                    IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

                                   No. 13-1734
                            Filed November 13, 2014


GENE UHLENHAKE, ROBERT UHLENHAKE and KRISTINE MCCORMACK,
Beneficiaries of the ESTATE OF MILDRED UHLENHAKE, and ROBERT
UHLENHAKE, As Co-executor of the ESTATE OF MILDRED UHLENHAKE,
      Plaintiff-Appellants,

vs.

ROGER UHLENHAKE and BONITA EHLER, As Co-executors and
Beneficiaries of the ESTATE OF MILDRED UHLENHAKE, and RICHARD
UHLENHAKE, Beneficiary of the ESTATE OF MILDRED UHLENHAKE,
      Defendant-Appellees.
________________________________________________________________


      Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Winneshiek County, Richard D.

Stochl, Judge.



      Three beneficiaries, one of whom is a co-executor of the Estate of Mildred

Uhlenhake, challenge the probate court’s order granting the application of two

co-executors for reimbursement for attorney’s fees.     AFFIRMED IN PART,

REVERSED IN PART, AND REMANDED.



      Dennis G. Larson of Larson Law Office, and Erik W. Fern of Putnam Law

Office, Decorah, for appellants.

      Richard S. Fry, William S. Hochstetler, and Dana L. Oxley for Shuttleworth

& Ingersoll, P.L.C., Cedar Rapids, for appellees.



      Heard by Vogel, P.J., and Vaitheswaran and Potterfield, JJ.
                                         2


POTTERFIELD, J.

       Three beneficiaries of the Estate of Mildred Uhlenhake—Gene Uhlenhake,

Kristine McCormack, and Robert Uhlenhake (who is also a co-executor)—

challenge the probate court’s ruling allowing reimbursement for attorney fees to

co-executors Roger Uhlenhake and Bonita Ehler. They contend the issue of

attorney fees was precluded by the principle of res judicata, the two co-executors

did not meet their burden of proof with respect to showing just cause or benefit of

the estate, the probate court denied them due process because it did not hold a

hearing on their objections, and the attorneys were not previously designated or

authorized to act on behalf of the estate.

       We reject the contention that the issue of attorney fees was res judicata as

nothing in the district court’s February 2012 ruling determined whether any of the

attorneys would or could be paid by the estate. We agree that Roger and Bonita

are entitled to reimbursement for attorney fees incurred on behalf of the estate.

But because the objectors asked for and were entitled to a hearing on the

application, we reverse the court’s attorney fee award and remand for a hearing

on the application.

I. Background Facts and Proceedings.

       Mildred Uhlenhake died testate on February 20, 2011. She was survived

by six adult children: Richard Uhlenhake, Robert Uhlenhake, Kristine

McCormack, Roger Uhlenhake, Gene Uhlenhake, and Bonita Ehler.

       Gene had lived with his parents in their home and was living in that house

at the time of Mildred’s death. In the house Gene shared with them, Mildred and

her late husband kept a safe. In 2008, Mildred and Gene entered into a contract
                                         3


giving Gene the option, upon Mildred’s death, to purchase “the house and

property located at 201 N. Mary Street, Ossian, Iowa 52161” for $85,000 as set

forth in Mildred’s will.   Mildred acknowledged receipt of $1000.        The sales

agreement provided, in part:

               Fulfillment of this Sales Agreement shall be made at the time
       of my death or in the event of a medical or mental disability
       resulting in permanent hospitalization and/or residence in a nursing
       home as ordered by a physician. . . . Payment of the balance of
       this Agreement in the amount of eighty four thousand dollars
       ($84,000.00) is agreed to by both parties, and may either be
       deducted from Gene’s share of my Estate in the event I am
       deceased, or in equal annual payments first commencing no more
       than twelve months from the date of my death over the course of
       five (5) years, without interest and in equal shares to my remaining
       children, or to their surviving children if a child of mine should
       predecease me.

       Mildred’s will was admitted to probate on March 14, 2011, and her children

Robert, Roger, and Bonita were appointed co-executors.             The fiduciaries

designated Lance Lorentzen as their attorney.

       On July 22, 2011, Gene filed a claim against Mildred’s estate, stating he

was tendering payment for Mildred’s house pursuant to the sales agreement,

electing to make five equal annual payments, and demanding the estate “deliver

the property as describe[d] in the contract.” Gene also claimed he was entitled to

the execution of a deed in fulfillment of a real estate contract for the family farm

real estate Gene and Roger had purchased from Mildred as tenants in common.

       On July 29, 2011, Lorentzen filed an application to withdraw as counsel for

the co-executors due to the inability of the co-executors to agree on how to

proceed.
                                         4


       On August 6, 2011, Mildred’s safe was opened in the presence of five of

the six siblings and about $108,000 and collectible coins were discovered. The

siblings disagreed whether the cash should be included in the estate inventory.

       On August 9, 2011, Roger and Bonita retained attorneys Richard S. Fry

and William S. Hochstetler of Shuttleworth & Ingersoll, P.L.C. (Shuttleworth) to

represent them in the estate. Shuttleworth filed an appearance on August 19.

That same date, Shuttleworth, for Roger and Bonita, filed an application for

directions in which they asserted the “estate proceedings were at a standstill.”

The application stated further:

               5. As more fully explained below, the primary issue is the
       personal property in the Ossian residence. The other issue
       regarding the deed in fulfillment of the real estate contract is a
       matter between Roger Uhlenhake and Gene Uhlenhake as
       individuals and not as estate beneficiaries. The contract is not an
       asset of the estate. The Co-Executors duty is simply to sign a
       Court Officer deed after Roger Uhlenhake and Gene Uhlenhake
       decide on the “option to buy” terms that they have been discussing.
               6. The primary issue is the Decedent’s personal property,
       which was located in and about her personal residence in Ossian.
       At the time of death, Gene Uhlenhake lived with the Decedent in
       her residence in Ossian.
               7. The Will gives Gene Uhlenhake an option to buy the
       “house and lot” at fair market value not to exceed $85,000. A copy
       is attached as Exhibit 1. He has indicated that he wishes to buy the
       residence.
               8. Gene Uhlenhake, as the occupant of the residence before
       and after the death of Mildred Uhlenhake, has possession of the
       personal property.
               9. Article Three, paragraph 1 of the Will provides that the
       personal property (automobiles, personal effects, household
       furniture and all other tangible personal property) should be
       distributed to the children with the following specific directions. The
       Will provision provides as follows: “My children can make
       distribution among themselves keeping in mind their needs and
       sentimental regard for individual items. If my children do not agree
       on the distribution of such property among themselves, then my
       executor shall distribute the property equitably among my children.”
                                         5


              10. Following Mildred Uhlenhake’s death, the Co-Executors
      were provided with access to the residence and began the process
      of sorting through the personal property. They recognized that
      some personal property belonged to Gene Uhlenhake.                   His
      property was separated from the Decedent’s property. The Co-
      Executors were working with the other family members to reach an
      acceptable date when all six could be together at the residence to
      make distribution of the personal property. With one beneficiary
      living out of state, those arrangements had not yet been finalized.
              11. However, more recently, Gene Uhlenhake has asserted
      a very different position regarding the personal property. Since
      Memorial Day, he has denied Co-Executors access to the personal
      property. This denial of access is preventing the Co-Executors
      from fulfilling their duty to file an accurate inventory in these
      proceedings.
              12. Further, Gene Uhlenhake has asserted that the
      Decedent’s personal property should be his. He has filed a claim in
      these proceedings to that effect. He bases his claim for the
      Decedent’s personal property on a one-page September 23, 2008
      Sales Agreement, . . . . The agreement provided for the sale to
      Gene Uhlenhake of the “house and property located at 201 N. Mary
      Street, Ossian, Iowa 52161”.
              13. Although initially all 6 children were in agreement that the
      personal property should be distributed to the six of them, Gene
      Uhlenhake is now claiming that the “house and property” language
      in the one-page Sales Agreement means the house, the property
      on which it is located, and the personal property in and around the
      house. In other words, he is claiming that he is buying the personal
      property under the “house and property” phrase of the Sales
      Agreement.
              14. The undersigned Co-Executors do not believe that their
      mother, Mildred Uhlenhake, intended the Sales Agreement to
      include her personal property for [several reasons.]

The application asked that the court, among other things, set a hearing date,

grant them access to the decedent’s residence so the inventory could be

completed, direct the co-executors in several respects, and “[a]pprove the

retention of Shuttleworth & Ingersoll, P.L.C. to assist the co-executors in

resolving the issues and completing the required estate procedures.”

      On August 25, 2011, the probate court granted Lorentzen’s motion to

withdraw.
                                             6


       On September 27, Gene filed a document responding to Roger and

Bonita’s application for directions, joining in Robert’s separate application for

directions,1 and petitioning for the removal of Roger and Bonita as executors. In

one paragraph responding to the application for directions, Gene stated,

“Although Roger Uhlenhake and Bonita Ehler may have retained the services of

Shuttleworth & Ingersoll, P.L.C., such services should be considered private

services and not services rendered to the estate.” Gene asked the probate court

to remove Roger and Bonita as co-executors, contending they mismanaged the

estate and failed to perform duties imposed by law.

       On November 22, 2011, Shuttleworth filed a report and inventory of

Mildred’s estate on behalf of Roger and Bonita, co-executors. The filing notes,

“Robert Uhlenhake, through his attorney, David Strand, was invited to participate

in the filing of this Report and Inventory, but declined to do so.”

       On December 6, 2011, Lorentzen filed an application for compensation of

fiduciary and attorney, noting the value of the gross assets of the estate were

$1,547,046.86; the maximum fee pursuant to statute was $31,060.93; and

requesting $5960 per the itemized attachment. The application was approved on

January 3, 2012, without resistance.



1
   The court file contains an unsigned “application for directions” stamped “copy” and file-
stamped February 3, 2012, which states co-executor Robert, by his own attorney,
Strand, “agreed there was a breakdown of agreement in the handling of the claim
involving one of the beneficiaries, Gene Uhlenhake. . . . It is felt by the co-executor that
the personal property that is requested by Gene Uhlenhake is of little to no value and
should not be subject of this litigation.” Robert’s application requested the “contract be
fulfilled and that the undersigned by appointed as attorney for the estate.” Although a
filed copy was not in the court file, at the February 1 hearing, the parties informed the
court they had all received copies of Robert’s application for directions and were
prepared to address it.
                                        7


      An evidentiary hearing was held on February 1 and 2, 2012, on the

pending applications for directions and the petition for removal. On February 13,

the court (Judge Lingreen) filed an order, which included these findings:

               14. Gene Uhlenhake resided with his mother, Mildred, in a
      house located at 201 North Mary Street, Ossian, Iowa. This
      residence is the subject matter of the purchase contract identified in
      Gene Uhlenhake’s Claim Number One of his Claims in Probate.
               The evidence indicates that, although Gene Uhlenhake
      initially let the co-executors come into the home for the purpose of
      inventorying property, he later refused requests of Bonita Ehler and
      Roger Uhlenhake to enter the home. He claims ownership to the
      contents of the house, either as purchases made individually by
      him, as joint purchases made with his mother, and as items of
      “property” included in his purchase contract for the house.
               15. Mildred Uhlenhake and her husband maintained a safe
      in the house on North Mary Street. All of Mildred’s children, with
      the exception of Kristine McCormick, met at the house in the
      summer of 2011 for the purpose of inventorying the contents of the
      safe. Gene Uhlenhake had removed the safe from the home and
      brought it to the garage for purposes of the inventory. Collectible
      coins were found in the safe, as well as cash. Approximately
      $108,000 in cash was found in the safe. A disagreement arose
      among the siblings as to what to do with the cash. From the
      credible evidence, the Court finds Roger Uhlenhake, Bonita Ehler,
      and Richard Uhlenhake believed the money should be deposited
      into the estate’s checking account. Gene Uhlenhake and Robert
      Uhlenhake believed the money should be kept in the safe.
      Ultimately, the money was divided into six equal portions of
      $18,000 and each of the five children present signed a written
      acknowledgement that he or she received $18,000.                Gene
      Uhlenhake signed such an acknowledgement on behalf of Kris
      McCormick.
               Richard Uhlenhake took possession of a gold coin for the
      purpose of determining its value.
               From the credible evidence before the Court, the Court finds
      Bonita Ehler and Roger Uhlenhake have included the value of all
      monies found in the safe, in the entry for “cash” found in Schedule
      C of their “Report and Inventory” filed November 22, 2011.
               Gene Uhlenhake asserts Roger Uhlenhake and Bonita Ehler
      have mismanaged the estate and have failed to perform their
      duties.
                                        8


The court found no evidence of mismanagement of the estate or credible

evidence of failure to perform a duty. The court thus found no ground to remove

Roger or Bonita as co-executors and dismissed Gene’s petition.

      The court did find it necessary to provide directions to the three co-

executors:

             In the instant case, the Court finds cause to direct the co-
      executors and Gene Uhlenhake to participate in a trial scheduling
      conference for the purpose of scheduling trial on Gene Uhlenhake’s
      Claim in Probate—Claim Number 1 (as to the house in Ossian).
             The Court also finds cause to direct that the contents
      removed from Mildred Uhlenhake’s safe, including, but not
      necessary limited to, the cash, including collectible coin(s), be
      returned to the co-executors for depositing in the estate’s bank
      account or otherwise maintaining and preserving the asset until the
      estate is concluded.

      The court denied Robert’s application for directions, and sustained Roger

and Bonita’s application for directions in part. The court ordered counsel for

Roger and Bonita—Shuttleworth—to place the telephone call to court

administration for the purpose of selecting a trial date. The court wrote, “At

hearing on the Claim in Probate, the estate need not be represented by counsel,

as the co-executors have secured their individual counsel and Claimant Gene

Uhlenhake has individual counsel.”

      The court continued,

              4. If the Court, upon trial of Gene Uhlenhake’s first Claim in
      Probate, determines certain personal property was not included in
      the sale of the residence, the co-executors shall have access to
      decedent’s residence for the purpose of completing the inventory of
      the personal property not included in the sale of the residence.
      They shall arrange for its distribution. Pending the Court’s ruling on
      Gene Uhlenhake’s Claim in Probate, Gene Uhlenhake shall not
      distribute or otherwise transfer the personal property owned by
      Mildren Uhlenhake at the time of her death.
                                              9


                 5. Upon the Court ruling on Gene Uhlenhake’s claim in
         Probate, the three co-executors shall mutually select a new
         attorney for the estate who shall take all necessary steps to
         conclude this estate. Counsel for the individual co-executors shall
         assist in the retention of a new attorney for the estate.

         On February 29, 2012, Roger and Bonita filed a “petition for two-thirds

rule” noting there were tasks that needed to be achieved in addition to resolving

the issues of the decedent’s personal property, and though conversations

between the three co-executors had begun, unanimous consent “is not working,

at least not yet.” Roger and Bonita asked that the court enter an order directing

that concurrence of two of the three co-executors was sufficient to take action.

         On May 10, 2012, Shuttleworth, for Roger and Bonita, filed an application

to sell real estate proposing to sell the Mildred’s personal residence to Gene at a

“below market” price in accordance with the decedent’s wishes. Richard, Gene,

and Robert each filed an objection or resistance to the application.

         On July 18, 2012, an evidentiary hearing was held on Gene’s claim

concerning the sales agreement. Prior to the evidentiary hearing on the claim,

the court heard arguments on the petition for two-thirds rule, which the court

deemed a request for directions under Iowa Code section 633.76 (2011).2 The

court ruled in favor of Roger and Bonita, finding it “abundantly clear” the three co-

executors were not going to agree with each other. The court stated,



2
    Iowa Code section 633.76 provides:
                 Where there are two or more fiduciaries, they shall all concur in
         the exercise of the powers conferred upon them, unless the instrument
         creating the estate provides to the contrary. In the event that the
         fiduciaries cannot concur upon the exercise of any power, any one of the
         fiduciaries may apply to the court for directions, and the court shall make
         such orders as it may deem to be to the best interests of the estate.
                                         10


             The court concurs with the applicants and grants the
      application for the two-thirds rule. That being stated, the remaining
      executor—I would say the dissenting executor in that situation—
      shall have an ability then to apply to the court for further direction if
      that dissenting executor believes that the actions of the other two
      executors are in opposition to the best interest of the remaining
      beneficiaries or contrary to Iowa law. But I will not put the onus on
      the majority of voters to come to the court for this court to decide
      whether the inventory is correct or every minor issue related to this
      estate. That is not the role of the court. That is the role of the
      executors.
             I would concur . . . that the other option that this court would
      have would be simply to remove all executors. That would be the
      next step if this continues. We will just remove all three executors.
      We will appoint an independent executor, who will charge this
      estate a considerable sum of money, and we will proceed from
      there.
             But we are not at that point. The application is granted. All
      action of the estate may now be approved by two-thirds rule, only to
      be reviewed by the court if the dissenting executor feels it’s
      necessary to have the court review that issue.

The court also ruled that in Gene’s sales agreement with Mildred, the mention of

“and property” did not include personal property.

      On December 4, 2012, the three co-executors filed a designation of

attorney selecting Kurt Olson to serve as attorney for the estate.

      On August 16, 2013, Roger and Bonita filed an application for

reimbursement of attorney’s fees they had paid to Shuttleworth, both ordinary

and extraordinary. In the application, they asserted,

              18. It is clear under Iowa law that the fees paid to an
      attorney retained by less than all of the executors of an estate are
      compensable under Chapter 633 if the attorney’s fees benefit the
      estate. See Matter of Estate of Bolton, 403 N.W.2d 40, 41 (Iowa
      Ct. App. 1987) (noting that a bank, appointed as a third co-
      executor, was authorized to employ its own attorney). Thus, while
      Shuttleworth & Ingersoll served as attorneys for Roger Uhlenhake
      and Bonita Ehler as Co-Executors, their actions are compensable
      attorney’s fees where their fees were for the benefit of the estate.
      Id.; Iowa Code §[§] 633.198-.200. Further, Judge Stochl’s granting
      of the “two-thirds rule” for decision-making among the Co-
                                        11


      Executors supports the action of the undersigned Co-Executors in
      retaining Shuttleworth & Ingersoll and having those legal fees and
      costs paid by the Estate.

They asserted Shuttleworth had arranged for the completion and filing of the

inventory, reviewed and obtained information regarding real estate issues and

prepared a real estate deed in fulfillment of the estate’s obligation regarding the

outstanding real estate contract, attended to tax matters and the filing of required

interlocutory reports, and handled other required estate procedures.

      Roger and Bonita noted the probate court had ruled favorably for them as

co-executors in rejecting Gene’s claim to remove them as executors, approving

their submitted court officer deed, holding the personal property of the decedent

did not belong to Gene, and holding the sale to Gene of the residence was

subject to his obligation to pay basic expenses typical of real estate transactions.

The application also stated:

             24. The attorney’s fees incurred by the Applicants were
      necessary and reasonable to properly and adequately address the
      contested issues. Further, resolution of each of these contested
      claims and issues in favor of the Applicants’ position benefited the
      Estate by advancing the administration of the Estate and preserving
      the size of the estate. See Matter of Estate of Wulf, 526 N.W.2d
      154, 157 (Iowa 1994) (“[A]n action benefits an estate if it involves
      increasing or preserving the size of the estate.”). Each of the
      actions related to Gene Uhlenhake’s challenges and claims further
      benefited the estate by determining the Decedent’s desire to sell
      the residence to Gene Uhlenhake while preserving the personal
      property for the benefit of all of the beneficiaries. See id. (“An
      action may also benefit an estate if it determines or represents the
      decedent’s desires and intentions as expressed in the will.”). The
      attorney fees associated with defending and responding to the
      issues and claims made by Gene Uhlenhake were therefore
      properly incurred on behalf of the estate and should be
      compensated as extraordinary attorney’s fees.             Iowa Code
      § 633.199; In re Wulf, 526 N.W.2d at 157 (affirming payment of
      fees to executor’s attorney related to a claimed entitlement to a
      portion of the estate’s real estate that “affected the administration of
                                        12


      the estate by its impact on the total asset amount for distribution,
      the allocation to beneficiaries, and the tax consequences”).

Attached to the application were Shuttleworth’s monthly invoices, itemizing

services rendered. The application stated further that the estate “had already

incurred significant time and expense in connection with court hearings.          A

hearing on this matter is not requested.”

      On August 20, 2012, the probate court issued an “order prescribing notice

and setting deadline for the filing of objections” to Roger and Bonita’s application

of reimbursement of attorney fees and costs.       After setting the deadlines for

objections and responses, the court stated it “shall then determine whether it is

necessary or appropriate to set a time and date for a hearing on the application.”

      Robert, Gene, and Kristine each filed resistances. Robert argued “this

case has presented a clash of personal interests” and no good existed to obligate

the estate to Roger and Bonita’s attorney fees. Kristine argued the engagement

of attorneys by Roger and Bonita “was completely unnecessary” and claimed

Roger and Bonita had “personal vendettas” against Gene and Robert. Gene filed

a paragraph by paragraph response to the application, emphasizing Shuttleworth

had not been appointed to represent the estate. With respect to paragraph 24,

Gene responded, “Gene Uhlenhake Denies Paragraph 24 of the Application and

reincorporates responses in other paragraphs here. Citations to Matter of Estate

of Wulf, 526 N.W.2d 154, 157 (Iowa 1994), is inapplicable to the situation here.”

Gene requested that a hearing be scheduled.

      On October 1, 2013, the court entered an order granting the application for

reimbursement. The court wrote, “The Court has reviewed the file and finds the
                                         13


fees incurred by Shuttleworth and Ingersoll were incurred on behalf of the estate

and should be paid by the estate.”

         Gene, Robert (individually and as co-executor), and Kristine (the three of

whom we will now simply refer to as “objectors”) appeal.

II. Scope and Standard of Review.

         A proceeding concerning the award of attorney fees in a probate action is

in equity, and our review is de novo.         Iowa Code § 633.33; In re Estate of

Bockwoldt, 814 N.W.2d 215, 222 (Iowa 2012).            We give weight to the fact

findings of the district court, especially considering the credibility of witnesses,

but are not bound by them. In re Estate of Roethler, 801 N.W.2d 833, 837 (Iowa

2011).

III. Merits.

         On appeal, the objectors assert (1) the award of attorney fees was made

in error because the probate court had previously stated there was no need to

appoint the Shuttleworth firm as attorney for the estate.       They also contend

(2) co-executors Roger and Bonita did not meet their burden of proof.          The

objectors argue further (3) they were denied due process because the probate

court did not hold a hearing on their objections.          Finally, they complain

(4) Shuttleworth was not designated or authorized to act on behalf of the estate

and thus the estate should not be responsible for their fees.

         Recently, in Bockwoldt, 814 N.W.2d at 223-24, our supreme court

discussed the contours of the statutory provisions governing attorney fees in an

estate proceeding. “Attorney fees for representing an estate are governed by

statute, and ‘statutory authority is necessary for any fee award.’” Bockwoldt, 814
                                         14


N.W.2d at 223-24 (citation omitted). The court noted Iowa Code section 633.198

allows an attorney for the personal representative to receive fees “not in excess

of the schedule of fees herein provided for personal representatives.” Id. at 224.

       Personal representatives are allowed reasonable fees for “ordinary”
       services rendered to the estate, and the maximum allowable fees
       for ordinary services depends on the size of the estate. [Iowa
       Code] § 633.197. If personal representatives, or their attorneys,
       provide “actual necessary and extraordinary expenses or services”
       to the estate, the attorney or personal representative can receive
       compensation beyond the amount allowed for in the fixed schedule
       listed in section 633.197. Id. § 633.199. Under section 633.199,
       “necessary and extraordinary services shall be construed to also
       include services in connection with real estate, tax matters, and
       litigated matters.” Id.
               ....
               Just as the legislature has not defined the precise contours
       of what services are necessary and extraordinary under section
       633.199, our cases have also refrained from making a
       pronouncement of a precise test for the governance of this issue.
       Instead, we have mirrored the legislature’s approach and have
       defined extraordinary services as those which in character and
       amount [are] beyond those usually required. The determination of
       whether a service is beyond those usually required is a factual
       determination and is left to the district court’s broad discretion.
               . . . The actions that are “necessary” will, of course, vary
       from case to case. “Extraordinary services” is also a broad term
       with a variety of meanings that change with context. In order to
       give effect to both the general and specific words used by the
       legislature, we will not treat the examples of necessary and
       extraordinary services provided in section 633.199 as exhaustive.
       It is possible that administrative tasks could be considered
       extraordinary services.

Id. at 224-25 (footnotes, citations, and internal quotation marks omitted). It is for

the district court to determine whether a service is necessary or extraordinary.

Id. at 226. We review such determinations for an abuse of discretion. Id.

       A. Res Judicata/Law of the Case. On appeal, the objectors argue the

application for attorney fees was erroneously granted because Shuttleworth was

not the attorney for the estate and, in fact, the probate court had denied the
                                        15


request that Shuttleworth be appointed as attorney for the estate. They rely upon

the following language from the court’s February 13, 2012 order: “At hearing on

the Claim in Probate, the estate need not be represented by counsel, as the co-

executors have secured their individual counsel and Claimant Gene Uhlenhake

has individual counsel.” Invoking principles of res judicata and the law of the

case, the objectors claim the quoted language affirmatively and conclusively

establishes the work performed by Shuttleworth is not compensable.             We

disagree, concluding the objectors read too much into the language.

      It is true the probate court did not appoint Shuttleworth to represent the

estate and Shuttleworth was never designated to be the attorney for the estate.

But the statutory provisions allowing attorney fees for representing a personal

representative do not require that the attorney first be appointed to represent the

estate.   See Iowa Code §§ 633.198, .199, .315; see also In re Estate of

Petersen, 570 N.W.2d 463, 466 (Iowa Ct. App. 1997).

      Here, the probate court acknowledged there was a contested action

upcoming—Gene, who was represented by counsel, was claiming Mildred’s

personal property in the home as his own.          The three co-executors were

supportive of differing viewpoints on the issue to be determined: Robert as co-

executor was represented by an attorney (at the time, David Strand) and had

submitted a statement that the personal property at issue was of “little or no

value” and did not warrant contested proceedings. Roger and Bonita, however,

were of the opinion that Mildred’s personal property was not covered by the sales

agreement and should be included in the estate and distributed pursuant to

Mildred’s will. The circumstances allowed the court to conclude the interests of
                                            16


the estate would be represented. But nothing in the court’s February 2012 ruling

determined whether any of the attorneys would or could be paid by the estate.3

       B. Entitlement to Reimbursement. “The allowance of attorney’s fees in

estate actions is left to the considerable discretion of the trial court subject to

appellate review.” Petersen, 570 N.W.2d at 465. “An abuse of discretion occurs

when the district court exercises its discretion on grounds or for reasons that are

clearly untenable, or to an extent clearly unreasonable.” Quad City Bank & Trust

v. Jim Kircher & Assocs., P.C., 804 N.W.2d 83, 92 (Iowa 2011). “A ground or

reason is untenable when it is not supported by substantial evidence or when it is

based on an erroneous application of the law.”              Id. (citations and internal

quotation marks omitted).

       Iowa Code section 633.315 provides:4

3
   The court’s statement—as it is not really a ruling—that the estate “need not be
represented” because the co-executors were individually represented says nothing
about whether any of the parties’ attorneys would or could be compensated by the
estate. We agree with Shuttleworth that neither the res-judicata nor the law-of-the-case
doctrines preclude the reimbursement of Roger and Bonita’s attorney’s fees. “The
doctrine of res judicata includes both claim preclusion and issue preclusion.”
Winnebago Indus., Inc. v. Haverly, 727 N.W.2d 567, 571 (Iowa 2006). Though not
specified, we presume the objectors are raising a claim of issue preclusion. “Under
issue preclusion, once a court has decided an issue of fact or law necessary to its
judgment, the same issue cannot be relitigated in later proceedings.” Id. The doctrine
applies if:
        “(1) the issue determined in the prior action is identical to the present
        issue; (2) the issue was raised and litigated in the prior action; (3) the
        issue was material and relevant to the disposition in the prior action; and
        (4) the determination made of the issue in the prior action was necessary
        and essential to that resulting judgment.”
Id. at 572 (citation omitted). The statement/ruling was not “necessary and essential to”
any resulting judgment.
        As for the “law of the case,” “[i]t is a familiar legal principle that an appellate
decision becomes the law of the case and is controlling on both the trial court and on
any further appeals in the same case.” United Fire & Cas. Co. v. Iowa Dist. Ct for Sioux
Cnty., 612 N.W.2d 101, 103 (Iowa 2000) (emphasis added). The principle has no
application here. See Bahl v. City of Asbury, 725 N.W.2d 317, 321 (Iowa 2006) (noting
the doctrine applies only to those questions that were properly before the appellate court
for consideration and passed on in an earlier appeal).
                                            17


              When any person is designated as executor in a will, or has
       been appointed as executor and defends or prosecutes any
       proceedings in good faith and with just cause, whether successful
       or not, that person shall be allowed out of the estate necessary
       expenses and disbursements, including reasonable attorney fees in
       such proceeding.

(Emphasis added.)

       We have held, “[I]t is a better practice to obtain court authorization for

attorney’s fees prior to engaging the defense of a will contest. Prior authorization

is, however, neither required nor is it dispositive of the question of just cause

supporting an award of attorney’s fees and costs.” Petersen, 570 N.W.2d at 466.

Rather, executors seeking reimbursement have the “burden of proving he or she

acted in good faith and with just cause in engaging in the proceedings.” In re

Estate of Wulf, 526 N.W.2d 154, 156 (Iowa 1994). “In order for just cause to

exist, the executor must demonstrate a special estate interest in the contest. No

just cause or substantial estate interest exists where a will contest is ‘narrowed

down to one of personal interest only between proponents and contestants.’” Id.

“In general, it may be said that an action benefits an estate if it involves

increasing or preserving the size of the estate.” Id. at 157. “An action may also

benefit an estate if it determines or represents the decedent’s desires and

intentions as expressed in the will.” Id.




4
  See also Iowa Code §§ 633.198 (“There shall be allowed and taxed as part of the costs
of administration of estates as an attorney fee for the personal representative’s attorney,
such reasonable fee as may be determined by the court, for services rendered, but not
in excess of the schedule of fees herein provided for personal representatives.”); .199
(“Such further allowances as are just and reasonable may be made by the court to
personal representatives and their attorneys for actual necessary and extraordinary
expenses and services. . . .”).
                                           18


       The objectors argue Roger and Bonita did not meet their burden, asserting

the litigation here was a matter of personal interest only. 5 But the probate court

found the fees were incurred on behalf of the estate. “We give a district court

great deference when ruling on whether services benefit an estate.” Bockwoldt,

814 N.W.2d at 229.

       Roger and Bonita asserted that the attorney fees incurred “to properly and

adequately address the contested issues” and “resolution of each of these

contested claims and issues in favor of the Applicants’ position benefited the

Estate by advancing the administration of the Estate and preserving the size of

the estate.” Gene claimed the right to purchase the house “and property” at

Mildred’s death entitled him to all Mildred’s personal property in the house.

However, Mildred’s will stated:

               I give all my automobiles, personal effects, household
       furniture and all other tangible personal property similar in nature,
       owned by me at my death, to my children if they survive me. My
       children can make distribution among themselves keeping in mind
       their needs and sentimental regard for individual items. If my
       children do not agree on the distribution of such property among
       themselves, then my executor shall distribute the property equitably
       among my children.

We observe that the judge (Judge Stochl) who authorized the payment of

attorney’s fees presided at the evidentiary hearing on Gene’s claim. The court’s

statements at that hearing expressed incredulity for Gene’s position that he was

5
  We have previously held, “We will not grant attorney’s fees and expenses at the
estate’s expense where the litigation narrows down to a contest of personal interests
between will proponents and contestants, because just cause for incurring these
expenses does not exist under such circumstances”. Petersen, 570 N.W.2d at 466. The
objectors argue “[t]he hostility of Roger and Bonita towards other beneficiaries is clear
from the pleadings.” This statement is not supported by the record.
        In any event, the pertinent question is whether the personal representatives
defended or prosecuted these estate proceedings in good faith and with just cause. See
Iowa Code § 633.315.
                                        19


entitled to all the personal property in the house. The court ruled, “I do not find

that ‘and property’ includes personal property. Period. It does not. There is no

intention and no indication of that whatsoever.” A written ruling followed. Gene

did not appeal that ruling.

       We conclude the district court did not abuse its discretion in determining

Roger and Bonita were entitled to reimbursement for attorney’s fees they

incurred that benefited the estate. See id. However, in light of our ruling on the

next claim, we make no ruling as to the reasonableness of the fees requested.

       C. Due Process.        The objectors argue on appeal that because Gene

sought a hearing in his resistance to the request for reimbursement and no

hearing was held, they were denied due process.

       “Due process has two fundamental requirements: notice and opportunity

to be heard.” In re Estate of Adams, 599 N.W.2d 707, 710 (Iowa 1999). “A

guiding principle of procedural due process mandates notice and opportunity for

hearing appropriate to the nature of the case.” Id. (citing In re Estate of Lemke,

216 N.W.2d 186, 189 (Iowa 1974)) (emphasis added).

       The objectors received notice of Roger and Bonita’s application for

reimbursement and were given the opportunity to resist.         They filed written

resistances, raising various objections. Gene requested a hearing; Robert and

Kristine did not. By ruling on the objections, the district court determined no

hearing was required.

       Iowa Code section 633.198 provides,

             There shall be allowed and taxed as part of the costs of
       administration of estates as an attorney fee for the personal
       representative’s attorney, such reasonable fee as may be
                                        20


      determined by the court, for services rendered, but not in excess of
      the schedule of fees herein provided for personal representatives.

      Section 633.199 provides:

             Such further allowances as are just and reasonable may be
      made by the court to personal representatives and their attorneys
      for actual necessary and extraordinary expenses and services.
      Necessary and extraordinary services shall be construed to include
      but not be limited to services in connection with real estate, tax
      issues, disputed matters, nonprobate assets, reopening the estate,
      location of unknown and lost heirs and beneficiaries, and
      management and disposition of unusual assets. Relevant factors
      to be considered in determining the value of such services shall
      include but not be limited to the following:
             1. Time necessarily spent by the personal representatives
      and their attorneys.
             2. Nature of the matters or issues and the extent of the
      services provided.
             3. Complexity of the issues and the importance of the issues
      to the estate.
             4. Responsibilities assumed.
             5. Resolution.
             6. Experience and expertise of the personal representatives
      and their attorneys.

Nothing in these provisions requires a hearing be held.

      However, chapter 7 of our court rules sets out the rules of probate

procedure. Iowa Court Rule 7.2 provides, in part:

               7.2(1) Every report or application requesting an allowance of
      fees for personal representatives or their attorneys shall be written
      and verified as provided in Iowa Code section 633.35.
               7.2(2) When fees for ordinary services are sought pursuant
      to Iowa Code sections 633.197 and 633.198, proof of the nature
      and extent of responsibilities assumed and services rendered shall
      be required. Unless special circumstances should be called to the
      court’s attention, the contents of the court probate file may be relied
      upon as such proof. In determining the value of gross assets of the
      estate for purposes of Iowa Code section 633.197, the court shall
      not include the value of joint tenancy property excluded from the
      taxable estate pursuant to Iowa Code section 450.3(5) or the value
      of life insurance payable to a designated beneficiary.
               7.2(3) When an allowance for extraordinary expenses or
      services is sought pursuant to Iowa Code section 633.199, the
                                        21


       request shall include a written statement showing the necessity for
       such expenses or services, the responsibilities assumed, and the
       amount of extra time or expense involved. In appropriate cases,
       the statement shall also explain the importance of the matter to the
       estate and describe the results obtained. The request may be
       made in the final report or by separate application. It shall be set
       for hearing upon reasonable notice, specifying the amounts
       claimed, unless waivers of notice identifying the amounts claimed
       are filed by all interested persons. The applicant shall have the
       burden of proving such allowance should be made.

(Emphasis added.)

       The application filed by Roger and Bonita included an allowance for

ordinary and extraordinary expenses.      The application was a written, verified

statement asserting the necessity for such expenses or services and was

supported by itemized billing statements, which described the services provided

and delineated the services as ordinary or extraordinary. We note, however, that

rule 7.2(3) states a request for extraordinary expenses “shall be set for hearing.”

       Roger and Bonita argue the objectors waived their current arguments

related to the reasonableness of the reimbursement award, the district court’s

failure to delineate between ordinary and extraordinary services in its order, and

the due process challenge.      They assert the objectors’ resistances did not

challenge either the reasonableness of or the delineation as ordinary and

extraordinary expenses of the attorney’s fees for which Roger and Bonita were

seeking reimbursement.     Citing In re Estate of Frye, No. 10-0778, 2011 WL

238424, at *3 (Iowa Ct. App. Jan. 20, 2011), they also contend that in failing to

file a motion pursuant to Iowa Rule of Civil Procedure 1.904(2), the objectors

waived the lack of hearing issue.
                                           22


       We agree that with respect to Kristine and Robert, the challenges made

now were not asserted below. “It is a fundamental doctrine of appellate review

that issues must ordinarily be both raised and decided by the district court before

we will decide them on appeal.” Meier v. Senecaut, 641 N.W.2d 532, 537 (Iowa

2002). However, Gene did deny numerous paragraphs of the application and did

request a hearing.6 In ruling on the application for attorney fees, the district court

impliedly denied the request for a hearing. Cf. Lamasters v. State, 821 N.W.2d

856, 864 (Iowa 2012) (“If the court’s ruling indicates the court considered the

issue and necessarily ruled on it, even if the court’s reasoning is ‘incomplete or

sparse,’ the issues is preserved.”).

       “When a district court awards attorney fees without specifically addressing

complaints raised by one of the parties, and the basis for the court’s decision is

not clearly evident from the court’s ruling, we have found it appropriate to remand

the case to the district court to review the application and make specific findings.”



6
  Frye is not apposite. There, the appellants had moved in probate court to have the
executor of the estate dismissed. See Frye, 2011 WL 238424, at *1. The executor
resisted and filed a motion to allow a cross-motion for summary judgment. Id. at *2. A
hearing was held on the original summary judgment motion at which the executor
argued its motion to allow the cross-motion for summary judgment. Id. The district court
denied the petitioners’ motion, but granted the executor’s cross-motion for summary
judgment, stating findings. Id. at *3. On appeal, the petitioners contended in part that
the district court erred in granting the cross-motion for summary judgment without a
hearing. Id. This court ruled the petitioners had failed to preserve the issue because
they had not sought a hearing in the district court. Here, Gene did request a hearing.
        The reference to rule 1.904(2) in Frye was not in connection with the hearing
issue. Rather, the petitioners also argued on appeal that the probate court’s summary
judgment ruling was deficient because it made no fact findings. Id. This court noted that
they had “made no motion for an enlargement of the court’s findings” and thus error was
not preserved. See Iowa R. Civ. P. 1.904(2) (“On motion joined with or filed within the
time allowed for a motion for new trial, the findings and conclusions may be enlarged or
amended and the judgment or decree modified accordingly . . . or decree substituted.”).
The failure to provide a hearing here where one has been requested involves no findings
or conclusions to which a rule 1.904(2) motion could be directed.
                                         23

Bockwoldt, 814 N.W.2d at 232. We do so here.7 The objections to the fee

request did not satisfy the hearing requirement of rule 7.2.

       IV. Conclusion.

       We reject the contention that the issue of attorney fees was res judicata as

nothing in the district court’s February 2012 ruling determined whether any of the

attorneys would or could be paid by the estate. We agree with the probate

court’s finding that Roger and Bonita are entitled to reimbursement for

reasonable attorney fees incurred on behalf of the estate.         But because the

objectors asked for and were entitled to a hearing on the application, we reverse

the court’s attorney fee award and remand for a hearing on the application.

       AFFIRMED IN PART, REVERSED IN PART, AND REMANDED.




7
  We observe that the district court, in its discretion, may find that defending a fee
application may be compensable as extraordinary services based on the individual facts
of each case. Bockwoldt, 814 N.W.2d 225-26.
