                   UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                   FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
______________________________
                               )
HAN KIM, et al.,               )
                               )
          Plaintiffs,          )
                               )
          v.                   )     Civil Action No. 09-648 (RWR)
                               )
DEMOCRATIC PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC )
of KOREA, et al.,              )
                               )
          Defendants.          )
______________________________)

                  MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER

     Plaintiffs Han Kim (“Han”) and Yong Seok Kim (“Yong”) bring

this civil action under the terrorism exception of the Foreign

Sovereign Immunities Act (“FSIA”), 28 U.S.C. § 1605A(c), seeking

damages against officials, employees and agents of defendant

Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (“DPRK”) in connection with

the January 16, 2000 abduction of Reverend Kim Dong Shik

(“Reverend Kim”), who is Han’s father and Yong’s brother.

Following his abduction, Reverend Kim was forcibly transferred to

North Korea where the plaintiffs allege he was repeatedly

tortured by officials, employees and agents of DPRK.

     Plaintiffs filed suit and served DPRK following the

requirements of 28 U.S.C. § 1608(a)-(b).   DPRK failed to answer

or otherwise respond to the complaint, and plaintiffs secured

entry of default under Fed. R. Civ. P. 55(a).    The plaintiffs

then moved for default judgment and have submitted proposed
                               - 2 -

findings of fact, along with supporting declarations and

documentary evidence, and proposed conclusions of law.

     The FSIA permits courts to exercise subject matter

jurisdiction and enter judgments of liability against foreign

states only where a plaintiff pleads and produces satisfactory

evidence that a foreign state’s conduct falls within one of the

enumerated exceptions to sovereign immunity.   28 U.S.C.

§ 1605A(a), (c).   The plaintiffs here rely on the exception for

torture, arguing that “[t]he evidence submitted demonstrates that

it is far more likely than not that Reverend Kim suffered and

continues to suffer the torture and brutal conditions meted out

to all ‘enemies’ of the DPRK unfortunate enough to fall into the

hands of the DPRK’s security services.”   Pls.’ Proposed Findings

of Facts and Conclusions of Law (“Pls.’ Proposed Facts”) at 42.

However, plaintiffs’ evidence regarding DPRK’s alleged treatment

of Reverend Kim appears insufficient to meet the high standard

recognized in this circuit that is set by the FSIA’s definition

of torture.   Because the FSIA precludes jurisdiction over this

action against a foreign sovereign for conduct not shown by

satisfactory evidence to meet the high standard set for proof of

torture, the plaintiffs’ motion for default judgment will be

denied but the case will be certified for an interlocutory

appeal.
                               - 3 -

                            DISCUSSION

I.   JURISDICTION AND LIABILITY UNDER THE FSIA

     Before Congress amended the FSIA in 2008 to add the

§ 1605A(c) private right of action, the D.C. Circuit explained

that at base, “[t]he FSIA is undoubtedly a jurisdictional statute

which, in specified cases, eliminates foreign sovereign immunity

and opens the door to subject matter jurisdiction in the federal

courts.”   Price v. Socialist People’s Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, 294

F.3d 82, 87 (D.C. Cir. 2002); see also Maritime Int’l Nominees

Establishment v. Republic of Guinea, 693 F.2d 1094, 1099 (D.C.

Cir. 1982) (“[T]he absence of immunity is a condition to the

presence of subject matter jurisdiction.”).   The door is opened

only for cases that fall into one of the statute’s specifically

enumerated exceptions.   Here, Han and Yong rely on the exception

eliminating foreign sovereign immunity in cases “in which money

damages are sought against a foreign state for personal injury or

death that was caused by an act of torture, [or] extrajudicial

killing, . . . if such act . . . is engaged in by an official,

employee, or agent of such foreign state while acting within the

scope of his or her office, employment, or agency.”   28 U.S.C.

§ 1605A(a)(1).   The FSIA imposes the additional jurisdictional

requirements that the foreign state have been designated as a

state sponsor of terrorism during a specified period, that the

claimant or victim have been a United States national at the time
                               - 4 -

of the torture, and that the foreign state have been afforded a

reasonable opportunity to arbitrate the claim.    28 U.S.C.

§ 1605A(a)(2).   Section 1605A(c) provides the private right of

action for a U.S. citizen against such a foreign state for

personal injury or death caused by an act of torture engaged in

by the foreign state’s officials acting in their official

capacity.   28 U.S.C. § 1605A(c).   In actions under this

provision, “a foreign state shall be vicariously liable for the

acts of its officers, employees, or agents.”     Id.

     Because plaintiffs must allege the elements of a claim under

§ 1605A(c) in order to meet the requirements for waiver of

foreign sovereign immunity, liability will exist whenever the

jurisdictional requirements of § 1605A(a) are proven.    See

Kilburn v. Islamic Republic of Iran, 699 F. Supp. 2d 136, 155

(D.D.C. 2010) (“[T]he § 1605A(c) cause of action is fulfilled by

demonstrating that the foreign sovereign performed acts described

in subsection (a)(1) of § 1605A, which addresses immunity and

subject matter jurisdiction. . . .     Although an analysis of a

foreign sovereign’s potential immunity and liability should be

conducted separately, the elements of immunity and liability

under § 1605A(c) are essentially the same in that § 1605A(a)(1)

must be fulfilled to demonstrate that a plaintiff has a cause of

action.”); see also Gates v. Syrian Arab Republic, 580 F. Supp.

2d 53, 64-69 (D.D.C. 2008) (explaining that § 1605A(c) provides a
                               - 5 -

private right of action where subject matter jurisdiction exists

under § 1605A(a)).

     The FSIA adopts the definition of torture contained in

section 3 of the Torture Victims Protection Act (“TVPA”).    28

U.S.C. § 1605A(h)(7) (citing 28 U.S.C. § 1350 note).     The TVPA

defines torture as

     any act, directed against an individual in the
     offender’s custody or physical control, by which severe
     pain or suffering (other than pain or suffering arising
     only from or inherent in, or incidental to, lawful
     sanctions), whether physical or mental, is
     intentionally inflicted on that individual for such
     purposes as obtaining from that individual or a third
     person information or a confession, punishing that
     individual for an act that individual or a third person
     has committed or is suspected of having committed,
     intimidating or coercing that individual or a third
     person, or for any reason based on discrimination of
     any kind.

TVPA, Pub. L. No. 102-256, § 3(b)(1), 106 Stat. 73, 73 (1992).

     The amended complaint also alleges that Reverend Kim was

“tortured to death by officers, employees and agents of defendant

North Korea[,]” Am. Compl. ¶ 27, and that Reverend Kim’s “murder”

thus qualifies under 28 U.S.C. § 1605A as an extrajudicial

killing, id. ¶ 33.   The FSIA adopts the definition of

extrajudicial killing contained in the TVPA: “a deliberated

killing not authorized by a previous judgment pronounced by a

regularly constituted court affording all the judicial guarantees

which are recognized as indispensable by civilized peoples.”

TVPA, Pub. L. No. 102-256, § 3(a), 106 Stat. 73, 73 (1992).
                               - 6 -

Courts have found that extrajudicial killing occurs, for example,

where a defendant deliberately kills individuals by a targeted or

deliberate bombing, see, e.g., Owens v. Republic of Sudan, 826 F.

Supp. 2d 128, 150 (D.D.C. 2011); Valore v. Islamic Republic of

Iran, 700 F. Supp. 2d 52, 74 (D.D.C. 2010), or deliberately

assassinates or executes an individual, see Oveissi v. Islamic

Republic of Iran, 573 F.3d 835, 839-40 (D.C. Cir. 2009); Kilburn,

699 F. Supp. 2d at 152-53; Bakhtiar v. Islamic Republic of Iran,

571 F. Supp. 2d 27, 34 (D.D.C. 2008).   Here, plaintiffs have not

alleged a targeted bombing or a deliberate execution.     Instead,

by alleging that Reverend Kim was tortured to death and that this

murder qualifies as an extrajudicial killing, the plaintiffs must

show that North Korean agents deliberately killed Reverend Kim by

torturing him.   Thus, the plaintiffs’ extrajudicial killing claim

relies squarely upon an adequate showing that Reverend Kim was

tortured.

     The D.C. Circuit has emphasized the high standard that the

statutory definition of torture imposes.   In Price, an

interlocutory appeal of a district court order rejecting Libya’s

claim of sovereign immunity in its motion to dismiss, the court

of appeals considered the sufficiency of the complaint’s

allegations of torture.   The circuit’s reasoning merits

recounting in some detail:
                               - 7 -

     The severity requirement is crucial to ensuring that
     the conduct proscribed by the Convention and the TVPA
     is sufficiently extreme and outrageous to warrant the
     universal condemnation that the term ‘torture’ both
     connotes and invokes . . . . [O]nly acts of a certain
     gravity shall be considered to constitute torture
     . . . . The term ‘torture,’ . . . is usually reserved
     for extreme, deliberate and unusually cruel practices,
     for example, sustained systematic beating, application
     of electric currents to sensitive parts of the body,
     and tying up or hanging in positions that cause extreme
     pain . . . . The critical issue is the degree of pain
     and suffering that the alleged torturer intended to,
     and actually did, inflict upon the victim. The more
     intense, lasting, or heinous the agony, the more likely
     it is to be torture . . . . [I]n order to constitute
     torture, an act must be a deliberate and calculated act
     of an extremely cruel and inhuman nature, specifically
     intended to inflict excruciating and agonizing physical
     or mental pain or suffering . . . . [T]orture does not
     automatically result whenever individuals in official
     custody are subjected even to direct physical assault.
     Not all police brutality, not every instance of
     excessive force used against prisoners, is torture
     under the FSIA . . . . [I]t is especially important
     for the courts to ensure that foreign states are not
     stripped of their sovereign immunity unless they have
     been charged with actual torture, and not mere police
     brutality.

Price, 294 F.3d at 92-93 (internal quotations and citations

omitted).   In addition, for abuse to constitute torture it must

be inflicted intentionally, not merely incidentally.   Id. at 93

(“In order to lose its sovereign immunity, a foreign state must

impose suffering cruelly and deliberately, rather than as the

unforeseen or unavoidable incident of some legitimate end.”).

     In light of this meaning, the court found insufficient to

waive sovereign immunity allegations that plaintiffs were held
                               - 8 -

for approximately three months in a political prison where they

allegedly “endured deplorable conditions while incarcerated,

including urine-soaked mattresses, a cramped cell with

substandard plumbing that they were forced to share with seven

other inmates, a lack of medical care, and inadequate food,” and

further “were kicked, clubbed and beaten by prison guards, and

interrogated and subjected to physical, mental and verbal abuse.”

Id. at 86 (internal quotations omitted).     The Price court further

found the complaint inadequate because it “says virtually nothing

about the purpose of the alleged torture.”    Id. at 94; see also

Simpson v. Socialist People’s Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, 326 F.3d

230, 234 (D.C. Cir. 2003) (finding allegations of forcibly

removing passenger from cruise ship, holding passenger

incommunicado and threatening her with death if she moved from

her quarters did not rise to the level of torture under the FSIA

and state a claim).

     Price considered the sufficiency of torture allegations when

the defendants moved to dismiss the complaint for lack of subject

matter jurisdiction.   Price’s reasoning is equally instructive

for determining whether a plaintiff in a default proceeding has

established subject matter jurisdiction.   When a court reviews

unchallenged factual allegations on a motion to dismiss, the

allegations are assumed to be true for purposes of assessing
                                - 9 -

subject matter jurisdiction.   Price, 294 F.3d at 93.    Similarly,

for the purposes of examining subject matter jurisdiction on a

motion for entry of default under the FSIA, courts accept the

plaintiffs’ factual allegations as true.    Sisso v. Islamic

Republic of Iran, 448 F. Supp. 2d 76, 81 & n.5 (D.D.C. 2006)

(reasoning on motion for entry of default in FSIA proceeding that

court was “preclude[d] . . . at this stage of the litigation from

making factual findings that are inconsistent with the

allegations of the complaint” and explicitly accepted “all of

plaintiffs’ factual allegations as true[.]”).   However, to

establish subject matter jurisdiction, the allegations must be

sufficiently detailed.   At the pleadings stage, the Price court

accordingly found inadequate the allegations before it, holding

that

       plaintiffs’ complaint offers no useful details about
       the nature of the kicking, clubbing, and beatings that
       plaintiffs allegedly suffered. As a result, there is
       no way to determine from the present complaint the
       severity of plaintiffs’ alleged beatings -- including
       their frequency, duration, the parts of the body at
       which they were aimed, and the weapons used to carry
       them out -- in order to ensure that they satisfy the
       TVPA’s rigorous definition of torture.

Price, 294 F.3d at 93.   Beyond the pleadings stage, plaintiffs

“have to prove the merits of their claims before they can obtain

a default judgment” and “the evidence they present will have to

provide support” for the theories of liability they allege.
                               - 10 -

Sisso, 448 F. Supp. 2d at 79 n.2.      It follows that plaintiffs

must provide sufficiently detailed proof of their allegations

that DPRK agents tortured Reverend Kim in order to ensure that

the conduct “satisf[ies] the TVPA’s rigorous definition of

torture.”    Price, 294 F.3d at 93.

II.   STANDARDS FOR DEFAULT JUDGMENT

      Default judgment against a foreign state shall be entered

only where a plaintiff “establishes his claim or right to relief

by evidence that is satisfactory to the Court.”     28 U.S.C.

§ 1608(e).   The “satisfactory to the court” standard is identical

to the standard for entering default judgment against the United

States under Fed. R. Civ. P. 55(d) (requiring claimant to

“establish[] a claim or right to relief by evidence that

satisfies the court”).   Hill v. Republic of Iraq, 328 F.3d 680,

683 (D.C. Cir. 2003) (citing H.R. Rep. No. 94-1487, at 26

(1976)).    Neither standard, however, is easily defined.   See

Smith ex rel. Smith v. Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, 262 F.

Supp. 2d 217, 223 (S.D.N.Y. 2003) (observing that “[t]he issue

appears to have defied definitive resolution largely because in

most cases the evidence of the defaulting defendant’s liability

is quite compelling and thus the matter can be decided without a

more concise meaning of ‘evidence satisfactory to the court’”).

The D.C. Circuit has not addressed the question, and lower courts
                              - 11 -

have articulated varying rationales for what quantum of evidence

is “satisfactory.”

     Some courts in FSIA default proceedings have found to be

“satisfactory” evidence that they described as “clear and

convincing.”   See, e.g., Weinstein v. Islamic Republic of Iran,

184 F. Supp. 2d 13, 16 (D.D.C. 2002) (finding jurisdictional

facts “established by clear and convincing evidence, which would

have been sufficient to establish a prima facie case in a

contested proceeding”); Mousa v. Islamic Republic of Iran, 238 F.

Supp. 2d 1, 3 (D.D.C. 2001) (same).    But the reasoning of these

cases suggests strongly –- and in some cases indicates explicitly

-- that clear and convincing evidence was considered a

sufficient, rather than a necessary, quantum of proof.    See,

e.g., Campuzano v. Islamic Republic of Iran, 281 F. Supp. 2d 258,

269 (D.D.C. 2003) (concluding that “the plaintiffs have gone

beyond the necessary burden of ‘evidence satisfactory to the

court’ and have proven each element by clear and convincing

evidence”).

     Other courts have drawn an analogy between the FSIA default

standard and that for judgment as a matter of law, either after a

jury trial or on summary judgment.     One court held that the FSIA

default standard “call[s] for proof by evidence of a nature and

quality sufficient to support summary judgment under Fed. R. Civ.
                               - 12 -

P. 56, namely, oral or written testimony under oath, made upon

personal knowledge by witnesses competent to testify to the

matters stated therein.”    Hill v. Republic of Iraq, 175 F. Supp.

2d 36, 38 n.4 (D.D.C. 2001) (referring to then-current Rule

56(e)).1   In Ungar v. Islamic Republic of Iran, 211 F. Supp. 2d

91, 98 (D.D.C. 2002), the court considered the Hill standard,

among others, but then purported to opt for the standard for

judgment as a matter of law after a jury trial, set forth in

Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 50(a), which the court described

as “a legally sufficient evidentiary basis for a reasonable jury

to find for plaintiff.”    Id. at 98.2   Several subsequent courts,

see, e.g., Gates, 580 F. Supp. 2d at 63, have adopted as the



     1
      This case was reversed in part by Hill v. Republic of Iraq,
328 F.3d 680 (D.C. Cir. 2003). The D.C. Circuit rejected the
burden of proof on damages for default judgment that the district
court articulated, but “did not address the question of the
FSIA’s plaintiff’s burden on proof on liability.” Hill, 328 F.3d
at 683-84.
     2
       The Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 50(a) standard is more
stringent than the Ungar court’s formulation suggests. Judgment
as a matter of law against a party may be granted only if “the
court finds that a reasonable jury would not have a legally
sufficient evidentiary basis to find for the party on [an]
issue.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 50(a); see also Anderson v. Liberty
Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 250 (1986) (holding that the summary
judgment standard “mirrors the standard for a directed verdict
under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 50(a), which is that the
trial judge must direct a verdict if, under the governing law,
there can be but one reasonable conclusion as to the verdict”).
In this light, the standards actually applied in Hill and Ungar
are virtually identical.
                              - 13 -

standard that the plaintiffs must put forth a “legally sufficient

prima facie case.”   See, e.g., Kilburn, 699 F. Supp. 2d at 150.

     Interpreting the “satisfactory to the court” standard to

require a legally sufficient prima facie case best accounts for

the posture of default proceedings under the FSIA.    Where the

defendant has not participated in the proceedings and there has

been no opportunity for discovery, plaintiffs cannot be expected

to meet a typical standard for judgment as a matter of law.

However, the plaintiff’s evidence must be rigorous enough to

support the facts necessary for jurisdiction.

     In FSIA default proceedings, “the court may accept as true

the plaintiffs’ uncontroverted evidence.”   Wachsman v. Islamic

Republic of Iran, 603 F. Supp. 2d 148, 155 (D.D.C. 2009)

(internal quotations omitted) (quoting Elahi v. Islamic Republic

of Iran, 124 F. Supp. 2d 97, 100 (D.D.C. 2000)); see also Gates,

580 F. Supp. 2d at 63 (same); Alejandre v. Republic of Cuba, 996

F. Supp. 1239, 1243 (S.D. Fla. 1997) (same).    The evidence

provided, however, is subject to the Federal Rules of Evidence.

See, e.g., Daliberti v. Republic of Iraq, 146 F. Supp. 2d at 21

n.1 (D.D.C. 2001) (noting that “[i]n the absence of defense

counsel, the Court used particular care to draw the . . .

findings of fact and conclusions of law from admissible testimony

in accordance with the Federal Rules of Evidence”).   Hearsay
                              - 14 -

evidence therefore is normally inadmissible because it lacks

sufficient indicia of reliability.     Expert witnesses, however,

may rely on hearsay evidence to reach their conclusions.     Fed. R.

Evid. 703.   Plaintiffs may present their evidence in the form of

affidavits or declarations, see Campuzano, 281 F. Supp. 2d at 268

(citing Weinstein, 184 F. Supp. 2d at 19), and an evidentiary

hearing is not required before a default judgment against a

foreign state is entered.   See Ben-Rafael v. Islamic Republic of

Iran, 540 F. Supp. 2d 39, 43 (D.D.C. 2008).

III. PLAINTIFFS’ EVIDENCE

     Plaintiffs have submitted their own declarations, as well as

declarations from family member Dani Butler, and from multiple

experts on North Korea.   Exhibits include congressional

resolutions relating to Reverend Kim’s abduction, and press

materials, book excerpts and reports from human rights

organizations and the U.S. State Department about North Korea.

The plaintiffs rely in particular on the decision of a South

Korean court that tried and convicted a DPRK intelligence agent

for crimes including the abduction of Reverend Kim.    Plaintiffs

have provided a sworn English translation of that decision.    See

Declaration of J.D. Kim (certifying translation of Decision of

Seoul Joong Ang Ji Bang Court, Criminal Part 23 (“South Korean

court decision”)).   The judgment of the South Korean court is a
                                - 15 -

proper subject of judicial notice under Federal Rule of Evidence

201 to establish the fact of foreign litigation and the resulting

actions of the foreign court.    Fed. R. Evid. 201 (permitting

judicial notice of a fact that is not subject to reasonable

dispute because it can be accurately and readily determined from

sources whose accuracy cannot reasonably be questioned); see,

e.g., Jordan (Bermuda) Inv. Co., Ltd. v. Hunter Green Invs. Ltd.,

154 F. Supp. 2d 682, 689 (S.D.N.Y. 2001) (taking judicial notice

of foreign court judgment); Luxpro Corp. v. Apple Inc., No. C 10-

03058 JSW, 2011 WL 1086027, at *3 (N.D. Cal. March 24, 2011)

(same).   A declaration certifying under penalty of perjury that

the translation of the decision is true and correct accompanies

the decision and suffices to establish its accuracy.   See 28

U.S.C. § 1746.   Recited below, without an attempt to parse the

admissibility of all of it, is the evidence presented by the

plaintiffs.

        North Korean refugees who were able to escape to China

would stay in secret safe-houses that non-governmental

organizations and religious humanitarian groups had established

or that Chinese locals in the area with ethnic Korean descent

would support.    Report of Yoshikuni Yamamoto (“Yamamoto Decl.”)

¶ 17.   In response, the DPRK established a network of local

agents in China under DPRK’s security services to abduct
                                - 16 -

defectors and the humanitarian workers who assisted them.       Id.

¶¶ 18, 23.     On September 17, 2002, DPRK leader Kim Jong-Il

admitted publicly to Prime Minister Koizumi of Japan that DPRK

security services had engaged in kidnapping Japanese citizens

between 1977 and 1983.    Declaration of Ernest C. Downs (“Downs

Decl.”) ¶ 20.

        In 1993, Reverend Kim moved to China to work as a missionary

providing humanitarian and religious services to the families of

North Korean defectors and refugees who had fled across the Sino-

Korean border seeking asylum.    Yamamoto Decl. ¶ 20.   He had

previously worked with the Special Olympics in China and worked

to raise money for medical supplies for needy children.    He

learned of the plight of North Korean refugees and at once

committed himself to aid this disadvantaged community.

Declaration of Han Kim (“Han Decl.”) ¶¶ 19, 21.    Reverend Kim set

up numerous refugee shelters and a school for expatriate North

Korean children and handicapped persons in the Chinese town of

Yanji.    He named the school the “School of Love.”   Yamamoto Decl.

¶ 20.

        DPRK intelligence agent Hua was convicted on April 21, 2005

by a South Korean Court in Seoul, for his involvement in planning

and executing various abductions of civilians from China to North

Korea following the instructions of a senior DPRK intelligence
                               - 17 -

official.    South Korean court decision at 1.   One of the crimes

for which Hua was convicted was his direct involvement in

planning and carrying out the abduction of Reverend Kim.       Id. at

2.   Hua was sentenced to ten years imprisonment.      Id. at 1.   The

plaintiffs allege that agents prosecuted for abducting Reverend

Kim provided information concerning Reverend Kim’s torture in

North Korea, and cite to the South Korean court decision for

support.    Pls.’ Proposed Facts at 8; Revised Proposed Findings of

Facts and Conclusions of Law at 18.     However, the court decision

makes no reference to Reverend Kim being tortured in North Korea.

      Members of the United States Congress have investigated the

DPRK policy of abducting foreigners and have issued various

resolutions regarding the issue.    On June 11, 2002, the House of

Representatives issued a resolution urging the governments of the

United States, South Korea and China to seek a full accounting

from the DPRK regarding the whereabouts of Reverend Kim.      Downs

Decl. ¶ 25, Ex. A.    On July 11, 2005, the House of

Representatives issued a resolution condemning the DPRK’s use of

abductions and demanding the return of individuals being held in

North Korea.    Id. ¶ 25, Ex. C.   On January 28, 2005, an Illinois

congressional delegation, including then-United States Senator

Barack Obama, sent a letter to North Korean Ambassador to the

United Nations Pak Gil Yon, which specifically asked that North
                              - 18 -

Korea forthwith investigate the circumstances of Reverend Kim’s

abduction and fate, and which stated that its signatories would

not support the removal of the DPRK from the State Department’s

list of State Sponsors of Terrorism until the whereabouts of

Reverend Kim had been made known.    Id. ¶ 25, Ex. E.   This letter

was followed by a letter from Representative Henry Hyde in his

capacity as the Chairman of the House Committee on International

Relations, dated November 4, 2005, after the Illinois

congressional delegation had returned from a trip to Japan.        Id.

¶ 25, Ex. F.

     A recently declassified internal State Department cable

dated February 3, 2000, from representatives stationed in Seoul

communicating with headquarters in Washington, D.C., states that

a local Chinese paper reported that Chinese investigators had

“strong evidence” that Reverend Kim was kidnapped from China by

DPRK agents who had crossed over into China in late December to

plan the abduction.   Id. ¶ 26, Ex. G.    The cable -- authored a

mere two weeks after Reverend Kim’s abduction -- further reported

that ten people were involved in Reverend Kim’s kidnapping,

including a couple posing as North Korean defectors, and that

Reverend Kim was held hostage in China before being transported

into North Korea by his captors.    Id.   The State Department’s

2003 country report on North Korea discusses North Korea’s
                              - 19 -

responsibility for disappearances and refers to “unconfirmed

reports that in January 2000 North Korean agents kidnaped a South

Korean citizen, Reverend Kim Dong Shik, in China and took him to

North Korea.”   Decl. of Robert Tolchin, Dkt. No. 37 at 3.    The

State Department also recounts that North Korea engaged in

torture including “severe beatings, electric shock, prolonged

periods of exposure, humiliations such as public nakedness, and

confinement to small ‘punishment cells[.]”     Id. at 4.   The report

describes harsh prison conditions in North Korea where

“starvation and executions were common” and former prisoners

reported severe beatings and “torture involving water forced into

a victim’s stomach with a rubber hose and pumped out by guards

jumping on a board placed across the victim’s abdomen[.]”     Id.    A

2009 State Department country report on human rights practices in

the DPRK states that the North Korean government was responsible

for disappearances and that “[i]n 2008 the media reported South

Korean missionary Kim Dong-shik had most likely died within a

year of his 2000 disappearance near the China-DPRK border.”

Decl. of Robert Tolchin, Dkt. No. 38 at 3.     The 2009 report

reiterates the reported torture methods and the harsh conditions

of the prisons in North Korea.   Id. at 3-4.    However, the State

Department cable and reports do not provide any first-hand

accounts of Reverend Kim’s treatment, or address the nature or
                                - 20 -

severity of any torture Reverend Kim suffered, or specify the

frequency or duration of the acts of torture or the parts of the

body at which they were aimed or any weapons used to carry them

out.

       Expert research on human rights abuses in North Korea has

reported widespread and systematic repression by DPRK operatives

of DPRK citizens and foreign nationals, specifically by means of

forced abductions and confinement in kwan-li-so, or political

penal-labor colonies.     The reports are based on first-hand

accounts and satellite photography, among other data.

Declaration of Professor David Hawk (“Hawk Decl.”) ¶¶ 8-13.

Professor David Hawk has expertise in human rights in North

Korea, has published extensively on that issue, and has

interviewed scores of former prisoners with first-hand accounts

of treatment in North Korean camps.      He declared that prisoners

of the penal colonies face harsh conditions and treatment,

including below-subsistence food rations, back-breaking forced

physical labor, brutal beatings, long-term solitary confinement,

rape, and forced abortion.    Id. ¶¶ 14-19.    Prisoners are forced

to perform labor twelve or more hours a day, seven days a week,

and receive only enough food to be kept on the verge of

starvation.   Id. ¶ 14.    Prisoners often endure “long-term

solitary confinement in punishment cells which do not have enough
                              - 21 -

space for a person to completely lie down or stand up, causing

inmates to experience a loss of circulation and atrophy of legs,

and often leading to death within several weeks.”   Id. ¶ 15.

According to Hawk, “[a]ttempted escapees are automatically

executed and other ‘major’ rule-breakers are publicly executed by

hanging or firing squad in front of the assembled prisoners of

that section of the camp.”   Id.   “Many inmates cannot withstand

the harsh conditions of their imprisonment and a significant

number die within a year of their arrival to the kwan-li-so.    A

large number of those who survive develop permanent disabilities

-- signs of premature aging, hunchbacks and other physical

deformities due to the brutal work conditions and cell sizes.”

Id. ¶ 16.   Hawk stated that a defining characteristic of DPRK’s

political penal-labor colonies is that “prisoners are not

formally arrested, charged (or even told of their offense), or

tried in any sort of judicial procedure.”   Id. ¶ 11.

     Hawk said

     [w]hile I do not have any firsthand knowledge about
     Reverend Kim’s case specifically, given my extensive
     experience with the DPRK and the manner in which
     abductees repatriated from China were usually treated,
     it is likely that [Reverend Kim] would have been
     initially held in a ku-ryu-jang, or a DPRK police
     detention and interrogation facility, before being
     transferred to a kwan-li-so. It also seems likely to
     me that Reverend Kim, at a minimum, would have been
     subjected to the harsh treatment afforded to all of its
     prisoners. But because Reverend Kim was such a
     valuable target of the DPRK and so much planning,
                                 - 22 -

     effort and other resources had gone into his abduction,
     it is clear to me that Reverend Kim was subjected to
     additional brutality.

Id. ¶ 20.    Reports and concerns about Reverend Kim’s treatment

have circulated widely enough that he would have been more likely

to be viewed by the DPRK as a high-value target warranting harsh

treatment.    Id.    Hawk “believe[s] that the various reports of

[Reverend Kim’s] torture and eventual starvation, from the

accounts of other prisoners, are likely to be reliable and

accurately describe how Reverend Kim was treated by his captors

from the time he was abducted and incarcerated until his untimely

death.”     Id.   Hawk does not detail from the reports the nature or

severity of the torture Reverend Kim suffered, or the frequency

or duration of the acts of torture or the parts of the body at

which they were aimed or any weapons used to carry them out.

     Ernest C. Downs, a former senior official of the U.S.

Department of Defense who served from 2001 to 2008 on the board

of the United States Committee for Human Rights in North Korea,

stated that it is “clear . . . that [Reverend Kim] was abducted

by DPRK agents from China and forcibly brought to North Korea[.]”

Downs Decl. ¶ 33.      According to Downs, DPRK agents have

specifically abducted and imprisoned people who have assisted

North Korean defectors as well as Christian missionaries.

Supplemental Declaration of Ernest C. Downs (“Downs Supp. Decl.”)
                              - 23 -

¶ 6(b)-(d).   Because Reverend Kim assisted North Korean defectors

and was a Christian missionary, he was likely a “valuable and

important target to the government and ruling party of the DPRK.”

Id. ¶ 6(a)-(c).   Based on the testimony of other North Korean

prisoners, Downs states that prisoners are forced to labor for

more than twelve hours per day, sometimes sixteen hours, and the

failure to meet production quotas leads to “additional hard

labor, less food, and exceptionally painful physical punishment.”

Downs Decl. ¶ 11; see also Downs Supp. Decl. ¶ 11.    Thus,

“[p]risoners in North Korea’s political prisons do not often

survive.”   Downs Supp. Decl. ¶ 7.   Downs states that he is aware

of the testimony of 1000 former North Korean prisoners and Downs

“does not know of any case in which the former prisoner was not

subjected to torture while in the prison camp.”   Downs Supp.

Decl. ¶ 10.   Downs provides numerous examples from former

prisoners describing inmate mistreatment in DPRK prisons and

facilities.   In particular, Downs submits an excerpt from Hawk’s

book The Hidden Gulag which recounts inmates who were subject to

burnings, skin piercing, water torture, being hung by wrists or

upside-down, sleep deprivation, food deprivation, facial and shin

beatings with rifle butts, whippings with belts, beatings in the

legs with a wooden stave, undersized punishment cells where

detainees could not stand up or lie down and placement in
                                - 24 -

punishment cells for a week or more.      Id., Ex. 1 at 148-52.

Downs also attaches an account of a prisoner who was hung by his

hands and feet, stabbed in the lower abdomen and held over a fire

until he lost consciousness.    Id., Ex. 2 at 57-58.

     Downs also opines that “Reverend Kim’s killing was motivated

by political considerations.”      Downs Decl. ¶ 7.   In his opinion,

“a foreigner abducted by the DPRK for political purposes, such as

Reverend Kim, after eleven years would still either be

languishing in a North Korea prison camp or would have already

been killed.”   Id. ¶ 34.   He “believe[s] that credible

information on [Reverend Kim’s] treatment in North Korea has been

obtained from defectors.”    Id.    He states that Reverend Kim

probably was subjected to “severe beatings while in stress

positions (such as while suspended from the ceiling), near

starvation, and forced physical exertion to the point of absolute

physical exhaustion.”   Downs Supp. Decl. ¶ 9.    In addition, Downs

asserts that he is certain that “Reverend Kim has been subject to

exceptionally painful, brutal, and outrageous treatment while in

prison.”   Id. ¶ 8.   Downs also states that “[c]redible sources

have reported that Reverend Kim died as a result of his torture

and malnutrition.”    Id. ¶ 6(i).    Thus, Downs concludes that

Reverend Kim’s “death resulted from torture and malnutrition

deliberately caused by his North Korean captors.”      Id. ¶ 13.
                              - 25 -

Downs neither identifies the former prisoners, the defectors or

other credible sources for these conclusions, nor reveals their

basis of knowledge about Reverend Kim, nor says he has spoken

with any of them.   Downs does not provide details from the

credible information received concerning the severity of Reverend

Kim’s beatings, such as their frequency, duration, the parts of

the body at which they were aimed, or the weapons used to carry

them out.

     Do Hee-Youn, a member of a South Korea-based human rights

organization, heard “through the information net” that Reverend

Kim died in North Korea as a result of torture and malnutrition

in February 2001.   Declaration of Do Hee-Youn (“Do Hee-Youn

Decl.”) ¶ 13.   Yoshikuni Yamamoto, a researcher at a human rights

organization in Washington, DC, stated generally that “it was

reported” that Reverend Kim was tortured after refusing to

collaborate and that he died in February 2001 and was buried in

District 91 military training base in Sangwon-ri near Pyongyang.

Yamamoto Decl. ¶ 22.   Neither declaration supplied details about

the nature of the reported torture.

     Human Rights Watch released a 2007 report discussing the

mistreatment of prisoners at detention facilities in North Korea.

This report states that

     prisoners are subject to strip searches, verbal abuse
     and threats, beatings, forced labor, and lack of food
                              - 26 -

      and medicine, among other abuses. Torture and other
      cruel and inhuman treatment appears widespread and can
      occur throughout the process of incarceration in North
      Korea[.]

North Korea: Harsher Policies against Border-Crossers, Dkt. No.

35-1 at 8.   In particular, the report includes accounts from

former prisoners who state that the guards

      would make [prisoners] sit down and stand up repeatedly
      until [they] collapsed, or forced [them] to hang onto
      cell bars or bang [their] heads onto cell bars. . . .
      Guards beat people all the time –- they used sticks or
      belts. They also slapped or kicked inmates for
      disobedience.

Id.   Similarly, the United Nations Special Rapporteur on the

situation of human rights in the DPRK released a report which

described what it called DPRK’s record of torture and inhuman

treatment, arbitrary detention and use of prison camps.   Pls.’

Supp. Submission of New Auth., Ex. 1, Human Rights Council, Rep.

of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the

DPRK, 22d Sess., U.N. Doc. A/HRC/22/57 (Feb. 1, 2013).    This

report stated that, in 2007, there were reports that DPRK

authorities engaged in “torture, public executions, and

persecution of political dissidents.”   Id., Annex 1 ¶ 22.     In

2008, the Secretary-General stated that reports from DPRK

“continue to indicate trends of torture, inhumane conditions of

detention, public execution, ill-treatment of refugees” and the

Special Rapporteur stated that
                              - 27 -

     the harsh conditions imposed by the criminal justice
     system and related detention give rise to a plethora of
     abuses, including torture and cruel, inhuman and
     degrading treatment. The abuses are ubiquitous, and
     include degrading treatment of deceased persons.

Id., Annex 1 ¶ 23.   The UN Special Rapporteur cites 2011 reports

which state that DPRK correctional officers beat inmates and that

torture was occurring at various camps in the DPRK.   Id., Annex 1

¶¶ 25-26.   In addition, “[t]he Secretary-General noted in 2012

that some reports also indicate the existence of prison camps

where torture and execution are widespread.”    Id., Annex 1 ¶ 27.

The report identifies the political labor camps and states that

the Special Rapporteur has consistently expressed concern about

“unreasonable and abusive punishments” and “torture and detention

without due process of law” and the “harsh conditions” in the

camps where “no clothing is provided” and inmates are “expected

to work long hours performing manual labour.”   Id., Annex 1

¶¶ 48-51, 54.   Neither report provides any first-hand knowledge

of Reverend Kim’s mistreatment.   The reports do not detail the

frequency or duration of the acts of torture at the DPRK prison

camps.

     Plaintiffs cite an excerpt from Melanie Kirkpatrick’s 2012

book Escape from North Korea that states that Reverend Kim was

tortured and murdered by the North Koreans.    Pls.’ Supp.

Submission of New Authority, Dkt. No. 55, Ex. 1 at 150-51.     The
                               - 28 -

excerpt states that Reverend Kim was transported to a political

prison camp and “[h]e appears to have been beaten and starved to

death after refusing to renounce his religion.”    Id. at 152.

Kirkpatrick also states that “according to [Reverend Kim’s]

family, his remains are believed to be in People’s Army Camp 91,

a garrison on the outskirts of Pyongyang.”   Id. (footnote

omitted).    Kirkpatrick reports as the source for these details

the plaintiffs’ amended complaint and the filings docketed in

this case.   See Melanie Kirkpatrick, Escape from North Korea 329

n.20 (2012).   In any event, the Kirkpatrick excerpt does not

detail the nature or severity of the torture, or the frequency or

duration of the acts of torture or the parts of the body at which

they were aimed or any weapons used to carry them out.

IV.   JURISDICTION IN THIS CASE

      Section 1605A(a)(2)(A)(i)(I) provides in relevant part that

a court shall hear a claim under § 1605A against a foreign state

if that state “was designated as a state sponsor of terrorism at

the time the [torture or extrajudicial killing] occurred, . . .

and . . . either remains so designated when the claim is filed

under this section or was so designated within the 6-month period

before the claim is filed under this section[.]”   North Korea was

designated as a state sponsor of terrorism in 1988.    See Notice,

Determination Pursuant to Section 6(j) of the Export
                              - 29 -

Administration Act of 1979; North Korea, 53 Fed. Reg. 3477-01

(Feb. 5, 1988).   North Korea’s designation was rescinded on

October 11, 2008.   See Notice, Rescission of Determination

Regarding North Korea, 73 Fed. Reg. 63540-01 (Oct. 24, 2008).

Thus, North Korea remained designated as a state sponsor of

terrorism within the 6-month period before this action was filed

on April 8, 2009.

     Section 1605A(a)(2)(A)(ii)(I) further requires that “the

claimant or the victim was, at the time the act . . . occurred

. . . a national of the United States.”   An individual deemed to

owe a permanent allegiance to the United States and who actively

pursues U.S. citizenship can be held to be a “national of the

United States” in satisfaction of § 1605A(a)(2)(A)(ii)(I).     See,

e.g., Saludes v. Republica de Cuba, 577 F. Supp. 2d 1243, 1252

(S.D. Fla. 2008).   At the time of Reverend Kim’s abduction,

plaintiff Yong Kim was a U.S. citizen and plaintiff Han Kim can

be deemed to have been a U.S. national.   He had lived in the U.S.

since 1992 and became a Permanent Resident owing a permanent

allegiance to the U.S.   In 1999, before his father’s abduction,

he began the application process to become a naturalized American

citizen with the intention of remaining in this country.

Supplemental Declaration of Han Kim at 1-2.
                               - 30 -

     For any “production of pain” to constitute torture under the

TVPA definition, the act must be “purposive, and not merely

haphazard . . . [or] the unforeseen or unavoidable incident of

some legitimate end.”    Price, 294 F.3d at 93.   Plaintiffs’

proffered evidence includes expert opinions, a type of evidence

that courts have credited in FSIA default actions.     See Kilburn,

699 F. Supp. 2d at 143, 152.   Hawk asserts that DPRK’s policy is

to imprison “political prisoners and others deemed to be

opponents of the DPRK regime” to “deter dissent in the larger

population[.]”   Hawk Decl. ¶ 10.   Hawk and Downs state that

Reverend Kim was targeted by DPRK because of his “humanitarian

activities” and because he was a Christian missionary who

assisted North Korean defectors.    Hawk Decl. ¶ 21; Downs Supp.

Decl. ¶¶ 6(a)-(d), 7.   In particular, Downs states that he is

“virtually certain that Reverend Kim’s killing was motivated by

political considerations.”   Downs Supp. Decl. ¶ 7.   Hawk adds

that in DPRK’s penal camps, “prisoners are not formally arrested,

charged (or even told of their offense), or tried in any sort of

judicial procedure.”    Hawk Decl. ¶ 11.   The South Korean court

decision and the expert evidence reflect that Reverend Kim was

abducted at the behest of DPRK security forces, not in accordance

with any legitimate judicial or other process, due to Kim’s

religious work and assistance to North Korean refugees.
                              - 31 -

Therefore, the plaintiffs have sufficiently shown that any

mistreatment of Reverend Kim was done purposefully.

     However, the plaintiffs’ submissions do not establish the

severity of the treatment of Reverend Kim in particular, or that

his treatment amounts to torture under the rigorous definition of

that term adopted in the FSIA.   DPRK’s failure to respond to the

complaint or to respond to any of the congressional inquiries

regarding Reverend Kim’s fate, in part, obscures the precise

details of Reverend Kim’s treatment following his abduction by

DPRK agents.   Moreover, the widely feared nature of DPRK

repression appears to force those individuals who may know

details about Reverend Kim’s whereabouts and treatment to convey

such information sparingly and anonymously.   See, e.g., Do Hee-

Youn Decl. ¶ 2 (describing “network of individuals that have

supplied . . . information concerning North Korean matters” and

explaining “many of these individuals are kept confidential to

ensure their safety from potential retribution against them by

the North Korean government”).   Unfortunately for plaintiffs, no

D.C. Circuit opinion appears to allow such circumstances to

lessen the plaintiffs’ exacting burden of proof.

     Here, the declarations of the plaintiffs and Butler reflect

no actual knowledge of how Reverend Kim was treated in the DPRK.

The South Korean court decision convicted a DPRK agent of
                               - 32 -

abducting Reverend Kim, but does not refer to Reverend Kim being

tortured.    The congressional resolutions and correspondence

sought, but did not provide, details about Reverend Kim’s

treatment.   The State Department reports discussing abuse in DPRK

prisons and media speculation that Revered Kim died provide no

first-hand accounts detailing his treatment.    The reports from

Human Rights Watch and the United Nations provide no first-hand

accounts of Reverend Kim’s mistreatment and do not detail the

frequency or duration of the acts of torture at the prison camps.

The Kirkpatrick book excerpt recounts information docketed in

this case but adds no first-hand information about Reverend Kim’s

treatment, or any details about the nature or severity of his

torture, or the frequency or duration of any acts of torture or

the parts of his body at which they were aimed or any weapons

used to carry them out.    Two of plaintiffs’ declarants, Do Hee-

Youn and Yoshikuni Yamamoto, recounted hearsay reports that

Reverend Kim was tortured and died.     The declarants did not,

though, reveal the sources of the reports, specify their bases of

knowledge, or provide useful details about the nature and

severity of any torture.

     The experts in this case describe conditions at an

established and extensive system of penal colonies where the DPRK

regularly holds abductees and political prisoners, and opine that
                               - 33 -

reports from defectors stating that Reverend Kim was tortured and

is either still in custody or has died as a result of his

treatment are credible.    However, Hawk does not report that the

prisoners he spoke with had personal knowledge of Reverend Kim’s

treatment.   Hawk also does not describe the nature or severity of

the torture Revered Kim suffered, or the frequency or duration of

acts of torture upon him or the parts of the body at which they

were aimed or any weapons used to carry them out.   Likewise,

Downs does not identify the sources he deems credible upon whom

he based his opinion that Reverend Kim probably died as a result

of deliberate torture and malnutrition.   He does not reveal their

bases of knowledge about Reverend Kim or say whether he has

spoken with them.   Nor does Downs provide details regarding the

severity of Reverend Kim’s beatings.    Price constrains us from

employing discussion about the abuses generally in these camps to

show that mistreatment of Reverend Kim occurred that rose to the

level of torture under the TVPA.   As the plaintiffs have not

satisfied the requirements of the FSIA, subject matter

jurisdiction is lacking.

     Although the plaintiffs have not provided sufficient

evidence to support jurisdiction under the FSIA, a district court

ruling on whether facts in a complaint adequately allege a basis

for invoking the torture exception under the FSIA should be
                                - 34 -

immediately appealable.   See Price, 294 F.2d at 92 (allowing

Libya to immediately appeal a district court decision rejecting

Libya’s argument that the facts alleged in the complaint do not

bring the case within an FSIA immunity exception).    Moreover,

this case qualifies for an interlocutory appeal under 28 U.S.C.

§ 1292(b).   That statute provides that an interlocutory appeal

may be certified to the court of appeals when

     a district judge . . . shall be of the opinion that
     such order involves a controlling question of law as to
     which there is substantial ground for difference of
     opinion and that an immediate appeal from the order may
     materially advance the ultimate termination of the
     litigation.

28 U.S.C. § 1292(b).   “Under § 1292(b), a controlling question of

law is one that would require reversal if decided incorrectly or

that could materially affect the course of litigation with

resulting savings of the court’s or the parties’ resources[]” and

“include[s] issues that would terminate an action if the district

court’s order were reversed.”    APCC Servs., Inc. v. Sprint

Communic’ns Co., L.P., 297 F. Supp. 2d 90, 95-96 (D.D.C. 2003)

(internal citations and quotation marks omitted).    Here, the

determination of subject matter jurisdiction qualifies as a

controlling question of law.    See id.   Also, there is “a

substantial ground for difference of opinion” about whether

plaintiffs have presented the requisite quantum of evidence to

show that Reverend Kim was tortured under the FSIA.    Cf. Doe v.
                                - 35 -

Qi, 349 F. Supp. 2d 1258, 1312-17 (N.D. Cal 2004) (discussing

Price and collecting cases applying the standard for sufficient

factual allegations to allege torture under the FSIA).    Finally,

“[w]hen there are substantial grounds for difference of opinion

as to a court’s subject matter jurisdiction, courts regularly

hold that immediate appeal may ‘materially advance the ultimate

termination of the litigation.’”     Al Maqaleh v. Gates, 620 F.

Supp. 2d 51, 55 (D.D.C. 2009).    Certification for an

interlocutory appeal in this case, then, is warranted.

                         CONCLUSION AND ORDER

        Subject matter jurisdiction over this action depends in part

upon an adequate demonstration that Reverend Kim was tortured

following his abduction.    Plaintiffs have not met to the court’s

satisfaction the high standard recognized by this circuit under

the FSIA for showing that Reverend Kim was tortured.     Thus, the

court lacks subject matter jurisdiction over this action.    The

motion for default judgment will be denied, and the case will be

certified for interlocutory appeal on the issue of the requisite

quantum of evidence for sufficiently alleging torture under the

FSIA.    Accordingly, it is hereby

        ORDERED that plaintiffs’ motion [14] for default judgment

be, and hereby is, DENIED.    It is further
                              - 36 -

     ORDERED that this case be, and hereby is, certified for

immediate appeal under 28 U.S.C. § 1292(b) because it involves a

controlling question of law as to which there is a substantial

ground for difference of opinion, and an immediate appeal may

materially advance the ultimate termination of this litigation.

It is further

     ORDERED that all proceedings in this case be stayed upon the

application of the plaintiffs for an interlocutory appeal under

28 U.S.C. § 1292(b) of the finding that the court lacks subject

matter jurisdiction under the FSIA.

     SIGNED this 14th day of June, 2013.


                                              /s/
                                      RICHARD W. ROBERTS
                                      United States District Judge
