                                                                                                        FILED
                                                                                                 COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                                                      DIVISION II
                                                                                               2015 APR 23 41 8: 35
                                                 ST. T
    IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHING                                                                 Told
                                                                                               BY.

                                            DIVISION II

 In the Matter of the Personal Restraint of:                             No. 42926 -8 -II


 TOMMY LEE CROW, JR.,



                                                                 PART PUBLISHED OPINION


                                   Petitioner


         WoRSwIcK, P. J. — In this    personal restraint petition ( PRP),   Tommy Crow petitions us to

vacate his two second degree murder convictions and, alternatively, to modify his aggravated

sentence.   Crow      raises numerous arguments,   claiming: ( 1) sentencing   errors, (   2) prosecutorial


misconduct, (   3) ineffective assistance of counsel, and (4) erroneous jury instructions. In the

published portion of this opinion, we hold that the evidence was insufficient to support the good


Samaritan aggravator and that the trial court erred by explicitly considering good time credits

when sentencing Crow. In the unpublished portion of this opinion, we reject the remainder of

Crow' s arguments. Accordingly, we grant Crow' s petition in part by vacating his sentence on

both counts and remanding for resentencing. We deny the remainder of Crow' s petition.

                                                   FACTS


         On March 28, 2008, at a homeless campsite in Olympia, Washington, Tommy Crow,

Bryan Eke, and Christopher Durga, murdered David Miller and Norman Peterson. On March 18,

Miller had reported to law enforcement that he witnessed Eke and Durga assault Scott Cover on


March 7. On March 27, Durga learned law enforcement had information inculpating him in

Cover'   s assault.
No. 42926 -8 -II



       On March 28, the night of Miller' s murder, Crow, Eke, and Durga went to Miller' s


campsite. Crow struck Miller in the face, and Durga put Miller in a choke hold until he was


incapacitated. Durga then dragged Miller' s body into the campsite fire and stood on his back.

       When Peterson arrived at Miller' s camp and saw Miller' s body in the fire, Crow struck

Peterson in the head with a tree branch and put him in a choke hold until he was incapacitated.


Crow then threw Peterson' s body into the campsite fire with Miller' s. A medical examiner later

determined that Miller and Peterson died by strangulation.

       The State charged Crow with two counts of second degree murder, each with .a separate


sentencing aggravator: a good Samaritan sentencing aggravator) for murdering Miller in

retaliation for reporting Cover' s assault to law enforcement, and a deliberate cruelty sentencing

aggravator2 for Peterson' s murder. Each murder count included the alternative means of


intentional   murder and    felony murder ( with   second   degree   assault as   the   predicate   felony).   The


State charged Crow as both an accomplice and principal. The State also charged Crow with

second degree arson.


           A jury found Crow guilty as charged. On the special verdict forms, the jury answered

 yes" to both sentencing aggravators.

           At sentencing, the State recommended an exceptional sentence of 300 months

imprisonment for each second degree murder charge, to be served consecutively, for a combined

total of   600   months   imprisonment. The trial   court asked   the State, "[   W]hat credit for good time


in the future will [Crow] be eligible to receive that would subtract from the sentence that you' ve



1 RCW 9. 94A.535( 3)( w).

2 RCW 9. 94A.535( 3)( a).


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No. 42926 -8 -II



recommended        here ?" Verbatim Report            of   Proceedings ( VRP) ( Sentencing)        at   1451.    The State


responded, "     On [ the two         murder charges] [    Crow] would receive a maximum of ten percent only

for   good   time."     VRP ( Sentencing) at 1451.

         Crow'    s counsel made no          sentencing     argument on       Crow' s behalf, instead stating, " Your


honor, I don' t really have much to say. I think we lost any chance of influencing this court' s

decision     with respect       to sentencing      when   this   case went   to   trial." VRP ( Sentencing) at 1476.


Trial counsel stated a total of three times that he had lost any chance of influencing the trial

court' s sentencing decision after the case went to trial.

         For Miller' s murder, the trial court imposed a 360 -month exceptional sentence based on


the good Samaritan aggravating factor. For Peterson' s murder, the trial court imposed a 300 -

month exceptional sentence, based on the deliberate cruelty aggravating factor. Because these

were serious violent offenses, the trial court ordered these two sentences to be served

                   3
consecutively,         resulting in a total sentence of 660 months imprisonment.4

          Regarding Crow' s sentence, the trial court said:

          I' ve gone above the amount requested by the prosecutor or suggested by the
          prosecutor as appropriate in this case, and I' ve differentiated between the amount
          of time imposed for [the two murder counts].


                       The reason that I' ve differentiated between the two sentences is . . .
             Millers'     act    of    reporting    the   assault    to   law     enforcement]   was     an     act   of

          extraordinary bravery, in my estimation, and the exceptional sentence that I' ve
          imposed here reflects that determination.




3
    RCW 9. 94A.589( 1)( b); see former RCW 9. 94A.030( 41)( a)( iii)(2006).


4 The trial court also sentenced Crow to 43 months imprisonment for the arson, to be served
concurrently      with    the two      murder sentences.
No. 42926 -8 -II



VRP ( Sentencing) at 1482 -84. The trial court also reiterated that it considered good time credits

in determining Crow' s sentence:

       With the imposition of this sentence, Mr. Crow, you will serve, even with a good
       time credit, a full 50 years of incarceration.


VRP ( Sentencing) at 1483.

       In its written order, the trial court ruled:


       The [ two aggravating factors] listed in the preceding paragraph, taken together or
       considered individually, constitute sufficient cause to impose the total of 660
       months      for the   exceptional   consecutive    sentences   for [ Crow' s two   murder
       convictions].  This court would impose the same total exceptional penalty for those
        consecutive sentences if only one of the grounds listed in the preceding paragraph
       is valid:


Clerk' s Papers ( CP) at 100.


        We affirmed Crow' s convictions on direct appeal in an unpublished opinion. On direct

appeal, appellate counsel did not challenge the consideration of good time credits, the good


Samaritan aggravator, or any sentencing issue. Crow then filed this PRP.

                                              ANALYSIS


        A PRP is not a substitute for a direct appeal. In re Pers. Restraint ofHagler, 97 Wn.2d

818, 824, 650 P. 2d 1103 ( 1982). We are reluctant to overturn a settled judicial decision where


the petitioner has already had an opportunity for appeal. In re Pers. Restraint ofCross, 180
Wn.2d 664, 676, 327 P. 3d 660 ( 2014).      Accordingly, there are limits on the use of a PRP to

collaterally attack a criminal offender' s restraint. Hagler, 97 Wn.2d at 824.

        A personal restraint petition must state with particularity the factual allegations which, if

proven, would entitle the petitioner to relief. In re Pers. Restraint ofRice, 118 Wn.2d 876, 886,

828 P. 2d 1086 ( 1992). Further, the factual   allegations must   have evidentiary   support.   118




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No. 42926 -8 -II



Wn.2d   at   886. If the record does not support the factual allegations, then the petitioner must


show through affidavits or other forms of corroboration that competent and admissible evidence


will establish      the factual allegations.       118 Wn.2d at 886.


        Once the petitioner states in his petition the facts underlying the. claim of unlawful

restraint and the evidence supporting these allegations, we then examine the State' s response.

118 Wn.2d      at   886. "   The State' s response must answer the allegations of the petition and identify

all material   disputed      questions of    fact."     118 Wn.2d at 886. If answering the petitioner' s

allegation requires reference to another proceeding' s record, the State must include a copy of that

record' s relevant parts.       RAP 1. 2( b);      16. 9( a); see In re Pers. Restraint ofReise, 146 Wn. App.

772, 780, 192 P. 3d 949 ( 2008).


        To be entitled to collateral relief through a PRP the petitioner must prove error " by a

preponderance of          the evidence."     In re Pers. Restraint ofMonschke, 160 Wn. App. 479, 490, 251

P. 3d 884 ( 2010). If the petitioner is able to show error, he is also required to prove prejudice, the


degree of which depends on the type of error shown. To be entitled to relief for a constitutional


error, the petitioner must also prove by a preponderance of the evidence that the error caused

actual and substantial prejudice. Cross, 180 Wn.2d at 676. Actual and substantial prejudice,

which " must        be   determined in    light   of   the   totality   of circumstances,"   exists if the error " so


infected petitioner' s       entire   trial that the resulting      conviction violates      due   process."   In re Pers.


Restraint of Music, 104 Wn.2d 189, 191, 704 P. 2d 144 ( 1985).                       To be entitled to relief for a


nonconstitutional error, the petitioner must prove by a preponderance of the evidence that the

error caused a fundamental defect resulting in a complete miscarriage ofjustice. Cross, 180

Wn.2d at 676; Monschke, 160 Wn. App. at 490 -91.



                                                                    5
No. 42926 -8 - II



               I. INSUFFICIENT EVIDENCE SUPPORTS MILLER' S GOOD SAMARITAN STATUS


            Crow first argues that the evidence is insufficient to support the good Samaritan


aggravator on Miller' s murder. Crow argues Miller' s act of reporting the assault of Cover to law

enforcement a week after the assault occurred, and two weeks before Miller was murdered, did


not make Miller a " good Samaritan" because Miller was not harmed while providing immediate

aid   to   someone    in   peril.   Supp. Br. of Pet' r at 9. The State argues that even if we determine the
evidence was insufficient, Crow failed to show actual and substantial prejudice because the trial


court explicitly stated the total sentence for both murders would be the same with only one of the

two sentencing aggravators. We agree with Crow.

            A defendant' s assertion of insufficient evidence asserts a constitutional error. State v.


Arquette, 178 Wn.           App.    273, 281, 314 P. 3d 426 ( 2013).          Thus, Crow must demonstrate actual


and substantial prejudice to prevail. Cross, 180 Wn.2d at 676.


            Substantial evidence must support a sentencing aggravator that allows the trial court to

impose an exceptional sentence. See State v. Gordon, 172 Wn.2d 671, 680 -81, 260 P. 3d 884


 2011); In     re   Pers. Restraint of Howerton, 109 Wn.               App.   494, 502, 36 P. 3d 565 ( 2001).     We


review claims of insufficient evidence to determine " whether, after viewing the evidence in the

light most favorable to the State, any rational trier of fact could have found guilt beyond a

reasonable      doubt." State v. Salinas, 119 Wn.2d 192, 201, 829 P. 2d 1068 ( 1992).


            We review questions of statutory interpretation de novo, interpreting statutes to give

effect to the legislature' s intent. State v. Bunker, 169 Wn.2d 571, 577 -78, 238 P. 3d 487 ( 2010).

When construing            a statute, we   first   examine   the   statute' s plain   meaning.   169 Wn.2d   at   578. We


determine a statute' s plain meaning from the ordinary meaning of its language, as well as from



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No. 42926 -8 -II



the statute' s general context, related provisions, and the statutory scheme as a whole. State v.

Jacobs, 154 Wn.2d 596, 600, 115 P. 3d 281 ( 2005).


          Where the meaning of statutory language is plain on its face, we give effect to that plain

meaning as an expression of legislative intent. See State v. Jones, 172 Wn.2d 236, 242, 257 P. 3d

616 ( 2011).    But if after conducting a plain meaning review, the statute is still susceptible to

more than one interpretation, then we may rely on statutory construction, legislative history, and

relevant case   law to determine legislative intent. 172 Wn.2d at 242.


          Under RCW 9. 94A.535( w), the trial court may exceed the standard sentencing range

where " the defendant committed the offense against a victim who was acting as a good

Samaritan. "5 No definition of "good Samaritan" appears in the statute. RCW 9. 94A.535( w).

Nothing from the statute' s general context, related provisions, or the statutory scheme as a whole

provides insight into whether the legislature intended to limit the term " good Samaritan" to those


harmed while providing immediate aid to another, or intended to expand the term' s meaning to

include any victim whose good deed directly caused his victimization. Thus, RCW

9. 94A.535( w)' s term " good Samaritan" is susceptible to more than one interpretation and we


rely on statutory construction, legislative history, and relevant case law to determine legislative

intent.


          When passing RCW 9. 94A.535( w), the legislature intended to codify the common law

good Samaritan sentencing aggravator. State v. Siers, 158 Wn. App. 686, 690, 244 P. 3d

15 ( 2010)   overruled on other grounds
                                           by   174 Wn.2d 269 ( 2012); LAWS   OF   2005,   ch.   68, §§ 1, 3.




5 While we recognize that RCW 9. 94A.535( w) does not capitalize " Samaritan" we choose do so
in this opinion for consistency.


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No. 42926 -8 -II



the bill that    codified    the   good   Samaritan sentencing         aggravator and stated: "[    t] he legislature


intends ...     to codify existing common law aggravating factors, without expanding or restricting

existing statutory     or common        law aggravating      circumstances ");       see also 11A WASHINGTON


PRACTICE: WASHINGTON PATTERN JURY INSTRUCTIONS: CRIMINAL 300. 32 ( 3d Ed 2008). In State


v. Hillman, Division One of this court stated that the common law good Samaritan aggravator


was supported by the legislature' s concern with protecting bystanders so as " to prevent an

innocent   person     from   being    injured   without    the   assistance of   bystanders," because " to murder a


person who comes to one 's aid discourages others from offering aid to persons in need of help."

66 Wn.   App.    770, 776, 832 P. 2d 1369 ( 1992) ( emphasis               added).



         Civil   cases   have      also addressed     the definition     of "good   Samaritan."   In Butzberger v.


Foster, the lead      opinion noted       that "[   t] he law has long recognized that seeing a person injured or

in peril compels those called to follow the example of the Good Samaritan to provide

assistance."     151 Wn.2d 396, 412, 89 P. 3d 689 ( 2004) ( lead                 opinion) ( emphasis added).     In


Gardner v. Loomis Armored Inc., our Supreme Court stated that a person became a good


Samaritan " by voluntarily risking his own life and aiding a helpless victim of crime. "6 128
Wn.2d 931, 946, 913 P. 2d 377 ( 1996) (               emphasis added).




6 The State cites State v. Hooper for the argument that reporting crimes to the police is included
in the definition     of "good      Samaritan."       100 Wn.    App.    179, 185, 997 P. 2d 936 ( 2000). But
Hooper is distinguishable from this case for two reasons. First, the Hooper court recognized that
under the law as it stood at the time, the statutory list of aggravating factors was " illustrative
only,"   and   the   defendant'     s conduct   did   not need   to " precisely fit   within one of   the factors."     100
Wn. App. at 185. But this was no longer the law after the legislature amended the statute in
2005. Compare former RCW 9. 94A. 535 ( 2003)                      with   former RCW 9. 94A. 535( 3) ( 2005).
Second, the victim in Hooper was a bystander who was calling 911 to report a crime as it was
occurring,     whereas   the   victim     in this   case reported a crime a week after      its   occurrence.   100 Wn.

App. at 181 - 82.



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No. 42926 -8 -II


         We hold the legislature intended RCW 9. 94A.535( w)' s term " good Samaritan" to-refer to


bystanders who are harmed while providing immediate aid to someone in peril. Because Miller

reported the assault of Cover to law enforcement over a week after Cover was assaulted and over

two weeks before Miller was murdered, Miller was not harmed while providing immediate aid to

someone in peril. See Hillman, 66 Wn. App. at 776. Thus, we hold that insufficient evidence

supports the good Samaritan aggravator because Miller' s act of reporting Cover' s assault to the

police over a week after it occurred, while admirable, did not make Miller a good Samaritan

under   RCW 9. 94A. 535( w). Thus, Crow has proven error.


         Crow has also proven that this error caused him actual and substantial prejudice. Here,

the good Samaritan aggravator applied only to Miller' s murder. Thus, without the good

Samaritan aggravator, the trial court could not have imposed an exceptional sentence above the


standard range for Miller' s murder. Assuming without deciding that the trial court would have

increased the exceptional sentence for Peterson' s murder to compensate for its inability to

impose an exceptional sentence for Miller' s murder, this would not have removed the actual and


substantial prejudice Crow suffered by the increased sentence for Miller' s murder. Thus, Crow .

has shown actual and substantial prejudice as to Miller' s murder.




7 The State argues that Miller is a good Samaritan because by reporting Cover' s assault to law
enforcement, he helped the local homeless community. The State' s argument fails because we
hold the term good Samaritan refers to those harmed while providing immediate aid to someone
in peril, and reporting a crime to help the community is not providing immediate aid to someone
in peril. We also note that accepting the State' s argument would strain the limits of due process
by extending the good Samaritan aggravator to a defendant who victimized anyone doing
anything that arguably provided a benefit to society.



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No. 42926 -8 -II



                           II. ERRONEOUS CONSIDERATION OF GOOD TIME CREDITS


            Crow next argues that the trial court erred by explicitly considering good time credits

when determining his sentence on both murders. Again, we agree.

            By arguing that the trial court' s sentence exceeded its statutory authority under the
                                     19818 (
Sentencing         Reform Act   of             SRA), Crow asserts a nonconstitutional error. See In re Pers.


Restraint of Goodwin, 146 Wn.2d 861, 867 -68, 50 P. 3d 618 ( 2002). Thus, to be entitled to relief,


Crow must prove by a preponderance of the evidence that the error caused a fundamental defect

resulting in a complete miscarriage of justice. Cross, 180 Wn.2d at 676; Monschke, 160 Wn.

App.   at   490 -91.    A sentence in excess of the trial court' s statutory authority under the SRA

constitutes a fundamental defect resulting in a complete miscarriage of justice. In re Pers.

Restraint of West, 154 Wn.2d 204, 213, 110 P. 3d 1122 ( 2005); Goodwin, 146 Wn.2d at 867 -68.


            Under the SRA, the trial court may not consider a defendant' s potential good time credits

when imposing an exceptional sentence.9 State v. Wakefield, 130 Wn.2d 464, 477 -78, 925 P. 2d
183 ( 1996).        Here, it is clear that the trial court improperly considered Crow' s potential credits.


8 Chapter 9. 94A RCW.


9 The State asks us to hold that while considering good time credits in determining whether to
impose an exceptional sentence is impermissible, considering good time credits in determining
an exceptional sentence' s length is permissible. But the case law does not support this
distinction. "      The framework of the SRA [ Sentencing Reform Act of 1981] indicates that earned
early release time is to be considered only after the offender has begun serving his sentence.
Moreover, it would be inappropriate to impose a sentence outside the presumptive range based
on an entirely speculative prediction of the likely behavior of an offender while in confinement."
See State     v.   Wakefield, 130 Wn.2d 464, 478, 925 P. 2d 183 ( 1996) (      alteration   in   original) ( citation

omitted) (    quoting State v. Fisher, 108 Wn.2d 419, 429 n.6, 739 P. 2d 683 ( 1987)).




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No. 42926 -8 -II



The trial   court asked     the State, "[   W] hat credit for good time in the future will [Crow] be eligible

to receive that   would subtract      from the    sentence   that   you' ve recommended       here ?" VRP


 Sentencing)    at   1451 (   emphasis added).      The State said that good time credits could reduce


Crow' s sentence for the two murders by a maximum of 10 percent. VRP ( Sentencing) at 1451.

Following this exchange, the trial court sentenced Crow to a sentence that was 10 percent greater

than the State'   s recommendation,          stating, " With the imposition of this sentence, Mr. Crow, you


will serve, even with a good         time credit, a   full 50   years of   incarceration."   VRP ( Sentencing) at

1483.    Thus, because Crow has shown that the trial court exceeded its authority under the SRA

by considering future good time credits when sentencing him, Crow has shown a fundamental

defect   resulting   in   a complete miscarriage of justice.        West, 154 Wn.2d at 213; Goodwin, 146


Wn.2d at 867 -68.


         Because the evidence was insufficient to support the good Samaritan aggravator and the


trial court erred by explicitly considering good time credits when sentencing Crow, we grant

Crow' s petition in part by vacating his sentence on both counts and remanding for resentencing.

         A majority of the panel having determined that only the foregoing portion of this opinion

will be printed in the Washington Appellate Reports and that the remainder shall be filed for

public record in accordance with RCW 2. 06. 040, it is so ordered.

                                                ADDITIONAL FACTS


A.        Facts Related to Crow' s Prosecutorial Misconduct Claims


          1. Alleged Threats To Coerce Durga To Provide Perjured Testimony

          The State called Durga to testify at trial against Crow, pursuant to a plea agreement.

Over two years after Crow' s conviction, Durga filed a sworn declaration stating the prosecutor




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No. 42926 -8 -I1



had threatened him with jail time to compel Durga to falsely testify that Crow was involved in

Miller' s assault. The prosecutor in this case submitted a sworn declaration stating he never

threatened Durga and that he instructed Durga only to tell the truth.

         We remanded Crow' s petition for a reference hearing to determine whether the

prosecutor threatened Durga in order to compel him to provide false testimony implicating Crow

in Miller' s   murder.   After the   reference   hearing,   the trial   court   found that "[ t]he prosecutor did


not   threaten Durga ...   with additional prison time if Durga did not testify that Crow was

involved in the    assault or murder of    Miller."   Findings of Fact Following Reference Hearing, In

Re Personal Restraint of Crow, No. 08 -1- 00585 -6, at 2 ( Thurston County Super. Ct. Wash. Jun.

12, 2014).     Crow does not challenge this finding.

          2. Alleged Statements of                 Opinion in the State' s Closing Argument

          At trial, the State presented testimony from Durga and Eke, both of whom testified

pursuant to plea agreements with the State. The State elicited testimony from Eke admitting that

prior to his plea deal with the State, he had lied multiple times to authorities regarding events

relevant to this case. The State' s questions challenged both Eke and Durga for making

statements in their testimony that were inconsistent with their prior statements to authorities.

          Durga testified that Crow referred to him as his " little brother" and that Crow was present


with Durga when they assaulted Miller. 7 VRP at 1125. Durga also testified that Crow

attempted to hit Durga but missed, at which point Durga put Miller in a chokehold. The State


impeached Durga' s testimony, showing that in his prior statements to authorities Durga had said

that Crow actually hit Miller.

          The State then challenged Durga and Eke' s honesty in its closing argument:



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No. 42926 -8 - II



        Durga is a witness who is quite capable of implanting these little bits of fantasy:
        And I submit that you see evidence of that in a number of aspects of his story about
        the events or what happened on the evening [ of the murders]... .

        The State believes that it' s important for all of you to use caution with regard to the
        testimony   of [Durga or   Eke].
                                       Neither one of these individuals, unfortunately, came
        up to this witness stand to simply tell the truth. And the State submits that that was
        pretty apparent... .


                Each   one of   them had   a   different kind   of motive,   if you   will.   For Mr. Eke
        it' s himself. For Mr. Durga, what came through loud and clear was perhaps a little
        bit for himself, but mostly for his brother [ Crow]... .

         Y] ou know, [ Durga     and Eke] had something in mind here, and it' s not the truth.
        And if the truth gets in the way of what it is that is of concern to them, then the
        truth is going to have to go away. And we see that over and over again, the State
        submits, in their testimony, in both of their testimony, not just in one.

                But at the same time, by considering their testimony in the light of all the
        other evidence you have, it is possible to glean the truth out of all of this.


        And when you hear Mr. Durga' s testimony, you hear a constant theme of protecting
        my brother. On the other hand, you know, that doesn' t mean that we can necessarily
        trust Mr. Eke' s testimony, because we' re hearing the constant theme of him of
        protecting himself. But that breakdown is repeated over and over again, you know,
        in the testimony of both of them. And that' s just an example.

        But   what can we glean     from   all of   this   testimony? Again, it' s the three of them.
        They' ve all started down that road earlier in the day, reacting to learning about the
        police taking ahold of that bat. And now this is the next step. And they' re all three
        part of it. And they can say oh, it' s the other two....   When anybody leaves that
        camp to carry out the act, it' s all three of them.

                But, you know, the case needs to be evaluated on the basis of the evidence,
        rationally considered on the basis of the evidence, holding the State to its burden to
        prove every element of either alternative or any of these charges beyond a
        reasonable doubt. That' s the way our system works. That' s the way it should work.
        It has to work. And that' s all I' m asking you to do, evaluate the facts.

                We' ve had a lot of lies on the stand from these individuals involved that
        we' ve heard about. But you can glean the truth. It' s there to be gleaned. It' s there
        to be seen. Put it together.




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No. 42926 -8 -II



8 VRP at 1296 -98, 1303, 1317, 1358. The State also argued its theory of the case regarding

Crow' s specific acts of violence on the night of the murders, consistently referencing witness

testimony.

           3. Alleged Suppression ofJailhouse Writings and the Handwriting Examiner' s Report

           An inmate named Aaron Adams provided the State with jailhouse writings that Eke


allegedly wrote to him while both were in jail. The jailhouse writings created a conflict of

interest between Adams. and Crow, both of whom were represented by the same trial counsel.

Prior to trial, the trial court allowed trial counsel to withdraw from Crow' s case and transferred

Crow' s case to a new trial counsel. The new trial counsel agreed that Crow' s prior attorney

could transfer all of the State' s discovery directly to him.

           Later, an inmate named Anthony McKague provided the State with additional j ailhouse

writings allegedly written by Eke. A handwriting expert examined the jailhouse writings along

with Eke' s and McKague' s handwriting samples, and filed a report stating he could not

determine who wrote the jailhouse writings.


           Following Crow' s conviction, Crow sent a letter to trial counsel requesting the

handwriting expert' s report and the jailhouse writings. Trial counsel responded in a letter written

on February 29, 2011, stating that:

           I do not have any hand writing expert reports, nor do I have letters purported to be
           from you or letters written purportedly by Aaron Adams or Anthony McKague
            actually written by Brian Eke. I know for a fact I did not receive any hand writing
            expert reports. If there was one done, Assigned Counsel would have had to pay the
            expert who performed          the analysis.   Since I had nothing to do with that analysis I
            have no record of it.


Br.   of   Petitioner   at   Ex. 5.   Based on this response, Crow alleges the State committed misconduct


by failing to disclose the handwriting expert' s report.


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No. 42926 -8 -II



        After Crow filed his PRP, trial counsel filed a declaration stating that the State properly

provided      him   with all     discovery,     and   that   upon   reviewing his files, " it seems clear" that he was


aware of the jailhouse writings at trial, particularly because he cross examined Eke regarding the

materials.     Br.   of   Resp' t ( App. Q,      page2).     Trial counsel also stated that some of Crow' s case file


had been destroyed, and that he interpreted Crow' s request as limited to handwriting analysis

ordered by the defense, rather than by the State.

B.      Facts Related to Crow' s Ineffective Assistance of Counsel Claims

         1.   Refusal To Request a Lesser Included Manslaughter Instruction


        Because Crow was very drunk on the night of the murders, the jury was provided with an

intoxication instruction, informing the jury that it may consider the effect of voluntary

intoxication on Crow' s ability to form intent. Trial counsel considered a lesser included

manslaughter instruction, but decided:


          W] ith this      particular case,       I   couldn'   t —and      I' ve thought about this for a long time
         about how any facts in this case would fit into either the reckless or negligence slot.
        And I can' t.


         I have considered it seriously long, dwelled on it, in fact, but I can' tI just don' t
         see how I would be able to propose those instructions.


7 VRP at 1184 -85.


         2. Refusal To Call Adams as a Witness


         Adams told trial           counsel' s    investigator that Eke         promised   Adams $ 15, 000 in exchange


for testifying to facts beneficial to Eke. But Adams also told trial counsel' s investigator that

Crow informed Adams that "[ Crow] got in a fight with [Peterson] or [ Miller] but when he left


they   were    in the tent,"      and   that   Crow " knocked his ( ?) ass         out and we drug him in the tent but he

was alright."        Br.   of   Petitioner ( Ex. 9,    page     10).    Crow wanted trial counsel to call Adams to



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No. 42926 -8 -II



testify to Eke' s alleged bribery attempt. Trial counsel refused to call Adams despite Crow' s

insistence, believing that Adams' s testimony would not support Crow and would instead benefit

the State.'°


          3.   Failure To Object to Shoe Print Evidence


          The trial court admitted testimony of a shoe print examiner who had examined a shoe

print found on one of the victim' s bodies. The examiner excluded Durga and Eke as the shoe

print' s source, but could neither exclude nor confirm Crow as the shoe print' s source. Crow did


not object to this evidence at trial.


          4. Failure To Spend Sufficient Time Preparing Crow' s Case

          At trial, Crow alleged that trial counsel spent insufficient time reviewing Crow' s case

with him. The record shows trial counsel signed the Thurston County Jail' s sign -in sheet two

times to talk to Crow. Crow claims trial counsel spent only two hours with him. The Thurston

County Jail does not require an attorney to sign in prior to visiting their clients in jail.

C.        Facts Related to Crow' s Erroneous Jury Instruction Claims

          The trial court' s jury instruction 30 regarding unanimity on special verdict forms stated

in   relevant part: "   If you are not unanimously satisfied beyond a reasonable doubt that `yes' is the

correct answer to the question in a special verdict form, you must answer `no' on that special


verdict   form." CP      at   88.   Crow did not take exception to any of the final instructions.




to Crow claims in his reply brief, without citation, that trial counsel told the jury that Adams' s
testimony would benefit the State. But trial counsel made this statement outside of the jury' s
presence.




                                                          16
No. 42926 -8 -I1



                                             ADDITIONAL ANALYSIS


                                         III. PROSECUTORIAL MISCONDUCT


        Crow argues the prosecutor committed misconduct by threatening Durga to compel him

to falsely testify to Crow' s involvement in Miller' s assault and murder, by providing his personal

opinion in closing argument and by suppressing the jailhouse writings and the handwriting

expert' s report. We disagree. 11

        In a PRP, prosecutorial misconduct can constitute constitutional error or


nonconstitutional error, depending upon the specific misconduct at issue. See State v. Emery,

174 Wn.2d 741, 756 -59, 278 P. 3d 653 ( 2012);                In re Pers. Restraint ofPirtle, 136 Wn.2d 467,

485, 965 P. 2d 593 ( 1998).          Because we disagree with Crow' s assertions that prosecutorial


misconduct occurred in his case, we need not decide which standard of prejudice to apply to his

prosecutorial misconduct claims.




A.      Alleged Threats To Coerce Durga To Provide Perjured Testimony

        Crow argues the prosecutor threatened Durga to compel him to falsely testify to Crow' s

involvement in Miller' s assault and murder. We disagree.


        We treat unchallenged findings as verities. State v. Acrey, 148 Wn.2d 738, 745, 64 P. 3d

594 ( 2003).       After a reference hearing, the trial court found that the prosecutor did not threaten

Durga, and Crow does not challenge this finding.. Thus, the trial court' s finding is a verity, and

we reject Crow' s claim that the prosecutor threatened Durga to compel him to falsely testify.



11 The State argues that many of Crow' s claims should be dismissed because they do not fall
under   any   of   the   reasons   listed in RAP 16. 4( c).    See In re Pers. Restraint of Cook, 114 Wn.2d
802, 809, 792 P. 2d 506 ( 1990). We reject this argument because RAP 16. 4( c)( 7) allows review
of a claim wherever "[        o] ther grounds exist to challenge the legality of the restraint of petitioner."



                                                               17
No. 42926 -8 -II



B.       Alleged Statements ofPersonal Opinion in the State' s Closing Argument

         Crow next argues that the prosecutor committed misconduct by improperly providing his

personal opinion during closing argument. We disagree.

         Prosecutors may not give their personal opinions regarding a witness' s credibility. State

v.   Warren, 165 Wn.2d 17, 30, 195 P. 3d 940 ( 2008). But prosecutors have wide latitude to argue


inferences from the     evidence, which      includes inferences regarding        witness   credibility. 165


Wn.2d at 30. We will not find prejudicial error absent a clear and unmistakable expression of


personal opinion.      165 Wn.2d at 30.


         Crow cites a number of instances in the record where the prosecutor argued that Durga


and Eke' s testimony was not trustworthy. But in each instance, the prosecutor argued with

reference to Eke and Durga' s testimony, not from personal opinion:

         Durga is a witness who is quite capable of implanting these little bits of fantasy.
         And I submit that you see evidence of that in a number of aspects of his story about
         the events or what happened on the evening that Mr. Miller and Mr. Peterson died."
              I] f the truth gets in the way of what it is that is of concern to them, then the
         truth is going to have to go away. And we see that over and over again, the State
         submits, in their testimony, in both of their testimony, not just in one ...        by
         considering [ Durga and Eke' s] testimony, in the light of all the other evidence you
         have, it is   possible     to   glean   the truth . . . .   And when you hear Mr. Durga' s
         testimony,    you   hear   a constant    protecting my brother.... We' ve had a lot
                                                 theme     of

         of lies on the stand from these individuals involved that we' ve heard about.


8 VRP at 1296, 1298 1303 1358. Thus, we hold that the State argued from the testimony at trial,

rather than from personal opinion.


          Crow also challenges the State' s comments in closing argument that discussed Crow' s

specific actions on the night of the murder. But the State made these arguments with direct,


continuous, and explicit references to the evidence, particularly the testimony of Durga,

McKague,     and   Eke. See    also      8 VRP   at   1335 ( "[ T] he State submits that the evidence that I' ve



                                                                18
No. 42926 -8 -I1



just   summarized,   if you look   at   it taken   as a whole, [ Mr.   Crow] made Mr. Peterson


unconscious. ").    Thus, the State did not improperly express its personal opinion during closing

argument, but rather argued inferences from the evidence. 12

C.       Alleged Suppression of the Jailhouse Writings and Handwriting Expert' s Report

         Crow further argues the prosecutor failed to disclose evidence of the jailhouse writings


and the handwriting expert' s report. We disagree because Crow has failed to state with

particularity the factual allegations which, if proven, would entitle him to relief

         The State violates a criminal defendant' s due process right if it (1) suppresses evidence


that is (2) favorable to the defense and ( 3) material to guilt or punishment. Brady v. Maryland,

373 U. S. 83, 87, 83 S. Ct. 1194, 10 L. Ed. 2d 215 ( 1963); see Strickler v. Greene, 527 U.S. 263,


281 -82, 119 S. Ct. 1936, 144 L. Ed. 2d 286 ( 1999). Evidence is favorable to the defense if it is


exculpatory   or   impeaching. United States v. Bagley, 473 U.S. 667, 676, 105 S. Ct. 3375, 87 L.

Ed. 2d 481 ( 1985).    The State suppresses evidence by failing to disclose it, regardless of whether

the defense requests it. Strickler, 527 U.S. at 280.


         Here, the only evidence that Crow presents is trial counsel' s letter to Crow claiming trial

counsel did not have a handwriting expert' s report or any jailhouse writings in his case file. But

trial counsel later filed a declaration explaining that he received all discovery existing from the

State and Crow' s original counsel, and that he knew about the jailhouse writings during trial.




12 Crow also makes an ineffective assistance of counsel claim for trial counsel' s failure to object
to the prosecutor' s expression of personal opinion on closing argument. Because the prosecutor
did not express his personal opinion, trial counsel was not ineffective for failing to object on
those grounds.




                                                           19
No. 42926 -8 -II



Trial counsel also correctly declared that he cross -examined Eke about the jailhouse writings and

used one of the j ailhouse writings as an exhibit.

         While trial counsel' s declaration confirms that he could not find the jailhouse writings or


handwriting expert' s report in his file, he also stated that he destroyed some of Crow' s case file.

Crow does not point to any evidence that the documents were missing because the State failed to

disclose them, rather than because trial counsel lost or destroyed them. Thus, because the record

does not support Crow' s factual allegations, and Crow has failed to show through affidavits or

other forms of corroboration that competent and admissible evidence will establish the factual

allegations, Crow' s claim fails.


                                     IV. INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL


             Crow next argues that trial counsel provided ineffective assistance. We disagree.

             In a PRP, when the petitioner establishes that he received ineffective assistance of


counsel, he has necessarily met his burden to show that a constitutional violation occurred, and

that the violation caused actual and substantial prejudice. In re Pers. Restraint of Crace, 174

Wn.2d 835, 846 -47, 280 P. 3d 1102 ( 2012). We review ineffective assistance of counsel claims


de novo, using the two -prong test from Strickland v. Washington, 466 U. S. 668, 687, 104 S. Ct.

2052, 80 L. Ed. 2d 674 ( 1984).           State v. Sutherby, 165 Wn.2d 870, 883, 204 P. 3d 916 ( 2009);

State   v.   McFarland, 127. Wn.2d 322, 334 -35, 899 P. 2d 1251 ( 1995).


             Under the first prong, the petitioner must show that trial counsel' s conduct was deficient,

i.e., that it fell below an objective standard of reasonableness based upon all the circumstances.

127 Wn.2d        at   334 -35.   Our scrutiny of trial counsel' s performance is highly deferential,

employing a strong presumption of effective representation. 127 Wn.2d at 335 -36. To rebut this



                                                          20
No. 42926 -8 - II



presumption, the petitioner " bears the burden of establishing the absence of any ' conceivable

legitimate tactic explaining      counsel' s performance. "'          State v. Grier, 171 Wn.2d 17, 42, 246 P. 3d


1260 ( 2011) ( quoting State      v.   Reichenbach, 153 Wn.2d 126, 130, 101 P. 3d 80 ( 2004)). That a


strategy " ultimately proved unsuccessful is immaterial to an assessment of defense counsel' s

initial   calculus;   hindsight has    no place   in   an   ineffective   assistance analysis."   171 Wn.2d at 43.


For ineffective assistance of appellate counsel, a defendant must demonstrate the merits of issues


counsel failed to argue or argued inadequately. In re Pers. Restraint ofLord, 123 Wn.2d 296,

314, 868 P. 2d 835 ( 1994).


           Under the second prong, the petitioner must show that counsel' s error caused him

prejudice, by showing a reasonable probability that the outcome of the trial would have been

different absent trial counsel' s deficient performance. State v. Thomas, 109 Wn.2d 222, 226, 743

P. 2d 816 ( 1987).      Failure on either prong of the test is fatal to an ineffective assistance of counsel

claim. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 697. We reject Crow' s ineffective assistance of trial counsel


claims.



A.         Trial Counsel' s Refusal To Request a Lesser Included Manslaughter Instruction


           Crow argues that trial counsel provided ineffective assistance by failing to request that a

lesser included instruction for manslaughter accompany the intentional second degree murder

instruction, despite the evidence at trial that Crow was intoxicated. We disagree.


           We grant trial counsel considerable deference in making the tactical decision of whether

to ask for a lesser included instruction. Grier, 171 Wn.2d at 39. Our Supreme Court has held

that where a case' s facts lend support to even a remote possibility of acquittal, it is a conceivable




                                                               21
No. 42926 -8 -II



legitimate strategy to avoid providing a lesser included instruction, so as to push the jury into an

all or   nothing decision that   could   potentially   result   in   a   full   acquittal.   171 Wn.2d at 43.


          Here, there is at least a remote possibility Crow could have been acquitted on one or both

murder charges. The jury could have easily disbelieved the two primary eyewitnesses against

Crow (Eke and Durga) because they were complicit in the murder and made statements in their

testimony inconsistent with their prior statements to authorities. The jury could have determined

that reasonable doubt existed as to where Crow was at the time of one or both murders, and


could have determined that there was reasonable doubt as to whether Durga or Eke murdered the


victims without Crow' s assistance. Thus, trial counsel did not provide Crow with ineffective


assistance because trial counsel' s decision against requesting a lesser included manslaughter

instruction is supported by the conceivable legitimate strategy of pushing the jury into an all -or-

nothing decision that could potentially have resulted in Crow' s full acquitta1. 13
B.         Trial Counsel' s Refusal To Call Adams as a Witness


          Crow argues that trial counsel provided ineffective assistance by failing to call Adams as

a witness .to impeach Eke' s credibility. We disagree.

          Trial counsel stated on the record that he did not call Adams because Adams' s testimony

would benefit the State. This is a conceivable legitimate tactic in Crow' s case because Adams

claimed that Crow told him that Crow fought with one of the victims at the crime scene. Thus,


calling Adams as a witness risks introducing testimony confirming that Crow was at the crime




13 Crow asks us to apply the three -prong balancing test from State v. Ward, 125 Wn. App. 243,
104 P. 3d 670 ( 2004).    But our Supreme Court rejected Ward' s three -prong test in Grier, 171
Wn.2d at 32, 35, 38.




                                                          22
No. 42926 -8 -II



scene. And while Adams' s testimony could have perhaps impeached Eke' s credibility, this

would have limited value because the State elicited a great deal of testimony showing that Eke

had been caught lying multiple times prior to testifying, and then challenged the credibility of

Eke' s statements while testifying. Thus, trial counsel' s decision against calling Adams was a

tactical decision that did not constitute deficient performance.


C.       Trial Counsel' s Failure To Object to Shoe Print Evidence


         Crow argues trial counsel provided ineffective assistance by failing to object to the shoe

print evidence' s admission because the shoe print examiner' s inability to conclude Crow made

the   shoe print rendered    the    evidence   unfairly    prejudicial under   ER 403.   We hold Crow did not


demonstrate prejudice.


         To show prejudice, a petitioner basing an ineffective assistance claim on counsel' s failure

to object to the admission of evidence must show that ( 1) the trial court would likely have

sustained the objection and ( 2) a more favorable outcome would have resulted absent that

evidence. See McFarland, 127 Wn.2d at 337, 337 n.4. Evidence is admissible as relevant if it

makes    any fact   more   likely   than   without   the   evidence.   ER 401. " Although relevant, evidence


may be excluded if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair

prejudice."   ER 403.


          Here, by excluding the two codefendants as the shoe print' s source, the shoe print .

analyst' s evidence made it more likely that Crow was the person who stepped on Peterson' s

body.    Thus, the   shoe print evidence       was   relevant under     ER 401.   Because Crow' s only challenge

to the evidence, that it suggested that Crow stepped on Peterson, is the very reason the evidence

was relevant, Crow cites no danger of unfair prejudice that would preclude the evidence' s




                                                              23
No. 42926 -8 -II



admission under    ER 403. Thus, because the trial court would have admitted the evidence at the


conclusion of a CrR 3. 6 hearing on its admissibility, no prejudice resulted from trial counsel' s

failure to ask for that CrR 3. 6 hearing.

D.      Trial Counsel' s Failure To Spend Sufficient Time Working on Crow' s Case

        Crow argues trial counsel provided ineffective assistance by spending insufficient time

working on Crow' s case. We hold Crow has failed to state with particularity the factual

allegations which, if proven, would entitle him to relief


        Trial counsel had a duty to conduct a reasonable investigation of the case, or to

reasonably decide that certain investigations were unnecessary. In re Pers. Restraint of

Davis, 152 Wn.2d 647, 721, 101 P. 3d 1 ( 2004).      Crow' s only evidence of trial counsel' s failure

to spend sufficient time working on his case consists of jail visitor logs showing that trial counsel

signed in only twice to visit him. But Crow provides no evidence regarding the amount of time

that trial counsel spent on Crow' s case outside of the jail. Thus, because Crow has failed to

show through affidavits or other forms of corroboration that competent and admissible evidence


will establish the factual allegations, Crow' s claim fails. 14

                            V. UNCONSTITUTIONAL JURY INSTRUCTIONS


        Crow argues the jury instructions violated his constitutional right to jury unanimity. We
disagree.




14 Because we reject Crow' s ineffective assistance of trial counsel claims, we also reject the
related claims that appellate counsel was ineffective for failing to raise ineffective assistance of
trial counsel on direct appeal.




                                                    24
No. 42926 -8 - II



        We review the adequacy of jury instructions de novo as a question of law. State v. Pirtle,

127 Wn.2d 628, 656, 904 P. 2d 245 ( 1995).                   Jury instructions are sufficient if substantial evidence

supports them, they allow the parties to argue their theories of the case, and ( when read as a

whole) they properly inform the jury of the applicable law. State v. Hutchinson, 135 Wn. 2d

863, 885, 959 P. 2d 1061 ( 1998).


        A defendant has a constitutional right to a unanimous jury verdict. State v. Smith, 159

Wn.2d 778, 783, 154 P. 3d 873 ( 2007). Because an instruction that violates the defendant' s right


to unanimity is a constitutional error, the defendant must demonstrate actual and substantial

prejudice   to   prevail.     See WASH. CONST.            art.   I, §§ 21, 22; State v. Lamar, 180 Wn.2d 576, 583,


327 P. 3d 46 ( 2014);         State v. Watkins, 136 Wn. App. 240, 244, 148 P. 3d 1112 ( 2006).

A.      Unanimity        as   to "   No" on the Special Verdict Form


        Crow argues that jury instruction 30 was erroneous. 15 We hold that Crow has failed to
demonstrate actual prejudice.


        Here,     jury   instruction 30       stated "[   I] f you are not unanimously satisfied beyond a

reasonable doubt that `yes' is the correct answer to the question in a special verdict form, you

must answer ` no'        on   that   special verdict      form." ( Emphasis     added.)      Under this instruction, the


jury must answer no on the special verdict form in all situations where the jury cannot reach a

unanimous decision that " yes" was the correct answer, even if the jury failed to reach a



15 Crow argues jury instruction 30 misled the jury into believing that it had to be unanimous as to
 no" before answering " no" on the special verdict form, by not including language specifically
stating that the    jury " did       not   have to be   unanimous as      to ` no   '   to answer " no" on the special
verdict form. Br. of Petitioner at 19. Were this the case, jury instruction 30 would be in keeping
with State v. Nunez, which encouraged instructions for special verdict forms that require the jury
to unanimously agree that " no" is the correct answer before answering " no" on a special verdict
form. 174 Wn.2d 707, 718 -19, 285 P. 3d 21 ( 2012).



                                                                    25
No. 42926 -8 -II



unanimous decision that " no" was the correct answer. Thus, additional language stating that the

jury does not have to unanimously agree that " no" was the correct answer to select " no" on the

special verdict form would have been superfluous. Therefore, Crow has failed to show that the

absence of such language caused actual and substantial prejudice.


B.       Unanimity as to the Means ofSecond Degree Homicide

         Finally, Crow argues that the jury instructions erroneously failed to require the jury to

unanimously agree on whether Crow committed felony second degree murder or intentional

second degree murder. We disagree.

          Criminal defendants in Washington have                   a right   to   a unanimous   jury   verdict."   State v.


       Martinez, 124 Wn.2d 702, 707, 881 P. 2d 231 ( 1994).
Ortega —                                                                            While the jury must be unanimous

as to which act or incident constituted the crime, the jury is not required to be unanimous as to

the legal means by which the defendant committed the crime (such as felony murder versus

intentional    murder),   as long as sufficient evidence supports each alternative on which evidence

or argument was presented. Smith, 159 Wn.2d at 783.


         When reviewing the record for sufficiency of the evidence, we ask whether, taking all

facts in the light most favorable to the State, any rational trier of fact could find guilt beyond a

reasonable     doubt. Salinas, 119 Wn.2d         at   201.   We draw all reasonable inferences in favor of the


State   and   interpret them   most   strongly   against     the   petitioner.      119 Wn.2d at 201.


         RCW 9A.32. 050 states that a person is guilty of second degree murder in one of two

ways:



          a) With intent to cause the death of another person but without premeditation, he
         or she causes    the death    of such person .            or

                    b) He or she commits or attempts to commit any felony, including assault
                 and, in the course of and in furtherance of such crime or in immediate flight


                                                              26
No. 42926 -8 -II



           therefrom, he or she, or another participant, causes the death of a person other than
           one of the participants.



Former RCW 9A.08. 020 ( 1976) states that an accomplice to a crime is guilty of the underlying

crime.     See State    v.   Teal, 152 Wn.2d 333, 339, 96 P. 3d 974 ( 2004).           If the jury is unanimous that

the defendant was a participant in the crime and that the crime was committed, it is not necessary

that the   jury   be   unanimous    that the defendant     was a principal or an accomplice.          152 Wn.2d at


339.


           Former RCW 9A.08. 020( 3)(        a) states    that   a person   is   an accomplice   if "[w] ith knowledge


that it will promote or facilitate the commission of the crime, he

            i) solicits, commands, encourages, or requests such other person to commit it; or
                       ii) aids or agrees to aid such other person in planning or committing it.

           Eke' s testimony supported that Crow hit Miller in the face, followed immediately by

Durga putting Miller in a choke hold until Miller was incapacitated and dragging his body into

the campsite fire. The Olympia police found Miller' s dead body in the campsite fire. This is

sufficient evidence that Crow was an accomplice to Durga' s intentional murder of Miller (which


establishes intentional murder) or that Crow committed a felony assault that allowed Durga to

get   Miller in   a choke     hold, causing Miller'   s   death ( which establishes     felony   murder).   Thus,


sufficient evidence supports both intentional murder and felony murder in regards to Miller.

           Eke' s testimony at trial also supported that Crow put Peterson in a choke hold until

Peterson was incapacitated, threw his body into the campsite fire, and stepped on his shoulders

while Peterson was in the fire. The Olympia police found Peterson' s dead body at the campsite.

This is sufficient evidence that Crow intentionally strangled Peterson to death ( intentional

murder),     or that Crow assaulted Peterson by strangling him, and that this assault caused his death



                                                             27
No. 42926 -8 -II



felony murder). Thus, because sufficient evidence supports both means for each of the two

murders, the jury did not have to be unanimous as to whether Crow committed intentional

murder or felony murder for either murder.

       We deny the remainder of Crow' s petition.




 We concur:




                                              28
