                          RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                               Pursuant to Sixth Circuit Rule 206
                                       File Name: 12a0062p.06

                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                   FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                     _________________


                                                            X
                                                             -
 FLOYD PERKINS,
                                                             -
                                Petitioner-Appellant,
                                                             -
                                                             -
                                                                   No. 09-1875
               v.
                                                             ,
                                                              >
                                                             -
                                                             -
 G. MCQUIGGIN,
                                                             -
                               Respondent-Appellee.
                                                            N

                        Appeal from the United States District Court
                     for the Western District of Michigan at Marquette.
                     No. 08-00139—Robert Holmes Bell, District Judge.
                                    Argued: October 13, 2011
                              Decided and Filed: March 1, 2012
      Before: MOORE and COLE, Circuit Judges; BECKWITH, District Judge.*

                                       _________________

                                             COUNSEL
ARGUED: Allison E. Haedt, JONES DAY, Columbus, Ohio, for Appellant. Mark G.
Sands, OFFICE OF THE MICHIGAN ATTORNEY GENERAL, Lansing, Michigan,
for Appellee. ON BRIEF: Allison E. Haedt, Chad A. Readler, JONES DAY,
Columbus, Ohio, for Appellant. Mark G. Sands, OFFICE OF THE MICHIGAN
ATTORNEY GENERAL, Lansing, Michigan, for Appellee.
       COLE, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which MOORE, J., and
BECKWITH, D. J., joined. BECKWITH, D. J. (pp. 16–17), delivered a separate
concurring opinion.




         *
          The Honorable Sandra S. Beckwith, Senior United States District Judge for the Southern District
of Ohio, sitting by designation.


                                                   1
No. 09-1875        Perkins v. McQuiggin                                            Page 2


                                 _________________

                                       OPINION
                                 _________________

       COLE, Circuit Judge. Floyd Perkins, the petitioner-appellant, asks this Court to
determine whether a credible claim of actual innocence, without more, warrants
equitable tolling of AEDPA’s statute of limitations. This Court has previously held that
it does, but the Warden asserts that a recent Supreme Court decision places an additional
burden upon such prisoners. Specifically, the Warden argues, that even if a prisoner
petitioning for a writ of habeas corpus makes a credible claim of actual innocence, the
district court may not assess the merits of the claim unless the prisoner also pursued the
writ with reasonable diligence. Because we find that such a reading would render the
concept of equitable tolling nugatory, we REVERSE the judgment of the district court
and REMAND for proceedings consistent with this opinion.

                                  I. BACKGROUND

       On March 4, 1993, Perkins attended a house party in Flint, Michigan, with
Damarr Jones and Rodney Henderson. The three men left the party together, but what
happened next is in dispute. Jones testified that as they walked down a wooded trail
towards another house party, Perkins pulled out a knife and began stabbing Henderson.
Perkins maintains that after leaving the party, the three men went to a store to buy
alcohol and cigarettes, but that Henderson and Jones left before Perkins finished paying.
He claims that he later saw Jones standing under a streetlight with bloody clothing.
Neither Perkins nor Jones disputes that at some point later in the evening, they arrived
at another friend’s home to play video games.

       A Michigan jury convicted Perkins of fatally stabbing Henderson after hearing
Jones testify. After exhausting his appeals, Perkins’s conviction became final on May
5, 1997. Under the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (“AEDPA”),
Perkins needed to file his petition for a writ of habeas corpus by May 5, 1998. See
28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(1)(A). He did not.
No. 09-1875        Perkins v. McQuiggin                                             Page 3


       On June 13, 2008, Perkins filed his petition for a writ of habeas corpus in the
district court, raising sufficiency of the evidence, jury instruction, trial procedure,
prosecutorial misconduct, and ineffective assistance of counsel claims of error. The
magistrate judge recommended the petition be denied as barred by the statute of
limitations. Perkins objected, arguing that the petition should be governed by AEDPA’s
“new evidence” statute of limitations, which extends the statute of limitations to one year
from “the date on which the factual predicate of the claim or claims presented could have
been discovered through the exercise of due diligence.” 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(1)(D).

       In support of this objection, Perkins introduced three previously unpresented
affidavits that alluded to his innocence and to the guilt of Jones, the prosecution’s
eyewitness. An affidavit from Perkins’s sister, Ronda Hudson, stated that the affiant
heard that Jones had bragged about stabbing Henderson and taking his clothes to the
cleaners after the murder. An affidavit from Demond Louis, the younger brother of one
of Perkins’s friends, stated that Jones admitted, on the night of the murder, to killing
Henderson. Louis also noticed Jones wearing orange shoes, orange pants, and a colorful
shirt, and that there was blood on his shoes and pants. Finally, an affidavit from Linda
Fleming, a dry-cleaning clerk, stated that a man matching Jones’s description came in
around the date of the murder wanting to know if blood stains could be removed from
clothing that matched the description given in Louis’s affidavit.

       These affidavits were signed on January 30, 1997, March 16, 1999, and July 16,
2002, respectively. AEDPA’s “new evidence” statute of limitations expired on July 16,
2003, one year after the last affidavit was signed. Perkins filed the instant petition in
2008, almost five years after the statute of limitations had run. Perkins, drawing upon
this Court’s precedent, requested that AEDPA’s statute of limitations be equitably tolled
because he is actually innocent of murdering Henderson. The district court denied the
request because Perkins’s new evidence was not of the sort needed to pursue an actual
innocence claim. “His alleged newly discovered evidence was substantially available
to him at trial” and the evidence pointed to the same theory that Perkins had already
unsuccessfully argued at trial: that the prosecution’s lead witness was framing him.
No. 09-1875        Perkins v. McQuiggin                                             Page 4


       The district court went further, and found that even if Perkins had put forth the
type of evidence that would satisfy the actual innocence standard, he had not pursued his
claims with reasonable diligence. Drawing upon the Supreme Court’s decision in Pace
v. DiGuglielmo, 544 U.S. 408 (2005), the district court determined that a petitioner who
seeks to equitably toll a statute of limitations must demonstrate that he has been diligent
in pursuing his rights. Perkins, however, waited almost six years after the last affidavit
was signed to file his petition in the district court. On June 18, 2009, the district court
adopted the magistrate judge’s report, denied Perkins’s petition for relief, and denied
Perkins a certificate of appealability to appeal the judgment to this Court.

       Perkins filed a motion requesting a certificate of appealability with this Court on
September 14, 2009. On February 24, 2010, this Court, finding that “jurists of reason
could debate the district court’s conclusion that reasonable diligence is a precondition
to relying on actual innocence for purposes of equitable tolling,” granted the certificate
of appealability request. The certificate of appealability identified this issue alone for
review. This appeal followed.

                                       II. ANALYSIS

       The district court’s dismissal of a petition for a writ of habeas corpus for failing
to comply with 28 U.S.C. § 2244’s statute of limitations is reviewed de novo. Cook v.
Stegall, 295 F.3d 517, 519 (6th Cir. 2002). Perkins asserts that the district court
improperly assessed his actual innocence claim for purposes of tolling AEDPA’s statute
of limitations, and that the district court erroneously assumed that a petitioner with a
credible claim of actual innocence must additionally prove that he acted with reasonable
diligence for such tolling to occur.

A. Perkins’s claim of actual innocence

       For Perkins to have his habeas petition heard on the merits in federal court, he
must first persuade the district court that AEDPA’s statute of limitations, which has
already run, should be equitably tolled in his favor. To do this, he must show that he is
factually innocent of killing Henderson, not just that there was insufficient evidence to
No. 09-1875         Perkins v. McQuiggin                                              Page 5


convict him. The district court stated that Perkins’s delay in filing his petition precluded
further review. It also found that Perkins’s new evidence was not of the sort needed to
pursue a claim of actual innocence, though its analysis on this point was limited to two
sentences. We cannot say that the district court’s analysis on this issue is a sufficient
basis on which to rest our review, such that we need not reach the issue specified in the
certificate of appealability.

        If a state prisoner’s habeas petition is denied in federal district court, “the
applicant cannot take an appeal unless a circuit justice or a circuit or district judge issues
a certificate of appealability under 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c).” Fed. R. App. P. 22(b). The
certificate of appealability may be issued only if the petitioner makes “a substantial
showing of the denial of a constitutional right.” 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(2). If the district
court’s denial of habeas relief is on procedural grounds, the petitioner must show that
“jurists of reason would find it debatable whether the petition states a valid claim of the
denial of a constitutional right and that jurists of reason would find it debatable whether
the district court was correct in its procedural ruling.” Slack v. McDaniel, 529 U.S. 473,
484 (2000). The certificate of appealability issued to Perkins identified only the issue
of whether reasonable diligence is a prerequisite for equitably tolling AEDPA’s statute
of limitations for review.

        Our review of a petitioner’s § 2254 motion is limited to those issues specified in
the certificate of appealability. Harris v. Haeberlin, 526 F.3d 903, 908 n.1 (6th Cir.
2008); see also Willis v. Jones, 329 F. App’x 7, 12 (6th Cir. 2009) (“[A certificate of
appealability] only vests jurisdiction to consider issues specified in the certificate.”).
Close to half of Perkins’s opening brief is dedicated to proving that he is innocent.
Perkins asserts that we should consider his actual innocence claim because it is “part and
parcel” of his overall tolling claim. Calvert v. Wilson, 288 F.3d 823, 838 n.4 (6th Cir.
2002) (Cole, J., concurring). A closer reading of Calvert belies this argument. In
Calvert, we reviewed a claim not expressly granted in the certificate of appealability
because the substantive argument, whether the district court’s error was harmless, could
not be analyzed without assessing whether the respondent waived the argument. Id.
No. 09-1875         Perkins v. McQuiggin                                              Page 6


(“This [certificate of appealability] argument clearly lacks merit, as the propriety of
considering harmless error is certainly part and parcel of Calvert’s Confrontation Clause
claim.”).

        Perkins asserts, without more, that the merits of the actual innocence claim are
probative as to other issues in this appeal. We do not agree. Perkins’s innocence has no
bearing on the reasonable diligence question, the only question certified by the
certificate of appealability. The actual innocence claim is not “part and parcel” of the
reasonable diligence question, and only a review of the latter is before us.

B. Actual innocence as a valid basis for equitable tolling

        AEDPA’s statutes of limitation prescribe when state prisoners may apply for
writs of habeas corpus in federal court. The statutes of limitation are not jurisdictional,
and do not require courts to dismiss claims as soon as the “clock has run.” Day v.
McDonough, 547 U.S. 198, 208 (2006). In Souter v. Jones, we held that “where an
otherwise time-barred habeas petitioner can demonstrate that it is more likely than not
that no reasonable juror would have found him guilty beyond a reasonable doubt, the
petitioner should be allowed to pass through the gateway and argue the merits of his
underlying constitutional claims.” 395 F.3d 577, 602 (6th Cir. 2005) This “gateway
actual innocence claim” does not require the granting of the writ, but instead permits the
petitioner to present his original habeas petition as if he had not filed it late. Id. at 596.

        The Warden asks us to reconsider Souter’s holding that actual innocence is a
valid basis for equitably tolling AEDPA’s statute of limitations in light of the Supreme
Court’s recent decision in Holland v. Florida, 130 S. Ct. 2549 (2010). Sixth Circuit
Rule 206(c) requires reported panel opinions to be binding on subsequent panels absent
en banc review or when “an inconsistent decision of the United States Supreme Court
requires modification of the earlier panel decision.” United States v. Lucido, 612 F.3d
871, 876 (6th Cir. 2010) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). A close
reading of Holland confirms that Souter is still binding on this Court.
No. 09-1875         Perkins v. McQuiggin                                             Page 7


        In Holland, the petitioner repeatedly attempted to contact his attorney to ensure
that his habeas petition would be filed in time. 130 S. Ct. at 2559. His attorney failed
to do so, and the district court and the Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals both found that
“the facts did not warrant equitable tolling and that consequently Holland’s petition was
untimely.”    Id.   Although the petition for certiorari specifically addressed the
professional misconduct issue, the Supreme Court could not resolve that issue without
first resolving whether the ineffective assistance of the petitioner’s attorney warranted
equitable tolling of AEDPA’s statute of limitations.

        The Warden claims that the Supreme Court’s decision in Holland is the type of
inconsistent opinion that justifies revisiting our decision in Souter. The Warden asserts
that AEDPA’s statute of limitations already includes actual innocence claims when two
different considerations are taken into account. First, when a new factual predicate for
a habeas claim is discovered, the petitioner has an additional year to present his petition,
even if the original one year period has run. 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(1)(D) (“The limitation
period shall run from . . . the date on which the factual predicate of the claim or claims
presented could have been discovered through the exercise of due diligence.”). Next,
claims of actual innocence must be based on “new reliable evidence.” Schlup v. Delo,
513 U.S. 298, 324 (1995). Taken together, the Warden argues that Congress must have
contemplated actual innocence claims when it drafted this section.

        This argument is unpersuasive. The Supreme Court has repeatedly cautioned
against finding that non-jurisdictional federal statutes of limitation are not subject to
equitable tolling, absent clear congressional command. Holland, 130 S. Ct. at 2560.
Even if a statute were to suggest that equitable tolling is inapplicable, such statutory
implications do not displace the courts’ equitable authority; such displacement should
only occur when it is clear that Congress intended to do so. Id. The inference of
congressional intent that the Warden urges is not the sort of “clearest command” that the
Supreme Court requires to displace equitable authority. See Holland, 130 S. Ct. at 2560-
61.
No. 09-1875          Perkins v. McQuiggin                                             Page 8


        The Holland Court identified two instances in which the presumption for
equitable tolling has been overcome. Id. at 2561 (citing United States v. Brockamp,
519 U.S. 347 (1997); United States v. Beggerly, 524 U.S. 38 (1998)). In Brockamp,
taxpayers sought federal tax refunds several years after the Internal Revenue Code’s
statute of limitations permitted such requests. Brockamp, 519 U.S. at 348. The IRC’s
“unusually emphatic” language that “reiterate[d] its limitations several times in several
different ways” made clear that Congress truly did not intend for taxpayers to be able to
seek refunds after the applicable period expired. Id. at 350-51. In Beggerly, a
landowner’s successor-in-interest sought to quiet title to property after the Quiet Title
Act’s (“QTA”) twelve-year limitation period had run. 524 U.S. at 41-42. The Supreme
Court found the nature of the QTA’s time period to be “unusually generous” and that
landowners needed a firm statute of limitations in quiet title actions. Id. at 48-49. None
of the concerns the Supreme Court considered in Brockamp or Beggerly—emphasis in
language, generosity of limitations periods, or prejudice to opposing parties—are
implicated when considering whether to subject AEDPA’s statute of limitations to
equitable tolling.

        Simply put, nothing in Holland calls our analysis in Souter into question. “While
it is true that Congress included an actual innocence exception to the procedural bars on
successive habeas petitions and evidentiary hearings but not to the one-year limitations
period, that does not give rise to the negative implication that the absence of an
exception was intended.” Souter, 395 F.3d at 598. Indeed, actual innocence as a basis
for equitable tolling of a statute of limitation was firmly part of the post-conviction relief
jurisprudence when Congress enacted AEDPA, and there is a presumption that
“Congress legislates against the background of existing jurisprudence unless it
specifically negates that jurisprudence.” Id. (citing Young v. United States, 535 U.S. 43,
49-50 (2002)). The Warden provides no reason why this presumption should be upset.
“[L]ike all 11 Courts of Appeals that have considered the question, [the Supreme Court
held] that [AEDPA] is subject to equitable tolling in appropriate cases.” Holland, 130
S. Ct. at 2560. Holland does not indicate that a credible claim of actual innocence is not
such an “appropriate” case without a series of illogical inferential leaps.
No. 09-1875             Perkins v. McQuiggin                                                           Page 9


         The majority of other circuits that have considered the actual innocence gateway
post-Holland agree.1 See Lee v. Lampert, 653 F.3d 929, 932 (9th Cir. 2011) (en banc)
(“[A] petitioner who makes [a credible showing of actual innocence] may pass through
the Schlup gateway and have his otherwise time-barred claims heard on the merits.”);
Sandoval v. Jones, 447 F. App’x 1, 4-5 (10th Cir. 2011) (“We recognize, of course, that
§ 2244(d)’s procedural bar does not extend to preclude this court from entertaining
claims of actual innocence.”); San Martin v. McNeil, 633 F.3d 1257, 1267-68 (11th Cir.
2011) (“A court also may consider an untimely § 2254 petition if, by refusing to consider
the petition for untimeliness, the court thereby would endorse a fundamental miscarriage
of justice because it would require that an individual who is actually innocent remain
imprisoned.”) (internal quotation marks omitted).                      We joined them.            Turner v.
Romanowski, 409 F. App’x 922, 926 (6th Cir. 2011) (“The actual innocence exception
allows for equitable tolling if the petitioner presents evidence of innocence so strong that
a court cannot have confidence in the outcome of the trial.”) (internal quotation marks
omitted).

         The Supreme Court’s decision in Holland is consistent with our precedent in
Souter. The Warden cites no language in Holland that marks such a departure, and
simply rehashes arguments that the respondent made, and that we rejected, in Souter.
The state’s drawing of inferences in both the text of AEDPA and the Holland decision
runs counter to the Supreme Court’s command to hesitate “before interpreting AEDPA’s
statutory silence as indicating a congressional intent to close courthouse doors that a
strong equitable claim would ordinarily keep open.” Holland, 130 S. Ct. at 2562.



         1
            The Fifth Circuit held, post-Holland, that claims of actual innocence may not toll AEDPA’s
statute of limitations. Henderson v. Thaler, 626 F.3d 773 (5th Cir. 2010). Henderson, however, did not
address factual innocence, but innocence from a sentence of death. It also did not analyze the question
anew in light of the Supreme Court’s language in Holland. Instead, the Henderson court cited to a 2000
case that purportedly held there to be no actual innocence exception. Id. at 780 (citing Felder v. Johnson,
204 F.3d 168, 171 (5th Cir. 2000)). Felder, however, held that the claim of the petitioner in that specific
case was not so “rare and exceptional” as to warrant equitable tolling, since “many prisoners maintain they
are innocent.” Felder v. Johnson, 204 F.3d 168, 171 (5th Cir. 2000). In a footnote, the Felder court even
stated that “[the petitioner] has not made a showing of actual innocence . . . .” Id. at 171 n.8 (emphasis in
original). The Felder court did not go so far as to state that credible claims of actual innocence may never
equitably toll the statute of limitations. The Fifth Circuit’s opinion in Henderson at best holds that
contesting the applicability of the death penalty as a valid sentence is not a valid basis for equitably tolling
AEDPA’s statute of limitations.
No. 09-1875         Perkins v. McQuiggin                                              Page 10


Ultimately, no language in Holland gives us any reason to doubt Souter’s continued
viability.

C. Reasonable diligence as a precondition to relying on actual innocence

        The Warden alternatively argues that Holland requires Souter to be modified to
include a reasonable diligence requirement. In Holland, the Supreme Court stated
explicitly that “a petitioner is entitled to equitable tolling only if he shows (1) that he has
been pursuing his rights diligently, and (2) that some extraordinary circumstance stood
in his way and prevented timely filing.” Id. at 2562 (citing Pace, 544 U.S. at 418)
(internal quotation marks omitted). The Warden argues that even if a credible claim of
actual innocence is a valid basis for equitably tolling AEDPA’s statutes of limitation,
Holland dictates placing the additional burden of proving reasonable diligence on such
petitioners. But, the Warden’s reading conflicts with another strain of Supreme Court
jurisprudence in which petitioners who have procedurally defaulted their claims, though
not due to a late filing, may have their claims heard by showing, without more, a credible
claim of actual innocence. See House v. Bell, 547 U.S. 518 (2006) (default due to waiver
of substantive claims in state postconviction proceeding); Schlup, 513 U.S. 298 (default
due to failure to raise substantive claim on appeal of state postconviction motion); see
also In re Davis, 130 S. Ct. 1 (2009) (mem); Dretke v. Haley, 541 U.S. 386 (2004).

        Holland’s language is seemingly at odds with our decision in Souter that allows
for a petitioner to have AEDPA’s one-year statute of limitations equitably tolled upon
a credible claim of actual innocence without a showing of reasonable diligence. Souter,
395 F.3d at 601 n.16 (“We decline to adopt the approach . . . which imposes a
requirement that the petitioner show . . . that a reasonably diligent petitioner could not
have discovered these facts in time to file a petition within the period of limitations.”)
(internal quotation marks and citation omitted). In that same footnote, we went on to
state that, “we decline to impose additional requirements upon a petitioner beyond those
which the Supreme Court has set forth in its habeas corpus jurisprudence.” Id.
Analyzed together, the Warden contends that we ought to overrule our prior decision in
Souter pursuant to Rule 206(c), since Holland appears to be an inconsistent Supreme
No. 09-1875         Perkins v. McQuiggin                                           Page 11


Court opinion on the subject of whether both reasonable diligence and a credible claim
of actual innocence must be presented to equitably toll AEDPA’s statutes of limitation.

        This conclusion is, like much of habeas jurisprudence, not that simple. Requiring
reasonable diligence effectively makes the concept of the actual innocence gateway
redundant, since petitioners only seek equitable tolling when they were not reasonably
diligent in complying with § 2244(d)(1)(D). We made this point clear in Souter:

        The requirement [of reasonable diligence] has the effect of reducing
        actual innocence claims to only those which are timely under
        § 2244(d)(1)(D), the new evidence provision. That provision states the
        one-year limitations period begins to run from the date on which the new
        factual predicate “could have been discovered through the exercise of
        due diligence.” § 2244(d)(1)(D). . . . [This requirement] would not cover
        situations as in this case where the petitioner had collected sufficient
        evidence to demonstrate a credible claim of actual innocence but failed
        to file within the one-year limitations period.

Id. All credible claims of actual innocence, per Schlup, must be based on new reliable
evidence. Such evidence implicates the section quoted above. It is only those claims
outside of that one-year period that require equitable tolling.

        Holland cites Pace, 544 U.S. 408, as the basis for its conclusion that “a petitioner
is entitled to equitable tolling only if he shows . . . that he has been pursuing his rights
diligently . . . .” Holland, 130 S. Ct. at 2562 (internal quotation marks omitted). In
Pace, the Supreme Court decided that the petitioner could not equitably toll AEDPA’s
statute of limitations because he did not advance “his claims within a reasonable time
of their availability” and he sat “on his rights for years” before filing his state post-
conviction relief application. Pace, 544 U.S. at 419. But, neither Holland nor Pace
involved claims of actual innocence, and so requiring reasonable diligence in those
situations does not trigger the internal redundancy we described in Souter. In Pace, the
petitioner requested equitable tolling because “state law and [federal] exhaustion law
created a trap . . . .” Pace, 544 U.S. at 418. In Holland, the claim for equitable tolling
centered around attorney error. Holland, 130 S. Ct. at 2563. In fact, the Supreme Court
No. 09-1875          Perkins v. McQuiggin                                              Page 12


has never required reasonable diligence to be shown when seeking equitable tolling due
to actual innocence.

        This puts two tracks of Supreme Court jurisprudence in tension with each other.
Cases like Holland and Pace indicate that those seeking equitable tolling must, in
general, pursue their claims with reasonable diligence. Cases like House and Bell
consider actual innocence as a gateway to seek review of claims otherwise barred by
procedural default, yet do not impose additional requirements. Resolving this tension
requires us either to treat all equitable tolling cases the same, regardless of the presence
of an actual innocence claim, or to treat all actual innocence claims the same, regardless
of the reason for the procedural default. Given the Supreme Court’s rich jurisprudence
protecting those that may be wrongfully incarcerated, we adopt the latter view. See, e.g.,
Murray v. Carrier, 477 U.S. 478, 496 (1986) (“[W]e think that in an extraordinary case,
where a constitutional violation has probably resulted in the conviction of one who is
actually innocent, a federal habeas court may grant the writ even in the absence of a
showing of cause for the procedural default.”).

        Adopting the Warden’s interpretation of Holland would permit an absurd result:
petitioners could seek post-conviction review, even if their claim is otherwise
procedurally defaulted, if they can make a credible showing of actual innocence and the
basis of their default is not the statute of limitations. If the default is based on the statute
of limitations, then such petitioners would also need to show reasonable diligence in
order to seek review. The Warden makes no argument as to why such disparate
standards ought to be applied based on the nature of the procedural default, which makes
this interpretation troubling. As we stated in Souter, when considering whether actual
innocence claims ought to be analyzed in a similar light post-AEDPA, “[a]bsent
evidence on Congress’s contrary intent, there is no articulable reason for treating habeas
claims barred by the federal statute of limitations differently.” Souter, 395 F.3d at 599.
It is unclear why equity permits an actually innocent petitioner to pursue his petition if
his default is based on state court exhaustion principles, but that same petitioner could
not do so without proving reasonable diligence if the statute of limitations is the basis
No. 09-1875            Perkins v. McQuiggin                                                       Page 13


of default. There is little reason to believe that the Supreme Court values statutes of
limitations over other procedural bars in this way. The more natural reading, in line with
the Supreme Court’s precedent, is that all credible actual innocence claims are treated
the same.

         Congress passed AEDPA to streamline the federal habeas review process
“without undermining basic habeas corpus principles and while seeking to harmonize
the new statute with prior law . . . .” Holland, 130 S. Ct. at 2562. Such prior law
ensured that those who are actually innocent should be granted the ability to pursue post-
conviction relief regardless of procedural default. See Schlup, 513 U.S. at 325 (“Indeed,
concern about the injustice that results from the conviction of an innocent person has
long been at the core of our criminal justice system.”); Sawyer v. Whitney, 505 U.S. 333,
351 (1992) (Blackmun, J., concurring) (“[The Supreme Court] consistently has
acknowledged that exceptions to these rules of unreviewability must exist to prevent
violations of fundamental fairness.”); McCleskey v. Zant, 499 U.S. 467, 494 (1991)
(“Federal courts retain the authority to issue the writ . . . .when a constitutional violation
probably has caused the conviction of one innocent of the crime.”); Dugger v. Adams,
489 U.S. 401, 414 (1989) (“[H]abeas review of a defaulted claim is available, even
absent cause for default, if the failure to consider the claim would result in a fundamental
miscarriage of justice.”) (internal quotation marks omitted). If AEDPA is truly meant
to be in harmony with pre-AEDPA law in those specific situations in which the Supreme
Court is silent, it cannot be inferred that the language in Holland places an additional
burden of proving reasonable diligence on Perkins.

         Almost all other circuit courts have not yet analyzed whether, post-Holland,
reasonable diligence is a prerequisite for equitably tolling AEDPA’s statute of
limitations based on a credible claim of actual innocence.2 Many have come close, and


         2
           The Third Circuit recently assumed, in dictum, that a petitioner seeking to toll AEDPA’s statute
of limitations with a credible claim of actual innocence “would still have the burden of demonstrating . . .
reasonable diligence in bringing his claim.” Reed v. Harlow, 2011 WL 4914869, at *2 n.2 (3d Cir. Oct.
17, 2011). In support of this proposition, that court cites to its previous decision in Miller v. New Jersey
State Department of Corrections, 145 F.3d 616 (3d Cir. 1998). The petitioner in Miller, however,
requested equitable tolling because he did not have access to his legal documents, not because he claimed
to be innocent. Miller does not mention actual innocence.
No. 09-1875            Perkins v. McQuiggin                                                       Page 14


they seem mostly to be in agreement. In San Martin, the Eleventh Circuit distinguished
between equitable tolling based on reasonable diligence and extraordinary
circumstances, and equitable tolling based on actual innocence. 633 F.3d at 1267-68.
While acknowledging that Holland required reasonable diligence and extraordinary
circumstances in order to equitably toll AEDPA’s statute of limitations, it noted that “[a]
court also may consider an untimely § 2254 petition if, by refusing to consider the
petition for untimeliness, the court thereby would endorse a fundamental miscarriage of
justice because it would require that an individual who is actually innocent remain
imprisoned.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). The Ninth Circuit made a similar
distinction. Lee, 653 F.3d at 934 (“As with equitable tolling based on diligence and
extraordinary circumstances, we conclude that Congress intended for the actual
innocence exception to apply to AEDPA’s statute of limitations.”) (citations omitted).
The Tenth Circuit went further, stating “[i]n the equitable tolling context . . . a
sufficiently supported claim of actual innocence creates an exception to procedural
barriers for bringing constitutional claims, regardless of whether the petitioner
demonstrated cause for the failure to bring these claims forward earlier.” Lopez v. Trani,
628 F.3d 1228, 1230-31 (10th Cir. 2010).3

                                         III. CONCLUSION

         Whether Perkins is actually innocent is not for us to decide. To be sure, the
standard that he must meet is a high one, and it is only that “rare and extraordinary case”
which merits such relief. Instead, this Court is tasked with determining whether
petitioners who can make a credible showing of actual innocence must also make a
showing of reasonable diligence in order to equitably toll AEDPA’s statute of limitations
and have their claim heard on the merits.


         3
           Because Lopez was decided about six months after Holland, but fails to cite to Holland in the
opinion, the weight of this forceful language is somewhat limited. The Ninth Circuit recently questioned
whether the phrase “equitable tolling” adequately describes the relief sought by petitioners like Perkins.
Lee, 653 F.3d at 933-34 n.5. “We note that, in many cases, the phrase ‘equitable tolling’ is used in
describing the use of equitable power to allow the untimely filing of a habeas petition in an actual
innocence case. The more accurate characterization is ‘equitable exception,’ because equitable tolling
involves different theoretical underpinnings.” Id. Although we have used the phrase “equitable tolling”
in cases such as Souter, the Ninth Circuit’s semantic approach is not without merit, as it may assist courts
in distinguishing among different standards for equitable relief.
No. 09-1875         Perkins v. McQuiggin                                         Page 15


       While a number of courts, including the Supreme Court, have held that equitable
tolling requires the petitioner to be reasonably diligent in pursuing his rights, none of
those decisions analyze whether equitable tolling based on claims of actual innocence
must be pursued in the same way. Given the Supreme Court’s rich jurisprudence
protecting the rights of the wrongfully incarcerated, petitioners who seek equitable
tolling based on actual innocence should not be treated in the same way as those seeking
equitable tolling because of ineffective assistance of counsel, confusion of filing
requirements, or other important, but less compelling reasons. For the foregoing
reasons, the judgment of the district court is REVERSED, and the case is REMANDED
so that the district court may fully consider whether Perkins asserts a credible claim of
actual innocence.
No. 09-1875         Perkins v. McQuiggin                                             Page 16


                              ________________________

                                  CONCURRENCE
                              ________________________

        BECKWITH, District Judge, concurring. I write separately to voice a concern
that this result not be interpreted to encourage the filing of stale petitions raising dubious
claims of actual innocence.

        As Justice O’Connor once noted, the principles that inform federal habeas
jurisprudence are “finality, federalism, and fairness.” Withrow v. Williams, 507 U.S.
680, 697 (1993) (concurring in part and dissenting in part). Any equitable exception to
the procedural time limits imposed by Congress upon state habeas petitions implicates
all three principles. Of course, actual innocence of a crime despite a conviction that has
been affirmed on direct review raises fundamental concerns about fairness to the
petitioner, and in some cases the integrity of the judicial system. Thus a credible
demonstration of actual innocence has traditionally been treated as sufficient, standing
alone, to outweigh the interests of finality and federalism. As this Court recognized in
Souter v. Jones, 395 F.3d 577, 600 (6th Cir. 2005), an exception to timeliness should be
made in “... the rare and extraordinary case where a petitioner can demonstrate a credible
claim of actual innocence.” Indeed, I am of the view that a credible claim of actual
innocence functions as a wholly separate and superceding circumstance that acts as an
“equitable exception” to the statute of limitations. See Lee v. Lampert, 653 F.3d 929,
933 at n.5 (9th Cir.2011) (en banc).

        However, federal habeas jurisprudence also demonstrates that such claims are
rare, constituting a “narrow class of cases ... implicating a fundamental miscarriage of
justice.” Schlup v. Delo, 513 U.S. 298, 314-315 (1995). Schlup held that in order to
credibly claim actual innocence, a petitioner “must show that it is more likely than not
that no reasonable juror would have convicted him in the light of the new evidence.”
Id. at 327 (emphasis added). Moreover, any such new evidence presented must be
reliable, whether it consists of “exculpatory scientific evidence, trustworthy eyewitness
accounts, or critical physical evidence ... that was not presented at trial.” Id. at 324.
No. 09-1875        Perkins v. McQuiggin                                           Page 17


Thus a petitioner must present more than an existential possibility of innocence that rests
on speculation, or present arguments that simply revisit minor discrepancies in trial
testimony or evidence. A petitioner who can present new and reliable evidence of actual
innocence under these exacting standards should be entitled to a review of his claims of
constitutional error without the untimeliness of his petition standing in the way. The
result reached here should not be interpreted in any way to alter or lower these exacting
standards.

       I also believe that this result does not preclude any and all consideration of the
timeliness of a petitioner’s presentation of new evidence. The traditional judicial
function of evaluating the credibility of witnesses and the quality and reliability of
evidence often involves the consideration of when and how the evidence or witnesses
came to light or were discovered by a petitioner. I wish to emphasize that nothing in our
opinion should be understood to limit or cabin that traditional function.
