                     IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

                                  No. 14-0871
                             Filed March 25, 2015


ANGELA SHAW, f/k/a ANGELA HUGO,
    Plaintiff-Appellee,

vs.

SUSAN OSTRANDER,
    Defendant-Appellant,

and JAYNE ANN MILLER,
      Defendant.
________________________________________________________________

      Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Winnebago County, Gregg R.

Rosenbladt, Judge.



      Susan Ostrander appeals the district court’s order on a petition for

declaratory judgment concerning the parties’ family settlement agreement.

AFFIRMED.



      Shaun Thompson of Newman Law Office, P.C., Forest City, for appellant.

      Joel J. Yunek of Yunek Law Firm, P.L.C., Mason City, for appellee.

      Jayne Miller, Derby, defendant pro se.



      Considered by Vogel, P.J., and Doyle and McDonald, JJ.
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VOGEL, P.J.

       Susan Ostrander appeals a district court decision interpreting a family

settlement agreement to give her sister, Angela Shaw, a first option to purchase

farmland. We agree with the district court’s conclusion that the language of the

family settlement agreement is “very clear and unambiguous,” that Shaw may

purchase the land either by an installment contract or by cash purchase. We

also agree with the court’s finding that Shaw clearly exercised her option. We

affirm the decision of the district court.

       I.     Background Facts & Proceedings

       Russell and Martha Reindal had three daughters—Susan Ostrander,

Angela Shaw, and Jayne Ann Miller. In 1992, Russell and Martha transferred by

warranty deed their farmland in Winnebago County to their three daughters as

tenants in common but retained a life estate to themselves. At the same time

they entered into a family settlement agreement that was signed by Russell,

Martha, Ostrander, Shaw, Miller, and the husbands of the three daughters. 1

       The family settlement agreement provided:

              WHEREAS, it is the desire of all parties that Angela [Shaw]
       shall have the first option to purchase said real estate in the event
       of the death of her parents or upon the death of the survivor of
       them; and
              WHEREAS, the parties desire to set out their terms of their
       understanding in writing,
              IT IS AGREED AS FOLLOWS:
              1.      It is agreed that in the event that the valuation of said
       farm at the death of both of the Grantors first above named is equal
       to or similar to the fair market value at the time of the execution of
       this agreement, that the purchase price shall be the fair market

1
 When the family settlement agreement was signed Shaw was married to Doug Hugo
and was known as Angela Hugo. She is no longer married to Doug Hugo and is now
known as Angela Shaw.
                                         3


      value and Angela [Shaw], in the event that she elects to purchase
      said property, shall pay her sisters one-third each of the then fair
      market value of the property. It is agreed that she shall have the
      right to purchase the same on a real estate contract, calling for an
      initial down payment of ten (10) percent of the purchase price, with
      installments equal to five (5) percent of the purchase price to be
      paid each year for a period of seven (7) years, plus interest on the
      unpaid balances at the rate of six (6) percent per annum, with a
      balloon payment to be paid at the end of seven years from the
      effective purchase date.
               2.   In the event that there is a substantial increase in the
      fair market value of real estate, specifically in the event that the real
      estate should be valued in excess of $1,400.00 per acre, it is
      agreed that Angela [Shaw] shall have the same option to purchase
      as set forth in the foregoing paragraph, except that the purchase
      price shall be reduced to an amount equal to 75% of fair market
      value provided that the purchase price shall not be less than
      $1,400.00 per acre, on the same contractual terms set forth.
               ....
               4.   All terms, proration of taxes and other matters shall
      be in accordance with standard format and custom in the prevailing
      area.

      Russell died on July 8, 2001, and Martha died on October 7, 2012. At the

time of the latter death, the fair market value of the farmland was in excess of

$1400 per acre.    On October 25, 2012, Shaw sent out a letter stating she

definitely wanted to exercise her option to purchase the farmland. The letter also

stated Shaw did not intend to purchase the property on an installment real estate

contract but would submit a bank draft in full payment of the purchase price.

Shaw obtained an appraisal valuing the property at $1,716,040.

      Ostrander objected, claiming that under the terms of the family settlement

agreement Shaw was required to purchase the property through a real estate

contract payable over seven years. Ostrander obtained an appraisal valuing the

property at $1,949,318.
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       Shaw filed a petition for declaratory judgment on May 23, 2013, asking the

court to determine whether under the terms of the family settlement agreement

she could purchase the property either by an installment contract or by a cash

sale. She also asked the court to determine the fair market value of the property.

A hearing on the matter was held on March 27, 2014.2

       The district court ruled the language of the family settlement agreement

was “very clear and unambiguous.” The court determined that because the value

of the farmland had substantially increased Shaw had the first option to purchase

the farmland at seventy-five percent of the fair market value. The court found

she had “the ‘right’ to purchase the property on a contract for deed, but is

certainly not required to do so.” The court also found Shaw had clearly exercised

her option to purchase.       The court concluded the fair market value for the

property was the average of the two appraisals, $1,832,679.3

       Ostrander filed a motion pursuant to Iowa Rule of Civil Procedure 1.904(2)

asserting the family settlement agreement clearly and unambiguously required

Shaw to purchase the property by means of an installment contract over a term

of seven years and not a cash purchase. The district court noted Ostrander was

asserting the family settlement agreement was clear and unambiguous, but the

court did not change its conclusions concerning the meaning of the agreement.

Ostrander appeals the decision of the district court.
2
  Ostrander filed a petition to partition the property pursuant to Iowa Rule of Civil
Procedure 1.1201, and that matter was considered at the same hearing. The district
court dismissed the partition action. No issues relative to the partition action have been
raised on appeal.
3
  The court found Shaw’s purchase price for the property was seventy-five percent of
$1,832,679, which was $1,374,509. Because each of the three sisters had a one-third
interest in the property, Shaw could purchase the property by paying each of her two
sisters, Ostrander and Miller, $458,169.73.
                                         5


       II.    Standard of Review

       “We generally review the interpretation and construction of a contract as a

matter of law. However, our review here is de novo as the parties agreed to try

the case in equity.” Iowa Waste Sys., Inc. v. Buchanan Cnty., 617 N.W.2d 23, 32

(Iowa Ct. App. 2000) (citation omitted); see also In re Estate of Serovy, 711

N.W.2d 290, 295 (Iowa 2006) (engaging in de novo review of the district court’s

interpretation of a contract in equitable proceedings). This case was tried in

equity, and therefore, our review is de novo. Iowa R. App. P. 6.907. We give

weight to the factual findings of the district court, especially when considering the

credibility of witnesses, but are not bound by those findings. Iowa R. App. P.

6.904(3)(g); Weinhold v. Wolff, 555 N.W.2d 454, 458 (Iowa 1996).

       III.   Family Settlement Agreement

       Ostrander contends the clear terms of the family settlement agreement

require Shaw to purchase the farmland through an installment contract. The

parties agreed there had been a substantial increase in the fair market value of

the real estate and that paragraph 2 of the Agreement would provide the terms

for Shaw’s option to purchase the property. Under paragraph 2, Shaw could

purchase the property for seventy-five percent of the fair market value “on the

same contractual terms above set forth.” Under paragraph 1, Shaw has the right

to purchase the property on a real estate contract with a down payment of ten

percent of the purchase price, with annual payments of five percent of the

purchase price for seven years, plus interest at six percent per year, with a

balloon payment at the end of seven years.           Ostrander claims Shaw can
                                            6


purchase the farmland only by a real estate contract that contains these specific

terms.

         The construction and interpretation of contracts are issues for the court to

determine. Johnson v. Farm Bureau Mut. Ins. Co., 533 N.W.2d 203, 206 (Iowa

1995).

         Interpretation is the process for determining the meaning of the
         words used by the parties in a contract. Interpretation of a contract
         is a legal issue unless the interpretation of the contract depends on
         extrinsic evidence. On the other hand, construction of a contract is
         the process the court uses to determine the legal effect of the
         words used.

Pillsbury Co., Inc. v. Wells Dairy, Inc., 752 N.W.2d 430, 435-36 (Iowa 2008)

(citations omitted).

         “It is the cardinal principle of contract construction that the parties’ intent

controls; and except in cases of ambiguity, this is determined by what the

contract itself says.”     Berryhill v. Hatt, 428 N.W.2d 647, 654 (Iowa 1988).

“Ambiguity exists when, after application of pertinent rules of interpretation to the

face of the instrument, a genuine uncertainty exists concerning which of two

reasonable constructions is proper.” Id. The mere fact the parties disagree on

the meaning of a phrase does not establish ambiguity. Farm Bureau Mut. Ins.

Co. v. Sandbulte, 302 N.W.2d 104, 108 (Iowa 1981). When the parties’ intent is

clear and unambiguous, a contract should be enforced as it is written.             See

American Soil Processing, Inc. v. Iowa Comprehensive Petroleum Underground

Storage Tank Fund Bd., 586 N.W.2d 325, 329 (Iowa 1998).

         We agree with the district court’s conclusion that the language of the

family settlement agreement is “very clear and unambiguous.” The agreement
                                         7

provides, “It is agreed that she shall have the right to purchase the [property] on

a real estate contract.” (Emphasis added.) The language of the Agreement,

however, does not create an obligation that would require her to purchase the

property by means of an installment contract.          The district court properly

determined Shaw “has the ‘right’ to purchase the property on a contract for deed,

but is certainly not required to do so.” See In re Estate of Ohrt, 550 N.W.2d 181,

184 (Iowa Ct. App. 1996) (noting that in a parent’s will giving a child the right to

purchase farmland, the testator intended for the child to purchase the land under

terms favorable to the child).

       IV.    Exercise of Option to Purchase

       Ostrander claims Shaw did not properly exercise her first option to

purchase the property. She asserts that under the family settlement agreement

Shaw could only exercise her option to purchase by expressing a desire to

purchase the property with a real estate contract.       Ostrander states Shaw’s

expression that she wanted to make a cash purchase of the property did not

constitute an exercise of the option under the terms of the agreement.

       “The only rule regarding the manner of exercise of an option is to discover

from the language of the instrument the intent of the parties with reference

thereto.” In re Estate of Claussen, 482 N.W.2d 381, 384 (Iowa 1992). “Anything

amounting to an unqualified manifestation of an optionee’s determination to

accept is sufficient unless the option agreement provides otherwise.” Steele v.

Northup, 143 N.W.2d 302, 306 (Iowa 1966).

       We agree with the district court’s finding that Shaw clearly exercised her

option to purchase the property.     The letter sent to Ostrander and Miller on
                                         8


October 25, 2012, stated Shaw “definitely wants to exercise this option to

purchase.”   The family settlement agreement does not specify any particular

method of exercising the option to purchase. As noted above, the agreement

does not require Shaw to purchase the property with a real estate contract.

      We affirm the decision of the district court.

      AFFIRMED.
