                                                                            FILED
                           NOT FOR PUBLICATION
                                                                            AUG 15 2018
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                       MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                          U.S. COURT OF APPEALS


                            FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT


UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                        No.   17-50147

              Plaintiff-Appellee,                D.C. No.
                                                 2:16-cr-00055-CAS-1
 v.

BRITTANY MARIE GRIGSBY,                          MEMORANDUM*

              Defendant-Appellant.


                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                       for the Central District of California
                   Christina A. Snyder, District Judge, Presiding

                        Argued and Submitted July 12, 2018
                               Pasadena, California

Before: BERZON, FISHER,** and WATFORD, Circuit Judges.

      Defendant-Appellant Brittany Marie Grigsby (“Grigsby”) appeals from the

denial of her motion to suppress evidence gathered from a police encounter and

subsequent vehicle search. We affirm the district court.


      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
      **
            The Honorable D. Michael Fisher, United States Circuit Judge for the
U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit, sitting by designation.
1.    Grigsby’s initial encounter with Police Officer Atkinson (“Officer

Atkinson”) did not amount to a seizure. An officer seizes an individual for Fourth

Amendment purposes if “‘taking into account all of the circumstances surrounding

the encounter, the police conduct would have communicated to a reasonable person

that he was not at liberty to ignore the police presence and go about his business.’”

United States v. Washington, 490 F.3d 765, 769 (9th Cir. 2007) (quoting Florida v.

Bostick, 501 U.S. 429, 437 (1991)).

      A reasonable person in Grigsby’s circumstances would have felt free to

leave the encounter. Here, Grigsby was the one who initiated the encounter by

approaching the police officers on a public sidewalk and asked to pick up Mr. Soto,

whom they were questioning at the time. Without restraining or obstructing

Grigsby in any way, Officer Atkinson “instructed [her] to return to her vehicle and

wait until [he came to] speak with her.” Grigsby then returned to her vehicle, also

in a public space and seemingly outside the view of the officers. Nothing prevented

her from driving away. Officer Atkinson’s instruction, without more, does not

transform the encounter into a seizure. In context, Officer Atkinson issued only a

condition for picking up Mr. Soto: If Grigsby wished to leave with Mr. Soto, she




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had to wait until the officers were finished questioning him. If not, she was free to

leave.1

2.    Grigsby’s rental car was properly impounded under the community

caretaking exception to the Fourth Amendment’s warrant requirement. “Whether

an impoundment is warranted under [the] community caretaking doctrine depends

on the location of the vehicle and the police officers’ duty to prevent it from

creating a hazard to other drivers or being a target for vandalism or theft.” Miranda

v. City of Cornelius, 429 F.3d 858, 864 (9th Cir. 2005). We have repeatedly held

that the community caretaking exception can justify impoundment of an arrestee’s

vehicle from a private parking lot to protect it from vandalism. See Ramirez v. City

of Buena Park, 560 F.3d 1012, 1025 (9th Cir. 2009); Hallstrom v. City of Garden

City, 991 F.2d 1473, 1477 n.4 (9th Cir.1993).

      This case is no different. As the district court found, Officer Atkinson

impounded the vehicle because it would be subject to towing if left in the private

7-Eleven parking lot and because it might be vandalized or stolen in the high crime




      1
        Grigsby argued for the first time on appeal that the seizure continued when
Officer Atkinson subsequently approached Grigsby near her vehicle and asked for
her name and date of birth. Because we conclude that Grigsby was not initially
seized, her seizure could not have continued when Officer Atkinson asked for
identifying information.
                                           3
area where it was parked. These findings — uncontested by Grigsby — sufficiently

justify the impoundment.

3.    Officer Atkinson’s warrantless search of the impounded rental vehicle was

justified by the automobile exception to the Fourth Amendment’s warrant

requirement.2 At the time Officer Atkinson initiated the search, he was within his

authority to do so pursuant to an inventory search. “A lawfully impounded vehicle

may be searched for the purpose of determining its condition and contents at the

time of impounding” so long as the search is conducted “pursuant to standard

police procedures that are aimed at protecting the owner’s property and at

protecting the police from the owner charging them with having stolen, lost, or

damaged his property.” United States v. Caseres, 533 F.3d 1064, 1074 (9th Cir.

2008). El Monte Police Department (“EMPD”) procedures provide: “All property

in a stored or impounded vehicle shall be inventoried and listed on the vehicle

storage form. This includes the trunk and any compartments or containers, even if

closed and/or locked.” On appeal, Grigsby does not contest that Officer Atkinson

initiated the vehicle search with a purpose to inventory its contents, rather than to



      2
       Although the Government did not raise this argument on appeal, they did so
before the district court, and we may affirm the district court’s decision on any
ground supported by the record. See Cassirer v. Thyssen-Bornemisza Collection
Found., 862 F.3d 951, 974 (9th Cir. 2017), cert. denied, 138 S. Ct. 1992 (2018).
                                           4
investigate criminal activity. Officer Atkinson was therefore justified in entering

the vehicle and opening the bag located on the front passenger seat.

      Once Officer Atkinson discovered credit cards with names of different

people in that bag, he was justified in searching the rest of the vehicle under the

automobile exception. The automobile exception allows police to “conduct a

warrantless search of a vehicle if there is probable cause to believe that the vehicle

contains evidence of a crime.” United States v. Brooks, 610 F.3d 1186, 1193 (9th

Cir. 2010). Here, it was reasonable for Officer Atkinson to conclude that the

vehicle would contain additional evidence of identity theft. He had found such

evidence immediately upon searching the vehicle and also, before continuing the

search, he spotted pieces of mail not belonging to Grigsby in another open bag on

the floor of the passenger seat.

      The fact that Officer Atkinson did not follow EMPD inventory policy by

listing all property found in the vehicle storage form does not affect the propriety

of the vehicle search after he developed probable cause that the vehicle would




                                           5
contain more evidence of identity theft.3 At that point, whether a valid inventory

search or not, the search was independently justified under the automobile

exception.

      AFFIRMED.




      3
        EMPD policy also notes that “inventory searches should be as thorough and
accurate as practical in preparing an itemized inventory.” The Government
contends that although Officer Atkinson did not inventory every item in Grigsby’s
car, his search nonetheless complied with EMPD policy because it was “practical”
under the circumstances. If the search was indeed performed in such a manner, it
might comply with EMPD policy. But because we conclude the search was
justified by the automobile exception, we do not reach this argument.
                                          6
                                                                           FILED
United States v. Grigsby, No. 17-50147                                     AUG 15 2018
                                                                        MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
BERZON, Circuit Judge, concurring in part and dissenting in part:        U.S. COURT OF APPEALS



      I agree with the majority that Grigsby’s encounter with EMPD officers did

not amount to a seizure within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment and that the

impoundment of her rental car was proper under the community caretaking

doctrine. However, I dissent from the majority’s holding that the subsequent search

of her car was a valid search under the automobile exception.

      The majority holds that Officer Atkinson initiated a valid inventory search,

and then—upon discovering incriminating evidence in the car—was justified in

continuing the search under the automobile exception to the Fourth Amendment’s

warrant requirement. But the majority errs in the first step. The initiation of the

search cannot be justified as an inventory search. Officer Atkinson never intended

to follow, nor did he follow, EMPD’s standard inventory procedures.

“[W]arrantless inventory searches of vehicles are lawful only if conducted

pursuant to standard police procedures.” United States v. Caseres, 533 F.3d 1064,

1074 (9th Cir. 2008); see also United States v. Cervantes, 703 F.3d 1135, 1141

(9th Cir. 2012). According to EMPD’s inventory policy, “[a]ll property in a stored

or impounded vehicle shall be inventoried and listed on the vehicle storage form.”

EMPD Policy Manual § 510.4 (emphasis added).




                                           1
         Officer Atkinson admitted to applying an entirely different policy. He stated

that he was looking for only high-value items in Grigsby’s car. The officer did not

just overlook a few stray things; he inventoried an entirely separate category of

items than the policy required.

         The failure to follow standard inventory procedures rendered the inventory

search unlawful from the outset. We do not apply a different standard to the

initiation of an inventory search and its continuation. It is the requirement that

officers conduct searches consistent with standard procedures that ensures that

such searches are not “a ruse for a general rummaging in order to discover

incriminating evidence.” Florida v. Wells, 495 U.S. 1, 4 (1990). Following

standard inventory procedures constrains officers ex ante from turning inventory

searches into general means of discovering evidence of crime. Deviation from such

procedures indicates that an impermissible purpose motivated the search in the first

place.

         Further, Officer Atkinson testified that the inventory search did not end after

he found the bag containing the incriminating bank cards, but continued as he

searched the rest of the car. He was therefore obligated to follow standard EMPD

policy and inventory all items.

         The majority’s holding will allow police officers to enter an individual’s car

without a warrant and without regard to standard police procedures in their search

                                            2
for incriminating evidence. Any evidence found then retroactively justifies the

initial search. Because this approach gets the Fourth Amendment backwards, see

Osborn v. United States, 385 U.S. 323, 343-44 (1966) (“[I]llegal searches and

seizures . . . . [are] indicative of a philosophy that the ends justify the means.”), I

respectfully dissent.




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