                               Fourth Court of Appeals
                                      San Antonio, Texas
                                                 OPINION
                                         No. 04-13-00554-CR

                                         The STATE of Texas,
                                              Appellant

                                                   v.

                                            J. B. DANIEL,
                                                Appellee

                    From the 216th Judicial District Court, Bandera County, Texas
                                     Trial Court No. CR-12-002
                           Honorable N. Keith Williams, Judge Presiding

Opinion by:       Patricia O. Alvarez, Justice

Sitting:          Karen Angelini, Justice
                  Sandee Bryan Marion, Justice
                  Patricia O. Alvarez, Justice

Delivered and Filed: August 29, 2014

AFFIRMED

           This case stems from a warrantless arrest following a traffic stop. Based on a computer-

based vehicle check conducted by the Bandera County Sheriff’s Office dispatch, Sergeant Jerald

Johnson understood the vehicle being driven by Appellant J. B. Daniel was being operated without

the State-required liability insurance. On Sergeant Johnson’s request, Deputy Donald Nowlin

initiated a traffic stop of Daniel’s vehicle.       Daniel was subsequently charged with felony

possession of a controlled substance. The trial court granted Daniel’s motion to suppress the

warrantless arrest, and the State brought this interlocutory appeal.
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       We affirm the trial court’s order.

                                     PROCEDURAL HISTORY

       On September 16, 2009, Daniel was arrested and charged with possession of a controlled

substance with intent to deliver, namely methamphetamine, following a traffic stop. He was

subsequently indicted on charges of felony possession. On June 24, 2010, after an evidentiary

hearing, Daniel’s first motion to suppress was denied by the trial court.

       In May of 2011, Daniel was indicted for the offense of engaging in criminal activity,

specifically for the act of possession of the methamphetamine. The State elected to proceed on

the engaging in criminal activity charge and dismissed the original felony possession indictment.

       In February of 2012, Daniel was reindicted on the possession of methamphetamine with

intent to deliver charges stemming from the September 16, 2009 arrest. Daniel filed a second

motion to suppress. The parties agreed to stipulate that the same reporter’s record created during

the first motion to suppress would be considered as part of the court’s record during the second

motion to suppress.

       On August 1, 2013, after additional arguments by counsel and stipulations by the State, the

trial court granted Daniel’s motion to suppress. The trial court filed its Findings of Fact and

Conclusions of Law on November 20, 2013 and the State filed this interlocutory appeal.

                                      MOTION TO SUPPRESS

A.     Standard of Review

       An appellate court reviews a trial court’s ruling on a motion to suppress under an abuse of

discretion and disturbs such ruling only if it falls “outside the zone of reasonable disagreement.”

Martinez v. State, 348 S.W.3d 919, 922 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011); accord State v. Dixon, 206 S.W.3d

587, 590 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006); Castro v. State, 373 S.W.3d 159, 163 (Tex. App.—San Antonio

2012, no pet.). “We further apply a bifurcated standard of review, according almost total deference
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to the trial court to determine historical facts and those facts which depend upon witness

credibility.” Castro, 373 S.W.3d at 163–64 (citing Amador v. State, 221 S.W.3d 666, 673 (Tex.

Crim. App. 2007)).

       When the trial court files findings of fact, the appellate court considers all of the evidence

in the record and “must determine whether the evidence supports those facts by viewing the

evidence in favor of the trial court’s ruling.” Id. at 164 (citing Keehn v. State, 279 S.W.3d 330,

334 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009)); accord Gonzales v. State, 369 S.W.3d 851, 854 (Tex. Crim. App.

2012). When “reasonable suspicion to detain the appellant does not turn on the demeanor and

credibility of the witnesses, but on the legal significance of the facts they recounted,” an appellate

court accepts the trial court’s findings of fact as true and reviews de novo “the legal question [of]

whether the totality of the circumstances as so construed satisfied the State’s burden to prove that

the appellant’s warrantless investigative detention was supported by reasonable suspicion.”

Derichsweiler v. State, 348 S.W.3d 906, 913 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011) (citing Ford v. State, 158

S.W.3d 488, 492 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005)).

B.     Arguments of the Parties

       The State contends the officers reasonably relied on the information provided by the

Sheriff’s Office Dispatch and that the officers possessed reasonable suspicion that an offense was

occurring.

       Daniel counters that all of the information relied upon by the Sheriff’s Office Dispatch was

obtained from the Financial Responsibility Verification Program. He argues that because that

information is limited to whether the insurance is confirmed or unconfirmed, the information

available to the officers could not amount to a reasonable suspicion.




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C.     Reasonable Suspicion

       The State bears the burden to show the officers had at least a reasonable suspicion the

defendant either had committed an offense, or was about to do so, before they made the warrantless

stop. Derichsweiler, 348 S.W.3d at 914 (citing United States v. Sokolow, 490 U.S. 1, 7 (1989)).

We review reasonable suspicion based on the totality of the circumstances. Id. (citing United

States v. Cortez, 449 U.S. 411, 417–18 (1981) (“[T]he essence of all that has been written is that

the totality of the circumstances—the whole picture—must be taken into account.”)). Our analysis

considers “‘the cumulative information known to the cooperating officers at the time of the stop

. . . in determining whether reasonable suspicion exists.’” Id. (quoting Hoag v. State, 728 S.W.2d

375, 380 (Tex. Crim. App. 1987)).

       1.      Investigatory Stop

       Law enforcement officers may stop and briefly detain persons suspected of criminal

activity on less information than is constitutionally required for probable cause to arrest. Terry v.

Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 21–22 (1968); accord Ford, 158 S.W.3d at 492. An officer may “stop and

briefly detain a person for investigative purposes if the officer has a reasonable suspicion supported

by articulable facts that criminal activity ‘may be afoot,’ even if the officer lacks probable cause.”

Sokolow, 490 U.S. at 7; accord Ford, 158 S.W.3d at 492.

       “Reasonable suspicion exists if the officer has specific, articulable facts that, when

combined with rational inferences from those facts, would lead him to reasonably conclude that a

particular person actually is, has been, or soon will be engaged in criminal activity.” Ford, 158

S.W.3d at 492. It is not necessary for an officer to pinpoint a specific crime when detaining

someone for reasonable suspicion of criminal activity. Derichsweiler, 348 S.W.3d at 916–17 (“[I]t

is enough that the totality of the circumstances, viewed objectively and in the aggregate, suggests



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the realistic possibility of a criminal motive, however amorphous, that was about to be acted

upon.”).

       2.      Reasonable Suspicion for Traffic Violation

       Reasonable suspicion “is an objective standard that disregards any subjective intent of the

officer making the stop and looks solely to whether an objective basis for the stop exists.” Ford,

158 S.W.3d at 492; accord Derichsweiler, 348 S.W.3d at 914. To satisfy the standard of

reasonable suspicion, the articulable facts need not “lead inexorably to the conclusion that a

particular and identifiable penal code offense is imminent.” Derichsweiler, 348 S.W.3d at 917. It

is enough to satisfy the standard that the information is sufficiently detailed and reliable to support

more than an “inarticulate hunch” that something of an apparently criminal nature is brewing. Id.

       “It is well settled that a traffic violation committed in an officer’s presence authorizes an

initial stop.” Armitage v. State, 637 S.W.2d 936, 939 (Tex. Crim. App. [Panel Op.] 1982); Walter

v. State, 28 S.W.3d 538, 542 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000). “The State is not required to show a traffic

offense was actually committed, but only that the officer reasonably believed a violation was in

progress.” Tex. Dep’t of Pub. Safety v. Fisher, 56 S.W.3d 159, 163 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2001, no

pet.) (emphasis added); accord Garcia v. State, 43 S.W.3d 527, 530 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001).

D.     Hearings Before the Trial Court

       Because our inquiry is limited to the reasonable suspicion for initiating the traffic stop, we

limit our discussion to that portion of the testimony.

       1.      First Motion to Suppress

       During the June 2010 hearing on the first motion to suppress, the State relied on the

testimony of two witnesses—Bandera County Sergeant Jerald Johnson and Bandera County

Sheriff’s Deputy Donald Nowlin.



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       Sergeant Johnson testified that on September 16, 2009, he was on patrol in an undercover

capacity when he observed Daniel’s vehicle. Sergeant Johnson explained that although he had

personal knowledge the vehicle belonged to Daniel, he could not see the driver or confirm that

Daniel was driving the vehicle. Based on previous experience, Sergeant Johnson requested the

Bandera Sheriff’s Office dispatcher conduct a search on the vehicle’s license plate. The dispatcher

informed Sergeant Johnson “there was no insurance coverage on the vehicle.” The dispatcher also

informed Sergeant Johnson that Daniel’s driver’s license was suspended. Because Sergeant

Johnson was traveling in an unmarked vehicle, he contacted Deputy Nowlin and requested Deputy

Nowlin initiate a traffic stop of the vehicle. Sergeant Johnson was present when the traffic stop

was initiated and ultimately assisted in Daniel’s arrest.

       During cross-examination, Sergeant Johnson confirmed his request for Deputy Nowlin to

initiate the traffic stop was based on the dispatch information that the vehicle in question lacked

insurance coverage. Sergeant Johnson did not see Daniel commit any other traffic offense.

       Deputy Nowlin testified that Sergeant Johnson requested, via radio, that he initiate the

traffic stop of Daniel’s vehicle. Sergeant Johnson advised that he was following a vehicle, but

because Sergeant Johnson was in an unmarked vehicle, he requested that Deputy Nowlin initiate

the traffic stop. Sergeant Johnson told Deputy Nowlin the basis for the traffic stop was Sergeant

Johnson’s understanding that “the vehicle had no insurance coverage and that the driver possibl[y]

had a suspended driver’s license.”

       Deputy Nowlin testified that he initiated the stop and then approached the driver, later

identified as Daniel. He explained to Daniel that he was stopped for no insurance. Daniel

confirmed that he did not have insurance and subsequently produced an expired driver’s license.

Deputy Nowlin testified that he initiated the stop based solely on Sergeant Johnson’s request. He



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did not confirm the lack of insurance with the Bandera County Sheriff’s Office or observe Daniel

engage in any traffic violation.

       After finding reasonable suspicion existed to support the warrantless arrest, the trial court

denied Daniel’s motion to suppress.

       2.      Second Motion to Suppress

       Subsequent to the first motion to suppress hearing, the Amarillo Court of Appeals released

two opinions questioning the reliability of the information provided by the Financial

Responsibility Verification Program, a service used by sheriffs’ offices to confirm insurance

coverage on vehicles: Contraras v. State, 309 S.W.3d 168 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2010, pet. ref’d)

and Gonzalez-Gilando v. State, 306 S.W.3d 893 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2010, pet. ref’d).

       After these opinions issued, defense counsel filed a second motion to suppress arguing that

an officer relying on a dispatch return of “unconfirmed insurance” coverage is not sufficient to

support a Terry stop. Terry, 392 U.S. at 22. Counsel requested the trial court follow the reasoning

set forth in the Amarillo cases and make a finding that the information provided to the Bandera

Sheriff’s Office Dispatch did not rise to the level of reasonable suspicion required by Terry.

Contraras, 309 S.W.3d at 170; Gonzalez-Gilando, 306 S.W.3d at 894.

       The State stipulated that the Bandera County Sheriff’s Office used the Financial

Responsibility Verification Program; and, after further investigation, the information available to

the dispatcher on the night in question was that the vehicle’s insurance status was “insurance

unconfirmed.” The State further stipulated:

               Court:              By way of stipulation, I’m understanding y’all both
                                   confirm and stipulate that Jerald Johnson’s testimony was
                                   as you just stated it was, is that he did not know that Mr.
                                   Daniel was the driver, that the sole reason for his stop was
                                   that he called in his license plate and all they could tell
                                   him, that insurance was unconfirmed, and based upon
                                   that, he pulled him over?
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               State:           Correct.
               Defense Counsel: He actually instructed another deputy to pull him over

                                  ....

               Court:           If y’all stipulate to it --
               Defense Counsel: Yeah, we will.
               State:           Yes.
               Court:           So is that, in effect --
               State:           Yes.
               Court:           -- is the sole reason for that, who was driving the car, he
                                was pulling him over solely on the basis of the license
                                plate call-in and the response of unconfirmed insurance?
               State:           Correct.
               Court:           So, basically, it could have been that he did have
                                insurance or it could have been that he didn’t have
                                insurance. They couldn’t confirm one way or the other.
               Defense          Counsel: That’s right.
               State:           Correct, Your Honor. And the State’s position is that is
                                sufficient for a Terry stop now, but the Amarillo Courts
                                hold differently.
               Defense Counsel: Yeah.
               Court: Okay.     Well, if it’s confirmed he didn’t, that’s different, but if it
                                says “unconfirmed,” how could that form the basis of
                                articulable facts and reasonable suspicion?
               State:           The State’s position is, Your Honor, without them being
                                able to say that, yes, that vehicle does have insurance,
                                since all vehicles must have insurance, that’s sufficient
                                specific articulable facts to support that an offense has
                                been committed sufficient to support a Terry stop. That’s
                                --
               Court:           Well, would you agree --
               State:           -- solely the State’s position.
               Court:           -- that this Amarillo Court opinion pretty much rules to
                                the contrary?
               Court:            -- that this Amarillo Court opinion pretty much rules to
                                the contrary?
               State:           Yes, the Amarillo Court rejects that argument. Yes, it
                                does.
               Court:           Okay. Well, I’ll grant the motion to suppress.

E.     Analysis

       Section 601.051 of the Texas Transportation Code provides that “[a] person may not

operate a motor vehicle in this state unless financial responsibility is established for that vehicle.”


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TEX. TRANSP. CODE ANN. § 601.051 (West 2011); see Thrower v. State, No. 2-03-121-CR, 2003

WL 22922988, at *4 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Dec. 11, 2003, no pet.) (not designated for

publication); Francis v. State, No. 05-99-01627-CR, 2000 WL 862813, at *2 (Tex. App.—Dallas

June 29, 2000, no pet.) (not designated for publication). Both officers testified at the first motion

to suppress hearing that they believed the vehicle in question was not covered by valid vehicle

liability insurance.

        Although Sergeant Johnson testified the information he received from the dispatcher was

that “there was no insurance coverage on the vehicle,” the trial court was bound by the State’s

stipulations during the second motion to suppress—that Sergeant Johnson’s suspicion was based

on a dispatch “response of unconfirmed insurance.” See Gonzalez-Gilando, 306 S.W.3d at 894

(officer relying on “information regarding insurance was unavailable”); Contraras v. State, 309

S.W.3d 168, 170 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2010, pet. ref’d) (officer relying on “insurance

information was unavailable”).

        In this case, the State’s factual stipulations controlled. Gonzalez-Gilando, 306 S.W.3d at

894; Contraras, 309 S.W.3d at 170. Therefore, the trial court’s determination that the officers

lacked reasonable suspicion was not in error.

                                           CONCLUSION

        Based on the State’s stipulations, we conclude the record does not support the officer

possessed sufficiently detailed and reliable evidence to support reasonable suspicion that the

vehicle being driven by Daniel was being operated in violation of section 601.051 of the Texas

Transportation Code. TEX. TRANSP. CODE ANN. § 601.051. The trial court, therefore, did not




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abuse its discretion in granting the motion to suppress. Accordingly, we affirm the trial court’s

order granting Daniel’s motion to suppress.


                                                 Patricia O. Alvarez, Justice

PUBLISH




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