                                     2018 IL 123152



                                        IN THE
                               SUPREME COURT
                                           OF
                         THE STATE OF ILLINOIS




                                   (Docket No. 123152)

          SCARLETT PALM, Appellant, v. RUBEN HOLOCKER (Karl Bayer,
                           Contemnor-Appellee).


                             Opinion filed December 13, 2018.



        JUSTICE THOMAS delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.

        Chief Justice Karmeier and Justices Kilbride, Garman, Burke, Theis, and
     Neville concurred in the judgment and opinion.



                                        OPINION

¶1        At issue is whether contemnor, Karl Bayer, was entitled to assert the
     physician-patient privilege (735 ILCS 5/8-802 (West 2016)) in this negligence
     case. Bayer refused to provide answers to two interrogatories seeking the names of
     health care providers who had treated his client, defendant Ruben Holocker. The
     trial court ordered contemnor to provide answers to the interrogatories, and when
     contemnor refused to do so, the court held him in contempt. Contemnor appealed
     the contempt order, and the appellate court reversed the discovery order and
     vacated the contempt order. The appellate court held that the information was
     privileged because defendant’s medical condition was not an issue in the case. 2017
     IL App (3d) 170087. Plaintiff appeals, and we affirm the appellate court’s
     judgment as modified.


¶2                                    BACKGROUND

¶3       On October 18, 2014, defendant, Ruben Holocker, struck plaintiff, Scarlett
     Palm, with his vehicle. At the time, plaintiff was a pedestrian and was crossing the
     intersection of 5th Street and Ida Street in Lacon.

¶4       Plaintiff filed a personal injury complaint against defendant in the circuit court
     of Marshall County. Plaintiff alleged that defendant was negligent in one or more
     of the following ways:

           “a. Failed to keep and maintain a safe and proper lookout as he drove his
        vehicle into the intersection;

            b. Drove his vehicle and turned left onto 5th Street from Ida [Street] when
        he failed to stop at the stop sign at Ida; and

            [c.] Failed to yield the right-of-way to Plaintiff, who had the preferred
        right-of-way while walking across 5th Street at said intersection, and thereby
        violated 625 ILCS 5/11-1204.”

¶5       Defendant filed an answer in which he denied all three of the above allegations
     of negligence. Additionally, defendant filed an affirmative defense in which he
     alleged that plaintiff was more than 50% responsible for her injuries. Defendant
     alleged that plaintiff was negligent in that she:

            “a) Improperly crossed a street when it was unsafe to do so;

            b) Failed to keep a proper lookout; and

           c) Was under the influence of an alcoholic or narcotic substance that
        impaired her ability at the time of the accident.”




                                             -2-
     Defendant asserted that any recovery that plaintiff received should be reduced by
     that portion of contributory negligence attributable to plaintiff.

¶6       Plaintiff served Illinois Supreme Court Rule 213 (eff. Jan. 1, 2007)
     interrogatories on defendant, including the following:

            “20. Do you have any medical and/or physical condition which required a
        physician’s report and/or letter of approval in order to drive? If so, state the
        nature of the medical and/or physical condition, the physician or other health
        care professional who issued the letter and/or report, and the names and
        addresses of any physician or other health care professional who treated you for
        this condition prior to the occurrence.

            21. State the name and address of any physician, ophthalmologist, optician
        or other health care professional who performed any eye examination of you
        within the last five (5) years, and the dates of each such examination.

           22. State the name of any physician or other health care professional who
        examined and/or treated you within the last ten (10) years, and the dates of each
        such examination.”

¶7       Defendant answered interrogatory number 20 by stating, “Yes, diabetic
     reasons, Dr. Christopher Nau, 4th [S]treet, Chillicothe, IL 274-4336.” However, he
     refused to answer numbers 21 and 22. For each of these, he provided the following
     objection: “The defendant objects to the question as it violates [HIPAA],
     doctor-patient privilege, and the Defendant has not placed his medical condition at
     issue in this matter.”

¶8       Plaintiff filed a motion to strike defendant’s objections and compel defendant’s
     answers to interrogatories 21 and 22. At a hearing on the motion to compel,
     plaintiff argued that defendant’s ability to see and to drive was at issue because he
     drove his vehicle into a pedestrian. Plaintiff’s counsel explained to the trial court
     why he believed that defendant’s ability to see was at issue:

            “MR. O’DONNELL: And Judge, here, just by way of background, a few
        weeks after this happened our client got a Facebook post from someone that
        said that the defendant in this case is legally blind, from someone who knows
        him, and that he has had other—a few other collisions that he’s never reported




                                             -3-
          to anyone because of the fear of a revocation of his privileges based upon his
          difficulties with vision.”

¶9         Contemnor argued that defendant’s medical information was privileged
       because the defense was not putting defendant’s medical condition at issue.
       Contemnor acknowledged that defendant requires a doctor’s note to drive but
       explained that the defense was not claiming that defendant suffered a “sudden and
       unexpected attack.” The court then asked about the allegation that defendant failed
       to keep a proper lookout. Contemnor said that he believed the testimony would
       show that his client was waving to a pedestrian by the side of the road and was
       simply not looking at plaintiff. Contemnor argued that vision was not at issue
       because defendant was not even looking in plaintiff’s direction at the time. The
       court granted plaintiff’s motion, ordered defendant to answer the interrogatories,
       and entered a Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996
       (HIPAA) (42 U.S.C. § 1320d et seq. (2012)) order applicable to plaintiff and
       defendant. Plaintiff had previously subpoenaed defendant’s medical records from
       Dr. Nau and the Secretary of State, and the court ordered the Secretary of State to
       comply with the subpoena.

¶ 10        Defendant still refused to answer the interrogatories, and plaintiff moved for
       sanctions. At the hearing on the motion for sanctions, contemnor argued that
       Illinois case law provides that a defendant’s medical information is privileged
       unless the defendant puts his medical condition in issue. Contemnor argued that he
       was not putting defendant’s medical condition at issue. The trial judge asked
       plaintiff’s counsel if he contended that defendant’s answer that he needed a
       doctor’s note to drive because of diabetic reasons had put defendant’s possible
       visual impediment at issue. Plaintiff’s counsel responded that there was “no
       question” that defendant’s sight was at issue because he had hit a pedestrian in
       broad daylight. Contemnor told the court that he believed defendant would testify
       in his deposition that the reason he did not see plaintiff was that he was waving to a
       friend of his on the corner. Plaintiff’s attorney told the court that he had subpoenaed
       defendant’s driving records and that defendant had been involved in seven or eight
       different collisions before the present one and he wanted to find out if defendant
       was using multiple optometrists to find one who would clear him to drive. Plaintiff
       also wanted to subpoena Dr. Nau’s records. The trial court said that it did not want
       plaintiff going on a fishing expedition but that it did believe that sight was an issue




                                                -4-
       based on the fact that defendant had diabetes and had not seen the plaintiff when he
       struck her. Contemnor disagreed and explained that the reason for the doctor’s
       permission might be to make sure that defendant’s blood sugar was controlled and
       that he was not having episodes of low blood sugar. Contemnor also pointed out
       that defendant had a valid driver’s license at the time of the accident. The court
       found that plaintiff had legitimate reasonable cause to believe that defendant had
       sight problems that could have been related to the accident and that plaintiff had “a
       right to look for that.” The court held defendant’s attorney in contempt and
       imposed a $5-per-day fine until contemnor submitted answers to the
       interrogatories.

¶ 11       Contemnor appealed, and the appellate court reversed the contempt finding.
       The court first noted a potential procedural problem. The appeal was from an order
       holding contemnor in contempt for failing to provide answers to two
       interrogatories. The parties briefed the broader issue of whether the
       physician-patient privilege applied at all in this case, not whether it applied to the
       two interrogatories. 2017 IL App (3d) 170087, ¶ 15. However, the court found that
       it should address the briefed issue in the interests of the orderly administration of
       justice and to avoid an inevitable second appeal. Id. ¶ 16. Moreover, the court noted
       that a ruling that the privilege applied would render the interrogatories pointless. Id.
       ¶ 15. If plaintiff could not obtain defendant’s medical records, the answers to the
       two interrogatories would not lead to discoverable information. Id. ¶ 29.

¶ 12       The court held that the records were privileged under section 8-802 of the Code
       of Civil Procedure and that the exception provided in subsection (4) did not apply.
       This exception provides that the privilege does not apply “in all actions brought by
       or against the patient *** wherein the patient’s physical or mental condition is an
       issue.” 735 ILCS 5/8-802(4) (West 2016). Plaintiff argued that “an issue” as used in
       this subsection simply means relevant. The appellate court disagreed. The court
       noted that irrelevant information is neither subject to disclosure nor admissible in
       evidence and, if the legislature meant “an issue” to mean “relevant,” it would have
       simply said that the privilege does not apply in any litigation. 2017 IL App (3d)
       170087, ¶ 22. The court held that section 8-802(4) applies only when a defendant
       affirmatively places his or her health at issue and that a plaintiff cannot waive
       someone else’s privilege. Id. ¶ 24. Relying on Kraima v. Ausman, 365 Ill. App. 3d
       530, 536 (2006), and Pritchard v. SwedishAmerican Hospital, 191 Ill. App. 3d 388,




                                                -5-
       405 (1989), the court held that “[n]either the nature of a plaintiff’s cause of action
       nor factual allegations in a plaintiff’s complaint waive a defendant’s
       physician-patient privilege.” 2017 IL App (3d) 170087, ¶ 24. The court noted that
       Illinois Supreme Court Rule 215(d)(1) (eff. Mar. 28, 2011), which addresses when
       a court may order a party to undergo a mental or physical exam, provides that a
       court may do so when a party’s “ ‘mental or physical condition’ ” is “ ‘placed in
       issue.’ ” 2017 IL App (3d) 170087, ¶ 23. The committee comments provide that
       “ ‘[m]ere allegations are insufficient to place a party’s mental or physical condition
       in “issue.” ’ ” (Emphasis omitted.) Id. (quoting Ill. S. Ct. R. 215(d) Committee
       Comments (adopted Mar. 28, 2011)). The court inferred from this that “in issue”
       does not mean “relevant.” Id. 1

¶ 13       Thus, the court determined that defendant’s medical records were privileged
       and that he had not placed his physical or mental condition at issue. The court
       determined that defendant’s medical condition had no bearing on his liability
       because “he either drove negligently or he did not.” Id. ¶ 26. The court explained
       that if defendant “possessed a valid license and operated his vehicle as a reasonably
       prudent person would, then he is not liable for [plaintiff’s] injuries regardless of his
       health or vision. If [defendant] drove negligently and proximately caused
       [plaintiff’s] injuries, then he is liable.” Id. Because defendant had not affirmatively
       placed his health in issue, the court determined that the interrogatory answers were
       not likely to lead to discoverable information. Id. ¶ 29. Thus, the court reversed the
       circuit court’s discovery order, ordered plaintiff’s counsel to relinquish any of
       defendant’s medical records that he had obtained, and vacated the contempt order. 2
       Id. ¶¶ 29, 31.




           1
              We note that Rule 215(d)(1) does not merely use the phrase “in issue” but rather sets forth how
       something becomes “an issue” for purposes of the rule. See Illinois Supreme Court Rule 215(d)(1)
       (eff. Mar. 28, 2011) (explaining that the court may order a physical or mental examination of a party
       “where conflicting medical testimony, reports or other documentation has been offered as proof and
       the party’s mental or physical condition is thereby placed in issue”).
             2
              Plaintiff’s counsel explained at oral argument that he had obtained all of defendant’s medical
       records that he needs. Counsel explained that, because Lacon is a small town, he was able to learn
       from people in the community what doctors and optometrists that defendant has seen.




                                                       -6-
¶ 14      We allowed plaintiff’s petition for leave to appeal. Ill. S. Ct. R. 315 (eff. Nov. 1,
       2017).


¶ 15                                        ANALYSIS

¶ 16       Section 8-802 of the Code of Civil Procedure provides that “[n]o physician or
       surgeon shall be permitted to disclose any information he or she may have acquired
       in attending any patient in a professional character, necessary to enable him or her
       professionally to serve the patient.” 735 ILCS 5/8-802 (West 2016). The statute
       then lists 14 situations in which the privilege does not apply. The physician-patient
       privilege exists to encourage disclosure between a doctor and a patient and to
       protect the patient from invasions of privacy. See Reagan v. Searcy, 323 Ill. App.
       3d 393, 395 (2001). The purpose of the privilege is to encourage full disclosure of
       all medical facts by the patient in order to ensure the best diagnosis and outcome for
       the patient. See People v. Wilber, 279 Ill. App. 3d 462, 467 (1996). The legislature
       has recognized that patients have an interest in maintaining confidentiality in their
       medical dealings with physicians. People v. Florendo, 95 Ill. 2d 155, 158 (1983).

¶ 17       Resolution of this appeal turns on the meaning of “an issue” in section
       8-802(4), which provides that the privilege does not apply in any action wherein
       “the patient’s physical or mental condition is an issue.” 735 ILCS 5/8-802(4) (West
       2016). The cardinal rule of statutory construction is to ascertain and give effect to
       the legislature’s intent. Bank of New York Mellon v. Laskowski, 2018 IL 121995,
       ¶ 12. The most reliable indicator of legislative intent is the language of the statute,
       given its plain and ordinary meaning. Id. It is improper for a court to depart from
       the plain statutory language by reading into the statute exceptions, limitations, or
       conditions that conflict with the clearly expressed legislative intent. Metropolitan
       Life Insurance Co. v. Hamer, 2013 IL 114234, ¶ 18. Where statutory language is
       clear and unambiguous, it will be given effect without resort to other aids of
       construction. Kunkel v. Walton, 179 Ill. 2d 519, 534 (1997). If the meaning of an
       enactment is unclear from the statutory language, the court may consider the
       purpose behind the law and the evils the law was designed to remedy. Gruszeczka
       v. Illinois Workers’ Compensation Comm’n, 2013 IL 114212, ¶ 12. We have an
       obligation to construe statutes in a manner that will avoid absurd, unreasonable, or
       unjust results that the legislature could not have intended. People ex rel. Alvarez v.




                                                -7-
       Gaughan, 2016 IL 120110, ¶ 19. Statutes in derogation of the common law are to
       be strictly construed in favor of persons sought to be subjected to their operation.
       Nowak v. City of Country Club Hills, 2011 IL 111838, ¶ 19. Our review is de novo.
       Id. ¶ 11.

¶ 18        Plaintiff argues that the appellate court impermissibly added language to
       section 8-802(4). Plaintiff points out that this section merely requires that the
       patient’s physical or mental condition be “an issue” and it does not say that only the
       patient may put his or her medical condition at issue. Plaintiff further points out that
       the appellate court did not discuss any of the opinions filed after Kraima and
       Pritchard in which the courts have applied section 8-802(4) when the State has put
       a defendant’s medical condition in issue. See People v. Beck, 2017 IL App (4th)
       160654 (postaccident medical records in aggravated driving under the influence
       (DUI) proceeding); People v. Botsis, 388 Ill. App. 3d 422 (2009) (medical records
       in reckless homicide proceeding); People v. Popeck, 385 Ill. App. 3d 806 (2008)
       (postaccident medical records in DUI proceeding); In re Detention of Anders, 304
       Ill. App. 3d 117 (1999) (mental health evaluation in Sexually Violent Persons
       Commitment Act (725 ILCS 207/1 et seq. (West Supp. 1997)) proceeding); People
       v. Nohren, 283 Ill. App. 3d 753 (1996) (blood test results in DUI proceeding);
       Wilber, 279 Ill. App. 3d 462; (postaccident statements to paramedics in aggravated
       DUI proceeding); People v. Krause, 273 Ill. App. 3d 59 (1995) (postaccident
       statements to paramedics in aggravated DUI proceeding).

¶ 19       Defendant responds by arguing that civil and criminal cases have separate rules
       for how a patient’s physical or mental condition becomes “an issue” for purposes of
       section 8-802(4). Defendant contends that, in a civil case, the exception applies
       only when a party puts his or her own physical condition at issue by affirmative
       pleading. Thus, a plaintiff who files a personal injury action necessarily puts his or
       her own physical or mental condition at issue, and a defendant in a civil case puts
       his or her own physical or mental condition at issue by asserting it as part of a
       defense. By contrast, in criminal cases, something may become “an issue” if the
       legislature has made it an element of the offense. 3 This is how defendant reconciles

           3
            Defendant’s theory does not work for all of the cases. For instance, a defendant’s physical or
       mental condition is not an element of the offense of reckless homicide. See 720 ILCS 5/9-3(a) (West
       2016). What the court held in Botsis was that the defendant’s medical condition was an issue
       because it was relevant to the issue of recklessness. Botsis, 388 Ill. App. 3d at 435. But this is




                                                     -8-
       these disparate lines of cases. Defendant explains In re Detention of Anders, 304
       Ill. App. 3d 117, by arguing that the criminal rule would apply in a Sexually Violent
       Persons Commitment Act proceeding because the respondent’s mental condition is
       the subject of the commitment proceedings.

¶ 20        Plaintiff points out, however, that section 8-802(4) makes no distinction
       between civil and criminal cases and simply uses the language “in all actions.” In
       other subsections of section 8-802, the legislature used language such as “in trials
       for homicide” (735 ILCS 5/8-802(1) (West 2016)), “in actions, civil or criminal”
       (id. § 8-802(2), (7)), “in any criminal action” (id. § 8-802(6)), “in prosecutions” (id.
       § 8-802(9), (10)), and “in criminal actions” (id. § 8-802(11)). Thus, the legislature
       was very specific when it wanted to draw a distinction between civil and criminal
       cases, and subsection (4) contains no such distinction. Indeed, subsection
       (6) makes defendant’s interpretation problematic. This exception provides that
       medical records may be disclosed “in any criminal action where the charge is either
       first degree murder by abortion, attempted abortion or abortion.” Id. § 8-802(6). If
       subsection (4) made medical records discoverable in all criminal actions wherein a
       defendant’s physical condition is an element of the offense, then subsection
       (6) would seem to be superfluous. Thus, contrary to defendant’s argument, there
       seems to be a genuine conflict between how the courts have applied subsection
       (4) in civil and criminal cases. In civil cases, the courts have held that only the
       patient may waive his or her own privilege by putting his or her physical or mental
       condition at issue, while in the criminal context, the courts have allowed the State
       to waive a defendant’s privilege by putting his or her physical or mental condition
       at issue.

¶ 21       It appears that most states have agreed with the appellate court below that a
       plaintiff may not waive a defendant’s privilege by putting the defendant’s medical
       condition at issue. In Griego v. Douglas, No. CIV 17-0244 KBM/JHR, 2018 WL
       2376330 (D. N.M. May 24, 2018), a federal district court was confronted with this
       issue. Griego was a wrongful death case arising out of a traffic accident in which
       the plaintiffs wanted access to the defendant’s medical records. The plaintiffs had

       precisely the definition of “an issue” that the appellate court rejected here. See 2017 IL App (3d)
       170087, ¶¶ 22-23 (explaining that “an issue” in section 8-802(4) does not mean “relevant”).
       Defendant also categorically rejects the argument that “an issue” means “relevant.”




                                                     -9-
       alleged in the suit that the defendant had failed to yield the right of way, made an
       improper turn, and was inattentive while driving. Id. at *1. The plaintiffs contended
       that the defendant’s overall medical condition and especially his quality of vision
       were highly relevant to whether he was negligent. The plaintiffs further contended
       that the defendant’s medical condition was at issue because he was over 75 and
       drivers in New Mexico over that age are required to provide a physician’s report
       when renewing a driver’s license. Id. at *2. The defendant did not rely on a medical
       condition as part of his defense. Rather, he simply denied liability. Id. at *1.

¶ 22       Before turning to the specific provisions of New Mexico law, the court
       conducted a survey of how the various states had dealt with this issue. The court
       concluded that “[m]ost courts that have addressed the matter have found that a
       defendant’s medical records are privileged, and that a defendant does not waive the
       privilege merely by driving, denying fault, or asserting comparative negligence.”
       Id. at *5. The only state the court could find that had held that a plaintiff could put a
       defendant’s physical condition at issue so as to waive the defendant’s privilege was
       North Carolina. Id. at *6. The court then considered New Mexico law and noted
       that “the physician-patient privilege has enjoyed considerable deference, with
       substantial protection provided to all but those patients who explicitly waived it.”
       Id. at*7. The court noted that New Mexico had even gone so far as holding that in a
       DUI prosecution a defendant did not waive the privilege by pleading not guilty. Id.
       at *6 (citing State v. Roper, 921 P.2d 322, 326 (N.M. Ct. App. 1996). The court thus
       determined that the plaintiffs were not entitled to a general release of the
       defendant’s medical records:

               “In summary, the general rule is that a defendant driver in a civil case does
           not waive the physician-patient privilege simply by denying fault or asserting
           comparative negligence. Additionally, the general rule is that a plaintiff may
           not effect a waiver of a defendant’s privilege even where there is evidence that
           the defendant may have been impaired at the time of the collision.” (Emphases
           in original). Id. at *7

¶ 23       We note, however, that the issue was much easier for Griego than it is for us.
       The New Mexico rule words the relevant exception to the physician-patient
       privilege as follows:




                                                - 10 -
          “If a patient relies on a physical, mental, or emotional condition as part of a
          claim or defense, no privilege shall apply concerning confidential
          communications made relevant to that condition.” N.M. S. Ct. R. 11-504(D)(3)
          (eff. Dec. 31, 2013).

       Section 8-802(4) simply provides that the privilege does not apply in any action in
       which a patient’s medical condition is “an issue.” As Griego noted, North Carolina
       has taken the opposite view and held that a plaintiff may put a defendant’s medical
       condition at issue so as to waive the defendant’s privilege. But the North Carolina
       cases are not particularly helpful because the North Carolina statute does not
       contain a list of exceptions where the privilege does not apply. Rather, after stating
       the privilege, the statute provides that:

          “Any resident or presiding judge in the district, either at the trial or prior
          thereto, or the Industrial Commission pursuant to law may, subject to G.S.
          8-53.6, compel disclosure if in his opinion disclosure is necessary to a proper
          administration of justice.” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 8-53 (2017).

       Thus, when a plaintiff has put a defendant’s medical condition at issue, the North
       Carolina courts have relied on this provision to hold that a trial court did not abuse
       its discretion in ordering the production of the defendant’s medical records. See
       Roadway Express, Inc. v. Hayes, 631 S.E.2d 41, 45-46 (N.C. Ct. App. 2006).

¶ 24       The legislature’s intent in enacting section 8-802(4) is not clear, and the cases
       interpreting that section are inconsistent in applying it. Nevertheless, we determine
       that the issue of whether a plaintiff may put a defendant’s medical condition in
       issue for purposes of section 8-802(4) is ultimately not presented by the facts of this
       case and that the appellate court said more than it needed to in resolving the appeal.
       We need not resolve whether a plaintiff may put a defendant’s medical condition at
       issue so as to waive a defendant’s privilege under section 8-802(4) because, on the
       record before us, plaintiff has not put defendant’s medical condition at issue.

¶ 25       Plaintiff insists that this case simply turns on the meaning of the word “issue” in
       section 8-802(4). Again, this section provides that the privilege does not apply “in
       all actions brought by or against the patient *** wherein the patient’s physical or
       mental condition is an issue.” 735 ILCS 5/8-802(4) (West 2016). But simply
       relying on the plain meaning of the word “issue” does not help plaintiff. Webster’s




                                               - 11 -
       defines “issue” as “a point in question of law or fact; specif : a single material point
       of law or fact depending in a suit that is affirmed by one side and denied by the
       other and that is presented for determination at the conclusion of the pleadings.”
       Webster’s Third New International Dictionary 1201 (1993). Black’s defines
       “issue” as “[a] point in dispute between two or more parties” (Black’s Law
       Dictionary 907 (9th ed. 2009)) and then quotes the following definition from
       Corpus Juris Secundum:

              “ ‘In federal civil procedure, an issue is a single, certain, and material point
          arising out of the allegations and contentions of the parties; it is a matter
          affirmed on one side and denied on the other, and when a fact is alleged in the
          complaint and denied in the answer, the matter is then put in issue between the
          parties.’ ” Id. (quoting 35A C.J.S. Federal Civil Procedure § 357, at 541
          (1960)).

       Other definitions are similar. See A Dictionary of Modern Legal Usage 470 (2d ed.
       1995) (defining “facts in issue” as “facts that, in the pleadings, are affirmed on one
       side and denied on the other”); Black’s Law Dictionary 745 (5th ed. 1979) (“A fact
       put in controversy by the pleadings; such may either be issues of law or fact. An
       ‘issue’ is a disputed point or question to which parties to action have narrowed their
       several allegations and upon which they are desirous of obtaining either decision of
       court on question of law or of court or jury on question of fact.”); Barron’s Law
       Dictionary 252 (3d ed. 1991) (“[i]n practice, an issue is a single, certain point of
       fact or law disputed between parties to the litigation, generally composed of an
       affirmative assertion by one side and a denial by the other”); Ballentine’s Law
       Dictionary 669 (3d ed. 1969) (defining “issue of fact” as a “single, certain, and
       material part of dispute arising upon a denial of a material allegation in the
       adversary’s pleading”).

¶ 26       Considering the plain meaning of the word “issue” in a legal setting, we fail to
       see how defendant’s medical condition is “an issue” in this case. Plaintiff filed a
       routine negligence complaint arising out of a traffic accident, alleging that
       defendant was negligent in three ways: failing to keep and maintain a safe and
       proper lookout, failing to stop at a stop sign, and failing to yield the right-of-way to
       a pedestrian. Defendant denied the allegations of negligence and filed an
       affirmative defense alleging that plaintiff was more than 50% at fault for her own




                                                - 12 -
       injuries. Defendant alleged that plaintiff crossed a street when it was unsafe to do
       so, failed to keep a proper lookout, and was under the influence of an alcoholic or
       narcotic substance. Neither the plaintiff nor the defendant asserted anything about
       defendant’s physical or mental condition. If these allegations put a defendant’s
       medical condition in issue, then it will be in issue in most traffic accident cases.

¶ 27       The trial court thought that the allegation that defendant failed to keep a proper
       lookout might have put his vision at issue, but alleging that someone failed to keep
       a proper lookout is not the same as alleging that someone has vision problems.
       Indeed, it is quite likely that in a majority of traffic accident cases one party could
       allege that the other party failed to keep a proper lookout. Such an allegation would
       apply to anyone who took his eyes off the road for any reason. Here, contemnor
       even stated that he expected defendant to testify that he was not looking where he
       was going at the time of the accident. We do not believe that an allegation that one
       party failed to keep a proper lookout puts that person’s medical condition at issue.

¶ 28       It is important to remember how the information about defendant’s alleged
       vision problem came to light. Plaintiff’s counsel told the trial court that someone
       had posted on Facebook that defendant is legally blind. However something may
       become “an issue” in a case, it is clearly not through an oral representation about a
       hearsay statement that someone posted on Facebook. There is also defendant’s
       response to interrogatory No. 20, in which he was asked if he had a medical
       condition that requires a physician’s report or letter of approval to drive. Defendant
       responded that he requires such a report because he has diabetes and that his report
       is provided by Dr. Christopher Nau. This answer establishes nothing more than
       that, because of his diabetes, defendant is required to provide a doctor’s report to
       renew his driver’s license. Defendant disclosed the name of the doctor who
       provides the report. Plaintiff did not allege, however, that defendant did not have a
       valid driver’s license at the time of the accident. Defendant’s answer to this
       interrogatory did not make his medical condition “an issue” in the case. Therefore,
       because neither party has put defendant’s physical or mental condition at issue, it is
       unnecessary for us to decide whether a plaintiff may put a defendant’s medical
       condition at issue for purposes of section 8-802(4).

¶ 29       Nevertheless, although the appellate court correctly ordered plaintiff’s counsel
       to relinquish defendant’s medical records, we hold that plaintiff does not have to




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       relinquish Dr. Nau’s report that plaintiff obtained from the Secretary of State. The
       appellate court ordered plaintiff’s counsel to promptly relinquish possession of
       Holocker’s medical records “from all sources.” 2017 IL App (3d) 170087, ¶ 29.
       This order was too broad. We note that plaintiff asserted the privilege only with
       respect to interrogatories 21 and 22. Defendant did not assert the privilege with
       respect to interrogatory 20 and instead disclosed the name of the doctor who
       provides the report that allows him to renew his driver’s license. As noted above,
       the purpose of the physician-patient privilege is to encourage full disclosure of all
       medical facts by the patient in order to ensure the best diagnosis and outcome for
       the patient. When a patient obtains a physician’s report in order to maintain his
       driving privileges, he is not seeking treatment. Courts have drawn on this
       distinction to hold that the physician-patient privilege does not apply to medical
       records used to obtain driving privileges.

¶ 30       For instance, in Muller v. Rogers, 534 N.W.2d 724 (Minn. Ct. App. 1995), the
       court held that the defendant’s medical records were privileged in a wrongful death
       case arising out of a traffic accident because the defendant had simply denied
       liability and was not relying on a medical condition as part of his defense. The court
       held that a plaintiff may not place a defendant’s physical condition in controversy
       and thereby effect a waiver of the defendant’s privilege. Id. at 726. However, the
       court explained that the same consideration would not apply to records that the
       defendant had turned over to the Department of Public Safety for the “ ‘benefit of
       keeping a driver’s license or obtaining handicapped license plates.’ ” Id. at 727.
       The court explained that disclosing confidential information to third parties waives
       the privilege. Id. The court further explained that the privilege exists to protect
       confidential information acquired by a physician seeing a patient for the purpose of
       providing treatment and that the “purpose of the defendant’s disclosure to the
       Department of Public Safety was to obtain driving or licensing privileges, not to
       obtain medical treatment.” Id.; see also, e.g., Matysik v. Judd Transportation,
       L.L.C., No. 1:14-cv-1889-TWP-DKL, 2016 WL 559217, at *1 (S.D. Ind. Feb. 2,
       2016) (defendant’s medical records privileged in suit alleging that he suffered a
       medical condition that caused him to fall asleep at the wheel, but privilege does not
       extend to record of his department of transportation physical examination because
       it was for the purpose of “meeting federal regulatory requirements and not for
       purposes of diagnosis and treatment”); Jackson v. Wiersema Charter Service, Inc.,
       No. 4:08CV00027 JCH, 2009 WL 1798389, at *1 (E.D. Mo. June 24, 2009)



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       (“[r]ecords pertaining to a [commercial driver’s license] medical examination are
       not within the scope of the physician-patient privilege”); State ex rel. Hayter v.
       Griffin, 785 S.W.2d 590, 595-96 (Mo. Ct. App. 1990) (medical examination for
       purposes of satisfying federal regulations not within the scope of physician-patient
       privilege because privilege extends only to information acquired by physician for
       purposes of prescribing and treatment); Clinton DeWitt, Privileged
       Communications Between Physician and Patient 104-05 (1958) (“As a general
       rule, the relationship of physician and patient does not exist unless the physician’s
       consultation with, or attendance upon, the prospective patient is with a view to
       protective, alleviative, or curative treatment. *** There is no privilege as to
       information acquired by a physician through the physical or mental examination of
       a person unless it is made in contemplation of, and as preparation for, medical care
       and treatment; hence, if the physician’s examination of, or conference with, the
       person is for a purpose other than prescribing or doing any act for him in the way of
       medical care or treatment, the physician is not disqualified as a witness and may
       disclose any information so acquired concerning such person, since the relation of
       physician and patient does not exist under such circumstances.”).

¶ 31       When asked about this at oral argument, counsel for contemnor argued that the
       rule is different in Illinois because Illinois has a statute providing that medical
       records turned over to the Secretary of State are confidential. Section 2-123(j) of
       the Illinois Vehicle Code (625 ILCS 5/2-123(j) (West 2016)) provides as follows:

          “Medical statements or medical reports received in the Secretary of State’s
          Office shall be confidential. Except as provided in this Section, no confidential
          information may be open to public inspection or the contents disclosed to
          anyone, except officers and employees of the Secretary who have a need to
          know the information contained in the medical reports and the Driver License
          Medical Advisory Board, unless so directed by an order of a court of competent
          jurisdiction. If the Secretary receives a medical report regarding a driver that
          does not address a medical condition contained in a previous medical report, the
          Secretary may disclose the unaddressed medical condition to the driver or his or
          her physician, or both, solely for the purpose of submission of a medical report
          that addresses the condition.” (Emphasis added.)

       See also id. § 6-908 (substantially similar).




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¶ 32       This section, however, is substantially different from the physician-patient
       privilege found in section 8-802. The physician-patient privilege provides that
       information acquired by physicians and surgeons in attending patients may not be
       disclosed except in the specifically enumerated situations provided in the statute.
       See 735 ILCS 5/8-802 (West 2016). By contrast, the relevant provisions of the
       Vehicle Code provide that medical information submitted to the Secretary of State
       or the Driver’s License Medical Advisory Board is confidential and may not be
       disclosed “unless so directed by an order of a court of competent jurisdiction.”
       (Emphasis added.) 625 ILCS 5/2-123(j) (West 2016); see id. § 6-908. These
       sections do not place any restrictions on a court’s ability to order the disclosure of
       the information. Thus, the Vehicle Code appears to leave it to the discretion of the
       court to determine when disclosure of the information is necessary. Here, defendant
       answered interrogatory number 20 instead of asserting a privilege. After defendant
       disclosed that Dr. Nau provides his physician’s report to the Secretary of State,
       plaintiff subpoenaed that report, and the trial court ordered the Secretary of State to
       comply with the subpoena. Defendant obtained Dr. Nau’s report not for the
       purposes of receiving treatment but for maintaining his driving privileges. A court
       of competent jurisdiction ordered the Secretary of State to comply with the
       subpoena, and this order was not part of the order appealed to the appellate court.
       Plaintiff is therefore entitled to use this record, and we modify the appellate court’s
       order directing plaintiff to relinquish defendant’s medical records to exclude the
       report obtained from the Secretary of State.


¶ 33                                     CONCLUSION

¶ 34       Pursuant to section 8-802(4) of the Code of Civil Procedure, the
       physician-patient privilege does not apply in any action in which the patient’s
       physical or mental condition is “an issue.” Here, neither defendant’s physical nor
       mental condition is an issue, and therefore the privilege applies. We agree with the
       appellate court’s judgment but disagree with the appellate court that this case
       presents the question of whether a plaintiff may put a defendant’s medical
       condition at issue for purposes of section 8-802(4) of the Code of Civil Procedure.
       Because plaintiff did not put defendant’s medical condition at issue, it was not
       necessary for the appellate court to decide that issue. We urge the legislature to
       address section 8-802(4) and to make its intentions clear. Specifically, the




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       legislature should clarify how something becomes “an issue” for purposes of this
       section, whether one party may put another party’s physical or mental condition at
       issue, and if the rule is any different for civil and criminal cases.

¶ 35       For the above reasons, we affirm the appellate court’s decision, which
       (1) reversed the circuit court’s discovery order, (2) vacated the circuit court’s
       contempt order, and (3) ordered plaintiff’s counsel to promptly relinquish
       possession of defendant’s medical records. We modify the appellate court’s
       judgment to provide that plaintiff’s counsel does not have to relinquish defendant’s
       medical records that he received from the Secretary of State.


¶ 36      Appellate court judgment affirmed as modified.

¶ 37      Circuit court judgment affirmed in part and reversed in part.




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