12-770-cv
Dorchester Fin. Sec., Inc. v. Banco BRJ, S.A.



                                     UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                        FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

                                                 August Term, 2012

               (Argued: January 30, 2013                                         Decided: July 3, 2013)

                                                Docket No. 12-770-cv

                                   _____________________________________

                                      DORCHESTER FINANCIAL SECURITIES, INC.,

                                                 Plaintiff-Appellant,


                                                          v.


                                                 BANCO BRJ, S.A.,

                                                 Defendant-Appellee.

                                   _____________________________________



Before: CABRANES, WESLEY, Circuit Judges, and FURMAN, District Judge.*

          The district court held that Defendant-Appellee had rebutted Plaintiff-Appellant’s allegations

supporting personal jurisdiction with direct, highly specific evidence and therefore dismissed for lack

of personal jurisdiction under Rule 12(b)(2) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Where, as here,

a district court chooses not to hold an evidentiary hearing, however, a plaintiff need only make a

prima facie showing of personal jurisdiction to survive a 12(b)(2) motion to dismiss. Plaintiff’s

allegations in this case were sufficient to make such a prima facie showing.

          * The Honorable Jesse M. Furman, of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York,

sitting by designation.

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         Vacated and remanded.

                                                T.J. MORROW, Morrow & Co., New York, NY, for Plaintiff-
                                                       Appellant Dorchester Financial Securities, Incorporated.

                                                LYNDON M. TRETTER, Hogan Lovells US LLP, New York,
                                                     NY, for Defendant-Appellee Banco BRJ, S.A.


PER CURIAM:

         Plaintiff-Appellant Dorchester Financial Securities, Inc. (“Dorchester”), appeals from a

judgment of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (Kimba M.

Wood, Judge ), entered on January 25, 2012, dismissing its complaint against Defendant-Appellee

Banco BRJ, S.A. (“BRJ”) for lack of personal jurisdiction. We conclude that Dorchester made a

prima facie showing of personal jurisdiction over BRJ, and thus carried its burden in the absence of an

evidentiary hearing or trial on the merits. Accordingly, we VACATE and REMAND.

                                                   BACKGROUND

         Although this suit has a long and somewhat tortured history, the facts relevant to this appeal

are relatively few. Dorchester, a Florida corporation with offices in New York, initially filed suit

against BRJ, a Brazilian bank, and another defendant in 2002.1 See Tretter Decl. Ex. F; id. ¶¶ 3-4. In

its 2002 complaint, Dorchester alleged claims for breach of contract and fraud based on BRJ’s

purported failure to honor an irrevocable $250 million letter of credit. See id. ¶¶ 13-16, 27-32. When

BRJ failed to answer the 2002 complaint or otherwise appear, Dorchester sought and obtained a

default judgment; following an inquest, the district court entered judgment against BRJ in the

amount of $112,279,452.05. Order, Dorchester Fin. Sec., Inc. v. Banco BRJ, S.A., et al. (“Dorchester”), 02

Civ. 7504 (S.D.N.Y. Nov. 25, 2003). In 2010, however, Dorchester moved to vacate the judgment

1        Before the district court, BRJ questioned whether Dorchester was the same entity that brought the 2002 lawsuit
and, by extension, whether its suit should be dismissed either for lack of subject matter jurisdiction (based on a lack of
complete diversity) or for untimeliness. The district court did not reach the question. See Dorchester Fin. Sec., Inc. v. Banco
BRJ, S.A., No. 11 Civ. 1529 (KMW) (KNF), 2012 WL 231567, at *1 n.1 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 24, 2012). Nor do we here.

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under Rule 60(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure after it learned that the default judgment

was unenforceable in Brazil because it had not served process by letters rogatory. See Pet. to Vacate,

Dorchester, 02 Civ. 7504 (S.D.N.Y. Dec. 5, 2010). On February 24, 2011, the district court granted

Dorchester’s motion to vacate and permitted Dorchester to file a new action. See Order, Dorchester,

02 Civ. 7504 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 24, 2011).

        On March 7, 2011, Dorchester filed a new complaint, which, on August 31, 2011, was

superseded by a first amended complaint, also alleging breach of contract and fraud. Compl.,

Dorchester Fin. Sec., Inc. v. Banco BRJ, S.A. (“Dorchester II”), 11 Civ. 1529 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 7, 2011); Am.

Compl., Dorchester II, 11 Civ. 1529 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 31, 2011). Thereafter, BRJ moved to dismiss the

first amended complaint for lack of personal jurisdiction pursuant to Rule 12(b)(2) of the Federal

Rules of Civil Procedure. In response to the motion, Dorchester proffered several bases for

personal jurisdiction over BRJ. Most relevant for present purposes, Dorchester submitted as an

attachment to its memorandum of law a letter agreement dated October 3, 2001, in which BRJ

purportedly agreed that the letter of credit “shall be governed by . . . the laws of the State of New

York” and that “sufficient contacts exist with the State of New York from this transaction,” and

consented to “submit to personal jurisdiction in the City and State of New York for any claim or

action arising from this transaction.” Mem. Law Opp’n to Mot. to Dismiss (“Mem. Law Opp’n”),

Ex. G, at 2. Dorchester also presented copies of (1) the letter of credit agreement identifying the

beneficiary as Dorchester, located at “2,PENNSYLVANIA PLAZA,SUITE 1500,NEW YORK”;

(2) an unauthenticated message from BRJ to Dorchester sent care of a bank in New York through

the Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication (more commonly known as

“SWIFT”), a Belgian messaging service specializing in the transmission of financial messages; and




                                                    3
(3) a letter addressed from BRJ to Dorchester at 2 Pennsylvania Plaza, New York, New York,

demanding $250,000 in exchange for the letter of credit. Mem. Law Opp’n, Exs. H, J, Q.

        In support of its motion to dismiss, BRJ contended that these documents were forgeries.

Specifically, through sworn declarations and supporting documentation, BRJ submitted evidence

tending to show that (1) it had no record of any prior relationship with Dorchester or the company

that allegedly introduced Dorchester to Banco; (2) it had never issued financial instruments of the

size or nature of the purported letter of credit; (3) the signatures on the documents submitted by

Dorchester were forgeries; (4) “Luis Alcazar,” who purportedly negotiated the letter of credit on

BRJ’s behalf, was never a BRJ employee; and (5) the unauthenticated SWIFT message was not sent

by a BRJ employee. See Decl. of Luiz Augusto de Queiroz ¶¶ 3, 10, 13-15. More broadly, one of

BRJ’s directors affirmed that BRJ had never conducted any business in the United States, never

issued a letter of credit to a United States beneficiary, and does not even issue financial instruments

in English. Id. ¶¶ 5, 8, 12. BRJ also presented evidence, including court documents from Florida

and California, to show that it had been the victim of other fraudulent schemes using documents

much like those proffered by Dorchester. See id. Exs. A-K.

        By Opinion and Order dated January 24, 2012, the district court granted BRJ’s motion to

dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction. See Dorchester Fin. Sec., Inc. v. Banco BRJ, S.A., No. 11 Civ.

1529 (KMW) (KNF), 2012 WL 231567 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 24, 2012). The district court acknowledged

that where “‘a court relies on pleadings and affidavits, rather than conducting a full-blown

evidentiary hearing, the plaintiff need only make a prima facie showing that the court possesses

personal jurisdiction over the defendant,’” and that “[a]ll pleadings and affidavits are to be construed

in the light most favorable to the plaintiff.” Id. at *4 (quoting DiStefano v. Carozzi N. Am., Inc., 286

F.3d 81, 84 (2d Cir. 2001)). Quoting from another Southern District of New York case, however,



                                                     4
the district court stated that “where a ‘defendant rebuts [a] plaintiff[’s] unsupported allegations with

direct, highly specific testimonial evidence regarding a fact essential to jurisdiction — and [the]

plaintiff[ ] do[es] not counter that evidence — the allegation may be deemed refuted.’” Id.

(alterations in original) (quoting Merck & Co., Inc. v. Mediplan Health Consulting, Inc., 425 F. Supp. 2d

402, 420 (S.D.N.Y. 2006)). Applying these standards, the district court concluded that BRJ had

“offered an overwhelming amount of ‘direct, highly specific testimonial evidence’” to show that it

had no contacts with the Dorchester and the United States and that the documents submitted by

Dorchester were forgeries, “none of which [evidence] Dorchester has sufficiently refuted.” Id. at *5

(quoting Merck, 425 F. Supp. 2d at 420). Accordingly, the court held that it lacked personal

jurisdiction over BRJ and dismissed the first amended complaint pursuant to Rule 12(b)(2). This

appeal followed.2

                                                  DISCUSSION

         We have long made clear that “[i]n deciding a pretrial motion to dismiss for lack of personal

jurisdiction a district court has considerable procedural leeway. It may determine the motion on the

basis of affidavits alone; or it may permit discovery in aid of the motion; or it may conduct an

evidentiary hearing on the merits of the motion.” Marine Midland Bank, N.A. v. Miller, 664 F.2d 899,

904 (2d Cir. 1981) (citing cases). Significantly, however, the showing a plaintiff must make to defeat

a defendant’s claim that the court lacks personal jurisdiction over it “varies depending on the

procedural posture of the litigation.” Ball v. Metallurgie Hoboken-Overpelt, S.A., 902 F.2d 194, 197 (2d

Cir. 1990). In Ball, we explained this sliding scale as follows:

         Prior to discovery, a plaintiff challenged by a jurisdiction testing motion may defeat
         the motion by pleading in good faith, legally sufficient allegations of jurisdiction. At

2        After the appeal was filed, the district court sua sponte advised the Clerk of this Court that its Opinion and
Order had erroneously dismissed Dorchester’s first amended complaint “with prejudice” and requested that the Opinion
and Order be amended to reflect that the dismissal was without prejudice. By order entered April 11, 2012, this Court
granted the district court’s request.

                                                          5
        that preliminary stage, the plaintiff’s prima facie showing may be established solely by
        allegations. After discovery, the plaintiff’s prima facie showing, necessary to defeat a
        jurisdiction testing motion, must include an averment of facts that, if credited by the
        trier, would suffice to establish jurisdiction over the defendant. At that point, the
        prima facie showing must be factually supported.

                 Where the jurisdictional issue is in dispute, the plaintiff’s averment of
        jurisdictional facts will normally be met in one of three ways: (1) by a Rule 12(b)(2)
        motion, which assumes the truth of the plaintiff’s factual allegations for purposes of
        the motion and challenges their sufficiency, (2) by a Rule 56 motion, which asserts
        that there are undisputed facts demonstrating the absence of jurisdiction, or (3) by a
        request for an adjudication of disputed jurisdictional facts, either at a hearing on the
        issue of jurisdiction or in the course of trial on the merits. If the defendant is
        content to challenge only the sufficiency of the plaintiff’s factual allegation, in effect
        demurring by filing a Rule 12(b)(2) motion, the plaintiff need persuade the court only
        that its factual allegations constitute a prima facie showing of jurisdiction. If the
        defendant asserts in a Rule 56 motion that undisputed facts show the absence of
        jurisdiction, the court proceeds, as with any summary judgment motion, to determine
        if undisputed facts exist that warrant the relief sought. If the defendant contests the
        plaintiff’s factual allegations, then a hearing is required, at which the plaintiff must
        prove the existence of jurisdiction by a preponderance of the evidence.

Id. (citations omitted); accord S. New Eng. Tel. Co. v. Global NAPs Inc., 624 F.3d 123, 138 (2d Cir.

2010); Commercial Union Ins. Co. v. Alitalia Airlines, S.p.A., 347 F.3d 448, 469-70 (2d Cir. 2003); Marine

Midland Bank, 664 F.2d at 904. Where, as here, the district court relies on the pleadings and

affidavits, and does not conduct a “full-blown evidentiary hearing,” we review the district court’s

resulting legal conclusions de novo. S. New Eng. Tel., 624 F.3d at 138 (internal quotation marks

omitted). “In doing so, we construe the pleadings and affidavits in the light most favorable to

plaintiffs, resolving all doubts in their favor.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted).

        Applying these well-established standards to this case, we are compelled to vacate and

remand for further proceedings. Indeed, we need look no further than the letter agreement of

October 3, 2001, submitted by Dorchester in opposition to BRJ’s motion to dismiss, in which BRJ

purportedly agreed “that sufficient contacts exist with the State of New York from this transaction,”

and consented to “submit to personal jurisdiction in the City and State of New York for any claim



                                                    6
or action arising from this transaction.” Mem. Law Opp’n, Ex. G, at 2. As such consent, if credited

by the trier of fact, would plainly suffice to establish personal jurisdiction over BRJ, see, e.g., D.H.

Blair & Co. v. Gottdiener, 462 F.3d 95, 103-04 (2d Cir. 2006); Indosuez Int’l Fin. B.V. v. Nat’l Reserve

Bank, 98 N.Y.2d 238, 246-47 (2002); see also, e.g., Burger King Corp. v. Rudzewicz, 471 U.S. 462, 472 n.14

(1985) (noting that where “forum-selection provisions have been obtained through freely negotiated

agreements and are not unreasonable and unjust, their enforcement does not offend due process”

(citations and internal quotation marks omitted)), it follows that Dorchester made a sufficient

showing to survive BRJ’s motion in the absence of an evidentiary hearing or trial.3

         To be sure, there is plainly reason to question the authenticity of the October 3, 2001 letter

agreement, as BRJ’s evidence submitted to the district court tends to show that the agreement and

the other documents upon which Dorchester relied were forgeries. But in the absence of an

evidentiary hearing, it was error for the district court to resolve that factual dispute in BRJ’s favor.

See, e.g., Marine Midland Bank, 664 F.2d at 904 (noting that, until an evidentiary hearing is held, “a

prima facie showing suffices, notwithstanding any controverting presentation by the moving party, to defeat the

motion” (emphasis added)). In concluding otherwise, the district court relied on the principle that

where “a defendant rebuts a plaintiff’s unsupported allegations with direct, highly specific

testimonial evidence regarding a fact essential to jurisdiction — and the plaintiff does not counter

that evidence — the allegation may be deemed refuted,” a principle derived from a line of cases

from the Southern District of New York. Dorchester, 2012 WL 231567, at *4 (brackets omitted)

(quoting Merck, 425 F. Supp. 2d at 420). As BRJ conceded at oral argument, however, this Court


3        In light of the alleged October 3, 2001 letter agreement, we need not, and do not, consider whether
Dorchester’s other proffered bases for personal jurisdiction over BRJ would suffice. Notably, however, BRJ all but
concedes that “the documents and contacts upon which Dorchester relies, if authentic, would satisfy New York long
arm jurisdiction statutes and Constitutional Due Process.” (BRJ Br. 17 (internal quotation marks and emphasis
omitted)).


                                                          7
has never adopted that standard (Oral Arg. at 1:36:38), and we decline to do so now as it is

inconsistent with the framework set forth in Ball.4

         To be clear, we do not hold that the district court in this case erred in failing to hold an

evidentiary hearing, as there is no indication that either party requested one. Nor did the district

court err in considering materials outside the pleadings, as we have made clear that a district court

may do so without converting a motion to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction into a motion for

summary judgment. See, e.g., S. New Eng. Tel., 624 F.3d at 138. Instead, the district court’s error was,

having chosen “not to conduct a full-blown evidentiary hearing,” id. (internal quotation marks

omitted), in resolving the parties’ dispute over the authenticity of Dorchester’s evidence rather than

evaluating, whether Dorchester had, through its pleadings and affidavits, made a prima facie showing

of personal jurisdiction “notwithstanding any controverting presentation by” BRJ, Marine Midland

Bank, 664 F.2d at 904.

         On remand, therefore, the district court retains its “considerable procedural leeway.” Id. It

may choose again not to hold a hearing, in which case Dorchester has made a sufficient showing to

survive BRJ’s motion to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction. Such a showing, however, would

not prevent BRJ from challenging the jurisdictional facts at trial, when Dorchester would have to

prove the facts supporting jurisdiction by a preponderance of the evidence. See, e.g., Visual Scis., Inc.

v. Integrated Commc’s Inc., 660 F.2d 56, 58-59 (2d Cir. 1981). Alternatively, the district court may

conduct an evidentiary hearing on the merits of the motion, in which case it would be Dorchester’s



4         The language quoted by the district court originally appeared in Schenker v. Assicurazioni Genereali S.p.A.,
Consolidated, No. 98 Civ. 9186 (MBM), 2002 WL 1560788, at *3 (S.D.N.Y. July 15, 2002), which cited for the proposition
Kulas v. Adachi, 96 Civ. 6674 (MBM), 1997 WL 256957, at *5 (S.D.N.Y. May 16, 1997), and Bear, Stearns & Co. v. Ralph C.
Wilson Industries, Inc., 91 Civ. 2223 (LMM), 1991 WL 211203, at *2-3 (S.D.N.Y. Oct. 9, 1991). Kulas and Bear, Stearns, in
turn, cited Bialek v. Racal-Milgo, Inc., 545 F. Supp. 25, 33 (S.D.N.Y. 1982), in which the court stated that a defendant can
win a Rule 12(b)(2) dismissal if the defendant’s moving papers “entirely refute the plaintiff’s allegations.” Notably, the
Bialek Court cited no authority from this Court (or any court for that matter) for this proposition.


                                                             8
burden to establish jurisdiction by a preponderance of the evidence, and then decide whether

proceeding to trial is appropriate.5

         We note that the facts of this case may present the unusual situation in which the

jurisdictional dispute is interwoven with the underlying merits of Dorchester’s suit. In such

circumstances, we have held that “[i]f . . . the overlap in the evidence is such that fact-finding on the

jurisdictional issue will adjudicate factual issues required by the Seventh Amendment to be resolved

by a jury, then the [District] Court must leave the jurisdictional issue for the trial,” but that the

“[District] Court may also deem it appropriate to make a preliminary finding on jurisdictional facts,

subject to revision later in the proceedings or at trial.” Alliance For Envtl. Renewal, Inc. v. Pyramid

Crossgates Co., 436 F.3d 82, 88 (2d Cir. 2006) (internal citations omitted); see also Bell v. United States,

127 F.3d 1226, 1228 (10th Cir. 1997) (“A well-recognized exception to [the usual rule] requires the

conversion of a Rule 12(b)(1) motion to a Rule 56 or 12(b)(6) motion if the jurisdictional question is

intertwined with the merits of the plaintiff’s case.” (alterations and internal quotation marks

omitted)); Morrison v. AmWay Corp., 323 F.3d 920, 925 (11th Cir. 2003); 5C C. Wright, A. Miller, & E.

Cooper, Federal Practice and Procedure § 1350 (3d ed. 2010) (“If . . . a decision of the jurisdictional

issue requires a ruling on the underlying substantive merits of the case, the decision should await a

determination of the merits either by the district court on a summary judgment motion or by the

fact finder at the trial.”). We leave it to the District Court, in the first instance, to determine the

precise nature of the jurisdictional dispute at issue here and the most appropriate vehicle for

addressing it.




5        Needless to say, if, after holding the appropriate proceeding, the district court were to find that Dorchester had
knowingly relied on forged or fraudulent evidence, the district court would retain its full authority to impose appropriate
sanctions.


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                                                   CONCLUSION

         For the foregoing reasons, we VACATE the judgment of the District Court and REMAND

the case for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.6




6         BRJ urges us to affirm on the ground that Dorchester’s suit is barred by the statute of limitations. (BRJ Br. 34-
41). Although we are free to affirm on any ground for which there is a record sufficient to permit a conclusion of law,
even a ground not relied upon by the district court, see, e.g., Gmurzynska v. Hutton, 355 F.3d 206, 210 (2d Cir. 2004) (per
curiam), we decline to do so here and leave the question of whether Dorchester’s suit is time-barred or otherwise
deficient to the district court to address in the first instance. BRJ also asks that we strike portions of the joint appendix
and Dorchester’s brief, a request that it first made by motion that was referred to the merits panel for decision. (BRJ Br.
32-33). As we have not relied upon any of the relevant materials, BRJ’s motion is denied as moot.

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