NOTICE: This opinion is subject to motions for reargument under V.R.A.P. 40 as well as formal
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                                         2016 VT 76

                                        No. 2016-062

In re A.S. and K.S., Juveniles                               Supreme Court

                                                             On Appeal from
                                                             Superior Court, Franklin Unit,
                                                             Family Division

                                                             June Term, 2016


Thomas Carlson, J.

Michael Rose, St. Albans, for Appellant Mother.

James A. Hughes, Franklin County State’s Attorney, St. Albans, for Appellee.


PRESENT: Reiber, C.J., Dooley, Skoglund, Robinson and Eaton, JJ.


       ¶ 1.    PER CURIAM.          Mother appeals the family court’s order adjudicating her

children A.S. and K.S., born in September 2009 and October 2014, as children in need of care or

supervision (CHINS). On appeal, mother argues that the court erred in looking exclusively at the

facts that existed at the time the CHINS petition was filed and ignoring evidence of the changed

circumstances at the time of the evidentiary hearing. We affirm.

       ¶ 2.    The Department for Children and Families (DCF) was involved with the family

for several years based on a history of substance abuse and mother’s relationship with the father

of K.S., who has a history of assaultive and abusive behavior.

       ¶ 3.    The petition was filed in December 2014, alleging concerns about mother’s

inability to stay away from K.S.’s father, which presented a risk of harm to her and the children.
The petition alleged, among other things, that in November 2014, K.S.’s father physically and

sexually assaulted mother. Father was charged for the physical assault, but at his arraignment,

mother recanted her statement to police. The merits hearing was held in January 2016. The

hearing focused on the merits of the petition and the facts at the time the petition was filed. The

court found by a preponderance of the evidence that A.S. and K.S. were CHINS because the

evidence of the events that occurred up until the time the petition was filed indicated that mother

was unable to protect herself and provide proper care for her children.

       ¶ 4.    On appeal, mother argues that the trial court erred in focusing on the facts as of

the date the CHINS petition was filed and not also considering post-petition facts. Mother

contends that the CHINS determination should be based on present circumstances.

       ¶ 5.    We do not address mother’s argument because it was not raised before the family

court. To raise an objection a party must present the issue to the trial court in the first instance to

allow that court “a fair opportunity to rule on it.” In re D.C., 157 Vt. 659, 660, 613 A.2d 191,

191 (1991) (mem.). Arguments not raised below will not be addressed for the first time on

appeal. In re C.H., 170 Vt. 603, 604, 749 A.2d 20, 22 (2000) (mem.). Here, not only did mother

fail to argue below that the court should admit post-petition evidence, she joined father’s

objection to the State’s attempt to admit evidence concerning events that occurred after the

petition was filed.

       ¶ 6.    Although this resolves the issues raised by mother in her appeal, we write

additionally to highlight the long delay in this case because it is unfortunately not an aberration,

but an example of what is occurring frequently in juvenile cases. To fully appreciate the delay a

complete recitation of the facts is necessary. The petition alleging A.S. and K.S. were CHINS

were filed on December 4, 2014. The State did not initially request an emergency care order.

On December 17, 2014, the court held a preliminary hearing and granted conditional custody to

mother. On January 13, 2015, the State filed for an emergency care order, which the court
                                                  2
granted, and custody was transferred to DCF. In an order the following day, the court indicated

the need for a 1.5-hour hearing, presumably for a temporary care hearing. A hearing was set for

February 5, 2015. K.S.’s father’s counsel moved to continue the hearing for medical reasons.

Mother opposed the continuance, arguing that the temporary care hearing was overdue and

should have been scheduled within seventy-two hours of the January 13, 2015 removal. The

hearing was continued and reset for March 11, 2015 because, as the docket entry on February 3,

2015 indicates, that was “the first date that all parties and court are available.” Although a

hearing took place on March 11, the resulting order indicated that the court was unable to take

evidence that day because of a delayed start following other overlapping juvenile hearings. The

court indicated it was reluctant to change placement without taking evidence and maintained the

status quo of custody in DCF. A merits hearing was set for May 11, 2015. The matter did not

proceed on that day, however, because the attorney for K.S.’s father did not appear, and three

hours of hearing time was lost. The attorney was apparently at a hearing in the family division in

another county. The parties, including father, agreed to continuing custody with DCF, but

further agreed that the children could be placed with mother under certain conditions.

       ¶ 7.    The matter was then scheduled for August 19, 2015. It is unclear from the record

why the matter did not proceed on that date, but the transcript indicates that there was some

question about whether K.S.’s father’s attorney had a conflict of interest and would need to

withdraw. In any event, the merits hearing did not take place, and the court issued a scheduling

order the following day indicating a full day of hearing was required. Before this could be

scheduled, mother filed motions to change the juvenile’s school placement and to grant her

conditional custody. A hearing on the motions was held, and on November 3, 2015, the court

denied the motions. In its order, the court indicated that the merits hearing was set for January 8,

2016, but requested that the clerk determine whether an earlier hearing date was available.

Apparently, no such rescheduling was possible because nothing further occurred until the merits
                                                 3
hearing was held January 8. The court promptly issued its decision on January 11, 2016, over a

year after the petition was filed.

        ¶ 8.    These facts indicate two major delays. The first was a failure to hold a timely

temporary care hearing. Per statute, this should have occurred within seventy-two hours of the

emergency care order.      No evidentiary hearing was ever held, but the parties did reach a

stipulation in May, five months after the children were removed from mother’s custody in

January 2015. The second delay was in holding the merits hearing, which is supposed to occur

sixty days after the temporary care order is issued. It did not happen until January 2016, eight

months after the agreement on temporary care and a full year from when the children were

initially removed from mother’s custody. These delays are delineated not because they warrant a

reversal of the order on appeal. This Court has recognized that the statute’s aim is to protect

children and that the time limits in the statute “are directory and not jurisdictional.” In re M.B.,

158 Vt. 63, 67, 605 A.2d 515, 517 (1992). Rather, the delay in this case highlights the issue and

the systemic problems that have caused it.

        ¶ 9.    The statute outlines the process and timelines to be followed when a petition is

filed alleging a child is CHINS. The CHINS petition may be filed in tandem with a request to

immediately transfer custody to DCF if continued residence in the home is “contrary to the

child’s welfare.” 33 V.S.A. § 5305(a) (emergency care order); id. § 5308(a) (temporary care

order). An emergency petition may be granted ex parte, but a temporary care hearing must then

be held within seventy-two hours. Id. § 5307(a). At the temporary care hearing, DCF must

present certain information, and all parties have a right to present evidence. Id. § 5307(e), (f). If

a CHINS petition is not preceded by a request for a temporary care order, a preliminary hearing

must be held within fifteen days of the petition’s filing. Id. § 5311(a). The statute provides that

a pretrial hearing should be held within fifteen days of the temporary care or preliminary hearing.

Further, if the child is removed from the custodial parent’s legal custody, the merits hearing
                                                 4
should be “held and merits adjudicated no later than 60 days from the date the temporary care

order is issued, except for good cause shown.” 33 V.S.A. § 5313(b).

       ¶ 10.   These time expectations are extremely important in juvenile cases. Family units

are a fundamental group of society. See Paquette v. Paquette, 146 Vt. 83, 92, 499 A.2d 23, 29-

30 (1985) (“Both the right of a parent to custody and the liberty interest of parents and children

to relate to one another in the context of the family, free from governmental interference, are

fundamental rights protected by the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the

United States Constitution.”). When the state intervenes with families and makes the claim that

the child or the children are abused and neglected, the process that follows must seasonably

proceed while the CHINS is pending because the parents’ rights are “temporarily curtailed.” In

re B.R., 2014 VT 37, ¶ 13, 196 Vt. 304, 97 A.3d 867 (quotation omitted) (explaining that focus

of CHINS proceeding is child’s welfare and State’s interest in safety and welfare of child is

balanced against parent’s interest in maintaining family integrity). The “safety and permanency”

of the child is the “paramount concern.” In re A.G., 2004 VT 125, ¶ 17, 178 Vt. 7, 868 A.2d

692. Children are obvious objects of the state’s concern when abuse or neglect is claimed, and a

parent’s right to “the care, custody, and control of one’s children, although fundamental, is not

absolute and may be overcome by the State’s interest, under the doctrine of parens patriae, in

ensuring the protection and care of its juveniles.” In re C.L., 143 Vt. 554, 558, 468 A.2d 563,

565 (1983). When abuse is claimed there are procedures required to be followed under the law

designed to protect the rights of the parties, but any consequent delays are likely to be disruptive

to the child and the child’s stability. Particular attention to the timeliness of the proceedings

required by the statutes incidental to state intervention is important to avoid the potential of

“sidelining” a child’s rights and interests. Although the statutory timelines are not mandatory,

they serve an important purpose and the failure to achieve timely resolution, as in this case, is a

result that is unsatisfying and should not be accepted as the status quo.
                                                 5
       ¶ 11.   Unfortunately, due to the dramatic increase in the juvenile docket and a shortage

of resources including judges, lawyers, guardians ad litem (GALs), and courtroom space, timely

resolution was sacrificed in this case to provide the required process. Our impression from the

many appeals filed here is that the statutory time deadlines have become fictitious “paper tigers.”

The rapid expansion of child abuse and neglect and termination of parental rights (TPR) cases

due to, at least in part, the recent increases in drug addiction weighs on the justice system.

Abuse and neglect/TPR cases are frequently complex involving many parties and presenting

difficult issues of addiction, co-occurring untreated mental-health problems, incarceration,

homelessness and poverty, which all critically impact the welfare of children. Despite recent

efforts made by the executive and legislative branches to alleviate some of the problems, for

which we are grateful, every element of the juvenile justice system intended to address these

concerns remains stretched thin. There is a shortage of GALs, who generously contribute their

time. There is also a shortage of lawyers to represent parents and children in these cases.  The

scheduling problem has been aggravated by the sheer volume of the juvenile caseload in the

courts. Courtroom space and judge time is at a premium.

       ¶ 12.   This is a system under great stress, and all branches of government must continue

to work together if the situation is to be alleviated. The statute on juvenile judicial proceedings

lists among its purposes “ensur[ing] that safety and timely permanency for children are the

paramount concerns in the administration and conduct of proceedings.” 33 V.S.A. § 5101(a)(4)

(emphasis added). The statute also states, however, that it should be construed to ensure that the

parties are provided “a fair hearing, and that their constitutional and other legal rights are


         The Defender General Act provides representation to children, parents, and custodians
who cannot afford a lawyer (most cases). Anecdotally, the Defender General has difficulty
finding enough attorneys to do the work in some counties. Contract attorneys typically are used
in these multi-party cases and lawyers work for a flat rate of pay. The lawyers who sign up are
not employees of the state and some sign contracts in multiple counties setting the stage for
scheduling problems as we see in the case before us here.
                                                6
recognized and enforced.” Id. § 5101(a)(6). These two important goals—the efficient and

timely resolution of cases and the provision of fair process—must be carefully balanced to

ensure that the needs of both children and parents are met. The facts of this case demonstrate

that the necessary balance is not being achieved and several themes are evident.

       ¶ 13.   First, the initial hearing and the hearing on the emergency petition once it was

filed were both scheduled and adjudicated in a very timely manner. The priority given to these

initial and emergency filings is obviously necessary since the safety of children is implicated.

       ¶ 14.   Second, delays occurred due to the difficulty of finding time when all of the many

parties and their lawyers were available. For example, a temporary care hearing requires the

presence of the child’s custodial parent or guardian, the child’s GAL, the child’s attorney, the

attorneys for both parents, DCF, and the state’s attorney. 33 V.S.A. § 5307(c). In addition, at a

contested merits adjudication, all parties have the right to present evidence. Id. § 5315(c).

Because the two children subject to this proceeding have different fathers, the following

individuals were entered as parties: the juveniles and their attorney, the state’s attorney, DCF,

mother and her attorney, the two fathers and their two different attorneys, and the children’s

GAL. Any evidentiary hearing required the presence of five lawyers, a DCF representative, the

GAL, and the three parents; a total of ten individuals in all. This is not unusual. And this does

not even include lay witnesses or experts that may be necessary to resolve contested factual

matters.   Finding time when all of these people are available is exceedingly challenging

especially because the lawyers assigned to represent parents and juveniles in these cases may at

the same time be assigned to clients in several juvenile proceedings in different counties. An

added complication here, and one that arises in other cases, was that one father was incarcerated

and required transport to hearings.

       ¶ 15.   Third, even if all of the attorneys and parties are available, courtroom and judge

time are in high demand and may not be readily available. Due to the need for participation by
                                                 7
several different parties, an evidentiary hearing often requires large blocks of court time. With

dockets that are overloaded with juvenile matters, and with emergency matters taking priority for

judge time, these large blocks of time can be created only by scheduling months in advance.

Here, for example, to schedule the one-day hearing, the court had to set a date two months out.

       ¶ 16.   Fourth, even if a time can be successfully found, the interplay with other cases on

a heavy docket may cause delays once scheduled, as happened in this case.

       ¶ 17.   No one source is to blame for the delay in this case. The juvenile docket in

Franklin County, and many other counties too, is overwhelmed with abuse and neglect cases.

Indeed, many charged with responsibility in the justice system have undertaken tremendous

effort to address a caseload that involves the most tender, difficult and complex issues for which

they deserve great credit. And, in this specific case it is evident the judge, staff, GAL, DCF, and

lawyers worked together and diligently to try to meet the requirements of the law. Despite these

efforts, however, the factors influencing delay were systemic. To restore balance, we must be

open to experimenting with new methods. The Legislature has responded to the overloaded

dockets, which are not evenly distributed throughout the state, by passing a bill allowing

termination-of-parental-rights cases to be heard by a regional venue court comprised of four

counties. See H. 869, 2015-2016 Gen. Assem., Bien. Sess. (Vt. 2016), § 4. More or dedicated

lawyers, judges, and staff working in a state-wide juvenile docket is another idea to alleviate

delays in these cases. Allowing the appearance of witnesses or lawyers by telephone or video

conference would also help. In addition, more courtroom space and judge time are required.

The Legislature has made recent efforts to address some of these issues by authorizing the

creation of an additional superior court judge position, as well as additional positions in the

Office of the Defender General and the Department of State’s Attorneys. See 2015, No 68 (Adj.

Sess.), § 60a; H. 875, 2015-2016 Gen. Assem., Bien Sess. (Vt. 2016), § E.100. These measures



                                                8
are a start, but continued efforts must be made to provide the required process in a timely manner

for both children and parents.

       Affirmed.

                                          BY THE COURT:


                                          _______________________________________
                                          Paul L. Reiber, Chief Justice

                                          _______________________________________
                                          John A. Dooley, Associate Justice

                                          _______________________________________
                                          Marilyn S. Skoglund, Associate Justice

                                          _______________________________________
                                          Beth Robinson, Associate Justice

                                          _______________________________________
                                          Harold E. Eaton, Jr., Associate Justice




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