[Cite as In re S.L., 2016-Ohio-5000.]




                       IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
                           THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                UNION COUNTY


IN RE:

       S.L.,                                              CASE NO. 14-15-07

ADJUDGED ABUSED AND
DEPENDENT CHILD.
                                                          OPINION
[ERICA SKAGGS - APPELLANT]


IN RE:

        A.L.,                                             CASE NO. 14-15-08

ADJUDGED DEPENDENT CHILD.
                                                          OPINION
[ERICA SKAGGS - APPELLANT]


                  Appeals from Union County Common Pleas Court
                                 Juvenile Division
                      Trial Court Nos. 21530001 and 21530002

    Judgment in Case No. 14-15-07 Affirmed in Part and Reversed in Part;
        Judgment in Case No. 14-15-08 Reversed; Causes Remanded

                              Date of Decision: July 18, 2016


APPEARANCES:

        Robert C. Petty for Appellant, Erica Skaggs
        Ashley L. Johns for Appellee
Case Nos. 14-15-07 and 14-15-08


PRESTON, J.

      {¶1} Appellant, Erica Skaggs (“Erica”), appeals the April 8, 2015 judgment

entries of disposition of the Union County Court of Common Pleas, Juvenile

Division. On appeal, Erica challenges the trial court’s March 18, 2015 judgment

entries adjudicating:   (1)   Erica’s child, S.L., an abused child under R.C.

2151.031(A) and a dependent child under R.C. 2151.04(C); and (2) Erica’s child,

A.L., a dependent child under R.C. 2151.04(C) and (D). For the reasons that

follow, we reverse in part and affirm in part the judgment in Case No. 14-15-07

and reverse the judgment in Case No. 14-15-08.

      {¶2} On January 7, 2015, appellee, the Union County Department of Job

and Family Services (“Agency”), filed a complaint alleging that S.L. is an abused

child under R.C. 2151.031(A) and a dependent child under R.C. 2151.04(C).

(Case No. 21530001, Doc. No. 1). The Agency also filed a complaint alleging

that A.L. is a dependent child under R.C. 2151.04(C) and (D).           (Case No.

21530002, Doc. No. 1). The complaints allege that S.L. and A.L. are the children

of Erica and Scott E. Lippencott (“Scott”). (Id.); (Id.). Erica is married to Joel

Skaggs (“Joel”), and they have two children, L.S. and B.S., together. (Id.); (Id.).

Joel is a stepfather to S.L. and A.L. (Id.); (Id.). According to the complaints, on

November 15, 2014, the Agency “received a report of domestic violence and

sexual abuse.” (Id.); (Id.). The complaints allege that law enforcement learned


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Case Nos. 14-15-07 and 14-15-08


during their investigation that Joel “had been inappropriately touching” S.L. (Id.);

(Id.). According to the complaints, the Agency initially “believed that Erica was

appropriately protecting” the children because she obtained an ex parte civil

protection order on November 21, 2014, barring Joel from having contact with

Erica and the four children. (Id.); (Id.). The complaints allege, however, that

Erica petitioned on December 23, 2014 to have the civil protection order

dismissed. (Id.); (Id.). The complaints continue, “[T]he Agency has concerns

about the safety of all the children in the presence of [Joel] based on the history of

domestic violence coupled with the sexual abuse of [S.L.].” (Id.); (Id.).

         {¶3} Also on January 7, 2015, the Agency filed motions for temporary

orders. (Case No. 21530001, Doc. No. 2); (Case No. 21530002, Doc. No. 2). The

trial court issued ex parte orders that day, ordering that Joel have no contact or

parenting time with S.L. and A.L. and that Joel vacate the residence.1 (Case No.

21530001, Doc. No. 9); (Case No. 21530002, Doc. No. 9). The next day, the trial

court issued temporary orders of shelter care, with the January 7, 2015 ex parte

orders remaining in effect.               (Case No. 21530001, Doc. No. 15); (Case No.

21530002, Doc. No. 15). The trial court issued additional temporary orders on

February 4, 2015, granting temporary custody of S.L. to Scott, ordering that Erica

retain custody of A.L., and granting the Agency temporary protective supervision

1
  At the time the trial court issued the ex parte orders on January 7, 2015, A.L., L.S., and B.S. were residing
in the residence occupied by Erica and Joel. (See Case No. 21530001, Doc. No. 9); (Case No. 21530002,
Doc. No. 9). S.L. was “stay[ing] with a relative in a county contiguous to Union County.” (See id.); (Id.).

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Case Nos. 14-15-07 and 14-15-08


over both children. (Case No. 21530001, Doc. No. 40); (Case No. 21530002,

Doc. No. 38).

       {¶4} On March 16 and 18, 2015, the trial court held an adjudicatory

hearing. (Mar. 16, 2015 Tr. at 4-5); (Mar. 18, 2015 Tr. at 6). (See also Case No.

21530001, Doc. No. 65); (Case No. 21530002, Doc. No. 63). At the conclusion of

the hearing, the trial court adjudicated S.L. an abused and dependent child under

R.C. 2151.031(A) and 2151.04(C), respectively, and A.L. a dependent child under

R.C. 2151.04(C) and (D).       (Mar. 18, 2015 Tr. at 48).      (See also Case No.

21530001, Doc. No. 65); (Case No. 21530002, Doc. No. 63). On the day the

adjudicatory hearing concluded, the trial court filed its judgment entries reflecting

these adjudications. (Case No. 21530001, Doc. No. 65); (Case No. 21530002,

Doc. No. 63).

       {¶5} The trial court held a dispositional hearing on March 26, 2015. (Mar.

26, 2015 Tr. at 4). (See also Case No. 21530001, Doc. No. 73); (Case No.

21530002, Doc. No. 71). At the conclusion of the dispositional hearing, the trial

court ordered that Scott have legal and physical custody of S.L. and that Erica

have legal and physical custody of A.L., with the Agency having continued

protective supervision over both children. (Mar. 26, 2015 Tr. at 74). (See also

Case No. 21530001, Doc. No. 73); (Case No. 21530002, Doc. No. 71). On April




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Case Nos. 14-15-07 and 14-15-08


8, 2015, the trial court filed its judgment entries reflecting the dispositions. (Case

No. 21530001, Doc. No. 73); (Case No. 21530002, Doc. No. 71).

       {¶6} On May 4, 2015, Erica filed her notices of appeal.             (Case No.

21530001, Doc. No. 87); (Case No. 21530002, Doc. No. 84). She raises eight

assignments of error for our review. We will address her assignments of error in

the following order: seventh; fourth; first, second, and third together; fifth; eighth;

and sixth.

                           Assignment of Error No. VII

       The Court Erred as a Matter of Law by Failing to Make
       Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law in Accordance with
       R.C. § 2151.28(L).

       {¶7} In her seventh assignment of error, Erica argues that the trial court

failed to comply with R.C. 2151.28(L), which requires that, if the trial court

determines that a child is a dependent child, the trial court incorporate that

determination into written findings of fact and conclusions of law.

       R.C. 2151.28(L) provides:

       If the court, at an adjudicatory hearing held pursuant to division (A)

       of this section upon a complaint alleging that a child is an abused,

       neglected, dependent, delinquent, or unruly child or a juvenile traffic

       offender, determines that the child is a dependent child, the court

       shall incorporate that determination into written findings of fact and


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Case Nos. 14-15-07 and 14-15-08


      conclusions of law and enter those findings of fact and conclusions

      of law in the record of the case. The court shall include in those

      findings of fact and conclusions of law specific findings as to the

      existence of any danger to the child and any underlying family

      problems that are the basis for the court’s determination that the

      child is a dependent child.

See In re A.B.C., 5th Dist. Stark No. 2010CA00087, 2011-Ohio-531, ¶ 27. By its

plain language, R.C. 2151.28(L) does not apply to adjudications of abuse or

neglect. See In re J.H., 5th Dist. Tuscarawas No. 2012 AP 10 0062, 2013-Ohio-

1423, ¶ 42.

      {¶8} In this case, as the Agency concedes, the trial court did not comply

with R.C. 2151.28(L) as to its determinations that S.L. and A.L. are dependent

children. Its judgment entries contain no findings of fact on which it based its

dependency determinations. Rather, the judgment entries simply state:

      Thereupon, the court proceeded to hear testimony as to the facts and

      circumstances of this matter. Upon evidence presented, the Court

      FINDS by clear and convincing evidence that [S.L.] is an abused

      child pursuant to R.C. 2151.031 (A) and a dependent child pursuant

      to R.C. 2151.04 (C); and [A.L.] is a dependent child pursuant to R.C.

      2151.04 (C) and (D).


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Case Nos. 14-15-07 and 14-15-08


(Emphasis sic.) (Case No. 21530001, Doc. No. 65); (Case No. 21530002, Doc.

No. 63). We hold that this recitation fails to satisfy the requirement of R.C.

2151.28(L) that the trial court make “findings of fact and conclusions of law,”

including “specific findings as to the existence of any danger to the child and any

underlying family problems that are the basis for the court’s determination that the

child is a dependent child.” See In re A.B.C. at ¶ 25-29; In re S.W., 12th Dist.

Butler Nos. CA2006-09-211 and CA2006-10-263, 2008-Ohio-1194, ¶ 7-12, 16.

       {¶9} We sustain Erica’s seventh assignment of error and, in doing so,

reverse the judgment of the trial court to the extent it determined that S.L. is a

dependent child under R.C. 2151.04(C) and that A.L. is a dependent child under

R.C. 2151.04(C) and (D). We remand these cases to the trial court to make

written findings of fact and conclusions of law that comply with R.C. 2151.28(L).

See In re S.W. at ¶ 16.

                          Assignment of Error No. IV

       The Court Erred in Finding A.L. be [sic] Dependent Pursuant to
       R.C. § 2151.04(D) When No Child Had Been So Adjudicated
       Prior to the Time of the Filing of the Complaints.

       {¶10} In her fourth assignment of error, Erica argues that “the

determination as to whether a child is dependent must be made as of the date

alleged in the complaint, not as of the date of the adjudicatory hearing.”

(Appellant’s Brief at 13). Erica argues that “[t]here was no evidence submitted at


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Case Nos. 14-15-07 and 14-15-08


the adjudication hearing that a child in the household was an abused child” at the

time the complaints were filed or even before March 18, 2015—the day on which

the trial court adjudicated S.L. abused and dependent and A.L. dependent.

       {¶11} The party seeking the adjudication bears the burden of establishing

dependency by clear and convincing evidence. In re M.H., 9th Dist. Wayne No.

09CA0028, 2009-Ohio-6911, ¶ 17; In re Savchuk Children, 180 Ohio App.3d 349,

2008-Ohio-6877, ¶ 33 (11th Dist.); In re D.W., 4th Dist. Athens No. 06CA42,

2007-Ohio-2552, ¶ 18. A trial court’s determination that a child is dependent

under R.C. 2151.04 must be supported by clear and convincing evidence. In re

B.B., 2012-Ohio-2695, at ¶ 32, citing R.C. 2151.35.         “Clear and convincing

evidence is that measure or degree of proof which will produce in the mind of the

trier of facts a firm belief or conviction as to the allegations sought to be

established.” Cross v. Ledford, 161 Ohio St. 469, 477 (1954). “[W]hen ‘the

degree of proof required to sustain an issue must be clear and convincing, a

reviewing court will examine the record to determine whether the trier of facts had

sufficient evidence before it to satisfy the requisite degree of proof.’” In re Freed

Children, 3d Dist. Hancock No. 5-08-37, 2009-Ohio-996, ¶ 26, quoting Cross at

477.    Therefore, we are required to determine whether the trial court’s

determination is supported by sufficient evidence to satisfy the clear-and-




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Case Nos. 14-15-07 and 14-15-08


convincing-evidence degree of proof. In re B.B. at ¶ 33, citing In re Adoption of

Holcomb, 18 Ohio St.3d 361, 368 (1985).

      {¶12} The trial court adjudicated A.L. dependent under R.C. 2151.04(C)

and (D). (Case No. 21530002, Doc. No. 63). Under this assignment of error,

however, Erica challenges the trial court’s adjudication only under R.C.

2151.04(D). Therefore, we need address only the trial court’s adjudication of A.L.

as dependent under R.C. 2151.04(D). See In re D.P., 10th Dist. Franklin No.

12AP-557, 2013-Ohio-177, ¶ 8.

      R.C. 2151.04 provides:

      As used in this chapter, “dependent child” means any child:

      **

      (D) To whom both of the following apply:

      (1) The child is residing in a household in which a parent,

      guardian, custodian, or other member of the household committed an

      act that was the basis for an adjudication that a sibling of the child or

      any other child who resides in the household is an abused, neglected,

      or dependent child.

      (2) Because of the circumstances surrounding the abuse, neglect, or

      dependency of the sibling or other child and the other conditions in

      the household of the child, the child is in danger of being abused or


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Case Nos. 14-15-07 and 14-15-08


      neglected by that parent, guardian, custodian, or member of the

      household.

R.C. 2151.04(D). See In re B.B., 3d Dist. Defiance No. 4-10-17, 2012-Ohio-2695,

¶ 26. A juvenile court has exclusive original jurisdiction “[c]oncerning any child

who on or about the date specified in the complaint * * * is alleged * * * to be a *

* * dependent child * * *.” R.C. 2151.23(A)(1). Accordingly, the trial court must

determine whether the child was dependent as of the date alleged in the complaint,

not as of the date of the adjudicatory hearing. In re Alexander C., 164 Ohio

App.3d 540, 2005-Ohio-6134, ¶ 8 (6th Dist.), citing R.C. 2151.23(A)(1).

      {¶13} The Agency does not dispute that on either November 15, 2014 or

the date the complaints were filed—January 7, 2015—there was no adjudication

that a sibling of or other child residing with S.L. and A.L. was abused, neglected,

or dependent based on an act of a parent or other member of the household. See

R.C. 2151.04(D)(1). Accordingly, Erica’s fourth assignment of error presents the

following issue:    whether R.C. 2151.04(D) can serve as the basis for an

adjudication of dependency notwithstanding the absence—as of the filing of the

complaint—of an adjudication of a sibling or other child in the household as

abused, neglected, or dependent based on an act of a parent or other household

member. This question appears to be one of first impression in Ohio.




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Case Nos. 14-15-07 and 14-15-08


         {¶14} Erica argues that “the determination as to whether a child is

dependent must be made as of the date alleged in the complaint” and that, under

R.C. 2151.04(D), the adjudication of abuse, neglect, or dependency must have

occurred before the filing of the complaint. (Appellant’s Brief at 7). The Agency

on appeal argues that the purpose of the juvenile court system is to provide for the

care, protection, and mental and physical development of children and that “courts

are not required to wait for harm to befall a child before acting.” (Appellee’s Brief

at 9).    For that reason, the Agency argues, it should be allowed to pursue

simultaneous adjudications of the child alleged to be dependent under R.C.

2151.04(D) and of a “sibling of the child or any other child who resides in the

household.” R.C. 2151.04(D)(1).

         {¶15} To answer the question presented under this assignment of error, we

must determine whether R.C. 2151.04(D)(1) is ambiguous. “The principles of

statutory construction require courts to first look at the specific language contained

in the statute, and, if the language is unambiguous, to then apply the clear meaning

of the words used.” Roxane Laboratories, Inc. v. Tracy, 75 Ohio St.3d 125, 127

(1996), citing Provident Bank v. Wood, 36 Ohio St.2d 101, 105-106 (1973).

“Words and phrases shall be read in context and construed according to the rules

of grammar and common usage. Words and phrases that have acquired a technical

or particular meaning, whether by legislative definition or otherwise, shall be


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Case Nos. 14-15-07 and 14-15-08


construed accordingly.” R.C. 1.42. “Statutes that are plain and unambiguous

must be applied as written without further interpretation.”            Proctor v.

Kardassilaris, 115 Ohio St.3d 71, 2007-Ohio-4838, ¶ 12, citing Lake Hosp. Sys. v.

Ohio Ins. Guar. Assn., 69 Ohio St.3d 521, 524 (1994). That is, “‘where the

language of a statute is clear and unambiguous, it is the duty of the court to

enforce the statute as written, making neither additions to the statute nor

subtractions therefrom.’” Sherwin-Williams Co. v. Dayton Freight Lines, Inc., 112

Ohio St.3d 52, 2006-Ohio-6498, ¶ 14, quoting Hubbard v. Canton City School Bd.

of Edn., 97 Ohio St.3d 451, 2002-Ohio-6718, ¶ 14.

      {¶16} We hold that R.C. 2151.04(D)(1) is unambiguous concerning the

issue presented under Erica’s fourth assignment of error. To satisfy the definition

of dependency under R.C. 2151.04(D), the child must reside in a household in

which a parent or other member of the household “committed an act that was the

basis for an adjudication” that a sibling or any other child residing in the

household is an abused, neglected, or dependent child. R.C. 2151.04(D)(1). The

word “adjudication” in this context of R.C. Chapter 2151 has a particular meaning.

An “adjudicatory hearing” is a hearing at which a trial court determines whether a

child is abused, neglected, or dependent. See R.C. 2151.28(B) and 2151.35(B)(1).

See also Juv.R. 2(B) (defining “adjudicatory hearing” as “a hearing to determine

whether a child is a juvenile traffic offender, delinquent, unruly, abused,


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Case Nos. 14-15-07 and 14-15-08


neglected, or dependent or otherwise within the jurisdiction of the court”

(emphasis added)). A trial court’s determination under R.C. Chapter 2151 that a

child is abused, neglected, or dependent constitutes an “adjudication.” See R.C.

2151.28(B) and 2151.35(B)(1). See also In re Baby Girl Baxter, 17 Ohio St.3d

229, 233 (1985), quoting Juv.R. 29(F)(2)(a); In re A.J., 10th Dist. Franklin No.

14AP-284, 2014-Ohio-5046, ¶ 26.

       {¶17} R.C. 2151.04(D)(1) refers to “an act that was the basis for an

adjudication.” (Emphasis added.) The General Assembly chose the word “was,”

which is a past-tense verb. State v. Johnson, 4th Dist. Scioto No. 07CA3158,

2008-Ohio-1369, ¶ 18. “The past tense indicates action already completed.” State

v. Halpin, 2d Dist. Clark No. 07CA78, 2008-Ohio-4136, ¶ 24. In the context of

R.C. 2151.04(D)(1), saying that an act was the basis of an adjudication requires

there to have been a past adjudication. In other words, for an act to have been the

basis for an adjudication, there must have been a prior adjudication that a sibling

or other child residing in the household is an abused, neglected, or dependent

child. See In re M.P., 2d Dist. Greene No. 2011 CA 71, 2012-Ohio-2334, ¶ 15

(concerning R.C. 3109.04, the statute governing the allocation of parental rights

and responsibilities in domestic-relations cases, “[t]he use of the past tense by the

General Assembly means that a modification may be ordered only after a move

from the state has already occurred”). Had the General Assembly intended to


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Case Nos. 14-15-07 and 14-15-08


allow simultaneous adjudications—as the Agency argues—it would have used

present-tense, not past-tense, language. See Lucas Cty. Commrs. v. Pub. Utilities

Com'n of Ohio, 80 Ohio St.3d 344, 347 (1997). Accordingly, because, under R.C.

2151.23(A)(1), the determination of dependency is made as of the date alleged in

the complaint, the plain and unambiguous language of R.C. 2151.04(D)(1)

requires that “a sibling of the child or any other child who resides in the

household” be adjudicated abused, neglected, or dependent before the complaint is

filed.

         {¶18} The Agency acknowledges that this issue appears to be one of first

impression in Ohio. Nevertheless, the Agency cites in support of its argument

cases in which it appears that there may have been no prior adjudications of abuse,

neglect, or dependency at the time the complaints were filed in those cases.

(Appellee’s Brief at 4, citing In re Rossantelli, 5th Dist. Delaware No.

01CAF12072, 2002 WL 999301, *1 (May 13, 2002); In re Yeager/Reardon

Children, 5th Dist. Tuscarawas No. 2001 AP 03 0024, 2002 WL 253815, *1 (Feb.

20, 2002); In re Atkins, 7th Dist. Carroll Nos. 705 and 706, 2001 WL 275193, *1

(Mar. 7, 2001); In Matter of Surfer, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 97APF09-1158, 1998

WL 231012, *4 (May 7, 1998); In re J.D., 5th Dist. Richland No. 12-CA-108,

2013-Ohio-2187, ¶ 26). However, as the Agency concedes, the issue presented

under Erica’s fourth assignment of error was not an issue in those appeals, and


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those opinions lack analysis of the issue. What is more, at least two of the cases

cited by the Agency involved dependency determinations under multiple

subsections of R.C. 2151.04—not R.C. 2151.04(D) alone. See In re Rossantelli at

*1; In re J.D. at ¶ 20.

       {¶19} Just as the Agency cites cases in support of its proposition that a

simultaneous adjudication has been pursued successfully in other districts, dicta

from other cases is consistent with our conclusion that R.C. 2151.04(D)(1)

requires an adjudication predating the filing of the complaint. See In re B.B.,

2012-Ohio-2695, at ¶ 27 (stating that R.C. 2151.04(D) “expressly considers the

parent’s conduct regarding prior dependencies” (emphasis added)); State ex rel.

Swanson v. Hague, 11th Dist. Ashtabula No. 2009-A-0053, 2010-Ohio-4200, ¶ 27,

fn. 1 (noting that, for R.C. 2151.04(D) to apply, “the child in question must have a

sibling who has already been adjudicated as a neglected, abused or dependent

child” (emphasis added)); In re T.P.-M., 9th Dist. Summit No. 24199, 2008-Ohio-

6437, ¶ 15 (“R.C. 2151.04(D) * * * requires that a member of the child’s present

household committed an act that was the basis of the prior adjudication.”

(Emphasis added.)); In re W.C., 9th Dist. Summit No. 22356, 2005-Ohio-2968, ¶

18 (“[W]ith the addition of R.C. 2151.04(D), the legislature considered a parent’s

prior history with a child welfare agency significant in regard to a determination

that a subsequent child might be dependent.” (Emphasis added.)).


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       {¶20} For the reasons above, we conclude that, for a child to be found

dependent under R.C. 2151.04(D), R.C. 2151.04(D)(1) plainly and unambiguously

requires that a sibling of the child or any other child who resides in the household

be adjudicated abused, neglected, or dependent before the complaint is filed. In

A.L.’s case, Erica is correct that no evidence was presented at trial that a sibling of

A.L. or any other child residing in the household was adjudicated abused,

neglected, or dependent before the complaint was filed on January 7, 2015.

Rather, the Agency points out that the trial court adjudicated S.L. abused on

March 18, 2015, “in the same hearing that it found A.L. dependent pursuant to

R.C[.] 2151.04(D).” (Appellee’s Brief at 9). The Agency argues that the trial

court properly based its dependency adjudication of A.L. on the simultaneous

March 18, 2015 adjudication of S.L. The Agency’s position is contrary to the

plain and unambiguous language of R.C. 2151.04(D) and erroneous. Accordingly,

the Agency failed to prove by clear and convincing evidence that “a parent,

guardian, custodian, or other member of the household committed an act that was

the basis for an adjudication that a sibling of the child or any other child who

resides in the household is an abused, neglected, or dependent child.” (Emphasis

added.) R.C. 2151.04(D)(1). Therefore, the trial court’s adjudication of A.L. as




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dependent under R.C. 2151.03(D) is not supported by sufficient evidence to satisfy

the clear-and-convincing-evidence degree of proof.2

        {¶21} Erica’s fourth assignment of error is sustained.

                                 Assignment of Error No. I

        The Court Erred in Allowing the Testimony of Jennifer
        Westgate Regarding Hearsay Statements Made to Her by S.L.

                                 Assignment of Error No. II

        The Court Erred in Allowing the Testimony of Alonna Watkins
        Regarding Hearsay Statements Made to Her by Either S.L. or
        E.S.

                                Assignment of Error No. III

        The Court Erred in Admitting an Unredacted Recording of the
        Testimony of E.S. in the Ex Parte Hearing of November 24, 2014
        Including Hearsay Statements Made to Her by S.L.

        {¶22} In her first, second, and third assignments of error, Erica argues that

the trial court abused its discretion by admitting certain evidence at the

adjudicatory hearing.         Specifically, she argues that the trial court improperly

allowed the hearsay testimony of a Child Advocacy Center social worker and an

Agency intake investigator and the admission of a video recording of a hearing in

another case in which Erica requested an ex parte civil protection order.



2
 For a child to be dependent under R.C. 2151.04(D), both subsections—R.C. 2151.04(D)(1) and (2)—must
apply. See R.C. 2151.04(D). Based on our conclusion that the Agency failed to clearly and convincingly
prove R.C. 2151.04(D)(1), we need not and do not consider R.C. 2151.04(D)(2). See In re A.W., 195 Ohio
App.3d 379, 2011-Ohio-4490, ¶ 20 (9th Dist.).

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      {¶23} Adjudicatory hearings require strict adherence to the Rules of

Evidence. In re Beebe, 3d Dist. Allen No. 1-02-84, 2003-Ohio-1888, ¶ 10, citing

In re Baby Girl Baxter, 17 Ohio St.3d 229, 233 (1985). “Accordingly, hearsay is

not admissible in an adjudicatory hearing unless the statement falls within a

recognized exception to the hearsay rule.” In re O.H., 9th Dist. Summit No.

25761, 2011-Ohio-5632, ¶ 21, citing Evid.R. 802. Hearsay is “a statement, other

than one made by the declarant while testifying at the trial or hearing, offered in

evidence to prove the truth of the matter asserted.” Evid.R. 801(C). “Under

Evid.R. 802, hearsay is inadmissible unless it falls within an exception provided

by the rules of evidence.”    Secy. of Veterans Affairs v. Leonhardt, 3d Dist.

Crawford No. 3-14-04, 2015-Ohio-931, ¶ 40.

      {¶24} “The trial court has broad discretion concerning the admissibility of

evidence.” Id. at ¶ 39, citing Beard v. Meridia Huron Hosp., 106 Ohio St.3d 237,

2005-Ohio-4787, ¶ 20. “A decision to admit or exclude evidence will be upheld

absent an abuse of discretion.” Beard at ¶ 20, citing O’Brien v. Angley, 63 Ohio

St.2d 159, 164-165 (1980). An abuse of discretion suggests the trial court’s

decision is unreasonable, arbitrary, or unconscionable. Blakemore v. Blakemore, 5

Ohio St.3d 217, 219 (1983). “Even in the event of an abuse of discretion, a

judgment will not be disturbed unless the abuse affected the substantial rights of




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Case Nos. 14-15-07 and 14-15-08


the adverse party or is inconsistent with substantial justice.” Beard at ¶ 20, citing

O’Brien at 164-165.

       {¶25} First, Erica argues that the trial court abused its discretion by

allowing Jennifer Westgate (“Westgate”), a social worker employed at the Child

Advocacy Center at Children’s Hospital, to testify to statements S.L. made to her.

(Mar. 18, 2015 Tr. at 9). The Agency concedes that this testimony by Westgate is

hearsay, but it argues that the trial court properly allowed the testimony under

Evid.R. 803(4), the hearsay exception for statements for purposes of medical

diagnosis or treatment.

       Evid.R. 803(4) provides:

       The following are not excluded by the hearsay rule, even though the

       declarant is available as a witness:

       ***

       Statements made for purposes of medical diagnosis or treatment and

       describing medical history, or past or present symptoms, pain, or

       sensations, or the inception or general character of the cause or

       external source thereof insofar as reasonably pertinent to diagnosis

       or treatment.

In State v. Dever, the Supreme Court of Ohio held, “Statements made by a child

during a medical examination identifying the perpetrator of sexual abuse, if made


                                         -19-
Case Nos. 14-15-07 and 14-15-08


for purpose of diagnosis [or] treatment, are admissible pursuant to Evid.R. 803(4),

when such statements are made for the purposes enumerated in that rule.” 64 Ohio

St.3d 401 (1992), paragraph two of the syllabus. “The salient inquiry is whether

the child’s statements were made for purposes of diagnosis [or] treatment rather

than for some other purpose.” State v. Gutierrez, 3d Dist. Hancock No. 5-10-14,

2011-Ohio-3126, ¶ 52, citing State v. Muttart, 116 Ohio St.3d 5, 2007-Ohio-5267,

¶ 47. “Hearsay statements made to a social worker may be admissible if they are

made for purposes of medical diagnosis or treatment.” (Emphasis sic.) State v.

Goings, 3d Dist. Logan No. 8-11-03, 2012-Ohio-1793, ¶ 19, citing Muttart at ¶ 15,

56, State v. Chappell, 97 Ohio App.3d 515, 530-531 (8th Dist.1994), and State v.

Reigle, 3d Dist. Hancock No. 5-2000-14, 2000 WL 1682520, *8-10 (Nov. 9, 2000).

       {¶26} As we explained in In re Weatherholt,

       The question of whether a social worker should be permitted to

       testify pursuant to Evid.R. 803(4) depends upon the functions of the

       witness. If the social worker encountered the victim for the purpose

       of diagnosis or treatment, then the evidence may be admissible.

       However, if the statement was made during the course of a fact-

       finding or investigatory procedure, Evid.R. 803(4) is not applicable.

3d Dist. Seneca No. 13-99-31, 2000 WL 126662, *5 (Feb. 4, 2000), citing

Chappell at 531, 534. In other words, “a court must look to the function of the


                                        -20-
Case Nos. 14-15-07 and 14-15-08


particular social worker to determine whether or not it was permissible for the

social worker to testify concerning statements under Evid.R. 803(4).”           In re

M.E.G., 10th Dist. Franklin No. 06AP-1256, 2007-Ohio-4308, ¶ 27, citing State v.

Edinger, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 05AP-31, 2006-Ohio-1527, ¶ 62. “The trial

court’s consideration of the purpose of the child’s statements will depend on the

facts of the particular case.” Goings at ¶ 20, citing Muttart at ¶ 49. “‘At a

minimum, * * * a nonexhaustive list of considerations includes [:]’ (1) whether the

child was questioned in a leading or suggestive manner; (2) whether a motive to

fabricate, such as a custody battle, existed; (3) whether the child understood the

need to tell medical personnel the truth; (4) the child’s age; and (5) the consistency

of the child’s declarations.” Id., quoting Muttart at ¶ 49 and citing State v. Lukacs,

188 Ohio App.3d 597, 2010-Ohio-2364, ¶ 7 (1st Dist.).

       {¶27} At the adjudicatory hearing, Westgate explained that, in her position,

she acts either as a forensic interviewer or a health advocate:

       [Agency Counsel]: And what are your duties in that capacity?

       [Westgate]:          So if I am in the role of a forensic interviewer,

                            what I will do is interview children when there

                            are concerns or allegations for physical or

                            sexual abuse.       If I’m a health advocate

                            (INAUDIBLE), my job would be to conduct a


                                        -21-
Case Nos. 14-15-07 and 14-15-08


                            separate social interview with the care giver

                            during the course of the interview, provide

                            mental health recommendations, be part of the

                            (INAUDIBLE).

       [Agency Counsel]: And are you ever involved in both of those

                            capacities or are you usually just one or the

                            other?

       [Westgate]:          One or the other on any given case.

(Mar. 18, 2015 Tr. at 9-10). Westgate described the procedure that alleged child

victims encounter at the Child Advocacy Center. (Id. at 10-13). Westgate then

testified to statements S.L. made to her regarding instances in which Joel sexually

abused her.    (Id. at 16-19).   In overruling Erica’s counsel’s objection to the

hearsay, the trial court stated, “It’s a statement for purposes of medical diagnosis

and treatment.” (Id. at 16). When the Agency’s counsel asked Westgate what she

did with the information S.L. told her, Westgate responded,

       So that information was shared with the multi-disciplinary team

       which included the medical professional [sic], on the case, I believe

       was Dr. Brink and Dr. Ruth. And then they went from [sic] their

       exam.   We also made some recommendations for mental health

       services. I believe that in my report and also in another health


                                       -22-
Case Nos. 14-15-07 and 14-15-08


       advocate’s report we reported that [S.L.] should get child abuse

       therapy.

(Id. at 19-20).

       {¶28} Erica argues, “There is no testimony regarding the circumstances

under which S.L. made the statements which Ms. Westgate repeated to the court.”

(Appellant’s Brief at 9). We disagree. We can discern from the context of the

entirety of Westgate’s testimony why the trial court concluded that the Evid.R.

803(4) hearsay exception applies to Westgate’s testimony. Although Westgate

never explicitly stated that she acted as a health advocate—as opposed to a

forensic interviewer—in the case of S.L., she stated that she shared the

information from S.L. with a “multi-disciplinary team which included the medical

professional” and “made some recommendations for mental health services.”

(Mar. 18, 2015 Tr. at 19-20).     This aligns with Westgate’s earlier testimony

concerning her role when acting as a health advocate, as opposed to a forensic

interviewer. (See id. at 9-10). In addition, Westgate is a social worker employed

by the Child Advocacy Center at Children’s Hospital, as opposed to being

employed by the county. See State v. Edinger, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 05AP-31,

2006-Ohio-1527, ¶ 63.

       {¶29} Ohio courts have concluded that a social worker acting in this type of

role may testify under Evid.R. 803(4) to the victim’s out-of-court statements. See


                                       -23-
Case Nos. 14-15-07 and 14-15-08


In re M.E.G., 2007-Ohio-4308, at ¶ 27-29 (“After the interview, [the social

worker] verbally communicated the information to [the medical doctor] ‘to make

sure he had all the information he needed for his medical diagnosis and treatment’

and to the mental health advocate and children’s services professionals who were

present.”); State v. Bowers, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-150024, 2016-Ohio-904, ¶

23-24 (“Especially after [the child victim] revealed allegations of vaginal rape in

the shower, the questions asked by the social worker were clearly asked to assess

her medical safety, and [the child victim] underwent a physical examination after

the interview.”); State v. Jones, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 83481, 2004-Ohio-5205, ¶

28 (“[P]rior to [the social worker] testifying about the victim’s statements, the

State properly laid a foundation that [the social worker] was acting as part of a

medical team when taking the victim’s statements and that her interview was an

integral part of the medical examination.”).

       {¶30} Nothing in the nonexhaustive list of reliability considerations set

forth in Muttart indicates that S.L.’s statements are unreliable. First, there is no

indication that Westgate questioned S.L. in a leading manner.          See State v.

Tebelman, 3d Dist. Putnam No. 12-09-01, 2010-Ohio-481, ¶ 42. To the contrary,

Westgate testified, “So we would typically ask open-ended questions depending

on the age of the child and where they’re at in their disclosure process.” (Mar. 18,

2015 Tr. at 11). Second, as Erica points out in her brief, “There is no indication of


                                        -24-
Case Nos. 14-15-07 and 14-15-08


what S.L.’s motivation was in making the statement.” (Appellant’s Brief at 9).

See Tebelman at ¶ 42. Third, it appears from the record that Westgate impresses

on the children she interviews the need to tell the truth. (See Mar. 18, 2015 Tr. at

11). Fourth, at the time S.L. presented at the Child Advocacy Center, she was 15

years old. (Id. at 16). Finally, although Westgate declined to testify to S.L.’s

“veracity one way or the other,” Westgate testified that S.L. “gave history

consistent with sexual abuse.” (Id. at 24). Moreover, nothing in S.L.’s actions or

responses made Westgate question whether S.L. was telling the truth. (Id.).

      {¶31} Erica relies heavily on Reigle in support of her argument that

Westgate’s testimony is not admissible under Evid.R. 803(4).              Reigle is

distinguishable from this case. In that case, this court concluded that statements

made to a social worker did not qualify as statements made for purposes of

medical diagnosis or treatment under Evid.R. 803(4). Reigle, 2000 WL 1682520,

at *9. Unlike Westgate, who is a hospital employee, the social worker in Reigle

was “employed by the Hancock County Department of Human Services.” Id.

Also unlike Westgate, the social worker in that case made “references numerous

times” “[t]hroughout her testimony” “to her job as a ‘risk assessor’ and

‘investigator.’” Id. The social worker in Reigle “constantly refer[red] to her

contact with the two victims * * * as an ‘investigation.’” Id. She also “testified

that her office was affiliated with the police department and the sheriff’s


                                       -25-
Case Nos. 14-15-07 and 14-15-08


department and at the appropriate time during the ‘investigation’ the police are

notified.” Id. While Westgate, like the social worker in Reigle, did not diagnose

or treat the victim, her purpose as a health advocate was to report to the medical

team and make recommendations. On the other hand, the social worker in Reigle

was engaged in a fact-finding investigation and happened to “eventually

recommend treatment.” Id. In short, Reigle is distinguishable and not controlling

in this case.

       {¶32} For the reasons above, we conclude that the trial court did not abuse

its discretion in allowing Westgate’s testimony under Evid.R. 803(4).

       {¶33} Erica next argues that the trial court abused its discretion in allowing

testimony of an intake investigator for the Agency, Alonna Watkins (“Watkins”).

Watkins testified concerning her involvement when a detective interviewed S.L. at

the police station:

       [Agency Counsel]: And with regard to you – you got two reports

                            then. One was about (INAUDIBLE). Did you

                            speak to Miss Skaggs about the sexual abuse

                            allegation?

       [Watkins]:           Yes, I did. After the Child Advocacy Center

                            appointment was done, the Detective wanted to

                            meet with her and [S.L.] again. So they went to


                                          -26-
Case Nos. 14-15-07 and 14-15-08


                            the police station and Detective Kleiber

                            requested that I be there as well. So I was a part

                            of all those conversations. And (INAUDIBLE)

                            talked about sexual abuse of [S.L.] by Scott.

                            I’m sorry. (INAUDIBLE) sorry. Joel.           My

                            apologies. And talking about how the abuse

                            started about the time she was 13.

(Mar. 16, 2015 Tr. at 22-23). At that point, Erica’s counsel made a hearsay

objection, arguing that Watkins was “retelling statements of [S.L.] pertaining to

the interviews which again are being offered for the truth of the matter asserted.”

(Id. at 23). The trial court overruled the objection, stating, “At this point in time

she hasn’t said, [S.L.] said this. * * * And we don’t know whether that came from

her knowledge of it or the child’s statement.” (Id.).

       {¶34} As the trial court suggested, it is unclear whether Erica or S.L. made

the out-of-court statements to which Watkins testified.          We assume without

deciding that Watkins’s testimony was improper hearsay evidence and that the

trial court abused its discretion by admitting it. “‘[T]he erroneous admission or

exclusion of hearsay, cumulative to properly admitted testimony, constitutes

harmless error.’” In re H.D.D., 10th Dist. Franklin Nos. 12AP-134, 12AP-135,

12AP-136, 12AP-137, 12AP-146, 12AP-147, 12AP-148, 12AP-149, 2012-Ohio-


                                        -27-
Case Nos. 14-15-07 and 14-15-08


6160, ¶ 45, quoting State v. Hogg, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 11AP-50, 2011-Ohio-

6454, ¶ 46. See also In re J.T., 3d Dist. Seneca No. 13-07-31, 2008-Ohio-1650, ¶

25-27, citing Civ.R. 61.

       {¶35} The purportedly improper hearsay testimony of Watkins is

cumulative to Westgate’s admissible testimony.        As we previously discussed,

Westgate properly testified to statements S.L. made to her regarding instances in

which Joel sexually abused her. (Mar. 18, 2015 Tr. at 16-19). Concerning S.L.’s

age at the time the abuse began, Westgate testified that S.L. told her that “it’s been

going on for three years.” (Id. at 16). At the time Westgate spoke with S.L., S.L.

was 15 years old. (Id.). Therefore, Watkins’s testimony concerning Joel sexually

abusing S.L. and concerning S.L.’s age at the time of the abuse was cumulative to

Westgate’s properly admitted testimony. Accordingly, we conclude that, even

assuming the trial court abused its discretion in admitting Watkins’s testimony, the

admission of that testimony was harmless error. See In re H.D.D. at ¶ 45-46; In re

C.E., 3d Dist. Marion No. 9-10-32, 2010-Ohio-4410, ¶ 41; In re Davis, 3d Dist.

Allen No. 1-2000-69, 2000 WL 1783571, *4 (Dec. 6, 2000). See also In re J.T. at

¶ 27, citing Civ.R. 61.

       {¶36} Finally, Erica argues that the trial court improperly admitted an

unredacted version of the video recording of a hearing concerning Erica’s request

in the Union County Court of Common Pleas for an ex parte civil protection order.


                                        -28-
Case Nos. 14-15-07 and 14-15-08


When the Agency introduced the unredacted video of the ex-parte-civil-

protection-order hearing, Erica’s counsel objected to the admission of Erica’s

statements in the video in which she recites statements S.L. made to her. (Mar. 16,

2015 Tr. at 17). Erica’s counsel asked that those statements “be redacted and not

admitted.” (Id.). The Agency argued, as it does on appeal, that Erica’s recitation

of S.L.’s statements are not hearsay because they were offered “to provide context

to [Erica’s] state of mind” rather than for the truth of the matter asserted.

(Appellee’s Brief at 6).     The trial court overruled the objection without

explanation, and the video was played in its entirety. (Mar. 16, 2015 Tr. at 18,

38). However, at the time the Agency moved for the admission of the unredacted

video into evidence, Erica’s counsel did not object to its admission and instead

stated, “I have no objection to any of [the State’s] exhibits. * * * Again, no

objections to the admission of any of the State’s (INAUDIBLE).” (Mar. 18, 2015

Tr. at 30).

       {¶37} “Generally, when a party fails to renew an objection at the time

exhibits are admitted into evidence, that party waives the ability to raise the

admission as error on appeal, unless plain error is shown.” Odita v. Phillips, 10th

Dist. Franklin No. 09AP-1172, 2010-Ohio-4321, ¶ 56, citing Nicula v. Nicula, 8th

Dist. Cuyahoga No. 84049, 2009-Ohio-2114.




                                       -29-
Case Nos. 14-15-07 and 14-15-08


       “In appeals of civil cases, the plain error doctrine is not favored and

       may be applied only in the extremely rare case involving exceptional

       circumstances where error, to which no objection was made at the

       trial court, seriously affects the basic fairness, integrity, or public

       reputation of the judicial process, thereby challenging the legitimacy

       of the underlying judicial process itself.”

Am. Builders & Contrs. Supply Co. v. Frank’s Roofing, Inc., 3d Dist. Marion No.

9-11-41, 2012-Ohio-4661, ¶ 17, quoting Goldfuss v. Davidson, 79 Ohio St.3d 116

(1997), syllabus.

       {¶38} Erica waived all but plain error as to the admission of the unredacted

video of the ex-parte-civil-protection-order hearing. The circumstances of this

case are not exceptional and do not give rise to plain error. Erica does not specify

which statements in the hearing video were improperly admitted into evidence;

however, she argues that the statements occur “at 3:59, 6:04, and 14:32 through

16:06 of the recording.” (Appellant’s Brief at 11). We have reviewed the hearing

video, including Erica’s testimony at those time intervals. The statements by S.L.

to which Erica testifies in the video are cumulative of Westgate’s properly

admitted testimony. At the ex-parte-civil-protection-order hearing, Erica testified

that S.L. told her: (1) that Joel sexually molested S.L. for the past three years; (2)

that, contrary to S.L.’s initial assertion to Erica, Joel was not removing a splinter


                                         -30-
Case Nos. 14-15-07 and 14-15-08


from S.L. when Erica walked into the barn and saw S.L. with her shirt raised and

Joel’s hands near S.L.’s breasts; and (3) that when Joel was working on a dress for

S.L., Joel would have S.L. come upstairs and get naked, and he would touch her.

(State’s Ex. 2).

       {¶39} Westgate similarly testified that S.L. told her: (1) that Joel molested

S.L. for the past three years; (2) that Erica walked into the barn as she was lifting

her shirt up at Joel’s direction; and (3) that, in the course of Joel helping her make

a dress, “he had touched her breasts on top of skin.” (Mar. 18, 2015 Tr. at 16-19).

Therefore, Erica’s testimony at the ex-parte-civil-protection-order hearing is

cumulative to Westgate’s testimony at the adjudicatory hearing. See In re Davis,

2000 WL 1783571, at *4. Moreover, Westgate testified to S.L.’s description of

additional instances of sexual abuse by Joel to which Erica did not testify at the

ex-parte-civil-protection-order hearing. (Mar. 18, 2015 Tr. at 18).

       {¶40} For these reasons, we conclude, without addressing whether Erica’s

testimony concerning S.L.’s out-of-court statements are hearsay, that it was not

plain error for the trial court to admit in its entirety the video recording of the ex-

parte-civil-protection-order hearing. See Matter of Mosley, 12th Dist. Butler No.

CA93-06-111, 1994 WL 144322, *2 (Apr. 25, 1994).

       {¶41} Erica’s first, second, and third assignments of error are overruled.




                                         -31-
Case Nos. 14-15-07 and 14-15-08


                           Assignment of Error No. V

       The Trial Court’s Decision Determining that S.L. was an
       Abused Child Pursuant to R.C. § 2151.031(A) was Against the
       Manifest Weight of the Evidence and Not Proven by Clear and
       Convincing Evidence.

       {¶42} In her fifth assignment of error, Erica argues that the trial court’s

adjudication of S.L. as abused is against the manifest weight of the evidence.

Specifically, she argues that without the allegedly improper hearsay evidence that

we discussed above in addressing Erica’s first, second, and third assignments of

error, “[t]he only other evidence which supported the allegations of abuse were

statements made by [Erica] regarding an incident in the barn in which [Erica]

witnessed S.L. lifting her shirt in the presence of [Joel].” (Appellant’s Brief at

16).   Erica argues, “This sole incident, even if not wholly ambiguous is

insufficient to meet the required clear and convincing standard of proof and the

court’s determination that S.L. was an abused child pursuant to R.C. §2151.031(A)

is against the manifest weight of the evidence.” (Id.).

       {¶43} In reviewing a trial court’s adjudication of a child as abused, we will

not reverse the judgment of the trial court as being against the manifest weight of

the evidence if the judgment is “supported by some competent, credible evidence

going to all the essential elements of the case.” In re Freed Children, 2009-Ohio-

996, at ¶ 25, citing C.E. Morris Co. v. Foley Const. Co., 54 Ohio St.2d 279, 280

(1978). As we noted above, the party seeking the adjudication bears the burden of

                                        -32-
Case Nos. 14-15-07 and 14-15-08


establishing dependency by clear and convincing evidence. In re M.H., 2009-

Ohio-6911, at ¶ 17; In re Savchuk Children, 180 Ohio App.3d 349, 2008-Ohio-

6877, at ¶ 33; In re D.W., 2007-Ohio-2552, at ¶ 18.          “‘[W]hen reviewing a

judgment under a manifest-weight-of-the-evidence standard, a court has an

obligation to presume that the findings of the trier of fact are correct.’” In re

Freed Children at ¶ 25, quoting State v. Wilson, 113 Ohio St.3d 382, 2007-Ohio-

2202, ¶ 24, citing Seasons Coal Co., Inc. v. Cleveland, 10 Ohio St.3d 77, 80-81

(1984). “Mere disagreement over the credibility of witnesses or evidence is not

sufficient reason to reverse a judgment.” Id., citing Wilson at ¶ 24.

       {¶44} The Agency alleged in its complaint that S.L. is an abused child

under R.C. 2151.031(A).       (Case No. 21530001, Doc. No. 1).          That statute

provides:

       As used in this chapter, an “abused child” includes any child who:

       (A) Is the victim of “sexual activity” as defined under Chapter

       2907. of the Revised Code, where such activity would constitute an

       offense under that chapter, except that the court need not find that

       any person has been convicted of the offense in order to find that the

       child is an abused child * * *.

R.C. 2151.031(A). R.C. 2907.01(C) provides, “‘Sexual activity’ means sexual

conduct or sexual contact, or both.”      Relevant to this case, R.C. 2907.01(B)


                                         -33-
Case Nos. 14-15-07 and 14-15-08


provides, “‘Sexual contact’ means any touching of an erogenous zone of another,

including without limitation the thigh, genitals, buttock, pubic region, or, if the

person is a female, a breast, for the purpose of sexually arousing or gratifying

either person.”

       {¶45} Erica’s argument that the trial court’s adjudication of S.L. as abused

is against the manifest weight of the evidence is premised on her argument—under

her first, second, and third assignments of error—that the trial court improperly

admitted hearsay evidence. We rejected those arguments above and overruled

Erica’s first, second, and third assignments of error. Moreover, the trial court’s

adjudication of S.L. as abused is supported by some competent, credible evidence

going to all the essential elements of the case.        Specifically, there is some

competent, credible evidence supporting the trial court’s conclusion that S.L. was

the victim of sexual contact, which is included in the definition of sexual activity.

       {¶46} Westgate, whose testimony the trial court properly admitted, testified

that S.L., who is a female, informed her of an instance when Joel “touched her

breasts on top of skin” while he was helping S.L. make a dress. (Mar. 18, 2015

Tr. at 19). Westgate also testified that S.L. told her that, during camping trips “to

the middle of nowhere,” Joel “would ask her to take all of her clothes off. And

then he would use her makeup to draw tattoos on her chest and her vaginal area.”

(Id. at 18). Westgate testified, “[S.L.] said he’d use his fingers to do that. So his


                                         -34-
Case Nos. 14-15-07 and 14-15-08


fingers touching her chest and her vaginal area.” (Id.). This testimony is some

competent, credible evidence supporting the conclusions that Joel touched

erogenous zones of S.L.—namely, her breasts and pubic region—and that S.L.

was therefore the victim of sexual activity, which includes sexual contact, where

such activity would constitute an offense under R.C. Chapter 2907. Erica argues

that the incident in the barn “is insufficient to meet the required clear and

convincing standard of proof.” (Appellant’s Brief at 16). However, even ignoring

all evidence related to the incident in the barn, there is some competent, credible

evidence supporting the trial court’s judgment.

      {¶47} For these reasons, the trial court’s adjudication of S.L. as abused is

not against the manifest weight of the evidence.

      {¶48} Erica’s fifth assignment of error is overruled.

                         Assignment of Error No. VIII

      The Juvenile Court failed to Comply with Juv. R. 37(A)
      Requiring the Court to Make a Record of Adjudicatory and
      Dispositional Proceedings in Abuse and Dependency cases.

      {¶49} In her eighth assignment of error, Erica argues that the trial court

failed to satisfy its obligation under Juv.R. 37(A) to make a record of the

adjudicatory hearing.     Specifically, Erica argues that, because the term

“(INAUDIBLE)” appears 149 times in the March 16 and 18, 2015 transcripts of

the adjudicatory hearing—along with other instances in the proceedings “where


                                       -35-
Case Nos. 14-15-07 and 14-15-08


the record is inaudible”—“a proper consideration of the testimony and lower court

proceedings is not possible nor can this court presume the regularity of the trial

court proceedings.” (Appellant’s Brief at 19, 21). The Agency argues, “As there

is no difficulty in understanding the development of the proceedings regarding the

facts at issue, there is no violation of Juv. R. 37(A).” (Appellee’s Brief at 14).

       {¶50} Juv.R. 37(A) provides, “The juvenile court shall make a record of

adjudicatory and dispositional proceedings in abuse, neglect, dependent, unruly,

and delinquent cases * * *. * * * The record shall be taken in shorthand, stenotype,

or by any other adequate mechanical, electronic, or video recording device.” See

In re B.E., 102 Ohio St.3d 388, 2004-Ohio-3361, ¶ 7-8. “Clearly, Juv.R. 37 places

primary responsibility upon the juvenile court to record proceedings in these types

of cases. Thus, a juvenile court must take whatever steps are necessary to ensure

that it records its proceedings.” In re B.E. at ¶ 12.

       {¶51} “‘Although failure to make any record of adjudicatory and

dispositional proceedings clearly violates Juv.R. 37(A), failure to create a

complete record does not always violate the rule.’” (Emphasis sic.) In re L.P.R.,

11th Dist. Lake No. 2010-L-144, 2012-Ohio-1671, ¶ 30, quoting In re Mitchell,

11th Dist. Lake Nos. 2002-L-078 and 2002-L-079, 2003-Ohio-4102, ¶ 26. “When

a trial court records an entire proceeding that results with portions of the record

being inaudible, there is no violation of Juv.R. 37(A) so long as there is no


                                         -36-
Case Nos. 14-15-07 and 14-15-08


difficulty in fully understanding the development of the proceedings regarding the

facts at issue.” In re D.C.J., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 97681, 2012-Ohio-4154, ¶

13, citing In re L.P.R. at ¶ 33-35 and In re Mitchell at ¶ 26-30.

       {¶52} The record reflects that the trial court recorded the entirety of the

proceedings. Although the record contains a number of instances where the term

“(INAUDIBLE)” appears, there is no difficulty in fully understanding the

development of the proceedings regarding the facts at issue. See In re D.C.J. at ¶

14. Therefore, we conclude that the trial court did not violate Juv.R. 37(A). See

id. at ¶ 11, 14 (concluding that the trial court did not violate Juv.R. 37(A)

notwithstanding the arguments of the appellants “that there were 148 ‘inaudibles’

in the voluminous transcript of proceedings in the trial court, that portions of the

transcript are inaccurate and unintelligible, and that a lengthy speaking objection is

missing from the transcript”). This case is easily distinguishable from In re C.S., a

case Erica cites in which the transcript of the audible portions of the proceedings

was “intertwined with literally thousands of spots marked ‘inaudible.’” 9th Dist.

Medina Nos. 04CA0044 and 04CA0045, 2004-Ohio-6078, ¶ 4.

       {¶53} Erica’s eighth assignment of error is overruled.

                           Assignment of Error No. VI

       The Trial Court’s Decision Determining that A.L. was a
       Dependent Child Pursuant to R.C. § 2151.04(D)(1) and (2) was
       Against the Manifest Weight of the Evidence and Not Proven by
       Clear and Convincing Evidence.

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Case Nos. 14-15-07 and 14-15-08



       {¶54} In her sixth assignment of error, Erica argues that R.C.

2151.04(D)(1) and (2) were not satisfied as to A.L. because “at the time of the

filing of the Complaint no child within [Erica’s] household had been adjudicated

abused or dependent” and because “the Court did not have sufficient evidence to

determine that the requirements of R.C. § 2151.04(D)(2) were satisfied.”

(Appellant’s Brief at 17).   In light of our decision to sustain Erica’s fourth

assignment of error, Erica’s sixth assignment of error is rendered moot, and we

decline to address it. App.R. 12(A)(1)(c). See also In re K.M., 3d Dist. Shelby

No. 17-11-15, 2011-Ohio-3632, ¶ 26.

       {¶55} In summary, we affirm the trial court’s adjudication of S.L. as an

abused child under R.C. 2151.031(A). We reverse the trial court’s adjudications

of S.L. as a dependent child under R.C. 2151.04(C) and of A.L. as a dependent

child under R.C. 2151.04(C) and (D) because the trial court failed to comply with

R.C. 2151.28(L). We also reverse the trial court’s adjudication of A.L. as a

dependent child under R.C. 2151.04(D) because that adjudication is not supported

by sufficient evidence.

       {¶56} Having found no error prejudicial to the Appellant herein in the

particulars assigned and argued as to the first, second, third, fifth, and eighth

assignments of error, we affirm in part the judgment of the trial court. However,

we sustain the fourth and seventh assignments of error as stated above, reverse in

                                      -38-
Case Nos. 14-15-07 and 14-15-08


part the judgment of the trial court, and remand for further proceedings consistent

with this opinion.

                                          Judgment in Case No. 14-15-07 Affirmed
                                                     in Part and Reversed in Part;
                                         Judgment in Case No. 14-15-08 Reversed;
                                                                Causes Remanded

WILLAMOWSKI, J., concurs.

/jlr


ROGERS, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part.

       {¶58} I concur fully in the majority’s resolution of Case No. 14-15-08.

However, I respectfully dissent from the majority opinion affirming the

adjudication of S.L. as an abused child in Case No. 14-15-07. The majority has

determined that Westgate interviewed S.L. for the purposes of medical diagnosis

or treatment based on Westgate’s testimony that she passed that information along

to a multi-disciplinary team which then made recommendations for mental health

services. Although I do not disagree with the majority’s analysis on Assignment

of Error No. I under the state of the law created by appellate courts in this state, I

must dissent because the holding strays well beyond the language contained in

Evid.R. 803(4).

       {¶59} Westgate’s testimony demonstrates that she has no qualifications to

make a medical diagnosis or to prescribe medical treatment.               Her multi-


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Case Nos. 14-15-07 and 14-15-08


disciplinary team apparently did not make a medical diagnosis or prescribe any

medical treatment. When the Rules of Evidence were first formulated, there was

no discussion or mention of mental health, and any extension of the Rule to

include mental health would necessarily need to proceed through the usual

requirements for an amendment to the Rules, which has not happened. Judicial

interpretations which in recent years have extended the Rule to supposedly cover

social workers and counselors are contrary to the meaning and intent of the

original Rule. See Main v. City of Lima, 3d Dist. Allen No. 1-14-42, 2015-Ohio-

2572, ¶ 48 (Rogers, J., dissenting) (arguing against the expansion of the Ohio

Rules of Civil Procedure to allow a defendant to raise the affirmative defense of

political subdivision immunity in a Civ.R. 12(b)(6) motion). The logic for the

medical diagnosis exception to the hearsay Rule as drafted was its inherent

reliability when the declarant knew the statement would be the basis for medical

diagnosis and treatment. There is no such inherent reliability when the statement

is made to a social worker. In fact, the opposite is often true with the declarant

offering what he/she thinks the interviewer wants to hear. Furthermore, there is

nothing cited in the majority opinion that even suggests that S.L. was advised, let

alone believed, that her responses to Westgate’s questions were intended for

medical (or mental) diagnosis or treatment. I would therefore sustain Assignment

of Error No. I.


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Case Nos. 14-15-07 and 14-15-08


       {¶60} I realize that I have cited no cases in support of my position, but I

have had this discussion on judicial expansion of Rules of Evidence and Procedure

with my colleagues often enough to know that they will not be restrained.

Unfortunately, other courts have also taken the expansive view of our official

Rules and have chosen to ignore the proper methods of amending them. Political

correctness has overtaken judicial restraint and will soon render the Rule of Law

irrelevant.

       {¶61} The majority then proceeds to justify overruling Assignment of Error

Nos. II and III by saying that they were just cumulative or repetitious of the

hearsay statements offered by Westgate. I would first suggest that cumulative

hearsay statements are not necessarily harmless, as apparently assumed by the

majority. There is no exception to the inadmissibility of hearsay based on how

often it is erroneously permitted. In fact, repetition of inadmissible evidence is

more often prejudicial―tell a lie often enough and even the liar will begin to

believe it is the truth.

       {¶62} I believe the hearing on the issue of abuse was unfair and a new

hearing should be held. That is not to say I do not believe the allegations could be

true. Just that I believe strict adherence to the Rules of Evidence is necessary to

ensure the integrity of our legal system. I would sustain Assignment of Error Nos.

I, II, and III and remand for a new hearing.       This result would then render


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Case Nos. 14-15-07 and 14-15-08


Assignment of Error No. V moot. I agree with the majority’s resolution of the

dependency adjudication.




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