                                                                                              Filed
                                                                                        Washington State
                                                                                        Court of Appeals
                                                                                         Division Two

                                                                                          July 17, 2018




    IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

                                         DIVISION II
 JERRY PORTER and KAREN ZIMMER,                                     No. 49819-7-II
 husband and wife

                               Appellants,

        v.

 PEPPER E.KIRKENDOLL and CLARICE N.                             PUBLISHED OPINION
 KIRKENDOLL, husband and wife; KYLE
 PETERS and ANDREA PETERS, husband and
 wife; G & J LOGGING, INC., a Washington
 Corporation; MITCH PAYNE; JOHN BOGER;
 DANIEL SHEETS, a/k/a BOONE SHEETS,
 and JENNIFER SHEETS, husband and wife;
 BOONE’S MECHANICAL CUTTING, INC.,
 a Washington Corporation; and JOHN DOES 1-
 5,

                               Respondents.

       LEE, A.C.J. — Jerry Porter and Karen Zimmer (collectively “Porter”) appeal the superior

court’s order on summary judgment dismissing Porter’s claims for waste, timber trespass,

equitable indemnity, and contribution. Porter also appeals the superior court’s exclusion of his

rebuttal expert’s testimony.

       We hold that the superior court did not err in dismissing Porter’s waste and contribution

claims. However, we hold that the superior court erred in dismissing Porter’s timber trespass and

equitable indemnity claims and that it abused its discretion in excluding Porter’s rebuttal expert’s
No. 49819-7-II


testimony. Accordingly, we affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand to the superior court for

further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

                                               FACTS

A.     LOGGING THE PROPERTIES

       Porter owned a lot to the east of, and adjacent to, Pepper and Clarice Kirkendoll’s

(collectively “Kirkendoll”) property in Lewis County. The land near the property line between the

two properties was forested. There was a 60-foot right of way easement located on the western

edge of Porter’s property, and a road was built on the easement. Porter’s property line extended

westward past the road about 8 feet at the north end and about 30 feet at the south end. Porter and

Kirkendoll used the road to access their respective properties.

       In March 2014, Kirkendoll hired Kyle Peters and G & J Logging, Inc. (collectively “G &

J”) to remove some trees. G & J hired Boone Sheets and Boone’s Mechanical Cutting, Inc.

(collectively “Boone”) to assist in the tree cutting.

       Kirkendoll told G & J that he owned the property up to the edge of the road and that all of

the trees up to the edge of the road were his. Kirkendoll had seen two monuments that marked the

corners of Porter’s property west of the road before the trees were cut. Peters was with Kirkendoll

when Kirkendoll saw the monuments, and Peters saw at least one of the monuments.

       Based on Kirkendoll’s representations, G & J instructed Boone on where to cut, and Boone

cut and removed the trees up to the edge of the road, including trees on Porter’s property. G & J

sold the logs and split the proceeds with Kirkendoll.




                                                  2
No. 49819-7-II


        After Porter accused Kirkendoll of cutting trees on Porter’s property, Kirkendoll had his

property surveyed. The survey confirmed that Porter’s property line extended into the area where

Kirkendoll had instructed G & J to cut trees.

B.      PORTER’S SUIT

        Porter filed suit against Kirkendoll, G & J, and Boone. Porter alleged timber trespass under

RCW 64.12.030 and waste under RCW 4.24.630. Specifically, Porter alleged that the defendants

“intentionally, recklessly or negligently trespassed upon [Porter’s property] and cut trees.” Clerk’s

Papers (CP) at 2. Porter also alleged that cutting his trees damaged his landscape, and removing

and selling his trees converted his personal property. Porter sought treble damages and attorney

fees.

C.      KIRKENDOLL’S ANSWER

        Kirkendoll’s answer admitted that he “caused timber to be harvested from a right of way

easement adjacent to the Plaintiffs [Porter’s] holdings” and that he and his “agents only removed

timber on property adjacent to [Kirkendoll’s] property located on a legally described boundary

right-of-way easement.” CP at 5-6. Kirkendoll asserted that

        [a]s early as 2006 and 2007, when Plaintiffs were already in possession of the
        property in question and actually performing work on the boundary road at issue in
        this complaint and answer, Mr. Kirkendoll openly and in full view [of] Plaintiffs
        and of the then-travelled portion of the right-of-way, began managing the disputed
        trees for harvest . . . . By not putting the Kirkendolls on notice of their claim of
        ownership of the trees in question after seeing that significant timber prep work had
        been done, Plaintiffs waived damages and are estopped in pais from demanding
        any more than the actual profit obtained by Kirkendoll on such trees.




                                                 3
No. 49819-7-II


CP at 6. Kirkendoll also stated that Porter could not allege waste because he alleged timber

trespass and that facts warranting treble damages were not pled. Kirkendoll did not assert fault of

others as an affirmative defense.

D.       G & J’S AND BOONE’S ANSWERS AND CROSS-CLAIMS

         G & J’s answer admitted that Kirkendoll hired it to remove trees from property that

Kirkendoll represented was his, that G & J entered Porter’s property and removed trees based on

Kirkendoll’s representation, and that G & J hired Boone to assist in cutting the trees. G & J alleged

that it reasonably believed the trees were on Kirkendoll’s property.

         G & J asserted cross-claims against Kirkendoll for contribution and indemnity. G & J

alleged that Porter sought to hold G & J liable because of Kirkendoll’s acts and, if G & J was found

liable, such liability was caused by Kirkendoll. Therefore, Kirkendoll should (1) contribute to any

damages awarded against G & J, or alternatively, the court should reduce G & J’s liability by its

proportionate share of fault; and (2) indemnify G & J for any amounts recovered by Porter against

G & J.

         Boone’s answer admitted that G & J hired it to cut trees on Kirkendoll’s property, that

Boone followed G & J’s instructions on where to cut, that Boone reasonably believed the trees

were on Kirkendoll’s property, and that Boone only cut trees within the boundaries represented by

G & J. Boone also asserted that “[a]ny damages allegedly suffered by Plaintiffs were caused, in

whole or in part, by the negligence or improper actions of others.” CP at 17. Boone later amended

its answer to include a cross-claim against G & J and Kirkendoll for “equitable or implied in fact

indemnity.” Supplementary . Clerk’s Papers (Supp. CP) at 587.




                                                 4
No. 49819-7-II


E.     DAMAGES EXPERTS

       Porter hired Patrick See as an expert witness on damages. See used “the trunk formula

method[1] to determine the value the destroyed landscape made to the property value of the entire

Porter holding.” Supp. CP at 378. See stated that Porter would not enjoy the natural landscape

that lined his driveway for at least forty years after the trees were replaced and that Porter’s land

was damaged. The damage could not be measured by stumpage value2 alone because that value

ignored the landscape value lost.

       Kirkendoll hired Michael Jackson as an expert witness. Jackson stated that the trunk

formula method was the appropriate appraisal method for trees in residential landscape,

recreational, or shade tree situations when the species and size can be determined. But Jackson

disagreed with See’s damages calculation.

       G & J hired Walter Knapp as an expert witness. Knapp stated that the trees should be

valued solely for their stumpage value.

       G & J also hired Victor Musselman to conduct an evaluation. Musselman stated that there

was no effect on the marketability of Porter’s property due to the cut trees.



1
  See did not describe the “trunk formula method.” Generally, the trunk formula method is “used
to appraise the monetary value of trees considered too large to be replaced with nursery stock.
Value is based on the cost of the largest commonly available transplantable tree and its cost of
installation, plus the increase in value due to the larger size of the tree being appraised. . . . [the
value is] then adjusted for species, condition, and location ratings.” Barri Kaplan Bonapart,
Understanding Tree Law: A Handbook for Practitioners, § 11 (Thomson Reuters 2014).
2
 See did not define “stumpage value.” Generally, stumpage value is the market value of a tree
before it is cut; the amount that a purchaser would pay for a standing tree to be cut and removed.
David H. Bowser, “Hey, That’s My Tree!”—An Analysis of the Good-Faith Contract Logger
Exemption from the Double and Treble Damage Provisions of Oregon’s Timber Trespass Action,
36 WILLAMETTE L. REV. 401, 405 (2000).


                                                  5
No. 49819-7-II


F.        PRE-TRIAL PROCEEDINGS

          Kirkendoll sent Jackson’s report to Porter before the discovery cutoff date. Kirkendoll

later sent Jackson’s notes and file to Porter and asked, “If [the notes and file] in any way impacts

your experts’ ability to testify fully at their depositions tomorrow, please let me know right away

so we can attempt to work something out.” Supp. CP at 376. Porter did not respond to the email.

          Nine days later, Porter sent a letter to the defendants naming Galen Wright as an additional

rebuttal expert.3 Specifically, Porter said Wright would rebut the manner in which Jackson and

Knapp applied the trunk formula and their opinions as to the distinction between landscape damage

and damages associated with the appropriation of Porter’s logs. This letter was sent days after

disclosure of rebuttal witnesses was due.

          Kirkendoll filed a motion in limine to exclude Wright from testifying. Kirkendoll argued

that Porter untimely disclosed Wright as an expert, that Wright’s testimony was cumulative to that

of Porter’s other expert, that Kirkendoll would be prejudiced if Wright was allowed to testify, and

that Porter provided no compelling reason for the last minute “switch” of experts.

          The superior court granted Kirkendoll’s motion and excluded Wright’s testimony. The

superior court reasoned that Porter untimely disclosed Wright as an expert, that Porter did not

respond to Kirkendoll’s letter asking whether Jackson’s notes and file would impact See’s

deposition testimony, and that Porter would not be prejudiced because Porter had another expert

witness who could testify to the same subject area as Wright.




3
    Porter had already identified See as a rebuttal witness.


                                                    6
No. 49819-7-II


G.     THE SETTLEMENT

       A month before the superior court’s ruling excluding Wright’s rebuttal testimony, Porter

and G & J entered into a settlement agreement. G & J agreed to pay Porter $75,000, assign all of

its cross-claims against Kirkendoll to Porter, allow Porter to use G & J’s experts, and assist Porter

in prosecuting the assigned claims. In exchange, Porter agreed to indemnify G & J against all

cross-claims brought against G & J by other parties and to dismiss his claims against G & J.

       A couple of days later, Porter, G & J, and Boone entered into a supplemental settlement

agreement. In the supplemental settlement agreement, G & J agreed to pay Porter an additional

$40,000. Boone agreed to pay Porter $10,000, assign all of its claims against Kirkendoll to Porter,

assist Porter in prosecuting the assigned claims, and dismiss its cross-claims against G & J. In

exchange, Porter agreed to dismiss his claims against Boone.

H.     SUMMARY JUDGMENT

       Porter then filed a motion for partial summary judgment against Kirkendoll. Porter argued

that he was entitled to summary judgment on his assigned indemnity claims because Kirkendoll

caused G & J and Boone (collectively “the Loggers”) to be involved in the case, the case should

proceed under the waste statute because Kirkendoll caused injury to land and trees, and Porter was

entitled to treble damages because Kirkendoll acted wrongfully.

       Kirkendoll responded to Porter’s motion and filed his own motion for summary judgment.

Kirkendoll argued that he was entitled to summary judgment dismissal of all claims against him

because (1) Porter’s settlement with the Loggers released Kirkendoll’s liability under Glover;4 (2)



4
 Glover v. Tacoma General Hosp., 98 Wn.2d 708, 658 P.2d 1230 (1983), abrogated by Crown
Controls, Inc. v. Smiley, 110 Wn.2d 695, 756 P.2d 717 (1988).


                                                 7
No. 49819-7-II


the Loggers did not have indemnity rights to assign to Porter because such rights were abolished

under the Tort Reform Act (TRA), chapter 4.22 RCW; and (3) the Loggers did not have

contribution rights to assign to Porter because they did not provide notice and there was no

reasonableness hearing for the settlement that was reached.

       The superior court denied Porter’s partial summary judgment motion, granted Kirkendoll’s

summary judgment motion, and dismissed all of Porter’s claims against Kirkendoll. Porter filed a

motion for reconsideration of the superior court’s summary judgment dismissal, which the superior

court denied.

       Porter appeals the superior court’s orders granting Kirkendoll’s motion for summary

judgment and denying Porter’s motion for partial summary judgment.

                                           ANALYSIS

A.     SUMMARY JUDGMENT

       Porter argues that the superior court erred in (1) granting Kirkendoll’s summary judgment

and dismissing all his claims against Kirkendoll; and (2) denying Porter’s motion for partial

summary judgment on (a) his assigned equitable indemnity claim, (b) the application of the waste

statute, and (c) liability for treble damages for timber trespass. We agree that the superior court

erred in dismissing Porter’s timber trespass and indemnity claims, but the superior court did not

err in dismissing Porter’s waste, contribution, equitable indemnity, and treble damages claims.

       1.       Legal Principles

       We review a trial court’s summary judgment decision de novo. Keck v. Collins, 184 Wn.2d

358, 370, 357 P.3d 1080 (2015). We consider the evidence and all reasonable inferences from the

evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Id.



                                                8
No. 49819-7-II


       Summary judgment is appropriate when there is no genuine issue of material fact, and the

moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Id. “A material fact is one that affects the

outcome of the litigation.” Owen v. Burlington N. & Santa Fe R.R. Co., 153 Wn.2d 780, 789, 108

P.3d 1220 (2005). “An issue of material fact is genuine if the evidence is sufficient for a reasonable

jury to return a verdict for the nonmoving party.” Keck, 184 Wn.2d at 370.

       We also review the meaning of statutes de novo. Gunn v. Riely, 185 Wn. App. 517, 524,

344 P.3d 1225, review denied, 183 Wn.2d 1004 (2015). “Our fundamental objective is to ascertain

and carry out the legislature’s intent.” Id. If the statute’s meaning is plain on its face, we must

give effect to the plain meaning of the statute as an expression of legislative intent. Id. We look

to interpretive aids only if the statute is ambiguous. Id.

       2.      Kirkendoll’s Motion for Summary Judgment

       Porter argues that the superior court erred in granting Kirkendoll’s motion for summary

judgment and dismissing all his claims against Kirkendoll. We agree that the superior court erred

in dismissing Porter’s claims for timber trespass and indemnity, but the superior court did not err

in dismissing Porter’s claims for waste and contribution.

               a.      Timber trespass claims

                       i.      Application of the TRA to a timber trespass claim

       As an initial matter, Porter argues that the TRA does not apply to intentional torts such as

timber trespass. We agree.

       Under the TRA, “In an action based on fault seeking to recover damages for injury or death

to person or harm to property, any contributory fault chargeable to the claimant diminishes

proportionately the amount awarded as compensatory damages for an injury attributable to the



                                                  9
No. 49819-7-II


claimant’s contributory fault, but does not bar recovery.” RCW 4.22.005. “Fault” is defined as

“acts or omissions, including misuse of a product, that are in any measure negligent or reckless

toward the person or property of the actor or others, or that subject a person to strict tort liability

or liability on a product liability claim.” RCW 4.22.015.

        Under RCW 64.12.030, a person is liable for timber trespass when the person “cut[s] down,

girdle[s], or otherwise injure[s], or carr[ies] off any tree, . . . timber, or shrub on the land of another

person . . . without lawful authority.” One who authorizes or directs a trespass is jointly and

severally liable with the actual trespassers. Bloedel Timberlands Dev., Inc. v. Timber Indus., Inc.,

28 Wn. App. 669, 676, 626 P.2d 30, review denied, 95 Wn.2d 1027 (1981); see Hill v. Cox, 110

Wn. App. 394, 404, 41 P.3d 495, review denied, 147 Wn.2d 1024 (2002).

        Our Supreme Court has held that timber trespass sounds in tort and trespass is an intentional

tort. Birchler v. Castello Land Co., 133 Wn.2d 106, 115, 942 P.2d 968 (1997) (timber trespass is

an intentional tort); Jongeward v. BNSF R. Co., 174 Wn.2d 586, 597 n.9, 278 P.3d 157 (2012) (an

involuntary or accidental trespass is still trespass). The TRA does not apply to intentional torts.

See Welch v. Southland Corp., 134 Wn.2d 629, 634, 952 P.2d 162 (1998). Thus, the TRA does

not apply to timber trespass.5




5
  The superior court relied on Glover v. Tacoma General Hospital as the basis for dismissing
Porter’s timber trespass claim. The Glover court relied on the TRA, specifically RCW 4.22.040(1),
“to discharge a principal when the agent and the injured party have entered into a settlement which
the trial judge has approved as reasonable.” 98 Wn.2d at 722. But as discussed above, the TRA
does not apply to intentional tort claims, and timber trespass is an intentional tort. Therefore,
dismissal of Porter’s timber trespass claims based on Glover was not proper.


                                                    10
No. 49819-7-II


                        ii.     Porter’s timber trespass claim based on agency

        Porter also argues that his settlement with the Loggers did not release Kirkendoll from

liability for timber trespass because the Loggers were not Kirkendoll’s agents. We agree.

        A principal is released by operation of law as a result of a release of the agent if that agent

is solvent. Vanderpool v. Grange Ins. Ass’n, 110 Wn.2d 483, 487, 756 P.2d 111 (1988). The

crucial factor in determining the existence of an agency relationship is “the right to control the

manner of performance.” O’Brien v. Hafer, 122 Wn. App. 279, 283, 93 P.3d 930 (2004), review

denied, 153 Wn.2d 1022 (2005).

        For timber trespass, the manner of performance refers to the actual cutting. Bloedel, 28

Wn. App. at 674. Kirkendoll argues that an agency relationship existed because he controlled the

location of the cutting. However, the manner of performance is how the cutting was to be done

and no evidence was presented to show that aside from selecting the location, Kirkendoll had any

control over the cutting of the trees. Id. Thus, an agency relationship between Kirkendoll and the

Loggers did not exist. Therefore, Porter’s release of the Loggers from liability did not, in turn,

release Kirkendoll from liability for timber trespass.

                        iii.    Porter’s timber trespass claim based on Kirkendoll’s conduct

        Porter argues that because Kirkendoll could be held liable for his own misconduct and not

just the conduct of the Loggers, the superior court erred when it granted Kirkendoll’s motion for

summary judgment dismissal of his timber trespass claim. We agree.

        Under RCW 64.12.030, a person is liable for timber trespass when the person “cut[s] down,

girdle[s], or otherwise injure[s], or carr[ies] off any tree, . . . timber, or shrub on the land of another

person . . . without lawful authority.” One who authorizes or directs a trespass is jointly and



                                                    11
No. 49819-7-II


severally liable with the actual trespassers. Bloedel, 28 Wn. App. at 676; see Hill, 110 Wn. App.

at 404. Joint and several liability enables “a plaintiff to sue one tortfeasor and recover all of his or

her damages from one of multiple tortfeasors.” Washburn v. Beatt Equip. Co., 120 Wn.2d 246,

294, 840 P.2d 860 (1992).

       Here, Porter alleged that Kirkendoll was liable under the timber trespass statute based on

Kirkendoll’s conduct of telling the Loggers where to cut. Because Kirkendoll directed the trespass

in this case by instructing G & J (who then instructed Boone) on where to cut, Porter also had a

timber trespass claim against Kirkendoll independent of any claim against Kirkendoll for timber

trespass based on an agency theory. Therefore, the superior court erred when it granted summary

judgment dismissal of Porter’s timber trespass claim against Kirkendoll based on Kirkendoll’s

conduct.6

               b.       Assigned common law indemnity claims

       Porter argues that the superior court erred when it dismissed his assigned common law

indemnity claims on summary judgment. We agree.

       Washington courts have identified three general types of indemnity. Fortune View Condo.

Ass’n v. Fortune Star Dev. Co., 151 Wn.2d 534, 543, 90 P.3d 1062 (2004). These include




6
  Kirkendoll argues that there could be no theory of liability against him beyond respondeat
superior (otherwise referred to as “vicarious liablity”). Kirkendoll cites Hill, 110 Wn. App. at 394,
and Ventoza v. Anderson, 14 Wn. App. 882, 545 P.2d 1219, review denied, 87 Wn.2d 1007 (1976),
to support his position. However, those cases both state that a party can be liable for directing
independent contractors to cut trees on the land of another. See Hill, 110 Wn. App. at 404; Ventoza,
14 Wn. App. at 896.


                                                  12
No. 49819-7-II


contractual indemnity,7 implied contractual indemnity,8 and equitable indemnity. Id. at 543-44.

Equitable indemnity is also referred to as “common law indemnity.” Id. at 544.

         Under common law indemnity, a person without personal fault, who has become subject

to tort liability for the wrongful conduct of another, “‘is entitled to indemnity from the other for

expenditures properly made in the discharge of such liability.’” Id (internal quotation marks

omitted) (quoting Hanscome v. Perry, 75 Md. App. 605, 617, 542 A.2d 421 (1987)). The “ABC

Rule” embodies the theory of equitable/common law indemnity. See LK Operating, LLC v.

Collection Grp., LLC, 181 Wn.2d 117, 123, 330 P.3d 190 (2014). The ABC rule requires: (1) a

wrongful act or omission by A toward B, (2) that such act or omission exposes or involves B in

litigation with C, and (3) that C was not connected with the wrongful act or omission of A toward

B. Id.

         Here, because the TRA does not apply, the Loggers’ common law indemnity rights were

not abolished by the TRA.9 Therefore, Porter received the Loggers’ common law indemnity rights

through an assignment from the Loggers in his settlement with the Loggers.




7
 Contractual indemnity is expressly provided in a contract between parties. Id. at 543 n.1. Porter
does not argue that his assigned indemnity claims are based on any contracts between Kirkendoll
and G & J or Boone.
8
  Implied contractual indemnity is based on a ‘“contract between two parties that necessarily
implies the right.”’ Id. at 544 (quoting Kaleel Builders, Inc. v. Ashby, 161 N.C. App. 34, 38, 587
S.E.2d 470 (2003), review denied, 358 N.C. 235 (2004)). Porter does not argue that his assigned
indemnity claims are based on any contract between Kirkendoll and G & J or Boone.
9
 Under the TRA, “The common law right of indemnity between active and passive tort feasors is
abolished.” RCW 4.22.040(3). The TRA replaced the common law right of indemnity between
active and passive tortfeasors with the right to contribution. Johnson v. Cont’l W., Inc., 99 Wn.2d
555, 558, 663 P.2d 482 (1983).


                                                13
No. 49819-7-II


       For common law indemnity, a person without personal fault, who has become subject to

tort liability for the wrongful conduct of another, “‘is entitled to indemnity from the other for

expenditures properly made in the discharge of such liability.’” Fortune View, 151 Wn.2d at 544

(internal quotation marks omitted)(quoting Hanscome, 75 Md. App. at 617). A genuine issue

remained as to whether the Loggers were without personal fault here and had become subject to

tort liability for the wrongful conduct of Kirkendoll, entitling the Loggers to amounts paid to

discharge that liability. Id. Therefore, the superior court erred when it granted Kirkendoll’s motion

for summary judgment and dismissed Porter’s assigned indemnity claims.

               c.      Waste claim

       Porter argues that the superior court erred when it dismissed his waste claim against

Kirkendoll on summary judgment. We disagree.

       Under RCW 4.24.630(1), a person is liable for waste when the person “goes onto the land

of another and . . . removes timber, crops, minerals, or other similar valuable property from the

land, or wrongfully causes waste or injury to the land.” A person who directs or assists in such

acts may be held jointly and severally liable. Standing Rock Homeowners Ass’n v. Misich, 106

Wn. App. 231, 246, 23 P.3d 520, review denied, 145 Wn.2d 1008 (2001).

       The waste statute “does not apply in any case where liability for damages is provided under

RCW 64.12.030,” the timber trespass statute. RCW 4.24.630(2) (emphasis added). The waste

statute “explicitly excludes its application where liability for damages is provided under RCW

64.12.030, the timber trespass statute.” Gunn, 185 Wn. App. at 525.

       A person is liable under the timber trespass statute when the person “cut[s] down, girdle[s],

or otherwise injure[s], or carr[ies] off any tree, . . . timber, or shrub on the land of another person



                                                  14
No. 49819-7-II


. . . without lawful authority.” RCW 64.12.030. Here, trees were cut on Porter’s property.

Kirkendoll hired G & J, who then hired Boone, to remove the trees. Kirkendoll told G & J where

to cut the trees, and G & J relayed that information to Boone. Boone cut and removed the trees as

directed. Because liability for damages would be provided under the timber trespass statute here,

the waste statute did not apply. RCW 4.24.630(2).

       Porter also argues that the waste statute could apply in cases involving both damage to land

and trees. In support of this argument, Porter cites to a footnote in Gunn that discussed the

legislature’s rationale for enacting the waste statute as a method of dealing with vandalizing of

trees, running over of agriculture, and ripping up of ground. 185 Wn. App. at 525 n.6. The Gunn

court noted that

       it appears that there could be a situation, under circumstances of waste or
       vandalism, where a court may find that RCW 4.24.630 appropriately applies to a
       dispute over comprehensive property damage that includes damage to property and
       removal of timber, rather than a dispute where the sole issue is timber trespass.

Id.

       Here, however, there are no circumstances of waste, vandalism, or comprehensive property

damage. The sole allegation was the cutting and removal of Porter’s trees and damage to Porter’s

bushes. Although Porter also alleged damage to his landscape, such damage resulted from the

same acts that constitute timber trespass. Merely characterizing the trees as “canopy” is not

sufficient to render damage to such trees “comprehensive property damage” or damage to real

property as contemplated in Gunn.

       Also, if a statute’s meaning is plain on its face, we must give effect to the plain meaning

of the statute as an expression of legislative intent. Id. at 524. Because the meaning of the waste




                                                15
No. 49819-7-II


statute is plain on its face—the waste statute does not apply in any case where damages are

provided for under the timber trespass statute—we must give effect to the plain meaning of the

statute. Therefore, we hold that the superior court’s summary judgment dismissal of Porter’s waste

claim was proper.

               d.     Assigned contribution claims

       Porter argues that the superior court erred when it granted Kirkendoll’s motion for

summary judgment dismissal of Porter’s assigned contribution claims under the TRA. We

disagree.

       Under the TRA, “A right of contribution exists between or among two or more persons

who are jointly and severally liable upon the same indivisible claim for the same injury, death or

harm, whether or not judgment has been recovered against all or any of them.” RCW 4.22.040(1).

But here, the TRA does not apply. See Supra Section A.2.a.i. As a result, the right to contribution

under the TRA did not exist. Therefore, the superior court did not err when it granted summary

judgment dismissal of Porter’s assigned contribution claim.

       3.      Porter’s Motion for Partial Summary Judgment

       Porter argues that the superior court erred when it denied his motion for partial summary

judgment on his claims for equitable/common law indemnity, waste, and treble damages. We

disagree.

               a.     Equitable/common law indemnity claim

       As discussed above, the Loggers’ common law indemnity rights were not abolished by the

TRA because the TRA does not apply. Consequently, Porter obtained through assignment any

such rights that the Loggers’ possessed. See Supra Section A.2.b.



                                                16
No. 49819-7-II


       However, the record is not clear as to whether the Loggers are without fault and are subject

to liability only for the wrongful conduct of Kirkendoll. The record shows that Peters was with

Kirkendoll when Kirkendoll saw the monuments, and Peters saw at least one of the monuments

marking the corners of Porter’s property west of the road. Therefore, a genuine issue of material

fact exists, and the superior court did not err when it denied partial summary judgment on Porter’s

assigned equitable/common law indemnity claims.

               b.      Waste claim

       As discussed above, the waste statute did not apply. See Supra Section A.2.c. Therefore,

the superior court did not err when it denied Porter’s motion for partial summary judgment on his

waste claim.

               c.      Treble damages claim

       Because we hold that the superior court erred in dismissing Porter’s timber trespass claim

on summary judgment, we necessarily hold that the superior court erred in dismissing Porter’s

claim for treble damages for the timber trespass on summary judgment, and remand this issue to

the superior court for further proceedings.

B.     EXCLUSION OF WRIGHT’S TESTIMONY

       Porter argues that the superior court erred when it excluded Wright’s rebuttal testimony.10

We agree.



10
  Porter did not designate the superior court’s decision excluding Wright’s testimony in his notice
of appeal. However, we review this decision in the interest of justice because Porter sets forth the
decision in his assignments of error, presents argument on the issue, and references legal authority;
and Kirkendoll addresses the issue. In re Truancy of Perkins, 93 Wn. App. 590, 594, 969 P.2d
1101 (1999), abrogated on other grounds by Bellevue Sch. Dist. v. E.S., 148 Wn. App. 205, 199
P.3d 1010 (2009).


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No. 49819-7-II


         A trial court exercises broad discretion in imposing discovery sanctions and its

determination will not be disturbed absent a clear abuse of discretion. Mayer v. Sto Indus., Inc.,

156 Wn.2d 677, 684, 132 P.3d 115 (2006). The trial court must consider the factors set forth in

Burnet11 before excluding witnesses for late disclosure. Jones v. City of Seattle, 179 Wn.2d 322,

344, 314 P.3d 380 (2013). The record must show consideration of a lesser sanction, the willfulness

of the violation, and substantial prejudice arising from the violation. Mayer, 156 Wn.2d at 688.

Failure to consider these factors constitutes an abuse of discretion. Keck, 184 Wn.2d at 362.

         Here, the superior court excluded Wright’s rebuttal testimony because of Porter’s late

disclosure of Wright after the date set for disclosure of rebuttal witnesses. Thus, the superior

court’s exclusion was a discovery sanction. But the superior court did not consider the Burnet

factors before excluding Wright’s rebuttal testimony as a sanction for late disclosure. The superior

court only considered the fact that Porter did not respond to Kirkendoll’s letter and that Porter

would not be prejudiced by Wright’s exclusion.

         While the superior court’s consideration of Porter’s lack of response may constitute

consideration of Porter’s willfulness, the superior court still did not consider the existence of lesser

sanctions or whether Kirkendoll was substantially prejudiced by the late disclosure. Therefore,

the superior court abused its discretion when it excluded Wright based on late disclosure without

considering the Burnet factors.




11
     Burnet v. Spokane Ambulance, 131 Wn.2d 484, 933 P.2d 1036 (1997).


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No. 49819-7-II


                                      ATTORNEY FEES

       Porter requests attorney fees on appeal under the equitable indemnity principles and the

waste statute. As discussed above, the waste statute is inapplicable here. And we exercise our

discretion here and decline to award attorney fees under equitable indemnity principles.

                                        CONCLUSION

       We hold that the superior court erred in granting summary judgment dismissal of Porter’s

timber trespass claim and indemnity claims, and abused its discretion when it excluded Wright’s

testimony. We also hold that the superior court did not err in granting summary judgment

dismissal of Porter’s waste claim and contribution claims.

       We affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand to the superior court for further proceedings

consistent with this opinion.



                                                    Lee, A.C.J.
 We concur:



Worswick, J.




Melnick, J.




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