      Notice: This opinion is subject to correction before publication in the P ACIFIC R EPORTER .
      Readers are requested to bring errors to the attention of the Clerk of the Appellate Courts,
      303 K Street, Anchorage, Alaska 99501, phone (907) 264-0608, fax (907) 264-0878, e-mail
      corrections@appellate.courts.state.ak.us.



               THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF ALASKA

In the Matter of                               )
                                               )        Supreme Court No. S-15251
      CANDACE A., a Minor.                     )
                                               )        Superior Court No. 4BE-13-00013 CN
                                               )
                                               )        OPINION
                                               )
                                               )        No. 6946 - August 22, 2014


              Petition for Review from the Superior Court of the State of
              Alaska, Fourth Judicial District, Bethel, Charles W. Ray, Jr.,
              Judge.

              Appearances: David T. Jones, Senior Assistant Attorney
              General, Anchorage, and Michael C. Geraghty, Attorney
              General, Juneau, for Petitioner State of Alaska. Rachel Cella,
              Assistant Public Defender, Anchorage, and Quinlan Steiner,
              Public Defender, Anchorage, for Respondent E.A.
              William T. Montgomery, Assistant Public Advocate, Bethel,
              and Richard Allen, Public Advocate, Anchorage, for
              Respondent D.A.

              Before: Fabe, Chief Justice, Winfree, Stowers, Maassen, and
              Bolger, Justices.

              MAASSEN, Justice.
I.     INTRODUCTION
              The superior court adjudicated Candace1 a child in need of aid because she
had been sexually abused by her adoptive brother. The superior court nonetheless
ordered that Candace be returned to her parents’ home, holding that the Department of
Health and Social Services, Office of Children’s Services (OCS), had failed to present
“qualified expert testimony” as required by the Indian Child Welfare Act (ICWA) to
support a finding that she would likely suffer serious physical or emotional harm in her
parents’ custody. We conclude that the superior court’s failure to accept OCS’s
proposed expert witnesses as qualified was error, and we therefore vacate the order
placing Candace with her parents.
II.    FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS
       A.     Candace’s History
              Candace is a 17-year-old girl from a small village in southwestern Alaska.2
She entered the foster care system when she was two years old and was adopted by her
great-aunt and great-uncle — Emma and Douglas — when she was 11.




       1
              We use pseudonyms to protect the family’s privacy.
       2
               Candace turns 18 in August 2014. Recognizing that this case may be moot,
we conclude that the public interest exception to the mootness doctrine applies. In
deciding whether to hear a moot appeal, we weigh various considerations: “(1) whether
the disputed issues are capable of repetition, (2) whether the mootness doctrine, if
applied, may cause review of the issues to be repeatedly circumvented, and (3) whether
the issues presented are so important to the public interest as to justify overriding the
mootness doctrine.” Peter A. v. State, Dep’t of Health & Soc. Servs., Office of Children’s
Servs., 146 P.3d 991, 996 (Alaska 2006). We apply the exception to this case because
the question of expert qualifications in ICWA cases is important to the public interest and
is likely to arise repeatedly.


                                            -2-                                      6946

             In the fall of 2012, Candace’s teacher noticed she was withdrawn, had
stopped talking to her friends, and seemed depressed. Candace spent about two weeks
sleeping on friends’ couches, including one night when she stayed with her teacher. One
day Douglas came to school and told Candace to come home or he would call the village
public safety officer to bring her home. Candace locked herself in the girls’ bathroom,
where she slammed her head against the floor and walls. She texted her teacher and said
that she couldn’t go back home because “bad things [were] happening.” The teacher
reported this to the school principal and OCS. A state trooper and an OCS worker spoke
with Candace, who reported that she had been sexually abused by her adoptive brother.
A few days later Douglas and Emma agreed to send Candace to a boarding school in
Bethel.
             Candace repeated her reports of abuse while at boarding school, telling the
school principal that her home “was a bad place” and she did not want to live there. She
said that Douglas and Emma hid the “bad things” she reported. The “dorm parent” at the
boarding school gave Candace a journal, in which Candace wrote other details about
abuse at home.     When the school principal contacted OCS about what Candace
described, Candace again locked herself in the bathroom, destroyed the journal, and
threatened to commit suicide; the principal had to call the police to remove her from the
bathroom. Candace refused to talk about what she had written in her journal or to give
additional details about the abuse.
             Candace returned to her village during the 2012 winter break. OCS worked
with Douglas and Emma to find a safe place for Candace to stay while she was home,
away from her adoptive brother. Candace was supposed to stay with Douglas’s sister but
actually spent some of her time at her parents’ house. When she returned to Bethel after
winter break, she told the school principal that one of her uncles came into her bedroom



                                           -3-                                     6946

while intoxicated and tried to “touch her in her private areas down low and also tried to
take off her pants and was kissing her.” Candace told the principal that her parents did
not believe this occurred and refused to report anything to OCS because they did not
want Candace’s uncle to go to jail. The school principal reported Candace’s allegations
of abuse to OCS and the Bethel Police Department.
             In February 2013, Candace was expelled from the boarding school dorms
because of a drinking incident. She and her girlfriend went to the airport in Bethel but
were picked up by the police and brought to the OCS office, where Candace told an OCS
worker she was afraid to go back to her village because her adoptive brother sexually
abused her. OCS contacted Emma, who suggested that Candace spend the night at an
aunt’s house in Bethel.
             OCS took emergency custody of Candace the next day. In a forensic
interview, Candace said that her adoptive brother had had sexual intercourse with her a
year or two earlier and that he had attempted to do so several times since, including
during the winter break she spent in the village.
             The OCS social worker, Barbara Cosolito, then spoke with Douglas and
Emma. Douglas was skeptical of Candace’s allegations. He agreed that his son
(Candace’s adoptive brother) could stay someplace else in the village when Candace was
home, but he wanted his son to be able to come over for family meals. Cosolito did not
believe this would be safe for Candace, who could be assaulted again, feel re-victimized
or traumatized, and engage in more self-harming behaviors. Cosolito therefore drafted
an emergency petition to adjudicate Candace a child in need of aid. Douglas and Emma
stipulated that probable cause existed for temporary OCS custody pending adjudication.
The superior court committed Candace to OCS’s temporary custody and authorized




                                           -4-                                     6946

placement in a foster home in Bethel. Candace continued to attend boarding school
while in foster care.
              OCS referred Candace to a therapist. Candace told the therapist that she cut
herself, and that she engaged in other activities she knew were dangerous such as riding
four-wheelers with strangers after drinking alcohol and smoking marijuana. The
therapist diagnosed her with minor chronic depression, PTSD, sexual abuse, alcohol
abuse, and cannabis abuse.
              In March 2013, Candace’s OCS caseworker took her to the emergency
room, fearing she had overdosed on antidepressants. Following an evaluation, Candace
was admitted to North Star Behavioral Health in Anchorage. The doctors at North Star
agreed with the diagnoses of Candace’s therapist and also diagnosed her with reactive
attachment disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, and probable ADHD.
              Candace’s behavior worsened while she was at North Star. She acted
aggressively toward the staff and threatened to harm herself as well. The superior court
held a placement review hearing in April 2013 and denied OCS’s request to continue
Candace’s placement there. OCS then moved Candace to a group home run by
Presbyterian Hospitality House in Palmer.
       B.     Expert Testimony At The Adjudication Hearing
              The superior court held an adjudication hearing over the course of several
days, from May to early July 2013, to determine whether Candace was a child in need
of aid and whether removal from her family home continued to be justified. OCS called
Barbara Cosolito to provide the expert testimony ICWA requires to show “that the
continued custody of the child by the parent . . . is likely to result in serious emotional




                                           -5-                                       6946

or physical damage to the child.”3 As we will explain further, the Bureau of Indian
Affairs (BIA) has defined the ICWA phrase “qualified expert witnesses” to include lay
persons with “substantial experience and knowledge regarding relevant Indian social and
cultural standards” and “professional persons” who have “substantial education in the
area of [their] specialty.”4 It was against these BIA standards that the superior court
judged the qualifications of OCS’s proposed experts.
             Cosolito testified that she was the initial assessment supervisor at OCS’s
Bethel office, a position she had held for over two years. She testified that she
supervised eight people; that the Bethel office processed “anywhere from 60 to 104
[cases] in a month”; that a “[h]undred percent” of those cases involved Alaska Native
families; and that it was her responsibility to provide “supervisory support over those
people . . . [f]or all of those cases.” Her responsibilities included not only daily
supervision of the other OCS employees but also “staff[ing] cases with them when
they’re out in the village to help them either identify safety threats or if there are no
safety threats to identify the safety threshold and whether or not we need a . . . safety
plan.” As supervisor she made the final decisions about whether OCS should assume
custody of a child. Another part of her duties was to provide expert testimony — she
testified that she had been qualified as an expert witness in the area of child welfare



      3
              25 U.S.C. § 1912(e) (2012) (“No foster care placement may be ordered in
such proceeding in the absence of a determination, supported by clear and convincing
evidence, including testimony of qualified expert witnesses, that the continued custody
of the child by the parent or Indian custodian is likely to result in serious emotional or
physical damage to the child.”).
      4
             Marcia V. v. State, Office of Children’s Servs., 201 P.3d 496, 504 (Alaska
2009) (citing Guidelines for State Courts; Indian Custody Proceedings, 44 Fed. Reg.
67,584, 67,593 (Nov. 26, 1979)).


                                           -6-                                      6946

“numerous times” and had never been offered and found not qualified. Finally, she
testified that as supervisor she participated in “collaboration efforts between the tribes
and OCS.”
              As for her prior experience, Cosolito testified that before becoming an OCS
supervisor she spent a year as “an initial assessment line worker” in the same office,
where she “received the reports of harm . . . and . . . went out and assessed the situations”
for safety. Before that she served for four years as an “administrator/social worker for
a charter school in [the] rural community of Camp Verde, Arizona.” She “[o]versaw the
charter school”; “worked with the Yavapai-Apache Tribe in correlating grants and
services for their children in our school”; worked with students “in developing
[individual education plans and] behavioral plans[;] work[ed] with families that were
either homeless or needing assistance”; and collaborated with “the local behavioral
health clinic” on assisting children with behavioral issues.
              As for her education, Cosolito testified that she had both a bachelor’s
degree and a master’s degree in social work. Each level of education required a 500­
hour internship: for one she worked for Arizona Child Protective Services, “both in the
initial assessment unit and also in the family services unit”; for the other she worked for
the same agency in “kinship care,” which she defined as “family members raising other
family members’ children.” She testified that she received “original skills” training when
she was first hired by OCS, including training in racism and ICWA, and received further
supervisory training when she advanced in the agency. She testified that to maintain her
license she receives 45 hours of continuing education every two years in subjects that in
the past have included substance abuse, child abuse, and the “impact of adverse
childhood experiences.” In response to questions from the judge, Cosolito disclaimed
a special expertise in Alaska Native cultural standards but said she considered herself



                                            -7-                                        6946

a “lay expert” in the area of “delivery of child and family services . . . to Indians” based
on both her work in Arizona and her three years with OCS in Bethel. She acknowledged
that whether her experience was “substantial” for purposes of the BIA standards
depended on one’s point of view, but she also testified that there were only a few OCS
workers who had been in the region longer than she had, as the OCS “turnover rate is
pretty high” statewide and “most workers are one to two years in this region.”
              Douglas and Emma objected to Cosolito’s qualification as an expert on
grounds that she lacked substantial experience and knowledge regarding the relevant
tribal customs and social standards (thus failing to meet one part of the BIA guidelines)
and that she was not a “professional” (thus failing to meet another part of the BIA
guidelines). The superior court agreed with these objections. It found that Cosolito was
not qualified because she lacked “credentials which support the expression of opinions
specific to the Native cultural issues in dispute,” and that, as a social worker, she was not
a “professional” for purposes of ICWA.
              OCS then gave notice of another proposed expert, Nancy Kirchoff, who
was Candace’s clinical social worker at Presbyterian Hospitality House and who, like
Cosolito, was expected to testify in support of a decision “that it is contrary to the
welfare of the child to return her to the home at this time.” Kirchoff became a Licensed
Clinical Social Worker in Alaska in 1999 and testified that she had been working in that
capacity at Presbyterian for about two years. She worked with children who had been
diagnosed as seriously emotionally disturbed, which meant conducting client interviews,
collecting collateral information, and completing behavioral health assessments, then
developing treatment plans based on those assessments. She testified that she also
conducts individual and group psychotherapy sessions; her treatment of Candace
involved both these types of therapy. Kirchoff testified that she also maintains a private



                                            -8-                                        6946

practice performing child custody investigations and adoption home-studies. Her work
history also included, as most relevant here, four years as a mental health clinician with
the Alaska Department of Corrections, seven years as a social worker with OCS, a year
with a juvenile assessment center in Wasilla as a “[c]linician providing psycho-social
assessments for school-aged children,” a year as a clinician at Southcentral Counseling
in Anchorage providing school-based services to emotionally disturbed children, and
four years as a public school social worker in Minnesota. Like Cosolito, Kirchoff had
both bachelor’s and master’s degrees in social work; her master’s studies involved
working with children with “social-emotional disorders.” Kirchoff testified that she took
continuing education courses in a variety of topics, including substance abuse and drug-
endangered children. She testified that she had been qualified as an expert in prior court
proceedings 10 or 15 times while employed by OCS, in categories that included “ICWA,
child protection, and children’s mental health,” and particularly whether under the ICWA
standards it was “contrary to the welfare of the child to return home.”
              Douglas and Emma again objected that Kirchoff was not qualified to give
the expert testimony required by ICWA, and the court again agreed with their objections,
finding that Kirchoff lacked “the necessary expertise or knowledge of the Indian culture
that’s at issue here.” The court did qualify Kirchoff as an expert with regard to
Candace’s treatment plan and did allow her to testify about the specifics of that plan, but
it refused to consider her testimony as supporting a finding of likely harm under ICWA.
       C.     The Adjudication Hearing
              Ultimately, the superior court found that Candace was a child in need of aid
due to sexual abuse by her adoptive brother, including a sexual assault in the home
during the most recent winter break. However, in the absence of qualified expert
testimony, the superior court held that OCS failed to meet its burden of showing that



                                            -9-                                      6946

Candace was likely to suffer serious emotional or physical harm if she were returned to
her parents’ custody. The court concluded, therefore, that Candace should be returned
home, albeit under OCS supervision “in order that appropriate safeguards are developed
and implemented to ensure [Candace’s] safety from [her adoptive brother].”
             OCS filed a motion to stay and a petition for review, both of which we
granted. The petition asks that we review the superior court’s conclusion that OCS’s two
proposed witnesses, Cosolito and Kirchoff, were not “qualified experts” for purposes of
ICWA, 25 U.S.C. § 1912(e).5
III.   STANDARDS OF REVIEW
             When reviewing a superior court’s decision to exclude proposed expert
testimony under ICWA, we apply two different standards of review. First, “whether the
expert testimony requirement of ICWA is satisfied is a pure question of law to be




       5
              The petition also asks us to review whether the superior court erred when
it apparently relied on arguments of counsel rather than evidence to find that Douglas
and Emma had undergone “a sea change in their views” about whether their son actually
posed a danger to Candace, something they had earlier denied. We need not address this
issue, however, because our disposition of the expert witness issue would require a
remand in any event.


                                         -10-                                     6946

reviewed de novo.”6 Second, “[a] trial court’s decision to admit expert testimony is
reviewed for an abuse of discretion.”7
IV.    DISCUSSION
              We conclude that the superior court’s refusal to qualify OCS’s proposed
expert witnesses was based on two legal errors: first, overlooking controlling law that
expertise in Alaska Native culture is not required when the issues presented do not
implicate cultural biases; and second, failing to recognize that well-educated and
experienced social workers are “professional persons.”8




       6
             Christina J. v. State, Dep’t of Health & Soc. Servs., Office of Children’s
Servs., 254 P.3d 1095, 1104 (Alaska 2011); see also Thea G. v. State, Dep’t of Health
& Soc. Servs., Office of Children’s Servs., 291 P.3d 957, 962 (Alaska 2013) (“Whether
expert testimony presented at trial satisfies the requirements of ICWA is a legal question
that we review de novo.”); Lucy J. v. State, Dep’t of Health & Soc. Servs., Office of
Children’s Servs., 244 P.3d 1099, 1111 (Alaska 2010); L.G. v. State, Dep’t of Health &
Soc. Servs., Office of Children’s Servs., 14 P.3d 946, 950 (Alaska 2000) (“[A]
determination of whether the trial court’s findings comport with the requirements of
ICWA involves a question of law and will be reviewed de novo.”).
       7
              Thea G., 291 P.3d at 962.
       8
               We reject the respondents’ arguments that the petition for review was
untimely because it was not filed within ten days of the challenged evidentiary rulings
but rather within ten days of the adjudication order. The adjudication order expressly
relied on OCS’s failure to present the testimony of witnesses who satisfied the BIA
guidelines for qualified experts. An adjudication order based on erroneous evidentiary
rulings is a proper subject of discretionary review. We also reject Emma’s argument that
OCS waived its challenge with regard to Kirchoff because it proceeded with her
testimony, as limited by the court, rather than attempting to elicit a better foundation for
her opinions or requesting a stay and continuance. The transcript clearly shows OCS’s
position and the superior court’s rejection of it; there is no evidence that OCS intended
to abandon the issue by proceeding with Kirchoff’s testimony.


                                           -11-                                       6946

       A.	    ICWA And Alaska’s CINA Rules Require That A Decision To Remove
              An Indian Child From Her Home Be Supported By Qualified Expert
              Testimony.
              ICWA reflects a national purpose “to protect the best interests of Indian
children and to promote the stability and security of Indian tribes and families”; the act
seeks to accomplish this purpose by imposing “minimum Federal standards for the
removal of Indian children from their families and the placement of such children in
foster or adoptive homes.”9 Accordingly, ICWA provides that any decision to place an
Indian child with someone other than the child’s parent or Indian custodian must be
“supported by clear and convincing evidence, including testimony of qualified expert
witnesses, that the continued custody of the child by the parent or Indian custodian is
likely to result in serious emotional or physical damage to the child.”10
              These requirements of federal law are reflected in Alaska’s child-in-need­
of-aid rules. Under CINA Rule 10(c)(3), the court may approve the removal of an Indian
child from her home only if either “(A) . . . removal . . . is necessary to prevent imminent
physical damage or harm to the child; or (B) . . . there is clear and convincing evidence,
including testimony of qualified expert witnesses, that the child is likely to suffer serious
emotional or physical damage if left in the custody of the parent or Indian custodian.”
              The critical phrase “qualified expert witnesses” is defined neither in ICWA
nor in Alaska’s CINA rules. But as noted above, the federal BIA has provided
guidelines describing the witnesses who are “most likely” to meet ICWA’s expert
requirements:



       9
             Native Vill. of Tununak v. State, Dep’t of Health & Soc. Servs., Office of
Children’s Servs., 303 P.3d 431, 441 (Alaska 2013) (quoting 25 U.S.C. § 1902 (2006)).
       10
              25 U.S.C. § 1912(e) (2012) (emphasis added).


                                            -12-                                       6946
             (1) a member of the child’s tribe recognized by the tribal
             community as knowledgeable in tribal customs pertaining to
             family organization and childrearing practices, (2) a lay
             expert with substantial experience and knowledge regarding
             relevant Indian social and cultural standards and childrearing
             practices and the delivery of child and family services to
             Indians, or (3) [a] professional person having substantial
             education in the area of his or her specialty.[11]
We have held that the required expert testimony may be aggregated with other expert
testimony or with the testimony of lay witnesses to support the conclusion that a parent’s
continued custody of the child is likely to cause the child serious harm.12
      B.	    The Superior Court Erred In Its Interpretation Of ICWA’s Expert
             Witness Requirements.
             The superior court found that Cosolito and Kirchoff failed to satisfy either
of two arguably relevant BIA guidelines. First, the superior court found that they failed
to satisfy the second BIA guideline — as lay experts “with substantial experience and
knowledge regarding relevant Indian social and cultural standards and childrearing
practices and the delivery of child and family services to Indians.” But we have
repeatedly held that expertise in Alaska Native culture is not necessarily required under
ICWA. “Congress intended ICWA to prevent Native children from being separated from
their families solely on the basis of testimony from social workers who were unable to
‘distinguish between cultural variations in child-rearing practices and actual abuse or



      11
             Marcia V. v. State, Office of Children’s Servs., 201 P.3d 496, 504 (Alaska
2009) (alteration in original, emphasis removed) (citing Guidelines for State Courts;
Indian Child Custody Proceedings, 44 Fed. Reg. 67,584, 67,593 (1979)) (internal
quotation marks omitted).
      12
            Thea G., 291 P.3d at 964; L.G. v. State, Dep’t of Health & Soc. Servs., 14
P.3d 946, 950 (Alaska 2000).


                                          -13-	                                     6946

neglect.’ ”13 Thus, “[w]hen the basis for termination is unrelated to Native culture and
society and when any lack of familiarity with cultural mores will not influence the
termination decision or implicate cultural bias in the termination proceeding, the
qualifications of an expert testifying under [ICWA] § 1912(f) need not include
familiarity with Native culture.”14
             Even assuming that Cosolito and Kirchoff lacked expertise in Alaska Native
culture, that would not disqualify them as experts under the circumstances of this case,
because whether a child is likely to be harmed by exposure to sexual abuse in the home
does not depend on particular cultural mores. In L.G. we held that evidence of the
mother’s “addictive and habitual use of alcohol and cocaine,” causing the physical
neglect of her children, showed that the children were “at a clear risk of future harm if
returned to [the mother’s] custody,” a finding that “did not require testimony from an
expert in Native culture.”15 In Marcia V., where the termination order “relied on
evidence of Marcia’s addictions, violent behavior, incarceration, inability to provide a
stable home, neglect, exposure of [the child] to sex offenders, domestic violence in the
home, and abandonment,” we observed that “[n]othing in the trial record or in Marcia’s
appeal suggests that cultural bias might have been at issue, or that considering the


      13
             Marcia V., 201 P.3d at 504 (quoting L.G., 14 P.3d at 952-53).
      14
              Thea G., 291 P.3d at 964 (quoting Marcia V., 201 P.3d at 503) (internal
quotation marks omitted). See also Christina J. v. State, Dep’t of Health & Soc. Servs.,
Office of Children’s Servs., 254 P.3d 1095, 1111 (Alaska 2011); Lucy J. v. State, Dep’t
of Health & Soc. Servs., Office of Children’s Servs., 244 P.3d 1099, 1118 (Alaska 2010);
L.G., 14 P.3d at 952-953. Although these cases involve termination proceedings, we see
no reason why a different standard would apply to a case like this one involving an
adjudication that a child is a child in need of aid.
      15
             L.G., 14 P.3d at 953-54.


                                          -14-                                     6946

appropriate tribal standards of child care would affect the disposition of the case[; t]hus,
the [expert witness’s] lack of familiarity with Native culture cannot be considered a
deficiency in her qualifications to testify under ICWA § 1912(f).”16 The superior court
overlooked the significance of these decisions when it disqualified Cosolito and Kirchoff
because of their purported lack of expertise in Alaska Native culture.
              The superior court also erred when it credited Douglas’s argument that
social workers are not “professionals” under the third BIA guideline (“[a] professional
person having substantial education in the area of his or her specialty”), noting its
“agree[ment] with the characterization of [the ‘professional’] class of experts put forward
by Father.” Douglas’s argument relies on the definition of “professional” in Black’s Law
Dictionary: “A person who belongs to a learned profession or whose occupation
requires a high level of training and proficiency.”17 Douglas also notes, again quoting
Black’s, that the three traditional “learned professions were theology, law and
medicine.”18 But social work, like the traditional “learned professions,” “requires a high
level of training and proficiency,” and it is well recognized as a profession today.
              Social work in Alaska has all the earmarks of a profession. The law
requires a state licence for the practice of social work.19 A licensed clinical social worker
must have a master’s or doctoral degree in social work, must have completed at least two
years of continuous full-time employment in post-graduate clinical social work, must



       16
              Marcia V., 201 P.3d at 503.

       17

              BLACK ’S LAW D ICTIONARY 1329 (9th ed. 2009).
       18
              Id.

       19

            See City of Kenai v. Friends of Recreation Ctr., Inc., 129 P.3d 452, 459
(Alaska 2006) (noting that professional occupations often have licensing requirements).


                                            -15-                                       6946

have good moral character and be “in good professional standing,” must provide “three
professional references” acceptable to the licensing board, and must pass the licensing
examination.20 Social workers are subject to a code of ethics,21 including confidentiality
requirements,22 and to maintain their licenses must take continuing education courses,
including “professional ethics.”23 Social workers who do not conform to “minimum
professional standards” are subject to discipline.24 Alaska statutes and rules reflect
throughout a common understanding that social workers are professionals.25 And in our


      20
             AS 08.95.110(a).
      21
              12 Alaska Administrative Code (AAC) 18.150 (2014) (“A social worker
licensed in this state shall adhere to the code of ethics adopted by the Board of Social
Work Examiners under this section.”).
      22
             AS 08.95.900(a) (“A licensed social worker . . . may not reveal to another
person a communication made to the licensee by a client about a matter concerning
which the client has employed the licensee in a professional capacity.”).
      23
              AS 08.95.040(a) (“Continuing education requirements that must be satisfied
before the first biennial renewal of a person’s license must include a minimum of 45
hours of education or training with a minimum of three hours in professional ethics, six
hours in substance abuse, and six hours in cross-cultural education that includes issues
relating to Alaska Natives. After the first biennial renewal of a license, continuing
education requirements for that person’s license renewal must include three hours in
professional ethics, six hours in substance abuse, and six hours in cross-cultural
education, three hours of which must include issues relating to Alaska Natives.”).
      24
             AS 08.95.050(8).
      25
              See, e.g., AS 47.30.915(11) (defining “mental health professional” as
including “a clinical social worker” licensed in Alaska); AS 08.95.120(a)(2)-(13)
(describing requirements for licensing by credentials, including “professional references”
and clearance by any governing “professional social work association”);
AS 08.95.900(a) (describing a licensed social worker’s confidentiality obligations where
a client “has employed the licensee in a professional capacity”); Alaska R. Prof.
                                                                            (continued...)

                                          -16-                                      6946

caselaw we have strongly implied that social workers may be qualified experts under the
third BIA guideline as long as they have “expertise beyond the normal social worker
qualifications.”26
              Applying the correct meaning of the phrase “professional person having
substantial education in the area of his or her specialty,” we hold that Cosolito and
Kirchoff should have been qualified as experts under the third BIA guideline. As social
workers, both were “professional persons.” Both had “substantial education in the area
of [her] specialty”: master’s degrees in social work, internships in relevant subject areas
as required for their degrees, agency training, and continuing professional education.
The experience of both witnesses further demonstrated the required “expertise beyond
the normal social worker qualifications.” Cosolito described her work as an OCS
supervisor overseeing hundreds of cases, identifying safety threats, and having ultimate
responsibility for custody decisions; as an OCS line worker assessing reports of harm;



       25
        (...continued)
Conduct 2.1 cmt. 4 (“Matters that go beyond strictly legal questions may also be in the
domain of another profession,” such as “psychiatry, clinical psychology or social
work.”).
       26
              Marcia V. v. State, Office of Children’s Servs., 201 P.3d 496, 504-05
(Alaska 2009) (quoting H.R. Rep. No. 95-1386, at 22 (1978), reprinted in 1978
U.S.C.C.A.N. 7530, 7545) (internal quotation marks omitted) (holding that an OCS
supervisor who was not qualified under the first two subparts of the BIA guidelines
“would have had to qualify by virtue of substantial education in the area of her specialty”
under the “professional” subpart); see David S. v. State, Dep’t of Health & Soc. Servs.,
Office of Children’s Servs., 270 P.3d 767, 782 n.48 (Alaska 2012) (noting in dictum that
“it seems most unlikely that [an OCS supervisor] would not qualify” as an expert “given
[her] high degree of experience and previous qualification as an expert”); see also In re
M.J.J., J.P.L.& J.P.G. v. State, 69 P.3d 1226, 1228 (Okla. Civ. App. 2003) (“In the
absence of implication of cultural bias, the expert witness may be a social worker who
possesses expertise beyond the normal social worker qualifications.”).

                                           -17-                                      6946

and as a school administrator and social worker in Arizona working with the diverse
behavioral and education needs of students and their families.            Her testimony
demonstrated regular and in-depth exposure to the very types of family and behavioral
issues that were central to Candace’s case, including the possibility that Candace would
be assaulted again, be re-traumatized, and engage in more self-destructive behavior.
              Kirchoff appeared even more amply qualified to testify about the risks of
serious emotional or physical harm if Candace were returned to her home. Kirchoff had
a lengthy work history as a mental health clinician, working with children with emotional
and behavioral problems in a variety of institutional and agency settings, as well as a
private practice of custody investigations and adoption home-studies. As Candace’s own
clinician, treating her in both individual and group therapy, Kirchoff was uniquely
qualified to testify with authority about Candace’s susceptibility to emotional harm.
Though the superior court did not consider Kirchoff’s testimony in support of the
required findings under ICWA, the testimony she was allowed to give proved directly
relevant to the issue: she testified that Candace was at risk of reverting to dangerous
substance-abuse behaviors if she were returned to her village, and that if she reverted to
those behaviors she would make herself more vulnerable to harm by others. Kirchoff
was also concerned that despite some progress in developing healthy coping skills,
Candace was not yet “able to practice them without a lot of prompts” and was therefore
still at risk of harming herself.
              The testimony of both these well-qualified witnesses would have been
highly relevant to the finding under ICWA § 1912(e) that the superior court was obliged
to make. Although we reverse the court’s exclusion of the testimony because of its
misinterpretation of the governing standards, we observe that, under a correct application




                                          -18-                                      6946

of the law, it would have been an abuse of discretion to exclude the witnesses’
testimony.27
V.    CONCLUSION
               We REVERSE the superior court’s rulings on whether OCS’s two proffered
witnesses were qualified experts for purposes of 25 U.S.C. § 1912(e). We VACATE the
portion of the July 26, 2013 adjudication order placing Candace with her parents and
REMAND for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.




      27
            Because of our disposition of this issue, we need not reach the parties’ other
arguments about the superior court’s findings under 25 U.S.C. § 1912(e).

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