                                                                                          10/23/2019
        IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                         AT NASHVILLE
                                 June 18, 2019 Session

                   STATE OF TENNESSEE v. MATT D. POLK

                  Appeal from the Circuit Court for Dickson County
                   No. 22CC-2016-CR-53 David D. Wolfe, Judge
                       ___________________________________

                           No. M2018-01251-CCA-R3-CD
                       ___________________________________


The Defendant, Matt D. Polk, was convicted of one count of the sale of 0.5 grams or
more of cocaine and one count of the sale less of than 0.5 grams of cocaine. The
Defendant received an effective sentence of twenty-five years. On appeal, the Defendant
argues that a video recording was not properly authenticated and that the trial court erred
in allowing an expert who had not been disclosed to the defense prior to the day of trial to
testify. We conclude that the recording was properly authenticated and that the trial court
did not abuse its discretion in permitting the testimony, and we affirm the judgments of
the trial court.

  Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgments of the Circuit Court Affirmed

JOHN EVERETT WILLIAMS, P.J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which D. KELLY
THOMAS, JR., and ROBERT L. HOLLOWAY, JR., JJ., joined.

Leonard G. Belmares, II, Dickson, Tennessee, for the appellant, Matt D. Polk.

Herbert H. Slatery III, Attorney General and Reporter; Clark B. Thornton, Senior
Assistant Attorney General; W. Ray Crouch, District Attorney General; and Joseph C.
Hall, Sr., Assistant District Attorney General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.


                                        OPINION


                 FACTS AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

       The Drug Task Force for the Dickson County Sheriff’s Department conducted two
separate controlled buys from the Defendant using a confidential informant. Count one
of the indictment alleged that on July 17, 2015, the Defendant sold less than 0.5 grams of
cocaine, a Schedule II controlled substance. Count two of the indictment alleged that on
August 26, 2015, the Defendant sold 0.5 grams or more of cocaine. At trial, the
Defendant argued that a casual exchange between two friends, rather than a sale,
occurred.

        Agent Chris Freeze with the Drug Task Force testified that on July 17, 2015, the
confidential informant met with the Defendant at a residence for the purpose of
purchasing crack cocaine. Agent Freeze and Agent Ronnie Moran recorded the
confidential informant’s transaction with the Defendant using a video recording device,
through which they were able to monitor the audio portion of the transaction as it took
place. During the direct examination of Agent Freeze, the State played the video
recording of the July 17, 2015 transaction. After playing a portion of the video recording,
the prosecutor asked Agent Freeze if he recognized the video, and he responded, “Like I
said, it’s been a while since I have watched it, but yes, I do recognize that as being one of
the tapes that we would have had.”

        The video showed the confidential informant in her vehicle driving to a residence.
When the confidential informant parked her vehicle at the residence, a male voice asked
why she was there. The confidential informant told the man that she was “looking” and
that she was “needing something bad.” At that point, the confidential informant exited
the vehicle and stood in the yard with an African-American man, who was later identified
by the confidential informant as the Defendant. The confidential informant told the man
to “hook [her] up with something real good.” The Defendant asked her if she knew
anyone who took morphine. The Defendant told her it would take fifteen to twenty
minutes for someone to bring the drugs. Throughout the encounter, the confidential
informant repeatedly asked how long it would be until the drugs arrived. The Defendant
then asked the confidential informant to follow him. She followed him into the tree line
to a red and white tent, and both the confidential informant and the Defendant entered the
tent.

       After leaving the tent, the confidential informant spoke to another African-
American man who was sitting under a carport. The Defendant said “fifteen minutes.”
The confidential informant asked, “Is it going to take him the whole fifteen minutes to get
here.” The Defendant walked into the house, and the confidential informant walked back
to her vehicle and said, “[H]e has someone bringing it. It’s going to take a minute.” The
video ended abruptly while the confidential informant was talking to the Defendant about
an upcoming court date.

       After the recording was played to the jury, defense counsel objected on the basis
that Agent Freeze did not testify that “he participated in the recording, that he assisted in
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the recording, he was present at the recording or anything of that nature.” The trial court
overruled the objection, finding that Agent Freeze “identified it as one of the tapes that he
had reviewed.” Agent Freeze testified that he could not see the confidential informant
after her car pulled into the driveway but that he and Agent Moran listened to her
interaction with the Defendant as it was occurring in real time. Agent Freeze agreed that
the video was a “true and accurate representation of what [he] saw that day.”

       Agent Moran testified that prior to sending a confidential informant to do a
controlled buy, he always searches the informant and the vehicle. The confidential
informant is also searched after returning from a controlled buy. When the confidential
informant met with Agent Moran and Agent Freeze after her July transaction with the
Defendant, she gave Agent Moran a brown bag that contained a rock-like substance.
Agent Moran was the lead investigator in both of the controlled buys targeting the
Defendant. He recalled paying the confidential informant fifty dollars for the July buy
and one hundred dollars for the August buy. He also recalled searching the confidential
informant’s person and vehicle before and after each controlled buy.

       During the State’s direct examination of Agent Moran, portions of the video
recording of the controlled buy that occurred on August 26, 2015, were played for the
jury. The second video began with Agent Moran stating the date and that he and Agent
Turner were present with a confidential informant. Agent Moran stated that the
confidential informant had contacted “[The Defendant] to purchase one gram of crack
cocaine at $100.” The video then showed the confidential informant enter her vehicle
and drive for approximately six minutes. The Defendant entered the confidential
informant’s vehicle and sat in the passenger seat. The Defendant told the confidential
informant to drive to a nearby gas station so he could get the drugs. The Defendant asked
her for the money before they left to go “to the man’s house.” The confidential informant
asked the Defendant if she could drive him to pick up the drugs. The Defendant exited
the confidential informant’s vehicle after she told him she did not want to give him the
money before she had the drugs in her possession.

       The Defendant returned to the confidential informant’s car moments later, and the
confidential informant began driving. At some point while the confidential informant
was driving, the camera was moved so that the Defendant was no longer visible, but the
conversation between the confidential informant and the Defendant could be heard. The
Defendant exited the vehicle, and the confidential informant waited for him to return and
communicated with the agents. When the Defendant returned, the confidential informant
followed him in her vehicle. When she stopped driving, the Defendant opened the
passenger side door and handed her something.



                                            -3-
       On cross-examination, Agent Moran acknowledged that he did not have a specific
recollection of the search of the confidential informant’s person or vehicle. He testified
that during both controlled buys, the Defendant did not have drugs readily available, and
the confidential informant had to wait until another person delivered the drugs to the
Defendant. Agent Moran provided the confidential informant with recorded money,
meaning that the serial numbers on the money were written down. The money that the
confidential informant used to pay the Defendant for the drugs was never recovered.
Agent Moran did not interview the Defendant.

       The confidential informant testified that she purchased drugs from the Defendant
for the Drug Task Force. She said that she was paid to purchase drugs from the
Defendant and that these purchases occurred in Dickson County.

       On cross-examination, the confidential informant acknowledged that at the time of
the two controlled buys, she was on probation in both Hickman and Williamson counties.
She testified that she was not promised leniency in exchange for her testimony. She did
not recall where she met with the officers before the controlled buys. She stated that she
had made approximately twenty purchases as a confidential informant on behalf of the
Drug Task Force. The confidential informant had known the Defendant since 2003, and
they once lived in the same trailer park and often used drugs together. The confidential
informant identified the Defendant to the officers as someone who they should
investigate. The confidential informant stated that on July 15th she “went to his house
and bought drugs from him.” She stated that when she went into the tent, the Defendant
offered her crack cocaine from a pipe. She denied smoking from the pipe but admitted
she put the pipe in her mouth. The confidential informant did not tell Agents Moran and
Freeze about the pipe.

       The State called Agent Glen J. Glenn, a TBI forensic scientist, as a witness.
Defense counsel objected, claiming that he was not provided notice that Agent Glenn
would be testifying as an expert. The trial court held a hearing on the matter outside of
the presence of the jury. Defense counsel stated that he filed a request for discovery on
July 27, 2016, requesting the “names[,] qualifications, address[,] and phone numbers of
any and all expert witnesses that you intend to call.” Defense counsel claimed that the
State never furnished a list of experts and that he did not receive Agent Glenn’s report.
He did receive a Ms. Patterson’s report. The Defendant argued that because he was not
provided notice that Agent Glenn would be testifying and that he did not receive a copy
of Agent Glenn’s report prior to trial, Agent Glenn should not be permitted to testify.
The trial court allowed the State and the Defendant to question Agent Glenn outside of
the jury’s presence. Agent Glenn testified that he had been a special agent with the TBI
for twenty-three years and that he was a forensic chemist. Agent Glenn explained that he
became involved in this case after Ms. Victoria Patterson, the agent who prepared the
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initial report, left the TBI. Agent Glenn retested the evidence at the request of the State
and wrote a separate report based on his analysis. The quantities in Agent Glenn’s report
were slightly lower because some of the sample was consumed by the testing.

       The trial court overruled the Defendant’s objection finding that the information in
the report was based on Agent Glenn’s independent analysis and that the Defendant
would not be prejudiced by Agent Glenn’s testimony. The trial court noted that the State
provided the Defendant with a copy of Ms. Patterson’s report and that he was on notice
that an expert would testify regarding the substance and its quantity. The trial court
found that the results of the two reports were “identical, with the exception of a smaller
amount which this witness attributes to the fact that a portion of the drugs in question had
to be used for the testing process which would account for the smaller amount involved.”
The Defendant did not request a continuance.

        Agent Glenn was accepted by the trial court as an expert in the field of drug
identification. He testified that he analyzed two different samples of crack cocaine from
the July controlled buy. One sample weighed 0.14 grams, and the other sample weighed
0.17 grams. The State admitted Agent Glenn’s report into evidence. On cross-
examination, Agent Glenn discussed the discrepancies in his report and the report that
was prepared by Ms. Patterson. He explained that Ms. Patterson’s report showed that the
first sample weighed 0.16 grams and that the second sample weighed 0.23 grams. On re-
direct examination, Agent Glenn opined that the differences in the weight of the samples
were likely caused by a portion of the sample being destroyed during Ms. Patterson’s
analysis.

        Mr. William H. Stanton, a retired forensic scientist with the TBI, was accepted by
the trial court as an expert in the field of drug identification. Mr. Stanton tested the
substance that the confidential informant purchased from the Defendant during the
August controlled buy. Mr. Stanton testified that he received a rock-like substance that
weighed 0.58 grams and tested positive for cocaine.

       The jury convicted the Defendant of one count of the sale of 0.5 grams or more of
cocaine and one count of the sale of less than 0.5 grams of cocaine. The Defendant
received an effective sentence of twenty-five years. The Defendant filed a motion for
new trial, which the trial court denied. He now appeals.

                                       ANALYSIS

       The Defendant argues that the trial court erred in allowing the State to admit the
video recording of the July 17, 2015, controlled buy and that the trial court erred in
allowing Special Agent Glenn to testify. The Defendant also challenges the sufficiency
                                           -5-
of the evidence in his brief. During oral argument before this court, appellate counsel
conceded that the evidence was sufficient to support the convictions and that his
argument addressed evidentiary issues rather than sufficiency. In light of this concession,
this court will not address the sufficiency argument.1

                            I.       Admissibility of the Video Recording

        The Defendant challenges the admissibility of the video recording of the July 17th
controlled buy. Specifically, he argues that the trial court erred in admitting the recording
because it was not properly authenticated. The State responds that the trial court did not
err in admitting the recording and that any error in the admission of the video recording
was harmless. We agree with the State.

       “[I]t is well-established that trial courts have broad discretion in determining the
admissibility of evidence, and their rulings will not be reversed absent an abuse of
discretion.” State v. Stinnett, 958 S.W.2d 329, 331 (Tenn.1997). Tennessee Rule of
Evidence 901(a) states that “[t]he requirement of authentication or identification as a
condition precedent to admissibility is satisfied by evidence sufficient to the court to
support a finding by the trier of fact that the matter in question is what its proponent
claims.” This rule is designed to ensure that “‘there has been no tampering, loss,
substitution, or mistake with respect to the evidence.’” State v. Scott, 33 S.W.3d 746, 760
(Tenn. 2000) (quoting State v. Braden, 867 S.W.2d 750, 759 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1998)).

       The trial court did not err in admitting the video recording because the testimony
of Agent Freeze established that it “is what it is claimed to be.” Tenn. R. Evid. 901(b)(1).
Agent Freeze testified that he and Agent Moran set up a recording device and listened to
the confidential informant’s interactions with the Defendant in real time. They
subsequently retrieved the recording from the confidential informant and reviewed it. He
was able to identify the video recording as a true and accurate representation of the
transaction that he witnessed live that day. Agent Freeze’s testimony established that the
recording was what it purported to be: a recording of the interactions the confidential
informant had on July 17th. He did not have to identify the Defendant’s voice to
authenticate the recording as the one he contemporaneously monitored. The confidential

        1
            The Defendant challenges the jury instructions regarding his conviction for the sale of 0.5
grams or more of cocaine for failing to instruct the jury to determine the amount of cocaine sold
to the confidential informant. This argument was included within the sufficiency portion of his
brief. Because he failed to object at trial to the jury instructions and failed to include any issue regarding
jury instructions within his motion for new trial, this issue has been waived. See Tenn. R. App. P. 3(e);
see also State v. Prater, 137 S.W.3d 25, 33 n.2 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2003) (concluding that “[b]ecause the
appellant did not challenge the jury instructions in motion for new trial, any issue regarding jury
instructions has been waived.”
                                                    -6-
informant’s testimony subsequently identified the Defendant as the man who appeared on
the recording. The Defendant objected on the basis that the State had not laid a proper
foundation, because Agent Freeze did not observe the Defendant interact with the
confidential informant. The Defendant did not object on the basis that the Defendant’s
voice was not authenticated within the video. The trial court overruled the Defendant’s
objection finding that Agent Freeze “identified it as one of the tapes he had reviewed.”
In light of Agent Freeze’s testimony that he had the ability to listen to the confidential
informant’s interactions with the Defendant in real time, we conclude that the trial court
did not abuse its discretion in admitting the video recording. See id.

       The Defendant maintains that the video was not properly authenticated because
Agent Freeze did not testify that he was familiar with the Defendant’s voice. Further, the
Defendant notes that the confidential informant was not asked if the video accurately
depicted her interactions with the Defendant on July 17th. Recently, this court decided
that a video recording was properly authenticated when the officer was familiar with the
equipment, the confidential informant and his vehicle were searched before the
transaction, and the officer had the capability to listen in real time to the interaction of the
confidential informant and the defendant. See State v. Bobby Lewis Smith, No. M2010-
02077-CCA-R3-CD, 2012 WL 3776679, at *4-5 (Tenn. Crim. App. Aug. 31, 2012).

                               II. Agent Glenn’s Testimony

        The Defendant maintains that the trial court abused its discretion by allowing
Agent Glenn to testify as an expert because the State failed to provide adequate notice to
the defense that Agent Glenn would testify and failed to provide Agent Glenn’s report in
a timely manner, in violation of Tennessee Rule of Criminal Procedure 16(a)(1)(G). The
State responds that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in allowing Agent Glenn to
testify and that any error did not result in prejudice.

       Tennessee Rule of Criminal Procedure 16(a)(1)(G) states:

       Reports of Examinations and Tests. Upon a defendant’s request, the state
       shall permit the defendant to inspect and copy or photograph the results or
       reports of physical or mental examinations, and of scientific tests or
       experiments if:

       (i) the item is within the state’s possession, custody, or control;

       (ii) the district attorney general knows — or through due diligence could
       know — that the item exists; and

                                             -7-
       (iii) the item is material to preparing the defense or the state intends to use
       the item in its case-in-chief at trial.

       Rule 16 also states that in the event that a party fails to comply with a discovery
request, the trial court may “order the party to permit the discovery or inspection,” “grant
a continuance,” “prohibit the party from introducing the undisclosed evidence,” or “enter
such other order as it deems just under the circumstances.” Tenn. R. Crim. P.
16(d)(2)(A)-(D). A trial court “has wide discretion in fashioning a remedy for non-
compliance with a discovery order, and the sanction should fit the circumstances of the
case.” State v. Downey, 259 S.W.3d 723, 737 (Tenn. 2008) (citing State v. Collins, 35
S.W.3d 582, 585 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2000)). A trial court abuses its discretion when it:
“(1) applies an incorrect legal standard, (2) reaches an illogical or unreasonable decision,
or (3) bases its decision on a clearly erroneous assessment of the evidence.” State v.
Mangrum, 403 S.W.3d 152, 166 (Tenn. 2013). This court has determined that exclusion
of the evidence is a “drastic remedy and should not be implemented unless there is no
reasonable alternative.” State v. Smith, 926 S.W.2d 267, 270 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1995).

       Recently, the Tennessee Supreme Court emphasized that “the abuse of discretion
standard of review does not permit an appellate court to substitute its judgment for that of
the trial court.” State v. Quintis McCaleb, No. E2017-01381-SC-R11-CD, 2019 WL
3940922, *5 (Tenn. Aug. 21, 2019). A trial court abuses its discretion “‘when it causes
an injustice to the party challenging the decision by (1) applying an incorrect legal
standard, (2) reaching an illogical or unreasonable decision, or (3) basing its decision on a
clearly erroneous assessment of the evidence.’” Id. (quoting Lee Med., Inc. v. Beecher,
312 S.W.3d 515, 524 (Tenn. 2010)). We review a trial court’s discretionary decision to
determine “‘(1) whether the factual basis for the decision is properly supported by
evidence in the record, (2) whether the [trial] court properly identified and applied the
most appropriate legal principles applicable to the decision, and (3) whether the [trial]
court’s decision was within the range of acceptable alternative dispositions.’” Id.
(quoting Lee Med., Inc., 312 S.W.3d at 524).

        The Defendant argues that the trial court erred in allowing Agent Glenn to testify
because he “was not provided the information regarding the new witness until the trial,
[and] there was no other remedy but to prohibit the witness from testifying and the
exhibits from being entered.” The trial court considered the circumstances surrounding
allowing Agent Glenn to testify and noted that the only difference in the two reports was
that Agent Glenn’s report showed a lesser amount of the cocaine than the original report.
The trial court found that delayed disclosure had not prejudiced the Defendant because he
was on notice regarding the substance of the expert testimony the State would offer at
trial. As noted above, the trial court “has wide discretion” in creating a remedy for a
failure to comply with Rule 16. Downey, 259 S.W.3d at 737. Here, the trial court gave
                                            -8-
the Defendant leeway in questioning Agent Glenn regarding his credentials and his
report. Further, the Defendant did not request a continuance that would have allowed
him time to review Agent Glenn’s credentials and his report. We conclude that the trial
court did not abuse its discretion in allowing Agent Glenn to testify.

                                    CONCLUSION

      Based on the foregoing analysis, the judgments of the trial court are affirmed.




                                   JOHN EVERETT WILLIAMS, PRESIDING JUDGE




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