[Cite as State v. Wingfield, 2019-Ohio-1644.]


                 Court of Appeals of Ohio
                                EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                   COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA


                               JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION
                                       No. 107196



                                       STATE OF OHIO
                                                      PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE

                                                vs.

                                  DANIEL WINGFIELD
                                                      DEFENDANT-APPELLANT




                                            JUDGMENT:
                                             AFFIRMED


                                     Criminal Appeal from the
                              Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas
                                    Case No. CR-15-601476-D

        BEFORE:           Sheehan, J., E.T. Gallagher, P.J., and Blackmon, J.

        RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: May 2, 2019
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT

Rick L. Ferrara
2077 East Fourth Street, 2nd Floor
Cleveland, OH 44114


ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE

Michael C. O’Malley
Cuyahoga County Prosecutor

By: Geoffrey S. Minter
Anna M. Faraglia
Katherine Mullin
Brian Radigan
Assistant County Prosecutors
Justice Center, 9th Floor
1200 Ontario Street
Cleveland, OH 44113
MICHELLE J. SHEEHAN, J.:

      {¶1} Defendant-appellant Daniel Wingfield appeals from his conviction for

aggravated murder, murder, attempted murder, felonious assault, and having weapons

while under disability. For the reasons that follow, we affirm.

                                 I.   Procedural History

      {¶2} On December 3, 2015, Wingfield was charged along with three

codefendants in a multiple-count indictment:   Count 1 — aggravated murder (of Dexter

Mangham) in violation of R.C. 2903.01(A); Count 2 — murder (Mangham) in violation

of R.C. 2903.02(B); Count 3 — felonious assault (Mangham) in violation of R.C.

2903.11(A)(1); Count 4 — felonious assault (Mangham) in violation of R.C.

2903.11(A)(2); Count 5 — attempted murder (of Alfonzo Jones) in violation of R.C.

2923.02/2903.02(A); Count 6 — felonious assault (Jones) in violation of R.C.

2903.11(A)(1); Count 7 — felonious assault (Jones) in violation of R.C. 2903.11(A)(2);

Count 8 — attempted murder (of Jami N. Russell) in violation of R.C.

2923.02/2903.02(A); Count 9 — felonious assault (Russell) in violation of R.C.

2903.11(A)(1); Count 10 — felonious assault (Russell) in violation of R.C.

2903.11(A)(2); Count 11 — attempted murder (of Pierre R. Williams) in violation of R.C.

2923.02/2903.02(A); Count 12 — felonious assault (Williams) in violation of R.C.

2903.11(A)(1); Count 13 — felonious assault (Williams) in violation of R.C.

2903.11(A)(2); and Count 15 — having weapons while under disability in violation of
R.C. 2923.13(A)(3).1 The indictment stems from a shooting that occurred on September

27, 2015, in the area of E. 4th Street and Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio.

      {¶3} Wingfield waived his right to a jury trial, and the bench trial commenced on

March 13, 2018. At the close of the state’s evidence, Wingfield moved for Crim.R. 29

acquittal, and the state requested the court consider the theory of aiding and abetting.

The court denied Wingfield’s motion for acquittal and found him guilty on all counts.

      {¶4} On April 19, 2018, the court held a sentencing hearing.        The court merged

Counts 1 through 4, and the state elected the court to sentence on Count 1; Counts 5

through 7, and the state elected the court to sentence on Count 5; Counts 8 through 10,

and the state elected the court to sentence on Count 8; and Counts 11 through 13, and the

state elected the court to sentence on Count 11.       The court then imposed the following

sentence:      Count 1 — 25 years to life in prison, plus an additional mandatory

consecutive 3 years on the firearm specification; Counts 5, 8, and 11 — 5 years in prison

on each count, plus an additional 3 years on the firearm specifications, consecutive to

serving the 5 years on each sentence; and Count 15 — 18 months in prison. The court

ordered all sentences to be served consecutively and made the findings under R.C.

2929.14(C)(4). The total prison sentence imposed was 53 ½ years.

      {¶5} Wingfield appealed his conviction and assigned the following errors for our

review:




            Count 14 pertains only to a codefendant.
      1
       I. The trial court denied Appellant his right to due process under the
       United States and Ohio Constitutions, Confrontation Clause, and abused its
       discretion under Ohio law when it allowed a police officer to provide
       hearsay, identification testimony to prove the truth of the matter asserted.

       II. The state presented insufficient evidence of Appellant’s guilt of any
       indicted offense under either state law or measured by federal protections of
       due process.

       III.    The manifest weight of the evidence did not support a conviction of

       Appellant.

                                         II.   Trial

       {¶6} Cleveland Police Officer Robert O’Brien testified that he was on routine

patrol in downtown Cleveland in the early morning hours of September 7, 2015, when he

received a call about shots being fired in the area of East Fourth Street and Euclid

Avenue.       Responding to the scene, Officer O’Brien observed “many people running

around” and an unresponsive male lying on the ground at the corner of East Fourth and

Euclid.   Multiple officers were on the scene.    The officer testified that “a lot of people”

were exiting the Bank Nightclub on Euclid Avenue. Officer O’Brien also observed a

female in the same area of East Fourth and Euclid with a gunshot wound to her left leg.

She was later identified as Jami Russell. The officer spoke with this victim, gathered

information from her, made a report, and then cordoned off the area in order to preserve

the scene.

       {¶7} Officer Darian Laska also responded to a call of shots fired near the Bank

Nightclub.     While on the way to East Fourth and Euclid, Officer Laska received updated

information of possible suspects heading down East Fourth Street. The officer testified
that he and his partner headed to East Fourth and Prospect Avenue, where he observed

people running. He stated that he heard from people shouting that someone had been

shot.   Officer Laska then observed a male, who had been shot in his left calf, “almost

hiding under a pickup truck.”    This individual was later identified as Pierre Williams.

Officer Laska and his partner assisted the victim, gathered some information from the

victim while attempting to calm him down, and then proceeded to walk up and down East

Fourth Street looking for a weapon. They were unsuccessful in finding one.

        {¶8} Detective Stephen McGrath was working the night shift as a patrol officer

when he responded to St. Vincent Charity Hospital for a report of a male with a gunshot

wound to his right leg. Detective McGrath identified the victim as Alfonzo Jones. The

detective testified that the victim was not forthcoming with information, but he eventually

revealed that he had been at a downtown bar, and he offered “a very vague description of

a suspect.”

        {¶9} Martize Hollowell was with his childhood friend, Dexter Mangham, at the

Bank Nightclub on September 27, 2015. He testified that when he was inside the club, a

fight broke out, and he ran outside.      He thought Mangham was right behind him.

While Hollowell was running down Euclid Avenue, he saw that a male who was running

behind him got shot in the leg. Hollowell flagged someone down to assist the male.

        {¶10} Hollowell stated that he did not know at this point where Mangham was.

Hollowell testified that he heard a lot of shots but did not see who fired the shots because

he “didn’t look back.” Hollowell testified that he kept running until the police found
him, placed him in a patrol car, and brought him back to the club.      When the police

informed him that Mangham was shot in the head, he cried.

       {¶11} Hollowell was taken to the police station downtown where he gave his

statement to a detective.    After speaking with the police, Hollowell returned to his

mother’s house to find police officers there.       Hollowell stated that there was “big

damage” done to the home, including a window being shot out. He did not know why

his mother’s house would have been damaged in that way.

       {¶12} Detective Raymond Diaz received a text message from dispatch at

approximately 2:30 a.m. on September 27, 2015, with a report of a male who was the

victim of a gunshot wound.

       {¶13} Responding to the scene, the detective began to assist the crime scene unit

with collecting evidence.    He learned at this time that there were multiple gunshot

victims, three of whom were shot in the leg and one male who was shot in the head and

had died. Detective Diaz testified that in the course of his investigation, he spoke with

each of the surviving victims regarding their injuries.

       {¶14} While on the scene, Detective Diaz observed broken glass, blood, articles of

clothing, bullet holes, and a window of the Cleveland Sports Commission on Euclid

Avenue that had been shot out. The detectives recovered two .380 caliber spent shell

casings and three 9 mm spent shell casings from the roadway in front of the Sports

Commission.
       {¶15} The detectives returned to the scene the next day in order to search for

additional evidence in the daylight. At this time, the detectives discovered additional

“defects” in the interior of the Sports Commission, along with a deformed pellet, which

they removed from a wall inside the office.

       {¶16} The detectives also recovered video surveillance from the Sports

Commission (State exhibit No. 300).        The video, consisting of two camera views

(channel 4 and channel 6), captured individuals on the street and events that occurred on

Euclid Avenue in front of the Sports Commission.

       {¶17} Detective Diaz explained that he had reviewed the Sports Commission

videos and, based upon his investigation, including witness interviews, he was able to

determine the four individuals that approached and entered a vehicle around the time of

the shooting. The detective testified that his investigation allowed him to also identify

Hollowell and Mangham in the video.           He further testified regarding the video

surveillance, describing the events as they unfolded.

       {¶18} Detective Diaz’s review of the video surveillance revealed a Maserati

pulling into a parking space on Euclid Avenue in front of the Sports Commission.

Detective Diaz learned through his investigation that the owner of the Maserati is

Maurice Preston, whom the detectives interviewed but who had refused to testify in this

case. A Camry pulls in behind the Maserati. Four individuals exit the Maserati and

four individuals exit the Camry.     All eight individuals walk together westbound on

Euclid Avenue toward the Bank Nightclub. Some time passes, and the individuals that
Detective Diaz identified as Devon Drake, Dontez Drake, Christopher Smith, and

Wingfield return to the Camry. Dontez Drake gets into the front driver’s side of the

vehicle. Christopher Smith, whom the detective identifies as the individual dressed in

all white, walks directly behind Dontez Drake.        Devon Drake gets into the front

passenger’s side of the vehicle, and Wingfield gets into the back passenger’s side of the

vehicle.   They all remain in the vehicle for approximately 45 minutes.   Then Wingfield

exits the rear passenger’s side and walks westbound on Euclid toward the Bank

Nightclub, out of the camera’s view.   He returns to view approximately one minute later

and gets back into the rear passenger seat of the Camry. None of the other occupants

leave the vehicle.

       {¶19} Approximately ten minutes after Wingfield returns to the vehicle, three

individuals are seen on the video running eastbound on Euclid Avenue, and as the

detective states, “everything happens fast here.” One individual stops, begins to walk

back, westward on Euclid Avenue. The Camry’s brake lights light up, the Camry begins

to back up, and a flash appears, coming from the direction of the Camry. Mangham and

Hollowell are seen running east on Euclid Avenue, and the Camry starts to pull forward.

Mangham then falls to the ground. As the Camry continues to pull forward, flashes

“from a gun being fired in [Mangham’s] direction” come from the Camry.

       {¶20} Detective Diaz also testified that during the course of his investigation, he

learned about an incident that occurred at the Bank Nightclub.      And based upon that
information, the detectives obtained a search warrant for the club.    Upon searching the

interior of the premises, police discovered a bottle near suspected blood on the ground.

       {¶21} Detective Diaz further testified regarding the spent shell casings recovered

in the street directly in front of the Sports Commission. He stated that there were two

separate sets of casings, which would indicate that there were at least two firearms used

in this incident.   He testified that the location of the casings indicate the casings were

likely fired from the Camry that is seen in the video in front of the Sports Commission.

       {¶22} Additionally, Detective Diaz learned that the car in the video, a 2015 Toyota

Camry, had been rented by Lakita Drake from Enterprise Rent-a-Car on September 14,

2015, at 5:14 p.m. and returned on September 28, 2015, at 4:20 p.m. Detective Diaz

testified that upon locating the Camry, on October 21, 2015, the detectives examined the

inside of the vehicle for any defects possibly related to the shooting and collected samples

for any gunshot residue.      The detectives learned that the Camry had been cleaned,

re-rented, and returned to Enterprise by the time they had located and examined the

vehicle.   The detectives did not discover any defects, and because they learned the

vehicle had been cleaned and re-rented, it was never tested for gunshot residue.

       {¶23} Detective Diaz testified that based upon information gathered during his

investigation, all of the suspects were eventually located, interviewed, and arrested.

Wingfield was apprehended on October 18, 2015, by a fugitive task force in Akron.
       {¶24} Dr. Joseph Felo, from the Cuyahoga County medical examiner’s office,

concluded that Mangham suffered multiple gunshot wounds, including one in his hip and

one through his lower left leg, and a fatal gunshot wound to the head.

       {¶25} Kristin Koeth, the firearms examiner, testified that she received two morgue

pellets and five spent shell casings for examination. Upon testing, Koeth determined

that the two .380 shell casings were fired by a Taurus .380 caliber pistol. She testified

that one of the morgue pellets was fired by this handgun. She stated that the second

morgue pellet was also consistent with .380 ammunition but was too damaged to correlate

it with any other bullet.   Koeth further testified that the remaining three casings, the 9

mm Luger cartridge cases, were all fired by the same unknown 9 mm Glock handgun.

Finally, Koeth stated that a Ruger 9 mm caliber pistol from another case was submitted in

this case for comparison purposes.    Koeth concluded that the Ruger 9 mm caliber pistol

did not fire any of the submitted evidence related to Mangham’s death.

       {¶26} Sergeant Phillip Christopher, corrections sergeant with the Cuyahoga

County Sheriff’s Department, is in charge of jail investigation and inmate visitation.

Sergeant Christopher identified phone calls placed by Wingfield from jail (State’s exhibit

Nos. 305-307).     These phone calls were played for the court:

       Appellant:      If them n’gas stay cool, then n’ga don’t —         don’t say
       nothing, then n’gas cool.

       Appellant:     They got a statement and they got a video with a spark
       coming out of the window, but it doesn’t show nobody with no gun. They
       trying to convict all of us off a spark. Some n’ga post some statements
       saying he did this he did that so how they think some n’gas know
       something.
Caller:      Who do you think they are going to charge?

Appellant:      Man listen. Man.      They trying to charge whoever window
it was.

***

Appellant:       Yeah, that’s what I told these n’gas. But you see what I’m
saying * * * I talked to Woody the other day; me and Woody going to trial.

Caller:         So what are you going to do?

Appellant:      I’m going to trial.    They aren’t offering me no plea or
nothing.

***

Appellant:   That n’ga said that me and Woody were shooting. * * * And
then Woody and D said me and Chris were shooting.

***

Appellant:      Them n’gas D and Woody * * * tell them * * * them n’gas
don’t do shit. They tryin’ to put it on me and Chris * * * and this bitch ass
n’ga Chris tryin’ to put it on me and Woody.

Appellant:      See what it is, they trying to make it seem like they ain’t got
shit to do with shit. You feel me. They go see the homicide people and
say like, me and my brother ain’t got nothing to do with this da da da it was
them two.

***

Caller:         How did they even pick you up?

Appellant:     Them n’gas, you know how when you go see the homicide
people and they ask you who was in the car, them n’gas put my name down,
man. So then that’s when they put the warrant out for me.

***
      Appellant:        My lawyer says well the fight is they got to prove that I had
      a gun.

      ***
      Appellant:        All they got is of me getting in a car on the

                        video.     I can get in a car, what the f***

                        n’ga it’s a club, I’m leaving the club, you

                        feel me?

                                     III.   Police Testimony

      {¶27} In his first assignment of error, Wingfield contends that the court erred in

admitting the testimony of Detective Diaz.        Specifically, he contends that the detective’s

testimony regarding the identification of the defendant in video surveillance footage of

the crime scene was hearsay, improper opinion testimony, and a violation of the

Confrontation Clause.

                                            A.   Hearsay

      {¶28} Wingfield argues that Detective Diaz’s testimony identifying him (and his

codefendants) in the video surveillance is inadmissible hearsay.

      {¶29} A trial court has broad discretion regarding the admission of evidence,

including whether evidence constitutes hearsay and whether it is admissible hearsay.

Solon v. Woods, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 100916, 2014-Ohio-5425, ¶ 10. We therefore

will not disturb a trial court’s decision regarding the admissibility of hearsay evidence

absent an abuse of discretion and the defendant suffers material prejudice. Id., citing

State v. Maurer, 15 Ohio St.3d 239, 265, 473 N.E.2d 768 (1984).
       {¶30} Hearsay is “a statement, other than one made by the declarant while

testifying at the trial or hearing, offered in evidence to prove the truth of the matter

asserted.”   Evid.R. 801(C).    If either element is missing — (1) a statement or (2)

offered for its truth — the testimony is not hearsay. State v. Holt, 9th Dist. Lorain No.

97CA006985, 1999 Ohio App. LEXIS 4149, 8 (Sept. 8, 1996), citing Maurer at 262.

       {¶31} A “statement” is (1) an oral or written assertion or (2) nonverbal conduct

intended to be an assertion.   Evid.R. 801(A).    For hearsay purposes, an “assertion” is “a

statement about an event that happened or a condition that existed.” State v. Wellman,

10th Dist. Franklin No. 05AP-386, 2006-Ohio-3808, ¶ 14, citing State v. LaMar, 95 Ohio

St.3d 181, 2002-Ohio-2128, 767 N.E.2d 166, ¶ 61; State v. Carter, 72 Ohio St.3d 545,

549, 1995-Ohio-104, 651 N.E.2d 965, quoting 2 McCormick, Evidence, Section 246, at

98 (4th Ed.1992), (“An ‘assertion’ for hearsay purposes ‘simply means to say that

something is so, e.g., that an event happened or that a condition existed.’”).

       {¶32} There is no “statement” for hearsay purposes where a witness does not

testify about “what someone else said, wrote, or did.” State v. Maiolo, 2d Dist. Clark

No. 2015-CA-15, 2015-Ohio-4788, ¶ 14, citing Evid.R. 801(A) (defining a statement for

hearsay purposes); see State v. Wilson, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 92148, 2010-Ohio-550, ¶

24 (finding detective’s testimony regarding what he learned during his investigation into a

phone number not a statement and therefore not hearsay); State v. Tibbs, 8th Dist.

Cuyahoga No. 89723, 2008-Ohio-1258, ¶ 11 (finding officer’s testimony regarding what

he observed on a piece of evidence not a “statement” within the hearsay rule); State v.
Carruth, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 19997, 2004-Ohio-2317, ¶ 57 (finding officer’s

testimony regarding what he learned during his investigation into a remote control device

found on the defendant not a statement for hearsay purposes); State v. Neal, 2d Dist.

Champaign Nos. 2000 CA 16 and 2000 CA 18, 2002-Ohio-6786, ¶ 51 (finding no hearsay

where sheriff testified regarding what he learned as a result of his investigation and

related no statement made to him concerning the testimony); see also State v. Bailey, 8th

Dist. Cuyahoga No. 97330, 2012-Ohio-3356, ¶ 29 (finding the detective’s testimony

implicating what a witness reported provided context to events leading up to an arrest, did

not include what the witness told him, and was not hearsay).

       {¶33} The historic purpose of the hearsay rule is “to exclude statements of dubious

reliability that cannot be tested by cross-examination.” State v. Yarbrough, 95 Ohio

St.3d 227, 2002-Ohio-2126, 767 N.E.2d 216, ¶ 70; State v. Armstead, 85 Ohio App.3d

247, 253, 619 N.E.2d 513 (3d Dist.1993), quoting Mikula v. Balogh, 9 Ohio App.2d 250,

224 N.E.2d 148 (2d Dist.1965) (“[T]he rule prohibiting hearsay evidence is based upon

‘unreliability of such evidence and the impossibility of cross-examination.’”).   Hearsay

is generally inadmissible unless an exception applies. Evid.R. 802.

       {¶34} Detective Diaz took the stand and explained his investigation, stating that he

returned to the scene of the crime the same day to recover any video evidence.          He

testified that he recovered video surveillance from the Sports Commission and viewed

every section of the video footage that consisted of two camera angles.   Thereafter, over

defense counsel’s objections, the following exchange occurred:
       State: Through the course of your investigation, did you bring some
       witnesses in?

       Detective: Yes, Ma’am.

       State: Were you able to determine who was in this car (in the video)?

       Detective: Yes. I was able to identify four individuals who got into that
       vehicle.

       State: * * * and who were those individuals?

       Detective: I learned it to be Devon Drake, Dontez Drake, Christopher

       Smith, and Daniel Wingfield.

       {¶35} The detective stated that as a result of reviewing the video surveillance, they

obtained warrants for all four suspects who were all eventually arrested.     The prosecutor

then played the video for the court as the detective explained the footage:

       At 00:43:56 you’re going to see the rear taillights of the Toyota [Camry]
       then light up. There you see them light up from a key fob being hit. And
       then at 00:44 you’re going to see Devon Drake, Dontez Drake, Christopher
       Smith, and Daniel Wingfield all approaching the car.

       ***

       Dontez Drake is now going to walk on the driver’s side and go to the front

       driver’s side of the vehicle. Christopher Smith, who is in all white, walks

       directly behind him. Devon Drake, who’s the male right here (pointing at

       the video screen), he goes up to the front passenger seat. And then this

       male was identified as Daniel Wingfield, gets in the rear passenger seat.

       He steps off the curb and into the rear passenger door.
      {¶36} After having watched the video, hearing testimony from other witnesses,

and listening to the recorded   jailhouse phone calls, the prosecutor re-called Detective

Diaz, and the following testimony was presented over defense counsel’s objection:

      State: * * * You testified about the fact that there [were] four individuals
      that were in the car at the time of the shooting, correct?

      Detective: Correct.

      State: All right. During the course of your investigation, did you learn
      who those four individuals were?

      Detective: We did.

      ***

      State: Based on information that you learned, did you gain information that
      allowed you to make determinations of where Devon Drake was sitting in
      the car?

      Detective: We were. Yes.

      State: Okay. And based on the information that you had, where was
      Devon Drake sitting?

      Detective: * * * Devon Drake was seated in the front passenger seat.

      State: Okay. And based on information that you gained about * * *
      Dontez Drake, did you gain information about where you believed he was
      sitting?

      Detective: Dontez Drake was the driver of the vehicle.

      State: Okay. And likewise, * * * during the course of your investigation,
      were you able to make a determination as to where Christopher Smith was
      sitting?

      Detective: Yes.
        State: Okay. And what about watching the video allowed you to make a
        determination about where Christopher Smith was sitting?

        Detective: Christopher Smith was seated in the driver’s side rear door based
        on his clothing * * * He had white clothing on. And he had recently been
        shot, so he was walking with a limp.

        State: * * * you’ve indicated that based on the video and the course of your
        investigation you learned that there were four individuals in that car,
        correct?

        Detective: Correct.

        {¶37} Based upon their investigation, the police made a determination as to who

was in the car, as testified above, and they arrested Wingfield and his three codefendants.

        {¶38} We find the above exchange did not contain hearsay. Detective Diaz at no

time during the line of questioning testified regarding an out-of-court statement.     He did

not testify regarding an event that happened or a condition that existed.         Nor did he

testify about what someone said, wrote, or did.     Rather, the detective’s testimony related

to his investigation into the shooting, providing context to the events leading to the

suspects’ arrest.   And because this case was tried to the court, we presume, unless

affirmatively shown otherwise, that the court considered the detective’s testimony for

proper purposes. State v. Colegrove, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 102173, 2015-Ohio-3476,

¶ 22.

        {¶39} In addition, even if we find that the detective’s identification of Wingfield in

the car included a statement, that statement was not offered for the truth of the matter

asserted.   Rather, Wingfield admitted to being in the car at the scene of the shooting

(through his recorded jailhouse phone calls).        The detective’s testimony identifying
Wingfield as one of the individuals in the car that night was merely cumulative and not

offered for the truth of the matter asserted. State v. Taylor, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No.

101704, 2015-Ohio-2513, ¶ 47-48.         Wingfield specifically stated in the recorded

jailhouse call:

       Appellant: All they got is of me getting in car on the video. I can get in a

       car, what the f*** n’ga it’s a club, I’m leaving the club, you feel me?

Therefore, the detective’s statement regarding Wingfield in the vehicle in the video

surveillance is not hearsay. Because the case was tried to the court and there is no

evidence in the record that the court considered the detective’s statement for an otherwise

improper purpose, we presume the court considered the detective’s identification

statement for proper purposes. See Colegrove.

       {¶40} Thus, Wingfield’s argument that the trial court abused its discretion by

allowing Detective Diaz’s identification of Wingfield in the video surveillance is

overruled.

                                 B. Opinion Testimony

       {¶41} Wingfield argues that Detective Diaz offered improper opinion testimony

regarding the identification of the individuals depicted in the video      surveillance. In

support, he states that a law enforcement officer may not offer an opinion on a

defendant’s guilt or comment on his or her credibility.

       {¶42} Detective Diaz testified as a lay witness.   Therefore, the admissibility of his

testimony as purported opinion testimony is analyzed under Evid.R. 701. See State v.
Walker-Curry, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 106228, 2019-Ohio-147, ¶ 12.            Evid.R. 701

provides that if a witness is not testifying as an expert, “the witness’s testimony in the

form of opinions or inferences is limited to those opinions or inferences which are (1)

rationally based on the perception of the witness and (2) helpful to a clear understanding

of the witness’s testimony or the determination of a fact in issue.”   Id.; State v. Davis,

116 Ohio St.3d 404, 2008-Ohio-2, 880 N.E.2d 31, ¶ 119.

       {¶43} The challenged testimony, however, does not include any improper opinion

testimony. Specifically, Detective Diaz never offered his personal opinion on who was

in the car seen in the video surveillance. He did not comment on Wingfield’s guilt or

question anyone’s credibility.    Rather, the detective’s testimony was based upon

information he gleaned from his investigation of the shooting. After conducting his

investigation, he testified regarding the content of the surveillance video.          The

detective’s testimony regarding Wingfield and his codefendants is therefore not improper

opinion testimony.

                             C. The Confrontation Clause

       {¶44} Wingfield argues that Detective Diaz’s testimony violated his constitutional

right to confrontation.

       {¶45} The Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment to the United States

Constitution preserves the right of a criminal defendant “to be confronted with the

witnesses against him.” State v. Johnson, 2018-Ohio-1389, 110 N.E.3d 800, ¶ 33 (8th

Dist.). The Confrontation Clause bars the admission of “testimonial hearsay” unless the
declarant is unavailable and the accused had a prior opportunity to cross-examine the

declarant. Id., citing Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36, 68, 124 S.Ct. 1354, 158

L.Ed.2d 177 (2004).

       {¶46} Where there is no hearsay, the testimony does not violate the Confrontation

Clause.   State v. Ford, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 105865, 2018-Ohio-3563, ¶ 55

(sergeant’s testimony concerning his involvement in the case was not hearsay and

therefore did not implicate the Confrontation Clause); Bailey, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No.

97330, 2012-Ohio-3356, at ¶ 30-31 (detective’s testimony implicating what an informant

reported was not hearsay and therefore did not implicate the Confrontation Clause).

Indeed, “[s]tatements that are not hearsay are not implicated by the Confrontation Clause

because they are not testimonial in nature. State v. Waddell, 3d Dist. Marion Nos.

9-04-30, 9-04-31, and 9-04-32, 2005-Ohio-1426, ¶ 7, citing Crawford.

       {¶47} Here, we found that Detective Diaz’s testimony regarding his identification

of Wingfield in the video surveillance was not hearsay evidence.    We therefore find that

the detective’s testimony does not implicate the Confrontation Clause.

       {¶48} For these reasons, Wingfield’s first assignment of error is overruled.

                            IV.   Sufficiency of the Evidence

       {¶49} In his second assignment of error, Wingfield contends that the state

provided insufficient evidence to support his convictions relating to all four victims.

Specifically, he challenges the state’s evidence of identification, an overt act amounting

to aiding and abetting, and prior calculation and design.
         {¶50} When assessing a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, a reviewing

court examines the evidence admitted at trial and determines whether such evidence, if

believed, would convince the average mind of the defendant’s guilt beyond a reasonable

doubt.      State v. Jenks, 61 Ohio St.3d 259, 574 N.E.2d 492 (1991), paragraph two of the

syllabus.     “The relevant inquiry is whether, after viewing the evidence in a light most

favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential

elements of the crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt.” Id. A reviewing court is not

to assess “whether the state’s evidence is to be believed, but whether, if believed, the

evidence against a defendant would support a conviction.” State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio

St.3d 380, 390, 1997-Ohio-52, 678 N.E.2d 541.

         {¶51} It is well established that the elements of an offense may be proven by direct

evidence, circumstantial evidence, or both. See State v. Durr, 58 Ohio St.3d 86, 568

N.E.2d 674 (1991).       Direct evidence exists when “a witness testifies about a matter

within the witness’s personal knowledge such that the trier of fact is not required to draw

an inference from the evidence to the proposition that it is offered to establish.” State v.

Cassano, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 97228, 2012-Ohio-4047, ¶ 13.                  Circumstantial

evidence, on the other hand, is evidence that requires “the drawing of inferences that are

reasonably permitted by the evidence.”        Id.   See also State v. Hartman, 8th Dist.

Cuyahoga No. 90284, 2008-Ohio-3683, ¶ 37 (“[c]ircumstantial evidence is the proof of

facts by direct evidence from which the trier of fact may infer or derive by reasoning

other facts in accordance with the common experience of mankind”).
       {¶52} Circumstantial and direct evidence are of equal evidentiary value. State v.

Santiago, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 95333, 2011-Ohio-1691, ¶ 12. “Although there are

obvious differences between direct and circumstantial evidence, those differences are

irrelevant to the probative value of the evidence.” Cassano at ¶ 13, citing State v.

Treesh, 90 Ohio St.3d 460, 485, 739 N.E.2d 749 (2001). In some cases, circumstantial

evidence may be “‘more certain, satisfying and persuasive than direct evidence.’” State

v. Lott, 51 Ohio St.3d 160, 167, 555 N.E.2d 293 (1990), quoting Michalic v. Cleveland

Tankers, Inc., 364 U.S. 325, 330, 81 S.Ct. 6, 5 L.Ed.2d 20 (1960).

       {¶53} Circumstantial evidence is sufficient to establish the identity of the accused

as the person who committed the crime. In re A.W., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 103269,

2016-Ohio-7297, at ¶ 28, citing State v. Lawwill, 12th Dist. Butler No. CA2007-01-014,

2008-Ohio-3592, ¶ 11.       And “[a] conviction can be sustained based on circumstantial

evidence alone.” State v. Franklin, 62 Ohio St.3d 118, 124, 580 N.E.2d 1 (1991), citing

State v. Nicely, 39 Ohio St.3d 147, 154-155, 529 N.E.2d 1236 (1988).

                                     A. Identification

       {¶54} Wingfield contends that the state failed to provide sufficient evidence of the

shooter’s identification.   Specifically, he argues that the video surveillance was not clear

enough to identify an individual by his face and Detective Diaz’s testimony did not add

anything to the video because he could not clearly see the shooter or shooters.

       {¶55} However, Wingfield admits in a jailhouse phone call that he was in the car

at the scene, stating, “All they got is of me getting in a car on the video.   I can get in a
car, what the f*** n’ga it’s a club, I’m leaving the club, you feel me?”   Indeed, defense

counsel conceded during closing arguments that his client made phone calls that placed

him there.

       {¶56} Detective Diaz admitted he could not see inside the vehicle’s windows, nor

could he identify the individuals by their faces.   However, the detective testified that

based upon his investigation, the surveillance video reflects gunshots from the same

vehicle Wingfield admits he was in at the time of the shooting. The clothing the men

wore and a limp with which one suspect walked, further enabled the detective to testify

regarding the four individuals on the video getting into the Camry, including Dontez

Drake and Devon Drake in the front seats and Christopher Smith and Wingfield in the

rear seats.

       {¶57} From this record, viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the

prosecution, we find that a reasonable factfinder could find the state presented sufficient

evidence of identification.

                    B. Prior Calculation and Design and Complicity

       {¶58} Wingfield claims that the state presented insufficient evidence of prior

calculation and design and of his complicity in the aggravated murder.

       {¶59} Wingfield was convicted of aggravated murder in violation of

R.C. 2903.01(A), which provides that “[n]o person shall purposely, and with prior

calculation and design, cause the death of another * * *.”     The state must prove both

“purpose” and “prior calculation and design” to support a conviction for aggravated
murder under R.C. 2903.01.    State v. Walker, 150 Ohio St.3d 409, 2016-Ohio-8295, 82

N.E.3d 1124, syllabus; State v. Lash, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 104310, 2017-Ohio-4065, ¶

35.

      {¶60} A person acts purposely when it is his specific intent to cause a certain

result. R.C. 2901.22(A).

      {¶61} “‘“[P]rior calculation and design”’ indicates “‘an act of studied care in

planning or analyzing the means of the crime, as well as a scheme compassing the death

of the victim.”’” Lash at ¶ 36, quoting Walker at ¶ 17, quoting Ohio Legislative Service

Commission, Proposed Ohio Criminal Code: Final Report of the Technical Committee to

Study Ohio Criminal Laws and Procedures, at 71 (1971).              “Evidence of an act

committed on the spur of the moment or after momentary consideration is not evidence of

a premeditated decision or a studied consideration of the method and the means to cause a

death.” Walker at ¶ 18.     The scheme must be “designed to implement the calculated

decision to kill.” State v. Cotton, 56 Ohio St.2d 8, 11, 381 N.E.2d 190 (1978).

      {¶62} There is no bright-line rule to establish the existence of prior calculation and

design; rather, the presence or absence of this element is determined on a case-by-case

analysis of the facts and the evidence. State v. Shine, 2018-Ohio-1972, 113 N.E.3d 160,

¶ 149 (8th Dist.), citing Walker, 150 Ohio St.3d 409, 2016-Ohio-8295, at ¶ 19.    The facts

of a particular case can demonstrate that the defendant had adopted a plan to kill. State

v. Conway, 108 Ohio St.3d 214, 2006-Ohio-791, 842 N.E.2d 996, ¶ 46.
       {¶63} In determining whether a defendant acted with prior calculation and design,

the Ohio Supreme Court has delineated three factors a court should consider: “(1) Did the

accused and victim know each other, and if so, was that relationship strained; (2) Did the

accused give thought or preparation to choosing the murder weapon or murder site; and

(3) Was the act drawn out or ‘an almost spontaneous eruption of events?’” Walker at ¶

20, quoting State v. Taylor, 78 Ohio St.3d 15, 19, 1997-Ohio-243, 676 N.E.2d 82, quoting

State v. Jenkins, 48 Ohio App.2d 99, 102, 355 N.E.2d 825 (8th Dist.1976); Shine at ¶ 149.

 These factors “must be weighed together and viewed under the totality of all

circumstances of the homicide.” Jenkins at 102.

       {¶64} Circumstantial evidence from which a jury could conclude a defendant acted

with prior calculation and design include:

       (1) evidence of a preconceived plan leading up to the murder, (2) evidence
       of the perpetrator’s encounter with the victim, including evidence necessary
       to infer the defendant had a preconceived notion to kill regardless of how
       the [crime] unfolded, or (3) evidence that the murder was executed in such a
       manner that circumstantially proved the defendant had a preconceived plan
       to kill.

State v. Orr, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 100841, 2014-Ohio-4680, ¶ 75, citing State v.

Dunford, 11th Dist. Ashtabula No. 2009-A-0027, 2010-Ohio-1272, ¶ 53; see State v.

Williams, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 106484, 2018-Ohio-3792, ¶ 39 (finding sufficient

evidence of prior calculation and design where the defendant showed a remarkable

change in demeanor upon seeing the victim, then immediately left the bar upon seeing the

victim, and laid in wait for him); State v. Moton, 2018-Ohio-737, 107 N.E.3d 203, ¶ 10

(8th Dist.) (finding sufficient evidence of prior calculation and design where video
surveillance showed the defendant drove around the area where the murder occurred “as

though waiting for the victim to arrive”).

       {¶65} Ohio’s complicity statute provides that “[n]o person, acting with the kind of

culpability required for the commission of an offense, shall * * * [a]id or abet another in

committing the offense.” R.C. 2923.03(A)(2); State v. Johnson, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No.

106141, 2018-Ohio-4023, ¶ 10. Under R.C. 2923.03(F), “[a] charge of complicity may

be stated in terms of [that] section, or in terms of the principal offense.” State v.

McKelton, 148 Ohio St.3d 261, 2016-Ohio-5735, 70 N.E.3d 508, ¶ 244. Therefore, “a

defendant who is ‘indicted for aggravated murder in terms of the principal offense * * *

[is] on notice that evidence could be presented that he was either a principal offender, or

an aider and abetter.’” Id., quoting State v. Ensman, 77 Ohio App.3d 701, 703, 603

N.E.2d 303 (11th Dist.1991). And in Ohio, when an individual acts to aid or abet a

principal in the commission of an offense, the individual and principal are equally guilty

and the individual is prosecuted and punished as if he were a principal offender. See

R.C. 2923.03(F).     Furthermore, the state is not required to prove the identity of the

principal offender in order to establish the offense of complicity. State v. Crosby, 8th

Dist. Cuyahoga No. 106504, 2018-Ohio-3793, ¶ 9, citing McKelton at ¶ 247.

       {¶66} To support a conviction for complicity by aiding and abetting, “the evidence

must show that the defendant supported, assisted, encouraged, cooperated with, advised,

or incited the principal in the commission of the crime, and that the defendant shared the

criminal intent of the principal.” State v. Johnson, 93 Ohio St.3d 240, 245-246,
2001-Ohio-1336, 754 N.E.2d 796.       The accused must therefore “‘have taken some role

in causing the commission of the offense.’”       State v. Rucker, 2018-Ohio-1832, 113

N.E.3d 81, ¶ 39 (8th Dist.), quoting State v. Howard, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 97695,

2012-Ohio-3459, ¶ 23.     Mere presence of an accused at the scene of the crime, alone, is

not sufficient to prove that the accused was an aider and abettor. State v. Widner, 69

Ohio St.2d 267, 269, 431 N.E.2d 1025 (1982).

       {¶67} Aiding and abetting, including the requisite intent, may be inferred from the

circumstances surrounding the crime, including presence, companionship, and conduct

before and after the offense is committed. Johnson at 245, quoting State v. Pruett, 28

Ohio App.2d 29, 34, 273 N.E.2d 884 (4th Dist.1971); State v. Sanders, 8th Dist.

Cuyahoga No. 106744, 2018-Ohio-4603, ¶ 11.

       {¶68} Here, the video shows a group of four individuals, whom Wingfield admits

includes himself, exit a Camry that parked on Euclid Avenue near the Bank Nightclub.

The Camry had been rented by an individual named Lakita Drake.            The video then

shows the four individuals walking together toward the Bank Nightclub and then

returning to the vehicle, reentering the Camry.   The four men sit and wait in the Camry

for approximately 45 minutes.     Then Wingfield alone is seen exiting the vehicle.    He

walks toward the club and returns approximately one minute later, taking his seat in the

back passenger side of the Camry. Wingfield conceded in his jailhouse phone call that

he had been in the club and he got in the car.
       {¶69} Approximately ten minutes after Wingfield returns to the Camry, the video

shows several individuals running eastbound, away from the club, and then the Camry’s

brake lights light up.    Mangham and Hollowell are seen running by the Camry. The

video shows a flash coming from the direction of the passenger side of the Camry. The

detective identified the flash as gunfire. Mangham is seen falling to the ground. The

video then shows the Camry pulling forward as flashes from a gun are fired in

Mangham’s direction from the passenger side of the vehicle.

       {¶70} Additionally, in his jailhouse phone calls, Wingfield refers to three other

individuals in the vehicle with him, referring to “Woody and D” and then “me and

Chris.”2 Wingfield also states that if no one says anything, then they’re “cool.”

       {¶71} We find that in construing the evidence in a light most favorable to the

prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have concluded beyond a reasonable doubt

that Wingfield actively participated in Mangham’s murder.          The evidence shows more

than mere presence.      After several minutes waiting in the car with the others, Wingfield

alone walks toward the nightclub, returning to the car almost immediately, and only

minutes later, shots coming from the Camry are fired at Mangham. Wingfield argues

that the flashes can only be seen coming from the front passenger window. He also

argues that his jailhouse calls do not reveal he had a gun, that he walked from the car to


            Both defense counsel and the prosecutor provide this quote in their appellate briefs,
       2


interpreting Wingfield’s comment to say “and then Woody and he said me and Chris were shooting.”
  However, upon review of the state’s audio exhibit of the recorded jailhouse calls, this court
concludes that Wingfield actually refers to “Woody and D.”
the club, or where the individuals were seated in the Camry. None of these claims,

however, negate Wingfield’s participation as an aider or abettor.     Wingfield admitted

entering the car, from which gunfire erupted,       after leaving the club.   Under these

circumstances, a reasonable factfinder could infer that Wingfield “supported, assisted,

encouraged, cooperated with, advised, or incited the principal in the commission of the

crime” and shared the criminal intent of the principal.

       {¶72} We therefore find a rational trier of fact could infer from the circumstances

that Wingfield was complicit in Mangham’s murder.

       {¶73} We further find that construing the evidence in a light most favorable to the

prosecution, a rational factfinder could have concluded beyond a reasonable doubt that

Wingfield, either as a principal or an accomplice, formulated a plan to kill Mangham.

Wingfield, along with three other individuals, parked their Camry down the street from

the club where Wingfield admitted he had been and the evidence showed Mangham had

been. Wingfield then laid in wait in the vehicle for 45 minutes. After waiting for 45

minutes, Wingfield alone exited the car and walked in the club’s direction, only to return

to the vehicle one minute later.    Shortly thereafter, when Mangham appeared on the

sidewalk directly in front of the Camry, gunfire erupted from the vehicle and Mangham

was shot several times, including a fatal shot to the head. This evidence demonstrates

that Wingfield gave thought to the murder site and the murder did not result from a

sudden eruption of events.    Thus, a rational trier of fact could reasonably infer prior

calculation and design from the circumstances.
                        C. Victims Jones, Russell, and Williams

       {¶74} Wingfield argues that the state failed to present sufficient evidence that

Wingfield shot Jones, Russell, and Williams because these individuals are not identified

in the video, there was another altercation at the club that caused people to run, and the

number of casings recovered do not match the number of victims.

       {¶75} Here, Officer O’Brien testified that he responded to a call about shots being

fired in the area of East Fourth Street and Euclid Avenue.        Bullet casings were later

recovered from that area.    When the officer responded to the scene, he observed many

people running and many people exiting the club on Euclid Avenue. He observed

Russell, with a gunshot wound in her leg, in that area. Officer Laska also responded to

the scene for a report of shots fired.   Responding to the scene, Officer Laska observed

people running, and he discovered Williams, with a gunshot wound to his leg, hiding

under a pickup truck in the vicinity of East Fourth Street and Prospect. Detective

McGrath responded to the hospital for a report of a male with a gunshot wound.         The

detective learned that the male, identified as Jones, had been at a downtown bar.       No

other shots were reported that night other than the shots from the Camry.

       {¶76} A factfinder could reasonably infer from these facts that Jones, Russell, and

Williams were in fact shot where Mangham was shot upon exiting the Bank Nightclub.

It is entirely possible that the victims had not been captured on the limited camera views,

because the officers testified that there were a lot of people running.   And although only

five bullet casings were recovered at the scene, the factfinder could infer that additional
bullet casings landed inside the shooter’s car and were later removed when the vehicle

was cleaned.     Thus, the state has presented sufficient evidence supporting Wingfield’s

convictions relating to Jones, Russell, and Williams.

         {¶77} Accordingly, Wingfield’s second assignment of error is overruled.

                                    V. Manifest Weight

         {¶78} In his third assignment of error, Wingfield contends that his convictions are

against the manifest weight of the evidence.

         {¶79} A    manifest weight challenge questions whether the state has met its

burden of persuasion.     Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d at 390, 678 N.E.2d 541. Also, unlike a

challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, a manifest weight challenge raises a factual

issue.

         “The court, reviewing the entire record, weighs the evidence and all
         reasonable inferences, considers the credibility of witnesses and determines
         whether in resolving conflicts in the evidence, the jury clearly lost its way
         and created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that the conviction must
         be reversed and a new trial ordered. The discretionary power to grant a new
         trial should be exercised only in the exceptional case in which the evidence
         weighs heavily against the conviction.”

Id. at 387, quoting State v. Martin, 20 Ohio App.3d 172, 175, 485 N.E.2d 717 (1st

Dist.1983). A finding that a conviction was supported by the manifest weight of the

evidence, however, necessarily includes a finding of sufficiency. Howard, 8th Dist.

Cuyahoga No. 97695, 2012-Ohio-3459, at ¶ 14, citing Thompkins at 388.

         {¶80} “[T]he weight to be given the evidence and the credibility of the witnesses

are primarily for the trier of the facts.” State v. DeHass, 10 Ohio St.2d 230, 227 N.E.2d
212 (1967), paragraph one of the syllabus. Although the reviewing court considers the

credibility of witnesses in a challenge to the manifest weight of the evidence, it does so

“with the caveat that the trier of fact is in the best position to determine a witness’

credibility through its observation of his or her demeanor, gestures, and voice

inflections.”      State v. Campbell, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga Nos. 100246 and 100247,

2014-Ohio-2181, ¶        39. “‘Because the factfinder * * * has the opportunity to see and

hear the witnesses, the cautious exercise of the discretionary power of a court of appeals

to find that a judgment is against the manifest weight of the evidence requires that

substantial deference be extended to the factfinder’s determinations of credibility.’”

State v. Robinson, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 99290, 2013-Ohio-4375, ¶ 56, quoting State v.

Lawson, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 16288, 1997 Ohio App. LEXIS 3709 (Aug. 22, 1997).

         {¶81} Wingfield essentially argues that the detective was not credible because he

used hearsay to identify him in the video, and the trial court “simply believed” the

detective.      He also argues that the video surveillance footage was not trustworthy

because it was blurry and does not show the shooter’s face or where the individuals are

seated in the Camry.       Finally, Wingfield argues there is no evidence to support his

convictions concerning the three surviving victims.

         {¶82} We note initially that we determined in the defendant’s first assignment of

error that the detective’s identification of Wingfield and the other individuals in the

Camry was not hearsay. Rather, Wingfield’s own admission places him in the car at the

scene.     The trial court presumably considered the detective’s testimony for proper
purposes, and there is no evidence to the contrary. The trial court viewed the same

video surveillance and made its own determinations based upon its own review of the

footage.

       {¶83} Finally, the evidence shows that Russell and Williams were discovered by

officers responding to the scene of a shooting. The officers observed gunshot wounds to

the victims’ legs.   The evidence recovered on the scene included bullet casings and

video surveillance that captured gunfire coming from the Camry that Wingfield had been

seen entering moments before. Additionally, Wingfield admitted leaving the club and

getting in the car in the video footage. Although the detective did not discover Jones at

the scene, he learned that Jones had been at a downtown bar earlier that evening.    The

detective observed a gunshot wound in Jones’s leg as well.

       {¶84} Accordingly, we find that this case is not the exceptional case where the

factfinder lost its way in finding Wingfield guilty of all charges.

       {¶85} Wingfield’s third assignment of error is overruled.

       {¶86} Judgment affirmed.

       It is ordered that appellee recover of appellant costs herein taxed.

       The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

       It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this court directing the common

pleas court to carry this judgment into execution. The defendant’s conviction having

been affirmed, any bail pending appeal is terminated. Case remanded to the trial court

for execution of sentence.
      A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27 of

the Rules of Appellate Procedure.



__________________________________________
MICHELLE J. SHEEHAN, JUDGE

EILEEN T. GALLAGHER, P.J., and
PATRICIA ANN BLACKMON, J., CONCUR
