                                                                                  FILED
                                                                      United States Court of Appeals
                                       PUBLISH                                Tenth Circuit

                     UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                        November 7, 2016

                                                                          Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                            FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT                             Clerk of Court
                        _________________________________

In re: KENNETH EUGENE BARRETT,
                                                       No. 16-7035
      Movant.                                 (D.C. No. 6:09-CV-00105-JHP)
                                                       (E.D. Okla.)
                        _________________________________

                                     ORDER
                        _________________________________

Before KELLY, HARTZ, and MATHESON, Circuit Judges.
                  _________________________________

HARTZ, Circuit Judge.
                        _________________________________

      A federal jury convicted Defendant Kenneth Eugene Barrett of three capital

offenses arising out of a shootout when law-enforcement officers came to his home to

serve arrest and search warrants. We affirmed the convictions and his death sentence

on direct appeal. See United States v. Barrett, 496 F.3d 1079 (10th Cir. 2007)

(Barrett I). The district court then denied relief on his motion under 28 U.S.C.

§ 2255. On appeal we affirmed the denial except that we reversed and remanded for

further proceedings on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel at the trial’s

penalty phase. See United States v. Barrett, 797 F.3d 1207, 1211-12 (10th Cir. 2015)

(Barrett II), cert. denied, Barrett v. United States, 2016 WL 1046930 (Oct. 3, 2016).

      Defendant now seeks authorization to file a second § 2255 motion challenging

his convictions on the basis of “a Single Claim, namely, that the continuous,
pervasive egregious prosecutorial and police misconduct in this case including

altering, fabricating and destroying evidence, misrepresentation of the facts by

omission and commission through lying, perjury, suborning perjury, planting

evidence, witness intimidation and presentation of and reliance on junk science is a

violation of due process.” Mot. for Pre-Filing Authority, at 1-2. In his reply to the

government’s response to his motion for authorization he states that “[t]he heart of

the claim presented here is the declaration of confidential informant, Charles

Sanders,” Reply at 3, in which Sanders makes assertions contrary to his trial

testimony and to statements allegedly made by him in support of the search warrant

for Defendant’s home.

      The statutory provision Defendant invokes in support of authorization requires

him to make a prima facie showing that his proposed § 2255 motion contains “newly

discovered evidence that, if proven and viewed in light of the evidence as a whole,

would be sufficient to establish by clear and convincing evidence that no reasonable

factfinder would have found [him] guilty of the [challenged] offense[s].” 28 U.S.C.

§ 2255(h)(1); see also id. § 2244(b)(3)(C). We hold that he has not met that

standard. His conviction is still well supported by eyewitness accounts of

law-enforcement officers, the testimony of multiple acquaintances of Defendant, and

physical evidence at the scene of the crime.

                                 I. BACKGROUND

      The following excerpt from this court’s opinion on appeal from the denial of

Defendant’s first § 2255 motion describes the events underlying his convictions:

                                           2
       In January 1999 a warrant was issued for Defendant’s arrest for
failure to appear at a state criminal trial on drug charges. That
September an agent for Oklahoma’s District 27 Drug Task Force
learned from a confidential informant that Defendant had
methamphetamine at his residence. The confidential informant also told
the agent that Defendant had promised to kill any officer who came to
arrest him and that he was operating his drug business at night because
of his belief that law enforcement could not execute a search warrant at
night. The agent obtained a no-knock, day-or-night search warrant for
Defendant’s residence. Viewing the execution of the two warrants as
high-risk, he obtained assistance from the Oklahoma Highway Patrol
Tactical Team (the Tact Team).

      On the evening of September 23 three troopers surveilled
Defendant’s residence in a white, unmarked Ford Bronco. Travis
Crawford, Defendant’s cousin, was with him at the time. According to
Crawford, Defendant saw a white vehicle pass by and recognized it as
belonging to law enforcement, but he said that he did not care and that
he “was going out in a blaze of glory.”

                                  ...

       Shortly after midnight on September 24 the Tact Team met with
members of the Task Force, who planned to follow two minutes after
the Tact Team. The Tact Team then began to execute its plan. The lead
Bronco approaching from the east was driven by Trooper John Hamilton
with Trooper David “Rocky” Eales as passenger. Its emergency lights
were not on. [A] second Bronco and [a] patrol car followed closely
behind. The patrol car and perhaps the second Bronco had emergency
lights on. As the vehicles drove toward the residence, the lead Bronco
began receiving gunfire at “approximately head level, middle of the
windshield.” The gunfire intensified as the vehicle drew closer.
Hamilton was struck in the face with glass or bullet fragments.

                                  ...

       The lead Bronco continued to receive gunfire until it reached the
residence. The driver, Hamilton, ducked between the bucket seats. The
passenger, Eales, exited and was shot three times while attempting to
get behind the Bronco. Hamilton threw a “flashbang” stun grenade out
the window, which temporarily stopped the gunfire. He exited the
Bronco and was shot in the shoulder as he moved toward Eales, who
was lying face-down. Trooper Ricky Manion joined him behind the

                                   3
      vehicle. Hamilton saw Defendant standing in his doorway holding a
      rifle, and Manion saw him entering the house. Hamilton fired two shots
      at Defendant that missed, but Manion shot him through a window and
      hit his legs. Defendant was dragged out to the front yard. He tried to
      move his hand toward the front of his body, where he had a pistol in his
      waistband, but he was subdued and the gun removed.

              Eales was fatally wounded. An autopsy indicated that one of the
      three bullets entered his upper back, broke four ribs, and perforated his
      left lung and aorta.

              Later investigation showed that 18 bullets struck the lead Bronco
      and that Defendant probably fired 19 shots from a Colt Sporter .223
      rifle (there were 72 rounds remaining in a set of three magazines taped
      together to hold 90 rounds, and one could have been in the chamber to
      start). A search of the premises revealed several firearms, including two
      that were loaded, and various items used to manufacture
      methamphetamine. A later search of Defendant’s clothes at a police
      laboratory revealed $2120.10 in cash and plastic bags holding red
      phosphorus, an ingredient for manufacturing methamphetamine.

Barrett II, 797 F.3d at 1211-12 (citations omitted).

      Defendant was initially prosecuted by the state. After his first state trial ended

with a hung jury, he was convicted of manslaughter and assault and battery with a

deadly weapon. See Barrett I, 496 F.3d at 1086. Defendant was then prosecuted

federally and convicted of three offenses: using and carrying a firearm during and in

relation to drug-trafficking crimes, resulting in the death of a state law-enforcement

officer, see 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A), (j); using and carrying a firearm during and in

relation to the killing of a state law-enforcement officer engaged in or on account of

the performance of official duties, see id.; and intentionally killing, during the

commission of a drug-trafficking crime, a state law-enforcement officer engaged in

the performance of his official duties, see 21 U.S.C. § 848(e)(1)(B). See Barrett I,


                                            4
496 F.3d at 1082. He was sentenced to life imprisonment without the possibility of

parole on the two § 924(c) convictions and to death on the § 848(e) offense. See id.

We affirmed his convictions and sentences on direct appeal. See id.

      Defendant’s initial motion for relief under § 2255 failed in all respects but one.

On appeal from the denial of the motion, we reversed and remanded his death

sentence “for the district court to hold an evidentiary hearing on whether the

performance of trial counsel was deficient in not investigating Defendant’s

background and mental health and whether Defendant suffered prejudice from any

deficiency during the penalty phase of his trial.” Barrett II, 797 F.3d at 1232.

Proceedings in the district court were abated pending disposition of a petition for

certiorari in the United States Supreme Court, see Barrett v. United States, E.D.

Okla. No. 09-CIV-105-JHP, Doc. 237 (Order filed Dec. 17, 2015); which was

recently denied.

                          II. SCOPE OF § 2255(h)(1) INQUIRY

      In determining whether to authorize the filing of a second § 2255 motion, our

concern is not with the merits of Defendant’s claim of prosecutorial misconduct but

solely with whether he has proffered “newly discovered evidence that, if proven and

viewed in light of the evidence as a whole, would be sufficient to establish by clear

and convincing evidence that no reasonable factfinder would have found [him] guilty

of the [challenged] offense[s].” 28 U.S.C. § 2255(h)(1); see Case v. Hatch, 731 F.3d

1015, 1028-30 (10th Cir. 2013). In our review, “we must consider all the evidence,

old and new, incriminating and exculpatory, without regard to whether it would

                                           5
necessarily be admitted under rules of admissibility that would govern at trial.”

United States v. Williams, 790 F.3d 1059, 1077 (10th Cir.) (internal quotation marks

omitted), cert. denied, 136 S. Ct. 604 (2015).1 In particular, “[t]he legality of a

search and admissibility of any seized evidence is not relevant to our analysis

under . . . [§] 2255(h)(1).” Id. at 1081 n.17.2 Defendant’s challenges to the validity

of the arrest and search warrants executed on the night of the shooting are therefore

immaterial.

      Defendant suggests that the alleged invalidity of the warrants undermined the

executing officers’ authority and thus is relevant to his innocence because he was

charged with killing a law-enforcement officer “engaged in, or on account of, the

performance of such officer’s official duties.” 21 U.S.C. § 848(e)(1)(B). But

executing warrants is undeniably a part of an officer’s official duties. Defendant

cites no authority for the proposition that killing an officer executing a warrant does

not violate the federal law under which he was prosecuted if the warrant is later

found to be invalid. And we have held that improper service of a summons (by an

IRS agent) “would not mean that . . . [the agent] was somehow acting outside his

official duties” when assaulted by the defendant, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 111.

      1
        In contrast, when considering authorization for a second-or-successive claim
under § 2254 because of new evidence, see 28 U.S.C. § 2244(b)(2)(B), our inquiry
“does not encompass new facts that became available only after trial and that are not
rooted in constitutional errors occurring during trial.” Case, 731 F.3d at 1038.
      2
        This is also in contrast to the treatment of habeas claims under
§ 2244(b)(2)(B), which requires a link between the prisoner’s constitutional claims
and the evidence demonstrating his innocence. See Case, 731 F.3d at 1034, 1038.

                                            6
United States v. Young, 614 F.2d 243, 244 (10th Cir. 1980) (citing holding in United

States v. Heliczer, 373 F.2d 241 (2d Cir. 1967), “that an agent who has made an

arrest does not lose his official capacity . . . simply because the arrest be

subsequently adjudged unlawful” (internal quotation marks omitted)). Thus,

Defendant’s warrant-related arguments are irrelevant to whether we should authorize

his second § 2255 motion.

       Also irrelevant are Defendant’s complaints about various misconduct of

law-enforcement officers in the execution of the warrants. He does not demonstrate

any connection between his allegations—that Oklahoma Highway Patrol (OHP)

personnel unreasonably relied on dubious warrants, used excessive force against him

after he was shot, and delayed his medical treatment after the incident—and his

alleged innocence of the crimes for which he was convicted. Equally irrelevant are

his allegations that OHP officers engaged in intimidating conduct during the state

trials that preceded his federal prosecution. Those allegations are not tied to anything

that occurred during his federal prosecution.

                    III. MATTERS ASSUMED BUT NOT DECIDED

       Before assessing the motion for authorization, we note two issues that we are

not resolving. First, we assume without deciding that evidence can be “newly

discovered” under § 2255(h)(1) even if Defendant was not diligent in discovering it.

Some courts have observed that § 2255(h)(1) does not have an explicit diligence

requirement while 28 U.S.C. § 2244(b)(2)(B)(i) requires that “the factual predicate

for the claim could not have been discovered previously through the exercise of due

                                             7
diligence.” See United States v. MacDonald, 641 F.3d 596, 610 & n.7 (4th Cir.

2011); United States v. Lopez, 577 F.3d 1053, 1061 & n.6 (9th Cir. 2009). But a

diligence requirement in § 2244(b)(2)(B)(i) needed to be expressly stated because the

provision does not use the term of art newly discovered evidence, which is commonly

understood to include a diligence requirement. See, e.g., United States v. Jordan, 806

F.3d 1244, 1252 (10th Cir. 2015) (construing the term newly discovered evidence in

Fed. R. Crim. P. 33(a), (b)(1)), cert. denied, 136 S. Ct. 1700 (2016); see also

Restatement (Second) of Judgments § 74 (relief from judgment requires reasonable

diligence in discovering the ground for relief). At least one circuit has expressly read

a diligence requirement into § 2255(h)(1). See Herrera-Gomez v. United States, 755

F.3d 142, 147-48 (2d Cir. 2014). We leave resolution of the issue for another day.

Even affording Defendant the benefit of all the evidence he contends is newly

discovered, regardless of any lack of diligence on his part in failing to obtain it

sooner, he still has not made the showing necessary to warrant authorization of his

proposed § 2255 motion.

      Second, we need not resolve whether the “evidence as a whole” that we

consider under § 2255(h)(1) includes posttrial evidence that is not newly discovered.

We have no precedent directly addressing the matter. Again, however, we can leave

the issue to a future panel of this court. Defendant’s newly discovered evidence,

even buttressed with all the other trial and posttrial evidence to which he refers, is not




                                            8
sufficient to meet the innocence standard in § 2255(h)(1).3 We therefore deny

authorization without deciding whether a defendant may rely on previously

discovered posttrial evidence to bolster a request for authorization based on other

newly discovered evidence.

                          IV. DEFENDANT’S SHOWING

      At the outset it is important to emphasize two points to put Defendant’s

allegations in context. First, Defendant has never contended, now or at his trial, that

someone other than he shot Trooper Eales. The core of his defense is that he did not

know he was shooting at law-enforcement officers and, secondarily, that there was

insufficient evidence of his manufacture and distribution of methamphetamine to

support the search warrant for his home and the drug element of two of his offenses.

Second, much of the evidence Defendant now relies on, particularly in seeking to

undermine the testimony of various officers and experts presented by the prosecution,

was available to his trial counsel—who evidently considered some of it not worth

raising to impeach the witnesses. And, of course, the evidence that was used in this

way did not persuade the jury to reject the prosecution’s case.

A. Confidential Informant Sanders


      3
        One apparent error should be quickly disposed of. At times it seems that the
government objects to Defendant’s arguments based on the weakness of the evidence
against him at trial. But the original trial evidence is obviously included in the
reference to “old” evidence in Williams, 790 F.3d at 1077; it would be absurdly
prejudicial to the government if it were not. The defendant is supposed to explain
why his new evidence establishes his innocence notwithstanding the strength (or
because of the weakness) of the case against him at trial.

                                           9
      Defendant states that the heart of his motion for authorization is the newly

obtained recantation of confidential informant Sanders. We assume the recantation is

“newly discovered.” In his reply to the government’s response to his motion for

authorization, Defendant states that his investigator “attempted to interview Mr.

Sanders in a timely manner before the original § 2255 filing and was turned away.”

Reply at 6.

      In light of the evidence as a whole, however, Sanders’s declaration falls far

short of a prima facie showing of “clear and convincing evidence that no reasonable

factfinder would have found [Defendant] guilty of the offense[s] of conviction,” as

required by § 2255(h)(1). Postconviction recantations are to be viewed with

“extreme suspicion” and “ha[ve] long been disfavored as the basis for a claim of

innocence.” Case, 731 F.3d at 1041-42 (internal quotation marks omitted). And in

any event the recantation is quite limited in scope; and the testimony from other

witnesses, as well as physical evidence, independently substantiates the gist of the

recanted testimony.

      Because the recantation relates to unlawful drug activity at Defendant’s

residence, we begin with a summary of the trial evidence relevant to that activity.

Sanders testified that he obtained methamphetamine from Defendant on more than

five occasions in the three or four months leading up to the shooting. He also

testified that he converted pseudoephedrine for use in the methamphetamine

manufacturing process and had it delivered to Defendant. Other witnesses provided

further detail about Defendant’s manufacturing and distributing methamphetamine.

                                          10
Randy Turman testified that he obtained methamphetamine from Defendant by

paying in cash, trading for it, or working off the debt. He said he learned the basics

of methamphetamine manufacture by watching Defendant make the drug at his home;

on occasion he purchased ephedrine pills at Defendant’s request for use in the

process. He saw Defendant manufacture methamphetamine within three or four

months of the murder. Other witnesses who obtained methamphetamine from

Defendant were Karen Real, who also saw Defendant sell drugs to others inside and

outside his home, and Randall Weaver.

      Physical evidence corroborated this testimony regarding the manufacture of

methamphetamine at Defendant’s residence. According to expert testimony at trial,

the three primary ingredients in a typical clandestine methamphetamine lab in

Oklahoma at the relevant time were red phosphorus, ephedrine or pseudoephedrine,

and iodine. Some 51 grams of red phosphorus was found on Defendant’s person. In

one pants pocket was a pill bottle containing a baggie with 15 grams, a paper filter

with 2.8 grams, and two moist filters with residue. In another pocket was a Ziploc

bag with 33 grams. Defendant’s clothing was removed as he was transported to the

hospital and these items were later sent to a lab for testing. The red phosphorus in

the bags contained traces of methamphetamine, indicating it had been used in the

manufacturing process. (Red phosphorus is not consumed in the process. It acts as a

catalyst and can be reused.) The red phosphorous on the filters contained traces of

phenyl acetone, a byproduct of the methamphetamine manufacturing process. A

search of Defendant’s residence uncovered a bag containing 1426 pseudoephedrine

                                          11
tablets secreted in the ceiling, and two bottles of iodine with a net weight of 144.3

grams hidden inside a camera. In addition, officers found a cup with 72 pills

containing nicotinamide, a substance used to cut methamphetamine. Finally, the

search of Defendant’s property also “resulted in the seizure of a variety of materials

related to the production and use of methamphetamine (e.g., coffee filters,

hypodermic needles, digital scales, . . . plastic tubing, toluene).” Barrett I, 496 F.3d

1079, 1085.

      With this background we can see the limited import of Sanders’s recantation.

Defendant’s proposed § 2255 motion describes the portion of Sanders’s testimony

that he recanted.

              Sanders testified against [Defendant], claiming to have been at his
      residence a “couple of days” before the issuance of the search warrant and
      to have observed a drug transaction. [Sanders] testified he did not know
      that he was the informant on the search warrant at the time it was procured
      by [Agent] Johnson, but learned of it later. On cross-examination,
      Mr. Sanders testified that when he went out to [Defendant’s] house shortly
      before the raid, he saw guns but did not do or see any drugs other than a
      joint that he, his nephew and [Defendant] smoked. He testified that he had
      told DTF Agent Johnson. After a break called by the AUSA Michael
      Littlefield, Sanders reversed course on re-direct and said that he was
      uncertain of the times he had been to [Defendant’s] and that he had
      observed drug activity. He admitted, when questioned, that Agent Johnson
      was more likely than he to know the dates. Mr. Sanders admitted that Mr.
      Littlefield had talked to him during the break about the dates he was at
      [Defendant’s]. He testified, however, that they did not discuss the nature of
      his testimony.

Proposed § 2255 motion at 20-21 (citations omitted). The pertinent portion of

Sanders’s declaration relates what happened during the break:

               12. In the middle of my testimony, Mr. Littlefield asked to stop the
      trial, to take a break, a recess I think they call it.

                                           12
              13. Mr. Sperling [co-counsel to AUSA Littlefield] came to my
      holding cell and Mr. Littlefield said I can’t be testifying the way I was,
      which was telling the truth, although I don’t recall exactly what I was
      testifying about at the time. He said that instead I should be saying “I don’t
      recall.” Mr. Sperling spoke up and said to Mr. Littlefield that I needed to
      be truthful, but Mr. Littlefield said to me “no,” that we had a deal, and that I
      needed to say that I didn’t recall, which is what I said on the witness stand
      when the trial resumed. They had me lying on the witness stand.

Proposed § 2255 motion, Ex. 21, at 3-4. In short, the recantation does not concern

Sanders’s trial testimony that he had purchased methamphetamine from Defendant

repeatedly during the three or four months before the murder or that he had assisted

in Defendant’s manufacture of methamphetamine. It concerns only whether he had

seen a drug transaction a few days before the murder. Although the declaration may

call into question the factual basis for the search warrant obtained by Agent Johnson,

the validity of the warrant, as we have explained, is irrelevant to our innocence

inquiry. And the declaration has little impact on the proof that Defendant killed a

law-enforcement officer while committing a drug offense, as required for two of

Defendant’s convictions. That allegation was amply supported by the testimony and

physical evidence described above. In particular, the presence of the red phosphorus

on his person is compelling evidence of contemporary methamphetamine

manufacture.




                                            13
      Sanders’s declaration also discusses Littlefield’s pretrial efforts to get him to

testify. But that discussion does not concern the content of his testimony, just

whether he would testify at all.4




      4
         Sanders also testified about matters unrelated to drugs. On direct
examination he recounted Defendant’s talking about the warrant for his arrest and
referring to it as the reason he was reluctant to leave his cabin. When asked what
Defendant had said “in relation to what he expected law enforcement to do because
of the warrant,” Sanders testified that Defendant told him “that if the police ever
came to his house that he would shoot the first police that came through his door.”
Trial Tr. at 2515.
        These points were supported by other witnesses who knew Defendant. Randy
Turman testified that he never saw Defendant leave his property and that Defendant
was aware of the warrant and expected law enforcement to come to his home to
execute it. When asked what Defendant “sa[id] that he was intending to do if the
laws came to his place,” Turman replied that Defendant declared “[t]here was going
to be a shootout” and “he was going to take out as many as he could before they got
him.” Id. at 412-13. Cindy Crawford testified that Defendant stayed at home
because of the warrant; that Defendant said there was a chance law enforcement
would come to his home and “that’s why . . . he had protection”; and that Defendant
boasted if “Police, or anyone, [came to his home] that he would go out in a blaze of
glory.” Id. at 3068-69. Karen Real testified that Defendant said “if they [cops] ever
come out he would shoot them” (although she did not believe him at the time). Id. at
3106-07. Finally, Brandi Price testified that when discussing the warrant, Defendant
told her and some friends that if they were there when law enforcement showed up
they were to “either grab a gun or hit the floor” and that “[h]e was going to open fire
on them and . . . [t]ake as many of them bastards with him as he could.” Id. at
3492-93. Defendant’s cousin, Travis Crawford, also testified to the same effect, but
he recanted in a declaration submitted with Defendant’s first § 2255 motion.
       In addition, several eyewitnesses provided testimony showing that Defendant
must have known that he was shooting at law-enforcement officers. See Barrett I,
496 F.3d at 1113-14. We concluded on Defendant’s direct appeal that the “evidence
was more than sufficient to allow the jury to reasonably find that [Defendant] knew
that [Trooper] Eales and the other persons approaching his residence were law
enforcement officers and that he intended to kill Eales.” Id. at 1115. We address that
evidence further below, in connection with Defendant’s allegations regarding the
conduct of the state officers executing the warrant.

                                          14
      In sum, Sanders’s recantation has little impact on the strength of the

prosecution’s case. Its limited scope leaves much of his testimony unaffected, and

the key allegations against Defendant were further supported by testimony from other

witnesses and by physical evidence. In terms of § 2255(h)(1), Defendant does not

make a prima facie showing that Sanders’s declaration, “viewed in light of the

evidence as a whole, would be sufficient to establish by clear and convincing

evidence that no reasonable factfinder would have found [Defendant] guilty of the

[challenged] offense[s].”

B. Agent Clint Johnson

      Clint Johnson was the Drug Task Force Agent who obtained the search warrant

for Defendant’s home. We need not address the merits of much of what Defendant

alleges about Agent Johnson (and his superior, Allen Franklin Lloyd, who did not

testify at trial) because it challenges only (1) the search warrant obtained for

Defendant’s home and (2) the good faith of the officers who planned the execution of

the warrant. As explained above, neither of those issues is relevant to our inquiry

under § 2255(h)(1). There remain, however, two issues to address.

      1. Allegedly planting evidence (red phosphorus in pill bottle)

      Defendant claims that Agent Johnson may have planted some of the red

phosphorus attributed to Defendant that supported the government’s allegation of

methamphetamine manufacture and sale. Noting that some (unspecified) quantity of

red phosphorus was found in Agent Johnson’s car after he left the Task Force, some

seven years after the murder, Defendant suggests this “newly discovered evidence of

                                           15
Johnson’s possession of the precursor raises the specter of [his] having planted the

same,” providing false evidentiary support for the drug-related charges against him.

Proposed § 2255 motion at 53. This is rank speculation. We agree with the

government that:

       a single discovery of phosphorus in 2006 does not establish, by any
       evidentiary standard, a pattern of behavior by Johnson or a motive for
       planting evidence during a 1999 homicide investigation, years before the
       federal government pursued a drug charge. And even if it did, it would not
       clearly and convincingly show that Johnson did so here, or that [Defendant]
       was innocent of murdering Trooper Eales.
Resp. at 12.

       Defendant attempts to bolster his evidence-planting theory by casting doubt on

the provenance of the 15 grams of red phosphorus found in a baggie inside the pill

bottle discovered in Defendant’s clothing when searched at the crime lab after his

arrest. He claims no witness testified about the pill bottle and the baggie during the

state homicide trials and insists its appearance at the federal trial is so suspect “that

any juror who knew of [Agent Johnson’s] misconduct alleged here would

undoubtedly have believed that the red phosphorus [in the baggie] was planted.”

Proposed § 2255 motion at 54. But drug manufacture and distribution were not

elements of any of the charges against Defendant in the state trials. There was no

reason to present evidence of the baggie or bottle.

       Moreover, Defendant offers nothing to suggest either motive or opportunity

for Johnson’s alleged planting of the baggie. It would have been obvious to Johnson

that Defendant faced very serious charges (at least attempted murder) from the


                                            16
shootings, and Johnson could not have known how much evidence of drug

manufacture or trafficking would be found in the residence. It is beyond speculation

that Johnson could have anticipated the state-court acquittals and the materiality of

the red phosphorus to the federal prosecution. This was not a street-level bust where

planting drugs would clearly make a difference. As for opportunity, when Johnson

arrived at the scene after the shooting, he went directly to assist in Eales’s emergency

treatment and removal by ambulance and then accompanied the ambulance to the

hospital. Meanwhile, Trooper Hash, who initially had custody of Defendant at the

scene, turned him over to the Sequoyah County Sheriff. When the ambulance to take

Defendant to the hospital arrived, the sheriff and a deputy removed Defendant’s

clothes in the ambulance; the deputy placed them in a biohazard bag, which he

handed to an Oklahoma State Bureau of Investigation criminologist near the crime

scene. Johnson thus had no access to Defendant before Defendant’s clothes were

removed, and there is no evidence that he had access to the clothes after they were

removed and later taken to the crime lab.

      Finally, we note that the baggie with red phosphorus in the pill bottle was not

essential to Defendant’s conviction on the drug-related federal charges. The 33

grams of red phosphorus found in the Ziploc bag, and all the other physical evidence

and testimony recounted earlier, supported the government’s case of

methamphetamine manufacture at Defendant’s home. Even without the questioned

baggie a reasonable jury would hardly have been compelled to acquit Defendant.

      2. Trial testimony

                                            17
      Agent Johnson also testified at trial regarding the execution of the search and

arrest warrants. He explained that he thought that execution of the warrants was high

risk because of reports over the previous six months that Defendant had been making

methamphetamine and had threatened to kill law-enforcement officers who came to

his home. And he stated that as his vehicle approached the scene after the shooting

was over, he could see flashing red and blue lights (lending some support to other

evidence that Defendant knew he was firing on law enforcement during the

shootout). Yet Defendant does not specifically direct his attacks at any of this

testimony. All he says is that “Johnson w[as] testifying falsely at trial” and that the

evidence of Agent Johnson’s misconduct “would have been admissible to impeach”

him. Proposed § 2255 motion at 88. Such nonspecific and perfunctory statements

cast no doubt on the verdict since Johnson’s testimony was cumulative and

insignificant in light of much other evidence on these matters.

C. AUSA Michael Littlefield

      Defendant claims AUSA Michael Littlefield conspired with Agent Johnson to

violate his constitutional rights. He cites evidence that the two worked together on a

number of cases and that Johnson had helped Littlefield avoid a DUI arrest.

Defendant frames the alleged conspiracy in broad terms, but the focus of this claim is

Littlefield’s reliance on Johnson’s confidential informant Charles Sanders to bolster

the case against Defendant at trial, which we have already addressed. Conspiratorial

acts of Littlefield and Johnson may be important in establishing a constitutional

violation on which a § 2255 claim could be based, but they add nothing to the

                                           18
factual-innocence claim that this court must now resolve. Likewise, evidence of

bullying behavior by Littlefield is at most relevant only to bolster Defendant’s claim

that Littlefield bullied Sanders into committing perjury. But we have already

rejected Defendant’s claim based on Sanders’s recantation (even accepting its truth);

and the alleged bullying is not itself evidence exculpating Defendant of anything.

The bullying allegation adds nothing helpful to Defendant.

D. Oklahoma Highway Patrol (OHP) Officers

       Much of Defendant’s criticism of the conduct of OHP officers is irrelevant to

our inquiry under § 2255(h)(1), because it does not relate to his guilt or innocence.

Thus, we do not address his claims that officers beat him after the shooting and

interfered with his medical treatment, or his claim that some officers engaged in

intimidation tactics at his earlier state criminal proceedings. We discuss the merits of

only the innocence argument.

       1. Investigator Paul Gordon

       OHP internal-affairs Investigator Paul Gordon expressed the opinion that

because of the flawed manner in which the officers approached Defendant’s home, he

would not have known he was shooting at law-enforcement officers. (Gordon’s

criticism of the execution of the warrants is otherwise irrelevant to our innocence

inquiry, as is his complaint of official hostility toward him after he issued his critical

report.). He wrote:




                                            19
       OHP [Officers] failed to follow the handbook protocol, at the very least, in
       this regard: the Broncos [in which the lead members of the team arrived at
       the scene] were unmarked and the troopers did not activate their emergency
       lights to warn [Defendant] he was dealing with the police. . . . Under the
       circumstances admitted to me and observed by me, [Defendant] would not
       have known the incoming vehicles were law enforcement.
Gordon Declaration, Ex. 18 at 9 (par. 23) (emphasis added). But his underlying

assumption—the lack of emergency lights—was contrary to substantial evidence at

trial. As we said on Defendant’s direct appeal:

       [A]lthough the lead Bronco did not exhibit any flashing lights (because
       [Defendant] began shooting at it before the two officers inside had an
       opportunity to turn on the lights), the second Bronco did. More
       specifically, the second Bronco had a flashing strobe-type light on the sun
       visor and “wig-wag” headlights, all of which had been activated. The third
       vehicle to enter [Defendant’s] property, immediately following the two lead
       Broncos, was a marked Oklahoma Highway Patrol car with its emergency
       lights activated (including a standard light bar on top and “wig-wag”
       headlights).

Barrett, 496 F.3d at 1113 (citations omitted); see also id. n.14 (noting that while

testimony was conflicting as to precisely when the lights of the marked patrol car

were activated, “[i]t is clear, nevertheless, that a substantial portion of the shots fired

by [Defendant] occurred after the lights of this vehicle were activated”). We went on

to say, “[Defendant’s] conduct in shooting at the officers that night clearly would

have allowed the jury to reasonably find that he intended to kill one or more of th[e]

officers, including Eales.” Id. at 1114 (recounting conduct during the shooting

reflecting Defendant’s intent to kill officers); see also id. at 1113 (discussing

additional evidence relevant to Defendant’s intent, including his awareness of the

outstanding warrant and his threats of violence should law enforcement attempt to


                                            20
serve it). Gordon’s critique may be helpful to Defendant, but Defendant again fails

even to approach a prima facie case that Gordon’s opinion would persuade, much less

clearly and convincingly compel, a jury to acquit Defendant.

       2. OHP Troopers

       Defendant’s § 2255 motion contains a hodgepodge of allegations under the

heading “Trooper by trooper, they lied and misled the jury.” Proposed § 2255 motion

at 66. Some OHP troopers gave statements to police officials, testified at the state

trials, and testified at the federal trial. Defendant alleges that their testimony

“relat[ing] to the question of notice and self-defense” changed over time and “[t]he

evolution of that testimony makes clear that the OHP’s interest was not in the truth

but in securing a verdict of death.” Id. As the government points out, however,

“inconsistent statements made over the course of multiple investigations and trials”

are matters “[Defendant] could have identified long ago.” Resp. at 14. In some

instances, trial counsel did bring out the inconsistencies before the jury, but to no

demonstrable effect; in other instances, counsel evidently deemed them not worth

pursuing. This reinforces our assessment that the few minor inconsistencies

identified here are too insignificant to play a material role in the innocence inquiry

under § 2255(h)(1).

       Defendant points to testimony on two occasions by Agent Ben Rosser (who

interviewed officers shortly after the shooting): (1) “At the [state] preliminary

hearing, Agent Rosser testified that when he arrived on the scene [after the shooting]

the only emergency lights on were on Trooper Hash’s marked unit”; (2) “At the first

                                            21
[state] trial Agent Rosser admitted that he had listened to the Troopers’ testimony at

the preliminary hearing and the first trial and in ‘many many’ instances, that the

testimony concerning emergency lighting differed from the sworn statements given

under oath to [Investigator] Paul Gordon.” Proposed § 2255 motion at 66. But

Defendant fails to explain the relevance of what Rosser saw after the shooting or how

any inconsistency (he does not identify what the “many many” instances were) was

material to the verdict.5

       Defendant accuses Trooper John Hamilton of telling two lies. First, he says:

“Hamilton maintained that he had damaged the push guards on the [lead] Bronco by

hitting a post at the driveway. It was a lie. Agent Rosser testified [at the state

preliminary hearing] the push guards were bent at the same height as the porch [on

Defendant’s home].” Id. at 67. But the height of the porch is hardly conclusive.

And although Defendant notes the dispute at trial about where the Bronco was when

shooting began, he does not explain how that dispute would be resolved by

determining where the Bronco was damaged; all agree that ultimately the Bronco

ended up at or near the porch. The second allegation is based on a misreading of the

record. Defendant asserts that Hamilton initially stated in investigative interviews

that he did not shoot his gun and admitted he did so only when confronted with a

ballistics report confirming that fact. But in the interviews Hamilton did not deny

shooting his weapon. In one, he was asked but his answer on the recording was

       5
       Here, and elsewhere, Defendant improperly refers to testimony in state
proceedings for which he has not provided a transcript.

                                           22
inaudible. In the other, he seems to indicate that he had used his sidearm. See Ex. 47

at 45 (“The only firearm that HAMILTON had immediately available and in use

during the time that he was receiving gun fire was his Sig Sauer sidearm.”). In any

event, Defendant does not explain the relevance of these statements to his guilt or

why Hamilton would intentionally provide false information on these matters.

      Next, Defendant complains about testimony from Trooper Raymond Greninger

(who was in the second Bronco approaching Defendant’s home) as to when the

gunfire started. Defendant states:

      Greninger told Agent Rosser that the gunfire began [when the lead Bronco
      was] at the front porch; thereafter, he advised [Investigator] Gordon that he
      ‘drew a blank’ from the ditch until they pulled up and heard gunfire. In the
      first state trial, Greninger maintained his ‘memory block’ story; in the
      second state trial, he testified the gunfire began as the Bronco approached
      the house. By the federal trial, Trooper Greninger again claims he had a
      memory block from the ditch to the stopping of [his] car.

Proposed § 2255 motion at 67-68 (citations omitted). Defendant’s point appears to

be that he should have the benefit of Greninger’s earlier statements indicating the

lead Bronco was near the front porch when gunfire began. But the jury heard from

the driver of the lead Bronco, Trooper Hamilton, whose testimony was summarized

in our Barrett I opinion:

      [Defendant] began shooting at the lead vehicle, a Ford Bronco driven by
      Trooper Hamilton, as soon as the vehicle cleared a ditch that ran
      between [Defendant’s] house and a property to the east. . . . As
      Hamilton continued driving the Bronco westward towards [Defendant’s]
      residence, the gunfire intensified and the windshield of the Bronco
      began to disappear. The gunfire continued after Hamilton stopped the
      Bronco near the edge of the front porch of [Defendant’s] residence.



                                           23
Barrett I, 496 F.3d at 1114 (citations omitted). Even if Greninger’s statements

contradicted Hamilton’s account, a reasonable jury would certainly not be required

to accept those statements over the trial testimony of the lead Bronco’s driver.

       Defendant notes in one sentence that Trooper Gene Hise (driver of the

fourth vehicle approaching Defendant’s home) testified his headlights were off as

he entered Defendant’s property, although Hise had testified in state proceedings

that they were on. It is not evident what Defendant’s point is. Hise’s testimony on

this matter at the federal trial was, if anything, more favorable to Defendant,

contrary to Defendant’s theory that the officers lied to obtain a death sentence.

       Defendant then focuses on Trooper Steven Hash’s testimony about feeling a

pill bottle in Defendant’s pocket when he frisked him for weapons at the crime scene.

Defendant notes that although Hash testified about this at the federal trial and the

first state trial, he did not mention it during his internal interviews, at the second state

trial, or at the preliminary hearing. Defendant does not say, however, that Hash was

asked and denied feeling the bottle on the latter occasions. Moreover, the Sequoyah

County Sheriff and his deputy testified about finding the pill bottle in Defendant’s

pocket and putting it back before Defendant’s clothes were bagged as evidence. In

light of that testimony, and all the other (admittedly untainted) evidence of

methamphetamine manufacture and sale by Defendant discussed earlier, a reasonable

jury would hardly be compelled to find him innocent of the charges based on drug

trafficking due to any inconsistency in Hash’s testimony.



                                             24
      Defendant also alleges a discrepancy between Officer Danny Oliver’s trial

testimony and a handwritten statement he gave after the shooting. Oliver was with

Hash in the third vehicle approaching the scene. At trial he testified he first heard

gunfire when “[t]he first Bronco was already through the ditch and the second was

nearly through.” Id. at 69 (internal quotation marks omitted). But his earlier

handwritten statement, for which Defendant provides neither a copy nor a citation to

our record, purportedly said: “As soon as the first vehicle stopped in front of the

residence I heard automatic weapon fire and could see a great deal of gun smoke in

front of the residence.” Id. at 68 (internal quotation marks omitted). We are not

persuaded that every reasonable juror would infer from the handwritten statement

that all the officers must have lied at trial about when the gunfire began.

      Finally, Defendant states that Lieutenant Kerry Pettingill testified

inconsistently about whether his headlights were on or off as he drove his vehicle

onto the drive of the adjacent property of Defendant’s mother. But the alleged

inconsistency is between Pettingill’s testimony in the first and second state trials and

is wholly irrelevant to Defendant’s guilt.

      In sum, Defendant’s objections regarding minor discrepancies in testimony by

OHP officers do not materially advance his case for innocence.

      3. Destruction of evidence

      Defendant complains about the destruction of a partially recorded interview

with a now-deceased trooper after the shootout. It was ordered destroyed per official

policy against recording officers immediately after an incident. Defendant does no

                                             25
more than speculate that “[b]ecause of the duplicity and timing of the destruction, it

is fair to say that there was exculpatory evidence on that tape.” Id. at 72 (emphasis

added). There is no evidence that the taped interview would in fact have supported

Defendant’s claim of innocence.

      4. Failure to preserve crime scene

      Defendant’s proposed § 2255 motion raises several alleged failures to preserve

the crime scene. The principal one is the alleged movement of the lead Bronco from

its location during the shooting. Defendant contends this undermines the testimony

of government expert Iris Dalley about the trajectory of bullets fired by Defendant at

the oncoming vehicle and supports his position “that the Bronco came barreling up to

his porch, and he was shooting into headlights without knowing who he was shooting

at.” Id. at 72. But any uncertainty about the vehicle’s position must be viewed in

light of the eyewitness testimony of the vehicle’s position and, more importantly, the

testimony regarding the shooting itself. This is a far cry from the sort of physical

evidence that can conclusively establish the inaccuracy of eyewitness testimony.

      Likewise for Defendant’s remaining crime-scene issues: (1) Dalley’s alleged

testing of a load bearing vest rather than a “turtle shell” vest worn by Eales in making

trajectory calculations; (2) removal of one of the officers’ weapons from the scene

for 12 hours; (3) the movement on and off the scene of such items as the pin of a

flashbang device and the ignition key of the lead Bronco; (4) the failure of state

criminalists to collect all the bullet casings at the scene, analyze blood on the porch

or fingerprints on the baggies of red phosphorus or the pill bottle containing one of

                                           26
the baggies claimed to have been in Defendant’s pockets, and calculate the trajectory

of all shots to the lead Bronco and a shot likely fired by Trooper Hamilton into

Defendant’s cabin; and (5) an allegedly deficient determination of the number of

shots that were fired and by whom. Defendant objects generally that “[t]he failure to

manage the crime scene in a scientifically responsible manner left the sequence of

events, critical to [Defendant’s] defense, in a muddle.” Id. at 77. But he ignores the

eyewitness accounts of what happened, and he points to nothing inconsistent with the

officers’ accounts. His argument amounts to nothing more than that the

corroboration of these accounts by physical evidence and expert testimony may not

be as strong as the prosecution contended. That is not a ground for relief under

§ 2255(h)(1).

E. Ballistics Expert Higgs

       Ballistics expert Terrance Higgs tied the bullet fragment that killed Eales to

Defendant’s .223 Colt H Bar Sporter rifle, “to the exclusion of all guns that are made

or that will be made.” Trial Tr. at 3703-05. Defendant challenges this finding in two

ways. First, he says that Higgs’s testimony at the state trials was not as definitive as

at the federal trial because at the state trials Higgs used a preponderance-of-the-

evidence standard in testifying that the fragment matched Defendant’s gun. But he

does not claim that if Higgs had testified at the federal trial in terms of a

preponderance, no reasonable jury would have convicted him. Such a claim would

be absurd.



                                            27
      Defendant’s second challenge concerns chain of custody. He claims that “the

government did not and cannot establish an unbroken chain of custody,” id. at 83, for

the fragment between its removal during the autopsy and its testing by Higgs, and

that “[w]ithout an unbroken chain from Eales’ autopsy, no reasonable juror could

find that it was [Defendant’s] bullet that killed Trooper Eales,” id. at 85. Such

hyperbole is singularly unpersuasive. The evidence of chain of custody was solid,

and Defendant’s carping in his proposed § 2255 motion is based on a misreading of

the record. He points to no evidence indicating tampering. Moreover, Defendant

again ignores that the bullet fragment was merely physical evidence to corroborate

eyewitness testimony. And there was no evidence, or even argument, at trial that

anyone but Defendant shot Eales.

F. Reconstruction Expert Dalley

      Finally, Defendant returns to his criticism of expert Iris Dalley. He suggests

that another expert would testify that Dalley “lacked sufficient knowledge of

ballistics, vehicle construction, and the necessity of using consistent, accurate terms

of reference when reconstructing a scene to render reliable, credible opinions about a

shooting scene involving a vehicle and did not follow widely accepted protocol used

in shooting incident reconstruction.” Proposed § 2255 motion at 86 (internal

quotation marks omitted). He also alleges that near the time of her testimony in this

case, Dalley was “chastised” by the Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals for

“dress[ing] up her personal opinions in the guise of ‘science.’” Id. at 86 (citing

Dunkle v. State, 139 P.3d 228, 249-51 (Okla. Crim. App. 2006)).

                                           28
       But, as this court pointed out in reviewing Defendant’s first § 2255 motion,

Dalley was thoroughly and effectively cross-examined at trial (one of her lawyers

thought her testimony turned out to be embarrassing for the government, see

Barrett II, 797 F.3d at 1216), yet the jury convicted. Dalley’s testimony was

intended only as corroboration of the officers’ eyewitness testimony. Defendant has

not made a prima facie showing that any reasonable jury made aware of the alleged

deficiencies in Dalley’s testimony would have acquitted him.

                                  V. CONCLUSION

       In addressing Defendant’s request for authorization, we have necessarily

discussed his allegations in a serial manner. But we have also considered them

cumulatively. And we must conclude that Defendant has not presented a prima facie

case that in light of the evidence he presents, no reasonable factfinder could find him

guilty of the charged offenses. There is too much evidence that a jury could credit

concerning both the shooting and Defendant’s manufacture and distribution of

methamphetamine.

       We therefore deny authorization to file the proposed second § 2255 motion.

This decision is “not . . . appealable and shall not be the subject of a petition for

rehearing or for a writ of certiorari.” 28 U.S.C. § 2244(b)(3)(E); see In re Clark,

No. 16-5081, ___F.3d___, 2016 WL 5210887 at *3 (10th Cir. Sept. 21, 2016)

(§ 2244(E) applies to denials of authorization under § 2255(h)). Defendant’s motion

to proceed in forma pauperis is denied as unnecessary “because there is no filing fee



                                            29
for the motion for authorization.” In re Alvarado, No. 10-4205, 2010 WL 9531122,

at *2 (10th Cir. Dec. 2, 2010) (unpub.).

                                            Entered for the Court


                                            Harris L Hartz
                                            Circuit Judge




                                           30
