                         IN THE SUPREME COURT OF MISSISSIPPI

                                      NO. 2002-CA-01136-SCT

BARBARA ANN BREKEEN

v.

WILLIAM LEE BREKEEN


DATE OF JUDGMENT:                                  05/08/2002
TRIAL JUDGE:                                       HON. JOHN C. ROSS, JR.
COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED:                         TISHOMINGO COUNTY CHANCERY COURT
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT:                            DUNCAN L. LOTT
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE:                             JOE M. DAVIS
NATURE OF THE CASE:                                CIVIL - CUSTODY
DISPOSITION:                                       REVERSED AND REMANDED - 06/24/2004
MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:
MANDATE ISSUED:



        EN BANC.

        CARLSON, JUSTICE, FOR THE COURT:

¶1.     On May 8, 2002, the Tishomingo Chancery Court awarded William Lee Brekeen a divorce from

Barbara Ann Brekeen on the grounds of adultery. The chancery court further awarded custody of the

parties' minor child to William and granted Barbara liberal visitation rights. Feeling aggrieved by the

chancellor's ruling regarding the custody of her minor child, Barbara has timely filed her appeal before this

Court. Finding that the chancellor placed too much weight on one particular Albright factor, we reverse

the judgment of the Tishomingo County Chancery Court and remand this case for further proceedings.

                   FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS IN THE TRIAL COURT
¶2.     Williamand Barbara Brekeen were married on July 20, 1991. On October 19, 1994, their minor

child was born. Barbara left their home at the Tishomingo County State Park, where her husband was

employed as park manager, on June 26, 2001, and moved into the parties' city home in Tishomingo.

Barbara's son from a previous marriage later moved into the city to live with his mother.

¶3.     Williamfiled for divorce on the grounds of Barbara's alleged affair with another man. Barbara also

filed for divorce on the grounds of habitual, cruel and inhuman treatment. After the separate causes were

consolidated, the chancellor awarded temporary custody of the parties' minor child to William and granted

temporary visitation to Barbara until final disposition. After a trial on the merits was conducted, the

chancellor awarded William a divorce from Barbara on the grounds of adultery and awarded William

primary legal custody of the parties' minor child. Barbara was awarded extensive visitation rights. The

following is the judgment of chancellor:

        At this time, the Court will now consider each of the [Albright] guidelines separately,
        which are as follows:
                 1. Age, Health and Sex of Child.
                 The minor female child of the parties is eight years of age and in good health.
                 2. Continuity of Care Prior to the Separation.
                 Both parents were actively involved in the care of the minor child before the
        separation on June 26, 2001, but Barbara Ann Brekeen did not work when the child was
        younger and did participate more in the care of the child, primarily because William Lee
        Brekeen was working on a full time basis.
                 3. Parenting Skills and the Willingness and Capacity to Provide the Primary Child
        Care to the Child.
                 Both parties have good parenting skills, are actively involved in the minor child’s
        school and church activities and have demonstrated by the proof they respectively
        presented that each has the capacity to provide for the care of the minor child.
                 4. Employment of the Parents and Responsibilities of that Employment.
                 William Lee Brekeen is employed by the Mississippi Department of Wildlife,
        Fisheries and Parks and serves as park manager of Tishomingo State Park, where he has
        overall management of the operation of that park. At the temporary hearing, Barbara Ann


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Brekeen worked for the Town of Tishomingo, but has since been terminated from this
employment, and now works at Town and Country Furniture Store in Iuka, Mississippi.
         5. Physical and Mental Health and Age of Parents
         Both William Lee Brekeen and Barbara Ann Brekeen are 41 years of age and are
in good physical and mental health.
         6. Emotional Ties Between the Parents and Child
         Both parties have strong emotional ties with the minor child, and she with them.
         7. Moral Fitness of Parents
         The proof clearly established that William Lee Brekeen is a morally fit individual.
While he did not attend church on a regular basis with his family before the date of
separation on June 26, 2001, since he obtained the temporary custody of the minor child
by prior order of the Court dated September, 2001, he and the minor child attend church
regularly. The proof did establish that William Lee Brekeen had a child, apparently out of
wedlock, many years ago, and agree to have his parental rights in that child terminated.
         Barbara Ann Brekeen has used very poor judgment in her personal life in that she
has clearly engaged in an extra-marital affair with an individual she met while working with
the Town of Tishomingo. This individual also worked for the Town of Tishomingo as a
policeman. Because her relationship with this police officer and because of unauthorized
long distance calls at the City Hall in Tishomingo, Mississippi, Barbara Ann Brekeen was
terminated from her employment between the temporary hearing held in this matter in
September, 2001, and the date of the first day of the hearing on the merits held on
February 15, 2002.
         This relationship by Barbara Ann Brekeen with the policeman caused her to leave
the marital home at the state park, leaving William Lee Brekeen, her oldest son, [“John”],
and the 8 year old daughter of the parties, without notice to the family members. She was
gone for over a week without contacting William Lee Brekeen, the minor child or [“John”].
Later she came back and took [“John”] with her to the home in Tishomingo, Mississippi
where she has remained since that time.
         Both parties acknowledged that William Lee Brekeen tried to persuade Barbara
Ann Brekeen to seek marriage counseling after the separation, but she refused to do so.
Barbara Ann Brekeen admitted she told William Lee Brekeen “her feelings had changed”
and that she left her three family members “because I wanted to think about what I was
going to do.”
         This bizarre action on the part of Barbara Ann Brekeen in leaving her family
without notice, particularly her eight year old minor daughter, her adulterous affair at the
expense of her family, and her termination from her employment at the Town of
Tishomingo, all this Court to have grave and serious concerns about her moral fitness for
custody of the minor child.
         8. The Home, School and Community Records of the Child.
         The proof established that the minor child of the parties is a good student, making
straight A’s, at Tishomingo Elementary School.

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                 9. Preference of the Child.
                 Because of the young age of the minor child, age eight, this factor is not applicable.
                 10. Stability of the Home Environment of Each Parent.
                 William Lee Brekeen has a stable home in the manager’s home provided to him
        at Tishomingo State Park. Since the date of separation on June 26, 2001, Barbara Ann
        Brekeen and her oldest son, [“John”], reside in a home the parties jointly own at [...].
                 11. Other Factors Relevant to the Parent-Child Relationship.
                 As stated above, the actions of Barbara Ann Brekeen in her personal life cause this
        Court to have doubt as to her stability to serve as the primary custodian of her minor
        daughter. Who is to say that she might not repeat this dismal conduct in the future.
                 On the other hand, despite this strange conduct by Barbara Ann Brekeen, there
        is no doubt that she loves her daughter, has played a tremendous part in her growth,
        development and activities in her younger years, and clearly desire to continue doing so in
        the future.
                 Further, the Court is very mindful of the physical needs in adjustment with the
        minor daughter will face in a few short years which can best be assisted by her mother.
                                                 *********
                 Based upon all the forgoing, the Court reaches the inescapable conclusion that the
        best interest of the minor child would be for William lee Brekeen to have the primary legal
        custody of the minor child, and that become the order of the Court.

                                              DISCUSSION

¶4.     As this Court has stated on numerous occasions, absent an abuse of discretion, we will uphold the

decision of the chancellor. "This Court will not disturb the factual findings of the chancellor unless said

factualfindings are manifestly wrong or clearly erroneous." Jerome v. Stroud, 689 So.2d 755, 757 (Miss.

1997) (citing McAdory v. McAdory, 608 So.2d 695, 699 (Miss. 1992)). "However, where the

chancellor improperly considers and applies the Albright factors, an appellate court is obliged to find the

chancellor in error." Hollon v. Hollon, 784 So.2d 943, 946 (Miss. 2001) (citing Stroud, 689 So.2d

at 757 (citing Smith v. Smith, 614 So.2d 394, 397 (Miss. 1993))).

¶5.     This Court has continuously held that in all child custody cases the polestar consideration shall

remain the best interest and welfare of the child. Albright v. Albright, 437 So. 2d 1003, 1005 (Miss.


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1983). The Albright factors, used to determine child custody based on the best interests of the child,

include:

           1) age, health and sex of the child; 2) determination of the parent that had the continuity of
           care prior to the separation; 3) which has the best parenting skills and which has the
           willingness and capacity to provide primary child care; 4) the employment of the parent
           and responsibilities of that employment; 5) physical and mental health and age of the
           parents; 6) emotional ties of parent and child; 7) moral fitness of parents; 8) the home,
           school and community record of the child; 9) the preference of the child at the age
           sufficient to express a preference by law; 10) stability of home environment and
           employment of each parent; and 11) other factors relevant to the parent-child relationship.

Hollon, 784 So.2d at 947 (citing Albright, 437 So.2d at 1005).

¶6.        In Carr v. Carr, 480 So.2d 1120 (Miss. 1985), this Court held that "the fact of adultery alone

does not disqualify a parent from custodianship but that the polestar consideration in original custody

determinations is the best interest and welfare of the minor child." Applying the Albright factors, this Court

noted that

           moral fitness of a parent encompasses the charge of adultery. But moral fitness is but one
           factor to be considered, and it is a factor worthy of weight in determining the best interest
           of the child. Adultery of a parent may be an unwholesome influence and an impairment to
           the child's best interest, but on the other hand, may have no effect. The trial court should
           consider this factor along with all others when making original custody determinations.

           And as stated in Albright, marital fault should not be used as a sanction in custody
           awards.

Carr, 480 So. 2d at 1123. After a complete review of the record, the Court found that the chancellor

weighed all relevant factors applicable to the circumstances. Id. Therefore, this Court concluded that the

chancellor's findings were supported by the record because he considered adultery as only one factor when




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considering what was in the best interest and welfare of the children. Id. However, in the case sub judice,

the record does not support the findings of the chancellor.

¶7.     In addressing the Albright factors, the chancellor listed each factor and gave a short one to two

sentence statement under each factor except for the factors pertaining to moral fitness and other relevant

factors. These explanations comprised three and one half pages of the five pages of the opinion devoted

to the discussion on custody.

        1. Age, Health and Sex of the Child.

¶8.     The chancellor incorrectly stated that the child was eight years old. The minor child turned seven

on October 19, 2001, while the custody hearings were taking place and was attending first grade at the

time of the hearings. The chancellor made no finding as to either parent on this factor. In Mercier v.

Mercier, 717 So.2d 304, 307 (Miss. 1998), this Court acknowledged that "the tender years doctrine has

been gradually weakened in Mississippi jurisprudence to the point of now being only a presumption. Law

v. Page, 618 So.2d 96, 101 (Miss. 1993). Today, the age of a child is simply one of the factors that we

consider in determining the best interests of the child. Albright v. Albright, 437 So.2d 1003, 1005

(Miss. 1983)."

        2. Continuity of Care Prior to the Separation

¶9.     The chancellor found that although both parties participated in the care of the child, Barbara did

not work when the child was younger, and therefore was able to participate more in the care of the child.

The chancellor also noted that William worked on a full-time basis. Although, no specific finding was made




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in favor of either parent by the chancellor, the parties both agree that from the language of the judgment,

the chancellor found this factor in favor of Barbara.

         3. Parenting Skills and the Willingness and Capacity to Provide the Primary
         Child Care to the Child.

¶10.     The chancellor found that each parent exhibited good parenting skills and each were active in the

child's school and church activities. The record reflected that the minor child had attended church with

Barbara her entire life. William did not attend church with his family because of his job. After the

separation, William began accompanying the minor child to church. Testimony also showed that William

had not taken the minor child to the dentist since the separation because he did not feel it was necessary.

Barbara testified that she always saw to it that her children regularly saw the dentist and a doctor. There

was also testimony that William allowed his six-year-old daughter to attend first grade wearing two-inch

high heels although she complained that they hurt her feet. Barbara testified that although the minor child

was old enough to dress herself, she still found it necessary to lay her clothes out for school each morning.

Once again the chancellor did not make a specific finding in favor of one parent over the other regarding

this factor.

         4. Employment of the Parents and Responsibilities of that Employment.

¶11.     The chancellor noted that William worked as the park manager of the Tishomingo State Park, and

Barbara worked at Town and Country furniture store in Iuka. However, testimony showed that William's

time sheets indicated he worked 50 to 60 hour weeks. William disputed these numbers saying that it was

standard practice to add comp time to his hours each week. He also testified that he was able to do some

of his work at home. Although William usually had Thursday and Friday off, he also had to work on the


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weekends, and as park manager, he lived at the park and could be called out at a moment's notice.

Barbara's work hours were 8:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. Monday through Friday. The chancellor did not make

a specific finding as to either parent regarding this factor.

        5. Physical and Mental Health and Age of the Parents.

¶12.    The chancellor determined that both parents were of good mental and physical health; therefore,

he did not make a specific finding as to either parent regarding this factor.

        6. Emotional Ties Between the Parents and Child.

¶13.    Finding that both parents had strong emotional ties to the minor child, the chancellor did not make

a specific finding as to either parent regarding this factor.

        7. Moral Fitness of the Parents.

¶14.    The chancellor found William to be a morally fit individually. However, over the next two pages

of his order, the chancellor discussed Barbara's extra-marital affair which led to the couple's divorce.

Barbara testified that this affair occurred after she moved out of the home she shared with her husband;

however, the chancellor concluded that it was the affair that led Barbara to leave her home and her child.

The chancellor stated Barbara used "very poor judgment" in her personal life. The chancellor considered

her actions to be "bizarre" enough for him to have "grave and serious concerns about her moral fitness for

custody of the minor child."

        8. The Home, School and Community Records of the Child.

¶15.    The chancellor found that the minor child exhibited exemplary grades at Tishomingo Elementary

School. The chancellor did not make a specific finding as to whether this factor favored either of the

parents.

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        9. The Preference of the Child.

¶16.    The chancellor was correct in finding that because of the age of the child, this factor was not

applicable.

        10. Stability of Home Environment of Each Parent.

¶17.    The chancellor found that William's employment as manager of the Tishomingo State Park provided

him with a stable home. The chancellor also noted that Barbara and her son had been residing in the home

owned jointly by the parties in Tishomingo since the separation. However, the chancellor ordered that the

home be sold, with the net proceeds divided equally among the parties. The chancellor did not make a

specific finding as to whether this factor favored either party.

        11. Other Factors Relevant to the Parent-Child Relationship.

¶18.    Although this factor affords chancellors the opportunity to discuss other factors not already covered

in the other Albright factors, this chancellor chose to solely rely on Barbara's affair. After determining that

Barbara exhibited good parenting skills and possessed the capacity to properly provide and care for her

minor child, as previously discussed in the third factor, the chancellor nevertheless stated that he believed

that certain aspects of Barbara's personal life would hinder her ability to serve as a her minor child's primary

care giver. The chancellor's findings as to Barbara on these two factors are woefully inconsistent in that

the chancellor on the one hand found that Barbara exhibited “good parenting skills” and had “the capacity

to provide for the care of the minor child,” but on the other hand found that he doubted “her ability to serve

as the primary custodian of her minor daughter” because of her “bizarre action.” The chancellor failed to

mention the support Barbara received from her family, William's interference with Barbara's time with their

minor child, or any other relevant factor not contained in the other factors. He again reiterated the actions

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of Barbara's extra-marital affair and the doubt this cast on her ability to serve as the primary custodian of

her minor daughter. The chancellor noted his concern of her repeating this action in the future. Therefore,

the chancellor concluded, based on the above findings, that it would be in the best interest of the minor child

for William to have primary legal custody of the minor child. The chancellor then awarded extensive

visitation rights to Barbara by granting her three weekends a month beginning on Thursday afternoon and

ending on Sunday evening.

¶19.    After a thorough review of the record, we find without doubt that the chancellor relied heavily on

the fact the Barbara had an affair, thus placing too much weight on one Albright factor. From his

consideration of theAlbright factors, the chancellor found two in favor of William (moral fitness and other

relevant factors) and one in favor of Barbara (continuity of care prior to the separation). The remaining

factors were found to be neutral.

        This Court has held that although it could not be said that the chancellor's conclusion
        regarding the application of the Albright factors was so lacking in evidentiary support as
        to be manifest error, the absence of specific findings prevented affirming the lower court
        with the confidence that the best result was reached. Hayes v. Rounds, 658 So.2d 863,
        865 (Miss.1995). A similar situation presents itself today. While the chancellor analyzed
        the applicable factors, he did not do so with specificity, assigning very few to a particular
        parent. If, as Albright indicates, one factor should not outweigh another, the chancellor
        erred by determining the case on the basis of Beth's moral fitness, when upon review, Beth
        clearly wound up with more factors weighing in her favor. Albright, 437 So.2d at 1005.

Hollon, 784 So.2d at 951-52.

¶20.    We must remember what this Court stated in Albright – “[m]arital fault should not be used as a

sanction in custody awards.” 437 So.2d at 1005. In today's case, the chancellor granted William a divorce

fromBarbara on the ground of adultery. The chancellor in this case indeed “sanctioned” Barbara by denial



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of custody of her daughter because of her marital fault – adultery. Of the various Albright factors

considered by the chancellor, a reading of the record, including the chancellor's detailed 13-page opinion

and judgment, can leave no doubt that Barbara's adultery, whether it be categorized as “moral fitness” or

the catch-all “other factors” under Albright, caused Barbara to be denied custody of her minor daughter.

                                            CONCLUSION

¶21.    This Court finds that the chancellor abused his discretion by placing too much weight upon the

moral fitness factor and disregarding evidence presented under the remaining factors. Therefore, the

decision of the Tishomingo County Chancery Court is reversed, and this case is remanded for further

proceedings consistent with this opinion.

¶22.    REVERSED AND REMANDED.

     SMITH, C.J., WALLER AND COBB, P.JJ., AND DICKINSON, J., CONCUR.
EASLEY AND GRAVES, JJ., DISSENT WITHOUT SEPARATE WRITTEN OPINION.
RANDOLPH, J., DISSENTS WITH SEPARATE WRITTEN OPINION. DIAZ, J., NOT
PARTICIPATING.


        RANDOLPH, JUSTICE, DISSENTING:

¶23.    The majority reverses the chancellor’s decision because it concludes that the chancellor placed too

much emphasis on Mrs. Brekeen’s adulterous conduct and was silent on the other Albright factors. On

remand, the majority orders that a more thorough application of Albright be conducted and without such

an emphasis on Mrs. Brekeen’s adulterous conduct. Implicit in the holding, is a determination that the

chancellor abused his discretion. Finding that no abuse of discretion occurred, I respectfully dissent. This

Court is “bound by those findings unless it can be said with reasonable certainty that those findings were



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manifestly wrong and against the overwhelming weight of the evidence.” Carr v. Carr, 480 So.2d 1120,

1123-24 (Miss. 1985) (citations omitted).

¶24.    In its order, the trial court granted Mr. Brekeen primary custody coupled with “liberal visitation”

rights in favor of Mrs. Brekeen. The trial court specifically enumerated several visitation periods, including

granting Mrs. Brekeen the right to visitation for three extended weekends a month (i.e. Thursday thru

Sunday). The trial court’s decision was well supported by the evidence presented by the parties.

¶25.    Without abandoning my view that the decision should be affirmed, I note that on remand the trial

court should consider many facts which favor Mr. Brekeen receiving primary custody.

¶26.    As to the Albright factor of “continuity of care,” such consideration should not be limited to

the time prior to separation. Instead, chancellors should consider “continuity of care” until the final

determination of custody. In the instant case, the child has remained with Mr. Brekeen since Mrs. Brekeen

moved out on June 26, 2001, when the child was six.1 During the school year in which she resided with

her father, the child received straight “A’s”. She joined Girl Scouts and was participating in little league

sports. The child was able to flourish in the time since her mother moved out and her father received

temporary custody.

¶27.    I question how it could be in the best interest of the almost ten-year old child to presently remove

her from the custody of father. If this is indeed the overwhelming consideration, on remand the trial court

should apply the Albright factors in light of the facts present at that time.




        1
         The child was born on October 7, 1994.

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