[Cite as Chang v. Time Warner Cable, 2019-Ohio-3465.]

                            IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO

                                 TENTH APPELLATE DISTRICT


Ching Chang,                                        :

                Plaintiff-Appellant,                :
                                                                 No. 19AP-101
v.                                                  :        (C.P.C. No. 17CV-5118)

Time Warner Cable et al.,                           :      (REGULAR CALENDAR)

                Defendants-Appellees.               :




                                         D E C I S I O N

                                   Rendered on August 27, 2019


                On brief: Ching Chang, pro se. Argued: Ching Chang.

                On brief: E. Ray Critchett, LLC, and E. Ray Critchett, for
                appellees. Argued: E. Ray Critchett.

                  APPEAL from the Franklin County Court of Common Pleas

BROWN, J.
        {¶ 1} Ching Chang, plaintiff-appellant, appeals from the judgment of the Franklin
County Court of Common Pleas, in which the court granted the motion for judgment on
the pleadings filed by Time Warner Cable ("TWC") and Stat Communications Company
("Stat"), defendants-appellees.
        {¶ 2} As alleged in appellant's complaint, TWC was to place 152 feet of
cable/conduit underground in the rear of properties from 114 to 120 Spring Creek Drive.
Appellant owns a property near this location at 125 Gibson Place. The city of Westerville
("city") issued a permit to TWC for the "125 Spring Creek Drive" project. TWC hired Stat
to perform the directional drilling on October 25, 2015.
No. 19AP-101                                                                            2

         {¶ 3} The complaint alleged that an overnight rain occurred on October 27, 2015,
and on the morning of October 28, 2015, the tenant renting appellant's property reported
the basement was flooded with sewage. Appellant contacted the city and a private
plumbing company, Waterworks Company ("Waterworks"), to investigate the source of
the problem.
         {¶ 4} Waterworks performed an inspection and discovered the sewage pipe for
125 Gibson Place was blocked at the northwest corner of the rear yard of 99 Gibson Place.
The city reported similar findings to appellant the next day, finding there was a blocked
private sanitary sewer lateral along the property line of a neighboring property, 99 Gibson
Place.
         {¶ 5} On October 30, 2015, Waterworks undertook the repair of the sewer.
Waterworks discovered broken clay pipe, electrical steel conduit crossing the open area, a
broken clay riser, and loose soil. Appellant alleged in his complaint that Stat had broken
the sewer pipe while burying the cable and blocked the sewer line.
         {¶ 6} Appellant hired a private company to dry and clean his basement.
Appellant alleged in his complaint that he sent demand letters to TWC and Stat but
received no responses.
         {¶ 7} On June 8, 2017, appellant filed the present action against TWC, Stat, and
the city. In Count 1, appellant alleged appellees undertook their excavation in the wrong
location and in violation of the permit, claiming the excavation was to occur at the rear of
114-120 Spring Creek Drive but actually took place at the rear of 99 Gibson Place. In
Count 2, appellant alleged appellees conducted the excavation without proper approval.
In Count 3, appellant alleged Stat failed to maintain reasonable clearance between any
underground facility and the cutting edge or point of powered equipment, in violation of
R.C. 3781.30(A)(1). In Count 4, appellant alleged Stat failed to visually monitor excavation
activity for any indication of the underground utility facility, and to conduct the
excavation within the tolerance zone of the underground utility facilities in order to
prevent damage, in violation of R.C. 3781.30(A)(3) and (4). In Count 5, appellant alleged
Stat failed to report the type and location of any damage to an underground utility as soon
as discovered and make necessary repairs, in violation of R.C. 3781.30(A)(6), and failed to
comply with the damage-reporting requirements in the city's permit. In Count 6,
No. 19AP-101                                                                              3

appellant alleged appellees violated the terms of the city's permit by failing to restore all
surfaces to the original or better condition. In Count 7, appellant alleged a claim for
negligence, asserting appellees failed to respond regarding the damage and contamination
they caused by violating the permit. He sought damages for repairs, clean-up costs, and
punitive damages.
       {¶ 8} On August 7, 2017, the city moved for judgment on the pleadings, which the
court granted on June 21, 2018.
       {¶ 9} On June 27, 2018, TWC and Stat filed a motion for leave to file motion to
dismiss instanter. The trial court granted the motion and, on July 17, 2018, TWC and Stat
filed a joint motion for judgment on the pleadings pursuant to Civ.R. 12(C). On
February 7, 2019, the trial court granted TWC's and Stat's motion for judgment on the
pleadings. With regard to Counts 1, 2, 6, and 7, the court found appellant lacked privity to
the contract between TWC and the city and was not an intended third-party beneficiary
under the contract; thus, he could not recover under it. With regard to Counts 3, 4, and 5,
the court found these allegations did not contain any specificity as to how Stat violated the
requirements under R.C. 3781.30; R.C. 3781.30 only refers to the duties of excavators;
R.C. 3781.30 does not set forth a private right of action; R.C. 3781.30 does not impose the
duty of locating lines on the excavator, Stat; excavators are responsible for notifying the
Ohio Utilities Protection Service ("OUPS") before the excavation of the location of the dig;
once the excavator notifies OUPS of the location, it fulfills its duty to inform itself of the
location; and the complaint does not indicate whether the lines were marked prior to the
excavation, but exhibits attached to the complaint show flags marking the utility areas.
With regard to the claims for negligence in Count 7, the trial court found the complaint
failed to establish appellees owed appellant a duty. Appellant appeals the judgment of the
trial court.
       {¶ 10} However, appellant's brief is deficient. Appellant elected to proceed pro se
both in bringing this action and on appeal. "It is well-established that pro-se litigants are
presumed to have knowledge of the law and legal procedures and that they are held to the
same standard as litigants who are represented by counsel." (Emphasis sic.) Sabouri v.
Ohio Dept. of Job & Family Servs., 145 Ohio App.3d 651, 654 (10th Dist.2001). "In civil
cases, the same rules, procedures and standards apply to one who appears pro se as apply
No. 19AP-101                                                                            4

to those litigants who are represented by counsel." Fields v. Stange, 10th Dist. No. 03AP-
48, 2004-Ohio-1134, ¶ 7, citing State ex rel. Fuller v. Mengel, 100 Ohio St.3d 352, 2003-
Ohio-6448, ¶ 10.
       {¶ 11} In the present case, appellant's brief contains no assignments of error.
Pursuant to App.R. 16(A)(3), an appellant's brief must contain "[a] statement of the
assignments of error presented for review, with reference to the place in the record where
each error is reflected." Assignments of error are particularly important because appellate
courts determine each appeal "on its merits on the assignments of error set forth in the
briefs under App.R. 16." App.R. 12(A)(1)(b). "This court rules on assignments of error,
not mere arguments." Huntington Natl. Bank v. Burda, 10th Dist. No. 08AP-658, 2009-
Ohio-1752, ¶ 21, quoting App.R. 12(A)(1)(b); Williams v. Barrick, 10th Dist. No. 08AP-
133, 2008-Ohio-4592, ¶ 28 (holding appellate courts "rule[] on assignments of error only,
and will not address mere arguments"). It is not the duty of an appellate court to create an
argument on an appellant's behalf. State v. Smith, 9th Dist. No. 15AP0001n, 2017-Ohio-
359, ¶ 22. Consequently, without assignments of error, an appellate court has nothing to
review. Luke v. Roubanes, 10th Dist. No. 16AP-766, 2018-Ohio-1065, ¶ 16.
       {¶ 12} Because appellant has failed to set forth any assignments of error for this
court's review, it is not necessary for this court to address appellant's arguments in order
to affirm the trial court's judgment. State v. Botts, 10th Dist. No. 12AP-822, 2013-Ohio-
4051, ¶ 9. Appellate courts have discretion to dismiss appeals that fail to set forth
assignments of error. CitiMortgage, Inc. v. Asamoah, 10th Dist. No. 12AP-212, 2012-
Ohio-4422, ¶ 5; Tonti v. Tonti, 10th Dist. No. 06AP-732, 2007-Ohio-2658, ¶ 2. Many
times, however, appellate courts instead review the appealed judgment in the interest of
serving justice. Asamoah at ¶ 6; Tonti at ¶ 2. Here, although we could dismiss appellant's
appeal for failure to follow the appellate rules, we will briefly address the main points in
appellant's brief.
       {¶ 13} Civ.R. 12(C) states: "After the pleadings are closed but within such time as
not to delay the trial, any party may move for judgment on the pleadings." A motion for
judgment on the pleadings, pursuant to Civ.R. 12(C), "has been characterized as a belated
Civ.R. 12(B)(6) motion for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted." Tran
v. State, 10th Dist. No. 09AP-587, 2009-Ohio-6784, ¶ 10. In ruling on a motion for
No. 19AP-101                                                                               5

judgment on the pleadings, a trial court is permitted to "consider both the complaint and
answer." Zhelezny v. Olesh, 10th Dist. No. 12AP-681, 2013-Ohio-4337, ¶ 8. The trial court
"must construe all the material allegations of the complaint as true, and must draw all
reasonable inferences in favor of the nonmoving party." Id. The court may grant the
motion "if it finds, beyond doubt, that the plaintiff can prove no set of facts in support of
the claim(s) that would entitle him or her to relief." Id.
       {¶ 14} A motion for judgment on the pleadings under Civ.R. 12(C) "tests the
allegations of the complaint and presents a question of law." Id. at ¶ 9. As such, an
appellate court's "review of a decision to grant judgment on the pleadings is de novo." Id.
       {¶ 15} In the present case, appellant's arguments concern three subjects: (1) the
application of R.C. 3781.30(A)(1), (3), (4), and (6), (2) the violation of the city permit, and
(3) negligence. With regard to R.C. 3781.30, that section provides, in pertinent part:
               (A) When making excavations using traditional or trenchless
               technologies, the excavator shall do all of the following:

               (1) Maintain reasonable clearance between any underground
               facility and the cutting edge or point of powered equipment;

               ***

               (3) When approaching and excavating within the tolerance
               zone of underground utility facilities with powered
               equipment, require an individual other than the equipment
               operator, to visually monitor the excavation activity for any
               indication of the underground utility facility;

               (4) Conduct the excavation within the tolerance zone of
               underground utility facilities in a careful, prudent, and
               nondestructive manner, when necessary, in order to prevent
               damage;

               ***

               (6) As soon as any damage is discovered, including gouges,
               dents, or breaks to coatings, cable sheathes, and cathodic
               protection anodes or wiring, report the type and location of
               the damage to the utility and permit the utility a reasonable
               amount of time to make necessary repairs[.]
No. 19AP-101                                                                              6

       {¶ 16} We agree with the trial court's conclusions that appellant's complaint
merely recites the statutory language and fails to allege with any specificity how Stat
violated the statute, and that, regardless, R.C. 3781.30 does not set forth a private right of
action for violations thereof. Furthermore, we agree that R.C. 3781.30 does not impose
the duty of locating lines on the excavator. Instead, the statute "simply establishes a
standard of care for excavation in private projects, after the excavator has been supplied
with reasonably accurate information as to the approximate location of the lines."
(Emphasis sic.) E. Ohio Gas Co. v. Kenmore Constr. Co., Inc., 9th Dist. No. 19567
(Mar. 28, 2001). Once a contractor notifies OUPS, it fulfills its duty to inform itself of the
location of the underground utility facilities, pursuant to R.C. 3781.28(A) and Ohio Edison
Co. v. Wartko Constr., 103 Ohio App.3d 177, 180 (11th Dist.1995). Here, the complaint
fails to address whether the utility lines were marked and marked accurately and does not
contend that Stat failed to contact OUPS. For these reasons, we affirm the trial court's
judgment with regard to its findings related to R.C. 3781.30.
       {¶ 17} With regard to the city permit, we agree with the trial court that appellant's
complaint fails to state a claim upon which relief may be granted. "Privity of contract" is
" '[t]he relationship between the parties to a contract, allowing them to sue each other but
preventing a third party from doing so.' " State v. Harding, 10th Dist. No. 13AP-362,
2014-Ohio-1187, ¶ 28, quoting Black's Law Dictionary (9th Ed.2009). "Only a party to a
contract or an intended third-party beneficiary of a contract may bring an action on a
contract in Ohio." Grant Thornton v. Windsor House, Inc., 57 Ohio St.3d 158, 161 (1991).
Here, the permit was a contract between the city and TWC, appellant was not a party to or
privy to the contract, and appellant was not an intended third-party beneficiary. Appellant
had no part in the making of the contract, and appellant's property was not a part of the
contract. Therefore, appellant cannot recover under this theory.
       {¶ 18} With regard to appellant's negligence claim, a cause of action for negligence
requires proof of: (1) a duty, (2) breach of that duty, (3) a causal connection between the
breach and injury, and (4) damages. Menifee v. Ohio Welding Prods., Inc., 15 Ohio St.3d
75, 77 (1984). Here, appellant's complaint failed to demonstrate several of the key
elements of a viable negligence claim. As discussed above, appellees did not owe appellant
a duty, as appellant was not privy to the contract between the city and TWC. Furthermore,
No. 19AP-101                                                                            7

appellant has failed to demonstrate appellees caused any of the damages alleged.
Appellant merely speculates that because appellees were working in the general area of
the broken and blocked pipe, they were responsible for breaking it. Appellant has failed to
allege any facts in his complaint that connect appellees' activities to the damages he
claims. Therefore, appellant has failed to present a claim for negligence upon which relief
may be granted. For all the foregoing reasons, we find no error with the trial court's
findings, and agree that, beyond doubt, appellant can prove no set of facts in support of
his claims that would entitle him to relief.
       {¶ 19} Accordingly, the judgment of the Franklin County Court of Common Pleas
is affirmed.
                                                                      Judgment affirmed.

                     LUPER SCHUSTER and BRUNNER, JJ., concur.

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