[Cite as State v. Mendez, 2020-Ohio-3031.]

                               COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO

                             EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA


STATE OF OHIO,                                     :

                Plaintiff-Appellee,                :
                                                            No. 108527
                v.                                 :

ALEX MENDEZ,                                       :

                Defendant-Appellant.               :


                               JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION

                JUDGMENT: AFFIRMED
                RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: May 21, 2020


         Criminal Appeal from the Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas
                            Case No. CR-18-633800-A


                                             Appearances:

                Michael C. O’Malley, Cuyahoga County Prosecuting
                Attorney, and Callista Plemel, Assistant Prosecuting
                Attorney, for appellee.

                Buckeye Law Office, and P. Andrew Baker, for appellant.
MARY EILEEN KILBANE, J.:

              Defendant-appellant,    Alex   Mendez      (“Mendez”),   appeals   his

convictions for burglary, intimidation, and criminal damaging. For the reasons that

follow, we affirm the convictions.

I.   FACTUAL BACKGROUND

              Mendez was 39-years-old at the time of the events described herein.

He lived next door to the apartment where Sonia L. Oliveras (“Sonia”), 22 years old

at the time, lived with her mom, whose name is also Sonia Oliveras (“Oliveras”).

Sonia testified that their homes were near enough that Mendez would be able to hear

if she opened her door. Sonia earned an associate’s degree in criminal justice and

works in security at a bank.

              Mendez and Sonia knew each other as friends since about October

2017 and began dating around June 2018. Sonia testified that they frequently,

almost daily, smoked marijuana together and that Mendez would frequently have

“fits of jealousy” in which he would “go crazy,” “throw himself over the edge,” and

start “screaming at me” and “putting his hands on me.”

      A. September 2018 Trip to Pennsylvania

              On September 22, 2018, Mendez and Sonia drove to Pennsylvania in

Mendez’s vehicle. Sonia testified that the trip was not planned and that it was not

her choice to go with him to Pennsylvania that day. She had been hanging out with

him and they were already on the freeway when she realized they were driving

towards Pennsylvania.
              She testified that Mendez became violent and abusive towards her

during the trip. Sonia testified that Mendez hit or grabbed her face, back, and arms

and “was just losing his mind” before he stopped the vehicle at a park near a

McDonald’s and punched her in the face. Sonia testified that Mendez “started

beating on me” and “spit on me right there in the middle of the street.” She further

testified that he slammed her on the floor, took her ID, phone, and keys and told her

to find her own way back home and broke her phone by throwing it on the ground.

The police intervened.

              Sonia received medical treatment at a hospital in Pennsylvania for

injuries allegedly caused by Mendez. Surprisingly, she still received a citation for

disorderly conduct. Mendez also received a citation. The state presented photos of

a bruise on the upper right side of her chin, two scratches or scrapes on her back, a

bruise on the middle of her left thigh, and marks on both her arms. The photos are

black and white, but she testified the marks and bruises on her body were black and

blue when the photos were taken.

              Oliveras drove to Pennsylvania and took Sonia home the next day.

Afterwards, Sonia reported the incident with Mendez to the Cleveland police and

obtained a temporary restraining order against him. However, the couple eventually

reconciled and started attending church together and couples counseling with the

church pastor. Around November 14, 2018, Mendez and Sonia went to the police

station together and she withdrew her report about the September 2018 trip.
      B. November 2018 Trip to Pennsylvania

              In November 2018, the couple again embarked on a drive to

Pennsylvania in Mendez’s vehicle. Oliveras joined them. The reason for the trip was

because Sonia had to appear in court for the citation she had received during the

altercation with Mendez during the September 2018 trip to Pennsylvania. This time,

the trip was uneventful until the drive back to Cleveland.

              The couple headed home after the court date around 3:00 p.m. Sonia

and Oliveras testified that the weather and roads were bad and Oliveras asked him

to slow down, but he just laughed and kept speeding. The three arrived home safely

around 11:00 p.m., but the arguing continued.

              Sonia testified that Mendez refused to let her or her mother gather

their belongings from his car. She and her mother left the vehicle, deciding to leave

their belongings for the time being. Oliveras went to the apartment to use the

restroom. She entered through the back door and did not notice anything unusual

about the apartment at the time. Meanwhile, Sonia and Mendez argued outside.

Sonia testified that Mendez spoke disrespectfully about her mother and was

“assassinating her character” to “mentally hurt her.” Sonia also testified that

Mendez threatened that she would pay if she chose her mom over him. Shortly

thereafter, Sonia and Oliveras left in their own car to pick up Sonia’s sister, Kiara

Reyes (“Reyes”), who lived about fifteen minutes away by car.
      C. Phone Calls and Voicemail from Mendez

               On the way back home, Sonia testified that Mendez called her phone

several times. She picked up a few times, but eventually let his calls go to voicemail

because he was “screaming at the top of his lungs” that she had betrayed him and

was worthless.

               During one of the calls that she answered, Mendez asked her where

she was and said he did not believe that she went to pick up Reyes, her sister. During

at least one of the calls, Sonia testified that he asked her why there was a subpoena

posted on her apartment door and called her a snitch. She testified that she was not

aware of any subpoena at the time. He continued to call, but she eventually stopped

answering, after which Mendez left a voicemail message.

               Sonia testified that in his voicemail message, Mendez said “let me see

if it’s true” in reference to whether she was home and that she could hear Mendez

kicking something. She played the voicemail for her mother, sister, and two police

officers, but the voicemail was inadvertently deleted before trial and was not itself

presented as evidence.

               Oliveras testified that she also listened to the voicemail and heard

Mendez’s voice and noise that sounded like things breaking. Reyes testified that she

also listened to the voicemail. She said she heard Mendez saying “let’s see if it’s true”

and believed he was referring to whether Sonia was home. Reyes also testified that

she heard “pounding” in the voicemail that “sounded like a banging noise.”

Detective Zuleika Matos, who had arrived at the scene that night, testified that she
also listened to the voicemail that night before it was deleted and heard Mendez

saying “we are going to find out if you’re really home or not” along with some “loud

banging.” She testified that it did not cross her mind to record the voicemail on the

night of the incident.

      D. Damage to Oliveras’s Apartment

               After the drive home from picking up Reyes, Sonia and her mother

returned to their apartment with Reyes. They each testified that the locked door to

their apartment had been kicked in and the side of the wall broken. Once inside,

they testified that chairs and furniture were broken.          The state presented

photographs of damage to the apartment door and interior. Sonia and Oliveras

testified that Mendez did not have permission to enter their home.

               Reyes called the police to report the incident. Detective Matos and

Officer McGilbra arrived on the scene. Reyes and the Cuyahoga Metropolitan

Housing Authority (“CMHA”) police officers observed Mendez leaving the back door

of his home and informed him that he was a suspect. Detective Matos testified that

she saw Mendez walking away and detained him. She played the voicemail for

Mendez and testified that he stated in response: “It is what it is. Take him to jail.”

Detective Matos testified that she understood those words to be an admission that

it was him on the voicemail. She also testified that Mendez stated that he did not

do anything wrong and that Sonia was setting him up.
      E. The Subpoena

              Sonia testified that during one of Mendez’s phone calls to her, he

asked why a subpoena was posted to her front door. Sonia testified that she was not

aware of any subpoena when Mendez called and surmised that it had been posted to

her door while she was away during the November 2018 trip to Pennsylvania.

Oliveras would not have noticed the subpoena on the front door earlier that night

because she had entered the apartment through the back door.

              Detective Matos testified that she obtained a subpoena from

Mendez’s jacket pocket when she and the other officer detained him the night of the

November 2018 incident. The subpoena listed Sonia as a witness and Mendez as a

defendant. She did not know how Mendez came into possession of the subpoena.

II. PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

              On December 3, 2018, a grand jury indicted Mendez on one count of

abduction under R.C. 2905.02(A)(2), a third-degree felony, for an offense dated

September 26, 2018 in case number CR-18-633800. In a separate indictment also

dated December 3, 2018, a grand jury indicted Mendez on three additional counts

for an offense dated November 28, 2018 in case number CR-18-634916. The state

moved to join the two cases on March 18, 2019, and the trial court consolidated the

cases, dismissing CR-18-634916. All counts in both indictments proceeded to trial

under case number CR-18-633800.

              Mendez faced the following charges at trial: abduction under R.C.

2905.02(A)(2) (Count 1), a third-degree felony; burglary under R.C. 2911.12(A)(2),
a second-degree felony (Count 2); criminal damaging or endangering under R.C.

2909.06(A)(1), a first-degree misdemeanor (Count 3); intimidation of crime victim

or witness under R.C. 2921.04(B)(1), a third-degree felony (Count 4);

telecommunications     harassment    under R.C.      2917.21(B)(1),   a first-degree

misdemeanor (Count 5). Trial commenced on March 18, 2019. The state called six

witnesses: Sonia, Oliveras, Reyes, Detective Matos of the CMHA police department,

Detective Luis Rivera of the City of Cleveland, and Detective Stacee Wright of the

CMHA police department.

      A. Opening Statement

              During his opening statement, Mendez’s counsel stated the following:

      I don’t like my client. I don’t. I don’t think he likes me too much. He
      is almost 40 years old. He’s living in the projects. He has some mental
      issues. He’s dating a next door neighbor who is 20 years younger,
      Sonia. It’s not a good recipe if you ask me. It’s not a good recipe.

              He also stated the following:

      And you will have to look at what the case is — how the case is
      presented, what the facts are presented, what the truth is, and whether,
      in fact, all the elements are met beyond a reasonable doubt if you can
      convict.

      ***
      Again, each and every charge, each and every count has its own
      elements. And for you to find guilty beyond a reasonable doubt, you
      will have to find each and every element that they met in presenting the
      evidence beyond a reasonable doubt.

              Trial counsel also stated the following during his closing argument:

      Objective information tells you that my client is not guilty. I don’t like
      him. I don’t like him at all. And God knows looking at this story, he is
      not innocent. But he is not guilty. Thank you.
      B. Cross-Examination of Sonia

               On cross-examination, Mendez’s trial counsel questioned Sonia as

follows, in part:

      COUNSEL: When you were growing up, any issues with the physical
      abuse in the family?

      [SONIA]: No.

      COUNSEL: Mental abuse?

      [SONIA]: No.

      COUNSEL: Sexual abuse?

      [SONIA]: No.

               Trial counsel also cross-examined Sonia about a number of other

topics. In response to questions about her marijuana use, she testified that she was

high for the duration of the September 2018 trip to Pennsylvania and that when she

and Mendez were together, they smoked marijuana “all day every day.” He also

asked why she got back together with Mendez after the September 2018 trip. She

explained that he started going to church with her and she decided to forgive him

because she thought he had changed. He also pointed out that she studied some of

the crimes charged against Mendez in obtaining her criminal justice degree. On

redirect, Sonia clarified that she studied many other crimes with which Mendez had

not been charged.

      C. Verdict and Sentencing

               The jury returned the following verdict:    Not guilty on Count 1

(abduction, third-degree felony); guilty on Count 2 (burglary, second-degree
felony); guilty on Count 3 (criminal damaging, first-degree misdemeanor); guilty on

Count 4 (intimidation of crime victim or witness, third-degree felony); and guilty,

Count 5 (telecommunications harassment, first-degree misdemeanor).

              The court sentenced Mendez to two years in prison and postrelease

control up to three years. He was sentenced to two years on Count 2; six months on

Count 3 concurrent; two years on Count 4 concurrent; and six months on Count 5

concurrent.

              This appeal follows. Mendez asserts the following three assignments

of error:

                            Assignment of Error One

      Defendant-Appellant’s convictions must be reversed due to receiving
      ineffective assistance of counsel.

                            Assignment of Error Two

      Defendant-Appellant’s convictions were against the manifest weight of
      the evidence.

                            Assignment of Error Three

      The conviction for intimidation and the enhancement for criminal
      damaging must be reversed due to insufficiency of the evidence.

III. LAW AND ANALYSIS

      A. Ineffective assistance of counsel

              In his first assignment of error, Mendez argues that counsel was

ineffective in two ways. Mendez first contends counsel was ineffective based on

statements he made during his opening statement. Second, Mendez contends

counsel was ineffective during his cross-examination of Sonia.
              Our review of counsel’s performance is highly deferential. State v.

Korecky, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 108328, 2020-Ohio-797, ¶ 20, citing Strickland v.

Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984). Because we

presume licensed attorneys are competent, the party claiming ineffective assistance

of counsel bears the burden of proving that counsel was ineffective. Id., citing State

v. Smith, 17 Ohio St.3d 98, 100, 477 N.E.2d 1128 (1985).

              “To gain reversal on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, a

defendant must show that 1) his ‘counsel’s performance was deficient,’ and 2) ‘the

deficient performance prejudiced the defense.’” State v. Fisher, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga

No. 108494, 2020-Ohio-670, ¶ 18, quoting Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668,

687, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984). “The first prong of Strickland’s test

requires the defendant to show ‘that counsel’s representation fell below an objective

standard of reasonableness.’” Id., quoting Strickland at 688. “Strickland’s second

prong requires the defendant to show ‘a reasonable probability that but for counsel’s

errors, the proceeding’s result would have been different.’” Id., quoting State v.

Winters, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 102871, 2016-Ohio-928, ¶ 25, citing Strickland.

That is, the second prong requires a determination as to whether the defense was

prejudiced by counsel’s ineffectiveness. State v. Beasley, 153 Ohio St.3d 497, 2018-

Ohio-493, 108 N.E.3d 1028, ¶ 140, citing Strickland at 687.

              “While ‘[t]he right to counsel is the right to the effective assistance of

counsel,’ ‘trial strategy or tactical decisions cannot form the basis for a claim of
ineffective counsel.’” Fisher at ¶ 19, quoting Strickland at 686, citing McMann v.

Richardson, 397 U.S. 759, 90 S.Ct. 1441, 25 L.Ed.2d 763 (1970).

          1. Opening Statement

                Mendez first argues that he received ineffective assistance of counsel

because counsel stated the following during his opening statement: “I don’t like my

client.    I don’t think he likes me too much.”      Mendez claims this statement

guaranteed that the jury would also start disliking the client.

                As a general matter, “[b]oth the prosecution and the defense have

wide latitude during opening and closing arguments.” State v. Washington, 8th

Dist. Cuyahoga No. 74850, 1999 Ohio App. LEXIS 6391, 18 (Dec. 30, 1999).

“Debatable trial tactics do not constitute a deprivation of effective assistance of

counsel.” State v. Heard, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 52303, 1987 Ohio App. LEXIS

7477, 8-9 (June 11, 1987), quoting State v. Clayton, 12 Ohio St.2d 45, 49, 402 N.E.2d

1189 (1980).

                When viewed in light of the entire opening statement, we conclude

that counsel’s aside that he did not like Mendez was a trial tactic to ask the jury to

ignore their own personal feelings towards Mendez and focus objectively on the

facts. In the context of his complete opening statement, trial counsel informed the

jury that its job was to objectively review the evidence presented. He also noted that

a guilty verdict would only be appropriate if evidence beyond a reasonable doubt

was met for each and every element of each and every charge. Therefore, we find

that counsel’s remark during opening statement did not fall below an objective
standard of reasonableness and did not deny Mendez his right to effective assistance

of counsel. As these facts fail to satisfy the first prong of the Strickland test, we need

not consider the second prong regarding prejudice.

               Mendez relies upon a case, State v. Burgins, in which the Fourth

District reversed a conviction based on ineffective assistance of counsel where the

defendant’s counsel stated multiple times in closing arguments that he did not

believe his client and that a guilty verdict would not surprise him. State v. Burgins,

44 Ohio App.3d 158, 542 N.E.2d 707 (4th Dist.1988). The court reasoned that,

based on such comments, “the jury will no doubt speculate that defendant has

admitted his guilt to his attorney.” Id. at 160. We do not find Burgins persuasive.

               Counsel’s comments here, unlike those in Burgins, did not invite the

jury to speculate that Mendez had admitted guilt to counsel off-the-record.

Admitting dislike is not the same as suggesting an admission of guilt. Thus, this is

not a case where counsel’s comments “undermined his own client’s credibility.”

State v. Smiley, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 72026, 1999 Ohio App. LEXIS 5053, 16 (Oct.

28, 1999) (ineffective assistance of counsel where, in closing argument, defense

counsel abandoned his client’s testimony so that the jury could infer that he knew

off-the-record that his client was guilty).

      2. Cross-examination

               Mendez next argues that trial counsel erred while cross-examining

Sonia. He points to three questions that he claims were irrelevant and prejudicial:

1) whether Sonia was a previous victim of physical abuse while growing up; 2)
whether she was a victim of sexual abuse; and 3) whether she was a victim of mental

abuse.   Mendez contends that these questions are beyond the boundary of a

reasonable trial strategy and therefore constitute ineffective assistance of trial.

               “The scope of cross-examination falls within the ambit of trial

strategy, and debatable trial tactics do not establish ineffective assistance of

counsel.” State v. Conway, 109 Ohio St.3d 412, 2006-Ohio-2815, 848 N.E.2d 810,

¶ 101. “Ineffective assistance has been found when counsel needlessly introduced

damaging testimony during cross-examination.” State v. Beasley, 153 Ohio St.3d

497, 2018-Ohio-493, 108 N.E.3d 1028, ¶ 157.

               Mendez has not shown that trial counsel’s cross-examination of Sonia

needlessly introduced damaging testimony. To the contrary, the questions at issue

were within the scope of the direct examination and, had the witness answered

differently, might have undermined her credibility. On direct, Sonia mentioned

throughout her testimony that she suffered physical, mental, and emotional abuse

from Mendez. She described the injuries Mendez inflicted on her and identified

photographs of the same. She also described that she was affected emotionally from

her interactions with Mendez and that she was mentally and emotionally affected at

work after having had to testify about the events in court. Thus, we do not find that

trial counsel’s questions on cross-examination were so irrelevant or damaging that

they were below an objective standard of reasonableness. As these facts fail to satisfy

the first prong of the Strickland test, we need not consider the second prong

regarding prejudice.
               Mendez relies on State v. Yarber, 102 Ohio App.3d 185, 656 N.E.2d

1322 (12th Dist.1995). In Yarber, trial counsel conducted insubstantial cross-

examination and the questions he did ask elicited responses favorable to the

prosecution. Yarber at 189. Moreover, the cross-examination in Yarber was only

one aspect of the entire trial strategy that contributed to the court finding ineffective

counsel. We do not find Yarber persuasive and for the reasons discussed, do not

find that counsel’s cross-examination resulted in ineffective assistance of counsel.

               Accordingly, Mendez’s first assignment of error is overruled.

      B. Manifest weight of the evidence

               In his second assignment of error, Mendez argues that his burglary

and intimidation convictions must be reversed under the manifest weight of the

evidence standard.      Mendez only discusses the burglary and intimidation

convictions. Thus, we will limit our discussion to the same.

      1. Standard of Review

               In contrast to a challenge based on sufficiency of the evidence, a

manifest weight challenge attacks the credibility of the evidence presented and

questions whether the state met its burden of persuasion at trial. State v. Whitsett,

8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 101182, 2014-Ohio-4933, ¶ 26, citing State v. Thompkins,

78 Ohio St.3d 380, 387, 1997-Ohio-52, 678 N.E.2d 541; State v. Bowden, 8th Dist.

Cuyahoga No. 92266, 2009-Ohio-3598, ¶ 13. “A conviction should be reversed as

against the manifest weight of the evidence only in the most ‘exceptional case in
which the evidence weighs heavily against the conviction.’” Westlake v. Y.O., 8th

Dist. Cuyahoga No. 107226, 2019-Ohio-2432, ¶ 21, quoting Thompkins at 388.

                In the instance case, Mendez was convicted of burglary under R.C.

2911.12(A)(2) and intimidation of a crime victim or witness under R.C.

2921.04(B)(1). We find that the state met its burden of persuasion. Having reviewed

the record, we cannot conclude that the conviction is against the manifest weight of

the evidence.

      2. Burglary

                Mendez contends that the burglary conviction was against the

manifest weight of the evidence because the voicemail in which Sonia, Oliveras,

Reyes, and Detective Matos testified they heard Mendez speaking along with

banging sounds, was not itself available. He also points out that there was no DNA

or fingerprint evidence placing him inside the Oliveras’s apartment at the time of

the offense. Finally, he argues that there was evidence that Sonia set him up.

                R.C. 2911.12(A)(2) “Burglary” provides:

      (A) No person, by force, stealth or deception, shall do any of the
      following:

      (2) Trespass in an occupied structure or in a separately secured or
      separately occupied portion of an occupied structure that is a
      permanent or temporary habitation of any person when any person
      other than an accomplice of the offender is present or likely to be
      present, with purpose to commit in the habitation any criminal offense

                We do not find that the burglary conviction was against the manifest

weight of the evidence. That the voicemail itself was not available at trial does not
bar a conviction where four witnesses consistently testified to the content of the

voicemail. Nor does the absence of DNA or fingerprint evidence.

              “[T]here is no distinction in the particular weight or way of evaluating

the evidence, whether it is direct or circumstantial.” State v. Vickers, 8th Dist.

Cuyahoga No. 97365, 2013-Ohio-1337, ¶ 20 citing State v. Simmons, 8th Dist.

Cuyahoga No. 97557, 2012-Ohio-3454.          “Circumstantial and direct evidence

inherently possess the same probative value. In some instances, certain facts can

only be established by circumstantial evidence.” Id. “Like any fact, the state can

prove the identity of the accused by ‘circumstantial or direct’ evidence.” State v.

Jones, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 104233, 2017-Ohio-288, ¶ 28, quoting State v. Tate,

140 Ohio St.3d 442, 2014-Ohio-3667, 19 N.E.2d 888, ¶ 15. Thus, the state is not

required to present DNA or fingerprint evidence to meet its burden of persuasion

for a burglary charge. See State v. Townsend, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 97733, 2012-

Ohio-4400, ¶ 7-12 (burglary not against manifest weight of the evidence despite

absence of DNA or fingerprint evidence where two officers testified they saw the

victim kick out the window of the home being burglarized and flee).

              Although the voicemail itself was not available, four witnesses

testified that they heard Mendez’s voice on the voicemail; heard him say something

to the effect of finding out whether Sonia was home; and heard loud, banging sounds

that could have been him banging down the apartment door and destroying the

furniture inside. Sonia also described multiple other instances in which Mendez lost

his temper and engaged in destructive behavior, such as smashing her phone.
Further, Sonia and Oliveras testified that their apartment door was kicked down, the

wall was damaged, and chairs and furniture were strewn and broken, which, if

believed, constituted evidence of criminal damaging.           The state presented

photographs that corroborated this testimony. Both Sonia and Oliveras testified

that Mendez did not have permission to enter their home. We find all of this to be

credible, consistent evidence.

              In addition, “an accused’s flight from custody, resistance to arrest,

concealment, * * * and related conduct are admissible as evidence of consciousness

of guilt, and thus of guilt itself.” State v. Jones, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 104233,

2017-Ohio-288, ¶ 31, quoting State v. Hand, 107 Ohio St.3d 378, 2006-Ohio-18, 840

N.E.2d 151, ¶ 167. Reyes reported the burglary the same night that Mendez had

dropped off Sonia and at their home after their trip to Pennsylvania and testified

that she saw Mendez walking out of the back door of his home. Detective Matos also

testified that she saw Mendez walking away from the scene that night. Mendez’s

flight is evidence of his consciousness of guilt. We find all this evidence to be more

credible than Mendez’s attempt to establish that Sonia had set him up.

              Accordingly, we find all this testimony credible and conclude that the

weight of the evidence shows beyond a reasonable doubt that Mendez committed

the charged burglary. Thus, the burglary conviction was not against the manifest

weight of the evidence.
      3. Intimidation

              Mendez argues that the intimidation conviction was against the

manifest weight of the evidence because the voicemail from Mendez did not

establish that he threatened Sonia in direct reference to preventing any charges

against him. He concedes, however, that the phone calls could be sufficient for a

conviction for telecommunications harassment (Count 5).

              We find that the weight of the evidence supports that Mendez

knowingly attempted to intimidate Sonia pursuant to R.C. 2921.04(B)(1).

              R.C. 2921.04(B)(1) provides:

      (B) No person, knowingly and by force or by unlawful threat of harm to
      any person or property or by unlawful threat to commit any offense or
      calumny against any person, shall attempt to influence, intimidate, or
      hinder any of the following persons:

      (1) The victim of a crime or delinquent act in the filing or prosecution
      of criminal charges or a delinquent child action or proceeding

              Contrary to Mendez’s arguments, the statute does not require the

intimidation to have included a threat not to file charges. State v. Kilton, 8th Dist.

Cuyahoga No. 106864, 2019-Ohio-87, ¶ 8. The state presented testimony that

Mendez became angry when he discovered a subpoena that listed Sonia as a witness

and himself as the defendant. Sonia testified she was not aware of any subpoena at

that time. Credible evidence shows that he called Sonia to confront her about the

subpoena, called her a snitch, and then proceeded to damage her apartment.

Detective Matos testified that she found a subpoena in Mendez’s jacket pocket that

night that listed Sonia as a witness and Mendez as the defendant. Apparently,
Mendez saw the subpoena on the door before Sonia, confronted her about it over

the phone, and took it down and put it in his pocket before Sonia saw it. Accordingly,

we find sufficient evidence that Mendez intimidated Sonia in an attempt to prevent

her from complying with the subpoena or cooperating with the prosecution of

criminal charges brought against him.

               We also find sufficient evidence to reasonably conclude that Mendez

intimidated Sonia “by force or by unlawful threat of harm.” The statute “requires

only an ‘attempt to influence, intimidate, or hinder,’ and it is not required that the

victim actually feel intimidated.” State v. Kilton, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 106864,

2019-Ohio-87, at ¶ 8, citing State v. Serrano, 2016-Ohio-4691, 69 N.E.3d 87, ¶ 44

(8th Dist.). “The term ‘threat’ represents a range of statements or conduct intended

to impart a feeling of apprehension in the victim, whether of bodily harm, property

destruction, or lawful harm, such as exposing the victim’s own misconduct.” State

v. Cress, 112 Ohio St.3d 72, 2006-Ohio-6501, 858 N.E.2d 341, ¶ 39. “An ‘unlawful

threat of harm’ requires more than just a threat, and is satisfied only when the very

making of the threat is itself unlawful because it violates established criminal or civil

law.” Kilton at ¶ 9, citing State v. Cress, 112 Ohio St.3d 72, 2006-Ohio-6501, 858

N.E.2d 341, ¶ 41-42.

               The state presented evidence that Mendez committed criminal

damaging, which is a predicate offense that satisfies the unlawful threat

requirement. R.C. 2909.06(A)(1) provides:
      (A) No person shall case, or create a substantial risk of physical harm
      to any property of another without the other person’s consent:

      (1) Knowingly, by any means * * * .

              The weight of the evidence here supports that Mendez knowingly

caused substantial damage to Sonia’s and Oliveras’s apartment and Mendez does

not dispute there was sufficient evidence to support a guilty verdict of criminal

damaging. Sonia testified that Mendez called her and asked about a subpoena

posted to her apartment door. She also testified that she did not know about any

subpoena when Mendez called to confront her about it. Mendez then removed the

subpoena from the door and put it in his pocket before Sonia had the chance to see

it. Sonia, Oliveras, Reyes, and Detective Matos testified they heard Mendez say in a

voicemail to Sonia that he was going to check whether Sonia was home and heard

loud noises and banging over the voicemail. Sonia and Oliveras testified that they

returned home from picking up Reyes to find that the door to their apartment had

been kicked down and that the walls, chairs, and furniture had been damaged. They

also testified that Mendez did not have permission to enter their apartment. Based

on testimony and photographs, the weight of the evidence supports that Mendez

entered the apartment without permission and knowingly caused harm to it.

              Considering all the testimony and evidence presented at trial, we hold

that the intimidation conviction was not against the manifest weight of the evidence.

There is substantial, competent, credible evidence to support that Mendez

knowingly threatened and caused harm to Sonia’s property after seeing the
subpoena that listed her as a witness in a case against Mendez and called her a snitch

with the intention of preventing her from testifying against him.

              Appellant’s second assignment of error is overruled.

      C. Insufficient evidence

              Mendez argues in his final assignment of error that there was

insufficient evidence to support his conviction for intimidation (Count 4) and

criminal damaging (Count 3).       As Mendez only discusses the convictions for

intimidation and criminal damaging, we limit our discussion to the same.

      1. Standard of Review

              “The test for sufficiency of the evidence requires a determination of

whether the prosecution met its burden of production at trial.” Westlake v. Y.O.,

8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 107226, 2019-Ohio-2432, ¶ 16, citing State v. Bowden, 8th

Dist. Cuyahoga No. 92266, 2009-Ohio-3598, ¶ 12. “An appellate court’s function

when reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence to support a criminal conviction is to

examine the evidence admitted at trial to determine whether such evidence, if

believed, would convince the average mind of the defendant’s guilt beyond a

reasonable doubt.” Id., citing State v. Murphy, 91 Ohio St.3d 516, 543, 747 N.E.2d

765 (2001). “The relevant inquiry is whether, after viewing the evidence in a light

most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the

essential elements of the crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt.” Id., quoting

State v. Walker, 150 Ohio St. 3d 409, 2016-Ohio-8295, 82 N.E.3d 1124, ¶ 12, quoting
State v. Jenks, 61 Ohio St.3d 259, 574 N.E.2d 492 (1991), paragraph two of the

syllabus.

      2. Intimidation

               Mendez argues that the phone calls were merely evidence of general

threats, abusive language, and venting that did not amount to intimidation of a

witness. “A finding that a conviction was supported by the manifest weight of the

evidence necessarily includes a finding of sufficiency.” State v. Szafranski, 8th Dist.

Cuyahoga No. 107905, 2019-Ohio-4349, ¶ 30, citing State v. Robinson, 8th Dist.

Cuyahoga No. 96463, 2011-Ohio-6077. As we have already determined that the

intimidation conviction was not against the manifest weight of the evidence, we also

find that the conviction was supported by sufficient evidence.

      3. Criminal Damaging

               Regarding the criminal damaging charge, Mendez argues that the

evidence is only sufficient to support a second-degree conviction, not a first. A first-

degree misdemeanor conviction under R.C. 2909.06 requires that the defendant

created “a risk of physical harm to any person.” If the defendant did not create a

risk of physical harm to a person, a violation of the criminal damaging statute is a

misdemeanor of the second degree.

               Mendez concedes that the evidence supported a guilty verdict for a

second-degree criminal damaging conviction. He contends, however, that there was

insufficient evidence to support a first-degree conviction because he did not create

a risk of physical harm to any person during the criminal damaging. He argues that
he did not create a risk of physical harm because he was the only one present in the

apartment during the damaging.

              We find that the evidence was sufficient to show that Mendez created

a risk of physical harm to others during his criminal damaging. The testimony

established that neither Sonia nor Oliveras were in the apartment when the criminal

damaging occurred, but that does not mean there was no risk of physical harm.

Sonia testified that she told Mendez over the phone that she and Oliveras had left

their apartment to pick up Reyes, who only lived about fifteen minutes away. There

was a risk that Sonia and Oliveras could have returned to their own apartment at

any moment while Mendez was there and been harmed by him. In addition, the

noise Mendez was making while destroying the Oliveras’s apartment could have

alerted some neighbors who might have approached the apartment to investigate,

putting them at risk of harm as well. Accordingly, we affirm Mendez’s first-degree

conviction for criminal damaging under R.C. 2909.06.

              Judgment affirmed.

      It is ordered that appellee recover from appellant costs herein taxed.

      The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

      It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this court directing the

common pleas court to carry this judgment into execution.          The defendant’s

convictions having been affirmed, any bail pending appeal is terminated.
      A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27

of the Rules of Appellate Procedure.



MARY EILEEN KILBANE, JUDGE

MARY J. BOYLE, P.J., and
SEAN C. GALLAGHER, J., CONCUR
