                         UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                     Tenth Circuit
                          Byron White United States Courthouse
                                   1823 Stout Street
                                Denver, Colorado 80294
                                    (303) 844-3157
Patrick J. Fisher, Jr.                                                       Elisabeth A. Shumaker
       Clerk                                                                   Chief Deputy Clerk

                                           June 25, 1998


       TO: ALL RECIPIENTS OF THE ORDER AND JUDGMENT

       RE: 97-6274, Bewley v. City of Duncan
           97-6321, Bewley v. City of Duncan
           Originally filed on June 4, 1998


             The unpublished order and judgment originally filed on June 4, 1998, contains
       two typographical errors:

             1. On page two of the slip opinion the footnote should have been identified
       using an asterisk “*” instead of the number one.

             2. On page five of the slip opinion, in footnote number one, the first clause
       before the first dash should read “Plaintiff also raises two additional issues -”.

               A copy of the corrected order and judgment is attached for your convenience.

                                                     Very truly yours,

                                                     Patrick Fisher, Clerk


                                                     Keith Nelson
                                                     Deputy Clerk
                                                            F I L E D
                                                      United States Court of Appeals
                                                              Tenth Circuit

                                                              JUN 4 1998
                   UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                        PATRICK FISHER
                          FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT                    Clerk


BILLY V. BEWLEY,

            Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.                                              No. 97-6274
                                           (D.C. No. 95-CV-1357)
CITY OF DUNCAN, a Municipal                     (W.D. Okla.)
Corporation; DALE ANDERSON,
Chief of Police, individually and as
employee of the City of Duncan;
GLEN HARRIS, individually and as
employee of the City of Duncan;
CHRIS RAY, individually and as
employee of the City of Duncan;
RICHARD HODGES, individually
and as employee of the City of
Duncan; HERBERT JENNINGS,
individually and as employee of the
City of Duncan; ANDREW J.
LAPINE, JR., an individual acting in
conspiracy with those acting under
color of law,

            Defendants-Appellees.


BILLY V. BEWLEY,

            Plaintiff-Appellant,                No. 97-6321
                                          (D.C. No. 95-CV-1357-T)
v.                                              (W.D. Okla.)

CITY OF DUNCAN, a Municipal
Corporation; DALE ANDERSON,
Chief of Police, individually and as
employee of the City of Duncan;
GLEN HARRIS, individually and as
employee of the City of Duncan;
CHRIS RAY, individually and as
employee of the City of Duncan;
RICHARD HODGES, individually
and as employee of the City of
Duncan; HERBERT JENNINGS,
individually and as employee of the
City of Duncan; ANDREW J.
LAPINE, JR., an individual acting
in conspiracy with those acting under
color of law,

            Defendants-Appellees.



                          ORDER AND JUDGMENT *


Before PORFILIO, BARRETT, and HENRY, Circuit Judges.



      After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined

unanimously to grant the parties’ request for a decision on the briefs without oral

argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(f); 10th Cir. R. 34.1.9. These cases are

therefore ordered submitted without oral argument.




*
      This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the
doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. The court
generally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order
and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.

                                        -2-
      In appeal No. 97-6274, plaintiff Billy Bewley, proceeding pro se, appeals

the district court’s orders granting dismissal and summary judgment to defendants

on his amended complaint alleging causes of action under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, and

certain state law claims. In appeal No. 97-6321, plaintiff appeals the district

court’s award of costs to defendants. We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C.

§ 1291, and following a thorough review of the record, we affirm.


                                   I. Background

      This case arises out of two incidents during which plaintiff contends he was

the victim of conduct by defendants in violation of his civil rights. On April 30,

1994, plaintiff’s Doberman Pinscher dog died as a result of being shot with a

tranquilizer dart by City of Duncan animal control officer, defendant Glenn

Harris. The incident started with a telephone call to 911 by plaintiff’s neighbor,

defendant Andrew J. Lapine, Jr., reporting that plaintiff’s dog was loose in the

neighborhood and menacing people attending a nearby auction. Defendants Chris

Ray and Richard Hodges, City of Duncan police officers, responded and,

according to their reports, found that plaintiff’s dog was agitated and pacing a

fence in plaintiff’s yard. The officers reported that the fence could not contain

the dog and it went back and forth into plaintiff’s yard at will. The officers then

requested that animal control be dispatched to the location.



                                         -3-
         After several unsuccessful attempts on the part of the police dispatcher to

locate plaintiff, Officers Ray and Hodges, and Animal Control Officer Harris,

assisted by Officers Jerry Wilson and Bart Riley, tried, without success, to catch

the dog in a pole noose. During this time, the dog charged the officers showing

its teeth. After pursuing the animal through the neighborhood, the dog finally

returned to plaintiff’s yard. The officers then directed Harris to shoot the dog

with a tranquilizer gun. Following the shot, the dog went into the house through

a broken door. Because a dog hit with this tranquilizer must receive veterinary

attention quickly, the police officers authorized Harris to enter plaintiff’s

residence to retrieve the dog once they were sure that the shot had taken effect.

Harris, accompanied by Sgt. Hodges, then entered the back of plaintiff’s house

into a room described by Sgt. Hodges as “a dog room” littered with animal waste,

food, and trash. Harris removed the animal and transported it to a veterinarian,

where despite treatment, unfortunately, it died. The police officers cited plaintiff

for allowing an animal to run at large. He was adjudged guilty in municipal

court.

         The second incident involves a traffic citation issued to plaintiff by City

of Duncan police officer, defendant Herbert Jennings, for failure to come to

a complete stop at a stop sign. Following a protest of the citation, plaintiff was




                                            -4-
acquitted in municipal court. Plaintiff appears to claim that these incidents were

in furtherance of a city wide conspiracy to harass him and his family.


                                   II. No. 97-6274

      Plaintiff brought this § 1983 civil rights action alleging that defendants’

conduct during the dog incident and the traffic incident was in violation of his

constitutional rights under the First, Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, Eighth, Ninth, Tenth,

and Fourteenth Amendments. The district court granted defendant Lapine’s

motion to dismiss pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6) and granted summary

judgment to the remaining defendants.

      Plaintiff identifies eleven issues on appeal. Because many of his issues are

overlapping and repetitive, we combine them as follows: (1) the district court

erred in dismissing defendant Lapine; (2) the court erred in granting summary

judgment to the City of Duncan, Police Chief Dale Anderson and Police Office

Herbert Jennings on plaintiff’s § 1983 civil rights claims; (3) the court erred in

granting summary judgment to the remaining defendants on plaintiff’s § 1983

civil rights claims; (4) the district court erred in granting summary judgment to

defendants on plaintiff’s § 1983 conspiracy claim; and (5) the district court

erredin denying plaintiff’s motion to recuse. 1


1
      Plaintiff also raises two additional issues - that the district court
                                                                         (continued...)

                                          -5-
                              A. Dismissal of Mr. Lapine

      Plaintiff contends that the district court erred in dismissing his claims

against Mr. Lapine under Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6) for failure to state a claim upon

which relief may be granted. We review a dismissal under Rule 12(b)(6) de novo.

See Yoder v. Honeywell Inc., 104 F.3d 1215, 1224 (10th Cir.), cert. denied, 118

S. Ct. 55 (1997). We will uphold the dismissal “when it appears that the plaintiff

can prove no set of facts in support of the claims that would entitle him to relief,

accepting the well-pleaded allegations of the complaint as true and construing

them in the light most favorable to the plaintiff.” Id. (further quotation omitted).

As a pro se litigant, we construe plaintiff’s complaint liberally. See Haines v.

Kerner, 404 U.S. 519, 520 (1972).

      Here, the district court granted Mr. Lapine’s motion to dismiss based on its

conclusion that Mr. Lapine was not a state actor. Moreover, the court determined

that plaintiff failed to set forth specific factual allegations that state a cause of

action against Mr. Lapine as a private person conspiring with a person acting




1
 (...continued)
erroneously allowed defendants extended time for discovery and erroneously
denied his motion for appointment of counsel - which were not argued in his
brief. Because perfunctory complaints which fail to frame or develop an issue are
insufficient to invoke our review, we consider the issues waived. See Murrell v.
Shalala, 43 F.3d 1388, 1389 n.2 (10th Cir. 1994).

                                           -6-
under color of state law for the purpose of depriving plaintiff of his constitutional

rights. We agree.

      A civil rights plaintiff proceeding under § 1983 must allege and prove that

“(a) some person has deprived him of a federally protected right, and (b) the

person who has deprived him of that right acted under color of state law.”

Houston v. Reich, 932 F.2d 883, 890 (10th Cir. 1991). Unless a complaint alleges

both elements, it does not state a claim under § 1983. “In order to hold a private

individual liable under § 1983 for a constitutional violation requiring state action,

a plaintiff must show . . . that the individual’s conduct is ‘fairly attributable to the

State.’” Pino v. Higgs, 75 F.3d 1461, 1465 (10th Cir. 1996) (quoting Lugar v.

Edmondson Oil Co., 457 U.S. 922, 937 (1982)). Under Lugar,

      [f]irst, the deprivation must be caused by the exercise of some right
      or privilege created by the State or by a rule of conduct imposed by
      the state or by a person for whom the State is responsible. . . .
      Second, the party charged with the deprivation must be a person who
      may fairly be said to be a state actor. This may be because he is a
      state official, because he had acted together with or has obtained
      significant aid from state officials, or because his conduct is
      otherwise chargeable to the State.

457 U.S. at 937.

      Here, Mr. Lapine’s only involvement in the incidents in question was his

telephone call to the authorities to report that plaintiff’s dog was loose and

menacing persons in the neighborhood. Although plaintiff’s argument in his brief

is less than clear, it appears that he alleged that Mr. Lapine should be considered

                                           -7-
as acting under color of state law because Mr. Lapine had, in the past, made other

complaints to the police regarding plaintiff. In Pino, we rejected a similar

argument, holding that defendant’s “conduct does not rise to the level of state

action simply because [police officers] responded to her call to the dispatcher.”

75 F.3d at 1465. Accordingly, we conclude that Mr. Lapine’s actions did not

constitute state action simply because the officers responded to his call, or for

that matter, had in the past responded to his calls.

      Moreover, as the district court found, plaintiff did not plead sufficient facts

to support his claim that Mr. Lapine acted in conspiracy with the police officers.

See Dennis v. Sparks, 449 U.S. 24, 27-28 (1980) (cause of action under § 1983

may be maintained against a private person where it is shown that private person

conspired with person acting under color of state law to violate constitutional

rights); Thompson v. City of Lawrence, 58 F.3d 1511, 1517 (10th Cir. 1995)

(holding that a plaintiff must allege sufficient facts to show both a conspiracy and

a deprivation of constitutional rights). Even construing plaintiff’s assertions

liberally, his allegations of conspiratorial conduct as to Mr. Lapine are conclusory

at best. See Durre v. Dempsey, 869 F.2d 543, 545 (10th Cir. 1989) (“Conclusory

allegations of conspiracy are insufficient to state a valid § 1983 claim.”).

Therefore, the district court’s dismissal of the claims against Mr. Lapine was

appropriate.


                                          -8-
            B. Grant of Summary Judgment to Harris, Ray, and Hodges

      We review the grant of summary judgment de novo applying the same

standard as that applied by the district court. See Buchanan v. Sherrill, 51 F.3d

227, 229 (10th Cir. 1995). Summary judgment is appropriate if the moving party

demonstrates that there is “no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the

moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c).

A genuine issue of material fact exists if the parties have presented sufficient

evidence from which a trier of fact could resolve the issue either way. See

Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986). If the party bearing

the burden of persuasion at trial fails to come forward with sufficient evidence

on an essential element of his prima facie case, all issues concerning all other

elements of the claim become immaterial. See Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S.

317, 322-23 (1986).

      The movant bears the burden of establishing the absence of dispute as to

a material fact. See id. at 323. The movant can accomplish this by pointing out

to the court a lack of evidence as to an essential element of the nonmovant’s

claim. The burden then shifts to the nonmovant to present specific facts,

admissible at trial, from which a rational trier of fact could find for the

nonmovant. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c); Celotex, 477 U.S. at 324. This can be

accomplished by reference to pleadings, affidavits, discovery responses,


                                          -9-
transcripts, or other specific exhibits. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c); Thomas v.

Wichita Coca-Cola Bottling Co., 968 F.2d 1022, 1024 (10th Cir. 1992).

We conduct our de novo review from the same perspective available to the district

court at the time it entered its decision, limiting our review to those materials the

parties presented to the district court. Therefore, although “[w]e view the

evidence and draw any inferences in a light most favorable to the party opposing

summary judgment, . . . that party must identify sufficient evidence which would

require submission of the case to a jury.” Aramburu v. Boeing Co., 112 F.3d

1398, 1402 (10th Cir. 1997).

      Plaintiff challenges the district court’s grant of summary judgment to the

defendants who actually took part in the incidents. The court granted defendants

summary judgment on plaintiff’s allegations of First, Sixth, Ninth, and Tenth

Amendment violations, noting that during his deposition, plaintiff was unable to

identify the factual basis for his claims that defendants violated the numerous

constitutional amendments he cited, and had provided no evidence to support

these claims.

      On plaintiff’s Fourth Amendment claim that defendants entered his home

without a warrant and shot his dog, the court concluded that plaintiff had not

provided sufficient evidence to support this claim. In determining that plaintiff

failed to establish a disputed material fact, the district court thoroughly


                                         -10-
summarized the affidavits and police reports submitted by the defendants. The

court then concluded that plaintiff had established no disputed issue of material

fact challenging defendants’ claim that exigent circumstances existed at the time

the officers entered plaintiff’s house.

      Plaintiff appears to base his assertion of error entirely on his contention

that the district court failed to consider an affidavit of Jessie McAlister,

plaintiff’s neighbor. Although in his argument, plaintiff provides his own

translation of Mr. McAlister’s affidavit, our reading of the document does not

reveal any fact which would materially dispute the facts contained in the

affidavits and reports of the defendants. According to the factual accounts of Mr.

Lapine, the police officers, and Animal Control Officer Harris, after a concerted

effort to capture the dog, the dog was shot with a tranquilizer dart gun after which

it went into a room at the back of the house through the bottom of a door. Officer

Harris and Sgt. Hodges then entered the back of the house and retrieved the dog.

According to Mr. McAlister’s affidavit, “the animal control officer and another

police officer” entered the house through a back door after which he “heard what

sounded like a shot.” R. Vol. II, Doc. 154, McAlister Affidavit at 2. Thus, it

appears that Mr. McAlister believes that the dog was shot inside the house, while

the officers aver that the dog was shot outside and then entered the house. While

we acknowledge this factual dispute, we fail to discern its materiality to the


                                          -11-
claim. Whether the dog was shot inside or outside is immaterial to the question

of whether exigent circumstances existed which permitted the officers to enter

plaintiff’s house without a warrant.

      “Normally, a search is considered reasonable under the Fourth Amendment

only if it is supported by a warrant issued on probable cause[.]” Saavedra v. City

of Albuquerque, 73 F.3d 1525, 1531 (10th Cir. 1996). “It is a matter of law that a

warrantless entry for some limited purposes is permissible if police officers have

probable cause to search the residence and exigent circumstances are present.”

United States v. Chavez, 812 F.2d 1295, 1298 (10th Cir. 1987). In assessing

whether exigent circumstances exist, “we are guided by the realities of the

situation presented by the record.” United States v. Cuaron, 700 F.2d 582, 586

(10th Cir. 1983) (further quotation omitted).

      All versions of the facts support the conclusion that the officers’ actions

were for the purpose of protecting themselves and the public. Plaintiff’s dog

had been loose in the neighborhood and menacing, not only the officers, but

passers-by as well. Officer Chris Ray stated in his affidavit that on his way to

plaintiff’s residence to answer the call regarding a loose dog, he was stopped by

a woman who advised him that a black dog had “charged her and her husband

while they were walking down the street.” R. Vol. 11, Doc. 141, Affidavit of

Chris Ray. Doug Johnson, an attendee at the auction across the street from


                                        -12-
plaintiff’s residence, stated that he observed a Doberman Pinscher running

“through the crowd” and confronting people before being chased from the area by

Duncan police officers. Id. Affidavit of Doug Johnson. Mr. Lapine, in his

account of the dog’s encounter with a couple at a nearby intersection, stated that

he “observed the dog was running at large, and lunged at the woman, being very

aggressive, and then growled and beared his teeth at the man, at which time the

man attempted to frighten the dog away.” Id. Affidavit of Andrew Lapine.

      The officers involved all reported that the dog was behaving aggressively.

Therefore, even if we accept Mr. McAlister’s version of the events, the officers

would have had a constitutionally permissible basis for entering plaintiff’s home

and tranquilizing the dog. The discrepancies between Mr. McAlister’s version of

the events in his affidavit and the version of the events described in the affidavits

submitted by defendants do not constitute a disputed issue of material fact as to

whether exigent circumstances existed which would support the officer’s

warrantless entry into plaintiff’s home for the purpose of removing the dog.

Summary judgment on this issue was appropriate.


                       C. 42 U.S.C. § 1983 Conspiracy Claim

      Plaintiff asserted that both incidents were part of a conspiracy of the

defendants to violate his constitutional rights. In order to prevail on a § 1983

conspiracy claim, plaintiff “must prove both the existence of a conspiracy and the

                                         -13-
deprivation of a constitutional right.” Thompson, 58 F.3d at 1517. Having

determined that plaintiff failed to establish a constitutional violation, the

conspiracy claim fails. See id.


    D. Grant of Summary Judgment to City of Duncan, Anderson, and Jennings

      In a separate order, the district court granted summary judgment to the City

of Duncan and defendants Jennings and Anderson. 2 The court held that plaintiff

failed to adequately allege facts or offer evidence to support his claim that the

police officers violated his constitutional rights in accord with a policy of the

municipality.

      In a § 1983 action, the City of Duncan may be held liable only for its own

unconstitutional policies and not for the tortuous or unconstitutional actions of its

employees. See Monell v. Department of Soc. Servs., 436 U.S. 658, 694 (1978).

Here, the City may not be held liable under this theory absent an underlying



2
       Pursuant to the applicable two-year statute of limitations, in this same
order, the district court granted summary judgment to all defendants on plaintiff’s
claims based on incidents that had occurred more than two years prior to filing of
the action. See R. Vol. II, Doc. 125 at 2. In addition, the court granted
defendants summary judgment on claims which were barred as a result of releases
signed by plaintiff in settlement of a number of prior lawsuits involving certain of
the same defendants. See id. at 2-3. Although plaintiff makes reference to
allegations of many of these prior incidents in his arguments on appeal, he does
not challenge the district court’s grant of summary judgment on these claims. At
plaintiff’s request, his state common law claims subject to the Governmental Tort
Claims Act were stricken from his complaint. See id. at 3.

                                          -14-
constitutional violation by its officers. See Thompson, 58 F.3d at 1517.

Therefore, because plaintiff failed to establish a constitutional deprivation, his

claim against the City fails.

      The district court granted summary judgment to Officer Jennings and Police

Chief Anderson on plaintiff’s claim that the defendants participating in the death

of his dog violated his constitutional rights. We have held that “[i]ndividual

liability under § 1983 must be based on personal involvement in the alleged

constitutional violation.” Foote v. Spiegel, 118 F.3d 1416, 1423 (10th Cir. 1997).

Plaintiff does not claim that either defendant was present when the alleged

constitutional violation occurred, but presumably included the two officers solely

because of their supervisory role. A supervisor cannot be held liable under §

1983 on a respondeat superior theory. See Brown v. Reardon, 770 F.2d 896, 901

(10th Cir. 1985). Plaintiff’s claims against the officers in their supervisory

capacities is the same as his claims against the City. See Thompson, 58 F.3d at

1517. Therefore, once again plaintiff’s failure to show an underlying

constitutional deprivation defeats his claims against the two officers, and

summary judgment was appropriate.

      Next, the district court granted summary judgment on plaintiff’s claim that

Officer Jennings violated his constitutional rights during a traffic stop and

resulting citation for failure to come to a complete stop at a stop sign. The court


                                         -15-
construed plaintiff’s claim as asserting that, because plaintiff was acquitted of the

violation, the charge was concocted and for the purpose of harassing plaintiff.

The court found that, although plaintiff claimed Officer Jennings was “rude and

raised his voice,” he failed to establish that issuance of the citation was an abuse

of Jennings’ authority, or in violation of plaintiff’s due process rights. R. Vol. II,

Doc. 125 at 4-5. On appeal, plaintiff asserts that “Officer Jennings, had followed,

stopped, detained, (arrested) Appellant and his spouse, upon numerous occassions

(sic).” Appellant’s Opening Br. at 19. He fails, however, to point this court to

any error in the district court’s findings or conclusions on this issue. Because we

are not obligated to manufacture plaintiff’s argument on appeal when he has

failed to draw our attention to the error asserted, we consider the issue waived.

See Hernandez v. Starbuck, 69 F.3d 1089, 1093 (10th Cir. 1995); see also United

States v. Rodriquez-Aguirre, 108 F.3d 1228, 1238 n.8 (10th Cir.) (holding that

appellant bears the burden of tying the relevant facts, supported by specific

citations to the record, to his legal contentions), cert denied, 118 S. Ct. 132

(1997).


                                E. Motion to Recuse

      Plaintiff also challenges the district court’s denial of his motion to recuse.

We review “the denial of a motion to recuse only for abuse of discretion.”

Weatherhead v. Globe Int’l, Inc., 832 F.2d 1226, 1227 (10th Cir. 1987). Plaintiff

                                         -16-
argues that the district court ignored his evidence. It is clear from the record,

however, that the district court did not ignore plaintiff’s evidence, but instead

found it insufficient or immaterial. Plaintiff’s only appellate argument on this

issue appears to be his dissatisfaction with the decisions of the court which does

not constitute grounds for recusal. See Liteky v. United States, 510 U.S. 540, 555

(1994) (holding judicial rulings alone almost never constitute grounds for

recusal). We therefore conclude that the district court’s denial of plaintiff’s

motion to recuse was not an abuse of its discretion


                                   III. No. 97-6321

      Plaintiff appeals the district court’s award of costs to defendants as

prevailing parties. On August 4, 1997, pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 54 and Rule

54.2 of the Rules for the United States District Court for the Western District of

Oklahoma, defendants filed a bill of costs in the amount of $6,888.75. To their

bill of costs, defendants attached an affidavit of counsel and numerous documents

supporting the amount of costs sought, and that they were in relation to the

proceedings in the district court. Plaintiff received a copy of the bill of costs

indicating that a hearing on the assessment would be held on August 21, 1997.

By letter dated August 5, 1997, the district court informed all parties of the date

and time of hearing and advised that “[i]f there is no written objection filed to the

Bill of Costs pursuant to Local Rule 54.2, the Clerk’s Office will tax same in

                                         -17-
accordance with the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure and our Local Rules; and

your appearance at such hearing will not be necessary.” R. Supp. Vol. I, Doc.

168, ex. D. Plaintiff had fifteen days from the date the bill of costs was filed to

file his written objections. Although plaintiff did not file the required written

objections, he did appear at the hearing.

      Following the hearing, the clerk assessed costs against plaintiff in the

amount requested. Although plaintiff had five days in which to appeal the

assessment, see Fed. R. Civ. P. 54(d), instead he filed a motion for leave to object

to the bill of costs, claiming that a letter from the clerk of this court concerning

his appeal fees confused him. 3 The district court, construing plaintiff’s motion as

a request to file objections out of time, directed defendants to respond. By order

dated September 10, 1997, the district court determined that although plaintiff had

express notice of the need to file timely written objections, he failed to do so.


3
        On August 6, 1997, following plaintiff’s filing of his notice of appeal, this
court, under the erroneous impression that plaintiff was a prisoner, notified him
that his appeal would be delayed pending assessment of appeal fees by the district
court. Id. Plaintiff contends that this letter somehow confused him as to his need
to file written objections to the assessment of costs in the district court.

       The letter in question came from the court of appeals, addressing only
plaintiff’s fee for filing an appeal. The letter made no reference to the assessment
of the costs of litigation pending in district court. It appears, and the district
court observes, that plaintiff, despite his pro se status, is not a novice at federal
court litigation. His contention that he was confused by this court’s letter
regarding his fee for filing an appeal is, therefore, unpersuasive.


                                          -18-
The court then denied plaintiff’s motion to file objections out of time and ordered

the assessment of costs would stand.

      As defendants noted, plaintiff devoted very little argument to the merits

of the costs assessment. He first asserts that his pro se status precludes any award

of costs against him. Although 28 U.S.C. § 1915(a)(1) allows commencement of

a civil suit without prepayment of costs and fees, § 1915(f)(1) allows a judgment

“for costs at the conclusion of the suit or action as in other proceedings.” We

have held that a grant of “‘in forma pauperis status pursuant to § 1915(a) does not

preclude the court from assessing costs at the conclusion of the suit.’” Treff v.

Galetka, 74 F.3d 191, 196-97 (10th Cir. 1996) (quoting Olson v. Coleman, 997

F.2d 726, 728 (10th Cir. 1993)).

      Next, plaintiff asserts that, because he had filed his notice of appeal in this

court, the district court did not have jurisdiction to assess costs. “[A] request for

costs raises issues wholly collateral to the judgment in the main cause of

action. . . .” Buchanan v. Stanships, Inc., 485 U.S. 265, 268 (1988). Federal Rule

of Civil Procedure 58 states that “[e]ntry of the judgment shall not be delayed,

nor the time for appeal extended, in order to tax costs or award fees.” Therefore,

the district court’s orders granting summary judgment to defendants were final

appealable orders, and defendants’ pending request to tax costs remained with the

district court. See Smith v. Phillips, 881 F.2d 902, 905 n.9 (10th Cir. 1989)


                                         -19-
(district court retains jurisdiction to consider requests for attorneys’ fees after

appeal has been filed).

      Pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 54(d), “costs other than attorneys’ fees shall be

allowed as of course to the prevailing party unless the court otherwise directs.”

The district court has broad discretion to award costs to the prevailing party.

See Tilton v. Capital Cities/ABC, Inc., 115 F.3d 1471, 1474 (10th Cir. 1997);

Roberts v. Madigan, 921 F.2d 1047, 1058 (10th Cir. 1990). Here, we conclude

that the district court’s decision on the award of costs to defendants was not an

abuse of discretion.

      The judgments of the United States District Court for the Western District

of Oklahoma are AFFIRMED.



                                                      Entered for the Court



                                                      Robert H. Henry
                                                      Circuit Judge




                                          -20-
