                                                                                         12/10/2019
               IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                           AT NASHVILLE
                              September 4, 2019 Session

                   JENNIFER ERDMAN v. MARK ERDMAN

              Appeal from the Chancery Court for Williamson County
                      No. 44359 Deanna B. Johnson, Judge
                     ___________________________________

                           No. M2018-01668-COA-R3-CV
                       ___________________________________

This is a divorce case. For most of the parties’ marriage, the wife was a homemaker and
the husband worked as a pharmaceutical sales representative. After husband was granted
a divorce, the wife filed an appeal with this Court raising several issues for our review.
Among other things, the wife takes issue with the trial court’s classification and division
of property and its decision to deny her alimony. For the reasons stated herein, the
judgment of the trial court is affirmed in part, reversed in part, vacated in part, and
remanded for such further proceedings as are necessary and consistent with this Opinion.

 Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Chancery Court Affirmed
            in Part; Reversed in Part; Vacated in Part and Remanded

ARNOLD B. GOLDIN, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which ANDY D. BENNETT
and W. NEAL MCBRAYER, JJ., joined.

Sarah Richter Perky, Franklin, Tennessee, for the appellant, Jennifer Erdman.

Roger Reid Street, Jr., and Elizabeth A. Russell, Franklin, Tennessee, for the appellee,
Mark Erdman.

                                       OPINION

                 BACKGROUND AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

       The parties to this appeal, Jennifer Erdman (“Wife”) and Mark Erdman
(“Husband”), married in May of 2000. Wife entered the marriage with one child from a
prior marriage, whereas Husband had never previously been married and had no children.
Over time, six children were ultimately born of the marriage.
       Although Wife was employed by her parents’ businesses at the time of the
marriage, she stopped working in 2001 when the parties’ oldest child was born. For the
majority of the marriage, Wife served as a homemaker, although she occasionally
supplemented the family’s income by assisting with local soccer tournaments, among
other endeavors. At the time of trial in this matter, Wife had resumed work in her
family’s businesses, earning a little over $50,000.00 per year as a result of this
employment. For his part, Husband served as the primary breadwinner during the
marriage, working as a drug sales representative for Pfizer. In 2017, he earned
approximately $190,000.00.

        The litigation in this matter commenced in July 2015 when Wife filed a complaint
for divorce. Wife averred that the parties had experienced irreconcilable differences in
their marriage, and pleading in the alternative, she accused Husband of inappropriate
marital conduct.         Husband answered the complaint in August 2015 and
contemporaneously filed his own petition for divorce. Whereas Husband agreed that the
parties were experiencing irreconcilable differences in the marriage, he denied that he
was guilty of inappropriate marital conduct. According to Husband, Wife was the one
guilty of inappropriate marital conduct. Wife promptly denied this allegation when she
filed her answer to Husband’s counter-petition in September 2015, but, upon Husband’s
filing of an amended counter-petition for divorce, she later admitted to having committed
adultery. Wife argued, however, that the adultery was not the cause of the marriage’s
demise and specifically asserted that it had taken place only after she and the children had
moved out of the marital residence.

       The trial of this matter occurred over multiple dates between June 2017 and
January 2018. The proof was quite extensive and covered several topics, including the
parties’ financial details, the children’s schooling arrangements, and the children’s
participation in extracurricular activities. On August 29, 2018, the trial court entered its
“Memorandum and Order,” granting Husband a divorce on the grounds of Wife’s
inappropriate marital conduct and adultery. The “Memorandum and Order” was very
detailed and made a number of rulings incident to the divorce. In addition to dividing the
parties’ assets, the trial court’s order denied Wife’s request for alimony and attorney’s
fees and granted Husband sole decision-making authority regarding the children’s
extracurricular activities. In a subsequently-entered permanent parenting plan, Husband
was charged with responsibility for payment of the children’s tuition, uniforms, and
books associated with private schooling, whereas Wife was charged with responsibility
for tutoring and required school fees. Wife now appeals to this Court, raising several
grievances.

                                 ISSUES PRESENTED

        Wife’s appellate brief sets out a number of issues for this Court’s consideration.
In addition to raising a number of discrete concerns with respect to the trial court’s
classification, valuation, and division of the marital estate, Wife’s brief presents the
following issues:
                                            -2-
    Whether the trial court erred in failing to award Wife alimony.
    Whether the trial court erred in awarding Husband sole decision-making authority
     regarding extracurricular activities.
    Whether the trial court erred in requiring Wife to be responsible for private school
     fees and tutoring costs.
    Whether the trial court erred in failing to award Wife attorney’s fees.
    Whether Wife should be awarded appellate attorney’s fees.

In Husband’s brief, he asks for an award of attorney’s fees and costs on appeal.

                                STANDARD OF REVIEW

       This appeal follows a bench trial. Pursuant to Rule 13(d) of the Tennessee Rules
of Appellate Procedure, “review of findings of fact by the trial court in civil actions shall
be de novo upon the record of the trial court, accompanied by a presumption of the
correctness of the finding, unless the preponderance of the evidence is otherwise.” Tenn.
R. App. P. 13(d). We review a trial court’s conclusions on questions of law de novo, but
no presumption of correctness attaches to the trial court’s legal conclusions. Bowden v.
Ward, 27 S.W.3d 913, 916 (Tenn. 2000).

                                       DISCUSSION

        We turn first to Wife’s various concerns pertaining to the trial court’s property
classification and the division of the marital estate. Initially, this requires us to entertain
her raised issue connected to the trial court’s conclusion that Husband had $611,000.00
as separate property between a 401(k) and an additional retirement account. The
classification of property as marital or separate is a significant part of divorce
proceedings because “property cannot be included in the marital estate unless it meets the
definition of ‘marital property’ contained within the Tennessee Code.” Bewick v. Bewick,
No. M2015-02009-COA-R3-CV, 2017 WL 568544, at *7 (Tenn. Ct. App. Feb. 13,
2017).

        The proof at trial showed that at the time of the marriage Husband had a 401(k)
with a premarital value of $611,000.00. Without a doubt, this was his separate property
at the time of the marriage. The proof showed that the 401(k)’s value decreased in the
early years of the marriage due to market forces, and testimony demonstrated that a
number of loans were taken against the 401(k) throughout the marriage to pay marital
bills. Further, the evidence demonstrated that Husband continued to make contributions
to the 401(k) throughout the marriage and that his employer made contributions to it as
well.



                                             -3-
        Although the 401(k) was Husband’s separate property at the time of the marriage,
it is clear to us that, pursuant to the governing state statute, the account eventually was
comprised of a marital portion in light of the contributions made to it during the marriage.
In this regard, we note that Tennessee Code Annotated section 36-4-121(b)(1)(B)(ii)
provides as follows: “‘Marital property’ includes the value of vested and unvested
pension benefits, vested and unvested stock option rights, retirement, and other fringe
benefit rights accrued as a result of employment during the marriage.” Tenn. Code Ann.
§ 36-4-121(b)(1)(B)(ii).

        Previously, it was the law that any gain to such a 401(k) account that accrued
during the marriage would be deemed marital property. See Snodgrass v. Snodgrass, 295
S.W.3d 240, 255 (Tenn. 2009) (“[N]et gains from any source accruing in such accounts
during a marriage are all marital property.”); Curry v. Curry, No. M2007-02446-COA-
R3-CV, 2008 WL 4426895, at *10 (Tenn. Ct. App. Sept. 18, 2008) (“[A]ny amount
contributed during the marriage, and any increase in the value of the 401(k) that accrued
during the marriage[,] is marital property.”). Now, however, courts are directed by
statute to identify gains in a 401(k) attributable to premarital separate property and those
gains attributable to contributions made during the marriage. Indeed, Tennessee Code
Annotated section 36-4-121(b)(1)(B)(iii) states as follows:

       The account balance, accrued benefit, or other value of vested and unvested
       pension benefits, vested and unvested stock option rights, retirement, and
       other fringe benefits accrued as a result of employment prior to the
       marriage, together with the appreciation of the value, shall be “separate
       property.” In determining appreciation for purposes of this subdivision
       (b)(1)(B)(iii), the court shall utilize any reasonable method of accounting to
       attribute postmarital appreciation to the value of the premarital benefits,
       even though contributions have been made to the account or accounts
       during the marriage, and even though the contributions have appreciated in
       value during the marriage; provided, however, the contributions made
       during the marriage, if made as a result of employment during the marriage
       and the appreciation attributable to these contributions, would be “marital
       property.” When determining appreciation pursuant to this subdivision
       (b)(1)(B)(iii), the concepts of commingling and transmutation shall not
       apply[.]

Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-4-121(b)(1)(B)(iii).

       Based on the above, it is clear that as contributions were made to the 401(k) during
the marriage, the account was part marital and part separate. As is relevant to our
discussion here, however, we note than a significant withdrawal was made by Husband
from the 401(k) in 2013, most of which was transferred by Husband to open an individual
retirement account (“IRA”). Specifically, over $454,000.00 was withdrawn, of which
                                             -4-
approximately $421,000.00 was used to open the new IRA account. Although only
Husband’s name was placed on this new account, Husband testified that he was only
allowed to list one name on the account by law. He testified, however, there was “[n]o
other reason” he had not added Wife’s name to the new account, and that he did not
intend the account to be his separate property, but rather that it was his intent for the
account to be marital property and used for the benefit of both parties. The proof further
showed that marital funds were placed into this new account during the marriage and that
certain withdrawals were made from the account for marital expenses.

        The trial court found that, at the time of trial, the 401(k) had a value of
$501,788.80, whereas the IRA account funded by the 2013 withdrawal had a value of
$422,065.53. The court ruled that Husband’s separate property between the two accounts
was $611,000.00. Based on Husband’s testimony, however, that he intended the IRA
account to be marital property, we are of the opinion that the evidence preponderates
against the trial court’s finding and conclude that the value of the IRA account should be
deemed marital property. As for the 401(k), it appears that the 2013 withdrawal would
have exhausted the marital portion of that account. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-4-
121(b)(1)(B)(iv) (“Any withdrawals from assets described in subdivision (b)(1)(B)(iii)
used to acquire marital assets shall be deemed to have come from the marital portion of
the account, up to the total of the marital portion.”). To this end, we certainly agree with
Husband that a portion of his initial separate property from the 401(k) was therefore
necessarily “part of” the funding of the IRA account.1 The remainder of the 401(k)
account in the immediate wake of the 2013 withdrawal may have been the separate
property of Husband, but the proof showed that the 401(k) was funded throughout the
marriage with marital funds. Thus, it would appear that the 401(k) account thereafter
became comprised of a marital as well as a separate component, as it did when
contributions were made to the premarital portion in the early stages of the marriage.
Indeed, any contributions made to the 401(k) after the 2013 withdrawal, and any
appreciation attributable to these contributions, would be marital property. Having
concluded that Husband’s IRA account is marital property, we hereby reverse that
portion of the court’s ruling awarding Husband $611,000.00 in separate property from the
retirement accounts and remand this issue to the trial court for further review in light of
the instruction in Tennessee Code Annotated section 36-4-121(b)(1)(B)(iii). The trial
court, in its discretion, is free to take additional proof, including expert proof, to resolve
this issue.

       In light of the unresolved issue pertaining to the 401(k) and our conclusion that the
IRA account funded from the 401(k) is marital property, we must also vacate the trial
court’s division of marital property, as well as its ruling on alimony and attorney’s fees.


       1
          Of course, in light of Husband’s testimony that he intended the new account to be marital
property, we are of the opinion that the IRA account itself should be classified as such.
                                               -5-
As we explained in a prior opinion, the dissolution of a marriage requires courts to
engage in an “orderly disentanglement” of the parties’ affairs:

              As a general rule, the first issue considered in a divorce case
      concerns whether either or both parties have demonstrated that they are
      entitled to a divorce. Thus, at the outset, trial courts should first determine
      to whom the divorce should be awarded or whether the parties should be
      declared divorced in accordance with Tenn. Code Ann. § 36–4–129 (1996).
      Following this decision, trial courts should turn their attention to the
      custody and visitation arrangements for the children if the parties have
      minor children entitled to support. Only after these status issues have been
      decided should trial courts turn their attention to the financial aspects of the
      divorce decree.

             The trial court’s first task following the resolution of the status
      issues is to identify and distribute the parties’ separate property and then to
      divide their marital property in an equitable manner. See Batson v.
      Batson, 769 S.W.2d 849, 856 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1988). As part of this
      process, the trial court should also identify and allocate the parties’ separate
      and marital debts. See Herrera v. Herrera, 944 S.W.2d 379, 389 (Tenn. Ct.
      App. 1996); Hanover v. Hanover, 775 S.W.2d 612, 614 (Tenn. Ct. App.
      1989). Sorting out the parties’ property interests must precede support
      decisions because the manner in which the separate and marital property is
      divided can affect later support decisions. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 36–5–
      101(d)(1)(G), –101(d)(1)(H) (Supp.1997); Tenn. Comp. R. & Regs. r.
      1240–2–4–.03(2) (1994); Ridley v. Ridley, No. 01A01–9012–CV–00462, at
      *5 (Tenn. Ct. App. May 10, 1991) (Koch, J., concurring) (No Tenn. R.
      App. P. 11 application filed).

      ....

      Once a court has determined whether spousal support should be awarded,
      and if so its nature, amount, and duration, it should, as a final matter,
      address any request for attorney’s fees if such request has been made.
      Considering requests for attorney’s fees in the context of the spousal
      support award is appropriate because additional awards for attorney’s fees
      are considered a form of support. See Ford v. Ford, 952 S.W.2d 824, 830
      (Tenn. Ct. App. 1996); Smith v. Smith, 912 S.W.2d 155, 161 (Tenn. Ct.
      App. 1995). However, as pointed out by the Tennessee Supreme Court,
      requests for attorney’s fees should be considered only after the court has
      resolved the issues concerning the parties’ property and support. See Inman
      v. Inman, 811 S.W.2d 870, 874 (Tenn.1991).

                                           -6-
Anderton v. Anderton, 988 S.W.2d 675, 679 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1998) (internal footnote
omitted); see also Trezevant v. Trezevant, 568 S.W.3d 595, 624 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2018)
(vacating awards of alimony and attorney’s fees in light of need to re-evaluate the marital
estate); Kirby v. Kirby, No. M2015-01408-COA-R3-CV, 2016 WL 4045035, at *9 (Tenn.
Ct. App. July 25, 2016) (directing court to reconsider alimony award in light of vacation
of the court’s marital property distribution).

       Although we must vacate the trial court’s division of the marital estate and its
ruling on alimony and attorney’s fees, additional comments and instruction are
nonetheless warranted as to these matters. As for the trial court’s division of marital
property, we note, as Wife has, that the trial court failed to assign the parties’ Nissan
Rogue to either party. This vehicle should be assigned on remand incident to the division
of the marital estate.

       Concerning the division of the estate more generally, we observe that Wife
challenged the current division of marital property on the ground that Husband allegedly
received a disproportionately greater share. Although an equal division of marital
property is not required, an equitable one is. Owens v. Owens, 241 S.W.3d 478, 490
(Tenn. Ct. App. 2007) (“A division of marital property is not rendered inequitable simply
because it is not precisely equal.”). Specifically, a trial court is directed to consider the
factors in Tennessee Code Annotated section 36-4-121(c), which are as follows:

       (1) The duration of the marriage;
       (2) The age, physical and mental health, vocational skills, employability,
       earning capacity, estate, financial liabilities and financial needs of each of
       the parties;
       (3) The tangible or intangible contribution by one (1) party to the
       education, training or increased earning power of the other party;
       (4) The relative ability of each party for future acquisitions of capital assets
       and income;
       (5)(A) The contribution of each party to the acquisition, preservation,
       appreciation, depreciation or dissipation of the marital or separate property,
       including the contribution of a party to the marriage as homemaker, wage
       earner or parent, with the contribution of a party as homemaker or wage
       earner to be given the same weight if each party has fulfilled its role;
       (B) For purposes of this subdivision (c)(5), dissipation of assets means
       wasteful expenditures which reduce the marital property available for
       equitable distributions and which are made for a purpose contrary to the
       marriage either before or after a complaint for divorce or legal separation
       has been filed.
       (6) The value of the separate property of each party;
       (7) The estate of each party at the time of the marriage;

                                            -7-
       (8) The economic circumstances of each party at the time the division of
       property is to become effective;
       (9) The tax consequences to each party, costs associated with the
       reasonably foreseeable sale of the asset, and other reasonably foreseeable
       expenses associated with the asset;
       (10) In determining the value of an interest in a closely held business or
       similar asset, all relevant evidence, including valuation methods typically
       used with regard to such assets without regard to whether the sale of the
       asset is reasonably foreseeable. Depending on the characteristics of the
       asset, such considerations could include, but would not be limited to, a lack
       of marketability discount, a discount for lack of control, and a control
       premium, if any should be relevant and supported by the evidence;
       (11) The amount of social security benefits available to each spouse; and
       (12) Such other factors as are necessary to consider the equities between the
       parties.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-4-121(c).

         Although the trial court did consider these factors, we are of the opinion that some
of the court’s specific considerations were misplaced and appear to have greatly
influenced the overall property division. Namely, we are concerned with the trial court’s
direct highlighting of evidence that Wife’s family businesses earn over $18.7 million
annually. The trial court referenced this fact on two occasions incident to its division of
the marital estate, nominally in regard to Tennessee Code Annotated section 36-4-
121(c)(2) and Tennessee Code Annotated section 36-4-121(c)(4). The trial court also
specifically referenced the fact that Wife was being groomed to become CFO of these
businesses, and according to the court, would “very soon” have the same earning capacity
as Husband. Initially, we note that the progression of Wife in the family businesses was
somewhat speculative, with her father testifying that “[t]ime will tell” and that some of
these changes were perhaps five or six years away. This aside, the reference to the
annual earnings of the family businesses is troubling because there is no evidence that
Wife had any equity interest and would therefore share in any profit proceeds. The proof
at trial revealed that the only two stockholders were Wife’s mother and father. Thus, we
are of the opinion that it was error for the trial court to place emphasis on the annual
earnings of these businesses in relation to the consideration of Wife’s financial needs.

       Similar concerns attach to the trial court’s analysis on Wife’s claim for alimony,
which also included references to Wife’s future at her family’s businesses and the annual
earnings of these businesses. As already noted, Wife’s future at the businesses was
speculative, and we observe that in a prior decision, we recently concluded that a trial
court erred in considering “speculative income” incident to a ruling on alimony. See
Diffie v. Diffie, No. M2018-00267-COA-R3-CV, 2019 WL 1785683, at *13 (Tenn. Ct.
App. Apr. 23, 2019). As for the trial court’s reference to the annual earnings of Wife’s
                                            -8-
family businesses, we once again note that Wife has no ownership interest in these
companies. Therefore, we find it to be error to place emphasis on these annual earnings
in relation to Wife’s financial needs.

        Regarding Wife’s claim for trial attorney’s fees, we observe that the trial court
held, among other things, that Husband would be required to deplete his resources in
order to pay Wife’s fees. We agree with Wife that it is unclear how this would be the
case under the current property division, but obviously, the issue of attorney’s fees must
be reconsidered on remand in light of the court’s ruling on the antecedent financial
issues.

       We note that the trial court also denied attorney’s fees to Wife due to what it
determined was excessive litigation. We have no qualms with the trial court’s refusal to
sanction an award for fees that it determined were unnecessarily incurred. Nonetheless,
for fees that did not contribute to excessive litigation, the trial court should consider the
relevant factors in Tennessee Code Annotated section 36-5-121(i). See Gonsewski v.
Gonsewski, 350 S.W.3d 99, 113 (Tenn. 2011) (noting that an award of attorney’s fees in a
divorce case constitutes alimony in solido and that, as with any alimony award, the trial
court should consider the factors enumerated in Tennessee Code Annotated section 36-5-
121(i)).

        To briefly recap our analysis thus far, we have determined that the account
initially funded by the 2013 withdrawal from the 401(k) should be deemed marital
property. On remand, the trial court should determine which portion of the existing
401(k) is marital property in light of Tennessee Code Annotated section 36-4-
121(b)(1)(B)(iii) and, upon doing so, equitably divide all of the marital estate. The
division of the marital estate should include an assignment of the value of the Rogue
vehicle to one of the parties, and the trial court should remain mindful of the fact that
Wife does not have an equity ownership in her family’s businesses. Upon an equitable
division of the estate, the trial court should, consistent with our discussion herein, also
reconsider the issues of alimony and attorney’s fees.

       We next turn to Wife’s contention that the trial court erred in awarding Husband
sole decision-making authority regarding the children’s extracurricular activities.
“Residential schedule and parenting responsibility decisions are peculiarly within the
broad discretion of the trial judge; accordingly, we review these decisions under an abuse
of discretion standard.” Christie v. Christie, No. M2012-02622-COA-R3-CV, 2014 WL
4293966, at *2 (Tenn. Ct. App. Aug. 28, 2014). When allocating decision-making
authority, courts shall consider the following factors:

       (1) The existence of a limitation under § 36-6-406;
       (2) The history of participation of each parent in decision making in each of
       the following areas: physical care, emotional stability, intellectual and
                                            -9-
        moral development, health, education, extracurricular activities, and
        religion; and whether each parent attended a court-ordered parent education
        seminar;

        (3) Whether the parents have demonstrated the ability and desire to
        cooperate with one another in decision making regarding the child in each
        of the following areas: physical care, emotional stability, intellectual and
        moral development, health, education, extracurricular activities, and
        religion; and

        (4) The parents’ geographic proximity to one another, to the extent that it
        affects their ability to make timely mutual decisions.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-6-407(c).

      In this case, the court explained its decision to award Husband sole decision-
making authority over extracurricular activities as follows:

               In their Proposed Permanent Parenting Plans, the parties both
        suggest that there should be joint decision-making regarding the children’s
        extracurricular activities.[2] The Court disagrees and finds that it would not
        be in the best interest of the children for these parents to share that
        responsibility. There have been numerous disputes about the children’s
        extracurricular activities. Allowing the parties joint decision-making
        regarding extracurricular activities would not “minimize the children’s
        exposure to harmful potential conduct.”

                At trial, the evidence indicated that Father is more involved in these
        activities – he coaches many of the teams – and he is more excited about
        the children’s participation in these activities. Father went into great detail
        about each child’s extracurricular activities and how participation in those
        activities helps each individual child to grow. Mother did not. Her
        testimony about the children’s extracurricular activities was either
        complaining about them or how they affected her – making money from the
        soccer tournaments. Accordingly, the Court finds that Father shall be the
        sole decision maker about the children’s extracurricular activities. This is
        in the best interest of the children.

(internal citation omitted).


        2
           It is noteworthy that neither party maintains such a position on appeal, which is indicative of the
fact that joint decision-making in this area would not be a cooperative practice.
                                                   - 10 -
In light of the trial court’s findings about the parties’ conflict over extracurricular
activities and Husband’s history of heavy involvement in them, we conclude that the trial
court did not err in giving Husband sole decision-making authority in this area. There
was no abuse of discretion on its part.

       We next turn our attention to the trial court’s allocation of private school expenses.
Whereas Wife asserts that the trial court erred in ordering her to be responsible for the
children’s tutoring and required school fees, Husband submits that the court’s allocation
of private school expenses was proper.

       The Child Support Guidelines allow for the imposition of extraordinary expenses,
including educational expenses, in addition to an award of support. Schwager v. Messer,
No. W2018-01820-COA-R3-CV, 2019 WL 4733475, at *11 (Tenn. Ct. App. Sept. 27,
2019). Indeed, the Guidelines instruct that:

        (i) Extraordinary educational expenses may be added to the presumptive
       child support as a deviation. Extraordinary educational expenses include,
       but are not limited to, tuition, room and board, lab fees, books, fees, and
       other reasonable and necessary expenses associated with special needs
       education or private elementary and/or secondary schooling that are
       appropriate to the parents’ financial abilities and to the lifestyle of the child
       if the parents and child were living together.

       (ii) In determining the amount of deviation for extraordinary educational
       expenses, scholarships, grants, stipends, and other cost-reducing programs
       received by or on behalf of the child shall be considered.

       (iii) If a deviation is allowed for extraordinary educational expenses, a
       monthly average of these expenses shall be based on evidence of prior or
       anticipated expenses and entered on the Worksheet in the deviation section.

Tenn. Comp. R. & Regs. 1240-02-04-.07(2)(d)(1).

       As this Court has previously explained:

              “[T]he guidelines contemplate private school tuition to be an
       ‘extraordinary educational expense’ because the tuition exceeds or departs
       from the cost of public schooling.” Barnett v. Barnett, 27 S.W.3d 904, 907
       (Tenn. 2000). “[P]ayment of extraordinary educational expenses is a
       separate component of an obligor’s [BCSO]” and a trial court “can order
       the obligor to pay less than the full amount of a child’s (or children’s)
       extraordinary educational expenses, depending upon the proof in a
       particular case.” Kaplan v. Bugalla, 188 S.W.3d 632, 636 (Tenn.
                                          - 11 -
      2006); Richardson v. Spanos, 189 S.W.3d 720, 728-29 (Tenn. Ct. App.
      2005) (holding that “this court has consistently approved arrangements
      requiring the non-custodial parent to pay only a portion of the private
      school expenses even when the non-custodial parent’s income far exceeds
      that of the primary residential parent”).

             The child support provisions under the old guidelines stated that
      “‘[e]xtraordinary educational expenses . . . shall be added to the percentage
      calculated in the above rule [setting out the percentage of net income to be
      paid as child support].’ “ Kaplan, 188 S.W.3d at 635 (citing Barnett, 27
      S.W.3d at 907). However, “[i]n 2005 the child support guidelines were
      revised to provide that additional support for extraordinary educational
      expenses should be calculated separately and ‘may’ be added to the basic
      support award.” Id. at 638 n. 9. As stated earlier, the use of the word “may”
      connotes discretion on the part of the trial court, unless the context of the
      statute indicates otherwise. Williams, 352 S.W.2d at 433. The change in
      wording under the Guidelines from “shall” to “may” is a clear indication
      that the imposition of the extraordinary expense of private school tuition is
      now a discretionary decision.

Johnson v. Johnson, No. M2008-00236-COA-R3-CV, 2009 WL 890893, at *10 (Tenn.
Ct. App. Apr. 2, 2009).

        Upon a cursory glance, the trial court’s allocation of private school expenses
seems reasonable. Among other things, Husband is responsible for tuition, which he has
not contested, and Wife is responsible for tutoring and required school fees.
Unfortunately, based on the record before us, we are unable to sufficiently determine
whether the trial court abused its discretion in its allocation of expenses associated with
private schooling. Although proof was presented regarding the cost of tuition, the record
does not appear to shed any light on the costs of the fees and expenses with which Wife
was charged the responsibility of paying. As Wife argues in her brief on appeal, “[t]he
trial court failed to make any findings of fact or conclusions of law as to this issue
including any analysis of the cost.” In the absence of evidence as to the costs of tutoring
and school fees associated with the children’s private schooling, we are unable to review
the merits of the trial court’s action. As such, we vacate the trial court’s allocation of
private school tutoring costs and school fees, all of which were charged to Wife, and
remand for further findings and consideration. The trial court is free to consider
additional proof on this issue, including in regard to the costs of the associated private
school expenses and the parties’ relative ability to pay for them.

       Lastly, we turn to the question of appellate attorney’s fees. Both parties have
requested an award of attorney’s fees in their briefs to this Court. Respectfully, in the
exercise of our discretion, we decline to award attorney’s fees to either party.
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                                     CONCLUSION

        In light of the foregoing discussion, the judgment of the trial court is affirmed in
part, reversed in part, vacated in part, and remanded for such further proceedings as are
necessary and consistent with this Opinion.



                                                    _________________________________
                                                    ARNOLD B. GOLDIN, JUDGE




                                           - 13 -
