J-S12037-19


NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

    IN THE INTEREST OF: N.M., A MINOR              IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                                         PENNSYLVANIA



    APPEAL OF: J.M., FATHER
                                                      No. 1834 MDA 2018

                 Appeal from the Order Entered October 9, 2018
                 In the Court of Common Pleas of Tioga County
                     Orphans' Court at No(s): 55-OC-2018


    IN THE INTEREST OF: L.M.                   :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                               :         PENNSYLVANIA
                                               :
                                               :
                                               :
    APPEAL OF: J.M.                            :      No. 1835 MDA 2018

                 Appeal from the Order Entered October 3, 2018
                  in the Court of Common Pleas of Tioga County
                       Orphans' Court at No(s): 56 OC 2018

BEFORE: BOWES, J., DUBOW, J., and MUSMANNO, J.

MEMORANDUM BY MUSMANNO, J.:                              FILED APRIL 16, 2019

       J.M. (“Father”) appeals from the respective Orders involuntarily

terminating his parental rights to his biological sons, N.M. (born in February

2015), and L.M. (born in October 2012) (collectively, “the Children”), pursuant

to the Adoption Act, 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 2511(a)(1), (2), (5), and (b).1 We affirm

the Orders.


____________________________________________


1 On October 29, 2018, the trial court entered Orders that voluntarily
terminated the parental rights of the Children’s biological mother, B.S.
(“Mother”). Mother is not a party to the instant appeals, nor has she filed
appeals from the Orders.
J-S12037-19


       On May 31, 2018, the Tioga County Department of Human Services,

Office of Children and Youth (“OCY”) filed Petitions seeking to involuntarily

terminate Father’s parental rights to the Children. On September 18, 2018,

the trial court held an evidentiary hearing on the Petitions (hereinafter, the

“termination hearing”). The following witnesses testified at the termination

hearing:

          Matthew Moore (“Moore”), an Effective Safe Parenting (“ESP”)
           caseworker, who regularly met with Father, discussed plans
           for substance abuse rehabilitation and counseling, and
           supervised some of Father’s visits with the Children;

          Michelle Habbershaw (“Habbershaw”), the OCY caseworker for
           the family, who prepared a family service plan (“FSP”) for
           Father, worked extensively with Father to achieve his FSP
           goals, and supervised some of Father’s visits with the
           Children;

          Denise Feger, Ph.D. (“Dr. Feger”), who was qualified as an
           expert witness in the field of trauma and attachment in
           children, and performed an assessment of L.M. in April 2017
           at the request of OCY;

          Jared Keltz (“Keltz”), a therapist who attends the Children’s
           visits with Father and works on goals in L.M.’s treatment plan
           with L.M.;

          The Children’s foster mother (“Foster Mother”), who has
           resided with the Children since June 2018, along with Foster
           Mother’s husband (collectively, “Foster Parents”)2 and their
           three-year-old biological child;

          Father testified on his own behalf.




____________________________________________


2 Foster Parents wish to adopt the Children, who refer to Foster Parents as
“Mom” and “Dad.”
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      In its Opinion, the trial court summarized the factual history of this case

as follows:

      The [Children were] placed in the custody of [OCY in March 2017]
      …. A [FSP] was developed and reviewed with [Father]. The [FSP]
      addressed specific concerns leading to the removal of the
      [Children], including domestic violence, substance abuse and
      parenting [issues]. The objectives identified in the [FSP] were
      intended to address services and support efforts designed to
      support [Father]. During the pendency of the dependency case,
      [OCY] [] offered various services to [Father], including … []ESP[],
      a substance abuse[-]focused service for parents, Supporting
      Teaching Educating Parents (STEPS) parent education program,
      and the Fatherhood Program [(Fatherhood)]. [Father] has been
      court[-o]rdered to participate in drug and alcohol treatment
      services and testing[,] as well as a domestic violence program
      (MAAP).

                                    ***

             The … [Children have] remained [in custody] since [March
      2017], with the exception of an approximately two[-]week period
      when physical placement was with [] [M]other. At the time of
      removal, the [C]hildren were in the custody of Mother[,] and
      [Father] had occasional contact and visitation [(specifically,
      Father had twice-weekly supervised visits for two hours each)].
      The concerns noted above, [i.e.,] the substance abuse, domestic
      violence and parenting concerns[,] applied to both Mother and
      [Father]. … [Father] failed to participate [in] or even be enrolled
      in [the court-ordered] domestic violence programs[,] and [he]
      acknowledged the same. [Father’s] participation in substance
      abuse treatment has been, at best, minimal. [Father] has
      enrolled, attended one or two sessions, and then stopped
      attending.     [Father] recently re-enrolled again.        [Father]
      acknowledges [that] he continues to use illegal substances and
      declines to participate in random drug screening when asked.
      ([Father] has taken two dr[ug] tests at scheduled Permanency
      Review Hearings, but these are not random tests -- both were
      positive for controlled substances).       [Father] has failed to
      participate in either the STEPS or Fatherhood Programs. [Father]
      accepts only ESP [s]ervices and does so selectively, rejecting, as
      noted, all requests for drug testing. His ESP caseworker[, Moore,]
      notes [that Father] has made minimal progress. [Father] has also

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J-S12037-19


       been less than cooperative with the family service caseworker,
       [Habbershaw]. … Habbershaw[] testified [that] she was unable
       to conduct a single home visit in 2017[,3] and had only been
       permitted into the home on one [] occasion during 2018[,] and
       then was excluded from certain areas of the house.            []
       Habbershaw further noted that her communication with [Father]
       was often met with “hostility,” “threats,” “name calling”[] and
       “profanity[.”]

              [At the time of the termination hearing, t]he [Children had]
       been in placement for nearly one [] year. [Father] has not
       participated in the medical or educational needs of the [Children].
       These needs have been met by the [F]oster [P]arents. [Father]
       has engaged in and regularly attended visitation, but has not
       otherwise meaningfully contributed to the [Children’s] needs.

Trial Court Opinion, 10/4/18, at 2-3.

       At the termination hearing, the Children were represented by a guardian

ad litem (“GAL”), who opined that it was in the Children’s best interests that

Father’s parental rights be terminated.          Jeffrey Yates, Esquire (“Attorney




____________________________________________


3Father resides with his paramour, C., her parents, and her son, in the home
of C.’s parents.
                                           -4-
J-S12037-19


Yates”), represented the Children as legal interests counsel,4 and concurred

with the recommendation of the GAL. Attorney Yates observed the Children

interact with Foster Parents on two occasions at their home, and described

the Children as being happy and well-bonded to Foster Parents.        Attorney

Yates also interviewed the Children. Attorney Yates stated that N.M., who was

less than 3½ years old at the time of the termination hearing, was too young

to express a preferred outcome in this matter.5 Concerning L.M., who was

approximately 5½ years old at the time of the termination hearing, Attorney

Yates states in his appellate brief that “L.M. clearly and unequivocally stated

on both occasions his preferred position[,] and that the best interest of L.M.

is in remaining and becoming a part of the [F]oster [P]arent[s’] family through

the termination of [Father’s] parental rights.” Brief for Attorney Yates at 7.

       In early October 2018, the trial court entered the respective Orders

involuntarily terminating Father’s parental rights to the Children, pursuant to

23 Pa.C.S.A. § 2511(a)(1), (2), (5), and (b). Father timely filed Notices of

appeal, along with Concise Statements of errors complained of on appeal



____________________________________________


4 See In re Adoption of L.B.M., 161 A.3d 172, 180 (Pa. 2017) (plurality)
(holding that 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 2313(a) requires the appointment of counsel to
represent the legal interests of any child involved in a contested involuntary
termination proceeding, and defining a child’s legal interest as synonymous
with his or her preferred outcome).

5 See In re T.S., 192 A.3d 1080, 1092 (Pa. 2018) (explaining that if the
preferred outcome of the child is incapable of ascertainment because the child
is very young, there can be no conflict between the child’s legal interests and
his or her best interests).
                                           -5-
J-S12037-19


pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a)(2)(i) and (b). This Court then consolidated the

appeals.

      Father now presents the following issues for our review:

      1. Did the trial court err and abuse its discretion in finding that
      [OCY] proved[,] by clear and convincing evidence[,] that the
      conditions which led to the removal or placement of the [C]hildren
      continue to exist and that [Father] cannot or will not remedy those
      conditions within a reasonable period of time?

      2. Did the trial court err and abuse its discretion in finding that
      [OCY] proved[,] by clear and convincing evidence[,] that the
      termination of Father’s parental rights was in the best interests of
      the [C]hildren due to the bond between Father and [the C]hildren?

Father’s Brief at 7. We will address Father’s issues simultaneously.

      Father argues that the trial court erred in terminating his parental rights

to the Children, where

      (1) the primary issues that led to the placement or removal of the
      Children pertained to Mother;

      (2) “Father did not always have a positive relationship with the
      caseworkers, but did engage in a number of the services offered
      by [OCY], including ESP and substance abuse counseling”;

      (3) there were no safety concerns with Father’s residence;

      (4) “Father’s work schedule made it difficult for him to regularly
      attend counseling sessions at times”;

      (5) “Father has maintained regular contact with the [C]hildren
      through visitation and, by doing so, has deepened his bond with
      them”; and

      (6) “Father has behaved appropriately and has provided adequate
      supervision for the [C]hildren while at the visits.”

Id. at 14-15.   Additionally, Father contends that the trial court abused its

discretion when it ignored the evidence of the bond between Father and

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Children and that “the [C]hildren may experience difficulty if that bond is

severed.” Id. at 16. Finally, Father emphasizes Moore’s testimony that Father

appeared to have a “close relationship” with the Children. Id. at 17.

      We review an appeal from the termination of parental rights in

accordance with the following standard:

      In an appeal from an order terminating parental rights, our scope
      of review is comprehensive: we consider all the evidence
      presented as well as the trial court’s factual findings and legal
      conclusions. However, our standard of review is narrow: we will
      reverse the trial court’s order only if we conclude that the trial
      court abused its discretion, made an error of law, or lacked
      competent evidence to support its findings. The trial judge’s
      decision is entitled to the same deference as a jury verdict.

In re T.C., 984 A.2d 549, 551 (Pa. Super. 2009) (citation omitted).

      Termination of parental rights is controlled by section 2511 of the

Adoption Act. See 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 2511. The burden is upon the petitioner

“to prove by clear and convincing evidence that its asserted grounds for

seeking the termination of parental rights are valid.” In re R.N.J., 985 A.2d

273, 276 (Pa. Super. 2009). “[C]lear and convincing evidence is defined as

testimony that is so clear, direct, weighty and convincing as to enable the trier

of fact to come to a clear conviction, without hesitance, of the truth of the

precise facts in issue.” Id. (citation and quotation marks omitted). Further,

the “trial court is free to believe all, part, or none of the evidence presented

and is likewise free to make all credibility determinations and resolve conflicts

in the evidence.”   In re M.G., 855 A.2d 68, 73-74 (Pa. Super. 2004).          If

competent evidence supports the trial court’s findings, “we will affirm[,] even


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J-S12037-19


if the record could also support the opposite result.”      In re Adoption of

T.B.B., 835 A.2d 387, 394 (Pa. Super. 2003) (citation omitted).

      This Court may affirm the trial court’s decision regarding the termination

of parental rights with regard to any one subsection of section 2511(a), along

with consideration of section 2511(b). See In re B.L.W., 843 A.2d 380, 384

(Pa. Super. 2004) (en banc). In the instant appeal, we will consider section

2511(a)(1) and (b), which provide as follows:

      § 2511. Grounds for involuntary termination

      (a) General rule.-- The rights of a parent in regard to a child
      may be terminated after a petition filed on any of the following
      grounds:

         (1) The parent[,] by conduct continuing for a period of at
         least six months immediately preceding the filing of the
         petition[,] either has evidenced a settled purpose of
         relinquishing parental claim to a child or has refused or failed
         to perform parental duties.

                                     ** *

      (b) Other considerations.-- The court in terminating the rights
      of a parent shall give primary consideration to the developmental,
      physical and emotional needs and welfare of the child. The rights
      of a parent shall not be terminated solely on the basis of
      environmental factors such as inadequate housing, furnishings,
      income, clothing and medical care if found to be beyond the
      control of the parent. With respect to any petition filed pursuant
      to subsection (a)(1), (6) or (8), the court shall not consider any
      efforts by the parent to remedy the conditions described therein
      which are first initiated subsequent to the giving of notice of the
      filing of the petition.

23 Pa.C.S.A. § 2511(a)(1), (b); see also In re Adoption of C.L.G., 956 A.2d

999, 1008 (Pa. Super. 2008) (en banc) (stating that the focus in terminating



                                      -8-
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parental rights under section 2511(a) is on the parent, but it is on the child

pursuant to section 2511(b)).

      With respect to subsection 2511(a)(1), the Pennsylvania Supreme Court

has stated that

      [o]nce the evidence establishes a failure to perform parental
      duties or a settled purpose of relinquishing parental rights, the
      court must engage in three lines of inquiry: (1) the parent’s
      explanation for his or her conduct; (2) the post-abandonment
      contact between parent and child; and (3) consideration of the
      effect of termination of parental rights on the child pursuant to
      Section 2511(b).

In re Adoption of Charles E.D.M., 708 A.2d 88, 92 (Pa. 1988).

      Further,

      the trial court must consider the whole history of a given case and
      not mechanically apply the six-month statutory provision. The
      court must examine the individual circumstances of each case and
      consider all explanations offered by the parent facing termination
      of his or her parental rights, to determine if the evidence, in light
      of the totality of the circumstances, clearly warrants the
      involuntary termination.

In re B, N.M., 856 A.2d 847, 855 (Pa. Super. 2004) (citations omitted).

             A parent must utilize all available resources to preserve the
      parental relationship, and must exercise reasonable firmness in
      resisting obstacles placed in the path of maintaining the parent-
      child relationship. Parental rights are not preserved by waiting for
      a more suitable or convenient time to perform one’s parental
      responsibilities while others provide the child with his or her
      physical and emotional needs.

In re K.Z.S., 946 A.2d 753, 759 (Pa. Super. 2008) (citations omitted).

      In determining that OCY had proved the requirements of subsection

2511(a)(1) by clear and convincing evidence, the trial court stated in its

Opinion as follows:

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J-S12037-19



      The record clearly establishes [that] the [Children have] been
      removed from the home for a period exceeding six (6) months.
      Further, the conditions leading to the removal, including a lack of
      parenting, [Father’s] substance abuse[,] and unaddressed
      domestic violence, continue to exist and have not been addressed
      in a meaningful way. Additionally, the actions or inactions of
      [Father] make clear that it is unlikely these conditions will be
      addressed at any identifiable point in the future. Lastly, the
      [Children] currently [reside] with [F]oster [P]arents and [are]
      without the permanency to which [they are] entitled.

Trial Court Opinion, 10/3/18, at 3.

      We determine that trial court’s foregoing analysis and decision to

terminate Father’s parental rights under subsection 2511(a)(1) is supported

by competent, clear and convincing evidence in the record. In particular, we

emphasize the following testimony elicited at the termination hearing:

         At the time of the termination hearing, the Children had been
          in OCY care for eighteen months, and Father had been
          exercising supervised visits (for merely a total of four hours per
          week). N.T., 9/18/18, at 34-35.

         Father never progressed to semi-supervised or unsupervised
          visits, and he had not completed or started much of what the
          court had ordered him to do (particularly, maintaining,
          achieving, and proving sobriety and participating in all ordered
          services). Id. at 35, 55-56.

         Dr. Feger’s testimony that, following her assessment of L.M. in
          April 2017, she determined that (1) L.M. had been exposed to
          multiple, traumatic incidents of domestic violence while in the
          care of Mother and Father, id. at 42; (2) L.M. was at risk for
          developing attachment issues in light of this trauma and his
          exposure to multiple caregivers, id. at 45; and (3) it is crucial
          that L.M. reside with a consistent, known caregiver to allow him
          the ability to attach and develop positively. Id. at 44-45.

         Dr. Feger’s testimony that (1) she believed that L.M. would be
          able to adjust well, given his response to [F]oster [P]arents,
          id. at 44; and (2) since L.M. has only had supervised visitation

                                      - 10 -
J-S12037-19


           with Father for a few hours per week in an artificial setting, the
           loss of Father from L.M.’s life is less significant than L.M.’s need
           for permanency. Id. at 48.

          Habbershaw’s testimony that (1) overall, Father has not been
           working on his FSP objectives, and he refused to even enroll in
           the recommended STEPS, MAAP and Fatherhood Programs, id.
           at 26-27; and (2) Father admits to illicit drug use, and each
           time he has come to court, he has tested positive for a
           controlled substance. Id. at 31-32.

          Moore’s testimony that he has observed only minimal progress
           from Father, as Father has not undergone any drug screening,
           has not participated in recommended group drug and alcohol
           counseling, and has been in individual counseling for only a
           minimal amount of time. Id. at 10-11, 19-20.

       Although Father should be commended for consistently attending visits

with the Children and largely participating in ESP, he has exhibited a long

history of failing to comply with his FSP, including participating in drug/alcohol

counseling and all court-ordered services. See In re A.L.D., 797 A.2d 326,

337 (Pa. Super. 2002) (stating that a parent is required to make diligent

efforts    toward    the   reasonably      prompt   assumption    of   full   parental

responsibilities). Father may not selectively pick and choose which services

he desires to participate in.6 The evidence is clear that the Children need and

desire permanency; it would not be in their best interests for their lives to be

placed on hold any longer. See In re Z.S.W., 946 A.2d 726, 732 (Pa. Super.

2008) (noting that a child’s life “simply cannot be put on hold in the hope that

[a parent] will summon the ability to handle the responsibilities of
____________________________________________


6 Moreover, although Father avers that his work schedule prevented him from
participating in some drug tests and ordered services, Father had an obligation
to deal with such obstacles and utilize all available resources to preserve his
parental relationship with the Children. See In re K.Z.S., supra.
                                          - 11 -
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parenting.”); see also In re Adoption of R.J.S., 901 A.2d 502, 513 (Pa.

Super. 2006) (stating that “a child’s life cannot be held in abeyance while a

parent attempts to attain the maturity necessary to assume parenting

responsibilities. The court cannot and will not subordinate indefinitely a child’s

need for permanence and stability to a parent’s claims of progress and hope

for the future.”). We, therefore, find no reason to disturb the trial court’s

conclusions or its discretion in terminating Father’s parental rights to Children

under subsection 2511(a)(1).

      Next, in reviewing the evidence in support of termination under section

2511(b), our Supreme Court has stated as follows:

      [I]f the grounds for termination under subsection (a) are met, a
      court “shall give primary consideration to the developmental,
      physical and emotional needs and welfare of the child.” 23 Pa.C.S.
      § 2511(b). The emotional needs and welfare of the child have
      been properly interpreted to include [i]ntangibles such as love,
      comfort, security, and stability. … [T]he determination of the
      child’s needs and welfare requires consideration of the emotional
      bonds between the parent and child. The utmost attention should
      be paid to discerning the effect on the child of permanently
      severing the parental bond.

In re: T.S.M., 71 A.3d 251, 267 (Pa. 2013) (some citations and internal

quotation marks omitted). When evaluating a parental bond, “the court is not

required to use expert testimony. Social workers and caseworkers can offer

evaluations as well. Additionally, section 2511(b) does not require a formal

bonding evaluation.”    In re Z.P., 994 A.2d 1108, 1121 (Pa. Super. 2010)

(internal citations omitted).

      Furthermore, this Court has stated that


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      concluding [that] a child has a beneficial bond with a parent simply
      because the child harbors affection for the parent is not only
      dangerous, it is logically unsound. If a child’s feelings were the
      dispositive factor in the bonding analysis, the analysis would be
      reduced to an exercise in semantics[,] as it is the rare child who,
      after being subject to neglect and abuse, is able to sift through
      the emotional wreckage and completely disavow a parent …. Nor
      are we of the opinion that the biological connection between [the
      parent] and the children is sufficient in of itself, or when
      considered in connection with a child’s feeling toward a parent, to
      establish a de facto beneficial bond exists.

In re K.K.R.-S., 958 A.2d 529, 535 (Pa. Super. 2008) (internal citations and

quotation marks omitted). Finally, it is also appropriate to consider a child’s

bond with their foster parents. T.S.M., 71 A.3d at 268.

      In its Opinion, the trial court stated as follows in determining that

termination of Father’s parental rights was in the Children’s best interests

under section 2511(b):

      The needs of [the Children] are currently met by [] [F]oster
      [P]arents. [F]oster [P]arents have indicated they are willing to
      provide permanency to both siblings. Both siblings have adjusted
      to life in the foster home and have established a bond with []
      [F]oster [P]arents, who they refer to as “mom” and “dad”, and
      [the Children are also bonded to Foster Parents’] son. The
      [Children have] a continuing relationship with [Father] through
      visits and phone calls facilitated by [] [F]oster [P]arents. The
      evidence presented indicates [that Father] and each of the
      [C]hildren enjoy the visits and calls. It is clear there will be some
      difficulty if termination is granted[,] and the parental bond is
      severed. This difficulty[,] though[,] is likely to only be delayed,
      rather than prevented[,] by denying the requested relief. The
      evidence presented shows no meaningful progress by [Father]
      towards reunification[,] and there are no further actions [that
      OCY] or [the trial court] can take to facilitate reunification.
      Appropriate counseling and support by [Foster Parents] and [OCY]
      can address the impact of the severance of the bond between
      [Father] and [the Children].          The long[-]term needs and
      interest[s] of the [Children] will be serv[ed] by allowing [them] to
      establish permanency … as soon as possible.

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Trial Court Opinion, 10/3/18, at 4.

      Pursuant to section 2511(b), the trial court considered the Children’s

needs and welfare and the effect of termination of parental rights on the

Children. The trial court appropriately found that Father has never met the

Children’s needs and welfare, and their safety needs while they have been

removed and in care, and that Foster Parents meet those needs. Moreover,

the trial court properly found that even though the Children have some bond

with Father, their need for permanency with Foster Parents, an adoptive

resource, outweighs the effects of severing that bond. See In re T.D., 949

A.2d 910, 920-23 (Pa. Super. 2008) (affirming the termination of parental

rights where “obvious emotional ties exist between [the child] and [p]arents,

but [p]arents are either unwilling or unable to satisfy the irreducible minimum

requirements of parenthood,” and where preserving parental rights would only

serve to prevent the child from being adopted and attaining permanency); In

re K.Z.S., 946 A.2d at 763 (affirming involuntary termination of parental

rights, despite existence of some bond, where placement with biological

mother would be contrary to child’s best interests); see also T.S.M., 71 A.3d

at 271 (terminating parental rights despite evidence of a bond between

biological mother and children, where mother could not parent children and

instead hampered “children’s ability to form attachments to foster families

who could have provided the necessary love, care and stability that these

children have so needed”); In re L.M., 923 A.2d 505, 512 (Pa. Super. 2007)

(stating that a parent’s own feelings of love and affection for a child, alone,


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will not preclude termination of parental rights). This Court “will not toll the

well-being and permanency of [the Children] indefinitely.” In re Adoption

of C.L.G., 956 A.2d at 1007. Finally, even if the record arguably could also

support an opposite result, because the trial court’s findings under section

2511(b) are supported by competent, clear and convincing evidence in the

record, we must affirm its decision. See In re Adoption of T.B.B., supra.

      Accordingly, since we discern no error and/or abuse of discretion in the

trial court’s Orders terminating Father’s parental rights to the Children

pursuant to section 2511(a)(1) and (b), we affirm the Orders.

      Orders affirmed.


Judgment Entered.




Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary



Date: 04/16/2019




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