          IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS
                      OF TEXAS
                                       NO. PD-0280-15



                                  THE STATE OF TEXAS

                                                v.

                    JOHN ALLEN WACHTENDORF, JR., Appellee



            ON STATE’S PETITION FOR DISCRETIONARY REVIEW
                  FROM THE THIRD COURT OF APPEALS
                         WILLIAMSON COUNTY

       Y EARY, J., announced the judgment of the Court in an opinion in which M EYERS,
J OHNSON, and R ICHARDSON, JJ., joined. N EWELL, J., filed a concurring opinion.
K ELLER, P.J., filed a dissenting opinion in which K EASLER, H ERVEY, and A LCALA, JJ.,
joined.

                                         OPINION

       The issue in this case is whether the time for filing a notice of appeal from an order

adverse to the State should begin to run with the trial court’s signing of that order if the State

received no timely notice that the order had been signed. The State asserts that it was not

notified that the trial court had signed an order granting Appellee’s motion to suppress until
                                                                            WACHTENDORF — 2

the period for filing its notice of appeal had expired. Having received no notice of this

triggering event, the State filed an untimely notice of appeal, and the Third Court of Appeals

dismissed its appeal for want of jurisdiction, in an unpublished memorandum opinion. State

v. Wachtendorf, No. 03-14-00633-CR, 2015 WL 894731 (Tex. App.—Austin Feb. 26, 2015)

(not designated for publication). We granted the State’s petition for discretionary review in

this case in order to address its argument that the timetable for its notice of appeal should not

be triggered by an event for which it obtained no notice and had no actual knowledge. We

shall affirm the judgment of the court of appeals.

                                         BACKGROUND

       Appellee was charged with the felony offense of Driving While Intoxicated.

According to the district clerk’s file-mark, on January 16, 2014, Appellee filed a motion to

suppress the results of a test for blood alcohol concentration following the extraction of

blood at the time of his arrest.1 At the conclusion of a hearing conducted on February 14,

2014, the trial court took the motion to suppress under advisement. On July 7, 2014, the

hearing reconvened, and the trial court orally announced that it intended to grant Appellee’s

motion. The docket sheet reflects that the trial court actually signed an order to that effect on

the same day. The State maintains, however, that the trial court did not sign the order in open

court, and the Reporter’s Record does not clearly indicate that it did. Rather, the Reporter’s



       1
         Appellee’s motion to suppress included a proposed order for the trial court to sign. The trial
court did not sign this originally proffered version of the order, which appears on page 29 of the
Clerk’s Record.
                                                                           WACHTENDORF — 3

Record shows that, in response to the State’s request for written findings of fact and

conclusions of law,2 the trial court directed Appellee to prepare proposed findings and

conclusions and adjourned the hearing. Appellee did not immediately file the requested

findings and conclusions.

       Article 44.01(d) of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure currently requires the State

to file notice of appeal within twenty days after an appealable order “is entered by the court.”

T EX. C ODE C RIM. P ROC. art. 44.01(d). This Court has held that the triggering event to begin

the running of the period within which the State must file its notice of appeal is when the trial

judge signs the order. State v. Rosenbaum, 818 S.W.2d 398, 402 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991);

State ex rel. Sutton v. Bage, 822 S.W.2d 55, 57 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992). Rather than file a

notice of appeal within twenty days of the date the trial court signed the order granting the

motion to suppress in this case, however, the State waited until August 19, 2014, well over

twenty days after the date the order was signed. At that time the State filed, not a notice of

appeal, but a motion asking the trial court to reconsider its ruling on Appellee’s motion to

suppress.3

       The trial court entertained the State’s motion to reconsider on September 25, 2014,



       2
         See State v. Cullen, 195 S.W.3d 696 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006) (at the request of the losing
party in a motion to suppress, the trial court is required to enter express findings of fact and
conclusions of law).
       3
        See Black v. State, 362 S.W.3d 626, 635 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012) (a ruling on a motion to
suppress is interlocutory, and the trial court may reconsider its ruling at any time before the end of
trial).
                                                                         WACHTENDORF — 4

and heard additional evidence. At the conclusion of this hearing, the trial court announced

that it was “inclined to just continue with [its] ruling[.]” The trial court then reminded

Appellee that it had requested him to prepare proposed findings of fact and conclusions of

law. Appellee responded that proposed findings and conclusions were no longer needed

because the State had “waived” its right of appeal by failing to timely file its notice of appeal.

The trial judge denied any memory of having signed the order granting the motion to

suppress, but almost immediately thereafter he re-discovered the signed order—apparently

in the clerk’s file. The trial judge noted, however, that the signed order was “not file-

marked.” The prosecutor replied that “it’s still not entered of record if it’s not file-stamped.” 4

The trial court asked the parties to supply case law regarding the State’s ability to appeal

under the circumstances, and Appellee directed the trial court’s attention to State v. Cowsert,

207 S.W.3d 347, 351-52 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006), a case in which this Court held that a ruling


       4
           The entire colloquy reads:

               THE COURT: Well, I don’t see an order signed, either, so unless you’ve
       got a copy of it -- and, again, I’m kind of –

               [PROSECUTOR]: And I would object to anything that’s not the original
       in the Court’s file.

                 THE COURT: Okay. I lied. There it is. It’s not file-marked.

                 [PROSECUTOR]: Then it’s not -- then it’s not entered of record.

              THE COURT: Well, this is on the Motion to Suppress Blood Specimen
       heard on February 14th and signed July 7th, 2014.

             [PROSECUTOR]: Then it’s still not entered of record if it’s not file-
       stamped.
                                                                            WACHTENDORF — 5

on a motion to reconsider the granting of a motion to suppress is not itself an appealable

order under Article 44.01(a)(5) of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure. See T EX. C ODE

C RIM. P ROC. art. 44.01(a)(5) (permitting the State to appeal an order that grants a motion to

suppress). The trial court reset the case for a future “status hearing” and adjourned without

ruling on the State’s motion to reconsider. At some point—the record does not clearly

indicate how or on whose impetus—the signed order granting the motion to suppress was

stamped as “FILED” in the district clerk’s office with a filing date of September 25, 2014.5

       The State eventually filed its notice of appeal on September 30, 2014, five days after

the date on which the trial court’s order granting the motion to suppress was ultimately file-

marked. On November 6, 2014, the trial court conducted the promised status hearing. In the

interim, Appellee had filed a motion in the court of appeals to dismiss the State’s purported

appeal for lack of jurisdiction. The State complained that it had not been privy to the trial

court’s July 7th signing of the order granting the motion to suppress. Because the trial court’s

oral representation on July 7th that it intended to grant the motion was not an appealable

order, the State maintained, it could not have known or been expected to file a notice of

appeal within twenty days of that date. The State argued that “the question now becomes

whether or not the Court’s signing of the order versus the entering of it by the district clerk


       5
          An identical copy of the proposed order that was attached to Appellee’s motion to suppress
appears on page 43 of the Clerk’s Record. On this copy, however, the word “GRANTED” is circled,
the word “DENIED” is scratched out, and a handwritten notation indicates that it was “[s]igned the
7th day of July, 2014.” The judge’s signature appears on the signature line. It is file-stamped at 3:15
p.m. on September 25, 2014, however—the same date as the hearing on the State’s motion for
reconsideration, which had commenced at 1:55 p.m.
                                                                       WACHTENDORF — 6

is the date of -- the effective date.” The trial court observed that “you two can fight out that

in the Court of Appeals, right?” The parties agreed, and, with that, the trial court adjourned

the status hearing, again without having ultimately ruled on the State’s motion to reconsider.

       The court of appeals dismissed the appeal for want of jurisdiction on the strength of

Rosenbaum and Bage, observing that, “[d]espite the criticisms expressed [by the State]

against the holding in Rosenbaum, the [Court of Criminal Appeals] has recently sanctioned

that holding again.” State v. Wachtendorf, 2015 WL 894731, at *2 (citing State v.

Sanavongxay, 407 S.W.3d 252, 258-59 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012)). In its petition for

discretionary review, the State renews its criticism of our holdings in Rosenbaum and Bage,

arguing that they are unjust to the State, at least in cases in which it has received no notice

of the signing of an order granting a motion to suppress. The State complains that “[e]xisting

precedent, as currently interpreted by, at least, the Third Court of Appeals, allows a [trial]

court to sign an order [granting a motion to suppress], wait twenty[-]one or more days before

filing the order with the district or county clerk or otherwise giving the State notice of the

existence of said order, and thereby effectively strip altogether from the State its ability to

appeal.” State’s Brief at 13. We granted the State’s petition to address this complaint.

                                         ANALYSIS

                         The Statute, the Rule, and the Case Law

       The State has not always enjoyed a right to appeal in Texas, and that right is “a

statutorily created one.” State v. Sellers, 790 S.W.2d 316 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990). Article
                                                                          WACHTENDORF — 7

44.01 of the Code of Criminal Procedure currently permits the State to appeal, among other

things, “an order of a court in a criminal case if the order . . . grants a motion to suppress

evidence[.]” T EX. C ODE C RIM. P ROC. art. 44.01(a)(5). But the State “may not make an

appeal” under Article 44.01 “later than the 20th day after the date on which the order . . . to

be appealed is entered by the court.” T EX. C ODE C RIM. P ROC. art. 44.01(d).

       This Court was first called upon to construe what “entered by the court” meant for

purposes of Article 44.01(d), in 1991. Rosenbaum, 818 S.W.2d at 402. There we noted that

then-Rule 41(b)(1) of the Texas Rules of Appellate Procedure (since re-codified as Rule

26.2(b)) generally provided that an appeal was perfected with respect to an appealable order

when notice of appeal is filed within fifteen days (now twenty) from “the day [the]

appealable order is signed by the trial judge[.]” Id. at 400 (emphasis added). We recognized

that “this Court has long held that the signing of a[n] . . . order is a function of the court

separate and distinct from the entry of said . . . order into the records of the court.” Id. at 401.

“Entry into the records of the court is merely ministerial in nature.” Id. “As a practical

matter,” we observed in Rosenbaum, “a judge may never really know when a signed order

. . . is physically entered into the record. There are no consistent deadlines for clerical entry

into the record in the courts throughout Texas.” Id. at 402. In order to avoid the anomaly of

tying the inception of the period for filing a notice of appeal to such an indefinite date, we

chose to construe the phrase “entered by the court” in Article 44.01(d) to mean the same as

the general provision for perfecting an appeal in former Rule 41(b)(1), holding that “the term
                                                                            WACHTENDORF — 8

‘entered by the court’ encompasses the signing of an order by the trial judge.” Id. 6

“Establishing a definite starting date for calculating appellate timetables[,]” we concluded,

“serves the interests of all parties.” Id. And we held that the “definite starting date” should

be the date the appealable order was signed. Id. We cemented this holding less than a year

later in a mandamus proceeding, in State ex rel. Sutton v. Bage, 822 S.W.2d at 57.

       Both Presiding Judge McCormick and Judge Baird took issue with the Court’s

construction of Article 44.01(d) in these cases. Rosenbaum, 818 S.W.2d at 403-05 (Baird,

J., joined by McCormick, P.J., concurring); Bage, 822 S.W.2d at 57 (McCormick, P.J.,

dissenting); id. at 58 (Baird, J., dissenting). They argued that the phrase “entered by the

court” in Article 44.01(d) is a legal term of art that typically refers, not to the signing of an

appealable order, but “to the ministerial act of the clerk spreading the court’s [order] in the

minutes of the court.” Bage, 822 S.W.2d at 59 (Baird, J., dissenting) (citing Wilson v. State,

677 S.W.2d 518, 522 (Tex. Crim. App. 1984), which in turn cited Moore v. State, 245




       6
          When the Texas Rules of Appellate Procedure were redrafted, effective in 1997, former
Rule 41(b)(1) was rewritten. Ironically, under current Rule 26.2(b), now specifically governing the
State’s perfection of appeal, a State’s notice of appeal from an appealable order must be filed within
a certain period of time “after the day the trial court enters the order . . . to be appealed.” TEX . R.
APP . P. 26.2(b). Thus, the actual language of Article 44.01(d) (“entered by the court”) now
corresponds to the actual language in Rule 26.2(b) (“the trial court enters the order”), and neither
provision speaks explicitly in terms of when the trial court signs the order. Still, the commentary
following Rule 26 makes clear that the 1997 revision was not meant to be substantive. See id., Notes
and Comments, at 221 (Vernon’s 2003); see also, 60 TEX . B.J. 900 (1997) (“Nonsubstantive changes
are made in the rule for criminal cases.”). We must presume that the construction that we gave to the
phrase “entered by the court” in Rosenbaum has been carried over into Rule 26.2(b)—namely, that
a trial judge “enters” an appealable order under Article 44.01 on the date that he signs it.
                                                                                  WACHTENDORF — 9

S.W.2d 491(Tex. Crim. App. 1952)).7 Moreover, they argued, to the extent that the provision

in former Rule 41(b)(1) generally fixes the commencement of the time for filing any notice

of appeal to the date an appealable order is signed, Article 44.01(d) should trump it, for two

reasons. First, whenever a statute and a rule irreconcilably conflict, the statute—the

legislative act—always controls. Second, specific provisions govern over general. Because

Article 44.01(d) specifically fixes the beginning of the time for the State to file a notice of

appeal from an adverse appealable order under Article 44.01(a), it is more specific than the

general, and inferior (because court-made), provision in Rule 41(b)(1). Bage, 822 S.W.2d at

59 (Baird, J., dissenting).

        But the majority’s holding that the notice-of-appeal period begins with the trial court’s

signing of the appealable order carried the day, and it has been ingrained in the law now for

twenty-five years. This is not to say, of course, that starting the period for filing a State’s

notice of appeal on the date the appealable order is signed (rather than the date when the

clerk enters it into the record) is not without its own potential for indefiniteness. Bage itself

illustrates as much. In Bage, as in the instant case, the State did not even learn that the trial

court had signed an appealable order granting a motion to quash the indictment until the then

fifteen-day period for filing its notice of appeal under Article 44.01(d) had already expired.

822 S.W.2d at 58 (McCormick, P.J., dissenting). This Court nevertheless chose to adhere to


        7
          “In a criminal proceeding, a clerk of the district . . . court shall . . . receive and file all papers
. . . and . . . perform all other duties imposed on the clerk by law.” TEX . CODE CRIM . PROC. art.
2.21(a)(1) & (6). “The clerk of a district court shall . . . record the acts and proceedings of the
court[.]” TEX . GOV ’T CODE § 51.303(b)(1).
                                                                         WACHTENDORF — 10

Rosenbaum’s construction of the phrase “entered by the court” in Article 44.01(d), and

refused to mandamus the district clerk to accept the State’s untimely notice of appeal,

reasoning that the clerk had “no ministerial duty to file the State’s appeal.” Id. at 57. On the

strength of the holdings in Rosenbaum and Bage, and because “[a] timely notice of appeal

is necessary to invoke a court of appeals’ jurisdiction[,]” Olivo v. State, 918 S.W.2d 519, 522

(Tex. Crim. App. 1996), the court of appeals in this case regretfully dismissed the State’s

appeal. Wachtendorf, 2015 WL 894731, at *2.

                                     The State’s Complaint

       The State does not now reiterate the argument it made at the September 25th hearing

on its motion for reconsideration; it does not urge us to revisit the phrase “entered by the

court” under Article 44.01(d), and ask us to re-construe it to mean the date the appealable

order was file-stamped. Nor does the State ask us to embrace the view of Presiding Judge

McCormick and Judge Baird, that “entered” means spread on the minutes of the court—and

for good reason. As the facts of this very case demonstrate, a district clerk’s file mark will

not always constitute definitive evidence of when a document was actually “filed,” much less

spread on the minutes of the court.

       “In a long line of cases,” the Texas Supreme Court has held that a document is “filed,”

not when it is file-stamped, but “when it is tendered to the clerk, or otherwise put under the

custody or control of the clerk.” Jamar v. Patterson, 868 S.W.2d 318, 319 (Tex. 1994).8


       8
         See Williams v. State, 767 S.W.2d 868, 871 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1989, pet. ref’d) (“In civil
cases, an instrument is generally deemed filed when it is left with the clerk regardless of whether a
                                                                         WACHTENDORF — 11

Here, the unsigned order (as it was attached to Appellee’s motion to suppress) was originally

“filed”—that is, tendered to the district clerk—at least as of January 16, 2014, when the

motion to suppress itself was file-stamped. But, though this proposed order was in the district

clerk’s file, no such order was signed until July 7, 2014. The signed copy of the order was

apparently tendered to the district clerk at some point between July 7th, when the docket

sheet indicates it was signed, and September 25th, when the trial court discovered it, signed

and dated but not file-stamped, in the district clerk’s file. But (as anticipated in Rosenbaum),

the record does not reveal a particular date between July 7th and September 25th when the

district clerk actually acquired custody or control of the signed order, much less when the

signed order might have been entered of record. That is to say, we cannot know when the

district clerk performed its ministerial function of spreading the trial court’s signed order in

the minutes of the court. It therefore does not behoove the State to urge us to proceed upon

Presiding Judge McCormick’s and Judge Baird’s construction of “entered by the court.” The

record in this case simply does not reveal a date certain upon which it may be said that the

district clerk entered the court’s order in the minutes of the court. In fact, the only date-




file mark is placed on the instrument. [citation omitted.] We see no reason why the same rule should
not apply in criminal cases, and we hold that it does.”); Perkins v. State, 7 S.W.3d 683, 686 (Tex.
App.—Texarkana 1999, pet. ref’d) (“An information is filed when it is delivered to or left with the
clerk, despite the absence of a file stamp on the document.”); In re Smith, 270 S.W.3d 783, 786 (Tex.
App.—Waco 2008, no pet. h.) (a document is “generally considered to have been ‘filed’” when
tendered to the clerk, whether or not it is file-marked).
                                                                             WACHTENDORF — 12

certain in the present case is the date the order was signed.9

        The fact of the matter is that, in any given case, there will be a potential notice

problem for the State regardless of whether the date for beginning the period for filing its

notice of appeal is the date that the order was signed or the date that it was spread on the

minutes of the court. Whichever of these events is deemed to trigger the appellate timetable,

the State may not become actually aware of that event before the time has run out to file its

notice of appeal. Accordingly, the State does not now vigorously argue that Rosenbaum and

Bage should be overruled; it simply argues that these precedents should not be slavishly

followed in any case in which it has not received notice, or otherwise acquired knowledge,

that an appealable order granting a motion to suppress has in fact been signed. It urges us to

begin its notice-of-appeal timetable on September 25th—not necessarily because that was

the date the trial court’s order was eventually file-stamped, but because the State lacked any

actual awareness of the existence of the signed order sooner than the trial court’s discovery

of it in the district clerk’s file on that date. The State argues that, absent notice or actual



        9
          The only other date certain in this case is the date the signed order was ultimately filed-
stamped, on September 25th. But that was obviously not the date on which the signed order was
tendered to the district clerk, and thus “filed,” much less when it may have been spread on the
minutes of the court. To treat September 25th as the operative date to begin the notice-of-appeal
timetable would be tantamount to allowing the State to appeal, not the granting of the motion to
suppress, but the refusal of the trial court to rule in the State’s favor on its motion for reconsideration
of the granting of Appellee’s motion to suppress, which was the motion that was actually heard on
September 25th. But, as Appellee pointed out to the trial court, we have unanimously held that any
ruling on such a State’s motion for reconsideration does not constitute an appealable order under
Article 44.01. State v. Cowsert, 207 S.W.3d 347, 351 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006). If, by file-stamping
the order on September 25th, the trial court meant it to count as an order overruling the State’s
motion to reconsider, that order was simply not appealable under Cowsert.
                                                                        WACHTENDORF — 13

knowledge of the signed order, it would simply be unfair to hold the State to the date the

order was signed.

                                 Judicially Required Notice

       In essence, what the State would have us do is to adopt a rule—as a matter of

decisional law—similar to Rule 306a of the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure. Like Article

44.01 of the Code of Criminal Procedure and Rule 26.2(b) of the Rules of Appellate

Procedure, Rule 306a provides that the timetables for various procedural requirements begins

on “[t]he date [the] order is signed as shown of record[.]” T EX. R. C IV. P ROC. 306a(1). But

unlike Article 44.01 or Rule 26.2(b), Rule 306a provides that, when an appealable order is

signed, the court’s clerk “shall immediately give notice to the parties . . . that the . . . order

was signed.” Id. (3). If a party can prove to the trial court that it failed to receive such notice

or acquire actual notice within twenty days of the signed order, then the beginning of the

procedural timetables is postponed until the date of notice or actual knowledge, “whichever

occurred first[.]” Id. (4) & (5); John v. Marshall Health Services, Inc., 58 S.W.3d 738, 740-

41 (Tex. 2001). The State urges us to adopt a similar rule that would delay the inception of

the period within which its notice of appeal is due until such time as it becomes aware that

the order granting the motion to suppress has been signed.

       Rule 306a is more or less an omnibus provision, intended to apply equally to all

parties and to numerous procedural timetables in civil practice. Here, the State would have

us carve out a unique rule that applies to only one party (the State) and to one particular
                                                                          WACHTENDORF — 14

procedural timetable (interlocutory notice of appeal). We are hesitant to fashion such a

specific procedural rule by judicial fiat and out of whole cloth. We recognize that the Texas

Supreme Court has cautioned the lower appellate courts “to construe the Rules of Appellate

Procedure reasonably, yet liberally, so that the right to appeal is not lost by imposing

requirements not absolutely necessary to effect the purpose of a rule.” Verburgt v. Dorner,

959 S.W.2d 615, 616-17 (Tex. 1997). But the Supreme Court has reciprocally recognized that

this Court’s “approach to the perfection of appeals in criminal cases has differed significantly

from [its own] more liberal approach.” Id. at 616 (citing Olivo v. State, 918 S.W.2d 519 (Tex.

Crim. App. 1996)—the very case that the court of appeals relied upon in this case to dismiss

the State’s appeal). We shall not import into Article 44.01(d) and Rule 26.2(b) an elaborate

notice requirement that the Legislature itself did not see fit to impose. We think that the

State’s suggestion that we append a notice provision not currently in either provision is more

appropriately addressed to this Court’s Rules Committee, as an exercise of our limited but

legislatively endowed rulemaking authority—perhaps to revise current Rule 26.2(b) to add

such a notice requirement. See Acts 1985, 69th Leg., ch. 685, § 1, p. 2472, eff. June 1, 1985

(granting this Court “rulemaking power to promulgate rules of posttrial, appellate, and

review procedure in criminal cases except that its rules may not abridge, enlarge, or modify

the substantive rights of a litigant”); T EX. G OV’T C ODE § 22.108(a) (same).10 We certainly


       10
          “Inherent in the [C]ourt of [C]riminal [A]ppeals’s final appellate jurisdiction . . . is the
authority to adopt or make [as a matter of decisional law] procedural requirements for the trial,
appeal, and review of criminal cases. These rules must not conflict with any statutory or
constitutional provisions, and they must be ‘reasonable.’” George E. Dix & John M. Schmolesky,
                                                                            WACHTENDORF — 15

cannot fault the court of appeals for declining to manufacture such a notice rule, sua sponte,

simply to avoid the jurisdictional ramifications of the State’s tardy notice of appeal in this

case.

        In any event, the State was not entirely powerless to preserve its interests in this case.

There are actions it could have taken to ensure a timely notice of appeal. First of all, it is

uncontested that the signed order was placed in the clerk’s record at some point between July

7th and September 25th. From that (albeit undisclosed) point on, the State was placed on

constructive notice that the order granting Appellee’s motion to suppress had been signed.11

At the conclusion of the hearing on July 7th, the trial court plainly announced its intention




40 TEXAS PRACTICE : CRIMINAL PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE § 1:3, at 5 (3rd ed. 2011). For example,
State v. Cullen, 195 S.W.3d 696 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006), see note 2, ante, “probably reflects [this
Court’s] exercise of an inherent power to make procedural rules by decisional law.” Dix &
Schmolesky at 6. Nevertheless, since the Legislature conferred rulemaking authority on the Court
in 1985, that “rulemaking power may require the [C]ourt of [C]riminal [A]ppeals to make some
changes in the law by exercising that [rulemaking] authority rather than construing [as a matter of
decisional law] a rule as adopted.” Id. § 1:10, at 13. And “substantive changes in court rules should
arguably be made by exercise of the [C]ourt’s authority to amend or modify its rules rather than by
judicial construction. Such modification often affects the interests of persons not parties to particular
litigation. The rule-amending process provides those parties a fairer opportunity for input.” Id. §
2:35, at 76. Moreover, “[r]ulemaking authority is almost certainly granted [by the Legislature] to the
courts with the understanding it—rather than judicial construction—will be used for general
modification of rules once promulgated.” Id. at 77. We will not “construe” either Article 44.01 or
Rule 26.2(b) to contain an elaborate notice requirement that finds no source whatsoever, explicit or
implicit, in the actual language of either provision.
        11
          “A person has notice of a fact . . . if that person [among other things] is considered as
having been able to ascertain it by checking an official filing or recording.” Black’s Law Dictionary
1227 (10th ed. 2014). Indeed, the State seems to concede that filing of the signed order would suffice
to provide adequate notice when it complained that a trial court could thwart its right to appeal by
waiting more than twenty days to file its signed order or “otherwise giv[e] the State notice of the
existence of said order[.]” State’s Brief at 15 (emphasis added).
                                                                         WACHTENDORF — 16

to grant the motion, and the State could have exercised diligence to monitor the district

clerk’s record for the filing of a signed order from that point forward. Instead, the State filed

its motion for reconsideration of Appellee’s motion to suppress without (by its own implicit

admission) first checking the district clerk’s record for a signed order. Indeed, for all that the

appellate record suggests, the State was simply unaware of the holdings of Rosenbaum and

Bage,12 which plainly and consistently identify the signing of the order as the event that

commences the timetable for filing its notice of appeal.

       What is more, the State could have been far more proactive in protecting its right to

appeal in this case. In addition to monitoring the district clerk’s record, the State could have

filed its notice of appeal at any time after the trial court announced its intention to grant the

motion to suppress—or even after the trial court first took the motion under advisement on

February 14th, signaling that it was taking the motion seriously. It is true, of course, that the

trial court’s oral pronouncements on the record do not constitute appealable orders. State v.

Sanavongxay, 407 S.W.3d at 258. And, in any event, the State was apparently waiting for

Appellee to provide the proposed findings of fact and conclusions of law that the trial court

had requested on July 7th. Had the State filed its notice of appeal before the order was

signed, it would certainly have been deemed premature. But the Rules of Appellate

Procedure do not prohibit the filing of a premature notice of appeal; in fact, they expressly



       12
          As we have already observed, see text at page 5-6, ante, as late as the hearing on November
6th, the State argued that “the question now becomes whether or not the Court’s signing of the order
versus the entering of it by the district clerk is the date of -- the effective date.”
                                                                           WACHTENDORF — 17

recognize the premature filing of a notice of appeal, specifically making it “effective and

deemed filed on the same day, but after . . . the appealable order [was] signed by the trial

court.” T EX. R. A PP. P. 27.1(b). The State exercised no such diligence in this case.13

                                          CONCLUSION

        For the reasons given, we cannot conclude that the court of appeals erred to follow

our precedents and dismiss the State’s appeal for lack of jurisdiction. We affirm its judgment.




DELIVERED:              November 18, 2015
PUBLISH




       13
           The State complains that an unscrupulous trial court could insulate its ruling from appellate
review and altogether rob the State of its right to interlocutory appeal of a motion to suppress by
deliberately signing an order granting the motion and then withholding the order from the district
clerk for twenty days. There is no suggestion of such conduct in this case. And even if we shared the
State’s point of view, we would observe that it is wholly within the State’s ability to obviate such
machinations by filing a premature notice of appeal as we have suggested in the text.
