Filed 7/29/15 P. v. Deering CA1/1
                      NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
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              IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                       FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                  DIVISION ONE



THE PEOPLE,
         Plaintiff and Respondent,
                                                                     A143086
v.
TONY WAYNE DEERING,                                                  (Contra Costa County
                                                                     Super. Ct. No. 51401900)
         Defendant and Appellant.


         Defendant Tony Wayne Deering appeals a judgment entered after a jury convicted
him of inflicting corporal injury on a cohabitant, assault by force likely to produce great
bodily injury, making criminal threats, and false imprisonment by violence.1 In
sentencing Deering, the trial court imposed a five-year sentence for the corporal-injury
conviction and consecutive sentences for the criminal-threats and false-imprisonment
convictions, for a total sentence of six years and four months. On appeal, Deering argues
that he is entitled to be resentenced because (1) the trial court failed to stay the criminal-
threats and false-imprisonment sentences under section 654, which bars multiple
punishments for an indivisible course of conduct; (2) the trial court abused its discretion
in imposing the consecutive sentences; and (3) his trial counsel was ineffective to the


1
 All statutory references are to the Penal Code. The corporal-injury conviction was
under section 273.5, subdivision (a), the assault conviction was under section 245,
subdivision (a)(4), the criminal-threats conviction was under section 422, and the false-
imprisonment conviction was under sections 236 and 237, subdivision (a).


                                                             1
extent sentencing issues were not preserved for review. We find none of these arguments
persuasive, and we affirm.
                                     BACKGROUND
       The People’s case was largely established by the testimony of the victim, Sheila
Lewis. Lewis started dating Deering about six or seven months before New Year’s Eve
2013. While they were dating, he often spent weekends at her house in San Pablo and
had moved in about 18 days before New Year’s Eve. Lewis and Deering planned to
attend a New Year’s Eve party, but Lewis began to develop a migraine headache in the
afternoon of December 31. At around 9:00 p.m. Lewis told appellant that the pain was
too great and that she needed to go to the hospital for treatment. Deering refused to take
her so she drove herself to the hospital. At the hospital, she was treated with morphine
due to the severity of the migraine. Because Lewis had been to the hospital for migraines
a couple of times recently, hospital staff asked her if she was “under stress” or “being
abused.”
       Lewis arrived home from the hospital some time after 1:00 a.m. on January 1,
2014. Deering was in the living room having a drink and had a bottle of Jack Daniels on
the table next to him. He began questioning Lewis about how long she had been gone
and why she had ruined “the arrangement for the New Year celebration.” Lewis told
Deering that hospital staff had asked her if she was being abused, and Deering’s
reaction—the look on his face and tone of his voice—made her fearful. Deering accused
Lewis of lying to him about where she had been and demanded she tell the truth. When
Lewis raised her arm to show him the hospital wristband, Deering struck her hard in her
right eye with his open hand. The force of the blow knocked her back into her chair. Her
eye hurt, and she wanted to go to the bathroom to see what it looked like and clean it up,
but Deering told her to stay where she was until she “t[old] the truth.” Lewis decided to
“just shut up” and not move in the hope that Deering would not hit her again.
       Deering then accused Lewis of “tuning him out,” having a “wandering eye,” and
not paying enough “attention to him.” He then struck her again in the right eye with his
open hand, and he told her that hitting with an open hand was “not abuse” but using a

                                             2
“fist is abuse.” Lewis told Deering that “hitting any way is a form of abuse,” and he did
not like her comment. He again accused Lewis of lying and said she should scream
because “the neighbors need to hear.” Sometime later, he hit her a third time, striking her
under her nose with the heel of his hand and said, “[The] bone . . . will go up with
forceful pressure and it would . . . instantly kill you.” Deering then told Lewis he was
going to beat her “every hour until [she told him] the truth.” She became afraid that he
might kill her. She thought if she just sat and was “quiet[,] the incident [would] stop.
You know, praying the daylight come[,] . . . figuring a way to get out.”
       At some point, Lewis told Deering she needed to use the bathroom. He denied
permission, but she got up anyway and went into the bathroom adjacent to the living
room. Just as she was finishing in the bathroom, Deering came in and started kicking
her; he kicked her several times on her right thigh and buttocks with his work boots.
Lewis began to cry and begged him to stop kicking her. Deering continued to kick her,
but after a couple of minutes went back to the living room and resumed drinking Jack
Daniels. After Lewis returned to the loveseat, Deering again struck her in the right eye.
As before, he hit her with a full open hand, hitting her not just with his fingers but also
with the palm and heel of his hand. Lewis continued to deny Deering’s accusation that
she was lying to him. Infuriated by the denial, Deering put one of his hands on her neck,
applied pressure, and began to choke her, stating he could “snap” her neck and “kn[e]w
the pressure points” to kill her. He then pushed her back in the loveseat and kneeled
across her chest. With his knees on her chest, he said, “Under the pressure that I’ve been
putting you under, you about dead anyway.”
       The ordeal lasted five hours, and during it Lewis was unable to call 911 because
Deering kept her cell phone in front of him. He told her she could not escape because he
had the cell phone and car key and that he did not want her to touch the cell phone. He
grabbed the index and middle fingers of her left hand and “mashed [them] until they
turned purple,” and grabbed her wrist and arm and “tried to break it.” He threatened her
that if she tried to use the phone, he would continue hurting her and break her arm,



                                              3
adding that if she was in a cast she would be unable continue her work as a culinary
student and chef.
       In the morning, Deering told Lewis to “make me breakfast.” She saw this as an
opportunity to escape, so she fixed breakfast and took it to him. As she was coming and
going from the kitchen, Lewis was able to get her car keys. She then went out the back
door to her vehicle and drove straight to the police station. She reported the incident to
the police, who took photographs of her injuries, and drove herself to the hospital.
       Police Officer Jesse Rutland testified at trial that he interviewed Lewis on the
morning of January 1, 2014. After he took photographs of her injuries, Rutland went to
Lewis’s residence and found Deering, who was wearing a pair of tan work boots. He also
found a bottle of Jack Daniels on the living room table, and the bottle was nearly empty.
       The prosecution also introduced evidence of prior acts of domestic violence by
Deering through the testimony of his wife, Tanya Williams Deering, who testified she
“disappeared” about 18 months before the trial because Deering had been physically
abusive to her. Tanya testified about three incidents. The first occurred at a restaurant in
Albany. She got up to leave the restaurant, and he asked for a ride. When she declined,
Deering “started going off” physically and verbally. He started hitting and trying to grab
her. She ran into the kitchen where restaurant employees locked the door and called the
police. She suffered bruises on her face and neck. Police came to the scene and took her
statement.
       The second incident occurred in March 2010 at a motel in Fremont. Deering came
into their room with a bottle of brandy and some beer. He appeared to be drunk and
“probably was high.” Deering and Tanya were talking about another female motel tenant
when Deering became angry, yelled at Tanya, and tried to choke her. She ran to the
motel office and told the manager to close and lock the door. Deering started shaking the
door. Eventually, police arrived and took him to jail.
       The last incident happened at the couple’s apartment in Hayward. Deering had
been drinking and was “hollering and screaming because he misplaced his wallet.” He
accused Tanya of having the wallet, and he then started “grabbing” and “fighting” with


                                             4
her. He threw some potted plants at her, yelling “I’m going to kill you.” He grabbed her
by the neck and punched her four or five times in the head and face. Just then the
landlord walked past the apartment, saw what was happening, and called the police.
         The defense presented no witnesses at trial. Following its deliberations, the jury
found Deering guilty of inflicting corporal injury on a cohabitant, assault by force likely
to produce great bodily injury, making criminal threats, and false imprisonment by
violence. The court ordered the probation office to prepare a report prior to sentencing.
         The probation report notes that Deering declined to assist in the preparation of the
report by answering questions or giving personal history. But he stated that “he was tired
and he believes he has served enough time for such a minor incident. He believes that he
should be released on the day of sentencing and reports that he has lost over 60 pounds
since his incarceration. He added that he was interviewed by a residential alcohol
treatment program, but he is not in need of their services.” The report submitted the
following circumstances in aggravation for the court’s sentencing consideration: (1) the
crime involved great violence, great bodily harm, threat of great bodily harm, or other
acts disclosing a high degree of cruelty, viciousness, or callousness; (2) Deering’s violent
conduct indicated a serious danger to society; and (3) Deering’s prior adult convictions or
sustained juvenile petitions were numerous or of increasing seriousness. (Cal. Rules of
Court, rule 4.421(a)(1) and (b).) 2 The report found no circumstances in mitigation under
rule 4.423.
         The People acknowledged that section 654 applied to the assault conviction
because it arose from the same act that would be punished for the corporal-injury
conviction. But in its sentencing memorandum, the People asked the court to impose the
aggravated sentence of five years for the corporal-injury conviction, along with
consecutive sentences of one-third the midterm for both subordinate convictions of
criminal threats and false imprisonment, for a total sentence of six years and four months.



2
    Further citation to the California Rules of Court is to the rule number only.


                                                5
       The People argued that imposition of the upper term for the corporal-injury
conviction was justified because of the aggravating factors under rule 4.414(a): the crime
was cruel, vicious and callous; Lewis was vulnerable due to her age, her relationship with
Deering, and her migraine affliction; Deering unlawfully prevented her from calling the
police by depriving her of her cell phone during the ordeal; and he took advantage of a
position of trust to commit the offense. The People also argued that the upper term was
justified because of the aggravating factors under rule 4.414(b): Deering had five prior
domestic violence convictions involving at least two different female victims; his violent
conduct indicated a serious danger to society, particularly to women; he failed to express
any remorse for his abuse; and he was likely to be a danger to others if not imprisoned
because he was a “chronic women beater who has demonstrated a viciousness that is very
likely to be repeated on any woman in society who has the misfortune of entering a
relationship with him.”
       At the sentencing hearing held on August 29, 2014, the court noted it had
reviewed the probation report and the People’s sentencing memorandum, as well as the
sentencing memorandum submitted by Deering requesting a probationary sentence. The
court stated, “[I]n reviewing the probation report, I’m finding there are circumstances in
aggravation: [¶] The factors related to the crime[:] the crime involved great violence
and other acts disclosing a high degree of cruelty, viciousness, and callousness. The
factors related to the defendant: [t]he defendant has engaged in violent conduct which
indicates a serious danger to society. The defendant’s prior convictions as an adult are
numerous and of increasing seriousness. . . . [¶] . . . I am denying probation based on the
stated factors that I’ve just mentioned.” Thereafter, the court imposed the aggravated
term of five years in state prison for the corporal-injury conviction, a consecutive term of
eight months (one-third of the midterm) for the criminal-threats conviction , and an
additional and consecutive term of eight months (one-third of the midterm) for the false-
imprisonment conviction, for a total term of six years and four months. Deering did not
object to the imposition of sentence for the criminal-threats or false-imprisonment
convictions.


                                             6
                                        DISCUSSION
A.     Trial Court Did Not Err in Declining to Stay the Sentences Imposed for the
       Criminal-threats and False-imprisonment Convictions Under Section 654.
       Deering first contends the trial court erred by not staying his sentences for
criminal threats and false imprisonment under section 654, which precludes multiple
punishments for a single act or indivisible course of conduct punishable under more than
one criminal statute. Although Deering failed to raise this argument below, we conclude
that it is nonetheless cognizable on appeal because a sentencing court “acts in excess of
its jurisdiction and imposes an unauthorized sentence when it fails to stay execution of a
sentence under section 654.” (People v. Hester (2000) 22 Cal.4th 290, 295.) But
although the argument is cognizable, we conclude it lacks substantive merit. In
considering the claim, we must review the trial court’s findings for sufficiency of the
evidence in the light most favorable to the judgment, and we presume in support of the
trial court’s findings the existence of every fact the trial court could reasonably deduce
from the evidence. (People v. Green (1996) 50 Cal.App.4th 1076, 1085.)
       Section 654 provides, “An act or omission that is punishable in different ways by
different provisions of law shall be punished under the provision that provides for the
longest potential term of imprisonment, but in no case shall the act or omission be
punished under more than one provision.” (§ 654, subd. (a).) Determining whether a
course of conduct is divisible and gives rise to more than one act under section 654
depends on the intent and objective of the defendant. (See Neal v. State of California
(1960) 55 Cal.2d 11, 19, limited in part as explained in People v. Correa (2102)
54 Cal.4th 331, 341.) “[I]f all of the offenses [are] merely incidental to, or [are] the
means of accomplishing or facilitating one objective, [the] defendant may be found to
have harbored a single intent and therefore may be punished only once. [Citation.]”
(People v. Harrison (1989) 48 Cal.3d 321, 335; accord People v. Perez (1979) 23 Cal.3d
545, 551; People v. Ratcliffe (1981) 124 Cal.App.3d 808, 817 [if “an offense is
committed as a means of committing another offense,” defendant had “one criminal
intent or objective” and section 654 applies].) Conversely, “criminal acts committed


                                              7
pursuant to independent multiple objectives may be punished separately even if they
share common acts or are part of an indivisible course of conduct.” (People v. Surdi
(1995) 35 Cal.App.4th 685, 689; see also People v. Trotter (1992) 7 Cal.App.4th 363,
366-368 (Trotter).) It is the sentencing court that determines a defendant’s intent and
objective under section 654. (See, e.g., People v. Coleman (1989) 48 Cal.3d 112, 162.)
       Moreover, the intent-and-objective test must not define intent too broadly or
amorphously because that “ ‘would impermissibly “reward the defendant who has the
greater criminal ambition with a lesser punishment.” ’ ” (People v. Morelos (2008)
168 Cal.App.4th 758, 769.) The overarching purpose of section 654 is to ensure that
punishment will be commensurate with a defendant’s culpability. (People v. Latimer
(1993) 5 Cal.4th 1203, 1211.) Accordingly, “where a course of conduct is divisible in
time it may give rise to multiple punishment even if the acts are directive to one
objective. [Citation.] If the separation in time afforded defendants an opportunity to
reflect and to renew their intent before committing the next crime, a new and separate
crime is committed. [Citation.]” (People v. Louie (2012) 203 Cal.App.4th 388, 399.)
       Deering argues that the trial court erred in declining to stay his convictions for
criminal threats and false imprisonment because he “had but one” overriding objective
during his abuse of Lewis—namely, “to force Lewis to tell him ‘the truth’ by any means
available.” He claims it is “absolutely clear that the criminal threats and false
imprisonment were part and parcel” of the infliction of corporal injury “in an effort to
instill fear in Lewis such that she would not attempt to escape. This criminal conduct
was incident to one objective, that is, to confine Lewis so that appellant could continue
his assaultive behavior until Lewis told ‘the truth.’ ”
       We are not persuaded. To begin with, Deering defines his intent far too broadly
for purposes of section 654. On this question, People v. Ratcliffe, supra, provides helpful
guidance. There, the appellant contended that under section 654 he could not be
punished for rape and oral copulation and also be punished for kidnapping and false
imprisonment. (People v. Ratcliffe, supra, 124 Cal.App.3d at p. 814.) The appellate
court disagreed, rejecting the contention that section 654 applied because the “sole intent


                                              8
and objective in committing the crimes . . . was to seek revenge because [the victim] had
rejected him.” (Ratcliffe, at p. 816.) “Nor is section 654 applicable,” the court added,
“merely because appellant’s broad, although sole, intent and objective was to obtain
sexual gratification.” (Id. at pp. 816-817.)
       We likewise conclude that section 654 does not apply merely because Deering
assigns a single, broad objective to his five-hour brutalization of the victim—attempting
to make her “tell the truth.” (Cf. People v. Harrison, supra, 48 Cal.3d at pp. 327, 336
[rejecting the defendant’s contention that two of his three convictions for digital
penetration “committed during a brief ‘continuous’ assault upon a struggling victim”
should be stayed “because he harbored ‘one criminal intent’ within the meaning of
section 654—to achieve sexual gratification . . . .”].) None of the three convictions
giving rise to Deering’s sentence was “merely incidental to, or [was] the means of
accomplishing or facilitating” any other offense, such as to warrant our conclusion that he
“harbored a single intent and therefore may be punished only once. [Citation.]”
(Harrison, at p. 335; see also People v. Ratcliffe, supra, 124 Cal.App.3d at p. 817 [if “an
offense is committed as a means of committing another offense,” defendant had “one
criminal intent or objective,” and section 654 applies].) Indeed, the principal offense of
inflicting corporal injury on a cohabitant was completed the first time Deering struck
Lewis on the face and in the eye. Yet, for five more hours he forcibly detained her,
perpetrated multiple acts of violence against her, and threatened her repeatedly with
physical harm, including death. The principal offense did not facilitate, nor was it
facilitated by, the subsequently committed offenses of false imprisonment by violence
and criminal threats.
       Even assuming Deering perpetrated the crimes with the sole objective of making
her “tell the truth,” his course of conduct was “divisible in time” and gives rise “to
multiple punishment even if the acts are directive to one objective.” (People v. Louie,
supra, 203 Cal.App.4th at p. 399 [“If the separation in time afforded defendants an
opportunity to reflect and to renew their intent before committing the next crime, a new
and separate crime is committed. [Citation.]”].) Lewis’s ordeal began after she returned


                                               9
from the hospital between 1:00 and 1:30 a.m. Deering was angry because Lewis “had
ruined the arrangement for the New Year celebration” and because hospital staff had
asked her if she was being abused. He forcefully hit Lewis across her face with an open
hand. He thereafter methodically struck, kicked, threatened, and beat her every hour or
so, and his conduct became “more egregious.” (Trotter, supra, 7 Cal.App.4th at p. 368.)
After striking her across the face, Deering escalated his attacks by hitting Lewis under
her nose with the heel of his hand, kicking her repeatedly while she was in the bathroom,
throttling her, pinning her down with his knees and crushing her chest, threatening to
break her arm, and threatening to kill her.
       As in Trotter, supra, where the defendant fired multiple shots at a pursuing police
car, this is “not a case where only one volitional act gave rise to multiple offenses. . . .
All . . . assaults were volitional and calculated, and were separated by periods of time
during which reflection was possible. None was spontaneous or uncontrollable.
‘[D]efendant should . . . not be rewarded where, instead of taking advantage of an
opportunity to walk away from the victim, he voluntarily resumed his . . . assaultive
behavior.’ [Citation.]” (Trotter, supra, 7 Cal.App.4th at p. 368; see also People v. Louie,
supra, 203 Cal.App.4th at p. 399 [because “course of conduct consisting of two criminal
acts was incident to several objectives and was separated in time by an interval sufficient
to allow [defendants] to reflect and renew their intent, the court properly sentenced
defendants for the crimes of arson and dissuading a witness”].)
       We conclude that to find section 654 applicable to the facts here, which involved
multiple and distinct acts of violence, threats, and restraint, “would violate the very
purpose for the statute’s existence ” by sanctioning a penalty that would not be
commensurate with the crimes. (Trotter, supra, at p. 368.)
B.     Trial Court Did Not Abuse Its Discretion in Imposing Consecutive
       Sentences.
       Deering next contends that even if section 654 is inapplicable, the trial court
nevertheless abused its discretion by imposing consecutive sentences for the false-
imprisonment and criminal-threat convictions. We conclude, however, that Deering


                                              10
forfeited this issue by failing to object to the sentences when they were imposed. (See
People v. Scott (1994) 9 Cal.4th 331, 355-356 (Scott) [argument that the trial court
“abused its discretion . . . in imposing consecutive terms” challenges the “manner in
which the trial court exercises its sentencing discretion and articulates its supporting
reasons [and] cannot be raised for the first time on appeal”].)
C.     The Record Fails to Demonstrate that Deering’s Trial Counsel Was
       Ineffective.
       Anticipating our forfeiture ruling, Deering contends that any failure of his trial
counsel to preserve the consecutive-sentencing issue for appellate review constituted
ineffective assistance of counsel. Again, we disagree.
       In Scott, supra, the court foresaw that defendants would likely raise on habeas
corpus “any sentencing claim deemed procedurally barred on direct appeal[,] . . .
presumably under the rubric of ineffective assistance of counsel.” (Scott, supra,
9 Cal.4th at p. 356, fn. 18.) But the court reiterated that “the standards for extraordinary
relief based on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel are familiar and stringent.
Both incompetence and prejudice must be shown.”3 (Ibid., italics added.) “[A]
defendant must show that . . . counsel’s representation fell below an objective standard of
reasonableness under prevailing professional norms.” (People v. Riel (2000) 22 Cal.4th
1153, 1175.) And prejudice is shown when “ ‘there is a “reasonable probability that, but
for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been
different. A reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in
the outcome.” [Citations.]’ [Citation.]” (In re Avena (1996) 12 Cal.4th 694, 721.) Here,
Deering fails to show either incompetence or prejudice.



3
  Even when properly raised on direct appeal, a challenge to the imposition of
consecutive sentences faces a high hurdle. “In the absence of a clear showing of abuse,
the trial court’s discretion in this respect is not to be disturbed on appeal. [Citation.]
Discretion is abused when the court exceeds the bounds of reason, all of the
circumstances being considered. [Citations.]” (People v. Bradford (1976) 17 Cal.3d 8,
20.)


                                             11
       On the question of incompetence, a trial counsel’s decision whether to object is
inherently tactical, and a failure to object rarely establishes ineffective assistance.
(People v. Riel, supra, 22 Cal.4th at. p. 1197.) Nothing in the record here demonstrates
that this case is one of those rare instances in which ineffective assistance is established.
Where, as here, “the record on appeal sheds no light” on why counsel failed to object to
consecutive sentencing, we cannot “speculate that trial counsel’s failure . . . resulted from
incompetence . . . . [Rather, t]o justify relief, appellant must be able to point to
something in the record showing that counsel had no satisfactory rationale for what was
done or not done.” (People v. Pope (1979) 23 Cal.3d 412, 436, fn. 16, abrogated on
another point as acknowledged in People v. Berryman (1993) 6 Cal.4th 1048, 1081,
fn. 10.)
       Deering attempts to show that his trial counsel had no satisfactory rationale for
failing to object to consecutive sentencing by reiterating arguments he made in
connection with his section 654 claim. He contends that consecutive sentencing was not
justified under the criteria in rule 4.425 by asserting that the crimes had the same
objective, did not involve separate acts of violence, and indicated a single period of
aberrant behavior.4 But we have already rejected these arguments for reasons we have
discussed. The record supports imposition of consecutive sentencing under the criteria
set forth in rule 4.425 because the crimes involved separate acts of violence, restraint, and



4
  Rule 4.425 states, “Criteria affecting the decision to impose consecutive rather than
concurrent sentences include: [¶] (a) Criteria relating to crimes [¶] Facts relating to
the crimes, including whether or not: [¶] (1) The crimes and their objectives were
predominantly independent of each other; [¶] (2) The crimes involved separate acts of
violence or threats of violence; or [¶] (3) The crimes were committed at different times or
separate places, rather than being committed so closely in time and place as to indicate a
single period of aberrant behavior. [¶] (b) Other criteria and limitations [¶] Any
circumstances in aggravation or mitigation may be considered in deciding whether to
impose consecutive rather than concurrent sentences, except: [¶] (1) A fact used to
impose the upper term; [¶] (2) A fact used to otherwise enhance the defendant's prison
sentence; and [¶] (3) A fact that is an element of the crime may not be used to impose
consecutive sentences.” (Boldface in original.)


                                              12
threats. (Rule 4.425(a)(2).) In sum, Deering fails to demonstrate trial counsel was
incompetent for failing to object to consecutive sentencing.
       He also fails on the question of prejudice because there is simply no “ ‘reasonable
probability’ ” on this record that the trial court would not have imposed consecutive
sentences had counsel objected. (In re Avena, supra, 12 Cal.4th at p. 721.) The court
stated the offense conduct was “appalling” and it was “horrified listening to what [the
victim] went through,” noting Deering “tormented” and “abused her.” The court was
similarly dismayed at Deering’s complete lack of remorse for his actions, stating that it
was “just astounding that you . . . think that you deserve to walk out of jail today” and
commenting that “[y]ou have taken yourself into a situation where finally somebody is
going to say enough is enough.” The court had sufficient legal grounds to impose
consecutive sentences, and it clearly believed that Deering’s offenses warranted
imposition of a severe sentence. Deering fails to demonstrate he was prejudiced by his
trial counsel’s failure to object to consecutive sentencing.
                                        DISPOSITION
       The judgment is affirmed in all respects.




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                                   _________________________
                                   Humes, P. J.


We concur:


_________________________
Margulies, J.


_________________________
Banke, J.




People v. Deering (A143086)




                              14
