                                                                 NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                            FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                                ______________

                                       No. 13-3426
                                     ______________

                            UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

                                             v.

                                 KASSAR J. CHITOLIE,
                                      a/k/a Fnu Lnu,
                                      a/k/a Out Cast,
                                 a/k/a Sealed Defendant

                                    Kassar J. Chitolie,
                                                     Appellant

                                     ______________

                       APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT
                               OF THE VIRGIN ISLANDS
                              (D.C. No. 3-11-cr-00016-010)
                       District Judge: Honorable Curtis V. Gomez
                                    ______________

                   Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a)
                                 December 12, 2014
                                  ______________

            Before: CHAGARES, JORDAN, and SHWARTZ, Circuit Judges.
                               ______________

                                        OPINION
                                     ______________

SHWARTZ, Circuit Judge.

       
        This disposition is not an opinion of the full court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does
not constitute binding precedent.
       Kassar Chitolie appeals his judgment of conviction and sentence. For the reasons

that follow, we will affirm.

                                             I

       This case involves a drug distribution conspiracy in which Chitolie sold marijuana

and cocaine to Herbert Ferguson, who then sold drugs to others. At trial, Ferguson

testified that he bought marijuana from Chitolie, who he also knew as “Outcast,” App.

456, two times per month in quantities “no less than a quarter pound[ and] no more than a

half a pound,” App. 544. The jury also heard wiretapped conversations between

Ferguson and Chitolie about Chitolie’s marijuana sales. In several calls, they discussed

transactions involving “one girl,” “Bob Marley,” “green hat,” “T-shirts,” “green

Christmas tree,” “Reggie,” and “Popcorn,” all of which, Ferguson explained, were code

words for marijuana. App. 650-52, 654-55. In other calls, Ferguson spoke with his son

about meeting Chitolie to complete a marijuana purchase.

       Ferguson also testified about Chitolie’s cocaine sales and the jury heard

wiretapped conversations about them. On one call, Chitolie told Ferguson that Chitolie

had an “8-ball,” code for four and a half ounces of cocaine, to supply to Ferguson. App.

653. On another call, Ferguson told Chitolie that he did not want “[t]he plate of food

[Chitolie was] sending” to be “cook[ed]” and that Chitolie should “[j]ust send the food

raw.” App. 654. Ferguson explained that he was telling Chitolie that he did not want

cocaine base, but rather cocaine powder.

       The jury convicted Chitolie of violating 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1), 843(b), and 846.
                                             2
The District Court sentenced him to concurrent terms of twenty-seven months’

imprisonment for each of the counts as well as concurrent terms of supervised release.

Chitolie appeals.

                                             II1

                                              A

       Chitolie’s assertion that there was insufficient evidence to support his convictions

for conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute and possession with intent to distribute

is without merit.2 To prove a conspiracy of the sort alleged here, the Government must

show “(1) a shared unity of purpose; (2) an intent to achieve a common illegal goal; and

(3) an agreement to work toward that goal.” United States v. Caraballo-Rodriguez, 726

F.3d 418, 425 (3d Cir. 2013) (en banc).3 It “need not prove that each defendant knew all

of the conspiracy’s details, goals, or other participants,” but must “proffer sufficient

evidence from which a jury could have concluded that each drug transaction in which

[the defendant] was involved was a step in achieving the conspiracy’s common goal of

distributing [drugs] for profit.” United States v. Gibbs, 190 F.3d 188, 197 (3d Cir. 1999)

(quotation marks and internal citations omitted).

       1
          The District Court had jurisdiction pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3231. We have
jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and 18 U.S.C. § 3742.
        2
          Chitolie does not challenge the sufficiency of the evidence supporting his
conviction under 21 U.S.C. § 843(b).
        3
          We exercise plenary review over an appeal from the grant or denial of a
judgment of acquittal, reviewing the record “in the light most favorable to the prosecution
to determine whether any rational trier of fact could have found proof of guilt beyond a
reasonable doubt.” Caraballo-Rodriguez, 726 F.3d at 430 (quotation marks, alterations,
and internal citations omitted).
                                              3
       Sufficient evidence supported Chitolie’s conspiracy conviction. Ferguson testified

that he bought marijuana and cocaine from Chitolie. Furthermore, they used coded

language and Ferguson’s son as a courier to facilitate the drug transactions. This

demonstrated Chitolie’s “repeated, familiar dealings with members of [the] conspiracy”

and therefore provided sufficient evidence from which a jury could conclude that he

“comprehend[ed] fully the nature of the group with whom he [wa]s dealing . . . and [that

he was] more likely to perform drug-related acts for conspiracy members in an effort to

maintain his connection to them.” Gibbs, 190 F.3d at 199.

       To prove possession with intent to distribute a controlled substance, the

Government must prove “(1) knowing or intentional (2) possession (3) with intent to

distribute (4) a controlled substance.” United States v. Lacy, 446 F.3d 448, 454 (3d Cir.

2006). Here, the conviction is supported by ample evidence of Chitolie’s sale of

marijuana to Ferguson. Ferguson testified and recordings showed that he discussed the

purchase of marijuana from Chitolie and that Ferguson’s son in fact travelled to meet

Chitolie and obtain marijuana. Therefore, sufficient evidence supports Chitolie’s

conviction for possession with intent to distribute a controlled substance and his

contention otherwise is without merit.

                                              B

       Chitolie also has not shown that the District Court erred in limiting his ability to

cross-examine Ferguson about the benefits of Ferguson’s plea agreement. The

Confrontation Clause does not provide an “unfettered right[] to cross-examine
                                              4
witnesses.” United States v. Friedman, 658 F.3d 342, 356 (3d Cir. 2011). Instead,

district courts “retain[] wide latitude . . . to impose reasonable limits on such cross-

examination based on concerns about harassment, prejudice, confusion of the issues, the

witness’ safety, or interrogation that is repetitive or only marginally relevant.” United

States v. John-Baptiste, 747 F.3d 186, 211 (3d Cir. 2014) (quotation marks, alterations,

and internal citations omitted).

       Here, the District Court limited inquiry about the specific sentence Ferguson

would have faced absent his cooperation but permitted questions about whether Ferguson

faced a “substantial” sentence. App. 739. As Ferguson and Chitolie faced similar

charges and questions about the specific sentence Ferguson faced might therefore have

influenced the jury’s deliberations with improper considerations about Chitolie’s

potential sentence, there was no abuse of discretion. John-Baptiste, 747 F.3d at 212.

Furthermore, contrary to Chitolie’s assertions, the District Court permitted Ferguson to

be cross-examined, within the proper confines of the hearsay rule, about the extent to

which his plea agreement secured benefits for his wife and son. Indeed, Chitolie and his

codefendants thoroughly cross-examined Ferguson about the benefits he received or

hoped to receive from his testimony. Thus, there was no improper limit on his cross-

examination.

                                              C

       Chitolie also contends that the District Court erred in admitting photographs of

drugs found in Ferguson’s home. Because Chitolie did not object, we review for plain
                                               5
error.4 A district court “may exclude relevant evidence if its probative value is

substantially outweighed by a danger of one or more of the following: unfair prejudice,

confusing the issues, misleading the jury, undue delay, wasting time, or needlessly

presenting cumulative evidence.” Fed. R. Evid. 403. While Ferguson testified that the

drugs depicted were provided by a different conspirator, not Chitolie, the photographs

were nonetheless probative of Ferguson’s role in the drug distribution chain and tended to

make the existence of the conspiracy more probable. Thus, we cannot say that the

prejudice flowing from the admission of the photographs substantially outweighed their

probative value. Hence, there was no error, plain or otherwise, in admitting this evidence

under Rule 403.

                                             D

       Ferguson’s recorded statements were also properly admitted as co-conspirator

statements under Fed. R. Evid. 801(d)(2)(E). Under that rule, the District Court must

find by a preponderance of the evidence that “(1) a conspiracy existed; (2) the declarant

and the party against whom the statement is offered were members of the conspiracy; (3)

the statement was made in the course of the conspiracy; and (4) it was made in




       4
         Under the plain error standard, we will reverse only if (1) there was error; (2) the
error was clear or obvious; (3) it affected the defendant’s substantial rights; and (4) it
“seriously affect[ed] the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of judicial proceedings.”
United States v. Stinson, 734 F.3d 180, 184 (3d Cir. 2013) (quotation marks and internal
citations omitted).
                                              6
furtherance of the conspiracy.”5 United States v. Vega, 285 F.3d 256, 264 (3d Cir. 2002).

“To prove these elements, the Government may rely on the co-conspirator’s statements

themselves, if they are corroborated by independent evidence.” United States v. Turner,

718 F.3d 226, 231 (3d Cir. 2013).

       Here, the District Court properly concluded that there was sufficient evidence of a

conspiracy between Ferguson, his son, Chitolie, and others to admit Feguson’s statements

under Rule 801(d)(2)(E).6 Moreover, any reliance on Ferguson’s statements themselves

in making that finding was not error as independent evidence corroborated the existence

of a conspiracy, including Ferguson’s in-court testimony that Chitolie sold him marijuana

and cocaine and he sent his son to retrieve drugs from Chitolie. See United States v.

Mitchell, 596 F.3d 18, 23 (1st Cir. 2010) (relying on cooperating witness’s in-court

testimony to corroborate that witness’s out-of-court statements to establish existence of a

conspiracy under Rule 801(d)(2)(E)); United States v. Console, 13 F.3d 641, 659-60 (3d

Cir. 1993) (relying on patient’s testimony to corroborate doctor’s out-of-court statements

to establish existence of a conspiracy under Rule 801(d)(2)(E)). Ferguson’s statements




       5
          We review the District Court’s findings for clear error. United States v. Vega,
285 F.3d 256, 264 (3d Cir. 2002).
        6
          Chitolie’s claim that the District Court’s ruling lacked the requisite findings also
fails to provide a basis for relief. See United States v. Cruz, 910 F.2d 1072, 1081 n.11
(3d Cir. 1990) (“[T]he failure to make the explicit finding [of conspiracy] does not render
the district court ruling reversible” where “the necessary threshold determination is
implicit in the court’s decision to send the case to the jury.” (quotation marks and internal
citation omitted)).
                                              7
were also corroborated by admissions Chitolie made during the recorded conversations.

Thus, the recorded statements were properly admitted under Rule 801(d)(2)(E).

                                              E

       Chitolie’s assertion that his sentence violates Alleyne v. United States, 133 S. Ct.

2151 (2013), is also without merit. In Alleyne, the Supreme Court held that “‘any fact

that increases the mandatory minimum sentence is an “element” that must be submitted

to the jury’ and proved beyond a reasonable doubt.” United States v. Winkelman, 746

F.3d 134, 135 (3d Cir. 2014) (quoting Alleyne, 133 S.Ct. at 2155) (internal alteration

omitted). Therefore, where a fact, such as drug quantity, “trigger[s] a statutory

mandatory minimum sentence[, it] must . . . be submitted to a jury.” United States v.

Smith, 751 F.3d 107, 117 (3d Cir. 2014). If, however, no statutory mandatory minimum

sentence is triggered, the absence of an allegation in the indictment or a jury finding with

respect to a fact that could otherwise trigger a mandatory minimum is irrelevant.

Alleyne, 133 S. Ct. at 2159-60; United States v. Freeman, 763 F.3d 322, 336 (3d Cir.

2014). Furthermore, “factual findings made for purposes of applying the [Sentencing]

Guidelines, which influence the sentencing judge’s discretion in imposing an advisory

Guidelines sentence and do not result in imposition of a mandatory minimum sentence,

do not violate the rule in Alleyne . . . so long as the ultimate sentence imposed [is] within

the statutorily prescribed range.” Freeman, 763 F.3d at 335-36 (quotation marks and

internal citations omitted).


                                              8
       The offense for which Chitolie was convicted on Count One, conspiracy to

possess with intent to distribute, is subject to a five-year mandatory minimum because the

jury found that the conspiracy involved twenty-eight grams or more of cocaine base. 21

U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(B)(iii). The District Court, however, did not attribute this amount to

Chitolie, explaining that it did not find evidence to support Chitolie’s involvement with

cocaine base,7 and sentenced him without a mandatory minimum, applying instead a

statutory range of zero to twenty years’ imprisonment pursuant to 21 U.S.C. §

841(b)(1)(C). Therefore, as Chitolie’s twenty-seven month sentence did not involve a

mandatory minimum and fell below the statutorily prescribed maximum, neither the

indictment nor the jury was required to specify a drug quantity.8 Freeman, 763 F.3d at

336.

                                             F

       Chitolie’s assertion that the District Court erred in denying a downward role

adjustment under U.S.S.G. § 3B1.2 also fails.9 Section 3B1.2 permits a downward

adjustment of a defendant’s offense level if the defendant was “substantially less culpable

       7
         Neither party challenges the District Court’s authority to decline to apply the
mandatory minimum and reject the jury’s finding based on its review of the evidence.
       8
         The District Court also did not err in adopting the findings in the Presentence
Report with respect to marijuana and cocaine quantities, as those findings were supported
by a preponderance of the evidence, including testimony from Ferguson about his
purchases from Chitolie. Stinson, 734 F.3d at 184 (“At sentencing, a district court must
find facts that relate to application of the Guidelines by a preponderance of the
evidence.”).
       9
         We review a district court’s interpretation of the Sentencing Guidelines de novo,
findings of fact for clear error, and application of the Guidelines to facts for abuse of
discretion. United States v. Kluger, 722 F.3d 549, 555 (3d Cir. 2013).
                                             9
than the average participant.” U.S.S.G. § 3B1.2 cmt. n.3(A). In determining whether this

adjustment is warranted, district courts should consider “such factors as the nature of the

defendant’s relationship to other participants, the importance of the defendant’s actions to

the success of the venture, and the defendant’s awareness of the nature and scope of the

criminal enterprise.” United States v. Self, 681 F.3d 190, 201 (3d Cir. 2012) (quotation

marks and internal citations omitted).

       Here, the factors support the District Court’s decision not to apply the adjustment.

First, “the importance of [Chitolie’s] actions to the success of the venture” is apparent.

Id. Chitolie was a supplier of marijuana and cocaine and hence he “did not indirectly

further a criminal activity or further that activity in some minor way” but “directly

engaged in the very act at the heart of the criminal enterprise—namely, the distribution of

drugs in exchange for money.” Id. (upholding decision not to apply adjustment where

defendant “merely carr[ied] out the instructions of his . . . brother” by “simply receiving

the payment for a previously negotiated transaction”). Second, the frequency with which

he supplied drugs to Ferguson, the fact that he supplied both marijuana and cocaine, and

his interactions with Ferguson’s son demonstrate his relationship to the other members of

the conspiracy and his knowledge of the nature and scope of the venture. This evidence

supports the District Court’s decision not to apply the downward adjustment. Id. (finding

factors did not support downward adjustment where defendant was entrusted with

distributing “wholesale quantities of drugs worth hundreds of dollars”).


                                             10
                                     III

For the foregoing reasons, we will affirm.




                                     11
