                  NOTICE                          NO. 5-04-0643
 Decision filed 06/05/06. The text of
 this decision may be changed or                     IN THE
 corrected prior to the filing of a
 Petition   for    Rehearing   or   the   APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
 disposition of the same.
                              FIFTH DISTRICT
___________________________________________________________________________
THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, ) Appeal from the
                                        ) Circuit Court of
      Plaintiff-Appellee,               ) Effingham County.
                                        )
v.                                      ) No. 03-CF-171
                                        )
LORENZO O. QUALLS,                      ) Honorable
                                        ) Sherri L. E. Tungate,
      Defendant-Appellant.              ) Judge, presiding.
___________________________________________________________________________

            JUSTICE HOPKINS delivered the opinion of the court:

            The defendant, Lorenzo O. Qualls, appeals from his conviction for possession of a
deadly substance (720 ILCS 5/20.5-6 (West 2002)), arguing that anhydrous ammonia is not a

"poisonous gas" within the meaning of the statute defining the offense. We agree and

reverse.

                                                 BACKGROUND

            Anhydrous ammonia is a commercial fertilizer regulated by the Illinois Fertilizer Act

of 1961 (505 ILCS 80/1 et seq. (West 2004)). Anhydrous ammonia is also used to
manufacture methamphetamine, a schedule II controlled substance (720 ILCS 570/206(d)(2)

(West 2004)). In the summer of 2003, thefts of anhydrous ammonia by individuals engaged
in the manufacture of methamphetamine resulted in increased patrols of anhydrous ammonia
storage facilities in Effingham County. On August 3, 2003, at approximately 2:30 a.m.,

Sergeant Paul Kuhns of the Effingham County sheriff's department was patrolling the area
near one such facility when he observed the defendant's pickup truck stuck in a ditch.

Sergeant Kuhns also observed what he thought was steam coming from the cab of the truck.

                                                       1
When Sergeant Kuhns exited his patrol car to investigate, the defendant approached and
placed his hands on top of the patrol car. Upon smelling the odor of anhydrous ammonia on

the defendant, Sergeant Kuhns handcuffed him, patted him down for weapons, and placed
him in the back seat of the patrol car. The defendant told Sergeant Kuhns that a pitcher of
anhydrous ammonia had spilled inside the cab of the truck. Sergeant Kuhns then approached

the truck so that he could turn off its engine. Sergeant Kuhns was initially unable to enter the
truck's cab because the anhydrous ammonia fumes rising from its floorboard were
overwhelming. In the ditch, Sergeant Kuhns found a plastic pitcher from which fumes were

also emanating. Sergeant Kuhns was able to turn off the truck on a second attempt.

Thereafter, the defendant waived his Miranda rights (Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 16
L. Ed. 2d 694, 86 S. Ct. 1602 (1966)) and agreed to speak with Sergeant Kuhns. The

defendant admitted to stealing anhydrous ammonia from the nearby storage facility and

explained that he had driven his truck off the road when the pitcher that he was using to

contain the anhydrous ammonia spilled onto the floor. At the storage facility, the defendant
showed Sergeant Kuhns the exact tank from which the anhydrous ammonia had been taken.

Sergeant Kuhns saw that the tank's cap had been removed and that there were footprints near

the tank. Lithium battery strips (another ingredient used to manufacture methamphetamine)
were recovered from the front-left pocket of the defendant's pants.

       On August 4, 2003, the State filed a single-count information charging the defendant
with unlawful possession of a deadly substance (720 ILCS 5/20.5-6 (West 2002)). 1 The

       1
           We note that the defendant could have been charged with the unlawful transfer and

transportation of anhydrous ammonia under section 21-1.5 of the Criminal Code of 1961
(720 ILCS 5/21-1.5 (West 2002) (repealed by Pub. Act 94-556, '1056, eff. September 11,
2005 (now see 720 ILCS 646/25 (West Supp. 2005)))).


                                               2
charge alleged that the defendant knowingly possessed "a poisonous gas, anhydrous
ammonia," with the intent to use the gas to commit the felony offense of unlawful

manufacture of methamphetamine. The following day, a superceding indictment was filed
alleging the same. Through appointed counsel, the defendant subsequently moved to have
the charge dismissed, arguing, inter alia, that "anhydrous ammonia was not intended by the

legislature to be a deadly substance under the Possession of a Deadly Substance statute." The
circuit court denied the motion to dismiss, and on June 29, 2004, the cause proceeded to a
stipulated bench trial.

       At the trial, to establish that anhydrous ammonia is a "poisonous gas," the State

presented the stipulated testimony of Mr. Jamie Southard, an expert in the handling, storage,
and general properties of anhydrous ammonia. The parties stipulated as follows:

       "Mr. Southard would testify that anhydrous ammonia[,] while stored under pressure in

       approved containers[,] is a liquid. When incorporated into the soil with approved

       agricultural equipment[,] anhydrous ammonia bonds with soil moisture and adds
       nitrogen to the soil. Properly contained and applied[,] anhydrous ammonia poses no

       danger to humans. Upon exposure to the air in an unpressurized state[,] anhydrous

       ammonia changes to a gaseous form and is attracted to any item or substance
       containing water. Exposure to anhydrous ammonia by unprotected humans in

       concentrations of 50 parts per million is sufficient to result in burning to mucous
       membranes in the eyes, nose, and lungs. Exposure to anhydrous ammonia by
       unprotected humans[] in a [sic] concentrations of 400 parts per million or greater is

       considered, according to regulations promulgated by the Occupational Safety and
       Health Administration with which Mr. Southard is familiar, immediately dangerous to
       life and health. Mr. Southard would testify that, based upon his training and

       experience, prolonged exposure to those concentrations of anhydrous ammonia can

                                             3
       result in death to unprotected humans."
       Referencing Southard's testimony that "prolonged exposure to those concentrations of

anhydrous ammonia can result in death to unprotected humans" and rejecting the defendant's
argument that anhydrous ammonia is not a "poisonous gas," the circuit court found the
defendant guilty and sentenced him to a four-year term of Treatment Alternatives for Safe

Communities probation (see 20 ILCS 301/40-10 (West 2002)). The defendant filed a timely
notice of appeal.
                                           ANALYSIS

       The issue before us is whether anhydrous ammonia is a "poisonous gas" as the term is

used in section 20.5-6(a) of the Criminal Code of 1961, which defines the offense of
"possession of a deadly substance" as follows:

               "A person commits the offense of possession of a deadly substance when he or

       she possesses, manufactures[,] or transports any poisonous gas, deadly biological or

       chemical contaminant or agent, or radioactive substance either with the intent to use
       such gas, biological or chemical contaminant or agent, or radioactive substance to

       commit a felony or with the knowledge that another person intends to use such gas,

       biological or chemical contaminant or agent, or radioactive substance to commit a
       felony." 720 ILCS 5/20.5-6(a) (West 2002).

The defendant argues that the term "poisonous gas" should be interpreted to mean a gas that
is designed to kill or injure or tends to kill or injure "in normal use," e.g., sarin gas or mustard
gas. The defendant maintains that the term should not be read to include gases that are

merely deadly or injurious "in particular unsafe circumstances," e.g., anhydrous ammonia or
carbon monoxide. The State responds that the term "poisonous gas" should be broadly
interpreted to mean any gas "capable of causing death or severe injury."

       "How a statute is interpreted is not a matter left to the trial court's discretion. It

                                                 4
presents a question of law, which we review de novo." In re Marriage of Rogers, 213 Ill. 2d
129, 135-36 (2004). The "primary objective when construing the meaning of a disputed

statute is to ascertain and give effect to the intent of the legislature." People v. Robinson, 172
Ill. 2d 452, 457 (1996). "All other rules of statutory construction are subordinate to this
cardinal principle." In re Detention of Powell, 217 Ill. 2d 123, 135 (2005). "The best

indication of legislative intent is the statutory language, given its plain and ordinary
meaning." In re R.L.S., 218 Ill. 2d 428, 433 (2006). "If the statutory language is clear and
unambiguous, then there is no need to resort to other aids of construction." In re D.L., 191

Ill. 2d 1, 9 (2000). "A statute is ambiguous if it permits more than one reasonable

interpretation." People v. Robinson, 217 Ill. 2d 43, 55 (2005).
       Section 20.5-6 does not define the term "poisonous gas," and the term is not otherwise

defined under Illinois law. We may therefore consult a dictionary to ascertain the term's

meaning. See People v. Collins, 214 Ill. 2d 206, 214-15 (2005). Something is "poisonous" if

it "is poison" or "has the qualities or effects of poison." Webster's Third New International
Dictionary 1751 (1993). The word "poison" means "a substance (as a drug) that in suitable

quantities has properties harmful or fatal to an organism when it is brought into contact with

or absorbed by the organism." Webster's Third New International Dictionary 1751 (1993).
A "poison gas" is defined as "a poisonous gas or a liquid or solid giving off poisonous vapors

designed (as in chemical warfare) to kill, injure, or disable by inhalation or contact."
Webster's Third New International Dictionary 1751 (1993). Within the parameters of these
definitions and consistent with the parties' respective interpretations, the term "poisonous

gas" could reasonably be construed to mean either a gas "designed (as in chemical warfare)
to kill, injure, or disable by inhalation or contact" or a gas that "in suitable quantities has
properties harmful or fatal to an organism when it is brought into contact with or absorbed by

the organism." As used in section 20.5-6, the term "poisonous gas" is therefore ambiguous.

                                                5
We may therefore "consider the purpose of the law, the evils it was intended to remedy, and
the legislative history behind it." Stroger v. Regional Transportation Authority, 201 Ill. 2d

508, 524 (2002). Traditional aids of statutory construction may also be employed, and "the
rule that penal statutes should be construed to afford lenity to the accused" applies. People v.
Roberts, 214 Ill. 2d 106, 118 (2005).

       Here, the doctrine of noscitur a sociisB"a word is known by the company it keeps"
(Jarecki v. G.D. Searle & Co., 367 U.S. 303, 307, 6 L. Ed. 2d 859, 863, 81 S. Ct. 1579, 1582
(1961))Bis particularly applicable. Pursuant to this maxim, "[t]he meaning of questionable

words or phrases in a statute may be ascertained by reference to the meaning of words or

phrases associated with it." Hayes v. Mercy Hospital & Medical Center, 136 Ill. 2d 450, 477
(1990). The doctrine of noscitur a sociis is relied upon "to avoid ascribing to one word a

meaning so broad that it is inconsistent with its accompanying words" (Gustafson v. Alloyd

Co., 513 U.S. 561, 575, 131 L. Ed. 2d 1, 15, 115 S. Ct. 1061, 1069 (1995)) and "to avoid the

giving of unintended breadth to a legislative act" (Hayes, 136 Ill. 2d at 477). Here, the term
"poisonous gas" appears in conjunction with the terms "deadly substance" and "deadly

biological or chemical contaminant or agent"; this indicates that the term "poisonous gas"

was intended to mean an inherently deadly or injurious gas, as opposed to a potentially
deadly or injurious gas. The statute's legislative history further supports this conclusion.

       The statute creating the offense of possession of a deadly substance originated in the
91st Illinois General Assembly as a part of Senate Bill 509 and was ultimately enacted as a
part of Public Act 91-121, effective July 15, 1999 (1999 Ill. Laws 2001). When the bill

passed in the Senate, it was toutedBin relevant partBas an "anticrime initiative *** aimed at
*** terrorism." 91st Ill. Gen. Assem., Senate Proceedings, March 25, 1999, at 106
(statements of Senator Dillard). During subsequent proceedings before the Criminal Law

Judiciary Committee of the House of Representatives, it was noted that the statute was

                                               6
necessary because Illinois had no law criminalizing the possession of "biological warfare
chemicals" or "poison gas" such as "sarin gas." 91st Ill. Gen. Assem., House Proceedings,

April 22, 1999, Judiciary II Committee Hearing (taped debate on Senate Bill 509). The
legislative history behind section 20.5-6 thus reveals that the statute was enacted to
criminalize the unlawful possession of inherently deadly or injurious substances, such as

gases designed, as in chemical warfare, to kill or injure.
       We lastly note that the Methamphetamine Control and Community Protection Act,
effective September 11, 2005, specifically prohibits the "possession, procurement,

transportation, storage, or delivery of anhydrous ammonia *** with the intent that the

anhydrous ammonia be used to manufacture methamphetamine." 720 ILCS 646/25(a)(1)
(West Supp. 2005). This further supports the conclusion that the term "poisonous gas" was

never meant to encompass anhydrous ammonia. See Gregory v. County of LaSalle, 91 Ill.

App. 2d 290, 297 (1968) ("In determining the intention of the General Assembly which

passed the statute, it is permissible to look to later actions of the legislature").
                                        CONCLUSION

       We hold that anhydrous ammonia is not a "poisonous gas" for purposes of section

20.5-6 of the Criminal Code of 1961 (720 ILCS 5/20.5-6 (West 2002)). The State's proposed
interpretation of the term "poisonous gas" is contradicted by the statute's legislative history

and gives the statute unintended breadth. We accordingly reverse the defendant's conviction.


       Reversed.



       GOLDENHERSH and CHAPMAN, JJ., concur.




                                                7
                                           NO. 5-04-0643
                                               IN THE

                                APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
                                  FIFTH DISTRICT
___________________________________________________________________________________
      THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, ) Appeal from the
                                            ) Circuit Court of
           Plaintiff-Appellee,              ) Effingham County.
                                            )
      v.                                    ) No. 03-CF-171
                                            )
      LORENZO O. QUALLS,                    ) Honorable
                                            ) Sherri L. E. Tungate,
           Defendant-Appellant.             ) Judge, presiding.
___________________________________________________________________________________
Opinion Filed:   June 5, 2006
___________________________________________________________________________________

Justices:           Honorable Terrence J. Hopkins, J.
                 Honorable Richard P. Goldenhersh, J., and
                 Honorable Melissa A. Chapman, J.,
                 Concur
___________________________________________________________________________________

Attorneys        Daniel M. Kirwan, Deputy Defender, Larry R. Wells, Assistant Defender, Office of
for              the State Appellate Defender, Fifth Judicial District, 117 North Tenth Street, Suite
Appellant        300, Mt. Vernon, IL 62864
___________________________________________________________________________________
Attorneys        Hon. Edward C. Deters, State's Attorney, Effingham County Courthouse, 101 North
for              4th, Suite 400, Effingham, IL 62401; Norbert J. Goetten, Director, Stephen E. Norris,
Appellee         Deputy Director, Kendra S. Peterson, Staff Attorney, Office of the State's Attorneys
                 Appellate Prosecutor, 730 E. Illinois Highway 15, Suite 2, P.O. Box 2249, Mt.
                 Vernon, IL 62864
___________________________________________________________________________________
