                     IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                              FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT

                                   _______________

                                     No. 92-2040
                                   _______________


                           UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                                                           Plaintiff-Appellee,


                                       VERSUS

                              JOSE ARMANDO MALTOS,

                                                           Defendant-Appellant.


                           _________________________

               Appeal from the United States District Court
                    for the Southern District of Texas
                             (CR H 91 0088 03)
                         _________________________


                       (November 30, 1992)
Before REAVLEY, SMITH, and DeMOSS, Circuit Judges.

JERRY E. SMITH, Circuit Judge:*

      Jose Armando Maltos ("Maltos") appeals his conviction, by a

jury,     of   one    count   of   conspiracy   to   possess    with   intent    to

distribute in excess of five kilograms of cocaine, in violation of

21   U.S.C.    §§     841(a)(1),    841(b)(1)(A),    and    846.     Finding    the

evidence insufficient as a matter of law to sustain the jury's

verdict, we reverse.



      *
        Local Rule 47.5.1 provides: "The publication       of opinions that have no
precedential value and merely decide particular cases      on the basis of well-
settled principles of law imposes needless expense on      the public and burdens
on the legal profession." Pursuant to that rule, the       court has determined
that this opinion should not be published.
                                   I.

     Sometime before May 12, 1991, members of the Houston High

Intensity Drug Trafficking Area Task Force established surveillance

on two individuals believed to have been engaged in narcotics

trafficking in Houston, Texas.          On May 12, a surveillance team

followed a Chevrolet Blazer occupied by Roman Suarez and Antonio

Rios, Maltos's codefendants, and being driven from Houston to San

Antonio, Texas.

     The   surveillance   team   observed    Rios   stop    at   a   Denny's

Restaurant, where Suarez proceeded to make a number of telephone

calls from a pay phone.          Shortly afterwards, a pickup truck

arrived, and Suarez entered the truck and left, while Rios remained

behind.

     Agents following the truck observed it making "heat" runs and

eventually followed it to a residence at 154 East Ackard Street,

San Antonio. Suarez and the driver entered and remained inside for

approximately one hour. The two then drove back to the restaurant,

where Suarez got back into Rios's vehicle. The unidentified driver

then drove the pickup truck to a motel parking lot adjacent to the

restaurant, where he parked the truck and left the area on foot;

the driver was not seen again.     Rios and Suarez left the restaurant

parking lot and set out in the direction of downtown San Antonio.

     At 3:45 p.m., Maltos and his brother, Rolando Maltos ("Ro-

lando") arrived at the motel in a gray Ford LTD.           Rolando entered

the abandoned pickup truck and drove to South Park Mall; Maltos

followed him in the gray LTD.     At the mall, the brothers proceeded


                                    2
to the Chelsea Pub, where five minutes later Rios and Suarez joined

them for a thirty-minute meeting.

       After the meeting, surveilling police followed the Maltos

brothers to the East Ackard address. Rolando left the pickup truck

and entered the gray LTD with Maltos.   Together, they drove to the

Amber apartments complex, where Maltos parked his vehicle on the

street and entered a blue Mercury parked in the apartment complex

lot.   The brothers then proceeded in their separate cars to a gas

station, where Maltos fueled the Mercury, while Rolando used a pay

phone.   From the gas station, Rolando returned to the East Ackard

residence; the police were unable to keep track of Maltos.   At this

time, agents noticed that a black-over-white Ford LTD was now

parked at the East Ackard house.

       Surveillance agents followed the Blazer in which Rios and

Suarez were traveling east on Interstate 10 toward Houston.      At

Highway 6 near Houston, Rios and Suarez met up with Maltos, driving

the Mercury in which he had last been seen.     Both vehicles then

proceeded southbound on Highway 6 to another mall, where Suarez

used a pay phone while Maltos waited in the Mercury.   Both vehicles

then left the mall, Maltos following Rios, for the Ashford Creek

Apartments, where Maltos parked his car and left with Rios in his.

They proceeded to a Fiesta Mart parking lot, where they met Suarez.

Maltos again switched cars, exiting Rios's vehicle and leaving with

Suarez in a silver Toyota pickup truck.

       Suarez drove to a nearby liquor store to use a pay phone.

Suarez and Maltos then drove past the Mercury, still parked at the


                                   3
apartments, and agents noted that the taillights of the truck lit

up, indicating that the car had slowed so that Maltos could point

out the location of the Mercury to Suarez.                  The truck regained

speed, eventually stopping at a convenience store, where Suarez

again made some calls from a pay phone.           Agents observed the truck

repeat this behavior )) successive stops to make calls from public

phones )) before they lost track of the vehicle containing Suarez

and Maltos.

     At   about    10:00   p.m.,    Rios     arrived   at   the   Ashford    Creek

Apartments.      The police followed the Blazer and the Mercury to the

Hector Torres residence at 11103 Kerwin Street, where the Blazer

made several "heat runs."          The driver of the Mercury got out and

entered the Torres residence, re-emerging five minutes later after

various vehicles had been moved to facilitate the Mercury's access

to the garage.      Agents would later seize 294 kilograms of cocaine

from the residence during the execution of a search warrant.

     The Mercury remained in the garage until the next morning,

when, at approximately 8:00 a.m., agents watched it being taken

from the garage with the rear end "jacked up" very high.                 The car

was driven to a local Motel 6 in that condition, where it was left

in the motel parking lot.          Shortly thereafter, Suarez and Maltos

emerged from the motel, and Maltos opened the trunk of the Mercury

with a key in his possession.            One of the two (it is not clear

which)    then   lowered   the     air   shocks   to   an   apparently      normal

condition. After a brief conversation with Suarez, Maltos returned

the Mercury to San Antonio, interrupting his trip one time to make


                                         4
several calls from a pay phone.

       When he arrived back at the Amber apartments in San Antonio,

Maltos was met by the silver Toyota truck in which agents earlier

had observed him with Suarez.         He left the apartments as a

passenger, and the driver proceeded to another public phone to make

several calls.    Approximately ten minutes later, they returned to

the Amber apartments. Sometime during the intervening ten minutes,

Rolando Maltos had joined Maltos and the driver of the truck.

       At the apartments, Maltos walked behind the complex and

emerged shortly thereafter, driving the same Ford LTD in which he

had been observed the previous day.    He was not tailed, but agents

later observed him backing the car up to Apartment 28 at 1831

Sherwood Forest, sometime after 6:00 p.m. that evening.      The car

left almost immediately, driven by Rios to a local La Quinta motel

parking lot where he left it.

       Suarez and Maltos were later observed at the La Quinta between

9:00 and 9:30 p.m., Suarez arriving in the Blazer and Maltos

driving the silver Toyota pickup.      Both Suarez and Maltos made

several calls from the motel's public phones.         At this time,

surveillance agents arranged to have the Ford LTD searched by a dog

trained to sniff out drugs.     The dog alerted to the trunk of the

LTD.

       On May 15, 1991, a search warrant was executed, resulting in

the seizure of eight green duffle bags and a black plastic garbage

bag of cocaine found under the stairs at the Sherwood Forest

apartment where Maltos had previously left the Ford LTD.     In all,


                                  5
225 kilograms of cocaine were seized.

       Prior to the arrests of the defendants on May 15th, surveil-

lance agents assigned to Suarez and Rios observed Suarez leave a

room at a Motel 6 and proceed next door to a gas station where he

made several calls from the pay phone.          He remained at the station

approximately ten to fifteen minutes, then returned to his motel

room.    Shortly thereafter, Rios arrived at the motel and entered

the same room.

       Prior to Rios's arrival, Suarez had left the room twice to

make more phone calls, again at public pay phones.              After Rios's

arrival, the two left the motel together, stopping several times

along   the   way   to   make   still   more   calls   from   public    phones.

Eventually, the two arrived at a travel agency in South Houston,

where they remained approximately one to one and one-half hours.

Upon leaving, they entered a Mexican restaurant in the same mall,

remaining there for a similar period of time.

       When Suarez and Rios left the restaurant, they made additional

stops to place phone calls.             When they arrived later at the

Memorial City mall, Suarez was observed using his cellular phone

before entering the mall.        Yet on their return to the Motel 6, the

two again stopped at a mall to use the public phones.                  Finally,

Suarez and Rios arrived back at the motel at approximately 6:30

p.m.    As they proceeded toward room 221, they were met on the

staircase by Maltos and one Maximeno Hernandez, whereupon all four

were arrested.      Later, Maltos signed a consent-to-search form for

room 221, claiming it was his.              The motel's records, however,


                                        6
showed that the room had been rented by Suarez.



                                      II.

     Maltos raises two issues on appeal.         His first issue is that

the evidence was insufficient to uphold his conviction on the

conspiracy charge.       Second, Maltos contends that his acquittal on

the substantive charges of aiding and abetting the possession with

intent to distribute and distribution in excess of five kilograms

of cocaine (counts two and three of the indictment, respectively)

reflects an inconsistent verdict necessitating the reversal of his

conviction on the conspiracy charge (count one).

     In evaluating the sufficiency of the evidence, a reviewing

court must consider the evidence in the light most favorable to the

verdict and determine whether a rational jury could have found the

essential elements of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt.

Glasser v. United States, 315 U.S. 60, 80 (1942); United States v.

Chavez, 947 F.2d 742, 744 (5th Cir. 1991).            Our evaluation must

give the government the benefit of all reasonable inferences and

credibility choices. United States v. Hernandez-Palacios, 838 F.2d

1346, 1348 (5th Cir. 1988).

     In a drug conspiracy prosecution under 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1)

and 846, the government must prove beyond a reasonable doubt

(1) the existence of an agreement between two or more persons to

violate the narcotics laws, (2) that the defendant knew of the

agreement,   and   (3)    that   he    voluntarily   participated   in   the

agreement.   United States v. Gallo, 927 F.2d 815, 820 (5th Cir.


                                        7
1991).   The government need not prove the essential elements by

direct evidence alone.       "The agreement, a defendant's guilty

knowledge and a defendant's participation in the conspiracy all may

be inferred from the `development and collocation of circum-

stances.'"   United States v. Lentz, 823 F.2d 867, 868 (5th Cir.)

(quoting United States v. Vergara, 687 F.2d 57, 61 (5th Cir.

1982)), cert. denied, 484 U.S. 957 (1987).

     While "presence or association is one factor that the jury may

rely on, along with other evidence, in finding conspiratorial

activity by a defendant,"     United States v. Magee, 821 F.2d 234,

239 (5th Cir. 1987), it is well established that mere presence at

the crime scene or close association with conspirators, standing

alone, will not support an inference of participation in the

conspiracy. United States v. Fitzharris, 633 F.2d 416, 423 (5th

Cir. 1980), cert. denied, 451 U.S. 988 (1981).    And while circum-

stantial evidence may be particularly valuable in proving the

existence of the conspiratorial agreement, we have repeatedly

stressed that we will not lightly infer a defendant's knowledge of

and participation in a conspiracy.    United States v. Jackson, 700

F.2d 181, 185 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 842 (1983).   Thus,

the government may not prove up a conspiracy merely by presenting

evidence placing the defendant in "a climate of activity that reeks

of something foul."   Id. (quoting United States v. Galvan, 693 F.2d

417, 419 (5th Cir. 1982)).

     Maltos argues that the government failed to prove that he knew

of, or intentionally participated in, a conspiracy, or that any


                                  8
connection he may have had with the conspirators went beyond mere

presence at the scene of criminal activity or innocent association

with one or more of the conspirators. The government counters that

the jury reasonably could infer Maltos's guilt on the conspiracy

count by the obvious relationship between himself and the three

other prime conspirators )) Suarez, Rios, and the defendant's

brother, Rolando Maltos. In addition, Maltos's presence at various

times and places coincided to a remarkable extent with that of the

conspirators and of the cocaine ultimately seized.   Citing to our

recent decision in United States v. Pruneda-Gonzalez, 953 F.2d 190,

196-97 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 112 S. Ct. 2952 (1992), the

government asserts that the jury reasonably could have inferred

that his co-defendants would not have permitted Maltos to accompany

them in the performance of tasks central to their illegal operation

had he not been in on the conspiracy.   The government concludes,

"The confluence of these circumstances in time and place fully

support [sic] the jury's verdict."

     Despite the undeniable "flurry of activity" presented by the

facts of this case, see Galvan, 693 F.2d at 420; Vergara, 687 F.2d

at 61, and the concomitant certainty that a conspiracy existed, we

do not believe the jury reasonably could have found Maltos guilty

beyond a reasonable doubt.   Our cases seem to call for something

more than what the evidence showed in this case, namely, Maltos's

association with individuals engaged in the transport of cocaine

and his presence during the transport of two shipments of such

contraband.   Although damning when viewed cumulatively, this is a


                                 9
classic   example   of   the   type   of    evidence   upon    which   we   have

prohibited the basing of conspiracy convictions.               Fitzharris, 633

F.2d at 423.

     The evidence presented in the instant case compares less with

Pruneda-Gonzalez,    urged     by   the    government,   than    the   case   we

distinguished in reaching our decision therein.               In United States

v. Gardea Carrasco, 830 F.2d 41 (5th Cir. 1987), we reversed a drug

conspiracy conviction based upon the insufficiency of the evidence

to support it.      The defendant's participation in the alleged

conspiracy there is factually quite similar to that in the instant

case:

     The evidence showed the defendant accompanied a
     codefendant to the airport on two occasions and helped
     transfer suitcases full of marihuana from the pickup
     truck to the plane, other evidence placed a codefendant
     at the defendant's house at various times on the two days
     in question, and testimony established that on a date 25
     days earlier the codefendant took three suitcases into
     the defendant's house. . . . No direct or circumstantial
     evidence established the defendant was privy to the
     content of the two conversations or knew the content of
     the suitcases he helped transfer from the pickup truck to
     the airplane. The suitcases delivered to the defendant's
     house 25 days earlier were not proved to be the same
     suitcases used to transport the marihuana.            The
     defendant's association with conspirators and his
     presence at the airport at the time the marihuana was
     transferred were not enough to prove beyond a reasonable
     doubt that he knew of and voluntarily joined in the
     conspiracy.

Pruneda-Gonzalez, 953 F.2d at 195 (citations omitted).

     While no case will prove likely to be on all fours with the

pattern of facts presented by the case before us, the parallels in

Pruneda to Maltos's participation are obvious. Other than evidence

of Maltos's association with the conspirators, and his presence at


                                      10
the time of the transactions, the government presented no proof

establishing his knowledge of, or participation in, the conspiracy.

As in Gardea Carrasco, no evidence established that Maltos knew the

content of the myriad phone calls his codefendants placed from

public phones or that his own conversations, whether by phone or

during    meals    with    his   codefendants,      concerned     the    drug

transactions.     Also as in Gardea Carrasco, no evidence )) direct or

circumstantial )) demonstrated that he knew the contents of the

cars he was transporting, or even that they contained contraband at

the time he was transporting them.

     Although a dog trained to sniff out contraband alerted to the

trunk of the car Maltos had been driving, no evidence was presented

that in fact drugs were present in the car or that any such drugs

had been put there with Maltos's knowledge of the fact.             Nor will

Maltos's presence while one of the conspirators lowered the air

shocks on the Mercury suffice to establish his complicity.                Our

case law in this regard simply demands more in order to prove

individual knowledge and participation.1

     By comparison, each of the cases relied upon by the government

reveals )) in addition to the defendant's association with and

participation in criminal activity )) some further circumstance


      1
        See United States v. Espinoza-Seanez, 862 F.2d 526, 537-39 (5th Cir.
1988) (evidence insufficient where defendant drove conspirators to rendezvous
and was arrested with a cellular phone and $1,700 in his possession); United
States v. Blessing, 727 F.2d 353, 355-56 (5th Cir. 1984) (conviction reversed
where evidence only established defendant and codefendant arrived by plane and
checked into and out of hotel together, and defendant rented in his name a car
and van used by coconspirators in furtherance of conspiracy), cert. denied,
469 U.S. 1105 (1985); Jackson, 700 F.2d at 185-86 (reversing where evidence
indicated that defendant joined coconspirators in restaurant, but did not show
his knowledge of nature or purpose of meeting or that a large sum of money was
present, or that he participated in discussions involving drug transactions).

                                     11
from which the jury reasonably could infer his specific knowledge

and willful participation.        In Pruneda-Gonzalez, for example, we

allowed the jury to infer these elements based upon the fact that

the acts in furtherance of the conspiracy were completed within a

narrow time frame.      We thus found it a reasonable inference that

"the three defendants would not have permitted Pruneda to accompany

them in performing tasks vital to the success of the crimes ))

undertaken within so close a time frame as to indicate knowledge

of, and intentional participation in, crimes in progress )) had

Pruneda not knowingly and intentionally joined the venture."              953

F.2d at 196-97 (emphasis added).          The time frame in the instant

case )) in which the transactions occurred over a two- to three-day

period   ))   as well as the evidence adduced as to defendant's

knowledge,    clarify    that   Maltos's     predicament    parallels     the

defendant's in Gardea Carrasco, not Pruneda:

          In Gardea Carrasco the defendant was not shown to
     have had knowledge of the contents of the suitcases or to
     have been part of pertinent conversations.        In the
     present case the evidence )) viewed favorably to the
     verdict )) permitted the jury to find Pruneda admitted he
     had knowledge of the contents of the van and even of the
     approximate quantity of marihuana . . . .             The
     circumstantial evidence in the record is also stronger.
     In Gardea Carrasco the defendant participated in events
     that transpired on two different days . . . .

Id. at 196 (emphasis added).2

     In summary, we must conclude that the evidence adduced by the

government at trial, when viewed in the light most favorable to the

     2
        Cf. United States v. Chavez, 947 F.2d at 745 (evidence sufficient
where defendants found actually unloading bags of cocaine from truck); United
States v. Rodriguez-Mireles, 896 F.2d 890, 892-93 (5th Cir. 1990) (footprint
evidence supported inference of both existence of conspiracy and defendant's
knowing participation in it).

                                     12
verdict, cannot support an inference of Maltos's guilt beyond a

reasonable   doubt.   Although   Maltos   presented   no   alternative

explanations for his conduct, he bore no burden of proof to do so.

Espinoza-Seanez, 862 F.2d at 538.         Although we give all due

deference to the jury's weighing of facts and credibility, the

question before us simply concerns whether the undisputed material

facts may suffice to convict Maltos beyond a reasonable doubt.

     The evidence in this case shows little beyond that "climate of

activity that reeks of something foul," Jackson, 700 F.2d at 185,

proximity to which cannot sustain a conspiracy conviction.          We

conclude that Jose Armando Maltos's conviction for conspiracy must

be reversed. We therefore do not reach his second issue contesting

the allegedly inconsistent jury verdict.

     REVERSED.




                                 13
