Filed 9/22/14 P. v. King CA2/1
                  NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.


               IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                    SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                  DIVISION ONE


THE PEOPLE,                                                         B247438

         Plaintiff and Respondent,                                  (Los Angeles County
                                                                    Super. Ct. No. TA120452)
         v.

JAMAL LAMAR KING et al.,

         Defendants and Appellants.




         APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County,
Ricardo R. Ocampo, Judge. Affirmed.
         Robert E. Boyce, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant Jamal Lamar King.
         Matthew Alger, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant Melvin Lemon.
         Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Dane R. Gillette, Chief Assistant Attorney
General, Lance E. Winters, Senior Assistant Attorney General, Steven D. Matthews,
Supervising Deputy Attorney General, and Rama R. Maline, Deputy Attorney General,
for Plaintiff and Respondent.
                                            ——————————
       Defendants Jamal Lamar King and codefendant Melvin Lemon appeal their
conviction in count 1 for the murder of Oscar Arevalo (Pen. Code,1 § 187), with true
findings that in committing the offense, each of the defendants personally and
intentionally discharged a firearm causing death and that the offense was gang related
(§§ 12022.53, subd. (d), 186.22, subd. (b)(1)(C)). Defendant King appeals his conviction
of possession of a firearm by a convicted felon, with a true finding the possession was
gang related (§§ 12021, subd. (a)(1),2 186.22, subd. (b)(1)(A); counts 2 & 8), assault with
a firearm on a peace officer (§ 245, subd. (d); counts 5 & 7). Defendant Lemon appeals
his conviction of possession of a firearm by a convicted felon, with a true finding the
possession was gang related (§§ 12021, subd. (a)(1), 186.22, subd. (b)(1)(A); count 3).
       Defendants argue that the trial court erred in (1) refusing to sever their trials;
(2) admitting their statements to a jailhouse informant; (3) admitting evidence of King’s
statements about his violent propensities; (4) denying their motion for a mistrial, and
(5) erroneously sentencing Lemon. We affirm the judgment.
             FACTUAL BACKGROUND AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
       On October 11, 2011, at approximately 8:50 a.m., Oscar Arevalo, a member of the
Varrio Grape Street gang who was also known as “Knuckles,” was gunned down at the
corner of Wilmington and 106th Street in Los Angeles.
       An information filed June 14, 2012 charged King and Lemon jointly in count 1 for
the murder of Oscar Arevalo (§ 187), with the allegations that they personally used a
firearm in the commission of the offense (§ 12022.53, subd. (d)) and that the offense was
committed for the benefit of a criminal street gang (§ 186.22, subd. (b)(1)(C)).3 The
information further alleged in counts 2 and 8 that King was a convicted felon in

       1 All further statutory references herein are to the Penal Code unless otherwise
indicated.
       2   Section 12021, subdivision (a)(1) is now section 29800, subdivision (a)(1).
       3 Damoria Foley was also charged as a codefendant in this count. Foley is not a
party to this appeal.

                                               2
possession of a firearm (§ 12021, subd. (a)(1)), in counts 4 and 6 that King, with
codefendant Alvurn Pennie,4 committed the willful deliberate and attempted murder of
Officer Kyle Korinek (§§ 664, 187, subd. (a)), in counts 5 and 7 that King, with
codefendant Pennie, committed assault with an automatic firearm on a peace officer
(§ 245, subd. (d)(2)), and in count 9 that Pennie committed the willful and deliberate
attempted murder on September 26, 2011 of Sandro Preza. It was further alleged that
counts 2 through 8 were committed for the benefit of, at the direction of, and in
association with a criminal street gang with the specific intent to promote, further, and
assist in criminal conduct by gang members within the meaning of section 186.22,
subdivision (b).
       1.       October 11, 2011, Shooting of Oscar Arevalo (Counts 1, 2, 3)
       Craig Kredell, a paramedic with the Los Angeles City Fire Department, was
driving on Wilmington approaching 106th Street at 8:50 a.m. on October 11, 2011, when
he heard loud noises which sounded like fireworks or gunfire. Based on his experience,
Kredell believed it was gunfire. He was near a liquor store, and he saw people running
across the street in “all different directions.” He saw two men running his way, and one
of them had a gun. The men ran past him down an alley near a market. Kredell could not
see the men’s faces, and could not remember what they looked like or what they were
wearing. The gun one of the men was carrying was black and “funny looking.”
       Kredell, drove to the end of the block and turned around and came back to the
scene, where he found Arevalo face down with his upper body on the sidewalk. Kredell
checked Arevalo for vital signs and determined he was deceased.
       Aurelia Lorenzo Perez was at her tamale stand where she sold her tamales every
day. Arevalo was standing near the street corner, about eight to 10 feet away. Perez’s
cart was between her and the street. Perez had her head down when the shooting




       4   The counts relating to Pennie were not tried because he accepted a plea bargain.

                                              3
occurred, and heard a loud noise but could not see how many people were shooting, nor
could she see the shooter.
       2.     The Coroner’s Report
       Arevalo had 21 gunshot wounds to his body. Three gunshot wounds to the back
were fatal because they hit his lungs and heart and caused a lot of tissue damage. Three
bullets went completely through Arevalo’s head.
       3.     King’s October 19, 2011 Encounter with Officers Korinek and Torres
(Counts 4, 5, 6, 7, 8)
       On October 19, 2011, shortly after 2:00 p.m., Officer Kyle Korinek was working
in his marked patrol car in the southeast division with his partner Officer Salvador Torres.
Officer Torres was driving. The officers were heading westbound on 104th Street
approaching Graham Street. They observed a speeding white Buick Regal proceeding
northbound on Graham Street, and after checking the car for warrants, discovered that its
registration had expired. The officers activated their overhead lights and emitted bursts
from their siren. The Buick did not stop but continued until it pulled into a driveway of a
shopping center.
       The Buick slowed and the passenger side door opened. Officer Korinek saw
King’s foot and then the muzzle of a gun. King leveled the gun, which had an extended
magazine, at the officers and Officer Korinek saw the gun “jerking downward” about
three times. King’s gun was pointed at him for about three seconds. Officer Korinek was
about 15 or 20 feet away from King. Officer Korinek started to unholster his gun and get
out of the patrol car, but by the time he got out of the car, King had run off. At trial,
Officer Korinek demonstrated that the movement of the gun indicated that King was
pulling the trigger of the gun.
       Officer Korinek took off on foot after King. King climbed the fence surrounding
the shopping center and threw the gun over the fence. Officer Korinek commanded King
to get down, but King did not do so. King went back toward the driveway and crossed
the street going southbound. The officers set up a perimeter. A police helicopter located


                                              4
and followed defendant in the area. Defendant climbed on a roof and officers surrounded
the house. About an hour and a half later, defendant was detained. Officers found a
broken cell phone on the roof of the house that defendant had been observed using.
Police recovered a gun from the shopping center where they had confronted King. The
safety of the gun was engaged.
       The patrol car the officers were driving had a dash cam, which recorded the event.
The recording was played for the jury.
       The parties stipulated that Lemon was not the driver of the Buick during this
incident.
       4.    Ballistic Evidence
       Police found 18 spent nine-millimeter bullet casings, three expended bullets, and
four bullet fragments in the area where Arevalo was shot. In addition, an expended bullet
was found in one of Arevalo’s hands, and a bullet fragment was found in the sleeve of his
sweatshirt. Six bullets were removed from his body and a seventh was found in his
clothing.
       Carole Acosta, a firearms examiner with the Los Angeles Police Department,
concluded that 13 of the bullet cases recovered from the scene of the Arevalo shooting
were fired from the same weapon, but did not come from the gun King threw over the
fence after confronting Officer Korinek on October 19, 2011. However, six of the
expended cases found at the site of the Arevalo shooting came from the same gun that
King threw over the fence, a Beretta, as did three of the bullets removed from Arevalo’s
body during the autopsy.




                                            5
       5.     Confidential Informant
              (a)    Defendant King
       On October 19, 2011, King was placed in a jail cell with a confidential informant.5
The informant wore a video and audio recorder. A video of King’s conversation with the
informant was played for the jury.
       King told the informant that he was in for an attempted murder of a police officer.
The informant asked how King was charged with attempted murder if King had not
“bust[ed]” at the police. King responded, “I just drew on them.” King admitted that he
was trying to shoot at the police, but the safety of his gun was on. King told the
informant about his escape on foot, and claimed he would have gotten away but for the
helicopter. King stated that the police had gotten his gun, which was an extended clip
Beretta. King stated his moniker was “Badass” and that he was the only Badass in his
gang. When King stated that he had been with another person in that person’s mother’s
car, the informant asked whether it was the person he had been with when he shot
Arevalo. King responded, “No. That was Lil Rider [with] me.”
       King had a gun with him at the time because he had seen someone drive by he
thought might be with Southside, and he had gone home to pick up the gun. While
driving, they went by a yard where there were “paisas,” meaning Hispanics who were not
Southside gang members. King claimed he would have shot the “paisas” because they
associated with members of the Southside gang.
       King asked the informant if he had heard about “Knuckles’s” murder. When the
informant asked if “Knuckles” had been by himself, King responded that he was with his
“auntie” (Perez) at the corner of 106th and Wilmington. King told the informant that they
used a Glock and a Beretta to shoot Arevalo, and that King shot Arevalo in the head 13


       5 The informant was paid between $1,500 and $1,700 for acting as an informant.
At the time of the informant’s jailhouse conversation with King, the informant was not
incarcerated, nor was the informant the subject of any pending criminal charges. The
informant came from a Compton gang that was bigger than the Fudge Town Mafia Crips.

                                             6
times. Lemon shot the “tamale lady” (Perez) in the leg. The informant asked what was
up with the Southsides,6 and King stated, “We gonna kill them all” and there was “only a
handful left.” The murder of Arevalo was retaliation for the Southside killing of Chuck
Wayne, a Fudge Town Mafia Crips member who was killed on August 28, 2011.
       King claimed that all his shots at the victim were “head shots,” he saw the victim’s
brain matter come out, and it would be a “closed casket for sure.” Everyone in the clique
that King belonged to had committed a murder; he told the informant that “we got a cold
little pack . . . . [E]verybody got murders in our pack.” In response to the informant’s
comment “so it was you and Lil Neefy though,” King responded that “me and Baby Neefy
knocked the nigga Knuckles.”
                (b)    Defendant Lemon
       On October 20, 2011, the same informant was placed in a cell with Lemon. The
conversation with Lemon was recorded, and the video was played for the jury. Regarding
the October 19, 2011 incident, Lemon told the informant how King had thrown the gun
over the fence and had been trapped on the roof while trying to evade police. King called
Lemon on his cell phone and told him to retrieve the weapon. Lemon could not do so
because the police were nearby. Lemon asked the informant if he had heard about
Knuckles; and Lemon said, “man, that was me and my boy [King].” Before the shooting,
King saw Arevalo on the street and went to get Lemon. The informant asked which gun
had been used to kill Arevalo, and Lemon responded that he had the Beretta and King had
the Glock. Lemon bragged that over 20 murders had been committed with the Beretta.
       Lemon described shooting Arevalo with his gun barrel to Arevalo’s head, “ploom,
ploom, ploom.” Arevalo was shot 15 times in the face and three times in his body, which
Lemon described as “slaughter” rather than “murder.” In Lemon’s view, the funeral
would be closed casket.




       6   “South Sides” are Hispanic gangs that are south of Bakersfield.

                                              7
       6.     Gang Evidence
       Officer Samuel Marullo worked as a gang officer for the Los Angeles Police
Department. In the southeast division, there are approximately 63 gangs. The Fudge
Town Mafia Crips claim territory within Watts in the southeast division, and the shooting
of Arevalo occurred in Fudge Town Mafia Crip territory. At the time, the Fudge Town
Mafia Crips had about 80 members. The gang primarily engages in murders, robberies,
burglaries, handgun possession, narcotics sales, and graffiti. Graffiti identifies the
members of the gang in the neighborhood, and when another gang crosses it out, that is
extremely disrespectful. The Fudge Town Mafia Crips have rivalries with the East Side
Grape Street gang and the Watts Varrio Grape Street gang. Watts Varrio Grape Street is
primarily Hispanic, while East Side Grape Street is primarily black. Fudge Town Mafia
Crips and Watts Varrio Grape Streets territories overlap.
       Officer Marullo was familiar with all of these gangs. Until 2008, the Watts Varrio
Grape Street gang had a good relationship with the Fudge Town Mafia Crips, but in 2008
a Fudge Town Mafia Crips gang member was murdered by a Watts Varrio Grape Street
gang member resulting in a war between the gangs. Alvurn Pennie was a Fudge Town
Mafia Crips gang member with the moniker of “Lil Ryda.” Pennie had tattoos and attire
consistent with membership in the gang. Lemon and King also had gang tattoos.
Lemon’s moniker was “Baby Nefee.” The prefix “baby” indicated that Lemon was
further down in the gang lineage, for example, his name could indicate he was below
“Big Nefee” or and “Lil Nefee.” Both Lemon and King were members of the Fudge
Town Mafia Crips based upon their own admissions, their monikers, and tattoos.
       In Marullo’s opinion, the charged crimes were committed for the benefit of the
gang. Gang members will commit crimes together because they all know the business
and understand the rules. Gang members know what they need to do to get away with
crimes and then complete the crime successfully. Gangs will commit killings to eliminate
an enemy, which has a deterrent effect on other gangs by sending a message to them that
the killing was a violent consequence to being an enemy of the gang. Killings also


                                              8
increase the respect level for the gang. Respect means everything to a gang. Respect is
equated with fear, and the more a gang is feared, the more it is respected. Also, respect
attracts new gang members.
       Pennie’s mother owned the white Buick. A memorial set up at the location of
Arevalo’s murder was knocked over. There was shattered glass and candles in the street.
       The parties stipulated that Lemon and King each had previously been convicted of
a felony.
       7.     Defense Case
       Defendants did not put on a defense.
       The jury found King guilty of counts 1, 2, 5, 7 and 8, and Lemon guilty of counts 1
and 3. The jury also found the firearm and gang allegations true. The trial court
consecutively sentenced appellant King as follows: On count 1, 25 years to life plus 25
years to life for the firearm enhancement; on count 5 (principal term), the upper term of
nine years, plus 10 years for the gang enhancement, plus 10 years for the firearm
enhancement; on count 7, one-third the middle term of six years, or two years and four
months; plus one-third the middle term of 10 years, or three years and four months, on the
firearm enhancement; plus one-third the middle term of 10 years, or three years and four
months, on the gang enhancement. The court also imposed seven-year sentences on
counts 2 and 8 and ran those concurrently.
       The trial court consecutively sentenced appellant Lemon as follows: On count 1,
25 years to life plus 25 years to life for the firearm enhancement; on count 3, the upper
term of three years plus four years for the gang enhancement attached to that count.
                                      DISCUSSION
I.     Severance of Defendant Lemon’s Trial on Count 1
       Lemon argues that the trial court erred in denying his motion for severance of the
charges against him relating to Arevalo’s shooting with the charges relating to King’s
encounter with Officers Korinek and Torres, contending the joint trial improperly
permitted him to be convicted based on his association with King.


                                              9
       A.     Factual Background
       Before trial, Lemon moved to sever the trial on counts 1 through 3, related to the
shooting of Arevalo on October 11, 2011 (charged against him and codefendant King),
from the trial on counts 4 through 9, related to the attempted murder of the two police
officers on October 19, 2011 (which were not charged against Lemon). Lemon argued
that because the two incidents were separate and involved distinct witnesses and evidence
and there was a risk of guilt by association, he should not be tried with King in
connection with the attempted murder. King also moved for severance, arguing that
counts 1 through 3 were improperly joined with counts 4 through 8, asserting the
evidence was not cross-admissible, and King was not charged in any count in which all of
the other defendants were charged, creating the risk of a spillover effect based on
prejudicial association with the other defendants and confusion to the jury.
       At the hearing, the trial court observed that there was an abundance of cross-
admissibility, citing the gang evidence, and observed that the evidence from the attempted
murder could be used to show consciousness of guilt and to explain why King was
running from the officers. Further, the court stated it would admonish the jurors that
Lemon was not the driver at the attempted murder of the officers. The court denied the
motions.
       After a week of deliberation, the jury initially deadlocked on the charges against
Lemon, with a majority of the jury advising the court they needed more time to reach a
verdict, but declining further instruction, argument from counsel, or readback of
evidence. After additional deliberation, the jury reached a verdict against Lemon.
       B.     Discussion
       Section 954 permits two or more offenses of the same class or connected together
in their commission to be consolidated for trial against a single defendant. “[B]ecause
consolidation or joinder of charged offenses ordinarily promotes efficiency, that is the
course of action preferred by law.” (Alcala v. Superior Court (2008) 43 Cal.4th 1205,
1220 (Alcala).) “A unitary trial requires a single courtroom, judge, and court attaches.


                                             10
Only one group of jurors need serve, and the expenditure of time for jury voir dire and
trial is greatly reduced over that required were the cases separately tried. In addition, the
public is served by the reduced delay on disposition of criminal charges both in trial and
through the appellate process.” (People v. Bean (1988) 46 Cal.3d 919, 939–940.)
       When the statutory requirements for joinder have been met, the defendant can
demonstrate error in the denial of a motion to sever only by a clear showing of potential
prejudice. (People v. Soper (2009) 45 Cal.4th 759, 774 (Soper).) “A trial court’s denial
of a motion for severance of charged offenses amounts to a prejudicial abuse of discretion
if ‘“the trial court’s ruling ‘“falls outside the bounds of reason.”’”’” (Alcala, supra, 43
Cal.4th at p. 1220.)
       “In determining whether a trial court abused its discretion under section 954 in
declining to sever properly joined charges, ‘we consider the record before the trial court
when it made its ruling.’ . . . [¶] First, we consider the cross-admissibility of the evidence
in hypothetical separate trials. [Citation.] If the evidence underlying the charges in
question would be cross-admissible, that factor alone is normally sufficient to dispel any
suggestion of prejudice and to justify a trial court’s refusal to sever properly joined
charges. [Citation.] Moreover, even if the evidence underlying these charges would not
be cross-admissible in hypothetical separate trials, that determination would not itself
establish prejudice or an abuse of discretion by the trial court in declining to sever
properly joined charges.” (Soper, supra, 45 Cal.4th at pp. 774–775.) In terms of a
severance motion, cross-admissibility requires that “‘evidence pertinent to one case
[would] have been admissible in the other under the rules of evidence which limit the use
of character evidence or prior similar acts to prove conduct (Evid. Code, § 1101,
subds. (a) and (b)).’” (People v. Johnson (1988) 47 Cal.3d 576, 589.)
       If the evidence underlying properly joined charges would not be cross-admissible,
we consider “‘whether the benefits of joinder were sufficiently substantial to outweigh
the possible “spill-over” effect of the “other crimes” evidence on the jury . . . . [Citation.]
In making that assessment, we consider three additional factors, any of which—combined


                                              11
with our earlier determination of absence of cross-admissibility—might establish an
abuse of the trial court’s discretion: (1) whether some of the charges are particularly
likely to inflame the jury against the defendant; (2) whether a weak case has been joined
with a strong case or another weak case so that the totality of the evidence may alter the
outcome as to some or all of the charges; or (3) whether one of the charges (but not
another) is a capital offense, or the joinder of the charges converts the matter into a
capital case. [Citations.] We then balance the potential for prejudice to the defendant
from a joint trial against the countervailing benefits to the state.” (Soper, supra, 45
Cal.4th at p. 775; see Alcala, supra, 43 Cal.4th at pp. 1220–1222.) Other factors
considered in granting or denying severance include “prejudicial association with
codefendants, likely confusion resulting from evidence on multiple counts, conflicting
defenses, or the possibility that at a separate trial a codefendant would give exonerating
testimony.” (People v. Massie (1967) 66 Cal.2d 899, 917, fns. omitted.)
       Here, Lemon argues that the gang evidence was only relevant to prove the gang
allegations and did not establish he shot Arevalo; the murder of Arevalo may have
provided an explanation of why King shot the officers, but did not establish Lemon shot
Arevalo; the evidence concerning King’s shooting of the police officers was stronger (it
was captured on video) than the evidence of the shooting of Arevalo (there were no
eyewitnesses); instruction to the jury that Lemon did not drive the Buick in the
October 19, 2011 incident was insufficient to prevent association with King; King’s
statements to the informant were similarly prejudicial by creating guilt by association; and
the jury’s initial deadlock on the counts against Lemon shows that the jury’s verdict
would not necessarily have been the same absent severance.
       First, joinder of the charges was proper. Offenses are connected together in their
commission if they share an “‘“element of substantial importance.”‘“ (Alcala, supra, 43
Cal.4th at p. 1218, italics omitted.) The requirement may be satisfied “even though ‘the
offenses charged “do not relate to the same transaction and were committed at different
times and places . . . against different victims.”‘“ (Ibid.) Here the offenses were


                                             12
connected within the meaning of section 954 because they shared a common element of
substantial importance: furtherance of the Fudge Town Mafia Crips gang members’
intent to intimidate, terrorize, and bully both the neighborhood and the immediate victims
of their acts of violence. (See id. at p. 1219 [the “intent or motivation with which
different acts are committed can qualify as a ‘common element of substantial importance’
in their commission and establish that such crimes were ‘connected together in their
commission’”].) The record is replete with evidence of this intent to terrorize and
intimidate and acts to further defendants’ gang agenda: Lemon’s and King’s shooting of
Arevalo in retaliation for the gang killing of Chuck Wayne; King’s statements he would
have shot the “paisas” even though they were not gang members; King’s attempts to shoot
the officers who would arrest him; and King’s attempt to dispose of the Beretta by calling
Lemon.
       Further, Lemon’s arguments fail to establish he was prejudiced by the joinder of
his trial with King’s trial. There was cross-admissible evidence in the form of the
Beretta, which Lemon used to shoot Arevalo and which King used to shoot at the police
officers; the abundant evidence of both King and Lemon’s gang membership and the
rivalry with Arevalo’s gang; and King’s motivation to shoot at the officers to escape
capture and his belated attempt to dispose of the Beretta used in the shooting. Lemon
further fails to show association with King caused the jury to convict him; rather,
Lemon’s own statements to the jailhouse informant, coupled with the eyewitness
testimony describing the shooting, were robust evidence of his guilt. For that reason, we
also disagree with Lemon that his was a “weak” case joined with a stronger case. The
evidence on both cases was of similar consequence: The two defendants’ statements to
the jailhouse informant were remarkably consistent in their detail concerning the Arevalo
incident, setting forth the motivation, commission, and aftermath. Finally, the fact the
jury may have initially had trouble reaching a verdict on those counts against Lemon does
not automatically create an inference of prejudice. When queried by the court what
would assist them in reaching a verdict, the jury did not ask for clarification of the law,


                                             13
request any read backs of evidence, but instead stated they needed more time, indicating
any roadblock to a verdict was not caused by confusion over the facts, law, or the
arguments of counsel.
II.     Admission of Codefendants King and Lemon’s Statements Implicating Each
Other
        Lemon and King argue that the trial court prejudicially violated their Sixth
Amendment confrontation rights when it admitted their jailhouse statements about the
crimes against each other. Further, even if nontestimonial, King argues admission of
Lemon’s statements against him violated his confrontation clause rights, asserting that the
Supreme Court’s recent decisions limiting the confrontation clause to testimonial
statements have not considered whether the rule extends to codefendants. Finally, King
argues that Lemon’s statements about King’s participation in the crimes did not constitute
admissions against interest with respect to Lemon and were therefore inadmissible
hearsay.
        A.     Factual Background
        Both King and Lemon objected to the admission of their conversations with the
jailhouse informant on hearsay and confrontation clause grounds. The court denied the
motion, finding the statements nontestimonial under Crawford v. Washington7 and that
the statements were declarations against interest under Evidence Code section 1230.
        The only statement not admitted against King was Lemon’s statement about his
inability to retrieve the Beretta after King threw it off the roof and Lemon’s statement that
the weapon had “too many murders on it.” The trial court concluded these statements
were not declarations against Lemon’s interest because he was not charged in connection
with the October 11, 2011 incident, but the statements could be used to show his state of
mind (consciousness of guilt).



        7
       Crawford v. Washington (2004) 541 U.S. 36 [124 S.Ct. 1354, 158 L.Ed.2d 177]
(Crawford).

                                             14
       B.     Discussion
              1.     The Defendants’ Conversations with the Jailhouse Informants Were
Not Testimonial
       The Sixth Amendment bars the “admission of testimonial statements of a
[declarant] who [does] not appear at trial unless he was unavailable to testify, and the
defendant had had a prior opportunity for cross-examination.” (Crawford, supra, 541
U.S. 36 at pp. 53–54.) The confrontation clause is not implicated by statements that are
not testimonial. (Crawford, at p. 59, fn. 9.) Testimonial evidence includes formal
testimony and statements resembling testimony, such as responses to police interrogation
undertaken to obtain evidence to be used at trial. (Davis v. Washington (2006) 547 U.S.
813, 830 [126 S.Ct. 2266, 165 L.Ed.2d 224] (Davis); Crawford, at pp. 51–52.)
       On the other hand, an “off-hand, overheard remark” is not testimonial, even if it is
inadmissible hearsay. (Crawford, supra, 541 U.S. at p. 51.) Thus, a conversation
between prisoners and a secretly recorded statement to a government informant are both
nontestimonial. (Davis, supra, 547 U.S. at p. 825.) As federal courts have repeatedly
held, “statements unwittingly made to an informant are not ‘testimonial’ within the
meaning of the confrontation clause.” (People v. Arauz (2012) 210 Cal.App.4th 1394,
1402.) Moreover, secretly recording such statements to preserve them as evidence does
not render them testimonial. (See id. at pp. 1402–1404.) Here, both defendants believed
they were speaking to a gang associate and were unaware they were being recorded.
Thus, the conversations between defendants and the paid informant were nontestimonial
and did not implicate the Sixth Amendment.
              2.     Admissibility of Codefendant Statements
       The Aranda/Bruton rule bars the admission of one defendant’s out-of-court
confession incriminating a codefendant, even if the court instructs the jury to consider the
confession only against the declarant. (People v. Aranda (1965) 63 Cal.2d 518, 529–530;
Bruton v. United States (1968) 391 U.S. 123, 135–136 [88 S.Ct. 1620, 20 L.Ed.2d 476].)
The Aranda/Bruton rule presumes the out-of-court statement is admissible against the


                                             15
declarant and inadmissible hearsay against the codefendant. (People v. Fletcher (1996)
13 Cal.4th 451, 455.) Under such circumstances, the trial court must either sever the
trials or redact the statement to avoid references to the codefendant. (Aranda, at pp. 530–
531.) In People v. Garcia (2008) 168 Cal.App.4th 261, 282, footnote 12, the court
observed that “[w]hether the Aranda/Bruton rule applies only to extrajudicial testimonial
statements appears to be an unsettled question.” However, “since . . . Garcia’s
observation, a number of federal courts have expressly held that the Bruton rule does not
apply to nontestimonial statements.” (People v. Arceo (2011) 195 Cal.App.4th 556, 574.)
Thus, following Arceo, we find that the Aranda/Bruton rule does not apply to these
nontestimonial statements.
              3.     The Statements Were Declarations Against Interest
       Further, the statements were admissible as declarations against interest.
Declarations against interest are a firmly rooted exception to the hearsay rule. (People v
Riccardi (2012) 54 Cal.4th 758, 833, fn. 36.) “The proponent of [evidence of a
declaration against penal interest] must show that the declarant is unavailable, that the
declaration was against the declarant’s penal interest when made and that the declaration
was sufficiently reliable to warrant admission despite its hearsay character.” (People v.
Duarte (2000) 24 Cal.4th 603, 610–611.) “[A]s the high court has noted, ‘whether a
statement is self-inculpatory or not can only be determined by viewing it in context.’
[Citation.]” (Id. at p. 612.) “There is no litmus test for the determination of whether a
statement is trustworthy and falls within the declaration against interest exception. The
trial court must look to the totality of the circumstances in which the statement was made,
whether the declarant spoke from personal knowledge, the possible motivation of the
declarant, what was actually said by the declarant and anything else relevant to the
inquiry.” (People v. Greenberger (1997) 58 Cal.App.4th 298, 334.)
       In People v. Arceo, supra, 195 Cal.App.4th 556, the defendant was a gang member
who was charged with two murders and with conspiracy to commit those murders as well
as gang allegations. (Id. at p. 562.) The defendant objected to a witness’s testimony that


                                             16
an accomplice, Sergio, made boastful statements about the murders and described how
the defendant shot one of the victims when she resisted. (Id. at p. 576.) The court held
that, to the extent Sergio’s boastful statements admitting his own involvement implicated
the defendant, the statements were declarations against interest and admissible under
Evidence Code section 1230. (Ibid.) Adding to the statements’ trustworthiness was the
fact that they were not made in a custodial context or in a context that shifted the blame to
another. (Id. at p. 577.)
         Here, King asserts Lemon’s statements about King’s involvement in the crimes
were statements Lemon made in the belief he was bragging to a fellow gang member,
were not statements against Lemon’s penal interest nor were they reliable, and are
therefore inadmissible. However, Lemon’s statements implicating King were made in
conjunction with statements implicating himself in the Arevalo shooting and were thus an
integral part of his own admissible statements against interest. The same can be said of
King’s statements regarding Lemon’s participation in Arevalo’s murder. With respect to
Lemon’s statements about King’s escape to the rooftop and request that Lemon dispose of
the Beretta, Lemon’s potential participation in the disposal of the weapon were statements
against penal interest. Further, although both defendants were in custody at the time they
made the statements, they were respectively in a cell alone with an informant (believed to
be a gang member) and were unaware their conversations with the informant were being
taped.
         Finally, the admissibility of a declaration against interest depends upon the person
hearing the statement. As People v. Greenberger, supra, 58 Cal.App.4th 298 noted:
“Clearly the least reliable circumstance is one in which the declarant has been arrested
and attempts to improve his situation with the police by deflecting criminal responsibility
onto others. ‘[O]nce partners in crime recognize that the “jig is up,” they tend to lose any
identity of interest and immediately become antagonists, rather than accomplices.’
[Citation.] However, the most reliable circumstance is one in which the conversation
occurs between friends in a noncoercive setting that fosters uninhibited disclosures.


                                              17
[Citations.]” (Id. at p. 335.) Both defendants’ conversations with the jailhouse informant
were but one step away from a conversation with a friend: they were in a cell with a man
whom they believed to be incarcerated like they were, and whom they believed to be a
gang member, like they were.
       Even assuming error, any error was not prejudicial whether judged under the state
standard for erroneous evidentiary rulings (People v. Cunningham (2001) 25 Cal.4th 926,
998–999; People v. Watson (1956) 46 Cal.2d 818, 836), or the elevated standard that
governs federal rights (Crane v. Kentucky (1986) 476 U.S. 683, 690–691 [106 S.Ct. 2142,
2147–2146, 90 L.Ed.2d 636, 645–646]; Chapman v. California (1967) 386 U.S. 18, 24
[87 S.Ct. 824, 828, 17 L.Ed.2d 705, 710–711]). Both defendants made sufficient
statements regarding their own culpability for the respective crimes with which they were
charged to support the jury’s verdicts. Lemon testified in detail how he shot Arevalo in
the face 15 times such that the funeral would require a closed casket; King similarly
stated that all his shots at the victim were “head shots” and the funeral would be a “closed
casket for sure.” With respect to King’s attempted shooting at the officers, he admitted
he tried to shoot them but the gun’s safety was on.
III.   Admission of Evidence of Defendant’s Violent Propensities
       Lemon argues the trial court erred when it made an in limine ruling that the
probative value of certain statements King made to the jailhouse informant outweighed
the danger of undue prejudice, and admitted those statements. These statements were that
appellant’s gang was going to kill all South Side Grape Street gang members, everyone in
the clique to which appellant belonged had committed murders, and King would have
shot a group of Hispanics who were not gang members because they associated with
South Side Grape Street members.
       A.     Factual Background
       At trial, Lemon objected to the admission of King’s statement “‘[w]e gonna kill
′em all’” on the grounds that because of King’s use of “we,” the sentiment could be
attributed to Lemon, would invite speculation from the jury, and should be excluded


                                            18
under Evidence Code section 352. The trial court concluded it was a statement of intent
by King, referred to the South Side Gang as a whole, demonstrated the rivalry between
Fudge Town Mafia Crips and the South Side Gang, and thus should not be excluded.
       Counsel also objected the King’s statement about his clique being a “‘cold little
pack,’” was a statement about a prior bad act. The prosecution asserted the statement did
not indicate that King had committed any prior murders but referred to the killing of
Arevalo. The court concluded that it was about the Arevalo killing because King also
stated, “‘it’s me and Baby Nefee’” who had committed the murder. The court admitted
the statement.
       Lastly, Lemon’s counsel objected to King’s statement about paisas because it
evidenced a prior bad act, and that although he was not with King at this time, there could
be an inference Lemon was involved. The prosecution argued that the statement showed
King’s generalized animosity toward Hispanics and his motive in killing Arevalo. The
court admitted the evidence, reasoning that King was referring to what he wanted to do
because King said, “‘I would have,’” and King was not referring to what he had done in
the past.
       B.        Discussion
       Evidence Code section 1101, subdivision (a) provides, “evidence of a person’s
character or a trait of his or her character . . . is inadmissible when offered to prove his or
her conduct on a specified occasion.” On the other hand, Evidence Code section 1101,
subdivision (b) qualifies the prohibition on character evidence, and provides character
evidence is admissible when relevant to prove some fact, such as motive or intent.
       “‘When reviewing the admission of evidence of other [acts], a court must consider:
(1) the materiality of the fact to be proved or disproved, (2) the probative value of the
other [bad act] evidence to prove or disprove the fact, and (3) the existence of any rule or
policy requiring exclusion even if the evidence is relevant. [Citation.] Because this type
of evidence can be so damaging, “[i]f the connection between the uncharged offense and
the ultimate fact in dispute is not clear, the evidence should be excluded.” [Citation.]’


                                              19
[Citation.] ‘“We review for abuse of discretion a trial court’s rulings on relevance and
the admission or exclusion of evidence under Evidence Code sections 1101 and 352.”
[Citation.]’ [Citation.]” (People v. Fuiava (2012) 53 Cal.4th 622, 667–668.) Further,
evidence of a “defendant’s gang affiliation—including evidence of the gang’s territory,
membership, signs, symbols, beliefs and practices, criminal enterprises, rivalries, and the
like—can help prove identity, motive, modus operandi, specific intent, means of applying
force or fear, or other issues pertinent to guilt of the charged crime.” (People v.
Hernandez (2004) 33 Cal.4th 1040, 1049.)
       Here, the trial court gave an explanation for admitting King’s statements: With
respect to King’s first statement that “‘[w]e gonna kill ′em all’” of the South Side Gang,
the court stated, in response to defense counsel’s assertion that the “we” could not be
attributed to Lemon, that “I think he’s talking about the South Side . . . Gang as a whole.
If you look at it . . . [it] shows the rivalry between Fudge Town and the South Side.”
With respect to King’s second statement, the prosecution argued that the statement was
about the gang’s clique having committed murders but did not state that King himself had
committed a murder. The court observed, “in . . . context . . . I think he’s referring to the
gang as a whole, but this could be interpreted as an admission as to himself because if you
look at the next line, the informant asks, ‘so it was you and [Baby] Nefee,’ basically. And
[King] corrects [the informant] and says, ‘it’s me and Baby Nefee.’ . . . [T]hat’s
talking . . . about this particular murder of Arevalo. So I think in the context, even
withstanding [Evidence Code section] 352, that’s going to be admitted.”
       Lemon contends that the trial court abused its discretion in those determinations of
admissibility. We need not resolve whether the trial court abused its discretion in
admitting the statements, because we evaluate evidentiary rulings under the Watson
standard of harmless error, and we will not reverse unless it is reasonably probable the
result in defendant’s case would have been different if the evidence had not been
admitted. (People v. Watson, supra, 46 Cal.2d at p. 836.) Defendants’ shooting of
Arevalo was a gruesomely violent act (Lemon termed it a “slaughter”); King’s three


                                             20
statements indicating his violent propensities are dwarfed by the carnage of that shooting.
In addition, the defendants made numerous other statements evidencing their readiness to
resort to violence, in particular their descriptions of the shooting of Arevalo. Given the
strong evidence of guilt here, namely, both defendants’ admissions in separate
conversations with the same informant, Lemon was not prejudiced by admission of
King’s statements regarding the gang.
IV.    Denial of Mistrial Based upon Prosecution Attempt to Introduce Evidence of
Pennie’s Conviction
       A.     Factual Background
       The parties stipulated that Pennie was the driver of the Buick. Pennie had pleaded
guilty to the offense of attempted murder. During the examination of Detective Murillo,
King objected to introduction of evidence of Pennie’s conviction (bearing the same case
number of the case against Lemon and King) of the attempted murder of Officers Torres
and Korinek. Defendant King argued that the conviction, which was the result of a plea
bargain, did not establish the fact of Pennie’s conduct, but merely that he had pleaded
guilty. Defendant King further argued the evidence should be excluded under Evidence
Code section 352 because the conviction did not relate to King. The court observed that
there was a danger the jury would use the conviction as proof of the substantive offense,
and amounted to bootstrapping. The court excluded the evidence.
       However, because the jury had already heard evidence of Pennie’s conviction of
attempted murder of a police officer in this case, King and Lemon moved for a mistrial.
The court stated that nothing more happened than the marking of the exhibit (Pennie’s
conviction) and observed that it did not believe the jury was paying attention to case
numbers. When the jury returned, the court remarked that it had sustained an objection to
the exhibit that had been marked before the break, and admonished the jury not to
consider the exhibit for any purpose.




                                             21
       B.      Discussion
       The trial court should grant a mistrial “only when a party’s chances of receiving a
fair trial have been irreparably damaged.” (People v. Bolden (2002) 29 Cal.4th 515, 555;
accord, People v. Gonzalez and Soliz (2011) 52 Cal.4th 254, 291 [“we have stated that a
trial court should grant a mistrial only if the defendant will suffer prejudice that is
incurable by admonition or instruction”].) We review the trial court’s ruling denying a
mistrial for abuse of discretion. (Bolden, at p. 555; People v. Ayala (2000) 23 Cal.4th
225, 282.)
       Evidence regarding the guilty plea or conviction of a coparticipant in a crime is not
admissible to prove guilt of a defendant. (People v. Cummings (1993) 4 Cal.4th 1233,
1322.) The rationale is that a guilty plea or conviction of a participant is irrelevant to
whether another person was positively and correctly identified as a co-participant, and
merely invites the inference of guilt by association. (Ibid.)
       Here, however, the prosecution’s attempt to introduce the conviction of
codefendant Pennie was followed by a detailed admonitions to the jury not to consider
any exhibits that had not been admitted, which offset the minimal effect of Pennie’s
conviction. “[W]e . . . presume, as always, that the jury followed the court’s instructions.
(People v. Gonzalez, supra, 52 Cal.4th at p. 292; see, generally People v. Waidla (2000)
22 Cal.4th 690, 725 [jury presumed to follow court’s instructions and admonitions].)
V.     Improper Imposition of Separate Punishment for Illegal Possession of a
Firearm
       Lemon asserts that the trial court improperly imposed separate sentences on his
conviction of being a felon in possession of a firearm and his murder conviction.
However, because defendant Lemon only possessed the guns for the purpose of the
murder, punishment for both the murder and the firearm possession was prohibited by
section 654.
       A defendant may be convicted of, but not punished for, more than one crime
arising out of the same course of conduct. (§§ 654, 954.) Section 654 provides that “[a]n


                                              22
act or omission that is punishable in different ways by different provisions of law shall be
punished under the provision that provides for the longest potential term of imprisonment,
but in no case shall the act or omission be punished under more than one provision. . . .”
In sum, section 654 prohibits punishment for two crimes arising from a single, indivisible
course of conduct. (People v. Latimer (1993) 5 Cal.4th 1203, 1208.)
       Thus, if all of the crimes committed were merely incidental to or were the means
of accomplishing or facilitating a single objective, the defendant may receive only one
punishment. (People v. Latimer, supra, 5 Cal.4th at p. 1208.) However, if the defendant
had several, independent criminal objectives, he or she may be punished for each crime
that was committed in pursuit of separate objectives, even where the crimes shared
common acts or were parts of an otherwise indivisible course of conduct. (People v.
Harrison (1989) 48 Cal.3d 321, 335.) “The defendant’s intent and objective are factual
questions for the trial court; [to permit multiple punishments,] there must be evidence to
support a finding the defendant formed a separate intent and objective for each offense
for which he was sentenced. [Citation.]” (People v. Adams (1982) 137 Cal.App.3d 346,
355; Harrison, at p. 335 [question of whether the defendant harbored a “single intent” is a
factual determination made by the trial court].) On appeal we will sustain the court’s
implied factual determination if supported by substantial evidence. (See People v.
Osband (1996) 13 Cal.4th 622, 730.)
       In People v. Jones (2002) 103 Cal.App.4th 1139, the court explained the operation
of section 654 on the offense of a felon being in possession of a firearm and the crime of
murder. “‘“Whether a violation of section 12021, forbidding persons convicted of
felonies from possessing firearms concealable upon the person, constitutes a divisible
transaction from the offense in which he employs the weapon depends upon the facts and
evidence of each individual case. Thus where the evidence shows a possession distinctly
antecedent and separate from the primary offense, punishment on both crimes has been
approved. On the other hand, where the evidence shows a possession only in conjunction
with the primary offense, then punishment for the illegal possession of the firearm has


                                             23
been held to be improper where it is the lesser offense.”’” (Id. at p. 1143.) Multiple
punishment is improper where the evidence “demonstrates at most that fortuitous
circumstances put the firearm in the defendant’s hand only at the instant of committing
another offense . . . .” (People v. Ratcliff (1990) 223 Cal.App.3d 1401, 1412.)
       In People v. Bradford (1976) 17 Cal.3d 8, the defendant was stopped by a highway
patrol officer for speeding. He wrested away the officer’s revolver and shot at the officer
with it. (Id. at p. 13) The California Supreme Court found punishment for both assault
with a deadly weapon upon a peace officer and possession of a firearm by an ex-felon
was prohibited by section 654 because the defendant’s possession of the officer’s
revolver was not antecedent and separate from the use of the revolver in assaulting the
officer. (Id. at pp. 22–23.) On the other hand, it is clear that multiple punishment is
proper where the evidence shows that the defendant possessed the firearm before the
crime, with an independent intent. In People v. Killman (1975) 51 Cal.App.3d 951, the
defendant had given his girlfriend money to purchase a gun. Several months before the
robbery, the defendant used the gun for target practice, and took it with him when he
moved to a new residence. (Id. at p. 955.) Section 654 did not bar punishment on both
first degree robbery and firearm possession charges; the defendant was properly punished
“for his own personal possession of the gun before the robbery.” (Killman, at p. 959.)
       In People v. Ratcliff, supra, 223 Cal.App.3d 1401, the defendant used a handgun to
commit two robberies approximately one hour and one half apart. When he was arrested
approximately one-half hour later, the handgun was still in his possession. Ratcliff
rejected the argument that section 654 precluded punishment for both an ex-felon in
possession of a firearm conviction and a firearm use enhancement. (Id. at pp. 1407–
1408.) The court first turned to the “important policy consideration” underlying section
12021, and distinguished violation of section 12021 from other weapons charges, noting
that nonfelons could be charged with other firearms violations, but not with violation of
section 12021. Ratcliff observed that an ex-felon was prohibited from carrying a firearm
even if pardoned or granted a certificate of rehabilitation, if his or her prior felony


                                              24
involved the use of a dangerous weapon. (Id. at pp. 1409–1410.) These considerations
underscored Ratcliff’s conclusion that a conviction for firearm possession by a felon
represents “a unique circumstance in the minefield of section 654 cases in that this charge
involves an important policy consideration.” (Id. at p. 1409.) Ratcliff concluded that the
Legislature clearly intended, in enacting section 12021, to minimize the danger to public
safety arising from free access to firearms, a danger presumed to be greater when the
person possessing the concealable firearm is an ex-felon. (Id. at p. 1409.) Ratcliff
explained, “Commission of a crime under section 12021 is complete once the intent to
possess is perfected by possession. What the ex-felon does with the weapon later is
another separate and distinct transaction undertaken with an additional intent which
necessarily is something more than the mere intent to possess the proscribed weapon.
[Citations.] In other words, in the case here, defendant’s intent to possess the weapon did
not import or include the intent to commit the robberies.” (Id. at p. 1414.)
       The record here supports the trial court’s implied finding that Lemon possessed the
Beretta before the shooting of Arevalo. Both defendants admitted possession of the guns
prior to the Arevalo shooting in their conversations with the jailhouse informant; King
had seen Arevalo and went to get Lemon. They arrived on the scene with their weapons,
indicating they possessed them before the shooting. This evidence was sufficient to
support the inference that Lemon’s possession of the firearm was antecedent to and
separate from the primary offense of shooting Arevalo, making section 654 inapplicable
to Lemon’s convictions on counts 1 and 3.




                                             25
                                  DISPOSITION
      The judgment is affirmed.
      NOT TO BE PUBLISHED.


                                     JOHNSON, J.


We concur:


      ROTHSCHILD, P. J.


      CHANEY, J.




                                      26
