                                                                                               11/21/2017
        IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                         AT NASHVILLE
                          Assigned on Briefs October 17, 2017

               GREGORY L. MATHIS v. STATE OF TENNESSEE

                 Appeal from the Criminal Court for Davidson County
                     No. 2009-B-1806      Steve R. Dozier, Judge


                              No. M2016-02516-CCA-R3-PC


The Petitioner, Gregory L. Mathis, appeals the Davidson County Criminal Court’s denial of
his petition for post-conviction relief from his 2010 convictions for aggravated robbery,
aggravated burglary, and two counts of especially aggravated kidnapping and his effective
126-year sentence. The Petitioner contends that (1) he received the ineffective assistance of
counsel, (2) his especially aggravated kidnapping convictions violate principles of due
process, and (3) he is entitled to a new trial based upon codefendant Turner’s testimony at
the post-conviction hearing. We affirm the judgment of the post-conviction court.

 Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Criminal Court Affirmed

ROBERT H. MONTGOMERY, JR., J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which D. KELLY
THOMAS, JR., and TIMOTHY L. EASTER, JJ. joined.

Chadwick Wyatt Jackson, Nashville, Tennessee, for the appellant, Gregory L. Mathis.

Herbert H. Slatery III, Attorney General and Reporter; Clark B. Thornton, Senior Counsel;
Glenn Funk, District Attorney General; and J. Wesley King, Assistant District Attorney
General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.

                                          OPINION

       This case arises from the burglary of Terry Beckner and Lisa Lewis’s home in
February 2009. The Petitioner and three codefendants, Elza Evans III, Emily Turner, and
Danny Lee Sams, were indicted for aggravated robbery, aggravated burglary, and two counts
of especially aggravated kidnapping. The trial court granted codefendant Sams’s motion to
sever his case, and he later pleaded guilty and testified at the joint trial of the Defendant and
the remaining codefendants. The Defendant, codefendant Evans, and codefendant Turner
were convicted as charged. The Defendant and codefendant Evans appealed their
convictions, and this court affirmed the convictions and summarized the facts of the case as
follows:

               Terry Becker testified at trial that in 2009 he was renting a small two-
       bedroom house with his fiancée, Lisa Lewis, in Nashville. On the night of
       February 25, 2009, co-defendant Emily Turner, a friend of Ms. Lewis, and co-
       defendant Danny Lee Sams, Turner’s boyfriend, came to his house. Mr.
       Becker testified that Turner and Sams had visited the house in the past and that
       Turner would occasionally spend the night in his guest bedroom. Mr. Becker
       also testified that he had previously loaned Turner and Sams money and that
       he had helped Sams secure various odd jobs. According to Mr. Becker,
       Turner and Sams got into an “argument” while they were at his house. Mr.
       Becker testified that Sams told him that Turner was “driving [him] crazy or
       something to that effect.” Sams then “stormed out and took [Turner’s] car,”
       stranding her at Mr. Becker’s house.

              Mr. Becker testified that co-defendant Turner rejected several offers he
       made to help her retrieve the car. Instead, Turner stayed in his guest bedroom
       and was up late “visiting” with Ms. Lewis. Mr. Becker testified that he went
       to bed “late in the evening” and that Ms. Lewis eventually joined him later that
       night. The next morning, Mr. Becker awoke at approximately 7:45 a.m. Mr.
       Becker testified that he saw Turner standing in the doorway of the guest
       bedroom. Mr. Becker asked Turner if she had let the dogs out, and she replied
       that she was about to. Mr. Becker then went to his kitchen to make some
       coffee. As Mr. Becker was making his coffee he saw two African-American
       men standing in his living room. Both men were dressed in “dark colored”
       clothes, had bandanas over their faces, wore sunglasses, and had plastic gloves
       on their hands. Both men were also wearing baseball caps and had the hoods
       from their sweatshirts up. Both men had guns and pointed them at Mr.
       Becker.

              Mr. Becker testified that one of the men told him to get “all of the way
       down” on the ground. Mr. Becker complied, and the men duct taped his hands
       behind his back. The men then moved Mr. Becker to a dining room chair
       where they “strapped [him] to the chair around [his] chest and [his] upper
       arms” with duct tape. The men also taped Mr. Becker’s arms to the chair.
       After Mr. Becker was taped to the chair, one of the men brought codefendant
       Turner into the room and had her lie down on the floor. Mr. Becker testified
       that one of the men then went into the bedroom, woke Ms. Lewis up, brought
       her into the dining room, and had her lie down next to Turner. According to

                                         -2-
Mr. Becker, one of the men said, “Lisa we’ve been looking for you for a long
time.” The man said that Ms. Lewis “owed them $18,000.” The man also
nudged Turner with his foot several times and repeatedly said, “We don’t
know who this b---h is,” to the point that Mr. Becker thought that they were
overemphasizing it.

        The men made Ms. Lewis kneel down in front of Mr. Becker, and one
of them asked Ms. Lewis if she loved Mr. Becker. When Ms. Lewis stated
that she did, the man said that Mr. Becker would write two checks for $9,000,
one made out to Ms. Lewis and one made out to co-defendant Turner, and that
the women would cash the checks and return with the money in thirty minutes
or they would kill Mr. Becker. While the man was explaining the plan he had
a gun pointed at Ms. Lewis, and the other man pointed his gun at Mr. Becker.
One of the men got Mr. Becker’s checkbooks and brought it back to the dining
room. The men freed one of Mr. Becker’s hands, and Mr. Becker wrote the
checks as instructed. Sometime after the women left, the branch manager
from a nearby Regions Bank called Mr. Becker. Mr. Becker testified one of
the men put a gun to his head and leaned in so he could overhear the
conversation. The branch manager told Mr. Becker that he was calling to
verify that he had written the checks, and Mr. Becker told the branch manager
to cash the checks.

       A short time after the phone call from the bank manager, one of the
men left the room to answer a cell phone call. When the man came back into
the room he said that the police were at the bank, that they needed to leave,
and told the other man to “take care” of Mr. Becker. The other man gagged
Mr. Becker and bound him with more duct tape. The men broke Mr. Becker’s
cell phone, took the battery out of his home phone, and then fled the house.
After they left, Mr. Becker was able to free himself. Mr. Becker testified that
the skin on his arms was torn and bleeding from the duct tape. Mr. Becker
also testified that at least one of the men stayed with him at all times during
the ordeal and that the men kept their guns out the entire time they were there.
 Mr. Becker recalled that one of the men did most of the talking and that the
other man stayed with him the majority of the time. Mr. Becker later
inspected the house and found no evidence of forced entry.

       Ms. Lewis testified at trial that on the night of February 25, 2009, co-
defendants Turner and Sams came over to the house she shared with Mr.
Becker. Ms. Lewis recalled that Turner and Sams got into an argument that
night and Sams left in Turner’s car. Ms. Lewis testified that she thought

                                  -3-
Sams’s taking the car “was very unusual” because she had “never known
[Sams] to leave [Turner] without her car because it was her car, not theirs.”
Ms. Lewis also testified that Turner showed no interest in finding Sams or
getting her car back that night. Instead, Turner and Ms. Lewis stayed up late
taking drugs and “talking all night.” Ms. Lewis admitted to taking Percocet
while Turner used cocaine. At some point during the night, Turner told Ms.
Lewis to go to bed with Mr. Becker because it would “look more suspicious”
if she stayed in the guest bedroom. Ms. Lewis testified that she got into bed
with Mr. Becker around 4:00 a.m.

         Ms. Lewis testified that when she woke up the next morning there was
a man with a bandana and a “hoodie on” standing over her and pointing a gun
at her. The man motioned for her to get up and took her into the dining room
where Ms. Lewis saw Mr. Becker, co-defendant Turner, and another masked
man holding a gun. Ms. Lewis testified that one of the men told her to get
down on the ground and then repeatedly said that they had “been looking
everywhere for [her].” The man said that Ms. Lewis owed them money and
that they were “going to get it.” Ms. Lewis testified that the man then had her
get up and go kneel down in front of Mr. Becker. The man put a gun to her
head and asked her if she loved Mr. Becker. When she said yes, the man said
that if she loved Mr. Becker she would do what they told her to. The men then
had Ms. Lewis lie back down on the ground while Mr. Becker wrote two
checks.

        Ms. Lewis testified that one of the men said that she and co-defendant
Turner would go to the bank and cash the checks for them. Ms. Lewis recalled
that the man referred to Turner as “whoever this b---h is” and emphasized that
he did not know Turner. Ms. Lewis also recalled that neither one of the men
ever said her last name and that they checked her driver’s license to make sure
Mr. Becker had written the check to the right person. One of the men took her
to the bedroom, so she could put on a sweatshirt. Ms. Lewis testified that the
man kept a gun pointed at her the entire time. While they were in the
bedroom, Ms. Lewis asked if she could get some cigarettes out of the night
stand. When she opened the drawer, the man saw $300 in cash and a debit
card. The man took the money and the debit card and demanded that Ms.
Lewis give him the PIN for the account, which Ms. Lewis did. The men told
her to come back in thirty minutes with the money or they would kill Mr.
Becker.




                                  -4-
        Ms. Lewis testified that co-defendant Turner drove to the bank.
According to Ms. Lewis, Turner repeatedly said that she wanted to stop
somewhere and call co-defendant Sams. At some point while they were
driving to the bank, Turner told Ms. Lewis, “[T]hey know you’re wanted, they
don’t think you’ll call the police.” Ms. Lewis testified that when they arrived
at the bank she “came unglued” and explained to a bank employee what was
happening. The employee had Ms. Lewis call the police on his cell phone
while the bank manager called Mr. Becker to “buy him a little bit of time.”
Ms. Lewis recalled that Turner continued to talk about how she needed to call
Sams. The bank employees who helped Ms. Lewis testified at trial that she
was “hysterical” while Turner was “real calm” and “distant.” While they were
at the bank, Turner pulled out her cell phone and made a phone call. Turner
told the person she called that she was not at Mr. Becker’s house, that she was
at the bank, and whoever was going to pick her up should not go to Mr.
Becker’s house.

         Ms. Lewis admitted that when she called the police and initially spoke
with the responding officers she used a fake name. Ms. Lewis explained that,
at the time, she had a drug problem and an outstanding warrant for a probation
violation. Ms. Lewis testified that she was afraid of being arrested by the
police. Ms. Lewis was arrested later that day after the police had completed
their investigation into the robbery. Ms. Lewis testified that she gave the
check made out to her to the police when they arrived. However, the police
could not locate the check made out to co-defendant Turner. The bank
employee who assisted Ms. Lewis testified that he had seen two checks both
made out for $9,000 when the women arrived at the bank. Turner told the
police that she had given the check to Ms. Lewis, but Ms. Lewis testified that
she did not remember Turner ever giving her the check. The detective who
responded to the bank testified that Turner told him her check “must’ve gotten
blown away in the wind.”

       Based upon Ms. Lewis’s 911 call, officers from the Metropolitan
Nashville Police Department surrounded Mr. Becker’s house. Officers
observed two men dressed in “all black, dark clothing” exit the house and
begin hurriedly walking away from the house. When an officer approached
the men they began running in opposite directions. Officers subdued both
men. Defendants Mathis and Evans were identified at trial as the two men
caught fleeing from Mr. Becker’s house. Officers saw the Defendants
“dropping stuff” as they ran and collected trails of evidence from each of the
Defendants leading back toward Mr. Becker’s house.

                                  -5-
        On the ground where Defendant Evans had been running, police found
a wig, a black baseball cap, a cigarette lighter, a cell phone, and a .380 caliber
pistol. Defendant Evans had “long black” wig hairs on his neck and head. A
search of Defendant Evans revealed a roll of duct tape, a black bandanna, and
a cell phone. On the ground where Defendant Mathis had been running, police
found a cell phone, a black baseball cap, a wig, a pair of sunglasses, three
plastic gloves, and Mr. Becker’s debit card. An officer saw Defendant Mathis
throw a gun over a fence into a neighbor’s yard and a .9mm pistol was later
recovered from the neighbor’s yard. Both of the recovered guns were fully
loaded and ready to fire. When Defendant Mathis was stopped, he had on
plastic gloves with pieces of duct tape stuck to them and a hairnet for a wig on
his head. A search of Defendant Mathis revealed a bandanna, the key to a
Jeep Cherokee, and $341 in cash.

       A Jeep Cherokee was found a block away from Mr. Becker’s house.
Fingerprints belonging to Defendant Mathis and co-defendant Turner were
found on the outside of the vehicle. Inside the vehicle was a receipt for the
purchase of two pairs of sunglasses, two bandanas, and a “hoodie,”
timestamped at 3:09 a.m. on February 26, 2009. Inside Mr. Becker’s house, a
piece of duct tape with part of a plastic glove attached to it was recovered from
a chair in the dining room. No fingerprints were recovered from inside Mr.
Becker’s house. Mr. Becker testified that after the police searched his house,
Turner was brought there and eventually picked up by co-defendant Sams.
Later that day, Mr. Becker discovered two checks were missing from his
checkbook. Mr. Becker received a phone call from a nearby bank informing
him that a woman was attempting to cash one of the checks made out for
$3,500. Turner and Sams were arrested at the bank with Mr. Becker’s missing
checks.

        Co-defendant Sams testified that he had pled guilty in this case and was
awaiting sentencing. Sams testified that at the time of the robbery he was
dating co-defendant Turner. According to Sams, Turner came up with the idea
to rob Mr. Becker, and he helped her plan the robbery. Sams testified that
Turner introduced him to Defendant Mathis and that they approached him
about helping them with the robbery because they knew he had a gun.
Defendant Mathis agreed to help them, but he said “that he wanted to do it his
way; that he had a friend from his hometown that he could trust.” They agreed
that they would force Mr. Becker to write two checks totaling $18,000 and that
they would split the money three ways: Sams and Turner would get $6,000;

                                   -6-
       Defendant Mathis would get $6,000; and Defendant Mathis’s “partner” would
       get $6,000.

               Co-defendant Sams testified that the plan was for co-defendant Turner
       to stay the night at Mr. Becker’s house and leave the backdoor unlocked.
       Sams also testified that he drove by Mr. Becker’s house with Defendant
       Mathis so he could get an idea of how he would enter the house. According to
       Sams, on the night of February 25, 2009, he pretended to have an argument
       with Turner so she could stay the night at Mr. Becker’s house. Sams testified
       that Turner later called him and told him that Mr. Becker and Ms. Lewis had
       believed them. The next day Turner called him from the bank to tell him that
       the police were on their way and not to go to Mr. Becker’s house. Sams
       testified that he called Defendant Mathis and told him to get out of the house
       because the police were on their way. Sams claimed that he did not know
       Defendant Evans and that Defendant Evans was not involved in the planning
       of the robbery.

State v. Gregory Mathis and Elza Evans, No. M2011-01096-CCA-R3-CD, 2013 WL
4774130, at *1-5 (Tenn. Crim. App. Sept. 5, 2013), perm. app. denied (Tenn. Dec. 12, 2013).

       On October 3, 2014, the Petitioner filed a petition for post-conviction relief, alleging
the ineffective assistance of counsel and violations of his due process rights.

       At the post-conviction hearing, the Petitioner testified that trial counsel failed to
investigate adequately in order to establish that Lisa Lewis was an accomplice or involved in
a conspiracy and that establishing Ms. Lewis was not a victim would have impacted the
verdict of the especially aggravated kidnapping charge related to Ms. Lewis. The Petitioner
said that before the incident, codefendant Turner told Ms. Lewis to go to sleep on the night
of the offense because it might have raised suspicion if Ms. Lewis were not in the “proper
room she’s supposed to be in with” Terry Becker. The Petitioner said that he and
codefendant Turner talked “briefly about Ms. Lewis being in on it” but that he did not speak
directly to Ms. Lewis about the robbery. He stated that about one or two weeks before the
robbery, he and codefendant Turner discussed Ms. Lewis and that he understood codefendant
Turner “had some sort of side deal with Ms. Lewis to be in on the robbery.” The Petitioner
said Ms. Lewis was to receive a portion of the robbery proceeds. He admitted, though, he
did not discuss this with trial counsel.
       The Petitioner testified that the information related to Ms. Lewis would have been
presented to the jury had trial counsel called him to testify on his own behalf. The Petitioner
said that at the last moment, counsel “talked [him] out of testifying.” He said his testifying
that Ms. Lewis was a co-conspirator was his best defense to the especially aggravated

                                          -7-
kidnapping charge related to Ms. Lewis. He noted that at the time of his trial, the White
instruction did not exist relative to whether a kidnapping is merely incidental to
accomplishing a robbery. See State v. White, 362 S.W.3d 559 (Tenn. 2012) (determining
that due process requires a trial court to provide a jury instruction asking jurors to determine
whether a victim’s removal or confinement is essentially incidental to the accompanying
felony offense of aggravated robbery before convictions for kidnapping and aggravated
robbery are permitted). The Petitioner thought the jury needed to hear his testimony. He
said that he and counsel discussed before the trial the Petitioner’s testifying but that at the
trial, he and counsel stepped out of the courtroom to discuss it. The Petitioner said that
counsel noted the prosecutor would question him about his criminal history. The Petitioner
said that he did not understand what counsel was saying, that he thought counsel “had
something to appeal,” and that it would “be okay.” The Petitioner said he would have told
the jury that this case was about a “scam . . . to get the checks cashed and to get the money.”
 The Petitioner said that once he was inside the home, he asked codefendant Turner if Ms.
Lewis was “still in on it” and that codefendant Turner nodded her head. He said that when
he and Ms. Lewis were inside the bedroom, Ms. Lewis gave him the money and the debit
card pin number. He said that Ms. Lewis “folded” when she and codefendant Turner arrived
at the bank.

        The Petitioner testified that the kidnapping was merely incidental to the robbery and
that the offense was truly an attempted robbery because the checks were not “turned into
money.” He said that codefendant Turner and Ms. Lewis took the “completed checks” to the
bank while Mr. Becker was being held at the home during the ongoing theft. The Petitioner
argued that all of his convictions were incidental to each other and that neither offense “rose
to the degree that it was completed.” The Petitioner stated that the supreme court’s opinion
in White was released while the appeal of his convictions was pending before this court.

        The Petitioner testified that he would have testified at the trial that codefendant Evans
did not have a weapon during the incident and that the Petitioner “forced” codefendant Evans
inside the home. The Petitioner agreed he would have told the jury that he possessed the gun
and said it was “for the jury to decide.” He said he would have admitted that he attempted to
commit a robbery but denied that he committed a kidnapping. He acknowledged that his
credibility would have been questioned based upon his previous criminal convictions. The
Petitioner said that he wanted to testify and that he ultimately decided not to testify because
trial counsel “talked [him] out of it.”
        On cross-examination, the Petitioner testified that trial counsel represented him for
about one and one-half years before the trial, that they talked about the case during their
meetings, and that counsel did not know that Ms. Lewis was involved in the offenses. The
Petitioner agreed that he had ample opportunity to tell counsel about Ms. Lewis’s
involvement but said he did not know at the time of the trial that this information was

                                           -8-
important to his defense. The Petitioner agreed counsel discussed the seriousness of the
offenses and the extensive prison sentence he could receive if convicted after a trial.

      The Petitioner testified that he had known codefendants Sams and Turner since 2008,
which was about one year before the offenses. The Petitioner said he had known
codefendant Evans since the Petitioner was age fifteen but denied they had committed any
previous crimes together. The Petitioner said that codefendants Sams and Turner
approached him with robbing Mr. Becker but that codefendant Turner had a “side deal”
about which codefendant Sams did not know. The Petitioner said that codefendants Sams
and Turner did not know codefendant Evans and that Ms. Lewis could not have known
codefendant Evans.

       The Petitioner testified that on the night of the offenses, codefendant Turner and Ms.
Lewis were at Mr. Becker’s home and that codefendant Evans and the Petitioner drove to the
home later. The Petitioner agreed he purchased wigs and duct tape before the home
invasion. He said that when he and codefendant Evans reached the back door of Mr.
Becker’s home, the Petitioner pulled out one gun, although he had another gun. The
Petitioner said that he told codefendant Evans about the home invasion when they arrived at
Mr. Becker’s home and that codefendant Evans did not want to participate and did not have a
gun. The Petitioner said Mr. Becker’s trial testimony was incorrect that two black men
entered the home with guns. The Petitioner said he did not tell trial counsel that he forced
codefendant Evans to participate in the incident. The Petitioner agreed he did not tell
counsel that Ms. Lewis “had a side deal” with codefendant Turner.

       The Petitioner testified that he did know before the incident that Mr. Becker was an
older gentleman and that the Petitioner ensured Mr. Becker remained calm and took his
medications during the incident, although the Petitioner pointed a gun at and placed duct tape
around Mr. Becker. The Petitioner agreed he had three previous convictions for aggravated
robbery relative to a single incident involving three victims and a conviction for unlawful
possession of a firearm.

        The Petitioner testified that he and codefendant Evans were inside Mr. Becker’s home
for a significant amount of time. The Petitioner agreed that he entered the home, that he
bound Mr. Becker, that he and codefendant Evans remained at the home while codefendant
Turner and Ms. Lewis drove to the bank, and that he and codefendant Evans left the home
after codefendant Sams called to report the police were responding to Mr. Becker’s home.
The Petitioner said that he returned to the home to apologize to Mr. Becker and that the
police arrived when he was inside the home. The Petitioner denied hearing codefendant
Evans yell to the police that “they” held codefendant Evans at gunpoint and made



                                         -9-
codefendant Evans participate. The Petitioner did not know codefendant Evans confessed to
the police.

        The Petitioner testified that he discussed his decision to testify at the trial with
codefendant Evans and that the Petitioner made a last-minute decision at the trial not to
testify. The Petitioner agreed that codefendant Evans could have run from Mr. Becker’s
home.

       Codefendant Emily Turner testified that Ms. Lewis participated in the plan from the
beginning. Codefendant Turner testified that she and Ms. Lewis planned the robbery
together, that Ms. Lewis wanted a portion of the proceeds, and that Ms. Lewis provided her
with a check and left the door unlocked to the home. Codefendant Turner said that without
Ms. Lewis’s involvement, codefendant Turner would not have known the amount of money
in Mr. Becker’s financial account. Codefendant Turner said she told the Petitioner and
codefendant Sams about Ms. Lewis’s involvement. Codefendant Turner recalled telling the
Petitioner about Ms. Lewis’s participation when they met at a restaurant.

        Codefendant Turner testified that on the night of the robbery, she and Ms. Lewis were
at Mr. Becker’s home “getting high together.” Codefendant Turner said that two people
came to the home unexpectedly and that Ms. Lewis told them they had to leave.
Codefendant Turner said that the plan was for Ms. Lewis to tell Mr. Becker that she owed
“these people” money. Codefendant Turner said that Ms. Lewis’s primary concern was an
outstanding arrest warrant. Codefendant Turner said that Ms. Lewis unlocked the back door
for the Petitioner. Codefendant Turner recalled that after the robbery and “they were in
custody,” Ms. Lewis obtained a third check from Mr. Becker’s financial account, that Ms.
Lewis told codefendant Turner to cash the check, and that Ms. Lewis stated she would speak
to the bank if she received a telephone call. Codefendant Turner said that she took this check
to the bank to cash it. Codefendant Turner said that Ms. Lewis was to receive one-half of
codefendant Turner’s portion of the proceeds.

       On cross-examination, codefendant Turner testified that the initial planning involved
codefendant Turner, codefendant Sams, and Ms. Lewis. She agreed, though, that she
discussed the plan with the Petitioner at least twice. When the trial court stated it was odd
she did not tell anyone Ms. Lewis was involved in the robbery, codefendant Turner stated
that her attorney told her it would not do any good to question Ms. Lewis at the trial.
Codefendant Turner admitted her guilt in the robbery but denied having a friendship with the
Petitioner. She said the Petitioner wrote her one letter and that they discussed this case at the
courthouse before the post-conviction hearing began. She agreed she had previous
convictions for theft, burglary, forgery, and criminal simulation. Codefendant Turner said



                                          -10-
that codefendant Evans was not involved in the planning process and that she had never seen
him before the night of the robbery.

       Codefendant Evans testified, in relevant part, that he did not know anything about the
robbery before it occurred, that he told his attorney that the Petitioner was willing to sign an
affidavit, and that his attorney did not speak with the Petitioner or the Petitioner’s attorney.

        On cross-examination, codefendant Evans testified that he and the Petitioner had been
friends since childhood, that they remained friends after the robbery, and that the Petitioner
felt “bad” codefendant Evans was convicted in this case. He said that the Petitioner pulled
out a gun and said they were entering Mr. Becker’s home, that codefendant Evans did not
want to enter the home, and that the Petitioner told codefendant Evans that he did not have a
choice. Codefendant Evans denied having a gun during the incident and said he only “stood
there” inside the home. He said he gave Mr. Becker medication and made Mr. Becker a cup
of coffee. Codefendant Evans agreed, though, that he told the police that he held a gun
during the incident and threw it down, along with the bandana and wig he wore.

       The Petitioner’s trial counsel testified that he had devoted his twelve-year career to
criminal defense and that at the time of the Petitioner’s trial, counsel had tried five to ten jury
cases. He said that he prepared for the Petitioner’s trial by reviewing the discovery material,
which included the Petitioner’s lengthy police statement. Counsel noted that he filed a
motion to suppress the Petitioner’s statement, that the trial court denied the motion, and that
the State decided not to use the statement at the trial. Counsel said that he reviewed the
photographs and ballistic evidence collected at the scene and that he and the Petitioner
reviewed all of the discovery materials. Counsel said that he also prepared for his opening
statement, jury selection, and witness examinations.

        Trial counsel testified that he attempted to create a theory of the case but that the facts
of the case were “bad” for the Petitioner. Counsel said he had difficulty determining a theory
that would have exculpated the Petitioner from the criminal charges. Counsel said the most
favorable argument the defense had at the time of the trial was its reliance on State v.
Anthony, 817 S.W.2d 299 (Tenn. 1991), and State v. White, 362 S.W.3d 559 (Tenn. 2012),
the latter of which was pending before the supreme court at the time of the trial, to support
the argument that the aggravated kidnapping charges were merely incidental to the
aggravated robbery. Counsel doubted, however, that the argument would result in a
favorable outcome because the Petitioner was inside the home for thirty to sixty minutes
while the women went to the bank. Counsel said that he made a motion for a judgment of
acquittal on the basis that the kidnappings were incidental to the robbery and that the motion
was denied. Counsel noted that Ms. Lewis’s conduct led the police to the home before the
Petitioner and codefendant Evans left the home. Counsel noted that the Petitioner was

                                           -11-
caught by the police when the Petitioner fled the home and that misidentification was not an
issue in this case. Counsel said his goal was to minimize the Petitioner’s involvement and to
reduce the number of offenses for which the Petitioner would be convicted because the jury
verdicts would be unfavorable to the Petitioner.

       Trial counsel testified that at the motion for a new trial hearing, he argued that
pursuant to Anthony and White, the evidence was insufficient to support the kidnapping
convictions because the especially aggravated kidnappings were only to accomplish the
aggravated robbery. Counsel said that his argument was legal in nature and that as a result,
he did not present his argument to the jury. Counsel said that he raised the issue in the
appeal of the convictions and that this court denied relief.

        Trial counsel testified that he met with the Petitioner five to ten times, that they
reviewed the evidence, that counsel provided his view of the evidence, and that counsel
discussed the possible sentences after the trial. Counsel said the Petitioner had the
opportunity to discuss any concerns about the case. Counsel said that he attempted to
negotiate a plea agreement by suggesting twenty to twenty-five years at 100% service but
that the prosecutor was not receptive and never extended a plea offer.

        Trial counsel testified that he and the Petitioner discussed the Petitioner’s testifying at
the trial. Counsel said he advised the Petitioner that the State would impeach the Petitioner
with his previous convictions, which included robbery, and that the Petitioner’s testimony
would not help his case. Counsel noted that the Petitioner’s testimony would have been an
admission of guilt to the aggravated robbery and that counsel was unsure whether the
Petitioner’s testimony would have helped codefendant Evans. Counsel said the Petitioner
had expressed before the trial that codefendant Evans did not know what was going to
happen and that the Petitioner felt a sense of duty to help codefendant Evans. Counsel said,
though, that the Petitioner’s post-conviction hearing testimony was the first reference to
codefendant Evans participating in the incident under duress, based upon the Petitioner’s
displaying a firearm. Counsel agreed that he discouraged the Petitioner from testifying and
that his opinion had not changed and said that it was ultimately the Petitioner’s decision
whether to testify. Counsel said that although he was “forceful” with his opinion, he thought
the Petitioner understood the Petitioner could testify regardless of counsel’s advice.

       Trial counsel testified that he and the Petitioner discussed codefendant Evans’s role
long before the trial began and that the Petitioner had ample opportunity to discuss the
Petitioner’s pointing a gun at codefendant Evans. Counsel said knowing the information
could have been useful in preventing a surprise at the trial but that the information did not
change his opinion about whether the Petitioner should have testified at the trial because the



                                           -12-
Petitioner would have admitted he committed additional crimes by telling the jury that he
pointed a gun at codefendant Evans.

       Trial counsel testified that his initial reaction to the Petitioner’s stating that Ms. Lewis
was complicit in the robbery was that counsel had never heard it before the post-conviction
hearing. He said, though, it was possible someone had raised the accusation previously but
could not recall whom. Counsel said it could have been codefendant Turner or codefendant
Sams. Counsel said, though, the Petitioner never told him that Ms. Lewis was a co-
conspirator. Counsel said that based upon the discovery material, counsel concluded that
Ms. Lewis was an “easy victim.” Counsel said that any information Ms. Lewis was not a
victim would have been helpful to impeaching Ms. Lewis’s credibility. Counsel noted,
though, that such evidence would not have exonerated or exculpated the Petitioner relative to
the aggravated robbery and aggravated burglary charges because knowledge that Ms. Lewis
was an alleged co-conspirator would have shown the Petitioner was also a participant of a
conspiracy. Counsel said that the Petitioner never stated Ms. Lewis was a co-conspirator
before or after the trial, including during the appellate process.

        On cross-examination, trial counsel testified relative to Ms. Lewis’s alleged
involvement in the offenses that the Petitioner did not tell him about Ms. Lewis and that he
heard “some kind of rumor out there that she might have been involved.” Counsel said that
the trial court denied his motion for a judgment of acquittal relative to the especially
aggravated kidnapping charges and that as a result, he did not request a jury instruction to
define for the jury what “would have been incidental to a robbery and what would have been
kidnapping in its own right.” He said, though, the White issue was litigated in the appeal of
the convictions.

        Trial counsel testified that during the trial, he and the Petitioner discussed whether the
Petitioner would testify. Counsel said that he vaguely recalled the conversation, that the
Petitioner had expressed a desire to “clear the air” about codefendant Evans’s involvement,
and that counsel consistently told the Petitioner, before and during the trial, that counsel
strongly advised the Petitioner not to testify. Counsel said the Petitioner made the decision
not to testify. Counsel said that the Petitioner primarily wanted to testify in order to establish
that codefendant Evans was not involved in the planning stage and that as a result, the
Petitioner thought codefendant Evans was less culpable. Counsel said that he attempted to
explain to the Petitioner that such testimony did not help the Petitioner’s case. Counsel said
that the Petitioner never stated that he forced codefendant Evans into the home.

       The post-conviction court denied relief after determining that counsel did not render
deficient performance and that the Petitioner failed to establish that any deficiency resulted
in prejudice. Relative to the Petitioner’s allegation that trial counsel provided ineffective

                                           -13-
assistance by failing to investigate whether Ms. Lewis was a co-conspirator, the court
credited counsel’s testimony over that of the Petitioner’s testimony. The court found that the
Petitioner never told counsel about Ms. Lewis’s involvement, that counsel understood Ms.
Lewis was a victim, and that the Petitioner stated nothing to lead counsel to a different
conclusion. The court found that counsel had no information showing Ms. Lewis was an
accomplice before or during the trial and that counsel would have “discredited” her at the
trial had he had information showing she was a criminal actor.

        The post-conviction court credited trial counsel’s testimony that counsel and the
Petitioner discussed whether the Petitioner should testify at the trial. The court found that
counsel discussed the likelihood the Petitioner’s previous criminal convictions would be
used for impeachment purposes and that counsel advised testifying would not be beneficial
to the Petitioner. The court determined that counsel was certain the Petitioner understood the
decision whether to testify belonged to the Petitioner. The court found that the State
presented overwhelming evidence of the Petitioner’s guilt at the trial.

       The post-conviction court found that although trial counsel did not include the final
jury instructions in the appellate record in the appeal of the Petitioner’s convictions, this
court considered on the merits whether the especially aggravated kidnappings of Mr. Becker
and Ms. Lewis were merely incidental to accomplishing the aggravated robbery. The court
found that the Petitioner’s trial was held before the supreme court’s opinion in White was
released but noted that White and the appeal of the Petitioner’s convictions were pending
simultaneously. The post-conviction court also noted this court determined that the
confinement of the victims went beyond that necessary to accomplish the robbery and that
the outcome of the trial would have been the same had the White instruction been provided to
the jury. This appeal followed.

        Post-conviction relief is available “when the conviction or sentence is void or
voidable because of the abridgement of any right guaranteed by the Constitution of
Tennessee or the Constitution of the United States.” T.C.A. § 40-30-103 (2012). A
petitioner has the burden of proving his factual allegations by clear and convincing evidence.
 Id. § 40-30-110(f) (2012). A post-conviction court’s findings of fact are binding on appeal,
and this court must defer to them “unless the evidence in the record preponderates against
those findings.” Henley v. State, 960 S.W.2d 572, 578 (Tenn. 1997); see Fields v. State, 40
S.W.3d 450, 456-57 (Tenn. 2001). A post-conviction court’s application of law to its factual
findings is subject to a de novo standard of review without a presumption of correctness.
Fields, 40 S.W.3d at 457-58.

                         I.     Ineffective Assistance of Counsel


                                         -14-
       The Petitioner contends that counsel provided ineffective assistance. The Petitioner
argues that counsel failed to investigate whether Ms. Lewis was a co-conspirator to the
offenses, that counsel imposed his will relative to the Petitioner’s testifying at the trial, and
that counsel failed to argue to the jury during closing arguments that the especially
aggravated kidnappings were essentially incidental to accomplishing the aggravated robbery.
The State responds that the Petitioner failed to establish that counsel was ineffective. We
agree with the State.

       To establish a post-conviction claim of the ineffective assistance of counsel in
violation of the Sixth Amendment, a petitioner has the burden of proving that (1) counsel’s
performance was deficient and (2) the deficient performance prejudiced the defense.
Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984); see Lockhart v. Fretwell, 506 U.S. 364,
368-72 (1993). The Tennessee Supreme Court has applied the Strickland standard to an
accused’s right to counsel under article I, section 9 of the Tennessee Constitution. See State
v. Melson, 772 S.W.2d 417, 419 n.2 (Tenn. 1989).

        A petitioner must satisfy both prongs of the Strickland test in order to prevail in an
ineffective assistance of counsel claim. Henley, 960 S.W.2d at 580. “[F]ailure to prove
either deficiency or prejudice provides a sufficient basis to deny relief on the ineffective
assistance claim.” Goad v. State, 938 S.W.2d 363, 370 (Tenn. 1996). To establish the
performance prong, a petitioner must show that “the advice given, or the services rendered . .
. , are [not] within the range of competence demanded of attorneys in criminal cases.”
Baxter v. Rose, 523 S.W.2d 930, 936 (Tenn. 1975); see Strickland, 466 U.S. at 690. The
post-conviction court must determine if these acts or omissions, viewed in light of all of the
circumstances, fell “outside the wide range of professionally competent assistance.”
Strickland, 466 U.S. at 690. A petitioner “is not entitled to the benefit of hindsight, may not
second-guess a reasonably based trial strategy by his counsel, and cannot criticize a sound,
but unsuccessful, tactical decision.” Adkins v. State, 911 S.W.2d 334, 347 (Tenn. Crim. App.
1994); see Pylant v. State, 263 S.W.3d 854, 874 (Tenn. 2008). This deference, however,
only applies “if the choices are informed . . . based upon adequate preparation.” Cooper v.
State, 847 S.W.2d 521, 528 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1992). To establish the prejudice prong, a
petitioner must show that “there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s
unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different.” Strickland,
466 U.S. at 694. “A reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to undermine
confidence in the outcome.” Id.

        Relative to trial counsel’s investigation regarding Ms. Lewis’s alleged involvement in
the robbery, the record reflects that trial counsel and the Petitioner discussed this case on five
to ten occasions. Counsel sought to suppress the Petitioner’s police statement and reviewed
the discovery materials, photographs, and ballistic evidence with the Petitioner. Counsel’s

                                           -15-
credited testimony shows that the Petitioner never told counsel that Ms. Lewis was a co-
conspirator to the aggravated robbery, and the Petitioner admitted at the post-conviction
hearing that he never mentioned it to counsel. Counsel said he would have used this
information to impeach Ms. Lewis’s credibility at the trial. We note, though, that Ms. Lewis
alerted bank personnel to the robbery and that counsel determined, based upon the discovery
materials, Ms. Lewis was a victim. Counsel provided the Petitioner with counsel’s view of
the evidence and the possible sentence after a trial. Although the Petitioner had ample
opportunity to tell counsel about Ms. Lewis’s alleged involvement, the Petitioner remained
silent about this allegation. In any event, even if counsel had information that Ms. Lewis
was a co-conspirator to the robbery, such evidence would not have exonerated or exculpated
the Petitioner from the aggravated robbery, aggravated burglary, and especially aggravated
kidnapping charge relative to Mr. Becker. The record supports the post-conviction court’s
determinations that the Petitioner failed to show that counsel provided deficient performance
on this issue and that any deficiency resulted in prejudice to the Petitioner.

       Relative to the Petitioner’s testifying at the trial, the record reflects that trial counsel
and the Petitioner discussed before and during the trial the benefits and pitfalls of testifying.
Counsel advised the Petitioner that the State would impeach the Petitioner with his previous
convictions, which included robbery, and that the Petitioner’s testimony would not benefit
the Petitioner’s case. Counsel properly advised the Petitioner that if the Petitioner testified
that codefendant Evans did not know about the aggravated robbery before it occurred, such
testimony would not have benefited the Petitioner’s case. The Petitioner stated at the post-
conviction hearing that he would have admitted at the trial that he committed the aggravated
robbery but that he would have denied the especially aggravated kidnapping charges.
Furthermore, although the Petitioner never told counsel that he forced codefendant Evans
into Mr. Becker’s home, had the Petitioner testified to this circumstance at the trial, the
Petitioner would have admitted he committed additional criminal offenses. Counsel
discouraged the Petitioner from testifying at the trial, and counsel said the Petitioner
understood the decision belonged to the Petitioner. Counsel and the Petitioner left the
courtroom to discuss this matter during the trial, and the Petitioner admitted during the post-
conviction hearing that the Petitioner made a last-minute decision not to testify. The record
supports that post-conviction court’s determinations that the Petitioner failed to show that
counsel provided deficient performance on this issue and that any deficiency resulted in
prejudice to the Petitioner.

       Last, the Petitioner argues that counsel’s failure to argue that the especially
aggravated kidnapping of Mr. Becker was essentially incidental to the aggravated robbery
was ineffective assistance, even though this court determined in the appeal of the Petitioner’s
convictions that the confinement of Mr. Becker went beyond that necessary to accomplish
the aggravated robbery. The record reflects that trial counsel testified that after the State’s

                                           -16-
case-in-chief, he requested the court enter a directed verdict for the especially aggravated
kidnapping charges on the basis that the kidnappings were essentially incidental to
accomplishing the aggravated robbery. Counsel said that he made the motion knowing the
trial court would deny it because the Petitioner was inside Mr. Becker’s home for thirty to
sixty minutes while Ms. Lewis and codefendant Turner traveled to the bank. At the time of
the Petitioner’s trial, counsel knew the supreme court’s opinion in White was forthcoming,
and counsel said White provided the basis for the motion for a judgment of acquittal and for
counsel’s raising on appeal that the especially aggravated kidnapping offenses were
essentially incidental to accomplishing the aggravated robbery.

        In the Petitioner’s previous appeal, trial counsel alleged that the especially aggravated
kidnapping charges were essentially incidental to accomplishing the aggravated robbery and
that due process principles required merger of the kidnapping convictions with the
aggravated robbery conviction pursuant to White. See State v. Mathis and Evans, 2013 WL
4774130, at *7. This court concluded that although the trial court did not provide the White
jury instruction, the aggravated robbery was completed when the Petitioner and his
codefendants “took possession of Mr. Becker’s money, debit card, and checks.” Id. at *9.
This court noted that the Petitioner’s reliance on the checks’ having no value until a bank
converted them into cash was misplaced and determined that the two checks were each
valued at $9,000. Id. This court determined that the Petitioner’s sending Ms. Lewis and
codefendant Turner to the bank to cash the checks constituted a separate criminal offense.
Id. Furthermore, this court determined that the Petitioner’s continuing to confine Mr. Becker
occurred during this separate offense, not in furtherance of the aggravated robbery. Id.
Relative to Ms. Lewis, this court concluded that the White instruction was unnecessary
because the Petitioner and the codefendants were not charged with any robbery related to
Ms. Lewis. Id. This court concluded beyond a reasonable doubt that the jury’s verdicts
would have been the same for each especially aggravated kidnapping charge had the White
instruction been provided to the jury. Id. Therefore, the absence of the appropriate
instruction relative to whether the especially aggravated kidnappings were essentially
incidental to accomplishing the aggravated robbery was harmless error. Id. Because this
court determined that the outcome of the trial would not have been different had the White
instruction been provided the jury, the Petitioner is unable to establish that counsel provided
deficient performance and that any deficiency resulted in prejudice to the Petitioner. The
record supports the post-conviction court’s determinations, and the Petitioner is not entitled
to relief on this basis.

       In reaching this conclusion, we have not overlooked the Petitioner’s standalone,
passing assertion in his appellate brief that his convictions for the aggravated robbery and
especially aggravated kidnapping of Mr. Becker violate due process. As noted above, this
court previously determined that both convictions are permissible because the especially

                                          -17-
aggravated kidnapping was not essentially incidental to accomplishing the aggravated
robbery and that due process does not require a new trial even in the absence of the White
instruction. “A ground for relief is previously determined if a court of competent jurisdiction
has ruled on the merits after a full and fair hearing.” T.C.A. § 40-30-106(g) (2012). The
Petitioner is not entitled to relief on this basis.

          II. & III.     Due Process Violation & Newly Discovered Evidence

        The Petitioner contends that his conviction for the especially aggravated kidnapping
of Ms. Lewis violates due process principles because she was a co-conspirator to the
aggravated robbery. He also contends that newly discovered evidence in the form of
codefendant Turner’s post-conviction testimony shows that Ms. Lewis was a co-conspirator
in the aggravated robbery and that he is entitled to a new trial.

        In the Petitioner’s appellate brief, he identifies his due process contention as an issue
raised on appeal. However, in the argument section of his brief, he asserts no argument or
citation to the record and presents no legal authority to support his allegation. Tennessee
Rule of Appellate Procedure 27(a)(7)(A) requires that an appellant’s argument contain
“citations to the authorities and appropriate references to the record . . . relied on.” The rules
of this court provide, “Issues which are not supported by argument, citation to authorities, or
appropriate references to the record will be treated as waived[.]” Tenn. Ct. Crim. App. R.
10(b). Appellate review of this issue is waived, and the Petitioner is not entitled to relief on
this basis.
        Our courts have previously concluded that “newly discovered evidence does not,
alone, constitute a proper ground for post-conviction relief.” Lester Dale Herron v. State,
No. 03C01-9506-CR-00167, 1996 WL 134957, at *3 (Tenn. Crim. App. Mar. 27, 1996),
perm. app. denied (Tenn. July 8, 1996). Post-conviction proceedings involve constitutional
issues, and in order for an allegation of newly discovered evidence to warrant post-
conviction relief, a constitutional right must be implicated. Id. This court concluded that
newly discovered evidence claims “generally, amount[] to no more than a request to
relitigate the sufficiency of the evidence at trial, which a post-conviction proceeding may not
be employed to do.” Id. (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Although
challenges to sufficiency of the evidence may implicate due process principles pursuant to
Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 309 (1979), “Jackson does not extend to nonrecord evidence,
including newly discovered evidence.” Id.; see Herrera v. Collins, 506 U.S. 390, 402
(1993). Therefore, the Petitioner has not stated a colorable claim for post-conviction relief.

       We note, too, that the evidence at issue is not newly discovered evidence. The
Petitioner admitted at the post-conviction hearing that he knew before the night of the
offenses that Ms. Lewis was a co-conspirator or accomplice. An assertion of newly

                                           -18-
discovered evidence cannot be based upon information known to the Petitioner at the time of
the offense but not presented at the trial. See T.C.A. § 40-26-105(b) (2012). Furthermore,
trial counsel did not present evidence related to Ms. Lewis’s involvement because the
Petitioner never told counsel that Ms. Lewis was a co-conspirator. Counsel determined from
the discovery materials that Ms. Lewis was a victim, and counsel received no evidence
suggesting otherwise.

      Based upon the foregoing and the record as a whole, the judgment of the post-
conviction court is affirmed.



                                          ____________________________________
                                          ROBERT H. MONTGOMERY, JR., JUDGE




                                        -19-
