                  IN THE SUPREME COURT OF IOWA
                              No. 14–1969

                        Filed February 26, 2016


LARRY R. HEDLUND,

      Appellant,

vs.

STATE OF IOWA; K. BRIAN LONDON, Commissioner of the Iowa
Department of Public Safety, Individually; CHARIS M. PAULSON,
Director, Division of Criminal Investigation, Individually; GERARD F.
MEYERS, Assistant Director, Division of Criminal Investigation,
Individually; and TERRY E. BRANSTAD, Individually,

      Appellees.



      Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Polk County, Dennis J.

Stovall, Judge.



      A former state law enforcement agent appeals a district court’s

interlocutory ruling dismissing his claim for wrongful discharge in

violation of public policy. APPEAL DISMISSED.



      Thomas J. Duff of Duff Law Firm, P.L.C., Des Moines, and

Elizabeth Flansburg of Lawyer, Dougherty, Palmer & Flansburg, PLC,

West Des Moines, for appellant.



      Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Jeffrey C. Peterzalek and

Julie J. Bussanmas, Assistant Attorneys General, for appellees.
                                        2

MANSFIELD, Justice.

      In this interlocutory appeal, a former agent of the Iowa Division of

Criminal Investigation (DCI) challenges the district court’s dismissal of

his claim for wrongful discharge in violation of public policy. The agent’s

application for leave to appeal was filed more than thirty days after the

district court’s order but within thirty days of the court’s denial of the

plaintiff’s motion to amend findings and conclusions under Iowa Rule of

Civil Procedure 1.904(2).     The defendants urge that the appeal is

untimely and should be dismissed.

      Applying our settled precedent that rule 1.904(2) is not available to

seek mere reconsideration of a legal ruling and our equally settled

precedent that an improper rule 1.904(2) motion does not toll the time

for appeal, we conclude the agent’s appeal is untimely.      Therefore, we

dismiss the appeal. Because the dismissed appeal was interlocutory, the

agent may appeal the ruling on his public-policy wrongful-discharge

claim at the conclusion of this case.

      I. Background Facts and Proceedings.

      Because we are reviewing the grant of a motion to dismiss for

failure to state a claim, we accept all well-pleaded facts as true. Dier v.

Peters, 815 N.W.2d 1, 3–4 (Iowa 2012).

      Larry Hedlund was a long-time employee of the Department of

Public Safety (DPS), and in April 2013, he was working for the DCI. On

April 26, while driving on Highway 20, he noticed a black SUV traveling

at what he believed to be a “hard ninety.” Hedlund reported the speeding

SUV to the local dispatch. The Governor and Lieutenant Governor were

among the SUV’s passengers. The vehicle was not pulled over or ticketed

at that time.
                                                  3

         On April 29 and 30, Hedlund sent several emails related to this

incident.     On May 1, the DCI placed Hedlund on paid administrative

leave.     The DPS Commissioner terminated Hedlund’s employment on

July 17.

         On August 8, Hedlund filed a petition in the Polk County District

Court alleging wrongful discharge in violation of public policy and Iowa

Code section 70A.28(2) (2013). 1 Hedlund named the State of Iowa, DPS

Commissioner Brian London, DCI Director Charis Paulson, and DCI

Assistant Director Gerard Meyers—in their individual capacities—as

defendants.

         Additionally, on August 12, Hedlund filed an appeal of his

termination notice with the Employment Appeal Board (EAB) pursuant to

Iowa Code section 80.15. 2 On August 15, Hedlund also filed an appeal of

his termination with the Public Employment Relations Board (PERB)




         1Section   70A.28(2) provides in part:
         A person shall not discharge an employee from . . . a position in a state
         employment system administered by, or subject to approval of, a state
         agency as a reprisal for . . . a disclosure of information to any other
         public official or law enforcement agency if the employee reasonably
         believes the information evidences a violation of law or rule,
         mismanagement, a gross abuse of funds, an abuse of authority, or a
         substantial and specific danger to public health or safety.
         2Section   80.15 provides in part:
         After . . . twelve months’ service, a peace officer of [DPS], who was
         appointed after having passed the examinations, is not subject to
         dismissal, suspension, disciplinary demotion, or other disciplinary action
         resulting in the loss of pay unless charges have been filed with the
         department of inspections and appeals and a hearing held by the
         employment appeal board created by section 10A.601, if requested by the
         peace officer, at which the peace officer has an opportunity to present a
         defense to the charges.
                                               4

pursuant to Iowa Code section 70A.28(6). 3

      On September 25, the defendants moved for a stay of the court

proceedings, arguing that Hedlund’s suit was premature until his

pending administrative appeals were adjudicated. Hedlund responded by

asking both agencies for declaratory orders. See Iowa Code § 17A.9(1)(a).

Specifically, he asked both agencies to rule that he did not have to

exhaust their remedies before bringing wrongful-discharge claims in

district court and that their remedies were not exclusive. Hedlund also

advised the district court that he would agree to a stay until the petitions

for declaratory orders were resolved.

      On November 1, the court granted the defendants a stay in the

proceedings pending the outcome of Hedlund’s administrative appeals.

On December 10, the EAB issued a ruling on Hedlund’s request for a

declaratory order.       The ruling stated the only remedy available in the

Iowa Code section 80.15 hearing was reinstatement. It also said that if

Hedlund wanted reinstatement, he had to pursue such relief under

section 80.15.       Hedlund retired from DPS and on January 21, 2014,

dismissed his appeal before the EAB.

      On April 7, Hedlund asked the district court to lift the stay. He

described the EAB’s ruling and added that PERB had not yet ruled on his

petition for a declaratory order. (It turned out that PERB ruled that day.)

The defendants responded to Hedlund’s filing the next day and joined his

      3Section   70A.28(6) provides in part:
      An employee eligible to pursue an administrative action pursuant to this
      subsection who is discharged, suspended, demoted, or otherwise receives
      a reduction in pay and who believes the adverse employment action was
      taken as a result of the employee's disclosure of information that was
      authorized pursuant to subsection 2, may file an appeal of the adverse
      employment action with the public employment relations board within
      thirty calendar days following . . . the effective date of the action . . . .
                                          5

request to lift the stay. The court entered an order lifting the stay on

April 30.

       Once district court proceedings resumed, Hedlund filed an

amended petition on May 1 naming the Governor in his individual

capacity as an additional defendant. The new petition also alleged that

the defendants had committed defamation and intentional infliction of

emotional distress.       On May 19, the defendants moved to dismiss

Hedlund’s petition pursuant to Iowa Rule of Civil Procedure 1.421(1)(f). 4

       The defendants filed briefs in support of dismissal on May 19 and

July 7. Hedlund filed briefs in resistance of dismissal on June 16 and

July 21. On July 23, the court held a hearing on the motion to dismiss.

At the conclusion of the hearing, the court stated,

       [W]hat I’ll do is, I’m going to leave the record open for the
       plaintiff to submit any additional briefing that he deems
       appropriate. And you must have that to me no later than
       August 1st. And then I will give the defendant a chance to
       file anything that they deem appropriate by August 12. And
       as of August 12th, the record will close and the matter will
       be submitted. Okay.

Both parties consented to this procedure on the record.

       Hedlund filed his supplemental brief on August 1 and the

defendants filed theirs on August 6.

       On September 15, the district court issued its ruling on the motion

to dismiss. The court granted the motion with regard to Hedlund’s claim

of wrongful discharge in violation of public policy, finding that “no clearly

defined and well-recognized [public policy] exception protected Plaintiff’s

actions.” Additionally, the court concluded that Hedlund had statutory

protection from wrongful discharge under Iowa Code section 80.15 and

       4Thisrule provides in part, “The following defenses or matters may be raised by
pre-answer motion: . . . [f]ailure to state a claim upon which relief may be granted.”
                                           6

that this protection “diminishe[d] the idea that he had a compelling need

for protection from wrongful discharge” at common law.                     The court

declined to dismiss the remaining counts in Hedlund’s petition.

         On September 25, Hedlund filed a motion to amend the court’s

dismissal ruling, invoking Iowa Rule of Civil Procedure 1.904(2). 5 This

filing did not cite new facts or new Iowa law. Instead, Hedlund primarily

argued that the dismissal of the common-law wrongful-discharge count

was inconsistent with some out-of-state appellate decisions that had not

previously been cited to the court. On October 6, the defendants filed a

resistance to Hedlund’s motion. On October 17, Hedlund filed a reply

brief.

         The reply brief had two exhibits attached. One was a copy of the

December 10, 2013 ruling of the EAB. The other was a copy of the April

7, 2014 ruling of PERB.

         The court denied the motion to amend on October 30 stating,

               Upon review, the Court finds that Plaintiff has
         presented no new facts or authority that persuades the
         Court to amend its prior ruling. The prior ruling was issued
         based on the consideration of existing Iowa law. Plaintiff has
         not shown that the Court made a mistake of law or fact in its
         Ruling. The Plaintiff merely disagrees with the conclusion
         reached by the Court. Mere disagreement with the result is
         not a basis for this Court to amend or enlarge its previous
         ruling.

         On November 26, Hedlund filed an application for interlocutory

review with this court. We granted Hedlund’s application on December

19, staying further district court proceedings.

         5This   rule provides in part:
         On motion joined with or filed within the time allowed for a motion for
         new trial, the findings and conclusions may be enlarged or amended and
         the judgment or decree modified accordingly or a different judgment or
         decree substituted.
                                          7

       II. Standard of Review.

       Our standard of review for a district court’s ruling on a motion to

dismiss is for correction of errors at law. Mueller v. Wellmark, Inc., 818

N.W.2d 244, 253 (Iowa 2012). We will affirm a district court’s grant of a

motion to dismiss if the petition fails to state a claim upon which relief

may be granted. See King v. State, 818 N.W.2d 1, 8 (Iowa 2012). “For

purposes of reviewing a ruling on a motion to dismiss, we accept as true

the   petition’s   well-pleaded     factual    allegations,    but   not    its   legal

conclusions.” Shumate v. Drake Univ., 846 N.W.2d 503, 507 (Iowa 2014).

       III. Analysis.

       We must deal with a threshold matter.                  The State challenges

Hedlund’s interlocutory appeal as untimely. If the State is correct, we

are without jurisdiction to hear Hedlund’s appeal. 6                   We consider

challenges to our jurisdiction before other issues in a case. See Tigges v.

City of Ames, 356 N.W.2d 503, 511 (Iowa 1984).

       According to the Iowa Rules of Appellate Procedure,

       An application for interlocutory appeal must be filed within
       30 days after entry of the challenged ruling or order.
       However, if a motion is timely filed under Iowa R. Civ. P.
       1.904(2), the application must be filed within 30 days after
       the filing of the ruling on such motion.

Iowa R. App. P. 6.104(1)(b)(2).

       Hedlund filed his application for interlocutory review seventy-one

days after the district court ruled on the State’s motion to dismiss. In

the meantime, he had filed—and the court ruled on—a rule 1.904(2)

motion to amend the court’s ruling on the motion to dismiss.


       6Although  the defendants opposed Hedlund’s application for interlocutory review
partly on the ground that the appeal was untimely, we did not rule on that issue in
granting the application. Thus, it remains for us to resolve now.
                                      8

      We have repeatedly stated that only a “proper rule 1.904(2) motion”

extends the time for appeal from the date of the original ruling. See Baur

v. Baur Farms, Inc., 832 N.W.2d 663, 668 (Iowa 2013); In re Marriage of

Okland, 699 N.W.2d 260, 266–67 (Iowa 2005) (“[A]n untimely or improper

rule 1.904(2) motion cannot extend the time for appeal.”             (Footnote

omitted.)); Explore Info. Servs. v. Iowa Ct. Info. Sys., 636 N.W.2d 50, 54

(Iowa 2001) (considering a motion to reconsider under 1.904(2) and

noting “[i]f the motion was not appropriate, then [the plaintiff’s] notice of

appeal . . . was late and this court is without jurisdiction”); Bellach v. IMT

Ins. Co., 573 N.W.2d 903, 904–05 (Iowa 1998) (“A motion relying on rule

[1.904(2)], but filed for an improper purpose, will not toll the thirty-day

period for appeal . . . .”); Beck v. Fleener, 376 N.W.2d 594, 596 (Iowa

1985) (“[W]e have jurisdiction of the appeal only if [plaintiffs’] motion to

reconsider was a motion provided for in [rule 1.904(2)].”)

      In Kunau v. Miller, 328 N.W.2d 529, 530 (Iowa 1983), we addressed

whether a rule 1.904(2) motion may properly follow the granting of a

motion to dismiss. There, the plaintiff sued for alienation of affection,

and the defendant moved to dismiss the claim.          Id. at 529.   The trial

court sustained the motion. Id. Three days after the court’s ruling, the

defendant filed a “Motion to Set Aside, Vacate or Modify Dismissal or for

New Trial,” which the court overruled.       Id.   Within thirty days of the

court’s ruling on the defendant’s motion to set aside but more than thirty

days after the ruling on the motion to dismiss, the plaintiff filed a notice

of appeal from both rulings. Id.

      The plaintiff asserted that his appeal was timely because the

motion to set aside was a rule 1.904(2) motion, which tolled the time to
                                          9

appeal. 7     Id. at 530.    However, we concluded that “a rule [1.904(2)]

motion lies only when addressed to a ruling made upon trial of an issue

of fact without a jury.” Id. We held,

        Rule [1.904(2)] . . . does not apply to rulings on motions to
        dismiss a petition under rule [1.421(1)(f)] for “[f]ailure to
        state a claim on which any relief can be granted.” No issue
        of fact is raised by a motion to dismiss.

Id. (quoting Iowa R. Civ. P. 1.421(1)(f)). Consequently, we dismissed the

appeal as untimely. Id. at 531.

       In our opinion, we noted that the rules regarding summary
judgment and contested case proceedings had been amended to make

rule 1.904(2) applicable to them. Id. at 530; see Iowa R. Civ. P. 1.981(3)

(“If summary judgment is rendered on the entire case, rule 1.904(2) shall

apply.”); Iowa R. Civ. P. 1.1603 (“In proceedings for judicial review of

agency action in a contested case . . . [t]he provisions of rule 1.904(2)

shall apply.”). We pointed out that no similar change had been made to

our rule regarding motions to dismiss. See Kunau, 328 N.W.2d at 530.

Nor has such a change been made since then. See Iowa R. Civ. P. 1.421.

Thus, Kunau is still basically good law.

       In Bellach, we found that a rule 1.904(2) motion filed after the

denial of a motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict or for new

trial did not extend the time for appeal.             573 N.W.2d at 904.           We

emphasized that the motion “amounted to no more than a rehash of legal

issues” previously raised and decided. Id. at 905. We also noted that

there were “no preservation-of-error dilemmas lurking here” and that


       7The  Kunau, Bellach, and Explore Information Services decisions cite to rules
179(b) and 104(b), which have since been renumbered to rules 1.904(2) and 1.421(1)(f)
respectively. Because the relevant content of the rules has not changed, we cite to the
rules’ current numberings throughout.
                                    10

“[t]he only thing accomplished by IMT’s post-posttrial motion was a five-

month delay in the entry of judgment on the jury’s verdict.” We therefore

dismissed the appeal as untimely. Id. at 905–06.

      In Explore Information Services, we followed Kunau in dismissing

an appeal that was filed more than thirty days after the district court had

ruled on a motion for adjudication of law points but less than thirty days

after the district court had denied plaintiff’s rule 1.904(2) motion. 636

N.W.2d at 53–54, 57–58. The requested adjudication was dispositive of

the case, and the facts supporting it were uncontroverted by the parties.

Id. at 56–57. We said, “[A rule 1.904(2)] motion is restricted to a nonjury

ruling on an issue of fact.” Id. at 55. Given that the nature of such an

adjudication is “to dispose of a case on a point of law where the facts are

undisputed,” we held a rule 1.904(2) motion cannot be applied to such a

proceeding—thus rendering the appeal untimely. Id. at 56–57 (quoting

Easter Lake Estates, Inc. v. Polk Cty., 444 N.W.2d 72, 74 (Iowa 1989)).

      Other decisions have restated the heart of the matter—i.e., that

rule 1.904(2) is a tool for correction of factual error or preservation of

legal error, not a device for rearguing the law. “[A]bsent the application

of a special rule, a rule [1.904(2)] motion is not available to challenge a

ruling that did not involve a factual issue but instead was confined to the

determination of a legal question.” Meier v. Senecaut, 641 N.W.2d 532,

538 (Iowa 2002). This is because “[a] second hearing solely involving a

legal issue is merely repetitive.” Id. “[A] rule 1.904(2) motion raising a

purely legal issue does not extend the time for appeal.”     Lamasters v.

State, 821 N.W.2d 856, 863 n. 1 (Iowa 2012).

      It is true that in Sierra Club Iowa Chapter v. Iowa Department of

Transportation, we found that a rule 1.904(2) motion was properly filed

after a district court issued an incomplete ruling on a motion to dismiss.
                                      11

832 N.W.2d 636, 641–42 (Iowa 2013). In that case, the plaintiff’s rule

1.904(2) motion drew attention to certain “summary” aspects of the

district court’s decision.    Id. at 641.   These included that the district

court had not addressed the standard of review, did not explain why a

certain provision of the Iowa Code applied, and had given “no rationale to

resolve   the   apparent     discrepancy    between    its   decision    and   the

jurisprudence of our court.” Id. at 641–42. Hence, we found the motion

proper because it was filed “to preserve error.” Id. at 642. We reiterated,

however, that a motion amounting “to no more than a rehash of legal

issues raised and decided adversely” or “used merely to obtain

reconsideration of the district court’s decision” would not toll the time for

appeal. Id. at 641 (quoting Explore Info. Servs., 636 N.W.2d at 57).

      Hedlund maintained in his appellate briefing and at oral argument

that his motion to amend the district court’s ruling presented new facts.

We disagree.    We have reviewed his September 25, 2014 motion and

eight-page supporting brief in their entirety.        It is clear the only new

material they contain is some citation and discussion of out-of-state

cases that could have been presented earlier—i.e., during the extensive

briefing that occurred before the trial court’s ruling.                 Thus, the

September 25 filing is an example of a pure “rehash of legal issues” that

was not necessary “to preserve error.” See id.

      Hedlund claims he had not previously quoted from the portion of

Iowa Code section 80.15, which indicates that Hedlund on taking office

had to take “an oath . . . to uphold the laws and Constitution of the

United States and Constitution of the State of Iowa.” Iowa Code § 80.15.

He contends that this is a “new fact” in support of his wrongful discharge

claim. Again, we disagree. Section 80.15 had already been addressed at

length by the parties. While this portion had not previously been quoted,
                                       12

Hedlund had emphasized his statutory duty under chapter 80 to enforce

the laws, and the district court had addressed that point in its original

ruling.

      During oral argument before us, Hedlund made the further point

that his October 17 reply brief in support of his rule 1.904(2) motion

contained two exhibits.      These were copies of the two administrative

rulings by the EAB and PERB on his petitions for declaratory orders.

Hedlund attached these exhibits to bolster his contention that “[t]he only

protection afforded by section 80.15 is . . . reinstatement.” However, that

point was already before the court.         By its terms, Iowa Code section

80.15 does not provide damage remedies. In its original ruling granting

the motion to dismiss the common-law wrongful-discharge count, the

district court noted that Hedlund had statutory protections “from

wrongful discharge” in that he was not “subject to dismissal” unless

charges had been filed and a hearing held. Hence, the court was under

no misimpression about the facts, nor was its reasoning so cryptic as to

raise preservation-of-error concerns. Cf. Sierra Club, 832 N.W.2d at 641–

42.   The parties had already pointed out in their August briefing that

Hedlund had chosen not to pursue his section 80.15 remedy but had

elected to drop his administrative appeal from the termination and retire

from DPS.     And in any event, the October 17 reply brief should be

distinguished from the September 25 rule 1.904(2) motion itself,

especially given that the reply brief was not filed until more than thirty

days after the district court’s initial ruling.

      Thus, Hedlund’s motion did not address any actual or possible

factual misconceptions by the district court. It did not address lacunae

in the court’s ruling. It was not necessary to preserve error for appeal. It

simply cited more authority in support of the same arguments that had
                                   13

already been rejected. Because Hedlund’s motion to amend was not a

proper rule 1.904(2) motion, this appeal is untimely, and it must be

dismissed.

      We close with two important points. First, dismissal of this appeal

does not foreclose Hedlund from challenging the ruling that he has no

claim for wrongful discharge in violation of public policy.      Hedlund

retains the ability to appeal that ruling at the conclusion of the case.

Second, this court is aware that rule 1.904(2) has been subject to

criticism. We have initiated an effort to explore its possible amendment.

      IV. Conclusion.

      For the foregoing reasons, we dismiss this appeal.

      APPEAL DISMISSED.
