     14-3078-cv
     T.K. v. N.Y.C. Dep’t of Educ.

 1
 2                        UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
 3                            FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
 4
 5                                   August Term, 2015
 6
 7             (Argued: September 10, 2015           Decided: January 20, 2016)
 8
 9                                 Docket No. 14-3078-cv
10                        _____________________________________
11
12                    T.K. and S.K., individually and on behalf of L.K.,
13
14                                   Plaintiffs-Appellees,
15
16                                            v.
17
18                 NEW YORK CITY DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION,
19
20                                  Defendant-Appellant.
21                        _____________________________________
22
23   Before:
24
25                        LYNCH, LOHIER, and CARNEY, Circuit Judges.
26
27          The New York City Department of Education (the “Department”)
28   appeals from a judgment of the United States District Court for the Eastern
29   District of New York (Weinstein, J.) awarding Plaintiffs T.K. and S.K.
30   reimbursement for one year of private school education for their daughter,
31   L.K. The District Court held that that the Department denied L.K. the free
32   appropriate public education required by the Individuals with Disabilities
33   Education Act because the Department refused to address Plaintiffs’
34   reasonable concerns about the severe bullying that L.K. endured in public
35   school. Because we agree that the Department denied L.K. a free appropriate
36   public education, that L.K.’s private school placement was appropriate, and
37   that the equities favor Plaintiffs, we AFFIRM.
     14-3078-cv
     T.K. v. N.Y.C. Dep’t of Educ.

 1
 2                                        GARY S. MAYERSON (Jean Marie
 3                                        Brescia, on the brief), Mayerson &
 4                                        Associates, New York, NY, for Plaintiffs-
 5                                        Appellees.
 6
 7                                        RONALD E. STERNBERG (Richard P.
 8                                        Dearing, on the brief), for Zachary W.
 9                                        Carter, Corporation Counsel of the City
10                                        of New York, New York, NY, for
11                                        Defendant-Appellant.
12
13                                        James Cole, Jr., General Counsel,
14                                        Francisco Lopez, Vanessa Santos,
15                                        Michelle Tucker, Attorneys, U.S.
16                                        Department of Education, Office of
17                                        General Counsel, Washington, DC;
18                                        Vanita Gupta, Acting Assistant
19                                        Attorney General, Mark L. Gross,
20                                        Jennifer Levin Eichhorn, Attorneys, U.S.
21                                        Department of Justice, Civil Rights
22                                        Division, Appellate Section,
23                                        Washington, DC, for United States as
24                                        Amicus Curiae supporting Plaintiffs-
25                                        Appellees.
26
27   LOHIER, Circuit Judge:

28          The New York City Department of Education (the “Department”)

29   appeals from a judgment awarding Plaintiffs T.K. and S.K. reimbursement

30   under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (“IDEA” or the “Act”)

31   for one year of private school education for their daughter, L.K, who was the


                                           2
     14-3078-cv
     T.K. v. N.Y.C. Dep’t of Educ.

 1   subject of severe bullying. On appeal we consider whether the Department

 2   violated the IDEA by denying Plaintiffs’ requests to discuss L.K.’s bullying

 3   despite their reasonable concern that the bullying interfered with L.K.’s

 4   ability to receive a free appropriate public education, also known as a

 5   “FAPE.” We conclude that the Department’s refusal to discuss the bullying of

 6   L.K. with her parents during the process of developing L.K.’s “individualized

 7   education program,” or “IEP,” violated the IDEA. Because Plaintiffs have

 8   also met their burden to show that their choice of a private placement for L.K.

 9   was appropriate and that the equities favored reimbursing them, we affirm

10   the judgment of the District Court.

11                                   BACKGROUND

12          I. L.K.’s Public School Experience and Private School Placement

13          The following undisputed facts are drawn from the record on appeal.

14   L.K. is a child with a disability under the IDEA. She spent her third-grade

15   year (2007-2008) in a public school operated by the Department. At the

16   school, she was placed in a “Collaborative Team Teaching” class, which

17   included general and special education students and which was taught by

18   both a general and a special education teacher. The Department also


                                            3
     14-3078-cv
     T.K. v. N.Y.C. Dep’t of Educ.

1    provided L.K. with one-on-one “Special Education Itinerant Teachers”

 2   (“SEITs”).

 3          Academically, L.K. made “progress throughout the school year” and

4    performed at or approaching grade level in all subjects. But at a certain point

5    L.K.’s schoolmates bullied her so severely that she came home crying and

6    complained to her parents about the bullying on a near daily basis. L.K.’s

7    three SEITs testified that her classmates constantly bullied her. One SEIT

8    even described the classroom as a “hostile environment” for L.K. A neuro-

9    developmental pediatrician found that the “minimal interactions” L.K. had

10   with her classmates “were mostly negative.”

11          The witnesses supported these generalized assessments by describing

12   specific instances of bullying. In May and November 2007 one student

13   pinched L.K. hard enough to cause a bruise and stomped on her toes. Her

14   classmates ostracized her, backing away from her to avoid touching her. In

15   one instance, they refused to touch a pencil, treating it as contaminated

16   merely because L.K. had touched it. At other times they pushed L.K. away;

17   tripped her; laughed at her; and called her “ugly,” “stupid,” and “fat.” One

18   student drew a demeaning picture of her and another made a prank phone


                                            4
     14-3078-cv
     T.K. v. N.Y.C. Dep’t of Educ.

 1   call to her home.

 2          L.K.’s teachers appear to have done little to stop the bullying. For

 3   example, when L.K.’s classmates refused to touch the pencil that she had

 4   touched, one of her classroom teachers foolishly reinforced their behavior by

 5   labeling the pencil with L.K.’s name, purportedly because of L.K.’s poor

 6   hygiene. When L.K. was tripped, a teacher berated L.K. for “making a scene.”

 7   Two of L.K.’s SEITs explained that the classroom teachers ignored their

 8   concerns about L.K.’s bullying. The neuro-developmental pediatrician

9    observed that L.K.’s teachers neither intervened nor punished the students

10   who bullied her.

11          It appears from the record that the bullying affected L.K.’s academic

12   and non-academic development. Her father described her as “emotionally

13   unavailable to learn” as a result of the bullying, and his assessment was

14   supported by other facts in the record. L.K. was late to school sixteen times in

15   the spring semester due, the Plaintiffs claim, to her fear of interacting with her

16   classmates. She brought dolls to school for support. One of her SEITs

17   reported that bullying negatively affected L.K.’s “ability to initiate,

18   concentrate, attend and stay on task with her homework assignments and


                                              5
     14-3078-cv
     T.K. v. N.Y.C. Dep’t of Educ.

1    activities after school.” She volunteered less in class. And she counted the

2    days until the end of the school year, when she might temporarily escape her

3    tormentors.

4           Plaintiffs’ several attempts to raise the issue of bullying with L.K.’s

5    school were consistently rebuffed. Without avail, they requested copies of

6    any incident reports involving harassment of L.K. They wrote to teachers and

7    administrators about L.K.’s bullying, but received no response. The school’s

8    stonewalling continued even during the process of developing L.K.’s IEP,

9    which is the central mechanism by which the IDEA ensures that States

10   comply with its provisions. At a meeting on March 26, 2008, to develop L.K.’s

11   behavior intervention plan (a plan to be used in developing the IEP), L.K.’s

12   parents “attempted to raise the bullying issue,” but the school principal,

13   without explanation, flatly refused to discuss the issue with them. Joint

14   App’x 6799. And at the IEP team meeting on June 4, 2008, L.K.’s parents tried

15   to revisit the bullying issue, but school officials again refused to discuss

16   bullying, contending that it was an inappropriate topic to consider when

17   developing L.K.’s IEP.

18          Plaintiffs decided to place L.K. in a private school rather than risk


                                              6
     14-3078-cv
     T.K. v. N.Y.C. Dep’t of Educ.

 1   another year of bullying. On March 21, 2008, prior to the development of

 2   L.K.’s behavior intervention plan or IEP, Plaintiffs signed an enrollment

 3   contract with The Summit School (“Summit”), a private school for students

 4   classified as learning disabled.1 They also made a non-refundable one-month

 5   tuition payment to Summit to reserve L.K.’s seat for the following school

 6   year. On June 6, 2008, two days after the development of L.K.’s IEP, Plaintiffs

 7   notified the Department that they were rejecting L.K.’s IEP in favor of a

 8   private placement.

 9          II. Procedural History

10          Later in June 2008 Plaintiffs started a New York State administrative

11   action seeking reimbursement for L.K.’s 2008-2009 tuition for Summit,

12   arguing, among other things, that the Department violated the IDEA by

13   refusing to discuss their concerns about L.K.’s bullying. They lost at both

14   levels of administrative review: first before the Initial Hearing Officer (IHO)

15   and then before the State Review Officer (SRO).

16          Plaintiffs next appealed to the United States District Court for the

17   Eastern District of New York (Weinstein, J.). Concluding that students have


     1L.K. was initially diagnosed with Autism Spectrum disorder but, at
     Plaintiffs’ request, was reclassified as “learning disabled”.
                                               7
     14-3078-cv
     T.K. v. N.Y.C. Dep’t of Educ.

 1   the “right to be secure” in school and that significant, unremedied bullying

 2   could constitute the denial of a FAPE, the District Court developed a four-

 3   part test to determine whether bullying resulted in the denial of a FAPE: (1)

 4   was the student a victim of bullying; (2) did the school have notice of

 5   substantial bullying of the student; (3) was the school “deliberately

 6   indifferent” to the bullying, or did it fail to take reasonable steps to prevent

 7   the bullying; and (4) did the bullying “substantially restrict” the student’s

 8   “educational opportunities”? 779 F. Supp. 2d 289, 316, 318 (E.D.N.Y. 2011).

 9   The court remanded the case to the IHO to consider Plaintiffs’ claims under

10   that test. Plaintiffs again lost before the IHO and the SRO and again appealed

11   to the District Court, which granted summary judgment in Plaintiffs’ favor.2

12   Among other things, the District Court held that the Department’s refusal to

13   permit Plaintiffs to discuss bullying in the development of L.K.’s IEP violated

14   the IDEA. 32 F. Supp. 3d 405, 426-27 (E.D.N.Y. 2014). Because the District

15   Court also held that Summit was an appropriate placement and that the

16   equities favored reimbursement, it entered judgment in favor of Plaintiffs.


     2Although the parties style the procedure to dispose of IDEA actions as a
     motion for “summary judgment,” the “procedure is in substance an appeal
     from an administrative determination.” M.H. v. N.Y.C. Dep’t of Educ., 685
     F.3d 217, 226 (2d Cir. 2012).
                                           8
     14-3078-cv
     T.K. v. N.Y.C. Dep’t of Educ.

 1          The Department timely appealed.

 2                                    DISCUSSION

 3          In this appeal, we consider principally whether the Department denied

 4   L.K. a FAPE by refusing to discuss bullying with her parents despite their

 5   reasonable concern that the severe bullying that L.K. endured could prevent

 6   her from receiving a FAPE. We hold that the Department denied L.K. a FAPE

 7   by refusing to discuss an issue that, as we note below, it acknowledges may

 8   substantially interfere with a child’s learning opportunities. Because

 9   Plaintiffs have also met their burden to show that their choice of private

10   placement for L.K. was appropriate and because the equities favor

11   reimbursement of their private school tuition, we affirm the judgment of the

12   District Court.

13          I. Standard of Review

14          We review de novo a district court’s award of summary judgment in an

15   IDEA case. C.F. ex rel. R.F. v. N.Y.C. Dep’t of Educ., 746 F.3d 68, 77 (2d Cir.

16   2014). With respect to state administrative decisions, we engage in an

17   independent, but circumscribed, review, “more critical . . . than clear-error

18   review but . . . well short of complete de novo review.” Id. (quotation marks


                                             9
     14-3078-cv
     T.K. v. N.Y.C. Dep’t of Educ.

 1   omitted). We give “due weight” to the state proceedings, affording particular

 2   deference where “the state hearing officers’ review has been thorough and

3    careful.” M.H. v. N.Y.C. Dep’t of Educ., 685 F.3d 217, 240-41 (2d Cir. 2012)

4    (quotation marks omitted). We are also mindful that federal courts lack “the

5    specialized knowledge and experience necessary to resolve persistent and

6    difficult questions of educational policy.” Id. at 240 (quotation marks

 7   omitted).

8           II. Legal Background

 9          The IDEA’s purpose is “to ensure that all children with disabilities have

10   available to them a free appropriate public education.” 20 U.S.C.

11   § 1400(d)(1)(A). In practice, this means that States have an affirmative

12   obligation to provide a basic floor of opportunity for all children with

13   disabilities or, as we recently described it, an education “likely to produce

14   progress, not regression,” and one that “afford[s] the student with an

15   opportunity greater than mere trivial advancement.” M.O. v. N.Y.C. Dep’t of

16   Educ., 793 F.3d 236, 239 (2d Cir. 2015). The “centerpiece” of the IDEA and its

17   principal mechanism for achieving this goal is the IEP. Murphy v. Arlington

18   Cent. Sch. Dist. Bd. of Educ., 297 F.3d 195, 197 (2d Cir. 2002) (quoting Honig


                                            10
     14-3078-cv
     T.K. v. N.Y.C. Dep’t of Educ.

 1   v. Doe, 484 U.S. 305, 311 (1988)). The IEP is a written document that must

 2   include the child’s present level of performance, goals for her improvement,

 3   and a plan about how to achieve that improvement. See 20 U.S.C. § 1414(d);

 4   R.E. v. N.Y.C. Dep’t of Educ., 694 F.3d 167, 175 (2d Cir. 2012). Where the IEP

 5   is substantively deficient, parents may unilaterally reject it in favor of sending

 6   their child to private school and seek tuition reimbursement from the State.

 7   See 20 U.S.C. § 1412(a)(10)(C)(ii); Frank G. v. Bd. of Educ. of Hyde Park, 459

 8   F.3d 356, 363 (2d Cir. 2006).

 9          Even when an IEP itself is not deficient, parents may seek

10   reimbursement for a unilateral placement if the State fails to afford them

11   certain procedural safeguards. Of particular importance here, the IDEA

12   requires States to provide parents with the “opportunity to participate in the

13   decisionmaking process regarding the provision of a [FAPE] to the parents’

14   child.” 20 U.S.C. § 1415(f)(3)(E)(ii). Not every violation of these procedural

15   safeguards rises to the level of the denial of a FAPE. Rather, the violations

16   must “significantly impede[]” the parents’ participation rights, “impede[] the

17   child’s right to a [FAPE],” or “cause[] a deprivation of educational benefits.”

18   Id. Nor will every denial of a FAPE based on the violation of procedural


                                            11
     14-3078-cv
     T.K. v. N.Y.C. Dep’t of Educ.

 1   safeguards or the substantive inadequacy of the IEP necessarily support a

 2   claim for tuition reimbursement. In each case, after determining that a FAPE

3    has been denied, we look to “whether the parents’ private placement is

 4   appropriate to the child’s needs[] and . . . [to] the equities.” C.F., 746 F.3d at

 5   73; see also Florence Cty. Sch. Dist. Four v. Carter ex rel. Carter, 510 U.S. 7, 13-

 6   16 (1993); Sch. Comm. of the Town of Burlington, Mass. v. Dep’t of Educ. of

 7   Mass., 471 U.S. 359, 369-70 (1985). Under New York law, “the Department

 8   bears the burden of establishing the validity of the IEP, while the parents bear

 9   the burden of establishing the appropriateness of the private placement.”

10   C.F., 746 F.3d at 76 (citing N.Y. Educ. Law § 4404(1)(c)).

11          III. The Department’s Denial of a FAPE

12          We have not previously addressed whether the bullying of a student

13   with a disability is an appropriate consideration in the development of an IEP

14   and can result in the denial of a FAPE under the IDEA. Because the

15   Department concedes that it can be an appropriate consideration when it

16   “reaches a level where a student is substantially restricted in learning

17   opportunities,” Department Br. 37 (quotation marks omitted), we assume as




                                              12
    14-3078-cv
    T.K. v. N.Y.C. Dep’t of Educ.

1   much without deciding the issue here.3 We note, though, that the

2   Department’s concession recognizes that a child with a disability who is

3   severely bullied by her peers may not be able to pay attention to her academic

4   tasks or develop the social and behavioral skills that are an essential part of

5   any education.4 It also accords with the position of the United States as

6   amicus curiae in this appeal and with guidance from the United States

7   Department of Education that bullying can interfere with a disabled student’s

8   ability to receive a FAPE.5 See, e.g., U.S. Dep’t of Educ., Office of Special

9   Education and Rehabilitative Services, Dear Colleague: Bullying of Students



    3Because we hold that the Department denied L.K. a FAPE as a result of its
    procedural violations, we also need not and do not reach the question
    whether the bullying at issue here was so severe that the failure to address it
    in L.K.’s IEP resulted in a substantive denial of a FAPE. For the same reason,
    we express no opinion as to whether the District Court’s four-part test for
    determining when bullying results in the substantive denial of a FAPE
    correctly states the law.

    4Even assuming that the IEP need be concerned only with “how the child’s
    disability affects” her academic and functional performance, 20 U.S.C.
    § 1414(d)(1)(A)(i)(I)(aa), we see no reason to doubt that bullying may be
    sufficiently related to a child’s disability to meet any nexus requirement that
    can reasonably be inferred from the IDEA.

    5In view of the Department’s concession in this case, we need not decide the
    precise level of deference owed to the position outlined in the United States’
    amicus brief or to the other agency guidance supporting that position.
                                           13
     14-3078-cv
     T.K. v. N.Y.C. Dep’t of Educ.

1    with Disabilities 1 (Aug. 20, 2013), available at

2    http://www2.ed.gov/policy/speced/guid/idea/memosdcltrs/bullyingdcl-8-20-

3    13.pdf.

 4          We conclude that the Department denied L.K. a FAPE by violating her

 5   parents’ procedural right to participate in the development of her IEP. At two

 6   separate meetings, both of which were integral to the development of L.K.’s

 7   IEP, Plaintiffs sought to discuss L.K.’s bullying, but school officials refused to

 8   do so. The undisputed record evidence confirms that, in asking to speak with

 9   the officials about the bullying, L.K.’s parents had reason to believe that the

10   bullying would interfere with L.K.’s ability to receive meaningful educational

11   benefits and could prevent L.K.’s public education from producing “progress,

12   not regression.” M.O., 793 F.3d at 239. For example, one of L.K.’s SEITs

13   reported that bullying negatively affected L.K.’s “ability to initiate,

14   concentrate, attend and stay on task with her homework assignments and

15   activities after school.” Joint App’x 6331. There was also undisputed

16   evidence that L.K. dreaded going to school, counted the days until the end of

17   school, and was frequently tardy, arguably due to her fear of being bullied.

18   Indeed, her father described L.K. as “emotionally unavailable to learn” and


                                             14
     14-3078-cv
     T.K. v. N.Y.C. Dep’t of Educ.

1    testified that she came home crying and complained about bullying on a near

 2   daily basis. Three of L.K.’s SEITs confirmed that she was constantly teased,

 3   excluded from groups, and subjected to a hostile environment. A doctor

 4   familiar with L.K. testified that her classroom behavior and demeanor had

 5   regressed from the prior year. And given the school’s lack of cooperation

 6   about the bullying, Plaintiffs could not reasonably be confident that they had

 7   been informed about the full scope of the bullying or its effects on L.K.6 The

 8   Department’s persistent refusal to discuss L.K.’s bullying at important

 9   junctures in the development of her IEP “significantly impede[d]” Plaintiffs’

10   right to participate in the development of L.K.’s IEP. 20 U.S.C.

11   1415(f)(3)(E)(ii). This constituted a procedural denial of a FAPE similar to

12   other procedural violations that our sister circuits have held to constitute

13   denials of a FAPE, such as the predetermination of an issue prior to an IEP

14   meeting, see Deal v. Hamilton Cty. Bd. of Educ., 392 F.3d 840, 855-59 (6th Cir.

15   2004), or the failure to inform parents about a fact significant to the

16   development of the IEP, see Amanda J. ex rel. Annette J. v. Clark Cty. Sch.



     6Certain children covered by the IDEA have disabilities that impair their
     ability to communicate. For parents of children with such disabilities, the
     responsiveness of school officials could be especially important.
                                            15
     14-3078-cv
     T.K. v. N.Y.C. Dep’t of Educ.

1    Dist., 267 F.3d 877, 892-93 (9th Cir. 2001).

2           The Department argues that the Plaintiffs suffered no harm, insofar as

3    L.K.’s IEP already addressed bullying by including goals for improving L.K.’s

4    behavior in a manner that might reduce future bullying. It also argues that

5    some anti-bullying strategies are better addressed through channels other

6    than the IEP. We are not persuaded. Denying L.K.’s parents the opportunity

 7   to discuss bullying during the creation of L.K.’s IEP not only potentially

 8   impaired the substance of the IEP but also prevented them from assessing the

 9   adequacy of their child’s IEP.

10          We have recognized in other contexts the procedural importance of the

11   parents’ ability meaningfully to evaluate the sufficiency of the IEP before it is

12   finalized. For example, we have explained that school districts defending the

13   adequacy of an IEP must do so with evidence that was available to parents at

14   the time of the IEP’s creation. See R.E. v. N.Y.C. Dep’t of Educ., 694 F.3d 167,

15   186 (2d Cir. 2012) (“A school district cannot rehabilitate a deficient IEP after

16   the fact.”). Here, Plaintiffs were reasonably concerned that bullying severely

17   restricted L.K.’s educational opportunities, and that concern powerfully

18   informed their decisions about her education. By refusing to discuss that


                                             16
     14-3078-cv
     T.K. v. N.Y.C. Dep’t of Educ.

 1   bullying during the development of the IEP, the Department significantly

 2   impeded Plaintiffs’ ability to assess the adequacy of the IEP and denied L.K. a

 3   FAPE.

4           IV. Summit Was An Appropriate Placement

5           Having determined that L.K. was denied a FAPE, we now address

6    whether reimbursement was appropriate — that is, whether Plaintiffs also

7    demonstrated that (1) their private placement of L.K. was appropriate and (2)

8    the equities favored reimbursement. Both elements are satisfied here.

9           A private placement is appropriate if it is “reasonably calculated to

10   enable the child to receive educational benefits,” C.F., 746 F.3d at 82

11   (quotation marks omitted), “such that the placement is likely to produce

12   progress, not regression,” C.L., 744 F.3d at 836 (quotation marks omitted). In

13   determining whether a placement reasonably serves the educational needs of

14   a child with a disability and is likely to produce progress, we consider the

15   totality of the evidence, including “grades, test scores, regular advancement,

16   or other objective evidence.” Id.; see also Gagliardo v. Arlington Cent. Sch.

17   Dist., 489 F.3d 105, 112 (2d Cir. 2007). The test for the private placement “is

18   that it is appropriate, and not that it is perfect.” C.L., 744 F.3d at 837


                                              17
     14-3078-cv
     T.K. v. N.Y.C. Dep’t of Educ.

 1   (quotation marks omitted). Parents bear a lower burden to demonstrate the

 2   appropriateness of a private placement than school districts do to

 3   demonstrate the provision of a FAPE because “parents are not barred from

 4   reimbursement where a private school they choose does not meet the IDEA

 5   definition of a [FAPE].” Frank G., 459 F.3d at 364.

 6          We conclude that Summit was an appropriate placement. Plaintiffs

 7   sent L.K., who was classified as “learning disabled,” to a State-approved

 8   school devoted to educating students with learning disabilities.7 Plaintiffs

 9   were advised by a private psychologist that L.K. needed “a more supportive

10   academic environment” in “a small, special education class and school for

11   children with solid cognitive potential who need a supportive and specialized

12   approach for learning.” Summit proved to be a successful match for L.K.

13   Indeed, the IHO and the SRO found that L.K. made progress “across the

14   board” there, both academically and behaviorally.

15          However, believing that the failure to include multiple services that



     7New York State lists The Summit School as among the schools to which it
     has approved private placements for students with disabilities. See Joint
     App’x 6141; N.Y. State Educ. Dep’t, 853 Programs Serving Students with
     Disabilities, http://www.p12.nysed.gov/specialed/privateschools/853-
     statewide.htm (last updated April 17, 2015).
                                           18
     14-3078-cv
     T.K. v. N.Y.C. Dep’t of Educ.

 1   were properly recommended in an IEP necessarily renders a private

 2   placement inappropriate, both the SRO and the IHO ultimately concluded

 3   that Summit was not an appropriate placement because it offered L.K.

 4   inadequate physical therapy, occupational therapy, speech therapy, and

 5   counseling services. This was error. “[P]arents need not show that a private

 6   placement furnishes every special service necessary to maximize their child’s

 7   potential.” Frank G., 459 F.3d at 365. “They need only demonstrate that the

 8   placement” is “reasonably calculated to enable the child to receive

 9   educational benefits.” Id. at 364-65. As verified by the totality of the record

10   evidence and the findings of the IHO and SRO themselves, L.K’s progress at

11   Summit amply satisfies Plaintiffs’ burden to prove that Summit was

12   “reasonably calculated to enable [L.K.] to receive educational benefits.” C.F.,

13   746 F.3d at 82 (quotation marks omitted).

14          V. The Equities Favor Reimbursement

15          Echoing the conclusions of the IHO and the SRO, the Department also

16   contends that the equities in this case do not favor Plaintiffs because Plaintiffs

17   “appeared intent on sending [L.K.] to the private school prior to and at the . . .

18   meeting” where they developed the IEP. In support of this contention, the


                                             19
     14-3078-cv
     T.K. v. N.Y.C. Dep’t of Educ.

 1   Department points out that Plaintiffs (1) paid Summit a deposit of one

 2   month’s tuition prior to the IEP meeting, (2) “rejected the IEP’s recommended

 3   . . . placement prior to the start of the 2008-09 school year,” and (3) refused to

 4   allow the Department to conduct evaluations of L.K. prior to the June 2008

 5   meeting.

 6          We reject these arguments and conclude, as did the District Court, that

 7   the balance of equities favors Plaintiffs. As an initial matter, our review of the

 8   record confirms the District Court’s view that Plaintiffs consistently made

 9   good-faith efforts to resolve L.K.’s bullying problem at her public school, and

10   generally cooperated with the Department in the development of L.K.’s IEP.

11   Cf. C.L., 744 F.3d at 840 (“Important to the equitable consideration is whether

12   the parents obstructed or were uncooperative in the school district’s efforts to

13   meet its obligations under the IDEA.”). The record gives no sense that prior

14   to the Department’s refusal to resolve the bullying the parents were anything

15   less than fully committed to a public school education for L.K. Moreover,

16   Plaintiffs promptly notified the Department of their intention to place L.K. at

17   Summit after they received the IEP. Ultimately, their decision to place L.K. at

18   Summit, rather than in public school, reflects a good-faith effort to find an


                                             20
     14-3078-cv
     T.K. v. N.Y.C. Dep’t of Educ.

 1   appropriate placement for their daughter, not just a mere preference for a

 2   private school environment.

 3          Nor are we persuaded that Plaintiffs engaged in any form of

4    misconduct merely by making a precautionary private school deposit prior to

 5   the meeting with public school officials during which the IEP was developed.

 6   Summit required Plaintiffs to put down a deposit long before that meeting,

 7   and waiting would have imperiled their ability to secure a spot for L.K in the

 8   event that their concerns about bullying remained unaddressed. Moreover,

 9   we agree with the District Court that, to the extent that Plaintiffs had an

10   adversarial relationship with school officials, the IHO and SRO overlooked

11   the fact that the same officials shared responsibility for that relationship by

12   ignoring or rebuffing the parents’ repeated attempts “to raise their concerns

13   about bullying with teachers and administrators.”

14                                   CONCLUSION

15          To summarize, we hold that the Department denied L.K. a FAPE, that

16   Summit was an appropriate placement, and that the balance of equities favors

17   reimbursement. For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the judgment of the

18   District Court.


                                             21
