                               In the
    United States Court of Appeals
                 For the Seventh Circuit
                           ____________

No. 07-2001
DAVID L. WOODS,
                                 Intervenor Plaintiff-Appellant,
                                  v.

ED BUSS, Superintendent,
                                              Defendant-Appellee.
                           ____________
             Appeal from the United States District Court
      for the Southern District of Indiana, Indianapolis Division.
              No. 06 C 1859—Richard L. Young, Judge.
                           ____________
        SUBMITTED MAY 3, 2007—DECIDED MAY 3, 2007
                PUBLISHED AUGUST 9, 2007Œ
                      ____________

    Before BAUER, KANNE, and EVANS, Circuit Judges.
  PER CURIAM. David Woods is scheduled to be executed
by lethal injection on May 4, 2007 at 12:01 A.M. by the
State of Indiana. He challenges Indiana’s method of
lethal injection. The district court denied Woods’ motion
for a preliminary injunction and denied him a stay of
execution. We affirm the district court’s decision denying
Woods’ motion for preliminary injunction. We deny his
request for a stay of execution.


Œ
  This decision was originally released as an unpublished order.
Upon request, the panel has determined that this decision
should now issue as a published opinion. Minor punctuation and
grammar changes have been made.
2                                              No. 07-2001

                      I. HISTORY
  On April 7, 1984, David Woods stabbed to death a 77
year-old man in order to steal $130 in cash and a television
that Woods later resold for $20. Woods v. McBride, 430
F.3d 813, 815-16 (7th Cir. 2005). Woods was convicted of
murder and robbery and was sentenced to death. Id. at
816. His case proceeded through direct and post-conviction
review in the Indiana state courts and habeas review
through the federal courts. Woods v. McBride, 430 F.3d
813 (7th Cir. 2005), cert. denied, 127 S. Ct. 391 (2006).
Yesterday, we denied Woods’ request for a Certificate of
Appealability for a second habeas petition and refused his
request for a Stay of Execution. Woods v. Buss, 07-1951
(7th Cir. May 2, 2007).
  On March 5, 2007, Woods sought leave to intervene in a
preexisting lawsuit challenging Indiana’s lethal injection
method. Timberlake v. Buss, 06-CV-1859 (S.D. Ind). Woods
was granted leave to intervene on April 10, 2007, filed a
statement of claims on April 17, 2007 and filed a motion
for a preliminary injunction and stay of execution on April
18, 2007. On May 1, 2007, the district court denied Woods’
motion for preliminary injunction and request for a stay of
execution.


                     II. ANALYSIS
  “We review the denial of a preliminary injunction for an
abuse of discretion.” Autotech Tech. Ltd. Partnership v.
Automationdirect.com, 471 F.3d 745, 748 (7th Cir. 2006)
(citing Goodman v. Ill. Dep’t of Fin. & Prof’l Regulation,
430 F.3d 432, 437 (7th Cir. 2005)). In reviewing the dis-
trict court’s decision, “we examine legal conclusions de
novo [and] finding of facts for clear error.” Joelner v.
Village of Washington Park, Illinois, 378 F.3d 613, 619-20
(7th Cir. 2004). “To prevail on a motion for a preliminary
No. 07-2001                                                3

injunction, the moving party must demonstrate (1) a
likelihood of success on the merits; (2) a lack of an ade-
quate remedy at law; and (3) an irreparable harm will
result if the injunction is not granted.” FoodComm Int’l. v.
Berry, 328 F.3d 300, 303 (7th Cir. 2003) (citations omitted).
If the moving party meets the first three requirements,
then the district court balances the relative harms that
could be caused to either party. Incredible Tech., Inc. v.
Virtual Tech., Inc., 400 F.3d 1007, 1011 (7th Cir. 2005).
  The district court rejected Woods’ claims on two grounds.
First, it held that Woods had failed to demonstrate that
Indiana’s lethal injection method violates the Eighth
Amendment prohibition on cruel and unusual punishment.
Second, the district court held that the last minute
nature of Woods’ claims strongly counseled against
granting him relief.
  The Supreme Court has recognized that the prisoner
may challenge the means of his execution pursuant to 42
U.S.C. § 1983 to determine whether the method complies
with constitutional requirements. Nelson v. Campbell, 541
U.S. 637, 644 (2004). “The unnecessary and wanton
infliction of pain constitutes cruel and unusual punish-
ment forbidden by the Eighth Amendment.” Hope v. Pelzer,
536 U.S. 730, 737 (2002) (quotations and citations omit-
ted). To succeed on an Eighth Amendment claim, the
plaintiff must demonstrate both that there is an objectively
serious deprivation and the deprivation was done with
deliberate indifference. Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825,
834 (1994).
  In its May 1, 2007 decision, the district court determined
that the individuals responsible for Woods’ execution are
sufficiently trained and experienced and are governed by
appropriate procedures to ensure that there is not a
“significant” or “unnecessary risk that Woods will suffer
unnecessary pain during the execution process.” Dist. Ct.
4                                               No. 07-2001

May 1, 2007 Op. at pg. 3. The district court also concluded
that “Woods’ allegations concerning deficiencies in the
execution protocol are simply off base.” Id. at pg. 9.
Finally, the district court determined that Woods could
not demonstrate either a deprivation of his constitutional
right to be free from “unnecessary and wanton infliction of
pain,” nor deliberate indifference by the defendant. Id.
at pgs. 9-10.
  We hold that the district court did not abuse its discre-
tion in deciding that the execution of Woods pursuant to
Indiana’s lethal injection method does not violate Woods’
constitutional rights. The district court properly considered
the applicable law governing the Eighth Amendment and
properly applied it to Indiana’s lethal injection method. We
adopt the reasoning of the district court’s decision of May
1, 2007 as our own.
  We are also particularly mindful of the fact that Woods
is pursuing this additional “eleventh hour” attempt to
delay his execution. “A court may consider the last-minute
nature of an application to stay execution in deciding
whether to grant relief . . . . [T]here is a strong equitable
presumption against the grant of a stay where a claim
could have been brought at such a time as to allow consid-
eration of the merits without requiring entry of a stay.”
Nelson v. Campbell, 541 U.S. 637, 649 (2004).


                   III. CONCLUSION
  The district court’s decision denying Woods’ motion for
preliminary injunction is AFFIRMED. Woods’ application
for a Stay of Execution is DENIED.
                       UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                       SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF INDIANA


NORMAN TIMBERLAKE,                             )
                                               )
                    Plaintiff,                 )
                                               )
MICHAEL ALLEN LAMBERT,                         )
DAVID LEON WOODS,                              )
                                               )     No. 1:06-cv-1859-RLY-WTL
                    Intervenor Plaintiffs,     )
      vs.                                      )
                                               )
ED BUSS, Superintendent,                       )
Indiana State Prison,                          )
                                               )
                    Defendant.                 )



   Entry Discussing David Leon Woods’ Motion for Preliminary Injunction

       This cause came before the court on April 26, 2007, for a hearing on the
motion for preliminary injunction of intervenor plaintiff,David Leon Woods. Mr. Woods
was present through his counsel of record and the defendant was present through
his counsel of record. In addition, intervenor plaintiff Lambert and plaintiff Timberlake
were present through their counsel of record.

      This Entry contains the court’s findings of fact and conclusions of law. Fed. R.
Civ. P. 52(a).

                                   I. Background

      As used herein, “plaintiff” or “Woods” refers to David Leon Woods, and
“defendant” or “Superintendent” refers to Indiana State Prison Superintendent Ed
Buss.

        The action was originally filed by Norman Timberlake, who is also on Indiana’s
death row at the Indiana State Prison. Woods and Michael Lambert (“Lambert”)
sought leave to intervene through motions filed on March 5, 2007. These motions
were granted on April 10, 2007. Woods and Lambert then filed their respective
statement of claims on April 17, 2007. This was followed, in Woods’ case, with the
filing of his application for a preliminary injunction on April 18, 2007.
       Woods’ claim is that the combination of drugs to be used by the
Superintendent, in the absence of trained personnel and with inadequate monitoring
of Woods’ condition once the procedure is underway, creates a serious risk that the
drugs will not be properly administered and that errors in these steps will likely cause
Woods to suffer excruciating pain of actual suffocation when the second of the three
drugs is given and/or the extreme generalized burning sensation, massive muscle
cramping, and cardiac arrest from the third of those chemicals. These
circumstances, according to Woods, violate his rights under the Eighth Amendment
to the United States Constitution. The relief Woods seeks in joining this action is an
injunction prohibiting the Superintendent from executing Woods by the proposed
means of lethal injection. He does not challenge either his conviction or his sentence
and does not seek to prevent the State of Indiana from executing him by lethal
injection in a lawful manner. The relief Woods seeks through his application for a
preliminary injunction is to preserve the status quo until the merits of his claim (and
the claims of his co-plaintiffs) can be established.

      Superintendent Buss has answered Woods’ claim and has responded to the
application for a preliminary injunction. In addition, Superintendent Buss filed a
motion for summary judgment based in part on the argument that Woods failed to
exhaust available administrative remedies prior to joining this lawsuit. That motion
has been denied through a separate written ruling issued concurrent with this Entry.

       The issues which arise from Woods’ application for a preliminary injunction
and the Superintendent’s response to it are: 1) whether Woods’ challenge has been
timely brought or whether Woods has delayed unnecessarily in seeking relief; and
2) whether Woods shows a significant probability of success on the merits.

                                 II. Findings of Fact

       1.     Woods has been sentenced to death by an Indiana court. His
challenges to his conviction and sentence have been unsuccessful. He is presently
confined at the Indiana State Prison in Michigan City. When Woods sought to
intervene in this action he had been on death row at the Indiana State Prison for at
least 17 years.

     2.    Woods’ execution has been set to be carried out before dawn on Friday,
May 4, 2007. The Order setting that execution date was issued by the Indiana
Supreme Court on March 26, 2007.

       3.     Under Indiana law, death sentences shall be carried out by “intravenous
injection of a lethal substance or substances . . . in a quantity sufficient to cause the
death.” IND. CODE § 35-38-6-1(a). Details of the execution are left to the Indiana
Department of Correction to implement. IND. CODE § 35-38-6-1(d).

                                           2
      4.     The protocol which will be used in the impending execution is
established in Operation Directive ISP 06-26 (March 6, 2007) (hereafter “Directive
06-26") and in select Indiana statutes. Superintendent Buss was principally
responsible for the composition of Directive 06-26, though he consulted various
sources in doing so. It is noted in one decision that “a typical lethal injection protocol
consists of administering a succession of three drugs to effect the inmate's death.
The first one, sodium pentothal, acts as an anesthetic, while the second,
pancuronium bromide, paralyzes the body and prevents the inmate from moving or
otherwise showing pain or discomfort. The final chemical, potassium chloride, is
what stops the heart and actually causes death.” Hill v. McDonough,
2006 WL 2556938 (N.D.Fla. September 1, 2006) (citing a study published in The
Lancet, "Inadequate Anaesthesia in Lethal Injection for Execution," Vol. 365, The
Lancet 1412-14 (April 16, 2005)). The chemicals to be used in the execution of
David Woods follow this typical lethal injection protocol. See Bieghler v. State, 839
N.E.2d 691, 695 (Ind. 2005): “Three drugs are injected in sequence: sodium
pentothal, a fast-acting anesthetic intended to render the prisoner unconscious;
pancuronium bromide, which stops a person's breathing; and potassium chloride,
which stops a person's heart.”

      5.    There have been 14 executions by lethal injections at the Indiana State
Prison since 1995. Superintendent Buss is an experienced prison administrator,
having performed various roles in 9 of those 14 executions at the Indiana State
Prison. He has supervised the most recent 3 executions in the State of Indiana as
Superintendent, a position he has held since August 2005.

        6.    Directive 06-26 is to be implemented through a series of procedures set
forth in the Directive itself. As might be expected, the successful implementation of
Directive 06-26 depends on several individuals with distinct responsibilities. Those
individuals are sufficiently trained and experienced, and the procedures to guide
them in carrying out their responsibilities are sufficiently detailed, so as to not create
a significant and unnecessary risk that Woods will suffer unnecessary pain during
the execution process. Directive 06-26 itself and the Superintendent’s approach to
this task show that the planning and preparation for Woods’ execution have been
undertaken with great care. By way of illustration:

      a.     Woods has undergone a physician’s assessment in recent weeks to
      determine whether there will be difficulty in locating a suitable site for the
      intravenous injection. That assessment yielded a prediction that a suitable
      vein will be found with little or no difficulty.

      b.    The mixture and injection of the chemicals is carefully arranged by
      members of the IV team. The chemicals are mixed approximately 40 minutes
      before they are to be used. All members of the IV team, and some members

                                            3
      of the injection team, have now been trained in IV therapy and are now
      certified to start, maintain and sustain intravenous lines. The injection site is
      monitored, as is the tubing. A physician is in the immediate vicinity of the
      execution chamber if needed for either consultation, inspection or repair of
      any aspect of the intravenous line.

      c.     The sequence of the chemical injections is directed by the
      Superintendent, who with trained members of his staff determine when
      injection of the next chemical is appropriate. If a line becomes infiltrated, or if
      there is leakage or stoppage, for example, that situation would be rectified
      before continuing with either completion of the chemical presently being
      injected or injection of the next chemical.

      d.     Two complete sets of syringes are prepared. One set is used as a
      backup in the event the first attempt fails. The syringes are numbered and
      color coded.

      e.     After being escorted to the execution chamber, the offender is placed
      onto a stationary surgical gurney with his arms exposed. His arms are
      fastened to the gurney at the wrist, and his legs are fastened to the gurney,
      each with leather restraints. Bilateral IV fluid drips are established in the veins
      of the inmate's arms. One line is selected as the line in which the chemicals
      are placed. The IV line is started with a saline solution. The catheter is held
      to the arm with tape. The purpose of the first chemical, sodium pentothal, is
      to act as an anesthetic. The effectiveness of the sodium pentothal is
      confirmed before the second chemical is injected. This is done through
      confirmation that the offender has lost consciousness, shows no reflex or
      muscle response and has no response to noxious stimuli (ammonia tablets).

      f.    When the injection process is complete, the physician enters the room
      to check the offender for signs of life. The actual time of death is when the
      physician pronounces death.

      7.     The injunctive relief sought by Woods could not be granted without
preventing the State of Indiana from carrying out the execution of Woods on May 4,
2007. That could only be accomplished in the present case through the entry of a
stay of that execution. See Resendiz v. Livingston, 2006 WL 1787989 (S.D.Tex.
June 26, 2006)(explaining the last-minute challenge to the Texas lethal-injection
process as a request for a stay of execution). Indeed, the relief Woods seeks in his
application for a preliminary injunction is “a preliminary injunction presenting [sic:
preventing] the Defendant from executing him by means of lethal injection protocol
under the protocol currently in effect in the State of Indiana.”



                                           4
       8.    Any findings of fact which should be treated as conclusions of law are
to be treated as such, and any conclusions of law that should be treated as findings
of fact should also be treated as such.

                               III. Conclusions of Law

      Based on the foregoing findings of fact, the court makes the following
conclusions of law:

        1.    Woods’ claim is brought pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983. This court has
subject matter jurisdiction over the claim pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1331, which
provides that "[t]he District Courts shall have original jurisdiction of all civil actions
arising under the Constitution, laws, or treaties of the United States." He seeks only
injunctive relief in this action. His claim is asserted against the Superintendent in his
official capacity only. Greenawalt v. Indiana Dept. of Corrections, 397 F.3d 587, 589
(7th Cir. 2005) (citing Luder v. Endicott, 253 F.3d 1020, 1024-25 (7th Cir. 2001)).

       2.     To state a claim under § 1983, a plaintiff must allege: 1) that he was
deprived of a right secured by the Constitution or laws of the United States; and 2)
that the deprivation was caused by a person acting under color of state law. Flagg
Bros., Inc. v. Brooks, 436 U.S. 149, 155-56 (1978).

       3.     In Nelson v. Campbell, 541 U.S. 637, 644 (2004), the Supreme Court
held that a condemned prisoner may raise an Eighth Amendment "cruel and unusual
punishment" challenge to a specific ancillary medical procedure that is not a
mandatory part of the execution protocol pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983. In Hill v.
McDonough,126 S. Ct. 2096, 2102 (2006), the Court held that the condemned can
challenge the drug cocktail under § 1983 so long as he accepts the inevitability of
execution. The Superintendent does not challenge the use of § 1983 as the proper
statutory vehicle to present Woods’ challenge, nor after Hill and Nelson does it
appear open to question. "A suit seeking to enjoin a particular means of effectuating
a sentence of death does not directly call into question the 'fact' or 'validity' of the
sentence itself--by simply altering its method of execution, the State can go forward
with the sentence." Nelson, 541 U.S. at 644.

       4.    Section 1983 is not itself a source of substantive rights; instead it is a
means for vindicating federal rights elsewhere conferred." Ledford v. Sullivan, 105
F.3d 354, 356 (7th Cir. 1997) (citing Baker v. McCollan, 443 U.S. 137, 144 n.3
(1979)). Accordingly, "the first step in any [§ 1983] claim is to identify the specific
constitutional right infringed." Albright v. Oliver, 510 U.S. 266, 271 (1994).

      5.     In the present case, it is the Eighth Amendment’s proscription against


                                            5
the imposition of cruel and unusual punishment which provides the applicable
constitutional protection. Helling v. McKinney, 509 U.S. 25, 31 (1993) ("It is
undisputed that the treatment a prisoner receives in prison and the conditions under
which he is confined are subject to scrutiny under the Eighth Amendment."). To state
a conditions of confinement claim, a plaintiff must satisfy two prongs:

      [f]irst, the deprivation alleged must be, objectively, "sufficiently serious,"
      . . . ; a prison official's act or omission must result in the denial of "the
      minimal civilized measure of life's necessities" . . . second requirement
      follows from the principle that "only the unnecessary and wanton
      infliction of pain implicates the Eighth Amendment." . . . To violate the
      Cruel and Unusual Punishments Clause, a prison official must have a
      "sufficiently culpable state of mind.". . . In prison-conditions cases that
      state of mind is one of "deliberate indifference" to inmate health or
      safety.

Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825, 834 (1994) (citations omitted). In the particular
context presented by Woods’ claim, the pivotal question concerning the merits of this
claim is not what is optimally desirable, as, for example, in a surgical setting, but
rather what is minimally required to avoid a violation of the Eighth Amendment. See
generally Gregg v. Georgia, 428 U.S. 153, 173 (1976) (holding that punishments are
cruel when they "involve the unnecessary and wanton infliction of pain").

       6.     Hill and Nelson emphasize two critical factors in evaluating whether a
stay of execution should issue: (1) whether the inmate has delayed unnecessarily
in bringing the claim; and (2) whether the inmate shows a significant probability of
success on the merits. See Hill, 126 S. Ct. 2096; Nelson, 541 U.S. 649-50. Each
question is explored in the setting of Woods’ application for a preliminary injunction.

       7.    Because Woods seeks injunctive relief, he has the burden of proving
by a clear showing that a balancing of the equities falls in his favor. See Mazurek v.
Armstrong, 520 U.S. 968, 972 (1997).

      In assessing whether a preliminary injunction is warranted, a court must
      consider whether the party seeking the injunction has demonstrated
      that: 1) it has a reasonable likelihood of success on the merits of the
      underlying claim; 2) no adequate remedy at law exists; 3) it will suffer
      irreparable harm if the preliminary injunction is denied; 4) the
      irreparable harm the party will suffer without injunctive relief is greater
      than the harm the opposing party will suffer if the preliminary injunction
      is granted; and 5) the preliminary injunction will not harm the public
      interest.



                                            6
Kiel v. City of Kenosha, 236 F.3d 814, 815-16 (7th Cir. 2000) (citing Platinum Home
Mortgage Corp. v. Platinum Fin. Group, Inc., 149 F.3d 722, 726 (7th Cir. 1998)).

        8.    "[L]ike other stay applicants, inmates seeking time to challenge the
manner in which the State plans to execute them must satisfy all of the requirements
for a stay, including a showing of a significant possibility of success on the merits."
Hill v. McDonough, 126 S. Ct. 2096, 2104 (2006). There is in this context, moreover,
a temporal concern of unique significance. In Nelson, the Supreme Court set out the
factors relevant to granting a stay in the context of an impending execution:

      A stay is an equitable remedy, and equity must take into consideration
      the State's strong interest in proceeding with its judgment and . . .
      attempts at manipulation. Thus, before granting a stay, a district court
      must consider not only the likelihood of success on the merits and the
      relative harms to the parties, but also the extent to which the inmate
      has delayed unnecessarily in bringing the claim. Given the State's
      significant interest in enforcing its criminal judgments, there is a strong
      equitable presumption against the grant of a stay where a claim could
      have been brought at such a time as to allow consideration of the
      merits without requiring entry of a stay.

Nelson, 541 U.S. at 649-50 (citations and quotations omitted). The Supreme Court
has stressed the need to be wary of obvious dilatory tactics and to guard against
"abusive delay, which has been compounded by last-minute attempts to manipulate
the judicial process." Gomez v. United States Dist. Ct., 503 U.S. 653, 654 (1992)("A
court may consider the last-minute nature of an application to stay execution in
deciding whether to grant equitable relief."). With its issuance of Hill, the Supreme
Court reiterated a state's "important interest in the timely enforcement of a sentence"
and emphasized that "the federal courts can and should protect states from dilatory
. . . suits." See Hill, 126 S. Ct. at 2104. The Court also highlighted the equitable
powers of the federal courts "to dismiss suits [that are] speculative or filed too late
in the day." Id.; see also Smith v. Johnson, 440 F.3d 262, 263 (5th Cir. 2006).

       9.    This is a case where, indisputably, the equities tilt against Woods as to
the timing of his joinder in this case.

      a.     As noted, Woods was on Indiana’s death row for more than 17 years
      before joining in this lawsuit. The lawsuit itself was filed in December 2006,
      three months before Woods filed his motion to intervene. No judicial or
      legislative event in Indiana caused Woods’ challenge to the lethal injection
      protocol to become ripe in the past five months.

      b.    "[A] challenge to a method of execution may be filed at any time after
      the plaintiff's conviction has become final on direct review." Neville v.
      Johnson, 440 F.3d 221, 222-23 (5th Cir.) (citing White v. Johnson, 429 F.3d

                                          7
572, 574 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 126 S. Ct. 601 (2005)), cert. denied, 126 S.
Ct. 1192 (2006). Woods’ conviction became final on direct review on June 28,
1991.

 c.    The court took 35 days to act on Woods’ motion for leave to intervene.
Woods took nearly twice as long, 66 days, after Mr. Timberlake filed this
lawsuit before filing his motion for leave to intervene. Woods argues that his
action is not dilatory because his request to intervene was filed before an
execution date was set and that once he was allowed to intervene, Woods,
“complete[d] the necessary discovery for the preliminary injunction, proceeded
to an expedited hearing, and has complete[d] the evidentiary record.” This
argument was clearly rejected in Harris v. Johnson, 376 F.3d 414, 417 (5th
Cir. 2004). In responding to the same contention raised here, the court stated:

      That argument is nothing more than a restatement of the very
      thing the plaintiff is not entitled to do under Gomez, 503 U.S. at
      654, 112 S. Ct. 1652--namely, to wait until his execution is
      imminent before suing to enjoin the state's method of carrying it
      out. The denial of certiorari may well have cast the issue in a
      new and urgent light for Harris, but it also entitled the state to set
      a date for, and proceed with, his execution.

Id. (vacating a temporary restraining order and dismissing the § 1983
complaint). Although it was the denial of certiorari which Harris argued was
the path-clearing event in Harris, whereas it was the expectation of an
execution date being set which Woods assigns to that role in this case, the
point is the same: a challenge to the state’s method of execution could have
been brought years ago and only now, on the eve of his execution, has
Woods sought injunctive relief.

d.     The Supreme Court recognized in Hill that "[b]oth the State and the
victims of crime have an important interest in the timely enforcement of a
sentence," 126 S. Ct. at 2104, and nothing in Hill diminishes or disparages
this interest. The Court reiterated in Hill what it said in Nelson, 541 U.S. at
649-50, that a stay of execution is an equitable remedy, not available as a
matter of right, and that how federal courts considering granting a stay must
be "sensitive to the State's strong interest in enforcing its criminal judgments
without undue interference from the federal courts." Hill, 126 S. Ct. at 2104.
“That interest is heightened when lengthy state and federal proceedings
reviewing the conviction have run their course.” Baker v. Saar, 402 F.Supp.2d
606, 608 (D.Md. 2005).

e.     When considering the foregoing circumstances, and when considering
"the extent to which [Woods] has delayed unnecessarily in bringing the claim,"
Nelson, 541 U.S. at 649-650, and giving appropriate regard to the"strong

                                    8
      equitable presumption against the grant of a stay where a claim could have
      been brought at such a time as to allow consideration of the merits without
      requiring entry of a stay,” id., at 650, knowing that the merits of Woods’ claim
      in intervention could not be reached without the entry of a stay, Woods’
      application for a preliminary injunction must be denied on the basis of his
      delay in bringing (or joining) a challenge to the execution protocol.

       10. Even if the court could determine that Woods had asserted his claim in
this action in a timely manner (relative to consideration of his application for a
preliminary injunction), Woods would not be entitled to preliminary injunctive relief
on the grounds that there is not a reasonable likelihood of success on the merits of
the underlying claim. This conclusion rests on two conclusions. First, as explained,
Directive 06-26, both as written and as it will be applied, does not create a significant
and unnecessary risk that Woods will suffer unnecessary pain during the execution
process. Second, the defendant has negated the existence of the equally necessary
subjective element of an Eighth Amendment violation–the requirement of deliberate
indifference.

       11. To expand further on the first element of a viable Eighth Amendment
claim, several factors are pertinent:

      a.     First, several of Woods’ allegations concerning deficiencies in the
      execution protocol are simply entirely off base, wholly contradicted by the
      guidelines in Directive 06-26. For example, the allegations in paragraphs 11,
      12 and 26 of Woods’ statement of claim cannot actually be said to be at issue
      here because they are contradicted by the language of Directive 06-26.

      b.       Second, the court has noted that the objective prong of an Eighth
      Amendment violation requires a showing of the unnecessary and wanton
      infliction of pain. The critical question in this case is not what is optimally
      desirable, as, for example, in a surgical setting, but rather what is minimally
      required to avoid a violation of the Eighth Amendment. Forbes v. Edgar, 112
      F.3d 262, 267 (7th Cir. 1997) (“[a plaintiff] is not entitled to demand specific
      care. [He] is not entitled to the best possible care. [He] is entitled to
      reasonable measures to meet a substantial risk of serious harm to [him].”).

      c.     Third, as an inescapable matter of fact, an execution causes some pain
      and suffering for an inmate. Louisiana ex rel. Francis v. Resweber, 329 U.S.
      459, 464 (1947). "Punishments are cruel when they involve torture or a
      lingering death." In re Kemmler, 136 U.S. 436, 447 (1890). The court has
      found that Directive 06-26 does not create a significant and unnecessary risk
      that Woods will suffer unnecessary pain during the execution process. Woods
      offers two ripostes to this view. The first is that the standard of care advocated
      by his expert, Dr. Heath, should either be adopted as the Eighth Amendment
      standard or adopted in place of the Eighth Amendment standard. Neither

                                           9
      position is tenable. The second is that some problem could occur during the
      Woods execution because certain mishaps have occurred elsewhere during
      executions by lethal injection and because scenarios can be postulated for
      which Executive Directive 06-26 gives no specific guidance. Woods cannot,
      however, build a persuasive case for injunctive relief on events which
      occurred elsewhere in the absence of a showing that Executive Directive 06-
      26 shares the flawed procedures in those situations. What he is left with,
      therefore, is speculation that something will go amiss during his execution. He
      cannot rely on this possibility as the grounds for creating a substantial risk of
      harm.

      d.     The objective prong of the Eighth Amendment’s proscription against the
      imposition of cruel and unusual punishments is violated in this context only if
      the execution will involve the unnecessary and wanton infliction of pain, and
      this can be shown through the existence of protocols or procedures that
      create an "unnecessary risk" that such pain will be inflicted. Cooper v.
      Rimmer, 379 F.3d 1029, 1033 (9th Cir. 2004). Woods has not made this
      showing.

       12. An Eighth Amendment violation cannot be established without a
showing of the subjective prong that the Superintendent will exhibit deliberate
indifference in carrying out Executive Directive 06-26. "State officials are deliberately
indifferent if they 'know[ ] of and disregard[ ] an excessive risk to inmate health or
safety; the official[s] must both be aware of facts from which the inference could be
drawn that a substantial risk of serious harm exists, and [they] must also draw the
inference.'" Dunigan v. Winnebago County, 165 F.3d 587, 590-91 (7th Cir. 1999)
(quoting Farmer, 511 U.S. at 837). Not only has Woods failed to offer evidence of
deliberate indifference here, but Superintendent Buss has affirmatively negated the
existence of this element of an Eighth Amendment violation. “There is no liability
under the Cruel and Unusual Punishments Clause if a prison official has responded
reasonably to a risk of harm.” Doe v. Welborn, 110 F.3d 520, 523 (7th Cir. 1997)
(citing Farmer). "Whether one puts it in terms of duty or deliberate indifference,
prison officials who act reasonably cannot be found liable under the Cruel and
Unusual Punishments Clause." Farmer, 511 U.S. at 845.

       13. Additionally, Woods has not shown the existence of irreparable harm
through the mere possibility that some unforseen complication will result in a
lingering death causing Woods to suffer unnecessary pain. He cannot rely on this
possibility as the grounds for substantial risk of harm. Louisiana ex rel. Francis, 329
U.S. at 464; Beardslee v. Woodford, 395 F.3d 1064, 1075 (9th Cir. 2005); Reid v.
Johnson, 333 F.Supp.2d 543, 551 (E.D.Va. 2004).

     14. The last factor the court considers is whether the granting of the stay
sought by Woods would serve the public interest. The court cannot find this to be the


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case because, at least, Woods has shown no likelihood of prevailing on the merits
of his claims, and there is significant public interest in the carrying out of lawfully
imposed criminal judgments.

      15. In summary, a review of the preliminary injunction analysis in this case
could readily track the decision of Chief Judge Spencer in Lenz v. Johnson,
443 F.Supp.2d 785 (E.D.Va. 2006):

      !      “First, Lenz cannot establish the likelihood that he would sustain
      irreparable injury if the preliminary injunction request were denied. As courts
      have noted, the potential injury must be actual and imminent, and not
      theoretical or speculative.”

      !       “Second, the harm to Defendants if the preliminary injunction were
      granted is easy to grasp. The Supreme Court in Hill acknowledged the interest
      states have in enforcing their criminal judgments, and the Court was emphatic
      in stating that "[t]he federal courts can and should protect [s]tates from dilatory
      or speculative suits." [Hill,] 126 S. Ct. [at 2104]. Allowing illegitimate
      obstructions to the orderly administration of justice would certainly harm
      Defendants as they try to fulfill their public duties. Moreover, states have a
      recognized interest in ensuring the timely execution of death sentences. See
      Calderon v. Thompson, 523 U.S. 538, 556-57, 118 S. Ct. 1489, 140 L.Ed.2d
      728 (1998).”

      !      “Third, . . . Lenz is not likely to prevail on the merits of his Complaint.”

      !       “Fourth, with respect to the public interest, society's interest in
      retribution for criminal activity would erode rapidly if patently dilatory suits
      were permitted to derail the administration of justice time and time again. Lenz
      has been facing a sentence of death for almost six years. He has exhausted
      all state and federal avenues for challenging his sentence and the underlying
      conviction, yet, curiously, Lenz has raised these lethal injection arguments for
      the very first time in the instant § 1983 Complaint, filed shortly before his
      scheduled execution date. This area of law is not new, and Virginia's lethal
      injection protocol has not been an ever-changing mystery--certainly not in
      recent years. The motivation behind Lenz's last-minute Complaint is obviously
      to unjustifiably delay the inevitable. The Court finds that the equities weigh
      heavily in favor of denying Lenz's request for injunctive relief.”

The court in Lenz then cited Walton v. Johnson, No. 2:06cv258 (E.D.Va.), wherein
it had granted a stay of execution, only to find that the Fourth Circuit vacated the
stay of execution on the same day on which the stay was imposed. This court can
also refer to a case which traveled a similar path and which carries even more
weight. In Bieghler v. Donahue, No. 06-1300 (S.D.Ind. January 26, 2006), Chief


                                          11
Judge McKinney considered the § 1983 challenge to the method of execution
brought by an inmate on Indiana’s death row. After finding that this was the proper
remedial vehicle, after reciting the standard of its review pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §
1915A(b), and after reviewing the standard established in Nelson, Judge McKinney
denied Bieghler’s request for injunctive relief and dismissed the action, explaining:
“Bieghler has delayed unnecessarily in seeking relief. The equities now lie with the
ability of the State of Indiana to execute the sentence Bieghler received and which
has withstood decades of review.” Id., slip op. at p. 3. An immediate appeal was
taken. A panel of the Seventh Circuit, with one judge dissenting, stayed Bieghler’s
execution. 163 Fed.Appx. 419 (7th Cir. January 26, 2006). The case moved forward,
and the Supreme Court vacated the Seventh Circuit’s Order. 126 S. Ct. 1190 (U.S.
January 27, 2006). Bieghler’s execution then went forward. Although the literal
timing of Bieghler’s case and that of Woods are different relative to their anticipated
executions, analytically the timing is the same; no relief could be granted without
preventing the State from carrying out the executions as scheduled. See also White
v. Johnson, 429 F.3d 572, 574 (5th Cir. 2005)(affirming district court's dismissal of
a prisoner's section 1983 challenge to his execution because he delayed filing the
challenge until his execution was imminent despite being on death row for more than
six years).

                                   IV. Conclusion

        "A court considering a stay [of execution] must . . . apply 'a strong equitable
presumption against the grant of a stay where a claim could have been brought at
such a time as to allow consideration of the merits without requiring entry of a stay.'"
Hill v. McDonough, 126 S. Ct. 2096, 2104 (2006)(quoting Nelson v. Campbell, 541
U.S. 637, 650 (2004)). Woods has failed to overcome that strong equitable
presumption here. In addition, because the evidence shows that implementing
Directive 06-26 is not likely to "involve the unnecessary and wanton infliction of pain"
or to “involve torture or a lingering death," Woods has failed to demonstrate by a
preponderance of the evidence that any violation of his federally secured rights is
likely to occur in the course of his execution as presently scheduled. This means that
he has not shown a reasonable likelihood of success on the merits of the underlying
claim. He has also failed to establish any of the other factors required for the
issuance of a preliminary injunction. Based on the facts and law set forth in this
Entry, therefore, Woods’ application for a preliminary injunction, which is the
functional equivalent in the present circumstances of a stay of execution, must be
and is now DENIED.

        IT IS SO ORDERED.
                                                 _______________________________
                                                 RICHARD L. YOUNG, JUDGE
                                                 United States District Court
                                                 Southern District of Indiana
Date:     May 1, 2007
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No. 07-2001                                        17

A true Copy:
      Teste:

                   ________________________________
                   Clerk of the United States Court of
                     Appeals for the Seventh Circuit




               USCA-02-C-0072—8-9-07
