        IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                         AT KNOXVILLE
                          Assigned on Briefs January 29, 2013

                STATE OF TENNESSEE v. DANNY RAY DUNN

                 Appeal from the Criminal Court for Hamilton County
                       No. 281254    Rebecca J. Stern, Judge


                 No. E2012-00677-CCA-R3-CD - Filed March 27, 2013


Appellant, Danny Ray Dunn, entered guilty pleas without recommended sentences to four
counts of vehicular assault, one count of reckless aggravated assault, one count of driving
under the influence, one count of driving on a revoked license, and one count of violation of
the financial responsibility law. Following a sentencing hearing, the trial court sentenced
him to an effective twenty-year sentence consisting of five consecutive sentences of four
years each for the assaultive offenses; eleven months, twenty-nine days for driving under the
influence; six months for driving on a revoked license; and thirty days for violation of the
financial responsibility law, to be served in the Tennessee Department of Correction.
Appellant challenges the length of his sentences, sentence alignment, denial of a suspended
sentence, and denial of his motion to withdraw his guilty plea. Upon our review of the
record, we affirm the judgments of the trial court.

 Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgments of the Criminal Court Affirmed

R OGER A. P AGE, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which A LAN E. G LENN and J EFFREY
S. B IVINS, JJ., joined.

William Maurice Speek (on appeal); Ardena J. Garth, District Public Defender; and David
Barrow, Assistant District Public Defender (at trial), Chattanooga, Tennessee, for the
appellant, Danny Ray Dunn.

Robert E. Cooper, Jr., Attorney General and Reporter; Kyle Hixson, Assistant Attorney
General; William H. Cox, III, District Attorney General; and Kate Lavery, Assistant District
Attorney General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.
                                          OPINION

                                           I. Facts

       Appellant entered guilty pleas to four counts of vehicular assault and one count each
of reckless aggravated assault, driving under the influence, driving on a revoked license, and
violation of the financial responsibility law, with the agreement that the trial court would
determine the appropriate length of sentence, sentence alignment, and manner of service. At
the guilty plea hearing, the State made the following offer of proof:

              If the State proceeded to trial, the State would show that in Hamilton
       County, Tennessee, on or about May 20, 2011, at approximately 11:15 p.m.[,]
       [Chattanooga Police Department] officer[]s responded to a crash on I-24
       west[]bound near the Germantown exit. Witnesses state[d] a vehicle driven
       by the defendant was traveling at a high rate of speed while all the other traffic
       was slowing to a stop at a construction area. Some witnesses were slowing
       with their warning flashers on[,] but the defendant was speeding in one lane
       then moved suddenly into the middle lane and crashed into the back of a Ford
       Taurus[,] pushing the Taurus into the back of a semi-tractor trailer. The
       defendant’s car slid forward and to the right after the first crash and hit the
       Taurus a second time.

               In the Taurus were two adults in the front seat and three children in the
       back seat. All wore seat belts. The oldest of the children was a female[,] a
       week away from her [seventeenth] birthday, and two boys were [twelve] and
       [thirteen] years old. All five people in the Taurus were entrapped. Four were
       seriously injured, one critically, and one of the five escaped with only needing
       stitches in his head.

        At the March 26, 2012 sentencing hearing, Tammy Lusk, the driver of the vehicle and
one of the victims, testified. She explained that on May 20, 2011, they were driving on
Interstate 24. Their vehicle had slowed to a near stop, and the next thing she recalled was
waking up after the crash. At first, she did not know what had happened. She could not
breathe, and her children were shouting in the back seat. There was a terrible smell in the
air. She eventually realized that they had been in an automobile wreck. Her ex-husband was
in the front passenger seat, and he told her that he could not breathe well. Her son and a
friend of his were shouting frantically in the back seat. Ms. Lusk attempted to turn her head
slightly to try to calm the boys. She called out for her daughter, but her daughter did not
answer. At that time, the paramedics arrived. She asked them to attend to her daughter first.
She overheard one of the paramedics say that he thought her daughter had a broken neck.

                                              -2-
Ms. Lusk did not know if her daughter was still alive. She exited the vehicle with assistance
from a paramedic. While they cut the doors off her vehicle in an attempt to extricate her
daughter, Ms. Lusk traveled to the hospital in an ambulance with her son’s friend.

       Ms. Lusk stated that she underwent surgery the following morning to place steel rods
and plates in her right arm. She also received ten staples in the back of her head. She
suffered numerous broken ribs. Ms. Lusk could not go to the bathroom or take a shower by
herself for the first few weeks. She missed seven weeks of work and underwent physical
therapy for five weeks.

       Ms. Lusk testified that her daughter’s skull was fractured and her brain started to swell
when she was in the hospital. Medical personnel told Ms. Lusk that her daughter was in
stable condition but nothing more. Her daughter remained in a drug-induced coma for six
days. She then had surgery to repair her broken jaw and two surgeries to repair a broken eye
socket. Her daughter experienced double vision and some hearing loss. An ear specialist
determined that when the skull fracture healed, it sealed off the ear canal. She underwent an
additional surgery to remove scar tissue from the area so that her hearing could be restored.
She suffered from a residual palsy on the right side of her face. Her daughter was still under
medical supervision at the time of the hearing.

         Ms. Lusk recalled that her son’s physical injuries were not as severe. He required
stitches in the back of his head. He was released from the hospital on the night of the wreck,
but he was frightened to get into a vehicle. He asked his grandparents to pray with him
before they drove on the interstate because he was afraid someone would hit them again. The
situation was emotionally difficult for her son because his entire family and his friend were
all still in the hospital.

       Ms. Lusk testified that her former husband, Jeffrey Lusk, suffered broken ribs and a
collapsed lung. He was hospitalized for four weeks and spent three weeks in the cardiac care
unit (CCU). He had to have a tube placed in his lung two different times. He also contracted
pneumonia and had blood clots in both lungs. At the time of the hearing, an impending
surgery was scheduled for him.

       Jeffrey Lusk also testified about his recollection of the wreck. He recalled being
stopped in traffic and looking around to see if they could change lanes and exit the interstate.
His next memory was waking up after the crash. He heard the boys screaming in the back
seat. He called out for his daughter, but she did not respond. His son said, “Dad, Lauren’s
not awake.” He attempted to exit the vehicle to walk around and check on his daughter, but
as soon as he stepped out, he realized he could not stand up. He suffered eight broken ribs,
a punctured lung, and resulting blood clots. Doctors placed a filter in his lungs to prevent

                                              -3-
further clotting, and he was scheduled to have that removed a few weeks after the hearing.
His employer would only allow him to take a one-month leave of absence, so he lost his job.

        Eric Farmer, the father of the friend who was in the Lusks’ car, testified with regard
to his son’s injuries. He stated that his son was knocked unconscious from the impact and
that his left hip was dislocated. He lost a permanent tooth during the impact and suffered an
orbital fracture of the left eye socket that had to be repaired surgically. Mr. Farmer noted that
his son was in the hospital for three days but received physical therapy for several weeks
thereafter. He read a statement to the court detailing his son’s injuries, his and his ex-wife’s
time away from work, and the lasting effects of the wreck.

       Appellant testified on his own behalf. He stated that his wife died a couple of months
before the car wreck, and he frequently became intoxicated to ease the pain of his loss. He
said that it was no excuse for his actions. Appellant recalled the injuries that he suffered in
the wreck.

       Appellant testified that he served in the Marine Corps during the Vietnam War. He
had worked as a postal worker for approximately thirty-two years. He and his wife had been
together for thirteen years before she died. He also had three adult daughters, grandchildren,
and a great-grandchild. Appellant stated that he asked his uncle, who is a preacher, to
constantly pray for the family he injured.

        At the close of the evidence, the trial court found as enhancement factors that
appellant had a previous history of criminal behavior in addition to those necessary to
establish the appropriate range, that the personal injuries inflicted upon or the damage to
property sustained by the victim was particularly great (applied to four of the five victims),
that appellant previously failed to comply with the conditions of a sentence involving release
into the community, that appellant had no hesitation about committing a crime when the risk
to human life was high, and that appellant was on probation at the time of the offenses.
Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-114(1), (6), (8), (10), (13) (2010). The court found as mitigating
factors that appellant had been honorably discharged from military service, was grieving over
the loss of his wife, and had a steady history of employment. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-
113(13) (2010). The trial court sentenced appellant as a Range I offender to the maximum
sentence of four years on each of the five felony convictions. The court also sentenced
appellant to eleven months, twenty-nine days on the charge of driving under the influence,
six months on the charge of driving on a revoked license, and thirty days for violation of the
financial responsibility law.

      In considering sentence alignment, the trial court found that appellant was an offender
whose record of criminal activity was extensive, that he was a dangerous offender whose

                                               -4-
behavior indicated little or no regard for human life and no hesitation about committing a
crime in which the risk to human life was high, and that he was on probation at the time the
offenses were committed. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-115(2), (4), (6) (2010). The trial court
ordered that the five four-year sentences be served consecutively and the misdemeanor
sentences be served concurrently with the first felony sentence, resulting in an effective
twenty-year sentence.

       The trial court next considered whether to suspend appellant’s sentence and place him
on probation. In denying a probated sentence, the trial court found that confinement was
necessary to protect society by restraining a defendant who had a long history of criminal
conduct, to avoid depreciating the seriousness of the offense, and to serve as an effective
deterrent to others. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-103(1)(A), (B) (2010). It also found that
measures less restrictive than confinement had previously been unsuccessful and that the
potential for rehabilitation was poor due to appellant’s lengthy criminal history. Id. § 40-35-
103(C).

                                         II. Analysis

        In this appeal, appellant contends that: (1) the trial court erred in applying the
enhancement factor that the personal injuries inflicted upon the victim were particularly
great; (2) that the trial court erred in applying the enhancement factor that appellant had no
hesitation about committing a crime when the risk to human life was high; (3) that the trial
court erred in ordering consecutive service of his felony sentences; (4) that the trial court
erred in ordering a sentence of full incarceration; and (5) that the trial court erred in denying
appellant’s motion to withdraw his guilty plea.

                                     1. Sentencing Issues

                                   A. Standard of Review

        In determining an appropriate sentence, a trial court must consider the following
factors: (1) the evidence, if any, received at the trial and the sentencing hearing; (2) the
presentence report; (3) the principles of sentencing and arguments as to sentencing
alternatives; (4) the nature and characteristics of the criminal conduct involved; (5) evidence
and information offered by the parties on mitigating and enhancement factors; (6) any
statistical information provided by the administrative office of the courts as to sentencing
practices for similar offenses in Tennessee; (7) any statement the defendant makes on his
own behalf as to sentencing; and (8) the potential for rehabilitation. Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 40-
35-103(5), -113, -114, -210(b) (2010). In addition, “[t]he sentence imposed should be the



                                               -5-
least severe measure necessary to achieve the purposes for which the sentence is imposed.”
Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-103(4) (2010).

        Pursuant to the 2005 amendments, the Sentencing Act abandoned the statutory
presumptive minimum sentence and rendered enhancement factors advisory only. See Tenn.
Code Ann. §§ 40-35-114, 40-35-210(c) (2010). The 2005 amendments set forth certain
“advisory sentencing guidelines” that are not binding on the trial court; however, the trial
court must nonetheless consider them. See id. § 40-35-210(c). Although the application of
the factors is advisory, a court shall consider “[e]vidence and information offered by the
parties on the mitigating and enhancement factors in §§ 40-35-113 and 40-35-114.” Id. § 40-
35-210(b)(5). The trial court must also place on the record “what enhancement or mitigating
factors were considered, if any, as well as the reasons for the sentence, to ensure fair and
consistent sentencing.” Id. § 40-35-210(e). The weighing of mitigating and enhancing
factors is left to the sound discretion of the trial court. State v. Carter, 254 S.W.3d 335, 345
(2008). The burden of proving applicable mitigating factors rests upon appellant. State v.
Mark Moore, No. 03C01-9403-CR-00098, 1995 WL 548786, at *6 (Tenn. Crim. App. Sept.
18, 1995). The trial court’s weighing of the various enhancement and mitigating factors is
not grounds for reversal under the revised Sentencing Act. Carter, 254 S.W.3d at 345 (citing
State v. Devin Banks, No. W2005-02213-CCA-R3-DD, 2007 WL 1966039, at *48 (Tenn.
Crim. App. July 6, 2007), aff’d as corrected, 271 S.W.3d 90 (Tenn. 2008)).

      A trial court should base its decision regarding alternative sentencing on the following
considerations:

       (A)    Confinement is necessary to protect society by restraining a defendant
              who has a long history of criminal conduct;

       (B)    Confinement is necessary to avoid depreciating the seriousness of the
              offense or confinement is particularly suited to provide an effective
              deterrence to others likely to commit similar offenses;

       (C)    Measures less restrictive than confinement have frequently or recently
              been applied unsuccessfully to the defendant.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-103(1) (2010).

      When an accused challenges the length and manner of service of a sentence, this court
reviews the trial court’s sentencing determination under an abuse of discretion standard
accompanied by a presumption of reasonableness. State v. Bise, 380 S.W.3d 682, 707 (Tenn.
2012). This standard of review also applies to “the questions related to probation or any

                                              -6-
other alternative sentence.” State v. Caudle, 388 S.W.3d 273, 278-79 (Tenn. 2012). If a trial
court misapplies an enhancing or mitigating factor in passing sentence, said error will not
remove the presumption of reasonableness from its sentencing determination. Id. at 709.
This court will uphold the trial court’s sentencing decision “so long as it is within the
appropriate range and the record demonstrates that the sentence is otherwise in compliance
with the purposes and principles listed by statute.” Id. at 709-10. Moreover, under such
circumstances, appellate courts may not disturb the sentence even if we had preferred a
different result. See Carter, 254 S.W.3d at 346. The party challenging the sentence imposed
by the trial court has the burden of establishing that the sentence is erroneous. Tenn. Code
Ann. § 40-35-401 (2010), Sentencing Comm’n Cmts; State v. Ashby, 823 S.W.2d 166, 169
(Tenn. 1991).

         B. Applicability of Tennessee Code Annotated Section 40-35-114(6),
       That The Personal Injuries Inflicted upon the Victim Were Particularly Great

      Appellant contends that this enhancement factor is inapplicable to convictions for
vehicular assault because “serious bodily injury” is an element of vehicular assault.

        In State v. Jones, 883 S.W.2d 597, 602 (Tenn. 1994), the Tennessee Supreme Court
held that the statutory definition of “serious bodily injury necessarily included particularly
great injury.” State v. Rhodes, 917 S.W.2d 708, 714 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1995). The court thus
concluded that enhancement factor (6) is an element of an offense requiring serious bodily
injury, including vehicular assault. Accordingly, the trial court erred in applying this
enhancement factor to the convictions involving the two minors and Mr. Lusk as victims.

        However, this court has held that application of enhancement factor (6) to a conviction
of vehicular assault is proper based on property damage. State v. Robbie R. Bailey,
E2001-00210-CCA-R3-CD, 2001 WL 1516956, at *5 (Tenn. Crim. App. Nov. 29, 2001).
The presentence report, made a part of the record, states that Ms. Lusk’s automobile, valued
at $7,000, was totaled. We conclude that this property damage is sufficient to warrant the
trial court’s application of enhancement factor (6) to the vehicular assault conviction
involving Ms. Lusk.

         C. Applicability of Tennessee Code Annotated Section 40-35-114(10),
             That Appellant Had No Hesitation about Committing a Crime
                       When the Risk to Human Life Was High

       Appellant claims that the trial court erred in applying this enhancement factor,
asserting that no evidence supported the finding that he had “no” hesitation.



                                              -7-
        Appellant’s argument has been foreclosed by our supreme court. Our Rhodes court
noted that the supreme court “de-emphasized the reference to ‘no hesitation’ because it was
too subjective.” Rhodes, 917 S.W.2d at 714 (citing Jones, 883 S.W.2d at 602) (“As a
practical matter, hesitation or lack of hesitation does not submit readily to proof because of
its subjective nature. The more logical interpretation of this enhancement factor places the
emphasis on ‘risk to human life was high.’”)). Placing greater emphasis on that portion of
the factor that the “risk to human life was high,” we conclude that the trial court properly
applied this enhancement factor. Appellant drove through a congested area of construction
on a busy interstate in a large metropolitan area while highly intoxicated, endangering the
lives of everyone working in the construction zone or driving on the road. The offer of proof
made by the State at the guilty plea hearing established that there were multiple witnesses to
the crash, indicating the presence of multiple drivers in the vicinity. The trial court did not
err in finding this enhancement factor.

        As noted above, a trial court’s misapplication of an enhancing or mitigating factor in
passing sentence will not remove the presumption of reasonableness from its sentencing
determination. Bise, 380 S.W.3d at 709. Although the trial court erred in applying
enhancement factor (6) to three of the four victims in this case, we nonetheless conclude that
the sentencing decision was “within the appropriate range and the record demonstrates that
the sentence is otherwise in compliance with the purposes and principles listed by statute.”
Id. at 709-10. Appellant is not entitled to relief.

                                D. Consecutive Sentencing

        Appellant claims that the trial court erred in ordering consecutive sentences. We
disagree. As grounds for his argument, appellant maintains that his resulting twenty-year
sentence is excessive, “stretches beyond what is fair and justly deserved,” and “is not
reasonably related to the severity of the offense[s] involved.” Appellant does not contest the
trial court’s reliance on Tennessee Code Annotated sections 40-35-115(2) and (6). He only
disputes the trial court’s failure to find that the “aggregate sentence is reasonably related to
the severity of the offenses and is necessary to protect the public from further criminal
activity.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-115(4) (2010).

       The determination of whether to order consecutive rather than concurrent sentences
is a matter primarily within the discretion of the trial court. See State v. Hastings, 25 S.W.3d
178, 181 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1999). The procedure is governed by Tennessee Code
Annotated section 40-35-115, which lists seven factors that are relevant to a trial court’s
sentencing decision. The court may order consecutive sentences if it finds by a
preponderance of the evidence that one or more of the seven statutory criteria exists. Tenn.
Code Ann.§ 40-35-115(b) (2010). Of the seven factors, the trial court found the following

                                              -8-
applicable to appellant’s case: (1) appellant was an offender whose record of criminal
activity was extensive; (2) appellant was a dangerous offender whose behavior indicated little
or no regard for human life and no hesitation about committing a crime in which the risk to
human life was high; and (3) appellant was on probation at the time the offenses were
committed. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-115(2), (4), (6) (2010).

       We first note that the trial court’s application of factor (4) may have been improper.
Since the supreme court issued the Bise and Caudle opinions changing the standard of review
of sentencing determinations by the trial court to abuse of discretion attributed with a
presumption of reasonableness, we question the continued viability of State v. Wilkerson, 905
S.W.2d 933 (Tenn. 1995), within this context. See Bise, 380 S.W.3d at 707; Caudle, 388
S.W.3d at 278-79; see also State v. Jereco Tynes, No. W2010-02511-CCA-R3-CD, 2013
WL 1043202, at *24 n.7 (Tenn. Crim. App. Mar. 13, 2013). However, absent clear direction
from our supreme court, the current state of the law requires that before a trial court may
impose consecutive sentences on the basis of being a “dangerous offender,” it must make
additional findings that “‘an extended sentence is necessary to protect the public’ and is
‘reasonably related to the severity of the offenses committed.’” State v. Lane, 3 S.W.3d 456,
460 (Tenn. 1999) (quoting Wilkerson, 905 S.W.2d at 939). The Wilkerson considerations
only apply to the trial court’s finding of factor (4) because “of all of the categories for
consecutive sentencing, the dangerous offender category is the most subjective and hardest
to apply.” Id. Because the trial court in this case failed to make the requisite Wilkerson
findings, application of this factor may have been error.

       However, the trial court’s reliance on the two other factors in support of imposition
of consecutive sentences was proper. The trial court properly found that appellant was an
offender whose record of criminal activity was extensive. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-
115(2) (2010). The presentence report indicated that appellant had been convicted of two
prior offenses of driving under the influence. He also had two convictions of domestic
violence, three convictions of assault, and one conviction of patronizing prostitution.

       Likewise, there is no dispute that appellant was on probation at the time he committed
the offenses in the instant case. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-115(6) (2010). Moreover, he
was on probation for driving under the influence, which was one of the offenses of which he
was convicted in this case. The trial court correctly relied upon this factor in imposing
consecutive sentences. Appellant is not entitled to relief.

                            E. Denial of a Suspended Sentence

      Appellant’s final claim of error with regard to his sentence is that the trial court
improperly denied him any form of alternative sentencing.

                                             -9-
       An appellant is eligible for alternative sentencing if the sentence actually imposed is
ten years or less. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-303(a) (2010).1 An especially mitigated or
standard offender convicted of a Class C, D, or E felony is considered to be a favorable
candidate for alternative sentencing in absence of evidence to the contrary. See Tenn. Code
Ann. § 40-35-102(6) (2010).

       In denying any form of alternative sentence in this case, the trial court found that: (1)
confinement was necessary to protect society by restraining a defendant who had a long
history of criminal conduct, specifically charges of driving under the influence and violent
offenses; (2) confinement was necessary to avoid depreciating the seriousness of the offense;
(3) confinement was particularly suited to provide an effective deterrent to others; and (4)
measures less restrictive had been unsuccessful in the past. Id. § 40-35-103(1)(A), (B), (C)
(2010).

       Relying on State v. Bingham, 910 S.W.2d 448 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1995), appellant’s
primary grievance with the trial court’s denial of a suspended sentence rests on the lack of
evidence supporting a deterrent value in the sentence. Appellant’s reliance is misplaced.
Our supreme court expressly overruled the proposition that requiring the record to show “that
the sentence imposed will have a deterrent effect . . . is contrary to the language of the
statute” and overruling “Bingham . . . or any other case [that] can be read to require proof that
incarceration will or should result in deterrence.” See State v. Hooper, 29 S.W.3d 1, 9-10
(Tenn. 2000) (emphasis added).

       Nonetheless, in Hooper, our supreme court emphasized that “the record must contain
some proof of the need for deterrence before a defendant, who is otherwise eligible for
probation or other alternative sentence, may be incarcerated.” Id. at 9 (emphasis added); see
also State v Cynthia Denise Marshall, No. W2012-01011-CCA-R3-CD, 2013 WL 257050,
at *3 (Tenn. Crim. App. Jan. 23, 2013). Accordingly, the court enumerated several factors
“to facilitate more meaningful appellate review[ ] and to ensure greater consistency in this
aspect of sentencing. . . when deciding whether a need for deterrence is present and whether
incarceration is ‘particularly suited’ to achieve that goal.” Id. at 10. Among those factors
is: “[w]hether the defendant has previously engaged in criminal conduct of the same type as
the offense in question . . . .” Id. at 12 (noting that “repeated occurrences of the same type


        1
           Although appellant’s aggregate sentence is twenty years, he is still eligible for probation because
his individual sentences were four years each. See State v. Langston, 708 S.W.2d 830, 832-33 (Tenn. 1986)
(citing Tenn. Code Ann.§ 40-35-303(a) (2010)); see also Tenn. Code Ann.§ 40-35-303(a), Sent. Comm’n
Cmts (2010) (noting that where defendant had multiple convictions and the aggregate sentence “exceeded
that for probation eligibility, defendant would still be eligible for probation consideration if the individual
convictions fell within the probation eligibility criteria”).

                                                     -10-
of criminal conduct by a defendant generally warrant a more emphatic reminder that criminal
actions carry consequences”).

       We reiterate that appellant had two prior convictions for driving under the influence
and was, indeed, on probation for driving under the influence when he committed the instant
offenses, which included driving under the influence. Moreover, the facts of this case are
egregious, and the trial court properly found that confinement was necessary to avoid
depreciating the seriousness of the conduct. Several factors support the denial of alternative
sentencing in this case. Thus, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying appellant
a suspended sentence.

                               2. Withdrawal of Guilty Pleas

       Appellant claims that the trial court erred in denying his motion to withdraw his guilty
pleas. He claims that the pleas were involuntarily and unknowingly entered due to the
consumption of “mind-altering medications.”

      A defendant’s right to withdraw a guilty plea is governed by Rule 32(f) of the
Tennessee Rules of Criminal Procedure:

       (1)    Before sentence is imposed, the court may grant a motion to withdraw
              a guilty plea for any fair and just reason.

       (2)    After sentence is imposed but before the judgment becomes final, the
              court may set aside the judgment of conviction and permit the
              defendant to withdraw the plea to correct manifest injustice.

Appellant entered his guilty pleas on January 19, 2012. He was sentenced and the judgments
were entered on March 26, 2012, and he filed the motion to withdraw his guilty pleas on
April 5, 2012. Because appellant filed the motion to withdraw his guilty pleas “after the
sentence [was] imposed but before the judgment[s] [became] final,” the more demanding
standard, “to correct manifest injustice,” applies to our review of this issue. State v. Crowe,
168 S.W.3d 731, 741 (Tenn. 2005); see Tenn. R. Crim. P. 32(f). “This standard is based
‘upon practical considerations important to the proper administration of justice.’” Crowe, 168
S.W.3d at 741 (quoting Kadwell v. United States, 315 F.2d 667, 670 (9th Cir. 1963)). In
analyzing the meaning of “manifest injustice,” this court wrote:

               Rule 32(f) does not define “manifest injustice,” however, courts have
       identified circumstances that meet the manifest injustice standard necessary for
       withdrawal of a plea. Withdrawal to correct manifest injustice is warranted

                                              -11-
       where: (1) the plea was entered through a misunderstanding as to its effect, or
       through fear or fraud, or where it was not made voluntarily; (2) the prosecution
       failed to disclose exculpatory evidence as required by Brady v. Maryland, and
       this failure to disclose influenced the entry of the plea; (3) the plea was not
       knowingly, voluntarily, and understandingly entered, and (4) the defendant
       was denied the effective assistance of counsel in connection with the entry of
       the plea.

State v. Virgil, 256 S.W.3d 235, 240 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2008) (internal citations omitted).
Appellant bears the burden of establishing that his plea should be withdrawn to correct a
manifest injustice. State v. Turner, 919 S.W.2d 346, 355 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1995).

        “A defendant does not have a unilateral right to withdraw a plea.” Crowe, 168
S.W.3d at 740. See also State v. Mellon, 118 S.W.3d 340, 345 (Tenn. 2003) (stating that
once a defendant enters a guilty plea, he cannot later withdraw it as a matter of right). “[A]
defendant’s change of heart about pleading guilty or [his] dissatisfaction with the punishment
ultimately imposed does not constitute manifest injustice warranting withdrawal.” Crowe,
168 S.W.3d at 743 (citing Turner, 919 S.W.2d at 355). Whether a defendant should be
allowed to withdraw his guilty plea is left to the sound discretion of the trial court, regardless
of when the motion is filed. Crowe, 168 S.W.3d at 740; Mellon, 118 S.W.3d at 345-46. An
appellate court will not disturb the trial court’s ruling unless a clear abuse of discretion is
evident on the face of the record. Crowe, 168 S.W.3d at 740; Turner, 919 S.W.2d at 355.
A trial court abuses its discretion if the record fails to contain substantial evidence to support
the trial court’s conclusion. Crowe, 168 S.W.3d at 740; Goosby v. State, 917 S.W.2d 700,
705 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1995).

       The record with regard to appellant’s motion to withdraw his guilty pleas is sparse.
In his pro se motion, he made the bare allegation that he had taken “mind-altering
medications” that prevented him from knowingly entering his pleas. However, we note that
appellant remained in custody pending his guilty pleas and sentencing hearing. If, indeed,
he took any such medications, they would have been prescribed by the jail physician and
distributed through the infirmary or pharmacy. Appellant presented no such evidence in
support of his motion. Absent any discernable factual allegation, the trial court summarily
denied appellant’s motion.

       Moreover, we have reviewed the transcript of the guilty plea hearing and determine
that appellant exhibited lucidity and responded properly to all inquiries. The record contains
no indication that appellant was at all confused or did not understand the questions being
asked of him. We also note that appellant did not have counsel file this motion during the
two months between his guilty plea and his sentencing hearing. It was not until the trial court

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passed an unfavorable sentence that he filed the pro se motion. The unavoidable conclusion
is that appellant had hoped for a more lenient sentence. As noted above, “a defendant’s
change of heart about pleading guilty or [his] dissatisfaction with the punishment ultimately
imposed does not constitute manifest injustice warranting withdrawal.” Crowe, 168 S.W.3d
at 743 (citing Turner, 919 S.W.2d at 355). The trial court properly denied appellant’s motion
to withdraw his guilty pleas.

                                     CONCLUSION

       Based on our review of the record, the parties’ briefs, and the applicable law, we
discern no reversible error and affirm the judgments of the trial court.


                                                   _________________________________
                                                   ROGER A. PAGE, JUDGE




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