
424 F.Supp.2d 1229 (2006)
CFM COMMUNICATIONS, LLC, Plaintiff,
v.
MITTS TELECASTING COMPANY Defendant.
No. CVF046111RECDLB.
United States District Court, E.D. California.
October 11, 2005.
*1230 Marshall Craig Whitney, Timothy John Buchanan, McCormick, Barstow, Sheppard, *1231 Wayte and Carruth, Fresno, CA, for Plaintiff.
Bruce Alan Owdom, Dietrich, Glasrud, Mallek and Aune, Fresno, CA, and Leslie H. Wiesenfelder, Dow, Lohnes & Albertson PLLC, for Defendant.
ORDER DENYING PLAINTIFF'S MOTION TO STRIKE DESIGNATION OF DEFENDANT'S EXPERT AND GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART PLAINTIFF'S MOTION TO EXCLUDE TESTIMONY OF DEFENDANT'S EXPERT AT TRIAL. (Doc. 67)
COYLE, District Judge.
On October 3, 2005, the Court heard oral argument regarding Plaintiff's Motion to Strike Designation of Defendant's Expert and to Exclude Testimony of Defendant's Expert at Trial. Upon due consideration of the written and oral arguments of the parties and the record herein, the Court GRANTS IN PART and DENIES IN PART the motion as set forth below.
I. Factual Background
Pappas Telecasting of the Midlands ("Pappas" or "PTM") held the FCC license for television station KXVO(TV) Channel 15 in Omaha, Nebraska. Because current FCC regulations prohibit one owner from holding more than one license in any given area Pappas has had to employ middlemen to "own" the station. Gary Cocola held the station for Pappas from 1994 to 1999, during which time Pappas held a promissory note in its favor (the "Cocola Note"). The Cocola Note provided that the note holder could require Mr. Cocola to form a limited partnership with the note holder and that the note holder, who would be the general partner, could require Mr. Cocola to convey his interest in the station at any time with proper notice.
In 1999, Pappas assigned its interest in the Cocola Note to Defendant MTC via a "Note Power and Assignment." The Note Power and Assignment gave MTC the right to force Mr. Cocola to form a limited partnership and then sell to MTC his share of the limited partnership, which would effectively result in MTC purchasing the Station. MTC paid $972,500 for the assignment.
At the same time, Pappas also executed an "Option Agreement" with MTC. The Option Agreement is the focus of this litigation. It provided for three scenarios by which Pappas could exercise a purchase option. MTC had a put option that contained the same language, which is as follows:
(a) MTC [Defendant] hereby grants to Pappas or its assignee an exclusive and irrevocable option (the "Purchase Option") as follows:
(i) If, at the time the Purchase Option is exercised, MTC has not acquired any interest in the Partnership or the assets used in connection with the Station pursuant to the 97% Option or the 3% Option, then Pappas shall have the option to acquire from MTC the Note, including all of MTC's rights under the 97% Option and the 3% Option, for a price equal to $425,000, plus or minus the CPI Adjustment as defined below (the "Note Exercise Price"); or
(ii) If, at the time the Purchase Option is exercised, MTC has acquired, pursuant to the 97% Option, the 97% general partner interest in the Partnership, but has not acquired the 3% limited partner interest in the Partnership, then Pappas shall have the option to acquire from MTC all of MTC's interest in the Partnership, plus MTC's rights under the 3% Option, for a price equal to $425,000, plus or minus the CPI Adjustment as *1232 defined below (the "Partnership Interest Exercise Price"); or
(iii) If, at the time the Purchase Option is exercised, MTC has acquired, pursuant to the 97% Option and the 3% Option, all of the FCC authorizations and other assets used by Cocola in the operation of the Station, then Pappas shall have the option to acquire from MTC all of such authorizations and other assets for a price equal to $425,000, plus the amount for which MTC acquired the 3% interest in the Partnership from Cocola, plus or minus the CPI Adjustment (the "Station Assets Exercise Price").
The Option Agreement provides that the purchase option is exercisable for seven years after the effective date, on or about November 5, 1999.
After the assignment was completed, MTC notified Mr. Cocola of its intent to exercise its rights under the Cocola Note such that the limited partnership would be formed and then MTC would exercise its right to compel Mr. Cocola to sell his interest, approximately 3% to MTC. The partnership was never formed and Mr. Cocola separately conveyed his interest in the station to MTC. One of the conditions of the single step transaction was the approval of Pappas, which was given. The transaction was finalized on August 4, 2000.
In August of 2003, Pappas sent a letter to MTC purporting to exercise the purchase option. In February of 2004, Pappas assigned its rights under the Option Agreement to Plaintiff CFM. Sometime after MTC was notified of Pappas' assignment, MTC informed CFM that the Option Agreement was unenforceable. The station has an appraised value of approximately $18 million.
The case is set for trial on November 8, 2005. Joint Pretrial Statement at 1. CFM and MTC have withdrawn their demands for a jury trial. Joint Pretrial Statement at 2.
II. The Current. Motion
CFM moves to strike the designation of Dennis P. Corbett as an expert, to strike his expert report, and to exclude his testimony at trial. CFM argues that 1) Mr. Corbett's expert report (the "Report") features improper legal conclusions, 2) the Report is irrelevant because the issue of FCC approval is not before the Court, and 3) the FCC, not the district court, has exclusive authority to decide an applicant's qualifications.
MTC argues in response that 1) Mr. Corbett's testimony is relevant, 2) Mr. Corbett will not offer improper legal conclusions, and 3) Mr. Corbett will not invade the Court's role as sole arbiter of the law.
III. Legal standard
Federal Rule of Evidence 702 governs the admissibility of expert testimony:
If scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge will assist the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue, a witness qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education, may testify thereto in the form of an opinion or otherwise, if (1) the testimony is based upon sufficient facts or data, (2) the testimony is the product of reliable principles and methods, and (3) the witness has applied the principles and methods reliably to the facts of the case.
The district court acts as a "gatekeeper" and preliminarily determines whether the expert testimony is reliable and whether the methodology can be applied to the facts of the case and is relevant to the task at hand. Daubert v. Merrell Dow *1233 Pharms., 509 U.S. 579, 582, 592-93, 113 S.Ct. 2786, 125 L.Ed.2d 469 (1993). Pursuant to Federal Rule of Evidence 104(a), the proponent of expert testimony bears the burden to establish admissibility by a preponderance of proof. Daubert, 509 U.S. at 592 n. 10, 113 S.Ct. 2786 (citing Bourjaily v. U.S., 483 U.S. 171, 175-76, 107 S.Ct. 2775, 97 L.Ed.2d 144 (1987)).
To the extent CFM seeks a final determination of the admissibility of all or part of Mr. Corbett's testimony, what it offers is a definitive motion in limine. See 21 Charles A. Wright & Kenneth W. Graham, Jr., Federal Practice and Procedure § 5037.10 (2d ed.2005). Federal Rule of Evidence 103 empowers a court to make "a definitive ruling on the record admitting or excluding evidence, either at or before trial." A pretrial motion in limine forces a court to decide the merits of introducing a piece of evidence without the benefit of the context of trial. Id.; see United States v. Marino, 200 F.3d 6, 11 (1st Cir.1999) (recognizing that proffered evidence can be more accurately assessed in the context of other evidence). Regardless of a court's initial decision on a motion in limine it may revisit the issue at trial. See Fed. R.Evid. 103 advisory committee's note to 2000 Amendment ("Even where the court's ruling is definitive, nothing in the amendment prohibits the court from revisiting its decision when the evidence is to be offered."); Luce v. United States, 469 U.S. 38, 41-42, 105 S.Ct. 460, 83 L.Ed.2d 443 (1984) ("[E]ven if nothing unexpected happens at trial, the district judge is free, in the exercise of sound judicial discretion, to alter a previous in limine ruling.") "The Supreme Court has recognized that a ruling on a motion in limine is essentially a preliminary opinion that falls entirely within the discretion of the district court." United States v. Bensimon, 172 F.3d 1121, 1127 (9th Cir.1999) (citing Luce, 469 U.S. at 41-42, 105 S.Ct. 460). Rule 103 does not require a court to rule on a motion in limine. Wright & Graham, supra, § 5037.18.
IV. Discussion
A. Mr. Corbett's Qualifications
CFM conceded at oral argument that it does not challenge Mr. Corbett's qualifications as an expert in the field of communications regulatory law or FCC matters. The Court will presume for purposes of this motion that Mr. Corbett's specialized knowledge qualifies him to give expert opinions concerning the FCC.
B. Legal Opinion
Though expert testimony is appropriate where "scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge will assist the trier of fact," expert testimony consisting of legal conclusions is generally inappropriate. Aguilar v. Int'l Longshoremen's Union Local # 10, 966 F.2d 443, 447 (9th Cir.1992) (upholding district court's exclusion of expert legal opinion as "utterly unhelpful"). While expert testimony may be permissible to describe a complicated agency process, such testimony should not prescribe legal standards to apply to the facts of the case. Marx & Co., Inc. v. Diners' Club, Inc., 550 F.2d 505, 508-09 (2d Cir.1977) (permitting expert testimony regarding SEC registration practices but excluding testimony interpreting legal effect of contract terms).
The concerns about admitting expert legal opinion may be lessened where, as here, a court sits as trier of fact. Martin v. Ind. Mich. Power Co., 292 F.Supp.2d 947, 959 (W.D.Mich.2002) (concluding that dangers that legal expert testimony presents are "minimal if not nonexistent" where a court is the trier of fact); see also Volk v. United States, 57 F.Supp.2d 888, 896 (N.D.Cal.1999) ("[T]he Daubert gatekeeping *1234 obligation is less pressing in connection with a bench trial."); Gibbs v. Gibbs, 210 F.3d 491, 500 (5th Cir.2000) ("Most of the safeguards provided for in Daubert are not as essential in a case such as this where a district judge sits as the trier of fact in place of a jury."). Nevertheless, the trial judge acting as trier of fact has "broad discretion to admit or exclude" expert testimony that is not helpful to its decision. Beech Aircraft Corp. v. United States, 51 F.3d 834, 842 (9th Cir. 1995) (holding that the court properly excluded from a bench trial expert opinion concerning what could be heard in a tape recorded conversation because the trial judge was in a better position to make that determination).
The meaning of federal regulations is a question of law, not a question of fact. Bammerlin v. Navistar Int'l Transp. Corp., 30 F.3d 898, 900 (7th Cir.1994) (excluding expert testimony regarding compliance with Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards); United States v. S. Ind. Gas & Elec. Co., 55 Env't Rep. Cas. (BNA) 1597, 2002 WL 31427523, at *7-8, 2002 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 20936, at *23-24 (S.D.Ind. Oct. 24, 2002) (excluding expert testimony interpreting the Clean Air Act and its accompanying regulations). One district court has excluded expert testimony reviewing "FCC rulings and regulations" on the ground that it "usurps the role of the trial judge in determining the relevant law." TC Systems Inc. v. Town of Colonie, 213 F.Supp.2d 171, 182 (N.D.N.Y.2002). Noting that a portion of the expert's report "reads more like a legal brief than an expert opinion," the court refused to consider it in deciding a motion for summary judgment. Id. Though the FCC leaves determination of state-law contractual rights to the courts, it has exclusive authority over licensing matters. Dale J. Parsons, Jr., 10 FCC Red 2718, 2720 (1995); In re Arecibo Radio Corp., 1985 WL 260394, 101 F.C.C.2d 545, 548 (1985).
Plaintiff contends that a number of the Report's contentions are impermissible legal conclusions:
"Under 47 C.F.R. § 73.3555, Larry Miller's Lincoln application is therefore still `pending' at the FCC within the meaning of 47 C.F.R. § 1.65(a). Larry Miller may not lawfully own attributable ownership interests in television stations on both Channel 51 and Channel 45 in Lincoln, Nebraska. Given this prohibition, and given Larry Miller's pending application for Channel 45 in Lincoln, Larry Miller could not, consistent with 47 C.F.R. § 73.3518, also propose to acquire and hold a second attributable ownership interest in the permittee of Channel 51 in Lincoln." (Report, at 3-4.)
"FCC analysis of the issue . . . typically focuses on three aspects of broadcast station operation: finances, personnel, and programming. Stated most simply, the individual(s) demonstrated to be in control of these three aspects of operation are deemed to be in control of a licensed station. . . . In my review of the Lincoln 51 Application and the Transcript, I evaluated evidence that bears on the issue of Carol Miller's deposition that bears on CFM's control of CFM and the Lincoln 51 Application." (Report, at 4.) "Given the representations and certifications made under Carol Miller's signature to the FCC in the Lincoln 51 Application, I reviewed the Transcript for evidence that the person represented to be the sole member of the limited liability company, who had been solely responsible for all certifications in CFM's Lincoln 51 Application, was familiar with basic details *1235 concerning the applicant and its application." (Report, 6-7)
"In light of Carol Miller's answers as reflected in the Transcript, the multiple representations and certifications in the Lincoln 51 Application under Carol Miller's signature as CFM's sole member constitute disqualifying misrepresentations under relevant FCC case law, of a magnitude sufficient to render CFM unfit to hold any FCC license under FCC precedent." (Report, at 10)
"In addition to this fundamental overall misrepresentation, Carol Miller's testimony indicates that the Lincoln 51 Application contains multiple individual false certifications." (Report, at 11)
"The applicant, CFM, ultimately must suffer the consequences of these stark, intentional misrepresentations, exacerbated by CFM's attempt to forestall a[FCC] inquiry by aggressively, claiming, in the face of Gray's challenge at the FCC, that Carol Miller was in total control of CFM and the Lincoln 51 Application. [FCC] case law is replete with examples of applicants for FCC authorizations who were disqualified on the basis of evidence presented at a hearing similar to or even less compelling than that presented here." (Report at 12-13)
"Under this test, CFM's false certifications and misrepresentations in the Lincoln 51 Application are so egregious as to disqualify CFM from becoming the license[e] of Omaha Channel 15." (Report, at 14)
"The `total delegation' of authority over CFM's affairs to her husband evident from her deposition testimony in fact constitutes an impermissible abrogation of the complete authority she is held out to the FCC as possessing over CFM." (Report, at 14)
"The FCC's recent grant of the Lincoln 51 Application calls attention to another issue relating to CFM's basic qualifications to hold an FCC authorization. . . . 47 C.F.R. § 1.65(a) obligated CFM to amend the Lincoln 51 Application as promptly as possible . . . CFM's failure to do so significantly compounded its original infraction by depriving the [FCC] of a full record concerning the Lincoln 51 Application before the FCC acted on May 24, 2005. The withholding of this material, which has a substantial bearing on the application's bona fides, constitutes a lack of candor and is itself a separate, disqualifying offense under [FCC] precedent." (Report, at 15-16)
The Report does read "like a legal brief' arguing that CFM is not qualified to operate KXVO(TV) under FCC regulations and case law. Whitney Decl. Ex. A. The Report features numerous citations to federal court opinions, FCC case law, and the Code of Federal Regulations. The Report applies a variety of regulatory law to facts concerning CFM, focusing especially on CFM's application (the "Lincoln Application") for FCC consent to transfer Lincoln Broadcasting, LLC, ("Lincoln") and a transcript of the deposition of Carol Miller on April 13, 2005.
In conjunction with its opposition, MTC submitted a Supplement to the Report of Dennis P. Corbett (the "Supplement"). Owdom Decl. Ex. A. The Supplement, dated September 7, 2005, is based on developments since Mr. Corbett composed the Report. The Supplement focuses on three letter rulings the FCC has issued regarding a different case concerning CFM. The first letter ruling of May 24, 2005, ("Letter Ruling I") granted the Lincoln Application to transfer control of Lincoln from World *1236 Investments, Inc. ("World") to CFM. Owdom Decl. Ex. A at 4. The second letter ruling of June 20, 2005, ("Letter Ruling II") rescinded the consent to transfer that Letter Ruling I had granted. Owdom Decl. Ex. A at 11. On August 25, 2005, the FCC issued a third letter ruling ("Letter Ruling III") that required CFM to relinquish control of Lincoln and required World to resume control. Owdom Decl. Ex. A at 13.
Mr. Corbett opines in the Supplement that the FCC's recision of its grant of consent in Letter Ruling II was "an extraordinary event." Owdom Decl. Ex. A at 1. According to the Supplement, "the FCC's actions in Letter Rulings II and II are extremely reliable indicators that the FCC would not approve CFM's acquisition of any broadcast station license, including KXVO(TV), Omaha, Nebraska, without the FCC's first resolving in a manner favorable to CFM, all qualifications issues raised by the transcript." Owdom Decl. Ex. A at 2. Mr. Corbett further alleges in the Supplement that Letter Rulings II and III are "extremely reliable indicators of the seriousness with which the FCC regards this matter." Owdom Decl. Ex. A at 3. The Supplement concludes that the FCC "is virtually certain to refrain from granting any application that may be filed by CFM to acquire Station KXVO(TV) unless and until the qualifications issues raised by the Transcript are resolved favorably to CFM." Owdom Decl. Ex. A at 3 (emphasis in original; footnote omitted).
In the Supplement, Mr. Corbett does not invoke FCC case law as he did in the Report. Instead, he substitutes vague assertions of the FCC's "typical" course. Without citing any authority, the Supplement states that the "far more typical course" is for the FCC to leave initial rulings in place while it considers reconsideration requests and applications for review. Owdom Decl. Ex. A at 2. Mr. Corbett writes that based on his "opinion and experience" the letter rulings are "reliable indicators" and that the FCC's rescission has been "highly unusual and abrupt." Owdom Decl. Ex. A at 2. He bases his certainty of the outcome on the "extraordinary and dramatic action" that the FCC has taken. Owdom Decl. Ex. A at 2.
To the extent that the Supplement substitutes a vague invocation of "opinion and experience" for legal sources, its admission for the purpose of guessing what the FCC will do next does not become any more appropriate. Where Mr. Corbett abandons the legal sources that supported the initial Report, his opinion as to the likely outcome becomes mere unsupported speculation. See GE v. Joiner, 522 U.S. 136, 143-47, 118 S.Ct. 512, 139 L.Ed.2d 508 (1997). A district court may exclude as speculative expert opinion testimony that lacks a reliable basis. Id. at 146-47, 118 S.Ct. 512. "Otherwise admissible expert testimony may be excluded under Fed.R.Evid. 403 if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or undue delay." United States v. Hoac, 990 F.2d 1099, 1103 (9th Cir.1993). Expert testimony may be excluded where it "would inject collateral matters with weak probative value." Id.
Mr. Corbett's opinions in the Report and Supplement about how the FCC will likely apply statutory and case law precedent to CFM's application, whether based on his interpretations of the law or his experience, are in any circumstances "utterly unhelpful" to the Court. See Aguilar, 966 F.2d at 447. The Court is perfectly able to review FCC decisions and regulations to decide how the law applies to the present facts. See TC Systems Inc., 213 F.Supp.2d at 182. MTC remains free to use briefing to persuade the Court that *1237 MTC's interpretation of the law is superior. To the extent Mr. Corbett's opinions about the FCC's likely actions rest merely on vague claims regarding his experience of practicing before the FCC, they amount to mere speculation. The ultimate disposition of any legal proceeding is by nature unpredictable. The FCC has already once reversed itself in the case on which Mr. Corbett has based his opinions. See Owdom Decl. Ex. A at 11. Mr. Corbett's stated basis for his opinion is simply that the FCC's actions have been "highly unusual and abrupt" and "extraordinary and dramatic." Owdom Decl. Ex. A at 3. These cursory descriptions do not meet MTC's burden to show that Mr. Corbett's opinion about the outcome of FCC proceedings is reliable. See Daubert, 509 U.S. at 592 n. 10, 113 S.Ct. 2786.
Mr. Corbett's opinions will not help the trier of fact decide how the FCC would likely decide the propriety of CFM acquiring KXVO. Mr. Corbett is therefore prohibited from testifying about how FCC law applies to the facts of this case. He is also barred from testifying to any conclusions the basis of which, in whole or in part, is his opinion about the likely outcome of any future decision of the FCC. The Court hereby excludes opinion testimony concerning, or opinion testimony that has as a premise opinions concerning:
 whether any entity may now or in the future lawfully have an ownership interest in any broadcast station.
 what factors the FCC considers in deciding control of a broadcast station and how such factors apply to this case.
 whether and how any past, present, or future conduct, including but not limited to Carol Miller's deposition and the Lincoln Application, will affect any future FCC decision.
 whether and how any FCC action, including but not limited to letter rulings, indicates its likely decision on any legal issue.
 how the FCC will decide any legal issue.
 any other application of law to the facts of the case.
Therefore, with respect to this testimony CFM's motion is GRANTED.
C. Relevance
A district court's gatekeeping function requires that it "ensure that the proposed expert testimony is `relevant to the task at hand,' i.e., that it logically advances a material aspect of the proposing party's case." Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharms., 43 F.3d 1311, 1315 (9th Cir.1995) (quoting Daubert, 509 U.S. at 597, 113 S.Ct. 2786) (internal citation omitted). The party advancing the expert testimony therefore bears the burden of showing that it is relevant to advancing a claim or defense. Daubert, 509 U.S. at 592 n. 10, 113 S.Ct. 2786; see Fed.R.Evid. 402; see also Bourjaily, 483 U.S. at 175-76, 107 S.Ct. 2775. "`Relevant evidence' means evidence having any tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action more probable or less probable than it would be without the evidence." Fed.R.Evid. 401.
In determining whether Mr. Corbett can provide relevant opinion testimony, the Court looks to his Report and Supplement. An expert report should contain "a complete statement of all opinions to be expressed and the basis and reasons therefor." Fed.R.Civ.P. 26(a)(2)(B). The report should "set forth the substance of the direct examination." Fed.R.Civ.P. 26(a)(2) advisory committee's note to 1993 Amendment. Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 37(c)(1) automatically excludes from trial any opinions that should have been disclosed in the report but were not, unless the failure to disclose was substantially *1238 justified or harmless. Yeti by Molly, Ltd. v. Deckers Outdoor Corp., 259 F.3d 1101, 1106 (9th Cir.2001).
1. Unclean Hands Doctrine
One ground that MTC asserts for relevance of Mr. Corbett's testimony is in support of its unclean hands defense to CFM's claim for specific performance. Def.'s Opp'n at 5. In support, MTC cites only one case, In re Marriage of Fogarty and Rasbeary, 78 Cal.App.4th 1353, 1366, 93 Cal.Rptr.2d 653 (2000), for the general rule that "a party requesting equitable relief must come into court with clean hands." In that case, the ex-husband invoked the defense of laches against a claim brought by his ex-wife for past-due child support payments. Id. The ex-husband's failure to pay child support did not bar under the unclean hands doctrine his use of the equitable defense of laches. Id. Marriage of Fogarty provides no support to MTC's assertion that Mr. Corbett's expert testimony is relevant to its unclean hands defense.
MTC faces two problems in establishing the relevance of Mr. Corbett's testimony to an unclean hands defense. First, the unclean hands defense only applies to misconduct in the particular transaction or concerning the subject matter of the litigation. Wilson v. S.L. Rey, Inc., 17 Cal. App.4th 234, 244, 21 Cal.Rptr.2d 552 (1993) (holding that doctrine of unclean hands barred recovery where evidence showed plaintiff committed waste on land that was the subject of the suit). Courts should look to how intimately the alleged misconduct relates to the present action: "What is material is not that the plaintiff's hands are dirty, but that he dirtied them in acquiring the right he now asserts, or that the manner of dirtying renders inequitable the assertion of such rights against the defendant." Republic Molding Corp. v. B.W. Photo Utilities, 319 F.2d 347, 350 (9th Cir.1963); see Newman v. Checkrite Cal., 912 F.Supp. 1354, 1376 (E.D.Cal. 1995) (holding that doctrine of unclean hands did not prevent plaintiffs, who had written bad checks for retail purchases, from obtaining equitable relief against defendant collection agencies for improper collection practices).
MTC alleges that misconduct in connection with the transfer of a different television station, Channel 51 in Lincoln, Nebraska, bars CFM's claim for specific performance. Whitney Decl. Ex. A. at 4; Owdom Decl. Ex. A at 1. MTC does not assert that CFM's purchase of a different television station is part of the same transaction or the same litigation as that involved in this case. The Supplement does explain how CFM's conduct in other proceedings could affect its future acquisition of KXVO(TV). Owdom Decl. Ex. A at 3. Even if the two transactions may affect one another, CFM did not dirty its hands "in acquiring the right [it] now asserts." See Republic Molding Corp., 319 F.2d at 350. CFM's attempt to acquire Channel 51 appears to be completely unrelated to the contractual rights at issue here regarding KXVO(TV). Nor has MTC explained how in any other way "the manner of dirtying renders inequitable the assertion of CFM's contractual rights. See id.
The second hurdle that MTC faces is that an unclean hands defense is appropriate only where the alleged misconduct, if unchecked, would have prejudiced the other party. Soon v. Beckman, 234 Cal.App.2d 33, 36, 44 Cal.Rptr. 190 (1965). For the doctrine to apply, the "`conduct must be so intimately connected to the injury of another with the matter for which he seeks relief, as to make it inequitable to accord him such relief. It must have been conduct which, if permitted, inequitably *1239 affects the relationship between the plaintiff and the defendant, . . " Estate of Blanco, 86 Cal.App.3d 826, 833, 150 Cal.Rptr. 645 (1978) (quoting Bradley Co. v. Bradley, 165 Cal. 237, 242, 131 P. 750 (1913)). In Pleasant Valley Canal Co. v. Borror, 61 Cal.App.4th 742, 72 Cal.Rptr.2d 1 (1998), the court addressed the effect of a plaintiff's past submission of untruthful information to a government agency. Id. at 785 n. 31, 72 Cal.Rptr.2d 1. The case concerned the parties' respective riparian rights and depended in part upon plaintiff's allegedly inflated reports to the state regarding its water use. Id. Acknowledging defendant's assertions that plaintiff was "fully clothed in bad faith and inequitable conduct," the court nevertheless refused to apply the unclean hands doctrine where defendant had not been prejudiced by any alleged improper reporting practices. Id. (citing Soon, 234 Cal.App.2d at 36, 44 Cal.Rptr. 190).
MTC asserts that if the Court orders specific performance, it will be "required to join with CFM in an application that would be filed with the FCC in which MTC would be requesting the consent of the FCC to transfer the license for Station KXVO in Omaha, Nebraska, from MTC to CFM." Def.'s Opp'n at 2-3. For the first time at oral argument, MTC argued that it would be prejudiced by a decree of specific performance because any application would be held "in limbo." MTC also claimed that a decree of specific performance, combined with FCC's denial of CFM's license, would be prejudicial because it would require more litigation in this Court.
In any event, it appears that courts are free to resolve issues of state law prior to an FCC licensing inquiry. Radio Station WOW v. Johnson, 326 U.S. 120, 131-32, 65 S.Ct. 1475, 89 L.Ed. 569 (1945) (recognizing the power of the states to resolve issues of fraud concerning FCC-licensed facilities); see also Minn.-Iowa Television Co. v. Watonwan T.V. Improvement Ass 294 N.W.2d 297, 305 (Minn.1980) (holding that FCC's opposition to a contract provision did not bar the enforcement of the contract under state law). A district court deciding a case similar to this one awarded specific performance under an option contract despite uncertainty about the likelihood of FCC approval. Media Gen. Broad. of S.C. Holdings, Inc. v. Pappas Telecasting of the Carolinas, 152 F.Supp.2d 865, 868 (W.D.N.C.2001). The court entered judgment requiring defendant to file FCC documents for transfer pursuant to the option. Id. Acknowledging defendants' assertion that the FCC would not approve the sale, the court granted specific performance and noted that it would "revisit the question of remedies if the FCC blocks said sale." Id.
Accordingly, the Court is unable to discern how Mr. Corbett's testimony could be relevant to an unclean hands defense. Divining the outcome of FCC proceedings or interpreting the law that applies to such actions cannot establish that specific performance is barred by the doctrine of unclean hands. The Court can grant specific performance regardless of the FCC's predisposition toward CFM's alleged misconduct or any other licensing issues. Nevertheless, because the merits of the unclean hands defense were not fully briefed in the context of this motion, the Court declines at this time to exclude on this ground any of Mr. Corbett's testimony.
2. Superiority of Specific Performance
A second ground of relevance MTC asserts is that Mr. Corbett's testimony is relevant to the Court's determination of whether specific performance is the superior remedy. Specific performance is a *1240 discretionary remedy. Petersen v. Hartell, 40 Cal.3d 102, 110, 219 Cal.Rptr. 170, 707 P.2d 232 (1985). Specific performance may be refused where granting it would cause "unreasonable hardship or loss to the party in breach or to third persons." Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 364 (1981); see Cal. Civ.Code § 3391 ("Specific performance cannot be enforced against a party to a contract . . . [i]f it is not, as to him, just and reasonable . . ."); United States v. Georgia-Pacific Co., 421 F.2d 92, 104 (9th Cir.1970) ("Courts of equity have long refused to decree specific performance where the result would be unconscionable, unjust, inequitable, oppressive or unduly harsh."); Blackburn v. Charnley, 117 Cal.App.4th 758, 765, 11 Cal. Rptr.3d 885 (2004) (upholding trial court grant of specific performance based on balancing the hardships of enforcement).
It is not, at this point, clear what factors will be relevant to determine whether to grant specific performance. MTC's claims that it will be prejudiced by being held "in limbo" pending a licensing decision or by being compelled to engage in further litigation following the denial of a license may impact a remedial decision of the Court.
The Court's decision does not preclude Mr. Corbett from giving nonopinion testimony or from giving relevant nonlegal opinion testimony disclosed in the Report and Supplement. Where complex administrative processes are at issue, expert testimony can be helpful to explain them to the trier of fact. See Marx, 550 F.2d at 508-09 (2d Cir.1977). In Marx, the court excluded expert testimony about whether a party's conduct violated a term of a contract regarding the registration of stock. Id. at 509. The court decided, however, that the expert in securities regulation "was competent to explain to the jury the step-by-step practices ordinarily followed by lawyers and corporations in shepherding a registration statement through the SEC." Id. at 508-09; see also TC Systems Inc., 213 F.Supp.2d at 182 (excluding portions of expert report regarding the FCC that read "like a legal brier but declining to exclude the expert's testimony at trial if the party could establish "a nexus between the FCC criteria and the facts here").
Testimony about the process of obtaining FCC approval may prove relevant to a decision about whether to award specific performance. Though the Court is capable of applying FCC law to any relevant facts, Mr. Corbett may give relevant expert testimony regarding the nature of FCC procedures and practices apart from the law that underlies them. Such testimony could be factual or could be in the form of any nonlegal opinion that he has already disclosed in the Report and Supplement. The Court is not in a position to determine at this stage whether MTC can establish a relevant "nexus" between Mr. Corbett's testimony and this case. Excluding all of Mr. Corbett's testimony on a relevance ground is therefore premature.
ACCORDINGLY:
1. Plaintiff's motion to exclude Mr. Corbett's opinion testimony concerning the following subjects is GRANTED:
a. whether any entity may now or in the future lawfully have an ownership interest in any broadcast station.
b. what factors the FCC considers in deciding control of a broadcast station and how such factors apply to this case.
c. whether and how any past, present, or future conduct, including but not limited to Carol Miller's deposition and the Lincoln Application, will affect any future FCC decision.
d. whether and how any FCC action, including but not limited to letter *1241 rulings, indicates its likely decision on any legal issue.
e. how the FCC will decide any legal issue.
f. any other application of law to the facts of the case.
2. Plaintiffs motion to exclude the remainder of Mr. Corbett's testimony is DENIED.
3. Plaintiffs motion to strike Mr. Corbett's designation as an expert and to strike his expert report is DENIED.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
