                 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF IOWA
                           No. 20 / 04-1368

                          Filed April 28, 2006

STATE OF IOWA,

      Appellee,

vs.

SANDRA JOY STELLA LECKINGTON,

      Appellant.

________________________________________________________________________

      Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Scott County, Bobbi M.

Alpers, Judge.



      Defendant appeals her conviction for neglect of a dependent, child

endangerment resulting in serious injury, and providing alcohol to a

minor. AFFIRMED.



      Penelope R. Souhrada, Davenport, for appellant.



      Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, Kristin Guddall, Assistant
Attorney General, William E. Davis, County Attorney, and Julie A.

Walton, Assistant County Attorney, for appellee.
                                             2

STREIT, Justice.

      When children fail in their own judgment, responsible adults must

step up. A mother made some horrible decisions concerning her son’s

drunken friend, almost costing him his life.                 A jury convicted the

defendant, Sandra Leckington, of neglect of a dependent child, child

endangerment resulting in serious injury, and providing alcohol to a

minor. On appeal, Leckington contends there was insufficient evidence

to prove key elements of the neglect and child endangerment charges. In

addition, she contends the trial court abused its discretion by making

her   sentences      for   the     neglect   and   child   endangerment         charges

consecutive. She also argues her trial counsel was ineffective for failing

to file a motion to suppress and for making misstatements during his

motion for judgment of acquittal. Because we find there was sufficient

evidence to support the verdict, the trial court did not abuse its

discretion in sentencing, and her trial counsel’s misstatements during

his motion for judgment of acquittal did not amount to ineffective

assistance, we affirm. However, the question of whether her trial counsel

was ineffective for failing to file a motion to suppress is preserved for

postconviction proceedings.

      I.     Facts and Prior Proceedings

      On December 17, 2003, Sandra Leckington purchased a half-

gallon of vodka to help her eighteen-year-old son, Curtis Jenkins,

“celebrate” his impending stint of probation.              Jenkins and a group of

friends procured more vodka and alcohol so that they could make “jungle

juice” 1 for a party at Dominic Major’s apartment.

      1According   to Wikipedia,
      [j]ungle juice is the name given to a mix of liquor that is usually served
      for the sole purpose of becoming intoxicated . . . . Often, it may include
      leftovers of many liquors along with a mixer (juice, cola, etc.) to make the
                                           3

       Eleven days later, Sandra allowed her younger son, Shawn Yuille,

to have his friend, Travis Talbot, spend the night at their home. The next

day, the two thirteen-year-old boys left the Leckington home and went a

few houses down the block to Travis’s home so that Travis could check in

with his mother.        The two boys then joined Sandra for lunch at a

restaurant.    After lunch, the boys told Sandra they were going to ride

their bicycles around the neighborhood. The boys went down the block

to the apartment of Dominic Major. Travis and Shawn proceeded to play

video games and drink the leftover vodka. Travis consumed three to four

glasses of vodka and started to become a problem for Major.

       At 2:07 p.m., Major called Sandra and told her to pick up the two

boys because Travis was “pretty trashed.”                 On the way to Major’s

apartment, Sandra picked up her husband, Mark Leckington, from the

local convenience store. By the time Sandra arrived at the apartment,

Travis was so intoxicated he was having difficulty standing and walking.

At one point, he fell and hit his head on one of the pillars of the

apartment building. Major carried Travis from the apartment building to

the car.      Once Travis was placed in the back seat of the car, he

immediately slumped over. One witness thought Travis was unconscious
when he was placed in the car. Mark asked whether Travis had been

drinking, but Sandra, even though she had been told Travis was “pretty

trashed,” told Mark that Travis had not been drinking. Mark then asked

Shawn what was wrong with Travis. Shawn told him that they had been

wrestling around and Travis hit his head.               Sandra drove around the

block to the Leckington home. According to Sandra, Mark, and Shawn,

________________________
       clash of liquors easier to swallow . . . . Jungle juice made with Kool-Aid
       is called “Hunch Punch.”
Jungle juice, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jungle_Juice (last visited March 28, 2006).
                                      4

Travis walked, unaided, out of the car and into the home. After the boys

entered the home, Sandra and Mark left to run errands.

         Once inside the Leckington home, Travis collapsed on the kitchen

floor.    Shawn tried to revive Travis by pouring milk down his throat.

When this did not work, he went back outside and found some friends to

help carry Travis upstairs to the bathtub. The boys then ran cold water

on Travis in hopes of reviving him. Travis did not wake up, and he began

to foam at the mouth.

         Approximately an hour after they left the boys at their home,

Sandra and Mark returned home. Mark went to a room in the back of

the home. One of the children in the house told Sandra that Travis was

“dead” and lying in the bathtub. Sandra “freaked out.” She told the boys

they had to get Travis out of the bathtub and out of the house. While

moving Travis out of the tub, Sandra proclaimed “You know how much

trouble I’m going to get into, this little f***er had to drink alcohol, I’m not

going to jail for this motherf***ing bastard.” She helped drag Travis down

the stairs, but the boys refused to help her put Travis outside in the cold

December air. Sandra went to Mark and told him about Travis. Mark

told her to call Travis’s mom. Travis’s mother told Sandra to call 911.

         When the paramedics arrived, Travis had a very weak pulse, his

mouth was clenched shut, he was extremely cold, his skin had a blue

coloring, and his clothing was wet. Travis was rushed to University of

Iowa Hospitals and Clinics in Iowa City via helicopter and placed in

pediatric intensive care. Travis regained consciousness fourteen hours

later. A doctor testified that his blood alcohol content was approximately

.3 when he reached the hospital, and that he was at risk of death from

the high level of alcohol in his blood.
                                     5

      The State filed a multi-count trial information charging Sandra

Leckington with the offenses of child endangerment resulting in serious

injury in violation of Iowa Code section 726.6(4) (2003), neglect of a

dependent person in violation of section 726.3, and providing alcohol to a

minor resulting in serious injury in violation of section 123.47(5).

      Sandra Leckington was convicted of child endangerment resulting

in serious injury, neglect of a dependent person, and the lesser offense of

providing alcohol to a minor.    The court sentenced her to consecutive

terms of ten years for the child endangerment and neglect charges and a

one-year, concurrent term for providing alcohol to a minor.

      II.   Issues

      A.    Sufficient Evidence

      Sandra challenges the sufficiency of the evidence supporting

various elements of her convictions for child endangerment resulting in

serious injury and neglect of a dependent person.        In regards to the

child-endangerment-resulting-in-serious-injury conviction, she claims

there was insufficient evidence to prove:        (1) she had “control” or

“custody” of Travis; (2) she knowingly acted in a manner which created

risk to Travis; (3) she willfully deprived Travis of health care or
supervision; or (4) her actions resulted in serious injury to Travis.   In

regards to the neglect-of-a-dependent conviction, she claims there was

insufficient evidence to prove she had custody of Travis or that she

knowingly or recklessly exposed Travis to a hazard or danger from which

he could not reasonably be expected to protect himself. We will discuss

each argument in turn.

      1.    Standard of Review

      The standard of review for insufficient-evidence claims is for

correction of errors of law. State v. Petithory, 702 N.W.2d 854, 856 (Iowa
                                     6

2005). The jury’s findings of guilt are binding on appeal if the findings

are supported by substantial evidence.     State v. Hopkins, 576 N.W.2d

374, 377 (Iowa 1998). Substantial evidence is evidence that could

convince a rational trier of fact that a defendant is guilty beyond a

reasonable doubt. Id. When reviewing a challenge to the sufficiency of

the evidence, we view the evidence in the light most favorable to the

State, including legitimate inferences and presumptions which may fairly

and reasonably be deduced from the evidence in the record.         State v.

Casady, 597 N.W.2d 801, 804 (Iowa 1999).

      2.     Child Endangerment Resulting in Serious Injury

      In order to convict Sandra of child endangerment resulting in

serious injury, the jury had to find: (1) Sandra was the parent, guardian,

or person having custody or control over Travis; (2) Travis was under the

age of fourteen; (3) Sandra knowingly acted in a manner creating a

substantial risk to Travis’s physical, mental, or emotional health or

safety, or Sandra willfully deprived Travis of necessary health care or

supervision appropriate to Travis’s age when she was reasonably able to

make the necessary provisions and which deprivation substantially

harmed Travis’s physical, mental, or emotional health; and (4) Sandra’s
act resulted in serious injury to Travis. See Iowa Code § 726.6.

      a.     Control

      Jury instruction no. 35 defined “a person having control over a

child” as either of the following:

             a. A person who has accepted, undertaken, or
      assumed supervision of a child from the parent or guardian
      of the child.

            b. A person who has undertaken or assumed
      temporary supervision of a child without explicit consent
      from the parent or guardian of the child.
                                           7

These two definitions, which are repeated nearly verbatim from the

statute setting forth the crime of child endangerment, are appropriate

definitions of the term “control.” See id.

       Sandra contends she did not have “control” of Travis because she

did not have control of the instrumentality creating the risk to Travis (the

vodka). She points out that she was not present when Travis consumed

the vodka and that the State did not prove she purchased the specific

vodka Travis actually consumed.

       Even if we agree that Sandra did not have control over the

instrumentality creating the risk to Travis, this fact would not change

our analysis of whether there was sufficient evidence to find Sandra had

control over Travis.

       Sandra’s exercise of control over Travis begins with her decision to

go to Major’s apartment to pick him up after Major told her that Travis

was “pretty trashed.”        When she then chose to move Travis, in his

vulnerable     condition,    to   a   different   location    she    undertook      the

supervision of Travis and therefore exhibited the control necessary for

the crime of child endangerment. See id. § 726.6(3). 2

       b.     Knowingly Acted in a Manner Creating a Substantial Risk
       Sandra contends there was not sufficient evidence to establish she

had conscious awareness, or actual knowledge, that she was acting in a

manner that created a substantial risk to Travis’s health. The statute at

issue prohibits “knowingly act[ing] in a manner that creates a substantial

risk to the child or minor’s physical, mental, or emotional health or

       2
        Sandra also argues her act of driving the vehicle did not establish that she had
control over the instrumentality creating the risk to Travis because there was no
evidence she drove the vehicle in a manner that put Travis at risk. This argument is
irrelevant because the jury was not instructed that a person who operates a motor
vehicle with a child present in the vehicle has control for the purposes of child
endangerment. See Iowa Code § 726.6(2).
                                     8

safety.” See id. § 726.6(1)(a). We interpret the word “knowingly” in this

statute to mean “the defendant acted with knowledge that [he or] she was

creating substantial risk to the child’s safety.”    State v. James, 693

N.W.2d 353, 357 (Iowa 2005). Sandra claims she had no idea how much

alcohol Travis had consumed.      She further argues that, based on the

time she picked him up, Travis was not showing symptoms of a severely

intoxicated person. In essence, she argues that knowledge requires more

than she “should have known” Travis was in a vulnerable position.

      Sandra’s argument that she was not cognizant of Travis’s condition

is not supported by the record.     Major specifically told her that Travis

had been drinking and was “pretty trashed.”      She saw Travis stumble

and fall and hit his head. She watched Major carry Travis to her car.

She also saw Travis slump over in the car. The jury was not required to

believe her self-serving version of the facts.    See State v. Arne, 579

N.W.2d 326, 328 (Iowa 1998) (stating a jury is not required to accept the

defendant’s version of the facts); State v. Anderson, 517 N.W.2d 208, 211

(Iowa 1994) (“Inherent in our standard of review of jury verdicts in

criminal cases is the recognition that the jury was free to reject certain

evidence, and credit other evidence.”).

      There was abundant evidence to prove Sandra knew Travis was

severely intoxicated.   Expert testimony, along with a good dose of

common sense, would enable a rational trier of fact to conclude Sandra

knowingly created a substantial risk to Travis’s physical health when she

left him at her home without further adult supervision.

      c.    Willful Deprivation of Health Care or Supervision

      Sandra also contends there was not sufficient evidence to establish

she willfully deprived Travis of necessary health care.          The jury

instructions did not provide a definition of the word “willful.” We have
                                      9

previously held “[a] dictionary definition of ‘willful’ fixes the meaning of

that word as ‘said or done deliberately or intentionally.’ ” State v. Tippett,

624 N.W.2d 176, 178 (Iowa 2001) (quoting Webster’s Twentieth Century

Dictionary 2093 (unabr. ed. 1979)). We have also stated willfulness is

established by proof of intentional and deliberate conduct undertaken

with a bad purpose, in disregard for the rights of another, or contrary to

a known duty.      In re Marriage of Jacobo, 526 N.W.2d 859, 866 (Iowa

1995). Either definition is appropriate for this case.

      Sandra alleges the seriousness of Travis’s condition was not

evident during the short period of time in which she picked Travis up

and dropped him off at her house. She also contends she obtained care

for Travis as soon as she returned home and realized the nature of his

condition. Therefore, she argues, there was no evidence to support the

finding that she made a deliberate, intentional, or conscious decision to

deprive Travis of necessary medical care or supervision. The facts belie

her arguments.

      Sandra knew of Travis’s condition when she picked him up from

Major’s apartment—Major told her Travis was “pretty trashed,” she saw

Travis fall and hit his head, and she saw him carried to her car. Rather
than taking him to the hospital or to his mother or at least monitoring

his condition, she decided to move him to an unsupervised location and

leave him there.    Her decision, to leave the boy in an unsupervised

location rather than to provide necessary health care or at least

supervision, was intentional and deliberate.

      Sandra’s further actions are also significant.         Even after she

returned home and found Travis unconscious in her bathtub, she did not

immediately call for help.    Instead, she tried to move him out of her

house because, as she stated at the time she was dragging him out of the
                                     10

bathtub and down the stairs, “I’m not going to jail for this motherf***ing

bastard.” There was substantial evidence to support the conclusion that

she tried to move Travis out of her house—rather than call for medical

help—because she did not want to be implicated in any potential

criminal investigation.    The decision to put her own fear of criminal

prosecution above the medical needs of a child who was unconscious

and foaming at the mouth was an intentional and deliberate decision.

Although she was unable to completely execute her plan because the

other children refused to help her move Travis outside, she nonetheless

deprived Travis of medical care until at least the time the other children

thwarted her plan. Iowa Code section 726.6 does not have a temporal

requirement for the length of time a person must willfully deprive a child

of health care, but we find the delay caused by Sandra, when coupled

with the seriousness of Travis’s condition, was sufficient to satisfy

section 726.6.    The record contains substantial evidence to support a

finding that Sandra willfully deprived Travis of necessary health care.

        d.    Act Resulting in Serious Injury to Travis

        Sandra claims the serious injury to Travis was the result of the

quantity of alcohol that he drank and the hypothermia resulting from
being placed in the bathtub of cold water, not from any action on her

part.

        A rational trier of fact did not have to conclude Sandra made Travis

drink the alcohol or that she placed him in the tub full of cold water in

order to find her actions resulted in serious injury to Travis. Her action,

moving Travis to a private location and leaving him there without adult

supervision, allowed a group of minors to make life-threatening choices

regarding Travis’s physical care. Her actions also were an obstruction to

adequate medical assistance.      During the time she was gone, Travis’s
                                   11

breathing slowed to only five or six breaths per minute and he vomited in

his own mouth.    Either condition was potentially lethal and subjected

Travis to serious injury.   See Iowa Code § 702.18 (“ ‘Serious injury’

means . . . [b]odily injury which . . . [c]reates a substantial risk of

death.”).

      3.    Neglect of a Dependent Person

      In order to convict Sandra of neglect of a dependent person, the

State had to prove: (1) Sandra was a person having custody of Travis on

the day in question, (2) Travis was a person under the age of fourteen,

and (3) Sandra knowingly or recklessly exposed Travis to a hazard or

danger against which he could not reasonably be expected to protect

himself. See id. § 726.3. As we have already decided Sandra knowingly

exposed Travis to a hazard or danger, we only analyze Sandra’s

argument that there was no evidence she had “custody” of Travis.

      In State v. Johnson, 528 N.W.2d 638, 642 (Iowa 1995), we held

that the term custody in section 726.3 is not limited to legal custody. We

concluded custody under this statute meant “[t]o be in charge of an

individual and to hold the responsibility to care for that individual.”

Johnson, 528 N.W.2d at 641. We also stated that custody implicates not
only a power of oversight, but also a responsibility for the care of an

individual. Id.

      Although Travis’s parents did not expressly ask Sandra to take

custody of their son, Sandra voluntarily undertook this responsibility by

taking Travis from Major’s apartment and moving him to her home. The

key facts in this decision are Travis’s helpless condition, Sandra’s

knowledge of that condition, and Sandra’s decision to physically move

Travis to a different location. When one chooses to move someone in a

helpless condition, they not only take charge of that person, but they
                                   12

also assume responsibility for that person, at least until a third person

assumes responsibility for the dependent person.         See id. (stating

“ ‘custody’ implicates not only a power of oversight but also a

responsibility for the care of an individual” (emphasis added)).      By

electing to move Travis to her home while he was in a helpless condition,

Sandra assumed custody of Travis for the purpose of this statute.

      B.    Abuse of Discretion in Sentencing

      Sandra contends the district court abused its discretion when it

sentenced her to consecutive ten-year sentences for child endangerment

resulting in serious injury and neglect of a dependent person.

      We review a district court’s decision to impose consecutive

sentences for abuse of discretion. State v. August, 589 N.W.2d 740, 744

(Iowa 1999). An abuse of discretion will only be found when a court acts

on grounds clearly untenable or to an extent clearly unreasonable. State

v. Mudra, 532 N.W.2d 765, 766-67 (Iowa 1995).          When applying its

discretion, the court should

      [w]eigh and consider all pertinent matters in determining
      proper sentence, including the nature of the offense, the
      attending circumstances, defendant’s age, character and
      propensities and chances of his reform. The courts owe a
      duty to the public as much as to defendant in determining a
      proper sentence. The punishment should fit both the crime
      and the individual.

August, 589 N.W.2d at 744 (quoting State v. Cupples, 260 Iowa 1192,

1197, 152 N.W.2d 277, 280 (1967)); accord Iowa Code § 901.5 (providing

that an appropriate sentence “will provide maximum opportunity for the

rehabilitation of the defendant, and for the protection of the community

from further offenses by the defendant and others”).

      Sandra argues the district court abused its discretion because it

imposed consecutive sentences solely because of the nature of the
                                     13

offense.   See State v. McKeever, 276 N.W.2d 385, 387 (Iowa 1979)

(holding the nature of the offense is but “one factor to be considered . . .

the punishment must fit the particular person and circumstances under

consideration . . . and no single factor, including the nature of the

offense, will be solely determinative”).       The court’s statement at

sentencing does indicate the court placed considerable emphasis on the

serious nature of the crimes committed. The court stated:

      I note that the defendant does not have a prior criminal
      history of any serious extent whatsoever; however the
      sentence imposed today is imposed because of the very
      serious nature of the charges [of] which you were convicted,
      Ms. Leckington. I think that, in hearing the testimony in
      this case, this was a real disaster in the making, and I think
      we all feel—I’m sure including you—very thankful that Travis
      pulled out of this as well as he did. But the fact that your
      conduct was so serious, in failing to provide this child with
      the assistance that he required at the time he was
      transported to your home and in your home, simply causes
      the Court to find that it’s appropriate to impose the serious
      sentence of consecutive sentences on Counts 1 and 2.

However, further analysis of the court’s statement shows that the court

considered other factors pertinent to sentencing.         In the following

passage, the court considered Sandra’s character and propensities and

chances for reform when it stated:

            I note that there are issues that are identified in your
      presentence investigation as needs, that you need to
      address, and the first one is to be responsible for your
      actions, and to work toward a better understanding of your
      behaviors with respect to responsibility and consequences.
      You need to be sober and drug free, complete all
      recommended substance abuse treatment and aftercare,
      need to obtain mental health treatment, and need to work on
      health-related issues.

The court went on to state that it believed she would need a long time to

address all of the issues before her. The court also stated consecutive

periods of incarceration would be needed to “make sure that other young
                                      14

people in the community are safe, because this showed very, very bad

judgment on your part, . . . and I frankly would be concerned that if your

children weren’t in danger, that other children in the community would

be.”

         All of these statements indicate the court considered multiple

factors when making its sentencing decision. We find no abuse of

discretion. See, e.g., State v. Johnson, 476 N.W.2d 330, 335 (Iowa 1991)

(finding trial court did not abuse its discretion in imposing consecutive

sentences for robbery and sexual abuse convictions where the sentences

“fit both the crime and the individual”).

         C.    Ineffective Assistance of Counsel

         Sandra claims her trial counsel was ineffective for two reasons: (1)

he made an inadequate motion for judgment of acquittal that did not

sufficiently distinguish between the elements of control and custody; (2)

he failed to file a motion to suppress a videotaped interview that was

conducted hours after Travis was taken to the hospital.

         Ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claims are reviewed de novo.

State v. Straw, 709 N.W.2d 128, 133 (Iowa 2006). Ineffective-assistance

claims are generally reserved for postconviction relief actions in order to
allow full development of the facts surrounding counsel’s conduct. State

v. Tate, 710 N.W.2d 237, 240 (Iowa 2006). However, when the record is

adequate, we will consider such claims on direct appeal.         Straw, 709

N.W.2d at 133. As discussed below, the record is adequate to consider

Sandra’s claim that her trial counsel made an inadequate motion for

judgment of acquittal, but it is not adequate to consider whether her trial

counsel improperly failed to file a motion to suppress.

         To establish ineffective assistance, the defendant has the burden to

prove:     (1) his or her trial counsel failed in an essential duty and (2)
                                     15

prejudice resulted from counsel’s error.      Id.     To prove the prejudice

element of ineffective assistance, “[t]he defendant must show that there

is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors,

the result of the proceeding would have been different.”        Strickland v.

Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 694, 104 S. Ct. 2052, 2068, 80 L. Ed. 2d 674,

698 (1984).    Ineffective-assistance claims fail if the defendant cannot

prove both prongs. State v. Martin, 704 N.W.2d 665, 669 (Iowa 2005).

      Sandra contends she received ineffective assistance because her

trial counsel inadequately distinguished between the concepts of custody

and control when, in his oral motion for judgment of acquittal, he stated

“if there is no control, there can be no abandonment.” Sandra claims

this was an erroneous statement because, under the elements of the

charge of neglect or abandonment of a dependent person, if there is no

custody there can be no abandonment.

      While her trial counsel may have misstated the distinction between

control and custody, Sandra cannot show this misstatement prejudiced

her in any way. As discussed above, there was sufficient evidence to find

that Sandra had both control and custody of Travis at the time of this

incident.   Therefore, Sandra is unable to show there is a reasonable
probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the

proceeding would have been different. See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694,

104 S. Ct. at 2068, 80 L. Ed. 2d at 698. Without proof of prejudice, her

ineffective-assistance claim necessarily fails.     See State v. Liddell, 672

N.W.2d 805, 809 (Iowa 2003) (recognizing failure to prove either prong is

fatal to ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claims).

      Sandra also argues her trial counsel provided ineffective assistance

because he did not file a motion to suppress a videotaped interview.

Sandra’s claim is hampered by her trial counsel’s decision not to make a
                                     16

record about the circumstances surrounding the interview. Because the

record is inadequate for our review, we preserve this claim for

postconviction relief proceedings.

      III.   Conclusion

      Sufficient evidence supports the verdict.   The trial court did not

abuse its discretion in imposing consecutive sentences, and Sandra did

not prove she received ineffective assistance of counsel.    We therefore

affirm the judgment of the district court. Her ineffective-assistance claim

pertaining to the taped interview is preserved for postconviction relief

proceedings.

      AFFIRMED.
