                           STATE OF MICHIGAN

                            COURT OF APPEALS



PLEASANTON TOWNSHIP,                                                 UNPUBLISHED
                                                                     December 18, 2014
               Plaintiff/Counter-Defendant-
               Appellant,

v                                                                    No. 317908
                                                                     Manistee Circuit Court
DOUGLAS PARRAMORE,                                                   LC No. 12-014762-CZ

               Defendant/Counter-Plaintiff-
               Appellee.


Before: M. J. KELLY, P.J., and CAVANAGH and METER, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

       In this zoning dispute, plaintiff, Pleasanton Township, appeals by right the trial court’s
order granting summary disposition in favor of defendant, Douglas Parramore. For the reasons
explained below, we affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand for entry of summary disposition
in the Township’s favor on its nuisance per se claim and on Parramore’s equal protection
counterclaim.

        As a preliminary matter, we note that the Michigan Townships Association argues as an
amicus curiae that the trial court lacked subject-matter jurisdiction to grant relief to Parramore
because he did not appeal the Zoning Board of Appeals’ decisions in the circuit court. A party
may raise a challenge to subject-matter jurisdiction at any time and whether a court has
jurisdiction is a question of law that this Court reviews de novo. Davis v Dep’t of Corrections,
251 Mich App 372, 374; 651 NW2d 486 (2002).

        A court’s subject-matter jurisdiction concerns the types of cases and claims that it has the
authority to decide. In re AMB, 248 Mich App 144, 166; 640 NW2d 262 (2001). Subject-matter
jurisdiction does not involve the court’s power to consider a specific case, but rather involves the
court’s power to hear a class of cases. Joy v Two-Bit Corp, 287 Mich 244, 253-254; 283 NW 45
(1938). Michigan’s circuit courts have jurisdiction “to hear and determine all civil claims and
remedies, except where exclusive jurisdiction is given in the constitution or by statute to some
other court . . . .” MCL 600.605. “Thus, circuit courts are presumed to have subject-matter
jurisdiction unless jurisdiction is expressly prohibited or given to another court by constitution or
statute.” In re Wayne Co Treasurer Petition, 265 Mich App 285, 291; 698 NW2d 879 (2005).
“When a court is without jurisdiction of the subject matter, any action with respect to such a

                                                -1-
cause, other than to dismiss it, is absolutely void.” Todd v Dep’t of Corrections, 232 Mich App
623, 628; 591 NW2d 375 (1998).

        The Association characterizes the present action as an improper collateral challenge to
the Zoning Board’s decisions. Under MCL 125.3605 provides that a party aggrieved by a
decision of the Zoning Board must appeal to the circuit court for the county in which the
property is located. The party must file the appeal within 30 days after the Zoning Board issues
its decision in writing or 21 days after it approves the minutes of its decision, whichever comes
first. MCL 125.3606(3). “The failure to file a timely claim of appeal deprives the circuit court
of jurisdiction to hear the appeal.” Schlega v Detroit Bd of Zoning Appeals, 147 Mich App 79,
82; 382 NW2d 737 (1985). In this case, Parramore has not collaterally challenged the Zoning
Board’s decision. Rather, the Township sued Parramore, alleging claims of nuisance per se and
fraud, and asking for injunctive relief. And the circuit court has jurisdiction to hear nuisance and
fraud claims and to grant injunctive relief. MCL 600.605; Joy, 287 Mich at 253-254.

         The Township argues the trial court erred in granting summary disposition to Parramore.
It contends that the variance granted to Parramore, which allowed him to construct an accessory
building that was eight feet into the 10-foot side yard setback1, was conditioned on a height
restriction contained in Parramore’s application for a variance. In the application, Parramore
represented that the accessory structure would have eight-foot high side walls and would match
the height of his single-story house. “This Court reviews de novo a trial court’s decision on a
motion for summary disposition.” Hackel v Macomb Co Comm, 298 Mich App 311, 315; 826
NW2d 753 (2012). “In reviewing a motion under MCR 2.116(C)(10), this Court considers the
pleadings, admissions, affidavits, and other relevant documentary evidence of record in the light
most favorable to the nonmoving party to determine whether any genuine issue of material fact
exists to warrant a trial.” Walsh v Taylor, 263 Mich App 618, 621; 689 NW2d 506 (2004).

        The Zoning Board has the authority to grant variances concerning the construction or
alteration of buildings or structures related to dimensional requirements of the zoning ordinance.
MCL 125.3604(8). “A variance is permission granted by a board of appeals to disregard a literal
enforcement of an ordinance.” Johnson v Bobbie’s Party Store, 189 Mich App 652, 661; 473
NW2d 796 (1991). The Zoning Board may, however, impose conditions on variances. See
MCL 125.3604(7); Pleasanton Township Ordinance, Article 96, § 9604(C); City of Troy v
Aslanian, 170 Mich App 523, 526-529; 428 NW2d 703 (1988).2 Such conditions must be
expressed with enough clarity to inform the applicant of the limitations on the use of the land and
to protect nearby owners. Id. at 528. Although a nonconforming use is permitted to continue,
the Zoning Board need not permit a property owner to alter the quality, intensity, or location of a
nonconforming use. Id.



1
    See Pleasanton Township Ordinance, Article 45, § 4504.D.3
2
  The analysis in City of Troy is based in part on zoning statutory provisions that are no longer in
effect, but the current version continues to recognize the Zoning Board’s authority to condition
the grant of a variance. See MCL 125.3604(7).


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        When it granted the variance at issue, the Zoning Board did not expressly state that the
structure must be one story or have walls that were no more than eight feet in height. It did,
however, state that its decision to grant the variance was “based on” Parramore’s application and
site plan. Parramore stated in his application that the height of the accessory structure would
match the single-story house siding and roofing and that the sidewalls would be eight feet tall,
with a roof pitch to match the house. His contractor’s diagram attached to the application also
represented that the roof and sides would match the house with “[s]ingle story peaks” that would
not block the neighbors’ view. By stating that its decision to grant the variance was based on
Parramore’s application, the Zoning Board expressed with sufficient clarity that Parramore’s
representations concerning the height of the structure constituted a condition on its decision to
grant the variance. This condition was reasonable given that the new structure’s square footage
was larger than that of the existing garage, which constituted a nonconforming use. Id.; see also
Schadewald v Brule, 225 Mich App 26, 33; 570 NW2d 788 (1997); Anatra v Zoning Bd of
Appeals of Town of Madison, 307 Conn 728, 747; 59 A3d 772 (2013) (holding that the
conditions on a variance are determined by examining “the entire public record, including the
variance application, the accompanying plans and exhibits, the minutes or hearing transcript, and
the record of decision”).3

        Contrary to Parramore’s argument, the subsequent land use permit issued by the Zoning
Administrator did not constitute the variance granted by the Zoning Board. The variance
decision is reflected in the minutes of the Zoning Board’s public meeting at which it voted to
grant the variance “based on” Parramore’s application. The land use permit was signed by and
issued by the Zoning Administrator following the Zoning Board’s decision to grant the variance.
It is the Zoning Board that has the authority to grant variances and impose conditions on
variances. MCL 125.3604(7), (8); City of Troy, 170 Mich App at 526-529.

        In any event, the land use permit, while containing what the Township characterizes as
boilerplate language stating the maximum building height for the district is 35 feet, and stating
that the side yard setback was 10 feet, also expressly stated that the zoning permit application
and attachments and the variance decision were to be attached to the file copy of the land use
permit. This reference to the zoning application and the variance decision effectively
incorporated those documents into the land use permit and alerted Parramore that his
representations concerning the height of the structure, which were adopted in the variance
decision, remained in effect.4

       This height restriction was further reinforced in the Zoning Board’s second decision in
September 2011, after Parramore sought a height variance for the 22 ½-foot-tall structure that he
already built. The Zoning Board denied Parramore’s request noting that he had a variance for a


3
 This Court may look to foreign decisions as persuasive authority. K & K Constr, Inc v Dep’t of
Environmental Quality, 267 Mich App 523, 559 n 38; 705 NW2d 365 (2005).
4
 Further, even if the land use permit issued by the Zoning Administrator could be construed to
permit Parramore to build a structure up to 35 feet in height, as more fully explained below, the
Zoning Administrator lacked authority to alter the Zoning Board’s variance decision.


                                               -3-
one-story structure and that permitting a two-story structure to be built two feet from the
property line would alter the essential character of the area. The Zoning Board referred to
complaints by three neighbors that the two-story structure was obtrusive given its proximity to
the property line. The Zoning Board’s subsequent decision made clear that it did not approve the
structure. Parramore’s suggestion that the 22 ½ foot tall building was one story under an
ordinance definition ignores the fact that the Zoning Board’s initial grant of a variance was
premised on Parramore’s application, which contained representations that the height of the
building would be eight feet tall, and ignores the fact that the Zoning Board expressly found that
the 22 ½ foot tall structure would alter the essential character of the area. Thus, Parramore’s
claim that the Zoning Board did not impose a height restriction in its variance lacks merit.

         “Except as otherwise provided by law, a use of land or a dwelling, building, or structure,
including a tent or recreational vehicle, used, erected, altered, razed, or converted in violation of
a zoning ordinance or regulation adopted under this act is a nuisance per se.” MCL 125.3407;
see also Shelby Charter Twp v Papesh, 267 Mich App 92, 96 n 3; 704 NW2d 92 (2005).
Parramore’s accessory building violated the zoning ordinance as it did not satisfy the height
restriction imposed as a condition on the grant of a variance from the side yard setback
requirement. Therefore, the Township established that the building constituted a nuisance per se
and was entitled to summary disposition on its nuisance claim.

        The Township next argues that even if the Zoning Administrator verbally told Parramore
or his contractor, Charles Iverson, that they could build the accessory structure up to 35 feet in
height, or even if the land use permit issued by the Zoning Administrator could be construed to
permit construction to that height, such representations are not binding on the Township.
Generally, a municipality cannot be estopped from enforcing its zoning ordinances by “the ultra
vires acts of its zoning officials.” Grand Haven Twp v Brummel, 87 Mich App 442, 444-445;
274 NW2d 814 (1978) (citations omitted), citing Fass v Highland Park, 326 Mich 19; 39 NW2d
336 (1949). Moreover, every person “is presumed to know the nature and extent of the powers
of municipal officers” and this rule applies even “when the ordinance violator acts in good faith,
expending money or incurring obligations in reliance upon the official’s acts.” Id.; see also City
of Hillsdale v Hillsdale Iron & Metal Co, 358 Mich 377, 383-384; 100 NW2d 467 (1960).

        In Fass, 326 Mich at 21, the plaintiffs received licenses in the years 1945, 1946, and 1947
to sell both dressed and live poultry on their property, but in 1948 a license was denied on the
ground that a zoning ordinance prohibited the sale of live poultry. The plaintiffs claimed that the
defendant-city was estopped from enforcing the zoning ordinance because of the interpretation
placed on the ordinance in past years by certain city officials. Id. at 25. The plaintiffs claimed
that they had purchased the property in reliance on statements of the city engineer indicating that
the city did not oppose using the property as a retail live poultry market, and that the plaintiffs
invested money in equipment and fixtures and would suffer loss in the value of their property if
they could not carry on the business of selling live poultry. Id. at 25-26. After reviewing case
law, our Supreme Court rejected the plaintiffs’ estoppel argument:

               Plaintiffs’ claim that the defendant municipality is estopped to enforce its
       zoning ordinance against plaintiffs’ property because of the improper issuance of
       the building permit and of the licenses for the years 1945, 1946, and 1947, is not
       tenable. At the time such acts were performed plaintiffs were charged with

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       knowledge of the restrictive provisions of the ordinance as applied to property in
       a “B2” district. Such acts being unauthorized and in express contravention of
       ordinance provisions of the city, plaintiffs acquired no vested right to use their
       property for a purpose forbidden by law. No claim is made that the building
       erected by plaintiffs, or the equipment therein, cannot be utilized for the
       transaction of a permissible business. The sole question at issue is the right of
       plaintiffs to sell live poultry as a part of their operations. The trial judge was
       correct in holding that they did not have such right and in consequence were not
       entitled to the relief sought by them. [Id. at 30-31.]

         Similarly, in Mazo v Detroit, 9 Mich App 354, 357; 156 NW2d 155 (1968), the plaintiff
obtained from the Detroit department of buildings and safety engineering a written approval of
her request to establish a bar on her property. The Detroit police department likewise approved
the plaintiff’s request to transfer her liquor licenses to the property in question. Id. at 358. Later,
however, the Detroit department of buildings and safety engineering refused the plaintiff’s
request for a building permit to make alterations and withdrew its earlier approval of zoning
status, after realizing that the plaintiff’s proposed use of the property was prohibited by a zoning
ordinance. Id. The plaintiff petitioned the Detroit common council for a waiver of the ordinance
provision. Id. at 359. The Detroit common council denied the plaintiff’s petition. Id. at 360.
The trial court found that it was inequitable to deny the plaintiff a waiver because she had
incurred detriment in reliance on approvals given by city officials. Id. This Court concluded that
the trial court had erred, noting that “nonestoppel of municipalities in the enforcement of zoning
ordinances is the rule in Michigan.” Id.

        This Court relied on the reasoning in Fass and explained that the plaintiffs must “be
charged with at least constructive knowledge of the zoning ordinance provision requiring a
waiver by the common council. Neither the department of buildings nor the police department
could exercise the authority vested in the common council.” Id. at 362-363. The Court further
held that all persons dealing with municipalities and their agents act with constructive, if not
actual, knowledge of the limitations on the agents’ powers and, when an agent acts outside his or
her authority, the acts are extralegal and without efficacy. Mazo, 9 Mich App at 363, quoting
Fass, 326 Mich at 27, quoting Detroit Bldg Comm v Kunin, 181 Mich 604, 612-613; 148 NW
207 (1914).

        In this case, Parramore averred that the Zoning Administrator told Iverson in March 2011
that the accessory structure could be built to any height Parramore desired as long it was within
the maximum building height limit of 35 feet, and Parramore stated that construction then began
in April or May of 2011. The Zoning Administrator averred that she never told Iverson he could
build as high as 35 feet, as she knew that the Zoning Board had approved the variance from the
10 foot side yard setback requirement on the basis of Iverson’s proposed structure with eight foot
high walls and a roof peak to match that of the single story home on the property. Parramore
contends that the Zoning Administrator’s purported verbal statements to Iverson granting
permission to build to any height was consistent with the language on the land use permit, which
reflected a 35-foot maximum height.




                                                 -5-
         As discussed, the land use permit explicitly referenced the zoning variance decision and
Parramore’s application. The variance decision was explicitly based on Parramore’s variance
application, which represented that the sidewalls would be eight feet high and that the siding and
roof would match the height of the single-story home on the property. Nonetheless, even
accepting Parramore’s characterization of the land use permit as approving a height up to 35 feet
and his claim that the Zoning Administrator made similar verbal comments to Iverson, the fact
remains that the Zoning Administrator lacked the authority to modify or waive the height
restriction that was imposed as a condition for granting the variance from the side yard setback
requirement. The Zoning Board alone was authorized to grant variances and to impose
conditions on variances. MCL 125.3604(7), (8); Pleasanton Township Ordinance, Article 96,
§ 9604(C). The Zoning Administrator possessed no authority to waive or modify the conditions
imposed by the Zoning Board when granting a variance. Therefore, even if the Zoning
Administrator gave Iverson permission to build up to 35 feet, that permission lacked any legal
effect. Mazo, 9 Mich App at 363. The Zoning Administrator could not exercise the authority
vested in the Zoning Board. Id. at 362-363. Parramore was further presumed to know the nature
and extent of the powers of the Township’s officers. Grand Haven Twp, 87 Mich App at 444.
The Township, therefore, cannot be estopped on the basis of the Zoning Administrator’s alleged
verbal statements or the land use permit issued by the Zoning Administrator from enforcing the
zoning ordinance or the condition imposed by the Zoning Board on the variance.

         The Township next contends that Parramore is estopped from asserting a right to build a
taller structure than what he represented he would build in his variance application.

         A party who has accepted and retained the advantages of a variance that was granted on
condition will be deemed to have waived any error with respect to that condition. City of Troy,
170 Mich App at 530, quoting 101A CJS, Zoning & Land Planning, § 238, p 691; see also
Johnson, 189 Mich App at 662 (“[W]here an applicant accepts a variance with a condition which
was an indispensable component of the approval and which was treated by all parties at that time
as being a valid limitation, the condition is binding on the applicant, who enjoyed the benefits
which flowed from the variance.”). As discussed, the Zoning Board’s decision to grant a side
yard setback variance “based on” Parramore’s application, which represented that the height of
the sidewalls would be eight feet and that the siding and roof heights would match that of his
house, imposed a height restriction that comprised a condition of the variance. Parramore did
not appeal the Zoning Board’s decision or otherwise challenge the height restriction until after
constructing a 22 ½ foot structure two feet from the property line and then seeking approval for
the height after the fact, which the Zoning Board promptly denied. Parramore did not appeal the
Zoning Board’s second decision and his contractor initially submitted plans to the Zoning
Administrator suggesting that he was going to remove the second story and lower the structure to
nine feet in height, but ultimately refused to do so. Therefore, the facts establish that Parramore
was granted a variance to build eight feet into a 10 foot side yard setback conditioned on a height
restriction and accepted the advantages of the variance by building his structure, but did not
comply with the condition on the grant of the variance. Accordingly, Parramore is estopped
from challenging the propriety of the condition and it is binding on him. City of Troy, 170 Mich
App at 530.




                                               -6-
        The Township also contends that Parramore is also estopped under a fraud theory, but
cites no authority to support this aspect of its argument. “A party cannot simply announce a
position and expect the court to search for authority to sustain or reject that position.” Hodge v
Parks, 303 Mich App 552, 557; 844 NW2d 189 (2014). Moreover, the Township has failed to
establish that the trial court erred in dismissing its fraud claim. The Township alleged that the
original variance decision was null and void because it was obtained fraudulently, and, therefore,
it was entitled to have the entire accessory structure torn down. To establish a valid claim for
fraud, the Township had to show:

       (1) That defendant made a material representation; (2) that it was false; (3) that
       when he made it he knew that it was false, or made it recklessly, without any
       knowledge of its truth and as a positive assertion; (4) that he made it with the
       intention that it should be acted upon by plaintiff; (5) that plaintiff acted in
       reliance upon it; and (6) that he thereby suffered injury. [Titan Ins Co v Hyten,
       491 Mich 547, 555; 817 NW2d 562 (2012).]

General allegations or mere speculation are insufficient to establish fraud. LaMothe v Auto Club
Ins Ass’n, 214 Mich App 577, 586; 543 NW2d 42 (1995). Fraud must be proved by clear,
satisfactory, and convincing evidence. Cooper v Auto Club Ins Ass’n, 481 Mich 399, 414; 751
NW2d 443 (2008). A future promise is contractual and does not constitute fraud unless the
promise was made in bad faith without the present intention to perform. Hi-Way Motor Co v
Int’l Harvester Co, 398 Mich 330, 336-338; 247 NW2d 813 (1976).

        Although Parramore, through Iverson, stated in his original variance application that he
planned to build a structure with eight foot high sidewalls and wall heights to match the house,
and he later built a structure that was more than twice that high, the Township cites no evidence
that he made the representations regarding his building plans in bad faith without the present
intention to perform. The Township also fails to address the possibility that Parramore made the
representations in the variance application in good faith with the present intention to perform but
later changed his building plans. Accordingly, in addition to its failure to cite pertinent authority
regarding the fraud claim, the Township failed to present evidence to establish all of the elements
necessary to establish fraud.5

       The trial court did not err when it dismissed the Township’s fraud claim.

       Next, the Township contends that it is also entitled to relief under the doctrine of judicial
estoppel. “The doctrine of judicial estoppel prevents a party who has successfully and
unequivocally asserted a position in a prior proceeding from asserting an inconsistent one at a
subsequent proceeding.” Auto-Owners Ins Co v Harvey, 219 Mich App 466, 474; 556 NW2d
517 (1996). Michigan follows the prior success model of the doctrine. Morales v State Farm
Mut Auto Ins Co, 279 Mich App 720, 737; 761 NW2d 454 (2008). Under that model, “the mere


5
  Although the trial court did not dismiss the fraud claim on this basis, this Court will affirm the
trial court’s decision when it reaches the correct result regardless of the reason. Zimmerman v
Owens, 221 Mich App 259, 264; 561 NW2d 475 (1997).


                                                -7-
assertion of inconsistent positions is not sufficient to invoke estoppel; rather, there must be some
indication that the court in the earlier proceeding accepted that party’s position as true. Further,
in order for the doctrine of judicial estoppel to apply, the claims must be wholly inconsistent.”
Paschke v Retool Indus, 445 Mich 502, 510; 519 NW2d 441 (1994).

        In asserting the applicability of judicial estoppel, the Township conflates Parramore’s
factual representations concerning the height of the building in his original variance application
with a legal position that those representations concerning the height of the building comprised a
condition of the variance. However, although Parramore represented in his variance application
that the accessory structure would have eight foot high sidewalls, he did not take a position in
that proceeding that the height of the building was a condition of the variance. Although we
concluded earlier that the Zoning Board’s grant of the variance “based on” Parramore’s
application rendered his representations regarding the height of the structure a condition of the
variance, Parramore did not unequivocally assert a position in the Zoning Board that the height
of the structure was a condition of the variance. Therefore, he has not asserted wholly
inconsistent positions on that question. Accordingly, the Township has failed to establish that
the doctrine of judicial estoppel applies in this case.

        Finally, the Township argues that it is entitled to summary disposition with respect to
Parramore’s equal protection counterclaim. Generally, an issue must have been addressed and
decided by the trial court to be preserved for appellate review. Hines v Volkswagen of America,
Inc, 265 Mich App 432, 443; 695 NW2d 84 (2005). The Township raised this issue in its motion
for summary disposition, but the trial court refused to address it. In its order, the court stated that
it was neither granting nor denying the Township’s motion for summary disposition on the
counterclaim because it was not necessary to decide the counterclaim. Nonetheless, this Court
may reach an issue that was raised below even if the trial court failed to address and decide it,
because a party should not be punished for the trial court’s omission. Peterman v Dep’t of
Natural Resources, 446 Mich 177, 183; 521 NW2d 499 (1994). Therefore, we will address the
issue.6 This Court reviews de novo constitutional issues such as whether a party was denied
equal protection under the law. Lima Twp v Bateson, 302 Mich App 483, 503; 838 NW2d 898
(2013).

               Under the federal and Michigan constitutions, similarly situated persons
       must be treated equally. In a zoning context, the first question has to be whether
       the variance applicant demonstrated on the record that it was treated differently
       from some similarly situated applicant. However, unless the dissimilar treatment
       alleged impinges on the exercise of a fundamental right or targets such protected
       classifications as those based on race or gender, the challenged regulatory scheme
       will survive equal protection analysis if it is rationally related to a legitimate
       governmental interest. The party raising the equal protection challenge has the
       burden of proving that the challenged law is arbitrary and thus irrational. Risko v



6
  At oral arguments Parramore’s lawyer conceded that he had abandoned this claim.
Nevertheless, we elect to address the issue in the interests of finality.


                                                 -8-
       Grand Haven Charter Twp Zoning Bd of Appeals, 284 Mich App 453, 465; 773
       NW2d 730 (2009) (quotation marks, brackets, and citations omitted).]

        Parramore failed to demonstrate that he was treated differently from a similarly situated
applicant. He alleged in his counterclaim that three other property owners in the zoning district
were permitted to construct two-story accessory buildings. Thus, Parramore contended, the
Township was enforcing the zoning ordinances against him but not against similarly situated
property owners in the same zoning district. In seeking dismissal of the counterclaim, the
Township attached to its motion for summary disposition an affidavit of the Zoning
Administrator. The Zoning Administrator averred that the cases cited by Parramore each
involved structures that were “built within the normal building envelope (where a 35’ height is
permitted) on their lots and none of them were built in a setback area where no construction is
permitted without a variance . . . .” Parramore did not file a response to the motion for summary
disposition and presented no evidence to contradict the Zoning Administrator’s affidavit.
Therefore, because Parramore’s 22 ½ foot building was built in a setback area, within two feet of
the property line, the other property owners who built two-story accessory structures in the
normal building envelope were not similarly situated to him. Parramore thus has not presented
evidence that he was treated differently from some similarly situated applicant.

         We also note that the right to build according to a preferred design is not a substantial
property right. Id. at 463-464. Local governmental units possess broad authority to establish
requirements regarding matters such as the height of structures and setback regulations. Id. at
463, citing MCL 125.3201. See also McClain v City of Hazel Park, 357 Mich 459, 461; 98
NW2d 560 (1959) (noting that setback requirements in residential areas have long been held
constitutional when provided by ordinance); Sisters of Bon Secours Hosp v City of Grosse
Pointe, 8 Mich App 342, 360-361; 154 NW2d 644 (1967) (“The concept of building height
restrictions is virtually universally accepted as bearing a substantial relation to public health,
safety, morals and welfare.”). Therefore, the setback requirement and the height restriction
imposed as a condition of the variance from the setback requirement are rationally related to a
legitimate governmental interest. Parramore failed to establish that the Township’s ordinances
were arbitrary or irrational or disparately applied.

       Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded for entry of summary disposition in
favor of the Township on its nuisance per se claim and on Parramore’s equal protection
counterclaim. We do not retain jurisdiction.



                                                            /s/ Michael J. Kelly
                                                            /s/ Mark J. Cavanagh
                                                            /s/ Patrick M. Meter




                                               -9-
