                              FOR PUBLICATION                            FILED
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                       APR 12 2018
                                                                      MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                       U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                       No.   17-10339

                Plaintiff-Appellee,             D.C. No.
                                                1:03-cr-00560-SOM-4
 v.

WALLACE SHIMABUKURO, Jr., AKA                   OPINION
Wally Shimabukuro,

                Defendant-Appellant.

                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                            for the District of Hawaii
                   Susan O. Mollway, District Judge, Presiding

                       Argued and Submitted April 12, 2018
                            San Francisco, California

Before: Sidney R. Thomas, Chief Judge, Michelle T. Friedland, Circuit Judge, and
Fernando M. Olguin,* District Judge.

                                  PER CURIAM

      Defendant Wallace Shimabukuro’s appeal of the term of imprisonment

imposed after he violated the conditions of his supervised release requires us to




      *
             The Honorable Fernando M. Olguin, United States District Judge for
the Central District of California, sitting by designation.
decide whether intermittent confinement counts against the cap 18 U.S.C.

§ 3583(e)(3) (2002) places on the amount of time “in prison” a district court may

impose when revoking a defendant’s supervised release.1 We hold that it does.

      After pleading guilty to a conspiracy that was completed on March 12, 2003,

Wallace Shimabukuro served 78 months in prison and was sentenced to 5 years of

supervised release. In February 2009, Shimabukuro began that term of supervised

release. Over the next 8 years, the district court revoked Shimabukuro’s

supervised release on 3 separate occasions in response to Shimabukuro’s violations

of the terms of his release.

      The first time the court revoked Shimabukuro’s release, it sentenced him to

18 months imprisonment and 42 months of supervised release. The second time,

the court imposed a sentence of 1 month of time served and an additional 41

months of supervised release. As a condition of that period of supervised release,

however, the district court “required Shimabukuro to serve 150 days of intermittent




      1
         Congress amended § 3583 in April 2003, but the parties do not dispute that
the pre-amendment version of § 3583—which was in place at the time
Shimabukuro committed his offense—governs here. We accordingly assume that
it does. See Johnson v. United States, 529 U.S. 694, 700-02 (2000) (concluding
that an amendment to § 3583(h) was not retroactive and stating that “[a]bsent a
clear statement of [Congressional] intent, we do not give retroactive effect to
statutes burdening private interests”).


                                         2
confinement at the Federal Detention Center in Honolulu.”2 These “150 days were

broken up into 50 consecutive weekends beginning on Friday evenings and ending

on Sunday afternoons.”

      The question at issue in this appeal arose when the district court revoked

Shimabukuro’s release for the third time and sentenced him to 17 months

imprisonment with no additional supervised release. Shimabukuro objected that 17

months in prison—when aggregated with his previous 18-month term of

imprisonment, 1 month of time served, and 150 days of intermittent confinement—

exceeds 18 U.S.C. § 3583(e)(3)’s cap on the amount of time “in prison” that a

district court may impose when revoking a defendant’s supervised release. The

district court rejected that argument, reasoning that intermittent confinement does

not count as time “in prison.”

      Shimabukuro repeats this argument on appeal, contending that the district

court could at most have sentenced him to 12 months in prison upon the third

revocation of supervised release. We agree with Shimabukuro.

      The version of § 3583(e)(3) in effect at the time of Shimabukuro’s offense


      2
        The district court may have erred in imposing intermittent confinement as a
condition of supervised release. See United States v. Bahe, 201 F.3d 1124, 1130-
34 (9th Cir. 2000) (discussing a clerical error that made it appear that intermittent
confinement was an option available to district courts that were revoking
supervised release when, in fact, intermittent confinement was likely intended to be
excluded). Shimabukuro did not appeal the imposition of intermittent
confinement, however, so that issue is not before us.

                                         3
provided: “[A] court may . . . revoke a term of supervised release, and require [a]

defendant to serve in prison all or part of the term of supervised release authorized

by statute” in response to a defendant’s violation of a term of supervised release,

“except that [the] defendant . . . may not be required to serve . . . more than 3 years

in prison if such offense is a class B felony.” 18 U.S.C. § 3583(e)(3) (emphasis

added). Under that provision, to “calculat[e] the maximum term of imprisonment

[that could be] impose[d] upon revocation of a defendant’s supervised release, the

district court[s] [were] required to subtract the aggregate . . . length of any and all

terms of revocation imprisonment from the statutory maximum.”3 United States v.

Knight, 580 F.3d 933, 937 (9th Cir. 2009). Because Shimabukuro’s original

conviction was for a class B felony, the district court could not sentence him to

more than three years “in prison,” considered in the aggregate, when it revoked his

supervised release.

      The 150 days that Shimabukuro spent at the Federal Detention Center

constitute time spent “in prison” and thus should have been included in the district

court’s calculation of the aggregate time it previously had required Shimabukuro to



      3
        The amended version of § 3583 makes clear that courts should no longer
engage in such aggregation. Under the prior version of the statute applicable here,
however, courts aggregated all time “in prison” imposed in relation to revocations
of supervised release when considering the maximum time that could be imposed
in connection with a subsequent revocation. United States v. Knight, 580 F.3d 933,
937 (9th Cir. 2009).

                                           4
spend “in prison.” Any other result would defy the plain language of the statute.

See Lamie v. U.S. Tr., 540 U.S. 526, 534 (2004) (quoting Hartford Underwriters

Ins. Co. v. Union Planters Bank, N.A., 530 U.S. 1, 6 (2000)) (“[W]hen the statute’s

language is plain, the sole function of the courts—at least where the disposition

required by the text is not absurd—is to enforce it according to its terms.”). The

other authorities cited by the district court and the Government, which address

unrelated statutory provisions, are inapposite.

      VACATED AND REMANDED WITH INSTRUCTIONS THAT

DEFENDANT BE IMMEDIATELY RELEASED FROM CUSTODY. THE

MANDATE SHALL ISSUE FORTHWITH.




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