                           NOT FOR PUBLICATION                           FILED
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                       AUG 22 2018
                                                                      MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                       U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

JULIAN BOSS,                                     No.   17-17255

                Plaintiff-Appellant,             D.C. No. 2:14-cv-02344-ROS

 v.
                                                 MEMORANDUM*
CITY OF MESA; THOMAS E. DENNING,
Detective, City of Mesa Police Department;
J. R. GOMEZ, in his individual capacity as a
sergeant with the City of Mesa Police
Department; WARREN SOLOMON, in his
individual capacity as an officer with the
City of Mesa Police Department; JASON
BELLOWS, in his individual capacity as an
officer with the City of Mesa Police
Department; CONRAD CASCIO, in his
individual capacity as an officer with the
City of Mesa Police Department;
LEONARDO DAVILA, in his individual
capacity as an officer with the City of Mesa
Police Department; BRANDON EKREN, in
his individual capacity as an officer with the
City of Mesa Police Department; ESTEBAN
FLORES, in his individual capacity as a
detective with the City of Mesa Police
Department; CRAIG GARCIA, in his
individual capacity as an officer with the
City of Mesa Police Department; JEFFERY
NEESE, in his individual capacity as an
officer with the City of Mesa Police

      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
Department; JAMES POLLARD, in his
individual capacity as an officer with the
City of Mesa Police Department; DON
RUDD, in his individual capacity as an
officer with the City of Mesa Police
Department; BRANDON SCHILLING, in
his individual capacity as an officer with the
City of Mesa Police Department; EDWARD
ULIBARRI, in his individual capacity as an
officer with the City of Mesa Police
Department; ANDREW WALAG, in his
individual capacity as an officer with the
City of Mesa Police Department; LYLE
BURTON, in his individual capacity as an
officer with the City of Mesa Police
Department,

                Defendants-Appellees.

                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                            for the District of Arizona
                    Roslyn O. Silver, District Judge, Presiding

                            Submitted August 20, 2018**
                             San Francisco, California

Before: THOMAS, Chief Judge, and HAWKINS and McKEOWN, Circuit
Judges.

      Julian Boss appeals portions of the district court’s order granting summary

judgment in favor of the City of Mesa (the “City”) and sixteen individual officers

of the City of Mesa Police Department in an action asserting Fourth Amendment



      **
             The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision
without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).

                                          2
violations under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. Specifically, Boss appeals the district court’s

rulings that (1) Boss’s claims against Mesa officers Bellows, Burton, Cascio,

Davila, Ekren, Flores, Garcia, Neese, Pollard, Rudd, Schilling, Solomon, Ulibarri,

and Walag (hereinafter “Newly Added Officers”) were barred by the statute of

limitations; (2) Boss failed to identify any evidence supporting a Monell claim

against the City; (3) Boss’s excessive force claim against Sergeant Gomez and

Detective Denning failed; and (4) Defendants had probable cause to arrest Boss on

November 19, 2013.1 Because the parties are familiar with the facts, we do not

repeat them here. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, and we affirm.

      I.     Boss’s Fourth Amendment claims against the “Newly Added
             Officers” are barred by the statute of limitations.

      We review de novo the district court’s determination of whether a claim is

barred by the statute of limitations. See Pouncil v. Tilton, 704 F.3d 568, 574 (9th

Cir. 2012) (citing Orr v. Bank of Am., NT & SA, 285 F.3d 764, 780 (9th Cir.

2002)). Likewise, we review de novo the district court’s application of the

relation-back doctrine under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 15(c). See Williams

v. Boeing Co., 517 F.3d 1120, 1132 (9th Cir. 2008) (citing Oja v. U.S. Army Corps

of Eng’rs, 440 F.3d 1122, 1127 (9th Cir. 2006)).



1
 Boss does not appeal from the district court’s disposition of his claims based on
his November 20, 2013 arrest or his claims that his property was improperly seized
or damaged.

                                          3
      Section 1983 does not contain its own statute of limitations. Without a

federal limitations period, we “apply the forum state’s statute of limitations for

personal injury actions, along with the forum state’s law regarding tolling,

including equitable tolling, except to the extent any of these laws is inconsistent

with federal law.” Canatella v. Van De Kamp, 486 F.3d 1128, 1132 (9th Cir.

2007) (quoting Jones v. Blanas, 393 F.3d 918, 927 (9th Cir. 2004)). Arizona’s

applicable limitations period is two years.

      All of the events relevant to Boss’s Fourth Amendment claim against the

City of Mesa and its officers occurred in November 2013. But Boss did not

identify the Newly Added Officers until he filed his Second Amended Complaint

on December 21, 2015. As a result, Boss’s Second Amended Complaint against

the Newly Added Officers is barred by the statute of limitations unless it “relates

back” to the original or First Amended Complaint.

      In this case, Boss’s complaint does not “relate back.” Federal Rule of Civil

Procedure 15(c) permits relation back, subject to certain limitations, when an

amendment “changes the party or the naming of the party.” Fed. R. Civ. P.

15(c)(1)(C). Under Rule 4(m), the Newly Added Officers had to receive notice of

Boss’s complaint within 90 days of the First Amended Complaint. Fed. R. Civ. P.

4(m). The First Amended Complaint was filed on May 8, 2015. The Newly

Added Officers, however, did not receive notice of the Second Amended


                                          4
Complaint or its naming of them as defendants until December 2015 at the

earliest—well after the notice period under Rule 4(m) had expired.

      Additionally, Boss concedes there was no “mistake concerning the proper

part[ies’] identit[ies]” in this case. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(c)(1)(C)(ii). Replacing a

“John Doe” defendant with the actual name of a defendant is not a “mistake” that

allows relation back under Rule 15(c)(1)(C). See Butler v. Nat’l Cmty.

Renaissance of Cal., 766 F.3d 1191, 1203–04 (9th Cir. 2014).

      Finally, Boss is not entitled to equitable tolling. Equitable tolling is

appropriate only when “a defendant [engages in] affirmative acts of fraud or

concealment [that] misled a person from either recognizing a legal wrong or

seeking timely legal redress.” Porter v. Spader, 239 P.3d 743, 747 (Ariz. Ct. App.

2010). Boss identifies no such actions by the Newly Added Officers. If anything,

Boss’s failure to plead plausible claims in the original complaint, his own refusal

to participate in the voluntary discovery process, his requests for lengthy

extensions of time, and his failure to seek relevant police reports were responsible

for his inability to identify the Newly Added Officers sooner.

      As a result, Boss’s claims against the Newly Added Officers are barred by

the statute of limitations. See Miguel v. Country Funding Corp., 309 F.3d 1161,

1165 (9th Cir. 2002).

      II.    Boss failed to identify any evidence supporting a Monell claim
             against the City.

                                           5
      “Congress did not intend municipalities to be held liable” under 42 U.S.C.

§ 1983 “unless action pursuant to official municipal policy of some nature caused a

constitutional tort.” Monell v. Dep’t of Soc. Servs. of the City of New York, 436

U.S. 658, 691 (1978). To prevail on a Monell claim, Boss must “establish: (1) that

he possessed a constitutional right of which he was deprived; (2) that the

municipality had a policy; (3) that this policy ‘amounts to deliberate indifference’

to [Boss]’s constitutional right; and (4) that the policy is the ‘moving force behind

the constitutional violation.’” Oviatt ex rel. Waugh v. Pearce, 954 F.2d 1470, 1474

(9th Cir. 1992) (quoting City of Canton v. Harris, 489 U.S. 378, 388–91 (1989)).

      Boss failed to identify a constitutionally deficient policy that the City has

adopted or implemented. Instead, Boss argued that the City is liable because the

“officers here are alleged to have been acting ‘within the scope and course’ of their

employment as police officers.” But a municipality cannot be held vicariously

liable for an officer’s alleged misconduct solely because the municipality “employs

a tortfeasor.” Monell, 436 U.S. at 691. Conclusory allegations that the City had an

unconstitutional policy are insufficient to survive summary judgment. See

Sandoval v. Las Vegas Metro. Police Dep’t, 756 F.3d 1154, 1168 (9th Cir. 2014)

(“[B]are-bones allegations of municipal liability on the grounds that ‘multiple

officers with varying degrees of experience’ were involved in the events are

insufficient to establish liability.”); Nilsson v. City of Mesa, 503 F.3d 947, 952 n.2

                                           6
(9th Cir. 2007) (“[A] conclusory, self-serving affidavit, lacking detailed facts and

any supporting evidence, is insufficient to create a genuine issue of material fact.”

(quoting FTC v. Publ’g Clearing House, Inc., 104 F.3d 1168, 1171 (9th Cir.

1997)). Accordingly, the district court did not err in granting summary judgment

in favor of the City on Boss’s Monell claims.

      III.   The district court properly granted summary judgment on Boss’s
             excessive-force claim against Denning and Gomez.

      Having dispensed with Boss’s claims against the Newly Added Officers and

the City, we are left with Boss’s excessive-force claim2 against Detective Denning

and Sergeant Gomez. Because Boss concedes that Denning and Gomez were not

present when he was arrested and handcuffed on November 19, 2013, the district

court properly granted summary judgment in favor of Denning and Gomez on

Boss’s excessive-force claim.

      IV.    There was probable cause to arrest Boss on November 19, 2013.

       “[A] warrantless arrest by a law officer is reasonable under the Fourth

Amendment where there is probable cause to believe that a criminal offense has

been or is being committed.” Devenpeck v. Alford, 543 U.S. 146, 152 (2004). In


2
  Although Boss contends that he has asserted a state-law assault and battery claim
against the Defendant officers, the Second Amended Complaint contains no such
claim. See Ramirez v. County of San Bernardino, 806 F.3d 1002, 1008 (9th Cir.
2015) (“It is well-established in our circuit that an amended complaint supersedes
the original, the latter being treated thereafter as non-existent.”) (citation and
internal quotation marks omitted)).

                                          7
this case, Defendants identified multiple pieces of evidence—known to police prior

to Boss’s November 19, 2013 arrest—supporting their suspicion that Boss and

Derek Lawson were responsible for the murder of Isha Baczynski. Boss’s claim

that the only information known to police officers before the November 19, 2013

arrest was that a “Toyota truck (sometimes referenced as colored white . . .) was

involved,” is belied by this additional evidence cited in Officer Flores’s affidavit.

For that reason, the district court properly held that the Defendants had probable

cause to arrest Boss on November 19, 2013.

      AFFIRMED.




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