                                                                      COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA


              Present: Judges Chafin, Malveaux and Senior Judge Frank
UNPUBLISHED


              Argued at Norfolk, Virginia


              JAMIR JORDAN
                                                                                             MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY
              v.            Record No. 1723-15-1                                              JUDGE TERESA M. CHAFIN
                                                                                                 NOVEMBER 22, 2016
              COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA


                                                FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF SUFFOLK
                                                             L. Wayne Farmer, Judge

                                           Julian Bouchard (J. Bouchard Law, P.C., on brief), for appellant.

                                           Aaron J. Campbell, Assistant Attorney General (Mark R. Herring,
                                           Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.


                            Following a bench trial, Jamir Jordan (“appellant”) was convicted of aggravated malicious

              wounding in violation of Code § 18.2-51.2. Appellant now appeals to this Court, contending that

              (1) the evidence was insufficient to convict him of aggravated malicious wounding, and (2) the trial

              court erred in applying the principal in the second degree theory of liability to his actions in order to

              convict him of aggravated malicious wounding.

                                                                               Background

                            On appellate review, we consider the evidence presented at trial in the light most

              favorable to the Commonwealth, the prevailing party below, and “accord [it] the benefit of all

              inferences fairly deducible from the evidence.” Riner v. Commonwealth, 268 Va. 296, 303, 601

              S.E.2d 555, 558 (2004). So viewed, the evidence proved that on May 15, 2014, Shawanda

              Harrison (“Harrison”) was at home with her daughters, Shakeria and Shaquita, as well as


                                                                          
                            *
                                Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.
Shaquita’s eight-month-old son. At around 4:00 p.m., City of Suffolk police officers came to

Harrison’s home to inform her that Shakeria, then seventeen years old, had been threatened at

school. After receiving a phone call, Shakeria went outside at approximately 5:30 p.m. Harrison

and Shaquita followed her. Once outside, Harrison observed a group of approximately thirty

high-school-age teenagers coming toward her house.

              Jaquay Collins, a member of the crowd, began to argue with Shakeria. During the course

of the argument, Harrison and Shakeria were sprayed in the eyes with pepper spray by Collins

and an individual named Kalani.

              Jason Calamusa, a neighbor, saw the crowd “spitting on [his neighbors] and spraying . . .

pepper spray.” He ran toward Harrison’s home and put himself between the crowd and the

Harrisons, telling the crowd that they needed to leave his neighbor’s property. When the group

did not leave, Calamusa then said, “You can fight me. If you came to fight, you can fight me.”1

At this point, appellant punched Calamusa with a closed fist, causing Calamusa to fall to the

ground. Calamusa curled into a fetal position as a group began to stomp, kick, and punch him.

Once police sirens were heard, the beating stopped and the crowd dispersed.

              Calamusa’s mother took him to the emergency room. His blood pressure was extremely

low, and he was transported to another hospital by ambulance. He was in the intensive care unit

for five to seven days and spent another week in a regular hospital room recovering. He

sustained a broken wisdom tooth during the beating. At the time of trial, Calamusa was still

experiencing “really super sharp pains” that went “all through [his] body from [his] mouth.” He

also testified that he experiences hot and cold sensitivity, causing him to have to “eat everything

on the other side of [his] mouth, [and] pack some kind of food in [his] tooth to eat.”


                                                            
              1
                   Calamusa did not possess any weapons and did not strike or hit anyone. 

                                                               - 2 - 
              Harrison and Shakeria both testified that they clearly saw that appellant was the initial

aggressor at Calamusa even though they had been sprayed with pepper spray. Both testified that

appellant had a bushy ponytail and was not wearing a hat. Harrison and Shakeria both knew

appellant because he had dated Shakeria the previous year.

              Shaquita testified that although she was holding a fussy baby, she saw appellant take off

his shirt before striking Calamusa in the face with a closed fist. She had not been sprayed with

pepper spray.

              Deborah Clay, Calamusa’s mother, testified that although she did not see the initial

punch, she identified appellant as one of approximately fifteen boys stomping, kicking, and

hitting her son. Clay tried to pull the boys off her son, but injured herself in the process. She

also testified that she scratched appellant’s back as she tried to pull him off her son. When the

crowd dispersed, she witnessed appellant “high-fiving” with a group of boys saying, “Hey, we

beat the tattoo man’s ass.”2

              Appellant called three witnesses – Demonte Lee-Smith, Jaquay Collins, and Antwon

Roberts – who testified that they did not see who initiated the beating. They each testified that

appellant did not initiate the beating and was trying to break up the fight. While Lee-Smith was

not asked about appellant’s appearance, Collins and Roberts were not able to recall any details

concerning how appellant looked on the day of the incident.

              Melba Osborne, appellant’s mother, testified that her son always wore a hat. She also

confirmed that appellant was not wearing a shirt when he came home after the incident.

              Appellant testified that he had been mistaken for another individual, Samuel Lassiter,

who also wore a bushy ponytail but no hat. He claimed that he never assaulted Calamusa and


                                                            
              2
         Appellant testified that Calamusa tattooed people in the neighborhood and, in fact, had
tattooed appellant.
                                               - 3 - 
that he attempted to break up the fight. He did, however, admit that Clay scratched his back as

he purportedly tried to stop the fight. Appellant denied ever “high-fiving” anyone or taking off

his shirt.

        Finding the Commonwealth’s witnesses credible, the trial judge found that appellant

initiated the beating and caused Calamusa to fall to the ground. The trial court further ruled that

appellant “was acting in concert of action with the others who were standing around him.” The

trial judge went on to say that three Commonwealth witnesses observed that appellant was the

initial aggressor and that Clay “saw him continue to be involved in the assault on [her] son.”

The trial court found appellant guilty of aggravated malicious wounding. This appeal followed.

                                        Standard of Review

        “Where the sufficiency of the evidence is challenged after conviction,” this Court “will

reverse a judgment of the circuit court only upon a showing that it is plainly wrong or without

evidence to support it.” Singleton v. Commonwealth, 278 Va. 542, 548, 685 S.E.2d 668, 671

(2009) (citation omitted); see also Code § 8.01-680. When reviewing the sufficiency of the

evidence, this Court “does not ‘ask itself whether it believes that the evidence at the trial

established guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.’” Crowder v. Commonwealth, 41 Va. App. 658,

663, 588 S.E.2d 384, 387 (2003) (quoting Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 318-19 (1979)).

Rather, we “must . . . ask whether ‘any rational trier of fact could have found the essential

elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.’” Id. (quoting Kelly v. Commonwealth, 41

Va. App. 250, 257, 584 S.E.2d 444, 447 (2003) (en banc)).

        When reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence, this Court is required to “consider the

evidence and all reasonable inferences fairly deducible therefrom in the light most favorable to

the Commonwealth, the prevailing party at trial.” Perry v. Commonwealth, 280 Va. 572, 578,

701 S.E.2d 431, 435 (2010) (quoting Bass v. Commonwealth, 259 Va. 470, 475, 525 S.E.2d 921,
                                                 - 4 - 
924 (2000)). This deferential standard “applies not only to the historical facts themselves, but

the inferences from those facts as well.” Clanton v. Commonwealth, 53 Va. App. 561, 566, 673

S.E.2d 904, 907 (2009) (en banc) (quoting Crowder, 41 Va. App. at 663 n.2, 588 S.E.2d at 387

n.2). “Viewing the record through this evidentiary prism requires [this Court] to discard the

evidence of the accused in conflict with that of the Commonwealth, and regard as true all the

credible evidence favorable to the Commonwealth and all fair inferences to be drawn therefrom.”

Smith v. Commonwealth, 56 Va. App. 711, 714, 697 S.E.2d 14, 15 (2010) (quoting Cooper v.

Commonwealth, 54 Va. App. 558, 562, 680 S.E.2d 361, 363 (2009)).

                                              Analysis

                                       I. Witness Credibility

        Appellant was convicted of aggravated malicious wounding. Aggravated malicious

wounding is defined in Code § 18.2-51.2(A):

                If any person maliciously shoots, stabs, cuts or wounds any other
                person, or by any means causes bodily injury, with the intent to
                maim, disfigure, disable or kill, he shall be guilty of a Class 2
                felony if the victim is thereby severely injured and is caused to
                suffer permanent and significant physical impairment.
                 
        On appeal, appellant maintains that insufficient evidence was presented to the trial court

to support his conviction. Specifically, appellant contends that the trial court erred in finding

that he initiated the beating of Calamusa.

        Appellant first claims that the attacker was described as having a bushy ponytail and no

hat. While he admits to wearing a bushy ponytail, appellant argues that he was wearing a hat.

Appellant claimed that he had been mistaken for Samuel Lassiter, another individual who also

wore a bushy ponytail but wore no hat. He further contends that the Commonwealth’s witnesses

were distracted or injured, and therefore could not offer accurate testimony about the face of the

initial attacker.

                                                - 5 - 
         “The credibility of the witnesses and the weight accorded the evidence are matters solely

for the fact finder . . . .” Sandoval v. Commmonwealth, 20 Va. App. 133, 138, 455 S.E.2d 730,

732 (1995). Unlike “an appellate court which reviews only a cold record,” Harris v. Woodrum, 3

Va. App. 428, 433, 350 S.E.2d 667, 670 (1986), the fact finder “has the opportunity to see and

hear that evidence as it is presented,” Sandoval, 20 Va. App. at 138, 455 S.E.2d at 732; see also

Bradley v. Commonwealth, 196 Va. 1126, 1136, 86 S.E.2d 828, 834 (1955) (“The living record

contains many guideposts to the truth which are not in the printed record; not having seen them

ourselves, we should give great weight to the conclusions of those who have seen and heard

them.”). “In its role of judging witness credibility, the fact finder is entitled to disbelieve the

self-serving testimony of the accused and to conclude that the accused is lying to conceal his

guilt.” Marable v. Commonwealth, 27 Va. App. 505, 509-10, 500 S.E.2d 233, 235 (1998).

        Appellant challenges Harrison and Shakeria’s identification of him as the initial attacker

because they had both been sprayed with pepper spray before the initial attack on Calamusa.

However, both Harrison and Shakeria knew appellant before the date of the beating, and both

witnesses testified that the pepper spray did not affect their ability to identify appellant as the

initial attacker.

        Appellant also challenges Shaquita’s testimony because she was distracted by a fussy

baby. Yet, Shaquita testified that she had no trouble seeing that appellant was the initial

aggressor. Further, she also testified that appellant took off his shirt – a fact that was

corroborated by appellant’s mother.

         “When the Commonwealth offers direct evidence from eyewitnesses whose testimony is

not inherently incredible, the [factfinder] may accept that testimony as credible and reject all

conflicting evidence, thereby determining in essence, that no reasonable hypotheses of innocence

remain.” Kelly v. Commonwealth, 42 Va. App. 347, 354-55, 592 S.E.2d 353, 357 (2004). From
                                                 - 6 - 
the record on appeal, we conclude that the testimony of Harrison, Shakeria, and Shaquita,

eyewitnesses to the events at issue, identifying appellant as the person who initiated the attack on

Calamusa, was not inherently incredible as a matter of law. Accordingly, we hold that the trial

court did not err in finding the evidence sufficient as a matter of law to support appellant’s

conviction of aggravated malicious wounding.

                                                               II. Principal in the Second Degree

              Appellant next contends that even if this Court accepts the trial court’s finding that he

initiated the beating of Calamusa, his conviction should be reversed because the trial court erred

in applying the principal in the second degree theory of liability to his actions in order to convict

him of aggravated malicious wounding.3 Appellant argues that the trial court convicted him of

aggravated malicious wounding without making factual determinations as to whether he

continued to participate in the beating beyond the first punch or whether he attempted to break

up the fight. Appellant further argues that the evidence was insufficient to support a finding that

he acted in concert with the other attackers.

              “A principal in the first degree is the actual perpetrator of the crime. A principal in the

second degree, or an aider or abettor as he is sometimes termed, is one who is present, actually or

constructively, assisting the perpetrator in the commission of the crime.” Muhammad v.

Commonwealth, 269 Va. 451, 482, 619 S.E.2d 16, 33 (2005) (quoting Jones v. Commonwealth,

208 Va. 370, 372, 157 S.E.2d 907, 909 (1967)). As we have held on numerous occasions, a

“principal in the second degree may be indicted, tried, convicted and punished as if a principal in

the first degree.” Allard v. Commonwealth, 24 Va. App. 57, 62, 480 S.E.2d 139, 141 (1997)

(citing Code § 18.2-18). While the Commonwealth must prove that the offense was committed
                                                            
              3
         Although the trial court never stated that it made its decision based on the principal in
the second degree theory of liability, for purposes of this opinion we will assume arguendo that
appellant was found guilty of aggravated malicious wounding on that basis.
                                                - 7 - 
by the principal in the first degree in order to sustain a conviction of a principal in the second

degree, see Sutton v. Commonwealth, 228 Va. 654, 665, 324 S.E.2d 665, 671 (1985), proof of

“actual participation in the commission of the crime is not necessary” in order “to make a person

a principal in the second degree,” Muhammad, 269 Va. at 482, 619 S.E.2d at 33 (quoting Jones,

208 Va. at 372, 157 S.E.2d at 909).

       To support a conviction under this theory, the Commonwealth need only prove that the

accused was present at the scene of the crime and shared the criminal intent of the perpetrator or

committed some act in furtherance of the offense. Allard, 24 Va. App. at 62, 480 S.E.2d at 141

(citing Rollston v. Commonwealth, 11 Va. App. 535, 540, 399 S.E.2d 823, 826 (1991)). Mere

presence when a crime is committed is not sufficient to render one guilty as a principal in the

second degree. Hall v. Commonwealth, 225 Va. 533, 536, 303 S.E.2d 903, 904 (1983).

However,

               [w]hile mere presence at the scene of a crime or knowledge that a
               crime is going to be committed does not constitute aiding and
               abetting, accompanying a person with full knowledge that the
               person intends to commit a crime and doing nothing to discourage
               it bolsters the perpetrator’s resolve, lends countenance to the
               perpetrator’s criminal intentions, and thereby aids and abets the
               actual perpetrator in the commission of the crime.

Pugliese v. Commonwealth, 16 Va. App. 82, 94, 428 S.E.2d 16, 25 (1993); see Foster v.

Commonwealth, 179 Va. 96, 99, 18 S.E.2d 314, 315-16 (1942) (“Every person who is present at

the commission of a [crime], encouraging or inciting the same by words, gestures, looks or signs,

or who in any way, or by any means, countenances or approves the same is, in law, assumed to

be an aider and abettor . . . .”). Whether a person aided or abetted another in the commission of a

crime is a question that may be determined by circumstantial as well as by direct evidence.

Foster, 179 Va. at 99, 18 S.E.2d at 316 (“The status of the accused may be established both by

circumstantial evidence and by direct evidence.”).
                                                 - 8 - 
       In this case, a reasonable factfinder could conclude from the evidence presented that

appellant aided and abetted in the commission of the charged offense. The evidence shows that

appellant continued to participate in the beating beyond the initial punch. Shakeria testified that

when Calamusa fell to the ground, appellant “continued punching him.” Clay stated that

appellant was one of the individuals on top of Calamusa during the beating. This fact was

supported by appellant’s own testimony that Clay scratched his back when trying to stop the

beating. Clay also testified that appellant was one of the individuals “high-fiving” each other

following the beating. This evidence was sufficient to support the trial court’s finding that

appellant was present during the malicious wounding of Calamusa and performed an overt act of

assistance or encouragement by striking the initial punch against Calamusa. See Johnson v.

Commonwealth, 58 Va. App. 303, 319, 709 S.E.2d 175, 183 (2011). Therefore, the evidence

was sufficient to sustain appellant’s conviction for aggravated malicious wounding as a principal

in the second degree.

       Appellant lastly contends that even if he initiated the beating, he showed a “conscientious

effort to withdraw from the negative acts of the group” and that such withdrawal should negate

any notion of concert of action and the principal in the second degree theory of liability should

not apply.

       Concert of action is a “species of accomplice liability, carrying with it the principle that

the punishment imposed on each accomplice may be the same.” Davis v. Commonwealth, 36

Va. App. 291, 295-96, 549 S.E.2d 631, 633 (2001). Code § 18.2-18 provides that “every

principal in the second degree and every accessory before the fact may be indicted, tried,

convicted and punished in all respects as if a principal in the first degree.”

               [P]roof that a person is present at the commission of a crime
               without disapproving or opposing it, is evidence from which, in
               connection with other circumstances, it is competent for the jury to
                                                 - 9 - 
               infer that he assented thereto, lent to it his countenance and
               approval, and was thereby aiding and abetting the same.

Foster, 179 Va. at 100, 18 S.E.2d at 316.

       The Supreme Court applied the concert of action principle to the actions of co-defendants

involved in the beating of two victims in Spradlin v. Commonwealth, 195 Va. 523, 79 S.E.2d

443 (1954). A group of four to five aggressors, including the defendants, forced the victims out

of a restaurant. Id. at 528, 79 S.E.2d at 446. Once outside the restaurant, the aggressors split

into two groups and proceeded to beat the victims. Id. The defendants, as in the current case,

argued that their convictions should be overturned because there was insufficient evidence that

they each individually aided and abetted in the assault and battery of the victims. Id. at 526, 79

S.E.2d at 444-45. The Supreme Court held that it was “immaterial whether [the defendants]

actually inflicted the specific injuries received by [the victims]” as they were “present and

associated in this concerted action and participated in bringing it about.” Id. at 528-29, 79

S.E.2d at 446. Explaining further, the Supreme Court stated that

               [i]f there is concert of action with the resulting crime one of its
               incidental probable consequences, then whether such crime was
               originally contemplated or not, all who participate in any way in
               bringing it about are equally answerable and bound by the acts of
               every other person connected with the consummation of such
               resulting crime.

Id. at 528, 79 S.E.2d at 445.

       In Johnson v. Commonwealth, 58 Va. App. 303, 709 S.E.2d 175 (2011), this Court came

to a similar conclusion to the one reached in Spradlin. The defendant, acting with a group of

fifteen to twenty men, confronted the victim at a restaurant. When the victim left the restaurant,

the defendant attacked him and a group of four or five of the men proceeded to beat the victim.

Id. at 309, 709 S.E.2d at 178. This Court held that “the evidence was sufficient to support the

trial court’s finding that [the defendant] was present during the malicious wounding of [the
                                               - 10 - 
victim] and performed an overt act of assistance or encouragement by striking the initial blow

against the victim.” Id. at 319, 709 S.E.2d at 183. Thus, this Court held that the evidence was

sufficient to show that the defendant, at a minimum, acted as a principal in the second degree in

the malicious wounding of the victim. Id.

       Like in Spradlin and Johnson, the trial court could reasonably infer that appellant acted in

concert with the other attackers because he initiated the beating. Appellant asserts that the initial

punch in Johnson is distinguishable from the initial punch in this case because Calamusa

challenged the crowd by stating, “You can fight me,” whereas Johnson involved an ambush.

However, Calamusa did not challenge appellant alone; he challenged the entire crowd. By

striking the initial punch, appellant performed an “overt act” that encouraged or incited the

others in the group to attack Calamusa. Rollston, 11 Va. App. at 539, 399 S.E.2d at 825.

Appellant was also seen “high-fiving” with the group after the beating, further evincing his intent

to aid and abet in the beating.

       Appellant further contends that he tried to break up the fight, therefore negating any

concert of action. The weight given to such testimony rested with the trial court which could

reasonably conclude from all the facts and circumstances that appellant acted in concert with the

group who continued the beating. Therefore, the evidence was sufficient to sustain appellant’s

conviction for aggravated malicious wounding in violation of Code § 18.2-51.2.

                                             Conclusion

       For the above-stated reasons, the evidence was sufficient to prove beyond a reasonable

doubt that appellant was guilty of aggravated malicious wounding. Further, the evidence was

sufficient to prove that appellant acted as a principal in the second degree in the aggravated

malicious wounding of Jason Calamusa.

                                                                                             Affirmed.
                                                - 11 - 
