                                                        [DO NOT PUBLISH]

              IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                     FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT             FILED
                    _____________________________U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                                                        ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                                                           May 19, 2005
                            No. 04-10480                 THOMAS K. KAHN
                    _____________________________            CLERK

                   D. C. Docket No. 03-00085 CR-T-N-1

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                                              Plaintiff-Appellee,

     versus

LEWIS MCKENZIE,

                                              Defendant-Appellant.

              _________________________________________

                 Appeal from the United States District Court
                    for the Middle District of Alabama
              _________________________________________
                               (May 19, 2005)



Before EDMONDSON, Chief Judge, TJOFLAT and KRAVITCH, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:

      Appellant McKenzie was convicted of violating federal drug laws. 21

U.S.C. § 844(a). The conviction rested, in part, on incriminating statements

McKenzie made to an arresting officer before McKenzie was read his Miranda

rights. On appeal, he alleges that the use of those statements at trial violated his

rights under the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution. We disagree

and affirm the conviction.



                                       FACTS



      On 5 February 2003, officers with the Alexander City Police Department in

Alexander, Alabama executed a search warrant at McKenzie’s residence. The

warrant authorized a search for illegal drugs. Even though McKenzie was on

electronic monitoring, he was not at home when officers arrived at his home.

McKenzie’s parents allowed the officers to enter and permitted them to search

what was allegedly McKenzie’s room. During the search, the officers discovered

ammunition, marijuana and some cocaine residue.

      One hour after the search began, McKenzie approached the house through

the back yard. An officer saw McKenzie and placed him under arrest for failure to

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pay child support. The parties agree that the arresting officer did not read

McKenzie his Miranda rights. After being arrested, McKenzie continually talked

to the officers, often in an abusive manner. In fact, the officers requested that

McKenzie stop talking on numerous occasions.

      Officer Turner testified at McKenzie’s trial to the conversation at issue.

The conversation occurred at McKenzie’s house, after his arrest, but before he was

read his Miranda rights:

      Q.:    “Did [McKenzie] make any statements to you?”

      A.:    “I asked him where he was at.”

      Q.:    “And what did he reply?”

      A.:    “He advised, ‘you police, you figure it out.’”

      Q.:    “What other statements did he make to you?”

      A.:    “I advised him that we found some marijuana and some cocaine, and

             he told me that he smoked marijuana and did I ever think he was a

             user or did I just figure he was a dealer.”

      Q.:    “Did he say anything else to you?”

      A.:    “‘Go mess with the folks on the lake. That’s where all the real dope

             is.’ He said if they called him right now and tested him, he would

             ‘blow the machine up.’”

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      Q.:     “What did you take that to mean?”

      A.:     “That he would be positive for narcotics at that time.”

      Based in part on this testimony, a jury convicted McKenzie for possession

of cocaine in violation of 21 U.S.C. 844(a). McKenzie now appeals that

conviction.



                                   DISCUSSION



      We must determine whether McKenzie was interrogated in the

constitutional sense, and whether the statements he made to Officer Turner were

voluntary. These questions present mixed ones of law and fact. On review, we

may substitute our “independent judgment after a review of the entire record.”

Cannady v. Dugger, 931 F.2d 752, 754 (11th Cir. 1991).

      The Supreme Court has said that the Fifth Amendment prohibits an officer

from interrogating an arrestee without reading that arrestee his so-called Miranda

rights. Miranda v. Arizona, 86 S. Ct. 1602, 1630 (1966). This rule extends to the

functional equivalent of an interrogation. Rhode Island v. Innis, 100 S. Ct. 1682,

1689 (1980). But, voluntary statements -- even those made without a Miranda

reading -- are admissible. Miranda, 86 S. Ct. at 1630. Thus, if Officer Turner’s

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statements were part of an interrogation or its functional equivalent, then it was

error to admit them unless McKenzie made them voluntarily.

      We decide that Officer Turner did not interrogate McKenzie in the

constitutional sense. About drugs, Officer Turner merely stated what was

discovered in McKenzie’s room; he did not ask McKenzie questions about the

seized contraband. McKenzie’s appeal, therefore, rests on whether the

conversation was the functional equivalent of an interrogation.

      The Supreme Court defined “functional equivalent” as “any words or

actions on the part of police (other than those normally attendant to arrest and

custody) that the police should know are reasonably likely to elicit an

incriminating response from the suspect.” Innis, 100 S. Ct. at 1689-90. The focus

of the inquiry is the perception of the suspect, not the intent of the police. Arizona

v. Mauro, 107 S. Ct. 1931, 1935 (1987).

      This Court has also considered whether a seizure involved an “unusual

degree of force” to determine whether police partook in the functional equivalent

of interrogation. United States v. Glen-Archila, 677 F.2d 809, 815 (11th Cir.

1982). And, we previously said that a “police arrest or seizure [is not, by itself] so

coercive [as to] transform a situation into one of functional interrogation.” Id.

See also United States v. Genao, 281 F.3d 305, 311 (1st Cir. 2002) (concluding

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officer’s statement: “We’ve got a problem here,” did not constitute the functional

equivalence of interrogation).

       Our review of the record leads us to conclude that the conversation at issue

was not the functional equivalent of an interrogation. We are not persuaded that

Officer Turner should have known that by informing McKenzie of what officers

found in McKenzie’s room would illicit the response it did. In addition, the police

did not use an unusual degree of force, or psychological tricks like those

mentioned in Innis.1 We also believe the statement was voluntary. See Genao,

281 F.3d at 311. That McKenzie continually talked with officers after being

arrested and that he did so after being warned, though not with official Miranda

language, to be quiet is undisputed.

       Accordingly, the conviction is

       AFFIRMED.




   1
     Innis cited examples of coached witnesses in lineups, minimizing the moral seriousness of an
offense, blaming the victim and reverse lineups as psychological “ploys” used by the police to obtain
incriminating statements. 100 S. Ct. at 1689.

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