                         STATE OF MICHIGAN

                          COURT OF APPEALS



PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,                                 UNPUBLISHED
                                                                 February 28, 2017
              Plaintiff-Appellee,

v                                                                No. 330211
                                                                 Calhoun Circuit Court
CHRISTOPHER GEORGE WAHMHOFF,                                     LC No. 2013-002745-FH

              Defendant-Appellant.


Before: HOEKSTRA, P.J., and SAAD and RIORDAN, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

         Defendant, Christopher George Wahmhoff, was convicted after a bench trial of resisting
and obstructing a police officer, MCL 750.81d(1), and trespassing, MCL 750.552(1). The trial
court sentenced him to 12 months’ probation and 60 days in jail, to be suspended, for his
resisting and obstructing conviction and ordered defendant to pay a fine for his trespassing
conviction. After a hearing, defendant was ordered to pay a total of $4,301.28 in restitution.
Defendant now appeals as of right, solely challenging the restitution order. We vacate the
restitution order and remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

                               I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND

        On June 24, 2013, at some time before employees arrived at 7:00 a.m., defendant crawled
inside a pipeline on Enbridge, Inc., property in Fredonia Township, Michigan. When deputies
arrived, defendant stated that he would not leave the pipe until 5:00 p.m., as he intended to
disrupt an entire workday for Enbridge in an act of protest. Fire personnel were called to the
scene because defendant was in a confined space, and an overpowering chemical odor could be
smelled inside the pipe. Accordingly, at least one ventilation fan was placed at the end of the
pipe to ensure that defendant received fresh air while he remained inside, and firefighters and
police personnel remained on site, prepared to respond if defendant lost consciousness. As
promised, defendant exited the pipe at approximately 5:00 p.m. and was taken into custody.

                    II. JUDICIAL FACT-FINDING AND RESTITUTION

      Defendant contends that the restitution award should be vacated because he was entitled
to have the amount of restitution determined by a jury under the Sixth and Fourteenth
Amendments of the United States Constitution. We disagree.


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                                 A. STANDARD OF REVIEW

       “A Sixth Amendment challenge presents a question of constitutional law that this Court
reviews de novo.” People v Lockridge, 498 Mich 358, 373; 870 NW2d 502 (2015).

                                         B. ANALYSIS

       We previously rejected this argument in People v Corbin, 312 Mich App 352, 371-373;
880 NW2d 2 (2015). In that case, we held that judicial fact-finding to determine the appropriate
amount of restitution does not implicate a defendant’s Sixth Amendment right to a jury trial. Id.
at 372-373. Likewise, we expressly stated that the Michigan Supreme Court’s recent decision in
Lockridge, 498 Mich 358, does not apply to restitution orders entered in conjunction with
sentencing. Corbin, 312 Mich App at 373 n 5. We are bound by that decision. MCR
7.215(J)(1).

        Additionally, like the defendant in Corbin, defendant’s reliance on Southern Union Co v
United States, ___ US ___; 132 S Ct 2344; 183 L Ed 2d 318 (2012), is misplaced. In that case,
the United States Supreme Court held that the determination of any fact, except the existence of
a prior conviction, which increases a defendant’s maximum potential sentence, including a
sentence consisting of a criminal fine, must be determined by a jury. Southern Union, 567 US at
___; 132 S Ct at 2348-2349, 2357. As we observed in Corbin, “[a] criminal fine and restitution
are not synonymous . . . .” Corbin, 312 Mich App at 372.

       Accordingly, defendant’s argument fails.

                            III. CALCULATION OF RESTITUTION

        Defendant also argues that the trial court’s award of restitution was an abuse of discretion
because it was speculative, arbitrary, and based on costs or losses that are not eligible for
reimbursement as restitution. Although we disagree with defendant’s claim that the responding
government entities necessarily are entitled to no restitution in this case, we agree with defendant
that the trial court’s restitution award was improper.

                                 A. STANDARD OF REVIEW

        We generally “review a court’s calculation of a restitution amount for an abuse of
discretion and its factual findings for clear error.” Corbin, 312 Mich App at 361 (citation
omitted). “A trial court may abuse its discretion by blurring the distinction between a civil
remedy for damages and the criminal penalty of restitution.” Id. However, “when the question
of restitution involves a matter of statutory interpretation, the issue is reviewed de novo as a
question of law.” People v Dimoski, 286 Mich App 474, 476; 780 NW2d 896 (2009); see also
Corbin, 312 Mich App at 361.

                                         B. ANALYSIS

       Crime victims have a right to restitution under both the Michigan Constitution and
Michigan statutory law. People v Bell, 276 Mich App 342, 346; 741 NW2d 57 (2007); see also
Const 1963, art 1, § 24; MCL 769.1a; MCL 780.766. “The purpose of restitution is to allow

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crime victims to recoup losses suffered as a result of criminal conduct.” People v Newton, 257
Mich App 61, 68; 665 NW2d 504 (2003) (quotation marks and citation omitted).

        “The Crime Victim’s Rights Act [(“CVRA”)], MCL § 780.751 et seq., determines
whether a sentencing court’s restitution order is appropriate.” Newton, 257 Mich App at 68.
Pursuant to MCL 780.766(2), “when sentencing a defendant convicted of a crime, the court shall
order, in addition to or in lieu of any other penalty authorized by law or in addition to any other
penalty required by law, that the defendant make full restitution to any victim of the defendant’s
course of conduct that gives rise to the conviction . . . .” A “victim” includes, among other
things, a “governmental entity[] or any other legal entity that suffers direct physical or financial
harm as a result of a crime.” MCL 780.766(1); see also Newton, 257 Mich App at 68-69.1

       As we explained in Corbin, 312 Mich App at 360:

               The CVRA provides that the prosecution has the burden of proving by a
       preponderance of the evidence the amount of the victim’s loss. MCL 780.767(4).
       “MCL 780.766(2) requires a direct, causal relationship between the conduct
       underlying the convicted offense and the amount of restitution to be awarded.”
       People v McKinley, 496 Mich 410, 421; 852 NW2d 770 (2014). This Court has
       held that court-ordered restitution is not a substitute for civil damages. People v
       Tyler, 188 Mich App 83, 89; 468 NW2d 537 (1991).

        Thus, “[t]he CVRA . . . permits an award only for losses factually and proximately
caused by the defendant’s offense.” Corbin, 312 Mich App at 369; see also id. (describing
factual and proximate causation). It does not permit restitution for “speculative or conjectural
losses.” Id. at 365. But “[w]here the evidence provides a reasonably certain factual foundation
for a restitution amount, the statutory standard is met.” Id.; see also People v Grant, 455 Mich
221, 233-234; 565 NW2d 389 (1997) (considering a former version of the CVRA and indicating
the information on which a trial court may rely in calculating restitution); People v Guajardo,
213 Mich App 198, 200; 539 NW2d 570 (1995) (also interpreting a former version of the CVRA
and concluding that the amount of restitution “should be based upon the evidence”).

         We agree with defendant that the CVRA does not permit a sentencing court to order
restitution for the general costs of criminal investigations and prosecutions. In People v Crigler,
244 Mich App 420, 422, 427; 625 NW2d 424 (2001), we held that a law enforcement agency can
“obtain restitution of buy money lost to a defendant as a result of the defendant’s criminal act of
selling controlled substances,” which was never recovered by the police. Recognizing that an
entity must incur “physical, financial, or emotional harm” as a result of the crime in order to be
entitled to restitution under MCL 780.766(1), we noted that “harm” is defined in the dictionary
“using the words ‘injury,’ ‘damage,’ and ‘hurt.’ ” Id. at 426 (quotation marks and citation
omitted). Accordingly, we concluded that “the permanent loss” of the buy money was a
financial harm to the law enforcement agency, reasoning that law enforcement’s ability to


1
  Michigan’s general restitution statute, MCL 769.1a, is substantively identical in all relevant
respects to the provisions of the CVRA discussed in this opinion. See MCL 769.1a(1)(b), (2).


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conduct narcotics purchases in future investigations is impaired when the agency is unable to
recover buy money from narcotics purchases that result in convictions. Id. We also drew the
following distinction between the loss of the buy money and the law enforcement agency’s other
expenses:

       [T]here is nothing in the statutory language that suggests that when the financial
       loss takes place during the course of a criminal investigation, no “harm” occurs.
       The loss of buy money is qualitatively unlike the expenditure of other money
       related to a criminal investigation, because it results directly from the crime itself;
       that is, the money is lost when it is exchanged for the controlled substance. The
       payment of salaries and overtime pay to the investigators, the purchase of
       surveillance equipment, the purchase and maintenance of vehicles, and other
       similar expenditures are “costs of investigation” unrelated to a particular
       defendant’s criminal transaction. These expenditures would occur whether or not
       a particular defendant was found to be engaged in the sale of controlled
       substances. However, the loss of the buy money used to purchase specific
       controlled substances from the subject of a criminal investigation directly results
       from the commission of a crime, and it causes financial harm to the governmental
       entity involved—the narcotics enforcement team. [Id. at 427.]

        Later, in Newton, we addressed “whether a law-enforcement agency that expends money
investigating a defendant suffers direct ‘financial harm as a result of a crime.’ ” Newton, 257
Mich App at 69 (referring to MCL 780.766(1)). In that case, the trial court ordered the defendant
to pay restitution for the overtime expenses incurred by the sheriff’s department that investigated
the defendant’s crime. Id. at 62. We considered the distinction previously drawn, in dicta, by
this Court in Crigler, 244 Mich App at 427, and concluded that the award of restitution was
improper because “the general cost of investigating and prosecuting criminal activity is not
direct ‘financial harm as a result of a crime.’ ” Newton, 257 Mich App at 69-70 (emphasis
added). Rather, “the cost of the investigation [in Newton] would have been incurred without
regard to whether [the] defendant was found to have engaged in criminal activity.” Id. at 69.
Similarly, in People v Gaines, 306 Mich App 289, 323-324; 856 NW2d 222 (2014), we
concluded that the trial court erred by ordering “restitution for officer investigation (24 hours for
$864), a forensic analyst (102 hours for $3,672), and discs ($6.64)” because those costs were
“comparable to costs of the investigation in Newton and distinguishable from the direct cost of
the buy money paid in Crigler.”

         Here, defendant was ordered to pay $520.28 in restitution to the Calhoun County
Sheriff’s Department, based solely on the overtime compensation paid to four employees; $3,000
in restitution to the Fredonia Township Fire Department, apparently based on the use of two fire
engines and the presence of personnel from the department that responded to the scene, but
adjusted based on the trial court’s estimation; and $781 to the City of Marshall Fire Department,
based on the amount of compensation paid to two lieutenants of the Marshall Fire Department
and the use of one fire engine, but reduced according to the trial court’s estimation.

       To the extent that the trial court awarded restitution based on routine overtime
compensation or regular compensation, such an award was improper. A law enforcement agency
is not entitled to restitution for regular or overtime compensation paid to its employees for

                                                -4-
performing their ordinary job functions. See Newton, 257 Mich App at 69-70; Gaines, 306 Mich
App at 323. However, based on the exhibits and testimony admitted at the restitution hearing,
we agree with the trial court that the responding authorities may be entitled to some restitution
given the extraordinary amount of time invested by the fire and sheriff personnel solely due to
defendant’s calculated refusal to exit the pipe. We find it appropriate to draw such a distinction
in this case because, for much of the day, no further investigation or emergency response would
have been necessary but for defendant’s deliberate decision to remain inside the pipe. The
record shows that the emergency personnel arrived at the scene, determined that defendant was
inside the pipe illegally, believed that defendant’s safety was at risk given the strong odor inside
the pipe, and instructed him to come out, but defendant refused, stating that he was going to stay
inside the pipe until 5:00 p.m. It is clear that defendant’s measured, illegal act prompted the
expenditure of resources far beyond routine costs for investigation, prosecution, or emergency
response that would ordinarily be expended to investigate or evacuate an individual in a pipe.

         Likewise, the record provides support for a finding that at least some of the expenses
incurred by responding governmental entities specifically resulted from defendant’s conscious
decision to remain inside the pipe for several hours, so that these expenses qualify as “direct . . .
financial harm as a result of a crime.” Gaines, 306 Mich App at 322, quoting MCL 780.766(1).
It would be illogical to conclude that the time and resources invested by the emergency
responders for the duration of the incident were wholly “ordinary” or “routine.” The incident
was assessed and the investigation was completed early in the day, it was readily apparent that
defendant’s conduct was illegal, see MCL 750.81d(1); MCL 750.552(1), and it was defendant’s
choice to persist in his conduct at a substantial cost to responding authorities. The governmental
entities were required to remain on site for eight to ten hours simply because defendant refused
to exit the hazardous pipe, and the agencies did not want to unnecessarily endanger the safety of
emergency personnel by performing an avoidable “confined space rescue.” Accordingly, we
conclude that this extended investment of resources was distinct from “the general cost of
investigation and prosecuting criminal activity” or “ ‘costs of investigation’ unrelated to a
particular defendant’s criminal transaction,” which would not be recoverable as restitution. See
Gaines, 306 Mich App at 322; Newton, 257 Mich App at 69; Crigler, 244 Mich App at 427.
Rather, the costs incurred in this case appear more analogous to a loss of buy money, or a
financial loss that “results directly from the crime itself.” Crigler, 244 Mich App at 427; see also
Gaines, 306 Mich App at 323; Newton, 257 Mich App at 69-70.

        However, even if the governmental entities may be entitled to some restitution in this
case, the record does not reveal the point at which their losses shifted from ordinary costs of
investigation to financial losses directly resulting from this particular defendant’s criminal
activity. Further, even if this distinction were clear, the prosecution did not establish a
reasonably certain factual foundation for these expenses in the trial court. Corbin, 312 Mich
App at 365. The proffered exhibits and testimony do not provide any basis for understanding
how the rates used for the calculations were developed or whether the stated “costs” actually
constitute financial harm—meaning “injury,” “damage,” or “hurt,” see Crigler, 244 Mich App at
426—to the entities for purposes of MCL 780.766(1). The evidence also does not distinguish
between routine costs and additional expenses that were caused by defendant’s extraordinary
conduct in this case. Further, the trial court adjusted the restitution calculations without any
basis in the record, instead altering the restitution amounts based on what it believed to be “the
best common sense solution . . . based on [its] experience . . . .” Consequently, similar to

                                                -5-
Corbin, 312 Mich App at 368, the trial court in this case essentially selected an arbitrary amount
of restitution by attempting to make an “informed guess” about the appropriate amount of
restitution. This approach is not consistent with the statutory standard, which requires a
“reasonably certain factual foundation for a restitution amount.” Id. at 365.

       In sum, the prosecution failed to demonstrate, with reasonable certainty, the resources
expended by the governmental entities in connection with defendant’s criminal activity beyond
the ordinary costs of investigation or operation. See Newton, 257 Mich App at 69-70; Corbin,
312 Mich App at 360, 365. Accordingly, the trial court abused its discretion by ordering
defendant to pay restitution based on the requests and information proffered by the prosecution.
See Corbin, 312 Mich App at 361.

       On remand, however, the prosecution may seek leave in the trial court to conduct a
second restitution hearing. See id. at 371, 373. If the prosecution chooses to pursue restitution
on behalf of these governmental entities, it must establish, with reasonable certainty, the amount
of any loss that (1) did not constitute an ordinary, general cost of investigation or operation and
(2) was directly caused by defendant’s criminal offense. See Corbin, 312 Mich App at 365;
Newton, 257 Mich App at 69-70; Crigler, 244 Mich App at 427.

        Again, the governmental entitles may not recover salary or overtime compensation that is
equivalent to that paid as a “ ‘cost of investigation’ unrelated to a particular defendant’s criminal
transaction.” Newton, 257 Mich App at 69; Crigler, 244 Mich App at 427. The exhibits
proffered in connection with the restitution hearing were insufficient to establish this distinction,
as they merely identified a “rate” for each category of personnel and calculated a restitution
value by multiplying that rate by 10, the number of hours spent on the scene. Also, again,
routine purchase or maintenance costs associated with the fire engines and other equipment are
not eligible for restitution. Newton, 257 Mich App at 69-70; Crigler, 244 Mich App at 427.
Accordingly, if the prosecution seeks restitution on remand based on direct physical or financial
loss, harm, or damage related to the equipment utilized by the departments, see Newton, 257
Mich App at 68; Crigler, 244 Mich App at 426, the prosecution must establish that loss with a
“reasonably certain factual foundation,” Corbin, 312 Mich App at 365. The exhibits also were
insufficient in that regard, as it is apparent that the amounts provided do not identify property or
financial assets that were lost, damaged, or harmed, if any, because the amounts provided are
calculations based on designated standard “rates” multiplied by the number of hours on site. See
Crigler, 244 Mich App at 426-427. Information concerning the value of the loss, damage, or
harm is crucial for restitution to be justified in this case given the clear “qualitative” distinction
drawn by the Crigler Court between the loss of buy money, i.e., a loss directly resulting from the
crime itself, and commonplace monetary expenses like the purchase and maintenance of vehicles
or other equipment, i.e., ordinary costs that are “unrelated to a particular defendant’s criminal
transaction.” Id. at 427.

                                        IV. CONCLUSION

       The restitution award in this case constituted an abuse of discretion. Accordingly, we




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vacate the restitution order and remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. We
do not retain jurisdiction.

                                                           /s/ Joel P. Hoekstra
                                                           /s/ Henry William Saad
                                                           /s/ Michael J. Riordan




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