18-93
United States v. Constantine

                               UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                   FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

                                      SUMMARY ORDER

RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A
SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY
FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT=S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1.
WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST
CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION
“SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING TO A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT
ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.

        At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at the
Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New York, on the
11th day of February, two thousand nineteen.

Present:
            GUIDO CALABRESI,
            DEBRA ANN LIVINGSTON,
                  Circuit Judges.
            LORNA G. SCHOFIELD,
                  District Judge.*
_____________________________________

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                          Appellee,

                 v.                                                     18-93

BOBBI A. CONSTANTINE, AKA BOBBI BOVE,              AKA
ROBERT H. BOVE, AKA ROBERT A. BOVE,                AKA
ROBERT A. BOVIE, AKA ROBERT BOVEE,                 AKA
ROBERT BOVIEEE, AKA ROBERT K. BOVE,

                  Defendant-Appellant.
_____________________________________




*
  Judge Schofield, of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, sitting by
designation.


                                                   1
For Defendant-Appellant:                  JAMES A. RESILA, Carter, Conboy, Case, Blackmore,
                                          Maloney & Laid, PC, Albany, New York.

For Plaintiff-Appellee:                   CARINA H. SCHOENBERGER, Assistant United States
                                          Attorney for Grant. C. Jaquith, United States Attorney
                                          for the Northern District of New York, Syracuse, NY.

       Appeal from the judgments of the United States District Court for the Northern District of

New York (D’Agostino, J.).

       UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND

DECREED that the January 5, 2018 and November 29, 2018 judgments of the district court are

AFFIRMED.

       Defendant-Appellant Bobbi A. Constantine appeals from the January 4, 2018 judgment of

the United States District Court for the Northern District of New York (D’Agostino, J.) sentencing

her to thirty-seven months’ imprisonment and ordering her to pay restitution totaling $72,589.96,

following her guilty plea to one count of wire fraud, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1343. Constantine

also appeals the November 29, 2018 judgment of the district court denying her motion requesting

a reduction in her sentence. On appeal, Constantine argues that the district court committed

procedural error in its loss calculation and criminal history category assessment for United States

Sentencing Guidelines (“Guidelines”) purposes.

       We review the reasonableness of the sentence imposed by the district court for abuse of

discretion. United States v. Verkhoglyad, 516 F.3d 122, 127 (2d Cir. 2008). A sentence is

procedurally unreasonable where the district court “fails to calculate the Guidelines range,”

“makes a mistake in its Guidelines calculation,” “treats the Guidelines as mandatory,” “does not

consider the [18 U.S.C.] § 3553(a) factors,” “rests its sentence on a clearly erroneous finding of

fact,” or “fails adequately to explain its chosen sentence.” United States v. Cavera, 550 F.3d 180,




                                                 2
190 (2d Cir. 2008) (en banc). We assume the parties’ familiarity with the underlying facts, the

procedural history of the case, and the issues on appeal.

       I.      Calculation of Loss

       Over a two-year period, Constantine falsely represented herself as the beneficiary of a

$12.5 million trust that produced thousands of dollars of monthly income in order to secure a

variety of mortgages, loans and leases. Constantine thereby secured, among other pieces of

property, a two-year lease on a 2015 Toyota RAV4 (the “Toyota”); a three-year lease on a 2016

Jeep Renegade (the “Chrysler”); and a $25,000 loan in exchange for a promissory note from the

seller of a property in South Carolina (an individual identified as E.W.).

       Constantine argues that the district court erred in its loss calculation respecting the two

automobile leases and the promissory note. “Under the Guidelines, the offense level for fraud

offenses is linked explicitly to the harm caused to victims, measured in terms of

monetary loss.” United States v. Byors, 586 F.3d 222, 225 (2d Cir. 2009) (citing U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1

(b)). “We review a district court’s factual findings as to loss amount for clear error and its legal

conclusions de novo.” United States v. Binday, 804 F.3d 558, 595 (2d Cir. 2015) (citation omitted).

“A district court is not required to calculate loss with absolute precision, but need only by a

preponderance of the evidence make a reasonable estimate of the loss given the available

information.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted).

       We conclude that the district court did not commit procedural error in arriving at its loss

calculation. For the purposes of calculating the Guidelines range, loss is defined as “the greater of

actual loss or intended loss.” United States v. Certified Envtl. Servs., Inc., 753 F.3d 72, 103 (2d

Cir. 2014) (quoting U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1 cmt. 3(A)). “Actual loss, in turn, is defined as ‘the

reasonably foreseeable pecuniary harm that resulted from the offense . . . .’” Id. (quoting U.S.S.G.


                                                 3
§ 2B1.1 cmt. 3(A)(i)). The loss estimate should “tak[e] into account” factors such as “[t]he fair

market value of the property unlawfully taken.” U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1 cmt. 3(c); see Byors, 586 F.3d

at 225 (noting that “[t]he application notes to the Guidelines shed further light on the meaning of

the provisions and assist courts in applying the Guidelines”). Here, the district court’s loss

calculation constituted a “reasonable estimate of the loss given the available information.” Binday,

804 F.3d at 595.

       Constantine first contends that the district court erred in attributing the value of the E.W.

promissory note to her loss calculation because the Information to which she pled guilty did not

specifically reference the note. We disagree and find no clear error in the district court’s attribution

of the loss associated with the promissory note. Constantine admitted in her plea agreement that

she obtained the note on behalf of her fraudulent trust, the same trust she relied on to obtain the

Toyota and Chrysler leases. The promissory note was “relevant conduct” for Guidelines purposes,

undeniably constituting part of the “same course of conduct or common scheme” as the other

offenses referenced in Constantine’s Information. See U.S.S.G. §§ 1B1.3(a)(1)(A), 1B1.3(a)(2)

(noting that, when making its sentencing determination, a district court may consider all “relevant

conduct,” which includes “acts and commissions” that “were part of the same course of conduct

or common scheme or plan as the offense conviction”). The district court therefore did not err in

adding $24,901.72 (the full amount owed on the promissory note minus the single payment

Constantine had made on the note) to Constantine’s loss amount.

       Next, Constantine challenges the district court’s loss calculation of $2,706.30 with respect

to the Toyota lease. We again find no clear error in the district court’s loss calculation. The district

court adopted a total loss attributable to the Toyota of $2,706.30 by reference to Toyota’s “Early

Termination Accounting Statement,” which detailed the expense Toyota incurred as a result of


                                                   4
Constantine’s fraudulent leasing and early return of the vehicle. J.A. 106. Constantine provides no

basis for concluding that any of Toyota’s calculations are inflated or irrelevant. The district court

ultimately arrived at “a reasonable estimate of loss” resulting from the fraud, see U.S.S.G. §2B.1,

by endeavoring to calculate the difference between what Toyota would have earned from

“somebody entering into a lease in good faith” and Constantine’s fraudulently obtained lease. J.A.

163.

       Finally, Constantine challenges the district court’s loss calculation of $26,242.94 with

respect to the Chrysler lease. Constantine contends that after entering into the lease agreement for

the Chrysler in May of 2016 she subsequently abandoned the vehicle in a parking garage following

her arrest in September of that year. Though Constantine did not keep up with her lease payments,

she argued at her sentencing hearing that Chrysler Capital could have repossessed the abandoned

Jeep and recovered its full market value. Therefore, she advocated that the district court limit the

loss amount respecting the Chrysler to the remaining lease payments she owed on the vehicle

rather than the full market value of the car. The district court rejected that argument, instead

calculating a loss amount that represented the total value of the vehicle at the time of sentencing

minus the three lease payments Constantine had already made. Following Constantine’s

sentencing, the Chrysler was, in fact, repossessed by Chrysler Capital and sold for $18,793.15.

Constantine then filed a motion requesting that her sentence be reduced in light of the sale of the

Chrysler. The district court denied that motion in an order dated November 29, 2018.

       We need not decide whether the district court erred in its loss calculation with respect to

the Chrysler, since any error would be harmless. In making its sentencing determination the district

court considered factors independent from the actual loss amount, such as Constantine’s lengthy

criminal record and her routinely successful attempts at defrauding people, leaving them without


                                                 5
recourse. The court concluded that “if I underestimated the loss or overestimated the loss, the

sentence that I impose today would still be the same, in light of everything that I have reviewed in

this case.” J.A. 189-90. Thus, “we take comfort in the district court’s emphatic statement that it

would have imposed the same sentence regardless of the loss amount, which renders any error in

the loss calculation harmless.” Binday, 804 F.3d at 598.1

       II.     Criminal History Category

       Constantine also argues that the district court erred in assigning her two criminal history

points for her prior conviction for giving a false statement, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1001(a)(3).

For that offense, Constantine received a sentence of “time served” after being incarcerated for 339

days. Section 4A1.1 of the Guidelines provides that the district court should “[a]dd 2 points for

each prior sentence of imprisonment of at least sixty days.” U.S.S.G. § 4A1.1(b). A sentence of

“time served” is treated as “an unambiguous pronouncement of a specific term of imprisonment—

the amount of time actually served.” United States v. D’Oliveira, 402 F.3d 130, 132 (2d Cir. 2005).

Here, the time Constantine “actually served” (339 days), clearly exceeded the sixty days of

imprisonment required by the Guidelines for the assessment of two criminal history points, and

the district court appropriately assigned them to her. To the extent Constantine objects to her

previous sentence, she may not challenge the lawfulness of that sentence here.




1
  After the sale of the Chrysler, the district court directed the Clerk of Court “administratively” to
reduce the restitution amount owed by Constantine by $18,793.15, the amount Chrysler Capital
was able to recover from selling the Jeep. In the wake of this action, we do not understand
Constantine to be challenging her outstanding restitution judgment nor these actions by the district
court. Accordingly, we do not address this issue.



                                                  6
       We have considered Constantine’s remaining arguments and find them to be without merit.

Accordingly, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.


                                                  FOR THE COURT:
                                                  Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk




                                              7
