     Case: 16-60059    Document: 00514317632     Page: 1   Date Filed: 01/23/2018




        IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                 FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT


                                  No. 16-60059                  United States Court of Appeals
                                                                         Fifth Circuit

                                                                       FILED
JATINDER SINGH,                                                  January 23, 2018
                                                                  Lyle W. Cayce
             Petitioner                                                Clerk

v.

JEFFERSON B. SESSIONS, III, U. S. ATTORNEY GENERAL,

             Respondent




                      Petition for Review of an Order of the
                         Board of Immigration Appeals


Before SMITH, BARKSDALE, and HIGGINSON, Circuit Judges.
STEPHEN A. HIGGINSON, Circuit Judge:
      Jatinder Singh petitions for review of the decision of the Board of
Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) affirming the decision of the Immigration Judge
(“IJ”) to deny Singh’s application for asylum, withholding of removal, and
protections under the Convention Against Torture (“CAT”). He challenges the
IJ’s adverse credibility determination, contending that his diagnosis with Post
Traumatic Stress Disorder should have been taken into consideration when
determining whether inconsistencies in his statements rendered his testimony
not credible. For the following reasons, we deny the petition for review.
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                                              I.
      Jatinder Singh, a young man from Punjab, India, entered the United
States illegally in December 2014 at the age of 18. Shortly thereafter, the
Department of Homeland Security (“DHS”) initiated removal proceedings
against Singh, charging that he was removable pursuant to 8 U.S.C. §
1182(a)(7)(A)(i)(I) because he entered the country without valid entry
documentation.
      On December 30, 2014, Singh was interviewed by an Asylum Officer
(“AO”) to determine whether he had a credible fear of returning to India. Singh
waived his right to have his attorney present at the interview. He told the AO
that the police in India had arrested him in 2013 due to his father’s political
affiliation, beat him in January 2014, and “beat him up . . . many times.”
According to Singh, the police said that they were “going to kill [him] because
[his] dad joined the Simrat Mann Jit party,” 1 a Sikh separatist party that
advocates for a separate Sikh nation in Punjab called Khalistan. The AO asked
if Singh was also a member of that party, and Singh replied, “No. Not me.” The
AO then noted that Singh had told agents at the border that he was afraid to
return to India because he “would be harmed because of the party [he]
supported,” and asked him to explain the discrepancy. Singh said, “No, I did
not say that. I was not with the party. It was my dad. First they beat my dad
very badly too.” He further explained that the police had taken his father in
January 2011 and “beat[en] him up so much that he died because of the
beating.” When the AO asked if he ever showed support for the Mann party,
Singh said “No, m[a’a]m. Not me. Never.” Based on the interview, the AO
determined that Singh was “not credible” because his “[t]estimony was




      1   The Simrat Mann Jit party is also known as the Shiromani Akali Dal Amritsar party.
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                                   No. 16-60059
internally inconsistent on material issues.”
      In March 2015, Singh filed an application for asylum, withholding of
removal, and relief under CAT. In his application, he stated that he was
seeking protection based on his religion, political opinion, and membership in
a particular social group. He explained that, “[l]ike [his] father, [he] believe[d]
in a [S]ikh sovereign nation,” and that the “Indian Police and the Bharatiya
Janata Party . . . tried to suppress [his] father’s political opinion and affiliation
as well as [his own].” He further explained that his father was beaten by the
police in 2011 and died as a result of the beatings, and that Singh himself was
arrested and beaten by the police “to suppress [his] demand for Khalistan.”
      Leading up to Singh’s removal proceedings, his attorney notified the IJ
that Singh was “manifesting mental incompetency symptoms.” In May 2015,
Singh filed a motion for a mental competency hearing and, with it, a
psychological report from the Center for Survivors of Torture. The report
stated that due to his father’s death and his own beating, Singh suffered from
“moderate/severe psychological symptoms synonymous with Post Traumatic
Stress Disorder [(“PTSD”)],” including “difficulty sleeping,” “memories of the
beatings he sustained and images of his father’s suffering and death,”
“nightmares,” and “constant headaches.”
      At a May 19, 2015 hearing before the IJ, Singh’s attorney raised the
motion for a competency hearing. During a colloquy with the IJ, Singh’s
counsel stated that Singh was able to understand the nature of the proceedings
and assist in his representation, and that he was capable of testifying to the
court and responding rationally to questions.                Based on counsel’s
representations, the IJ determined that there was no need for a further
mental-competency hearing.
      The hearing proceeded to Singh’s direct examination.             When asked
whether he did anything to support the Simrat Mann Jit party, Singh stated
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                                    No. 16-60059
that he put up posters advocating for an independent Sikh nation. He further
explained that the president of the party made him a member after his father’s
death. He also testified that had been beaten by the Indian police on two
occasions, and that on each the police had accused him of advocating for a Sikh
nation or being a Sikh terrorist.
      The hearing was continued until August 3, 2015. In the interim, DHS
filed a motion for consideration of mental health records and a DHS mental
health review. The review diagnosed Singh with PTSD. When the hearing
resumed in August, the IJ brought up the motion and asked Singh’s attorney
if he thought a mental competency hearing was necessary. Singh’s attorney
responded: “I don’t understand when we’ve already done it. . . . We went
through that.    He’s able to understand the proceedings . . . .”           The IJ
determined, based on the fact that Singh was able to “communicate with [his
attorney] and rationally relate his testimony,” that there was “no need for any
other mental competency evaluation at th[at] point.”
      During Singh’s cross-examination, he reiterated that he had been a
member of the Simrat Mann Jit party since his father’s death in 2011. When
asked why he had denied being a member of that party during his credible-fear
interview, he maintained that “[e]ven then I said I’m a member of the party . .
. . Even then I said that; repeatedly I said that I’m a member of the party.”
Following his cross-examination, Singh’s attorney declined to conduct a
redirect examination.
      In support of his claim, Singh also submitted his father’s death
certificate, stating that his father died on January 10, 2011; a hospital report,
dated August 4, 2015, stating that Singh had been treated in January 2013 for
“blunt injury on whole body;” a statement from the president of the Simrat
Mann Jit party stating that Singh was a member of the party; and statements
from his mother and uncle generally corroborating his testimony.
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                                  No. 16-60059
      The IJ found that Singh was not credible.        In making that adverse
credibility determination, the IJ pointed to two inconsistences in Singh’s
testimony: “whether [he] was ever a member of the Mann Party and whether
[he] ever participated with or showed any support for the Mann Party.” The
IJ found that Singh’s testimony with respect to his party membership and
activity was inconsistent between his credible-fear interview and his testimony
at the hearing, and that he had failed to credibly explain the inconsistency
when given the opportunity to do so. With respect to the documentary evidence
submitted, the IJ found that it did not establish Singh’s credibility because the
death certificate and medical records did not state the causes of death or injury,
the statements from the party president and Singh’s family were inconsistent
with Singh’s statements to the AO, and because his mother and uncle were
interested witnesses not subject to cross examination.
      As to Singh’s mental competency, the IJ determined that, despite his
PTSD diagnosis, Singh was competent to participate in the removal
proceedings because he was able to communicate with his attorney and
rationally relate his testimony to the court. Accordingly, because he “presented
testimony in a coherent, linear manner,” the IJ determined that Matter of J-
R-R-A- did not require a finding that Singh’s alleged fear of harm was
subjectively genuine. See Matter of J-R-R-A-, 26 I & N Dec. 609 (BIA 2015)
(holding that when applicant is deemed incompetent or is unable “to provide
testimony in a coherent, linear manner” due to “mental illness or serious
cognitive disability,” the IJ “should, as a safeguard, generally accept that the
applicant believes what he has presented, even though his account may not be
believable to others or otherwise sufficient to support the claim”).
      In light of the adverse credibility determination, the IJ concluded that
Singh had not shown that he was persecuted in the past in India or that there
was a reasonable possibility that he would be persecuted if he returned.
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                                     No. 16-60059
Accordingly, the IJ determined that Singh was not eligible for asylum or
withholding of removal. Similarly, the IJ found that Singh had not established
that he was tortured in the past in India or that it was more likely than not
that he would be tortured if he returned, and that he was therefore not eligible
for CAT protections.
      Singh appealed the IJ’s decision to the BIA, which affirmed the IJ and
dismissed the appeal. The BIA found that the IJ’s competency determination
was not clearly erroneous because Singh’s ability to appropriately answer the
questions posed to him and his attorney’s representations regarding Singh’s
ability to communicate rationally were indicia of competency. The BIA also
agreed with the IJ’s determination that, because Singh’s mental-health issues
“did not affect his ability to provide reliable testimony, the safeguards
described in Matter of J-R-R-A- . . . [were] inapplicable.” Finally, the BIA
affirmed the IJ’s adverse credibility determination, agreeing that Singh’s
explanation for his inconsistent testimony was insufficient.
      Singh then petitioned this court for review of the BIA’s decision. He does
not challenge the determination that he was competent to proceed with the
hearing. 2   Rather, he contends only that his credibility should have been
assessed in light of the expert medical reports and his PTSD diagnosis, and
that the J-R-R-A- presumption should have been applied. For the following
reasons, we disagree and deny Singh’s petition for review.
                                           II.
      We have authority to review only the decision of the BIA, not the IJ,
unless    the    IJ’s   decision    influenced     the    BIA’s     decision.    Efe   v.
Ashcroft, 293 F.3d 899, 903 (5th Cir. 2002). Here, the BIA found that the IJ’s


      2 While Singh’s initial brief appeared to challenge the competency determination, he
conceded at oral argument that the standard for competency was met and that he therefore
does not challenge the finding that he was competent.
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adverse credibility determination was not clearly erroneous, essentially
adopting the IJ’s reasoning. Accordingly, we have authority to review the IJ’s
decision as well as that of the BIA. See Kompany v. Gonzales, 236 F. App’x 33,
37 (5th Cir. 2007); Mikhael v. I.N.S., 115 F.3d 299, 302 (5th Cir. 1997).
       We review an immigration court’s findings of fact for substantial
evidence. Wang v. Holder, 569 F.3d 531, 536 (5th Cir. 2009). “[I]t is the
factfinder’s duty to make determinations based on the credibility of witnesses.”
Chun v. I.N.S., 40 F.3d 76, 78 (5th Cir. 1994). However, “an adverse credibility
determination still ‘must be supported by specific and cogent reasons derived
from the record.’” Wang, 569 F.3d at 537 (quoting Zhang v. Gonzales, 432 F.3d
339, 344 (5th Cir. 2005)). “[A]n IJ may rely on any inconsistency or omission
in making an adverse credibility determination as long as the ‘totality of the
circumstances’ establishes that an asylum applicant is not credible.” Id. at 538
(emphasis omitted) (quoting Lin v. Mukasey, 534 F.3d 162, 167 (2d Cir. 2008));
see also id. at 539 (adopting Second Circuit’s standard). “We defer therefore to
an IJ’s credibility determination unless, from the totality of the circumstances,
it is plain that no reasonable fact-finder could make such an adverse credibility
ruling.” Id. at 538 (quoting Lin, 534 F.3d at 167). In other words, we will not
reverse a credibility determination unless the evidence compels it. Id. at 536–
40.
       In Matter of J-R-R-A-, the BIA “provide[d] guidance regarding credibility
assessments in cases involving aliens who are incompetent or who have serious
mental-health or cognitive issues that may affect their testimony.” 26 I & N
Dec. at 610. It explained that where an applicant is “deemed incompetent by
the Immigration Judge” or deemed competent but diagnosed with a “mental
illness or serious cognitive disability” resulting in “symptoms that affect his
ability to provide testimony in a coherent, linear manner,” then “the factors
that would otherwise point to a lack of honesty in a witness—including
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inconsistencies . . . —may be reflective of a mental illness or disability, rather
than an attempt to deceive the Immigration Judge.” Id. at 611. Accordingly,
it concluded that “where a mental health concern may be affecting the
reliability of the applicant’s testimony, the Immigration Judge should, as a
safeguard, generally accept that the applicant believes what he has presented,
even though his account may not be believable to others or otherwise sufficient
to support the claim.” Id. at 612.
      Singh argues that the IJ should have applied that safeguard, but his
reliance on Matter of J-R-R-A- is misplaced. Matter of J-R-R-A- contemplates
applicants who are deemed incompetent or who have “a mental illness or
serious cognitive disability” that “affect[s] [their] ability to provide testimony
in a coherent, linear manner.” Id. at 611. Its safeguard is to be applied not in
every case where an applicant has a mental health concern, but rather where
“a mental health concern may be affecting the reliability of the applicant’s
testimony.” Id. at 612. Here, Singh was found to be competent, and he does
not now challenge that factual determination. Furthermore, there was no
indication that Singh’s PTSD affected his testimony or ability to speak in a
coherent and linear manner. To the contrary, his attorney represented to the
IJ that Singh was capable of testifying, responding to questions, and rationally
explaining his case. Additionally, after observing Singh’s direct examination,
the IJ found that he could “rationally relate his testimony.” Singh does not
challenge that finding. Accordingly, the safeguard provided for in Matter of J-
R-R-A was not implicated.
      While it is true that there was no specific finding of competency at the
time of the credible-fear interview—when he made the inconsistent
statements—Singh was given an opportunity to explain the inconsistent
statements    during   the   removal   proceedings—when       he   was   deemed
competent—and failed to do so. When asked to explain the inconsistencies on
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                                  No. 16-60059
cross-examination, Singh simply denied them, maintaining that he had told
the AO that he was a member of the Simrat Mann Jit party. Singh’s attorney
then declined the opportunity to question Singh on redirect.
      Absent application of the safeguard set forth in Matter of J-R-R-A-, we
cannot say that no reasonable fact-finder could have made an adverse
credibility determination.      Singh’s statements during his credible-fear
interview regarding his party affiliation were contrary to his later statements
before the IJ. Furthermore, in his petition for review, Singh does not challenge
the reliability of the credible-fear interview or the IJ’s reliance on it in making
the adverse credibility determination. In any event, the record of the credible-
fear interview bears sufficient indicia of reliability to be relied upon in making
an adverse credibility determination. See Ramsameachire v. Ashcroft, 357
F.3d 169, 179–80 (2d Cir. 2004).       While the record of the interview is a
summary and not a verbatim transcript, it is clear from the record that the AO
asked follow up questions to enable Singh to develop his account, and there is
no indication that Singh was reluctant to reveal relevant information or that
he was unable to understand the questions asked. See id. at 180. In light of
the inconsistencies in Singh’s statements and his failure to explain the
inconsistencies when given the opportunity to do so—beyond merely denying
them—the record does not compel the conclusion that he was credible.
      Nor does the documentary evidence Singh submitted compel such a
conclusion.   Singh has failed to show that the documentary evidence—
including the statements of his mother and uncle, interested parties not
subject to cross examination, and the death certificate and medical records,
which did not indicate the causes of death or injury—was so compelling that
no reasonable fact-finder could make an adverse credibility ruling. In light of
the weaknesses in that evidence, as identified by the IJ and affirmed by the


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BIA, and Singh’s inconsistent statements, we cannot say that the evidence
compels the conclusion that he was credible.
      Singh has failed to show that no reasonable fact-finder could make an
adverse credibility ruling, and we therefore must defer to the determinations
of the IJ and BIA that his testimony was not credible. See Wang, 569 F.3d at
538. Because we do not disturb the adverse credibility determination, we must
deny Singh’s petition for review.
      PETITION DENIED.




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