                                                                                                                           Opinions of the United
2007 Decisions                                                                                                             States Court of Appeals
                                                                                                                              for the Third Circuit


2-23-2007

USA v. Lin
Precedential or Non-Precedential: Non-Precedential

Docket No. 05-4388




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NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                        UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                             FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT

                                   Case No: 05-4388

                            UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

                                               v.

                                   CHANG PING LIN,

                                            Appellant


                    On Appeal from the United States District Court
                              for the District of New Jersey
                             District Court No.: 02-cr-293-01
                   District Judge: The Honorable Jerome B. Simandle


                   Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a)
                                 December 13, 2006

                      Before: SMITH and ROTH, Circuit Judges,
                               and YOHN District Judge*

                               (Filed: February 23, 2007)



                                       OPINION


SMITH, Circuit Judge.

      Chang Ping Lin (“Lin”) was a loan shark who preyed on gamblers in Atlantic City,


      *
        The Honorable William H. Yohn, Jr., Senior District Judge for the Eastern
District of Pennsylvania, sitting by designation.

                                           1
New Jersey. He targeted Feng Bin Ho (“Ho”), a construction worker from New York, an

illegal immigrant, and a compulsive gambler, eventually kidnaping him and giving rise to

this case.

       Ho and his girlfriend, Hsin Lan Lin (“Hsin”), met Lin and Lin’s girlfriend, Ying Li

(“Ying”), in February of 2001, during a gambling trip in Atlantic City. Ho borrowed

$10,000 from Lin at a 10 percent per day interest rate. Ho lost the money gambling, but

was able to repay the loan by taking out a $15,000 bank loan. Ho and Hsin returned to

Atlantic City in February of 2002 for another gambling trip. Ho promptly lost all the

money he had brought with him, as well as all that Hsin was willing to give him. Ho saw

Lin at the Hilton Casino on February 18, 2002. By the end of the trip on February 23,

2002, Ho owed Lin and his business associate, Kui Lin (“Kui”), approximately $23,000.

Lin and Kui visited Ho’s home a few days later and forcibly took up residence there,

demanding repayment of the loan. On March 12, 2002, Hsin provided $4,000 and was

informed by Lin that Ho still owed $15,000. Lin took Ho back to Atlantic City the

following day, where Ho lost more money. Kui then drove Ho back to New York City,

continued to stay with him and encourage him to pay back his loan.

       On March 14, 2003, Ho telephoned Hsin and asked her to collect $3,500 from a

restaurant owner who owed him money for construction work. Hsin succeeded and gave

the money to Ho. Kui took Ho back to Atlantic City. On March 16, 2002, Hsin learned

that Ho was in Atlantic City. She drove there and found Ho gambling while Lin watched.

Hsin offered to help Ho repay the loans if Lin and Kui would leave Ho alone and stop

                                            2
lending him money. They agreed and allowed Ho and Hsin to return to New York City.

Hsin began receiving threatening phone calls from Lin. Lin informed Hsin that Ho owed

him $38,000.

       On March 25, 2002, Lin and Ying came to Ho’s home. They demanded that Ho

get into their car, telling him that they were returning to Atlantic City so that Ho could

win back some of the money. Ho complied and was taken to a house in Atlantic City

where Lin and Ying rented several rooms. Lin and Ying took Ho to a third floor

bedroom. Kui joined them, grabbed Ho by the collar, threw him on the bed, and

instructed him to call family members to raise money. Ho was unsuccessful. The

following day, Lin told Ho that if he was unable to raise the money that day, he would be

handed over to a Chinese gang. Lin also threatened Ho’s family in China and claimed

that he would sell Hsin to a brothel.

       Ho was locked in the bedroom for 29 hours without food or water. At

approximately 10:00 pm on the second night, Ho escaped through the bedroom window

while Lin, Ying, and Kui were out getting food. Ho ran two blocks down the road until

he found a house with the lights on. He informed the owner that he had been kidnaped

and asked the owner to call the police. The owner did so. The police arrived shortly. Ho

informed them that he had been kidnaped and took them to the house. The police

searched the house with the landlord’s consent. The police apprehended Lin later that

evening, using Ho’s description of Lin’s white Lexus. Ho identified Lin at the scene.

The police arrested Lin, searched his person, and found four I.O.U.s in his wallet,

                                              3
including one from Ho.

       On April 16, 2002, a federal grand jury charged Lin, Ying, and Kui with

conspiracy to kidnap, kidnaping, making extortionate extensions of credit, and collection

of credit by extortionate means. A jury convicted Lin on all counts. The District Court

sentenced Lin to 109 months’ imprisonment, in the middle of the applicable U.S.

Sentencing Guidelines range of 97 to 121 months. Lin challenged his sentence after the

Supreme Court’s decision in United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220 (2005). This Court

granted Lin’s request, but affirmed his conviction. At Lin’s re-sentencing, the District

Court particularly noted Lin’s progress in prison in the intervening three years and

sentenced him to 100 months’ imprisonment. Lin timely appealed.

       On appeal Lin makes two arguments. First, he contends that the District Court

erred by treating the Guidelines as a “starting point,” rather than considering them as one

factor among many under 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a). Second, he argues that the District Court

acted unreasonably by concluding that a 100 month sentence was the lowest sentence

sufficient to accomplish the purposes of punishment. Both these arguments are without

merit. We will affirm the judgment of the District Court.1

       The Supreme Court in Booker rendered the federal sentencing guidelines advisory.

543 U.S. 220, 261 (2005). The Court stated that appellate courts should review sentences



       1
         The District Court exercised jurisdiction pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3231. Appellate
jurisdiction exists under 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and 18 U.S.C. § 3742(a). See United States v.
(Lydia) Cooper, 437 F.3d 324, 327-28 (3d Cir. 2006).

                                             4
for “reasonableness” in reference to the § 3553(a) factors, but declined to specify what

form this review would take. See 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a).2 This Court recently explained its

approach in United States v. (Lydia) Cooper, 437 F.3d 324 (3d Cir. 2006). Cooper

dictates that we first inquire whether the District Court gave “meaningful consideration”

to the § 3553(a) factors, and then “ascertain whether those factors were reasonably

applied to the circumstances of the case.” Id. at 329-30. The party challenging the

sentence bears the burden of showing unreasonableness. Id. at 332.

Cooper mandates that “[t]o determine if the court acted reasonably in imposing the

resulting sentence, we must first be satisfied the court exercised its discretion by

considering the relevant factors.” Id. at 329 (citing United States v. Cunningham, 429

F.3d 673, 679 (7th Cir. 2005)). However, “a rote statement of the § 3553(a) factors



       2
           These factors are:

       (1) the nature and circumstances of the offense and the history and
       characteristics of the defendant, § 3553(a)(1);
       (2) the need for the sentence to reflect the seriousness of the crime, promote
       respect for the law, provide just punishment, afford adequate deterrence,
       protect the public, and provide the defendant with needed education or
       vocational training, medical care, and other correctional treatment in the
       most effective manner, § 3553(a)(2);
       (3) the kinds of sentences available, § 3553(a)(3);
       (4) the applicable Guidelines sentence, § 3553(a)(4);
       (5) the pertinent policy statements of the Sentencing Commission, §
       3553(a)(5);
       (6) the need to avoid unwarranted sentencing disparities, § 3553(a)(6); and
       (7) the need to provide restitution to victims, § 3553(a)(7).

See United States v. King, 454 F.3d 187, 194 (3d Cir. 2006).

                                              5
should not suffice if at sentencing either [litigant] properly raises a ground of recognized

legal merit (provided it has a factual basis) and the court fails to address it.” Id. (internal

quotes omitted).

       Cooper instructs that the second step in the reasonableness inquiry is to “apply a

deferential standard” to determine if the sentencing court reasonably applied the factors to

the circumstances of the case. Id. at 330. The focus on review is not how the appellate

court would have applied the § 3553(a) factors. Rather, the emphasis is on “whether the

district judge imposed the sentence he or she did for reasons that are logical and

consistent with the factors set forth” in § 3553(a). Id. This deferential standard

recognizes that “the trial court [is] in the best position to determine the appropriate

sentence in light of the particular circumstances of the case.” Id.

       The District Court committed no error by treating the Guidelines as a logical

“starting point.” Indeed, this Court has often described the Guidelines’ correct role in our

sentencing jurisprudence with just such language. See id. at 331 (stating that the

Guidelines “provide a natural starting point for the determination of the appropriate level

of punishment for criminal conduct”); King, 454 F.3d at 196 (“[W]e emphasize that the

sentencing courts in this Circuit should continue to follow the requirement to ‘consider’

the Guidelines by calculating a Guidelines sentence as they would have before Booker . . .

.”); United States v. Vampire Nation, 451 F.3d 189, 196 (3d Cir. 2006) (“[D]istrict courts,

post-Booker, exercise broad discretion in imposing sentences, so long as they begin with

a properly calculated Guidelines range . . . .”). We have rejected formulations that we

                                               6
believe would accord an inappropriate weight to the Guidelines range, such as presuming

that a sentencing court considered the factors or that the resulting sentence was

reasonable solely because the sentence fell within the Guidelines range. See Cooper, 437

F.3d at 329-31. The District Court committed no error by beginning with a proper

calculation of the Guidelines range–indeed, to do otherwise could constitute a wholesale

rejection of the Guidelines, which we have held “is verboten.” United States v. Gunter,

462 F.3d 237, 249 (3d Cir. 2006).

       Second, Lin argues that the District Court acted unreasonably by concluding that a

100 month sentence was the lowest sentence sufficient to accomplish the purposes of

punishment. This Court laid out the contours of this deferential portion of our review in

Cooper. 437 F.3d at 330 (“[W]e must also ascertain whether those factors were

reasonably applied to the circumstances of the case. In doing so, we apply a deferential

standard, the trial court being in the best position to determine the appropriate sentence in

light of the particular circumstances of the case.”). We emphasized in Cooper that we

should not ourselves weigh the sentencing factors, but inquire simply “whether the

district judge imposed the sentence he or she did for reasons that are logical and

consistent with the factors set forth in section 3553(a).” Id. We repeatedly noted in

Cooper that a “sentence that falls within the guidelines range is more likely to be

reasonable than one outside the guidelines range.” Id. at 331; see also id. at 332. The

District Court noted that Lin’s background and the circumstances of his crime were not

meaningfully different from most who were convicted of his offenses. The Court walked

                                              7
through each of the sentencing factors, noting both the acute mental suffering of the

victim and Lin’s apparent failure to contribute to society. The Court noted that, although

specific deterrence was not at issue as Lin is almost certain to be deported, the sentence

must be adequate to serve the purpose of general deterrence. The Court exercised

admirable thoroughness in its discussion of the § 3553(a) factors and in explaining their

application to the facts of the case. We can perceive no reason in the briefs or the record

that we should hold the District Court’s sentence unreasonable. Lin asks us to re-balance

the facts of his record—the very task that Cooper admonishes us to avoid. We will affirm

the judgment of the District Court.




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