[Cite as In re L.E., 2015-Ohio-3762.]
                          IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
                             FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                   SCIOTO COUNTY

IN THE MATTER OF:                             :
                                              :
L.E.,                                         : Case No. 15CA3692
                                              :
                                              :
Adjudicated Abused and                        : DECISION AND JUDGMENT ENTRY
 Dependent Child.                             :
                                              :
                                              :
                                              :

                                        APPEARANCES:

George L. Davis, IV, Portsmouth, Ohio, for appellant.

CIVIL APPEAL FROM COMMON PLEAS COURT, JUVENILE DIVISION
DATE JOURNALIZED: 9-10-15
ABELE, J.

        {¶ 1} This is an appeal from a Scioto County Common Pleas Court, Juvenile

Division, judgment that awarded Scioto County Children Services Board (SCCS)

permanent custody of L.E. Appointed counsel for appellant, H.E. (the child’s mother),

has advised this court that counsel has reviewed the record and can discern no meritorious

issues to appeal. Pursuant to Anders v. California, 386 U.S. 738, 87 S.Ct. 1396, 18

L.Ed.2d 493 (1967), counsel thus requests to withdraw from the case.          Appellant’s

counsel has suggested, however, that we independently review the record to determine

whether any possible error exists.       Counsel further suggests the following potential

assignments of error: (1) whether the trial court erred by granting appellee’s permanent

custody motion; and (2) whether the trial court plainly erred by permitting a
“quasi-interpreter” to speak on the father’s behalf.1

          {¶ 2} On November 6, 2012, appellant gave birth to the child at twenty-five

weeks gestation. The child was discovered to have cocaine in his system, and he had

several genetic abnormalities, including missing digits and fused fingers.

          {¶ 3} On February 15, 2013, before the child’s release from the hospital, appellee

sought and obtained temporary emergency custody of the child. Appellee also filed a

complaint alleging the child to be abused/dependent. On March 30, 2013, the court

confirmed its ex parte order and ordered the child to remain in appellee’s temporary

custody pending adjudication. On May 30, 2014, the child was discharged from the

hospital and placed with a foster family.

          {¶ 4} On January 16, 2014, the court adjudicated the child abused/dependent and

ordered the child to remain in appellee’s temporary custody until August 15, 2014. The

trial court later extended the temporary custody order for an additional six months.

          {¶ 5} On January 15, 2015, appellee filed a motion that requested permanent

custody of the child. Appellee asserted that the child has been in its temporary custody for

more than twelve of the past twenty-two months and that awarding appellee permanent

custody would serve the child’s best interest.

          {¶ 6} On February 12, 2015, the trial court held a hearing to consider appellee’s

permanent custody motion. SCCS caseworker Angie Kemper stated that appellant did not

comply with the case plan goal. Kemper testified that the case plan required appellant to

complete a drug treatment program but that (1) during 2013, appellant did not engage in



1   The child’s father has not appealed the trial court’s judgment.
any drug treatment programs; (2) in April 2014, appellant attended in-patient treatment,

but left without completing the program; (3) appellant attended a community counseling

outpatient program for a short period of time; (4) appellant entered Stepping Stones on

August 25, 2014, but left the same day; and (5) on January 5, 2015, appellant started

another program, but she was discharged from the program.

       {¶ 7} Kemper explained that appellant became pregnant while the case was

pending and continued to abuse drugs. Kemper testified that appellant tested positive for

cocaine and opiates in November and December 2014, and that on January 28, 2015

appellant tested positive for cocaine and opiates.

       {¶ 8} Kemper stated that the child has special needs as a result of his premature

birth and requires nursing services three days per week. Kemper testified that appellant

has not familiarized herself with the child’s special needs and how to properly care for

them. Kemper explained that in addition to doctor appointments, the child has weekly

physical, occupational, and speech therapy appointments.

       {¶ 9} Kemper stated that the child has remained in the same foster home since his

May 30, 2013 discharge from the hospital and that the foster parents plan to adopt the child,

if the court awards appellee permanent custody.

       {¶ 10} Appellant testified that she does not want her child to be adopted and would

prefer that her sister takes care of the child until appellant successfully completes a drug

treatment program.     Appellant stated that she does not believe placing the child in

appellee’s permanent custody is in the child’s best interest. Appellant admitted, however,

that she used illegal drugs just two days before the permanent custody hearing.

       {¶ 11} On March 2, 2015, the trial court granted appellee permanent custody of the
child. The court found that (1) appellant failed to complete recommended training for the

special needs child before his discharge from the hospital; (2) appellant failed to begin drug

treatment until more than one year after the child was removed from her custody; (3)

appellant left the first treatment facility after one month, against her counselor’s advice; (4)

appellant left the second facility after one day; (5) appellant tested positive for illegal drugs

in November and December 2014 while pregnant with another child; (6) on January 28,

2015, appellant admitted that she is still abusing drugs; (7) the child has had an estimated

100 follow-up hospital or doctor visits since his discharge from the hospital, but appellant

attended only two of those; (8) the father has seen the child only a few times since birth; (9)

the father filed a motion for custody but later informed the court that he does not feel

capable of caring for the child and withdrew his request for custody; (10) no suitable

relative placement exists; (11) the child has remained in the same foster home continuously

since his discharge from the hospital; (12) the child is integrated into the foster family and

the foster parents wish to adopt; (13) the child has continuously been in appellee’s custody

since the emergency removal on February 15, 2013; (14) the child has been in appellee’s

temporary custody for more than twelve of the past twenty-two months; (15) neither parent

has taken steps to make it possible for the child to be returned to either; (16) neither parent

has a meaningful relationship with the child; (17) the child needs a legally secure

permanent placement that cannot be achieved without granting permanent custody; and

(18) the child’s best interest would be served by granting appellee permanent custody.

The court thus terminated appellant’s parental rights and awarded appellee permanent

custody of the child. This appeal followed.
                                              I

                                         ANDERS

       {¶ 12} In Anders, the United States Supreme Court held that if counsel determines,

after a thorough and conscientious examination of the record, that the case is wholly

frivolous, counsel should so advise the court and request permission to withdraw. Id. at

744. Furthermore, counsel must accompany the request with a brief that identifies

anything in the record that could arguably support the appeal. Id. Counsel must also

provide appellant with a copy of the brief and allow the appellant sufficient time to raise

any matters that the appellant chooses. Id. Once these requirements have been satisfied,

the appellate court must fully examine the trial court proceedings to determine if

meritorious issues exist. Id. If the appellate court determines that the appeal is frivolous,

it may grant counsel’s request to withdraw and dismiss the appeal without violating

constitutional requirements. Id. If, however, the court finds the existence of meritorious

issues, it must afford the appellant assistance of counsel before deciding the merits of the

case. Id.

       {¶ 13} Although Anders arose in a criminal context, we have previously

determined that its procedures are appropriate in appeals involving the termination of

parental rights. In re N.S., 4th Dist. Hocking 14CA23, 2015-Ohio-1510, ¶19; In re J.K., 4th

Dist. Athens 09CA20, 2009-Ohio-5391, ¶¶15-17, citing In re B.F., 5th Dist. Licking No.

2009–CA–007, 2009–Ohio–2978, ¶3; In re K.D., 9th Dist. Wayne No. 06CA27,

2006–Ohio–4730, at ¶¶16–18; Morris v. Lucas Cty. Children Services Bd., 49 Ohio

App.3d 86, 86–87, 550 N.E.2d 980 (6th Dist. 1989). But see In re J.M., 1st Dist. Hamilton

No. C–130643, 2013–Ohio–5896, ¶19 (holding that “the Anders procedures are not
appropriate in appeals from decisions terminating parental rights or awarding legal

custody”); Painter and Pollis, Ohio Appellate Practice, Section 5:27 (2014), citing J.M.

       {¶ 14} Accordingly, we will examine appointed counsel’s potential assignments of

error and the entire record to determine if this appeal has any possible merit.

                                             A

                                 STANDARD OF REVIEW

       {¶ 15} A reviewing court generally will not disturb a trial court’s permanent

custody decision unless the decision is against the manifest weight of the evidence. E.g.,

In re B.E., 4th Dist. Highland No. 13CA26, 2014–Ohio–3178, ¶27; In re R.S., 4th Dist.

Highland No. 13CA22, 2013–Ohio–5569, ¶29.

               “‘Weight of the evidence concerns “the inclination of the greater
       amount of credible evidence, offered in a trial, to support one side of the
       issue rather than the other. It indicates clearly to the jury that the party
       having the burden of proof will be entitled to their verdict, if, on weighing
       the evidence in their minds, they shall find the greater amount of credible
       evidence sustains the issue which is to be established before them. Weight
       is not a question of mathematics, but depends on its effect in inducing
       belief.”’”

Eastley v. Volkman, 132 Ohio St.3d 328, 2012–Ohio–2179, 972 N.E.2d 517, ¶12, quoting

State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 387, 678 N.E.2d 541 (1997), quoting Black’s Law

Dictionary 1594 (6th ed.1990).

       {¶ 16} When an appellate court reviews whether a trial court’s permanent custody

decision is against the manifest weight of the evidence, the court “‘“weighs the evidence

and all reasonable inferences, considers the credibility of witnesses and determines

whether in resolving conflicts in the evidence, the [finder of fact] clearly lost its way and

created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that the [judgment] must be reversed and a

new trial ordered.”’” Eastley at ¶20, quoting Tewarson v. Simon, 141 Ohio App.3d 103,
115, 750 N.E.2d 176 (9th Dist.2001), quoting Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d at 387, quoting

State v. Martin, 20 Ohio App.3d 172, 175, 485 N.E.2d 717 (1st Dist.1983). Accord In re

Pittman, 9th Dist. Summit No. 20894, 2002–Ohio–2208, ¶¶23–24.

       {¶ 17} The question that we must resolve when reviewing a permanent custody

decision under the manifest weight of the evidence standard is “whether the juvenile

court’s findings * * * were supported by clear and convincing evidence.” In re K.H., 119

Ohio St.3d 538, 2008–Ohio–4825, 895 N.E.2d 809, ¶43.                  “Clear and convincing

evidence” is:

                “The measure or degree of proof that will produce in the mind of the
       trier of fact a firm belief or conviction as to the allegations sought to be
       established. It is intermediate, being more than a mere preponderance, but
       not to the extent of such certainty as required beyond a reasonable doubt as
       in criminal cases. It does not mean clear and unequivocal.”

In re Estate of Haynes, 25 Ohio St.3d 101, 103–04, 495 N.E.2d 23 (1986). In determining

whether a trial court based its decision upon clear and convincing evidence, “a reviewing

court will examine the record to determine whether the trier of facts had sufficient evidence

before it to satisfy the requisite degree of proof.” State v. Schiebel, 55 Ohio St.3d 71, 74,

564 N.E.2d 54 (1990). Accord In re Holcomb, 18 Ohio St.3d 361, 368, 481 N.E.2d 613

(1985), citing Cross v. Ledford, 161 Ohio St. 469, 120 N.E.2d 118 (1954) (“Once the clear

and convincing standard has been met to the satisfaction of the [trial] court, the reviewing

court must examine the record and determine if the trier of fact had sufficient evidence

before it to satisfy this burden of proof.”). Accord In re Adoption of Lay, 25 Ohio St.3d

41, 42–43, 495 N.E.2d 9 (1986). Cf. In re Adoption of Masa, 23 Ohio St.3d 163, 165, 492

N.E.2d 140 (1986) (stating that whether a fact has been “proven by clear and convincing

evidence in a particular case is a determination for the [trial] court and will not be disturbed
on appeal unless such determination is against the manifest weight of the evidence”).

Thus, if the children services agency presented competent and credible evidence upon

which the trier of fact reasonably could have formed a firm belief that permanent custody is

warranted, then the court’s decision is not against the manifest weight of the evidence. In

re R.M., 4th Dist. Athens Nos. 12CA43 and 12CA44, 2013–Ohio–3588, ¶62; In re R.L.,

2nd Dist. Greene Nos.2012CA32 and 2012CA33, 2012–Ohio–6049, ¶17, quoting In re

A.U., 2nd Dist. Montgomery No. 22287, 2008–Ohio–187, ¶9 (“A reviewing court will not

overturn a court’s grant of permanent custody to the state as being contrary to the manifest

weight of the evidence ‘if the record contains competent, credible evidence by which the

court could have formed a firm belief or conviction that the essential statutory elements * *

* have been established.’”). Once the reviewing court finishes its examination, the court

may reverse the judgment only if it appears that the fact-finder, when resolving the

conflicts in evidence, “‘clearly lost its way and created such a manifest miscarriage of

justice that the [judgment] must be reversed and a new trial ordered.’” Thompkins, 78

Ohio St.3d at 387, quoting State v. Martin, 20 Ohio App.3d 172, 175, 485 N.E.2d 717 (1st

Dist.1983). A reviewing court should find a trial court’s permanent custody decision

against the manifest weight of the evidence only in the “‘exceptional case in which the

evidence weighs heavily against the [decision].’” Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d at 387,

quoting Martin, 20 Ohio App.3d at 175; accord State v. Lindsey, 87 Ohio St.3d 479, 483,

721 N.E.2d 995 (2000).

       {¶ 18} Furthermore, when reviewing evidence under the manifest weight of the

evidence standard, an appellate court generally must defer to the fact-finder’s credibility

determinations. Eastley at ¶21. As the Eastley court explained:
               “‘[I]n determining whether the judgment below is manifestly
       against the weight of the evidence, every reasonable intendment must be
       made in favor of the judgment and the finding of facts. * * *
               If the evidence is susceptible of more than one construction, the
       reviewing court is bound to give it that interpretation which is consistent
       with the verdict and judgment, most favorable to sustaining the verdict and
       judgment.’”

Id., quoting Seasons Coal Co., Inc. v. Cleveland, 10 Ohio St.3d 77, 80, 461 N.E.2d 1273

(1984), fn.3, quoting 5 Ohio Jurisprudence 3d, Appellate Review, Section 60, at 191–192

(1978). Deferring to the trial court on matters of credibility is “crucial in a child custody

case, where there may be much evident in the parties’ demeanor and attitude that does not

translate to the record well.” Davis v. Flickinger, 77 Ohio St.3d 415, 419, 674 N.E.2d

1159 (1997). Accord In re Christian, 4th Dist. Athens No. 04CA10, 2004–Ohio–3146, ¶7.

As the Ohio Supreme Court long-ago explained:

               “In proceedings involving the custody and welfare of children the
       power of the trial court to exercise discretion is peculiarly important. The
       knowledge obtained through contact with and observation of the parties and
       through independent investigation can not be conveyed to a reviewing court
       by printed record.”

Trickey v. Trickey, 158 Ohio St. 9, 13, 106 N.E.2d 772 (1952). Furthermore, unlike an

ordinary civil proceeding in which a jury has no contact with the parties before a trial, in a

permanent custody case a trial court judge may have significant contact with the parties

before a permanent custody motion is even filed. In such a situation, it is not unreasonable

to presume that the trial court judge had far more opportunities to evaluate the credibility,

demeanor, attitude, etc., of the parties than this court ever could from a mere reading of the

permanent custody hearing transcript.
                                              B

                        PERMANENT CUSTODY PRINCIPLES

       {¶ 19} A parent has a “fundamental liberty interest” in the care, custody, and

management of his or her child and an “essential” and “basic civil right” to raise his or her

children. Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745, 753, 102 S.Ct. 1388, 71 L.Ed.2d 599 (1982);

In re Murray, 52 Ohio St.3d 155, 156, 556 N.E.2d 1169 (1990); accord In re D.A., 113

Ohio St.3d 88, 2007–Ohio–1105, 862 N.E.2d 829. A parent’s rights, however, are not

absolute. D.A. at ¶11. Rather, “‘it is plain that the natural rights of a parent * * * are

always subject to the ultimate welfare of the child, which is the pole star or controlling

principle to be observed.’” In re Cunningham, 59 Ohio St.2d 100, 106, 391 N.E.2d 1034

(1979), quoting In re R.J.C., 300 So.2d 54, 58 (Fla.App.1974). Thus, the state may

terminate parental rights when a child’s best interest demands such termination. D.A. at

¶11.

       {¶ 20} Before a court may award a children services agency permanent custody of

a child, R.C. 2151.414(A)(1) requires the court to hold a hearing. The primary purpose of

the hearing is to allow the court to determine whether the child’s best interests would be

served by permanently terminating the parental relationship and by awarding permanent

custody to the agency. R.C. 2151.414(A)(1). Additionally, when considering whether to

grant a children services agency permanent custody, a trial court should consider the

underlying principles of R.C. Chapter 2151:

              (A) To provide for the care, protection, and mental and physical
       development of children * * *;
              ***
              (B) To achieve the foregoing purpose[ ], whenever possible, in a
       family environment, separating the child from its parents only when
       necessary for his welfare or in the interests of public safety.
                                                      C

                           PERMANENT CUSTODY FRAMEWORK

        {¶ 21} R.C. 2151.414(B)(1) permits a trial court to grant permanent custody of a

child to a children services agency if the court determines, by clear and convincing

evidence, that the child’s best interest would be served by the award of permanent custody

and that:

                (a) The child is not abandoned or orphaned or has not been in the
        temporary custody of one or more public children services agencies or
        private child placing agencies for twelve or more months of a consecutive
        twenty-two month period ending on or after March 18, 1999, and the child
        cannot be placed with either of the child’s parents within a reasonable time
        or should not be placed with the child’s parents.
                (b) The child is abandoned.
                (c) The child is orphaned, and there are no relatives of the child who
        are able to take permanent custody.
                (d) The child has been in the temporary custody of one or more
        public children services agencies or private child placing agencies for
        twelve or more months of a consecutive twenty-two month period ending
        on or after March 18, 1999.
                (e) The child or another child in the custody of the parent or parents
        from whose custody the child has been removed has been adjudicated an
        abused, neglected, or dependent child on three separate occasions by any
        court in this state or another state.2

        {¶ 22} Thus, before a trial court may award a children services agency permanent

custody, it must find (1) that one of the circumstances described in R.C. 2151.414(B)(1)

applies, and (2) that awarding the children services agency permanent custody would

further the child’s best interests.

        {¶ 23} In the case at bar, the trial court determined that R.C. 2151.414(B)(1)(d)

applied. Upon our independent review of the record, we do not believe that the court’s

R.C. 2151.414(B)(1)(d) finding is against the manifest weight of the evidence. The court

        2   R.C. 2151.414(B)(1)(e) became effective on September 17, 2014.
initially removed the child pursuant to a February 15, 2013 ex parte emergency custody

order. On January 15, 2014, the court adjudicated the child abused/dependent. R.C.

2151.414(B)(1)(e) specifies that for purposes of R.C. 2151.414(B)(1), a child is considered

to have entered a children services agency’s temporary custody on the earlier of the date

the court adjudicated the child or the date that is sixty days after the child’s removal. April

16, 2013, sixty days following the child’s removal, is earlier than January 15, 2014, the

date the court adjudicated the child abused/dependent.          Thus, for purposes of R.C.

2151.414(B)(1)(d), the child entered appellee’s temporary custody on April 16, 2013. By

the time appellee filed its January 15, 2015 permanent custody motion, the child had been

in its temporary custody for well over twelve months. See In re C.W., 104 Ohio St.3d

163, 2004-Ohio-6411, 818 N.E.2d 1176, ¶26 (explaining that before children services

agency can seek permanent custody under R.C. 2151.414(B)(1)(d), the child must have

been in agency’s temporary custody for at least twelve months before the agency files a

permanent custody motion).           We thus find no error with the court’s R.C.

2151.414(B)(1)(d) finding.

       {¶ 24} We next consider whether the trial court’s best interest finding is against the

manifest weight of the evidence.

       {¶ 25} R.C. 2151.414(D) requires a trial court to consider specific factors to

determine whether a child’s best interests will be served by granting a children services

agency permanent custody.          The factors include: (1) the child’s interaction and

interrelationship with the child’s parents, siblings, relatives, foster parents and

out-of-home providers, and any other person who may significantly affect the child; (2) the

child’s wishes, as expressed directly by the child or through the child’s guardian ad litem,
with due regard for the child's maturity; (3) the child’s custodial history; (4) the child’s

need for a legally secure permanent placement and whether that type of placement can be

achieved without a grant of permanent custody to the agency; and (5) whether any factors

listed under R.C. 2151.414(E)(7) to (11) apply.3



3   R.C. 2151.414(E)(7) to (11) state:

                     (7) The parent has been convicted of or pleaded guilty to one of the following:
                     (a) An offense under section 2903.01, 2903.02, or 2903.03 of the Revised Code or under
          an existing or former law of this state, any other state, or the United States that is substantially
          equivalent to an offense described in those sections and the victim of the offense was a sibling of
          the child or the victim was another child who lived in the parent's household at the time of the
          offense;
                     (b) An offense under section 2903.11, 2903.12, or 2903.13 of the Revised Code or
          under an existing or former law of this state, any other state, or the United States that is
          substantially equivalent to an offense described in those sections and the victim of the offense is
          the child, a sibling of the child, or another child who lived in the parent's household at the time of
          the offense;
                     (c) An offense under division (B)(2) of section 2919.22 of the Revised Code or under an
          existing or former law of this state, any other state, or the United States that is substantially
          equivalent to the offense described in that section and the child, a sibling of the child, or another
          child who lived in the parent's household at the time of the offense is the victim of the offense;
                     (d) An offense under section 2907.02, 2907.03, 2907.04, 2907.05, or 2907.06 of the
          Revised Code or under an existing or former law of this state, any other state, or the United States
          that is substantially equivalent to an offense described in those sections and the victim of the
          offense is the child, a sibling of the child, or another child who lived in the parent's household at
          the time of the offense;
                     (e) An offense under section 2905.32, 2907.21, or 2907.22 of the Revised Code or under
          an existing or former law of this state, any other state, or the United States that is substantially
          equivalent to the offense described in that section and the victim of the offense is the child, a
          sibling of the child, or another child who lived in the parent's household at the time of the offense;
                     (f) A conspiracy or attempt to commit, or complicity in committing, an offense described
          in division (E)(7)(a), (d), or (e) of this section.
                     (8) The parent has repeatedly withheld medical treatment or food from the child when
          the parent has the means to provide the treatment or food, and, in the case of withheld medical
       {¶ 26} In the case at bar, we find ample clear and convincing evidence to support

the trial court’s best interest finding.              With respect to the child’s interactions and

interrelationships, neither appellant nor the father has an established bond with the child.

Appellant did not attend the vast majority of the child’s doctor and therapy appointments

and thus displayed little to no interest in learning about the child’s special needs and how to

properly care for them.             Instead, she continued to abuse drugs.                         The child is

well-integrated into the foster home.

       {¶ 27} Regarding the child’s wishes, we observe that the guardian ad litem

recommended that the trial court award appellee permanent custody.

       {¶ 28} With respect to the child’s custodial history, the evidence shows that the

child has never lived in appellant’s or his father’s home and has never been in either’s

       treatment, the parent withheld it for a purpose other than to treat the physical or mental illness or
       defect of the child by spiritual means through prayer alone in accordance with the tenets of a
       recognized religious body.
                  (9) The parent has placed the child at substantial risk of harm two or more times due to
       alcohol or drug abuse and has rejected treatment two or more times or refused to participate in
       further treatment two or more times after a case plan issued pursuant to section 2151.412 of the
       Revised Code requiring treatment of the parent was journalized as part of a dispositional order
       issued with respect to the child or an order was issued by any other court requiring treatment of
       the parent.
                  (10) The parent has abandoned the child.
                  (11) The parent has had parental rights involuntarily terminated with respect to a sibling
       of the child pursuant to this section or section 2151.353 or 2151.415 of the Revised Code, or
       under an existing or former law of this state, any other state, or the United States that is
       substantially equivalent to those sections, and the parent has failed to provide clear and
       convincing evidence to prove that, notwithstanding the prior termination, the parent can provide a
       legally secure permanent placement and adequate care for the health, welfare, and safety of the
       child.
custody. Instead, since being discharged from the hospital, the child has spent his entire

life living in the foster family’s home.

       {¶ 29} Regarding the child’s need for a legally secure permanent placement,

appellee investigated possible relative placements but did not find any to be suitable. The

court noted that appellant’s grandmother and two sisters expressed interest, but appellee

determined none of the placements were suitable. Appellant failed to demonstrate that

she is willing or able to remain drug-free so as to provide the child with a legally secure

permanent placement. The father agreed that he is unable to properly care for the child.

Thus, the evidence shows that the child needs a legally secure permanent placement and

that this placement cannot be achieved without granting appellee permanent custody.

Consequently, the trial court’s judgment awarding appellee permanent custody of the child

is not against the manifest weight of the evidence.

       {¶ 30} Accordingly, based upon the foregoing reasons, we agree with appellant’s

counsel’s assessment that this is not a meritorious issue for review.

                                             II

                                      INTERPRETER

       {¶ 31} In the second potential assignment of error, appointed counsel suggests that

we review whether the trial court plainly erred by allowing a “quasi-interpreter” to speak

on the father’s behalf.

       {¶ 32} Assuming, arguendo, appellant has standing to appeal error that may have

occurred with respect to the father, we are unable to find plain error. Courts should

exercise extreme caution when invoking the plain error doctrine, especially in civil cases.

Thus, “the doctrine is sharply limited to the extremely rare case involving exceptional
circumstances where error, to which no objection was made at the trial court, seriously

affects the basic fairness, integrity, or public reputation of the judicial process, thereby

challenging the legitimacy of the underlying judicial process itself.”          Goldfuss v.

Davidson, 79 Ohio St.3d 116, 122-123, 679 N.E.2d 1099 (1997) (emphasis sic); accord

Gable v. Gates Mills, 103 Ohio St.3d 449, 2004–Ohio–5719, 816 N.E.2d 1049, ¶43. We

do not believe that the case at bar presents an extremely rare case involving exceptional

circumstances so as to warrant application of the plain error doctrine.

       {¶ 33} First, we note that the court explicitly stated on the record that the parties

agreed to proceed with the “quasi-interpreter.” At the January 7, 2015 dispositional

review hearing, the court noted that a certified interpreted had been scheduled to attend the

hearing but was unable to appear. The court asked the parties if they had any objections

and all agreed to proceeding without a certified interpreter. The court thus found “a

waiver of any defect in the interpretation method.”

       {¶ 34} Furthermore, the father’s counsel stated that she met with the father and the

“quasi-interpreter” and reported that it was “the best session that [she has] had with [her

client].” The father’s counsel continued: “I truly believe that today is the first time my

client really understands.” Later in the hearing, the interpreter indicated that the father

fully understood the proceedings and the implications of permanent custody.

       {¶ 35} Because appellant’s and the father’s counsel agreed to proceed with the

“quasi-interpreter,” we believe that appellant invited any error that may have resulted.

“Under the invited-error doctrine, a party is not entitled to take advantage of an error that

he himself invited or induced the trial court to make.” State v. Neyland, 139 Ohio St.3d

353, 2014-Ohio-1914, 12 N.E.3d 1112, ¶243; see State v. Davis, 116 Ohio St.3d 404,
2008-Ohio-2, 880 N.E.2d 31, ¶86 (determining that agreeing to admit evidence without

objection constitutes invited error); Faulks v. Flynn, 4th Dist. Scioto No. 13CA3568,

2014–Ohio–1610, ¶22 (stating that “even plain error is waived where error is invited”).

Consequently, even if the court somehow erred by using the quasi-interpreter, appellant

and all other parties agreed to proceed with the quasi-interpreter. No one objected.

Under these circumstances, appellant invited any error that may have resulted.

       {¶ 36} Even if appellant did not invite the error, we do not see how the use of the

quasi-interpreter prejudiced appellant’s rights.    Nothing indicates that the interpreter

somehow misrepresented the father’s wishes or that the court would not have granted

appellee permanent custody if a different interpreter had been employed. The court’s

judgment entry granting appellee permanent custody notes that the father informed the

court “both personally and through his attorney” that he does not feel capable of caring for

the child. The court further noted that the father did not participate in any reunification

attempts with the child.   We thus do not find any error–plain or otherwise–resulting from

the use of the “quasi-interpreter.” We have independently reviewed the record and agree

with appellant’s counsel that the second potential assignment of error lacks merit.

       {¶ 37} Accordingly, based upon the foregoing reasons, we do not believe that any

meritorious issues to appeal exist. Therefore, we grant counsel’s request to withdraw,

find this appeal wholly frivolous, and affirm the trial court’s judgment.

                                                                JUDGMENT AFFIRMED.
                                    JUDGMENT ENTRY

       It is ordered that the judgment be affirmed and that appellee shall recover of

appellant the costs herein taxed.

       The Court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

       It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this Court directing the Scioto

County Common Pleas Court, Juvenile Division, to carry this judgment into execution.

       A certified copy of this entry shall constitute that mandate pursuant to Rule 27 of

the Rules of Appellate Procedure.

         Harsha, J. & McFarland, A.J.: Concur in Judgment & Opinion

                                                                     For the Court




                                                                     BY:
                                                                     Peter B. Abele, Judge
                               NOTICE TO COUNSEL

       Pursuant to Local Rule No. 14, this document constitutes a final judgment entry and
the time period for further appeal commences from the date of filing with the clerk.
