17‐514‐ag
Wood v. Barr

                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                        FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
                          ____________________

                                August Term, 2019

(Submitted: October 17, 2019                          Decided: November 1, 2019)

                               Docket No. 17‐514‐ag

                               ____________________

GIOVANNI HOWARD WOOD,

                         Petitioner,

                   v.

WILLIAM P. BARR, United States Attorney General

                         Respondent.

                               ____________________

Before: WINTER, POOLER, and PARK, Circuit Judges.

      Petition for review of a decision by the Board of Immigration Appeals,

affirming Immigration Judge’s (“IJ”) finding Wood removable for an aggravated

felony. We hold that Wood’s conviction for first‐degree robbery in violation of

Connecticut General Statutes § 53a‐134(a)(4) is a crime of violence under 18
U.S.C. § 16(a) and therefore an aggravated felony under 8 U.S.C. §§

1227(a)(2)(A)(iii), 1101(43)(F). Accordingly, we DENY the petition for review.

      DENIED.

                              ____________________

                          GLENN FORMICA, New Haven, CT, for Petitioner
                          Giovanni Howard Wood.

                          KILEY KANE, Senior Litigation Counsel, Office of
                          Immigration Litigation (Stephen J. Flynn, Assistant
                          Director, on the brief), for Chad A. Readler, Assistant
                          Attorney General, Civil Division, United States
                          Department of Justice, Washington, DC, for Respondent
                          William P. Barr, United States Attorney General.

PER CURIAM:

      We hold that first‐degree robbery in violation of Connecticut General

Statutes § 53a‐134(a)(4) is a crime of violence under 18 U.S.C. § 16(a) and as a

result, is an aggravated felony for which a petitioner may be removable under 8

U.S.C. § 1227(a)(2)(A)(iii). Accordingly, we DENY the petition for review.

                                 BACKGROUND

      Giovanni Howard Wood, a native and citizen of Jamaica, came to the

United States in 2004 on a tourist visa. He became a lawful permanent resident in

2006. When seventeen years old, Wood pled guilty to first‐degree robbery in
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violation of Connecticut General Statutes § 53a‐134(a)(4). He received a sentence

of five years’ imprisonment, suspended after one year, and five years’ probation.

      In 2014, the Department of Homeland Security served Wood with a Notice

to Appear and charged him as removable for having been convicted of an

aggravated felony, either a crime of violence, 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(43)(F), or a theft

offense, 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(43)(G). Before the IJ, Wood challenged his aggravated

felony charges and asserted that his conviction was not a crime of violence as

defined under 8 U.S.C. § 16(b). He also applied for asylum, withholding of

removal, and relief under the Convention Against Torture (“CAT”). Following a

hearing, the IJ ordered Wood removed to Jamaica. The IJ concluded that Wood’s

conviction was a crime of violence under Section 16(b), but the IJ did not address

whether the conviction was a crime of violence under Section 16(a). The IJ found

Wood’s asylum and withholding of removal claims barred by his aggravated

felony conviction and denied CAT relief.

      Wood filed a Notice of Appeal from the IJ’s decision. Wood argued in

relevant part that his conviction was not a crime of violence under Section 16(a),

but he did not address Section 16(b). The Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”)

affirmed. The BIA first noted that the IJ relied on Section 16(b), which Wood did
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not address. The BIA further stated that Wood’s conviction was a crime of

violence under Section 16(a).

      Wood timely petitioned this Court for review of the BIA’s order, and he

subsequently moved for a stay of removal, which this Court granted. On appeal,

Wood raises two issues. Wood’s first argument, that Section 16(b) is void for

vagueness, has since been addressed by the Supreme Court’s decision in Sessions

v. Dimaya, 138 S. Ct. 1204 (2018), which struck down that provision as

unconstitutionally vague. Wood’s second argument is that his conviction for

Connecticut first‐degree robbery is not a crime of violence under Section 16(a).

                                  DISCUSSION

      Whether a specific conviction constitutes an aggravated felony is a

question of law, which we review de novo. Pierre v. Holder, 588 F.3d 767, 772 (2d

Cir. 2009).

       Under Section 16(a), a “crime of violence” is defined as “an offense that

has an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical force against

the person or property of another.” 18 U.S.C. § 16(a).

      Wood was convicted for violation of Connecticut General Statutes § 53a‐

134(a)(4), which states:
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      A person is guilty of robbery in the first degree when, in the course of the
      commission of the crime of robbery as defined in section 53a‐133 or of
      immediate flight therefrom, he or another participant in the crime . . . (4)
      displays or threatens the use of what he represents by his words or
      conduct to be a pistol, revolver, rifle, shotgun, machine gun or other
      firearm . . . .”

      Our Circuit has previously held that Connecticut first‐degree robbery is a

“violent felony” under the Armed Career Criminal Act (ACCA) in United States

v. Bordeaux, 886 F.3d 189, 194 (2d Cir. 2018). Like Section 16(a), the ACCA defines

a “violent felony” as a crime having “as an element the use, attempted use, or

threatened use of physical force against the person of another.” 18 U.S.C.

§924(e)(2)(B)(i). Given the similarities between the statutes, we have said that

“the use of ACCA case law to interpret § 16(a), and vice versa, is widely accepted

by our Court and others.” Banegas Gomez v. Barr, 922 F.3d 101, 108 (2d Cir. 2019).

      We adopt the rationale set forth in Bordeaux and hold that Connecticut

first‐degree robbery is a crime of violence as defined in 18 U.S.C. § 16(a). We are

unpersuaded by Wood’s argument that his conviction does not necessitate the

use of actual violent force. A crime of violence under Section 16(a) need only

have threatened use of physical force as an element, and as noted in Bordeaux,

Connecticut General Statutes § 53a‐134(a)(4) requires the threatened use of


                                         5
physical force because “[e]ven mere ‘display’ of a firearm during a larceny or

immediately thereafter necessarily implies a threat to commit violence.” 886 F.3d

at 194. Similarly, we reject Wood’s argument that the Connecticut first‐degree

robbery statute is overbroad because a conviction may be predicated on another

person’s display of a firearm. We have previously held that a conviction for New

York first‐degree robbery, which may also be predicated on another person’s

display of a firearm, is a violent felony under the ACCA. Stuckey v. United States,

878 F.3d 62, 70 (2d Cir. 2017). We see no reason to not apply the reasoning of

these ACCA precedents. Accordingly, Wood’s conviction falls within the

definition of a crime of violence under Section 16(a).

                                 CONCLUSION

      Wood’s petition for review is thus DENIED.




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