          IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA


Acme Standex,                           :
                        Petitioner      :
                                        :
            v.                          :   No. 1397 C.D. 2017
                                        :   Submitted: March 9, 2018
Workers’ Compensation Appeal            :
Board (Gomez and Roma                   :
Aluminum Co. Inc.),                     :
                      Respondents       :


BEFORE: HONORABLE P. KEVIN BROBSON, Judge
        HONORABLE ANNE E. COVEY, Judge
        HONORABLE ELLEN CEISLER, Judge


OPINION NOT REPORTED

MEMORANDUM OPINION
BY JUDGE BROBSON                        FILED: November 20, 2018

            Petitioner Acme Standex (Acme) petitions for review of an order of the
Workers’ Compensation Appeal Board (Board), which affirmed the decision of the
Workers’ Compensation Judge (WCJ).          The WCJ granted Freddie Gomez’s
(Gomez) claim petition and denied Acme’s petition to join Roma Aluminum
Company, Inc. (Roma) as an additional defendant. For the reasons that follow, we
affirm.
                        I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND
                                A. Employment
            Gomez worked for Acme as a sheet metal machine operator. Starting
in 2010, Gomez began to experience pain in his right knee and both of his thumbs.
Gomez’s pain gradually worsened, and, on October 5, 2012, Gomez told Acme’s
owner that he could no longer work there.                Within a month of leaving his
employment with Acme, Gomez began working for Roma, a window company,
where he worked until September 8, 2014, when Gomez underwent surgery on his
right knee.       On November 3, 2014, Gomez filed a claim petition under
Pennsylvania’s Workers’ Compensation Act (Act)1 against Acme, seeking workers’
compensation benefits starting October 5, 2012.
               The WCJ held hearings starting on January 15, 2015. Because the
testimony bears on the ultimate outcome of this case, we begin by recounting the
relevant testimony in some detail.
                              B. Testimony Before the WCJ
                                          1. Gomez
               Gomez testified that he worked for Acme for 25 years. (Reproduced
Record (R.R.) at 13a.) The position entailed about 55 hours a week of lifting heavy
bundles of metal pipe and coils, weighing up to 70 pounds. (R.R. at 14a.) Pertinent
to his workers’ compensation claim, Gomez testified that his position also required
him to climb onto and jump down from Acme’s machinery. (R.R. at 14a, 17a.) The
work for Acme caused him pain in both his knees, with the right knee being worse,
and pain in his thumbs when his thumbs would “lock up.”                       (R.R. at 16a.)
In 2010, when he began to experience pain, he reported his injuries to his supervisors
and asked to be moved to a seated position, but his supervisors rejected his request.
(R.R. at 17a.)      He also requested that Acme send him to Acme’s workers’
compensation clinic or to a doctor, but his supervisors responded by telling him to
“wait a while and see” if he continued to have issues with his knees and thumbs.
(R.R. at 17a-18a.)

      1
          Act of June 2, 1915, P.L. 736, as amended, 77 P.S. §§ 1-1041.4, 2501-2708.

                                               2
              Gomez testified that the pain became bad enough that he decided to see
a doctor on his own, rather than wait for Acme’s assistance in seeking treatment.
(R.R. at 17a-18a.) He received cortisone shots in his knees, which helped to alleviate
some of the pain.        (R.R. at 19a, 20a.)         He later went to Acme’s workers’
compensation clinic and received cortisone shots in his thumbs. (R.R. at 20a.) He
used all of his sick days and vacation days trying to recover. (R.R. at 20a.) The
cortisone shots provided only temporary relief, and his symptoms returned after he
returned to work. (R.R. at 20a-21a.) He continuously complained to his supervisors
that he was experiencing pain and repeatedly requested a seated position.
(R.R. at 21a.) His pain worsened after Acme downsized in 2011-2012, which
resulted in an increased workload for him. (R.R. at 21a.) He decided to stop working
for Acme on October 5, 2012, because the pain became too great to continue
working there. (R.R. at 22a.)
              Gomez testified that he started working for Roma, a window company,
shortly after leaving Acme. (R.R. at 23a.) Initially, the workload at Roma was
lighter than his workload with Acme. (R.R. at 23a-24a.) The work picked up after
about a year, however, and Roma required him to lift heavier and heavier pieces of
glass. (R.R. at 23a-24a.) As the work at Roma became more strenuous, his ailments
slowed him down, and he needed frequent breaks. (R.R. at 24a.) He was only able
to work at Roma for about a year and a half before he informed Roma’s owner that
he needed to stop working and undergo surgery.2 (R.R. at 23a, 223a-24a.)

       2
          At several points in Gomez’s testimony, the attorneys in this case questioned Gomez
about the pain he was experiencing when he left his position at Acme relative to the pain he was
experiencing when he left his position at Roma. Gomez gave varying answers that fell into three
categories: (1) the pain was the same when he left Acme as when he left Roma; (2) the pain was
worse when he left Roma, as evinced by the fact that he needed surgery when he left Roma;
and (3) the pain levels went up and down with such frequency that he could not pinpoint the times


                                               3
               Gomez testified that on September 8, 2014, Ira Sachs, M.D., performed
surgery on his right knee. (R.R. at 25a.) The surgery did not improve his right knee
pain. (R.R. at 26a-27a, 230a.) Following the surgery, he received physical therapy,
and Dr. Sachs prescribed him pain relievers. (R.R. at 26a.) He did not receive
treatment for his thumb pain and left knee pain. (R.R. at 26a.) He testified that after
surgery, he began to experience low back pain and that, due to that pain and his
continued knee pain, he is unable to sit or stand for long periods of time.
(R.R. at 217a, 235a-36a.) Gomez further testified that Dr. Sachs did not release him
to return to work. (R.R. at 26a.) Moreover, Gomez did not believe, based on his
ailments, that he would ever be able to work in his former position for Roma.
(R.R. at 26a-27a.) Gomez has not worked since 2014. (R.R. at 231a.)
               Finally, pertinent to the instant appeal, Gomez testified that his knee
injuries had a gradual onset and that there was no specific incident that he believed
caused his injuries. (R.R. at 222a-23a.)
                                         2. Dr. Lipton
               Andrew Lipton, D.O., testified on behalf of Gomez. He began treating
Gomez in the Spring of 2015. At that time, Gomez complained of bilateral knee
pain that worsened with sitting, standing, and walking, and that interfered with his
sleep. (R.R. at 58a.) Dr. Lipton diagnosed Gomez with “bilateral[] knee pain with
status post-arthroscopy of the right knee and low back pain.” (R.R. at 60a-61a.) Dr.


when the pain was worse. In their briefs, the attorneys both express frustration at the discrepancy
or selectively quote the portions of Gomez’s testimony that most benefit their arguments. We need
not examine these discrepancies, however, because, as explained in the legal discussion below, in
a workers’ compensation case, the resolution of conflicts in evidence is left to the WCJ. Williams
v. Workers’ Comp. Appeal Bd. (USX Corp.-Fairless Works), 862 A.2d 137, 143-44 (Pa.
Cmwlth. 2004).


                                                4
Lipton testified that he reviewed an MRI of Gomez’s right knee from July 8, 2010
(2010 MRI). (R.R. at 61a.) Regarding that 2010 MRI, Dr. Lipton testified: “[T]he
biggest impression was tear of the body of the posterior horn of the medial meniscus,
likely a complex flap tear. Possibly a ganglion versus a parameniscal cyst, bursitis,
and small popliteal cyst.”3 (R.R. at 62a.)
              Dr. Lipton testified that Dr. Sachs performed surgery on Gomez “to
treat his medial meniscus tear and flap, and it was an arthroscopy and synovectomy
and a partial meniscectomy from my recollection.” (R.R. at 63a.) Dr. Lipton ordered
an MRI to evaluate the knee for a “possible surgical reevaluation or re-intervention.”
(R.R. at 61a.) His testimony continued:
              Q.      What was significant, if anything, about the second
                      MRI?
              A.      Well, the second MRI did pick up degenerative
                      changes as its main impression, but then they [sic]
                      also picked up an oblique tear of the posterior horn,
                      which was on the first one, but they [sic] don’t
                      mention anything about the flap. So I assume from
                      the changes that’s the post-surgical changes that Dr.
                      Sachs addressed, the piece that was flapping and
                      giving him issues, but did not address the oblique
                      tear which was still there on 6/11/2015.
                      ....
              Q.      In the repeat study, are there any new findings or
                      interval changes?
              A.      This may be better commented on by a radiologist,
                      but the radiologist -- and there’s two different
                      radiologists initially -- related the tear as a tear of
                      the body of the posterior horn. The body is the
                      widest part of it, implying across the body, likely a
                      complex flap tear, versus the repeat MRI says
       3
         Matthew McLean, M.D., ordered the MRI in 2010. Dr. McLean did not testify in this
case. The record does, however, contain the radiology report that pertains to the 2010 MRI. (See
R.R. at 109a-10a.)

                                               5
                   oblique tear, which is a different kind of across, and
                   angle tear. So it’s -- a possibility is that either an
                   extension of the medial meniscus tear that was there
                   before or a new tear.
            Q.     In your review of the surgical report, does it appear
                   that Dr. Sachs visualized the findings and addressed
                   them, or did he leave something, or can you make
                   that opinion from your review of the surgical
                   report?
            A.     From the surgical report and the differences in the
                   five-year gap, that there’s no more flap tear, I can
                   assume that the surgical intervention by Dr. Sachs
                   addressed at least part of the tear or the flap tear, and
                   that’s all I can assume from that.
            Q.     Can you say whether, if he had stopped working
                   after he had worked for [Acme], he would have
                   needed the surgery to address these findings
                   from 2010 or not? Can you say --
            A.     There’s no way for me to comment on this. Not
                   having my physical exam back then and five years
                   between these images, there’s no way for me to
                   comment on that.
(R.R. at 64a-65a, 80a-82a.)
            Dr. Lipton testified that Gomez’s injuries were work related:
            Q.     Doctor, can you explain for the Judge how his right
                   knee issues are related to any work causation?
            A.     So, basically, we have somebody that presents with
                   a[n] ongoing and repetitive stress issue over time,
                   so there was no definitive, oh, I fell and I hurt it with
                   one episode. He gives me the history an ongoing
                   aggravation, like a degenerative change. So it’s
                   hard to pinpoint the exact mechanism of injury
                   when it’s repetitive and over a couple years’ period.
                   But that would be my description of his source of
                   injury.
(R.R. at 66a-67a.) The testimony continued:
            Q.     What’s your update and final diagnosis for him?
            A.     Bilateral knee pain and low back pain.
                                         6
            Q.       Are those both related to the work injury?
            A.       I see the clear correlation of the knee pain, and I
                     believe due to the surgical intervention and the
                     rehab, the low back pain is a likely compensatory
                     type of response to walking on one leg or having
                     pain in the knee for a couple of years. So he didn’t
                     give any specific incident to when the back pain
                     started, but he did report it after the surgery.
(R.R. at 67a-68a.)
            Dr. Lipton testified that he believed Gomez aggravated his injuries
while working at Roma. (R.R. at 90a.) In an attempt to discern the role that Gomez’s
employment at Roma had on his injuries, counsel for Roma elicited the following
testimony from Dr. Lipton:
            Q.       Do you know whether he was doing any jumping or
                     any flexing of his knees while at Roma?
            A.       He reported to me incidentally that the job prior to
                     Roma he was up and down and jumping, but the
                     Roma job was carrying, loading and unloading of
                     glass units.
            Q.       What’s the difference, if there’s any, in those two
                     mechanisms, being up and down, if someone had to
                     jump up onto a table and then climb down from a
                     table, versus just carrying? Is there a difference in
                     impact on the knees?
            A.       There is. We typically see the jumping up and down
                     causing more of an acute issue and a tear versus the
                     up and down and carrying more of a degenerative
                     issue and chronic.
            Q.       If you had to relate the findings shown on the 2010
                     MRI to an acute cause or carrying -- an acute cause
                     like you were just talking about, jumping up and
                     down and flexing versus carrying, what would you
                     say it was more related to, if you can say that? I
                     don’t want you to --
            A.       Because of the flap and complex tear, I -- you
                     know, my -- it would be a guess, but I would

                                           7
                     say that’s a -- more of an acute traumatic tear versus
                     a degenerative change. That would be an opinion.
            Q.       Would that be more consistent with jumping up and
                     down and getting up and down or carrying, if you
                     can tell?
            A.       It would be more consistent with jumping, but it
                     could be either mechanism.
(R.R. at 91a-93a.)
            Dr. Lipton also testified regarding the report authored by Eugene A.
Elia, M.D., who had conducted an independent medical examination of Gomez on
behalf of Acme:
            Q.       After you reviewed that, did you agree or disagree
                     with anything that [Dr. Elia] found?
            A.       . . . [O]n his exam, [Dr. Elia] calls it trace synovitis.
                     [Gomez] has been up and down on his exam with
                     different amounts of fluid. I called it a bursitis and
                     a joint effusion, and this surgeon [(Dr. Elia)] did
                     not.
                             ....
                             This surgeon says there was no indication
                     that he sustained a right medial meniscal tear at
                     work. And, again, the exact history of when he
                     developed this was hard to pinpoint, as he did report
                     it over a two-year period. So I don’t see how he
                     could say that definitely, just as I can’t say
                     definitively it happened at work, but it makes sense
                     from his history and the presentation and the
                     imaging that this was a degenerative change and an
                     aggravation of a meniscal tear.
(R.R. at 69a-70a.)
                                       3. Dr. Elia
            Dr. Elia testified and submitted an independent medical examination
report on behalf of Acme. Dr. Elia testified that Gomez had “trace synovitis which
is a very mild inflammation.” (R.R. at 139a.) He testified that range of motion in

                                             8
Gomez’s right knee was 0 to 130 degrees, as compared to 0 to 135 degrees on the
left. (R.R. at 139a.) Dr. Elia testified that Gomez had no effusion (water in his
knee), no tenderness along the cartilage or meniscus, no tenderness of the back of
the knee, no tenderness or crepitus (a cracking sensation) in the kneecap, no sign of
an anterior cruciate ligament or meniscus tear, no fullness, and Gomez’s knee
strength was a “five out of five.” (R.R. at 139a.) He testified that Gomez’s left knee
was “completely normal.” (R.R. at 139a.)
             Dr. Elia initially testified that he did not believe Gomez suffered a right
medial meniscus tear while he was working at Acme (between 1987 and 2012).
(R.R. at 145a-46a.) He then testified that the 2010 MRI showed “a tear of the medial
meniscus” as well as “other small findings like a small ganglion cyst and some
bursitis.” (R.R. at 156a.) Dr. Elia also testified that Gomez underwent surgery on
September 8, 2014 to repair the same tear shown in the 2010 MRI. (R.R. at 168a.)
Thus, although Dr. Elia’s testimony begins by positing that Gomez did not tear his
meniscus at Acme, it ends by acknowledging that he tore his meniscus while at
Acme, but it was not disabling until after he left his employment at Acme.
             Part of Dr. Elia’s testimony appears to reflect Acme’s position as to
why Gomez’s 2010 MRI evinced a torn meniscus but he continued to work and did
not undergo surgery until 2014:
             Q.    Doctor, is the finding of a tear in and of itself a
                   disabling event for patients?
             A.    No, not at all.
             Q.    Can you explain that to the Judge why it’s not in and
                   of itself a disabling event?
             A.    Well, many of us have -- actually have tears of our
                   cartilage or meniscus in the knees and we’re
                   basically asymptomatic. It’s the symptomatic and
                   disabling ones that need to be treated.

                                           9
Q.   And specifically, Doctor, based upon your review
     of the other medical records in this case and
     [Gomez’s] testimony, was this finding, in and of
     itself a disabling event for [Gomez]?
A.   No, it wasn’t because there was no
     recommendations at the time that I know for
     surgery, and certainly he was able to continue
     working in a fairly vigorous job at Acme without
     having any restrictions or problems.
Q.   And, specifically, given the date of this test that was
     performed in 2010, he continued to work based on
     your understanding for how long?
A.   Two years.
Q.   An [sic] then even following those two years, how
     long did he work at Roma until the surgery was
     performed?
A.   Until almost another two years.
Q.   Doctor, you touched upon this in your last answer,
     but is it possible for someone to have another tear
     of their [sic] medial meniscus and be
     asymptomatic?
A.   Certainly.
Q.   Do you ever see patients who have objective
     findings like a tear who are initially asymptomatic
     and then become symptomatic?
A.   Yes.
Q.   Have you ever had patients or have you ever
     reviewed any medical records regarding patients
     who demonstrate an objective findings [sic] like a
     meniscus tear and that surgery is not immediately
     recommended or needed?
A.   Yes.
Q.   And, specifically, in this case, Doctor, do you have
     an opinion as to whether a change in [Gomez’s]
     condition took place at a given time that would then
     warrant surgery?
A.   There doesn’t appear to be an incident that would
     have created that need.
                            10
              Q.      But eventually [Gomez] did undergo surgery in
                      2014?
              A.      He did.
              Q.      Are you able to testify within a reasonable degree
                      of medical certainty as to a specific event that would
                      have caused that need for surgery?
              A.      No.
              Q.      Is it possible that [Gomez’s] work duties at the
                      window and glass company, the second job, would
                      have caused the need to have a surgery?
              A.      Not specifically. There would have been an
                      incident that would have created an almost
                      disabling event and he would have had severe pain
                      and not been able to continue working.
              Q.      Is it possible that his increase in symptoms were
                      caused by his job while working at the glass
                      company?
              A.      It’s possible.
              Q.      Is it possible that [Gomez’s] increase in pain was
                      due to a completely unrelated work event outside of
                      any job that he would have been performing?
              A.      Yes.
(R.R. at 156a-59a.)
              Summarizing this testimony, Dr. Elia’s position appears to be that
Gomez’s meniscus tear was not disabling prior to his departure from employment
with Acme; the disabling event could have occurred while Gomez was employed at
Roma, or it could have occurred from activities outside of work. (See R.R. at 171a
(“Just getting out of bed can tear your meniscus or putting in a light bulb up on a
ladder or cleaning leaves out of a gutter . . . .”).)
              Dr. Elia concluded that Gomez strained both his knees. (R.R. at 145a.)
He testified that Gomez had fully recovered from those knee strains and did not
require any additional medical treatment. (R.R. at 146a-47a.) He further testified

                                            11
that Gomez could return to work without any restrictions and that he was able to
work in a role such as the position he held at Acme. (R.R. at 146a.)
            On cross-examination, Dr. Elia acknowledged that he did not know
how many hours Gomez worked at Acme, if he worked weekends, or how many
times per day at Acme Gomez was required to climb onto and jump down from
machinery. (R.R. at 163a-64a.)
                                   4. Dr. Nolan
            Roma called John P. Nolan, M.D., who also conducted an independent
medical examination of Gomez. Dr. Nolan testified that the 2010 MRI showed that
Gomez had a medial meniscus tear in his right knee. (R.R. at 303a.) He testified
that he could not determine what caused the meniscus tear in 2010 or if there was
any work injury. (R.R. at 304a-05a.) He testified that the findings in the 2010 MRI
justified surgery and Gomez may have needed surgery then. (R.R. at 316a, 332a.)
There was no evidence that Gomez aggravated his injury while working at Roma, as
the surgery addressed the same tear that was shown in the 2010 MRI. (R.R. at 333a.)
Dr. Nolan testified that, based on what Gomez reported, Gomez’s tear was
symptomatic in 2010 when he had the MRI because a doctor would not have ordered
an MRI if Gomez was not symptomatic. (R.R. at 313a.) Finally, Dr. Nolan testified
that while Gomez may have some arthritis and might benefit from some additional
medical treatment, there was nothing that he noticed during his examination of
Gomez that would preclude Gomez from returning to work. (R.R. at 331a-32a.)
                                  5. Jacob Gulli
            Roma’s owner, Jacob Gulli (Gulli), testified regarding Gomez’s
employment at Roma. Gulli testified that before he hired Gomez, he made it clear
that the job required Gomez to be on his feet all day. (R.R. at 263a.) He emphasized


                                        12
that the job entailed lifting: “It did involve lifting, yes. And that’s one thing we
stated when we hire anybody, that they have to be physically able to do anything.”
(R.R. at 285a-86a.) Gomez did inform him that he left his old job because he was
injured there, but Gomez stressed that his injuries would not affect his ability to
perform the duties of the position at Roma. (R.R. at 263a.) Gulli acknowledged that
Gomez’s personnel file did reflect that Gomez had bad knees. (R.R. at 264a.) The
notation about Gomez’s knees appeared to be in the handwriting of Gulli’s daughter,
who worked at Roma at the time. (R.R. at 264a.) While Gomez did inform him that
he was injured at his last job, Gulli did not know the injuries related to Gomez’s
knees. (R.R. at 291a.)
             Gulli testified that Gomez’s position entailed cutting glass, washing
glass, assembling window units, finishing window units, and moving glass from one
area to another. (R.R. at 261a-62a.) Gomez did not appear to have any issues
performing his job duties. (R.R. at 265a.) Gomez never approached him to report
an injury or made any other indication that his job at Roma worsened his injuries.
(R.R. at 273a.) He interacted with Gomez on a daily basis and he would have
approached Gomez if he noticed any limping or other indication of an injury.
(R.R. at 271a-72a, 283a.)
             Gulli testified that he first learned of Gomez’s knee issues when Gomez
informed him about the surgery. (R.R. at 274a.) Gomez informed Gulli that his
doctor told him that he had to have knee surgery and that “if he didn’t have surgery,
he would have collapsed, [and] that would have been the end of his knees.”
(R.R. at 284a.) Gomez initially told Gulli that he would miss 4 to 6 weeks of work.
(R.R. at 276a.) After 7 to 8 weeks of missed work, Gulli called Gomez to ask about
the prolonged absence. (R.R. at 276a.) Gomez informed Gulli that he was still


                                         13
experiencing a lot of pain, so much so that he could not attend physical therapy.
(R.R. at 277a.) After another doctor’s appointment, Gomez informed Gulli that he
would miss at least 6 more weeks of work so that he could attend physical therapy.
(R.R. at 278a.) Counsel for Acme questioned Gulli about the prospect of Gomez
filing a Workers’ Compensation claim against Roma:
             Q.       So at no point did you suggest he go through
                      Workers’ Compensation, correct?
             A.       No sir, because I was never told that it was an injury
                      that occurred at [Roma].
             ....
             Q.   Do you think he might have been afraid to file a
                  Workers’ Compensation claim for fear that he
                  would lose his job?
             A.   No, sir, because I never indicate -- the first thing I
                  tell an employee when he comes in, the day you step
                  in here, you’re [covered] under Workman’s [sic]
                  Comp.
(R.R. at 289a-90a.)
                                   C. WCJ Decision
             On June 16, 2016, the WCJ issued a decision and order, granting
Gomez’s claim petition against Acme and denying the joinder petition against Roma.
The WCJ determined that Gomez met his burden of proving that he sustained a
work-related injury of his right knee, but that he did not meet his burden regarding
the remaining injuries of the claim petition—i.e., his hand injuries and the low back
injury. The WCJ based his decision primarily on the following findings of fact:
             12.      This Judge finds the testimony of [Gomez] credible
                      that he sustained a work[-]related injury to his knees
                      while working for Acme as the result of jumping off
                      and on machines and that he could no longer
                      continue working for Acme because of the pain in
                      his knees. In so finding, this Judge notes that
                      [Gomez’s] job duties were not contradicted. Acme
                                            14
      also did not contradict that [Gomez] had reported
      his knee pain and asked for lighter duty work.
      [Gomez] stopped working at Acme and the same
      month obtained a job at Roma which he thought was
      going to be lighter. The job was lighter at first and
      then became heavier which caused his knees to
      become more symptomatic. [Gomez] was never
      pain free after he stopped working for Roma.
13.   This Judge finds the testimony of Dr. Lipton
      credible that on October 5, 2012 [Gomez] sustained
      a right knee medial meniscal tear which resulted in
      surgery on September 8, 2014 and a left knee strain
      as the result of his repetitive and stressful job duties
      at Acme and that he has not recovered from the right
      knee injury. This Judge finds that [Gomez’s]
      surgery and his job duties at Roma were a
      recurrence of the original injury at Acme. In so
      finding, this Judge notes that [Gomez] had worked
      for Acme for 25 years and Dr. Lipton credibly
      testified that [Gomez’s] knee condition was the
      result of his longstanding and repetitive job duties.
      While Dr. Lipton’s testimony was equivocal
      regarding the exact mechanism of the tear, he did
      note that it was more consistent with an acute
      trauma as the resulting [sic] of the jumping [Gomez]
      did at Acme. Dr. Lipton did unequivocally testify
      that [Gomez’s] repetitive and physically stressful
      job duties aggravated the right knee such that he
      had to stop working on October 5, 2012. Where the
      testimony of Dr. Lipton conflicts with the testimony
      of Drs. Elia and Nolan pertaining to the right knee,
      this Judge accepts the testimony of Dr. Lipton and
      rejects the testimony of Drs. Elia and Nolan.
14.   This Judge does not find Dr. Elia’s testimony
      credible that [Gomez] only sustained a right knee
      strain and sprain while working at Acme from
      which he had recovered. In so finding, this Judge
      notes that the 2010 MRI of the right knee showed a
      tear of the body of the posterior horn of the medial
      meniscus. In addition, Dr. Elia admitted that he did
      not know how many hours a week [Gomez] worked
      for Acme or how often [Gomez] had to jump off and
                             15
      on the machines. Dr. Elia also agreed that an
      asymptomatic degenerative condition can become
      symptomatic as the result of repetitive trauma. Dr.
      Elia did not see any records that indicated that
      [Gomez] reported knee pain from any activities
      outside of work. This Judge finds the testimony of
      Dr. Elia credible that [Gomez] sustained a left knee
      strain but not credible that he had fully recovered
      from the injuries to his knees. Dr. Elia’s opinion of
      full recovery is rejected as this Judge accepts the
      testimony of [Gomez] and Dr. Lipton on this issue.
15.   This Judge does not find the testimony of Dr. Nolan
      credible that [Gomez’s] meniscal tear and surgery
      were not caused or aggravated by his employment
      at Acme. In so finding, this Judge notes that Dr.
      Nolan could not render an unequivocal opinion as
      to the cause of the meniscal tear in 2010. However,
      Dr. Nolan did agree that [Gomez’s] job duties at
      Acme could have caused or aggravated the knee
      pain [Gomez] was experiencing in 2010. Dr. Nolan
      further agreed that the findings in the 2010 MRI
      would have justified surgery at that time.
16.   This Judge notes that Dr. Lipton did not offer any
      testimony that he treated [Gomez’s] hands and did
      not render an opinion on causation. This Judge
      further notes that Dr. Lipton did not offer
      unequivocal testimony that [Gomez] sustained a
      work[-]related low back injury. Dr. Lipton testified
      it was harder to correlate a low back injury to the
      work injury because [Gomez] did not relate low
      back pain while working. Dr. Lipton’s testimony on
      this issue was equivocal.
17.   This Judge finds the testimony of [Gulli] credible
      that [Gomez] did not complain to him that his job
      duties caused him to have knee problems and that
      he did not observe [Gomez] perform his job with
      any difficulty. [Gulli] was aware [Gomez] went out
      of work for knee surgery but was not aware there
      was an allegation that his knee was worsened by his
      job duties at Roma until the Joinder Petition was
      filed.

                           16
             18.   This Judge finds that [Gomez] sustained a
                   work[-]related injury on October 5, 2012 while
                   working for Acme in the nature of a right knee
                   medial meniscal tear which resulted in surgery on
                   September 8, 2014 and a left knee strain as the result
                   of his repetitive and stressful job duties. [Gomez]
                   sustained a recurrence of said injury while working
                   for Roma which resulted in surgery and disability as
                   of September 8, 2014. In so finding, this Judge
                   notes that [Gomez] had worked for Acme for 25
                   years and had to stop working in October 2012
                   because of knee pain. He began working for Roma
                   later that month in a lighter position. The job at
                   Roma became heavier and [Gomez] sustained a
                   recurrence of his symptoms. This Judge finds it
                   significant that the 2010 MRI of the right knee
                   showed a tear of the body of the posterior horn of
                   the medial meniscus.
(R.R. at 363a-65a (emphasis added).)
                                D. Board Decision
             On September 8, 2017, the Board issued an opinion and order,
affirming the decision of the WCJ. The Board determined that the WCJ did not err
in granting Gomez’s claim petition because the record evidence demonstrated that
he sustained an injury during the course and scope of his employment with Acme.
The Board also determined that the WCJ correctly denied Acme’s joinder petition.
The Board reasoned that Gomez had surgery in 2014 to treat the same injury that
Gomez had while he worked at Acme and, thus, Gomez suffered a recurrence rather
than an aggravation of that injury. Next, the Board determined that Gomez’s claim
petition was timely under Section 315 of the Act, 77 P.S. § 602. Citing Williamette
Industries v. Workmen’s Compensation Appeal Board (Lockett), 647 A.2d 665
(Pa. Cmwlth. 1994), the Board reasoned that in cases of cumulative trauma, where
there is no specific injury-causing event, courts look to the last day of employment
as the date of injury. As such, the Board reasoned that the date of injury for Gomez’s
                                         17
claim was October 5, 2012, and he therefore met the 3-year statute of limitations.
Finally, the Board determined that the WCJ did not disregard any evidence and
issued a well-reasoned decision.
                                    E. Issues on Appeal
              On appeal,4 Acme presents five arguments for our consideration. First,
Acme contends that several of the WCJ’s findings of fact are not supported by
substantial evidence.       Second, Acme argues that Dr. Lipton’s testimony was
equivocal. Third, Acme argues that the WCJ’s decision was not well-reasoned in
that it did not address the distinction between a recurrence and an aggravation and
additionally failed to explain the WCJ’s findings.               Fourth, Acme argues that
Gomez’s claim petition was untimely because he was injured in 2010 but did not file
his claim petition until 2014. Finally, Acme argues that substantial evidence
supported the denial of the claim petition and the granting of the joinder petition.
              In response, Gomez argues that the WCJ’s decision was supported by
substantial evidence and was reasoned and that Gomez’s claim petition was timely.
As to Dr. Lipton’s testimony, Gomez argues that the testimony, taken as a whole,
was not equivocal in that Dr. Lipton opined that Gomez’s injuries were consistent
with the repetitive jumping up and down movements associated with his job at
Acme. As to the timeliness of the claim petition, Gomez argues that his claim

       4
         This Court’s standard of review is limited to determining whether constitutional rights
were violated, whether an error of law was committed, or whether necessary findings of fact are
supported by substantial evidence. Section 704 of the Administrative Agency Law, 2 Pa.
C.S. § 704. The Supreme Court has emphasized that “in construing the Act we are mindful that
the Act was intended to benefit the injured employee, and, therefore, must be construed liberally
in the employee’s favor in order to effectuate its humanitarian objectives.” Gentex Corp. v.
Workers’ Comp. Appeal Bd. (Morack), 23 A.3d 528, 534 (Pa. 2011) (citing 1 Pa. C.S. § 1928(c)).
“As such, borderline interpretations are to be decided in favor of the claimant.” Id.


                                               18
petition was timely because, when an injury is cumulative, the injury date for
purposes of the statute of limitations is the last day worked rather than the date of
diagnosis. Thus, the statute of limitations did not begin to run in 2010 as a result of
the 2010 MRI, it began to run on October 5, 2012, when Gomez stopped working
for Acme. Finally, as to the WCJ’s denial of Roma’s joinder petition, Gomez argues
that he suffered a recurrence of the original injury at Roma rather than an
aggravation, because his work at Roma did not materially contribute to his disability.
The WCJ, therefore, correctly denied the joinder petition seeking to join Roma.
             Roma also filed a brief. Roma first agrees with Acme that the WCJ’s
decision granting the claim petition was not based on substantial, competent, and
unequivocal medical evidence. Roma also sides with Acme that Gomez’s claim
petition is untimely under the statute of limitations. Roma argues, alternatively and
now diverging from Acme’s position, that if this Court does affirm Gomez’s claim
petition, then the WCJ correctly determined that the re-emergence of Gomez’s knee
pain was a recurrence rather than an aggravation.
                                 II. DISCUSSION
                             A. Substantial Evidence
             At the outset, we note that it is well settled that the WCJ is the sole
arbiter of credibility and evidentiary weight. Womack v. Workers’ Comp. Appeal
Bd. (Sch. Dist. of Phila.), 83 A.3d 1139, 1154 (Pa. Cmwlth.), appeal denied,
94 A.3d 1011 (Pa. 2014). In determining whether the WCJ’s findings are supported
by substantial evidence, we may not reweigh the evidence or the credibility of the
witnesses but must simply determine whether the WCJ’s findings have the requisite
measure of support in the record as a whole. Elk Mountain Ski Resort, Inc. v.
Workers’ Comp. Appeal Bd. (Tietz, deceased), 114 A.3d 27, 32 n.5


                                          19
(Pa. Cmwlth. 2015). It is irrelevant whether there is evidence to support a contrary
finding; if substantial evidence supports the WCJ’s necessary findings, we may not
disturb those findings on appeal. Williams, 862 A.2d at 143-44.
                It is also well settled that with respect to a claim petition, the claimant
bears the burden of proving all elements necessary for an award. Inglis House v.
Workmen’s Comp. Appeal Bd. (Reedy), 634 A.2d 592, 595 (Pa. 1993). Pursuant to
Section 301(c)(1) of the Act,5 an employee’s injuries are compensable if they
“(1) arise[] in the course of employment and (2) [are] causally related thereto.”
ICT Group        v.    Workers’     Comp.     Appeal     Bd.     (Churchray˗Woytunick),
995 A.2d 927, 930 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2010). Further, an employee must demonstrate that
he is disabled as a consequence of the work-related injury. Cromie v. Workmen’s
Comp. Appeal Bd. (Anchor Hocking Corp.), 600 A.2d 677, 679 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1991).
Unequivocal medical evidence is required where it is not obvious that an injury is
causally related to the work incident. Id. “The question of whether expert medical
testimony is unequivocal, and, thus, competent evidence to support factual
determinations is a question of law subject to our review.” Amandeo v. Workers’
Comp. Appeal Bd. (Conagra Foods), 37 A.3d 72, 80 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2012). “In such
cases, we review the testimony as a whole and may not base our analysis on a few
words taken out of context.” Id. “Taking a medical expert’s testimony as a whole,
it will be found to be equivocal if it is based only upon possibilities, is vague, and
leaves doubt.”        Kurtz v. Workers’ Comp. Appeal Bd. (Waynesburg College),
794 A.2d 443, 449 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2002). “[M]edical testimony is unequivocal if a
medical expert testifies, after providing a foundation for the testimony, that, in his



      5
          77 P.S. § 411(1).

                                             20
professional opinion, he believes or thinks a fact exists.” O’Neill v. Workers’ Comp.
Appeal Bd. (News Corp. Ltd.), 29 A.3d 50, 57 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2011).
             Here, Acme challenges the WCJ’s credibility determination set forth in
Finding of Fact 12. Acme contends that “the WCJ erred by finding [Gomez] credible
that he sustained a work-related injury to his knees while working for Acme, and
stopped working for Acme [due to] the pain in his knees[,]” because such finding is
not supported by the record. (Acme’s Br. at 11.) Stated more simply, it appears that
Acme takes issue with the WCJ’s reliance on Gomez’s testimony to establish
causation. Given, however, that Gomez was required to establish causation through
unequivocal medical evidence because the cause of his injuries was not obvious,
Gomez’s testimony relative to causation is irrelevant to the WCJ’s decision. See
Cromie, 600 A.2d at 679. In addition, when we read Finding of Fact 12 in its
entirety, it appears that the WCJ intended Finding of Fact 12 not to establish
causation but rather as a mechanism to credit Gomez’s testimony relative to the
description of his job duties at Acme and the fact that he stopped working for Acme
due to the pain in his knees, because without such testimony there would be no
factual basis to support Dr. Lipton’s opinion that Gomez’s knee injuries were
causally related to his job at Acme. The WCJ’s findings in that regard are supported
by the record as Gomez testified: (1) his position at Acme required him to climb
onto and jump down from machinery; (2) his position at Acme caused him to
experience pain in both his knees; and (3) he stopped working for Acme on
October 5, 2012 because of the pain in his knees. (See R.R. at 14a, 16a-17a, 22a.)
             Acme also challenges the WCJ’s credibility determination set forth in
Finding of Fact 13. Acme contends that the WCJ erred by finding Dr. Lipton’s
testimony credible to establish that Gomez sustained a repetitive injury to his knees


                                         21
on October 5, 2012, while working for Acme, because the WCJ determined that
Dr. Lipton’s testimony was equivocal regarding the mechanism of Gomez’s injury.
In so doing, Acme focuses its arguments on the WCJ’s inconsistent findings with
respect to the cause of the medial meniscus tear. In other words, Acme questions
how the WCJ could find that Dr. Lipton’s testimony established that Gomez
sustained a right knee medial meniscus tear on October 5, 2012, but also find that
Dr. Lipton’s testimony was equivocal regarding the exact mechanism of the medial
meniscus tear. While we agree that there are inconsistencies in the WCJ’s findings
with respect to the underlying cause of the medial meniscus tear and that such
findings may not be supported by substantial evidence, a finding regarding the cause
of the medial meniscus tear was not necessary to the WCJ’s determination in this
matter. The operative question is not when the medial meniscus tear itself occurred,
but, rather, when the medial meniscus tear became disabling. In that regard, the
WCJ found that Dr. Lipton unequivocally testified that Gomez’s “repetitive and
physically stressful job duties [at Acme] aggravated the right knee such that he had
to stop working on October 5, 2012.” (R.R. at 364a.) This finding is supported by
the record.
              Dr. Lipton’s testimony, taken as a whole, establishes that Gomez
suffered an aggravation of his right knee medial meniscus tear and bilateral knee
pain while working for Acme on October 5, 2012. Dr. Lipton related Gomez’s knee
injuries to the repetitive stress that Gomez endured while working for Acme—i.e.,
the climbing onto and jumping down from machinery. While Dr. Lipton admitted
that it is “hard to pinpoint the exact mechanism of injury when [it is] repetitive and
over a couple years’ period[,]” the law does not require him to do so. As explained
more fully below, in a repetitive trauma/aggravation case, every aggravation is a new


                                         22
injury and the last date the aggravation occurs constitutes the date of the injury. See
Armco, Inc. v. Workmen’s Comp. Appeal Bd. (Mattern), 667 A.2d 710, 717
(Pa. 1995). In other words, Dr. Lipton recognized that Gomez suffered a new
aggravation of his right knee medial meniscus tear each day that he was required to
climb onto and jump down from machinery at Acme. Dr. Lipton’s testimony
relating Gomez’s knee injuries to his work at Acme, coupled with Gomez’s
testimony that he stopped working for Acme on October 5, 2012, due to the pain in
his knees, establishes the necessary causal connection between Gomez’s knee
injuries and his work at Acme. For these reasons, we cannot conclude that the WCJ’s
decision was not supported by substantial evidence.
                           B. Aggravation versus Recurrence
              In Pennsylvania workers’ compensation law, where a case presents a
fact pattern in which there is an injury and subsequent worsening of the injury,
Pennsylvania courts distinguish between a “recurrence” and an “aggravation” of the
initial injury. A recurrence occurs where a disability results directly from a prior
injury that re-emerges from an intervening incident that does not contribute
materially to the disability. SKF USA, Inc. v. Workers’ Comp. Appeal Bd. (Smalls),
728 A.2d 385, 387 (Pa. Cmwlth.), appeal denied, 747 A.2d 903 (Pa. 1999). An
aggravation, or new injury, occurs where the intervening incident does materially
contribute to the renewed disability.6 Id. Whether or not the intervening incident


       6
         This Court clarified in SKF USA that aggravation versus recurrence cases are not meant
to suggest that the intervening incident in no way contributes to the disability:
       In most situations where this sort of dispute arises, both the original injury and the
       subsequent occurrence contribute in some way to the disability at issue.
       Nonetheless, in order to adjudicate the rights of the parties, we frequently must
       attribute causation of the current disability to one event or the other.


                                                23
materially contributed to the disability is a question of fact to be determined by the
WCJ. S. Abington Twp. v. Workers’ Comp. Appeal Bd. (Becker & ITT Specialty Risk
Servs.), 831 A.2d 175, 181 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2003).
              In the instant matter, this distinction between Gomez suffering an
aggravation or a recurrence bears on the nub of the case—the operative question:
Who pays, Acme or Roma? When a workers’ compensation claimant has sustained
a recurrence of a prior injury, the employer at the time of the initial injury will be
held liable for all disability benefits resulting from the re-emergence of the injury.
Pope & Talbot v. Workers’ Comp. Appeal Bd. (Pawlowski), 949 A.2d 361, 369 (Pa.
Cmwlth. 2008). If, on the other hand, the claimant suffers an aggravation, the current
employer is responsible for all medical and wage loss benefits arising from the new
injury. Id. Here, the WCJ held Acme liable because the WCJ determined that
Gomez suffered a mere recurrence of his disabling knee injuries. That is, the WCJ
determined Gomez’s work at Roma did not materially contribute to his disabling
injuries. Had the WCJ determined that Gomez suffered an aggravation at Roma,
then Roma, rather than Acme, would be liable.
              Acme’s argument that Gomez suffered an aggravation, rather than a
recurrence, fails first because, as stated above, that determination is a factual one,
made by the WCJ. S. Abington Twp., 831 A.2d at 181. We do not disturb a WCJ’s
factual determinations on appeal, provided they are supported by substantial
evidence. In support of its argument, Acme argues that the WCJ could not have
determined that Gomez suffered an aggravation while working at Acme but only
suffered a recurrence at Roma, but offers no authority in support thereof. To the

SKF USA, 728 A.2d at 387. Thus, whether to assign liability to the second employer, the focus of
the Court’s analysis is to determine if the second employment materially contributed to the
disability. Id.

                                              24
extent Acme argues that the WCJ’s recurrence determination is not supported by
substantial evidence, the credited testimony in this case defeats that argument.
Gomez worked for Acme for 25 years, while he worked for Roma for less
than 2 years. As explained more fully above, Dr. Lipton opined that Gomez’s job
duties at Acme, climbing onto and jumping down from machinery, caused his knee
injuries. Gomez was able to perform at Roma because, at least initially, his job
duties were less physically demanding than his job duties at Acme. Just because the
WCJ could have reached a contrary finding is nihil ad rem, beside the point. Verizon
Pa., Inc. v. Workers’ Comp. Appeal Bd. (Mills), 116 A.3d 1157, 1162 (Pa. Cmwlth.
2015); see also Sharon Steel Corp. v. Workers’ Comp. Appeal Bd. (Frantz),
790 A.2d 1084, 1088 n.6 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2002) (“Even though there may be evidence
which might indicate a contrary conclusion, the decision of the WCJ must be
affirmed if substantial evidence is presented to support the WCJ’s finding.”). Here,
the testimony and evidence presented to the WCJ entailed “relevant evidence as a
reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support” the finding that Gomez
suffered a recurrence of his knee injuries while at Roma. Stepp v. Workers’ Comp.
Appeal Bd. (FairPoint Commc’ns, Inc.), 99 A.3d 598, 601 n.6 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2014).
The Board did not err by affirming on this ground.
                             C. Statute of Limitations
             Acme next argues that Gomez’s claim petition was untimely and that
the WCJ and the Board erred in determining that October 5, 2012, was the date of
injury. Section 315 of the Act, 77 P.S. § 602, provides a 3-year statute of repose for




                                         25
filing a workers’ compensation claim petition.7 The “‘[f]ailure to file a claim within
the statutorily prescribed period extinguishes the right, as well as the remedy, under
the . . . Act.’” Armco, 667 A.2d at 715 (quoting Berwick Indus. v. Workmen’s Comp.
Appeal Bd. (Spaid), 643 A.2d 1066, 1067 (Pa. 1994)).
                Citing to cases such as Armco, Acme and Roma emphasize that the
statute of repose begins to run on the date of injury, rather than the date of disability.
Acme and Roma further argue that where an employee has lost no time from work,
the date of injury is the date of diagnosis under Brooks v. Workmen’s Compensation
Appeal Board (Anchor Glass Container), 624 A.2d 821 (Pa. Cmwlth.), appeal
denied, 637 A.2d 291 (Pa. 1993), and Piad Corporation v. Workers’ Compensation
Appeal Board (Moskyok), 761 A.2d 640 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2000), appeal denied,
771 A.2d 1292 (Pa. 2001). Thus, Acme and Roma argue that the statute of repose
should have begun to run in 2010 after the 2010 MRI revealed a tear in Gomez’s
medial meniscus. Roma also argues (separately from Acme) that if this Court
determines that Gomez’s claim petition was timely, then the WCJ correctly found
that Acme was the responsible employer.
                In response to the arguments by the employers, Gomez argues that the
WCJ correctly determined that his date of injury was October 5, 2012. Gomez
argues that this matter is more analogous to USAir, Inc. v. Workmen’s Compensation


      7
          Section 315 of the Act provides, in pertinent part:
      In cases of personal injury all claims for compensation shall be forever barred,
      unless, within three years after the injury, the parties shall have agreed upon the
      compensation payable under this [Article III]; or unless within three years after the
      injury, one of the parties shall have filed a petition as provided in [Article IV]
      hereof.
(Emphasis added.)


                                                 26
Appeal Board (Schwarz), 634 A.2d 714 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1993).8 Under USAir, Gomez
argues, the date of injury in this case should be the final day of employment at Acme
because he suffered aggravations of his meniscus tear until the time he left.
             In Brooks, a machinist at a glass container manufacturer developed
carpal tunnel syndrome for which he received a diagnosis in May 1985. The
machinist continued to work until 1988 when he underwent surgery. The machinist
filed a claim petition in June 1989. Finding he filed his claim more than 3 years
after the date of his injury, the referee (predecessor to the WCJ) dismissed his
petition as untimely, and the Board affirmed. On appeal to this Court, we affirmed
as well. We reasoned that the machinist was aware of his injury in 1985 but failed
to file until nearly four years later. We also distinguished precedent from this Court
by noting that the machinist was aware of the work-relatedness of his injury when
he received his diagnosis and, in contrast to hearing loss cases, in Brooks there was
no “special difficulty as far as isolating a single moment in time when the injury has
occurred.” Brooks, 624 A.2d at 824.
             Months after we decided Brooks, we decided USAir. In USAir, a flight
attendant during the 1970s and 1980s developed pain in her feet as a result of USAir
requiring her to wear high heels and be on her feet for long periods of time. In
October 1989, the flight attendant underwent surgery on her feet and informed
USAir that her injuries were work related. In March 1990, the flight attendant filed
a claim petition. The flight attendant’s surgeon opined that her injuries were
“certainly aggravated” after the initial onset of foot pain by continuing to work long

      8
          Gomez also cites to Curran v. Workmen’s Compensation Appeal Board (Maxwell
Industries), 664 A.2d 667 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1995), appeal denied, 673 A.2d 337 (Pa. 1996), and
Roberts v. Workers’ Compensation Appeal Board (Double R Enterprises), 719 A.2d 847 (Pa.
Cmwlth. 1998), but does not develop an argument regarding those cases.


                                           27
hours in high heels. USAir, 634 A.2d at 715 (emphasis omitted). The referee
dismissed her claim as untimely under Section 311 of the Act9 (providing a 120-day
period for providing notice to the employer of an injury); the referee reasoned that
she had known about her injuries for 10 years but failed to notify USAir.
                 On appeal to this Court, we vacated and remanded so that the referee
could make a finding of fact addressing the credibility of the flight attendant’s
surgeon’s opinion that the flight attendant aggravated her injuries. If the flight
attendant suffered daily aggravations, the date of injury would be her last day
worked, but we were precluded in our analysis due to the lack of a factual finding
regarding that testimony.10 Notably, in USAir, we distinguished Brooks. We
explained that Brooks was distinguishable because, unlike the flight attendant in
USAir, the machinist in Brooks “presented no medical evidence to the effect that by
performing daily work duties, [the machinist] suffered a new injury each day on the
job.” USAir, 634 A.2d at 718 n.7.
                 In Piad, the employer’s two successive insurance carriers disputed
which would be held liable to a tool and die maker diagnosed with carpal tunnel
syndrome, epicondylitis, and tendonitis. The first carrier was the carrier when the
tool and die maker first became symptomatic for his injuries but before he received
a medical diagnosis or incurred any medical expenses. The second carrier was the

       9
           77 P.S. § 631.
       10
           Judge McGinley concurred in USAir, and wrote separately to recount extensively the
not-always-clear nature of the caselaw in this area. USAir, 634 A.2d at 719-25 (McGinley, J.,
concurring). He concluded, “I believe we must establish a uniform approach to these types of
cases and that claimants suffering work-related injuries similar to the one here should receive
benefits.” Id. at 725. Concerning notice under Section 311 of the Act, Judge McGinley wrote:
“Although employers certainly have an interest in learning of such matters at the earliest possible
date[,] the penalty of dismissing otherwise meritorious claims because the claimant continues to
work with pain after a diagnosis is very unfair and not within the spirit of the Act.” Id.

                                               28
carrier when the tool and die maker received the diagnosis and subsequent medical
expenses. We determined that the date of diagnosis, the latter of the two potential
injury dates, was the operative date in Piad.
               We agree with Gomez that the 3-year statute of repose began to run on
the last day that he aggravated his meniscus tear—October 5, 2012. While USAir
addressed the date of injury as it applied to timeliness under Section 311 of the Act
(relating to notice to an employer), both the Supreme Court and this Court have
applied the same logic to timeliness under Section 315 of the Act.                       Armco,
667 A.2d at 717; Williamette Indus., 647 A.2d at 668. Aggravations are treated as
new injuries. “Accordingly, the last day the aggravation occurs, which will most
often be the last day of work, is the date from which the [3-]year limitation should
be calculated.” Armco, 667 A.2d at 717. Here, the WCJ determined that Gomez
suffered continuous aggravations of his meniscus tear until he left his employment
with Acme. That determination is supported by the credited testimony of Gomez
and Dr. Lipton. Thus, Gomez’s last day at Acme was his “date of injury” for
purposes of Section 315 of the Act. The Board did not err, therefore, by determining
that Gomez’s claim petition was timely.11
                                   D. Reasoned Decision
               Section 422(a) of the Act, 77 P.S. § 834, requires that a WCJ issue a
reasoned decision, providing, in pertinent part:
               All parties to an adjudicatory proceeding are entitled to a
               reasoned decision containing findings of fact and
       11
          The cases cited by the employers, Brooks and Piad, are inapplicable. As we noted in
USAir, Brooks did not involve medical evidence of aggravations of the machinist’s injury. See
USAir, 634 A.2d at 718 n.7. Piad appears to be useful to the limited situations where a court must
address which of an employer’s successive insurance carriers was responsible for benefits. Neither
aid in our analysis of determining the date of injury where there is medical evidence of regular
aggravations following a diagnosis.

                                               29
            conclusions of law based upon the evidence as a whole
            which clearly and concisely states and explains the
            rationale for the decisions so that all can determine why
            and how a particular result was reached. The workers’
            compensation judge shall specify the evidence upon which
            the workers’ compensation judge relies and state the
            reasons for accepting it in conformity with this section.
            When faced with conflicting evidence, the workers’
            compensation judge must adequately explain the reasons
            for rejecting or discrediting competent evidence.
            Uncontroverted evidence may not be rejected for no
            reason or for an irrational reason; the workers’
            compensation judge must identify that evidence and
            explain adequately the reasons for its rejection. The
            adjudication shall provide the basis for meaningful
            appellate review.
To be “reasoned,” a WCJ must issue a decision that permits an appellate court to
exercise adequate appellate review without further elucidation. Ace Wire Spring and
Form Co. v. Workers’ Comp. Appeal Bd. (Walshesky), 93 A.3d 923, 934 (Pa.
Cmwlth.), appeal denied, 104 A.3d 6 (Pa. 2014). In order to satisfy this standard,
however, a WCJ does not need to discuss every detail of the evidence in the record.
Dorsey v. Workers’ Comp. Appeal Bd. (Crossing Constr. Co.), 893 A.2d 191, 194
n.4 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2006), appeal denied, 916 A.2d 635 (Pa. 2007).             Rather,
Section 422(a) of the Act requires a WCJ to issue a reasoned decision so that this
Court does not have to “imagine” the reasons why a WCJ made a particular
credibility determination or how the WCJ reached a particular conclusion. Id.
at 196.
            Here, only Acme argues that the WCJ’s decision is not reasoned.
Though Acme couches this argument in terms of how reasoned the decision was
under Section 422(a) of the Act, Acme appears to argue that Findings of Fact 14, 15,
and 18 are not supported by substantial evidence, as opposed to arguing that the
decision lacks adequate explanation. In Finding of Fact 14, the WCJ rejected

                                        30
portions of Dr. Elia’s testimony and found such testimony to be not credible. In
Finding of Fact 15, the WCJ rejected portions of Dr. Nolan’s testimony and found
such testimony to be not credible. The WCJ adequately explained the basis for these
credibility determinations. In Finding of Fact 18, the WCJ summarized the factual
determinations relative to the injuries sustained by Gomez. By arguing that the
WCJ’s credibility determinations with respect to Dr. Elia’s and Dr. Nolan’s
testimony and overall factual determinations are not supported by substantial
evidence, Acme is essentially asking this Court to reweigh the evidence and make
alternative credibility determinations, which we will not do. See Elk Mountain Ski
Resort, Inc., 114 A.3d at 32 n.5. As explained more fully above, the WCJ’s
determination that Gomez sustained a work-related injury while working for Acme
on October 5, 2012, is supported by the record—i.e., Dr. Lipton’s and Gomez’s
testimony.
                                 E. Joinder Petition
             Acme’s final argument is that substantial evidence supported a denial
of the claim petition or, at the very least, a grant of the joinder petition. Aside from
rearguing prior sections of its brief, Acme’s argument seems to be that if Gomez
sustained daily aggravations at Acme, he sustained at least one future aggravation at
Roma. We reiterate that it is irrelevant whether there is evidence to support a
contrary finding; if substantial evidence supports the WCJ’s factual findings, we do
not disturb those findings on appeal. Williams, 862 A.2d at 143-44. The WCJ
determined that Gomez’s date of injury was his final day of work at Acme and, as
detailed above, that finding is supported by substantial evidence. The fact that the
WCJ could have made different findings is immaterial. We conclude, therefore, that
the WCJ did not err in denying the joinder petition.


                                          31
                               III. CONCLUSION
            Like many of our workers’ compensation cases involving repetitive
damage to a body part over a span of years, this case reflects the difficulty in
addressing the statutory requirements of the Act and the assignment of liability
where there are multiple employers. Nevertheless, Acme has failed to provide any
basis for which we should disagree with the adjudications by the WCJ and Board
below. Accordingly, we affirm the Board’s order.




                                         P. KEVIN BROBSON, Judge


Judge Fizzano Cannon did not participate in the decision of this case.




                                        32
       IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA


Acme Standex,                         :
                       Petitioner     :
                                      :
           v.                         :   No. 1397 C.D. 2017
                                      :
Workers’ Compensation Appeal          :
Board (Gomez and Roma                 :
Aluminum Co. Inc.),                   :
                      Respondents     :



                                    ORDER


           AND NOW, this 20th day of November, 2018, the order of the Workers’
Compensation Appeal Board is AFFIRMED.




                                      P. KEVIN BROBSON, Judge
