                                          2018 IL App (3d) 150832

                                  Opinion filed March 12, 2018
       _____________________________________________________________________________

                                                   IN THE

                                     APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

                                             THIRD DISTRICT

                                                     2018

       THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF                      )       Appeal from the Circuit Court
       ILLINOIS,                                       )       of the 10th Judicial Circuit,
                                                       )       Tazewell County, Illinois,
              Plaintiff-Appellee,                      )
                                                       )       Appeal No. 3-15-0832
              v. 	                                     )       Circuit No. 14-CF-577

                                                       )

       REGINA F. ROBARDS,                              )       Honorable

                                                       )       Paul Gilfillan,
              Defendant-Appellant.                     )       Judge, Presiding.
       _____________________________________________________________________________

             JUSTICE HOLDRIDGE delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
             Presiding Justice Carter and Justice Wright concurred in the judgment and opinion.
       _____________________________________________________________________________

                                                  OPINION

¶1            The defendant, Regina F. Robards, appeals her conviction for aggravated cruelty to a

       companion animal, arguing that the State failed to prove her guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.

¶ 2	                                               FACTS

¶3            On December 23, 2014, the defendant was charged with four counts of aggravated

       cruelty to a companion animal in violation of section 3.02(a) of the Humane Care for Animals

       Act (Act) (510 ILCS 70/3.02(a) (West 2014)), alleging that she had intentionally committed an

       act that caused serious injury or death to her two dogs by depriving them of adequate water and
     failing to seek adequate medical care for them. The case proceeded to a stipulated bench trial

     solely on the two counts related to the dogs’ deprivation of water.

¶4          The stipulated evidence provided that Loretta Joachim would testify that she owned a

     house on Howard Court in Pekin, Illinois, that she rented to the defendant. The defendant had

     lived in the Howard Court house for some time but had moved out in July 2014 and came to live

     with Joachim at her personal residence. When the defendant moved out of the Howard Court

     house, she left her two dogs, Walker and Sparky, living at the Howard Court house. “[The

     defendant] told Ms. Joachim that she was going to the house on Howard every day to take care

     of the dogs. And Ms. Joachim would testify that she had reason to believe that [the defendant]

     was returning to that residence on a regular basis.”

¶5          On November 24, 2014, Joachim went to check on the Howard Court house. When she

     entered the house, “she found extremely poor conditions there.” “She would testify that she

     observed feces and urine on the floors as well as extensive damage to the walls and floors of the

     home.” Joachim called the police. The police officers who responded would also testify as to the

     condition of the house. “Officers and Ms. Joachim would both testify that they observed inside

     that residence an emaciated, gaunt and obviously deceased dog on the floor of the living room.”

     Joachim and the officers would testify “that there was no water source available in the home and

     there was no water anywhere in the home available for drinking or for consumption.” According

     to the officers, the defendant stated “that she had seen this particular dog alive four days earlier;

     but later had found it had died.”

¶6          On November 29, 2014, Joachim again contacted the police, who subsequently went to

     the Howard Court house.




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                    “Joachim and the officers would all testify that they had again observed a second

                    dog that was obviously dead lying in a garbage bag in the back bedroom of the

                    residence. They would all testify that the dog’s skeleton was visible through its

                    skin and fur. It was extremely emaciated; and again, that the conditions in the

                    home *** were deplorable.”

     On this occasion, the defendant told the officers “that the second dog was named Sparky and that

     she had been caring for it at the Howard Court residence.”

¶7          Tazewell County Animal Control officers would testify that they removed each dog from

     the Howard Court house after each was discovered and took them back to animal control. “They

     each would also testify as to the conditions in the house being extremely unsanitary. And they

     would also testify as to the extremely wasted, emaciated and poor conditions of the dogs that

     were found at the residence.”

¶8          Veterinarian Joel Jess would testify that he had seen Walker, the first dog found, at his

     clinic in March and April 2014 but not since that time. “[A]t that time, Walker was in good

     physical condition and had no immediate health concerns.” According to defense counsel, in

     April 2014, Jess had written a prescription “for some kind of ringworm or something or other,”

     and the records contained a note that the defendant “was concerned about the dog’s weight.”

¶9          Veterinarian Arthur Herm would testify that he had examined both of the dogs

     postmortem. “[B]oth of them had no evidence of any kind of disease, no evidence of cancer, no

     evidence of viral or bacterial infection, no evidence of any sort of parasites; and that both of

     them were determined to have their death caused by dehydration and starvation due to a lack of

     access to water.” Herm would further testify “regarding the condition of dehydration and that it’s

     a condition that is easily remedied when a dog is provided timely access to medical treatment.”


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¶ 10          The defendant stipulated to the evidence presented by the State but stated that she did not

       believe the evidence was sufficient to convict. The defendant further stipulated that she “was the

       only person caring for the dogs, had been caring for them and was responsible for their care.”

       The court found the defendant guilty of both counts of aggravated cruelty to a companion

       animal, stating,

                      “[B]ased on that stipulated evidence, [the defendant] was the party in charge of

                      the care of the dogs and her actions were intentional in that she did not physically

                      kill the dogs as if by gun or some weapon, but rather her acts were intentional in

                      that the death of the dogs was reasonably expected to follow from her voluntary

                      actions of leaving them alone and depriving them of adequate water.”

       The defendant was sentenced to 12 months’ probation, with the condition that she not care for,

       own, or provide for any companion animals during that time.

¶ 11                                              ANALYSIS

¶ 12          On appeal, the defendant argues that she was not proven guilty beyond a reasonable

       doubt. Specifically, the defendant argues that the evidence regarding her intent in committing the

       crime was insufficient to convict her for aggravated cruelty to a companion animal.

¶ 13          Section 3.02(a) of the Act states, in relevant part: “No person may intentionally commit

       an act that causes a companion animal to suffer serious injury or death.” 510 ILCS 70/3.02(a)

       (West 2014). Therefore, in order to be convicted of aggravated cruelty to a companion animal,

       the State must prove both that the defendant (1) intentionally committed the act and (2) intended

       to seriously injure or kill the animal. People v. Lee, 2015 IL App (1st) 132059, ¶ 51. Under the

       statute, the “act” requirement includes “ ‘an omission to perform a duty.’ ” People v. Land, 2011

       IL App (1st) 101048, ¶ 121 (quoting 720 ILCS 5/4-1 (West 2006)). The defendant does not


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       dispute that she intentionally committed an act but solely argues that the State did not prove that

       she intended to seriously injure or kill the dogs.

¶ 14          Because intent is a mental state, it can rarely be proven by direct evidence. People v.

       Witherspoon, 379 Ill. App. 3d 298, 307 (2008). Instead, circumstantial evidence from the

       surrounding circumstances, the character of the acts, and the nature and seriousness of the injury

       is often the only way to prove intent. People v. Williams, 165 Ill. 2d 51, 64 (1995); People v.

       Rudd, 2012 IL App (5th) 100528, ¶ 14. Our supreme court has held that every individual intends

       “ ‘ “all the natural and probable consequences flowing from his own deliberate act.” ’ ” People v.

       Smith, 402 Ill. App. 3d 538, 547 (2010) (quoting People v. Koshiol, 45 Ill. 2d 573, 578 (1970),

       quoting People v. Coolidge, 26 Ill. 2d 533, 537 (1963)).

¶ 15          Here, the evidence presented at the stipulated bench trial showed that (1) the defendant

       moved out of the Howard Court house in July but kept her dogs there until they died in

       November, (2) the defendant “was the only person caring for the dogs, had been caring for them

       and was responsible for their care,” (3) the defendant told Joachim that she was going to the

       Howard Court house every day to care for the dogs, (4) there was no water source available

       anywhere in the house, (5) the cause of the dogs’ death was determined to be “dehydration and

       starvation due to a lack of access to water,” and (6) there was no evidence that the dogs had any

       sort of disease, infection, parasite, or cancer. The court could have inferred from the evidence

       presented that the defendant knew she needed to feed and water her dogs or they would die. See

       In re Jonathon C.B., 2011 IL 107750, ¶ 60 (the trier of fact need not disregard inferences that

       normally flow from the evidence or to seek all possible explanations consistent with the

       defendant’s innocence and elevate them to reasonable doubt). The natural consequence of not

       feeding or providing water to pets is that they will die, particularly when they are locked in a


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       house without outdoor access. As a person intends “the natural and probable consequences of his

       acts” (People v. Terrell, 132 Ill. 2d 178, 204 (1989)), it follows that the defendant had the

       requisite intent necessary to be found guilty of aggravated cruelty to a companion animal.

       Therefore, taking the evidence in the light most favorable to the State (see People v. Collins, 106

       Ill. 2d 237, 261 (1985)), a rational trier of fact could have found all of the essential elements of

       the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.

¶ 16          In coming to this conclusion, we reject the defendant’s reliance on Lee and Land for the

       proposition that it was necessary for the State to present evidence (1) that the defendant had prior

       notice that her conduct was improper and (2) regarding the length of time the conditions would

       have had to persist for the dogs to die. Lee, 2015 IL App (1st) 132059; Land, 2011 IL App (1st)

       101048. In Lee, the defendant was charged with aggravated cruelty to a companion animal when

       several horses were found on his property locked in stalls filled with several feet of petrified

       manure with no visible food or water. Lee, 2015 IL App (1st) 132059, ¶¶ 8-11. He had been

       issued a citation one year earlier for the poor condition of the horses. Id. ¶ 32. In Land, the

       defendant was charged with aggravated cruelty to a companion animal for using a heavy tow

       chain on her dog’s neck, which became embedded in the dog’s neck, resulting in his euthanasia.

       Land, 2011 IL App (1st) 101048, ¶¶ 5, 28. Four months earlier a police officer had told the

       defendant, when responding to a citizen’s complaint, that the collar was not proper. Id. ¶ 27.

¶ 17          First, the additional evidence presented in Lee and Land is not necessary to obtain a

       conviction under section 3.02(a) of the Act. The evidence need only establish that the defendant

       intentionally committed an act that caused the death of a companion animal. See 510 ILCS

       70/3.02(a) (West 2014). Both elements were proven beyond a reasonable doubt in the instant

       case. Supra ¶ 16. Second, the evidence of prior notice in Lee and Land showed that those two


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       defendants knew that their conduct was improper. Here, the defendant told Joachim that she was

       going to the Howard Court house every day to care for the dogs. Therefore, it can be inferred that

       she knew she needed to provide them with food and water, yet the subsequent state of the dogs

       shows that she failed to do so. Third, regarding the length of time the conditions had to have

       persisted, the court in Lee noted that there was no testimony regarding how long it would have

       taken for the manure to pile up but that, based on the amount of manure, the jury could have

       concluded that the “conditions persisted over a very lengthy period of time.” Lee, 2015 IL App

       (1st) 132059, ¶ 56. Similarly, based on the emaciated and gaunt condition of the dogs and the

       fact that they died from starvation and dehydration, the court could have concluded that they

       were without food and water for some time.

¶ 18             We further reject the defendant’s contention that “[t]here was no evidence of a possible

       motive or any suggestion why [the defendant] would want to harm her dogs.” Proof of motive

       for the commission of a charged crime is not required. People v. Reed, 23 Ill. App. 3d 686, 693

       (1974).

¶ 19             Finally, we would be remiss if we did not note that the defendant is very fortunate to have

       only received a sentence of 12 months’ probation for these heinous crimes. Each Class 4 felony

       carries a sentence of up to 3 years or up to 30 months’ probation. 730 ILCS 5/5-4.5-45 (West

       2014). We take issue with the fact that the circuit court found as a factor in mitigation that the

       “defendant’s conduct did not cause or threaten serious physical harm to another person.” Section

       5-5-3.1(a)(1) of the Unified Code of Corrections states that one factor in mitigation is, “The

       defendant’s criminal conduct neither caused nor threatened serious physical harm to another.”

       (Emphasis added.) Id. § 5-5-3.1(a)(1). Assuming arguendo that the word “another” in section 5­

       5-3.1(a)(1) refers only to another human being, as opposed to an animal, this mitigating factor


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       should have no application in this case. The defendant was convicted of aggravated cruelty to a

       companion animal in violation of section 3.02(a) of the Act. That section prescribes the

       commission of any act that “causes a companion animal to suffer serious injury or death.”

       (Emphasis added.) 510 ILCS 70/3.02(a) (West 2014). It does not address acts that cause harm to

       human beings. Nor does it condition punishment for animal cruelty on proof of harm to a human

       being or provide for enhanced penalties in cases involving harm to human beings. Harm to a

       human being is neither an element of the offense nor a statutory aggravating factor. Thus, it

       makes no sense to consider the absence of harm to a human being as a mitigating factor in cases

       involving aggravated cruelty to a companion animal. In arguing for mitigation on this ground, a

       convicted defendant is essentially saying, “Yes, I abused and killed a dog, but at least I didn’t

       abuse and kill the owner too.” While such restraint should be applauded, it does not support a

       reduced sentence for aggravated cruelty to a companion animal. In this case, the defendant

       abandoned her dogs and left them alone to die. There can be no doubt that the defendant’s acts

       caused serious physical harm and death to two sentient creatures that suffered greatly from

       terminal starvation and dehydration, which the defendant callously inflicted on them. We find

       the circuit court’s sentence of 12 months’ probation to be unjustly and inexplicably lenient. If it

       were up to this court to impose a sentence, the defendant would likely be facing a harsher

       penalty.

¶ 20                                            CONCLUSION

¶ 21          The judgment of the circuit court of Tazewell County is affirmed.

¶ 22          Affirmed.




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