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                  THE SUPREME COURT OF NEW HAMPSHIRE

                               ___________________________


Compensation Appeals Board
No. 2015-0342


                          APPEAL OF CARLOS MARTI
                  (New Hampshire Compensation Appeals Board)

                           Argued: February 10, 2016
                          Opinion Issued: June 28, 2016

      Shaheen & Gordon, P.A., of Manchester (Jared O’Connor on the brief and
orally), for the petitioner.


      Hamblett & Kerrigan, PA, of Nashua (J. Daniel Marr and Andrew J. Piela
on the brief, and Mr. Marr orally), for the respondent.

      HICKS, J. The petitioner, Carlos Marti, appeals a decision of the New
Hampshire Compensation Appeals Board (CAB) dismissing his claim for
reinstatement to his employment with the respondent, Nashua Foundries, Inc.
We vacate and remand.

       The following facts were found by the CAB or appear in the record. The
petitioner was hired by the respondent on October 8, 2013. On August 6,
2014, the petitioner injured his elbow at work. He informed the respondent’s
president of his injury, was given an over-the-counter medication, and
returned to work. The petitioner’s pain grew worse and, after approximately
thirty minutes, he asked the president for permission to go to the local
emergency room. The president refused the request, referring the petitioner
instead to an occupational health clinic pursuant to company policy and the
collective bargaining agreement governing the petitioner’s employment. That
facility, however, would not open until three hours later. The petitioner
informed the president that he intended to go to the emergency room
immediately. The president responded that if the petitioner left work to go to
the emergency room, rather than waiting to visit the occupational health clinic,
it would constitute insubordination, and he would be fired. Under the
collective bargaining agreement, the petitioner could be immediately terminated
for insubordination.

       Against the president’s directive, the petitioner clocked out of work and
went to the emergency room. He returned later with a doctor’s note for a four-
day work absence, but was instead terminated for insubordination. The
petitioner did not grieve his termination under the collective bargaining
agreement.

      The respondent’s workers’ compensation insurer accepted the claim and
paid the petitioner’s medical bills. The petitioner requested a hearing on his
claims for reinstatement and back pay. See RSA 281-A:25-a (2010). Following
a hearing before a Department of Labor hearing officer, the petitioner’s claim
was denied. The petitioner appealed to the CAB.

      Before the CAB, the respondent moved to dismiss for lack of jurisdiction.
The CAB summarized the issue as follows: “The issue in this case is one of
statutory construction. The question is whether the [CAB] has jurisdiction to
rule on the issue of reinstatement of an injured claimant after he has been
terminated and before he has requested the reinstatement.” The CAB “repl[ied]
in the negative” and granted the motion to dismiss. The petitioner’s motion for
rehearing was denied, and this appeal followed.

      On appeal, the petitioner argues that the CAB’s interpretation of RSA
281-A:25-a: (1) erroneously reads a continuous employment requirement into
that statute, thereby undermining the statutory scheme; and (2) potentially
leaves him without a remedy because he was required by RSA 281-A:8, III to
choose between the remedies afforded under RSA chapter 281-A and those
available under other statutes or the common law. See RSA 281-A:8, III (2010).

      Our standard of review is established by statute:

      [T]he burden of proof shall be upon the party seeking to set aside
      any order or decision of the [CAB] to show that the same is clearly
      unreasonable or unlawful, and all findings of the [CAB] upon all
      questions of fact properly before it shall be deemed to be prima
      facie lawful and reasonable; and the order or decision appealed
      from shall not be set aside or vacated except for errors of law,



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        unless the court is satisfied, by a clear preponderance of the
        evidence before it, that such order is unjust or unreasonable.

RSA 541:13 (2007); RSA 281-A:43, I(c) (2010) (“Any party in interest aggrieved
by any order or decision of the [CAB] may appeal to the supreme court
pursuant to RSA 541.”). “Thus, we review the factual findings of the CAB
deferentially,” and “its statutory interpretation de novo.” Appeal of Phillips,
165 N.H. 226, 230 (2013).

      The issues on appeal present questions of statutory interpretation. In
such matters, “we are the final arbiters of the intent of the legislature as
expressed in the words of a statute considered as a whole.” Id.

        We first examine the language of the statute and ascribe the plain
        and ordinary meanings to the words used. We interpret legislative
        intent from the statute as written and will not consider what the
        legislature might have said or add language that the legislature did
        not see fit to include. We construe the Workers’ Compensation
        Law liberally to give the broadest reasonable effect to its remedial
        purpose. Thus, when construing it, we resolve all reasonable
        doubts in favor of the injured worker.

Id. (citations omitted).

        The primary statutory provision at issue, RSA 281-A:25-a, provides in
part:

        An employee of an employer who employs 5 or more employees,
        who has sustained an injury, shall be reinstated by the employer
        to the employee’s former position of employment upon request for
        such reinstatement, if the position exists and is available and the
        employee is not disabled from performing the duties of such
        position, with reasonable accommodations for the employee’s
        limitations.

RSA 281-A:25-a, I.

       The petitioner first argues that the CAB erroneously interpreted the term
“employee” in this section to “impl[y] a continuous employment status pending
the issuance of a medical release for return to unrestricted duty.” The CAB
concluded — again erroneously, according to the petitioner — that the
respondent’s firing of the petitioner “severed the employer-employee
relationship” such that the petitioner “was no longer an ‘employee’ entitled to”
the right of reinstatement under RSA 281-A:25-a.” The petitioner argues that
this interpretation of the term “employee” would “eviscerate the statute,”
leading to absurd results in other sections that use the term “employee.” The


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petitioner contends, for example, that terminated workers with compensable
injuries would no longer be entitled to seek medical treatment pursuant to RSA
281-A:23 (Supp. 2015) or receive permanent impairment awards under RSA
RSA 281-A:32 (2010), as those sections also apply only to employees.

       We find this argument unpersuasive. The Workers’ Compensation Law
provides a definition for the term “‘[e]mployee,’ with respect to private
employment” which, in relevant part, is “any person in the service of an
employer subject to the provisions of this chapter under any express or
implied, oral or written contract of hire.” RSA 281-A:2, VI(a) (2010). RSA 281-
A:2, also provides, however, that “[a]ny word or phrase defined in this section
shall have the same meaning throughout RSA 281-A, unless the context clearly
requires otherwise.” RSA 281-A:2 (2010) (emphasis added). Thus, there is no
danger of “eviscerat[ing] the statute” by construing the term “employee” in RSA
281-A:25-a in a manner that may not fit other provisions that use the term.

       The petitioner next contends that “it must be recognized that the
legislature explicitly included in the text of RSA 281-A:25-a only three ways in
which the right terminates, and the firing of an employee is not among them.”
As the petitioner correctly notes, RSA 281-A:25-a, II provides:

      Notwithstanding paragraph I of this section:

         (a) The right to reinstatement to the employee’s former position
      under this section terminates when any one of the following events
      occurs:

             (1) A medical determination by the attending physician or
      finding by the commissioner that the employee cannot return to
      the former position of employment.

           (2) The employee accepts employment with another
      employer.

            (3) Eighteen months from the date of injury.

RSA 281-A:25-a, II.

      We addressed a similar argument in Appeal of Cover, 168 N.H. ___, ___
(decided February 26, 2016). There, in determining whether RSA 281-A:25-a
applies to part-time workers, we considered RSA 281-A:25-a, II(b), which “lists
three categories of employees who are not eligible for reinstatement.” Appeal of
Cover, 168 N.H. at ___. The list did not include part-time employees. See id.;
RSA 281-A:25-a, II(b). In holding that part-time employees are entitled to
reinstatement under RSA 281-A:25-a, I, we reasoned:



                                        4
      Reading RSA 281-A:25(a), II(b) to exclude part-time workers from
      the right of reinstatement would contravene the familiar axiom of
      statutory construction, expressio unius est exclusio alterius:
      Normally the expression of one thing in a statute implies the
      exclusion of another. Reading RSA 281-A:25-a to exclude part-
      time workers would require us to add language to RSA 281-A:25(a),
      II(b) that the legislature did not see fit to include, which we decline
      to do.

Appeal of Cover, 168 N.H. ___, ___ (quotations, citation, and brackets omitted).

      Here, by contrast, we need not add language to RSA 281-A:25-a, II(a) to
determine whether the petitioner is entitled to request reinstatement after the
respondent terminated his employment. Rather, we must interpret the term
“employee” within the context of RSA 281-A:25-a, see RSA 281-A:2, and
according to our rules of statutory construction.

      We begin by considering the petitioner’s proposed construction. Citing
our standard of “constru[ing] the Workers’ Compensation Law liberally to give
the broadest reasonable effect to its remedial purpose,” Appeal of Phillips, 165
N.H. at 230, the petitioner argues that “[a]n appropriately liberal reading of
RSA 281-A:25-a is that the right of reinstatement only applies to individuals
with compensable workers[’] compensation injuries: persons who were ‘in the
service of an employer’ at the time of their injury.” An interpretation that
broad, however, would certainly lead to absurd results, as the petitioner
himself recognizes. He states:

      [A]lthough RSA 281-A:25-a is silent about the effect of a legitimate
      termination, [he] would concede that a termination for cause could
      independently cut off the right to reinstatement. If [he] had
      physically assaulted his employer during their discussion about
      his right to seek medical treatment, the employer would be
      justified in not reinstating him, legitimate work injury or no.

We can think of various other termination scenarios under which the
legislature could not have intended the terminated worker to be entitled to
reinstatement under RSA 281-A:25-a.

      It is a “fundamental principle” of statutory construction “that whenever
possible, a statute will not be construed so as to lead to absurd consequences.
Thus, as between a reasonable and unreasonable meaning of the language
used, the reasonable meaning is to be adopted.” Petition of Poulicakos, 160
N.H. 438, 444 (2010) (quotations, citation, and ellipsis omitted). We therefore
conclude that the term “employee” in RSA 281-A:25-a cannot be read to
include a worker who has been legitimately terminated from employment for
cause. RSA 281-A:25-a presents a “context [that] clearly requires” a narrower


                                        5
definition of “employee” than that which may apply elsewhere in the workers’
compensation statute. RSA 281-A:2.

       The respondent argues in favor of the CAB’s ruling that, as the
respondent characterizes it, “RSA 281-A:25-a only applies to employees, not
former employees.” Citing RSA 281-A:8, III, the respondent asserts that, “[i]n
drafting the workers[’] compensation statute, the legislature clearly knew the
difference between a current and a former employee.” RSA 281-A:8, III
provides in relevant part: “Nothing in this chapter shall derogate from any
rights a former employee may have under common law or other statute to
recover damages for wrongful termination of, or constructive discharge from,
employment.” RSA 281-A:8, III (emphasis added). Invoking the rule that
“where the legislature uses different language in related statutes, we assume
that the legislature intended something different,” State Employees Assoc. of
N.H. v. N.H. Div. of Personnel, 158 N.H. 338, 345 (2009) (quotation omitted), the
respondent argues that “[i]f the legislature intended to make RSA 281-A:25-a
available to ‘former’ employees in addition to current employees, it would have
stated as much in the statute.”

        Although we acknowledge the use of the term “former employee” in RSA
281-A:8, III, that term’s interpretation is not directly before us and we decline
to rule upon it. We also decline to infer from its use that the legislature
intended the term “employee” as used in RSA 281-A:25-a to mean only
“current” employees. Adopting such an interpretation of “employee” would seem
to render superfluous another section of RSA 281-A:25-a: RSA 281-A:25-a, II,
provides, in part, that “[t]he right to reinstatement to the employee’s former
position under this section terminates when . . . [t]he employee accepts
employment with another employer.” If the term “employee” were construed, as
the CAB ruled, to “impl[y] a continuous employment status pending the
issuance of a medical release for return to unrestricted duty,” RSA 281-A:25-a,
II(a)(2) would be superfluous because a worker who has accepted employment
with another employer would already not be entitled to reinstatement pursuant
to RSA 281-A:25-a, I, because his “employee” status would have ceased when
his employment with the first employer terminated. Ordinarily, “[w]hen
construing a statute, we . . . give effect to all words in a statute and presume
that the legislature did not enact superfluous or redundant words.”
Winnacunnet Coop. Sch. Dist. v. Town of Seabrook, 148 N.H. 519, 525-26
(2002).

       We note that our holding that a worker who is legitimately terminated
from employment for cause is not an “employee” entitled to reinstatement
pursuant to RSA 281-A:25-a, I, does not render RSA 281-A:25-a, II(a)(2)
superfluous because, although the categories of workers who have been
legitimately terminated by the employer for cause and workers who have
accepted employment with another employer may overlap, they are not
coextensive. We leave it to the legislature to clarify these provisions, if it sees


                                          6
fit, and, of course, the legislature is free to amend the statutes if it disagrees
with our interpretation herein. See In the Matter of Conant & Faller, 167 N.H.
577, 581 (2015).

       The petitioner contends that he was not legitimately terminated for cause
and asserts that the CAB’s order “may be reversed as a matter of law and the
case remanded with instructions to reinstate” him given that the CAB “has
already determined that [he] was terminated for seeking his own physician
under [RSA 281-A:23, I].” The respondent, on the other hand, argues that the
petitioner was legitimately terminated for insubordination under the terms of
the collective bargaining agreement and that “the time parameters and method
of challenging his employment termination were as set forth in the agreement.”
The respondent also correctly notes that RSA 281-A:25-a, I, provides that
“[r]einstatement under this section shall be subject to the provisions for
seniority rights and other employment restrictions contained in a valid
collective bargaining agreement between the employer and a representative of
the employer’s employees.” RSA 281-A:25-a, I.

       The CAB found that the petitioner failed to challenge his termination by
grieving it pursuant to the collective bargaining agreement. The respondent
appears to contend that because the petitioner failed to grieve his termination,
he cannot now challenge its legitimacy. If this were correct, the petitioner
would be considered to have been legitimately terminated for cause, and, under
our interpretation of the statute herein, would not be an “employee” eligible for
reinstatement under RSA 281-A:25-a, I. We cannot determine, however,
whether the petitioner’s failure to grieve forecloses a challenge to his
termination because the collective bargaining agreement is not contained in the
record before us. Accordingly, we vacate and remand for a determination on
that issue and for further proceedings, if necessary. In light of this disposition,
we need not reach the parties’ remaining arguments.

                                                   Vacated and remanded.

      DALIANIS, C.J., and CONBOY and BASSETT, JJ., concurred.




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