
In The


Court of Appeals


Ninth District of Texas at Beaumont


____________________


NO. 09-03-079 CV

____________________


CLAUDE GASPARD, Appellant


V.


DUPONT DOW ELASTOMERS, L.L.C. and

E.I. DUPONT DE NEMOURS AND COMPANY, Appellee




On Appeal from the 172nd District Court
Jefferson County, Texas

Trial Cause No. E-164,966




O P I N I O N
STATEMENT OF THE CASE

	Claude Gaspard filed suit against Petrocon Engineering, Inc., (1) Du Pont Dow
Elastomers, L.L.C. (DuPont Dow), and E.I. Du Pont de Nemours and Company (DuPont) for
injuries sustained while working at the Nordel Unit, located within DuPont Beaumont
Works, as an employee of Kellogg Brown & Root.  Gaspard claims to have injured his neck,
low back, and shoulders lifting rubber bales off a conveyor belt. 
	The DuPont defendants moved for summary judgment and Gaspard subsequently filed
Plaintiff's First Amended Petition.  Afterwards, the trial court granted appellees' motion for
summary judgment.  From that judgment, Gaspard appealed.  Following a jurisdictional
inquiry from this court, the trial court entered an order containing sufficient language of
finality.  See Lehmann v. Har-Con Corp., 39 S.W.3d 191, 206 (Tex. 2001).  We reinstated
the appeal and having received the parties' supplemental briefs now consider the merits of
Gaspard's appeal.
FACTS

	At the Nordel Unit of DuPont's Beaumont Works, Brown & Root employees
packaged rubber.  Small bits of rubber came down a conveyor system and fell into a weigh
hopper.  When seventy-five pounds were in the hopper, the rubber was dumped into a
compactor and compacted into seventy-five pound bales.  There were three compactors, A,
B and C, and each had a conveyor line, also A, B and C.  A bale traveled down the conveyor
and was "popped up" into the wrapper.  From there, it went to a loader at the back end where
it would be weighed and sent to the warehouse. 
	On July 27, 1999, one of the compactors jammed.  It was determined that a limit
switch had broken, shutting down the whole conveyor.  This, in turn, necessitated removing
a bale of rubber manually.  To do so, Gaspard used a bale hook.  Gaspard claims that in
lifting the bale off the conveyor, he injured his neck, low back, and shoulders.
CONTROLLING AUTHORITY

	Appellees' moved for summary judgment on the sole ground that as a matter of law
they owed no duty to Gaspard because he was an employee of Brown & Root, an
independent contractor.  Citing Redinger v. Living, Inc., 689 S.W.2d 415, 418 (Tex. 1985),
appellees contended "[u]nder Texas law, an owner or occupier of land does not have a duty
to see that an independent contractor performs its work in a safe manner."  Appellees noted
the exception to the general rule is that when the general contractor or owner either explicitly
retains or actually exercises control over the details of the subcontractor's work, the general
contractor or owner will be held liable for the employee's injuries.  See Pollard v. Missouri
Pacific R.R., 759 S.W.2d 670, 671 (Tex. 1988).  Appellees claimed summary judgment was
proper because they neither expressly retained nor exercised control over the manner of
Brown & Root's work.
	"An owner or occupier of land generally has a duty to use reasonable care to make and
keep the premises safe for business invitees."  Clayton W. Williams, Jr. Inc. v. Olivo, 952
S.W.2d 523, 527 (Tex. 1997) (citing Redinger, 689 S.W.2d at 417).  The same duty is owed
by a general contractor in control of the premises.  Id.  Accordingly, there is no distinction
between DuPont and DuPont Dow in determining the scope of duty.
	An owner may be liable for negligence in failing to keep the premises safe in two
situations: (1) those arising from a defect on the premises, and (2) those arising from an
activity on the premises.  Id.  In the first situation, there are two types of premises defects:
(a) defects that exist on the premises when the business invitee entered for business purposes
or that are created through some means unrelated to the activity of the injured employee or
his employer, and (b) defects the independent contractor (or its injured employee) created by
its work activity.  Id.
	If the premise defect is of the first type, the owner has a duty to inspect the premises
and warn the invitee of those dangerous conditions of which the owner knows or should
know.  Id.  If the premises defect is of the second type, the owner ordinarily has no duty to
warn the independent contractor's employees of the dangerous condition because an owner
normally has no duty to ensure that an independent contractor performs its work in a safe
manner.  Id.  This is also true for the second situation where an owner may be liable, one that
arises from an activity on the premises, commonly referred to as "negligent activity."  See
Lee Lewis Const., Inc. v. Harrison, 70 S.W.3d 778, 783 (Tex. 2001); Hanna v. Vastar
Resources, Inc., 84 S.W.3d 372, 375 (Tex. App.--Beaumont 2002, no pet.).
	In the case of either a premises defect created by the independent contractor's work
activity or a case involving negligent activity, a duty to exercise reasonable care arises if the
general contractor retains control over the independent contractor's work.  See Koch Refining
Co,. v. Chapa, 11 S.W.3d 153, 155 (Tex. 1999); Olivo, 952 S.W.2d at 528.  There are two
means by which a general contractor can retain the right to control:  by contract, or by actual
exercise of control.  See Lee Lewis Const., 70 S.W.3d at 783.  Gaspard does not dispute
appellees' claim that DuPont did not expressly retain control over Brown & Root's work in
the contract.  Thus the only means at issue in this case is the actual exercise of control.
	"The supervisory control must relate to the activity that actually caused the injury, and
grant the owner at least the power to direct the order in which work is to be done or the
power to forbid it being done in an unsafe manner."  Coastal Marine Serv. of Tex., Inc. v.
Lawrence, 988 S.W.2d 223, 226 (Tex. 1999).  The general contractor must have the right to
control the means, methods, or details of the independent contractor's work, to the extent that
the independent contractor is not entirely free to do the work his own way.  See Elliot-Williams Co., Inc. v. Diaz, 9 S.W.3d 801, 804 (Tex. 1999); Koch Refining Co., 11 S.W.3d
at 155-56.  It is not enough that the general contractor has the right to order work to stop and
start, to inspect progress, or to recommend a safe manner for the independent contractor's
employees to perform their work.  See Dow Chemical Co. v. Bright, 89 S.W.3d 602, 607-08
(Tex. 2002); Lawrence, 988 S.W.2d at 226.  It is not enough that the independent
contractor's employees would have taken direction from the general contractor if any had
been offered.  Lawrence, 988 S.W.2d at 226.  "A possibility of control is not evidence of a
'right to control' actually retained or exercised."  Id.  See also Koch Refining Co., 11 S.W.3d
at 156.
	For the general contractor to be held liable, there must be a nexus between the control
exercised and the defective condition or negligent activity that caused the injury.  See
Hoechst-Celanese Corp. v. Mendez, 967 S.W.2d 354, 357 (Tex. 1998); Olivo, 952 S.W.2d
at 528.  Thus, the scope of the duty is limited to the scope of the retained control.  See
Mendez, 967 S.W.2d at 357.  "Under this view, an employer who is aware that its contractor
routinely ignores applicable federal guidelines and standard company policies related to
safety may owe a duty to require corrective measures to be taken or to cancel the contract." 
Mendez, 967 S.W.2d at 357.  When a general contractor requires compliance with federal
laws, general safety guidelines, and other standard safety precautions, a narrow duty of care
arises to ensure that any safety requirements and procedures the contractor promulgated do
not unreasonably increase the probability and severity of injury.  Mendez, 967 S.W.2d at 357-58.  See also Traylor Bros., Inc. v. Garcia, 49 S.W.3d 430, 435 (Tex. App.--San Antonio
2001, pet. denied).  Further, when the general contractor knew of a dangerous condition
before an injury occurred and approved acts that were dangerous and unsafe, actual control
was exercised.  See Dow Chemical Co. v. Bright, 89 S.W.3d at 609.
	We appraise the trial court's decision to grant appellees' motion for summary
judgment in light of all the authority set forth above.  The standards for reviewing summary
judgment are:  (1) the movant for summary judgment has the burden of showing that there
is no genuine issue of material fact and that it is entitled to judgment as a matter of law; (2)
in deciding whether there is a disputed material fact issue precluding summary judgment,
evidence favorable to the non-movant will be taken as true; and (3) every reasonable
inference must be indulged in favor of the non-movant and any doubts resolved in its favor. 
Nixon v. Mr. Property Management Co., Inc., 690 S.W.2d 546, 548-49 (Tex.1985). 
SUMMARY JUDGMENT EVIDENCE

	First, however, we must deal with the question of what evidence is properly before
this court.   Appellees have filed a motion to strike and/or disregard the Appendix to
Appellant's Brief in Support of Appeal, the exhibits to Plaintiff's Motion for New Trial, and
the exhibits to Plaintiff's Motion for Clarification, and to strike Appellant's Brief and
Appellant's Amended and Supplemental Brief on Appeal.  In considering whether a trial
court erred in granting summary judgment, we look only to the evidence that was considered
by the trial court.  See Risner v. McDonald's Corp., 18 S.W.3d 903, 909 (Tex. App.--Beaumont 2000, pet. denied).  To the extent appellees' motion requests we disregard
evidence that was not before the trial court, it is granted.  We do not find it necessary to
strike appellant's briefs and to that extent the motion is denied.
	Appellees' summary judgment evidence consists of the contract between DuPont and
Brown & Root (Exhibit A); excerpts from Gaspard's deposition (Exhibit B); and excerpts
from Michael Reeder's deposition (Exhibit C).  In their Reply to Plaintiff's Response to
Defendant's Motion for Summary Judgment, appellees did not attach any additional
summary judgment evidence, nor did they refer to any other evidence.
	Gaspard's response to appellees' motion for summary judgment contained five
exhibits:  Exhibit A - Plaintiff's Original Petition; Exhibit B - Deposition Excerpts of Rodney
Touchet; Exhibit C - Deposition Excerpts of Claude Gaspard (2);  Exhibit D - Deposition
Excerpts of Rick Brown; and  Exhibit E - Deposition Excerpts of Mike Reeder. 
	There is some overlap of the summary judgment evidence.  Accordingly, we will
summarize the evidence per each deposition.
Claude Gaspard

	Gaspard went to work at DuPont Beaumont Works when Beaumont Distribution had
the contract.  Gaspard hired on with Beaumont Distribution under the job title "auxiliary" in
the Nordel Unit, packaging rubber.  At the time, the Nordel Unit was owned by DuPont. 
Two to three years later, Brown & Root acquired the contract and Gaspard then worked for
them.  At the time Gaspard sustained his injury, in July of 1999, DuPont Dow was the owner
of the unit. 
	When Gaspard hired on with Beaumont Distribution, he received training from
DuPont.  Gaspard said, "All of our training came from Dupont."  According to Gaspard,
training was done in stages, called task verifications, "where you would - - they would go
through with a Dupont trainer and a Dupont safety guy and go over each individual job with
you, see that you knew that job.  And then it had to be signed off by a series of people: 
Operator, all the way down to the Dupont training supervisor."  Gaspard agreed "that Dupont
would train you on every potential job that you would have in the Nordel Unit . . .And
Dupont would train you with respect to the machinery that was there and what you would do
if the machinery broke down, if there was a backup." 
	Gaspard agreed that Chris Ardoin (3) would be considered the project superintendent. 
Gaspard further agreed that he went back to shift supervisor when Brown & Root took over
the contract, and that with Beaumont Distribution he had some responsibility for scheduling,
which held true when Brown & Root took over.  Gaspard said, "to the nature to where if we
needed overtime -- or . . . if someone didn't show up, yes, you had to get in the overtime
book and get somebody out there."  Gaspard agreed that Gary Leidecker (4) and Ardoin had
responsibility for staffing the Nordel unit, and stated that Leidecker did "a lot of overtime
scheduling.  Matter of fact, . . . he took total control over all overtime, all the scheduling for
overtime."  Gaspard said DuPont set the production standard and they indicated how much
product needed to be produced.  DuPont then relayed that to either the process operator or
Chris Ardoin. 
	Gaspard revealed some safety topics "[t]hey talked about" were gun safety around
hunting season, scaffolding, setting up a stepladder, and personal protective equipment. 
Neither Gaspard nor counsel identified whether "they" were DuPont or Brown & Root. 
Counsel asked, "And then other topics would be as -- as small as the proper lifting
techniques; correct?"  Gaspard replied, "Yes" and went onto say, "The ergonomics of lifting
was one of the -- one of a series of the Dupont tapes." 
	Gaspard received training in Lotus from DuPont.  Counsel asked Gaspard, "If you had
a complaint regarding the lack of staffing, not having enough folks out there at the Nordel
Unit, would you go complain to Mr. Leidecker?"  Gaspard replied, "Well, they were kind of
new, you know. . . .  So, we really -- we pretty much just met head to head with Dupont, with
Robinson, Gilbert, you know.  Pretty much - Gilbert was the contract administrator." (5)
	Gaspard was asked who was on his crew during the shift when the accident occurred. 
Gaspard answered, "It was John Nellis, supervisor; myself; Fred Merchant; Richard
Schlesinger; Pat Guillory; Warren Guillory and Ricky Williams."  Gaspard also said Mike
Reeder (6) came down to the packaging area.  Gaspard was asked, "what happened that caused
your injury" and he said they were "running 2722, which is one of the fastest rubber types." 
According to Gaspard, the conveyors, particularly the A/B conveyor, had occasion to jam up
and then they were stopped.  Gaspard said it was "[b]ecause it's the only line that the two
conjoin, you know, together.  C side's its own independent system going to the wrapper."  
Gaspard described it as,
	it's a press.  It presses it into a 75-pound bale.  It comes out of the compactor,
kicks it out on to the conveyance system.  Sometimes they kick out
simultaneously.  That's when you got a problem, if they are, you know,
together, because it overloads everything.  And it goes down a conveyor, and
then a pop-up pops it up and shoots it into the wrapper.  It has to be wrapped
first before it goes to a loader.  The loader is way back in the back end.

When the compactor jammed, Gaspard was alone on the front end.  He paged the DuPont
control operator and told them he had a jam on A line.  Mike Reeder apparently heard the
page and came down to the packaging area and called EC. (7)  EC had to come from the
electrical shop across the street and man the problem.  Gaspard was not certain but thought
Ed Myers (8) was the board operator that night for DuPont.  Gaspard told Myers "he had
problems, . . . maybe he needed to bottle up because we're losing a lot of prime rubber in
reclaim boxes."  While this was taking place, Gaspard was having to man the divert-box
station while trying to unjam the line until help got there.  To divert rubber from the
compactor straight into the scrap box, Gaspard "would have to physically bend down, put the
box under there, the rubber drops down," and the forklift picks it out.  Fred came over and
was helping Gaspard get everything back in line because, Gaspard said, "I couldn't change
all the divert boxes, put liners in them and try to get this compactor, you know, unjammed."
Gaspard stated, "Once I got the compactor unjammed, you know, everything had slowed
down because EC was there; and Mike Reeder was there.  And they - - when Mike got there,
then the operator bottled up."  Gaspard said the conveyor had backed up in the past and he
previously had to unjam the compactor.  Gaspard said you had to use the bale hook.  "There's
no other way to do it.  No other way physically.  There's so much machinery around there. 
The last thing you want to do is put your hands under them moving conveyors."  Neither
Schlesinger, Williams, or Guillory were in the area.  They did not assist in packaging. 
Gaspard spoke to Reeder that night.  Reeder asked Gaspard what was the problem.  Gaspard
said, "'The A compactor is jammed up.  I can't figure out what the deal is.  I can't figure it
out.  I've - - I've done it manually, you know, from the manual controls; and I can't get it to
unlock.'  So that's when he called EC; and I think they found that a limit switch had broke
underneath one of the conveying lines, to shut down the whole conveyor.  When that
happens, it shuts the compactor down."  Gaspard said, "if this bale don't cross by a certain
amount of times in the PLC room, it tells this compactor to stop or you're going to start
jamming bales.  And that PLC switch, the limit switch, had broken.  So it stopped that bale."
Gaspard said within two minutes of feeling pain in his back, he told the supervisor, John
Nellis.  
	The bale hooks were made by DuPont maintenance.  "[W]e put in a procedure when
two employees within an hour and a half apart lost their fingers.  One lost two fingers.  The
other one lost one finger reaching on to a conveyer [sic] that was deenergized."  "[T]herefore,
we put in a procedure that no one was to reach over a moving conveyor or a deenergized
conveyer [sic] with their hands.  They had to use a stainless steel bale hook."  Gaspard said
DuPont supervision developed the policy on no hands over the conveyor.  This occurred in
the transitional period from Beaumont Distribution to Brown & Root.  
Mike Reeder

	Appellees rely on Reeder's deposition in asserting:
	There is no evidence that any of the defendants' employees directly supervised
the plaintiff's work.  At most, the defendants' employees controlled the
general production operation at the Nordel unit.  None of the defendants'
employees controlled the packaging duties of Brown & Root.  Defendants'
employees were present at the Nordel unit only to inspect the progress of the
production and determine if the production specifications were being followed. 

	In the excerpts from Reeder's deposition, he stated that Rick Brown, Sabrina Greer,
and Andy Nguen worked in the same area as the Brown & Root employees.  They were
operators who worked for Petrocon at the Nordel unit.  Petrocon no longer provided
operators at the DuPont Beaumont Works. 
	Reeder was questioned on who supervised the Brown & Root employees.  Reeder said
they were supervised by a first line supervisor on each shift, employed by Brown & Root,
and guessed they reported to a Brown & Root employee at the superintendent level.  Reeder
said, "No" when asked if "[a]nybody else supervise[d] Brown & Root employees at the
Nordel unit?"  Reeder said it was the role of the Brown & Root front line supervisor "[t]o tell
the - the Brown & Root people working in the packaging room what to do specifically." 
When asked if the Brown & Root front line supervisor ever reported to him, Reeder replied,
"Not directly, no."  Reeder was also asked, "Do you know whether or not the Brown & Root
front line supervisor ever reports to any DuPont employee at all?" but the next page of the
deposition was not included in appellees' summary judgment evidence. 
	Gaspard's response includes excerpts from Reeder's deposition in addition to those
attached to appellees' motion for summary judgment.  That evidence is summarized as
follows.  Reeder testified prior to the 1990's those working in the packaging area had always
been DuPont employees.  The first contractor to come into the packaging area at the Nordel
Unit was Beaumont Distribution Company (BDC).  When BDC first came in, they only took
over "a couple of jobs."  DuPont employees manned the remaining positions.  At some point
in time the contractors assumed responsibility for the entire area.  The DuPont employees
who had been working in that area were promoted to or took other jobs.   
	Brown & Root employed a first line supervisor for each shift.  Reeder guessed Brown
& Root also had an employee at the superintendent level to whom Brown & Root employees
reported.  According to Reeder, no one else supervised Brown & Root employees at the
Nordel unit.  Reeder testified, "It wasn't my role to tell [Brown & Root employees] what to
do."  He said it was the role of the Brown & Root front line supervisor "[t]o tell the - - the
Brown & Root people working in the packaging room what to do specifically."  The Brown
& Root front line supervisor did not directly report to Reeder.  Reeder stated the Brown &
Root front line supervisor "got direction in terms of packaging needs, production goals from
DuPont people."  DuPont provided training to contractors working in the Nordel unit.  After
the transition period between DuPont auxiliarymen and contractor auxiliarymen, DuPont's
role in training decreased but was not nonexistent; DuPont provided training material and
overview training.  If equipment broke, the Brown & Root employee would normally go to
the package room operator, a DuPont employee or Petrocon operator.  DuPont management
set production goals.  They made several different types of rubber, and "production goals"
referred to the "number in pounds and how to package it for that particular campaign.  So
there would need to be some communication as to we need so many pounds packaged one
way and so many pounds packaged another way so you could keep up with when to change
packaging materials."  The production goals changed approximately every two weeks.  The
type changes were discussed in morning meetings and when there was a type change, "goal
sheets" were issued.  Those meetings included the area superintendents and the first line
supervisors.  According to Reeder, they did not "specifically" ever set a goal for how many
pounds to package in a shift.  Reeder denied there were any quotas set for packaging on a
shift but admitted "we might have talked about, you know, making a number of pounds." 
Reeder testified he would not get in trouble for a "bad shift", meaning a low number of
pounds were packaged, and neither would the contractors.  
	Reeder testified DuPont conducted the safety meetings and DuPont employees
attended with the others.  Safety meetings occurred once a month.   
	If there was a problem in the packaging room, Reeder would try to resolve it if he
thought he could.  The contractors relied on DuPont employees to help resolve problems.
Each shift had electrical mechanics and general maintenance mechanics employed by DuPont
who helped troubleshoot along with the operators and contractors.   
	Counsel quoted an e-mail from Gary Leidecker about bale hooks as stating, "'It's been
brought to my attention that B&R folks may not be using the bale hooks to move the bales. 
Rather we are moving with our hands which expose us to a hand injury.'"  Counsel further
says, "He goes on to talk about hand injuries, and he tries to encourage people to use the
hooks."  Reeder said a bale hook would be used to straighten out a bale if it turned sideways
and jammed up on the conveyor.  Reeder testified that if the bale was oversized and would
not fit into the wrapper, it had to be removed from the conveyor belt with the bale hook.  
	Reeder testified that as far as he knew, if a bale had to be removed from the conveyor
belt, employees "could use their hands or they could use the bale hook or whatever they
thought was the -- the best way to do it."  Leidecker's e-mail was sent to Elvis Collier,
Claude Gaspard, and Danny Wright, all of whom are Brown & Root employees.  When
asked if he knew of any reason why Leidecker would tell them to use the hooks, Reeder
responded, "He thought it was safer apparently."  Reeder did not know whether or not
DuPont instructed employees to use the bale hook to remove bales off the conveyor belt. 
Reeder said he thought DuPont maintenance people made the hooks.  Reeder did not recall
ever hearing any instruction given to Brown & Root employees by DuPont to use bale hooks
for removing bales from the conveyor belt. 
Rodney Touchet

	Touchet was asked if what happened to Gaspard had happened to him.  Touchet
stated, "Many times it happened to me, because they will - they'll run so fast - they run the
rates so fast."  Touchet said he would tell the operator in the control room to slow down, that
someone was going to get hurt, but the operator would say, "Stop crying."  The control room
operator worked for DuPont.  Touchet agreed the problem Gaspard described happened on
more than once occasion.  Touchet said, "if they run the rates normal, it wouldn't happen. 
The compactors would keep up.  But when they would run the rates so fast, 'A' compactor
cannot keep up, because it has a hydraulic leak the majority of the time."  Touchet agreed it
happened when they were running the rates too high and that was the main cause of the
problem.  Touchet said the rate was set by F.B. Robinson, the plant supervisor, and Daryl
Gilbert, who both worked for DuPont.  Touchet said he told his packing room operator that
running the rates too high could cause someone to get hurt.  Touchet identified the packing
room operator as, "[t]hat was Petrocon," specifically Larry Price and, subsequently, Shane
Peoples.  Touchet said he told Peoples "the majority of the time, '[t]ell Wayne to cut back,
because he's fixing to have a plug.  Plus the 'A' compactor cannot keep up,' because he
knew that compactor had a - a serious leak - hydraulic leak, because it - you know, the
cylinder wasn't holding the pressure to push them - them bales out."  Touchet said Peoples
would tell Wayne to cut back and Wayne would respond, "There you go again with that
crying."  Touchet said "nothing would get done until everything got plugged."  Touchet said
the next day he asked Robinson and Gilbert, "Why is Wayne wanting to run all that rubber
fast like that, because the - the compactors can't keep up?"  They had no comment.  Touchet
told Robinson that running at a high rate could cause someone to get hurt and Robinson
replied, "Well, as long as y'all watch the conveyors, then they won't get - nobody will get
hurt."  Touchet said, "Well, how could you watch something when 'A' compact is - is
messing up frequency" [sic] - you know, every - every 30 minutes to an hour, you got a bale
that's twice the size, or two bales going into one; and you got to fight it with a hook to get
it out."  Touchet said "he could have bottled up and then wait until that compactor catch up
and go back to it" but Wayne would not do it.  It was Touchet's opinion that the Petrocon
people and the DuPont people knew that running rates so high could lead to someone getting
hurt.  Touchet said there was another day when the rates were running extremely high, and
two people got their fingers cut off.  A bale got jammed up and Robert Hillhouse grabbed it;
"and  it cut both of his fingers."  Touchet thought the root cause was the rates were going too
fast.  Within 35 to 40 minutes, Danny Wright had his fingers cut off on the same conveyor. 
Touchet said the line should have been shut down and investigated after Hillhouse's accident
but it was not.  Touchet agreed there was pressure "to keep the rubber packaging as fast as
you can."  Touchet felt that way because "if you didn't do what they said, you wasn't going
to have a job.  They kept pressuring you - 'You know, we can always replace you.'" 
Touchet said if the compactors get behind, you push a button and the rubber goes down
another chute, bypassing the compactor, and into the divert box, a 900-pound box. In answer
to a question about who was in the packaging room, Touchet stated, "Not Petrocon, not
duPont.  They're never around.  You can't find them. . . .  Sometimes I had to beat on -
knock on the window (indicating) to wake them up, because they're sleeping in the control
room." Touchet was told by Robinson not to divert, to "make more bales."  According to
Touchet, there was a price difference, what went in the divert box was about three cents a
pound.  Touchet was also aware that Jimmy Tezeno was hurt working in the packaging room,
similarly to Wright and Hillhouse.  Touchet said his shoulder was pulled out of socket
because "they were running so much rates.  We were - had to go to the dead - you know, to
the dead lift; and it was broke."   
	Touchet said the majority of mechanical problems were with the compactors and the
robots.  The compactors had hydraulic leaks.  On the conveyors the chain would break and
it would have to be shut but "they was still running the rates."  "A" loader was always locked
out because of hydraulic leaks.  The "B" robot was not in "that good of a shape to control the
rates."  The "A" compactor had a constant hydraulic leak and "they wouldn't fix it." 
Petrocon and DuPont knew about the problems with the "A" compactor because Touchet told
them.  According to Touchet, Petrocon was the one over the packaging room and there was
not a DuPont operator in the packaging area.   
	Touchet was asked, "Did they teach you to obtain assistance when you did not feel
that you could lift a particular object safely?"  He answered, "That's why you had the
hooks." 
Rick Brown

	Rick Brown said he was hired by Petrocon.  "All training and - once I started, I was
treated just like a duPont employee."  Brown said no one from Petrocon ever told him how
to be a packaging room operator, that DuPont people instructed him.  Brown said it was a
DuPont employee who did the training. 
ANALYSIS

	Gaspard contends the trial court erred in granting summary judgment because this is
not a negligent activity case, but a premises defect case, the type involving defects the
independent contractor or its employee created by its work activity.  In Dow Chemical Co.
v. Bright, 89 S.W.3d at 605, a premises defect case, the "defect" was an unstable overhead
pipe that fell on Bright.  The pipe had been put in place by the independent contractor,
Bright's employer.  The court found Dow did not owe Bright a duty based on the lack of
right to control.  See also Elliott-Williams Co., 9 S.W.3d at 802-803 (panels installed by
independent contractor fell on employee of another independent contractor); Olivo, 952
S.W.2d at 526-527 (independent contractor's employee fell off a catwalk and landed on a
drill pipe thread protector left on the ground during previous shift when independent
contractor was in control of premises).  
	In this case, Gaspard's pleadings and summary judgment evidence establish the injury
occurred when he manually removed the bale.  The injury did not occur when the compactor
jammed or when the conveyor shut down.  Accordingly, we find this case does not involve
a premises defect. 
	Moreover, as noted in our discussion of the controlling authority, whether it is a
premises defect of the type Gaspard claims, or a case of negligent activity, a duty to exercise
reasonable care arises based on the "right to control."  See Koch Refining Co., 11 S.W.3d at
155; Olivo, 952 S.W.2d at 528.  And that "right to control" must relate to the activity that
caused the injury.  See Lawrence, 988 S.W.2d at 226.  There is no summary judgment
evidence that DuPont retained the right to direct the method Brown & Root employees
utilized when manually removing rubber bales from the conveyor.  We therefore find there
is not a material fact issue as to whether appellees owed a duty to Gaspard.  Issues one and
three are overruled.
	Gaspard further maintains he made "general claims of negligence against the operators
of the unit based on a duty to use ordinary care."  Gaspard argues his case against DuPont
"does not sound in premises liability, but ordinary negligence," based on a distinction
between DuPont Dow and DuPont, who supplied operators to run the unit.  As the authorities
discussed above indicate, there is no distinction for purposes of this case between an owner
or occupier of the premises and a general contractor in control of the premises, the issue
remains whether the supervisory control related to the activity that caused the injury.  See
Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Renteria, 52 S.W.3d 848, 851 (Tex. App.--San Antonio 2001, pet.
denied) (Because there was no evidence Wal-Mart exercised any control over the lighting
of the corn roaster, which was the activity that actually caused the injury, there was no
evidence to support a deemed finding of right to control).  See also Exxon Corp. v. Tidwell,
867 S.W.2d 19, 23 (Tex. 1993) (Issue was not whether Exxon had the right to control
Morgan in the details of the work to be performed in operating the service station, but
whether Exxon had the right to control the alleged security defects that led to Tidwell's
injury).  See generally Hagins v. E-Z Mart Stores, Inc., 128 S.W.3d 383, 388-89 (Tex. App.--Texarkana 2004, no pet) (Plaintiff was not entitled to a jury question on control that asked,
"Did E-Z Mart Stores, Inc. exercise or retain some control over the manner in which the
work was performed, other than the right to order the work to start or stop or to inspect
progress or receive reports?" because the retention of control must relate to the activity that
actually caused the injury).
	Gaspard's complaint against the operators is that they ran the rubber too high. 
However, as noted above, the injury did not occur while the rubber was being run.  The
operation had ceased when Gaspard moved the stationary rubber bale, causing his injury. 
Issue two is overruled.
	Gaspard claims a fact issues remains as to whether appellees' alleged breach of OSHA
regulations was a proximate cause of his injuries.  Gaspard argues that DuPont's institution
"of the bale hook method was negligent and against the standards established by OSHA and
other proper lifting regulations."  All Gaspard's references to the record are to evidence that
was not before the trial court when summary judgment was granted, and therefore is not
before this court on appeal.  In the evidence that is before this court is the contract between
appellees and Gaspard's employer, Brown & Root.  It provides that "Brown & Root shall:
(a) comply with all federal, state, and local regulations. . . ."  Furthermore, the summary
judgment evidence set forth above establishes that Brown & Root's employee and Gaspard's
supervisor, Gary Leidecker, directed Brown & Root employees to use the bale hooks rather
than their hands.  There is no evidence that appellees were responsible for ensuring Brown
& Root employees complied with OSHA regulations.  Moreover, the evidence establishes
that the decision to use bale hooks, which may have been made prior to Brown & Root's stint
at the Nordel Unit, was adopted and endorsed by Brown & Root for its employees.  Issue
four is overruled.
	Lastly, Gaspard claims appellees received too much relief.  Gaspard argues appellees
motion for summary judgment did not challenge "a duty to use ordinary care as related to a
negligence cause of action, and a duty to inspect their premises and warn of defects on their
premises.  Nor do they address why their actions did not constitute negligence per se
pursuant to their violation of OSHA. . .."  As our discussions above indicate, this is not a case
of premises defect but of negligent activity, and the summary judgment evidence established
Brown & Root was contractually obligated to comply with OSHA.  The summary judgment
evidence further established no duty arose from appellees' right to control as any retained
control did not relate to the activity that actually caused the injury.
	Gaspard also argues that appellees have failed to distinguish the claims against
DuPont and DuPont Dow.  As we noted above, because this is a case of negligent activity,
in order for their to be a duty owed by either DuPont or DuPont Dow, the supervisory control
must relate to the activity that actually caused the injury.  The summary judgment evidence
establishes this is not the case.  Gaspard's complaint is without merit.  Issue five is overruled.
	The judgment of the trial court is AFFIRMED.


                                                                                      ______________________________
                                                                                                 DON BURGESS
                                                                                                         Justice

Submitted on November 20, 2003
Opinion Delivered June 30, 2004


Before McKeithen, C.J., Burgess and Gaultney, JJ.
1. Petrocon is not a party on appeal as all claims against Petrocon were dismissed with
prejudice. 
2. Gaspard's response incorrectly identifies Exhibit B as excerpts from Gaspard's
deposition and Exhibit C as excerpts from Touchet's deposition.
3. The summary judgment evidence does not establish who employed Ardoin.
4. Leidecker was employed by Brown & Root.  
5. Exhibit B of Gaspard's response to appellees' motion for summary judgment contains
deposition testimony from Rodney Touchet.  According to Touchet, F.B. Robinson, the plant
supervisor, and Daryl Gilbert both worked for DuPont. 
6. Reeder was employed by DuPont.
7.  EC refers to electrical mechanics employed by DuPont.
8. The summary judgment evidence does not establish who employed Myers.
