                   IN THE SUPREME COURT OF TENNESSEE
                               AT JACKSON
                     November 13, 2001 Session Heard at Memphis

       TRAU-MED OF AMERICA, INC. d/b/a/ BELLEVUE CLINIC v.
             ALLSTATE INSURANCE COMPANY, ET AL.

             Appeal By Permission from the Court of Appeals, Western Section
                            Circuit Court for Shelby County
                    No. 97901 T.D.    Hon. Robert L. Childers, Judge



                    No. W1999-01524-SC-R11-CV - Filed March 25, 2002



The plaintiff, a medical clinic, filed an action against the defendants alleging, among other things,
tortious interference with business relationships and civil conspiracy. The defendants filed a motion
to dismiss, which the trial court granted. The Court of Appeals reversed the trial court’s dismissal
of these claims, finding that the facts alleged in the complaint were sufficient to state claims upon
which relief could be granted. This case is now before us to determine whether the trial court should
have granted the defendant’s motion to dismiss. We hold that the complaint in this case alleges
sufficient facts to state a cause of action for tortious interference with business relationships.
However, we dismiss the plaintiff’s claim of civil conspiracy for failure to satisfy the plurality
requirement necessary to establish an actionable conspiracy claim. Consequently, we affirm in part
and reverse in part the judgment of the Court of Appeals and remand this case to the trial court for
further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

   Tenn. R. App. P. 11 Application for Permission to Appeal; Judgment of the Court of
             Appeals Affirmed in Part, Reversed in Part; Case Remanded

WILLIAM M. BARKER , J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which FRANK F. DROWOTA , III, C.J.,
and E. RILEY ANDERSON, ADOLPHO A. BIRCH, JR., and JANICE M. HOLDER , JJ., joined.

R. Layne Holley, Memphis, Tennessee, and William H. Frye, Jackson, Tennessee, for the appellants,
Allstate Insurance Company, Vickie Harris, Charles E. Ferrell, Leslie Johnson, and Ron Iden.

Ed M. Hurley, Memphis, Tennessee, for the appellee, Trau-Med of America, Inc., d/b/a Bellevue
Clinic.


                                            OPINION
                                 FACTUAL BACKGROUND


        This case comes before us pursuant to a Rule of Civil Procedure 12.02(6) motion to dismiss
and requires us to review the trial court’s dismissal of two claims: tortious interference with a
business relationship and intracorporate civil conspiracy. In making our decision today, we review
only the legal sufficiency of the plaintiff’s cause of action, and we make no comment as to whether
the allegations may be supported by proof as there is no evidence before us at this stage. For
purposes of this appeal, we take as true the following allegations of fact drawn from the complaint.

        As alleged in the complaint, Trau-Med of America, Inc. [hereinafter “Trau-Med”], a
Tennessee corporation located in Memphis, is one of several physician practice management
companies operating in Shelby County. The primary purpose of these companies is to make medical
care more accessible to the public, especially to uninsured and indigent personal injury victims. As
one source of business, Trau-Med accepts referrals from attorneys representing uninsured personal
injury victims who are otherwise unable to afford medical care. In turn, Trau-Med contracts to
provide administrative services to licensed medical doctors who treat such “indigent victims of
trauma with meritorious claims for personal injury.” Trau-Med is then compensated for its services
after the victims either settle their claims or receive the proceeds of a judgment following litigation.

        On November 10, 1998, Trau-Med filed suit collectively against Allstate Insurance Company
[hereinafter “Allstate”], its employees, and its agents. In its complaint, Trau-Med alleges that
Allstate purposefully attacked the plaintiff’s lawful business by making libelous statements and by
creating defamatory documents for the purpose of ruining its reputation in the legal community.
Specifically, the complaint avers that Allstate, “wishing to control the activity of claimants with
legitimate personal injuries and without the intervention of licensed attorneys, devised a scheme with
its agents/employees . . . to limit access to health care for injured persons in Memphis and Shelby
County, Tennessee, and thus control and limit their claims expenses.”

        Trau-Med also alleges that Allstate directed the attorneys hired to defend its policyholders
to file defamatory motions accusing Trau-Med of the following unlawful conduct: practicing
medicine in violation of Tennessee law, administering physical therapy services in violation of
Tennessee law, and employing unlicensed physical therapists. The complaint further avers that
Allstate conspired with its agents and employees to destroy Trau-Med, as well as other similar
clinics and medical organizations, and in fact circulated among its employees a “hit list” of these
targeted clinics. Allstate’s agents allegedly relied on this list to inform plaintiffs’ attorneys that they
would “get” Trau-Med and that Trau-Med is “next” on the list of targets. Moreover, Allstate’s
agents are alleged to have implied that all claimants who do receive medical treatment from Trau-
Med can expect to be “embroiled in unnecessary and expensive litigation.”

       Finally, Trau-Med avers that Allstate’s actions have received “wide publication in the legal
profession especially with attorneys who represent injured claimants, [and have] taken a form of


                                                   -2-
intimidation by raising concern with attorneys about the propriety of [Trau-Med’s] business.”
Further, Allstate’s false and defamatory allegations have “brought about great economic loss, [have]
frightened and demoralized its employees and independent contractor physicians and caused
irreparable damage to [Trau-Med’s] reputation and prospective economic advantage in the
community.”

         Based on these allegations, Trau-Med’s complaint sets forth seven separate counts for
recovery: (I) tortious interference with a business relationship accompanied by a malicious and
intentional motive to destroy and/or damage Trau-Med’s business and to cause it to suffer financial
loss; (II) intentional interference with prospective economic advantage; (III) abuse of civil process;
(IV) willful, intentional, deliberate, and purposeful conduct causing damage to Trau-Med’s
reputation and causing it to lose business; (V) conspiracy for the purpose of destroying Trau-Med’s
reputation and business; (VI) violation of the Federal Racketeer Influence and Corrupt Organizations
Act (RICO), 18 U.S.C. § 1962(c), (d) (2000); and (VII) violation of Tennessee Racketeer Influence
and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO), Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-12-204(c), (d) (1997).

        Allstate filed a motion to dismiss the complaint pursuant to Tennessee Rule of Civil
Procedure Rule 12.02(6), stating that Trau-Med failed to allege sufficient facts stating a cause of
action upon which relief could be granted. The trial court thereafter entered an order dismissing
counts I, IV, V, and VI. By the same order, counts II and VII were dismissed upon Trau-Med’s oral
notice of voluntary dismissal pursuant to Civil Procedure Rule 41.01. Later, the trial court also
dismissed count III, thereby dismissing all counts of Trau-Med’s complaint.

        Trau-Med appealed the dismissal of count I, tortious interference with a business
relationship, count III, abuse of civil process, and count V, conspiracy. The Court of Appeals
affirmed the trial court’s dismissal of count III. However, it reversed the trial court’s order
dismissing counts I and V, finding that the complaint stated claims of tortious interference with a
business relationship and conspiracy. In its appeal to this Court, Allstate challenges the intermediate
court’s reversal of counts I and V. After a careful review of the relevant authorities, we hold that
the complaint in this case alleges sufficient facts to state a cause of action for tortious interference
with a business relationship. However, we find that Trau-Med has not stated a claim for civil
conspiracy. Accordingly, for the reasons given herein, we affirm in part and reverse in part the
judgment of the Court of Appeals, and we remand the case to the Shelby County Circuit Court for
further proceedings in accordance with this opinion.

                                    STANDARD OF REVIEW

        A Rule 12.02(6) motion to dismiss only seeks to determine whether the pleadings state a
claim upon which relief can be granted. Such a motion challenges the legal sufficiency of the
complaint, not the strength of the plaintiff’s proof, and, therefore, matters outside the pleadings
should not be considered in deciding whether to grant the motion. See Bell ex rel. Snyder v. Icard,
Merrill, Cullis, Timm, Furen & Ginsburg, P.A., 986 S.W.2d 550, 554 (Tenn. 1999). In reviewing
a motion to dismiss, the appellate court must construe the complaint liberally, presuming all factual

                                                  -3-
allegations to be true and giving the plaintiff the benefit of all reasonable inferences. See Pursell v.
First Am. Nat’l Bank, 937 S.W.2d 838, 840 (Tenn. 1996). It is well-settled that a complaint should
not be dismissed for failure to state a claim unless it appears that the plaintiff can prove no set of
facts in support of his or her claim that would warrant relief. See Doe v. Sundquist, 2 S.W.3d 919,
922 (Tenn. 1999); Fuerst v. Methodist Hosp. S., 566 S.W.2d 847, 848 (Tenn. 1978). Great
specificity in the pleadings is ordinarily not required to survive a motion to dismiss; it is enough that
the complaint set forth “a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled
to relief.” White v. Revco Disc. Drug Ctrs., Inc., 33 S.W.3d 713, 718 (Tenn. 2000) (citing Tenn. R.
Civ. P. 8.01). We review the trial court’s legal conclusions de novo without giving any presumption
of correctness to those conclusions. Id.

          LIABILITY OF THE INSURER FOR CONDUCT OF AN ATTORNEY
                       HIRED TO DEFEND THE INSURED

        The preliminary issue in this case is whether an insurance company can be held vicariously
liable for the actions of counsel hired by the company to represent the insured. Pursuant to
traditional liability insurance contracts, the insurance company typically obligates itself to hire
counsel to defend lawsuits against the insured, to pay the costs of defense, and to indemnify the
insured for judgments and settlements within the policy’s limits. See Charles Silver & Kent
Syverud, The Professional Responsibilities of Insurance Defense Lawyers, 45 Duke L.J. 255, 264-65
(1995). However, the employment of the attorney by the insurer does not impose upon that attorney
any duty or loyalty to the insurer that could impair the attorney-client relationship between the
attorney and the insured:

        The terms of the agreement between the insurer and the attorney whereby the
        attorney agrees to undertake the representation of the insured must respect the
        attorney-client relationship between the attorney and the insured. . . . The employer
        cannot control the details of the attorney’s performance, dictate the strategy or tactics
        employed, or limit the attorney’s professional discretion with regard to the
        representation.

See In re Youngblood, 895 S.W.2d 322, 328 (Tenn. 1995); see also Tenn. Bd. of Prof’l
Responsibility, Formal Op. 00-F-145 (Sept. 8, 2000).

        However, where, as here, the insurer is alleged to have “controlled the details of the
attorney’s performance, or dictated the strategy or tactics employed,” or otherwise directed the
attorney’s conduct of the actual litigation, the insurer may be held vicariously liable for the conduct
of that attorney. Givens v. Mullikin, ____ S.W.3d ____ (Tenn. 2002).

        In Givens, an opinion filed simultaneously with the opinion in this case, we first
characterized the role of the attorney in this relationship as that of an independent contractor who
provides legal services to his or her client, the insured. The insurer, as the principal, has no legal
right to control the independent professional judgment of the attorney whom it hires to defend the

                                                  -4-
insured. However, under Tennessee’s general common law of agency, if the insurer as the principal
actually orders, directs, or knowingly authorizes the attorney to perform an act, an agency
relationship arises that will render the principal liable for the harm proximately resulting from the
directed acts. Id. at ___ (citing Kinnard v. Rock City Constr. Co., 39 Tenn. App. 547, 551, 286
S.W.2d 352, 354 (1955)). It is this exercise of actual control or authorization over the actions of the
insured’s attorney that renders the insurer liable. Accordingly, we held in that case, and we hold
again in the present case, that the insurer can be held vicariously liable for the acts or omissions of
an attorney hired to represent an insured when those acts or omissions were, at least in part, directed,
commanded, or knowingly authorized by the insurer.

        After carefully examining the factual averments in the complaint, we conclude that Trau-Med
has made sufficient allegations that, if proven, would give rise to vicarious liability on the part of
Allstate. Specifically, Trau-Med claims that in several actions filed in the Circuit Court of Shelby
County, Allstate “instigated and caused [Motions] in Limine to be filed,” which alleged that Trau-
Med was engaging in unlawful activity. Trau-Med further maintains that “the allegations in these
Motions in Limine were instigated by Allstate through its financial clout with the attorneys it hired
to represent its policyholders; that the allegations are totally false[, and] were maliciously made with
the intent to destroy [Trau-Med] and its business.” Consequently, if the proof supports the
allegations in the complaint that Allstate exercised actual control over the attorneys hired to defend
the insureds by directing them to file defamatory motions, Allstate is vicariously liable under the
laws of agency for the harm proximately resulting from the attorneys’ conduct.

         INTENTIONAL INTERFERENCE WITH BUSINESS RELATIONSHIPS

        Having determined that Allstate may be held vicariously liable for the tortious acts of counsel
hired to defend an insured if it directed, commanded, or knowingly authorized the acts, we now
determine whether the complaint in this case states a cognizable cause of action for tortious
interference with business relationships.

        In 1915, this Court first articulated the principle that a defendant should be held responsible
for interfering in the noncontractual business relationships of a plaintiff with motives or means
contrary to those used to further lawful competitive business practices. See Hutton v. Watters, 132
Tenn. 526, 179 S.W. 134 (1915). In Hutton, the defendant, the president of a boarding school,
became angry with the plaintiff, a boarding house owner and operator, over her refusal to dismiss
one of her boarders. Subsequently, the defendant, along with the school’s trustees, directors,
teachers, and advisors, sought to drive the plaintiff out of business by threatening the plaintiff’s
current and prospective student boarders with deprivation of school benefits if they patronized her
establishment. As a result of the defendant’s actions, the plaintiff’s business was nearly destroyed.

      This Court, finding that the plaintiff had alleged sufficient facts to state a cause of action,
acknowledged:

                Every one has the right to establish and conduct a lawful business, and is

                                                  -5-
         entitled to the protection of organized society, through its courts, whenever that right
         is unlawfully invaded. Such right existing, the commission of an actionable wrong
         is established against any one who is shown to have intentionally interfered with it,
         without justifiable cause or excuse.
                  ....
                 In short, if an act be hurtful to another, intentional, and without legal
         justification, it is malicious in the true legal sense, . . . therefore unlawful, and is
         actionable.

Id. at 530, 179 S.W. at 135.

         For approximately 80 years following our decision in Hutton, courts in this jurisdiction
presumed that a defendant’s malicious conduct preventing a third person from conducting business
with the plaintiff was tortious and therefore actionable. See, e.g., Nashville Mem’l Hosp., Inc. v.
Binkley, 534 S.W.2d 318, 321 (Tenn. 1976), overruled on other grounds by Lewisburg Cmty. Hosp.,
Inc. v. Alfredson, 805 S.W.2d 756 (Tenn. 1991); Lann v. Third Nat’l Bank, 198 Tenn. 70, 72, 277
S.W.2d 439, 440 (1955); Kan Constr. & Cleaning Corp. v. Tatum, No. 01A01-9304-CV-00150
(Tenn. Ct. App. filed at Nashville Oct. 27, 1993); Testerman v. Tragesser, 789 S.W.2d 553, 556-57
(Tenn. Ct. App. 1989). However, for various reasons–either because the facts of the cases precluded
the imposition of liability, or because liability was imposed on other grounds, see, e.g., Binkley, 534
S.W.2d at 321 (finding that the complaint stated a claim of conspiracy to injure the plaintiff in the
practice of his medical profession)–courts in this state had never expressly upheld a claim based on
this tort. Indeed, the tort had neither been expressly adopted nor rejected prior to our decision in
Nelson v. Martin, 958 S.W.2d 643 (Tenn. 1997).1

        Although we recognized in Nelson that the tort of interference with noncontractual business
relationships had emerged as an extension of the well-known principles establishing liability for


         1
            See also Quality Auto Parts Co. v. Bluff City Buick Co., 876 S.W.2d 818, 823 (Tenn. 1994) (postponing the
ado ption of the tort of “intentional interference with pro spective econo mic advantag e”).
          Perhaps as a result of the different label we attributed to the tort in Qu ality A uto Parts Co., our decision was
app arently misinterpreted to separate into two distinct causes of action claims of interference with prospective and
existing business relationships. Consequently, after 1994, courts upheld claims for interference with existing business
relations, but dismissed allegations of tortious interference with prospective busin ess relationsh ips. See, e.g., Collins
v. Greene County Bank, 916 S.W.2d 941, 946-47 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1996) (affirming the trial court’s conclusion that
“there is no cause of action in Tennessee for tortious interference with a prospective business relationship,” but
remanding the case to determine wh ether the alleg ed interference was with an ex isting b usine ss relationship); see also
New Life C orp. of A m. v . Thom as Nelson, Inc., 932 S.W.2d 921, 928 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1996) (concluding that the
evidence establish es a genu ine issue of m aterial fact regarding whether the defendan t tortiously interfered with plaintiff’s
existing busin ess relationsh ips); Overland Indu s. Lubricant Corp. v. City of Wa ynesboro , No. 01-A-01-9412-CH-00602
(Tenn. Ct. App. filed at Nashville Feb. 7, 1996) (“W hile the Supreme C ourt in Hutton v. W atters recognized a tort for
intentional interference with bu siness relations, the [C]ourt in the recent case of Quality Auto Parts v. Bluff City Buick
distinguished [Hutton] and said that the tort of intentional interference with prospective economic advantage has never
been expressly recognized in this state. It is possible tha t there are two sepa rate torts . . . .” (citations omitted)
(em pha sis add ed)).

                                                              -6-
interference with contractual relations, we declined to extend the tort to protect noncontractual
economic advantage, fearing that such an extension would “greatly hamper free competition in the
marketplace.” Id. at 646. Indeed, as the tort was originally formulated, a claim for intentional
interference with business relations could be actionable merely upon proof that a defendant’s
intentional acts resulted in a plaintiff’s economic injury. Specifically, the elements of the tort and
burden-of-proof requirements, as originally adopted by several jurisdictions, included: (1) the
existence of a business relationship or expectancy (not necessarily contractual); (2) knowledge by
the interferer of the relationship or expectancy; (3) an intentional act of interference; (4) proof that
the interference caused the harm sustained; and (5) damage to the plaintiff. Id. at 645 n.3 (quoting
Quality Auto Parts Co., 876 S.W.2d at 823). Essentially, then, proof of these elements–without any
consideration of the propriety of the defendant’s objective or motive–could make actionable all
lawful, competitive business practices, and, as evidenced by our decision in Nelson, we were
unwilling to recognize the tort in its original form.

        Our primary concern in Nelson was that, because this tort extends beyond situations in which
there exists a valid contractual relationship, it could potentially infringe upon the principle of free
competition by holding liable those individuals engaged in legitimate business practices. Indeed,
we have not been alone in this concern:

         Economic relationships short of contractual, however, should stand on a different
         legal footing as far as the potential for tort liability is reckoned. Because ours is a
         culture firmly wedded to the social rewards of commercial contests, the law usually
         takes care to draw lines of legal liability in a way that maximizes areas of
         competition free of legal penalties.

Della Penna v. Toyota Motor Sales, U.S.A., Inc., 92 P.2d 740, 750-51 (Cal. 1995). To address this
concern, a majority of jurisdictions have restructured the elements of the tort to add the requirement
of proof of improper conduct extending beyond the bounds of doing business in a freely competitive
economy. For example, in Top Service Body Shop, Inc. v. Allstate Insurance Co., 582 P.2d 1365
(Or. 1978), the Oregon Supreme Court held that a claim is made when “interference resulting in
injury to another is wrongful by some measure beyond the fact of the interference itself. Defendant’s
liability may arise from improper motives or from the use of improper means.” Id. at 1371; see also
Restatement (Second) of Torts § 766B & cmt. c. (1979).2 Many other jurisdictions have adopted

         2
            The Restatem ent (S econd) of Torts sets forth the tort of intentional interference with prospective contractual
relations, which includes interference with a business or other custo mary relationship not amounting to a formal
contract, as follows:
          One who intentionally and imp roperly interferes w ith another’s prospective contractual relation
          (except a contract to marry) is subject to liability to the other for the pecuniary harm resulting from
          loss of the benefits of the relation, whether the interference consists of
                    (a) inducing or otherwise causing a third person not to enter into or continue the prospective
                    relation or
                    (b) preventing the other from acquiring or continuing the prospective relation.
                                                                                                              (con tinued...)

                                                            -7-
variations of a rule requiring a plaintiff to prove that the alleged interference was “wrongful,”
“improper,” “illegal,” or otherwise “independently tortious.”3 As aptly summarized by the Illinois
Appellate Court,

                 The theory of the tort of interference, it is said, is that the law draws a line
         beyond which no member of the community may go in intentionally intermeddling
         with the business affairs of others; that if acts of which complaint is made do not rest
         on some legitimate interest, or if there is sharp dealing or overreaching or other
         conduct below the behavior of fair men similarly situated, the ensuing loss should be
         redressed; and that the line of demarcation between permissible behavior and
         interference reflects the ethical standards of the community.

City of Rock Falls v. Chicago Title & Trust Co., 300 N.E.2d 331, 333 (Ill. App. Ct. 1973).

         Consequently, in view of the foregoing, we believe that continued abolition of the tort in this
state would be unreasonable. Instead, we expressly adopt the tort of intentional interference with
business relationships, thereby overruling that portion of our decision in Nelson. We also hold that
liability should be imposed on the interfering party provided that the plaintiff can demonstrate the
following: (1) an existing business relationship with specific third parties or a prospective
relationship with an identifiable class of third persons;4 (2) the defendant’s knowledge of that


         2
           (...continued)
(emph asis added).

         3
            See Della Penna, 902 P.2d at 746-47 (citing Wagenseller v. Scottsdale Mem’l Hosp., 710 P.2d 1025, 1042-43
(Ariz. 198 5); Westfield Dev. Co . v. Rifle Inv. Ass’n, 786 P.2d 1112, 1117 (Colo. 19 90); Blake v. Levy, 464 A.2d 52,
54-55 (Conn. 1 983 ); U.S. Anchor Mfg., Inc. v. Rule Indus., Inc., 443 S.E.2d 833 , 836 (Ga. 199 4); Idaho First Nat’l Bank
v. Bliss Valley Foods, Inc., 824 P.2d 841 , 861 (Idah o 19 91); Harsha v. State Sav. Bank, 346 N.W.2d 791, 799 (Iowa
1984); Turner v. Halliburton Co., 722 P.2d 110 6, 11 17 (Kan. 19 86); National Collegiate Athletic Ass’n v. Hornung,
754 S.W.2d 855, 859 (Ky . 198 8); Devine v. Roche Biomedical Lab., Inc., 637 A.2d 44 1, 44 7 (M e. 1994); Macklin v.
Robert Log an A ssocs., 639 A.2d 11 2, 11 9 (M d. 19 94); United Truck Leasing Corp. v. Geltman, 551 N.E.2d 20, 23
(Mass. 199 0); State Bd. of Dentistry v. Kandarian, 886 P.2d 954, 959 (M ont. 1 994 ); Montrone v. M axfield, 449 A.2d
1216, 121 7 (N .H. 1982 ); Printing Mart v. Sharp Elecs. Corp., 563 A.2d 31, 3 9 (N .J. 198 9); Anderson v. Dairylan d Ins.
Co., 637 P.2d 837, 840-41 (N.M . 1981); Krebsbach v. Henley, 725 P.2d 852 , 857 -58 (Ok la. 1986); Federal Auto Body
Works, Inc. v. Aetna Cas. & Su r. Co., 447 A.2d 37 7, 38 0 (R.I. 198 2); Leigh Furniture & Carpet Co. v. Isom, 657 P.2d
293, 307 (Utah 19 82); Duggin v. Adams, 360 S.E.2 d 83 2, 83 6 (V a. 1987); Pleas v. City of Se attle, 774 P.2d 1158, 1163
(W ash. 1 989 ); Four Nines Gold, Inc. v. 71 Constr., Inc., 809 P.2d 23 6, 238 (W yo. 1991 )).

         4
           We adopt the discussion in § 766B comm ent c of the Restatem ent (S econd) of Torts, which provides:
         The relation s protected again st intentional interference by the rule stated in this Section include any
         prospective contractual relations, except those leading to contracts to marry, if the potential contract
         wo uld be of pecun iary value to the plaintiff. Included are interferen ces w ith the prospect of obtaining
         employment or employees, the opportunity of selling or buying land or chattels or services, and any
         other relation s leadin g to p otentially pro fitable contracts. Interferen ce w ith the exercise by a third
         party of an option to renew or extend a con tract w ith the p laintiff is also included . Also included is
                                                                                                                (con tinued...)

                                                             -8-
relationship and not a mere awareness of the plaintiff’s business dealings with others in general; (3)
the defendant’s intent to cause the breach or termination of the business relationship; (4) the
defendant’s improper motive or improper means,5 see, e.g., Top Serv. Body Shop, 582 P.2d at 1371;
and finally, (5) damages resulting from the tortious interference.

        In the instant case, Trau-Med has pleaded both improper motive and improper means of
interference. First, Trau-Med alleges that Allstate knew of its business relationships with plaintiff-
attorneys and claimants. Specifically, Allstate allegedly interfered with six specific actions filed in
the Circuit Court of Shelby County by making false statements about the propriety of Trau-Med’s
business and by threatening to protract the litigation process. As a result of Allstate’s alleged
conduct, “[p]laintiff-attorneys, claimants, and others, . . . because of fear of litigation and other
reasons, [have been induced] not to refer persons and to discontinue use of Plaintiff’s clinic.” Trau-
Med contends that this improper interference with its existing business relationships resulted in
substantial economic harm to Trau-Med. Allstate’s predominant motive was to drive Trau-Med out
of business for the sole purpose of limiting health care access to indigent claimants to “control and
limit [Allstate’s] claims expenses.” Viewing these factual allegations in a light most favorable to
the plaintiff, we find that Trau-Med has sufficiently stated a claim for tortious interference with a
business relationship.

        INAPPLICABILITY OF THE DEFENSE OF JUDICIAL PRIVILEGE
  TO CLAIMS OF TORTIOUS INTERFERENCE WITH BUSINESS RELATIONSHIPS

         In response to these allegations, Allstate argues that the crux of the plaintiff’s complaint is
that its business was damaged as a result of false and malicious statements made by Allstate during
the litigation process. Because these statements were made during the course of, or in contemplation
of, judicial proceedings, Allstate contends that it is immune from liability under the doctrine of
judicial privilege relying on this Court’s decision in Lann v. Third National Bank, 198 Tenn. 70, 277


         4
             (...continued)
          interference w ith a continuing b usiness or other customary relationship not amounting to a formal
          con tract.
(em pha sis add ed).

         5
            It is clear that a determination of whether a defendant acted “improperly” or possessed an “improper” motive
is dependent on the p articular facts and circumstances of a given case, and as a result, a precise, all-encompassing
definition of the term “impro per” is neither possible nor helpful. How ever, with regard to improper motive, we require
that the plaintiff dem onstrate that the de fend ant’s p redo min ant purpose w as to injure the plaintiff. See Leigh Furn iture
& Carpet Co., 657 P.2d at 307-08.
          Mo reover, in the attem pt to prov ide further g uidance, we cite the followin g m ethods as some examples of
improper interference: those means that are illegal or independently tortious, such as violations of statutes, regulations,
or recognized co mm on-law rules, see id. at 308; violence, threats or intimidation, bribery, unfounded litigation, fraud,
misrepresentation or deceit, defam ation, dure ss, undue influence, misuse of inside or confidential information, or breach
of a fiduciary relation ship, see Du ggin , 360 S.E.2d at 836 (citing Top Serv. Body Shop, Inc., 582 P.2d at 1371 n.11);
and those methods that violate an established standard of a trade or profession, or otherwise involve unethical conduc t,
such as sharp dealing , overreaching , or un fair comp etition, see id. at 837.

                                                              -9-
S.W.2d 439 (1955). In that case, the plaintiff sued the bank to recover for the “interference with and
injury to her business” resulting from false and malicious statements made by the bank in its original
pleading. Although the Lann Court had much difficulty in determining the precise nature of the
cause of action set out in the plaintiff’s convoluted declaration, the Court found that the defendant
was entitled to claim judicial privilege as a defense.

        After careful consideration, we believe that the better view is that contained in the
Restatement (Second) of Torts sections 585-589, which provides that the defense of judicial privilege
is available to actions of defamation. In that respect Trau-Med expressly states in its brief that its
lawsuit against Allstate is not based upon defamation. Instead, Trau-Med seeks only to recover the
pecuniary loss of the benefits of its business relationships. Absent any claims for defamation, we
decline to extend the privilege to claims for intentional interference with business relationships. See,
e.g., Zdeb v. Baxter Int’l, Inc., 697 N.E.2d 425, 430 (Ill. App. Ct. 1998) (declining to extend the
privilege to claims for intentional interference with business relationships). Accordingly, we hold
that Allstate may not rely upon judicial privilege as a defense to the plaintiff’s cause of action.

                          INTRACORPORATE CIVIL CONSPIRACY

        Finally, Trau-Med also alleges that Allstate Insurance Company, through its employees,
representatives, agents, and attorneys, engaged in a civil conspiracy “for the purpose of destroying
[Trau-Med’s] reputation, business and clinic.” Specifically, Allstate’s agents purportedly conspired
to deter attorneys representing indigent claimants from referring their clients to Trau-Med. First,
Trau-Med asserts that a “hit list” was circulated among Allstate’s agents and employees, indicating
those clinics, including Trau-Med, being targeted for destruction. Relying on this list, the insurance
company’s agents and employees conveyed to plaintiffs’ attorneys that Allstate “will get [Trau-
Med],” or that Trau-Med is “next,” with the design to deter these attorneys from referring their
clients to Trau-Med. The result has been the destruction of Trau-Med’s business. In response to
these allegations, Allstate argues that the claim fails because it does not allege the requisite plurality
of legal actors necessary for a finding of conspiracy.

        An actionable civil conspiracy is a combination of two or more persons who, each having
the intent and knowledge of the other’s intent, accomplish by concert an unlawful purpose, or
accomplish a lawful purpose by unlawful means, which results in damage to the plaintiff. See
Brown v. Birman Managed Care, Inc., 42 S.W.3d 62, 67 (Tenn. 2001) (citing Dale v. Thomas H.
Temple Co., 186 Tenn. 69, 87, 208 S.W.2d 344, 353 (1948)). Upon a finding of conspiracy, each
conspirator is liable for the damages resulting from the wrongful acts of all co-conspirators in
carrying out the common scheme. Id.

       It has long been accepted in Tennessee that a corporation is capable of extra-corporate
conspiracy; that is, a corporation becomes vicariously liable for the conduct of its agents who
conspire with other corporations or with outside third persons. See, e.g., Standard Oil Co. v. State,
117 Tenn. 618, 665, 100 S.W. 705, 716-17 (1907). However, where each alleged co-conspirator is
an agent or employee of the same corporate entity and is acting on the corporation’s behalf, the

                                                  -10-
conspiratorial liability of that corporation becomes less clear.

        Courts in other jurisdictions–both federal and state–that have addressed issues involving civil
intracorporate conspiracy allegations have adopted the “intracorporate conspiracy immunity
doctrine” to hold that wholly intracorporate conduct does not satisfy the plurality requirement
necessary to establish an actionable conspiracy claim.6 This single entity view of intracorporate
conduct derives from traditional principles of agency law. A basic principle of agency is that a
corporation can act only through the authorized acts of its corporate directors, officers, and other
employees and agents. Thus, the acts of the corporation’s agents are attributed to the corporation
itself. “The two are not one and another. So merged are their identities, when the agent is acting
for the corporation (the only way it can act at all[)], that the one may not be an accessory of the
other.” Haverty Furniture Co. v. Foust, 174 Tenn. 203, 212, 124 S.W.2d 694, 698 (1939) (citations
omitted). Because the law requires two or more persons or entities to have a conspiracy, a civil
conspiracy is not legally possible where a corporation and its alleged co-conspirators are not separate
entities, but instead stand in a principal-agent relationship. See 16 Am. Jur. 2d Conspiracy § 56
(1998).

        We recognize the rule expressed by this doctrine as a sound one, and consequently, we hold
that there can be no actionable claim of conspiracy where the conspiratorial conduct alleged is
essentially a single act by a single corporation acting through its officers, directors, employees, and
other agents, each acting within the scope of his or her employment.7 The acts of these
representatives, if performed within their representative, agency, or employment capacities on behalf
of the corporation, are attributed to the corporation. See Forrester v. Stockstill, 869 S.W.2d 328,
334-35 (Tenn. 1994). As long as the agent is acting within the scope of his or her authority, the
agent and the corporation are not separate entities and cannot be the sole parties to a conspiracy.


          6
             See, e.g., Copperweld Corp. v. Independence Tube Corp., 467 U.S. 752, 770-71 (1984) (applying the
doctrine in the antitrust context and ho lding that a parent corporation and its who lly owned sub sidiary are incapable of
conspiring under Section 1 of the Sh erm an A ct); Hills & Dales Gen. Hosp., 40 F.3d at 839-41 (applying the doctrine
in the context of civil rights) (citing Hull v. Cuyahoga Valley Joint Vocational Sch. Dist. Bd. of Educ., 926 F.2d 505,
510 (6th C ir. 199 1)); Renner v. Wurdem an, 434 N.W .2d 536, 542 (Neb. 198 9) (“‘A corpo ration cannot conspire with
an agent w hen tha t agent is acting within the scop e of his auth ority.’” (citation om itted) (em pha sis in orig inal)); Collins
v. Unio n Fed . Sav. & Loan Ass’n, 662 P.2d 610 , 622 (Nev. 1983) (“Agents and employees of a corporation cannot
conspire with their corporate principal or employer when they act in their official capacities on behalf of the corporation
and not as indiv iduals for their individu al adv antag e.”); Gray v. Marshall County Bd. of Educ., 367 S.E.2d 751, 752
(W . Va. 198 8) (“A corp oratio n, as a sin gle business entity, acts with one “mind” and the unilateral acts of a corporation
will not satisfy the requirement of a [consp iracy].”).

          7
             Although not discussed by the parties, we ackn ow ledge that this Court ha s exp ressed , albeit in dicta, a
different view in Standard Oil Co. v. State. However, there are important and distinct factual differences between the
two cases. First, unlike in the present case, the conspiracy at issue in Standard Oil Co. involved a corporation and an
individual unaffiliated with that corporation, thereby satisfying the requisite plurality of parties necessary for an
action able claim of co nspiracy. Mo reov er, Standard Oil Co. involved charges of criminal consp iracy. Because the case
prese ntly before us involves allegations of civil conspiracy, we leave for another day the decisio n of wh ether to apply
the intracorporate co nspiracy imm unity doctrine in the crim inal co ntext.

                                                              -11-
See, e.g., Day v. General Elec. Credit Corp., 546 A.2d 315, 318-19 (Conn. App. Ct. 1988). Indeed,
it is this “scope of employment” exception that prevents the intracorporate conspiracy immunity
doctrine from being applied too broadly and thereby immunizing all private conspiracies from
redress where the actors coincidentally were employees of the same company. See Johnson v. Hills
& Dales Gen. Hosp., 40 F.3d 837, 840 (6th Cir. 1994). Therefore, for a claim of intracorporate
conspiracy to be actionable, the complaint must allege that corporate officials, employees, or other
agents acted outside the scope of their employment and engaged in conspiratorial conduct to further
their own personal purposes and not those of the corporation. See, e.g., Renner v. Wurdeman, 434
N.W.2d 536, 542 (Neb. 1989).

        In the present case, the Court of Appeals upheld Trau-Med’s claim for civil conspiracy,
maintaining that “under a proper set of facts,” the corporate individuals could be held liable for
conspiring to further their own individual interests. We disagree and conclude that the plaintiff has
not made sufficient allegations to support a claim of civil conspiracy. Although a complaint “need
not contain in minute detail the facts that give rise to the claim,” the complaint must at least “contain
allegations from which an inference may fairly be drawn that evidence on these material points will
be introduced at trial.” Donaldson v. Donaldson, 557 S.W.2d 60, 61 (Tenn. 1977). Furthermore,
“[t]here is no duty on the part of the court to create a claim that the pleader does not spell out in his
complaint.” Id. at 62 (citing Clark v. National Travelers Life Ins. Co., 518 F.2d 1167 (6th Cir.
1975)).

        Trau-Med’s complaint alleges that Allstate, as a corporation, conspired with its employees,
representatives, agents, and attorneys. Excluding, for the time being, the alleged involvement of the
attorneys in the conspiracy, we focus our attention on the alleged conspiratorial conduct of the
corporate employees. In this case, the plaintiff does not even intimate, much less expressly allege,
in the complaint that the corporate agents involved in conspiratorial conduct were acting outside the
scope of their employment or that they were pursuing their own personal objectives. To the
contrary, the complaint specifically avers that Allstate, with its employees and agents, “devised a
scheme . . . to limit access to health care for injured persons in Memphis and Shelby County,
Tennessee, and thus control and limit their claims expenses.” This fact, even when viewed in a light
most favorable to Trau-Med, demonstrates that the employees or agents were not acting to advance
their own personal interests, but were acting in the course of their duties with the primary intent to
further the corporation’s interests.

       Proof of the existence of a conspiracy must therefore be found, if at all, in the alleged
conspiratorial conduct between Allstate and the attorneys hired to defend the insureds. As we have
explained in Givens, the attorney-client relationship in this situation is between the attorney and the
insured. The attorney is generally characterized as an independent contractor who represents the
insured, not the insurer. The insurer has no legal right to control the independent professional
judgment of the attorney whom it hires to defend the insured.

       However, in this case, Trau-Med alleges that Allstate exercised actual control over the
attorneys hired to defend the insureds by directing them to file defamatory motions. Presuming all

                                                  -12-
factual allegations to be true, the attorneys did not act “with that independence which was required
of [them] as counsel and as [officers] of the court,” cf. Doherty v. American Motors Corp., 728 F.2d
334, 343 (6th Cir. 1984), but instead, the attorney became an agent of the corporation, acting at the
direction, and on the behalf, of the insurer with the primary intent to further the interest of the
corporation. Because all acts of the corporation’s agents are attributed to the corporation itself, the
intracorporate conspiracy immunity doctrine applies in this case. Consequently, we reverse the
judgment of the Court of Appeals on this issue and dismiss Trau-Med’s civil conspiracy allegations
for failure to state a claim upon which relief may be granted.

                                           CONCLUSION

         In summary, we affirm in part the judgment of the Court of Appeals and hold that the
complaint in this case alleges sufficient facts to state a cause of action for tortious interference with
a business relationship. However, we dismiss the plaintiff’s claim of intracorporate civil conspiracy
for failure to satisfy the plurality requirement necessary to establish an actionable conspiracy claim.
Accordingly, we remand this case to the Shelby County Circuit Court for further proceedings
consistent with this opinion.

        Costs of this appeal are assessed equally to the plaintiff, Trau-Med of America, Inc., and to
the defendants, Allstate Insurance Company, Vickie Harris, Charles E. Ferrell, Leslie Johnson, and
Ron Iden.


                                                         ____________________________________
                                                         WILLIAM M. BARKER, JUSTICE




                                                  -13-
