                                     RECORD IMPOUNDED

                                NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
                               APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
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                                                        SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
                                                        APPELLATE DIVISION
                                                        DOCKET NO. A-3139-16T1
NEW JERSEY DIVISION OF
CHILD PROTECTION AND
PERMANENCY,

         Plaintiff-Respondent,

v.

Y.G.,

         Defendant-Appellant,

and

H.D. and S.J.,

     Defendants.
_________________________________

IN THE MATTER OF A.D. and P.J.,

     Minors.
_________________________________

                   Submitted September 13, 2018 – Decided December 27, 2018

                   Before Judges Suter and Firko.

                   On appeal from Superior Court of New Jersey,
                   Chancery Division, Family Part, Hudson County,
                   Docket No. FN-09-0268-14.
            Joseph E. Krakora, Public Defender, attorney for
            appellant (Jared I. Mancinelli, Designated Counsel, on
            the briefs).

            Gurbir S. Grewal, Attorney General, attorney for
            respondent (Jason W. Rockwell, Assistant Attorney
            General, of counsel; Sara M. Gregory, Deputy
            Attorney General, on the brief).

            Joseph E. Krakora, Public Defender, Law Guardian,
            attorney for minors (Caitlin A. McLaughlin,
            Designated Counsel, on the brief).

PER CURIAM

      Defendant Y.G. (Yolanda) 1 appeals the February 16, 2017 order

terminating litigation in this Title Nine case and the underlying January 9,

2014 order that found she abused and neglected her children. She contends the

Division of Child Protection and Permanency (DCPP) did not meet its burden

of proving the children were at a substantial risk of harm from her failure to

exercise appropriate care or supervision. We disagree with this argument

because the record amply supports the Title Nine abuse and neglect order. We

affirm.

      Yolanda is the mother of two children: A.D. (Anna), born in 2008 and

P.J. (Penny), born in 2012. In August 2013, Yolanda was hospitalized from a


1
  We use fictitious names throughout the opinion to protect the confidentiality
of the participants and the children.
                                                                         A-3139-16T1
                                        2
nervous breakdown. A social worker at the hospital helped Yolanda make

arrangements for her children's care after she was admitted. DCPP received a

referral from Hoboken Medical Hospital because Yolanda's cousin expressed

concern about the ability to continue to care for Penny, who then was six

months old, and had been entrusted to her care. The older child, Anna, was

staying with a paternal aunt.

      Yolanda met with DCPP's caseworker on August 20, 2013, after her

discharge. Yolanda explained to her that she had gone to the emergency room

a few days earlier after breaking up with her boyfriend, J.A. (John), who she

had learned cheated on her. John is not the father of Anna or Penny. Yolanda

and John's relationship involved domestic violence. Yolanda explained to the

caseworker that she went to John's girlfriend's house to "confront him" because

he cheated on her. She took the children with her because she did not have

anyone to care for them. At his girlfriend's place, John and Yolanda argued to

the point where they both physically struck each other; he also kicked and bit

her in front of the children.

      John lived with Yolanda and her children. Yolanda told the caseworker

she knew he regularly used crack cocaine and had done so throughout the

course of their relationship. She allowed him to care for the children despite


                                                                        A-3139-16T1
                                       3
his drug use. Yolanda admitted that John stole the children's clothes and toys

to sell them for his crack habit. He also sold Penny's nebulizer that she needed

for her asthma medication. Yolanda purchased another one to replace it.

      Yolanda's apartment was "very messy" according to the caseworker, who

took photographs. Anna's bedroom was "completely cluttered" with "no space

to walk into." Penny's crib had "lots of items in it," even though the

caseworker told Yolanda just weeks earlier that for infant safety there should

not be anything in the crib. The caseworker said the apartment was clean just

two weeks earlier when DCPP closed an investigation about another referral.

As a result of that investigation in May 2013, DCPP implemented a "safety

protection plan in which [Yolanda] agreed to take her medication and continue

to go into therapy and comply with all her services." The caseworker was

concerned because Yolanda was no longer taking her medication.

      DCPP removed the children from Yolanda's custody on an emergency

basis in August 2013. 2 Two days later, the Family Part judge approved

DCPP's continued custody, care and supervision of the children, finding after a

hearing, that it would be contrary to their welfare to return them to Yolanda


2
  Referred to as a Dodd removal, it is authorized by the Dodd Act, N.J.S.A. 9:6-
8.21 to -8.82 (as amended).


                                                                         A-3139-16T1
                                        4
because of her "untreated mental health issues and domestic violence

concerns." Yolanda and the children's fathers were ordered to attend

evaluations; they were granted liberal supervised visitation but no overnights.

DCPP filed an order to show cause and verified complaint, seeking a finding

of abuse and neglect under N.J.S.A. 9:6-8.21 and N.J.S.A. 30:4C-12 and

custody of the children.

      At the fact-finding hearing in January 2014, the caseworker testified that

removal of the children was based on "[Yolanda's] mental health and her

inability to make safe and appropriate choice[s] for . . . the children." She

testified Yolanda was not taking her medication or following the May 2013

safety plan. She was not focused during the caseworker's interview; she "kept

bringing the conversation back to the fact that [John] had cheated on her." She

had allowed John to care for the children even though he used drugs. Anna

was a special needs child and Penny, an infant. There was a history of

domestic violence between Yolanda and John. Despite their history of

domestic violence, Yolanda took the children with her to confront John. This

showed an "inability to make safe decisions for her . . . children."

      The Family Part judge found, based on the "totality of circumstances,"

that DCPP had proven abuse and neglect under Title Nine. Based largely on


                                                                          A-3139-16T1
                                        5
Yolanda's statements to DCPP, the court found she knew John abused crack

cocaine while residing with her and caring for the children and that he had

stolen the children's clothing, toys and medicine to sell to support his drug use.

Yolanda knew this but continued to allow him to reside with and care for the

children. The court considered their history of domestic violence, particularly

the incident where Yolanda took the children with her when she went to

confront John. This was significant to the court because "the children were

with her and they could have been at risk of physical harm."

      Yolanda appeals the Title Nine order, arguing DCPP did not prove its

case under N.J.S.A. 9:6-8.46, which requires, in relevant part, that "(1) any

determination that the child is an abused or neglected child must be based on a

preponderance of the evidence and (2) only competent, material and relevant

evidence may be admitted." N.J.S.A. 9:6-8.46(b). There is no merit to this

argument.

      We note our general deference to Family Part judges' fact-finding

because of their "special jurisdiction and expertise in family matters." Cesare

v. Cesare, 154 N.J. 394, 413 (1998). See also N.J. Div. of Youth & Family

Servs. v. R.G., 217 N.J. 527, 553 (2014). We will uphold fact-finding that is

supported by sufficient, substantial and credible evidence in the record. See


                                                                          A-3139-16T1
                                        6
N.J. Div. of Youth & Family Servs. v. L.L., 201 N.J. 210, 226 (2010); N.J.

Div. of Youth & Family Servs. v. M.M., 189 N.J. 261, 279 (2007). However,

we will not hesitate to set aside a ruling that is "so wide of the mark that a

mistake must have been made." M.M., 189 N.J. at 279 (quoting C.B. Snyder

Realty, Inc. v. BMW of N. Am., Inc., 233 N.J. Super. 65, 69 (App. Div.

1989)). The court's interpretation of the law or its legal conclusions are

reviewed de novo. See State in Interest of A.B., 219 N.J. 542, 554-55 (2014).

      "Title [Nine] controls the adjudication of abuse and neglect cases." N.J.

Div. of Youth & Family Servs. v. M.C. III, 201 N.J. 328, 343 (2010). N.J.S.A.

9:6-8.21, in pertinent part, defines an "[a]bused or neglected child" as:

            a child whose physical, mental or emotional condition
            has been impaired or is in imminent danger of
            becoming impaired as the result of the failure of his
            parent . . . to exercise a minimum degree of care (a) in
            supplying the child with adequate food, clothing,
            shelter, education, medical or surgical care though
            financially able to do so or though offered financial or
            other reasonable means to do so, or (b) in providing the
            child with proper supervision or guardianship, by
            unreasonably inflicting or allowing to be inflicted harm
            or substantial risk thereof . . . or by any other acts of a
            similarly serious nature requiring the aid of the court.

            [N.J.S.A. 9:6-8.21(c)(4).]

      Whether a parent has committed abuse or neglect "must be analyzed in

light of the dangers and risks associated with the situation." N.J. Div. of Youth

                                                                            A-3139-16T1
                                         7
& Family Servs. v. S.I., 437 N.J. Super. 142, 153 (App. Div. 2014) (quoting N.J.

Dep't of Children & Families v. R.R., 436 N.J. Super. 53, 58 (App. Div. 2014)).

"The 'paramount concern' of Title [Nine] is to ensure the 'safety of the children,'

so that 'the lives of innocent children are immediately safeguarded from further

injury and possible death.'" N.J. Div. of Child Prot. & Permanency v. A.B., 231

N.J. 354, 368 (2017) (quoting N.J.S.A. 9:6-8.8).

      In order to prove abuse or neglect under N.J.S.A. 9:6-8.21(c)(4), DCPP

must "establish by a preponderance of the evidence that: (1) the child's physical,

mental, or emotional condition has been impaired or is in imminent danger of

becoming impaired; and (2) the impairment or imminent impairment results

from the parent's failure to exercise a minimum degree of care." Id. at 369. "[A]

guardian fails to exercise a minimum degree of care when he or she is aware of

the dangers inherent in a situation and fails adequately to supervise the child or

recklessly creates a risk of serious injury to that child." Ibid. (quoting G.S. v.

Dep't of Human Servs., 157 N.J. 161, 181 (1999)). In making this evaluation,

the court should "'account for the surrounding circumstances' . . . given that

'[a]buse and neglect cases "are fact-sensitive."'"     A.B., 231 N.J. at 369-70

(quoting Div. of Child Prot. & Permanency v. E.D.–O., 223 N.J. 166, 180

(2015)).


                                                                          A-3139-16T1
                                        8
      We agree with the Family Part judge that Yolanda was grossly negligent

because she was aware of the imminent risks posing a danger to the children and

did not make efforts to address them. She knew that John was using crack

cocaine and stealing from the children to support his habit. He stole things that

were important for the children's welfare such as their clothing and medicine.

He took Penny's nebulizer that was to treat her asthma. Yolanda allowed him to

reside in the apartment and care for the children. She did not take her prescribed

medication.

      "[W]e have said exposure alone [to domestic violence] cannot serve as a

basis for a finding of abuse and neglect." N.J. Div. of Child Prot. & Permanency

v. N.B., 452 N.J. Super. 513, 523 (App. Div. 2017). In N.J. Div. of Youth &

Family Servs. v. S.S., 372 N.J. Super. 13, 26 (App. Div. 2004), we said that we

would not assume "witnessing domestic abuse had a present or potential

negative effect on the child sufficient to warrant a finding of abuse."

Nonetheless, we agree with the Family Part judge that Yolanda's exposure of the

children to domestic violence here placed them at risk of physical harm. At least

one child was close enough to see her mother being kicked and bitten.

      The record established that Yolanda failed to make decisions that would

keep her children safe which placed them in imminent danger of harm. We are


                                                                         A-3139-16T1
                                        9
satisfied the Family Part judge took into consideration all of the evidence in

reaching the abuse and neglect finding under Title Nine. The cases are clear

that "[c]ourts need not wait to act until a child is actually irreparably impaired

by parental inattention or neglect." In re Guardianship of DMH, 161 N.J. 365,

383 (1999).

      Affirmed.




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