                    United States Court of Appeals
                          FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                  ___________

                                  No. 03-2187
                                  ___________

Irene Cudworth; Randy Cudworth,       *
                                      *
           Appellants,                *
                                      *
      v.                              * Appeal from the United States
                                      * District Court for the
Midcontinent Communications;          * District of North Dakota.
Midcontinent Communications Investor, *
LLC; Midco Communications, Inc.;      *
Midcontinent Media, Inc.; Midco of    *
South Dakota, Inc.,                   *
                                      *
           Appellees.                 *
                                ___________

                            Submitted: March 10, 2004
                                Filed: August 23, 2004
                                ___________

Before WOLLMAN, HANSEN, and COLLOTON, Circuit Judges.
                         ___________

WOLLMAN, Circuit Judge.


     Randy Cudworth was pulled from his snowmobile and rendered a quadriplegic
when he collided with a rope barrier strung across property owned by the appellees,
whom we will refer to collectively as “Midcontinent.” In the ensuing lawsuit by
Cudworth and his wife, the district court1 granted summary judgment in
Midcontinent’s favor, concluding that North Dakota’s recreational use immunity
statute absolved Midcontinent of liability and that the Cudworths’ remaining claims
failed as a matter of law. The Cudworths appeal. We affirm.

                                           I.

       The Midcontinent property where Cudworth was injured is a largely open, six-
acre field located directly north of Langdon, North Dakota, and south of a state-
groomed snowmobile trail.2 Two residential streets, 15th and 16th, run north from
Langdon toward the property. 15th Street borders the property to the west and 16th
street terminates at its southern boundary. A dirt path (the “prairie road”) connects
the end of 16th street with 15th street. Although the prairie road is located on
Midcontinent’s land, Langdon residents and the City itself have used it for many
years. In addition, residents have used Midcontinent’s field as a site on which to
operate their all-terrain vehicles during the summer months and as an access route to
established snowmobile trails during the winter months.

       In the summer of 2000, Midcontinent became upset because garbage was being
dumped on the prairie road and because traffic across the road, including that by City-
owned vehicles, was causing ruts. To remedy the situation, the City hauled in dirt,
graded the ruts, and seeded portions of the area with grass. Midcontinent employee
Jerry Reiser then erected barriers at each end of the prairie road. The eastern barrier,
the point at which Cudworth was injured, consisted of 200 feet of quarter-inch
diameter yellow nylon rope tied between metal stakes and wooden cable spools, each


      1
       The Honorable Rodney S. Webb, United States District Judge for the District
of North Dakota.
      2
     The property houses an outbuilding, some satellite dishes, and a
communications tower with guy wires anchored at various points in the field.

                                          -2-
of which was affixed with a “keep out,” “private property,” or “no trespassing” sign.
The rope originated on the southwest corner of 16th street, ran northeast across the
end of the prairie road, and east beyond the end of 16th street into Midcontinent’s
field. Reiser, who knew that snowmobilers used the property during winter, erected
the barrier to prevent damage to the newly seeded grass, but the barrier remained even
after snow had started falling.

       On February 23, 2001, Cudworth drove up 16th street on his snowmobile
towards Midcontinent’s field, destined for the trails to the north. He had not used a
snowmobile in the area before and was unaware of the barrier, which was by now
partially obscured in a bank of plowed snow at the end of 16th street. Although the
other persons in Cudworth’s snowmobiling party observed the barrier and avoided
it, Cudworth did not see the rope and collided with it as he rounded the east side of
the snowbank.

                                         II.

      We review the district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo, applying
the same standard as did the district court. See Dennen v. City of Duluth, 350 F.3d
786 (8th Cir. 2003) (citation omitted). North Dakota law controls, and to the extent
we confront questions that North Dakota’s courts have not yet answered, we endeavor
to predict the course of the State’s highest court. Pennsylvania Nat. Mut. Cas. Ins.
Co. v. City of Pine Bluff, 354 F.3d 945, 952 (8th Cir. 2004) (predicting Arkansas
law).

A. Applicability of the Recreational Use Immunity Statute

      The relevant portions of North Dakota’s Recreational Use Immunity statute,
N.D. Cent. Code § 53-08-01 et seq., are as follows:



                                         -3-
       53-08-02. Duty of care of landowner. Subject to the provisions
of section 53-08-05, an owner of land owes no duty of care to keep the
premises safe for entry or use by others for recreational purposes or to
give any warning of a dangerous condition, use, structure, or activity on
such premises to persons entering for such purposes.

      53-08-03. Not invitee or licensee of landowner. Subject to the
provisions of section 53-08-05, an owner of land who either directly or
indirectly invites or permits without charge any person to use such
property for recreational purposes does not thereby:
      1. Extend any assurance that the premises are safe for any
          purpose;
      2. Confer upon such persons the legal status of an invitee or
          licensee to whom a duty of care is owed; or
      3. Assume responsibility for or incur liability for any injury to
          person or property caused by an act or omission of such
          persons.

       53-08-04. Leased land to state or political subdivisions.
Unless otherwise agreed in writing, an owner of land leased to the state
or its political subdivisions for recreational purposes owes no duty of
care to keep that land safe for entry or use by others or to give warning
to persons entering or going upon such land of any hazardous
conditions, uses, structures, or activities thereon. An owner who leases
land to the state or its political subdivisions for recreational purposes
does not by giving such lease:
       1. Extend any assurance to any person using the land that the
           premises are safe for any purpose;
       2. Confer upon such persons the legal status of an invitee or
           licensee to whom a duty of care is owed; or
       3. Assume responsibility for or incur liability for any injury to
           person or property caused by an act or omission of a person
           who enters upon the leased land.
The provisions of this section apply whether the person entering upon
the leased land is an invitee, licensee, trespasser, or otherwise.




                                  -4-
           53-08-05. Failure to warn against dangerous conditions –
      Charge to enter. Nothing in this chapter limits in any way any liability
      which otherwise exists for:
           1. Willful and malicious failure to guard or warn against a
               dangerous condition, use, structure, or activity; or
           2. Injury suffered in any case when the owner of land charges the
               person or persons who enter or go on the land other than the
               amount, if any, paid to the owner of the land by the state.


       The Cudworths first argue that the recreational use immunity statute does not
apply because a prerequisite to statutory immunity is the landowner’s “opening” of
property for public recreational use, something which the Cudworths contend
Midcontinent did not do when it roped off and posted the prairie road. State courts
interpreting similar legislation are divided over this question,3 but the district court
ultimately rejected “permissive use” as a statutory prerequisite to immunity in North
Dakota.

      As in other states, the acknowledged purpose of North Dakota’s recreational
use immunity statute is to encourage landowners to open land for recreational use by
the public. See Hovland v. City of Grand Forks, 563 N.W.2d 384, 385 (N.D. 1997);

      3
        North Dakota’s recreational use immunity statute is descended from model
legislation adopted by a number of states in the 1960's. Of those states, some rely on
plain statutory language to conclude that immunity applies regardless of permissive
public use, see e.g., Ornealas v. Randolph, 847 P.2d 560, 568-69 (Ca. 1993); Larini
v. Biomass Industries, Inc., 918 F.2d 1046, 1049-50 (2d Cir. 1990) (applying New
York law); Peterson v. Schwertley, 460 N.W.2d 469, 471 (Iowa 1990); Friedman v.
Grand Cent. Sanitation, Inc., 571 A.2d 373, 376 (Pa. 1990), while others hold that
statutory immunity is conferred to only those landowners who open their land for
public use. See, e.g., Hall v. Henn, 802 N.E.2d 797, 800 (Ill. 2003); Perrine v.
Kennecott Mining Co., 911 P.2d 1290, 1293 (Utah 1996); Bingaman v. Kansas City
Power & Light Co., 1 F.3d 976, 981 (10th Cir. 1993) (applying Kansas law); Coursey
v. Westvaco Corp., 790 S.W.2d 229, 232 (Ky. 1990); LePoidevin v. Wilson, 330
N.W.2d 555, 563 (Wis. 1983) (interpreting now-repealed Wisconsin statute).
                                         -5-
Olson v. Bismarck Parks & Rec. Dist., 642 N.W.2d 864, 870 (N.D. 2002). The
statute does not, however, explicitly require that landowners open property to public
use before receiving immunity, nor does it specify that immunity applies only where
entrants are invitees or licensees.4 Cf. Olson, 642 N.W.2d at 870 (Noting, for
purposes of equal protection analysis, that “[t]he recreational use immunity statutes
create two classes of persons and treat them differently: nonpaying recreational users
of another's land and all other persons using the land of another.”). Section 53-08-02
plainly states that landowners owe no duty to recreational users of land, and
subsequent provisions, particularly sections 53-08-03 and 53-08-04, clarify immunity
in those circumstances in which permitting recreational use might have otherwise
created a duty at common law. We conclude that the most logical reading of the
statute is to “view [the first provision] as a general grant of immunity and [the later
provisions] as an extension of immunity to cover the special circumstances long
recognized in the case law.” Gallo v. Yamaha Motor Corp., 526 A.2d 359, 363 (Pa.
Super. Ct. 1987) (construing similar Pennsylvania language).

       We cannot credit the Cudworths’ argument regarding statutory purpose because
it requires that we either ignore section 53-08-02 as redundant (because section 53-
08-03 immunizes landowners who “invite” or “permit” recreational use of their land),
or give a restrictive reading to section 53-08-02, neither of which we are at liberty to
do. Douville v. Pembina County Water Res. Dist., 612 N.W.2d 270, 274 (N.D. 2000)
(noting “we will not disregard the letter of the statute under the pretext of pursuing
its spirit, because the legislative intent is presumed clear from the face of the
statute.”). Furthermore, we do not believe adherence to the letter of the statute
necessarily undermines its spirit. The legislature could have reasonably concluded


      4
         At common law, the status of the entrant as invitee, licensee, or trespasser was
often crucial to determinations of landowner duties. See O'Leary v. Coenen, 251
N.W.2d 746, 751 (N.D. 1977). North Dakota has abolished the common law
distinction between licensee and invitee and the elaborate permutations of each, but
still recognizes that lesser duties are owed to trespassers. Id.
                                           -6-
that immunity for all landowners nonetheless eliminates the primary obstacle to
opening property for recreational use – fear of liability – and therefore encourages
landowners to either keep property open for recreational purposes or to open property
that was formerly off-limits. In light of the statute, landowners no longer have an
incentive to exclude recreational users, a point which the North Dakota Supreme
Court recently recognized when considering the statute’s constitutionality: “It is
logical for the Legislature to conclude that a limitation on a landowner's liability
exposure to nonpaying recreational users has an influence on the landowner's
decision not to exclude recreational users from the land.” Olson, 642 N.W.2d at 870;
Peterson v. Schwertley, 460 N.W.2d 469, 471 (Iowa 1990) (noting that “[i]f the
abrogation of the landowner's duty is so limited [to permissive use], landowners
remain vulnerable to claims by injured invitees and licensees who choose to dispute
the granting of the license or invitation.”).

       We recognize that the North Dakota Supreme Court recently observed that
“limited tort immunity is the quid pro quo for the noncommercial opening of property
to the public for recreational use.” Olson, 642 N.W.2d at 870. We do not read that
statement as an indication that that court would interpret the statute as requiring as
a condition of immunity an affirmative act by the landowner to open the land to
recreational use. Cf. Gallo, 526 A.2d at 363 (Interpreting nearly identical
Pennsylvania language and noting that “[n]othing in the plain language of the Act
imposes this kind of strict quid pro quo.”). We instead read the reference to “quid pro
quo” as an expression of the general societal trade-off the statute makes: potential
encouragement of recreational access at the expense of the elimination of
recreational-injury liability. We therefore agree with the district court that, if
presented with the question, the North Dakota Supreme Court would hold that the
recreational use immunity statute applies regardless of a landowner’s decision to
close some or all of its property and irrespective of an entrant’s particular common-
law status as invitee, licensee, or trespasser.



                                         -7-
B. Exception for Willful and Malicious Failure to Warn

       Although the statute applies regardless of permissive use, it does not protect
landowners who engage in a “willful and malicious failure to guard or warn against
a dangerous condition, use, structure, or activity” on premises. N.D. Cent. Code. §
53-08-05. The parties contest the application of this exception and, more specifically,
the meaning of “malicious,” a term which the statute does not define. The district
court concluded that “malicious” conduct requires proof of “actual malice” or “evil
intent,” and it found such evidence lacking. The Cudworths contend that the district
court’s definition is too narrow, pointing out that the term also encompasses
“presumed malice,” which is said to exist “where the defendant's conduct amounts to
a reckless disregard of the rights of others.” Slaubaugh v. Slaubaugh, 466 N.W.2d
573, 581 (N.D. 1991).

       Absent legislative definitions or a clearly contrary legislative intent, neither of
which exists here, we give statutory terms their “plain, ordinary, and commonly
understood meaning.” Rydberg v. Rydberg, 678 N.W.2d 534, 537 (N.D. 2004). The
term “malicious” typically means “given to, marked by, or arising from malice,” and
“malice” most commonly connotes an “intention or desire to harm another . . . .”
Webster’s Third New Int’l Dictionary 1367 (1981); cf. Oxford English Dictionary
264 (2d Ed. 1989) (“4. The desire to injure another person; active ill will or hatred.”);
Black’s Law Dictionary 968 (7th Ed. 1999) (“1. the intent, without justification or
excuse, to commit a wrongful act.”). The Cudworths contend that this commonly
accepted definition ignores malice as a legal term of art. We do not agree. In
contexts such as defamation, the malice necessary to defeat qualified privilege
depends on scienter and requires proof of ill-will or wrongful motive, see Soentgen
v. Quain & Ramstad Clinic, P.C., 467 N.W.2d 73, 79 (N.D. 1991), and in others, like
criminal law, malice is traditionally understood as “that state of mind or act when one
willfully does that which he knows will injure another person or property . . . .”
Territory v. Egan, 13 N.W. 568, 571 (Dakota 1882). Indeed, North Dakota’s statute

                                           -8-
on conclusive presumptions, which says nothing of “reckless disregard,” allows
inference of “[a] malicious and guilty intent from the deliberate commission of an
unlawful act for the purpose of injuring another.” N.D. Cent. Code § 31-11-02.

       It is true that North Dakota has recognized a distinction between actual and
presumed malice in cases interpreting now-repealed statutes specifically authorizing
punitive damages upon proof of “malice, actual or presumed,” see e.g., Dahlen v.
Landis, 314 N.W.2d 63, 68 (N.D. 1981), but we think the distinction is unpersuasive
in the context of the recreational use immunity statute. Section 53-08-05, which the
North Dakota Legislature amended in 1993 to read in the conjunctive – “willful and
malicious” – does not distinguish between types of malicious conduct. Elsewhere,
the Legislature has excised narrow definitions of malice from the law by legislative
act. For example, in State v. Minor, 117 N.W. 528, 528-29 (N.D. 1908), the North
Dakota Supreme Court concluded that the crime of malicious mischief required
evidence of “actual ill-will or revenge,” a requirement which the Legislature
subsequently eliminated by replacing “malicious mischief” with “criminal mischief”
and providing that the requisite mental state for conviction was recklessness. See
State v. Chyle, 297 N.W.2d 409, 415-16 (N.D. 1980); see also N.D. Cent. Code. § 32-
12.1-04 (allowing for individual liability of public employees only in cases of
“reckless or grossly negligent conduct, or willful or wanton misconduct.”). If the
Legislature had intended to allow liability for presumed malice or reckless disregard
in the recreational use immunity statute, it could have easily said so during the
amendatory process.5 It did not do so, however, and we therefore conclude that the
term “malicious” does not encompass the definitions urged by the Cudworths.


      5
       The Cudworths suggest that this same logic prevents construing “malicious”
to mean “actual malice” since the legislature has expressly used “actual malice” in the
punitive damages statute, but we think the peculiar historical language of the punitive
damages statute provides a better explanation. The Legislature simply eliminated
“presumed malice,” a decision having little impact on default definitions of
“malicious” or “malice” elsewhere.
                                          -9-
       We further agree with the district court that summary judgment was
appropriate. There is no evidence from which a reasonable jury could find that
Midcontinent’s barrier was constructed or left in place to injure snowmobilers. The
barrier was constructed months before the winter season for an unrelated purpose, and
Midcontinent had no notice that snowmobilers were having difficulty observing it.6
Moreover, the nature of the barrier itself is not sufficient for a jury to infer “willful
and malicious” conduct, as such a reading would include every landowner who uses
a rope, wire, or other fencing material to restrict access to portions of private property
adjacent to snowmobiling trails, thereby allowing the exception to entirely swallow
the general rule. Cf. Stokka v. Cass County Elec. Coop., 373 N.W.2d 911, 916 (N.D.
1985) (VandeWalle, J., concurring: “[I]f we were to apply the usual definitions of
‘willful or malicious’ to this matter, we would necessarily have to conclude that there
is nothing in the record to reflect that [the defendant] acted ‘willfully’ or
‘maliciously,’ as those terms are usually understood . . . .”).

C. Acquisition of Prairie Road by Prescription, Acquiescence

       The Cudworths next claim that the recreational use immunity statute is not
applicable because the public acquired the right to use the prairie road by prescription
and acquiescence, rendering the erection of the rope barrier illegal. We conclude that
this contention is irrelevant. Proof of adverse possession establishes ownership and,


      6
        Midcontinent’s lack of knowledge renders the Cudworths’ claim doubtful even
under a “reckless disregard” standard, as we believe the case law nominally requires
that the defendant know of a dangerous condition or structure before he may act
“willfully” or with “reckless disregard.” See Stokka v. Cass County Elec. Coop., 373
N.W.2d 911, 916 (N.D. 1985) (noting the defendant’s knowledge that its guy wires
posed a risk to snowmobilers); Slaugbaugh, 466 N.W.2d at 581 (noting testimony
that county had been specifically advised to place warning signs at dangerous
intersection). The Cudworths’ evidence at best shows Midcontinent was neglectful
in not removing the barrier and that it should have known that the barrier posed a risk.
This is proof of negligence, not willfulness or reckless disregard.
                                          -10-
on the Cudworths’ argument, would establish only that Midcontinent did not own the
prairie road. Cudworth was not injured on the prairie road, however, but on
Midcontinent’s field to the east. Thus, even if the public did own the prairie road,
rendering illegal that portion of the barrier across it, see N. D. Cent. Code. § 24-12-
02(1), that fact would not affect immunity for conditions and structures on
Midcontinent’s land.7 Moreover, the recreational use immunity statute immunizes
“tenant[s], lessee[s] occupant[s], or person[s] in control of the premises,” id. § 53-08-
01, and there is no evidence that someone other than Midcontinent controlled both
the prairie road and the area where Cudworth was injured.

D. Nuisance

      The Cudworths’ final claim is for nuisance, which they argue is a separate
claim that may proceed independent of their tort action and irrespective of statutory
immunity. We disagree. Nuisance is defined by statute in North Dakota and requires
predicate proof of either an unlawful act or failure to perform a duty. See N.D. Cent.
Code. § 42-01-01; Rassier v. Houim, 488 N.W.2d 635, 637 (N.D. 1992) (“The duty
which gives rise to a nuisance claim is the absolute duty not to act in a way which
unreasonably interferes with other persons’ use and enjoyment of their property.”).
There is no evidence that the portion of the barrier which injured Cudworth was
unlawfully on Midcontinent’s land, and the recreational use immunity statute operates
to absolve landowners of any affirmative duty to entering recreational users.

      The judgment is affirmed.
                     ______________________________




      7
       The same logic applies even if the barrier extended beyond Midcontinent’s
property, given that the Cudworths are suing for an injury that occurred on
Midcontinent’s land, caused by a portion of the barrier also on Midcontinent’s land.
                                       -11-
