                                                                         FILED
                                                             United States Court of Appeals
                                                                     Tenth Circuit
                     UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                   August 16, 2011
                              FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT              Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                                     Clerk of Court


    BUDIYANTO JUNED,

                Petitioner,

    v.                                                    No. 10-9582
                                                      (Petition for Review)
    ERIC H. HOLDER, JR.,
    United States Attorney General,

                Respondent.


                              ORDER AND JUDGMENT *


Before HARTZ, Circuit Judge, HOLLOWAY and PORFILIO, Senior Circuit
Judges.



         Budiyanto Juned, a native and citizen of Indonesia, petitions for review of

the Board of Immigration Appeals’ (BIA) decision affirming the immigration

judge’s (IJ) denial of Mr. Juned’s applications for asylum, restriction on removal,

and relief under the Convention Against Torture (CAT). We have jurisdiction to



*
       After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously to grant the parties’ request for a decision on the briefs without oral
argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(f); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore
ordered submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding
precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and
collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent
with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
consider the petition under 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a). For the following reasons, we

dismiss in part and deny in part the petition for review.

                            I. Procedural Background

      Mr. Juned came to the United States on a visitor’s visa in 1994. He

remained after his visa expired. In 2003, he was placed in removal proceedings

for staying in the United States past the expiration of his visitor’s visa without

authorization. He conceded the charge of removability. In 2005, he filed an

application for asylum, restriction on removal and relief under the CAT.

      Mr. Juned had a hearing before an IJ on his application. After the hearing,

the IJ denied all of Mr. Juned’s requests for relief. Mr. Juned appealed to the

BIA. The BIA affirmed the IJ’s decision. Mr. Juned now petitions for review of

the BIA’s decision.

                             II. Factual Background

      Mr. Juned sought asylum and restriction on removal on the basis of his

political opinion. In support of his claim, Mr. Juned relied on three events. He

testified that he was raised by his grandparents and that when he was twelve years

old his grandfather was placed in detention for about two years. Although his

grandfather did not tell him why he was incarcerated, he warned Mr. Juned not to

“get involved in participating in organization[s].” Admin. R. at 121. From this,

Mr. Juned speculated that his grandfather’s detention was due to his grandfather’s

involvement “with a group . . . call[ed] Golongan Karya.” Id. at 111.

                                         -2-
       Despite his grandfather’s warning, Mr. Juned became a member of the

Pancasila Youth Party, also known as the PPP. In 1992, at one of the PPP rallies,

Mr. Juned and his friends got into a heated altercation with some men from an

opposing party. Mr. Juned testified that following the rally, his friends who had

attended the rally fled Indonesia because they did not feel it was safe to remain in

their village.

       The third incident occurred when Mr. Juned and some of his friends were at

a bus station a few weeks after the 1992 rally. He testified that he and his friends

were suddenly attacked by a group of people. He was punched and knocked to

the ground by a man who wore a yellow shirt signifying his membership in the

Golkar party, which is the majority member of the ruling coalition in Indonesia.

Mr. Juned believes that he was targeted for harm because he was wearing a blue

or green shirt demonstrating his support for the PPP, which is a perceived

adversary to the Golkar party. He did not report the incident to the police and he

treated his injuries with herbal remedies from his grandparents. After this

incident, he left Indonesia and traveled to the United States on a visitor’s visa.

Since his departure, his grandparents have passed away, but his parents and

stepsister still live in Indonesia.




                                          -3-
                                   III. Analysis

      The BIA affirmed the IJ’s decision in a single-member brief order.

See Admin. R. at 2-5; 8 C.F.R. § 1003.1(e)(5). In these circumstances, the BIA’s

decision is the final order under review. See Ritonga v. Holder, 633 F.3d 971,

974 (10th Cir. 2011). “We review the BIA’s legal determinations de novo, and its

findings of fact under a substantial-evidence standard.” Niang v. Gonzales,

422 F.3d 1187, 1196 (10th Cir. 2005). “The BIA’s findings of fact are conclusive

unless the record demonstrates that any reasonable adjudicator would be

compelled to conclude to the contrary.” Id. (quotation omitted). “In this circuit,

the determination whether an alien has demonstrated persecution is a question of

fact . . . .” Ritonga, 633 F.3d at 974 (quotation omitted).

      A. Asylum

      The BIA affirmed the IJ’s determination that Mr. Juned was not eligible for

asylum because his application was not filed within the one-year deadline and he

did not demonstrate changed or extraordinary circumstances to except himself

from the filing deadline. Mr. Juned asserts that he is eligible for the exception to

the one-year filing deadline for asylum applications because the evidence he

presented does show extraordinary and changed circumstances. We lack

jurisdiction to review this challenge to the BIA’s decision.

      The Immigration and Nationality Act provides that “[n]o court shall have

jurisdiction to review any determination of the Attorney General” related to the

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timeliness of an asylum application. 8 U.S.C. § 1158(a)(3). There are two

exceptions to this jurisdictional bar for constitutional questions and questions of

law, see 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(D), but neither of those exceptions are implicated

in this case. Mr. Juned’s challenge is “directed solely at the agency’s

discretionary and factual determinations” and “remain[s] outside of the scope of

judicial review.” Ferry v. Gonzales, 457 F.3d 1117, 1130 (10th Cir. 2006)

(quotation omitted). Accordingly, we dismiss this portion of Mr. Juned’s petition

for lack of jurisdiction.

      B. Restriction on Removal

      In order to be eligible for restriction on removal, Mr. Juned must show

that he suffered past persecution or that it is more likely than not that he will

be subject to persecution if he returns to Indonesia. 8 C.F.R. § 1208.16(b)(1), (2).

“Persecution is the infliction of suffering or harm upon those who differ (in race,

religion, or political opinion) in a way regarded as offensive and must entail more

than just restrictions or threats to life and liberty.” Ritonga, 633 F.3d at 975

(quotation omitted).

      The BIA determined that the incidents of mistreatment Mr. Juned described

did not amount to persecution. The BIA further determined that the evidence did

not demonstrate that Mr. Juned would be subject to persecution in the future.

As the BIA explained, “[i]t has been more than 16 years since [Mr. Juned] left

Indonesia. There is no proof that anyone in Indonesia seeks to harm [Mr. Juned]

                                          -5-
today. Further, we take note that [Mr. Juned’s] parents and stepsister continue to

reside in Indonesia. There is no indication that any harm has befallen them.”

Admin. R. at 4.

      1. Past Persecution

      Mr. Juned argues that the cumulative effect of “the two threatening

incidents against [him], once at a political rally and once at a bus stop, combined

with the suffering he endured when his grandfather and caretaker was

imprisoned,” constitute past persecution on account of his political opinion and

family ties. Pet’r Br. at 18. After reviewing the record, we conclude the BIA’s

determination that Mr. Juned failed to establish past persecution is supported by

substantial evidence.

      With respect to the political rally incident, Mr. Juned stated in his

declaration that “violence erupted” during a political rally that he was attending

and five people from his village were hospitalized. Admin. R. at 464. He stated

that he felt “unsafe” in the village after that time, id., but he did not suffer any

injuries at the rally nor did he present any evidence that he was individually

targeted. While the violence may have caused Mr. Juned to feel unsafe or afraid,

fear alone is not a basis for a finding of persecution. See Ritonga, 633 F.3d at

976 (acknowledging that alien’s exposure to the 1998 riots in Indonesia and a

church bombing, while “frightening,” did not compel a finding of past persecution

where she was not “individually targeted or physically harmed in [the] events”);

                                           -6-
Witjaksono v. Holder, 573 F.3d 968, 977 (10th Cir. 2009) (concluding that alien’s

descriptions of the 1998 Jakarta riots and a church burning did not mandate relief

where he did “not suggest that he was individually targeted or physically

harmed”).

      In the bus stop incident, Mr. Juned testified that he was punched by

someone wearing a shirt signifying support for Golkar. He was able to return

home and was treated by his grandparents with an herbal remedy. He did not seek

further medical treatment. This was the only incident involving any physical

harm to him. In the Ritonga and Witjaksono cases, both of those petitioners, like

Mr. Juned, suffered minor injuries from a “lone occasion” when they were

physically harmed and we concluded that those circumstances did not constitute

persecution. Ritonga, 633 F.3d at 976; Witjaksono, 573 F.3d at 977. The similar

facts here require the same conclusion.

      Finally, we consider the detention of Mr. Juned’s grandfather. At the time

of his grandfather’s detention, Mr. Juned did not know that his grandfather was in

jail. He testified that he learned of the detention from his grandfather when he

was an adult. Moreover, his grandfather did not specifically tell Mr. Juned why

he was placed in jail, simply telling Mr. Juned “don’t get involved in participating

in organization[s].” Admin. R. at 121. Although the IJ and BIA assumed

Mr. Juned’s credibility, he provided very limited evidence relating to his

grandfather’s detention, the reasons for the detention, the conditions of the

                                          -7-
detention, and its impact on him at the time. We conclude that the detention

of Mr. Juned’s grandfather does not compel a finding that Mr. Juned was

persecuted.

      Even considering all of Mr. Juned’s incidents cumulatively, we cannot say

that a reasonable adjudicator would be compelled to conclude that Mr. Juned

suffered persecution, given our prior decisions in analogous circumstances.

See Ritonga, 633 F.3d at 976, Witjaksono, 573 F.3d at 977.

      2. Fear of Future Persecution

      Mr. Juned asserts that he has a well-founded “fear of persecution in

Indonesia by both government officials and civilian political adversaries who seek

to harm him because of his political opinion.” Pet’r Br. at 19. But he offers no

record citations to support this broad statement. See id. As the BIA noted, it has

been more than sixteen years since Mr. Juned left Indonesia. He has failed to

offer any rebuttal to the BIA’s determination that there is “no proof that anyone

in Indonesia seeks to harm [Mr. Juned] today,” Admin. R. at 4. He claims that his

“family has been identified as opponents by the Indonesian government,”

Pet’r Br. at 21, but he testified that his parents and stepsister currently reside

unharmed in Indonesia. Mr. Juned also misplaces the burden of proof, arguing

that “[e]ven though time has passed since [he] fled Indonesia, the government did

not submit any evidence to demonstrate that the situation has changed in

Indonesia to the extent that [he] could return to Indonesia without fear of harm.”

                                           -8-
Id. Because the BIA determined that Mr. Juned did not demonstrate past

persecution, it was his burden to demonstrate a clear probability of future

persecution, not the government’s burden to demonstrate a change in country

conditions. See Witjaksono, 573 F.3d at 977 (“Without a showing of past

persecution, an alien must demonstrate that it is more likely than not that he will

be individually persecuted in the future.”). Mr. Juned has failed to demonstrate

that the record compels the conclusion that he would more likely than not suffer

persecution in Indonesia because of his political opinion. Accordingly, we affirm

the BIA’s determination that Mr. Juned is not eligible for restriction on removal.

      C. Relief under CAT

      To receive the protections of the CAT, an applicant must demonstrate “it is

more likely than not that he or she would be tortured if removed to the proposed

country of removal.” 8 C.F.R. § 1208.16(c)(2). The torture must be “by or at the

instigation of or with the consent or acquiescence of a public official or other

person acting in an official capacity.” Id. § 1208.18(a)(1).

      The BIA affirmed the IJ’s determination that Mr. Juned “failed to

demonstrate that it is more likely than not that he would be tortured if returned to

Indonesia.” Admin. R. at 4. Mr. Juned provided no evidence that his risks of

persecution and torture differ. Instead, he relied on the same incidents to support

his asylum, restriction on removal, and CAT claims. Since we affirmed the BIA’s

finding that it is unlikely that Mr. Juned would face future persecution if returned

                                         -9-
to Indonesia, “it is likewise against the odds that he would be tortured by the

government or a proxy for the government.” Sidabutar v. Gonzales, 503 F.3d

1116, 1125-26 (10th Cir. 2007); see also Ritonga, 633 F.3d at 979. Accordingly,

we affirm the BIA’s denial of relief under the CAT.

                                  IV. Conclusion

      We DISMISS for lack of jurisdiction Mr. Juned’s challenge to the BIA’s

asylum determination. We DENY the remainder of the petition for review.


                                                    Entered for the Court



                                                    William J. Holloway, Jr.
                                                    Senior Circuit Judge




                                         -10-
