                               In the
                          Court of Appeals
                  Second Appellate District of Texas
                           at Fort Worth
                         ___________________________
                              No. 02-17-00415-CV
                         ___________________________

          L SERIES, L.L.C.; CKDH, L.L.C.; VUE, L.L.C.; AND CKDH
                       INVESTMENTS, L.L.C., Appellants

                                         V.

                           CONRAD HOLT, Appellee



                     On Appeal from the 348th District Court
                             Tarrant County, Texas
                         Trial Court No. 348-289417-16


                           Before Kerr and Birdwell, JJ. 1
                            Opinion by Justice Birdwell


      Justice Sue Walker was a member of the original panel but has since retired.
      1

Therefore, the two remaining justices decided the case. See Tex. R. App. P. 41.1(b).
                                     OPINION

      When an entity’s members collectively agree to provide a statutorily authorized

and enforceable contractual right to the individual members in the entity’s documents,

and effective enforcement of that remedy curtails the entity’s normal rights to appeal

and supersedeas, whose interests should yield: the individual member’s or the entity’s?

To answer that question, we examine and carefully balance the bedrock––and in this

case competing––principles of freedom of contract and Texas procedural safeguards

in a case of first impression for this court. Trial court plaintiffs L Series, L.L.C.,

CKDH, L.L.C., VUE, L.L.C., and CKDH Investments, L.L.C. (the Companies)

appeal, and alternatively seek mandamus relief, from the trial court’s order requiring

them to advance to defendant Conrad Holt, a member of all of the Companies, his

fees and expenses pending trial of their suit against him. Because the trial court’s

order is not one for which the legislature has authorized an interlocutory appeal, and

because we conclude that mandamus relief is not warranted, we dismiss the appeal

and deny the alternative request for mandamus relief.

     I.    The Companies Sue Holt, Who Obtains an Order Requiring the
          Companies to Advance His Fees and Expenses Pending Trial

      The underlying suit arose primarily from Holt’s employment as the general

manager of a group of Metroplex-area car dealerships––Arlington Saturn, Ltd., Fort

Worth Saturn, Ltd., and Hurst Saturn, Ltd. (the Dealerships). Each of the Companies

is a general partner of one of those Dealerships: L Series is Hurst Saturn’s general


                                          2
partner; CKDH is the general partner and one-percent owner of Fort Worth Saturn;

and VUE is the general partner and one-percent owner of Arlington Saturn. CKDH

Investments owns and leases the real estate occupied by the Dealerships. Holt has

been a member of L Series, CKDH, and VUE since their formation in 2005 and a

member of CKDH Investments since 2007. Holt was also a manager of CKDH

Investments 2 and had served as the president of all of the Companies. As general

manager of the Dealerships, Holt supervised salesperson Shawn Andrus.

      In December 2016, the Companies and Dealerships sued Holt and Andrus,3

claiming that from around 2014–2016, both of them had engaged in numerous types

of fraudulent activity and “financial abuse” toward the Companies and Dealerships:

fraudulently recording sales to receive bonuses from car manufacturers, fraudulently

booking sales, making unlicensed insurance sales, and engaging in various kinds of

financing fraud, to name a few. The Companies and Dealerships identified their

causes of action against Holt as breach of the general manager’s contract, breach of

fiduciary duty, fraud, unjust enrichment, money had and received, aiding and abetting,

assisting and participating, and civil conspiracy. Before suing, the Companies and

Dealerships terminated Holt’s and Andrus’s employment and ordered Holt to stay

away from the Dealerships’ premises.


     CKDH Investment’s Regulations provided that managers, rather than the
      2

members, would manage the entity.
      3
       The Companies and Dealerships eventually nonsuited Andrus.

                                          3
      Holt answered and counterclaimed for breach of contract against all of the

plaintiffs. After the Companies and Dealerships filed an amended petition adding

factual allegations and a claim that Holt had breached his fiduciary duty to the

Companies “due to his position as an officer/manager” of the Companies, Holt filed

an amended counterclaim as well as third-party defendant claims not relevant here. In

his amended counterclaim, Holt alleged that each of the Companies’ Regulations

entitle him to advancement of fees and expenses and indemnity for all of the claims

against him. He alleged that the Companies had breached the Regulations by failing to

provide him advancement and indemnity and refusing to make distributions to him.

He also sought statutory indemnity and distributions. See Tex. Bus. Orgs. Code Ann.

§§ 8.051(a), 101.203, 153.208(b). He further pleaded for money had and received and

an accounting.

      Almost a month after filing his amended counterclaim, Holt moved for partial

summary judgment seeking a court order requiring the Companies to reimburse him

for all fees and expenses he had already incurred in the suit and to pay him for future

fees and expenses in the suit, in advance, on a monthly basis, in accordance with the

Companies’ Regulations. Holt alleged that the Companies and Dealerships had sued

him because of his “position as president, manager, general manager, and/or officer,”

thus triggering the Companies’ advancement obligations under the Regulations.

According to Holt, that those advancement obligations were “neither dependent on

the merits nor negated by [the Companies’] allegations of wrongdoing.”

                                          4
      After a nonevidentiary hearing, the trial court granted Holt’s motion and

ordered the Companies to pay Holt’s past “reasonable attorney fees and expenses”

through November 1, 2017, and his “future reasonable attorney fees and expenses”

on a monthly basis thereafter upon the submission of “summary invoices.” The

Companies filed a notice of interlocutory appeal, citing civil practice and remedies

code section 51.014(a)(4), which permits an interlocutory appeal of an order granting

or denying a temporary injunction. Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 51.014(a)(4).

After we questioned our jurisdiction over the appeal, the parties briefed the

jurisdictional issue, which we carried with the appeal. If we determine that we do not

have jurisdiction over the appeal, the Companies alternatively seek a writ of

mandamus ordering the trial court to vacate its advancement order.

        II. No Interlocutory Appeal Lies From the Advancement Order

      We have jurisdiction only over final judgments that dispose of all parties and

issues in a case unless a statute authorizes review of a particular type of interlocutory

order. See Lehmann v. Har-Con Corp., 39 S.W.3d 191, 195 (Tex. 2001); Wyrick v. Jayson,

No. 02-18-00104-CV, 2018 WL 3385870, at *3 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth July 12,

2018, no pet.) (mem. op.). Civil practice and remedies code section 51.014 lists certain

types of interlocutory orders from which a party may immediately appeal; among

these is a trial court’s order granting or refusing a temporary injunction. Tex. Civ.

Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 51.014(a)(4). The Companies contend that the trial court’s

order is a temporary injunction order––albeit an invalid one––appealable under

                                           5
section 51.014(a)(4) because it (1) is immediately effective during the pendency of the

underlying litigation and (2) commands the Companies to take certain actions.

Although Holt argues that the Companies waived this argument by not raising it in

the trial court, we are required to determine whether we have jurisdiction over an

appeal and always have jurisdiction to do so. Freedom Commc’ns, Inc. v. Coronado, 372

S.W.3d 621, 624 (Tex. 2012); Houston Mun. Emps. Pension Sys. v. Ferrell, 248 S.W.3d 151,

158 (Tex. 2007).

      The advancement order does not comport with rules of civil procedure 683

and 684.4 Tex. R. Civ. P. 683, 684. But according to the Companies, this lack of

compliance does not mean that the order does not function as a temporary injunction,

only that the order is an improper attempt to create an enforceable temporary

injunction.

      The Companies rely on the supreme court’s opinion in Qwest Communications

Corp. v. AT&T and other cases holding that an order functions as a temporary

injunction when it compels certain conduct and “is made effective immediately so that

it operates during the pendency of the suit.” 24 S.W.3d 334, 336–37 (Tex. 2000);

Tatum v. Wells Fargo Home Mortg., No. 01-13-00855-CV, 2014 WL 7474074, at *11–12

(Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Dec. 30, 2014, no pet.) (mem. op.); Helix Energy Sols.

Grp. v. Howard, 452 S.W.3d 40, 41 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Nov. 13, 2014,


      4
        Thus, we may void the order if it is a temporary injunction. See InterFirst Bank
San Felipe, N.A. v. Paz Constr., 715 S.W.2d 640, 641 (Tex. 1986).

                                           6
no pet.); In re Robinson Family Entities, No. 11-12-00258-CV, 2014 WL 4347838, *4

(Tex. App.—Eastland Aug. 29, 2014, no pet.) (mem. op.); CLST Holdings, Inc. v. Red

Oak Partners, LLC, No. 05-10-00237-CV, 2010 WL 716490, at *1 (Tex. App.––Dallas

Mar. 3, 2010, no pet.) (mem. op.). The Companies also distinguish In re Aguilar, 344

S.W.3d 41, 43–45 (Tex. App.––El Paso 2011, orig. proceeding), a mandamus

proceeding in which the El Paso Court of Appeals granted relief from an order

refusing to enforce a contractual right to advancement of fees and expenses pending

trial.

         In Qwest, AT&T sued for damages to its fiber optic cables and also sought a

temporary restraining order (TRO) and temporary injunction. 24 S.W.3d at 335.

Although the trial court granted a TRO, the parties resolved their pretrial issues at the

temporary injunction hearing and read their agreement into the record. Id. That

agreement (1) obligated Qwest to notify AT&T in advance of any construction

operations within thirty feet of an AT&T underground facility and to electronically

monitor the location of Qwest’s drill borehead, (2) dissolved the TRO, and (3) left any

damages claims pending. Id. The agreement expired after three years unless extended

by the parties. Id. The trial court signed an order “following the terms recited into the

record at the temporary injunction hearing.” Id.

         Qwest appealed the interlocutory order, but the court of appeals dismissed the

appeal for want of jurisdiction, reasoning that the order was not a temporary

injunction because (1) it did not preserve the status quo, require a bond, set a trial

                                            7
date, or require the clerk to issue a writ of injunction and (2) the order was not limited

in duration until final judgment or further court order. Id.

      Citing law holding that a function of injunctive relief is to restrain motion and

to enforce inaction, the supreme court held that the order was an injunction in its

“character and function” because it “command[ed] Qwest to undertake certain

monitoring and notice provisions when conducting certain boring operations.” Id. at

336, 338. The supreme court rejected AT&T’s argument that the lack of required

features of a temporary injunction transformed the order into something other than a

temporary injunction, id. at 336, reasoning that errors in the injunction’s form did not

change its underlying character and function, id. at 336–37.

      Following the principles enumerated in Qwest, to determine the appealability of

the trial court’s order here, we must examine its character and function. To begin

with, we note that the order here was not based on a pleading seeking injunctive relief,

but rather was the result of a motion for summary judgment as a matter of law on one

aspect of Holt’s breach of contract counterclaims. Thus, although the order compels

certain conduct during the litigation––the payment of fees and expenses pursuant to

Holt’s purported contractual right––it does so not as a merely temporary form of

relief pending the outcome of the litigation but as complete relief on Holt’s

advancement breach of contract claim. The order does not contemplate any further

action on the merits of that claim, i.e., Holt’s entitlement to relief for the Companies’

alleged breach of contract. These facts distinguish the character and function of the

                                            8
advancement order from the orders in Qwest, Tatum, Helix, Robinson Family Entities, and

CLST. See El Caballero Ranch, Inc. v. Grace River Ranch, LLC, No. 04-15-00127-CV,

2015 WL 6163221, at *3 (Tex. App.––San Antonio Oct. 21, 2015, no pet.) (mem. op.)

(holding that, “[u]nlike a temporary injunction,” the injunction in that case served “to

implement the trial court’s ultimate determination on the merits”); Young v. Golfing

Green Homeowners Ass’n, Inc., No. 05-12-00651-CV, 2012 WL 6685472, at *2 (Tex.

App.—Dallas Dec. 21, 2012, no pet.) (mem. op.) (concluding that partial summary

judgment granting permanent injunctive relief was not appealable as a temporary

injunction).

      Although advancement of corporate officials’ expenses during litigation is a

form of “immediate interim relief,” it is a separate, contractual cause of action with

the ultimate purpose of encouraging corporate service by protecting corporate

officials’ personal financial resources. See Aguilar, 344 S.W.3d at 46–47 (citing

Delaware law in the absence of Texas cases concerning advancement because

advancement has been described as a Delaware specialty and courts throughout the

country look to Delaware for guidance on corporate law matters). Delaware courts

treat a claim for advancement as an independent cause of action. See Trascent Mgmt.

Consulting, LLC v. Bouri, 152 A.3d 108, 110 (Del. 2016) (describing advancement right

as contractual right for corporate officials’ benefit); Homestore, Inc. v. Tafeen, 888 A.2d

204, 212 (Del. 2005) (“Although the right to indemnification and advancement are



                                            9
correlative, they are separate and distinct legal actions. The right to advancement is

not dependent on the right to indemnification.”).

      The Companies argue that we should not consider how Delaware treats

advancement claims because its law allowing advancement is more expansive than

Texas’s. See Del. Code Ann. tit. 6, § 18-108 (allowing indemnification by limited

liability company subject only to the standards and restrictions in the company

agreement), tit. 8, § 145(e) (allowing corporations to pay defense fees and expenses of

officers and directors in advance of final disposition of suit). But Texas law is just as

expansive: it provides that a limited liability company’s governing documents may

either adopt Texas’s advancement provisions or “may adopt other provisions . . .

relating to . . . advancement,” and that those other provisions “will be enforceable.”

Tex. Bus. Orgs. Code Ann. § 8.002(b); see also id. § 101.402 (providing that a “limited

liability company may . . . pay in advance or reimburse expenses incurred by a

person,” defined as including a “member, manager, or officer” of the company).

Thus, Texas allows a limited liability company the same broad freedom to craft its

own advancement provisions as does Delaware. See Bombardier Aerospace Corp. v. SPEP

Aircraft Holdings, LLC, No. 17-0578, 2019 WL 406075, at *11 (Tex. Feb. 1, 2019)

(noting that Texas has “long recognized the strongly embedded public policy favoring

freedom of contract” and acknowledging that courts must respect and enforce the

terms of a free and voluntary contract “absent a compelling reason”).



                                           10
      Accordingly, although we apply Texas procedure, we have no qualms looking

to Delaware law to inform our understanding of the nature of and policies underlying

an advancement claim, as did the El Paso Court of Appeals in Aguilar, 344 S.W.3d at

46–47.

      The Companies also contend that Delaware law is not persuasive because

Texas has not adopted a summary procedure for advancement claims comparable to

Delaware’s, which vests its chancery court with exclusive jurisdiction to hear

advancement and indemnity claims and authorizes that court to “summarily determine

a corporation’s obligation to advance expenses . . . [and] attorney’s fees.” Del. Code

Ann. tit. 8, § 145(k). But the fact that Texas does not have a specific procedure to deal

with advancement claims does not change the nature of the trial court’s order here. In

Texas, summary judgment is in itself a summary proceeding, Aguilar, 344 S.W.3d at

52, and is an appropriate procedure for determining a contractual claim as a matter of

law, see Rhone-Poulenc, Inc. v. Steel, 997 S.W.2d 217, 222 (Tex. 1999); Tri-County Elec.

Coop. v. GTE Sw. Inc., 490 S.W.3d 530, 546 n.8 (Tex. App.––Fort Worth 2016, no

pet.); see also Morgan v. Grace, No. Civ.A. 20430, 2003 WL 22461916, at *1 (Del. Ch.

Oct. 29, 2003) (mem. op., not designated for publication) (holding that summary

judgment is “an effective vehicle for deciding the advancement of legal fees” because

the decision “turns on the application of the terms of the corporate instruments

setting forth the purported right to advancement and the pleadings in the proceedings

for which advancement is sought”).

                                           11
       Regardless of whether we consider Delaware law on the nature of an

advancement claim, the relief granted here is not dependent on the probability of

success on a different cause of action and affords complete relief on the pleaded cause

of action. Thus, although an order requiring advancement may share some of the

characteristics of a temporary injunction order, it has a different underlying policy and

purpose, as well as a different function. We therefore conclude that the trial court’s

advancement order is not appealable under section 51.014(a)(4). See Gunderson v.

Kristofek, No. 05-18-00740-CV, 2018 WL 4346563, at *1–2 (Tex. App.––Dallas

Sept. 12, 2018, no pet.) (mem. op.); see also Tex. A & M Univ. Sys. v. Koseoglu, 233

S.W.3d 835, 840–41 (Tex. 2007) (“We strictly construe [s]ection 51.014(a) as ‘a narrow

exception to the general rule that only final judgments are appealable.’” (quoting Bally

Total Fitness Corp. v. Jackson, 53 S.W.3d 352, 355 (Tex. 2001))).

       We are mindful of the supreme court’s admonition in Qwest that “a

burdensome interlocutory order that has the same effect as a temporary injunction

could be shielded from appellate review by the very defect that makes it erroneous.”

24 S.W.3d at 337. But to determine that the trial court’s order granting complete relief

after determining the merits of a cause of action has the character and function of a

temporary injunction merely because it is effecting a contractual remedy that was

designed to be effective during the pendency of a lawsuit––and was bargained for well

in advance of contemplated litigation––would be to engage in the same type of

erroneous analysis as did the court of appeals in Qwest. We decline to do so here.

                                            12
Moreover, the remedy Holt sought and obtained––specific performance––functions

as mandatory, permanent injunctive relief. See S. Plains Switching, Ltd. v. BNSF Ry., 255

S.W.3d 690, 703 (Tex. App.––Amarillo 2008, pet. denied); Mun. Gas Co. v. Lone Star

Gas Co., 259 S.W. 684, 689 (Tex. App.––Dallas 1924), aff’d, 3 S.W.2d 790 (Tex. 1928).

      Because neither section 51.014(a)(4) nor any other statute authorizes an

interlocutory appeal of an order requiring advancement, we dismiss the Companies’

appeal in disposition of their first two issues. But because the Companies also sought

mandamus relief in the alternative, we will review the merits of their third through

fifth issues––relating to the merits of the trial court’s advancement order––under that

standard of review.

III. Mandamus Relief is Not Available Here Because the Trial Court Did Not
             Abuse Its Discretion by Ordering Advancement

      A. Standard of Review

      We grant the extraordinary relief of mandamus only when the trial court has

clearly abused its discretion and the relator lacks an adequate appellate remedy. In re

Team Rocket, L.P., 256 S.W.3d 257, 259 (Tex. 2008) (orig. proceeding).

      A trial court abuses its discretion when it reaches a decision so arbitrary and

unreasonable that it is a clear and prejudicial error of law or when it fails to correctly

analyze or apply the law to the facts. In re H.E.B. Grocery Co., 492 S.W.3d 300, 302–03

(Tex. 2016) (orig. proceeding); Walker v. Packer, 827 S.W.2d 833, 839–40 (Tex. 1992)

(orig. proceeding); see also State v. Naylor, 466 S.W.3d 783, 793 (Tex. 2015) (orig.


                                           13
proceeding) (“A writ of mandamus is an extraordinary remedy available ‘to correct an

action of a trial judge who commits an abuse of discretion or a violation of a clear

duty under the law.’” (quoting State v. Walker, 679 S.W.2d 484, 485 (Tex. 1984) (orig.

proceeding)). The relator must establish that the trial court could have reasonably

reached only one conclusion. H.E.B. Grocery, 492 S.W.3d at 303 (citing Walker, 827

S.W.2d at 840). We defer to a trial court’s factual determinations that have evidentiary

support, but we review the trial court’s legal determinations de novo. In re Labatt Food

Serv., L.P., 279 S.W.3d 640, 643 (Tex. 2009) (orig. proceeding).

      B. The Companies’ Mandamus Arguments

      The Companies claim in three issues that the trial court abused its discretion

because

•     their suit against Holt does not fall within the scope of the advancement

provisions in the Companies’ Regulations because they sued him for “his various bad

acts” rather than his member status (third issue);

•     the trial court could not order specific performance as a remedy because

enforcing its order would require it to supervise a continuous series of acts over a

long period of time (fourth issue); and

•     the trial court’s order improperly allows Holt to enforce an interlocutory

judgment without giving the Companies the opportunity to supersede the judgment

pending appeal (fifth issue).



                                           14
      C. Scope of Advancement Provisions

      We construe the advancement provision in the Regulations under the normal

rules of contract construction. See Aguilar, 344 S.W.3d at 49. Therefore, we must

ascertain the true intent of the Companies’ members as expressed in the Regulations,

examining and considering the entire document to harmonize and give effect to all

provisions so none are rendered meaningless. J.M. Davidson, Inc. v. Webster, 128 S.W.3d

223, 229 (Tex. 2003). We construe them “from a utilitarian standpoint bearing in

mind the particular business activity sought to be served.” Frost Nat’l Bank v. L & F

Distribs., Ltd., 165 S.W.3d 310, 312 (Tex. 2005). Additionally, we will avoid when

possible and proper an inequitable, unreasonable, or oppressive construction. Id.

      The advancement provisions in the L Series, CKDH, and VUE Regulations are

identical. The provision in the CKDH Investments Regulations is substantially similar,

and any differences do not change the result of our review.5 Accordingly, we will refer

to the common L Series, CKDH, and VUE provision in our analysis.

      The identical advancement provisions––section 8.02 entitled Advance

Payment––are included in Article VIII, entitled Indemnification, immediately

following section 8.01 entitled Right to Indemnification. Section 8.02 refers back to

section 8.01 and must be read in its entirety for that reference to make sense:


      5
        Although that provision does not specifically state that the right to
advancement is not dependent on a determination of the ultimate right to
indemnification, it nevertheless describes the rights separately, so the same analysis
applies.

                                           15
      The right to indemnification conferred in this Article VIII shall include
      the right to be paid or reimbursed by the Company the reasonable
      expenses incurred by a Person of the type entitled to be indemnified under Section
      8.01 who was, is or is threatened to be made a named defendant or
      respondent in a Proceeding [1] in advance of the final disposition of the
      Proceeding and [2] without any determination as to the Person’s ultimate entitlement
      to indemnification; provided, however, that the payment of such expenses
      incurred by any such Person in advance of the final disposition of a
      Proceeding, shall be made only upon delivery to the Company of a
      written affirmation by such Person of his or her good faith belief that he
      has met the standard of conduct necessary for indemnification under
      this Article VIII and a written undertaking, by or on behalf of such
      Person, to repay all amounts so advanced if it shall ultimately be
      determined that such indemnified Person is not entitled to be
      indemnified under this Article VIII or otherwise. [Emphasis added.]

Thus, to be entitled to advancement, the person must be “of the type” entitled to

indemnity, but no legal determination as to the person’s right to indemnity need be

made. We must therefore look to section 8.01 to determine what type of person the

Companies may indemnify.

      Section 8.01 provides that “each Person who was or is made a party [to a]

pending or completed action, suit[,] or proceeding . . . , by reason of the fact that he

or she . . . is or was serving at the request of the Company and an officer, trustee,

employee, agent, or similar functionary of the Company shall be indemnified by the

Company to the fullest extent permitted by the Act and the TBCA.” The Companies

acknowledge that Holt was serving as a member when they sued him, but they

contend their suit is solely for ultra vires acts outside of his capacity as a member;

therefore, because he would not be entitled to indemnity for such acts under section

8.01, he cannot be entitled to advancement under section 8.02.

                                              16
        The Companies’ argument is based on this court’s decision in Ferrant v.

Independent Order of Foresters, in which we held that an officer against whom a fraternal

benefit society obtained a judgment was not entitled to indemnification from the

society. No. 02-16-00098-CV, 2017 WL 218287, at *1 (Tex. App.––Fort Worth

Jan. 19, 2017, pet. denied) (mem. op.). The indemnification provision in that case

provided that the Foresters would indemnify an officer who was “substantially

successful in defending a civil, criminal, administrative, or investigative proceeding to

which he or she was made a party by reason of his or her position as director, officer, or employee.” Id.

Ferrant argued that he was entitled to indemnification under this provision because

the Foresters had obtained a jury award against him for much less than what it had

originally sought. Id. at *2. The parties disputed whether the Foresters had sued

Ferrant because of his position as an officer or because of his acts as an individual. Id.

at *3–4. We examined the pleadings in that case––which simply alleged that Ferrant

was an officer––but determined that the Foresters had sued Ferrant “because of his

self-enriching acts that were outside the scope of (and contrary to) his position” and

not because of his service as an officer. Id. at *4. We explained that to adopt Ferrant’s

position “would authorize indemnification of a director or officer for acts that a jury

has determined to be unlawful and contrary to the interests of the organization.” Id.

(emphasis added).




                                                   17
       Holt argues that the holding in Ferrant is not controlling because that case

involved the right of indemnification rather than advancement. We agree that Ferrant

is distinguishable.

       Although the Companies argue that Ferrant’s plain-language analysis of the

phrase “by reason of” dictates the same result in this case, the two cases are

procedurally different. Ferrant’s counterclaim for indemnity proceeded in a separate

suit after a jury had already determined that he had misappropriated funds from the

Foresters. Id. at *1. The Foresters filed a no-evidence summary judgment motion, and

the only evidence Ferrant provided in response was that he had been an officer of a

branch of the Foresters and that the Foresters had stated that fact in its petition. Id. at

*2. We cited cases explaining that we should construe contracts to avoid an absurd

result. Id. at *4.

       But here, not only would it be absurd to construe the advancement provision in

the Regulations to require Holt to prove as a prerequisite to his contractual right of

advancement during the suit that he is a person ultimately entitled to indemnity, it

would violate section 8.02’s clear directive that the right to advancement is not

dependent on a determination of the right to indemnity. See Homestore, 888 A.2d at

212–13 (noting that an advancement right that is not dependent on a proven

indemnity right is greater than the indemnity right). To presume the Companies’

allegations as proven at this stage would deny Holt the benefit of the advancement

provision entirely. See id. at 214 (“The limited and narrow focus of an advancement

                                            18
proceeding precludes litigation of the merits of entitlement to indemnification for

defending one[]self in the underlying proceedings.”). And at least one of the claims

against him is dependent on his member and manager status: the allegation that Holt

breached his fiduciary duty to the Companies “due to his position as an official

manager.”6 See id. (holding that test for determining whether corporate official was

sued “by reason of” her service is whether “there is a nexus or causal connection”

between the suit and the person’s official corporate capacity).

      Delaware courts have acknowledged that advancement claims have an

“admittedly maddening aspect.” E.g., Reddy v. Elec. Data Sys. Corp., No. CIV.A. 19467,

2002 WL 1358761, at *5–6 (Del. Ch. June 18, 2002) (mem. op., not designated for

publication). That is because when such a dispute ripens, “it is often the case that the

corporate board has drawn harsh conclusions about the integrity and fidelity of the

corporate official seeking advancement.” Id. The board is therefore “reluctant to

advance funds for [the corporate official’s] defense, fearing that the funds will never

be paid back and resisting the idea of seeing further depletion of corporate resources

at the instance of someone perceived to be a faithless fiduciary.” Id. But the Delaware

courts have determined that to “give effect to this natural human reaction as public

policy would be unwise” because the possibility exists that the company’s allegations

are untrue or cannot be proven. Id. at *6. As stated by one court, “In that


      6
        The Regulations for L Series, CKDH, and VUE vested management authority
in the members.

                                           19
circumstance, it would be difficult to conceive of an argument that would properly

leave [the corporate official] holding the bag for all of his legal fees and expenses”;

moreover, to do so would make the company’s prelitigation promise illusory. Id. Thus,

Delaware courts have “often been required to uphold the indemnification and

advancement rights of corporate officials accused of serious misconduct.” Id.; see

Homestore, 888 A.2d at 213–14; Barrett v. Am. Country Holdings, Inc., 951 A.2d 735, 737

(Del. Ch. 2008) (“The very purpose of an advancement right is to enable a corporate

official to protect herself against claims of official wrongdoing.”).

          Accordingly, that the Companies’ allegations are for alleged misconduct does

not change the nature of the right they bargained to give Holt. See Homestore, 888 A.2d

at 214 (affirming Chancery Court’s determination that former corporate official had

been sued “by reason of” his service when suit by corporation alleged that he had

participated “in a scheme to inflate [the corporation’s] financial results while serving

as an officer”); Paolino v. Mace Sec. Int’l, Inc., 985 A.2d 392, 406 (Del. Ch. 2009) (noting

that “if the corporate powers were used or necessary for the commission of the

alleged misconduct,” then the official is entitled to advancement). The Delaware

Chancery Court has lamented litigation arising from this very argument, admonishing

that entities would be better served to carefully draft and narrowly tailor advancement

rights:

                One wishes that the tsunami of regret that swept over corporate
          America regarding mandatory advancement contracts would have been
          followed by the more careful tailoring of advancement provisions, with a

                                            20
      diminishment (especially as to officers) of the mandatory term that
      seems to so bother directors faced with the responsibility of actually
      ensuring that the corporation honors its contractual duties once a
      (typically) former officer is sued or prosecuted for fraud or other serious
      wrongdoing. Although it is uncomfortable to cause the corporation to
      advance millions in fees to a former officer the current board believes
      engaged in serious misconduct, it does stockholders no service for a
      board to refuse to do so when the advancement obligation is clear. If the
      directors in such a situation truly wish to serve the stockholders, they
      should fix what they can by revising the corporation’s advancement
      obligations on a going-forward basis. To breach a contract because you
      do not like its terms while refusing to change it when you have the
      authority to do so is hard to explain as an act of appropriate fiduciary
      fortitude.

Barrett, 951 A.2d at 747 & n.39 (also lamenting as regrettable that in a corporate case

with protracted litigation over an official’s entitlement to advancement, “the

stockholders get it coming and going because of the corporation’s refusal to honor

mandatory advancement contracts”).

      Thus, we conclude that Ferrant is distinguishable and therefore not controlling

here, and we find Delaware case law persuasive on this issue in the absence of Texas

authority. Because at least some of the allegations in the suit are based on––and

therefore causally connected to––Holt’s service as a member and a manager of the




                                          21
Companies, 7 the trial court did not abuse its discretion by holding that Holt was

entitled to advancement under the Companies’ Regulations.8

      D. Specific Performance

      The Companies’ fourth issue attacks the availability of specific performance as

a remedy for Holt’s claim that they breached their advancement obligations in the

Regulations because they contend that present performance is impossible.

      Specific performance is an equitable remedy, DiGiuseppe v. Lawler, 269 S.W.3d

588, 593 (Tex. 2008), and is used as a substitute for monetary damages when such a

remedy would be inadequate. Paciwest, Inc. v. Warner Alan Props., LLC, 266 S.W.3d 559,

571 (Tex. App.––Fort Worth 2008, pet. denied). In determining whether a party is

entitled to specific performance via injunctive relief, we consider whether (1) an

adequate remedy at law exists, (2) present performance is possible, (3) the agreement

contains precise terms capable of enforcement, and (4) the injunction comports with

the terms of the agreement. Free v. Lewis, No. 13-11-00113-CV, 2012 WL 3242090, at

*3 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi–Edinburg Aug. 9, 2012, no pet.) (mem. op.); Cytogenix,



      7
       The Companies have not argued that the advancement provision should be
applied only to certain claims and not others or that the trial court should have
ordered segregation of fees and expenses; therefore, we have not considered such an
argument in our analysis.
      8
       To the extent that the Companies’ allegations depend on Holt’s position as
president of the Companies, he would also be entitled to advancement under section
8.02.


                                         22
Inc. v. Waldroff, 213 S.W.3d 479, 487 (Tex. App.––Houston [1st Dist.] 2006, pet.

denied).

       In accordance with the second requirement, a court generally should not order

future contractual performance by requiring a party to perform a continuous series of

acts, extending through a long period of time, over which the court exercises its

supervision. Cytogenix, 213 S.W.3d at 487–88; Canteen Corp. v. Republic of Tex. Props., Inc.,

773 S.W.2d 398, 401 (Tex. App.––Dallas 1989, no writ); see also Tex. & Pac. Ry. v. City

of Marshall, 136 U.S. 393, 407, 10 S. Ct. 846, 850 (1890) (involving attempt to keep

railroad located in Marshall, Texas, in perpetuity). But this is not a bright-line rule; a

trial court may order a party to comply with the terms of its agreement over an

extended time (1) in cases involving the public interest, Lone Star Gas, 259 S.W. at

690–91, (2) when that remedy is expressly authorized by statute, Tex. Farm Bureau

Cotton Ass’n v. Stovall, 253 S.W. 1101, 1108 (Tex. 1923), or (3) when appropriate under

a particular set of facts, see White v. State, 122 S.W.2d 714, 717–18 (Tex. App.––Fort

Worth 1938, no writ). The court of appeals in Lone Star Gas explained almost a

century ago why this is so, pointing out that although this rule was rigidly enforced in

English courts of equity, it has been “greatly relaxed” in this country: “Courts of

equity now consider more the results that might follow a denial of a decree for

specific performance than the time and labor required of the court to enforce such

specific performance.” 259 S.W.2d at 690. Additionally, courts “look more to the



                                             23
nature of the impending wrong and the extent and character of its consequences.” Id.

at 691.

      Here, although the remedy is personal to Holt rather than the public-at-large,

enforcement of the remedy by specific performance reinforces at least two important

public policies: freedom of contract and the inducement of capable persons into

corporate service while protecting their individual assets. See Trascent Mgmt., 152 A.3d

at 113; Marino v. Patriot Rail Co., 131 A.3d 325, 342 (Del. Ch. 2015); see also, e.g.,

Bombardier, 2019 WL 406075, at *11, *12 (discussing freedom of contract and noting

that a party cannot rely on a contract in one aspect and defeat it in another). To delay

enforcement of this remedy until after the suit has concluded would be to fly in the

face of the contractual provision requiring that the remedy be effective in advance

and, thus, would be tantamount to no remedy at all.

      Moreover, we do not view the trial court’s order as requiring constant

supervision and rulings. The order requires Holt to provide summary invoices for

repayment of reasonable fees and expenses incurred through November 1, 2017, and

gives the Companies twenty days to either pay those invoices or object to them and

request an expedited hearing. For future fees and expenses, the order requires the

same procedure on a monthly basis. Although the order provides for an expedited

hearing if disputes arise, which could require some trial court involvement, that

involvement is necessarily limited to the duration of this suit. Because those

proceedings would occur in the same court as the underlying suit, any concern about

                                          24
the potential future “time and labor” of the court is overshadowed by the need to

effectuate a remedy that would afford Holt the complete relief the Companies agreed

to in advance. And the very nature of the relief afforded would militate against the

Companies’ making such challenges without exceptionally good cause, lest fees and

expenses increase even more. See Fasciana v. Elec. Data Sys. Corp., 829 A.2d 160, 177

(Del. Ch. 2003) (noting that “the function of [an] advancement case is not to inject

th[e] court as a monthly monitor of the precision and integrity of advancement

requests” and warning that “[u]nless some gross problem arises, a balance of fairness

and efficiency concerns would seem to counsel deferring fights about details until a

final indemnification proceeding, by which time the [defendant might] be obligated to

repay all of the funds”).

          Thus, we conclude that this order is of the type that is enforceable by specific

performance.

          E. Supersedeas Right Waived by Contract

          In their final challenge to the merits of the trial court’s ruling, the Companies

contend they are entitled to mandamus relief regardless of whether Holt is entitled to

advancement under the Regulations because the trial court’s order allows Holt to

enforce his remedy without giving the Companies an opportunity to supersede its

effect.

          Section 24.1 of the rules of appellate procedure allows a party to supersede a

judgment unless the law or the rules “provide otherwise.” Tex. R. App. P. 24.1(a). The

                                             25
right to supersede a judgment pending appeal is thus generally a matter of right, and

mandamus or temporary relief may be warranted when a trial court denies that right

after a final judgment. See Man-Gas Transmission Co. v. Osborne Oil Co., 693 S.W.2d 576,

577 (Tex. App.––San Antonio 1985, order); Weber v. Walker, 591 S.W.2d 559, 562

(Tex. App.––Dallas 1979, orig. proceeding) (interpreting former version of rule 24.1.);

see also In re S. Tex. Coll. of Law, 4 S.W.3d 219, 220 (Tex. 1999) (orig. proceeding)

(Hecht, J., dissenting to denial of mandamus); cf. Brown v. Faulk, 231 S.W.2d 743, 746–

47 (Tex. App.––San Antonio 1950, mand. overruled) (holding same with regard to

appealable interlocutory order). But there are exceptions to this rule. See In re Evans,

401 S.W.3d 921, 925–26 (Tex. App.––Dallas 2013, orig. proceeding) (holding that in

accordance with statutory framework mandating suspension of public official from

office upon conviction and finding that the suspension was in the public interest, trial

court could disallow supersedeas while conviction appeal was pending); Hearn v. Cox

& Perkins Expl., Inc., No. 14-98-01275, 2000 WL 977372, at *5 (Tex. App.––Houston

[14th Dist.] May 18, 2000, mand. denied) (not designated for publication) (holding

that person not meeting the definition of “judgment debtor” cannot supersede

judgment).

       Because an appealing party is typically entitled to supersedeas, the trial court

generally cannot permit execution on an interlocutory order granting complete relief

on a particular cause of action because to do so would destroy the nonprevailing

party’s supersedeas right. See, e.g., In re Burlington Coat Factory Warehouse of McAllen, Inc.,

                                              26
167 S.W.3d 827, 831 (Tex. 2005) (orig. proceeding); In re Spiritas, No. 05-16-00791-

CV, 2017 WL 1281394, at *3 (Tex. App.––Dallas Apr. 6, 2017, orig. proceeding)

(mem. op.); In re Renz, No. 03-15-00207-CV, 2015 WL 5315693, at *2 (Tex. App.––

Austin Sept. 10, 2015, orig. proceeding) (mem. op.); In re El Caballero Ranch, Inc.,

No. 04-14-00584-CV, 2014 WL 6687242, at *2–3 (Tex. App.––San Antonio Nov. 26,

2014, orig. proceeding) (mem. op.); In re Khan, No. 09-13-00382-CV, 2013 WL

5434624, at *1 (Tex. App.––Beaumont Sept. 26, 2013, orig. proceeding) (mem. op.);

In re Tarrant Cty., 16 S.W.3d 914, 918–19 (Tex. App.––Fort Worth 2000, orig.

proceeding); In re Baylor Coll. of Med., No. 09-01-00157-CV, 2001 WL 585688, at *1

(Tex. App.––Beaumont May 31, 2001, orig. proceeding) (not designated for

publication). The courts will thus grant mandamus relief to correct this type of wrong.

      The Companies argue that they are entitled to relief under this same theory.

But the cases granting relief in similar circumstances did not involve a contractual

right like the one here––a right specifically authorized by a statute mandating that

such contractual provisions will be enforceable. See Tex. Bus. Orgs. Code

Ann. § 8.002(b). And as we have explained, to give full and proper effect to that

statutory and contractual right, it must be enforceable during the litigation, even if the

order granting it is interlocutory. Parties routinely bargain away important procedural

safeguards: (1) the right to trial by jury, In re Prudential Ins. of Am., 148 S.W.3d 124,

129–33 (Tex. 2004) (orig. proceeding), (2) the right to maintain a suit in a more

preferable forum, In re Laibe Corp., 307 S.W.3d 314, 316 (Tex. 2010) (orig.

                                           27
proceeding), and (3) the right to appeal, Prudential, 148 S.W.3d at 142; Estate of

Crawford, No. 14-17-00703-CV, 2017 WL 5196309, at *2 (Tex. App.––Houston [14th

Dist.] Nov. 9, 2017, pet. denied) (mem. op.), among others. To require a trial court to

wait until the advancement order becomes appealable before allowing Holt to enforce

it would be to eviscerate the right for which he and the Companies bargained. In this

case, then, the Companies’ traditional right to supersedeas must yield in the face of

the agreement to which they bound themselves. See Tenn. Gas Pipeline Co. v. Technip

USA Corp., No. 01-06-00535-CV, 2008 WL 3876141, at *16 (Tex. App.—Houston

[1st Dist.] Aug. 21, 2008, pets. denied) (mem. op. on reh’g) (“We must enforce a

contract as written, not as one party contends that, in hindsight, it intended for to

have been written.”).

       And similarly situated litigants in the future will not be wholly without remedy.

A party may file an original proceeding challenging an order granting or denying

advancement. See Gunderson, 2018 WL 4346563, at *1; Aguilar, 344 S.W.3d at 44, 56; cf.

Laibe Corp., 307 S.W.3d at 316 (holding that a trial court abuses its discretion by failing

to properly interpret or apply a contractual forum selection clause). Such a proceeding

allows for relief in a much more expedited fashion than even an accelerated

interlocutory appeal. See In re Tex. Nat. Res. Conservation Comm’n, 85 S.W.3d 201, 206–

07 (Tex. 2002) (orig. proceeding) (op. on reh’g) (holding that mandamus is available to

review temporary restraining order in violation of rule 680’s time limitations because

even accelerated appeal would take too long); cf. In re Tex. Dep’t of Family & Protective

                                            28
Servs., 210 S.W.3d 609, 613 (Tex. 2006) (orig. proceeding) (noting that appeal is often

an inadequate remedy to protect children’s and parents’ rights because in child

custody cases justice demands a speedy resolution). And courts in other circumstances

have found that appeal is an inadequate remedy to challenge an order requiring a party

to pay attorney’s fees in advance when that party did not contract to do so. See In re

Ford Motor Co., 988 S.W.2d 714, 723 (Tex. 1998) (orig. proceeding) (“[A]ppeal is not

an adequate remedy when a court imposes a monetary penalty on a party’s

prospective exercise of its legal rights.”); Braden v. Downey, 811 S.W.2d 922, 929 (Tex.

1991) (orig. proceeding) (“[S]o severe a penalty thus imposed raises the real possibility

that a party’s willingness or ability to continue the litigation will be significantly

impaired.”); cf. In re United Servs. Auto. Ass’n, 307 S.W.3d 299, 314 (Tex. 2010) (orig.

proceeding) (recognizing that although mandamus review is “generally unavailable

when a trial court denies summary judgment, no matter how meritorious the motion,”

it is nevertheless appropriate in certain circumstances, particularly to avert thwarting

legislative intent by too strictly applying Texas’s procedural devices).

       Because we determine that the trial court did not abuse its discretion, we

overrule the Companies’ third through fifth mandamus-related issues. Thus, we need

not address their sixth issue addressing adequacy of the right of appeal. See Tex. R.

App. P. 47.1.




                                            29
                                    Conclusion

      Having determined that we lack jurisdiction over an appeal of the trial court’s

order, we dismiss the Companies’ appeal. See Tex. R. App. P. 43.2(f). In addition,

having determined that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in rendering that

order, we deny the Companies’ alternative request for mandamus relief. See Tex. R.

App. P. 52.8(a).

                                                    /s/ Wade Birdwell

                                                    Wade Birdwell
                                                    Justice

Delivered: February 28, 2019




                                         30
