      TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN


                                       NO. 03-04-00486-CV



                                  City of Carrollton, Appellant

                                                  v.

     Texas Commission on Environmental Quality, Robert D. Balfanz, Truman Clem,
           Bettye Clem, C.T. Clem, Town of Hebron, Joe Everett, Julie Everett,
               John O. Grady, Ron Mabra, Willie Mabra, Charles Morris,
                      Randall Morris and Sheri Morris, Appellees




     FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF TRAVIS COUNTY, 353RD JUDICIAL DISTRICT
        NO. GV304727, HONORABLE LORA J. LIVINGSTON, JUDGE PRESIDING



                                           OPINION


               The Texas Constitution allows a home rule city to be governed, generally, by

ordinances adopted pursuant to its municipal charter. The narrow question presented here is whether

a home rule city, such as appellant City of Carrollton, that acquired a Certificate of Convenience and

Necessity to provide water and sewer service may revoke or discontinue its water certificate without

notice and hearing. Texas Water Code section 13.254(a) allows for revocation of a water certificate

after notice and hearing. Tex. Water Code Ann. § 13.254(a) (West 2000). The City of Carrollton

sought a declaratory judgment that, because it is a municipal corporation that is not required to

obtain a certificate prior to providing water or sewer service, the Texas Commission on
Environmental Quality must grant its petition to cancel its certificate without notice and hearing.

The district court denied the requested declaratory judgment.

                In four issues, Carrollton appeals, contending that in failing to grant its petition

without a notice and hearing the Commission’s actions are in violation of (i) the separation of

powers doctrine of the Texas Constitution, (ii) the Texas Water Code and Texas Local Government

Code, (iii) the powers delegated to the Commission, and (iv) the Commission’s own rules. We hold

that, once a water certificate is acquired by a home rule city, the Texas Water Code provides the sole

mechanism for decertification, and notice and hearing is required. We therefore affirm the judgment

of the district court.


                         FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

                In 1979, Carrollton acquired a certificate covering areas both inside and outside its

incorporated limits and including the corporate limits of the neighboring Town of Hebron, all within

Dallas and Denton counties. In 1990, the Hebron Water Supply Corporation (“Hebron WSC”)

obtained a certificate that dually certified it to serve an area located within Hebron that Carrollton’s

certificate already covered. In 1990, Carrollton requested that the Commission amend Carrollton’s

certificate to reflect the dual certification caused by the overlapping certificates.

                In 1997, Hebron WSC, with the Commission’s approval and by agreement with

Carrollton, transferred its water system to Carrollton. The Commission cancelled Hebron WSC’s

certificate and amended Carrollton’s to reflect that the area was no longer dually certified and that

Carrollton held the only certificate for Hebron WSC’s former service area. Thus, Hebron and the

boundaries of the former Hebron WSC lie within Carrollton’s certificated service area.

                                                   2
               In September 2001, Carrollton submitted a petition to the Commission to cancel its

certificate. Because it is a home rule city and it affirmed its willingness to continue serving existing

customers, Carrollton contended that the Commission should ministerially grant its petition. The

Commission disagreed, advising the city that it must provide notice—and a hearing, if requested—to

its customers pursuant to water code sections 13.250 and 13.254(a). See id. §§ 13.250, .254 (West

2000). Carrollton subsequently published notice of its request to cancel, and several Hebron

customers filed a protest with the Commission, which was referred to the State Office of

Administrative Hearings for a contested case hearing.1

               Carrollton filed a petition for declaratory judgment. The case was submitted to the

district court on an agreed record and with certain factual stipulations. Among the agreed facts were

that Carrollton is a “retail public utility” as that term is defined in the water code; Carrollton is a

home rule city that has not ceded exclusive original jurisdiction over utility rates, operations, and

services within its incorporated limits to the Commission; and Carrollton possesses a water

certificate that encompasses portions of the Town of Hebron. The district court denied Carrollton’s

declaratory relief and rendered judgment in favor of appellees, and this appeal ensued.




        1
          In October 2004, the administrative law judge issued a proposal for decision recommending
that the Commission deny Carrollton’s application to cancel its certificate. The Commission agreed
with the ALJ and denied the application for cancellation. The merits of the Commission’s decision
are not before us. For this reason, the underlying facts pertaining to the certificate are also not at
issue here. But the Town of Hebron and certain individuals residing in the certificated area are
appellees. Because their interests for the purposes of this lawsuit are the same as the Commission’s,
for convenience we will refer to the Commission or appellees as necessary.

                                                   3
                                            ANALYSIS

The Controversy

               Carrollton contends generally that, because it is a home rule city, the water code

provisions and related regulations pertaining to certificates of convenience and necessity do not

apply to it. Carrollton specifically contends that once its city council passed a resolution to cancel

its certificate, the Commission had no discretion to act other than to grant its petition for

decertification. Carrollton urges that the action by the Commission in requiring a notice-and-hearing

process is a violation of the constitutional separation of powers and of the statutory and

administrative powers of the agency.

               Carrollton further contends that its charter and the home rule amendment exempt it

from the reach of the water code because the legislature did not extend its provisions to home rule

municipalities with “unmistakable clarity.” It argues that the home rule amendment specifically

exempts it from the provisions of the water code relating to termination of the certificate. See Tex.

Const. art. XI, § 5. From the general grant of power to home rule cities, Carrollton asserts that “it

does not appear”—at least not with unmistakable clarity—that the legislature intended to limit the

ability of a municipality to decide where and how to provide utility service. See Proctor v. Andrews,

972 S.W.2d 729, 733 (Tex. 1998); Dallas Merch. & Concessionaires Ass’n v. City of Dallas, 852

S.W.2d 489, 490-91 (Tex. 1993). The Commission responds that certificates are creatures of statute

and part of the comprehensive regulatory system for utilities, and that the water code specifies with

unmistakable clarity that they may be cancelled only with notice and hearing.




                                                  4
                We are therefore asked to square the general grant of power to a home rule city to

operate its own water system with the powers granted to the Commission to “establish a

comprehensive regulatory system” for retail public utilities for the benefit of consumers and utilities.

See Tex. Water Code Ann. §§ 13.001, .250, .254 (West 2000).

                Because this case involves issues of statutory construction, our review is de novo.

City of San Antonio v. City of Boerne, 111 S.W.3d 22, 25 (Tex. 2003). We turn first to the grant of

powers to a home rule city.


Home Rule City

                The Texas Constitution authorizes cities exceeding 5000 inhabitants to adopt a home

rule charter. Tex. Const. art. XI, § 5. “Adopted in 1912, the home rule amendment ‘altered the

longstanding practice of having special charters individually granted and amended by the legislature’

for the State’s larger cities.” Black v. City of Killeen, 78 S.W.3d 686, 692 (Tex. App.—Austin 2002,

pet. denied) (quoting 22 David B. Brooks, Texas Practice: Municipal Law and Practice § 1.17 (2d

ed. 1999)). Although home rule cities have a vast amount of power, their authority is not without

limitations. Cities adopting a home rule charter have the full power of self government except that


        no charter or any ordinance passed under said charter shall contain any provision
        inconsistent with the Constitution of the State, or of the general laws enacted by the
        Legislature of this State. . . .


Tex. Const. art. XI, § 5. Thus, home rule cities look to the legislature not for grants of power, but

for limitations on their power. Wilson v. Andrews, 10 S.W.3d 663, 666 (Tex. 1999) (legislature can

“limit or augment” a home rule city’s self-governance); Dallas Merch. & Concessionaires Ass’n, 852


                                                   5
S.W.2d at 490-91; Forwood v. City of Taylor, 214 S.W.2d 282, 286 (Tex. 1948) (“The result [of the

home rule amendment] is that now it is necessary to look to the acts of the legislature not for grants

of power to such cities but only for limitations on their powers.”); Black, 78 S.W.3d at 692.

                Carrollton enacted a home rule charter in 1961. Under the city’s home rule charter,

it is clear the grant of powers is broad:


        Section 1.04. Powers.

        The City of Carrollton may exercise all powers that now are or hereafter may be
        granted to municipalities by the Constitution or the laws of the State of Texas
        [including] all of the powers conferred upon cities by what is known as the Home
        Rule Amendment to the Constitution. . . .


As to utilities, the charter provides


        Section 8.01. Powers of the city.

        In addition to the city’s power to buy, own, construct, maintain, and operate utilities,
        within or without the city limits, and to manufacture and distribute electricity, gas or
        anything else that may be needed or used by the public, the city shall have further
        powers as may now or hereafter be granted under the Constitution and laws of the
        State of Texas.


Carrollton’s powers include the use and occupancy of public properties and to require just and

reasonable compensation for the use of property, including rights-of-way by public utilities and

providers of water services.

                The powers included in the charter are consistent with those granted to municipalities

by statute. The authority to regulate water and sewer service in a manner consistent with the best

interests of its citizens is a power generally granted to municipalities. Texas Local Government

                                                   6
Code section 402.001 authorizes a municipality to “purchase, construct, or operate a utility system

inside or outside the municipal boundaries and [to] regulate the system in a manner that protects the

interests of the municipality.” See Tex. Loc. Gov’t Code Ann. § 402.001(b) (West 1999). It may

also “exercise the exclusive right to own, construct, and operate a water system” for its residents.

Id. § 402.017 (West 1999).


The Texas Water Code

Certificates of Convenience and Necessity

               That the legislature intended certificates of convenience and necessity to be creatures

of statute is clear. The general purpose of certification is to provide for a rational distribution of

public utility services within defined geographical areas so that, within a specified area, the provider

of utility service is “unhampered by competitive forces.” Public Util. Comm’n v. Texland Elec. Co.,

701 S.W.2d 261, 265 (Tex. App.—Austin 1985, writ ref’d n.r.e.) (quoting Bradley Toben,

Certificates of Convenience and Necessity Under the Texas Public Utility Regulatory Act, 28 Baylor

L. Rev. 1115, 1116 (1976)). The Commission issues a certificate authorizing the holder to provide

service to customers within a specified area. Tex. Water Code Ann. § 13.242 (West 2000). The

certificate grants the holder a monopoly within its service area. Id. Thus, certification is a benefit

to its holder because generally no other utility may operate within the area, and the Commission is

given authority to issue orders against any provider that transgresses into another’s area. Id.

§§ 13.242(a), .252 (West 2000). The certificate obligates its holder to provide continuous and

adequate service to every customer and every qualified applicant within its area. Id. § 13.250.




                                                   7
               Unless otherwise specified, then, no public utility may render service without first

obtaining from the Commission a certificate that the present or future public convenience and

necessity require or will require the installation, operation, or extension of such services. Id.

§ 13.242(a). The factors the Commission must consider in determining whether to award a

certificate are expressions of “legislative standards” guiding the Commission in its administration

of the certification process. Texland Elec. Co., 701 S.W.2d at 266. The water code also provides

for discontinuation of a certificate: “Unless the commission issues a certificate that neither the

present nor future convenience and necessity will be adversely affected,” a holder of a certificate may

not “discontinue, reduce, or impair” service except for nonpayment or nonuse. Tex. Water Code

Ann. § 13.250(b). Thus, certification provides stability and a set of rights to the utility, residents,

and customers living within the certificated area.


Regulatory Framework for “Retail Public Utilities”

               Chapter 13 of the water code was “adopted to protect the public interest inherent in

the rates and services of retail public utilities.” Id. § 13.001(a). It speaks with unmistakable clarity

to the comprehensive regulation of these utilities. Finding that retail public utilities are “by

definition monopolies in the areas they serve,” that “normal forces of competition” do not operate,

and that regulation will serve as a “substitute for competition,” the legislature passed Chapter 13 of

the water code to govern retail public utilities with the stated purpose


       to establish a comprehensive regulatory system that is adequate to the task of
       regulating retail public utilities to assure rates, operations, and services that are just
       and reasonable to the consumers and to the retail public utilities.



                                                   8
Id. § 13.001. Carrollton argues that it is difficult to square the notion that home rule municipalities

are charged to regulate their water systems in the best interest of their citizens with the regulatory

framework provided by the legislature in the water code and by the Commission in its rules.

                It is true that the Texas Local Government Code provides that a home rule

municipality may exercise the exclusive right to own, construct, and operate a water system for the

use of the municipality and its residents and may take the “necessary action to operate and maintain

the system.” Tex. Loc. Gov’t Code Ann. § 402.017. A home rule municipality may also operate a

utility system inside or outside of its municipal boundaries. Id. § 402.001. Texas Water Code

section 13.042(a) provides for municipal jurisdiction over utilities operating within the

municipality’s corporate limits:


        Subject to the limitations of this chapter and for the purpose of regulating rates and
        services so that those rates may be fair, just, and reasonable and the services adequate
        and efficient, the governing body of each municipality has exclusive original
        jurisdiction over all water and sewer utility rates, operations, and services provided
        by a water and sewer utility within its corporate limits.


Tex. Water Code Ann. § 13.042 (West 2000) (emphasis added). Citing section 13.042, Carrollton

contends that the Commission cannot exert jurisdiction over Carrollton by requiring it to follow the

statutory notice and hearing process for cancelling its certificate. See id. Section 13.042(b) allows

a municipality to cede its jurisdiction over rates, services, and operations to the Commission by

ordinance.2 But these provisions apply only to water and sewer utilities and only when these utilities


        2
           A city that does not want to be in the water business, even to the extent of regulating a
utility operating within its city limits, may turn jurisdiction over that utility to the Commission. Tex.
Water Code Ann. § 13.042(b) (West 2000). By stipulation, the parties agree that Carrollton has not

                                                   9
are operating solely within the borders of the municipality. Id. Carrollton does not come within the

definition of a water and sewer utility and, further, it serves a territory and customers beyond its

corporate limits. See id. § 13.002(23) (West 2000). By its language, then, section 13.042 does not

apply to Carrollton.

                The water code distinguishes between utilities and retail public utilities as water

service providers. “Utilities” are always required to obtain a certificate before beginning to provide

service to an area. Id. § 13.242(a).3 The term “utilities” includes “water and sewer utilities” and

“public utilities” and is defined to mean “any person, corporation, cooperative corporation, affected

county, or any combination of these persons or entities, other than a municipal corporation, water

supply or sewer service corporation, or a political subdivision of the state. . . .” Id. § 13.002(23)

(emphasis added). Thus, municipalities are expressly excluded from the definition.

                “Retail public utilities,” on the other hand, include municipalities and are not always

required to operate with a certificate. Id. § 13.002(19) (West 2000). A retail public utility includes

“any person, corporation, public utility, water supply or sewer service corporation, municipality,

political subdivision or agency operating, maintaining, or controlling in this state facilities for

providing potable water service or sewer service, or both, for compensation.” Id. (emphasis added).

A “municipality” is defined to include “cities existing, created, or organized under the general, home-


ceded its jurisdiction over these matters to the Commission.
        3
           Section 13.242(a) provides: “. . . [A] utility, a utility operated by an affected county, or a
water supply or sewer service corporation may not in any way render retail water or sewer utility
service directly or indirectly to the public without first having obtained from the commission a
certificate that the present or future public convenience and necessity will require that installation,
operation, or extension. . . .” Id. § 13.242(a) (West 2000).

                                                   10
rule, or special laws of this state.” Id. § 13.002(12) (West 2000) (emphasis added). A water system

operated by a municipality is a “municipally owned utility.” Id. § 13.002(13) (West 2000).

                 As a home-rule city, therefore, Carrollton comes within the definition of a

“municipality.”     Municipalities are expressly included within the Commission’s regulatory

framework of retail public utilities. And by stipulation, Carrollton agreed that it is a “retail public

utility” as that term is defined in the water code.4 Thus, although Carrollton is a “retail public

utility,” it is not a “utility” and, therefore, is not subject to the provisions in Chapter 13 that apply

to utilities alone. It is, however, subject to the provisions that apply to retail public utilities.

                 By excluding a municipal utility from the definition of “utility”and including it in the

definition of “retail public utility,” then, the legislature determined that a municipally owned utility

is not always required to have a certificate. As to water service within its borders, a municipality

may choose to own its own system and be a retail public utility. If a municipality does not choose

to own its system, a utility with a certificate from the Commission authorizing it to serve that

geographic area may serve the municipal residents. But a municipality must obtain a certificate

when it seeks (i) to render service to an area that is lawfully being served by another retail public

utility, see id. § 13.242(a), or (ii) to take over service in areas annexed by a city but that are within

the certificated area of a water supply corporation, a special utility district, or a fresh water supply

district, see id. § 13.255(b) (West 2000). Nothing prohibits a municipality from obtaining a

certificate when, for example, it serves beyond its boundaries. Whether or not it is required to have

a certificate, a retail public utility may request one to enjoy the benefits available to all certificate


        4
            See id. § 13.002(19) (West 2000).

                                                   11
holders. But once it determines to seek a certificate, nothing exempts a municipality from the

various procedures specified for the issuance and discontinuance of a certificate.


Issuance and Discontinuance of Certificates

                In the first instance, the water code addresses the issuance of certificates. Certificates

are issued only with notice and, if requested, a hearing. Section 13.246 of the water code provides:


        If an application for a certificate of public convenience and necessity is filed, the
        commission shall cause notice of the application to be given to affected parties and,
        if requested, . . . a hearing.


Id. § 13.246(a) (West 2000). After the Commission receives an application, it ensures that affected

parties receive notice and, if requested, a public hearing. Id. It evaluates the factors specified by the

legislature, including the adequacy of service currently provided to the area, the need for additional

service, the effect of granting the certificate on its recipient, as well as the effect on any other retail

public utility already offering the same kind of service to the area. Id. § 13.246(c) (West 2000). It

must also consider the ability of the applicant to provide adequate service, the feasibility of obtaining

service from an adjacent retail public utility, and the financial stability of the applicant. Id.

                Carrollton does not argue that it did not seek and obtain the Commission’s approval

with notice and hearing when it was granted a certificate. Carrollton applied for and received a

certificate in November 1979 “to provide such utility service in accordance with the laws of this

State and the Rules of this Commission, subject only to any power and responsibility of this

Commission to revoke or amend this Certificate in whole or in part upon a subsequent showing that



                                                    12
the public convenience and necessity would be served thereby.”5 By obtaining this certificate,

Carrollton extended its services to include parts of the Town of Hebron and obligated itself to render

continuous and adequate service to the certificated area. See id. § 13.250(a). In 1997, when

Carrollton and Hebron WSC negotiated for the sale of Hebron WSC’s system and certificate to

Carrollton, Carrollton submitted an application to the Commission, seeking to transfer the certificate

from Hebron WSC to Carrollton. The Commission approved the transfer “subject to the rules and

orders” of the Commission and specified: “The certificate is valid until amended or revoked by the

Commission.” Thus, Carrollton acquired the certificate subject only to further amendment or

revocation by the Commission.

                Carrollton argues that, as a home rule city, it is not required to have a certificate. It

contends, therefore, that section 13.250 does not apply to it and that, because it acquired its

certificate voluntarily, the Commission must, upon application, ministerially grant the

decertification. This argument is without merit. Texas law mandates that “any retail public utility

that possesses or is required to possess a certificate of public convenience and necessity shall serve

every consumer within [its] certified area and shall render continuous and adequate service . . . .”

Id. (emphasis added). By its clear language, section 13.250 applies to “any retail public utility that



        5
         The certificate was granted by the Public Utility Commission, which had jurisdiction over
water certificates in 1979; jurisdiction over water certification was transferred from the Public Utility
Commission to the Texas Water Commission in 1985 and then to the Texas Natural Resources
Conservation Commission in 1991, which was renamed the Texas Commission on Environmental
Quality in 2001. See Act of May 25, 1985, 69th Leg., R.S., ch. 795, § 3.005, 1985 Tex. Gen. Laws
2719, 2789 (transfer from PUC to TWC); Act of July 25, 1991, 72d Leg., 1st C.S., ch. 3, § 1.058,
1991 Tex. Gen. Laws 4, 20 (transfer from TWC to TNRCC); Act of May 28, 2001, 77th Leg., R.S.,
ch. 965, § 18.01, 2001 Tex. Gen. Laws 1933, 1985 (renaming of TNRCC to TCEQ).

                                                   13
possesses” a certificate. Id. Because Carrollton is a “retail public utility that possesses” a certificate,

we conclude that the provisions of the water code for the issuance of certificates apply to it with

unmistakable clarity.

                By this language, the legislature has demonstrated a clear and unambiguous intent to

apply the provisions of section 13.250 to any holder of a certificate, regardless of whether the holder

is required to possess the certificate or possesses it voluntarily. See Southwestern Pub. Serv. Co. v.

Public Util. Comm’n, 578 S.W.2d 507, 511 (Tex. Civ. App.—Austin 1979, writ ref’d n.r.e.) (noting

that Public Utility Regulatory Act6 (PURA) reserves “exclusive original jurisdiction” to grant and

deny certificates). As a holder of a certificate, then, Carrollton is entitled to the same benefits as any

other holder who may be required to possess a certificate: no other water utility may operate within

its area, and the Commission is authorized to issue orders against any provider that transgresses a

certificate. Tex. Water Code Ann. §§ 13.242(a), .252; see City of Brownsville v. Public Util.

Comm’n, 616 S.W.2d 402, 408 (Tex. Civ. App.—Texarkana 1981, writ ref’d n.r.e.) (regarding

Commission’s authority to issue cease and desist order under PURA section 50, predecessor statute

to Texas Water Code section 13.242).

                Likewise, the discontinuation provision also contemplates its application to any

holder of a certificate: “Unless the commission issues a certificate that neither the present nor future

convenience and necessity will be adversely affected, the holder of a certificate or a person who



        6
         PURA is the predecessor act to Chapter 13 of the Texas Water Code. Act of May 25, 1985,
69th Leg., R.S., ch. 795, § 3.005, 1985 Tex. Gen. Laws 2719, 2789-2804. In 1985, when jurisdiction
over water and sewer utilities was transferred from the Public Utility Commission to the Texas
Water Commission, the utility regulations in Chapter 13 of the Water Code were enacted.

                                                    14
possesses facilities used to provide service shall not discontinue, reduce, or impair service to a

certified service area or part of a certified service area. . . .” Tex. Water Code Ann. § 13.250(b)

(emphasis added). Although Carrollton’s argument hinges on its contention that it is not required

to hold a certificate and that it acquired the certificate voluntarily, the code makes clear that it applies

regardless of whether the holder is required or not to possess a certificate.7 And, section 13.250(d)

specifies the terms on which a retail public utility that “has not been granted a certificate” may

discontinue service, i.e., “with approval of the regulatory authority.” Id. § 13.250(d). It is also

consistent with the statutory scheme and the concept of protected service areas that Carrollton follow

the same process for decertification as for issuance of certificates.

                Section 13.254 of the water code, which goes unmentioned in Carrollton’s brief,

speaks directly to the certificate cancellation process for all holders. Id. § 13.254. Entitled

“Revocation or Amendment of Certificate,” it requires that, once the Commission issues a certificate,

it may cancel it only after notice and hearing: “The commission at any time after notice and hearing

may revoke or amend any certificate of public convenience and necessity with the written consent

of the certificate holder . . . .” Id. (emphasis added). The Commission has promulgated regulations

implementing this notice-and-hearing requirement. To cancel a certificate, a retail public utility must

file a petition to cancel with the Commission and mail notice to its customers and other affected



        7
          Section 13.243 specifies that a certificate is not required for a retail public utility to extend
its services into a contiguous territory, and section 13.246(f) allows for such a utility to apply for a
certificate for an uncertificated area on a competitive basis with another retail public utility. Tex.
Water Code Ann. §§ 13.243, .246(f) (West 2000). No provision exempts the voluntary holder in
these instances from the notice-and-hearing provisions for the issuance and discontinuance of
certificates under Chapter 13. Id. §§ 13.243, .246(f).

                                                    15
parties.8 If an affected party requests a hearing, the case is referred to the State Office of

Administrative Hearings to conduct a hearing and make a recommendation to the Commission. The

water code does not allow the Commission to cancel unless it determines that neither the present nor

future convenience and necessity will be adversely affected. Id. § 13.250(b). As with the issuance

of a certificate, in making its determination to grant or deny decertification, the Commission must

consider various factors, including the effect on the customers, the availability of alternate sources

of service for the area, and the feasibility of customers obtaining service from alternate providers.

30 Tex. Admin. Code § 291.115(i) (2004).

               The legislature may regulate the activities of home rule cities through general statutes

when it does so with unmistakable clarity. It has done so here with its comprehensive regulatory

framework and express provisions regarding the issuance and cancellation of certificates, which the

Commission has implemented through its rules. The code provides no other mechanism for the

cancellation of certificates. That this is the sole process contemplated by the legislature for

cancelling a certificate is as clear and unmistakable as is the application of the regulatory framework

to home rule municipalities.

               Even apart from the clear and unmistakable language of the various provisions of the

water code, case law confirms that the regulatory provisions concerning retail public utility

certificates are applicable to home rule municipalities. In City of Brownsville v. Public Utility

Commission, Brownsville, a home rule municipality, argued that it was not subject to the jurisdiction


       8
           30 Tex. Admin. Code § 291.115(b) (2004). The definitions of “retail public utility” and
“utility” in Chapter 291, Title 30 of the Texas Administrative Code are identical to the definitions
in the water code. See id. § 291.3 (2004).

                                                  16
of the Commission under the PURA relating to the extension of service into a certificated area of

another retail public utility. 616 S.W.2d at 406-07. The question was the same as that raised here:

whether the term “retail public utility” clearly and unmistakably included home rule cities so as to

limit their plenary powers.9 Id. at 407. Our sister court concluded that the provision clearly and

unmistakably limited the power of the city to extend service to areas being served by other utilities

and constituted “a permissible legislative limitation on the otherwise plenary powers of home rule

cities.” Id. As this Court stated in Public Utility Commission v. South Plains Electric Cooperative:

“[M]unicipally-owned utilities, as retail public utilities, are no different from any other retail public

utilities with respect to certificates of public convenience and necessity.” 635 S.W.2d 954, 956-57

(Tex. App.—Austin 1982, writ ref’d n.r.e.).

                Because Carrollton is a home rule municipality and it passed a resolution to cancel

its certificate, it contends that the Commission’s determination to subject its “legislative acts to

review and adjudication” further violates the constitutional doctrine of separation of powers.

Carrollton contends that the Commission must give “appropriate deference” to Carrollton’s

“legislative act.” Even apart from the legislature’s clear intent to require every holder of a

certificate—whether required to possess one or not—to undergo the notice-and-hearing process, the

Commission’s conduct does not violate the separation-of-powers doctrine. By its language,

Carrollton’s resolution merely “ratifies staff actions” in submitting the application to the




        9
         The statute at issue in City of Brownsville, PURA section 50(2), is the predecessor statute
to Texas Water Code section 13.242(a). See Act of May 25, 1985, 69th Leg., R.S., ch. 795, § 3.005,
1985 Tex. Gen. Laws 2719, 2799.

                                                   17
Commission “seeking to decertify” the certificate, and it authorizes the city attorney to represent

Carrollton before the Commission “to continue to represent to [the Commission] that the City no

longer wishes to hold [its certificate].” There is no conflict between the processes and procedures

mandated by the Commission and the pronouncement of the Carrollton city council.

                Moreover, unlike an ordinance, a resolution is not a law, but an expression of an

opinion. See, e.g., City of Hutchins v. Prasifka, 450 S.W.2d 829, 832 (Tex. 1970); City of San

Antonio v. Micklejohn, 33 S.W. 735, 736 (Tex. 1895). There is no language in the resolution

reflecting a legislative act of the council, but rather it appears to be a ratification of prior staff action

and an authorization to proceed before the Commission. The resolution does not constitute a

legislative act as to invoke the specter of a violation of the separation-of-powers doctrine.

                We are persuaded that the legislature clearly and unmistakably intended to apply the

cancellation provisions of Chapter 13 to home rule municipalities. The home rule amendment

specifically provides that no home rule city “charter or any ordinance passed under said charter shall

contain any provision inconsistent with the Constitution of the State or of the general laws enacted

by the Legislature of this State.” Tex. Const. art. XI, § 5. We find Carrollton’s charter, the home

rule amendment, and the Commission’s authority to issue and cancel certificates entirely in harmony.

While home rule cities generally need not look to the legislature for power to act, the legislature may

impose limitations on their ability to act outside their boundaries. With the comprehensive

regulatory framework of the water code, it has done so here by granting the Commission the

exclusive authority to issue and cancel water certificates.




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                                         CONCLUSION

               While we recognize that legislative action is not without bounds and that home rule

cities maintain the plenary powers of self government, we conclude that the legislature has spoken

with unmistakable clarity in specifying that all holders of water certificates of convenience and

necessity are subject to the notice and hearing provisions of the water code for the cancellation of

their certificates. For the foregoing reasons, we conclude that the Commission’s actions do not

violate the separation-of-powers doctrine of the Texas Constitution, the water code or local

government code, the powers delegated to the Commission, or its own rules. We overrule the issues

presented by the City of Carrollton and affirm the judgment of the district court.




                                              __________________________________________

                                              Jan P. Patterson, Justice

Before Chief Justice Law, Justices Patterson and Puryear

Affirmed

Filed: July 22, 2005




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