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                             UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

                             FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA


 MAHMOAD ABDAH, et al.,


                        Petitioners,


                        v.                      Civil Action No. 04-1254 (HHK)

 BARACK H. OBAMA, et ai,


                        Respondents.



                                  MEMORANDUM OPINION

       Mohamed Mohamed Hassan Odaini (ISN 681), a Yemeni citizen, was seized by Pakistani

authorities on March 28, 2002 and has been held by the United States at the naval base detention

facility in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba since June 2002. Odaini has filed a petition for a writ of

habeas corpus contending that he is unlawfully detained. Respondents in this case, President

Barack H. Obama and other high-level officials in the United States Government, argue that

Odaini is lawfully detained and therefore should remain in U.S. custody. The parties filed cross-

motions for judgment on the record and appeared before the Court for a hearing on the merits of

Odaini's petition on May 10 and 11,2010. Upon consideration of the motions and the evidence

presented at the merits hearing, the Court concludes that respondents have failed to demonstrate

that the detention of Odaini is lawful. Therefore, Odaini's petition shall be granted.

                                    I. LEGAL STANDARDS

A.	    Scope of the Government's Detention Authority

       The Authorization for Use of Military Force ("AUMF"), Pub. L. No. 101-40, 115 Stat.

224 (2001 ), authorizes the President to "use all necessary and appropriate force against those

nations, organizations, or persons he determines planned, authorized, committed, or aided the




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terrorist attacks that occurred on September 11, 2001, or harbored such organizations or persons,

in order to prevent any future acts of international terrorism against the United States by such

nations, organizations, or persons." Pub. L. 107-40, § 2(a), 115 Stat. at 224. The U.S. Supreme

Court has held that the District Court for the District of Columbia has jurisdiction over petitions

for writs of habeas corpus brought by detainees held at Guantanamo Bay pursuant to the AUMF.

See Boumediene v. Bush, 553 U.S. 723, - , 128 S. Ct. 2229, 2274 (2008); Rasul v. Bush. 542

U.S. 466, 483-84 (2004). The Supreme Court has provided "scant guidance," however, as to

whom respondents may lawfully detain under the statute. AI-Bihani v. Obama, 590 F.3d 866,

870 (D.C. Cir. 2010) (noting that the Supreme Court has "consciously le[ft] the contours of the

substantive and procedural law of detention open for lower courts to shape in a common law

fashion" (citing Hamdi v. Rums/eld, 542 U.S. 507, 522 n.l (2004) (plurality opinion of

O'Connor, J.); Boumediene, 128 S. Ct. at 2276».

       In the absence of controlling law governing the question of by what standard to evaluate

the lawfulness of the detention of the individuals held at Guantanamo Bay, the Court shall rely

on the reasoning of other Judges of this Court who have thoroughly and thoughtfully addressed

this issue. Accordingly, consistent with Judge Bates's ruling in Hamlily v. Obama, 616 F. Supp.

2d 63 (D.D.C. 2009), the government may detain "those who are 'part of the 'Taliban or al

Qaida forces.'" Id. at 69-70. 1 As Judge Walton ruled in Gherebi v. Obama, 609 F. Supp. 2d 43

(D.D.C. 2009), such membership requires that the person in question "have some sort of

'structured' role in the 'hierarchy' of the enemy force." Jd. at 68.




               "It is not in dispute that Al Qaeda is the organization responsible for September
11," AI-Bihani, 590 F.3d at 873, and is therefore among the entities to which the AUMF refers.

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B.     Burden of Proof

       As stated in the Amended Case Management Order that governs this case, "[t]he

government bears the burden of proving by a preponderance of the evidence that the petitioner's

detention is lawful." In re Guantanamo Bay Litig., Misc. No. 08-442, CMO § II.A (Nov. 6,

2008). Accordingly, Odaini need not prove that he is unlawfully detained; rather, respondents

must produce "evidence which as a whole shows that the fact sought to be proved," that Odaini

was part of Al Qaeda, "is more probable than not." United States v. Mathis, 216 F.3d 18,28

(D.C. Cir. 2000) (quoting United States v. Montague, 40 F.3d 1251, 1255 & n.2 (D.C. Cir.

1994»; see also AI-Bihani, 590 F.3d at 878 (rejecting Guantanamo Bay detainee's argument that

application of the preponderance of the evidence standard in his habeas case was

unconstitutional). If respondents do not meet this burden, the Court must grant Odaini's petition

and order his release.

c.	    EVidentiary Issues

       The Court notes at the outset two issues regarding the evidence in this case.

       First, as explained in an order entered in this case on August 26,2009 [#606], the Court

has permitted the admission of hearsay evidence but considers at this merits stage the accuracy,

reliability, and credibility of all of the evidence presented to support the parties' arguments. This

approach is consistent with a directive from the D.C. Circuit. See Al Bihani, 590 F.3d at 879

("[llhe question a habeas court must ask when presented with hearsay is not whether it is

admissible-it is always admissible-but what probative weight to ascribe to whatever indicia of

reliability it exhibits."), The Court's assessment of the weight properly accorded to particular

pieces of evidence appears throughout this memorandum opinion.



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       Second, the nature of the evidence before the Court is atypical of evidence usually

presented in federal actions. Respondents have offered a variety of types of documents produced

and used by government intelligence agencies that are not the direct statements of the individuals

whose personal knowledge they reflect. The evidence in this case includes Form 40s ("FM40s"),

Intelligence Information Reports ("IIRs"), Summary Interrogation Reports ("SIRs"),

Memorandum for Records ("MFRs"), Field Documents ("FD-302s"

                           FM40s are records of investigation activities, here witness interviews,

conducted by the Criminal Investigation Task Force, a federal law enforcement agency. IIRs are

Department of Defense documents for recording human intelligence. 2 SIRs

                                                                             An SIR differs from

an IIR, which might contain the same substantive information, because an S I R _

                                                                    MFRs are similar to SIRs.

FD-302s are forms completed by FBI agents summarizing interviews.



                                                                                  Joint Exhibit

("JE") 32 at 7 (declaration of a Defense Intelligence Agency employee describing, inter alia,

types of intelligence reports). Neither party called any live witnesses.

                                          II. ANALYSIS

A.	    The Evidence Before the Court Overwhelmingly Supports Odaini's Contention that
       He is Unlawfully Detained.

       The Court begins by summarizing the evidence in the record directly related to Odaini's



                Human intelligence, or HUMINT, is "information derived from a person(s)."
Joint Exhibit ("JE") 32 at 1.

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case. This evidence consists of statements Odaini has made while in detention about his time in

Pakistan, statements other Guantanamo Bay detainees seized at the same time and location as

Odaini have made while in U.s. custody, and respondents' records regarding Odaini's detention.

       1.      Odaini's Statements

       From the first time he was interrogated in American captivity to the declaration he created

for use in this litigation, Odaini has told the same story. He was bom in Taiz, Yemen 3 on

September 20, 1983. JE 4 at 2 (SIR of interrogation at Bagram detention facility in Afghanistan

on                 JE 73 ~ 1 (Declaration ofOdaini dated January 29, 2009).4 He is Muslim. JE

2 at 2 (FD-302 summarizing                   interrogation at Guantanamo Bay). His father, who

works for the Yemeni Security Service,S has two wives and sixteen children. JE 2 at 2; JE 27 at

1 (FD-302 summarizing                   interrogation at Guantanamo Bay). 6 Odaini went to high

school in his hometown. JE 2 at 1; JE 4 at 2. Odaini's father wanted Odaini to pursue religious

studies in Pakistan after his graduation from high school in 2001. JE 2 at 2; JE 4 at 2; JE 47 at 4

(undated summary of Administrative Review Board ("ARB") proceedings for Odaini); JE 73 ~ 3.



               In some interviews, he provided his family's address and/or phone number in
Taiz. See JE 2 at 1; JE 4 at 2.

       4        The Court notes here for the purpose of emphasizing that the documents that serve
as evidence in this case contain errors, whether of translation or reporting, that two of the
interrogation reports in the record indicates that Odaini was born in April rather than September.
JE 2 at 1; JE 29 at 1.

               Neither party presented any evidence as to what the Yemeni Security Service is,
although both accept, as suggested in some ofOdaini's interviews, that it is an agency within the
Yemeni government.

        6      During at least one interview, Odaini provided his interrogator with the names,
ages, and occupations or educational status of his six brothers, who ranged in age in 2002 from
four to twenty-seven as well as the names of his nine sisters. See JE 2 at 2.

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Odaini's father provided his son with a passport, a visa for travel to Pakistan, a plane ticket to

Lahore, Pakistan via Karachi, Pakistan, and money to take with him on his journey. JE 2 at 1, 2;

JE 4 at 2; JE 27 at 2; JE 41 at 2 (MFR summarizing_ interrogation); JE 46 at 2-3

(undated transcript ofOdaini's Combatant Status Review Tribunal ("CSRT") hearing); JE 73' 3.




       After arriving in Labore, Odaini took a bus to Raiwand, Pakistan, the site of the

headquarters of an organization called Jama'at Al Tabligh. JE 2 at 2; JE 4 at 2; JE 27 at 2. 7 In

Raiwind, Jama'at Al Tabligh runs a center for the study ofIslam, which thousands of students

attend. JE 2 at 2. Odaini studied there for approximately five months, between June 2001 and

November 2002. See JE 4 at 2; JE 27 at 2; JE 73 ~ 4. 8 At some point, a man there 9 suggested to


        7       Jama'at Al Tabligh means "The Party of Missionary Work." JE 95 at 1 (Letter
from Qamar-ul Huda, Senior Program Officer, Religion and Peacemaking Center ofInnovation,
United States Institute of Peace, to Darold Killmer and Mari Newman, Partners, Killmer, Lane &
Newman, LLP (February 23,2009)). Participation involves traveling with a small group of men
to instruct Muslims in following Islamic practices. JE 96 at 1 (Letter from Barbara D. Metcalf,
Professor of History at the University of Michigan to Darold Killmer and Mari Newman,
Partners, Killmer, Lane & Newman, LLP (February 12,2009)); see also JE 97 at 1 (Letter from
Jamal 1. Elisa, Professor of Religion, Amherst College to Baber Azmy, Seton Hall School of Law
(December 13,2004)) (explaining that the central principle of the movement "refers to the
obligation of members of the Tablighi Jama'at to take time from their regular lives to travel and
actively engage in spreading the message of the movement in the Muslim community"). An
imam at the mosque Odaini attended in Taiz, who Odaini's father had known for many years,
was a member of Jama'at Al Tabligh and directed Odaini to Raiwand. JE 4 at 2; JE 27 at 1.

        S      At this school, Odaini "was taught the history of the Prophet Mohammed and
Islam, how to conduct sermons, and the proper dress for conducting religious ceremonies." JE 2
at 2.

       9        In one interrogation report, the author wrote that Odaini said the man, named
Mohammed Ijaz, a Pakistani, "was on staff at the [Jama'at Al Tabligh] mosque." JE 2 at 2. In
another, the interrogation report spells the name as "E'eghazi" and indicates that he was a
Pakistani student. JE 4 at 2.




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Odaini that he could complete his studies more quickly in an advanced course at Salafia

University in Faisalabad, Pakistan. JE 2 at 2; JE 4 at 2; JE 7 at 1 (FM40 summarizing _

_            nterrogation at Guantanamo Bay).

       Odaini took this advice and, in November 2001, enrolled in Salafia University, where he

was one of approximately two hundred students. JE 2 at 2; JE 7 at 1; JE 40 at 1; JE 46 at 2, 4; JE

73 ~ 5. 10 He lived in a university dormitory. JE 2 at 2-3; JE 7 at 1; JE 44 at 1 (FM40

summarizing                          interrogation at Guantanamo Bay); JE 46 at 1. Another student,

whose name was Emad, told Odaini he was welcome to visit Emad's off-campus home, which

was a guesthouse. JE 2 at 3; JE 4 at 2; JE 7 at 1; JE 46 at 5; JE 47 at 3; JE 73 ~ 8. (The Court

will refer to this house as "Is sa House," as it has been designated because a man named Issa, who

Odaini did not know, JE 4 at 3, and who did not live at the house, see, e.g., JE 105 at 6, ran it,

see, e.g., JE 5 at 1.) Odaini accepted this invitation on the evening of March 27, 2002, when he

went to Issa House for dinner; after spending the evening talking to other Yemeni, Salafia

University students who lived there about religion as well as "their past and where they lived in

Yemen," he decided to spend the night. JE 2 at 3; JE 4 at 3; JE 7 at 1; JE 46 at 6; JE 73 ~ 9. 11

There were other people in the house, but Odaini did not know them. JE 2 at 3; JE 44 at 1.

        At around 2:00 a.m., Pakistani police raided the house and seized all of its occupants. JE

2 at 3; JE 7 at 1; JE 73   ~   10.




        10    At Salafia, Odaini' s "whole day consisted of memorizing the Koran and reciting
what he learned for the instructors." JE 2 at 2.

        II       In many intelligence reports quoted in this opinion, all or some text appears in the
exhibit in all capital letters. For ease of reading, the Court will not reproduce quoted text in that
manner.

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       If this story is true, Odaini was not part of Al Qaeda or any other force associated with Al

Qaeda and therefore without question is not lawfully detained.

       2.      Evidence Derived From Other Individuals Seized in the Raid orIssa House

       The record before the Court includes intelligence reports summarizing interrogations of

twelve other men seized in the raid of Issa House. These men made statements that corroborate

various assertions reported in Odaini's interrogation summaries, suggesting that Odaini's

explanation of events is true.

               i.      ISN 679

       According to an interrogation summary, ISN 679 "stated that he attended Salafeyah

University and studied the Koran." JE 33 at I (FM40 sumrnarizin ~2

interrogation at Guantanamo Bay). At first ISN 679 "lived in the dormitory," but a man named

Issa, who "was employed by Salafeyah University," "instructed [ISN 679] and four other students

to go to the Issa House." [d. According to ISN 679's interrogation summary, Odaini was among

the students to whom Issa gave this instruction. [d ISN 679 "followed Issa's instructions and

reported to the Issa House." [d. ISN 679 "stated that he did not observe or hear anyone




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preaching about the Jihad or recruiting for the Taliban and Al Qaeda" at the house. [d.

       ISN 679 has been released from Guantanamo Bay and returned to Yemen. JE 118 at 1

(Declaration of Amie Draves, Paralegal, Covington & Burling LLP, reporting information she

viewed on the New York Times website).

               ii.     ISN 680




       When asked about his authority to invite people to Issa House, ISN 680 said "Americans

do not understand his culture and how common such an[] act is to [his] culture." JE 76 at 2 (SIR

                 nterrogation of ISN 680). When asked "about the individuals [he] had arranged

to stay at the house," Odaini l3 and ISN 688, ISN 680 "said that he had asked [Odaini] only to

visit, although the night of the visit was the night of the raid" and that "the reason he had asked

ISN 688 to stay at the house was because ISN 688 was homeless." [d.




       13      ISN 680's name is Emad, JE 76 at 2, which, as noted, is the name by which
Odaini identified the student he said invited him to Issa House.

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              iii.    ISN 684

       ISN 684 stated during an interrogation at Guantanamo Bay that he spent time at the

Jama'at Al Tabligh center in Raiwind. JE 49 at 1 (FM40 of                         interrogation).

He left, intending to go to Afghanistan, but was dissuaded from doing so and, after returning to

Lahore, Pakistan, "met a Pakistani man who invited [ISN 684] to his home in Faisalabad." Id

After staying at the man's home for tluee days, ISN 684 told the man that he "wanted to attend a

Tablique school in Multan, Pakistan," at which point ISN 684 was "sent by taxi to the Issa

guesthouse located approximately one kilometer away." Id. ISN 684 "could not provide any

information" about the other men seized in the raid of Issa House because "he kept to himself at

the guesthouse studying the Koran and everyone else at the house did the same." Id.

               iv.    ISN 686

       An interrogation summary describing the statements of ISN 686 reports that this detainee,

a Yemeni, went to the "Raywarnd Religious Center [] in Lahore, Pakistan" to study Koran. JE

51 at 3-4 (IIR reporting information acquired from an FD-302 summarizing an interrogation of

ISN 686                       . A man at this center "told [ISN 686] about the Salafia Unviersity

in Faisalabad" where "many Arabs [were] studying," so ISN 686 traveled to Faisalabad and met

with "the sheik of Al Salafia College." Id. at 4. The sheik "told [ISN 686] he couldn't stay at the

college because [ISN 686] did not want to take classes but only wanted to memorize the Koran,"

and informed ISN 686 of "a house with other Arabs who were also interested in only memorizing

the Koran." Id. ISN 686 was introduced to students who lived at the house, "and he went with

them to the house where they asked the owner, ((1ssa)), ifhe could stay." Id. at 4-5. ISN 686

stayed at Issa House until he was seized in the March 28 raid. See id. at 5.



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               v.      ISN 687

        ISN 687 "traveled to Faisalabad, Pakistan on the advice of a male Palestinian by the name

of Ali, who[m] [ISN 687] met at the Jamat Tabligh, located in Raywan, Pakistan." JE 26 at 1

(FM40 summarizing interrogation of ISN 687 in Guantanamo Bay on                              ). ISN

687 stayed at Issa House "for approximately two months before being captured by the Pakistani

Police." Id. He told his interrogator that "his main purpose for being at the house was to

continue his medical treatment for his back." Id. 14 He "participated in reading the Koran with

other occupants of the guesthouse." Id.

        ISN 687 identified Odaini as a "follower[] of the Jamat Tabligh." Id. IS

        ISN 687 has been released from Guantanamo Bay and returned to Saudi Arabia. JE 118

at 1.

               vi.     ISN 688

        ISN 688 admitted in an interrogation that he knew several Al Qaeda operatives and spent

a year and a half on the "front lines of KabuL" JE 18 at 1-2 (SIR of                 .nterrogation).




       14     The Court notes that ISN 687's assertion that he "was tak[ing] prescription
medication that he had been rescribed by a doctor in Karachi, Pakistan," JE 26 at I,

                            ISN 691. whose circumstances are described below, also stated that
he was sick while at Issa House and that the "medication [he] was taking in Pakistan ... was in
the house with [him]." JE 77 at 5.

        IS      In                , Odaini was interrogated for the purpose of collecting infonnation
about ISN 687. When shown a photograph ofISN 687, Odaini told his interrogator that "he first
saw this individual in a jail in Pakistan" and "later learned that this individual had been at [Issa
House] in Faisalabad on the same night as [Odaini] had stayed at the guesthouse. [Odaini] stated
that he had only spent one night at the guesthouse, and as such, didn't know or recognize many
of the other residents." JE 44 at 1. Odaini added that "as far as he knew, ISN 687 was not a
student at Salifast University." Id.




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He then explained that after being "dropped off at a mosque in Faisalabad where he stayed for

three weeks," he met ISN 680, who "invited [ISN 688] to stay at the house where [ISN 680] was

staying," which was Issa House. [d. at 2. ISN 688 moved to Issa House and was there for three

weeks before being seized in the raid. Jd. 16

       ISN 688 identified a photo of Odaini as "Mohammed Odani who was a student at Salafia

University and present at the house upon [ISN 688']s arrival." Jd.

               vii.    ISN 690




        16     In testimony before the CSRT, ISN 688 described a quite different version of
events, denying that he had ever been in Afghanistan. JE 105 at 7 (undated summary of
transcript ofCSRT proceedings). There too, however, he said he met "Ahmed Abdullah"-ISN
680, see JE 76 at I-who brought him to Issa House. JE 105 at 3-4. ISN 688 said he "didn't
have any relationships with anyone in that house" and "[the other students] were trying to inspire
me and to do the religious things, like look at my religion because most of the students were
studying the Koran and all things related to religious studies." Jd. at 4 (alteration in original). He
also mentioned that he was not "in harmony" with the students at the house because he "used to
use drugs and hashish and things like that," id.,




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Koran student" who "arrived at the house the day that they were all arrested." JE 53 at 3 (MFR

summarizing                      .nterrogation of ISN 690 at Guantanarno Bay).

               viii.   ISN 691

        ISN 691 traveled from Yemen to Pakistan to learn about Islam. JE 77 at 2-3, 16-17

(undated, unidentified document that appears to be a CSRT transcript). He took a tour of Salafia

University but did not become a student there, JE 6 at 1, 2 (FM40 summarizing interrogation of

ISN 691 at Guantanamo Bay on September 16,2003); JE 77 at 6. He was directed to Issa House,

which he believed "was the property of Jaarnia Salafeyah University," by people at the university.

JE 6 at 1. He became ill, so he "decided to stay" at Issa House "to get treated and get well." JE

77 at 9. He was there for approximately a month and a half before the March 28, 2002 raid. JE 6

at 1.

        When shown a photograph of Odaini, ISN 691 stated that Odaini was an occupant of Issa

House. JE 6 at 1. During his CSRT hearing, ISN 691 called Odaini as a witness, and ISN 691

told the CSRT that "[Odaini] came in the night we were arrested." JE 77 at 15.

               ix.     ISN 692

        ISN 692 testified as a witness in Odaini's CSRT hearing, IS See JE 46 at 8. ISN 692 told

the CSRT he is from Yemen, and when he flew to Pakistan because he was interested in



        18      The witness was identified by name, rather than ISN number, during the hearing,
JE 46 at 8, but it is apparent from the record that Alah Ali Bin Ali is ISN 692, JE 52 at 1
(identifying ISN 692 as Ala'a Ali Bin Ali).




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attending university, people he met suggested that he go to Issa House. Id. at 12-14. He stayed

at Issa House, which "belonged to the university," for approximately three months. ld. at 12.

Although he wanted to enroll at Salafia University, he did not become a student because,

although staying at the house was free, he "ran out of money" necessary to "buy clothes and

books." Id. at 11-12. ISN 692 made essentially the same assertions during a July 2003

interrogation at Guantanamo Bay. JE 52 at I (FM40 summarizing                       interrogation).

       He told the CSRT that he met Odaini at Issa House and that Odaini, like "[t]he majority"

of people at the house, "was a student at the Salafi University." JE 46 at 8-9, 15. ISN 692

testified that Odaini "Iive[d] at" Issa House ''[j]ust the day he was arrested," when he was visiting

"4 or 5 friends he knew." ld. at 11.

       ISN 692 has been released from Guantanamo Bay and returned to Yemen. JE 118 at 1.

               x.      ISN 695

       ISN 695 admitted "he was a member of a group that opposed Qadaffi's regime in Libya."

JE 5 at I (FM40 summarizing interrogation ofISN 695 at Guantanamo Ba

~. ISN 695 reportedly stated that he traveled from Afghanistan to Pakistan and was

ultimately directed to Issa House. ld. He was told "that he would be safe at this guesthouse

because it belonged to Al Solafiya University and students from the university resided at the

house." Id.

       ISN 695 told an interrogator that "upon his arrival at the guesthouse ... he was greeted by

several of the students" and that "there were Islamic books located inside of the house, and the

students mostly engaged in reading the Koran. [He] reported that he did not hear the students

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       ISN 695 identified Odaini from a photograph as "a student at Al Solafiya University" and

"noted that [Odaini] arrived at the house approximately two days prior to them being captured by

the Pakistani Police." Id. at 2.

       Another Judge of this Court denied ISN 695's habeas petition on the basis of evidence

about his activities before his arrival at Issa House. Government Exhibit 4 (transcript of hearing

in Kha/ijh v. Obama, Civil Action No. 05-1189, dated April 20, 2010).

               xi.     ISN 702

       The record of this case indicates that ISN 702 told his interrogators that he "could not

communicate with anyone in [Issa H]ouse because he does not speak Arabic." JE 124 at 2

(interrogator notes summarizing a _ interrogation at Bagram).19 This Court granted the

petition for a writ of habeas corpus filed by ISN 702 on May 13, 2010. A/-Harhi v. Obama, Civil

Action No. 05-2479 (D.D.C. May 13,2010).

                xii.    ISN 728

        ISN 728 accompanied a friend to Afghanistan but wanted to go to Pakistan, so he traveled

by vehicle and "was smuggled into the country." JE 58 at 1 (FD·302 summarizing _

_         interrogation ofISN 728 at Guantanamo Bay). ISN 728 "next made his way to

Faisalabad, Pakistan," where he "stayed in a house owned by a Pakistani" after being sent there

by three Yemeni men who were from his hometown who he had met in Faisalabad." Id. There



         19     Respondents attempt to paint ISN 702 as a member of Al Qaeda, citing an
interrogation summary of this detainee in which he admits to attending Al Farouq, an Al Qaeda
military training camp. JE 13 at I. (This interrogation summary does not discuss Issa House.) It
is not relevant to the outcome of this case whether ISN 702 attended Al Farouq, so the Court will
make no determination regarding that issue. The Court notes, however, that it recently presided
over the merits hearing for ISN 702 and is well aware that there is conflicting evidence in
respondents' possession as to this point, none of which is part of this record.

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were "approximately 14 other people" in the house, "some of whom were students and some who

appeared sick." Id. While ISN 728 was staying at this house, "Pakistani authorities raided the

home and arrested everyone inside. [ISN 728] stated he did not know why he was arrested." Id.

               xiii.      Conclusion

       The consistency of these statements as they relate to Issa House and Odaini speaks for

itself. To emphasize what is, to any reasonable reader, an obvious point, the Court notes that

each of the men who identified Odaini stated that he was, as he asserts, a student.

       3.      Events Subsequent to Odaini's Seizure

       There are several indications in the record that respondents themselves have repeatedly

concluded that Odaini is not part of Al Qaeda.

       After his initial seizure, Odaini was held in Lahore and then taken to Islamabad, Pakistan.

IE 2 at 3~ IE 73   ~~   11-12. He was transported to Bagram, Afghanistan, then Kandahar,

Afghanistan, and ultimately to Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. IE 2 at 3; JE 73"13-15. He was told

shortly after being taken into custody and upon arrival at Guantanamo Bay that he would be

released within two weeks. JE 73 " 1], 16. Odaini has been repeatedly interrogated while in

U.S. custody, and has consistently told the story described in this memorandum opinion. He has

also consistently, explicitly denied membership in Al Qaeda. See, e.g., JE 2 at 2 ("[Odaini]

related he first heard about Al Queada while he was in Pakistan.... According to [Odaini] he did

not like what Al Queada and Usama Bin Laden did on 11 September 01. During that time,

[Odaini] said he was in Pakistan studying religion.... [Odaini] explained he has no personal

knowledge of Al Queada, Usama Bin Laden, or the Taliban."); JE 44 at I ("[Odaini] denied ever

being approached by a Taliban or AI Qaida recruiter. He also denied ever being pressured by



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[Salifast University] to travel to Afghanistan to fight. ... [Odaini] also denied any knowledge

concerning the possibility some of the men living at [Issa House] might have been aligned with,

or sympathetic to the Taliban or Al Qaeda."); JE 46 at 5 (reporting that when asked ifhe was

"ever a member of Al Qaida," Odaini replied "[nlever" and that he "only heard of Al Qaida here

in Guantanamo"); JE 47 at 2 (reporting that Odaini said he "[did]n't know anyone from a1

Qaida."); JE 42 at 1 ("[Odaini] denied any affiliation with Al Qaeda and did not believe the

fourteen people captured with him were Al Qaeda").

       In June 2002, just after Odaini's arrival at Guantanamo Bay, based on the assessment that

Odaini "appeared to be telling the truth," an interrogator's report indicated: "Recommend

[Odaini] be utilized to identify individuals at house in Faisalabad                    Pending

                                  , [Odaini] should be considered for repatriation." JE 40 at 3

(MFR summarizin~interrogation Guantanamo Bay).
                             at




       In April 2004, nearly two years after Odaini's arrival at Guantanamo Bay, an employee of

the Criminal Investigation Task Force ("CITF") of the Department of Defense reviewed five

interrogations of Odaini and wrote that "[t]here is no information that indicates [he] has clear ties

to mid or high level Taliban or that he is a member of Al Qaida." JE 101 at 2 (Memorandum by

                      The employee reported that "CITF believes that further investigation is

unlikely to produce new information relevant to this case" and, "in the absence of further

information," he "recommend[ed] the release of [Odaini] under a conditional release agreement."



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Id. at 4.

        A memorandum of the Joint Task Force Guantanamo of the Department of Defense dated

June 2004 summarizes information collected about Odaini, indicates that "[t]here is no

information to confirm Taliban or Al Qaeda ties on his part," and concludes that Odaini "may be

transferred to another country or released                                    , JE 102 at 2 (Regional

Team Memo Assessment for purposes of evaluating whether to retain I S N _

~ r begin processing for transfer (June 5,2004)).

            In February 2007, four and a half years after Odaini's arrival at Guantanamo Bay, a Staff

Judge Advocate for the Department of Defense, Office for the Administrative Review for the

Detention of Enemy Combatants, sent an email to Odaini's counsel. JE 78 (Email sent by

                         but signed b                      , to, inter alia, David Remes (Feb. 22, 2007,

1:57 PM)). The email indicated that "[t]hrough either the Administrative Review Board (ARB)

process or the process DOD had in place prior to ARBs, your client has been approved to leave

Guantanamo, subject to the process for making appropriate diplomatic arrangements for his

departure." Id. 20 Needless to say, Odaini was not released from Guantanamo Bay.

            In June 2009, an attorney representing respondents in this case sent an email to Odaini's

counsel indicating that "[t]he Guantanamo Review Task Force has completed its review of

[Odaini]'s case" and "[a]s a result of that review, [Odaini] has been approved for transfer from

Guantanamo Bay." JE 79 at 1 (Email from Robert J. Branrnan, Department of Justice, to Brian

Foster, et al. (June 30, 2009,4:54 PM)). The email indicates that "the United States will take



        20      The email also noted that "such a decision does not equate to a determination that
your client is not an enemy combatant, nor is it a determination that he does not pose a threat to
the United States or its allies." JE 78 at 1.

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appropriate diplomatic steps, consistent with the national security and foreign policy interests of

the United States, to facilitate [Odaini]'s transfer from Guantanamo Bay to an appropriate

destination country." Id.

       In response to the information in the June 2009 email, on September 9,2009, the Court

granted respondents' motion to stay this case [#623]. In November 2009, the Ambassador of the

Republic of Yemen to the United States signed a declaration indicating that "[t]he government of

Yemen is willing to accept" Odaini, as well as other Yemenis held at Guantanamo Bay, "back to

their home country of Yemen." JE 98 at 1 (Declaration of Abdulwahab Alhajjri).2\ On January

8,2010, respondents informed the Court that, pursuant to a decision by President Obama, no

Guantanamo detainees approved for transfer were to be sent to Yemen. On January 13,2010, the

Court lifted the stay of this case [#743]; shortly thereafter, it set the date for a merits hearing

regarding Odaini.

B.      Respondents Have Failed to Show that Odaini is Lawfully Detained.

       Pursuant to an order the Court issued in advance of the merits hearing in this case, the

parties identified the issues in dispute and structured their presentations to address each issue in

turn during the hearing. Accordingly, respondents first argued that Odaini's stay in Issa House

supports the conclusion that he is lawfully detained and second that his version of events is so

implausible as to further support denial of the writ of habeas corpus. Both arguments fail.




        21
             The ambassador added that "it is the Yemeni government's position that, if any
man named ... has been cleared by the Inter-Agency Review Team established pursuant to
President Obama's Executive Order, he should be transferred to Yemen immediately." JE 98 at
1-2.

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       1.	     Issue one: whether Odaini's stay at Issa House supports the conclusion that
               he is lawfully detained

       Respondents insist that Odaini' s presence at lssa House demonstrates that he is part of the

Al Qaeda-affiliated network of a man named Abu Zubaydah. They vehemently argue that the

fact that the occupants of Issa House allowed Odaini to come inside demonstrates that he was,

like them, part of this network.

       Respondents made a lengthy presentation, citing portions of Abu Zubaydah's diary, JE 9;

JE 10; JE 60, as well as testimony about Abu Zubaydah by another man who apparently knew

him in Afghanistan, JE 8; JE 66; JE 67, designed to show that Abu Zubaydah supported Al

Qaeda in its efforts to fight the United States. In particular, Abu Zubaydah was allegedly

involved in assisting men in traveling to Afghanistan to train for fighting before September 11,

2001 and in fleeing Afghanistan after the United States attacked that country. Abu Zubaydah

feared for his own safety after the September 11 attacks, when the United States began searching

for Al Qaeda operatives, so he did not want to be recognized by anyone who was not part of his

network. Although Odaini has submitted some evidence calling into question Abu Zubaydah's

importance and the strength of his connection to Al Qaeda, see 1£ 120; JE 121, the Court need

not reach those questions. For purposes ofthis opinion, the Court will assume that respondents'

allegations about Abu Zubaydah are true. These allegations do nothing to change the appropriate

outcome in Odaini's case.




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respondents argue that the Court should find that Odaini is part of Al Qaeda and therefore

lawfully detained. The Court will not do so. It is standard practice to tell jurors evaluating

expert testimony that if "they [find] that the opinion is not based on sufficient education or

experience, ... the reasons supporting the opinion are not sound, or ... the opinion is

outweighed by other evidence, [they may] completely or partially disregard the opinion."

Criminal Jury Instructions for the District of Columbia (4th ed. 2008), Instruction 1.08. ~




                       a.      Guesthouses in general




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~o the contrary, some of the men seized at Issa House stated directly that the house was

not a tightly controlled environment. JE 5 at I (reporting that ISN 695 said that upon arrival at

Issa House, "his handbag was not inspected, nor did anyone question where he came from" and

that ''the guesthouse did not have any specific rules as people were allowed to come and go as

they pleased"); JE 49 at I (reporting that ISN 684 noted "[t]here were no restrictions imposed on

visitors at the house").




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                                     some of the men seized at Issa House stated during

interrogations that they had not met Abu Zubaydah. JE 33 at 1 (reporting that ISN 679 stated he

did not recognize a photograph of Abu Zubaydah); JE 76 at 2 (reporting that when an

interrogator asked ISN 680 during a 2006 interrogation about a connection between Issa and Abu

Zubaydah, ISN 680 responded '"that he has heard this name [Abu Zubaydah] many times, but

only from interrogators").2S




       2~     Odaini also denied ever having seen Abu Zubaydah. JE 7 at 1 ("(Odaini] was
shown a photograph of Abu Zubaida. [Odaini] advised that he recognized the photograph
because previous Interviewers showed it to him. [Odaini] stated that he heard ofthe name Abu
Zubaida from previous American Interviewers.").

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               iii,	   Conclusion

       Respondents make additional, minor arguments in which they focus on certain statements

from the interrogation summaries described above in an effort to incriminate Odaini. The Court

acknowledges that there may have been Issa House residents whose activities before arriving at

the house were questionable and perhaps render them detainable pursuant to the AUMF. But

nothing in respondents' presentation demonstrates by a preponderance of the evidence, or

anything close to it, that Odaini's presence at Issa House supports his detention.

       2.	     Issue two: Whether Odaini's version of events present a plausible account of
               his activities

       Remarkably, respondents find ways to argue that Odaini's statements to interrogators are

so inconsistent and implausible as to call into serious question his truthfulness. They then make

the leap that Odaini has been untruthful because he is covering up his involvement in Al Qaeda.

As to each point respondents make and as to the general assertion that Odaini's statements are

unreliable, the Court disagrees.




        29      In an interrogation summ~, ISN 703 repeated that he had
spoken to "Dawoud," who "appeared to be running things in [the Faisalabad H]ouse," and that
"Dawoud asked [ISN 703] a lot of questions." IE 16 at 3 (FM40 summarizing interrogation a
Guantanamo Bay noting that "[ISN 703] did not appear to be deceptive"). Again, there is no
indication that ISN 703 knew who this man was or that he had any connection to AI Qaeda.

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               i.        Odaini's visa




                                             Odaini believed, or at least told his interrogators, that

he had a three-month visa. JE 4 at 2; JE 27 at 2. During an interrogation_. he said "he

was unconcerned about over[]staying his visa and stated renewing the visa was as simple as

visiting any police station in Pakistan. Once he arrived in Pakistan, [Odaini] never renewed his

visa in the nine months he was there." JE 27 at 2. When asked about his visa in 2004, Odaini

"stated he didn't think about fixing it while he was there." JE 28 at I (FM40 swnmarizing

                    interrogation). In 2006, when "confront[ed with] the discrepanc[y]" that "his

Pakistan visa states his travel was [for] medical treatment," Odaini responded that "his father

filled out the paper[]work and medical visa[]s are cheaper." JE 29 at 2.

       Respondents argue that this visa and Odaini's statements about it demonstrate that he is a

liar. It is only possible-and barely possible-to reach this conclusion if one begins with the

view that Odaini is a part of Al Qaeda and searches for a way to believe that allegation regardless

of its inconsistency with an objective view of the evidence. Odaini has said repeatedly that his

father arranged for his passport and visa, so anything questionable about those documents cannot

be imputed to Odaini, who was a seventeen-year-old high school student at the time they were

obtained. It seems likely that Odaini did not even know what the visa said, given how simple­

minded it would be to lie about the number of months the visa lasted knowing respondents were




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in possession of it. Furthermore, even if Odaini was involved in the decision to obtain a visa for

travel other than for the purpose of study, that the visa purports to be for medical travel is in no

wayan indication that Odaini was traveling to join a terrorist organization.

         In their effort to make Odaini appear suspicious, respondents contended during the merits

hearing that Odaini could have obtained a student visa had he truly been traveling for that

purpose. First, respondents have submitted no evidence about the availability of Pakistani visas

for students from Yemen; perhaps he could not have obtained such a visa. Second, Odaini has

offered a logical explanation for having a medical visa. Although respondents argued at the

hearing that Odaini's father could easily have afforded a more expensive type of visa, the Court

simply will not draw any conclusions from respondents' conjecture that Odaini's father could

have chosen to purchase a more costly (by how much, there is no indication) visa. Certainly

Odaini's father was not concerned with keeping his son's paperwork in order so that his son

would have a clean record upon being seized by Pakistani police working with the United States

government.

         In sum, nothing about Odaini' s visa is evidence that he was in any way connected to Al

Qaeda.

                ii.     Odaini's arrival at lssa House

         Respondents rely on the reported statement of ISN 688 that Odaini was present at Issa

House when ISN 688 arrived there weeks before the March 28, 2002 raid to demonstrate that

Odaini's statements-here, in particular, the claim that he was not a resident ofIssa House, but

merely a visitor there-are false. See JE 18 at 2 (SIR of interrogation of rSN 688). The Court

rejects this proposition. ISN 688 is the only man seized in the raid of Issa House who said that



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Odaini was there for any extended period of time. There is absolutely no basis to credit ISN

688's statement over Odaini's and the comments of several other detainees that are consistent

with Odaini's assertions. See, e.g., JE 2 at 3 (Odaini's statement that he arrived at Issa House the

night of the   raid)~    JE 76 at 2 (ISN 680's statement that Odaini came to Issa House the night of the

raid); JE 53 at 3 (ISN 690's statement that Odaini came to Issa House the night ofthe raid); JE

77 at 15 (ISN 691's statement that Odaini came to Issa House the night of the raid); JE 52 at 11

(ISN 692's statement that Odaini was only at Issa House the night ofthe raid).31 It is a

misrepresentation of the evidence before the Court to point only to ISN 688's statement, which is

so clearly outweighed by the rest of the record. 32

                  iii.       Jama'at AI Tabligh

        Respondents argue that there is an inculpatory inference to be made from Odaini's

connection to Jama'at Al Tabligh. Despite admitting repeatedly that Jama'at Al Tabligh is a

large, respected movement with the legitimate purpose of teaching about the Islamic faith,

respondents argue that Odaini's statements about it are suspicious. 33 Respondents have presented

some evidence to show that members of AI Qaeda used the organization as a cover for their true



        31     Odaini even responded to the allegation that he was at Issa House for longer than
one night during_ interrogation, stating that "this is not true" and "the university could
prove it." JE 29 at 2.
        32     Furthermore, the length ofOdaini's stay is irrelevant to the Court's ruling here.
ISN 688, like all the other men who identified Odaini, said that Odaini was a student at Salafia
University. JE 18 at 2. His interrogation simply does nothing to incriminate Odaini.

        33     At the merits hearing, respondents argued repeatedly that because Odaini's
statements are unreliable, it might not even be true that Odaini went to the Jama'at Al Tabligh
center. Respondents' argument is not convincing. They have not shown that Odaini is untruthful
or unreliable. They have also offered no evidence whatsoever suggesting that Odaini was
anywhere other than the center for his first several months in Pakistan.

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activities and purposes. JE 30 at 3-4 (UR reporting that Usama bin Laden used Jama'at Al

Tabligh preachers to spread his message and that Jama'at AI Tabligh activity was banned in

Afghanistan). But they have no basis upon which to argue that Odaini was anything other than a

religious student or that anything questionable took place at the center in Pakistan.

               iv.     Inconsistencies in Odaini's statements

       Respondents argue that inconsistencies in Odaini's statements demonstrate that he is

untruthful. The Court again notes that respondents distort the evidence. For example,

respondents point out as inconsistencies that, according to interrogation summaries, OdaiID said

on one occasion that the man who suggested he go to Salafia University was a student of the

lama'at Al Tabligh center, JE 4 at 2, and on another that he was an employee at the Jama'at Al

Tabligh mosque, JE 2 at 2. They also note that Odaini's interrogation summaries indicate that he

said he went to lssa House on a Thursday, JE 4 at 4, but the evening before the raid, March 27,

2002, was a Wednesday. These issues are minor and therefore insignificant. They may be the

result of translation or reporting errors, or it may be that Odaini was uncertain of the identity of

the man who told him about Salafia University and mistaken about the day of the week on which

he was seized. The suggestion that these small discrepancies give rise to an inference that Odaini

was lying to hide that he was fighting for Al Qaeda is simply unreasonable.

               v.      Cover story

       Respondents also argue that Odaini's assertion that he was a student is a cover story the

occupants of lssa House had agreed to use. Only by refusing to deviate from a predetermined

conclusion could this explanation of consistent statements from so many men over so many years

seem at all reasonable. This theory ignores the fact that several occupants of the house did not



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claim to be students but nevertheless said that Odaini was a student. See 1£ 18 at 2; JE 53 at 3;

JE 46 at 9, 15. Furthermore, to find that Odaini's version of events is a cover story in the

complete absence of information suggesting that he was anything other than a student would

render meaningless the principle of law that places the burden of proof on respondents rather

than Odaini.

C.     Conclusion

       Respondents have kept a young man from Yemen in detention in Cuba from age eighteen

to age twenty-six. They have prevented him from seeing his family and denied him the

opportunity to complete his studies and embark on a career. The evidence before the Court

shows that holding Odaini in custody at such great cost to him has done nothing to make the

United States more secure. There is no evidence that Odaini has any connection to Al Qaeda.

Consequently, his detention is not authorized by the AUMF. The Court therefore emphatically

concludes that Odaini's motion must be granted.

                                       III. CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, Odaini's petition for a writ of habeas corpus shall be granted.

An appropriate order accompanies this memorandum opinion.




                                                              l.h~~. "4;;
                                                              HemY~
                                                                  ~dY,            Jr.
                                                              United States District Judge

                                                              May 26, 2010




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