                                                        [DO NOT PUBLISH]



            IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                    FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT           FILED
                     ________________________ U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                                                         ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                                                            JULY 10, 2012
                            No. 11-11388
                      ________________________               JOHN LEY
                                                               CLERK

                        Agency No. A097-636-058




YELKAL GELAHUN IDO,

                                                                Petitioner,

                                   versus

U.S. ATTORNEY GENERAL,

                                                                Respondent.

                      ________________________

                  Petition for Review of a Decision of the
                       Board of Immigration Appeals
                       ________________________

                              (July 10, 2012)

Before CARNES, MARTIN and JORDAN, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:
      Yelkal Ido, an Ethiopian citizen of Oromo ethnicity, seeks review of the

Board of Immigration Appeals’ final order affirming the Immigration Judge’s

denial of his application for asylum and withholding of removal under the

Immigration and Nationality Act, 8 U.S.C. §§ 1101(a)(42), 1158(b)(1)(A),

1231(b)(3)(A), and withholding of removal under the United Nations Convention

Against Torture, 8 C.F.R. § 1208.16. The BIA based its decision on an adverse

credibility determination. It found that Ido’s statements during his interview with

an asylum officer were inconsistent with his asylum application and his testimony

during his removal hearing. Ido contends that the asylum officer’s notes from the

interview are unreliable and the BIA should not have considered them. He

alternatively contends that, even if the notes are considered, the record compels a

finding that he is credible. Ido also contends that the BIA failed to consider

corroborative evidence that he submitted to support his asylum application.

                                         I.

      On September 10, 2003, Ido filed an application for asylum, withholding of

removal, and CAT relief. In it he claimed that he was persecuted in Ethiopia

because of political ties that he and his family had with the Oromo Liberation

Front. A 2007 country report for Ethiopia that Ido attached to his asylum

application describes the Oromo Liberation Front as an outlawed nationalist

                                          2
movement that has taken up arms against the Ethiopian government because of its

perceived marginalization of the Oromos, the nation’s largest ethnic group. Ido

stated in his asylum application that he feared the danger that awaited him if he

returned to Ethiopia.

      In November 2006, more than four years after he arrived in the United

States, an asylum officer interviewed Ido about his application for asylum. An

interpreter and Ido’s attorney were present during the interview. The asylum

officer took short-hand notes during the interview, and he later wrote an

assessment referring the case to the IJ and recommending that Ido was ineligible

for asylum because he was not credible.

      After a hearing, the IJ made an adverse credibility determination, finding

that Ido’s testimony was inconsistent, insufficiently detailed, and improbable. The

IJ focused on statements Ido had made in his asylum interview that conflicted with

those in his asylum application and his testimony at the removal hearing. The IJ

found that there were inconsistences about the dates and details of Ido’s two

alleged arrests, the extent of his participation with the Oromo Liberation Front,

and his explanation about returning to Ethiopia after he had fled to Djibouti in

2002. The IJ also determined that Ido did not provide sufficient corroborative

evidence. He concluded that Ido was not eligible for asylum, withholding of

                                          3
removal, or CAT relief.

       Ido appealed to the BIA, contending that he was entitled to asylum.1 The

BIA dismissed the appeal, concluding that the asylum officer’s interview notes

were reliable and finding no clear error in the IJ’s adverse credibility

determination. The BIA noted that in Ido’s asylum interview, he said that he was

first arrested in September 1999 for passing out fliers at school in support of the

Oromo Liberation Front but that he was not harmed, and yet he testified later in

his removal hearing that he was first arrested in August 1999 and was beaten “with

a [police] baton on his back and legs.” About his second arrest for participating in

an April 2001 protest against university budget cuts that the government accused

Oromo Liberation Front members of orchestrating, Ido also gave inconsistent

statements. The BIA noted that he told the asylum officer that the demonstration

occurred in June 2001, he was arrested in June 2002, and he was detained for two

months. Ido testified in his removal hearing, however, that the demonstration

occurred in April 2001, he was arrested in May 2002, and he was detained for a

month.

       The BIA agreed with the IJ’s conclusion that it was implausible that after



1
 In his brief to the BIA, Ido did not make any arguments about entitlement to withholding of
removal or CAT relief.

                                               4
that 2001 demonstration, Ido was able to escape arrest for more than a year while

living at his grandparents’ home and attending daily classes at his high school.

The BIA also found that Ido gave inconsistent explanations about his involvement

with the Oromo Liberation Front. In his asylum interview and application, he said

that he was associated with the Oromo Liberation Front, organized its students at

his high school, and collected contributions for its elders. Ido testified in his

removal hearing, however, that he never joined that group and was only a member

of the Oromo Student Association. Ido also gave inconsistent and implausible

explanations about why he returned to Ethiopia in 2002 after having fled to

Djibouti following his second arrest. His asylum application stated that he

returned to see his mother, but he testified at the removal hearing that he returned

to get an exit visa.

      The BIA based its decision to affirm the denial of relief on the IJ’s adverse

credibility determination, stating: “Thus, we will affirm the denial of [Ido’s]

asylum application due to his lack of credibility. Because this issue is dispositive,

we need not and decline to address the respondent’s other issues on appeal.” The

BIA sua sponte affirmed the IJ’s denial of withholding of removal and CAT relief,

even though Ido’s brief to the BIA had not preserved those claims. This is Ido’s




                                           5
appeal of the BIA’s decision.2

                                              II.

       “When, as here, the BIA issues its own opinion, we review only the decision

of the BIA, except to the extent the BIA expressly adopts the IJ’s decision.”

Kueviakoe v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 567 F.3d 1301, 1304 (11th Cir. 2009). “Factual

determinations, including credibility determinations, are reviewed under a

substantial evidence standard, which provides that the decision can be reversed

only if evidence compels a reasonable fact finder to find otherwise.” Tang v. U.S.

Att’y Gen., 578 F.3d 1270, 1276 (11th Cir. 2009) (quotation marks omitted).

“This test requires us to view the record evidence in the light most favorable to the

agency’s decision and draw all reasonable inferences in favor of that decision.”

Id. (quotation marks omitted). “To reverse the . . . fact findings, we must find that

the record not only supports reversal, but compels it.” Id. (quotation marks

omitted).


2
  We lack subject matter jurisdiction to review the BIA’s denial of withholding of removal and
CAT relief because Ido failed to raise those claims in his appeal to the BIA. See Sundar v.
I.N.S., 328 F.3d 1320, 1323 (11th Cir. 2003) (“[W]e lack jurisdiction to consider claims that
have not been raised before the BIA.”); Amaya-Artunduaga v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 463 F.3d 1247,
1250 (11th Cir. 2006). The BIA’s sua sponte consideration of those claims does not create
subject matter jurisdiction. See Amaya-Artunduaga, 463 F.3d at 1250 (“That the BIA reviewed
the IJ’s adverse credibility determination sua sponte does not alter our conclusion.”). We do
have subject matter jurisdiction over Ido’s asylum claim even though he was removed from the
United States after the BIA issued its order. See Moore v. Ashcroft, 251 F.3d 919, 922 (11th Cir.
2001).

                                               6
      An applicant “must establish eligibility for asylum by offering credible,

direct, and specific evidence.” Forgue v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 401 F.3d 1282, 1287

(11th Cir. 2005) (quotation marks omitted). The applicant’s uncorroborated but

credible testimony by itself may be enough to establish eligibility for asylum. Id.

Conversely, when there is no other evidence of persecution, an adverse credibility

finding may be enough to justify the denial of relief. Id. “[S]pecific, cogent

reasons” must be provided for an adverse credibility determination. Id. Even if

there is an adverse credibility determination, the “BIA and the IJ must consider all

evidence introduced by the applicant.” Seck v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 663 F.3d 1356,

1364 (11th Cir. 2011) (quotation marks omitted); Forgue, 401 F.3d at 1287

(explaining that corroborative evidence of persecution must be considered if it is

presented, and it is not sufficient to rely solely on the adverse credibility

determination in those circumstances).

                                          III.

                                          A.

      Ido contends that the asylum interview notes that the BIA relied on to make

its adverse credibility determination are unreliable and should not have been

considered for these reasons: they are not complete transcriptions or a complete

summary; there is no evidence that Ido or the asylum officer vouched for their

                                           7
accuracy or completeness; and there is a mistake contained in the notes (first arrest

date is recorded as 1990 instead of 1999). In determining whether statements

made during interviews can be relied upon when making a credibility

determination, the BIA generally requires that the record contain, at a minimum, a

meaningful, clear, and reliable summary of the applicant’s statements. In re S-S-,

21 I. & N. Dec. 121, 123–24 (BIA 1995). The BIA held that the asylum officer’s

notes in this case met that standard.

      This Court has not addressed whether an asylum officer’s notes from an

interview can be relied upon as evidence when making a credibility determination.

In the context of airport and credible-fear interviews, we have held that interview

statements are reliable for credibility determination purposes so long as they

“actually contradict[]” and “cannot be squared with” an applicant’s later

testimony. Shkambi v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 584 F.3d 1041, 1050 (11th Cir. 2009)

(quotation marks omitted) (applying that standard to airport interview notes);

Mohammed v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 547 F.3d 1340, 1345–46 (11th Cir. 2008)

(accepting as reliable credible-fear interview notes). At the same time, we have

cautioned against placing too much emphasis on airport interview statements when

the focus is on omissions instead of contradictions between the interview

statements and later testimony. See Tang, 578 F.3d at 1279; see also Shkambi,

                                          8
584 F.3d at 1051 (explaining that “Tang recognizes that airport interviews are

useful and probative in evaluating an asylum applicant’s credibility, but that they

must be used with care as to the nature of the variances with subsequent

statements”).

      The asylum interview notes involved in the present case, like the airport

interview notes that we held were reliable in the Shkambi case, involved

statements that were contradicted by later testimony. See 584 F.3d at 1051. As in

the Shkambi case, a translator was present during Ido’s interview. Id. at 1043.

Not only that, but Ido was represented by counsel during his interview (Shkambi

apparently was not), and Ido had already been in the United States for almost four

years (instead of just having arrived at the airport as Shkambi had). Cf. Diallo v.

Gonzales, 445 F.3d 624, 631–33 (2d Cir. 2006) (explaining why, unlike airport

interviews, asylum interviews do not require special scrutiny).

      A specific regulation governs asylum interviews, and it provides that their

purpose is “to elicit all relevant and useful information bearing on the applicant’s

eligibility for asylum.” 8 C.F.R. § 208.9(b). That regulation also states that the

asylum interview must be conducted “in a nonadversarial manner.” Id. The

applicant may have counsel present and may present witnesses, affidavits, and

other evidence. Id. As we have already mentioned, Ido was represented by

                                          9
counsel during his asylum interview, and there are no indications or allegations

that the interview was conducted in any way contrary to the requirements of §

208.9.

         During Ido’s removal hearing, where he was also represented by counsel,

the IJ gave him the opportunity to review the interview notes, and Ido did not

object to their admission into evidence. In making its credibility determination,

the BIA did not err by considering the notes from Ido’s asylum interview.

                                           B.

         Ido contends that even if the asylum interview notes are considered reliable

evidence for making the credibility determination, the record compels a

determination that he is credible. He argues that the inconsistencies found by the

BIA were just minor discrepancies that do not go to the heart of his claims.

         Because Ido’s application was filed in 2003, the REAL ID Act of 2005,

Pub. L. No. 109-13, 119 Stat. 231 (codified in scattered sections of 8 U.S.C.), does

not apply. Shkambi, 584 F.3d at 1049 n.7. The REAL ID Act requires the

factfinder to consider the totality of the circumstances in making a credibility

determination, and it provides that the factfinder may consider any inaccuracies or

falsehoods in an applicant’s statements, “without regard to whether an

inconsistency, inaccuracy, or falsehood goes to the heart of the applicant’s claim.”

                                           10
8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(B)(iii). Before the enactment of the REAL ID Act, our

precedent was unclear about whether a factfinder making a credibility

determination could consider only those matters that went to the heart of the

applicant’s claim. Even so, we need not determine this Court’s pre-REAL ID Act

standard for adverse credibility determinations because the BIA focused on

inconsistencies and implausibilities that do go to the heart of Ido’s claim for

asylum. See Shkambi, 584 F.3d at 1049 n.7 (refraining from deciding the adverse

credibility determination standard for pre-REAL ID Act cases because of

inconsistencies that related directly to the applicant’s claims of persecution). The

inconsistencies the BIA relied on involve Ido’s allegations about incarceration and

physical abuse by the Ethiopian government, the extent of his political affiliations,

his past political activities, and whether he truly feared persecution (as evidenced

by his return to Ethiopia from Djibouti).

      The length of Ido’s detention and whether he was beaten during it are

particularly crucial facts central to Ido’s claim of persecution. As for his

inconsistent statements about the dates of his arrests, the BIA did not merely rely

on minor discrepancies in dates to make its credibility finding; instead, it relied on




                                            11
the lack of detail about the two arrests.3

       Ido offers no real explanation for the significant discrepancy between his

statement to the asylum officer that he suffered no physical abuse and his

statements in his asylum application and hearing testimony that he was physically

abused during detention. In his brief to this Court, Ido merely speculates that he

might not have mentioned physical abuse during the asylum interview because he

had experienced police brutality and coercion in Ethiopia, which could have led

him to be less candid with American government officials. About the discrepancy

between his statement to the asylum officer that after his second arrest he was

detained for two months and his testimony that he was detained for one month, he

asserts that the difference of one month when describing events that happened a

decade ago is insignificant. The degree of physical abuse suffered (if any) and the

length of time a person is incarcerated are not minor discrepancies; they are facts

3
  Ido’s brief to this Court correctly points out that the BIA made an error of fact. The BIA held
that it was implausible that Ido attended classes daily for more than a year after the Ethiopian
police sought to arrest him for his participation in the April 2001 protest. The record
demonstrates that Ido graduated from high school in June 2001, meaning he attended classes for,
at the most, only two months after the protest. But the IJ initially made this same error, and Ido
failed to challenge it before the BIA. Ido has waived any challenge to this error by failing to
preserve it, but even taking account of that error, it is not enough to compel reversal in light of
the record as a whole.

        Ido also challenges the BIA’s conclusion that he gave inconsistent dates for his first
arrest: September 1999 in his asylum interview and August 1999 in his hearing testimony. Ido
actually testified that he was arrested “around August 1999.” If that is an inconsistency, it is a
minor one, but in any event, it does not change the result here.

                                                12
that are central to an asylum claim. Even if some of the inconsistencies the BIA

recognized were minor, these were not. The record as a whole establishes that the

inconsistencies the BIA relied on constitute substantial evidence supporting its

adverse credibility determination. The record does not compel reversal of the

BIA’s denial of asylum on that basis.

                                        IV.

      Ido also contends that the BIA failed to consider corroborating evidence

that he presented: a State Department report, an Ethiopian arrest warrant, and

Ido’s passport. He argues that this Court must remand so that the BIA can

consider that evidence. The BIA relied solely on the IJ’s adverse credibility

determination, and there is no indication that it considered the corroborating

evidence.

      An adverse credibility determination alone cannot support the denial of an

asylum application when the applicant produces other evidence of persecution, as

Ido has done. See Forgue, 401 F.3d at 1287. “[T]he IJ and the BIA need not

address specifically each claim the petitioner made or each piece of evidence the

petitioner presented, but they must consider the issues raised and announce their

decision in terms sufficient to enable a reviewing court to perceive that they have

heard and thought and not merely reacted.” Carrizo v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 652 F.3d

                                         13
1326, 1332 (11th Cir. 2011) (quotation marks omitted). The BIA has not

announced its decision in terms that are sufficient to enable us to tell whether it

has considered any of Ido’s corroborating evidence. See id. For that reason, we

remand the case to the BIA for it to consider the corroborating evidence that Ido

presented. See Sanchez Jimenez v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 492 F.3d 1223, 1237 (11th

Cir. 2007) (“[T]he general practice in this circuit is to remand when the IJ or BIA

fails to make adequate findings or give reasoned consideration to all the

evidence.” (quotation marks omitted)).

                                         V.

      We deny Ido’s petition insofar as it challenges the BIA’s adverse credibility

determination, but we grant in part Ido’s petition and remand this action to the

BIA so that it may consider whether Ido is entitled to asylum in light of his

corroborating evidence.

      DENIED in part, GRANTED in part, and REMANDED.




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