      Notice: This opinion is subject to correction before publication in the P ACIFIC R EPORTER .
      Readers are requested to bring errors to the attention of the Clerk of the Appellate Courts,
      303 K Street, Anchorage, Alaska 99501, phone (907) 264-0608, fax (907) 264-0878, email
      corrections@appellate.courts.state.ak.us.



               THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF ALASKA

DELBERT B. URBAN,                              )
                                               )        Supreme Court No. S-14784
                      Appellant,               )
                                               )        Superior Court No. 3AN-10-10291 CI
      v.                                       )
                                               )        OPINION
MARTHA C. URBAN,                               )
                                               )        No. 6852 – December 13, 2013
                      Appellee.                )
                                               )


              Appeal from the Superior Court of the State of Alaska, Third
              Judicial District, Anchorage, Alex M. Swiderski, Judge pro
              tem.

              Appearances: Michael Hough, Homer, for Appellant. Robert
              J. Sato, Sato & Sato, LLC, Anchorage, for Appellee.

              Before: Fabe, Chief Justice, Winfree, Stowers, Maassen, and

              Bolger, Justices.


              BOLGER, Justice.


I.    INTRODUCTION
              In order to build a yacht, Delbert Urban borrowed against the residence he
owned with his wife, Martha Urban. The yacht was destroyed in a fire, and the bank
foreclosed on the marital residence. After Martha Urban filed for divorce, the parties
agreed to the division of most of their remaining marital assets, but they disputed the
value of land they owned in Arizona. And just before the divorce trial, Martha
discovered that Delbert owned stock that he failed to include in his pretrial disclosures.
              The superior court accepted a county tax valuation of the land in Arizona,
although Delbert presented a conflicting valuation. The superior court classified the
stock as marital property because Delbert failed to disclose it before trial. The court
awarded Martha $1,300 per month in spousal support and also awarded her $10,000 in
attorney’s fees because of Delbert’s vexatious litigation conduct.
              We affirm the superior court’s spousal support award and valuation of the
Arizona land. But we reverse and remand to allow the superior court to reconsider the
attorney’s fees award and the classification of the stock.
II.    FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS
              Delbert and Martha were married in 1993. About two years later, Delbert
suffered a work injury and began receiving federal disability pay. Delbert borrowed
against the marital residence to build a yacht and then stopped making the mortgage
payments, which caused the residence to be lost in foreclosure. The yacht was destroyed
in a fire in Mexico, and the hull insurance carrier disputed coverage based on alleged
misrepresentations in the insurance application.
              Martha filed for divorce in 2010. At trial the parties agreed on valuation
and distribution of the marital assets except for some land in Arizona. During trial,
Martha discovered that Delbert had stock in a company called Stancorp that he had
purchased prior to the marriage.
              The superior court found that Delbert’s decision to mortgage the marital
residence and build the yacht constituted an unreasonable depletion of the marital estate.
The court valued the Arizona property at $92,424 based on a property tax assessment.
The court treated the Stancorp stock as a marital asset based on Delbert’s false testimony
about the stock and his failure to list the stock in pretrial disclosures. The court awarded

                                            -2-                                       6852

about 63% of the marital property to Martha and about 37% to Delbert. The court
awarded Martha spousal support in the amount of $1,300 per month and attorney fees
of $10,000.
III.	   STANDARD OF REVIEW
              “Trial courts’ allocations of property and awards of spousal support are
reviewed for abuse of discretion; we reverse such awards only if they are clearly
unjust.”1 The trial court’s classification of property as marital or non-marital is generally
reviewed for abuse of discretion, but some classifications may involve questions of law
that we review using our independent judgment.2 The court’s underlying factual findings
on classification and valuation of marital property are reviewed for clear error.3 Clear
error is found “only when we are left with a definite and firm conviction based on the
entire record that a mistake has been made.”4
              “A superior court has broad discretion to award attorney’s fees in divorce
cases. We will not reverse a trial court’s ruling on attorney’s fees unless it is arbitrary,
capricious, or manifestly unreasonable.”5
IV.	    DISCUSSION
        A.	   The Superior Court’s Valuation Of The Arizona Property Was Not
              Clearly Erroneous.




        1
              Barnett v. Barnett, 238 P.3d 594, 597 (Alaska 2010) (citations omitted).

        2
              Beal v. Beal, 303 P.3d 453, 458-59 (Alaska 2013).

        3

              Ethelbah v. Walker, 225 P.3d 1082, 1086 (Alaska 2009) (citations omitted).
        4
              Barnett, 238 P.3d at 597 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
        5
            Heustess v. Kelley-Heustess, 259 P.3d 462, 478 (Alaska 2011) (internal
quotation marks and citation omitted).

                                            -3-	                                       6852

              Delbert first argues that the court’s valuation of the Arizona real estate was
clearly erroneous. At trial, Delbert relied on a real estate agent’s valuation, which
suggested that the four-parcel property was worth only $35,800. The agent valued one
parcel and then extrapolated the value of all four parcels. The agent testified that local
real estate values had dropped dramatically after Delbert purchased the property for
$98,000. Martha submitted a county tax assessment showing a total value of $92,424.
The tax valuation had been discounted by about 50% from the previous year. Delbert’s
witness testified that the tax valuation did not adequately account for the recent decline
in the real estate market.
              The trial court relied on the county tax valuation when it determined the
value of this property. We have previously held that, in the absence of an appraisal, a
trial court may reasonably choose to rely on a tax valuation over a real estate broker’s
estimate.6 In this case the court made a reasonable decision that the tax valuation was
more reliable than the real estate agent’s opinion. The resulting valuation of this
property was not clear error.
       B.	    It Was An Abuse Of Discretion To Award Enhanced Fees Without
              Proper Documentation And Without A Clear Basis For the Award.
              Delbert also argues that the trial court erred by awarding $10,000 in
attorney fees against him. The court reasoned that an attorney fee award was merited by
Delbert’s vexatious litigation behavior, including his lack of cooperation in his pretrial
disclosures and his evasive testimony on the stand. On appeal, Delbert argues that
Martha never documented her assertion that she had spent over $35,000 in fees.




       6
              Haines v. Cox, 182 P.3d 1140, 1144 (Alaska 2008) (citation omitted).

                                            -4-                                       6852
              Ordinarily, a fee award should be based on documentation of the actual fees
expended.7 Here, it appears that the court based its award on the unsupported assertion
of fees in Martha’s post-trial brief. We remand so that the court can review Martha’s
documentation of her actual fees.
              In addition, this court has held that fee awards in divorce cases under
AS 25.24.140 “are to be based primarily on the relative economic situations and earning
powers of the parties,”8 and that such fee awards may be enhanced because of bad faith
or vexatious behavior.9 But if the trial court chooses to enhance a fee award, it must first
identify the fees that would be awarded in the absence of bad faith, and then identify the
nature and amount of the increase assessed due to the bad faith behavior.10 On remand,
the court should require documentation of Martha’s fees and make findings regarding the
basis for its award.
       C.	    The Superior Court’s Spousal Support Award Was Not An Abuse Of
              Discretion.




       7
              See AS 25.24.140 (stating that “in appropriate circumstances” in divorce
actions, courts may award “attorney fees and costs that reasonably approximate the
actual fees and costs required to prosecute or defend the action”).
       8	
              S.L. v. J.H., 883 P.2d 984, 985 (Alaska 1994) (citation omitted).
       9	
              Berry v. Berry, 277 P.3d 771, 779-80 (Alaska 2012) (citation omitted).
       10
              Kowalski v. Kowalski, 806 P.2d 1368, 1373 (Alaska 1991) (“We hold that,
in making an increased fee award, the court must first determine what fee award would
be appropriate under the general rule, and only then increase the award to account for a
party’s misconduct. Failure to follow this two-step process constitutes an abuse of
discretion.”) (citations omitted).

                                            -5-	                                      6852

             Delbert also argues that the superior court’s decision to award spousal
support was an abuse of discretion. In a divorce case, the court may make an award of
spousal support in order to “fairly allocate the economic effect of divorce.”11
             In this case, the superior court found that Delbert had surplus income of
about $2,172 per month, and Martha was accruing a deficit of about $700 per month.
These findings are not clearly erroneous. The court’s award of $1,300 per month should




      11
             AS 25.24.160(a)(2) allows the court in a divorce action to provide:
             for the recovery by one party from the other of an amount of
             money for maintenance, for a limited or indefinite period of
             time, in gross or in installments, as may be just and necessary
             without regard to which of the parties is in fault; an award of
             maintenance must fairly allocate the economic effect of
             divorce by being based on a consideration of the following
             factors:
                    (A) the length of the marriage and station in life of the parties
                    during the marriage;
                    (B) the age and health of the parties;
                    (C) the earning capacity of the parties, including their
                    educational backgrounds, training, employment skills, work
                    experiences, length of absence from the job market, and
                    custodial responsibilities for children during the marriage;
                    (D) the financial condition of the parties, including the
                    availability and cost of health insurance;
                    (E) the conduct of the parties, including whether there has
                    been unreasonable depletion of marital assets;
                    (F) the division of property under (4) of this subsection; and
                    (G) other factors the court determines to be relevant in each
                    individual case.

                                           -6-                                          6852

provide both parties with a monthly income that will allow them to meet their anticipated
monthly expenses.
              A superior court should generally provide for the needs of a divorced
spouse through the division of marital assets; awards of spousal support are “only
appropriate when the marital estate is insufficient to meet the needs of a disadvantaged
party.”12 We have required the superior court to make adequate findings showing that
the property division is insufficient to meet the parties’ needs in order to justify an award
of spousal support.13
              In this case, the court did not state an express conclusion that the marital
estate was inadequate for Martha’s needs. But this conclusion is inescapable when we
consider the court’s findings about the parties’ income and expenses and the property
available for distribution. In addition, the court found that Delbert unreasonably
dissipated between $400,000 and $700,000 in marital assets by mortgaging the marital
residence to build the yacht. We conclude that the award of spousal support was not an
abuse of discretion.
       D.	    The Court’s Decision To Treat The Stancorp Stock As A Marital Asset
              Was Error.
              Delbert also argues that the court improperly treated the Stancorp stock as
a marital asset. The court’s decision was based on Delbert’s failure to list the stock in
pretrial disclosures. Alaska Civil Rule 26.1(b)(1)(K) requires a divorce litigant to
provide “an itemized list . . . of all assets and debts . . . which the party considers non-
marital and the basis for the non-marital designation[.]” Delbert’s pretrial disclosures
did not indicate that he was claiming the Stancorp stock as a non-marital asset; he

       12
              Barnett v. Barnett, 238 P.3d 594, 599 (Alaska 2010) (citations omitted).
       13
            See id. at 601-602 (remanding spousal support award for findings
concerning spouse’s needs).

                                            -7-                                        6852
claimed that he had no investments at all. The court also made an express finding that
Delbert gave false testimony about this asset.
             Under Rule 37(c), a party who fails to make required pretrial disclosures
“without substantial justification” may not be permitted to use that information as
evidence at trial, “unless such failure is harmless.”14 In this case, however, Martha did
not object to Delbert’s testimony that he had purchased the Stancorp stock before their
marriage. So the trial court did not exclude this evidence based on this portion of Rule
37.
             In addition to exclusion of evidence, the court may impose “other
appropriate sanctions” for a failure to make pretrial disclosures under Rule 37(c),
including the sanctions authorized under Rule 37(b)(2).15 These sanctions include “[a]n
order refusing to allow the disobedient party to support or oppose designated claims or




      14
             Alaska R. Civ. P. 37(c)(1) provides:
             A party that without substantial justification fails to disclose
             information required by Rules 26(a), 26(e)(1), or 26.1(b)
             shall not, unless such failure is harmless, be permitted to use
             as evidence at a trial, at a hearing, or on a motion any witness
             or information not so disclosed. In addition to or in lieu of
             this sanction, the court, on motion and after affording an
             opportunity to be heard, may impose other appropriate
             sanctions. In addition to requiring payment of reasonable
             expenses, including attorney’s fees, caused by the failure,
             these sanctions may include any of the actions authorized
             under sections (A), (B), and (C) of subparagraph (b)(2) of
             this rule and may include informing the jury of the failure to
             make the disclosure.
      15
             Alaska R. Civ. P. 37(c)(1).

                                           -8-                                     6852

defenses . . . .”16 The trial court apparently concluded that Delbert’s misbehavior
warranted an order precluding him from supporting his claim that this stock was a non-
marital asset.17
              But we have held that preclusion sanctions under Rule 37(b) should be
imposed only as a last resort if a continuance or other sanction is inadequate.18 The same
rule should apply when the Rule 37(b) sanctions are imposed under Rule 37(c) for failure
to make pretrial disclosures. In this case, it appears that a continuance would have been
an adequate remedy because the parties agreed to leave the record open after the first day
of trial so that Martha could conduct a further investigation of this asset. On remand, the
court should determine whether the stock is marital property based on the evidence; the
parties may be allowed to submit additional evidence in the court’s discretion.
V.     CONCLUSION
              We REVERSE and REMAND the attorney’s fee award and the question
of whether the Stancorp stock is marital property. We AFFIRM the superior court’s
judgment on all remaining issues.


       16
              Alaska R. Civ. P. 37(b)(2)(B).
       17
              The court stated: “In view of Mr. Urban’s failure to disclose even the
existence of the stock and his false and misleading testimony with respect to it, the stock
will be considered as part of the marital estate.”
       18
             See Maines v. Kenworth Alaska, Inc., 155 P.3d 318, 325 (Alaska 2007)
(“Before imposing such a sanction, Rule 37(b)(3) requires a finding of ‘willfulness,’ as
well as the consideration of several factors, including whether lesser sanctions would
adequately protect the opposing party.”) (citations omitted).




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