                                                                           FILED
                                                               United States Court of Appeals
                                                                       Tenth Circuit

                                                                       July 28, 2009
                      UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                   Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                                       Clerk of Court
                                 TENTH CIRCUIT
                            __________________________

 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

          Plaintiff - Appellee,

 v.                                                        No. 08-1478
                                                            (D. Colo.)
 MICHAEL JAY SHIDLER,                           (D.Ct. No. 1:04-CR-00354-REB-1)

          Defendant - Appellant.


                              ORDER AND JUDGMENT *


Before HARTZ, McKAY, and O’BRIEN, Circuit Judges.



      After examining the briefs and the appellate record, this panel has

determined unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist the

determination of this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G).

Therefore, this case is ordered submitted without oral argument.

      Michael Jay Shidler was sentenced to 6 months imprisonment after the

district court revoked his supervised release. He complains he was denied a


      *
         This order and judgment is not binding precedent. 10th Cir. R. 32.1(A). Citation
to orders and judgments is not prohibited. Fed. R. App. 32.1. But it is discouraged,
except when related to law of the case, issue preclusion or claim preclusion. Any citation
to an order and judgment must be accompanied by an appropriate parenthetical notation --
(unpublished). 10th Cir. R. 32.1(A).
revocation hearing and the sentence imposed is unreasonable. We affirm.

                                I. BACKGROUND

      Shidler, a former Colorado attorney, pled guilty to Evasion of Payment of

Tax and aiding and abetting the same in violation of 26 U.S.C. § 7201 and 18

U.S.C. § 2. The parties entered into a plea agreement pursuant to Rule

11(c)(1)(C) of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure whereby the government

agreed to recommend a sentence of 2 months imprisonment. Although the

advisory guideline range was 21 to 27 months imprisonment, the district court

accepted the parties’ agreement and sentenced Shidler to 2 months imprisonment

and a 3-year term of supervised release, to include an 8 month period of home

detention with electronic monitoring. It also imposed a $22,000 fine to be paid

during his supervised release term in monthly installments of at least $150.

Shidler’s period of supervised release began on December 21, 2006.

      On November 16, 2007, Shidler’s probation officer filed a “Petition on

Supervised Release” alleging six technical violations of Shidler’s release

conditions: (1) leaving the District of Colorado without the probation officer’s or

court’s permission; (2) failing to make a payment on his fine for six months; (3)

failing to timely report to his probation officer for six scheduled meetings; (4)

failing to comply with the rules of electronic monitoring by returning to his

residence late on five occasions; (5) failing to pay the costs of electronic

monitoring; and (6) commingling personal and business funds. He recommended

                                         -2-
Shidler’s supervised release be revoked and Shidler be sentenced to 6 months

imprisonment.

      On March 14, 2008, the court held a hearing on the petition to revoke

supervised release. The following colloquy occurred between the court and

defense counsel:

      THE COURT: . . . [A]re you authorized to state for the record
      whether Mr. Shidler admits or denies the allegations enumerated and
      made the focus of the instant petition?

      [DEFENSE COUNSEL]: I believe I am, your Honor.

      THE COURT: Very well.
                                       ....



      THE COURT: . . . As you know, there are six enumerated violations.
      May I have the defendant’s position with respect to each or all of
      [them].

      [DEFENSE COUNSEL]: You Honor, we have reviewed the
      supervised violation report which was prepared by [the] probation
      officer . . . . We have reviewed it and discussed it, and it’s my
      understanding that Mr. Shidler is agreeing to plead guilty to each of
      the violations alleged. And those are specifically violations 1
      through 6 in the supervised release violation report.

      THE COURT: Very well. And thank you. I presume that the
      admissions of the defendant via counsel are sufficient for purposes of
      the government, vis-à-vis the instant petition. Is that correct . . . ?

      [GOVERNMENT COUNSEL]: That’s correct, your Honor.

      THE COURT: Very well. I would therefore propose to now
      transform this hearing into a dispositional hearing.


                                        -3-
(R. Vol. II at 4-5.)

       As to the appropriate disposition, Shidler requested continuation of his

supervised release. He also requested a four to six month continuation of the

hearing during which time he would be monitored for compliance with his

supervised release conditions. He claimed he was entitled to this relief because

he had admitted his guilt and there existed mitigating circumstances, including

the fact he was currently working as a tax return preparer, had made payments

towards his fine, had appeared (albeit untimely) for his appointments with his

probation officer, had since paid for his electronic monitoring and now had

separate personal and business bank accounts.

       The probation officer modified his initial recommendation of 6 months

imprisonment, requesting instead that the hearing be continued for approximately

four months during which time Shidler’s compliance with his supervised release

conditions would be closely monitored. If, at the end of the four month period,

Shidler had fully complied with the conditions, the officer would withdraw the

petition. The government did not oppose the officer’s request. The court

continued the hearing for four months, stating at that time it would either conduct

a dispositional hearing based on Shidler’s admissions or entertain a motion by the

probation officer to withdraw the petition. The court warned:

       Mr. Shidler, make no mistake, I am not going to babysit you, and I
       am not going to require [the probation officer] to babysit you. Now,
       apparently you have had sufficient time to understand and comply

                                         -4-
       with your conditions of supervised release. They don’t involve
       rocket science. They don’t involve extraordinary action or conduct
       on you either by way of commission or omission. Now, you will
       either get it right and keep it right, sir, over the next four months or
       bring your toothbrush. You will be going to prison. And I can’t be
       any [plainer] than that. In the meantime, good luck to you.

(Id. at 12.)

       Shidler failed to submit monthly supervision reports in August and

September 2008 and to make monthly payments of his fine. Consequently, the

parties reappeared for a dispositional hearing on December 8, 2008. Shidler’s

attorney argued the court should not revoke Shidler’s supervised release. He

claimed Shidler submitted the monthly reports when requested by his probation

officer and the reason he failed to submit them on time was due to his Attention

Deficit Disorder (ADD). He also said that although Shidler did not make a

payment on his fine each month, the total amount of payments he made on his

fine over the course of being on supervised release averaged $350 per month.

Counsel sought home confinement so Shidler could continue to work.

       Shidler also provided a statement under oath. He said he mailed the

October supervision report on November 3 and he borrowed money to make a

payment to his fine in November because he was sick and unable to work. He

also said he made payments on the last day of June and July but they did not clear

the bank until the next day so they appeared late. He claimed he took medication

for both ADD and depression “but when [he is] under stress and pressure no


                                           -5-
amount of medication is really going to be helpful.” (R. Vol. III at 17.) He never

intended not to comply with his supervised release conditions; “[t]here have just

been problems that were beyond [his] control.” (Id. at 18.) He also sought to

explain charges made to his business account which appeared to be personal in

nature. The court responded:

       What . . . I am not hearing [is] an apology to the court, I am not
       hearing any acceptance of responsibility for the violations that bring
       us to court today . . . . And I am not hearing any apologies to the
       court for the errors that have been made for which you have these
       many excuses. And Mr. Shidler, indeed, I am troubled by that. But
       if you need to complete the record, and item by item offer some type
       of business expense, I will let you on a brief basis.

(Id. at 20.)

       Shidler said:

       Um, I really hadn’t intended, your Honor, to try to rebut what was
       claimed against me because it really doesn’t get us [any]where.
                                       ....

       I didn’t intend to violate these [conditions]. . . . And I have made my
       best effort . . . to comply . . . .
                                           ....

       I would just ask the court [to] give me the opportunity to pay off the
       fine, show that I can file the reports and comply with the
       requirements . . . of my probation and . . . work with my parole
       officers as they wish me to do so. That’s all I want to do. It’s what I
       thought I was doing. And to the extent that my conduct or behavior
       doesn’t show that, I apologize to the court [as well as to the
       prosecutor and my probation officers]. I certainly don’t want to
       blame my behavior on my medical condition [ADD and depression].
       It certainly contributes to that . . . . I probably should have put
       mechanisms in place to help me prevent that. To help me be more
       consistent with what I was doing.

                                          -6-
(Id. at 20-25.)

      The probation officer recommended 6 months imprisonment and the

government supported this recommendation. The government argued Shidler had

received a significant reduction from the advisory guideline range at sentencing,

had shown a blatant disregard for the conditions of his release and had already

been given the opportunity to comply with the conditions of his supervised

release and had failed to do so.

      The court found Shidler, through counsel, had previously admitted to the

six violations of his supervised release conditions and a factual basis existed for

each, as well as for those violations occurring since the March hearing. The court

noted the guideline range was 3 to 9 months imprisonment and the maximum term

of additional supervised release was 3 years. It determined revocation of

Shidler’s supervised release was warranted under 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(1), (2) and

was consistent with the pertinent policy statements of the United States

Sentencing Commission. It determined a 6 month term of imprisonment, without

the imposition of an additional term of supervised release, was appropriate. It

explained:

      Since sentence was imposed in this case, everyone, except for
      [Shidler], has made extraordinary efforts. [The probation officer]
      has been extremely patient, indulgent, with Mr. Shidler.

      I am thinking back over my twenty years on the bench and
      conducting sentencing proceedings, revocation proceedings,

                                         -7-
      dispositional proceedings, sentencing proceedings, and I don’t have a
      memory of giving a person as many chances as the court has given
      Mr. Shidler in this case.

      That simultaneously is both a virtue and a fault. At the end of the
      proverbial day, Mr. Shidler complies when and how he chooses. Too
      many times [he] complies only when essentially forced to do so,
      either by his probation officer or by the court.

      I am struck in a negative way by a grown man with a law degree, a
      tax preparer, who cites as an excuse, not as an explanation, but as an
      excuse, his inability to attend to the minimum detail necessary to
      comply with the facile conditions of supervised release imposed on
      him in this case.
                                          ....

      And Mr. Shidler, for you to represent with a straight face to the court
      that you are unable to prepare the reports that are required of you in
      this case in a complete and on-time basis, I am sorry, sir, falls on
      deaf ears.
                                        ....

      At the time of sentencing, and again at the time of the initial hearing
      on this petition, some approximate nine months ago, Mr. Shidler, I
      warned you that nothing short of compliance with your conditions of
      supervision would spare the scenario before us today.

      However, all matters in mitigation, and there are some in mitigation,
      convince me that I should not impose a sentence, as I was initially
      inclined to do so, at the top or beyond the top of the advisory
      sentencing guideline range.

(Id. at 33-36.)

                                II. DISCUSSION

      Shidler says the district court violated his due process rights by denying

him his right to a formal revocation hearing. He also asserts the court’s




                                         -8-
revocation of his supervised release and imposition of a 6 month sentence was

unreasonable. 1

A. Revocation Hearing

        Shidler claims the court erred in not holding a formal revocation hearing.

He says he never validly waived his right to a hearing as the court failed to

inform him of his rights under Rule 32.1 of the Federal Rules of Criminal

Procedure and the consequences of a waiver of those rights. The court also erred

in finding he pled guilty to the violations because he did not personally enter a

plea and his counsel’s statement concerning his guilt was equivocal. Indeed,

when asked whether he had the authority to enter a guilty plea on Shidler’s

behalf, counsel stated only that he “believed” he was authorized to enter a guilty

plea.

        Because Shidler did not object to the lack of a formal revocation hearing in

the district court, we review for plain error. See United States v. Fay, 547 F.3d

1231, 1234 (10th Cir. 2008). “Plain error occurs when there is (1) error, (2) that

is plain, which (3) affects substantial rights, and which (4) seriously affects the



        1
         According to the government’s brief, Shidler is projected to be released on
August 8, 2009. Therefore, he is still in prison and this case is not moot. See United
States v. Meyers, 200 F.3d 715, 721-22 (10th Cir. 2000) (“[W]hen a defendant appeals the
revocation of his supervised release and resulting imprisonment and has completed that
term of imprisonment, the potential impact of the revocation order and sentence on
possible later sentencing proceedings does not constitute a sufficient collateral
consequence to defeat mootness.”).

                                          -9-
fairness, integrity, or public reputation of judicial proceedings.” United States v.

Gonzalez-Huerta, 403 F.3d 727, 732 (10th Cir. 2005) (quotations omitted).

      Rule 32.1(b)(2) of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure sets forth the

rights of a defendant at a revocation hearing:

      Unless waived by the person, the court must hold the revocation
      hearing within a reasonable time in the district having jurisdiction.
      The person is entitled to:

             (A)    written notice of the alleged violation;

             (B)    disclosure of the evidence against the person;

             (C)    an opportunity to appear, present evidence, and question
                    any adverse witness unless the court determines that the
                    interest of justice does not require the witness to appear;

             (D)    notice of the person’s right to retain counsel or to
                    request that counsel be appointed if the person cannot
                    obtain counsel; and

             (E)    an opportunity to make a statement and present any
                    information in mitigation.

“Under [this rule], the defendant has the implicit right to admit his guilt or to

contest the alleged violation of the terms of his supervised release. But, there is

no requirement . . . that the court ascertain directly from the Defendant in open

court whether he wanted to plead guilty to the allegations of supervised release

violations.” Fay, 547 F.3d at 1234 (citation and quotations omitted). When a

defendant admits guilt, a full revocation hearing is not necessary. Id. Whether a

defendant admitted guilt is determined by the totality of the circumstances. See


                                         -10-
id. at 1235.

      In Fay, the probation office filed a petition to revoke Fay’s supervised

release for violating the conditions of his release. At the revocation hearing, the

district court found Fay had violated the conditions of his supervised release,

revoked his supervised release and sentenced him to a term of imprisonment. On

appeal, Fay claimed the court erred by not requiring him to admit his guilt at the

revocation hearing. We concluded no plain error occurred because the totality of

the circumstances demonstrated Fay had admitted to violating the conditions of

his supervised release. Id. In his sentencing memorandum, he admitted to the

facts contained in the Petition on Supervised Release. Id. at 1234. He also had

pled guilty in state court to charges based on the same conduct. Id. at 1235.

Prior to sentencing on the violation of supervised release, he alluded to his guilt,

saying “Your honor, every day that I’ve been locked up I kick myself in the butt

for what I did . . . . I have no excuse for what I did. I can’t justify what I did.”

Id. (quotations omitted). Moreover, Fay did not object when his counsel told the

district court at the revocation hearing there was no reason not to proceed to

sentencing even though the government had not presented any evidence and Fay

had not expressly admitted the violations in open court. Id.; see also United

States v. Farrell, 393 F.3d 498, 500 (4th Cir. 2005) (concluding defendant had

knowingly and voluntarily admitted to violating the conditions of her supervised

release where defense counsel stated, in defendant’s presence and without

                                          -11-
objection, that defendant admitted to the alleged technical violations and where

defendant apologized to the court and attempted to explain why she failed to

comply with the conditions of her supervised release); United States v. Tapia-

Escalera, 356 F.3d 181, 184 (1st Cir. 2004) (rejecting defendant’s argument that

he did not violate the conditions of his supervised release where the

circumstances showed he understood the charges, there was ample evidence of the

violations, and he had failed to object to his counsel informing the court he was

not going to contest the allegations).

      In this case, Shidler did not personally admit to violating the terms of his

supervised release conditions in open court. However, the totality of the

circumstances unequivocally demonstrates his tacit admission; he waived his right

to a formal revocation hearing. Both Shidler and his attorney received the

Petition on Supervised Release listing the alleged violations. At the revocation

hearing, Shidler’s attorney informed the court he “believe[d]” he had the

authority “to state for the record whether Mr. Shidler admit[ted] or den[ied] the

allegations” and then stated it was his understanding “Mr. Shidler [was] agreeing

to plead guilty to each of the violations alleged.” (R. Vol. II at 4-5.) Admittedly,

counsel’s statements were equivocal. The test, however, is the totality of the

circumstances. And those circumstances reveal no objection by Shidler, a former

attorney, to counsel’s statements. Nor did he object to the court’s subsequent

statement that due to his admission it was transforming the revocation hearing

                                         -12-
into a dispositional hearing. Also, one of the reasons Shidler cited for claiming

he was entitled to a continuance of the dispositional hearing was his admission of

guilt. Moreover, in his colloquy with the court at the dispositional hearing,

Shidler admitted he submitted late reports and payments of his fine and “[he]

didn’t intend to violate” his supervised release conditions. (R. Vol. III at 21.)

      No plain error occurred.

B. Sentence

      Shidler claims revocation of his supervised release and imposition of a

prison term were not necessary to deter further criminal conduct or to protect the

public from further crimes under 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(2) (B), (C) because he had

already served his sentence for his criminal conduct and had not committed any

additional crimes. He also argues that the alleged violations of the terms of his

supervised release concerned his ability to timely perform them due to his ADD

as opposed to not performing them at all and therefore summary revocation and

imprisonment did not reasonably reflect the seriousness of the offense under §

3553. Consequently, revocation and imprisonment do not advance the goals of 18

U.S.C. § 3582—correction and rehabilitation. In sum, considering the nature of

his violations and the other options available to the court, revocation and

imprisonment were not reasonable.

      When a defendant violates a condition of his supervised release, the district

court may, as the court did here, revoke the term of supervised release and impose

                                         -13-
prison time. 18 U.S.C. § 3583(e)(3). In imposing a sentence following

revocation of supervised release, a sentencing court is required to consider both

the policy statements contained in Chapter 7 of the sentencing guidelines, as well

as a number of the factors set forth in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a). Id.; see also United

States v. Cordova, 461 F.3d 1184, 1188 (10th Cir. 2006). Those factors include:

      The nature and circumstances of the offense; the history and
      characteristics of the defendant; the need for the sentence imposed to
      afford adequate deterrence, protect the public, and provide the
      defendant with needed educational or vocational training, medical
      care or other correctional treatment in the most effective manner;
      pertinent guidelines; pertinent policy statements; the need to avoid
      unwanted sentence disparities; and the need to provide restitution.

Cordova, 461 F.3d at 1188-89 (quotations omitted). “The sentencing court,

however, is not required to consider individually each factor listed in § 3553(a),

nor is it required to recite any magic words to show us that it fulfilled its

responsibility to be mindful of the factors that Congress has instructed it to

consider before issuing a sentence.” Id. (quotations omitted). We will overturn a

sentence imposed as a result of a violation of supervised release only if it is

“plainly unreasonable.” United States v. Kelley, 359 F.3d 1302, 1304 (10th Cir.

2004) (quotations omitted).

      Shidler’s sentence is both procedurally and substantively reasonable. The

district court arrived at Shidler’s sentence after considering the policy statements

of Chapter 7 and the relevant factors set forth in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a). The court

emphasized Shidler’s history of noncompliance with the conditions of his

                                          -14-
supervised release despite being given numerous opportunities to comply. It also

observed the need to sanction Shidler for the ongoing breach of trust resulting

from his failure to comply with these conditions. Moreover, the court noted it

had initially sentenced Shidler to 2 months imprisonment, an “extraordinarily

lenient and merciful” sentence—the bottom of the advisory guideline range was

21 months. (Id. at 29.) And, while the court was initially inclined to impose a

sentence at the top of the advisory guideline range, it declined to do so in light of

the mitigating factors. The sentence suggests the court decided accountability,

rather than repeated lenity, had become necessary.

      Shidler was given the opportunity to avoid a lengthy term of imprisonment

twice—first at his initial sentencing and then when the court allowed him a

second chance to comply with the conditions of his supervised release. As the

court pointed out, those conditions were “not extraordinary” and very little was

required of him to comply. (Id. at 31.) Nevertheless, Shidler failed. Under these

circumstances, a 6 month term of imprisonment is not plainly unreasonable.

      AFFIRMED.



                                        Entered by the Court:

                                        Terrence L. O’Brien
                                        United States Circuit Judge




                                         -15-
