STATE OF MISSOURI,                            )
                                              )
               Respondent,                    )
                                              )
       vs.                                    )      No. SD35763
                                              )      Filed: March 4, 2020
DOUGLAS DWAYNE EUBANKS,                       )
                                              )
               Appellant.                     )


               APPEAL FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF PHELPS COUNTY

                                 Honorable John D. Beger, Judge

AFFIRMED

       Douglas Dwayne Eubanks (“Eubanks”) appeals his conviction of the class A felony of

assault in the first degree. In five points on appeal, Eubanks argues that the trial court erred in

rejecting his proffered jury instructions in that the evidence was sufficient to inject the issue of

defense of property. Finding no merit to Eubanks’ five points, we deny the same and affirm the

judgment of the trial court.
                                     Facts and Procedural Background

         “In determining whether the refusal to submit a jury instruction was error, the evidence is

viewed in the light most favorable to the defendant.” 1 State v. Hashman, 197 S.W.3d 119, 127

(Mo.App. W.D. 2006). We set out other information as necessary for context.

         On the evening of March 2, 2018, Eubanks and his friend Burns were sitting around a

campfire on Eubanks’ property. It was dark, though “the moon was out, . . . and the stars[.]”

Eubanks observed Victim (a 67-year-old man) walking on the outer road that ran between

Eubanks’ property and the interstate. (Eubanks did not own the outer road). Eubanks was unable

to discern what clothing the man was wearing from where he was seated—he “didn’t know who it

was or why he was out there.” Eubanks testified that he did “see a lot of foot traffic” on the

interstate, “drifters and people like that,” but “not generally at night.”

         Eubanks approached Victim as he was walking, demanding to know who Victim was and

what he was doing there. Victim said, “I don’t have to tell you fucking shit. Go away.” Eubanks

replied, “[W]hy are you walking out here at 9:30 at night wearing camo?” Victim stated, “I don’t

have to tell you shit.” Eubanks testified that Victim repeated this statement several times, “and he

speeded up his walk.” Eubanks told Victim that “I had my grandma and my wife there and my

daughter. And if he was gonna -- if he was gonna keep walking, that I planned to walk hi[m] all

the way up to J Highway.”              Eubanks continued a conversation with Victim while Victim



1
  The record reflects numerous contradictions in Eubanks’ statements regarding the events underlying his conviction
(three inconsistent statements to police, and internally inconsistent statements at trial). Frankly, this presents a
significant challenge in arriving at one version of the evidence which may be said to reflect the light most favorable
to Eubanks’ asserted defense. Several versions exist (that is, to the extent independent classification is applicable),
each with strengths and weaknesses. Based on Eubanks’ brief, we discern that Eubanks’ counsel was already
compelled to cross the same bridge. We are well disposed toward counsel’s approach under such circumstances (i.e.,
to present the contradictions along with the consistencies, in an effort to demonstrate whether defense of property was
injected from any combination of such evidence). We adopt a similar approach in our recitation of the evidence—for
narrative comprehensibility, we attempt to follow the basic timeline to which Eubanks testified at trial.


                                                          2
“continued to walk,” pursuing Victim in this manner “quite a ways” from Eubanks’ property.

Burns followed behind Eubanks.

           Eubanks testified that Victim was “dressed like some guy who would have a tent stashed

somewhere,” “[l]ike a drifter, someone off the interstate, a hobo” and Eubanks had “experience or

problems with those in or around [his] property prior to [that] evening[.]” 2 Eubanks “wasn’t aware

of . . . what [Victim] was doing or what his intentions were, so I made contact with him to figure

it out. He was very evasive in his questions and very, you know, disheveled.” Eubanks made it

“very clear, that I did not want [Victim] to return if he wasn’t gonna tell me who he was or why

he was outside wearing the attire he was wearing, that I did not want him -- that he was not

welcome.”

           Eubanks and Burns returned to the campfire on Eubanks’ property. At trial, Eubanks

explained that he did not believe Victim when he had (truthfully) identified himself in their initial

encounter “cuz [sic] when I was walking back, there’s a big sign that says [Victim’s name].”

Eubanks deduced, on his return from having initially walked Victim away from Eubanks’

property, that Victim saw the sign on his walk, decided to use the name on the sign as a local alias,

and then falsely presented it as his own to Eubanks and Burns.

           Burns then observed to Eubanks, “[T]here he is again.” Eubanks expressed confusion, but

then saw that Burns “got up and started walking towards [Victim] at a quick pace so I followed

behind him.” Burns demanded of Victim, “What the fuck?” Eubanks quickly followed up the

inquiry with “what the hell are you doing in my yard?” Victim stepped approximately “three or

four feet” forward onto the grass of Eubanks’ property, toward Burns and Eubanks “right past my

mailbox[,] walking right there on the shoulder of . . . the outer road.” Victim “had come to a



2
    Burns had been living in a tent on Eubanks’ property for at least a month.

                                                            3
complete stop.” Eubanks did not think it was unusual for someone to stop walking when people

initiate conversation with that person.

        No response from Victim was obtained (or apparently sought) as “there was not time to do

anything[]” before Burns “struck [Victim] in the face[.]” Victim “swung back on . . . Burns, hit

him once, and then he drew back to do it again.[3] And that’s when -- when he was gonna swing,

that’s when I stepped up and . . . blocked his arm and then that’s when I hit him for the first time.”

Eubanks punched and kicked Victim, and “took [Victim] down to the ground [before Eubanks]

stopped [him]self.” Eubanks “didn’t want [Victim] on the public road,” did not want Victim

“outside [his] residence,” did not like that Victim failed to properly identify himself (although

Eubanks also testified that Victim had correctly identified himself and that Eubanks did not believe

Victim), that Victim “return[ing] scared me” because Eubanks did not like how Victim was dressed

and it was night. Eubanks’ testimony was that these interests were sufficient (and were what

motivated him) to then “beat the fuck out of [Victim.]”

        Eubanks began hitting Victim while he was “three or four feet” onto Eubanks’ property;

when Eubanks struck Victim “he went backwards[,]” and Victim travelled “from three to four feet

on [Eubanks’] property to at least the middle of the road” (i.e., approximately “25 feet”). 4 There

was no blood on Eubanks’ property. Later, Eubanks would “tr[y] showing the officer where the

blood would be, and he didn’t find any[.]” “But there were pools of blood in the middle of the

road[,]” and there was no blood anywhere else.




3
 We observe that Eubanks had not alleged that Victim tried to hit Burns in any of his three police interviews, and
made this assertion for the first time at trial.
4
 This would perhaps not amount to a reasonable inference were our recitation in this particular instance based on
circumstantial evidence, and we will not “grant unreasonable, speculative, or forced inferences.” State v. Greer, 588
S.W.3d 623, 627 (Mo.App. E.D. 2019). However, we observe that this was direct evidence from Eubanks’ testimony
during his case-in-chief, and we therefore recite it as presented to the jury.

                                                         4
           Eubanks’ wife walked out of the house and Eubanks asked if she knew Victim. Wife

activated the flashlight on her cell phone, pointed it at Victim, and identified Victim by name.

           Eubanks “helped [Victim] up and asked him if he was missing anything, which he was also

wearing a hat that night which was also camouflage. And I helped him find that . . . and handed it

back to him.” Eubanks “walked [Victim in] the other direction down the road[,] . . . far enough

away that he wasn’t a threat.” Eubanks then walked home.

           Eubanks did not flee in anticipation that law enforcement might arrive. He did not hide

evidence by changing his clothes “[b]ecause I figured that . . . if something was gonna come of

this and I did change my clothes, that I would look incredibly guilty.” Eubanks testified that by

the time police arrived, he and Burns had “already concocted [a] story about [Victim] looking

through the [bathroom] window,” and that was the instigating factor in their assault of Victim. As

Eubanks further testified, “that was a lie[.]” Eubanks and Burns were both arrested at the scene.

           Victim suffered severe injuries. His “face was shattered”; his “sinuses were . . . both

broke”; his nose was broken; his “upper plate was broke loose”; there was a “fracture in [Victim’s]

skull right below [his] temple”; there was swelling “where they kicked [Victim] in the neck”; he

had bruised ribs; Victim suffered long-lasting numbness and “tingling” on the left side of his face;

and his “lips were totally mangled. They just looked like hamburger.”

           While Eubanks was in jail, he talked to other inmates and they informed him that he might

be facing ten to thirty years in prison. Eubanks was “scared and decided to lie to the police[.]”

           On July 21, 2018, Eubanks was charged by “Information in Lieu of Indictment[,]” as a

prior offender, with the class A felony of “Assault 1st Degree Or Attempt – Serious Physical Injury

or Special Victim,” pursuant to section 565.050. 5



5
    All references to statutes are to RSMo Cum.Supp. 2017, unless otherwise indicated.

                                                           5
        A jury trial commenced on August 1, 2018. Victim testified to the events on the evening

of March 2, 2018. Victim stated he was walking on Clementine road near his sister’s property in

Phelps County. Victim had parked his vehicle at his sister’s house before heading out for his walk.

As Victim was walking down the road, he noticed Eubanks sitting next to a fire in his front yard

with another man. Eubanks approached Victim and asked him who he was and what he was doing.

Victim told Eubanks his name and that he was “walking from [his] sister’s.” Victim told Eubanks

that he walked every night for his health and identified himself as a member of the family who

owned property next to Eubanks. Eubanks then said, “What would you say if I don’t believe you?”

Victim told Eubanks that he did not care if Eubanks believed him or not. Eubanks responded that

he thought Victim was lying and that the road was his and he liked “to keep an eye on what goes

up and down it.” Victim replied that it was a State road and told Eubanks to leave him alone.

Eubanks then put up his fists and said, “Let’s get it on.” Victim said “[n]o, I’ll just call the Sheriff”

and got out his cell phone. Once Victim got out his cell phone, Eubanks stopped and Victim

continued to walk down the road.

        Victim stated that as he turned around to go back to his sister’s house, he was concerned

about another confrontation with Eubanks and was careful to stay on the “opposite edge of the

road from Mr. Eubanks’ house[.]” He also extinguished the light he was carrying. As he passed

Eubanks’ house, both men came “running out . . . [a]nd Eubanks basically blocked [his] path.”

Eubanks kicked him several times in the face and once in the chest. He could tell who was kicking

him by their footwear. Eubanks was wearing sandals and Burns was wearing boots. After the

assault, Victim ended up in the ditch on the far side of the road.

        Deputy Alexander Maurer testified that in his initial interview with Eubanks on the evening

of the assault, Eubanks smelled of intoxicants and Eubanks admitted he had been drinking.



                                                   6
Eubanks told Deputy Maurer that Victim had been looking in his bathroom window and he went

outside to confront Victim. Victim was walking away from the house and when Eubanks tried to

speak to Victim, he struck Eubanks in the face. Deputy Maurer stated that in Eubanks’ recorded

interview the next day, Eubanks retracted that statement and admitted to kicking Victim, but

alleged the fight started in his driveway and ended up across the road. Deputy Maurer stated that

he observed Eubanks’ left sock to be “covered” in blood, and blood splatter was found on Eubanks’

right sock and lower legs of his jeans. Deputy Maurer testified that when he investigated the scene,

he found no blood on Eubanks’ property.

       Eubanks testified he lied to the police during his interview because he was scared when he

learned the Victim’s age and that he was facing a class A felony charge of assault. On the evening

of March 2, 2018, Eubanks and Burns were sitting around a campfire and they noticed Victim

walking in the dark on the road. Eubanks did not know who Victim was and confronted him in

the road. Eubanks said he asked Victim who he was and Victim told him “I don’t have to tell you

fucking shit. Go away.” Eubanks then asked him, “Why are you walking out here at 9:30 at night

wearing camo?” Victim repeated several times that he did not have to tell Eubanks what he was

doing and speeded up his walk. Eubanks stated that he kept pace with Victim and made it clear to

Victim not to return if Victim was not going to tell him who he was or why he was outside wearing

the attire he was wearing.

       Eubanks testified that five to ten minutes later, he and Burns saw Victim walking back and

Victim was on Eubanks’ property “just a few feet.” Eubanks clarified that Victim was “walking

right there on the shoulder of . . . the outer road.” Eubanks said, “[W]hat the hell are you doing in

my yard?” and Burns hit Victim in the face. Victim hit Burns back and Eubanks tackled Victim,




                                                 7
who had advanced approximately three steps onto Eubanks’ property. Eubanks testified that he

stopped attacking Victim when his wife identified Victim.

           Eubanks admitted that he had been drinking on the evening of March 2 and told Deputy

Maurer he thought he was intoxicated. Eubanks also admitted he did not own the outer road, and

people walking on the road did not have to identify themselves to him. Eubanks stated he lied

about seeing someone looking in his bathroom window, and that he and Burns concocted this story.

Eubanks also stated that he hit Victim hard enough to knock him from three to four feet inside his

property to the middle of the road.

           After the close of all the evidence, Eubanks offered several instructions on defense of

property6, which the trial court “declined to give[.]” The trial court stated that

           under Section 563.041, the user of force has to reasonably believe that the victim
           is committing or attempting to commit stealing, property damage or tampering in
           any degree. . . . I did not find that there was any evidence or any evidence from
           which a jury could reasonably find that the Defendant reasonably believed the
           victim in this case was doing that.

The jury was instructed on assault in the first, second, third, and fourth degree. The jury found

Eubanks guilty of first-degree assault of a special victim. 7 The trial court sentenced Eubanks, as

a prior and persistent offender, to twenty years in prison.

           Eubanks filed a “Motion for New Trial” on August 27, 2018. After hearing argument, the

trial court overruled Eubanks’ motion. This appeal followed.




6
  Instruction A was a modified verdict director for first-degree assault with a reference to the defense of property
instruction. Instruction B was a modified verdict director for second-degree assault. Instruction C was for third-
degree assault. Instruction D was for fourth-degree assault. Instruction E was an instruction on defense of property
and Instruction F was an instruction which defined “Tamper, Tampered, or Tampering” as “To interfere with
something improperly, to meddle with it, displace it, make unwarranted alterations in its existing condition, or to
deprive, temporarily, the owner or possessor of that thing.”
7
    Section 565.002(14)(d) defines a “special victim” as an “elderly person[.]”

                                                            8
        In five points on appeal, Eubanks asserts the trial court erred in rejecting his proffered jury

Instructions E and F (Point I), Instruction A (Point II), Instruction B (Point III), Instruction C (Point

IV), and Instruction D (Point V), in that there was sufficient evidence to inject the issue of defense

of property.

                                          Standard of Review

                A defendant is entitled to an instruction on any theory that the evidence and
        the reasonable inferences drawn therefrom establish. The trial court errs in failing
        to submit an instruction on justification when there is substantial evidence to
        support the defense of justification. The evidence and all reasonable inferences
        drawn therefrom must be viewed in a light most favorable to the defendant.

State v. Goodine, 196 S.W.3d 607, 613 (Mo.App. S.D. 2006). “The burden of injecting the issue

of justification in defense of . . . property is upon the defendant.” City of Cape Girardeau v. Joyce,

884 S.W.2d 33, 34 (Mo.App. S.D. 1994). “[I]nstructions must be based on substantial evidence

and the reasonable inferences therefrom, and courts cannot supply missing evidence or grant

unreasonable, speculative, or forced inferences.” State v. Greer, 588 S.W.3d 623, 627 (Mo.App.

E.D. 2019).

                                               Analysis

        In five points, Eubanks argues that the trial court erred in rejecting his proffered jury

Instructions E and F (Point I), Instruction A (Point II), Instruction B (Point III), Instruction C (Point

IV), and Instruction D (Point V). All of these points relate to the same fundamental challenge:

that there was sufficient evidence to inject the issue of defense of property (i.e., evidence from

which the jury could infer Eubanks used reasonably necessary force to prevent what he reasonably

believed to be Victim’s attempt to tamper with his property) and that the trial court erred in

rejecting Eubanks’ proffered jury instructions as to this issue. As such, we combine Eubanks’

Points I though V for ease of analysis.



                                                   9
          Eubanks had “the burden of injecting the issue of justification[.]” § 563.041.4; see State

v. Bruner, 541 S.W.3d 529, 534 (Mo. banc 2018). “In other words, such an issue must be based

on evidence before a trier of fact may even consider it.” City of Raymore v. O’Malley, 527 S.W.3d

857, 862 (Mo.App. W.D. 2017).

          In attempting to meet that burden, Eubanks directs us to section 563.041.1, setting forth

the requirements for “defense of property”: “A person may . . . use physical force upon another

person when and to the extent that he or she reasonably believes it necessary to prevent what he

or she reasonably believes to be the commission or attempted commission by such person of

stealing, property damage or tampering in any degree.” (Emphasis added). Eubanks further

attempts to rely on section 569.090.1(1), designating that tampering in the second degree may be

demonstrated where a person: “[t]ampers with property of another for the purpose of causing

substantial inconvenience to that person or to another.” Defense of property “does not extend to

acts punishing the intruder for his or her entry.” Hashman, 197 S.W.3d at 127-28 (emphasis

added).

          As the Comment to section 569.130 8 indicates:

          Under § 569.090, subsection 1(1), such tampering must be combined with a purpose
          to cause substantial inconvenience. Thus, borrowing a neighbor’s lawn mower for
          an hour with no purpose to cause inconvenience would not be an offense under this
          section, but hiding the same mower for several days might support an inference of
          a purpose to cause substantial inconvenience. ‘Substantial’ has not been defined,
          nor could it be in any manner that would be useful.

                 ....



8
 See State v. Ecford, 239 S.W.3d 125, 128 (Mo.App. E.D. 2007) (“We note that as a general rule, comments
accompanying a uniform code when adopted have great weight in construing the code.”). See Comment to section
563.041:
         Much of the comment on § 563.036 applies to this section also. The scope of this section is limited
         to the use of physical force by a person to prevent stealing, property damage or tampering. Under
         subsection 1 he may use such force (but not deadly force) as he reasonably believes necessary to
         prevent a person from stealing his bicycle, or from damaging his automobile with an axe.

                                                    10
         Section 569.130 applies to tampering, damaging, etc. property of another under
         §§ 569.080 through 569.120, and provides that no crime is committed if the
         defendant acted under a claim of right for which there is a reasonable basis.

         In his brief, Eubanks attempts to rely on our Supreme Court’s recent opinions in State v.

Jackson, 433 S.W.3d 390 (Mo. banc 2014) and State v. Barnett, 577 S.W.3d 124 (Mo. banc 2019).

Eubanks directs us to the following language in Jackson:

         No matter how strong, airtight, inescapable, or even absolutely certain the evidence
         and inferences in support of the differential element may seem to judges and
         lawyers, no evidence ever proves an element of a criminal case until all 12 jurors
         believe it, and no inference is ever is drawn in a criminal case until all 12 jurors
         draw it. . . .

         The temptation to violate this principle and refuse to instruct down—though plainly
         wrong—can be almost overpowering in some cases, especially when the evidence
         is so strong and the inferences are so obvious that giving a lesser included offense
         instruction seems almost to beg for jury nullification or compromise verdicts. A
         sure sign that a judge or court is about to yield to this temptation is a reference to
         what a ‘reasonable juror’ in a criminal case must or must not find.[9]

433 S.W.3d at 399–400 (bolding in original, underscore added).

         Eubanks also directs us to the following excerpt in Barnett:

                 The rule that a court is required to submit an instruction when there is
         substantial evidence to support it does not change when the defendant’s testimony
         contradicts the requested instruction. If the opposite were true, the court – not the
         jury – would be tasked with determining which version of the defendant’s
         statements to believe. This, of course, would be a usurpation of the jury’s fact-
         finding role. As a result, when the evidence supports two conflicting versions of
         events, even when both versions have been provided by the defendant, the court
         must refrain from determining which version is correct.

577 S.W.3d at 126–27 (emphasis added).


9
  Eubanks relies heavily on the underlined portion of the Jackson excerpt, and attempts to profit thereby in directing
us to a narrow portion of the trial court’s oral discussion and ruling in rejecting Eubanks’ request for jury instructions
on defense of property—i.e., “And under those circumstances, I do not think it reasonable that a jury could find
that [Victim] would have been in any way tampering with the Defendant’s property. And so the defense-of-property
instruction is refused.” (Emphasis in original). We understand the Jackson language to have been directed at
providing a comprehensible aid to the trial court’s internal decision-making process, and not a stand-alone basis for
reversal. In this instance, at least, the trial court recited the verbiage indicated without succumbing to the prohibited
temptation.


                                                           11
         The gist of Eubanks’ argument in this vein is as follows:

         [T]he substantial evidence supports two wildly different narratives: one supporting
         the giving of Mr. Eubanks’ requested defense-of-property instruction and one
         contradicting it. Yet notwithstanding that these two conflicting versions of events
         came from Mr. Eubanks himself, the trial court still could not disregard Mr.
         Eubanks’ first story of seeing [Victim] outside his bathroom window and instead
         decide the jury could not believe it, determine it unreasonable for a jury to find
         [Victim] was tampering with Mr. Eubanks’ property, and refuse his tendered
         instructions.

         Assuming arguendo that Jackson and Barnett vitiate the principle of “judicial

admission” 10 in a jury-tried criminal case as to a defendant’s testimony at trial (at least in this

narrow respect), Eubanks still fails to demonstrate that substantial evidence injected the issue of

defense of property.

         Defense of property would only excuse Eubanks’ use of physical force against Victim to

the extent of Eubanks’ reasonable belief as to its necessity in preventing the commission or (as

relevant here) attempted commission of tampering. “To tamper” is “to interfere with something

improperly, to meddle with it, displace it, make unwarranted alterations in its existing condition,

or to deprive, temporarily, the owner or possessor of that thing.” § 569.010(4). In the light most

favorable to Eubanks, there was evidence of Victim’s presence outside Eubanks’ bathroom

window, Victim’s utilization of the outer road abutting Eubanks’ property, and Victim having

taken “three or four steps” onto Eubanks’ property when Eubanks and Burns approached and




10
   Middleton v. State, 103 S.W.3d 726, 742 (Mo. banc 2003) “(When a defendant makes a voluntary judicial admission
of fact before a jury, it serves as a substitute for evidence and dispenses with proof of the actual fact and the admission
is conclusive on him)” (quoting State v. Roberts, 948 S.W.2d 577, 588 (Mo. banc 1997), cert. denied, 522 U.S. 1056,
118 S.Ct. 711, 139 L.Ed.2d 652 (1998)); State v. Denzmore, 436 S.W.3d 635, 643 (Mo.App. E.D. 2014) (“The general
rule is that when a defendant makes a voluntary judicial admission of fact before the jury, . . . [t]he admission is
conclusive on him for the purpose of the case.”) (internal quotation and citation omitted).


                                                           12
began talking to Victim. 11 This was insufficient to inject the issue as to Eubanks’ reasonable belief

as to Victim committing or attempting to commit tampering. 12

           Eubanks fails to demonstrate that sufficient evidence injected the issue of defense of

property, and likewise fails to demonstrate that the trial court erred in rejecting his proffered jury

Instructions E and F (Point I), Instruction A (Point II), Instruction B (Point III), Instruction C (Point

IV), and Instruction D (Point V). Points I, II, III, IV, and V are denied.

           The judgment of the trial court is affirmed.

WILLIAM W. FRANCIS, JR., J. – OPINION AUTHOR

GARY W. LYNCH, P.J. – CONCURS

NANCY STEFFEN RAHMEYER, J. – CONCURS




11
     See note 1 of this Opinion.
12
     See State v. Hankins, 721 S.W.2d 218, 219 (Mo.App. S.D. 1986) (applying section 563.041):
           Under those circumstances, there was not a factual basis for Hankins to believe there was to occur
           any damage or attempted damage to his dog. In fact, Hankins’ own testimony was that the fight
           broke out because he told Offield and Ellis to get off his property. There was nothing to lead the
           court to believe, or from which it could infer, that Hankins was protecting the dog. There was no
           basis for Hankins to believe it was necessary to use physical force in order to prevent harm to the
           dog.

                                                           13
