                              UNPUBLISHED ORDER
                         Not to be cited per Circuit Rule 53



            United States Court of Appeals
                              For the Seventh Circuit
                              Chicago, Illinois 60604

                               Argued March 2, 2005
                               Decided June 14, 2005

                                        Before

                  Hon. WILLIAM J. BAUER, Circuit Judge

                  Hon. FRANK H. EASTERBROOK, Circuit Judge

                  Hon. DIANE S. SYKES, Circuit Judge

No. 04-3003

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                     Appeal from the United States District
         Plaintiff-Appellee,                  Court for the Northern District of
                                              Indiana, Hammond Division
      v.
                                              No. 03 CR 75
BERNARD HAWKINS,
         Defendant-Appellant.                 James T. Moody,
                                              Judge

                                      ORDER

       Bernard Hawkins appeals his 151-month sentence for assaulting a federal
law enforcement officer. He argues that the district court violated the Sixth
Amendment by sentencing him as a career offender when a jury had not
determined beyond a reasonable doubt that his prior convictions were for crimes of
violence. Although this argument lacks merit, we vacate his sentence because the
district court erred by applying the Sentencing Guidelines as mandatory, see
United States v. Castillo, 406 F.3d 806, 823 (7th Cir. 2005); United States v. White,
406 F.3d 827, 835 (7th Cir. 2005), and the error is not harmless.


      In March 2003 deputy marshals and local police officers attempted to arrest
Hawkins at a Gary, Indiana, apartment complex pursuant to an arrest warrant
issued by the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois after
No. 04-3003                                                                    Page 2

Hawkins failed to appear at a supervised release hearing. Hawkins attempted to
evade the officers and injured a deputy marshal during the ensuing struggle. In
February 2004 Hawkins entered a blind guilty plea to one count of assaulting a
federal officer in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 111.

       At his sentencing hearing in July 2004, Hawkins admitted to the facts set
forth in the presentence investigation report. However, Hawkins objected to the
recommendation that he be sentenced as a career offender based on his two prior
felony convictions for the crime of escape. See U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1. In particular, he
argued that the issue of whether escape is a “crime of violence” under the guidelines
is a factual determination and thus under Blakely v. Washington, 125 S. Ct. 2531
(2004) and Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466 (2000), his escape convictions
could not be used to trigger the career offender guideline without submitting the
question to a jury. The district court rejected this argument, reasoning that
because the career offender determination is “strictly a legal issue,” Blakely and
Apprendi were not implicated. Hawkins’s assault crime carried a maximum
sentence of 20 years, and his base offense level as a career offender was 32. See
U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1(b)(c). The court granted a three-level downward adjustment for
acceptance of responsibility, see U.S.S.G. § 3E1.1, and the resulting offense level of
29 combined with Hawkins’s criminal history category of VI resulted in a guidelines
range of 151 to 188 months’ imprisonment.

       Hawkins moved for a downward departure under U.S.S.G. § 4A1.3, arguing
that his criminal history category overrepresented the severity of his criminal
record. He emphasized the nonviolent nature of his escapes, which he
characterized as “walk-away escapes” from a halfway house. He also argued under
U.S.S.G. § 5K2.0 that mitigating circumstances not taken into account by the
guidelines warranted a lower sentence. The court denied Hawkins’s motion,
stating, “[A]though departure may be authorized in this case, I choose not to depart
because I believe departure is just not warranted under the circumstances here.”
The court then sentenced Hawkins to 151 months’ imprisonment, the low end of the
guidelines range.

      On appeal Hawkins renews his argument that pursuant to Apprendi,
Blakely, and United States v. Booker, 125 S. Ct. 738 (2005), the Sixth Amendment
requires a jury to find that his prior convictions were for crimes of violence before
he can be sentenced as a career offender. Hawkins adequately preserved this
argument in the district court by objecting on Apprendi and Blakely grounds, and
thus our review of his sentence is plenary. See United States v. Schlifer, 403 F.3d
849, 854 (7th Cir. 2005).

       The district court did not engage in impermissible fact-finding in
determining that escape is a crime of violence. We have held that the crime of
No. 04-3003                                                                    Page 3

escape, “as a category, is a crime of violence for the purposes of the federal
sentencing guidelines.” United States v. Bryant, 310 F.3d 550, 554 (7th Cir. 2002).
Hawkins suggests that this “categorical approach” is at odds with Apprendi,
Blakely, and Booker. However, “the fact of a prior conviction” falls outside the rule
that facts increasing a sentence beyond the applicable statutory maximum must be
proved to a jury beyond a reasonable doubt. Booker, 125 S. Ct. at 756; Almendarez-
Torres v. United States, 523 U.S. 224 (1998). Since Booker the Supreme Court has
upheld the use of the categorical approach in evaluating prior convictions, with the
caveat that in making this determination the district court is limited to examining
“the statutory definition, charging document, written plea agreement, transcript of
plea colloquy, and any explicit factual finding made by the trial judge to which the
defendant assented.” Shepard v. United States, 125 S. Ct. 1254, 1257 (2005). We
have recently reaffirmed the use of the categorical approach in identifying crimes of
violence, explaining that “[r]ecidivist enhancements depend on the crime of which
the person has been convicted, not on the precise conduct that led to the conviction.”
United States v. Lewis, 405 F.3d 511, 513-14 (7th Cir. 2005). In Lewis, we
specifically reiterated that “legal criteria . . . rather than factual inquiries . . .
identify a ‘crime of violence.’” Id. at 514. Because in this case the district court’s
determination that escape is a crime of violence was legal, not factual, and the
district court did not rely on information that Shepard prohibits, Hawkins’s
argument fails.

       However, the district court erred in applying the guidelines as mandatory.
See Castillo, 406 F.3d at 823; White, 406 F.3d at 835. Hawkins is therefore entitled
to resentencing unless the error was harmless. See Schlifer, 403 F.3d at 854. A
sentencing error is harmless only if it did not affect the district court’s choice of
sentence. Id.; United States v. Smith, 332 F.3d 455, 460 (7th Cir. 2003). Here, we
cannot characterize the error as harmless. Hawkins’s total offense level would have
been 7 had he not been sentenced as a career offender; the total offense level
increased to 29 with the application of § 4B1.1. True, the district court denied
Hawkins’s motion for a downward departure, stating that departure was “not
warranted under the circumstances here.” But all that may be inferred from the
district court’s statement is that the court lacked solid grounds for a “departure”
under the guidelines as they existed prior to Booker. See Schlifer, 403 F.3d at 855.
Given the substantially longer sentence that Hawkins received under the
mandatory application of the career offender guideline, we cannot rule out the
possibility that the district court would have given Hawkins a lesser sentence had it
known that the guidelines were advisory and that its sentence would be reviewed
only for reasonableness. We therefore VACATE Hawkins’s sentence and REMAND to
the district court for resentencing in light of Booker.
