                    In The
              Court of Appeals
Sixth Appellate District of Texas at Texarkana


                  No. 06-19-00083-CR



     SAMANTHA NICOLE WOHLFORD, Appellant

                           V.

           THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee



        On Appeal from the 276th District Court
                Titus County, Texas
              Trial Court No. CR19088




      Before Morriss, C.J., Burgess and Stevens, JJ.
       Memorandum Opinion by Justice Burgess
                                       MEMORANDUM OPINION
           Ernest Lee Ibarra, Jr., was beaten, abducted from his home, and murdered by three men

during the early morning hours of February 20, 2015. Investigation of the incident resulted in

charges of aggravated kidnapping 1 against Ibarra’s wife, Samantha Nicole Wohlford, who was

convicted by a Titus County jury and sentenced to fifty years’ imprisonment. On appeal, Wohlford

complains that the trial court erred in failing to instruct the jury that Jonathan Sanford, one of the

three men involved in Ibarra’s kidnapping and murder, 2 was an accomplice witness as a matter of

law and in failing to include a jailhouse-witness instruction in its jury charge. Because we find

that (1) the trial court did not err by not including a jailhouse-witness instruction and (2) the trial

court’s error in failing to give a proper accomplice-witness instruction was harmless, we affirm

the trial court’s judgment.

I.         No Jailhouse-Witness Instruction Was Required

           In her second issue, Wohlford asserts that the trial court erred in failing to give a jailhouse-

witness instruction. Wohlford argues that Whitney Smith, who was incarcerated in a federal prison

at the time of trial, was a jailhouse witness and that the trial court was required to include a

jailhouse-witness instruction in its charge under Article 38.075 of the Texas Code of Criminal

Procedure. See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 38.075(a). We disagree.

           Section 38.075(a) provides, in relevant part:

           A defendant may not be convicted of an offense on the testimony of a person to
           whom the defendant made a statement against the defendant’s interest during a time

1
    TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 20.04(b).
2
    The three men were Sanford, Sanford’s brother-in-law, Jose Ponse, and Sanford’s friend, Octavious Rhymes.

                                                          2
        when the person was imprisoned or confined in the same correctional facility as the
        defendant unless the testimony is corroborated by other evidence tending to connect
        the defendant with the offense committed.

Id. Testimony from a jailhouse witness “is inherently unreliable due to the inmate’s incentive to

better [her] circumstances.” Phillips v. State, 463 S.W.3d 59, 66 (Tex. Crim. App. 2015).

Consequently, “Article 38.075 was enacted in recognition that incarcerated individuals have an

incentive to provide information against other incarcerated individuals and that this testimony

should be corroborated.” Id.

        Since a trial court is required to sua sponte instruct the jury on the “law applicable to the

case,” it is error for the trial court not to include a jailhouse-witness instruction when the

requirements of Article 38.075 are met. Id. at 65 (quoting Oursbourn v. State, 259 S.W.3d 159,

180 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008). However, a trial court is only required to give a jailhouse-witness

instruction when the record shows that the requirements of Article 38.075 have been met. See

Oursbourn v. State, 259 S.W.3d 159, 180 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008) (“If the evidence raises [the]

issue . . . , then the trial court shall instruct the jury [whatever the statute or rule requires].”).

        Under the plain language of Article 38.075, a jailhouse-witness instruction is only required

when (1) there is testimony of a person, (2) to whom the defendant made a statement against the

defendant’s interest, (3) during a time when the person was imprisoned or confined in the same

correctional facility as the defendant. See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 38.075(a). In this

case, Smith testified that Wohlford told her that she had sent a text to one of the men who had




                                                     3
abducted her husband to get rid of her husband’s cell phone and that she had deleted the text. 3 In

the context of the evidence at trial, this statement was against Wohlford’s interest. Thus, the first

two requirements of Article 38.075 were met.

         However, there was no evidence in the record of when or where these statements were

made to Smith by Wohlford. 4 As Wohlford candidly concedes in her brief, “[i]t is not clear from

the trial record when, where, and the circumstances of” Wohlford’s statements to Smith. The

record only shows that Smith was incarcerated in a federal prison at the time of trial, that Wohlford

was not incarcerated in a federal prison, that Smith had had some contact with Wohlford, and that

Wohlford had made the statements to Smith. Thus, there was no evidence in the record that

Wohlford made the statement to Smith “during a time when [Smith] was imprisoned or confined

in the same correctional facility as [Wohlford].” Id.

         Consequently, the record does not show that the requirements of Article 38.075 were met,

the jailhouse-witness issue was not raised, and the trial court was not required to include a

jailhouse-witness instruction in its jury charge. We find that the trial court did not err in not

including a jailhouse-witness instruction. Therefore, we overrule Wohlford’s second issue.




3
 Other evidence in the case showed that two texts had been sent from Wohlford’s cell phone to the cell phone owned
by Octavious Rhymes, one of the men involved in the abduction and murder, at a time shortly after the abduction
when law enforcement was pinging Ibarra’s cell phone in an attempt to locate him and the perpetrators.
4
  Although the State attempts to bring forth additional evidence in its brief, the parties’ briefs are not a part of the
appellate record. In analyzing whether the trial court was required to include a jailhouse-witness instruction, we are
limited to whether the evidence in the record at the time of the charge raised the issue. See Oursbourn, 259 S.W.3d
at 180.

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II.         The Trial Court’s Error in Failing to Give a Proper Accomplice-Witness Instruction
            Was Harmless

            A.       Introduction

            Wohlford also complains that the trial court erred in failing to give a proper accomplice-

witness instruction. 5 Wohlford argues that Sanford, who had previously been convicted of the

aggravated kidnapping and murder of Ibarra, was an accomplice as a matter of law and that the

trial court reversibly erred in failing to instruct the jury that Sanford was an accomplice as a matter

of law. The State concedes that the trial court erred, but argues that such error was harmless. We

agree with the State.

            B.       Standard of Review

            We review an alleged error related to an accomplice-witness instruction under the

procedural framework of Almanza. 6 Zamora v. State, 411 S.W.3d 504, 512 (Tex. Crim. App.

2013) (citing Casanova v. State, 383 S.W.3d 530, 533 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012); Herron v. State,

86 S.W.3d 621, 631–32 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002); Medina v. State, 7 S.W.3d 633, 642 (Tex. Crim.

App. 1999)). Under this framework, we employ a two-step process in our review of the alleged

error. See Abdnor v. State, 871 S.W.2d 726, 731 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994). “Initially, we determine

whether error occurred and then evaluate whether sufficient harm resulted from the error to require

reversal.” Wilson v. State, 391 S.W.3d 131, 138 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2012, no pet.) (citing

Abdnor, 871 S.W.2d at 731–32). In examining the charge for possible error, appellate courts “must




5
    Wohlford did not object or request additional instructions to the jury charge at trial.
6
    Almanza v. State, 686 S.W.2d 157, 171 (Tex. Crim. App. 1984) (op. on reh’g).
                                                               5
examine the charge as a whole instead of a series of isolated and unrelated statements.” Vasquez

v. State, 389 S.W.3d 361, 366 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012) (quoting Dinkins v. State, 894 S.W.2d 330,

339 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995)). Only if we find error do we analyze that error for harm. See Abnor,

871 S.W.2d at 731.

       C.      Analysis

               1.      The Trial Court Erred in Failing to Give a Proper Accomplice-Witness
                       Instruction

       Sanford participated in and was convicted of the aggravated kidnapping and murder of

Ibarra. Therefore, he was an accomplice as a matter of law. See Hall v. State, 161 S.W.3d 142,

149 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2005, pet. ref’d). “If a witness is an accomplice as a matter of law,

the trial court is required to provide an accomplice-witness instruction to the jury.” Cocke v. State,

201 S.W.3d 744, 748 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006). The instruction must explain the definition of an

accomplice and inform the jury that the witness is an accomplice as a matter of law. Zamora, 411

S.W.3d at 510. It must also instruct the jury regarding the requirements of Article 38.14. See TEX.

CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 38.14; Zamora, 411 S.W.3d at 510.

       If a State witness is an accomplice as a matter of law, the trial court has a duty to instruct

the jury accordingly, and the failure to do so is error. Herron v. State, 86 S.W.3d 621, 631 (Tex.

Crim. App. 2002).      In this case, although the trial court instructed the jury regarding the

requirements of Article 38.14, it failed to include the definition of an accomplice and to identify

Sanford as an accomplice as a matter of law. Therefore, we find that the trial court erred in failing

to give a proper accomplice-witness instruction.


                                                   6
                2.      The Trial Court’s Error Was Harmless

        Having found error, we must determine whether Wohlford was harmed by the trial court’s

omission. “Where the evidence clearly shows a witness is an accomplice as a matter of law, the

trial court must so instruct the jury, but if the appellant fails to object to the omission of the

instruction, as in [Wohlford’s] case, he or she must prove egregious harm to prevail on appeal.”

Hall, 161 S.W.3d at 149. Article 38.14 provides, “A conviction cannot be had upon the testimony

of an accomplice unless corroborated by other evidence tending to connect the defendant with the

offense committed; and the corroboration is not sufficient if it merely shows the commission of

the offense.” TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 38.14.

        The purpose of this instruction is to inform “the jury that it cannot use the accomplice

witness testimony unless there is also some non-accomplice witness testimony connecting the

defendant to the offense.” Herron, 86 S.W.3d at 632. Generally, in an egregious harm analysis,

“non-accomplice evidence can render harmless a failure to submit an accomplice witness

instruction by fulfilling the purpose an accomplice witness instruction is designed to serve.” Id.

However, there may be harm if “the corroborating (nonaccomplice) evidence is ‘so unconvincing

in fact as to render the State’s overall case for conviction clearly and significantly less persuasive.’”

Hall, 161 S.W.3d at 150 (quoting Herron, 86 S.W.3d at 632).

        To evaluate the sufficiency of corroboration evidence, we eliminate the accomplice-

witness testimony from consideration and examine the nonaccomplice evidence “to ascertain if

there is evidence which tends to connect the accused with the commission of the offense.”

Hernandez v. State, 939 S.W.2d 173, 176 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997) (citing Reed v. State, 744 S.W.2d

                                                   7
112, 125 (Tex. Crim. App. 1988)); Burks v. State, 876 S.W.2d 877, 887 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994);

Hall, 161 S.W.3d at 150.      The nonaccomplice evidence need not establish guilt beyond a

reasonable doubt or directly link the defendant to the crime. Hernandez, 939 S.W.2d at 176; Gill,

873 S.W.2d at 48. Rather, “[t]he accomplice witness rule is satisfied if there is some non-

accomplice evidence which tends to connect the accused to the commission of the offense alleged

in the indictment.” Hernandez, 939 S.W.2d at 176 (citing Gill, 873 S.W.2d at 48 (citing Gosch v.

State, 829 S.W.2d 775, 777 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991); Cox v. State, 830 S.W.2d 609, 611 (Tex.

Crim. App. 1992))). Evidence placing the defendant “in the company of the accomplice at or near

the time or place of the offense is proper corroborating evidence.” McDuff v. State, 939 S.W.2d

607, 613 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997) (citing Cockrum v. State, 758 S.W.2d 577, 581 (Tex. Crim. App.

1988); Burks, 876 S.W.2d at 887–88). Further, “[i]n determining the strength of the particular

item of nonaccomplice evidence, we must examine (1) its reliability or believability, and (2) the

strength of its tendency to connect the defendant to the crime.” Hall, 161 S.W.3d at 150 (citing

Herron, 86 S.W.3d at 632).

                      a.      Sanford’s Testimony

       At trial, the State relied on Sanford’s testimony for the details of his relationship with

Wohlford and the kidnapping and murder of Ibarra. Sanford testified that he met Wohlford on

February 14, 2015, through his girlfriend, Sharla, who took him to Wohlford’s house. A few days

later, Sharla went to the hospital for a Caesarian-section, and Wohlford came to visit her several

times. During Wohlford’s visits, Sanford borrowed Wohlford’s vehicle to pick up her children,

and he drove her vehicle other times with her permission. While Sharla was in the hospital,

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Wohlford complained to Sanford about Ibarra calling all the time and being abusive. When

Sanford told her that he and Rhymes could take Ibarra out of the picture, she asked how that would

be done.

       They originally planned to set up Ibarra by planting methamphetamine in his vehicle. In

furtherance of that plan, Sanford, Rhymes, Wohlford, and her children drove Wohlford’s vehicle

to Mount Vernon to purchase methamphetamine from Rhymes’ cousin. They completed the

purchase around 7:00 p.m. on February 19 and returned to Rhymes’ house in Pittsburg, where

Ponse was cooking enchiladas. Sometime during the evening, Sanford and Ponse changed the

plan, and Sanford asked Wohlford what she thought about her husband dying. When she asked if

he was serious, Sanford replied that all she had to do was leave the front door unlocked.

       Sanford and Rhymes took Wohlford and her children to her house about 12:00 midnight,

removed the children’s car seats from her vehicle, and took the vehicle to Wal-Mart to purchase

gloves. They then picked up Ponse and smoked the methamphetamine on the way back to

Wohlford’s house. When they arrived at the house, the front door was unlocked, and the men

proceeded upstairs to Wohlford and Ibarra’s bedroom where Rhymes got Wohlford out of bed and

Sanford and Ponse began beating and pistol-whipping Ibarra.

       After Ibarra was beaten into submission, they took him downstairs, where Rhymes and

Wohlford had already gone. After further beating Ibarra, Sanford and Ponse took him outside,

searched his truck, and found two cell phones, which they took with them. Rhymes took Wohlford

back upstairs, where he apparently bound her hands, feet, and mouth. In order to give the




                                                9
appearance of a forced entry, Sanford kicked in the front door. Sanford then detailed how they

took Ibarra to a remote location, where he was shot in the back of the head.

                      b.      The Nonaccomplice Evidence

       Bret Webster, the boyfriend of Wohlford’s aunt, testified that he received a call from

Wohlford’s mother at 12:30 a.m. on February 20, who asked him to go to Wohlford’s house

because something was happening. On the way there, he learned that Ibarra had been kidnapped

and that Wohlford was tied up. He also testified that Wohlford’s children stayed with him two

nights before the kidnapping and murder. The next morning, Wohlford sent a text message to him

that a man named Johnathan would be picking the children up in her vehicle, which he did.

       Ginger Kesterson, Wohlford’s aunt, testified that she was the first person to reach the house

after the kidnapping. She found Wohlford upstairs with her mouth and feet tied, and her hands

were tied behind her back. She checked on the children, who were all asleep in one room. She

found that strange since they usually fell asleep all over the house. She untied Wohlford and said

that all of the bindings were tight. Kesterson asked Wohlford how she called her mother, and

Wohlford said she used her face. When she asked her where her vehicle was, Wohlford told her

it was not supposed to be there.

       Kesterson also testified that Wohlford often told her that she was sick of her husband.

Stephen Patterson, who had known Wohlford for twenty years, testified that Wohlford complained

to him that Ibarra was beating and abusing her, but that he never saw any marks evidencing that

claim. Wohlford asked Patterson to take care of it, which he interpreted to mean she wanted him

to beat Ibarra up.

                                                10
       Lacona Slaton, Ponse’s girlfriend, testified that she met Wohlford at the hospital the day

before Ibarra was murdered. Sanford, Rhymes, Ponse, and Wohlford’s children were also at the

hospital at the time. Sanford, Rhymes, Ponse, Slaton, and Wohlford’s children all went to Wal-

Mart so Wohlford could visit Sharla. After leaving Wal-Mart, Sanford dropped Ponse and Slaton

off at Rhymes’ house, returned to the hospital to get Wohlford, and brought her to Rhymes’ house.

During that evening, there were times when Sanford, Rhymes, Ponse, and Wohlford would leave

the room and whisper so she could not hear them. At one point, Sanford asked Wohlford about

her kids, and Wohlford said she could give them something to put them to sleep fast. Wohlford

also stated that she wanted something done and that she was going to get it done regardless. Later,

Sanford and Rhymes took Wohlford and her children to her house.

       Chris Durant, a deputy with the Titus County Sheriff’s Office (TCSO), responded to the

kidnapping call. Among other things, he testified that he learned the perpetrators had taken

Ibarra’s cell phone. After he obtained the number, he gave it to their communications officer so

they could have it “pinged” to determine its physical location. He testified that Wohlford was in

the general area when he talked with the communications officer. Wohlford then asked if she

could call her mother. Around 3:17 a.m., Durant learned that law enforcement had located the cell

phone, and Durant told Wohlford of that development.

       Cell phone records were introduced showing text messages from Wohlford’s cell phone to

Rhymes’ cell phone sent at 2:31 a.m. and at 3:18 a.m. on February 20. The first message said,

“Kill [Ibarra’s] phone. Shut that s—t down.” The second message said, “Ditch phone. Move.”

When Wohlford’s cell phone was examined later that morning, no text message to Rhymes was

                                                11
found. However, Smith testified that Wohlford admitted to her that she had sent a text message to

one of the men to get rid of her husband’s cell phone and then deleted it. At trial, Wohlford did

not deny that she had sent the text messages to Rhymes and did not deny that she deleted them.

Rather, she testified that she did not recall doing either of those things.

       Chris Bragg, an investigator for the TCSO, testified that he interviewed Wohlford both at

her residence and at the sheriff’s office. He stated that Wohlford continually maintained that she

did not know who broke in and abducted Ibarra. Around 9:00 a.m., she began to divulge who the

men were, but only after she asked the sheriff if it would implicate her as an accomplice if she

knew who they were and had waited so many hours to tell them. Wohlford then identified Sanford,

Rhymes, and Ponse as the perpetrators. She also disclosed that she had met Sanford and Ponse at

the hospital when Sharla was having a baby and that they discussed them coming to her house and

removing Ibarra.

       Eliminating Sanford’s testimony and only considering the nonaccomplice evidence, we

find that there was some evidence that tends to connect Wohlford to the commission of the offense.

Testimony from an uninterested witness places Wohlford in the company of Sanford, Rhymes, and

Ponse for a significant portion of the day and evening before Ibarra’s kidnapping and murder. In

addition, this testimony shows that while in their presence, Wohlford discussed the removal of

Ibarra, agreed to assist the perpetrators by ensuring that her children were out of the way and fast

asleep, and agreed to allow them to use her vehicle. Further, evidence showed that Wohlford

shared critical information with Rhymes during the investigation via text messages in order to aid

them in avoiding capture and that she deleted the messages in an apparent attempt to hide her

                                                  12
involvement. Finally, although Wohlford knew the identities of Ibarra’s kidnappers, she kept that

information from law enforcement for hours before finally disclosing it. The remainder of this

evidence is reliable and clearly shows Wohlford’s active involvement in the aggravated

kidnapping.

       Since some evidence tends to connect Wohlford to the commission of the aggravated

kidnapping, the purpose of a proper accomplice-witness instruction was fulfilled. Therefore, we

find that the error by the trial court was harmless. See Herron, 86 S.W.3d at 632. We overrule

Wohlford’s first issue.

       For the reasons stated, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.




                                                     Ralph K. Burgess
                                                     Justice

Date Submitted:           September 13, 2019
Date Decided:             September 25, 2019

Do Not Publish




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