            If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
                 revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.




                            STATE OF MICHIGAN

                             COURT OF APPEALS



NILES JOHNSON,                                                       FOR PUBLICATION
                                                                     May 14, 2019
               Plaintiff,

v                                                                    No. 340323
                                                                     Washtenaw Circuit Court
USA UNDERWRITERS,                                                    LC No. 16-000191-NF

               Defendant/Cross-Defendant-
               Appellant,

COURTNEY EISEMANN and STEVEN
VANDEINSE,

               Defendants,
and

CITIZENS INSURANCE COMPANY OF
AMERICA,

               Defendant/Cross-Plaintiff/Appellee.



Before: BECKERING, P.J., and RIORDAN and CAMERON, JJ.


BECKERING, P. J. (dissenting).

       When it comes to car insurance, Michigan is a no-fault state.1 Every owner of a car
required to be registered in Michigan must have certain basic coverages in order to drive their car


1
  The Michigan No-Fault Insurance Act became law on October 1, 1973. While it has been a
target for certain legislators for years and is currently the subject of much debate and legislative
wrangling, our no-fault auto insurance system remains in place.
on a highway. MCL 500.3101(1). Those coverages are personal protection insurance (PIP),
property protection insurance (PPI), and residual liability insurance. Id. Under Michigan law,
only if a car is not going to be driven or moved on a highway may an insurance company issue
an insurance policy that deletes the above-identified mandatory minimum coverages and
maintains the non-mandatory comprehensive portion of the policy in effect. Id. Our Supreme
Court has expressly stated with clarity this mandate on owners and insurers: “[U]nder the no-
fault automobile insurance act, MCL 500.3101 et seq, insurance companies are required to
provide first-party insurance benefits, referred to as personal protection insurance (PIP) benefits,
for certain expenses and losses. MCL 500.3107; MCL 500.3108.” Johnson v Recca, 492 Mich
169, 173; 821 NW2d 520 (2012) (emphasis added); see also Citizens Ins Co of America v
Federated Mut Ins Co, 448 Mich 225, 230; 531 NW2d 138 (1995) (emphasis added) (“[W]hile
subject to certain exceptions not at issue here, the no-fault act unambiguously requires that a
policy of automobile insurance, sold to a vehicle owner pursuant to the act, must provide
coverage for residual liability arising from use of the vehicle so insured.”); and Continental Cas
Co v Michigan Catastrophic Claims Ass’n, 874 F Supp 2d 678 (2012) (emphasis added) (“The
Michigan No-Fault Insurance Act is unique among no-fault regimes; it provides for unlimited
lifetime PIP benefits to accident victims. MCL 500.3101 et seq. The unlimited PIP coverage is
mandatory for all registered owners of motor vehicles in this state. Therefore, insurance
companies writing automobile insurance in Michigan must provide unlimited coverage to policy
holders.”).2 At its core, this case is about whether an insurance company can sell the non-
mandatory portions of a car insurance policy in Michigan and yet not provide any of the
mandatory coverages required by Michigan’s no fault law.3 Defendant USA Underwriters
(USAU) claims that it can, and the majority agrees. I respectfully dissent.
                      I. BASIC FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

       According to his testimony and the documents produced at defendant Steven Vandeinse’s
deposition4, on June 19, 2015, Vandeinse purchased a 2011 Chevrolet Impala from Ypsilanti
Import Auto Sales for around $11,000. Before he could take possession of the car, Vandeinse
had to get insurance, so he went to LA Insurance. Vandeinse testified that he told the person
working there he wanted “full coverage on the vehicle.”5 He was charged $445.03 up front and


2
  Although federal court of appeals decisions are not binding, we may find their analyses and
conclusions to be persuasive. Abela v General Motors Corp, 469 Mich 603, 607; 677 NW2d 325
(2004).
3
  Defendant USA Underwriters admitted at oral argument that none of the car insurance policies
it sells in Michigan provide any of the basic coverages required by Michigan law pursuant to
MCL 500.3101(1). So if you buy car insurance from USA Underwriters, you still can’t legally
drive your car.
4
  Although not yet a party at the time, USAU was notified of Vandeinse’s deposition, but did not
attend.
5
  As noted by the majority, the person who worked with Vandeinse at LA Insurance wrote an
affidavit for purposes of this litigation indicating that the insurance policy Vandeinse actually
bought is exactly what he asked for, and that he chose to forgo buying no-fault compliant


                                                -2-
agreed to ongoing monthly payments to USAU of approximately $145. Vandeinse was given a
“Certificate of Insurance” issued by USAU, which looks like the verification document drivers
are required to present to the Secretary of State’s Office in order to prove they have no-fault
coverage so they can register their car:




While it states in small print that the insurance “is physical damage only, coverage does not meet
the requirements of the Michigan No-Fault Act, Chapter 31 of the Michigan Insurance Code,” it
also immediately thereafter states in bold: “Involved in an Accident? Call (855) 230-1656).”
Vandeinse was also handed a one page document titled “Loss Payable Endorsement” issued by
USAU. It indicated that he was being charged $600 for “Comprehensive” and $600 for
“Collision” insurance.6 His policy was effective from June 19, 2015 to December 19, 2015.
That equates to $1,200 every six months, or $2,400 per year in premiums for a 2011 Chevy
Impala.
      Based on other documents produced in this litigation, it appears that LA Insurance7 sold
Vandeinse a comprehensive and collision only policy issued by USAU, as described above, and




insurance. USAU also produced a type-written application, purportedly initialed by Vandeinse,
identifying what he was actually getting in terms of coverage. Whether Vandeinse or instead the
agent is telling the truth about how the transaction was actually handled remains a matter of
dispute. But it is not material to the legal issue of whether USAU can sell a car insurance policy
covering comprehensive and collision coverage, for a car that is going to be driven or moved on
a highway in Michigan, but that does not comply with MCL 500.3101(1). Importantly, USAU
was made well aware of the fact that the car would be driven or moved on the highway because
it sold Vandeinse collision insurance.
6
 The document does not indicate that this coverage fails to meet the requirements of Michigan’s
no-fault law.
7
  According to testimony provided by Hani Kassab, Jr., part owner of USAU and a franchise of
LA Insurance, Anthony Yousif owns and is the president and CEO of LA Insurance. According
to documents submitted by USAU to the Department of Insurance and Financial Services, Yousif


                                               -3-
an Automobile Service Contract, issued by NSD, covering roadside assistance for $300. In other
words, Vandeinse walked away with just about everything but mandatory no-fault coverage.
None of what he was sold allowed him to operate or move his car on a Michigan highway.
       Vandeinse returned to Ypsilanti Import Auto Sales with his documents, where they
completed and he signed an “Application for Michigan Title & Registration, Statement of
Vehicle Sale,” which documented that Vandeinse had obtained insurance through USAU, Policy
No. USAUW-00002968-00. Vandeinse received a temporary registration number.
        On July 7, 2015, the State of Michigan issued a Certificate of Title recognizing
Vandeinse as the lawfully registered owner of the Impala. Vandeinse testified that he dutifully
paid USAU $145 per month on the insurance premium.
        On September 8, 2015, Vandeinse’s girlfriend, Courtney Eismann, was driving the
Impala with permission when she accidentally struck and injured bicyclist plaintiff, Niles
Johnson. After the accident, the responding police officer documented that the Impala was
insured through USAU.
        Johnson initially filed a claim with, and later a lawsuit against, the Michigan Automobile
Insurance Placement Facility (MAIPF), which led to defendant/cross-plaintiff/appellee Citizens
Insurance Company of America receiving the claim by assignment. But after the depositions
Vandeinse and Eismann, Niles added USAU to the instant lawsuit. Ultimately, the trial court
concluded that USAU had issued a policy in violation of Michigan law because it failed to
provide the requisite no-fault insurance coverage required by MCL 500.3101. And apparently
based on USAU’s issuance of a “Certificate of Insurance” that looked just like that commonly
used to register a vehicle with the Secretary of State’s Office (which did, in fact, fool both the
Secretary of State’s office and a police officer), the court concluded that USAU acted with an
intent to deceive the consumer and the Secretary of State. Thus, it ordered reformation of the
contract to provide PIP, PPI, and residual liability insurance, as required by the no-fault act.
USAU appeals by right.
                                  II. STANDARDS OF REVIEW
        This Court reviews de novo a trial court’s decision on a motion for summary disposition,
MEEMIC Ins Co v Michigan Millers Mut Ins, 313 Mich App 94; 880 NW2d 327 (2015), the
proper interpretation of a statute, McCormick v Carrier, 487 Mich 180; 795 NW2d 517 (2010),
and a trial court’s decision to grant equitable relief, Corwin v DaimlerChrysler Ins Co, 296 Mich
App 242, 253; 819 NW2d 68 (2012).
                 III. MANDATORY MICHIGAN NO-FAULT INSURANCE

       On appeal, USAU contends that the trial court erred in reforming Vandeinse’s
automobile insurance policy because the plain language of the insurance application and
disclosures purportedly signed by Vandeinse indicated that the policy did not include no-fault
coverage. I would conclude that the trial court did not err because USAU issued an automobile
insurance policy in violation of the mandatory coverage requirements of the no-fault act, and



is also the primary shareholder in USAU. At the time of Kassab’s 2017 deposition, USAU had
been operating around four years, having purchased Southern Michigan Insurance Company.


                                               -4-
thus, it must be interpreted to include the statutorily required minimum coverage in order to
comply with Michigan law.
        “An insurer who elects to provide automobile insurance is liable to pay no-fault benefits
subject to the provisions of the [no-fault] act. Dobbleare v Auto-Owners Ins Co, 275 Mich App
527, 530; 740 NW2d 503 (2007), citing MCL 500.3105(1). “When construing the no-fault act,
this Court must be careful to interpret the words used in the statute in light of their ordinary
meaning and their context within the statute and must read the various provisions harmoniously
to give effect to the statute as a whole.” MEEMIC Ins Co, 313 Mich App at 102 (internal
quotation marks and citation omitted). It has long been held that the no-fault insurance act is
remedial in nature and must be liberally construed in favor of persons it is intended to benefit. In
re Geror, 286 Mich App 132, 134; 779 NW2d 316 (2009) (internal quotation marks and citation
omitted).
        MCL 500.3101(1) of the no-fault act, regarding motor vehicle security agreements,
provides:
        The owner or registrant of a motor vehicle required to be registered in this state
        shall maintain security for payment of benefits under personal protection
        insurance, property protection insurance, and residual liability insurance. Security
        is only required to be in effect during the period the motor vehicle is driven or
        moved on a highway. Notwithstanding any other provision in this act, an insurer
        that has issued an automobile insurance policy on a motor vehicle that is not
        driven or moved on a highway may allow the insured owner or registrant of the
        motor vehicle to delete a portion of the coverages under the policy and maintain
        the comprehensive coverage portion of the policy in effect [emphasis added].

 MCL 500.3101(2)(a) defines “automobile insurance” as meaning “that term as defined in [MCL
500.]2102.” MCL 500.2102 broadly defines “automobile insurance” to include insurance
“customarily known as comprehensive and collision.” MCL 500.2102(2)(c). Thus, a
comprehensive and collision insurance policy is an “an automobile insurance policy” as
described in MCL 500.3101(1).8 Reading the plain language in the third sentence of MCL
500.3101(1), an insurer may only delete the statutorily mandated coverage from an automobile
insurance policy and maintain the comprehensive coverage portion under one condition. In
other words, an automobile insurance policy starts with the mandatory coverages, because the
word “delete” necessarily means initial inclusion. An insurer may only delete those mandatory
coverages if the motor vehicle is not driven or moved on a highway. I interpret MCL
500.3101(1) of the no-fault act to mean that an insurer may not sell an automobile insurance
policy in Michigan—including the one in question—without covering the statutorily required




8
  Similarly, MCL 500.3206, which pertains to cancellation of automobile liability policies,
defines “policy of automobile insurance” as used in that chapter to mean “a policy insuring
private passenger automobiles . . . or that portion of a combination policy which insures private
passenger automobiles.” Put simply, an “automobile liability policy” and a policy insuring
private passenger automobiles is one and the same thing.


                                                -5-
minimum coverages, absent circumstances not present here (i.e. for a car that is not going to be
driven or moved on a highway).9
       My interpretation of MCL 500.3101(1) is further bolstered by MCL 500.3009, regarding
casualty insurance contracts for automobiles:
               An automobile liability or motor vehicle liability policy insuring against
       loss resulting from liability imposed by law for property damage, bodily injury, or
       death suffered by any person arising out of the ownership, maintenance, or use of
       a motor vehicle shall not be delivered or issued for delivery in this state with
       respect to any motor vehicle registered or principally garaged in this state unless
       the liability coverage is subject to all of the following limits:

       (a) A limit, exclusive of interest and costs, of not less than $20,000.00 because of
       bodily injury to or death of 1 person in any 1 accident.

       (b) Subject to the limit for 1 person in subdivision (a), a limit of not less than
       $40,000 because of bodily injury or death of 2 or more persons in any 1 accident.

       (c) A limit of not less than $10,000 because of injury to or destruction of property
       of others in any accident.

                                              ***
       (4) If an insurer deletes coverage from an automobile insurance policy pursuant
       to section [MCL 500.]3101, the insurer shall send documentary evidence of the
       deletion to the insured [emphasis added].

MCL 500.3101(1) and MCL 500.3009(4) both broadly address “automobile insurance policies”
and under what circumstances an insurer may delete the requisite statutory minimum coverages
from an automobile insurance policy. MCL 500.3101 and MCL 500.3009(4) implicitly require
every automobile insurance policy in Michigan to contain the requisite minimum no-fault
coverage at the outset, whereafter optional, or non-mandatory, coverage may be added to that
policy, “the rights and limitations of [which] are purely contractual and are construed without
reference to the no-fault act.” Rory v Continental Ins Co, 473 Mich 457, 465-466; 703 NW2d 23
(2005).10 See also Krohn v Home-Owners Ins Co, 490 Mich 145, 155 n 17; 802 NW2d 281
(2011) (emphasis added) (“[A]ll owners or registrants of automobiles in Michigan are free to


9
  As noted above, it cannot be disputed that USAU knew the Impala Vandeinse was seeking to
insure would be operated on the highway because it sold him collision insurance.
10
   Optional coverages the parties may agree to add to the automobile insurance policy include
collision and comprehensive insurance, residual liability coverage in excess of the statutory
minimum, uninsured/underinsured coverage, and mini tort coverage. However, the fundamental
and unavoidable starting point for insurers offering automobile insurance policies to owners and
registrants of automobiles in the Michigan marketplace is a policy that provides the statutorily
required minimum coverages under our no-fault law.



                                               -6-
purchase insurance contracts that provide greater coverage than the minimum required under the
no-fault act.”).
        More explicitly, MCL 500.3131, pertaining to residual liability insurance, provides that
“[t]his section shall apply to all insurance contracts in force as of October 1, 1973, or entered
into after that date.” MCL 500.3131(2) (emphasis added). Thus, the no-fault laws make clear
that automobile insurance policies in Michigan must include at least the minimum no-fault
coverages identified in MCL 500.3101(1), with those coverages being deletable only if the
“motor vehicle is not driven or moved on a highway,” and additional non-mandatory coverages
can be added to the policy as agreed upon by the parties. Further exemplifying this statutory
scheme, optional collision coverage is addressed in MCL 500.3037, and provides in pertinent
part:
        (1) At the time a new applicant for the insurance required by section [MCL
        500.]3101 for a private passenger nonfleet automobile makes an initial written
        application to the insurer, an insurer shall offer both of the following coverages to
        the applicant:

       (a) Limited collision coverage, which must pay for collision damage to the
       insured vehicle without a deductible amount if the operator of the vehicle is not
       substantially at fault in the accident from which the damage arose.

       (b) Broad form collision coverage, which must pay for collision damage to the
       insured vehicle regardless of fault, with deductibles in the amounts as approved
       by the director, which deductibles must be waived if the operator of the vehicle is
       not substantially at fault in the accident from which the damage arose.

       (2) In addition to the coverages offered under subsection (1), standard and limited
       collision coverage may be offered with deductibles as approved by the director.

       (3) An insurer may limit collision coverage offered under this section as provided
       in [MCL 500.]3017.
                                              ***
       (7) At least annually in conjunction with the renewal of a private passenger
       nonfleet automobile insurance policy, or at the time of an addition, deletion, or
       substitution of a vehicle under an existing policy, other than a group policy, an
       insurer shall inform the policyholder, on a form approved by the director, all of
       the following:

       (a) The current status of collision coverage, if any, for the vehicle or vehicles
       affected by the renewal or change and the rights of the insured under the current
       coverage if the vehicle is damaged.

       (b) The collision coverages available under the policy and the rights of the
       insured under each collision option if the vehicle is damages.

       (c) Procedures for the policyholder to follow if he or she wishes to change the
       current collision coverage. [Emphasis Added.]

                                               -7-
As manifested by MCL 500.3037, the starting point in Michigan is an automobile insurance
policy that covers the mandatory minimum insurance required by MCL 500.3101. The new
applicant can then decide whether to add collision coverage to the policy at that time or a later
time in the life of the policy. Nowhere in the no-fault act does it say that insurance companies
can sell automobile insurance policies to Michigan automobile owners that do not provide the
mandatory minimum no-fault coverage. To do so would be a violation of the clear purpose of
the no-fault act and a consequent violation of public policy. USAU—which bills itself as
carrying “Affordable Car Insurance” and offering “terrific rates on quality coverage from top-
rated insurance carriers” to “drivers” allowing them “affordable ways to stay on the road and
within the law,” according to usaunderwriters.com—sold an automobile insurance policy to
Vandeinse that would not even allow him to drive his car off the lot.
        USAU has conceded that none of the automobile insurance policies it sells in Michigan
provide the statutorily mandated minimum coverages for PIP, PPI, and residual liability. Thus,
instead of starting with an automobile policy that meets the requirements of Michigan’s no-fault
act, MCL 500.3101(1), and deleting or adding coverages as permitted by law, see e.g., MCL
500.3037(1), Krohn, 490 Mich at 155 n 17, USAU bypasses the no-fault act by underwriting
optional insurance only. An insurer who sells automobile insurance in the Michigan marketplace
must abide by the no-fault act. See Citizens, 448 Mich at 231-232. Based on the foregoing
interpretation of the applicable statutes and caselaw, I would conclude that USAU sold an
automobile insurance policy to Vandeinse in violation of Michigan’s no-fault law and its clearly
stated public policy. Accordingly, the trial court did not err in reforming the contract to include
the statutorily required minimum no-fault coverage required by MCL 500.3101. See Citizens,
448 Mich at 234.

        My colleagues in the majority opinion note that the financial responsibility act “permits
insureds to fulfill their insurance needs by way of multiple policies through more than one
carrier.” However, as our Supreme Court indicated in Citizens, the financial responsibility act
should not be construed to contradict the no-fault act.
        At issue in Citizens was the “validity of a vehicle owner’s policy of liability insurance
that denies coverage to any permissive user who is otherwise insured for an amount equal to that
specified by the no-fault act.” Citizens, 448 Mich at 227. Federated Insurance Company’s
policy provided the mandated residual liability coverages to permissive drivers of the insured car
only if the drivers were uninsured or underinsured, while denying such coverages under all other
circumstances. Id. at 231. The Supreme Court held that an insurer may not lawfully deny
residual liability coverages for losses arising from use of a covered vehicle “because the no-fault
act clearly directs that a policy sold pursuant to the act must provide residual liability coverage
for use of the vehicle insured.” Id. Of significance to the case at bar, the Supreme Court
addressed and dismissed an argument similar to that made in the instant case by USAU:
                 Notwithstanding the no-fault act, Federated urges us to focus on the
        financial responsibility act and contends that the exclusion of coverage contained
        in its policy is “authorized and contemplated by the financial responsibility act.
        In particular, Federated relies on subsections (i) and (j) of the financial
        responsibility act, MCL 257.520[], which provide:




                                                -8-
               (i) Any motor vehicle liability policy may provide for the
               prorating of the insurance thereunder with other valid and
               collectible insurance.

               (j) The requirements for a motor vehicle liability policy may be
               fulfilled by the policies of 1 or more insurance carriers which
               policies together meet such requirements.

       According to Federated, because in each of these cases the driver’s insurance
       policy, when taken together with Federated’s insurance policy, will afford
       benefits of an amount specified by law, its insurance policy complies with public
       policy evidenced by the financial responsibility act. We question the premise of
       Federated’s argument because it suggests that the financial responsibility act
       manifests the controlling public policy of this state concerning automobile
       insurance.

               The no-fault act, as opposed to the financial responsibility act, is the most
       recent expression of this state’s public policy concerning motor vehicle liability
       insurance. Therefore, while Federated’s policy might well be reconciled with the
       financial responsibility act, its failure to comply with the no-fault act nevertheless
       renders it violative of public policy. An insurance policy that is repugnant to the
       clear directive of the no-fault act cannot otherwise be justified by the financial
       responsibility act. [Id. at 231-232 (emphasis added).]

The financial responsibility act, particularly MCL 257.502(i) and (j), does “provide a method by
which an owner may allocate insurance costs among various policies” or by which “various
owners may satisfy the insurance obligations created by the no-fault act.” Id. at 232.

       However, neither subsection (i) nor subsection (j) of the financial responsibility
       act permits an insurer . . . to circumscribe the coverage directed by the no-fault
       act; to reach that conclusion would not accord proper deference to the policy
       judgment implicit in the Legislature’s decision to require owners and registrants
       of motor vehicles to obtain insurance for the residual liability arising from the use
       of their vehicles. See MCL 500.3101. [Id. at 232-233 (emphasis added).]

Thus, while it is incumbent upon owners and registrants to obtain the statutorily mandated
insurance, insurers cannot “circumscribe the coverage directed by the no-fault act.” Id. at 233.
The Supreme Court held that the vehicle owner’s policy was invalid because it denied coverage
for liability arising from the use of an insured vehicle, in contravention of the no-fault act, and it
deemed the policy to provide primary coverage in an amount equal to that required by the no-
fault act. Id. at 227. Citizens stands for the proposition that the financial responsibility act does
not articulate Michigan’s public policy with regard to motor vehicle insurance or absolve
insurers of the requirement to conform to the mandates of the no-fault act.
        As further support for their conclusion that selling automobile insurance policies in
Michigan that do not provide the mandatory minimum coverages set forth in MCL 500.3101 is
not violative of the no-fault act, my colleagues in the majority rely on this Court’s decision in


                                                 -9-
Integral Ins Co v Maersk Container Serv Co, Inc, 206 Mich App 325; 520 NW2d 656 (1994).
Integral, however, does not support the majority’s position.
        Integral involved a priority dispute between insurers to determine which was liable to
pay PIP benefits for injuries suffered by Ralph Scott when the Michigan-registered tractor truck
Scott was driving, and the semitrailer the tractor was pulling, overturned in Pennsylvania. Scott
owned the tractor, but he had leased it to Maersk for 90 days. Id., 206 Mich App at 328. Maersk
had agreed to obtain and maintain liability insurance covering bodily injury and property damage
for the tractor. And Scott, who drove the tractor for Maersk, had agreed to obtain “bobtail”
insurance11 and worker’s compensation insurance. Accordingly, Maersk obtained from
Insurance Company of North America (INA) a policy “covering personal injury protection for
automobiles subject to no-fault[,]” that also covered the tractor, and Scott obtained a bobtail
policy from Integral Insurance Company. The bobtail policy “expressly excluded coverage (1)
while the tractor was being used to carry property for business and (2) while the tractor was
being used for the business of anyone who leased the tractor.” Id. at 328.
        Scott was hauling a trailer loaded with cargo for Maersk at the time of the accident.
Thus, one of the issues in the trial court was which insurer was first in priority for payment of
PIP benefits: INA under the policy sold to Maersk or Integral under the bobtail policy sold to
Scott. Scott also filed a worker’s compensation claim, and the hearing referee ruled that he was
an employee of Maersk. Id. at 330. Based on this ruling, the trial court concluded that Maersk’s
insurer, INA, was first in priority for PIP benefits under MCL 500.3114(3), and entered a
corresponding order.        Subsequently, however, the Worker’s Compensation Appellate
Commission revered the hearing referee’s determination. Id. Thus, by the time the appeals and
cross appeals from the trial court’s order had reached this Court, the basis of the court’s decision
no longer existed. Nevertheless, this Court affirmed the trial court’s order, but on different
grounds. The Court affirmed that INA was first in priority on the ground that Scott had been
hauling a trailer with cargo for Maersk at the time of the accident, and the bobtail policy validly
excluded coverage under such circumstances. Id. at 329-330, 332.
        The majority finds Integral’s relevance to the instant case in the Court’s discussion of the
validity of the bobtail policy’s exclusions. The trial court ruled that the exclusions were void as
against public policy, but this Court disagreed, observing that:
        Integral’s policy provided coverage only when Scott was not hauling cargo for a
        business or when Scott was not hauling cargo for a business to whom the tractor
        was rented. Admittedly, the policy itself does not provide full coverage.
        However, the tractor was fully covered under no-fault by the addition of INA’s
        policy that provided coverage when Scott was hauling cargo on behalf of Maersk.
        [Id. at 331.]

The Court supported its reasoning by noting that MCL 257.502(j), found in the Financial
Responsibility Act, MCL 257.501 et seq., provides, “[t]he requirements for a motor vehicle
liability policy may be fulfilled by the policies of 1 or more insurance carriers which policies
together meet such requirements.” Integral, 206 Mich App at 331. The Court then determined


11
  “Generally, a ‘bobtail’ policy is a policy that insures the tractor and driver of a rig when it is
operated without cargo or a trailer. Id. at 331.


                                               -10-
that, “[t]aken together, the policy issued by INA and the bobtail policy issued by Integral
provided continuous insurance coverage to the tractor as required by the motor vehicle financial
responsibility act” Id. at 331-332.
        The majority interprets the Court’s observation that the bobtail policy did not provide
“full coverage” but that the tractor was “fully covered under no-fault by the addition of INA’s
policy” as indicating that the bobtail policy did not provide for the PIP benefits mandated under
MCL 500.3101(1). This interpretation is incorrect. That the bobtail policy provided PIP benefits
is evident from this Court’s characterization of Integral as “a dispute between no-fault insurers”
and from the fact that “Integral and INA each agreed to contribute fifty percent of Scott’s
personal protection insurance (PIP) benefits during their dispute regarding priority.” Integral,
206 Mich App at 328. Note that the dispute between the insurers was about priority, not liability.
Accordingly, the Court’s observation that the bobtail policy plus Maersk’s policy from INA
provided “full coverage” was not an observation about what each policy covered, but about when
the policies were in force. Both policies provided PIP benefits, but at different times. The
bobtail policy excluded coverage when the tractor was hauling a load or was rented for business,
and INA’s policy provided coverage during the period of Maersk’s rental; together, the two
policies provided “continuous insurance coverage to the tractor.” Id. at 332 (Emphasis added).
Thus, Integral is not about combining policies that do not cover PIP benefits with those that do
to obtain “full coverage,” but about combining policies—each of which provides the statutorily
mandated PIP coverages—to achieve temporally “continuous insurance coverage” as permitted
by the financial responsibilities act.
        In sum, the caselaw relied upon by the majority does not support its conclusion that the
no-fault act allows an insurance company providing automobile insurance in Michigan to
circumvent the no-fault act and sell only optional insurance coverages. The statutory scheme is
clear: the starting point for achieving the goals of the no-fault act is an automobile insurance
policy that provides the statutorily mandated coverages pursuant to MCL 500.3101(1), to which
the parties may add elective coverages as agreed upon, and to delete the mandatory coverages
and maintain comprehensive coverage only if the car is not going to be driven or moved on a
highway. Automobile policies underwritten by USAU do not comply with the no-fault act. As
such, I would affirm the ruling of the trial court.


                                                            /s/ Jane M. Beckering




                                              -11-
