                           NOT FOR PUBLICATION                           FILED
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                        JAN 7 2019
                                                                      MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                       U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                       No.    18-10012

                Plaintiff-Appellee,             D.C. No.
                                                2:17-cr-00160-MCE-KJN-1
 v.

RAHEEM D. LEE,                                  MEMORANDUM*

                Defendant-Appellant.

                  Appeal from the United States District Court
                      for the Eastern District of California
                Morrison C. England, Jr., District Judge, Presiding

                    Argued and Submitted December 21, 2018
                            San Francisco, California

Before: M. SMITH, NGUYEN, and BENNETT, Circuit Judges.

      Raheem Lee appeals his misdemeanor conviction for driving a motor vehicle

on a military installation while his license was suspended for a DUI conviction, in

violation of California Vehicle Code section 14601.2(a), as assimilated by the

Assimilative Crimes Act (“ACA”), 18 U.S.C. § 13. We have jurisdiction under 28

U.S.C. § 1291, and we affirm.



      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
      The central issue at trial was whether Lee knew his driver’s license was

suspended when he drove. The government introduced into evidence a DMV

driver record printout with a “verbal notice document on file” notation and a verbal

notice of action document bearing Lee’s signature.

      The admission of the verbal notice of action document did not violate the

Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment because the notice is not testimonial

under Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36, 68 (2004). The notice was not

created to aid a police investigation; indeed, no police investigation even existed

when the notice was created. See United States v. Berry, 683 F.3d 1015, 1023 (9th

Cir. 2012). In addition, although the DMV custodian of records testified that “part

of the purpose” of the notice was evidentiary, Lee did not establish that the notice

was created “solely for evidentiary purposes.” Id.

      In any event, even if the admission of the notice violated the Confrontation

Clause, the error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. See United States v.

Norwood, 603 F.3d 1063, 1068–69 (9th Cir. 2010). The magistrate judge

expressly relied on multiple other pieces of evidence to infer Lee’s knowledge of

the suspension, including the DMV driver record printout, an administrative per se

notice, an order of suspension letter, and circumstantial evidence such as Lee’s

statements to the citing officer. Although Lee and another witness testified that

there were mail theft issues at his apartment complex, the judge permissibly found


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Lee not credible as to his testimony that he never received the administrative per se

notice or order of suspension letter in the mail.

      Lee also argues that the magistrate judge improperly assimilated a California

evidentiary rule under the ACA. We disagree. The judge found that there was a

“reasonable presumption” that Lee received the administrative per se notice and

order of suspension letter because they were placed in the mail and addressed to

him. Although the government proposed a California model jury instruction based

on California Vehicle Code section 14601.2(c) and People v. Roder, 658 P.2d

1302, 1305–13 (Cal. 1983), the judge expressly declined to rely on it. The judge

stated: “[R]egardless of whether there’s a California jury instruction, I know what

inferences I can draw with regard to things being placed in the mail . . .” Thus, the

judge relied on a standard evidentiary presumption recognized under our case law.

See, e.g., United States v. Perdue, 469 F.2d 1195, 1203 (9th Cir. 1972); United

States v. Lee, 458 F.2d 32, 33 (9th Cir. 1972) (per curiam).

      Because the judge did not rely on state law to infer that Lee received the

mailed documents, there is no assimilation problem, and we need not decide

whether the California rule is substantive for purposes of the ACA.

      AFFIRMED.




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