                 In the United States Court of Federal Claims
                                     OFFICE OF SPECIAL MASTERS
                                              No. 03-355V
                                          (Not to be Published)


*************************
                                           *
PETER LOUTOS, II and                       *                              Filed: December 18, 2015
RAMONA LOUTOS, as parents and              *
natural guardians of P.A.L., III, a minor, *
                                           *                              Special Master Corcoran
                      Petitioners,         *
                                           *
              v.                           *                              Decision; Interim Costs Award;
                                           *                              Expert Costs; Pro Se Claimant.
                                           *
SECRETARY OF HEALTH AND                    *
HUMAN SERVICES,                            *
                                           *
                      Respondent.          *
                                           *
*************************

Peter and Ramona Loutos, Port St. Lucie, FL, pro se Petitioners.

Linda S. Renzi, U.S. Dep’t of Justice, Washington, DC, for Respondent.

                      Decision Granting In Part Interim Costs Award1
       On February 19, 2003, Peter and Ramona Loutos, as parents and natural guardians of
P.A.L., III, a minor (“P.A.L.”), filed this action seeking compensation under the National Vaccine
Injury Compensation Program (the “Vaccine Program” or “Program”).2 ECF No. 1. Petitioners

1
  Because this decision contains a reasoned explanation for my actions in this case, I will post it on the United States
Court of Federal Claims website, in accordance with the E-Government Act of 2002, Pub. L. No. 107-347, § 205, 116
Stat. 2899, 2913 (Dec. 17, 2002) (current version at 44 U.S.C. § 3501 (2014)). As provided by 42 U.S.C. § 300aa-
12(d)(4)(B), however, the parties may object to the published decision’s inclusion of certain kinds of confidential
information. Specifically, under Vaccine Rule 18(b), each party has 14 days within which to request redaction “of any
information furnished by that party: (1) that is a trade secret or commercial or financial in substance and is privileged
or confidential; or (2) that includes medical files or similar files, the disclosure of which would constitute a clearly
unwarranted invasion of privacy.” Vaccine Rule 18(b). Otherwise, the whole decision will be available to the public.
Id.
2
 The Vaccine Program comprises Part 2 of the National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act of 1986, Pub. L. No. 99-660,
100 Stat. 3758, codified as amended, 42 U.S.C. §§ 300aa-10 through 34 (2012) (“Vaccine Act” or “the Act”).
Individual section references hereafter will be to § 300aa of the Act.
allege that P.A.L. developed an autism spectrum disorder (“ASD”) as a result of his receipt of the
measles, mumps, and rubella (“MMR”) vaccine and/or thimerosal-containing vaccines received
from September of 1998 to December of 1999. An entitlement hearing is set for June of 2016, but
Petitioners now seek an interim award of $26,450 for expert-related costs. See Mot. for Interim
Payment of Expert Medical Witnesses, dated Dec. 31, 2014 (ECF No. 92) (“Costs App.”). For the
reasons stated below, I hereby grant in part and deny in part Petitioners’ request for interim costs,
awarding Petitioners $21,950 in interim costs.

                                              Brief Procedural History
       This matter has been pending for more than ten years. The Loutoses originally filed a short
form petition on February 19, 2003, as part of the Omnibus Autism Proceeding (“OAP”). ECF No.
1. Thereafter, Petitioners began filing medical records in support of their claim. See, e.g., ECF
Nos. 12, 15, and 19. Following the OAP’s conclusion, on August 25, 2011, Petitioners’ prior
counsel filed a status report indicating that Petitioners now intended to allege that P.A.L. suffered
from an underlying mitochondrial disorder and had scheduled an initial appointment for testing,
in order to evaluate whether such a condition would lead them to amend their claim.3 ECF Nos.
22 and 23. Shortly thereafter, on September 7, 2011, Petitioners’ counsel withdrew from the case,
and since that time Petitioners have been pro se litigants.

       In 2014, the Loutoses filed two expert reports supporting their causation theory – one from
Janet Kern, PhD (Pet’rs’ Ex. 52), and a second from Lisa Rankin, MD (one of P.A.L.’s treating
physicians) (Pet’rs’ Ex. 53). ECF No. 82. Dr. Kern (a neuroscientist) opined in her report that
P.A.L. suffered an adverse reaction to his vaccination within 48 hours, and that his symptoms
subsequently progressed and worsened to include brain damage resulting in a diagnosis of
encephalopathy (which she characterized as one of the most commonly reported vaccine adverse
events). ECF No. 82-1 at 5-6. She further expressed the view that P.A.L. showed a progressive
and sequential pattern of regression into ASD after his vaccinations at 15 months, and that the
encephalopathy was a factor in his ASD (along with his mitochondrial dysfunction). Id.

        Dr. Rankin’s expert report similarly opines in favor of Petitioners’ causation theory. Before
filing an expert report, Dr. Rankin had also provided Petitioners with a “To Whom It May
Concern” letter opining that P.A.L. suffered from a mitochondrial dysfunction that had been
exacerbated by the MMR vaccine, resulting in his ASD. That letter was filed in August 2012, along
with the results of P.A.L.’s mitochondrial dysfunction testing. ECF Nos. 52 and 53.

        Petitioners filed the present interim costs application on December 31, 2014. ECF No. 92.
Included with the application were expert invoices. Id. at 4-7. Respondent filed a pleading in
reaction to Petitioners’ application for interim costs on January 5, 2015, noting that any expert

3
    To date, Petitioners have not filed an amended petition in this case.


                                                             2
costs award should not be made until after the filing of Respondent’s expert report,4 as well as
after the filing of each expert’s curriculum vitae. ECF No. 93. Petitioners subsequently filed a
motion on January 15, 2015, for suspension of this proceeding to allow them additional time to
find counsel to represent them in this matter (ECF No. 97), and the motion was granted, suspending
the case until February 19, 2015 (ECF No. 98).

        During the suspension period, this matter was assigned to me. ECF No. 101. Following a
status conference on March 10, 2015, I agreed to allow this case to remain suspended to allow
Petitioners more time to find counsel, but I instructed Respondent in the intervening period to
review and respond substantively to Petitioners’ interim costs application (after Petitioners filed
the missing curricula vitae, which they did on March 17, 2015). ECF Nos. 105 and 106.
Respondent filed her substantive response on June 3, 2015. ECF No. 112 (“Opp.”). During a
subsequent July 13, 2015, status conference, I provided Petitioners with an opportunity to file a
reply responding to Respondent’s opposition to their motion for interim costs (ECF No. 115), and
they did so on September 22, 2015. ECF No. 118 (“Reply”). This matter is now ripe for resolution.


                            The Interim Costs Petition and Respondent’s Objections
       The Loutoses request an interim award of costs totaling $26,450 for work performed by
Drs. Kern and Rankin to date. This total sum breaks down to $25,200 for the services of Dr. Kern
(based on an hourly rate of $300 per hour for 84 hours of work), and $1,250 for the services of Dr.
Rankin (based on an hourly rate of $250 per hour for five hours of work). Petitioners’ initial interim
costs application argued that there is a reasonable basis for their claim (based on the submitted
medical records) and that their good faith in filing the matter should be presumed. Costs App. at
2. They also contended that this matter has been protracted, and that bearing these expert costs
poses an undue burden on them as pro se litigants. Id. at 3.

       Respondent’s opposition reluctantly acknowledges that special masters frequently permit
the award of interim costs where good faith and reasonable basis for filing are present,5 but
(without contesting either good faith or reasonable basis) maintains that an interim award is
inappropriate here, both because the experts lack the necessary qualifications to give a reliable
opinion, and also because the experts expended unreasonable amounts of time in carrying out their
functions. Opp. at 3-7. Thus, Respondent contends that Dr. Kern (who has a nursing background
but lacks medical training and diagnostic expertise) does not offer a reliable expert opinion in

4
 Respondent filed an expert report from Gerald V. Raymond, MD, a neurologist and clinical geneticist, on January 6,
2015. ECF No. 94. In the report, Dr. Raymond disputed that P.A.L.’s vaccinations had anything to do with his autism
and questioned the reliability of scientific evidence suggesting a relationship between vaccines and mitochondrial
disorders resulting in autism, among other things. Id.
5
  Respondent does not dispute that Petitioners’ claim was brought in good faith, and does not explicitly contest
reasonable basis. Opp. at 2. Rather, Respondent (in a footnote) reiterates her “statutory objection” lodged in many
similar cases that “[s]ection 15(e)(1) does not . . . authorize the interim costs requested here” based on her interpretation
of Avera v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 515 F.3d 1343, 1352 (Fed. Cir. 2008).

                                                             3
diagnosing or explaining any of P.A.L.’s illnesses or conditions, alleged or otherwise. Id. at 3.
Moreover, Respondent notes that Dr. Kern “has no special training in diagnosing, treating, or
evaluating mitochondrial disorders.”6 Id. Respondent lodges no objection to Dr. Kern’s hourly
rate, but maintains that the 84 hours she expended preparing an expert report in this matter were
excessive. Id. at 4. Respondent specifically objects to 19 hours billed to performing legal research7
as outside the scope of an expert’s proper function. Id. at 4. She also questions the 37 hours that
Dr. Kern billed for review of records and communications as excessive. Id. at 4-5.

         Respondent similarly questions whether the Petitioners’ other expert, Dr. Rankin, is
qualified to opine on vaccine causation issues in this case, arguing that because no evidence has
been provided as to Dr. Rankin’s qualifications, compensation to her should be denied.8 Opp. at 5.
Given the nominal amount billed by Dr. Rankin, however, Respondent did not object to her hourly
rate or the number of hours billed, leaving the resolution of this part of the interim costs application
solely to my discretion. Id.

        Petitioners’ reply attempts to address the criticisms launched at each expert. In it,
Petitioners argue that Dr. Kern’s extensive research experience in neuroscience, along with her
numerous peer-reviewed publications “focusing on biomarkers of susceptibility, oxidative stress,
neurodegeneration, neuroinflammation, toxicity, risk factors in ASD, and brain changes related to
mercury in neurodevelopmental disorders” render her facially qualified as an expert likely to
provide a reliable opinion. Reply at 2-3. Petitioners also defended Dr. Rankin’s qualifications. Id.
at 4-5.

        Petitioners then argue that the number of hours that Dr. Kern expended on this matter were
reasonable given the circumstances of this case. Thus, Petitioners maintain that the hours spent by
Dr. Kern on legal-related research and communications were intended to aid the report’s
preparation rather than to assist their prosecution of this claim, and that any legal “guidance” she
needed to seek was reasonable given her lack of experience testifying in Vaccine Program cases.
Reply at 4. Petitioners further argue that the time billed by Dr. Kern for review of records and
communications was also reasonable in light of the case’s status (a protracted matter involving pro
se petitioners). Id.



6
 Respondent further argues that “[a]lthough Dr. Kern has published several articles related to the cause and treatment
of ASD, several of the theories set forth in her articles, including the role of thimerosal exposure from vaccines as a
cause of autism, have been discredited by credible scientific studies and rejected by this court in the [OAP].” Opp at
3.
7
  Based on my review and interpretation of Dr. Kern’s billing records, I have determined that in fact 18 hours (rather
than the 19 hours Respondent calculated) were devoted to legal research.
8
 Contrary to Respondent’s assertion, however, a curriculum vitae from Dr. Rankin had, by the time of the filing of
Respondent’s Opposition, been filed. See ECF No. 106 (filed March 17, 2015).


                                                          4
                                                       Analysis
     I.       General Principles Regarding Attorney’s Fees and Costs Awards
        Relevant Federal Circuit precedent9 clearly permits the recovery of interim awards of
attorney’s fees and costs in Vaccine Program cases. Avera v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 515
F.3d 1343, 1352 (Fed. Cir. 2008); see also Cloer v. Sec’y of Health and Human Servs., 675 F.3d
1358, 1362 (Fed. Cir. 2012), aff’d sub nom. Sebelius v. Cloer, 133 S. Ct. 1886 (2013); McKellar
v. Sec’y of Health and Human Servs., 101 Fed. Cl. 297, 302 (2011) (“interim fees are permitted
even before an entitlement decision is made”).

        In Avera, the Federal Circuit discussed the conditions under which an interim fees and
costs award may be appropriate, such as “where proceedings are protracted and costly experts must
be retained.” Avera, 515 F.3d at 1352. But Avera did not define the precise circumstances in which
an interim award is warranted, leading other special masters to observe that the standards for
granting an interim fees award “remain somewhat muddled.” Small v. Sec’y of Health & Human
Servs., No. 02-1616V, 2014 WL 308297, at *1 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Jan. 7, 2014) (citing Shaw v.
Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 609 F.3d 1372, 1375 (Fed. Cir. 2010)). The United States Court
of Federal Claims in McKellar suggested that regardless of how the Avera factors are applied,
“some special showing” is necessary to justify an interim award. McKellar, 101 Fed. Cl. at 301.

        Special masters have broad discretion in determining whether to award interim fees and
costs. See, e.g., Small, 2014 WL 308297, at *1 (“[i]t is clear that interim fees and costs need not
be awarded in all circumstances”); Kirk v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., No. 08-241V, 2009
WL 775396, at *1 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Mar. 13, 2009) (reading Avera to set a “broad,
discretionary vehicle for ensuring that petitioners are not punished financially while pursuing their
vaccine claim”). In exercising such discretion, special masters must still also determine if the other
factors for obtaining an interim award (showing good faith and a reasonable basis for filing) have
been established. Fester v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., No. 10-243V, 2013 WL 5367670, at
*8 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Aug. 27, 2013).10


9
 In this decision, I reference or rely upon the decisions of special masters as well as the judges of the Court of Federal
Claims, all of which constitute persuasive, but not binding authority. Hanlon v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 40
Fed. Cl. 625, 630 (1998). By contrast, Federal Circuit decisions are binding on special masters. Guillory v. Sec’y of
Health & Human Servs., 59 Fed. Cl. 121, 124 (2003), aff’d, 104 Fed. App’x 712 (Fed. Cir. 2004).
10
   Interim award requests receive different treatment from requests for fees and costs made by successful petitioners.
The Vaccine Act specifically provides that successful petitioners are entitled to an award of reasonable attorney’s fees
and costs. Section 15(e). Unsuccessful petitioners may also recover attorney’s fees and costs. Fester, 2013 WL
5367670, at *6 (citations omitted). But a requesting unsuccessful petitioner (which includes petitioners whose cases
have not been adjudicated fully) must demonstrate that his petition was filed in good faith and had a reasonable basis.
Small, 2014 WL 308297, at *1 (citing Perreira v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., No. 90-847V, 1992 WL 164436,
at *1 (Cl. Ct. June 12, 1992), aff’d, 27 Fed. Cl. 29 (1992), aff’d, 33 F.3d 1375 (Fed. Cir. 1994)). Ultimately, it is a
petitioner’s burden to demonstrate that requested attorney’s fees are reasonable. Hensley v. Eckerhart, 461 U.S. 424,
437 (1983); see also Sabella v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 86 Fed. Cl. 201, 215 (2009); Rupert v. Sec’y of

                                                            5
       Under the Vaccine Act, awards of compensation are to cover attorney’s fees and other costs
incurred in proceedings associated with the petition. Section 15(e)(1) (emphasis added). The word
“incurred” is not defined by the statute but it has been interpreted to mean “legally liable to pay.”
Black v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 33 Fed. Cl. 546, 550 (1995).

II.      Appropriateness of Interim Costs Award in This Case

        As noted above, good faith and reasonable basis for a claim are threshold requirements for
an interim costs award. Respondent does not dispute that Petitioners filed their claim in good faith,
nor do I find that good faith is absent. Whether this claim has a reasonable basis, however, is more
difficult to resolve. Although Respondent does not explicitly contest reasonable basis, she does
suggest that Petitioners’ experts lack the qualifications to offer reliable opinions (thus implicitly
suggesting that the claim itself may lack the necessary support required to make a reasonable basis
showing). Opp. at 2-3 and 5.

        In Chuisano v. United States, 116 Fed. Cl. 276, 285 (2014), the Court of Federal Claims
noted that “[a] ‘reasonable basis’ standard that is not rigidly defined – as amorphous as it may be
– is consistent with the Vaccine Act as a whole,” which was intended “to award compensation ‘to
vaccine-injured persons quickly, easily, and with certainty and generosity,’” and which features a
generous attorney’s fees provision in keeping with that intent. Id. (internal citations omitted). Thus,
in attempting to carry out such policy goals, special masters have tended to be lenient when
determining whether a claim has a reasonable basis. Austin v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs.,
No. 10–362V, 2013 WL 659574, at *8 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Jan. 31, 2013). In establishing a
reasonable basis for the claim,11 however, a “petitioner must rely on more than speculation.”
McKellar, 101 Fed. Cl. at 303-05 (citing Perreira v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 33 F.3d
1375, 1377 (Fed. Cir. 1994)) (“unlike good faith, there is no presumption of a petition’s
reasonableness”).

        The inquiry into a claim’s reasonable basis thus centers “not [on] the likelihood of success
[of a claim] but more [on] the feasibility of the claim.” Di Roma v. Sec'y of Health & Human
Servs., No. 90–3277V, 1993 WL 496981, at *1 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Nov. 18, 1993). Other special
masters have considered whether a claim has support in the contemporaneous medical records
and/or a medical opinion, or if the petitioner can demonstrate at least that “fundamental inquiries”
were made to locate evidentiary support for the claim. Melbourne v. Sec’y of Health & Human
Servs., No. 99-694V, 2007 WL 2020084, at *6 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. June 25, 2007); Di Roma,
1993 WL 496981, at *2.



Health & Human Servs., 52 Fed. Cl. 684, 686 (2002). The same burden applies to justifying requests for an award of
costs. Perreira, 27 Fed. Cl. at 34.
11
  Preponderant evidence is not required to establish the reasonable basis of a petitioner’s claim. Chuisano, 116 Fed.
Cl. at 287.

                                                         6
        Based on my review of this case and the materials filed in connection with it, including the
Petitioners’ two expert reports, I find that there is a reasonable basis for the claim at the present
juncture. This is far from the only post-OAP active Vaccine Program case asserting that a child
suffered an encephalopathic event after vaccination, and/or that a vaccine significantly aggravated
an underlying mitochondrial disease, resulting in the development of an ASD. See, e.g., Holt v.
Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., No. 05-0136V, 2015 WL 4381588 (Fed. Cl. June 24, 2015)
(alleging that the hepatitis B vaccinations that her daughter received either alone or in combination
caused or significantly aggravated her subsequently diagnosed developmental, neurological, or
mitochondrial issues); Bushnell v. Sec'y of Health & Human Servs., No. 02-1648V, 2015 WL
4099824, at *6 (Fed. Cl. June 12, 2015) (alleging that a mitochondrial disorder caused an enzyme
deficiency which led to an accumulation of thimerosal from vaccines administered which in turn
lead to ASD). Although such claims have not been successful, they were still litigated. The
Petitioners have identified sufficient expert opinion and relevant literature to support the claim’s
feasibility.12

        The next question presented by Petitioners’ interim application is whether the case’s
overall circumstances justify such an award. In making that determination, I will give some
consideration to the Avera factors (without applying them rigidly). See generally Al-Uffi v. Sec'y
of Health & Human Servs., No. 13-956V, 2015 WL 6181669 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Sept. 30, 2015)
(discussing considerations when making a determination regarding whether to award interim fees
and costs). First, the case, now over 12 years old, fits the definition of “protracted.” Second, I also
find that pro se petitioners like the Loutoses easily meet Avera’s undue burden requirement, as the
total costs incurred to date by both experts reflect sums that are reasonably understood to be
burdensome to private individuals when carried over a long period of time. See also Fester, 2013
WL 5367670, at *15 (in evaluating whether a petitioner has suffered “undue hardship,” the
“Circuit appeared to focus on the hardship of carrying unreimbursed costs for extended periods
rather than the financial situation of the petitioner or counsel”). Finally, I deem the total sum of
costs incurred for both experts to be sufficiently high to merit reimbursement before hearing.

III.     Reasonableness of the Interim Costs Requested

       Vaccine Program petitioners are entitled to reimbursement for costs that were reasonably
expended during the course of the litigation, including expert-related costs. Perreira, 27 Fed. Cl.
at 34. The burden of demonstrating that costs incurred were reasonable falls on a petitioner.
Ceballos v. Sec'y of Health & Human Servs., No. 99-97V, 2004 WL 784910, at *13 (Fed. Cl. Spec.
Mstr. Mar. 25, 2004) (quoting Comm. Heating & Plumbing Co. v. Garrett III, 2 F.3d 1143, 1146
(Fed. Cir. 1993)). Special masters can exercise broad discretion in evaluating the reasonableness

12
  In finding that reasonable basis for the claim exists at the present time, I am explicitly not determining that the
Petitioners’ experts have offered reliable expert opinions. That determination will be made at trial, after I hear the
experts testify. But the possibility that I might later determine that Drs. Kern and/or Rankin have offered unreliable
opinions need not dissuade me from permitting an interim award based on the present circumstances, such as the fact
that the Petitioners are pro se claimants.

                                                          7
of requested expert costs. Perreira, 27 Fed. Cl. at 34; Chen Bou v. Sec'y of Health & Human Servs.,
No. 04-1329V, 2007 WL 924495, at *7 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Mar. 9, 2007).

       A.      The Experts’ Qualifications are Not Grounds for Denying an Award

        Respondent challenges the experts’ scientific and/or medical qualifications to offer the
opinions they assert in their reports, suggesting that their lack of expertise militates against an
interim award. Neither expert appears to have testified in a Vaccine Program case before, so I
cannot evaluate how they have been received in the past by other special masters. But based on
their curricula vitae alone, it is evident that Petitioners’ experts possess backgrounds and
experience similar to other experts who have testified regarding vaccine causation of ASDs or
encephalopathies. For instance, Dr. Kern received her PhD in cognition and neuroscience from the
University of Texas at Dallas in 1999, and has published numerous articles in peer-reviewed
journals on topics pertinent to this case, including oxidative stress, toxicity, risk factors in ASD,
and brain changes related to mercury in neurodevelopmental disorders. See ECF No. 99; see also,
Miller v. Sec'y of Health & Human Servs., No. 02-235V, 2015 WL 5456093, at *10 (Fed. Cl. Spec.
Mstr. Aug. 18, 2015) (a doctor with a background in neurology and pediatrics who had peer-
reviewed publications on ASD and related topics was highly qualified to opine on the cause of
ASD and whether a child had ASD, or a mitochondrial disorder masquerading as ASD); Snyder v.
Sec'y of Dep't of Health & Human Servs., No. 01-162V, 2009 WL 332044, at *9, *11 (Fed. Cl.
Spec. Mstr. Feb. 12, 2009), mot. for review den’d, 88 Fed. Cl. 706 (2009).

        Petitioners’ other expert, Dr. Rankin, received her MD from University of Miami in 1996,
has been licensed to practice medicine in the state of Florida since 1999, and is currently a
physician at The Brain Training Center in Port St. Lucie, Florida with special expertise in ASD.
ECF No. 106 at 4; see also Mooney v. Sec'y of Health & Human Servs., No. 05-266V, 2014 WL
7715158, at *14 (Fed. Cl. Dec. 29, 2014) (awarding $250 per hour to a treating physician who
provided a four-hour medical consultation in a former OAP case involving an encephalopathy).
Moreover, Dr. Rankin was one of P.A.L.’s treaters, and it is well established that treater opinions
are to be specifically considered by special masters when making determinations regarding vaccine
causation. See, e.g., Moberly, 592 F.3d at 1325 (although evidence from a treating physician
regarding causation is not required, such evidence can be very probative). Dr. Rankin’s testimony
would therefore be heard even if she were not agreeing to act as an expert in the matter.

        In any event, questions about the overall qualifications of these experts, or whether they
offer persuasive opinions, go to the weight their opinions should be given under the standard set
forth in Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharm., 509 U.S. 579 (1993) rather than whether it is reasonable
to compensate them for assisting the Petitioners. See Fester, WL 5367670, at *13. In some cases,
where questions are raised about the overall reliability of an expert opinion or an expert’s
professional qualifications to offer it, it may make sense to wait until the experts have testified
before compensating them, so that the special master can evaluate if retention of the experts was
reasonable. But I find the present circumstances (pro se petitioners in a protracted case) override

                                                 8
such concerns here, even if Respondent’s suspicions about the likely value of these experts’
opinions prove to be correct after hearing.

        B.       Reasonableness of Requested Costs

        I must now calculate the interim costs award based on the reasonableness of each expert’s
work performed in this matter. The lodestar method is utilized to calculate what constitutes a
reasonable fee for an expert in a Vaccine Program case. Simon v. Sec'y of Health & Human Servs.,
No. 05–941V, 2008 WL 623833, at *1 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Feb. 21, 2008). The number of hours
reasonably expended by the expert13 is multiplied by a reasonable hourly rate. Simon, 2008 WL
623833, at *1. The petitioner bears the burden of demonstrating the reasonableness of the expert’s
hourly rate and the reasonableness of the number of hours that the expert expended on the case.
Id. at *2. A special master may decline to award expert-related costs where the petitioner fails to
provide a sufficient explanation of the work performed by an expert or that expert’s qualifications.
See Doe v. Sec'y of Health & Human Servs., No. 02-411V, 2011 WL 6941671, at *8 (Fed. Cl.
Spec. Mstr. Oct. 26, 2011).

        In determining whether a proposed hourly rate is reasonable, the special master may
consider “the witness’s area of expertise; the education and training required to provide him the
necessary insight; the prevailing rates for other comparably respected available experts; the nature,
quality, and complexity of the information provided; the cost of living in the expert's geographic
area; and any other factor likely to assist the undersigned in balancing the various interests in the
case.” Baker v. Sec'y of Health & Human Servs., No. 99–653V, 2005 WL 589431, at *3-5 (Fed.
Cl. Spec. Mstr. Feb. 24, 2005), mot. for review den’d, 2005 WL 6122529 (Fed. Cl. June 21, 2005).

        Respondent does not question the reasonableness of the hourly rate requested by either
expert, and I find the requested rates to be acceptable given their professional backgrounds, and
that the rates are comparable to those charged by similarly-situated experts offering testimony in
Vaccine Program cases. See, e.g., O'Neill v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., No. 08-243V, 2015
WL 2399211, at *17 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Apr. 28, 2015) (awarding an hourly rate of $400 to an
expert in neurology); Dingle v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., No. 08-579V, 2014 WL 630473,
at *8 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Jan. 24, 2014) (expert did not have “specialized knowledge and
experience” in the case to justify his requested hourly rate of $500 and, accordingly, rate was
reduced to $400 per hour); Allen v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., No. 11-051V, 2013 WL
5229796, at *2 (Fed. Cl. Aug. 23, 2013) (pre-approving a rate of $500 per hour for an expert in
neurology and immunology who also had expertise directly relevant to a disputed issue); Chen
Bou, 2007 WL 924495, at *10, *16 (awarding an expert $350 per hour based in part on his poor

13
   The special master’s own experience and judgment, as well as the amount of time that an expert with comparable
skills would have spent on the task in a comparable case, are relevant considerations when making determinations
regarding the number of hours reasonably expended by an expert on a case. Caves v. Sec'y of Health & Human Servs.,
No. 07–443V, 2012 WL 6951286, at *12 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Dec. 20, 2012), mot. for review den’d, 111 Fed. Cl.
774 (2013).

                                                        9
performance in testifying at hearing). Accordingly, I will compensate Dr. Kern for hours
reasonably expended on this litigation at her requested hourly rate of $300 per hour, and I will
compensate Dr. Rankin for hours reasonably expended on this litigation at her requested hourly
rate of $250 per hour.

        The next issue is whether the time billed by both experts is fully or only partially
compensable. Respondent does not contest the reasonableness of the five hours that Dr. Rankin
spent researching and preparing an expert report in this matter. I similarly find that the amount of
time that Dr. Rankin spent on this matter was reasonable. I therefore will approve an interim award
of costs in the full amount requested for Dr. Rankin.

        Respondent does, however, question some of the hours that Dr. Kern spent reviewing
medical records, performing research, and preparing an expert report in this matter. Respondent
specifically challenges time spent by Dr. Kern on two types of tasks – performing legal research
and reviewing medical records and communication.14 Regarding the former, my review and
interpretation of the expert invoices reveal that Dr. Kern devoted approximately 18 hours to
performing legal-related research and communication.

        In a case being litigated by pro se claimants, it is foreseeable that an expert might need to
spend some time determining the legal requirements of an expert report, as a pro se litigant will
lack the knowledge a seasoned Vaccine Program attorney would possess and could provide to that
expert to guide the preparation of his report. Nevertheless – Vaccine Program experts are not
retained to offer their views as to the law applicable to a claim, for that is the exclusive role of the
attorneys in the case and/or the special master. Mola Dev. Corp. v. United States, 516 F.3d 1370,
1379 n.6 (2008) (affording no weight to affidavit of former government official interpreting thrift
regulations). And an expert should similarly not be compensated for getting “up to speed” on the
Vaccine Program more generally. Rather (and despite the attendant burdens), pro se litigants are
responsible for informing their expert as to what is required, in the same manner that counsel are
– just as pro se litigants are more generally responsible for prosecuting their own claims in
accordance with the Act. Bass v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., No. 05-901V, 2006 WL
5631321, at *2 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. June 15, 2006) (“being a pro se litigant does not relieve the
petitioner of his burden to fulfill the statutory requirements of the Vaccine Act”).

       I therefore determine that the 18 hours that Dr. Kern devoted to conducting legal research
was excessive, and reduce the compensable time devoted to such matters by approximately 83
percent, awarding only 3 hours for work performed by her in this category (a reduction of 15 hours,
or $4,500).

       With respect to the second challenge, the invoices submitted in support of this costs
application indicate that between March and October of 2014, Dr. Kern devoted approximately 37

14
  I find the amount of time Dr. Kern spent on other tasks to be reasonable, and as Respondent has not specifically
objected to such tasks, I do not address that time in my decision.

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hours to reviewing medical records and communications. Given the extensive nature of the
medical records filed in this case, I find the amount of time that Dr. Kern devoted to these tasks to
be reasonable, especially given the complexity of the claim herein, and I will fully compensate Dr.
Kern for this time.

       Accordingly, Petitioners will receive fees for 84 hours of work performed by Dr. Kern,
minus 15 hours spent on legal issues, compensated at an hourly rate of $300 per hour, for a total
of $20,700 (69 hours x $300 per hour).

                                                 CONCLUSION

        For the reasons stated above, I hereby GRANT IN PART and DENY IN PART
Petitioners’ application for expert-related costs in this case. Based on all of the above, the
following chart sets forth the total calculation of Petitioners’ award:

 Expert                         Amount Requested               Reduction                       Total Awarded
 Dr. Kern’s Fees                $25,200                        $4,500                          $20,700
 Dr. Rankin’s Fees              $1,250                         $0                              $1,250


        I reduce Petitioners’ interim costs application by the amount of $4,500, thereby awarding
Petitioners a total of $21,950. This amount reflects the total amount awarded for Petitioners’
interim application for attorney’s fees and costs. Accordingly, an award shall be made in the
form of a check jointly payable to Petitioners in the amount of $21,950.

       In the absence of a motion for review filed pursuant to RCFC Appendix B, the clerk of the
Court SHALL ENTER JUDGMENT in accordance with the terms of this decision.15

         IT IS SO ORDERED.

                                                                          _________________________
                                                                            Brian H. Corcoran
                                                                           Special Master




15
  Pursuant to Vaccine Rule 11(a), the parties may expedite entry of judgment if (jointly or separately) they file notices
renouncing their right to seek review.

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