                           NOT FOR PUBLICATION                             FILED
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                          JAN 6 2020
                                                                       MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                         U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

ALLIANCE FOR THE WILD ROCKIES;                   No.    18-35653
NATIVE ECOSYSTEMS COUNCIL,
                                                 D.C. No.
                Plaintiffs-Appellants,           9:17-cv-00047-DLC-JCL

 v.
                                                 MEMORANDUM*
LEANNE MARTEN, Regional Forester of
Region One of the U.S. Forest Service;
UNITED STATES FOREST SERVICE;
UNITED STATES FISH AND WILDLIFE
SERVICE,

                Defendants-Appellees.

                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                            for the District of Montana
                   Dana L. Christensen, District Judge, Presiding

                       Argued and Submitted July 10, 2019
                              Seattle, Washington

Before: BERZON and WATFORD, Circuit Judges, and ROTHSTEIN,** District
Judge.

      Plaintiffs-appellants (collectively, “Alliance”) appeal the district court’s


      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
      **
            The Honorable Barbara Jacobs Rothstein, United States District Judge
for the Western District of Washington, sitting by designation.
grant of summary judgment to the government, rejecting Alliance’s challenges to

the U.S. Forest Service’s Telegraph Vegetation Project (the “project”). For the

reasons below, we affirm in part and grant the government’s motion for a

voluntary remand without vacatur.

      1.     Endangered Species Act Claim

      Alliance argues that the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service’s biological opinion

failed to engage in a “detailed discussion of the effects of the action” on grizzly

bears, which are listed as threatened under the Endangered Species Act (“ESA”).

50 C.F.R. § 402.14(h)(2). We conclude that the biological opinion was adequate,

given that it was tiered to two previous programmatic opinions, each of which

analyzed the effects of road construction and road use on grizzly bears, and given

that it referred to the more detailed analysis of effects in the Forest Service’s

biological assessment. See Gifford Pinchot Task Force v. U.S. Fish & Wildlife

Serv., 378 F.3d 1059, 1067-68 (9th Cir.), amended, 387 F.3d 968 (9th Cir. 2004)

(permitting tiering of biological opinions).1


1
  Alliance contends that our review is “limited to ‘what the agency actually said in
the BiOp.’” (Quoting Pac. Coast Fed’n of Fishermen’s Associations v. U.S.
Bureau of Reclamation, 426 F.3d 1082, 1091 (9th Cir. 2005)). What Pacific Coast
held, however, was that we will not rely on an agency’s “unstated assumptions.”
426 F.3d at 1091. Here, the biological opinion referred expressly to the analysis in
the two prior opinions and in the biological assessment, and those documents
spelled out their analyses expressly rather than implicitly. As a result, “the
agency’s path may reasonably be discerned” from the record. Motor Vehicle Mfrs.
Ass’n of U.S., Inc. v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 463 U.S. 29, 43 (1983).

                                           2
      Regarding roads, the biological opinion reviewed the proposed road use and

construction associated with the project and concluded that the project would not

cause adverse effects on grizzly bears beyond those analyzed in the programmatic

opinions, and that the project was in compliance with the incidental take statements

for those opinions.

      In addition to road-related effects, the biological assessment identified three

potential short-term negative impacts on grizzly bears: short-term reductions in

forested cover, increased risk of bear-human interaction, and temporary

displacement of grizzly bears resulting from the use of helicopters to ignite

prescribed burns. The biological opinion’s discussion of these effects and its

conclusion that they “would be insignificant and/or discountable” is consistent

with the biological assessment. The biological assessment explained that “available

forage would increase in the openings associated with harvest” and that “[w]hile

grizzly bears make extensive use of forest cover, they generally prefer to operate in

a landscape with a variety of habitat formations,” which the project “would

essentially create.” All workers would be required to store food properly to reduce

the risk of bear-human interactions. As for the disturbance caused by helicopters,

the biological assessment explained that “displacement habitat” would be available

nearby and that “[d]uration is short and effects are relaxed almost immediately.” In




                                          3
light of the analysis in the biological assessment, to which the biological opinion

referred, the biological opinion’s discussion of effects was adequate.

      The district court’s grant of summary judgment to the government on

Alliance’s ESA claim is affirmed.

      2.     National Forest Management Act Claim

      We grant the government’s motion for a voluntary remand without vacatur

to allow the Forest Service to reconsider the scope of the project-area wildland-

urban interface. See California Communities Against Toxics v. U.S. EPA, 688 F.3d

989, 992 (9th Cir. 2012). We therefore do not reach the merits of Alliance’s claim

under the National Forest Management Act. See id.

      The Forest Service has acknowledged that it erred in calculating the

wildland-urban interface for the project area. The Forest Service estimates that,

once it has corrected its error, 50 acres of forest that it had planned to treat may no

longer be eligible for treatment. If that estimate proves correct, the Forest Service

represents that it will not treat those 50 acres. We grant the government’s request

for a voluntary remand to allow the Forest Service to undertake the necessary

reevaluation.

      Additionally, we conclude that equity counsels in favor of remanding

without vacatur. The Forest Service estimates that its reevaluation will take 60

days, and it anticipates that less than 1% of the project will change. Delaying the


                                           4
project in the interim could have negative consequences for the environment and

public safety, as the project was designed to improve forest health and create safer

firefighting conditions. See Idaho Farm Bureau Fed’n v. Babbitt, 58 F.3d 1392,

1406 (9th Cir. 1995). We therefore leave the record of decision in place while the

Forest Service completes its reevaluation.2

      AFFIRMED in part and REMANDED without VACATUR.




2
 We deny as moot Alliance’s motion for an injunction pending appeal. We deny as
untimely the motion of Sun Mountain Lumber, Inc., to appear as amicus curiae.

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