                                                                                       06/25/2019
               IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                          AT KNOXVILLE
                           Assigned on Briefs May 1, 2019

                  ASATA D LOWE v. MIKE PARRIS ET AL.

                  Appeal from the Circuit Court for Blount County
                     No. L-19878 David Reed Duggan, Judge
                     ___________________________________

                          No. E2018-01753-COA-R3-CV
                      ___________________________________

This case involves a prisoner’s appeal from the trial court’s dismissal of his complaint,
wherein he raised numerous claims relating back to his seizure, arrest, prosecution, and
conviction, all of which occurred from 1998 to 2000. The trial court dismissed all of the
prisoner’s claims on numerous grounds, including that they were time-barred by various
statutes of limitations and that many of the defendants were entitled to sovereign
immunity. Concluding that because certain defendants are entitled to sovereign
immunity and that all of the prisoner’s claims are either time-barred or do not comply
with the Tennessee Rules of Civil Procedure, we affirm.

Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Circuit Court Affirmed and
                                    Remanded

ARNOLD B. GOLDIN, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which D. MICHAEL SWINEY,
C.J., and FRANK G. CLEMENT, JR., P.J., M.S., joined.

Asata Dia Lowe, Wartburg, TN, Pro se.

Herbert H. Slattery, III, Attorney General and Reporter; Thomas J. Aumann, Assistant
Attorney General, for the appellees, Mike Parris and Tennessee Department of
Correction.

Craig Strand, Knoxville Tennessee and Craig L. Garrett, Maryville, Tennessee, for the
appellee, Blount County Sheriff’s Office.

Benjamin K. Lauderback, Knoxville, Tennessee for the appellees, Alcoa Police
Department, Ernest C. Kemper, III, Dale Boring, and Lowell H. Ridings.

Herbert H. Slattery, III, Attorney General and Reporter; Laura Miller, Assistant Attorney
General, for the appellees, Edward Bailey, Kirk Andrews, and the Blount County District
Attorney’s Office.
                                               OPINION

                       BACKGROUND AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
       On July 12, 2000, a Blount County, Tennessee jury convicted Asata Lowe
(“Plaintiff”) on two counts of first-degree murder and one count of especially aggravated
robbery. Plaintiff’s conviction was upheld on direct appeal to the Tennessee Court of
Criminal Appeals. See State v. Asata Lowe, No. E2000-01591-CCA-R3-CD, 2002 WL
31051631 (Tenn. Crim. App. Sept. 16, 2002). The conviction was again upheld on post-
conviction appeal. See Lowe v. State, No. E2006-02028-CCA-MR3-PC, 2008 WL
631169 (Tenn. Crim. App. Aug. 25, 2008).

       On April 10, 2018, Plaintiff, proceeding pro se,1 filed a “Complaint for
Extraordinary Process” (the “Complaint”) in the Blount County Chancery Court.
Therein, Plaintiff named numerous defendants2 and raised numerous tort and
constitutional claims, as well as a host of procedural deficiencies, arising from his arrest,
conviction, and imprisonment.3 In total, Plaintiff sought $5,000,000,000.00 in economic
damages, $5,000,000,000.00 in non-economic damages, and $15,000,000,000.00 in
punitive damages. After Plaintiff filed the Complaint, the case was transferred from the
Blount County Chancery Court to the Blount County Circuit Court (the “trial court”) via
an interchange order entered on April 12, 2018. After the transfer to the circuit court,
nearly all of the Defendants filed motions to dismiss,4 asserting that all of Plaintiff’s
claims should fail: (1) pursuant to the doctrine of sovereign immunity; (2) because his
underlying criminal convictions had not been invalidated through direct appeal, post-
conviction, or habeas proceedings; (3) because his claims were time-barred by various



        1
           As a pro se litigant, Plaintiff is entitled to fair and equal treatment by the courts. Hessmer v.
Hessmer, 138 S.W.3d 901, 903 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2003). Nevertheless, we must “be mindful of the
boundary between fairness to a pro se litigant and unfairness to the pro se litigant’s adversary” and not
excuse the pro se litigant from complying with the same substantive and procedural rules that represented
parties must observe. Id.
         2
           In total, Plaintiff named 12 Defendants: (1) Mike Parris, Warden of the Morgan County
Correction Complex; (2) the Tennessee Department of Corrections; (3) Dale Boring and (4) Ernest
Kemper, two officers with the Alcoa Police Department; (5) Captain Lowell Ridings, an Alcoa Police
Detective; (6) the Alcoa Police Department; (7) Edward Bailey and (8) Kirk Andrews, the two
prosecuting attorneys in the 2000 case against Plaintiff; (9) F.D. Gibson, Plaintiff’s own counsel in the
2000 case; (10) Brian Whitman, a co-defendant in the 2000 case; and the (11) Sheriff’s and (12) District
Attorney’s Offices of Blount County (together, “Defendants”)
         3
           Such claims raised by Plaintiff included—but were not limited to—due process violations,
human rights violations, human trafficking violations, and an unlawful restraint of trade and
discrimination violation.
         4
           Defendants Gibson and Whitman did not file motions to dismiss. However, for reasons not
pertinent to this appeal, the trial court dismissed all claims against Defendants Gibson and Whitman in its
final judgment.
                                                   -2-
statutes of limitations; and (4) because his claims violated Tennessee Rule of Civil
Procedure 8.01.

       A hearing on Defendants’ respective motions was held on August 13, 2018. On
August 23, 2018, the trial court entered an order dismissing Plaintiff’s lawsuit in its
entirety, and in which it made the following findings of fact and conclusions of law:

       As a matter of law, this Court finds it lacks subject matter jurisdiction over
       the Plaintiff’s claims raised against the Blount County District Attorney’s
       Office, Kirk Andrews, Edward Bailey, Mike Parris and the Tennessee
       Department of Corrections based on sovereign immunity grounds. In the
       alternative, the Court finds Defendants Bailey and Andrews retain absolute
       prosecutorial immunity. Additionally, this Court finds that to the extent the
       Plaintiff attacks the validity of his criminal convictions, such a claim or
       claims are barred pursuant to the well-established law set out in Wilkinson
       v. Dotson, 544 U.S. 74, 78 (2005). Further, this Court finds as a matter of
       law that all of the Plaintiff’s causes of action raised against each Defendant
       are time-barred based upon the applicable statute of limitations period that
       apply to the claims raised by the Plaintiff. This Court finds the Plaintiff’s
       argument that he only learned of the causes of action he is now raising in
       April of 2017 are unavailing and disingenuous. The Court bases this
       determination on the multiple previous pleadings filed by the Plaintiff in
       other matters with this Court over the years, which reveal the Plaintiff had
       knowledge of facts he now alleges support his purported claims for close to
       two decades.

However, subsequent to the August 13 hearing but prior to the entry of the August 23
order, Plaintiff filed numerous other pleadings and motions, including, but not limited to,
a motion for summary judgment on subject matter jurisdiction, a statement of facts and
an affidavit in support of the motion, and a motion for discovery on the motion.
Additionally, since the entry of the August 23 order, Plaintiff continued to file additional
pleadings and motions, including, but not limited to, a motion to alter or amend and/or
relief from judgment and an affidavit in support of the motion, a motion for transcripts of
the August 13, 2018 hearing, a new complaint for declaratory judgment, a motion to
schedule a pretrial and discovery conference, and a motion for appointment of counsel.
Addressing such pleadings and motions, the trial court entered another order on
September 5, 2018, stating the following:

               Again, Plaintiff continues to file motions and pleadings in this case
       despite the fact that the Court has ruled against Plaintiff, having granted the
       Defendant[s’] various motions to dismiss. While it is proper for Plaintiff to
       file a motion to alter or amend, otherwise Plaintiff has chosen to continue to

                                            -3-
        file documents in this case, which has been dismissed, rather than to file a
        notice of appeal.

              In Plaintiff’s many years of filing suits, post-criminal convictions
        proceedings, and other motions or pleadings, he continues to seek to litigate
        the same issues that he has raised over and over again, all of which have
        been dismissed, and all of which dismissals have been affirmed on appeal.

Ultimately, the trial court concluded that “Plaintiff’s filings are far past the point of being
frivolous and abusive” and dismissed all of Plaintiff’s pleadings and motions listed
above.5 Plaintiff timely appealed to this Court on September 26, 2018.

                                         ISSUES PRESENTED

        As we perceive it, Plaintiff raises the following issues for our review:

            1. Whether the trial court erred in dismissing all of Plaintiff’s claims against
               Defendants.
            2. Whether the trial court erred in dismissing Plaintiff’s motion to supplement
               the record.
            3. Whether the trial court erred in depriving Plaintiff his right to a jury trial
               and the right to be heard.

                                       STANDARD OF REVIEW

        A motion to dismiss based on Tennessee Rule of Civil Procedure
12.02(6) “challenges only the legal sufficiency of the complaint, not the strength of the
plaintiff’s proof or evidence.” Webb v. Nashville Area Habitat for Humanity, Inc., 346
S.W.3d 422, 426 (Tenn. 2011). As a result, the resolution of such a motion is determined
by an examination of the pleadings alone. Id. When considering a motion to dismiss, the
court “must construe the complaint liberally, presuming all factual allegations to be true
and giving the plaintiff the benefit of all reasonable inferences.” Id. The court should
grant the motion “only when it appears that the plaintiff can prove no set of facts in
support of the claim that would entitle the plaintiff to relief.” Id. On appeal, we review
the trial court’s resolution of a motion to dismiss de novo with no presumption of
correctness. Phillips v. Montgomery Cty., 442 S.W.3d 233, 237 (Tenn. 2014).



        5
          The trial court also ordered that any new complaint, petition, motion, request, application, or
other document filed by Plaintiff within the next twenty-four months in any of the state trial courts of the
5th Judicial District be submitted to the Special Master to determine whether such filing alleges the same
allegations that Plaintiff has previously litigated and whether such filing is frivolous or duplicative. The
Special Master will then provide a written report, recommending whether the filing should be dismissed.
                                                   -4-
                                          DISCUSSION

            A. The Trial Court Properly Dismissed All of Plaintiff’s Claims

       With regard to Plaintiff’s claims against the Tennessee Department of Corrections
and Mike Parris (the “TDOC Defendants”), the Alcoa Police Department, Lowell
Ridings, Dale Boring, and Ernest Kemper (the “Alcoa Defendants”), the Blount County
Sheriff’s Department, the Blount County District Attorney’s Office, Edward Bailey, and
Kirk Andrews (the “Blount County Defendants”), and Messrs. Gibson and Whitman,6 we
conclude that the trial court properly dismissed such claims.

        As to Plaintiff’s specific claims against the Alcoa Defendants, the Blount County
Defendants, and Messrs. Gibson and Whitman, from what this Court has surmised, all of
the factual allegations related to such defendants are based upon Plaintiff’s seizure, arrest,
prosecution, and ultimate conviction, all of which occurred from 1998 to 2000.
Significantly, Plaintiff does not dispute that the factual basis for these claims arose
between 1998 and 2000; rather, Plaintiff argues that he was “unlearned in the law” and
“unaware of the significance of the relevant facts that supported such rights” until April
2017. However, it is well-established that a lack of understanding of the law does not
extend the statute of limitations. Richardson v. State, No. 01C01-9503-CC-00079, 1995
WL 384757, at *1-2 (Tenn. Crim. App. June 29, 1995) (“[A]ppellant’s claim that his lack
of understanding of the law should excuse his tardiness is . . . without merit.”). As the
trial court correctly found, it is clear from Plaintiff’s previous complaints and petitions
that he has been well aware of the facts supporting his claims against many of the
Defendants for a number of years.

       Plaintiff’s state law tort claims are time-barred by the statute of limitations in the
Tennessee Governmental Tort Liability Act. Tennessee Code Annotated section 29-20-
305 sets out the applicable statute of limitations: “The action must be commenced within
twelve months after the cause of action arises.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 29-20-305(b).
Similarly, Plaintiff’s Tennessee Human Rights Act (“THRA”) claims and federal claims
brought pursuant to 42 U.S.C. section 1983 are barred by their respective one-year statute
of limitations. As to Plaintiff’s THRA claims, Tennessee Code Annotated section 4-21-
311 provides that “[a] civil cause of action under this section shall be filed . . . within one
(1) year after the alleged discriminatory practice ceases[.]” Tenn. Code Ann. § 4-21-
311(d). As to Plaintiff’s section 1983 claims, the Supreme Court has held that such
claims are best characterized as tort actions for the recovery of damages for personal
injury actions from the state where the action was brought. Cooey v. Strickland, 479 F.3d
412, 416 (6th Cir. 2007) (citing Wilson v. Garcia, 471 U.S. 261, 275-76 (1985)). For

       6
         On December 12, 2018, this Court was notified that Mr. Gibson had passed away the previous
month. Moreover, it appears that neither Mr. Gibson nor Mr. Whitman was ever properly served with
process.
                                               -5-
such claims in Tennessee, a one-year statute of limitations is set out in Tennessee Code
Annotated section 28-3-104:

        (a)(1) Except as provided in subdivision (a)(2), the following actions shall
        be commenced within one (1) year after the cause of action accrued:
        (A) Actions for libel, injuries to the person, false imprisonment, malicious
        prosecution, or breach of marriage promise;
        (B) Civil actions for compensatory or punitive damages, or both, brought
        under the federal civil rights statutes; and
        (C) Actions for statutory penalties.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 28-3-104(a)(1). Here, Plaintiff filed his Complaint on April 10, 2018.
As such, Plaintiff failed to raise his claims against the Alcoa Defendants, the Blount
County Defendants, and Messrs. Gibson and Whitman until nearly twenty years after his
causes of action arose. Accordingly, all of Plaintiff’s claims against the Alcoa
Defendants, the Blount County Defendants, and Messrs. Gibson and Whitman are time-
barred.

        As to Plaintiff’s claims against the TDOC Defendants, it is difficult to discern
from the Complaint—and from his brief on appeal—when such claims occurred.
Plaintiff’s claims against the TDOC Defendants are incomprehensible, and he has
provided no dates or time frames regarding any alleged misconduct committed by them.
To the extent any of Plaintiff’s claims against the TDOC Defendants relate to events that
occurred prior to April 10, 2017, we conclude that the trial court correctly ruled that those
claims are time-barred. To the extent Plaintiff’s claims against the TDOC Defendants
can be construed so as to relate to events that occurred after April 10, 2017, we conclude
that the trial court’s dismissal of such claims was nevertheless proper because it found
that it lacked subject matter jurisdiction based on sovereign immunity grounds. The
doctrine of sovereign immunity provides that the State of Tennessee and its employees in
their official capacities are immune from suit except as the State consents to be sued.
State ex rel. Moncier v. Jones, No. M2012-00778-COA-R3-CV, 2013 WL 2492652, at *3
(Tenn. Ct. App. June 6, 2013) (citing Stewart v. State, 33 S.W.3d 785, 790 (Tenn. 2000)).
The Department of Corrections is an agency of the State of Tennessee and is thus entitled
to sovereign immunity. Likewise, to the extent Plaintiff is suing Mike Parris in his
official capacity as the warden of Morgan County Correctional Complex, Mike Parris is
also entitled to sovereign immunity.7 See Cox v. State, 399 S.W.2d 776, 778 (Tenn.

        7
          While it is impossible to discern whether Plaintiff is doing so, to the extent Plaintiff is suing
Mike Parris in his individual capacity, such claims nevertheless fail for violating Tennessee Rule of Civil
Procedure 8.01, which provides that “a pleading which sets forth a claim for relief . . . shall contain (1) a
short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief, and (2) a demand for
judgment for the relief the pleader seeks.” Tenn. R. Civ. P. 8.01. While a complaint does not need to
contain “detailed allegations of all the facts giving rise to the claim,” it must provide “sufficient factual
allegations to articulate a claim for relief.” Bowman v. Benouttas, 519 S.W.3d 586, 601 (Tenn. Ct. App.
                                                   -6-
1965) (“A suit against a state official in his official capacity is a suit against the state.”).
Accordingly, we conclude that the trial court properly found that it lacked subject matter
jurisdiction over Plaintiff’s claims against the TDOC Defendants. We affirm the trial
court’s dismissal of all of Plaintiff’s claims against all of the Defendants.

                            B. Motion to Supplement the Record

        Plaintiff also argues that the trial court erred in denying his motion to supplement
the record (Appellant Supplemental Brief, pg. 8). On December 12, 2018, Plaintiff filed
in this Court a “Motion to Supplement the Record with the Statement of the Evidence and
to Deem It Approved.” On January 3, 2019, we remanded the motion to the trial court to
determine whether and to what extent the record required supplementation in the manner
described in the motion (See COA Order on C-Track). On January 17, 2019, the trial
court entered its order, dismissing Plaintiff’s motion with the reasoning that there was
already a transcription of the proceedings in the record. While the trial court did treat
Plaintiff’s motion as a motion to correct or modify the record on appeal to include
matters that Plaintiff alleged had been omitted from the record, the trial court ultimately
found no such matters and dismissed Plaintiff’s motion to supplement the record.

       Rule 24(e) of the Tennessee Rules of Appellate Procedure provides the following:
       If any matter properly includable is omitted from the record . . . the record
       may be corrected or modified to conform to the truth. Any differences
       regarding whether the record accurately discloses what occurred in the trial
       court shall be submitted to and settled by the trial court . . . . [T]he
       determination of the trial court is conclusive.

Tenn. R. App. P. 24(e). Because a transcription of the proceedings was already a part of
the appellate record, the trial court did not err in denying Plaintiff’s motion to
supplement. Moreover, to the extent that the trial court considered Plaintiff’s motion as a
motion to correct or modify the record, the trial court did not err because its
determination on the matter is conclusive pursuant to Rule 24(e). We conclude that
Plaintiff is not entitled to any relief on this ground.

                                          C. Jury Trial

       Lastly, Plaintiff argues on appeal that he was deprived of “the right to trial by
jury” on his claims alleged in the Complain. While Plaintiff did demand a trial by jury,
as is his right pursuant to Tennessee Rule of Civil Procedure 38.02,8 the trial court

2016). Because Plaintiff failed to provide any dates or time frames regarding any alleged misconduct,
Plaintiff’s complaint does not meet the pleading requirements of Rule 8.01.
         8
           Tennessee Rule of Civil Procedure 38.02 provides the following:

       Any party may demand a trial by jury of any issue triable of right by jury by demanding
                                                -7-
ultimately dismissed all of his claims as a matter of law. Logically, such claims will not
reach a jury. See Logan v. Winstead, 23 S.W.3d 297, 302 (Tenn. 2000) (“Many suits can
be adjudicated on the pleadings.”). Accordingly, we conclude that Plaintiff was not
deprived of his right to a trial by jury.

                                          CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the trial court is hereby affirmed in all
respects.



                                                      _________________________________
                                                      ARNOLD B. GOLDIN, JUDGE




       the same in any pleading specified in Rule 7.01 or by endorsing the demand upon such
       pleading when it is filed, or by written demand filed with the clerk, with notice to all
       parties, within 15 days after the service of the last pleading raising an issue of fact.

       Tenn. R. Civ. P. 38.02.
                                                -8-
