                                 NO. 07-01-0318-CV

                            IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

                     FOR THE SEVENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS

                                    AT AMARILLO

                                      PANEL D

                               SEPTEMBER 30, 2002

                        ______________________________


                VERA I. UZOH AND JOHN M. UZOH, AS PERSONAL
                 REPRESENTATIVES OF THE ESTATE OF THEIR
                 MINOR CHILDREN, WILLIE CHUCKWUMA UZOH
                   AND TYSON ARINZE UZOH, APPELLANTS

                                          V.

                GABRIEL IKEAKOR AND OBI IKEAKOR, APPELLEES


                      _________________________________

             FROM THE 269TH DISTRICT COURT OF HARRIS COUNTY;

           NO. 2000-34430; HONORABLE JOHN WOOLDRIDGE, JUDGE

                        _______________________________

Before QUINN and REAVIS, JJ., and BOYD, SJ.1


      In this appeal, appellants John and Vera Uzoh seek reversal of a take-nothing

summary judgment in favor of appellees Gabriel and Obi Ikeakor (the Ikeakors). In their


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      John T. Boyd, Chief Justice (Ret.), Seventh Court of Appeals, sitting by
assignment. Tex. Gov’t Code Ann. § 75.002(a)(1) (Vernon Supp. 2002).
suit, appellants sought recovery on negligence claims arising from the deaths of their sons

Willie and Tyson. Finding summary judgment was proper, we affirm the judgment of the

trial court.


        A brief recitation of the factual and procedural history of the underlying litigation is

necessary to a proper discussion of the issues raised in this appeal. Vera Uzoh is the

sister of Gabriel Ikeakor’s wife. On August 10, 1997, Gabriel invited his nephews, Willie

and Tyson Uzoh, to his house for a birthday party honoring two of Gabriel’s children.

During the party, Gabriel’s son, Obi Ikeakor, invited Willie and Tyson to go to the

community swimming pool operated by the Lakes of Fondren Southwest Homeowners

Association, Inc. (the Association).        The pool was managed by Southwest Pool

Management, Inc. (Southwest Pool). At the time, the pool was unattended. The three

boys went to the pool, which Gabriel was unaware of. The boys were not wearing swim

suits and they sat at the edge of the pool with their feet in the water. As they did so, one

of the brothers took off his shirt and jumped in, followed soon thereafter by the other

brother. Apparently, neither could swim and they both drowned.


        The Uzohs brought suit against the Association and Southwest Pool asserting

claims under the survival statute and for wrongful death. The Association then brought

third party claims against the Ikeakors and filed a cross-claim against the Association

seeking indemnification from each in the event the Association was found liable.




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      In early 2000, the Uzohs settled with the Association and Southwest Pool, resulting

in each parent executing a settlement agreement which contained the following language:


      [i]n consideration of [the settlement amount] . . . by these presents does for
      herself (himself), her (his) heirs, executors, legal representatives,
      administrators, successors and assigns, RELEASE, ACQUIT AND
      FOREVER DISCHARGE, Lakes of Fondren Southwest Homeowners
      Association, Inc., Pro-Concept Management Co., Inc., and Southwest Pool
      Management, Inc., their employees, . . . insurers . . . and all other persons,
      firms or corporations who might be liable for any and all claims, demands,
      actions, and/or causes of action of whatsoever [sic] nature, . . . which have
      accrued or may ever accrue . . . on account of an accident in which my minor
      children were involved and which resulted in their death on or about August
      10, 1997. . . .


This was followed by the handwritten notation, “[h]owever, nothing herein shall effect any

right possessed as to Mr. and Mrs. Gabriel Ikeakor.” The releases also stated that the

“consideration was in full satisfaction of all damages arising out of said accident.” In

February 2000, an agreed judgment implementing the settlement was rendered by the trial

court in that proceeding.


      The Uzohs filed the present suit against the Ikeakors on July 10, 2000, alleging

negligence and gross negligence and seeking actual and exemplary damages. In October

2000, the Ikeakors filed a motion seeking summary judgment, which was denied. In April

2001, the Ikeakors filed a second motion seeking summary judgment on grounds of

limitations, claim preclusion, satisfaction, immunity, and new and independent cause. On

June 1, 2001, the trial court granted the summary judgment giving rise to this appeal. It

did not state the grounds upon which it based the judgment.


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       In challenging the judgment, the Uzohs present six issues for our decision. Those

issues are: 1) whether their claims are barred by res judicata or estoppel, 2 & 3) whether

they are barred by the one satisfaction rule, 4) whether Gabriel is liable for Obi’s conduct,

5) whether a new and independent cause precludes the Ikeakors’ liability, and 6) whether

Gabriel is protected by parental immunity.


       The standards which we apply in reviewing a grant of summary judgment are now

so well established that a detailed discussion of them is not necessary. See Nixon v. Mr.

Property Management Co., 690 S.W.2d 546, 548-49 (Tex. 1985). Suffice it to state that

the movant must show that there is no genuine issue of material fact and that it is entitled

to judgment as a matter of law. In determining the existence of a question of material fact,

evidence favorable to the non-movant must be taken as true, and we must make every

reasonable inference in favor of the non-movant and resolve any doubts in the non-

movant’s favor. A defendant who conclusively negates at least one of the essential

elements of a cause of action or who conclusively establishes each element of an

affirmative defense is entitled to summary judgment. Randall’s Food Markets, Inc. v.

Johnson, 891 S.W.2d 640, 644 (Tex. 1995). Therefore, if the Ikeakors conclusively

established any of their affirmative defenses, the summary judgment would be proper and

it would not be necessary to discuss any of the remaining issues presented in the appeal.


       The Ikeakors argue that the Uzohs were estopped from proceeding against them

because of the prior suit and the Uzohs’ ensuing settlement and release. Initially, we will



                                             4
consider the effect of the settlement releases. Releases are contracts and are governed

by the same rules of construction as are other contracts. Dresser Indus. Inc. v. Page

Petroleum, Inc., 853 S.W.2d 505, 506 (Tex. 1993). When there is no ambiguity question

raised, we must give effect to the intent of the release as expressed by the language used.

Cash America v. Exchange Services, Inc., No. 07-02-0077-CV (Tex.App.--Amarillo May 29,

2002). Reiterated, the releases recited that the Association and Southwest Pool were

released as were “all other persons, . . . who might be liable for any and all claims,

demands, actions, and/or causes of action of whatsoever [sic] nature.” The Ikeakors argue

that the plain language of the release is sufficient to preclude their liability.


       In responding, the Uzohs present two arguments.               First, they reason, the

handwritten addendum specifically excluded the Ikeakors from the benefit of the release

and second, Texas law requires a party to be specifically named in a release to benefit

from it. Initially, we note that although the releases do not show the source of the

handwritten exclusion nor the time it was added, the Ikeakors do not argue that the

addendum was not part of the documents when they were executed and that issue is not

before us.


       Application of the rule we must follow in the construction of the releases requires

that we hold the handwritten addendums do not have the result advocated by the Uzohs.

As we noted above, the specific language used was, “[h]owever, nothing used herein shall

effect any right possessed as to Mr. & Mrs. Gabriel Ikeakor.” (Emphasis added). The



                                              5
word “effect” when used as a verb, as here, means to “cause to come into being” or “to

bring about.” Webster’s Third New International Dictionary p. 724. See also Black’s Law

Dictionary, 6th Ed. p. 514 (West 1990). Thus, by stating the release did not bring about any

rights the Uzohs possessed as to the Ikeakors, it did not exclude them from the benefit of

the release.


       Had language been used that stated that “nothing herein shall affect any rights” the

Uzohs might have possessed against the Ikeakors, the phrase might have been sufficient

to exclude them from the benefit of the release. This is true, because the word “affect”

when used as a verb, means to “act upon; influence, change, enlarge or abridge; often

used in the sense of acting injuriously upon persons and things.” Black’s Law Dictionary,

6th Ed. p. 57 (West 1990). While the context might suggest that the parties intended to use

the verb affect instead of effect, we may not rewrite the instrument for them. Cash

America, supra. It is also worth noting that both parties were apparently represented by

legal counsel when the releases were executed and those counsel also signed each of the

releases. Parenthetically, even assuming arguendo the exclusions had the result argued

by the Uzohs, they would not apply to the Ikeakors’ son Obi, who was not named in the

releases.


       The Uzohs next argue the Ikeakors may not benefit from the releases because they

were not specifically named or identified. In McMillen v. Klingensmith, 467 S.W.2d 193

(Tex. 1971), the court had occasion to consider the question as to the ability of third



                                             6
parties to claim the benefit of a release in which they were not specifically named. After

a discussion of the problems it had created as well as the trend in other jurisdictions to do

so, the court abandoned what it denominated as the “unity of release” rule which had

previously been applicable in Texas. In doing so, the court held “a release of a party or

parties named or otherwise specifically identified fully releases only the parties so named

or identified but no others.” Id. at 196. However, in doing so, the court also gave the

caveat that “we preserve the rule that a claimant in no event will be entitled to recover

more than the amount required for full satisfaction of his damages.” Id. at 196-97.


       In Duncan v. Cessna Aircraft Co., 665 S.W.2d 414 (Tex. 1984), the court again

considered the rule adopted in McMillen and, in additional explication, considered the

question whether the naming of a general class of tortfeasors constituted specific

identification of each member of the class so as to entitle them to the benefit of a release.

Id. at 419. In doing so, the court instructed that to entitle an unnamed person or entity to

the benefit of a release, the release language must be “so particular that ‘a stranger could

readily identify the released party.’” Id.


       In the releases we are considering here, each made reference to three general

classes of people, i.e., the named tortfeasors’ 1) employees, 2) insurers, and 3) all other

persons, firms or corporations who might be liable for any and all claims, etc. “[f]or or on

account of an accident in which my minor children were involved . . . .” The first two

classes meet the Duncan specificity requirement, but the Ikeakors do not fit into those



                                             7
classes. Although the third class is broad enough to include the Ikeakors, the description

is not sufficiently specific to meet the McMillen-Duncan requirements. Thus, because of

this lack of specificity, the Ikeakors would not be within the class of those specifically

included in the release.


       However, having made that decision, logical continuity requires us to consider next

the Uzohs’ third issue contention that the summary judgment is sustainable under the one

satisfaction rule. Under that rule, a plaintiff is entitled to only one recovery for damages

suffered because of a particular injury. Crown Title Guar. Co. v. Casteel, 22 S.W.3d 378,

390 (Tex. 2000); Stewart Title Guar. Co. v. Sterling, 822 S.W.2d 1, 5 (Tex. 1981). In

explication of the rule, the Stewart Title court explained:


       The one satisfaction rule applies to prevent a plaintiff from obtaining more
       than one recovery for the same injury. Appellate courts have applied the
       one satisfaction rule when the defendants commit the same act as well as
       when defendants commit technically differing acts which result in a single
       injury.


Id. at 7. Section 33.012 of the Civil Practice and Remedies Code gives effect to this rule

by requiring that each claimant’s award be reduced by the amount for which he or she

settles.


       The Ikeakors and the other defendants named in the original suit committed

technically different acts that caused the Uzohs to suffer a single financial injury, namely

damages that resulted from the death of their sons. In the first suit, and in this suit, the



                                             8
Uzohs asserted wrongful death and survival claims. Each of the releases contained the

following language:


       The aforementioned consideration ($250,000) is accepted by the
       undersigned in full satisfaction of all damages arising out of said accident,
       without regard to the nature of such damages or the legal theory of recovery
       ....
       I have heretofore brought suit . . . to recover damages sustained by me as
       a result of the above described accident (described as “an accident in which
       my minor children were involved and which resulted in their death . . .”) The
       above mentioned consideration is accepted by me in full compromise and
       settlement of all claims and causes of actions for damages being asserted
       in said suit . . . .


       I fully understand that this is a full, complete and final release, and that the
       sum of money mentioned above is all the money that is to be paid to me as
       a result of the herein described incident.


       The one satisfaction rule is typically applicable to non-settling defendants in a trial

in which the factfinder determines the plaintiff’s damages. Here, there has been no factual

determination of the amount of the Uzohs’ damages. The Ikeakors argue that the

recitation in the releases that the consideration for the releases was “in full satisfaction of

all damages arising out of said accident,” conclusively establishes the amount of their

damages, and they are judicially estopped from claiming additional damages.


       The elements required for a judicial admission are: 1) a sworn inconsistent

statement made during the course of a judicial proceeding; 2) the party making the

statement gained some advantage by it; 3) it was not made inadvertently or because of

fraud, mistake or duress; and 4) it is deliberate, clear, and unequivocal. National Loan

                                              9
Investors v. Taylor, No. 10-01-0179-CV (Tex.App.--Waco May 10, 2002). The statement

required to create judicial estoppel is not limited to oral testimony, but applies with equal

force to any sworn statement, be it oral or written, made in the course of a judicial

proceeding. Miller v. Gann, 842 S.W.2d 641 (Tex. 1992). Significantly, the instrument

which the Miller court held was sufficient to give rise to a judicial estoppel was a settlement

agreement entered into in a prior separate court proceeding. Id.


       Application of both the one satisfaction rule and the judicial estoppel rule requires

us to hold that the releases executed by the Uzohs were sufficient to estop them from

claiming additional damages arising from the unfortunate and tragic deaths of their sons.

Because that holding is sufficient to sustain the judgment of the trial court, it obviates the

necessity for discussing the remainder of the issues presented by the Uzohs in their brief

and they are overruled.


       In summary, we find no reversible error in the trial court’s judgment and it is

affirmed.



                                                   John T. Boyd
                                                   Senior Justice

Do not publish.




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