                  IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                              AT NASHVILLE
                                   February 13, 2003 Session

              JAMES KENT PYLANT v. KAREN CARDIN SPIVEY

                       Appeal from the Chancery Court for Giles County
                           No. 5246    Robert L. Holloway, Judge



                   No. M2002-00602-COA-R3-CV - Filed December 31, 2003


This appeal involves a dispute over the extent of a father’s obligation, under a provision in a property
settlement agreement, to pay for his daughter’s college education. The daughter chose to attend an
expensive private college. The trial court found that father should pay tuition equivalent to the cost
of an out-of-state public university. Both parties appealed. We affirm the trial court’s decision that
the father is obligated to pay reasonable costs, but vacate the judgment because there is insufficient
proof of such costs.

          Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Chancery Court
                    Affirmed in Part, Vacated in Part, and Remanded

PATRICIA J. COTTRELL, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which BEN H. CANTRELL , P.J., M.S.,
and MARIETTA SHIPLEY, SP . J., joined.

W. Charles Doerflinger, Lawrenceburg, Tennessee, for the appellant, James Kent Pylant.

Joe W. Henry, Jr., Pulaski, Tennessee, for the appellee, Karen Cardin Pylant (Spivey).

                                              OPINION

        James Kent Pylant and Karen Cardin Pylant (now Spivey) were divorced on September 8,
1982 at a time when their daughter, Kacey Pylant, was four months old. As part of the court’s order,
Ms. Spivey was awarded custody of the minor child, with Mr. Pylant having reasonable visitation
privileges and a child support obligation. The final order of divorce acknowledged that the parties
had entered into a property settlement agreement that adjudicated their property rights and custody
of their daughter “in complete fullness and fairness” and that the agreement was “voluntarily and
knowingly entered into by both parties.”

        The order at Paragraph 11 provided: “That the plaintiff (Mr. Pylant) shall be responsible for
the college education of the minor child even above and beyond the age of 18 years old at the college
of the minor child’s choice.” This paragraph reflected a provision in the handwritten (by Ms.
Spivey) agreement that stated, “Education - college of Kacey’s choice - Kent’s responsibility.”

        In the intervening years, the parties resorted to the courts over child support and visitation
issues on several occasions, the last time resulting in an order entered in August of 2000 finding Mr.
Pylant in arrears in his child support in the amount of $4,325.22.

        The proceeding which is the subject of this appeal was begun by the filing by Ms. Spivey of
a complaint for Declaratory Judgment in October of 2000 in which she asked the court to declare the
rights and obligations of the parties under the college education provision of the divorce decree and
settlement agreement. The complaint alleged that the parties’ child, Kacey, had elected to attend
Vanderbilt University, had started school there, had been invoiced for $15,575, and that Mr. Pylant,
despite demands, had refused to pay these expenses.

        No evidence was taken at the trial; instead, the matter was submitted on the depositions of
the parties and their daughter.1 From those depositions, we glean the following facts.

                                                            I.

        The economic circumstances of the parties since 1982 are in marked contrast. Karen Spivey
has prospered in large measure because of her one-third interest in her family’s business, Cardin
Distributing Company. She draws $80,000 per year in dividend income from the corporation and
owns some investment property. Her current husband also works in the family business, drawing
a salary of $150,000 per year.

        At the time of the divorce, Kent Pylant was employed at his then wife’s family business,
Cardin Distributing, earning $70,000. Since the divorce, his salary reached that level again only
once and only for a brief time. Over the last eighteen years, Mr. Pylant has been employed by
fourteen different employers earning annual incomes varying from $10,000 per year to $70,000 per
year.2 In 1992, Mr. Pylant invested $50,000 in a business in an attempt to increase his earnings, but
the business failed and he lost his investment which had come from his 401K plan and a joint
savings account. At the time of the hearing in this case he was employed by Ad-Tech Solutions
earning a salary of $50,000 per year. His current wife earns $41,000 per year at Cypress


         1
           On appeal Mr. Pylant asserts that the trial court did not allow him to present evide nce. The record o f the
hearing before the trial court does not support this assertion. During a colloquy between the court and counsel about the
time required to put on proof and about the issues involved in construing the agre ement, both attorneys offered to submit
the case on the depositions taken during discovery. The court offered to hear proof, but the parties, through their
attorneys, agreed to waive additional proof. The court explained the procedure to Mr. Pylant. The transcript makes clear
that the procedure followed by the trial court was agreed to by both co unsel an d no request to take testimony was made.


         2
          Ms. Spivey estimates his average yearly salary to have been $33,700, although she cautions that figure is not
prese nted as exact.

                                                            2
Communications, and they own a home valued at $152,500, which is heavily mortgaged. They also
have a son who was age three at the time of the trial.

        Kacey excelled in school and became a very talented vocalist. Her interest in music
culminated in her decision to study opera in college. She began discussing her college choices with
her father during her freshman or sophomore year in high school. She attained an ACT score of 32
and was accepted by many colleges including Middle Tennessee State University, where she won a
full academic scholarship.3 When Kacey informed her father of her choice of the Blair School of
Music of Vanderbilt University, a private institution, he protested that he could not afford to send her
to Vanderbilt where the costs exceed $35,000 annually. Mr. Plyant wrote Kacey in May of 2000
informing her of a “list of possible [college] choices” he would fund.4 In July, 2000, Mr. Plyant
reminded Kacey of his choices for her and stated in a follow-up letter that “I am working to have the
funds available and ready for your registration and wanted to see if you had made a final decision.”

        Kacey testified that her father had told her for some time, at least from her junior year, that
he could not afford Vanderbilt or schools of similar cost. She stated that his statements had an
impact on how she looked at colleges, but she chose Vanderbilt for other reasons and that financial
factors were not the most important factor to her. She believed the cost of Vanderbilt to be about
$30,000 per year and stated she had no idea how much money her father earned. When told he made
around $50,000 per year and asked if $30,000 tuition on that salary sounded reasonable, she stated,
“I guess it doesn’t sound reasonable when you say it that way, but I also think that there are probably
ways of paying for it . . .”

        During her college search and application process, Kacey’s mother told her that she, the
mother, could afford Vanderbilt. Kacey stated that her mother had told her that if Vanderbilt was the
place for her then she should go there. Kacey guessed that her mother was actually paying for
Vanderbilt. Ms. Spivey testified that she was aware of Kacey’s discussions with her father and her
father’s statements that he could not afford Vanderbilt. Regarding her actions and advice to Kacey
during the college selection process, Ms. Spivey testified as follows:

         Question:          Did you have a discussion with Kacey about attending Vanderbilt University
                            and how that would be paid for?



         3
          Kacey testified in her deposition that in addition to Vanderbilt, she looked at the Juilliard School of Music,
Florida State U niversity, W estminster Cho ir College, M annes Scho ol of M usic, M anhattan School of M usic, O berlin
Conserva tory, Northwestern University, Middle Tennessee State University, University of Alabama and University of
Georgia. She was accepted at Vanderbilt, University of Kentucky, Flo rida State University, Mid dle T ennessee State
University, and W estminister College Choir.

         4
           The colleges listed were U niversity of Tennessee at Knoxville, Middle Tennessee State U niversity, U niversity
of Me mphis, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, University of Tennessee at Martin, Tennessee Tech, Austin Peay
University, University of Alabam a (bo th Huntsville & Tuscaloosa), G eorgia State University (whe re she could live with
her father and commute), and University of Georgia (Athens).

                                                            3
         Answer:            I tried not to talk to her a whole lot about the financial part of it. I felt like that
                            was between myself and her father.
         Question:          Did you have any discussions with Kent about Vanderbilt University before
                            she applied to Vanderbilt?
         Answer:            No, because I knew she was talking with her father.
         Question:          And you heard her testify that every time she talked to her father about
                            Vanderbilt that he told her he could not afford Vanderbilt.
         Answer:            Correct
         Question:          And is that what she reported back to you?
         Answer:            Yes
         Question:          And what, if any, discussions did you have with Kacey in light of that
                            response from her father?
         Answer:            I told her that we had an agreement in our divorce that she was to attend the
                            college of her choice and that I wanted her to pick, based on that, where she
                            wanted to go.
         Question           Did you ever - - In light of those reports back from Kacey did you ever either
                            call or write or contact Kent to discuss the financial aspects of her attending
                            Vanderbilt University?
         Answer:            I don’t think so.
                                              *****
         Question:          When Kacey came to you and told you that her father said he could not afford
                            Vanderbilt University what , if any, response did you have to Kacey”
         Answer:            My response was probably that we would go to court. . . . .

       Over her father’s objections, but with the financial support of her mother and stepfather,
Kacey enrolled at Vanderbilt University. 5 Mr. Plyant refused to pay any of her college expenses at
Vanderbilt.6 Subsequently, Mrs. Spivey filed this declaratory judgment action.

         At trial, Ms. Spivey took the position that the obligation of Mr. Pylant under the property
settlement agreement was clear and unambiguously compelled Mr. Pylant to pay the college expenses
at any college chosen by Kacey. Mr. Pylant agreed that he was obligated under the agreement to pay
the college expenses of Kacey but stated that such expenses should be limited to those of a state
institution or similarly low cost institution in keeping with his ability to pay. Mr Plyant insisted that
he should have had input into Kacey’s choice of college and that her selection of Vanderbilt would
bankrupt him.

         After setting forth the evidence presented, the trial court found:


         5
           Kacey received a $3,000 vocal scholarship to Vanderbilt. In addition, her grandfather Cardin had set aside
$12 ,000 in trust for K acey’s college which w as used to help pay her first year tuition.

         6
           The trial court permitted Mr. Plyant to file an affidavit stating that o n No vember 1 9, 20 01, M r. Plyant paid
$8,0 00 to ward Kasey’s college tuition .

                                                             4
       Mr. Pylant’s position is basically that at the time he entered into the property
       settlement agreement, he did not intend for Kacey to be able to attend any college she
       chose regardless of cost and that he currently does not have the ability to pay for the
       cost of an education at the University of Vanderbilt. Mrs. Spivey argues that Mr.
       Pylant contracted to pay for his daughter’s education at the college of her choice, that
       he knew that he was financially responsible for that education and that he did nothing
       to prepare for that expense.

       Mr. Pylant does not present a very sympathetic figure to the Court. Even though he
       knew he was financially responsible for college, he has given his daughter only
       Twenty Dollars ($20.00) while she has been at Vanderbilt. He apparently had
       problems paying his child support as ordered. In nineteen (19) years, he has saved
       nothing to help him pay for his daughter’s education. Both Mrs. Spivey and Mr.
       Pylant attended a private college, Rhodes, and it was foreseeable that their daughter
       might choose to attend a private college or university. Mr. Pylant’s hands are unclean.
       It is also clear to the Court that Kacey would have more than likely been unable to
       attend Vanderbilt University if it had not been for the financial ability of her mother.
       Without that financial ability, Kacey would have been forced to attend a college that
       her father could more easily afford, or to depend on a combination of what he could
       afford and financial aid. This statement is not meant to criticize either Kacey or Mrs.
       Spivey for her choice of Vanderbilt University as the appropriate and best place for
       Kacey to obtain her education. To the contrary it is simply an observation based on
       financial information available to the Court.

       In Exhibit B to the Petition filed by Mrs. Spivey, Mr. Pylant makes it clear that he is
       willing to pay for certain universities. The Court finds that a typical state university,
       including room, board and tuition, would run in the neighborhood of Ten Thousand
       Dollars ($10,000). An out of state university could cost double that amount. The
       Court hereby requires Mr. Pylant to pay Twenty-Thousand Dollars ($20,000) per year
       towards the cost of his daughter’s education at Vanderbilt University. The expense
       shall continue so long as Kacey matriculates towards a degree as a full time student
       and shall be retroactive from her freshman year.

        Neither party was satisfied with the trial court’s compromise solution, and both parties
appealed. Mr. Plyant argues that the trial court did not set his tuition obligation low enough. In
contrast, Ms. Spivey insists that the trial court erred in modifying downward Mr. Pylant’s obligation
to only $20,000 per year.

                                                  II.

       Interpretation of contracts is a question of law. Guiliano v. CLEO, Inc., 995 S.W.2d 88, 95
(Tenn. 1999). Therefore, the trial court’s interpretation of the agreement herein is not entitled to a
presumption of correctness on appeal. Id.; Angus v. Western Heritage Ins. Co., 48 S.W.3d 728, 730


                                                  5
(Tenn. Ct. App. 2000). This court must review the document ourselves and make our own
determination regarding its meaning and legal import. Hillsboro Plaza Enters. v. Moon, 860 S.W.2d
45, 47 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1993). Regarding factual findings, our review is also de novo upon the record
of the trial court, but with a presumption of correctness. Tenn. R. App. P. 13(d); Cross v. City of
Memphis, 20 S.W.3d 642,643 (Tenn. 2000).

       A property settlement or marital dissolution agreement is essentially a contract between a
husband and wife in contemplation of divorce proceedings. Towner v. Towner, 858 S.W.2d 888, 890
(Tenn. 1993); Gray v. Estate of Gray, 993 S.W.2d 59, 63 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1998). Such an agreement
is enforceable, Holt v. Holt, 995 S.W.2d 68, 72 (Tenn. 1999), and “is to be construed as other
contracts as respects its interpretation, its meaning and effect.” Bruce v. Bruce, 801 S.W.2d 102
(Tenn. Ct. App. 1990) (quoting Matthews v. Matthews, 24 Tenn. App. 580, 593, 148 S.W.2d 3, 11-12
(1940)).

        While a parent generally has no legal duty to support a child past the child’s majority,
Blackburn v. Blackburn, 526 S.W.2d 463, 465 (Tenn. 1975), a parent may contractually extend his
or her support obligation beyond that imposed by law. Penland v. Penland, 521 S.W.2d 222, 224
(Tenn. 1975); Hawkins v. Hawkins, 797 S.W.2d 897, 898 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1990). Payment of college
expenses is an appropriate subject for an agreement between a husband and wife going through a
divorce. Penland, 521 S.W.2d at 224; Hathaway v. Hathaway, 98 S.W.3d 675, 678 (Tenn. Ct. App.
2002). Such an agreement is binding on the parties and constitutes "a contractual obligation outside
the scope of the legal duty of support during minority and retains its contractual nature . . . " Penland,
at 224; Hathaway, at 678. As with property settlement agreements generally, one that includes a
provision on college expenses is subject to the same rules of contract interpretation as any other
contract. Hathaway, 98 S.W.3d at 678.

         In the case before us, Mr. Pylant does not dispute that he undertook the contractual obligation
to be financially responsible for his daughter’s college expenses. It is the extent or scope of that
obligation that is in dispute. Mr. Pylant believed that he would share in the decision making as to
Kacey’s choice of college and that his ability to pay would be a limiting factor on her choice if he was
to be expected to be solely financially responsible. He testified that he thought the words “college
of her choice” meant a school that she chose that was acceptable to both him and his daughter. He
asserts that his obligation under the agreement must be interpreted by using a reasonableness standard
and that it is not reasonable to expect a person who earns $50,000 per year to pay $35,000 in college
expenses.

        “The central tenet of contract construction is that the intent of the contracting parties at the
time of executing the agreement should govern.” Planters Gin Co. v. Fed. Compress & Warehouse
Co., Inc., 78 S.W.3d 885, 890 (Tenn. 2002). The purpose of interpreting a written contract is to
ascertain and give effect to the contracting parties’ intentions, and where the parties have reduced
their agreement to writing, their intentions are reflected in the contract itself. Id.; Frizzell Constr. Co.
v. Gatlinburg, L.L.C., 9 S.W.3d 79, 85 (Tenn. 1999). Therefore, the court’s role in resolving disputes
regarding the interpretation of a contract is to ascertain the intention of the parties based upon the


                                                     6
usual, natural, and ordinary meaning of the language used. Guiliano, 995 S.W.2d at 95; Bob Pearsall
Motors, Inc. v. Regal Chrysler-Plymouth Inc., 521 S.W.2d 578, 580 (Tenn. 1975).

        Where the language of the contract is clear and unambiguous, its literal meaning controls the
outcome of contract disputes; but, where a contractual provision is ambiguous, i.e., susceptible to
more than one reasonable interpretation, the parties’ intent cannot be determined by a literal
interpretation of the language. Planters Gin Co., 78 S.W.3d at 890. In that situation, courts must
resort to other rules of construction, and only if ambiguity remains after application of the pertinent
rules does the legal meaning of the contract become a question of fact. Id.

        Thus, courts defer to the contracting process by enforcing written contracts, which establish
the rights and obligations of the parties, according to their plain terms without favoring either
contracting party. Cocke County Bd. of Highway Comm’rs v. Newport Utils. Bd., 690 S.W.2d 231,
237 (Tenn. 1985); Hardeman County Bank v. Stallings, 917 S.W.2d 695, 699 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1995).
Courts must avoid rewriting an agreement under the guise of interpreting it. Marshall v. Jackson &
Jones Oil, Inc., 20 S.W.3d 678, 682 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1998). The courts will not make a new contract
for parties who have spoken for themselves, Petty v. Sloan, 197 Tenn. 630, 640, 277 S.W.2d 355, 359
(1955), and will not relieve parties of their contractual obligations simply because these obligations
later prove to be burdensome or unwise. Boyd v. Comdata Network, Inc., 88 S.W.3d 203, 223 (Tenn.
Ct. App. 2002).

         The foregoing authority indicates that where the parties have unambiguously set out the terms
of their agreement, courts will enforce those terms as written, regardless of any inequity arising from
that enforcement. On the other hand, courts may incorporate a reasonableness requirement into any
contract. Moore v. Moore, 603 S.W.2d 736 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1980). In Moore, this court was called
upon to interpret a provision in a real estate sales contract that made the contract contingent upon the
buyer’s “ability to obtain adequate financing.” The proof showed that although the buyer was unable
to secure financing in Shelbyville, where the property was located, he was able to obtain adequate
financing in Nashville. In this factual context, the court stated that, “a qualifying word which may
be read into every contract is the word ‘reasonable,’ or its equivalent ‘reasonably.’” Id. at 739.
Consequently, the court interpreted the contingency as meaning “reasonable ability to obtain sufficient
financing by ordinary, recognized means.” Id. The court then found that the contract was subject to
reasonable application of the words used therein “according to the known situation of the parties,”
but was not ambiguous. Id.

         The Moore court’s language that reasonableness may be read into every contract has been
quoted, cited, and applied in a number of cases decided by this court. See, e.g., Hurley v. Tenn.
Farmers Mut. Ins. Co., 922 S.W.2d 887, 892 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1995) (holding that insurance
company’s demand for production of financial records and assertion that insured’s failure to produce
was a breach of the cooperation clause of the insurance contract could be considered unreasonable).
In fact, in some instances, we have stated that the qualifying word “reasonable” must be read into
every contract. Minor v. Minor, 863 S.W.2d 51, 54 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1993). In Minor, because the
contract did not include a time for performance, a reasonable time was implied, based upon Moore


                                                   7
and upon the well-settled rule that missing contract terms may be implied. Id. In McClain v.
Kimbrough Constr. Co., 806 S.W.2d 194, 198 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1991), this court held that “the extent
of contractual obligations should be tempered by a ‘reasonableness’ standard,” citing Moore.

        This court has had the opportunity to apply these rules of contract interpretation in the context
of an agreement to provide college expenses in a number of cases. While some of them have
involved determinations of specific portions of the agreement language not here present, more than
a few have specifically addressed the reasonableness of the expenses. For example, in Cagle v.
Cagle, No. 02A01-9710-CH-00265, 1998 WL 802019 (Tenn. Ct. App. Nov. 18, 1998) (no Tenn. R.
App. P. 11 application filed), the father argued, among other things, that his agreement to pay for his
son’s “college expenses” should be interpreted to require him to pay only the reasonable costs of that
education and also that the term “college” as used in the agreement should be interpreted as meaning
“public college.” With regard to the second issue, this court held: the agreement itself did not limit
college to apply only to public colleges; the father could have limited the term “college” in the
agreement but did not; the father failed to prove a mutual understanding at the time of the agreement
that the term would be limited to public colleges; and the ordinary meaning of the term “college”
included private as well as public colleges.

        With regard to the father’s reasonableness argument, the court recognized that his contractual
obligation was subject to “an implied condition of reasonableness,” citing Moore. Id., at *3. The
father had paid expenses for the son to attend a public university the year before, and testified that the
costs at the private school the son transferred to would be essentially the same if he did not provide
extras he had provided earlier, such as a car. Additionally, this court found that the evidence did not
preponderate against the trial court’s finding that the cost at the private school in question was “a
reasonable cost of obtaining an education.” Id., at *4. Consequently, this court found that the private
college was a reasonable choice within the terms of the agreement. Id.

        Our review of decisions regarding agreements to pay for college reveals that this court has
consistently held that such an obligation is subject to an implied condition of reasonableness, at least
where no specific college or amount of expenses is set forth. In Hathaway, the court stated that
‘reasonable’ must be read into the contract contrary to the trial court’s finding that the father’s failure
to place a limitation in the agreement required him to pay all tuition “no matter how much or how
difficult.”7 98 S.W.3d at 679. The court also discussed with approval prior decisions holding that
“just because the agreement contained no limitation on the defendant’s obligation, that did not mean
the child ‘could attend any college, regardless of the cost.’” Id., 98 S.W.3d at 680, quoting In re
Marriage of Schmidt, 684 N.E.2d 1355, 1362 (Ill. App. 1997).

       In Wilson v. Wilson, No. 03A01-9610-CH-00322, 1997 WL 360670 (Tenn. Ct. App. June 30,
1997) (no Tenn. R. App. P. 11 application filed), this court agreed that the marital dissolution


         7
          The agreement in Hathaway actually used the term “reasonable” in describing the tuition expenses to be paid.
The court, nonetheless, stated that the Mo ore rule would apply even if the agreeme nt did not limit the expenses to those
that were reasonable.

                                                            8
agreement language requiring the father to pay “expenses of a college education” was subject to an
implied condition of reasonableness, Id., at *1, but determined that it need not examine the
reasonableness of the expenses at issue because the father had in fact provided the items included in
those expenses. Similarly, in Cooper v. Cooper, No. W1999-01450-COA-R3-CV, 2001 WL 29459
(Tenn. Ct. App. Jan. 10, 2001) (no Tenn. R. App. P. 11 application filed), the court noted that the
father’s obligation to pay for his son’s college was subject to an implied condition of reasonableness
and that the analysis in such cases had been extended to determining whether the choice of college
is reasonable. Id., at *5. Because that issue was not raised in Cooper, however, the court found that
reasonableness of the choice of college was not relevant therein. Id.

        The most thorough discussion of the relevance and application of a reasonableness standard
to a parent’s agreement to pay college expenses of his or her child is found in Vick v. Vick, No.
02A01-9802-CH-00051, 1999 WL 398115 (Tenn. Ct. App. June 16, 1999) (no Tenn. R. App. P. 11
application filed). In that case, the marital dissolution agreement provided that the father agreed to
be “responsible for the children’s tuition, room and board for college education if they choose to go
for a four year degree.” The provision itself did not limit those expenses to a reasonableness standard.
This court examined cases from this state and from other jurisdictions and noted that some courts
have refused to limit a parent’s obligation where there are no limitations stated in the agreement. Id.,
at *4. However, the court found more persuasive those cases holding that the obligation was subject
to a determination of the reasonableness of the choice of school8 and held:

         The majority of courts considering this issue, however, will determine if the choice
         of college is reasonable, considering the child’s needs and the parent’s ability to pay.
         This is the approach used by the trial court in this case and is consistent with the
         contract’s implied condition of reasonableness. Therefore, we adopt this approach on
         appeal.

Id., at *7 (citations omitted).

        The Vick court found especially persuasive the reasoning of In re Marriage of Schmidt, 684
N.E.2d 1355 (Ill. App. 1997). In the Schmidt case, the court had found that where a contract was
silent as to price, a reasonable price was to be implied.9 Id. at 1361. The Illinois appellate court
determined that the cost of the private school chosen by the daughter was unreasonable in light of the
father’s financial means. The father was ordered to pay one-half (the agreement was for one-half of
college expenses) of the educational expenses at a state school. Id. at 1364. The Schmidt court also


         8
         In Vick, this court found the evid ence indicated a significant difference in cost between the private college
chosen by the child and a state-supported university, but also found there was no mutual understanding at the time of the
agreement that the term “college” was limited to public colleges. 1999 WL 3 98115, at *7. The court also found that
the MD A did not require approval by or consultation with the father on the choice of schools. N oting that some courts
would end the inquiry at this point, the Vick court decid ed otherwise.

         9
        See also Ingrassia v. Ingrassia, 509 N.E.2d 729,737 (Ill. App. 1987) (holding term missing from settlement
agreement’s college education provision is essentially a price term, so reasonable price is implied).

                                                            9
found there was no evidence that at the time they entered into the agreement the parties intended that
their daughter could attend any college, regardless of cost. Id. at 1362.

        Although the agreement in Vick as silent as to who would make the decision of which college
the child would attend, we think the reasoning is applicable to the case before us with the result that
Kacey’s choice of college is subject to a reasonableness standard as far as Mr. Pylant’s obligation to
pay for it is concerned. This interpretation is consistent with other cases implying a condition of
reasonableness in similar contracts.

        It is also consistent with those cases holding that where a term is missing from a contract, a
reasonable one will be implied. Minor, 863 S.W.2d at 54 and cases cited therein; McClain, 806
S.W.2d at 198 (where parties omit material provisions from their contract, the courts will impose
obligations on the parties “that are reasonably necessary for the orderly performance of the
contract.”); see also Floyd v. Floyd, No. M2000-02344-COA-R3-CV, 2001 WL 997380, at *5 (Tenn.
Ct. App. Aug. 31, 2001) (no Tenn. R. App. P. 11 application filed) (holding that where an MDA
failed to establish a specific visitation schedule, the implied reasonable standard would be applied).
Here, the term missing from the college education provision is essentially a price or cost term, so a
reasonable price must be implied. The fact that an agreement does not set a specific amount or
otherwise identify a measurable limit does not mean that the obligation is unlimited or that the child
can unilaterally obligate the parent to pay an unreasonable amount.

        Further, in construing contracts, courts must look at the language and the parties’ intent and
impose a construction that is fair and reasonable. ACG, Inc. v. Southeast Elevator, Inc. 912 S.W.2d
163 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1995). In Wallace v. National Bank of Commerce, 938 S.W.2d 684 (Tenn.
1997), the Tennessee Supreme Court, in examining the duty of good faith in performance that is
implied in every contract, discussed with apparent approval a Court of Appeals holding that “a court
must judge the performance against the intent of the parties as determined by a reasonable and fair
construction of the language of the instrument.” 938 S.W.2d at 686. While the case before us does
not involve an allegation of failure to perform, it does ask the court to define the scope or extent of
performance required. We think the Supreme Court’s holdings in Wallace are relevant to that
definition and are consistent with the principle that reasonableness will be implied in a contract, at
least where a material term is missing.10

        Herein, the parties did not specify the cost of the education or describe it in any quantifiable
or measurable way. We will not presume that the parties intended an unlimited obligation. Instead,
we presume they intended to establish a reasonable obligation that the father would foreseeably be
able to meet. We can imagine scenarios in which courts would not hesitate to refuse to enforce such
an apparently open-ended obligation because a child’s choice of a particular school was blatantly


         10
            The Supreme Court also a ckno wledged prior Court of Appeals hold ings to the effect that go od faith in
performance is measured by the terms of the contract and the parties may, by those terms, establish the standards by
which perfo rmance is to be measured. The Co urt determined that the parties in Wallace had agreed to specific terms and
that performance according to those terms could not be characterized as bad faith. 938 S.W.2d at 687.

                                                           10
unreasonable, either because of the cost of the school or because of the financial situation of the
obligor parent. For example, if a child chose to go to a unique and exclusive institution, located for
example in Europe, whose cost was prohibitive to all but the most wealthy, we have no doubt that
courts would refuse to require a parent of average means to fund that choice. In that situation, the
concept of reasonableness would be applied; it is only a matter of degree to also apply it in the
situation before us.

         For all the reasons stated above, we conclude that Mr. Pylant’s contractual obligation to pay
for his daughter’s college education at a school of her choice is subject to a determination of whether
that choice is reasonable in the circumstances.

                                                   III.

        Whether the term “reasonable” is written into the contract by the parties or is implied into it
by the courts, “reasonable” does not mean unlimited. Hathaway, 98 S.W.3d at 679, citing Moscheo
v. Moscheo, 838 S.W.2d 226, 228 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1992). The answer to the question of what is
reasonable will vary according to the circumstances. Moscheo, 838 S.W.2d at 227

       In Moscheo, the father agreed to pay a reasonable college tuition. The child in that case had
enrolled in a private out of state college, and the father agreed to pay the tuition if the daughter did
reasonably well. He paid for $7000 for one semester, and the student transferred to Belmont College
where she could live at home and work part time. The father paid $2690 tuition for one semester with
a condition that the student maintain a “C” average and work part time. When the daughter then
advised her father that she wanted to attend another private college out of state, the father agreed to
pay up to a limit of $6,000. He paid that and more for the first semester, but refused to pay for the
next semester. The trial court found that the father was only required to pay a reasonable amount each
year and that he had paid the amount required.

        Based upon evidence that the tuition in state colleges for the relevant school year was between
$1,000 and $2,000 per year and tuition at private schools was much higher, this court found that
$6,000 was a reasonable amount of tuition under the circumstances of the case, because “It is in the
middle range between the cost of tuition at a good state-supported university and a moderately priced
private institution.” Id. at 228. The court did not directly address the father’s financial ability to pay,
and we must assume it was not raised as an issue.

        The general rule, however, is that the obligor parent’s ability to pay is an important
consideration in determining the reasonableness of the choice of college for which that parent is
expected to pay. In Hathaway, this court held that the trial court erred in holding that the father’s
income and ability to pay were not to be considered and further erred in limiting the father’s proof
to that of impossibility. 98 S.W.3d at 681.

        In determining whether a child’s choice of college is reasonable, both the child’s needs and
the parent’s ability to pay must be considered. Id. at 680; Vick, 1999 WL 398115, at *7. Even where,


                                                    11
as in the case before us, the chosen college is an excellent fit for the child,11 the ability of the parent
to pay must also be considered. Hathaway, 98 S.W.3d at 681.12 What is reasonable may vary
according to the financial situation of the parties involved. “[A] tuition amount need not be
outrageous in order to be unreasonable. If parents cannot pay what one may consider a modest
tuition, that amount is still unreasonable as to them.” Id. at 680, quoting Carlton v. Carlton, 670
So.2d 1129, 1130 (Fla. Ct. App. 1996).

         Reasonableness must be viewed in light of the parties’ situation at the time of the making of
the agreement as well as at the time it becomes due. Hathaway, 98 S.W.3d at 680-81; see also Vick,
1999 WL 398115, at * 8 (considering the cost of the college selected and the father’s annual income
at that time). When a court is called upon to supply a missing term with a reasonable one, it must
consider the subject matter of the contract, the situation of the parties, their intention in what they
contemplated at the time the contract was made, and the circumstances attending the performance.
Minor, 863 S.W.2d at 54.

        From the transcript of the hearing, it is clear that the trial court understood that it would have
to determine reasonableness and would also have to determine whether the father’s ability to pay was
a factor that must be considered. Although the final order does not clearly state the findings in those
terms, it appears to us that the trial court did consider reasonableness and determined that the cost of
an out of state public school was reasonable. Whether the father’s ability to pay played a part in that
determination is not clear.

         The parties’ testimony regarding their understanding or expectation at the time the agreement
was signed demonstrates that there was no agreement as to the extent of the obligation under the
provision. In fact, Ms. Spivey testified that at the time of the divorce, there were no negotiations or
discussions leading up to the handwritten provision that Kent would pay for Kacey’s college. While
the trial court found that it was foreseeable at that time that their daughter might choose a private
college, that does not really address the question of their reasonable expectations. The cost of a
private education at the school attended by the parties would likely have been a smaller percentage
of Mr. Pylant’s $70,000 per year salary than the costs at Vanderbilt today are of his current and recent
salary. In addition, Mr. Pylant’s education was supplemented by partial scholarships. It was not
unforeseeable that their child would also receive scholarships. In fact, her high school record and



         11
           Kacey explained her cho ice of V anderbilt. She was an excellent student with close ties to her voice teacher
at the Blair School. While some of the other schools she considered may have had better ranked music departm ents,
because Vanderbilt did not have a graduate music program, she knew she would not have to compe te with graduate
students for opera parts. In addition, the un iversity was near b oth her hom e and her counselo r.

         12
           The court in In re Schmidt recognized the unique situatio n divo rced families face in dealing with p ost- majority
college arrangements and considered how the college decision would have been made had the parents remained married,
stating, “The only way to determine a reaso nable price would be to use the sa me fac tors two married parents wo uld use.”
In re Schmidt, 684 N.E.2d at 1362.



                                                             12
accomplishments qualified her for merit based scholarships at some schools, ranging from a full
scholarship at a state school to a small grant at Vanderbilt.

        Kacey’s eligibility for need based scholarships raises other questions. The trial court found
that Kacey had applied for various financial aid, but because of her mother’s financial situation almost
all were denied. The record includes no information on this issue other than Kacey’s testimony. It
would have been useful to know what kind of or how much financial aid would have been available
to Kacey based on Mr. Pylant’s financial situation,13 especially in view of Ms. Spivey’s position that
Mr. Pylant should be responsible for paying the entire cost of Kasey’s education at Vanderbilt.

       On appeal, Ms. Spivey vigorously argues that Mr. Pylant should have saved for the cost of
Kacey’s education. While that is no doubt true, based on the evidence in the record we are not
convinced that a person with Mr. Pylant’s income, which Ms. Spivey estimates to have averaged
about $34,000 per year, could have saved enough to fund an education at the cost of the school chosen
by Kacey. The record is devoid of any proof from which we could draw any conclusion on this
question or adequately consider it in a reasonableness determination.

        Mr. Pylant asserts he should only have to pay the equivalent of the cost of a state school. The
trial court found that he had provided a list of schools he could fund. That list included Tennessee
public colleges, where presumably Kacey would only have to pay instate tuition and fees, and some
public colleges in other states, some in Georgia where Mr. Pylant lives. The record does not include
any information on the costs of the schools on the list.

         We agree with the trial court that the father’s providing a list to Kacey of the schools he could
pay for removes any argument he might make regarding his inability to pay with regard to those
schools. However, we are unable to conclude that the trial court’s holding that Mr. Pylant was
obligated to pay the equivalent of an out of state public college tuition in the amount of $20,000 is
supported by the record because there is simply no evidence regarding the costs of the schools on the
list or the general cost of public colleges in state and out of state. See Hathaway, 98 S.W.3d at 681.

        We find that Mr. Pylant is obligated to pay the reasonable cost of a college education for his
daughter. While the daughter may choose to go to a school whose cost exceeds a reasonable cost, Mr.
Pylant is obligated to contribute to her education that reasonable cost. We further find that, by his
own admission, Mr. Pylant has the ability to pay the costs of the schools on the list he provided to his
daughter, which the trial court referred to as Exhibit B. Thus, those costs are reasonable as to the
parent’s ability to pay.




         13
            For exam ple, proof from a financial aid officer o r other qualified perso n regarding the amount o f aid availab le
to a student based upon M r. Pylant’s income and resources would be instructive and a factor in considering
reaso nableness. B y placing Ka cey in the financial shoes of the obligor pare nt, a more realistic picture may have been
developed.

                                                               13
        However, we have no basis upon which to conclude whether the cost of each or any of the
schools on the list is reasonable or unreasonable as compared to college costs in general.
Additionally, we have no basis for determining whether $20,000 represents the actual cost of any of
those colleges. Consequently, we must vacate the judgment of the trial court. On remand, if the
parties are unable to agree on the costs of the colleges on the list provided by Mr. Pylant to Kacey,
the court should, after an evidentiary hearing, determine the actual costs of the colleges, the
reasonableness of those costs, and the reasonable amount Mr. Pylant must pay based upon that
information.

       Costs of this appeal are taxed equally between the appellant, James Kent Pylant and the
appellee, Karen Cardin Pylant Spivey.



                                                      ___________________________________
                                                      PATRICIA J. COTTRELL, JUDGE




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