Filed 7/16/12




      IN THE SUPREME COURT OF CALIFORNIA


THE PEOPLE ,                         )
                                     )
           Plaintiff and Respondent, )
                                     )                             S189317
           v.                        )
                                     )                      Ct.App. 2/4 B215387
BRANDON ALEXANDER FAVOR,             )
                                     )                      Los Angeles County
           Defendant and Appellant.  )                    Super. Ct. No. BA285265
____________________________________)


        In this case, a jury found defendant guilty of two counts of robbery, as an
aider and abettor, and guilty of two counts of attempted murder, on the theory that
the nontarget offenses of attempted murder were a natural and probable
consequence of the target offenses of robbery which defendant had aided and
abetted. The jury further found that the attempted murders were willful,
deliberate, and premeditated, under Penal Code section 664, subdivision (a)
(section 664(a)).1 The statute increases the punishment for attempted murder
beyond the maximum otherwise prescribed, when those findings are found true by
the trier of fact.
        In People v. Cummins (2005) 127 Cal.App.4th 667 (Cummins), the Court of
Appeal held that as to the premeditation allegation under section 664(a), the trial
court need only instruct that the jury must find that the commission of attempted

1       All further statutory references are to the Penal Code.



                                          1
murder was a natural and probable consequence of the target crime of robbery. It
need not instruct that premeditation must also be a natural and probable
consequence of the robbery. (Id. at pp. 680-681.) On the other hand, in People v.
Hart (2009) 176 Cal.App.4th 662 (Hart), the Court of Appeal held the trial court
must instruct that the jury must find that attempted premeditated murder, not just
attempted murder, was a natural and probable consequence of the target offense.
(Id. at p. 673.)
       In a published opinion, the Court of Appeal here followed Cummins and
concluded the instructions were sufficient with respect to the natural and probable
consequences doctrine as applied to the premeditation allegation under section
664(a). We granted review to resolve the conflict.
       We agree with Cummins and the Court of Appeal in this case that the jury
need not be instructed that a premeditated attempt to murder must have been a
natural and probable consequence of the target offense.
                   I. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
       On November 8, 2004, defendant accompanied two companions to the A &
J Liquor store, which also operated a check-cashing business. Owner Paul Lee
and employees Pablo Castaneda and Jose Huerta were working. Huerta had his
back turned when two or three individuals entered the store and locked the door.
Huerta heard a gunshot fired from near his head, and felt its discharge burn his
head. He fell to the floor and stayed there. After the shot near his head, he heard
three more gunshots and a cash register being opened. One of the intruders
ordered, “Get the telephone, get the cameras, and I‟ll find you. You already know
where.” A second person asked, “Where are the cameras?” Huerta answered that
the cameras were in the back. When one of the men demanded his money, Huerta
gave it to him. Huerta walked to the office in the back of the store, where the
security videos were located. The man followed him, looked around inside the

                                         2
room, then exited the store. After the intruders left, Huerta locked the door and
found that Castaneda had been shot once in the head and was dead. Lee was lying
on the ground and had been shot twice, once in the neck and once in the chest.
Although suffering grave injury, Lee ultimately survived.
       It was later determined that the robbers took between $50,000 and $70,000
from the check-cashing portion of business, approximately $1,000 from the
grocery portion of the business, as well as a mobile telephone, and prepaid
telephone calling cards.
       In June 2005, the police arrested defendant after a flyer was distributed,
containing a photograph of defendant from the store security video. During a
recorded interview, which was played at trial, defendant admitted that he went to
the A & J Liquor Store earlier on the day of the robbery with an ex-gang member
known as “Trouble.” The two men noticed that the store was not very secure.
Trouble said he would tell his partners about it, and they got on a bus to meet up
with them. Defendant stated that he recognized one of the men from the streets as
an active gang member. He was also fairly sure he had gone to high school with
the other man, who was the shooter. Defendant described the shooter as a “shady
character” who was not to be trusted.
       After Trouble told the two men about the liquor store, defendant and the
two men took the bus back to the store. Defendant went in the store first to see
how many people were inside. Seeing nobody, he walked out. Defendant claimed
that the two men then entered the store without him, and that he heard gunshots.
In response to defendant‟s knock, the shooter opened the door with a gun in his
hand and told defendant to “get the money.” Defendant saw that several people
had been shot and proceeded to take everything from the cash register. He also
grabbed a mobile phone and gave it to the shooter.



                                          3
       However, the store‟s video showed that defendant and two men entered the
store together. Defendant entered first, a man wearing a security jacket entered
second, and the shooter entered third.
       The prosecution charged defendant with one count of first degree murder,
with the special circumstance that it was committed while he was engaged in the
commission of a robbery (Pen. Code, §§ 187, subd. (a), 190.2, subd. (a)(17)(A)),
two counts of attempted murder (§§ 664/187, subd. (a)), and two counts of second
degree robbery (§ 211). The information further alleged that a principal was
armed with a firearm (§ 12022, subd. (a)(1)), and that the attempted murders were
committed willfully, deliberately and with premeditation. Under the prosecution‟s
theory at trial, defendant was guilty of first degree murder under the felony-
murder rule, of robbery as an aider and abettor, and of attempted murder under the
natural and probable consequences doctrine.
       A jury found defendant guilty as charged and the enhancement allegations
to be true. The trial court imposed a sentence of life imprisonment without
possibility of parole for the murder and consecutive terms of life imprisonment
with the possibility of parole for the attempted murders, with an additional year on
each term for the arming enhancement. It stayed the sentences for robbery.
       The Court of Appeal affirmed the convictions. Relying on our decision in
People v. Lee (2003) 31 Cal.4th 613 (Lee) and on Cummins, supra, 127
Cal.App.4th 667, and disagreeing with Hart, supra, 176 Cal.App.4th 662, the
court concluded that the trial court did not err in failing to relate the premeditation
and deliberation instruction to the natural and probable consequences instruction.
       We granted defendant‟s petition for review.
                                 II. DISCUSSION
       Defendant contends that the willful, deliberate, and premeditated findings
should be vacated. He argues that the trial court failed to instruct that the jury had

                                           4
to find, not only that the attempted murder was a natural and probable
consequence of the robberies, but also that the perpetrator‟s willfulness,
deliberation, and premeditation were natural and probable consequences.
        “ „A person who knowingly aids and abets criminal conduct is guilty of not
only the intended crime [target offense] but also of any other crime the perpetrator
actually commits [nontarget offense] that is a natural and probable consequence of
the intended crime. The latter question is not whether the aider and abettor
actually foresaw the additional crime, but whether, judged objectively, it was
reasonably foreseeable. [Citation.]‟ [Citation.] Liability under the natural and
probable consequences doctrine „is measured by whether a reasonable person in
the defendant's position would have or should have known that the charged
offense was a reasonably foreseeable consequence of the act aided and abetted.‟
[Citation.]” (People v. Medina (2009) 46 Cal.4th 913, 920; see People v.
Prettyman (1996) 14 Cal.4th 248, 254.) A reasonably foreseeable consequence is
a factual issue to be resolved by the jury who evaluates all the factual
circumstances of the individual case. (People v. Medina, supra, 46 Cal.4th at p.
920.)
        Under the prosecution‟s theory at trial, defendant was guilty of the target
offense of robbery as an aider and abettor, and of the nontarget offense of
attempted murder as a natural and probable consequence of the robbery.
Regarding that theory, the trial court instructed (pursuant to CALCRIM No. 402)
as follows: “The defendant is charged in Counts 4 through 5 with robbery and in
Counts 2 through 3 with attempted murder. [¶] You must first decide whether the
defendant is guilty of robbery. If you find the defendant is guilty of this crime,
then you must decide whether he is guilty of attempted murder. [¶] Under certain
circumstances, a person who is guilty of one crime also may be guilty of other
crimes that were committed at the same time. [¶] To prove that the defendant is

                                          5
guilty of attempted murder, the People must prove that: [¶] 1. The defendant is
guilty of robbery; [¶] 2. During the commission of robbery, a co-participant in
that robbery committed the crime of attempted murder, and [¶] 3. Under all of
the circumstances, a reasonable person in the defendant‟s position would have
known that the commission of attempted murder was a natural and probable
consequence of the commission of the robbery.”
       The prosecution alleged that the attempted murder was willful, deliberate,
and premeditated under the penalty provision of section 664(a). Section 664(a)
provides that a defendant convicted of attempted murder is subject to a
determinate term of five, seven, or nine years. However, a defendant convicted of
attempted murder is subject to a sentence of life with the possibility of parole if
the jury finds that the attempted murder was “willful, deliberate, and premeditated
murder, as defined in Section 189.” (Ibid.)
       Regarding the attempted murder/premeditation allegation, the trial court
instructed (pursuant to CALCRIM No. 601) as follows: “If you find the defendant
guilty of attempted murder in Count 2 and/or Count 3, then you must decide
whether the People have proved the additional allegation that the attempted
murder was done willfully and with deliberation and premeditation, within the
meaning of Penal Code section 664(a). [¶] The defendant and/or a principal acted
willfully if he intended to kill when he acted. The defendant and/or a principal
deliberated if he carefully weighed the considerations for and against his choice
and, knowing the consequences, decided to kill. The defendant and/or a principal
premeditated if he decided to kill before acting. [¶] The attempted murder was
done willfully and with deliberation and premeditation if either the defendant or a
principal or both of them acted with that state of mind.”
       Relying primarily on Hart, supra, 176 Cal.App.4th 662, defendant argues
that the trial court committed reversible instructional error by failing to instruct the

                                           6
jury on the natural and probable consequences doctrine as to the nontarget offense
of attempted willful, deliberate, and premeditated murder.
       The facts in Hart are similar to the present case. The defendant and a
confederate attempted to rob a store employee, who was shot by the confederate
during the commission of the offense. The store employee survived. The jury
found defendant guilty of attempted murder and that the attempted murder was
willful, deliberate, and premeditated. One of the prosecution‟s theories of guilt
was that the attempted murder was a natural and probable consequence of the
attempted robbery that the defendant had aided and abetted. (Hart, supra, 176
Cal.App.4th at pp. 665-668.)
       Hart reversed the jury‟s premeditation and deliberation finding on the
attempted murder conviction because the trial court failed to instruct the jury “to
find that attempted premeditated murder, not just attempted murder, was a natural
and probable consequence of the attempted robbery.” (Hart, supra, 176
Cal.App.4th at p. 673.) The court noted that, although it was reasonable to infer
the defendant knew his companion had a gun and intended to use it if necessary, a
reasonable person in the defendant‟s position may not have concluded that
attempted premeditated murder would be a natural and probable result of the
planned robbery. (Id. at p. 672.) Thus, “a reasonable jury could have concluded
that the actual perpetrator [the companion] was guilty of attempted premeditated
murder but that the aider and abettor [the defendant] was guilty of no more than
attempted unpremeditated murder.” (Ibid.)
       In reaching that conclusion, the Hart court relied on its previous opinion in
People v. Woods (1992) 8 Cal.App.4th 1570. In Woods, the court held that, “[i]f
the evidence raises a question whether the offense charged against the aider and
abettor is a reasonably foreseeable consequence of the criminal act originally
aided and abetted but would support a finding that a necessarily included offense

                                          7
committed by the perpetrator was such a consequence, the trial court has a duty to
instruct sua sponte on the necessarily included offense as part of the jury
instructions on aider and abettor liability.” (Id. at p. 1593.) Because an aider and
abettor may be convicted of a lesser offense than that committed by the
perpetrator, Woods concluded the trial court should have instructed that the jury
could find the aider and abettor guilty of the nontarget crime of second degree
murder even though the actual perpetrator was guilty of first degree murder. (Id.
at pp. 1577, 1590.)
       Hart‟s analysis fails for two reasons. First, contrary to Hart‟s
presupposition, attempted premeditated murder and attempted unpremeditated
murder are not separate offenses. Attempted murder is not divided into different
degrees. (People v. Douglas (1990) 220 Cal.App.3d 544, 549 [rejecting claim that
attempted second degree murder is lesser offense included within offense of
attempted willful, deliberate, and premeditated murder], cited with approval in
People v. Bright (1996) 12 Cal.4th 652, 665-667 (Bright)), which we disapproved
on another ground in People v. Seel (2004) 34 Cal.4th 535, 550, fn. 6.2) “[T]he
provision in section 664, subdivision (a), imposing a greater punishment for an
attempt to commit a murder that is „willful, deliberate, and premeditated‟ does not
create a greater degree of attempted murder but, rather, constitutes a penalty
provision that prescribes an increase in punishment (a greater base term) for the
offense of attempted murder.” (Bright, supra, 12 Cal.4th at pp. 656-657].) “[T]he

2      In People v. Seel, supra, 34 Cal.4th at page 539, we held that because
section 664(a)‟s penalty provision exposes a defendant to a greater punishment
than that authorized by a jury‟s guilty verdict of attempted murder, it is the “
„functional equivalent of an element of a greater offense than the one covered by
the jury‟s guilty verdict‟ ” for purposes of federal double jeopardy protection.
(See Seel, at pp. 547-548; see also Apprendi v. New Jersey (2000) 530 U.S. 466,
494, fn. 19.)



                                          8
statutory language employed in prescribing an additional penalty for attempted
murder . . . reflects a legislative intent to create a penalty provision specifying a
greater term, rather than a substantive offense.” (Bright, supra, 12 Cal.4th at p.
668; see also id. at p. 670 [“the division of a crime into degrees constitutes an
exclusively legislative function”].) Thus, “premeditated attempted murder is not a
separate offense from attempted murder.” (Anthony v. Superior Court (2010) 188
Cal.App.4th 700, 706.) Because Woods involved murder — not attempted murder
— where there are different degrees of the offense, Hart‟s reliance on Woods’s
lesser included offense analysis is misplaced.
       Second, along with failing to discuss Bright, Hart did not consider the
impact of Lee, supra, 31 Cal.4th 613. In Lee, we held that the premeditation
penalty provision of section 664(a), “must be interpreted to require only that the
murder attempted was willful, deliberate, and premeditated, but not to require that
an attempted murderer personally acted willfully and with deliberation and
premeditation, even if he or she is guilty as an aider and abettor.” (Lee, supra, 31
Cal.4th at p. 616.) We reasoned that section 664(a) “makes no distinction between
an attempted murderer who is guilty as a direct perpetrator and an attempted
murderer who is guilty as an aider and abettor” and does not require personal
willfulness, deliberation, and premeditation of an attempted murderer. (Id. at p.
623.) Thus, premeditation is not a required component of the aider and abettor‟s
mental state. Accordingly, we found that the trial court did not err in failing to
instruct that to find the premeditation allegation to be true, the jury must find
personal willfulness, deliberation, and premeditation as to an attempted murderer
who is guilty as an aider and abettor. (Id. at pp. 616-617.)
       We observed that the Legislature would have been justified in refusing to
extend section 664(a)‟s penalty provision to an aider and abettor who fails to
personally act with premeditation, but did not. We reasoned that because an aider

                                           9
and abettor must share the specific intent of the direct perpetrator and have
knowledge of the perpetrator‟s criminal purpose, “the Legislature reasonably
could have determined that an attempted murderer who is guilty as an aider and
abettor, but who did not personally act with willfulness, deliberation, and
premeditation, is sufficiently blameworthy to be punished with life
imprisonment.” (Lee, supra, 31 Cal.4th at p. 624.) Although Lee did not involve
the natural and probable consequences doctrine, we commented in dictum that
“where the natural-and-probable consequences doctrine does apply, an attempted
murderer who is guilty as an aider and abettor may be less blameworthy. In light
of such a possibility, it would not have been irrational for the Legislature to limit
section 664(a) only to those attempted murderers who personally acted willfully
and with deliberation and premeditation. But the Legislature has declined to do
so.” (Id. at pp. 624-625.) Thus, we indicated that section 664(a) applies to all
aiders and abettors.
        Moreover, we noted that even in the case of aiders and abettors under the
natural and probable consequences doctrine, punishment need not be finely
calibrated to the criminal‟s mens rea. It takes account of other valid penalogical
considerations, such as the defendant‟s conduct, the consequences of such
conduct, and the surrounding circumstances, including the fact that the murder
attempted was willful, deliberate, and premeditated. (Lee, supra, 31 Cal.4th at p.
627.)
        In Cummins, supra, 127 Cal.App.4th 667, the Court of Appeal extended
Lee‟s analysis to the natural and probable consequences doctrine. There, the
defendant and a companion robbed and carjacked a driver, then either the
defendant or his companion pushed the victim off a cliff. The jury found
defendant guilty of attempted murder as an aider and abettor under the natural and
probable consequences doctrine and found the premeditation allegation to be true.

                                          10
Noting that the defendant “was a willing and active participant in all the steps that
led to the attempt on [the victim‟s life],” the court concluded “[w]e see no reason,
under the facts of this case, to depart from the reasoning of the Lee court in a
situation that applies the natural and probable consequences doctrine.” (Id. at p.
680; see also People v. Curry (2007) 158 Cal.App.4th 766, 792 [agreeing “that
Lee should apply in a case involving the natural and probable consequences
doctrine”].)
       The Court of Appeal in this case correctly followed Cummins and disagreed
with Hart. As the Court of Appeal noted, we “observed in Lee, [that] the
Legislature declined to make a distinction in the findings necessary for
perpetrators or for aiders and abettors in Penal Code section 664, subdivision (a).”
We further indicated that the Legislature, in adding section 664(a)‟s penalty
provision, made no distinctions between aiders and abettors in general and those
guilty under the natural and probable consequences doctrine. (Lee, supra, 31
Cal.4th at pp. 624-625.) As the Attorney General points out, since Lee, the
Legislature has not modified the premeditation penalty provision in section 664(a),
although it has modified subdivision (a) and other subdivisions of section 664 in
other respects. “[W]hen as here „ “a statute has been construed by judicial
decision, and that construction is not altered by subsequent legislation, it must be
presumed that the Legislature is aware of the judicial construction and approves of
it.” [Citations.] “There is a strong presumption that when the Legislature reenacts
a statute which has been judicially construed it adopts the construction placed on
the statute by the courts.” ‟ ” (People v. Meloney (2003) 30 Cal.4th 1145, 1161.)
       As noted above, Hart‟s analysis rested on the distinction between greater
and lesser included offenses in general and on the general rule that a trial court has
a duty to instruct on lesser included offenses if the evidence supports a conviction
on the lesser offense. However, Hart‟s reliance on the principles relating to lesser

                                         11
included offenses is inapplicable in light of Bright, supra 12 Cal.4th 652, and Lee,
supra, 31 Cal.4th 613. Attempted premeditated murder is not a greater offense or
degree of attempted murder. (Bright, supra 12 Cal.4th at pp. 656-657, 668.)
Thus, Hart incorrectly concluded that an actual perpetrator can be guilty of
attempted premeditated murder, while the aider and abettor can be guilty of the
lesser offense of attempted unpremeditated murder. (Hart, supra, 176
Cal.App.4th at p. 672.) Moreover, Lee refutes Hart‟s underlying premise that an
aider and abettor would be less culpable than the direct perpetrator if he or she did
not personally act with premeditation and deliberation. As we explained in Lee,
an aider and abettor need not share the heightened mental state of the direct
perpetrator for the applicability of section 664(a)‟s penalty provision. (Lee, supra,
31 Cal.4th at pp. 621-622.) Once the jury finds that the murder attempted was
deliberate and premeditated, both the direct perpetrator and the aider and abettor
are subject to section 664(a)‟s penalty provision. (Lee, at pp. 621-622.) The Court
of Appeal correctly declined to follow Hart.3
       Because section 664(a) “requires only that the attempted murder itself was
willful, deliberate, and premeditated” (Lee, supra, 31 Cal.4th at p. 626), it is only
necessary that the attempted murder “be committed by one of the perpetrators with
the requisite state of mind.” (Cummins, supra, 127 Cal.App.4th at p. 680.)
Moreover, the jury does not decide the truth of the penalty premeditation
allegation until it first has reached a verdict on the substantive offense of
attempted murder. (Bright, supra, 12 Cal.4th at p. 661.) Thus, with respect to the
natural and probable consequences doctrine as applied to the premeditation
allegation under section 664(a), attempted murder — not attempted premeditated

3      We disapprove People v. Hart, supra, 176 Cal.App.4th 662, to the extent it
is inconsistent with this opinion.



                                          12
murder — qualifies as the nontarget offense to which the jury must find
foreseeability. Accordingly, once the jury finds that an aider and abettor, in
general or under the natural and probable consequences doctrine, has committed
an attempted murder, it separately determines whether the attempted murder was
willful, deliberate, and premeditated.
       Under the natural and probable consequences doctrine, there is no
requirement that an aider and abettor reasonably foresee an attempted
premeditated murder as the natural and probable consequence of the target
offense. It is sufficient that attempted murder is a reasonably foreseeable
consequence of the crime aided and abetted, and the attempted murder itself was
committed willfully, deliberately and with premeditation.
                               III. DISPOSITION
       We affirm the judgment of the Court of Appeal.


                                                        CHIN, J.

WE CONCUR:

CANTIL-SAKAUYE, C. J.
BAXTER, J.
WERDEGAR, J.
CORRIGAN, J.




                                         13
                      DISSENTING OPINION BY LIU, J.

       Defendant was convicted of two counts of attempted murder on the theory
that he aided and abetted the crime of robbery and that attempted murder was a
natural and probable consequence of the robbery. Attempted murder is punishable
by imprisonment for five, seven, or nine years. (Pen. Code, § 664, subd. (a)
(hereafter section 664(a)); further undesignated statutory references are to this
code.) However, if the attempted murder is “willful, deliberate, and
premeditated,” then it “shall be punished by imprisonment . . . for life with the
possibility of parole.” (Ibid.) The jury in this case found that the attempted
murders were committed willfully, deliberately, and with premeditation within the
meaning of section 664(a). On that basis, the trial court sentenced defendant to
consecutive life terms with the possibility of parole.
       The trial court instructed the jury that it must determine whether “a
reasonable person in the defendant‟s position would have known that the
commission of attempted murder was a natural and probable consequence of the
commission of the robbery.” But the trial court did not instruct the jury that it
must determine whether a reasonable person in defendant‟s position would have
known that premeditation in the commission of attempted murder was a natural
and probable consequence of the robbery. This omission was error. In order to
convict defendant of premeditated attempted murder on the theory that it was a
natural and probable consequence of the robbery, the trier of fact must find that


                                          1
premeditated attempted murder — not simply attempted murder — was a
reasonably foreseeable consequence of committing the robbery. Because today‟s
decision violates the fundamental precept that what is or is not a reasonably
foreseeable consequence “is a factual issue to be resolved by the jury” (People v.
Medina (2009) 46 Cal.4th 913, 920 (Medina)), I respectfully dissent.
                                          I.
       Criminal liability for aiding and abetting a crime is based on statute.
Section 30 classifies the “parties to crimes” as principals and accessories. Section
31 defines “principals” in a crime to include persons who “aid and abet in its
commission, or . . . have advised or encouraged its commission.” This court has
interpreted section 31 to require that an aider and abettor must act “with
knowledge of the criminal purpose of the perpetrator and with an intent or purpose
either of committing, or of encouraging or facilitating commission of, the
offense.” (People v. Beeman (1984) 35 Cal.3d 547, 560.)
       The natural and probable consequences doctrine is a creature of common
law. “At common law, a person encouraging or facilitating the commission of a
crime could be held criminally liable not only for that crime [the target offense],
but for any other offense [a nontarget offense] that was a „natural and probable
consequence‟ of the crime aided and abetted. [Citation.]” (People v. Prettyman
(1996) 14 Cal.4th 248, 260 (Prettyman); see People v. Croy (1985) 41 Cal.3d 1,
12, fn. 5.) The rationale for the doctrine is that “aiders and abettors should be
responsible for the criminal harms they have naturally, probably and foreseeably
put in motion.‟ [Citation.]” (Prettyman, at p. 260.)
       Criminal liability under the natural and probable consequences doctrine is
premised on a causal link between the charged nontarget offense and the target
offense aided and abetted by the defendant. A question that often arises is whether
a sufficient causal link exists under the circumstances of the case, and the answer
                                          2
turns on whether the nontarget offense was a reasonably foreseeable consequence
of the target offense. As we explained in Medina: “ „A person who knowingly
aids and abets criminal conduct is guilty of not only the intended crime [target
offense] but also of any other crime the perpetrator actually commits [nontarget
offense] that is a natural and probable consequence of the intended crime. The
latter question is not whether the aider and abettor actually foresaw the additional
crime, but whether, judged objectively, it was reasonably foreseeable. [Citation.]‟
[Citation.] Liability under the natural and probable consequences doctrine „is
measured by whether a reasonable person in the defendant‟s position would have
or should have known that the charged offense was a reasonably foreseeable
consequence of the act aided and abetted.‟ [Citation.]” (Medina, supra, 46
Cal.4th at p. 920.)
       Whether a nontarget offense is a reasonably foreseeable consequence of the
target offense is a fact-specific inquiry to be resolved by a jury. This basic rule
was established over a century ago in the first California decision to embrace the
natural and probable consequences doctrine. (See People v. Kaufman (1907) 152
Cal. 331, 335 [“[W]hether or not the act committed was the ordinary and probable
effect of the common design or whether it was a fresh and independent product of
the mind of one of the conspirators, outside of, or foreign to, the common design,
is a question of fact for the jury, [citations], and if there be any evidence to support
the finding of the jury on this question, its determination is conclusive.”].) Over
the years, we have consistently followed this rule. (See Medina, supra, 46 Cal.4th
at p. 920 [“A reasonably foreseeable consequence is to be evaluated under all the
factual circumstances of the individual case [citation] and is a factual issue to be
resolved by the jury.”]; People v. Croy, supra, 41 Cal.3d at p. 12, fn. 5, quoting
People v. Durham (1969) 70 Cal.2d 171, 181 [“ „ “Whether the act committed was


                                           3
the natural and probable consequence of the act encouraged and the extent of
defendant’s knowledge are questions of fact for the jury.” ‟ ”].)
       A jury finding of reasonable foreseeability provides the crucial nexus that
links a defendant‟s culpability for aiding and abetting the target offense to his
criminal liability for the nontarget offense. Without that nexus, there is no basis
— no legally sufficient theory of causation — to find the defendant culpable for
the nontarget offense. Our cases have thus recognized, without exception, that
“the trier of fact must . . . find that . . . the offense committed by the confederate
was a natural and probable consequence of the target crime that the defendant
aided and abetted.” (Prettyman, supra, 14 Cal.4th at p. 262.)
       Today‟s decision departs from this basic rule. The court holds that
defendant may be convicted of premeditated attempted murder as a natural and
probable consequence of the robbery he aided and abetted, even though the jury
was asked to determine only whether “the commission of attempted murder was a
natural and probable consequence of the commission of the robbery.” This
holding disregards the essential causal link that must exist between the charged
nontarget offense and the target offense aided and abetted by defendant. How can
defendant be convicted of premeditated attempted murder on a natural and
probable consequences theory when the jury was never asked to determine
whether premeditated attempted murder was a natural and probable consequence
of the target offense?
       The Court of Appeal in People v. Hart (2009) 176 Cal.App.4th 662 (Hart)
reached the correct result on facts similar to those in this case. Two men, Hart and
Rayford, went to rob a liquor store. Hart had a gun and ordered the store owner,
Singh, to open a drawer under the cash register. Upon seeing a gun in the drawer,
Hart shot Singh, injuring but not killing him. “One of the prosecution‟s theories of
guilt as to Rayford was that he aided and abetted Hart in the attempted robbery of
                                           4
Singh and that the attempted murder of Singh was a natural and probable
consequence of the attempted robbery.” (Id. at p. 668.) The jury was asked
whether attempted murder was a natural and probable consequence of the
attempted robbery and, if so, whether the attempted murder was premeditated. (Id.
at pp. 669-670.) Rayford was convicted of premeditated attempted murder and
sentenced to life imprisonment with the possibility of parole.
       The Court of Appeal held that the trial court erred in failing to instruct the
jury that “in order to find Rayford guilty of attempted premeditated murder as a
natural and probable consequence of attempted robbery, it was necessary to find
that attempted premeditated murder, not just attempted murder, was a natural and
probable consequence of the attempted robbery.” (Hart, supra, 176 Cal.App.4th
at p. 673.) Without the proper instruction, the court explained, the jury never
determined the precise extent of Rayford‟s culpability: “Based on the facts of this
case, a reasonable jury could have concluded that the actual perpetrator (Hart) was
guilty of attempted premeditated murder but that the aider and abettor (Rayford)
was guilty of no more than attempted unpremeditated murder. It is beyond dispute
that Hart and Rayford planned to rob the victims. Hart had a gun and used it, and
it is reasonable to infer that Rayford knew that Hart had a gun and intended to use
it if necessary. However, it would also be reasonable on these facts to conclude
that a reasonable person in Rayford‟s position may not have concluded that
attempted premeditated murder would be a natural and probable result of the
planned robbery. In other words, it was theoretically possible for the jury to
conclude that Hart premeditated the attempted murder but that such premeditation
was not a natural and probable consequence of the attempted robbery. That was a
factual question for the jury. Although the facts in the record are sufficient to
support a jury finding that attempted premeditated murder was a natural and


                                          5
probable consequence of the attempted robbery, the facts do not lead ineluctably
to that conclusion.” (Id. at p. 672, fn. omitted.)
       Here, as in Hart, a reasonable jury could have found that although
defendant‟s confederate premeditated the attempted murder, such premeditation
was not a natural and probable consequence of the robbery. The evidence amply
supported the jury‟s finding that attempted murder was a reasonably foreseeable
consequence of the robbery. The jury could have readily inferred that defendant
knew his confederate was carrying a gun and intended to use it if necessary. But it
is less clear that a reasonable person in defendant‟s position would have or should
have known that his confederate‟s premeditated commission of attempted murder
was a reasonably foreseeable consequence of the robbery. Defendant does not
contend that it would be unreasonable for a jury to so find. His only claim is that
this question should have been put to the jury. Under our long and settled line of
cases holding that reasonable foreseeability “is a factual issue to be resolved by
the jury” (Medina, supra, 46 Cal.4th at p. 920), defendant is correct.
                                          II.
       Today‟s opinion avoids this straightforward conclusion through a series of
unpersuasive arguments, the sum total of which stretches the natural and probable
consequences doctrine beyond principled application.
       First, the court discredits Hart on the ground that “attempted premeditated
murder and attempted unpremeditated murder are not separate offenses.
Attempted murder is not divided into different degrees.” (Maj. opn., ante, at p. 8,
citing People v. Bright (1996) 12 Cal.4th 652, 665-667.) The court says Hart
failed to discuss Bright and improperly relied on People v. Woods (1992) 8
Cal.App.4th 1570 (Woods), which held that “[i]f the evidence raises a question
whether the offense charged against the aider and abettor is a reasonably
foreseeable consequence of the criminal act originally aided and abetted but would
                                           6
support a finding that a necessarily included offense committed by the perpetrator
was such a consequence, the trial court has a duty to instruct sua sponte on the
necessarily included offense as part of the jury instructions on aider and abettor
liability.” (Id. at p. 1593.) “Because Woods involved murder — not attempted
murder — where there are different degrees of the offense, Hart‟s reliance on
Woods‟s lesser included offense analysis is misplaced.” (Maj. opn., ante, at p. 9.)
       As the court acknowledges in a footnote (maj. opn., ante, at p. 8, fn. 2),
however, we held in People v. Seel (2004) 34 Cal.4th 535 (Seel) that because a
premeditation allegation under section 664(a) exposes the defendant to
significantly greater punishment for attempted murder, the high court‟s decision in
Apprendi v. New Jersey (2000) 530 U.S. 466 — issued four years after Bright —
“compels the conclusion that section 664(a) constitutes an element of the offense.
[Citation.]” (Seel, at p. 549.) We noted that “ „[t]he defendant‟s intent in
committing a crime is perhaps as close as one might hope to come to a core
criminal offense “element.” ‟ [Citation.] . . . „[[S]ection 664(a)‟s] inquiry goes
precisely to what happened in the “commission of the offense.” ‟ [Citation.]”
(Seel, at p. 549.)
       Although Seel did not specifically overrule Bright‟s holding that section
664(a) does not divide attempted murder into different degrees (cf. Seel, supra, 34
Cal.4th at p. 550, fn. 6 [declaring Bright “no longer controlling” to the extent its
analysis “conflict[s] with intervening high court decisions”]), it is not clear what
difference that makes to the present inquiry. The Court of Appeal in Hart
explained that “[t]he logic of Woods is not based on the separation of murder into
degrees. It is based on the possibility that the jury could conclude that the aider
and abettor was not necessarily guilty of all of the elements of the greater crime
committed by the actual perpetrator.” (Hart, supra, 176 Cal.App.4th at p. 673,
citing Woods, supra, 8 Cal.App.4th at p. 1593.) Here, as in Hart, defendant‟s
                                          7
claim does not turn on whether premeditated attempted murder and
unpremeditated attempted murder are separate offenses under section 664(a).
Defendant‟s claim is that the jury never decided whether his culpability properly
extended — by dint of reasonable foreseeability — to all elements of the nontarget
offense committed by his confederate, including premeditation. As noted, “the
trier of fact must . . . find that . . . the offense committed by the confederate was a
natural and probable consequence of the target crime that the defendant aided and
abetted” (Prettyman, supra, 14 Cal.4th at p. 262), and “ „[section 664(a)‟s] inquiry
goes precisely to what happened in the “commission of the offense” ‟ ” (Seel,
supra, 34 Cal.4th at p. 549).
       Next, the court relies on People v. Lee (2003) 31 Cal.4th 613, where we
held that section 664(a)‟s premeditation penalty “must be interpreted to require
only that the murder attempted was willful, deliberate, and premeditated, but not
to require that an attempted murderer personally acted willfully and with
deliberation and premeditation, even if he or she is guilty as an aider and abettor.”
(Id. at p. 616.) Lee, as the court recognizes, “did not involve the natural and
probable consequences doctrine” (maj. opn., ante, at p. 10); the defendants in that
case were charged with directly aiding and abetting several attempted murders
(Lee, at pp. 618-619). Nevertheless, the court quotes Lee‟s dictum that “where the
natural-and-probable consequences doctrine does apply, an attempted murderer
who is guilty as an aider and abettor may be less blameworthy. In light of such a
possibility, it would not have been irrational for the Legislature to limit section
664(a) only to those attempted murderers who personally acted willfully and with
deliberation and premeditation. But the Legislature has declined to do so.” (Id. at
pp. 624-625.) “Thus,” the court concludes, “we indicated that section 664(a)
applies to all aiders and abettors.” (Maj. opn., ante, at p. 10.)


                                           8
       But neither that dictum nor anything else we said in Lee has any bearing on
the issue now before us. The quotation from Lee merely says that the possibly
lesser culpability of aiders and abettors convicted of attempted murder on a natural
and probable consequences theory did not persuade the Legislature to require that
an aider and abettor personally act with premeditation before suffering section
664(a)‟s premeditation penalty. Defendant does not dispute that “section 664(a)
applies to all aiders and abettors” (maj. opn., ante, at p. 10); he does not dispute
that he may be punished under section 664(a) without a finding that he personally
acted with premeditation. Indeed, defendant‟s claim does not concern the proper
application of section 664(a); instead, it concerns the proper application of the
natural and probable consequences doctrine. Lee says that an aider and abettor
may be convicted of premeditated attempted murder, even under the natural and
probable consequences doctrine, without a finding that he personally premeditated
the attempted murder. Lee does not say, or even remotely suggest, that an aider
and abettor may be convicted of premeditated attempted murder under the natural
and probable consequences doctrine without a finding that the premeditation of
defendant‟s confederate was a reasonably foreseeable consequence of the target
offense.
       Finally, the court relies on People v. Cummins (2005) 127 Cal.App.4th 667
(Cummins), even though the Court of Appeal in that case was careful not to adopt
the categorical rule announced in today‟s decision. In Cummins, two men,
Cummins and Kelly, robbed and carjacked a driver, put the victim in the car trunk,
and drove for a couple of hours. When the car stopped, the victim was let out of
the trunk near a cliff. “He was ordered to walk and told if he turned around he
would be shot. Although he could hear voices behind him, he could not tell who
was speaking to him.” (Id. at pp. 671-672.) Then, either Cummins or Kelly
pushed him off the cliff. Kelly challenged his conviction for premeditated
                                           9
attempted murder on the ground that “the trial court failed to inform the jury it had
to find that a premeditated attempted murder had to be a natural and probable
consequence of the robbery or carjacking.” (Id. at p. 680.)
       In rejecting Kelly‟s claim, the Court of Appeal did not adopt a general rule
— as the court does today — that “there is no requirement that an aider and
abettor reasonably foresee an attempted premeditated murder as the natural and
probable consequence of the target offense.” (Maj. opn., ante, at p. 13.) Instead,
the Court of Appeal held that the instruction sought by Kelly was not required
“under the facts of this case.” (Cummins, supra, 127 Cal.App.4th at p. 680.) The
court explained that “Kelly was a willing and active participant in all the steps that
led to the attempt on [the victim‟s] life. Although the evidence did not
conclusively determine which defendant had physical contact with the victim
when he was pushed, certainly Kelly‟s conduct makes him no less blameworthy
than Cummins.” (Id. at pp. 680-681.) These factual circumstances, which
Cummins found important, have no relevance under today‟s unqualified holding.
                                         III.
       In sum, none of the arguments put forward by the court provides a
convincing rationale for its holding. This is perhaps unsurprising because the
problem presented by the instructional omission at issue is so basic that it cannot
be evaded: Defendant aided and abetted the crime of robbery but was also
convicted of committing a premeditated attempted murder and, on that basis,
sentenced to life in prison. Defendant was entitled to have the jury determine
whether the crime of which he was convicted — premeditated attempted murder
— was a natural and probable consequence of the robbery he aided and abetted.
But the jury was not asked to do so.
       In contrast to the detailed provisions of our Penal Code, the natural and
probable consequences doctrine imposes criminal liability on the basis of what is
                                         10
essentially judge-made law. We have acknowledged that the doctrine, though
well-established in American jurisprudence, “has been „subjected to substantial
criticism‟ [citations]” (Prettyman, supra, 14 Cal.4th at p. 260) primarily on the
ground that “an accomplice may be convicted of a crime of intent although his
culpability regarding its commission may be no greater than that of negligence.”
(Dresser, Understanding Criminal Law (1995) § 30.05[B][5], p. 444, fns. omitted;
accord, 2 LaFave, Substantive Criminal Law (2003) § 13.3(b), p. 362; Model Pen.
Code & Commentaries, com. 6(b) to § 2.06, p. 312, fn. 42.) Whatever unfairness
there may be in that aspect of the doctrine, the problem in this case is even more
elementary. The doctrine, properly applied, punishes a defendant for the criminal
conduct of others when such conduct is found by a jury to be a reasonably
foreseeable consequence of his own bad act. The court today stretches the
doctrine to punish a defendant for the criminal conduct of others even though a
crucial element of that conduct — premeditation in the commission of attempted
murder, resulting in life imprisonment as opposed to a nine-year maximum
sentence — was never found by a jury to be a reasonably foreseeable consequence
of the defendant‟s own bad act. Today‟s decision improperly extends the natural
and probable consequences doctrine beyond its underlying rationale.
       The question remains whether the failure to properly instruct the jury
requires reversal of the judgment. As noted, the Court of Appeal in Cummins held
that omitting an instruction on the reasonable foreseeability of premeditation
where the aider and abettor “was a willing and active participant in all the steps
that led to the attempt on [the victim‟s] life” and where the evidence “certainly”
showed the aider and abettor to be “no less blameworthy” than the perpetrator
(Cummins, 127 Cal.App.4th at pp. 680-681) does not warrant reversal. I would
remand this case to the Court of Appeal to determine in the first instance whether


                                         11
the instructional error was sufficiently prejudicial as to require reversal of the
judgment.


                                                   LIU, J.
I CONCUR:
KENNARD, J.




                                          12
See next page for addresses and telephone numbers for counsel who argued in Supreme Court.

Name of Opinion People v. Favor
__________________________________________________________________________________

Unpublished Opinion
Original Appeal
Original Proceeding
Review Granted XXX 190 Cal.App.4th 770
Rehearing Granted

__________________________________________________________________________________

Opinion No. S189317
Date Filed: July 16, 2012
__________________________________________________________________________________

Court: Superior
County: Los Angeles
Judge: Michael E. Pastor

__________________________________________________________________________________

Counsel:

Allen G. Weinberg, under appointment by the Supreme Court, for Defendant and Appellant.

Edmund G. Brown, Jr., and Kamala D. Harris, Attorneys General, Dane R. Gillette, Chief Assistant
Attorney General, Pamela C. Hamanaka, Assistant Attorney General, Susan D. Martynec, Lawrence M.
Daniels, Linda C. Johnson and Gary A. Lieberman, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and
Respondent.
Counsel who argued in Supreme Court (not intended for publication with opinion):

Allen G. Weinberg
Law Offices of Allen G. Weinberg
9454 Wilshire Boulevard, Suite 600
Beverly Hills, CA 90212
(310) 550-7177

Gary A. Lieberman
Deputy Attorney General
300 South Spring Street, Suite 1702
Los Angeles, CA 90013
(213) 897-6863
