                IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                             AT JACKSON
                                 October 26, 2011 Session

                         IN THE MATTER OF: ALEX B.T.

              Direct Appeal from the Chancery Court for Shelby County
                   No. CH-08-1030     Walter L. Evans, Chancellor


               No. W2011-00511-COA-R3-PT - Filed November 15, 2011


This is a termination of parental rights case. The legal guardians of the child filed a petition
to terminate Mother’s parental rights based on her alleged willful failure to visit and support
the child. The trial court found that Mother’s efforts to visit and support had been frustrated
by the legal guardians’ actions. Therefore, the trial court concluded that Mother’s failure to
visit and support was not willful. Because the legal guardians failed to prove any of the
grounds required to terminate Mother’s parental rights, the trial court denied the petition. We
affirm.

 Tenn. R. App. P. 3. Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Chancery Court Affirmed

J. S TEVEN S TAFFORD, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which A LAN E. H IGHERS, P.J.,
W.S., and D AVID R. F ARMER, J., joined.

Linda Lynn Walls Holmes, Memphis, Tennessee, for the appellants, Rondey M. and Rosalind
M.

Victoria W. Gillard, Memphis, Tennessee, for the appellee, Jacquininia W. and Unknown
Biological Father.

Gregory S. Gallagher, Memphis, Tennessee, Guardian Ad Litem.

                                          OPINION

                                       I. Background
        The minor child Alex B.T.1 was born on October 4, 2002 to Respondent/Appellee
Jacquininia W. (“Mother”). Mother placed one man’s last name on the child’s birth
certificate, but the child was later unofficially adopted by Mother’s husband and Mother
began referring to the child using her husband’s last name.2 However, later paternity testing
proved that neither the man whose name was on the birth certificate, nor Mother’s husband
was the biological father of the child.3

        Sometime in April 2003, Mother was incarcerated for domestic violence. Over the
weekend while Mother was in jail, the child’s maternal grandmother (“Grandmother”) took
possession of the child. While Grandmother was visiting her other daughter, an unrelated
woman named Carolyn B. offered to help Grandmother care for the child while Mother was
incarcerated. Subsequently, Rosalind M. (“Rosalind”), Carolyn B.’s sister, offered to care for
the child in order to help Mother and Grandmother. Rosalind and her husband Rondey M.
(together, “Appellants” or “Legal Guardians”) proceeded to take care of the child on and off
until an order giving the Appellants temporary custody was entered in 2003 in the juvenile
court. At this time, Mother was awarded supervised visitation once a month with the child
at Grandmother’s home.

        In 2005, the juvenile court returned the child to Mother’s custody. However, Mother’s
ill health4 made it difficult for her to care for the child. By order of June 8, 2006, the court
found the child dependent and neglected and custody was awarded to the Appellants. Mother,
however, retained “reasonable and liberal visitation” rights.

       After the entry of the order in 2006, both the Appellants and Mother agree that Mother
had no visitation with the child, nor did she provide any financial support for the child. While
the Appellants argued that the failure to visit and support was willful, Mother asserted that
she made several attempts to call, visit, and support the child financially, all of which were
rebuffed by the Appellants.

        On June 3, 2008, the Appellants filed a petition to Terminate Mother’s and Unknown


        1
          In termination of parental rights cases, it is the policy of this Court to remove the names of minor
children and other parties in order to protect their identities.
        2
         At the time of the trial, all the parties and the child’s school records referred to the child with
Mother’s husband’s last name, rather than the name on the child’s birth certificate.
        3
            The biological father of the child remains unknown.
        4
          Mother suffers from Graves disease and, during this time, her illness became so serious as to
require surgery to remove her thyroid.

                                                     -2-
Biological Father’s parental rights and to adopt the child. A default judgment was entered
against Unknown Biological Father and his rights were terminated by a supplemental order
dated April 29, 2011.5 After Biological Mother, acting pro se, filed an answer to the petition,
an attorney was appointed for her by the court.

        A hearing was held on December 8, 2010. During the hearing, Mother testified that
she attempted to call the Appellants to speak with her son approximately 15 times per month;
however, the Appellants either did not answer the phone, hung up on Mother, or informed
her that the child was not available. Mother testified that, once when she called the house,
Rondey returned the call and threatened her, telling her that “there’s nothing down there that
belong[ed] to [Mother].” Mother testified that she attempted to file an internal affairs
complaint against Rondey, who is a Memphis Police Officer, but never followed through.
In addition, Mother’s other children often called the Appellants to speak with the child;
usually the children were more successful in getting to speak with Alex. However, they were
only allowed to speak with the child for short periods of time and, after one incident when
the children allegedly called late at night, Rondey filed a police report against the children
for making harassing phone calls. After that, Mother directed her children not to call the
Appellants again.

       Mother further testified that she had attempted to offer financial assistance to the
Appellants, by purchasing the child’s school uniforms and other items of clothing, but that
she was informed that her help was neither wanted, nor needed. Mother testified that she was
employed at the time of the hearing; however, she did not testify that she was employed in
the four months preceding the filing of the termination of parental rights petition. In fact,
Mother testified that she was not employed prior to October 2008 and that her unemployment
was due to her illness.6

        Mother also testified that, sometime after custody was temporarily given to the
Appellants in 2006, she returned to juvenile court to request a rehearing. However, juvenile
court personnel told her that she needed to wait six-months-to-a-year to file a petition for
custody to be returned to her. According to Mother, she became ill at that time and was not
able to return to court until after the petition to terminate her parental rights was filed, though
she had yet to receive notice of the petition. Because of the filing of the termination petition,

          5
              The termination of Unknown Biological Father’s parental rights are not the subject of the instant
appeal.
          6
         Attorney for the Appellants asked Mother if she was employed in October of 2008, which was four
months after the filing of the petition to terminate Mother’s parental rights. Mother was never asked whether
she was employed during the four months preceding the petition. Mother did testify, however, that her illness
made her unable to work for much of 2008.

                                                        -3-
the juvenile court dismissed Mother’s petition to change custody pending resolution of this
action in chancery court. Only at this point, Mother alleged, did she learn of the petition to
terminate her parental rights, even though it had been filed months earlier.

        Finally, Mother testified that her name was not put on any daycare or school
documents, nor was the school informed that she had liberal visitation rights; consequently,
she was not allowed to visit with the child. According to Mother, she only learned that the
child was in a certain daycare center after she attempted to enroll another of her children
there. Once Mother learned that the child was at that daycare, the Appellants immediately
moved the child to a different daycare. On another occasion, in approximately October of
2010, Mother called the child’s elementary school to arrange to visit him and was informed
that her name was not on any paperwork indicating that she had the right to visit with the
child. When this incident occurred, the school called Rosalind and she failed to inform the
school that Mother was the child’s biological parent or that Mother had the right to visit with
the child. After speaking with Rosalind, the school called Mother back and told her she was
not allowed to visit the child.

        Rondey testified that he had never been home when Mother called to speak with Alex.
In addition, he stated that he had never threatened Mother, but had called to tell her not to
call his home late at night after returning from a weekend trip and seeing a call from Mother
on the caller-ID at 1:00 in the morning. Rondey stated that no internal affairs complaint was
ever filed against him by Mother. Further, Rondey admitted that he had filed a police report
against Mother’s other children, but only because the children had called late one night at
around 2:00 in the morning.

       With regard to his relationship with the child, Rondey testified that he has a close and
loving relationship with Alex, that the child refers to Rondey as his father, and that the child
has flourished under the Appellants’ care. Rondey testified that he, his wife, and the child
participate in many school, sports, and church activities and that, although the child has
asthma, he is otherwise healthy and content.

       Rosalind testified that the few times Mother has called to speak with the child, Mother
was allowed to talk with Alex. However, Rosalind testified that Mother had not called in the
four month period leading up to the filing of the petition to terminate parental rights,7 nor has
Mother attempted to visit the child since custody was returned to the Appellants in 2006.
Rosalind also testified that she would have been happy to accept any financial support or


        7
        Because of the confusion surrounding the date of the actual four month period at issue, is not clear
whether Rosalind was referring to the correct four month period or the period surrounding October 2008,
which was mistakenly considered the appropriate period at other points during the trial.

                                                    -4-
gifts for the child from Mother, but that none were ever offered.

       Rosalind did admit, however, that Mother’s name was never placed on any of the
school documents to allow Mother to visit the child at school or daycare. Rosalind conceded
that she was fully aware of the court order allowing Mother reasonable visitation, and, as a
school principal, she was also aware that omitting Mother’s name from school documents
would result in Mother having no contact with the child at school. Nonetheless, Rosalind
explained that Mother had only “sparingly” contacted the child and that the Appellants did
not want Mother to see the child without coming to them first. Instead, Rosalind stated that,
had Mother sought legal action against the Appellants (by, for example, petitioning court
personnel or a guardian ad litem to “remind[]” the Appellants of the court order (even though
Appellants admit that they were fully aware of Mother’s visitation rights)), she would have
allowed Mother to visit with the child.

        Rosalind also testified that she has a close and loving relationship with the child, as
does her daughter, who lived with the Appellants prior to going to college. Rosalind testified
that the child does well in school and extracurricular activities, calls her his mother, although
he knows that she is not his biological mother, and most likely would not recognize his
biological mother should he see her.

       Carolyn B. next testified about the unusual circumstances surrounding the child’s
placement with the Appellants. She further testified that she has never known Mother to visit
with or call the child while she was at the Appellants’ home. She also testified to the close
bond that the child has with the Appellants, as well as to their good parenting skills.

        Grandmother testified that she was on the phone on several occasions when Mother
attempted to call the child. The majority of the time, Rosalind or Rosalind’s daughter
informed Mother that the child was not available. On one occasion, however, Mother was
allowed to speak to the child, and according to Grandmother, the child told Mother that she
was not his Mother and that his Mother had gone “far, far, far away.” When informed that
Mother was his biological parent, the child asked her to visit. Despite the request, Mother did
not visit the child because Rondey allegedly cursed Mother and would not allow the
visitation.

        Finally, Mother’s sister (“Maternal Aunt”) testified that Mother had attempted, on
numerous occasions, to visit with the child, going so far as to go to the Appellants’ home
accompanied by a police officer; however, the Appellants were never home or refused to
answer their door. Maternal Aunt further testified that Mother purchased toys and clothes for
the child at Christmas, but was not able to give the child the gifts because she was never able
to contact the Appellants. Maternal Aunt did admit, however, that she, Grandmother, and

                                               -5-
Mother all were aware of the Appellants’ address and, instead of sending the gifts to the child
in the mail, they gave the gifts to a needy family.

        At the close of proof, the court found that the Appellants failed to prove, by clear and
convincing evidence, either that Mother willfully failed to visit or willfully failed to support
the child. The court found both Mother and Grandmother highly credible, but found the
Appellants somewhat less credible. The court further found that the Appellants had interfered
with Mother’s right to visit with the child by refusing to allow visitation on the occasions that
they were aware Mother was seeking to visit the child and failing to place her name on
school records, which the court considered “an obvious attempt to deny [Mother] the
opportunity to visit with this child.” Further, the court found that Mother had made several
attempts to provide support for the child, which were also “rebuffed by the Appellants,” even
though Mother was not aware that she was under any affirmative duty to give support to the
child. Accordingly, the court found that the evidence did not establish that any of the required
grounds for termination of parental rights existed and denied the petition to terminate
Mother’s rights. An order with the required findings of fact and conclusions of law was
subsequently entered on December 28, 2010. The Appellants appeal.8

                                                II. Issues

1.      Whether the trial court erred in finding that biological mother did not willfully
        abandon the child by failing to visit?
2.      Whether the trial court erred in finding that biological mother did not willfully
        abandon the child by failing to support?
3.      Whether the trial court erred in denying appellants petition to terminate biological
        mother's parental rights when the evidence was clear and convincing that the
        termination of parental rights was in the best interests of the minor child?

                                      III. Standard of Review

        Under both the United States and Tennessee Constitutions, a parent has a fundamental
right to the care, custody, and control of his or her child. Stanley v. Illinois, 405 U.S. 645,
651 (1972); Nash-Putnam v. McCloud, 921 S.W.2d 170, 174 (Tenn. 1996). Thus, the state


        8
          When reviewing the record on appeal, this Court concluded that the order appealed was not a final
order, and therefore, not appealable as a matter of right, as the order denying the petition to terminate
parental rights did not dispose of the Appellants’ request to terminate Unknown Biological Father’s rights.
See Tenn. R. App. P. 3. Accordingly, this court entered an order requiring the Appellants to obtain a final
judgment in this case lest their appeal be dismissed. On April 29, 2009, the chancery court entered an order
terminating Unknown Biological Father’s parental rights. This appeal is now properly before this Court.

                                                    -6-
may interfere with parental rights only if there is a compelling state interest. Nash-Putnam,
921 S.W.2d at 174-75 (citing Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745 (1982)). Our termination
statutes identify “those situations in which the state's interest in the welfare of a child justifies
interference with a parent's constitutional rights by setting forth grounds on which
termination proceedings can be brought.” In re W .B., Nos. M2004-00999-COA-R3-PT,
M2004-01572-COA-R3-PT, 2005 WL 1021618, at *7 (Tenn. Ct. App. Apr. 29, 2005)
(citing Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g)). A person seeking to terminate parental rights must
prove both the existence of one of the statutory grounds for termination and that termination
is in the child's best interest. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(c); In re D.L.B., 118 S.W.3d 360,
367 (Tenn. 2003); In re Valentine, 79 S.W.3d 539, 546 (Tenn. 2002).

        Because of the fundamental nature of the parent's rights and the grave consequences
of the termination of those rights, courts must require a higher standard of proof in deciding
termination cases. Santosky, 455 U.S. at 769. Consequently, both the grounds for termination
and the best interest inquiry must be established by clear and convincing evidence. Tenn.
Code Ann. § 36-3-113(c)(1); In re Valentine, 79 S.W.3d at 546. Clear and convincing
evidence “establishes that the truth of the facts asserted is highly probable ... and eliminates
any serious or substantial doubt about the correctness of the conclusions drawn from the
evidence.” In re M.J.B., 140 S.W.3d 643, 653 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2004). Such evidence
“produces in a fact-finder's mind a firm belief or conviction regarding the truth of the facts
sought to be established.” Id. at 653.

        In light of the heightened standard of proof in termination of parental rights cases, a
reviewing court must modify the customary standard of review as set forth in Tenn. R. App.
P. 13(d). As to the trial court's findings of fact, our review is de novo with a presumption of
correctness unless the evidence preponderates otherwise. Tenn. R. App. P. 13(d). We must
then determine whether the facts, as found by the trial court or as supported by the
preponderance of the evidence, clearly and convincingly establish the elements necessary to
terminate parental rights. Jones v. Garrett, 92 S.W.3d 835, 838 (Tenn. 2002). When the
resolution of an issue in a case depends upon the truthfulness of witnesses, the trial judge
who has had the opportunity to observe the witnesses and their manner and demeanor while
testifying is in a far better position than this Court to decide those issues. See McCaleb v.
Saturn Corp., 910 S.W.2d 412, 415 (Tenn. 1995); Whitaker v. Whitaker, 957 S.W.2d 834,
837 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1997). The weight, faith, and credit to be given to any witness'
testimony lies in the first instance with the trier of fact, and the credibility accorded will be
given great weight by the appellate court. See id.; see also Walton v. Young, 950 S.W.2d
956, 959 (Tenn. 1997).

                                           IV. Analysis



                                                 -7-
     Only one ground for termination of parental rights is at issue in this
case—abandonment. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(1). Abandonment is defined as:

        For a period of four (4) consecutive months immediately preceding the filing
        of a proceeding or pleading to terminate the parental rights of the parent(s) or
        guardian(s) of the child who is the subject of the petition for termination of
        parental rights or adoption, that the parent(s) or guardian(s) either have
        willfully failed to visit or have willfully failed to support or have willfully
        failed to make reasonable payments toward the support of the child; . . .

Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-102(1)(A)(i). Willful failure to visit means “the willful failure, for
a period of four (4) consecutive months, to visit or engage in more than token visitation.” 9
Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-102(1)(E). Willful failure to support means “the willful failure, for
a period of four (4) consecutive months, to provide monetary support or the willful failure
to provide more than token payments10 toward the support of the child.” Tenn. Code Ann.
§ 36-1-102(1)(D). Therefore, for both the grounds of willful failure to visit and willful failure
to support, the relevant period is four months prior to the filing of the petition to terminate
parental rights, or in this case, from February 8, 2008 to June 8, 2008.

        As a preliminary matter, we note that there was considerable confusion at trial
regarding the relevant period; therefore, little evidence was presented regarding the period
from February 8, 2008 to June 8, 2008. From our review of the record, the parties appeared
to be operating under the mistaken impression that the relevant period began sometime
around October 2008, which was four months after the filing of the petition. However, the
law is clear that, in order to terminate parental rights, the abandonment must occur in the four
months preceding the filing of the petition. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(1).

       To further complicate matters, the trial court heard testimony concerning the
Appellants’ actions prior to the relevant period to determine if those actions excused
Mother’s failure to visit and support. The Appellants do not take issue with the admission
and consideration of this evidence on appeal. In addition, our research has shown that courts
often consider events that occurred prior to the relevant period to determine if there was
interference with the biological parent’s attempts to visit or support the child. See e.g., In re


        9
          Token visitation means “visitation, under the circumstances of the individual case, constitutes
nothing more than perfunctory visitation or visitation of such an infrequent nature or of such short duration
as to merely establish minimal or insubstantial contact with the child.” Tenn. Code Ann. §36-1-102(1)(B).
        10
           Token payments refers to “support, [which] under the circumstances of the individual case, is
insignificant given the parent's means.” Tenn. Code Ann. §36-1-102(1)(C).

                                                    -8-
Adoption of A.M.H., 215 S.W.3d 793, 801 (Tenn. 2007) (considering legal guardians’
actions prior to the relevant period to determine that there had been substantial interference
in biological parents’ visitation); In re S.M., 149 S.W.3d 632 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2004)
(considering fact that mother informed father that the child was dead, even though the
communication took place prior to the relevant period). Accordingly, this Court may only
consider the period between February 8, 2008 and June 8, 2008 to determine if there was a
willful failure to visit or support, but may consider prior actions to determine if a failure to
visit or support during the relevant period was excused by the actions of others.

        Turning to the substance of the Appellants’ argument, the Appellants contend that the
trial court erred in declining to find that Mother willfully failed to visit and support the child
in the four months preceding the petition to terminate parental rights. Mother admits that she
had no contact with the child during this period, but contends that the Appellants’
interference with her visitation rights alienated her from the child and prevented her from
exercising her visitation and supporting the child. Grandmother corroborated Mother’s
efforts to visit and speak with the child, as well as her efforts to give the child gifts. The trial
court gave great weight to Mother and Grandmother, specifically finding their testimony
credible.

                                  A. Willful Failure to Visit

      The Appellants first argue that Mother’s failure to visit was willful. They contend that
Mother did not attempt to visit the child the entire time the child was in the Appellants’
custody, much less in the four months preceding the filing of the petition. Mother argues that
the Appellants’ conduct interfered with her attempts to visit and excused her failure to do so.

      In order to constitute a ground for the termination of parental rights, a failure to visit
must be willful; regarding willfulness, the Tennessee Supreme Court has stated:

       We have held that when a parent attempts to visit his child but is “thwarted by
       the acts of others,” the failure to visit is not willful. In re Adoption of A.M.H.,
       215 S.W.3d 793, 810 (Tenn. 2007); see In re F.R.R., III, 193 S.W.3d [528,]
       530 [Tenn. 2006]. Thus, a parent's failure to visit is willful when it is “the
       product of free will, rather than coercion.” In re Audrey S., 182 S.W.3d 838,
       863 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2005).

                                               ***

       A parent's failure to visit may be excused by the acts of another only if those
       acts actually prevent the parent from visiting the child or constitute a

                                                -9-
       significant restraint or interference with the parent's attempts to visit the child.
       In re Audrey S., 182 S.W.3d at 864.

In re M.L.P., 281 S.W.3d 387, 392–93 (Tenn. 2009). When applying this standard, this Court
has stated:
               Conduct that amounts to a significant restraint or interference with a
       parent's efforts to support or develop a relationship with a child includes (1)
       telling a man he is not the child's biological father, (2) blocking access to the
       child, (3) keeping the child's whereabouts unknown, (4) vigorously resisting
       the parent's efforts to support the child, or (5) vigorously resisting a parent's
       efforts to visit the child.

In re S.M., 149 S.W.3d 632, 642 n.18 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2004) (citing In re S.A.B., 735 So.2d
523, 524 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App.1999)). The trial court found that the Appellants had interfered
with Mother’s visitation so as to place a significant restraint on her ability to maintain a
relationship with the child. Accordingly, the trial court concluded that Mother’s failure to
visit was not willful. According to the Tennessee Supreme Court, the determination of
whether the failure to visit and support is willful is the province of the trial court. See In re
D.L.B., 118 S.W.3d 360, 367 (Tenn. 2003) (“Furthermore, we hold that the trial court is the
proper court to make a determination of willfulness pursuant to Tennessee Code Annotated
Section 36–1–102(1)(A)(iii).”). This Court has previously discussed the difficulty of
determining willfulness:

       The willfulness of particular conduct depends upon the actor's intent. Intent is
       seldom capable of direct proof, and triers-of-fact lack the ability to peer into
       a person's mind to assess intentions or motivations . . . . Accordingly,
       triers-of-fact must infer intent from the circumstantial evidence, including a
       person's actions or conduct.

Dept. of Children's Services v. Culbertson, 152 S.W.3d 513, 523 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2004). The
trial court based its ruling on Mother’s and Grandmother’s credibility. Credibility issues are
best left to the trier-of-fact, and we will not overturn those finding absent clear and
convincing evidence to the contrary. See Heffington v. Heffington, No. M2009-00434-COA-
R3-CV, 2010 WL 623629, at *2 (Tenn. Ct. App. Feb. 19, 2010). Nothing in the record
significantly detracts from Mother’s or Grandmother’s credibility or lends greater weight to
the testimony of the Appellants; accordingly, we will not disturb the court’s credibility
findings.

       Appellants cite several cases where the courts have concluded that the biological
parent's failure to visit was not excused by the actions of third parties; however these cases

                                              -10-
are distinguishable from the present situation. First, in In re M.L.P., 281 S.W.3d 387 (Tenn.
2009), Father attempted to visit with his child early in the child's life but was told by the legal
guardian that "I don't think it's a good idea right now." Id. at 393. After approximately eight
calls, the Father never again attempted to see the child, even though he attended court
hearings wherein Mother attempted to regain custody. Id. The Tennessee Supreme Court
stated that "Father had no explanation . . . for his failure to take legal action or to request
informal visitation . . . after he established paternity." Id. In contrast, here Mother and
Grandmother testified that they tried repeatedly to call and visit with the child and were never
allowed to do so.

        In another case, V.D. v. N.M.B., No. M2003-00186-COA-R3-CV, 2004 WL 1732323,
(Tenn. Ct. App. July 26, 2004), this Court specifically stated that "Mother did not establish
that she tried to visit but [legal guardian] obstructed the visit." Id. at *6. Likewise in In re
DMD, No. W2003-00987-COA-R3-PT, 2004 WL 1359046 (Tenn. Ct. App. June 17, 2004),
this Court found that "although Mother testified to one unpleasant telephone conversation
with [the legal guardians], this conversation does not support a determination that Mother
was prevented or significantly hindered from visiting or maintaining contact with her
children." Id. at *5. In this case, given the trial court’s credibility findings in favor of Mother
and Grandmother, the evidence shows that Mother made numerous attempts to call and visit
the child and her efforts to maintain a parental relationship were frustrated by the Appellants’
efforts to limit her contact with the child.

        We are concerned, as was the trial court, by the Appellants’ failure to place Mother’s
name on any school/daycare documents and their corresponding refusal to allow Mother to
visit the child at school and daycare. We note, however, that the trial court placed
considerable emphasis on the episode where Mother attempted to visit the child’s elementary
school; this episode occurred after the filing of the petition to terminate parental rights, and,
as such, is not evidence of interference prior to the petition.

         Other evidence, however, shows that the Appellants did nothing to facilitate a
relationship between Mother and the child. In fact, Rosalind testified that it was Mother’s
job to seek court action against the Appellants to enforce the court ordered visitation, even
though she was fully aware of Mother’s visitation rights. This Court has previously held that
an adoption agency’s position that the biological parent “litigate if he [or she] desired to
develop a relationship with [the] child” was a substantial restraint on the parent’s efforts to
maintain a relationship with the child and the interference excused the biological parent’s
failure to visit. In re S.M., 149 S.W.3d 632, 642 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2004).

       We conclude, from the totality of the circumstances, that the evidence shows an effort
on part of the Appellants to interfere with Mother’s right to see her child and that, as a result,

                                               -11-
there was animosity between Mother and the Appellants. The Tennessee Supreme Court has
held that antagonism between biological parents and legal guardians may excuse a failure to
visit. See In re Adoption of A.M.H., 215 S.W.3d 793, 810 (Tenn. 2007) (“Where, as here,
the parents' visits with their child have resulted in enmity between the parties and where the
parents redirect their efforts at maintaining a parent-child relationship to the courts the
evidence does not support a ‘willful failure to visit’ as a ground for abandonment.”). The
Appellants were clearly aware that Mother had been awarded reasonable and liberal
visitation rights with the child, and their actions, especially with regard to refusing to place
Mother’s name on any school documents and filing a police report against the child’s siblings
for a single incident of late-night phone calls, created a significant restraint on Mother’s
ability to foster a relationship with her child.

       The Appellants argue that Mother gave no time periods for her attempts to call or visit
the child. Indeed, given the confusion over the time period, little to no evidence was
presented regarding the relevant time period at the trial. However, the burden was on the
Appellants to prove the grounds for termination by clear and convincing evidence. Rather
than supporting a finding that Mother abandoned her child, the lack of evidence regarding
the relevant period supports the trial court’s finding that the Appellants had not met their
burden. Given the high evidentiary burden in termination of parental rights cases, we
conclude that the Appellants failed to meet their burden to prove, by clear and convincing
evidence, that Mother’s failure to visit was willful.

                               B. Willful Failure to Support

       The Appellants next argue that Mother’s failure to support the child was willful. In
order to determine whether the failure to support was willful, this Court has outlined the
following guidelines:

       Failure of a parent to pay support under the termination statutes is "willful" if
       the parent "is aware of his or her duty to support, has the capacity to provide
       the support, makes no attempt to provide support, and has no justifiable excuse
       for not providing the support."

Culbertson, 152 S.W.3d at 523 (quoting In re Adoption of Muir, No.
M2002–02963–COA–R3–CV, 2003 WL 22794524, at *5 (Tenn. Ct. App. Nov. 25, 2003)).
From our review of the record, there is no evidence that Mother was employed and thus had
the capacity to pay support during the four months preceding the filing of the petition. A
parent who fails to support a child because he or she is financially unable to do so is not
willfully failing to support the child. In re M.B., No. M2005-02120-COA-R3PT, 2006 WL
1082827, *5 (Tenn. Ct. App. Apr. 25, 2006) (citing Pierce v. Bechtold, 448 S.W.2d 425, 429

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(Tenn. 1969)). The evidence shows that Mother suffers from a sometimes debilitating
disease, which makes it impossible for her to work at times. Indeed, Mother testified that her
unemployment prior to October of 2008 was due to her illness, which was uncontradicted at
trial. Consequently, we cannot assume that Mother was able to provide support to the child
in the four months preceding the petition to terminate her parental rights. The burden was on
the Appellants to prove that Mother’s failure to support was willful; by failing to present any
evidence on her employment in the four months preceding the filing of the petition, they
clearly have not met that burden.

                                       V. Conclusion

        The only grounds alleged in the petition to terminate Mother’s parental rights were
abandonment by willful failure to visit and willful failure to support. Accordingly, we affirm
the trial court’s ruling that Appellants failed to prove any grounds for termination of
Mother’s parental rights by clear and convincing evidence. As such, we need not consider
whether the termination is in the child’s best interest. We note that no issues concerning a
change of custody or visitation were entertained in the trial court; therefore our review is
limited to the petition to terminate parental rights. The ruling of the Shelby County Chancery
Court is affirmed. Costs of this appeal are taxed to Appellants Rosalind M. and Rondey M.,
and their surety.




                                                    _________________________________
                                                    J. STEVEN STAFFORD, JUDGE




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