                     IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

                                     No. 16-0274
                              Filed December 21, 2016


IN RE MARRIAGE OF TRACI L. MALLOY
AND MICHAEL R. MALLOY

Upon the Petition of
TRACI L. MALLOY,
      Petitioner-Appellant,

And Concerning
MICHAEL R. MALLOY,
     Respondent-Appellee.
________________________________________________________________


      Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Marshall County, James C.

Ellefson, Judge.



      A mother appeals from the district court’s order denying the application to

modify physical care, denying the removal of a school-district-residency

restriction, and reducing the father’s child support obligation. AFFIRMED.



      Melissa A. Nine of Nine Law Office, Marshalltown, for appellant.

      Michael      Marquess    of   Hinshaw,   Danielson   &   Marquess,     P.C.,

Marshalltown, for appellee.



      Heard by Vaitheswaran, P.J., and Potterfield and Bower, JJ.
                                            2


POTTERFIELD, Judge.

       Traci Malloy appeals from the district court’s order denying her petition to

modify the physical-care provisions of the stipulated custody agreement

concerning the two minor children she has with her ex-husband, Michael Malloy.

Traci also appeals the district court’s refusal to remove a residency provision

which requires the children reside in the West Marshall School District.

Additionally, Traci contends that because she should have been awarded

physical care under the modification, Michael should have been ordered to pay

an increased child support amount, or alternatively, that the district court erred in

reducing his obligation. Finally, Traci argues the district court erred in refusing to

award her trial attorney fees and urges us to award appellate attorney fees here.

Because we find no substantial change in circumstances and modification is not

in the children’s best interests, we affirm the district court’s denial of the petition

to modify and refusal to remove the residency restriction. We also affirm the

district court’s refusal to award attorney fees as we find no abuse of discretion.

Because Traci has failed to make a clear argument concerning the alleged error

in child support calculations, we affirm.

I. Background Facts and Proceedings.

       Traci and Michael divorced and entered into a stipulation and agreement

concerning their children, property, and debts.       In that agreement, Traci and

Michael agreed to “50/50” joint care of their three minor children.1 In the event

Traci and Michael could not agree on the specific days the children would be with


1
 The eldest child has since reached the age of majority and has graduated from high
school.
                                           3


them, they were to alternate care of the children every other week. Additionally,

the parties also agreed, “The children shall reside in the West Marshall School

District and remain enrolled there through their high school graduations.”

Michael agreed to pay Traci $300 a month in child support, a figure apparently

not based on the child support guidelines.

       Traci filed this petition for modification on April 6, 2015.

       Michael lives in Marshalltown and is self-employed.            At trial, the court

found, Michael averaged an annual salary of approximately $53,184. Traci lives

in State Center. At the time of the divorce, Traci did not work outside of the

home; however, she now has a full-time job and works in various locations. The

court estimated Traci’s annual earnings in 2015 would equal approximately

$39,312.

       Since the entry of the stipulation and agreement, Traci and Michael have

never exercised their respective parenting times according to any set schedule.

Traci testified that even though they entered into a “50/50” shared agreement,

she knew that would never be the situation. Traci contends she is and has

always been the children’s primary caretaker, and the children continue to

primarily reside with her.     She alleged that prior to the filing of the instant

modification action, Michael would only see the children about once per week.

According to Traci, Michael only saw the children upon request and has never

tried to enforce any sort of visitation schedule under the shared-care plan. The

parties do agree they follow a set holiday schedule.

       Traci argued Michael’s inconsistent and sometimes unannounced

visitation with the children presents an interruption to her and the children’s lives.
                                            4


She testified about incidents involving the children leaving home to have dinner

with Michael while the dinner she had prepared went uneaten by the children.

Traci also took issue with the fact Michael would frequently take the children out

to eat at restaurants, arguing doing so was unhealthy and not in the best interest

of at least one child who, according to Traci, struggles with a weight issue.

       Traci contends she has never interfered with Michael’s requests to see the

children, unless that request interfered with her prior plans. Michael apparently

left the decision up to the children whether or not they would spend time with

him.

       The children are involved in various after-school extracurricular activities,

and the uncontroverted testimony at trial indicated Michael primarily transports

the children to their various activities.       The testimony indicated the activities

occur nearly daily during the school year, and the children also participate in

sports during the summer months. In addition to driving them to practices and

rehearsals, both Traci and Michael testified Michael pays all of the expenses

related to these activities for all three children—in addition to child support and

insurance costs.

       The testimony also indicated the children do not keep a regular schedule

with their father when it comes to overnight visits at their father’s home. Traci

testified at trial that one of the children suffers from anxiety issues and does not

spend the night at Michael’s house very often. Traci attributes the anxiety issues

to prior events that have occurred at Michael’s house, including the child being

involved in a four-wheeler accident and incidents allegedly involving Michael

being intoxicated. However, the record revealed the child displays the same
                                          5


anxieties when attempting to spend the night at friends’ houses. Michael stated

the child has shown resistance to spending nights at his house, and he indicated

that he has never tried to force the child to do so.

       The other child had not been sleeping at Michael’s house with any

regularity; however, that recently changed when the child began spending

approximately three to four nights a week at Michael’s home.

       Traci accuses Michael of having an alcohol-abuse problem. She links this

problem to the children’s reluctance to spend the night at Michael’s home.

Michael denies he has such a problem and indicated at trial that he has an

occasional beer; he further denies ever being intoxicated in front of the children.

Michael does not accuse Traci of being an unfit mother. However, Traci admitted

at trial to having been convicted of operating while intoxicated since the entry of

the last order.

       Traci also asserts Michael engages in manipulative behavior with the

children.   For example, she testified the children have told her that Michael

makes the children feel guilty by telling them they do not spend enough time with

him and that he is lonely. Michael denies doing so.

       At trial, Traci testified the youngest child had been receiving counseling for

the several weeks leading up to trial. When asked about it, Michael said he had

no knowledge that their child had been seeing a counselor. Traci contends the

counseling center told her they were going to notify Michael about it, although

Michael testified he had received no such notification.

       In her petition for modification, Traci alleged the parties’ original

agreement for “50/50” joint care needed to be modified so as to give her physical
                                           6


care. Traci claimed Michael had done nothing to enforce his rights under the

existing agreement and had only suggested a visitation schedule once Traci filed

this suit.

        In addition to requesting physical care, Traci also asked the district court

to remove the residency-restriction provision in the decree. Traci indicated no

definite plans for wanting to move the children, but she testified she would like to

have the freedom to do so at some later point in time should her job require it or

if she would like to be closer to her or her fiancé’s relatives in another city.

        Finally, Traci requested a recalculation of Michael’s child-support

obligation.

        The district court denied all of Traci’s requested modifications, with the

exception of the child support calculations. In its holding, the court noted Michael

had done everything possible to maintain a relationship with his children without

“going to war with Traci” and ultimately held a modification would not be in the

children’s best interest. When the court denied the request for the residency-

restriction to be lifted, the court stated Traci had failed to show a substantial

change warranting a modification of that provision. Finally, the court recalculated

Michael’s child support obligation using an average of his income, reducing his

obligation from $300 a month to $110 a month for the three children with an

eventual increase to $161 a month for the two younger children, with varying

allocations of dependency exemptions.

        Traci appeals.
                                         7


II. Standard of Review.

       Our review is de novo. See Dale v. Pearson, 555 N.W.2d 243, 245 (Iowa

Ct. App. 1996). “Prior cases have little precedential value, and we base our

decision primarily on the particular circumstances of the parties presently before

us.” In re Marriage of Malloy, 687 N.W.2d 110, 113 (Iowa Ct. App. 2002). “We

give weight to the trial court’s findings of fact, but are not bound by them.”

Melchiori v. Kooi, 644 N.W.2d 365, 368 (Iowa Ct. App. 2002). Moreover, “even if

a substantial change is shown, we will not modify the terms of the decree unless

its enforcement will be attended by a positive wrong or injustice as a result of

changed conditions.” In re Marriage of Sjulin, 431 N.W.2d 773, 776 (Iowa 1988).

       We review the district court’s refusal to award attorney fees for an abuse

of discretion. See In re Marriage of Michael, 839, N.W.2d 630, 635 (Iowa 2013).

III. Discussion.

       A. Modification of Physical Care.

       Courts may modify custody only when the party seeking modification has

shown “there has been a substantial change in circumstances since the time of

the decree, not contemplated by the court when the decree was entered, which

was more or less permanent, and relates to the welfare of the child.” Melchiori,

644 N.W.2d at 368. The party seeking modification “must also prove [s]he has

an ability to minister more effectively to the children’s well-being.” In re Marriage

of Thielges, 623 N.W.2d 232, 235 (Iowa Ct. App. 2000). Where parents have

exercised joint physical care of the children, both have been found to be suitable

physical-care parents. See Melchiori, 644 N.W.2d at 369. If the joint physical

care order must be modified, “[t]he parent who can administer most effectively to
                                        8


the long-term best interests of the children and place them in an environment that

will foster healthy physical and emotional lives is chosen as primary physical

caregiver.” In re Marriage of Walton, 577 N.W.2d 869, 871 (Iowa Ct. App. 1998).

The controlling consideration is the best interest of the child.    Thieges, 623

N.W.2d at 235-36. “The objective of a physical care determination is to place the

children in the environment most likely to bring them health, both physically and

mentally, and to social maturity.” In re Marriage of Hansen, 733 N.W.2d 683, 698

(Iowa 2007).    “These principles clearly place a heavy burden on a parent

requesting a modification. The burden is necessarily a heavy one undergirding

the fundamental policy that ‘once custody of children has been fixed it should be

disturbed only for the most cogent reason.’” In re Marriage of Hoffman, 867

N.W.2d 26, 32 (Iowa 2015) (quoting In re Marriage of Frederici, 338 N.W.2d 156,

158 (Iowa 1983)).

      Traci asserts that despite the parties having agreed to a joint-custody

arrangement at the time of the divorce, they have never actually followed it. She

contends the child custody portion of the agreed decree should be modified to

eliminate the joint-physical-care provisions and she should be appointed physical

caretaker of the two minor children.

      After careful consideration of all the evidence, the district court concluded

the joint-physical-care provisions should not be modified. Upon de novo review,

we reach the same conclusion.

      Traci testified Michael has not attempted to exercise his shared-care time

with the children. She stated his time with the children is hardly ever scheduled

in advance and is not consistent. She argues this inconsistency interrupts the
                                          9


schedule she has implemented in her home with the children. Further, when

asked whether she encourages her children to spend time with Michael, Traci

testified “I have encouraged it somewhat but not—.” She further stated she had

not forced the children to go with Michael because “it’s not that important I don’t

believe to Mick that they stay overnight.”

       Michael testified he does not spend as much time with the children as he

would like. Although he remains active in the children’s lives almost daily with

their extracurricular activities, he testified the children, especially the older ones,

do not spend the night at his home very often. When questioned why Michael

has not attempted to enforce the decree with Traci and push for his allotted time,

Michael testified “I hate to argue” and “I like to keep things without arguments.”

       Both Traci and Michael agree that Michael remains active in the children’s

lives; both of their testimony reveals Michael takes the children to their

afterschool activities on nearly a daily basis and he takes the children to dinner

often. He has remained as active as possible in their children’s lives.

       As to overnight visitation, both Traci and Michael acknowledge the

children do not spend the night at Michael’s home very frequently.            Michael

testified the oldest child is busy with extracurricular activities and an afterschool

job, so he understands the child’s schedule is not always permitting. As to his

middle child, both Michael and Traci acknowledge the child suffers from some

anxiety issues which make overnight visits difficult; Traci contends the child’s

apprehensions come from Michael’s alleged alcohol abuse. Finally, both parties

agree the youngest child does spend considerably more time with Michael and

spends the night at his home about three to four nights a week.
                                        10


       As to the allegations Michael has an alcohol-abuse problem, Traci testified

at trial Michael’s alcohol use has existed since before the divorce. The district

court found and we agree this is not a new circumstance; it existed before the

entry of the last order. Therefore, without more, Traci cannot rely on it as a

ground of substantial change. See Frederici, 338 N.W.2d at 158 (holding “[t]he

changed circumstance must not have been contemplated by the court when the

decree was entered”).

       The crux of Traci’s basis for modification is that Michael has not actively

tried to enforce the shared physical care agreement. Although we agree with her

contention that Michael has not done everything possible to enforce the existing

order, we find he remains actively involved in the children’s lives on a near daily

basis and has attempted to respect the children’s wishes and keep the peace

with Traci. The evidence indicates the children are healthy and thriving, so we

see no need to interrupt that.

       Traci relies on three cases to support her position that it is a material

change in circumstances when the shared-care schedule is not followed. She

first cites to In re Marriage of Brown, where this court found a child’s anxieties

and frustrations with having to go between each parent’s home mid-week

amounted to a sufficient material change and warranted a modification to a “more

regular and predictable schedule during the week” allowing each parent

“maximum continuing contact with both parties.” 778 N.W.2d 47, 55 (Iowa Ct.

App. 2009). She also relies on In re Marriage of Harris, where the court found a

material change when the parents, who had initially agreed to shared care, could

no longer communicate with each other civilly.      877 N.W.2d 434, 440 (Iowa
                                          11


2016).     The court there also noted the parties’ original agreement had “not

evolved as envisioned and the children [would] benefit from a modification that

designates a primary physical caregiver.” Id. at 441. Finally, she cites to In re

Marriage of Walton, where this court found a material change where the parties

failed to cooperate with each other, interfered with the other’s rights to the

children, and their shared-care agreements had “not evolved as envisioned.”

577 N.W.2d 869, 870 (Iowa Ct. App. 1998).

         On our review, we do not find these cases helpful for Traci’s contention. It

is true there is a child with anxiety issues here as in Brown; however, the court in

Brown found the sufficient change because the shared-care arrangement caused

the child’s anxieties. Here, there is nothing to suggest the child’s anxieties stem

from the shared-care agreement.         The child’s anxieties were not limited to

overnight visits at Michael’s house; it also included sleepovers at friends’ houses.

Also, both parties agree the child’s anxieties have improved in recent years. This

does not amount to a change of circumstances. Furthermore, like in Harris and

Walton, both parties acknowledge they do not communicate with each other as

well as they could; however, the record reflects they are able to communicate,

whether by telephone or text, concerning their children. Additionally, we do not

see how the shared-care agreements have not evolved as envisioned by the

parties. While the parties did not contemplate every situation that could arise in

trying to execute their agreement, nothing has occurred that has made their

agreement unworkable.

         The common thread among the three cases Traci relies upon is that a

modification was necessary because the current arrangement was not working.
                                             12


However, unlike those three cases, the arrangement here does work. The record

reflects the children have thrived and maintained a close relationship with both

parents.     We, therefore, find there has been no substantial change in

circumstances since the decree’s entry to warrant a modification and the current

order is in the children’s best interests.

       Even if we were to find a substantial change in circumstances to support a

modification, Traci has not met her burden to show she can offer superior care.

See In re Marriage of Whalen, 569 N.W.2d 626, 628 (Iowa Ct. App. 1997). Traci

“must show an ability to minister to the children’s needs superior” to Michael’s

ability. Id. “If both parents are found to be equally competent to minister to the

children, custody should not be changed.” Id.

       The evidence indicates both Traci and Michael are highly involved in their

children’s lives. There is no proven indication that either parent is deficient in any

way.   Although Traci is now employed and is not at home as much as she

previously was at the time of the last order’s entry, we do not find this makes her

more or less superior than Michael.           We find that both parents are equally

competent. Therefore, Traci has failed to establish she is the superior parent

and has not met her burden.

       We affirm on this issue.

       B. Residency Restriction.

       Next, Traci urged the trial court to lift the residency restriction from the

agreement.    Traci and Michael agreed to remain living in the West Marshall

School District for the children until the children graduated from West Marshall

schools. Now, Traci asks for the restriction to be removed in the event that at
                                        13


some point in the future, she would have the ability to move for either her work or

to be closer to other members of her or her fiancé’s families.

       Again, Traci must show that removing this provision from the decree is

warranted because there has been a substantial change in circumstances not

contemplated by the district court when the decree was entered. See Frederici,

338 N.W.2d at 158.

       A review of the evidence indicates Traci cannot prove a substantial

change warranting a modification. By Traci’s own admission, the only reason

she would like the restriction removed from the decree is so that she has the

ability to potentially move at some point in the future. At trial, when asked about

her plans to move, Traci indicated, “We don’t have plans to do so now but

eventually.” Without a more concrete plan in place by Traci, it is impossible for

us to discern if a move out of the school district would amount to a substantial

change and if it would be in the children’s best interests. See, e.g., Thielges, 623

N.W.2d at 232.

       Therefore, we affirm the district court’s denial of Traci’s request to remove

the residency-restriction provision.

       C. Child Support.

       Traci next contends if we find a modification was warranted and do modify

the existing order, then we should remand the case to the district court to

recalculate Michael’s child support obligation. In the alternative, Traci argues

that if we do not modify the existing joint physical care order, we should review

the lowered child support obligation imposed by the district court.
                                         14


       Prior to this action, Michael agreed to pay Traci $300 a month. At trial in

this case, Michael’s obligation was lowered to $110 per month for three minor

children and then was set to increase to $161 for the two minor children. Having

reviewed the record, we find only the worksheets proposed by Michael based

upon $50,000 annual income. The court indicated in its order it used an annual

income for Michael of $53,184 to calculate his obligation and a health insurance

premium of $600.00. Using those figures, the court designated Michael as a

child support payor.     Michael asks us to affirm the court’s child support

calculations and argues that Traci has failed to assign any specific error in her

argument.2     As a general rule, “we will not speculate on the arguments

[appellant] might have made and then search for legal authority and comb the

record for facts to support such arguments.” Hyler v. Garner, 548 N.W.2d 864,

876 (Iowa 1996). In most cases the appellant's “random mention of an issue,

without analysis, argument or supporting authority is insufficient to prompt an

appellate court's consideration.” State v. Mann, 602 N.W.2d 785, 788 n. 1 (Iowa

1999). We affirm the trial court’s ruling on child support.

       D. Attorney’s Fees.

       Traci next contends she is entitled to both trial and appellate attorney fees.

Specifically, Traci argues she should have been awarded trial attorney fees

because she should have prevailed.

       Iowa Code section 598.36 (2015) provides, “In a proceeding for the

modification of an order or decree under this chapter the court may award

2
  Traci agreed at oral arguments the income figures used by the district court were
correct and she had not specified the basis for her argument the child support was
incorrect, except to say the calculated totals seemed skewed.
                                          15


attorney fees to the prevailing party in an amount deemed reasonable by the

court.” “An award of trial attorney fees rests in the sound discretion of the trial

court and will not be disturbed on appeal in the absence of an abuse of

discretion.” McKee v. Dicus, 785 N.W.2d 733, 740 (Iowa Ct. App. 2010). Here,

the district court declined to award Traci attorney fees because she did not

prevail; similarly, the court declined to award attorney fees to Michael due to his

better ability to pay. We therefore find it was not an abuse of discretion for the

court to decline to award attorney fees to Traci.

       Traci also requests an award of appellate attorney fees.              “Appellate

attorney fees are not a matter of right, but rather rest in this court's discretion.” In

re Marriage of Okland, 699 N.W.2d 260, 270 (Iowa 2005).                 In considering

whether to award appellate attorney fees, we consider “‘the needs of the party

seeking the award, the ability of the other party to pay, and the relative merits of

the appeal.’” Id. (quoting In re Marriage of Geil, 509 N.W.2d 738, 743 (Iowa

1993)). After carefully considering each of these factors, we decline to award

Traci appellate attorney fees.

       AFFIRMED.
