                             RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
                             Pursuant to Sixth Circuit I.O.P. 32.1(b)
                                    File Name: 20a0267p.06

                 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                               FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT



 JANE DOE,                                                ┐
                                Plaintiff-Appellant,      │
                                                          │
                                                           >        No. 19-5126
       v.                                                 │
                                                          │
                                                          │
 UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY,                                  │
                               Defendant-Appellee.        │
                                                          ┘

                       Appeal from the United States District Court
                    for the Eastern District of Kentucky at Lexington.
                   No. 5:15-cv-00296—Joseph M. Hood, District Judge.

                                Argued: October 17, 2019

                           Decided and Filed: August 19, 2020

             Before: BOGGS, BATCHELDER, and DONALD, Circuit Judges.
                               _________________

                                         COUNSEL

ARGUED: Linda M. Correia, CORREIA & PUTH, PLLC, Washington, D.C., for Appellant.
Bryan H. Beauman, STURGILL, TURNER, BARKER & MOLONEY, PLLC, Lexington,
Kentucky, for Appellee. ON BRIEF: Linda M. Correia, Roshni C. Shikari, CORREIA
& PUTH, PLLC, Washington, D.C., for Appellant. Bryan H. Beauman, Jessica R. Stigall,
STURGILL, TURNER, BARKER & MOLONEY, PLLC, Lexington, Kentucky, William E.
Thro, UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY, Lexington, Kentucky, for Appellee. Demian A.
Ordway, M. Theodore Takougang, HOLWELL SHUSTER & GOLDBERG LLP, New York,
New York, Emily Martin, Neena Chaudhry, Sunu Chandy, Shiwalit Patel, NATIONAL
WOMEN’S LAW CENTER, Washington, D.C., for Amici Curiae.
 No. 19-5126                                     Doe v. Univ. of Ky.                                       Page 2


                                             _________________

                                                   OPINION
                                             _________________

        BERNICE BOUIE DONALD, Circuit Judge. In this matter, we ask whether Plaintiff
Jane Doe (hereinafter “Doe”) can bring a Title IX, 20 U.S.C. § 1681, claim against a university
based on that university’s alleged deliberate indifference to a sexual assault by a university
student (i.e., a Title IX Davis claim, Davis v. Monroe County Board of Education, 526 U.S. 629
(1999)). Although not technically enrolled at Defendant University of Kentucky (hereinafter
“the University”), Doe lived, dined, and participated in student activities on the University’s
campus. She also hoped to attend the University and was enrolled at a Kentucky community
college that allows its students to transfer credits to the University and enroll in the University
through a simpler application process. The district court held that Doe could not bring such a
claim, finding that Doe was not a student of the University or a participant in any of the
University’s educational programs or activities. Because we find that Doe has sufficiently
shown that there remain genuine disputes as to whether the University denied her the benefit of
an “education program or activity,” she has standing to bring her Davis claim, and we
REVERSE and REMAND to the district court for further consideration of the merits of Doe’s
claim in light of this Court’s recent opinion in Kollaritsch v. Michigan State University Board of
Trustees, 944 F.3d 613, 619-24 (6th Cir. 2019).1

                                                         I.

        Although the facts and procedural history of this case are somewhat complicated, we can
simplify them for purposes of deciding the narrow issue in this case. In fact, the parties agree on
most of the facts that are relevant to our decision. Doe attended Bluegrass Community and
Technical College (“the Community College”). The Community College was previously known


        1In  Kollaritsch, this Court, in analyzing several Davis claims, held “that a student-victim plaintiff must
plead, and ultimately prove, that the school had actual knowledge of actionable sexual harassment and that the
school’s deliberate indifference to it resulted in further actionable sexual harassment against the student-victim,
which caused the Title IX injuries.” 944 F.3d at 618. With respect to the plaintiffs in Kollaritsch, this Court found
that, “[b]ecause none of the plaintiffs in this case suffered any actionable sexual harassment after the school’s
response, they did not suffer ‘pervasive’ sexual harassment as set out in Davis.” Id.
 No. 19-5126                                 Doe v. Univ. of Ky.                                  Page 3


as Lexington Community College, which was an entity that was wholly owned, governed, and
managed by the University. Although the administration of the Community College has now
split off from the University, many of its buildings, grounds, and parking areas are still owned
and operated by the University. Importantly for this case, students who chose to live on campus
at the Community College lived in the University’s residence halls, as did Doe. Both parties
agree that living on campus contributes to learning and leads to more academic success. Doe
paid various fees directly to the University, including payments for room, board, and fees for the
student government association, student activities, access to the student center, a student health
plan, technology, access to the recreation center, and student affairs. The University has two
programs that allow the Community College’s students to transfer to or earn credits toward a
degree at the University. Doe did not yet meet the requirements for either program because she
had only been enrolled at the Community College for a few short weeks, but she alleges that she
planned to enroll at the University.

        Doe alleges that, while she was living on the University’s campus, a student enrolled at
the University raped her on October 2, 2014.2 She reported the rape to the University’s police
department, and the University investigated the allegations. Over the course of two and half
years, the University held four different disciplinary hearings. Although the alleged perpetrator
was found responsible for the rape at the first three hearings, the University’s appeal board
overturned the decisions based on procedural deficiencies. At the fourth hearing, the alleged
perpetrator was found not responsible. Doe dropped out of her classes and withdrew from the
University’s housing on October 15, 2014.

        Doe filed suit against the University on October 1, 2015, and has since filed multiple
amended complaints, asserting that the University’s deliberate indifference to her alleged sexual
assault violated Title IX. The University moved for dismissal of Doe’s third amended complaint
on February 20, 2018. In its motion, the University argued, among other things, that Doe was
not a student at the University and was thus not deprived of an “education program or activity”

        2
          We include the following allegations to give context to Doe’s claim, but we do not believe that
these allegations are necessary to conclude that the district court erred. In this opinion, we address only
whether the district court properly concluded that Doe lacked standing, and we will not address the other
arguments presented as alternative grounds for affirming the district court’s grant of summary judgment.
 No. 19-5126                               Doe v. Univ. of Ky.                                Page 4


under Title IX. 20 U.S.C. § 1681(a). Because the University attached multiple exhibits to its
motion to dismiss, the district court treated the motion as a motion for summary judgment and
allowed limited discovery related to the University’s argument that, as a non-student, Doe could
not bring suit. Doe v. Univ. of Ky., 357 F. Supp. 3d 620, 623 (E.D. Ky. 2019). The district court
concluded:

       Accordingly, the [c]ourt finds that while [Doe] was living on [the University]’s
       campus, paying various fees and costs associated with living on campus, and
       utilizing [the University]’s services, such as [the University]’s libraries and
       computer labs, [Doe] has failed to show she was either a [University] student or
       participating in any of [the University]’s educational programs or activities. Since
       [Doe] has failed to show she was either a [University] student or enrolled in a
       [University] education program or activity, [Doe] lacks standing to bring the
       present action under Title IX, and the Court need not consider [the University]’s
       arguments regarding the first three disciplinary hearings and [Doe]’s alleged
       failure to state a Title IX retaliation claim.

Id. at 633-34. Plaintiff filed a timely appeal challenging the district court’s grant of summary
judgment.

                                                  II.

       We review a district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo. Gillis v. Miller,
845 F.3d 677, 683 (6th Cir. 2017). Summary judgment is proper “if the movant shows that there
is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of
law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). The moving party bears the burden of showing that no genuine
issues of material fact exist. Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 324 (1986). The nonmoving
party “must set forth specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial,” and in turn, the
reviewing court must determine “whether the evidence presents a sufficient disagreement to
require submission to a jury or whether it is so one-sided that one party must prevail as a matter
of law.” Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 250-52 (1986) (internal citations and
quotation marks omitted).
 No. 19-5126                             Doe v. Univ. of Ky.                              Page 5


                                               III.

       Title IX states that “[n]o person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be
excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under
any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance.” 20 U.S.C. § 1681(a).
This statute has spawned various theories of liability and provides relief broadly to those who
face discrimination on the basis of sex in the American education system. See, e.g., NCAA v.
Smith, 525 U.S. 459, 466 n.4 (1999) (recognizing that Congress amended Title IX to reject the
Supreme Court’s earlier attempts to limit Title IX’s coverage to only the specific programs that
received federal funding); N. Haven Bd. of Educ. v. Bell, 456 U.S. 512, 521 (1982) (allowing
employees to sue under Title IX); Cannon v. Univ. of Chi., 441 U.S. 677, 717 (1979) (allowing
applicants to sue under Title IX); Horner v. Ky. High Sch. Athletic Ass’n, 43 F.3d 265, 271-72
(6th Cir. 1994) (allowing student-athletes to sue under Title IX based on disparities in athletic
programming).

       In this case, however, we deal with a specific type of Title IX claim: a Davis claim. In
Davis v. Monroe County Board of Education, the Supreme Court held that “recipients of federal
funding may be liable for ‘subjecting’ their students to discrimination where the recipient is
deliberately indifferent to known acts of student-on-student sexual harassment and the harasser is
under the school’s disciplinary authority.” 526 U.S. at 646-47 (internal editing marks omitted)
(emphasis added). In Vance v. Spencer County Public School District, this Court explained that,
under Davis:

       Title IX may support a claim for student-on-student sexual harassment when the
       plaintiff can demonstrate the following elements: (1) the sexual harassment was
       so severe, pervasive, and objectively offensive that it could be said to deprive the
       plaintiff of access to the educational opportunities or benefits provided by the
       school, (2) the funding recipient had actual knowledge of the sexual harassment,
       and (3) the funding recipient was deliberately indifferent to the harassment.

231 F.3d 253, 258-59 (6th Cir. 2000) (emphasis added). Our Court also recently emphasized
that Davis claims “against a school for its response to student-on-student sexual harassment
[involve] a ‘high standard’ that applies only in ‘certain limited circumstances.’” Kollaritsch,
 No. 19-5126                                Doe v. Univ. of Ky.                              Page 6


944 F.3d at 619 (emphasis added) (quoting Davis, 526 U.S. at 643). As emphasized, in each of
these cases, the courts have spoken in terms of student-on-student sexual harassment.

           Based on this language, the district court found that Doe did not have standing to bring
her Davis claim because she was not a “student” at the University. We disagree. Although this
Court does not wish to extend Davis beyond the scope intended by the Supreme Court, we find
that the district court’s decision was too rigid in this case and that, although Does was not
enrolled as a student at the University, she has shown that, for purposes of her Davis claim, there
remain genuine disputes as to whether she was denied the benefits of an “education program or
activity” furnished by the University.

           Although she was not technically enrolled in classes at the University, Doe lived in one
of the University’s residence halls, she paid the University directly for that housing. She also
paid for a dining plan from the University. Moreover, Doe paid the University for various
student fees, including fees for the student government association, student activities, access to
the student center, a student health plan, technology, access to the recreation center, and student
affairs.

           Doe also alleges that she hoped to eventually enroll at the University after beginning her
education at the Community College, and that was certainly a realistic goal.             Kentucky’s
statutory scheme on higher education expressly facilitates the transfer of students from
community colleges to public universities. Ky. Rev. Stat. § 164.092(2)(e) (Kentucky’s “public
college and university system [should] focus[] its efforts and resources on the goals of: . . . (e)
Facilitating credit hour accumulation and transfer of students from [Kentucky community
colleges] to four (4) year postsecondary institutions.”). To achieve that end, the University has
two programs that allow the Community College students to transfer to or earn credits toward a
degree at the University while enrolled at the Community College.
 No. 19-5126                                       Doe v. Univ. of Ky.                                          Page 7


         With Doe paying the University directly for much of her educational experience—living
on the University’s campus, dining on campus, and participating in the University’s student
activities3—and the close academic relationship between the University and the Community
College, we find that the sum of all these relationships to the University of Kentucky means that
Doe has shown that there is a genuine dispute as to whether she was denied the benefit of an
education program or activity of the University (not the Community College). See Horner,
43 F.3d at 272 (“Congress has made clear its intent to extend the scope of Title IX’s equal
opportunity obligations to the furthest reaches of an institution’s programs. We will not defeat
that purpose by recognizing artificial distinctions in the structure or operation of an
institution.”).4

                                                          IV.
         For these reasons, we REVERSE and REMAND for further proceedings so that the
district court can rule on the merits of Doe’s Davis claim in light of our decision in Kollaritsch,
944 F.3d at 619-24.


         3We    note that the University espouses the educational benefits of living on campus and participating in
student activities:
         [The University’s] staff serves as a helpful resource for all residents, from the programs and
         activities run by Resident Advisors to the support of the full-time, live-in Resident Directors.
         Through the efforts of all of our staff members, living on campus is an inclusive, safe, and
         fun learning and living environment for our residents.
         ...
         The Office of Residence Life’s mission is to create inclusive residential communities that
         promote student learning and personal growth.
         ...
         Living on campus has a positive impact on a student’s academic success . . . . Students are more
         like[ly] to succeed and return for their sophomore year if they live on campus.
         ...
         We give students the opportunity to work and live with people from different backgrounds, and in
         the process, we encourage them to learn from one another in an atmosphere of mutual respect.
         4In   reaching this decision, we note that our decision is limited in two regards. First, our decision is limited
to the unique circumstances of this case, and we do not expand Davis standing beyond those circumstances where a
plaintiff is so closely tied to a university that the individual is essentially a student of that university. Furthermore,
we also reiterate that Davis claims require that the harasser be “under the school’s disciplinary authority.” Davis,
526 U.S. at 647. Although that is not an issue here, as the parties agree that Doe’s alleged harasser was a student of
the University and thus under its disciplinary authority, we wish to re-iterate the importance of that requirement in
light of our decision in this case.
