                                        IN THE
                                TENTH COURT OF APPEALS

                                        No. 10-19-00022-CV

JASON ELLIOTT OPP AND JENNIFER JEAN OPP,
                                     Appellants
 v.

RAINBOW INTERNATIONAL, LLC,
                                                                          Appellee



                                 From the 414th District Court
                                   McLennan County, Texas
                                  Trial Court No. 2018-919-5


                                 MEMORANDUM OPINION


        In six issues in this restricted appeal, appellants, Jason Opp, and Jennifer Opp,

advancing pro se, challenge the trial court’s October 18, 2018 judgment in favor of

appellee, Rainbow International, LLC.1 We affirm.



        1  In their pro se notice of appeal, the Opps purport to represent themselves and Spartan
Construction, LLC. However, the Opps signed their notice of appeal and appellants’ brief in their
individual capacities. Additionally, Texas law does not allow for nonlawyers to represent corporate
entities. See Kunstoplast of Am., Inc. v. Formosa Plastics Corp., USA, 937 S.W.2d 455, 456 (Tex. 1996) (stating
that corporations may appear only through licensed attorneys); Amron Props., LLC v. McGown Oil Co., No.
14-03-01432, 2004 Tex. App. LEXIS 2268, at **1-2 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Mar. 11, 2004, no pet.)
                                            I.       BACKGROUND

         In April 2014, the Opps and appellee entered into a franchise agreement with an

initial ten-year term and numerous requirements on the part of the Opps, the franchisees.

Apparently, the franchise agreement was subsequently assigned to Spartan Construction,

LLC, with the Opps personally guaranteeing the agreement.

         In its original petition, appellee asserted that the franchise agreement obligated

appellants to submit weekly reports of gross sales, pay a license fee based on the reports

of gross sales, make payments owed pursuant to a promissory note, and pay advertising

and marketing fees. The agreement also provided for a charge for missed reports,

dishonored checks, and late fees, including interest. Appellee alleged that, starting in

November 2016 and continuing into 2017, appellants breached the agreement numerous

times.    The alleged breaches of the agreement included the failure to pay various

licensing, marketing, and advertising fees. Additionally, appellants purportedly failed

to make payments on the promissory note, stopped submitting reports of sales, provided

checks that were later dishonored and resulted in additional fees, failed to provide



(mem. op.) (stating that limited liability companies must appear through licensed attorneys); see also TEX.
R. CIV. P. 7 (allowing a person to represent himself pro se). As such, we cannot construe the Opps’s pro se
notice of appeal to encompass Spartan Construction, LLC. Without a proper notice of appeal, there is
nothing preserved for appellate review on Spartan Construction, LLC’s behalf. See TEX. R. APP. P. 25.1(c)
(“A party who seeks to alter the trial court’s judgment or other appealable order must file a notice of
appeal.”); see also Brooks v. Northglen Ass’n, 141 S.W.3d 158, 171 (Tex. 2004) (“Northglen did not file a notice
of appeal from the trial court’s judgment, did not notice a cross-appeal, and did not petition this court for
review on the point. Accordingly, Northglen did not preserve this issue for our review.”). Because Spartan
Construction, LLC did not file a proper notice of appeal in this proceeding, we modify the style of this case
to delete Spartan Construction, LLC.

Opp, et al. v. Rainbow Int’l, LLC                                                                       Page 2
certificates of insurance that were required under the agreement, and failed to submit tax

returns that were also required under the agreement. As a result of these alleged

breaches, appellee argued that it sustained $189,686.08 in damages.

        On March 9, 2018, appellee filed suit, alleging breach-of-contract and breach-of-

the-personal-guaranty claims against appellants and requesting damages, as well as

attorney’s fees. Though not a part of the Clerk’s Record, appellants filed two motions to

transfer venue from Texas state court to a federal court in Alaska, where they reside.

There is no indication in the record that these motions were presented to the trial court,

that hearing dates were ever requested, or that hearings were ever conducted on the

motions.

        Thereafter, appellee filed a motion to compel because appellants failed to respond

to discovery requests. After a hearing that appellants did not attend, the trial court

granted appellee’s motion to compel and set the case for a bench trial on October 18, 2018.

In response to this ruling, appellants allegedly filed an unverified motion for continuance

complaining that they did not receive notice of the hearing on appellee’s motion to

compel and seeking to postpone the scheduled October 18, 2018 trial setting. Once again,

appellants’ motion for continuance is not included in the record, and there is no

indication that a hearing date was requested or that a hearing was ever conducted on this

motion.




Opp, et al. v. Rainbow Int’l, LLC                                                    Page 3
        In any event, on October 18, 2018, the trial court conducted a final hearing in this

matter. Appellants did not attend the hearing. At the conclusion of the hearing, the trial

court ruled in favor of appellee and awarded appellee $189,686.08 in damages against

appellants and Spartan Construction, LLC, jointly and severally. The trial court also

awarded $40,200 in attorney’s fees for work done at the trial-court level and additional

attorney’s fees for appeals to this Court and the Texas Supreme Court, in the event that

any appeals are filed. Three months later, on January 18, 2019, appellants filed their

notice of restricted appeal in this matter.

                                    II.    RESTRICTED APPEAL

        A restricted appeal is a direct attack on the judgment. Barker CATV Constr., Inc. v.

Ampro, Inc., 989 S.W.2d 789, 792 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1999, no pet.). To prevail

on a restricted appeal, the appellant “must establish that: (1) it filed notice of the

restricted appeal within six months after the judgment was signed; (2) it was a party to

the underlying lawsuit; (3) it did not participate in the hearing that resulted in the

judgment complained of and did not timely file any post-judgment motions or requests

for findings of fact and conclusions of law; and (4) error is apparent on the face of the

record.” Alexander v. Lynda’s Boutique, 134 S.W.3d 845, 848 (Tex. 2004); see TEX. R. APP. P.

30. Only the fourth element is at issue in this case.

        “[A] restricted appeal requires error that is apparent, not error that may be inferred.”

Gold v. Gold, 145 S.W.3d 212, 213 (Tex. 2004) (emphasis in original). When determining


Opp, et al. v. Rainbow Int’l, LLC                                                        Page 4
whether error is apparent from the face of the record, we consider all the papers on file

in the appeal, including the reporter’s record. Norman Comm’cns v. Tex. Eastman Co., 955

S.W.2d 269, 270 (Tex. 1997) (per curiam).

                                        III.   ANALYSIS

        In their first and third issues, appellants complain about the trial court purportedly

“excluding a move of venue request and transfer of court file” from Texas state court to

federal district court in Alaska. The first such motion was filed on May 9, 2018, and the

second was filed on October 9, 2018.

        A review of the Clerk’s Record reveals that neither of appellants’ purported

motions to transfer venue are included in the record. Although Texas Rule of Appellate

Procedure 35.3(a) places the burden to timely prepare, file, and certify the Clerk’s Record

on the trial court clerk, appellants bear the burden to bring forward an appellate record

that enables us to determine whether appellants’ complaints constitute reversible error.

See TEX. R. APP. P. 35.3(a); see also Uranga v. Tex. Workforce Comm’n, 319 S.W.3d 787, 791

(Tex. App.—El Paso 2010, no pet.); W & F Transp., Inc. v. Wilhelm, 208 S.W.3d 32, 37 (Tex.

App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2006, no pet.) (noting that historically, the burden falls on

appellant to see that a sufficient record is presented showing reversible error). The

motions complained about in these issues are not those that are required to be included

in the appellate record under Texas Rule of Appellate Procedure 34.5(a), and despite it

being their burden to do so, there is no indication that appellants designated that these


Opp, et al. v. Rainbow Int’l, LLC                                                       Page 5
motions be included in the appellate record. See TEX. R. APP. P. 34.5(a)(13), (b); see also

Uranga, 319 S.W.3d at 791; Wilhelm, 208 S.W.3d at 37; Greenstreet v. Heiskell, 940 S.W.2d

831, 834-35 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 1997, no writ) (stating that pro se litigants are held to

the same standards as licensed attorneys and must comply with applicable laws and rules

of procedure). Without these documents, we have no way of determining whether there

is error apparent on the face of the record. See Alexander, 134 S.W.3d at 848. Accordingly,

we overrule appellants’ first and third issues.

        In their second issue, appellants complain about a motion for continuance that

they allegedly filed after the trial court’s hearing on appellee’s motion to compel.

Appellees respond that the motion was unverified and that appellant failed to properly

set the motion for a hearing. However, once again, appellants’ motion for continuance is

not included in the appellate record. And like before, without this document, we have

no way of determining whether there is error apparent on the face of the record. See id.;

see also TEX. R. APP. P. 34.5(a)(13), (b); Uranga, 319 S.W.3d at 791; Wilhelm, 208 S.W.3d at

37. We overrule appellants’ second issue.

        In their fourth and fifth issues, appellants again reference their purported motions

to transfer venue and for a continuance. However, in these issues, appellants make no

argument and cite to no authority demonstrating any error on the part of the trial court.

Accordingly, we conclude that these issues are inadequately briefed. See TEX. R. APP. P.

38.1(i). We overrule appellants’ fourth and fifth issues.


Opp, et al. v. Rainbow Int’l, LLC                                                     Page 6
         In their sixth issue, appellants contend that the trial court erred by not setting a

hearing on their motion to transfer venue.         Citing Texas Rule of Civil Procedure

502.4(d)(1)(a), appellants argue that the trial court was obligated to set their transfer

motions for a hearing. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 502.4(d)(1)(a). However, this rule is only

applicable to Texas justice courts, and this case was filed in Texas district court. See id.

Additionally, Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 87 specifically provides that it is the movant

who has the duty to request a setting on a motion to transfer. See id. at R. 87 (“The movant

has the duty to request a setting on the motion to transfer.”). There is nothing on the face

of this record indicating that appellants requested a setting on their motion to transfer

pursuant to Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 87. See id. We therefore conclude that this

issue lacks merit. We overrule appellants’ sixth issue.

                                      IV.    CONCLUSION

         Having overruled all of appellants’ issues, we affirm the judgment of the trial

court.




                                                   JOHN E. NEILL
                                                   Justice

Before Chief Justice Gray,
       Justice Davis, and
       Justice Neill
Affirmed
Opinion delivered and filed November 6, 2019
[CV06]


Opp, et al. v. Rainbow Int’l, LLC                                                      Page 7
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