               NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                          File Name: 18a0403n.06

                                       Case No. 17-4150

                         UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                              FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT                                  FILED
                                                                               Aug 09, 2018
                                                                           DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                           )
                                                    )
       Plaintiff-Appellee,                          )
                                                    )     ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
v.                                                  )     STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR
                                                    )     THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF
TERRENCE MCNEIL,                                    )     OHIO
                                                    )
       Defendant-Appellant.                         )
                                                    )
                                                    )


BEFORE: SILER, GRIFFIN, and STRANCH, Circuit Judges.

       SILER, Circuit Judge. Terrence McNeil maintained social media accounts where he

pledged his support to the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL). On those accounts, McNeil

reposted certain personal information, including names and addresses, of military men and women

and encouraged others to harm those individuals. He pled guilty and was sentenced to a term of

imprisonment and ordered to pay restitution. In this direct appeal, McNeil challenges the

restitution he was ordered to pay. We AFFIRM.

                                               I.

       McNeil maintained several online social media accounts, through which he declared his

support for ISIL on numerous occasions. On September 24, 2015, he posted personal information

of approximately 100 United States servicemen and women and encouraged others to “[k]ill them
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United States v. McNeil

in their own lands, behead them in their own homes, stab them to death as they walk their streets

thinking they are safe . . . and kill them where you find them.” On September 29, 2015, McNeil

reposted information of several additional military personnel that contained threats to injure them.

Another post on October 3, 2015, contained a threat to injure a specific serviceman, stating that

the U.S. Navy Seal had killed Osama Bin Laden and naming that serviceman “as a number one

target.”

           A federal grand jury first indicted McNeil in December 2015. In 2017, the grand jury

returned a second superseding indictment, charging McNeil with various counts of communicating

a threat in interstate commerce, soliciting a crime of violence, and publicizing restricted

information, and aiding and abetting such crimes.

           Ultimately, the counts charging McNeil with publication of restricted information were

dismissed, and he pled guilty to the remaining counts. The district court sentenced McNeil to

twenty years of imprisonment. Upon the government’s request, the district court ordered McNeil

to pay $6,048.99 in restitution. That amount was intended to cover “the expense of security

measures incurred by five victims after September 24, 2015.” Specifically:

           •   “Benjamin” had home security expenses of $24.95 per month for 20 months

               (September 2015 through April 2017);

           •   “Daniel” had home security expenses of $48.37 per month for 22 months (September

               2015 through approximately August 2017);

           •   “Wayne” purchased and installed stronger doors and steel locks at a cost of

               $1,764.01;

           •   “Matthew” had home security expenses of $69.99 per month for 22 months (September

               2015 through approximately August 2017); and


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United States v. McNeil

       •   “David” had home security expenses of $53.73 for 22 months (September 2015 through

           approximately August 2017).

                                                 II.

       “We review de novo the question whether restitution is permitted under the law.” United

States v. Evers, 669 F.3d 645, 654 (6th Cir. 2012). “If it is determined that restitution is

permissible, then the amount of restitution is reviewed under the abuse-of-discretion standard.” Id.

                                                 III.

       McNeil argues that the district court erred by ordering him to pay restitution. The

Mandatory Victims Restitution Act of 1996 (MVRA) provides the framework for this case. See

18 U.S.C. §§ 3663A, 3664. “The MVRA requires a defendant to pay restitution to identifiable

victims who have suffered either physical injuries or pecuniary losses as a result of certain criminal

offenses.” United States v. Vandeberg, 201 F.3d 805, 812 (6th Cir. 2000). “Specifically,

restitution is mandatory—regardless of a defendant’s financial situation—when a defendant is

convicted of a crime of violence, an offense against property, or an offense related to tampering

with consumer products.” Id. McNeil pled guilty to violating two statutes, including solicitation

to commit a crime of violence under 18 U.S.C. § 875(c). That offense falls within the definition

of “crime of violence” under the MVRA. See 18 U.S.C. § 3663A(c)(1)(A)(i); see also 18 U.S.C.

§ 16. Therefore, restitution was mandatory in this case.

       The questions, then, become whether the district court abused its discretion with the

amount of restitution that it ordered McNeil to pay and whether McNeil’s conduct was the

proximate cause for the victims’ losses.         “In determining the amount of restitution, the

[g]overnment must prove the losses by a preponderance of the evidence and the court must find

that the defendant’s criminal conduct directly and proximately caused the actual or intended loss


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United States v. McNeil

to the victim.” United States v. Fowler, 819 F.3d 298, 307 (6th Cir. 2016). “While the district

court need not make specific findings in calculating restitution, the information relied upon by the

district court in reaching the final calculation must have sufficient indicia of reliability to support

its probable accuracy.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted).

        McNeil first contends that the district court erred by requiring him to pay for expenses that

occurred prior to the conduct for which he was convicted. For example, McNeil claims that the

government sought restitution on behalf of “Benjamin,” “Matthew,” and “David” for home

security systems that were installed before September 2015 and for ongoing expenses that they

would have occurred before that date.

        Although the individuals’1 security systems may have been installed before September

2015, McNeil was not ordered to pay for those costs. Instead, the district court categorically

prohibited the government from seeking restitution for expenses that were incurred before

McNeil’s conduct. And the government provided support for the amount each individual paid for

his security system each month. Further, the government did not seek restitution for any monthly

payments preceding McNeil’s postings in September 2015.              Thus, this documentation has

“sufficient indicia of reliability.” See id.

        As to “Wayne,” the government supplied the district court with invoices from Lowe’s

Home Improvement for additional security features he added to his home. The invoice does not

contain a date for when the work was performed, but the government convincingly argues that

“Wayne” would have had no need to provide greater security to his home before McNeil’s

postings. On this basis, we find that this information is also sufficiently reliable. See id.




        1
            “Benjamin,” “Daniel,” “Matthew,” and “David” each had security systems installed.

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United States v. McNeil

          McNeil next argues that the district court failed to consider the factors set forth by the

Supreme Court in Paroline v. United States, 572 U.S. 464 (2014), when ordering restitution. The

district court rejected McNeil’s position, finding that “Paroline applies in the limited context of

18 U.S.C. § 2259 offenses, including child pornography possession.” We have characterized

Paroline in a similar matter, describing it as “a case involving restitution to victims of child

pornography.” United States v. Sawyer, 825 F.3d 287, 295 (6th Cir.), cert. denied, 137 S. Ct. 386

(2016).

          As a preliminary matter, McNeil has not pointed to any authority that Paroline and its line

of cases should apply to this non-child-pornography case. Cf. id. (“Paroline’s concerns about the

legal and administrative sensibility of adopting joint and several liability in child-pornography

crimes simply do not translate to a case involving a finite conspiracy with five defendants who

were acting in concert.”).

          Moreover, even if Paroline’s reasoning did apply here, the standard from that case is easily

satisfied. After McNeil reposted the names and addresses of the various servicemen who are the

victims in this case, they opted to either keep their security systems or to strengthen the security

measures at their home. On those facts, the district court appropriately determined that “[t]he

ongoing costs of maintaining a home security system during and after September 2015 are . . .

attributable to [McNeil].”

          Finally, the record supports the conclusion that the district court did not abuse its discretion

by ordering McNeil to pay approximately $6,000 in restitution. Originally, the government sought

more than $118,000 in restitution.          The district court, however, subsequently required the

government to provide “the specific amounts covering home security measures, relocation, and

other expenses attributable to [] McNeil . . . .” After the government filed its notice of restitution


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United States v. McNeil

amount, McNeil filed his objections. The district court then considered McNeil’s objections and

found that the government had carried its burden concerning the amount of restitution.

       In this posture, the district court did not abuse its discretion because it readily considered

the record before it, did not require McNeil to pay for expenses incurred before his conduct, and

did not incorrectly apply the law.

       AFFIRMED.




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