 [Cite as Rick's Foreign Exchange Co. v. Greenlee, 2014-Ohio-4505.]




                           IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
                              SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                 MONTGOMERY COUNTY

 RICK’S FOREIGN EXCHANGE CO.

         Plaintiff-Appellee

 v.

 GLORIA GREENLEE

         Defendant-Appellant


 Appellate Case No.      26096

 Trial Court Case No. 2013-CVI-1880


 (Civil Appeal from
 (Municipal Court)
                                               ...........

                                               OPINION

                              Rendered on the 10th day of October, 2014.

                                               ...........

RICK’S FOREIGN EXCHANGE CO., 5269 Cobblegate Boulevard, Moraine, Ohio 45439
      Plaintiff-Appellee-Pro Se

GLORIA GREENLEE, 6124 Clematis Drive, Dayton, Ohio 45449
     Defendant-Appellant-Pro Se

                                               .............



WELBAUM, J.
                                                                                           2




               {¶ 1} Defendant-Appellant, Gloria Greenlee, appeals pro se from the decision of

the Miamisburg Municipal Court granting judgment to plaintiff-appellee, Rick’s Foreign

Exchange Co., awarding it $2,143.64 in damages following a bench trial. For the reasons

outlined below, the judgment of the trial court will be affirmed.



                                Facts and Course of Proceedings

       {¶ 2}    Rick’s Foreign Exchange Co. (Foreign Exchange), is a family-owned limited

liability company located in Dayton, Ohio, that conducts an automotive repair business. On

December 11, 2013, the president of Foreign Exchange, Richard Reilich, filed a small claims

complaint on behalf of the company against Gloria Greenlee for unpaid services in the amount of

$2,143.64. It is undisputed that Greenlee and her son Kiel were customers of Foreign Exchange

in the spring of 2013, and that they reside in Miamisburg, Ohio. A bench trial was subsequently

scheduled for January 28, 2014, with both parties appearing pro se.

       {¶ 3}    The following evidence was presented at trial. In the spring of 2013, Kiel

contacted Foreign Exchange to obtain a quote for the cost of labor to remove and replace an

engine in his 1991 Nissan 300ZX. Prior to receiving the quote, Kiel indicated that he had

already purchased a rebuilt engine for the project. Reilich’s son, Ricky Reilich, orally quoted the

cost of labor at $1,400.

       {¶ 4}    On April 16, 2013, Kiel brought his vehicle to Foreign Exchange for the engine

removal and replacement. A Foreign Exchange technician removed the engine in the vehicle,
                                                                                             3


and upon doing so, noticed some problems with the vehicle. As a result, Foreign Exchange

contacted Kiel and informed him of the problems with the vehicle. Kiel, however, declined all

suggested repairs with the exception of replacing the engine wiring harness. Thereafter, when

Kiel’s replacement engine arrived, Foreign Exchange advised Kiel that the engine was not a

rebuilt engine, but rather a used junk-yard engine. Kiel looked at the engine and agreed to have

it sent back. Kiel then purchased a second engine from Moraine Auto Parts.

       {¶ 5}    Reilich testified that charges were incurred for examining and unloading the first

engine, as it arrived in a truck without a lift gate. He further testified that the second engine they

received from Moraine Auto Parts was in poor condition, which required them to partially tear

down the engine in order to determine if it was a rebuild, as well as to strip off cut wires and

other broken materials. After examining the engine, Reilich testified that Foreign Exchange

decided not to install the second engine because it was missing a spark plug, had rust in the

cylinder, and failed a cylinder leakage test. According to Reilich, the charges for the teardown

and examination of the second engine were authorized by Kiel based on his instruction to install

the engine.

       {¶ 6}    Continuing, Reilich then testified that Kiel and Greenlee came to the shop

inquiring why the project was not complete, to which Reilich explained that Foreign Exchange

had not been provided with a suitable replacement engine. He then told Kiel and Greenlee that

they could buy a remanufactured engine through Foreign Exchange, and provided them with

quote. It is undisputed that Kiel wrote Foreign Exchange a $2,500 check as a down payment for

a remanufactured engine. However, a few days later, Greenlee and Kiel called and informed

Reilich that they no longer wanted the remanufactured engine and wanted to pick up the vehicle.
                                                                                           4


       {¶ 7}    Reilich returned the $2,500 check to Greenlee, and explained that Foreign

Exchange was going to have to charge them for the wiring harness and the time incurred, as they

had removed the old engine, unloaded and inspected the first engine, inspected and tore down the

second engine, and installed the subframe. All of this was reflected in a $2,143.63 invoice

signed by Greenlee, which was admitted into evidence. Greenlee wrote Reilich at check for the

invoice, but Reilich testified that she stopped payment on the check shortly thereafter.

       {¶ 8}    Kiel testified he contacted the seller of the first engine who claimed the engine

was operable. However, Kiel admitted that he had agreed to have the first engine returned based

on Foreign Exchange’s advice.      Kiel also testified that Moraine Auto Parts advised him that the

second engine was from a junk yard, but that it was operable. Kiel further testified that Foreign

Exchange never gave him an estimate for the teardown of the second engine and that he never

authorized them to tear it down. Kiel also claimed he could not get Foreign Exchange to return

his phone calls for three and one half weeks, and as a result, his car just sat in the shop because

they did not install the second engine.

       {¶ 9}    In addition, Kiel testified that after obtaining his vehicle back from Foreign

Exchange, he bought a third used junk-yard engine for $1,800 and that Brett Ramey, a Nissan

certified mechanic, installed it for $2,500.    According to Kiel, Ramey installed the engine

through the top of the vehicle, and claimed that working from the bottom, as Foreign Exchange

did, creates more work and leaves potential for damage. Kiel also testified that Ramey advised

him that the original wiring harness did not need replaced as represented by Foreign Exchange;

however, Kiel admitted that the wiring harness purchased from Foreign Exchange was used to

install the engine replaced by Ramey.
                                                                                               5


       {¶ 10} Kiel further testified that Ramey repaired damages caused by Foreign Exchange,

including cut transmission lines and damaged air conditioning lines. Kiel provided no evidence

of the alleged damages and Ramey did not appear at trial to offer expert testimony. Yet, Kiel did

provide a $6,076.46 invoice from Ramey, which represents the cost of the engine replacement

and the additional repairs.

       {¶ 11} On January 29, 2014, the trial court issued a written decision granting judgment

in favor of Foreign Exchange for $2,143.63 plus court costs. At no time did either of the parties

request the trial court to issue findings of fact or conclusions of law. On February 20, 2014,

Greenlee appealed from the judgment of the trial court, raising two assignments of error, and

thereafter filed a motion to strike Foreign Exchange’s appellate brief.



                                          Motion to Strike

       {¶ 12} Greenlee contends Foreign Exchange’s appellate brief should be stricken because

it failed to comply with App.R. 13, 16, and 18. We note that App. R. 13(B) provides that

“[c]opies of all documents filed by any party and not required by these rules to be served by the

clerk shall, at or before the time of filing, be served by a party or person acting for the party on all

other parties to the appeal.” Furthermore, section (D) of App.R. 13 states that:

       Documents presented for filing shall contain an acknowledgment of service by the

       person served or poof of service in the form of a statement of the date and manner

       of service and of the names of the persons served, certified by the person who

       made service. Documents filed with the court shall not be considered until proof

       of service is endorsed on the documents or separately filed.
                                                                                         6


       {¶ 13} In this case, Foreign Exchange’s appellate brief does not contain an

acknowledgment of service as required by App.R. 13(D). Greenlee claims that she was never

served a copy of Foreign Exchange’s brief, but that she discovered the document while checking

the status of this appeal via Montgomery County’s online public records system. Greenlee

contends that the service failure prejudiced her because she was not notified of Foreign

Exchange’s filing and was unable to timely file a reply brief. Based on the foregoing, Greenlee’s

motion to strike is sustained; therefore, Foreign Exchange’s appellate brief is stricken from the

record and will not be considered in the determination of this appeal.



                                   Assignment of Error No. I

       {¶ 14} Greenlee’s First Assignment of Error is as follows:

       THE TRIAL COURT ERRED AND ABUSED ITS DISCRETION AS A LACK

       OF FINDING OF FACT AND FINDING OF LAW AGAINST CLEAR AND

       CONCISE STATU[T]ES THAT PROTECT THE CONSUMER.

       {¶ 15} The arguments in Greenlee’s pro se appellate brief are difficult to discern.

Nevertheless, we presume that she is contending the trial court erred in failing to make any

findings of fact or conclusions of law with respect to her Ohio Consumer Sales Practices Act

(CSPA) allegations, as she maintains Foreign Exchange violated a number of CSPA provisions.

In addition, Greenlee claims the trial court’s decision granting judgment in favor of Foreign

Exchange was against the manifest weight of the evidence.

       {¶ 16} As it relates to Greenlee’s claims that the trial court erred in failing to make

findings of fact and conclusions of law, we note that pursuant to Civ.R. 52, a trial court is not
                                                                                               7


required to issue findings of fact and conclusions of law unless requested in writing. Pursuant to

R.C. 1925.16, Civ.R. 52 applies equally to small claims proceedings. Falkiewicz v. Blackburn,

151 Ohio App.3d 562, 2003-Ohio-677, 784 N.E.2d 1204, ¶ 9 (2d Dist.). Therefore, as neither

party in this case requested findings of fact or conclusions of law, the trial court did not err in

failing to issue the same.

       {¶ 17} Regardless, even if the trial court had been required to issue findings of fact and

conclusions of law, it was not required to address the CSPA violations alleged by Greenlee, as

she failed to raise them in a counterclaim. While small claims procedure does not contemplate

the filing of an answer or other responsive pleading, Pennington Paving, Inc. v. Bloedel, 2d Dist.

Greene No. 2009CA2, 2009-Ohio-2425, ¶ 13, it does contemplate the filing of counterclaims.

       {¶ 18} R.C. 1925.02(C) states that: “Any person who files a counterclaim or cross-claim

shall file it with the small claims division and serve it on all other parties at least seven days prior

to the date of the trial of the plaintiff’s claim in the original action.”         Additionally, R.C.

1925.05(A) provides that notice of the small claims filing served on the defendant must state: “If

you believe you have a claim against the plaintiff, you must file a counterclaim with the court and

must serve the plaintiff and all other parties with a copy of the counterclaim at least seven days

prior to the date of the trial of the plaintiff’s claim.” Furthermore, claims under the CSPA must

be brought in the form of a cause of action; therefore, they may be brought as a counterclaim, but

not as a defense. Atelier Design, Inc. v. Campbell, 68 Ohio App.3d 724, 728, 589 N.E.2d 474

(2d Dist.1990).

       {¶ 19} Here, Greenlee was served notice of Foreign Exchange’s small claims complaint,

which specifically stated that: “Any counterclaim against the Plaintiff * * * must be filed with the
                                                                                          8


Clerk and served on Plaintiff at least seven (7) days prior to the above trial date.” Small Claims

Complaint (Dec. 11, 2103), Miamisburg Municipal Court Case No. 13CVI01880, Docket No. 2,

p. 1. The record establishes that Greenlee did not file any counterclaim, let alone a CSPA

counterclaim.   While the alleged CSPA violations are briefly alluded to during trial, Greenlee

never formally asserted them as part of a counterclaim, nor did she articulate the specific

provisions that Foreign Exchange allegedly violated. Rather, Greenlee improperly used the

alleged CSPA violations as a defense.

       {¶ 20} Because Greenlee’s CSPA claims were not properly raised before the trial court,

the court did not err in failing to address them. See Mitchell v. Ell, 157 Ohio App.3d 271,

2004-Ohio-2812, 810 N.E.2d 986, ¶ 10, 16-18 (12th Dist.) (finding the trial court did not err in

failing to address a CSPA issue that was raised as a defense as opposed to a counterclaim). We

also need not address the CSPA allegations, as “it is axiomatic that a party cannot raise new

arguments for the first time on appeal.” Ihenacho v. Ohio Inst. of Photography & Technology,

2d Dist. Montgomery No. 24191, 2011-Ohio-3730, ¶ 70, citing State ex rel. Gutierrez v.

Trumbull Cty. Bd. Of Elections, 65 Ohio St.3d 175, 177, 602 N.E.2d 622 (1992). (Other citation

omitted.)

       {¶ 21} As for Greenlee’s manifest weight challenge, it is now well-established that

appellate courts apply the same manifest-weight-of-the-evidence standard in criminal and civil

cases. Eastley v. Volkman, 132 Ohio St.3d 328, 2012-Ohio-2179, 972 N.E.2d 517, ¶ 17. In

turn, when a conviction is challenged on appeal as being against the weight of the evidence, an

appellate court must review the entire record, weigh the evidence and all reasonable inferences,

consider witness credibility, and determine whether, in resolving conflicts in the evidence, the
                                                                                           9


trier of fact “clearly lost its way and created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that the

conviction must be reversed and a new trial ordered.” State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380,

387, 678 N.E.2d 541 (1997).

       {¶ 22} In a manifest-weight analysis, the credibility of the witnesses and the weight to

be given to their testimony are primarily for the trier of facts to resolve. State v. DeHass, 10

Ohio St.2d 230, 227 N.E.2d 212 (1967), paragraph one of the syllabus. “Because the factfinder,

be it the jury, or, * * * the trial judge, has the opportunity to see and hear the witnesses, the

cautious exercise of discretionary power of a court of appeals to find that a judgment is against

the manifest weight of the evidence requires that a substantial deference be extended to the

factfinder’s determinations of credibility. The decision whether, and to what extent, to credit the

testimony of particular witnesses is within the peculiar competence of the factfinder, who has

seen and heard the witnesses.” State v. Lawson, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 16288, 1997 WL

476684, *5 (Aug. 22, 1997).

       {¶ 23} With the foregoing standard in mind, we conclude that the judgment in favor of

Foreign Exchange is not against the manifest weight of the evidence. There is no dispute that

Kiel requested Foreign Exchange to remove and replace the engine in his vehicle, and that Kiel

was to provide the replacement engine. The record clearly establishes that Foreign Exchange

removed the original engine as requested and thereafter waited for Kiel to provide a good

replacement engine. The record indicates that additional expenses were incurred due to Kiel’s

replacement engines being in poor condition. Reilich further testified that the first engine had to

be unloaded from a truck without a lift gate and be examined, and the second engine had to be

examined and torn down to determine whether it should be installed. Reilich also testified that
                                                                                           10


Kiel agreed to have Foreign Exchange replace the engine wiring harness and that a new wiring

harness was ordered, which Kiel testified that he was able to use. In addition, Reilich’s son,

Ricky, also testified that he always replaces Nissan engines by removing the subframe and taking

the engine out from the bottom.

       {¶ 24} The removal of the engine, the unloading and inspection of the first engine, the

tear down and inspection of the second engine, the charge for the wiring harness, and the

installation of the subframe are all accounted for as work performed in the $2,143.64 invoice

provided to Greenlee and Kiel. At no time did Greenlee deny Reilich’s claim that she stopped

payment of the $2,143.64 check she provided him. The fact that the trial court found Reilich

and his son credible and believed their testimony regarding the work they performed does not

mean the court’s judgment was against the manifest weight of the evidence. As the trier of fact

in this case, the trial court was free to believe some, all, or none of Greenlee and Kiel’s testimony

and was free to give more credence to the testimony of Reilich and his son Ricky.

       {¶ 25} For the foregoing reasons, Greenlee’s First Assignment of Error is overruled.



                                   Assignment of Error No. II

       {¶ 26}    Greenlee’s Second Assignment of Error is as follows:

       THE TRIAL COURT ERRED AND ABUSED ITS DISCRETION BY

       CONDUCTING ITS HEARING IN A MANNER THAT DID NOT ONLY

       APPEAR TO BE PARTIAL BUT WAS IN FACT PARTIAL TOWARDS THE

       PLAINTIFF.

       {¶ 27} Under this assignment of error, Greenlee contends the trial court conducted trial
                                                                                            11


in a biased, unfair manner that was partial to Reilich and Foreign Exchange. We disagree.

       {¶ 28} Judicial bias is defined as “ ‘a hostile feeling or spirit of ill will or undue

friendship or favoritism toward one of the litigants or his attorney, with the formation of a fixed

anticipatory judgment on the part of the judge, as contradistinguished from an open state of mind

which will be governed by the law and facts.’ ”            State v. LaMar, 95 Ohio St.3d 181,

2002-Ohio-2128, 767 N.E.2d 166, ¶ 34, quoting State ex rel. Pratt v. Weygandt, 164 Ohio St.

463, 132 N.E.2d 191 (1956), paragraph four of the syllabus. (Other citation omitted.) Trial

judges are “ ‘presumed not to be biased or prejudiced, and the party alleging bias or prejudice

must set forth evidence to overcome the presumption of integrity.’ ” Eller v. Wendy’s Internatl.,

Inc., 142 Ohio App.3d 321, 340, 755 N.E.2d 906 (10th Dist.2000), quoting Okocha v.

Fehrenbacher, 101 Ohio App.3d 309, 322, 655 N.E.2d 744 (8th Dist.1995). (Other citation

omitted.)   “[T]he appearance of bias or prejudice must be compelling to overcome these

presumptions.” (Citation omitted.) In re Disqualification of George, 100 Ohio St.3d 1241,

2003-Ohio-5489, 798 N.E.2d 23, ¶ 5.

       {¶ 29} The trial court has discretion to “exercise reasonable control over the mode and

order of interrogating witnesses and presenting evidence so as to make the interrogation and

presentation effective for the ascertainment of the truth * * *.” Evid.R. 611(A). Additionally, a

trial court “may interrogate witnesses, in an impartial manner, whether called by itself or by a

party.” Evid.R. 614(B). “ ‘[I]n the absence of any showing of bias, prejudice, or prodding of a

witness to elicit partisan testimony,’ we presume that trial courts act [with] impartiality by asking

questions from the bench, to learn material facts or develop the truth.” Easterling v. Easterling,

2d Dist. Montgomery No. 18523, 2001 WL 369734, *2 (April 13, 2001), quoting Jenkins v.
                                                                                            12


Clark, 7 Ohio App.3d 93, 97, 454 N.E.2d 541 (2d Dist.1982).

       {¶ 30} “Further, during a bench trial, a trial court enjoys even greater freedom in

questioning witnesses because the court cannot prejudicially influence a jury with its questions or

demeanor.” (Citations omitted.) Brothers v. Morrone-O’Keefe Dev. Co., 10th Dist. Franklin

No. 05AP-161, 2006-Ohio-1160, ¶ 11. “A trial court’s questioning of a witness is not deemed

partial for purposes of Evid.R. 614(B) merely because the evidence elicited during the

interrogation was damaging to one of the parties.” (Citation omitted.) Klasa v. Rogers, 8th

Dist. Cuyahoga No. 83374, 2004-Ohio-4490, ¶ 32.

       {¶ 31} We review a trial court’s questions under an abuse of discretion standard. State

v. Johnson, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 03AP-1103, 2004-Ohio-4842, ¶ 10. “ ‘Abuse of discretion’

has been defined as an attitude that is unreasonable, arbitrary, or unconscionable.” (Citation

omitted.) AAAA Enterprises, Inc. v. River Place Community Urban Redevelopment Corp., 50

Ohio St.3d 157, 161, 553 N.E.2d 597 (1990). “A decision is unreasonable if there is no sound

reasoning process that would support that decision.” Id.

       {¶ 32} Initially, Greenlee claims the trial court was biased because the judge made a

statement at trial that his grandfather and father were mechanics. Upon reviewing the record, we

do not find the trial court’s statement rises to the level of bias, as the judge was merely explaining

why he was asking Reilich about the price of an engine wiring harness. See Trans. (Jan. 28,

2014), p. 15-16.

       {¶ 33} In addition, Greenlee claims the trial court showed bias when it said at the

beginning of trial that it would not make copies of the exhibits for the parties, and then later made

copies for Foreign Exchange. This argument has no merit, because the record indicates the trial
                                                                                           13


court also made copies of an invoice for Greenlee after Kiel indicated he wanted to admit that

document into evidence as Defendant’s Exhibit B. See Id. at 43.

       {¶ 34} Next, Greenlee claims the trial court showed bias by leading Reilich through his

testimony and by hindering the presentation of her defense. As previously noted, a trial court is

permitted to exercise reasonable control over the mode and order of interrogating witnesses and

presenting evidence. Evid.R. 611(A). In this instance, the trial court was presented with two

pro se parties that needed extra guidance in presenting their cases. The trial court attempted to

provide this guidance by alerting them as to when they could and could not ask questions and by

interrogating the witnesses itself. The record indicates the trial court gave each party equal

guidance in presenting its case.      In addition, the record indicates that the bias Greenlee

complains of was nothing more than the trial court attempting to facilitate an orderly pro se trial.

While the trial court may have expressed certain opinions about the testimony, the record

indicates that the court’s statements and questions do not amount to an error requiring this matter

be reversed.

       {¶ 35} Finally, Greenlee claims the trial court was biased and unfair because it would

not allow her to present the alleged CSPA violations in her defense. As discussed under the

First Assignment of Error, a violation of the CSPA is not a defense, but a cause of action.

Atelier Design, Inc., 68 Ohio App.3d at 728, 589 N.E.2d 474. Therefore, because Greenlee

never filed a counterclaim alleging CSPA violations, those arguments were irrelevant to trial and

it was not improper for the trial court to prohibit her from addressing them.

       {¶ 36} For the foregoing reasons, Greenlee’s Second Assignment of Error is overruled.
                                                                                            14


                                            Conclusion

        {¶ 37} Having overruled both of Greenlee’s assignments of error, the judgment of the

trial court is affirmed.



                                           .............

HALL, J., concurs.

DONOVAN, J., concurring:

        {¶ 38} In my view, Greenlee was not asserting a counterclaim under the CSPA as she

did not seek damages. Rather, Greenlee was offering a defense of illegality and/or fraud to

Foreign Exchange’s contract claim. Thus, the trial court was required to consider Greenlee’s

defenses.

        {¶ 39}    Further, in my view, Civ.R. 8(C) permitted the trial court to grant a continuance

to Greenlee in order to provide appellee the requisite seven days notice of any alleged CSPA

violations constituting a counterclaim, which would warrant rescission of the contract. But

Greenlee never requested a continuance, thus any such argument has been waived. Absent the

seven days notice requirement under R.C. 1925.02(C), Civ.R. 8(C) would have permitted the trial

court, in “the interest of justice” to consider any counterclaim mistakenly asserted as a defense, as

a defense. I’d note the Atelier Design Inc. case cited by the majority did NOT consider the

“interest of justice” provision of 8(C).

        {¶ 40}    Finally, I concur in the affirmance of judgment by the majority because the trial

court was free to reject Greenlee’s testimony regarding her signature on Exhibit 1, a written

estimate. Her signature on Exhibit 1, dated April 16, 2014 would support the judgment in favor
                                                                                      15


of Foreign Exchange for $2,143.63 plus costs. Accordingly, I would affirm but for reasons other

than those articulated by the majority.

                                          ..........



Copies mailed to:

Rick’s Foreign Exchange Co.
Gloria Greenlee
Hon. Robert W. Rettich, III
