                          UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                          FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA


JAQUELINE CORBETT,                                  )
                                                    )
             Plaintiff,                             )
                                                    )
                     v.                             )    Civil Case No. 11-1751 (RJL)
                                                    )
TINA JENNIFER, et al.                               )
                                                    )
              Defendants.                           )


                             MEMORANDUM 0(;!;;;;
                              (August _z? 2012) [#3]

      Plaintiff Jacqueline Corbett ("plaintiff" or "Corbett") brings this action against

Tina Jennifer, Keyma Hicks, Will Wescott, Kathleen Anderson, Dominquez West, Steve

Neilbergall, Brad Spooner, Henry Bash and Safeway Corporation ("Safeway")

(collectively, "defendants"), seeking declaratory relief, as well as compensatory and

punitive damages, for eight causes of action relating to plaintiffs employment at

Safeway. Before the Court is defendants' Motion to Dismiss, or in the alternative,

Motion for Summary Judgment (Dkt. #3). Upon consideration of the parties' pleadings,

relevant law, and the entire record herein, the defendants' Motion to Dismiss is

GRANTED.

                   FACTUAL & PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

       Plaintiff Jacqueline Corbett is a District of Columbia resident who has been



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working as a baker's assistant for Safeway since 1996. Compl. ,-r,-r 3, 6, ECF No. 1.

During this time, plaintiff, a black female, alleges that "defendants either took actions that

were discriminatory or [d]efendants failed to correct or stop the discriminating acts from

taking place." !d. ,-r,-r 3, 5. More specifically, plaintiff alleges that, in 1998, she

experienced a "hostile work[] environment" when she was accused of stealing another

Safeway employee's property and was verbally attacked by defendant Tina Jennifer, a

white female and fellow Safeway employee. !d. ,-r,-r 7-8. A few years later, in 2004 and

2005, plaintiff asserts that defendants and Safeway colleagues Tina Jennifer and Kathleen

Anderson "started making life difficult for [her]," such as when Jennifer called plaintiff

an "ugly black bitch" and Anderson did not take any action when plaintiff reported the

incident. !d. ,-r,-r 9-10. And in 2006 through 2008, plaintiff alleges, among other things,

that an assistant manager at Safeway tampered with plaintiffs timesheet, another

Safeway coworker failed to pay plaintiff for the hours she spent working as an acting

manager, plaintiff was fired from a full-time baker position after a six-month period, and

plaintiffs request for vacation was refused. !d. ,-r,-r 12-16.

       Plaintiff also contends, in her complaint, that, beginning in 2005, she "encountered

discrimination based on her race for complaining about discriminatory treatment she

received at the hands of her co-workers and superiors." !d. ,-r 19. For instance, plaintiff

asserts that she was given an increased work load "that was not her responsibility"

because of her race, and when she failed to complete the work, she was accused of not


                                               2
being able to perform her duties. /d.    ~   26. Moreover, plaintiff alleges that when she

notified management of the issue, she was told by her supervisor that she was going to be

watched because she was not to be trusted.       /d.~~   20-21.

       Plaintiff filed a timely complaint with the Equal Employment Opportunity

Commission ("EEOC") on January 24, 2011, and received a right-to-sue letter dated on

June 27,2011.    /d.~   21; Defs.' Mem. in Supp. ofMot. to Dismiss, or in the Altern., Mot.

for Summ. J. ("Defs.' Mem.") at 3, ECF No. 3-2. Plaintiff filed this suit against

defendants on September 27, 2011. See generally Compl. Alleging numerous

violations of law against one corporate and eight individual defendants, plaintiff asks this

Court to grant judgment in her favor, as well as compensatory and punitive damages and

an award of costs and attorneys' fees.       /d.~~   23-49. Defendants moved to dismiss this

action on November 2, 2011. See generally Defs.' Mot. to Dismiss, or in the Altern.,

Mot. for Summ. J. ("Defs.' Mot."), ECF No.3. For the following reasons, this action

must be dismissed.

                                         ANALYSIS

   I. Venue

       Defendants move to dismiss this case for improper venue because, among other

things, "any allegedly wrongful conduct ... occurred in Maryland, where [p ]laintiff and

the majority of the [i]ndividual [d]efendants worked during the relevant time period, and

Safeway maintains its regional office." Defs.' Mem. at 5-8. Plaintiff argues that the


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District of Columbia is the proper forum because plaintiff"is a resident ofthe District of

Columbia," "the acts complained ofwere committed in the District of Columbia," and

Safeway "has several business facilities in the District of Columbia." Pl.'s Opp'n to

Defs.' Mot. to Dismiss, or in the Altern., Mot. for Summ. J. ("Pl.'s Opp'n") at 6-8, ECF

No. 5. Because this Court agrees with the defendants, this matter is dismissed for

improper venue.

       The Federal Rules provide that a court will dismiss or transfer a case if venue is

improper or inconvenient in the plaintiffs chosen forum. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(3).

When a defendant moves to dismiss for improper venue under Rule 12(b)(3), the court

must assume that the plaintiffs well-pled factual allegations concerning venue are true,

and draw all reasonable inferences from those allegations in plaintiffs favor. James v.

Verizon Servs. Corp., 639 F. Supp. 2d 9, 11 (D.D.C. 2009); Darby v. U.S. Dep 't of

Energy, 231 F. Supp. 2d 274,276 (D.D.C. 2002). While the court is not required to

accept the plaintiffs legal conclusions as true, the defendant must present facts that will

defeat the plaintiffs assertion ofvenue. Darby, 231 F. Supp. 2d at 277; 2215 Fifth St.

Assocs. v. U-Haul Int'l, Inc., 148 F. Supp. 2d 50, 54 (D.D.C. 2001).

       Plaintiffhas filed eight counts against defendants: Title VII (count I); breach of

contract (count II); 42 U.S.C. § 1981 (count III); retaliation (count IV), 42 U.S.C. § 1985

(count V); civil conspiracy (count VI); and intentional and negligent infliction of

emotional distress (counts VII and VIII). Generally, venue must be established for each


                                              4
cause of action. See Lamont v. Haig, 590 F.2d 1124, 1135 (D.C. Cir. 1978). For

plaintiffs action, there are two relevant venue statutes: venue for plaintiffs Title VII

action is governed by 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(f)(3), while venue for plaintiffs other counts

is determined by the general venue statute, 2 8 U.S. C. § 13 91. 1

       Under Title VII, a plaintiff may bring suit: (1) where "the unlawful employment

practice is alleged to have been committed," (2) where "the employment records relevant

to such practice are maintained or administered," or (3) where "the aggrieved person

would have worked but for the alleged unlawful employment practice." 42 U.S.C. §

2000e-5(f)(3). Only if the defendant cannot be found in any of these districts can a

plaintiff rely on a fourth possible location-"the judicial district in which the respondent

has his principal office." !d.

       Unfortunately for the plaintiff, venue is improper in the District of Columbia under

each of these criteria. In her complaint, plaintiff describes, in detail, numerous adverse

employment acts that form the basis of this action, yet makes no allegation that any of




1 While this Court recognizes the principle established in Hayes v. RCA Serv. Co., 546 F.
Supp. 661 (D.D.C. 1982), specifically that Title VII's venue provision controls the
determination of venue for both Title VII claims and Section 1981 claims in employment
discrimination cases, id. at 664-65, our Circuit has yet to endorse it as the law of the
circuit. See Ifill v. Potter, No. 05-2320, 2006 WL 3349549, at *2, n.4 (D.D.C. Nov. 17,
2006) (citing Stebbins v. Nationwide Mut. Ins. Co., 757 F.2d 364, 367 (D.C. Cir. 1985))
(expressing no opinion whether Hayes correctly decided the issue ofvenue in a case with
a number of employment discrimination claims); Stebbins, 757 F.2d at 369 (Edwards, J.,
concurring) (stating that Hayes is not "the law of this circuit"). Out of an abundance of
caution, I will thus utilize the general venue statute for plaintiffs section 1981 claim.

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these specific events took place in the District of Columbia. 2 See generally Compl.

Moreover, plaintiff fails to assert that any of the relevant employment records are kept in

the District of Columbia, or that she would have worked in the District of Columbia but

for the alleged discrimination. !d. On the other hand, the defendants have established

that defendant Safeway maintains a regional office in Maryland, not the District of

Columbia, and that plaintiffs employment records are created in Maryland and stored in

Arizona, not in the District of Columbia. See Defs.' Mot., Ex. 1, ~~ 2, 5, ECF No. 3-3.

When determining where an alleged unlawful employment practice was committed, "the

Court must look to the place where the decisions and actions concerning the employment

practices occurred." Hayes v. RCA Serv. Co., 546 F. Supp. 661, 663 (D.D.C. 1982).

Because it is undisputed that such decisions and actions did not occur in the District of

Columbia, plaintiff cannot properly lay venue for her Title VII action here. 3



2 Indeed, aside from the general, conclusory allegation that "[v ]enue is appropriate
because ... all acts complained ofwere committed in the District of Columbia," Compl. ~
2, there is no assertion that any of the particular incidences detailed in the complaint took
place in the District of Columbia.
3 See Pendleton v. Mukasey, 552 F. Supp. 2d 14, 17-18 (D.D.C. 2008) ("[w]hen an

alleged discriminatory employment practice is committed in another jurisdiction, the
employment records are located in another jurisdiction, and the aggrieved person would
have worked in another jurisdiction but for the unlawful employment practice, a plaintiff
cannot properly lay venue in the District of Columbia"); see also Walden v. Locke, 629 F.
Supp. 2d 11, 14 (D.D.C. 2009) (venue not appropriate in D.C. for an employee's Title VII
claims where locus of disputed employment practices was in Virginia, employment
records relevant to the employee's claims were located in Virginia, and the employee
made no allegations that she would have worked in the District of Columbia but for the
alleged unlawful employment practices); Choi v. Skinner, No. 89-1855, 1990 WL
605543, at *2 (D.D.C. Sept. 26, 1990) (same).

                                              6
       It is also clear that the plaintiff cannot establish venue in the District of Columbia

for her other causes of action under the more lenient standard set forth in the general

venue provision, 28 U.S.C. § 1391(b). Section (b) holds that a claim may be brought in

any district ( 1) where "any defendant resides, if all defendants are residents of the [same]

[s]tate"; (2) where "a substantial part of the events or omissions giving rise to the claim

occurred"; or (3) "ifthere is no district in which an action may otherwise be brought", any

district "in which any defendant is subject to the court's personal jurisdiction." 28

U.S.C. § 1391(b). First, defendants Jennifer, Hicks, Westcott, Anderson, West,

Neilbergall, Spooner, and Bash do not reside in the same state; therefore, the first option

is not available. See Defs.' Mot., Ex. 1, ~ 3. Second, plaintiff provides no facts to

support the proposition that a substantial part of the events giving rise to her claims

occurred in the District beyond the conclusory allegation that "the acts complained of

were committed in the District of Columbia." See generally Compl.; Pl.'s Opp'n at 7;

see also Freeman v. Fallin, 254 F. Supp. 2d 52, 56 (D.D.C. 2003) ("Because it is the

plaintiffs obligation to institute the action in a permissible forum, the plaintiff usually

bears the burden of establishing that venue is proper."). Last, the case may not be

brought in the District of Columbia because there is another district in which the action

may be brought: the District of Maryland. See 28 U.S.C. § 1391(b)(3).

       Based on the current record, proper venue thus cannot be established in the District

of Columbia. When a plaintiff files an action in the wrong district, this Court may either


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dismiss the case, "or if it be in the interest of justice, transfer such case to any district or

division in which it could have been brought." 28 U.S.C. § 1406(a); Haley v. Astrue,

667 F. Supp. 2d 138, 142 (D.D.C. 2009). The decision whether dismissal or transfer is

"in the interest of justice" is committed to the sound discretion of the district court.

Naartex Consulting Corp. v. Watt, 722 F.2d 779, 789 (D.C. Cir. 1983). For the

following reasons, I have concluded that dismissal of this action is appropriate.

    II. Personal Jurisdiction

       Defendants move to dismiss the complaint under Rule 12(b)(2) of the Federal

Rules of Civil Procedure on the ground that this Court cannot exercise personal

jurisdiction over seven ofthe eight individual defendants in this case. Defs.' Mem. at

8-10; Defs.' Reply to Opp'n to Mot. to Dismiss, or in the Altern., Mot. for Summ.

Judgment ("Defs.' Reply") at 3, ECF No. 6.

       To exercise personal jurisdiction over a non-resident defendant, a court must

perform a two-part inquiry: (1) determine, under the state's long-arm statute, here D.C.

Code§ 13-423,4 whether jurisdiction is applicable and then (2) examine whether a


4 The District of Columbia's long-arm statute, D.C. Code§ 13-423(a), provides: "A
District of Columbia court may exercise personal jurisdiction over a person, who acts
directly or by an agent, as to a claim for relief arising from the person's ( 1) transacting
any business in the District of Columbia; (2) contracting to supply services in the District
of Columbia; (3) causing tortious injury in the District of Columbia by an act or omission
in the District of Columbia; or (4) causing tortious injury in the District of Columbia by
an act or omission outside the District of Columbia if he regularly does or solicits
business, engages in any other persistent course of conduct, or derives substantial revenue
from goods used or consumed, or services rendered, in the District of Columbia."

                                                8
jurisdictional finding satisfies the constitutional requirements of due process. GTE New

Media Servs. Inc. v. Bel!South Corp., 199 F.3d 1343, 1347 (D.C. Cir. 2000); United

States v. Ferrara, 54 F.3d 825, 828 (D.C. Cir. 1995). With regard to the latter prong, the

Court must examine whether a defendant's "minimum contacts" with the District of

Columbia, if any, are such that "the maintenance of the suit does not offend traditional

notions of fair play and substantial justice." Int'l Shoe Co. v. Washington, 326 U.S. 310,

316 (1945) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).

       Plaintiff establishes no basis for this Court's exercise of personal jurisdiction over

defendants Hicks, West, Neilbergatt, Spooner, Bash, Anderson or Westcott. Under the

first prong ofthe two-part inquiry, plaintiffs complaint fails to reveal any basis from

which the Court might conclude that any of these seven individual defendants work in the

District of Columbia or that plaintiff suffered an injury here, whether by act or omission

committed inside or outside the District of Columbia. See generally Compl. With

regard to the second prong, plaintiff, in her complaint, alleges no facts with respect to the

aforementioned defendants' residences or contacts with the District of Columbia. !d.

On the other hand, defendants represent that defendants Hicks, West, Neilbergatt,

Spooner, and Bash work and reside in Maryland, defendant Anderson is a Maryland

resident, and defendant Wescott lives and works in Virginia. Defs.' Mem. at 9; Defs.'

Mem., Ex. 1. Absent any allegations to show defendant's purposeful activities sufficient

to invoke the benefits or protections of the District of Columbia's laws, exercise of


                                              9
personal jurisdiction over these seven defendants would be inconsistent with the law.

Thus, this Court lacks personal jurisdiction over most of the individual defendants in this

case. 5

                                        CONCLUSION

          For all the foregoing reasons, defendants' Motion to Dismiss, or in the alternative,

Motion for Summary Judgment [#3] is hereby GRANTED. An appropriate order shall

accompany this Memorandum Opinion.




5 Because the Court dismisses this action on improper venue and lack of personal
jurisdiction grounds, it does not reach the merits of defendants' motion to dismiss for
failure to state a claim under Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6).

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