Filed 5/28/20
                     CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION

       IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                        FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT

                              DIVISION THREE


ELOQUENCE CORPORATION,
       Plaintiff and Appellant,
                                           A156925
v.
HOME CONSIGNMENT CENTER                    (Contra Costa County
et al.,                                    Super. Ct. No. C17-01506)
       Defendants and Respondents.


       Plaintiff Eloquence Corporation (Eloquence) sued defendants Home
Consignment Center (HCC), Johnny Crowell, and John Fondnazio, asserting
breach of contract and open book account causes of action for failure to pay
invoices pursuant to a consignment agreement. Defendants moved for
summary judgment, arguing that the causes of action were barred by the
four-year statute of limitations and that Eloquence could not show the
creation of an open book account. The trial court granted defendants’ motion
for summary judgment. Eloquence appeals. We will affirm.
                  FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
       In 2008, Michael Werdiger, Inc. (MWI) and Eloquence entered into a
consignment agreement (Agreement) with HCC. The Agreement provided
MWI and Eloquence (the consignors) would consign jewelry and loose
diamonds to HCC (the consignee) for resale. The Agreement stated that HCC
would send a monthly sales report of each item it sold. Upon receipt of the
sales report, MWI and Eloquence would then prepare an invoice setting forth


                                       1
the payment due from HCC. The Agreement required HCC to pay the
invoices within 30 days: “Consignee shall remit payment to Consignor in the
amount of such Sales Invoice within 30 days of the date of the Sales Invoice.”
      The Agreement also provided for a bi-annual reconciliation of the
inventory of consigned goods. Subsequent to this reconciliation, the
Agreement required HCC to pay the invoices within 30 days: “Any inventory
which is unaccounted for subsequent to the reconciliation will be invoiced by
Consignor and paid on terms of net 30 days by the Consignee.”
      Following one such reconciliation, MWI issued two invoices for “items
reported as missing” from an HCC store. The first invoice itemized five
pieces of jewelry for a total of $45,170. The second invoice itemized eleven
pieces of jewelry for a total of $18,915. Both invoices were dated November
10, 2009. Eloquence gave HCC a five-month extension of the Agreement’s
due date for payment of these invoices. Thus, the November 10, 2009
invoices specified a due date of May 9, 2010.
      Delivery of consigned goods to HCC continued for the next seven years,
totaling $616,633.30 in sales invoices. During that time, Eloquence and HCC
entered into an amended agreement to reflect MWI’s merger into Eloquence.
The substantive provisions of the amended agreement, including those
regarding invoices and payment, were left unchanged. Because there
appears no dispute that these substantive provisions apply to the parties
herein, for brevity’s sake we will continue using the term “Agreement” to
refer to the parties’ agreement.
      In 2017, Eloquence filed a complaint against HCC and its general
partners Johnny Crowell and John Fondnazio. The complaint asserted
causes of action for “breach of written agreement” and “open book account.”
On the breach of contract cause of action, Eloquence alleged that HCC



                                       2
breached the Agreement by failing to pay the two November 10, 2009
invoices, in the total amount of $64,085. It alleged that in 2016, Eloquence
“elected to treat the breach as terminating the Consignment Agreements”
and “close the account” with HCC. Eloquence sought $64,085 with 12 percent
annual interest and attorney fees under this cause of action.
      On the open book account cause of action, Eloquence alleged that it
“furnished to HCC, at its special instance and request, on an open book
account, merchandise and/or services of the agreed upon value of $64,085,”
the amount now owed by HCC. Eloquence sought $64,085 with 10 percent
annual interest under this cause of action. It also prayed for costs of suit
under both causes of action.
      Defendants moved for summary judgment, arguing that the causes of
action were barred by the four-year statute of limitations and that Eloquence
could not show the creation of an open book account. Eloquence opposed the
motion for summary judgment, arguing it was “entitled to ignore HCC’s
breach of contract until the date for final performance, the contract
termination date.” Eloquence also contended that it had shown the existence
of an open book account and that its cause of action was timely because the
account remained open until at least 2016.
      In January 2019, the trial court granted summary judgment. It found
Eloquence’s breach of contract cause of action was time-barred because the
Agreement contemplated a series of discrete transactions each evidenced by a
separate invoice, and thus Eloquence’s breach of contract claim accrued when
the November 10, 2009 invoices came due. The trial court also determined
that Eloquence’s open book account failed because there was no agreement by
the parties to enter into such an account. Eloquence appealed.




                                       3
      Eloquence subsequently filed a motion to augment the record on appeal
to include the judgment entered in favor of defendants on August 27, 2019.
The motion was granted. We will treat the notice of appeal as having been
filed immediately after entry of judgment. (Cal. Rules of Court, rule
8.104(d)(2).)
                                  DISCUSSION
      A. Standard of Review
      The rules governing review of an order granting summary judgment
are well established. A motion for summary judgment “shall be granted if all
the papers submitted show that there is no triable issue as to any material
fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.”
(Code Civ. Proc., § 437c, subd. (c).)1 A defendant carries the initial burden of
showing that a cause of action has no merit by demonstrating that one or
more elements of the cause of action cannot be established or a complete
defense to it exists. (§ 437c, subd. (p)(2).) Once the defendant has met that
burden, the burden shifts to the plaintiff to show a triable issue exists. (Ibid.)
The evidence in favor of the party opposing the motion must be liberally
construed, and all doubts concerning the evidence must be resolved in favor
of that party. (Fisherman’s Wharf Bay Cruise Corp. v. Superior Court (2003)
114 Cal.App.4th 309, 320–321.) We review an order granting summary
judgment de novo. (Id. at p. 320.)
      B. Breach of Contract Cause of Action
      Eloquence’s breach of contract cause of action alleges that HCC
breached the Agreement by failing to pay the two November 10, 2009
invoices. The trial court held respondents are entitled to prevail on this
cause of action as a matter of law because it is time-barred. A cause of action

1     Unless otherwise indicated, all further statutory references will be to
the Code of Civil Procedure.

                                        4
for breach of a written contract is subject to a four-year statute of limitations.
(§ 337, subd. (a).) As a general rule, the statute of limitations begins to run
“when a controversy is ripe—that is, when all of the elements of a cause of
action have occurred and a suit may be maintained.” (Armstrong Petroleum
Corp. v. Tri-Valley Oil & Gas Co. (2004) 116 Cal.App.4th 1375, 1388
(Armstrong Petroleum).)
      Relying on the continuous accrual doctrine, respondents urge
affirmance of the trial court’s time-bar holding because the statute of
limitations began running when the invoices came due (May 2010) and thus
expired four years later (May 2014). Eloquence, on the other hand, relies on
the rule of delayed commencement in contending the claim is timely because
the four-year limitations period commenced when Eloquence terminated the
Agreement in 2016. Accordingly, we must determine whether the continuous
accrual doctrine or the delayed commencement rule applies here. We turn to
the continuous accrual doctrine first.
            1. Continuous Accrual Doctrine
      Under the continuous accrual doctrine, each breach of a recurring
obligation is independently actionable. (Aryeh v. Canon Business Solutions,
Inc. (2013) 55 Cal.4th 1185, 1199.) A cause of action accrues upon each new
breach of such an obligation, and thus triggers a new limitations period.
(Ibid.) The continuous accrual doctrine has been applied where performance
of contractual obligations is divisible into intervals. (Armstrong Petroleum,
supra, 116 Cal.App.4th at p. 1388.) Where divisible, a cause of action for
breach of performance as to any particular interval must be brought within
the period of limitations after that particular performance was due. (Ibid.)
      Does the Agreement contemplate divisible, interval performance by
HCC? To make that determination, we look to the fundamental premise of



                                         5
contract interpretation, which is to give effect to the “mutual intention” of the
parties. (Armstrong Petroleum, supra, 116 Cal.App.4th at p. 1389; Waller v.
Truck Ins. Exchange, Inc. (1995) 11 Cal.4th 1, 18.) “ ‘The mutual intention to
which the courts give effect is determined by objective manifestations of the
parties’ intent, including the words used in the agreement, as well as
extrinsic evidence of such objective matters as the surrounding circumstances
under which the parties negotiated or entered into the contract; the object,
nature and subject matter of the contract; and the subsequent conduct of the
parties.’ ” (Wolf v. Superior Court (2004) 114 Cal.App.4th 1343, 1356.)
      In Armstrong Petroleum, the court concluded that the words of an oil
and gas operating agreement, coupled with the nature of the contract and the
conduct of the parties, revealed the parties’ intent to create a divisible
payment obligation. Specifically, the court found that the agreement
established a periodic procedure for invoicing and payment, that the nature
of oil and gas production was divisible and incapable of being determined in
advance, and that the parties used the monthly accounting procedure set
forth in the agreement. (Armstrong Petroleum, supra, 116 Cal.App.4th at
p. 388.) Like the trial court below, we find the reasoning in Armstrong
Petroleum persuasive on the undisputed facts in the record.
      First, the express terms of the Agreement required HCC to pay discrete
invoices from MWI and Eloquence within 30 days. Eloquence’s decision to
give HCC five more months to pay the two November 10, 2009 invoices did
not change HCC’s obligation to pay these discrete invoices during a specified
time frame.
      Second, the subject matter of the Agreement for consignment required
MWI and Eloquence to issue discrete invoices. The amount HCC was
obligated to pay on each invoice was dependent on either the sales of a



                                        6
particular month or the reconciliation of inventory over particular months.
As in Armstrong Petroleum, supra, 116 Cal.App.4th 1375, the amount due
could not be determined in advance.
      Third, the parties’ conduct was consistent with the provision and
payment of discrete monthly invoices required by the Agreement. Despite
HCC’s purported failure to pay two invoices by the May 9, 2010 due date,
there is no evidence showing that the unpaid $64,085 amount was ever
carried onto subsequent invoices. Indeed, there is no evidence of Eloquence
having ever issued a cumulative invoice for any past amount due during its
eight-year relationship with HCC.
      In sum, we interpret the Agreement to establish divisible, interval
performance by HCC of its payment obligations. The doctrine of continuous
accrual applies, and the statute of limitations expired in May 2014. Having
concluded the doctrine of continuous accrual applies here, we now turn to the
rule of delayed commencement.
            2. Rule of Delayed Commencement
      The rule of delayed commencement provides that where the defendant,
obligated to perform over a period of time, is guilty of material breach, the
plaintiff may waive it and stand on the contract until the time for final
performance. (Israelsky v. Title Ins. Co. (1989) 212 Cal.App.3d 611, 618.)
The rule is “based largely on considerations of fairness to the nonbreaching
party” as it allows that party “ ‘either to sue immediately or to wait till the
time when the act was to be done.’ ” (Ibid.) The rule has been applied in
cases where there is a “continuing duty” that has been breached, and plaintiff
waits to file suit until the time for “complete performance” has passed.
(Lambert v. Commonwealth Land Title Ins. Co. (1991) 53 Cal.3d 1072, 1078.)




                                        7
      Eloquence draws analogies to the facts of several cases to argue that
the delayed commencement rule should be applied here. We are not
convinced.
      In Ross v. Tambor (1921) 53 Cal.App. 605, the parties entered into a
three-year contract that required Tambor to care for bee colonies and to
quadruple the number of colonies by the end of that three-year period. (Id. at
p. 606.) Even though Tambor stopped caring for the bees during the first
year, Ross waited until after the end of the three-year period to file suit. The
court applied the rule of delayed commencement upon finding the contract
was “a continuing executory contract, requiring of respondent continuous
service over a three-year period.” (Id. at p. 612.) The court reasoned that
Tambor could have returned and resumed his work, in which case Ross would
not have a breach of contract claim. (Id. at p. 613.) Because Ross’s claim was
based on Tambor’s failure to perform his obligations as to the remainder of
the three years, Ross could “wait until the time arrived for a complete
performance on the contract” to bring an action. (Ibid.)
      In Trypucko v. Clark (1983) 142 Cal.App.3d Supp. 1, the parties
entered into a written lease and Trypucko provided the security deposit to
Clark as required under the lease. (Id. at p. 3.) Clark later transferred the
lease to a third party but kept the security deposit, and thus retained liability
for return of the security deposit. (Id. at p. 6.) When the lease expired many
years later, Clark refused to return the security deposit and Trypucko filed
suit. (Id. at p. 3.) The court applied the rule of delayed commencement
because Clark’s performance of his obligation to return the security deposit
was due upon expiration of the lease. The court explained that Trypucko did
not have to treat Clark’s retention of the security deposit as the “final breach”




                                       8
because it happened before the time fixed for Clark’s performance. (Id. at
p. 7.)
         Unlike Ross and Trypucko, the Agreement here does not contemplate a
date for any “final” or “complete” performance of HCC’s payment obligations.
Instead, the Agreement expressly requires payment of each invoice within a
discrete, specific time frame. Moreover, Eloquence’s cause of action is not
based on some continuing obligation; rather, it arises out of HCC’s failure to
perform its discrete and specific obligations to pay the two November 10,
2009 invoices.
         Finally, Eloquence cites the unpublished federal district court decision
of Dreyer’s Grand Ice Cream, Inc. v. Ice Cream Distribs. of Evansville, LLC
(N.D. Cal. May 14, 2010, No. 10-00317 CW) 2010 U.S.Dist. Lexis 47738. In
Dreyer’s, the parties entered into a credit agreement for the distribution of ice
cream products, whereby the defendants agreed to “pay all amounts due” to
the plaintiff. (Id. at *1.) According to the subject complaint, the defendants
had an outstanding balance of $233,081.21, which appeared to be the sum of
amounts due on multiple invoices, although only one of those invoices fell
within the limitations period. (Ibid.) In denying defendant ICD’s motion to
dismiss the breach of contract claim on statute of limitations grounds, the
court applied the rule of delayed commencement in light of the complaint’s
allegations that all the invoices were issued pursuant to the credit
agreement; that the parties had contracted for credit, not products; and that
the plaintiff chose to extend credit to the defendants until the final invoice
became due. (Id. at *3–4.) Unlike the credit agreement in Dreyer’s that the
defendants pay “all amounts due” (id. at *1), the terms of the Agreement here
required a discrete payment amount (the amount of the invoice) within a
discrete time period (30 days). Moreover, like the situation in Armstrong



                                          9
Petroleum, the nature of the Agreement for consignment lends itself more
readily to divisible payment obligations than the credit agreement in
Dreyer’s. On this record, the Dreyer’s decision is not persuasive.
      In sum, Eloquence has not shown the existence of a triable issue of
material fact pertaining to the timeliness of the breach of contract cause of
action.
      C. Open Book Account Cause of Action
      Eloquence’s second cause of action is based on the allegations that it
provided consigned goods to HCC on an open book account and that HCC
owes $64,085 on that account.
      The term “book account” is defined by statute to mean “a detailed
statement which constitutes the principal record of one or more transactions
between a debtor and a creditor arising out of a contract or some fiduciary
relation, and shows the debits and credits in connection therewith, and
against whom and in favor of whom entries are made, is entered in the
regular course of business as conducted by such creditor or fiduciary, and is
kept in a reasonably permanent form and manner and is (1) in a bound book,
or (2) on a sheet or sheets fastened in a book or to backing but detachable
therefrom, or (3) on a card or cards of a permanent character, or is kept in
any other reasonably permanent form and manner.” (§ 337a.) A book
account is “open” where a balance remains due on the account. (Interstate
Group Administrators, Inc. v. Cravens, Dargan & Co. (1985) 174 Cal.App.3d
700, 708.)
      Relying on the general rule that an express contract is not an open
book account, respondents argue summary judgment is appropriate on this
cause of action because there is no evidence supporting the creation of an




                                      10
open book account. Eloquence counters that an exception to the general rule
applies here. We turn to the general rule first.
            1. General Rule Regarding Express Contracts
      “An express contract, which defines the duties and liabilities of the
parties, whether it be oral or written, is not, as a rule, an open account.”
(Durkin v. Durkin (1955) 133 Cal.App.2d 283, 290.) This general rule has
been applied in cases where money is owed pursuant to the terms of an
express contract. (E.g., H. Russell Taylor’s Fire Prevention Serv., Inc. v. Coca
Cola Bottling Corp. (1979) 99 Cal.App.3d 711, 728 [finding plaintiff barred
from asserting open book account theory to recover money owed for delivery
of fire extinguishers where parties had an oral agreement]; Tillson v. Peters
(1940) 41 Cal.App.2d 671, 679 [rejecting book account theory in suit for
unpaid rent where lease specified exact installments of rent].) Here, the
Agreement is an express contract that specifically defines HCC’s obligation to
pay the specified amount of each invoice within a specified time period,
including payment of the two invoices at issue here. We thus conclude
respondents have met their burden of establishing that Eloquence’s open
book account cause of action has no merit under this general rule. We now
turn to the question of whether an exception to the general rule applies.
            2. Exception for Contrary Agreement
      The foregoing general rule is subject to the exception that an open book
account cause of action may lie where the parties had agreed to treat money
due under an express contract as items under an open book account. (Parker
v. Shell Oil Co. (1946) 29 Cal.2d 503, 507.) As one court put it, under
California law, “moneys due under an express contract cannot be recovered in
an action on an ‘open book account’ in the absence of a contrary agreement




                                       11
between the parties.” (Armstrong Petroleum, supra, 116 Cal.App.4th at
p. 1395, fn. 9, italics added.)
      What constitutes a “contrary agreement” sufficient to meet the
exception? Eloquence argues an express agreement is not necessary;
respondents disagree. In Warda v. Schmidt (1956) 146 Cal.App.2d 234, the
court held that “parties to a written or oral contract may, by agreement or
conduct, provide that monies due under such contract shall be the subject of
an account between them.” (Warda, at p. 237, italics added.) Like other
courts, we are persuaded by Warda that an express contract is unnecessary.
(E.g., H. Russell Taylor’s Fire Prevention Serv., Inc., supra, 99 Cal.App.3d at
p. 728 [“A book account is created by the agreement or conduct of the parties
in a commercial transaction.”]) We must now ascertain whether Eloquence
has shown a triable issue of fact on that point.
      Eloquence identifies four documents in the record that, in its view,
show agreement or conduct evidencing an open book account: (1) an
“Accounts Receivable Statement” dated August 7, 2017 that lists the two
unpaid invoices from 2009; (2) a “billing history” that lists all of the invoices
to HCC; (3) a computer printout generated in December 2018 that lists all of
the invoices to HCC; and (4) a computer printout generated in December
2018 that lists the two unpaid invoices from 2009. For the reasons below, we
conclude these documents are insufficient to create a triable issue of fact.
      As indicated, a book account is defined as “a detailed statement which
constitutes the principal record” of transactions between the parties.
(§ 337a.) Here, the monthly sales and biannual reconciliation invoices were
the principal records of the parties’ transactions. The four documents
submitted by Eloquence listed various invoices sent to HCC, serving to track
the status of the principal records, i.e., the invoices. As such, the four



                                        12
documents were merely secondary or incidental records that do not establish
a book account. “The mere recording in a book of transactions or the
incidental keeping of accounts under an express contract does not of itself
create a book account.” (H. Russell Taylor’s Fire Prevention Serv., Inc., supra,
99 Cal.App.3d at p. 728.) Indeed, courts have explicitly rejected such
“incidental keeping of accounts” as impermissible vehicles for attempting an
end-run around the statute of limitations for a written contract. (Leighton v.
Forster (2017) 8 Cal.App.5th 467, 494; Warda, supra, 146 Cal.App.2d at
p. 237 [“Such memoranda cannot be utilized under the guise of a book
account as a device to extend the statute of limitations beyond the time it
would run on the contractual obligation.”].)
      Moreover, an open book account must be a detailed statement that is
“entered in the regular course of business.” (§ 337a.) Here, the date on the
Accounts Receivable Statement indicates the document was created almost
eight years after the invoices were issued, more than one year after Eloquence
allegedly terminated the Agreement with HCC, and merely one day before
Eloquence filed its complaint in this action. The “billing history” spreadsheet
and the two 2018 computer printouts also appear to have been prepared for
litigation. (See Tsemetzin v. Coast Federal Savings & Loan Assn. (1997) 57
Cal.App.4th 1334, 1343 [finding a document failed the definition of a book
account where it was prepared for use in opposing summary judgment
motion].) None of these documents evidences an open book account kept in
the regular course of Eloquence’s business.
      Eloquence has not shown that a triable issue exists on its open book
account cause of action.2

2      In light of this conclusion, we need not address respondents’ argument
that the judgment as to Eloquence’s open book account cause of action should
be affirmed on two alternative grounds: (1) the cause of action necessarily

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                                  DISPOSITION
      The judgment is affirmed. Respondents are entitled to their costs on
appeal. (Cal. Rules of Court, rule 8.278(a)(1), (2).)




fails because the Agreement is not a credit agreement; and (2) the cause of
action is time-barred because it is subject to a four-year statute of limitations.

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                                 _________________________
                                 Fujisaki, J.


WE CONCUR:


_________________________
Siggins, P. J.


_________________________
Jackson, J.




A156925




                            15
Eloquence Corporation v. Home Consignment Center et al.

(A156925)


Trial Court: Contra Costa County




Trial Judge: Hon. Jill C. Fannin




Attorneys:
             Monroe Law Firm and James S. Monroe for Plaintiff and
             Appellant.


             Gordon, Rees, Scully, Mansukhani, Jordan S. Altura, and Quyen
             Thi Le for Defendants and Respondents.




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