     Case: 15-41396    Document: 00513838006   Page: 1   Date Filed: 01/17/2017




        IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                 FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT    United States Court of Appeals
                                                   Fifth Circuit

                                                                      FILED
                                                                  January 17, 2017
                                No. 15-41396
                                                                   Lyle W. Cayce
                                                                        Clerk

In the Matter of: DALLAS ROADSTER, LIMITED; IEDA ENTERPRISES,
INC.

             Debtors

TEXAS CAPITAL BANK N.A.,

             Appellee-Cross-Appellant-Cross-Appellee

v.

DALLAS ROADSTER, LIMITED,

             Appellant-Cross-Appellee

IEDA ENTERPRISE, INCORPORATED; BAHMAN KHOBAHY

             Cross-Appellees

BAHMAN HAFEZAMINI

             Cross-Appellee-Cross-Appellant




                Appeals from the United States District Court
                      for the Eastern District of Texas


Before KING, OWEN, and HAYNES, Circuit Judges.
KING, Circuit Judge:
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                                  No. 15-41396
        This case comes to us after more than five years of litigation over loan
agreements between a bank and a used car dealership. The borrower, Dallas
Roadster, Limited, sought damages, and the lender, Texas Capital Bank N.A.,
sought certain attorneys’ fees after receiving full payment on the loans through
the borrower’s bankruptcy proceedings. Each contends that the other breached
the loan agreements. Following a four day bench trial on the breach of contract
issues, the district court issued take-nothing judgments on the borrower’s and
lender’s claims. Both the borrower and the lender appealed, as did one of the
borrower’s guarantors, who challenges the grant of summary judgment
dismissing his counterclaims against the lender. For the following reasons, we
AFFIRM in part, VACATE in part, and REMAND.
            I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
        Dallas Roadster, Limited (“Roadster”), which operates a used car
dealership, executed several loan agreements with Texas Capital Bank N.A.
(“TCB”). While the business relationship proved profitable for both parties
over the course of several years, it ended when TCB declared that events of
default had occurred, accelerated the outstanding balances on the loans, and
sought an ex parte receivership in state court. TCB’s actions coincided with a
raid by the Drug Enforcement Administration (“DEA”) of Roadster and the
arrest of Roadster’s CEO, Bahman Hafezamini, on money laundering charges.
A. The Contracts
        In 2008, TCB and Roadster executed promissory notes evidencing: (1) a
$4 million loan that Roadster could use on a revolving basis for purchasing
inventory (“Floor Plan Note”); and (2) an approximately $2 million loan that
Roadster used to refinance its real estate (“Real Estate Note”). The maturity
date of the revolving loan was extended by agreement of the parties several
times. As relevant here, the loan was scheduled to mature on December 15,
2011.
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      In connection with the Floor Plan Note, TCB and Roadster also executed
a Loan and Security Agreement (“Floor Plan Loan Agreement”). Hafezamini
(Roadster’s CEO), Bahman Khobahy (Roadster’s President), and IEDA
Enterprise, Inc. (a Texas corporation that is the general partner of Roadster
and is owned 50% by Hafezamini and 50% by Khobahy) each executed an
unlimited guaranty agreement.        The Floor Plan Loan Agreement set out
various requirements and rights. For example, in § 7.2(o), Roadster agreed to
a “Change of Ownership or Control” clause, which provided that Roadster
would not “[p]ermit any change in the ownership or control of Borrower, or
permit the sale, transfer or conveyance of any shares or other interest in
Borrower” without the prior written consent of TCB. Additionally, § 7.1(a)
required Roadster to “[a]t all times maintain full and accurate books of account
and records” and furnish to TCB certain financial statements and certificates
of compliance.    Specifically, Roadster was obligated to certify after each
calendar quarter that it was in full compliance with each of the covenants in
the Floor Plan Loan Agreement and that there were no events of default.
      Relevant to this appeal, the Floor Plan Loan Agreement also contained
an “Events of Default and Remedies” section, which listed fifteen events of
default. The occurrence and continuance of an event of default would allow
TCB to exercise various remedies. Although during the period at issue, there
may have been other events of default, the primary focus here is on two of the
fifteen events: § 9.1(n) – if TCB, “in good faith, shall deem itself insecure,” and
§ 9.1(o) – if Roadster or any of its guarantors “suffers a material adverse
change in its business or financial condition.” The Floor Plan Loan Agreement
provided various default remedies that TCB could exercise if an event of
default occurred. For example, TCB could accelerate the outstanding balance
immediately and seek the appointment of a receiver.


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       The Floor Plan Loan Agreement also included a non-waiver clause,
which stated, in part, that no waiver “shall ever be effective unless it is in
writing and signed by” TCB. Additionally, the Floor Plan Loan Agreement
contained covenants requiring Roadster to pay TCB’s expenses and attorneys’
fees under certain circumstances. 1
       In connection with the Real Estate Note, TCB and Roadster also
executed a Loan and Security Agreement (“Real Estate Loan Agreement”) and
a Deed of Trust. Similar to the Floor Plan Loan Agreement, the Real Estate
Loan Agreement contained various obligations on the part of Roadster, a list
of events of default, and remedies that TCB could exercise. Moreover, the Real
Estate Loan Agreement included a “cross-default” provision, which stated that
a default under any other loan agreement between TCB and Roadster, such as
the Floor Plan Loan Agreement, would also constitute an event of default
under the Real Estate Loan Agreement.
B. DEA Investigation
       In September 2010, the DEA notified TCB that it was investigating
Roadster and Hafezamini, among others. As part of the investigation, the DEA
conducted four undercover operations in which government agents purchased
vehicles from Roadster, each time using more than $10,000 in cash. Although



       1   For example, § 7.1(h) stated that Roadster agreed to “pay all reasonable costs and
expenses incurred by or on behalf of Lender (including attorneys’ fees) in connection
with . . . (iv) the defense or enforcement of the Loan Documents, and (v) the defense or
enforcement of the Loan Documents and the amendment, restructuring or ‘workout’ of any
of the Loan Documents.” The Floor Plan Loan Agreement also included a “General
Indemnity” clause, which stated, in part, that “Borrower promises to indemnify Lender, upon
demand, from and against any and all liabilities, obligations, claims, . . . suits, costs,
expenses or disbursements of any kind or nature whatsover which may be imposed on,
incurred by, or asserted against Lender . . . (whether or not caused by any negligent act or
omission of any kind by Lender) growing out of or resulting from the Loan Documents and
the transactions and events at any time associated therewith (including without limitation
the enforcement of the Loan Documents and the defense of Lender’s actions and inactions in
connection with the Revolving Loan).” (Emphasis in the original.)
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Roadster was required to file a form with the Internal Revenue Service
anytime more than $10,000 in cash was used for a purchase, Roadster failed
to do so after each of these undercover purchases.
      Throughout the investigation, TCB cooperated with and was regularly
kept up to date by the DEA. For example, after the first undercover purchase,
the DEA met with TCB to review a large cash deposit by Roadster. The DEA
also communicated with TCB about potential arrests.           For example, on
November 9, 2011, the DEA emailed TCB that a federal grand jury had
indicted Hafezamini on money laundering charges and that the DEA intended
to implement searches and arrests on November 16, 2011. The next day, the
DEA met with and told TCB that a search of Roadster would occur on
November 16, 2011.
      On November 16, 2011, the DEA executed its search warrants and seized
books, records, computer equipment, and currency from Roadster. Hafezamini
was also arrested on November 16. His indictment was later dismissed after
he agreed to a pretrial diversion agreement in July 2012.
C. TCB’s Actions After Becoming Aware of the DEA Investigation
      In late 2010, after being alerted to the DEA investigation, TCB started
to take steps to protect itself. Specifically, TCB hired a monitor who conducted
daily audits on Roadster’s premises. TCB also asked Roadster to start looking
for alternative financing, a prompt that may also have been occasioned in part
by the approaching maturity date of the Floor Plan Note. At least by late June
2011, TCB had retained counsel to prepare for the filing of a receivership.
During this time, however, Roadster continued to operate efficiently. Indeed,




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                                      No. 15-41396
an email from a TCB employee in May 2011 recognized that “Dallas Roadster
appears to be operating more efficiently than ever.” 2
       On October 26, 2011, TCB sent a Notice of Default to Roadster, IEDA,
Hafezamini, and Khobahy claiming that Roadster was in default under the
loan agreement because Roadster had sought financing from Automotive
Finance Corporation (“AFC”). TCB requested that Roadster notify it in writing
if Roadster had not entered into a financing agreement with AFC. Although
Roadster did not respond to TCB in writing, Roadster did inform
representatives of TCB in person that it had not entered into a credit facility
with AFC. 3
       On November 15, 2011, the day before the DEA raided Roadster and
arrested Hafezamini, TCB sent a Notice of Acceleration and Notice of Cross-
Default and Acceleration to Roadster, IEDA, Hafezamini, and Khobahy. The
letter was not actually delivered until the next day, November 16. In the letter,
TCB once again based its default claim on Roadster’s pursuit of alternative
financing from AFC. Additionally, TCB cited two other events of default under
the Floor Plan Loan Agreement as independent grounds for exercising its
default remedies: § 9.1(n) (when TCB, in good faith, deems itself insecure), and



       2 On June 22, 2011, TCB and Roadster had executed a covenant default forbearance
agreement. Roadster had failed to submit required financial statements to TCB, and in
consideration of TCB’s forbearance of exercising its rights on default, Roadster and its
guarantors agreed to “release, relinquish and forever discharge [TCB] . . . from any and all
claims, demands, actions and causes of actions of any and every kind or character, whether
known or unknown, equitable or legal, present or future of whatever kind, nature and
description, that now exist or that might hereafter arise, based upon any act, event or
relationship occurring or existing at any time through the date this letter is executed and
relating in any manner to the extension, negotiation or administration of the Loan.”
       3 Roadster had signed a Demand Promissory Note and Security Agreement with AFC.

The district court found that TCB could not rely on any agreement between Roadster and
AFC as a prior material breach committed by Roadster because TCB “knew about it and
continued to accept payments, continued to accept the contract as ongoing, and then insisted
on performance by [Roadster].” As we have noted, the Floor Plan Loan Agreement contains
a non-waiver provision which the district court did not acknowledge or address in its ruling.
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                                        No. 15-41396
§ 9.1(o) (when Roadster or any guarantor suffers a material adverse change in
its business or financial condition). The letter concluded that this was not
intended to be an exhaustive list of potential events of default.
      On November 16, 2011, soon after the DEA raid had begun, TCB filed its
Original Petition and Emergency Application for Appointment of a Receiver in
Texas state court against Roadster and its guarantors (IEDA, Hafezamini, and
Khobahy). The suit alleged (1) default under the Floor Plan Note, (2) breach
of contract, (3) liability on the guaranties, and (4) entitlement to attorneys’
fees. Additionally, as part of the emergency application for receivership, TCB
“request[ed] that the Court appoint a receiver to take control of and manage
the property . . . and to provide for an orderly liquidation of the Personal
Property to satisfy the outstanding indebtedness under the Loan Documents
and in accordance with [TCB’s] rights under the same.” Under Dallas County
local rules, TCB was required to provide Roadster with notice of the ex parte
application at least two hours before it was filed.               However, apparently
invoking an exception to the local rules, TCB did not provide Roadster with
notice because TCB’s attorney declared that notice “would impair or annul the
court’s power to grant relief because the subject matter of the Application could
be accomplished or property removed, secreted or destroyed, if notice were
required.”
      Accompanying the Original Petition and Emergency Application for
Appointment of a Receiver was an affidavit from Paul Noonan, a senior vice
president at TCB. The Texas state court granted the ex parte application soon
after it was filed. Notably, after the bench trial, the district court found that
Noonan’s affidavit contained a number of false statements. 4




      4   TCB disputes that this affidavit was false.
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D. Bankruptcy and Adversary Proceedings
       Roadster did not appeal the receivership. Instead, on December 12,
2011, Roadster filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy. 5 On December 20, 2011, the
bankruptcy court entered an agreed order requiring the receiver to return to
Roadster the assets in the receiver’s custody.
       i. Bankruptcy Court Proceedings
       In December 2012, TCB’s state court action was removed to the
bankruptcy court, commencing an adversary proceeding.                       In July 2013,
Roadster, IEDA, Khobahy, and Hafezamini each filed an answer and
counterclaims against TCB.
       In October 2013, the bankruptcy court confirmed Roadster’s third
amended plan of reorganization (“Confirmed Plan”), and the adversary
proceeding was withdrawn to federal district court.                 The Confirmed Plan
resolved all remaining disputes over Roadster’s outstanding loan balance, 6 as
well as (1) all of TCB’s pre-petition attorneys’ fees and expenses, and (2) the
fees and expenses incurred in connection with the bankruptcy case after the
bankruptcy petition was filed.           However, the Confirmed Plan specifically
carved out the “post-petition litigation fees and expenses” related to this
litigation and stated that it was not affecting TCB’s right to pursue these fees.
       ii. Summary Judgment
       In the district court, TCB filed a First Amended Complaint.                       The
complaint clarified that TCB sought only its post-petition attorneys’ fees,
which were carved out of the Confirmed Plan. At this stage of the litigation,
the following claims remained: (1) TCB’s claims for breach of contract against



       5IEDA also filed for bankruptcy the same day.
       6 Roadster had already paid off the Floor Plan Note. Between December 2011 and
February 2012, Roadster agreed to liquidate a portion of its inventory in order to pay off the
Floor Plan Note.
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Roadster and its guarantors (IEDA, Khobahy, and Hafezamini) seeking to
recover its post-petition attorneys’ fees; 7 (2) Roadster’s various counterclaims
against     TCB,     including      breach     of   contract; 8     (3) Khobahy’s      various
counterclaims against TCB; 9 and (4) Hafezamini’s various counterclaims
against TCB. 10
       In    March     2015,     the    magistrate      judge     issued     a   report     and
recommendation on TCB’s motion for summary judgment and Roadster’s
partial motion for summary judgment. 11 The magistrate judge recommended
that TCB’s summary judgment motion be granted as to all of Hafezamini’s,
Khobahy’s, and Roadster’s claims except for Roadster’s breach of contract
claim. The magistrate judge recommended that Roadster’s partial summary
judgment motion be denied. Thus, the only claims that would survive after




       7  TCB alleged causes of action for (1) breach of contract against Roadster for post-
petition attorneys’ fees; (2) breach of the guaranties against IEDA, Khobahy, and Hafezamini
for post-petition attorneys’ fees; and (3) breach of contract and the guaranties against
Khobahy and Hafezamini for failure to indemnify TCB against the counterclaims.
        8 Roadster alleged causes of action for (1) breach of contract; (2) fraud; (3) negligent

misrepresentation; (4) wrongful receivership; and (5) declaration of common law partnership
or its equivalent.
        9 Khobahy alleged causes of action for (1) breach of contract; (2) tortious interference

with existing contract and prospective relations; (3) wrongful receivership; (4) conversion;
(5) fraud; (6) intentional infliction of emotional distress; (7) negligent misrepresentation;
(8) defamation/business disparagement; (9) promissory estoppel; (10) unjust enrichment;
(11) money had and received; (12) violation of the Texas Theft Liability Act; and (13) violation
of the Equal Credit Opportunity Act.
        10 Hafezamini alleged causes of action for (1) malicious prosecution of civil and/or

criminal proceedings; (2) abuse of process; (3) intentional infliction of emotional distress;
(4) tortious interference with existing contracts and prospective relations; (5) fraud / fraud in
the inducement / violation of the Deceptive Trade Practices Act; (6) promissory estoppel;
(7) wrongful receivership; and (8) violation of the Equal Credit Opportunity Act.
Additionally, Hafezamini adopted the causes of action alleged by Roadster.
        11 TCB also had filed motions to dismiss against the claims asserted by Roadster,

Hafezamini, and Khobahy that were still pending at the time of this decision. The parties
agreed before the magistrate judge that a ruling on the summary judgment motions would
moot the pending motions to dismiss.
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                                        No. 15-41396
summary judgment were TCB’s breach of contract claims for attorneys’ fees
and Roadster’s breach of contract counterclaim.
       TCB, Roadster, Khobahy, and Hafezamini each filed objections to the
magistrate judge’s report and recommendation. Reviewing the objections de
novo, the district court adopted in full the magistrate judge’s report and
recommendation. 12
       iii. Bench Trial
       In August 2015, the district court conducted a four day bench trial,
ultimately entering take-nothing judgments on TCB’s and Roadster’s
remaining claims. Unsurprisingly, Roadster’s and TCB’s narratives at trial of
the events leading up to the bankruptcy differed sharply.                      In short, TCB
contended that it simply took remedial steps that were allowed under the Floor
Plan Loan Agreement and the Real Estate Loan Agreement. According to
TCB, there were multiple events of default, and the Floor Plan Loan
Agreement specifically granted TCB the option of accelerating the balances of
the loans and obtaining a receivership if an event of default occurred. Roadster
countered, however, that it was over-collateralized, TCB’s interests were never
in jeopardy, and no event of default had occurred that would justify TCB
accelerating the loan and seeking an ex parte receivership. Rather, according
to Roadster, TCB saw an opportunity to exit the loan agreements and used bad




       12Shortly after this order was issued, the case was transferred to a different district
judge. In August 2015, the new district judge issued an order “[t]o streamline the
presentation of evidence at trial” by “clarif[ying] the rulings on” the parties’ objections to the
magistrate judge’s report and recommendation. Besides clarifying the reasoning for
overruling certain objections, the district court primarily clarified that the guarantors
“guaranteed [Roadster’s] performance, not TCB’s bad actions. If, at trial, TCB is found
responsible to [Roadster] for its bad acts, and if TCB is found to have materially breached the
loan documents before [Roadster] materially breached the applicable loan documents, then
[Khobahy and Hafezamini], as guarantor[s], would not have to reimburse TCB for its own
bad acts.”
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                                       No. 15-41396
faith tactics to do so. In an oral ruling, 13 the district court largely agreed with
Roadster regarding TCB’s bad faith actions. For example, the district court
found that TCB “acted in bad faith and outside of reasonable legitimate activity
in asking for and obtaining an order for the receiver to liquidate.” The district
court added that it was “actually somewhat stunned” that TCB’s witnesses
were claiming that the receivership was not for the purpose of liquidation and
that the witnesses “would be repeating this [claim] over and over again to a
federal judge.” The district court also noted “evidence of connivance with the
receiver” and specifically found that TCB “and the receiver acted outside of all
reasonable legitimate activity in the operation of the receivership, given the
law dealing with receiverships.” 14
       After making its findings relating to the bad faith actions of TCB, the
district court held that, although § 7.1(h) and § 9.6 of the Floor Plan Loan
Agreement “allow recovery” of TCB’s attorneys’ fees, those clauses were
unenforceable under these circumstances.                Specifically, the district court
conducted an “Erie analysis” of how the Texas Supreme Court’s decision in
Zachry Construction Corp. v. Port of Houston Authority, 449 S.W.3d 98 (Tex.
2016), would apply to the contract provisions and facts of this litigation. The
district court determined “that a Texas court would hold that [a] broad-
sweeping indemnification clause or broad attorneys’ fees clause [is]
unenforceable when it leads to the injured party having to indemnify the
wrongdoer for the injuring party’s own deliberate and intentional wrongdoing.”




       13 The district court also issued two exhibits containing factual findings and an order
supplementing the oral ruling regarding the attorneys’ fees sought by TCB.
       14 The district court described the receiver’s actions as follows: “I find that [the

receiver] was trying to liquidate and not attempting to run [Roadster] in the ordinary course
of business, not attempting to maximize—and understanding that [the receiver] was told to
liquidate, but [the receiver] wasn’t doing the job a receiver should do under anything other
than a fire sale liquidation-type regime.”
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Alternatively, the district court denied recovery of attorneys’ fees using its
inherent power, reasoning that “when litigation is instigated or conducted in
bad faith or there’s been willful abuse of the judicial process, that meets th[e]
stringent standards” for the use of a district court’s inherent power to sanction
TCB.
       Although the district court denied TCB’s claims for attorneys’ fees, the
district court also denied Roadster’s breach of contract claim because it found
that Roadster had materially breached the Floor Plan Loan Agreement prior
to TCB’s alleged breaches. Specifically, the district court found that Roadster
had accepted other loans from various individuals and failed to report these
outstanding loans on the financial statements and certificates of compliance
that it was required to periodically provide to TCB. After weighing the factors
articulated under Texas law for determining whether a breach is material, see
Mustang Pipeline Co. v. Driver Pipeline Co., 134 S.W.3d 195, 199 (Tex. 2004),
the district court determined that these inaccurate financial statements and
certificates of compliance constituted a material breach. Additionally, the
district court found that Roadster breached the Floor Plan Loan Agreement by
permitting a change in its ownership when it accepted an investment of nearly
$1 million dollars from an individual named Alberto Dal Cin. The district court
similarly found that this breach was material.
       On September 28, 2015, Roadster filed a motion for reconsideration,
arguing that any prior breach was not material. Roadster argued primarily
that TCB failed to adequately brief the affirmative defense of a prior material
breach, and this lack of briefing led the district court to misapply the five
factors under Texas law for determining whether a breach is material. See
Mustang Pipeline, 134 S.W.3d at 199. Roadster then addressed each of the
Mustang factors and, with respect to the first factor, argued that the district
court erred by considering whether TCB was deprived of the benefit of the
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                                 No. 15-41396
specific provision that was breached rather than the benefit of the overall
purpose of the contract.    On October 14, 2015, the district court denied
Roadster’s motion for reconsideration. The district court rejected Roadster’s
argument that TCB’s material breach defense was inadequately briefed.
Rather, the district court found that it was actually Roadster who did not
address all of the Mustang factors: “In essence, [Roadster’s] only response to
[TCB’s] ‘material breach’ defense was that because [TCB] ‘received the benefit
of its loan bargain, and more: a successful and profitable loan which it renewed
and extended several times over a twelve year period, while being over-secured
by more than twice as much collateral as debt . . . .’” The district court also
held that it did not misapply the Mustang factors and declined to address
Roadster’s arguments regarding the other Mustang factors, in addition to the
benefit of the bargain argument, because Roadster had failed to make those
arguments prior to the final judgment.
      Roadster, Hafezamini, and TCB each timely filed a notice of appeal.
                       II. HAFEZAMINI’S APPEAL
      We first turn to Hafezamini’s appeal of the district court’s grant of
summary judgment dismissing all of his counterclaims. “A grant of summary
judgment is reviewed de novo, applying the same standard on appeal that is
applied by the district court.” Tiblier v. Dlabal, 743 F.3d 1004, 1007 (5th Cir.
2014) (quoting Coliseum Square Ass’n, Inc. v. Jackson, 465 F.3d 215, 244 (5th
Cir. 2006)). Summary judgment is appropriate if there is no “genuine dispute
as to any material fact.” Martin v. Spring Break ’83 Prods., L.L.C., 688 F.3d
247, 250 (5th Cir. 2012) (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 56). “When reviewing a grant
of summary judgment, we review the facts drawing all inferences most
favorable to the party opposing the motion.” Id. “We may affirm on any ground
raised below and supported by the record, even if the district court did not


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                                  No. 15-41396
reach it.” Williams v. J.B. Hunt Transp., Inc., 826 F.3d 806, 810 (5th Cir.
2016).
       On appeal, Hafezamini challenges the grant of summary judgment on
only five of his claims: (1) tortious interference with existing contract;
(2) tortious interference with prospective business relations; (3) abuse of
process; (4) malicious civil prosecution; and (5) malicious criminal prosecution.
The district court, adopting the magistrate judge’s recommended findings and
conclusions, granted summary judgment because Hafezamini waived his
claims as part of a broad release, and alternatively, each of his claims failed on
the merits. Because we find that the appealed claims fail on their merits, we
do not reach the question of whether Hafezamini’s release is valid in light of
Zachry.
A.    Tortious Interference with Contract and with Prospective
Business Relations
       Hafezamini appears to appeal the grant of summary judgment on both
his tortious interference with contract claim and his tortious interference with
prospective business relations claim, although he does not distinguish between
the two claims and instead refers to a single “tortious interference” claim. The
magistrate judge had recommended that the tortious interference with
contract claim should fail because Hafezamini’s evidence, his own declaration,
did “not sufficiently describe how and to the extent he was damaged.” The
magistrate judge had concluded that the tortious interference with prospective
business relations claim should also fail because Hafezamini did not show that
TCB had committed an independent tort.
       To succeed on a claim for tortious interference with contract, the plaintiff
must show “(1) an existing contract subject to interference, (2) a willful and
intentional act of interference with the contract, (3) that proximately caused
the plaintiff’s injury, and (4) caused actual damages or loss.” Prudential Ins.
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                                       No. 15-41396
Co. of Am. v. Fin. Review Servs., Inc., 29 S.W.3d 74, 77 (Tex. 2000). To succeed
on a claim for tortious interference with prospective business relations, the
plaintiff must show “(1) a reasonable probability that the plaintiff would have
entered into a business relationship; (2) an independently tortious or unlawful
act by the defendant that prevented the relationship from occurring; (3) the
defendant did such act with a conscious desire to prevent the relationship from
occurring or the defendant knew the interference was certain or substantially
certain to occur as a result of the conduct; and (4) the plaintiff suffered actual
harm or damages as a result of the defendant’s interference.” Baty v. ProTech
Ins. Agency, 63 S.W.3d 841, 860 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2001, pet.
denied).
       Here, Hafezamini’s claims fail for multiple reasons. On the tortious
interference with contract claim, Hafezamini failed to show the existing
contract that was subject to interference and how TCB interfered with that
contract. Hafezamini’s brief states that the contract “is undisputed,” but it is
far from clear to what contract he is referring. Based on the context of the
surrounding argument, it appears that he is referring to the financial contracts
with TCB, but TCB cannot tortiously interfere with its own contracts. See, e.g.,
Delta Air Lines, Inc. v. Norris, 949 S.W.2d 422, 430 (Tex. App.—Waco 1997,
writ denied). While Hafezamini does claim to have lost out on other business
deals and been forced to sell his business interest in Azar Capital Investments,
a separate entity with which Hafezamini was associated, his conclusory
declaration fails to create a genuine dispute of material fact regarding the
existence of a contract that was subject to interference and how TCB’s actions
caused that interference. 15 See Young v. Equifax Credit Info. Servs., Inc., 294


       15Hafezamini also argues that TCB urged Khobahy to stop working with Hafezamini
as a business partner. Once again, however, Hafezamini fails to identify the existing contract
that was allegedly subject to interference. Based on a review of Hafezamini’s objections to
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                                       No. 15-41396
F.3d 631, 639 (5th Cir. 2002) (“Conclusory affidavits are not sufficient to defeat
a motion for summary judgment.”). For the prospective business relations
claim, Hafezamini once again relies on his inadequate and conclusory
declaration. Moreover, Hafezamini has pointed to no evidence that TCB’s
conduct would be actionable under a recognizable tort. See Wal-Mart Stores,
Inc. v. Sturges, 52 S.W.3d 711, 726 (Tex. 2001); see also S&W Enters., L.L.C. v.
SouthTrust Bank of Ala., NA, 315 F.3d 533, 537–38 (5th Cir. 2003).
Accordingly, summary judgment was properly granted on Hafezamini’s
tortious interference claims.
B. Abuse of Process
       Hafezamini also appeals the grant of summary judgment on his abuse of
process claim. To succeed on an abuse of process claim, the plaintiff must show
the following three elements: (1) “the defendant made an illegal, improper or
perverted use of the process, a use neither warranted nor authorized by the
process;” (2) “the defendant had an ulterior motive or purpose in exercising
such illegal, perverted or improper use of the process;” and (3) “damage
resulted to the plaintiff as a result of such illegal act.” Liverman v. Payne-Hall,
486 S.W.3d 1, 5 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2015, no pet.) (quoting Blanton v. Morgan,
681 S.W.2d 876, 878 (Tex. App.—El Paso 1984, writ ref’d n.r.e.)). Critically,
“[t]he focus is on the use of the process once it is properly obtained, not on the
motive for originally obtaining the process.” Davis v. West, 433 S.W.3d 101,
110–11 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2014, pet. denied). Additionally, “[t]he
process must be used to ‘compel a party to do a collateral thing which he would



the magistrate judge’s report and recommendation, it appears that the claim is premised on
TCB allegedly urging Khobahy to drop Hafezamini from the loan agreements that they had
with TCB. However, as already discussed, TCB cannot interfere with its own contract. See,
e.g., Delta Air Lines, 949 S.W.2d at 430. To the extent that Hafezamini is alleging that future
business dealings were interfered with, Hafezamini has failed to identify what those
prospective business relations were or an independently tortious act.
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                                       No. 15-41396
not be compelled to do’ otherwise.” Id. at 111 (alteration omitted) (quoting
Detenbeck v. Koester, 886 S.W.2d 477, 480 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.]
1994, no writ)).
       Here, summary judgment was properly granted on Hafezamini’s abuse
of process claim. 16 Hafezamini’s allegations are improperly based on TCB’s
conduct in obtaining the ex parte receivership, not in any abuse after the
receivership was granted. Bossin v. Towber, 894 S.W.2d 25, 33 (Tex. App.—
Houston [14th Dist.] 1994, writ denied) (“It is critical to a cause of action for
abuse of process that the process be improperly used after it has been issued.
If wrongful intent or malice caused the process to be issued initially, the claim
is instead one for malicious prosecution.”). Thus, Hafezamini’s abuse of process
claim fails for that reason.
       On appeal, Hafezamini belatedly attempts to use a finding made by the
district court after the bench trial—that “[TCB] and the receiver acted outside
of all reasonable legitimate activity in the operation of the receivership, given
the law dealing with receiverships”—as a ground for why his claim should have
survived summary judgment. But this finding was made in the context of
determining whether TCB was entitled to attorneys’ fees in light of Zachry and
not in the context of whether there is a genuine factual dispute supporting
Hafezamini’s abuse of process claim. In any event, Hafezamini’s summary
judgment briefing did not argue that his abuse of process claim was premised
on TCB’s conduct after the receivership was granted nor did his briefing point
to any evidence supporting that argument. Moreover, Hafezamini’s objections
to the magistrate judge’s report and recommendation on this issue only
contained the bare allegation that TCB’s motive was “recover[ing] the


       16Although the district court potentially erred by conflating an abuse of process claim
with a malicious criminal prosecution claim, we affirm on other grounds. See Williams, 826
F.3d at 810.
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                                   No. 15-41396
hundreds of thousands of dollars that TCB had spent in auditors and legal
analysis, which weren’t recoverable under typical ‘exit plans,’” which again
does not amount to an argument that TCB’s actions after the receivership was
granted supported his abuse of process claim. Even if Hafezamini’s complaint
could be interpreted as alleging that the abuse of process claim is based on the
operation of the receivership, Hafezamini’s claim would still fail because he did
not present evidence that TCB misused the receivership in order to compel
Hafezamini to act in a collateral way.        See Davis, 433 S.W.3d at 111–12
(“[Plaintiff] presented no evidence that [Defendant] misused process to compel
[Plaintiff] to act in a collateral way; rather, the only evidence is that the process
was used to satisfy the debt.”).
C. Malicious Civil and Criminal Prosecution
      Finally, Hafezamini appeals the grant of summary judgment on his
malicious civil and criminal prosecution claims. With respect to the malicious
civil prosecution claim, the district court found that Hafezamini abandoned the
claim by failing to include any argument about the claim in his response to
TCB’s motions to dismiss and for summary judgment. On appeal, Hafezamini
argues that this finding was incorrect because he included arguments about
malicious criminal prosecution, and according to Hafezamini, Texas courts do
not distinguish between civil and criminal malicious prosecution claims. But
there is a very clear distinction between civil and criminal malicious
prosecution claims under Texas law: malicious civil prosecution concerns the
institution of a civil proceeding and malicious criminal prosecution concerns
the commencement of a criminal prosecution. Compare Airgas-Southwest, Inc.
v. IWS Gas & Supply of Tex., Ltd., 390 S.W.3d 472, 478 (Tex. App.—Houston
[1st Dist.] 2012, pet. denied) (listing the elements for malicious civil
prosecution), with Kroger Tex. Ltd. v. Suberu, 216 S.W.3d 788, 792 n.3 (Tex.
2006) (listing the elements for malicious criminal prosecution).            In fact,
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                                 No. 15-41396
Hafezamini’s complaint recognizes this distinction by describing both a civil
action (the state court receivership) and a criminal action (the federal criminal
charges against him). Yet, Hafezamini’s oppositions to the motions to dismiss
and for summary judgment contained arguments only about the malicious
criminal prosecution claim. Thus, Hafezamini abandoned his malicious civil
prosecution claim. See Black v. N. Panola Sch. Dist., 461 F.3d 584, 588 n.1
(5th Cir. 2006).
      Turning to the malicious criminal prosecution claim, Hafezamini must
show that “(1) a criminal prosecution was commenced against him; (2) the
defendant initiated or procured that prosecution; (3) the prosecution
terminated in his favor; (4) he was innocent of the charges; (5) the defendant
lacked probable cause to initiate the prosecution; (6) the defendant acted with
malice; and (7) he suffered damages.” Martinez v. English, 267 S.W.3d 521,
527–28 (Tex. App.—Austin 2008, pet. denied). The district court found that
Hafezamini had not created a genuine fact issue as to the fourth element: his
innocence of the charges brought against him. Without reaching that issue,
we affirm because Hafezamini has failed to create a genuine fact issue as to
the second element: whether TCB initiated or procured his prosecution.
      Here, it is undisputed that it was the DEA that first approached TCB
about Hafezamini as part of an ongoing investigation. This investigation was
prompted by a confidential source, not TCB.        And the eventual arrest of
Hafezamini was based on four undercover operations by the DEA. Although
TCB did lend assistance to the investigation, there is no evidence supporting
the contention that TCB “procured” the criminal prosecution. See King v.
Graham, 126 S.W.3d 75, 76 (Tex. 2003) (“[P]roof that a complainant has
knowingly furnished false information is necessary for liability when the
decision to prosecute is within another’s discretion. But such proof is not
sufficient. Lieck also requires proof that the false information ‘cause[d] a
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                                  No. 15-41396
criminal prosecution.’ In other words there must be proof that the prosecutor
acted based on the false information and that but for such false information
the decision would not have been made.”            (footnote omitted) (quoting
Browning-Ferris Indus., Inc. v. Lieck, 881 S.W.2d 288, 292 (Tex. 1994))). At
best, Hafezamini’s allegation is that TCB failed to provide the DEA with
favorable information about Hafezamini.           But this bare allegation is
insufficient to show that TCB “procured” the criminal prosecution, and there
is no evidence that TCB’s statements caused the indictment (which, again, was
supported by four undercover operations conducted by the DEA). See Gonzalez
v. Grimm, 479 S.W.3d 929, 937–38 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2015, no pet.).
Accordingly, the district court properly granted summary judgment on
Hafezamini’s malicious criminal prosecution claim.
      In sum, the district court did not err in granting TCB’s summary
judgment motion on Hafezamini’s counterclaims.
                        III. ROADSTER’S APPEAL
      We next address Roadster’s appeal of the district court’s take-nothing
judgment on its breach of contract claim. Because Roadster’s appeal requires
the review of the district court’s ruling following a bench trial, we review the
district court’s findings of fact for clear error and legal issues de novo. Lehman
v. GE Glob. Ins. Holding Corp., 524 F.3d 621, 624 (5th Cir. 2008). We will
reverse under the clearly erroneous standard “only if we have a definite and
firm conviction that a mistake has been committed.” Canal Barge Co. v. Torco
Oil Co., 220 F.3d 370, 375 (5th Cir. 2000). “If the district court made a legal
error that affected its factual findings, ‘remand is the proper course unless the
record permits only one resolution of the factual issue.’” Ball v. LeBlanc, 792
F.3d 584, 596 (5th Cir. 2015) (quoting Pullman-Standard v. Swint, 456 U.S.
273, 292 (1982)).


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                                       No. 15-41396
       “A fundamental principle of contract law is that when one party to a
contract commits a material breach of that contract, the other party is
discharged or excused from any obligation to perform.” Hernandez v. Gulf Grp.
Lloyds, 875 S.W.2d 691, 692 (Tex. 1994). To determine whether a breach is
material, Texas courts consider the five factors articulated in Mustang Pipeline
Co. v. Driver Pipeline Co.:
       (a) the extent to which the injured party will be deprived of the
       benefit he reasonably expected;

       (b) the extent to which the injured party can be adequately
       compensated for the part of that benefit of which he will be
       deprived;

       (c) the extent to which the party failing to perform or to offer to
       perform will suffer forfeiture;

       (d) the likelihood that the party failing to perform or to offer to
       perform will cure his failure, taking account of the circumstances
       including any reasonable assurances; [and]

       (e) the extent to which the behavior of the party failing to perform
       or to offer to perform comports with standards of good faith and
       fair dealing.
Henry v. Masson, 333 S.W.3d 825, 835 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2010,
pet. denied) (quoting Mustang Pipeline, 134 S.W.3d at 199). What constitutes
a breach of contract is a question of law, but whether the breaching conduct
occurred is a question of fact. See X Technologies, Inc. v. Marvin Test Sys., Inc.,
719 F.3d 406, 413–14 (5th Cir. 2013). And whether a breach is material is also
a question of fact. 17 Id. at 414; see also Henry, 333 S.W.3d at 835.



       17 While there do appear to be some instances where materiality may be determined
as a matter of law, neither Roadster nor TCB argues that the materiality of Roadster’s alleged
breaches can be decided as a matter of law. See Mustang Pipeline, 134 S.W.3d at 199
(“Evidence exists to prove, as a matter of law, that time was a material element of the
contract.”).
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                                       No. 15-41396
       Here, the district court held that Roadster could not recover on its breach
of contract claim because Roadster had materially breached the contract prior
to TCB’s alleged breaches. The district court recognized that TCB’s conduct
that allegedly breached the contract centered around its actions on November
15 and 16, 2011 (i.e., the letter declaring events of default and the ex parte
application for receivership), and therefore, if Roadster materially breached
the contract before those dates, it could not recover on its claim.                      After
considering various alleged breaches committed by Roadster, the district court
held that two breaches of the Floor Plan Loan Agreement were material:
(1) Roadster materially breached § 9.1(d) 18 by falsely representing in its
financial statements and certificates of compliance that it did not incur other
loans; and (2) Roadster materially breached § 7.2(o) by not informing TCB that
there had been a change in ownership. On appeal, Roadster does not dispute
the district court’s reasoning that if it committed a prior material breach, then
it cannot recover on its claim. Instead, Roadster argues that the district court
erred both legally and factually by finding that the breaches were material.
We hold that the district court did not clearly err in finding that Roadster
committed multiple material breaches.
       First, we reject Roadster’s argument that the district court legally erred
in determining whether the breaches were material. Contrary to Roadster’s
assertions, the district court correctly stated and applied the law. As part of


       18  Section 9.1(d) of the Floor Plan Loan Agreement states that an event of default shall
exist if “[a]ny representation or warranty previously, presently or hereafter made by or on
behalf of any Obligated Person in connection with any Loan Document is incorrect, false or
misleading in any respect when made or deemed to be made.” Although the district court’s
oral ruling only explicitly mentioned § 9.1(d), we find that this conduct would also breach
§ 7.1(a), which contains a covenant requiring Roadster to “[a]t all times maintain full and
accurate books of account and records” and furnish to TCB certain financial statements and
certificates of compliance. In any event, Roadster does not argue that this conduct would not
constitute a breach of the Floor Plan Loan Agreement. Instead, Roadster’s argument is about
whether this breach is material.
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                                       No. 15-41396
its oral ruling, the district court clearly explained that, in determining the
materiality of a breach, the district court would consider the five factors
articulated in Mustang. The district court then proceeded to address more
than five alleged breaches committed by Roadster, ultimately concluding that
two of them were material. To the extent that Roadster’s argument is that the
district court erred by not explicitly addressing each factor for each of the
alleged breaches, we disagree. Cf. Benoit v. Bordelon, 596 F. App’x 264, 268
(5th Cir. 2015) (finding that, in considering an excessive force claim, “[t]he
magistrate judge’s failure to explicitly discuss all five factors does not
constitute an erroneous view of the law that warrants de novo review of her
factual findings”).
       Second, a review of the Mustang factors supports our conclusion that the
district court did not clearly err in determining that Roadster’s breaches were
material. The district court did not err in finding that the first factor—whether
TCB will be deprived of the benefit it reasonably expected—weighed in favor
of finding that both breaches were material. Both of the breaches deprived
TCB of having an accurate account of Roadster’s finances, which was an
important part of the bargain and took on heightened importance given that
this was a revolving loan.              Regarding Roadster’s false certificates of
compliance, the district court correctly highlighted how the other loans were
not for an insignificant amount, but rather were for hundreds of thousands of
dollars.    Regarding the change in ownership, the district court correctly
reasoned that TCB’s right to know who the owners were of the privately held
company that had borrowed millions of dollars from it was an important part
of the parties’ bargain. 19 As to the second factor, the district court found that


       19  We also reject Roadster’s argument that the district court legally erred in applying
the first factor. According to Roadster, the district court focused only on whether a technical
breach had occurred regardless of whether the provision that was technically breached was
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                                       No. 15-41396
it might minimally weigh in favor of Roadster for the breach regarding the
false certificates of compliance and was inconclusive for the breach regarding
the change in ownership. Whatever minimal weight the district court gave to
the second factor does not tip the scales such that the district court’s
materiality findings were in clear error. Additionally, even assuming arguendo
that the third and fourth factors weigh in favor of finding the breaches to be
immaterial, the fifth factor does not, considering that Roadster did not reveal
to TCB its change in ownership, as it was required to do, and repeatedly
provided false certificates of compliance to TCB. Thus, given the weight of the
first and fifth factors, we cannot say that the district court clearly erred in
finding that these breaches were material.
       We also reject Roadster’s argument that there was insufficient evidence
to support the district court’s finding that a change in ownership had occurred.
Although it is true that the new owner, Dal Cin, signed an agreement stating
that he was “invited to become” a partner of Roadster after certain payments
were made, there was sufficient evidence for the district court to find that Dal



important to the overall bargain. Roadster argues that it never missed a payment and was
over-collateralized, and therefore, this factor weighs in its favor. But taking Roadster’s
argument to its logical conclusion, no borrower could ever materially breach a loan agreement
so long as the borrower had sufficient collateral. In any event, the district court did not
reason that any technical breach of the contract meant that the first factor weighed in favor
of finding the breach to be material. For example, when considering the false certificates of
compliance that did not reveal that Roadster had incurred other loans, the district court
considered the amount of the unstated loans and how “that’s not a 40,000-dollar loan or
something to a party. That is significant.” If the district court were only required to
determine whether a technical breach occurred, there would have been no need to consider
the actual amount of the other loans. Furthermore, even if the district court had legally erred
by applying the wrong materiality standard, the only finding that the record permits is that
both of Roadster’s breaches were material. Both of the breaches deprived TCB of having an
accurate account of Roadster’s finances, and this was material to the entire loan agreement
because TCB was advancing money on a revolving basis and needed an accurate account of
the ongoing state of Roadster’s finances. Additionally, we also reject Roadster’s argument
that the district court committed reversible error simply by referring to Heller Healthcare
Finance, Inc. v. Boyes, No. 300-cv-1335D, 2002 WL 1558340 (N.D. Tex. July 15, 2002).
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                                 No. 15-41396
Cin had in fact become, in at least some form, a part owner of Roadster.
Besides that written agreement, there was also evidence that Dal Cin had
contributed a significant amount of money and that this money was for the
purpose of acquiring equity in Roadster. Thus, the district court’s finding was
not clearly erroneous. See Env’t Tex. Citizen Lobby, Inc. v. ExxonMobil Corp.,
824 F.3d 507, 515 (5th Cir. 2016) (“When ‘the district court’s account of the
evidence is plausible in light of the record viewed in its entirety,’ this court
‘may not reverse it even though convinced that had it been sitting as the trier
of fact, it would have weighed the evidence differently.’” (quoting U.S. Bank
Nat’l Ass’n v. Verizon Commc’ns, Inc., 761 F.3d 409, 431 (5th Cir. 2014))).
      Finally, regarding Roadster’s provision of false certificates of compliance,
we reject Roadster’s argument that there was no evidence supporting the
materiality finding.    Roadster conceded that it submitted certificates of
compliance that failed to disclose that it had incurred other loans, and there
was sufficient evidence supporting the district court’s finding that accurate
certificates of compliance were important to TCB.          Additionally, Roadster
argues that the district court erred in finding that TCB did not know that the
certificates of compliance were false, and therefore, the district court should
have found that TCB waived its right to accurate certificates of compliance.
We similarly reject this argument. At best, Roadster’s argument is that the
district court found that TCB was aware of the other loans, and therefore, TCB
also must have known that the certificates of compliance were false because it
could have deduced that the loans were omitted from the certificates of
compliance. Therefore, according to Roadster, TCB waived its right to accurate
certificates of compliance.    But critically, Roadster points to no caselaw
supporting its argument that, even assuming that TCB had some knowledge
that there were other loans, the district court committed reversible error in
finding that TCB did not waive its rights with respect to Roadster’s furnishing
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                                          No. 15-41396
of false certificates of compliance. Moreover, Roadster fails even to address the
non-waiver provision in the Floor Plan Loan Agreement, which stated, in part,
that “[n]o waiver of any provision of any Loan Document and no consent to any
departure therefrom shall ever be effective unless it is in writing and signed
by Lender.” 20 See, e.g., Thomas v. EMC Mortg. Corp., 499 F. App’x 337, 341
(5th Cir. 2012).
       In sum, the district court did not err in entering a take-nothing judgment
on Roadster’s breach of contract claim.
                                    IV. TCB’S APPEAL
       Finally, we turn to TCB’s appeal from the district court’s take-nothing
judgment on its claims for attorneys’ fees. 21 At the outset, it is important to
put into context TCB’s claims for attorneys’ fees given the complex and lengthy
procedural history of this case. As discussed above, TCB first filed its claims
in state court seeking, inter alia, recovery on the balances of the outstanding
loans and attorneys’ fees.              But because of Roadster’s later bankruptcy
proceedings, TCB has already recovered (or will recover) the full balances of
the loans as part of the Confirmed Plan. Moreover, under the Confirmed Plan,
TCB also recovered (1) its pre-petition fees and expenses, and (2) its post-
petition fees and expenses that were incurred in connection with the
bankruptcy proceedings. However, the Confirmed Plan specifically carved out



       20  As we have previously mentioned, the district court similarly did not address the
non-waiver provision when it was making waiver determinations regarding other alleged
breaches committed by Roadster. However, we need not address those determinations given
that Roadster’s breach of contract claim already fails because of these two material breaches.
        21 In the district court, TCB also requested attorneys’ fees under Texas Civil Practice

& Remedies Code § 38.001, which states, in part, that “[a] person may recover reasonable
attorney’s fees . . .if the claim is for . . . an oral or written contract.” The district court denied
TCB’s claim for attorneys’ fees under this statute because the “additional post-petition fees
and expenses, which were incurred in connection with TCB’s unwarranted actions were not
reasonably incurred and should not be awarded.” TCB does not argue on appeal that the
district court erred in denying attorneys’ fees under this statute.
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                                   No. 15-41396
TCB’s claims for post-petition attorneys’ fees related to this litigation. To put
it more clearly, after Roadster filed for bankruptcy, Roadster and the
guarantors also filed multiple counterclaims against TCB (including, for
example, the appealed claims from Roadster and Hafezamini that are
addressed above). TCB incurred, and continues to incur, attorneys’ fees in
defending against these counterclaims. Thus, TCB is only seeking to recover
the attorneys’ fees that it has incurred in defending against the counterclaims,
which was confirmed by TCB’s counsel during oral argument. In effect, this
means that Roadster’s and the guarantors’ continuous pursuit of their
counterclaims (including through this appeal) has resulted in TCB continuing
to incur attorneys’ fees that it claims are recoverable under the loan
agreements (and in turn, resulting in a larger amount of attorneys’ fees that
TCB seeks to recover in this case).
      In short, TCB continues to pursue its claims not because it seeks to
recover the balances of the loans, but rather because it claims that, under the
Floor Plan Loan Agreement, Roadster and the guarantors must pay the
attorneys’ fees that TCB has incurred in successfully defending against
Roadster’s and the guarantors’ counterclaims. For example, under § 7.1(h) of
the Floor Plan Loan Agreement, Roadster agreed to “pay all reasonable costs
and expenses incurred by or on behalf of [TCB] (including attorneys’ fees) in
connection with . . . (iii) the borrowings hereunder and other action reasonably
required in the course of administration hereof . . . [or] (iv) the defense or
enforcement of the Loan Documents.” Additionally, under § 9.6 of the Floor
Plan Loan Agreement, Roadster must indemnify TCB “from and against any
and all liabilities, obligations, claims, . . . suits, costs, [and] expenses” that are
incurred by TCB “growing out of or resulting from the Loan Documents and
the transactions and events at any time associated therewith (including
without limitation the enforcement of the Loan Documents and the defense of
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                                        No. 15-41396
Lender’s actions and inactions in connection with the” loan evidenced by the
Floor Plan Note. 22
       As an initial matter, we must also clarify the district court’s holdings and
the parties’ arguments on appeal because the parties dispute what precisely
the district court held. First, the district court found that both § 7.1(h) and
§ 9.6 of the Floor Plan Loan Agreement allow recovery of TCB’s attorneys’ fees.
On appeal, neither party disputes the district court’s interpretation of these
loan provisions.        In other words, neither party disputes that, without
considering TCB’s conduct, the Floor Plan Loan Agreement would otherwise
require Roadster to pay the attorneys’ fees that TCB incurred.                         Second,
notwithstanding its interpretation of § 7.1(h) and § 9.6, the district court held
that TCB could not recover its attorneys’ fees.                     However, the parties’
interpretations of the district court’s ruling on this point differ. Roadster
interprets the district court as providing three independent bases for the take-
nothing judgment—namely, TCB breached the contract; the attorneys’ fees
provisions are unenforceable in light of the Texas Supreme Court’s decision in
Zachry; and the district court used its inherent power to sanction TCB.
Conversely, TCB believes that the district court only relied on its Zachry
analysis.
       For the reasons discussed below, Roadster and TCB are each partially
correct in its interpretation of the district court’s ruling. The district court held
that TCB could not recover its attorneys’ fees for two reasons: (1) the attorneys’
fees provisions are unenforceable under these circumstances in light of Zachry;



       22 TCB also argues that the Floor Plan Note and the Deed of Trust contain additional
provisions requiring Roadster to pay its attorneys’ fees. Because the district court’s ruling
was limited to finding that § 7.1(h) and § 9.6 of the Floor Plan Loan Agreement were
unenforceable, we limit our discussion to these loan provisions. However, on remand, the
district court can also consider how these other provisions affect, if at all, the scope of TCB’s
recovery.
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                                     No. 15-41396
and alternatively, (2) the district court used its inherent power to sanction TCB
by disallowing recovery.
A. Erie Guess Regarding the Application of Zachry
      We first address whether the district court erred in holding that the
attorneys’ fees provisions here were unenforceable based on its interpretation
of the Texas Supreme Court’s decision in Zachry. We review a district court’s
determination of state law de novo. Am. Reliable Ins. Co. v. Navratil, 445 F.3d
402, 404 (5th Cir. 2006). “To determine issues of state law, we look to the final
decisions of that state’s highest court.” Chaney v. Dreyfus Serv. Corp., 595 F.3d
219, 229 (5th Cir. 2010). But in the absence of a controlling decision, “we must
make an Erie guess and determine, in our best judgment, how that court would
resolve the issue if presented with the same case.” 23 Id. (quoting Six Flags,
Inc. v. Westchester Surplus Lines Ins. Co., 565 F.3d 948, 954 (5th Cir. 2009)).
      In Zachry, a construction company contracted with the property owner
to construct a wharf, but the construction company ended up suffering millions
of dollars in delay damages during construction because of the owner’s
deliberate and wrongful interference. 449 S.W.3d at 101–04. When the owner
tried to argue that it was immune from liability for delay damages because of
a no-damages-for-delay provision in the contract, the Texas Supreme Court
held that the provision was unenforceable when it was used in an attempt to
shield the owner from liability for deliberate and wrongful interference with
the contractor’s performance. Id. at 101, 114–18. As part of its reasoning, the
Texas Supreme Court noted that, “[g]enerally, a contractual provision
‘exempting a party from tort liability for harm caused intentionally or
recklessly is unenforceable on grounds of public policy.’” Id. at 116 (quoting



      23 The parties have not pointed to any cases from the Texas courts of appeal applying
Zachry to contract provisions similar to those presented in this case.
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                                  No. 15-41396
Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 195(1) (1981)). The Texas Supreme Court
concluded that “the same may be said of contract liability” and to hold
“otherwise would incentive wrongful conduct and damage contractual
relations.” Id.
      Here, the district court held that Zachry’s reasoning applied to the facts
of this case such that the loan provisions, which would otherwise allow
recovery of TCB’s attorneys’ fees, are unenforceable. Specifically, the district
court found that, in light of Zachry, “a Texas court would hold that [a] broad-
sweeping indemnification clause or broad attorneys’ fees clause [is]
unenforceable when it leads to the injured party having to indemnify the
wrongdoer for the injuring party’s own deliberate and intentional wrongdoing.”
Although the district court recognized that Zachry involved a no-damages-for-
delay provision, it reasoned that Zachry should extend to this case because
allowing TCB to recover attorneys’ fees when it acted in bad faith would
“incentivize wrongful conduct and damage contractual relationships,” which
was one of the policy justifications supporting the decision in Zachry.
      We respectfully disagree. We hold that Zachry does not apply to the loan
provisions here. Put another way, we decline to extend the holding in Zachry
in such a way as to override the loan provisions. There is a critical distinction
between this case and Zachry. In Zachry, the unenforceable provision would
have allowed the owner to insulate itself from liability for its own deliberate
and wrongful interference, and the Texas Supreme Court emphasized the
policy justification for not allowing a party to escape liability for deliberate and
wrongful actions. 449 S.W.3d at 116–17 (“[T]he purpose of . . . [this] exception
is to preclude a party from insulating himself from liability for his own
deliberate, wrongful conduct.” (emphasis added)). But in this case, TCB is not
using the loan provisions to shield itself from liability because it would not
otherwise    be   facing   any    liability—TCB     successfully    defeated    the
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                                       No. 15-41396
counterclaims. Instead, TCB is only using the loan provisions to recover its
attorneys’ fees for its successful defense. Perhaps the legal issue may have
been different had Roadster or Hafezamini succeeded on their counterclaims,
but we need not reach that issue because, as discussed above, all of the
appealed claims against TCB fail.
       Thus, Zachry does not apply, under these circumstances, to the loan
provisions in this case, and TCB can recover its attorneys’ fees according to the
terms of the loan agreements. 24 Regarding the guarantors, the parties spent
surprisingly little time in their briefs discussing the guaranty agreements and
the impact of the district court’s Zachry analysis on the guarantors and
guaranty agreements. To the extent that the district court held that the
guarantors could not be liable because Roadster was not liable in light of
Zachry, the district court erred because, as discussed above, Zachry does not
apply.
       Relatedly, we reject Roadster’s argument that the district court held, as
an independent ground, that TCB could not recover attorneys’ fees because it
breached the loan agreements. Based on our review of the record, it is unclear
whether the district court’s bad faith findings regarding TCB’s conduct
amounted to a finding that TCB breached the loan agreements under the
district court’s reasoning. 25 But this is beside the point. The district court


       24  We note that we are not determining the scope of attorneys’ fees recoverable under
the loan provisions. For example, we do not address the claim made during oral argument
by TCB’s counsel that the attorneys’ fees do not need to be reasonable. There was little
briefing by the parties about how fees should be calculated. The scope and amount of the fees
are properly determined on remand, and our holding is limited to reversing the district court’s
ruling that, under Zachry, the loan provisions requiring payment of TCB’s attorneys’ fees are
unenforceable.
        25 The oral ruling contained several conflicting statements about whether TCB’s

conduct amounted to a breach. For example, after addressing Roadster’s breach of contract
claim, the district court stated that “assuming [TCB’s conduct] was a breach—and I’m going
to get into that.” This implies that the district court’s later findings were that TCB’s conduct
amounted to a breach of the loan agreements. However, the district court never actually
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                                        No. 15-41396
made its bad faith findings in the context of showing how, in its view, TCB’s
conduct was in bad faith and sufficiently wrongful that the principles of Zachry
should extend to this case. However, for the reasons that we just discussed,
Zachry does not extend to cover the provisions allowing recovery of attorneys’
fees here because TCB is not attempting to use the attorneys’ fees provisions
as a shield to liability. Finally, Roadster has not articulated a reason why, as
a matter of contract law, TCB should not recover its attorneys’ fees for
successfully defeating numerous counterclaims because it purportedly did not
rightfully exercise its remedies. Roadster cites no caselaw or provisions in the
loan agreements for this argument. 26
B. The District Court’s Inherent Power
       As an alternative basis for entering the take-nothing judgment, the
district court used its inherent power to sanction TCB, thereby denying TCB



stated that TCB’s conduct amounted to a breach of the loan agreements. Although the
absence of such a clear statement is not necessarily fatal to the interpretation that TCB
breached the loan agreements, there are other aspects of the oral ruling further supporting
the interpretation that the district court did not find a contractual breach. For example,
while discussing whether TCB deemed itself insecure in good faith (which was one of the
events of default at issue), the district court noted that “[i]t’s difficult to say that a bank is
not in good faith when it learns that one of two principals is going to be indicted and has been
arrested and that the DEA is in seizing books, records, computers and vehicles. No matter
how much the property is worth, the court would not go so far as to say some action is not
warranted.” This statement could be interpreted as implying that an event of default had
occurred, and therefore, TCB could validly exercise its default remedies.
        26 Roadster contends that no event of default occurred, and therefore, TCB breached

the loan agreements by declaring default and accelerating the loan. However, it is unclear
whether the district court found that no event of default had occurred. Contrary to Roadster’s
assertions, the fact that the district court found that TCB engaged in bad faith conduct does
not conclusively establish that no event of default had occurred. Notably, the district court
never made a finding regarding whether there was an event of default under § 9.1(o), which
occurs when Roadster or any guarantor “suffers a material adverse change in its business or
financial condition.” Furthermore, the district court did not explicitly address TCB’s
arguments regarding other events of default that occurred under the Floor Plan Loan
Agreement. While TCB maintains its arguments on appeal that there were other events of
default besides those under § 9.1(n) and § 9.1(o), Roadster addresses only § 9.1(n). However,
we need not reach these issues because they are not pertinent to our above holding regarding
Zachry.
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                                 No. 15-41396
any recovery of its attorneys’ fees. A review of the oral ruling supports this
conclusion. For example, the district court discussed cases establishing that
district courts have the “inherent power to sanction a litigant by dismissing a
case,” but this power “must be exercised with restraint and discretion.” The
district court then noted that it had “spent a lot of time thinking about this,”
and “when litigation is instigated or conducted in bad faith or there’s been
willful abuse of the judicial process, that meets those stringent standards.”
      However, the district court erred because it failed to provide TCB with
adequate due process.     Federal courts have the inherent power to assess
sanctions under certain circumstances, such as “when a party has acted in bad
faith, vexatiously, wantonly, or for oppressive reasons, or has defiled the ‘very
temple of justice.’” See Matta v. May, 118 F.3d 410, 416 (5th Cir. 1997) (quoting
Chambers v. NASCO, Inc., 501 U.S. 32, 46 (1991)). In using its inherent power,
a district court “must comply with the mandates of due process, both in
determining that the requisite bad faith exists and in assessing fees.” Sandifer
v. Gusman, 637 F. App’x 117, 121 (5th Cir. 2015) (per curiam) (quoting
Chambers, 501 U.S. at 50). Here, the district court did not provide sufficient
due process when it sua sponte used its inherent power during its oral ruling
without providing TCB with any meaningful opportunity to respond.
      Based on the current record and circumstances, we cannot say as a
matter of law that the district court’s use of its inherent power is reversible
error such that remand is unnecessary. Cf. Kenyon Int’l Emergency Servs., Inc.
v. Malcolm, 2013 WL 2489928, at *6–7 (5th Cir. May 14, 2013) (reversing
sanctions order rather than remanding for a show-cause proceeding). That
being said, we express no view on the ultimate merits of whether sanctions are
appropriate, and if so, whether the severe sanction of denying TCB’s entire
claim for attorneys’ fees is appropriate. Indeed, we question at least some of
the district court’s reasoning for using its inherent powers, such as how TCB’s
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                                 No. 15-41396
claims were “a suit that runs up attorneys’ fees to recover attorneys’ fees based
on the kind of actions the bank took in the first place, especially given that
they are in—once the bankruptcy court got ahold of it and confirmed those
orders, the bank received everything it was entitled to or everything it agreed
it was entitled to.” But as we highlighted above, TCB’s pursuit of attorneys’
fees in this action was necessary because Roadster (and the guarantors)
continued to pursue their counterclaims. TCB incurred attorneys’ fees because
it was required to defend against the counterclaims.         And TCB did not
necessarily receive everything it was entitled to as part of the Confirmed Plan
because the Confirmed Plan specifically carved out TCB’s pursuit of its
attorneys’ fees for defending against the counterclaims.
      On remand, if the district court determines that sanctions are still
appropriate, the district court should make more definite findings on what
supports its use of its inherent power.
                              V. CONCLUSION
      The district court’s take-nothing judgment with respect to Roadster’s
claim against TCB is AFFIRMED. The district court’s grant of TCB’s summary
judgment motion with respect to Hafezamini is AFFIRMED. The district
court’s take-nothing judgment with respect to TCB’s claims against Roadster
and the guarantors is VACATED and the case is REMANDED for further
proceedings consistent herewith. Roadster, Hafezamini and TCB shall bear
the costs of this appeal.




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