                                                             FILED
                                                         DECEMBER 10, 2019
                                                      In the Office of the Clerk of Court
                                                     WA State Court of Appeals, Division III




         IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
                            DIVISION THREE

NATIONSTAR MORTGAGE LLC d/b/a   )                    No. 36183-7-III
CHAMPION MORTGAGE COMPANY,      )
                                )
                Appellant,      )
                                )
     v.                         )
                                )
DANNY R. SCHULTZ; STATE OF      )
WASHINGTON, DEPARTMENT OF       )
ECOLOGY; SECRETARY OF           )
HOUSING AND URBAN               )
DEVELOPMENT; DOES 1-10          )
INCLUSIVE; UNKNOWN OCCUPANTS )
OF THE SUBJECT REAL PROPERTY;   )                    UNPUBLISHED OPINION
PARTIES CLAIMING A RIGHT TO     )
POSSESSION OF THE SUBJECT       )
PROPERTY; ALL OTHER UNKNOWN )
PERSONS OR PARTIES CLAIMING     )
ANY RIGHT, TITLE, ESTATE, LIEN, )
OR INTEREST IN THE REAL ESTATE )
DESCRIBED IN THE COMPLAINT      )
HEREIN,                         )
                                )
                Defendants,     )
                                )
PATRICIA J. SMALL;              )
MARGARET A. DUKE,               )
                                )
                Respondents.    )

      PENNELL, J. — Nationstar Mortgage LLC doing business as Champion Mortgage

Co. (Nationstar) appeals a summary judgment order dismissing its claims and denying its
No. 36183-7-III
Nationstar Mortg. LLC d/b/a Champion Mortg. Co. v. Schultz

request for a trial and introduction of extrinsic evidence as to the proper construction of a

real property deed. We affirm.

                                     BACKGROUND

       The deed at issue in this case reads as follows:

                       SURVIVORSHIP CONVEYANCE DEED

               THE GRANTOR, DANNY R. SCHULTZ, a single person, for and
       in consideration of love and affection, grants and conveys to PATRICIA J.
       SMALL, a married person as her separate estate, and MARGARET A.
       DUKE, a single person, a complete and unlimited right of survivorship
       jointly between them, in all of his interest in the following described real
       estate, situated in the County of Yakima, State of Washington:

              Lot 62, Carriage Square, Yakima County, Washington.

              ASSESSOR’S PARCEL NO. 230923-33461

              TOGETHER WITH all water rights and appurtenances including
              after acquired title, if any, thereunto belonging.

              SUBJECT TO rights reserved in federal patents, state or railroad
              deeds; building or use restrictions general to the area; zoning
              regulations; all rights of way, easements, reservations, restrictions,
              agreements, covenants and conditions appearing in the record of title
              or apparent on inspection of said premises and/or plat.

              The rights of Grantees hereunder shall be superior to all
       interests created by Grantor hereafter, or imposed by law hereafter, if
       any.

              Grantor hereby warrants and agrees to defend Grantee against any
       defects appearing in title to said real estate to the extent that such defects


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Nationstar Mortg. LLC d/b/a Champion Mortg. Co. v. Schultz

         are insured against under a title insurance policy for said real estate where
         the Grantor is a named Insured.
                The Grantor, for it and its successors in interests, does by these
         presents expressly limit the covenants of this deed to those herein
         expressed, and excludes all covenants arising or to arise by statutory or
         other implication.

                  DATED this 19th day of November, 2009.

                                      s/ Danny R. Schultz_______
                                      DANNY R. SCHULTZ

Clerk’s Papers (CP) at 62-63 (boldface in original).

         Approximately one year after the survivorship conveyance deed (Deed) was

signed, 1 the grantor, Danny Schultz, entered into a reverse mortgage loan agreement

utilizing the previously-deeded property as security and assigned the lender a deed of

trust.

         Mr. Schultz ultimately defaulted on that loan and Nationstar initiated foreclosure

proceedings in Yakima County Superior Court. Mr. Schultz and the grantees of the Deed

(Patricia Small and Margaret Duke) were named as defendants in the foreclosure action.

Ms. Small and Ms. Duke answered Nationstar’s complaint and asserted a counterclaim

against Nationstar, claiming they held interests in the property superior to Nationstar.

They also filed a cross claim against Mr. Schultz to quiet title in their favor.



         1
             Patricia Small and Margaret Duke recorded the Deed in January 2010.

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Nationstar Mortg. LLC d/b/a Champion Mortg. Co. v. Schultz

        Ms. Small and Ms. Duke then moved for summary judgment. They argued the

Deed conveyed the property to them in fee simple absolute as joint tenants, meaning

Mr. Schultz could not have had an interest to encumber when he sought his loan. In

opposing summary judgment, Nationstar claimed the Deed was ambiguous and argued

the matter should be resolved at trial using extrinsic evidence to properly construe the

Deed.

        The superior court granted summary judgment in favor of Ms. Small and Ms.

Duke. It determined the Deed was not ambiguous, and that neither a trial nor extrinsic

evidence was necessary to construe it. But the court did not find the Deed conveyed the

property to Ms. Small and Ms. Duke in fee simple. The court held the plain meaning

granted Mr. Schultz a life estate in the deeded property and conveyed the remainder to

Ms. Small and Ms. Duke. That ruling meant Nationstar could seek foreclosure only on

Mr. Schultz’s life estate, not the entire property.

        Nationstar appeals the superior court’s summary judgment order. Ms. Small and

Ms. Duke have not cross appealed any portion of the order.

                                         ANALYSIS

        When construing a deed, “our principal aim is to effect and enforce the intent

of the parties.” Kershaw Sunnyside Ranches, Inc. v. Yakima Interurban Lines Ass’n,

156 Wn.2d 253, 262, 126 P.3d 16 (2006). While intent is a factual question, our case

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No. 36183-7-III
Nationstar Mortg. LLC d/b/a Champion Mortg. Co. v. Schultz

law disfavors resorting to extrinsic evidence to discern intent. See Newport Yacht Basin

Ass’n of Condo. Owners v. Supreme Nw., Inc., 168 Wn. App. 56, 68-69, 277 P.3d 18

(2012) (noting Washington Supreme Court has declined to use extrinsic evidence for

unambiguous deeds outside the context of railroad right-of-way disputes). If a deed’s

language is unambiguous in light of relevant case law, intent must be derived solely

from the four corners of the written document. Hanson Indus., Inc. v. Spokane County,

114 Wn. App. 523, 527, 58 P.3d 910 (2002). We review de novo whether a deed is

ambiguous. See Hoglund v. Omak Wood Prods., Inc., 81 Wn. App. 501, 504, 914 P.2d

1197 (1996); Newport Yacht, 168 Wn.2d at 64. If a deed is not ambiguous, and therefore

not interpreted through extrinsic evidence, our assessment of the parties’ intent is also de

novo. See 4518 W. 256th LLC v. Karen L. Gibbon, P.S., 195 Wn. App. 423, 435, 382 P.3d

1 (2016).

       Nationstar claims the Deed issued by Mr. Schultz to Ms. Small and Ms. Duke

was ambiguous. According to Nationstar, the use of the word “them” in the first

paragraph of the Deed, CP at 62, could refer to: (1) Ms. Small and Ms. Duke, or (2) Mr.

Schultz, Ms. Small and Ms. Duke. In the first circumstance, Mr. Schultz would have

retained no interest in the property and, therefore, he was unable to encumber the property

through a subsequent deed of trust. But in the second, Mr. Schultz would have retained a



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Nationstar Mortg. LLC d/b/a Champion Mortg. Co. v. Schultz

joint tenancy with Ms. Small and Ms. Duke. Under such circumstances, Nationstar would

be able to proceed with foreclosure against Mr. Schultz’s interest.

       We disagree with Nationstar’s assertion of ambiguity. The Deed identifies Mr.

Schultz as the sole “Grantor.” Id. The operative language then states the Deed conveys

“all of his” interest in the subject property. Id. (emphasis added). Mr. Schultz is the only

male party to the transaction. The Deed’s remaining language distinguishes between the

rights of the “Grantees” and those of the “Grantor.” Id. at 62-63. The sum total of the

language used makes clear the parties did not intend Mr. Schultz to stand on equal footing

as Ms. Small and Ms. Duke. The word “them” very clearly refers only to Ms. Small and

Ms. Duke. Given this unmistakable reference, the Deed can only be read as conveying all

of Mr. Schultz’s property interests to Ms. Small and Ms. Duke. 2

       Nationstar nevertheless argues that because the Deed includes a clause stating

“[t]he rights of Grantees hereunder shall be superior to all interests created by Grantor

hereafter, or imposed by law hereafter, if any,” CP at 62 (boldface omitted), the Deed

must be read in a manner that retains a property interest for Mr. Schultz. This position is


       2
         Even if the Deed were ambiguous, the extrinsic evidence identified by Nationstar
would not be helpful in construing the Deed. Extrinsic evidence is relevant only to
discern the meaning of terms used in a deed. It is not relevant to determine unstated
intent. Hollis v. Garwall, Inc., 137 Wn.2d 683, 697, 974 P.2d 836 (1999) (“Extrinsic
evidence is to be used to illuminate what was written, not what was intended to be
written.”).

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Nationstar Mortg. LLC d/b/a Champion Mortg. Co. v. Schultz

akin to arguing the tail wags the dog. Whatever was meant by the aforementioned

sentence, it was not a central component of the Deed. The sentence appears to convey

some sort of warranty, 3 the intent of which need not be resolved by this court. Regardless

of the sentence’s meaning, it does not undermine the Deed’s clear statement that Mr.

Schultz had conveyed all his interest in the property to Ms. Small and Ms. Duke. We

strive to give effect to every word used in a deed where “reasonably possible.” Hodgins v.

State, 9 Wn. App. 486, 492, 513 P.2d 304 (1973). It is not reasonably possible to read this

specific sentence as a limitation on Mr. Schultz’s conveyance. This is particularly true in

light of the rule that deeds are to be construed against the grantor. Newport Yacht, 168

Wn. App. at 65-66.

       Our assessment of the type of conveyance effected by the Deed is at odds with

that of the superior court, which held that the Deed created a life estate. We disagree the

Deed can fairly be read in this manner. The use of the word “survivorship,” CP at 62,

describes the relationship of the grantees, Ms. Small and Ms. Duke, as joint tenants with

the right of survivorship. It does not convey an intent to reserve an interest in the property

for Mr. Schultz for the remainder of his life.

       While we do not read the Deed as creating a life estate, Ms. Small and Ms. Duke


       3
       Perhaps Ms. Small and Ms. Duke were prescient and the sentence warranted that
Mr. Schultz would not try to illegally mortgage the property.

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Nationstar Mortg. LLC d/b/a Champion Mortg. Co. v. Schultz

have not cross appealed the superior court’s summary judgment order construing the

Deed as such. Only Nationstar has appealed the superior court’s order. Ms. Small and Ms.

Duke represent that, despite their criticisms of the superior court’s ruling, they are

satisfied with the judgment granting them the remainder of Mr. Schultz’s life estate.

Though we disagree with the superior court’s interpretation, we do not grant Ms. Small

and Ms. Duke greater relief than they received in the superior court because they have not

cross appealed the decision. Because the life estate construction is more favorable to

Nationstar than the alternative of a fee simple with joint tenancy to Ms. Small and Ms.

Duke, the equitable resolution of this case is to affirm the superior court’s order finding

Mr. Schultz retained a life estate and conveyed the remainder to Ms. Small and Ms. Duke.

                                      CONCLUSION

       The superior court’s order granting summary judgment is affirmed.

       A majority of the panel has determined this opinion will not be printed in

the Washington Appellate Reports, but it will be filed for public record pursuant to

RCW 2.06.040.

                                           _________________________________
                                           Pennell, J.
WE CONCUR:


______________________________
Lawrence-Berrey, C.J.                      Fearing, J.

                                              8
