        IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                          AT JACKSON
                            Assigned on Briefs June 4, 2013

            STATE OF TENNESSEE v. CHARLES PENNINGTON

              Direct Appeal from the Criminal Court for Shelby County
                      No. 10-07093     W. Mark Ward, Judge




               No. W2012-01459-CCA-R3-CD - Filed December 9, 2013


A Shelby County Grand Jury returned an indictment against Defendant, Charles Pennington,
charging him with first degree felony murder, attempted especially aggravated robbery, and
employing a firearm in the commission of a felony. Following a jury trial, Defendant was
convicted of first degree felony murder and attempted especially aggravated robbery.
Defendant was found not guilty of employing a firearm in the commission of a felony.
Defendant was sentenced to life for the murder conviction, and by agreement with the State,
to a concurrent sentence of twelve years for attempted especially aggravated robbery. On
appeal, Defendant argues that the evidence was insufficient to support his convictions. After
a thorough review, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.

 Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Criminal Court Affirmed

T HOMAS T. W OODALL, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which J AMES C URWOOD
W ITT, J R. and J EFFREY S. B IVINS, JJ., joined.

Stephen C. Bush, District Public Defender; Tony N. Drayton, Assistant Public Defender; Tim
Albers, Assistant Public Defender; and Constance Barnes, Assistant Public Defender;
Memphis, Tennessee, for the appellant, Charles Bennington.

Robert E. Cooper, Jr., Attorney General and Reporter; Caitlin E. Doty, Assistant Attorney
General; Amy P. Weirich, District Attorney General; Tracey Jones, Assistant District
Attorney General; and Neal Oldham, Assistant District Attorney General, for the appellee,
the State of Tennessee.
                                          OPINION

I. Background

       Heather Briscoe testified that her brother, Ross Penden, the victim, left her home in
Texas on June 6, 2010, to return to Memphis, Tennessee. She said that the victim had stayed
with her for several months while he painted her house and provided general contractor
services. Ms. Briscoe testified that she had paid the victim approximately $7,000 in cash for
the work that he provided.


       On June 7, 2010, Officer Daniel Campbell of the Memphis Police Department
responded to a carjacking in progress on Richmond Avenue. Officer Campbell and his
partner, Officer Derek Wharton, drove to the area of Richmond Avenue near Orleans Street.
Officer Campbell testified that before they arrived at the scene, he and Officer Wharton
received a dispatch that the vehicle had moved to Orleans Street and South Parkway and that
a shot had been fired.

        Officers Campell and Wharton arrived on the scene at Orleans Street and South
Parkway and observed a “maroon General Motors type four-door pickup parked in the
street.” The truck was running, and the victim was sitting in the driver’s seat of the truck
“slumped over with his head tilted to the right and his arms in his lap . . . had his foot on the
accelerator and his head was tilted to the right and his eyes were glazed over.” Officer
Campbell explained that the vehicle was in park, but the engine was revving because the
victim’s foot was on the accelerator. He also noticed blood on the center of the victim’s
chest, and the victim was unresponsive. Officer Campbell then turned off the truck’s motor
and secured the scene. It was later determined that the victim died from a single gunshot
wound to the chest.

        Demonique Harris testified that on June 7, 2010, the victim called Jerome White’s
house located on “Park” and said that he would pick her up. Ms. Harris said that she told the
victim, whom she knew through a friend, that she did not have any clean clothes, and he
agreed to drive her to a laundromat in Arkansas. While at the laundromat, Ms. Harris noticed
that the victim had several “hundreds and twenties,” which she estimated to be approximately
$2,000, and he paid for everything. She also acknowledged that she got angry with the
victim because she called Mr. White from the victim’s cell phone, and the victim took the
phone away from her. After Ms. Harris finished washing and drying her clothes, the victim
drove her back to Mr. White’s house in Memphis to drop off the clothes. Ms. Harris then
asked the victim to drive her to Mr. White’s mother’s house near Mississippi Boulevard and
Richmond Avenue. Ms. Harris testified that the victim turned on South Parkway and then

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turned right on Lapaloma Street. She said that the victim then stopped the truck and asked
if he could “F [her] in the booty hole like he done [sic] to Keira and them.” Ms. Harris
testified that the victim grabbed her leg, and she hit him. The two struggled briefly, and the
victim’s phone fell from the center console onto the floor. Ms. Harris testified that she
picked up the phone and called Mr. White, who was her boyfriend at the time, and said,
“[T]his white B just put his hands up on me.” She said that the victim grabbed the phone
from her before she heard Mr. White say anything. Ms. Harris testified that the victim
slapped her two or three times in the face, and she began crying. The victim began cussing
her and then drove to Mississippi Boulevard and dropped her off where she walked to Mr.
White’s mother’s house on Richmond Avenue.

       Ms. Harris testified that when she walked into the house, Mr. White was there, and
she told him what happened. She was angry, and her face was still red from being slapped
by the victim. Ms. Harris said that she then told Mr. White that she had seen the victim with
some money and that they were going to rob the victim. Ms. Harris testified that Mr. White
agreed to rob the victim, and he went outside and talked to Defendant who also agreed to
participate in the robbery. That evening, she called the victim and asked him to come back
to Mr. White’s mother’s house to pick her up. Ms. Harris testified that the victim indicated
that he was going to take some money to the bank, and it took a “little while” for him to
come back to the house. Ms. Harris admitted that she called the victim multiple times to
convince him to pick her up immediately.

        Ms. Harris testified that she, Mr. White, and Defendant then walked down Richmond
Avenue toward Orleans Street. Ms. Harris said that when the victim initially drove down
Richmond Avenue looking for her, she was hiding behind a house, and Mr. White and
Defendant were standing on the street. She said that she was hiding behind the house in
order for Mr. White and Defendant to rob the victim. Ms. Harris then called the victim again
and told him that he passed her. Ms. Harris stepped onto the sidewalk, and the victim “made
the block and came back” to where Ms. Harris was standing. At that time, Mr. White was
behind the house, and Defendant was behind some bushes. Ms. Harris testified that
Defendant told her to jump into the truck when the victim pulled up, and Defendant would
get in behind her. She said that when she got into the truck, Defendant entered behind her
with a black 40-caliber gun. Ms. Harris testified that the victim and Defendant began
tussling over the gun. She said that she became scared when the victim grabbed the gun, and
she then jumped into the back seat.

       Ms. Harris testified that the victim began driving with one leg while tussling with
Defendant. She then opened the back door to get out of the truck, and she fell out of the
vehicle. Ms. Harris testified that Mr. White ran after the truck, and “was like get him man,
go on, get him man . . .” Ms. Harris said that she got up and ran behind the house. She left

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her purse and baby gel in the victim’s truck. Ms. Harris denied that she was “turning tricks”
with the victim.

        Jerome White testified that he was at his mother’s home on Richmond Avenue on
June 7, 2010, when Ms. Harris, his girlfriend, stopped by and told him that she had been with
the victim. Mr. White referred to the victim as a “trick,” indicating that the victim purchased
prostitutes. Mr. White testified that Ms. Harris told him that the victim had beaten her, and
she was angry. He also noticed bruises on her thighs and face. Ms. Harris told him that the
victim had a substantial amount of money so they decided to rob him. Mr. White testified
that he walked outside and saw Defendant standing across the street and talked to him. Ms.
Harris later walked out of the house and told Defendant about the plan to rob the victim, and
Defendant agreed to participate.

        According to Mr. White, the plan was for him to distract the victim while Ms. Harris
got into the victim’s vehicle, and then Defendant was supposed to rob the victim. Mr. White
testified that he, Defendant, and Ms. Harris walked down the street from his mother’s house
and then separated to wait for the victim to arrive. He said that Ms. Harris was walking
down the street when the victim arrived, and he and defendant were on opposite sides of the
street from each other. Mr. White testified that he and Defendant discussed the robbery by
phone while waiting for the victim to arrive.

        Mr. White testified that when the victim drove up and picked Ms. Harris up,
Defendant “came out and snatched her out of the [truck].” Defendant then got into the
victim’s truck, and Mr. White ran up to the vehicle; however, it sped away. Mr. White
testified that Ms. Harris fell when she got out of the vehicle, and she got up and ran away
after the truck left. Mr. White did not see where the vehicle went, and he did not know if
Defendant had a gun. He later talked with Defendant who said that he had made a “mistake.”
While he was talking to Defendant, the phone “broke up.” Sometime later, Defendant’s
cousin picked up Mr. White and Ms. Harris around the corner from Richmond Avenue.
Defendant was already in the vehicle. They did not discuss what had happened.

        William Garrett testified that on June 7, 2010, he was living on Richmond Avenue.
On that day, he walked out of the house, and noticed a white man in a red truck parked in
front of the house looking around as if searching for something. Mr. Garrett felt that the
behavior was “unusual in that neighborhood.” The man then drove down the street, and a
young man then approached Mr. Garrett and asked him where the “white guy” went. He
informed the young man that the white man drove down the street. Mr. Garrett testified that
the young man “just trotted away across the street.” As Mr. Garrett was walking down the
street, he noticed the red truck drive by a couple more times as if the driver were looking for
something. Mr. Garrett noted that the driver stopped and looked between houses.

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       Mr. Garrett testified that the next time he saw the red truck, there was an African-
American male in the vehicle struggling with the driver over what appeared to be a gun. The
truck was still moving at the time, and Mr. Garrett observed the struggle for approximately
30 seconds. Mr. Garrett testified that approximately two to three minuets after the truck was
no longer in his sight, he heard a gunshot. Mr. Garrett later identified Mr. White from a
photo line-up as the person who asked him which way the white man went.

        Eddie Ward testified that on June 7, 2010, he was in his front yard at 660 Richmond
Avenue mowing the lawn. He said that his house was located approximately 30 yards from
Orleans Street. Mr. Ward testified that he noticed “a red truck coming down the street real
fast driving all over the street,” and he ran to his porch. He noticed that a white man and a
black man appeared to wrestling inside the truck. Mr. Ward testified that the black man had
a gun and was trying to get out of the truck, but the white man would not let him go. He said
that the black man’s leg and the gun were hanging out of the truck. Mr. Ward testified that
the truck made a left on Orleans Street and stopped at Orleans Street and South Parkway.
He did not see or hear anything else. He later identified Defendant from a photo line-up as
the person he saw in the truck with a gun wrestling with the white man.

        Lavell Pennington testified that he was at the Southland Mall on June 7, 2010, when
he received a call from Jerome White, who said that he needed a ride. Mr. Pennington
testified that he picked Mr. White, Ms. Harris, and Defendant, who was his cousin, up on
Mississippi Boulevard. Mr. Pennington did not recall talking to police on June 16, 2010, and
telling them that Defendant called him and asked for a ride and that they discussed what
happened. He also did not recall telling police that Defendant told him that he jumped in the
victim’s vehicle when the victim slowed down to let Ms. Harris out of the truck or that
Defendant admitted to killing the victim. Mr. Pennington further did not recall telling police
that he attempted to rob the victim and that the robbery was arranged by Ms. Harris. He also
did not recall telling police that Defendant said that during the attempted robbery, he and the
victim began fighting over control of the 40-caliber handgun that Defendant was armed with
and that one shot was fired from the weapon. Mr. Pennington claimed that he was
intoxicated at the time he gave the statement. He admitted that he identified Defendant and
Mr. White from a photographic lineup.

       Clarence Jackson testified that on June 7, 2010, he was living at 7718 Richmond
Avenue, Apartment One. That evening, as he was walking out the door, he saw a red truck
drive by with two men wrestling over a gun. He also saw another man running behind the
truck. Mr. Jackson testified that the driver of the truck was white, and the passenger was
black. He said that the driver had his hand on the steering wheel, and the passenger had both
hands on the gun. Mr. Jackson testified that the white man was trying to drive and keep the



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“gun off him.” He said that the truck drove toward South Parkway, and he did not see it
anymore.

       The victim’s truck was processed by Officers Dwayne Johnson and Hope Smith from
the Crime Scene Unit of the Memphis Police Department. From the scene it appeared to
Officer Johnson that someone had reached into the victim’s glove compartment and removed
the vehicle registration papers, which were left on the passenger’s seat. The victim’s wallet
contained $39, and no other money was found in the truck. Officer Smith found fingerprints
on the vehicle registration and sent them to be processed. At trial, the parties stipulated that
the prints belonged to Defendant.

II. Analysis

       Defendant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence for his convictions of first
degree felony murder and attempted especially aggravated robbery. He argues that there was
insufficient evidence to corroborate the testimony of the two accomplices, Demonique Harris
and Jerome White. We disagree.

       When an accused challenges the sufficiency of the convicting evidence, our standard
of review is whether, after reviewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the
prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime
beyond a reasonable doubt. Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319, 99 S.Ct. 2781, 2789, 61
L.Ed.2d 560 (1979). The trier of fact, not this Court, resolves questions concerning the
credibility of the witnesses, and the weight and value to be given the evidence as well as all
factual issues raised by the evidence. State v. Tuttle, 914 S.W.2d 926, 932 (Tenn. Crim. App.
1995). Nor may this Court reweigh or re-evaluate the evidence. State v. Cabbage, 571
S.W.2d 832, 835 (Tenn. 1978). On appeal, the State is entitled to the strongest legitimate
view of the evidence and all inferences therefrom. Id. Because a verdict of guilt removes
the presumption of innocence and replaces it with a presumption of guilt, the accused has the
burden in this Court of illustrating why the evidence is insufficient to support the verdict
returned by the trier of fact. State v. Tuggle, 639 S.W.2d 913, 914 (Tenn. 1982). “[D]irect
and circumstantial evidence should be treated the same when weighing the sufficiency of
[the] evidence.” State v. Dorantes, 331 S.W.3d 370, 381 (Tenn. 2011).

       It is well-settled that “a conviction may not be based solely upon the uncorroborated
testimony of an accomplice.” State v. Shaw, 37 S.W.3d 900, 903 (Tenn. 2001). Regarding
the rule of corroboration, our Supreme Court has stated:

       The rule of corroboration as applied and used in this State is that there must be
       some evidence independent of the testimony of the accomplice. The

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       corroborating evidence must connect, or tend to connect the defendant with the
       commission of the crime charged; and, furthermore, the tendency of the
       corroborative evidence to connect the defendant must be independent of any
       testimony of the accomplice. The corroborative evidence must of its own
       force, independently of the accomplice’s testimony, tend to connect the
       defendant with the commission of the crime.

Sherrill v. State, 204 Tenn. 427, 321 S.W.2d 811, 815 (1959). “In short, the evidence must
confirm in some manner that (a) a crime has been committed and (b) the accused committed
the crime.” State v. Griffis, 964 S.W.2d 577, 589 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1997). However,
Tennessee requires only a modicum of evidence in order to sufficiently corroborate such
testimony. State v. Copeland, 677 S.W.2d 471, 475 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1984).

        To support Defendant’s conviction for first degree felony murder, the State was
required to prove that Defendant killed the victim in the “perpetration of or attempt to
perpetrate any first degree murder, arson, rape, robbery, burglary, theft, kidnapping,
aggravated child abuse, aggravated child neglect or aircraft piracy . . .” Tenn. Code Ann. §
39-13-202(a)(2). Especially aggravated robbery is “the intentional or knowing theft of
property from the person of another by violence or putting the person in fear” that is
accomplished with a deadly weapon and results in the victim suffering serious bodily injury.
Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-401(a), -403(a). When a defendant is charged with the attempted
commission of a crime, there must be evidence that the defendant “[has acted] with the kind
of culpability otherwise required for the offense” or “[has acted] with intent to cause a result
that is an element of the offense, and believes the conduct will cause the result without
further conduct on the person’s part; . . . Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-12-101(a)(1), (2). Criminal
attempt also occurs when the defendant “[a]cts with the intent to complete a course of action
or cause a result that would constitute the offense, under the circumstances surrounding the
conduct as the person believes them to be, and the conduct constitutes a substantial step
toward the commission of the offense.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-12-101(a)(3).

        Viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the State, the proof showed that
Demonique Harris, Jerome White, and Defendant agreed to a plan to rob the victim, whom
Ms. Harris had seen carrying what she estimated to be $2,000. Ms. Harris testified that she
lured the victim back to the area of Mr. White’s mother’s house to pick her up. She initially
hid behind a house so that the victim had to circle around the block to pick her up. Ms.
Harris testified that Defendant hid behind some bushes, and Mr. White hid across the street.
She said that Defendant had told her that he would enter the victim’s truck behind her to rob
the victim. When the victim pulled over to let Ms. Harris into the vehicle, Defendant entered
behind her with a black 40-caliber handgun, and she jumped into the back seat. Ms. Harris
testified that she attempted to exit the truck when Defendant and the victim began wrestling

                                              -7-
over the weapon, and she fell out of the vehicle. She said that she saw Mr. White running
toward the victim’s truck yelling at Defendant to get the victim. She then got up and ran
away.

        Mr. White testified that it was the plan for him to distract the victim while Ms. Harris
got into the victim’s truck, and Defendant was supposed to rob the victim. He admitted that
he, Defendant, and Ms. Harris walked down the street from his mother’s house and then
separated to wait for the victim to arrive. When the victim ultimately arrived, Ms. Harris was
walking down the street, and he and Defendant were on opposite sides of the street from one
another. He and Defendant had discussed the robbery while waiting for the victim to arrive.

       Mr. White testified that when Ms. Harris got into the victim’s truck, Defendant “came
out and snatched her out of the [truck].” Defendant then got into the vehicle, and when Mr.
White ran up, the truck sped away. Mr. White did not see where it went. He later talked with
Defendant who said that he had made a “mistake.”

        Ms. Harris and Mr. White’s testimony was corroborated by several witnesses at trial.
William Garrett, who lived on Richmond Avenue, testified that on June 7, 2010, he saw a
white man in a red truck parked in front of Mr. Garrett’s house looking around as if searching
for something. Mr. Garrett testified that the man drove down the street, and a young man,
who Mr. Garrett later identified as Jerome White, approached Mr. Garrett and asked him
where the “white guy” went. Mr. Garrett told him that the white man drove down the street,
and Mr. White “just trotted away across the street.” Mr. Garrett noticed the red truck drive
by a couple more times as if the driver were looking for something. He noticed that the
driver stopped and looked in between houses. Mr. Garrett testified that the next time he saw
the vehicle, there was a black male in the truck struggling with the driver over what appeared
to be a gun. Approximately two or three minutes after the truck was no longer in his sight,
Mr. Garrett heard a gunshot.

        Eddie Ward, who also lived on Richmond Avenue, testified that he was mowing his
lawn on June 7, 2010, when he noticed a “red truck coming down the street real fast driving
all over the street.” Mr. Ward ran up onto his porch and observed a white man and a black
man who appeared to be wrestling inside the truck. Mr. Ward testified that the black man,
who he later identified from a photo line-up as Defendant, had a gun and was attempting to
exit the vehicle; however, the white man would not let go of him. He said that Defendant’s
leg and the gun were hanging out of the truck. Mr. Ward testified that the truck made a left
turn on Orleans Street and stopped at Orleans Street and South Parkway.

      Clarence Jackson also testified he lived on Richmond Avenue, and on the evening of
June 7, 2010, he saw a red truck drive by with two men wrestling over a gun. He saw

                                              -8-
another man running behind the truck. Mr. Jackson observed that the driver of the truck was
white, and the passenger was black. He said that the driver’s hand was on the steering wheel,
and the passenger had both hands on the gun. Mr. Jackson testified that the driver was trying
to drive and keep the “gun off him.” He said that the truck drove toward South Parkway.

        It was stipulated at trial that Defendant’s fingerprints were found on the registration
papers to the victim’s truck. The victim was later found deceased in his truck, with the motor
still running, at the intersection of Orleans Street and South Parkway with a gunshot wound
to his chest.

       Based on our review of the evidence, we conclude that Ms. Harris and Mr. White’s
testimony was sufficiently corroborated, and the evidence was sufficient to support beyond
a reasonable doubt Defendant’s convictions for first degree felony murder and attempted
especially aggravated robbery. Defendant is not entitled to relief on this issue.

       For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the trial court is affirmed.


                                                    ___________________________________
                                                    THOMAS T. WOODALL, JUDGE




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