                                         In The
                                    Court of Appeals
                           Seventh District of Texas at Amarillo

                                           No. 07-15-00118-CR


                             JACOB JORDANN BRIGHT, APPELLANT

                                                       V.

                                 THE STATE OF TEXAS, APPELLEE

                            On Appeal from the Criminal District Court 1
                                       Tarrant County, Texas1
                   Trial Court No. 1306330D, Honorable Elizabeth Beach, Presiding

                                             June 29, 2016

                                   MEMORANDUM OPINION
                     Before QUINN, C.J., and CAMPBELL and HANCOCK, JJ.


        Appellant, Jacob Jordann Bright, was convicted of capital murder2 and sentenced

to life imprisonment without parole3 in the Institutional Division of the Texas Department

of Criminal Justice (ID-TDCJ). Appellant has perfected his appeal and contends that (1)

the evidence is insufficient to support the jury’s verdict, (2) the trial court committed

        1
          Pursuant to the Texas Supreme Court’s docket equalization effort, this case was transferred to
this Court from the Second Court of Appeals. See TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 73.001 (West 2013).
        2
            See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 19.03(a)(2) (West Supp. 2015).
        3
            See id. § 12.31(a)(2) (West Supp. 2015).
reversible error in the charge, and (3) the trial court abused its discretion by admitting

certain text messages into evidence. We will affirm.


                          Factual and Procedural Background


      On November 19, 2012, appellant drove the car belonging to Beatric Olvera, his

girlfriend, to the Southgate Manor Apartments in Fort Worth, Texas. When appellant

arrived at the apartment, he was dressed in jeans and a black jacket. After arriving at

the apartment complex, appellant encountered Brian Mason and his son. The son was

playing with a black Halloween mask that covered his face except for the eyes.

Appellant asked if he could have the mask. Mason refused and left. According to

Mason, he threw the mask into the street as he left the apartment complex.


      Appellant then went to Mechelle Patterson’s apartment and talked with Floyd

McCoy about needing to get some money. According to Patterson, appellant was in

possession of a small revolver while in the apartment. After discussing ways to get

money, appellant made the decision to attempt to rob someone to gain money. He and

McCoy left the apartment and appeared to be waiting in the breezeway of the apartment

adjacent to the parking area. McCoy then returned to the apartment without appellant.


      On this evening, shortly after appellant left Patterson’s apartment, the decedent,

Islander Tavira, returned to the apartment with Maria Rodriguez and two of her children.

As they exited their vehicle and began to approach the breezeway, an African-American

man dressed in black clothes and wearing a mask covering his face approached Tavira

from the breezeway. The man demanded money from Tavira. After being told by

Tavira that he did not have any money, the man demanded money a second time.


                                            2
      At this time, Rodriguez’s young son darted past the man and headed through the

breezeway toward Rodriguez’s apartment. The man who accosted Tavira turned and

began to chase the child. Tavira and Rodriguez also ran after the child. As Tavira was

going through the breezeway, the man turned and fired multiple shots at Tavira. Tavira

was struck by at least four shots and one proved to be fatal. Tavira fell to the ground,

and it was eventually determined by emergency personnel that he died as a result of the

gunshot wounds.


      The assailant was not captured on the night of the shooting. However, at trial,

Patterson testified that she watched the shooting from her apartment.         Patterson

testified that, immediately after the shooting, appellant ran past her apartment and

exited the complex, headed toward a school located on the backside of the complex.

She identified appellant as the shooter.


      Mason, who had seen appellant earlier in the evening, testified that he saw

appellant running near his house which is located, according to Mason’s testimony,

about a 15 to 20 minute walk from the apartment complex.          According to Mason,

appellant seemed to be excited or startled and asked Mason for help. Mason declined

to help appellant and told him to leave his home.


      After leaving Mason’s home, appellant was picked up by Rashad Holloway, a

close friend, who took him back to Olvera’s apartment.         According to Holloway,

appellant was “amped up” when Holloway picked him up.          Holloway and appellant

waited at Olvera’s apartment until she arrived home.      After Olvera returned home,




                                            3
Holloway drove her to a location near the Southgate Manor Apartments where she

picked up her car.


       Olvera testified that, on the night in question, during a telephone conversation,

appellant told her he had done “something stupid.” Further, at her apartment later,

appellant recounted that he accosted a man and told him to give him whatever he had

and he took off running and the guy got to him.         Appellant further stated that he

“tussled” with the man and pulled the trigger. Through the testimony of the medical

examiner, the State showed that Tavira was struck by four gunshots.           One of the

gunshots struck Tavira at the base of his neck and caused a lethal injury to his aorta.


       The State introduced latent fingerprints from Olvera’s car that were a match for

appellant, thus, supporting the fact that appellant had driven the car to the location near

the Southgate Manor Apartments. Through the testimony of Special Agent Mark W.

Sedwick of the FBI, the State was able to show that appellant had used his cell phone a

number of occasions on the evening in question in and around the apartment complex

where the shooting occurred.


       During the State’s presentation of evidence a series of texts were introduced into

evidence. These texts were between appellant and his brother, Shawn. In these texts,

Shawn makes the following statements to appellant:


       Shawn instructs appellant to get a different phone and appellant responds,
       “Bet.”
       Shawn advises appellant he can “get away with this.”

       Shawn advises appellant that he intends to make sure that “nobody
       talkin.”

       Shawn asks if anyone saw appellant, to which appellant answers, “No.”

                                            4
        Appellant testified in his on behalf. He denied being present when Tavira was

shot.   He did admit that he had been in Patterson’s apartment earlier.              However,

appellant testified that the gun Patterson saw him with was sold to McCoy on that

evening. Appellant further testified that he and McCoy got into an argument about

whether the gun was operational and ended up in a fight. According to appellant, it was

after this fight with McCoy that he was seen running to Mason’s home.


        After receiving the evidence and the charge of the court, the jury found appellant

guilty of capital murder. Because the State did not seek the death penalty, appellant

was sentenced to a mandatory sentence of life in the ID-TDCJ without parole. This

appeal followed.


        Appellant appeals bringing forth three issues. He contends that (1) the evidence

is insufficient to support the jury’s verdict, (2) the trial court committed reversible error in

its charge to the jury, and (3) the trial court abused its discretion by admitting certain

text messages in evidence. Disagreeing with appellant, we will affirm.


                                 Sufficiency of the Evidence


        By his first issue, appellant contends that the evidence was not sufficient to

support the jury’s finding of guilt.


Standard of Review


        In assessing the sufficiency of the evidence, we review all the evidence in the

light most favorable to the verdict to determine whether any rational trier of fact could

have found the essential elements of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt. Jackson


                                               5
v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319, 99 S. Ct. 2781, 61 L. Ed. 2d 560 (1979); Brooks v. State,

323 S.W.3d 893, 912 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010). “[O]nly that evidence which is sufficient in

character, weight, and amount to justify a factfinder in concluding that every element of

the offense has been proven beyond a reasonable doubt is adequate to support a

conviction.” Brooks, 323 S.W.3d at 917 (Cochran, J., concurring). We remain mindful

that “[t]here is no higher burden of proof in any trial, criminal or civil, and there is no

higher standard of appellate review than the standard mandated by Jackson.”                 Id.

When reviewing all of the evidence under the Jackson standard of review, the ultimate

question is whether the [trier of fact]’s finding of guilt was a rational finding. See id. at

906–07 n.26 (discussing Judge Cochran’s dissenting opinion in Watson v. State, 204

S.W.3d 404, 448–50 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006), as outlining the proper application of a

single evidentiary standard of review). “[T]he reviewing court is required to defer to the

[trier of fact]’s credibility and weight determinations because the [trier of fact] is the sole

judge of the witnesses’ credibility and the weight to be given their testimony.” Id. at 899.

Further, we note that direct and circumstantial evidence are equally probative, and

circumstantial evidence alone may be sufficient to uphold a conviction so long as the

cumulative force of the incriminating circumstances is sufficient to support the

conviction. See Ramsey v. State, 473 S.W.3d 805, 808 (Tex. Crim. App. 2015).


       Appellant argues that the evidence was insufficient for two reasons.              First,

appellant contends that the evidence was insufficient to show that he caused the death

of Tavira in the course of committing or attempting to commit the offense of robbery.

Second, appellant contends that the evidence was insufficient to show he specifically

intended to cause the death of Tavira.


                                              6
Applicable Law


         In analyzing the sufficiency of the evidence, we must first review the statutory

requirements for the offense.              A person commits capital murder if he intentionally

commits murder in the course of committing or attempting to commit kidnapping,

burglary, robbery, aggravated sexual assault, arson, obstruction, or retaliation. TEX.

PENAL CODE ANN. § 19.03(a)(2).4                  A person commits robbery if, in the course of

committing theft and with intent to obtain or maintain control of the property, he

intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly causes bodily injury to another or he intentionally

or knowingly threatens or places another in fear of imminent bodily injury or death.

§ 29.02(a) (West 2011). Additionally, a person commits an offense if, with specific

intent to commit an offense, he does an act amounting to more than mere preparation

that tends but fails to effect the commission of the offense intended. § 15.01(a) (West

2011).


         The State must prove a nexus or connection between the murder and the theft or

attempted theft. See Herrin v. State, 125 S.W.3d 436, 440 n.6 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002)

(citing Moody v. State, 827 S.W.2d 875, 892 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992) (en banc)). The

robbery statute defines the phrase “in the course of committing theft” as “conduct that

occurs in an attempt to commit, during the commission, or in immediate flight after the

attempt or commission of theft.” § 29.01(1) (West 2011). The phrase “in the course of

committing,” when used in the capital murder context, is given the same meaning as the

phrase when used and defined in the robbery statute. See Ibanez v. State, 749 S.W.2d

804, 807 (Tex. Crim. App. 1986) (en banc). This means that conduct that occurs during

         4
             Further reference to the Texas Penal Code will be by reference to “section ____” or “§ ____.”

                                                       7
an attempt to commit, during the commission, or in the immediate flight after the attempt

or commission of the offense may support a conviction for capital murder. See Garrett

v. State, 851 S.W.2d 853, 856 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993) (en banc). A capital murder is

not temporally limited to the time during which the appellant committed or attempted to

commit the robbery. See White v. State, No. 08-10-0020-CR, 2011 Tex. App. LEXIS

6556, at *13 (Tex. App.—El Paso Aug. 17, 2011, no pet.) (not designated for

publication) (citing Garrett, 851 S.W.2d at 856).


Analysis


       We begin our analysis of appellant’s first contention regarding the sufficiency of

the evidence by a review of the record upon which the jury based its decision.

Patterson’s testimony established that appellant was looking for a way to get some

money. Further, Patterson testified that appellant was armed with a small handgun.

Appellant and McCoy agreed that appellant would rob someone in an effort to obtain

money.     Appellant and McCoy went to the breezeway and waited for someone to

approach.


       McCoy returned to the apartment but appellant stayed in the breezeway. On the

night in question, appellant was dressed in jeans and a black jacket. Rodriguez testified

that a short, black man dressed in black approached Tavira and demanded all of

Tavira’s money. When Tavira responded that he had no money, the man demanded it

a second time.


       After the second demand for money, the male child with Rodriguez ran through

the breezeway toward his apartment and appellant turned to follow. Tavira immediately


                                             8
began running toward the breezeway.         At this time, appellant turned and fired his

handgun at Tavira. Four rounds struck Tavira, one fatally.


       Patterson watched the shooting from her doorway and testified that appellant

shot Tavira. She further testified that appellant immediately ran toward the back of the

apartment complex in the direction of the school.


       From these facts, we find that the State proved that appellant attempted to

commit the offense of aggravated robbery. The attempt amounted to more than mere

preparation and, in fact, amounted to a completed aggravated robbery except that

Tavira never gave any money to appellant. See §§ 15.01(a), 19.03(a)(2). Because we

give the phrase “in the course of committing” in a capital murder case the same

meaning it would have in the robbery statute, the shooting of Tavira was committed in

the course of committing the underlying attempted aggravated robbery. See Garrett,

851 S.W.2d at 856. As to the temporal element between the attempted aggravated

robbery and the shooting of Tavira, the record reflects it was almost a continuous

action. Very simply put, the record supports the State’s theory that appellant, upon not

receiving any benefit from the attempted robbery, was fleeing and turned and shot

Tavira during his flight from the scene. See White, 2011 Tex. App. LEXIS 6556, at *13.

Accordingly, a jury could rationally find that appellant committed this murder during the

course of attempting to commit aggravated robbery.         Appellant’s contention to the

contrary is overruled.


       Next, appellant contends that the proof is insufficient as to whether appellant had

the specific intent to kill Tavira.   Such is the case, according to appellant’s theory,



                                             9
because Tavira sustained no injuries to the head or vital organs, such as the heart.

Appellant continues to posit that the decision to fire at Tavira was a quick decision made

while retreating. He likens the decision to an act which was clearly dangerous to Tavira

but not specifically calculated to end Tavira’s life. Before completing our analysis, we

must review certain aspects of the law that control this matter.


Applicable Law


       We have previously recited the definition of capital murder and refer the parties

to that section of this opinion. Capital murder is a result-of-conduct offense. See Mays

v. State, 318 S.W.3d 368, 387 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010). Therefore, the culpable mental

state refers to the result of the conduct of appellant—a person’s death—and not to the

nature of that conduct. See id. Direct evidence of intent is not required. See Hart v.

State, 89 S.W.3d 61, 64 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002). A jury may infer the intent to kill from

any evidence that it believes proves the existence of that intent, including the accused’s

use of a deadly weapon. See Brown v. State, 122 S.W.3d 794, 800 (Tex. Crim. App.

2003). A firearm is a deadly weapon. § 1.07(17)(A) (West Supp. 2015). A jury may

also infer intent from circumstantial evidence such as acts, words, and the conduct of

the defendant. See Laster v. State, 275 S.W.3d 512, 524 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009).


Analysis


       The record supports the jury’s determination of appellant’s guilt and, therefore,

the determination that appellant acted with the specific intent to kill Tavira because

appellant used a deadly weapon. See § 1.07(17)(A). As a result of appellant’s use of a

deadly weapon, Tavira died. See Mays, 318 S.W.3d at 387. The jury, having heard the


                                            10
evidence of the use of a deadly weapon and Patterson’s testimony regarding appellant’s

intent to commit an aggravated robbery, was rational in inferring the specific intent to kill

Tavira.    See Laster, 275 S.W.3d at 524.              Appellant’s contention to the contrary is

overruled.


       Thus, we conclude that the jury’s finding of guilt was a rational finding. Brooks,

323 S.W.3d at 912. Having reviewed both of appellant’s contentions regarding the

sufficiency of the evidence and determined that the evidence was sufficient, we overrule

appellant’s first issue.


                                           Charge Error


       Appellant’s next issue concerns perceived error in the trial court’s charge to the

jury at the end of the guilt/innocence phase of the trial. Appellant makes three specific

complaints regarding the court’s charge. Initially, appellant makes two complaints about

the charge as given. First, appellant contends that the trial court erroneously instructed

the jury as to the definitions of “capital murder” and “murder.”                 Second, appellant

contends that the trial court erroneously failed to include felony murder within the

applicable definition of murder. Finally, appellant contends that the trial court erred

when it instructed the jury that the State need not “prove guilt beyond all possible

doubt.”5




       5
        Appellant denoted this as “Foreclosed issue” but included it with his brief. As we are not sure
what appellant meant by denoting the issue as foreclosed, we will address it in this opinion.

                                                  11
Standard of Review


       Appellate review of alleged jury trial error is a two-step process. See Cortez v.

State, 469 S.W.3d 593, 598 (Tex. Crim. App. 2015). If the reviewing court determines

there was jury charge error, then we must conduct a harm analysis. See id. The nature

of the harm analysis depends upon whether the purported jury charge error was

preserved for review by a proper objection. See id. If there was a timely objection to

the jury charge, then reversal is required if there was some harm to the appellant. See

Marshall v. State, 479 S.W.3d 840, 843 (Tex. Crim. App. 2016).            If there was no

objection to the jury charge, then reversal is required only if there was egregious harm.

See id. Jury charge error is egregious if it affects the very basis of the case, deprives

the appellant of a valuable right, or vitally affects a defensive theory. See id. When

reviewing a record for egregious harm we consider (1) the entirety of the jury charge, (2)

the state of the evidence, (3) counsel’s arguments, and (4) any other relevant

information revealed by the entire trial record. See id.


Analysis


       Appellant’s first complaint about the court’s charge centers on the interplay

between the abstract definitions of capital murder and murder as given in the charge.

Appellant correctly points out that a charge of capital murder requires the specific intent

to kill. See Threadgill v. State, 146 S.W.3d 654, 665 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004). According

to appellant, the error in the court’s charge was that the definitions of capital murder and

murder were overly broad. The overbreadth came in the form of defining capital murder

as intentionally committing murder.



                                            12
         In the court’s charge, the court first defined murder as follows:

         A person commits the offense of murder if he intentionally causes the
         death of an individual, or intends to cause serious bodily injury and
         commits an act clearly dangerous to human life that causes the death of
         an individual.

Thereafter, in the following paragraph, the trial court defines capital murder as follows:

         A person commits the offense of capital murder if the person intentionally
         commits the offense of murder in the course of committing or attempting to
         commit robbery.


The error, according to appellant, is that the use of these abstract definitions permits a

jury to convict appellant of capital murder with an inappropriate type of murder, that is,

with intent to cause serious bodily injury while committing an act clearly dangerous to

human life.


         The State responds by pointing out that the definitions track the statutory

language of the applicable penal offenses in the Texas Penal Code. See §§ 19.02(b),

19.03(a)(2). This means, according to the State’s theory, that there can be no error

when the statutory language is followed in the abstract portion of the charge.          See

Martinez v. State, 924 S.W.2d 693, 699 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996).


         The record reveals that appellant did not object to the definitions of murder and

capital murder at the trial level. Therefore, we will first ascertain whether there was

error in the court’s charge and, if we find error, whether the error caused egregious

harm. See Cortez, 469 S.W.3d at 598 (for the question of whether there was error);

Marshall, 479 S.W.3d at 843 (for the question of whether any error caused egregious

harm).




                                               13
       As a beginning point in our analysis, we recognize that the trial court is required

to provide the jury with a written charge that sets forth the law applicable to the case.

See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 36.14 (West 2007); Reeves v. State, 420 S.W.3d

812, 818 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013). In connection with this requirement is the requirement

that the charge must be tailored to reflect the culpable mental state and conduct

element. See Price v. State, 457 S.W.3d 437, 441 (Tex. Crim. App. 2015).


       Again, capital murder is a result-of-conduct offense. See Mays, 318 S.W.3d at

387.   It requires the specific intent to kill.    See Threadgill, 146 S.W.3d at 665.

Therefore, the charge at issue must be couched in terms of the result of appellant’s

conduct while further containing the specific intent to kill. Of the four possible culpable

mental states provided for in the Texas Penal Code, the abstract definition of murder is

couched in terms of “intentionally.”     Thus, the court’s charge provides the proper

culpable mental state. The abstract portion goes further by saying that, for a murder to

become a capital murder, the appellant intentionally committed murder while in the

course of committing or attempting to commit robbery. When taken together, these two

abstract definitions provide the proper tailoring framework to use as part of the

application paragraph of the court’s charge, that is to say, an intentional killing while in

the course of committing or attempting to commit robbery. See Price, 457 S.W.3d at

441.


       Appellant’s strained analysis is directed at the second portion of the definition of

murder, and he is correct that the second portion of the abstract definition—the intent to

cause serious bodily injury portion—would not support a capital murder conviction. This

is so because capital murder requires the specific intent to kill. See Threadgill, 146

                                            14
S.W.3d at 665. However, when the two abstract definitions are read together, it is clear

that the court’s charge never authorizes such a conviction. This is so because the

capital murder definition limits the application of the murder definition by the use of the

phrase “intentionally commits the offense of murder.” It does not say “intending to

cause serious bodily injury, commit an act clearly dangerous to human life.” Therefore,

when the abstract definitions are read together and placed in context, there is no error

in the abstract definitions. See Turner v. State, 805 S.W.2d 423, 430 (Tex. Crim. App.

1991) (en banc) (holding that definitions must be examined in context in which they

appear, and cannot be limited to portions of charge standing alone). As a result of our

analysis, we find that the trial court properly charged the jury and there was no error.

See Cortez, 469 S.W.3d at 598.


       Appellant’s argument fails to mention that the trial court gave a lesser-included

charge of murder under the second portion of the murder definition, dealing with intent

to cause serious bodily injury. Thus, the trial court’s inclusion of the second portion of

the murder definition was required.


       Even if we assume, arguendo, that there is error in the court’s charge, the

application paragraph of the charge required the jury to find that appellant intentionally

caused the death of Tavira. It reads as follows:


       Now, if you find from the evidence beyond a reasonable doubt that [,] on
       or about the 19th day of November, 2012, in Tarrant County, Texas,
       Jacob Jordann Bright, did then and there intentionally cause the death of
       an individual, Islander Tavira, by shooting him with a firearm, and the said
       defendant was then and there in the course of committing or attempting to
       commit the offense of robbery, then you will find the defendant guilty of
       capital murder as charged in the indictment.



                                            15
Thus, the requirement that capital murder requires the specific intent to kill is met in the

application paragraph. See Threadgill, 146 S.W.3d at 655. Because there was no

objection at trial, the record must demonstrate that appellant suffered egregious harm.

See Marshall, 479 S.W.3d at 843. Remembering that the application paragraph is that

portion of the charge that authorizes the conviction, this application paragraph properly

sets forth what the jury is required to find in order to convict appellant of the charge of

capital murder. See Yzaguirre v. State, 394 S.W.3d 526, 530 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013).


        In reviewing the entire record to include the entire jury charge, state of the

evidence, the argument of counsel, and all other portions of the record as a whole, we

find appellant suffered no egregious harm. See Villareal v. State, 453 S.W.3d 429, 433

(Tex. Crim. App. 2015). This is so because the trial court’s application paragraph, as

set forth above, properly directed the jury to the elements the State was required to

prove. See Yzaguirre, 394 S.W.3d at 530. The state of the evidence was such that the

issue was one of identity. Much of the testimony was directed at showing that appellant

was at the scene where the murder occurred. Additionally, the jury heard the eye

witness testimony of Patterson and, apparently, as was its prerogative, chose to believe

it. See Brooks, 323 S.W.at 899. As to the argument of counsel, our review of the

record reveals that neither the appellant nor the State made any reference to what we

have assumed, arguendo, to have been error. In short, appellant suffered no egregious

harm.


        Having determined that the trial court did not err in its charge and further, even if

we were to assume that there was error, that appellant did not suffer any egregious

harm by the assumed error, we overrule appellant’s issue.

                                             16
       Appellant’s next complaint regarding the court’s charge is that the trial court erred

in not sua sponte giving a lesser-included charge on felony murder. Our review of the

record reflects that appellant neither requested the lesser-included felony murder

charge nor did he object to the failure of the trial court to include a lesser-included

charge on felony-murder.


       Unlike normal charge error, a lesser-included charge is considered a defensive

issue charge. Tolbert v. State, 306 S.W.3d 776, 780 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010). Defensive

issues are not a part of the law applicable to the case until such time as they are

requested timely from, or a timely objection to the failure to include them is made to, the

trial court. See id. (citing Posey v. State, 966 S.W.2d 57, 62 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998) (en

banc)). Accordingly, the trial court did not err by failing to sua sponte give a lesser-

included charge on felony-murder.


       Finally, appellant urges this Court to find that the trial court committed reversible

error when it instructed the jury that the State need not “prove guilt beyond all possible

doubt.” As appellant recognizes, the Second Court of Appeals has passed directly on

this issue in Vosberg v. State, 80 S.W.3d 320, 324 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2002, pet.

ref’d), and reaffirmed in the latter case of Matthews v. State, 478 S.W.3d 781, 782 (Tex.

App.—Fort Worth 2015, no pet.). It is not error for the trial court to give the foregoing

instruction as it is not a definition of “beyond a reasonable doubt.” See Matthews, 478

S.W.3d at 782.6 Appellant’s contention to the contrary is overruled.




       6
           While not error to make the statement in the charge, the better practice would be to leave it out.

                                                      17
                                     Text Messages


       Appellant’s final issue complains that the trial court erred by admitting evidence

of text messages from appellant’s brother, Shawn.          Appellant contends that the

probative value of the text messages was substantially outweighed by the danger of

unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, misleading the jury, undue delay, or needlessly

presenting cumulative evidence. See TEX. R. EVID. 403.


Standard of Review


       We review a trial court’s decision to admit or exclude evidence under an abuse of

discretion standard. See Martinez v. State, 327 S.W.3d 727, 736 (Tex. Crim. App.

2010). A trial court abuses its discretion when its determination is beyond the zone of

reasonable disagreement on the issue at hand. See id. We apply the same abuse of

discretion standard to our determination regarding the probative value of the evidence

at issue being substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice. See id.


Analysis


       According to the record, the text messages at issue were four in number and

were between appellant and his brother, Shawn.         There were a series of ten text

messages between the two that were admitted into evidence. The gist of the messages

were that Shawn advised appellant to get rid of his phone and obtain a prepaid phone,

suggestions with which appellant agreed. Next, Shawn advised appellant he could get

away “with this” if he played his cards right. Further, Shawn advised appellant to make

sure no one was talking to the police and that a particular officer was not looking for

him.   Again, appellant agreed and advised the officer had not seen him in seven

                                           18
months. Shawn asked specifically if appellant was sure that no one saw him, and

appellant said, “Yea.”


       Appellant contends that the texts at issue have a very limited probative value

because Shawn had no personal knowledge of the events giving rise to the shooting.

Second, he maintains, the statements do not show to what Shawn was referring.

Finally, appellant argues, there is no assurance that it is Shawn sending the texts.

Appellant then goes on to compare the perceived prejudice in allowing the texts into

evidence and concludes that the texts are extremely prejudicial. Pursuant to appellant’s

theory, the prejudicial impact of the texts is heightened because identity of appellant as

the shooter was the central issue at the trial.


       The State’s position is that the texts are extremely relevant because they

demonstrate a consciousness of guilt on the part of appellant. Further, the State agrees

with appellant that identity was the central issue in the trial because appellant took the

stand and denied being the shooter and, in fact, denied being in the apartment complex

at the time of the shooting.


       We begin our analysis by looking at Texas Rule of Evidence 403.7 Rule 403 is

as follows:


       The court may exclude relevant evidence if its probative value is
       substantially outweighed by a danger of one or more of the following:
       unfair prejudice, confusing the issue, misleading the jury, undue delay, or
       needlessly presenting cumulative evidence.




       7
           Further reference to the Texas Rules of Evidence will be by reference to “Rule ____.”

                                                     19
See Rule 403. Relevant evidence is presumed to be more probative than prejudicial.

See Hammer v. State, 296 S.W.3d 555, 568 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009). Only when there

is a “clear disparity between the degree of prejudice of the offered evidence and its

probative value” will the evidence be excluded. See id. (quoting Conner v. State, 67

S.W.3d 192, 202 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001)).


       When reviewing a challenge to admitted evidence pursuant to Rule 403, we are

reviewing the trial court’s analysis of the balance of “(1) the inherent probative force of

the proffered item of evidence along with (2) the proponent’s need for that evidence

against (3) any tendency of the evidence to suggest decision on an improper basis, (4)

any tendency of the evidence to confuse or distract the jury from the main issues, (5)

any tendency of the evidence to be given undue weight by the jury that has not been

equipped to evaluate the probative force of the evidence, and (6) the likelihood that

presentation of the evidence will consume an inordinate amount of time or merely

repeat evidence already admitted.” Gigliobianco v. State, 210 S.W.3d 637, 641–42

(Tex. Crim. App. 2006). With the foregoing in mind, we turn to our review of the trial

court’s balancing of those factors.


       The identity of the shooter was the primary issue tried during the guilt/innocence

phase of the trial and heavily impacts the analysis of the admissibility of the text

message evidence. Beginning with probative value, the record reflects that appellant

admitted that he had been at the apartment complex but had left and knew nothing of

the murder.   Yet, the gist of the text communications was concerned with whether

anyone might have seen appellant. Further, the text communications, at a minimum,

suggest appellant was attempting to flee from an area that he thought might lead to him

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being charged with a crime. Additionally, there was the text that appellant “could get

away with this,” “this” being the subject of the jury’s inquiry. These text messages were

at least circumstantial evidence tending to connect appellant with the murder.         See

Ramsey, 473 S.W.3d at 808. This evidence was probative on the issue of appellant’s

consciousness of guilt. The evidence was probative and that factor weighs in favor of

admissibility. This factor further underscores the State’s need to use this evidence,

which again weighs in favor of admissibility.


       In reviewing the record to determine if this evidence might lead to the conclusion

that the jury made its decision on an improper basis, we find nothing to support that

particular conclusion. Neither can we conclude that the jury was distracted or confused

by the evidence. While the record does reflect that the jury did request to see the text

messages during their deliberations, this was one of four items the jury requested. A

review of each reflects that the items were each connected with possible identity

evidence. In light of the fact that identity was the primary issue at trial, this is not

surprising, nor does it support appellant’s theory that the texts lead to a verdict based

on some irrational but nevertheless indelible impression as appellant suggests. The

evidence was simply evidence that the jury heard that was suggestive of appellant’s

guilty conscious.


       Finally the presentation of this evidence took very little time. In fact, the portion

in front of the jury was no more than 25 minutes long. The argument regarding the

admissibility was conducted out of the jury’s presence and may have lengthened the

trial by a couple of hours; however, the entire trial was conducted over a period of a



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week. Therefore, we find that the introduction of the evidence did not unduly lengthen

the trial.


        Accordingly, we find that the trial court’s analysis of the issues pursuant to a Rule

403 objection was correct. See Gigliobianco, 210 S.W.3d at 641–42. Thus, the trial

court did not abuse its discretion in admitting the evidence regarding the texts from

Shawn into evidence. See Martinez, 327 S.W.3d at 736. Appellant’s issue is overruled.


                                         Conclusion


        Having overruled all of appellant’s issues, we affirm the judgment of conviction as

entered.


                                                  Mackey K. Hancock
                                                      Justice


Do not publish.




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