          IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON


THE STATE OF WASHINGTON,                 )      No. 74438-1-1                             C=1      Cr
                                                                                                    )


                                         )                                                =

                     Respondent,         )                                                :111.    rrl



                                         )      DIVISION ONE                                      -71
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                                         )                                                        :r
THERESA GAIL SCANLAN,                    )      PUBLISHED OPINION                                 c;- C1'
                                         )                                                            [7.1
                    Appellant.           )      FILED: March 12, 2018
                                         )
       MANN, J. —Theresa Scanlan appeals her convictions for assault in the second

degree, felony violation of a court order, and unlawful imprisonment of Leroy Bagnell,

her domestic partner. Scanlan contends that(1) the trial court erred in admitting

testimonial statements made by Bagnell to medical treatment providers,(2)there was

insufficient evidence to support the charge of unlawful imprisonment, and (3) her

convictions for both felony violation of a no-contact order and assault in the second

degree were based on the same course of conduct and violate double jeopardy.

       We hold that because the primary purpose of Bagnell's statements to his

treatment providers was for medical treatment, the admission of the statements did not

violate Scanlan's rights under the confrontation clause. We further conclude that there

was sufficient evidence to support Scanlan's conviction for unlawful imprisonment. We
No. 74438-1-1/2


therefore affirm Scanlan's convictions for assault in the second degree and unlawful

imprisonment. However, we accept the State's concession and reverse Scanlan's

conviction for felony violation of a no-contact order. We remand for resentencing on the

crimes of assault in the second degree, unlawful imprisonment, and misdemeanor

violation of a no-contact order.

                                         FACTS

       In 2013, Bagnell, an 82-year-old widower, was living independently in the Federal

Way home that he had shared with his wife of more than 50 years. Sometime in 2013,

Bagnell met Scanlan, a woman 30 years his junior. They quickly became friends and

about two months later, Scanlan moved in with Bagnell.

       On October 16, 2014, the Federal Way Police Department responded to

Bagnell's home after receiving a 911 hang-up call. The officers found Bagnell and

Scanlan inside the home. Scanlan was uninjured, but Bagnell, who was dressed in a t-

shirt and underwear, had wounds on his head, arms, and legs. After questioning

Scanlan, the officers arrested her. As a result of the incident, a court order was issued

prohibiting Scanlan from contacting Bagnell.

       A few weeks later, on November 6, 2014, Bagnell's adult children grew

concerned after Bagnell missed a scheduled meeting with them. After trying and failing

to reach him on his cell phone and home phone, Bagnell's children went to Bagnell's

house to check on him.

       When Bagnell's children arrived at his house, they foundit dark. Its blinds were

drawn and all of the interior and exterior lights were out. The children thought this was

odd and moved up to the front porch to try to see inside. From the porch they could see

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No. 74438-1-1/3


the glow of the television and shadowy movements. They rang the doorbell and

knocked but received no answer. Bagnell's children were alarmed and opened the door

with an emergency key.

       Inside, they found Bagnell's home in disarray. Trails of blood ran across the

carpet and up the stairs, gouges marked the walls, and broken household items and

debris lay on the floor. A golf club leaned against a wall, and a hammer lay on a coffee

table. A crowbar was on the dining room table, and a broken broom handle stood in a

garbage bucket in the middle of the family room's floor. Bagnell sat alone in a chair in

the family room, dazed, bleeding from several wounds, and severely bruised such that

"[Nis face was black." Bagnell at first appeared to be unconscious, but he began to

respond to their attempts to rouse him as they called 911.

       Roughly 15 minutes later, Federal Way Police Officer Brian Bassage arrived at

Bagnell's home. Just as Officer Bassage arrived, Scanlan was found hiding under a

blanket in the front seat of a car in the garage. As Officer Bassage removed her from

the car, Bagnell's daughter yelled out at her that she had "just beat her father half to

death, that there was blood everywhere." Scanlan shouted back, "It's not that bad."

       At the police station, Scanlan claimed to be injured. The police took pictures, but

did not detect any significant injuries. Scanlan did not receive medical treatment.

       Bagnell was transported to the hospital where he was treated in the emergency

room for his injuries which included: extensive bruising all over his body, four large open

wounds on his legs, wounds on his arms, and fractures on both hands. Bagnell was

treated in the emergency room on November 6 by emergency room Nurse Catherine

Gay and Dr. Robert Britt. Bagnell also met with social worker Jemina Skjonsby. After

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No. 74438-1-1/4


treatment, but prior to his release, Bagnell met with, Federal Way Police Department

Detective Adrienne Purcella from about midnight to 1:00 a.m. Bagnell signed a form

medical records waiver at 12:55 a.m.

       Bagnell did not testify at trial. However, the trial court admitted statements that

Bagnell made to medical providers in the emergency room, as well as subsequent

statements made to his primary care physician and wound care medical team.

       In November 2015, the State charged Scanlan with assault in the second degree

(count 1), felony violation of a court order (count 2), unlawful imprisonment(count 3),

and assault in the fourth degree (count 4). All counts contained a domestic violence

allegation. The jury found Scanlan guilty of assault in the second degree, felony

violation of a court order, and unlawful imprisonment. Scanlan appeals.

                                        ANALYSIS

                                  Right to Confrontation

       Scanlan contends first that her right to confront the primary witness against her

was violated. She argues that the trial court erred in admitting testimonial statements

made by Bagnell to medical providers and two law enforcement officers.

A.     Testimony of Medical Providers

       The trial court allowed testimony from five medical providers concerning

statements that Bagnell made to them during the course of treatment.

       Nurse Gay was the first person to speak with Bagnell. Gay testified that when

she asked Bagnell how he was injured, Bagnell told her that "his girlfriend had beaten

him up, and that he'd had a no-contact order with that individual." Gay testified that

when she asked Bagnell why his neck had a "ring mark around the back of [it]," Bagnell

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No. 74438-1-1/5


told'her that "his girlfriend had.. . tried to strangle him with his sweatshirt and had

pulled the sweatshirt so hard, it had left this permanent ring around the back of his

neck." Gay clarified during cross-examination that Bagnell had not used the word

"strangled."

       Dr. Britt, the emergency room doctor who treated Bagnell, testified that when he

asked Bagnell what happened, Bagnell responded that he had been imprisoned in his

home for two days:

       [Dr. Britt]: The patient did state that he had been in his home for two days,
       that he had been imprisoned, or at least held in his home against his will.
       He did state that he hadn't really eaten in a couple of days. He wasn't
       allowed to talk to his family.

       [State]: And did he tell you about how he sustained his injuries?

       [Dr. Britt]: He said that he was hit with fists, that he had been bitten in a
       couple of places and that he had been hit with a broom.

       After Bagnell was medically cleared at about 9:00 p.m., an emergency room

social worker named Jemina Skjonsby met with him. Skjonsby testified that when she

asked him why he felt okay to return home, Bagnell told her "[t]hat he was relieved that

this person had been removed from the home by police and that he wouldn't have to

worry about it again."

       On November 13, Bagnell met with his primary care physician Dr. Curtis Endow

to follow up on his earlier injuries. Dr. Endow testified he observed that Bagnell had

"[b]ruises, and swelling over the face, bruises over the upper chest, lower trunk and

legs, and in the extremities, multiple bruising and open wounds in various levels of—or

depth of degree." Dr. Endow testified that as part of his treatment he asked Bagnell

how he had been injured and that Bagnell responded that "he received the injuries

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No. 74438-1-1/6


during an assault" and that his girlfriend had assaulted him. Dr. Endow referred Bagnell

to a wound care clinic for follow up care.

       On November 18, Bagnell met with Stacy Friel, a physician's assistant at the

wound care clinic, about his wounds. Friel examined multiple wounds, including one

wound on Bagnell's left arm, two wounds on his right arm, one wound on his right leg

and three wounds on his left leg. Friel testified that as part of her treatment she asked

Bagnell how he was injured and that he responded that he "was living with a girlfriend at

the time who had locked him in a room and had beat him with a candlestick, a broom,

and a hammer over multiple areas."

       On November 26, 2017, Bagnell returned to the wound care clinic to see Dr.

Jessica Pierce. As part of her treatment, Dr. Pierce asked Bagnell how his injuries

happened. She testified that Bagnell told her his injuries were "a result of domestic

violence," that "he was hit with a candlestick, a broom," and that he was "punched or hit

[with]. . . a hammer, something hard."

B.    The Primary Purpose Test

      A confrontation clause challenge is reviewed de novo. State v. Koslowski, 166

Wn.2d 409, 417, 209 P.3d 479(2009).

      "The Sixth Amendment provides that '[i]n all criminal prosecutions, the accused

shall enjoy the right... to be confronted with the witnesses against him." Koslowski,

166 Wn.2d at 417 (alterations in original)(quoting U.S. Const. amend. VI.) "[T]he Sixth

Amendment's right of an accused to confront the witnesses against him . . . is made

obligatory on the States by the Fourteenth Amendment." Pointer v. Texas, 380 U.S.

400, 403, 85 S. Ct. 1065, 12 L. Ed. 2d 923(1965). The confrontation clause prohibits

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No. 74438-1-1/7


the "introduction of testimonial statements by a nontestifying witness, unless the witness

is 'unavailable to testify, and the defendant had had a prior opportunity for cross-

examination." Ohio v. Clark,       U.S.     , 135 S. Ct. 2173, 2179, 192 L. Ed. 2d 306

(2015)(quoting Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36, 54, 124 S. Ct. 1354, 158 L. Ed.

2d. 177 (2004)).

       Neither Scanlan nor the State dispute that Bagnell was unavailable to testify or

that Scanlan had no prior opportunity to cross-examine him. The central issue,

therefore, is whether the admitted statements were testimonial.

       Scanlan urges that we follow the three-part test for determining when statements

made to medical providers are testimonial set out in State v. Sandoval, 137 Wn. App.

532, 537, 154 P.3d 271 (2007), and followed in State v. Hurtado, 173 Wn. App. 592,

600, 294 P.3d 838 (2013). Statements in this context are nontestimonial when the

following factors exist: "(1) where they are made for diagnosis or treatment purposes,

(2) where there is no indication that the witness expected the statements to be used at

trial, and (3) where the doctor is not employed by or working with the State." Sandoval,

137 Wn. App. at 537. Scanlan argues that because Bagnell signed medical record

waivers prior to making his statements to medical providers he had an expectation that

his statements would be used at trial and are therefore testimonial. We disagree.

       As we have previously recognized, confrontation clause jurisprudence has been

in rapid flux since the U.S. Supreme Court's 2004 decision in Crawford. See State v.

O'Cain, 169 Wn. App. 228, 234-35, 289 P.3d 926(2012)(acknowledging "uproar" in

confrontation clause jurisprudence); State v. Robinson, 189 Wn. App. 877, 882-92, 359,

P.3d 874(2015)(applying recent United States and Washington Supreme Court

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No. 74438-1-1/8


jurisprudence to testimony of a 911 call). Most recently, in Clark, which was issued

after both Sandoval and Hurtado, the United States Supreme Court made clear that:

        under our precedents, a statement cannot fall within the Confrontation
        Clause unless its primary purpose was testimony."Where no such primary
        purpose exists, the admissibility of a statement is the concern of state and
        federal rules of evidence, not the Confrontation Clause."

Clark, 135 S. Ct. at 2180 (quoting Michigan v. Bryant, 562 U.S. 344, 359, 131 S. Ct.

1143, 179 L. Ed. 2d 93(2011)). We hold, therefore, that the proper test to apply in

determining whether the statements made to medical providers are testimonial is the

"primary purpose" test.1

        In Crawford, the United States Supreme Court explained that "witnesses" under

the confrontation clause are those "who bear testimony" and defined "testimony" as "a

solemn declaration or affirmation made for the purpose of establishing or proving some

fact." 541 U.S. at 51 (internal quotation marks and alterations omitted). The Court

concluded in Crawford that statements by a witness during police questioning at the

station house were testimonial and could not be admitted. The Crawford court did not,

however, offer an exhaustive list or definition of testimonial statements. Crawford, 541

U.S. at 68.

        In 2006, the Supreme Court further defined testimonial statements in Davis v.

Washington and Hammon v. Indiana, 547 U.S. 813, 126 S. Ct. 2266, 165 L. Ed. 2d 224

(2006), two cases that it decided together. Both cases addressed statements given to

law enforcement officers by victims of domestic abuse. Davis addressed statements


        1 We note, that at least in dicta, the United States Supreme Court has characterized statements
made to medical providers for purposes of diagnosis or treatment as nontestimonial. Bryant, 562 U.S. at
362 n.9; Melendez-Diaz v. Massachusetts, 557 U.S. 305, 312 n.2, 129 S. Ct. 2527, 174 L.Ed.2d 314
(2009); Giles v. California, 554 U.S. 353, 376, 128 S. Ct. 2678, 171 L. Ed. 2d 488(2008).

                                                -8-
No. 74438-1-1/9


made by a victim to a 911 operator during, and shortly after, a boyfriend's violent attack.

In contrast, Hammon concerned statements made by the victim to police after being

isolated from her abusive husband. Davis, 547 U.S. at 820. The Court held that the

statements in Hammon were testimonial, while the statements in Davis were not. In

doing so, the Court announced the "primary purpose" test and explained:

       Statements are nontestimonial when made in the course of police
       interrogation under circumstances objectively indicating that the primary
       purpose of the interrogation is to enable police assistance to meet an
       ongoing emergency. They are testimonial when the circumstances
       objectively indicate that there is no such ongoing emergency, and that the
       primary purpose of the interrogation is to establish or prove past events
       potentially relevant to later criminal prosecution.

Davis, 547 U.S. at 822. Because both cases addressed statements made to law

enforcement officers, the Court expressly reserved the question of whether

similar statements made to individuals other than law enforcement officers raised

similar issues under the confrontation clause. Davis, 547 U.S. at 823.

       In 2011, the United States Supreme Court expounded on the primary

purpose test in the law enforcement context in Bryant. "[T]he relevant inquiry is

not the subjective or actual purpose of the individuals involved in a particular

encounter, but rather the purpose that reasonable participants would have had,

as ascertained from the individuals' statements and actions and the

circumstances in which the encounter occurred." Bryant, 562 U.S. at 360. When

"the primary purpose of the interrogation is to respond to an ongoing emergency,

its purpose is not to create a record for trial and thus is not within the scope of

the [Confrontation Clause]." Bryant, 562 U.S. at 358. But "the existence ye/ non

of an ongoing emergency is not the touchstone of the testimonial inquiry."

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No. 74438-1-1/10


Bryant, 562 U.S. at 374. Instead, "whether an ongoing emergency exists is

simply one factor—albeit an important factor—that informs the ultimate inquiry

regarding the primary purpose of an interrogation." Bryant, 562 U.S. at 366.

       Another factor is the informality of the situation and interrogation. And, again,

while formality is not the "sole touchstone" of the primary purpose test, "informality does

not necessarily indicate the presence of an emergency or the lack of testimonial intent."

Bryant, 562 U.S. at 366. In the end, the question is "whether, in light of all the

circumstances, viewed objectively, the 'primary purpose' of the conversation was to

'creat[e] an out-of-court substitute for trial testimony." Clark, 135 S. Ct. at 2180

(quoting Bryant, 562 U.S. at 358).

       In Clark, the Supreme Court was presented with the question it had repeatedly

reserved: "whether statements to persons other than law enforcement officers are

subject to the Confrontation Clause." Clark, 135 S. Ct. at 2181. In Clark, the Court

considered whether statements made by a three-year-old child to his preschool teacher

were testimonial. The child's teacher noticed injuries on the child and asked him what

happened. Clark, 135 S. Ct. at 2178. The child indicated that Clark had caused the

injuries. The teacher called a child abuse hotline and reported the suspected abuse.

Clark, 135 S. Ct. at 2178.

       Clark was charged with multiple counts of assault and endangering a child.

Clark, 135 S. Ct. at 2178. The child did not testify at trial but the trial court allowed the

State to introduce the child's statements to the teacher. Clark, 135 S. Ct. at 2178.

The Supreme Court held that the child's statements were not testimonial, and that their



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No. 74438-1-1/11


admission without cross-examination of the child did not violate the confrontation

clause. Clark, 135 S. Ct. at 2183.

        In reaching its decision, the Supreme Court declined to adopt a black letter rule

that statements to individuals that are not law enforcement officers are outside of the

Sixth Amendment. Clark, 135 S. Ct. at 2182. The Court explained, however, that the

person that the victim is speaking to remains highly relevant and that:

        Courts must evaluate challenged statements in context, and part of that
        context is the questioner's identity. Statements made to someone who is
        not principally charged with uncovering and prosecuting criminal behavior
        are significantly less likely to be testimonial than statements given to law
        enforcement officers. It is common sense that the relationship between a
        student and his teacher is very different from that between a citizen and
        the police. We do not ignore that reality. In light of these circumstances,
        the Sixth Amendment did not prohibit the State from introducing L.P.'s
        statements at trial.

Clark, 135 S. Ct. at 2182 (internal citations omitted).

C.      Application to Statements to Medical Providers

        Applying Clark and the primary purpose test to Bagnell's statements to his

medical providers supports the trial court's conclusion that the statements were not

testimonial.' The primary purpose of the statements was to obtain proper medical care

for his injuries.

        Bagnell's statements were not made to law enforcement officers, and law

enforcement officers were not present during any of Bagnell's statements to his medical

providers.2; Bagnell's statements were further made in the relatively informal setting of


        2 In Hurtado, which this court decided prior to the United States Supreme Court's decision in
Clark, we found that statements made to medical providers while a police officer was present and actively
gathering evidence violated the defendant's Sixth Amendment right to confront his witnesses. But
because properly admitted evidence overwhelmingly established the defendant's guilt, we concluded that
the error was,harmless. Hurtado, 173 Wn. App. at 597, 608.

                                                 11-
No. 74438-1-1/12


the emergency room and treating doctors' offices, not at the police station or an

interrogation room. See Davis, 547 U.S. at 820(statements made to police in a "battery

affidavit"); Crawford, 541 U.S. at 65-66 (statements made by witness during police

questioning at the station house were testimonial). And while Bagnell's life was not in

immediate danger, he had extensive bruising, wounds, and fractures that required

treatment in the emergency room for several hours along with follow up treatment by his

primary care physician and the wound care clinic.

       Further, each of the medical providers testified that their questioning of the cause

of Bagnell's injuries was important to their medical treatment. Nurse Gay explained that

knowing how an injury occurred is important for managing the patient's care in the

hospital and, determining property treatment, discharge, and follow up. Dr. Britt testified

that it was important to determine the mechanisms of injuries in treating a patient. For

example, a bite from a human would be treated differently from a bite from a dog. He

explained further that the cause of injuries determines the patient's medical needs, and
            ,
is important in formulating a discharge plan for safely releasing a patient from the
            1
hospital and determining whether a social worker is necessary. Skjonsby testified that

knowing how a patient was injured is important for providing the correct social work
           ,
services and a safe discharge.

       Dr. Endow testified that it was important for treatment purposes to determine how

Bagnell's injuries occurred and whether they had been caused by fainti g, falling, or by

some other" mechanism. Dr. Endow also needed to determine if an eld rly patient like

Bagnell was safe to return home. Dr. Pierce testified that wound care equires a

comprehensive evaluation of the patient. Dr. Pierce explained that em tional status
         1
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No. 74438-1-1113


plays an important role in the healing process and that depression can b a problem.

He explained further that the mechanisms of the injury plays an importanl role in

choosing proper treatment when wounds are not healing properly. For example, if the

patient has fllen, the risk of future falls must be assessed and treated.

       Scanlan's right to confrontation was not violated by the testimony rf Bagnell's

medical providers because the medical providers' primary purpose in asking Bagnell

how he was injured was not to create an out-of-court substitute for trial testimony. The

medical providers' primary purpose in asking Bagnell, a severely injured elderly man,

about how he was injured was to diagnose his injuries and treat them. When Bagnell

arrived at the hospital, he was "bruised from head to toe, bleeding from everal skin

tears," and had "a couple of deformit[ies] of the hands." Faced with this ituation, any

medical provider would ask the patient what happened in order to treat 9e patient
            l
properly. The primary purpose of describing how a patient is injured is to inform the

medical provider about the nature and extent of the injuries. Viewed obIctively, no

medical proNiider in this situation would be primarily concerned with "creat[ing] an out-of-

court substitute for trial testimony." Clark, 135 S. Ct. at 2180 (quoting Bryant, 562 U.S.

at 358).    !

       Scanlan counters that the medical waivers Bagnell signed would have made a

reasonable declarant aware that his statements made to medical providers would be

used in a future trial. But the medical waivers are irrelevant to the prim Ty purpose of

why Bagnell was speaking with the doctors. The primary purpose of Ba nell's

interactions with his medical providers was for treatment and diagnosis. Under Clark's

primary purpose test, the secondary purpose is irrelevant. Clark, 135 S Ct. at 2183 ("It

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No. 74438-1-1/14


is irrelevant that the [preschool] teachers' questions and their duty to report the matter

had the natural tendency to result in Clark's prosecution.").

       In sum, the medical providers' testimony of what Bagnell told them was

nontestimonial because the primary purpose of the conversation was for treatment and

diagnosis. Bagnell's statements to his medical providers were not testimonial and were

properly admitted.

D.     Statements to Law Enforcement Officers

       Scanlan argues further that Bagnell's statements elicited through fficer Giger

and Detective Purcella's testimony were testimonial statements.

       On November 6, Officer Giger responded to Bagnell's house afte l Scanlan's
            1
alleged assault. Giger testified that while assessing the scene she askecl Bagnell if

Scanlan hurt him:
               1
                 [Officer Giger]: Okay. 1 asked [Bagnell] if Theresa [Scanlai] had
               1 done that to him.

                   [State]: Okay. Did he provide you an answer to th,at quest on?

                   [Officer Giger]: Yes.

       Here; Officer Giger's statement is testimonial because when vie ed objectively,

the primary ipurpose of a police officer's question in this scenario would e to gather

evidence for trial and "creat[e] an out-of-court substitute for trial,testimony." Bryant, 562

U.S. at 358 There was no emergency at this point because Scanlan had already been

arrested. Similarly, Officer Giger was at Bagnell's house to investigate agnell's assault

and gather evidence, not track down the assailant. Accordingly, this st tement was

testimonial.


                                             -14-
No. 74438-1-1/15


       On November 11, four days after Bagnell's assault, Detective Purcella met with

Bagnell at his home. The purpose of her meeting was "to see injuries and things like

that, how they had progressed, and check on [Bagnell] as well." During this meeting,

Purcella saw Bagnell walking with a cane. She testified that she "asked lirn if that was

typical for him, and he said that it was not and that he was using it as a r sult of the

assault."

       Here, again Detective Purcella's statement was testimonial beca se when

viewed objectively, the primary purpose of a detective in her position wo Id be to gather

evidence for trial and "creat[e] an out-of-court substitute for trial testimorly." Bryant, 562

U.S. at 358. There was no emergency when Detective Purcella asked Bagnell this

question, and like Officer Giger, Purcella knew the identity of Bagnell's lssailant.

       We agree with Scanlan that the statements elicited through Det7tive Purcella

and Officer Giger were testimonial. We disagree, however, that the introduction of the

officers' staiements requires reversal of Scanlan's assault and unlawful imprisonment

convictions.'

       The harmless-error standard applies to confrontation clause erro s. State v.

Jasper, 174 Wn.2d 96, 117, 271 P.3d 876 (2012). Under this standard, the State must

show "beyond a reasonable doubt that the error complained of did not ontribute to the

verdict obtained." Jasper, 174 Wn.2d at 117.

      Whether such an error is harmless in a particular case depends _mon a
      host of factors. . . includ[ing] the importance of the witness' testibiony in
      the prosecution's case, whether the testimony was cumulative, the
      presence or absence of evidence corroborating or contradicting he
      testimony of the witness on material points, the extent of cross-
      examination otherwise permitted, and, of course, the overall strength of
      the prosecution's case.

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No. 74438-1-1/16



Delaware v. Van Arsdall, 475 U.S. 673,684, 106 S. Ct. 1431, 89 L. Ed. 2 674

(1986). The reviewing court looks to the "untainted evidence to determin if it is

so overwhelrning that it necessarily leads to a finding of guilt." Hurtado, 73 Wn.

App. at 608. ;

       Here, any error was harmless. The improper testimony from Officer Giger and

Detective Purcella was cumulative of other evidence of assault. Circumlantial

evidence that Scanlan assaulted Bagnell was overwhelming. Scanlan w s the only

other person'with Bagnell when he was found severely injured on November 6. In

addition, Scanlan tacitly admitted that she assaulted Bagnell. A police officer testified at

trial that when he pulled Scanlan out of the car she was hiding in, Bagnell's children

yelled at heOhat "she had just beat her father half to death." The police officer testified

that Scanlan, shouted back, "It's not that bad." This is a tacit admission of guilt. In

addition, Officer Giger and Detective Purcella's improper testimony did not affect the

unlawful imprisonment charge.

                                Sufficiency of the Evidence

       Scanlan next contends that there was insufficient evidence of her conviction for

unlawful imPrisonment.

       When reviewing a claim for the sufficiency of the evidence, we consider

"whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any

rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a

reasonable !doubt." State v. Green, 94 Wn.2d 216, 221, 616 P.2d 628(1980)(quotation

omitted). "When the sufficiency of the evidence is challenged in a crimiial case, all


                                          -16-
No. 74438-1-1/17


reasonable inferences from the evidence must be drawn in favor of the S ate and

interpreted most strongly against the defendant." State v. Salinas, 119 'n.2d 192, 201,

829 P.2d 1068 (1992). "A claim of insufficiency admits the truth of the St te's evidence

and all inferences that reasonably can be drawn therefrom." Salinas, 119 Wn.2d at 201.

"Circumstantial evidence is as reliable as direct evidence." State v. JackLn, 145 Wn.

App. 814, 818, 187 P.3d 321 (2008). "[I]nferences based on circumstantial evidence

must be reasonable and cannot be based on speculation." State v. Vass: uez, 178

Wn.2d 1, 16, 309 P.3d 318 (2013).

       The State charged Scanlan with unlawful imprisonment under RCW 9A.40.040

                                                                             Li
which states:"A person is guilty ofunlawful imprisonment if he or she kn wingly

restrains another person." To prove restraint, the State had to prove that Scanlan

restricted Bagnell's movements "(a) without consent and (b) without legl authority, in a

manner which interfered substantially with his liberty." State v. Warfield, 103 Wn. App.

152, 157, 5 P.3d 1280(2000); RCW 9A.40.010(6). Restraint is without consent if it is

accomplished by physical force, intimidation, or deception. RCW 9A.40 010(6).

       There is sufficient evidence of unlawful imprisonment. First, Bagnell told Dr. Britt

that "he had been in his home for two days, that he had been imprisone , or at least

held in his home, against his will." Physician's assistant Friel testified that Bagnell told

her that Scanlan locked him in a room: "[h]e was living with a girlfriend at the time who

had locked him in a room and had beat him with a candlestick, a broom and a hammer

over multiple areas."

       Second, circumstantial evidence supports the inference that Scanlan used force

or the threat of force to restrain Bagnell. Bagnell's children found the frsint door locked,

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their father in a stupor, the house in disarray, and a broken broom, hammer, golf club,

and crowbar. Bagnell's children were also unable to contact their father by phone.

Additionally, Bagnell's cell phone was found broken, a battery was found to have been

removed from a cordless phone in the home, and another phone was found to have no

dial tone. Viewed in the light most favorable to the State, this is sufficient evidence of

unlawful imprisonment.

       Scanlan, relying on State v. Kinchen, 92 Wn. App. 442, 451-52,
                                                              imprisontit
                                                                      9 3 P.2d 928

(1998), argues that there was insufficient evidence of unlawful                 ent because

there was a means of escape. In Kinchen, we held that there was insuff cient evidence

of unlawful imprisonment where the victims were able to get in and out of a locked

apartment. 92 Wn. App. at 451-52. Stacey Kinchen locked his two badly behaved

children in his apartment, but the boys were able to enter and exit the apartment

through a window and, when it was unlocked, a sliding glass door. KinJien, 92. Wn.

App. at 444-45. Kinchen was convicted of unlawful imprisonment, but Je reversed his

                                                                           l,
conviction. We reasoned that there was insufficient evidence of unlawfi I imprisonment

because the boys could and did get out. Kinchen, 92 Wn. App. at 451-52. We held that

there was insufficient evidence to support a charge for unlawful imprisoLent in the

apartment. Kinchen, 92 Wn. App. at 452.

       Scanlan's argument fails because there was evidence that Bagn II was held

against his will: he told Dr. Britt that "he had been in his home for two days, that he had

been imprisoned, or at least held in his home, against his will." We affirlm Scanlan's

conviction for unlawful imprisonment.



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                                   Double Jeopardy

      Scanlan argues finally that her convictions for assault in the seccin degree and

felony violation of a no-contact order violate double jeopardy because thy are based

on the same assaultive conduct. The State concedes this point. We acc pt the State's

concession and remand for the imposition of a conviction for misdemean r violation of a

no-contact order and resentencing if necessary.

      Otherwise we affirm Scanlan's conviction for second degree assault and unlawful

imprisonment.




WE CONCUR:




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