
116 Wn.2d 911 (1991)
810 P.2d 907
THE STATE OF WASHINGTON, Respondent,
v.
DAVID McKINSEY, Petitioner.
No. 57423-5.
The Supreme Court of Washington, En Banc.
May 16, 1991.
Paul J. Burns and Dana Griffin Burns, for petitioner.
*912 Donald C. Brockett, Prosecuting Attorney, and James R. Sweetser, Deputy, for respondent.
BRACHTENBACH, J.
At issue is whether a prior conviction for first degree possession of stolen property is per se admissible for impeachment purposes under ER 609(a)(2). We hold that it is, and affirm the courts below.
Defendant David McKinsey was charged with first degree trafficking in stolen property and two counts of burglary. He was convicted of the lesser included offense of second degree trafficking in stolen property. Through a pretrial motion in limine, defendant sought to exclude evidence of prior convictions. In reliance upon State v. Brown, 111 Wn.2d 124, 761 P.2d 588 (1988) (Brown I), the trial court denied the motion and admitted for impeachment purposes evidence of prior convictions for first degree stolen property, second degree theft, and unlawful issuance of a bank check. Defendant testified, thus preserving any claimed error in admitting the prior convictions for impeachment purposes. See State v. Brown, 113 Wn.2d 520, 540, 782 P.2d 1013, 787 P.2d 906, 80 A.L.R.4th 989 (1989) (Brown II) (decided following a motion for reconsideration of Brown I).
Following his conviction, defendant appealed, assigning error to the trial court's admission of evidence of the prior conviction for first degree possession of stolen property. The Court of Appeals affirmed in an unpublished split opinion. State v. McKinsey, noted at 58 Wn. App. 1020 (1990). The Court of Appeals' majority relied upon the lead opinion in Brown II, which restated the ER 609 analysis from Brown I. Under that analysis, evidence of prior crimes of theft are per se admissible for impeachment purposes under ER 609(a)(2).
In a dissent, Judge Thompson reasoned that a majority of this court did not agree with this analysis in Brown II, and therefore it was not precedential.
Defendant thereafter petitioned for review.
*913 [1] The precedential value of the analysis in Brown II, key to defendant's challenge, has, during these proceedings, been conclusively resolved. In State v. Ray, 116 Wn.2d 531, 806 P.2d 1220 (1991), a clear majority of this court confirmed the reasoning in Brown II, and held that "crimes of theft involve dishonesty and are per se admissible for impeachment purposes under ER 609(a)(2)." Ray, at 545.
No purpose would be served by extensive repetition here of the reasoning in Brown II and Ray; reference is made to Brown II, at 545-54, and to Ray, at 543-46.
[2, 3] The remaining question is whether first degree possession of stolen property is within the Brown II-Ray rule. We look to the statutory elements of the crime. State v. Newton, 109 Wn.2d 69, 743 P.2d 254 (1987). Under RCW 9A.56.140 and .150, first degree possession of stolen property involves knowingly receiving, retaining, possessing, concealing, or disposing of stolen property of a value in excess of $1,500 knowing that it has been stolen and withholding or appropriating the property to the use of anyone other than the true owner or person entitled to the property.
The Legislature has classified this crime in RCW 9A.56, "Theft and Robbery". See Laws of 1975, 1st Ex. Sess., ch. 260, ch. 9A.56, p. 841 ("Theft and Robbery" chapter title included as part of enacted legislation). The property involved is stolen property, known by defendant to be stolen property, which defendant knowingly receives, retains, possesses, conceals or disposes of. Defendant, with this knowledge, withholds this property or appropriates it to the use of someone other than the person entitled to it. The crime is encompassed by Brown II and Ray. It involves dishonesty: "The term `dishonest' implies the act or practice of telling a lie, or of cheating, deceiving, and stealing." Ray, at 545 (quoting Brown II, at 552). "`[I]n common human experience acts of deceit, fraud, cheating, or stealing, ... are universally regarded as conduct which reflects adversely on a man's honesty and integrity.'" Ray, at 545 (quoting Brown II, at 552 (quoting Gordon v. United States, 383 *914 F.2d 936, 940 (D.C. Cir.1967), cert. denied, 390 U.S. 1029, 20 L.Ed.2d 287, 88 S.Ct. 1421 (1968))).
The trial court properly ruled the prior conviction admissible.
By our holding in this case we necessarily overrule State v. Harris, 102 Wn.2d 148, 685 P.2d 584 (1984) and State v. Zibell, 32 Wn. App. 158, 646 P.2d 154, review denied, 97 Wn.2d 1039 (1982), insofar as they held that evidence of a conviction for possession of stolen property was not admissible under ER 609(a)(2). Harris relied upon State v. Burton, 101 Wn.2d 1, 676 P.2d 975 (1984), which is now overruled. Ray, at 543-44. Burton approved Zibell.
In light of our decision, we need not reach defendant's second issue. He argues that if the prior conviction was erroneously ruled admissible under ER 609(a)(2), a constitutional harmless error standard should apply rather than a nonconstitutional harmless error standard. Although we do not reach this issue, we note that this matter has also been laid to rest in Ray, where the court said decisively that
[t]he same nonconstitutional harmless error standard that applies to ER 404 rulings also applies to ER 609(a) rulings. A ruling under ER 609 is not reversible error unless, within reasonable probabilities, had the error not occurred, the outcome of the trial would have been materially affected.
(Quotation marks and citations omitted.) Ray, at 546 (quoting State v. Smith, 106 Wn.2d 772, 780, 725 P.2d 951 (1986) (quoting State v. Cunningham, 93 Wn.2d 823, 831, 613 P.2d 1139 (1980))).
Affirmed.
DORE, C.J., and DOLLIVER, ANDERSEN, DURHAM, SMITH, and GUY, JJ., concur.
JOHNSON, J. (dissenting)
In holding that possession of stolen property is automatically admissible to impeach a witness under ER 609(a)(2), the majority follows the ill-advised "plain language" approach of State v. Ray, 116 *915 Wn.2d 531, 806 P.2d 1220 (1991). The court should instead return to the narrower, and more justifiable, interpretation of the rule adopted in State v. Burton, 101 Wn.2d 1, 676 P.2d 975 (1984), and thereby relegate any change in the rule to the formal rulemaking process.
Ray dramatically changed the law in this area. Prior to Ray, this court consistently held that crimes of "dishonesty" under ER 609(a)(2) referred only to crimes containing elements in the nature of "crimen falsi".[1] Elements of "crimen falsi" include deceit, fraud, untruthfulness or falsification. See Burton, at 10.
The limitation of "crimen falsi" served a vital purpose. It restricted the rule's application to those convictions relating directly to the witness' propensity to tell the truth in court. As this court stated in Burton,
[t]he purpose of allowing impeachment by prior conviction evidence is to shed light on the defendant's credibility as a witness. Therefore, prior convictions admitted for impeachment purposes must have some relevance to the defendant's ability to tell the truth. Simply because a defendant has committed a crime in the past does not mean the defendant will lie when testifying.
(Citations omitted.) Burton, at 7-8.
Based on Burton, this court held that the crime of possession of stolen property is not a crime involving dishonesty under ER 609(a)(2). State v. Harris, 102 Wn.2d 148, 156-57, 685 P.2d 584 (1984).
This court's rejection of Burton is deeply flawed. Because these flaws are fully revealed in the dissenting opinion in Ray, as well as in the concurring (and then controlling) opinions issued in State v. Brown, 113 Wn.2d 520, 782 P.2d 1013, 787 P.2d 906, 80 A.L.R.4th 989 (1989), I merely summarize some of their arguments here.
*916 In rendering automatically admissible under ER 609(a)(2) many crimes that do not bear directly on testimonial truthfulness,[2] the Ray standard distorts the rule's intent. This overly inclusive approach also undermines the discretionary balancing test of ER 609(a)(1). Ray appears to render Washington's rule the "most inclusive" and "least discretionary" of all jurisdictions adopting rules based on Fed. R. Evid. 609. Ray, at 555 (Dolliver, J., concurring in part, dissenting in part) (quoting R. Aronson, Evidence in Washington 609-10 (1989)). Ray's broad applicability is problematic because prior convictions may readily be misconstrued as evidence of guilt. See Burton, at 9. Moreover, Ray leads to ludicrous results. A misdemeanor conviction for possessing stolen property is automatically admissible, while a murder conviction is only admissible if it satisfies the balancing test of ER 609(a)(1). See Ray, at 555 (Dolliver, J., concurring in part, dissenting in part).
Finally, if Burton is to be overturned, it should be done through this court's formal rulemaking process rather than by judicial fiat. Justice Dolliver addressed this point succinctly in his opinion:
In adopting [ER 609(a)(2)], this court explicitly chose to impose more restrictions on admissibility. See Comment, ER 609, 91 Wn.2d 1150 (1979). It is inappropriate for the court now unilaterally to alter ER 609(a)(2) by "interpreting" it so it becomes virtually meaningless. The court ought to use extreme caution in giving different meanings to its rules depending on the majorities which rise and fall with each case. Any change in the interpretation of the rule ought to be subject to the formal rules process adopted by the court, GR 9, rather than ad hoc procedure adopted by the majority.
Ray, at 555-56 (Dolliver, J., concurring in part, dissenting in part).
*917 This court should return to the Burton standard. Because possession of stolen property is not a crime of dishonesty under that standard, I dissent.
UTTER, J., concurs with JOHNSON, J.
NOTES
[1]  Although the lead opinions in State v. Brown, 111 Wn.2d 124, 761 P.2d 588 (1988) (Brown I) and in State v. Brown, 113 Wn.2d 520, 782 P.2d 1013, 787 P.2d 906, 80 A.L.R.4th 989 (1989) (Brown II) purported to overturn Burton, neither opinion was signed by a majority of the court.
[2]  It can be argued that Ray reaches so far as to render all intentional crimes automatically admissible. Ray extends automatic admissibility to crimes that are commonly perceived as dishonest. Ray, at 546. Many people would consider dishonest any intentional violation of the law.
