                           NUMBER 13-07-00443-CV

                           COURT OF APPEALS

                 THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS

                   CORPUS CHRISTI - EDINBURG


TEXAS COMMISSION ON
ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY,                                                    Appellant,

                                          v.

GALVESTON BAY CONSERVATION
AND PRESERVATION ASSOCIATION,
GALVESTON BAY FOUNDATION, AND
MATAGORDA BAY FOUNDATION,                                                Appellees.


                   On appeal from the 345th District Court
                         of Travis County, Texas.


                                  OPINION

 Before Chief Justice Valdez and Justices Rodriguez and Benavides
                  Opinion by Chief Justice Valdez

      Appellees, Galveston Bay Conservation and Preservation Association, Galveston

Bay Foundation, (hereinafter collectively referred to as “Galveston Bay”) and Matagorda
Bay Foundation, filed permit applications for the appropriation of water for purely

environmental purposes with appellant, the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality

(hereinafter the “Commission”). The Commission ordered the applications denied for lack

of jurisdiction. Appellees sought judicial review before a trial court, which entered a

judgment setting aside the denial orders and remanding the applications for a contested-

case hearing. The Commission appeals from the trial court’s judgment, and, by a single

issue, contends that the trial court erred in reversing the Commission’s denial orders

because the Commission did not have the statutory authority to grant water permits for

purely environmental purposes. We reverse and render a dismissal of appellees’ suit for

lack of jurisdiction.

                                    I. BACKGROUND

        On November 8, 2002, Matagorda Bay Foundation filed a permit application

requesting an appropriation of water in the Lavaca River basin and the Colorado-Lavaca

and Lavaca Coastal basins for non-consumptive instream use and freshwater inflows into

the Matagorda Bay system. On November 12, Galveston Bay filed a similar application for

non-consumptive instream use and freshwater inflows for the Trinity-San Jacinto estuary

and Galveston Bay. Each appellee tendered the appropriate application fee, and both

appellees contend that the applications were administratively complete by the spring of

2003.

        While the appellees’ applications were pending, Southwestern Electric Power

Company filed a motion to dismiss the water permit application of Caddo Lake Institute

with the Commission. In response to the power company’s motion, the executive director

of the Commission recommended dismissing or denying Caddo Lake’s application based
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on the Commission’s decision in the San Marcos River Foundation application. See San

Antonio River Auth. v. San Marcos River Found., No. 13-06-326-CV (Tex. App.–Corpus

Christi Jun. __ 2008, no pet. h.). On August 5, 2003, the executive director of the

Commission filed a request to add appellees’ applications to the Commission’s

consideration of the motion to dismiss the Caddo Lake Institute application. On August 18,

the Commission issued a notice of potential dismissal of appellees’ applications.

      On December 19, 2003, the Commission signed two orders that denied appellees’s

applications. In its orders, the Commission made the following determinations:

             Whereas, certain Texas Water Code statutes enacted by the Texas
      Legislature reflect this state interest [in protecting instream uses of Texas
      surface waterbodies] by requiring consideration of instream flows and bay
      and estuary system maintenance in the granting of state water rights (e.g.,
      Texas Water Code §§ 11.042(b); 11.046(b); 11.134(b)(D); 11.147; 11.1491;
      16.058; and 16.059);

             Whereas, the Commission has included provisions relative to these
      important considerations in various reservoir permits issued since enactment
      of these statutes and in numerous instream flow requirements on permits
      issued by the Commission;

             Whereas, the Texas Legislature, in the 78th Regular Session, enacted
      SB 1639 which states that the waters in the state are held in trust to the
      public and the right to use state water may be appropriated only as expressly
      authorized by law;

             Whereas, SB 1639 further states that the legislature has not expressly
      authorized granting new water rights exclusively for instream flows dedicated
      to environmental needs or inflows to the state’s bay and estuary systems;

              Whereas, current [Commission] regulations regarding the definition
      of instream use and instream uses as listed beneficial uses (30 TAC §§
      297.1(23) and 297.43(a)(10)) are inconsistent with and unsupported by
      Texas Water Code Chapter 11 prior to and after its amendment by SB 1639
      enacted in the 78th Regular Legislative Session;

             Whereas, while the Commission has approved applications to add
      instream use designations to four specific water rights permits previously
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         issued for other beneficial purposes, the Commission has not heretofore
         issued a new permit for instream use only, as contemplated by [these]
         applciation[s].

The orders denied the applications under section 11.131 of the water code. See TEX .

W ATER CODE ANN . § 11.131 (Vernon 2000).1 Appellees filed motions for rehearing with the

Commission, but the Commission did not act on the motions. Appellees sought judicial

review in a Travis County District Court by filing a joint petition. See id. § 5.351 (Vernon

2000).

         In their joint petition, appellees asserted that the Commission had jurisdiction over

their application, see id. § 5.013(a)(1) (Vernon Supp. 2007) (providing that the Commission

has general jurisdiction over water and water rights including the issuance of water rights

permits), and that the Commission had statutory authority to appropriate water for

beneficial uses, which according to appellees includes non-consumptive instream uses and

freshwater inflows into an estuary system. See id. §§11.002(4), 11.023(b) (Vernon Supp.

2007).        Appellees argued that the Commission erred in summarily denying their

applications because the Commission improperly deprived them of a contested hearing

and misconstrued the water code’s statutory framework by concluding that it could not

grant purely environmental permits. The Commission responded to appellees’ petition with

a general denial.

         Appellees moved for summary judgment on three grounds. First, appellees argued
         1
             Section 11.131(a) of the water code provides:

         The com m ission shall m ake a prelim inary exam ination of the application, and if it appears
         that there is no unappropriated water in the source of supply or that the proposed
         appropriation should not be allowed for other reasons, the com m ission m ay deny the
         application.

T EX . W ATER C OD E A N N . § 11.131(a) (Vernon 2000).



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that the Commission has jurisdiction to entertain their applications because the

environmental purposes that they proposed could be defined as a “beneficial use” under

the water code. See id. § 11.023(b). Appellees further argued that the Commission had

administrative authority to grant their applications because the Commission’s

administrative rules authorized such permits. See 30 TEX . ADMIN . CODE § 297.43(a)(10)

(1999) (Tex. Comm’n on Envtl. Quality, Water Rights, Substantive) (providing that state

water may be appropriated, diverted, or stored for, among other purposes, instream uses,

water quality, aquatic and wildlife habitat, or freshwater inflows to bays and estuaries).

       The second summary judgment ground advanced by appellees was that section

11.0237(a) of the water code, which was enacted by Senate Bill 1639, created only a

temporary moratorium on the issuance of instream flow permits. See TEX . W ATER CODE

ANN . § 11.0237(a) (Vernon Supp. 2007) (providing that the Commission may not issue a

new permit for instream flows dedicated to environmental needs or bay and estuary

inflows). Section 11.0237(a) expired on September 1, 2005. Id. § 11.0237(c). See Acts

2003, 78th Leg., ch. 1242, § 2 (expired Sep. 1, 2005) (current version at TEX . W ATER CODE

ANN . § 11.0237 (Vernon Supp. 2007)). Appellees, therefore, argued that because the

moratorium was temporary the legislature envisioned the granting of permits after the

moratorium’s expiration, and the Commission was obligated to abate appellees’s

applications until the moratorium had lapsed.

       As a final summary judgment ground, appellees argued that the Commission failed

to declare their applications administratively complete and that this omission partly lead to

the improper denial of a contested-case hearing. In their original petition, appellees




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asserted that they had filed complete applications and tendered the appropriate fees, and

the Commission, therefore, had a ministerial duty to declare their applications

administratively complete and proceed to a contested-case hearing.

       The Commission responded to appellees’s summary judgment motion by arguing

that the statutory framework precluded an appropriation of water for purely environmental

purposes. The Commission attacked appellees’ first summary judgment ground by arguing

that the history of water appropriation in Texas has emphasized physical use of water and

that appellees’ applications did not propose a physical use. The Commission also argued

that its environmental protection role was limited to a consideration of how water permit

applications, if granted, would impact the environment. See TEX . W ATER CODE ANN . §

11.147 (Vernon Supp. 2007).

       In response to appellees’ second and third summary judgment grounds, the

Commission argued that section 11.0237(a) of the water code precluded it from granting

the permits that appellees sought. See id. § 11.0237(a). It also asserted that a contested

hearing before the State Office of Administrative Hearings would have been futile because

it did not possess statutory authority to grant the permits.

       The Commission also sought summary judgment and prayed that its decision to

summarily deny appellees a permit without a contested-case hearing be affirmed. On

November 20, 2006, the trial court granted appellees’ motion for summary judgment, found

that the Commission had jurisdiction to hear appellees’ permit applications, and found that

appellees had a right to a contested-case hearing. It reversed the Commission’s denial

orders and remanded the applications back to the Commission for further proceedings.




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This appeal ensued.2

                                              II. DISCUSSION

        In the instant case, both parties filed cross-motions for summary judgment and did

not dispute the relevant facts in question. This case was appropriate for summary

disposition because the trial court was presented with purely questions of law. See City

of Garland v. Dallas Morning News, 22 S.W.3d 351, 356 (Tex. 2000). When a district court

grants one motion and denies the other, an appellate court should determine all questions

presented and render the judgment the district court should have rendered. Id.

        By its sole issue, the Commission argues that it did not have jurisdiction to issue

water-use permits for purely environmental purposes when it acted on appellees’

applications because the state had instituted a temporary moratorium on such permits.

See Acts 2003, 78th Leg., ch. 1242, § 2 (expired Sep. 1, 2005) (current version at TEX .

W ATER CODE ANN . § 11.0237 (Vernon Supp. 2007)).                         The moratorium on purely

environmental water permits has since been made permanent by section 11.0237 of the

water code, which provides that:

        The commission may not issue a new permit for instream flows dedicated to
        environmental needs or bay and estuary inflows. The commission may
        approve an application to amend an existing permit or certificate of
        adjudication to change the use to or add a use for instream flows dedicated
        to environmental needs or bay and estuary inflows.

TEX . W ATER CODE ANN . § 11.0237(a) (emphasis added). We are, therefore, confronted




        2
         This case was transferred from the Third Court of Appeals to the Thirteenth Court of Appeals under
a docket equalization order issued by the Suprem e Court of Texas. See T EX . G O V ’T C OD E A N N . § 73.001
(Vernon 1998).



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with a mootness issue that must be analyzed at the outset.3

        A case becomes moot if a controversy ceases to exist between the parties at any

stage of the legal proceedings, including the appeal. Allstate Ins. Co. v. Hallman, 159

S.W.3d 640, 642 (Tex. 2005); Bd. of Adjustment of San Antonio v. Wende, 92 S.W.3d 424,

427 (Tex. 2002); Williams v. Lara, 52 S.W.3d 171, 184 (Tex. 2001). Under the mootness

doctrine, a controversy must involve a dispute of something more than a hypothetical or

abstract character. Securtec, Inc. v. County of Gregg, 106 S.W.3d 803, 809 (Tex.

App.–Texarkana 2003, pet. denied) (citing Scurlock Permian Corp. v. Brazos County, 869

S.W.2d 478, 487 (Tex. App.–Houston [1st Dist.] 1993, writ denied)). A case becomes

moot when (1) there is no real controversy, or (2) when a party seeks judgment which,

when rendered, cannot have any practical legal effect. Id. (citing Scholl v. Firemen's &

Policemen's Civil Serv. Comm'n, 520 S.W.2d 470, 471 (Tex. Civ. App.–Corpus Christi

1975, no writ)).

        In section 11.0237 of the water code, the legislature used the phrase “may not” in

directing the Commission not to issue new water permits for instream flows dedicated to

environmental needs or bay and estuary inflows.                    See TEX . W ATER CODE ANN . §

11.0237(a). Under section 311.016 of the Code Construction Act, the term “‘may not’

imposes a prohibition and is synonymous with ‘shall not,’” “unless the context in which the

word or phrase appears necessarily requires a different construction or unless a different

construction is expressly provided by statute.” See TEX . GOV’T CODE ANN . § 311.016

(Vernon 2005). The Commission, therefore, cannot grant appellees the water permits that

        3
           In response to the perm anent m oratorium on purely environm ental perm its, the Com m ission has
filed a m otion requesting that we dism iss this appeal as m oot.



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they applied for, regardless of the district court’s actions in setting aside the Commission’s

denial orders and remanding the applications back to the Commission for further

proceedings. See, e.g., Igal v. Brightstar Info. Tech. Group, Inc., No. 04-0931, 2008 Tex.

LEXIS 422, at *7 (Tex. 2008) (providing that the legislature establishes the jurisdiction of

administrative agencies).

       In essence, the trial court’s judgment would have no legal effect given the statutory

parameters that the legislature has enacted. Appellees’ challenges to the Commission’s

actions are therefore moot. See In re Gruebel, 153 S.W.3d 686, 690 (Tex. App.–Tyler

2005, orig. proceeding) (concluding that a petitioner’s application for writ of mandamus

became moot when an amendment to the city ordinance that he was challenging became

effective). Therefore, we conclude that the trial court erred in reversing the Commission’s

orders because the trial court’s judgment would have no legal effect. The Commission’s

sole issue is sustained.

                                             III. CONCLUSION

       The judgment of the trial court is reversed, and we render a dismissal of appellees’

district court action for lack of jurisdiction.4


                                                              ________________________
                                                              ROGELIO VALDEZ
                                                              Chief Justice

Opinion delivered and
filed this the 31st day of July, 2008.



       4
           All pending m otions are herein denied as m oot.



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