Filed 2/9/15 Union Central Cold Storage v. RDM Warehouse CA2/7
                  NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.


              IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                     SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                DIVISION SEVEN


UNION CENTRAL COLD STORAGE,                                          B244944
INC. et al.,
                                                                     (Los Angeles County
         Plaintiffs and Appellants,                                  Super. Ct. No. BC452746)

         v.

RDM WAREHOUSE et al.,

         Defendants and Respondents.




                   APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County,
J. Stephen Czuleger, Judge. Affirmed in part and reversed in part.


                   Klapach & Klapach and Joseph S. Klapach for Plaintiffs and Appellants.


                   Vanek, Vickers & Masini and Jon B. Masini (admitted pro hac vice);
Foran Glennon Palandech Ponzi & Rudloff, Keith E. Butler and Ciprian Dogaru for
Defendants and Respondents.

                             ______________________________________
       Union Central Cold Storage Inc. (Union Central) appeals from the judgment
entered upon jury verdicts in favor of respondents RDM Warehouse, RDM International
(collectively RDM) on RDM’s cross-complaint against Union Central alleging, inter alia,
causes of action for intentional interference with contractual relations, conversion, unjust
enrichment and an award of punitive damages arising out of an agreement between RDM
and Union Central for RDM to use storage space at a Union Central food storage
warehouse. Union Central asserts several errors on appeal. Specifically it claims that:
(1) the punitive damage award must be reversed because RDM failed to present
meaningful, relevant evidence of Union Central’s financial condition; (2) the tort claims
cannot stand because Union Central was merely seeking to enforce its rights under the
warehouse agreement it had with RDM; and (3) the judgment on the unjust enrichment
claim must be reversed because unjust enrichment is not a separate cause of action, but
instead is a remedy. As we shall explain, only the punitive damage award warrants
reversal. Accordingly, we reverse the award of punitive damages and affirm in all other
respects.
                        FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
       1. The Parties
       At the time relevant to this litigation, Union Central operated a cold storage and
warehousing business. The business was incorporated in 1984 and is owned and operated
by Fred and Gaynel Rader. Their daughter, Courtney Daily, is controller of the company.
Union Central operated from two warehouse facilities in the Los Angeles area – one
located on Industrial Street, and the other located in Huntington Park. According to Mr.
Rader, Union Central leased the warehouses and did not have any ownership interest in
either facility. The Industrial Street warehouse contains 1.6 million cubic feet of dry,
cold, and frozen storage.
       Respondents RDM International buys and sells food products, and RDM
Warehouse is a storage company that provides warehouse services. RDM does not own a
warehouse facility. Robert Moore was president of RDM Warehouse and RDM

                                             2
International. RDM did not own its own building, and at the time the parties were
introduced, Mr. Moore was interested in buying one of Union Central's buildings.
       2. The Agreement Between the Parties
       In February 2010, Moore contacted Mr. Rader to inquire about renting space in
one of Union Central’s warehouse facilities for a short term. On February 11, 2010,
Moore, the Raders and Ms. Daily met for two hours at the Industrial Street facility for a
tour and to discuss the proposal.1 RDM and Union Central subsequently agreed that
RDM would rent storage space in the facility.
       The disagreement at issue in the litigation centers on the type of agreement that the
parties subsequently entered and the conduct of the parties after the relationship between
them broke down. During the trial, RDM presented evidence from an expert in the
warehousing industry who explained that two types of contracts are used in the
warehousing business – lease agreements and warehouse storage contracts. The expert
explained that under a lease agreement the tenant uses its own staff and its own
equipment at the warehouse site. The tenant under a lease handles its own product,
including loading and unloading of delivery trucks and placing the product in the
warehouse. In contrast, under a warehouse storage contract, the party renting the space
has its product delivered to the warehouse and then the warehouse owner’s staff unloads,
handles and stores the product using the warehouse equipment. By virtue of the different
responsibilities and duties of the parties under the two agreements, the rights that inure to
the parties under each contract are different.
       RDM’s Version – Lease Agreement. According to RDM, at the end of the
meeting on February 11, 2010, Moore and Mr. Rader signed a lease document, dated
February 11, 2010, entitled “Issues for Lease Agreement.” Ms. Daily also signed the
document as a witness. Mr. Rader and Mr. Moore initialed every term in the document.
Under the “agreement,” RDM was to pay $28,000 a month for rent and utilities for use of


1
       The Raders recorded the meeting on videotape.
                                                 3
the facility. The agreement did not provide a specified term for the agreement, but did
specify and assign various responsibilities to both RDM and Union Central. Under
“Our Responsibilities,” Union Central agreed to provide: storage space at a specified
temperature, alarm service, water, sewer, electrical service (at $8,000 a month), office
space, use of the bathroom (and limited bathroom supplies), use of a common dock area
and concourse area. RDM also assumed various responsibilities under a section titled:
“Tenants.”
       According to the transcript from the recorded meeting, Mr. Rader agreed to
prepare a draft of the agreement according to the terms they had agreed upon, then he and
Moore would sit down and go over it. Thereafter, Moore would consult with his attorney
and Mr. Rader would take the draft to his lawyer, who would formalize the document
into a lease. Mr. Moore was also told by the Raders that RDM could begin moving in the
next day.
       The “Issues for Lease Agreement” was never formalized into a written agreement
as the parties had discussed at the meeting. Nonetheless, RDM moved into the
warehouse space in mid-February 2010. After RDM occupied the warehouse space, it
maintained its own office space in the warehouse, used its own employees, forklifts, and
equipment, and handled all of its customers’ products.
       Ms. Daily testified that the difference between a regular warehouse customer and a
lease customer is that for a regular warehouse customer, Union Central typically
performs full services and they do “everything” for the customer. During subsequent
interaction among Mr. Rader, Mr. Moore, and Ms. Daily, they referred to RDM as the
“tenant,” Union Central as the “landlord” and referenced the “lease” between the parties
and the amount of “rent” to be paid by RDM.
       At trial, RDM’s warehouse expert expressed the opinion based on his experience
in the industry that the parties had entered into a lease agreement. The expert testified
that notwithstanding any written contract, based upon the conduct of the parties, the



                                             4
relationship between the parties was a lease arrangement and, therefore, Union Central
did not possess any lien rights.
       Union Central’s Version – Warehouse Agreement. According to Union
Central, RDM made arrangements to move its product into Union Central’s facility
starting February 20, 2010, even though the lease discussed at the February 11, 2010
meeting had not yet been formalized. According to Ms. Daily, she became concerned
about allowing RDM to move into the facilities without the documentation in place. Ms.
Daily suggested to her parents that RDM become a warehouse customer under a
warehouse agreement, rather than a tenant under a lease agreement. Ms. Daily testified
that she then told Mr. Moore “Bob, you gotta become a warehouse customer.” Mr.
Moore denied having any conversation with Ms. Daily about changing from the lease
agreement he had just signed to any other type of agreement. Mr. Moore denied that Mr.
Rader called him and told him he had to become a warehouse customer.
       On February 16, 2010, Ms. Daily sent an email to Mr. Moore enclosing Union
Central’s standard form application and warehouse agreement, along with a W-9 form.
Ms. Daily explained: “Here are a couple things that I need to get filled out. Please have
them filled out and either emailed back to me or faxed to me
. . . .” The subject line of the e-mail states: “Application and W-9.” Ms. Daily’s e-mail
attaching the documents did not indicate that one of the documents was the warehouse
contract and did not mention any terms and conditions were being added to the
agreement. She further testified that, in her view, the subject line “Application/W-9” was
supposed to advise Mr. Moore that she was attaching a new contract. According to Ms.
Daily, the purpose of having Mr. Moore fill out the “application” and sign the terms and
conditions, was, in part, that she felt RDM becoming a warehouse customer gave her
parents more protection than a lease agreement. Ms. Daily also believed that as an
experienced warehouseman, Mr. Moore would be familiar with warehouse agreements.
The proposed warehouse agreement was entitled, “Union Central Cold Storage –
Contract Terms and Conditions.” Among other things, it provided that “[e]xcept where is

                                             5
otherwise described by law[,] the warehouseman may notify the bailler or other owner of
the goods to be removed by the end of the next succeeding month. If the bailler does not
remove such items then the warehouseman may sell said items in accordance with the
law.” It further provided that “[i]f for some reason the [warehouse] fees are not paid the
warehouseman will have a lien on such goods. If bill is not paid after 30 days, goods will
be sold to pay for charges incurred.”
       Later that day on February 16, 2010, Mr. Moore responded to Ms. Daily’s email
with the promise that “I will get this filled out for you.” Mr. Moore completed the
documents and sent them by facsimile to Union Central the same day they were sent to
him. At trial, Mr. Moore testified that although he signed the warehouse agreement, he
did not read it and did not intend to agree to its terms. Mr. Moore stated he did not read
the W-9 tax form or the one page of pre-printed terms and conditions before signing them
because he believed RDM and Union Central already had a lease agreement in place.
Mr. Moore never spoke with Ms. Daily or Mr. Rader about the warehouse agreement,
either before or after he signed and returned it.2
       Thereafter, on February 21, 2010, in the email to Mr. Rader, Ms. Daily wrote,
“you told me he was going to be a warehouse customer and not a lease tenant anymore.
If I’m confused about this issue then I imagine that Bob is confused.” Thereafter, in
another email dated February 21, Ms. Daily wrote, “Fred, Bob [Mr. Moore] was unaware
of the new agreement.” Ms. Daily urged Mr. Rader to clarify the situation and suggested
that Mr. Moore should be given keys and alarm codes only if a formal agreement was


2
       The document signed by Mr. Moore did not contain any other contract terms and
conditions, including, inter alia, the amount to be paid, size of storage space, what
product RDM would be storing, who was responsible for payment of utilities, what
temperatures were required or RDM having its own office space within the warehouse.
In addition, there is nothing in the one-page document that indicates that it somehow
replaces the prior lease agreement. The warehousing expert testified at trial, based upon
his review of the one-page document signed by Mr. Moore, that document was not a
warehouse contract.

                                              6
prepared. In response, Mr. Rader explained that “warehouse laws . . . are much easier to
enforce,” and that he had decided that the parties would proceed under the signed
warehouse agreement, rather than through “a lease program.”
       3. Break Down of the Relationship
       From late February 2010 through September 2010, RDM used Union Central’s
facilities and paid the monthly storage fees and charges. RDM was provided with office
space at the facility and used its own employees, tools, and equipment to load and unload
its customers’ products.
       In early October 2010, a rainstorm caused water to leak into RDM’s office space
at the Union Central’s facility. The water caused damage to some of RDM’s office
equipment. Mr. Moore and Mrs. Rader argued about the leak and the damage. As a
result, Mr. Rader sent an email to Moore advising him, “the agreement was never to be
long term,” and that “I need you to start planning today to move out of your 2000 pallet
usage no later than through November 18th.” On October 18, 2010, Mr. Rader sent
Moore a letter, explaining that “[m]y previous email was a notification to terminate our
storage agreement,” and that “[t]his letter should be a second notification that I do not
want RDM employees on the property after 11/18/10 . . . .” In early November, Moore
sent Union Central a letter responding to Mr. Rader’s correspondence. Moore asserted
that Union Central had breached the contract with RDM in various ways, including by
restricting access to the facility, by failing to pay for damaged office equipment, and by
subjecting RDM’s employees to unsafe working conditions. The letter included a
number of demands and concluded that the date to vacate the premises “should be moved
to December 21, 2010.” After efforts to settle the issues between the parties with the
help of a lawyer proved unsuccessful, on November 20, 2010, Union Central served
RDM with a three-day notice to vacate the premises. Mr. Rader conceded at trial that it
would not have been possible for RDM to remove everything from the warehouse during
that three-day period. RDM did not pay any storage fees or charges incurred after
November 18, 2010.

                                             7
      On November 24, 2010, at the direction of Mr. Rader, his employees took various
actions to make it more difficult for RDM to receive deliveries at the warehouse as well
as remove its product from the warehouse. For example, Union Central employees
parked forklifts behind RDM’s trucks. RDM indicated that it would vacate the
warehouse by December 5, 2010, and made efforts to remove its product from the
facility. When RDM employees arrived on December 6, 2010, to continue to remove
items from the facility, they were not permitted to enter. Union Central informed RDM
that if RDM did not pay $40,000, Union Central would hold the property and sell it.
Union Central indicated that it intended to impose a lien on the remaining goods in the
warehouse for unpaid warehouse charges and to sell those goods in order to pay for those
charges.
      In the weeks that followed, RDM made additional attempts to remove items from
Union Central’s warehouse, but were advised by Mr. Rader that nothing could be
removed. On a few occasions, Union Central allowed some of the product to be released
to a few of RDM’s customers, but Union Central would not allow anyone other than
Union Central employees on the premises to choose the particular item.3 Other requests
by RDM on behalf of its customers were refused. Mr. Rader admitted at trial that in
situations where RDM had indicated they had a particular client who wanted particular
product, Mr. Rader knew that he was preventing RDM from getting products to its
customer.
      In the months that followed, Union Central sold a number of the products that it
had retained (from RDM) and kept the proceeds of the sales. Union Central also agreed
to release frozen Cuban lobster to the United States Government for payment of $9,840
in unpaid storage fees. Union Central also held lien auctions for the goods. At the time




3
       Mr. Rader instructed his employees to just go in the warehouse and grab the
first RDM pallet they saw, to take it out and put it in the truck.

                                            8
of trial, Union Central still had some of RDM’s product consisting of 7,000 cases of
mangoes, 1,000 cases of crab, and four or five pallets of juice and peaches.
       4.     The Litigation
       On January 10, 2011, Union Central filed a complaint against RDM Warehouse,
RDM International, and Robert Moore for breach of contract and open book account.4
The complaint alleged that RDM had breached the February 16, 2010, warehouse
agreement by failing to pay Union Central’s invoices.
       In September 2011, RDM Warehouse and RDM International filed a cross-
complaint against Union Central asserting causes of action for breach of contract, breach
of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing, intentional interference with
contract and prospective economic advantage, conversion, unfair business practices,
fraud, and unjust enrichment. RDM sought compensatory and punitive damages. The
cross-complaint alleged that Union Central breached a February 11, 2010, lease
agreement by failing to maintain the premises and by refusing to allow RDM access to
the property. The cross-complaint further alleged that Union Central interfered with
RDM’s business and wrongfully converted RDM’s property by taking possession of
RDM’s products and by refusing to allow RDM to remove them.
       In its pleadings and at trial, Union Central proceeded on the theory that the
warehouse agreement governed the relationship of the parties. Union Central asserted
that the warehouse agreement afforded it lien rights in the products at its facility and
allowed it to seize the property and sell it to pay for unpaid storage fees. For its part,
RDM contended that it was a tenant under the lease agreement. Union Central was,
therefore, required to initiate a legal process before it could evict RDM and had no lien
rights with respect to the products that were stored at Union Central’s facility.
       Shortly before trial, RDM informed the trial court that it wished to amend its


4
       Mrs. Rader also filed an individual claim for assault and battery against Mr.
Moore arising from their argument about the roof leak. However, she dismissed that
claim prior to trial.
                                             9
cross-complaint against Union Central to allege claims against Fred Rader and Gaynel
Rader under an alter ego theory. The trial court advised the parties that it was too late to
add new parties. RDM proceeded to trial on the cross-complaint solely against Union
Central, as originally pleaded.
       In July 2012, the trial court conducted a nine-day jury trial. On July 31, 2012, the
jury rendered special verdicts rejecting all but two of the claims asserted in the complaint
and cross-complaint. With respect to Union Central’s complaint, the jury found that,
although Union Central and RDM entered into a contract, Union Central could not
recover for breach of contract because it did not substantially perform its own obligations
under the contract and was not excused from performance. Similarly, on RDM’s contract
claim, the jury found that a contract existed between the parties, but that RDM had failed
to perform its obligations under the contract and was not excused from doing so. The
jury was not asked to decide which of the version of the contract—the warehouse
agreement or the lease agreement—was the operative contract.
       In addition to rejecting RDM’s breach of contract claim, the jury rejected RDM’s
claims for breach of the covenant of good faith and fair dealing, intentional interference
with prospective economic advantage, intentional misrepresentation, concealment, and
false promise. The jury entered a verdict in favor of RDM on its intentional interference
with contractual relations and conversion claims. The jury found that RDM had a
contract with three of its customers, Union Central knew of these contracts, and intended
to disrupt the performance of these contracts. The jury also found that RDM had a right
to possess the products stored in Union Central’s warehouse, and that Union Central
interfered with RDM’s property by taking possession, preventing access, or refusing to
return that property. The jury awarded a total of $335,066.73 in damages on these
claims. The jury also found that RDM was entitled to recover punitive damages from
Union Central. Thereafter the trial court conducted a brief trial on the amount of punitive
damages. The jury awarded $275,000 for RDM against Union Central in punitive
damages.

                                             10
       In August 2012, Union Central filed a motion for a new trial, challenging the
award of punitive damages. On October 5, 2012, the trial court denied the motion for a
new trial.
       On October 18, 2012, Union Central filed for bankruptcy under Chapter 11 of the
United States Code. The next day, Union Central filed a notice of stay in this action.5
Thereafter, Union Central filed a timely notice of appeal.


                                      DISCUSSION
I.     The Punitive Damage Award
       Union Central argues that the punitive damage award must be reversed because
RDM offered no meaningful evidence of Union Central’s financial condition; that the
award was excessive in light of the evidence of Union Central’s financial situation and
the evidence presented relating to Mr. and Mrs. Rader’s personal financial situation was
highly prejudicial. As we shall explain, we agree.
       A.     Background
       In the liability phase of the trial, the jury found that RDM was entitled to punitive
damages based on Union Central’s conduct. After the jury rendered the verdict, the trial
court conducted a second phase of the trial to determine the amount of punitive damages.
       Before the second phase of the trial, Union Central produced its financial records
to RDM, as well as deeds for the two facilities operated by Union Central. The deeds
reflected that the facility on Industrial Street was owned by the Raders, and the second
building was owned by a separate entity called 6700 Alameda HPCA, LLC. Union



5
       By letter brief, the parties have informed this court the bankruptcy proceedings
have now concluded, and the automatic stay has been terminated. We have granted
judicial notice of the documents from the bankruptcy court file attached to Union
Central’s letter brief. The parties agree that nothing that occurred in the bankruptcy
proceedings, or that is contained in the bankruptcy reorganization plan operates to moot
this appeal.

                                             11
Central’s interest in the two buildings was based on the facts that it had a lease to operate
its warehouse business at those two buildings.
       Prior to the start of the punitive damages phase, Union Central asked the court to
exclude evidence relating to the ownership and value of the two buildings because they
were not owned by Union Central. Union Central argued that “[n]either property is
owned by Union Central,” and that the jury’s verdict “is against Union Central . . . , and
it’s not against Fred and Gaynel Rader, and it’s not against the LLC.” In Union Central’s
view, admitting evidence of the value of the buildings would be “irrelevant and extremely
prejudicial” because it would suggest that the jury was “entitled to look at those
properties [in determining] the value that Union Central may hold.” In response, RDM’s
counsel argued that the evidence should be admitted because “it’s clear that there’s an
alter-ego theory here to be pursued.”
       The trial court ruled that “it’s incumbent upon me to give the defendants an
opportunity to explore it.”
       The record of the punitive damages phase of the trial consists of only 15 pages of
transcript. Over Union Central’s objection, the trial court permitted RDM to introduce
testimony from Mr. Rader that the Industrial Street building was currently being offered
for sale for $8.5 million, and that the Huntington Park building was currently being
offered for sale for $13.5 million. The jury was also informed that Union Central had no
ownership interest in the property. RDM introduced testimony that Mr. Rader was the
sole shareholder and president of a separate company called Union Central Properties,
which owned equipment (valued at less than $500,000) at the Industrial Street building;
and was also the sole shareholder and president of a separate company called Central Los
Angeles Trading, Inc. RDM was also permitted to introduce testimony from Mr. Rader
concerning the value of Union Central Properties, the value of Central Los Angeles
Trading, Inc., and the value of the equipment owned by Union Central Properties. RDM
introduced evidence that Fred and Gaynel Rader were the sole shareholders of Union



                                             12
Central, and that the corporate records listed Mr. Rader as the registered agent of Union
Central.
       RDM did not introduce any records or documentary evidence of Union Central’s
financial condition. The only evidence about Union Central’s financial condition came
from Ms. Daily, who testified that “we haven’t been doing very well,” and that Union
Central did not show a profit in 2010, 2011, or 2012.
       After trial, Union Central renewed its objection to the trial court’s decision to
allow testimony about Fred and Gaynel Rader’s financial condition. Thereafter, the trial
court instructed the jury: “The party that you may award punitive damage[s] against, if
you so choose, is Union Central Cold Storage, Incorporated only. You, therefore, may
not consider evidence concerning the financial condition of any other entity other than
Union Cold Storage, Incorporated. It is only the financial condition of Union Cold
Storage, Incorporated which you are to consider.” The jury awarded $275,000 in
punitive damages against Union Central.
       A.     Governing Law
       “In a civil case not arising from the breach of a contractual obligation, the jury
may award punitive damages ‘where it is proven by clear and convincing evidence that
the defendant has been guilty of oppression, fraud, or malice.’ (Civ. Code, § 3294, subd.
(a).)” (Roby v. McKesson Corp. (2009) 47 Cal.4th 686, 712.) In reviewing a challenge to
an award of punitive damages, courts traditionally “determine whether the award is
excessive as a matter of law or raises a presumption that it is the product of passion or
prejudice.” (Adams v. Murakami (1991) 54 Cal.3d 105, 109-110.) To make this
determination, courts consider three factors: (1) the degree of reprehensibility of the
defendant’s conduct; (2) the amount of compensatory damages awarded; and (3) the
defendant’s financial condition or wealth. (Neal v. Farmers Ins. Exchange (1978) 21
Cal.3d 910, 928; Bullock v. Philip Morris USA, Inc. (2008) 159 Cal.App.4th 655, 690,
fn. 18.)



                                             13
       Union Central does not raise any issue on appeal with respect to the evidence of its
conduct or the relationship between the amount of the damages awarded on the tort
claims and the award of punitive damages. It challenges only the evidentiary showing
regarding its financial condition.
       “We review the trial court’s award of punitive damages for substantial evidence.”
(Baxter v. Peterson (2007) 150 Cal.App.4th 673, 679.) A punitive damages award cannot
be sustained absent meaningful evidence of the defendant’s financial condition. (Adams
v. Murakami, supra, 54 Cal.3d at p. 109; Baxter v. Peterson, supra, 150 Cal.App.4th at p.
680.) Indeed, “[b]ecause the important question is whether the punitive damages will
have the deterrent effect without being excessive, an award that is reasonable in light of
the first two factors, reprehensibility of the defendant’s conduct and injury to the victims,
may nevertheless ‘be so disproportionate to the defendant’s ability to pay that the award
is excessive’ for that reason alone. [Citation.]” (Rufo v. Simpson (2001) 86 Cal.App.4th
573, 620.) The plaintiff has the burden of presenting evidence and the burden of proof
regarding the defendant’s financial condition. (Adams v. Murakami, supra, 54 Cal.3d at
p. 123; Bankhead v. ArvinMeritor, Inc. (2012) 205 Cal.App.4th 68, 83, fn. 9.) As
hereafter stated, it is well established in the law that the purpose of punitive damages is to
deter and not to destroy.
       The evaluation of a defendant’s financial condition must be considered in light of
the purposes of punitive damages: to punish the defendant and deter the commission of
wrongful acts. (Neal v. Farmers Ins. Exchange, supra, 21 Cal.3d at p. 928, fn. 13.)
These policies are not served if the defendant’s wealth allows him to absorb the award
with little or no discomfort. (Id. at p. 928.) The “‘wealthier the wrongdoing defendant,
the larger the award of exemplary damages need be in order to accomplish the statutory
objective.’ [Citation.]” (Adams v. Murakami, supra, 54 Cal.3d at p. 110.) Conversely,
“‘the function of punitive damages is not served by an award which, in light of the
defendant’s wealth and the gravity of the particular act, exceeds the level necessary to



                                             14
properly punish and deter.’” (Ibid.; see also Rufo v. Simpson, supra, 86 Cal.App.4th at p.
620.)
        There is no established method or standard for determining a defendant’s financial
condition when evaluating an award of punitive damages. (Bankhead v. ArvinMeritor,
Inc., supra, 205 Cal.App.4th at p. 79.) Although the defendant’s net worth is commonly
used in assessing punitive damages, it is not the exclusive measure. (Rufo v. Simpson,
supra, 86 Cal.App.4th at p. 621; Zaxis Wireless Communications, Inc. v. Motor Sound
Corp. (2001) 89 Cal.App.4th 577, 582; see Lara v. Cadag (1993) 13 Cal.App.4th 1061,
1064-1065 & fn. 3 [net worth too easily manipulated to be the sole standard for ability to
pay].) Moreover, absent other measures of ability to pay, evidence of profits wrongfully
obtained by the defendant is also inadequate. (Robert L. Cloud & Associates, Inc. v.
Mikesell (1999) 69 Cal.App.4th 1141, 1152.) To obtain a meaningful understanding of
the defendant’s wealth, evidence of liabilities should normally “accompany evidence of
assets, and evidence of expenses should accompany evidence of income.” (Baxter v.
Peterson, supra, 150 Cal.App.4th at p. 680; see also Kenly v. Ukegawa (1993) 16
Cal.App.4th 49, 57.) Ultimately, “‘[w]hat is required is evidence of the defendant’s
ability to pay the damage award.’” (Baxter v. Peterson, supra, 150 Cal.App.4th at p. 680;
see also Adams v. Murakami, supra, 54 Cal.3d at p. 112.) In addition, the defendant’s
wealth is to be measured as of the time of the trial on punitive damages. (Washington v.
Farlice (1991) 1 Cal.App.4th 766, 777; Zhadan v. Downtown Los Angeles Motor
Distributors, Inc. (1979) 100 Cal.App.3d 821, 839.)
        B.    Analysis of Punitive Damages Evidence and Award
        In our view, RDM did not carry its burden to prove Union Central’s financial
condition during the trial. The evidence in the record is insufficient to demonstrate
Union Central’s overall ability to pay the punitive damage award. Although the
substantial evidence standard is deferential to the fact finder, “this does not mean we
must blindly seize any evidence in support of the respondent in order to affirm the
judgment. . . . ‘[I]f the word “substantial” [is to mean] anything at all, it clearly implies

                                              15
that such evidence must be of ponderable legal significance. Obviously the word cannot
be deemed synonymous with “any” evidence. It must be reasonable . . . , credible, and of
solid value. . . .’ [Citation.]” (Kuhn v. Department of General Services (1994) 22
Cal.App.4th 1627, 1633.)
       The problem with RDM’s evidence of Union Central’s financial condition is
several fold. Preliminarily, the evidence presented was non-specific and of little or no
relevance to the punitive damage determination. RDM presented evidence that the two
warehouse facilities that Union Central operated were listed for sale and elicited
testimony from Mr. Rader as to the listing price. This evidence, however, was not
probative on the issue of Union Central’s financial condition because RDM did not
demonstrate that Union Central had an ownership interest in those facilities. Likewise,
RDM presented evidence about the value of the equipment in the facilities, but again,
RDM did not present any evidence that the equipment was owned by Union Central. The
Raders or other holding companies owned most of the assets Union Central used in
connection with Union Central’s business. Evidence of the financial condition of non-
parties, such as the Raders, does not constitute “meaningful” evidence of Union Central’s
condition. (See Tomaselli v. Transamerica Ins. Co. (1994) 25 Cal.App.4th 1269, 1283
[evidence in the financial statements relating to parent company not relevant to prove
financial condition of party subsidiary].)
       RDM presented no relevant evidence pertaining to Union Central’s assets, income
or net worth. RDM presented no evidence revealing Union Central’s liabilities.
Although it appears that Union Central produced financial records to RDM, RDM did not
introduce any evidence from those records during the punitive damages phase of the trial.
Finally, although Ms. Daily’s testimony that Union Central did not show a “profit” from
2010 through 2012 and that Union Central had not “been doing very well,” was relevant
to Union Central’s financial condition, the testimony was so ambiguous it provided little
insight into Union Central’s ability to pay a punitive damages award.



                                             16
       In short, even viewing the record in the light most favorable to the judgment,
there was insufficient evidence from which the trier of fact—or this court on appeal—
could determine whether Union Central could afford the award of $275,000 in punitive
damages at the time of trial. (See, e.g., Baxter v. Peterson, supra, 150 Cal.App.4th at p.
681 [“In sum, although the record shows that [defendant] owns substantial assets, it is
silent with respect to her liabilities. The record is thus insufficient for a reviewing court
to evaluate [defendant’s] ability to pay $75,000 in punitive damages.”]; Kelly v. Haag
(2006) 145 Cal.App.4th 910, 917 [“[W]ithout any evidence [defendant] still held the
assets, or of the amounts of his liabilities, the $75,000 award is unsupported by
substantial evidence and excessive.”].) “Without such evidence, a reviewing court can
only speculate as to whether the award is appropriate or excessive.” (Adams v.
Murakami, supra, 54 Cal.3d at p. 112.)6
       Finally, because our reversal is based solely on insufficiency of the evidence, we
conclude that we must strike the punitive damages award from the judgment, and that no
retrial of the punitive damages issue is warranted. ‘“When the plaintiff has had full and
fair opportunity to present the case, and the evidence is insufficient as a matter of law to
support plaintiff’s cause of action, a judgment for defendant is required and no new trial
is ordinarily allowed, save for newly discovered evidence. . . . Certainly, where the
plaintiff's evidence is insufficient as a matter of law to support a judgment for plaintiff, a
reversal with directions to enter judgment for the defendant is proper. . . . [¶] . . . [A]
reversal of a judgment for the plaintiff based on insufficiency of the evidence should
place the parties, at most, in the position they were in after all the evidence was in and
both sides had rested.’ (McCoy v. Hearst Corp. (1991) 227 Cal.App.3d 1657, 1661;
accord, Bank of America v. Superior Court (1990) 220 Cal.App.3d 613, 626-627.) In
another context, our Supreme Court explained in Silberg v. Anderson (1990) 50 Cal.3d
205, 214, that ‘[f]or our justice system to function, it is necessary that litigants assume


6
      In view of our conclusion here, we do not reach the other arguments that Union
Central has made with respect to the punitive damages award.
                                            17
responsibility for the complete litigation of their cause during the proceedings.’” (Kelly
v. Haag, supra, 145 Cal.App.4th at p. 919.)
       Here, as in Baxter v. Peterson supra, 150 Cal.App.4th at page 681, RDM had “‘a
full and fair opportunity to present [its] case for punitive damages, and [RDM] does not
contend otherwise.’ When a punitive damage award is reversed based on the
insufficiency of the evidence, no retrial of the issue is required.” (Ibid., citing Kelly v.
Haag, supra, 145 Cal.App.4th at p. 919.) Likewise in Robert L. Cloud & Associates, Inc.
v. Mikesell, supra, 69 Cal.App.4th at page 1154, the court reversed a punitive damages
award because there was no evidence of the defendant’s financial condition, and it did
not remand for retrial. In view of this case law, we reverse the punitive damages from
the judgment without ordering retrial.
II.    The Intentional Interference With Contractual Relations and Conversion
Claims.
       Union Central argues that this court should reverse the judgment for RDM on the
tort claims because in acting to prevent RDM from removing its product from the
warehouse and in denying RDM (and its customers) access to the facility, Union Central
was only seeking to enforce its rights under the warehouse agreement, and as a result
Union Central cannot be held liable for intentional interference with contract and
conversion. Union Central’s argument is not well taken.
       In making this argument, Union Central relies on case law that articulates the
principle that a party cannot be held liable for taking steps to enforce a contract, even if
those steps cause the other party to the contract to breach a contract with a third party.
(Imperial Ice Co. v. Rossier (1941) 18 Cal.2d 33, 37; see Webber v. Inland Empire
Investments (1999) 74 Cal.App.4th 884, 902.) This principle assumes, however, that the
party seeking to vindicate its contract rights has a valid contract to enforce. Therefore, to
prevail on this argument, Union Central has to demonstrate that the jury found the
agreement between it and RDM gave Union Central the right to take the otherwise



                                              18
tortious actions at issue and that Union Central performed under the contract or was
excused from its performance.
       At trial the parties presented two competing versions of the agreement governing
their relationship: Union Central’s version which gave it certain rights that may have
permitted it to act in the way that it did; and RDM’s version which, according to RDM’s
warehouse expert, would not have allowed Union Central’s conduct. Although the jury
found that Union Central and RDM had a “contract,” the jury was not asked to decide
which version of the contract governed the parties’ relationship. Union Central has not
demonstrated that its version is the one that the jury accepted. On the contrary, the fact
the jury found that Union Central’s conduct was tortious suggests the jury implicitly
concluded RDM’s version of the contract governed the relationship.
       In addition, the verdicts on the contract cause of action also indicate the jury found
that Union Central did not perform its obligations under the contract and was not excused
from doing so. In our view, Union Central’s failure to fulfill its contract obligations
further undermines its reliance on the contract as a defense to the tort claims. Given the
evidence on this issue presented at trial, and given that on appeal Union Central has not
challenged the jury’s findings on the contract claims, Union Central has not convinced us
that the judgment for RDM on the tort causes of action must be reversed because Union
Central was acting in accord with its contract rights.
       In the alternative, Union Central argues that even if it did not have a valid contract
with RDM, its actions taken in “good faith” to enforce what it believed were its contract
rights, insulates it from tort liability. This argument is not persuasive.
       Union Central’s “good faith” argument is flawed because the jury found that
Union Central acted in bad faith in connection with the tort claims when it awarded RDM
punitive damages. As discussed elsewhere, although Union Central challenged punitive
damages on appeal based on the argument that the amount of the award was not
supported by meaningful evidence, Union Central did not assail RDM’s entitlement to
the award. Indeed, Union Central does not challenge the jury’s implied finding that it

                                              19
acted with malice, oppression or fraud in connection with the tort claims. The evidence
that Union Central acted in bad faith in preventing RDM from accessing the facility, from
removing items, from meeting RDM’s contract obligations with its customers, and Union
Central’s conduct in reselling RDM’s product, effectively subverts any persuasive
argument that Union Central’s actions, even if not authorized by contract, were justified
because it acted in good faith.
       In view of the foregoing, we conclude that Union Central has not demonstrated
reversible error with respect to the judgment on the tort claims.
III.   The Unjust Enrichment Claim
       After the jury’s verdict, the trial court considered RDM’s equitable claims against
Union Central. The trial court denied any relief under the unfair competition claims, but
entered judgment in favor of RDM on its claim for unjust enrichment in the amount of
$230,886.73, which represented the value of the RDM’s products that Union Central
withheld and sold. The trial court noted that “there has been a question about whether it
[unjust enrichment] is a remedy or a cause of action.” The trial court ultimately
concluded that the case law “does recognize a cause of action for unjust enrichment.”
The court also stated that the amount awarded on the claim would not increase the overall
amount awarded in connection with the tort claims.
       Union Central argues the judgment for RDM on its claim for unjust enrichment
must be reversed because unjust enrichment is not an independent cause of action under
California law, and that instead unjust enrichment is a “remedy” that may be given in
connection with another cause of action. RDM responds that Union Central waived its
right to appeal the award; that unjust enrichment is a cause of action under California
law, and that any error is harmless.
       We do not reach the merits of Union Central’s argument on this issue. Even were
we to assume that Union Central preserved its claims for appeal and that its arguments
are meritorious, any errors asserted are harmless. The amount of damages awarded on
tort claims (i.e., conversion and interference with contractual relations) and the unjust

                                             20
enrichment claim coincided. The unjust enrichment award did not serve to increase the
amount of total damages awarded to RDM in the judgment. Consequently, the findings
on the tort claims are sufficient standing alone to support the judgment for damages
without reference to the other causes of action. Thus, it is not reasonably probable that in
the absence of the judgment on the unjust enrichment claim, a different result would have
been reached in the trial court.
                                      DISPOSITION
       The judgment is reversed as to the punitive damages award. In all other respects,
the judgment is affirmed. Each party is to bear its own costs on appeal.




                                                                       WOODS, J.


We concur:




              PERLUSS, P. J.




              ZELON, J.




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