216 F.3d 1133 (D.C. Cir. 2000)
Community Television, Inc., et al.,Appellant/Petitionersv.Federal Communications Commission, Appellee/RespondentPaxson Communications Corporation, et al.,IntervenorsAssociation for Maximum Service Television, Inc., et al., Intervenor
Nos. 98-1106, 98-1212, 98-1259, 99-1082
United States Court of Appeals FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA CIRCUIT
Argued March 27, 2000Decided July 7, 2000

[Copyrighted Material Omitted]
Appeals and Petitions for Review of Orders of the Federal Communications Commission
John Griffith Johnson, Jr. argued the cause for petitioners. With him on the briefs were Gene A. Bechtel, Christopher D.  Imlay, Stephen T. Yelverton, Arthur H. Harding, R. Bruce  Beckner, Jill Kleppe McClelland, and Daniel R. Ball.  Richard F. Swift entered an appearance.
Scott D. Dailard  argued the cause for intervenors  Paxson  Communications Corporation, et al.  With him on the briefs  were John R. Feore, Jr., Barry A. Friedman and David M.  Silverman.
C. Grey Pash, Jr., Counsel, Federal Communications Commission, argued the cause for appellee.  With him on the brief  were Christopher J. Wright, General Counsel, Daniel M.  Armstrong, Associate General Counsel, Joel Marcus and K.  Michele Walters, Counsel, Joel I. Klein, Assistant Attorney  General, U.S. Department of Justice, Robert B. Nicholson  and Adam D. Hirsh, Attorneys. Catherine G. O'Sullivan, and  Christopher J. Sprigman, Attorneys, U.S. Department of  Justice, entered appearances.
Jonathan D. Blake was on the brief for intervenor Association for Maximum Service Television, Inc.
Before:  Edwards, Chief Judge, Henderson and Rogers,  Circuit Judges.
Opinion for the Court filed by Circuit Judge Rogers.
Rogers, Circuit Judge:


1
Petitioners and intervenors1 seek  review of the Federal Communications Commission's final rules establishing the procedures and timetable under which  television broadcasting will migrate from the now-prevalent  analog technology to digital technology.  Digital technology  holds the promise of either greatly enhancing the audiovisual  quality of television broadcasts or of replicating current quality while liberating substantial portions of the broadcast spectrum for other uses.  Because of the massive investment  required by broadcasters and consumers, who must purchase  digital televisions or converter devices, to accomplish the  analog-to-digital transition, the rules under review provide for  a ten-year transition period during which licensed broadcasters and those with permits to construct broadcast facilities as  of August 3, 1997, have received an additional channel to  commence digital broadcasting while continuing analog broadcasts during the transition.  At the end of the transition  period, analog transmissions will cease; broadcasters will  retain their new digital channels and give back to the FCC  their analog channels.  Thus by statute, essentially all television broadcasting in the United States will be exclusively by  digital technology as of December 31, 2006.  See 47 U.S.C.  § 309(j)(14)(A)-(B).


2
To plan for the transition, the FCC indisputably faced  myriad policy choices and a daunting engineering task.  Given the complexity and interdependence of the decisions the  FCC had to make, the trade-offs among competing interests  would be unlikely to satisfy all broadcasters and consumers. Remarkably then, only a few broadcasters, four petitioners  supported by three intervenors, challenge the final rules now. They contend that the FCC acted unlawfully by:  (1) granting  a second channel to broadcasters whose construction permit  applications had been approved by April 3, 1997, while denying a second channel to those whose applications had not been  so approved;  (2) allotting that second channel to replicate the  area served as of April 3, 1997, even if the broadcaster had applied to expand the service area as of that date;  (3)  adopting and applying its "service replication" principle in a  way that unfairly favored VHF broadcasters over UHF  broadcasters;  and (4) deleting Channel 29 in State College,  Pennsylvania and redistributing that spectrum where a  would-be broadcaster had sought to apply to operate Channel  29.  While petitioners' challenges may be sympathetic, we  conclude that the FCC's decisions were neither arbitrary,  capricious, nor contrary to law, and accordingly, we deny the  petitions for review.

I.

3
From its inception, the television broadcasting industry has  relied on a common set of technical standards to maximize the  availability of television.  When the FCC made its first  allotment of spectrum for broadcast television in 1941, it also  adopted the basic engineering standards devised by the National Television System Committee for monochromatic  (black-and-white) television service.2  See Notice of Inquiry,  In the Matter of Advanced Television Systems and Their  Impact on the Existing Television Broadcast Service, 2  F.C.C.R. 5125, 5126 (1987).  That standard, commonly referred to as NTSC, was revised in 1953 to allow for color  television broadcasting, and again in 1984 to allow for broadcasts using stereophonic sound.  Id.  Relying on the NTSC  standard, the FCC maintains the Television Table of Allotments, 47 C.F.R. § 73.606, which is the master plan for  allocating NTSC television broadcast channels to communities  throughout the country.  See WITN-TV v. FCC, 849 F.2d  1521, 1522-23 (D.C. Cir. 1988).  The Table of Allotments  designates how many full service, low power, and television  translator channels are assigned to each community, see 47  C.F.R. §§ 73.601, 73.606, and these designations distinguish between VHF ("very high frequency") Channels 2-13 and  UHF ("ultra high frequency") Channels 14-69.


4
Although the NTSC standard proved to be workable for  more than fifty years, in light of the development of new  broadcasting technologies, the emergence of competing standards, and the growing popularity of cable television, members of the television broadcasting industry petitioned for a  rule making in 1987 for the adoption of a new and improved  standard for provision of "advanced" television, or "ATV".3The FCC obliged.  See Notice of Inquiry, 2 F.C.C.R. 5125.The development of the rules under review illustrates the  difficult policy issues and complex engineering challenges  faced by the FCC.  At the outset of the rule making proceeding, the FCC ordered a freeze on any amendments to the  Television Table of Allotments and on all applications for  construction permits for vacant television channels in the  thirty busiest television markets in order to preserve its  options for reallocating spectrum should that become necessary.  See Advanced Television Systems, 776 Rad. Reg.2d  (P&F) 843 (1987) ("Freeze Order").  By 1991, the FCC tentatively opined, and ultimately decided that:  migration to a new  standard would be in the public interest;  the transition to a  digital standard would not involve rededication of broadcast  spectrum;  incumbent broadcasters would be the parties best  suited to implement the transition to a digital standard;  a  transition period during which NTSC broadcasts would continue would be necessary;  and the width of a digital channel  would not exceed the NTSC-standard width of 6 MHz.  Notice of Proposed Rule making, 6 F.C.C.R. at 7024 ("NPRM").To carry out these policies, the FCC proposed to pair DTV  channels with analog licenses, providing incumbent broadcasters with a second 6 MHz channel for digital broadcasts (a  "DTV channel") without charge for use during the transition  period to allow for both digital and NTSC broadcasts.  Id. at 7025-26.  In the period between the initial NPRM in 1991  and 1996, following a series of reports and orders and further  notices of proposed rulemaking, the FCC's transition plan  had been substantially developed.


5
Then, in 1996, Congress enacted the Telecommunications  Act of 1996, Pub. L. No. 101-104, 110 Stat. 56 (1996) ("1996  Act"), preempting to a limited degree some FCC decisions  related to the analog-to-digital transition.  Thereafter the  relevant decisions by the FCC occurred as follows:  On July  25, 1996, the FCC adopted its Sixth Further Notice of  Proposed Rule making, 11 F.C.C.R. 10968 (1996), in which it  set forth the proposed DTV Table of Allotments showing  which broadcasters would receive which DTV channels.4Then, on April 3, 1997, the FCC adopted two reports and  orders that are directly at issue.  In the Fifth Report and  Order, 12 F.C.C.R. 12809 (1997), the FCC issued initial DTV  licenses to incumbent broadcasters and set forth the timetable and terms under which the transition to DTV would take  place.  In the Sixth Report and Order, 12 F.C.C.R. 14588  (1997), the FCC promulgated the final DTV Table and set  forth its rationale for the decisions reflected therein.  In  response to petitions for reconsideration, the FCC reaffirmed,  clarified, and, in some measure, revised its decisions in two  rounds.  See Memorandum Opinion and Order on Reconsideration of the Fifth Report and Order ("Service Reconsideration"), 13 F.C.C.R. 6860 (1998);  Memorandum Opinion and  Order on Reconsideration of the Sixth Report and Order  ("Allotment Reconsideration"), 13 F.C.C.R. 7418 (1998);  Second Memorandum Opinion and Order on Reconsideration of  the Fifth and Sixth Report and Orders ("SMOOR"), 14  F.C.C.R. 1348 (1998).


6
In Part II of this opinion we address whether the FCC was  statutorily barred from issuing DTV licenses in the Fifth  Report and Order, and if not, whether the FCC arbitrarily  failed to grant a second DTV channel to Pappas Telecasting  of Southern California, Entravision Communications Company, Corridor Television, and Paxson Communications Corporation.  In Part III we address whether the FCC arbitrarily  decided not to upgrade the service area covered by the DTV  allotments for Community Television, Inc. and Paxson Communications Corporation.  In Part IV we address whether the  FCC arbitrarily deviated from its service-replication policy  when assigning Minority Television Project, Inc.'s digital  allotment.  And, in Part V we address whether the FCC  abused its discretion in eliminating Channel 29 and reassigning its spectrum when the Pennsylvania Telecasters Association sought to apply for a construction permit for the channel  and its petition to waive the Freeze Order was pending.

II.

7
Pappas Telecasting of Southern California, Corridor Television, Paxson Communications Corporation, and Entravision  Communications Company (collectively "the pending applicants") contend that the FCC unlawfully deprived them of a  second channel for digital broadcasting during the transition  period.  The FCC's licensing scheme for NTSC channels has  two stages.  See Service Reconsideration, 13 F.C.C.R. at 6862  & n.7.  A potential broadcaster first applies for a permit to  construct a television station, and, if the permit is granted,  the permittee then applies for a broadcast license.  Id.  The  FCC proposed to provide a DTV channel to all parties that  held a broadcast license, a construction permit, or had applied  for a construction permit as of the October 24, 1991, adoption  of the NPRM.  See Second Report/Further Notice, 7  F.C.C.R. 3340, 3342-44 (1992).  In the event of a "spectrum  shortfall" in some communities, licensees and permittees  would receive preference.  Id.;  see also Third Report/  Further Notice, 7 F.C.C.R. 6924, 6928 (1992).  Pappas and  Corridor had both applied for construction permits by October 24, 1991, and were thus, at the time, in the pool of  broadcasters eligible for a second channel.


8
However, during the rulemaking, Congress passed the 1996  Act, which addressed the issue of eligibility for additional  television broadcast spectrum in the following terms:


9
If the Commission determines to issue additional licensesfor advanced television services, the Commission--(1)should limit the initial eligibility for such licenses topersons that, as of the date of such issuance, are licensedto operate a television broadcast station or hold a permitto construct such a station (or both);  and (2) shall adoptregulations that allow the holders of such licenses tooffer such ancillary or supplementary services on desig-nated frequencies as may be consistent with the publicinterest, convenience, and necessity.


10
47 U.S.C. § 336(a).


11
In the Fifth Report and Order, the FCC announced that,  pursuant to § 336(a)(1), it had limited initial eligibility for a  DTV channel to existing licensees and permittees as of April  3, 1997.  12 F.C.C.R. at 12814-15.  The Fifth Report and  Order also "modified" the licenses or permits of eligible  broadcasters to grant them an "additional" license for use of a  DTV channel, subject to the conditions set forth therein.  Id.  at 12838.  The FCC embodied its grant of these DTV licenses  in its final DTV Table of Allotments.  See Sixth Report and  Order, 12 F.C.C.R. at 14693, app. B.  Recognizing that the  final allocation excluded some broadcasters who had been  considered eligible for a DTV channel prior to the 1996 Act,  the FCC stated that it would "give particular consideration  for assigning temporary DTV channels to new licensees who  applied on or before October 24, 1991, given the reliance that  these parties may have placed on rules we adopted before  passage of the 1996 Act."  Fifth Report and Order, 12  F.C.C.R. at 12816a n.26.


12
In its second opinion on reconsideration of the Fifth and  Sixth Reports (SMOOR), the FCC denied requests for paired  channels by those permittees and licensees whose applications had been pending as of October 24, 1991, but were not  granted until after April 3, 1997.  While noting its stated  intent in the Fifth Report and Order to give "particular  consideration" to such applicants, the FCC pointed out that it  had also notified them of their low priority should there be  insufficient spectrum available for DTV channels.  SMOOR,  14 F.C.C.R. at 1358-60 & n.36.  The FCC also noted that, in  reconsidering the Fifth Report (Service Reconsideration), it  had granted such applicants authority either to construct  DTV stations on their NTSC channels immediately, or to  convert to DTV service later, and had streamlined the application process for such analog-to-digital modification.  Id. at  1359-60 (citing Service Reconsideration, 13 F.C.C.R. at 686466).


13
A. § 308(a)'s Written-Application Requirement.  Having been deprived of "initial eligibility" for a DTV allotment  by the 1996 Act, the pending applicants first raise a statutory  challenge that, if successful, would invalidate the FCC's entire DTV licensing scheme.  In the Fifth Report and Order,  the FCC set forth a three-stage process by which it first  determined that all existing broadcasters and permittees as of  April 3, 1997, were granted a digital license to broadcast on  an additional channel.  12 F.C.C.R. at 12838-40.5  The FCC  then established a procedure by which licensees and permittees would apply to construct facilities for digital transmission  and then apply to test and use those facilities.  Id. at 1284048.  Although the FCC stated in the Fifth Report and Order  that it was "issu[ing]" DTV licenses, it at the same time  clarified that the licenses "issued" in fact were modifications  of existing analog television permits or licenses.  Id. at 12838.


14
The pending applicants contend that the FCC's "issuance"  of these DTV licenses contravened § 308(a), which provides in  part that the FCC "may grant construction permits and  station licenses, or modifications or renewals thereof, only upon written application therefor received by it," subject to  exceptions in times of emergency.  47 U.S.C. § 308(a).  They  maintain that the Communications Act required each incumbent broadcaster to file a written application for an initial  DTV license with the FCC.  The second and third stages of  the process outlined in the Fifth Report and Order each  require a written application.  In the pending applicants'  view, the FCC did not comply with § 308(a) until it issued  DTV licenses pursuant to the third stage of the process set  forth in the Fifth Report and Order.  Thus, they continue,  the first such license was issued on February 5, 1999, and  that date should be used for determining "initial eligibility"  under § 336(a)(1).  Using this calculus, the pending applicants deem themselves initially eligible for a DTV channel  because all of their respective NTSC construction permits  had been granted prior to February 1999.


15
As an initial matter, the FCC contends that this challenge  was not raised below and thus is not subject to review. Although it appears that no petitioner directed the FCC's  attention specifically to § 308(a) during the rule making, comments by another party to that proceeding provided the FCC  with a sufficient opportunity to consider the issue such that  judicial review is proper.  See 47 U.S.C. § 405(a).  Specifically, the pending applicants rely on the comments of the Media  Access Project ("MAP"), that because DTV licenses would be  new licenses, the FCC was statutorily required by 47 U.S.C.  § 308(b) to determine that each broadcaster receiving such a  license was financially qualified.  MAP's comments logically  implicated § 308(a)'s written application requirement because  they were directed to the contents of such applications.


16
On the merits, the court reviews the FCC's interpretation  of the Communications Act under the now-familiar standard  set forth in Chevron U.S.A. Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837, 842-843 (1984), by which the  court considers "whether Congress has directly spoken to the  precise question at issue," id. at 842, and if it has not,  "whether the agency's answer is based on a permissible  construction of the statute."  Id. at 843.  We do not agree  that the plain language of § 308(a) compels the crimped reading advocated by the pending applicants.  Because the  recipients of the initial DTV licenses were broadcasters with  written applications already on file, § 308(a) must be read in  conjunction with 47 U.S.C. § 316, which allows the FCC to  modify existing licenses,6 and new § 336, added by the 1996  Act, which directed the FCC to limit initial eligibility for DTV  licenses to incumbent broadcasters (or those holding construction permits for a television broadcast facility).  Because  Congress did not answer the question of how these provisions  apply to the issuance of DTV licenses, we will uphold the  FCC's harmonization of the relevant provisions so long as it is  reasonable.


17
In concluding that the FCC's interpretation of its modification authority was reasonable, we are instructed by the  court's previous reconciliation of the apparent conflict between § 308(a) and § 316(a)(1), in holding that "[t]he Commission has power under Section 316(a) ... to modify a  license without an application for the modification having  been made by the licensee."  Peoples Broadcasting Co. v.  United States, 209 F.2d 286, 287 (D.C. Cir. 1953).  While in  Peoples Broadcasting, the court affirmed the FCC's power to  modify a broadcaster's license by requiring it to shift from  Channel 4 to Channel 8, nothing in the statute or that opinion  suggests that the FCC's modification power is limited to  individual licenses.  Rather, the FCC may modify entire classes of licenses.  Further, the issuance of transitory DTV  licenses in the Fifth Report and Order was part of a process  that modifies broadcasters' underlying permits and licenses in  a way analogous to the modification upheld in Peoples Broadcasting:  at the end of the transition period, broadcasters will  have migrated from one channel to another.  While there  admittedly is a difference in kind from the circumstances in  People's Broadcasting, the analog-to-digital transition is limited to a one-time change.


18
Hence, what the FCC did in the Fifth Report and Order is  unlike the situation in MCI Telecommunications Corp. v.  AT&T, 512 U.S. 218 (1994), on which the pending applicants  rely.  There the Supreme Court held that the FCC's power  to "modify" the requirements of 47 U.S.C. § 203, under which  telecommunications carriers file their rates in a tariff with the  FCC, did not authorize the FCC to do away with tariffs  altogether, and that no deference was due to an interpretation that went beyond the meaning that the statute could  bear.  Id. at 229.7  While the pending applicants contend that  the same reasoning applies here because the FCC's issuance  of an initial DTV license cannot reasonably be said to modify  a broadcaster's existing license, the FCC has not wrought a  fundamental change to the terms of those permits and licenses.  Broadcasters will begin and end the transition period  broadcasting television programming to the public under very  similar terms.  Although the FCC chose not to require 100%  simulcasting on the NTSC and DTV channels throughout the  transition, and Congress disfavored such an approach, see 47  U.S.C. § 336(a)(2), broadcasters will provide essentially the  same services, with some flexibility to provide ancillary services as well, under their licenses during the transition.  See  Service Reconsideration, 13 F.C.C.R. at 6873-74.  Because  the issuance of initial DTV licenses to existing broadcasters  was not clearly the issuance of new "station licenses" under  § 308(a) and because the terms of the DTV licenses can  reasonably be considered modifications of existing licenses, the FCC could reasonably deem § 308(a) inapplicable and  issue DTV licenses pursuant to § 316.


19
Finally, the FCC reasonably construed § 336 to allow for  the three-stage process set forth in the Fifth Report and  Order.  In the 1996 Act, Congress preempted the ongoing  DTV proceeding only to a limited degree.  Section 336 overruled the FCC's decision to include applicants for construction permits in the pool of broadcasters eligible for a second  channel during the transition period.  In most other respects,  Congress left the details of managing the analog-to-digital  transition to the FCC.  Nothing in § 336 foreclosed the FCC  from issuing initial DTV licenses on a date certain.  Moreover, because Congress limited initial eligibility for DTV  licenses to incumbent broadcasters, the FCC could reasonably construe § 336(a)(1)'s reference to "additional licenses  for advanced television services" to encompass a modification  of existing licenses and permits to allow for advanced television services in addition to then-existing analog broadcasting  services.  Having adopted a paired channel approach, giving  a DTV license to the eligible broadcasters, the FCC's interpretation of its modification power reasonably followed.  For  as the FCC explained at oral argument, the two reasons for  requiring the filing of an application for a new license--to  determine who is eligible and how to award licenses in a  competitive proceeding--are inapplicable here:  Congress has  defined who is eligible and there is to be no competition.


20
For these reasons we conclude that in the Fifth Report and  Order the FCC reasonably construed the Communications  Act to allow it to modify existing broadcast licenses and  construction permits to render incumbent broadcasters initially eligible to provide DTV services consistent with  § 336(a) and pursuant to § 316(a)(1) without having received  written applications for "station licenses" covered by § 308(a).


21
B. The April 3, 1997, Cut-Off for DTV Eligibility. In  the alternative, the pending applicants contend that even if the FCC had authority to issue initial DTV licenses in the  Fifth Report and Order without having received written  applications, the FCC unreasonably interpreted § 336 as requiring it to issue DTV licenses to those eligible under  § 336(a)(1) as of a single date rather than account for those  with equities on their side, such as Pappas Telecasting of  Southern California and Corridor Television who had been  eligible for a second channel prior to the 1996 Act.  Further,  they contend that the FCC failed to adequately explain why it  chose not to grant them a second channel.


22
Our review is limited to whether the FCC acted reasonably  and adequately explained its decision not to grant the pending  applicants a second channel for the transition period.  It  clearly did.  The FCC left no mystery as to its rationale. Not with standing the pending applicants' equitable arguments  arising out of their disappointment resulting from the 1996  Act, the FCC decided that the spectrum that they sought  would be put to better use by providing it to new full power  broadcasters as well as new and displaced low power television (LPTV) and TV translator stations.  See SMOOR, 14  F.C.C.R. at 1359-60.  The pending applicants have not  shown, in light of § 336, that the date-certain approach was  "patently unreasonable, having no relationship to the underlying regulatory problem."  Home Box Office, Inc. v. FCC, 567  F.2d 9, 60 (D.C. Cir. 1977);  see also Cassell v. FCC, 154 F.3d  478, 485 (D.C. Cir. 1998).  Moreover, the FCC adequately  addressed the equitable concerns of those applicants who  were granted construction permits after April 3, 1997, by  allowing them to convert to DTV on the channel they are  granted and to apply to maximize their service area.  See  Service Reconsideration, 13 F.C.C.R. at 6863-66.8  As to the  substance of the FCC's rationale, it is hardly arbitrary and  capricious.  The agency reasonably balanced competing demands for spectrum and allowed the pending applicants considerable flexibility in making the transition to DTV.9

III.

23
Community Television, Inc. ("Community") and Paxson  Communications Corporation ("Paxson"), each received a second channel but contend that their allotment was inadequate  because it does not serve the upgraded service area for which  each had applied.  As a matter of policy, the FCC decided  that it would allot DTV channels in a manner to replicate a  broadcaster's existing NTSC service area.  See Sixth Further  Notice, 11 F.C.C.R. at 10974-75.  In the Sixth Further  Notice, the FCC indicated that "we are proposing to allow  stations to maximize or increase their service area where such  an increase would not create additional interference," id. at  10975;  however, the FCC cautioned that allowing such modifications would affect the DTV Table, causing both technical  difficulties and affecting the ability of broadcasters to comment meaningfully on the draft DTV Table.  Id. at 10993.


24
To balance broadcasters' individual interests in increasing  their service areas against the broader interests in establishing a workable DTV Table, the FCC announced in the Sixth  Further Notice that it would "henceforth condition the grant  of applications for modifications of technical facilities, including those for applications on file before the date of the  adoption of this Further Notice but granted after that date, on the outcome of our final decision on the DTV Table of  Allotments."  Id.  Commenters complained that those broadcasters who had applied to upgrade their service prior to July  25, 1996, the date of issuance of the Sixth Further Notice, did  so with the expectation that they would receive corresponding  digital upgrades and that it would be economically infeasible  to invest in an upgrade of analog service only for the transition period.


25
The FCC partially accommodated such broadcasters.  The  final DTV Table, issued in the Sixth Report and Order,  reflected NTSC upgrades that had been granted in the  interim between the Sixth Further Notice and the Sixth  Report and Order, that is, between July 25, 1996 and April 3,  1997.  Applications that had not been acted upon as of April  3, 1997, remained subject to the condition of non-interference  with the DTV Table, and, if granted, would not include a  corresponding digital upgrade.  See SMOOR, 14 F.C.C.R. at  1362-63.  Community is licensed to operate Channel 57 in  Atlanta, Georgia and had applied to upgrade its NTSC service area prior to the adoption of the Sixth Further Notice on  July 25, 1996.  Because the FCC did not grant Community's  application until May 1999, Community's DTV channel, Channel 41, does not replicate its upgraded NTSC service area. Similarly, Paxson had filed eleven upgrade applications prior  to July 25, 1996, each of which was granted after April 3,  1997, and therefore did not include a corresponding digital  upgrade.  Each party may, however, apply for such a digital  upgrade.  See 47 C.F.R. § 73.622, 73.623.


26
Community and Paxson first contend that the FCC's actions were impermissibly retroactive by subjecting pending  upgrade applications to the compatibility principle.  However,  the mere filing of upgrade applications did not vest petitioners with a legally cognizable expectation interest.  See  Chadmoore Comm., Inc. v. FCC, 113 F.3d 235, 240-41 (D.C.  Cir. 1997).  Thus the FCC was free to alter its criteria for  considering those applications.  Next, Community and Paxson contend, in essence, that the FCC did not try hard  enough to accommodate pending applications during the  course of assembling the DTV Table of Allotments.  Neither party has demonstrated that the FCC's failure to fashion the  DTV Table in a manner that would have granted all upgrade  applications pending on July 25, 1996, was a product of  administrative whim or sloth.  On the contrary, the FCC  found that it was not feasible to grant all of the NTSC  modification applications.  SMOOR, 14 F.C.C.R. at 1362.


27
Paxson contends, however, that it is unable to demonstrate  that the FCC acted arbitrarily because the FCC failed to  explain why some upgrade applications were granted while  others were not.  It continues, the FCC cannot reasonably  defend its decision to treat those broadcasters whose upgrade  applications were granted after April 3, 1997, differently than  those whose applications were granted before that date without explaining how it decided which applications to grant on  which dates.  But the FCC explained that it granted those  applications that were consistent with the DTV Table and  deferred action on those that were not.  We presume that the  FCC processed the pending applications with administrative  regularity, for neither Community nor Paxson has identified  any evidence that rebuts that presumption.  See, e.g., Louisiana Ass'n of Indep. Producers and Royalty Owners v. FERC,  958 F.2d 1101, 1119 (D.C. Cir. 1992);  see also Wilson v.  Hodel, 758 F.2d 1369, 1372-73 (10th Cir. 1985).  Furthermore, while both Paxson and Community assert that some  later-filed applications were granted prior to some earlier filed  applications, there is no indication that administrative  irregularities occurred.  Paxson's real complaint is that the  FCC fashioned the DTV Table in such a way that its upgrade  applications were processed more slowly than others.  However, Paxson has not demonstrated why this processing, or  the compromises made in the DTV Table, were arbitrary.

IV.

28
Minority Television Project ("MTP"), licensee of Channel  32 in San Francisco, California, contends that the FCC's  "service replication" policy unlawfully puts it at a competitive  disadvantage because the policy unnecessarily entrenches the  disparity between VHF and UHF channels.  Most analog UHF stations have smaller service areas than analog VHF  stations, for historical and technical reasons.  See Electronic  Indus. Ass'n Consumer Elec. Group v. FCC, 636 F.2d 689,  691-92 (D.C. Cir. 1980).  UHF stations are more susceptible  to interference.  See id. at 698 n.17.  Digital technology  mitigates interference problems on the UHF band. See Sixth  Report and Order, 12 F.C.C.R. at 14603-04.  Nonetheless,  under either an analog or digital transmission system, broadcasting on UHF channels to reach a given audience requires  higher power than broadcasting on VHF channels.  The FCC  set power parameters of 50 kW to 1000kW for digital UHF  channels.  Id. at 14605.  This meant that some UHF channels  would see their service area increased by the minimum power  requirement while other broadcasters, who had an analog  VHF channel but received a digital UHF channel, would see  their service area decreased because of the ceiling on power  that could be used for digital broadcasting on the UHF band. MTP's analog and digital channels are both in the UHF band.


29
MTP's contention that the FCC's service-replication policy  arbitrarily entrenches the historical VHF/UHF disparity is in  essence a dispute about a policy decision properly within the  province of the FCC.  Initially the FCC had adopted an  approach that would have maximized the service area of each  DTV allotment, an approach favored by MTP, and the FCC  sought comment on this allocation policy.  See Sixth Further  Notice, 11 F.C.C.R. at 10974-75.  However, the FCC ultimately sided with the numerous broadcasters that preferred  to replicate the status quo to the greatest extent possible. See Sixth Report and Order, 12 F.C.C.R. at 14605-07.  While  MTP is disappointed by the FCC's choice of its service replication policy, MTP fails to demonstrate how that choice  was unlawful.


30
In the alternative, MTP contends that the overall DTV  allotment for San Francisco, and the allotment MTP received  at the minimum UHF power level of 50 kW, are arbitrary  because MTP's DTV channel will not reach the audience  currently served.  MTP does not seriously dispute that its  DTV signal will propagate along the same contours as does  its NTSC signal.  Rather MTP maintains that its DTV allotment lacks sufficient power to penetrate physical obstacles,  such as buildings and hills, and therefore its DTV channel will  not reach viewers who currently receive its NTSC service.MTP is further concerned that neighboring allotments will  not allow it to increase its power if necessary.  However,  MTP presents no data to demonstrate that the power level of  its allotment is so inadequate as to amount to an arbitrary  departure from the service-replication policy.10

V.

31
Finally, Pennsylvania Telecasters Association ("PTA") challenges the FCC's decision to reallocate the spectrum that had  been set aside for Channel 29 in State College, Pennsylvania  without first considering PTA's application to broadcast on  Channel 29.  Channel 29 was one of many vacant NTSC  allotments that were deleted in the course of compiling the  DTV Table.


32
To implement its policy to reconfigure spectrum allotments  to enable broadcasters using one channel to use two, the FCC  needed to identify more than 1900 channels available for  assignment to incumbent broadcasters.  See Sixth Further  Notice, 11 F.C.C.R. at 10972.  The FCC had issued its Freeze  Order in 1987, recognizing that any transition plan would  require considerable spectrum.  Among the vacant channels  covered by the Freeze Order was Channel 29.  The FCC had  assigned the channel to State College in 1972 and it had  remained vacant until imposition of the Freeze Order in 1987.In 1996, the FCC issued its proposed DTV Table in the Sixth  Further Notice and announced that to facilitate finalization of  the DTV Table, it would stop accepting applications for new  NTSC stations as of September 20, 1996.  See Sixth Further Notice, 11 F.C.C.R. at 10993.  The FCC noted further that  "[t]he DTV Table proposed herein was developed on the  assumption that the existing vacant NTSC allotments for  which no construction permit application is pending will be  deleted."  Id.


33
On September 20, 1996, PTA and another would-be broadcaster petitioned the FCC to waive the application of the  Freeze Order to Channel 29 and to accept their applications  for a construction permit for that channel.  When the FCC  issued its final DTV Table in the Sixth Report and Order, the  FCC had reassigned the spectrum allotted for Channel 29 in  State College to DTV channels serving Johnstown, Pennsylvania and Williamsport, Pennsylvania. PTA petitioned for  reconsideration, arguing that the elimination of Channel 29  was contrary to the FCC's commitment to "maintain and  protect those vacant NTSC allotments that are the subject of  pending applications."  See Sixth Report and Order, 12  F.C.C.R. at 14639.  The FCC denied reconsideration on the  ground that PTA's "application has not been accepted, and we  have not acted on its waiver request.  The allotment at issue  was needed and was used for DTV."  Allotment Reconsideration, 13 F.C.C.R. at 7601-02.


34
PTA's petition for review must be denied because it misconstrues the FCC's policy.  PTA filed its waiver petition and  application for Channel 29 in response to that portion of the  Sixth Further Notice in which the FCC stated that it would  stop accepting applications for vacant analog channels in 30  days and that "we will continue our current policy of considering requests for waiver of our 1987 freeze Order on a caseby-case basis."  11 F.C.C.R. at 10992.  PTA misread this  statement as a promise to consider new applications for  unused channels in freeze areas.  To the contrary, the FCC  promised only that it would consider requests to lift the  freeze on a case-by-case basis, not that it would consider  unused channel applications prior to lifting the freeze.  Indeed, the FCC indicated that applications requiring a lifting  of the freeze would not be accepted for filing unless there was  a public notice to that effect.  Id.  The FCC ultimately  explained that neither PTA's waiver request nor the application had been accepted pursuant to the Freeze Order, and  that elimination of Channel 29 and reallocation of its spectrum were necessary to accommodate the DTV Table.  Allotment Reconsideration, 13 F.C.C.R. at 7601-02.


35
The FCC reasonably interpreted its commitment in the  Sixth Report and Order to maintain and protect vacant  NTSC allotments for which applications were pending, 12  F.C.C.R. at 14639, to be limited to applications for vacant  allotments not subject to the Freeze Order or for which a  waiver of the Freeze Order had been granted.  Because under  the terms of the Sixth Report and Order PTA's waiver  petition did not constrain the FCC's authority to eliminate  Channel 29, the FCC acted consistently with its stated expectation that "the existing vacant NTSC allotments for which no  construction permit application is pending will be deleted.Sixth Further Notice, 11 F.C.C.R. at 10993.11


36
* * * * *


37
We conclude as we began.  The FCC faced a host of  difficult decisions in designing rules for the transition from  analog to digital television broadcasting.  After years of work,  a small number of the parties to the proceeding have sought  relief in the court from unfavorable FCC interpretations and  decisions.  Even if the compromises reflected in the challenged FCC decisions were not always Solomonic in their  wisdom, they were not required to be.  Given the relevant  statutory directives and regulations, and the competing interests of the various broadcasters and viewers concerning use  of limited spectrum, the FCC reasonably and permissibly  interpreted its obligations in allocating the valuable public resource that is broadcast spectrum.  Accordingly, we deny  the petitions for review.



Notes:


1
  Petitioners in these consolidated cases are Community Television, Inc., Pappas Telecasting of Southern California, LLC, Pennsylvania Telecasters Association, and Minority Television Project,  Inc.  Intervenors in support of petitioners are Paxson Communications Corporation, Corridor Television, LLP, and Entravision Communications Company, LLC.  For ease of reference we refer to  these parties as "petitioners" except as indicated.  Certain other  broadcasters withdrew their petitions or the court dismissed their  challenges, see, e.g., Lindsay Television, Inc. v. Association of  America's Pub. Television Stations, 1998 WL 633809 (D.C. Cir.  Aug. 11, 1998), including Mountain Broadcasting Corporation, which  voluntarily withdrew its petition for review after filing its opening brief in light of the FCC's decision to allow it to trade DTV  channels with another station.  See Public Notice, Broadcast Actions, Report No. 44600, 1999 WL 979570 (Oct. 27, 1999).  Separately, the Association for Maximum Service Television, Inc. intervened  in support of the FCC.


2
  These standards include the width of the television broadcast  channel, the precise frequencies for the visual and aural carriers,  the number of lines per frame, the scanning rate and method, the  aspect ratio or width-to-height ratio of the picture, and the audio  mode.


3
  The FCC adopted the term "ATV" to describe a variety of  competing technologies, each of which would improve upon NTSC  service.  See Notice of Proposed Rulemaking, 6 F.C.C.R. 7024, 7024  n.1 (1991).


4
  On December 27, 1996, the FCC released its Fourth Report  and Order, 11 F.C.C.R. 17771 (1996), which adopted a technical  DTV standard.  Petitioners do not challenge the decisions reflected  therein.


5
  The three stages are (1) the initial modified license for DTV,  (2) certification or Application for a construction permit, and (3)  application for a license to cover a construction permit for a DTV  facility.  Id.


6
  Section 316(a)(1) provides:
Any station license or construction permit may be modified by the Commission either for a limited time or for the duration of the term thereof, if in the judgment of the Commission such action will promote the public interest, convenience, and necesity, or the provisions of this chapter or of any treaty ratified by the United States will be more fully complied with.  No such order of modification shall become final until the holder of the license or permit shall have been notified in writing of the proposed action and the grounds and reasons therefor, and shall be given reasonable opportunity, of at least thirty days, to protest such proposed order of modification;  except that, where safety of life or property is involved, the Commission may by order provide, for a shorter period of notice.


7
  Subsequently, Congress authorized detariffing.  See MCI  Worldcom Inc. v. FCC, 209 F.3d 760 (D.C. Cir. 2000).


8
  The FCC's reference in the Fifth Report and Order to  "particular consideration" for those in the pending applicants' position did not guarantee any particular result, and certainly did not  obligate the FCC to take steps beyond the careful balancing of  interests reflected in its decision to deny paired channels while  increasing flexibility for analog-to-digital conversions for those in  the pending applicants' position.


9
  Pappas contends further that the FCC arbitrarily failed to  consider its unique circumstances in that it had applied for a  construction permit prior to October 24, 1991 and had presented the  FCC with a motion for leave to supplement its reconsideration  petition to show that a DTV channel was available in its community  of Avalon, California.  The FCC did not grant Pappas' motion for  leave and was therefore not obliged to consider its supplement.  See  47 C.F.R.  1.429(d).  To the extent that the FCC was obliged to  articulate its reasons for not granting leave, its failure to do so was  harmless.  See 5 U.S.C. § 706.  In rejecting a very similar contention raised by another party, the FCC made clear that the availability of another channel was immaterial to its discretionary decision  not to award a DTV channel to petitioners.  See SMOOR 14  F.C.C.R. at 1358-59.


10
  Moreover, should subsequent events bear out MTP's concerns, the FCC states in its brief on appeal that it retains authority  to make adjustments to mitigate interference problems that may  arise during the analog-to-digital transition.  The FCC points out  that it has already demonstrated such flexibility in allowing Mountain Broadcasting Corporation to trade DTV channels with another  station.  See supra note 1.


11
  For this reason, PTA's contention based on the Due Process  Clause, U.S. Const. amend V, is without merit;  the FCC did not  deprive PTA of a property or liberty interest by deleting Channel  29.  Similarly, the FCC did not violate 47 U.S.C. § 307(b), which  directs the FCC to ensure equitable distribution of radio service  among communities, because that section applies to the FCC's  consideration of "applications for licenses," which PTA's waiver  petition was not.


