Filed 10/21/16
                              CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION



             IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
                              THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                        (Sacramento)
                                             ----



LILLIE MOORE,                                                     C073064

                 Plaintiff and Respondent,                    (Super. Ct. No.
                                                        34201000081045CUPAGDS)
        v.

RICHARD MERCER,

                 Defendant and Appellant.


       APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Sacramento County, David De
Alba, Judge. Affirmed in part and reversed in part.

        Grant, Genovese & Baratta and Lance D. Orloff for Defendant and Appellant.

      Greines, Martin, Stein & Richland, Robert A. Olson; and Don Willenburg for
Association of Southern California Defense Counsel and Association of Defense Counsel
of Northern California and Nevada as Amici Curiae on behalf of Defendant and
Appellant.

      Leslie M. Mitchell; Piering Law Firm and Robert A. Piering for Plaintiff and
Respondent.

     Jay-Allen Eisen Law Corporation and Jay-Allen Eisen for MedFinManager as
Amicus Curiae on behalf of Plaintiff and Respondent.




                                              1
         To resolve this defense appeal, we descend down a rabbit hole into the upside-
down world of health care billing, where different payers pay different prices for the
same services and those least equipped to pay, pay the most; yet an injured, uninsured
plaintiff, Lillie Moore, must somehow prove the reasonable value of the medical services
she incurred following a motor vehicle collision. Defendant Richard Mercer, who admits
liability, misinterprets Howell v. Hamilton Meats & Provisions, Inc. (2011) 52 Cal.4th
541 (Howell), asks us to expand its logic far beyond the facts and rationale presented, and
insists we must overrule our holding in Katiuzhinsky v. Perry (2007) 152 Cal.App.4th
1288 (Katiuzhinsky) that the full amount of a provider’s bill can be relevant to prove the
reasonable value of the services. We disagree with defendant and amici curiae
Association of Southern California Defense Counsel and Association of Defense Counsel
of Northern California and Nevada that this case compels such an unprecedented
expansion of Howell, a rebuke of Katiuzhinsky, and the pronouncement of a new rule that
the total amount a medical finance company pays for a plaintiff’s account receivable and
medical lien caps the plaintiff’s damages and must be admitted as evidence of reasonable
value.
         Based on the record before us and the arguments advanced at trial, we conclude
(1) Howell does not cap a plaintiff’s damages to the amount a medical finance company
pays health care providers for their accounts receivable and medical liens, and the
reasoning of Katiuzhinsky remains sound; (2) Howell does not limit the trial court’s
discretion pursuant to Evidence Code section 352 to exclude evidence of the amount a
medical finance company pays if the court decides, as it did here, that the evidence was
minimally probative, if at all, and would necessitate an undue consumption of time to try
collateral issues; (3) the terms of the agreement between a medical finance company and
the plaintiff’s providers may be relevant and discoverable, and therefore the sanctions
imposed on the defendant must be reversed; and (4) the trial court properly entered a



                                              2
directed verdict on causation. The sanctions order is reversed, and in all other respects,
the judgment is affirmed.
                              FACTUAL BACKGROUND

Paying for Medical Services in the World of Chargemasters, Negotiated Rate
Differentials, and Medical Finance Companies for the Uninsured
       In order to appreciate the onerous burden a personal injury plaintiff faces in
proving damages for past medical expenses, we must first understand the various
methods by which medical providers bill for their services, negotiate discounts for certain
groups of payers and not for others, and sporadically sell their receivables and liens to
medical finance companies. A brief glossary is helpful. “A hospital charge description
master, or chargemaster, is ‘a uniform schedule of charges represented by the hospital as
its gross billed charge for a given service or item, regardless of payer type.’ (Health &
Saf. Code, § 1339.51, subd.(b)(1).) California hospitals are required to make their
chargemasters public and to file them with the Office of Statewide Health Planning and
Development. [Citations.]” (Howell, supra, 52 Cal.4th at p. 561, fn. 7.) The negotiated
rate differential “[i]s the difference between the providers’ full billings and the amounts
they have agreed to accept from a patient’s insurer as full payment.” (Id. at p. 555.) A
medical finance company “purchases medical bills, and the liens securing them, from
health care providers.” (Katiuzhinsky, supra, 152 Cal.App.4th at p. 1291.)
       Hospital chargemasters throughout the state vary considerably and are extremely
complex. (Howell, supra, 52 Cal.4th at p. 560.) The Supreme Court noted the extreme
disparities in its Howell opinion: “The rise of managed care organizations, which
typically restrict payments for services to their members, has reportedly led to increases
in the prices charged to uninsured patients, who do not benefit from providers’ contracts
with the plans [negotiated rate differentials]. As one article explains: ‘Before managed
care, hospitals billed insured and uninsured patients similarly. In 1960, “there were no
discounts; everyone paid the same rates”—usually cost plus ten percent. But as some


                                              3
insurers demanded deep discounting, hospitals vigorously shifted costs to patients with
less clout.’ [Citation.] As a consequence, ‘only uninsured, self-paying U.S. patients have
been billed the full charges listed in hospitals’ inflated chargemasters . . . ,’ so that a
family might find itself ‘paying off over many years a hospital bill of, say, $30,000 for a
procedure that Medicaid would have reimbursed at only $6,000 and commercial insurers
somewhere in between.’ [Citation.] Some physicians, too, have reportedly shifted costs
to the uninsured, resulting in significant disparities between charges to uninsured patients
and those with private insurance or public medical benefits.” (Howell, at pp. 560-561,
fn. omitted.)
       While recognizing that some patients were expected to pay chargemaster rates
while others did not, the Supreme Court declared: “We do not suggest hospital bills
always exceed the reasonable value of the services provided. Chargemaster prices for a
given service can vary tremendously, sometimes by a factor of five or more, from
hospital to hospital in California. [Citation.] With so much variation, making any broad
generalization about the relationship between the value or cost of medical services and
the amounts providers bill for them—other than that the relationship is not always a close
one—would be perilous.” (Howell, supra, 52 Cal.4th at pp. 561-562, fn. omitted.)
       Since the uninsured have no one to negotiate on their behalf to obtain a rate
differential and, in the absence of qualifying for a governmentally subsidized program,
have no means to access medical care, medical finance companies have emerged to buy
the liens providers obtained against personal injury judgments as a viable means of
financing an uninsured’s medical expenses. MedFinManager California, L.L.C.
(MedFin), the medical finance company that bought plaintiff’s liens in this case, was the
central figure in Katiuzhinsky, from which we extract the following description of the
typical contractual relationship between MedFin and the medical providers.
       “MedFin is a financial service company that purchases medical bills, and the liens
securing them, from health care providers. It is not an insurance company. MedFin

                                                4
works with plaintiff personal injury law firms and with doctors and hospitals. Typically,
MedFin becomes involved in a situation where a plaintiff sustains injuries in a traffic
accident and needs medical treatment, but has no health insurance.
       “Prior to treatment, the medical provider asks MedFin to evaluate the case to
determine whether it is willing to purchase the medical account after the rendition of
services. MedFin will then contact the plaintiff’s attorney and gather information about
the case to ascertain whether the plaintiff's claim against the tortfeasor is worth its
investment.
       “If the claim meets with MedFin’s approval, it notifies the medical provider that it
is willing to purchase the account and the lien rights. MedFin and the medical provider
have their own agreement that governs their rights and obligations. The contract usually
stipulates that MedFin will purchase the bill for about 50 cents on the dollar. Before the
plaintiff receives services, the plaintiff and his attorney execute a consensual lien in favor
of the medical provider. After services are rendered, the medical provider notifies the
parties to the lawsuit of its medical lien. (Civ. Code, §§ 3045.1–3045.6.)
       “MedFin does not negotiate with the plaintiff or the medical provider how much
the provider charges for medical services. These sums are based on a standard fee
schedule registered with the state, and are the same as any patient would incur in the
ordinary course of business.
       “MedFin’s agreement with the medical provider does not require the provider to
sell its bill to MedFin. After the rendition of medical services, the provider decides
whether or not to sell its account to MedFin. In some cases, a medical provider will
retain the account for itself, in which case it can enforce its lien and collect the full
amount due from the plaintiff.
       “If the medical provider does sell its account to MedFin, it executes a formal
‘Notice of Sale and Assignment,’ which is sent to the plaintiff. Having sold the bill and
lien, the provider closes its book on the account. At that point, MedFin owns the account

                                               5
and assumes the entire expense and risk of collection. The plaintiff remains liable for the
bill and owes MedFin the full amount of what has been charged. Once the plaintiff’s
case is resolved, MedFin typically gets paid quickly, since the plaintiff’s attorney will
ordinarily pay the lien from the recovery.” (Katiuzhinsky, supra, 152 Cal.App.4th at
pp. 1291-1292.)
The Collision
       Defendant Mercer admits that he negligently collided with plaintiff’s car. The
impact had major consequences for her health and lifestyle. Plaintiff describes feeling “a
major impact” when defendant’s car struck plaintiff’s car on the front driver’s side. She
was thrown back into her seat “and then just jerked.” The car in which she was riding
was “kind of spun around” about 45 degrees. She testified she had no physical
limitations before the accident. An employee who worked for her at the time of the
collision described plaintiff as the “queen bee.” She told the jury, “Everything I learned
about serving was from Lillie, and she was always in five places at once it seemed like,
with also what seemed like six plates on each arm and running around and takin’ orders,
just doin’ everything there was to do.” A good friend testified that before the collision
plaintiff was “very, very full of life.” According to this witness, plaintiff was “[a]lways a
lot of fun, full of energy, um, kind of really the social butterfly of the group.” She was
also uninsured.
Medical Treatment
       Following the collision, however, plaintiff’s life changed dramatically. She could
no longer roughhouse with her little boy, she could not work full time or run, she
minimized her activities, and she suffered chronic pain. But there was no evidence of
malingering. To the contrary, although plaintiff experienced pain shortly after the
collision, she tried to work that same night at the restaurant she, her husband, and a friend
co-owned. But unable to do the work, she was forced to leave early. She sought medical
treatment two days later from Dr. Mark Diaz, a family practice and occupational

                                              6
medicine specialist. Dr. Diaz initially advised a conservative course of treatment,
including medication for pain. Plaintiff also obtained chiropractic treatment she believed
was helpful, but her working capacity was “greatly reduced.” Dr. Diaz referred her to an
orthopedic surgeon, Dr. Philip Orisek.
       Plaintiff appears to have tried everything she could to avoid back surgery. She
went to physical therapy and religiously did all the exercises her therapist recommended
at home. She tried aquatic therapy. She lost 25 pounds. She moved to the coast, where
she has additional family support. She started a new job that provided flexibility on the
number of hours she worked. Despite all her efforts, the debilitating pain continued. Yet
she was terrified of surgery.
       Dr. Orisek believed that plaintiff, who at the time was in her late 20’s and, prior to
the collision, did not have chronic problems with her back, was an excellent candidate for
disk replacement surgery. But he acknowledged that as far as back surgeries go, disk
replacement is “one of the hardest operations,” with a risk of catastrophic complications.
He left it to his patients to determine if, and when, the pain became so intolerable it was
worth the risks attendant to the surgery. In February of 2012 plaintiff reached that point.
Unable to engage with her son as she had before the collision, to work full time, or to
participate in all the activities she enjoyed, she agreed to disk replacement surgery.
       Dr. Michael Ridgeway, a trauma surgeon, assisted Dr. Orisek. He described the
surgery as “a big procedure because we’re getting to the spine which is in the back from
the front.” He explained to the jury the intricacies of his role in assisting in such a high-
risk operation. After making a low midline incision, he pulled the erectus muscles apart,
went under the intestines and pulled them out of the way, then safely moved the iliac
artery and vein that runs over the area where the disk was removed as well as the ureter,
and held everything in place to minimize the risk that Dr. Orisek would injure anything as
he replaced the injured disk with an artificial disk. Dr. Ridgeway emphasized that the
primary risk is catastrophic bleeding. If the vessels in the pelvis are injured, a patient can

                                              7
bleed to death in about one minute. Outside of two surgeons in the Kaiser system, there
are only five or six surgeons in the Sacramento region who regularly perform these
procedures.
       Dr. Orisek was equally emphatic about how difficult disk replacement surgery is.
Once Dr. Ridgeway showed him plaintiff’s injured disk, he had to clean out the disk and
remove the herniated piece, which is way in the back, just in front of the nerves. If he
were to go too far and allow spinal fluid to spill out, the damage would be disastrous and
the only thing that could be done would be to apply a sealant and instruct the patient to lie
in bed flat for three or four days, hoping it would heal. Thus, there is “absolutely zero
room for error.”
       Once Dr. Orisek removed the damaged disk, he was left with a “giant empty
space.” He described the most difficult aspect of the surgery—placing the artificial disk
right in the middle position. “[W]ith very high precision,” he used a big five-pound
hammer to pound the disk into place. He informed the jury that around the country many
patients suffered “catastrophic vascular injuries because you’re putting such a big implant
into such a tight space.” He successfully implanted the device right against the back of
the bone and “dead in the center.”
Discovery
       Before the uninsured plaintiff was able to secure medical treatment, including her
surgery, she executed medical lien agreements with her health care providers, obligating
her to pay the full amount of the fees billed. Her providers subsequently sold their bills
and liens to MedFin, the medical finance company described in Katiuzhinsky, supra, 152
Cal.App.4th at pp. 1291-1292.
       During discovery, defendant filed a motion to compel Dr. Orisek, a nonparty to the
litigation, to produce billing records, payment records, and records evidencing any
agreements for the medical care of plaintiff related to her surgery on February 2, 2012.
Citing privacy and confidentiality, Dr. Orisek refused to produce his agreement with

                                             8
MedFin. Plaintiff’s lawyer made repeated efforts to meet and confer with defense
counsel and produced all the documents sought by defendant except the written
agreement between Dr. Orisek and MedFin regarding the sale of bills and liens. The
documents produced by Dr. Orisek included both the lien agreement between Dr. Orisek
and plaintiff, and the notification from Dr. Orisek to plaintiff that her lien had been sold
to MedFin and that she was obligated to pay the full amount to MedFin. Defense counsel
did not respond to the meet-and-confer efforts by plaintiff’s counsel.
       The trial court denied the motion and awarded plaintiff $2,500 in sanctions.
Expressly aware that the right to discovery is broader than the admissibility of evidence
at trial, the court nevertheless concluded that whatever information existed between
MedFin and Dr. Orisek would never be admitted in light of the Supreme Court’s holding
in Howell, supra, 52 Cal.4th 541. “The court does not see the relevance as to what was
paid for the assignment of the lien rights, as the issues that would go into whatever
MedFin paid would have nothing to do with the reasonableness of the medical bill. What
would -- what MedFin pays more likely would be an evaluation of liability issues. It
could be, from the doctor’s perspective, cash flow, or issues that have absolutely nothing
to do with the plaintiff’s burden of establishing that whatever is put before the jury is
supported by testimony that the charge is reasonable.” Later, the court reiterated, “I can’t
imagine a more irrelevant discussion than trying to get before a jury . . . Dr. Orisek’s cash
flow or MedFin’s assessment of liability on the question of reasonableness or any other
factors as between the doctor and the finance company as to why they agreed on
whatever number they did . . . .”
Motion in Limine
       At trial, plaintiff moved in limine to exclude evidence “that plaintiff’s medical
services were paid for, purchased by, discounted to, or assigned to MedFin” as irrelevant
and prejudicial under Evidence Code section 352. The trial court granted the motion,
finding that evidence about the amounts paid by MedFin would require litigation of

                                              9
numerous intrusive collateral issues about the providers’ financial management reasons
for selling their bills and liens at a particular price, which were not relevant to the value
of the services.
Evidence of Past Medical Expenses Introduced at Trial
       There is a huge chasm between the evidence and theories introduced at trial and
the arguments raised on appeal, particularly by amici curiae Association of Southern
California Defense Counsel and the Association of Defense Counsel of Northern
California and Nevada. Because “ ‘California courts refuse to consider arguments raised
by amicus curiae when those arguments are not presented in the trial court, and are not
urged by the parties on appeal,’ ” they “ ‘ “ ‘must accept the issues made and propositions
urged by the appealing parties, and any additional questions presented in a brief filed by
an amicus curiae will not be considered.’ ” ’ ” (Berg v. Traylor (2007) 148 Cal.App.4th
809, 823, fn. 5.) Thus, we must carefully scrutinize what evidence was offered, what
evidence was challenged on what grounds, and what evidence was admitted.
       Plaintiff offered into evidence two summaries of the medical bills she incurred as
a result of the injuries she sustained in the collision. Defendant made no objection to
exhibit No. 8. He made a foundational objection to exhibit No. 26, which the judge
overruled because the exhibit was merely being shown to a witness and was not then
being introduced into evidence. When it was ultimately offered into evidence, defendant
did not object.
       The summaries set forth the following charges:
       Mark Diaz, M.D.                                                  $ 1,100.00
       Anthony Rayman, M.D.                                               4,000.00
       Discovery Diagnostics                                              7,160.00
       Capitol Physical Therapy                                           2,187.00
       Phillip Orisek, M.D.                                              40,853.50
       Michael Ridgeway, M.D.                                            15,528.45

                                              10
       San Luis Physical Therapy                                          1,860.00
       Radiological Associates                                            3,153.00
       Active Diagnostics                                                 2,547.00
       Central Anesthesia Service                                         2,070.00
       Diagnostic Pathology                                                 130.71
       Sutter Memorial Hospital                                        104,804.57
       Community Health Centers                                             628.51
       Timberlake                                                           119.26
       Hot Cold Unit                                                      2,600.00
       Body + Balance Physical Therapy                                    2,490.00
       Total                                                          $191,232.00
       Plaintiff testified that she incurred these medical expenses. She did not offer into
evidence the underlying bills. Defendant solicited the expert opinion of a nurse as to the
value of the services plaintiff received. On appeal, defendant and amici curiae insist that
the amount the providers were paid by MedFin represents the market value of the
services and is the exclusive measure of plaintiff’s economic loss. We address their
argument in the body of the opinion, post.
       Drs. Orisek, Ridgeway, and Diaz all testified the amounts they billed reflected
their ordinary and customary charges and the reasonable value of their services. A
representative of Sutter Memorial Hospital testified that the amount billed by Sutter
reflected the hospital’s ordinary and customary charges. Dr. Orisek also testified that
based on his experience in performing hundreds of surgeries, Sutter’s bill for
$104,804.57 was reasonable and within the range of the amount ordinarily charged by
hospitals for such surgeries. And Dr. Diaz testified that in his experience, plaintiff’s bills
reflected the reasonable value of the medical services she received.
       Vicki Schwitzer, a registered nurse, was hired by the defense as a billing expert.
She testified, “A billing expert is someone who has expertise in medical bills. Medical

                                              11
bills are made up of CPT [current procedural terminology] codes and charges associated
with medical treatment, and that’s my area of expertise.” She explained her methodology
to the jury. She first obtains all the medical records to determine if they support the
charges. If the CPT codes are missing, she assigns them. She makes sure that the
providers use the appropriate codes for combined services and adjusts them when they do
not. Next, she looks at the reasonable value for each code in that specific geographic
area, and if the charges are over the 80th percentile, she reduces the bill. The company
she works for, Exam Works, set the reasonable threshold at the 80th percentile, meaning
that 8 out of 10 doctors, or 80 out of a 100, or 800 out of 1,000, would bill that amount or
less. She relies on databases, which amalgamate the information from millions of bills on
an annual basis.
       The record suggests that Schwitzer reviewed the bills of seven of plaintiff’s
providers. As to three of the providers, Mark Diaz, M.D.; Rayman, D.C., Keystone
Chiropractic; and Capitol Physical Therapy, she made no reductions. She substantially
reduced, however, the hospital, plaintiff’s surgeons, and the diagnostics bills. Thus, she
testified that the reasonable value of the hospital services was only $41,438.35, when
Sutter had billed $104,804.57; the reasonable value of the orthopedic surgeon was only
$12,500.35, when Dr. Orisek had billed $40,853.50; the reasonable value of the assistant
trauma surgeon was only $6,483.02, when Dr. Ridgeway had billed $15,528.45; and the
reasonable value of the diagnostic procedures, including the MRI’s ordered by plaintiff’s
physicians, was only $3,675.00, when Discovery Diagnostics had billed $6,550.00.
Whereas the total amount charged by these seven providers was $175,223.52, the nurse
opined that the reasonable value of the services was $71,106.12.
Directed Verdict
       The trial court granted plaintiff’s motion to enter a directed verdict as to one
question on the special verdict form, which reads, “Was the negligence of Defendant
Richard Mercer a substantial factor in causing harm to Lilly Moore?” In an earlier

                                             12
response to plaintiff’s request for admission, defendant admitted he was a substantial
factor in causing the incident. Plaintiff argued she was entitled to the directed verdict on
causation because all of the parties’ experts opined that the collision caused the injuries
plaintiff sustained.
Jury Verdict
       The jury awarded plaintiff a total of $522,689 in damages. The total damages
award includes $122,689 for past medical expenses; $45,000 for future medical expenses;
$180,000 for physical pain, physical impairment, loss of enjoyment of life,
inconvenience, anxiety, and emotional distress; and $175,000 for future noneconomic
loss. Defendant challenges only the amount the jury awarded for past medical services.
Thus the difference between what the defense expert opined is the reasonable value of the
services ($71,106.12) and what the jury awarded ($122,689) is $51,582.88. Defendant
appeals.
                                              I
            Evidentiary Issues Involving Plaintiff’s Past Medical Expenses

A.     Is the Amount that a Plaintiff’s Health Care Providers Accept as Payment the
       Only Evidence Relevant to Prove Economic Damages for Medical Expenses?
       Relying on Howell, supra, 52 Cal.4th 541, defendant makes the radical assertion
that the “amount that Moore’s healthcare providers accepted in full payment for their
services is the only evidence that is relevant to prove Moore’s economic damages for
medical expenses.” The difficulty of the procedure, or surgery; the expertise of the
surgeons; the number of surgeons competent to perform an intricate, high-risk surgery;
and the multitude of other factors that would ordinarily help a jury assess reasonable
value would, under defendant’s restrictive view of admissibility, be deemed irrelevant.
To accept defendant’s application of Howell would require us to disavow the contrary
rationale we adopted in Katiuzhinsky, supra, 152 Cal.App.4th 1288. But plaintiff insists
our holding in Katiuzhinsky is consistent with Howell and its predecessor, Hanif v.


                                             13
Housing Authority (1988) 200 Cal.App.3d 635 (Hanif), which is also from our appellate
district.
        We disagree. Nothing in Howell suggests a need to revisit the issues we addressed
in Katiuzhinsky, let alone compels us to do so. And neither case addresses the pivotal
issue before us—whether a trial court retains discretion under Evidence Code section 352
to exclude evidence of an injured plaintiff’s medical liens and the sale of the liens to a
medical finance company where the evidence is minimally probative and would require
the undue consumption of time on a host of collateral matters.
        Plaintiff has a two-step burden of proof in establishing damages for past medical
services. The measure of recovery is well established: “[A] person injured by another’s
tortious conduct is entitled to recover the reasonable value of medical care and services
reasonably required and attributable to the tort.” (Hanif, supra, 200 Cal.App.3d at
p. 640.) First, plaintiff must prove that she actually incurred the medical expenses and
the amount of her liability for the expenses caps her potential recovery. Hanif, followed
by Nishihama v. City and County of San Francisco (2001) 93 Cal.App.4th 298
(Nishihama) and Howell, as we explain, post, resolved this rather straightforward issue.
Second, plaintiff must prove the reasonable value of the medical services but is entitled to
no more than the expenses she actually incurred. “[A] plaintiff may recover as economic
damages no more than the reasonable value of the medical services received and is not
entitled to recover the reasonable value if his or her actual loss was less.” (Howell,
supra, 52 Cal.4th at p. 555.) In Katiuzhinsky, we resolved one aspect of the thornier issue
posed by attempting to prove the reasonable value of the medical services. Here we must
further examine the relevancy of evidence of reasonable value and the scope of the trial
court’s discretion to exclude evidence of the sale of a plaintiff’s medical liens.
        Before 1988 a plaintiff, relying on the collateral source rule, could recover the full
amount of a health provider’s charges despite the fact that an insurer or governmental
agency had prenegotiated a discounted rate for the services and the plaintiff was not

                                              14
liable for the full amount. (Helfend v. Southern Cal. Rapid Transit Dist. (1970) 2 Cal.3d
1, 6.) The collateral source rule states that “if an injured party receives some
compensation for his injuries from a source wholly independent of the tortfeasor, such
payment should not be deducted from the damages which the plaintiff would otherwise
collect from the tortfeasor.” (Id. at p. 6.)
       In Hanif, supra, 200 Cal.App.3d 635, however, we rejected the application of the
collateral source rule in this context. We returned to the fundamental policy underlying
tort compensation, that damages are designed to compensate a plaintiff for the injury
suffered and to restore her as nearly as possible to her former position. (Id. at pp. 640-
641.) An award of damages “in excess of what the medical care and services actually
cost constitutes overcompensation.” (Id. at p. 641.) We concluded, “Thus, when the
evidence shows a sum certain to have been paid or incurred for past medical care and
services, whether by the plaintiff or by an independent source, that sum certain is the
most the plaintiff may recover for that care despite the fact it may have been less than the
prevailing market rate.” (Ibid.) The collateral source rule, we observed, simply was not
at issue. (Ibid.) We agree with plaintiff that the focus of Hanif is on the cost to the
plaintiff, not the payment to the health care provider, because that cost represents the
economic loss a tort recovery is designed to reimburse.
       Hanif involved prenegotiated Medi-Cal rates. In 2001 the First District Court of
Appeal applied the Hanif rationale to discounts negotiated by a private insurer with
health care providers before the medical services are delivered. (Nishihama, supra,
93 Cal.App.4th at p. 306.) Although the plaintiff was charged $17,168 for the care she
received at a hospital, the hospital had accepted the prenegotiated rate of $3,600 as
payment in full for the services it rendered to the plaintiff. (Id. at pp. 306-307.) The
court found “that the trial court erred in permitting the jury to award plaintiff $17,168
instead of $3,600” for the hospital charges. (Id. at p. 309.)



                                               15
       Nearly 20 years after Hanif we were confronted with an entirely different set of
facts in Katiuzhinsky. Unlike the plaintiffs in Hanif and Nishihama, the plaintiffs in
Katiuzhinsky were uninsured. (Katiuzhinsky, supra, 152 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1291-1292.)
No insurer or governmental agency, therefore, had prenegotiated any discounts with
health care providers on their behalf. They, like the plaintiff before us, suffered injuries
in an automobile accident. (Id. at p. 1291.) In need of medical care but uninsured, they
employed the same creative financing arrangement plaintiff did. (Id. at pp. 1291-1293.)
In both cases the plaintiffs, injured and uninsured, turned to MedFin. (Ibid.)
       Relying on Hanif and Nishihama, the defendants in Katiuzhinsky brought a motion
in limine to preclude the introduction of any evidence of medical expenses incurred
above the amounts that MedFin paid the plaintiffs’ health care providers to purchase their
bills. (Katiuzhinsky, supra, 152 Cal.App.4th at p. 1291.) The trial court granted the
motion despite the fact that the plaintiffs remained liable for payment of the full amount
of the providers’ charges. (Id. at p. 1293.) The trial court ruled that the only admissible
evidence of the plaintiffs’ damages for medical expenses was the amounts MedFin paid
the medical providers to acquire their liens. (Ibid.)
       We rejected the court’s rationale and reversed the trial court ruling excluding
evidence and limiting recovery. (Katiuzhinsky, supra, 152 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1295-
1296.) We emphasized that even if the defendants had been entitled to a reduction in
damages, evidence of the full amount of the charges was admissible. “Thus, regardless
of whether defendants were entitled to a Nishihama-type reduction of the medical
damage award, there was no basis in law to prevent the jurors from receiving evidence of
the amounts billed, as they reflected on the nature and extent of plaintiffs’ injuries and
were therefore relevant to their assessment of an overall general damage award.”
(Katiuzhinsky, at p. 1296.)
       We also rejected the notion that Hanif, Nishihama, and Parnell v. Adventist Health
System/West (2005) 35 Cal.4th 595 limited the plaintiffs’ recovery to the amount a third

                                             16
party paid for the receivables and the liens. We distinguished those cases based on a
crucial difference. “[U]nlike the circumstances in Hanif, Nishihama and Parnell,
plaintiffs here remain fully liable for the amount of the medical provider’s charges for
care and treatment.” (Katiuzhinsky, supra, 152 Cal.App.4th at p. 1296.) We explained:
“The principle of law for which Hanif . . . stand[s] is that a plaintiff’s recovery should be
limited to ‘the actual amount he paid or for which he incurred liability for past medical
care and services.’ [Citations.] The point is crucial, for those decisions rest on the
principle that a damage award should not place a tort plaintiff in a ‘ “better position” ’
than if the wrong had not been done. [Citation.] Under the trial court’s ruling, plaintiffs
are placed in a worse position than had the tort not been committed. Despite the fact that
plaintiffs are liable for the full amount of the medical bills, the tortfeasor is answerable
only for a discounted rate paid by a bill collector that bought the lien from a health care
provider. The result is that plaintiffs are undercompensated and the tortfeasor receives a
windfall.” (Ibid.)
       Moreover, we observed, “[a] subsequent assignment of the bill to a third party
cannot result in a decrease in the value of services that have already been rendered.”
(Katiuzhinsky, supra, 152 Cal.App.4th at p. 1297.) But that was the result of the trial
court’s ruling limiting the plaintiffs’ recovery to the amount MedFin paid for the lien.
We concluded: “Plaintiffs should have been permitted to present evidence of the
amounts charged to and incurred by them, and to argue to the jury that these amounts
represented the reasonable value of the medical services provided.” (Id. at p. 1298.)
       Yet defendant and amici curiae urge us to rebuke Katiuzhinsky and once again to
limit a plaintiff’s recovery for past medical services to the amount MedFin paid the
providers. They insist that Howell and two cases from the Second Appellate District,
Corenbaum v. Lampkin (2013) 215 Cal.App.4th 1308 (Corenbaum) and Ochoa v.
Dorado (2014) 228 Cal.App.4th 120 (Ochoa) compel us to overrule our Katiuzhinsky
holding. Not so.

                                              17
       Howell simply puts the Supreme Court imprimatur on the Hanif/Nishihama rule
that a plaintiff who is not liable to health care providers for any amount above a
prenegotiated rate does not suffer an economic loss when a tortfeasor’s liability is
commensurate with the plaintiff’s. The Supreme Court put it this way: “[I]f the plaintiff
negotiates a discount and thereby receives services for less than might reasonably be
charged, the plaintiff has not suffered a pecuniary loss or other detriment in the greater
amount and therefore cannot recover damages for that amount. [Citations.] The same
rule applies when a collateral source, such as the plaintiff’s health insurer, has obtained a
discount for its payments on the plaintiff’s behalf.” (Howell, supra, 52 Cal.4th at p. 555.)
       To be sure, the health care providers in Howell accepted the discounted amounts
as full payment pursuant to a preexisting agreement with the plaintiff’s managed care
plan. The plaintiff’s prospective liability therefore was limited to the amount the
managed care plan had agreed to pay the providers for the services they were to render.
The Supreme Court expressly recognized that in this way, the determinative fact was
analogous to Hanif and not Katiuzhinsky. The court left no mystery. It specifically
excluded the Katiuzhinsky third-party-purchase scenario from its holding. The court
explained: “In this respect, plaintiff here was in the same position as the Hanif plaintiff,
who also bore no personal liability for the providers’ charges. This is not a case like
Katiuzhinsky v. Perry, supra, 152 Cal.App.4th at page 1296, where the plaintiffs
‘remain[ed] fully liable for the amount of the medical provider’s charges for care and
treatment.’ ” (Howell, supra, 52 Cal.4th at p. 557.) The Supreme Court in Howell noted
the holding in Katiuzhinsky that “ ‘[t]he intervention of a third party in purchasing a
medical lien does not prevent a plaintiff from recovering the amounts billed by the
medical provider for care and treatment, as long as the plaintiff legitimately incurs those
expenses and remains liable for their payment.’ [Citation.]” (Howell, at p. 554.) And
the court distinguished a third-party purchase of a medical lien from prenegotiated
payments by insurers. (Ibid.)

                                             18
       Despite the Supreme Court’s express disavowal that the crucial facts in Hanif were
analogous to Katiuzhinsky, defendant and amici curiae argue, based on Howell, there is
no distinction between typical insurers and a medical finance company. In their view, an
injured plaintiff is entitled to no more than the amount the medical finance company paid
for her lien despite the fact she remained liable for the full amount of the bills. That is a
plain misreading of Howell, a case dealing only with a negotiated rate differential and no
medical finance company. Defendant’s position finds support in two decisions from the
same division of the Second District Court of Appeal. Corenbaum, supra,
215 Cal.App.4th 1308 is easily distinguished. Defendant extracts favorable language
from the opinion divorced from the factual context in which the court stated: “Because
an injured plaintiff can recover as damages for past medical expenses no more than the
amount incurred for those past medical services (Howell, supra, 52 Cal.4th at p. 555),
evidence that the reasonable value of such services exceeded the amount paid is
irrelevant and inadmissible on the issue of the amount of damages for past medical
service (see id. at p. 559).” (Corenbaum, supra, 215 Cal.App.4th at p. 1329.) But
Corenbaum, like Howell, involved a rate differential prenegotiated by the health insurer.
Since Howell itself distinguished the factual scenario where a plaintiff bears no potential
liability from one where she remains liable for the full amount of the charges,
Corenbaum merely applies Howell to the analogous facts before it.
       Defendant correctly points out that the second case, Ochoa, disagrees with the
holding in Katiuzhinsky that the full amount of the plaintiff’s bills for past medical
services is relevant to prove the reasonable value of the services. The court in Ochoa
insists that the rationale of Howell compels this conclusion. We need not delve into why
Ochoa’s reasoning is faulty because defendant in the case before us did not object to the
admission of the full amount of the bills at trial and therefore did not preserve the issue
for review on appeal. The issue before the trial court was the relevancy of the business
transactions between MedFin and plaintiff’s medical provider, not, as in Ochoa, whether

                                              19
the full amount of the bills was relevant to prove reasonable value. Thus, we reject
defendant and amici curiae’s opportunistic attempt to use this case as a vehicle to
overturn principles of law that were not tried below.
       Bermudez v. Ciolek (2015) 237 Cal.App.4th 1311 (Bermudez), on the other hand
supports our analysis. Bermudez also identified the critical distinction between Howell
and Katiuzhinsky; Howell involved an insured plaintiff, Katiuzhinsky was uninsured and
liable for the amount of the medical services received. (Bermudez, at pp. 1329-1330.)
“Howell did not disapprove of Katiuzhinsky; it explicitly distinguished the facts before it
from Katiuzhinsky, noting Howell was ‘not a case . . . where the plaintiffs “remain[ed]
fully liable for the amount of the medical provider’s charges for care and treatment.” ’
(Howell, supra, 52 Cal.4th at p. 557.)”(Bermudez, at p. 1330.)

B.     Did the Trial Court Have the Discretion to Exclude Evidence of the Agreements
       and Payments between Plaintiff’s Health Care Providers and MedFin?
       The trial court granted plaintiff’s motions in limine to exclude all evidence of any
agreements between MedFin and her health care providers as well as the amount MedFin
paid the providers for the liens. Neither Howell nor Katiuzhinsky resolves the propriety
of the trial court’s evidentiary ruling. Defendant argues the evidence is relevant to
establish the reasonable value of the medical services rendered. Plaintiff argues the trial
court retained the discretion to exclude the evidence under Evidence Code section 352
because the admission of the evidence would necessitate the trial of innumerable
collateral issues. They are both right.
       The trial court acknowledged the evidence might be probative but granted
plaintiff’s motion because the admission of the evidence would require litigating a vast
number of collateral issues. But in an industry in which different payers pay vastly
different fees for the same services and businesses have been created to finance the
uninsureds’ medical care and potentially to reap large profits to compensate for the risk
they underwrite, collateral issues may be unavoidable in calculating reasonable value.


                                             20
Thus in Howell, where the medical provider, by agreement, accepted a negotiated rate
less than the provider’s full bill, the Supreme Court concluded evidence of that amount is
relevant and admissible to prove past medical expenses.
       Children’s Hospital Central California v. Blue Cross of California (2014)
226 Cal.App.4th 1260 (Children’s Hospital) provides some guidance. There the dispute
was over the reasonable value of the hospital’s services to Medi-Cal beneficiaries during
a 10-month period when Blue Cross did not have a written agreement with the hospital.
(Id. at p. 1264.) Because the trial court misconstrued a relevant statute, the evidence of
the reasonable and customary value of the medical services was limited to the hospital’s
fully billed charges. The Court of Appeal analogized to quantum meruit cases where the
measure of recovery is comparable to a plaintiff’s recovery for past medical services.
The court explained: “In determining value in quantum meruit cases, courts accept a
wide variety of evidence. For example, the party suing for compensation may testify as
to the value of his services or offer expert testimony. However, such evidence is not
required and is not binding on the trier of fact. [Citation.] Evidence of value can also be
shown through agreements to pay and accept a particular price. [Citations.] ‘The court
may consider the price agreed upon by the parties “as a criterion in ascertaining the
reasonable value of services performed.” ’ [Citation.] Accordingly, in an action for the
reasonable value of services, a written contract providing for an agreed price is
admissible in evidence. [Citation.] Additionally, evidence of a professional’s customary
charges and earnings is relevant and admissible to demonstrate the value of the services
rendered.” (Id. at pp. 1274-1275.)
       The court recognized that evidence which might be admissible in one case might
not be admissible in another. “[T]he facts and circumstances of the particular case dictate
what evidence is relevant to show the reasonable market value of the services at issue,
i.e., the price that would be agreed upon by a willing buyer and a willing seller



                                             21
negotiating at arm’s length. Specific criteria might or might not be appropriate for a
given set of facts.” (Children’s Hospital, supra, 226 Cal.App.4th at p. 1275.)
       We agree with the trial court that introduction of evidence of what a third party
was willing to pay for an account receivable or lien depends on a wide variety of factors
bearing no relevance to the reasonable value of the services when rendered, such as the
probability of achieving a sizable jury verdict, the skill of the lawyers, and the strength of
the evidence. In short, the amount may reflect the medical finance company’s tolerance
for risk with absolutely no reflection on the value of the services the plaintiff received.
Similarly, the introduction of evidence of the amount the provider was willing to accept
is equally divorced from the reasonable value of the services delivered and may be
related to financial pressures on the provider or managing the cash flow of the operation.
The calculation by both sides therefore relates more to their business-related cost/benefit
assessment than to a determination of the reasonable value of the services when rendered.
The probative value of such evidence in determining the reasonable value of the medical
services provided an injured plaintiff is minimal.
       Nevertheless, we cannot say the evidence is irrelevant as a matter of law. The
agreement between MedFin and Dr. Orisek could reveal what the doctor believed was the
reasonable value of his services, apart from his calculation of the expense and risk of
collection. Conceivably, defendant’s expert could base an opinion on reasonable value in
part on the amount Dr. Orisek accepted from MedFin as full payment for his services.
And finally, the agreement may have information or lead to the discovery of admissible
evidence as to whether plaintiff remains responsible for 100 percent of the billed amount.
But as we learn from Children’s Hospital, “the facts and circumstances of the particular
case dictate what evidence is relevant to show the reasonable market value of the services
at issue.” (Children’s Hospital, supra, 226 Cal.App.4th at p. 1275.) As quoted at the
outset of our opinion, the Supreme Court in Howell described the vast disparities in what
various payers pay for identical medical services and stated that trying to draw inferences

                                             22
of reasonable value from what is charged and what is paid “would be perilous.” (Howell,
supra, 52 Cal.4th at p. 562.) As a result, it seems particularly appropriate for the trial
court to perform its traditional gatekeeper role as to the admissibility of evidence and,
pursuant to Evidence Code section 352, to determine whether evidence that is minimally
probative should be admitted or whether it will require an undue consumption of time to
try the collateral issues that evidence of what a third party paid for an account receivable
and lien will necessarily raise.
        That is precisely what the trial court did in this case. Although initially the court
described the evidence as irrelevant, by the time it ruled on plaintiff’s motions in limine it
recognized the evidence might be marginally probative but excluded it to avoid the trial
of a host of ancillary, and totally collateral, issues. The court explained its concerns as
follows: “Well, I don’t know what Dr. Orisek would say.
        “But if the Court permitted you to ask Dr. Orisek, isn’t it true that you accepted a
lesser amount, whatever it be, then don’t we get into collateral issues about why.
        “Could be the doctor was about to file bankruptcy and he needed the money.
Could be he’s not interested in collections. Could be a lot of reasons. He owed a debt to
someone else. I don’t know.
        “Or that in fact that’s the reasonable value. He was willing to accept it.
        “Don’t know the answers to those questions, but the point is aren’t we then getting
to a side issue that really has nothing to do with the plaintiff’s -- the value per se?
        “I understand what you’re saying about your expert. If you have an expert that is
prepared to stand before the Court and the jury and say, well, the value of the doctors’
services or the hospital’s services or a particular medical provider is not a hundred
thousand dollars, but instead it’s 50 or 60, whatever it be. I think you can properly do
that.




                                              23
       “But to then reference a lien as further proof of that I fear gets into the collateral
issues as to why the plaintiff or the providers I should say were willing to compromise
their willingness -- their bills I should say.”
       We review the trial court’s exercise of its discretion to exclude evidence pursuant
to Evidence Code section 352 for an abuse of discretion. (Uspenskaya v. Meline (2015)
241 Cal.App.4th 996, 1000 (Uspenskaya).) We can find nothing in Howell to
circumscribe the court’s exercise of discretion, and on this record, we can find no abuse.
We begin with our observation in Katiuzhinsky that “[a] subsequent assignment of the bill
to a third party cannot result in a decrease in the value of services that have already been
rendered.” (Katiuzhinsky, supra, 152 Cal.App.4th at p. 1297.) Thus, it is wrong to
suggest, as defendant and amici curiae do, that the so-called market value of a receivable
months or years after the services are rendered determines the reasonable value of the
medical service at the time the injured patient was treated. In essence, defendant
erroneously equates the value of the bill with the value of the services the health care
providers delivered. We agree, therefore, with the trial court that introduction of the
evidence of what a medical finance company is willing to pay for a lien against a
personal injury jury verdict bears little, if any, relevance to the reasonable value of the
services themselves.
       But even if, as Children’s Hospital suggests, the amount the providers accepted as
payment is somewhat probative of the value of what they provided, introduction of the
evidence opens a Pandora’s box of collateral issues plaintiff would have the opportunity
to litigate. The trial court’s astute observations about a few of the factors that might have
informed the parties’ assessment of the value of the lien, including, for example, whether
the doctor was strapped for cash or MedFin believed the litigators were exceptional,
demonstrates a deliberate and wise exercise of discretion. Certainly the trial of those, and
many other, collateral issues would consume considerable time and lead to a protracted
trial on tangential matters. In sum, the court carefully weighed the minimal probative

                                                  24
value against the cost and distraction of trying why a doctor would sell and a medical
finance company would buy a substantially discounted account receivable and lien.
There was no abuse of discretion.
       Similarly, in Uspenskaya, we found the trial court had not abused its discretion
pursuant to section 352 by excluding evidence of the amount MedFin had paid. We
explained, “The problem in cases involving MedFin, or similar companies purchasing
accounts receivable (sometimes referred to as factors), is that MedFin’s purchase price
represents a reasonable approximation of the collectability of the debt rather than a
reasonable approximation of the value of the plaintiff’s medical services. In other words,
the health care providers evaluate the risk of collectability and make a decision to settle
for some amount that may or may not reflect the actual value for those services.
(Uspenskaya, supra, 241 Cal.App.4th at p. 1003.) Using the vernacular appropriate to a
section 352 analysis, we concluded the probative value of the evidence was at best
limited. (Ibid.)
       We also pointed out the danger of prejudice. We wrote, “There is a substantial
danger of prejudice because a jury could rely solely on a third party payment to fashion
its award, which might not represent the reasonable value of a plaintiff’s treatment and
result in a situation where the plaintiff is not made whole, but rather remains liable to the
third party for the entire debt, including the difference between the billed amounts and
the amounts paid to the providers to purchase the debt.” (Uspenskaya, supra, 241
Cal.App.4th at p. 1004.)
       In Uspenskaya, we found the court did not abuse its discretion by excluding the
evidence of the MedFin payments because there was no “additional evidence showing a
nexus between the amount paid by the factor and the reasonable value of the medical
services.” (Uspenskaya, supra, 241 Cal.App.4th at p. 1007.) The trial court had engaged
in a quintessential balancing of the probative value against the danger of the prejudice
and we upheld the exercise of that discretion. Here too, the calculus involved the same

                                             25
assessment of probative value—that the collectability of a debt bears little relationship to
the value of the services. But more significantly, the trial court here weighed the danger
of litigating collateral issues and concluded the evidence should be excluded.
Uspenskaya supports the result we reach here that the trial court retains the discretion to
determine the admissibility of MedFin Payments using a traditional section 352 analysis.


C.     Did Plaintiff Sustain Her Burden of Proving That She Incurred Liability for
       Medical Charges?
       Defendant insists that plaintiff failed to sustain her burden to prove she actually
incurred liability for the full amount of the doctor and hospital charges. If there was a
failure, it was defendant’s failure to challenge plaintiff’s evidence at trial. He
sardonically refers to plaintiff’s “attorney-prepared list[s]” and bemoans her failure to
introduce the actual medical bills into evidence. But he raised no objection to the lists at
trial, nor did he introduce any evidence to demonstrate inaccuracies in the lists or expose
any deficiencies through cross-examination. The lists were an efficient manner of
presenting the evidence to the jury and, in the absence of an objection or evidence to the
contrary, sustained plaintiff’s burden of proving her damages.
       Moreover, defendant ignores plaintiff’s testimony that she incurred all the charges
reflected on the lists. Her testimony alone was sufficient to meet her burden of proof. In
addition to primary care physician Dr. Diaz, her surgeons, Drs. Orisek and Ridgeway,
and a representative of Sutter all testified that she incurred the amounts billed. And the
testimony was corroborated by the lien agreement plaintiff executed in favor of
Dr. Orisek and the assignment of his lien rights to MedFin, both of which demonstrate
plaintiff is liable to MedFin for the full amount of the bills. Defendant, of course, had the
opportunity at trial to cross-examine plaintiff and to introduce evidence to the contrary.
But he failed to avail himself of the opportunity at trial and now attempts to construct a
case he did not present to the jury. Notwithstanding his derogatory characterizations of



                                              26
plaintiff’s evidence, her testimony, the testimony of her providers, and the lists provided
ample evidence that she incurred liability for the doctor and hospital bills, whether the
bills reflected the reasonable value of the services rendered.
       As to whether the bills reflected the reasonable value of the services rendered
defendant presented a vigorous defense. Whereas plaintiff claimed over $190,000 for the
reasonable value of past medical expenses, defendant’s billing expert explained in some
detail how she arrived at a reasonable value of just over $71,000. The jury was not
willing to accept either side’s evidence at face value. Rather, the jury awarded $122,689
in damages for reasons that are not immediately apparent from the record. The point is
that defendant had the opportunity to present evidence to rebut plaintiff’s assertion that
the reasonable value of the services was the full amount of the charges, and apparently
the jury agreed that in some instances the bills had been unreasonably inflated. Thus, we
reject defendant’s belated attack on the sufficiency of plaintiff’s evidence to sustain her
burden of proof.
                                              II

                    Discovery: Motion to Compel Disclosure of
               MedFin Payment Agreement and Imposition of Sanctions
       The more difficult question is whether the trial court abused its discretion by
denying defendant’s motion to compel Dr. Orisek to disclose the terms of his agreement
with MedFin and by imposing $2,500 in sanctions against defendant. Because the trial
court erroneously concluded that the agreement between MedFin and Dr. Orisek was
irrelevant, the ruling was based upon a misinterpretation of applicable law, and therefore
an abuse of discretion has been shown. (Katiuzhinsky, supra, 152 Cal.App.4th at
p. 1294.) Nevertheless, we conclude the discovery error was not prejudicial. The
sanctions, however, must be reversed.
       It is true that the management of discovery generally lies within the trial court’s
discretion and appellate courts are “highly deferential to the trial court.” (Lickter v.


                                              27
Lickter (2010) 189 Cal.App.4th 712, 740.) But as defendant correctly reminds us, “In the
context of discovery, evidence is ‘relevant’ if it might reasonably assist a party in
evaluating its case, preparing for trial, or facilitating a settlement. Inadmissibility is not
the test, and it is sufficient if the information sought might reasonably lead to other,
admissible evidence.” (Glenfed Development Corp. v. Superior Court (1997)
53 Cal.App.4th 1113, 1117.) “Any doubts regarding relevance are generally resolved in
favor of allowing the discovery.” (Mercury Interactive Corp. v. Klein (2007)
158 Cal.App.4th 60, 98.) Moreover, the broad scope of permissible discovery “is equally
applicable to discovery of information from a nonparty as it is to parties in the pending
suit.” (Johnson v. Superior Court (2000) 80 Cal.App.4th 1050, 1062.)
       In denying the motion to compel, the trial court wrongly concluded that
Dr. Orisek’s written agreement with MedFin for the sale of his bills and liens was
irrelevant. We have concluded that the evidence surrounding the sale of the bills and
liens to MedFin does bear some probative value in determining the reasonable value of
the services. And given the breadth of a party’s right to discover any information that
might assist him in evaluating or preparing his case, we must conclude the court erred by
refusing to compel the disclosure of the agreement.1
       Nonetheless, defendant cannot demonstrate prejudice. This is not an instance in
which the denial of discovery compromised defendant’s preparation for trial or led to
surprise, the usual basis for establishing prejudice where discovery is improperly denied.
Rather, the discovery motion presaged the later effort to secure admission of the same
information at trial. The trial court reconsidered the essence of the motion to compel
during the motions in limine at trial. Defendant sought to persuade the jury that the



1 We note that the trial court did not address Dr. Orisek’s claim of privacy. We need not
consider the issue on appeal because we conclude the trial court’s error was not
prejudicial.

                                              28
reasonable value of the services was reflected in the amounts the providers were willing
to accept from MedFin. The record reflects a long discussion between the court and
defense counsel regarding the probative value of the agreements with MedFin and the
amount it paid. Although in its pretrial ruling, the court found the evidence was
irrelevant, at trial the court recognized the potential probative value of the evidence to
bolster the defense expert’s opinion about the reasonable value of the medical services
the plaintiff received. As a result, ultimately the evidence was excluded, not because it
had no probative value, but because it raised a vast assortment of collateral issues about
why Dr. Orisek accepted a reduced amount from MedFin. The court explained, “Could
be the doctor was about to file bankruptcy and he needed the money. Could be he’s not
interested in collections. Could be a lot of reasons. He owed a debt to someone else.” In
other words, the danger of confusing or misleading the jury by litigating these many
collateral matters far surpassed whatever probative value the evidence had to prove
reasonable value.
       We conclude, therefore, that on the record before us the court would have
excluded the evidence at trial even if it had granted the defense motion to compel
disclosure of the agreement before trial. Although before trial the court expressed the
misguided notion the evidence was irrelevant and not discoverable, even if it had allowed
the discovery it would have excluded the evidence at trial. Consequently, the pretrial
error in denying the motion to compel disclosure of the agreement was harmless.
       We therefore will reverse the sanctions award but note that defense counsel’s
failure to meet and confer can also serve as a basis for sanctions. Indeed, plaintiff’s
counsel, in seeking to meet and confer, produced all of the documents requested except
the contract between Dr. Orisek and MedFin. The failure to participate in the meet-and-
confer process in good faith is an independent discovery abuse “for which sanctions are
statutorily authorized.” (Liberty Mutual Fire Ins. Co. v. LcL Administrators, Inc. (2008)
163 Cal.App.4th 1093, 1104.)

                                             29
       Contrary to the trial court’s ruling on admissibility, however, the motion to compel
was justifiable on the merits, and plaintiff offers no other instances of obstruction or
unreasonable behavior by defendant during discovery. We therefore conclude that
although defendant skirted some of the procedural prerequisites to his motion by failing
to meet and confer, the primary basis for the award was the trial court’s erroneous belief
that the information sought to be discovered was totally irrelevant. As we have
concluded that the evidence is not irrelevant as a matter of law, we will reverse the
penalty imposed on defendant for bringing what actually turned out to be a meritorious
motion.
                                             III
                              Directed Verdict on Causation
       The word “presumably” plays a pivotal role in defendant’s challenge to the
directed verdict. At its core, defendant would have us reverse a judgment entered on a
jury verdict based on the presumed injuries plaintiff must have suffered in a
“presumably” high speed, high impact, rollover accident 12 years before the collision
with defendant. While the opening brief is peppered with such “presumptions,” the
problem is defendant failed to present any evidence at trial to support the “presumed”
cause of plaintiff’s injuries—not the collision with defendant, but the accident that
occurred 12 years earlier. “Presumably” translates into speculation. And as defendant
recognizes, raw speculation does not justify reversal of a directed verdict. (Hernandez v.
Amcord, Inc. (2013) 215 Cal.App.4th 659, 669.) Turning to the actual record, there is
simply no evidence that anything other than the 2008 collision with defendant caused
plaintiff’s injuries.
       Indeed, all the doctors agreed that it was more probable than not that plaintiff’s
disk protrusion was caused by her 2008 collision with defendant. This opinion was
shared by her treating physician, her orthopedic surgeon, and defendant’s orthopedic
spine expert. The expert testimony was uncontradicted. Defendant did not subpoena

                                             30
plaintiff’s medical records from before she saw Dr. Diaz. He did not present any
evidence about the earlier accident or seek to demonstrate that plaintiff had suffered
injuries of any type, and he does not claim that he was prevented from deposing her past
health care providers about injuries she might have suffered in that accident. Rather, he
simply urges us to draw inferences based on nothing more than sheer speculation.
       We agree with plaintiff that the trial court did not direct a verdict based on a
“misapprehension” that defendant had admitted to causation, nor did the court rule that
defendant was 100 percent responsible for plaintiff’s past medical expenses. Plaintiff’s
counsel corrected an isolated remark the trial court made that defendant had “admitted
[his] negligence was a substantial factor of injuries,” advising the court defendant had
admitted his negligence was a substantial factor in causing the incident, not the injuries.
Thus, the court was under no misapprehension.
       Nor did the court rule that defendant was responsible for 100 percent of plaintiff’s
medical expenses. What the court actually told the jury was: “The question of whether
the defendant’s negligence was a substantial harm [sic] in causing harm to the Plaintiff,
Ms. Moore.
       “I have ruled that based upon the evidence that’s been presented to you, before
you, that the answer to that is, yes. So you will not decide whether the defendant’s
conduct, the collision, was the cause of the harm. [¶] . . . [¶]
       “So the only question before you will be the issue of Ms. Moore’s damages.” The
court thereafter instructed the jury: “To recover damages for past medical expenses, Lilly
Moore must prove the reasonable cost of reasonably necessary medical care that she has
received.” Nowhere did the court state or imply that defendant was 100 percent
responsible for her medical expenses. As it turned out, the jury awarded her less than the
damages she sought.
       “A directed verdict may be granted only when, disregarding conflicting evidence,
giving the evidence of the party against whom the motion is directed all the value to

                                              31
which it is legally entitled, and indulging every legitimate inference from such evidence
in favor of that party, the court nonetheless determines there is no evidence of sufficient
substantiality to support the claim or defense of the party opposing the motion, or a
verdict in favor of that party.” (Howard v. Owens Corning (1999) 72 Cal.App.4th 621,
629-630.) The record discloses there was no evidence of sufficient substantiality to
support the defense claim that the earlier accident was a substantial factor in causing
plaintiff’s injuries. While there was a mere mention that the accident had occurred, there
is absolutely no evidence that it caused plaintiff ongoing injuries and pain. Given the
unanimity among the experts that it was more probable than not that the 2008 collision
was a substantial factor in causing the damages plaintiff incurred to secure the medical
treatment she received, we conclude the trial court properly directed the jury in plaintiff’s
favor on the issue of causation.
                                      DISPOSITION
       The $2,500 sanctions order is reversed. In all other respects, the judgment is
affirmed. The parties shall bear their own costs on appeal. (Cal. Rules of Court, rule
8.278(a)(3).)


                                                            RAYE               , P. J.


We concur:


         BLEASE             , J.


         MURRAY             , J.




                                             32
