                 U NITED S TATES AIR F ORCE
                C OURT OF C RIMINAL APPEALS
                              ________________________

                                   No. ACM 39599
                              ________________________

                                 UNITED STATES
                                     Appellee
                                           v.
                          Anthony M. DA SILVA
               Master Sergeant (E-7), U.S. Air Force, Appellant
                              ________________________

           Appeal from the United States Air Force Trial Judiciary
                              Decided 25 June 2020 1
                              ________________________

Military Judge: Shaun A. Speranza.
Approved sentence: Bad-conduct discharge and reduction to E-4. Sen-
tence adjudged 23 August 2018 by GCM convened at Shaw Air Force
Base, South Carolina.
For Appellant: William E. Cassara, Esq. (argued); Captain M. Dedra
Campbell, USAF.
For Appellee: Major Anne M. Delmare, USAF (argued); Lieutenant Colo-
nel Joseph J. Kubler, USAF; Lieutenant Colonel Brian C. Mason, USAF;
Mary Ellen Payne, Esquire.
Before LEWIS, POSCH, and D. JOHNSON, Appellate Military Judges.
Judge LEWIS delivered the opinion of the court, in which Judge POSCH
and Judge D. JOHNSON joined.
                              ________________________

       This is an unpublished opinion and, as such, does not serve as
       precedent under AFCCA Rule of Practice and Procedure 30.4.
                              ________________________




1   We heard oral argument in this case on 30 October 2019.
                    United States v. Da Silva, No. ACM 39599


LEWIS, Judge:
    A general court-martial composed of a panel of officer and enlisted mem-
bers convicted Appellant, contrary to his pleas, of two specifications of violating
a lawful general regulation under Article 92, Uniform Code of Military Justice
(UCMJ), 10 U.S.C. § 892. 2,3 The court members sentenced Appellant to a bad-
conduct discharge and reduction to the grade of E-4. The convening authority
deferred the reduction in grade to E-4 from 14 days after the sentence was
announced until the date of action. At action, the convening authority approved
the adjudged sentence.
    Appellant raises six issues on appeal: (1) whether the specifications are
void for vagueness from a lack of fair notice that the conduct of “making sexual
advances” was subject to criminal liability; (2) whether the evidence support-
ing the specifications is legally and factually insufficient; (3) whether the mil-
itary judge abused his discretion by allowing victim unsworn statements under
Rule for Courts-Martial (R.C.M.) 1001A; (4) whether the bad-conduct discharge
is an inappropriately severe sentence; (5) whether a meaningful opportunity
for clemency was denied when the staff judge advocate’s recommendation
(SJAR) failed to advise the convening authority that he had the authority to
disapprove, commute, or suspend the adjudged reduction in grade; and (6)
whether trial counsel’s sentencing argument was improper when he com-
mented on Appellant’s post-traumatic stress disorder. 4
   After considering the sixth issue, under a plain error standard of review as
there was no objection during the sentencing argument, we find this issue war-
rants no further discussion or relief. See United States v. Matias, 25 M.J. 356,
361 (C.M.A. 1987). We discuss the remaining assignments of error below, find
no prejudicial error, and affirm the findings and the sentence.

                                  I. BACKGROUND
    At the time of the offenses, Appellant was an enlisted accessions recruiter
in a two-recruiter office in Anderson, South Carolina. Appellant’s supervisor,


2 Unless otherwise indicated, all references in this opinion to the Uniform Code of Mil-
itary Justice (UCMJ), Rules for Courts-Martial (R.C.M.), and Military Rules of Evi-
dence are to the Manual for Courts-Martial, United States (2016 ed.) (MCM).
3The court members acquitted Appellant of three specifications of abusive sexual con-
tact, alleged violations of Article 120, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 920.
4Appellant personally asserts issue (6) pursuant to United States v. Grostefon, 12 M.J.
431 (C.M.A. 1982).




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                    United States v. Da Silva, No. ACM 39599


Master Sergeant (MSgt) SK, worked about 40 miles away in a three-recruiter
office in Greenville, South Carolina. Both the Anderson and Greenville recruit-
ing offices reported to a recruiting squadron at Shaw Air Force Base (AFB),
South Carolina. Shaw AFB is about a three-hour drive from the Anderson re-
cruiting office. The two specifications in this case arise from Appellant’s inter-
actions with two females: (1) AS 5 when she was a Recruiter Assistance Pro-
gram participant (RAPper) under Appellant’s supervision; and (2) ML 6 when
she was an Air Force recruit 7 prior to her departure for basic military training
(BMT).
    Appellant began his first assignment as an enlisted accessions recruiter in
June 2015 at the Anderson office. He completed a multi-week, in-residence,
recruiter training course where he was taught about prohibited relationships
with recruits. One government witness, a recently retired recruiter, Mr. JF,
described this training as “very specific” because of “the situations we’re put in
as recruiters” as a means to “help prevent anything from happening.” Appel-
lant was a Technical Sergeant (TSgt) when he became a recruiter and first met
and recruited AS to enlist.
   In the fall of 2015, AS made the decision to join the Air Force. Appellant
knew AS was married as she had listed her husband as her dependent when
she signed a certification of dependents form as part of the application process.
    While AS was still a recruit, Appellant would often tell her “you’re really
pretty.” Once, Appellant commented that AS was pretty enough to get into the
Air Force or words “along those lines.” AS brushed off Appellant’s comments
by saying “thank you.” AS entered the Air Force in June 2016, then completed
BMT, and her career field’s technical school training. In November 2016, she
returned to the Anderson recruiting office to be a RAPper under Appellant’s
supervision for a 12-day period. Appellant was now a MSgt.
    On 9 November 2016, AS accompanied Appellant on a trip to Shaw AFB
for a base tour for some recruits. The tour itself was uneventful. After the group
returned to Anderson, Appellant dropped off each of the recruits which left AS


5At the time of the offense and during her trial testimony, AS was an active duty
enlisted member of the Air Force.
6At the time she testified at trial, ML was an active duty enlisted member of the Air
Force.
7 According to Air Education and Training Command Instruction 36-2909, Recruiting,
Education, and Training Standards of Conduct, Attachment 1 (2 Dec. 2013), an “ap-
plicant” is a person who tells a recruiter that he or she is interested in joining the Air
Force. “Applicant” status terminates upon signing of an enlistment contract and the
individual becomes a “recruit.” “Recruit” status terminates upon entry to the Air Force.


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                  United States v. Da Silva, No. ACM 39599


the only passenger in the vehicle. AS wanted a cheeseburger so Appellant
drove to a McDonald’s drive-thru in Anderson. After the drive-thru, Appellant
pulled into an empty parking lot near the McDonald’s. AS did not see anyone
around. The two began talking.
    Appellant told AS that his marriage was not going well. He disclosed that
he looked up AS on Facebook and commented that she had a “nice body” and
was “too pretty to be with [her] husband.” AS did not feel comfortable because
Appellant was technically her supervisor and she knew “you’re supposed to
look up to people with rank and do what they say.” AS “scooted over to the door
casually” because she didn’t want to make it too obvious. AS started talking a
lot in an attempt to deflect the conversation. AS recalled she “did a lot of ram-
bling” before Appellant made “a comment about wanting to kiss” her.
   After Appellant’s comment about wanting to kiss her, AS “just kind of sat
there.” Appellant physically moved over the vehicle’s center console and kissed
her. AS “froze” and recalled being “shocked” and did not “think” she kissed
Appellant back. AS described the kiss as “not a quick peck.” AS remembered
not knowing how to react but described what was going through her mind as
“we shouldn’t be doing this kind of thing.”
    After the kiss, Appellant said nothing. AS said to him “we could get in trou-
ble for this,” and Appellant responded “I know, but you won’t tell.” AS did not
report what happened in the parking lot until 2017 when the Air Force Office
of Special Investigations (AFOSI) contacted her as part of the investigation
into Appellant’s behavior with ML. AS explained her reasons for not reporting
as she did not “want to bring a lot of drama” to her first base, or “be that Air-
man . . . [who] snitched on somebody over something stupid.” AS “wanted to
live a normal Airman life” and thought she could “eventually” brush off what
happened and move on.
    ML had wanted to join the Air Force for several years and had attempted
to enlist before but was not qualified as she was underweight. In early 2017,
ML was living in Anderson and revisited the idea of joining the Air Force. ML
knew about military life as she had been married to a military member. She
viewed the family support provided by the military as a positive. By the time
ML visited the recruiting office in Anderson and met Appellant, she was a 24-
year old mother of one who had attended some college and worked in several
professional positions. Appellant became ML’s recruiter after she visited the
Anderson office.
    On 10 April 2017, ML went to the Anderson recruiting office to get assis-
tance from Appellant on “drills” and “reporting statements” in preparation for
BMT. ML waited as Appellant was busy with two other recruits who were leav-
ing for BMT that day. When Appellant finished, he invited ML and the other


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                  United States v. Da Silva, No. ACM 39599


recruiter in his office, Staff Sergeant (SSgt) AD, to go to lunch. When SSgt AD
declined, Appellant drove ML to lunch in a government van. During lunch,
Appellant discussed his relationship with his wife and explained how the rela-
tionship was not good since they had another child. Appellant stated he was
going to try and divorce his wife and get an overseas assignment where he
would not have to take his family. ML told Appellant that his marital issues
were normal, that she had “been through that” and that “[i]t would get better.”
    After lunch, Appellant drove towards the Anderson office and told ML that
he and his wife were “sleeping in different bedrooms” and that he had asked
his wife whether they could have an “open relationship.” Appellant then asked
ML if she had to be back by a certain time. ML said no, so Appellant kept
driving past the Anderson office and drove to a duck pond about a mile away.
    Once Appellant parked at the duck pond, he told ML “I want to bang you.”
ML told Appellant she was not interested. Appellant took ML’s lunch to-go box
from her lap and grabbed her hand. ML pulled her hand away, repeated that
she was not interested, and reminded Appellant that he was married. Unde-
terred, Appellant told ML that she did not have long before leaving for BMT so
she “might as well have some fun” with him before she left. Appellant told ML
that she had “porcelain skin” and was “really pretty” and that he liked the way
she dressed. Appellant ran his fingers through ML’s hair and continued to try
and convince her to have sex with him.
   Appellant was interrupted when ML received a call on her cell phone from
her pastor, Mr. JS, who was also a retired Air Force officer. After a brief call
with Mr. JS, ML told Appellant she needed to leave to meet Mr. JS. Appellant
responded by placing his hand on ML’s thigh and saying that he would give
her “time to think about it.” He told ML to text him using the words she “had
questions” if she actually wanted to “hook up.” When ML asked what to do if
she really had questions, Appellant replied that he was not concerned about
that. During the drive back to the Anderson office, ML asked Appellant if he
was afraid to get in trouble. Appellant replied he was not because if she told
anyone he would just say that she did cocaine.
    Once back at the Anderson office, ML returned to her car and immediately
called Mr. JS. At trial, Mr. JS described how ML sounded “upset” and that she
indicated her recruiter “made some advances” and said “he wanted to bang
her” and “put his hands on her legs, and that he had put his hands in her hair.”
Mr. JS encouraged ML to report what happened. ML was afraid to report, so
she went to the house of a mentor and church member who was “like a mother”
to her. After meeting with her mentor, ML reported Appellant by calling the
Military Entrance Processing Station (MEPS) at Fort Jackson, South Carolina.




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                   United States v. Da Silva, No. ACM 39599


    Mr. JF, who at that point was still on active duty in the Air Force and
working at the Fort Jackson MEPS, received the call from ML. 8 In his testi-
mony, Mr. JF recalled immediately recognizing that ML was in “some sort of
distress” and “very upset.” ML wanted to file a complaint as Appellant had
“made a move at her, a pass at her.” ML explained they were parked at a lake
and Appellant made a move on her verbally and physically. Mr. JF reported
ML’s complaint and the recruiting squadron’s first sergeant notified the AFOSI
detachment on Shaw AFB.
    The day after the encounter at the duck pond, AFOSI agents interviewed
ML. After the interview, ML agreed to send Appellant text messages under the
supervision of the agents. The text messages led to pretext recorded phone
calls. In one of the recorded calls, Appellant asked ML to find a hotel and said
he would pay her back. In response, AFOSI agents rented a hotel room in An-
derson and made a plan to wait inside and apprehend Appellant if he arrived.
The plan required ML to communicate with Appellant from a separate location
while under the supervision of another agent.
    On 13 April 2017, Appellant drove a government vehicle to a parking lot
adjacent to the agreed-upon hotel. AFOSI agents apprehended Appellant when
he entered the hotel room. A search of Appellant’s gym bag revealed a box of
condoms. During the lengthy drive back to Shaw AFB for Appellant’s booking
at the AFOSI detachment, Appellant told the agents “this is not good behavior
for an Airman” and that he “is responsible” for “what he says and where he
walks.”

                                  II. DISCUSSION
A. Constitutional Challenge to “Making Sexual Advances”
    1. Additional Background
    Appellant was convicted of two specifications of violating a lawful general
regulation by making sexual advances towards AS and ML in violation of Air
Education and Training Command Instruction (AETCI) 36-2909, Recruiting,
Education, and Training Standards of Conduct, ¶ 2.3.3.4. (2 Dec. 2013). Para-
graph 2.3.3.4 prohibits “[m]aking sexual advances toward, or seeking or ac-
cepting sexual favors.” Id. The instruction prohibits “[e]stablishing, developing
or conducting intimate or sexual relationships. This includes, but is not limited
to, dating, handholding, kissing, embracing, caressing, and engaging in sexual
activities.” Id. at ¶ 2.3.3.3. AETCI 36-2909 applies the prohibitions “to rela-
tionships between recruiters . . . and . . . recruits, [and] RAPpers.” Id. at ¶ 2.3.2.

8Mr. JF testified that he retired in August of 2017. Trial counsel referred to him as a
TSgt during voir dire and prior to calling him as a witness.


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                   United States v. Da Silva, No. ACM 39599


As described above, AS was a RAPper and ML was a recruit at the time of the
charged offenses.
    The prohibitions in paragraphs 2.3.3.3 and 2.3.3.4 of AETCI 36-2909 are
similar to those listed on Department of Defense Form 2983 (DD Form 2983),
Recruit/Trainee Prohibited Activities Acknowledgment (Jan. 2015). 9 During
the application process both AS and ML signed DD Form 2983s, which were
admitted as prosecution exhibits during trial. AS and ML had to “acknowledge
and understand” that “as a recruit or trainee” that they would not “[d]evelop,
attempt to develop, or conduct a personal intimate, or sexual relationship with
a recruiter or trainer.” This included, but was limited to, “dating, handholding,
kissing, embracing, caressing, and engaging in sexual activities.” The DD Form
2983 also required AS and ML to not “accept sexual advances or favors from, a
recruiter/trainer” and that “violations . . . not granted an exception . . . may
result in disciplinary action.” Appellant signed the “Approved By” paragraph
of the DD Form 2983s of AS and ML.
    For the first time on appeal, Appellant challenges the language “making
sexual advances” and argues “no federal or state law, military case law, mili-
tary custom and usage, or military regulation” defines the term. In Appellant’s
view, he lacked fair notice, under a reasonableness standard, of what consti-
tutes a sexual advance that would be contrary to law. Appellant notes the mil-
itary judge did not define the term in his instructions to the panel. Appellant
concedes that his behavior may have violated some other regulation but he
maintains he was not on fair notice regarding the term “making sexual ad-
vances.” He also argues that the “vagueness and ambiguity of [the two specifi-
cations was such] that Appellant does not know what he was convicted of.”
    The Government disagrees and argues that Appellant had fair notice from
several sources including military caselaw, a military regulation—AETCI 36-
2909, and recruiter training. The Government notes the evidence showed Ap-
pellant was actually aware that his behavior was prohibited when he (1) signed
the two DD Form 2983s; (2) told ML that he was not concerned about getting
in trouble because he would just say that she did cocaine; and (3) admitted to
AFOSI agents after his apprehension that what he did was “not good behavior”
and that he was “responsible” for his actions. The Government suggests the
military judge and AETCI 36-2909 did not need to define the term “making


9 The DD Form 2983 references Department of Defense Instruction (DoDI) 1304.33,
which contains the same prohibitions. See DoDI 1304.33, Protecting Against Inappro-
priate Relationships During Recruiting and Entry Level Training, Enclosure 3, ¶
1.a.(1)(a)(c) (28 Jan. 2015, incorporating Change 1, 5 Apr. 2017). Like AETCI 36-2909,
DoDI 1304.33 does not further define the term “making sexual advances” or provide
specific examples of a sexual advance.


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                     United States v. Da Silva, No. ACM 39599


sexual advances” as it already provides fair notice to a reasonable person in
Appellant’s position of the proscribed conduct. Finally, it argues that both spec-
ifications sufficiently state an offense and Appellant has not demonstrated that
the commonly understood definitions of “sexual” and “advances” are insuffi-
cient such that specific examples or a definition of sexual advances are neces-
sary.
      2. Law
    The Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment 10 “requires ‘fair notice’
that an act is forbidden and subject to criminal sanction” before a person can
be prosecuted for committing that act. United States v. Vaughan, 58 M.J. 29,
31 (C.A.A.F. 2003) (quoting United States v. Bivins, 49 M.J. 328, 330 (C.A.A.F.
1998)). Due process “also requires fair notice as to the standard applicable to
the forbidden conduct.” Id. (citing Parker v. Levy, 417 U.S. 733, 755 (1974)).
The United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces (CAAF) has found
fair notice in “the [Manual for Courts-Martial], federal law, state law, military
case law, military custom and usage, and military regulations.” Vaughan, 58
M.J. at 31 (citations omitted). “Training, pamphlets, and other materials may
also serve as sources of notice because they may give context to regulations and
explain the differences between permissible and impermissible behavior.”
United States v. Pope, 63 M.J. 68, 73 (C.A.A.F. 2006) (citation omitted).
    The due process concepts of fair notice and vagueness are related. United
States v. Warner, 73 M.J. 1, 2 n.2 (C.A.A.F. 2013). “The ‘void-for-vagueness’
doctrine requires the criminal activity to be defined with sufficient clarity such
that ‘ordinary people can understand what conduct is prohibited and in a man-
ner that does not encourage arbitrary and discriminatory enforcement.’”
United States v. Caporale, 73 M.J. 501, 504 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 2013) (quoting
Kolender v. Lawson, 461 U.S. 352, 357 (1983)). In other words, “[v]oid for
vagueness simply means that criminal responsibility should not attach where
one could not reasonably understand that his contemplated conduct is pro-
scribed.” Parker, 417 U.S. at 757 (citing United States v. Harriss, 347 U.S. 612,
617 (1954)).
    “The test for constitutional notice that conduct is subject to criminal sanc-
tion is one of law.” Warner, 73 M.J. at 3. We review de novo a challenge to the
lawfulness of a regulation. United States v. Hughey, 46 M.J. 152, 154 (C.A.A.F.
1997).
   There is a presumption against the waiver of constitutional rights. United
States v. Harcrow, 66 M.J. 154, 157 (C.A.A.F. 2008) (citation omitted). Appel-
lant may waive the right to raise a constitutional issue on appeal provided it


10   U.S. CONST. amend. V.


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                  United States v. Da Silva, No. ACM 39599


is “clearly established that there was ‘an intentional relinquishment or aban-
donment of a known right or privilege.’” Id. (quoting Brookhart v. Janis, 384
U.S. 1, 4 (1966)). In cases of forfeiture, we review for plain error where an ap-
pellant has the burden of demonstrating: “(1) error that is (2) clear or obvious
and (3) results in material prejudice to his substantial rights.” United States v.
Knapp, 73 M.J. 33, 36 (C.A.A.F. 2014) (citation omitted).
   3. Analysis
    As the language of this assignment of error raises the “closely related” is-
sues of constitutional notice and void for vagueness, we analyze both and in
that order. See Warner, 73 M.J. at 2 n.2. Before reaching the constitutional
issues, we briefly address Appellant’s concern on appeal that the military judge
did not define the term “making sexual advances” for the court members prior
to findings deliberations.
       a. Instruction on “making sexual advances”
    Rule for Courts-Martial (R.C.M.) 920(e)(7) requires a military judge to in-
struct on “[s]uch other explanations, descriptions, or directions as may be nec-
essary and which are properly requested by a party or which the military judge
determines, sua sponte, should be given.” At trial, no counsel for either party
or the military judge suggested the term “making sexual advances” required a
definition or specific examples and Appellant did not request an instruction or
object to the instruction on the elements of the offenses that the military judge
did give to the court members.
    Appellant’s failure to request an instruction or object to the instructions on
the elements of the offenses occurred after extensive discussions on the record
with the military judge regarding evidentiary instructions and applicable de-
fenses. Afterwards, the military judge provided his final instructions to the
parties for review. On the record, the military judge inquired whether defense
counsel had an opportunity to review the instructions. Civilian defense counsel
responded “Yes, sir.” The military judge then asked if counsel for either party
had “[a]ny additions or objections to the final version of the findings instruc-
tions?” Civilian defense counsel replied “No, sir.” Under these circumstances,
we find Appellant waived an instruction to define or provide examples of “sex-
ual advances.” See United States v. Davis, 79 M.J. 329, 331–32 (C.A.A.F. 2020).
We acknowledge our discretion to pierce waiver to correct a legal error under
Article 66, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 866. See generally United States v. Hardy, 77
M.J. 438, 442–43 (C.A.A.F. 2018) (citation omitted). We decline to disturb Ap-
pellant’s waiver as we find no error when the military judge did not sua sponte
define or provide examples of “sexual advances” as words “generally known
and in universal use do not need judicial definition.” United States v. Nelson,
53 M.J. 319, 321 (C.A.A.F. 2000) (citation omitted).


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                   United States v. Da Silva, No. ACM 39599


       b. Constitutional notice
    We now turn to whether Appellant had fair notice that his conduct towards
ML and AS was forbidden and subject to criminal sanction. As Appellant raised
this challenge for the first time on appeal, we must determine whether he
waived or forfeited this issue. As the right to fair notice is constitutionally pro-
tected under the Fifth Amendment, we apply the presumption against the
waiver of constitutional rights. See Harcrow, 66 M.J. at 157 (citation omitted).
We do not see an intentional relinquishment or abandonment of the right to
fair notice. Therefore, we find forfeiture and apply a plain error standard of
review.
    We find no error, let alone a clear or obvious error, as Appellant received
fair notice that sexual advances by a recruiter towards a RAPper and a recruit
were both forbidden and subject to criminal sanction. We also conclude he had
fair notice that the applicable standards were found in AETCI 36-2909, a law-
ful general regulation which he had a duty to obey. We agree with the Govern-
ment that multiple sources provided fair notice to Appellant. We describe four:
(1) military caselaw; (2) AETCI 36-2909; (3) his recruiter training; and (4) the
DD Form 2983s that Appellant signed. We discuss the first source separately,
the remaining three sources together, and then address some additional con-
siderations on fair notice.
           i) Military caselaw
    The CAAF’s opinion in United States v. Pope, an Air Force recruiter sexual
misconduct case prosecuted under Article 92, UCMJ, stands as an important
source of military caselaw. 63 M.J. 68, 69 (C.A.A.F. 2006). The parties agree
this case is important as both briefs cite it, though Appellant tries to distin-
guish it. While Pope is not factually identical to Appellant’s case, it was pub-
lished before Appellant became a recruiter and met AS and ML. We find Pope
provided Appellant a source of fair notice that his conduct was forbidden and
subject to criminal sanction.
    The appellant in Pope was a 35-year-old male Staff Sergeant recruiter in a
field recruiting office in Athens, Georgia. Id. at 70. The opinion explained a
briefing about “the problem of sexual misconduct” the appellant and his grad-
uating class of recruiters received “in response to a number of incidents of sex-
ual harassment by Air Force recruiters.” Id. The opinion described the facts
underlying the appellant’s Article 92, UCMJ, convictions involving three Air
Force applicants. Id. at 70–71.
    A portion of the second legal issue granted by the CAAF focused on whether
AETCI 36-2002, Recruiting Procedures for the Air Force, paragraph 1.1.2.2.5
(18 Apr. 2000), which prohibited inappropriate conduct and unprofessional re-
lationships, violated due process both facially and as applied. Id. The CAAF


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                  United States v. Da Silva, No. ACM 39599


held that the challenged AETCI “provided sufficient notice to [the appellant]
that his conduct was subject to criminal sanction in the context of a recruiter’s
relationship with applicants.” Id. at 70.
      In our superior court’s opinion, the CAAF noted the language of three Ar-
ticle 92 specifications. Id. at 70–71 n.1–3. Two specifications alleged “verbal
conduct of a sexual nature” with an applicant “that created an intimidating,
hostile, or offense environment.” Id. at 70–71 n.1, n.3. The third specification
repeated this same language but also alleged “physical conduct” of a sexual
nature had occurred. Id. at 70 n.2. The opinion addressed that given the AETCI
prohibitions “a reasonable servicemember need not have pondered whether
placing his hand on an applicant’s knee while riding alone with her in a car
. . . or telling an applicant that her appearance was ‘driving him crazy’ and was
‘so sexy,’ were prohibited.” Id. at 74. The CAAF found the “line of conduct” is
“straight and narrow” and that “as a matter of law” the Air Force was not re-
quired to expressly set forth every example of impermissible conduct. We find
that the CAAF’s opinion in Pope was a source of fair notice to Appellant that it
was prohibited for a recruiter to touch an applicant on the knee and to make
comments on appearance with sexual overtones.
   In an attempt to distinguish Pope, Appellant argues
       the [trial counsel] failed to introduce any documentary evidence
       regarding Appellant’s education and graduation from the Re-
       cruiter Technical School, any letters or other documents such as
       the one from the Commander of the Air Force Recruiting Service
       [in Pope], or any testimony from fellow recruiters or instructors
       about the training on sexual misconduct at Recruiter Technical
       School and about the consequences of “making sexual advances.”
We are not persuaded. Appellant cites no law that a source of fair notice under
military caselaw must be cast aside simply because different evidence proved
the elements of the offense in the prior case. We decline to adopt such a prop-
osition as we find it would likely remove most, if not all, prior military caselaw
as sources of fair notice. Inevitably the evidence presented in two unrelated
recruiter sexual misconduct cases will differ. We address Appellant’s concerns
regarding the evidence used to prove the elements of his offenses when we an-
alyze his legal and factual sufficiency challenges.
    On 9 November 2016, more than ten years after the CAAF’s decision in
Pope, Appellant would drive AS to the empty parking lot near McDonald’s in
Anderson, South Carolina. He would tell her that she had a “nice body,” was
“too pretty to be with [her] husband,” and he wanted to kiss her. He then moved
over the console and kissed her. In our view, even with the minor factual dif-




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                  United States v. Da Silva, No. ACM 39599


ferences, the Pope opinion was a source of fair notice to Appellant that his com-
ments about AS’s appearance and his desire to kiss her, as well as the physical
act of moving over the console and kissing her, were all prohibited. While AS
was a RAPper and the three women in Pope were applicants, AETCI 36-2909,
which we describe below, treated recruiter sexual misconduct towards appli-
cants, recruits, RAPpers the same.
    On 10 April 2017, Appellant drove ML to the duck pond in Anderson where
he bluntly told her that he “wanted to bang her” and then proceeded to attempt
to convince her to have sexual intercourse with him before she left for BMT.
These verbal comments were accompanied by physical conduct of removing her
lunch to-go box from her lap, placing his hand in her lap, running his fingers
through ML’s hair, and after a brief interruption, touching her inner thigh. In
our view, the opinion in Pope provided Appellant a source of fair notice that his
comments to ML about sexual intercourse and his associated physical conduct
of touching her in a sexual manner were forbidden.
           ii) Other sources: military regulations, recruiter training,
           and the DD Form 2983.
    Among the other sources of fair notice, we next address AETCI 36-2909
itself. The instruction was approved by the commander of AETC, a four-star
general. The instruction provided ten subparagraphs of prohibited activities
that a recruiter must not engage in with applicants, recruits, and RAPers. Ap-
pellant violated the 2 December 2013 version of AETCI 36-2909. This instruc-
tion was in effect when Appellant went through his recruiter training and re-
mained in effect when he committed both offenses. The instruction contained
not only prohibitions on recruiter unprofessional relationships but explained
the rationale for the prohibitions. Rather than assessing the “making sexual
advances” prohibition in isolation, we read it in the context of the other prohi-
bitions. Certainly, there are areas of overlap where behaviors violate multiple
prohibitions. But these areas of overlap support, rather than detract from, the
prohibition against making sexual advances. On the whole, if the military
caselaw left a gap in Appellant’s fair notice, we find AETCI 36-2909 filled it by
providing specific prohibitions, context, rationale, and a statement that viola-
tions of paragraph 2.3 or any of its subparagraphs are subject to prosecution
under Article 92, UCMJ.
    A third source of fair notice was Appellant’s recruiter training. Mr. JF de-
scribed this course as “six to eight weeks” held in-residence at “Lackland
[AFB], through AETC.” He described how “we go over [Air Force Instructions],
proper conduct.” On the topic of unprofessional relationships, Mr. JF explained
the briefings are “very specific” because “sometimes we’re in offices by our-
selves; sometimes we’re on the road with applicants.” Mr. JF agreed that re-



                                       12
                  United States v. Da Silva, No. ACM 39599


cruiters are briefed on applicable regulations regarding professional and un-
professional relationships and are familiar with these matters before their first
recruiting duty station. Mr. JF described the training as “very ongoing.”
    Another retired Air Force member, Mr. MB, testified about Appellant’s re-
cruiter training. Mr. MB spent 17 years as a recruiter and was in the same
squadron as Appellant for about two and a half years. Mr. MB’s last interaction
with Appellant was as the acting first sergeant when he picked up Appellant
from the AFOSI agents after his apprehension. On recruiter training, Mr. MB
recalled the course lasting “either four or six weeks” and he agreed it included
training on professional relationships. Mr. MB explained the “Air Force wants
a professional relationship with anybody that is trying to enter the Air Force.
They need to have a positive image of the Air Force that they’re going to be
treated professionally.”
   The testimony of Mr. JF and Mr. MB show that Appellant’s formal and
ongoing recruiter training provided him fair notice that his conduct with AS
and ML was prohibited. We need not review the syllabus of his actual course,
review the course materials, hear testimony from his instructor, or receive rec-
ords of his training post-graduation before concluding that Appellant’s training
was a source of fair notice.
    A fourth source of fair notice was the DD Form 2983s that Appellant “ap-
proved” for both AS and ML. This form required a recruit or trainee to
acknowledge and understand eight different prohibitions. The language used
closely matched the prohibitions in AETCI 36-2909 but applied to recruits and
trainees. Most notably, one of the prohibitions reads that a recruit or trainee
will not “[m]ake sexual advances toward, or seek or accept sexual advances or
favors from, a recruiter/trainer.” Like AETCI 36-2909, this form also lists the
prohibition to “develop, attempt to develop, or conduct a personal, intimate, or
sexual relationship with a recruiter or trainer. This includes but is not limited
to dating, handholding, kissing, embracing, caressing, and engaging in sexual
activities.” (Emphasis added).
    Appellant attempts to minimize the importance of the DD Form 2983 ar-
guing “it is clear that the purpose of his signature was to indicate he witnessed
ML and AS sign the forms. His signatures are not proof that he was on notice
of the prohibited conduct.” We disagree. The DD Form 2983 did not require a
“witness” to the recruit’s signature, it required a signature by someone with
authority to approve the form. The DD Form 2983 provided Appellant a source
of fair notice that a recruit like ML was prohibited from accepting sexual ad-
vances from him. While AS was no longer a recruit when Appellant supervised
her as a RAPper, the other sources we discussed above already provided him
fair notice that he could not make sexual advances towards a RAPper.



                                       13
                  United States v. Da Silva, No. ACM 39599


          iii) Additional considerations
    Constitutional fair notice only required Appellant know his conduct was
forbidden. It does not extend to which specific provision of AETCI 36-2909
would be utilized by the Government to prosecute him if he was caught. Indeed,
the ten subparagraphs of the 2 December 2013 version of AETCI 36-2909 show
the multitude of ways that recruiter unprofessional sexual relationships may
manifest themselves. This is why we believe the CAAF instructed in Pope that
the “line of conduct” is “straight and narrow” and that “as a matter of law” the
Air Force was not required to expressly set forth every example of impermissi-
ble conduct. Pope, 63 M.J. at 74.
    Similarly, we find the lack of a definition of “making sexual advances” in
AETCI 36-2909 did not affect Appellant’s fair notice. As noted above, words
“generally known and in universal use do not need judicial definition.” Nelson,
53 M.J. at 321. The term “sexual advances” is not unique to the law or to this
area of the law. The term “unwelcome sexual advances” is part of the definition
used in sexual harassment. 29 C.F.R. § 1604.11(a). The term is not further de-
fined but “in determining whether the alleged conduct constitutes sexual har-
assment, the [Equal Employment Opportunity] Commission will look at the
record as a whole and at the totality of the circumstances, such as the nature
of the sexual advances and the context in which the alleged incidents occurred.”
29 C.F.R. § 1604.11(b). We have no reservations that Appellant had fair notice
that his physical conduct and verbal comments—towards AS in the parking lot
and ML at the duck pond—were prohibited even without a definition or list of
specific examples in AETCI 36-2909.
    We also have reliable evidence that Appellant had actual notice that his
physical and verbal conduct towards AS and ML was forbidden. Shortly after
Appellant kissed AS, she commented, “we could get in trouble for this.” Appel-
lant did not respond that his behavior was acceptable or express confusion that
his behavior was allowed because AS was no longer a recruit, but a RAPper.
He certainly did not claim that his kiss could not get them in trouble because
it was not a “sexual advance.” Instead, he replied “I know, but you won’t tell.”
We find this evidence reasonably shows that Appellant had fair notice that his
conduct with AS was forbidden but he was confident he would get away with
it because she would not tell anyone.
    ML provided similar testimony to show that Appellant had actual notice
that his physical and verbal conduct was forbidden. There was no claim at trial
that AS and ML somehow colluded on their testimony. It was undisputed that
the two women did not know each other. On the drive back from the duck pond,
ML then asked Appellant if he was “afraid to get in trouble.” Appellant said
“no” and then stated that if ML “told anyone” that he would just say that she
“did cocaine.” We find this evidence reasonably shows Appellant actually knew

                                      14
                    United States v. Da Silva, No. ACM 39599


that he could get in trouble and to keep her quiet he needed to threaten to ruin
her Air Force career by saying she used cocaine.
    We find no error as Appellant received fair notice that sexual advances by
a recruiter towards a recruit and a RAPper were both forbidden and subject to
criminal sanction. We next turn to the related constitutional challenge of void
for vagueness.
        c. Void for Vagueness
    Appellant did not raise a void for vagueness challenge at trial. 11 As we did
with constitutional notice, we find he forfeited the issue and we test for plain
error. We find no clear or obvious error as the term “making sexual advances”
provided sufficient clarity such that ordinary people could understand what
conduct is prohibited for recruiters. See Caporale, 73 M.J. at 504. We conclude
that arbitrary and discriminatory enforcement is not encouraged by the lack of
a specific definition or a list of examples in AETCI 36-2909 for the term “mak-
ing sexual advances.” See id.
    In support of his position, Appellant contrasts the portion of AETCI 36-
2002 in Pope which gave examples of impermissible conduct with AETCI 36-
2909 which contains no examples of sexual advances. We agree with Appellant
that there are no specific examples listed in AETCI 36-2909 after the term
“making sexual advances” but we find a list of examples is not required. In our
view, the words “sexual” and “advances” themselves, without specific exam-
ples, provided sufficient clarity for ordinary people to understand them.
   Appellant’s next point expands on his earlier quarrel with the lack of ex-
amples and poses a series of hypothetical questions to us in an attempt to show
that the term “making sexual advances” is unconstitutionally vague:
        Does the prohibited conduct include oral statements, physical
        contact, or both? Must the oral statements specifically reference
        sexual contact or does innuendo suffice? Does the prohibited con-
        duct include in-person conversations, text messages, communi-
        cation via social media, or something else? Which body parts are
        involved with sexual advances – genitals, sexual organs, breasts,
        and anuses? Or does the prohibited conduct include other parts
        of the body? Does the prohibited conduct require an intent, and
        if so, what kind of intent?


11 Appellant also did not request a bill of particulars under R.C.M. 906(b)(6). One of
the purposes of a bill of particulars is to inform the accused of the nature of the charge
to “enable the accused to plead the acquittal or conviction in bar of another prosecution
for the same offense when the specification itself is too vague and indefinite for such
purpose.” R.C.M. 906(b)(6), Discussion.


                                           15
                  United States v. Da Silva, No. ACM 39599


We need not answer Appellant’s hypothetical questions. As the CAAF ex-
plained in Pope,
       In another context it may be prudent to have specific prohibi-
       tions illustrated with examples in order to identify criminal con-
       duct; however the question here is whether the regulation is con-
       stitutionally vague as applied to a recruiter’s conduct with ap-
       plicants. . . . AETCI 36-2002 is clear that sexual conduct by re-
       cruiters with applicants is prohibited, and recruiters must be
       “totally professional in their relationships with applicants.”
       AETCI 36-2002, paragraph 1.1.2.2.5. It was not necessary for
       the Air Force recruiting instruction to identify every possible
       nook and cranny in the line of conduct, for the line is straight
       and narrow. . . .
       For example, recruiters are prohibited from “attempting to date
       any applicant” or “making sexual advances towards applicants.”
       [Id.] at 1.1.2.2.5.3; 1.1.2.2.5.2. . . .
       Given the evolving and innumerable ways in which sexually of-
       fensive conduct may occur in the recruiting context, the Air
       Force was not required, as a matter of law, to expressly set forth
       all conceivable instances of impermissible conduct.
63 M.J. at 74.
    We find the CAAF’s analysis in Pope applies to Appellant’s case, even
though the two cases involve different AETCIs. Of note, in Pope the CAAF
looked to the surrounding provisions of AETCI 36-2002, including the specific
provision on “making sexual advances.” See id. We doubt the CAAF would have
quoted the provision on “making sexual advances” in their analysis if it was
unconstitutionally vague, required its own definition, or could only be under-
stood by an ordinary person with a detailed list of examples.
    Appellant next points to a comment by the military judge after findings in
support of his vagueness argument. The military judge’s comment arose during
consideration of unsworn statements of AS and ML and whether they im-
peached the not guilty verdict on the Article 120, UCMJ, offenses. In that con-
text, the military judge commented:
       [T]his does not impeach the verdict in any way. Again, I provided
       the instruction on mistake of fact as to consent. Again, we’re not
       going to know upon what theory [Appellant] was acquitted of
       those specifications, or alternatively, found guilty of making sex-
       ual advances in violation of a lawful general regulation.




                                       16
                   United States v. Da Silva, No. ACM 39599


In Appellant’s view, if the military judge did not know what sexual advances
Appellant was convicted of committing then the specifications are void for
vagueness. We are not persuaded. We view the military judge’s comment in its
context, ruling on an objection on whether unsworn statements impeached the
verdict. We decline to interpret the military judge’s comment as indicative of
any position on whether the specifications were void for vagueness. Such a
challenge was never raised before the military judge so he had no opportunity
to address it.
    After considering Appellant’s arguments on void for vagueness, we find no
clear or obvious error. We determine that the term “making sexual advances”
given its ordinary meaning and taken in context of the other prohibitions pro-
vided sufficient clarity for an ordinary person to understand what conduct is
prohibited. As we described above in fair notice, when Appellant was ques-
tioned by AS and ML about getting in trouble, he showed that he actually had
sufficient clarity and understanding. We conclude that AETCI 36-2909, para-
graph 2.3.3.4, does not encourage arbitrary and discriminatory enforcement
and that ordinary people would understand the prohibition of recruiters “mak-
ing sexual advances” towards recruits and RAPpers without further legal def-
inition or list of examples.
B. Legal and Factual Sufficiency
     1. Additional Background
    Appellant claims that none of his conduct was sexual in nature and there-
fore he was not “making sexual advances.” For AS, Appellant states a “consen-
sual kiss, if it occurred, is not necessarily a sexual act” and “the [G]overnment
failed to prove . . . that the act of Appellant touching AS’s lips with his lips was
a ‘sexual advance.’” Appellant argues the kiss was consensual because: (1) AS
told the AFOSI agents that she kissed Appellant back; and (2) AS testified at
trial that it was possible that she kissed Appellant back. Appellant notes there
was no evidence introduced of text messages, emails, calls, or other communi-
cations to AS with sexual content or innuendo.
    For ML, Appellant asserts that even assuming arguendo that he touched
ML’s arm, leg, and hair, ML did not testify these acts were sexual. Appellant
argues that ML was an unreliable witness who (1) lied in her testimony about
taking the ASVAB 12 a second time; (2) fabricated the allegations to secure a
better job in the Air Force; and (3) used her status as an alleged victim to ben-
efit herself. Finally, Appellant argues his attempt to meet ML at the hotel with



12The Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB) exam is required before
applying to join the Air Force as an enlisted Airman.


                                        17
                  United States v. Da Silva, No. ACM 39599


condoms is irrelevant to whether Appellant made sexual advances towards ML
two days earlier at the duck pond.
    The Government responds that Appellant’s behavior was sexual in nature
towards both AS and ML. For AS, the Government asserts the correct question
is not whether the sexual advances were reciprocated, but whether Appellant
made them. The Government argues Appellant’s words and actions were clear
sexual advances towards AS and she had no bias or motive to fabricate. For
ML, the Government argues Appellant made sexual advances as Appellant “lit-
erally asked to have sex with ML, and then touched her hair and grabbed her
inner thigh.” On the credibility concerns raised about ML, the Government ar-
gues whether ML took the ASVAB a second time or pursued a specific Air Force
job have little bearing on her credibility. The Government argues ML’s imme-
diate report and the corroboration in the pretext messages and phone calls
showed Appellant’s intent to seek a sexual relationship with ML at the duck
pond.
   2. Law
   We review issues of legal and factual sufficiency de novo. United States v.
Washington, 57 M.J. 394, 399 (C.A.A.F. 2002) (citation omitted). Our assess-
ment of legal and factual sufficiency is limited to the evidence produced at trial.
United States v. Dykes, 38 M.J. 270, 272 (C.M.A. 1993) (citations omitted).
    The test for legal sufficiency of the evidence is “whether, considering the
evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, a reasonable factfinder
could have found all the essential elements beyond a reasonable doubt.” United
States v. Turner, 25 M.J. 324, 324 (C.M.A. 1987) (citation omitted); see also
United States v. Humpherys, 57 M.J. 83, 94 (C.A.A.F. 2002) (citation omitted).
“[I]n resolving questions of legal sufficiency, we are bound to draw every rea-
sonable inference from the evidence of record in favor of the prosecution.”
United States v. Barner, 56 M.J. 131, 134 (C.A.A.F. 2001) (citations omitted).
“The term reasonable doubt, however, does not mean that the evidence must
be free from conflict.” United States v. Wheeler, 76 M.J. 564, 568 (A.F. Ct. Crim.
App. 2017) (citing United States v. Lips, 22 M.J. 679, 684 (A.F.C.M.R. 1986)),
aff’d, 77 M.J. 289 (C.A.A.F. 2018).
    The test for factual sufficiency is “whether, after weighing the evidence in
the record of trial and making allowances for not having personally observed
the witnesses, [we are] convinced of the [appellant]’s guilt beyond a reasonable
doubt.” Turner, 25 M.J. at 325. “In conducting this unique appellate role, we
take ‘a fresh, impartial look at the evidence,’ applying ‘neither a presumption
of innocence nor a presumption of guilt’ to ‘make [our] own independent deter-
mination as to whether the evidence constitutes proof of each required element




                                        18
                      United States v. Da Silva, No. ACM 39599


beyond a reasonable doubt.’” Wheeler, 76 M.J. at 568 (alteration in original)
(quoting Washington, 57 M.J. at 399).
    For the Article 92, UCMJ, offenses the Government had to prove beyond a
reasonable doubt that (1) there was in existence a certain lawful general regu-
lation, specifically paragraph 2.3.3.4 of AETCI 36-2909, dated 2 December
2013; (2) Appellant had a duty to obey such regulation; and (3) at the time and
place alleged, Appellant violated this lawful general regulation by wrongfully
making sexual advances towards ML and AS 13 respectively. See Manual for
Courts-Martial, United States (2016 ed.) (MCM), pt. IV, ¶ 16.b.(1).
      3. Analysis
   Appellant does not challenge that AETCI 36-2909, paragraph 2.3.3.4, is a
lawful general regulation. He does not challenge that he had a duty to obey it.
He only challenges the evidence supporting the third element of each offense.
          a. AS
    Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the Government, a rea-
sonable factfinder could have concluded that Appellant kissed AS and his
words and conduct prior to the kiss demonstrated he made sexual advances
towards her. After the recruits had been dropped off and a stop was made at
the McDonald’s drive-thru, Appellant chose to drive to a nearby empty parking
lot. A reasonable factfinder could determine that the decision by Appellant to
leave the McDonald’s for a more isolated location was deliberate and indicative
of his intent that he needed a more private location for what he planned to do
next.
    Turning to the actual incident, a reasonable factfinder could have believed
AS when she testified that Appellant told her she had a nice body and that she
was too pretty to be with her husband. At this point, AS “got . . . this feeling
like something’s going to happen” and casually moved away from Appellant
without being “too obvious.” A reasonable factfinder could have believed AS
also attempted to dissuade Appellant from proceeding further by rambling to
take the conversation in a different direction. Instead, Appellant told AS that
he wanted to kiss her and his actions confirmed this as he physically moved
over the vehicle’s console. A reasonable factfinder could have determined Ap-
pellant’s sexual advances towards AS were complete and that it did not matter
whether AS “possibly” returned his kiss or told the AFOSI agents that she
“probably” returned it.



13   The specification further identified AS by her military grade.




                                             19
                      United States v. Da Silva, No. ACM 39599


    Appellant invites us to explore whether the kiss was a “sexual act.” The
words “sexual act” were not charged in the specification and Appellant appears
to be arguing that we should look to Article 120, UCMJ. 14 We disagree. The
common usage of the words “sexual” and “advance” are notably broader than
the legal definition of “sexual act” in Article 120, UCMJ. Rather than looking
to uncharged words, we note that AETCI 36-2909, paragraph 2.3.3.3, specifi-
cally prohibited “kissing” between a recruiter and RAPper, consensual or not.
    A reasonable factfinder may have found Appellant made sexual advances
towards AS after evaluating the evidence presented including the location, the
circumstances, the words Appellant spoke, and the physical movements Appel-
lant made. A reasonable factfinder could have also evaluated the various reac-
tions of AS once in the empty parking lot and concluded that Appellant’s sexual
pursuit of her was quite obvious, as he explicitly revealed his desire to kiss her
and followed through by doing so.
    Drawing “every reasonable inference from the evidence of record in favor of
the prosecution,” the evidence was legally sufficient to support Appellant’s con-
viction of violation of a lawful general regulation, by making sexual advances
towards AS, beyond a reasonable doubt. See Barner, 56 M.J. at 134 (citations
omitted). Having weighed the evidence in the record of trial and having made
allowances for not having personally observed the witnesses as the court mem-
bers did, we are convinced of Appellant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. See
Turner, 25 M.J. at 325. Appellant’s conviction for violation of paragraph 2.3.3.4
of AETCI 36-2909 by making sexual advances towards AS is both legally and
factually sufficient.
          b. ML
    In the light most favorable to the Government, a reasonable factfinder
could have concluded that Appellant made sexual advances towards ML at the
duck pond. The two were alone in the van that Appellant drove to the duck
pond. A reasonable factfinder could have believed ML when she testified that
Appellant stated he wanted to “bang her,” removed her to-go box from her lap,
grabbed her hand, touched her hair, and attempted to convince her that she
should have sex with him before she left for BMT. A reasonable factfinder could
also have believed ML’s testimony that after the interruption of the phone call
from her pastor, Mr. JS, Appellant’s response was to touch ML’s inner thigh
and tell her that she would have time to think about it—meaning having sex
with him. Under these circumstances, a reasonable factfinder could have also
concluded that the verbal and physical conduct described above were sexual
advances by Appellant.


14   10 U.S.C. § 920(g)(1) defines the term “sexual act.”


                                             20
                  United States v. Da Silva, No. ACM 39599


    A reasonable factfinder could have considered the various challenges to
ML’s credibility and determined that they did not raise reasonable doubt re-
garding the elements of the offense. The court members could have considered
them and then reasonably looked to the evidence supporting ML’s testimony:
(1) her immediate report to her pastor, Mr. JS; (2) her telephone report to Mr.
JF at MEPS; (3) her report to AFOSI agents; and (4) the pretext messages and
phone calls which confirmed Appellant’s interest in ML. Finally, Appellant’s
willingness to have ML book a hotel for a rendezvous and his decision to travel
to the hotel with condoms—a mere two days after the duck pond encounter—
provided powerful circumstantial evidence that his earlier advances not only
occurred but were sexual in nature.
    Drawing “every reasonable inference from the evidence of record in favor of
the prosecution,” the evidence was legally sufficient to support Appellant’s con-
viction of violation of a lawful general regulation, by making sexual advances
towards ML, beyond a reasonable doubt. See Barner, 56 M.J. at 134 (citations
omitted). Having weighed the evidence in the record of trial and having made
allowances for not having personally observed the witnesses as the court mem-
bers did, we are convinced of Appellant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. See
Turner, 25 M.J. at 325. Appellant’s conviction for violation of paragraph 2.3.3.4
of AETCI 36-2909 by making sexual advances towards ML is both legally and
factually sufficient.
C. Victim Unsworn Statements
   1. Additional Background
    During sentencing, the military judge considered a defense objection to
whether AS and ML could provide victim unsworn statements under R.C.M.
1001A for an Article 92, UCMJ, violation. Civilian defense counsel argued “the
victim of an Article 92 violation of a general order is technically the Air Force.”
The trial counsel disagreed arguing that both AS and ML described “direct
emotional harm” as a result of the Article 92, UCMJ, violations and this was
sufficient under R.C.M. 1001A(b)(1). The military judge ruled that AS and ML
“do qualify as crime victims, even though this is an Article 92 violation. Again
the evidence has presented, at least in findings, they did testify that they did
suffer some direct, at least, emotional harm as a result of the sexual advances
[Appellant] made against them.”




                                        21
                    United States v. Da Silva, No. ACM 39599


   Once AS and ML’s written unsworn statements were marked as court ex-
hibits, trial defense counsel raised objections to the contents of both state-
ments. For ML’s unsworn statement, the objection that was made at trial is
not raised on appeal so we decline to address it further. 15
    Civilian defense counsel then objected to the portions of AS’s statement
where she wrote: “He violated me, he violated my body . . . And he did it with-
out my consent.” The Defense also objected to a second reference to the words
“he violated me.” The Defense argued these statements were not victim impact
as they went “beyond the rules of the psychological, financial, or physically
injuries she suffered as a result of what he’s been convicted.” The military
judge permitted the special victims’ counsel (SVC) for AS to respond. The SVC
argued that AS “still maintains” that she did not consent and “that she felt
violated.” The SVC argued that Appellant violated AS’s trust “as her recruiter.”
After further discussion, the military judge overruled the Defense’s objection
to the contents of AS’s written unsworn statement.
    In addition to the written unsworn statements, both AS and ML delivered
oral unsworn statements. ML read her written unsworn but AS delivered a
shorter and different oral unsworn statement. AS stated that Appellant “really
violated my trust” and that she does not “feel comfortable around male [non-
commissioned officers], or males in general, in the Air Force, because of the
violation that he [did] to me.” AS did not repeat the words from her written
unsworn statement which mentioned “he violated her body” or “he did it with-
out my consent.”
   After the court members heard the oral unsworn statements and received
the court exhibits, in a session without the members, the military judge pro-
vided further explanations of his earlier rulings on whether AS and ML were
crime victims and whether each provided proper victim impact. His rulings
were “unchanged” but the military judge noted the issue of the applicability of
Mil. R. Evid. 403 to victim unsworn statements remained “an open issue” un-
der caselaw. 16 The military judge then found the information provided to the

15 The Defense objected to the line “I have had to deal with my integrity and character
being attacked.” Civilian defense counsel argued the statement was “directly comment-
ing on our client’s constitutional right to a trial, right to confront witnesses.” We de-
cline to address this objection further as the record of trial shows challenges were made
to ML’s credibility and character after she reported Appellant as she navigated the
enlistment process and the beginning of her Air Force career.
16The military judge was describing the Hamilton case which at the time had been
decided by our court and the CAAF had granted a petition but had not yet heard argu-
ment on or decided. See United States v. Hamilton, 77 M.J. 368 (C.A.A.F. 2018); United
States v. Hamilton 77 M.J. 579 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 2017), aff’d, 78 M.J. 335 (C.A.A.F.
2019).


                                           22
                     United States v. Da Silva, No. ACM 39599


members was not “substantially outweighed by any danger of unfair prejudice
contemplated by [Mil. R. Evid.] 403.”
    The military judge instructed the court members that the unsworn state-
ments were “an authorized means” of AS and ML “to bring information to the
attention of the court, and must be given appropriate consideration.” The mil-
itary judge also instructed
          [t]he weight and significance to be attached to an unsworn state-
          ment rests within the sound discretion of each court member.
          You may consider that the statement is not under oath, [its] in-
          herent probability, or improbability, whether it is supported by
          or contradicted by evidence in this case, as well as any other
          matter that may have a bearing upon its credibility. In weighing
          an unsworn statement you’re expected to use your common
          sense, and your knowledge of human nature, and the ways of the
          world.
    On appeal, Appellant argues the military judge erred by (1) permitting AS
and ML to deliver unsworn statements when the Air Force was the victim of
the offenses; and (2) permitting AS and ML to exceed the scope of victim impact
information. On his second point, Appellant claims the military judge permit-
ted AS to impeach the verdict as Appellant was acquitted of the Article 120,
UCMJ, offense of abusive sexual contact by kissing her without her consent
and we cannot know under what theory the court members acquitted Appellant
of this offense. 17 Finally, for the first time on appeal, Appellant claims the mil-
itary judge also erred by permitting ML’s oral and written unsworn statements
to include a statement that “Every time I see a [senior noncommissioned of-
ficer], I wonder if they use that rank to try and have sex with young, and im-
pressionable Airmen.”
    Appellant argues the military judge’s errors substantially influenced the
adjudged sentence. He cites an “exceptionally weak” government case-in-chief
and an “equally weak” government sentencing case. He characterizes the De-
fense’s case-in-chief as “notably strong” referencing the Article 120, UCMJ, ac-
quittals and a defense sentencing case that “portrayed a phenomenal senior
[noncommissioned officer] lauded by his peers, supervisors, and instructors for
his unmatched devotion to duty.” Appellant claims the statements of AS and
ML were material and “the linchpin of the [G]overnment’s sentencing case”
and their quality affected the sentence.
   The Government responds that AS and ML are both crime victims as they
were named in the specifications of which Appellant was convicted and both


17   Appellant made a similar argument in his void for vagueness challenge.


                                           23
                  United States v. Da Silva, No. ACM 39599


suffered emotional harm. The Government argues the content of the various
unsworn statements were within the scope of R.C.M. 1001A. Finally, the Gov-
ernment asserts that even if we find error, the unsworn statements did not
substantially influence the sentence. The Government characterizes its sen-
tencing case as “strong” based on the gravity of the offenses and acknowledges
the length of Appellant’s career and its positive character but argued this cuts
both ways as it shows he knew what he was doing was wrong. The Government
draws no distinction between verbal and written unsworn statements in as-
sessing their materiality and quality.
   2. Law
    Article 6b, UCMJ, grants victims of offenses under the UCMJ the right to
be reasonably heard at a sentencing hearing related to the offense. 10 U.S.C. §
806b(a)(4)(B). A victim covered by this right is one “who has suffered direct
physical, emotional, or pecuniary harm as a result of the commission of an of-
fense under [the UCMJ].” 10 U.S.C. § 806b(b).
   Under R.C.M. 1001A, victims in non-capital cases may exercise their right
to be reasonably heard through sworn or unsworn statements. R.C.M.
1001A(b)(4)(B). Unsworn statements may be oral, written, or both. R.C.M.
1001A(e). A “crime victim” is one “who has suffered direct physical, emotional,
or pecuniary harm as a result of the commission of an offense of which the
accused was found guilty.” R.C.M. 1001A(b)(2).
    Statements offered under R.C.M. 1001A “may include victim impact or
matters in mitigation.” R.C.M. 1001A(c). Victim impact under R.C.M. 1001A
means “any financial, social, psychological, or medical impact on the victim
directly relating to or arising from the offense of which the accused has been
found guilty.” R.C.M. 1001A(b)(2).
    “Interpreting R.C.M. 1001A is a question of law, which we review de novo.”
United States v. Barker, 77 M.J. 377, 382 (C.A.A.F. 2018) (citation omitted).
However, we review a military judge’s decision to accept a victim impact state-
ment offered pursuant to R.C.M. 1001A for an abuse of discretion. Id. at 383
(citing Humpherys, 57 M.J. at 90). “The ‘judge abuses his discretion if his find-
ings of fact are clearly erroneous or his conclusions of law are incorrect.’”
Humpherys, 57 M.J. at 90 (quoting United States v. Ayala, 43 M.J. 296, 298
(C.A.A.F. 1995)). In the absence of an objection at trial, we review claims of
erroneous admission of a victim unsworn statement for plain error, which is
established when: (1) there is error; (2) which was plain, clear, or obvious, and
(3) the error resulted in material prejudice to Appellant’s substantial rights.
See United States v. Hardison, 64 M.J. 279, 281 (C.A.A.F. 2007) (citations omit-
ted).




                                       24
                  United States v. Da Silva, No. ACM 39599


    When there is error regarding the presentation of victim statements under
R.C.M. 1001A, the test for prejudice “is whether the error substantially influ-
enced the adjudged sentence.” Barker, 77 M.J. at 384 (quoting United States v.
Sanders, 67 M.J. 344, 346 (C.A.A.F. 2009)). This is determined by evaluating
the relative strength of the parties’ cases along with the materiality and qual-
ity of the evidence in question. Id. (citation omitted). “An error is more likely
to be prejudicial if the fact was not already obvious from the other evidence
presented at trial and would have provided new ammunition against an appel-
lant.” Id. (citation omitted).
   3. Analysis
       a. Were AS and ML crime victims?
    We agree with the military judge that both AS and ML met the definition
of a “crime victim” under R.C.M. 1001A and therefore had the right to be rea-
sonably heard during Appellant’s sentencing hearing. We disagree with Appel-
lant that the Air Force was the sole victim of the Article 92 offenses.
    Our decision should not be read too broadly. We are certainly not holding
that every recruit or RAPper who finds themselves in an unprofessional rela-
tionship with a recruiter automatically meets the definition of a crime victim.
In our view, the military judge must make an individual decision about each
person who seeks to exercise their right to be reasonably heard. See, e.g.,
United States v. Dunlap, No. ACM 39567, 2020 CCA LEXIS 148, at *19 (A.F.
Ct. Crim. App. 4 May 2020) (unpub. op.) (explaining that in an adultery con-
viction the non-offending spouse may be a victim under Article 6b, UCMJ, and
R.C.M. 1001A depending on the facts of a given case).
    We find support for our conclusion from our sister-service court in a case
where the appellant was a drill instructor and some of the offenses involved
Article 92, UCMJ, violations of a “Recruit Training Order.” United States v.
Felix, No. 201800071, 2019 CCA LEXIS 258, at *1–2 (N.M. Ct. Crim. App. 19
Jun. 2019) (unpub. op.). To be clear, the court in Felix did not need to answer
the same question we have before us. However, after determining the military
judge abused his discretion by allowing one particular unsworn victim impact
statement, the Felix court assessed prejudice and reviewed the contents of the
other victim impact statements. Id. at *38–39. One unsworn written statement
was from Recruit AG who was among “three of the appellant’s victims” and
who had developed a medical condition from “excessive incentive training or-
dered by the appellant” which resulted in his discharge. Id. at *41–42. It ap-
pears to us that it was a foregone conclusion to our sister court that Recruit
AG was a crime victim when his drill instructor failed to obey a lawful order
and he suffered, at a minimum, direct physical and pecuniary harm.




                                       25
                  United States v. Da Silva, No. ACM 39599


   Finally, we find support from one of our own decisions, albeit in another
context—post-trial processing. Three years ago, we found no error under
R.C.M. 1105A when a staff judge advocate solicited a victim impact statement
from a course student when her instructor was convicted of dereliction of duty
under Article 92, UCMJ, for an unprofessional relationship with the student.
United States v. Brooks, No. ACM S32394, 2017 CCA LEXIS 190, at *13–14
(A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 22 Mar. 2017) (unpub. op.). We rejected the argument that
the student was not a victim observing:
       The UCMJ and Rules for Courts-Martial define “victim” broadly,
       and it is entirely foreseeable that [she] might have suffered di-
       rect emotional or pecuniary harm as a result of [the] dereliction
       of duty. [The appellant] was [her] superior both by virtue of his
       rank and his position as her instructor.
While Brooks involved a different phase of trial and interpretation of a differ-
ent rule, we find the definitions of crime victim under R.C.M. 1001A and
R.C.M. 1105A to be quite similar.
   The military judge correctly concluded that AS and ML were crime victims
under R.C.M. 1001A. We now turn to the contents of the victim impact state-
ments.
       b. Content of AS’s unsworn statements
    We can quickly dispense with the contents of AS’s shorter, oral unsworn
statement. AS said that Appellant “really violated [her] trust” and mentioned
“the violation that he [did] to me” but did not reference violations of her body
or the words “without my consent.” We find the contents of AS’s oral unsworn
statement fall squarely within the definition of victim impact under R.C.M.
1001A(b)(2) and directly related to or arose from Appellant’s conviction for
making sexual advances towards her.
    Closer questions are presented with the content of AS’s written unsworn
statement where she referenced that it was her body that was violated, and a
reference that Appellant “did it without my consent.” To be clear, we have no
doubt these words accurately describe exactly how AS felt. On the other hand,
it is not unreasonable for Appellant to argue these words are actually a de-
scription of how AS felt about an offense for which he was acquitted. It is these
two possible interpretations that cause us concern, particularly in a members
case.
    The military judge was certainly aware that he could limit the content of a
victim unsworn statement. He cited our decision in United States v. Roblero
and described that case as one where we “found that the judge in fact did abuse
his discretion in allowing completely improper . . . information to be presented
in the unsworn statement.” No. ACM. 38874, 2017 CCA LEXIS 168, at *18

                                       26
                  United States v. Da Silva, No. ACM 39599


(A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 17 Feb. 2017) (unpub. op.). We explicitly stated in Roblero
that “Article 6b is not a blanket authorization for a victim to state to the sen-
tencing authority whatever he or she might desire.” Id. The military judge did
hear argument from the SVC who noted this was a single incident for AS that
led to two different charges and that AS still maintained that she did not con-
sent. The military judge also recognized that no one was ever going to know
why Appellant was acquitted of abusive sexual contact against AS.
    When faced with these situations, we see the military judge’s responsibility
as two-fold: (1) ensuring AS’s right to be reasonably heard is protected within
the parameters of R.C.M. 1001A; and (2) ensuring that if the court members
are allowed to hear victim impact information that could be reasonably inter-
preted by the court members as a comment about an acquitted offense that
they are instructed they cannot do so. Here, the military judge provided the
standard unsworn statement instruction and determined no more was re-
quired because AS’s statement “was not evidence.” We are not so certain.
    We think the preferable course of action for military judges should be to
tailor the unsworn statement instruction. This preserves a crime victim’s right
to be reasonably heard while ensuring court members do not wrongly interpret
victim impact information that they “must consider.” SVCs should be attuned
to these concerns and prepared to offer the military judge a tailored instruction
which protects their client’s right to be reasonably heard while simultaneously
making sure that appellate error is not unnecessarily introduced because their
client’s statement could be reasonably viewed as commenting on an acquitted
offense. In this case, we will only assume, without deciding, that the military
judge abused his discretion when he permitted AS’s written unsworn state-
ment to include the statements “he violated my body” and “he did it without
my consent” without a clarifying instruction to the court members on the limits
under which they could consider these victim impact statements. As we as-
sume without deciding that there was error with a portion of AS’s written us-
worn statement, we will test for prejudice below.
       c. Content of ML’s unsworn statements
    The contents of ML’s oral and written unsworn statements were substan-
tially the same. Appellant now argues the military judge erred by allowing
ML’s written and oral unsworn statements to include the statement “Every
time I see a [senior noncommissioned officer] I wonder if they use that rank to
try and have sex with young and impressionable Airmen.” At oral argument,
Appellant argued his overarching objection to ML’s statement was sufficient to
preserve the issue. We are not persuaded. As we see it, an objection about who
is a “crime victim” under R.C.M. 1001A(b)(1) is different than an objection to
whether the contents of a statement qualifies as “victim impact” under R.C.M.



                                       27
                  United States v. Da Silva, No. ACM 39599


1001A(b)(2). At a minimum, Appellant forfeited his objection when he did not
object to the content he is concerned about on appeal.
    We consider this issue under plain error and find none. The military judge
had ample evidence from findings that Appellant tried to convince ML to have
sex with him at the duck pond. The military judge could readily conclude that
this was one of the sexual advances of which Appellant was convicted. Under
R.C.M. 1001A(b)(2), ML could exercise her right to provide victim impact in-
formation including the psychological and social impacts that directly related
to or arose from Appellant’s sexual advances towards her. ML’s statement
simply described what crossed her mind now having experienced her recruiter
making sexual advances towards her. It does not matter that her perception
involves others in the military or other males. What matters is that this impact
was directly related to or arose from Appellant’s sexual advances. We see no
clear or obvious error that this statement by ML was outside the scope of victim
impact information under R.C.M. 1001A(b)(2).
       d. Prejudice
    We now address whether the portions of AS’s written unsworn statement
described above substantially influenced the adjudged sentence by evaluating
the relative strength of the parties’ cases along with the materiality and qual-
ity of the evidence in question. See Barker, 77 M.J. at 384 (citation omitted).
The Government’s findings evidence on the Article 92 offenses was strong.
Both AS and ML described not just the sexual advances Appellant made, but
how they felt during and after them. AS and ML also testified why Appellant
had no concerns about getting in trouble. All of this evidence was available for
the members to consider during sentencing. On the other hand, the Govern-
ment presented no additional victim impact evidence under R.C.M. 1001(b)(4)
or evidence in aggravation during sentencing. Appellant’s performance reports
were exceptional and his one letter of counseling for a fitness failure was ad-
missible but unremarkable. We characterize the overall strength of the Gov-
ernment’s case as solid.
    The Defense was not required to put on a case during findings. They chose
to, so we will assess it. The Defense contended that no sexual advances were
made towards AS. This was an uphill battle and was ultimately unsuccessful.
For ML, the Defense made more credibility challenges but these were offset by
a recent report and Appellant’s own text messages and recorded phone calls.
The evidence that Appellant traveled to a hotel room to meet ML two days after
the duck pond incident resoundingly confirmed ML’s testimony of his sexual
interest in her. We find the Defense’s findings case on the offenses for which
he was convicted was weak. We need not address the strength of the Defense’s
case on the acquitted offenses. The military judge instructed the members that
Appellant was “to be sentenced only for the offenses of which he has been found

                                      28
                  United States v. Da Silva, No. ACM 39599


guilty” and we presume that instruction was followed in the absence of evi-
dence of the contrary. Washington, 57 M.J. at 403 (citation omitted).
    The defense sentencing case in mitigation was very strong. Appellant’s per-
sonnel records, two periods of combat service in Iraq, character statements,
and the opinions on rehabilitative potential were very positive. There was lim-
ited extenuation evidence regarding Appellant’s marital troubles and work re-
lated pressures at the time of the offenses. Appellant provided in depth apolo-
gies to his fellow recruiters in the wake of being caught. At trial, he provided a
cursory apology to AS and ML and asked for their forgiveness. When consid-
ered together, we characterize the strength of the Defense’s findings case on
the convicted offenses and their sentencing case as solid. On the whole, where
the Defense case was strong, the Government was weak and vice versa.
    The final two factors of the prejudice analysis, materiality and quality, re-
quire us to essentially assess “how much the erroneously admitted evidence
may have affected the court-martial.” See United States v. Washington, ___
M.J. ___ , No. 19-0252, 2020 CAAF LEXIS 296, at *12 (C.A.A.F. 29 May 2020).
We are to consider the particular factual circumstances of each case and pre-
vious considerations including the extent to which (1) the evidence contributed
to the Government’s case; (2) instructions to the panel may have mitigated the
error; (3) the Government referred to the evidence in argument; and (4) the
members could weigh the evidence using their own layperson knowledge. See
id. (citations omitted).
   We do not find the portions of AS’s written statement contributed signifi-
cantly to the Government’s case. AS did not repeat those portions when she
gave her oral unsworn statement directly to the members and she adjusted and
only used the word “violated” in a narrower and permissible context—trust.
    The military judge gave a proper instruction to the court members that the
unsworn statement was “an authorized means” for AS “to bring information to
the attention of the court, and must be given appropriate consideration.” The
military judge reminded the members that the statement was not under oath
and it was not subject to cross-examination, or to questioning by the members.
The military judge also instructed the members to consider the statement’s
inherent probability, or improbability; and whether it was supported or con-
tradicted by the evidence in this case. A similar instruction was given regard-
ing Appellant’s unsworn statement. These instructions set the unsworn state-
ments apart from the evidence in the case. This reduced the impact of the
words AS wrote for the members.
    The content at issue was scattered among three paragraphs which also con-
tained other permissible victim impact information. In the paragraph where
AS wrote about Appellant violating her and her body, she also wrote that (1)


                                       29
                  United States v. Da Silva, No. ACM 39599


Appellant had violated her trust, but more importantly he tainted her Air
Force career; and (2) he changed the way that she viewed individuals—espe-
cially senior noncommissioned officers. In the paragraph where AS mentioned
“he did it without my consent” she also wrote that (1) she showed up at her
first base with a negative opinion of senior noncommissioned officers; and (2)
she has a “lack of respect for them” but she treats them with respect because
she is told to and not because “she actually feels that respect anymore.” In AS’s
last reference to Appellant violating her, she also wrote (1) he was the first face
that greeted me into what was supposed to be the Air Force family; and (2) he
was in a “position of power over me and he used that position to try to get what
he wanted. That’s not a very warm welcome . . . and that’s why I’m not sure I
will stay.” The presence of proper victim impact information, which described
significant long term social and psychological impacts on AS, had greater ma-
teriality and quality than the statements we are assessing.
    The trial counsel did not mention during sentencing argument the state-
ments at issue. Trial counsel provided other justifications for his sentencing
recommendation and referenced only small portions of AS’s statements includ-
ing AS “has a negative opinion of NCOs. She has no pride in being an Airman.”
After sentencing argument, the military judge directly instructed the members
that Appellant could only be sentenced for the offenses of which he had been
found guilty. We are certain the court members did not forget that they just
acquitted Appellant of abusive sexual contact of AS the day prior.
    We might be more concerned with materiality and quality if (1) this was
the first and only time the members heard from AS; (2) she provided new am-
munition against Appellant such as uncharged misconduct; (3) she was the
only victim in the case; or (4) the trial counsel argued these portions of her
statement as justification for the sentence recommendation. These concerns
are not present in this case. After evaluating the four factors, we do not find
that the assumed error substantially influenced the adjudged sentence. See
Barker, 77 M.J. at 384 (citation omitted).
D. Sentence Appropriateness
   1. Additional Background
    Appellant argues that the bad-conduct discharge is unduly harsh and an
inappropriately severe sentence. He cites a “superb” service record both as a
recruiter and as a career mental health services professional and board-certi-
fied alcohol and drug abuse counselor. Among his many distinguished awards
are his 2006 annual award as the Air Force’s Outstanding Mental Health Tech-
nician of the Year and his 2012 annual award as the Air Force Medical Ser-
vice’s Outstanding Mental Health NCO of the Year. Appellant also presented
positive character letters, provided information about his combat service in


                                        30
                  United States v. Da Silva, No. ACM 39599


Iraq, and sworn testimony that he “undoubtedly,” “absolutely,” and “without
question” had rehabilitative potential. Appellant delivered a written and oral
unsworn statement and requested the court members allow him to continue to
serve in the Air Force.
    The Government argues that the sentence is not inappropriately severe.
The Government notes the maximum punishment Appellant faced was a dis-
honorable discharge, four years of confinement, forfeiture of all pay and allow-
ances, and reduction to the grade of E-1. The trial counsel suggested an appro-
priate sentence would include a bad-conduct discharge, five months of confine-
ment, and reduction to the grade of E-4. The Government acknowledges Ap-
pellant’s “prior good record” and 15-year career and accomplishments were be-
fore the court members but asserts so too were the nature and seriousness of
the offenses.
    While not raised as a separate assignment of error, Appellant argues—in
the context of sentence severity—that a defense witness, MSgt SK, was im-
properly cross-examined during his sentencing testimony. The Government ar-
gues that the military judge did not abuse his discretion in ruling on the objec-
tion, provided a proper instruction that is not challenged by Appellant, and
court members are “presumed to follow instructions, until demonstrated oth-
erwise.” Washington, 57 M.J. at 403. We describe the cross-examination and
the resulting series of events below.
   MSgt SK, who supervised Appellant, testified under oath as a defense wit-
ness. He also wrote a two-page written character statement that had already
been admitted as a defense sentencing exhibit. The letter was glowing in its
assessment of Appellant and identified his various positive character traits.
The letter stated, “If allowed, I greatly look forward to having him back on my
team in the Air Force in this capacity or any other.”
    During cross-examination, the trial counsel asked MSgt SK if he was
“aware that [Appellant] actually had sex with another one of his female re-
cruits” who subsequently “withdrew her application from the Air Force.” MSgt
SK testified that he was not aware of either matter, without objection. When
trial counsel attempted to ask a third question—“would knowing that change
your character statement about [Appellant]”—the Defense asked for a hearing
outside of the court members’ presence.
    After an exchange with the military judge, the Defense agreed their objec-
tion was “essentially” that the trial counsel did not have a good faith basis for
any of the questions. In response, the trial counsel explained the good faith
basis for the information was obtained from “an in depth interview with one of
the witnesses.” Defense counsel then modified his objection to “this would be
improper impeachment technique.” The trial counsel eventually cited Mil. R.


                                       31
                      United States v. Da Silva, No. ACM 39599


Evid. 405(a) 18 as permitting this type of inquiry. The Defense then returned to
their earlier objection that it was “the good faith basis issue . . . [as] we don’t
know the reliability of the statement.”
    The military judge indicated he was “going to overrule” the objection under
Mil. R. Evid. 405 because the trial counsel was permitted to challenge the basis
of the witness’ opinion. After more discussion, defense counsel said “if [trial
counsel] is saying that a witness, directly heard [Appellant] saying this, then
that is a good faith basis.” The military judge again stated he was going to
overrule the objection.
    When the members returned, MSgt SK testified again that he was unaware
of the entire situation with the woman who withdrew her application from the
Air Force. Trial counsel then asked, “Does it change your impression of [Appel-
lant’s] character.” MSgt SK answered, “It’s disturbing because I didn’t know
that about him, or that [it] happened, but from what I do know about [Appel-
lant], he’s an incredible person, not just a senior NCO.”
    At the conclusion of MSgt SK’s testimony, one of the court members asked
whether the statement about Appellant “having sex, was that a fact?” The mil-
itary judge then instructed the members that the question was permissible and
they could consider the question and answer “only to test the basis” of the wit-
ness’s opinion, to “assess the weight” to be given to his testimony, and to rebut
the opinion that he gave. The military judge instructed they may not consider
the question and answer for any other purpose and they may not infer that
Appellant was “a bad person, or had additional criminal tendencies, and that
he therefore, committed additional offenses.” The military judge asked both
sides if they requested additional instructions or objected to his instruction.
Civilian defense counsel replied “no, sir.”
    In his oral and written sentencing instructions the military judge again
instructed on this line of cross-examination highlighting “there is no evidence
that [Appellant] engaged in this sexual relationship with an unnamed female
recruit. This question was permitted only to test the basis of the witness’ opin-
ion and to enable you to assess the weight you accord his testimony. You may
not consider this question for any other purpose.”



18   Mil. R. Evid. 405(a) reads,

          When evidence of a person’s character or character trait is admissible,
          it may be proved by testimony about the person’s reputation or by tes-
          timony in the form of an opinion. On cross-examination of the character
          witness, the military judge may allow an inquiry into relevant specific
          instances of the person’s conduct.


                                               32
                  United States v. Da Silva, No. ACM 39599


    During sentencing argument, the trial counsel mentioned the defense wit-
ness’s testimony and then began to argue that “it became really clear, on cross-
examination . . . that they don’t really know him.” Defense counsel objected
and the military judge sustained the objection. Before sentencing argument
resumed, the military judge instructed the members “to the extent that trial
counsel is attempting to get you to consider the validity of the ‘do you know or
were you aware’ question I described to you earlier, again, you are to disregard
that question” and “[a]gain, those questions are only used to challenge the ba-
sis for that witness’ opinion, and for no other purpose.” The members had no
questions about the military judge’s instructions about the sustained objection
during trial counsel’s sentencing argument.
   2. Law
    We review issues of sentence appropriateness de novo. United States v.
Lane, 64 M.J. 1, 2 (C.A.A.F. 2006) (citing United States v. Cole, 31 M.J. 270,
272 (C.M.A. 1990)). We may affirm only as much of the sentence as we find
correct in law and fact and determine should be approved on the basis of the
entire record. Article 66(c), UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 866(c). “We assess sentence ap-
propriateness by considering the particular appellant, the nature and serious-
ness of the offense[s], the appellant’s record of service, and all matters con-
tained in the record of trial.” United States v. Sauk, 74 M.J. 594, 606 (A.F. Ct.
Crim. App. 2015) (alteration in original) (citing United States v. Anderson, 67
M.J. 703, 705 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 2009)). Although we have great discretion
to determine whether a sentence is appropriate, we have no authority to grant
mercy. United States v. Nerad, 69 M.J. 138, 146 (C.A.A.F. 2010) (citation omit-
ted).
   3. Analysis
    Apart from his convictions, the positive aspects of Appellant’s military ca-
reer were on full display during sentencing. His performance reports, admitted
as a prosecution exhibit, depict very strong personnel records in two career
fields. The personal data sheet shows Appellant served in two overseas assign-
ments and completed two additional periods of combat service in Iraq. The De-
fense presented valuable mitigation evidence including positive opinions re-
garding Appellant’s rehabilitative potential.
    We have laid out the facts already in this opinion that show how strong the
Government’s case was supporting Appellant’s two convictions. We need not
repeat them here. During sentencing argument, the trial counsel recom-
mended that the court members adjudge a bad-conduct discharge, five months
of confinement, and a reduction to the grade of E-4 as an appropriate sentence.
The court members adjudged no confinement at all, but adjudged both a bad-
conduct discharge and reduction to the grade of E-4.


                                       33
                  United States v. Da Silva, No. ACM 39599


    We specifically considered whether the cross-examination of MSgt SK con-
tributed to Appellant’s sentence or rendered it somehow inappropriately se-
vere. We find neither. We see no error by the military judge in permitting the
questioning under Mil. R. Evid. 405(a). The trial counsel explained his good
faith basis for the questioning. The trial counsel’s explanation satisfied the
military judge and the defense counsel who eventually agreed a good-basis ex-
isted for the questioning.
    We have nothing before us to suggest that the court members disregarded
the repeated instructions by the military judge and increased Appellant’s sen-
tence on a matter on which there was no evidence presented. The military
judge sustained the Defense’s objection during trial counsel’s sentencing argu-
ment which further reduced any potential impact the questions and answers
of the witness could have. Even if this questioning slightly diminished the opin-
ion of this one defense witness, others provided similar character assessments
of Appellant without challenge.
    Having given individualized consideration to Appellant, the nature and se-
riousness of the offenses, Appellant’s record of service including his combat
service and various awards and accolades, and all other matters contained in
the record of trial, we conclude that the sentence is not inappropriately severe.
E. SJAR
   1. Additional Background
   On 30 October 2018, the staff judge advocate signed the SJAR to the gen-
eral court-martial convening authority. When describing the sentence, the
SJAR indicated the sentence was appropriate and should be approved as ad-
judged. The SJAR explicitly advised the convening authority that he did “not
have the authority disapprove, commute, or suspend in whole or in part the
punitive discharge.” The SJAR was silent on whether the convening authority
had the power to take the same actions for the reduction to the grade of E-4.
   On 20 November 2018, a new staff judge advocate signed the first adden-
dum to the SJAR. This addendum addressed a 30 August 2018 request for de-
ferment of the reduction in grade to E-4 that the convening authority denied
on 9 November 2018. This addendum focused on an error in processing the
deferment request and recommended the convening authority approve the de-
ferment request beginning 14 days after announcement of sentence. It did not
address the convening authority’s power to disapprove any part of the sentence
and again recommended the adjudged sentence be approved.
    On 30 November 2018, Appellant submitted his clemency request. Relevant
to this assignment of error, Appellant’s defense counsel requested the conven-
ing authority “allow him to retain a rank above Senior Airman for the sake of
his family’s financial conditions.” Appellant submitted his own letter to the

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                  United States v. Da Silva, No. ACM 39599


convening authority arguing his sentence was “highly disparate to closely re-
lated cases” and requested a “conscientious review of the appropriateness of
the proposed sentence.” In support of his clemency, Appellant included several
letters which directly asked the convening authority to let Appellant “keep his
rank,” “keep his stripes,” or not be demoted. Appellant’s letter and his defense
counsel’s letter did not mention the omission that Appellant now alleges was
error.
    On 6 December 2018, a second addendum was signed by the “Acting Staff
Judge Advocate” who was now the third judge advocate to advise the convening
authority. The second addendum noted the “earlier recommendation provided
in the 20 November 2018 addendum remains unchanged.” The second adden-
dum was also silent on the convening authority’s power to disapprove any part
of the sentence.
   2. Law
   Proper completion of post-trial processing is a question of law this court
reviews de novo. United States v. Sheffield, 60 M.J. 591, 593 (A.F. Ct. Crim.
App. 2004) (citation omitted).
   “Failure to timely comment on matters in the SJAR, or matters attached to
the recommendation, forfeits any later claim of error in the absence of plain
error.” United States v. LeBlanc, 74 M.J. 650, 660 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 2015)
(en banc) (citing R.C.M. 1106(f)(6); United States v. Scalo, 60 M.J. 435, 436
(C.A.A.F. 2005)). To prevail under a plain error analysis, an appellant must
show “(1) there was an error; (2) [the error] was plain or obvious; and (3) the
error materially prejudiced a substantial right.” Id. (quoting Scalo, 60 M.J. at
436). The threshold for establishing prejudice from errors impacting an appel-
lant’s request for clemency from the convening authority is low, even in the
context of plain error analysis, but there must be “some ‘colorable showing of
possible prejudice.’” Id. (quoting Scalo, 60 M.J. at 437).
   3. Analysis
    Appellant relies on our decision in United States v. Morgan to support his
claim that it was plain error to fail to inform the convening authority of his
power to disapprove, commute, or suspend the reduction in grade. No. ACM
S32478, 2019 CCA LEXIS 32, at *4 (28 Jan. 2019) (unpub. op.). In Morgan we
found four errors and a colorable showing of possible prejudice before setting
aside the action of the convening authority and remanded for new post-trial
processing. Id. at *4, 9. One error identified in Morgan is that the SJAR failed
to inform the convening authority of “his power to affect the adjudged sen-
tence.” Id. at *4. The remaining errors in Morgan relate to misstatements in
the law regarding the convening authority’s power that were made in the de-
fense’s clemency submissions which the SJA failed to correct in the addendum


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                   United States v. Da Silva, No. ACM 39599


to the SJAR. Id. at *4–5; see also United States v. Addison, 75 M.J. 405
(C.A.A.F. 2016) (mem); United States v. Zegarrundo, 77 M.J. 612, 614 (A.F. Ct.
Crim. App. 2018).
    The Government argues that Appellant forfeited this claim of error in the
SJAR when he failed to comment on it. The Government concedes that the
SJAR did not specifically inform the convening authority of his ability to grant
clemency regarding Appellant’s adjudged reduction in grade. The Government
argues the SJAR complies with R.C.M. 1106 and Appellant suffered no preju-
dice. The Government characterizes a SJAR’s description of the convening au-
thority’s power as a “best practice” and notes this SJAR contained no misstate-
ments of the law. The Government cites our decision in United States v. Troes-
ter that a failure to apprise the convening authority that he had the power to
disapprove is not the same as advising the convening authority he did not have
such power. No. ACM S32385, 2017 CCA LEXIS 332, at *5 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App.
12 May 2017) (unpub. op.).
     We agree with the Government that R.C.M. 1006(d)(3) does not list a state-
ment of the convening authority’s power among the “required contents” of an
SJAR. One source of such a statement is found in the “sample” or “template”
SJAR from Air Force Instruction (AFI) 51-201, Administration of Military Jus-
tice, Figure A8.9 (8 Dec. 2017). Paragraph 8.16.2.1 of AFI 51-201 provides fur-
ther guidance that the SJAR “should contain a statement informing the con-
vening authority what is prohibited under Article 60(c), UCMJ, [10 U.S.C. §
860(c),] for offenses committed on or after 24 June 2014.” 19
    In this case, the SJAR complied with AFI 51-201, paragraph 8.16.2.1 when
it advised the convening authority that he did “not have the authority to dis-
approve, commute, or suspend in whole or in part the punitive discharge.”
However, it did not follow the sample or template SJAR when it failed to in-
clude language from Figure A8.9, “You do have the authority to disapprove,
commute or suspend in whole or in part . . . [the adjudged] (reduction in rank).”
We find no plain or obvious error in the SJAR for not following the template
when the SJAR otherwise complies with R.C.M. 1106 and caselaw.
    We find Morgan to be easily distinguished. In Morgan, the SJA did not ad-
vise the convening authority that he could not disapprove, commute, or sus-
pend the bad-conduct discharge and the seven months of confinement. That
failure to advise is not present here as the SJAR correctly advised the conven-
ing authority that he could not disapprove, commute, or suspend the punitive

19This paragraph does not apply to general and special courts-martial referred on or
after 1 January 2019 as new post-trial procedures apply to those cases. See generally
Exec. Order 13,825, 83 Fed. Reg. 9889 (8 Mar. 2018); R.C.M. 1109(d)(2) to the Manual
for Courts-Martial, United States (2019 ed.).


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                  United States v. Da Silva, No. ACM 39599


discharge. Morgan also contained a misstatement of the law when the defense
counsel argued the convening authority should “shorten” an adjudged confine-
ment sentence of seven months when he had no power to do so. Unlike Morgan,
Appellant does not identify any misstatements of the law in his clemency sub-
mission that warranted correction and we find none. See Addison, 75 M.J. at
405; Zegarrundo, 77 M.J. at 614. While Morgan involved a failure to advise the
convening authority that he could disapprove, commute, or suspend the reduc-
tion in grade, like we have in this case, it was only a portion of one of four
errors listed in the opinion.
    Even if the complained of omission was plain or obvious error, Appellant
has not made a colorable showing of possible prejudice. The Defense’s clemency
submission focused on convincing the convening authority that disapproval of
some or all of the adjudged reduction in grade to E-4 was appropriate. Appel-
lant claims the convening authority “was not aware” he had the legal authority
to grant Appellant’s request. We see no evidence in the record of trial to support
the conclusion that the convening authority was unaware of his Article 60,
UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 860, power to grant the requested clemency. Both before
and after the 2014 changes to Article 60, UCMJ, 20 convening authorities re-
tained the authority to disapprove an adjudged reduction in grade. The SJAR,
first addendum, and second addendum do not state or imply any reduction in
the power of the convening authority to reduce Appellant’s sentence other than
the limitation on the power to disapprove the bad-conduct discharge.
    We considered whether the convening authority “plausibly may have taken
action more favorable to” Appellant had he or she been provided more complete
information. United States v. Johnson, 26 M.J. 686, 689 (A.C.M.R. 1988), aff’d,
28 M.J. 452 (C.M.A. 1989); see also United States v. Green, 44 M.J. 93, 95
(C.A.A.F. 1996). Under these circumstances, we find no plausible reason to
conclude that the convening authority would have taken a more favorable ac-
tion if he had been explicitly advised that he could disapprove, commute, or
suspend, in whole or in part, the reduction in grade to E-4.




20National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2014. See Pub. L. No.
113–66, § 1702, 127 Stat. 954–958 (2013).




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                    United States v. Da Silva, No. ACM 39599


                                 III. CONCLUSION
    The approved findings and sentence are correct in law and fact, and no er-
ror materially prejudicial to the substantial rights of Appellant occurred. Arti-
cles 59(a) and 66(c), UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. §§ 859(a), 866(c). Accordingly, the find-
ings and sentence are AFFIRMED. 21


                   FOR THE COURT



                   CAROL K. JOYCE
                   Clerk of the Court




21Specification 1 of Charge I, which involved ML, is not accurately reflected on the
court-martial promulgating order. Specifically, it contains the word “order” in the sec-
ond line and the language “, a recruit, as it was his duty to do” in the fourth line. We
direct publication of a new court-martial order because Appellant was not convicted of
this language and it was neither preferred nor referred to trial.


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