                               NOT FOR PUBLICATION                                  FILED
                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                                FEB 11 2019
                                                                                MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                                  U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                               FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

FRANKIE KAREN WASHINGTON,                              No.      17-55690

                  Petitioner-Appellant,                D.C. No. 06-156-DOC (PLA)

  v.
                                                       MEMORANDUM*
DERRAL G. ADAMS, Warden,

                  Respondent-Appellee.

                      Appeal from the United States District Court
                         for the Central District of California
                       The Honorable David O. Carter, Presiding

                               Submitted February 6, 2019**
                                  Pasadena, California

Before: WARDLAW and BEA, Circuit Judges, and MURPHY,*** District Judge.


       Frankie Washington, a California state prisoner, appeals the district court’s

denial and dismissal of her petition for writ of habeas corpus pursuant to 28 U.S.C.



       *
              This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as
provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
       **
             The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision without oral
argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).
       ***
               The Honorable Stephen J. Murphy, III, United States District Judge for the
Eastern District of Michigan, sitting by designation.

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§ 2254. Her petition raised a sentencing claim based in part on Cunningham v.

California, 549 U.S. 270 (2007). The district court granted a certificate of

appealability. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. §§ 1291 and 2253.

      Washington was convicted in state court on thirteen counts—including six

counts of attempted murder and three counts of assault with a deadly weapon—

after she and her accomplices kidnapped a minor at gunpoint and shot at an

occupied residence at night with multiple weapons, including an assault rifle. Each

count of attempted murder was for each of the home’s occupants. The jury found,

with respect to each attempted murder, that a principal was armed with a firearm.

On February 21, 2003, the trial court sentenced Washington to an aggregate

sentence including an upper-term sentence on Count 8, one of the counts of

attempted murder. The trial court explained that the upper term sentence was “due

to the degree of danger and the use of high-powered weapons.” The sentencing

occurred before the Supreme Court decided Cunningham.

      Adams conceded that the upper limit sentencing on Count 8 was rendered

erroneous by Cunningham. The district court determined, however, that the error

was harmless under Brecht v. Abrahamson, 507 U.S. 619 (1993). We agree.

      A federal constitutional error is not harmless if it resulted in actual prejudice,

which occurs if the error had a substantial and injurious effect. Brecht, 507 U.S. at

637–38. Washington must show that there is a “reasonable probability” that the


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jury would have reached a different result but for the alleged error. Clark v. Brown,

450 F.3d 898, 916 (9th Cir. 2006). Brecht’s “substantial and injurious effect” test

applies to sentencing errors. Stokley v. Ryan, 705 F.3d 401, 403 (9th Cir. 2012).

For habeas relief to be appropriate under Brecht for a Cunningham error, the

district court must be in “‘grave doubt’ as to whether a jury would have found the

relevant aggravating factors beyond a reasonable doubt.” Butler v. Curry, 528 F.3d

624, 648 (9th Cir. 2008) (citing O’Neal v. McAninch, 513 U.S. 432, 436 (1995)). A

Cunningham error is harmless if the court has no grave doubt that a jury would

have found at least one aggravating circumstance beyond a reasonable doubt. Id.

      The district court correctly found no reasonable probability that the jury

would not have found beyond a reasonable doubt that the attempted murder in

Count 8 was aggravated by the dangerous manner in which it was committed.

There was overwhelming evidence of dangerousness: one firearm was a military

assault weapon, twenty bullet casings were recovered at the scene, and bullet holes

were found at several locations inside and outside the residence. The evidence

shows a level of danger that exceeds that inherent in six attempted murders absent

aggravating circumstances. We have no grave doubt that the jury would have

found beyond a reasonable doubt that the crime was aggravated.

      The trial court also did not improperly impose the upper term on Count 8

based on the same facts used to sentence Washington consecutively on her


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multiple convictions. The other counts of attempted murder were imposed

consecutively in part because they involved separate victims. And, although the

trial court sentenced Washington consecutively on two counts of assault with a

deadly weapon, the counts involved the kidnapping of the minor from her home.

The trial court therefore did not sentence Washington to the upper term on Count 8

using the same facts supporting the consecutive sentences on other counts.

      Washington does not show actual prejudice under Brecht. The trial court’s

imposition of the upper term sentence on Count 8 was harmless error.

      AFFIRMED.




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