                NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                           File Name: 08a0089n.06
                           Filed: February 1, 2008

                                           No. 06-3969

                          UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                               FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT


IN RE: EDWARD T. LOMBARDO, Debtor.                       )
__________________________________________               )
                                                         )        ON APPEAL FROM THE
ESTATE OF DOROTHY MINGUS,                                )        S I X T H C I R C U I T
                                                         )        BANKRUPTCY APPELLATE
       Plaintiff-Appellant,                              )        PANEL
                                                         )
               v.                                        )
                                                         )
EDWARD T. LOMBARDO,                                      )

      Defendant-Appellee.
__________________________________________


BEFORE: RYAN, BATCHELDER, and GRIFFIN, Circuit Judges.

       PER CURIAM.

       Plaintiff, the Estate of Dorothy Mingus (“Mingus”), appeals the decision of the Bankruptcy

Appellate Panel of the Sixth Circuit (“BAP”) disallowing its claim for legal malpractice against the

debtor, Edward Lombardo. Mingus argues that the BAP erred in holding that, under Ohio law, a

beneficiary of a will lacks standing to sue for malpractice the attorney whose negligence results in

the probate court denying admission of the decedent’s will to probate. For the reasons below, we

affirm the BAP’s decision.

                                                 I.

       Debtor Lombardo filed a petition for relief under Chapter 7 of the United States Bankruptcy
No. 06-3969
In re Lombardo


Code, 11 U.S.C. §§ 101-1330, on August 1, 2001. Prior to his bankruptcy filing, Lombardo

represented Andy Stischok in connection with the preparation and execution of Stischok’s last will

and testament dated November 9, 1998, and a later codicil dated December 8, 1998. Plaintiff

Mingus was named under Stischok’s will as the residuary beneficiary of Stischok’s estate. After

Stischok’s death in 1999, his heirs filed a challenge to the will, alleging undue influence by Mingus

on Stischok. The heirs alleged further that the will was executed improperly, as it was witnessed by

one individual, rather than two, as required by Ohio law. While the heirs’ action was pending,

Mingus filed a malpractice action against Lombardo in Ohio state court, alleging that his failure to

have Stischok’s will witnessed by two people amounted to both “professional negligence” and

“malice, including fraud, bad faith and collusion.” Mingus sought $1 million in damages.

       After Lombardo’s bankruptcy filing, Mingus commenced an adversary proceeding against

Lombardo in bankruptcy court, alleging that her claim against him pending in the state court

malpractice action should be declared nondischargeable pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(6) as a

willful and malicious injury. Mingus also filed a proof of claim in Lombardo’s bankruptcy case for

“Intentional malpractice/Fraud” and referenced the pending adversary proceeding as the basis for her

claim. After a trial on the dischargeability action, the bankruptcy court ruled for Lombardo,

concluding that his performance concerning Stischock’s will was not “willful and malicious.”

       Dorothy Mingus subsequently died and her estate filed an amended proof of claim reflecting

that the claim was held by the Estate of Dorothy Mingus. Lombardo then filed an objection to

Mingus’s claim, arguing that her claim was barred by res judicata and citing the court’s conclusions


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No. 06-3969
In re Lombardo


in the dischargeability proceeding. The bankruptcy court agreed, but the BAP later reversed this

decision, concluding that Mingus’s amended proof of claim included a claim for negligent

malpractice that was not barred by res judicata.

       Following remand, Lombardo filed an objection to Mingus’s claim, arguing that the claim

should be disallowed because Mingus lacked privity with Lombardo, thus precluding any cause of

action for malpractice under Ohio law. The bankruptcy court agreed, sustaining Lombardo’s

objection and disallowing the claim. Mingus appealed to the BAP, which unanimously affirmed the

bankruptcy court’s holding.

       Mingus timely appealed the BAP’s opinion to this court.

                                                   II.

       We focus our review of cases appealed from the BAP on the bankruptcy court’s decision,

reviewing findings of fact for clear error and conclusions of law de novo. In re Tirch, 409 F.3d 677,

680 (6th Cir. 2005).

       As both the bankruptcy court and the BAP acknowledged, the leading Ohio case interpreting

the duty owed by an attorney to the beneficiary under his client’s will and testament is Simon v.

Zipperstein, 512 N.E.2d 636 (Ohio 1987), in which the Supreme Court of Ohio held:

       It is by now well-established in Ohio that an attorney may not be held liable by third
       parties as a result of having performed services on behalf of a client, in good faith,
       unless the third party is in privity with the client for whom the legal services were
       performed, or unless the attorney acts with malice.

512 N.E.2d at 638 (citing Scholler v. Scholler, 462 N.E. 2d 158 (Ohio 1984)). Although Mingus

argues that there is conflict among Ohio courts concerning the continuing viability of Simon’s

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In re Lombardo


holding, plaintiff has not identified a single Ohio case that has held that a potential beneficiary has

a cause of action against a decedent’s attorney for negligent performance in the drafting and

execution of a will. Rather, the Ohio Supreme Court and Ohio Courts of Appeals have continued

to apply Simon. See LeRoy v. Allen, Yurasek & Merklin, 872 N.E.2d 254, 258 (Ohio 2007) (noting

the holding in Scholler and Simon that “attorneys have a qualified immunity from liability to third

parties for acts or omissions concerning the representation of a client” and observing that appellant

was not challenging Simon or Scholler’s holding); Ryan v. Wright, 2007-Ohio-942, 2007 WL

661815, at *6 (Ohio Ct. App. Mar. 6, 2007) (unpublished) (citing and approving the BAP’s

interpretation of requirement of privity in underlying decision here); Lutz v. Balch, 2006-Ohio-4630,

2006 WL 2575811, at ¶ 11 (Ohio Ct. App. Aug. 31, 2006) (unpublished) (applying Simon and

Scholler and holding that “[b]ecause plaintiff had no attorney-client relationship with defendant, who

provided legal services to plaintiff’s parents at a time when plaintiff had no vested interest, plaintiff

lacks the necessary privity to maintain a legal malpractice action against defendant”); Swiss

Reinsurance Am. Corp. v. Roetzel & Andress, 837 N.E.2d 1215, 1220 (Ohio Ct. App. 2005); Dykes

v. Gayton, 744 N.E.2d 199, 201 (Ohio Ct. App. 2000) (observing that “appellants raise a persuasive

public policy argument which requests that we balance the public policy that supports the right of

a testator to make a will and have its provisions carried out with the public policy that favors some

immunity for attorneys, as against lawsuits by third-parties, so that the attorney may properly

represent his client without the fear of indiscriminate third-party actions,” but holding that

appellants’ claim was foreclosed by Scholler and Simon).


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No. 06-3969
In re Lombardo


       Mingus notes that the Ohio Supreme Court has granted discretionary review in Ryan and a

companion case, Schlegel v. Gindlesberger, 2006-Ohio-6917, 2006 WL 3783544 (Ohio Ct. App.

Dec. 26, 2006) (unpublished), where it may revisit its holding in Simon and review its requirement

of privity in attorney malpractice claims.      Ryan v. Wright, 870 N.E.2d 731 (2007).           Our

responsibility, however, is “to apply the law in effect at the time [the court] renders its decision.”

Landgraf v. USI Film Prods., 511 U.S. 244, 264 (1994) (quoting Bradley v. Richmond Sch. Bd., 416

U.S. 696, 711 (1974)). Moreover, it would be imprudent for us to speculate that the Ohio Supreme

Court may overturn its holding in Simon, particularly in light of the lengthy and unambiguous line

of Ohio cases that have upheld Simon’s privity requirement. We are bound to apply Simon, and, in

so doing, we must agree with the bankruptcy court and the BAP that Mingus was not in privity with

Lombardo when the debtor drafted Stischok’s will. Accordingly, Mingus lacks standing to sue

Lombardo for malpractice.

       AFFIRMED.




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