[Cite as In re K.J., 2014-Ohio-2488.]


                                        COURT OF APPEALS
                                   TUSCARAWAS COUNTY, OHIO
                                    FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT


IN RE: K.H.,                                :       JUDGES:
       A MINOR CHILD                        :
                                            :       Hon. W. Scott Gwin, P.J.
                                            :       Hon. John W. Wise, J.
                                            :       Hon. Craig R. Baldwin, J.
                                            :
                                            :
                                            :       Case No. 2013 AP 11 0042
                                            :
                                            :       OPINION



CHARACTER OF PROCEEDING:                            Appeal from the Tuscarawas County
                                                    Court of Common Pleas, Juvenile
                                                    Division, Case No. 13JD00151



JUDGMENT:                                           Reversed



DATE OF JUDGMENT:                                   June 5, 2014



APPEARANCES:

For Plaintiff-Appellant                             For Defendant-Appellee

BROOKE M. BURNS                                     RYAN D. STYER
Assistant State Public Defender                     Tuscarawas County Prosecutor
250 East Broad Street, Suite 1400
Columbus, OH 43215                                  AMANDA K. MILLER
                                                    Assistant County Prosecutor
                                                    125 East High Ave.
                                                    New Philadelphia, OH 44663
Tuscarawas County, Case No. 2013 AP 11 0042                                                     2

Baldwin, J.

      {¶1}    Appellant K.H. appeals a judgment of the Tuscarawas County Common

Pleas Court, Juvenile Division, finding him delinquent by reason of complicity in drug

trafficking (R.C. 2925.03(A)(1)). Appellee is the State of Ohio.

                             STATEMENT OF FACTS AND CASE

      {¶2}    On March 21, 2013, 14-year-old Z.C. stole ten Percocet pills from his

mother’s prescription bottle and brought them with him to middle school in order to get

high. He gave three of the pills to his friend, appellant, in the boy’s bathroom at the

school. He later sold K.H. two pills for $4.00 because he wanted cash to purchase a

drink from a vending machine.

      {¶3}    M.D. and two other boys witnessed a pill exchange in the bathroom

between Z.C. and appellant. M.D. did not see money exchanged. The boys told their

school principal that they saw the exchange of drugs in the bathroom. The principal did

not find pills in the possession of appellant or Z.C., but contacted law enforcement.

      {¶4}    On April 3, 2013, appellee filed a complaint in the juvenile court alleging

that “[K.H.] did knowingly sell or offer to sell a controlled substance to-wit: was complicit

in drug trafficking by purchasing Percocet from a juvenile in the company of other

juvenile males, in violation of §2825.03(A)(1) (Trafficking in Drugs), a felony of the fourth

degree.”

      {¶5}    The case proceeded to trial. At trial, appellant admitted that he had taken

Percocet earlier in the week in question when Z.C. brought pills to his house, but denied

ingesting Percocet on March 21, 2013.        He denied having cash on the day of the

incident, but claimed he saw Z.C. selling pills to two other boys during lunch.
Tuscarawas County, Case No. 2013 AP 11 0042                                                   3


      {¶6}    Appellant was found delinquent as charged.          At disposition, the court

found that K.H. had been using drugs since he was ten years old, and had a lengthy

history in the juvenile court. Based on these facts, the court committed appellant to the

Ohio Department of Youth Services for a minimum of six months, to a maximum of his

twenty-first birthday. Appellant assigns a single error:

      {¶7}    “THE TUSCARAWAS COUNTY JUVENILE COURT VIOLATED K.H.’S

RIGHT TO DUE PROCESS OF LAW WHEN IT ADJUDICATED HIM DELINQUENT OF

DRUG TRAFFICKING, IN THE ABSENCE OF CREDIBLE AND COMPETENT

EVIDENCE THAT HE SOLD OR OFFERED TO SELL A CONTROLLED SUBSTANCE

OR THAT HE ACTED WITH THE KIND OF CULPABILITY REQUIRED FOR THE

COMMISSION OF THE OFFENSE.”

      {¶8}    Appellant argues that the judgment finding him delinquent by reason of

complicity to drug trafficking is not supported by sufficient evidence.

      {¶9}    An appellate court's function when reviewing the sufficiency of the

evidence is to determine whether, after viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to

the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the

crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt. State v. Jenks, 61 Ohio St. 3d 259, 574

N.E.2d 492, paragraph two of the syllabus (1991).

      {¶10}   R.C. 2925.03(A)(1) defines trafficking in drugs:

      {¶11}   “(A) No person shall knowingly do any of the following:

      {¶12}   “(1) Sell or offer to sell a controlled substance or a controlled substance

analog[.]”

      {¶13}   R.C. 2923.02(A) defines complicity:
Tuscarawas County, Case No. 2013 AP 11 0042                                                    4


      {¶14}   “(A) No person, acting with the kind of culpability required for the

commission of an offense, shall do any of the following:

      {¶15}   “(1) Solicit or procure another to commit the offense;

      {¶16}   “(2) Aid or abet another in committing the offense;

      {¶17}   “(3) Conspire with another to commit the offense in violation of section

2923.01 of the Revised Code;

      {¶18}   “(4) Cause an innocent or irresponsible person to commit the offense.”

      {¶19}   To support a conviction for complicity by aiding and abetting pursuant to

R.C. 2923.03(A)(2), the evidence must show that the defendant supported, assisted,

encouraged, cooperated with, advised, or incited the principal in the commission of the

crime, and that the defendant shared the criminal intent of the principal. Such intent may

be inferred from the circumstances surrounding the crime. State v. Johnson, 93 Ohio

St.3d 240, 754 N.E.2d 796 (2001), syllabus.

      {¶20}   Appellant argues that he did not have the culpability required for the

commission of the offense of trafficking, nor did he solicit Z.C. to commit the offense, aid

or abet Z.C. in committing the offense, conspire with Z.C. in committing the offense, or

cause an innocent person to commit the offense. The State argues that appellant’s

encouraging, supportive and cooperative conduct in the morning would probably cause

Z.C. to give him the remaining Percocet pills in the afternoon, and thus he acted with

the mental state required for a conviction of trafficking and aided or abetted Z.C. in

committing the offense.

      {¶21}   There is no evidence that appellant possessed the criminal intent to sell

the Percocet. While he may have intended for Z.C. to sell the drugs to him, appellant
Tuscarawas County, Case No. 2013 AP 11 0042                                                      5


himself did not have the intent to sell the drugs, he merely had the intent to receive the

drugs from Z.C. The definition of drug trafficking by its nature requires two parties: a

seller and a buyer. In virtually every transaction, the buyer has the intent for the seller

to sell or offer to sell the controlled substance; however, the legislature did not see fit to

include the buyer in the definition of trafficking in drugs.

      {¶22}   While Z.C. testified that he knew appellant would want the Percocet pills

because the two of them had engaged in recreational drug activity in the past, this

evidence without more is insufficient to support a finding that appellant shared the

criminal intent of Z.C. and that appellant supported, assisted, encouraged, cooperated

with, advised, or incited Z.C. in the commission of the crime. While we decline to hold

that there will never be a case where the buyer’s conduct supports a conviction of

complicity to drug trafficking, the evidence in the instant case is insufficient to

demonstrate that appellant acted with the culpability required for commission of drug

trafficking and that he took any of the actions set forth in R.C. 2923.02(A).
Tuscarawas County, Case No. 2013 AP 11 0042                                             6


      {¶23}   The assignment of error is sustained.    The finding of delinquency is

vacated. This case is remanded to the Tuscarawas County Common Pleas Court,

Juvenile Division, with instructions to discharge appellant on the instant finding of

delinquency. Costs are assessed to appellee.


By: Baldwin, J.

and Wise, J. concurs.

Gwin, P.J., concurs separately
Tuscarawas County, Case No. 2013 AP 11 0042                                              7

Gwin, concurs separately
      {¶24} I concur in the decision reached by the majority; however, I do so for the

following reasons.

      {¶25} In Robinson v. Texas, 815 S.W.2d 361(Tex.Crim.App. 1991), the Court

reviewed the consensus on this issue,

             We believe Professor LaFave correctly states the general rule

      regarding exceptions to the law of complicity:

             There are ... some exceptions to the general principle that a person

      who assists or encourages a crime is also guilty as an accomplice. For

      one, the victim of the crime may not be held as an accomplice even

      though his conduct in a significant sense has assisted in the commission

      of the crime....

             Another exception is where the crime is so defined that participation

      by another is inevitably incident to its commission. It is justified on the

      ground that the legislature, by specifying the kind of individual who was

      guilty when involved in a transaction necessarily involving two or more

      parties, must have intended to leave the participation by the others

      unpunished.... Thus, under this exception one having intercourse with a

      prostitute is not liable as a party to the crime of prostitution, a purchaser is

      not a party to the crime of illegal sale,....

             2 W. LaFave & A. Scott, Substantive Criminal Law § 6.8(e) at 165–

      66 (1986) (citations omitted) (emphasis added). Other commentators

      agree: “A purchaser of liquor is not regarded as an accomplice of the

      person charged with selling such liquor; nor is a purchaser of narcotics an
Tuscarawas County, Case No. 2013 AP 11 0042                                             8


     accomplice of the person charged with selling such narcotics.” 1 C. Torcia,

     Wharton's Criminal Law, § 38 at 202 (14th ed. 1978) (citations omitted).

            Numerous jurisdictions have addressed the question presented

     here, and all have reached the same result. See Thompson v. State, 347

     So.2d 1384, 1386 (Ala.Crim.App.1977); Sweatt v. State, 251 Ark. 650, 473

     S.W.2d 913, 914–15 (1971); People v. Lamb, 134 Cal.App.2d 582, 285

     P.2d 941, 942–43 (1955); State v. Hayes, 351 N.W.2d 654, 657

     (Minn.Ct.App.1984); Tellis v. State, 84 Nev. 587, 445 P.2d 938, 940

     (1968); People v. Tune, 103 A.D.2d 990, 479 N.Y.S.2d 832, 834 (1984);

     State v. Nasholm, 2 Or.App. 385, 467 P.2d 647, 648 (1970); State v. Fox,

     313 N.W.2d 38, 40 (S.D.1981); Brown v. State, 557 S.W.2d 926

     (Tenn.Crim.App.1977); State v. Berg, 613 P.2d 1125, 1126 (Utah 1980);

     State v. Warnock, 7 Wash.App. 621, 501 P.2d 625, 625–26 (1972);

     Wheeler v. State, 691 P.2d 599, 602 (Wyo.1984). The opinion of the

     Supreme Court of Wyoming in Wheeler provides a good example of the

     reasoning employed in these decisions:

            There is a definite distinction between a seller and a buyer. Their

     separate acts may result in a single transaction, but the buyer is not aiding

     the “selling act” of the seller and the seller is not aiding the “buying act” of

     the buyer. The buyer and seller act from different poles. They are not in

     association or confederacy. An accomplice is one who participates in the

     same criminal conduct as the defendant, not one whose conduct is the
Tuscarawas County, Case No. 2013 AP 11 0042                                                 9


         antithesis of the defendant, albeit the conduct of both is involved in a

         single transaction.

                Wharton's Criminal Evidence (13th ed. 1973) tells us that a

         purchaser of narcotics is not an accomplice of the defendant charged with

         selling such narcotics, Id. Vol. 3, § 648, pp. 360–361, and we so hold. The

         purchaser of controlled substances commits the crime of “possession” and

         not “delivery,” and, thus, is not an accomplice to a defendant charged with

         unlawful distribution.

                Wheeler, 691 P.2d at 602.

         Robinson, 815 S.W.2d at 363-64. Accord, Sobrino v. State, 471 So.2d 1333

(Fla.App. 1985).

         {¶26} R.C. 2923.03(F) states, “A charge of complicity may be stated in terms of

this section, or in terms of the principal offense.” It is axiomatic that one cannot be

convicted of trafficking in drugs on a theory that one sold the drugs to oneself. This is

not a case where the defendant acted as an agent in purchasing the drugs from the

seller on behalf of a third-party buyer.

         {¶27} Accordingly, I concur in the decision to reverse the decision of the trial

court.
