                                                                                              Filed
                                                                                        Washington State
                                                                                        Court of Appeals
                                                                                         Division Two

                                                                                        August 27, 2019

    IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

                                         DIVISION II
 STATE OF WASHINGTON,                                               No. 51402-8-II

                                Respondent,

         v.                                                   UNPUBLISHED OPINION

 SERGEY VLADIMIR KOTLYAROV,

                                Appellant.


        MAXA, C.J. – Sergey Kotlyarov appeals his convictions and sentence for four counts of

second degree unlawful possession of a firearm and the jury’s finding that he was armed with a

firearm when he committed the crime of unlawful possession of a controlled substance. Officers

discovered two of the four firearms when they searched a large cabinet in a room Kotlyarov

occupied while in the process of arresting him, and they later obtained a search warrant for the

room.

        We hold that (1) the trial court did not err in denying Kotlyarov’s motion to suppress the

firearms because Kotlyarov did not challenge the search warrant, and the firearms would have

been discovered when that valid warrant was executed even if the initial search of the cabinet

was unlawful; (2) the State presented sufficient evidence for the jury to find that Kotlyarov was

armed with a firearm when he possessed the methamphetamine; and (3) the criminal filing fee,

DNA collection fee, and interest accrual provision imposed as a part of Kotlyarov’s sentence

must be stricken. Therefore, we affirm Kotlyarov’s conviction, but we remand for the trial court
No. 51402-8-II


to strike the criminal filing fee, DNA collection fee, and interest accrual provision from the

judgment and sentence.

                                              FACTS

        On March 11, 2016, City of Lakewood police officers Darrell Moore and Jacob Veenker

responded to a report of a burglary in progress at a local business. The reporting party, Andre

Kramareuskiy, stated that two men had broken into the building and were going in and out. He

also said that the business was closed. The officers arrived to see a man later identified as

Kotlyarov in front of the business. After struggling to get Kotlyarov to follow their orders, the

officers handcuffed and detained Kotlyarov. The officers talked with Kramareuskiy, who stated

that he owned the business and had fired Kotlyarov a week earlier.

        The officers attempted to clear the building, but there was a locked room to which they

had no access. Kotlyarov admitted that he had been living in that room. Kotlyarov agreed to

open the locked door but could not find his key.

        Moore told Kramareuskiy and Kotlyarov that the situation appeared to be a civil matter

and prepared to leave. But Kramareuskiy claimed that Kotlyarov would shoot him if the officers

left. Kramareuskiy then rushed back to the locked door and kicked it open. Kotlyarov pushed

Kramareuskiy out of the way and ran into the room. Moore followed them, fearing that

Kotlyarov might shoot Kramareuskiy as Kramareuskiy had claimed or that the two might end up

in a fight.

        Upon entering the room, Moore saw a semi-automatic handgun near Kotlyarov. The

officers drew their weapons and ordered Kotlyarov to the ground. When Kotlyarov refused,

Moore kicked him in the abdomen and Kotlyarov dropped to the ground. Veenker then took

control of Kotlyarov and handcuffed him. Moore directed Veenker to open a large cabinet so




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they could make sure no one was hiding in it who potentially could ambush the officers. When

Veenker did so, Moore could see that it contained two long guns that appeared to be rifles.

Moore also saw a large amount of rifle and handgun ammunition within reach of Kotlyarov as

well as glass pipes, aluminum foil, and prescription bottles.

       Moore applied for and received a search warrant for the room. Officers searched the

room and found Kotlyarov’s multiple firearms, boxes of ammunition, scales, baggies, and 7.9

grams of methamphetamine.

       The State charged Kotlyarov with four counts of second degree unlawful possession of a

firearm and one count of unlawful possession of a controlled substance (methamphetamine) with

intent to deliver while armed with a firearm.

       Before trial, Kotlyarov moved to suppress the evidence collected during the search of the

room. He argued in part that the officers’ search of the cabinet was unlawful. However,

Kotlyarov did not challenge the warrant that the officers obtained to search the room.

       The trial court conducted a CrR 3.6 hearing and heard testimony from Moore and

Veenker. The court denied the suppression motion. The court entered extensive written findings

of fact consistent with the facts stated above. The court concluded that Veenker lawfully opened

the large cabinet as part of a protective sweep of the immediate area. In addition, the court

concluded that searching the cabinet was lawful because Moore had a reasonable belief that the

dresser harbored a person who could have posed a danger to the officers.

       At trial, Moore and Veenker testified regarding the facts of the incident consistent with

the trial court’s suppression hearing findings. The evidence showed that during the search of the

room, officers seized a loaded bolt action rifle, two loaded shotguns, and a loaded semi-




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automatic pistol. They also seized a large amount of ammunition that was strewn around the

room.

        In addition, officers seized a 7.9 gram bag of methamphetamine, two digital scales, and

103 plastic bags. One of these scales tested positive as containing methamphetamine residue.

Moore testified that the quantity of drugs, the scales, and the baggies made Kotlyarov a suspect

in an on-going drug operation.

        A jury found Kotlyarov guilty of four counts of second degree unlawful possession of a

firearm. The jury found Kotlyarov not guilty of unlawful possession of methamphetamine with

intent to deliver, but guilty of the lesser included offense of unlawful possession of

methamphetamine. By special verdict, the jury found that Kotlyarov was armed with a firearm

when he committed the crime of unlawful possession of methamphetamine.

        At sentencing, the trial court found Kotlyarov indigent but imposed mandatory legal

financial obligations (LFOs), including a $200 criminal filing fee and a $100 DNA database fee.

The court ordered that interest would begin accruing immediately on all LFOs.

                                            ANALYSIS

A.      RULING ON SUPPRESSION MOTION

        Kotlyarov argues that the trial court erred in denying his CrR 3.6 motion to suppress the

evidence discovered in the room he was occupying because Veenker’s search of the cabinet was

unlawful. He claims that the protective sweep exception to the warrant requirement was

inapplicable because the search of the cabinet occurred before the officers arrested him.

However, we need not address this issue because as the State emphasizes, Kotlyarov did not

challenge in the trial court and does not challenge on appeal the validity of the search warrant the

officers subsequently obtained. Therefore, even if the search of the cabinet was unlawful, the




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two firearms the officers discovered in that search would have been admissible under the

independent source doctrine.1

       The Fourth Amendment to the Unites States Constitution and article I, section 7 of the

Washington Constitution prohibit warrantless searches unless an exception to the warrant

requirement applies. State v. Froehlich, 197 Wn. App. 831, 837, 391 P.3d 559 (2017). Under

the exclusionary rule, evidence obtained as a result of an illegal search generally must be

suppressed. State v. Betancourth, 190 Wn.2d 357, 364, 413 P.3d 566 (2018).

       However, the independent source doctrine provides that “evidence tainted by unlawful

police action is not subject to exclusion ‘provided that it ultimately is obtained pursuant to a

valid warrant or other lawful means independent of the unlawful action.’ ” Id. at 364-65

(quoting State v. Gaines, 154 Wn.2d 711, 718, 116 P.3d 993 (2005)). And a search warrant

based in part on unlawfully obtained information remains valid if probable cause exists based on

independent facts even if that information is excluded. Gaines, 154 Wn.2d at 718.

       Here, the officers obtained a search warrant for Kotlyarov’s room after observing the two

firearms in the cabinet as well as a handgun, ammunition, and drug paraphernalia. Kotlyarov

does not argue that the warrant was invalid. And in any event, the items the officers observed in

addition to the two firearms in the cabinet were more than sufficient standing alone to provide

probable cause for a warrant. Execution of the valid warrant would have revealed the two

firearms in the cabinet. Therefore, under the independent source doctrine the firearms are not

required to be suppressed.

       We hold that the trial court did not err in denying Kotlyarov’s suppression motion.



1Although the trial court here applied the protective sweep exception to the warrant requirement,
we can affirm a trial court’s ruling on any basis supported by the record. State v. Streepy, 199
Wn. App. 487, 500, 400 P.3d 339, review denied, 189 Wn.2d 1025 (2017).


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No. 51402-8-II


B.     SUFFICIENCY OF EVIDENCE – ARMED WITH A FIREARM

       Kotlyarov argues that the evidence was insufficient for the jury to find that he was armed

with a firearm when he committed the crime of possession of methamphetamine. We disagree.

       1.    Standard of Review

       The test for determining sufficiency of the evidence is whether, after viewing the

evidence in the light most favorable to the State, any rational trier of fact could have found guilt

beyond a reasonable doubt. State v. Cardenas-Flores, 189 Wn.2d 243, 265, 401 P.3d 19 (2017).

In a sufficiency of the evidence claim, the defendant admits the truth of the evidence, and the

court views the evidence and all reasonable inferences drawn from that evidence in the light

most favorable to the State. Id. at 265-66. These standards apply to firearm sentencing

enhancements. State v. Sassen Van Elsloo, 191 Wn.2d 798, 826, 425 P.3d 807 (2018).

       2.    Legal Principles

       The jury found by special verdict that Kotlyarov was armed with a weapon at the time he

possessed the methamphetamine. This finding invoked a firearm enhancement to his sentence

under RCW 9.94A.530 and RCW 9.94A.533(3).

       “To establish that a defendant was armed for the purpose of a firearm enhancement, the

State must prove (1) that a firearm was easily accessible and readily available for offensive or

defensive purposes during the commission of the crime and (2) that a nexus exists among the

defendant, the weapon, and the crime.” Sassen Van Elsloo, 191 Wn.2d at 826.

       Regarding the first requirement, the presence or even constructive possession of a

weapon found at a crime scene alone is not enough to establish that the defendant was armed in

this context. Id. On the other hand, “[t]he defendant does not have to be armed at the moment of

arrest to be armed for purposes of the firearms enhancement.” State v. O’Neal, 159 Wn.2d 500,




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No. 51402-8-II


504, 150 P.3d 1121 (2007). “[T]he State need not establish with mathematical precision the

specific time and place that a weapon was readily available and easily accessible so long as it

was at the time of the crime.” Id. at 504-05. And a drug distribution operation is a continuing

crime that is ongoing even when the defendant is elsewhere. See State v. Neff, 163 Wn.2d 453,

464-65, 181 P.3d 819 (2008) (stating this principle in the context of a drug manufacturing

operation).

       Regarding the second requirement, we look to the nature of the crime, the type of firearm,

and the context in which it was found to determine if there was a nexus between the defendant,

the firearm, and the crime. Sassen Van Elsloo, 191 Wn.2d at 827. “[W]hen the crime is of a

continuing nature, such as a drug operation, a nexus exists if the firearm is ‘there to be used’ in

the commission of the crime.” Id. at 828 (quoting State v. Gurske, 155 Wn.2d 134, 138, 118

P.3d 333 (2005)). As a result, a sufficient nexus exists if there is evidence that the firearm was

present to protect an ongoing drug operation. O’Neal, 159 Wn.2d at 506; State v. Eckenrode,

159 Wn.2d 488, 494-95, 150 P.3d 1116 (2007).

       3.     Analysis

       Here, officers discovered multiple firearms and ammunition and a large amount of

methamphetamine in the room in which Kotlyarov was living. He had at least constructive

possession of the firearms, they were close to him, and they certainly were “easily accessible and

readily available for offensive or defensive purposes.” Sassen Van Elsloo, 191 Wn.2d at 826.

Further, a reasonable inference is that the firearms were in the room to protect Kotlyarov’s

methamphetamine, which he was convicted of possessing. The firearms were there to be used,

and we can infer that Kotlyarov intended to use them to protect his possession of drugs when he




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pushed Kramareuskiy aside and ran into the room. Therefore, there was a nexus between the

firearms and Kotlyarov’s conviction.

       Kotlyarov argues that even though the firearms and methamphetamine were in the same

room in which he was living, that was the only room he occupied and it was natural that all his

possessions would be in that room. He also emphasizes that only the handgun was in the open

and there was no evidence of proximity to the drugs. However, these arguments essentially ask

us to draw inferences in Kotlyarov’s favor. In a sufficiency of evidence claim, we draw all

reasonable inferences in the State’s favor. Sassen Van Elsloo, 191 Wn.2d at 826.

       We hold that the evidence was sufficient to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that

Kotlyarov was armed with the firearms during the commission of his possession of

methamphetamine offense.

C.     MANDATORY LFOS

       Kotlyarov argues, and the State concedes, that the criminal filing fee, DNA collection

fee, and interest accrual provision must be stricken from the judgment and sentence. We agree.

       In 2018, the legislature amended (1) RCW 36.18.020(2)(h), which now prohibits

imposition of the criminal filing fee on an indigent defendant; (2) RCW 43.43.7541, which

established that the DNA collection fee no longer is mandatory if the offender’s DNA previously

had been collected because of a prior conviction; and (3) RCW 10.82.090, which now states that

no interest will accrue on nonrestitution interest after June 7, 2018, and that the trial court shall

waive nonrestitution interest that had accrued before June 7, 2018. RCW 10.82.090(1), (2)(a).

The Supreme Court in State v. Ramirez held that the 2018 amendments to the LFO statutes apply

prospectively to cases pending on direct appeal. 191 Wn.2d 732, 749-50, 426 P.3d 714 (2018).




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        The trial court found Kotlyarov indigent at sentencing. Therefore, under RCW

36.18.020(2)(h), the criminal filing fee must be stricken. The State confirmed that Kotlyarov’s

DNA previously has been collected because of a prior conviction. Therefore, under RCW

43.43.7541, the DNA collection fee must be stricken. And under RCW 10.82.090, the interest

accrual provision must be stricken.

                                          CONCLUSION

        We affirm Kotlyarov’s convictions, but we remand for the trial court to strike the

criminal filing fee, the DNA collection fee, and the interest accrual provision from his judgment

and sentence.

        A majority of the panel having determined that this opinion will not be printed in the

Washington Appellate Reports, but will be filed for public record in accordance with RCW

2.06.040, it is so ordered.



                                                      MAXA, C.J.


 We concur:



 LEE, J.




 CRUSER, J.




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