                  IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF IDAHO

                                          Docket No. 41054

GERRY BOREN,                                       )     2013 Unpublished Opinion No. 785
                                                   )
          Petitioner-Appellant,                    )     Filed: December 10, 2013
                                                   )
v.                                                 )     Stephen W. Kenyon, Clerk
                                                   )
BRENT REINKE,                                      )     THIS IS AN UNPUBLISHED
                                                   )     OPINION AND SHALL NOT
          Respondent.                              )     BE CITED AS AUTHORITY
                                                   )

          Appeal from the District Court of the Fourth Judicial District, State of Idaho, Ada
          County. Hon. Michael E. Wetherell, District Judge.

          Judgment dismissing complaint, affirmed.

          Gerry Boren, Boise, pro se appellant.

          Brent Reinke, Boise, respondent, did not participate on appeal.
                    ________________________________________________
LANSING, Judge
          Gerry Boren appeals the judgment dismissing his pro se civil rights complaint. He argues
that he is entitled to a trial and that the district court erred by dismissing his complaint. We
affirm.
                                                  I.
                                          BACKGROUND
          The record in this case is incomplete. Accordingly, this Court’s understanding of the
facts is limited. Boren filed a motion and affidavit to proceed on a partial payment of fees under
Idaho Code § 31-3220A and sought to file a complaint alleging that prison officials harassed him
and caused him physical injuries on the basis of his ancestry, race, and religion.              Boren
apparently appended a copy of his prisoner disciplinary records to his complaint. Because the
district court denied Boren’s motion for a partial waiver of filing fees, the complaint was never




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filed by the court clerk, and it therefore is not part of the record in this appeal. 1 Other documents
in the record indicate that the disciplinary records attached to the complaint showed that officers
suspected Boren of violating a prison rule when they observed a “square shape” obscured under
Boren’s towel. Officers attempted to search Boren to ascertain the nature of the hidden item.
Boren was not compliant with the search, and officers used a wrist lock to return Boren to his
cell. 2
          Although Boren’s complaint was never filed, the district court reviewed the submitted
materials and dismissed Boren’s claims on the merits pursuant to I.C. § 31-3220A(14). The
district court dismissed two of Boren’s claims because he sought relief under criminal statutes
that do not create a private cause of action. The remaining claim was dismissed on the ground
that Boren failed to state a claim upon which relief could be granted.
                                                 II.
                                            ANALYSIS
          Idaho Code § 31-3220A(14)(d) authorizes the district court to “dismiss an action or a
portion of the action under this section, before or after service, on its own motion or by motion of
a party, upon a finding that . . . [t]he action fails to state a claim upon which relief could be
granted.” The Idaho Rules of Civil Procedure similarly authorize dismissal where a plaintiff
“fails to state a claim upon which relief can be granted.” Because both provisions permit
dismissal for the same substantive reason, and because the statute does not suggest a different
standard, we will apply the law governing dismissal under I.R.C.P. 12(b)(6) to a dismissal based
upon I.C. § 31-3220A(14)(d).

1
        This Court has been informed that the district court clerk returned the complaint to Boren
and retained no copy in the district court’s file. We understand that a complaint cannot be
properly filed unless the appropriate fee is paid or a fee waiver is granted. Idaho Rule of Civil
Procedure 10(a)(6). Nonetheless, effective appellate review will require that this Court have
access to the pleadings in a case, even if that case was disposed of before the complaint was
properly filed. Accordingly, we urge the clerk of the district court to adopt a practice that is
consistent with the requirements of effective appellate review.
2
       Although the complaint and the appended materials are not included in the record, they
are described in other court documents. On appeal, Boren does not claim that the trial court’s
factual descriptions of his complaint are erroneous. Accordingly, we rely upon those
descriptions in our recital of facts. Additionally, for the reasons described herein, these facts are
not necessary to the disposition of this matter.


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       As an appellate court, we will affirm a trial court’s grant of an I.R.C.P. 12(b)(6) motion
where the record demonstrates that there are no genuine issues of material fact and the case can
be decided as a matter of law. Coghlan v. Beta Theta Pi Fraternity, 133 Idaho 388, 398, 987
P.2d 300, 310 (1999). When reviewing an order of the district court dismissing a case pursuant
to Rule 12(b)(6), the nonmoving party is entitled to have all inferences from the record and
pleadings viewed in its favor, and only then may the question be asked whether a claim for relief
has been stated. Coghlan, 133 Idaho at 398, 987 P.2d at 310. The issue is not whether the
plaintiff will ultimately prevail, but whether the party is entitled to offer evidence to support the
claims. Orthman v. Idaho Power Co., 126 Idaho 960, 962, 895 P.2d 561, 563 (1995).
       Most of Boren’s briefing on appeal makes factual assertions of the type usually seen in a
civil complaint rather than presenting argument that the trial court erred in its procedure or
rationale for dismissing the action. We will review only those arguments that can be construed
as challenges to the propriety of the district court’s decision below.          Boren raises three
contentions that might be construed to challenge the propriety of the district court’s decision.
       First, Boren argues that I.C. § 18-7903(b) required that the court “grant [his] civil action.”
The interpretation of a statute is an issue of law over which we exercise free review. Aguilar v.
Coonrod, 151 Idaho 642, 649-50, 262 P.3d 671, 678-79 (2011). Such interpretation must begin
with the literal words of the statute. Those words must be given their plain, usual, and ordinary
meaning, and the statute must be construed as a whole. Verska v. Saint Alphonsus Reg’l Med.
Ctr., 151 Idaho 889, 893, 265 P.3d 502, 506 (2011).
       Idaho Code § 18-7903(b) does not direct the trial court to take any particular action.
Instead, it creates a private civil cause of action to remedy malicious harassment. The district
court recognized that this cause of action existed. The district court dismissed Boren’s claim on
the ground that his complaint alleged no facts other than a date and the contents of a
“disciplinary offense report” (DOR) attached to the complaint which described the incident upon
which Boren apparently bases his claim. The court held that the DOR described only legal
conduct by Department of Correction personnel and did not show facts that state a claim upon
which relief could be granted. Boren does not argue that there was any error in the district
court’s stated rationale for dismissing this claim. Therefore, he has not shown a basis for
reversal on appeal.




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          Second, Boren argues he has been denied due process of law under the Fourteenth
Amendment to the United States Constitution and Article I, § 13 of the Idaho Constitution, but
he does not explain how he has been denied due process. There is no argument, let alone a
persuasive one, explaining how the dismissal violated due process. In Bach v. Bagley, 148 Idaho
784, 229 P.3d 1146 (2010), the Idaho Supreme Court set forth the level of particularity an
appellant is required to meet in order for an appellate court to review a claim of error:
                  Where an appellant fails to assert his assignments of error with
          particularity and to support his position with sufficient authority, those
          assignments of error are too indefinite to be heard by the Court. A general attack
          on the findings and conclusions of the district court, without specific reference to
          evidentiary or legal errors, is insufficient to preserve an issue. This Court will not
          search the record on appeal for error.

Id. at 790, 229 P.3d at 1152 (internal citations omitted). Boren has not met this standard because
he fails to point to any particular “evidentiary or legal errors.”             Merely mentioning a
constitutional principle is insufficient to trigger review.       See Highland Enterprises, Inc. v.
Barker, 133 Idaho 330, 349-50, 986 P.2d 996, 1015-16 (1999) (“A one sentence statement
regarding whether the award violates due process is hardly sufficient to constitute argument and,
in addition, the appellants cite no authority. Thus, the appellants have left this Court with no
ability to address [the appellant’s claim].”); Idaho State Ins. Fund v. Van Tine, 132 Idaho 902,
909, 980 P.2d 566, 573 (1999) (declining to consider a claim where the appellant’s due process
claim had insufficient argument and authority). Accordingly, Boren’s mere conclusory assertion
of a due process violation does not present a claim of error that his Court can address.
          Finally, Boren argues that the district court denied him the “right to justice” guaranteed
by Article I, § 18 of the Idaho Constitution. As with the due process contention, Boren has failed
to point this Court to any particular evidentiary or legal error. Therefore, for the reasons stated
above, we conclude that Boren’s claim presents no issue of trial court error for this Court to
review.
          Because no cognizable claim of trial court error has been presented, the judgment of the
district court is affirmed.
          Judge GRATTON CONCURS.




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       Judge MELANSON, SPECIALLY CONCURRING
       I concur with all of the Court’s opinion with the exception of the last sentence of footnote
one which essentially urges the clerk of the district court to retain a copy of the complaint in
cases where the complaint is not filed because of a denial of a fee waiver, and then to include it
in the record on appeal. I would not place that responsibility on the clerk. It is the responsibility
of the appellant to provide a sufficient record to substantiate his or her claims on appeal. Powell
v. Sellers, 130 Idaho 122, 127, 937 P.2d 434, 439 (Ct. App. 1997). If effective appellate review
would be furthered by retaining copies of unfiled pleadings, our Supreme Court may wish to
address these circumstances by way of a rule.




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