[Cite as Silvers v. Clay Twp. Police Dept., 2018-Ohio-2970.]




                              IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
                                 SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                     MONTGOMERY COUNTY

 TINA SILVERS                                           :
                                                        :
          Plaintiff-Appellant                           :      Appellate Case No. 27867
                                                        :
 v.                                                     :      Trial Court Case No. 15-CV-73
                                                        :
 CLAY TOWNSHIP POLICE                                   :      (Civil Appeal from
 DEPARTMENT, et al.                                     :       Common Pleas Court)
                                                        :
          Defendants-Appellees                          :


                                                ...........

                                                OPINION

                              Rendered on the 27th day of July, 2018.

                                                ...........

GREGORY TURNER Atty. Reg. No. 0073859, 207 S. Main Street, P.O. Box 339,
Englewood, Ohio 45322
      Attorney for Plaintiff-Appellant

JEFFREY C. TURNER, Atty. Reg. No. 0063154, DAWN M. FRICK, Atty. Reg. No.
0069068, and CHRISTOPHER T. HERMAN, Atty. Reg. No. 0076894, 8163 Old Yankee
Street, Suite C, Dayton, Ohio 45458
       Attorney for Defendants-Appellees, Clay Township, Clay Township Board of
Trustees, Clay Township Police Department, and John Van Gundy

LAWRENCE E. BARBIERE, Atty. Reg. No. 0027106 and KATHERINE L. BARBIERE,
Atty. Reg. No. 0089501, 5300 Socialville Foster Road, Suite 200, Mason, Ohio 45040
       Attorneys for Anthony Scott, Defendant-Appellee

                                              .............
                                                                                         -2-



FROELICH, J.

       {¶ 1} Tina Silvers appeals from a judgment of the Montgomery County Court of

Common Pleas, which granted summary judgment in favor of Anthony Scott and John

VanGundy on Silvers’s state-law claims of sex discrimination and sexual harassment

under R.C. Chapter 4112, common law sexual harassment, and intentional infliction of

emotional distress. She also appeals from a judgment in favor of Clay Township and the

Board of Trustees of Clay Township (collectively, the “Clay Township Defendants”) on

those same claims, as well as a claim of negligent hiring and/or retention.

       {¶ 2} Silvers claims that the trial court erred in granting summary judgment for all

defendants on her claims of common law sexual harassment and intentional infliction of

emotional distress. She also claims that summary judgment was inappropriate for the

Clay Township Defendants on her claim of negligent hiring/retention. Silvers does not

challenge the summary judgment ruling on her statutory sexual harassment and sex

discrimination claims.

       {¶ 3} For the following reasons, the trial court’s judgments will be affirmed.

                         I. Background and Procedural History

       {¶ 4} Construing the evidence in the light most favorable to Silvers, the record

reveals the following facts.

       {¶ 5} Silvers graduated from the Great Oaks Police Academy in December 1997.

She worked for several police departments and in private security positions before joining

the Clay Township Police Department (CTPD) in August 2007. Silvers had previously

dated Don Perkins, who was then-chief of CTPD, and she joined CTPD as an auxiliary

officer, an unpaid position, at Chief Perkins’s suggestion. Auxiliary officers were required
                                                                                          -3-


to undergo field training, and then-Officer John VanGundy was assigned as Silvers’s Field

Training Officer (“FTO”). At that time, Silvers had a good relationship with VanGundy.

Silvers did not complete her field training due to medical issues, and in December 2008,

Silvers resigned because of an injury at another job. Silvers considered her first term of

employment with CTPD to be a good experience.

       {¶ 6} Silvers remained friendly with VanGundy after her resignation, and they

occasionally texted and talked. Although they never had a sexual relationship, at one

point in 2010, Silvers and VanGundy exchanged nude photographs; VanGundy kept a

printout of the photograph of Silvers in a folder in his desk drawer at work, along with

other sexually explicit photos of other women with whom he claimed to have had sex.

According to VanGundy, he did not see or communicate with Silvers for much of 2012.

       {¶ 7} Later in 2012, then-Detective VanGundy suggested to Silvers that she return

to work at CTPD. When VanGundy met with Silvers in his office about her potential

return to CTPD, he pulled the folder containing the sexually explicit photos out of his desk.

He took his photo of Silvers from the folder, said he now trusted her, but did not trust the

other women, and shredded Silvers’s photo in her presence. VanGundy also indicated

that he could make sure that Silvers got a job, but that she would have to “give it up” if

she were hired. VanGundy had previously told Silvers that his “bucket list” included

having sex with an older woman.1

       {¶ 8} After VanGundy’s statements, Silvers applied for a CTPD position. She

understood that police officers were hired by the Board of Trustees, but the Trustees


1
 We have found nothing in the record to specify the age difference between Silvers and
VanGundy, although this statement, construed in Silvers’s favor, suggests that VanGundy
was younger than Silvers.
                                                                                       -4-


generally followed the recommendation of the chief.

      {¶ 9} Silvers was rehired by CTPD as an auxiliary officer on October 10, 2012, and

she was required to complete a field training program; Officer Anthony Scott was

assigned as her FTO. According to Chief Perkins, field training had a guideline of 240

hours of “on-the-road” training, although some officers could complete their training in

fewer hours.   Due to her prior employment with CTPD, Perkins expected Silvers to

complete her training in under 240 hours; upon completing training, Silvers would be

qualified for a paid position. Silvers did not receive credit toward training for doing

paperwork around the office or other assignments within the office.

      {¶ 10} Chief Perkins retired on December 29, 2012. By that time, VanGundy had

been promoted to Lieutenant, and Scott had been promoted to Sergeant.            Prior to

Perkins’s departure, Silvers did not experience any significant problems with Scott or

VanGundy. Scott and VanGundy were placed in charge until a new safety director was

hired. John Simmons was hired as Safety Director, serving a dual role as Chief of Police,

in February 2013.

      {¶ 11} Silvers alleged that, after Chief Perkins’s retirement, Scott and VanGundy

began subjecting her to a sexually hostile work environment in which she was treated

differently than male officers. Silvers further alleged that Simmons joined Scott and

VanGundy in this treatment and allowed Scott and VanGundy to continue in it.

      {¶ 12} Silvers identified several instances where she felt she was treated poorly by

Scott and VanGundy. In March 2013, Silvers used the restroom at work and had blood

in her urine. Silvers informed VanGundy of the situation and that she needed to go to

the hospital. VanGundy told her that they needed to tell her sergeant (Scott), and they
                                                                                          -5-


located Scott at the CTPD garage with Simmons and another officer.               VanGundy

shouted to Scott that Silvers was “pissing blood” and needed to go home.               Scott

responded, “Are you sure it’s not your monthly?” Silvers replied, “I think I’d know the

difference” and left for the hospital.      Subsequent to this event, Scott repeatedly

commented to Silvers, “My name is Tina and my pussy hurts.”

       {¶ 13} In July or August 2013, new uniform pants were ordered for the officers.

Scott asked Silvers what size panties she had ordered; Silvers responded with her pants

size. Around the same time, Scott asked Silvers, in front of other officers, if she “wiped

her ass” the same as the rest of them, front to back or side to side, and whether that was

the “funk” he smelled.

       {¶ 14} Also in July or August 2013, Silvers was working a traffic detail on

Interstate 70 when a Jeep rear-ended a flatbed truck and became sandwich between the

truck and a semi.     Silvers notified the CTPD dispatcher and the Brookville police

department; Scott was the first to arrive. Scott did not have his radio, and he grabbed

Silvers’s radio off her chest and was “pulling [Silvers] around” until Silvers gave her radio

to him. Silvers was told to relocate her cruiser and to go down the highway to move

cones to get traffic around the accident. When she was in the process of moving cones,

Scott “jump[ed] up and down” and was “screaming and hollering.” (Silvers Dep. at 144-

145.) When Silvers went back to see what Scott wanted, Scott told her to “get back in

your f**king car. F**king idiot.” (Id. at 145.)

       {¶ 15} Scott tried to write-up Silvers for missing work when her sister passed away

from cancer and her absence had been approved in advance. Silvers stated in her

deposition that she lost weight after her sister died of cancer.       In her affidavit, she
                                                                                           -6-


attributes much of her 30-pound weight loss to the harassment. After Silvers began

losing weight, Scott asked, “What’s the matter, do you have cancer or something?”

       {¶ 16} On September 5, 2013, Scott ordered Silvers to pick up a prisoner in Preble

County. When she arrived, she had to wait for a Lewisburg unit to bring the prisoner.

However, contraband was found on the prisoner, so the prisoner remained in Preble

County and the pick-up did not occur. Silvers drove back to CTPD, and Scott demanded

she perform other work without a meal break. Silvers took a meal break, did a couple

traffic stops and some vacation house checks, and returned to CTPD. Upon her return,

Scott screamed at her that she “put all of this mileage on [his] car and used [his] gas, and

[she] didn’t do traffic stops and only did three vacation house checks and not seven or

eight. This is terribly unprofessional and unacceptable.” Scott further yelled that “this

[was] f**king unacceptable,” that she “had enough time for this shit,” and “why don’t you

just tell me I’m sorry, sir, and I’ll fucking do better next time?” (Silvers Dep. at 158-159.)

Silvers tried to explain the problems she encountered that evening, and Scott kicked a

trash can that hit her leg. Silvers stated in her deposition that she was so upset about

the trash can incident that she forgot about mandatory training scheduled for September

11 for which she had signed up.

       {¶ 17} Silvers did not inform the Clay Township Trustees about any of the incidents

at CTPD. Silvers wanted to report Scott’s behavior to the Trustees, but was denied the

opportunity to do so.     After Simmons was appointed Safety Director, officers were

required to submit a written request to speak with Trustees on a pre-printed form that was

kept in the road room.      Simmons testified in his deposition that a written request

addressed to him was required for any officer to see the Trustees. While there was no
                                                                                      -7-


written policy requiring the requests to go through Simmons, he confirmed that that was

the practice in place. Silvers completed the form twice requesting to meet with the

Trustees, once in March 2013 and once in July or August 2013. Simmons told her she

was denied from seeing the Trustees.

       {¶ 18} At some point after the highway accident, Silvers interviewed with the

Brookville Police Department. (Silvers stated that she had told Scott and Simmons about

the opportunity, and they both encouraged her to go. Silvers Dep. at 165.) According

to Silvers, during the interview, Brookville Chief of Police Doug Jerome “just come right

out and asked me –– he said, I just need to ask you this: Was you that female on the

highway?” Silvers was embarrassed and admitted that she was, and she confided some

of the problems she was experiencing with CTPD. Silvers asserted, however, that she

did not disparage the department. She further stated that she did not want Jerome to

communicate her statements to CTPD.

       {¶ 19} Sometime afterward, Simmons and Jerome rode together to a meeting, and

Jerome told Simmons that he (Simmons) should have a conversation with Silvers about

things that were going on with her at work. Simmons described this conversation as

revealing that Silvers “disparaged the [CTPD] field training to another police agency.”

This prompted Simmons to approach Silvers and say “We need to talk about some of the

things that you're going through but you're going to have to follow your chain of

command.” (Silvers Dep.) According to Silvers, because Silvers’s “chain of command”

was Scott and Simmons, who had previously denied her from seeing the Trustees, she

responded, “It is what it is.” (Id. at 169-170.)

       {¶ 20} On September 16, 2013, Scott wrote a final evaluation report, which was
                                                                                        -8-


critical of Silvers. The same day, he wrote a memorandum to Simmons requesting that

Silvers be “probationary released.” Silvers was terminated on September 18, 2013.

       {¶ 21} The next day, Silvers filed a complaint with the Ohio Civil Rights

Commission (OCRC), which was also filed with the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity

Commission (EEOC). On July 17, 2014, the OCRC issued a letter of determination,

finding that Silvers was released during probation for performance issues. The OCRC

found no probable cause for the Commission to issue a complaint against CTPD for an

unlawful discriminatory practice. On October 7, 2014, the EEOC adopted the findings of

the OCRC.

       {¶ 22} Simmons separately investigated Scott’s conduct after Silvers filed her

OCRC complaint. Simmons believed Scott’s behavior related to the highway accident

was “egregious enough” to warrant more than a verbal or written warning. (Simmons

Dep. at 78.) A hearing was held before the Board of Trustees on October 15, 2013. It

was determined that Scott violated CTPD Policy and Procedure 1.02 (unbecoming

conduct). Scott was demoted from sergeant to officer, placed on probation for one year,

and required to attend anger management and sensitivity training.

       {¶ 23} The record reflects that, prior to his most recent employment with CTPD,

Scott resigned from the Brookville Police Department in lieu of receiving a probationary

release; Scott stated in his deposition that he was “too aggressive for the City of

Brookville.”   (Scott Dep. at 9.) In July 2010, the Brookville Chief wrote on CTPD’s

reference form that Scott was “aggressive patrol” and not eligible for rehire. At one point

prior to Chief Perkins’s retirement, Scott received discipline from CTPD related to an off-

duty incident at a dog park where Scott drew his service weapon on (but did not shoot) a
                                                                                         -9-


dog that was fighting with his dog; Scott pled guilty in court to disorderly conduct related

to that incident.

       {¶ 24} On January 6, 2015, Silvers filed a complaint in the Montgomery County

Court of Common Pleas against CTPD, VanGundy, Scott, and the five trustees of Clay

Township. She claimed (1) sex discrimination and sexual harassment in violation of R.C.

Chapter 4112, (2) sex discrimination and sexual harassment in violation of Title VII of the

Civil Rights Act of 1990, (3) procedural and substantive due process violations under the

United States Constitution, (4) violation of her Equal Protection rights under the United

States Constitution, (5) common law sexual harassment; (6) negligent hiring and retention

of VanGundy and Scott, (7) intentional infliction of emotional distress, (8) negligent

infliction of emotional distress, and (9) municipal liability. VanGundy and Scott were

named in their individual and official capacities. Her amended complaint, filed February

5, 2016, alleged the same claims and added Simmons as a party-defendant.

       {¶ 25} On March 4, 2015, the case was removed to federal district court. While

the case was pending in federal court, Silvers filed a second amended complaint, naming

Clay Township, Board of Trustees of Clay Township, VanGundy, Scott, and Simmons as

defendants. The second amended complaint omitted the due process claim and the

negligent infliction of emotional distress claim.

       {¶ 26} All defendants moved for summary judgment. On October 28, 2016, the

federal district court granted summary judgment to all defendants on Silvers’s Title VII

sex discrimination and sexual harassment claims, as well as her claims under the U.S.

Constitution. As to the sex discrimination claims, the court concluded that Silvers failed

to establish a prima facie case of discrimination, because she did not demonstrate that
                                                                                        -10-


she was qualified for a full- or part-time position. The court noted that, even if she had

been able to satisfy that burden, her claim would still have failed because “she has no

evidence to disprove the stated non-discriminatory reason for not hiring [her].” The

district court also granted summary judgment on Silvers’s sexual harassment claim,

concluding that the alleged incidents “simply do not rise to the level of severe or

pervasive.”

        {¶ 27} The district court declined to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over

Silvers’s state law claims, and it remanded the matter to state court. In March 2017,

Silvers filed a motion in the Montgomery County Common Pleas Court to reactivate the

case.

        {¶ 28} On June 23, 2017, Scott filed a motion for summary judgment on Silvers’s

state law claims. VanGundy and the Clay Township Defendants also filed a joint motion

for summary judgment. Silvers opposed the motions. She conceded that, due to the

federal district court’s judgment, the doctrines of res judicata and/or collateral estoppel

barred her sex discrimination and sexual harassment claims under R.C. Chapter 4112.

She asserted, however, that those doctrines did not affect her common law sexual

harassment, intentional infliction of emotional distress, or negligent hiring and retention

claims.

        {¶ 29} Prior to rulings by the trial court on the summary judgment motions, Silvers

dismissed Simmons from the action, with prejudice.

        {¶ 30} On November 7, 2017, the trial court granted Scott’s, VanGundy’s, and the

Clay Township Defendants’ motions for summary judgment. Silvers appeals from the

trial court’s rulings.
                                                                                         -11-


                           II. Summary Judgment Standard

       {¶ 31} Pursuant to Civ.R. 56(C), summary judgment is proper when (1) there is no

genuine issue as to any material fact, (2) the moving party is entitled to judgment as a

matter of law, and (3) reasonable minds, after construing the evidence most strongly in

favor of the nonmoving party, can only conclude adversely to that party. Zivich v. Mentor

Soccer Club, Inc., 82 Ohio St.3d 367, 369-370, 696 N.E.2d 201 (1998). The moving

party carries the initial burden of affirmatively demonstrating that no genuine issue of

material fact remains to be litigated. Mitseff v. Wheeler, 38 Ohio St.3d 112, 115, 526

N.E.2d 798 (1988). To this end, the movant must be able to point to evidentiary materials

of the type listed in Civ.R. 56(C) that a court is to consider in rendering summary

judgment. Dresher v. Burt, 75 Ohio St.3d 280, 292–293, 662 N.E.2d 264 (1996).

       {¶ 32} Once the moving party satisfies its burden, the nonmoving party may not

rest upon the mere allegations or denials of the party’s pleadings. Dresher at 293; Civ.R.

56(E). Rather, the burden then shifts to the nonmoving party to respond, with affidavits

or as otherwise permitted by Civ.R. 56, setting forth specific facts that show that there is

a genuine issue of material fact for trial. Dresher at 293. Throughout, the evidence

must be construed in favor of the nonmoving party. Id.

       {¶ 33} We review the trial court’s ruling on a motion for summary judgment de

novo. Schroeder v. Henness, 2d Dist. Miami No. 2012 CA 18, 2013-Ohio-2767, ¶ 42.

De novo review means that this court uses the same standard that the trial court should

have used, and we examine the evidence, without deference to the trial court, to

determine whether, as a matter of law, no genuine issues exist for trial. Ward v. Bond,

2d Dist. Champaign No. 2015-CA-2, 2015-Ohio-4297, ¶ 8.
                                                                                       -12-


                   III. Negligence: Common Law Sexual Harassment

         {¶ 34} In her second amended complaint, Silvers claimed that “Defendants had a

common law duty to exercise reasonable care to prevent and correct any sexual

harassment of employees by Clay Township and Clay Township Police Department by

supervisors.” She alleged that VanGundy and Scott verbally and physically sexually

harassed her, and that their actions were foreseeable.        Further, she alleged that

“Defendants placed Lieutenant VanGundy and Sergeant Scott, without proper inquiry and

without proper training, in a position to exercise actual or apparent authority over Ms.

Silvers, and failed to exercise reasonable care to train employees of Clay Township Police

Department to prevent, report, and correct sexually harassing behavior.”

         {¶ 35} The Ohio Supreme Court recognized the common law tort of sexual

harassment in Kerans v. Porter Paint Co., 61 Ohio St.3d 486, 575 N.E.2d 428 (1991).

Kerans failed to provide the elements of the tort of sexual harassment, but appellate

courts have applied the elements of a R.C. Chapter 4112 sexual harassment claim. E.g.,

Harmon v. GZK, Inc., 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 18672, 2002 WL 191598, * 8 (Feb. 8,

2002), citing Seiber v. Wilder, 2d Dist. Greene No. 94 CA 32, 1994 WL 558969 (Oct. 12,

1994).

         {¶ 36} To establish a claim of hostile-environment sexual harassment under R.C.

Chapter 4112, a plaintiff must show “(1) that the harassment was unwelcome, (2) that the

harassment was based on sex, (3) that the harassing conduct was sufficiently severe or

pervasive to affect the ‘terms, conditions, or privileges of employment, or any matter

directly or indirectly related to employment,’ and (4) that either (a) the harassment was

committed by a supervisor, or (b) the employer, through its agents or supervisory
                                                                                         -13-


personnel, knew or should have known of the harassment and failed to take immediate

and appropriate corrective action.” Hampel v. Food Ingredients Specialties, Inc., 89 Ohio

St.3d 169, 176-177, 729 N.E.2d 726 (2000).

       {¶ 37} “In order to determine whether the harassing conduct was ‘severe or

pervasive’ enough to affect the conditions of the plaintiff’s employment, the trier of fact,

or the reviewing court, must view the work environment as a whole and consider the

totality of all the facts and surrounding circumstances, including the cumulative effect of

all episodes of sexual or other abusive treatment.” Id. at paragraph five of the syllabus.

Relevant circumstances may include (1) the frequency of the discriminatory conduct, (2)

the severity of the conduct, (3) whether the conduct was physically threatening or

humiliating, or a mere offensive utterance, and (4) whether the conduct unreasonably

interfered with an employee’s work performance. Id. at 180.

       {¶ 38} For a common law sexual harassment claim, many courts have also

required plaintiffs to prove the additional element that “the employee has a past history of

sexually harassing behavior about which the employer knew or should have known.”

Kilgore v. Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc., 172 Ohio App.3d 387, 2007-Ohio-2952, 875 N.E.2d

113, ¶ 35 (1st Dist.). Silvers claims that this additional requirement should not apply,

because the alleged harassment was committed by her direct supervisor, Scott.

       {¶ 39} At the outset, Silvers acknowledges in her appellate brief that a claim for

common law sexual harassment requires the plaintiff to establish the elements set forth

in Hampel, i.e., the same elements as for a statutory hostile environment sexual

harassment claim. Silvers did not oppose the motions for summary judgment on her

statutory sexual harassment claims under R.C. Chapter 4112. The trial court granted
                                                                                         -14-


summary judgment to all defendants on Silvers’s sexual harassment claims under R.C.

Chapter 4112, and Silvers has not challenged that ruling on appeal. Silvers asserts, but

does not explain, how her common law sexual harassment claim differs from her statutory

claim, such that the common law claim should survive whereas her statutory claim fails.

      {¶ 40} Regardless, we agree with the trial court that Silvers has not demonstrated

a genuine issue of material fact that the conduct of which she complains was “severe or

pervasive” as those terms have been defined. In reaching its conclusion, the trial court

relied on and quoted the reasoning provided by the federal district court in granting

summary judgment on Silvers’s Title VII sexual harassment claim. The district court

stated:

             Plaintiff’s Second Amended Complaint accuses VanGundy of two

      incidents – the incident in his office where prior to being appointed as

      Auxiliary Officer, VanGundy said she would have to “put out” if taken on and

      the “pissing blood” incident. The first of these incidents, an unfulfilled quid

      pro quo demand, is part of Plaintiff’s hostile work environment claim.

      Burlington Indus., Inc. v. Ellerth, 524 U.S. 742, 754 (1998) (“Because

      Ellerth's claim involves only unfulfilled threats, it should be categorized as a

      hostile work environment claim which requires a showing of severe or

      pervasive conduct.”). Plaintiff also asserts Scott on “numerous occasions”

      mimicked her saying, “My name is Tina and my pussy hurts.” She alleges

      that he called her an “idiot,” modified with an expletive. She claims that he

      mocked her weight loss, recalling Plaintiff’s sister’s death from cancer.

      She claims that he crassly used a metaphor concerning personal hygiene.
                                                                                 -15-


She describes that he spoke with expletives to her on her last day. All of

this over the course of nearly a year.

        The Court is mindful that, rather than considering each event

complained of in isolation, it must consider the totality of the circumstances

in determining whether the harassment was sufficiently severe and

pervasive. Black v. Zaring Homes, Inc., 104 F.3d 822, 826 (6th Cir.1997).

Specifically, the Court must consider “the frequency of the discriminatory

conduct; its severity; whether it [was] physically threatening or humiliating,

or a mere offensive utterance; and whether it unreasonably interfere[d] with

an employee’s performance.” Harris [v. Forklift Sys., Inc.], 510 U.S. [17,

23 (1993)]. “[S]imple teasing, offhand comments, and isolated incidents

(unless extremely serious) will not amount to discriminatory changes in the

terms and conditions of employment.” Faragher v. City of Boca Raton, 524

U.S. 775, 788 (1998). The Court may consider the effect of the incidents on

the employee’s psychological well-being. Harris, 510 U.S. at 23. Randolph

v. Ohio Dep’t of Youth Servs., 453 F.3d 724, 733 (6th Cir. 2006). Even

incidents occurring consistently over a period of four months, are “merely

offensive” and are insufficient to support liability. Black v. Zaring Homes,

Inc., at 826; see Burnett v. Tyco Corp., 203 F.3d 980 (6th Cir.2000); see

also Bowman v. Shawnee State Univ., 220 F.3d 456, 463-65 (6th Cir. 2000)

and Mahan v. Peake, No. 07-15223, 2009 WL 174130, at *6 (E.D. Mich.

Jan. 23, 2009).

       Considering all of the incidents Plaintiff describes as allegations of
                                                                                   -16-


sexual harassment, they simply do not rise to the level of severe or

pervasive necessary to succeed on a cause of action.              There is no

evidence that Plaintiff’s interactions on the highway would not have

occurred “but for” Plaintiff’s gender. See Williams v. Gen. Motors Corp.,

187 F.3d 553, 565 (6th Cir. 1999) (“[plaintiff] ‘must show that but for the fact

of her sex, she would not have been the object of harassment.’ Henson v.

City of Dundee, 682 F.2d 897, 904 (11th Cir. 1982)”). On its face, the

highway incident was a supervisor upset at his trainee.

       Similarly, Plaintiff has not pointed to a single incident wherein a male

employee was treated differently after the death of a loved one. While

exceedingly boorish, it has not been linked to Plaintiff’s gender. Neither

are crass metaphors concerning how one cleans oneself necessarily

motivated by gender.

       Silvers does assert that male officers were not treated as poorly as

her, basing this on her observing Scott yell at Officer Hodge a few times.

This, however, is actually similar to what she describes of herself. Silvers

Dep., Doc. 28-2, PageID 556.           Moreover, absent a foundation of

misconduct or under-performance in her presence, there is a lack of

personal knowledge on Silvers’s part regarding what transpired between

Scott and other officers outside of her presence.

       Even if these incidents were gender motivated, combining them with

Plaintiff’s other comments, including VanGundy’s insistence that Plaintiff

“would have to put out” if hired and Scott’s incessant incantation, “My name
                                                                                           -17-


       is Tina and my pussy hurts,” they do not rise to the level of a hostile work

       environment.

The trial court agreed with the federal district court’s analysis and found that the Clay

Township Defendants, VanGundy, and Scott were entitled to summary judgment on

Silvers’s common law sexual harassment claim. The trial court found that “the incidents

complained of were not sufficiently severe or pervasive to alter the conditions of [Silvers’s]

employment and create an abusive working environment.”

       {¶ 41} Construing the evidence in the light most favorable to Silvers, Silvers has

presented evidence that Scott grabbed her by her radio at the accident scene, twice

cursed at her, kicked a trash can toward her, made an extremely insensitive comment

about her weight loss, and made other crude comments.               Silvers also presented

evidence that VanGundy insensitively addressed the situation when she had blood in

urine. However, considering the totality of the circumstances, we cannot find that a

genuine issue of material fact exists as to whether the offending conduct rises to the level

of “severe or pervasive” harassment, as defined by Supreme Court authority. As stated

by the United States Supreme Court, “simple teasing, offhand comments, and isolated

incidents (unless extremely serious) will not amount to discriminatory changes in the

terms and conditions of employment.” Faragher, 524 U.S. at 788, 118 S.Ct. 2275, 141

L.Ed.2d 662.    We acknowledge that sexual harassment cases are fact-specific and

cannot be resolved with mathematical precision.         Nevertheless, even construing the

facts in Silvers’s favor, given the current authority on “severe or pervasive” conduct, the

trial court properly granted summary judgment to all defendants on Silvers’s common law

sexual harassment claim.
                                                                                        -18-


                    IV. Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress

       {¶ 42} Count Six of Silvers’s second amended complaint alleged intentional

infliction of emotional distress.   She alleged that the “conduct of Defendants” was

extreme and outrageous and caused her severe emotional distress.                   In her

memorandum in opposition to summary judgment, Silvers focused solely on Scott’s

behavior.   She also discusses only Scott’s behavior on appeal.          Accordingly, we

summarily affirm the trial court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of VanGundy on this

claim, and we will focus solely on Scott’s behavior.

       {¶ 43} “One who by extreme and outrageous conduct intentionally or recklessly

causes serious emotional distress to another is subject to liability for such emotional

distress, and if bodily harm to the other results from it, for such bodily harm.” Yeager v.

Local Union 20, 6 Ohio St.3d 369, 453 N.E.2d 666 (1983), syllabus, abrogated on other

grounds by Welling v. Weinfeld, 113 Ohio St.3d 464, 2007-Ohio-2451, 866 N.E.2d 1051.

       “In order to recover damages for the intentional infliction of serious

       emotional distress, four elements must be proved: a) that the actor either

       intended to cause emotional distress or knew or should have known that

       actions taken would result in serious emotional distress to the plaintiff;

       b) that the actor’s conduct was extreme and outrageous, that it went beyond

       all possible bounds of decency and that it can be considered as utterly

       intolerable in a civilized community; c) that the actor’s actions were the

       proximate cause of the plaintiff’s psychic injury; and d) that the mental

       anguish suffered by plaintiff is serious and of a nature that no reasonable

       person could be expected to endure it.”
                                                                                           -19-

Thomas v. Progressive Casualty Ins. Co., 2011-Ohio-6712, 969 N.E.2d 1284, ¶ 12 (2d

Dist.), quoting Pyle v. Pyle, 11 Ohio App.3d 31, 463 N.E.2d 98 (8th Dist.1983), paragraph

two of the syllabus.

       {¶ 44} A claim for intentional infliction of emotional distress must be based on more

than “mere insults, indignities, threats, annoyances, petty oppressions, or other

trivialities.” Yeager at 375; Rogers v. Olt, 2d Dist. Miami No. 2017-CA-21, 2018-Ohio-

2110, ¶ 26. The Ohio Supreme Court has explained:

       “The rough edges of our society are still in need of a good deal of filing

       down, and in the meantime plaintiffs must necessarily be expected and

       required to be hardened to a certain amount of rough language, and to

       occasional acts that are definitely inconsiderate and unkind. There is no

       occasion for the law to intervene in every case where someone’s feelings

       are hurt. There must still be freedom to express an unflattering opinion,

       and some safety valve must be left through which irascible tempers may

       blow off relatively harmless steam. See Magruder, Mental and Emotional

       Disturbance in the Law of Torts, [49] Harvard Law Review 1033, 1053

       (1936). * * * ”

Reamsnyder v. Jaskolski, 10 Ohio St.3d 150, 153, 462 N.E.2d 392 (1984), quoting

Comment d to Section 46 of the Restatement of the Law 2d, Torts (1965) 71, 73.

       {¶ 45} In her memorandum in opposition to Scott’s motion for summary judgment,

Silvers describes Scott’s offending behavior as follows:

       In front of multiple police officers, firefighters, and motorists, Scott yanked a

       microphone from Silvers and pulled her with it, screamed she was a “fucking
                                                                                         -20-


      idiot” and to “get back in your fucking car.” Silvers Dep. 143-45. Simmons

      described Scott’s behavior as so “egregious” that he was demoted for that

      incident. Simmons Dep. 77-78. But that was only one of many incidents.

      After losing her sister to cancer, Scott addressed her weight loss as “do you

      have cancer or something?” Silvers Aff. ¶ 5. While yelling at and berating

      Silvers, Scott kicked a trash can that hit her. Silvers Dep. 158-59. After she

      informed Defendants she was urinating blood, Scott mocked her on

      “numerous” occasions saying “my name is Tina and my pussy hurts.” Id.

      at 238-39.

      {¶ 46} In granting summary judgment to Scott, the trial court reasoned:

      After a review of the depositions and affidavits filed, the Court finds that the

      comments complained of were crude, but not beyond all possible bounds

      of decency. Further, there is no evidence that Plaintiff suffered severe

      emotional distress as a proximate result of Scott’s conduct. Plaintiff, in her

      deposition, stated she had not gotten any treatment or counseling for any

      issues since she was released as an auxiliary officer. She later claims in

      her affidavit that she suffered severe emotional distress. She states she

      went to the hospital several times, but offers no information as to why she

      went to the hospital. The Court finds that Scott is entitled to summary

      judgment on the intentional infliction of emotion distress claim.

      {¶ 47} On appeal, Silvers argues that the trial court erred in concluding that Scott’s

conduct did not rise to the level of extreme and outrageous. She argues that courts have

denied summary judgment where conduct was far less outrageous or egregious than
                                                                                        -21-

Scott’s, citing Stanfield v. United States Steel Corp., 9th Dist. Lorain No. 12CA10213,

2013-Ohio-2378; Reamsnyder, 10 Ohio St. 3d 150, 462 N.E.2d 392, and Nicolazzo v.

Yoingco, 149 Ohio Misc.2d 44, 59, 2007-Ohio-7269, 898 N.E.2d 94 (Clermont C.P.2007).

In addition, Silvers contends that there was evidence that she suffered severe emotional

distress and sought medical treatment due to Scott’s conduct.

      {¶ 48} Initially, we agree with Silvers that there is a genuine issue of material fact

as to whether she suffered “severe mental anguish.” Silvers stated in her affidavit, “As

a result of the hostile work environment, sexual harassment, and denial of paid positions,

I suffered severe emotional distress. I experienced anxiety and rapid weight loss. In

the late spring of 2013, I lost over thirty pounds. I went to the hospital several times.”

Silvers Aff. at ¶ 7.   In interrogatories, Silvers was asked to identify where she had

received treatment for physical or mental complaints or conditions related to the incidents

alleged in her complaint; she responded that she had sought medical treatment from

Good Samaritan Hospital and possibly Wright Patterson Medical Center.

      {¶ 49} We note that there is some evidence in the record that creates arguable

questions about whether Silvers did, in fact, suffer severe mental anguish. The record

does not contain details of her hospital treatment; Silvers’s answer regarding hospital

treatment could be referring to her treatment for blood in her urine, as opposed to

emotional distress. In addition, many of the events of which Silvers complains occurred

after late spring 2013, suggesting that the weight loss may be more associated with her

sister’s death than any harassment. Nevertheless, at the summary judgment stage, we

must construe the evidence in the light most favorable to Silver. Doing so, we cannot

conclude, as a matter of law, the Silvers did not suffer severe emotional anguish.
                                                                                        -22-


       {¶ 50} Regardless, the conduct of which Silvers complains does not constitute

extreme and outrageous conduct as that term is currently defined by the Supreme Court.

The Supreme Court has emphasized that “extreme and outrageous” is a high standard,

which is not reached with “mere insults, indignities, threats, annoyances, petty

oppressions, or other trivialities.”   Yeager, 6 Ohio St.3d at 375, 453 N.E.2d 666.

Accepting as true that Silvers was cursed and yelled at by Scott and that he made the

comments about her weight, pants size, and bleeding, Scott’s alleged conduct, while

offensive, ugly, and disrespectful, did not “go beyond all possible bounds of decency”

such that it “can be considered as utterly intolerable in a civilized society.” Id.

       {¶ 51} We find the cases cited by Silvers to be distinguishable. In Stanfield, 9th

Dist. Lorain No. 12CA10213, 2013-Ohio-2378, the plaintiff brought claims of retaliatory

discharge due to her filing of a workers’ compensation claim and intentional infliction of

emotional distress. The trial court granted summary judgment to her employer on both

claims. The Ninth District reversed on both claims, finding that questions of material

fact remained as to whether the employee was fired because she filed a worker’s

compensation claim and the extent to which she suffered emotional distress due to

the way she was treated by management.

       {¶ 52} Reamsnyder, 10 Ohio St.3d 150, 462 N.E.2d 392, which was decided

shortly after Yeager, involved statements made by a rental agent for a rental car

company, which provided a vehicle to the plaintiff’s wife after an automobile accident.

In telephone conversations with the plaintiff, the agent threatened to tear the plaintiff’s

face off and informed the plaintiff that the rental car had been reported to the police

as stolen. The Supreme Court concluded, with little discussion, that the agent’s
                                                                                         -23-


conduct was sufficient, for purposes of Civ.R. 12(B)(6), to state a claim of intentional

infliction of emotional distress.

       {¶ 53} Finally, in Nicolazzo, 149 Ohio Misc.2d 44, 2007-Ohio-7269, 898 N.E.2d 94,

the plaintiffs owed the defendant money for the purchase of a puppy. The plaintiffs

alleged that the defendant “repeatedly called and e-mailed them, using threatening and

outrageous language. The plaintiffs further allege that the defendant posted websites

and other messages on the Internet that defamed the plaintiffs, including a copy of [a

plaintiff’s] driver’s license and a mock wanted poster.” Addressing the matter first under

Civ.R. 12(B)(6), the trial court found that “whether the harm suffered by the plaintiffs in

this case rises to the high standard required for a showing of intentional infliction of

emotional distress is a jury question.” Id. at ¶ 27. Considering the matter under Civ.R.

56, the trial court denied the motion due to the defendant’s failure to present any evidence

on this claim or to mention the claim in his motion. Id. at ¶ 28.

       {¶ 54} None of the authority that Silvers cites persuades us that a genuine issue

of material fact exists as to whether Scott’s conduct was “extreme and outrageous.”

Unlike here, the plaintiff in Stanfield presented evidence that, when construed in her

favor, supported a claim of retaliatory discharge; Silvers’s claims fail to meet the

standards for sexual harassment or sex discrimination.                The allegations in

Reamsnyder involved a threat of physical harm and a statement that the plaintiff’s

rental car had been reported to the police as stolen, thus implying that the plaintiff had

been accused of a crime; these statements are factually distinguishable and more

egregious than those before us. Finally, the allegations in Nicolazzo, though not well

fleshed out, suggest on-going telephone and Internet harassment with “threatening
                                                                                          -24-


and outrageous” language. Scott’s conduct, while embarrassing and upsetting to

Silvers, did not rise to the level that current law requires.

       {¶ 55} Silvers has presented evidence that, over the course of many months,

Scott made several inappropriate comments to her. She presented evidence that he

twice cursed at her, kicked a trash can toward her, made an extremely insensitive

comment about her weight loss, and made other crude comments. Nevertheless,

these actions simply do not reach the high legal standard required for “extreme” and

“outrageous.”

                           V. Negligent Hiring and Retention

       {¶ 56} Count Five of Silvers’s second amended complaint alleged that “defendants

had a duty to exercise reasonable care in the hiring and retention of Lieutenant VanGundy

and Sergeant Scott.” She alleged that VanGundy had a history of sexual harassment

and that Scott had a history of committing acts of violence. Silvers did not address

VanGundy in her response to the Clay Township Defendants’ motion for summary

judgment on this claim, and on appeal, she again focuses only on Scott. We will limit

our discussion to Scott, as well.

       {¶ 57} To establish a claim of negligent hiring or retention, a plaintiff must prove

(1) the existence of an employment relationship, (2) the employee’s incompetence, (3)

the employer’s actual or constructive knowledge of such incompetence, (4) the

employee’s act or omission causing the plaintiff’s injuries, and (5) the employer’s

negligence in hiring or retaining the employee as the proximate cause of plaintiff’s injuries.

Sheldon v. Kettering Health Network, 2015-Ohio-3268, 40 N.E.3d 661, ¶ 41 (2d Dist.);

see also Emswiler v. Bodey, 2d Dist. Champaign No. 2012 CA 3, 2012-Ohio-5533, ¶ 53.
                                                                                            -25-


       In the context of negligent hiring, supervision, or retention, liability on behalf

       of the employer results by way of its own negligence in selecting a person

       to employ or allowing a person to continue to work, where the employer,

       knows or should have known of the hired individual's violent or dangerous

       propensities. The focus of these claims is on the employer’s knowledge of

       the hired individual’s violent, criminal, or tortious propensities and whether

       such knowledge would have prevented the employment relationship. At a

       very minimum, a plaintiff must show that the employer knew or should have

       known of the hired person’s criminal or tortious propensities.               The

       foreseeability of a criminal act depends upon the knowledge of the

       employer, which must be determined by the totality of the circumstances,

       and it is only when the totality of the circumstances are “somewhat

       overwhelming” that the employer will be liable.           “The mere fact that

       misconduct on the part of another might be foreseen is not of itself sufficient

       to place the responsibility upon the defendant * * * it is only where the

       misconduct was to be anticipated, and taking the risk of it was

       unreasonable, that liability will be imposed.”

(Citations omitted.) Jackson v. Hogeback, 12th Dist. Butler No. CA2013-10-187, 2014-

Ohio-2578, ¶ 34.

       {¶ 58} In granting the Clay Township Defendants’ motion for summary judgment,

the trial court reasoned:

              Plaintiff argues that Scott had a history of aggression that Clay

       Township overlooked before and after he was hired. Plaintiff asserts that
                                                                                   -26-


he was released from his probation by Brookville for being “too aggressive”

and was not eligible for rehire. Plaintiff also cites an incident on May 2,

2012 where Scott pled guilty to disorderly conduct for pulling a gun on a dog

at a dog park. Plaintiff argues that Clay Township knew about this history

because Clay Township had his personal records.

       Plaintiff cites to Scott’s application for the Clay Township Police

Department dated July 2, 2010 wherein the Brookville Police Department

described Scott’s work performance as “***active, aggressive patrol, good

paperwork” and the word NO was circled as to the question “Would you

rehire, if able?” The Court finds that this document does not create a

dispute of fact as to Scott being competent. The document states he had

“aggressive patrol” and that Brookville would not rehire him, but does not

state anything that would call into question his competence.

       Plaintiff also cites the Court to Clay Township Police Department

Supervisor’s Complaint Form dated May 3, 2012 where Scott was

disciplined for an incident at a dog park where he drew his gun and later

plead [sic] guilty to disorderly conduct for the incident. The Court does not

find that this incident creates a dispute of fact as to Scott’s competence.

Further, the incident did not occur during a time where Scott was on duty.

       The Court finds, based upon the evidence presented, that Plaintiff

has failed to show that a dispute of fact exists that Scott was incompetent.

The evidence presented does not show that he was incompetent. Further,

Plaintiff has failed to show that a dispute of fact exists as to Clay Township’s
                                                                                        -27-


       knowledge of Scott’s alleged incompetence.           The Court finds that

       Defendants[ ] are entitled to summary judgment on this claim. Defendants’

       Motion for Summary Judgment is GRANTED as to this claim.

(Footnotes omitted.)

       {¶ 59} Construing the evidence in the light most favorable to Silvers, the Clay

Township Defendants were aware that Scott had previously been evaluated by the

Brookville Police Department as too “aggressive.” The documentation from Brookville or

other evidence in the record did not explain what it meant by the term “aggressive,” why

the department had reached that conclusion, or provide any examples of aggressive

conduct by Scott. Without more, this evidence does not establish that the Clay Township

Defendants knew or should have known that Scott was incompetent to serve as a police

officer or to supervise other officers. The Clay Township Defendants are entitled to

summary judgment on a claim that they negligently hired Scott.

       {¶ 60} Prior to Silvers’ having issues with Scott, Scott was disciplined by CTPD for

the incident at the dog park while Scott was off-duty. This incident, alone, does not

create a genuine issue of material fact as to whether Scott was incompetent to be a police

officer due to alleged aggressiveness. There is no evidence that Scott had a known

history of aggressive or harassing behavior with co-workers, or that the Clay Township

Defendants had actual or constructive knowledge that Scott had a propensity for

engaging in the kind of behavior of which Silvers complains.

       {¶ 61} The trial court did not err in granting summary judgment on Silvers’s

negligent hiring or retention claim.

                                       VI. Conclusion
                                                                                       -28-


      {¶ 62} Silvers’s assignments of error are overruled. The trial court’s judgment will

be affirmed.

                                    .............

WELBAUM, P. J. and TUCKER, J., concur.


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