                                     RECORD IMPOUNDED

                                NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
                               APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
        This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court." Although it is posted on the
     internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.




                                                        SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
                                                        APPELLATE DIVISION
                                                        DOCKET NO. A-3431-17T3

NEW JERSEY DIVISION
OF CHILD PROTECTION
AND PERMANENCY,

         Plaintiff-Respondent,

v.

P.D.,

         Defendant-Appellant,

and

S.I. and R.L.,

         Defendants.


IN THE MATTER OF A.I., A.D.,
and AD.D.,

         Minors.


                   Submitted May 8, 2019 - Decided June 18, 2019

                   Before Judges Koblitz and Currier.
            On appeal from Superior Court of New Jersey,
            Chancery Division, Family Part, Bergen County,
            Docket No. FN-02-0290-17.

            Joseph E. Krakora, Public Defender, attorney for
            appellant (Marina Ginzburg, Designated Counsel, on
            the briefs).

            Gurbir S. Grewal, Attorney General, attorney for
            respondent (David Gary Futterman, Deputy Attorney
            General, on the brief).

            Joseph Krakora, Public Defender, attorney for minor
            A.I. (Melissa R. Vance, Assistant Deputy Public
            Defender, on the brief).

PER CURIAM

      Defendant P.D.1 appeals from the February 1, 2018 fact-finding

determination that he abused or neglected a now-fifteen-year-old learning-

disabled child, A.I. (Andrea), because she suffered harm as a result of being

exposed to domestic violence perpetrated by defendant throughout his

tumultuous ten-year relationship with her mother. The order requires defendant,

who is schizophrenic and currently incarcerated, to attend psychiatric and

substance abuse evaluations before applying to the court for supervised

visitation upon his release from prison, which was anticipated to be



1
   We use initials and pseudonyms to identify the parties to preserve the
confidentiality of these proceedings. R. 1:38-3(d)(12).
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                                      2
approximately two years from the date the order was issued. After reviewing

the record in light of the contentions advanced on appeal, we affirm.

                                 I. Background

      The Division records, which were admitted into evidence at the fact-

finding hearing, reveal the following information. In October 2014, the Division

of Child Protection and Permanency (Division) received a referral from Andrea's

school. Ten-year-old Andrea, who is not defendant's child, stated that when she

entered her mother and defendant's bedroom after hearing her mother cry,

defendant pushed Andrea into the bathroom, causing her to hit her forehead

against the wall. Andrea said she also hit the back of her head on the shower.

She said her younger brothers were asleep at first and then awoke "due to the

yelling."

      The Division worker interviewed Andrea's mother, S.I. (Susan), who

denied seeing defendant push Andrea. She said that she and defendant often

argued after the children went to bed.

      The Division worker also spoke with defendant's two younger children,

both boys. They said their parents fought "a lot." They were usually in their

bedroom when their parents fought. Their mother was "hurt all the time" and

cried a lot after the fights. After denying that domestic violence services were


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                                         3
necessary, defendant agreed to comply with services as long as they did not

conflict with his work schedule.

      In early December 2014, Susan informed the Division worker she wanted

defendant to leave the home but did not want police involvement. On December

9, 2014, Susan left a voice message with the Division stating she had asked

defendant to leave the home, but he refused to return his keys. Susan asked the

Division for assistance in changing the locks.

      Two days later, Susan described an incident that occurred on the previous

evening, when defendant fought with Susan's brother and she called the police.

Although defendant ran off when the police arrived, he was later located and

hospitalized at the Bergen Regional Medical Center (BRMC).

      On December 15, 2014, after the Division could not reach Susan, a

Division worker contacted Susan's cousin, who informed the worker defendant

"tried to kill" Susan on the night he was hospitalized by putting his hands around

her neck. That same day, defendant was released from the BRMC.

      On December 16, 2014, the Division worker met with Susan at her home.

The worker implemented a safety protection plan restraining defendant from the

home and providing him with supervised contact with the children at the

Division office.


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                                        4
      On December 22, 2014, police responded to the family home due to a

domestic violence report. Susan told police defendant "shoved her several times

while holding a screwdriver and threatening to kill her."         Police arrested

defendant for assault, threatening to kill, and transporting property derived from

a crime, and defendant was incarcerated at the Bergen County Jail (BCJ).

Defendant's history included three temporary restraining orders (TROs) against

him and a 2011 charge for aggravated assault with a deadly weapon.

      Defendant was released from jail on December 30, 2014. On January 9,

2015, police were called to Susan's home due to a domestic violence report.

Susan told the police defendant entered the home through the kitchen window

and began to search for Susan's paramour, whom defendant found hiding in the

laundry room. Defendant grabbed "multiple knives" from the kitchen, "pushed

[Susan] into a wall and struck her on the head with the handle of a meat cleaver

en route to the laundry room." Susan "ran upstairs with [Andrea], and locked

the door." Susan's paramour escaped the laundry room through a window and

ran down the street. When defendant was unable to locate the man, he slashed

the tires of Susan's car and fled. That same day, defendant was arrested and

incarcerated again at the BCJ, where he was assigned to the mental health ward.




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                                        5
The child protective services case was later dismissed from litigation after

defendant successfully engaged in services.

      On April 3, 2017, the police reported to the Division that they went to the

family home three times within two days. Defendant had "grabbed and shoved"

Susan while the children were present and was charged with simple assault.

Another time, defendant had discovered Susan's paramour at the home when he

came to visit the children.    Andrea reported that she witnessed defendant

screaming and brandishing a golf club at her mother's "friend" until the friend

ran away. When Susan went outside, Andrea witnessed defendant "shoving"

Susan aggressively, causing her glasses to fall off. Andrea said she "was out of

breath and shaking," and her younger siblings were "watching the incident from

the living room window." Andrea called the police "because she was afraid for

her mother." Defendant followed Susan's paramour and attempted to hit him

with his car. When defendant missed the man's car, he hit another car, causing

it to spin around, striking and killing a dog being walked by its owner.

      Susan reported that defendant told her: "When I see you, you're dead . . .

I hate you and your daughter . . . I'm going to get my boys all to myself." Susan

obtained a TRO against defendant.




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      Andrea also reported an incident that had occurred two months before,

when defendant became violent with Susan. Although Andrea and her siblings

were in a separate room, they were able to overhear a "slap." Andrea was crying

during the incident. She said no one called the police because defendant said

"he was not afraid of the police." Andrea also said defendant told her "If I ever

see your mother with another man in this house, I'm going to kill them both."

Andrea said she felt safe with Susan, but not around defendant.

      In April 2017, a Division worker visited defendant at the BRMC, where

he admitted to having a golf club in his hands when Susan and the children

arrived home, pushing Susan, attempting to hit Susan's male friend with his car,

and later breaking into the home. Defendant referred to Andrea as a "liar" and

said she had previously accused him of molesting her.

      Dr. Jemour Maddux conducted psychological evaluations of the children,

Susan, and defendant. Susan said that Andrea is "always afraid of what's going

to happen next" because defendant "attacked me back in 2015 . . . . That was

the one when he broke in through the window and he tried to kill me . . . she

witnessed all of that."

      Andrea told the doctor she does not like defendant and felt "worried" and

not "free." She said she could not pay attention in school due to defendant's


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behavior. Andrea described witnessing defendant push and hit her mother, and

recalled that defendant attempted to run over her mother's friend with a car. Dr.

Maddux observed Andrea was depressed. He opined that Andrea's "functioning

and wellbeing" were impaired and she had low self-esteem. She had previously

been diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.       Dr. Maddux

explained that her impairment was worsened by the "variability, unpredictability

and chronicity of these familial threats to [her] health."

       Dr. Maddux found defendant suffered from a psychotic disorder. He had

previously been diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia and was taking

medication under the care of a Passaic County Jail mental-health clinician.

Defendant's psychotic symptoms prevented him from recognizing reality. Dr.

Maddux concluded defendant exhibited parenting limitations due to his

tendency "to discontinue his treatment against medical advice despite these

risks . . . ."

                           II. Fact-Finding Testimony

       On November 27, 2017, the court held a fact-finding hearing. Division

worker Joseph Tobjy testified regarding the Division's involvement with

Andrea's family starting in October 2014. Tobjy stated the allegations of abuse

or neglect against defendant were deemed established by the Division both in


                                                                        A-3431-17T3
                                         8
2014 and in 2017.     He described his conversations with Andrea regarding

witnessing defendant's violent behavior toward her mother. Andrea told him

she did not feel safe with defendant.

      Dr. Maddux testified regarding his evaluations of Andrea and her family

members. He testified that the domestic violence caused Andrea's depression:

            [I]t is my impression that this is a child that's
            experienced impairment in the form of sadness,
            attention difficulties, feeling a sense of loss of control,
            a sense of powerlessness. It was my impression that
            this is a child who had a sense of undue obligation to
            protect her mother, as . . . it should be the other way
            around, and I reached a conclusion that these things are
            causally the result of [defendant's] behavior as she
            described it.

      On February 1, 2018, Judge Gallina-Mecca rendered an oral decision

finding the Division proved by a preponderance of the evidence that defendant

abused or neglected Andrea under N.J.S.A. 9:6-8.21(c). The judge found Tobjy

to be a credible witness because "he had no personal interest in the outcome of

this matter," his "testimony was consistent with the documents admitted into

evidence," and he "testified from his own personal knowledge and after a

complete review of the Division's files in this matter." The judge also found Dr.

Maddux to be a credible witness. She concluded:

            In his report and his testimony, Dr. Maddux was
            unequivocal that [Andrea] had expressed fear for

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                                        9
            herself and her mother due to her experiences with
            [defendant's] domestic violence toward her mother.
            Consequently, [Andrea] has suffered functional
            impairment as described by Dr. Maddux, including her
            suffering attention problems, feeling differently from
            her peers, and her protectiveness of her mother.

            In his unrefuted expert opinion, Dr. Maddox concluded
            that the child's behavioral and emotional difficulties
            were caused by her relationship with [defendant]. As
            such, the Division has proffered uncontroverted
            psychological evidence to support a causal relationship
            between [Andrea] witnessing domestic violence by
            [defendant] and emotional distress suffered by
            [Andrea].

            The [c]ourt finds, based upon the totality of the
            evidence, particularly the uncontroverted expert
            opinion of Dr. Maddux, that [Andrea] suffered actual
            emotional harm as a result of being exposed to domestic
            violence by [defendant].

                            III. Legal discussion.

      Our review of family court decisions is limited. Hand v. Hand, 391 N.J.

Super. 102, 111 (App. Div. 2007). "We accord deference to factfindings of the

family court because it has the superior ability to gauge the credibility of the

witnesses who testify before it and because it possesses special expertise in

matters related to the family." N.J. Div. of Youth and Family Services v. F.M.,

211 N.J. 420, 448 (2012). "We will not overturn a family court's factfindings

unless they are so 'wide of the mark' that our intervention is necessary to correct


                                                                          A-3431-17T3
                                       10
an injustice." Ibid. (quoting N.J. Div. of Youth & Family Servs. v. E.P., 196

N.J. 88, 104 (2008)). "It is not our place to second-guess or substitute our

judgment for that of the family court, provided that the record contains

substantial and credible evidence" to support its decision. Id. at 448-449.

      Defendant argues on appeal that the Division presented insufficient

credible evidence to meet its burden to demonstrate abuse or neglect. Andrea

did not testify at the hearing.    While "a child's hearsay statement may be

admitted into evidence, [it] may not be the sole basis for a finding of abuse or

neglect." N.J. Div. of Child Prot. & Permanency v. S.K., 456 N.J. Super. 245,

272 (App. Div. 2018) (quoting N.J. Div. of Youth and Family Servs. v. P.W.R.,

205 N.J. 17, 33 (2011)); see also N.J.S.A. 9:6-8.46(a) (establishing "previous

statements made by the child relating to any allegations of abuse or neglect shall

be admissible in evidence; provided, however, that no such statement, if

uncorroborated, shall be sufficient to make a fact finding of abuse or neg lect").

However, "[i]t would be a rare case where evidence could be produced that

would directly corroborate the specific allegation of abuse between the child and

the perpetrator . . . ." N.J. Div. of Youth and Family Servs. v. Z.P.R., 351 N.J.

Super. 427, 435 (App. Div. 2002).           "A child's statement need only be

corroborated by '[s]ome direct or circumstantial evidence beyond the child's


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                                       11
statement itself.'" N.J. Div. of Child Protection and Permanency v. A.D., 455

N.J. Super. 144, 157 (App. Div. 2018) (alteration in original) (quoting N.J. Div.

of Child Protection and Permanency v. N.B., 452 N.J. Super. 513, 522 (App.

Div. 2017)). Effective corroborative evidence includes eyewitness testimony,

confessions,   admissions,   or   medical    or   scientific   evidence.       Ibid.

"[C]orroborative evidence 'need only provide support' for the child's statements

and may be circumstantial." Ibid. (quoting N.B., 452 N.J. Super. at 521).

      Here, the trial court's finding of abuse or neglect was based in part on Dr.

Maddux's testimony that Andrea suffered emotional harm as a result of

witnessing the behavior of defendant that she disclosed during her evaluation

and to the Division. See id. at 160 (finding a medical report documenting signs

of penetration sufficiently corroborative of a child's statements regarding sexual

assault). The Division met its burden of proving abuse or neglect by sufficient,

credible evidence because Andrea's statements were corroborated by Dr.

Maddux and the Division caseworker. See id. at 157; see also N.J. Div. of Youth

& Family Servs. v. N.S., 412 N.J. Super. 593, 615 (App. Div. 2010) ("The

evidence must demonstrate that the offered hypothesis is a rational inference "

that permits the fact-finder "to arrive at a conclusion grounded in a

preponderance of probabilities according to common experience.")


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                                       12
      "[C]hildren, even when they are not themselves physically assaulted,

suffer deep and lasting emotional effects from exposure to domestic violence."

N.J.S.A. 2C:25-18; see also N.J. Div. Of Youth and Family Servs. v. S.S., 372

N.J. Super. 13, 25 (App. Div. 2004).      Andrea was harmed by witnessing

defendant's violent behavior.

      Affirmed.




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