      IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON



 FEDERAL HOME LOAN BANK OF                         No. 76326-1-1
 SEATTLE, a bank created by federal
 law,                                              DIVISION ONE

                     Appellant,

              V.

 RBS SECURITIES, INC., f/k/a                       PUBLISHED
 GREENWICH CAPITAL MARKETS,
 INC., a Delaware corporation;                     FILED: May 21, 2018
 GREENWICH CAPITAL
 ACCEPTANCE, INC., a Delaware
 corporation; and RBS HOLDINGS
 USA, INC., f/k/a GREENWICH
 CAPITAL HOLDINGS, INC., a
 Delaware corporation,

                     Respondents.



      Cox, J. — Under the Washington State Securities Act(A/SSA), an

investor who sues for violation of this act must prove reasonable reliance on

statements or omissions by a defendant.1 Here, Federal Home Loan Bank of


       1 Hine v. Data Line Sys., Inc., 114 Wn.2d 127, 134, 787 P.2d 8(1990);
Fed. Home Loan Bank of Seattle v. Barclays Capital, Inc., 1 Wn. App. 2d 551,
406 P.3d 686(2017), review granted, No. 95436-4(Wash. May 3, 2018)
(consolidated with No. 75779-2-1); Fed. Home Loan Bank of Seattle v. Credit
Suisse Securities(USA) LLC et al., No. 75779-2-1 (Wash. Ct. App. Dec. 11,
2017)(unpublished), http://www.courts.wa.gov/opinions/pdf/757792.PDF, review
granted, No. 95420-8(Wash. May 3, 2018)(consolidated with No. 75913-2-1).
No. 76326-1-1/2

Seattle(FHLBS)sued, as an investor, defendants Royal Bank of Scotland

Securities Inc., Greenwich Capital Markets, Inc., Greenwich Capital Acceptance,

Inc., and RBS holdings USA, Inc., formerly known as Greenwich Capital

Holdings, Inc. (collectively, RBS)for violating the WSSA. There is no genuine

issue of material fact whether FHLBS relied on the prospectus supplement for

the security that is the basis of its claim. It could not have relied on the

prospectus supplement, which was issued after the purchase of the security.

And FHLBS's new arguments, first raised in response to RBS's motion for

reconsideration, were not properly before the trial court. The trial court did not

abuse its discretion in granting reconsideration and dismissing this action. We

affirm.

          This is the third of a number of consolidated actions under the WSSA by

FHLBS to reach this court. As in the two prior cases, this case arises out of

FHLBS's purchase of a residential mortgage backed security(RMBS).2 In our

prior decisions, we explained the process of securitization and sale of the pool of

residential loans that comprise these types of securities.3 The same principles

apply here. In essence, the stream of income generated by the individual loans

in the pool funds the return on investment made by the purchaser of the security.

Accordingly, much of the information about the characteristics of the loans in the

pool may be material to an investor's decision whether to purchase the security.


       Barclays Capital, Inc., 1 Wn. App. 2d at 554; Credit Suisse Securities
          2
(USA) LLC et al., No. 75779-2-1, slip op. at 2-3.
                 Capital, Inc., 1 Wn. App. 2d at 554; Credit Suisse Securities
          3 Barclays
(USA) LLC et al., No. 75779-2-1, slip op. at 2-3.

                                              2
No. 76326-1-1/3

       On June 29, 2006, FHLBS purchased the security at issue in this case for

$200,000,000.4 As it turns out, the prospectus supplement for this security was

issued one day after this purchase.5

       On December 23, 2009, FHLBS commenced this action based solely on

the WSSA. In its amended complaint, it set forth the allegations supporting its

claim for rescission and other relief. Essentially, FHLBS claimed that RBS had

made "Untrue or Misleading Statements" about the characteristics of the loans in

the security pool. Specifically, these statements concerned the loan to value

(LTV) ratios of the loans, the originator's underwriting practices, and the

appraisals of the properties securing the loans.

       In August 2015, RBS moved for summary dismissal of this action. The

trial court denied this motion on the basis that whether FHLBS received the

HVMLT 2006-5 prospectus supplement for the security certificate before

purchasing the certificate was a material issue of fact.

       RBS then moved for reconsideration of the denial of summary judgment.

It did so on the basis that the prospectus supplement was not issued until one

day after the sale of the security.6 The court granted this motion, dismissing this

action.

       This appeal followed.




       4   Clerk's Papers at 7348.

       5   Id. at 7348, 7722, 7724.

       6   Id. at 7709, 7722, 7724.

                                             3
No. 76326-1-1/4

             REASONABLE RELIANCE IN MARKETING A SECURITY

         FHLBS argues in its briefing on appeal that a plaintiff in an action under

RCW 21.20.010(2) of the WSSA need not prove that it relied on an untrue or

misleading statement of material fact that a defendant made in connection with

the sale of a security. We hold that this argument is without merit.

         This issue is controlled by two of our recent decisions: Federal Home

Loan Bank of Seattle v. Barclays Capital, Inc.7 and Federal Home Loan Bank of

Seattle v. Credit Suisse Securities(USA) LLC.8 In Barclays Capital, Inc., FHLBS

made the same arguments that it makes here. We rejected all of them and do so

again.

         We held that the legislative intent of the WSSA is evident in the words of

the statute, its substantial similarity to its federal counterpart, and an unbroken

line of controlling cases holding that reliance is an essential element of this

statute. Based on this analysis, we concluded in that case that there were no

genuine issues of material fact whether FHLBS's reliance on the prospectus

supplement in that case was reasonable. It was not reasonable, and summary

dismissal of its claim was proper.




       1 Wn. App. 2d 551, 556, 406 P.3d 686(2017), review granted, No.
         7
95436-4(Wash. May 3, 2018)(consolidated with No. 75779-2-1).

      8 No. 75779-2-1 (Wash. Ct. App. Dec. 11,2017)(unpublished),
http://www.courts.wa.gov/opinions/pdf/757792.PDF, review granted, No. 95420-8
(Wash. May 3, 2018)(consolidated with No. 75913-2-1).



                                              4
No. 76326-1-1/5

       In Credit Suisse Securities(USA) LLC, we applied this legal principle of

reasonable reliance to hold that FHLBS failed to show that necessary element of

its claim. That was because it purchased the security in question before the

issuance of the prospectus supplement on which it allegedly relied. Because it

was impossible to rely on something that was not issued until after the purchase

of the security, there was no genuine issue of material fact on reliance on the

supplement. Summary dismissal of its claim was accordingly also proper.

       Here, it is undisputed that FHLBS purchased the security at issue before

the related prospectus supplement was issued. Specifically, FHLBS alleged in

its amended complaint that it purchased the security on June 29, 2006. But this

record shows that the prospectus supplement for that security was not issued

until the day following the purchase. Thus, FHLBS could not have relied on that

prospectus supplement to purchase the security in this action.

       We adhere to the principles we articulated in those earlier cases. FHLBS

fails to persuasively argue why we should reach any different conclusions here.

Reasonable reliance is an essential element of this state securities act claim that

FHLBS must prove.

                          RECONSIDERATION MOTION

       While FHLBS argues that reliance is not an essential element of the state

securities act claim, it now also argues that it relied on "offering documents" that

it received "before settlement and before the final prospectus supplement was

received." It further argues that "market practice and the course of dealing

between the parties" about what was to be in the prospectus supplement


                                             5
No. 76326-1-1/6

supports its position. We hold that FHLBS fails to establish that the trial court

abused its discretion in rejecting these new arguments, granting reconsideration,

and dismissing this action.

       We will affirm a summary judgment order "where there is no genuine issue

of material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. A

'material fact' is one on which the outcome of the litigation depends. We review

de novo orders of summary judgment."9

       But we review for abuse of discretion a trial court decision on a

reconsideration motion.1° The trial court's decision is manifestly unreasonable if

it exceeds the range of acceptable choices, in light of the facts and applicable

law.11 "[1]t is based on untenable grounds if the factual findings are unsupported

by the record."12 And "it is based on untenable reasons if it is based on an

incorrect standard or the facts do not meet the requirements of the correct

standard."13

       We begin our analysis of the trial court's decision on RBS's motion for

reconsideration by examining that motion's context. At that time in the litigation

of the consolidated cases, two defendants were similarly situated due to special

circumstances: Credit Suisse Securities(USA) LLC and RBS. The special


       9   Barclays Capital, Inc., 1 Wn. App. 2d at 556.
       10 In re Marriage of Littlefield, 133 Wn.2d 39, 46, 940 P.2d 1362(1997).

       11 Id.

       12   Id. at 47.

       13   Id.

                                              6
No. 76326-1-1/7

circumstances were that, in each case, the respective prospectus supplement

was issued after consummation of FHLBS's purchase of the related security.

These facts appear to have been unknown to the parties throughout the six years

of litigating the case below and only discovered shortly before trial.

       At the hearing on RBS's motion for reconsideration, counsel for FHLBS

candidly explained these circumstances:

              Your Honor, !think it's worth pausing for a moment to
       understand why these issues have come out now, because Credit
       Suisse in particular suggests that the plaintiff has sloughed off the
       issue, that at the last minute it's helping itself to amend the
       complaint to include much broader evidence of usage and practice.
       But in fact, the reason why these arise now is a good deal more
       complicated than that.

               As your Honor is aware, all prospective supplements had a
       date. Throughout the course of this litigation, Seattle Bank and its
       counsel, certainly including myself, assumed that the defendants
       filed the prospective [sic] supplement with the SEC on the date
       when it was dated which proved to be correct in most cases. Credit
       Suisse must have made the assumption that it filed its prospective
       supplements with the SEC on the date it was dated, because it
       wasn't until its reply brief in support of its individual motion for
       summary judgment that Credit Suisse first thought to check the
       filing records of the SEC and discovered, apparently for the first
       time, that it actually did not file its prospective supplements for two
       of the offerings on time.

               Now, RBS came to that realization even more belatedly
       because they didn't check that out until they read the Court's ruling
       granting summary judgment to Credit Suisse on the grounds that
       their prospective supplements were filed after the defective dates.

              So it is true that this issue arises late in the case, but it
       arises late for one reason which applies to all three parties that are
       interested in it, which is that all counsel assumed that the
       defendants filed their prospective supplements on the date they
       were dated; and with respect to the vast majority of them, that
       turned out to be true.




                                             7
No. 76326-1-1/8

              Your Honor, it's for the same reason that questions about
      usage of the trade and course of dealing between the parties are
      coming up now. That evidence is irrelevant when it's clear that a
      prospective supplement was filed because the prospectus was —
      filed on time because the prospective supplement is there, the
      Seattle Bank's practice was to check and confirm that the
      statements it relied on were reconfirmed in a prospective
      supplement.

              The need for evidence of course of dealing and usage of
      trade arises only from the fact that these two defendants were
      late in filing these three prospective supplements. So it
      becomes necessary notjust to look at the prospective
      supplement that was filed on time, but to look at the context in
      which the prospective supplement was filed late to see what
      were the reasonable expectations of the parties about the contents
      of that prospective supplement.

             So that is again why this issue of reliance on course of
      dealing and usage of trade comes up only now, because it's only
      now that all three of us discovered that our assumption was
      incorrect, that the defendants had filed their prospective
      supplements on time.(141

      Following the prior denial of summary judgment to RBS,the parties first

discovered that a basic premise under which all had operated for over six years

was incorrect: that the prospectus supplement for the security was available on

or before the June 29, 2006 date of purchase of the security. It is undisputed

that the prospectus supplement only became available on June 30, the day after

the purchase.

      The question, thus, was what impact this newly discovered information

had on the case.




      14   Report of Proceedings Vol. V (Jul. 25, 2016) at 637-40(emphasis
added).

                                           8
No. 76326-1-1/9

       RBS moved for reconsideration, arguing that this newly discovered

information showed that FHLBS could not have relied on the prospectus

supplement to purchase the security. That was because it was issued after the

purchase, not before, as all had assumed.

       In response, FHLBS made several arguments. FHLBS responded that it

had also relied on statements by RBS in what it calls preliminary "offering

documents" in its briefing on appeal. It argued that it had also relied on

statements it expected to see in the final prospectus supplement based on

market practice and course of dealing between the parties.

       The trial court first ruled that "there is no genuine issue of material fact and

[FHLBS] will be unable to prove actual reliance on the statements in the

prospectus supplement for [this security]."15 In its briefing on appeal, FHLBS

does not challenge this part of the decision that it cannot prove actual reliance on

the prospectus supplement. This record plainly shows that the trial court

correctly determined that FHLBS could not have relied on a document that was

not issued until after it purchased the security. We hold that any argument to the

contrary is wholly without merit.

       The trial court further ruled that:

       FHLBS argues the issue of reliance also turns on the experience of
       its traders and certain preliminary materials provided to FHLBS by
       RBS. However, FHLBS's[amended] complaint identifies alleged
       misstatements only in the prospectus supplements. At every stage
       of this litigation, FHLBS has argued that it relied upon the
       prospectus supplements.... To allow FHLBS to pursue what is a
       new theory would be effectively allowing it to amend its complaint,


       15   Clerk's Papers at 8185.

                                              9
No. 76326-1-1/10

       six years into the litigation and on the eve of trial. That clearly
       would prejudice RBS (and other defendants).[18]

       The question is whether the trial court abused its discretion in this portion

of its ruling. We conclude that it did not.

       Opposing reconsideration "does not permit a plaintiff to propose new

theories of the case that could have been raised before entry of an adverse

decision."17 "[A] complaint generally cannot be amended through arguments in a

response brief to a motion for summary judgment" or asserted on

reconsideration.18 Accordingly, a party cannot raise new legal theories at that

juncture without properly amending its complaint under CR 15(a).18 Our review

of the trial court's decision is for manifest abuse of discretion.2°

                                 Amended Complaint

       The trial court read FHLBS's amended complaint to focus on the

prospectus supplement for this security as the primary basis for its claim. So do

we.

       The amended complaint is some 120 pages long. But the material

portions of that pleading specify that FHLBS's First Claim for Relief is based on




       16   Id.

       17 Wilcox   v. Lexinqton Eye Inst., 130 Wn. App. 234, 241, 122 P.3d 729
(2005).

       18   Camp Fin., LLC v. Brazinqton, 133 Wn. App. 156, 162, 135 P.3d 946
(2006).

       18   Id.

       28   Littlefield, 133 Wn.2d at 46-47.

                                               10
No. 76326-1-1/11

"Untrue or Misleading Statements" regarding loan to value ratios and appraisals

of the properties securing the loans in the security pool. Without exception, the

pleadings identify various pages of the prospectus supplement as the sources of

the statements. For example, with respect to loan to value ratios, FHLBS

alleged:

             In the prospectus supplement and other documents they
      sent to Seattle Bank, Greenwich Capital Markets and Greenwich
      Capital Acceptance made the following statements about the LTVs
      of the mortgage loans in group 2.
             a. The original LTVs of the mortgage loans in group 2
      ranged from 26.55% to 95%, with a weighted average of 74.96%.
      HVMLT 2006-5 Pros. Sup. S-6.
             b. "Approximately. . . 7.06% of the... group 2 mortgage
      loans ... are mortgage loans having original loan-to-value ratios
      greater than 60% ... ." HVMLT 2006-5 Pros. Sup. S-18.
             c."As of the cut-off date, approximately 7.06% of the ...
      group 2 mortgage loans... have original loan-to-value ratios in
      excess of 80%("80+LTV loans"). HVMLT 2006-5 Pros. Sup. S-27.
             d. In "The Mortgage Loan Groups" section, Greenwich
      Capital Markets and Greenwich Capital Acceptance presented
      tables of statistics about the mortgage loans in the collateral pool.
      HVMLT 2006-5 Pros. Sup. S-31 to S-61.(211

       This pattern of specifying the prospectus supplement, without identifying

any "other documents," as the source of its claim is repeated throughout the

balance of the amended complaint. Notably, nothing in this amended complaint

refers to any of the new theories first raised in FHLBS's response to RBS's

motion for reconsideration. We conclude that the trial court fairly read the

amended complaint as one based primarily on the prospectus supplement. To

the extent FHLBS relied on "other documents" in its amended complaint, nothing




       21   Clerk's Papers at 13(emphasis added).

                                            11
No. 76326-1-1/12

there shows how these documents relate to FHLBS's newly raised theories in

response to RBS's motion for reconsideration.

       FHLBS points to language in the amended complaint stating that it also

relied on other unspecified documents that were available prior to its purchase of

the security. But this reliance on the broad concept of notice pleading does

nothing to fill the gap created by its failure to also allege that these documents

related to the new theories raised shortly before trial.

       We say this because when considered in contrast to the specification of

pages in the prospectus supplement that support the WSSA claim, any

reasonable reading of the amended complaint supports the conclusion that the

primary focus of the claim was the prospectus supplement, not "other

documents."

                          Arguments During the Litigation

       Even if we were to accept the argument that notice pleading saves the day

concerning the "other documents" on which FHLBS now relies, we remain

unpersuaded that the trial court abused its discretion. That is because the trial

court concluded that this new theory was inconsistent with the arguments FHLBS

had made during the six-year pendency of this litigation.

       For example, nowhere in FHLBS's response to RBS's motion for summary

judgment do we find anything that suggests that it departed from its primary

reliance on the prospectus supplement for its claims. That would have been the

time to clarify that it was alleging reliance on "other documents" in order to

ensure a trial. But FHLBS failed to do so.


                                             12
No. 76326-1-1/13

       Most importantly, the trial judge who sat on this case for six years was in

the best position to assess what arguments the parties were making. And that

judge determined that FHLBS primarily relied on the prospectus supplement for

its claims, not "other documents." We will not invade the province of the trial

judge in making this discretionary determination.

       We further note that counsel for FHLBS candidly and correctly explained

at oral argument on RBS's motion for reconsideration why the shift in focus to

"other documents" and the new theories was required. That is because no one

realized before that time that FHLBS had purchased the security before it saw

the prospectus supplement.

       We do not fault counsel or any party for the failure to discover this material

evidence until shortly before trial. But the fact remains that the newly discovered

evidence required the trial court to assess its effect on the disposition of this

case. That assessment was based on review of the pleadings and consideration

of the various arguments by the parties over the course of six years. We simply

cannot conclude that the trial court abused its considerable discretion in making

the assessment that it did.

                              New Theories and Prejudice

        This brings us to the final basis of the trial court's decision. The court

ruled that the new theories, first raised in the response to the motion for

reconsideration, would be prejudicial to RBS. We agree.

       In the proceedings below, FHLBS did not appear to contest the trial court's

ruling that the theories raised in its response to the motion for reconsideration


                                             13
No. 76326-1-1/14

were new. We read counsel's statement at the hearing on the motion to be a

concession that they were new, explaining why he believed they were necessary

to raise for the first time at that point in the litigation.

       We turn then to the question of prejudice. Again, the trial court was in the

best position to make this determination. The court correctly determined that

these new theories, raised for the first time in the response to RBS's motion for

reconsideration and without first amending the pleadings, would be prejudicial.

       Remarkably, FHLBS argues that there would be no prejudice. But we

cannot agree.

       At the hearing on the motion for reconsideration, FHLBS explained that

during discovery, it had provided RBS responses stating that it had relied on 340

"other documents" before it purchased the security. How FHLBS can now claim

there would be no prejudice if the trial court had allowed it to advance its new

theories, without reopening discovery and on the eve of trial, is simply beyond

our understanding. The trial court properly exercised its discretion in concluding

that it would be prejudicial to RBS to allow these new theories to proceed to trial.
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