[Cite as Dottore v. Vorys, Sater, Seymour & Pease, L.L.P., 2014-Ohio-25.]


                 Court of Appeals of Ohio
                               EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                  COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA


                                JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION
                                         No. 98861



                             MARK DOTTORE, ET AL.

                                                           PLAINTIFFS-APPELLANTS

                                                     vs.


                           VORYS, SATER, SEYMOUR
                            & PEASE, L.L.P., ET AL.
                                                           DEFENDANTS-APPELLEES



                                            JUDGMENT:
                                             AFFIRMED


                                      Civil Appeal from the
                             Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas
                                      Case No. CV-741375

        BEFORE: Cunningham, P.J.,* Dinkelacker, J.,* and Fischer, J.*

        RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: January 9, 2014
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANTS

For Mark Dottore, et al.

Brian D. Spitz
Fred M. Bean
The Spitz Law Firm, L.L.C.
4568 Mayfield Road, Suite 102
Cleveland, Ohio 44121

ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEES

For Anthony O. Calabrese III

Timothy T. Brick
Julie L. Juergens
Matthew T. Norman
Jamie A. Price
Gallagher Sharp
1501 Euclid Avenue
Sixth Floor Bulkley Building
Cleveland, Ohio 44115

For Vorys, Sater, Seymour and Pease L.L.P.

Robert J. Fogarty
Steven A. Goldfarb
Derek E. Diaz
Dennis r. Rose
Hahn Loeser & Parks L.L.P.
200 Public Square, Suite 2800
Cleveland, Ohio 44114-2316

Joni Todd
Sikora Law, L.L.C.
8532 Mentor Avenue
Mentor, Ohio 44060

                                             continued...
For PNC Financial Services Group, Inc.
Donald S. Scherzer
Richard S. Mitchell
Amanda M. Knapp
Roetzel & Andress, L.P.A.
1375 East Ninth Street, Ninth Floor
One Cleveland Center
Cleveland, Ohio 44114
PENELOPE CUNNINGHAM, P.J.*:

         {¶1} Plaintiffs-appellants Mark Dottore, Dottore Companies, L.L.C., and Dottore

Brothers, L.L.C., brought this action, arising out of a failed attorney-client relationship

with a law firm, against various defendants for legal malpractice, breach of contract,

breach of fiduciary duty, promissory estoppel, breach of confidentiality, fraud, civil

conspiracy, spoliation of evidence, and Racketeering Influenced and Corrupt Origination

Act (“RICO”) violations. The trial court dismissed some of the claims and granted

summary judgment against the plaintiffs on the remaining claims. For the reasons that

follow, we affirm.

                        I. Factual Background and Procedural History

                                     A. General Background

         {¶2} The plaintiffs-appellants are Mark Dottore and two limited liability

companies with which Dottore has an agency relationship, Dottore Companies, L.L.C.,

and Dottore Brothers, L.L.C. These plaintiffs-appellants presented their allegations as a

group.       Therefore, we collectively refer to them as the “Dottore Plaintiffs,” unless

otherwise indicated.

         {¶3} The defendants-appellees include the law firm Vorys, Sater, Seymour and

Pease, L.L.P., (“Vorys”); several attorneys who were either employed by or otherwise

alleged to be agents of Vorys, including Anthony J. O’Malley, Drew T. Parobek, Joseph

D. Lonardo, David W. Hardymon, and Anthony O. Calabrese, III; 1 PNC Financial


             The Dottore Plaintiffs also named John Winship Read and Bryan J. Farkas as defendants
         1
Services Group, Inc. (“PNC”), formerly known as National City Bank; and PNC’s former

employee, Kevin T. Duffy.

       {¶4} In presenting the allegations, the Dottore Plaintiffs repeatedly referred to

Vorys and its attorneys collectively as the “Vorys Defendants,” with a few exceptions.

We, too, will refer to these defendants as the “Vorys Defendants,” unless otherwise noted.

       {¶5} According to the amended complaint, the Dottore Plaintiffs were clients of

the Vorys Defendants, but the Dottore Plaintiffs did not specify when the attorney-client

relationship began, only that it continued through November 5, 2012.

       {¶6} The Dottore Plaintiffs also did not specify on what legal matters the Vorys

Defendants had represented them, with one exception. They mentioned that the Vorys

Defendants had provided representation to the Dottore Plaintiffs in a dispute with PNC

over fees for receivership services provided by the Dottore Plaintiffs to PNC.

                  B. General Allegations Against the Vorys Defendants

       {¶7} In the amended complaint, the Dottore Plaintiffs described several instances

of alleged wrongful conduct by Vorys and its lawyers toward the Dottore Plaintiffs. This

included an allegation that the Vorys Defendants had “engaged in a pattern of corrupt

activities with various ‘Cuyahoga County officials’ to the [detriment] of their clients,

including [the Dottore Plaintiffs].” As an example of these “corrupt activities,” the

Dottore Plaintiffs alleged that Vorys, through O’Malley, had hired the son of Jimmy


based on their alleged association with Vorys, but the trial court dismissed Read and Farkas from the
lawsuit due to lack of service.
Dimora — Anthony Dimora — and the son of Peter Lawson Jones — Ryan Lawson

Jones — and that these sons “did little or no work” for Vorys but were generously paid,

with their wages then turned over to their fathers as “bribes” as part of an express

agreement.

      {¶8} According to the allegations, the Vorys Defendants funded these bribes by

overbilling and adding unauthorized and improper expenses in the bills to several clients,

including the Dottore Plaintiffs. Because the Vorys Defendants sent these allegedly

fraudulent bills for services by United States mail and electronically, the Vorys

Defendants committed the federal crime of mail fraud and the state-law offense of

telecommunication fraud.

      {¶9} The Dottore Plaintiffs further alleged that this conduct made Vorys and its

lawyers the targets of a “federal corruption probe” in Cuyahoga County. Because they

were targets, the Vorys lawyers met among themselves and with others, including the

elder Dimora, and then destroyed or attempted to destroy “all documents confirming these

meetings.”

      {¶10} And, as a result of the federal corruption probe into these activities, in

February 2009, the office of the United States Attorney for the Northern District of Ohio

subpoenaed the client files retained by Vorys, including the Dottore Plaintiffs’ “legal

files.” The Vorys Defendants did not immediately notify the Dottore Plaintiffs of the

document request. Further, according to the allegations, the Vorys Defendants retained

attorney Ralph E. Cascarilla and his law firm, Walter & Haverfield, L.L.P., to aid in
complying with the subpoena, and they delivered the Dottore Plaintiffs’ attorney-client

and work-product materials to Cascarilla and Walter & Haverfield without obtaining the

Dottore Plaintiffs’ permission and without immediately informing them that they had

done so.

       {¶11} Additionally, the Dottore Plaintiffs claimed that the Vorys Defendants knew

that the corruption probe “involved issues relating to the conduct” of its lawyers and that

those accusations created a conflict of interest between the Vorys Defendants and their

clients. According to the allegations, the Vorys Defendants should have immediately

told the Dottore Plaintiffs about the conflict of interest, the government’s request for the

Dottore Plaintiffs’ files, and the involvement of Cascarilla and his law firm. And, it is

alleged that the Vorys Defendants’ failures amounted to a breach of the Vorys

Defendants’ “ethical and fiduciary obligation.”

       {¶12} The Dottore Plaintiffs alleged that those failures also breached oral and

written contracts previously entered into between the Dottore Plaintiffs and the Vorys

Defendants to settle claims against Vorys. According to the Dottore Plaintiffs, these

contracts, later identified herein as the “Parobek Settlement,” required the Vorys

Defendants to notify the Dottore Plaintiffs “immediately upon receiving a request for

their confidential and/or privileged documents.”

       {¶13} Because of the Dottore Plaintiffs’ involuntary involvement in the probe,

they allegedly lost business and sustained reputation damages. Further, they alleged that

they had incurred “extensive legal fees.”
                        C. Vorys’ Conspiracy with PNC and Duffy
                             and the Spoliation of Evidence

       {¶14} PNC and Duffy allegedly conspired with the Vorys Defendants “to illegally

steal information from [the Dottore Plaintiffs] to use for their mutual benefit.” This

conspiracy claim had its roots in a 2004 dispute between the Dottore Plaintiffs and PNC

(then known as National City Bank). At that time, the Vorys law firm also represented

PNC in some unidentified matter.

       {¶15} According to the allegations, the Dottore Plaintiffs, at the urging of Vorys,

had provided receivership services to PNC with respect to a transaction involving a

company called Central Cadillac. After the Dottore Plaintiffs provided the services,

PNC failed to pay the Dottore Plaintiffs for those services. When the Dottore Plaintiffs

wanted to sue PNC, the Vorys Defendants offered and “broker[ed]” a resolution, but the

Vorys Defendants allegedly failed to provide an engagement letter or to obtain a conflict

waiver. Further, according to the allegations, Vorys fraudulently induced the Dottore

Plaintiffs to quickly resolve the dispute and to accept a “substantially reduced fee” by

representing that the settlement could lead to future engagements, but PNC never engaged

their services again.

       {¶16} The conspiracy allegedly continued into 2005. At that time, PNC, in an

action unrelated to the Central Cadillac dispute, had obtained judgments against the

Dottore Plaintiffs on two cognovit notes in an amount close to $1,000,000. According to

the allegations, PNC was able to attach the Dottore Plaintiffs’ bank accounts to satisfy

that judgment after Vorys’s associate Parobek had supplied Duffy, then PNC’s in-house
counsel, with the relevant bank account information obtained from the Dottore Plaintiffs’

client files located at the firm.

       {¶17} None of the attorneys at Vorys, including Parobek, obtained permission for

the disclosure or warned the Dottore Plaintiffs of the “impending sweeping of accounts.”

The Dottore Plaintiffs asserted that they had “an unforeseeable shortage of liquid assets”

when their accounts were swept to satisfy the judgment, and that their relationship with

several banks was “permanently damaged.” The Vorys Defendants and PNC allegedly

had maintained files containing documents confirming this conduct, but they later

destroyed them “after [they] knew litigation was probable.” This later conduct served as

the basis of the spoliation-of-evidence claim.
                          D. Breach of the Parobek Settlement

       {¶18} Finally, the Dottore Plaintiffs alleged in the amended complaint that the

Vorys Defendants had failed to honor written and oral agreements, which we refer to as

the “Parobek Settlement.”     This settlement occurred after the Dottore Plaintiffs had

learned of Parobek’s conduct with respect to the “swept” bank accounts and had

threatened to sue Vorys as a result. According to the allegations, after the Dottore

Plaintiffs had threatened to sue, Calabrese and O’Malley met with Mark Dottore to

discuss the “Parobek situation.” At that time, O’Malley, in his capacity as the managing

partner of Vorys’s Cleveland office, admitted that the Dottore Plaintiffs had a claim for

damages against the law firm and represented to Dottore that the Dottore Plaintiffs would

have one year after the termination of the attorney-client relationship to pursue that claim.

 As part of the Parobek Settlement, the Dottore Plaintiffs agreed not to pursue a claim at

that time in exchange for several oral promises from O’Malley and written promises from

Calabrese.

       {¶19} Calabrese wrote to Dottore as follows:

       Dear Mark,

               I truly appreciate your understanding regarding the whole “Drew”
       situation. I do not know if I would have been as understanding as you have
       been if someone took my private information. As a client, but more
       importantly, as a friend, you deserve better treatment.

              Lastly, as I promised last week, because you have graciously kept
       your business with us and agreed to keep these matters confidential, this
       will never happen again.
       {¶20} The Dottore Plaintiffs alleged that the Parobek Settlement included promises

that the Dottore Plaintiffs’ confidential information would be “completely protected” and

would not be released absent consent, that the Dottore Plaintiffs would be immediately

notified of any attempt to gain their confidential and/or privileged information, and that

the firm would “address” the Parobek situation “harshly.”

       {¶21} Despite these promises, Vorys allegedly did not punish Parobek, and, when

Vorys was issued the federal subpoena, Vorys allegedly broke the other two promises

when it provided the Dottore Plaintiffs’ files to Cascarilla without obtaining their

permission and without immediately notifying the Dottore Plaintiffs about the document

request.

                              E. Procedural Background

       {¶22} The Dottore Plaintiffs filed this lawsuit in November 2010. The original

complaint contained claims for “legal malpractice,” “breach of contract,” “breach of

fiduciary duty,” “promissory estoppel,” “breach of confidentiality,” “fraud,” and “civil

conspiracy.” They amended the complaint in March 2011 to add allegations in support

of the original claims and to add claims for the “spoliation of evidence” and for a

“violation of the Racketeering Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act.”

       {¶23} The amendment occurred after several defendants had moved to dismiss for

failure to state a claim. The Dottore Plaintiffs responded by asking for leave to amend

the complaint to fill in “potentially embarrassing” allegations purposely omitted. The

trial court granted the Dottore Plaintiffs leave to amend the complaint, but ordered that
the amended complaint be filed under seal.2 The trial court also limited discovery at that

time to the “colorable affirmative defense of statute of limitations” that the Vorys

Defendants had raised in their answer.

      {¶24} When the Vorys Defendants, without Calabrese, answered the original

complaint and raised the statute of limitations as a defense, they also asserted two

counterclaims against the Dottore Plaintiffs. The first sought a judgment declaring that

the Dottore Plaintiffs’ claims all sounded in malpractice and were barred under the

one-year statute of limitations for legal-malpractice claims. The second sought damages

against Dottore for legal fees owed to Vorys by the receivership estate in the case

Variable Annuity Life Ins. Co. v. 113 St. Clair Properties, Ltd. (“Variable Annuity”).

The trial court in the Variable Annuity case had appointed Dottore as a receiver of the

property foreclosed upon and Dottore had hired Vorys to represent the receivership. The

Vorys Defendants, without Calabrese, ultimately dismissed the second counterclaim.

      {¶25} After answering the amended complaint, the Vorys Defendants, without

Calabrese, moved for summary judgment on their statute-of-limitations defense with

respect      to     the      malpractice,        breach-of-contract,         breach-of-fiduciary-duty,

promissory-estoppel, breach-of-confidentiality, fraud, and civil-conspiracy claims, and for

judgment on the pleadings with respect to the newly added spoliation and RICO claims.

To support their statute-of-limitations defense, they submitted the affidavits of O’Malley

and Hardymon.


          The trial court later unsealed the record by a stipulated order.
      2
       {¶26} Calabrese answered the amended complaint and later moved for summary

judgment on all claims against him.       He incorporated the other Vorys Defendants’

statute-of-limitations argument and presented his own argument for summary judgment

based on his “leave of absence” from the Vorys law firm beginning in February 2009 and

the permanent termination of his relationship with the Vorys law firm in September 2009.

       {¶27} PNC and Duffy moved to dismiss the conspiracy and spoliation claims

asserted against them in the amended complaint. Those parties argued that the cause of

action for civil conspiracy failed to state a claim because the Dottore Plaintiffs had not

alleged any damages caused by their conduct and that the spoliation claim failed because

there was no legal claim for PNC and Duffy to disrupt by destroying evidence.

       {¶28} The Dottore Plaintiffs opposed the summary judgment motions of the Vorys

Defendants, including Calabrese’s, but moved in the alterative for a continuance to

conduct additional discovery, as provided by Civ.R. 56(F). They also opposed the Vorys

Defendants’ (without Calabrese) motion for judgment on the pleadings with respect to the

spoliation and RICO claims, and PNC’s and Duffy’s motion to dismiss. The trial court

disposed of all of these motions in a decision dated August 3, 2012, in which it granted all

of the defendants’ motions and denied the Dottore Plaintiffs’ motion for a continuance to

conduct additional discovery. From this judgment, the Dottore Plaintiffs now appeal,

raising 11 assignments of error.

                                       II. Analysis

                   A. Summary Judgment to the Vorys Defendants
       {¶29} For ease of discussion, we begin with the trial court’s grant of summary

judgment to the Vorys Defendants, including Calabrese, on many of the claims based on a

statute-of-limitations defense. The trial court found that the first seven counts of the

amended complaint in essence were all claims for legal malpractice, and that, based on

the evidence presented, the legal-malpractice causes of action had accrued at the latest in

the summer of 2009. Because a claim for malpractice is governed by a one-year statute of

limitations, and the Dottore Plaintiffs did not file the lawsuit until November 15, 2010,

more than one year after that accrual date, the court concluded that these claims against

all of the Vorys Defendants were barred by the statute of limitations.

       {¶30} The Dottore Plaintiffs challenge this part of the trial court’s decision in

assignments of error Nos. 3 through 10. The overarching issue presented is whether,

considering the Dottore Plaintiffs’ amended complaint and the documentation submitted

under Civ.R. 56(C), the trial court properly determined that the Dottore Plaintiffs’

legal-malpractice, breach-of-contract, promissory-estoppel, fraud, and civil-conspiracy

claims against Vorys, O’Malley, Parobek, Lonardo, Hardymon, and Calabrese were

barred by R.C. 2305.11, the statute of limitations requiring claims for malpractice to be

filed “within one year after the cause thereof accrued.” We hold that the trial court did

not err because (1) the gist of the causes of action was malpractice, (2) they filed their

claims well beyond one year from the latest date upon which the causes of action could

have accrued, (3) the record does not contain any evidence of an agreement to extend the
statute of limitations, and (4) the court’s denial of the Dottore Plaintiffs’ Civ.R. 56(F)

motion for additional time to respond was not an abuse of discretion.

       {¶31} We review the grant of summary judgment de novo, applying the standards

set forth in Civ.R. 56. Doe v. Schaffer, 90 Ohio St.3d 388, 390, 738 N.E.2d 1243 (2000).

 To that end, summary judgment is proper when there is no genuine issue of material fact,

the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law, and reasonable minds can

reach but one conclusion when viewing the evidence in favor of the nonmoving party,

and that conclusion is adverse to the nonmoving party. Civ.R. 56(C).

                   1. Malpractice Claims — Professional Misconduct

       {¶32} The Dottore Plaintiffs argue that the trial court applied an incorrect standard

for determining whether claims are subsumed into a legal-malpractice claim and that, as a

result, the trial court erred in determining that four of their claims — the

breach-of-contract, promissory-estoppel, fraud, and conspiracy claims — were untimely

filed. We agree with the Dottore Plaintiffs that the trial court misstated the standard

when discussing this issue. However, after applying the correct standard, we ultimately

concur with the trial court’s conclusion that the gist of those claims sounded in legal

malpractice, despite the labels that the Dottore Plaintiffs affixed to them.

       {¶33} It has long been established that “an action against one’s attorney for

damages resulting from the manner in which the attorney represented the client

constitutes an action for malpractice within the meaning of R.C. 2305.11, regardless of

whether predicated upon contract or tort.” Muir v. Hadler Real Estate Mgmt. Co., 4
Ohio App.3d 89, 90, 446 N.E.2d 820 (10th Dist.1982). “The term ‘malpractice’ refers to

professional misconduct, i.e. the failure of one rendering services in the practice of a

profession to exercise that degree of skill and learning normally applied by members of

that profession in similar circumstances.” Strock v. Pressnell, 38 Ohio St.3d 207, 211,

527 N.E.2d 1235 (1988), citing 2 Restatement of the Law 2d, Torts, Section 299(A)

(1965), quoted in Natl. Union Fire Ins. Co. of Pittsburgh, P.A. v. Wuerth, 122 Ohio St.3d

594, 2009-Ohio-3601, 913 N.E.2d 939, ¶ 15.

       {¶34} The elements of a claim for malpractice under Ohio law are: (1) an

attorney-client relationship giving rise to a duty, (2) a breach of that duty and a failure to

conform to the standard required by law, and (3) a causal connection between the conduct

complained of and the resulting damages or loss. Vahila v. Hall, 77 Ohio St.3d 421, 427,

674 N.E.2d 1164 (1997).        An attorney owes to a client the duty to exercise the

knowledge, skill, and ability ordinarily possessed and exercised by members of the legal

profession similarly situated, and to discharge that duty in a reasonably diligent, careful,

and prudent manner. Simmons v. Rauser & Assocs. L.P.A., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No.

96386, 2011-Ohio-4510, ¶ 7, citing Palmer v. Westmeyer, 48 Ohio App.3d 296, 298, 549

N.E.2d 1202 (6th Dist.1988).

       {¶35} We determine the applicable statute of limitations for a claim from the “gist

of the complaint,” and not from the label that a party may assign to a set of facts.

Hibbitts v. Cincinnati, 4 Ohio App.3d 128, 131, 446 N.E.2d 832 (1st Dist.1982). When

the gist of a complaint sounds in malpractice, the other duplicative claims, even those
labeled as fraud and breach of contract, are subsumed within the legal-malpractice claim.

Id.

                      2. “Manner of Representation” is the Test

      {¶36} With respect to the breach-of-contract, promissory-estoppel, and conspiracy

claims, the trial court found that “Vorys was only in a position to commit any of these

wrongs by serving as legal counsel for the plaintiffs.” The court reasoned that, absent

the attorney-client relationship, “then Vorys never would have possessed the plaintiffs’

confidential information to give to PNC, Walter & Haversfield and the federal grand jury,

and never would have been in a potential position of conflict between the plaintiffs and

PNC.” The court then concluded that these allegations did not set forth a cause of action

apart from legal malpractice.

      {¶37} The trial court’s decision can be read to hold that all claims against an

attorney that would not have arisen but for any attorney-client relationship must be

subsumed within a claim for legal malpractice. We believe that holding misstates the

law, which provides, generally, that a cause of action will be subsumed into a malpractice

claim if it arises out of “the manner in which the attorney represented the client.” Muir,

4 Ohio App.3d at 90, 446 N.E.2d 820. This standard focuses on whether the claim

involves professional misconduct, which is a narrower focal point than merely

determining whether there was an attorney-client relationship.

      {¶38} Applying the manner of representation standard, however, it is clear that the

Dottore Plaintiff’s breach-of-contract, promissory-estoppel, fraud, and conspiracy claims
involved the professional misconduct of the Vorys Defendants and, therefore, these

claims were properly subsumed in the malpractice claim.

                    a. Breach of Contract and Promissory Estoppel

       {¶39} With respect to the breach-of-contract and promissory-estoppel claims, the

Dottore Plaintiffs contended that after Parobek and Vorys had provided their confidential

information to PNC, the Dottore Plaintiffs and Vorys entered into the Parobek Settlement

— a settlement contract that called for the Dottore Plaintiffs to leave their business at the

law firm. In exchange, Vorys’s lawyers purportedly agreed to “specific confidentiality

protocols” that required them to (1) “completely protect” the Dottore Plaintiffs’

confidential information, (2) “immediately notify” the Dottore Plaintiffs of any attempt to

gain that information, and (3) “not release” that information without their “express

consent.” These “protocols” were breached, the Dottore Plaintiffs argued, when the

Vorys Defendants failed to immediately notify them of the grand jury subpoenas and

when Vorys allowed the attorney representing the law firm in the investigation, Ralph

Cascarilla at Walter & Haverfield, to review the Dottore Plaintiffs’ documents and advise

the law firm before producing those documents to the federal investigators.

       {¶40} Despite the Dottore Plaintiffs’ labeling, these claims all involved

professional misconduct because the “settlement contract” and the “specific

confidentiality protocols” at issue merely encompassed already existing legal duties. See

Bohan v. Dennis C. Jackson Co., 188 Ohio App.3d 446, 2010-Ohio-3422, 935 N.E.2d

900, ¶ 19 (8th Dist.). Vorys did not, as the Dottore Plaintiffs now argue, agree to serve
as escrow agent separate from the provision of legal services. An escrow agent is a

third-party whose function is to hold a legal document, such as a deed or title, or the

property of a promissor for a certain amount of time or until the occurrence of a

condition, at which time the escrow agent is to deliver the document or property to the

promisee. See Black’s Law Dictionary 584 (8th Ed.2004); Calhoun v. McCullough, 8th

Dist. Cuyahoga No. 60271, 1991 Ohio App. LEXIS 1844 (Apr. 25, 1991). Here, the

Vorys Defendants did not agree to serve as an escrow agent.

      {¶41} We are also not persuaded by the Dottore Plaintiffs’ argument that

O’Malley’s representation concerning the tolling of the statute of limitations was a

contract to extend the statute of limitations for malpractice claims.      The Dottore

Plaintiffs had alleged and had argued that O’Malley made the representation as legal

advice and not as an express agreement or even a promise that could be the subject of an

estoppel claim.

      {¶42} Under these circumstances, the breach-of-contract and promissory-estoppel

allegations fall within the class of conduct that “arises out of the manner in which the

client was represented within the attorney-client relationship” and were properly

subsumed within the malpractice claim.
                                         b. Fraud

       {¶43} Likewise, the fraud claim sounds in malpractice. The Dottore Plaintiffs

alleged that the Vorys Defendants had defrauded them by not informing them of the

transmittal of confidential and privileged information to PNC, the impeding sweeping of

their bank accounts by PNC, and the arrival of a federal subpoena seeking the Dottore

Plaintiffs’ documents, all for the benefit of “[the Vorys Defendants’] own personal gain.”

       {¶44} But as the trial court noted, the Dottore Plaintiffs claimed as fraud the Vorys

Defendants’ failure to advise them of the same conduct that they also charged as legal

malpractice, and the failure to inform a client that malpractice has occurred is not a tort

separate from the malpractice itself. Further, the Dottore Plaintiffs did not allege that the

“personal gain” that the Vorys Defendants sought by the concealment was anything more

than keeping the Dottore Plaintiffs’ business and avoiding a malpractice claim. This is

not the type of personal gain that elevates a concealment during the course of legal

representation from an act of malpractice to an act of fraud. See Gullatte v. Rion, 145

Ohio App.3d 620, 627, 763 N.E.2d 1215 (2d Dist.2000).

       {¶45} The Dottore Plaintiffs also alleged in the complaint that they had been

fraudulently billed, and they now argue that those allegations should not have been

subsumed into the malpractice claim. But courts have held that a complaint concerning

the billing of fees “arises out of the manner in which the client was represented within the

attorney-client relationship.” Rosenberg v. Atkins, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-930259,

1994 Ohio App. LEXIS 4552 (Oct. 5, 1994.); Chambers v. Cottrell, 6th Dist. Lucas No.
L-10-1178, 2011-Ohio-144, ¶ 13; Wilkerson v. O’Shea, 12th Dist. Butler No.

CA2009-03-68, 2009-Ohio-6550, ¶ 13. We conclude that the Dottore Plaintiffs’ vague

allegations of fraudulent billing fall within this rule.

       {¶46} Finally, the Dottore Plaintiffs argue that the trial court erred by subsuming

into the malpractice claim the fraud allegations based on O’Malley’s misrepresentation to

Dottore after the Parobek situation concerning the statute of limitations for malpractice

actions. O’Malley allegedly told Dottore that it was in the best interest of the Dottore

Plaintiffs to leave business with Vorys because if Vorys “did not live up to its end of the

bargain” with respect to the Parobek Settlement, the Dottore Plaintiffs would have one

year after the attorney-client relationship ended to pursue a malpractice claim. The

statement allegedly made by O’Malley only partially states the law because the statute of

limitations may begin to run when the attorney-client relationship for a particular matter

ends, notwithstanding an ongoing attorney-client relationship with respect to other

matters. See Omni-Food & Fashion, Inc. v. Smith, 38 Ohio St.3d 385, 387, 528 N.E.2d

941 (1988).

       {¶47} But the Dottore Plaintiffs’ allegations and their arguments below

characterized O’Malley’s representation as erroneous legal advice and no more. Under

these circumstances, this allegation falls within the class of conduct that “arises out of the

manner in which the client was represented within the attorney-client relationship” and

was properly subsumed within the malpractice claim.

                                     c. Civil Conspiracy
       {¶48} The cause of action based on a civil conspiracy involves “a malicious

combination of two or more persons to injure another in person or property, in a way not

competent for one alone, resulting in actual damages.” Williams v. Aetna Fin. Co., 83

Ohio St.3d 464, 475, 700 N.E.2d 859 (1998).

       {¶49} The gist of the Dottore Plaintiffs’ conspiracy allegation is that the Vorys

Defendants breached the duty of confidence arising from the attorney-client relationship

when they provided the Dottore Plaintiffs’ banking information to PNC without the

Dottore Plaintiffs’ consent and knowledge and then destroyed documents establishing this

breach. The Dottore Plaintiffs based the conspiracy claim on professional misconduct —

alleged deficiencies and omissions in the manner of representation.         Because these

allegations involved the manner of the legal representation, we conclude that the trial

court properly determined that with respect to Vorys and its attorneys, the allegations

sounded only in malpractice.

              d. Attorney-Client Relationship with Parobek and Vorys

       {¶50} The Dottore Plaintiffs assert now that Parobek never specifically represented

them, and therefore the breach of confidentiality arising from Parobek’s actions while he

was employed at Vorys fell outside of the scope of an attorney-client relationship.

       {¶51} But, as noted by the Vorys Defendants, the Dottore Plaintiffs had alleged in

the amended complaint that “[d]uring all relevant times, [they] were clients of Vorys * * *

and Parobek.” (Emphasis added.) And Dottore’s statement in his affidavit groups

Parobek in with other Vorys lawyers who allegedly “never prepared or offered Plaintiffs a
contract that limited the scope of their representation.” (Emphasis added.) Under these

circumstances, the Dottore Plaintiffs are estopped from making this argument, which is

undermined in any event by Dottore’s uncontroverted statement that Parobek did

“represent” them.

      {¶52} Finally, the Dottore Plaintiffs argue that the claims against the Vorys law

firm were erroneously subsumed into the malpractice claim because the law firm never

represented them.

      {¶53} In arguing that their claims against the Vorys firm cannot be subsumed into

the malpractice claim, the Dottore Plaintiffs rely on Wuerth, 122 Ohio St.3d 594,

2009-Ohio-3601, 913 N.E.2d 939. In that case, the United States Court of Appeals for

the Sixth Circuit certified a question to the Ohio Supreme Court regarding whether a

“legal malpractice claim [could] be maintained directly against a law firm [under Ohio

law] when all the relevant principals and employees [had] either been dismissed from the

lawsuit or were never sued in the first instance.” Id. at ¶ 1. The court answered the

certified question in the negative, explaining that because a law firm does not engage in

the practice of law, it can only be vicariously liable for malpractice. Id. at paragraphs

one and two of the syllabus.

      {¶54} While the Wuerth court undisputedly recognized that only individuals can

practice law, it did not hold, as the Dottore Plaintiffs appear to argue, that a client’s

derivative claim against a law firm for the malpractice of the law firm’s attorney is not a
claim sounding in malpractice. Rather, the derivative claim against the law firm under

the doctrine of respondeat superior is necessarily one for malpractice. See id. at ¶ 26.

       {¶55}   Because     the   fraud,   breach-of-contract,   promissory-estoppel,       and

civil-conspiracy claims are based on the Vorys Defendants’ alleged acts or omissions

committed in their representation of the Dottore Plaintiffs, either by negligence or by a

breach of the contract of employment governing the relationship, the trial court did not err

in determining that these claims sound in legal malpractice.

                          3. Malpractice Claims against Vorys
                            and its Attorneys Were Untimely

       {¶56} Under Ohio law, a malpractice lawsuit must be filed within one year after

the date that the cause of action accrued. R.C. 2305.11(A). Accrual occurs at the later

of either (1) the occurrence of “a cognizable event whereby the client discovers or should

have discovered that his injury was related to his attorney’s acts or non-act and the client

is put on notice of a need to pursue his possible remedies against the attorney” or (2)

“when the attorney-client relationship for that particular transaction or undertaking

terminates.” Zimmie v. Calfee, Halter & Griswold, 43 Ohio St.3d 54, 538 N.E.2d 398

(1989), syllabus, cited in Smith v. Conley, 109 Ohio St.3d 141, 2006-Ohio-2035, 846

N.E.2d 509, ¶ 4.

       {¶57} Under Zimmie, a court must compare the accrual dates based on a

“cognizable event” and the termination of the attorney-client relationship; whichever date

is later will be the accrual date for the filing of the legal-malpractice action. Zimmie at

syllabus.
       {¶58} A “cognizable event” is an event that is “sufficient to alert a reasonable

person that his or her attorney may have committed an improper act and that further

investigation is needed.” Trustees of Ohio Carpenters’ Pension Fund v. U.S. Bank Natl.

Assn., 189 Ohio App.3d 260, 2010-Ohio-911, 938 N.E.2d 61, ¶ 10 (8th Dist.). As

explained in Zimmie, the client does not need to know “the full extent of the injury before

there is a cognizable event.” Zimmie at 58.

       {¶59} The “termination” rule depends upon the termination of legal services in a

“particular transaction or undertaking,” and “avoids a standard based on continuous

representation.” Thomas v. Kramer, 194 Ohio App.3d 70, 2011-Ohio-1812, 954 N.E.2d

1235, ¶ 18 (8th Dist.), citing Omni-Food, 38 Ohio St.3d at 387, 528 N.E.2d 941.

       {¶60} When an attorney-client relationship for a particular undertaking or

transaction has terminated “is a question of fact and is to be determined by considering

the actions of the parties.” Conley, 109 Ohio St.3d 141, 2006-Ohio-2035, 846 N.E.2d

509, at ¶ 9, citing Omni-Food at 388. But when reasonable minds can come to but one

conclusion concerning the date of termination, the issue may be determined as a question

of law in a summary judgment proceeding. See, e.g., Accelerated Sys. Integration, Inc. v.

Ritzler, Coughlin & Swansinger, Ltd., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 97481, 2012-Ohio-3803, ¶

43.

       {¶61} In this case, the Dottore Plaintiffs filed the original complaint on November

15, 2010. The trial court determined under both prongs of the Zimmie test that the cause
of action for malpractice had accrued over a year before that date, and therefore the

complaint was not timely. We agree.

                    a. Accrual Based on the Cognizable-Event Prong

       {¶62} In the complaint, the Dottore Plaintiffs alleged that the Vorys Defendants

committed malpractice when they mediated a dispute with PNC for receivership fees and

when Parobek gave PNC the Dottore Plaintiffs’ banking information to collect on a

judgment. The Dottore Plaintiffs did not set forth dates for either of those events in the

complaint.

       {¶63} Although the dates were not set forth in the complaint, O’Malley averred

that the Dottore Plaintiffs had signed a conflict waiver related to Vorys’s mediation of the

fee dispute in June 2005, and that Dottore had signed a settlement agreement releasing the

Dottore Plaintiffs’ claim against PNC for further fees in December 2005. The relevant

documents were attached to O’Malley’s affidavit and this evidence was undisputed.

From this evidence, we can only conclude that the Dottore Plaintiffs were aware of the

conflict of interest in 2005.

       {¶64} Further, the Dottore Plaintiffs necessarily became aware that PNC was not

going to hire them to provide future services as a result of the settlement when PNC had

not retained their services for two years after the settlement of the claim, which occurred

in December 2005. As a result, we conclude that the Dottore Plaintiffs were on notice of

any malpractice claim related to the PNC fee matter no later than December 2007.
       {¶65} Despite the absence of dates alleged in the complaint, the record

demonstrates that the Dottore Plaintiffs were on notice of their malpractice claim related

to the “Parobek situation” before August 26, 2009. Calabrese undisputedly left the

Vorys law firm on that date, and he had given Dottore the note of apology for Parobek’s

conduct while he was still a member of the firm. Further, the Dottore Plaintiffs alleged

that the injury caused by the alleged provision of its banking information was immediate.

Therefore, we can only conclude that the Dottore Plaintiffs had discovered this injury no

later than the end of August 2009.

       {¶66} The remaining malpractice allegations are related to the disclosure of

documents to Cascarilla and his law firm, Walter & Haverfield, in the preparation of a

privilege log in connection with the grand jury subpoenas.        The Vorys Defendants

presented     undisputed   evidence     involving    the   June-through-November-2009

communications between Vorys, Cascarilla, the Dottore Plaintiffs, and Robert T.

Glickman, the attorney the Dottore Plaintiffs had retained in June 2009 to represent their

interests.   These communications were attached to the affidavit of Vorys’s attorney

Hardymon.

       {¶67} Hardymon averred that he had advised the Dottore Plaintiffs in writing on

June 12, 2009, that Vorys had been served with a subpoena in connection with “an

alleged corruption” probe that required the production of certain documents relating to

professional services that the Vorys firm had rendered to the Dottore Plaintiffs. This
letter included a CD containing copies of documents that Vorys proposed to produce to

the Federal Bureau of Investigation.

       {¶68} In the June 12, 2009 letter, Hardymon suggested that the Dottore Plaintiffs

retain separate counsel to review the material. The Dottore Plaintiffs retained attorney

Glickman to represent them. On June 25, 2009, Glickman provided Vorys with written

approval to produce certain documents and to assert the attorney-client privilege or

work-product protection for certain documents. Glickman sent a letter clarifying the

Dottore Plaintiffs’ position the following day. Glickman and Hardymon engaged in

similar communication during July, October, and early November 2009, as more

documents were prepared for production. Hardymon forwarded Glickman a copy of the

final privilege log on November 5, 2009.

       {¶69} Additionally, on July 24, 2009, Cascarilla, as counsel for Vorys, wrote to

advise Glickman that a privilege log had been prepared that identified documents that

were being withheld from Vorys’s response to the subpoena on the grounds of

attorney-client privilege. On July 28, 2009, Glickman informed Cascarilla by email that

the privilege log was “not acceptable” because it “disclose[d] the subject matter and/or

substance of the privileged materials.” Glickman noted that the Dottore Plaintiffs would

“explore [their] options going forward.”

       {¶70} Based on this undisputed evidence, we conclude that the cognizable event

for the allegation relating to the disclosure of documents to Cascarilla and his law firm for

the preparation of the privilege log in connection with the subpoenas had occurred no
later than July 28, 2009, when Glickman informed Vorys that the Dottore Plaintiffs would

“explore [their] options going forward.” That statement, in the context of the other

communications, demonstrates that the Dottore Plaintiffs not only knew of the

disclosure of the documents, but also knew of their purported injury.

      {¶71} Despite this evidence, the Dottore Plaintiffs argue that the statute of

limitations has not begun to run on this malpractice claim because the Vorys Defendants

have not yet fully disclosed what information the federal subpoena targeted and what of

their privileged information was shared with Walter & Haverfield during Vorys’s attempt

to comply with the subpoena.

      {¶72} But a well-supported motion for summary judgment should be denied only

when there is a genuine issue as to a material fact. (Emphasis added.) Civ.R. 56(C).

In this case, the cognizable event for the Walter & Haverfield situation occurred in the

summer of 2009, when the Dottore Plaintiffs were informed that at least some of their

information was shared. The Dottore Plaintiffs’ knowledge of this injury at that time

was sufficient to trigger the statute of limitations, and the unknown extent of that injury

was not a material fact that precluded summary judgment on the statute-of-limitations

defense.

                      b. Accrual under the Representation Prong

      {¶73} We now review when the statute of limitations was triggered based on the

“representation prong.”
      {¶74} On this subject, the Vorys Defendants presented the affidavit of O’Malley,

who averred as follows:

              From 2008 forward, Vorys’ only representation of Mark Dottore,
      Dottore Companies, LLC, or Dottore Brothers, LLC * * * was its
      representation of one Plaintiff, Mark Dottore, in his capacity as receiver in a
      particular receivership styled Variable Annuity Life Insurance Company v.
      113 St. Clair Properties, et al, Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas,
      Case Number CV 529384, and in the appeal filed in said litigation * * *.
      All other representations of the Plaintiffs concluded before 2008 and final
      bills related to the matters were sent to Plaintiffs before 2008.

      {¶75} The Dottore Plaintiffs argue that Mark Dottore’s affidavit contradicted

O’Malley’s statement. Dottore averred that the “plaintiffs continued to call the Vorys

Defendants for legal advice on various matters” after the disclosure of their information

to both PNC and Walter & Haverfield and that the plaintiffs “were last billed on

November 5, 2010.” But Dottore’s statement that the Dottore Plaintiffs continued “to

call” the Vorys attorneys for legal advice, without reference to any specific matters and

without a statement that any advice was actually given, does not sufficiently contradict

O’Malley’s statement that the attorney-client relationship on all matters with Dottore as

an individual and the two companies that he was associated with had been terminated by

the end of 2007.

      {¶76} The Dottore Plaintiffs also argue that the amended complaint asserted

claims regarding the Vorys law firm’s fraudulent billing, including the fraudulent bill

issued by the law firm as recent as November 5, 2010, for representation in the Variable

Annuity matter. Relatedly, they argue that the complaint contains a claim by the Dottore

Plaintiffs for malpractice based on the production of the Variable Annuity documents to
Walter & Haverfield and the failure to notify the Dottore Plaintiffs of the request. The

trial court rejected this argument and held that the complaint did not assert any

malpractice claims involving the Vorys law firm’s representation of the Dottore Plaintiffs

in the Variable Annuity case. We agree.

       {¶77} The Dottore Plaintiffs fail to recognize the distinction between Vorys

providing legal representation to the receivership estate and Vorys providing legal

representation to Dottore as the receiver.    The trial court in the Variable Annuity case

had appointed Dottore as a receiver of the property foreclosed upon in that case.

Dottore, as receiver, hired Vorys to represent the receivership, not him.

       {¶78} Because the complaint does not assert malpractice claims by the

receivership estate against the law firm, and the evidence demonstrates that the Vorys law

firm in the Variable Annuity matter only provided representation to the receivership estate

and not to Dottore individually, we conclude that the attorney-client relationship for the

relevant matters had ended by 2008.

       {¶79} As a result, we determine that the accrual date of the malpractice action is

governed by the date of the cognizable event, which occurred on July 28, 2009, almost

seven months after the termination of the attorney-client relationship between the Dottore

Plaintiffs and the Vorys Defendants for the relevant matters.

                                  c. Tolling Arguments

       {¶80} The Dottore Plaintiffs present several arguments that seek to delay the

accrual of their legal-malpractice claims. First, they argue that they had no reason to
discover O’Malley’s malpractice in misrepresenting the Zimmie standard until the Vorys

Defendants raised the statute of limitations in this lawsuit, and that the harm from that

malpractice did not occur until the trial court granted the summary judgment motion

based on the statute-of-limitations defense.

       {¶81} The Vorys Defendants argue that the Dottore Plaintiffs waived this

“discovery rule” argument by not raising it below, and that, even if it was not waived, it is

meritless. They cite the undisputed evidence that the Dottore Plaintiffs were represented

by independent counsel in the summer of 2009, after notice of the federal grand jury

subpoena, and that independent counsel had warned the Vorys’s firm in July 2009 that

the Dottore Plaintiffs “w[ould] explore [their] options going forward.” We agree that

under these facts, where the Dottore Plaintiffs had retained independent counsel in the

summer of 2009, the cognizable event did not occur when the Vorys Defendants raised

the statute-of-limitations defense or when the court granted summary judgment on that

basis, but when the Dottore Plaintiffs hired independent counsel to “explore” their

options. No reasonable person could conclude that O’Malley’s comments concerning the

statute of limitations caused the Dottore Plaintiffs to delay in filing a malpractice action

where the Dottore Plaintiffs had been represented by independent counsel.

       {¶82} Next, the Dottore Plaintiffs maintain that the express agreement to follow

the “specific confidentiality protocols” agreed to as part of the Parobek Settlement was a

particularly defined undertaking that continues as long as Vorys holds the Dottore

Plaintiffs’ files. They note that Vorys failed to present any evidence to demonstrate that
this part of the representation ended, and that the record demonstrates that it has not

ended because Vorys submitted documents in this case culled from the Dottore Plaintiffs’

files that Vorys maintains under this agreement.

       {¶83} We have already held that Calabrese’s letter could not be considered as a

special confidentiality protocol contract because Calabrese merely reassured Dottore that

Vorys would not disclose privileged information — a duty already owed by virtue of the

attorney-client relationship. Thus, the scope of the representation was not extended by

the agreement.

       {¶84} Further, the Dottore Plaintiffs conceded below that the retention of client

files does not ordinarily toll the statute of limitations for a malpractice action. See

Chambers v. Melling, Harding, Schuman, and Montello, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 85045,

2005-Ohio-2456, ¶ 19.         Thus, under these circumstances, we hold that Vorys’s

maintenance of any Dottore Plaintiffs’ files did not toll the statute of limitations.

       {¶85} In conclusion, we hold that the malpractice cause of action accrued on July

28, 2009, and therefore the Dottore Plaintiffs’ commencement of the action in November

2010, occurred outside of the one-year statute of limitations for malpractice actions.

Accordingly, the trial court did not err by determining that the statute of limitations on the

malpractice claims set forth in the complaint had expired before the Dottore Plaintiffs

filed the complaint.

                 4. Civ.R. 56(F) Motion to Conduct Additional Discovery
       {¶86} Alternatively, the Dottore Plaintiffs contend that additional discovery was

necessary to oppose the summary judgment motions, and in their tenth assignment of

error, they argue that the trial court erred by denying their motion under Civ.R. 56(F) to

conduct that additional discovery.

       {¶87} Civ.R. 56(F) permits a court to allow a party additional discovery before

having to oppose a motion for summary judgment “should it appear from the affidavits of

[the party] that the party cannot for sufficient reasons stated present facts by affidavit

essential to justify the party’s opposition.” The decision to grant or deny a Civ.R. 56(F)

is within the discretion of the trial court, and “that discretion should be exercised liberally

in favor of a non-moving party who proposes any reasonable interval for the production

of those materials.” Whiteleather v. Yosowitz, 10 Ohio App.3d 272, 276, 461 N.E.2d 1331

(8th Dist.1983).

       {¶88} In this case, the Dottore Plaintiffs’ attorney, Brian D. Spitz, submitted his

own affidavit in support of additional discovery.         Spitz averred that discovery was

needed to determine several facts relevant to the statute of limitations, including

determining when the last overt act in furtherance of the conspiracy occurred, “identifying

what particular matters are reflected on the bills submitted to Plaintiffs by Vorys,” “to

further confirm that the actions of the Vorys Defendants were taken for their own

personal gain and benefit,” to determine the exact date and reason that Calabrese went on

a leave of absence, and “to determine when and how” the Vorys Defendants “transferred

their clients’ files to Walter & Haverfield.”
       {¶89} In ruling on the Civ.R. 56(F) motion, the trial court found that the Dottore

Plaintiffs already had the information to oppose the motion because they knew when they

had become aware of the alleged tortious conduct and when their attorney-client

relationship with Vorys for any specific undertakings had ended. The court noted that,

despite having this information, the Dottore Plaintiffs had failed to offer that information

in an affidavit to oppose summary judgment based on the statute-of-limitations defense.

Thus, the trial court concluded that there was no reason to believe that the additional

discovery sought would reveal evidence creating a genuine issue of material fact on any

of the matters supporting the motions for summary judgment. The trial court also found

that the motion was deficient because it was only supported by counsel’s affidavit, and

not the affidavit of a “party opposing the motion for summary judgment.”

       {¶90} We cannot say that the trial court abused its discretion in denying the Civ.R.

56(F) motion. The record supports the trial court’s finding that the Dottore Plaintiffs

were seeking information that was not relevant to the statute-of-limitations defense, and

that they already had access to the information they claimed was necessary to rebut the

summary judgment motions. For this reason, we find that the trial court did not abuse its

discretion in denying the Civ.R. 56(F) motion. Because we have upheld the trial court’s

denial of the motion on this basis, we decline to address whether the failure to submit the

“party’s” affidavit was fatal to the motion.
       {¶91} In light of our analysis of the Civ.R. 56 issues, we hold that the trial court

did not err by granting summary judgment to the Vorys Defendants, including Calabrese,

on the first seven counts of the amended complaint.

                B. Judgment on the Pleadings for the Vorys Defendants
                                (without Calabrese)

       {¶92} The Dottore Plaintiffs’ first and second assignments of error challenge the

trial court’s grant of judgment on the pleadings to Vorys and its attorneys O’Malley,

Parobek, Lonardo, and Hardymon on the RICO and spoliation claims. These claims

were added in the amended complaint. Vorys’s and its attorneys’ motion for judgment

on the pleadings tested the sufficiency of the allegations in the complaint with respect to

those claims.

       {¶93} Because these assignments of error arise from the grant of a motion for

judgment on the pleadings, we apply a de novo standard of review. Perrysburg Twp. v.

Rossford, 103 Ohio St.3d 79, 2004-Ohio-4362, 814 N.E.2d 44, ¶ 5. Further, because the

motion was based on the defense of failure to state a claim upon which relief could be

granted, we apply the standard for analyzing a motion to dismiss under Civ.R. 12(B)(6).

Pinkerton v. Thompson, 174 Ohio App.3d 229, 236, 2007-Ohio-6546, 881 N.E.2d 880

(9th Dist.); Black v. Coats, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 85067, 2005-Ohio-2460, ¶ 6.

       {¶94} Accordingly, we must accept as true all the material factual allegations of

the complaint with respect to the RICO and spoliation claims and construe any inferences

to be drawn from those allegations in favor of the Dottore Plaintiffs, the nonmoving party.

 Brown    v.    Carlton   Harley-Davison,   Inc.,   8th   Dist.   Cuyahoga   No.    99761,
2013-Ohio-4047, ¶ 12, citing Garofalo v. Chicago Title Ins. Co., 104 Ohio App.3d 95,

104, 661 N.E.2d 218 (8th Dist.1995).

      {¶95} As this court recently stated in Brown, the Ohio Supreme Court has adopted

the following test for determining whether to dismiss a complaint for failure to state a

claim: “ ‘a complaint should not be dismissed for failure to state a claim unless it

appears beyond a doubt that the plaintiff can prove no set of facts in support of his claim

which would entitle him to relief.’ ” O’Brien v. Univ. Community Tenants Union, Inc.,

42 Ohio St.2d 242, 245, 327 N.E.2d 753 (1975), quoting Conley v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41,

45, 78 S.Ct. 99, 2 L.E.2d 80 (1957), overruled in part by Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly,

550 U.S. 544, 127 S.Ct. 1955, 167 L.Ed.2d 929 (2007), and Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S.

662, 129 S.Ct. 1937, 173 L.Ed.2d 868 (2009); see Volbers-Klarich v. Middletown Mgmt.,

Inc., 125 Ohio St.3d 494, 2010-Ohio-2057, 929 N.E.2d 434, ¶ 12.

                                     1. RICO Claim

      {¶96} The Dottore Plaintiffs focus on the dismissal of the RICO claim in their first

assignment of error. This claim is based on a federal statute that affords a civil remedy

to a party who is injured by certain types of unlawful activity. The complaint purports to

set forth a RICO claim under 18 U.S.C. 1962(c), which provides as follows:

              It shall be unlawful for any person employed by or associated with
      any enterprise engaged in, or the activities of which affect, interstate or
      foreign commerce, to conduct or participate, directly or indirectly, in the
      conduct of such enterprise’s affairs through a pattern of racketeering
      activity or collection of unlawful debt.
       {¶97} A violation of 18 U.S.C. 1962(c) requires “(1) conduct (2) of an enterprise

(3) through a pattern (4) of racketeering activity.” Sedima, S.P.R.L. v. Imrex Co., 473

U.S. 479, 496, 105 S.Ct. 3275, 87 L.Ed.2d 346 (1985). A plaintiff must allege each

element to properly state a claim and must have suffered an injury in his business or

property by the violating conduct to have standing to bring that claim. Id.

       {¶98} “Racketeering activity” is defined in the RICO act as “any act or threat

involving” specified state-law crimes and any “act” indictable under specified federal

statutes. 18 U.S.C. 1961(1). A “pattern of racketeering activity” requires at least two

acts of “racketeering activity” within a ten-year period. 18 U.S.C. 1961(5). Those acts

must be related and they must “amount to or pose a threat of continued criminal activity.”

 H.J. Inc. v. Northwestern Bell Tel. Co., 492 U.S. 229, 239, 109 S.Ct. 2893, 106 L.Ed.2d

195 (1989).

       {¶99} The Dottore Plaintiffs’ RICO claim alleged that Vorys was the “enterprise,”

that Vorys and its “attorneys” were the defendant “persons,” and that Vorys’s attorneys

had committed the predicate acts of bribery of “Cuyahoga County officials” in violation

of Ohio law (R.C. 2921.02), telecommunications fraud in violation of Ohio law (R.C.

2913.05) in connection with electronically-submitted invoices, and federal mail fraud in

connection with invoices submitted by “U.S. mail” (18 U.S.C. 1341). In support of their

motion for judgment on the pleadings, Vorys and its attorneys argued in part that the

Dottore Plaintiffs had failed to plead qualifying predicate acts that would support a

pattern of racketeering activity.
       {¶100} The trial court first determined that telecommunications fraud under Ohio

law did not qualify as a predicate act for a civil RICO claim. The court then found that,

while the acts of bribery as defined under Ohio law and federal mail fraud could be

qualifying predicate acts, the Dottore Plaintiffs had failed to adequately plead federal mail

fraud as a predicate act with the particularity required by Civ.R. 9(B). Finally, the court

applied the “plausibility standard” that governs federal pleadings, see Iqbal, 556 U.S. at

679, 129 S.Ct. 1937, 173 L.Ed.2d 868, and found that the bribery allegations and the

RICO claim as a whole failed “for want of plausibility.” In reviewing the sufficiency of

the complaint, the trial court expressly stated that it was only considering the allegations

in paragraphs one through 216, and therefore disregarded the allegations in paragraphs

216 through 235.

       {¶101} On appeal, the Dottore Plaintiffs challenge the trial court’s failure to

consider the entirety of the allegations, its finding that mail fraud was not adequately

pleaded, and its application of the plausibility standard to test the sufficiency of the

bribery allegations and the RICO scheme. Although we find some error in the trial

court’s reasoning, we ultimately concur with the trial court’s conclusion that the RICO

allegations were insufficient to state a claim for relief under the RICO statute.

                                       a. Mail Fraud

       {¶102} The elements of mail fraud under 18 U.S.C. 1341 are (1) a scheme or

artifice to defraud; (2) use of the mails in furtherance of the scheme; and (3) intent to

deprive a victim of money or property. United State v. Turner, 465 F.3d 667, 680 (6th
Cir.2006). Like the common-law action that the mail fraud statute is based on, the

scheme to defraud must include the “misrepresentation or concealment of a material

fact.” But the common-law requirements of “justifiable reliance” and “damages” do not

apply. Neder v. United States, 527 U.S. 1, 24-25, 119 S.Ct. 1827, 144 L.Ed.2d 35

(1999).

       {¶103} The trial court held that mail fraud must be pleaded with particularity and

that the allegations failed under that standard, citing the following defects: (1) the failure

to allege an intent to deceive, (2) the failure to identify “a single time entry on a single

bill” that the plaintiffs considered to be fraudulent, (3) the failure to identify which

plaintiff was the purported victim of the fraud and which defendant lawyers perpetrated

the fraud, and (4) the failure to allege specific dates for the mail fraud.

       {¶104} We first address the Dottore Plaintiffs’ argument that the trial court erred

when it refused to consider the allegations in paragraphs 217 through 235 of the

complaint in evaluating the RICO claims. We agree with the Dottore Plaintiffs that the

trial court erred by not considering those paragraphs.

       {¶105} The trial court narrowly interpreted the language of paragraph 216, which

provides that “[t]he Vorys Defendants’ fraudulent and criminal activity, based on the

predicate acts above, constitute a pattern of corrupt activity.” This paragraph is found

under the label of “Count X: Violation of the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt

Organizations Act.” Count X begins with paragraph 212 and ends with paragraph 235.

Paragraph 216 follows conclusory and boilerplate language asserting that the Vorys’s
attorneys had committed “bribery,” “telecommunications fraud,” and “mail fraud” — the

predicate acts. Paragraph 217 provides that the “Vorys Defendants’ pattern of corrupt

activity has and will continue and poses a threat of future criminal activity by the Vorys

Defendants based on its [sic] ongoing attempts to continue such activities, including

fraudulent billing and attempts to collect on such billing.” Paragraphs 218 through 233

refer to the continued “fraudulent billing and attempts to collect on such billing.”

Paragraphs 234 and 235 address proximate cause and damages.

       {¶106} Although not artfully pleaded, it is clear enough under these circumstances

that the reference to the “predicate acts” in paragraph 216 was not intended to limit the

court’s consideration of additional facts to support the claim that were set forth in

paragraphs 217 through 235 and under the same “count.” The trial court’s interpretation

to the contrary was erroneous, and falls afoul of the rule that all pleadings, including

complaints, “shall be so construed as to do substantial justice,” Civ.R. 8(F), and that, in

reviewing a motion to dismiss for the failure to state a claim, the court must review all the

allegations in the complaint. See Fahnbulleh v. Strahan, 73 Ohio St.3d 666, 667, 635

N.E.2d 1186 (1995).

       {¶107} Next the Dottore Plaintiffs argue that the particularity requirements of

Civ.R. 9(B) do not apply to their allegations of mail fraud.         This argument is not

supported by the law.

       {¶108} The federal mail fraud statute involves an allegation of “fraud.” See

Heinrich v. Waiting Angels Adoption Servs., 668 F.3d 393, 403-404 (6th Cir.2012).
Civ.R. 9(B) provides that fraud claims must be pleaded with particularity. Thus, the

heightened pleading requirements of Civ.R. 9(B) apply to a mail fraud claim. As a

result, the complaint must contain factual allegations that tend to show each element of

the fraud claim.        Sutton Funding, L.L.C. v. Herres, 188 Ohio App.3d 686,

2010-Ohio-3645, 936 N.E.2d 574, ¶ 50 (2d Dist.).

       {¶109} After reviewing the allegations of the complaint, including the paragraphs

ignored by the trial court, we determine that the Dottore Plaintiffs failed to plead the mail

fraud claim with particularity.

       {¶110} The Dottore Plaintiffs’ mail fraud allegations all relate to the “Vorys

Defendants” purportedly sending inflated bills by mail. The operative allegations in the

complaint referred generally to multiple acts of “intentional” “excessive” “bill[ing],” but

there was no reference to any specific dates of allegedly fraudulent invoicing except for

the November 5, 2010 invoice related to the Variable Annuity case. Further, the Dottore

Plaintiffs failed to identify which of them was the target of the fraud and by which

lawyer, and how the billing was materially fraudulent — i.e., what legal work was

performed and what legal work “was not actually done.”               Because of the lack of

particularity, the allegations were not sufficient to set forth the predicate act of mail fraud.

                              b. Bribery under R.C. 2921.02

       {¶111} The complaint states that the “Vorys Attorneys” violated Ohio’s bribery

statute, R.C. 2921.02. The Dottore Plaintiffs did not indicate which subsection of the
bribery statute was violated, but we assume that the allegations were aimed at stating a

violation of R.C. 2921.02(A). Under this subsection, bribery is committed when a

       person, with purpose to corrupt a public servant or party official, or
       improperly influence a public servant or party official with respect to the
       discharge of the public servant’s or party official’s duty, whether before or
       after the public servant or party official is elected, appointed, qualified,
       employed, summoned, or sworn, shall promise, offer, or give any valuable
       thing or valuable benefit.

       {¶112} The Dottore Plaintiffs were not required to plead these operative facts with

particularity, although one could argue that a claim of bribery, much like claims of fraud

or of negligent hiring against a religious institution, involves an issue that supports the

specificity requirement “to protect defendants from unfounded charges of wrongdoing

that may injure their reputations.” Byrd v. Faber, 57 Ohio St.3d 56, 61, 565 N.E.2d 584

(1991). Instead, the bribery allegations were subject to the minimal “notice pleading”

requirements of Civ.R. 8(A).

       {¶113} But this “notice pleading” requirement is not meaningless. The pleading

must set forth “a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is

entitled to relief.” Civ.R. 8(A). Further, the party asserting a claim must give sufficient

operative facts to provide fair notice to the defender of the claim. See Fancher v.

Fancher, 8 Ohio App.3d 79, 82-83, 455 N.E.2d 1344 (1st Dist.1982); DeVore v. Mut. of

Omaha Ins. Co., 32 Ohio App.2d 36, 38, 288 N.E.2d 202 (7th Dist.1972).

       {¶114} At a minimum, the plaintiff must articulate the operative grounds of the

claim. In the context of a bribery claim, the short and plain statement must include an

allegation that the defendant gave or offered a benefit to a public servant or party official
with purpose to “corrupt” or “improperly influence” the public servant or party official in

the performance of that individual’s “duty.”

       {¶115} After reviewing the allegations of the complaint de novo, we hold that the

Dottore Plaintiffs’ bribery allegations fail because there was no allegation that the money

was offered to corrupt or improperly influence Dimora or Jones with respect to his

“duty.”

       {¶116} The complaint states that the “Vorys Defendants sought to improperly

influence matters that they were involved in.” But this vague allegation falls short of

presenting the missing elements of bribery:         the purposeful corruption or improper

influence of a public servant or party official with respect to the discharge of the public

servant’s or party official’s duty element of bribery.      The complaint does not even

identify the position held by Dimora or Jones or their duties. This general type of

information would be public and available to the Dottore Plaintiffs, and thus the omission

was not excusable. After reviewing the allegations, it appears beyond a doubt that the

Dottore Plaintiffs can prove no facts in support of their claim that would establish a

violation of the bribery statute.

       {¶117} The trial court, too, was troubled by the absence of an alleged purpose and,

as a result, concluded that the bribery allegations did not meet the plausibility standard.

We, conversely, hold that the Dottore Plaintiffs could prove no possible facts in support

of their bribery claim absent allegations encompassing the missing elements that are

required to establish a violation of the bribery statute.
        {¶118} Because the Dottore Plaintiffs failed to plead sufficient facts to set forth an

allegation under any predicate act, they failed state a claim for relief under 18 U.S.C.

1962(c).

                                       c. Plausibility

        {¶119} The trial court, unlike this court, found that the Dottore Plaintiffs had

adequately pleaded bribery as a predicate act. The court concluded, however, that the

RICO claim as a whole “fail[ed] for want of plausibility.” The trial court extracted this

plausibility standard from Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 679, 129 S.Ct. 1937, 173 L.Ed.2d 868. In

Iqbal, the United States Supreme Court explained the standard under Fed.R.Civ.P. 8(a)(2)

for evaluating the sufficiency of claims in light of the court’s decision in Twombly, 550

U.S. at 570, 127 S.Ct. 1955, 167 L.Ed. 929, holding that the rule requires sufficient

factual matter, accepted as true, to “state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.”

The Dottore Plaintiffs argue that the plausibility standard contradicts Ohio Supreme Court

precedent holding that a “complaint should not be dismissed * * * if the allegations

provide for relief on any possible theory.” Fahnbulleh, 73 Ohio St.3d at 667, 653 N.E.2d

1186.

        {¶120} The Vorys Defendants argue that this court has adopted the plausibility

standard.    They cite Williams v. Ohio Edison, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 92840,

2009-Ohio-5702, ¶ 15, and Gallo v. Westfield Natl. Ins. Co., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No.

91893, 2009-Ohio-1094, ¶ 9.
         {¶121} This court has recited the plausibility standard in some cases. See, e.g.,

Williams, supra; Gallo, supra; Snowville Subdivision Joint Venture Phase I v. Home S. &

L. of Youngstown, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 96675, 2012-Ohio-1342, ¶ 33; Cleveland v. JP

Morgan Chase Bank, N.A., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 98656, 2013-Ohio-1035, ¶ 11 and 20;

Fink v. Twentieth Century Homes, Inc., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 94519, 2010-Ohio-5486,

¶ 24; Parsons v. Greater Cleveland Regional Transit Auth., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No.

93523, 2010-Ohio-266, ¶ 11. Yet this court more recently has cited O’Brien and its

literal “no set of facts” standard, Brown, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 99761, 2013-Ohio-4047,

¶ 13, which is inconsistent with the “plausibility” standard. See Twombly at 562-563;

Sacksteder v. Senney, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 24993, 2012-Ohio-4452, ¶ 43-46.

         {¶122} We have determined in our de novo review that the Dottore Plaintiffs

failed to allege sufficient predicate acts to adequately state even a “possible” claim for

relief under RICO.      Under these circumstances, we decline to address the Dottore

Plaintiffs’ argument that the trial court erred by reviewing the allegations under the

stricter “plausibility standard” set forth in Twombly and its progeny.

         {¶123} Accordingly, because the Dottore Plaintiffs failed to sufficiently state a

claim for a violation of the RICO statute, the trial court did not err when it granted the

motion of Vorys and its attorneys for judgment on the pleadings with respect to that

claim.

                                   2. Spoliation Claim
       {¶124} The trial court dismissed the spoliation claim after determining that none of

the other causes of actions against the Vorys Defendants could proceed. In their second

assignment of error, the Dottore Plaintiffs argue that they should be allowed to go

forward on the spoliation claim if this court reverses the trial court’s disposition with

respect to their other claims.    We are affirming the trial court’s grant of summary

judgment for the Vorys Defendants on the legal-malpractice, breach-of-contract,

breach-of-fiduciary-duty, promissory-estoppel, breach-of-confidentiality, fraud, and

civil-conspiracy claims and the judgment on the pleadings for the Vorys Defendants with

respect to the RICO claim.       Because this court is not reversing the trial court’s

disposition with respect to the other claims, we determine that the assignment of error is

meritless.

                        C. Declaratory-Judgment Counterclaim

       {¶125} In their eleventh assignment of error, the Dottore Plaintiffs argue that the

trial court erred by denying their motion to dismiss the declaratory judgment counterclaim

filed by Vorys, O’Malley, Parobek, Lonardo, and Hardymon.                 But the record

demonstrates that the trial court did not rule on that motion, and that the counterclaimants

subsequently dismissed the claim after the trial court granted the counterclaimants’

motion for summary judgment based on the statute-of-limitations defense. Because the

assignment of error is not supported by the record, we overrule it.

                           D. Claims against PNC and Duffy
       {¶126} The trial court granted PNC’s and Duffy’s motion to dismiss the spoliation

and conspiracy claims after ruling against the Dottore Plaintiffs with respect to the Vorys

Defendants’ motions for summary judgment and judgment on the pleadings. The trial

court found that the Dottore Plaintiffs had failed to allege any proper damages to recover

under the civil-conspiracy claim and that the civil- conspiracy claim could not go forward

where the related claims were time barred. Specifically, the trial court reasoned that the

Dottore Plaintiffs could not prove an essential element of the conspiracy claim — that

Vorys had committed a wrongful act independent of the conspiracy — because the

malpractice claim was time barred.

       {¶127} The trial court found that dismissal of the spoliation claim against PNC and

Duffy was appropriate where all of the other claims had been dismissed, leaving “no

claim the bank defendants could have disrupted by the destruction of evidence.”

       {¶128} As noted by PNC and Duffy, the Dottore Plaintiffs do not directly assign as

error the trial court’s grant of their motion to dismiss or the trial court’s reasoning for

granting it. The Dottore Plaintiffs do argue in their reply brief that if “any claim arising

from the Parobek Situation remains, so should PNC [and Duffy] for their entrance in the

conspiracy.” Although not required to do so, see App.R. 12(A) and 16, we construe this

language to state an assignment of error challenging the judgment for PNC and Duffy on

the conspiracy and spoliation claims.

       {¶129} However, we have upheld the trial court’s decision dismissing and barring

the other “claims arising from the Parobek situation,” and the Dottore Plaintiffs do not
challenge this part of the judgment on any other grounds. Therefore, we affirm the trial

court’s dismissal of PNC and Duffy from the lawsuit.

                   E. RICO and Spoliation Claims Against Calabrese

       {¶130} The trial court granted Calabrese’s motion for summary judgment on all

claims, including the RICO and spoliation claims. The primary basis for Calabrese’s

argument in his summary judgment motion was that the underlying acts upon which both

the spoliation and RICO claims were based occurred after he was no longer affiliated

with Vorys, and therefore he could not have committed any of the alleged underlying acts.

 As noted by Calabrese, the Dottore Plaintiffs do not challenge the trial court’s grant of

summary judgment in his favor on these claims, nor do they address the specific

arguments that Calabrese made in his summary judgment motion on these claims. Under

these circumstances, we affirm the trial court’s grant of summary judgment to Calabrese

on these claims.

                                      III. Conclusion

       {¶131} Based on our resolution of the issues, we overrule the assignments error.

Accordingly, the judgment of the trial court is affirmed.

       It is ordered that appellees recover of appellants costs herein taxed.

       The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

       It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this court directing the common

pleas court to carry this judgment into execution.
      A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27 of

the Rules of Appellate Procedure.



PENELOPE R. CUNNINGHAM, PRESIDING JUDGE*

PATRICK DINKELACKER, J.,* CONCURS;
PATRICK FISCHER, J.,* CONCURS IN PART (WITH SEPARATE OPINION)


PATRICK FISCHER, J., CONCURRING OPINION:

      {¶132} I concur wholeheartedly with the opinion above. I write separately only

regarding Count X of the amended complaint.

      {¶133} In the paragraphs of that count, the Dottore Plaintiffs failed to properly

allege the so-called “predicate acts,” the so-called “corrupt activity,” and the so-called

“enterprise,” all elements essential to a RICO violation. The allegations with respect to

Count X, which were added later in the case by amendment of the complaint, were so

deficient that I question whether the Dottore Plaintiffs and their attorney may have

violated Civ.R. 11 and R.C. 2323.51 by presenting them.

      {¶134} As we have held, this case involves nothing more than alleged professional

negligence. The Dottore Plaintiffs’ new theory presented in Count X is an exploitation

of the RICO statute, which was designed to combat organized crime. The abuse of the

civil RICO cause of action by litigants seeking to recover treble damages has not gone


         SITTING BY ASSIGNMENT: Judges Penelope R. Cunningham, Patrick Dinkelacker, and
      *


Patrick Fischer, of the First District Court of Appeals.
unnoticed, see, e.g., Nicholas L. Nybo, Note and Comment: A Three-Ring Circus: The

Exploitation of Civil RICO, How Treble Damages Cause It and Whether Rule 11 Can

Remedy the Abuse, 18 Roger Williams U.L.Rev. 19 (2013); Mitchell, Cunningham and

Lentz,   Returning    RICO    to   Racketeers:    Corporations    Cannot    Constitute   an

Associated-in-Fact Enterprise Under 18 U.S.C. § 1961(4), 13 Fordham J.Corp. & Fin.L.

1 (2008), and, in my opinion, has spiraled out of control and needs to be curtailed.

       {¶135} Therefore, in addition to upholding the dismissal and the summary
judgment for the Vorys Defendants, I would remand the cause to the trial court for further
proceedings to determine whether sanctions under Civ.R. 11 and R.C. 2323.51, and
relating only to Count X, should be entered and, if so, the extent of any such sanctions.
