           In the United States Court of Federal Claims
                                            No. 18-694C
                                    (Filed: December 17, 2018)

***************************************
ALLEGHENY TECHNOLOGIES                *
INCORPORATED,                         *
                                      *
                  Plaintiff,          *
                                      *               RCFC 12(b)(1); Subject Matter Jurisdiction;
v.                                    *               Tucker Act Preemption; 28 U.S.C. § 1631;
                                      *               Judicial Transfer; Medicare Act
THE UNITED STATES,                    *
                                      *
                  Defendant.          *
***************************************

James E. Brown, Washington, DC, for plaintiff.

Antonia R. Soares, United States Department of Justice, Washington, DC, for defendant.

                                    OPINION AND ORDER

SWEENEY, Chief Judge

        Plaintiff Allegheny Technologies Incorporated (“ATI”) seeks to recover $726,650 plus
interest and costs from defendant pursuant to Medicare’s Retiree Drug Subsidy Program (“RDS
program”). Specifically, plaintiff alleges that it submitted sufficient cost and pricing data to have
“substantially complied” with applicable regulations, thereby entitling it to the subsidies offered
under the program. Defendant moves to dismiss on the basis that this court lacks jurisdiction to
hear such a claim. For the reasons set forth below, the court concludes that it lacks jurisdiction
and orders that the above-captioned matter be transferred to the United States District Court for
the Western District of Pennsylvania, unless the parties identify another appropriate United
States district court to which this action should be transferred.

                                       I. BACKGROUND

                                      A. The RDS Program

        The Medicare program was established in 1965 with the enactment of Title XVIII of the
Social Security Act (“the Medicare Act”). See Social Security Amendments of 1965, Pub. L.
No. 89-97, § 102, 79 Stat. 286, 291-332 (codified as amended at 42 U.S.C. §§ 1395-1395lll
(2012)). The program provides medical insurance through the federal government to eligible
beneficiaries. Id. In 2003, Congress amended the Medicare Act to add a prescription drug
benefit (“Medicare Part D”) administered by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services
(“CMS”). See Medicare Prescription, Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003, Pub.
L. No. 108-173, §§ 101-111, 900(a), 117 Stat. 2066, 2071-176, 2369 (codified as amended at 42
U.S.C. §§ 1395b-9(a), 1395w-101 to 1395w-154). The component of Medicare Part D that
provides subsidies to qualifying, employer-sponsored health plans through the RDS program is
implemented in 42 C.F.R. §§ 423.880-.894.1 Health plans are considered “qualified” if they
provide a prescription drug benefit that is at least equal to the actuarial value of the defined
standard drug benefit under Medicare Part D, provide proper coverage notices to eligible
individuals in the plan, and maintain proper records as defined by the CMS. See 42 U.S.C.
§ 1395w-132(a)(2)(A); 42 C.F.R. § 423.884(a) (2011). Plan sponsors must apply to the CMS to
obtain subsidies offered by the RDS program. 42 C.F.R. §§ 423.884(c). Plan sponsors may
thereafter elect to receive advance payments, called “interim payments,” subject to program
requirements. See Id. §§ 423.884, 423.888(b)(2)(ii). To receive final payments, plan sponsors
must submit cost documentation according to specific procedures promulgated by the CMS. Id.
§ 423.888(b). For plans that previously accepted interim payments, the CMS uses incurred cost
data to determine whether additional payments should be made to a health plan or whether the
government overpaid; in the latter situation, it must “claw back” some, or all, of the interim
payments. See id. § 423.888(b)(4)(ii); Def.’s Mot. App. 25.4. Should a health plan sponsor fail
to submit cost documentation by the established deadline, CMS procedures permit the agency to
claw back all payments issued during that reporting period. Def.’s Mot. App. 25.5.

        The CMS administers the RDS program through an Internet website.2 Id. at 84-91
(providing a printout of https://www.rds.cms.hhs.gov as of August 13, 2018). The website
provides RDS program information and guidance for plan sponsors, including the “RDS User
Guide,” which describes the steps to initiate and complete the payment reconciliation process.
See id. at 4. Plan sponsors are required to submit their cost documentation through the website
by a firm deadline. See id. at 88. If a plan sponsor received interim payments and fails to
complete the reconciliation process, “the sum of those payments will become overpayments and
CMS will initiate immediate overpayment recovery action.” Id.

                                            B. Facts

        Plaintiff, headquartered in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, is a global manufacturer of advanced
materials and components for the defense, oil and gas, medical, aerospace, and automotive
industries. Compl. ¶ 7. Plaintiff sponsors the ATI Retiree Health Plan and the ATI TDY Retiree
Health Plan, both of which are qualifying health benefits plans under the RDS program. Id. For

       1
          The RDS program does not fully reimburse claims, but provides a subsidy for specified
drugs. Although the authorized subsidy was originally 28%, sequestration reduced the RDS
subsidy to 27.44% for April 2013 and thereafter. Compl. ¶ 4; see Ctrs. for Medicare & Medicaid
Servs., U.S. Dep’t of HHS, Mandatory Payment Reduction in CMS’ Retiree Drug Subsidy
Reconciliation Payments (April 19, 2014), Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services,
https://www.rds.cms.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/webfiles/documents/mandatorypaymentreduction
.pdf [https://perma.cc/8PLL-VAF2].
       2
         Ctrs. for Medicare & Medicaid Servs., U.S. Dep’t of HHS, Retiree Drug Subsidy
(RDS), https://www.rds.cms.hhs.gov [https://perma.cc/ZH2G-2DAL].

                                               -2-
2015, plaintiff elected to receive an interim annual payment for its health plans and CMS, using
cost estimates plaintiff provided, paid plaintiff $728,111. Id. ¶ 11; see also Def.’s Mot. App. 59
(setting the figure at $728,110.81). The 2015 plan year for plaintiff’s benefits plans ended on
December 31, 2015. Compl. ¶ 8. During the 2015 plan year, plaintiff’s plans cumulatively
provided prescription drug coverage for 1244 retirees, paying “gross covered retiree plan-related
prescription drug costs” in the amount of $4,058,827.3 Id. ¶¶ 8-9. Of these costs, plaintiff
calculated that $2,648,141 were “allowable retiree costs” pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1395w-
132(a)(3). Id. ¶ 9. Plaintiff claimed reimbursement for 27.44% of those costs, for a total of
$726,650, as permitted by the RDS program. Id.

        CMS regulations require that plan sponsors submit reconciliation data within fifteen
months following the end of the plan year. 42 C.F.R. § 423.888(b)(4)(i). The deadline for
plaintiff’s plans was March 31, 2017. Compl. ¶ 12. Reconciliation is a twelve-step process, but
plaintiff failed to complete all of the steps by the March 31, 2017 deadline. Id. ¶¶ 13-15. The
employee responsible for submitting plaintiff’s data made what plaintiff describes as an
“inadvertent error,” and did not complete the final step of the process—“Review and Submit
Reconciliation Payment Request”— prior to the deadline. Id. ¶ 15. Plaintiff asserts that it did
not learn of the error until April 3, 2017. Id. That day, the CMS sent an e-mail message to
plaintiff, informing it that the CMS determined that the RDS program overpaid plaintiff the full
amount of the interim payment. Def.’s Mot. App. 65. The CMS explained that it determined the
full amount was an overpayment because the “[p]lan sponsor did not complete and submit a
Reconciliation payment request for the above-referenced application by the application’s
Reconciliation deadline; therefore, all retiree drug subsidies received to date for this application
are overpayments.” Id. On June 1, 2017, the CMS offset the full amount of the interim payment
against plaintiff’s interim payment for its plans’ 2016 plan years. Compl. ¶ 16.

        Upon discovering its error, plaintiff submitted a reconsideration request to the CMS.
Def.’s Mot. App. 67. The CMS issued a written decision denying the request on April 20, 2017,
determining that the “evidence and/or rationale provided by the Plan Sponsor were not sufficient
to overturn” the CMS’s decision. Id. at 68. Plaintiff requested an informal hearing to challenge
this finding, and following that hearing, the CMS issued another written opinion, dated
September 19, 2017. Id. at 69, 72. Therein, the hearing officer affirmed the decision to deny
plaintiff’s reconsideration request. Id. at 74. Plaintiff sought a review of the hearing officer’s
decision, and the CMS Principal Deputy Administrator issued a final decision affirming the
hearing officer’s decision on November 29, 2017. Id. at 76-83.

                                    C. Plaintiff’s Complaint

        Plaintiff filed a complaint in this court on May 16, 2018, alleging that it is entitled to
$726,650 plus interest under the RDS program. Compl. Prayer for Relief. Plaintiff admits that it
did not timely complete all twelve steps described in the RDS User Guide; however, plaintiff

       3
          “Gross covered retiree plan-related prescription drug costs, or gross retiree costs,
means those [Medicare] Part D drug costs incurred under a qualified retiree prescription drug
plan, excluding administrative costs, but including dispensing fees, during the coverage year.”
42 C.F.R. § 423.882.

                                                -3-
argues that it nevertheless submitted the cost data necessary to satisfy 42 C.F.R. 423.888(b). Id.
¶¶ 15-18. Plaintiff asserts that the final step in the reconciliation process was unnecessary to
comply with the substantive provisions of 42 C.F.R. 423.888(b). Id. ¶¶ 18-19. Specifically,
plaintiff maintains that it was not seeking a “reconciliation,” and that compliance with the text of
the regulation requires the submission of cost data, rather than the submission of a reconciliation
request. Id. ¶¶ 19-20. Plaintiff acknowledges that the CMS may determine what information
plan sponsors must submit, and in what form and manner. Id. ¶ 23. However, plaintiff
maintains that the CMS cannot create additional conditions beyond what the statute requires,
such as a requirement for a final payment reconciliation. Id. Plaintiff also contends that it was
not necessary to complete the final step of the reconciliation process because under the
“substantial compliance doctrine, . . . less than perfect compliance with statutory or regulatory
requirements is treated as full compliance where the essential purposes of the statute or
regulations have been fulfilled.” Id. ¶¶ 25-26. Because plaintiff transmitted to the CMS the
information necessary to determine that plaintiff was eligible for its subsidy in the first eleven
steps, and because “the essential purpose[] of [both] 42 U.S.C. § 1395w-115(d)(2)(A) and 42
C.F.R. § 423.888(b)(4)(i) [is] to ensure that CMS has sufficient data to determine whether a plan
sponsor is entitled to a retiree drug subsidy,” plaintiff asserts that it satisfied the “essential
purposes” of those provisions and is therefore entitled to the subsidy. Compl. ¶ 26.

                               D. Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss

         Defendant moves to dismiss plaintiff’s complaint for lack of subject matter jurisdiction
under Rule 12(b)(1) of the Rules of the United States Court of Federal Claims (“RCFC”).
Defendant characterizes plaintiff’s complaint as, in essence, a challenge to the CMS final
decision that plaintiff was not eligible for an RDS program subsidy because it did not timely
submit required reconciliation data. Def.’s Mot. 13. Defendant observes that such a claim arises
under the Medicare Act, and asserts that judicial review of such claims must occur in the federal
district courts pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 405(g), which is incorporated into the Medicare Act by 42
U.S.C. § 1395ii. Id. at 9-10, 13. Defendant adds that if the Medicare Act does not provide for
judicial review, judicial review is available, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1331, which provides for
federal question jurisdiction in the federal district courts. Id. at 10 (referencing Shalala v. Ill.
Council on Long Term Care, Inc., 529 U.S. 1, 10-13, 17-20 (2000)). In short, defendant
contends, because jurisdiction over claims arising under the Medicare Act lies within the federal
district courts, the Tucker Act jurisdiction of this court is preempted and plaintiff’s claim must be
dismissed for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. Id. at 13.

                                     E. Plaintiff’s Response

        In its response to defendant’s motion, plaintiff counters that the United States Court of
Federal Claims (“Court of Federal Claims”) has jurisdiction under the Tucker Act to entertain its
complaint, which it characterizes as a “de novo claim under the Tucker Act for payment of an
RDS program subsidy under 42 U.S.C. § 1395w-132.” Pl.’s Resp. 16. Plaintiff first contends
that “[Medicare] Part D is silent . . . on administrative and/or judicial review of claims” like its
own, id. at 15; accord id. at 25 (asserting that Congress did not provide for administrative or
judicial review of RDS program subsidy claims), and therefore “Tucker Act jurisdiction is not
preempted,” id. at 18. Indeed, plaintiff asserts that the United States Supreme Court (“Supreme

                                                 -4-
Court”) and the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit (“Federal Circuit”) “have
held that the Medicare Act does not preempt or bar a plaintiff’s claim under a general grant of
jurisdiction such as the Tucker Act in the rare situations like this one where the Medicare Act
does not provide for review.” Id. at 3. Moreover, plaintiff argues, Medicare Part D’s silence
regarding judicial review is not dispositive because eliminating judicial review requires a
showing of “clear and convincing evidence” of “legislative intent” to do so, id. at 30 (quoting
Abbott Labs. v. Gardner, 387 U.S. 136, 141 (1967), abrogated on other grounds by Califano v.
Sanders, 430 U.S. 99, 104-05 (1977)), and such a showing cannot be made, id. at 32.

        Similarly, plaintiff recognizes that 42 U.S.C. § 405(h) can preempt Tucker Act
jurisdiction in certain circumstances, but maintains that the provision does not bar its suit
because it only bars judicial review of claims––unlike its claim––for which the Medicare Act
provides eventual judicial review. Id. at 32-34.

       Finally, plaintiff contends that defendant’s argument that the instant case could be
brought in federal district court under 28 U.S.C. § 1331 is invalid because “any suit for judicial
review filed by [plaintiff] in district court would rely for its waiver of sovereign immunity on the
Administrative Procedure Act (“APA”), [which] is not available . . . because [plaintiff] has an
adequate remedy under the Tucker Act.” Id. at 3-4 (citing 5 U.S.C. § 704 (2012); Telecare Corp.
v. Leavitt, 409 F.3d 1345, 1349 (Fed. Cir. 2005)).

                                       F. Defendant’s Reply

        In its reply, defendant argues that by plaintiff not contesting that its claim arises from the
Medicare Act, plaintiff’s complaint should be dismissed “on that basis alone.” Def.’s Reply 1.
Defendant contends that 42 U.S.C. § 405(h), combined with 42 U.S.C. § 1395ii, precludes
subject matter jurisdiction for actions arising under the Medicare Act “before any tribunal that is
not specifically provided for in the Medicare Act.” Id. at 2 (quoting St. Vincent’s Med. Ctr. v.
United States, 32 F.3d 548, 550 (Fed. Cir. 1994)). Defendant also highlights the Federal
Circuit’s holding that “if a claim arises under the Medicare Act, it may not be pursued in the
Court of Federal Claims.” Id. (quoting Wilson v. United States, 405 F.3d 1002, 1010 (Fed. Cir.
2005)). Defendant maintains that because plaintiff’s “standing and substantive basis” in this
action flows from the Medicare Act, the claim itself “arises from” that Act, and under Wilson,
this court does not possess subject matter jurisdiction. Id. at 2 (quoting Heckler v. Ringer, 466
U.S. 602, 614-15 (1984)).

        In addition, defendant asserts that the Medicare Act establishes “comprehensive
administrative and district court review procedures” and, therefore, Tucker Act jurisdiction is
preempted. Id. at 5 (quoting Pines Residential Treatment Ctr., Inc. v. United States, 444 F.3d
1379, 1380-81 (Fed. Cir. 2006)). In response to plaintiff’s argument that Medicare Part D does
not provide for judicial review, which would leave plaintiff without a forum for its claim,
defendant relies on Bowen v. Michigan Academy of Family Physicians, 476 U.S. 667, 680
(1986), which held that 42 U.S.C. § 1395ii incorporated the judicial review scheme of 42 U.S.C.
§ 405(h) into the Medicare Act as a whole. Id. at 9. Defendant contends that plaintiff’s claim,
which involves Medicare Part D benefits, may therefore be brought only in a federal district
court. Id. at 9-10.

                                                 -5-
       The parties did not request oral argument, and the court deems it unnecessary. The court
is now prepared to rule on the motion.

                                  II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

                              A. RCFC 12(b)(1) Motions to Dismiss

        In ruling on a motion to dismiss a complaint pursuant to RCFC 12(b)(1), the court
generally assumes that the allegations in the complaint are true and construes those allegations in
the plaintiff’s favor. Trusted Integration, Inc. v. United States, 659 F.3d 1159, 1163 (Fed. Cir.
2011). The allegations in the complaint must include “the facts essential to show jurisdiction.”
McNutt v. Gen. Motors Acceptance Corp., 298 U.S. 178, 189 (1936); see also Brazos Elec.
Power Co-op., Inc. v. United States, 144 F.3d 784, 787 (Fed. Cir. 1998) (“Court of Federal
Claims jurisdiction cannot be circumvented by such artful pleading and, accordingly, we
customarily look to the substance of the pleadings rather than their form.”). If such jurisdictional
facts are challenged in a motion to dismiss, the plaintiff “must support them by competent
proof.” McNutt, 298 U.S. at 189; accord Land v. Dollar, 330 U.S. 731, 735 n.4 (1947) (“[W]hen
a question of the District Court’s jurisdiction is raised, . . . the court may inquire by affidavits or
otherwise, into the facts as they exist.”). Ultimately, the plaintiff bears the burden of proving, by
a preponderance of the evidence, that the court possesses subject matter jurisdiction. Trusted
Integration, 659 F.3d at 1163. If the court finds that it lacks subject matter jurisdiction over an
action, it must, pursuant to RCFC 12(h)(3), dismiss the complaint.

                                  B. Subject Matter Jurisdiction

       Whether the court has jurisdiction to decide the merits of a case is a threshold matter.
See Steel Co. v. Citizens for a Better Env’t, 523 U.S. 83, 94-95 (1998); Hymas v. United States,
810 F.3d 1312, 1316-17 (Fed. Cir. 2016). “Without jurisdiction the court cannot proceed at all in
any cause. Jurisdiction is power to declare the law, and when it ceases to exist, the only function
remaining to the court is that of announcing the fact and dismissing the cause.” Ex parte
McCardle, 74 U.S. (7 Wall.) 506, 514 (1868). Either party, or the court sua sponte, may
challenge the court’s subject matter jurisdiction at any time. Arbaugh v. Y & H Corp., 546 U.S.
500, 506 (2006); Folden v. United States, 379 F.3d 1344, 1354 (Fed. Cir. 2004).

        “The Court of Federal Claims is a court of limited jurisdiction.” Brown v. United States,
105 F.3d 621, 623 (Fed. Cir. 1997). The Tucker Act confers on this court jurisdiction to
adjudicate claims against the United States, not sounding in tort, that are founded upon the
Constitution, a federal statute or regulation, or an express or implied contract with the United
States. 28 U.S.C. § 1491(a)(1) (2012). However, the Tucker Act is merely a jurisdictional
statute and “does not create any substantive right enforceable against the United States for
money damages.” United States v. Testan, 424 U.S. 392, 398 (1976). Rather, “to come within
the jurisdictional reach and the waiver of the Tucker Act, a plaintiff must identify a separate
source of substantive law that creates the right to money damages.” Fisher v. United States, 402
F.3d 1167, 1172 (Fed. Cir. 2005) (en banc portion). Plaintiffs relying on statutes or regulations
for a cause of action must establish that the source of law “can fairly be interpreted as mandating

                                                  -6-
compensation by the Federal Government.” Testan, 424 U.S. at 401-02 (internal quotation
marks omitted).

         The Court of Federal Claims can be divested of its Tucker Act jurisdiction. Indeed,
“[c]ourts have consistently found preemption of Tucker Act jurisdiction where Congress has
enacted a precisely drawn, comprehensive and detailed scheme of review in another forum . . . .”
St. Vincent’s, 32 F.3d at 550; accord United States v. Bormes, 568 U.S. 6, 13 (2012) (noting that
“statutory schemes with their own remedial framework exclude alternative relief under the
general terms of the Tucker Act”); United States v. Fausto, 484 U.S. 439, 454 (1988) (holding
that a statute’s “comprehensive and integrated review scheme” deprived the predecessor to the
Court of Federal Claims, the United States Claims Court, of jurisdiction to review a claim arising
under that statute). In such circumstances, the Tucker Act is “displaced,” and the “specific
remedial scheme establishes the exclusive framework for the liability Congress created under the
statute[, b]ecause a ‘precisely drawn, detailed statute pre-empts more general remedies.’”
Bormes, 568 U.S. at 12-13 (quoting Hinck v. United States, 550 U.S. 501, 506 (2007)). “To
determine whether a statutory scheme displaces Tucker Act jurisdiction, a court must ‘examin[e]
the purpose of the [statute], the entirety of its text, and the structure of review that it
establishes.’” Horne v. Dep’t of Agric., 569 U.S. 513, 527 (2013) (alterations in original)
(quoting Fausto, 484 U.S. at 444).

                                       III. DISCUSSION

        The court is mindful that jurisdictional limits must be scrupulously observed. See Owen
Equip. & Erection Co. v. Kroger, 437 U.S. 365, 374 (1978) (“The limits upon federal
jurisdiction, whether imposed by the Constitution or by Congress, must be neither disregarded
nor evaded.”). Although the court need not, and does not, address the merits of plaintiff’s claim
to resolve the threshold jurisdictional issue, it must examine plaintiff’s allegations to determine
the statute from which plaintiff’s claim arises.

                                    A. Plaintiff’s Allegations

         The allegations set forth in the complaint make clear that plaintiff’s claim arises from a
dispute regarding an RDS program subsidy authorized in Medicare Part D. Plaintiff contends
that it is owed subsidy payments for 2015 because it provided prescription drug benefits to
eligible Medicare beneficiaries as an approved plan sponsor pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1395w-132.
Plaintiff asserts that although it did not complete all twelve steps of the procedure the CMS
promulgated for reconciliation, it nevertheless substantially complied with the regulations and
therefore should receive the RDS program subsidy. Plaintiff challenges the CMS’s finding that
its interim payment to plaintiff was, in its entirety, an overpayment due to plaintiff’s failure to
complete all steps of the reconciliation process that the CMS established. In short, plaintiff’s
claim arises from a dispute regarding whether benefits for health plan sponsors under Medicare
Part D may be denied when a beneficiary complies with most, but not all, of the CMS’s
requirement for obtaining benefits. Thus, the substantive basis for plaintiff’s claim is the
Medicare Act, specifically Medicare Part D, and the regulations and procedures promulgated to
implement the Act. Plaintiff’s complaint identifies no statute other than the Medicare Act as the



                                                -7-
substantive basis for an entitlement to relief. Accordingly, the court must focus its jurisdictional
analysis on Medicare Part D and its implementing regulations and procedures.

                     B. Judicial Review of Medicare Act Benefits Claims

        The Supreme Court and the Federal Circuit have addressed the proper forum for
Medicare Act claims. Some claims involving, but not “arising under,” Medicare are within the
subject matter jurisdiction of this court. One class of such claims includes those that arise from
contracts to provide services to the government tangentially associated with Medicare; a “breach
of contract claim for money damages against the government falls outside of the Medicare Act’s
remedial scheme.” Alvarado Hosp., LLC v. Price, 868 F.3d 983, 993 (Fed. Cir. 2017). Cases
similar to Alvarado involve claims for relief that do not involve benefits, but instead seek
remedies arising from contract law, such as enforcement of settlements or a bargained-for
benefit. Id. at 994-95.

          Another class of claims within the court’s jurisdiction involves disputes in which third
parties have no contractual or beneficial relationship with the Medicare program that would
enable those parties to use the established review process. See Telecare Corp., 409 F.3d at 1349
(“Because [the plaintiff] cannot invoke the specialized administrative and judicial review process
. . . section 205(h) does not apply.”). The absence of such a connection enables Tucker Act
jurisdiction to reach a claim otherwise preempted by the Medicare Act. See id. at 1349-50 (“The
availability of an action for money damages under the Tucker Act or Little Tucker Act is
presumptively an ‘adequate remedy’ for [5 U.S.C.] § 704 purposes. Because [the plaintiff] can
bring an action under the Tucker Act or Little Tucker Act to redress the allegedly improper
exaction, there is no waiver of sovereign immunity under the APA.” (citations omitted)); see also
Wilson, 405 F.3d at 1010 n.9 (“We do not suggest that the application of 42 U.S.C. § 405(h)
precludes judicial review through other avenues in cases where the specialized administrative
and judicial review processes provided in the statute are not available.”)

        The common, distinguishing feature of both of these types of claims is that they fall
outside of the established judicial and administrative review process that applies to Medicare
program beneficiaries. Simply put, the plaintiffs in those cases were not Medicare program
beneficiaries, and therefore their claims were not preempted by a review system designed for
benefits claims. Parties with such claims may therefore seek redress in the Court of Federal
Claims because it has jurisdiction to entertain claims arising from contracts with the federal
government and claims against the federal government based upon money-mandating statutes,
such as the Medicare Act. See Alvarado Hosp., 868 F.3d at 991 (“The Medicare Act is a non-
contractual source of substantive law that mandates compensation to private parties by the
Federal Government.”).

        In contrast, benefits claims “arising under” the Medicare Act are beyond the jurisdiction
of the Court of Federal Claims. Claims “arise under” the Medicare Act if the Act provides
“‘both the standing and the substantive basis for the presentation’ of the claims.” Ringer, 466
U.S. at 615 (quoting Weinberger v. Salfi, 422 U.S. 749, 760-761 (1975)). This test is broadly
applied. Id.; see also Wilson, 405 F.3d at 1012 (“In Heckler v. Ringer, the Supreme Court
extended the holding of Salfi to the Medicare Act.” (citation omitted)). Other claims, including
constitutional claims, if “inextricably intertwined” with the underlying claim for benefits, are
                                                -8-
properly “channeled first into the administrative process which Congress has provided for the
determination of claims for benefits.” Wilson, 405 F.3d at 1012 (quoting Ringer, 466 U.S. at
614).

        In Alvarado Hospital, the Federal Circuit held that a claim that purports to be a request
for the review of an agency determination can nevertheless be considered a claim for benefits if
the underlying purpose of the challenge is to obtain benefits. See 868 F.3d at 996 (“The ultimate
question is whether the claim is a claim for reimbursement benefits. A claim that challenges a
denial of reimbursement benefits, no matter how it is styled, is a claim for reimbursement
benefits.”(citation omitted)). The Federal Circuit further observed that the Supreme Court’s
interpretation of whether a claim “arises under” the Medicare Act is quite broad:

               The inquiry in determining whether the Medicare Act’s review scheme
       bars jurisdiction over a claim is whether the claim at issue “arises under” the Act.
       The Supreme Court has construed the “claim arising under” language quite
       broadly to include any claims in which the Medicare Act provides both the
       standing and the substantive basis for the presentation of the claims. Under this
       broad test, the Court concluded that a claim arises under the Act when it is “at
       bottom, a claim that they should be paid for their” Medicare services.

Id. (citations omitted) (quoting Ringer, 466 U.S. at 614-15). Significantly, the Ninth Circuit had
previously stated that “where, at bottom, a plaintiff is complaining about the denial of Medicare
benefits—here, drug benefits under Part D—the claim ‘arises under’ the Medicare Act.” Uhm v.
Humana, Inc., 620 F.3d 1134, 1142-43 (9th Cir. 2010). The Federal Circuit relied on this
language from Uhm, as well as the Supreme Court’s Ringer decision, in Alvarado Hospital. See
868 F.3d at 1005-06. The court, in turn, finds it persuasive. In addition, binding precedent
establishes that claims under Medicare Part A and Medicare Part B are not within the Court of
Federal Claims’ jurisdiction, but must instead be brought before a federal district court. See
Wilson, 405 F.3d at 1012 (Part A); Shalala v. Ill. Council on Long Term Care, Inc., 529 U.S. 1,
16-17 (2000) (Part B).

         Although no binding authority firmly establishes that claims arising specifically from
Medicare Part D may not be brought in this court, the Supreme Court has established that 42
U.S.C. § 405(h) applies to the Medicare Act as a whole. Mich. Acad. of Family Physicians, 476
U.S. at 680 (“Section 405(h) does not apply on its own terms to Part B of the Medicare program,
but is instead incorporated mutatis mutandis by [42 U.S.C.] § 1395ii.”). Section 405(h)
provides:

              The findings and decision of the Commissioner of Social Security after a
       hearing shall be binding upon all individuals who were parties to such hearing.
       No findings of fact or decision of the Commissioner of Social Security shall be
       reviewed by any person, tribunal, or governmental agency except as herein
       provided. No action against the United States, the Commissioner of Social
       Security, or any officer or employee thereof shall be brought under section 1331
       or 1346 of Title 28 to recover on any claim arising under this subchapter.

42 U.S.C. § 405(h) (emphasis added). The Federal Circuit observed:

                                                -9-
              Judicial review of claims arising under the Medicare Act is pursuant to 42
       U.S.C. § 405(g), which is made applicable to the Medicare Act by 42 U.S.C.
       § 1395ii and which provides, in relevant part, as follows:

               (g) Judicial review

                       Any individual, after any final decision of the [Secretary]
               made after a hearing to which he was a party, irrespective of the
               amount in controversy, may obtain a review of such decision by a
               civil action commenced within sixty days after the mailing to him
               of notice of such decision or within such further time as the
               [Secretary] may allow. Such action shall be brought in the district
               court of the United States for the judicial district in which the
               plaintiff resides, or has his principal place of business, or, if he
               does not reside or have his principal place of business within any
               such judicial district, in the United States District Court for the
               District of Columbia.

Wilson, 405 F.3d at 1006-07 (alteration in original) (emphasis added) (footnote omitted)
(quoting 42 U.S.C. § 405(g)). Section 405(g) thus confers authority to review Medicare benefits
determinations on federal district courts, rather than on the Court of Federal Claims. See id. at
1012. By specifying the means of review, Congress displaced the Tucker Act with the “specific
remedial scheme” established by 42 U.S.C. § 405(g)-(h). See Brown v. GSA, 425 U.S. 820, 834
(1976) (“[A] precisely drawn, detailed statute pre-empts more general remedies.”).

  C. The Tucker Act Is Preempted by the Comprehensive Judicial Review Scheme of the
                                      Medicare Act

         Claims for benefits under the Medicare Act are properly brought before a federal district
court, not the Court of Federal Claims, and plaintiff’s claim is a claim for benefits under the
Medicare Act. Plaintiff attempts to avoid this conclusion by alleging that it is pursuing a “de
novo” claim, and not a review of the CMS’s final decision. See Pl.’s Resp. 16 (“The
Government characterizes [plaintiff’s] suit as one for review of [CMS’s] final decision in its
administrative review process. In fact, [plaintiff] brings a de novo claim under the Tucker Act
for payment of an RDS subsidy under 42 U.S.C. § 1395w-132.” (citation omitted)). The court
rejects this styling. A careful consideration of the true basis of plaintiff’s claim reveals that it
arises from determinations of eligibility and compliance with Medicare statutes and regulations.
See Kaiser v. Blue Cross of Cal., 347 F.3d 1107, 1112 (9th Cir. 2003) (“[C]ourts have
considered numerous cases that do not, on their face, appear to claim specific Medicare benefits
or reimbursements yet have been found to arise under Medicare. One category of such cases are
those cases that are ‘[c]leverly concealed claims for benefits.’” (second alteration in original)
(quoting United States v. Blue Cross & Blue Shield of Ala., Inc., 156 F.3d 1098, 1109 (11th Cir.
1998))). The relief sought is not based on a contract, nor is plaintiff unable to avail itself of the
judicial review scheme provided in the statute. Plaintiff proffers a claim for benefits, and the
decision of the agency is merely incident to plaintiff’s objective, which is to receive the RDS

                                                -10-
program subsidy. See Pines Residential Treatment Ctr., Inc., 444 F.3d at 1381 (holding that a
claim for Medicare reimbursement, even if styled as a different claim, is nonetheless a claim
arising under Medicare if determining whether payment is due also requires resolving questions
under the Medicare Act); see also id. (“[The plaintiff’s] argument that the offset was improper
because the government did not follow the applicable Medicare regulations in applying it only
reinforces our conclusion by proving that resolution of this case requires an evaluation of the
Medicare statutes and regulations.”). Moreover, to the degree that plaintiff presents a
constitutional challenge to the CMS’s procedures, resolution of that claim requires deciding
whether the CMS has applied the Medicare Act permissibly, rendering the challenge inextricably
intertwined with the underlying claim for benefits.

        The court acknowledges plaintiff’s concern that this case is a “rare situation[] . . . where
the Medicare Act does not provide for review,” Pl.’s Resp. 3, but finds this concern to be
misplaced. The Supreme Court has observed that it is a “heavy burden [to] overcom[e] the
strong presumption that Congress did not mean to prohibit all judicial review of [a] decision.”
Mich. Acad. of Family Physicians, 476 U.S. at 672 (quoting Dunlop v. Bachowski, 421 U.S.
560, 567 (1975)). “[O]nly upon a showing of ‘clear and convincing evidence’ of a contrary
legislative intent should the courts restrict access to judicial review.” Id. at 671 (quoting Abbott
Labs., 387 U.S. at 141). Contrary to plaintiff’s concern, the overwhelming weight of authority
does not point to a lack of judicial review, but merely places such review elsewhere.

        To the extent that plaintiff raises additional arguments that the Tucker Act is not
preempted by the Medicare Act, the court finds them unpersuasive. Ultimately, the jurisdictional
defect is insurmountable: plaintiff’s alleged injury would be remedied through the payment of
Medicare benefits, and the question of whether plaintiff is eligible for such a remedy requires a
court to interpret the Medicare Act and its associated regulations and procedures. Here, as in
Alvarado Hospital, “at bottom, . . . plaintiff is complaining about the denial of Medicare
benefits,” 868 F.3d at 996 (quoting Uhm, 620 F.3d at 1142-43) (emphasis in original), and
therefore plaintiff’s claim arises under the Medicare Act. Such a claim must be brought in
federal district court. See supra. Section III(B).

        In sum, the court concludes that is does not possess subject matter jurisdiction over
plaintiff’s claim. Its sole remaining duty is to determine whether this claim should be transferred
to another forum in the interest of justice. 4

                                            D. Transfer

      If a court determines that it lacks subject matter jurisdiction, the court should determine
whether the case should be transferred to a court that possesses such jurisdiction. United States

       4
         Transfer must occur prior to dismissal of a claim, because a transfer “is not proper
when combined with a dismissal.” In re Teles AG Informationstechnologien, 747 F.3d 1357,
1360 (Fed. Cir. 2014) (quoting HollyAnne Corp. v. TFT, Inc., 199 F.3d 1304, 1307 (Fed. Cir.
1999)). Once a court dismisses a case for lack of jurisdiction, it lacks the authority to transfer it
to another court. Id. at 1361 (citing Tootle v. Sec’y of the Navy, 446 F.3d 167, 173 (D.C. Cir.
2006)).

                                                 -11-
Tex. Peanut Farmers v. United States, 409 F.3d 1370, 1374-75 (Fed. Cir. 2005). “Federal courts
possess certain ‘inherent power,’ not conferred by rule or statute, ‘to manage their own affairs so
as to achieve the orderly and expeditious disposition of cases.’” Level 3 Commc’ns, LLC v.
United States, 724 F. App’x 931, 934 (Fed. Cir. 2018) (unpublished decision) (quoting Link v.
Wabash R. Co., 370 U.S. 626, 630-31 (1962)). But those powers “must be exercised with
restraint and discretion.” Id. (quoting Chambers v. NASCO, Inc., 501 U.S. 32, 44 (1991)).
Section 1631 of title 28 of the United States Code provides that a federal court may transfer an
action to another federal court when (1) the transferring court lacks subject matter jurisdiction,
(2) the action could have been brought in the transferee court at the time it was filed, and
(3) such transfer is in the interest of justice. Accord Brown v. United States, 74 Fed. Cl. 546,
550 (2006).

         As set forth above, the first requirement of 28 U.S.C. § 1631 is satisfied—the Court of
Federal Claims lacks subject matter jurisdiction to entertain plaintiff’s claim. With respect to the
second requirement, the court has determined that jurisdiction over plaintiff’s claim lies in
federal district court pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 405(g). Plaintiff’s headquarters is located in
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and the court takes judicial notice, pursuant to Rule 201 of the Federal
Rules of Evidence, that Pittsburgh is located within the jurisdictional boundaries of the United
States District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania. Because that court may exercise
subject matter jurisdiction over plaintiff’s claims, and venue would be proper there based on
plaintiff’s principal place of business, the court finds that this action could have been brought in
the United States District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania at the time it was filed
in this court.

        Turning to the third requirement of 28 U.S.C. § 1631—that the transfer be in the interest
of justice—the court observes that plaintiff asserts a right to subsidies to which it would be
entitled absent its failure to timely complete the required reconciliation process. While the court
does not opine on the merits of plaintiff’s claim, it does not find the claim’s underpinnings
frivolous, and thus deems it in the interest of justice to transfer the case to the United States
District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania.

                                       IV. CONCLUSION

        For the reasons stated above, the court concludes that it lacks subject matter jurisdiction
to entertain plaintiff’s claim for its 2015 RDS program subsidy, and that transfer to the United
States District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania is proper under 28 U.S.C. § 1631.
By no later than Friday, January 11, 2019, the parties shall submit a joint status report
indicating whether a different federal district court would be the proper transferee court. Upon
receipt of the parties’ status report, the court will effectuate the transfer.

       IT IS SO ORDERED.

                                                       s/ Margaret M. Sweeney
                                                       MARGARET M. SWEENEY
                                                       Chief Judge



                                                -12-
