                                 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
                                          OF THE
                                   STATE OF MISSISSIPPI
                                          NO. 96-CA-00692-COA
ACCU-FAB & CONSTRUCTION, INC. AND ROY ANDERSON
CORPORATION                                                                                    APPELLANTS
v.
RICHARD G. LADNER, DECEASED, BY AND THROUGH BEVERLY
LADNER, HIS WIDOW, AS HIS PERSONAL REPRESENTATIVE                                                 APPELLEE
AND
EMPLOYERS INSURANCE OF WAUSAU                                                                 INTERVENOR

DATE OF JUDGMENT:           04/16/95
TRIAL JUDGE:                HON. KATHY KING JACKSON
COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED: JACKSON COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANTS: RAYMOND BROWN
                            KELLY SESSOMS
                            MICHAEL ULMER
                            FRANK WOOD
                            JAMES O. DUKES
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE:     PAUL MINOR
                            MARK LUMPKIN
NATURE OF THE CASE:         CIVIL - WRONGFUL DEATH
TRIAL COURT DISPOSITION:    $2,000,000 VERDICT FOR WRONGFUL DEATH
DISPOSITION:                REVERSED AND REMANDED - 06/29/1999
MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED: 07/13/1999; AFFIRMED - 03/14/2000
CERTIORARI FILED:           3/27/2000; granted 6/22/2000
MANDATE ISSUED:

                        MODIFIED OPINION ON MOTION FOR REHEARING

      EN BANC.

      LEE, J., FOR THE COURT:

¶1. Each of the motions for rehearing filed in this matter are granted. The original opinion issued in this case
is withdrawn, and the following opinion is substituted as the opinion of this Court.

¶2. A Jackson County jury awarded damages for the death of Richard Ladner to his family against Roy
Anderson Corporation (Anderson) and Accu-Fab and Construction, Inc. (Accu-Fab). Anderson and
Accu-Fab appealed that jury verdict based on several issues and subsequently filed a motion for rehearing.
Ladner has filed a motion for rehearing relative to this Court's ruling regarding whether Bracken should have
been considered a "party" for apportionment of damages. This Court finds no error in the trial court's
decision not to include Bracken in apportioning fault under Miss. Code Ann. § 85-5-7 (Rev. 1991), as well
as the other issues presented in the motions for rehearing filed by Anderson and Accu-Fab; therefore, we
affirm these matters.

                                                    FACTS

¶3. In November 1993, Boomtown, Inc., a casino operator, had employed Anderson as general contractor
to construct the Boomtown Casino in Biloxi, Mississippi. Anderson subcontracted a good portion of the
work. Among the subcontractors were Accu-Fab, a metal fabricator, and Bracken Construction
("Bracken"), which employed Ladner as an iron worker.

¶4. On Monday morning, March 7, 1994, while working on the roof of the Boomtown Casino, Ladner fell
through a hole cut in the roof and subsequently died of the injuries received. Ladner's family filed suit against
Anderson, Accu-Fab, and Boomtown, Inc., seeking compensation for Ladner's death. Boomtown Inc.,
dismissed at the start of the trial, is not a party to this appeal.

¶5. The Boomtown Casino was being constructed on a barge that was on a navigable waterway. As a
result, injuries sustained by construction workers were covered under the Longshore and Harbor Workers'
Compensation Act, codified as 33 U.S.C. § 901, a federally sponsored workers' compensation program
covering some maritime workers. Because this coverage was provided by the employer and is an exclusive
federal remedy, Bracken, as Ladner's employer, was not a party to this action. 33 U.S.C. § 905. Both
Anderson and Accu-Fab requested jury instructions to include Bracken in the apportionment of liability,
pursuant to Miss. Code Ann. § 85-5-7 (1972). The trial judge denied the requested instructions citing
McBride v. Chevron U.S.A., 673 So. 2d 372 (Miss. 1996).

                                                DISCUSSION

      I. WHETHER THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN EXCLUDING BRACKEN
      CONSTRUCTION COMPANY FROM APPORTIONMENT OF FAULT.

¶6. Bracken, as required by 33 U.S.C. § 902, maintained Longshore and Harbor Workers' Compensation
coverage for its employees engaged in covered maritime work. Benefits were paid to the Ladner family
under the Longshore and Harbor Workers' Compensation Act. These benefits were the exclusive remedy
available to Ladner against Bracken. Because Bracken was not a party to this action, the trial court refused
to allow the jury to consider, in the case sub judice, the extent of fault, if any, of Bracken in causing
Ladner's injuries.

¶7. Mississippi Code Annotated § 85-5-7 (1972) provides for the allocation of fault and contribution
among joint tort-feasors. Section 85-5-7(7) places the responsibility upon the triers of fact to "determine the
percentage of fault of each party alleged to be at fault." The trial court, based upon McBride, interpreted the
term "party" to mean an actual party to the lawsuit. McBride, 673 So. 2d at 372. Anderson and Accu-Fab
argue that the trial court was in error and that pursuant to the Mississippi Supreme Court's holding in Estate
of Hunter v. General Motors Corporation, 729 So. 2d 1264 (¶¶ 29-38) (Miss. 1999), the trial court
was required to include Bracken as a party for the purpose of the jury apportioning damages.

¶8. In the recently decided case of Estate of Hunter, the Mississippi Supreme Court considered the issue
of the ramifications of the term "party" and specifically held that any party alleged to be at fault, whether or
not made a defendant to the suit, may have fault apportioned against him under Miss. Code Ann. § 85-5-7.
Id. Due to the legal position of Bracken in the case at bar, this Court finds Estate of Hunter, is
distinguishable from the case at bar, and therefore, inapplicable. Therefore, we come to the ultimate
conclusion reached by the trial judge that Bracken is not a "party" for the purpose of apportionment.

¶9. In Estate of Hunter, the plaintiffs urged that a settling defendant should not be included in the
apportionment of damages. Id. at (¶ 29). The Mississippi Supreme Court held that the jury could consider
the fault of a settling truck driver and his employer in apportioning fault under comparative negligence
principles. Id. at (¶ 44). The primary distinction in Hunter is the fact that there was no law that regulated this
settlement, and if the plaintiffs had not reached a previous settlement with the truck driver and his employer,
they would not have been precluded from pursuing a lawsuit for negligence. In the case at bar, the
representative for the estate of Ladner was not vested with the discretion to elect to pursue any other
course for compensation other than workers' compensation benefits. We first approach this distinction
between the factual scenarios in the case at bar and the one in Hunter by looking to the dissent in this
opinion for the definition of the word "party," and although this opinion is not authoritative, we are inclined
to agree with the definition for the term.

¶10. The dissenters in Hunter, rely on the definition supplied within Black's Law Dictionary. Id. at (¶ 65).

      A "party" to an action is a person whose name is designated on record as the plaintiff or defendant . .
      . . "Party" is a technical word having a precise meaning in legal parlance; it refers to those by or
      against whom a legal suit is brought, whether in law or in equity, the party plaintiff or defendant,
      whether composed of one or more individuals and whether natural or legal persons; all others who
      may be affected by the suit, indirectly or consequently, are person interested but not parties.

Black's Law Dictionary 1122 (6th ed. 1990) (citations omitted). With the acceptance of this definition of
"party," on its face it appears that Bracken is not to be considered a party; therefore, the jury was not to
consider Bracken in allocating damages. We now further elaborate on the factors in the case at bar that
prevent the jury from considering Bracken when allocating fault relative to Anderson and Accu-Fab who
were named as defendants in this civil action.

¶11. Bracken was in the unique position of having no fault pursuant to the Longshore and Harbor Workers'
Compensation Act, codified as 33 U.S.C. § 901. This outcome was predetermined by the mere fact that
Ladner had accepted employment with Bracken. Since Ladner was an employee of Bracken, it had been
agreed that any injuries suffered by Ladner would be compensated under workers' compensation and not
an action for negligence. Due to workers' compensation law, Bracken could not have been engaged in this
civil action by the representative for the estate of Ladner. Additionally, we note that not only is Bracken
immune, but since it paid workers' compensation benefits, it would also have a subrogation claim against the
monetary damages awarded to Ladner. Since Bracken is limited in liability, to allocate a percentage of
responsibility to Bracken is a deception on the jury. If the jury apportioned a percentage of fault to Bracken
they would presume that Bracken would pay their percentage relative to the monetary damages award, and
contrary to this presumption, no further compensation can be acquired from Bracken. In turn, Ladner is
denied the compensation he deserves. It is wholly inequitable for the plaintiff to suffer the risk of a partial or
complete reduction in recovery. It is improper to allow the jury to have the right to apportion damages to
Bracken when the result is to limit Ladner's damages due to the policies of workers' compensation law
which forbids additional benefits beyond those statutorily awarded, and at the same time any fault
apportioned amongst the other parties returns to Bracken as the employer due to its right of subrogation.
Additionally, Anderson and Accu-Fab had the opportunity to expose any theory of fault relative to Bracken
at the time of the trial. Anderson and Accu-fab were given the opportunity to cross-examine employees for
Bracken relative to occurrences prior to the death of Ladner. The jury had the benefit of this information
and found that Ladner bore five percent of the responsibility in the events that resulted in his death. As
employees, Ladner and his co-workers were the alter-ego of Bracken. Consequently, since the jury had the
benefit of the testimony of the employees for Bracken, there was a constructive apportionment when the
jury found five percent liability on the part of Ladner inasmuch as Bracken can only act through its agents
and employees. It is for the aforementioned reasons that Anderson and Accu-Fab should not be allowed to
benefit from the relationship that existed between Ladner and Bracken and deny Ladner the compensation
that has been awarded by the jury. Therefore, we find the decision of the trial court to be proper and this
issue without merit. Having resolved this issue, the following additional errors were assigned by Anderson:

     MISSISSIPPI PROVIDES TO CONTRACTORS, WHOSE SUBCONTRACTORS
     CARRY WORKERS' COMPENSATION INSURANCE, IMMUNITY FROM LIABILITY
     FOR A STATE LAW WRONGFUL DEATH NEGLIGENCE CLAIM BROUGHT BY A
     SUBCONTRACTOR'S EMPLOYEE'S SURVIVORS. FEDERAL LAW (THE
     LONGSHORE AND HARBOR WORKERS' COMPENSATION ACT (LHWCA)) DOES
     NOT. WHERE THE SURVIVORS OF A LONGSHOREMAN/CONSTRUCTION
     WORKER, WHO IS COVERED BY BOTH THE MISSISSIPPI WORKERS'
     COMPENSATION ACT AND THE LHWCA, ELECT TO RECEIVE LHWCA BENEFITS,
     IS THE CONTRACTOR STRIPPED OF ITS IMMUNITY UNDER STATE LAW FROM
     STATE LAW CLAIMS?

     WHERE A CONSTRUCTION WORKER FELL THROUGH A SIX-FOOT-WIDE HOLE
     IN PLAIN DAYLIGHT, AND HIS SURVIVORS BROUGHT A WRONGFUL DEATH
     CIVIL ACTION FOR NEGLIGENCE, DID THE TRIAL COURT REVERSIBLY ERR IN
     EXCLUDING EVIDENCE OF A URINE TEST WHICH WAS POSITIVE FOR
     MARIJUANA AT THE TIME OF HIS FALL AND OF A MARIJUANA CIGARETTE
     FOUND IN HIS POCKET AFTER THE ACCIDENT, REGARDLESS OF WHETHER
     CONSENT WAS OBTAINED TO TAKE THE URINE SAMPLE?

     WHETHER OSHA REGULATIONS ARE ADMISSIBLE AS EVIDENCE OF
     NEGLIGENCE?

     WHERE A SUBCONTRACTOR BEGINS PERFORMING PRIOR TO THE
     EXECUTION OF A STANDARD GENERAL CONTRACTOR-SUBCONTRACTOR
     CONTRACT, WHICH INCLUDES AN INDEMNITY PROVISION, IS ADDITIONAL
     CONSIDERATION REQUIRED AT THE TIME OF EXECUTION OF THE STANDARD
     CONTRACT?

     WHERE A SUBCONTRACTOR KNOWS OR SHOULD KNOW OF THE DANGER,
     DOES A GENERAL CONTRACTOR HAVE A DUTY TO WARN A SUBCONTRACTOR
     WORKING AROUND A SIX-FOOT WIDE HOLE IN THE ROOF ABOUT THE
     DANGER OF FALLING INTO THE HOLE?
¶12. In Accu-fab's motion for rehearing, it has assigned two errors which essentially were not covered in
the errors raised by Anderson in its motion for rehearing; however, Accu-fab did not address the
Mississippi Workers' Compensation Act immunity issue and opposes those arguments asserted by
Anderson on the indemnity issue. We will discuss whether the apportionment of five percent fault relative to
Ladner's comparative negligence regarding his wrongful death was against the overwhelming weight of the
evidence next, and will address the issue of the exclusion of Ladner's prior conviction when we address the
issue of the exclusion of Ladner's drug test and other evidence of drugs.

      II. WHETHER THE APPORTIONMENT OF FIVE PERCENT FAULT RELATIVE TO
      LADNER'S COMPARATIVE NEGLIGENCE REGARDING HIS WRONGFUL DEATH
      WAS AGAINST THE OVERWHELMING WEIGHT OF THE EVIDENCE.

¶13. Accu-Fab argues that the jury apportioning only five percent of the liability to Ladner for his resulting
injury and death was against the weight of the evidence and should have been modified by the trial court.
Although after the trial concluded, Accu-fab filed a motion for JNOV, or in the alternative, motion for a
new trial, or in the alternative motion for remittitur, in Accu-fab's motion for rehearing it only argues the
weight of the evidence. Therefore, this Court will only address the weight of the evidence presented at the
trial as it pertains to Ladner's comparative negligence.

¶14. In Herrington v. Spell, 692 So. 2d 93, 103-04 (Miss. 1997), the Mississippi Supreme Court stated,
when an appellate court adjudicates whether a jury verdict is against the overwhelming weight of the
evidence, the court must accept as true all the evidence which supports the verdict. An appellate court will
only reverse the decision of the trial court when certain that the trial court has abused its discretion in failing
to grant a new trial. Id. On appeal, this Court will disturb a jury verdict only when the verdict rendered by
the jury is so contrary to the overwhelming weight of the evidence that to allow it to stand would sanction
an unconscionable injustice. Id.

¶15. Testimony revealed that Ladner was on the roof because he had been assigned to fly tools down. It
was further revealed that Ladner had not been informed a hole existed prior to his fall. Additionally, no
evidence was given which proved that Ladner had seen the hole created by Accu-fab prior to his fall.
Furthermore, it was disclosed that Ladner was within a perimeter safety line which was a confined area on
the roof; therefore, he was not required to wear a safety belt. After the accident occurred, employees with
both Anderson and Accu-fab approached and viewed the hole which Ladner fell through without wearing
safety belts. While some witnesses believed a safety belt might have made a difference, the general
consensus derived from the differing testimony pertaining to Ladner's possible attribution to his death
revealed that even if Ladner had worn a safety belt while working near the hole, due to the work Ladner
was performing he would have been at risk at destroying his safety belt, he was not provided an
appropriate place to attach the belt within the safety barricade of the clock tower, and would have still had
to unhook the belt to continue performing further tasks. Due to the conditions of his surroundings and the
demands of his work, under either theory Ladner was exposed to the dangers of the open hole created by
Accu-fab. With this testimony in mind, this Court also notes that some witnesses espoused that if Ladner
were aware of the hole he should have ceased working and notified someone of the necessity to barricade
or cover the hole. Accu-fab has cited case law in an attempt to support its argument; however, this Court
finds all of these cases to be inapplicable since they are distinguishable from the case at bar. Therefore,
upon reviewing all of the evidence presented, in the light most consistent with the verdict, we find that the
jury's apportionment of five percent fault to Ladner was not against the overwhelming weight of the
evidence. The trial judge did not abuse his discretion in denying Accu-Fab's motion for a new trial.
Accordingly, we find this assignment of error to lack merit.

¶16. Finally, the insurer of Bracken Construction Company, Employers' Insurance of Wausau, intervenes in
the motion for rehearing, not surprisingly, to endorse the position of Bracken that apportionment of
damages was properly disallowed against Bracken by the trial court, and that the issues presented by
Anderson and Accu-fab on rehearing be denied. These issues, of course, are disposed of in our discussion
of the arguments presented by Bracken, Accu-fab, and Anderson.

¶17. We turn now to Anderson's remaining issues.

      III. WHETHER ROY ANDERSON WAS ENTITLED TO STATUTORY IMMUNITY
      UNDER MISSISSIPPI WORKERS' COMPENSATION ACT.

¶18. Roy Anderson has argued an entitlement to statutory immunity under this State's Workers'
Compensation Act. Because Miss. Code Ann. § 71-3-9 (Rev. 1995) makes workers' compensation the
exclusive remedy against an employer for a job related action, no other civil action may be brought against
the employer. This immunity from civil action also extends to statutory employers. Miss. Code Ann. § 71-3-
7 (Rev. 1995). A statutory employer, as set forth in § 71-3-7, is a general contractor who is obligated to
provide workers' compensation coverage to the employees of his subcontractor not covered by a workers'
compensation policy. However, Miss. Code Ann. § 71-3-5 (Rev. 1995) provides that this State's
Workers' Compensation Act does "not apply to transportation and maritime employments for which a rule
of liability is provided by the laws of the United States."

¶19. A covered employee under the Longshore and Harbor Workers' Compensation Act "means any
person engaged in maritime employment including . . . any harbor workers including a ship repairman,
shipbuilder." 33 U.S.C. § 902(3). At the time of injury, Ladner was engaged in the construction of a vessel
upon a navigable waterway, and as such he was covered by the LHWCA. The parties agreed during
argument on a motion for summary judgment that there was no immunity if Ladner was covered under the
LHWCA. Having found Ladner to be covered by the LHWCA, this Court holds there was no immunity.
Congress has mandated coverage for injured maritime workers under the LHWCA . 33 U.S.C. § 901.
Because Congress has spoken to this matter, our Workers' Compensation statute specifically excludes it.
There is, therefore, no immunity available to Anderson.

      IV. WHETHER THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN EXCLUDING RESULTS OF DRUG
      TESTS AND OTHER EVIDENCE OF DRUGS, AS WELL AS EVIDENCE OF PRIOR
      CONVICTIONS.

¶20. Anderson and Accu-Fab contend that the evidence of marijuana in Ladner's body should have been
admitted as evidence of his contribution to his injuries. The trial court disallowed this evidence. We sustain
the trial court's finding.

¶21. When Ladner was taken to the hospital after his fall, a urine sample was taken to screen for drugs.
This test was not done for the purpose of providing medical treatment, nor was permission obtained from
Ladner or members of his family. Rather, the drug test was done as a result of an agreement between the
hospital and Anderson to conduct drug tests on Anderson employees. Persons employed by Anderson
were required to execute a written consent to post-injury drug testing. The actual drug testing was not
performed by the hospital but by a private lab with the results sent directly to Anderson. The record
established that Ladner was not an Anderson employee and not covered by the agreement between
Anderson and the hospital.

¶22. Our rules of evidence provide what is and is not admissible as evidence. Mississippi Rule of Evidence
401 defines relevant evidence as "evidence having any tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of
consequence to the determination of the action more probable or less probable than it would be without the
evidence." Mississippi Rule of Evidence 402 provides that all relevant evidence is admissible, and all
irrelevant evidence is inadmissable.

¶23. Both Accu-Fab and Anderson cite Hughes v. Tupelo Oil Co., 510 So. 2d 502 (Miss. 1987), as iron-
clad authority that the drug screen performed on Ladner was admissible. However, a close reading of
Hughes reveals the limited nature of that holding. In Hughes, the issue, as here, was whether the blood
alcohol level of the decedent was admissible. In Hughes, the decedent, a pedestrian, was killed after being
struck by a tractor-trailer truck while walking down the middle of the road. Id. at 504. The investigating law
enforcement officer ordered the blood test pursuant to Mississippi's implied consent law; however, the
supreme court held that the officer had no basis to order the test under the implied consent law because
there was no evidence that the decedent was operating a motor vehicle. Id. at 505. Thus, having found that
the blood test was ordered without proper authority, the court's analysis turned to the admissibility of
improperly obtained evidence in a civil trial. Id. Relying on United States v. Janis, 428 U.S. 433 (1976),
the Mississippi Supreme Court noted that the exclusionary rule had never been applied to exclude
improperly obtained evidence in a civil proceeding. Hughes, 510 So. 2d at 505. The purpose of the
exclusionary rule is to deter improper police conduct. Id. Thus, since the suppression of the blood test
would not deter the police officer who ordered the test, then there was no basis to exclude the otherwise
relevant evidence. Id. But, the supreme court specifically held "[w]e make no determination of the
admissibility of evidence obtained through the wrongful acts of the party seeking its admission . . . ." Id.

¶24. In the case sub judice, the question specifically not answered by the supreme court in Hughes is
squarely presented here, and we answer it in favor of Ladner based on an application of our rules of
evidence that the trial judge properly ruled that this evidence was inadmissible in favor of Anderson and
Accu-Fab. Neither appellant had authority to draw samples, nor to order samples drawn of bodily fluids
from the decedent for testing purposes. Ladner was not an employee of Anderson nor Accu-Fab, thus any
drug-testing policy applicable to their employees necessarily did not apply to Ladner.

¶25. "[A]dmission or suppression of evidence is within the discretion of the trial judge and will not be
reversed absent an abuse of that discretion." K-Mart Corp. v. Hardy, 735 So. 2d 975, 982 (Miss. 1999)
(citing Broadhead v .Bonita Lakes Mall, Ltd. Partnership, 702 So. 2d 92,102 (Miss. 1997)) (quoting
Sumrall v. Mississippi Power Co., 693 So. 2d 359, 365 (Miss. 1997)) (other citations omitted). Further,
for a case to be reversed on the admission or exclusion of evidence, it must result in prejudice and harm or
adversely affect a substantial right of a party. Terrain Enter., Inc. v. Mockbee, 654 So. 2d 1122, 1131
(Miss. 1995).

¶26. Anderson and Accu-Fab have not suggested, nor does the record establish, that a substantial right
was violated by the exclusion of this evidence. There is no evidence in the record which would suggest that
Ladner suffered from an impairment which caused or contributed to his own injuries. Absent this necessary
foundation, the trial court properly excluded this evidence. See Holladay v. Tutor, 465 So. 2d 337, 338
(Miss. 1985) (finding a box of marijuana and quaaludes found in defendant's car was not relevant and its
only purpose was to prejudice the jury); see also Pope v. McGee, 403 So. 2d 1269, 1271 (Miss. 1981)
(excluding evidence of two six packs of beer and an unidentified white powder found in defendant's car
because they offered no proof on proximate causation of the collision, and its prejudicial value greatly
outweighed its probative value).

¶27. With our sustaining the trial court's ruling that the drug tests were inadmissible, the issue of the
marijuana found in the decedent's pants pocket becomes moot. With there being no evidence that Ladner
was affected in his work by the influence of drugs -- thus rendering the drug tests irrelevant -- we likewise
find that the contents of Ladner's pockets were irrelevant and without proper foundation. See Mockbee,
654 So. 2d at 1131.

¶28. Accu-Fab also argues that the trial court improperly excluded Ladner's 1980 criminal conviction for
possession of a controlled substance with the intent to deliver. Accu-Fab contends it should have been
allowed to admit this evidence relative to the decedent's future earning capacity during the economist
testimony presented by Ladner. The trial court entered an order excluding this evidence, holding that such
evidence was irrelevant to the issues involved in the case at bar. Ladner argues that the evidence of the
prior criminal conviction was properly excluded under Mississippi Rules of Evidence 609. This Court notes
that with the exception of the distinguishable Fifth Circuit case of Carroll v. Morgan, 17 F.3d 787 (5th Cir.
1994), Accu-Fab has failed to cite authoritative law for this state, to support its position on admissibility of
Ladner's prior conviction to show its effect on his future earning potential. As aforementioned, the point of
law for which Accu-fab has cited the fifth circuit case of Carroll, is factually distinguishable from the case at
bar.

¶29. In Carroll, Accu-fab supports its position for the admission of Ladner's prior conviction, based on the
holding of the court that a doctor was allowed to give expert opinion testimony on plaintiff's decedents
intemperance to show decedent was not healthy and this previous condition might have resulted in a
reduced life expectancy. Id. at 791. This case is distinguishable from the case at bar, because Carroll dealt
with the admission of expert opinion testimony entered into evidence in the realm of medical testimony and
was relevant to the patient's possible cause of death. In the case at bar, we are dealing with the admissibility
of a fifteen year-old prior criminal conviction which has no relevance to the patients cause of death. With
this distinction having been made, and after researching this state's law, we can find no law which supports
Accu-fab's argument; therefore, we find this issue to be without merit.

      V. WHETHER OSHA REGULATIONS WERE ADMISSIBLE AS EVIDENCE OF
      NEGLIGENCE.

¶30. Anderson and each of his subcontractors, by written contract, agreed to perform all work consistent
with U.S. Department of Labor's Occupational Safety and Health Standards (OSHA). Appellants argue
that admission of information regarding OSHA standards was improper. However, during the course of
oral argument before this Court, counsel for appellant indicated it was not the reference to OSHA
standards, but rather the number of times the name of a federal administrative agency was invoked and
whether such a frequent reference to OSHA unduly influenced the jury.

¶31. As a matter of law, evidence regarding OSHA standards is not admissible to prove negligence per se,
or the lack of negligence per se. Sumrall v. Mississippi Power Co., 693 So. 2d 359, 367 (Miss. 1997).
However, our rules of evidence allow limited admissibility of certain evidence for one purpose but not for
another. M.R.E. 105. Thus, applying Rule 105, we find the OSHA standards could be introduced to aid the
trier of fact in determining whether the actions complained of were reasonable and consistent with industry
standards provided that the jury was properly instructed as to the limited nature for which the OSHA
standards were admissible. Instruction P-22(a) provided the necessary limitation on the use of the evidence,
instructing that the OSHA standards could not be used to find negligence per se on the part of Anderson
and Accu-Fab, but could be used as a measure of reasonable care consistent with industry standards.

¶32. We find the purpose for which the trial court allowed the introduction of the OSHA standards was
sufficiently limited and, therefore, not improper. Accordingly, this Court finds no error in the admission of
OSHA standards or reference to OSHA.

      VI. WHETHER ACCU-FAB WAS REQUIRED UNDER ITS CONTRACT TO
      INDEMNIFY ANDERSON.

¶33. Accu-Fab was employed as a subcontractor by Anderson. Accu-Fab began its work without a
written contract. This work was begun prior to Ladner's accident which occurred on March 7, 1994. After
the March 7, 1994 fatal accident, Anderson sent a written contract to Accu-Fab for its execution.

¶34. This contract was received by Accu-Fab on March 9, 1994, executed and returned to Anderson on
March 11, 1994. The contract, as executed by Accu-Fab, included general language which required
indemnification of Anderson by Accu-Fab. The jury found no entitlement to indemnification, and Anderson
now argues that indemnification should have been compelled as a matter of law.

¶35. While not argued by the parties, we are compelled to note that this state's public policy, as set forth in
Miss. Code Ann. § 31-5-41 (Rev. 1990), precludes enforcement of this indemnification agreement. Miss.
Code Ann. § 31-5-41 reads as follows:

      With respect to all public or private contracts or agreements, for the construction, alteration, repair or
      maintenance of buildings, structures, highway bridges, viaducts, water, sewer, or gas distribution
      systems, or other work dealing with construction, or for any moving, demolition or excavation
      connected therewith, every covenant, promise, and/or agreement contained therein to indemnify or
      hold harmless another person from the person's own negligence is void as against public policy and
      wholly enforceable.

      This section does not apply to construction bonds or insurance contracts or agreements.

It is clear that this is a construction contract where Anderson seeks indemnification for its negligent actions.
Such indemnification is void as against public policy as set forth in Miss. Code Ann. § 31-5-41.

¶36. In addition to being violative of public policy, this claim also fails for lack of consideration. An
agreement for indemnification, like any other contract, must be supported by consideration. Anderton v.
Business Aircraft, Inc., 650 So. 2d 473, 476 (Miss. 1995). This is especially true where the occurrence
for which indemnification is sought predates the indemnity agreement. This Court has found nothing in the
record to indicate any consideration flowing to Accu-Fab so as to compel it to indemnify Anderson for
Ladner's injuries.

¶37. Anderson suggests that Accu-Fab did receive consideration for its agreement to indemnify Anderson
for Ladner's injuries. The consideration suggested by Anderson was the contract price to be paid to Accu-
Fab for work performed. While it is possible to execute a contract which indemnifies for prior events, such
a contract must clearly set forth that intention. This is particularly true where the incident for which
indemnification is sought has already occurred and is known to both parties prior to the execution of the
contract.

¶38. In this case, the contract does not include prior occurrences, nor does it specifically include the known
event. Under these facts, we decline to find error on this issue.

     VII. WHETHER THERE WAS A DUTY OWED TO LADNER BY ANDERSON AND
     ACCU-FAB.

¶39. Anderson was intent on keeping construction on schedule. In an effort to do so, the metal roof was
placed on the barge prior to Accu-Fab's installation of all of the stairs. As a result, Accu-Fab received
permission from Anderson to cut the six foot hole in the roof to lower the stairs in place.

¶40. By contract, Anderson had exclusive control of the construction site and all activities conducted there.
All work was to be coordinated through and approved by Anderson. No changes or alterations, such as
cutting the hole through which Ladner fell, were to be made without the knowledge and approval of
Anderson.

¶41. The supreme court in Oden Const. Co. v. McPhail, set out the general rule regarding the duty owed
by a general contractor on a construction job:

     The general rule is that a general contractor on a construction job who is in control of the premises is
     burdened with the duty to use ordinary care to provide a safe place for employees of a subcontractor
     to work . . . .

     As part of supervising the work, it is the duty of the general contractor to oversee conditions in the
     work of each subcontractor so far as they affect the safety of the employees of the subcontractor.

Oden Const. Co. v. McPhail, 228 So. 2d 586, 587 (Miss. 1969) (quoting Raich v. Aldon Const. Co.,
276 P.2d 822, 827-28 (Cal. App. 1954)).

¶42. Whether Anderson used ordinary care is a question of fact to be determined by the jury. The jury was
presented with information which showed:

     (1) the hole was cut with Anderson's knowledge and permission;

     (2) that the hole was cut after Bracken and its employees (Ladner) had gone home for the weekend;

     (3) that only Anderson had any material available to cover the hole;

     (4) that Anderson generally covered holes and other dangerous conditions; and,

     (5) there was a dispute as to whether Ladner's employer was informed of the dangerous conditions.

¶43. These facts created a jury question. The record contains sufficient evidence upon which the jury could,
and did, determine that Anderson breached its duty of reasonable care.

¶44. This same is true of Accu-Fab, which actually cut the hole.
                                               CONCLUSION

¶45. Under the circumstances presented in the case at bar, the trial court properly denied the inclusion of
Bracken in the apportionment of damages, as well as having made proper findings of fact and law relative to
the aforementioned issues. Therefore, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.

¶46. THE JUDGMENT OF THE JACKSON COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT IS AFFIRMED. ALL
COSTS OF THIS APPEAL ARE ASSESSED EQUALLY BETWEEN ANDERSON AND
ACCU-FAB.

BRIDGES, DIAZ, PAYNE, AND THOMAS, JJ., CONCUR. IRVING, J., CONCURRING IN
PART AND DISSENTING IN PART JOINED BY KING, P.J. MCMILLIN, C.J., DISSENTS
WITH SEPARATE WRITTEN OPINION JOINED BY SOUTHWICK, P.J. MOORE, J., NOT
PARTICIPATING.

      McMILLIN, C.J., DISSENTING:

¶47. I respectfully dissent. The question of whether "fault" within the meaning of Section 85-5-7 can be
apportioned to an entity not a party to the litigation has been answered in the affirmative by the case of
Estate of Hunter v. General Motors, 729 So. 2d 1264 (Miss. 1999). The majority of this Court errs
when it relies upon a proposed definition of the word "party" contained in the dissent in Estate of Hunter to
suggest that Bracken's unavailability as a defendant in the tort action precluded the jury from calculating
Bracken's percentage of fault in Ladner's death. We, as an intermediate appellate court, are obligated to
follow the precedents contained in decisions of the Mississippi Supreme Court.

¶48. In Estate of Hunter, the supreme court considered whether the use of the term "party" in Section 85-
5-7 meant that an alleged wrong-doer had to be a party to the litigation in order to have fault assigned to it.
The court concluded that the Legislature intended the term only as a single-word means of identifying any of
the multiple entities capable of being adjudicated at fault, whether an individual or some recognized legal
entity such as a corporation. Id. at 1276 (¶44). Justice McRae, writing in dissent, urged a contrary
interpretation of the word "party" as referring to an entity lawfully before the court and subject to the court's
jurisdiction. Id. at 1281 (¶66). In that situation, no matter how compelling the members of this Court might
find Justice McRae's argument, we simply are not at liberty to adopt it in this situation. Rather, we must
concede the issue to the majority's view contained in the opinion of the court.

¶49. Having determined that Estate of Hunter admits of the possibility that Bracken could have some fault
apportioned to it even though it was not a party to the litigation, we ought then to turn to the related
question of whether the decision in that case requires the jury to consider the potential degree of negligence
of an employer enjoying immunity under workers compensation law. In my view, the reasoning in Estate of
Hunter does not necessarily compel the same result in this case. To a large extent, Estate of Hunter was
decided based upon policy considerations of fundamental fairness rather than principles of logical
interpretation of statutory language. That policy consideration was the inherent unfairness seen to arise from
refusing to permit fault to be allocated to a settling defendant. In the view of the supreme court, this gave
rise to the possibility that the plaintiff would purposely agree to a nominal settlement against an indigent
defendant, even though that defendant had substantial culpability in causing the injury, in order to preserve
the potential for a larger recovery from a less culpable defendant with deeper pockets. Id. at 1273 (¶32).
¶50. The same considerations of policy do not arise in the context of this case. When the absent defendant
is the injured party's employer, that employer is exempt from suit by statute and the inclusion or exclusion of
the employer is not a matter subject to manipulation by the injured employee.

¶51. A different policy consideration arises in the situation now before us. The question becomes whether
the injured plaintiff must see his potential recovery diminished by an assignment of fault to his immune
employer or whether a third party defendant may be made to respond in damages in an amount that
exceeds that defendant's proportionate share of fault in causing the injury. In my view, the more equitable
result is to permit allocation of fault to the exempt employer. While this diminishes the injured party's
ultimate recovery in the tort action, the injured party has already obtained or may, post verdict, seek
recovery under the compensation law from his employer. This right of recovery under workers'
compensation law is specifically intended to replace the previously-existing common law right of recovery
against the employer in tort. Thus, if the injured party is entitled to pursue both compensation benefits and
recovery in tort from a negligent third party whose liability is undiminished by the percentage of fault
attributable to the injured party's employer, the injured party is, to an extent, compensated twice for the
same injury. I would find it proper to require the allocation of fault to an immune employer to avoid such
double recovery.

¶52. Additionally, I respectfully disagree that evidence of the presence of marijuana in Ladner's
bloodstream, together with evidence of marijuana cigarettes in his pocket, was inadmissible. There was a
legitimate jury issue as to what percentage of fault for the accident could be attributed to Ladner under
Mississippi's comparative negligence law. Miss. Code Ann. § 85-5-7 (1972). It would be my firm view that
evidence tending to show that Ladner may have been under the influence of a consciousness-altering drug
to some degree was, at least potentially, admissible for such consideration as the jury determined was
proper. Whether that evidence would need to be accompanied by expert testimony to assess the levels of
drug ingestion discovered and the typical degree of motor or mental skill impairment that accompanies such
a dosage level is another matter and one that could be resolved on remand. However, the threshold
exclusion of the evidence based on considerations involving the manner in which the evidence was gathered
was, in my view, patently wrong. Evidence in a civil trial is admitted or excluded principally on the issue of
its probative value and not on the means by which it was gathered (excluding, of course, such self-evident
exceptions as the various privileges set out in Mississippi Rule of Evidence 501 through 505). The trial court
in this instance concluded that Ladner had not consented in advance to having his blood drawn and tested
for drugs. Even assuming the truth of that proposition, there is nothing in the rules of evidence that would
suggest the propriety of excluding the evidence on that basis.

¶53. The majority errs when it suggests that this case squarely presents the question unanswered in Hughes
v. Tupelo Oil Co. as to whether evidence obtained through the wrongful acts of a party may be properly
excluded when that party seeks its admission. Hughes v. Tupelo Oil Co., 510 So. 2d 502, 505 (Miss.
1987). As a result, the majority's subsequent reasoning to exclude evidence of Ladner's possible impairment
by answering the "unanswered question" of Hughes in favor of exclusion is faulty because it begins with an
erroneous premise. There is no evidence that any defendant committed a wrongful act in obtaining Ladner's
blood sample. The blood was drawn by a hospital operating under the mistaken assumption that Ladner
was an employee of Roy Anderson Corporation, and there simply is no indication that any party in this case
did anything wilfully or even negligently to create this false assumption on the hospital's part.

¶54. As an appellate court, we traffic in concepts defined as best we can with the available words of our
language. On occasion, words may fairly be said to be an imperfect means of communication. But to say
that a mistake by an entity not a party to this litigation may be equated to a wrongful act by a party to the
case, and then use that proposition as the basis to exclude relevant evidence is, in my view, an egregious
mishandling of the essential tools of our trade.

¶55. There is no hint that Anderson Corporation and Accu-Fab were engaged in an underhanded scheme
to surreptitiously test an unconscious and dying Ladner for drugs. Evidence that he might have been
impaired through the use of illegal drugs was certainly relevant. If it is to be excluded on retrial, it ought to
be on some other basis than that advanced by the majority in its opinion.

¶56. Ladner also points out that the trial court based its ruling in part on the proposition that the evidence of
Ladner's drug use was so prejudicial that it failed to pass the filtering screen of Mississippi Rule of Evidence
403. To the extent that the trial court based its ruling on that idea, I would reject the notion out of hand.
Certainly, evidence of impaired physical and mental capabilities brought on by self-administered illegal drugs
may be prejudicial, but, when the issue is whether Ladner, by his actions, contributed to his own death, that
evidence so fundamentally goes to the heart of the case that its probative value necessarily exceeds any
attendant prejudice to the plaintiff. To hold otherwise would be to suggest that, in a tort suit involving an
automobile accident, evidence that one driver was substantially intoxicated could be kept from the jury
because of the inflammatory nature of such evidence in today's society.

¶57. I conclude that we err when we preclude any possibility that the jury could hear evidence of Ladner's
impairment based on drug use and would remand with instructions that the evidence might be admissible
assuming the proper predicate could be laid to demonstrate that the drug concentration was sufficient to
impair Ladner's mental and motor skills to even the slightest degree. See Allen v. Blanks, 384 So. 2d 63,
67 (Miss. 1980) (holding that "[i]t is a fact capable of judicial notice that consumption of even small
quantities of alcohol may significantly, albeit "imperceptibly," impair reaction time."). Whether impairment
from marijuana use is a matter "capable of judicial notice" is a matter better left to be thrashed out at the
trial level on remand, but, short of that, it is certainly a matter capable of scientific proof.

SOUTHWICK, P.J., JOINS THIS SEPARATE WRITTEN OPINION.

      IRVING, J., CONCURRING IN PART, DISSENTING IN PART:

¶58. With deference to the majority's views, I dissent from its holding that Bracken is not a joint tort-feasor
for purpose of apportionment under Miss. Code Ann. § 85-5-7(7) (1972). The Mississippi Supreme
Court's construction of this statute in Estate of Hunter, 729 So. 2d 1264 (Miss. 1999) leaves no room for
equivocation on this issue. That is made certain by the following quote from Hunter: "This Court holds that
the term 'party', as used in § 85-5-7(7), refers to any participant to an occurrence which gives rise to a
lawsuit, and not merely the parties to a particular lawsuit or trial." Id at 1276.

¶59. I also dissent from the majority's conclusion that the jury's apportionment of fault to Ladner, Bracken's
employee, equates to constructive apportionment of fault to Bracken. I agree with the majority that a
corporation acts through its agents and employees. However, Ladner was a common laborer, not a
member of the board of directors of Bracken or its management level personnel. I know of no authority
holding that the actions of a corporate employee at this low level may be equated to the actions of the
corporation.
¶60. While I appreciate the majority's argument as to why Bracken should not be included in the
apportionment process, I cannot ignore the clear holding of the Mississippi Supreme Court which makes it
impossible to arrive at the result reached by the majority on the apportionment issue without refusing to
follow precedent set by our Supreme Court. Since I cannot distinguish Hunter, and because I do not
believe an employee at Ladner's level can be considered the alter ego of Bracken, I must part company
with the majority on this issue.

¶61. I also disagree with the majority's reasoning for upholding the trial court's ruling excluding the results of
the drug test from the evidence in this case. However, I do believe the trial judge's decision should be
upheld because, in my opinion, the record here is insufficient to warrant a finding that the trial judge erred,
although his reason may not have been sufficiently grounded.

¶62. I arrive at my position on this point because I believe the record is insufficient to warrant a finding that
Anderson acted properly or improperly in obtaining the evidence and that the resolution of the issue of
whether the drug test evidence was properly excluded should be premised not on Anderson's actions but
on whether the evidence was relevant. The record is devoid of evidence sufficient for us to make such
determination. Therefore, I would uphold the trial judge's exclusion of the drug test results. Anderson did
not make a proffer evidencing a sufficient relevant basis to support admission of the evidence. The fact that
Ladner had a drug in his system at the time of the accident, without more, is not relevant to the question of
his contributory negligence in the accident. Since Anderson made no proffer of how this evidence was
relevant to the issue being tried, I would hold that it did not preserve the issue for proper review. My
treatment of this issue should not be interpreted to mean that a finding of misconduct on Anderson's part in
obtaining the drug test and result is immaterial to the decision to admit the drug test evidence. I simply find
that the record here is insufficient to make such a finding. In a proper case, I would agree with the majority
that misconduct on the part of the proponent of the evidence in obtaining the evidence should preclude its
admission.

¶63. I concur with the reasoning and result reached by the majority on the other issues. However, I would
reverse and remand for a new trial so that the issue of apportionment can be placed before the jury.

KING, P.J., JOINS THIS SEPARATE WRITTEN OPINION.
