                    IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                                  AT JACKSON
                 ______________________________________________

GAYLE PENLEY,

       Plaintiff-Appellant,
                                                      Chester Circuit No. 4196
Vs.                                                   C.A. No. 02A01-9805-CV-00131

HONDA MOTOR COMPANY, LTD.,
HONDA RESEARCH AND
DEVELOPMENT, AMERICAN
HONDA MOTOR COMPANY,
                                                      FILED
INC., JOE’S CYCLE SHOP, INC.,                          August 11, 1999
d/b/a JOE’S CYCLE AND MARINE,
                                          Cecil Crowson, Jr.
      Defendants-Appellees.              Appellate Court Clerk
____________________________________________________________________________

                   FROM THE CHESTER COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
                      THE HONORABLE WHIT LAFON, JUDGE


                              Kenneth W. Hooks, Keith Belt
                 Pittman, Hooks, Dutton & Hollis of Birmingham, Alabama
                           William H. Haltom, Jr., of Memphis
                                      For Appellant

                  R. Dale Bay, Susan R. High-McAuley, John R. Tarpley
                 Lewis, King, Krieg, Waldrop & Catron, P.C., of Nashville
                                      For Appellees

                      Paul G. Summers, Attorney General and Reporter
                       Charles S. Harrell, Assistant Attorney General
                                  For State of Tennessee


                              AFFIRMED AND REMANDED

                                        Opinion filed:




                                                              W. FRANK CRAWFORD,
                                                              PRESIDING JUDGE, W.S.


CONCUR:

ALAN E. HIGHERS, JUDGE

DAVID R. FARMER, JUDGE

       This is a product liability action. Plaintiff/Appellant, Gayle Penley (Penley), appeals the

trial court’s order granting summary judgment in favor of Defendants/Appellees, Honda Motor

Company, Ltd., Honda R&D Co., Ltd., American Honda Motor Company, Inc., and Joe’s Cycle
Shop, Inc. d/b/a Joe’s Cycle and Marine (collectively hereinafter “Honda”).

       On June 8, 1996, Penley was injured while riding an all terrain vehicle (ATV) owned by

William and Ann Morris (Morris). The ATV in question was originally purchased by Mt.

Moriah Sports and Trucks on May 23, 1987 from Joe’s Cycle Shop. On June 6, 1997, Penley

filed suit against Honda and the Morrises1 alleging strict liability, negligence, failure to warn,

and breach of express warranties and the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness. On

July 21, 1998, Honda filed a motion for summary judgment on the ground that Penley failed to

bring her action within the 10 year statute of repose set by the Tennessee Products Liability Act

(TPLA), T.C.A. § 29-28-103.

       On March 16, 1998, pursuant to leave of court, Penley filed an amended complaint

alleging that she was disabled and of unsound mind for twenty (20) days following the accident,

and that such disability tolled the statute of repose. Along with the amended complaint, Penley

also filed an affidavit from her treating physician which stated that she was “incapable of

working, tending to personal business, or taking care of herself” and was “mentally and

physically disabled.” After a hearing, the trial court granted Honda’s motion for summary

judgment on the basis that the action is time barred by the statute of repose set out in T.C.A. §

29-28-103 (Supp. 1998).

       Penley appeals and presents the issue for review of whether the trial court erred in

granting summary judgment. Honda presents an additional issue of whether the trial court erred

in allowing the plaintiff to amend her complaint.

       A motion for summary judgment should be granted when the movant demonstrates that

there are no genuine issues of material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment

as a matter of law. Tenn. R. Civ. P. 56.04. The party moving for summary judgment bears the

burden of demonstrating that no genuine issue of material fact exists. Bain v. Wells, 936 S.W.2d

618, 622 (Tenn. 1997). On a motion for summary judgment, the court must take the strongest

legitimate view of the evidence in favor of the nonmoving party, allow all reasonable inferences

in favor of that party, and discard all countervailing evidence. Id.




       1
       Penley filed this action against the Morrises on a negligence theory, but there has been
no disposition of the case against them. The order granting summary judgment to Honda-
defendants was made final pursuant to Tenn. R. Civ. P. 54.02.

                                                2
         Summary judgment is only appropriate when the facts and the legal conclusions drawn

from the facts reasonably permit only one conclusion. Carvell v. Bottoms, 900 S.W.2d 23, 26

(Tenn. 1995). Since only questions of law are involved, there is no presumption of correctness

regarding a trial court's grant of summary judgment. Bain, 936 S.W.2d at 622. Therefore, our

review of the trial court’s grant of summary judgment is de novo on the record before this Court.

Warren v. Estate of Kirk, 954 S.W.2d 722, 723 (Tenn. 1997).

         In this case, it is undisputed that the Honda vehicle involved in Penley’s injury was first purchased for use on

May 23, 1987, that Penley’s injury occurred on June 8, 1996, and this suit was filed June 6, 1997. The action against

Honda is controlled by the Tennessee Products Liability Act of 1978 as codified in T.C.A. §§ 29-28-101 - 29-28-108

(1980 and Supp. 1998).See T.C.A. § 29-28-102(5) (6). Time limitations for filing such actions are provided for

in T.C.A. § 29-28-103(a):

         (a) Any action against aLimitation of seller of a- Exception. - to person or property caused
                   29-28-103. manufacturer or actions product for injury
         by its defective or unreasonablydangerous condition must be brought within the period fixed by §§
         28-3-104, 28-3-105, 28-3-202 and 47-2-725, but notwithstanding any exceptions to these provisions
         it must be brought within six (6) years of the date of injury, in any event, the action must be brought
         within ten (10) years from the date on which the product was first purchased for use or consumption,
         or within one (1) year after the expiration of the anticipated life of the product, whichever is the
         shorter, except in the case of injury to minors whose action must be brought within a period of one
         (1) year after attaining the age of majority, whichever occurs sooner.

         Penley asserts that the ten-year limitations period set out in T.C.A. § 29-28-103(a) is extended by virtue of her

twenty day incapacity dating from the time of injury pursuant to T.C.A. § 28-1-106 (1980) which provide

                  § 28-1-106. Persons under disability on accrual of right. - If the
                  person entitled to commence an action is, at the time the cause of action accrued,
                  either within the age of eighteen (18) years, or of unsound mind, such person, or
                  his representatives and privies, as the case may be, may commence the action,
                  after the removal of such disability, within the time of limitation for the particular
                  cause of action, unless it exceed three (3) years, and in that case within three (3)
                  years from the removal of such disability.

         Although there may be a factual dispute as to whether Penley was, in fact, incapacitated under the provisions

of T.C.A. § 28-1-106, we are required to take the strongest legitimate view of the evidence and thus assume for the

purposes of summary judgment that Penley was so incapacitated. See Bain v. Wells, 936 S.W.2d 618, 622 (Tenn.

1997).

         Penley argues that these two statutes read together tolled the statuteof reposeand allowed her an extra twenty

days, until June 12, 1997, to file suit. Honda counters that the TPLA means exactly what it says, that actions brought

after ten years from purchase are absolutely barred.

          This appears to be an issue of first impression in this state. The ten-year period provided for in T.C.A. § 29-



                                                            3
28-103(a) is a statute of repose. Wyatt v. A-Best Products Co., 924 S.W.2d 98 (Tenn. App. 1995). In Wyatt,

the Court discussed the operation and effect of a statute of repose:

                             Courts in Tennessee have consistently pointed out the distinction
                   between a statute of limitations and a statute of repose. The former has been
                   described as affecting only a party’s remedy for a cause of action, while the
                   running of a statute of repose has been said to “nullif[y] both the remedy and the
                   right.” Bruce v. Hamilton, 894 S.W.2d 274, 276 (Tenn. App. 1993); Via
                   v. General Elec. Co., 799 F. Supp. 837, 839 (W.D. Tenn. 1992). Generally
                   speaking, the critical distinction in classifying a statute as one of repose or one of
                   limitations is the event or occurrence designated as the “triggering event,” i.e., the
                   event that starts the “clock” running on the time allowed for the filing of suit. In
                   a traditional statute of limitations, the triggering event is typically the accrual of
                   the action, i.e., when all the elements of the action, including injury or damages,
                   have coalesced, resulting in a legally cognizableclaim. A statute of repose, on
                   the other hand, typically describes the triggering event as something other than
                   accrual,prompting courts to note that such statutes are “entirelyunrelated to the
                   accrual of any action . . .” Watts v. Putnam Co., 525 S.W.2d 488, 491
                   (Tenn. 1975); Cronin v. Howe, 906 S.W.2d 910, 913 (Tenn. 1995).

                              Becausea statute of repose sets the triggering event as something other
                   than accrual,it can have the effect of barring a plaintiff’s claim before it accrues,
                   most typically before the plaintiff becomes aware of his or her injury. See
                   Cronin, 906 S.W.2d at 913; Bruce, 894 S.W.2d at 276 (“A statute of repose
                   is a substantive provision becauseit expressly qualifies the right which the statute
                   creates by barring a right of action even before the injury has occurred if the
                   injury occurs subsequent to the prescribed time period.”). This possibility has
                   prompted courts to hold that statutes of repose affect the substantive right of a
                   party to bring suit, as well as the remedy. Id.

Wyatt, 924 S.W.2d at 102.

         The legislature enacted the TPLA’s statute of repose after determining that the rising number of products

liability actions had dramaticallyincreased the price of liability insurance for companies. The statute of repose was

enacted with the following purpose:

                   [T]o provide a reasonabletime within which action may be commenced against
                   manufactures, and/or sellers while limiting the time to a specific period of time
                   for which product liability insurance premiums can be reasonablyand accurately
                   calculated; and to provide other changes to expedite early evaluation and
                   settlement of claims. . . .

1978 Tenn. Pub. Acts 468-69.

         Penley first asserts that her disability existed at the time her cause of action accrued, see Foster v.

Albright, 631 S.W.2d 147, 150 (Tenn. App. 1982) (plaintiff disabled simultaneouslywith injury is considered to lack

capacity at the time the cause of action accrued), and that the clear language of T.C.A. § 28-1-106 tolls the ten-year

statute. She argues that the disability statute “representsa long-standing policy to protect causes of action of persons

who are disabled due to minority or unsound mind.” We do not disagree with this statement, but we do note that the

legislature was surely aware of the provisions of the disability statute when it explicitlystated in T.C.A. § 29-28-103(a),



                                                            4
“but notwithstanding any exceptions to these provisions [the designated statutes of limitations] [the action] must be

brought within six years of the date of injury, in any event, the action must be brought within ten years from the date

on which the product was first purchased for use . . . .”

         Penley suggests that the holding of the Supreme Court in Sharp v. Richardson, 937 S.W.2d 846 (Tenn.

1996), and the holding of this Court in Bowers v. Hammond, 954 S.W.2d 752 (Tenn. App. 1997) should persuade

this Court that the disability statute tolls the TPLA ten-year statute of repose. We must decline that sugge

         In Sharp, the plaintiff sued the manufacturer of an orthopedicintermedullary rod under the products liability

act and sued the physician who implanted the rod under the medical malpractice act. In dealing with the products

liability action, the issue on appeal was whether the one-year savings statute, T.C.A. § 28-1-105(a), was applicableto

save an action which was initially filed within the one-year products liability statute of limitation and the six-year

products liability statute of repose but later dismissed and refiled beyond the six-year statute of repose. In holding that

the savings statute applied to this factual situation, the Court reiterated the purpose of the products liability statute of

repose and noted that the application of the savings statute in no way frustrated this purpose. The Court s

                   Since the plaintiff’s suit was “commenced within the time limited by a rule or
                   statute of limitation,” and was concluded by an order of voluntarily dismissal
                   without prejudice, its refiling was within the express terms and longstanding
                   purpose and spirit of the savings statute -- to provide a diligent plaintiff with an
                   opportunityto renew a suit that is dismissed by any judgment or decree that does
                   not conclude the right of action. Therefore, application of the savings statute in
                   this case does not conflict nor frustrateeither the letter or purpose of the products
                   liability statute of repose.

Sharp, 937 S.W.2d at 850.

         It is important to note that Sharp is distinguishable from the case at bar in two respects: In Sharp, the Court

was dealing with a statute of repose that begins to run upon the date of injury as the accrual of the cause of action, and

the action was actuallycommenced within the time limited by the statute thus giving the manufacturer notice of a claim

as the legislature envisioned.

         In Bowers, the Court held that the infancy of the plaintiff tolled the medical malpractice statute of repose.

The three-year statute of repose in the medical malpractice act is linked inextricably to the injury involved and provides:

“[i]n no event shall any action be brought more than three (3) years after the date on which the negligent act or omission

occurred . . . .” The six-year statute of repose in the TPLA and discussed in Sharp is analogous to the three-year

medical malpractice statute of repose. However, the TPLA ten-year statute of reposeis much different. The language

in the TPLA ten-year statute of repose is unconcerned with the date of injury and instead prescribes a final termination

date for all actions.



                                                             5
         Also, the TPLA 10 year statuteof reposeis explicitin the exceptions to the statute. In determining the meaning

and scope of a statute, we must construe the statute by looking to the words of the statute itself as we find it and not as

we think it should be. Neff v. Cherokee Ins. Co., 704 S.W.2d 1, 3 (Tenn. 1986). T.C.A. § 29-28-103 specifically

excludes certainactions and allows tolling in the case of minority. Penley would also have this Court hold that disability

tolls the statute of repose. We give consideration to the maxim expressio unius est exclusio alterius. Black’s

Law Dictionary explains this term as:

                   A maxim of statutory interpretation meaning that the expression of one thing is
                   the exclusion of another. . . . Mention of one thing implies exclusion of another.
                   When certain persons or things are specified in a law, contract, or will, an
                   intention to exclude all others from its operation may be inferred. Under this
                   maxim, if statute specifies one exception to a general rule or
                   assumes to specify the effects of a certain provision, other
                   exceptions or effects are excluded.

Black’s Law Dictionary 581 (6th ed. 1990); see also Pryor Oldsmobile v. Motor Vehicle Comm’n.,

803 S.W.2d 227 (Tenn. App. 1990).

         Disability is not included in the three exceptions. This is persuasive that the legislature did not intend for the

ten-year statute of repose to be tolled for disability or any other exception not found within the statute itself. Further,

the stated purposeof T.C.A. § 29-28-103 is to give manufacturers a definitive period of time in which they must insure

against product liability suits. By expanding the exceptions to the TPLA statute of repose, this Court would be

subverting the purpose and intention of the legislature.

         Penley next asserts that the products liability statute of reposefound in T.C.A. § 29-28-103(a) allows a plaintiff

injured in the tenth year after the product’s sale one year from the date of injury in which to file suit. We deem this

reading of the TPLA’s statute of repose inapposite to the plain reading and purpose of the statute. There is nothing in

the statute to indicate that the legislature intended to extend the stated “cap” of ten years for injuries that occur in the

last year. However, such a provision is not unknown to the legislature, as indicated by the provisions of T.C.A. § 28-3-

203(a) dealing with actions involving defectsin improvementsto real property. While the legislature provided for extra

time in such actions, it did not choose to do so in products liability actions, obviously for the reason that such an

extension would subvert the purpose of the legislation.

         In the final analysis, we are required to construe T.C.A. § 29-28-103 in a manner that ascertains and gives

effect to the intention and purpose of the legislature as expressed in the statute. Westinghouse Elec. Corp. v.

King, 678 S.W.2d 19 (Tenn. 1984), appeal dismissed, 470 U.S. 1075, 105 S. Ct. 1830, 85 L. Ed.2d 131 (1985).

Legislative intent must be ascertained from the natural and ordinary meaning of the statutory language read in the

context of the entire statute without any forced or subtle construction which would extend or limit its meaning. State

                                                             6
v. Butler, 980 S.W.2d 359 (Tenn. 1998). Moser v. Dep’t. of Transp. of State of Tenn., 982 S.W.2d 864

(Tenn. App. 1998). The court must reconcileinconsistent or repugnant provisions of a statute and construe a statute

so that no part is inoperative, superfluous,void, or insignificant. It must give effect to every word, phrase, clause, and

sentence of the act in order to achieve the legislature’s intent, and it must construe a statute so that no section will

destroy another. Tidwell v. Collins, 522 S.W.2d 674, 676-77 (Tenn. 1975). A statute of repose exists solely to

create a settled time when exposure to liability ceases. We find the statute to be unambiguous and for the reasons

heretofore set out hold that the ten year statute of repose in T.C.A. § 29-28-103 is an absolute cap for the filing of a

products liability action, subject to the exceptions set out in the statute.

         Penley asserts that the TPLA’s statute of repose is unconstitutional. Although Penley did not raise

constitutional issues at the trial level, we will briefly discuss them on appeal. There is a strong presumption favoring the

constitutionality of a legislative enactment. Bozeman v. Barker, 571 S.W.2d 279, 282 (Tenn. 1978). Whenever

a statute’s constitutionalityis called into question, it is a court’s duty to resolve all doubts in favor of the statute’s

validity. Marion County Bd. v. Marion County Election Comm’n, 594 S.W.2d 681, 684 (Tenn. 1980).

The TPLA statute of repose has withstood many constitutional attacks. See Kochins v. Linden-Alimak, Inc.,

799 F.2d 1128 (6th Cir. 1986); Wayne v. Tennessee Valley Auth., 730 F.2d 392 (5th Cir. 1984); Mathis v.

Eli Lilly & Co., 719 F.2d 134 (6th Cir. 1983); Spence v. Miles Lab., Inc., 810 F. Supp. 952 (E.D. Tenn.

1992); Stutts v. Ford Motor Co., 574 F. Supp. 100 (M.D. Tenn. 1983); Hawkins v. D & J Press Co., Inc.,

527 F. Supp. 386 (E.D. Tenn. 1981); Buckner v. GAF Corp., 495 F. Supp. 351 (E.D. Tenn. 1979), aff’d 659 F.2d

1080 (6th Cir. 1981); Jones v. Five Star Eng’g Inc., 717 S.W.2d 882 (Tenn. 1986); Wyatt v. A-Best

Products Co., 924 S.W.2d 98 (Tenn. App. 1995); King-Bradwell Partnership v. Johnson Controls,

Inc., 865 S.W.2d 18 (Tenn. App. 1993). In each of these challenges,the validity of T.C.A. § 29-28-103 has been

upheld as a legitimate exercise of legislative authority.

         Penley first attacks T.C.A. § 29-28-103 under the “Open Courts” provision of the Tennessee Constitution.

Article I, Section 17 states :

                   That all courts shall be open; and every man, for an injury done him in his lands,
                   goods, person or reputation, shall have remedy by due course of law, and right
                   and justice administered without sale, denial, or delay. Suits may be brought
                   againstthe state in such manner and in such courts as the Legislature may by law
                   direct.

She argues that T.C.A. § 29-28-103 violates the “Open Courts” provision becausepersons injured during the tenth year

of the statute of repose have a shorter time to file suit.

         The Tennessee SupremeCourt dealt with the issue of whether T.C.A. § 29-28-103 violates the “Open Courts”


                                                             7
provision in Jones v. Five Star Eng’g, Inc., 717 S.W.2d 882 (Tenn. 1986). Upholding the TPLA statute of

repose, the Supreme Court adopted the reasoning it used in Harrison v. Schrader, 569 S.W.2d 822 (Tenn. 1978)

to uphold the statute of repose in the medical malpractice act. The Harrison Court noted that Article I, Section 17

has been judicially interpreted as “a mandate to the judiciary and not as a limitation upon the legislature.” Harrison,

569 S.W.2d at 827.

          The legislature has chosen to enact a statute of repose for products liability actions which imposes a specific

cut off date for bringing actions regardless of when the injury occurs. Wyatt v. A-Best Prod. Co., 924 S.W.2d

98, 107-08 (Tenn. App. 1995). “The hardship upon the person injured the day before the ten-year period expires is the

necessary result of establishing a ceiling, ‘Line-drawing’ as such is ‘peculiarlya legislative task and an unavoidable

one.’” Stutts v. Ford Motor Co., 574 F. Supp. 100, 104 (M.D. Tenn. 1983) (citations omitted). The authority

clearlyestablishes that T.C.A. § 29-28-103 does not violatethe “Open Courts”provision of the Tennessee Constitution.

          Penley next contends that T.C.A. § 29-18-103 violates Article I, Section 8 or the “due process clause” of the

Tennessee Constitution. Article I, Section 8 states:

                    That no man shall be taken or imprisoned, or deseized of his freehold, liberties or
                    privileges, or outlawed, or exiled, or in any manner destroyed or deprived of his
                    life, liberty or property, but by the judgment of his peers, or the law of the land.

Article I, Section 8 has been held synonymous with the due process clauses of the Fifth and FourteenthAmendments

to the U.S. Constitution. Daugherty v. State, 216 Tenn. 666, 393 S.W.2d 739 (1965).

          In Mathis v. Eli Lilly & Co., 719 F.2d 134 (6th Cir. 1983), the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals examined

the TPLA’s ten-year statute of repose and a due process challenge to its limitations. Plaintiff, Mathis, sought damages

for personal injuries due to exposure to DES which she took while pregnant in May of 1955. She had no knowledge

that the drug could cause cancer, and she discovered she had cancer in July 1980, some twenty-five years after the

product was purchased and used. The trial court granted summary judgment on the basis of the ten-year statute of

repose; T.C.A. § 29-28-103. She contended the application of the statute violated her due process rights becauseshe

was denied the opportunityto pursue a remedy for her injury. The Court noted that there is a permissiblelegislative

object for the action of the legislature as expressed in the statute and that there is no due process violation involved. The

Court found a rational relationshipbetween this statute and the aims and goals expressed in the legislative preambleto

the act. The Court held that the statute does not violate the due process requirementsof the FourteenthAmendment of

the United States Constitution. In determining that the statute did not violate the Tennessee Constitution, the Court

examined various Tennessee cases, including Harrison v. Schrader, supra, and stated: “[t]he specific

constitutional challenges made in Harrison v. Schrader, supra, were not the same challenges made by appellants


                                                             8
in this case, but the general and broad language used by the court [to uphold the statute] seems, nevertheless,to address

the due process challenges here.” Id. at 143. There simply is not a due process violation in this case.

         Finally, Penley argues that the statuteviolates ArticleXI, Section 8 of the Tennessee Constitution and the Equal

Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Article XI, Section 8 states:

                   The Legislature shall have no power to suspend any general law for the benefit
                   of any particular individual, nor to pass any law for the benefit of individuals
                   inconsistent with the general laws of the land; nor to pass any law granting to any
                   individual or individuals,rights, privileges,immunities,or exemptions other than
                   such as maybe, by the same law extended to any member of the community, who
                   may be able to bring himself within the provisions of such law. . . .

         In King-Bradwell Partnership v. Johnson Controls, Inc., 865 S.W.2d 18, 21-22 (Tenn. App.

1995), this Court dismissed an action on the basis that the injury occurred after the ten-year statute of repose ended, yet

addressed the constitutionalityof T.C.A. §29-28-103 on equal protections grounds. Although dicta, the Court correctly

stated the law. The Court said:

                            Assuming, however, that the Plaintiffs could have brought an action
                   challenging the constitutionalityof T.C.A. § 29-28-103, we neverthelessconclude
                   such an attack must fail.

                                       *                   *                  *

                             Under the [Equal Protection Clause of the] FourteenthAmendment of
                   the United States Constitution, a legislative action not affecting a suspect class or
                   infringing upon a fundamental right is upheld if it is rationallyrelated toward the
                   advancement of any legitimate legislative interests of society. See, e.g.,
                   Kochins, supra. Fundamental rights include voting, privacy, interstate travel,
                   and the freedoms of speech and association. See generally Ronald D.
                   Rotunda & John E. Nowak, Treatise on Constitutional Law:
                   Substance & Procedure, 2nd., Section 15.7 (1992). Suspect classifications
                   are race, alienage, national origin, and sex. See City of Cleburne, Tex. v.
                   Cleburne Living Center, 473 U.S. 432, 105 S. Ct. 3249, 87 L. Ed. 2d 313
                   (1985). Clearly this matter involves neither a fundamental right nor a suspect
                   class. Furthermore, the Supreme Court of Tennessee “has adopted a virtually
                   identical equal protection standard or analysis under Article XI, Section 8 of the
                   Tennessee Constitution.” Spence, supra (citing Kochins, supra, and
                   Harrison, supra).

                          Thus, we need only determine that T.C.A. § 29-28-103 meets the
                   minimal scrutiny requirementsof the rational relations test. In so doing, we
                   quote from Spence, supra, (at page 963):

                             [T]he statute represents public policy which affords plaintiffs
                             what the legislature deems to be a reasonabletime to present
                             their claims; and it protects defendants and the courts from
                             having to deal with stale cases where the search for the truth
                             and justice may be seriously impeded by the death or
                             disappearance of witnesses,fading memories,disappearance
                             of documents or other loss of material evidence. United
                             States v. Kubrick, 444 U.S. 111, 117, 100 S. Ct. 352, 357,
                             62 L. Ed. 2d 259 (1979). In the preambleto § 29-28-103, the
                             Tennessee General Assembly stated that the purpose of the


                                                            9
                           statute of repose is to protect the public interest by making
                           product liability insurance more readily available at a
                           reasonablecost to manufacturers and sellers so that the cost of
                           productsmay be lessened to consumers. The statuteprovides
                           a reasonabletime within which an action to recover damages
                           may be commenced against a manufacturer or seller while
                           limiting liability to a specific period of time so that product
                           liability insurance premiumscan be reasonablyand accurately
                           calculated. Ch. 703, Tenn. Pub. Acts 468-69; Kochins, 799
                           F.2d at 1139; Mathis, 719 F.2d at 139. The Tennessee
                           statute of repose, then, was enacted for stated purposes. It is
                           the role of the legislature, not this Court, to pass on the
                           wisdom of that purpose. Hargraves v. Brackett
                           Stripping Machine Co., 317 F. Supp. 676, 683 (E.D.
                           Tenn.1970).

         Penley’s other constitutional argument that the statute’s purpose in solving the products liability crisis is

unreasonable is without merit. The Tennessee Supreme Court has previously ruled that this statute is “a legitimate

exercise of legislative authority” thus ending debate on this issue. Jones v. Five Star Eng’g Inc., 717 S.W.2d

882, 883 (Tenn. 1986).

         The order granting summary judgment to the appellees is affirmed, and the case is remanded for such further

proceedings as are necessary. Costs of appeal are assessed to the appellant.

                                                                 _________________________________
                                                                 W. FRANK CRAWFORD,
                                                                 PRESIDING JUDGE, W.S.

CONCUR:

____________________________________
ALAN E. HIGHERS, JUDGE

____________________________________
DAVID R. FARMER, JUDGE




                                                         10
