                                                                                           08/10/2018
        IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                          AT JACKSON
                                  May 2, 2018 Session

                  STATE OF TENNESSEE v. MARLON BOYD

                  Appeal from the Criminal Court for Shelby County
                      No. 16-00582       Lee V. Coffee, Judge
                      ___________________________________

                           No. W2017-00791-CCA-R3-CD
                       ___________________________________


Defendant, Marlon Boyd, was convicted of first degree murder, aggravated assault, and
possession of a firearm by a convicted felon. The trial court imposed a total effective
sentence of life without parole plus 30 years. On appeal, Defendant argues (1) that the
trial court erred in denying his motion to sever the count of the indictment alleging
possession of a firearm by a convicted felon from the other charges; (2) that the trial court
abused its discretion in allowing the State to use Defendant’s prior convictions for
impeachment purposes; and (3) that the evidence is insufficient to support his
convictions. Upon our review of the record, we find no reversible error and affirm the
judgments of the trial court.

 Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgments of the Criminal Court Affirmed

TIMOTHY L. EASTER, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which ALAN E. GLENN and
J. ROSS DYER, JJ., joined.

Stephen Bush, District Public Defender; Harry E. Sayle III (on appeal), Trent Hall and
Jim Hale (at trial), Assistant Public Defenders, for the appellant, Marlon Boyd.

Herbert H. Slatery III, Attorney General and Reporter; Caitlin Smith, Assistant Attorney
General; Amy P. Weirich, District Attorney General; and Alanda Dwyer and Stephen
Ragland, Assistant District Attorneys General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.


                                        OPINION

                           Factual and Procedural Background
       Defendant was indicted by the Shelby County Grand Jury for first degree murder,
aggravated assault, and possession of a firearm by a convicted felon. Prior to trial,
Defendant filed a motion to sever Count Three of the indictment, which alleged
possession of a firearm by a convicted felon, from the other counts of the indictment.
The trial court denied the motion for severance but accepted the parties’ stipulation that
Defendant had been convicted of felonies involving the use or attempted use of violence.

       At trial, Officer Reginald Kelley of the Memphis Police Department testified that
he responded to a “shots fired” call on Preston Street between 11:45 p.m. and midnight
on May 23, 2014. Officer Kelley discovered the victim, Michael Richard, lying in the
street motionless. No one else was around, and there were no weapons or shell casings
near the victim. Officers canvassed the neighborhood, and while several people reported
hearing a gunshot, including the woman who had called 9-1-1, no one reported having
seen what happened.

       The medical examiner, Dr. Erica Curry, performed an autopsy on the victim. The
victim died from a gunshot wound to the left side of his chest. The bullet struck the
victim’s ribs, lungs, and aorta, causing a massive amount of internal bleeding. There was
no exit wound, and Dr. Curry was able to recover a bullet and several fragments from the
victim’s body. Based on the soot and lack of stippling around the entrance wound, Dr.
Curry estimated that the gun was more than three feet away from the victim when it was
fired. Dr. Curry also noted an abrasion on the victim’s back as well as scrapes on his ear,
elbow, and forearm, which were consistent with the victim’s falling after having been
shot. The victim’s toxicology exam was negative for drugs but revealed a blood alcohol
content of .3, over three times the legal limit to drive.

       Carlos Lee testified that he lived on Preston Street with his girlfriend and three
children. Mr. Lee testified that he was Defendant’s first cousin and that several of their
family members also lived on Preston Street. Defendant’s mother lived just around the
corner from Preston Street, and Defendant was on Preston Street almost every day even
though he did not live there himself. Mr. Lee lived three houses down from the victim,
and they had been neighbors for about three or four years.

       On Friday, May 23, 2014, Mr. Lee came home from work around 3:00 p.m. and
saw Defendant on the street. Mr. Lee spent the rest of the afternoon running errands.
That evening, Mr. Lee joined several people, including Defendant and the victim,
“drinking [and] hanging out” on the street in front of Mr. Lee’s uncle’s house, which was
next door to the victim’s house. Mr. Lee drank some beer but denied that he was
intoxicated. Mr. Lee recalled the victim’s going back and forth between his house and
the gathering on the street.

                                           -2-
        Sometime after 11:00 p.m., after several others had left the street gathering, Mr.
Lee drove his car back down the street to his house. He parked the car on the street and
started up the steps toward his house. The area was well-lit by the streetlights. Mr. Lee
saw Defendant walking down the street alone in the direction of Mr. Lee’s house. Mr.
Lee then saw the victim walking down a hill from the victim’s house at an angle. When
the victim caught up with Defendant, the two had a conversation while standing in the
street in front of Mr. Lee’s driveway. Mr. Lee could not hear what the men were talking
about, but he denied that it sounded like an argument. Instead, he characterized it as
“drunk talk” and testified that both the victim and Defendant seemed intoxicated.

       As Mr. Lee continued up the steps to his house, he heard a gunshot. Mr. Lee
turned around and saw Defendant standing over the victim pointing what appeared to be a
revolver at him. Mr. Lee heard Defendant tell the victim, “Die, bitch!” The victim was
lying motionless on the ground, and Mr. Lee believed that he was dead. Defendant then
pointed the gun at Mr. Lee and said, “If you say something, I’m going to kill you, too.”
Mr. Lee testified that he was “scared to death.” Mr. Lee went into his house as
Defendant walked up the street.

       Mr. Lee did not call the police and did not tell the police who were canvassing the
neighborhood that night what he saw because he was scared. However, Sergeant Eric
Kelly came to his house later the next day, and Mr. Lee eventually told him what
happened. Sergeant Kelly described Mr. Lee as extremely nervous and “deathly
frightened” that Defendant would follow through on his threat. Mr. Lee identified
Defendant in a photospread and provided a written statement. Mr. Lee testified that he
had not seen Defendant with a gun earlier that evening at the street gathering but that he
had seen Defendant carrying a gun in the past. Mr. Lee subsequently moved away from
that neighborhood because he was terrified for the safety of himself, his girlfriend, and
his children.

       Sergeant Kelly prepared an arrest warrant for Defendant and determined that he
might be located at the apartment of his girlfriend, Jaqueline Benson, about one mile
from the crime scene. Late Sunday morning, May 25, 2014, Sergeant Kelly and a team
of other officers arrived at the apartment to serve the arrest warrant. Sergeant Kelly
could hear a television and people talking inside the apartment. Sergeant Kelly knocked
on the door and announced “police.” After he knocked, Sergeant Kelly heard “a loud
thump, like . . . someone large was moving through the apartment, and [he] hear[d] a
door close.” The front door of the apartment was opened by Ms. Benson. Ms. Benson’s
brother, Derrick Watts, and several children were also inside the apartment. Ms. Benson
told the officers that Defendant was there and that he had gone to one of the back
bedrooms. After everyone else had exited the apartment, Sergeant Kelly yelled for

                                           -3-
Defendant to come out for several minutes. Defendant eventually came out of the
bedroom with his hands in the air and was arrested without incident.

       Sergeant Kelly spoke to Ms. Benson and determined that she was the leaseholder
of the apartment. Ms. Benson told Sergeant Kelly that Defendant always had a gun and
that she knew it was a .357 caliber revolver. Sergeant Kelly obtained consent to search
the apartment from Ms. Benson. The room that Defendant had been in was set up as a
music room and contained recording equipment, men’s clothing, and several beer cans
strewn about. Sergeant Kelly did not recall seeing any children’s clothing, cosmetics, or
perfume in the room, though he did see a lady’s handbag hanging on the closet door.
Inside the closet under a pile of clothing, the police found two guns. One was a Ruger
.357 Magnum revolver with six live .38 caliber rounds and the other was a Smith &
Wesson .38 caliber revolver with five live rounds and one spent casing at the “12:00
position,” which is at the top by the firing pin.

       Ms. Benson testified that she lived in the apartment with Defendant and her three
teenaged children. Ms. Benson and Defendant had been together for about five years,
and Defendant used to live on Preston Street before he moved in with her. However,
Defendant would stay at the apartment for only a few days at a time and then would often
be gone for several days. Ms. Benson characterized the room containing the music
equipment as “Marlon’s room” and explained that no one else was allowed to go into that
room. However, Ms. Benson admitted that she did keep a few clothes and toiletries in
that room and shared the closet. The children all shared the second bedroom, and Ms.
Benson usually slept in the living room.

       Ms. Benson recalled that on Friday, May 23, 2014, she arrived home around 10:00
p.m. and that Defendant did not arrive home until around 1:00 a.m. Ms. Benson testified
that sometime after this incident, someone called her and told her to say that Defendant
was with her at the time the victim was killed. However, Ms. Benson stated that
Defendant was not with her and that she was not going to lie for anyone.

       On Sunday, May 25, 2014, Mr. Watts came over to his sister’s apartment with his
young daughter to have her hair braided by a neighbor. Ms. Benson sat on the couch
drinking a beer with her brother and Defendant. Mr. Watts’s daughter was in the
bedroom shared by Ms. Benson’s children where Ms. Benson’s daughter, Nadaizha
Watts, was asleep. No one went into the room with the music equipment. When the
police knocked, Defendant got up from the couch quickly and went to the back bedroom.
Everyone came out of apartment when told to by the police except for Defendant.

       Ms. Benson knew that Defendant carried a gun since she had met him. She knew
his gun to be a .357 revolver and that he kept it on his hip or in a dresser. Ms. Benson
                                          -4-
had never seen the other revolver found in the closet. Nadaizha Watts testified that she
had seen a gun handle poking out of Defendant’s pants on his hip “all the time.” Mr.
Watts also testified that he had often seen Defendant with a black revolver. Mr. Watts,
who did not tell the police about his felony theft conviction, denied owning or being
around any guns and denied going into the back bedroom. Mr. Watts, Ms. Benson, and
Nadaizha Watts all went to the police station together to give statements, though they
denied discussing the incident on the way there.

       The guns recovered from the closet as well as the bullet and fragments recovered
from the victim’s body were sent to the Tennessee Bureau of Investigation. No
fingerprints were found on either gun. Special Agent Cervinia Braswell, a firearms
examiner, testified that the .357 caliber revolver was in non-operating condition due to a
bent extractor, the rod upon which the cylinder spins. The .38 caliber revolver was in
working condition. Agent Braswell explained that a .357 caliber gun can fire .38 caliber
bullets. Agent Braswell testified that the bullet recovered from the victim was consistent
with either a .38 or .357 caliber bullet based on its weight. Agent Braswell examined the
class characteristics of the bullet and determined that it was not consistent with the .357
caliber revolver but was consistent with the .38 caliber revolver. However, Agent
Braswell was unable to determine if the bullet was fired by the .38 caliber revolver
recovered in this case because the bullet was too damaged and the gun did not produce
enough individual characteristics.

        At the conclusion of the State’s proof, the jury went to the scene on Preston Street.
As discussed further below, the trial court determined during a jury-out hearing that if
Defendant were to testify and credibility were to become an issue, then his prior
convictions for second degree murder, attempted first degree murder, aggravated assault,
and aggravated robbery would become admissible. Defendant elected not to testify or put
on any proof. The jury convicted Defendant as charged of the first degree murder of
Michael Richard, of the aggravated assault of Carlos Lee, and of possession of a firearm
by a convicted felon. After a sentencing hearing, the trial court sentenced Defendant to
life without parole as a repeat violent offender pursuant to Tennessee Code Annotated
section 40-35-120 for first degree murder, as well as to consecutive sentences of fifteen
years each for aggravated assault and possession of a firearm by a convicted felon. After
the trial court denied Defendant’s motion for a new trial, Defendant filed a timely notice
of appeal.

                                          Analysis

                               I. Sufficiency of the Evidence



                                            -5-
        Defendant argues that the evidence adduced at trial is not sufficient for a rational
trier of fact to find him guilty of premeditated first degree murder beyond a reasonable
doubt.1 Defendant contends that the State failed to prove that he acted with
premeditation because Mr. Lee “did not see the actual shooting” or the interaction
between the victim and Defendant “immediately prior to the fatal shot.” Additionally,
Defendant contends that “there was no dispositive connection between the .38 revolver
found at the home of Ms. Jacqueline Benson and the .38 revolver that fired the bullet
recovered from the body of [the victim].” The State responds that “[t]he evidence
strongly supports the jury’s determination that the [D]efendant killed the victim, acting
with intent and premeditation.” We agree with the State.

       When a defendant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence, this Court is obliged
to review that claim according to certain well-settled principles. The jury’s verdict
replaces the presumption of innocence with one of guilt; therefore, the burden is shifted
onto the defendant to show that the evidence introduced at trial was insufficient to
support such a verdict. State v. Reid, 91 S.W.3d 247, 277 (Tenn. 2002). The relevant
question is whether any rational trier of fact could have found the accused guilty of every
element of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt. See Tenn. R. App. P. 13(e); Jackson
v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979). Questions concerning the “‘credibility of the
witnesses, the weight to be given their testimony, and the reconciliation of conflicts in the
proof are matters entrusted to the jury as the trier of fact.’” State v. Wagner, 382 S.W.3d
289, 297 (Tenn. 2012) (quoting State v. Campbell, 245 S.W.3d 331, 335 (Tenn. 2008)).
The prosecution is entitled to the “‘strongest legitimate view of the evidence and to all
reasonable and legitimate inferences that may be drawn therefrom.’” State v. Goodwin,
143 S.W.3d 771, 775 (Tenn. 2004) (quoting State v. Smith, 24 S.W.3d 274, 279 (Tenn.
2000)). “‘A guilty verdict by the jury, approved by the trial court, accredits the testimony
of the witnesses for the State and resolves all conflicts in favor of the prosecution’s
theory.’” Reid, 91 S.W.3d at 277 (quoting State v. Bland, 958 S.W.2d 651, 659 (Tenn.
1997)). It is not the role of this Court to reweigh or reevaluate the evidence, nor to
substitute our own inferences for those drawn from the evidence by the trier of fact. Id.
The standard of review is the same whether the conviction is based upon direct evidence,
circumstantial evidence, or a combination of the two. State v. Dorantes, 331 S.W.3d 370,
379 (Tenn. 2011); State v. Hanson, 279 S.W.3d 265, 275 (Tenn. 2009).

       First degree murder is the premeditated and intentional killing of another person.
T.C.A. § 39-13-202(a)(1). A person acts intentionally “when it is the person’s conscious
objective or desire to engage in the conduct or cause the result.” T.C.A. § 39-11-



       1
         Defendant does not challenge the sufficiency of the evidence supporting his convictions for
aggravated assault or possession of a firearm by a convicted felon.
                                                    -6-
106(a)(18). Premeditation is defined as “an act done after the exercise of reflection and
judgment.” Id. § 39-13-202(d). This section further defines premeditation as follows:

      “Premeditation” means that the intent to kill must have been formed prior
      to the act itself. It is not necessary that the purpose to kill pre-exist in the
      mind of the accused for any definite period of time. The mental state of the
      accused at the time the accused allegedly decided to kill must be carefully
      considered in order to determine whether the accused was sufficiently free
      from excitement and passion as to be capable of premeditation.

Id.

        The State must establish the element of premeditation beyond a reasonable doubt.
See State v. Sims, 45 S.W.3d 1, 7 (Tenn. 2001); State v. Hall, 8 S.W.3d 593, 599 (Tenn.
1999). Premeditation may be proved by circumstantial evidence. See, e.g., State v.
Brown, 836 S.W.2d 530, 541-42 (Tenn. 1992). The existence of premeditation is a
question of fact for the jury and may be inferred from the circumstances surrounding the
killing. State v. Young, 196 S.W.3d 85, 108 (Tenn. 2006); State v. Suttles, 30 S.W.3d
252, 261 (Tenn. 2000). Such circumstances include, but are not limited to, the use of a
deadly weapon upon an unarmed victim, the particular cruelty of the killing, the infliction
of multiple wounds, threats or declarations of an intent to kill, a lack of provocation by
the victim, failure to aid or assist the victim, the procurement of a weapon, preparations
before the killing for concealment of the crime, destruction and secretion of evidence of
the killing, and calmness immediately after the killing. State v. Kiser, 284 S.W.3d 227,
268 (Tenn. 2009); State v. Leach, 148 S.W.3d 42, 53-54 (Tenn. 2004); State v. Davidson,
121 S.W.3d 600, 615 (Tenn. 2003); Bland, 958 S.W.2d at 660.

       In the light most favorable to the State, the evidence shows that Defendant shot
and killed Michael Richard in the street in front of Carlos Lee’s house. Even though Mr.
Lee did not actually see Defendant pull the trigger, he saw the victim and Defendant
engage in a conversation, heard a gunshot while his back was briefly turned, and saw
Defendant standing over the victim’s motionless body while pointing a revolver and
saying, “Die, bitch!” Defendant then turned the revolver on Mr. Lee and threated to kill
him if he told anyone what happened. Defendant’s statements can be seen as a
declaration of an intent to kill, supporting the jury’s finding of premeditation. From Mr.
Lee’s description of the victim’s and Defendant’s conversation as “drunk talk” rather
than an argument, the jury could find that Defendant acted unprovoked by the victim. No
weapons were found around the victim’s body, supporting a finding that Defendant used
a deadly weapon against an unarmed victim. Additionally, when the police later went to
arrest Defendant at Ms. Benson’s apartment, he reluctantly came out of a back bedroom
where two revolvers were hidden under a pile of clothes, one of which bore similar class
                                            -7-
characteristics to the bullet recovered from the victim’s body. The destruction or
secretion of evidence also supports a finding of premeditation. The fact that the bullet
could not be more definitively linked to the recovered revolver is inconsequential given
the circumstantial evidence that Defendant used a revolver of that caliber to shoot the
victim. The evidence overwhelmingly supports the jury’s verdict that Defendant was
guilty of first degree murder, as well as aggravated assault and possession of a firearm by
a convicted felon.

                                   II. Motion to Sever

       Defendant argues that the trial court erred in denying his motion to sever Count
Three of the indictment, which charged possession of a firearm by a convicted felon,
from the other counts of the indictment. A trial court’s decision to join or sever offenses
is reviewed on appeal for an abuse of discretion. State v. Shirley, 6 S.W.3d 243, 247
(Tenn. 1999). A trial court’s denial of a motion to sever offenses will be reversed on
appeal only when the trial court “applied an incorrect legal standard, or reached a
decision which is against logic or reasoning that caused an injustice to the party
complaining.” Id. (quoting State v. Shuck, 953 S.W.2d 662, 669 (Tenn. 1997)); see also
State v. Goodwin, 143 S.W.3d 771, 780 (Tenn. 2004).

        Joinder of offenses may either be mandatory or permissive. See Tenn. R. Crim. P.
8(a), (b). “Two or more offenses must be joined or consolidated if (1) the offenses arise
from the same conduct or criminal episode; (2) the conduct is known to the appropriate
prosecuting official at the time of the return of the indictment; and (3) the offenses fall
within the jurisdiction of a single court.” State v. Baird, 88 S.W.3d 617, 620 (Tenn.
Crim. App. 2001) (citing Tenn. R. Crim. P. 8(a)). Offenses are part of the “same
conduct” when “a single act . . . results in a number of interrelated offenses.” State v.
Johnson, 342 S.W.3d 468, 473 (Tenn. 2011). Offenses are part of the “same criminal
episode” when they “occur simultaneously or in close sequence,” “occur in the same
place or in closely situated places,” and “proof of one offense necessarily involves proof
of the others.” Id. at 475 (internal quotations and citations omitted). The Advisory
Commission Comments to Tennessee Rule of Criminal Procedure 8 provide:

       This rule is designed to encourage the disposition in a single trial of
       multiple offenses arising from the same conduct and from the same
       criminal episode, and should therefore promote efficiency and economy.
       Where such joinder of offenses might give rise to an injustice, Rule
       14(b)(2) allows the trial court to relax the rule.




                                           -8-
Rule 14 allows a trial court to sever mandatorily joined offenses before trial if appropriate
to promote a fair determination of the defendant’s guilt or innocence. See Tenn. R. Crim.
P. 14(b)(2)(A).

       Prior to trial, Defendant filed a motion to sever Count Three of the indictment,
which charged possession of a firearm by a convicted felon, from the remaining counts.
Defendant argued that the recitation of his prior convictions for violent felonies would
predispose the jury to finding him guilty based upon propensity. Defendant asserted that
the offenses did not qualify for mandatory joinder because his possession of the revolvers
at the time of his arrest was not part of the same conduct or criminal episode as the
murder and assault thirty-six hours earlier. Defendant relies on the Tennessee Supreme
Court’s opinion in Johnson, which held that mandatory joinder did not apply to the
offenses of aggravated robbery and filing a false police report that occurred twelve hours
apart. See Johnson, 342 S.W.3d at 476. However, Count Three did not merely allege
Defendant’s possession of the revolvers at the time that he was arrested. The indictment
indicates that the possession occurred “between May 22, 2014 and May 25, 2014,”
embracing both the date of the arrest and the date of the shooting. Defendant’s
possession of a firearm constitutes part of the same conduct or criminal episode as the
other counts in the indictment because he necessarily had to possess a firearm in order to
shoot Mr. Richard and threaten Mr. Lee with it. Therefore, the trial court was correct in
determining that these offenses were mandatorily joined under Rule 8(a).

        As to Defendant’s assertion that the recitation of his prior convictions as listed in
Count Three would unfairly prejudice the jury, the trial court allowed Defendant to
stipulate that he had been convicted of felonies involving the use or attempted use of
violence without specifically enumerating those felonies. Additionally, the trial court
instructed the jury that it may consider the stipulation only as it related to the elements of
possession of a firearm by a convicted felon and for no other purpose. On appeal,
Defendant argues that this stipulation “did not cure the prejudice to [Defendant’s] right to
a fair trial.” This Court has explained that where joinder of offenses is mandatory, “the
relevant inquiry is whether severance of the possession of a [firearm] by a convicted
felon charge was necessary ‘to promote a fair determination of [Defendant’s] guilt or
innocence of each offense.’” State v. Martin Boyce, No. W2012-00887-CCA-R3-CD,
2013 WL 4027244, at *12 (Tenn. Crim. App. Aug. 6, 2013), no perm. app. filed; see
Tenn. R. Crim. P. 14(b)(2). As in Martin Boyce, the trial court in this case properly
instructed the jury, and the jury is presumed to follow the instructions of the court. See
id. at *12-13 (citing State v. Banks, 271 S.W.3d 90, 134 (Tenn. 2008)). Moreover, the
evidence against Defendant was strong, given the uncontroverted eyewitness testimony
of Mr. Lee. We conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying
Defendant’s motion to sever Count Three of the indictment.

                                             -9-
                             III. Impeachment by Prior Convictions

        Finally, Defendant argues that the trial court abused its discretion in allowing the
State to use Defendant’s prior convictions for impeachment purposes. Tennessee Rule of
Evidence 609 permits impeachment of a witness, including a defendant, by prior
convictions. The conviction must be for a felony or for a crime involving dishonesty or
false statement. Tenn. R. Evid. 609(a)(2). Generally, a conviction will not be admissible
if more than ten years has passed since the person was released from confinement. Tenn.
R. Evid. 609(b). The State must give reasonable written notice prior to trial of any
convictions it intends to use against a defendant. Tenn. R. Evid. 609(a)(3). Upon
request, the trial court must determine prior to the defendant’s testifying whether “the
conviction’s probative value on credibility outweighs its unfair prejudicial effect on the
substantive issues.” Id. If the court rules that the conviction is admissible to impeach the
defendant, the defendant need not testify at trial in order to challenge the court’s ruling on
appeal. Id. On appeal, this Court will review the trial court’s determination for an abuse
of discretion. State v. Thompson, 36 S.W.3d 102, 110 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2000).

       In this case, Defendant had prior convictions for second degree murder, attempted
first degree murder, aggravated robbery, and aggravated assault, for which he was
released from confinement in September 2008, and possession of a handgun by a
convicted felon, for which he was released in July 2013. On appeal, Defendant concedes
that he received proper notice from the State,2 that the convictions were for qualifying
crimes, and that his release dates were within the ten-year limit. Defendant also concedes
that the trial court correctly ruled that his conviction for aggravated robbery was
admissible because it was a crime involving dishonesty. See State v. Blevins, 968 S.W.2d
888, 893 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1997) (noting that robbery is a crime of dishonesty, “thus
lending greater weight to [its] probative value regarding credibility”). Defendant
contends, however, that the trial court erred in determining that the probative value of his
convictions for second degree murder, attempted first degree murder, and aggravated
assault outweighed their potential prejudicial effect.3

       In determining the admissibility of a conviction as impeachment evidence against
a defendant, “[t]wo criteria are especially relevant . . . : (1) the impeaching conviction’s
relevance as to credibility; and (2) the impeaching conviction’s similarity to the charged

        2
           While there is no written notice in the technical record, the State filed a motion on June 17,
2016, to incorporate motions previously filed under the original indictment into the superseding
indictment, including an “impeachment notice” filed on February 15, 2015. The trial court, in ruling on
the issue, also found that the State had filed the proper notice.
        3
         Defendant does not address the trial court’s ruling with regard to his conviction for possession
of a handgun by a convicted felon.
                                                 - 10 -
offense.” State v. Waller, 118 S.W.3d 368, 371 (Tenn. 2003) (citing State v. Mixon, 983
S.W.2d 661, 674 (Tenn. 1999)). While Rule 609 “suggests that the commission of any
felony is ‘generally probative’ of a criminal defendant’s credibility,” our supreme court
has “rejected a per se rule that permits impeachment by any and all felony convictions.”
Id. (internal citations omitted). “To determine how probative a felony conviction is to the
issue of credibility, the trial court must assess whether the felony offense involves
dishonesty or false statement.” Id. (citing State v. Walker, 29 S.W.3d 885, 890 (Tenn.
Crim. App. 1999)). Crimes of violence may have some probative value as to credibility
because they “reflect on the moral character of a witness.” Thompson, 36 S.W.3d at 111
(quoting State v. Blanton, 926 S.W.2d 953, 960 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1996)). However,
“the linkage is not as palpable as when the impeaching crime involves deceit or
dishonesty.” Id. at 112. As this Court has previously noted, “‘the link between [violent]
crime and truthfulness is, at best, weak and the potential prejudice is significant.’” State
v. Garry Baker, No. M2016-01164-CCA-R3-CD, 2017 WL 1534993, at *10 (Tenn.
Crim. App. Apr. 28, 2017) (quoting Neil P. Cohen et al., Tennessee Law of Evidence §
6.09[10][c] (6th ed. 2011)), no perm. app. filed.

       Once the trial court determines the probative value of the impeaching conviction
on the issue of the defendant’s credibility, “it should next ‘assess the similarity between
the crime on trial and the crime underlying the impeaching conviction.’” Waller, 118
S.W.3d at 373 (quoting Mixon, 983 S.W.2d at 674). The potential for unfair prejudice
greatly increases when the impeaching conviction is substantially similar to the crime for
which the defendant is being tried because “a danger exists that jurors will improperly
consider the impeaching conviction as evidence of the propensity of the defendant to
commit the crime.” Id. However, evidence of a substantially similar prior conviction is
not per se inadmissible, and a trial court must carefully balance the conviction’s probative
value as to credibility against its potential prejudicial effect. Id. (citing State v. Galmore,
994 S.W.2d 120, 122 (Tenn. 1999); Mixon, 983 S.W.2d at 674). “[E]vidence of
convictions for the same type of crime should be admitted sparingly because of the
impression on jurors that if a person committed a crime in the past, he committed the
offense for which he is on trial.” State v. Russell, 382 S.W.3d 312, 317 (Tenn. 2012).

       In this case, with regard to Defendant’s prior convictions for second degree
murder, attempted first degree murder, and aggravated assault, the trial court noted that
the “[c]ase law is . . . clear that those crimes that involve violence or are of an assaultive
nature generally have little or no bearing on honesty or veracity, and that those cases are
not necessarily admissible for impeachment purposes.” However, the trial court found
that if Defendant testified, his credibility would almost certainly be at issue and
determined that “if the issue in this case becomes strictly of credibility, this [c]ourt will
find that the probative value of those convictions are [sic] not outweighed.” The trial
court ruled,
                                             - 11 -
       the State of Tennessee would be able to ask [Defendant] about the murder
       second conviction, the criminal attempt first degree murder, the aggravated
       assault, and also the convicted felon in possession of a handgun, if the only
       issue about his testimony does, in fact, become credibility, and the State
       will be able to impeach [Defendant] on those convictions because the issue
       of credibility would, in fact, be paramount, and I will find that the probative
       value of those prior convictions outweighs any unfair prejudicial effect
       pursuant to Mixon, and the issue would not be propensity that those
       convictions would be allowed to be asked pursuant to [Rule] 609.

The trial court noted that it was “balancing any harmful effect that a jury will be told that
[Defendant] has five felony convictions on his record, balancing that with the issue of
credibility.” The trial court stated that it would instruct the jury that it could only
consider the prior convictions for their effect on Defendant’s credibility as it had done
with Mr. Watts’s testimony that he had a prior conviction for felony theft. The trial court
clarified that “if [Defendant] is able to take the witness stand and not put his credibility at
issue, then the only conviction the State will be able to ask about would be the aggravated
robbery.”

        While the trial court repeatedly stated that the Defendant would almost certainly
place his credibility at issue if he testified and that credibility in this case was
“paramount,” the trial court never explained on the record how Defendant’s prior
convictions for second degree murder, attempted first degree murder, and aggravated
assault were relevant to the issue of credibility other than recognizing that such crimes
“generally have little or no bearing on honesty or veracity.” Moreover, the trial court did
not assess the similarity between the prior convictions and the crimes for which
Defendant was on trial in order to determine their potential prejudicial effect. Because
Defendant’s prior convictions were for crimes of violence, they had some probative value
as to credibility, but it was minimal. See Thompson, 36 S.W.3d at 111. Additionally,
because the prior convictions were identical to the crimes for which Defendant was on
trial, the danger that the jurors might erroneously consider the prior convictions as
propensity evidence was particularly great. See Mixon, 983 S.W.2d at 674. Therefore,
the probative value of Defendant’s convictions for second degree murder, attempted first
degree murder, and aggravated assault did not outweigh their potential unfair prejudicial
effect. Thus, the trial court erred in ruling that Defendant’s prior convictions for second
degree murder, attempted first degree murder, and aggravated assault would be
admissible for impeachment purposes.

      Next, we must “consider whether the error in this case affirmatively or more
probably than not affected the judgment to [the defendant’s] prejudice.” Waller, 118
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S.W.3d at 374 (citing Tenn. R. App. P. 36(b); Galmore, 994 S.W.2d at 125). When
undertaking a harmless error analysis, this Court must consider whether “an error more
probably than not had a substantial and injurious impact on the jury’s decision-making.”
State v. Rodriquez, 254 S.W.3d 361, 372 (Tenn. 2008). “In assessing the harmlessness of
the error, we do not consider whether the defendant would have testified but for the
erroneous ruling—nor whether he would have declined to testify had the trial court
excluded the murder and aggravated assault convictions but correctly allowed
impeachment via the [aggravated robbery] conviction[].” Thompson, 36 S.W.3d at 112
(citing Galmore, 994 S.W.2d at 124-25). Instead, this Court must examine the “theory of
the defense”—gleaned from the arguments of counsel, the evidence presented in the
defendant’s case-in-chief, and the cross-examination of the State’s witnesses—to
determine “whether the erroneous impeachment would have had an impact on the result
of the trial.” Id.; see also State v. Lankford, 298 S.W.3d 176, 182-83 (Tenn. Crim. App.
2008). While a defendant is not required to make an offer of proof as to what his
testimony would be, our supreme court has recognized that, “[d]epending on the facts and
circumstances of a case, an offer of proof may be the only way to demonstrate prejudice.”
Galmore, 994 S.W.2d at 125.

       In this case, Defendant does not contest his presence on Preston Street or his
interaction with the victim as described by Mr. Lee. Instead, Defendant points out in his
appellate brief that Mr. Lee did not see the actual shooting and could not hear the
substance of Defendant’s conversation with the victim. Defendant argues that without
his testimony as “the only living witness to the shooting,” “[i]t is unknown what
happened or what was said immediately prior to the shot—whether Mr. Richard attacked
[Defendant] or provoked him sufficiently to qualify for second degree murder or
voluntary manslaughter.” However, Defendant presented no proof or argument at trial
suggesting a self-defense or provocation theory. Even on appeal, Defendant does not
actually assert that the substance of his testimony would have been that the victim
attacked or provoked him, merely that it is “unknown” whether such happened. This
theory of defense on appeal, which seemingly admits Defendant’s identity as the shooter,
is markedly different from his theory of defense at trial, which focused instead on the fact
that neither of the revolvers found in the bedroom in Ms. Benson’s apartment could be
conclusively identified as the murder weapon, on Defendant’s contention that he did not
have exclusive control of that bedroom to establish that he possessed those revolvers, and
on the State’s alleged failure to prove premeditation. Defendant even briefly suggested in
closing argument that Mr. Lee could have shot the victim. Thus, without either a proffer
of what Defendant’s testimony would have been or a clear theory of defense that would
render such a proffer a mere “formality,” see Thompson, 36 S.W.3d at 113, Defendant
has failed to prove how he was prejudiced by the trial court’s erroneous ruling.
Moreover, had Defendant testified, he would have been properly impeached with his
conviction for aggravated robbery, and the trial court would have given the jury a
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limiting instruction that would have “‘provided an adequate safeguard against any
potential prejudice possibly engendered by the admission of the prior conviction.’” See
State v. Tarrence Parham, No. W2009-00709-CCA-R3-CD, 2010 WL 2898785, at *8-9
(Tenn. Crim. App. July 26, 2010) (quoting Lankford, 298 S.W.3d at 182) (finding the
erroneous admission of a reckless homicide conviction harmless when the defendant was
also impeached by burglary and theft convictions), perm. app. denied (Tenn. Nov. 10,
2010). We conclude that the trial court’s error in ruling that Defendant’s convictions for
second degree murder, attempted first degree murder, and aggravated assault would be
admissible for impeachment purposes was harmless. Defendant is not entitled to relief.

                                       Conclusion

      Based on the foregoing, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.


                                         ____________________________________
                                         TIMOTHY L. EASTER, JUDGE




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