            If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
                 revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.




                         STATE OF MICHIGAN

                          COURT OF APPEALS



CAROL ANN MARSHO CAVANAUGH,                                       UNPUBLISHED
                                                                  July 18, 2019
              Plaintiff-Appellee,

v                                                                 No. 346997
                                                                  Livingston Circuit Court
TIMOTHY ALLAN CAVANAUGH,                                          Family Division
                                                                  LC No. 14-048751-DM
              Defendant-Appellant.


Before: M. J. KELLY, P.J., and MARKEY and GLEICHER, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

        Defendant Timothy Cavanaugh appeals by right a postjudgment order awarding primary
physical custody of the parties’ minor son, TC, to plaintiff Carol Cavanaugh. In the 2015
judgment of divorce, defendant had been granted primary physical custody of TC, and plaintiff
was given parenting time. Plaintiff subsequently filed a motion to change custody, and in
November 2017, the trial court entered an order awarding her physical custody of TC, with
defendant receiving parenting time. This Court reversed that order because the trial court had
failed to apply the framework set forth in Vodvarka v Grasmeyer, 259 Mich App 499; 675
NW2d 847 (2003), with respect to whether proper cause or a change of circumstances warranted
a reevaluation of custody. Cavanaugh v Cavanaugh, unpublished per curiam opinion of the
Court of Appeals, issued September 20, 2018 (Docket No. 341605).1 The trial court had instead
improperly applied the law regarding a change in parenting time. See Shade v Wright, 291 Mich
App 17; 805 NW2d 1 (2010). On remand, the trial court2 found proper cause to revisit the prior
custody judgment and again awarded plaintiff primary physical custody of TC. We affirm.


1
 This custody dispute does not involve the parties’ now-adult daughter, CC. Cavanaugh, unpub
op at 2 n 2.
2
  A different trial judge presided over proceedings on remand; the original judge has been
removed from office for reasons unassociated with this case. See In re Brennan, __ Mich __; __
NW2d __ (2019).



                                              -1-
        In Sinicropi v Mazurek, 273 Mich App 149, 155; 729 NW2d 256 (2006), this Court,
relying primarily on MCL 722.28, addressed the standards of review applicable in child custody
cases, observing:

               There are three different standards of review applicable to child custody
       cases. The trial court’s factual findings on matters such as the established
       custodial environment and the best-interests factors are reviewed under the great
       weight of the evidence standard and will be affirmed unless the evidence clearly
       preponderates in the opposite direction.[3] In reviewing the findings, this Court
       defers to the trial court’s determination of credibility. A trial court’s discretionary
       rulings, such as the court’s determination on the issue of custody, are reviewed for
       an abuse of discretion. Further, pursuant to MCL 722.28, questions of law in
       custody cases are reviewed for clear legal error. [Citations and quotation marks
       omitted.]

        MCL 722.27(1)(c) provides that in a custody dispute, a trial court, for the best interests of
the child at the center of the dispute, may “modify or amend its previous judgments or orders for
proper cause shown or because of change of circumstances.” The court, however, is not
permitted to “modify or amend its previous judgments or orders or issue a new order so as to
change the established custodial environment of a child unless there is presented clear and
convincing evidence that it is in the best interest of the child.” MCL 722.27(1)(c). “These initial
steps to changing custody—finding a change of circumstance or proper cause and not changing
an established custodial environment without clear and convincing evidence—are intended to
erect a barrier against removal of a child from an established custodial environment and to
minimize unwarranted and disruptive changes of custody orders.” Vodvarka, 259 Mich App at
509 (quotation marks omitted).4

       The first step in the analysis is to determine whether the moving party has established
proper cause or a change of circumstances, applying a preponderance of the evidence standard.


3
  Similarly, “[t]his Court reviews a trial court's determination regarding whether a party has
demonstrated proper cause or a change of circumstances under the great weight of the evidence
standard.” Corporan v Henton, 282 Mich App 599, 605; 766 NW2d 903 (2009).
4
 In Pierron v Pierron, 486 Mich 81, 92-93; 782 NW2d 480 (2010), our Supreme Court touched
on the next step of the analysis, explaining:

               If the proposed change would modify the established custodial
       environment of the child, then the burden is on the parent proposing the change to
       establish, by clear and convincing evidence, that the change is in the child's best
       interests. Under such circumstances, the trial court must consider all the best-
       interest factors because a case in which the proposed change would modify the
       custodial environment is essentially a change-of-custody case.

The statutory best-interest factors are set forth in MCL 722.23.


                                                -2-
Id. at 508-509. In McRoberts v Ferguson, 322 Mich App 125, 131-132; 910 NW2d 721 (2017),
this Court explained:

               Proper cause means one or more appropriate grounds that have or could
       have a significant effect on the child’s life to the extent that a reevaluation of the
       child’s custodial situation should be undertaken. In order to establish a change
       of circumstances, a movant must prove that, since the entry of the last custody
       order, the conditions surrounding custody of the child, which have or could have a
       significant effect on the child’s well-being, have materially changed. To constitute
       a change of circumstances under MCL 722.27(1)(c), the evidence must
       demonstrate something more than the normal life changes (both good and bad)
       that occur during the life of a child, and there must be at least some evidence that
       the material changes have had or will almost certainly have an effect on the child.
       [Citations, quotation marks, and alterations omitted.]

        With respect to the issue of “proper cause,” the criteria outlined in the statutory best-
interest factors “should be relied on by a trial court in deciding if a particular fact raised by a
party is a ‘proper’ or ‘appropriate’ ground to revisit custody orders.” Vodvarka, 259 Mich App
at 512. In regard to “change of circumstances,” the relevance of facts presented should also
“be[] gauged by the statutory best interest factors.” Id. at 514.

       Here, we initially note some of the procedural history of the case following remand from
this Court. On October 22, 2018, plaintiff filed a motion seeking a temporary order of custody
consistent with the November 2017 order that had granted her primary physical custody. She
also sought an evidentiary hearing on the matter and “a remand hearing” to address this Court’s
opinion. At the hearing on the motion, the parties argued about the appropriateness of
considering facts that developed after November 2017 and during the appeals period for
purposes of analyzing proper cause/change of circumstances and the established custodial
environment. The trial court ruled that the custodial and parenting time arrangement set forth in
the November 2017 order would remain in effect pending an evidentiary hearing. The court did
not make any decision regarding consideration of events occurring after November 2017.

         A two-day evidentiary hearing was held on November 30 and December 5, 2018, with
the trial court rendering a ruling from the bench on December 7, 2018. On December 17, 2018,
the court entered an order granting the parties joint legal custody, awarding primary physical
custody to plaintiff, and giving parenting time to defendant. The trial court found “for the
reasons stated on the record that proper cause and change of circumstances exist[] to warrant a
review of the custody matter pursuant to Vodvarka . . . .” The court indicated that the established
custodial environment was with defendant at the time of the original custody hearing and “that
the current established custodial environment is joint with both parents.” The trial court did
conclude that, as discussed on the record, there was clear and convincing evidence that it was in
TC’s best interest to award primary physical custody to plaintiff. It thus appears from the record
that the court did not consider events occurring after November 2017 for purposes of defining




                                                -3-
the established custodial environment in relation to setting the burden of proof.5 The trial court
made minimal reference to events and facts occurring after November 2017 in regard to whether
there was a change of circumstances or proper cause warranting reexamination of custody. And
the trial court did consider events taking place after November 2017 in connection with
evaluating the best-interest factors, which the parties agreed below was proper.6

        At the conclusion of the evidentiary hearing following remand, the trial court, ruling from
the bench, first determined that proper cause existed to revisit the issue of custody. The trial
court’s discussion of the matter was a bit unfocused. The court found that defendant had serious
control issues, that he blamed everyone else for his problems instead of acknowledging his own
faults, that defendant made scenes at various events and had interactions with TC that
embarrassed TC and caused him to suffer stress, anxiety, and depression, as opined by the
family’s therapist, and that defendant “actively alienated his son’s relationship with his mother
and . . . sister.” The trial court further observed that defendant caused TC to suffer stress by
encouraging him to keep secrets from plaintiff, that defendant “violated a number of orders” and
interfered with plaintiff’s parenting time on multiple occasions, that defendant was not
cooperative in promoting a relationship between TC and plaintiff, and that defendant was
disrespectful to plaintiff on occasion, including an instance of putting up “no trespassing” signs
on his property directed at plaintiff. Toward the end of the court’s ruling, after it had discussed
the statutory best-interest factors, the court noted that it was rejecting defendant’s argument that
nothing new had arisen since entry of the divorce judgment and therefore there could be no
proper cause or change of circumstances justifying a modification of custody. The court stated
that a number of the incidents referenced earlier by the court had happened after the divorce was
finalized and that “they impacted this child in terms of stress and anxiety.”

        We hold that the trial court’s finding that plaintiff established proper cause as necessary
to reexamine TC’s best interests was not against the great weight of the evidence—the evidence
did not clearly preponderate in the opposite direction. There were three central points made by
the trial court that were relevant to a showing of “proper cause.” There was evidence that
defendant acted in a manner that caused TC to suffer anxiety and depression, that defendant
interfered with plaintiff’s parenting time on multiple occasions, and that defendant engaged in
conduct and behavior that was intended to belittle plaintiff and to alienate TC from plaintiff.
These actions had a bearing on the emotional ties between the parties and TC, MCL 722.23(a),


5
 There is no issue on appeal regarding the trial court’s application of the clear-and-convincing
evidence standard.
6
   In Fletcher v Fletcher, 447 Mich 871, 889; 526 NW2d 889 (1994), our Supreme Court
explained “that on remand, the court should consider up-to-date information, including the
children's current and reasonable preferences, as well as the fact that the children have been
living with the plaintiff during the appeal and any other changes in circumstances arising since
the trial court's original custody order.” (Emphasis added.) The Court then clarified that it did
not mean to “suggest that the events which have taken place during the appellate process give
rise to an ‘established custodial environment’ that . . . alters the burden of proof in favor of the
party who has enjoyed custody during the appeal.” Id. at 889 n 10.


                                                -4-
on the capacity and disposition of defendant to give proper guidance to TC, MCL 722.23(b), on
the stability and appropriateness of the environment where defendant was the primary custodian,
MCL 722.23(d), and on, most importantly, the willingness and ability of defendant to facilitate
and encourage a close and continuing parent-child relationship between TC and plaintiff, MCL
722.23(j). See Vodvarka, 259 Mich App at 512 (the court should consider the best-interest
factors in deciding or gauging whether particular facts give rise to “proper cause” to revisit a
custody order).

         Defendant argues that the trial court was unclear with respect to the standard it was
applying in relation to the threshold question of proper cause or change of circumstances.
Defendant notes that the trial court, while citing Vodvarka in its order, never once mentioned
Vodvarka when ruling from the bench. Defendant contends that the trial court never referenced
the standards and principles set forth in Vodvarka, which defendant considers striking, “given
that this Court remanded the case specifically for the correct standard to be applied . . . .”

        We are somewhat sympathetic to defendant’s complaints. This Court remanded the case
“to the trial court so that it may consider whether plaintiff has shown proper cause or change of
circumstances under the Vodvarka framework.” Cavanaugh, unpub op at 4. Given this
directive, we would have expected the trial court to have referenced Vodvarka when ruling from
the bench, to have identified the framework described in Vodvarka, which we touched on earlier,
and to have expressly applied the facts to that framework. Instead, we are left piecing together
the court’s ruling. That said, the court specifically acknowledged that it had to decide, under a
preponderance of the evidence standard, whether plaintiff had shown proper cause or a change of
circumstances, the court discussed and found facts that were, for the most part, relevant to the
Vodvarka framework, and the court cited Vodvarka in its order, concluding that proper cause and
a change of circumstances had been established. Accordingly, we reject defendant’s argument
regarding the trial court’s alleged failure to employ the Vodvarka framework.

       Defendant also argues that TC had anxiety and depression issues prior to entry of the
judgment of divorce and that there was no testimony that his anxiety became worse after the
divorce.7 Defendant maintains that slight variations in TC’s level of stress did not have a



7
    In the previous opinion, this Court observed:
                  Although we decline to decide this issue, it is unclear whether there was
          sufficient evidence to uphold the trial court's finding of proper cause or change of
          circumstances under the Vodvarka definitions. The poor relationship between the
          parties is not new. The key is whether defendant's actions, specifically his
          interference with plaintiff's parenting time, are having a significant effect on the
          child's well-being. We acknowledge that there were other matters ostensibly
          supporting the court's finding, e.g., defendant's new traveling requirements for
          work and TC's orthodontic care, but we are also cognizant that the Legislature
          intended that custody changes would only be granted in compelling cases.
          [Cavanaugh, unpub op at 4 (citation omitted).]



                                                    -5-
significant effect on his well-being and therefore proper cause or a change of circumstances was
not shown.

        At the time of the divorce, defendant was awarded custody of TC and plaintiff was
awarded custody of CC, as recommended by the parties’ therapist. The therapist indicated that
TC was aligned with defendant and CC was aligned with plaintiff and that the parties openly
disparaged each other in front of the children. The therapist thought it best to allow the children
to live primarily with their aligned parent and to continue therapy in hopes of eventually moving
to shared custody. Cavanaugh, unpub op at 1-2.

        Defendant’s argument that there was at most only a negligible increase in TC’s anxiety
misses the point, which is that his anxiety did not diminish after being placed with defendant.
Defendant’s conduct and behavior continued to cause stress and anxiety for TC, despite the fact
that TC participated in therapy and that plaintiff was making efforts to reduce the tension
between her and defendant. The goal at the time of the divorce was to decrease the animosity
between the parties and the stress and anxiety that the animosity created for TC, and there was
evidence that defendant was not allowing or encouraging that to happen. There was evidence
that, postjudgment, defendant was behaving in a manner and engaging in conduct that sought to
disparage plaintiff, that sought to interfere with TC’s relationship with plaintiff, and that sought
to alienate TC from his mother. And this in turn was causing TC stress, anxiety, and depression.
The situation was not getting better but remaining stagnant, and this served as “proper cause” to
reexamine the issue of custody. Indeed, evidence of the improvement in TC’s mental health
after plaintiff was awarded primary physical custody of TC confirms defendant’s obstructive role
in the matter. On top of that there was the evidence of defendant’s interference with plaintiff’s
parenting time. In sum, the trial court’s determination that plaintiff established proper cause to
revisit the issue of custody was not against the great weight of the evidence. In light of this
ruling, we need not explore whether there was a change of circumstances.

        As noted earlier, there is no dispute that the established custodial environment was with
defendant at the time plaintiff moved to change custody. Accordingly, plaintiff had the burden
to prove by clear and convincing evidence that it was in TC’s best interests to change custody, as
measured by application of the statutory best-interest factors in MCL 722.23. MCL
722.27(1)(c); Pierron v Pierron, 486 Mich 81, 92-93; 782 NW2d 480 (2010). A trial court must
examine all of the best-interest factors, stating its findings and conclusions as to each factor.
Foskett v Foskett, 247 Mich App 1, 9; 634 NW2d 363 (2001). The court does not have to make
its custody determination on the basis of a mathematical calculation of the factors; rather, it can
properly assign differing weights to the factors when making its decision. Berger v Berger, 277
Mich App 700, 712; 747 NW2d 336 (2008). And in Heid v AAASulewski (After Remand), 209
Mich App 587, 594; 532 NW2d 205 (1995), this Court stated that “we are unwilling to conclude
that mathematical equality on the statutory factors necessarily amounts to an evidentiary standoff
that precludes a party from satisfying the clear and convincing standard of proof.”

        The trial court found that there was clear and convincing evidence warranting a change in
custody. Defendant argues that the trial court erred by weighing MCL 722.23 (d), (e), (j), and (l)
in favor of plaintiff. Those factors provide as follows:



                                                -6-
              (d) The length of time the child has lived in a stable, satisfactory
       environment, and the desirability of maintaining continuity.

             (e) The permanence, as a family unit, of the existing or proposed custodial
       home or homes.

                                             * * *

               (j) The willingness and ability of each of the parties to facilitate and
       encourage a close and continuing parent-child relationship between the child and
       the other parent or the child and the parents. . . . .

                                             * * *

               (l) Any other factor considered by the court to be relevant to a particular
       child custody dispute. [MCL 722.23.]

        Defendant argues that the trial court erred by weighing Factor (d) in favor of plaintiff,
where defendant offered TC a stable and satisfactory home environment, and where keeping TC
in defendant’s primary custody would have maintained continuity. “Factor (d) is properly
addressed by considering the environments in which the child has lived in the past and the
desirability of maintaining the continuity of those environments.” Demski v Petlick, 309 Mich
App 404, 448-449; 873 NW2d 596 (2015). With respect to Factor (d), the trial court, in finding
that it favored plaintiff, stated that “[t]his last year has shown that the child has been less
depressed, more outgoing, less stress[ed], and is thriving academically and otherwise.” This
finding was not against the great weight of the evidence. There was testimony by TC’s therapist
and plaintiff that supported a finding that TC was making significant emotional strides after
plaintiff obtained primary physical custody, demonstrating that she was providing a stable and
satisfactory home environment for TC. And there was evidence that while TC was residing
primarily with defendant, his anxiety and stress was not abating due to defendant’s conduct and
behavior.

        With respect to Factor (e), the trial court favored plaintiff, emphasizing that the family
unit existed to a greater degree with plaintiff because of defendant’s estrangement from CC and
his refusal to allow contact between TC and CC during his parenting time. Defendant contends
that the trial court erroneously weighed Factor (e), because defendant’s home offered
permanence and CC’s estrangement from defendant predated the divorce and reflected CC’s
choice. A child’s relationship with other family members is a relevant concern under Factor (e).
Pierron v Pierron, 282 Mich App 222, 256; 765 NW2d 345 (2009), aff’d 486 Mich 81 (2010).
“The sibling bond and the potentially detrimental effects of physically severing that bond should
be seriously considered in custody cases where the children likely have already experienced
serious disruption in their lives as well as a sense of deep personal loss.” Wiechmann v
Wiechmann, 212 Mich App 436, 439-440; 538 NW2d 57 (1995). In the instant case, TC came to
realize that he could not spend as much time with CC when he was with defendant.
Additionally, the negative interaction between defendant and CC during a trip that defendant and
TC took to visit CC in the summer of 2018 caused great discomfort and distress to TC. This
revealed that TC experienced anxiety as a result of the estrangement between CC and defendant,

                                               -7-
regardless of defendant’s perception of the event or his belief about why he and CC remained
estranged. In light of TC and CC’s temporarily fractured relationship around the time of the
divorce, plaintiff’s ability to foster that mending relationship by allowing the siblings to spend
time together weighs in plaintiff’s favor.

        The best-interest factors do not contain the same temporal features that exist in regard to
evaluating the threshold question of proper cause and change of circumstances. Consequently,
defendant’s argument that his estrangement from CC predated the divorce does not undermine
the trial court’s ruling. Although defendant appeared to accept blame for his role in the
breakdown of his relationship with CC, stating that in hindsight he could have behaved
differently, his allegation that plaintiff manipulated and brainwashed CC and his belief that CC
would need to “wise up” before they could rebuild their relationship revealed that he did not
blame himself as much as he blamed plaintiff and CC. Because plaintiff could offer TC more
continuity in his relationship with CC, we cannot conclude that the trial court’s ruling on Factor
(e) was against the great weight of the evidence.

        With respect to Factor (j) and facilitation and encouragement of a close parent-child
relationship, the trial court found that it strongly favored plaintiff. The court cited many of the
instances of interference, obstruction, disparagement, and manipulation that formed the basis for
its “proper cause” ruling, which we thoroughly reviewed earlier. There was more than adequate
evidence to support the trial court’s determination, and the finding was certainly not against the
great weight of the evidence. Defendant’s arguments to the contrary effectively challenge
credibility assessments and findings that were the subject of conflicting evidence; therefore, they
are unavailing. See Sinicropi, 273 Mich App at 155.8

       Finally, with respect to Factor (l), which allows consideration of any other factor deemed
relevant by a court, the trial court observed:

              The evidence shows that the child is thriving in his current placement. The
       testimony demonstrated the minor child behaves as if a weight has been lifted.


8
  We note the following discussion in this Court’s opinion in McRoberts, 322 Mich App at 140-
141, which we find relevant here:

               [T]he court plainly placed great weight on Factor (j), which was within its
       discretion. “It is presumed to be in the best interests of a child for the child to
       have a strong relationship with both of his or her parents.” . . . It can be inferred
       from the court’s analysis that it doubted whether the child would be able to have a
       strong relationship with defendant if plaintiff retained sole physical custody.
       Indeed, plaintiff’s repeated acts of contempt relative to parenting time were
       troubling and reflected an inability by plaintiff to facilitate and encourage a close
       and continuing parent-child relationship between defendant and his daughter.
       Conversely, there was no evidence suggesting that defendant had interfered with
       the relationship between plaintiff and the child. [Citations omitted.]



                                                -8-
       He’s less anxious. Does not appear to be sad, is more social, and outgoing. This
       [factor] . . . strongly favors the mother.”

         The court continued on about the great strides that TC had made in the last year while
primarily in plaintiff’s custody. Defendant argues that the court’s finding under Factor (l) was
inconsistent with the court’s determination that the parties were equal as to Factor (h), which
concerns a child’s “home, school, and community record.” Defendant is correct that both parties
testified that TC had been doing well academically and was involved in various extracurricular
activities before and after the change in custody. The trial court’s focus, however, was on the
alleviation of TC’s symptoms of anxiety and depression, and this global improvement in TC’s
mood was not tied to a specific home, school, or community setting and is not otherwise
specifically accounted for in the best-interest factors.

       We affirm. We award taxable costs to plaintiff as the prevailing party under MCR 7.219.




                                                           /s/ Michael J. Kelly
                                                           /s/ Jane E. Markey
                                                           /s/ Elizabeth L. Gleicher




                                              -9-
