          UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR VETERANS CLAIMS


                                           NO . 06-0069

                                  NORBERT J. TURK , APPELLANT ,

                                                 V.


                                  JAMES B. PEAKE , M.D.,
                         SECRETARY OF VETERANS AFFAIRS, APPELLEE.


                         On Appeal from the Board of Veterans' Appeals


(Argued October 10, 2007                               Decided     January 31, 2008     )



       Antonio E. Bendezu, of Lincoln, Nebraska, for the appellant.

      David J. Lowenstein, with whom John H. Thompson, Acting General Counsel; R. Randall
Campbell, Assistant General Counsel; and Joan E. Moriarty, Deputy Assistant General Counsel, all
of Washington, D.C., were on the brief for the appellee.

       Before KASOLD, HAGEL, and DAVIS, Judges.

       DAVIS, Judge: U.S. Army veteran Norbert J. Turk appeals through counsel from a
September 15, 2005, Board of Veterans' Appeals (Board) decision that denied, inter alia, a disability
rating in excess of 50% for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The Board issued the decision
on appeal after Mr. Turk failed to attend two VA medical examinations scheduled to determine the
appropriate disability level of his PTSD. On appeal, the Court considers whether the Board
appropriately applied 38 C.F.R. § 3.655(b) (2007) in denying the veteran entitlement to a higher
disability rating for PTSD when the veteran failed to report for VA examinations without good
cause. The Court concludes that this claim should have been classified as an original compensation
claim rather than a claim for increase, but that the Board's misapplication of the second sentence of
38 C.F.R. § 3.655(b) is harmless error. For the reasons set forth below, we affirm the Board's
September 15, 2005, decision.
                                       I. BACKGROUND
       Mr. Turk served as a combat infantryman in the U.S. Army from August 1943 until February
1945. In June 2003, Mr. Turk applied to the Lincoln, Nebraska, VA regional office (RO), claiming
entitlement to service connection for arthritis, bilateral hip and knee disabilities, and a low-back
disability. In September 2003, he added a claim for service connection for PTSD. In support of his
PTSD claim, Mr. Turk provided a letter from Dr. Melvin Canell, a private psychologist. Dr. Canell
diagnosed multiple Axis I disorders, including PTSD, anxiety disorder, and depressive disorder.
Other than the diagnosis, the letter contained only one mention of PTSD. See Record (R.) at 130.
Dr. Canell assigned a Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) score of 41.
       On October 28, 2003, the RO issued a rating decision granting service connection for PTSD
and assigned a 30% disability rating effective September 24, 2003. Mr. Turk filed a Notice of
Disagreement (NOD) challenging the 30% disability rating. In March 2004, the RO increased
Mr. Turk's disability rating for PTSD to 50% and confirmed that rating with an April 2004 Statement
of the Case. Mr. Turk timely filed a Substantive Appeal to the Board.
       In November 2004, Dr. Canell submitted a letter reflecting that when he saw Mr. Turk in
August 2004, he was even more depressed and despondent than he had been one year earlier.
Dr. Canell stated that his diagnostic impression was very similar to the one he offered in August
2003 and again assigned a GAF score of 41.
       In a December 2004 letter, the RO advised Mr. Turk that Dr. Canell's 2003 and 2004 letters
were inadequate for rating purposes because they did not include a discussion of the
symptomatology attributable to Mr. Turk's PTSD, and reflected multiple diagnoses without
providing a separate GAF score for PTSD or explaining why separate GAF assignments could not
be given. In that letter, the RO further informed Mr. Turk that a VA examination was being
scheduled and stated that "[w]hen a claimant fails to report for an examination . . . the claim shall
be denied." R. at 325. In a January 2005 letter, the RO specifically notified Mr. Turk, through
counsel, that a PTSD examination had been scheduled for him at the Omaha, Nebraska, VA Medical
Center (VAMC) and that "failure to report for a VA medical examination may have adverse
consequences, including the possible denial of your claim." R. at 334 (emphasis in original).


       In a January 14, 2005, letter, Mr. Turk's counsel acknowledged that VA had scheduled an

                                                 2
examination for Mr. Turk at the Omaha, Nebraska, VAMC on January 18, 2005; however, he
requested that the RO provide an examination in closer proximity to Mr. Turk's residence, citing
his inability to travel long distances unassisted because of his medical conditions, advanced age, lack
of finances, and unsafe automobile. Mr. Turk subsequently failed to report for the scheduled
examination.
       In February 2005, Dr. Canell submitted a letter indicating that Mr. Turk's PTSD
symptomatology included flashbacks, nightmares, unwillingness to discuss his difficulties, startle
reflex, and withdrawal from social experiences and intimacy. Also in February 2005, the RO
notified Mr. Turk that it had scheduled another PTSD examination on February 25, 2005, at the
Grand Island, Nebraska, VAMC. Mr. Turk's counsel responded by letter stating that Mr. Turk was
unable to travel without assistance the 25 miles to the Grand Island VAMC. He further stated that
he had submitted "private medical evidence which he believes is sufficient for rating purposes."
R. at 361. Despite counsel's letter to VA, outpatient treatment notes from the Grand Island VAMC
indicate that Mr. Turk appeared "in person" at the Grand Island VAMC for a followup visit for
anticoagulation management on February 25, 2005, but failed to report for the PTSD examination
scheduled on the same day at the same facility. R. at 367, 373.
       On September 14, 2005, the Board issued the decision here on appeal. The Board denied
Mr. Turk's claims for a disability rating of 70% or higher for his service-connected PTSD. The
Board noted that "the assistance provided by VA shall include providing a medical examination or
obtaining a medical opinion when such an examination or opinion is necessary to make a decision
on the claim." R. at 10. The Board stated that the record was incomplete for rating purposes, and
thus, did not support a rating of 70% or higher, but the Board left intact the RO's award of a 50%
disability rating for service-connected PTSD.


                                          II. ANALYSIS
                                         A. Duty To Assist
       Pursuant to 38 U.S.C. § 5103A, VA is obligated to assist the veteran in obtaining the
evidence necessary to substantiate a claim. See 38 U.S.C. § 5103A(d); McLendon v. Nicholson,
20 Vet.App. 79, 81 (2006); 38 C.F.R. § 3.159(c)(4) (2007). This duty to assist may include the duty
to conduct a thorough and contemporaneous medical examination, taking into account prior medical

                                                  3
records, so that the evaluation of the claimed disability will be fully informed. See Green v.
Derwinski, 1Vet.App. 121, 124 (1991). VA may not order additional development for the sole
purpose of obtaining evidence unfavorable to a claimant. See Mariano v. Principi, 17 Vet.App. 305,
312 (2003). Nonetheless, VA has discretion to determine when additional information is needed to
adjudicate a claim. See Kowalski v. Nicholson, 19 Vet.App. 171 (2005) (stating that VA has
discretion to schedule a veteran for a medical examination where it deems an examination necessary
to make a determination on the veteran's claim); Shoffner v. Principi, 16 Vet.App. 208, 213 (2002)
(holding that VA has discretion to decide when additional development is necessary). In this case,
VA fulfilled its duty to assist Mr. Turk in developing his claim by informing him of the evidence
that was needed to evaluate his claim and by attempting on multiple occasions to schedule
examinations aimed at gathering the necessary information.
        Corresponding to VA's duty to assist the veteran in obtaining information is a duty on the
part of the veteran to cooperate with VA in developing a claim. See Wood v. Derwinski, 1 Vet.App.
190, 193 (1991) (noting that "[t]he duty to assist is not always a one-way street"). VA's duty must
be understood as a duty to assist the veteran in developing his claim, rather than a duty on the part
of VA to develop the entire claim with the veteran performing a passive role. See id. ("If a veteran
wishes help, he cannot passively wait for it in those circumstances where he may or should have
information that is essential in obtaining the putative evidence."). In this instance, Mr. Turk did not
cooperate by furnishing the requested information to the Board. In fact, he refused to attend
examinations scheduled to aid in the development of his claim. Mr. Turk himself is accountable for
his wilful failure to cooperate with VA in developing his claim. It is undisputed that Mr. Turk was
actually present at the Grand Island VAMC on the day that his VA examination was scheduled to
take place there; yet he did not attend, giving the excuse that he was unable to drive to the VAMC.
                                   B. Classification of the Claim
        The Court must decide whether the Board appropriately applied 38 C.F.R. § 3.655 to
Mr. Turk's claim for PTSD compensation. The Board determined that Mr. Turk's disagreement with
the initial rating assigned to his PTSD claim resulted in a claim for increased rating. See R. at 13-14.
Mr. Turk filed a September 2003 claim for service connection for PTSD. Following a grant of
service connection, Mr. Turk appealed the disability rating continually until the Board issued its
September 14, 2005, decision. Where a party appeals from an original assignment of a disability

                                                   4
rating, the claim is classified as an original claim, rather than as one for an increased rating. See
Shipwash v. Brown, 8 Vet.App. 218, 225 (1995); see also Fenderson v. West, 12 Vet.App. 119
(1999) (establishing that initial appeals of a disability rating for a service-connected disability fall
under the category of "original claims"). Accordingly, the Board should have classified the PTSD
claim as an original claim in appellate status, rather than as a freestanding claim for increased rating.
        Pursuant to 38 C.F.R. § 3.655(a), individuals for whom an examination has been scheduled
are required to report for the examination. In addition, 38 C.F.R. § 3.655(a) provides, in pertinent
part:
        When entitlement or continued entitlement to a benefit cannot be established or
        confirmed without a current VA examination or reexamination and a claimant,
        without good cause, fails to report for such examination, or reexamination, action
        shall be taken in accordance with paragraph (b) or (c) of this paragraph as
        appropriate.

        The provisions of 38 C.F.R. § 3.655(b) address the Board's duty when a claimant has failed
to report to a VA examination without good cause:
        When a claimant fails to report for an examination scheduled in conjunction with an
        original compensation claim, the claim shall be rated based on the evidence of
        record. When the examination was scheduled in conjunction with any other original
        claim, a reopened claim for a benefit which was previously disallowed, or a claim
        for increase, the claim shall be denied.
38 C.F.R. § 3.655(b) (emphasis added). Thus, § 3.655(b) creates a distinction between original
compensation claims, which are rated on the evidence of record, and other classes of claims, which
are summarily denied.
        When a veteran misses a scheduled VA examination, the Board must consider (1) whether
the examination was necessary to establish entitlement to the benefit sought, and (2) whether the
veteran lacked good cause to miss the scheduled examination. See 38 C.F.R. § 3.655(a). In this
case, the Board determined that it needed further information in order to consider whether to grant
an initial service-connected PTSD rating higher than 50%. It provided ample reasons and bases for
this determination, noting that the only medical evidence regarding Mr. Turk's symptomatology was
Dr. Canell's notation that Mr. Turk experienced flashbacks. Dr. Canell also described other
psychological symptoms, but did not delineate the extent to which these symptoms could be
attributed to PTSD. The Board took pains to note that the remainder of evidence of record (59 years'

                                                   5
worth) was completely devoid of any other mention of PTSD or other psychiatric disability. The
Board focused its analysis of the need for the examination on other matters, including the fact that
the evidence of record was insufficient to determine whether Mr. Turk was eligible for a 70%
disability rating.   Moreover, Mr. Turk clearly lacked good cause to attend his scheduled
examinations. Counsel admitted as much at oral argument, and this is borne out by the discrepancy
between the letter contending that Mr. Turk was unable to travel to the Grand Island VAMC
unassisted and the fact that he had been there many times, and was actually present at the facility
on the day of the scheduled appointment.
       As noted above, 38 C.F.R. § 3.655(b) divides claims into two categories: "[O]riginal
compensation claims" to be decided by the Board based on the evidence of record; and "any other
original claim, a reopened claim for a benefit which was previously disallowed, or a claim for
increase," which are to be summarily denied. Here, the Board classified Mr. Turk's PTSD claim as
an increased rating claim, and summarily denied it under the second sentence of § 3.655(b), which
applies to claims other than original compensation claims. This was a clear error on the part of the
Board. Mr. Turk appealed the initial 50% disability rating assigned to his September 2003 PTSD
claim. The claim never became final, and should have been classified as an "original compensation
claim." As such, in accordance with the first sentence of the regulation, Mr. Turk's claim must be
rated based on the evidence of record. See 38 C.F.R. § 3.655(b).
       Though the Board committed legal error, the Court nevertheless finds that such error is
nonprejudicial because the Board proceeded to make findings and determinations to explain why
the medical evidence of record did not support a higher disability rating. See Conway v. Principi,
353 F.3d 1369, 1374 (Fed. Cir. 2004) (noting that the Court follows the "harmless error" rule);
Kowalski, supra, at 177. Thus, the analysis was sufficient to meet the "evidence of record" standard
of the first prong of § 3.655(b). Contrary to Mr. Turk's contention that the decision lacked adequate
reasons and bases, the Board explained its determination that Dr. Canell's medical reports lacked the
substance to support a disability rating of 70%. The Board specifically noted that none of Mr. Turk's
other medical reports mentioned PTSD and further noted that Dr. Canell diagnosed other non-
service-connected disabilities and did not adequately differentiate the symptomatology attributable
to PTSD as opposed to those other conditions. Thus, although the Board considered Mr. Turk's
claim to be an increased rating claim, it nevertheless complied with the second sentence of §

                                                 6
3.655(b) and evaluated the medical evidence of record and explained why it was insufficient to
warrant a disability rating of 70% or higher.
                                    C. Manipulation of the Record
       The Court notes that the Board, in rendering its decision, commented that Mr. Turk, on the
advice of his attorney, may have intentionally elected not to attend the scheduled VA examinations.
The Board characterized such conduct as a possible attempt "to manipulate the record so that only
limited evidence supportive of the claim would be considered." R. at 17. The consequences of
failure to present oneself for a medical examination are adequately addressed by VA regulations,
one of which we have discussed previously in this opinion. See 38 C.F.R. § 3.655. It is not a
"manipulation of the record" for a claimant to choose one option from among those presented by a
VA regulation. Failure to attend a scheduled VA compensation examination, however, exposes a
veteran to the possibility of an adverse finding of fact that can be overturned only by the Court's
determination that the finding was clearly erroneous–a difficult burden to meet. See Kowalski,
supra, at 178. Except perhaps in extreme examples of incompetence or bad faith, the Court's
concern on appeal is whether VA appropriately applied a VA regulation, rather than what advice
counsel gave his client with regard to attending the examination or the potential consequences of
his failure to attend. Any advice given by counsel must be presumed to be given with a knowledge
of the state of the record and of the legal consequences and practical realities that might flow from
the advice given. Consequently, if Mr. Turk failed to appear at the scheduled examination based
on advice or information provided by his counsel, Mr. Turk made an informed evidentiary choice,
the possibility of which is assumed by the text of the regulation itself. Counsel and the client
assume the risk of such a choice.
       At the same time, misrepresentation of a consequential fact to a tribunal by counsel is a
matter of concern for the Court. In this regard, the Secretary noted certain representations made by
Mr. Turk's counsel to VA regarding his client's inability to attend the scheduled VA examinations
because of his age and lack of transportation, even though Mr. Turk was present at the VA facility
for another appointment on the same day. See Secretary's Brief at 6. Despite the Secretary's
apparent concerns, we are unaware of any action he has taken against counsel. Moreover, at oral
argument Mr. Turk's counsel advised the Court that the information he provided to the Secretary was
based on his client's representation that he could not attend the VA examination, that he (counsel)

                                                 7
was not aware that his client had attended other VA medical appointments at the same location on
the date of the scheduled VA examination, and that under the circumstances it appeared that his
client did not have good cause after all for failure to attend his scheduled VA medical examination.
Given counsel's representations to the Court, we need not further address this matter.


                                       III. CONCLUSION
       In light of the foregoing, and in consideration of the parties' briefs and oral arguments, the
Board's September 15, 2005, decision is AFFIRMED.




                                                 8
