                                                            FILED
                                               United States Court of Appeals
                                                       Tenth Circuit

                                                       June 3, 2016
                                 PUBLISH           Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                       Clerk of Court
                 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                              TENTH CIRCUIT


UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

     Plaintiff - Appellee,

v.                                            No. 15-3165

FIDENCIO VERDIN-GARCIA,

     Defendant - Appellant.



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

     Plaintiff - Appellee,

v.                                            No. 15-3252

ADAN MOLINA,

     Defendant - Appellant.



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

     Plaintiff - Appellee,

v.                                            No. 15-3297

MIGUEL ROMERO,

     Defendant - Appellant.
          APPEALS FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                       FOR THE DISTRICT OF KANSAS
           (D.C. Nos. 2:05-CR-20017-JWL-1; 5:09-CR-40041-JAR-1;
                            2:05-CR-20017-JWL-2)


Daniel T. Hansmeier (Melody Brannon, Federal Public Defender, Kirk C.
Redmond, First Assistant Federal Public Defender, Paige A. Nichols, Research
and Writing Specialist, on the briefs) for Defendants -Appellants.

James A. Brown, Assistant United States Attorney, (Barry R. Grissom, United
States Attorney and Carrie N. Capwell, Assistant United States Attorney, Kansas
City, Kansas, with him on the brief), Topeka, Kansas, for Plaintiff - Appellee.


Before KELLY, GORSUCH, and PHILLIPS, Circuit Judges.


KELLY, Circuit Judge.



      In these consolidated cases, Defendants-Appellants Adan Molina, Fidencio

Verdin-Garcia, and Miguel Romero appeal from denials of their respective

motions for sentence reduction. 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2). Defendants relied upon

U.S.S.G. Amendments 782 & 788 which retroactively lowered the base offense

levels for many drug quantities listed in the Sentencing Guidelines. On appeal,

defendants seek the reversal of these denials on the basis that the district courts

erred by failing to address their material, nonfrivolous arguments. Our

jurisdiction arises under 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and 18 U.S.C. § 3742(a), and we

affirm.



                                        -2-
                                    Background

      In 2010, Mr. Molina was sentenced to life imprisonment. Following the

enactment of Amendment 782, Mr. Molina’s advisory guidelines range was

reduced from life to 360 months to life imprisonment. Mr. Molina filed a pro se

motion, later supplemented by counsel, asking the court to reduce his sentence to

360 months. The district court denied the motion, explicitly stating it considered

the factors listed in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a). United States v. Molina, No. 09-40041-

01-JAR, 2015 WL 5825124 (D. Kan. Oct. 6, 2015). The district court determined

that given the nature of the criminal organization and Mr. Molina’s leadership

role in the crimes, a sentence reduction was not appropriate. Id. at *3. It rejected

Mr. Molina’s argument that he was unlikely to recidivate upon release. Id. The

district court also noted Mr. Molina’s refusal to testify against his brother-in-law

despite a court order to do so. Id. On appeal, Mr. Molina challenges the district

court’s failure to address evidence of his post-sentencing rehabilitation and

“extensive data-driven policy arguments based on Sentencing Commission

research in favor of a reduction.” Aplt. Br. (15-3252) at 2.

      In 2006, Mr. Verdin-Garcia was sentenced to three terms of life

imprisonment and eleven terms of four years’ imprisonment. United States v.

Verdin-Garcia, 516 F.3d 884, 889 (10th Cir. 2008). Following the enactment of

Amendment 782, Mr. Verdin-Garcia’s guidelines range was reduced from life to

360 months to life imprisonment. Mr. Verdin-Garcia filed a motion asking the

                                         -3-
court to reduce his sentence to 360 months. The district court denied the motion,

explicitly stating it considered the factors listed in § 3553(a). United States v.

Verdin-Garcia, No. 05-20017-01-JWL, 2015 WL 4134105 (D. Kan. July 8, 2015).

Recognizing that Mr. Verdin-Garcia recruited and used young people in the

crimes, showed no sign of remorse for his criminal activity, and continued to

participate in criminal activity as long as he was able to do so, even while

incarcerated, the district court held that a sentence at the high-end of the amended

guidelines range was appropriate. Id. at *2. The district court also noted that

during sentencing the court stated the “case involved ‘the most significant

quantities of drugs’ that [it] had seen in any prosecution.” Id. at *1. Finally, it

rejected his arguments that a reduction was warranted based upon his conduct

while in prison and that he was unlikely to recidivate given the age at which he

would be released. Id. at *2. On appeal, Mr. Verdin-Garcia argues the district

court erred when it failed to address his policy-based arguments. Specifically, he

argued that his life sentence was based upon a guideline that failed to serve the

statutory purposes of sentencing, increased prison population pressure, and

threatened access to recidivism-reduction programs. He also challenges the

court’s failure to address his argument that serving a life sentence was

unnecessary to protect the public given that recidivism was unlikely. Aplt. Br.

(15-3165) at 4.

      In 2006, Mr. Romero was sentenced to three terms of life imprisonment,

                                         -4-
one term of ten years, and two terms of four years. Verdin-Garcia, 516 F.3d at

889. Following the enactment of Amendment 782, Mr. Romero’s guidelines

range was reduced from life to 360 months to life imprisonment. Mr. Romero

filed a motion asking the court to reduce his sentence to 360 months. The district

court denied the motion, explicitly stating it considered the factors listed in

§ 3553(a). United States v. Romero, No. 05-20017-02-JWL, 2015 WL 7295446,

at *1 (D. Kan. Nov. 18, 2015). The district court noted that Mr. Romero’s crimes

involved young people and weapons, that Mr. Romero showed no respect for the

law or remorse for his actions, and that Mr. Romero engaged in a leadership role

in the criminal activity. Id. at *2. The court also rejected Mr. Romero’s

argument that he was unlikely to recidivate should he be released because he had

already been replaced by another drug dealer. Id. On appeal, Mr. Romero argues

the district court erred by addressing only some, but not all, of his policy

arguments. Aplt. Reply Br. (15-3297) at 2. Specifically, he argues the district

court failed to address his claims that: (1) the drug quantity levels in the

guidelines lack an empirical basis, (2) long drug sentences (a) shift resources

from law enforcement to corrections, making the public less safe, (b) for

retribution are inappropriate and counterproductive, (c) don’t slow the drug

market and ignore that recidivism decreases with age, and (d) don’t deter drug

offenders. Id. at 3-5.




                                         -5-
                                     Discussion

      We review the scope of a district court’s authority in resentencing under

§ 3582(c)(2) de novo. United States v. Rhodes, 549 F.3d 833, 837 (10th Cir.

2008). A decision to deny the motion is reviewed for an abuse of discretion.

United States v. Sharkey, 543 F.3d 1236, 1238 (10th Cir. 2008).

      A district court is empowered by § 3582(c)(2) to reduce a sentence “based

on a sentencing range subsequently lowered by the Commission.” Dillon v.

United States, 560 U.S. 817, 826 (2010). Specifically, “the court may reduce the

term of imprisonment, after considering the factors set forth in section

3553(a) . . . if such a reduction is consistent with applicable policy statements

issued by the Sentencing Commission.” 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2) (emphasis

added).

I.    18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2)

      A.     The Nature of a Motion for a Sentence Reduction

      Section 3582(c)(2) invites a motion for a sentencing modification, not a

new sentencing proceeding. Dillon, 560 U.S. at 825. These sentence-

modification proceedings “are not constitutionally compelled” but rather represent

“a congressional act of lenity intended to give prisoners the benefit of later

enacted adjustments.” Id. at 828. It follows that the requirements imposed on the

court at these proceedings cannot be greater than those imposed at an original

sentencing. When a district court initially imposes a sentence within the proper

                                         -6-
guidelines range it must “state in open court the reasons for its imposition of the

particular sentence.” 18 U.S.C. § 3553(c). Section 3553(c) does not go so far as

to require the court to address every material, nonfrivolous argument raised by the

defendant. See, e.g., United States v. Ruiz-Terrazas, 477 F.3d 1196, 1199 (10th

Cir. 2007) (A district court must “provide only a general statement of the reasons

for its imposition of the particular sentence.”) (internal citations and quotation

marks omitted); United States v. Middagh, 594 F.3d 1291, 1296 (10th Cir. 2010)

(“The extent of explanation necessary to satisfy § 3553(c) will depend on the

circumstances. The more obvious the reasons for the sentence, the less the need

to announce them.”). There is no support for the suggestion that the court’s task

is greater when a motion for a sentence reduction is filed.

      B.     Relevant Statutory Requirements

      The language of 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2) is clear — it requires the court to

consider the factors in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a). It does not mention § 3553(c). This

omission is significant because we have previously interpreted the meaning of

both subsections, holding that § 3553(a) requires consideration, while § 3553(c)

requires an explanation of the sentence. Ruiz-Terrazas, 477 F.3d at 1201.

Congress incorporated only one of these distinct requirements into § 3582(c)(2)

— the requirement to consider the § 3553(a) factors. Without the incorporation

of § 3553(c), this statutory language cannot be the basis of a requirement for a

detailed explanation that addresses every nonfrivolous, material argument raised

                                         -7-
by a defendant.

      C.     Sentencing Guidelines Policy Statements

      In addition to considering the § 3553(a) factors, a court must determine

whether granting a reduction is “consistent with applicable policy statements

issued by the Sentencing Commission” — namely, § 1B1.10. 18 U.S.C.

§ 3582(c)(2). Section 1B1.10 cmt (1)(B) instructs that the court shall consider

§ 3553(a) factors and shall consider the nature and seriousness of the danger to

the community. U.S.S.G. § 1B1.10 cmt. n.1(B)(i)-(ii) (2014) (emphasis added).

The third subsection of the policy statement uses different language, stating the

“court may consider post-sentencing conduct of the defendant that occurred after

imposition of the term of imprisonment.” Id. § 1B1.10 cmt (1)(B)(iii) (emphasis

added). This contrasting language indicates that while the court certainly may

consider the post-sentencing conduct of a defendant, it is not required to do so.

Moreover, like the language in the statute itself, the policy requires only

consideration, not explanation, by the court.

II.   General Policy Supporting Explanation

      We recognize the need for a district court to create a meaningful basis for

appellate review and to promote the perception of fairness, especially when a

defendant is initially sentenced. See Gall v. United States, 552 U.S. 38, 50

(2007). These interests, however, can be satisfied without discussing each and

every argument raised by a defendant. Here it is apparent that the district courts

                                         -8-
were aware of the broad, policy-based arguments urged by the defendants,

discussing only a few of them.

      We recognize that other circuits have imposed greater burdens on district

courts, requiring them to provide some basis for their ruling. The majority of

cases, however, only go so far as to require a judge to give some explanation of

the decision, not to explicitly reject the defendant’s nonfrivolous arguments. See,

e.g., United States v. Howard, 644 F.3d 455, 459-61 (6th Cir. 2011); United

States v. Burrell, 622 F.3d 961, 964 (8th Cir. 2010); United States v. Marion, 590

F.3d 475, 478 (7th Cir. 2009). But see United States v. Trujillo, 713 F.3d 1003,

1009 (9th Cir. 2013). Providing a reason for the decision is an entirely different

proposition than addressing every argument set forth by a defendant. While

providing a rationale for the court’s decision certainly aids in appellate review,

we find no basis to impose upon the district court a requirement to address every

nonfrivolous, material argument raised by the defendant. Here, it is apparent that

the district courts were not persuaded by the general and largely policy-based

arguments of the defendants, discussing only a few. Such an approach does not

constitute an abuse of discretion.

      AFFIRMED.




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