                                                               FILED
                                                            APRIL 27, 2017
                                                      In the Office of the Clerk of Court
                                                    WA State Court of Appeals, Division III




           IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
                              DIVISION THREE

STATE OF WASHINGTON,                         )         No. 33048-6-111
                                             )
                    Respondent,              )
                                             )
      v.                                     )         UNPUBLISHED OPINION
                                             )
JONATHAN M. HAAG,                            )
                                             )
                    Appellant.               )

      PENNELL, J. -Jonathan Haag was convicted of possession of a controlled

substance, methamphetamine, after a stipulated facts bench trial. We affirm.

                                         FACTS

      Mr. Haag's arguments on appeal pertain to the trial court's denial of his motion to

suppress evidence. An evidentiary hearing was held on the matter. At the hearing,

Officer Amy Woodyard of the Spokane Police Department testified that, while on routine

patrol, she observed a gold Saturn vehicle diagonally blocking the lane ahead of her
No. 33048-6-III
State v. Haag


patrol car. She slowed her patrol car and realized the Saturn was "backed up to the curb

as though it had stalled on the hill and rolled back into the curb." Verbatim Report of

Proceedings (VRP) (Nov. 25, 2014) at 16. The vehicle's brake lights were going on and

off and it was lurching forward. Then the car started up and returned to the lane of travel

as Officer Woodyard approached in her patrol car.

       While the vehicle was still directly in front of Officer Woodyard, she noticed it did

not have a license plate but did have a trip permit in the rear window. She testified the

trip permit was "horribly forged or altered." Id. at 17. Officer Woodyard based this

belief on her experience dealing with other forged and invalid trip permits during the

course of her work with the police department. She stated certain numbers on the trip

permit looked like they "had been turned to other numbers not very well. Like a five

would be turned to an eight ... by making it more square rather than a circle .... " Id. at

18. She added, "It was almost like ... somebody had gone back over it and had

deliberately tried to change the numbers from what they previously might have been." Id.

       Because the vehicle did not have a license plate, Officer Woodyard utilized her

police computer to access a listing of stolen vehicles. A gold Saturn was on the list.

Without a license plate, the only way to confirm the vehicle in the lane ahead of her was

the same as the one on the stolen vehicle list was by comparing the vehicle identification



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State v. Haag


numbers (VIN). Dispatch is unable to check the validity of trip permits.

       Officer Woodyard followed the vehicle for approximately four to five blocks and

then initiated a traffic stop. She testified she had several reasons for stopping the vehicle

besides determining whether it was stolen. She wanted "to see if the driver needed some

assistance if the vehicle was out of gas or what were the circumstances for it being

stopped blocking the roadway, the trip permit, [and] the validity of the registration."

Id. at 27. After approaching the vehicle, Officer Woodyard read the VIN from the

dashboard through the windshield. Approximately three minutes after stopping the

vehicle, Officer Woodyard confirmed with dispatch that the VINs for the vehicle she

stopped and the stolen vehicle on the list were the same.

       Two minutes later backup arrived, and Mr. Haag was removed from the car,

handcuffed, and patted down for weapons. Officer Woodyard did not issue a citation for

a forged trip permit. She testified that it was uncommon for her to write tickets for traffic

infractions. The trial court denied the motion to suppress and entered written findings of

fact and conclusions oflaw.

       Mr. Haag waived his right to a jury trial and the case proceeded to a bench trial

with stipulated facts. The parties stipulated that during the pat down, Officer Woodyard

felt a dice-sized item in Mr. Haag's front pocket and asked permission to remove it. Mr.


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No. 33048-6-III
State v. Haag


Haag consented. The item was a plastic baggy containing a pea-sized white substance,

which was later confirmed as methamphetamine.

       After the bench trial, the court made an oral ruling finding Mr. Haag guilty of

possession of a controlled substance. The court did not enter written findings of fact and

conclusions of law following the trial, but did enter a judgment and sentence reflecting

the guilty verdict. Mr. Haag appealed.

       On June 20, 2016, we directed the trial court to enter written findings of fact and

conclusions of law pertaining to Mr. Haag's bench trial. The findings and conclusions

were filed in the trial court on July 15, added to the record on appeal and the parties

subsequently filed supplemental briefing.

                                         ANALYSIS

Motion to suppress evidence

       Generally, "warrantless searches and seizures are per se unreasonable, in violation

of the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution and article I, section 7 of the

Washington Constitution." State v. Garvin, 166 Wn.2d 242, 249, 207 P.3d 1266 (2009).

One of the narrow exceptions to the warrant requirement is a Terry1 investigative stop,

which "authorizes police officers to briefly detain a person for questioning without


       1
           Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 88 S. Ct. 1868, 20 L. Ed. 2d 889 (1968).

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No. 33048-6-III
State v. Haag


grounds for arrest if they reasonably suspect, based on 'specific, objective facts,' that the

person detained is engaged in criminal activity or a traffic violation." State v. Day, 161

Wn.2d 889, 896, 168 P.3d 1265 (2007) (quoting State v. Duncan, 146 Wn.2d 166, 172,

43 P.3d 513 (2002)).

       A law enforcement officer may conduct a warrantless traffic stop under Terry

when they have a reasonable articulable suspicion that a traffic violation has occurred or

is occurring. State v. Ladson, 138 Wn.2d 343, 349, 979 P.2d 833 (1999). But our state

constitution prohibits pretext stops. A law enforcement officer may not capitalize on a

minor traffic violation in order to engage in a fishing expedition for information about

other crimes, for which there is no basis to stop or search. Id. at 358-59.

       Mr. Haag claims Officer Woodyard's vehicle stop was pretextual because her true

motivation was to investigate the possibility of a stolen vehicle, not to follow up on

various traffic violations. We disagree with this characterization. The trial court had

substantial evidence for concluding Officer Woodyard did not stop the vehicle solely

because she suspected it was stolen. Officer Woodyard was able to observe that the

vehicle had an altered trip permit and she was concerned, based on the vehicle's unusual

movements, the driver might be in need of assistance. These circumstances, by




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No. 33048-6-III
State v. Haag


themselves, provided an independent basis for the stop, regardless of Officer Woodyard's

other motivations. State v. Chacon Arreola, 176 Wn.2d 284, 297-98, 290 P.3d 983

(2012). ("a traffic stop is not unconstitutionally pretextual so long as investigation of

either criminal activity or a traffic infraction (or multiple infractions), for which the

officer has a reasonable articulable suspicion, is an actual, conscious, and independent

cause of the traffic stop").

       In upholding the trial court's decision, we note that Officer Woodyard's suspicions

about the vehicle were not overly generalized, as is often true in the context of invalid

pretext stops. Officer Woodyard had more than simply a hunch that the vehicle was

stolen. While not amounting to probable cause, the blatantly forged trip permit, coupled

with the fact that the vehicle make and color matched a listed stolen vehicle, likely

provided Officer Woodyard with reasonable suspicion to conduct a Terry investigation.

See State v. Sandholm, 96 Wn. App. 846, 848, 980 P.2d 1292 (1999) (probable cause to

arrest when dispatch information, coupled with physical evidence, suggested vehicle was

stolen). 2 We do not rest our holding on this basis since it has not been briefed.

Nevertheless, it appears Officer Woodyard's decision to stop Mr. Haag's vehicle was not



       2
         Because Officer Woodyard did not merely rely on the stolen vehicle report, this
case is distinguishable from State v. 0 'Cain, 108 Wn. App. 542, 31 P.3d 733 (2001).

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State v. Haag


even partially based on invalid motives.

Written findings of fact and conclusions of law
                                                                                               I
                                                                                               I

       While the trial court initially failed to enter written findings of fact and            I



                                                                                               I
                                                                                               l

                                                                                               l
conclusions of law after Mr. Haag's bench trial, this error has since been remedied. In his

supplemental brief to the court, Mr. Haag takes issue with the adequacy of the court's

posttrial findings. His criticisms are not well taken. The trial court's findings were based

on Mr. Haag's own stipulated facts. Mr. Haag cannot now take issue with those facts.

State v. Ellison, 172 Wn. App. 710, 715-16, 291 P.3d 921 (2013). Mr. Haag's

supplemental brief also challenges the trial court's findings because they support the trial

court's conclusion that the vehicle stop was warranted. As set forth above, we reject this

contention.

                                  APPELLATE COSTS

       By motion filed June 3, 2016, Mr. Haag requests this court not award appellate

costs should the State prevail on appeal. Because Mr. Haag has not complied with our

general order, requiring a report of continued indigency, we deny his request at this

juncture. If the State seeks costs, Mr. Graham may attempt to seek relief under RAP 14.2.




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No. 33048-6-III
State v. Haag


                                    CONCLUSION

      We affirm the judgment and sentence of the trial court.

      A majority of the panel has determined this opinion will not be printed in the

Washington Appellate Reports, but it will be filed for public record pursuant to RCW

2.06.040.




                                         Pennell, J.
WE CONCUR:




                                         Siddoway, J.




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