NOTICE: This opinion is subject to motions for reargument under V.R.A.P. 40 as well as formal
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                                         2016 VT 49

                                        No. 2015-044

State of Vermont                                             Supreme Court

                                                             On Appeal from
   v.                                                        Superior Court, Franklin Unit,
                                                             Criminal Division

Stephen Howard                                               December Term, 2015


Alison S. Arms, J.

Heather J. Brochu, Franklin County Deputy State’s Attorney, St. Albans, for
 Plaintiff-Appellant.

Matthew F. Valerio, Defender General, Anna Saxman, Deputy Defender General, and
 Kerrie Johnson, Legal Intern, Montpelier, for Defendant-Appellee.


PRESENT: Reiber, C.J., Dooley, Skoglund, Robinson and Eaton, JJ.


        ¶ 1.   REIBER, C.J. In this driving under the influence (DUI) case, the State appeals

the granting of defendant’s motion to exclude evidence collected from a traffic violation stop of

his car. The trial court granted the motion and dismissed the case because it concluded that the

trooper who conducted the stop did not have a reasonable and articulable suspicion that

defendant committed a traffic violation. We reverse and remand.

        ¶ 2.   The court’s findings were based on testimony from both the trooper and

defendant, and also on cruiser dashcam video of the stop and the events leading up to it. The

trooper testified that he was on active duty patrolling the roads of Franklin County on the night

of July 26, 2014. He was traveling east along Route 36 and looking for drivers impaired by
drugs or alcohol. As the trooper was following and observing two drivers, defendant—the lead

driver—“made an abrupt maneuver over the center line with his vehicle.” This maneuver caught

the trooper’s attention and he pulled defendant over. After the trooper asked defendant if he

knew why he had stopped him and defendant replied that he did not, the trooper informed

defendant that he had observed him cross the center line. The trooper testified that defendant

then told him that the second driver—the one behind him but in front of the trooper—was

blinding him with his headlights.      During the motion hearing, the trooper was unable to

corroborate defendant’s explanation; when shown video of the encounter on cross-examination

and asked whether the second driver did in fact have his high beams on, the trooper responded “I

don’t know.”

       ¶ 3.    While testifying at the motion hearing, defendant repeated that his ability to see

the road was impaired by the reflection in his mirrors of the headlights of the second driver and

that he attempted to escape these lights by moving to the left, towards the center line: “All I did

was see lights. . . . The lights were—the guy was right behind me. . . . I don’t know where I was

on the road or anything.” Defendant went on to say that, by moving left of the center of his lane,

“I could at least get it out of my vision and out of my—the glare out of the side mirror.”

       ¶ 4.    After defendant testified, the court orally described its findings and its process of

determining whether there was a proper basis for the stop. Because it determined that the trooper

did not have a reasonable suspicion that defendant committed a traffic violation, the court

granted the motion, excluding the DUI evidence collected from the stop:

                The [c]ourt viewed [the dashcam video] in court, and the [c]ourt
               observed that the Defendant did, as the Defendant stated, while he
               was driving or some several seconds before being stopped,
               maintain his lane. He did not engage in intralane weaving. The
               Defendant testified that he did move to the left of center in order to
               get the glare of the headlights of the car behind him out of his line
               of sight because it was obstructing his vision.

                 The [c]ourt finds that while the Defendant did move to the center
               line and did slightly move over the center line, that this was not
                                                 2
               reasonable and articulable suspicion, that he had committed a
               motor vehicle infraction. In this case it was, in fact, a very subtle
               move and would not have indicated that Defendant was under the
               influence. There was suspicion that he was under the influence of
               alcohol, and to the extent that it was a violation of a motor vehicle
               code, it was very slight.

                And I think that the Defendant would have provided a sufficient
               defense if it was just defense to the motor vehicle violation. But in
               this case the [c]ourt also finds that it was so subtle, that the [c]ourt
               does not find that he actually committed the violation. So the
               Defendant’s motion is granted.

The court then dismissed the case, and the State now appeals both the granting of the motion to

exclude and the dismissal of the case. The State argues that the law does not support the court’s

finding that the trooper did not have a reasonable basis to perform a stop. Defendant responds

that it does. We hold that the court erred in finding that defendant’s crossing of the center line

“was not reasonable and articulable suspicion, that he had committed a motor vehicle infraction.”

To the contrary—by the court’s own description of the stop and the events leading up to it—the

trooper had a reasonable basis to perform a stop because he had a reasonable suspicion that

defendant committed a traffic violation. We reverse and remand for additional proceedings.

       ¶ 5.    The prohibition against unreasonable searches and seizures of the Fourth

Amendment of the United States Constitution determines whether evidence gathered from a

traffic stop may be used against a defendant. See United States v. Cortez, 449 U.S. 411, 417

(1981) (“The Fourth Amendment applies to seizures of the person, including brief investigatory

stops such as the stop of the vehicle here.”). Under this prohibition, the State need not show that

the driver actually committed a wrongdoing before the stop. State v. Rutter, 2011 VT 13, ¶ 10,

189 Vt. 574, 15 A.3d 132 (2011) (mem.) (holding that, to determine legality of stop, Court “need

not decide whether defendant actually violated” law concerning starting parked vehicles

(emphasis in original)). Nor does a police officer need more than a reasonable suspicion that a

driver has committed a wrongdoing to stop the driver. See State v. Beauregard, 2003 VT 3, ¶ 6,

175 Vt. 472, 820 A.2d 183 (mem.) (“The level of suspicion required for a traffic stop under the
                                                  3
Fourth Amendment is ‘considerably less than proof of wrongdoing by a preponderance of the

evidence.’ ” (quoting United States v. Sokolow, 490 U.S. 1, 7 (1989))). All that is required is

that the officer have a reasonable and articulable suspicion that the driver is engaged in criminal

activity or has committed a traffic violation. See State v. Davis, 2007 VT 71, ¶ 7, 182 Vt. 573,

933 A.2d 224 (mem.) (“A police officer is authorized to make an investigatory stop based on a

reasonable and articulable suspicion of criminal activity, or of a traffic violation.” (quotation

omitted)).

       ¶ 6.    We have consistently held that this standard is satisfied if the officer has a

reasonable suspicion of even a minor traffic violation. Beauregard, 2003 VT 3, ¶ 5 (holding that

loud exhaust system constituted reasonable basis for traffic stop because every car “must have a

muffler that is functioning in good mechanical condition” (quotation omitted)); State v.

Thompson, 175 Vt. 470, 471-72, 816 A.2d 550, 552 (2002) (mem.) (upholding officers’ stop of

car for missing driver-side mirror and bumper because state law requires such equipment).

       ¶ 7.    Crossing the center line of the road qualifies as one of those violations. Under 23

V.S.A. § 1031, with four exceptions, drivers are required to drive on the right half of the

roadway:

                (a) Upon all roadways of sufficient width a vehicle shall be
               driven upon the right half of the roadway, except as follows:

                 (1) when overtaking and passing another vehicle proceeding in
               the same direction under the rules governing such movement;

                  (2) when an obstruction exists making it necessary to drive to
               the left of the center of the highway; provided, any person so doing
               shall yield the right of way to all vehicles traveling in the proper
               direction upon the unobstructed portion of the highway within such
               distance as to constitute an immediate hazard;

                 (3) upon a roadway divided into three marked lanes for traffic
               under the rules applicable thereon; or

                  (4) upon a roadway restricted to one-way traffic.



                                                 4
23 V.S.A. § 1031. If the road has a center line, touching the center line is not in itself a traffic

violation; at least one wheel must actually cross the center line into the opposite lane of traffic.

Courts in other states have interpreted their “drive to the right” statutes the same way. See, e.g,

State v. Ollinger, No. 14-1619, 2015 WL 4233259, *4 (Iowa Ct. App. July 9, 2015) (explaining

that “drive to the right” statute does not “criminalize touching the centerline but rather mandates

‘driving’ on the right half of the roadway”); State v. McGregor, No. 107, 855, 2013 WL

1010590, **1,3 (Kan. Ct. App. Mar. 8, 2013) (holding that touching center line is not traffic

violation and rejecting analogy that “touchdown is a touchdown at the touchdown line”); State v.

Mendoza, 75 S.W.3d 842, 845, 846 (Mo. Ct. App. 2002) (finding that officer lacked reasonable

suspicion to stop vehicle that “was driven onto but not over the left yellow line”).

       ¶ 8.    Moreover, our case law interpreting 23 V.S.A. § 1031 is clear that any crossing of

the center line—no matter how slight—is a traffic violation. In State v. Marshall, the arresting

officer gave conflicting testimony about how long the defendant had crossed the center line,

estimating that it was for either as few as three to five seconds or as long as two minutes. 2010

VT 81, 188 Vt. 640, 8 A.3d 1086 (mem.). We held that this uncertainty—whether the crossing

was merely “momentary” or was instead “lengthier and more egregious”—was irrelevant. Id.

¶ 7. Regardless of length, the crossing was a traffic violation, and the court’s finding that it was

insufficient to support a reasonable suspicion of wrongdoing was reversible error.          Id. ¶ 9.

(“Since the perceived traffic violation constituted a reasonable and articulable basis for the stop,

it was error to further scrutinize the violation for additional indicia of DUI or some other

criminal offense in order to justify the officer’s intervention.”).

       ¶ 9.    In DUI cases, evidence gathered from a stop may be admitted so long as the

officer had a reasonable and articulable suspicion that the driver (1) committed a specified traffic

violation, such as crossing the center line, or (2) that—based on the totality of the

circumstances—the driver was under the influence of alcohol. See id., ¶ 8 (“It is true that where

                                                   5
no traffic violation exists we look to the totality of the circumstances in judging the

reasonableness of a DUI stop”); see also State v. Pratt, 2007 VT 68, ¶ 6, 182 Vt. 165, 932 A.2d

1039 (upholding legality of DUI stop where driver was “drift[ing] back and forth within his lane

several times over a distance of approximately five miles”); State v. Boyea, 171 Vt. 401, 409,

765 A.2d 862, 867 (2000) (upholding legality of DUI stop based on “an anonymous report of an

erratic or drunk driver on the highway” even though officer did not observe erratic driving).

After stopping a driver, the officer may detain the driver for further investigation, but this

investigation may “proceed no further than necessary to effectuate the purpose of the stop.”

State v. Sprague, 2003 VT 20, ¶ 17, 175 Vt. 123, 824 A.2d 539.

       ¶ 10.   The court’s description of the trooper’s stop of defendant describes that the

trooper had a reasonable and articulable suspicion that defendant committed a specified traffic

violation: crossing the center line. The court specifically found that defendant “did move to the

center line and did slightly move over the center line,” but it also remarked that “this was not

reasonable and articulable suspicion, that he had committed a motor vehicle infraction.” These

two observations do not align. Because the court found that defendant moved over the center

line, it necessarily must have determined that there was a reasonable suspicion of a traffic

violation and therefore a reasonable basis for the stop. See Marshall, 2010 VT 81, ¶ 3 (reversing

grant of suppression motion in case where court found no reasonable suspicion despite its finding

that officer “observed the car cross over the center line”). The court’s subsequent observations

that the traffic violation was “very subtle” and “very slight” do not alter our conclusion. As

previously noted, the crossing need not be prolonged or extreme to constitute a traffic violation;

any crossing—no matter how slight—is sufficient.           See Rutter, 2011 VT 13, ¶ 16 (“[T]he

protections of Article 11 do not extend to prohibiting law enforcement officers from stopping

motor vehicles where there is an objectively reasonable suspicion that a motor vehicle violation

has occurred, even if in a particular situation these infractions may appear ‘trivial.’ ”).

                                                  6
       ¶ 11.   The court’s finding that defendant “testified that he did move to the left of center

in order to get the glare of the headlights of the car behind him out of his line of sight because it

was obstructing his vision” is irrelevant to the specific question of legal basis for the stop. The

lights arguably would justify defendant’s action and thereby give him a defense to a traffic law

violation charge. See 23 V.S.A. § 1031(a)(2) (“Upon all roadways of sufficient width a vehicle

shall be driven upon the right half of the roadway, except . . . when an obstruction exists making

it necessary to drive to the left of the center of the highway”). But, as previously noted, the

inquiry in cases involving traffic violation stops is merely whether the officer had a reasonable

suspicion of a wrongdoing, not whether the defendant actually committed a wrongdoing. See

Rutter, 2011 VT 13, ¶ 10 (holding that in analyzing whether “the facts as found were sufficient

for the officer to reasonably suspect that defendant violated [safe driving law] . . . we need not

decide whether defendant actually violated [safe driving law].” (emphasis in original));

Thompson, 175 Vt. at 471, 472, 816 A.2d at 552, 553 (analyzing whether facts were “sufficient

to establish a reasonable and articulable suspicion that a traffic offense was being committed”

rather than “deciding whether the defendants had committed traffic offenses because of the

missing equipment.”). The court specifically found that defendant crossed the center line, and

the trooper had a reasonable suspicion that defendant committed a traffic violation as soon as this

crossing occurred.

       Reversed and remanded for further proceedings.



                                                FOR THE COURT:



                                                Chief Justice




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