder, delay, or defraud a creditor, namely, MGM.   See
 8   In re Searles, 317 B.R. at 379-80 (bankruptcy court may infer
 9   intent by the surrounding circumstances, including a debtor’s
10   course of conduct).    It found that the Debtors' testimony was not
11   credible, which we accord great deference.   See In re Retz,
12   606 F.3d at 1203-04.   And where there are two permissible views
13   of the evidence, the bankruptcy court’s choice between them
14   cannot be clearly erroneous.   See In re Ng, 477 B.R. at 132.
15   Therefore, the bankruptcy court did not err in denying the
16   Debtors' discharge under § 727(a)(2)(A).
17   C.   The bankruptcy court did not err in denying the discharge
          under § 727(a)(4)(A).
18
19        To obtain a denial of discharge under § 727(a)(4)(A), the
20
21        10
            At oral argument, the Debtors also raised an issue as to
22   the form of the Order on Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law,
     asserting, among other things, that the bankruptcy court’s
23   findings on intent were contained under its conclusions of law.
24   It is unfortunate that the bankruptcy court adopted (essentially
     verbatim) the Trustee’s proposed findings of fact and conclusions
25   of law, which contained this inaccuracy. It is also unfortunate
     that the bankruptcy court’s sole alterations to the proposed
26   findings of fact and conclusions of law was with respect to
27   Mrs. Ereren’s intent under § 727(a)(2)(A), creating a facial
     ambiguity. Nonetheless, these are distinctions without a
28   difference and, thus, of no moment to this appeal.

                                      15
 1   objector must show that: (1) the debtor made a false oath in
 2   connection with the case; (2) the oath related to a material
 3   fact; (3) the oath was made knowingly; and (4) the oath was made
 4   fraudulently.   In re Retz, 606 F.3d at 1197 (citation omitted).
 5   A false statement or omission in the debtor's schedules or
 6   statement of financial affairs may constitute a false oath for
 7   the purposes of § 727(a)(4)(A).    In re Khalil, 379 B.R. at 172;
 8   Fogal Legware of Switz., Inc. v. Wills (In re Wills), 243 B.R.
 9   58, 62 (9th Cir. BAP 1999).
10        The Debtors argue that they were only required to disclose
11   transactions outside of the ordinary course of their financial
12   affairs.   They contend that because upgrading their cars (by
13   trading-in or selling) every four to five years was in the
14   ordinary course of their financial affairs, their omission of the
15   trade-in on their SOFA did not constitute a false oath.   By
16   failing to determine whether the transfer was outside the course
17   of their ordinary financial affairs, the Debtors argue that the
18   bankruptcy court erred in finding that there was an omission on
19   their SOFA.
20        The bankruptcy court did not make express findings as to
21   whether the trade-in was in the ordinary course of the Debtors'
22   financial affairs.   Compare Tow v. Henley (In re Henley),
23   480 B.R. 708, 766-67 (Bankr. S.D. Tex. 2012) (debtors improperly
24   omitted on SOFA the sales of assets at garage sales), with
25   Maxfield v. Jennings (In re Jennings), 349 B.R. 897, 913 (Bankr.
26   M.D. Fla. 2006) (debtor’s omission on his SOFA of the sale of his
27   boat was material, but not false when debtor understood the sale
28   to be in the ordinary course of his affairs).   Nonetheless, the

                                       16
 1   bankruptcy court broadly determined that the Debtors' testimony
 2   was not credible.   And given its ultimate conclusion, the
 3   bankruptcy court necessarily disregarded the Debtors’ explanation
 4   that the transfer of the Vehicles was in the ordinary course of
 5   their financial affairs.   The record supports this conclusion.
 6        The Debtors next argue that the Trustee failed to prove that
 7   the Vehicles sales hindered or impeded the administration of the
 8   bankruptcy estate and, thus, failed to prove that the false oath
 9   was material.   Whether a fact is material is broadly defined:
10   “[a] fact is material if it bears a relationship to the debtor's
11   business transactions or estate, or concerns the discovery of
12   assets, business dealings, or the existence and disposition of
13   the debtor's property.”    In re Khalil, 379 B.R. at 173 (citation
14   omitted).   The bankruptcy court concluded that the omission was
15   material.   It is undisputed that the Vehicles previously belonged
16   to the Debtors and that they obtained $59,000 from the sale.
17   This information clearly related to the existence and disposition
18   of significant assets.    See id.    Thus, the record supports the
19   bankruptcy court’s conclusion that the Debtors’ omission was
20   material.
21        The Debtors further contest that they acted knowingly or
22   fraudulently.   At oral argument, the Debtors emphasized that they
23   did not act knowingly or fraudulently because “everyone” knew
24   about the transfer of the Vehicles.      That is, they disclosed the
25   transfer to MGM during Mr. Ereren’s judgment debtor examinations,
26   to their bankruptcy counsel at the time of filing, and to the
27   Trustee during their § 341(a) meeting of creditors.
28        A debtor “acts knowingly if he or she acts deliberately and

                                         17
 1   consciously.”   In re Retz, 606 F.3d at 1198 (citation and
 2   quotation marks omitted).   A debtor's intent to hinder, delay, or
 3   defraud under § 727(a)(2) may be probative of the “knowing and
 4   fraudulent” elements under § 727(a)(4)(A).   Palmer v. Downey
 5   (In re Downey), 242 B.R. 5, 14 n.10 (Bankr. D. Idaho 1999)
 6   (citation omitted).
 7        The bankruptcy court found a knowing failure to disclose.
 8   Its finding is supported by the record.   Once again, the
 9   bankruptcy court broadly determined that the Debtors' testimony
10   was not credible.   In so finding, the bankruptcy court implicitly
11   declared that it did not find the Debtors’ explanations for their
12   omission believable.
13        Moreover, the fundamental purpose of § 727(a)(4)(A) is to
14   incentivize a debtor to provide the trustee and creditors with
15   accurate information so that they do not need to conduct costly
16   investigations.   In re Wills, 243 B.R. at 63 (citation omitted).
17   As a result, whether MGM was aware of the transfer through a
18   separate, nonbankruptcy proceeding is irrelevant.   Similarly, the
19   Debtors’ apparent disclosure to the Trustee at their § 341(a)
20   meeting of creditors is inadequate as a defense.    See
21   In re Searles, 317 B.R. at 377 (observing that in lieu of an
22   amended schedule or statement, “[a]n unfiled letter to the
23   trustee does not suffice because it is not in the plain view of
24   all parties in interest who should be entitled to rely on the
25   accuracy of the court's official file.”); Beauchamp v. Hoose
26   (In re Beauchamp), 236 B.R. 727, 732 (9th Cir. BAP 1999), aff'd,
27   5 Fed. Appx. 743 (9th Cir. 2001) (debtor who omits assets from
28   schedules and statements and then “repents” at or before the

                                     18
 1   § 341(a) meeting of creditors “pits the fundamental fresh start
 2   purpose of the [Bankruptcy] Code . . . against the clean hands
 3   maxim.”) (citation and quotation marks omitted).    Thus, the
 4   record supports the bankruptcy court’s finding that the Debtors’
 5   omission was knowingly made.
 6        Finally, the Debtors argue that the bankruptcy court erred
 7   in finding that they fraudulently omitted the transfer.     They
 8   assert that its finding is illogical given that they disclosed
 9   the vehicle sales to their biggest creditor and to the Trustee.
10   They also assert that they disclosed the new car leases on their
11   bankruptcy schedules.   The Debtors further contend that they
12   disclosed the transfer to bankruptcy counsel, which negates any
13   intent to defraud.
14        A debtor acts with fraudulent intent when: (1) the debtor
15   makes a misrepresentation; (2) that at the time he or she knew
16   was false; and (3) with the intention and purpose of deceiving
17   creditors.   In re Retz, 606 F.3d at 1198-99 (citation omitted).
18   Fraudulent intent is typically proven by circumstantial evidence
19   or by inferences drawn from the debtor’s conduct.   Id. at 1199
20   (citation omitted).   Circumstantial evidence may include showing
21   a reckless indifference or disregard for the truth.   Id.
22   (citation omitted); In re Wills, 243 B.R. at 64 (citation
23   omitted); In re Downey, 242 B.R. at 14 n.10.   A debtor, however,
24   may prove lack of intent by demonstrating good faith reliance on
25   his or her attorney's advice.   In re Retz, 606 F.3d at 1199
26   (citation omitted).
27        The bankruptcy court found that the Debtors fraudulently
28   omitted the transfer of the Vehicles.   The record supports its

                                     19
 1   finding.    Once again, the bankruptcy court broadly determined
 2   that the Debtors' testimony was not credible.   It, thus,
 3   implicitly found that the quality of the Debtors’ disclosures to
 4   the various parties did not negate fraudulent intent.   This was
 5   reasonable; given the § 727(a)(2)(A) determinations, it is clear
 6   that the bankruptcy court did not believe that the transfer was
 7   an ordinary course transaction.    This finding also renders an
 8   attorneys’ advice regarding disclosure of ordinary course
 9   transactions irrelevant.
10        The bankruptcy court was also reasonable in failing to
11   equate disclosure of the new car leases in the Debtors’ schedules
12   with disclosure of the prior sale yielding substantial cash
13   proceeds.   The bankruptcy court's finding of the Debtors' intent
14   to hinder, delay, or defraud MGM under § 727(a)(2)(A), thus, also
15   supports its finding of fraudulent intent under § 727(a)(4)(A).
16   See In re Downey, 242 B.R. at 14 n.10.    On this record, there are
17   sufficient patterns of falsities or reckless indifference to the
18   truth on the Debtors’ part to support the bankruptcy court’s
19   determinations.   Thus, the record supports the bankruptcy court’s
20   finding that the Debtors’ omission was fraudulently made.
21        Although the Debtors assert that they disclosed the transfer
22   to bankruptcy counsel such that it negates intent, they provided
23   no additional evidence – by way of declaration from the attorney
24   who filed the chapter 7 petition, for example – other than their
25   testimonial evidence.   The record supports the bankruptcy court’s
26   apparent conclusion that the Debtors did not establish that they
27   relied on counsel's advice when they failed to disclose the
28   transfer or that their reliance on counsel's advice, if any, was

                                       20
 1   reasonable or made in good faith.        See In re Retz, 606 F.3d at
 2   1199 (citation omitted).
 3        In sum, the bankruptcy court did not err in finding that the
 4   Debtors made a false omission on their SOFA, that their omission
 5   related to a material fact, and that they omitted the information
 6   knowingly and fraudulently.      The bankruptcy court’s findings were
 7   not illogical, implausible, or without support in the record.
 8   Again, we give abundant deference to the bankruptcy court’s
 9   findings based on its assessment of the Debtors’ credibility at
10   trial.    See id. at 1203-04.    And, again, where there are two
11   permissible views of the evidence, the bankruptcy court’s choice
12   between them cannot be clearly erroneous.       See In re Ng, 477 B.R.
13   at 132.   Therefore, the bankruptcy court did not err in denying
14   the Debtors’ discharge under § 727(a)(4)(A).11
15                                   CONCLUSION
16        Based on the foregoing, we AFFIRM the bankruptcy court's
17   denial of discharge under § 727(a)(2) and (a)(4).
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27        11
            Because we affirm under § 727(a)(2)(A) and (a)(4)(A), we
28   decline to address the denial of discharge under § 727(a)(5).

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