                                                                                   FILED
                                                                       United States Court of Appeals
                                                                               Tenth Circuit
                      UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                            January 29, 2010
                                    TENTH CIRCUIT
                                                                          Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                                              Clerk of Court

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

      Plaintiff - Appellee,

v.                                                           No. 09-8014
                                                               (D. Wyo.)
LARRY LEE SMITH,                                   (D.C. No. 1:08-CR-00189-ABJ-1)

      Defendant - Appellant.




                              ORDER AND JUDGEMENT *


Before O’BRIEN, Circuit Judge, BRORBY, Senior Circuit Judge, and GORSUCH,
Circuit Judge.


      Larry Lee Smith entered a conditional guilty plea to possession of a sawed-off

shotgun which was not registered in the National Firearms Registration and Transfer

Record. He appeals from the district court’s denial of his motion to suppress, claiming

the officers’ search exceeded the scope of the warrant. We AFFIRM.

                               I.      BACKGROUND

      In the late evening of April 5, 2008, Detective Tracy Frisbee of the Rock Springs,

      *
         This order and judgment is an unpublished decision, not binding precedent. 10th
Cir. R. 32.1(A). Citation to unpublished decisions is not prohibited. Fed. R. App. 32.1.
It is appropriate as it relates to law of the case, issue preclusion and claim preclusion.
Unpublished decisions may also be cited for their persuasive value. 10th Cir. R. 32.1(A).
Citation to an order and judgment must be accompanied by an appropriate parenthetical
notation B (unpublished). Id.
Wyoming, Police Department presented the Rock Springs circuit court judge with an

affidavit in support of his request for a search warrant. The affidavit stated Frisbee had

received reports of a burglary of a white golf cart from the city golf course (listing asset

numbers 1 found on the golf cart) and the burglary of an industrial stove from the city’s

event complex. The affidavit also included a conversation Frisbee had with a

confidential informant (the CI). According to Frisbee, the CI told him:

   1. He/she has known Larry Smith (AKA Mouse) for about 6 months, (described as a

       white male, approximately 30 years of age)

   2. He/she knows Smith was a co-owner of the Inferno club in Rock Springs.

   3. On 4/4/08 he/she met Smith at 1891 Yellowstone Dr., which is a large green

       storage building.

   4. Smith bragged that he burglarized the White Mountain Golf Course and the

       Sweetwater County Event Complex.

   5. He/she saw a large industrial stove/grille inside the building.

   6. He/she saw 6-7 people in the building who were dismantling several golf carts and

       painting the parts.

   7. Smith drives a white dually truck with Ohio plates.

(R. Vol. IV at 7.) Frisbee stated he had checked the police department records and found

“a Larry Smith with the date of birth of 1/31/80 (28 years old)” who has a current warrant

for larceny and an extensive criminal history. (Id.) Frisbee averred he had checked the

       1
        “Asset numbers” are small tags placed on city property. If an item is composed
of several parts, each part will have a different asset number. (R. Vol. III at 19.)


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address given by the CI and observed the building “to be a large green storage building,”

he had “observed activity in and about the building” and “a white pickup dually with

Ohio license plates parked outside.” (Id.)

       The circuit judge issued a warrant authorizing the search of “the premises known

as 1891 Yellowstone, City of Rock Springs, Sweetwater County . . . a . . . large, green

steel sided building . . . [for] Golf Carts and Golf Cart parts and Industrial Stove/grille

and/or Stove or grille parts.” (Id. at 5.) Frisbee and eight officers executed the warrant

that night. They entered the building and discovered they were in a common area

containing a table, a gun safe and numerous boxes. The former offices had been

converted to bedrooms. The remainder of the building was a shop area. Smith and six or

seven other people were present. Once the area was secured, the officers began searching

the shop area. Frisbee saw a golf cart canopy separated from the cart body and placed

upside down on the shop floor. The officers also discovered a ball retriever hitch used to

connect the ball retrieval mechanism to the golf cart. There were various screws and

bolts on the floor. To the side of the shop they observed a large griddle. 2

       After searching the shop area, the officers searched the bedrooms and common

area. In the common area, they found the large gun safe secured with a combination

lock. When Frisbee asked Smith to unlock the safe, Smith initially stated he did not

know the combination. After the officers vigorously persisted in their request, Smith

opened the safe. Inside, the officers found a “large volume” of guns. (R. Vol. II at 23.)

       2
       The griddle was not part of the industrial stove stolen from the events complex.
Eventually, the stolen stove was found at another location.


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Three of the guns were “sawed-off.” (Id.) The officers seized the guns as well as other

items and transported Smith to the police department. When Smith gave his date of birth,

Frisbee discovered the criminal record reported in the affidavit was not the criminal

record of the Larry Smith he had in custody. Frisbee arrested Smith for burglary.

       On July 17, 2008, Frisbee informed Special Agent David Allen of the Bureau of

Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms they had found several firearms in the search. Allen ran

a check and discovered the Remington sawed-off shotgun was not registered in the

National Firearms Registration and Transfer Record and no firearms were registered to

Smith. Smith was indicted for one count of a violation of 26 U.S.C. §§ 5841, 5845(a),

5861 and 5871 which prohibits a person from receiving or possessing a firearm not

registered to him. See 26 U.S.C. § 5861.

       Smith filed a motion to suppress the evidence found in the search claiming the

warrant was without probable cause and the officers exceeded the scope of the warrant by

searching the contents of a safe located in the residential part of the building without

securing a separate warrant. The district court denied Smith’s motion to suppress

evidence. Smith entered a conditional guilty plea, reserving the right to appeal the

district court’s decision. He was sentenced to twenty-four months imprisonment

followed by three years of supervised release. On appeal, Smith challenges only the

denial of his motion to suppress.

                                II.       DISCUSSION

       When reviewing the district court’s denial of a motion to suppress, “we accept the

factual findings unless they are clearly erroneous, and review questions of law de novo.”

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United States v. Gonzales, 399 F.3d 1225, 1228 (10th Cir. 2005). We consider the

evidence in the light most favorable to the government. However, the ultimate

determination of reasonableness under the Fourth Amendment is a question of law.

United States v. Green, 178 F.3d 1099, 1104 (10th Cir. 1999).

       Smith narrows his argument on appeal and does not challenge the validity of the

warrant. Instead, he argues the search of the safe was unreasonable because the original

warrant authorized only the search of a storage building, not a separate residential area.

Smith relies on Maryland v. Garrison, 480 U.S. 79 (1987), for the proposition that when

the police discovered the building contained both a residential and shop area, they were

required to limit their search to the shop portion of the building and seek a new warrant to

search the residential area.

       In Garrison, the police executed a search warrant authorized for the third floor

apartment of a building. After finding incriminating evidence against a tenant living on

the third floor, the police discovered the floor actually contained two separate units and

they had searched the wrong one. The police discontinued searching the wrong unit and

proceeded to focus on the correct unit. Id. at 80-81. The tenant moved to suppress the

evidence found in the wrong unit claiming the warrant was overbroad. The Court found

the search warrant, though overbroad in hindsight, was not retroactively invalidated by

the discovery of the separate units. “The validity of the warrant must be assessed on the

basis of the information that the officers disclosed, or had a duty to discover and disclose,

to the issuing magistrate.” Id. at 86. The Court also found the execution of the warrant

to be constitutional because the police were unaware prior to entering the building that

                                                -5-
there were two separate units on the third floor. It determined “the validity of the search

of [the wrong unit] pursuant to a warrant authorizing the search of the entire third floor

depends on whether the officers’ failure to realize the overbreadth of the warrant was

objectively understandable and reasonable.” Id. at 88.

       Smith points to the Court’s following statement, “if the officers had known, or

even if they should have known, that there were two separate dwelling units on the third

floor of [the apartment building], they would have been obligated to exclude respondent’s

apartment from the scope of the requested warrant.” Id. at 85. According to Smith,

because the affidavit described the building as a “storage building” and it was obvious the

police had entered a residence, the police should have confined their search to the shop

area until a new or modified warrant was issued. (R. Vol. IV at 7.)

       Even if we were to assume for appellate purposes the warrant was overbroad, we

conclude the officers’ failure to realize this overbreadth was objectively reasonable.

From the outside, the building itself appeared to be just as described, a storage building

with offices. The building is identified by a single address and the residence area was

directly connected to the shop area. The safe was located in an area which had been

converted into a common area. Further, the common area, residential area and shop were

not separate dwellings; Smith had access to the entire property. “[A] warrant

encompasses the authority to search the entire building if the person who is the target of

the search has access to or control over the entire premises.” Torres v. United States, 200

F.3d 179, 187 (3d Cir. 1999). Given the nature of the residence as the police encountered

it, a search of the entire premises for parts of a golf cart and industrial stove was not

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unreasonable.

       Similarly, the search of the safe was valid. As Frisbee testified, defendants will

often keep mementos of their crimes. (R. Vol. III at 22-23, 46-47.) Because items such

as the “asset tags” or some sort of product insignia would have easily fit in the safe, it

could be opened. See United States v. Ross, 456 U.S. 798, 820-21 (1982) (“A lawful

search of fixed premises generally extends to the entire area in which the object of the

search may be found and is not limited by the possibility that separate acts of entry or

opening may be required to complete the search.”). The district court did not err in

refusing to suppress the evidence seized from the safe. See United States v. Snow, 919

F.2d 1458,1461 (10th Cir. 1990) (locked safe likely to hold items authorized in warrant).

       AFFIRMED.

                                           Entered by the Court:

                                           Terrence L. O’Brien
                                           United States Circuit Judge




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