                                                        NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                      FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT


                                No. 19-1774


   ANGEL LUIS THOMAS, SR.; NORMAN E. GREGORY; GLENN MORRIS

                                     v.

Col. TYREE C. BLOCKER; Sgt. O. E. ROWLES; Capt. MAURICE A. TOMLINSON;
    Tpr. DAVID HOWANITZ; KEVIN KAUFFMAN; BRIAN HARRIS; NICOLE
    PITTMAN; JAMEY LUTHER; BRIAN URBAN; MICHELE JAMES; JAMES
         RIEVEL; KIM HAWN; PHILLIP CHAMBERLAIN; ADAM ROSS

                          Angel Luis Thomas, Sr.,
                                       Appellant
                            ______________

               On Appeal from the United States District Court
                   for the Middle District of Pennsylvania
                   (D.C. Civil Action No. 4-18-cv-00812)
                  District Judge: Hon. Matthew W. Brann
                              ______________

                Submitted Under Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a)
                        Tuesday, January 14, 2020
                            ______________

                Before: HARDIMAN, PORTER, and PHIPPS,
                             Circuit Judges

                          (Filed: January 29, 2020)
                                     ______________

                                        OPINION ∗
                                     ______________
PORTER, Circuit Judge.

       Angel Luis Thomas, Sr. is a registered sex offender. He was convicted of rape,

involuntary deviate sexual intercourse, aggravated assault, reckless endangering, and

unlawful restraint. Before being released from prison, he registered as a sex offender,

which led to his name being published on the Pennsylvania sex-offender registry’s

publicly accessible website. Thomas believes his constitutional rights were violated when

he was required to register as a sex offender. He filed a motion for a preliminary

injunction seeking the removal of his name from the sex-offender registry. The District

Court denied Thomas’s motion. Because Thomas was required by federal law to register

as a sex offender, he is unlikely to succeed on the merits of his claim. We will affirm.

                                             I

       In 1991, Thomas was convicted of several sex-related crimes. He was imprisoned

from 1991 until his 2018 release. One month before his release, Thomas was told that he

must register as a sex offender on Pennsylvania’s registry, which he did. Thomas was

also told that upon his release, he was required to register again. When he was released in

January 2018, he registered again; a new photo of Thomas and his home address were

added to the registry.



∗
 This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not
constitute binding precedent.

                                             2
       Eventually, Thomas wished to be removed from the sex-offender registry, so he

sought injunctive relief in the District Court. He filed a motion for a preliminary

injunction, asking the District Court to order the Commissioner of the Pennsylvania State

Police, Colonel Tyree C. Blocker, to remove Thomas’s name from the sex-offender

registry. The Magistrate Judge issued a Report and Recommendation, recommending that

the District Court deny Thomas’s motion. Thomas objected to the Magistrate Judge’s

Report and Recommendation. The District Court rejected Thomas’s arguments, adopted

the Report and Recommendation, and denied Thomas’s motion. Thomas timely appealed.

                                              II 1

        Thomas challenges the denial of his motion for a preliminary injunction. “A

preliminary injunction is an extraordinary remedy granted in limited circumstances.” Issa

v. Sch. Dist. of Lancaster, 847 F.3d 121, 131 (3d Cir. 2017) (citation omitted). “Those

seeking one must establish that (A) they are likely to succeed on the merits of their

claims, (B) they are likely to suffer irreparable harm without relief, (C) the balance of

harms favors them, and (D) relief is in the public interest.” Id. (citation omitted). “[A]

failure to show a likelihood of success . . . must necessarily result in the denial of a

preliminary injunction.” In re Arthur Treacher’s Franchisee Litig., 689 F.2d 1137, 1143

(3d Cir. 1982).




1
  The District Court had jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. §§ 1331, 1343. We have jurisdiction
under 28 U.S.C. § 1292(a)(1). When reviewing the denial of a preliminary injunction, we
review legal conclusions de novo and the decision to deny the injunction for abuse of
discretion. Del. Strong Families v. Att’y Gen. of Del., 793 F.3d 304, 308 (3d Cir. 2015).
                                               3
       The District Court denied Thomas’s motion for a preliminary injunction. Because

federal SORNA requires Thomas to register as a sex offender, the District Court agreed

with the Magistrate Judge’s recommendation that Thomas failed to show a likelihood of

success on the merits. Thomas disagrees with that conclusion and raises three primary

arguments for why his claim will likely succeed on the merits. 2 First, he asserts that

federal SORNA’s registration requirement applies to states and not individuals. Second,

he claims that he is exempted from federal SORNA’s registration requirement because he

is not planning to travel outside Pennsylvania. And third, he argues that, because he is

purportedly exempted from Pennsylvania’s sex-offender registration regime, he cannot be

compelled by state officials to comply with federal SORNA. Because all of Thomas’s

arguments are unavailing, we will affirm.

                                             A

       First, Thomas claims that federal SORNA applies to states and not individuals. He

is wrong. Federal SORNA states that “[a] sex offender shall register, and keep the

registration current, in each jurisdiction where the offender resides, where the offender is

an employee, and where the offender is a student.” 34 U.S.C. § 20913(a). “[T]he directive

. . . applies to sex offenders—not to states.” United States v. Shenandoah, 595 F.3d 151,

157 (3d Cir. 2010), abrogated on other grounds by Reynolds v. United States, 565 U.S.

432 (2012). Federal SORNA imposes “an independent and federally enforceable duty . . .


2
 Thomas suggests that the District Court failed to review Thomas’s objections to the
Report and Recommendation de novo. He is incorrect. The District Court considered
Thomas’s objections and briefly explained its rationale for rejecting them. And the
District Court said that it “reviewed Mr. Thomas’s objections de novo[.]” JA at 13.
                                              4
on sex offenders to register.” Id. Thus, Thomas’s first argument is foreclosed by our own

precedent.

                                             B

       Second, Thomas argues that federal SORNA should not apply to him because he

has not traveled outside Pennsylvania and has no plans to do so. We are unpersuaded. In

United States v. Pendleton, we considered whether the registration requirement in

§ 20913(a)—which, at the time, was codified at 42 U.S.C. § 16913(a)—was “beyond the

bounds of the Commerce Clause because it requires registration from all sex offenders,

not just those who travel in interstate commerce.” 636 F.3d 78, 86 (3d Cir. 2011). We

held that federal SORNA’s registration requirement was constitutional “because it is

necessary and proper for carrying into [e]xecution Congress’s power under the

Commerce Clause[.]” Id. at 88 (quotation marks omitted) (quoting U.S. Const. art. I,

§ 8, cl. 18 and M’Culloch v. Maryland, 17 U.S. (4 Wheat.) 316, 424 (1819)). In reaching

our conclusion, we relied on Justice Scalia’s concurrence in Gonzales v. Raich, in which

he noted that “[when] necessary to make a regulation of interstate commerce effective,

Congress may regulate even those intrastate activities that do not themselves substantially

affect interstate commerce.” 545 U.S. 1, 35 (2005) (Scalia, J., concurring).

       In short, we held in Pendleton that under the Commerce Clause and the Necessary

and Proper Clause, federal SORNA’s registration requirement applies to all sex

offenders—even those who do not travel in interstate commerce. Pendleton, 636 F.3d at

87–88. Pendleton therefore governs this case, and Thomas’s argument fails.



                                             5
       To be sure, § 20913(a)—the registration requirement provision—contains no

enforcement provision. Instead, federal SORNA’s enforcement provision is codified at 18

U.S.C. § 2250. Relevant here, this criminal statute has, among others, three elements:

criminal penalties may be imposed on whoever (a) is required to register under federal

SORNA; (b) travels in interstate commerce; and (c) knowingly fails to register or update

a registration as federal SORNA requires. See id. According to Thomas, the registration

requirement in § 20913(a) may not be enforced against him because he has not violated

§ 2250—the criminal enforcement provision—by traveling in interstate commerce or

failing to register or update his registration under federal SORNA.

       We rejected this argument in Pendleton. There, we held that a defendant must

register under the registration requirement in federal SORNA—i.e., § 20913(a). 636 F.3d

at 87–88. We said that “§ 2250 and [§ 20913(a)] are clearly complementary: without

§ 2250, [§ 20913(a)] lacks federal criminal enforcement, and without [§ 20913(a)],

§ 2250 has no substance.” Id. at 87 (quotation marks and citation omitted). “[R]equiring

sex offenders to register . . . before . . . they travel in interstate commerce—which . . . has

a minimal practical [influence] on intrastate sex offenders . . .[ ]—is ‘reasonably adapted’

to the goal of ensuring that sex offenders register and update previous registrations when

moving among jurisdictions.” Id. at 88 (emphasis added) (quoting United States v.

Whaley, 577 F.3d 254, 261 (5th Cir. 2009)). In sum, just because Thomas has not

violated § 2250 does not mean that he need not register under § 20913(a).




                                               6
                                              C

       Lastly, Thomas argues that, because he claims to be exempted from registering as

a sex offender under Pennsylvania’s registration regime, state officials may not compel

him to register under federal SORNA. We are unconvinced. In Pendleton, we concluded

that a sex offender’s “federal duty to register under [federal] SORNA was not dependent

upon his duty to register under [state] law.” 636 F.3d at 86; cf. Shenandoah, 595 F.3d at

157 (stating that a state’s “failure to implement a federal law . . . [would] not give sex

offenders a reason to disregard their federal obligation to update their state

registrations.”). Here, Thomas’s federal duty to register under § 20913(a) is independent

of Pennsylvania law. 3 Accordingly, we reject Thomas’s final argument.

                                       *      *      *

       In sum, we conclude that Thomas has failed to show a likelihood that his claim

will succeed on the merits. The District Court correctly denied Thomas’s motion for a

preliminary injunction, so we will affirm.




3
  Thomas suggests that federal SORNA’s registration requirement violates the
anticommandeering principles of the Tenth Amendment if the registration requirement
applies to an individual like Thomas, who is putatively excluded from registering as a sex
offender under state law. This argument rings hollow. Congress enacted the parts of
federal SORNA that are directed to the states using its spending power. See United States
v. Kebodeaux, 570 U.S. 387, 391 (2013) (noting that “[federal] SORNA … used the
federal spending power to encourage [s]tates to adopt sex offender registration laws.”
(emphasis added) (citations omitted)).
                                              7
