Opinion issued June 11, 2013




                                  In The

                           Court of Appeals
                                 For The

                       First District of Texas
                        ————————————
                           NO. 01-11-00067-CR
                         ———————————
                 NOE GUADALUPE MIJARES, Appellant
                                    V.
                    THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee




                     On Appeal from the 180th District
                          Harris County, Texas
                      Trial Court Case No. 1267237
                           MEMORANDUM OPINION

      A jury found appellant Noe Guadalupe Mijares guilty of the offense of

aggravated sexual assault. 1 The jury assessed appellant’s punishment at 35 years

in prison. Appellant raises four issues on appeal challenging the trial court’s denial

of his motion to suppress his written statement and asserting that the trial court

erred by its evidentiary rulings.

      We affirm.

                                    Background

      On February 21, 2009, appellant called his ex-girlfriend “Mary” and asked

her if she wanted a ride to a nightclub. 2 She agreed to allow appellant to take her

to the club. After he picked her up, appellant asked Mary if she would reconcile

with him. She told him she did not want to reconcile.

      Instead of driving her to the nightclub, appellant drove Mary to where his

eighteen-wheel truck was parked. Appellant asked Mary to come inside the truck

to have sex with him. Mary refused. Appellant ordered Mary to come with him.

When she did not comply, appellant punched Mary in the face several times and

covered her mouth and nose with his hand. Mary pretended to pass out. Appellant

let go of Mary, and she tried to escape. Appellant then attempted to shock Mary


1
      See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 22.021 (Vernon 2011).
2
      We identify the complainant by a pseudonym to protect her anonymity.
                                          2
with a stun gun. Appellant forced Mary inside the sleeping cab of his truck. He

drove her to another location. After threatening her with a knife, appellant forced

Mary to have anal sex with him.

         The next morning, appellant drove to the parking lot of a fast food restaurant

and parked. Mary was tied up inside the truck. When appellant left to get some

food, Mary was able to free herself. She ran from the truck, but appellant saw her.

Appellant caught Mary and began dragging her back to the truck.

         Officer N. Streety of the Humble Police Department was driving nearby in

his patrol car. He saw appellant and Mary struggling and stopped to investigate.

After speaking with Mary, the officer took appellant into custody.

         Appellant was taken to the Wallisville substation of the Harris County

Sherriff’s Office. There, he spoke with Sergeant S. McCoy. Although appellant’s

first language is Spanish, Sergeant McCoy communicated with appellant in

English. Sergeant McCoy read appellant the five statutory rights as defined in

Texas Code of Criminal Procedure article 38.22, section 2.3 After he read each of

the five rights, Sergeant McCoy asked appellant if he understood the right before

reading the next right. Appellant responded affirmatively that he understood each

right.




3
         See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 38.22, § 2(a) (Vernon 2005).
                                            3
      Sergeant McCoy asked appellant if he felt comfortable conversing in

English. Appellant indicated that he was comfortable speaking English. Although

appellant indicated that he was comfortable communicating in English, Sergeant

McCoy had Deputy M. Elizondo, who speaks Spanish, in the room while appellant

gave his statement. Sergeant McCoy made appellant aware that Deputy Elizondo

was there to translate if needed.      At no time did appellant request Deputy

Elizondo’s assistance in communicating with Sergeant McCoy.

      Appellant gave a statement in English to Sergeant McCoy regarding what

had occurred between him and Mary. While appellant spoke, Sergeant McCoy

typed appellant’s statement on a computer. In his statement, appellant admitted to

the allegations supporting the later-filed charge of aggravated sexual assault.

      After it was completed, Sergeant McCoy gave a hard copy of the statement

to appellant.   Sergeant McCoy read the statement to appellant in English as

appellant followed along on his own copy. The written statement also listed the

statutory rights that Sergeant McCoy had earlier read to appellant.          Sergeant

McCoy then took the additional step of having Deputy Elizondo read the statement

to appellant in Spanish while appellant followed along in English on his copy.

      Although an audio recording of appellant’s statement was not made, Deputy

Elizondo’s Spanish translation of the appellant’s written statement was recorded.

Deputy Elizondo also translated the statutory rights listed in the statement. After

                                          4
Deputy Elizondo read the statement, appellant indicated that he understood what

had been read, initialed each paragraph, and signed the statement.

      Appellant was charged with the offense of aggravated sexual assault.

Before trial, appellant filed a motion to suppress his statement. In his motion,

appellant asserted that his statement was not voluntarily given, in violation of Code

of Criminal Procedure article 38.21.4 He alleged that he had not been advised of

his constitutional and statutory rights in accordance with Code of Criminal

Procedure article 38.22, section 2. 5

      Appellant’s motion to suppress was carried with the case. During trial,

outside the presence of the jury, the trial court conducted a hearing on the motion

to suppress. Appellant testified for the limited purpose of the suppression motion.

Sergeant McCoy and Deputy Elizondo also testified at the hearing.

      At the suppression hearing, appellant admitted into evidence the audio

recording of Deputy Elizondo translating appellant’s statement into Spanish,

including the officer’s Spanish translation of the statutory warnings given to

appellant. Appellant also admitted into evidence a written transcript translating

into English Deputy Elizondo’s Spanish translation of the statement and the

statutory warnings.


4
      See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 38.21 (Vernon 2005).
5
      See id. art. 38.22, § 2.
                                         5
        At the end of the hearing, the trial court denied appellant’s motion to

suppress. The trial court also issued written findings of fact and conclusions of

law. The trial court determined, inter alia, that appellant was advised of his

constitutional and statutory rights before giving his statement to Sergeant McCoy.

The court also found that appellant acknowledged and understood each of those

rights. The trial court further determined that appellant voluntarily and freely gave

his statement to Sergeant McCoy after waiving his rights as set out in article 38.22.

The trial court found that Sergeant McCoy and Deputy Elizondo testified

truthfully. The court permitted appellant’s statement to be admitted into evidence

at trial.

        The jury found appellant guilty of the offense of aggravated sexual assault

and assessed appellant’s punishment at 35 years in prison. This appeal followed.

        Appellant identifies four issues on appeal.        In these issues, appellant

challenges the trial court’s denial of his motion to suppress and contends that the

trial court erred by admitting certain evidence.

                                     Motion to Suppress

        In his first issue, appellant contends that the trial court erred when it denied

his motion to suppress his written statement.




                                            6
A.    Standard of Review

      We review a trial court’s ruling on a motion to suppress under a bifurcated

standard of review. Valtierra v. State, 310 S.W.3d 442, 447 (Tex. Crim. App.

2010).   We afford almost total deference to a trial court’s determination of

historical facts. Id. The trial court is the sole trier of fact and judge of the

credibility of the witnesses and the weight to be given their testimony. Id. When a

trial court makes written findings of fact, as it did in the instant case, a reviewing

court must examine the record in the light most favorable to the ruling and uphold

those fact findings so long as they are supported by the record. See    id. We then

proceed to a de novo determination of the legal significance of the facts as found

by the trial court. See Derichsweiler v. State, 348 S.W.3d 906, 913 (Tex. Crim.

App. 2011).

B.    Analysis

      Code of Criminal Procedure article 38.21 provides that the statement of an

accused may be used in evidence against him “if it appears that the same was

freely and voluntarily made without compulsion or persuasion, under the rules

hereafter prescribed.” TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 38.21 (Vernon 2005). In

Miranda v. Arizona, the United States Supreme Court held that “the prosecution

may not use statements, whether exculpatory or inculpatory, stemming from

custodial interrogation of the defendant unless it demonstrates the use of

                                          7
procedural safeguards effective to secure the privilege against self-incrimination.”

384 U.S. 436, 444, 86 S. Ct. 1602, 1612 (1966). These safeguards are codified in

Texas Code of Criminal Procedure article 38.22. See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC.

ANN. art. 38.22 (Vernon 2005).

      Article 38.22, section 2, pertains to the taking of a written statement by a

defendant in custody. Section 2 provides as follows:

            No written statement made by an accused as a result of
      custodial interrogation is admissible as evidence against him in any
      criminal proceeding unless it is shown on the face of the statement
      that:

             (a) the accused, prior to making the statement, either received
      from a magistrate the warning provided in Article 15.17 of this code
      or received from the person to whom the statement is made a warning
      that:
                    (1) he has the right to remain silent and not make
             any statement at all and that any statement he makes may
             be used against him at his trial;

                  (2) any statement he makes may be used as
            evidence against him in court;

                  (3) he has the right to have a lawyer present to
            advise him prior to and during any questioning;

                   (4) if he is unable to employ a lawyer, he has the
            right to have a lawyer appointed to advise him prior to
            and during any questioning; and

                  (5) he has the right to terminate the interview at
            any time; and




                                         8
            (b) the accused, prior to and during the making of the statement,
      knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily waived the rights set out in
      the warning prescribed by Subsection (a) of this section.

TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 38.22, § 2.

      In his brief, appellant contends that he did not voluntarily waive his statutory

rights when he gave his statement because he did not understand his rights. The

first portion of appellant’s statement reads that

      Prior to making this statement, I have been warned by [Sergeant
      McCoy] . . . , the person to whom this statement is made, that:

       1.     I have the right to remain silent and not make any statement at all and
that any statement I make may and probably will be used against me at my trial;

      2.     Any statement I make may be used as evidence against me in court;

      3.    I have the right to have a lawyer present to advise me prior to and
during any questioning;

      4.     If I am unable to employ a lawyer, I have the right to have a lawyer
appointed to advise me prior to and during any questioning; and

      5.     I have the right to terminate the interview at any time.

      Appellant initialed the paragraph stating that he had been advised of his

rights by Sergeant McCoy. Appellant also initialed each of the five rights.

      On appeal, appellant contends that he did not understand his rights because

Deputy Elizondo’s Spanish translation of the five statutory rights—given to

appellant after he had made his statement to Sergeant McCoy—did not accurately

reflect the actual language of article 38.22, section 2(a). Appellant’s analysis does

                                           9
not take into account Sergeant McCoy’s and Deputy Elizondo’s testimony at the

suppression hearing indicating that appellant understood his rights when informed

of those rights in English.

      Sergeant McCoy testified that he advised appellant of his statutory rights

before appellant gave his statement. After Sergeant McCoy stated each right,

appellant acknowledged that he understood the right.

      Sergeant McCoy also testified that he read appellant’s statement to him after

it was typed. Sergeant McCoy testified that the five statutory rights are preprinted

in the template that he used to type appellant’s statement. The first portion of the

statement contains the statutory rights.     While the officer read the statement,

appellant followed along in English on his own copy. It was after Sergeant McCoy

had read the written statement—and statutory rights contained therein—to

appellant in English that Deputy Elizondo read the statement and statutory rights to

appellant in Spanish.

      Sergeant McCoy also testified that appellant indicated at the beginning of

the interview that he felt comfortable speaking in English. Sergeant McCoy stated

that he and appellant had a conversation in English. Sergeant McCoy testified that

he asked appellant questions, and appellant responded. In turn, appellant asked

Sergeant McCoy questions in English, and the officer responded. Although he was

present while appellant gave his statement, appellant never asked Deputy Elizondo

                                        10
to translated for him during the one-and-one-half hour interview.         Sergeant

McCoy’s testimony indicated that he requested Deputy Elizondo to translate the

statement to appellant only as an “extra step.”

      Deputy Elizondo testified that he was in the room with appellant and

Sergeant McCoy during the entire interview. He stated that, after Sergeant McCoy

read appellant’s rights to him in English, appellant indicated that he understood

each of the rights. Although the officer acknowledged that appellant had said that

he understood Spanish better than English, Deputy Elizondo testified that appellant

was able to communicate in English. He also confirmed that appellant had not

asked him to translate anything.

      At the suppression hearing, appellant testified through a court interpreter.

He stated that he did not understand what Sergeant McCoy had said to him during

the interview. On cross-examination, the State asked appellant whether appellant

had asked Sergeant McCoy to clarify any questions. Appellant stated that Sergeant

McCoy would not “let him” do so. Appellant testified that he told Sergeant

McCoy that he understood Spanish better than English and that he preferred

Spanish. Appellant also stated that he did not remember much of what had been

said to him or what documents had been given to him during the questioning.

Appellant testified that he does speak English, but he speaks it mostly for work.

He stated that he does not know English “related to law.” He testified that he took

                                         11
his commercial driver’s license test in Spanish.        In line with this testimony,

appellant’s statement itself also contains the following: “I can speak English and

read some of it also, but I speak Spanish and read it better.”

       At most, the evidence at the suppression hearing showed that appellant

understood Spanish better than English. However, a showing was not made that

appellant did not comprehend English sufficiently to understand his statutory rights

and to voluntarily waive those rights. To the contrary, Sergeant McCoy’s and

Deputy Elizondo’s testimony support a finding that appellant understood each of

his statutory rights when they were provided to him in English. As the arbiter of

the facts, the trial court was entitled to believe the testimony of Sergeant McCoy

and Deputy Elizondo and to disbelieve appellant’s testimony. See Valtierra, 310

S.W.3d at 447. Because the record supports a finding that appellant understood his

rights when they were provided to him in English, it is not significant whether

Deputy Elizondo properly translated the statutory rights from English to Spanish.

       We hold that appellant has not shown that the trial court abused its discretion

when it denied his motion to suppress his written statement.            We overrule

appellant’s first issue.

                                Evidentiary Rulings

       Appellant phrases his second, third, and fourth issues as challenges to the

trial court’s admission of evidence.

                                          12
A.    Admission of Audio Recording

      In his second and third issues, appellant complains of the trial court’s

admission of the audio recording of Deputy Elizondo’s Spanish translation of

appellant’s statement, including the statutory warnings found within the written

statement. The audio recording was admitted by appellant at trial; it is Defendant’s

Exhibit 4. Appellant also admitted a translation transcript of the recording that was

certified by a state-licensed court interpreter; it is Defendant’s Exhibit 3.

      Appellant asserts that the recording was inadmissible (1) because it was not

translated by a certified interpreter and (2) because the record contains no affidavit

setting out the qualifications of the interpreter and certifying that the translation is

fair and accurate. See Leal v. State, 782 S.W.2d 844, 849 (Tex. Crim. App. 1989)

(holding that admission of a recorded conversation in a foreign language is

analogous to testimony by a non-English speaker and the safeguards of article

38.30 of the Code of Criminal Procedure apply); see also TEX. R. EVID. 1009(a)

(providing, in part, “A translation of foreign language documents shall be

admissible upon the affidavit of a qualified translator setting forth the

qualifications of the translator and certifying that the translation is fair and

accurate”).




                                          13
      As pointed out by the State, “[A] party cannot take advantage of an error that

it invited or caused.” Woodall v. State, 336 S.W.3d 634, 644 (Tex. Crim. App.

2011). Appellant complains of the audio recording and the transcript that he

introduced at trial. The invited error doctrine estops appellant from complaining

on appeal about any perceived error concerning admission of this evidence. 6 See

Prystash v. State, 3 S.W.3d 522, 531 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999) (“Just as the law of

entrapment estops the State from making an offense of conduct that it induced, the

law of invited error estops a party from making an appellate error of an action it

induced.”).

      We overrule appellant’s second and third issues.

B.    Signing of Appellant’s Statement

      In his fourth issue, appellant contends that “the trial court erred when it

admitted a typed statement witnessed only by peace officers.”

      We review a trial court’s decision to admit or exclude evidence for abuse of

discretion. See Martinez v. State, 327 S.W.3d 727, 736 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010). A

trial court abuses its discretion only if its decision is “so clearly wrong as to lie

outside the zone within which reasonable people might disagree.” Taylor v. State,

268 S.W.3d 571, 579 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008).

      Article 38.22, section 1, provides:

6
      Appellant also does not direct us to where he objected on the grounds that he now
      raises on appeal. Thus, such objections are waived. See TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1(a).
                                            14
      In this article, a written statement of an accused means a statement
      signed by the accused or a statement made by the accused in his own
      handwriting or, if the accused is unable to write, a statement bearing
      his mark, when the mark has been witnessed by a person other than a
      peace officer.

TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 38.22, § 1.

      Citing section 1, appellant contends that, because he did not understand

English, could not write English, and did not physically write his statement, the

statement must contain “his mark” and be witnessed by someone other than a

peace officer.   Here, the record shows that appellant signed his name to his

statement; he did not make his mark. His signature was witnessed by a peace

officer, Deputy J. Roberts. Thus, appellant’s statement was a “written statement”

as contemplated by section 1 because it was “a statement signed by the accused.”

See id.

      Article 38.22, section 1 requires that a statement be witnessed by someone

other than a peace officer only when an accused uses his mark. See id. Section 1

does not require that, as in this case, an accused’s signature to be witnessed by

someone other than a peace officer when he signs his name rather than using his

mark. See id.

      Appellant has not shown that the trial court abused its discretion when it

admitted his written statement without the statement being witnessed by someone

other than a peace officer. We overrule appellant’s fourth issue.

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                                   Conclusion

      We affirm the judgment of the trial court.




                                             Laura Carter Higley
                                             Justice

Panel consists of Justices Keyes, Higley, and Bland.

Do not publish. TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2(b).




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