MAINE SUPREME JUDICIAL COURT                                          Reporter of Decisions
Decision: 2019 ME 160
Docket:   Ken 19-94
Argued:   October 9, 2019
Decided:  December 5, 2019

Panel:       SAUFLEY, C.J., and ALEXANDER, MEAD, GORMAN, JABAR, HJELM, and HUMPHREY, JJ.



                                  SHAWN A. GRANT

                                            v.

                                TOWN OF BELGRADE


MEAD, J.

         [¶1] Shawn A. Grant appeals from a judgment of the Superior Court

(Kennebec County, Stokes, J.) pursuant to M.R. Civ. P. 80B, affirming a decision

of the Town of Belgrade Zoning Board of Appeals (BOA), which denied Grant’s

application for commercial use of his property at 24 Hulin Road. Because the

court did not err in affirming the BOA’s decision, we affirm the judgment.

                                   I. BACKGROUND

         [¶2] The following facts are drawn from the BOA’s findings, which are

supported by the record. See M.R. Civ. P. 80B(f). Grant’s property comprises

two addresses spanning three lots in Belgrade. Grant resides at 21 Hulin Road

(Map 26, Lot 58). The land at issue in this appeal is located across the street

from 21 Hulin Road at 24 Hulin Road (Map 26, Lots 33 and 34). Combined,
2

lots 33 and 34 cover approximately 25,000 square feet in area and have

200 feet of shore frontage on Great Pond. The 24 Hulin Road property is located

in the Limited Commercial District within Belgrade’s Shoreland Zone. The

24 Hulin Road property has long supported a residence, which Grant rents to a

tenant.

        [¶3] In 2008, the Town’s Planning Board approved Grant’s application

for a home occupation permit to conduct “[b]oat cleaning, painting and

varnishing” for his new business, “Brightside Boat Services,” at 21 Hulin Road.

Over the next decade, Grant expanded his business beyond boat restoration. He

installed docks extending from his property at 24 Hulin Road into Great Pond

and rented out boat slips, kayaks, and paddle boards. Customers use the

24 Hulin Road property to park, access the docks, and launch small watercraft.

        [¶4] In 2018, Grant submitted applications to the Planning Board for a

seasonal dock and boat rental business at the 24 Hulin Road property under the

Commercial Development Review Ordinance (CDRO) and the Shoreland Zoning

Ordinance (SZO).1 Belgrade, Me., Commercial Development Review Ordinance

§ 5 (Mar. 17, 2017); Belgrade, Me., Shoreland Zoning Ordinance § 16

(June 7, 2011). The Planning Board denied both applications, concluding that


    1By the time Grant submitted his 2018 applications, he had been renting slips in the docks
extending from the 24 Hulin Road property for approximately ten years.
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the property failed to meet the minimum lot standards provided in

Section 15(A) of the SZO. See Belgrade, Me., Shoreland Zoning Ordinance

§ 15(A).

      [¶5] Grant filed an appeal with the BOA on May 3, 2018, arguing that the

Planning Board misinterpreted the SZO. The BOA conducted a de novo hearing,

considering all potentially applicable Town Ordinances—the SZO, CDRO, and

Minimum Lot Size Ordinance (MLSO).          Belgrade, Me., Shoreland Zoning

Ordinance; Belgrade, Me., Commercial Development Review Ordinance;

Belgrade, Me., Minimum Lot Size Ordinance (Mar. 19, 2010). During the

hearing, Grant offered to discontinue residential use of 24 Hulin Road so that

the property would have a single principal use (commercial) rather than two

principal uses (commercial and residential). However, the BOA determined

that even if the sole principal use was commercial, the property failed to meet

the square footage and shore frontage requirements found in the SZO and

MLSO. Belgrade, Me., Shoreland Zoning Ordinance § 15(A)(1)(b); Belgrade,

Me., Minimum Lot Size Ordinance § 5(D)(1)(a).

      [¶6] The BOA’s key conclusions were as follows: Grant’s use of 24 Hulin

Road for Brightside’s activities constitutes a commercial use; Section 11 of the

SZO prevents a change in use from residential to commercial that is not
4

grandfathered under the SZO; Section 12(E) of the SZO, which allows for

nonconforming lots, does not allow changes in use on a nonconforming lot

when minimum lot standards are not met; and the MLSO prevents a change in

use that renders a nonconforming lot less conforming. As to the CDRO permit,

the BOA’s sole basis for denial was that the 24 Hulin Road property failed to

conform to the requirements of other Ordinances, namely the SZO and MLSO.

      [¶7] Grant appealed the BOA’s decision to the Superior Court pursuant

to M.R. Civ. P. 80B. In a judgment entered on February 22, 2019, the court

affirmed the BOA’s decision. Grant now appeals to us. He argues that (1) the

BOA erred when it determined that his waterfront activities constituted a new

commercial use requiring permits and that (2) the BOA misinterpreted the SZO

when it concluded that 24 Hulin Road, comprising legally nonconforming lots,

was subject to the SZO’s dimensional requirements.

                                II. DISCUSSION

      [¶8] When the Superior Court acts as an intermediate appellate court,

we review directly the operative decision of the municipality for “abuse of

discretion, errors of law, or findings not supported by the substantial evidence

in the record.”   Gensheimer v. Town of Phippsburg, 2005 ME 22, ¶¶ 7,

16, 868 A.2d 161 (quotation marks omitted).
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      [W]hether the operative decision of the municipality is the
      Planning Board decision or the decision of the Board of Appeals
      depends on the type of review that the Board of Appeals is
      authorized to undertake and what kind of review that Board
      actually performs: If the Board of Appeals acted as a tribunal of
      original jurisdiction, that is, as factfinder and decision maker, we
      review its decision directly. If, however, the Board acted only in an
      appellate capacity, we review directly the decision of the Planning
      Board . . . .

Id. ¶ 7 (quotation marks omitted). Belgrade’s SZO authorizes the BOA to “hear

and decide administrative appeals on a de novo basis,” Belgrade, Me., Shoreland

Zoning Ordinance § 16(G)(1)(a), and the BOA conducted a de novo hearing.

Thus, as the parties agree, the BOA’s decision is the operative one for review.

A.    Grant’s 2008 Home Occupation Permit

      [¶9] Grant argues that his 2008 home occupation permit allows his use

at 24 Hulin Road. Because the meaning of commercial use is unambiguous as

utilized in the ordinance, the BOA’s characterization of his use at 24 Hulin as a

commercial use is a finding of fact. See Goldman v. Town of Lovell, 592 A.2d 165,

168 (Me. 1991). Because the appellant had the burden of proof before the BOA,

we will set aside the BOA’s finding of fact only if the record compels a contrary

finding.   See Anderson v. Me. Pub. Emps. Ret. Sys., 2009 ME 134, ¶ 3,

985 A.2d 501.
6

      [¶10] Grant argues specifically that his use of 24 Hulin Road is not a new

commercial use because his 2008 home occupation permit applied to both

21 and 24 Hulin Road. It did not. Grant’s theory rests on the fact that he wrote

“1.6 Acres” under “Total lot area” on the home occupation permit application,

which is the total area of his three lots combined. The permit application,

however, specifically identified only “Hulin Rd. (21)” under “Specific location of

property,” and Grant left blank the space after “Name of Lake/Pond/Stream (if

applicable).” The scope of the permit was thus limited to the property at

21 Hulin Road.

      [¶11] Additionally, the home occupation permit clearly does not allow

Grant’s current and proposed uses at 24 Hulin Road.            The 2008 home

occupation permit for “Brightside Boat Services” lists under business type

simply “Boat cleaning, painting and varnishing.” The BOA did not err when it

concluded that Grant’s 2008 home occupation permit did not extend to include

his present activities at 24 Hulin Road, and the record does not compel a

contrary result.

B.    The Town’s Authority to Regulate Docks

      [¶12] Further, Grant contends that the Town lacks the authority to

regulate docks. Grant is correct that, when the Town drew from the State
                                                                               7

Guidelines for Municipal Shoreland Zoning Ordinances in drafting its SZO, it

opted to omit the model section regulating docks. Compare 06-096 C.M.R.

ch. 1000, §§ 14, 15(C), 17 (effective Jan. 26, 2015), with Belgrade, Me.,

Shoreland Zoning Ordinance §§ 14, 15, 17. But the Town’s decision to omit the

dock provisions does not equate to an intent to de-regulate commercial use

related to docks. To the contrary, the SZO maintained the definition for

“marina”: “a business establishment having frontage on navigable water and, as

its principal use, providing for hire offshore moorings or docking facilities for

boats, and which may also provide accessory services.”            Belgrade, Me.,

Shoreland Zoning Ordinance § 17.

      [¶13] Although the BOA did not make a finding categorizing Grant’s

activity as a marina, such a finding was not necessary for the BOA to reasonably

determine that Grant’s activity should be regulated as a commercial use. Even

without considering the commercial activity on the docks themselves, Grant

admits that his use of 24 Hulin Road includes at least “foot traffic and the

loading and unloading [of] boats and gear.” In addition, customers rent paddle

boards and kayaks from 21 Hulin Road and travel to 24 Hulin Road to launch

them. The BOA’s determination that it had the authority to classify Grant’s use
8

of 24 Hulin Road as commercial was reasonable, and the record does not

compel a contrary conclusion. See Anderson, 2009 ME 134, ¶ 3, 985 A.2d 501.

C.    Ordinance Interpretation

      [¶14] We review a municipal board’s interpretation of a local ordinance

de novo as a question of law. Dunlop v. Town of Westport Island, 2012 ME 22,

¶ 15, 37 A.3d 300. Because zoning ordinances, like statutes, derogate from

common law, they are “strictly construed.”         Forest City, Inc. v. Payson,

239 A.2d 167, 169 (Me. 1968). “We examine an ordinance for its plain meaning

and construe its terms reasonably in light of the purposes and objectives of the

ordinance and its general structure. If an ordinance is clear on its face we will

look no further than its plain meaning.” Town of Minot v. Starbird, 2012 ME 25,

¶ 14, 39 A.3d 897 (citations omitted) (quotation marks omitted).

      [¶15] Grant’s core argument is that section 12(E)(1) of Belgrade’s SZO,

which pertains to nonconforming lots, exempts 24 Hulin Road from lot area and

shore frontage requirements found elsewhere in the SZO. We agree with the

BOA’s interpretation that section 12(E)(1) must be read in light of other

provisions in the Ordinances, and we conclude that the BOA did not err in

determining that Grant’s change of use from residential to commercial would

render the lots less conforming.
                                                                                               9

       [¶16] Section 12(E)(1) of the SZO, which excepts nonconforming lots

from area, shore frontage, and lot width requirements, provides:

       A non-conforming lot of record as of May 4, 1976,2 may be built on
       without the need for a variance provided that such lot is in separate
       ownership and not contiguous with any other lot in the same
       ownership, that the State Minimum Lot Size Law and Subsurface
       Waste Disposal Rules are complied with, and that all provisions of
       this Ordinance except lot area, shorefrontage, and minimum lot
       width can be met. Variances relating to setback or other
       requirements not involving lot size or frontage shall be obtained by
       action of the Board of Appeals.

Belgrade, Me., Shoreland Zoning Ordinance § 12(E)(1). Section 11 of the SZO,

which broadly prevents alterations that are out of conformity with Ordinance

regulations, reads:

       Except as hereinafter specified, no building, structure or land shall
       hereafter be used, changed in use, or occupied, and no building or
       structure or part thereof shall hereafter be erected, constructed,
       expanded, relocated, replaced, reconstructed, or altered except in
       conformity with all of the regulations herein specified for the
       district in which it is located, unless a variance shall have been
       granted.

Id. § 11 (emphasis added). Section 12(A) of the SZO outlines nonconforming

conditions and reads:

       It is the intent of this Ordinance to promote land use conformities,
       except that non-conforming conditions that existed before the
       effective date of this Ordinance, or amendments thereto, shall be
       allowed to continue, subject to the requirements set forth in this

  2  The parties do not dispute that Grant’s lots were legally nonconforming lots of record as of
May 4, 1976.
10

      section. Except as otherwise provided in this ordinance a
      non-conforming condition shall not be permitted to become more
      non-conforming.

Id. § 12(A) (emphasis added). Finally, Section 4 of the MLSO broadly governs

nonconforming lots. Section 4(A) of the MLSO states:

      A. Transfer of Ownership: Non-conforming lots may be
      transferred, and the new owner may continue the existing use of
      the non-conforming lot, subject to the provisions of this Ordinance.
      The use of a non-conforming lot existing on the effective date [of] this
      Ordinance may not be changed to any other use for which the lot
      would be less conforming under the provisions of this Ordinance.

Belgrade, Me., Minimum Lot Size Ordinance § 4(A) (emphasis added).

      [¶17] On a preliminary note, we address the parties’ dispute concerning

whether the MLSO applies in addition to the SZO. We conclude that the two

Ordinances apply concurrently. The MLSO states that “concurrent applicability

or conflict notwithstanding, land use within the Shoreland Zone of the Town of

Belgrade shall be permitted only in accordance with the land use standards of

the Shoreland Ordinance of the Town of Belgrade.” Id. § 3(B). Contrary to

Grant’s argument, this provision acknowledges the concurrent applicability of

the SZO and MLSO. In the event that the two Ordinances conflict, the SZO

controls. But where, as here, the Ordinances’ provisions largely mirror one

another, both Ordinances apply.
                                                                             11

      [¶18] Grant’s lots at 24 Hulin Road are in the Limited Commercial

District and currently support a residence. Their nonconformities arise from

their area and shore frontage shortfalls. Specifically, the SZO and MLSO require

a lot with residential uses to be at least 40,000 square feet, and the SZO

mandates at least 200 feet of shore frontage. Belgrade, Me., Shoreland Zoning

Ordinance § 15(A)(1)(a); Belgrade, Me., Minimum Lot Size Ordinance

§ 5(B)(1)(a). The SZO and the MLSO require a lot put to commercial use to be

at least 60,000 square feet in area, and the SZO adds a minimum shore frontage

requirement of 300 feet.       Belgrade, Me., Shoreland Zoning Ordinance

§ 15(A)(1)(b); Belgrade, Me., Minimum Lot Size Ordinance § 5(D)(1)(a). Thus,

as to their residential use, Grant’s nonconforming lots at 24 Hulin Road fall

short of the Ordinances’ minimum area requirement by 15,000 square feet,

while meeting the minimum shore frontage requirement of 200 feet.            In

contrast, if used commercially as Grant proposes, the lots would fail the

minimum area requirement by 35,000 square feet and the minimum shore

frontage requirement by 100 feet.

      [¶19] The BOA reasonably concluded that the greater lot area and

frontage standards required of a commercial use relative to a residential use

rendered the lots less conforming when put to a commercial use. Although not
12

specifically cited by the BOA, the SZO expressly supports the BOA’s

determination in stating that “a non-conforming condition shall not be

permitted to become more non-conforming.” Belgrade, Me., Shoreland Zoning

Ordinance § 12(A). Section 4 of the MLSO, entitled “Non-Conforming Lots,”

similarly provides, “The use of a non-conforming lot . . . may not be changed to

any other use for which the lot would be less conforming under the provisions

of this Ordinance.”           Belgrade, Me., Minimum Lot Size Ordinance § 4(A)

(emphasis added).3

         [¶20] Grant contends that section 12(E)(1) exempts his nonconforming

lots from any area and shore frontage requirements for uses allowed in the

Limited Commercial District. He emphasizes the following language of SZO

sections 11 and 12(A) to support this theory: “Except as hereinafter specified”

(section 11) and “Except as otherwise provided in this ordinance” (section

12(A)), arguing that this language demonstrates that sections 11 and 12(A) are



     3We recognize that the heading and first sentence of MLSO section 4(A) might at first indicate
that the entirety of section 4(A) is applicable only to the transfer context. See Belgrade, Me., Minimum
Lot Size Ordinance § 4(A) (Mar. 19, 2010). However, in interpreting an ordinance, we construe its
language as a whole. Wister v. Town of Mount Desert, 2009 ME 66, ¶ 17, 974 A.2d 903. Further, we
endeavor not to “rely on the titles of statutory enactments in plumbing their meaning . . . at the
expense of the text itself.” United States v. Ozuna-Cabrera, 663 F.3d 496, 499 n.3 (1st Cir. 2011)
(quotation marks omitted). Accord 1 M.R.S. § 71(10) (2018). Here, the second sentence of MLSO
§ 4(A), which the BOA cited in its conclusions, is a broad statement of principle that is not constrained
by the subsection heading. The close mirroring between the language of SZO sections 11 and 12(A)
and MLSO section 4(A) further supports this conclusion. See Belgrade, Me., Shoreland Zoning
Ordinance §§ 11, 12(A) (June 7, 2011); Belgrade, Me., Minimum Lot Size Ordinance § 4(A).
                                                                              13

not applicable because section 12(E)(1) operates as an exception to them.

Belgrade, Me., Shoreland Zoning Ordinance §§ 11, 12(A). This argument is

problematic for at least three reasons.

      [¶21] First, the minimum lot area and shore frontage requirements

provided in SZO section 15 vary based on the use of the lot. Id. § 15(A). Grant’s

lots became nonconforming when the SZO was enacted because they failed the

minimum lot standards for residential use. In this context, it is impossible to

completely decouple lot dimensions from uses. The Board’s reasoning that the

greater specifications required of commercial uses made Grant’s lots more

nonconforming is logical. Second, section 4(A) of the MLSO, which mirrors

sections 11 and 12(A) of the SZO in preventing nonconformities from becoming

more nonconforming, contains no similar qualifying language, such as “except

as otherwise provided.” Compare Belgrade, Me., Minimum Lot Size Ordinance

§ 4(A), with Belgrade, Me., Shoreland Zoning Ordinance §§ 11, 12(A).

      [¶22] Finally, Grant’s interpretation of section 12(E)(1) of the SZO would

permit unlimited construction on legally nonconforming lots such as his own.

The language of section 12(E)(1) allows nonconforming lots to be “built on” so

long as all requirements apart from dimensional “lot area, shorefrontage, and

minimum lot width can be met.” Belgrade, Me., Shoreland Zoning Ordinance
14

§ 12(E)(1). Grant argues that the Town’s interpretation of the language “built

on” fails to capture its ordinary meaning. The Town advocates for a narrower

construction of “built on.”

      [¶23] A logical reading of “built on” does not, as Grant claims, “limit

section 12(E)(1) to uses that have already occurred.” Instead, section 12(E)(1)

permits construction as provided by its own language that also does not exceed

the limits of the other relevant provisions in the Town’s Ordinances—SZO

sections 11, 12(A) and MLSO section 4(A). Importantly, these other sections of

the Ordinances do not bar all changes in use on nonconforming lots; they only

prevent changes in use on nonconforming lots that increase the nonconformity

of the lots. For instance, if Grant’s situation were the reverse—if he had a

preexisting commercial use on nonconforming lots and applied to change his

use to residential—the change in use would not exacerbate the lots’

nonconformity.     Although the lots would still fail to conform if used

residentially, section 12(E)(1) would allow the change because the change in

use would make the lots less, rather than more, nonconforming and thus would

comply with the other Ordinance sections.
                                                                           15

      [¶24]   To the extent that any lingering ambiguity surrounds these

ordinance sections, we consider relevant zoning principles and objectives. See

Day v. Town of Phippsburg, 2015 ME 13, ¶ 15, 110 A.3d 645.

      Because the intent of zoning is generally to abolish nonconforming
      structures and uses, zoning provisions that restrict
      nonconformities are liberally construed, and zoning provisions
      that allow nonconformities are strictly construed.

Wolfram v. Town of N. Haven, 2017 ME 114, ¶ 9, 163 A.3d 835 (quotation marks

omitted); accord Day, 2015 ME 13, ¶ 15, 110 A.3d 645. Therefore, we may

construe SZO section 12(E)(1) strictly and read SZO sections 11 and 12(A) and

MLSO section 4(A) liberally to bar a change in use that makes a nonconforming

lot more nonconforming.     This canon of construction is grounded in the

purpose of grandfathering clauses, which is to avoid constitutional takings

challenges. Day, 2015 ME 13, ¶ 15, 110 A.3d 645. Grandfathering clauses are

“designed to strike a balance between a municipality’s interest in abolishing

nonconformities and the interests of property owners in maintaining land uses

that were allowed when they purchased their property.”          Id.   In sum,

grandfathering clauses such as those in the Town’s Ordinances allow

landowners to continue the reasonable investment-backed expectations they

had when they bought their properties, but they do not to permit expansions

or changes to nonconforming conditions indefinitely.
16

        The entry is:

                           Judgment affirmed.



Edmond J. Bearor, Esq. (orally), Jonathan P. Hunter, Esq., and Stephen W. Wagner,
Esq., Rudman Winchell, Bangor, for appellant Shawn A. Grant

Michael A. Hodgins, Esq. (orally), Eaton Peabody, Bangor, for appellee Town of
Belgrade


Kennebec County Superior Court docket number AP-2018-64
FOR CLERK REFERENCE ONLY
