         Filed 1/27/16 Guardianship of Brooke M. CA4/1
                           NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
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or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.


                         COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                       DIVISION ONE

                                                STATE OF CALIFORNIA



Guardianship of BROOKE M., a Minor.                              D066547


STACIE M.,                                                       (San Diego County
                                                                  Super. Ct. No.
         Petitioner and Appellant,                                37-2013-00035488-PR-GP-CTL)

         v.

SHANNON P.,

         Objector and Respondent.


         APPEAL from an order of the Superior Court of San Diego County, Robert C.

Longstreth, Judge. Affirmed.

         Stephen Temko for Petitioner and Appellant.

         Griffith & Thornburgh and John R. Rydell, II, Marisa K. Beuoy for Objector and

Respondent.
       Stacie M., who is Brooke M.'s paternal grandmother, appeals a court order

denying her Family Code section 30411 petition for guardianship of Brooke, and instead

granting custody to Brooke's mother, Shannon P. Stacie contends: (1) the court

prejudicially excluded from evidence two arrest reports involving Robert, who is

Shannon's current husband, and a handwriting expert's testimony; and (2) there was

cumulative error. Shannon requests we sanction Stacie for filing a frivolous appeal. We

will deny Shannon's cursory request, and affirm the trial court's order.

                      FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

       Stacie did not challenge the statement of decision in the trial court, nor does she

challenge any specific factual finding on appeal. We therefore rely primarily on the

detailed November 2014 statement of decision.2

       Brooke was born in July, 2008. In 2011, following divorce proceedings, the Santa

Barbara County Superior Court granted Brooke's parents joint legal custody of her. In

July 2012, Brooke's parents agreed Brooke would live with her father in San Diego



1      All statutory references are to the Family Code unless otherwise stated.

2       In her request for a statement of decision, Stacie raised the following questions:
"1. Did [Stacie] serve as Brooke's de facto parent by meeting her psychological needs for
care and affection on a day to day basis for a substantial period of time (Probate Code
[sic] section 3041(c))? [¶] 2. Did [Shannon] meet Brooke's psychological needs for care
and affection on a day to day basis after July 1, 2012 for a substantial period of time?
(Probate Code [sic] section 3041(c)) . . . [¶] . . . [¶] 3. Is there detriment to Brooke by
an abrupt change in her current placement? [¶] 4. Is Brooke's best interest served by an
abrupt change in her current placement? [¶] 5. Is there detriment to Brooke residing in
[Robert's] household? [¶] 6. Is it in Brooke's best interest to reside in [Robert's]
household?"

                                             2
during the school year, and Shannon would visit with Brooke for one weekend every

month.

       Brooke's father died on February 15, 2013, and shortly afterwards Stacie filed a

petition for temporary guardianship of Brooke. On February 26, 2013, Judge Bostwick

of the San Diego County Superior Court granted Stacie's petition.

       In May 2013, the Santa Barbara Superior Court granted Shannon's ex parte

application for sole physical and legal custody of Brooke, and retained jurisdiction over

child custody matters.

       In June 2013, Judge Bostwick granted Shannon's motion to coordinate the Santa

Barbara case with the pending guardianship petition.

       In July 2013, over Stacie's objection, Judge Bostwick granted visitation between

Brooke and Shannon, finding that "[n]o credible evidence was presented that there were

any difficulties or problems with any of these visits, or that [Shannon] was unable to care

for Brooke properly."

       Following a seven-day bench trial held in May 2014, Judge Longstreth of the San

Diego County Superior Court denied Stacie's petition for permanent guardianship of

Brooke, finding that "[Stacie] admitted at trial that the Petition contains false statements."

The judge further found that on February 19, 2013, Stacie had abducted Brooke in

violation of Penal Code, section 278, and thus "isolated Brooke from [Shannon] . . . as

well as from both of [Shannon's] parents, who had been the primary caretakers of Brooke

for the first 18 months of her life, and with whom Brooke had a close relationship."

Moreover, "[b]efore [Stacie] returned Brooke to Child Protective Services the following

                                              3
day as directed by the police, she told Brooke, incorrectly, that Brooke would be

spending the night in institutional care. Brooke's therapist . . . testified that the encounter

with the police at Child Protective Services caused Brooke greater emotional distress than

even the death of her father."

       Judge Longstreth ruled that Stacie had not satisfied the first prong of section 3041,

subdivision (a), requiring a finding that granting custody to a parent would be detrimental

to the child: "[Shannon] was awarded joint legal custody and fifty percent physical

custody by the Superior Court of Santa Barbara County in the spring of 2011, a decision

that necessarily implies that she was fit to care for her child. No evidence was presented

of any significant issues arising with respect to Brooke during the time [Shannon] cared

for her. [Shannon] and [Robert] have cared for the two children from their relationship

since the children's birth, and no evidence was presented that these children are not being

properly cared for or that there has been any issue with respect to either parent's care.

The Family Court Services Guardianship Investigation completed July 30, 2013,

concluded that there were no existing safety issues in the mother's residence, and found

that there was no corroborating evidence to support [Stacie's] concern that [Shannon's]

history of substance abuse represents a current issue."

       Judge Longstreth also found Stacie had not met the second prong of section 3041,

subdivision (a), to show that granting custody to a nonparent is required to serve the best

interest of the child: "Based on the evidence, the Court cannot find that [Stacie] has

provided a stable home for Brooke that has fulfilled her psychological needs. Instead, the

Court finds that the care of Brooke, particularly at the time of her father's death and for

                                               4
many months thereafter, was extremely disruptive, and that Brooke suffered substantial

emotional damage from that care." Judge Longstreth made the point: "[Stacie] added to

the lack of stability for Brooke during this time by removing her from the preschool that

she was attending for approximately thirty hours each week, choosing instead to have her

tutored at home for only eight hours a week." The court stated: "[Stacie] has not proven,

and certainly not by the required clear and convincing evidence, that terminating the

guardianship would be otherwise detrimental to Brooke. The court credits [Stacie's]

testimony . . . [that Brooke] has established a bond with [Stacie] and with her paternal

grandfather . . . but there was no evidence that [Brooke] has any other close relatives or

friends in San Diego now that her cousin has returned to New Jersey. At [Shannon's]

home, [Brooke] would have a mother, a stepfather, two younger siblings, and aunts,

uncles and cousins through her stepfather living nearby, as well as much greater access to

her maternal grandparents and maternal aunts, uncles and cousins . . . . In addition,

[Stacie] has a home relatively nearby in Reno. [Stacie] failed to establish that Brooke has

any medical or educational needs that could not be met if the guardianship is terminated;

in fact, the evidence established that [Stacie], understandably focused on the loss of her

son, was slow to address these needs. Extending the guardianship would cause further

harm to Brooke's relationship with [Shannon], half-siblings, maternal grandparents and

other maternal relatives."

       Judge Longstreth specifically addressed Stacie's claims regarding Shannon's drug

use: "The statements that [Shannon] was currently struggling with IV drug addiction and

that she was an IV drug abuser with an opioid dependency (Heroin) at the time the

                                             5
petition was filed were . . . supported by thin, indirect evidence, and were contradicted by

substantial contrary evidence, including direct testimony and the results of numerous

drug tests over the past four years, one of which was taken at [Stacie's] insistence during

a luncheon recess of the trial. No evidence was offered that [Shannon] abused her

prescription maintenance drugs by injecting them, and [Stacie] did not prove that

[Shannon] was otherwise abusing those drugs."

       Judge Longstreth concluded: "[Stacie] did not meet Brooke's psychological needs

for care and affection on a day to day basis after July 1, 2012 for a substantial period of

time. [¶] There is no detriment to Brooke by immediately changing her custody to

[Shannon]. [¶] It is in Brooke's best interest to immediately return her to Shannon's

custody. [¶] There is no detriment to Brooke by residing in [Robert's] household. [¶] It

is in Brooke's best interest to reside in [Robert's] household."

                                           DISCUSSION

                                                  I.

            The Court Did Not Abuse Its Discretion by Excluding the Arrest Reports

       Stacie contends that Robert's arrest reports (exhibit Nos. 155 and 185) were

admissible as inconsistent testimony (Evid. Code, § 12353) and under the public

employee business record exception to the hearsay rule (Evid. Code, § 12804).




3      Evidence Code section 1235, states: "Evidence of a statement made by a witness
is not made inadmissible by the hearsay rule if the statement is inconsistent with his
testimony at the hearing and is offered in compliance with [Evidence Code] Section 770."

                                              6
A. Background

       At trial, after a Family Court Services counselor testified he had not taken into

account Robert's criminal history in preparing his findings and recommendations

regarding custody of Brooke, Stacie sought to admit into evidence a copy of a police

arrest report from Robert's 2010 arrest for domestic violence (exhibit No. 155). The

court sustained a hearsay objection, stating, "I don't consider introducing an arrest record,

police reports, and so forth to be appropriate to prove the truth of things that are stated in

there." The court also told Stacie's counsel: "[W]hen people are arrested, they are still

presumed innocent, so I don't know . . . the extent to which you take that into account, but

I—I'm worried about if the answer is going to be helpful to you one way or another,

whether [the investigator] would have taken [the arrest record] into account or not taken

it into account, so there is that issue as well." Stacie's counsel argued the arrest report

was "a representation from [Robert] of what he told the police happened." The court

replied: "No, it's not. It's at least double hearsay for that purpose."

       Stacie's counsel later asked the investigator on direct examination: "If you were

aware of a domestic violence arrest history in [Shannon's household], would that impact

your determination that it might be detrimental for Brooke [] to live with her mother?"


4       Evidence Code section 1280, states: "Evidence of a writing made as a record of an
act, condition, or event is not made inadmissible by the hearsay rule when offered in any
civil or criminal proceeding to prove the act, condition, or event if all of the following
applies: [¶] (a) The writing was made by and within the scope of duty of a public
employee. [¶] (b) The writing was made at or near the time of the act, condition, or
event. [¶] (c) The sources of information and method and time of preparation were such
as to indicate its trustworthiness."

                                               7
The investigator replied: "I'd have to look at other factors. Again, if I were to ask the

question and that information was presented, I would want to see, you know, whether that

was corroborated in the background checks, what the results of that arrest or—you know,

basically what stemmed from that. [¶] So I guess an arrest in and of itself isn't generally

enough to then put emphasis on that one specific item versus how does that impact what's

happening right now."

       During Robert's direct examination, the court again sustained a hearsay objection

to exhibit No. 155, but permitted Stacie's counsel to ask Robert if he recalled the woman

involved in the domestic violence incident. Robert responded that he did not recall her.

       During Robert's testimony regarding his April 2012 arrest, involving his misuse of

prescription medications and being caught with used syringes, Stacie's counsel sought to

introduce into evidence a copy of Robert's April 2012 arrest report (exhibit No. 185).

Judge Longstreth sustained a hearsay objection to it, adding: "It's also cumulative

because it's what [Robert] said already." Nevertheless, Judge Longstreth permitted

counsel to use that arrest report to impeach Robert. Thereafter, Stacie's counsel asked

Robert whether he had told police certain information found in the arrest report, including

that Shannon had given him the medications police had found in his possession. Robert

denied telling the police that information, but testified he "believed" he had told police

that the medications were from his mother's prescription. He later asserted: "They were

all prescription medications that I had legal prescriptions for." Robert also testified that

that arrest resulted in only a trespassing charge, to which he pleaded guilty, and the

matter was adjudicated as a probation violation.

                                              8
       Afterwards, Judge Longstreth again sustained objections that the arrest record was

hearsay, cumulative and lacked foundation. At the end of trial, Judge Longstreth

sustained objections to exhibit Nos. 155 and 185, concluding that Evidence Code section

1280's requirements were not met: "There's no custodial affidavit or anything else, so

that's a fundamental reason, and then there's—before we even get into the fact that there

are many things in there that the officer said, so I don't see a reason to reconsider my

ruling on that." When Stacie's counsel asserted the arrest reports were certified copies,

the judge replied: " 'Certified copies' does not lay the foundation. There are elements

you have to meet. Just because they are authentic doesn't mean you laid the foundation

for the hearsay objection. They are two different things."

B. Legal Principles

       Section 3041 governs contested guardianship appointment proceedings and

provides that parents are first in the order of preference for a grant of custody, but a

showing of de facto parent status by a nonparent creates a rebuttable presumption that it

would be detrimental to place the child in the custody of a parent and the best interest of

the child requires nonparental custody. (§ 3041, subds. (a), (c), (d).) The best interest of

the child is the sole criterion governing guardianship termination proceedings.

(Guardianship of L.V. (2006) 136 Cal.App.4th 481, 490 (Guardianship of L.V.) [ward's

best interest is only criterion for determining whether to terminate a probate

guardianship]; Prob. Code, § 1601.) What constitutes the best interest of a child presents

an inherently factual issue. (Guardianship of Olivia J. (2000) 84 Cal.App.4th 1146,

1159-1161 [whether parental custody is detrimental to minor or whether award of

                                              9
custody to nonparent is required to serve child's best interests are factual questions].) The

decision whether to terminate a guardianship is committed to the trial court's sound

discretion. "It is an inquiry that is particularly founded on application of the trial court's

experience with human conduct." (Guardianship of L.V., at p. 488.)

       Generally, unless otherwise permitted by law, hearsay is not admissible in

guardianship proceedings. (Evid. Code, §§ 300, 1200; Prob. Code, § 1000; see also In re

Guardianship of Akers (1920) 184 Cal. 514, 520.) " 'Hearsay evidence' is evidence of a

statement that was made other than by a witness while testifying at the hearing and that is

offered to prove the truth of the matter stated." (Evid. Code, § 1200, subd. (a).) "Except

as provided by law, hearsay evidence is inadmissible." (Evid. Code, § 1200, subd. (b).)

A trial court has broad discretion in determining whether a record is admissible under an

exception to the hearsay rule. (People v. Martinez (2000) 22 Cal.4th 106, 120.)

       It is well established that trial courts "must exercise their discretion to exclude

under Evidence Code section 352 evidence that is unduly cumulative." (People v. Brady

(2010) 50 Cal.4th 547, 583; Douillard v. Woodd (1942) 20 Cal.2d 665, 669 ["A trial

judge is not bound to allow cumulative testimony upon the same point"].)

C. Analysis

       We conclude Robert's arrest reports were cumulative of his testimony regarding

his arrests. Robert testified he did not remember the circumstances surrounding the

domestic violence arrest. He also explained that when he was arrested in April 2012, his

syringes contained his prescription drugs, and he was only charged with misdemeanor

loitering, not drug possession or any other drug-related crime. Therefore, the court did

                                              10
not abuse its discretion by excluding evidence of the arrest reports, particularly because

despite Stacie's protestation to the contrary, it appears the sole use she sought to make of

that evidence was for the truth of the hearsay statements contained in them.

       The arrest reports presumably went to the issue of Robert's drug use and his

likelihood of inflicting domestic violence on Shannon. But the statement of decision

points out: "The undisputed evidence showed that [Robert] has been employed full-time

since January 2013." The court also stated that a benefit of Shannon having custody of

Brooke was that Brooke would live with Robert and near his relatives. Finally, the court

ruled: "[Shannon's] supplemental brief states that she and [Robert] will obtain a hair

follicle test every three months . . . . The court has incorporated this proffer into its order.

The court's conclusions have been based on its trust and expectations that [Shannon] will

handle the transition of Brooke to her care sensitively and appropriately." We therefore

conclude that because the court was aware of the contents of the arrest reports through

Robert's testimony, the court did not perceive that Robert's past drug use endangered

Brooke's best interest. This decision was reasonable and not an abuse of discretion.

       We also point out that both the arrest reports and the expert's testimony are related

to section 3041 subdivision (a)'s first prong regarding detriment to Brooke caused by

granting custody to Shannon. Stacie would still have to overcome the hurdle of the

statute's second prong, requiring a showing that granting her custody of Brooke was

required to serve Brooke's best interest. The court specifically found that Stacie's care of

Brooke, was "extremely disruptive, and that Brooke suffered substantial emotional



                                              11
damage from that care," "particularly at the time of [Brooke's] father's death and for

many months thereafter." Stacie does not challenge that finding.

                                             II.

       The Court Did Not Abuse Its Discretion by Excluding the Expert's Testimony

       Stacie contends the trial court prejudicially erred by excluding the testimony of a

handwriting expert who would have testified that Shannon had falsified certain drug test

results.

A. Background

       During the trial's rebuttal phase, Stacie sought to call handwriting expert Jill

Wilson to testify regarding her analysis of Shannon's handwriting. Shannon's counsel

objected that despite the fact Stacie had included Wilson on her witness list, Wilson was

not called to testify in Stacie's case-in-chief, thus denying Shannon an opportunity to call

a rebuttal witness, Kim Stone, with 10-to-12 days' notice. Instead, by waiting until

rebuttal to call Wilson, Stacie prejudiced the defense because Stone would have had only

one day's notice to travel from South Tahoe to San Diego to testify.

       Shannon's counsel also pointed out that Judge Bostwick had addressed allegations

Shannon had falsified signatures. After reviewing Wilson's declaration that Shannon had

signed certain drug test reports herself, Judge Bostwick suspended Shannon's

unsupervised visitation with Brooke, and Shannon was required to take another drug test.

Stone subsequently declared that as part of her employment at a drug lab, she had filled

out the forms for Shannon's drug test results. Stone further declared Wilson had never

contacted her, and no one had asked her to provide a handwriting sample. Shannon's

                                             12
drug test was negative, and Judge Bostwick thereafter restored Shannon's visitation with

Brooke.

       Judge Longstreth stated that during the case-in-chief, Stacie's counsel had

extensively covered the issue of Shannon's drug use, including Shannon's purported

"falsification" of the drug reports. Specifically, Judge Longstreth had asked Shannon

why Judge Bostwick had ordered that her visits with Brooke be supervised. Shannon

replied: "I believe they had said the integrity of my drug tests were—they accused me of

falsifying my drug tests and got a handwriting expert, which is absolutely not the truth.

So the judge ordered me to have supervised visitations because of their accusations."

Describing Stacie's request to admit Wilson's testimony during rebuttal as "sandbagging,"

"a bootstrapping argument," and "a collateral matter," Judge Longstreth denied it,

reasoning that if Wilson's testimony "was that important, [Stacie's counsel would have

raised it] earlier, and so if it really is that important and [Stacie] waited until [rebuttal],

then the only possible conclusion is gamesmanship."

B. Applicable Law

       The trial court is vested with discretion to determine the scope of rebuttal, and its

ruling will not be disturbed absent a clear abuse of that authority. (Diamond Springs

Lime Co. v. American River Constructors (1971) 16 Cal.App.3d 581, 604; Ray v. Jackson

(1963) 219 Cal.App.2d 445, 454.) "It is well settled that a party who has the affirmative

may not reserve a portion of his evidence until the opposite party has exhausted his to

negative that offered in the first instance, and if he does so, the court may refuse to allow



                                               13
him to come in and make out his case after the defendant rests." (Lipman v. Ashburn

(1951) 106 Cal.App.2d 616, 620.)

C. Analysis

       Stacie could have called Wilson to testify about the handwriting analysis in her

case-in-chief, when Shannon's drug use was extensively explored. In fact, Shannon had

testified that Judge Bostwick suspended her unsupervised visitations with Brooke

following Stacie's allegation about the falsified drug test results. But Stacie elected not to

call Wilson to testify at that time. The court acted well within its discretion in

determining that the testimony Stacie sought to offer was not proper rebuttal evidence but

an attempt to do what Stacie should have done in her case-in-chief. There was no error.

Courts impose restrictions on rebuttal evidence in part "to avoid 'unfair surprise' to the

defendant from confrontation with crucial evidence late in the trial." (People v. Young

(2005) 34 Cal.4th 1149, 1199.) In denying the rebuttal testimony, the court protected

Shannon from what it perceived as Stacie's gamesmanship.

       In any event, Judge Longstreth addressed in part the merits of this matter in his

statement of decision: "Visitation between Brooke and [Shannon] was finally ordered,

over [Stacie's] objection, in early July 2013. The visits were initially ordered to be

supervised, but this was modified to provide for unsupervised visits the following month.

The supervision was reinstated in October 2013 because of Judge Bostwick's concerns

over irregularities in one of [Shannon's] drug tests, but the supervision requirement was

again lifted in December 2013 after [Shannon] submitted tests that addressed Judge

Bostwick's concerns. No credible evidence was presented that there were any difficulties

                                             14
or problems with any of these visits, or that [Shannon] was unable to care for Brooke

properly." As noted, the court also concluded that any claims that Shannon was currently

abusing drugs were "supported by thin, indirect evidence, and were contradicted by

substantial contrary evidence, including direct testimony and the results of numerous

drug tests over the past four years." From this finding we conclude the court took

seriously the allegations regarding Shannon's drug use, and it was not persuaded that

there was a current problem. This was a proper exercise of the court's discretion.

                                               III.

                                   No Cumulative Error

       Stacie argues the trial court's exclusion of the two arrest reports and the

handwriting expert's testimony cumulatively resulted in a miscarriage of justice. "Under

the 'cumulative error' doctrine, errors that are individually harmless may nevertheless

have a cumulative effect that is prejudicial." (In re Avena (1996) 12 Cal.4th 694, 772, fn.

32.) In light of our conclusion that Stacie has not demonstrated any individual error, the

cumulative error doctrine does not apply. (See, e.g., Jiagbogu v. Mercedes–Benz USA

(2004) 118 Cal.App.4th 1235, 1246 ["Since there is no error in these individual rulings,

there is, of course, no cumulative error"].)

       Stacie further argues: "After an examination of the entire record, it is clear the

trial court would have come to a different and more favorable result if it concluded

Shannon falsified drug test results during the period of temporary guardianship, or that

Shannon had given drugs to [Robert, and he] had been violent with her while pregnant as

recently as 2012."

                                               15
       In her reply brief, Stacie reinforces her argument, stating that under Evidence

Code section 354, we can find that the trial court would have reevaluated all the evidence

differently in light of the excluded arrest records and the handwriting expert's testimony:

"Section III (C) of Stacie's Brief sets forth a litany of evidence, that coupled with the

forgery, would have led to a different result. The admitted evidence as to detriment

under the first prong of section 3104[,] subdivision (a) and evidence as to best interests

under the second prong would have been reevaluated in light of Shannon's fraudulent

conduct and all of her past conduct, presumed drug use while the guardianship was

pending."

       Stacie's argument assumes that if the court had found true the matter she was

required to prove under the statute, then the court would have granted her petition under

the statute. We have no choice but to reject that circular reasoning. Stacie also

speculates Judge Longstreth would necessarily have been persuaded by the handwriting

expert's testimony, and concluded Shannon had committed forgery. But it is possible

Judge Longstreth would have rejected that expert's declaration as Judge Bostwick did.

                                             IV.

                              We Deny the Sanctions Request

       Shannon failed to support her request for sanctions with reasoned arguments and

citations to legal authority. Her entire contention states: "We are well aware that

appellate courts are generally reluctant to impose sanctions based on a frivolous appeal.

But we respectfully suggest that sanctions are appropriate in this case as [Shannon]

should not have been compelled to respond to an appeal when the trial court's decision is

                                              16
so analytically comprehensive and clear." Having identified a purported reluctance on

the part of appellate courts to issue sanctions, it was incumbent on Shannon to seek to

overcome that reluctance by adducing sufficient facts and legal arguments in support of

her position. In light of her appellate brief's cursory argument, we apply the general rule

that briefs "should contain a legal argument with citation of authorities on the points

made. If none is furnished on a particular point, the court may treat it as waived, and

pass it without consideration." (9 Witkin, Cal. Procedure (5th ed. 2008) Appeal, § 701,

p. 769.)




                                             17
                                      DISPOSITION

     The order is affirmed. Shannon P. is awarded costs on appeal.




                                                                     O'ROURKE, J.

WE CONCUR:


HUFFMAN, Acting P. J.


McDONALD, J.




                                        18
