                 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF NORTH CAROLINA

                                           No. COA18-826

                                        Filed: 21 May 2019

Forsyth County, No. 17JT3

IN THE MATTER OF: M.T.-L.Y.


        Appeal by respondent-mother from order entered 18 April 2018 by Judge

Laurie L. Hutchins in Forsyth County District Court. Heard in the Court of Appeals

13 March 2019.


        Erica Glass for petitioner-appellee Forsyth County Department of Social
        Services.

        Parent Defender Wendy Sotolongo, by Assistant Parent Defender Jacky
        Brammer, for respondent-appellant mother.

        Parker Poe Adams & Bernstein LLP, by Catherine R.L. Lawson, for guardian
        ad litem.


        INMAN, Judge.


        Respondent-mother (“Mother”) appeals, pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. §

7B-1001(a)(5)a., from the trial court’s permanency planning order and the order

terminating her parental rights over her daughter, Megan.1 Mother argues that the

trial court (1) violated her constitutional right to effective assistance of counsel when

it denied her attorney’s motion for continuance at the termination hearing; (2) erred



        1 To preserve anonymity, we use the above pseudonym to refer to the juvenile. Respondent-
father (“Father”) is not a party to this appeal nor was he involved in any of the trial court proceedings.
                                   IN RE: M.T.-L.Y.

                                  Opinion of the Court



in eliminating reunification as a permanent plan; and (3) erred by ordering that

reunification efforts cease. After careful review of the record and applicable law, we

affirm the trial court’s denial of the motion for continuance and the order ceasing

reunification efforts. But we conclude that recent precedent requires that we vacate

the permanency planning and termination orders and remand this matter for further

proceedings because the trial court failed to include reunification as an initial

permanent plan.

              I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

      The record reflects the following facts:

      On 29 July 2016, Megan was born prematurely at 34 weeks to Mother and

Father (collectively “the parents”). At birth, Megan exhibited abnormalities and the

parents were told to attend follow-up appointments with the pediatrician. After the

parents missed two appointments, the Dare County Department of Social Services

(“DDSS”) became involved.

      Father was charged with possession of cocaine on 9 September 2016. On 12

September 2016, DDSS and Mother agreed to a safety plan that Father was to only

have supervised contact with Megan. Mother did not follow this plan. She left Megan

in Father’s care unsupervised at times when she could not find suitable care.

      On 21 September 2016, the Dare County Sheriff’s Office arrested Father

pursuant to a warrant and, following a search of the parents’ home, discovered a



                                         -2-
                                  IN RE: M.T.-L.Y.

                                 Opinion of the Court



“marijuana pipe, 10 used syringes, and a spoon with cocaine residue.” The next day,

DDSS and Mother agreed to a new safety plan, stipulating that, among other things,

Father would no longer reside in the home. Mother again failed to adhere to the

safety plan. She allowed Father to return to their home, prompting DDSS to file a

juvenile petition claiming that Megan was a neglected juvenile. On 23 September

2016, the trial court ordered that Megan be placed in non-secure custody with DDSS.

      Following a custody hearing on 3 October 2016, the trial court continued

non-secure custody but placed Megan into the care of her maternal grandmother, who

lived in Winston-Salem, within Forsyth County. Megan’s maternal grandmother was

also caring for Mother’s two other juvenile children stemming from a voluntary

placement agreement with DDSS.          Mother was allowed unlimited supervised

visitation so long as it was inside the grandmother’s home.

      Although the plan approved by the trial court was for Mother to reside in

Winston-Salem and provide regular care to her two other children and Megan in their

grandmother’s home, she did not follow through. She lived with the grandmother for

two days, but then left, and visited Megan only once between 5 and 20 October.

Mother struggled to sustain a proper living situation and had no contact with DDSS

following the custody hearing until 20 October 2016, when the grandmother fell ill

and could no longer care for the children. DDSS assumed care of Megan and placed

her into her former foster care home.



                                        -3-
                                         IN RE: M.T.-L.Y.

                                         Opinion of the Court



       Mother and Father then stipulated that Megan was a neglected juvenile

pursuant to Section 7B-101(15) of our General Statutes. On 14 November 2016, after

an adjudication hearing, the trial court adjudicated Megan neglected and ordered

that she remain in non-secure custody of DDSS. Mother was allowed “at least one

visit” with Megan before a December dispositional hearing date and any other visits

“as may be arranged,” on the conditions she participate in mental health and

substance abuse treatment services, undergo psychological evaluations, refrain from

consumption of alcohol and drugs, submit to drug testing, establish stable housing,

and maintain regular communication with DDSS.

       Mother’s living and work circumstances reportedly improved, although they

were not verified to the trial court or DDSS. Mother told DDSS that she rented a

room in her uncle’s2 house in Winston-Salem and that he employed her to do office

work in his real estate business.

       In January 2017, the trial court transferred Megan’s case to Forsyth County,

concluding that Dare County was an inconvenient forum, and the Forsyth County

Department of Social Services (“FDSS”) substituted for DDSS and placed Megan in a

new foster home.




       2  Documents in the record and the trial court referred to this same person as Mother’s “father”
at times and as her uncle at other times. Because Mother in her briefs refers to him as her uncle, we
refer to him as such.

                                                 -4-
                                   IN RE: M.T.-L.Y.

                                   Opinion of the Court



      After a hearing in February 2017, the trial court on 17 April 2017 ordered that

non-secure custody remain with FDSS but that reunification efforts continue. The

trial court ordered that for Mother to regain full custody of Megan, she was required

to, among other things, abstain from consuming drugs and alcohol; perform any drug

screening requested by FDSS, with a refusal to cooperate being interpreted as a

positive result; submit to psychological evaluations; notify foster care within 24 hours

of any change in her employment or household status; arrange a family services

agreement    to   work toward reunification;        participate   in Megan’s   medical

appointments; comply with the visitation plan of two visits per week at Megan’s

daycare under a social worker’s supervision; complete parenting classes; and confirm

her employment and wages.

      During the next hearing, on 8 May 2017, FDSS introduced evidence that

Mother had failed to comply with the court-ordered conditions to regain custody of

Megan. Specifically, Mother (1) had not enrolled in or completed any parenting

classes; (2) often missed, was late to, or canceled visitation appointments with Megan;

and (3) did not fully cooperate with drug testing. Mother’s urine tested positive for

cocaine in February 2017, and she did not attend a February hair testing

appointment, saying she did not think she had to go because she was required to

complete a substance abuse assessment from the previous positive test. In March,

Mother successfully completed a urine test but not a hair test. Although she stated



                                          -5-
                                    IN RE: M.T.-L.Y.

                                   Opinion of the Court



previously that she had completed hair testing for Dare County, she told the trial

court that she did not perform the hair test because she had never done it before.

When confronted by FDSS, Mother then explained that her adherence to the religion

of Islam prevented her from performing the hair tests because the test required her

to cut her hair; but FDSS reported that Mother “does cut, color and not cover her

hair.” Mother maintained to FDSS that she was being financially supported by her

uncle and was remodeling the older home and planned for her family to live there.

She also stated that her uncle had promoted her to the position of vice president of

his company and had increased her responsibilities and salary. However, Mother

failed to provide any verification of the hours she worked, her salary, or her job title.

Furthermore, Megan’s social worker learned from a relative and one of Mother’s older

children’s teachers that Father had been seen residing in Mother’s home and picking

up the child from school in January 2017.

      Mother did not arrive at the hearing until near the end, after FDSS had

introduced evidence and the trial court announced its ruling from the bench to

continue custody with FDSS. By written order on 12 July 2017, the trial court kept

custody with FDSS and conditioned reunification with Megan on Mother’s

cooperation with all of the trial court’s previously ordered conditions. The order also

included findings of fact adopting the evidence presented by FDSS.




                                          -6-
                                  IN RE: M.T.-L.Y.

                                 Opinion of the Court



      In June 2017, Mother notified Megan’s social worker via email that her father

was diagnosed with a terminal illness, and she traveled with her two other children

to Georgia to care for him. Sometime between the end of July and early September,

Mother emailed to her attorney that her father’s health had deteriorated and that

she no longer had a support system in Winston-Salem as she could not live in her

uncle’s home or work for his real estate business anymore. Mother wrote in July that

she was living in a motel in Portsmouth, Virginia, and that she was receiving

counseling in Chesapeake, VA for her anxiety and depression. She did not have a

phone until the first week of September after starting a job at a Waffle House.

Though she explained that she was in dire straits, Mother told her attorney she

intended to attend the next hearing in September and requested that it be continued

one week.

       On 8 September 2017, the trial court convened the first and only permanency

planning hearing.     Mother did not attend.            Mother’s attorney requested a

continuance, arguing that additional time was needed because Mother was still out

of state and wanted to send information relevant to the trial court’s permanent plan

via facsimile. After FDSS objected to the motion, Mother’s attorney agreed for the

hearing to start that day but requested that it be “continue[d] [] in progress.”

Mother’s attorney advised the trial court that she had spoken with Mother on the

phone that morning as well as the day before, and, prior to that, their last contact



                                        -7-
                                         IN RE: M.T.-L.Y.

                                        Opinion of the Court



was by email in July.3 Megan’s social worker also stated to the trial court that her

last line of communication with Mother was between 27 and 29 June 2017, when she

notified Mother of Megan’s ear surgery. The trial court summarily denied the motion.

       Between the May and the September hearings, Mother attended only three of

37 scheduled visits with Megan, one of which she attended for 12 minutes. She last

visited Megan in June. Mother never verified that she completed a substance abuse

assessment; complied with drug testing for over three months; participated in

Megan’s medical appointments for June, July, and August 2017; notified foster care

within 24 hours of any change in employment or household status; or complied with

the family services agreement formulated in February.

       On 25 October 2017, following the permanency planning hearing, the trial

court found that there was a “slim likelihood of reunification” between Mother and

Megan as she was (1) “not making adequate progress within a reasonable period of

time;” (2) not “actively participating in or cooperating with the plan;” (3) not available

to the trial court for hearings; and (4) “acting in a manner inconsistent with the health

or safety” of Megan. The trial court ordered that FDSS cease reunification efforts




       3 The record is unclear as to when Mother’s attorney last communicated with her prior to the
day before the permanency planning hearing. Mother’s brief states that the email about her father
was sent in early September, but at the September hearing, her attorney stated that the last contact
was in July and that “[she] had sent letters to [Mother]” pursuant to the “last address [she] had for
her.”

                                                -8-
                                         IN RE: M.T.-L.Y.

                                        Opinion of the Court



and ordered that the primary permanent plan for Megan be adoption, with a

secondary plan of guardianship.

       On 9 February 2018, the trial court heard FDSS’s motion to terminate Mother’s

parental rights regarding Megan, with Mother in attendance. Mother’s attorney

again motioned for a continuance, arguing that she had little contact with Mother

prior to the hearing date. The trial court denied the motion.

       Mother testified in the hearing that she had been residing in motels in Virginia

Beach since June 2017.4 She stated that she had been working for a construction

company in Virginia since November 2017 as an insurance claims specialist and

contractor, earning $650 a week, and that she had been attending parenting classes

and participating in mental health and drug assistance programs. Mother, however,

failed to verify her circumstances with the social worker. She also admitted that, as

of the hearing date, she could not care for Megan.5

       By order written on 18 April 2018, the trial court terminated Mother’s parental

rights regarding Megan6 after finding that Mother (1) failed to verify completion of

substance abuse assessments; (2) failed to adhere to drug screening requests; (3)

continually had no stable living environment and did not verify her working and




       4  Mother also stated that her two older children’s daycare teacher has had “custody” of them,
outside of any state social services participation, since December 2017.
        5 The record includes no testimony or other evidence concerning Mother’s father or her time

spent caring for her father in Georgia.
        6 Father’s parental rights were terminated as well. He did not appeal.



                                                -9-
                                    IN RE: M.T.-L.Y.

                                   Opinion of the Court



living situation in Virginia; (4) with the exception of three payments, failed to provide

financial support for Megan; and (5) consistently had minimal to no contact with

Megan, last visiting in June 2017. Mother appeals.

                                    II. ANALYSIS

                           A. Effective Assistance of Counsel

      Mother first argues that the trial court violated her constitutional right to

effective assistance of counsel when it denied her attorney’s motion for continuance

at the termination hearing. Generally, a trial court’s decision concerning a motion to

continue is reviewed for abuse of discretion; however, “the denial of a motion to

continue presents a reviewable question of law when it involves the right to effective

assistance of counsel.” In re Bishop, 92 N.C. App. 662, 666, 375 S.E.2d 676, 679

(1989). Questions of law are reviewed de novo. Staton v. Brame, 136 N.C. App. 170,

174, 523 S.E.2d 424, 427 (1999).

      “Parents have a right to counsel in all proceedings dedicated to the termination

of parental rights,” including the right to effective assistance of counsel. In re L.C.,

181 N.C. App. 278, 282, 638 S.E.2d 638, 641 (2007) (quotations and citation omitted).

We held in Bishop:

             The right to effective assistance of counsel includes, as a
             matter of law, the right of client and counsel to have
             adequate time to prepare a defense. Unlike claims of
             ineffective assistance of counsel based on defective
             performance of counsel, prejudice is presumed in cases



                                          - 10 -
                                   IN RE: M.T.-L.Y.

                                   Opinion of the Court



             where the trial court fails to grant a continuance which is
             essential to allowing adequate time for trial preparation.

92 N.C. App. at 666, 375 S.E.2d at 679 (quotations and citations omitted). But, if the

“lack of preparation for trial is due to a party’s own actions, the trial court does not

err in denying a motion to continue.” Id. (citing State v. Sampley, 60 N.C. App. 493,

299 S.E.2d 460 (1983)).

      In support of her argument, Mother contends that, notwithstanding that she

and her attorney communicated via “phone and by e-mail and by text,” they lacked

sufficient face-to-face communication to prepare adequately for the termination

hearing. The record shows that FDSS filed its motion to terminate Mother’s parental

rights on 17 November 2017, almost three months before the motion was heard on 9

February 2018. Additionally, Mother had the same attorney during the 8 September

2017 hearing and as early as the trial court’s 17 April 2017 order keeping non-secure

custody of Megan with FDSS. Mother does not justify the necessity of in-person

preparation—other than citing bare “logistical difficulties” for the distance she had

to travel—as her attorney admitted that they had otherwise been communicating

effectively for several months and that Mother has had the same attorney of record

for about a year. Mother states in her brief that “[t]here was no indication from [her

attorney’s] motion that [she] did not keep in contact with counsel and did not attempt,

as best she could, to cooperate with counsel.” Mother offers no legal authority on the

importance of having face-to-face communication with one’s attorney when


                                          - 11 -
                                         IN RE: M.T.-L.Y.

                                         Opinion of the Court



alternative means have been employed.                Nor does she explain why or how her

attorney would have been better prepared had the hearing been continued.7

Accordingly, we hold that Mother was not deprived of effective assistance of counsel

and the trial court did not err in denying the motion to continue.

                         B. Reunification and Reunification Efforts

       Mother contends that N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7B-906.2(b) required the trial court to

include reunification in its initial permanent plan, so that the trial court had no

statutory authority to conclude otherwise. Following controlling precedent, we agree.

       When juveniles are adjudicated abused, neglected, or dependent, Chapter 7B

provides for, among other things, “services for the protection of juveniles by means

that respect . . . the juveniles’ needs for safety, continuity, and permanence.” N.C.

Gen. Stat. § 7B-100(3) (2017).           Chapter 7B expressly delineates the procedural

responsibilities and duties of the court, the requisite county department of social

services, and the affected parties.            N.C. Gen. Stat. §§ 7B-100 et seq. (2017).

Importantly, Chapter 7B establishes the “standards for the removal, when necessary,

of juveniles from their homes and for the return of juveniles to their homes consistent

with preventing the unnecessary or inappropriate separation of juveniles from their




       7  In her reply brief, Mother also reasons that her attorney “did not explain to the trial court
the specific reasons why she needed more time to prepare, and was not required to do so, as that would
have been a violation of her duty of confidentiality.” We nonetheless conclude that there was ample
communication, time, and knowledge surrounding Mother’s case for her attorney to prepare for the
termination hearing.

                                                - 12 -
                                          IN RE: M.T.-L.Y.

                                         Opinion of the Court



parents.” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7B-100(4) (2017). In the event that the trial court removes

custody of the juvenile from the parents, “there shall be a review hearing designated

as a permanency planning hearing” within 12 months from the date of the initial

order. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7B-906.1(a) (2017).

        At the permanency planning stage involving a neglected juvenile, the trial

court must adopt concurrent permanent plans consisting of a primary and secondary

plan. N.C. Gen. Stat. §§ 7B-906.2(a), (b) (2017). If determined to be in the juvenile’s

best interest, the trial court can adopt two of the six statutory plans, including

adoption, guardianship, reinstatement of parental rights, and reunification. N.C.

Gen. Stat. § 7B-906.2(a). When deciding which plans to impose, Chapter 7B instructs

the trial court as follows concerning reunification:

                At any permanency planning hearing, the court shall adopt
                concurrent permanent plans and shall identify the primary
                plan and secondary plan. Reunification shall remain a
                primary or secondary plan unless the court made findings
                under [N.C. Gen. Stat. §] 7B-901(c)8 or makes written
                findings that reunification efforts clearly would be
                unsuccessful or would be inconsistent with the juvenile's
                health or safety. The court shall order the county
                department of social services to make efforts toward
                finalizing the primary and secondary permanent plans and
                may specify efforts that are reasonable to timely achieve
                permanence for the juvenile.


        8Section 7B-901(c) “authorizes the elimination of reunification efforts at an initial disposition
under limited [statutorily-prescribed] circumstances” when the order puts custody of the juvenile with
a department of social services. In re J.M., __ N.C. App. __, __, 804 S.E.2d 830, 840 (2017) (citing N.C.
Gen. Stat. § 7B-901(c)). Because the trial court first ceased reunification efforts at the initial
permanency planning hearing, rather than at a dispositional hearing, Section 7B-901(c) does not
apply.

                                                 - 13 -
                                    IN RE: M.T.-L.Y.

                                   Opinion of the Court




N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7B-906.2(b). The language of Section 7B-906.2(b) seems plainly to

provide that a trial court, in any permanency planning hearing, can omit

reunification as a concurrent plan if it determines that reunification efforts are either

futile or contrary to the juvenile’s well-being.

       Our interpretation of Section 7B-906.2(b), however, is controlled by a prior

decision by this Court. Mother cites this Court’s recent decision in In re C.P., __ N.C.

App. __, 812 S.E.2d 188 (2018), and argues that it requires this Court to vacate the

trial court’s order omitting reunification from its initial concurrent permanent plan.

In In re C.P., the respondent-mother appealed the trial court’s award of permanent

guardianship of her child to the child’s half-brother following the initial permanency

planning hearing. Id. at __, 812 S.E.2d 190. After we held that the trial court could

hold joint adjudicatory, initial disposition, and initial permanency planning hearings,

we agreed with the respondent-mother that “reunification must be part of an initial

permanent plan.” Id. at __, 812 S.E.2d at 191 (emphasis added). We reasoned that

“[t]he statutory requirement that ‘reunification shall remain’ a plan presupposes the

existence of a prior concurrent plan which included reunification.” Id. As such, this

Court held, a trial court is only at liberty to remove reunification from the concurrent

plan during subsequent permanency planning hearings. Id. The holding in In re C.P.

requires us to hold in this case that the trial court erred in removing reunification as




                                          - 14 -
                                    IN RE: M.T.-L.Y.

                                   Opinion of the Court



a concurrent plan following the first and only permanency planning hearing on 8

September 2017.

      In re C.P. went on to hold that, notwithstanding the obligation to include

reunification as an initial concurrent plan, Section 7B-906.2(b) allows the trial court

to cease reunification efforts during an initial permanency planning hearing. Id. A

year before In re C.P. was decided, this Court held in In re H.L. that a trial “court was

permitted to [cease reunification efforts] even though [the hearing] was the first

permanency planning hearing in [that] case.” __ N.C. App. __, __, 807 S.E.2d 685,

693 (2017). In In re C.P. we explained that, contrary to In re H.L.’s holding, such

action by the trial court conflicts with N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7B-906.1(g), which provides:

             At the conclusion of each permanency planning hearing,
             the judge shall make specific findings as to the best
             permanent plans to achieve a safe, permanent home for the
             juvenile within a reasonable period of time. The judge
             shall inform the parent, guardian, or custodian that failure
             or refusal to cooperate with the plan may result in an order
             of the court in a subsequent permanency planning hearing
             that reunification efforts may cease.

N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7B-906.1(g) (2017) (emphasis added); accord In re C.P., __ N.C. App.

at __, 812 S.E.2d at 191 (“[D]espite the plain language of Section 7B-906.1(g), . . . [In

re H.L.] held that a trial court can cease reunification efforts at the first permanency

planning hearing[.]”). In re C.P. reasoned that this provision “required prior notice

to be provided to a parent before reunification efforts may be ceased;” so that the trial

court was prohibited from ceasing reunification efforts in that case.         However,


                                          - 15 -
                                     IN RE: M.T.-L.Y.

                                  Opinion of the Court



because “case law require[d] us to follow” In re H.L., we affirmed the trial court’s

ceasing of reunification efforts, as it made the appropriate findings required by

Section 7B-906.2(b) that such efforts would have adversely affected the juvenile’s

health or safety. In re C.P., __ N.C. App. at __, 812 S.E.2d at 191, 191 n.3 (citing In

re Civil Penalty, 324 N.C. 373, 384, 379 S.E.2d 30, 37 (1989)).

      The trial court in In re C.P. conducted its adjudicatory, initial disposition, and

initial permanency planning hearings simultaneously; by contrast, in this case, the

trial court staggered the hearings over a period of months. Id. at __, 812 S.E.2d at

190. But In re C.P.’s broad holding that “reunification must be part of an initial

permanent plan” is not limited by its other procedural circumstances. Id. (emphasis

added). Because we cannot distinguish In re C.P.’s holding, and in particular its

interpretation of Section 7B-906.2(b), we are bound to follow it. In re Civil Penalty,

324 N.C. at 384, 379 S.E.2d at 37.

      In that neither this Court nor our Supreme Court has cited to, followed, or

analyzed the holding of In re C.P., we note our reservations concerning that decision’s

interpretation of Section 7B-906.2(b). There are two statutory provisions in Chapter

7B that seem to contradict this Court’s interpretation of Section 7B-906.2(b). First,

N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7B-906.2(c) provides:

             At the first permanency planning hearing held pursuant to
             [N.C. Gen. Stat. §] 7B-906.1, the court shall make a finding
             about whether the efforts of the county department of
             social services toward reunification were reasonable,


                                          - 16 -
                                   IN RE: M.T.-L.Y.

                                  Opinion of the Court



             unless reunification efforts were ceased in accordance with
             [N.C. Gen. Stat. §] 7B-901(c) or this section.

N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7B-906.2(c) (2017) (emphasis added). Although In re H.L. quoted

subdivision (c) to support its holding that reunification efforts could be ceased

initially, In re C.P. did not discuss this analysis, instead reasoning that In re H.L.

only misapplied a notice requirement in Section 7B-906.1(g). See In re C.P., __ N.C.

App. at __, 812 S.E.2d at 191 n.3 (“Respectfully, it appears that our Court in H.L. did

not focus on Section 7B-906.1(g) in its entirety. The second sentence of that section

requires prior notice be provided to a parent before reunification efforts may be

ceased.”). Second, Chapter 7B provides:

             At each hearing, the court shall consider . . . . Whether
             efforts to reunite the juvenile with either parent clearly
             would be unsuccessful or inconsistent with the juvenile’s
             health or safety . . . . If the court determines efforts would
             be unsuccessful or inconsistent, the court shall schedule a
             permanency planning hearing within 30 days to address
             the permanent plans in accordance with this section and
             [N.C. Gen. Stat. §] 7B-906.2, unless the determination is
             made at a permanency planning hearing.

N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7B-906.1(d)(3) (2017) (emphasis added). Section 7B-906.1(d)(3) does

not constrain ceasing reunification efforts to subsequent permanency planning

hearings, but rather seems to allow reunification efforts to be ceased before, after,

and even during the first permanency planning hearing. These statutes cannot be

read in isolation. Sections 7B-906.2(c) and 7B-906.1(d)(3), when considered together,

seem to provide—consistent with our reading of Section 7B-906.2(b)—that


                                         - 17 -
                                    IN RE: M.T.-L.Y.

                                    Opinion of the Court



reunification can be eliminated as a primary or secondary plan at the first

permanency planning hearing, so long as the trial court makes the required statutory

findings.

      In re C.P.’s assertion that reunification is a precondition to the trial court’s first

permanent plan also brings about anomalous results and consequences that raise

more questions than answers going forward. For instance, if a trial court were to

order reunification initially, but correctly conclude reunification efforts should cease,

it still must “order the county department of social services to make efforts toward

finalizing the primary and secondary permanent plans.”                N.C. Gen. Stat. §

7B-906.2(b). We are unable to identify what “efforts” social services must perform

when reunification efforts have been ceased but reunification is still included in a

permanent plan. A trial court order for a department of social services to cease

reunification efforts seems implicitly to eliminate reunification as a permanent plan

and vice versa. This example can also be applied to In re H.L. In that case the trial

court ordered a secondary plan of reunification while also ceasing reunification

efforts. See __ N.C. App. at __, 807 S.E.2d at 687 (‘[T]he court also . . . established a

secondary permanent plan of reunification.”). The issue of whether reunification

must be included in the initial concurrent plan was not raised on appeal in In re H.L.

      Section 7B-1001(a)(5) also provides that a parent can appeal a final “order

entered under [Section] 7B-906.2(b),” obligating the Court of Appeals to “review the



                                           - 18 -
                                    IN RE: M.T.-L.Y.

                                   Opinion of the Court



order eliminating reunification as a permanent plan.”               N.C. Gen. Stat. §

7B-1001(a)(5)a. (2017) (emphasis added). If a trial court ceases reunification efforts,

but includes reunification as a permanent plan, by the express language of Section

7B-1001(a)(5), an aggrieved parent does not have the statutory right to appeal that

order.

         Lastly, In re C.P. creates a dichotomy between “reunification” and

“reunification efforts.” One could reasonably construe both terms as being a unitary

concept—i.e., being mutually inclusive. This Court has alluded to this interpretation.

See In re A.P.W., 225 N.C. App. 534, 537, 741 S.E.2d 388, 390 (2013) (agreeing with

respondent-mother that “the order, while not explicitly ceasing reunification efforts,

implicitly did so by changing the permanent plan to adoption and ordering the filing

of a petition to terminate parental rights”); see also In re J.N.S., 207 N.C. App. 670,

680, 704 S.E.2d 511, 518 (2010) (“Although the trial court failed to make any findings

regarding reasonable efforts at reunification . . . the trial court effectively determined

that reunification efforts . . . should cease when it ordered DSS to file a petition to

terminate respondent mother’s parental rights.”).

         To avoid confusion of our DSS workers and trial courts and to promote

permanency for children in these cases, we encourage the North Carolina General

Assembly to amend these statutes to clarify their limitations.




                                          - 19 -
                                   IN RE: M.T.-L.Y.

                                   Opinion of the Court



      Because In re C.P. and In re H.L. direct that a trial court can cease

reunification efforts during the initial permanency planning hearing, we review

Mother’s arguments that the trial court here made insufficient findings to support its

ruling that reunification efforts should cease. See In re T.W., __ N.C. App. __, __, 796

S.E.2d 792, 796 (2016) (“[I]f reunification efforts are not foreclosed . . . pursuant to

N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7B-901(c), the court may eliminate reunification as a goal of the

permanent plan only upon a finding made under N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7B-906.2(b).”

(emphasis in original)). “This Court reviews an order that ceases reunification efforts

to determine whether the trial court made appropriate findings, whether the findings

are based upon credible evidence, whether the findings of fact support the trial court’s

conclusions, and whether the trial court abused its discretion with respect to

disposition.” In re C.M., 183 N.C. App. 207, 213, 644 S.E.2d 588, 594 (2007).

      When relying on Section 7B-906.2(b) for ceasing reunification efforts, the trial

court must “demonstrate lack of success” regarding each of the following:

             (1) Whether the parent is making adequate progress within
             a reasonable period of time under the plan.

             (2) Whether the parent is actively participating in or
             cooperating with the plan, the department, and the
             guardian ad litem for the juvenile.

             (3) Whether the parent remains available to the court, the
             department, and the guardian ad litem for the juvenile.

             (4) Whether the parent is acting in a manner inconsistent
             with the health or safety of the juvenile.


                                          - 20 -
                                   IN RE: M.T.-L.Y.

                                  Opinion of the Court




N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7B-906.2(d) (2017); see In re D.A., __ N.C. App. __, __, 811 S.E.2d

729, 734 (2018) (providing that the trial court must establish the four factors in

Section 7B-906.2(d) when ceasing reunification efforts under Section 7B-906.2(b)). In

its permanency planning order, the trial court mirrored the statutory language and

provided:

              [Mother] and [Father] are not making adequate progress
              within a reasonable period of time under the plan.
              [Mother] and [Father] are not actively participating in or
              cooperating with the plan, [FDSS], and the guardian ad
              litem for [Megan]. [Mother] and [Father] are not available
              to the Court, [FDSS], and the guardian ad litem for
              [Megan]. [Mother] and [Father] are acting in a manner
              inconsistent with the health or safety of the juvenile.

The trial court subsequently found and concluded that “[e]fforts towards

reunification of [Megan] with [Mother] . . . should cease,” concluded that a

“permanent plan of adoption with a concurrent plan of guardianship” was in Megan’s

best interest, and ordered that reunification not be included in Megan’s permanent

plan.

        Mother contends that some of the trial court’s findings conflict with one

another and therefore the order must be reversed and remanded to clarify that

discrepancy. In finding of fact 30, the trial court found that “[t]here is a slim

likelihood of reunification with [Mother] within the next six months as [she] may

have completed some of the court ordered requirements in [Virginia],” but “has failed



                                         - 21 -
                                    IN RE: M.T.-L.Y.

                                   Opinion of the Court



to provide verification of this to date.” (emphasis added). But finding of fact 33

determined that “[Mother is] not making adequate progress within a reasonable

period of time under the plan.” (emphasis added).

      “At any permanency planning hearing where the juvenile is not placed with a

parent,” the trial court must make written findings of fact pertaining to, among other

things, “[w]hether it is possible for the juvenile to be placed with a parent within the

next six months and, if not, why such placement is not in the juvenile’s best

interests.” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7B-906.1(e)(1) (2017). Despite Mother’s argument that

there is discrepancy between findings of fact 30 and 33, the trial court was merely

performing its statutory mandate in determining the likelihood of reunification

between Megan and Mother in the following months. The trial court succinctly

concluded that, though Mother may have made some efforts to comply with

court-ordered conditions, she failed to verify their completion and, partly because of

that, Mother was not making adequate progress. Because partially performing a

required condition does not necessarily preclude a conclusion that the performance

is inadequate, the findings are not contradictory.

      Mother next argues that there was no evidence supporting the trial court’s

finding that she was “acting in a manner inconsistent with the health or safety of

[Megan]” because the “court-ordered requirements[,] which [Mother] did not follow,”

did not affect Megan’s health and safety. We disagree. The record includes an



                                          - 22 -
                                   IN RE: M.T.-L.Y.

                                  Opinion of the Court



abundance of evidence to support the trial court’s finding, including: Mother (1)

never verified participating in any substance abuse assessment; (2) failed to verify

her living arrangements with FDSS; (3) failed to comply with the family services

agreement; (4) allowed Father to supervise one of her other two children and to

reside in her residence in violation of the safety plan; (5) sporadically, at best,

adhered to the visitation schedule; (6) refused frequent requests to perform the

necessary drug screens, and tested positive for drugs; (7) failed to verify her

employment with her uncle’s real estate business—including hours worked, salary,

and title; and (8) never participated in Megan’s mandatory medical appointments

relating to the abnormalities she had upon her birth. Mother’s actions need only be

“inconsistent” with Megan’s health or safety; her continued recalcitrance to the trial

court and her responsibilities satisfy this statutory requirement.

      Mother finally argues that the “trial court failed to make the ultimate finding

required under Section 7B-906.2(b) ‘that reunification efforts clearly would be

unsuccessful or would be inconsistent with the juvenile’s health or safety.’ ”

Although the trial court did not use the precise statutory language from Section

7B-906.2(b), our Supreme Court has held:

             While trial courts are advised that use of the actual
             statutory language would be the best practice, the statute
             does not demand a verbatim recitation of its
             language . . . . The trial court’s written findings must
             address the statute’s concerns, but need not quote its exact
             language. On the other hand, use of the precise statutory


                                         - 23 -
                                    IN RE: M.T.-L.Y.

                                   Opinion of the Court



             language will not remedy a lack of supporting evidence for
             the trial court’s order.

In re L.M.T., 367 N.C. 165, 167-68, 752 S.E.2d 453, 455 (2013). On appellate review,

we need only “consider whether the trial court’s findings of fact address the substance

of the statutory requirements.” Id. at 165, 752 S.E.2d at 454 (emphasis added).

      Despite Mother’s contention, the trial court here made the requisite findings

“address[ing] the statute’s concerns,” id. at 168, 752 S.E.2d at 455, that reunification

efforts would be unsuccessful or inconsistent with Megan’s well-being. Throughout

proceedings following Megan’s removal from her custody, Mother regularly avoided

her court-ordered responsibilities and continuously showed little desire to reunite

with Megan. While some of the findings, as argued by Mother, could indeed “suggest

that further efforts toward reunification would not be unsuccessful or inconsistent,”

(emphasis omitted), we cannot conclude that the trial court’s “ruling [was] so

arbitrary that it could not have been the result of a reasoned decision.” In re N.G.,

186 N.C. App. 1, 11, 650 S.E.2d 45, 51 (2007).

      Even assuming that the trial court’s permanency planning order failed to

adequately establish that reunification efforts should cease, contrary to Mother’s

argument, its termination order provides supplemental findings that support the

trial court’s order ceasing reunification efforts. See In re L.M.T., 367 N.C. at 170, 752

S.E.2d at 456-57 (“[I]f a termination of parental rights order is entered, the appeal of

the cease reunification order is combined with the appeal of the termination


                                          - 24 -
                                    IN RE: M.T.-L.Y.

                                    Opinion of the Court



order. . . . Because we consider both orders ‘together,’ incomplete findings of fact in

the cease reunification order may be cured by findings of fact in the termination

order.”); cf. In re A.E.C., 239 N.C. App. 36, 45, 768 S.E.2d 166, 172 (2015) (“We hold

that the termination order, taken together with the earlier orders, does not contain

sufficient findings of fact to cure the defects in the earlier orders.”). The trial court

found that Mother (1) never communicated nor verified with FDSS her exact address

or employment status while residing in Virginia; (2) was residing in motels in

Virginia since June 2017 and “had no place to live;” (3) other than three payments,

did not pay for any medical care for Megan; and (4) stated in open court during the

termination hearing that “she can not [sic] care for Megan.”

                                 III. CONCLUSION

      In sum, we affirm the trial’s court order denying Mother’s attorney’s motion

for continuance because it did not violate her constitutional right to effective

assistance of counsel. We vacate the trial court’s initial concurrent permanent plan

for failure to include reunification as either a primary or secondary plan and its order

terminating Mother’s parental rights, see In re J.T., __ N.C. App. __, __, 796 S.E.2d

534, 537 (2017) (vacating both permanency planning order and order terminating

parental rights for failure to properly cease reunification efforts), but affirm the trial

court’s order ceasing reunification efforts, and remand for further proceedings

consistent with this opinion.



                                           - 25 -
                      IN RE: M.T.-L.Y.

                     Opinion of the Court



AFFIRMED IN PART, VACATED IN PART, AND REMANDED.

Judges STROUD and ZACHARY concur.




                            - 26 -
