                                        In the

        United States Court of Appeals
                         For the Seventh Circuit
                             ____________________
Nos. 18-3021 & 19-2055
FRANCO DAMIAN FERREYRA,
                                                                   Petitioner,
                                          v.

WILLIAM P. BARR, Attorney General
of the United States,
                                                                  Respondent.
                             ____________________

                        Petitions for Review of an Order of the
                           Board of Immigration Appeals.1
                                   No. A204-076-881
                             ____________________

           ARGUED APRIL 28, 2020 — DECIDED JUNE 16, 2020
                     ____________________

      Before EASTERBROOK, RIPPLE, and SCUDDER, Circuit Judges.
   RIPPLE, Circuit Judge. Franco Damian Ferreyra, a citizen of
Argentina, seeks review of an order of the Board of Immi-
gration Appeals mandating his removal from the Unit-


1   See infra note 2.
2                                              Nos. 18-3021 & 19-2055

ed States.2 The Board upheld the validity of a waiver, signed
upon Mr. Ferreyra’s entry into the United States, that pre-
vents Mr. Ferreyra from contesting removal for reasons oth-
er than persecution and torture. The Board determined that
Mr. Ferreyra was ineligible for relief on either of those
grounds, and that, given the waiver, it could not consider his
requests for cancellation of removal based on family hard-
ship.
    We conclude that the record supports the Board’s deter-
mination that Mr. Ferreyra did not present a case warranting
relief because of a credible fear of persecution or torture. We
further conclude that the Board correctly held that the waiv-
er is valid and that Mr. Ferreyra therefore cannot present a
claim for cancellation of removal based on family hardship.
Accordingly, we deny the petition for review.




2 During the pendency of these immigration proceedings, Mr. Ferreyra
also filed a petition for writ of habeas corpus in federal district court,
seeking declaratory and injunctive relief from the final removal order of
the Department of Homeland Security. He argued that the evidence did
not show that he validly had waived his rights under the Visa Waiver
Program and that his continued detention violated his due process
rights. Because the courts of appeals have exclusive jurisdiction to re-
view orders of removal, see Padilla v. Gonzalez, 470 F.3d 1209, 1213 (7th
Cir. 2006) (holding that “Congress clearly intended the courts of appeals
to be the one judicial forum for hearing challenges to administrative re-
moval orders”), the district court transferred the case to this court rather
than dismiss it. Mr. Ferreyra’s habeas petition, like his petition for re-
view of the order of the Board of Immigration Appeals, challenges his
final order of removal; therefore, we have consolidated the two cases.
The petition for habeas corpus is duplicative and therefore moot.
Nos. 18-3021 & 19-2055                                                    3

                                     I.
                           BACKGROUND
    In December 2001, Mr. Ferreyra, then thirteen years old,
entered the United States under the Visa Waiver Program, 8
U.S.C. § 1187. This program allows foreign visitors to come
to the United States for ninety days without first obtaining a
visa. Id. § 1187(a)(1). To qualify, the visitor must have a
passport from a participating country and waive the right to
contest removal, except based on asylum. Id. § 1187(a)–(b).
At the time of entry, the visitor must “present a completed,
signed Form I–94W, Nonimmigrant Visa Waiver Arri-
val/Departure Form.” See 8 C.F.R. § 217.2(b)(1). Because
Mr. Ferreyra was a minor at the time, the waiver was signed
on his behalf by one of his parents.3 Mr. Ferreyra’s visa ex-
pired on March 20, 2002, but he did not leave the United
States.
    In 2018, the Government charged Mr. Ferreyra as remov-
able because he had stayed in the United States beyond the
ninety-day limit permitted by his visa. Mr. Ferreyra conced-
ed the allegation. Specifically, he admitted that he had en-
tered the United States under the Visa Waiver Program, that
he had “signed and agreed to the conditions stated on Form
I–94W, … which explained to [him] the conditions of admis-
sion under the Visa Waiver Program,” and that he over-
stayed his authorized period.4 He further admitted that, as a

3 The record of Mr. Ferreyra’s bail hearing contains an acknowledgement
that his parents signed a waiver of rights on his behalf. See A.R. (19-2055)
at 70 n.2.
4   A.R. (18-3021) at 4.
4                                             Nos. 18-3021 & 19-2055

condition to entering the United States under the program,
he had “waive[d] [his] right to contest any removal action,
other than on the basis of an application for asylum.”5 He
also declared that he wished to apply for asylum and protec-
tion. Immigration authorities therefore placed him in “asy-
lum-only” proceedings.
    In seeking asylum (and two related forms of relief, with-
holding of removal and relief under the Convention Against
Torture), Mr. Ferreyra claimed that, if removed to Argentina,
he would face persecution based on his membership in a
particular social group—his family.6 He also sought cancella-
tion of removal, based on hardship to his family if he were
removed.
   At his immigration hearing, Mr. Ferreyra related that,
when he was a child in Argentina, his uncle had sexually as-
saulted him. He further stated that his uncle still lived there
and that he feared his uncle might harm him if he sought
help from the Argentinian police. He testified that his uncle
threatened him and warned that he would kill him if he told
anyone about the assault. Mr. Ferreyra added that all he has
in Argentina is family, and because his uncle is a part of his
family, he was terrified to go back.
    The IJ denied Mr. Ferreyra asylum and related relief. The
IJ concluded that Mr. Ferreyra had failed to show that his
uncle had targeted him based on his family membership. Ra-

5   Id.
6He further requested release on bond pending his immigration hearing,
but the IJ ruled that immigration courts lack jurisdiction to determine the
custody status of asylum-only immigrants. A.R. (19-2055) at 313.
Nos. 18-3021 & 19-2055                                                   5

ther, the IJ found, the evidence showed that Mr. Ferreyra
was a “victim of convenience.”7 Furthermore, Mr. Ferreyra
had not demonstrated that the government of Argentina was
unable or unwilling to protect him. When he was assaulted,
he was a child with no ability to ask the police for help;
however, that did not mean that the government would
have been unable to help him had it known of the crime. The
IJ also ruled that Mr. Ferreyra had not presented any evi-
dence that he would be tortured if he returned to Argentina.
Finally, the IJ denied Mr. Ferreyra’s request to apply for can-
cellation of removal based on family hardship, reasoning
that, in the asylum-only proceedings, Mr. Ferreyra could
apply only for asylum, withholding of removal, and protec-
tion under the Convention Against Torture.
   The Board, acting through a single member,8 dismissed
Mr. Ferreyra’s appeal.9 The Board held that Mr. Ferreyra had

7   A.R. (19-2055) at 103.
8 Mr. Ferreyra argues that the Board inappropriately failed to refer his
appeal to a three-member panel. He contends that his case should have
been referred to a three-member panel because the IJ’s decision did not
conform with the law and it required reversal.
     Only limited circumstances, set forth in 8 C.F.R. § 1003.1(e)(6), re-
quire referral to a three-member panel. These include appeals where “the
case presents … [t]he need to review a decision … that is not in conform-
ity with the law” or contains “a clearly erroneous factual determination.”
Id. The Board member adequately explained why disposition by a single
member was appropriate here. She correctly noted that Mr. Ferreyra had
not briefed his appeal, that his statement attached to his notice of appeal
did not meaningfully challenge the asylum ruling, and that (as we also
have concluded) the IJ did not misapply law or clearly err in finding no
causal link between Mr. Ferreyra’s persecution and family status. Thus,
the Board member permissibly determined that Mr. Ferreyra’s immigra-
                                                            (continued … )
6                                                  Nos. 18-3021 & 19-2055

not demonstrated that a protected status—his family mem-
bership—was a “central reason” for any persecution.10 It also
rejected, for lack of jurisdiction, Mr. Ferreyra’s contention
that he had been placed erroneously in asylum-only pro-
ceedings and should have been allowed to apply for cancel-
lation of removal on the basis of family hardship.
                                        II.
                                DISCUSSION
                                        A.
   We first address whether Mr. Ferreyra’s visa waiver is
valid and enforceable. Implicating both constitutional due
process concerns and statutory rights, Bayo v. Napolitano, 593
F.3d 495, 503 (7th Cir. 2010) (en banc), a visa waiver is never-
theless valid if it is made knowingly and voluntarily. Id. at
505; see Wigglesworth v. INS, 319 F.3d 951, 959 (7th Cir. 2003).
Mr. Ferreyra submits that the record contains an insufficient
basis to conclude that his waiver was made knowingly and
voluntarily.
  Mr. Ferreyra supports this contention by noting that he
was only thirteen years old when he entered the United


( … continued)
tion appeal did not present a reason to refer the case to a three-member
panel. See id. (“Cases may only be assigned for review by a
three-member panel if the case presents one of these circumstances.”).
9 When, as here, the Board affirms an IJ’s decision, adopts the judge’s
reasoning, and supplements with its own, this court reviews both deci-
sions. Halim v. Holder, 755 F.3d 506, 511 (7th Cir. 2014).
10   A.R. (19-2055) at 69 (citing 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(B)(i)).
Nos. 18-3021 & 19-2055                                               7

States. He maintains that no evidence suggests that he (as
opposed to a parent) personally signed the visa waiver. In
any case, he continues, he could not have signed it knowingly
because he was a child and could not have understood the
implications of such a waiver.
    The record does not include the Form I–94W, Nonimmi-
grant Visa Waiver Arrival/Departure Form from
Mr. Ferreyra’s entry to the United States. See 8 C.F.R.
§ 217.2(b)(1). It does contain, however, some information
from Mr. Ferreyra’s form, drawn from a government data-
base. This database information reflects that Mr. Ferreyra
did not personally sign the visa waiver but confirms that he
was accompanied by his father. Moreover, at his bail hear-
ing, Mr. Ferreyra admitted that the waiver had been signed
for him by his parent, and we see no reason why judicial no-
tice cannot be taken of that document. Mr. Ferreyra also has
acknowledged that he was admitted to, and authorized to
remain in, the United States under the Visa Waiver Program,
which requires a valid signature.11 See Giri v. Lynch, 793 F.3d
797, 802 (7th Cir. 2015) (explaining that admitting the key
facts providing the basis for removal withdraws the issue
from controversy). Finally, at the time of Mr. Ferreyra’s en-
try, it was standard practice for a parent or guardian to sign
Form I–94W for a child under the age of fourteen.12 Absent
evidence to the contrary, we may assume that standard op-

11 A.R.   (18-3021) at 4–5.
12 Form I–94W, as used in 2001, contained the following instruction:
“The reverse side of this form must be signed and dated. Children under
the age of fourteen must have their form signed by a parent/guardian.”
A sample Form I–94W, as used in 2001, is Appendix A to this opinion.
8                                             Nos. 18-3021 & 19-2055

erating procedures were followed. See Nardea v. Sessions, 876
F.3d 675, 680 (4th Cir. 2017) (“[W]here evidence establishes a
visitor was properly admitted as a waiver tourist, we may
presume (absent clear evidence showing otherwise) that the
government necessarily obtained the entrant’s waiver … .”).
There is no evidence that the waiver was not knowing, vol-
untary, or invalidly signed by a parent.13
    Regardless, Mr. Ferreyra’s contention that his waiver is
invalid fails because of his own admission to the charge that
he is eligible for removal based on his violation of the terms
of the Visa Waiver Program. Specifically, Mr. Ferreyra ad-
mitted that he effectively “signed and agreed to the condi-
tions stated on” the waiver form, “which explained … the
conditions of admission under the Visa Waiver Program,”
including that he had “waive[d] [his] right to contest any
removal action, other than on the basis of an application for
asylum.”14 This concession establishes, at the very least, that
in the ensuing years of his overstay, he was aware of his con-
tinuing obligation to leave the United States and that he
failed to do so.


13 Mr. Ferreyra cites no authority to support his contention that parents
cannot sign a valid visa waiver on their child’s behalf, or that a waiver
signed by the child is not valid. Cf. Vera v. Att’y Gen., 672 F.3d 187, 197
n.18 (3d Cir. 2012) (“[T]he consequence of a decision that a minor cannot
execute a valid waiver or the summary removal provisions of the [Visa
Waiver Program] cannot be enforced against a minor could force the
government to adopt a policy not to allow minors to enter this country
pursuant to the [Visa Waiver Program].”), vacated on other grounds, 693
F.3d 416 (3d Cir. 2012).
14   A.R. (18-3021) at 4.
Nos. 18-3021 & 19-2055                                                       9

                                      B.
    In any event, even if we were to assume that
Mr. Ferreyra’s waiver is not valid, he must demonstrate
prejudice. See Bayo, 593 F.3d at 506; see also Alimi v. Gonzales,
489 F.3d 829, 834 (7th Cir. 2007). He has not made this show-
ing.15 The Board correctly determined that he is not eligible
for asylum.
   Mr. Ferreyra argues that he is eligible for asylum because
an uncle abused him as a child. He contends that family




15 Mr. Ferreyra also argues that he was entitled to a bond hearing and to
apply for cancellation of removal. Bond proceedings are “separate and
apart from, and shall form no part of, any deportation or removal hear-
ing or proceeding.” 8 C.F.R. § 1003.19(d). Thus, Mr. Ferreyra needed to
appeal separately the IJ’s denial of his request to be released on bond
pending the immigration proceedings. See Al-Siddiqi v. Achim, 531 F.3d
490, 494–95 (7th Cir. 2008); 8 C.F.R. § 1003.19(f); 8 C.F.R. § 236.1(d)(3). But
he did not appeal the IJ’s bond determination to the Board, so that issue
is not properly before us on review from the underlying removal pro-
ceedings. See Al-Siddiqi, 531 F.3d at 495. Regarding cancellation of re-
moval, Mr. Ferreyra contends that he should have been allowed to apply
for this discretionary form of relief. This argument turns on whether his
waiver under the Visa Waiver Program is valid. But as already dis-
cussed, the waiver is valid, and it limits the relief that Mr. Ferreyra may
receive. See Bayo v. Napolitano, 593 F.3d 495, 507 (7th Cir. 2010) (en banc).
A valid waiver precludes petitioners from objecting to removal proceed-
ings on grounds other than asylum. See Djedovic v. Gonzales, 441 F.3d 547,
549 (7th Cir. 2006); Wigglesworth v. INS, 319 F.3d 951, 955–56 (7th Cir.
2003). The waiver thus precluded Mr. Ferreyra from seeking cancellation
of removal based on family hardship, not persecution.
10                                             Nos. 18-3021 & 19-2055

membership was “one central reason” for that persecution.16
But even if we assume that his uncle’s abuse was persecu-
tion, the Board was not required to find that his family
membership was “one central reason” for it. A person’s fam-
ily can be a “particular social group” whose members may
be eligible for asylum if membership is a central reason for
persecution. See W.G.A. v. Sessions, 900 F.3d 957, 965 (7th Cir.
2018); 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(B)(i). The petitioner also must
show, however, that the persecution was based on that
membership. See Orellana-Arias v. Sessions, 865 F.3d 476, 484
(7th Cir. 2017).
    Mr. Ferreyra contends that if family membership gave
the uncle access to him, that alone shows the requisite nexus.
We cannot accept this argument. A causal link between
family membership and the persecution does not arise
“simply because a particular social group of family members
exists and the family members experience harm.” Gonzalez
Ruano v. Barr, 922 F.3d 346, 354 (7th Cir. 2019) (internal quo-

16Petitioner’s Br. 15. An individual is eligible for asylum if he is desig-
nated as a “refugee.” 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(B)(i) explains:
        The burden of proof is on the applicant to establish that
        the applicant is a refugee, within the meaning of section
        1101(a)(42)(A) of this title. To establish that the applicant
        is a refugee within the meaning of such section, the ap-
        plicant must establish that race, religion, nationality,
        membership in a particular social group, or political
        opinion was or will be at least one central reason for per-
        secuting the applicant.
Therefore, Mr. Ferreyra must show that his membership in a particular
social group—his family—was “one central reason” for the abuse he suf-
fered.
Nos. 18-3021 & 19-2055                                    11

tation marks omitted) (internal citation omitted). The evi-
dence must show that family membership was the motiva-
tion for the persecution. Here, the evidence does not show
that the uncle’s abuse was motivated by Mr. Ferreyra’s
membership in the family. The fact that his membership in
the family may have made him more accessible is not suffi-
cient.
    In any event, Mr. Ferreyra has not shown that the gov-
ernment of Argentina is unable or unwilling to protect him
from the abuse. An applicant who claims persecution by a
private actor must demonstrate that the government either
condoned the persecution or was helpless to prevent it. See
N.Y.C.C. v. Barr, 930 F.3d 884, 888–89 (7th Cir. 2019).
Mr. Ferreyra testified that the government of Argentina in
the 1990s did not have processes in place to protect children
from sexual assault. On this record, however, this assertion
is only speculation. The record contains no evidence that
Mr. Ferreyra ever reported the abuse to a parent or other
adult who could have asked for help from the police. See Si-
lais v. Sessions, 855 F.3d 736, 746 (7th Cir. 2017).
                         Conclusion
    Accordingly, we DENY Mr. Ferreyra’s petition for review
of the order of the Board of Immigration Appeals and we
DISMISS the petition for habeas corpus as duplicative and
moot.
                                         IT IS SO ORDERED
12            Nos. 18-3021 & 19-2055

     APPENDIX A
Nos. 18-3021 & 19-2055                 13

                APPENDIX A—Continued
