                                                                                     FILED
                                                                         United States Court of Appeals
                      UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                             Tenth Circuit

                             FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT                               May 10, 2019
                         _________________________________
                                                                             Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                                                 Clerk of Court
 THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
 EX REL. MICHELE COFFMAN,

       Plaintiff - Appellant,

 v.                                                            No. 18-3156
                                                      (D.C. No. 2:14-CV-02538-JAR)
 THE CITY OF LEAVENWORTH,                                        (D. Kan.)
 KANSAS,

       Defendant - Appellee.
                      _________________________________

                                      ORDER
                         _________________________________

Before McHUGH, BALDOCK, and KELLY, Circuit Judges.
                  _________________________________

       Appellant has submitted a petition for panel rehearing. Upon consideration, the

panel grants the petition to the extent of the modifications contained in the attached

revised order and judgment. The order and judgment filed on March 29, 2019, is hereby

withdrawn, and shall be replaced by the attached revised order and judgment effective the

date of this order. The Clerk is directed to file the attached revised order and judgment

forthwith.


                                              Entered for the Court



                                              ELISABETH A. SHUMAKER, Clerk
                                                                                FILED
                                                                    United States Court of Appeals
                         UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                     Tenth Circuit

                                FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT                      May 10, 2019
                            _________________________________
                                                                        Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                                            Clerk of Court
 THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
 EX REL. MICHELE COFFMAN,

          Plaintiff - Appellant,

 v.                                                        No. 18-3156
                                                  (D.C. No. 2:14-CV-02538-JAR)
 THE CITY OF LEAVENWORTH,                                    (D. Kan.)
 KANSAS,

          Defendant - Appellee.
                         _________________________________

                                ORDER AND JUDGMENT*
                            _________________________________

Before McHUGH, BALDOCK, and KELLY, Circuit Judges.
                  _________________________________

      Michele Coffman appeals the district court’s grant of summary judgment in

favor of the City of Leavenworth, Kansas, on her claims under the False Claims Act

(FCA), 31 U.S.C. §§ 3729-33. Exercising jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we

affirm.




      *
        After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist in the determination of
this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore
ordered submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding
precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral
estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with
Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
I.    Background

      Coffman was employed between 2010 and 2013 at the City’s wastewater

treatment plant (WWTP). In 2014, she brought a qui tam action against the City

under the FCA.1 The district court granted summary judgment in the City’s favor.

She addresses on appeal only her FCA claims alleging that the City fraudulently

billed three federal agencies for sewer service.

      Coffman claims that the City submitted monthly sewer bills to the United

States Army, the Bureau of Prisons, and the Veterans Administration that falsely

implied that the City had complied with all applicable environmental laws. She

claims that the City’s certification of compliance was false because it had violated

environmental laws in four specific ways:

      (1) the City allowed sewage to leak into a creek from a broken sewer pipe that

it did not repair for 15 months, allegedly in violation of the Clean Water Act (CWA)

and the City’s discharge permit (NPDES permit2);




      1
         Coffman asserted additional claims against the City, including FCA
retaliation and state-law claims for whistle blower retaliation, retaliatory discharge,
and negligent infliction of emotional distress. These claims are not at issue in this
appeal.
      2
        Pollutant dischargers can obtain a permit through the National Pollutant
Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit program, administered by the EPA
and authorized states. See 33 U.S.C. § 1342(a)-(b). “Noncompliance with a permit
constitutes a violation of the [CWA].” Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Envtl.
Servs. (TOC), Inc., 528 U.S. 167, 174 (2000). The EPA delegated to the Kansas
Department of Health and Environment (KDHE) the authority to regulate wastewater
discharge in the state of Kansas.
                                            2
      (2) the City discharged treated effluent into the same creek to improve its

smell and color during the period that the broken sewer pipe was leaking, also

allegedly in violation of the CWA and its NPDES permit;

      (3) the City used a “Vactor Truck” (an industrial truck equipped with a

vacuum) to clear out objects from the sewer system, after which it dumped the solid

contents of the truck onto the ground in an area behind the WWTP, allegedly in

violation of a federal regulation; and

      (4) per a consent order issued in December 2015, the EPA found that between

March 2010 and March 2014 the City had violated its NPDES permit by discharging

pollutants at non-permitted locations due to sanitary sewer overflows.

There is no dispute that the City did not inform its federal agency sewer customers of

any of these issues.

      The district court held that Coffman failed to present evidence that would lead

a reasonable trier of fact to find that any of the implied false certifications were

material to the federal agencies’ decisions to pay their monthly invoices for

wastewater treatment services. The court also concluded that Coffman failed to

present evidence that the invoices were submitted with the requisite scienter under

the FCA.

II.   Discussion

      We review the district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo. U.S.

ex rel. Thomas v. Black & Veatch Special Projects Corp., 820 F.3d 1162, 1168

(10th Cir. 2016). Summary judgment is appropriate “if the movant shows that there

                                            3
is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as

a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). We view the factual record and draw all

reasonable inferences in Coffman’s favor. See Thomas, 820 F.3d at 1168.

                                           A.

      The FCA imposes liability when a person “knowingly presents, or causes to be

presented, a false or fraudulent claim for payment or approval.” 31 U.S.C.

§ 3729(a)(1)(A). Coffman’s complaint alleged that the City made legally false

requests for payment. See U.S. ex rel. Lemmon v. Envirocare of Utah, Inc., 614 F.3d

1163, 1168 (10th Cir. 2010) (“Claims arising from legally false requests . . .

generally require knowingly false certification of compliance with a regulation or

contractual provision . . . .”). And she relied on an implied false certification theory

of liability. See id.; see also Universal Health Servs., Inc. v. U.S. ex rel. Escobar,

136 S. Ct. 1989, 1995 (2016) (holding that, “at least in certain circumstances, the

implied false certification theory can be a basis for liability”). “According to this

theory, when a defendant submits a claim, it impliedly certifies compliance with all

conditions of payment.” Escobar, 136 S. Ct. at 1995.

      An FCA claim must satisfy materiality and scienter requirements, both of

which are “rigorous” and strictly enforced. Id. at 2002. Here, the district court held

that Coffman failed to show a material factual dispute as to either materiality or

scienter. Regarding scienter, Coffman was required to prove that the City

“knowingly” presented a false claim to the government for payment or approval.

§ 3729(a)(1)(A). “[K]nowingly . . . mean[s] that a person, with respect to

                                            4
information”: (1) “has actual knowledge of the information”; (2) “acts in deliberate

ignorance of the truth or falsity of the information”; or (3) “acts in reckless disregard

of the truth or falsity of the information.” § 3729(b)(1)(A) (internal quotation marks

omitted).3

      Accordingly, “[t]he proper focus of the scienter inquiry under § 3729(a) must

always rest on the defendant’s ‘knowledge’ of whether the claim is false . . . .”

U.S. ex rel. Burlbaw v. Orenduff, 548 F.3d 931, 952-53 (10th Cir. 2008). Coffman

“must show more than a falsehood—[she] must show that [the City] knowingly

presented a false claim for payment.” U.S. ex rel. Smith v. The Boeing Co., 825 F.3d

1138, 1149 (10th Cir. 2016). And Coffman “must prove scienter as an element; it

cannot be presumed.” Burlbaw, 548 F.3d at 955.

                                           B.

      In her opening appeal brief, Coffman asserts that she has shown, elsewhere in

her brief, that “the City did not comply with environmental laws in numerous

instances.” Aplt. Opening Br. at 53. She argues that “the fact that environmental

compliance was the very essence of the contracts for wastewater treatment can

establish scienter that environmental compliance was material [to the City’s federal

agency sewer service customers].” Id. at 54 (emphasis added). To establish scienter

regarding the falsity of the City’s claims for payment, Coffman maintains that

“[s]cienter can be found within a corporate entity even if there is not a single


      3
       Subsequent uses of the term “knowingly,” and derivations of that term,
assume the full statutory definition.
                                            5
individual responsible for both compliance and contracting issues.” Id. at 51. She

contends that, because the City’s organizational structure prevented it from learning

the facts that made its claims for payment false, the City therefore acted in deliberate

ignorance or reckless disregard of the falsity of its invoices submitted to the federal

agencies. Id. at 52.

      For this proposition, Coffman cites United States v. Science Applications

International Corp., 626 F.3d 1257, 1275-76 (D.C. Cir. 2010) (SAIC), in which our

sister circuit held that “[u]nder the FCA, if a plaintiff can prove that a government

contractor’s structure prevented it from learning facts that made its claims for

payment false, then the plaintiff may establish that the company acted in deliberate

ignorance or reckless disregard of the truth of its claims.” The court reached this

holding in the context of rejecting the government’s contention that scienter can be

based on a “collective knowledge” theory and remanding for a new trial due to an

erroneous scienter instruction. See id. at 1273-77. In particular, the court stated that

Congress adopted the definition of “knowingly” in the FCA to include deliberate

ignorance or reckless disregard “to capture the ostrich-like conduct which can occur

in large corporations where corporate officers insulate themselves from knowledge of

false claims submitted by lower-level subordinates.” Id. at 1274 (ellipsis and internal

quotation marks omitted). Thus, the definition of “knowingly” is meant to address

the “compartmentalization problem,” where corporations “evad[e] liability by

compartmentalizing knowledge, subdividing the elements of specific duties and



                                            6
operations into smaller components.” Id. at 1275 (brackets and internal quotation

marks omitted).

      Coffman asserts that the City has the kind of compartmentalized structure

described in SAIC. She supports this assertion with three facts: First, the City’s

WWTP operators are not responsible for submitting invoices to the federal agencies.

(Although Coffman does not cite any evidence supporting this factual assertion, there

appears to be no dispute that this is the case). Second, the City’s finance director

testified that the City submitted invoices to the Army based on that agency’s flow

level and its portion of the operation and maintenance costs. Aplt. Opening Br. at 52

(citing Aplt. App., Vol. IV at 1025). Third, Coffman contends there is no evidence

that the City’s finance employees inquired of WWTP employees regarding

compliance with environmental laws before submitting invoices.

      Accepting the court’s reasoning in SAIC for purposes of Coffman’s contention,

these facts alone do not show that the City’s organizational structure prevented it

from learning the facts that made its claims for payment false. The finance director’s

testimony regarding how the Army’s bills were calculated is not probative of the

information her department had about the City’s environmental compliance at the

times the bills were submitted. Nor does a lack of affirmative inquiry by finance

employees demonstrate an organizational structure that prevented the City from

learning the relevant facts. Indeed, the City has cited evidence that its public works

director was involved with both the events at the WWTP and the City’s obligations

under the federal contracts. See Aplt. App., Vol. II at 276-78. Coffman has not

                                           7
pointed to evidence demonstrating that the City’s organizational structure did not

allow it to determine the falsity of its claims for payment.

      Moreover, the City argues that it “has never contended that it lacks scienter

because its finance department, which submits the invoices to the City’s federal

sewage customers, lacked knowledge of any underlying NPDES permit violation.”

Aplee. Br. at 43. Thus, Coffman’s “compartmentalization” contention is ultimately a

straw man argument that fails to satisfy her burden to demonstrate scienter.

      Coffman concludes her scienter discussion by asserting that, “because the City

had the requisite scienter as to materiality while failing to make even basic inquiries

about whether the City was in compliance with environmental obligations before

creating each invoice, the City acted with deliberate ignorance or reckless disregard

for the truth (scienter) when submitting ‘knowingly false’ monthly claims to federal

agencies.” Aplt. Opening Br. at 55. For this duty of “diligent inquiry” proposition,

Coffman cites the district court’s decision on remand from SAIC. See Aplt. Opening

Br. at 52 (citing U.S. v. Science Applications Int’l Corp., 958 F. Supp. 2d 53, 69-70

(D.D.C. 2013) (SAIC DDC)).

      In SAIC DDC, the district court read the D.C. Circuit’s decision as “limit[ing]

the theories an FCA plaintiff can use to prove that a defendant had constructive

knowledge that its claims or statements were false” to a “show[ing] that the

organization’s structure or processes prevented one employee from learning of the

falsity of the claim.” SAIC DDC, 958 F. Supp. 2d at 69 & n.8. Consequently, the

government contended that SAIC’s compliance system “prevented [it] from

                                            8
determining the truth or falsity of its claims or statements.” Id. at 69. And the

district court held that “there is sufficient evidence for a jury to find that SAIC’s

compliance system did not allow SAIC to determine the truth or falsity of its claims

or statements.” Id. at 70.

       Thus, SAIC DDC applied SAIC’s “compartmentalization” analysis. And we

have already rejected that contention with regard to the City’s organizational

structure. SAIC DDC does not support Coffman’s contention that the City’s

knowledge of materiality, combined with a failure to inquire, is sufficient to establish

scienter. We need not address a contention not supported by relevant authority. See

Fed. R. Civ. P. 28(a)(8)(A) (requiring appellant’s argument to contain citations to

authorities); Rapid Transit Lines, Inc. v. Wichita Developers, Inc., 435 F.2d 850, 852

(10th Cir. 1970) (“[The appellant’s] citation of but one authority, and that of no

pertinence, suggests either that there is no authority to sustain its position or that it

expects the court to do its research.”).

                                            C.

       Coffman does not address in her opening brief whether, assuming there were

environmental violations, there is evidence that the City submitted claims for

payment to the federal agencies when WWTP employees knew of (or were

deliberately ignorant of or recklessly disregarded) such violations. See Smith,

825 F.3d at 1149 (holding that, even assuming products defendant sold to the

government failed to comply with federal regulations, the record did not support the

relators’ contention that defendant knew about the nonconformities when submitting

                                             9
claims for payment). Coffman omitted any discussion of this issue despite her

extensive briefing of it in the district court, see Aplt. App., Vol. V at 1110-17.

Although it was her burden to come forward on appeal with her contentions and

evidence supporting the scienter element of her FCA claim, she did not raise these

same contentions in her opening brief.

      “[W]e routinely have declined to consider arguments that are not raised, or are

inadequately presented, in an appellant’s opening brief.” Bronson v. Swensen,

500 F.3d 1099, 1104 (10th Cir. 2007). “Stated differently, the omission of an issue

in an opening brief generally forfeits appellate consideration of that issue.” Id.

Coffman does address this issue in her reply brief, but that too is insufficient to

preserve it for appellate review. See Stump v. Gates, 211 F.3d 527, 533 (10th Cir.

2000) (“This court does not ordinarily review issues raised for the first time in a

reply brief.”); Starkey ex rel. A.B. v. Boulder Cty. Soc. Servs., 569 F.3d 1244, 1259

(10th Cir. 2009) (“The same rationale applies when the only evidence supporting a

claim is not cited until the reply brief.”). Although Coffman responds in her reply

brief to the City’s contention that WWTP employees lacked knowledge of

environmental violations caused by the bypass events and the Vactor Truck

procedures, her failure to address this issue in her opening brief deprived the City—

as the appellee—of the opportunity to respond to her belated factual assertions and

arguments. See Headrick v. Rockwell Int’l Corp., 24 F.3d 1272, 1278 (10th Cir.

1994) (“[T]o allow an appellant to raise new arguments at this juncture would be

manifestly unfair to the appellee who, under our rules, has no opportunity for a

                                           10
written response.” (internal quotation marks omitted)). We see no compelling reason

in this case to deviate from the rule that contentions not raised in an opening brief are

forfeited.4

       Coffman’s FCA claims required her to prove scienter. We have addressed the

contentions that she sufficiently raised on appeal. She does not demonstrate error in

the district court’s holding that she failed to present evidence that would lead a

reasonable trier of fact to find that the City submitted invoices to the federal agencies

with the requisite scienter. We therefore affirm the district court’s grant of summary

judgment in favor of the City on Coffman’s FCA claims.

III.   Conclusion

       The district court’s judgment is affirmed.


                                            Entered for the Court


                                            Paul J. Kelly, Jr.
                                            Circuit Judge




       4
        We have sometimes considered arguments raised for the first time in a reply
brief because the appellant was responding to a contention raised in the appellee’s
brief. See, e.g., Sadeghi v. I.N.S., 40 F.3d 1139, 1143 (10th Cir. 1994). The
circumstances in this case are distinguishable.
                                           11
