J-A12028-19


NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

 M.M.                                       :     IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                            :          PENNSYLVANIA
                      Appellant             :
                                            :
                                            :
               v.                           :
                                            :
                                            :
 J.M.                                       :     No. 1583 WDA 2018

              Appeal from the Order Entered October 4, 2018
   In the Court of Common Pleas of Butler County Civil Division at No(s):
                          Case No. 18-90407-C


BEFORE: BENDER, P.J.E., DUBOW, J., and FORD ELLIOTT, P.J.E.

MEMORANDUM BY DUBOW, J.:                                    FILED JULY 03, 2019

        M.M. (“Mother”) appeals from the October 4, 2018 Order entered in the

Butler County Court of Common Pleas, which denied Mother’s Petition for

Special    Relief   and   found   that   Alaska   retains   jurisdiction   to   make

determinations regarding her child custody case with J.M. (“Father”). Upon

careful review, we affirm.

        We glean the following factual and procedural history from the certified

record. Mother and Father are parents to two minor children, N.M. (born June

2005) and W.M. (born April 2007) (collectively “Children”). The child custody

proceedings commenced in Alaska in 2015.               On May 17, 2017, upon

agreement by the parties, the Superior Court for the State of Alaska issued a

Final Custody Order awarding Mother and Father joint legal custody of

Children, Mother primary physical custody in Pennsylvania during the school
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year, and Father partial physical custody in Alaska during the summer months.

Final Custody Order, 5/17/17, at ¶ 1, 2.

      On June 28, 2018, Father filed a Motion to Modify Custody in the Alaska

court seeking primary physical custody. In response, on July 6, 2018, Mother

filed a Complaint for Custody in the Court of Common Pleas of Butler County,

Pennsylvania.

      On July 9, 2018, Father filed a motion in the Alaska court asserting that

jurisdiction should remain in Alaska, which Mother opposed. On July 17, 2018,

Mother filed a Petition for Special Relief in Pennsylvania requesting “that

jurisdiction for the [custody] case be changed to Pennsylvania, indefinitely.”

Petition for Special Relief, 7/17/18, at ¶ 8.

      On August 8, 2018, the Alaska court held that, pursuant to the Uniform

Child Custody Jurisdiction and Enforcement Act (“UCCJEA”), Alaska continues

to have exclusive jurisdiction regarding the custody of Children and found that

“children continue to have significant connection to the state of Alaska and

that substantial evidence regarding the children continues to exist in Alaska.”

Order Denying Change of Jurisdiction, 8/8/18, at ¶ 1. Mother did not appeal

this Order. On September 4, 2018, the Alaska court denied Father’s Motion

to Modify Custody.

      On October 4, 2018, after a hearing, the Pennsylvania court denied

Mother’s Petition for Special Relief and found that “Alaska is the appropriate

jurisdiction to determine issues regarding custody of [Children].” Order of the

Court, 10/4/18.    Father filed a Motion to Dismiss Mother’s Complaint for

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Custody on October 9, 2018, which the Pennsylvania court granted the same

day by operation of law.

      Mother timely appealed. Mother and the trial court both complied with

Pa.R.A.P. 1925.

Issues on Appeal

Mother raises the following issues on appeal:

   1. The trial court erred when it narrowly applied [the UCCJEA]
      adopted in Pennsylvania at [23 Pa.C.S. § 5423,] without
      considering the initial determination that needs to be made under
      [23 Pa.C.S. § 5421](a)(1) or (2).

   2. The trial court erred when it did not apply [23 Pa.C.S. § 5422(b)]
      in this case and did not find that an initial determination of
      jurisdiction was apparent under [§ 5421.]

   3. The trial court further erred when it misapplied the case of
      [Billhime v. Billhime, 952 A.2d 1174 (Pa. Super. 2008)] and
      inaccurately determined that the significant connection that
      [Children] have had with Pennsylvania for approximately two (2)
      years is not enough to relinquish Alaska of its jurisdiction to
      Pennsylvania.

Mother’s Br. at 7 (reordered for ease of disposition).

Legal Analysis

      In each issue she raises on appeal, Mother challenges the trial court’s

finding that Alaska retains subject matter jurisdiction over this custody case.

Whether a court has subject matter jurisdiction is a question of law, for which

our standard of review is de novo and our scope of review is plenary. B.L. v

T.B., 152 A.3d 1014, 1016 (Pa. Super. 2016). Here, the UCCJEA governs the

issue of subject matter jurisdiction, requiring us to engage in statutory




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interpretation in the context of the facts of the instant case. 1           When

ascertaining the meaning of a statute, if the language is clear, we give the

words their plain and ordinary meaning. Brown v. Levy, 73 A.3d 514, 517

(Pa. 2013). We are guided by the principle that “the General Assembly does

not intend a result that is absurd, impossible of execution or unreasonable.”

See 1 Pa.C.S. § 1922(1).

       Mother’s first two issues, in which she avers that the trial court erred in

its application of the UCCJEA, are inextricably related. First, she contends that

Section 5423, which, inter alia, prohibits Pennsylvania from modifying a

custody determination made by another state unless that state relinquishes

jurisdiction, does not govern her Complaint for Custody in Pennsylvania.

Mother argues that she seeks an initial custody determination under Section

5421, which provides jurisdictional requirements for commencing custody

proceedings in Pennsylvania, rather than a modification under Section 5423.

See Mother’s Br. at 12; 23 Pa.C.S. § 5421.          Second, she contends that

because her Complaint satisfies the jurisdictional requirements of Section

5421, Pennsylvania may exercise exclusive, continuing jurisdiction under

Section 5422.2 Id.
____________________________________________


1In 2004, the Pennsylvania General Assembly adopted the UCCJEA and the
accompanying comments. S.K.C. v. J.L.C., 94 A.3d 402, 409 n.8 (Pa. Super.
2014).

2 This argument contradicts Mother’s own Complaint for Custody, which
requested that the court “honor the current custody order in Alaska” while
granting “additional requests for modification of the current order.” Complaint
for Custody, at ¶ 12.

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      Mother’s argument that Section 5421 governs her Custody Complaint is

unavailing, and her intention as to the nature of her Complaint is irrelevant.

Section 5421 controls “the original child custody proceeding.” 23 Pa.C.S. §

5421 cmt.      Section 5421 provides, in relevant part, that “a court of this

Commonwealth has jurisdiction to make an initial child custody determination

only if . . . a court of another state does not have jurisdiction[.]” 23 Pa.C.S.

§ 5421(a)(2) (emphasis added).

      First,   Mother’s   Complaint   does   not   seek   an   initial   custody

determination. Rather, the initial custody determination occurred when the

Alaska Court issued the 2017 Final Custody Order.          Second, as Mother

concedes in her Brief, Alaska retains jurisdiction pursuant to the August 8,

2018 Order, which found that Alaska continues to have exclusive jurisdiction

regarding the custody of Children.     Mother’s Br. at 7, 10; Order Denying

Change of Jurisdiction, 8/8/2018. Accordingly, Section 5421 does not govern

Mother’s Complaint for Custody filed in Pennsylvania.

      Instead, Mother necessarily seeks a modification of custody, and the

requirements of Section 5423 govern Mother’s complaint. This Court has held

that Section 5423 controls Pennsylvania courts’ capacity to assert jurisdiction

over a custody determination when another state previously has exercised

jurisdiction. See B.L. v. T.B., 152 A.3d at 1017, (holding that Section 5423

required Pennsylvania to enforce an initial custody determination previously

made in Texas pursuant to the UCCJEA); V.C. v. L.P., 179 A.3d 95, 98 (Pa.

Super. 2018) (finding that “the requirements of Section 5423 needed to be

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satisfied” for a Pennsylvania court “to attain jurisdiction to modify the New

York court's child custody order”).

       Section 5423 prohibits a modification state, here Pennsylvania, from

determining that an original decree state, here Alaska, has lost its

jurisdiction.3 See 23 Pa.C.S. § 5423; B.L., 152 A.3d at 1018; V.C., 179 A.3d

at 98. The one exception created by Section 5423(2) allows the modification

state to alter a custody order if it finds that “the child, the child's parents, and

any person acting as a parent do not presently reside in the other State.” 23

Pa.C.S. § 5423(2), cmt. See, e.g., T.A.M. v. S.L.M., 104 A.3d 30, 34 (Pa.

Super. 2014) (holding Pennsylvania had jurisdiction to modify a Tennessee



____________________________________________


3   In its entirety, Section 5423 provides:

§ 5423. Jurisdiction to modify determination

Except as otherwise provided in section 5424 (relating to temporary
emergency jurisdiction), a court of this Commonwealth may not modify a child
custody determination made by a court of another state unless a court of this
Commonwealth has jurisdiction to make an initial determination under section
5421 (a)(1) or (2) (relating to initial child custody jurisdiction) and:

       (1) the court of the other state determines it no longer has exclusive,
       continuing jurisdiction under section 5422 (relating to exclusive,
       continuing jurisdiction) or that a court of this Commonwealth would be
       a more convenient forum under section 5427 (relating to inconvenient
       forum); or

       (2) a court of this Commonwealth or a court of the other state
       determines that the child, the child's parents and any person acting as
       a parent do not presently reside in the other state.

23 Pa.C.S. § 5423.

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custody order where the child had been living in Pennsylvania for three years

and no parent or person acting as a parent continued to reside in Tennessee).

      Here, Mother concedes that Father remains in Alaska. Mother’s Br. at

11. As discussed above, Mother admits that Alaska has previously held, and

currently holds, jurisdiction. Id. at 7, 10. Alaska originally exercised custody

jurisdiction over Children, and since has found that it holds exclusive,

continuing jurisdiction over Children’s custody determination. Order Denying

Change of Jurisdiction, 8/8/2018. As such, pursuant to Section 5423, a court

of this Commonwealth may not modify the Alaska court’s child custody orders

and Mother’s first two issues are devoid of merit.

      In her third issue, Mother avers that, pursuant to Billhime, Children’s

significant connection to Pennsylvania justifies a change in jurisdiction from

Alaska. Mother’s Br. at 13-15. Mother’s reliance on Billhime is misplaced.

      In Billhime, a Pennsylvania court made an initial custody determination

and subsequently denied the mother’s motion to relinquish jurisdiction to

Florida, the state to which mother and the children had relocated. Billhime,

952 A.2d at 1175. On appeal, this Court reversed and found that the trial

court abused its discretion by holding Pennsylvania retained jurisdiction under

Section 5422. That section provides, in relevant part, that when a

Pennsylvania court “has made a child custody determination consistent with

section 5421,” that court retains exclusive, continuing jurisdiction until “a

court of this Commonwealth determines that neither the child, nor the child

and one parent, nor the child and a person acting as a parent have a significant

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connection with this Commonwealth and that substantial evidence is no longer

available in this Commonwealth.” 23 Pa.C.S. § 5422(a). This Court found that

the trial court abused its discretion when it denied a mother’s motion to

relinquish jurisdiction because there was no evidence of a significant

connection to Pennsylvania. Id. at 1176.

        Billihime does not inform the issues presently before the Court because

here, Alaska made the initial custody determination, not Pennsylvania. Thus,

Section 5422 does not apply and Mother’s third issue lacks merit.

        Finally, we address Father’s request for counsel fees and expenses

pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 2744. Father’s Br. at 25. Father argues that Mother

has demonstrated a flagrant disregard for the Pennsylvania Rules of Appellate

Procedure and had no jurisdictional basis for filing her Complaint for Custody

and Petition for Special Relief in Pennsylvania. Id. We agree and find this

appeal to be frivolous.

        Mother attempts to inject confusion into the distinction between initial

child custody determinations governed by Section 5421 and modifications to

child custody determinations governed by Section 5423. Mother’s argument

defies the substance and very titles of these sections and ignores established

case law on the distinction, law that she fails to note entirely.4 For this reason,

we conclude that the appeal is “dilatory, obdurate, [and] vexatious” to a



____________________________________________


4   Appellant’s brief cites Billhime alone.

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degree warranting sanctions.    See Pa.R.A.P. 2744.     Accordingly, we grant

Father’s request and remand to the trial court to calculate the amount of Rule

2744 damages, including counsel fees, that Father incurred due to Mother’s

frivolous appeal.

      In sum, pursuant to Section 5423 of the UCCJEA, Alaska retains

jurisdiction over Children’s custody matter and the trial court properly denied

Mother’s Petition for Special Relief. We find Mother’s appeal to be frivolous

and grant Father’s request for counsel fees and costs pursuant to Rule 2744.

      Order affirmed. Father’s request for counsel fees and costs granted.

Case remanded for calculation of amount of damages due under Pa.R.A.P.

2744. Jurisdiction relinquished.



Judgment Entered.




Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary



Date: 7/3/2019




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