
TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN





NO. 03-97-00618-CV


The Attorney General of Texas, Appellant

v.


Dennis Dale Orr, Appellee






FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF TRAVIS COUNTY, 126TH JUDICIAL DISTRICT

NO. 453,181, HONORABLE SUZANNE COVINGTON, JUDGE PRESIDING 






	The Attorney General of Texas, appellant, initiated proceedings against appellee
Dennis Dale Orr to enforce the child-support provisions of a modified divorce decree.  In 1994
the district court issued enforcement and wage-withholding orders against Orr and committed him
to jail for contempt in failing to pay support.  The district court subsequently suspended Orr's
commitment and placed him on probation.  In 1996 the Attorney General moved to revoke Orr's
probation, alleging that he had failed to timely pay child support.  Orr answered and moved to set
aside the enforcement and withholding orders.  Following hearings before an associate judge
(formerly called a master), the district court rendered judgment denying the Attorney General's
motion to revoke probation and rescinding the withholding order.  The Attorney General brings
this restricted appeal under Rule 30 of the Texas Rules of Appellate Procedure.  We will reverse
and remand.


MOTION TO DISMISS FOR WANT OF JURISDICTION
	Orr contends at the outset that this Court should dismiss the appeal for want of
jurisdiction because the Attorney General participated in the hearing that resulted in the judgment.
To be entitled to pursue a restricted appeal, the party seeking to appeal must show that it did not
participate in the "hearing that resulted in the judgment complained of." (1)  Tex. R. App. P. 30. 
Thus, if the Attorney General participated in the hearing, this Court lacks jurisdiction and must
dismiss the appeal.  See Diferrante v. Keraga, 976 S.W.2d 683, 685 (Tex. App.--Houston [1st
Dist.] 1997, no pet.).
	As a preliminary matter, we note that Rule 30 should be construed liberally in favor
of the right to appeal.  Rule 1 of the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure states that the objective of
rules of civil procedure "is to obtain a just, fair, equitable, and impartial adjudication of the rights
of litigants under established principles of substantive law" and, to that end, "these rules shall be
given a liberal construction."  Tex. R. Civ. P. 1.  As originally promulgated, the rules of
procedure governing appeals were part of the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure.  See Tex. R. Civ.
P., 136 Tex. 442 (1940).  While so unified, the rules governing appeals were interpreted to further
the objective of Rule 1.  E.g., Smirl v. Globe Labs., Inc. 188 S.W.2d 676, 678 (Tex. 1945)
(construing rule governing appeals by indigents in favor of reaching the merits).
	In 1986 the supreme court created the Texas Rules of Appellate Procedure by
removing from the Rules of Civil Procedure those rules pertaining to appeals.  See Tex. R. App.
P., 49 Tex. B.J. 556 (Tex. 1986).  We believe the mere act of carving the rules governing appeals
out of the general body of procedural rules and establishing them separately should not change the
objective they serve.  Following the creation of the appellate rules, the supreme court has pursued
the objective of construing them liberally so as not to forfeit the right to appeal on procedural
grounds.  See Maxfield v. Terry, 888 S.W.2d 809, 811 (Tex. 1994); Fredonia State Bank v.
General Am. Life Ins. Co., 881 S.W.2d 279, 282 (Tex. 1994).  
	Similarly, in construing the statutory predecessor to Rule 30, the supreme court
stated that statutes giving and regulating the right of appeal are remedial and, in cases of doubtful
construction, should be liberally construed in favor of the right to appeal.  Lawyers Lloyds v.
Webb, 152 S.W.2d 1096, 1098 (Tex. 1941); see also Stubbs v. Stubbs, 685 S.W.2d 643, 645
(Tex. 1985) (citing Lawyers Lloyds with approval).  Even after the regulation of writ-of-error
appeals passed from statute to procedural rule, the policy of liberal construction has continued. 
E.g., Robertson v. Hide-A-Way Lake Club, 856 S.W.2d 841, 844 (Tex. App.--Tyler 1993, no
writ).  We therefore construe Rule 30 liberally in favor of the right to appeal.

	In the present case, an associate judge held an evidentiary hearing on the parties'
motions and issued a report.  See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. (hereinafter "Code") §§ 201.007, .011
(West 1996).  All parties participated in that hearing.  Although the Attorney General filed a
notice of appeal requesting a de novo hearing before the district court, also called the referring
court, that court adopted the associate judge's report without change and without holding a de
novo hearing.  See Code §§ 201.014, .015.  The referring court adopted the associate judge's
report without any participation by the Attorney General in that court.  The question raised is
whether the "hearing that resulted in the judgment" occurred when the associate judge heard the
parties' evidence or when the judge of the referring court undertook consideration of the associate
judge's report and the papers relating to the case.  See Code § 201.011(e).
	The Family Code authorizes trial courts to refer certain family law matters to
associate judges.  See generally Code §§ 201.001-.017.  When a matter is referred, the associate
judge is authorized to conduct a hearing at which evidence is presented, to make findings of fact
based on the evidence, to formulate conclusions of law, and to recommend an order to be rendered
in a case.  Code § 201.007.  The associate judge makes her findings, conclusions, and
recommendations in the form of a written report.  Code § 201.011.  Any party may appeal the
associate judge's report to the referring court by timely filing a notice of appeal specifying the
findings and conclusions to which the party objects.  Code § 201.015(a), (b).  On appeal to the
referring court, the parties may present witnesses as in a hearing de novo on the issues raised in
the appeal.  Code § 201.015(c).
	A party who files a notice of appeal to the referring court in compliance with the
Family Code is entitled to a de novo hearing before that court.  Code § 201.015(f).  Judicial
review by trial de novo is not a traditional appeal, but a new and independent action characterized
by all the attributes of an original civil action.  Key W. Life Ins. Co. v. State Bd. of Ins., 350
S.W.2d 839, 846 (Tex. 1961); Godwin v. Aldine Indep. Sch. Dist., 961 S.W.2d 219, 221 (Tex.
App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 1997, pet. denied).  For instance, if the party with the burden of proof
prevails before the associate judge, that party must still carry its burden in a de novo hearing
before the referring court.  Godwin, 961 S.W.2d at 221.  For purposes of the final determination
of the merits of the case, therefore, filing a notice of appeal to the referring court cuts off the
earlier proceedings, and evidence is presented anew to the referring court; in making its decision,
the referring court may not rely on what occurred before the associate judge. (2)  Although in the
absence of a notice of appeal the referring court's action continues a process begun before the
associate judge, filing a notice of appeal breaks that continuity and begins an entirely new process.
	A restricted appeal is typically taken from a default judgment that has been rendered
after a party fails to attend trial.  See Texaco, Inc. v. Central Power & Light Co., 925 S.W.2d
586, 589 (Tex. 1996).  A default judgment can be rendered either before or after the defendant
files an answer, with a restricted appeal being available in either case.  Similarly, a party whose
case is heard by an associate judge and who files a notice of appeal from the report could fail to
attend the de novo hearing before the referring court.  Given that filing a notice of appeal initiates
a new process before the referring court, such a defaulting party stands in the same position as one
who fails to attend an ordinary trial on the merits after answering the petition.
	A variation on these facts could occur if a party files a notice of appeal in
compliance with the Family Code, but the referring court signs a judgment without holding a de
novo hearing.  Because filing the notice effectively nullifies previous proceedings and initiates the
process of obtaining a de novo hearing, the party filing it has a reasonable expectation that a de
novo hearing before the referring court will occur.  Thus, for purposes of a restricted appeal, we
treat this situation the same as one in which a de novo hearing is held but not attended by the
appealing party:  if, notwithstanding the timely filing of a notice of appeal, the referring court
renders judgment without holding a de novo hearing, the "hearing" that leads to the judgment
occurs when the referring court considers the matter. (3)
	In the present case, the Attorney General filed a notice of appeal that was timely
and that complied with the Family Code's requirements.  By this notice, the Attorney General
invoked his right to a de novo hearing and set in motion a new process before the referring court. 
The referring court nevertheless signed the judgment without holding a de novo hearing.  We
conclude that the hearing that led to the judgment occurred when the judge of the referring court
considered the proposed judgment.  The Attorney General did not participate in the hearing before
the referring court and may therefore bring this restricted appeal.  We overrule Orr's amended
motion to dismiss the appeal.

MERITS OF APPEAL:  FAILURE TO HOLD DE NOVO HEARING
	In his first issue on appeal, the Attorney General contends that the district court
erred in rendering judgment without holding a de novo hearing on his appeal of the associate
judge's report.  A party may appeal an associate judge's report by filing a notice of appeal not
later than the third day after the date he receives notice of the substance of the report.  Code
§ 201.015(a).  A notice of appeal must be in writing specifying the associate judges's findings and
conclusions to which the party objects.  Code § 201.015(b).  The referring court, after notice to
the parties, "shall hold a hearing on all appeals" not later than thirty days after the notice is filed
with the referring court.  Code § 201.015(f).
	The associate judge held two hearings in this cause, at the second of which she
announced her recommended ruling.  The Attorney General filed a written notice of appeal three
days later.  In this notice, the Attorney General specified the findings and conclusions to which
he objected and asked three times for a hearing before the referring court.  The Attorney General
thus complied with each statutory requirement for obtaining a de novo hearing before the referring
court.
	The Family Code's requirement that the referring court "shall hold a hearing" on
all appeals has been held to be mandatory.  See Ex parte Brown, 875 S.W.2d 756, 760 (Tex.
App.--Fort Worth 1994, orig. proceeding) (construing same language in predecessor to section
201.015); Ex parte Haskin, 801 S.W.2d 12, 13 (Tex. App.--Corpus Christi 1990, orig.
proceeding) (referring court must hear evidence on issues appealed); see also Simms v. Lakewood
Village Property Owners Ass'n, Inc., 895 S.W.2d 779, 783 (Tex. App.--Corpus Christi 1995, no
writ) ("shall" generally denotes imperative or mandatory requirement).  We observe that the
power to seat a jury to try factual issues is not among the powers the Family Code confers on an
associate judge.  See Code § 201.007.  To allow a referring court to deny parties a jury trial by
refusing to hold a de novo hearing after a notice of appeal is filed would raise serious questions. 
See Young v. Young, 854 S.W.2d 698, 701 (Tex. App.--Dallas 1993, writ denied) (facts objected
to in master's report are to be tried de novo before jury if one is timely requested).
	Considering the language of the statute in view of the statutory scheme of referring
matters to associate judges, we conclude that, when a notice of appeal is properly filed, the
requirement that the referring court hold a de novo hearing is mandatory.  Because the Attorney
General properly appealed the associate judge's report, the referring court erred in rendering
judgment without holding a de novo hearing.  We presume that the failure to hold such a hearing
is harmful.  See id. at 703.
	Orr nevertheless argues that the Attorney General forfeited his right to a de novo
hearing by failing to comply with Travis County Local Rule 6.13, which requires a party
requesting a de novo hearing before a referring court to deliver a copy of the request to the court
administrator on the same day the request is filed with the district court.  In response, the Attorney
General argues that Local Rule 6.13 is invalid because it adds a requirement not contained in the
statute.  We need not address whether Local Rule 6.13 is ineffectual in all circumstances.  We
simply hold that when a notice of appeal has been filed from the associate judge's report in
compliance with statutory requirements, a decision on the merits must be made as if no
proceedings had occurred before the associate judge; thus, if the appealing party defaults, the
referring court should hear evidence to the extent evidence would be required in a post-answer
default.
	Orr also argues that the Attorney General participated in the hearing before the
referring court by approving as to form the associate judge's recommended judgment.  Because
the record shows that the Attorney General approved only the form--not the substance--of the
recommended order submitted to the associate judge, we reject this argument.
	We conclude that the district court erred in failing to holding a de novo hearing,
and we therefore sustain the first issue.  In light of this determination, we need not address the
second and third issues.  We also decline to render an advisory opinion on the fourth issue, in
which the Attorney General seeks guidance on certain issues that he says may arise on remand.

CONCLUSION
	Having determined that we possess jurisdiction over the appeal and having sustained
the Attorney General's first issue, we reverse the judgment of the district court and remand the
cause to that court for further proceedings.


  
					J. Woodfin Jones, Justice
Before Justices Jones, B. A. Smith and Yeakel
Reversed and Remanded
Filed:   April 8, 1999
Publish
1.        A party who did not participate--either in person or through counsel--in the hearing that
resulted in the judgment complained of and who did not timely file a postjudgment motion or
request for findings of fact and conclusions of law, or a notice of appeal, may file a restricted
appeal within six months after the judgment was signed.  Tex. R. App. P. 30.  The scope of
review in a restricted appeal is the same as in an ordinary appeal, except that the error must appear
on the face of the record.  Norman Communications v. Texas Eastman Co., 955 S.W.2d 269, 270
(Tex. 1997).
2.        We do not view this holding as inconsistent with section 201.013(a) of the Code, which
provides that, pending appeal of the associate judge's report to the referring court, the associate
judge's recommendations are in full force and are enforceable as an order of the referring court. 
Code § 201.013(a).  We view the purpose of section 201.013(a) to be allowing temporary orders
to be in effect pending trial before the referring court.  Despite the continuing validity of the
associate judge's recommendations for that limited purpose, the judgment of the referring court
on the issues appealed will be based solely on evidence presented at the de novo hearing.

	Because the appeal to the referring court is limited to the findings and conclusions specified
in the notice of appeal, filing the notice restarts the process only to the extent of the challenged
findings.  See Code § 201.015(b).  Although the scope of the appeal may be thus limited, the
effect of taking even a limited appeal is to begin again as to the issues appealed.
3.        Unless required by the express language or the context of the particular rule, the word
"hearing" does not necessarily contemplate either a personal appearance before the court or an
oral presentation to the court.  See Martin v. Martin, Martin & Richards, Inc., 989 S.W.2d 357,
359 (Tex. 1998); Gulf Coast Inv. Corp. v. NASA 1 Business Ctr., 754 SW.2d 152, 153 (Tex.
1988); Classic Promotions, Inc. v. Shafer, 846 S.W.2d 948, 950 (Tex. App.--Houston [14th
Dist.] 1993, no writ).

g court erred in rendering
judgment without holding a de novo hearing.  We presume that the failure to hold such a hearing
is harmful.  See id. at 703.
	Orr nevertheless argues that the Attorney General forfeited his right to a de novo
hearing by failing to comply with Travis County Local Rule 6.13, which requires a party
requesting a de novo hearing before a referring court to deliver a copy of the request to the court
administrator on the same day the request is filed with the district court.  In response, the Attorney
General argues that Local Rule 6.13 is invalid because it adds a requirement not contained in the
statute.  We need not address whether Local Rule 6.13 is ineffectual in all circumstances.  We
simply hold that when a notice of appeal has been filed from the associate judge's report in
compli