                IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                            AT NASHVILLE
                                January 18, 2013 Session

    KENNER D. ENSEY v. KARLA DAVIS, COMMISSIONER OF THE
     TENNESSEE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR AND WORKFORCE
                     DEVELOPMENT ET AL.

                  Appeal from the Chancery Court for Coffee County
                     No. 2011CV120     Vanessa Jackson, Judge


                    No. M2011-02761-COA-R3-CV - April 10, 2013


Appellant appeals the trial court’s decision upholding the decision of the designee of the
Commissioner of the Tennessee Department of Labor and Workforce Development, which
denied appellant unemployment benefits. We reverse, finding that, while appellant did quit
his job voluntarily, he had good cause for doing so.

 Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Chancery Court Reversed

A NDY D. B ENNETT, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which F RANK G. C LEMENT, J R.,
and R ICHARD H. D INKINS, JJ., joined.

Kathryn A. Evans and Salmun Kazerounian, Tullahoma, Tennessee, for the appellant, Kenner
Ensey.

Robert E. Cooper, Jr., Attorney General and Reporter; William E. Young, Solicitor General;
and Derek C. Jumper, Assistant Attorney General, for the appellee, Tennessee Department
of Labor and Workforce Development.

                                         OPINION

                        F ACTUAL AND P ROCEDURAL B ACKGROUND

      Kenner Ensey was employed as a driver and warehouse worker for Smith & Son
Wholesale Company, Inc. (“Smith & Son”) from May 22, 2009 until October 28, 2010. Mr.
Ensey applied for unemployment compensation benefits on November 18, 2010. The
Tennessee Department of Labor and Workforce Development (“the Department”) denied Mr.
Ensey’s initial claim for unemployment benefits by letter mailed December 1, 2010, finding
that Mr. Ensey voluntarily left his most recent work, that he quit due to alleged verbal abuse
from his supervisor, and that he did not speak with anyone about the alleged verbal abuse
before he walked out. The Department concluded that, “although [Mr. Ensey’s] reason for
leaving met [his] personal needs, the reason is not considered good work-related cause to quit
under Tennessee Code Annotated 50-7-303.”

        Mr. Ensey pro se appealed to the Appeals Tribunal. On January 24, 2011, the Appeals
Tribunal held a telephone hearing in which Mr. Ensey and Smith & Son (represented by its
President, Mr. Monty Smith) testified.1 Mr. Ensey noted that he received a raise and that his
supervisor told him, “you’re doing fine” a few weeks before his last day of work. When
asked whether he quit his job or was discharged, Mr. Ensey explained that he “walked out”
after an incident involving his supervisor and another driver, Zack.2 Mr. Ensey testified that,
around lunchtime, the supervisor summoned both men while they were inside the warehouse
and began “cursing and screaming” at Mr. Ensey for “not doing his job.” The supervisor told
Mr. Ensey that Zack was doing all the work in the warehouse and that “he was sick and tired
of holding [Mr. Ensey’s] hand all along.” To this, Mr. Ensey responded, “I don’t have to
stand here and take this kind of abuse,” and proceeded to walk out of the warehouse. The
supervisor followed Mr. Ensey, “still yelling and cussing” and “us[ing] the term M-F.” On
his way out, Mr. Ensey noticed that Clyde Smith, Smith & Son’s owner, had been within
earshot of this altercation, yet neither did nor said anything in response to it.3 Mr. Ensey
clocked out, went home, and, for the rest of the afternoon, sat by the telephone awaiting an
apology from his employer. He did not receive one. The next morning, Friday, October 29,
2010, Mr. Ensey returned to the warehouse and spoke with Monty Smith, who had not
witnessed the previous day’s incident. Mr. Smith told Mr. Ensey that he had provoked the
incident.

        The Appeals Tribunal reversed the Department’s initial decision, finding:

        In October 2010, [Mr. Ensey’s] supervisor became dissatisfied with [his] job
        performance and began yelling at and using profanity toward [Mr. Ensey] in
        the presence of a coworker. [Mr. Ensey] was offended by the supervisor’s
        statements and walked toward the office. The supervisor followed [continuing
        to yell and curse at Mr. Ensey and doing so in the owner’s presence.] The


       1
        During this telephone hearing, the parties were given opportunities to ask each other questions.
Mr. Smith did not question Mr. Ensey or otherwise dispute his testimony.
        2
            This incident took place on Thursday, October 28, 2010.
        3
            Clyde Smith passed away on November 14, 2010.

                                                    -2-
       owner did nothing. [Mr. Ensey] left the jobsite.

The Appeals Tribunal concluded that “the evidence establishes that [Mr. Ensey] voluntarily
quit his employment and good cause, within the meaning of TCA § 50-7-303(a)(1), has been
reasonably established. [Mr. Ensey’s] supervisor made offensive statements to [him], yelled
at [him], and used profanity toward [him] in the presence of a co-worker and the owner.”

        Smith & Son appealed to the Commissioner’s Designee. By letter dated February 22,
2011, the Commissioner’s Designee reversed the Appeals Tribunal’s decision, finding inter
alia that “[Mr. Ensey] was very upset, clocked out for lunch and did not return to finish his
shift. There was no indication that the supervisor had cursed at him before or notified him
of problems with his performance.” The Commissioner’s Designee concluded that Mr.
Ensey did not establish a work-related reason for resigning because he did not prove that
Smith & Son “either did something or failed to do anything and [Smith & Son’s] actions are
what actually caused hi[m] to resign.” The Commissioner’s Designee further concluded that
Mr. Ensey “was required to prove that he exhausted all reasonable alternatives prior to
resigning” and that “the supervisor’s outburst and language used on this one occasion did not
constitute good cause for [Mr. Ensey] to leave his employment.”

       On March 3, 2011, the Commissioner’s Designee denied Mr. Ensey’s petition to
rehear, concluding that it merely presented repetitive argument, that Mr. Ensey walked off
his job and failed to return until the following Tuesday, and that “by that time his
employment had been terminated because he walked off the job. Such job abandonment is
considered voluntarily leaving the job.”

       In April 2011, Mr. Ensey, now represented by counsel, filed a petition for review in
the chancery court. After a hearing and by order entered November 28, 2011, the chancery
court affirmed, finding that:

       The Designee found that conduct of Mr. Ensey’s supervisor, while
       inappropriate, was an isolated incident and did not amount to good cause for
       Mr. Ensey to leave his employment. The Designee concluded that Mr. Ensey
       voluntarily left his job without good cause connected with his work. After
       considering the entire record in the matter, the Court finds that the decision of
       the Commissioner’s Designee is supported by evidence that a reasonable mind
       might accept to support the Designee’s findings of fact and conclusions of law.
       The Court further finds that notice given by the [Department] to Mr. Ensey of
       his right to representation by an attorney at the Appeals Tribunal hearing was
       sufficient.



                                              -3-
Mr. Ensey appealed to this Court.

                                    S TANDARD OF R EVIEW

       In unemployment compensation cases, appellate courts and trial courts apply the same
standard of review. DePriest v. Puett, 669 S.W.2d 669, 673 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1984). The
court may reverse, remand, or modify the administrative decision if it is:

       (A) In violation of constitutional or statutory provisions;

       (B) In excess of the statutory authority of the agency;

       (C) Made upon unlawful procedure;

       (D) Arbitrary or capricious or characterized by abuse of discretion or clearly
       unwarranted exercise of discretion; or

       (E) Unsupported by evidence that is both substantial and material in the light
       of the entire record.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 50-7-304(i)(2). For purposes of subsection (E), substantial and material
evidence is “‘such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept to support a rational
conclusion and such as to furnish a reasonably sound basis for the action under
consideration.’” Sweet v. State Technical Inst. at Memphis, 617 S.W.2d 158, 161 (Tenn. Ct.
App. 1981) (quoting Pace v. Garbage Disposal Dist. of Washington Cnty., 390 S.W.2d 461,
463 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1965)). Courts generally interpret the requirement of substantial and
material evidence as requiring “‘something less than a preponderance of the evidence, but
more than a scintilla or glimmer.’” Dickson v. City of Memphis Civil Serv. Comm’n, 194
S.W.3d 457, 464 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2005) (quoting Wayne Cnty. v. Tenn. Solid Waste Disposal
Control Bd., 756 S.W.2d 274, 280 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1988)).

                                         A NALYSIS

       The first issue we must address is whether Mr. Ensey quit or was terminated. The
Department’s initial decision and the decision of the Appeals Tribunal found that he quit
voluntarily. The Commissioner’s Designee implicitly assumed he quit voluntarily and the
Designee’s denial of the petition to rehear stated that Mr. Ensey’s “job abandonment is
considered voluntarily leaving the job.” The evidence shows Mr. Ensey “walked off” the job
at lunchtime and did not return that day. He testified that the came in the next morning and
“talked to Monty about it.” He did not testify that he reported to work. Indeed, Mr. Smith


                                             -4-
testified that Mr. Ensey was “a no-call, no-show on 10/29/2010.”4 We find that there is
substantial and material evidence showing that Mr. Ensey voluntarily quit his job.

        The second issue is whether Mr. Ensey had good cause to leave his job voluntarily.
A claimant cannot receive benefits if “the claimant has left the claimant’s most recent work
voluntarily without good cause connected with the claimant’s work.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 50-
7-303(a)(1)(A). In Frogge v. Davenport, 906 S.W.2d 920 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1995), this court
stated:

        In general, “good cause,” as used in an unemployment compensation statute,
        means such a cause as justifies an employee’s voluntarily leaving the ranks of
        the employed and joining the ranks of the unemployed; the quitting must be for
        such a cause as would reasonably motivate in a similar situation the average
        able-bodied and qualified worker to give up his or her employment with its
        certain wage rewards in order to enter the ranks of the compensated
        unemployed. The terms “good cause” and “personal reasons” connote, as
        minimum requirements, real circumstances, substantial reasons, objective
        conditions, palpable forces that operate to produce correlative results; adequate
        excuses that will bear the test of reason; just grounds for action. The test is one
        of ordinary common sense and prudence.


        In order to constitute good cause, the circumstances which compel the decision
        to leave employment must be real, not imaginary, substantial not trifling, and
        reasonable, not whimsical; there must be some compulsion produced by
        extraneous and necessitous or compelling circumstances . . . .

Id. at 924 (quoting 81 C.J.S. Social Security and Public Welfare § 226 (1977)). Whether the
facts establish good cause is a question of law. Cooper v. Burson, 429 S.W.2d 424, 427
(Tenn. 1968).

       While his testimony was somewhat lacking in detail, Mr. Ensey testified that his
supervisor cursed and screamed at him in front of a coworker and the owner, Clyde Smith,
who just ignored it and walked away. The only testimony from the employer about the
incident itself was as follows:


        4
          Oddly, the “claimant statement” of Mr. Ensey in the administrative record states that “I walked out
and then came back on Tuesday and talk [sic] to the V.P. He advised me that I did not have a job.” It further
states that ”Monte [sic] Smith the VP, advised me I no longer had a job because I had walked out and they
did not hear from me until 4 days later.” This seems to contradict a return the day after the incident to
discuss the matter.

                                                    -5-
        Mr. Blaylock5 : Okay. Now, you heard Mr. Ensey’s testimony. He said his
        supervisor was yelling at him and cussing him in front of co-workers. Do you
        know if that’s true?
        Mr. Smith: No, I don’t.
        Mr. Blaylock: He also said that the same supervisor was yelling at him - and
        cussing him in front of the owner. Do you know if that’s true?
        Mr. Smith: No, I don’t.
        Mr. Blaylock: He also said that the owner heard the yelling and cussing and
        did nothing. Do you know if that’s true?
        Mr. Smith: No, I don’t.
        Mr. Blaylock: Anything else?
        Mr. Smith: No, sir.

Mr. Smith declined to offer any other comment or to ask Mr. Ensey any questions. The
employer did not call Mr. Ensey’s supervisor as a witness or request a continuance to do so.
The Commissioner’s Designee noted that “[i]t appears that the Employer has had a
reasonable opportunity to present all relevant proof.”

      The employer presented absolutely no proof about the incident. The Commissioner’s
Designee rested the decision to deny benefits upon the following:

        There was no proof that the supervisor had repeatedly verbally abused the
        Claimant, and it seems to be an isolated incident. While no one would dispute
        that an employee should not be mistreated, we can conclude that the
        supervisor’s outburst and language used on this one occasion did not constitute
        good cause for Claimant to leave his employment.

The trial court agreed with the Designee’s determination. The Designee’s view appears to
be that one isolated incident cannot as a matter of law constitute good cause for voluntarily
quitting a job. We must respectfully disagree. Mr. Ensey testified to an explosive event in
which his supervisor used very offensive language,6 screamed 7 at Mr. Ensey in front of other


        5
        Nick Blaylock of the Tennessee Department of Labor and Workforce Development was the Appeals
Hearing Officer.
        6
            We do not know exactly what the supervisor said, but Mr. Ensey did testify that the term “M-F” was
used.
        7
            Mr. Ensey also testified that the supervisor’s “screaming and hollering got louder,” indicating not
                                                                                                  (continued...)

                                                       -6-
employees and followed Mr. Ensey to the front of the warehouse “screaming and hollering”
all the way. Mr. Ensey testified to a workplace event that was offensive, embarrassing and
potentially violent. Furthermore, it was an event condoned by the inaction of the owner, who
witnessed it and did nothing. We also note that the Designee’s assumption that this was an
isolated event is unwarranted based on the circumstances of the hearing. While Mr. Ensey
never testified about whether other events had happened, Mr. Blaylock controlled the hearing
by asking both sides repeated, pointed questions and never asked about other such events.
Because his focus was on the event itself, the question “Is there anything else, Mr. Ensey?”
could not have been viewed by Mr. Ensey as an invitation to discuss other incidents.8

        Given the entirety of the circumstances to which Mr. Ensey testified and the fact that
his testimony about the incident is totally unrebutted, we find that good cause existed for Mr.
Ensey to voluntarily quit. We, therefore, reverse the trial court ruling upholding the decision
of the Commissioner’s Designee.

      Costs of appeal are assessed against the appellee, for which execution may issue if
necessary.



                                                               ______________________________
                                                                    ANDY D. BENNETT, JUDGE




        7
         (...continued)
a quick “yell and it’s over” incident, but an incident that continued and escalated over a period of time.
        8
       It appears that Mr. Ensey could have testified as to other outbursts by the supervisor, given his
comments in his letters appealing the Designee’s ruling.

                                                    -7-
