                                                                                            Filed
                                                                                      Washington State
                                                                                      Court of Appeals
                                                                                       Division Two

                                                                                     February 26, 2019

    IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

                                        DIVISION II
 DEREK GRONQUIST,                                                 No. 49392-6-II

                              Appellant,

 RICHARD KING and RICHARD JACKSON,
 individually and representing a class of
 similarly situated individuals,

                               Plaintiffs

        v.

 DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS OF THE                           UNPUBLISHED OPINION
 STATE OF WASHINGTON and KING
 COUNTY    PROSECUTOR     DANIEL
 SATTERBURG,

                              Respondents.

 CHASE RIVELAND and JANET BARBOUR,
 in their official capacities; the
 INDETERMINATE SENTENCING REVIEW
 BOARD; and KEN EIKENBERRY, in his
 official capacity as Attorney General of the
 State of Washington,

                              Defendants.

       MELNICK, J. — Derek Gronquist was convicted in 1988 of two felony sex offenses. He

entered the Sexual Offender Treatment Program (SOTP).

       In 1993 a permanent injunction issued precluding the release of SOTP records, including

Gronquist’s. Before a court vacated the injunction in January 2016, Gronquist moved for a finding

of contempt against the Department of Corrections (DOC) and the King County Prosecutor (KCP).
49392-6-II


He alleged they violated the injunction. After vacating the injunction, the trial court denied

Gronquist’s contempt motion on mootness grounds.

       Because the trial court could have awarded Gronquist compensation for any losses, costs,

and attorney fees associated with DOC’s and KCP’s contemptuous acts, the trial court erred. We

reverse.

                                             FACTS

       In 1991, some convicted sex offenders who had participated in the SOTP brought a class

action lawsuit against DOC to enjoin the release of their SOTP files. See King v. Riveland, 125

Wn.2d 500, 502-04, 886 P.2d 160 (1994). The SOTP files included extensive information about

the individual’s psychological evaluations, treatment progress, answers to tests, DOC evaluation

results, staff notes on therapy sessions, relapse prevention plans, and other documents. King, 125

Wn.2d at 503. The case resulted in a permanent injunction (King injunction) prohibiting DOC

from releasing any documents from any class member’s SOTP file.

       After being convicted of two sex offenses in 1988, Gronquist entered the SOTP program.

Although not a named party in King, Gronquist fell within the class of persons protected by the

King injunction.

II.    CURRENT LITIGATION

       In July 2015, Gronquist intervened in the 1991 case that resulted in the King injunction.

He alleged that DOC violated the King injunction by sharing his SOTP file with KCP. Gronquist

filed a motion for an order to show cause why DOC and KCP should not be held in contempt. 1




1
  KCP was not a party to the litigation at this time. After Gronquist filed his motion, KCP
intervened as a defendant in the case.


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49392-6-II


Gronquist alleged that DOC had forwarded KCP his entire SOTP file in February 2013 when KCP

planned to initiate civil commitment proceedings against Gronquist.2

       KCP moved to vacate or modify the King injunction as to Gronquist because of law changes

since the Supreme Court had upheld the injunction in 1995. DOC joined this motion.

       On January 14, 2016, the trial court entered a written order vacating the injunction as to

Gronquist. The court noted that the law had “changed significantly since this injunction was

entered” and that changes to SVP statutes “unequivocally require[] disclosure to the prosecuting

attorney of all records, including complete SOTP files, in connection with Sexually Violent

Predator proceedings.” Clerk’s Papers (CP) at 594 (citing RCW 71.09.025). The court concluded

that the vacation of the injunction as to Gronquist, would “not directly affect the current contempt

action.” CP at 595. It clarified that its decision was “prospective only, and [did] not resolve

allegations of contempt in the past.” CP at 595.

       After the injunction had been vacated and this court declined review, DOC provided KCP

with Gronquist’s complete SOTP file.

       DOC and KCP argued that Gronquist’s motion for contempt was moot because DOC was

no longer prohibited from releasing the SOTP file. They claimed that, because the purpose of civil

contempt was to coerce parties to obey court orders, no remaining remedy existed because KCP




2
 Whether DOC and KCP violated the King injunction is an issue the trial court will need to resolve
on remand. It did not reach this issue because it dismissed Gronquist’s contempt motion as moot.


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49392-6-II


now lawfully possessed the SOTP file. They argued that any remedy would be punitive, which

would require criminal contempt charges and new proceedings initiated by a prosecutor. The trial

court agreed and denied Gronquist’s motion for contempt as moot. Gronquist appeals.3

                                               ANALYSIS

I.        STANDARDS OF REVIEW

          We review a trial court’s decision on a contempt of court motion for abuse of discretion.

Weiss v. Lonnquist, 173 Wn. App. 344, 363, 293 P.3d 1264 (2013). However, “[a] court’s

authority to impose sanctions for contempt is a question of law, which we review de novo.” In re

Interest of Silva, 166 Wn.2d 133, 140, 206 P.3d 1240 (2009). Mootness is also a question of law

reviewed de novo. Robbins v. Legacy Health Sys., Inc., 177 Wn. App. 299, 308, 311 P.3d 96

(2013).

          This case involves the denial of a motion for civil contempt based on mootness. It involves

the court’s authority to provide effective relief to Gronquist based on DOC’s and KCP’s alleged

contempt. The court’s authority to impose sanctions is a legal question that we review de novo.

II.       LEGAL PRINCIPLES

          Contempt of court includes the “[d]isobedience of any lawful judgment, decree, order, or

process of the court.” RCW 7.21.010(1)(b).

          Whenever it shall appear to any court granting a restraining order or an order of
          injunction . . . that any person has willfully disobeyed the order after notice thereof,
          such court shall award an attachment for contempt against the party charged, or an
          order to show cause why it should not issue.

RCW 7.40.150.


3
  Gronquist filed a notice of appeal in which he sought review of four trial court orders. A
commissioner of this court subsequently dismissed Gronquist’s appeal as to one of those orders
and Gronquist has not briefed issues relating to two others. Therefore, we address only Gronquist’s
appeal of the order denying his contempt motion on mootness grounds.


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49392-6-II


       Contempt is “‘neither wholly civil nor altogether criminal,’” such that “a defendant may

be ‘punished’ even in a civil contempt proceeding if the purpose is to compensate the

complainant.” In re Rapid Settlements, Ltd., 189 Wn. App. 584, 608, 359 P.3d 823 (2015) (quoting

Gompers v. Buck’s Stove & Range Co., 221 U.S. 418, 441, 31 S. Ct. 492, 55 L. Ed. 797 (1911)).

There are differences between civil and criminal contempt.

       “It is not the fact of punishment but rather its character and purpose that often serve
       to distinguish between the two classes of cases. If it is for civil contempt the
       punishment is remedial, and for the benefit of the complainant. But if it is for
       criminal contempt the sentence is punitive, to vindicate the authority of the court.
       It is true that punishment by imprisonment may be remedial, as well as punitive,
       and many civil contempt proceedings have resulted not only in the imposition of a
       fine, payable to the complainant, but also in committing the defendant to prison.”

Rapid Settlements, 189 Wn. App. at 608 (quoting Gompers, 221 U.S. at 441-42). Because the

current case concerns civil contempt, Gronquist must show that the trial court had some remedial

sanction available.

       A remedial sanction is “a sanction imposed for the purpose of coercing performance when

the contempt consists of the omission or refusal to perform an act that is yet in the person’s power

to perform.” RCW 7.21.010(3). Remedial sanctions are “sometimes referred to as coercive”

because their goal “is to coerce a party to comply with a court order.” State v. Sims, 1 Wn. App.

2d 472, 479, 406 P.3d 649 (2017), review granted, 190 Wn.2d 1012 (2018). “A remedial sanction

must contain a purge clause or it loses its coercive character and becomes punitive.” Sims, 1 Wn.

App. 2d at 479.

       RCW 7.21.030(2) provides that a court may find a person in contempt and impose a

remedial sanction only upon a “person [who] has failed or refused to perform an act that is yet

within the person’s power to perform.” However, “a court may find a person in contempt whether

or not it is possible to coerce future compliance.” Rapid Settlements, 189 Wn. App. at 601. In



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49392-6-II


such a case, the court may “order a contemnor to pay losses suffered as a result of the contempt

and costs incurred in the contempt proceedings for any ‘person found in contempt of court’ without

regard to whether it is possible to craft a coercive sanction.” Rapid Settlements, 189 Wn. App. at

601 (quoting RCW 7.21.030(3)).

       Remedial sanctions for contempt of court include:

       (a) Imprisonment . . . so long as it serves a coercive purpose.
       (b) A forfeiture not to exceed two thousand dollars for each day the contempt of
       court continues.
       (c) An order designed to ensure compliance with a prior order of the court.
       (d) Any other remedial sanction other than the sanctions specified in (a) through (c)
       of this subsection if the court expressly finds that those sanctions would be
       ineffectual to terminate a continuing contempt of court.

RCW 7.21.030(2). The court may also, in addition to the “remedial sanctions” listed above, “order

a person found in contempt of court to pay a party for any losses suffered by the party as a result

of the contempt and any costs incurred in connection with the contempt proceeding, including

reasonable attorney’s fees.” RCW 7.21.030(3).

       “To determine whether sanctions are punitive or remedial, the courts look not to the ‘stated

purposes of a contempt sanction,’ but whether it has a coercive effect—whether ‘the contemnor is

able to purge the contempt and obtain his release by committing an affirmative act.’” Silva, 166

Wn.2d at 141-42 (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting In re Dependency of A.K., 162 Wn.2d

632, 646, 174 P.3d 11 (2007)).

III.   MOOTNESS

       Gronquist contends that the trial court erred by denying his contempt motion on the basis

of mootness. He contends that his contempt motion was not moot because the trial court could




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49392-6-II


have required DOC and KCP to compensate him “for his injuries, costs, and attorney fees.” 4 Br.

of Appellant at 27. We agree.

       “A case is moot if a court can no longer provide effective relief.” SEIU Healthcare 775NW

v. Gregoire, 168 Wn.2d 593, 602, 229 P.3d 774 (2010). The general rule is that moot cases should

be dismissed. State v. Cruz, 189 Wn.2d 588, 597, 404 P.3d 70 (2017). “‘The central question of

all mootness problems is whether changes in the circumstances that prevailed at the beginning of

litigation have forestalled any occasion for meaningful relief.’” City of Sequim v. Malkasian, 157

Wn.2d 251, 259, 138 P.3d 943 (2006) (quoting 13A CHARLES ALAN WRIGHT, ARTHUR R. MILLER

& EDWARD H. COOPER, FEDERAL PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE § 3533.3, at 261 (2d ed. 1984)).

       RCW 7.21.030(3) provides:

       The court may, in addition to[5] the remedial sanctions set forth in subsection (2) of
       this section, order a person found in contempt of court to pay a party for any losses
       suffered by the party as a result of the contempt and any costs incurred in
       connection with the contempt proceeding, including reasonable attorney’s fees.

This provision “allows the court to order a contemnor to pay losses suffered as a result of the

contempt and costs incurred in the contempt proceedings for any ‘person found in contempt of

court’ without regard to whether it is possible to craft a coercive sanction.” Rapid Settlements,

189 Wn. App. at 601 (quoting RCW 7.21.030(3)). As a result of this statute, “a defendant may be




4
 Gronquist also suggests several other types of relief that prevent his motion from being moot.
Because we agree that the trial court, if it found DOC and KCP in contempt, could order them to
compensate Gronquist for his injuries, costs, and attorney fees attributable to their contemptuous
conduct, we do not reach Gronquist’s additional suggested remedies. We also do not reach
Gronquist’s judicial estoppel argument.
5
  DOC contends that this “in addition to” language implies that a court may only order a contemnor
to pay losses, costs, and attorney fees if it additionally orders one of the remedial sanctions laid
out in RCW 7.21.030(2). This argument is inconsistent with Rapid Settlements, discussed below.


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49392-6-II


‘punished’ even in a civil contempt proceeding if the purpose is to compensate the complainant.”

Rapid Settlements, 189 Wn. App. at 608.

       “Compensatory fines have been imposed in Washington contempt proceedings to address

many types of loss and damage caused by a party’s contumacious acts.” Rapid Settlements, 189

Wn. App. at 610. In Rapid Settlements, the court awarded attorney fees and costs incurred in the

contempt proceedings, losses incurred as a result of the contemptuous conduct, and a onetime

$1,000 sanction. 189 Wn. App. at 606, 610-11. The court analyzed what specific losses, costs,

and fees, were actually attributable to the contemptuous conduct, but it never questioned its own

authority to award the portions that were caused by the contempt. Rapid Settlements, 189 Wn.

App. at 606-12.

       DOC distinguishes Rapid Settlements on the ground that the party awarded costs and fees

in that case also sustained “losses,” distinct from costs, and fees, which the court awarded. Br. of

DOC at 22. It claims that, unlike the movant in Rapid Settlements, Gronquist has not shown any

economic losses distinct from his costs and attorney fees.6

       The issue of mootness is about whether the court is able to provide effective relief. DOC’s

and KCP’s arguments that Gronquist has not shown any losses do not go to mootness but to

whether he can show damages. A court has authority to order DOC and KCP to compensate

Gronquist for any losses he suffered as a result of their alleged contempt. The trial court denied

Gronquist’s motion for contempt as moot without reaching the issue of whether contempt actually

occurred or whether Gronquist suffered any losses as a result. If Gronquist can prove DOC and


6
 DOC also relies on Shell Offshore Inc. v. Greenpeace, Inc., 815 F.3d 623 (9th Cir. 2016), for the
proposition that “coercive contempt proceedings are moot when the order or injunction alleged to
have been violated expires or is otherwise no longer in effect.” Br. of DOC at 20. Shell Offshore
specifically distinguished purely coercive contempt orders from those concerning compensatory
damages to the movant, such as those alleged in this case. 815 F.3d at 630.


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49392-6-II


KCP are in contempt, then he can recover losses that he proves resulted from the disclosure of his

SOTP file. The court can award him compensatory relief. Therefore, Gronquist’s motion for

contempt is not moot.

        We reverse the trial court’s order denying Gronquist’s motion for contempt as moot and

remand for the court to rule on the contempt motion.

        A majority of the panel having determined that this opinion will not be printed in the

Washington Appellate Reports, but will be filed for public record in accordance with RCW 2.06.040,

it is so ordered.




                                                            Melnick, J.

We concur:




        Worswick, P.J.




        Sutton, J.




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