                                              2013 IL App (5th) 120325
                  NOTICE
 Decision filed 10/02/13. The text of
                                                   NO. 5-12-0325
 this decision may be changed or
 corrected prior to the filing of a
                                                      IN THE
 Petition   for    Rehearing   or   the
 disposition of the same.
                                          APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
                                                 FIFTH DISTRICT

MERCEDENA BURNS,                                             )     Appeal from the
                                                             )     Circuit Court of
            Plaintiff-Appellant,                             )     Madison County.
                                                             )
v.                                                           )     No. 11-L-245
                                                             )
SIMON PROPERTIES GROUP, LLP,                                 )
a/k/a Simon Property Group (Illinois), L.P.,                 )     Honorable
                                                             )     David A. Hylla,
            Defendant-Appellee.                              )     Judge, presiding.

            JUSTICE WELCH delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
            Presiding Justice Spomer concurred in the judgment and opinion.
            Justice Goldenhersh dissented.
                                                     OPINION

¶1          The plaintiff, Mercedena Burns, appeals from the order of the circuit court of Madison

County dismissing her three-count complaint filed against the defendant, Simon Properties
Group, LLP, also known as Simon Property Group (Illinois), L.P., after she fell in a pothole
and sustained injuries in a parking lot at the Alton Square Mall (mall). For the reasons which

follow, we affirm the decision of the circuit court.
¶2          On January 1, 2011, the plaintiff was a customer at the mall. After making some
purchases, she returned to her car, which was parked in the east parking lot in front of the

Macy's store. On her way to the car, she tripped and fell in a pothole near the rear of her car.
The plaintiff broke two bones in her left leg and incurred medical bills in excess of $90,000.

The defendant owned the mall and was responsible for parking lot maintenance from 1996
until 2007 when it sold its ownership interest to Coyote Alton Mall, L.P. (Coyote).

                                                         1
¶3     On April 19, 2012, the plaintiff filed an amended complaint against the defendant

asserting that she was injured by a public nuisance.          Count I alleged creation and
maintenance of a nuisance; count II alleged negligent creation of a nuisance; count III alleged
wilful and wanton conduct in creation of a nuisance. The plaintiff's complaint alleged that
from 1996 until 2007, the defendant allowed the mall parking lot to fall into disrepair due to
lack of maintenance, that the defendant had a duty to maintain the mall parking lot in a

reasonably safe condition for use by the customers of the stores located in the mall, and that

the condition of the parking lot continued unabated until after the plaintiff was injured. The
complaint further alleged that the condition of the mall parking lot posed an unreasonable
risk to the safety of the mall customers and that the defendant knew of the hazardous

condition of the parking lot in 2007 when it conveyed the property to Coyote and knew, or
was reckless in not knowing, that Coyote had borrowed heavily and did not have the capital

to renovate the parking lot (Coyote went into receivership in 2011). According to the

plaintiff, the defendant was aware that the parking lot was hazardous because there were

numerous falls by store patrons during the period when the defendant owned the mall.

Therefore, the plaintiff concluded that the condition of the east parking lot and the danger
it created constituted a public nuisance and this public nuisance was created by the
defendant's failure to maintain the parking lot.

¶4     On May 11, 2012, the defendant filed a motion to dismiss the plaintiff's complaint

under section 2-615 of the Illinois Code of Civil Procedure (Code) (735 ILCS 5/2-615 (West
2010)) and under section 2-619(a)(9) of the Code (735 ILCS 5/2-619(a)(9) (West 2010)).
In the motion, the defendant argued that the plaintiff had failed to allege sufficient facts to

demonstrate the existence of a public right, as required to allege a cause of action for public
nuisance, and that the right alleged by the plaintiff, the right not to be negligently injured,
was instead a private right. Alternatively, the defendant argued that it did not owe a duty to


                                              2
the plaintiff because it never owned the parking lot where the plaintiff fell and it did not

possess, occupy, or control the parking lot during the time that the plaintiff fell. Attached
to the motion to dismiss was the affidavit of Paul Grossman, senior litigation paralegal for
the defendant, which admitted that in 2007, the defendant maintained the parking lots
surrounding and belonging to the mall. The affidavit further set forth that at no time did the
defendant own the parcel of land occupied by Macy's or the east parking lot on which the

plaintiff fell. The affidavit stated that since August 1, 2007, the defendant "has not

maintained, owned, possessed, or controlled the parking lots surrounding and belonging to
[the mall], including but not limited to, the parking lot alleged in Plaintiff's complaint." The
defendant also attached to its motion information from Madison County showing that

Macy's/May Properties was the owner of the parking lot where the plaintiff fell. Ultimately,
the trial court entered an order dismissing the plaintiff's complaint pursuant to section 2-615

of the Code, finding that the plaintiff did not state a cause of action for public nuisance. The

plaintiff appeals.

¶5     In reviewing the dismissal of a complaint under either section 2-615 of the Code (735

ILCS 5/2-615 (West 2010)) or section 2-619 of the Code (735 ILCS 5/2-619 (West 2010)),
we apply a de novo standard of review. Dopkeen v. Whitaker, 399 Ill. App. 3d 682, 684
(2010); R-Five, Inc. v. Shadeco, Inc., 305 Ill. App. 3d 635, 639 (1999). A motion to dismiss

under section 2-615 tests the legal sufficiency of the complaint, whereas a motion to dismiss

under section 2-619 admits the legal sufficiency of the complaint but asserts an affirmative
defense outside the complaint that serves to defeat the cause of action. Kean v. Wal-Mart
Stores, Inc., 235 Ill. 2d 351, 361 (2009). Under either section, we are to accept all well-

pleaded facts as true and draw all reasonable inferences from the facts in favor of the
nonmoving party. Dopkeen, 399 Ill. App. 3d at 684.
¶6     A public nuisance is defined as the "doing of or the failure to do something that


                                               3
injuriously affects the safety, health or morals of the public, or works some substantial

annoyance, inconvenience or injury to the public." (Internal quotation marks omitted.) City
of Chicago v. Beretta U.S.A. Corp., 213 Ill. 2d 351, 370 (2004). In order for there to be a
sufficient pleading in a public nuisance cause of action, the pleading must "allege a right
common to the general public, the transgression of that right by the defendant, and resulting
injury." Id. at 369. More specifically, the pleading must allege facts in support of the

following four distinct elements of a public nuisance claim: (1) the existence of a public

right; (2) a substantial and unreasonable interference with that right by the defendant; (3)
proximate cause; and (4) injury. Id.
¶7     The first element that must be alleged is the existence of a right common to the

general public. Id. at 370. The supreme court has defined "public right" as follows:
       " 'The interference with a public right is the sine qua non of a cause of action for

       public nuisance. However, not all interferences with public rights are public

       nuisances. The nuisance must affect an interest common to the general public, must

       produce a common injury, or be dangerous or injurious to the general public, or it

       must be harmful to the public health, or prevent the public from a peaceful use of their
       land and the public streets, or there must be some direct encroachment on public
       property.' " Id. at 373 (quoting 58 Am. Jur. 2d Nuisances § 39 (2002)).

A public right is " 'collective in nature and not like the individual right that everyone has not

to be assaulted or defamed or defrauded or negligently injured.' " Id. (quoting Restatement
(Second) of Torts § 821B, cmt. g, at 92 (1979)). A nuisance becomes public when it occurs
in a public place, or where the public frequently congregates, or where members of the public

are likely to come within the range of its influence. 58 Am. Jur. 2d Nuisances § 30 (2010).
The nuisance is also considered a public nuisance when it affects a place where the public
has a legal right to go, such as a park, street, or alley, and if the conduct or condition


                                               4
necessarily annoys, offends, or injures those who come within the scope of its influence. Id.

However, the nuisance is not a public one if it occurs in a place of business to which an
invitee has no public right to go. Id.
¶8     In the instant case, the plaintiff identified the following as the public right in her
public nuisance claim: the right to have a reasonably safe means of ingress and egress to the
mall stores over the parking lot. In response, the defendant argues that the plaintiff was

asserting a right not to be negligently injured, which is a private right and not actionable as

a public nuisance.
¶9     The trial court relied on cases from foreign jurisdictions, a Connecticut case, Wrighten
v. Rapid Car Wash, Inc., No. 5001056 (Conn. Super. Ct. 2007) (unpublished opinion), and

a federal district case from the eastern district of Pennsylvania, Ricchiuti v. The Home Depot
Inc., 412 F. Supp. 2d 456 (E.D. Pa. 2005), as support for the dismissal of the plaintiff's

complaint for public nuisance. In Ricchiuti, 412 F. Supp. 2d at 460, the Pennsylvania court

concluded that a pothole in a parking lot used by the public was not considered a public

nuisance. The court reasoned that a pothole in a parking lot affected a defined portion of the

community, specifically, the users of that particular parking lot. Id. Accordingly, the court
concluded that the pothole did not constitute a public nuisance because it did not affect the
" 'community at large' by interfering with a public way or create a significant hazard to the

public." Id.

¶ 10   Here, the trial court agreed with the above reasoning and determined that the plaintiff
had no public right to be on the Macy's parking lot and no public right to have the Macy's
parking lot in a reasonably safe condition. The court reasoned as follows:

       "The public, in general, are not 'business invitees' simply because they have been
       invited for business, the relationship is established by their physical acceptance. ***
       [P]ublic rights are generally not rescindable like business invitations. A business


                                              5
       invitation to be on property can obviously be revoked like any license. Also, public

       rights stem from being part of the public and the right for people to come onto the
       parking lot in this case stems from an invitation for business by private business
       owners who had shops in the mall. There was no right to be on the property before
       the businesses extended the invitation, and there would be no right to be on the
       property after the businesses rescinded the invitation."

Accordingly, the court concluded that the plaintiff was on the Macy's parking lot by

invitation only and had no public right to be there. The court further concluded that the
plaintiff had no public right to have the parking lot in a safe condition.
¶ 11   We agree with the reasoning of the trial court and conclude that the plaintiff was not

exercising a right common to the public at the time that she entered the parking lot for the
purpose of patronizing Macy's. The deterioration of the Macy's parking lot did not affect the

"community at large" and instead affected a defined segment of the community, namely,

those using the Macy's parking lot with the intention of entering and exiting the Macy's store.

The plaintiff asserts that she had a right not to be negligently injured when she used the mall

parking lot for ingress and egress to the Macy's store. However, as stated above, a public
right is one common to all members of the general public and is different from the individual
right that everyone has not to be negligently injured. While members of the public were

welcome to use the parking lot for access to the mall stores, they were not entitled to do so

by virtue of any right common to the general public. Accordingly, we conclude that the
plaintiff was not exercising any public right while on the Macy's parking lot.
¶ 12   Additionally, the plaintiff argues that a cause of action for public nuisance is not

precluded just because it occurred on privately owned land. In Chicago National League
Ball Club, Inc. v. Thompson, 108 Ill. 2d 357, 364-66 (1985), our supreme court held that a
nuisance that existed on Wrigley Field, which is privately owned, was a public nuisance


                                              6
because it affected the peace and tranquility of the neighborhood. Our supreme court

specifically stated: "A private nuisance, however, that interferes with public rights can also
constitute a public nuisance." Id. at 365. However, we reiterate that the plaintiff was not
exercising a right common to the public at the time that she entered the parking lot for the
purpose of patronizing Macy's. Therefore, we agree with the trial court's dismissal of the
plaintiff's complaint under section 2-615 of the Code (735 ILCS 5/2-615 (West 2010))

because she failed to state a cause of action for public nuisance.

¶ 13   We note that the defendant filed a combined motion to dismiss pursuant to sections
2-615 and 2-619 in the trial court. However, the trial court dismissed the plaintiff's
complaint pursuant to section 2-615 and did not address the issues raised in the section 2-619

motion. In its brief filed with this court, the defendant argues that we can affirm the trial
court's dismissal on the basis of the section 2-619 motion. Specifically, the defendant argues

that it had no duty to the plaintiff because it never owned the parking lot where the plaintiff

fell and it did not possess, occupy, or control the parking lot during the time that the plaintiff

fell. The defendant points to the affidavit of Paul Grossman for support. According to the

affidavit, the defendant owned the mall and was responsible for maintaining the parking lots
surrounding the mall in 2007; the defendant never owned the parcel of land occupied by
Macy's or the east parking lot on which the plaintiff fell; on August 1, 2007, the defendant

sold its entire possessory interest, including all assets and liabilities, to Coyote; the defendant

has not owned, controlled, operated, had possession, or had any possessory interest in the
mall or the parking lot since the sale; Coyote took over the contractual duty to maintain the
mall, which included the mall parking lot where the plaintiff fell on January 1, 2011; and the

defendant has not been contractually obligated to maintain the mall or the mall parking lot
since August 1, 2007.
¶ 14   In response, the plaintiff argues that the defendant owed a duty to patrons of the mall


                                                7
to provide reasonably safe access to the mall across the parking lot, which was provided for

that purpose. Further, the plaintiff argues that the defendant created the public nuisance by
its failure to maintain the mall parking lot and the subsequent conveyance of the property to
Coyote does not insulate the defendant from liability for the plaintiff's injuries. In support
of the argument that the defendant had a duty to the patrons of the mall, the plaintiff cites
Bangert v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 295 Ill. App. 3d 418 (1998). In Bangert, 295 Ill. App. 3d

at 420, the plaintiff, a customer at a Wal-Mart store, brought a negligence action against Wal-

Mart for injuries that she had sustained when she was struck by a vehicle while walking in
the parking lot. This court reversed the trial court's granting of summary judgment in favor
of Wal-Mart, finding that Wal-Mart had a duty to protect patrons of its parking lot. Id. at

424. This court determined that it was reasonably foreseeable that a motorist would strike
a customer of the store in the parking lot and that Wal-Mart had a duty to maintain

reasonable traffic and/or pedestrian control devices within its parking lot for the protection

of its customers. Id.

¶ 15   The plaintiff further argues that the defendant cannot escape liability by arguing that

it lacked control over the parking lot at the time of the plaintiff's injury because control is not
an element of a cause of action for public nuisance. In support, the plaintiff cites City of
Chicago v. Beretta U.S.A. Corp., 213 Ill. 2d 351 (2004). In Beretta U.S.A. Corp., 213 Ill. 2d

at 355-56, the City of Chicago and Cook County brought an action for public nuisance

against firearm manufacturers, distributors, and dealers seeking to recover expenditures for
emergency law enforcement and emergency medical services incurred as a result of gun
violence. One argument made by the defendants was that Illinois law did not permit liability

to be imposed for public nuisance unless the defendant was in control of the instrumentality
causing the injury at the time of the injury. Id. at 396. The court disagreed and concluded
that liability in public nuisance was not necessarily precluded simply because the defendants


                                                8
no longer controlled the object that caused the injury. Id. at 403. Specifically, our supreme

court explained the following with regard to control being an element of public nuisance:
               "Control is not a separate element of causation in nuisance cases that must be
       pleaded and proven in addition to cause in fact and legal cause. It is, rather, a relevant
       factor in both the proximate cause inquiry and in the ability of the court to fashion
       appropriate injunctive relief. When the nuisance results from a condition or conduct

       upon land, control over the land is generally a necessary prerequisite to the

       imposition of liability. [Citation.] However, when the nuisance results from the use
       or misuse of an object apart from land, or from conduct unrelated to a defendant's use
       of land, lack of control of the instrumentality at the time of injury is not an absolute

       bar to liability." (Emphasis added.) Id.
¶ 16   In determining whether control was a necessary element for public nuisance, the

supreme court distinguished between a nuisance that resulted from the use or misuse of an

object apart from land and a nuisance that resulted from a condition or conduct upon land.

The present case involves a nuisance that resulted from a condition or conduct upon land, and

therefore control over the land is generally a necessary prerequisite to the imposition of
liability for public nuisance.
¶ 17   Further, the plaintiff cites section 840A of the Restatement (Second) of Torts and

comment c as support for her position that the defendant cannot escape liability as the creator

of the nuisance. Section 840A describes a party's continuing liability for a public nuisance
after transfer of the land:
       "A vendor or lessor of land upon which there is a condition involving a nuisance for

       which he would be subject to liability if he continued in possession remains subject
       to liability for the continuation of the nuisance after he transfers the land."
       Restatement (Second) of Torts § 840A(1), at 168-69 (1979).


                                               9
Comment c explains a party's continuing liability as follows:

       "If the vendor or lessor has himself created on the land a condition that results in a
       nuisance, he cannot escape liability for the continuation of the nuisance by selling or
       leasing the land to another. In these cases it frequently has been said that by
       transferring the land with the condition existing upon it he has authorized the
       continuation of the nuisance. This is usually somewhat fictitious; and a better reason

       is that his responsibility toward those outside of his land is such that he is not free to

       terminate his liability to them for the condition that he has himself caused or
       concealed, by passing the land itself on to a third person. The effect of the rule is to
       require vendors and lessors in order to avoid liability to take reasonable steps to abate

       existing conditions involving any nuisance before they transfer the land."
       Restatement (Second) of Torts § 840A, cmt. c, at 169 (1979).

¶ 18   According to the Restatement, a "vendor or lessor of land" that has created a public

nuisance on the land cannot escape liability for the continuation of the nuisance by selling

or leasing the land to another. However, in this case, the defendant was not a vendor or

lessor of the parking lot where the plaintiff was injured. The defendant neither owned nor
leased the east parking lot in 2007 and had no ownership interest or control over the parking
lot when the plaintiff was injured in 2011. Therefore, the defendant cannot be considered

a "vendor or lessor of land" as described in section 840A of the Restatement and therefore

cannot be held liable on the basis of public nuisance for the injuries that resulted from the
plaintiff tripping over a pothole in the Macy's parking lot.
¶ 19   Our conclusion is supported by Maisenbach v. Buckner, 133 Ill. App. 2d 53 (1971),

a First District case. The defendants in Maisenbach were the former owners of private
property which abutted a public way on which a nuisance existed. Id. at 54. The minor
plaintiff suffered injuries when he tripped over a chain fence that surrounded a parkway area


                                               10
between a sidewalk and a street. Id. at 53. The plaintiff sued the former owners of the

property abutting the parkway because the former owners had maintained the fence until the
time they had sold the property. Id. However, the facts indicated that the former owners did
not possess, control, or own either the parkway or the property abutting the parkway at the
time of the injury. Id. at 54. In his complaint, the plaintiff alleged that the fence was a public
nuisance and that the person who had created a nuisance on a public way which abutted the

creator's property was liable to individuals who were injured as a result of the nuisance even

though, at the time of the injury, the creator did not own, possess, or control the property
abutting the public way. Id.
¶ 20   The First District concluded that a former property owner was not liable for injuries

which were sustained after the owner had severed all relationship with the property
connected to an alleged nuisance. Id. at 56. The court noted that the defendant had

absolutely no interest in the property abutting the parkway at the time that the plaintiff was

injured and that the plaintiff had not cited any cases in which a "maintainer of a nuisance was

held liable for damages caused after he had completely divested himself from any connection

with the property involved." Id. at 55. The court stated that generally in Illinois, the liability
of a landowner for injuries occurring in connection with the property ends with the cessation
of ownership, possession, and control of the property. Id. at 56. The court reasoned that the

"free and unhindered alienation of real property–long the public policy of Illinois–would be

seriously and adversely affected if property owners were to become liable for personal
injuries which occurred long after they sold their interest to another party." Id. Accordingly,
the court concluded that where the landowner clearly had no right to control the property

after he sells it to another, he cannot have any duty to third persons injured in connection
with the property after the sale. Id.
¶ 21   In the instant case, like Maisenbach, the defendant had no ownership interest over the


                                               11
east parking lot at the time that the plaintiff was injured. Further, the defendant had no

ownership interest over the east parking lot at the time that it was property manager of the
mall. The defendant had contracted with Macy's, the owner of the parking lot, to maintain
Macy's section of the parking lot; however, that contract terminated in 2007, when the
defendant sold its interest in the mall to Coyote. Coyote then resumed the property
management duties of the mall, which included maintaining the east parking lot. Therefore,

we agree with the defendant that the trial court would not have erred if it had dismissed the

plaintiff's complaint alleging public nuisance pursuant to section 2-619.
¶ 22   For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the circuit court of Madison County is
hereby affirmed.


¶ 23   Affirmed.



¶ 24   JUSTICE GOLDENHERSH, dissenting:

¶ 25   I respectfully dissent. In order for there to be a sufficient pleading in a public

nuisance cause of action, the pleading must "allege a right common to the general public, the
transgression of that right by the defendant, and resulting injury." City of Chicago v. Beretta
U.S.A. Corp., 213 Ill. 2d 351, 369, 821 N.E.2d 1099, 1113 (2004). More specifically, the

pleadings must allege facts in support of the following four distinct elements of a public

nuisance claim: (1) the existence of a public right; (2) a substantial and unreasonable
interference with that right by the defendant; (3) proximate cause; and (4) injury. Beretta
U.S.A. Corp., 213 Ill. 2d at 369, 821 N.E.2d at 1113. The pleading requirements are not

arduous because the concept of common law public nuisance eludes precise definition.
Gilmore v. Stanmar, Inc., 261 Ill. App. 3d 651, 661, 633 N.E.2d 985, 993 (1994). The
allegations necessary to plead a public nuisance may be based partly on allegations of


                                              12
negligence. Gilmore, 261 Ill. App. 3d at 661, 633 N.E.2d at 993. Whether a public nuisance

exists depends on the facts of each case and is a question for the trier of fact. Gilmore, 261
Ill. App. 3d at 661, 633 N.E.2d at 993.
¶ 26   With regard to the first element, in order to state a claim for public nuisance, the
plaintiff must allege the existence of a right common to the general public, which includes
the rights of public health, safety, peace, comfort, and convenience. Beretta U.S.A. Corp.,

213 Ill. 2d at 370-71, 821 N.E.2d at 1114 (citing restatement (Second) of Torts § 821B(2)(a)

(1979)). In her amended complaint, plaintiff alleged that during the period from 1996 to
2007, when defendant owned, operated, and controlled the mall, it had a duty to maintain the
mall and the surrounding parking lots in a reasonably safe condition for use by customers of

the stores located in the mall to enter or leave the stores. The amended complaint also
alleged that "[t]he public were expected and anticipated to use the parking lot as a means to

enter or exit the stores" and that defendant "knew at all times material hereto that the

condition of the east parking lot was a danger and hazard to the safety of members of the

public."

¶ 27   With regard to the second element, plaintiff alleged: "The condition of the surface of
the east parking lot and the danger created a public nuisance. It was foreseeable the
condition could cause injury to members of the public." Plaintiff set forth that defendant was

on notice due to numerous falls by patrons of the mall during the period of 1996 to 2007 and

also when it conveyed the mall to Coyote in 2007. Plaintiff also alleged defendant knew
Coyote was "highly borrowed, without sufficient capital to renovate the east parking lot."
With regard to the third and fourth elements, plaintiff alleged that as a direct and proximate

result of the public nuisance, plaintiff tripped and fell in a pothole and sustained damages as
a result.
¶ 28   The trial court dismissed plaintiff's complaint pursuant to section 2-615, finding that


                                              13
plaintiff's allegations did not state a claim for public nuisance. The trial court ruled as a

matter of law that the lot is not public, but rather private because "[p]laintiff had no right to
be in this parking lot independent of the business invitation and the permission to be on it
was revocable. While this parking lot may be attached to public roads it is distinct from them
and could be closed to the public by the owner." However, taking the allegations in the
complaint as true, which we are required to do, the trial court was premature in finding that

there was no public nuisance stated in the complaint. Defendant presented no affidavits in

support of its assertion that the mall parking lot was not a public place. The trial court was
premature in making this determination, and plaintiff was not allowed to adequately develop
her theory of the case.

¶ 29   In Bangert v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 295 Ill. App. 3d 418, 695 N.E.2d 56 (1998), this
court reversed the trial court's granting of summary judgment in favor of Wal-Mart, finding

that Wal-Mart had a duty to protect patrons on its parking lot:

              "In the case at bar it was reasonably foreseeable that a motorist would strike

       a customer/pedestrian. Wal-Mart invited customers into its store without providing

       any traffic/pedestrian control within its parking area. Wal-Mart had reason to expect
       that the free movement of vehicles and pedestrians would result in injury. Minor
       precautionary measures may have prevented this accident." Bangert, 295 Ill. App. 3d

       at 424, 695 N.E.2d at 59.

The public has a right to be protected on the parking lots which provide access to the stores
in which they shop.
¶ 30   Moreover, a public nuisance can occur on privately owned property. For example, in

Chicago National League Ball Club, Inc. v. Thompson, 108 Ill. 2d 357, 483 N.E.2d 1245
(1985), our supreme court held that a nuisance that existed on Wrigley Field, which is
privately owned, was a public nuisance because it affected the peace and tranquility of the


                                               14
neighborhood. Our supreme court specifically stated: "A private nuisance, however, that

interferes with public rights can also constitute a public nuisance." Chicago National League
Ball Club, Inc., 108 Ill. 2d at 365, 483 N.E.2d at 1249.
¶ 31   In the instant case, plaintiff contends that the parking lot where she fell was littered
with potholes and uneven surfaces and had not been maintained and that its condition
constituted a public nuisance. The trial court's reason for dismissing the complaint that

plaintiff was a business invitee whose invitation could be revoked at any time was not

supported by any Illinois case law. The court relied on cases from foreign jurisdictions, a
Connecticut case, Wrighten v. Rapid Car Wash, Inc., No. 5001056 (Conn. Super. Ct. 2007)
(unpublished opinion), and a federal district case from the eastern district of Pennsylvania,

Ricchiuti v. The Home Depot Inc., 412 F. Supp. 2d 456 (E.D. Pa. 2005). Defendant has
failed to cite any Illinois case which holds a pothole in a private lot can never constitute a

public nuisance. I disagree with the trial court's analysis, particularly its reliance on cases

from foreign jurisdictions in support of its conclusion, that a pothole in a private lot can

never constitute a public nuisance. Such a hard and fast ruling is contrary to our state's policy

to protect patrons from dangerous conditions on parking lots. See, i.e., Ward v. K mart
Corp., 136 Ill. 2d 132, 554 N.E.2d 223 (1990).
¶ 32   Here, plaintiff pleaded sufficient facts required in a cause of action based upon public

nuisance, specifically a right of the public and a corresponding duty on the owner or occupier

of the land to have a reasonably safe means of ingress and egress, a violation of that right
through the creation of conditions posing an unreasonable risk of harm to the public required
to use the lot in order to access stores in the mall, and injury and damages proximately

resulting from the nuisance. Moreover, even though defendant sold its interest in 2007, it
was not necessarily relieved of its duty.
¶ 33   Defendant asserts that plaintiff's complaint fails to state a cause of action because at


                                               15
the time of plaintiff's alleged fall, defendant had completely divested itself from ownership

and control over the mall and the parking lot. However, "[a] vendor or lessor of land upon
which there is a condition involving a nuisance for which he would be subject to liability if
he continued in possession remains subject to liability for continuation of the nuisance after
he transfers the land." Restatement (Second) of Torts § 840A(1), at 168-69 (1979).
Comment c to section 840A of the Restatement specifically states as follows:

       "If the vendor or lessor has himself created on the land a condition that results in a

       nuisance, he cannot escape liability for the continuation of the nuisance by selling or
       leasing the land to another. In these cases it frequently has been said that by
       transferring the land with the condition existing upon it he has authorized the

       continuation of the nuisance. This is usually somewhat fictitious; and a better reason
       is that his responsibility toward those outside of his land is such that he is not free to

       terminate his liability to them for the condition that he has himself caused or

       concealed, by passing the land itself on to a third person. The effect of the rule is to

       require vendors and lessors in order to avoid liability to take reasonable steps to abate

       existing conditions involving any nuisance before they transfer the land."
       Restatement (Second) of Torts § 840A, cmt. c, at 169 (1979).
"[L]iability in public nuisance is not necessarily precluded simply because defendants no

longer control the objects." Beretta U.S.A. Corp., 213 Ill. 2d at 403, 821 N.E.2d at 1132.

¶ 34   In the instant case, plaintiff alleged defendant owned the mall and maintained the
parking lots, including the one in question, from 1996 until 2007, during which time the
pothole in question was created, and knew that Coyote did not have the means to rectify the

parking lot nuisance which led to plaintiff's injury. An affidavit submitted by defendant's
employee admitted defendant maintained the parking lots surrounding the mall in 2007.
While defendant did not own the parking lot, it owned the mall where plaintiff shopped prior


                                               16
to her fall and was responsible for maintenance of the parking lot until 2007. Even though

someone else may also be at fault, defendant is not necessarily absolved of its own liability.
Plaintiff's theory is that defendant's lack of maintenance during its ownership of the mall and
control of the parking lot in question created the condition that led to plaintiff's injury.
¶ 35   Accepting as true all well-pleaded facts and drawing all reasonable inferences from
the facts in favor of the nonmoving party, whether the parking lot constituted a public

nuisance is a question of fact that should not have been resolved by a motion to dismiss.

Plaintiff should have been allowed the opportunity to conduct discovery and submit evidence
to support her public nuisance theory, and the trial court improperly ruled as a matter of law
that the pothole did not constitute a public nuisance.

¶ 36   For the foregoing reasons, I would reverse the judgment of the circuit court and
remand for further proceedings.




                                              17
                                    2013 IL App (5th) 120325

                                         NO. 5-12-0325
                                            IN THE
                              APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
                                  FIFTH DISTRICT
___________________________________________________________________________________
      MERCEDENA BURNS,                             ) Appeal from the
                                                   ) Circuit Court of
             Plaintiff-Appellant,                  ) Madison County.
                                                   )
      v.                                           ) No. 11-L-245
                                                   )
      SIMON PROPERTIES GROUP, LLP,                 )
      a/k/a Simon Property Group (Illinois), L.P., ) Honorable
                                                   ) David A. Hylla,
             Defendant-Appellee.                   ) Judge, presiding.
___________________________________________________________________________________

Opinion Filed:        October 2, 2013
___________________________________________________________________________________

Justices:          Honorable Thomas M. Welch, J.

                 Honorable Stephen L. Spomer, P.J.,
                 Concurred
                 Honorable Richard P. Goldenhersh, J.,
                 Dissented
___________________________________________________________________________________
Attorneys        John Dale Stobbs, Andrew K. Carruthers, Stobbs, Sinclair & Carruthers, Ltd.,
for              500 Bond Street, P.O. Box 336, Alton, IL 62002-0336
Appellant
___________________________________________________________________________________
Attorneys        Scott D. Bjorseth, David A. Schott, Hoagland, Fitzgerald & Pranaitis, 401 Market
for              Street, P.O. Box 130, Alton, IL 62002
Appellee
___________________________________________________________________________________
