                   IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                                AT JACKSON
                                    December 10, 2013 Session

                         DONNA F. THOMPSON v. LYNN WARD

                 Direct Appeal from the Circuit Court for Crockett County
                   No. 3307     J. Weber McCraw, Judge, by designation


                    No. W2013-01051-COA-R3-CV Filed January 9, 2014


Homeowner appeals the trial court's order dismissing her complaint against the Deputy
Circuit Court Clerk of Crockett County. The complaint alleged that the Deputy Clerk failed
to properly issue a writ of possession regarding the homeowner's real property. The trial court
dismissed the complaint pursuant to Rule 12.02(6) of the Tennessee Rules of Civil
Procedure. Discerning no error, we affirm.

  Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Circuit Court Affirmed

J. S TEVEN S TAFFORD, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which D AVID R. F ARMER, J.,
and H OLLY M. K IRBY, J., joined.

Donna F. Thompson, Dyer, Tennessee, Pro Se.

Brandon O. Gibson, Jackson, Tennessee, for the appellee, Lynn Ward.




                                  MEMORANDUM OPINION 1



       1
           Rule 10 of the Rules of the Court of Appeals of Tennessee provides:

       This Court, with the concurrence of all judges participating in the case, may affirm, reverse
       or modify the actions of the trial court by memorandum opinion when a formal opinion
       would have no precedential value. When a case is decided by memorandum opinion it shall
       be designated “MEMORANDUM OPINION,” shall not be published, and shall not be cited
       or relied on for any reason in any unrelated case.
                                        Background

       On July 18, 2012, Plaintiff/Appellant Donna F. Thompson filed a pro se complaint
in the Crockett County Chancery Court, alleging that Defendant/Appellee Lynn Ward
(“Appellee”) improperly issued a writ of possession regarding real property occupied by Ms.
Thompson. It is undisputed that the Appellee is a duly-appointed Deputy Circuit Court Clerk
of Crockett County. Specifically, Ms. Thompson alleged that:

              The Plaintiff Kirkland Strugis in case no. 320 written request is
              lacking with its signature[.] The Crockett County Circuit [C]ourt
              Clerk Kim Kail[’s] endorsement is lacking due to the [Appellee]
              signed its name along with her name, and the Description from
              the Sheriff department of how the eviction took place is lacking.

                                          *   *     *

              On November 28, 2011, [the Appellee] illegally issued a writ to
              possession without the Crockett County Circuit Court Clerk[’s]
              endorsement, nor an order from the Crockett [C]ounty Circuit
              [C]ourt.

Ms. Thompson alleged that this action violated her due process rights, and amounted to abuse
of process, invasion of privacy, trespass, slander, and damage to personal property. Appellant
sought $500,000.00 in damages for property damage due to the allegedly unlawful eviction,
including damage to her property during storage and the loss of some of Ms. Thompson’s
documents regarding her “inventions and other projects.” A copy of the allegedly illegal writ
of possession was not attached to the complaint, nor is one included in the record on appeal.

       According to the Appellee’s brief, Mr. Sturgis purchased the disputed property at a
foreclosure sale. Mr. Sturgis then filed a detainer action in the Crockett County General
Sessions Court against Ms. Thompson seeking possession of the property. Ms. Thompson
defended the action on the basis that she was not given adequate notice of the foreclosure.
However, the trial court ultimately ruled in favor of Mr. Sturgis and awarded him the
property. Ms. Thompson’s appeal of that order was dismissed for failure to post a bond. This
Court affirmed the dismissal of Ms. Thompson’s appeal. See Sturgis v. Thompson, ---
S.W.3d ----, 2011 WL 2416066 (Tenn. Ct. App. June 13, 2011) (perm. app. denied Sept. 21,
2011). The detainer action is not at issue in this case. Instead, Ms. Thompson asserts that the
writ of possession allowing Mr. Sturgis to obtain the property was incorrectly completed
based on the above allegations. Thus, Ms. Thompson filed this suit against the Appellee to
recover damages for the allegedly improperly granted writ.

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        On October 23, 2012, this matter was transferred to the Crockett County Circuit
Court.2 Thereafter, Appellee filed a Rule 12.02(6) Motion to Dismiss the Complaint. On
February 19, 2013, the Tennessee Supreme Court entered an order designating Judge Weber
McCraw to preside over the case. On April 3, 2013, the trial court entered an order granting
Appellee’s Motion to Dismiss, finding that Ms. Thompson failed to state a claim for
negligence and that the Appellee was immune from suit for all remaining claims. On April
25, 2013, Ms. Thompson filed a Motion to Recuse Judge McCraw “Due to Violation of [Ms.
Thompson’s] Rights.” According to Appellee’s brief, the basis of the motion was the fact that
the bailiff failed to open court during a hearing. According to Ms. Thompson’s brief: “The
[Appellee's] Court proceeding is out of term which caused damages to [Ms. Thompson.]
Court Procedures on April 27, 2012 w[ere] out of order due to the bailiff [being] absent for
opening of court. The Judge disallowing [Ms. Thompson] to argue its case as pro se.” The
trial court denied Ms. Thompson’s motion by order of April 30, 2013.

                                              Issue Presented

        Ms. Thompson appeals, raising one issue, which is restated from her brief: Whether
the trial court erred in granting Appellee’s Motion to Dismiss? 3

        As a point of practice, we note that Ms. Thompson appeared pro se in the trial court
and throughout these proceedings. However, it is well-settled that, “[w]hile a party who
chooses to represent himself or herself is entitled to the fair and equal treatment of the courts,
[p]ro se litigants are not . . . entitled to shift the burden of litigating their case to the courts.”
Chiozza v. Chiozza, 315 S.W.3d 482, 487 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2009). Accordingly, “[p]ro se
litigants must comply with the same substantive and procedural law to which represented
parties must adhere.” Id.



        2
          Because defendant in the case is a government employee, Ms. Thompson’s claims are governed
by the Tennessee Governmental Tort Liability Act (“TGTLA”). See Tenn. Code Ann. § 29-20-100, et. seq.
According to the TGTLA, “the circuit courts shall have original jurisdiction over any action brought under
this chapter . . . .” Tenn. Code Ann. § 29-20-307. Thus, this action was properly transferred from the Crockett
County Chancery Court to the Crockett County Circuit Court.
        3
           In an abundance of caution, it appears that the Appellee has also addressed the issue of the trial
court’s denial of Ms. Thompson’s recusal motion on April 30, 2013. However, Ms. Thompson does not raise
this issue in her Statement of the Issues Presented on Appeal, nor does she cite any law regarding recusal in
her brief. It is well-settled that the failure to raise an issue in the Issues Presented section of the appellate
brief constitutes a waiver of the issue on appeal. See Tenn. R. App. P. 13(b) (providing that appellate review
will generally only extend to those issues presented for review); see also Newcomb v. Kohler Co., 222
S.W.3d 368, 401 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2006) (failure “to cite to any authority or to construct an argument
regarding [a] position on appeal” constitutes a waiver of the issue).

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                                    Standard of Review

       This appeal concerns the trial court’s decision to dismiss Ms. Thompson’s complaint
under Rule 12.02(6) of the Tennessee Rules of Civil Procedure. A Rule 12.02(6) motion to
dismiss a complaint for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted tests the
legal sufficiency of the complaint. Lanier v. Rains, 229 S.W.3d 656, 660 (Tenn. 2007). It
admits the truth of all relevant and material allegations, but asserts that such allegations do
not constitute a cause of action as a matter of law. See Riggs v. Burson, 941 S.W.2d 44, 47
(Tenn. 1997).

                                          Analysis

       In order to determine whether the trial court correctly granted the Appellee’s motion
to dismiss, we must first determine what claims were fairly raised by Ms. Thompson’s
complaint. It appears that Ms. Thompson is arguing that the Appellee acted intentionally and
negligently in signing the writ of possession without proper authority to do so, which action
allegedly caused injury to Ms. Thompson. First, Ms. Thompson’s complaint clearly raises
alleged claims for “abuse of process, invasion of privacy, trespass[], and slander.” The trial
court dismissed these claims on the basis of sovereign immunity. In addition, the trial court
concluded that the complaint may have raised a claim for negligence. The trial court
dismissed the negligence claim for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted.
We begin with the intentional tort claims.

                                     Intentional Torts

       We first turn to consider whether the trial court erred in dismissing Ms. Thompson’s
claims that the Appellee committed various intentional torts. As previously discussed, Ms.
Thompson’s complaint specifically states that the alleged action of the Appellee amounts to
“abuse of process, invasion of privacy, trespass[] and slander.” The trial court found that the
Appellee was immune from suit regarding these claims pursuant to the Tennessee
Governmental Tort Liability Act ("TGTLA"). We agree.

        “In 1973, the General Assembly enacted [the TGTLA] to codify the general common
law rule that ‘all governmental entities shall be immune from suit for any injury which may
result from the activities of such governmental entities.'" Limbaugh v. Coffee Med. Ctr., 59
S.W.3d 73, 79 (Tenn. 2001) (quoting Tenn. Code Ann. § 29-20-201(a)). Passage of the
TGTLA constituted “an act of grace through which the legislature provided general immunity
to governmental entities from tort liability but removed it in certain limited and specified
instances.” Kirby v. Macon Cnty., 892 S.W.2d 403, 406 (Tenn. 1994). Counties are expressly
included in the list of protected "government entities." See Tenn. Code Ann. § 29-20-

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102(3)(A) ("'Governmental entity' means any political subdivision of the state of Tennessee
including, but not limited to, any municipality, metropolitan government, [or] county . . . .").

       The TGTLA, however, removes immunity, in certain circumstances. Tennessee Code
Annotated section 29-20-205 removes governmental immunity “for injury proximately
caused by a negligent act or omission of any employee within the scope of his
employment[.]” However, there is a list of exceptions to this exception; specifically,
Tennessee Code Annotated section 29-20-205(2), often referred to as the “intentional tort
exception,” preserves governmental immunity for claims arising out of “false imprisonment
pursuant to mittimus from a court, false arrest, malicious prosecution, intentional trespass,
abuse of process, libel, slander, deceit, interference with contract rights, infliction of mental
anguish, invasion of right of privacy, or civil rights[.]”

        In this case, there is no allegation that the Appellee was acting outside the scope of
her employment. Thus, by the plain language of Tennessee Code Annotated Section 29-20-
205(2), the Appellee is immune from suit for claims arising out of "intentional trespass,
abuse of process, . . . slander, . . . [and] invasion of right of privacy[.]" Because the
Appellee is immune from suit for these claims pursuant to the TGTLA, the trial court did not
err in dismissing the claims.

                                          Negligence

        As previously discussed, however, the TGTLA does not remove immunity for claims
of negligence against government employees acting within the scope of their employment.
Thus, any fairly raised allegation of negligence is not barred by the TGTLA. Instead of
finding Ms. Thompson's negligence claim barred by the doctrine of sovereign immunity, the
trial court concluded that Ms. Thompson failed to state a claim upon which relief can be
granted with regard to this claim.

       Ms. Thompson argues, however, that the trial court applied an improper standard in
granting the Appellee's motion to dismiss by failing to take the factual allegations in her
complaint as true. Ms. Thompson correctly states the law regarding the proper standard for
granting a Rule 12.02(6) motion to dismiss. As recently discussed by this Court:

                     When considering a motion to dismiss for failure to state
              a claim upon which relief can be granted, we are limited to an
              examination of the complaint alone. See Wolcotts Fin. Serv.,
              Inc. v. McReynolds, 807 S.W.2d 708, 710 (Tenn. Ct. App.
              1990). The basis for the motion is that the allegations in the
              complaint, when considered alone and taken as true, are

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insufficient to state a claim as a matter of law. See Cornpropst
v. Sloan, 528 S.W.2d 188 (Tenn. 1975). Although allegations
of pure legal conclusion will not sustain a complaint, see Ruth
v. Ruth, 213 Tenn. 82, 372 S.W.2d 285, 287 (1963), a complaint
"need not contain in minute detail the facts that give rise to the
claim,” so long as the complaint does "contain allegations from
which an inference may fairly be drawn that evidence on these
material points will be introduced at trial." Donaldson v.
Donaldson, 557 S.W.2d 60, 61 (Tenn. 1977); White v. Revco
Discount Drug Centers, 33 S.W.3d 713, 718, 725 (Tenn. 2000);
accord, Givens v. Mullikin ex rel McElwaney, 75 S.W.3d 383,
391, 399, 403-404 (Tenn. 2002). In short, a Tennessee Rule of
Civil Procedure 12.02(6) motion to dismiss seeks only to
determine whether the pleadings state a claim upon which relief
can be granted, and such a motion challenges the legal
sufficiency of the complaint, not the strength of the plaintiff's
proof. Bell ex rel. Snyder v. Icard, 986 S.W.2d 550, 554
(Tenn.1999). In considering such a motion, the court should
construe the complaint liberally in favor of the plaintiff, taking
all the allegations of fact therein as true. See Cook ex. rel.
Uithoven v. Spinnaker's of Rivergate, Inc., 878 S.W.2d 934,
938 (Tenn.1994). However, we are not required to accept as true
factual inferences or conclusions of law. Riggs v. Burson, 941
S.W.2d 44, 47–48 (Tenn.1997). An appellate court should
uphold the grant of a motion to dismiss only when it appears that
the plaintiff can prove no set of facts in support of a claim that
will entitle him or her to relief. Young v. Barrow, 130 S.W.3d
59, 63 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2003).
        We further note that Tennessee Rule of Civil Procedure
12.02(6) motions are not designed to correct inartfully drafted
pleadings. Dobbs v. Guenther, 846 S.W.2d 270, 273 (Tenn. Ct.
App. 1992). However, a complaint should not be dismissed, no
matter how inartfully drafted, if it states a cause of action. Id.
(citing Paschall's, Inc. v. Dozier, 219 Tenn. 45, 407 S.W.2d
150, 152 (Tenn.1966); Collier v. Slayden Bros. Ltd.
Partnership, 712 S.W.2d 106, 108 (Tenn. Ct. App.1985)).
Nevertheless, while we should not endeavor to create claims
where none exist, we must always look to the substance of the
pleading rather than to its form. Dobbs, 846 S.W.2d at 273
(citing Donaldson v. Donaldson, 557 S.W.2d 60, 62

                               -6-
               (Tenn.1977); Usrey v. Lewis, 553 S.W.2d 612, 614 (Tenn. Ct.
               App. 1977)).

PNC Multifamily Capital Institutional Fund XXVI Ltd. P'rship v. Bluff City Cmty Dev.
Corp., 387 S.W.3d 525, 537–38 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2012). Thus, the trial court may only grant
a Rule 12.02(6) motion to dismiss when, taking the factual allegations in the complaint as
true, the complaint fails to state sufficient facts upon which relief can be granted.

         Despite this stringent standard, the Appellee argues that the trial court did not err in
granting the Rule 12.02(6) motion to dismiss. Indeed, the Appellee argues that even taking
all the factual allegations in the complaint as true, Ms. Thompson fails to state sufficient facts
to support the prima facie elements of a claim for negligence. The necessary elements of a
negligence action are:

               (1) duty of care owed by the defendant to the plaintiff; (2)
               conduct falling below the applicable standard of care amounting
               to a breach of that duty; (3) an injury or loss; (4) causation in
               fact; (5) proximate, or legal cause.

Satterfeild v. Breeding Insulation Co., 266 S.W.3d 347, 355 (Tenn. 2008). Specifically, the
Appellee argues that Ms. Thompson has failed to state facts to show either a breach of the
duty of care, or that any alleged breach was either the cause in fact or proximate cause of Ms.
Thompson's alleged injuries.

        Ms. Thompson cites no law in her brief to support her argument that the Appellee’s
action in this case constitutes negligence, that the Appellee breached a duty owed to Ms.
Thompson, or that any alleged negligence on the part of the Appellee caused an injury to Ms.
Thompson. First, we note that “[i]t is the duty of the clerk of each of the courts to: . . . [s]ign
all summons, writs, subpoenas, executions and process issued from the clerk's court, and
endorse on the back thereof the date of issuance.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 18-1-105(a)(1). Thus,
the Crockett County Clerk was required by law to sign the writ in this case. The law further
provides, however, that “[t]he clerks of the several courts have authority to: . . . [a]ppoint
deputies with full power to transact all the business of the clerk, such deputy first taking an
oath to support the constitution and laws of this state, and faithfully to discharge the duties
of deputy clerk of the court for which the deputy acts.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 18-1-108(a)(4).
“The power to appoint a deputy necessarily involves the idea that he shall act in the place of,
and for the regular Clerk, and exercise the same powers; the acts of the deputy being the acts
of the principal Clerk, by his lawfully appointed agent.” Martin v. Porter, 51 Tenn. 407, 413
(Tenn. 1871); see also Tenn. Op. Atty. Gen. No. 85-243, at *2 (opining that deputy clerks
may perform marriage ceremonies because deputy clerks “are vested with all the powers and

                                                -7-
authorities of principal clerks”).

        Here, from our reading of the rather confusing facts outlined in the complaint, the
Appellee signed her own name along with the name of the Clerk of the Circuit Court in
issuing the writ. Ms. Thompson asserts that this was improper. We respectfully disagree.
First, as previously discussed, a deputy clerk is vested with the same authority to perform
official functions as the principal clerk. See Martin, 51 Tenn. at 413. Thus, the Appellee had
the authority to sign and issue the writ. In addition, the Tennessee Supreme Court has
previously held that a deputy clerk may sign his or her own name or the name of the principal
clerk in exercising his or her statutory power. See Wilkerson v. Dennison, 5 Cates 237, 80
S.W. 765, 766 (Tenn. 1904) (“We are of the opinion that deputy clerks of the county courts
of this state are authorized to take and certify the acknowledgment of deeds in both the
names of their principals and themselves as deputies.”). The writ in this case, consequently,
does not fail for having both the name of the principal and the deputy clerk.

        Accordingly, even taking the allegations in Ms. Thompson’s complaint as true, there
is nothing in the complaint to suggest that the Appellee breached a duty to Ms. Thompson
or that any alleged breach on the part of the Appellee caused an injury to Ms. Thompson.
Thus, the trial court did not err in dismissing Ms. Thompson’s negligence claim.

                                         Conclusion

       The judgment of the Circuit Court of Crockett County is affirmed. This cause is
remanded to the trial court for all further proceedings as are necessary and are consistent with
this Opinion. Costs of this appeal are assessed to Appellant Donna F. Thompson. Because
it appears that Ms. Thompson is proceeding in forma pauperis in this appeal, execution may
issue for costs if necessary.




                                                    _________________________________
                                                    J. STEVEN STAFFORD, JUDGE




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