      NUMBERS 13-18-00454-CR AND 13-18-00456-CR

                    COURT OF APPEALS

             THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS

              CORPUS CHRISTI – EDINBURG


EVERETT CRAIG WILLIAMS,                                    Appellant,


                                  v.

THE STATE OF TEXAS,                                        Appellee.


             On appeal from the 94th District Court
                  of Nueces County, Texas.


                  MEMORANDUM OPINION

         Before Justices Benavides, Perkes, and Tijerina
            Memorandum Opinion by Justice Perkes
          Appellant Everett Craig Williams appeals his convictions from two causes. 1

Following a jury trial, 2 Williams was convicted of securities fraud under the Texas

Securities Act, a first-degree felony (appellate cause number 13-18-00456-CR), see TEX.

REV. CIV. STAT. ANN. art. 581-29(C)(4)(c), and aggregate theft of property valued at over

$100,000 but less than $200,000, a second-degree felony3 (appellate cause number 13-

18-00454-CR). See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. §§ 31.03(a), (e)(6), 31.09(a). The trial court

sentenced Williams to twenty years’ confinement in the Texas Department of Criminal

Justice, Institutional Division under the Texas Securities Act and fifteen years’

confinement for aggravated theft. Williams argues the evidence was insufficient to support

either jury verdict. We affirm.

                                             I.      BACKGROUND

A.        The Indictments

          On December 16, 2016, the State indicted Williams under the Texas Securities

Act.4 See TEX. REV. CIV. STAT. ANN. art. 581-29. The State alleged Williams, acting on

behalf of Favor Ministries, Incorporated, 5 sold securities for interest in real estate




       1
         Because the matters in both appeals are related, we issue this single memorandum opinion
addressing both appellate causes in the interest of judicial efficiency.
          2
        The causes were not consolidated at the trial level, but the parties agreed to try the cases
contemporaneously.
          3
           The legislature has since amended the statute to increase the value of the property stolen for
purposes of assessing punishment, but the amendment does not apply to this case. See Act of May 19,
2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., ch. 323, § 1, sec. 3(c)(5), 2011 Tex. Gen. Laws 941, 942 (amended 2017) (current
version at TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 31.03(e)(6)) (providing that the amendments apply only to an action
filed on or after September 1, 2017). We will cite the prior version where it materially differs from the current
version.
          4
              The State amended its indictment on April 13, 2017, to include complaining witness, Robert
Pierce.
          5
              Favor Ministries is a Nevada-based, non-profit corporation principally run by Williams.


                                                        2
properties through “investment contracts, promissory notes, and evidences of

indebtedness to each of the persons listed below,” in the following amounts:

       DATE          NAME                 AMOUNT
       05/12/2011    John McNeill         $50,000
       07/24/2011    Errol White          $25,000
       09/04/2011    Errol White          $20,000
       09/07/2011    Errol White          $5,000
       12/20/2011    Janet Kearney        $70,000
       04/18/2012    Robert Pierce        $20,000
       04/21/2012    Robert Pierce        $5,000

       The State alleged all said amounts were fraudulently “obtained pursuant to one

scheme and continuing course of conduct, and the aggregate amount obtained was

$100,000 or more.” The State additionally alleged that fraud had been committed “in

connection with the sales and offer for sale of said securities” by intentionally failing to

disclose the following material judgments and financial conditions:

       . . . on or about July 26, 2004, the defendant was the subject of a
       judgment . . . in Harris County, Texas, in the amount of $10,134.60, . . .

       . . . on or about August 30, 2004, the defendant was the subject of a default
       judgment . . . in Nueces County, Texas, in the amount of $1,725,000.00
       plus $3[,]500 for attorney’s fees, . . .

       . . . on or about March 7, 2005, the defendant was the subject of a final
       judgment . . . in Nueces County, Texas, in the amount of $362,296.10 plus
       $115,050 for attorney fees, . . .

       . . . on or about January 25, 2006, the defendant was the subject of a
       judgment . . . in Nueces County, Texas, in the amount of $6,923.66 plus
       $4,467.69 for attorney’s fees, . . .

       . . . on or about July 17, 2006, the defendant was the subject of a
       judgment . . . in the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District
       of Texas, Corpus Christi Division, in the amount of $352,277.57, . . .

       . . . on or about August 28, 2007, a Notice of Federal Tax Lien was filed by
       the Internal Revenue Service in the records of the Nueces County Clerk’s
       office against [Williams] in the amount of $216,744.20 for tax periods ending
       12/31/2002, 12/31/2005, 12/31/2006, . . .



                                             3
      . . . on or about January 31, 2008, the defendant was the subject of a final
      judgment . . . in Nueces County, Texas, in the amount of $176,500 plus
      $15,000 for attorney’s fees, . . .

      . . . on or about July 25, 2008, the defendant was a subject of a judgment
      in . . . in Bexar County, Texas, in the amount of $55,302.40, . . .

      . . . on or about February 27, 2009, the defendant was the subject of a
      judgment . . . in United States Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of
      Texas, Corpus Christi Division, in the amount of $284,571.01 as actual
      damages, plus $1,500,000.00 as exemplary damages, plus $719,193.86
      attorney’s fees, . . .

      . . . on or about June 30, 2009, a Notice of Child Support Lien was filed
      [against Williams] . . . in the amount of $15,033.20 as a result of a child
      support order entered on 3/25/2008, . . .

      . . . on or about September 9, 2010, a forcible entry and detainer judgment
      [was entered against Today’s Solutions, a company owned by
      Williams] . . . in Williamson County, Texas, in the amount of $7,005, . . .

      . . . that investor funds used to pay personal expenses of the defendant,
      said information being of material fact; and intentionally failing to disclose
      that prior investment programs sold by the defendant . . . had not performed
      as promised and that clients who were sold interest in such programs had
      experienced significant losses of their investment, . . .

      . . . investor funds would be used for purposes other than those
      intended, . . .

      . . . the true financial condition of Favor Ministries and other companies that
      defendant was affiliated with and the personal financial condition of
      [Williams], . . .

      On April 13, 2016, Williams was also separately indicted on one count of

aggregated theft for unlawfully appropriating more than $100,000 but less than $200,000.

See Act of May 19, 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., ch. 323, § 1, sec. 3(c)(5), 2011 Tex. Gen.

Laws 941, 942 (amended 2017) (current version at TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 31.03(a),

(e)(6)). Appropriation by deception was alleged, and the indictment contained the same




                                            4
complaining witnesses and appropriated amounts as listed in the securities fraud

indictment.

B.     The Trial

       At trial, the State argued that Williams, through Favor Ministries and “The Favor

Investment Program,” sold investments promising two-fold returns, intended to use

investor funds for personal expenditures, and failed to disclose to investors that he

collectively owed millions in civil court judgments and other material financial information.

In support, the State admitted several thousand pages of exhibits into evidence and called

seven witnesses: the individual responsible for gathering investors for a commercial real

estate venture in Channelview, Texas; four complaining witnesses; and two Texas State

Securities Board employees.

       1.      Kenneth McNeill

       Kenneth McNeill (Kenneth), a UPS driver, testified he used to run his own

company, working with homeowners facing foreclosures and “providing, most of the time,

short sales to liquidate their house.” It was then, around 2007 or 2008, that he was first

introduced to Williams. Upon learning of Kenneth’s entrepreneurial aspirations, Williams

“offered to mentor [him] in commercial real estate.”

       After a first property venture arranged by Williams “fell through,”6 Kenneth said

Williams told him to “find some distressed apartment complexes so [they] c[ould]

purchase them and redo them.” Kenneth found a promising commercial real estate listing

in Channelview, Texas, and Williams took lead, operating thereafter under Favor



       6
          Kenneth said he was told by Williams that the owner of the property had been diagnosed with
cancer, and “. . . we stopped doing it when he got cancer.”



                                                 5
Ministries.7 The Channelview property owners wanted $2.1 million with “$50,000 down”

for the sale of the property, and Kenneth claimed Williams tasked him with finding

investors to cover the $50,000 down payment.8

        Kenneth testified he approached his 80-year-old father, John, and a man he knew

from church, White, in the spring of 2011 with the opportunity to invest and “[d]ouble” their

investment. According to Kenneth, John and White executed separate investment

contracts with Favor Ministries in the summer of 2011, before wiring and sending personal

checks payable to Favor Ministries but addressed to Williams’s personal residence.

        In October 2011, Kenneth began emailing Williams, inquiring about the status of

the Channelview investment. Following a series of emails,9 Kenneth testified he, John,

and White received two emails from Williams on January 11, 2012. In the first email,

Williams “apologize[d] for [his] delay,” assuring the three men that the deal would “close

by the end of [January 2012],” and if it did not, he would “return the investment within 90

days with a minimum of 25% and as much as a 100%.” Williams also asked them not to




        7
            Kenneth testified he was never employed by Favor Ministries in any capacity.
        8
         At trial, the State admitted several emails exchanged between Kenneth and Williams. In an email
dated May 4, 2011, Williams asked Kenneth to “come up with $60,000 [sic] partners on the 74 unit deal.”
The email concluded: “If not, how much can you guys come up with? It will be well worth it.”
        9
          On November 22, 2011, Kenneth sent an email to Williams accusing him of “ignoring” text
messages, phone calls, and emails. “I have my Father and [White] wanting to know what is going on with
their money and have NO answers for them. I am not happy with the position you have put me in. Your
actions are not of a Christian.” Williams responded the same day, stating in full: “Quit stressing. Everything
is fine.”
        Kenneth pressed again on November 28, 2011, demanding “answers” and complaining, in part: “I
am in the middle of $100,000 that Favor Ministries has for several deals . . . $50K was for [the]
[Channelview] deal and that is not happening and the money should be returned immediately to the
investors . . . . ” Williams responded several hours later, stating in full: “Your badgering tactics are offensive
and very disrespectful. My obligation is to perform. I will not respond until you shut up and back off. I have
already answered you and nothing has changed. I do not work for you and I am[] not one of your children.
You cannot make me do anything.”


                                                        6
contact the Channelview property seller so as not to “confuse” the seller “with multiple

conversations.”

        Several hours later, Williams sent an email proposing an “alternative to [their]

original agreement.” Williams reiterated that the Channelview property “should close

around” January 31, 2012. “If so, $100,000 [(]100 percent of the original $50,000) will be

repaid within 180 days of closing ($400 [sic] monthly beyond March until $100,000 is paid

in full.[)]” In the event the property “does not close,” Williams guaranteed “$72,000 (44%

return on $50,000 investment) will be paid by April 30th, 2012.”

        To Kenneth’s knowledge, neither his father nor White ever received their promised

compensation from Williams or recouped their initial investments. Kenneth also testified

he was unaware that Williams had outstanding judgments in excess of two million dollars

or that Williams had used investor funds for purposes other than those which were

promised.

        2.      John McNeill

        John testified that, upon learning of the investment opportunity through his son, he

took out a home equity loan and sent a $50,000 wire transfer to an account held by Favor

Ministries on May 12, 2011. The funds were sent for the sole purpose of investing in the

Channelview property.10 John further testified that though he did not speak to Williams in

person, the two men communicated extensively through emails. In a June 12, 2012 email



        10
          John received a letter dated May 12, 2011, issued on a Favor Ministries letterhead, and signed
by Williams, which read in relevant part:
        . . . You have agreed to invest the sum of Fifty Thousand ($50,000) Dollars which [sic]
        amount shall be applied towards the acquisition of the [the Channelview property].
        You have agreed to remit your investment funds by end of day, May 12, 2011, . . . to me
        by bank wire. In the event the closing of the acquisition of the [the Channelview property]
        is not consummated by May 31, 2011, we shall return to you in full your funds.


                                                    7
admitted at trial, John outlined the progression of previous conversations with Williams,

while expressing his concern that he would never “see [his] money again.”

       On 7/12/11, you said that the additional $25k would be paid back 1/12/12 in
       the amount of $32K. [O]n 1/11/12 (10:43am), you said that $50K plus 25-
       100% would be paid on 4/30/12. [O]n 1/11/12 (4:24pm), you said that $72K
       would be paid on 4/30/12. I lost the next e-mail somewhere in cyberspace
       but my recollection is that $72K would be forthcoming on 6/1/12. . . . What
       is going on? The money was for [Channelview]; that fell through and I have
       no idea where my money is[.]

       The $50,000 that John wired to Favor Ministries to be invested in the Channelview

property was never returned to him. Like Kenneth, John testified he was unaware that

Williams had any outstanding judgments or liens, that prior investments managed by

Williams had “not performed as promised,” or that the funds he provided were used to

pay for Williams’s personal expenses. When asked whether it would have affected his

decision to invest if he had known about the aforementioned, John responded, “Yes, I

would not have done it.”

       3.     Errol Wayne White

       White testified he was approached by Kenneth, a member of his church

congregation, about a commercial real estate opportunity requiring a $25,000 investment.

On July 24, 2011, White wrote a personal check addressed to Williams. White thereafter

received a letter dated July 28, 2011, signed by Williams, and written on a Favor Ministries

letterhead, which stated in part:

       This will confirm that it is our intention to acquire all of the outstanding
       member interests in and to [the Channelview Property]. You have agreed
       to invest the sum of Twenty[-]Five Thousand ($25,000) Dollars which [sic]
       amount shall be applied towards the acquisition of the [Channelview
       Property].

       . . . In the event the closing of the acquisition of the [Channelview Property]
       is not consummated by 1 September 2011 or agreed upon extension by



                                             8
         Favor Ministries and [the Channelview Property], we shall return to you in
         full your funds.

White was contacted several months later by Kenneth and Williams about a second

investment opportunity. Because White had not expected to be “made whole” or see a

profit until “after the purchase was actually made,” White said he saw no reason for

concern. On September 4, 2011, White executed a check payable to Favor Ministries for

the sum of $20,000. He issued Favor Ministries a subsequent check for $5,000 eight days

later.

         Just as Kenneth and John testified, White did not recover any of the money he

invested and said he was unaware of Williams’s prior outstanding judgments and financial

obligations, that prior investments had “not performed as promised,” or that Williams had

spent his investment on personal expenses.

         4.    Janet Marie Kearney

         Kearney testified that she reached out to Williams, her long-time friend, in 2011 to

inquire about a real estate seminar she had been invited to. “He told me[,] [‘]Jan, don’t

invest your money in that.[’] And then he went on to tell me that he had something that I

could invest my money in.” Kearney said the two met in person, and Williams presented

her with “some kind of architectural pictures or blueprint on a project that he was working

on.” Williams also gave Kearney an investment agreement, which was admitted at trial

and read, in part: “Kearney shall invest with Favor Ministries the sum of $70,000 to be

invested by Favor Ministries in such program or investments as Favor Ministries in its sole

discretion shall determine.” According to Kearney, Williams assured her that her

investments would grow more than two-fold: “I would be investing $70,000 in the




                                              9
beginning, and . . . the final sum would be 400,000 every six months for the total of 18

months.”

        Kearney testified that she had reservations about investing and initially refused to

sign Williams’s proposed contract. After she declined, Williams sent her two emails. One

was a forwarded email, informing her that Williams had a seller interested in selling a

property requiring investors. The other email stated, in part:

        . . . You have seen me winning for years. You have experienced your own
        personal success with my efforts, yet you still doubt me. Why do I have to
        convince you again? Am I not responsible for the most valuable asset you
        have?[11] Again, don’t answer that. I get it.

        I asked you on 3 separate occasions if you were sure and you said yes. I
        told you that I had a lot riding on your word. I just received an email this
        evening that my apartment complex was ready. The seller got his insurance
        check. I am now short of the cash to do the deals that will make me about
        $3,000,000. Your decision threatens my ability to capitalize on this
        opportunity.

        ...

        You wanted an opportunity and GOD provided it so don’t blame him for your
        situation later. I believe that you are overlooking your tommorrow [sic] but,
        it’s your tommorrow [sic], not mine. I have been hurt by a lot of people and
        unfortunately, all of them have been my own people. “I am done with helping
        us[.]”

        Again, I am sorry for anything that I have done or said to put you in an
        uncomfortable position. My intent was only to help you. . . .

        Thereafter, Kearney said she was the recipient of “continued” phone calls from

Williams. On December 20, 2011, Kearney stated she “caved in,” pulled money out of her

retirement account, and wired $70,000 to Favor Ministries for the purpose of investing in




        11
          Kearney testified that Williams was referencing to a time when he assisted her in purchasing her
home in 1987.


                                                   10
an unspecified real estate opportunity. According to Kearney, Williams’s assured her that

she would receive her financial return by May 2012.

       Like the other complaining witnesses, Kearney never recovered her investment,

and she was unaware of Williams’s outstanding civil judgments, history of misusing

investment funds, and intended use of her invested funds for personal expenses. Had

she known, Kearney stated she “wouldn’t have invested.”

       5.      Robert Pierce

       Pierce testified that he was contacted by Williams in early 2012 concerning a real

estate opportunity for a “tea farm” in Hawaii requiring a $20,000 investment. “He

approached me as a business—as a business deal. As a friend I told him, ‘I’ll just give

you a loan, you can pay me back the exact amount you gave me.’ He insisted it be a

business deal where I make a profit,” said Pierce, who added that the two solidified the

deal in writing.12 According to Pierce, the contract stipulated how much money he would

make “back in stages as installment payments based off of the investment.” Pierce made

two checks payable to Favor Ministries: on April 18, 2012, he signed a check for $20,000,

and on April 21, 2012, he signed a second check for $5,000. Soon after, Pierce “stopped

hearing from” Williams, “tried to contact [Williams] once and couldn’t get through,” and

ultimately never recuperated his $25,000 investment.

       Pierce testified that he knew Williams had “financial problems” and recalled being

told by Williams that he “owed money in taxes,” but maintained that such information was

not alarming because “a lot of people owe IRS for taxes.” Pierce stated, however, he was




       12
           Pierce stated that he had since “destroyed the document,” explaining that he did not want to
“hold on to things that make [him] remember how stupid [he was].”


                                                  11
unaware of any of Williams’s outstanding civil judgments and liens or that Williams sought

to use his investment funds for personal expenses.

       6.      Eliza Lujan

       Eliza Lujan, a financial examiner with the Texas State Securities Board, testified

that she reviewed “bank records from nine different banks,” “mortgage and closing

documents from five different title companies, credit card statements[,] and utility

records.” According to Lujan, monies from all four investors were deposited or wired

directly into one Favor Ministries account, wherein Williams and his wife, Claudia, were

the only authorized signers. In the immediate period following disbursement of investor

funds into the account, Lujan noted that the account was nearly depleted, and all recorded

expenditures were largely personal. Lujan confirmed not a single account reviewed

yielded a payment made in reference to the Channelview or Hawaiian property

investments.

               a.    John’s Investment

       Based on documents she reviewed, Lujan testified that on May 12, 2011, the Favor

Ministries bank account had a balance of $50. The only deposit made in a fifteen-day

period between May 12th through May 27th, was a $50,000 wire transfer from John.

Meanwhile, Lujan noted expenditures from the account included: a $24,334.15 check to

Waypoint Title of Austin for a “settlement cost”; cash withdrawals totaling $11,500; $2,000

to an account titled “Everett Williams at Velocity”; $1,611 to an automobile policy for two

vehicles registered to Williams; $1,000 payment to a person unknown to this case;

$943.47 check payable to Nueces Electric; $700 transfer to an account titled to Claudia;

and 700 store transactions from the San Marcos Outlet Mall. No transactions were made




                                            12
regarding the Channelview property. By May 27, 2011, the bank account balance was

$4,136.30.

                b.       White’s Investment

        Lujan testified that personal expenditures continued to be made out of the account

for the time period between July 25, 2011, and August 4, 2011. On July 25th, the account

balance was $9,493.54. Shortly thereafter, Williams deposited White’s $25,000 check.

For the eleven-day period that followed, there were only two other sources of funds,

amounting to less than $500. Expenditures for the eleven-day period totaled

$33,502.36,13 and the ending balance on the account was $1,472.67. No transactions

were made regarding the Channelview property.

        Lujan also examined the time period between September 6, 2011, and October

31, 2011. Lujan confirmed White’s second and third payments came in on September 6th

and September 13th, respectively, totaling $25,000. “Total source of funds” for this period,

including White’s payments, equaled $45,669.65. However, by the end of the examined

period, the Favor Ministries account balance reflected $135.22. Again, no transactions

were made regarding the Channelview property.14




         13
            Tracked expenditures from the account included: two cashier’s checks totaling $5,315.21, with
a memo line indicating that the expenses were for furniture and a private residence; a $5,000 check payable
to a law office; $3,825.48 to various retail stores; $3,438.62 to the mortgage company of Williams’s personal
residence and for payment of his residence’s utilities; and numerous travel, automobile maintenance,
restaurant, grocery, and miscellaneous expenses.
        14
           Expenditure sources included: $13,500.00 to five individuals unknown to the case; $4,599.95 to
Favor Ministries for a “Settlement Cost”; $5,000 for furniture; $3,079.56 to “All South Insurance”; $2,696.16
for “Dress Shop, Sam’s, Walmart, Home Depot, etc”; $1,868.5 in cash withdrawals; $2,000 to Kenneth;
$2,000 to “Sherriff’s Memorial Benevolent–Fire Relief”; $1,940.93 for “Automobile expenses”; and
numerous travel, restaurant, grocery, and miscellaneous expenses.


                                                    13
                c.      Kearney’s Investment

        Lujan noted that between December 21, 2011, through February 16, 2012, the

initial account balance was $33.58. On December 21st, the account received a wire

transfer from Kearney for $70,000. Additional sources of funds for that time period were:

$2,000 for a “2001 Chevy Venture”; $600 from Claudia’s checking account; and $175

from “Ultimate Trucking, LCC” for “Feb. Rent”. By the end of the reviewed period, the

account had a balance of $534.63. Lujan testified that none of the expenses in the time

period could be traced to one of the named business investments.15

                d.      Pierce’s Investment

        Lastly, Lujan testified regarding her reports of the account for April 18, 2012,

through May 7, 2012. On April 18, the account balance was $34.27. Pierce’s two checks,

totaling $25,000, were the sole source of funds for the examined period. By May 7,

Williams had spent $24,882.16, and his account balance was $152.11. Lujan, again,

stated all transactions appeared personal.

7.      Joseph Oman

        Joseph Oman, assistant director of enforcement at the Texas State Securities

Board and the State’s qualified Texas Securities Act expert, testified to the parameters of

the Act and opined as to whether, having reviewed the investment products in this case,

the Act was implicated.




       15
          For example, Lujan said $15,107.87 went to Williams’s private residence for multiple mortgage
payments, utilities, and home owner association fees; $10,399.29 went to furniture, clothing, beauty, and
home improvement stores; $8,084.00 was withdrawn as cash; $3,500.00 to a law office; $3,053.16 to
automobile expenses; $2,513.83 for medical and dental expenses; $1,664.01 in veterinarian costs; and
$1,617.12 for hotel and airline travel.


                                                   14
       Oman stated the signed documents that White, John, and Kearney executed

constituted a written “security in form of either an investment contract or evidence of

indebtedness.” Because there were no documents for Oman to review concerning Pierce,

Oman based his assessment off Pierce’s statements: “It sounded that he had the terms

of payment, which kind of mirrors [Kearney’s agreement], so it could be construed as an

investment contract too.”

       According to Oman, the only responsibility imposed on an investor is to act

“reasonabl[y].” With respect to (1) Williams’s numerous outstanding civil judgments,

totaling over $2 million, (2) Williams’s history of failed investments, which had “not

performed as promised,” and (3) Williams’s use of investor funds for personal expenses,

Oman affirmed such information would be “a material fact to a reasonable investor.”

       A jury returned a guilty verdict on both causes. This appeal follows.

                            II.     SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE

       Williams challenges the sufficiency of the evidence relating to the five-year statute

of limitations, applicable to both charges at issue. See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art.

12.01(4)(A) (setting out that the statute of limitations for felony theft is “five years from the

date of the commission of the offense”); TEX. REV. CIV. STAT. ANN. art. 581-29-1 (providing

that charges for securities fraud must be brought “before the fifth anniversary of the day

on which the offense is committed”). Specifically, Williams argues that the State did not

produce sufficient evidence to support a finding that the theft or securities fraud incidents

occurred in aggregation, “pursuant to one scheme or continuing course of conduct.” TEX.

PENAL CODE ANN. § 31.09; TEX. REV. CIV. STAT. ANN. art. 581-29-2. And absent evidence

of aggregation, because the statute of limitations run from the date of the last element of




                                               15
the last aggregated offense, which Williams asserts was also unsupported by the

evidence,16 he was thereby charged outside of the five-year limitation period.

A.      Standards of Review and Applicable Law

        When evaluating a sufficiency challenge, we consider the evidence in the light

most favorable to the verdict to determine whether “any rational trier of fact could have

found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” Chambers v.

State, 580 S.W.3d 149, 156 (Tex. Crim. App. 2019); see Brooks v. State, 323 S.W.3d

893, 895 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010) (plurality op.) (citing Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307,

319 (1979)). In our analysis, we give deference to “the responsibility of the trier of fact to

fairly resolve conflicts in testimony, to weigh the evidence, and to draw reasonable

inferences from basic facts to ultimate facts.” Hooper v. State, 214 S.W.3d 9, 13 (Tex.

Crim. App. 2007) (citing Jackson, 443 U.S. at 318–19); see TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN.

art. 38.04. When the record contains conflicting inferences, we presume that the trier of

fact resolved any such conflicts in favor of the prosecution, and we must defer to that

resolution. Padilla v. State, 326 S.W.3d 195, 200 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010). Additionally, we

treat circumstantial evidence as being equally probative as direct evidence. Guevara v.

State, 152 S.W.3d 45, 49 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004).




        16
            In his brief, Williams approaches each individual allegation of appropriation between himself and
an investor as a separate and distinct offense that the State should have been required to prove. Namely,
Williams argues there was no evidence of theft by deception with respect to Pierce, because Pierce “knew
[that he] had tax indebtedness and other financial problems,” and Pierce was “determined to loan [him]
money despite [Williams’s] financial condition.” However, under the aggregate theft and securities fraud
statutes, “the continuing course of conduct creates one event encompassing all the [incidents] alleged in
the time period in the indictment.” Martinez v. State, 527 S.W.3d 310, 323 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi–
Edinburg 2017, pet. ref’d). Therefore, we only address Williams’s challenge to sufficiency of the evidence
regarding the same scheme and continuing course of conduct for each cause, which is nonetheless
dispositive.


                                                    16
         Sufficiency of the evidence is measured by the elements of the offense as defined

by a hypothetically correct jury charge. Braughton v. State, 569 S.W.3d 592, 608 (Tex.

Crim. App. 2018) (citing Malik v. State, 953 S.W.2d 234, 240 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997)).

Such a charge is one that accurately sets out the law, is authorized by the indictment,

does not unnecessarily increase the State’s burden of proof or unnecessarily restrict the

State’s theories of liability, and adequately describes the particular offense for which the

defendant was tried. Id.

B.       Aggregate Theft

         A person commits the offense of theft if that person “unlawfully appropriates

property with the intent to deprive the owner of the property.” Id. § 31.03(a). The penal

code contains an aggregation provision, which provides that amounts obtained by theft

“pursuant to one scheme or continuing course of conduct, whether from the same or

several sources, may be considered as one offense.” TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 31.09.

When a defendant is charged with aggregate theft, however, “the state is not required to

prove each individual appropriation.” Kent v. State, 483 S.W.3d 557, 561 (Tex. Crim. App.

2016).

         “Appropriation” is unlawful if “it is without the owner’s effective consent.” Id.; see

also id. § 31.01 (“‘Effective consent’ includes consent by a person legally authorized to

act for the owner.”). “Deception” is defined, among other things, as:

         (A) creating or confirming by words or conduct a false impression of law or
         fact that is likely to affect the judgment of another in the transaction, and
         that the actor does not believe to be true;

         (B) failing to correct a false impression of law or fact that is likely to affect
         the judgment of another in the transaction, that the actor previously created
         or confirmed by words or conduct, and that the actor does not now believe
         to be true;



                                                17
          ...

          (E) promising performance that is likely to affect the judgment of another in
          the transaction and that the actor does not intend to perform or knows will
          not be performed, except that failure to perform the promise in issue without
          other evidence of intent or knowledge is not sufficient proof that the actor
          did not intend to perform or knew the promise would not be performed.

Id. § 31.01(1)(A), (B), (E); see Demond v. State, 452 S.W.3d 435, 454 (Tex. App.—Austin

2014, pet. ref’d).

          Here, aggregate theft was charged by deception.17 See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN.

§ 31.01(1)(A), (B), (E); see also Fernandez v. State, 479 S.W.3d 835, 838 (Tex. Crim.

App. 2016) (providing that evidence of “the deception must precede the consent given”).

Therefore, it was the State’s burden to prove that Williams unlawfully appropriated

property, valued at more than $100,000 but less than $200,000, by inducing “consent of

its transfer because of a deceptive act,” namely under § 31.01(A), (B), or (E) of the penal

code, and amounts obtained by theft were pursuant to one scheme or continuing course

of conduct. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. §§ 31.01(1)(A), (B), (E), 31.03(a), (e)(6);

Braughton, 569 S.W.3d at 608; Fernandez, 479 S.W.3d at 838.




17
     The jury charge, in applicable part, read as follows:
          . . . And said appropriations were without the effective consent of said owners in that
          consent was induced by deception, to wit: said defendant created or confirmed by words
          or conduct false impressions of fact that were likely to affect the judgment of said owners
          in the transactions and that the defendant did not believe to be true; or said defendant
          failed to correct false impressions of fact that were likely to affect the judgment of said
          owners in the transactions, that said defendant previously created or confirmed by words
          and conduct, and that said defendant did not at the time believe to be true; or said
          defendant promised performance that was likely to affect the judgment of others in the
          transactions and that the defendant did not intend to perform or knew would not be
          performed, except that failure to perform the promises in issue without other evidence of
          intent or knowledge is not sufficient proof that the defendant did not intend to perform or
          knew the promises would not be performed; . . .


                                                       18
       Williams principally argues, however, that the evidence is legally insufficient to

prove the thefts were all part of a same scheme or continuing course of conduct pursuant

to the aggregated theft statute. Williams contends that any alleged deceptive

appropriation concerning Pierce was too far removed from the appropriation of the

remaining three complainants because it was “interrupted by 4 months intervening

between his dealing with Ms. Kearney” and it concerned an unrelated property.

       We are unpersuaded by Williams’s blanket declarations and instead find evidence

of same scheme and continuing course of conduct following an analysis of the means

and methods employed by Williams in his commission of the offense. See TEX. PENAL

CODE ANN. § 31.09; see generally TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 311.011(a) (“Words and

phrases shall be read in context and construed according to the rules of grammar and

common usage.”); see also Lyon v. State, No. 02-17-00195-CR, 2018 WL 6816209, at *7

(Tex. App.—Fort Worth Dec. 27, 2018, pet. ref’d) (mem. op., not designated for

publication) (providing that the words “scheme” and “continuing course of conduct” are

“terms of common understanding” (quoting Sendejo v. State, 676 S.W.2d 454, 456 (Tex.

App.—Fort Worth 1984, no pet.))); see, e.g., Ex parte Nugent, 593 S.W.3d 416, 426–27

(Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2019, no pet.) (finding evidence of same scheme and

continuing course of conduct in real estate aggregate theft case where defendants filed

fraudulent deeds to insert themselves into the chains of title for multiple properties and

sold the properties to third parties).

       The evidence shows that within a one-year period: (1) Williams solicited

commercial real estate investment opportunities on behalf of Favor Ministries; (2) all four

investors testified that they were guaranteed a two-fold minimum return on their financial




                                            19
investment over a specified, tiered period of time; (3) according to Lujan, once Williams

received monies from investors, said monies were spent on personal expenditures within

sixty days, and no commercial properties were invested in with investor funds; and

(4) each investor testified they never recouped their initial investments or received their

promised returns. See Ex parte Nugent, 593 S.W.3d at 426–27; Riley v. State, 312

S.W.3d 673, 676 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2009, pet. ref’d) (finding a “pattern or

scheme established” where the defendant accepted money from four different persons

for the purpose of constructing four unrelated buildings); Johnson v. State, 187 S.W.3d

591, 603 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2006, pet. ref’d) (continuing scheme found

where defendant, using the same alias, requested and obtained large amounts of money

from seven different attorneys over a ten-month period based on multiple falsified stories);

cf. Lyon, 2018 WL 6816209, at *7 (providing that where one scheme was an inducement

for an investment “based on the promise of a large financial return” and another scheme

was for the sale of property to the defendant “based on a false promise to pay,” the two

schemes were without the same “means or method of appropriation,” and therefore, could

not be aggregated). Further, the jury could have also reasonably inferred from Williams’s

continued conduct that he never intended to used investor funds for their intended

purpose at the time he appropriated the funds. See Taylor v. State, 450 S.W.3d 528, 536

(Tex. Crim. App. 2014); Riley, 312 S.W.3d at 676 (“The jury could find evidence of

appellant’s intent to commit theft through deception based on inferences from the

surrounding circumstances.”). We additionally observe that the record contains sufficient




                                            20
evidence that the aggregate amount of money appropriated from the complainants was

more than $100,000, and such evidence has not been contested.18

        Based on the evidence presented, a rational jury could have reasonably concluded

the State met its burden, proving each element of aggregated theft—including same

scheme and continuing course of conduct. See Chambers, 580 S.W.3d at 156.

Accordingly, we hold the evidence is legally sufficient to support the jury’s finding that

Williams committed theft in the aggregate value of more than $100,000, but less than

$200,000. See Act of May 19, 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., ch. 323, § 1, sec. 3(c)(5), 2011 Tex.

Gen. Laws 941, 942 (amended 2017) (current version at TEX. PENAL CODE ANN.

§ 31.03(a), (e)(6)); Braughton, 569 S.W.3d at 608.

C.      Securities Fraud

        The Texas Securities Act, in part, prohibits the use of fraud or fraudulent practices

in connection with the sale or offer of securities. TEX. REV. CIV. STAT. ANN. art. 581-

29(C)(1)-(4); Bridwell v. State, 804 S.W.2d 900, 903 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991) (Bridwell II),

aff’g 761 S.W.2d 401, 405 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1988) (Bridwell I). “When amounts are

obtained in violation of this Act under one scheme or continuing course of conduct,

whether from the same or several sources, the conduct may be considered as one offense

and the amounts aggregated in determining the grade of the offense.” Id. art. 581-29-2.



        18
           Williams’s does not dispute the sufficiency of the evidence of the amounts appropriated from
John, White, or Kearney, which exceed the statutorily required minimum. See Act of May 19, 2011, 82nd
Leg., R.S., ch. 323, § 1, sec. 3(c)(5), 2011 Tex. Gen. Laws 941, 942 (amended 2017) (current version at
TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 31.03(e)(6)). Therefore, having determined that there was sufficient evidence to
prove that the alleged theft offenses were a part of the same scheme or continuing course of conduct, we
need not address Williams’s ancillary claim of whether the record contains sufficient evidence to support
the challenged elements with respect to Pierce. See Kent v. State, 483 S.W.3d 557, 562 (Tex. Crim. App.
2016) (“As long as the jury unanimously agrees that the proven thefts that comprise the elements of
aggravated-theft exceed the threshold amount and the thefts are proven beyond a reasonable doubt,
regardless of which transactions each juror believes to have occurred, the aggregated-theft is proved.”).


                                                  21
       Article 581-4(F) defines “fraud or fraudulent practice” to include “any

misrepresentations, in any manner, of a relevant fact; any promise or representation or

predication as to the future not made honestly and in good faith, or an intentional failure

to disclose a material fact.” An omitted fact is material if there is a “substantial likelihood

that it would have assumed actual significance in the deliberations of a reasonable

investor, in that it would have been viewed by the reasonable investor as significantly

altering the total mix of available information used in deciding whether to invest.” See

Bridwell II, 804 S.W.2d at 904; Hays v. State, 370 S.W.3d 775, 782 (Tex. App.—

Texarkana 2012, no pet.). The material facts a defendant is charged with failing to

disclose are alternate means or modes of committing the same offense. Murchison v.

State, 93 S.W.3d 239, 257–59 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2002, pet. ref’d); Warr v.

State, No. 14-18-00058-CR, 2020 WL 428916, at *9 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.]

Jan. 28, 2020, pet. ref’d) (mem. op., not designated for publication).

       In the indictment and jury charge, the State alleged fifteen different means or

modes by which Williams allegedly committed fraud in connection with the sale and offer

for sale of securities. In summation, the State alleged Williams “intentionally fail[ed]” to

disclose: (1) several judgments and liens held against Williams for the preceding 10-year

period; (2) “that prior investment programs sold by the defendant . . . had not performed

as promised and that clients who were sold interests in such programs had experienced

significant losses of their investments;” (3) “that investor funds would be used for

purposes other than those intended”; and (4) “the true financial condition of Favor

Ministries and other companies that defendant was affiliated with, and the personal

financial condition of [Williams].” Thus, a hypothetically correct jury charge here would




                                              22
instruct the jury to find Williams guilty of securities fraud if he sold or offered for sale

investment contracts, promissory notes, and evidences of indebtedness to investors, in

an amount exceeding $100,000 in the aggregate, and if, in connection with the sale and

offers for sale of said securities, he committed fraud by intentionally failing to disclose any

one of the aforementioned material facts. See TEX. REV. CIV. STAT. ANN. art. 581–

29(C)(1), (4)(c); see also Mays v. State, No. 13-14-00653-CR, 2016 WL 1747035, at *10

(Tex. App.—Corpus Christi–Edinburg Apr. 28, 2016, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated

for publication).

       Williams narrowly claims, once more, that there is no evidence of the same

scheme or continuing course of conduct, and our analysis mirrors that as before. The

method by which Williams defrauded investors was also constant here: Williams, through

Favor Ministries and “The Favor Investment Program,” sold investor contracts involving

commercial real estate transactions that he asserted would generate large returns over a

specified time period; Williams then, using investor funds from a bank account he

controlled, spent over $100,000 of investor monies on his private residence mortgage

payments and utilities, automobiles, travel, restaurants, retail purchases, and

miscellaneous personal expenses; Williams made these personal expenditures without

authorization from investors and in explicit defiance of what he had told investors that

their money would be used for—the investment of a commercial real estate property; and

Williams failed to disclose to each investor several pieces of material facts at the time of

their initial investment. See TEX. REV. CIV. STAT. ANN. art. 581-29-2 (providing that a

violation may arise from “under one scheme or continuing course of conduct, whether

from the same or several sources”); Bridwell II, 804 S.W.2d at 904; see also Warr, 2020




                                              23
WL 428916, at *9. Moreover, all four complainants testified to the individual amounts paid

to Williams and the investments’ articulated purpose as told to them by Williams.19 Each

stated that they would not have invested had they been aware of Williams’s financial

disposition, significant outstanding judgments, or that he would use their investment

monies for personal expenses. In other words, it need not matter that the individual real

estate investment properties he sought investors for differed because Williams’s method

of fraudulent inducement was sufficiently similar so as to constitute “one scheme or

continuing course of conduct.” TEX. REV. CIV. STAT. ANN. art. 581-29-2; see Bridwell II,

804 S.W.2d at 904; see also Mays, 2016 WL 1747035, at *13.

        Having viewed the evidence in a light most favorable to the verdict, the jury could

have reasonably believed the challenged element of securities fraud, based on the

manner and means alleged, were met.20 See TEX. REV. CIV. STAT. ANN. art. 581-29(C)(1)-

(4); Bridwell II, 804 S.W.2d at 904; see also Padilla, 326 S.W.3d at 200; Hooper, 214

S.W.3d at 13.

D.      Statute of Limitations

        We next turn to Williams’s assertion that the statute of limitations ran prior to the

State’s indictments.

        We review whether the statute of limitations for an offense has expired prior to the

charge under a de novo standard of review. See Martinez, 527 S.W.3d at 323; see also




        19
           Williams does not dispute these amounts.
        20
           For reasons noted supra, we need not address whether the record contains sufficient evidence
to show the individual challenged elements with respect to Pierce. See Kent, 483 S.W.3d at 561–62;
Martinez, 527 S.W.3d at 323; see also Murchison v. State, 93 S.W.3d 239, 259 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th
Dist.] 2002, pet. ref’d) (employing cases analyzing the aggregate theft statute in its analysis of TEX. REV.
CIV. STAT. ANN. art. 581-29-2, noting the similarities between both statutes).


                                                    24
State v. West, ___ S.W.3d ___, ___, No. 08-18-00190-CR, 2020 WL 746634, at *2 (Tex.

App.—El Paso Feb. 14, 2020, no pet. h.).

        Where multiple offenses are presented in aggregate, the statute of limitations runs

from the date the last element was performed of the last offense. Thus, the statute of

limitations runs here from the date of which the last alleged episode of appropriation of

investor funds and fraudulent sale of investment securities occurred. See Tita v. State,

267 S.W.3d 33, 35 n.1 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008); see also Villarreal v. State, 504 S.W.3d

494, 511–12 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi–Edinburg 2016, pet. ref’d) (finding appropriation

occurred in an aggregate theft case when defendant induced the complaining witness to

sign the contract); Anderson v. State, 322 S.W.3d 401, 407–08 (Tex. App.—Houston

[14th Dist.] 2010, pet. ref’d) (providing that the statute of limitations began to run when

the defendant received the last money from the last investor).

        Williams was indicted of aggregate theft and securities fraud on April 13, 2017.21

The last alleged act of unlawful appropriation, an element of theft, and fraudulent sale, an

element of securities fraud, occurred when Pierce executed the $5,000 personal check

that he believed was to be used for the purpose of investing through Favor Ministries on

April 21, 2012—less than five years before either indictment was filed and within the

statute of limitations period. Williams does not dispute this date, instead asserting that we

should not consider Williams’s alleged appropriation of Pierce’s money in the aggregate

because the scheme was too far removed from the scheme implicating the remaining




         21
            We observe that Williams was indicted under the Texas Securities Act on December 16, 2016,
and the first indictment tolls the statute of limitations to all allegations of “same conduct, same act, or same
transactions.” Hernandez v. State, 127 S.W.3d 768, 769 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004). For purposes of our
analysis, we operate under the most recent indictment date as the disposition remains unaffected absent
any tolling considerations.


                                                      25
complaining witnesses, an issue we have already discussed at-length and resolved

against Williams. Therefore, we conclude the indictments were not barred by the statute

of limitations. See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 12.01(4)(A); TEX. REV. CIV. STAT. ANN.

art. 581-29-1; see also Tita, 267 S.W.3d at 35 n. 1; Villarreal, 504 S.W.3d at 511–12;

Anderson, 322 S.W.3d at 407–08.

       We overrule Williams’s sole issue on appeal.

                                   III.   CONCLUSION

       We affirm the trial court’s judgment in both cause numbers.


                                                              GREGORY T. PERKES
                                                              Justice

Do not publish.
TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2(b).

Delivered and filed the
23rd day of April, 2020.




                                           26
