IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE

STATE OF DELAWARE,
ID No. 1806002262

V. : In and For Kent County
PAMELA E. DUNNING, ‘
Defendant.
Q_B_DLIS

Submitted: December 21 , 2018
Decided: January 2, 2019

Upon Defendant’s Motion to Suppress
DENIED

On this the 2nd day of J anuary, 2019, having considered Defendant Pamela
Dunning’s (hereinafter “Ms. Dunning”) Motion to Suppress and the State’s
response, as Well as the arguments presented at the hearing held on December 21,
2018, the Court finds that there was a substantial basis for the magistrate to
determine that the Warrant issued in this case Was supported by probable cause to
search Room 103 of the Best Westem Hotel located at 190 Stadium Street in
Smyma, Delaware (hereinafter the “Hotel Room”), and the motion to suppress is
DENIED.

The allegations of the affidavit of probable cause attached to the search

Warrant (hereinafter the “Affidavit”) are, in summary, as follows:

I. Factual Background
On June 4, 2018, Detective William Davis of the Smyma Police
Department (hereinafter the “Affiant”) Was contacted by Sergeant Dill of the

State of Delaware v. Pamela E. Dunning
ID No. 1806002262
January 2, 2019

Delaware State Police Kent County Drug Unit regarding a tip he had received
about a large quantity of heroin Within the ToWn of Smyrna city limits. Sergeant
Dill then referred the Afflant to Trooper Hamilton of the Delaware State Police.

Trooper Hamilton informed the Affiant that he had a subject in custody for
traffic charges along With an outstanding capias (hereinafter the “lnformant”).
Trooper Hamilton had contacted the lnformant as he Was placing an order for
heroin on his cell phone. Trooper Hamilton advised the Afflant that a female
subject had been texting the lnformant regarding the sale of heroin. The lnformant
had told Trooper Hamilton that the female Was Pamela Dunning and that Ms.
Dunning Was staying in Room 103 at the Best Westem in Smyma, Delaware
(hereinafter the “Hotel Room”). The phone number that Was the source of the
texting Was confirmed, through the Law Enforcement Database, to be that of Ms.
Dunning.

The lnformant had disclosed to Trooper Hamilton that he had purchased
heroin from Ms. Dunning at 11:00 p.m. the night before in the Hotel Room and
that Ms. Dunning had just “re-up’ed her supply.” Moreover, the lnformant had
stated that the heroin Was kept in a box under Ms. Dunning’s bed in the Hotel
Room.

Town of Smyma detectives responded to the Best Westem hotel and
confirmed that Ms. Dunning Was, indeed, staying in the Hotel Room through June
5, 2018. They also observed Ms. Dunning outside the Hotel Room, sitting in a

vehicle registered to her, smoking a cigarette

State of Delaware v. Pamela E. Dunning
ID No. 1806002262
January 2, 2019

Based upon the above information, the Affiant applied for a search warrant
of the Hotel Room.l A search warrant was issued and illegal contraband was
obtained from the Hotel Room by law enforcement, including heroin and drug
paraphemalia. Ms. Dunning also gave a statement to law enforcement after the
contraband was discovered

Ms. Dunning now seeks suppression of all items that were seized from the
Hotel Room, as well as her statement, arguing that the search warrant fails to show
that an independent police investigation had corroborated the Informant’s tip. Ms.
Dunning argues that the contraband found, as well as her statement to the police,
must be suppressed as fruit of the poisonous tree.

The State responds that the warrant was supported by probable cause to
believe that evidence of illegal activity would be found in the Hotel Room. The
State argues that the warrant establishes not only the identity and location of Ms.
Dunning and the contraband, but also that Ms. Dunning was involved in criminal

activity.

II. Legal Standard
In a suppression hearing, the Court sits as the finder of fact and evaluates
the credibility of the witnesses2 The party with whom the burden rests must
persuade the Court by a preponderance of the evidence.3 Because this was a

search and seizure pursuant to warrant, the defense bears the burden.4

 

l Pursuant to the collective knowledge doctrine, the knowledge of other investigating officers
is imputed to the Affiant. See State v. Sisson, 883 A.2d 868, 875 (Del. Super. 2005), ajj"a', 903
A.2d 288 (Del. 2006). This doctrine will be discussed in more detail below.

2 State v. Hopkz'ns, 2016 WL 6958697, at *2 (Del. Super. Nov. 28, 2016).

3 State v. Lambert, 2015 WL 3897810, at *3 (Del. Super. June 22, 2015).

4 Hum‘er v. State, 783 A.2d 558, 560 (Del. 2001).

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State of Delaware v. Pamela E. Dunning
ID No. 1806002262
January 2, 2019

Search warrants may only be issued upon a showing of probable cause.5
When considering the affidavit, the magistrate is to make a “practical, common-
sense decision whether, given all the circumstances set forth in the affidavit before
him, including the ‘veracity’ and ‘basis of knowledge’ of persons supplying
hearsay information, there is a fair probability that contraband or evidence of a
crime will be found in a particular place.”6 A magistrate's determination of
probable cause “should be paid great deference by reviewing courts” and should
not “take the form of a de novo review.”7 Moreover, in considering “whether the
warrant application presented the issuing magistrate with a ‘substantial basis’ to
conclude that probable cause existed,” this Court “eschews ‘a hypertechnical
approach to the evaluation of the search warrant affidavit in favor of a common-
sense interpretation.”’8

In warrant contexts, probable cause may be “founded on hearsay
information provided to the affiant by other officers . . . . [A]n officer-informant
relaying the information to the affiant will be considered a reliable source for the
information needed to determine probable cause.”9 The Supreme Court of
Delaware indicated in State v. Cooley that when officers have been in
communication with one another, “the collective knowledge of an entire
organization may be imputed to an individual officer.”10 Similarly, the United

States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit, along with other jurisdictions, has

 

5 Sisson, 883 A.2d at 875.

6 Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213, 238-39 (1983). See also Aguilar v. State ofTexas, 378 U.S.
108, 114 (1964).

7 Ga¢es, 462 U.s. at 238-39.

8 Gardner v. S¢a¢e, 567 A.2d 404, 409 (Del. 1989).

9 Hooks v. State, 416 A.2d 189, 202-03 (Del. 1980).

10 State v. Cooley, 457 A.2d 352, 355 (Del. 1983) (quoting State v. Schoenbneelt, 171 Conn.
119, 368 A.2d 117, 119 (Conn. 1976)).

State of Delaware v. Pamela E. Dunning
ID No. 1806002262
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indicated that probable cause is to be evaluated on the basis of the collective
information of the police.ll Thus, as a preliminary matter, it is worth noting that
the knowledge of the other investigating officers, including Trooper Hamilton and

Sergeant Dill, is imputed to the Affiant.12

III. Discussion

Ms. Dunning’s main contention surrounds the legal sufficiency of the
Informant’s tip to support the issuance of a search warrant in this case. Ms.
Dunning argues that the Affidavit only sets forth facts that tend to corroborate
identity and location and that are lacking in specificity. Moreover, Ms. Dunning
argues that the search warrant fails to show that an independent police
investigation corroborated the Informant’s tip regarding the alleged illegal
activity.

In support of this argument, Ms. Dunning cites to LeGrande v. State,13
where the Delaware Supreme Court held that a search warrant failed to establish
probable cause because the affidavit merely set forth facts that tended to
corroborate identity and location. In LeGrande, the Court held that “. . .the police
only corroborated the accused’s identity, the location of his locked apartment, his
probationary status, and that his neighbor was wanted. Confirmations of these
facts, which could be used to identify LeGrande, ‘[did] not show that the tipster

[had] knowledge of concealed criminal activity.”’14 The Court went on to state

 

11 United States v. Bicmco, 189 F.2d 716, 719 (3d Cir. 1951). See also State v. Smith, 277 A.2d
481, 489 (Me. 1971); State v. Fioravanti, 215 A.2d 16, 23 (N.J. 1965) (“[p]robable cause must
be judged on the basis of [the] composite information” in possession of the police).

12 See Sisson, 883 A.2d at 875 (discussing the collective knowledge doctrine).

13 LeGrande v. S¢aze, 947 A.2d 1103 (Del. 2008).

14 Ia’. at 1111 (quoting Florida v. J.L., 529 U.S. 266, 272 (2000)).

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State ofDelaware v. Pamela E. Dunning
ID No. 1806002262
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that because there was no independent corroboration by the police about the
anonymous tip, the totality of the circumstances did not provide a substantial basis
for the warrant.15

The Court deems the LeGrande decision distinguishable from the case at
hand. Unlike the tip in LeGrande, the Informant’s tip in this case involved
detailed evidence of drug activity, and demonstrated that the Inforrnant had
particularized knowledge about concealed criminal activity on the part of Ms.
Dunning and of the specific location where the alleged illegal activity was taking
place.16 This weighs in favor of his reliability. More importantly, the Court holds
that an independent police investigation -- including contacting the lnformant
while he was placing an order with Ms. Dunning for heroin, confirming that Ms.
Dunning was the source of the communication, and observing Ms. Dunning
outside of her hotel room -- sufficiently corroborated the Informant’s tip. Thus,
the totality of the circumstances contained within the warrant affidavit provided a
substantial basis for the search warrant to issue. The Court will analyze both of

these factors -- i.e., the tipster’s reliability and police corroboration -- in more

detail below.

 

15 Id.

16 In LeGrande, a probation officer received an anonymous call from one of his probationers
who was an acquaintance of the defendant. The tipster described the defendant, the occupant
of another apartment in the building, the layout of the building, and the defendant’s
probationary status, and stated that the defendant possessed contraband in his apartment. In
contrast, the tip in this case came pursuant to a confidential informant in police custody who
had previously engaged in a drug purchase with the defendant and knew the exact location of
where the drugs were kept, as well as the defendant’s specific location. See LeGrande, 947
A.2d at 1110 (“An accurate description of a subject's readily observable location and
appearance is of course reliable in this limited sense: lt will help the police correctly identify
the person... Such a tip, however, does not show that the tipster has knowledge of concealed
criminal activity, T he reasonable suspicion here at issue requires that a tip be reliable in its
assertion ofillegality, not just in its tendency to identifv a determinate person.”) (emphasis in
original).

State of Delaware v. Parnela E. Dunning
ID No. 1806002262
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Looking first to the reliability of the Informant, the Court notes that the
State has not alleged in its response or in the Affidavit that the lnformant was past
proven reliable. Nevertheless, this does not necessarily make the Affidavit
deficient. A tip may be supportive of probable cause as long as the totality of the
circumstances demonstrates the tip's reliability. 17 Relevant considerations
include “the reliability of the informant, the details contained in the inforrnant's
tip, and the degree to which the tip is corroborated by independent police
surveillance and information.”18

The Delaware Supreme Court in McKinney v. State19 and the United States
Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit in Unitea1 States v. Torres, 20 have
delineated additional circumstances that indicate the reliability of an informant
and the information provided in a tip. These circumstances include (l) that the
tip was delivered in a face-to-face meeting, allowing the officer an opportunity to
assess the informant’s credibility through observation;21 (2) that the informant is
exposed to a risk of retaliation by not concealing his identity and may be held
responsible if the allegations are discovered to be fabricated;22 (3) that the content
of the tip is not information that Would be readily observable to any typical

observer or passerby; (4) that the informant providing the information has recently

 

17 State v. Hola'en, 60 A.3d 1110, 1115 (Del. 2013).

18 Cooper v. State, 32 A.3d 988, at *5 (Del. 2011) (Table); see also Jones v. State, 745 A.2d
856, 870 (Del. 1999) (stating relevant considerations for finding of reasonable suspicion: “(1)
the specificity of the anonymous tip; (2) independent police corroboration of the facts
underlying the tip; and (3) the ability of the tipster to predict future behavior by the suspect.”).
19 107 A.3d 1045 (Del. 2014).

20 534 F.3d 207 (3d Cir. 2008).

21 See U.S. v. Valentine, 232 F.3d 350, 354 (3d Cir. 2000) (“[A] tip given face to face is more
reliable than an anonymous telephone call.”).

22 See United States v. Nelson, 284 F.3d 472, 482 (3d Cir. 2002) (“[O]ne of the characteristics
of a known informant that contributes to reliability is that he or she can be held responsible if
the allegations turn out to be fabricated.”).

State of Delaware v. Pamela E. Dunning
ID No. 1806002262
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witnessed the alleged illegal activity; and (5) that the tip predicts future events,
which will allow the officers to test the informant’s knowledge or credibility.23

Here, the Court finds that the first four factors above all weigh heavily in
favor of the tip’s reliability.24 With regard to the first factor, it is apparent that the
lnformant had a face-to-face interaction with Trooper Hamilton. While the
affidavit does not explicitly state that their meeting was face-to-face, it does state
that Trooper Hamilton “had [the Informant] in custody for traffic charges along
with an outstanding capias,” and that Trooper Hamilton “contacted [the
Informant] as he was placing an order for heroin on his cell phone.” The affidavit
also states that “a female subject was texting the subject in custody regarding the
sale of heroin.” A common-sense (rather than hypertechnical) interpretation of
these statements leads to the conclusion that as Trooper Hamilton was taking the
lnformant into custody, the lnformant was being texted about a heroin transaction
by Ms. Dunning.

As to the second factor, the lnformant was in custody for traffic charges
and an outstanding capias, and thus could easily have been held responsible had
his allegations turned out to be fabricated

Regarding the third and fourth factors, the Informant’s tip included a
variety of specific details that would not be available to any observer and that
demonstrated that the lnformant had recently witnessed the alleged criminal

activity. This includes providing Ms. Dunning’s phone number, as well as her

 

23 see McKinney, 107 A.3d ar 1048; Torres, 534 F.3d at 211 (citing U.s. v. Brown, 448 F.3d
239, 249-50 (3d Cir. 2006)).

24 The Court does note that the fifth factor regarding the tip’s prediction of future events,
weighs against an indicia of reliability in this case. The Court notes that the lnformant did not
provide any information as to Ms. Dunning’s future movements nor did the Inforrnant provide
any information as to any future drug transactions that could be observed and corroborated.
This will be discussed in more detail below with regard to the independent police investigation

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State of Delaware v. Pamela E. Dunning
ID No. 1806002262
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room number and the location of the heroin under her bed. In addition, the
Inforrnant told Trooper Hamilton that he had purchased heroin from Ms. Dunning
at a specific time the night before and that Ms. Dunning had “re-up’ed her supply.”

Looking next to the degree to which the tip was corroborated by
independent police surveillance and information, the Court finds that this is a
more difficult analysis, but ultimately weighs in favor of a finding of probable
cause. A tip may be considered corroborated when it provides “accurate
prediction of future movements” on the part of the defendant -- a factor admittedly
not present here.25 However, corroboration of even non-inculpatory portions of
an informant’s tip may strengthen an informant’s reliability.26 If an informant’s
tip is sufficiently corroborated, the tip may form the basis for probable cause, even
if nothing is known about the informant’s credibility.27 This Court has previously
indicated in its State v. Bora’ley decision that tips conferring information
“discemible to any member of the public” have no genuine predictive value.28 In
this case, law enforcement officers corroborated details not discernable to any
member of the public, including the fact that the phone number of the person

texting the lnformant about the drug transaction was in fact Ms. Dunning’s, the

 

25 Holden, 60 A.3d at 1116.

26 See Gates, 462 U.S. at 244 (observing that if an informant is right about some things, he is
likely correct about others) (citations omitted); Jacoby v. State, 571 A.2d 787, at *3 (Del. 1989)
(Table).

27 Hubbara' v. State, 782 A.2d 264, at *4 (Del. 2001) (Table); McAllister v. State, 807 A.2d
1119, 1124 (Del. 2002) (“An informant’s tip that is corroborated by independent police work
can form the basis for probable cause, regardless of what is known about the informant’s
personal credibility or reliability.”).

28 State v. Bordley, 2017 wL 2972174, at *3 (Del. super. July 11, 2017) (citing Alabama v.
White, 496 U.S. 325, 332 (1990) (finding a tip's predictive value to be supportive of reasonable
suspicion when “the anonymous [tip] contained a range of details relating not just to easily
obtained facts and conditions existing at the time of the tip, but to fixture actions of third parties
ordinarily not easily predicted.”)).

State of Delaware v. Pamela E. Dunning
ID No. 1806002262
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exact number of the Hotel Room, and the fact that the vehicle in which Ms.
Dunning was sitting was registered to her.

The analysis of the tip received in Alabama v. VVhite29 is instructive for the
case at hand. In White, a tipster stated that the defendant would be leaving a
specific apartment complex “at a particular time in a brown Plymouth station
wagon with the right taillight lens broken, that she would be going to Dobey’s
Motel, and that she would be in possession of about an ounce of cocaine inside a
brown attaché case.”30 The officers immediately proceeded to the apartment
complex and saw the defendant driving a vehicle matching the description directly
to the predicted destination31 Although the White court considered it “a close
case,” the tip’s prediction of the defendant’s movements at a specific time, in a
specific vehicle, and to a specific destination, followed up by independent police
investigation, exhibited sufficient indicia of reliability to support reasonable
suspicion. Although the White case involved movement of the defendant from
one location to another, it also involved other facts about the defendant’s vehicle
and the destination that, like the information in this case, included specific
details.32

In this case, there was no prediction of future actions on the part of Ms.
Dunning. Officers did not conduct a controlled buy, nor did the Informant’s tip

predict Ms. Dunning’s future movements at a specific time, or to a specific

 

29 496 U.s. 325 (1990).

311 ld_ at 327.

31 Id.

32 Although White involved the lesser standard of reasonable suspicion rather than probable
cause, there are competing factors in this case weighing in favor of a finding of probable cause,
including the fact that the tip in this case -- unlike that in White -- was not anonymous, and that
this case involves a search warrant, which requires this Court to give deference to the issuing
magistrate

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State of Delaware v. Pamela E. Dunning
ID No. 1806002262
January 2, 2019

destination, or provide any information as to any future drug transactions that
could be observed and corroborated. However, while this information would
certainly have aided the magistrate in making the determination regarding
probable cause, the Court notes that the job of the magistrate judge is to make a
“practical, common-sense decision whether, given all the circumstances set forth
in the affidavit before him, including the ‘veracity’ and ‘basis of knowledge’ of
persons supplying hearsay information, there is a fair probability that contraband
or evidence of a crime will be found in a particular place.”33

The sole responsibility of the reviewing court is to “ensure that the
magistrate had a substantial basis for concluding that probable cause existed.”34
This Court must uphold the magistrate’s finding if the affidavit on which it was
based provided a substantial basis for finding probable cause,35 The Court need
not determine whether probable cause actually existed, but simply whether there
was “a ‘substantial basis' for finding probable cause.”36 Moreover, as previously
noted, this Court has eschewed a hypertechnical approach to evaluating a search
warrant affidavit in favor of a common-sense interpretation, bearing in mind that
the court reviewing the search warrant owes deference to the issuing magistrate.37

Here, when viewed under a totality of the circumstances test, the search
warrant affidavit clearly contained, within its “four comers,” information from

which the magistrate could reasonably conclude that it was probable that Ms.

 

33 Gazes, 462 U.s. at 238-39.

34 Id. at 236.

33 Id.

36 United states v. Jones, 994 F.2d 1051, 1054 (3d Cir. 1993).

33 Tazman v. sraze, 494 A.2d 1249, 1251_52 (Del. super. 1985); Jensen v. smie, 482 A.2d 105,
111 (Del. Super. 1984).

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State of Delaware v. Pamela E. Dunning
ID No. 1806002262
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Dunning had been engaging in the sale of heroin at the Hotel Room and that
evidence of illegal activity and contraband was likely to be discovered there.

The Court finds that the Informant’s tip was independently corroborated by
Trooper Hamilton, who “contacted [the Informant] as he was placing an order for
heroin on his cell phone.” Evaluating the search warrant affidavit under a
common-sense interpretation, the Court finds that this presents direct evidence of
an attempted drug sale between Ms. Dunning and the lnformant while the
lnformant was in the presence of Trooper Hamilton. Moreover, the officers were
able to confirm that the phone number that was texting the Inforrnant about the
sale of heroin did, in fact, belong to Ms. Dunning and that Ms. Dunning was
staying in the specific hotel room identified through June 5, 2018. This was
further corroborated when the officers observed Ms. Dunning outside the Hotel
Room in a vehicle registered to her. Lastly, the Court finds that the tip was
detailed and specific, particularly with regard to where the drugs were concealed.

Though this information did not predict future events that would allow the
officers to test the Informant’s knowledge or credibility, these details did provide
the officers with strong assurances that the lnformant had a sufficient basis of
knowledge about Ms. Dunning’s criminal activity. 38 Corroboration by
subsequent independent police investigation is significant, and weighs in favor of
finding probable cause based on the tip. Paying appropriate deference to the
magistrate’s determination, the Court finds that the magistrate had a substantial

basis for concluding that probable cause existed.

 

38 See Jacoby, 571 A.2d 787, at *3 (tip from anonymous informant, which was determined to
support probable cause, was detailed and specific, including “particularly detailed fact of where
the drugs were concealed,” and although corroborated by observations of predicted future
movements, was also “partially corroborated when [law enforcement] identified the car parked
in front of [the defendant’s] house.”).

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State of Delaware v. Pamela E. Dunning
ID No. 1806002262
January 2, 2019

Therefore, based on a totality of the circumstances, the Court finds that the
tip is reliable, that an independent police investigation corroborated the
Informant’s tip, and that probable cause existed to justify the search of the Hotel

Room.

WHEREFORE, for the foregoing reasons, Ms. Dunning’s motion to

 

suppress is DENIED.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
, /_/%2._1
lodge Noel Eason Primos
NEP/sz

oc. Prothonotary
xc. Zachary A. George, Esquire
Gregory R. Babowal, Esquire

13

