                          STATE OF MICHIGAN

                           COURT OF APPEALS



PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,                                    UNPUBLISHED
                                                                    December 29, 2016
               Plaintiff-Appellee,

v                                                                   No. 328360
                                                                    Macomb Circuit Court
JAMES HOSEY JOHNSON,                                                LC No. 2014-004488-FC

               Defendant-Appellant.


Before: SERVITTO, P.J., and STEPHENS and RONAYNE KRAUSE, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

       Defendant appeals as of right his jury trial convictions of two counts of felonious assault,
MCL 750.82, and possession of a firearm during the commission of a felony (felony-firearm),
MCL 750.227b. The trial court sentenced defendant to concurrent terms of 9 to 48 months’
imprisonment for each felonious assault conviction, and two years’ imprisonment for the felony-
firearm conviction. We affirm.

        On November 14, 2014, defendant became involved in an altercation with Vivian
Johnson, his wife at the time, and his mistress, Varee Roberson. Varee, a Highland Park police
officer, met defendant while he was a volunteer reserve officer for the Highland Park Police
Department. On November 14, 2014, Vivian suspected defendant of having another extramarital
affair. She contacted Varee, who advised that she had not had relations with defendant on that
day. Defendant, shortly thereafter, came home on his lunch break from work shortly and was
confronted by Vivian. Defendant denied having an affair, but Vivian refused to believe him and
told him that their marriage was over. While they were arguing, Varee arrived at Vivian and
defendant’s home. Vivian and defendant testified that Varee was visibly intoxicated when she
arrived.

       Varee and Vivian then both began confronting defendant about his alleged affair. At
some point during the argument, the parties decided to go to the liquor store. Upon returning,
defendant received a telephone call from a woman. Vivian, believing it to be the new mistress,
grabbed defendant’s telephone away from him and attempted to confront the person. During this
confrontation, all three parties ended up in defendant and Vivian’s bedroom. During trial,
defendant, Varee, and Vivian provided differing testimony regarding what happened in the
bedroom. Defendant reported that after he got his telephone back from Vivian, he planned on
leaving to go to his mother’s house, but first intended to get his gun from the nightstand next to

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the bed. Defendant testified that he was properly licensed to carry the gun and that he was only
grabbing it because he always carried it when he was not working. Defendant testified that when
he reached for the gun, Varee lunged at him, causing him to attempt to jerk away from her,
which resulted in the weapon being fired. Defendant testified that he never intended to shoot
anyone, never made any threatening remarks to his wife or Varee, and never intended to kill
Vivian.

        Varee testified that defendant, after reobtaining possession of his telephone from Vivian,
grabbed his gun, pointed it at Vivian, and fired. Then, he turned the gun on Varee and stated, “I
should kill you, too.” Vivian testified that the argument was actually between Varee and
defendant, but that she could not see the position of the gun while Varee was arguing with
defendant because defendant’s back was to Vivian. Vivian testified that defendant did grab his
gun from the nightstand next to the bed, however, and that she told defendant not to kill Varee in
her house. Vivian further testified that she never felt threatened, defendant did not point the gun
at her, she believed that the gun fired accidentally, and the bullet went nowhere near where she
was standing.

        All the parties agree that, at some point during the altercation in the bedroom, Varee
began begging defendant to spare her life by reminding defendant that she had a son. Defendant
left the house immediately after the gun was fired. After defendant left, Vivian and Varee did
not call the police. Instead, Vivian and Varee both called their friends and then began getting
ready to go out to a bar together.

         When they were heading to Vivian’s car that was parked in the garage, they discovered
that defendant’s car was in the driveway, blocking them in. Once again, the parties disagreed on
the events that took place in the garage. Varee testified that defendant entered the garage with
his gun drawn, threatened to kill Vivian, and had his gun pointed at her. Varee recalled that she
then pulled her gun on defendant, and the two had a standoff until the police arrived. Vivian, on
the other hand, testified that upon seeing defendant walking in the garage with his gun at his
side, she dove into the driver’s seat of her car, lowered her head below the dashboard, and
therefore could not see any interaction between defendant and Varee. Vivian testified that she
could hear defendant and Varee arguing and told her friend, with whom she was on the phone, to
call the police. Vivian testified that she was afraid because defendant had a gun and she did not
know his state of mind, but that she did not think he intended to hurt or kill anyone. Defendant
testified that he only returned to the house after Vivian called him and told him to come and
collect his belongings. He stated that he had his gun in his hand when he entered the garage
because the gun had been in his lap, as it always was, while he was driving. Further, defendant
testified that he only drew his gun on Varee after she first pointed her gun at him and it was
down, but pointed in the direction of Varee when the police arrived.

        Officer Daniel Merciez of the Center Line Police Department testified that in response to
a 911 call, he arrived at defendant’s home. Upon arrival he heard a male and female yelling at
each other in the garage and saw defendant pointing a handgun at Vivian’s head while she was
seated in the driver’s seat of a vehicle inside the garage. The driver’s side door was open, and
Officer Merciez observed Varee pointing her gun at defendant’s head. He ordered both to drop
their weapons.


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        The situation resolved with Vivian and Varee fleeing the garage to safety, and defendant
eventually being arrested and charged with one count of assault with the intent to commit
murder, MCL 750.83, one count of felonious assault, and one count of felony-firearm. During
pretrial, defendant moved the trial court to quash the warrant, complaint, and felony information
against him on the grounds that the prosecution failed to provide adequate evidence of lack of
self-defense at the preliminary examination to fulfill the requirements of MCL 780.961(2). The
trial court denied that motion, and eventually the case went to trial. With regard to the count of
assault with the intent to commit murder, the jury found defendant guilty of the lesser offense of
felonious assault.

         On appeal, defendant contends that the prosecutor abused its charging power by charging
defendant with assault with the intent to commit murder and that the overcharging tainted the
fairness of the entire trial, thus violating his Sixth Amendment right to a fair trial. “For an issue
to be preserved for appellate review, it must be raised, addressed, and decided by the lower
court.” People v Metamora Water Serv, Inc, 276 Mich App 376, 382; 741 NW2d 61 (2007).
Defendant argues that the issue was preserved by his pretrial motion to quash. However, as
discussed supra, that motion was only based on the argument that the prosecution had not
fulfilled the requirements of MCL 780.961(2), which is not the issue raised on appeal.
Therefore, defendant did not raise the issues presented in this appeal to the trial court, and as
such, they are not preserved for this Court’s review. See id.

        We review the above unpreserved claim for plain error affecting defendant’s substantial
rights. People v Roscoe, 303 Mich App 633, 648; 846 NW2d 402 (2014). “To avoid forfeiture
under the plain error rule, three requirements must be met: 1) error must have occurred, 2) the
error was plain, i.e., clear or obvious, 3) and the plain error affected substantial rights.” People v
Carines, 460 Mich 750, 763; 597 NW2d 130 (1999). In order to show that a defendant’s
substantial rights were affected, there must be “a showing of prejudice, i.e., that the error
affected the outcome of the lower court proceedings.” Id. As such, reversal is only warranted if
defendant was actually innocent and the plain error caused defendant to be convicted or if the
error seriously affected the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of judicial proceedings. Id. at
763-764. With regard to defendant’s specific allegations that the prosecutor improperly charged
defendant with assault with the intent to commit murder, “Courts [] review a charging decision
under an ‘abuse of power’ standard, questioning whether a prosecutor has acted in contravention
of the constitution or the law.” People v Barksdale, 219 Mich App 484, 488; 556 NW2d 521
(1996).

        Defendant argues that the prosecution abused its charging power by charging defendant
with assault with the intent to commit murder when the evidence on the record did not support
that charge. We disagree.

         “It is well settled that ‘the decision whether to bring a charge and what charge to bring
lies in the discretion of the prosecutor.’ ” People v Conat, 238 Mich App 134, 149; 605 NW2d
49 (1999), quoting People v Venticinque, 459 Mich 90, 100; 586 NW2d 732 (1998). “The
prosecutor is a constitutional officer whose duties are as provided by law.” Genesee Prosecutor
v Genesee Circuit Judge, 386 Mich 672, 683; 194 NW2d 693 (1972), citing Const 1963, art VII,
§ 4. As such, when the prosecutor performs those duties on behalf of the people of the state, it is
an act of the executive branch of government. See id.; see also Conat, 238 Mich App at 149

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(holding that the duty of the prosecutor to charge defendants “is grounded in the responsibility of
the executive branch to enforce the laws.”). Considering that, if the judicial branch sought to
control or overly regulate “the institution and conduct of prosecutions[,]” then there “would be
an intrusion on the power of the executive branch of government and a violation of the
constitutional separation of powers.” Genesee Prosecutor, 386 Mich at 684.

        Stated differently, “the prosecutor is the chief law enforcement officer of the county and
has the right to exercise broad discretion in determining under which of two arguably applicable
statutes a prosecution will be instituted.” People v Yeoman, 218 Mich App 406, 414; 554 NW2d
577 (1996). Indeed, “[t]he prosecutor has discretion to bring any charges supported by the
evidence.” People v Nichols, 262 Mich App 408, 415; 686 NW2d 502 (2004). “If warranted by
the facts, the prosecutor has the discretion to proceed under any applicable statute.” Yeoman,
218 Mich App at 414. Considering the broad discretion provided to the prosecutor in deciding
what to charge, “judicial review of the exercise of that discretion is limited[.]” Conat, 238 Mich
App at 149. When there is evidence available to support a charge under more than one statute,
the prosecutor’s broad charging power can only be abused where the prosecutor’s choice was
“made for reasons that [we]re ‘unconstitutional, illegal, or ultra vires.’ ” People v Barksdale,
219 Mich App 488, quoting People v Morrow, 214 Mich App 158, 161; 542 NW2d 324 (1995).
Therefore, we must consider whether the prosecutor’s decision to charge defendant with assault
with the intent to commit murder was “warranted by the facts” and “supported by the evidence”
of the instant case. See Yeoman, 218 Mich App at 414; see also Nichols, 262 Mich App at 415.

        Assault with the intent to commit murder, MCL 750.83, requires proof of three separate
elements: “(1) an assault, (2) with an actual intent to kill, (3) which, if successful, would make
the killing murder.” People v Ericksen, 288 Mich App 192, 195-196; 793 NW2d 120 (2010),
quoting People v Brown, 267 Mich App 141, 147-148; 703 NW2d 230 (2005). In the present
case, the record contained varying stories about events that occurred on November 14, 2014.
While defendant and Vivian testified that defendant never exhibited intent to harm, threaten, or
kill anyone, Varee provided differing testimony. Specifically, Varee testified that, while in the
bedroom, defendant was engaged in a serious argument with Vivian, which ended when
defendant picked up his gun, pointed it at Vivian, and fired at her. Then, after firing the gun at
Vivian, defendant turned to Varee and stated, “I should kill you, too.” Varee also testified that,
while they were in the garage, defendant told Vivian that she should get out of her car so that he
could kill her, and proceeded to hold her at gunpoint. Varee’s testimony in that regard was
supported by police officer testimony that, when he first arrived on the scene and walked into the
garage, he saw defendant with his gun drawn on Vivian and pointed directly at her head.

        This testimony is enough to provide several inferences that defendant assaulted Vivian
with the intent to commit murder. First, defendant pointed a gun at Vivian and pulled the trigger,
and according to Varee, the bullet came close to striking Vivian. Next, after shooting at Vivian,
defendant told Varee that he should also kill her. Stating that he should kill Varee “too” suggests
that when defendant fired his gun at Vivian, he intended that she die. Lastly, both Varee and the
responding police officer saw defendant in the garage with his gun pointed at Vivian’s head.
This is plainly enough evidence to support a charge that defendant intended to kill Vivian on that
night.



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        On appeal, defendant suggests that the prosecutor committed some form of error by
relying on Varee’s testimony in reaching its decision to charge him with assault with the intent to
commit murder, rather than relying on Vivian’s and defendant’s testimony to the contrary.
However, as has been discussed supra, an appellate court’s power to review the prosecutor’s
decision to determine what to charge is extremely limited, and certainly does not entertain the
ability of an appellate court to consider testimony, weigh credibility, and determine that the
prosecutor should have believed certain witnesses over others when making its charging
decision. See Barksdale, 219 Mich App at 488. Instead, the reviewing court is only permitted to
consider whether there was “evidence available” to support the charge. Id. The testimony
elicited at trial by the prosecution plainly presented facts that supported charging defendant with
assault with the intent to commit murder. Defendant’s contention that this Court and the
prosecutor should have weighed the credibility of the witnesses – by writing off Varee’s
testimony and, instead, choosing to believe Vivian and defendant – when determining what to
charge is axiomatically improper, considering that was not the standard espoused by this Court in
Barksdale, 219 Mich App at 488, and that the duty to consider testimony and weigh credibility of
witnesses lies solely with the jury. See, People v Lemmon, 456 Mich 625, 637; 576 NW2d 129
(1998).

        Considering that there was evidence on the record to support the charge, the prosecutor’s
power to charge could only have been abused if the prosecutor chose to charge defendant due to
“reasons that are unconstitutional, illegal, or ultra vires.” Barksdale, 219 Mich App at 488.
Defendant, however, provides no argument on appeal that the prosecution had some ulterior
motive for allegedly overcharging defendant, nor does the record reveal any evidence thereof.
Rather, defendant’s entire argument regarding the prosecutor’s alleged improper charge of
assault with the intent to commit murder was that the charge was not supported by the record.
Because this argument is meritless, defendant’s claim that the prosecution abused its charging
power is likewise without merit. See id. Therefore, since there was no error at all in the
prosecution’s charging of defendant, there was obviously no plain error affecting defendant’s
substantial rights regarding this unpreserved argument brought by defendant on appeal. See
Roscoe, 303 Mich App at 648.1

        Defendant also briefly states that his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to object to
the prosecutor’s alleged over-charging of defendant. However, this claim was not presented to
the trial court, does not appear in defendant’s statement of questions presented, and his
“argument” on this issue consists of a single statement in his brief. We need not address
arguments first raised on appeal, Green v Ziegelman, 282 Mich App 292, 300; 767 NW2d 660




1
  We also note that defendant argues that this Court should also consider the prosecutor’s
charging decision as a form of evidence admitted at trial, or as grounds for finding that
defendant’s Sixth Amendment right to a fair trial was violated. However, considering our
analysis, supra, we are confident that the issue of the prosecutor’s alleged over-charging of
defendant was properly considered pursuant to the standard this Court announced in Barksdale,
219 Mich App at 488.


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(2009), and it is not up to this Court to rationalize the basis for a defendant’s claims or elaborate
his arguments for him. Wilson v Taylor, 457 Mich 232, 243; 577 NW2d 100 (1998).

       Next, defendant alleges that the prosecution committed misconduct by misconstruing the
record during closing arguments. We disagree.

        “Given that a prosecutor’s role and responsibility is to seek justice and not merely
convict, the test for prosecutorial misconduct is whether a defendant was denied a fair and
impartial trial.” People v Dobek, 274 Mich App 58, 63; 732 NW2d 546 (2007). When
considering allegations of prosecutorial misconduct, this Court must “examine the entire record
and evaluate a prosecutor’s remarks in context.” Id. at 64. “Although a prosecutor may not
make a statement of fact to the jury that is unsupported by the evidence” during closing
arguments, the prosecutor “is free to argue the evidence and all reasonable inferences arising
from it as they relate to the prosecution’s theory of the case[.]” People v Schumacher, 276 Mich
App 165, 178-179; 740 NW2d 534 (2007) (internal citations omitted). In light of that,
prosecutors are generally “accorded great latitude regarding their arguments . . . .” People v
Bahoda, 448 Mich 261, 282; 531 NW2d 659 (1995) (internal quotation omitted).

        Defendant first asserts that the prosecutor erred by stating that Vivian downplayed the
events that occurred on November 14, 2014. While defendant is correct that Vivian testified that
she was not “scared” of defendant on the night in question, she also testified at one point that she
was “afraid” because defendant had a gun and she did not know his state of mind. And, it was
within the prosecutor’s power to infer from the evidence that she was downplaying the events,
Bahoda, 448 Mich at 282, especially considering the testimony regarding Varee’s panic, fear,
and pleading for her life – which Vivian, Varee, and defendant all testified actually happened.
See id. In other words, the prosecutor was using inferences from the evidence to prompt the jury
to question why Varee would be pleading for her life if defendant and Vivian were entirely calm
and there was no indication that defendant intended to hurt or kill anyone. Reviewing the
prosecutor’s statement in context with the entire record reveals that the prosecutor was not
mischaracterizing Vivian’s testimony, but properly providing the jury with the prosecution’s
reasonable inferences that Vivian was trying to downplay the events that occurred that night.
Dobek, 274 Mich App at 64.

        Defendant next argues that the prosecution mischaracterized testimony by stating during
closing arguments that defendant had the intention of killing Vivian both in the bedroom and in
the garage, when both Vivian and defendant testified to the contrary. Once again, the prosecutor,
during closing arguments, is permitted to make arguments based on reasonable inferences taken
from the evidence in the case. Id. Here, despite the testimony from Vivian and defendant, the
prosecutor was inferring from Varee’s and the responding officer’s testimony that defendant
assaulted Vivian with the intent to murder her. Because those inferences were reasonable given
the evidence, and the prosecutor used those inferences to support her theory of the case, this did
not amount to prosecutorial misconduct. See Bahoda, 448 Mich at 282.

        Finally, defendant argues that the prosecutor committed misconduct by misstating
defendant’s testimony regarding how the gun was fired in the bedroom, and whether he intended
to kill Vivian during the confrontation in the garage. The prosecutor made the following
statements:

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               They are arguing. [Defendant] claims he went to grab his gun and
       somehow his finger moved from the gun to the trigger and he accidentally shot at
       his wife in her direction.

                                              * * *

              Did he intend to kill her when he’s pointing the gun at her head in the
       garage. If he intended to kill her, he would have done it. Well, maybe he would
       have done it. But at that point, he had an officer come in and start screaming at
       him. Would he have killed her? No one knows. He probably doesn’t even know.
       But, was the intent there at the time he was pointing the gun at her, at [the] time
       he was shooting a gun in her direction in my opinion, in the opinion in what the
       evidence shows, at her.

Defendant argues that this mischaracterizes his testimony because he testified that Varee had
lunged at him while he was carrying the gun, and then when he tried to move the gun away from
her, the gun fired. Further, defendant also testified that he did not intend to shoot or kill Vivian
at any time during the events of that night, so, defendant argues, the prosecutor misled the jury
by stating that defendant “probably doesn’t even know” if he intended to kill Vivian.

        It is clear, however, that the prosecutor was merely engaged in the permitted process of
making inferences based on the facts presented to argue his version of the case. See Bahoda,
448 Mich at 282. Defendant is correct that his testimony was that Varee lunged at him, causing
him to jerk away from her, which led to the gun firing. However, the prosecutor’s statement
during closing argument did not explicitly contradict that testimony. Even if Varee had lunged at
defendant while he was carrying the gun, in order for the gun to be fired, defendant’s reaction to
the lunge would have required defendant’s finger to move to the trigger and then pull. The
prosecution, therefore, was merely using defendant’s testimony to infer that defendant might not
have been truthful with describing how the gun was fired, which the prosecutor was permitted to
do. Dobek, 274 Mich App at 64. With regard to the prosecutor’s statement that defendant did
not know if he would have killed Vivian, the prosecutor was merely referencing that defendant’s
memory of his intent during trial testimony could very well have differed from defendant’s intent
when he was in the heat of the moment in the garage. In other words, the prosecution was using
the provided evidence to infer that, despite defendant’s testimony to the contrary, it was possible
that defendant’s mindset at the time of the altercation in the garage was that he was going to kill
Vivian. Once again, that is a reasonable inference made from the evidence, and so did not
amount to prosecutorial misconduct. See id.

        In defendant’s last argument on appeal, he argues that there was cumulative error
requiring reversal. “[T]he cumulative effect of a number of minor errors may in some cases
amount to error requiring reversal.” People v Cooper, 236 Mich App 643, 660; 601 NW2d 409
(1999). However, “[a]bsent the establishment of errors, there can be no cumulative effect of
errors meriting reversal.” Dobek, 274 Mich App at 106. As has been discussed supra, the
prosecutor did not commit any errors in the present case. Therefore, because there was no
“establishment of error” there are no grounds provided for this Court to find that the “cumulative
effect of errors” required reversal. Id.


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Affirmed.



                  /s/ Deborah A. Servitto
                  /s/ Cynthia Diane Stephens
                  /s/ Amy Ronayne Krause




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