[Cite as State v. Beasley, 2019-Ohio-719.]


                              IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO

                                   TENTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

City of Columbus,                                  :

                 Plaintiff-Appellee,               :
                                                                    No. 17AP-629
v.                                                 :            (M.C. No. 15TRC-165742)

David E. Beasley,                                  :           (REGULAR CALENDAR)

                 Defendant-Appellant.              :




                                             D E C I S I O N

                                    Rendered on February 28, 2019


                 On brief: Zach Kline, City Attorney, Lara N. Baker, City
                 Solicitor, and Melanie R. Tobias, for appellee. Argued:
                 Melanie R. Tobias.

                 On brief: Carpenter Lipps & Leland LLP, Kort Gatterdam,
                 and David F. Hanson, for appellant. Argued: David F.
                 Hanson.

                        APPEAL from the Franklin County Municipal Court
DORRIAN, J.
          {¶ 1} Defendant-appellant, David E. Beasley, appeals the judgment of the Franklin
County Municipal Court finding him guilty of operating a vehicle under the influence
("OVI"), pursuant to a jury verdict, and imposing sentence. For the following reasons, we
affirm.
I. Facts and Procedural History
          {¶ 2} On September 1, 2015, plaintiff-appellee, City of Columbus, charged
appellant with two criminal counts: (1) OVI in violation of Columbus City Code
2133.01(A)(1)(a), and (2) OVI in violation of R.C. 4511.19(A)(2).
          {¶ 3} On March 22, 2016, appellant filed a motion to suppress evidence. On
April 18, 2016, appellee filed a memorandum contra appellant's motion to suppress. On
No. 17AP-629                                                                                2


February 22, 2017, the trial court held a hearing on the motion to suppress. At the
suppression hearing, appellee presented testimony from Zachariah West, a police officer
with the Columbus Division of Police. The same day, February 22, 2017, the court filed an
entry denying appellant's motion to suppress, finding the initial encounter was consensual
and Officer West had probable cause to arrest appellant.
       {¶ 4} On July 31, 2017, a jury trial commenced. Officer West testified that on
September 1, 2015, at approximately 1:44 a.m., he noticed a vehicle parked with its lights
off at a closed gas station on Parsons Avenue in Columbus. Officer West approached the
passenger side of the vehicle and observed two individuals in the vehicle, later identified as
appellant in the driver's seat and Kendra Lett in the passenger seat. Immediately after he
initiated a conversation with appellant and Lett, Officer West smelled the odor of an
alcoholic beverage and marijuana and observed keys in the vehicle's ignition. Officer West
moved to the driver's side of the vehicle and spoke with appellant.
       {¶ 5} Officer West smelled a stronger odor of alcohol coming from appellant's
breath and observed appellant was "fumbling around" in the vehicle. (July 31, 2017 Tr. at
130.) According to Officer West, appellant claimed he had pulled over into the gas station
parking lot because he had lost his music player between the seats of the vehicle. When
asked by Officer West whether he had been drinking prior to parking the vehicle, appellant
responded affirmatively. Officer West returned to his police cruiser to check the validity of
appellant's license and ascertain whether appellant had any outstanding warrants. Because
his police cruiser did not have a recording device for purposes of conducting field sobriety
tests, Officer West radioed Officer Duane Derwacter of the Columbus Division of Police for
assistance.
       {¶ 6} While he waited for Officer Derwacter to arrive, Officer West removed
appellant from his vehicle, placed him in handcuffs, and seated him in the rear of his police
cruiser. When Officer Derwacter arrived, Officer West removed appellant from the cruiser
and placed him in clear view of Officer Derwacter's recording equipment. Appellant,
however, refused to begin the field sobriety tests. As a result, Officer Derwacter placed him
back in handcuffs and returned him to the rear of the police cruiser.
       {¶ 7} After placing appellant back in the cruiser, Officer West returned to
appellant's vehicle and spoke with Lett, whom he suspected was under the influence of
No. 17AP-629                                                                                  3


alcohol because of the smell of alcohol on her breath and her slurred speech. Officer West
explained the situation to Lett and returned to the cruiser. According to Officer West,
appellant was "upset, asking basically why he was being arrested." (July 31, 2017 Tr. at
135.) Officer West informed appellant he needed to perform the field sobriety tests in order
to be released. Appellant then agreed to perform the field sobriety tests.
       {¶ 8} Officer West removed appellant from the cruiser and placed him in front of
Officer Derwacter's recording equipment.          Officer West testified appellant showed
impairment on each of the three tests he completed. Following the completion of the field
sobriety tests, Officer West arrested appellant for OVI and placed him in Officer
Derwacter's cruiser. Officer West testified that appellant, while in the cruiser, stated he had
not been driving but admitted to being drunk. Officer West offered to administer a breath
test to appellant, but appellant refused to submit to a breath test. Following appellant's
arrest, Officer West researched appellant's prior traffic record and found appellant had
been previously convicted for OVI.
       {¶ 9} Appellant testified that on August 31, 2015, he was with Lett when a friend
named Ashley Scott contacted him. Appellant and Lett agreed to meet Scott at the gas
station on Parsons Avenue in Columbus. Appellant parked his vehicle at the gas station
and gave the key to his vehicle to Lett. Appellant testified Scott drove appellant and Lett
from the gas station to a bar in Columbus where appellant and Lett had "drinks." (July 31,
2017 Tr. at 204.)
       {¶ 10} After consuming drinks, Scott drove appellant and Lett back to appellant's
vehicle at the gas station. Lett arranged for someone to give her and appellant a ride from
the gas station. While they waited for their ride to arrive, Lett used appellant's key to open
the doors to the vehicle. Appellant testified the keys were never put in the vehicle's ignition.
Appellant and Lett were sitting in the vehicle and talking when they were approached by a
police officer. Appellant testified he initially denied to the officer that he had been driving
the vehicle. However, because he wanted to leave and did not want to take a sobriety test,
appellant testified he eventually lied, saying he was driving and pulled over to get his music
player. Appellant testified he was arrested and charged with "a fourth time DUI." (July 31,
2017 Tr. at 212.)
No. 17AP-629                                                                                 4


       {¶ 11} On cross-examination, appellant admitted to having three prior convictions
for OVI. Appellant stated he intentionally did not park his vehicle in a marked parking
space at the gas station before heading to the bar. Appellant testified he lied to the officer
about driving and searching for his music player because the officer was "coercing"
appellant to take a sobriety test. (July 31, 2017 Tr. at 224.)
       {¶ 12} Lett testified she had a child with appellant. On the night in question,
appellant gave her the keys to his vehicle at the gas station before they left with Scott. When
she and appellant returned to the vehicle, Lett did not place the keys in the ignition but,
rather, placed them in a cup holder in the vehicle. On cross-examination, Lett admitted she
and appellant became intoxicated from drinking at the bar.
       {¶ 13} Scott testified she worked for appellant. At approximately 11:00 p.m. on
August 31, 2015, she called appellant and agreed to meet him and Lett at the gas station
before going to the bar. She stated they stayed at the bar for about one hour before she
drove appellant and Lett back to appellant's vehicle at approximately 1:00 a.m.
       {¶ 14} On August 4, 2017, the trial court filed an entry reflecting the jury's verdict
finding appellant guilty of both the charged offenses. On the same day, the trial court filed
an entry sentencing appellant to 180 days incarceration with 120 days suspended,
suspending appellant's driver's license for 3 years, and imposing a 2-year period of
community control. On March 14, 2018, the trial court filed a nunc pro tunc entry reflecting
that appellee elected to sentence appellant on the charge of OVI in violation of Columbus
City Code 2133.01(A)(1)(a) only.
II. Assignments of Error
       {¶ 15} Appellant appeals and assigns the following four assignments of error for our
review:
               [I.] THE TRIAL COURT COMMITTED REVERSIBLE ERROR
               WHEN IT OVERRULED [APPELLANT'S] MOTION TO
               SUPPRESS HIS UNLAWFUL ARREST BY THE POLICE, AND
               THE     EVIDENCE    GATHERED    FOLLOWING    HIS
               UNLAWFUL ARREST BY THE POLICE, IN VIOLATION OF
               [APPELLANT'S] RIGHTS UNDER THE FOURTH, SIXTH,
               AND FOURTEENTH AMENDMENTS TO THE UNITED
               STATES CONSTITUTION, AND SECTIONS 10, 14, AND 16,
               ARTICLE I OF THE OHIO CONSTITUTION.
No. 17AP-629                                                                                5


               [II.] THE TRIAL COURT VIOLATED APPELLANT'S RIGHTS
               TO DUE PROCESS AND A FAIR TRIAL WHEN IT ENTERED
               A JUDGMENT OF CONVICTION BASED ON INSUFFICIENT
               EVIDENCE AND AGAINST THE MANIFEST WEIGHT OF
               THE EVIDENCE IN VIOLATION OF APPELLANT'S RIGHTS
               UNDER       THE   UNITED    STATES   AND     OHIO
               CONSTITUTIONS.

               [III.] THE TRIAL COURT COMMITTED REVERSIBLE
               ERROR WHEN IT FAILED TO PROPERLY INSTRUCT THE
               JURY ON PHYSICAL CONTROL, IN VIOLATION OF
               [APPELLANT'S] FIFTH, SIXTH, AND FOURTEENTH
               AMENDMENT RIGHTS UNDER THE UNITED STATES
               CONSTITUTION, AND SECTIONS 10 AND 16, ARTICLE I OF
               THE OHIO CONSTITUTION.

               [IV.] APPELLANT WAS DEPRIVED OF THE EFFECTIVE
               ASSISTANCE OF TRIAL COUNSEL IN VIOLATION OF
               APPELLANT'S RIGHTS UNDER THE SIXTH AND
               FOURTEENTH AMENDMENTS TO THE UNITED STATES
               CONSTITUTION, AND SECTION 10 AND 16, ARTICLE I OF
               THE OHIO CONSTITUTION.

For ease of discussion, we consider appellant's assignments of error out of order.
III. Third Assignment of Error—Lesser-Included Offense
       {¶ 16} In his third assignment of error, appellant asserts the trial court erred by
failing to instruct the jury on the lesser-included offense of having physical control of a
vehicle while under the influence ("the offense of physical control").
       {¶ 17} Because appellant failed to request an instruction on a lesser-included
offense, he has forfeited all but plain error. State v. English, 10th Dist. No. 13AP-88, 2014-
Ohio-89, ¶ 26; State v. Riley, 10th Dist. No. 06AP-1091, 2007-Ohio-4409, ¶ 4; State v.
McDowell, 10th Dist. No. 10AP-509, 2011-Ohio-6815, ¶ 44. See State v. Quarterman, 140
Ohio St.3d 464, 2014-Ohio-4034, ¶ 15-16. Pursuant to Crim.R. 52(B), "[p]lain errors or
defects affecting substantial rights may be noticed although they were not brought to the
attention of the court." See State v. Lindsey, 87 Ohio St.3d 479, 482 (2000). "A showing
of plain error requires 'a reasonable probability that the error resulted in prejudice.'
(Emphasis sic.)." State v. Myers, __ Ohio St.3d __, 2018-Ohio-1903, ¶ 130, quoting State
v. Rogers, 143 Ohio St.3d 385, 2015-Ohio-2459, ¶ 22.
No. 17AP-629                                                                                   6


       {¶ 18} We begin by noting this court has not previously addressed the question of
whether the offense of physical control is a lesser-included offense of OVI. We consider
this lack of precedent as part of determining whether there was plain error.
       {¶ 19} The question of whether a particular offense should be submitted to the
finder of fact as a lesser-included offense involves a two-tiered analysis. State v. Deanda,
136 Ohio St.3d 18, 2013-Ohio-1722, ¶ 6, citing State v. Evans, 122 Ohio St.3d 381, 2009-
Ohio-2974, ¶ 13. In the first tier, also referred to as the "statutory elements [test]," a court
considers the purely legal question of whether one offense is generally a lesser-included
offense of the charged offense. Id., citing State v. Kidder, 32 Ohio St.3d 279, 281 (1987).
When analyzing the first tier, a court must find an offense is a lesser-included offense of
another where: (1) the offense carries a lesser penalty, (2) the greater offense cannot, as
statutorily defined, be committed without the lesser offense, as statutorily defined, also
being committed, and (3) some element of the greater offense is not required to prove
commission of the lesser offense. Evans at paragraph two of the syllabus, modifying State
v. Deem, 40 Ohio St.3d 205, 209 (1988). See State v. Smith, 117 Ohio St.3d 447, 2008-
Ohio-1260, paragraph one of the syllabus, modifying Deem (holding that when a statute
sets forth mutually exclusive ways of committing the greater offense, a court is required to
apply the second part of the statutory elements test separately to each alternate method of
committing the greater offense). In the second tier, a court considers the evidence in a
particular case and determines whether " ' "a jury could reasonably find the defendant not
guilty of the charged offense, but could convict the defendant of the lesser included
offense." ' " Deanda at ¶ 6, quoting Evans at ¶ 13, quoting Shaker Hts. v. Mosely, 113 Ohio
St.3d 329, 2007-Ohio-2072, ¶ 11.
       {¶ 20} Under Evans, we begin by comparing the statutory elements of the offenses
in question. Here, appellant was convicted of OVI in violation of Columbus City Code
2133.01(A)(1)(a), a first-degree misdemeanor.         Columbus City Code 2133.01(A)(1)(a)
provides that "[n]o person shall operate any vehicle, streetcar, or trackless trolley within
this City, if, at the time of the operation * * * [t]he person is under the influence of alcohol,
a drug of abuse, or a combination of them." Under Columbus City Code 2101.201, "operate"
is defined as "to cause or have caused movement of a vehicle." As applied to Columbus City
Code 2133.01, "vehicle" is defined as:
No. 17AP-629                                                                                    7


               [E]very device, including a motorized or non-motorized
               bicycle, in, upon or by which any person or property may be
               transported or drawn upon a street or highway, except that
               "vehicle" does not include any motorized wheelchair, any
               electric personal assistive mobility device, or any device that is
               used exclusively upon stationary rails or tracks, or any other
               device that is moved by human power.
Former Columbus City Code 2101.51.
       {¶ 21} Appellant contends the jury should have been instructed on the offense of
physical control pursuant to R.C. 4511.194, a first-degree misdemeanor. R.C. 4511.194(B)
provides:
               No person shall be in physical control of a vehicle, streetcar, or
               trackless trolley if, at the time of the physical control, any of the
               following apply:
               (1) The person is under the influence of alcohol, a drug of abuse,
               or a combination of them.
               (2) The person's whole blood, blood serum or plasma, breath,
               or urine contains at least the concentration of alcohol specified
               in division (A)(1)(b), (c), (d), or (e) of section 4511.19 of the
               Revised Code.
               (3) Except as provided in division (E) of this section, the person
               has a concentration of a listed controlled substance or a listed
               metabolite of a controlled substance in the person's whole
               blood, blood serum or plasma, or urine that equals or exceeds
               the concentration specified in division (A)(1)(j) of section
               4511.19 of the Revised Code.
Under R.C. 4511.194(A)(2), "[p]hysical control" is defined as "being in the driver's position
of the front seat of a vehicle or in the driver's position of a streetcar or trackless trolley and
having possession of the vehicle's, streetcar's, or trackless trolley's ignition key or other
ignition device." As applied to Ohio Revised Code Chapter 4511, "vehicle" is defined as:
               [E]very device, including a motorized bicycle, in, upon, or by
               which any person or property may be transported or drawn
               upon a highway, except that "vehicle" does not include any
               motorized wheelchair, any electric personal assistive mobility
               device, any device that is moved by power collected from
               overhead electric trolley wires or that is used exclusively upon
               stationary rails or tracks, or any device, other than a bicycle,
               that is moved by human power.
Former R.C. 4511.01(A).
No. 17AP-629                                                                                            8


        {¶ 22} Our survey of Ohio law reveals only a few cases which may apply to address
the Evans test. There is some precedent that could support finding that OVI can be
committed without the offense of physical control also being committed. State v. Taylor,
9th Dist. No. 12CA010258, 2013-Ohio-2035, ¶ 7. See State v. Hlinovsky, 7th Dist. No. 09
BE 19, 2011-Ohio-6421, ¶ 94 (noting that because "it is possible for an impaired passenger
to commit OVI but not commit a physical control violation," the offense of physical control
"seems to conflict with the second prong" of the statutory elements test). As appellant
points out there is also precedent that could support a finding that an OVI cannot be
committed without the offense of physical control also being committed. State v. Schultz,
8th Dist. No. 90412, 2008-Ohio-4448, ¶ 31 (stating that "being in physical control of a
vehicle while under the influence in violation of R.C. 4511.194 is likely the lesser included
offense of OVI in violation of R.C. 4511.19" in the context of considering a sentencing
enhancement).1 (Emphasis added.) We consider this lack of uniform and overwhelming
precedent in determining whether there was plain error.
        {¶ 23} The city encourages us to expressly find that physical control is not a lesser
included offense of operating a vehicle while under the influence of alcohol. The city
suggests we consider the plain language of the statutes in question and apply our finding in
Columbus v. Freeman, 181 Ohio App.3d 320, 2009-Ohio-1046 (10th Dist.), that the
statutory definition of "operate" is not limited to drivers and "can encompass a person in
the vehicle whose conduct causes movement of the vehicle by grabbing the steering wheel."
Freeman at ¶ 17. It is not necessary, at this time, for this court to engage in this
consideration. Given the fact that there is no precedent on the question from our own
district, the fact that there is a lack of uniform and overwhelming precedent on the issue
from other courts of this state, as well as the fact that counsel's decision to forego requesting
the instruction could have been part of the trial strategy, we cannot say that it was plain
error for the trial court to not give the lesser included offense instruction.
        {¶ 24} Accordingly, we overrule appellant's third assignment of error.




1 We note that, in Schultz, the Eighth District Appellate Court also states in a footnote that "[t]he term

'operate' " as used in the context of an OVI "is still broad enough to encompass an impaired passenger who
grabs the steering wheel of a moving vehicle," but that "an impaired passenger cannot be convicted of a
physical control violation because he is not in the driver's seat." Id. at ¶ 30, fn. 6.
No. 17AP-629                                                                                   9


IV. Second Assignment of Error—Sufficiency and Manifest Weight of the
    Evidence

        {¶ 25} In his second assignment of error, appellant asserts his conviction was
supported by insufficient evidence and against the manifest weight of the evidence.
Appellant raises several arguments in support of his assignment of error, but does not
differentiate between sufficiency and manifest weight of the evidence. As sufficiency and
manifest weight of the evidence are "distinct concepts" that are "quantitatively and
qualitatively different," we shall address them separately. State v. Taylor, 10th Dist. No.
14AP-254, 2015-Ohio-2490, ¶ 30, citing State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 386
(1997).
A. Sufficiency of the Evidence
        {¶ 26} Sufficiency of the evidence is a legal standard that tests whether the evidence
is adequate to sustain a verdict as a matter of law. Eastley v. Volkman, 132 Ohio St.3d 328,
2012-Ohio-2179, ¶ 11; Thompkins at 386. In reviewing a challenge to the sufficiency of the
evidence, an appellate court must determine "whether, after viewing the evidence in a light
most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential
elements of the crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt." State v. Jenks, 61 Ohio St.3d
259 (1991), paragraph two of the syllabus. Where the evidence, "if believed, would convince
the average mind of the defendant's guilt beyond a reasonable doubt," it is sufficient to
sustain a conviction. Id. "The testimony of a single witness, if believed by the finder of fact,
is sufficient to support a criminal conviction." State v. Booker, 10th Dist. No. 15AP-42,
2015-Ohio-5118, ¶ 18, citing State v. Elqatto, 10th Dist. No. 11AP-914, 2012-Ohio-4303,
¶ 20.
        {¶ 27} As previously discussed, appellant was convicted of OVI in violation of
Columbus City Code 2133.01(A)(1)(a), which provides that "[n]o person shall operate any
vehicle, streetcar, or trackless trolley within this City, if, at the time of the operation * * *
[t]he person is under the influence of alcohol, a drug of abuse, or a combination of them."
Under Columbus City Code 2101.201, "operate" is defined as "to cause or have caused
movement of a vehicle."
        {¶ 28} Appellant contends there was insufficient testimony to support he consumed
alcohol before driving. Appellant also asserts there was no evidence he was seen driving
No. 17AP-629                                                                              10


under the influence of alcohol. Finally, appellant asserts that even assuming he drove the
vehicle, there was no evidence regarding how much time had passed from the time he
parked until he was approached by Officer West.
       {¶ 29} It is immaterial that Officer West did not personally observe appellant driving
as testimony at trial and circumstantial evidence supported the conclusion that appellant
had been driving while under the influence. State v. Davis, 11th Dist. No. 2008-L-021,
2008-Ohio-6991, ¶ 57. Officer West observed the keys in the ignition and smelled the odor
of marijuana and alcohol coming from the vehicle, with a stronger odor of alcohol coming
from appellant's breath. Officer West witnessed appellant "fumbling around" between the
seats, and testified appellant stated "he was just pulling over because he lost his music
player between the seats." (July 31, 2017 Tr. at 131.) Testimony and evidence submitted at
trial reflected appellant's vehicle was not parked in a marked parking space at the gas
station, consistent with someone pulling over temporarily. When Officer West asked
appellant "if he had been drinking prior to parking his vehicle there," appellant responded
affirmatively. (July 31, 2017 Tr. at 131.)
       {¶ 30} Appellant admitted at trial that he told Officer West he had been drinking and
that he pulled over in order to search for his music player. Appellant showed impairment
on each of the three tests he completed.
       {¶ 31} Officer West's testimony, appellant's admissions, the smell of alcohol on
appellant's breath and burnt marijuana in the vehicle, and the results of the field sobriety
tests provided sufficient direct and circumstantial evidence to find appellant had been
operating the vehicle under the influence of alcohol or drugs. State v. Fausnaugh, 10th
Dist. No. 11AP-842, 2012-Ohio-4414, ¶ 26, quoting State v. Franklin, 62 Ohio St.3d 118,
124 (1991), citing State v. Nicely, 39 Ohio St.3d 147, 154-55 (1988) (stating that "[u]nder
Ohio law, * * * circumstantial evidence can have the same probative value as direct
evidence, and '[a] conviction can be sustained based on circumstantial evidence alone' ").
Thus, viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution, we find sufficient
evidence supported appellant's conviction.
B. Manifest Weight of the Evidence
       {¶ 32} Whereas a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence tests whether the
evidence is adequate to sustain a verdict as a matter of law, a challenge to the manifest
No. 17AP-629                                                                                 11


weight of the evidence relates to persuasion and tests whether the greater amount of
credible evidence supports the verdict. Eastley at ¶ 11-13; Thompkins at 386-87. The
Supreme Court of Ohio has stated:
               Weight of the evidence concerns "the inclination of the greater
               amount of credible evidence, offered in a trial, to support one
               side of the issue rather than the other. It indicates clearly to the
               jury that the party having the burden of proof will be entitled to
               their verdict, if, on weighing the evidence in their minds, they
               shall find the greater amount of credible evidence sustains the
               issue which is to be established before them. Weight is not a
               question of mathematics, but depends on its effect in inducing
               belief."
(Emphasis sic.) Eastley at ¶ 12, quoting Thompkins at 387, quoting Black's Law Dictionary
1594 (6th Ed.1990).
       {¶ 33} When reviewing a challenge to the manifest weight of the evidence, an
appellate court cannot simply exchange its view for that of the trier of fact but, instead, must
" 'review the entire record, weigh the evidence and all reasonable inferences, consider the
credibility of witnesses and determine whether in resolving conflicts in the evidence, the
trier of fact clearly lost its way and created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that the
conviction must be reversed and a new trial ordered.' " State v. Williams, 10th Dist. No.
16AP-540, 2017-Ohio-5598, ¶ 24, quoting State v. McCrary, 10th Dist. No. 10AP-881, 2011-
Ohio-3161, ¶ 12, citing Thompkins at 387. This authority " 'should be exercised only in the
exceptional case in which the evidence weighs heavily against the conviction.' " Thompkins
at 387, quoting State v. Martin, 20 Ohio App.3d 172, 175 (1st Dist.1983). In reviewing the
evidence, "we are guided by the presumption that the jury, or the trial court in a bench trial,
'is best able to view the witnesses and observe their demeanor, gestures and voice
inflections, and use these observations in weighing the credibility of the proffered
testimony.' " State v. Cattledge, 10th Dist. No. 10AP-105, 2010-Ohio-4953, ¶ 6, quoting
Seasons Coal Co. v. Cleveland, 10 Ohio St.3d 77, 80 (1984). See Eastley at ¶ 21.
       {¶ 34} Appellant argues that "conflicting evidence was submitted as to whether
[appellant] 'operated' the vehicle." (Appellant's Brief at 30.) However, "a defendant is not
entitled to a reversal on manifest weight grounds merely because inconsistent evidence was
presented at trial." State v. Spires, 10th Dist. No. 10AP-861, 2011-Ohio-3312, ¶ 18, citing
State v. Raver, 10th Dist. No. 02AP-604, 2003-Ohio-958, ¶ 21. "[T]he jury may take note
No. 17AP-629                                                                                 12


of the inconsistencies and resolve them accordingly, 'believ[ing] all, part, or none of a
witness's testimony.' " State v. Taylor, 10th Dist. No. 17AP-103, 2017-Ohio-8327, ¶ 37,
quoting Raver at ¶ 21, citing State v. Antill, 176 Ohio St. 61, 67 (1964). See State v. Watkins,
10th Dist. No. 14AP-807, 2016-Ohio-1029, ¶ 19; State v. Coleman-Muse, 10th Dist. No.
15AP-566, 2016-Ohio-5636, ¶ 18. It was within the province of the jury, as trier of fact, to
believe the testimony of the prosecution's witnesses and disbelieve the testimony of the
defense's witnesses. State v. Hawk, 10th Dist. No. 12AP-895, 2013-Ohio-5794, ¶ 59. Upon
reviewing of the record, weighing the evidence, and considering the credibility of the
witnesses, we cannot find the trier of fact clearly lost its way in resolving conflicts in the
evidence presented at trial. Therefore, we find appellant's conviction was not against the
manifest weight of the evidence.
       {¶ 35} Accordingly, we overrule appellant's second assignment of error.
V. First Assignment of Error—Motion to Suppress
       {¶ 36} In his first assignment of error, appellant asserts the trial court erred in
denying his motion to suppress.
A. Standard of Review
       {¶ 37} "The review of a motion to suppress is a mixed question of law and fact."
State v. Castagnola, 145 Ohio St.3d 1, 2015-Ohio-1565, ¶ 32, citing State v. Burnside, 100
Ohio St.3d 152, 2003-Ohio-5372, ¶ 8. In evaluating the motion to suppress, the trial court
acts as the finder of fact and, therefore, is in the best position to resolve factual questions
and evaluate the credibility of witnesses. Burnside at ¶ 8. Therefore, we must accept the
trial court's findings of fact if they are supported by competent, credible evidence. Id.
"Accepting these facts as true, the appellate court must then independently determine,
without deference to the conclusion of the trial court, whether the facts satisfy the
applicable legal standard." Id. See also State v. Johnson, 10th Dist. No. 13AP-637, 2014-
Ohio-671, ¶ 6 ("We apply a de novo standard in determining whether the trial court properly
denied appellant's motion to suppress.").
B. Applicable Law
1. Constitutional Protections
       {¶ 38} The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution, applied to the
states through the Fourteenth Amendment, provides that "[t]he right of the people to be
No. 17AP-629                                                                               13


secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and
seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause,
supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and
the persons or other things to be seized." Article I, Section 14 of the Ohio Constitution
contains a nearly identical provision:
               The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses,
               papers, and possessions, against unreasonable searches and
               seizures shall not be violated; and no warrant shall issue, but
               upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation,
               particularly describing the place to be searched and the person
               and things to be seized.

See also R.C. 2933.22(A) and Crim.R. 41(C).
       {¶ 39} Historically, the protections afforded by Article I, Section 14 of the Ohio
Constitution have been construed as coextensive with the protections of the Fourth
Amendment of the United States Constitution. State v. Geraldo, 68 Ohio St.2d 120, 125-
26 (1981) ("We are disinclined to impose greater restrictions in the absence of explicit state
constitutional guarantees protecting against invasions of privacy that clearly transcend the
Fourth Amendment. * * * It is our opinion that the reach of Section 14, Article I, of the Ohio
Constitution * * * is coextensive with that of the Fourth Amendment."); State v. Robinette,
80 Ohio St.3d 234, 239 (1997) (stating that courts "should harmonize * * * interpretation
of Section 14, Article I of the Ohio Constitution with the Fourth Amendment, unless there
are persuasive reasons to find otherwise"); State v. Jones, 88 Ohio St.3d 430, 434 (2000),
modified in State v. Brown, 99 Ohio St.3d 323, 2003-Ohio-3931, syllabus. However, it is
well-recognized that states may "rely on their own constitutions to provide broader
protection for individual rights, independent of protections afforded by the United States
Constitution." Robinette at 238. See Arnold v. Cleveland, 67 Ohio St.3d 35, 38 (1993),
paragraph one of the syllabus ("In the areas of individual rights and civil liberties, the
United States Constitution, where applicable to the states, provides a floor below which
state court decisions may not fall."). Thus, in certain circumstances, the Supreme Court of
Ohio has construed Article I, Section 14 of the Ohio Constitution as providing greater
protection than the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Brown, 2003-
Ohio-3931, at ¶ 22; State v. Brown, 143 Ohio St.3d 444, 2015-Ohio-2438, ¶ 23 ("Article I,
Section 14 of the Ohio Constitution affords greater protection than the Fourth Amendment
No. 17AP-629                                                                                14


against searches and seizures conducted by members of law enforcement who lack
authority to make an arrest."). See Robinette at 238 (noting that a "state may impose
greater restrictions on police activity pursuant to its own state constitution than is required
by federal constitutional standards").
           {¶ 40} "The touchstone of the Fourth Amendment is reasonableness." Florida v.
Jimeno, 500 U.S. 248, 250 (1991), citing Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347, 360 (1967).
"The Fourth Amendment does not proscribe all state-initiated searches and seizures; it
merely proscribes those which are unreasonable." Id. In keeping with this principle, both
the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution, as applied to the states through
the Fourteenth Amendment, and Article I, Section 14 of the Ohio Constitution prohibit the
government from conducting warrantless searches and seizures, subject to certain
exceptions. Arizona v. Gant, 556 U.S. 332, 338 (2009), quoting Katz at 357 (" '[S]earches
conducted outside the judicial process, without prior approval by judge or magistrate, are
per se unreasonable under the Fourth Amendment—subject only to a few specifically
established and well-delineated exceptions.' "); State v. Limoli, 10th Dist. No. 11AP-924,
2012-Ohio-4502, ¶ 20, citing State v. Fowler, 10th Dist. No. 10AP-658, 2011-Ohio-3156,
¶ 11-12. Common exceptions to the warrant requirement include a consensual encounter
with a police officer and an investigative detention, commonly referred to as a Terry stop.2
2. Consensual Encounter
           {¶ 41} An encounter between a police officer and a member of the public is
consensual if a reasonable person would feel free to disregard the officer's questions or
terminate the encounter and go about his or her business. Florida v. Bostick, 501 U.S. 429,
434 (1991), citing California v. Hodari D., 499 U.S. 621, 628 (1991). Because a consensual
encounter does not involve a restraint on a person's liberty or privacy, such encounter does
not constitute a seizure for purposes of the Fourth Amendment. Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1,
19 (1968), fn. 16 ("[N]ot all personal intercourse between policemen and citizens involves
'seizures' of persons. Only when the officer, by means of physical force or show of authority,
has in some way restrained the liberty of a citizen may we conclude that a 'seizure' has
occurred."). Thus, consensual encounters between police officers and members of the
public do not implicate Fourth Amendment protections. Florida v. Royer, 460 U.S. 491,

2   Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968).
No. 17AP-629                                                                                 15


498 (1983) (plurality opinion) ("If there is no detention—no seizure within the meaning of
the Fourth Amendment—then no constitutional rights have been infringed."); United
States v. Mendenhall, 446 U.S. 544, 554 (1980) (opinion of Stewart, J.); State v. Jones, 188
Ohio App.3d 628, 2010-Ohio-2854, ¶ 20 (10th Dist.); State v. Moyer, 10th Dist. No. 09AP-
434, 2009-Ohio-6777, ¶ 13.
       {¶ 42} "A police officer may lawfully initiate a consensual encounter without
probable cause or a reasonable, articulable suspicion that an individual is currently engaged
in criminal activity or is about to engage in such conduct." State v. Westover, 10th Dist.
No. 13AP-555, 2014-Ohio-1959, ¶ 15, citing Mendenhall at 556. "[E]ven when officers have
no basis for suspecting a particular individual, they may generally ask questions of that
individual, ask to examine identification, and request consent to search luggage, provided
they do not convey a message that compliance with their requests is required." (Citations
omitted.) Bostick at 434-35. "Generally, when a police officer merely approaches and
questions persons seated within parked vehicles, a consensual encounter occurs that does
not constitute a seizure so as to require reasonable suspicion supported by specific and
articulable facts." Jones, 2010-Ohio-2854, ¶ 20, citing State v. McClendon, 10th Dist. No.
09AP-554, 2009-Ohio-6421, ¶ 8.
3. Investigative Detention
       {¶ 43} An investigative detention, unlike a consensual encounter, constitutes a
seizure for purposes of the Fourth Amendment. Jones, 2010-Ohio-2854, at ¶ 16. See
Delaware v. Prouse, 440 U.S. 648, 653 (1979) (finding that a traffic stop entails a seizure
"even though the purpose of the stop is limited and the resulting detention quite brief").
Under Terry, an investigative detention may be conducted without violating the Fourth
Amendment if the investigating officer "reasonably suspects that the person apprehended
is committing or has committed a criminal offense." Arizona v. Johnson, 555 U.S. 323, 326
(2009). See Terry at 21; State v. Fisher, 10th Dist. No. 10AP-746, 2011-Ohio-2488, ¶ 18,
citing State v. Williams, 51 Ohio St.3d 58, 60-61 (1990) ("To justify a brief investigative stop
or detention of an individual pursuant to Terry, a police officer must be able to cite specific
and articulable facts which, taken together with rational inferences derived from those
facts, give rise to a reasonable suspicion that the individual is engaged or about to be
engaged in criminal activity."). Although the standard for finding reasonable suspicion is
No. 17AP-629                                                                               16


less stringent than for a finding of probable cause, it cannot be met by an officer's mere
"inchoate and unparticularized suspicion or 'hunch.' " Terry at 27. See State v. Jordan,
104 Ohio St.3d 21, 2004-Ohio-6085, ¶ 35, citing Alabama v. White, 496 U.S. 325, 330
(1990) ("Reasonable suspicion can arise from information that is less reliable than that
required to show probable cause."); Illinois v. Wardlow, 528 U.S. 119, 123 (2000) (finding
that although a reasonable suspicion "requires a showing considerably less than
preponderance of the evidence, the Fourth Amendment requires at least a minimal level of
objective justification for making the stop").
       {¶ 44} An appellate court reviews the propriety of an investigative detention in light
of the totality of the surrounding circumstances. State v. Bobo, 37 Ohio St.3d 177 (1988),
paragraph one of the syllabus, approving and following State v. Freeman, 64 Ohio St.2d
291 (1980), paragraph one of the syllabus. "[A]n investigative detention must be temporary
and last no longer than is necessary to effectuate the purpose of the stop." Royer at 500.
"[A]n investigatory stop which is prolonged and extends beyond the scope of the initial
detention must be supported by a reasonable suspicion the suspect is engaged in another
criminal activity." State v. Owens, 10th Dist. No. 03AP-423, 2004-Ohio-5159, ¶ 18, citing
State v. Venham, 96 Ohio App.3d 649, 656 (4th Dist.1994).
4. Arrest
       {¶ 45} "A warrantless arrest that is based upon probable cause and occurs in a public
place does not violate the Fourth Amendment." State v. Brown, 115 Ohio St.3d 55, 2007-
Ohio-4837, ¶ 66, citing United States v. Watson, 423 U.S. 411 (1976). "In determining
whether a police officer has probable cause to arrest a suspect for OVI, a court considers
whether, at the moment of arrest, the officer had information within the officer's
knowledge, or derived from a reasonably trustworthy source, of facts and circumstances
sufficient to cause a prudent person to believe the suspect was driving under the influence
of alcohol, drugs, or both." State v. Montelauro, 10th Dist. No. 11AP-413, 2011-Ohio-6568,
¶ 20, citing State v. Homan, 89 Ohio St.3d 421, 427 (2000), superseded by statute on other
grounds. " 'The subjective intentions of the [arresting] officers are irrelevant in a probable
cause determination. Whether probable cause exists depends upon the reasonable
conclusion to be drawn from the facts known to the arresting officer at the time of the
arrest.' " (Internal Citations omitted.) State v. Perkins, 10th Dist. No. 07AP-924, 2008-
No. 17AP-629                                                                                                    17


Ohio-5060, ¶ 25, quoting Columbus v. Weber, 10th Dist. No. 06AP-845, 2007-Ohio-5446,
¶ 8. In determining whether probable cause existed, a reviewing court should examine the
totality of the circumstances. Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213, 230-31 (1983); State v. Brown,
10th Dist. No. 17AP-351, 2018-Ohio-1476, ¶ 22.
C. Analysis
        {¶ 46} At the suppression hearing, appellee presented testimony from Officer West.
Importantly, unlike at trial, Officer West never stated he placed appellant under arrest prior
to administering the field sobriety tests.                 Additionally, the recording from Officer
Derwacter's police cruiser was not played or introduced into evidence.
        {¶ 47} After Officer West's testimony, appellee argued "[t]he issue of impairment, I
believe, is clearly established by the three field sobriety tests showing indications of
impairment on the [horizontal gaze nystagmus test], the walk-and-turn and the one-leg
stand in combination with the odor of alcohol, the marijuana, the bloodshot, glassy eyes
and admission of consuming alcohol is sufficient -- beyond sufficient for probable cause."
(Feb. 22, 2017 Tr. at 27.) Appellant's counsel responded that Officer West lacked reasonable
suspicion to stop appellant and to "expand the scope to have the field test done or have the
OVI investigation at that point." (Feb. 22, 2017 Tr. at 28.)3
        {¶ 48} The trial court made the following findings on the record at the hearing:
                 First off, this wasn't a stop; this was a consensual encounter.
                 Any time a vehicle is parked in a business that is closed, that
                 type of thing, an officer can approach the vehicle and engage in
                 conversation with the occupants of the vehicle. That is not
                 considered a stop, as that is a consensual encounter. Now, I
                 have -- I'm looking now, since it was referenced, at the 2255 --
                 that it was readily explained. There is writing on there that
                 indicates that the defendant admitted to driving. When he got
                 there, I don't know where the keys where. I'm not exactly sure.
                 But, for purposes of this hearing, I do find that the officer had
                 a reasonable suspicion to continue his inquiry after the

3 We note that, at the suppression hearing, appellant's counsel stipulated for purposes of the hearing as to "the

officer's training, the results, or conducting the field tests," and stated that "[i]t's strictly going to be an
argument based on reasonable suspicion and probable cause here today." (Feb. 22, 2017 Tr. at 2.) Appellee
responded: "[R]egarding probable cause to arrest, that would mean [appellee] would have to show evidence
that [appellant] was impaired. If we're not going to go through the field sobriety tests, I don't know how we're
going to get to a probable cause determination of impairment." (Feb. 22, 2017 Tr. at 2-3.) Appellant's counsel
clarified he had "no objection to discussing the results of the field sobriety tests here," but stated "[w]e're not
going to be challenging the manner with which they were conducted" or "substantial compliance." (Feb. 22,
2017 Tr. at 3.)
No. 17AP-629                                                                                             18


                consensual encounter with the defendant. Based -- And there
                doesn't seem to be any objection thus far to the results of the
                test. I did note here that there were four clues on the walk-and-
                turn and two clues for the impairment. And on the one-leg
                stand, the defendant did put his foot down and use his arm for
                balance. So, I mean, I do find, for the purposes of the hearing,
                that there was probable cause to arrest the defendant for OVI,
                again, for purposes of this hearing.
(Feb. 22, 2017 Tr. at 29.)
        {¶ 49} On appeal, appellant contends the video evidence presented at trial and the
trial testimony of Officer West "prove [appellant] was arrested well before the field sobriety
tests were administered, contrary to the belief of defense counsel, [appellee], and the trial
court at the hearing on the motion to suppress." (Appellant's Brief at 24.) Appellee
conceded at oral argument that appellant was placed under arrest prior to undergoing the
field sobriety tests, as demonstrated by the video evidence presented at trial.
        {¶ 50} Appellant's contentions regarding alleged error in denying the motion to
suppress are entirely based on differences between Officer West's testimony at the
suppression hearing and at trial. However, because our review of the denial of a motion to
suppress on appeal is limited to evidence presented at the suppression hearing, we must
disregard the evidence presented at trial. State v. Monford, 190 Ohio App.3d 35, 2010-
Ohio-4732, ¶ 45-46 (10th Dist.) (holding that "in reviewing a trial court's ruling on a motion
to suppress, an appellate court may only consider evidence that was presented during the
suppression hearing, and may not consider evidence presented at trial"); State v. Hale, 8th
Dist. No. 92856, 2010-Ohio-3306, ¶ 9; State v. Tapke, 1st Dist. No. C-060494, 2007-Ohio-
5124, ¶ 47; State v. Wright, 7th Dist. No. 03 MA 112, 2004-Ohio-6802, ¶ 30. As a result,
appellant's contentions are more properly addressed in our resolution of his fourth
assignment of error regarding ineffective assistance of counsel at the suppression hearing.4
        {¶ 51} Accordingly, we overrule appellant's first assignment of error.
VI. Fourth Assignment of Error—Ineffective Assistance of Counsel
        {¶ 52} In his fourth assignment of error, appellant asserts he received ineffective
assistance of counsel for five reasons: (1) failure to properly argue the motion to suppress,


4 We note that appellant concedes this assignment of "error can be considered as ineffective assistance

counsel" because "[t]o the extent trial counsel failed to properly present and argue the motion to suppress,
counsel performed deficiently, to [appellant's] prejudice." (Appellant's Brief at 27, fn. 3.)
No. 17AP-629                                                                                    19


(2) failure to move for acquittal after the close of appellee's case, (3) failure to request a jury
instruction on offense of physical control, (4) failure to provide a witness list prior to trial
resulting in one witness not testifying, and (5) making comments during voir dire
suggesting that appellant bore the burden of proof and indicating appellant had a criminal
history. Appellant also asserts the cumulative effect of the above errors prevented him from
receiving a fair trial.
       {¶ 53} We apply a two-part test to evaluate claims of ineffective assistance of
counsel. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984); State v. Bradley, 42 Ohio
St.3d 136, 141-42 (1989). "First, the defendant must show that counsel's performance was
deficient. * * * Second, the defendant must show that the deficient performance prejudiced
the defense." Strickland at 687. "To show that a defendant has been prejudiced by
counsel's deficient performance, the defendant must prove that there exists a reasonable
probability that, were it not for counsel's errors, the result of the trial would have been
different." Bradley at paragraph three of the syllabus. "Judicial scrutiny of counsel's
performance must be highly deferential [and] [b]ecause of the difficulties inherent in
making the evaluation, a court must indulge a strong presumption that counsel's conduct
falls within the wide range of reasonable professional assistance." Strickland at 689;
Bradley at 141. We will consider each of appellant's claims of ineffective assistance in turn.
A. Motion to Suppress
       {¶ 54} First, appellant argues trial counsel was ineffective at arguing the motion to
suppress. Specifically, appellant contends trial counsel wrongly focused on whether Officer
West possessed reasonable suspicion to conduct the field sobriety tests since appellant was
already under arrest when the tests were administered. Because of counsel's failure to
develop testimony, introduce evidence, and make arguments related to whether probable
cause existed at the moment of his arrest, appellant argues the trial court was unable to
properly adjudicate the motion to suppress.
       {¶ 55} As previously noted, at oral argument, appellee conceded appellant was
placed under arrest prior to the administration of the field sobriety tests, as demonstrated
by the video evidence presented at trial. Nevertheless, appellee argues Officer West had
probable cause to arrest appellant for OVI based on the existence of other factors before the
No. 17AP-629                                                                                          20


trial court at the suppression hearing. As a result, appellee asserts appellant suffered no
prejudice from trial counsel's failure to argue probable cause.
          {¶ 56} For purposes of analysis, we assume without deciding that appellant's
counsel performed deficiently by failing to argue at the suppression hearing whether
probable cause existed at the moment of appellant's arrest. We proceed to examine
whether, but for this failure, there is a reasonable probability the outcome of the proceeding
would have been different. In order to determine whether appellant's warrantless arrest
was in violation of the Fourth Amendment, we must consider two questions: (1) when
appellant was placed under arrest, and (2) whether the arrest was supported by probable
cause at the moment it occurred. See State v. Hodge, 10th Dist. No. 11AP-1099, 2012-Ohio-
4306, ¶ 12.
          {¶ 57} We begin by considering when appellant was placed under arrest. Appellant
advances two seemingly contradictory arguments for when he was placed under arrest.
First, appellant asserts that "approximately twelve minutes before the field sobriety tests,
he was actually placed under arrest." (Emphasis sic.) (Appellant's Brief at 4.) Based on the
video evidence submitted at trial, approximately 12 minutes elapsed between appellant's
initial refusal to participate in the field sobriety tests and his ultimate agreement to submit
to the tests. Thus, appellant appears to argue that he was arrested after he initially refused
to participate in field sobriety testing.5 Second, appellant argues that "[t]he proper inquiry
at the suppression hearing should have been whether Officer West had probable cause to
arrest [appellant] before he refused to take the field sobriety tests, not after." (Appellant's
Brief at 24.) Appellee contends appellant was placed under arrest after his refusal to submit
to the field sobriety tests. In order to resolve this question, we consider the entirety of
appellant's interaction with Officer West.
          {¶ 58} An arrest occurs when the following four requisite elements are involved:
(1) an intent to arrest, (2) under a real or pretended authority, (3) accompanied by an actual
or constructive seizure or detention of the person, and (4) which is so understood by the
person arrested. State v. Darrah, 64 Ohio St.2d 22, 26 (1980). See Columbus v. Clark,
10th Dist. No. 14AP-719, 2015-Ohio-2046, ¶ 34; State v. Edwards, 10th Dist. No. 15AP-
879, 2016-Ohio-4771, ¶ 18. "[A]n officer need not state, 'You are under arrest.' " Clark at

5   We note that this is consistent with argument advanced by appellant's counsel at oral argument.
No. 17AP-629                                                                               21


¶ 34, quoting State v. Carroll, 162 Ohio App.3d 672, 2005-Ohio-4048, ¶ 14 (1st Dist.).
"Rather, arrest 'signifies the apprehension of an individual or the restraint of a person's
freedom in contemplation of the formal charging with a crime.' " Id., quoting Darrah at
26.
       {¶ 59} Ultimately, "the point at which an arrest occurs depends on the
circumstances of the particular case." Columbus v. Galang, 10th Dist. No. 02AP-1441,
2003-Ohio-4506, ¶ 16, citing State v. Finch, 24 Ohio App.3d 38, 39 (12th Dist.1985). See
In re Parks, 10th Dist. No. 04AP-355, 2004-Ohio-6449, ¶ 10 ("The point at which an
investigative detention exceeds its permissible scope and rises to the level of a full-fledged
arrest is decided on a case-by-case basis."). "Factors to be considered in distinguishing an
investigative stop from a de facto arrest include the seriousness of the crime, the location
of the encounter, the length of the detention, the reasonableness of the officer's display of
force, and the conduct of the suspect as the encounter unfolds." (Quotations and citations
omitted.) Edwards at ¶ 19.
1. Initial Encounter
       {¶ 60} Here, the undisputed testimony establishes that Officer West approached
appellant's vehicle, which was parked at a closed gas station in an unmarked space, and
began a conversation with appellant and Lett. Thus, consistent with the trial court's
findings at the suppression hearing, we find Officer West's initial conversation with
appellant and Lett was a consensual encounter. Jones, 2010-Ohio-2854, ¶ 20, citing
McClendon at ¶ 8.
2. Conduct Prior to Attempted Administration of Field Sobriety Tests
       {¶ 61} After speaking with appellant and Lett, Officer West had appellant exit the
vehicle in order to administer field sobriety tests. Officer West testified that he planned to
administer field sobriety tests to appellant because of "[t]he odor of alcohol on his breath,
the admitting to drinking prior to driving or prior to parking there, the way he was fumbling
around in the vehicle." (July 31, 2017 Tr. at 132.) Officer West handcuffed appellant and
placed him in the rear of his police cruiser. Officer West stated that his purpose in placing
appellant in the rear of the cruiser was "[j]ust to detain him until I had received a video."
(July 31, 2017 Tr. at 133.)
No. 17AP-629                                                                                22


       {¶ 62} Here, it is clear that Officer West's actions in removing appellant from his
vehicle and securing him with handcuffs in the back of the police cruiser constituted, at a
minimum, a seizure. State v. Stricklin, 6th Dist. No. L-10-1277, 2012-Ohio-1877, ¶ 11, citing
State v. Knox, 2d Dist. No. 2005-CA-74, 2006-Ohio-3039, ¶ 11 ("In order to warrant
removing a person from his vehicle to conduct field sobriety tests, a police officer must have
reasonable articulable suspicion to believe that the person was driving under the influence
of drugs or alcohol."). Based upon his observations prior to handcuffing appellant, we find
Officer West had a reasonable, articulable suspicion to believe appellant was driving under
the influence of drugs or alcohol.
       {¶ 63} Next, we consider whether Officer West's use of force by removing appellant
from his vehicle, handcuffing him, and placing him in the rear of the police cruiser exceeded
the permissible scope of an investigative detention such that it rendered the detention a de
facto arrest. We have previously stated that "the investigation 'by the police of an individual
who is under temporary restraint * * * constitutes an intermediate level of police-citizen
interaction, which is often referred to as "investigative detention," and such questioning
does not invoke the panoply of Fourth Amendment protections.' " Columbus v. Dials, 10th
Dist. No. 04AP-1099, 2005-Ohio-6305, ¶ 29, quoting State v. Schultz, 23 Ohio App.3d 130
(10th Dist.1985), paragraph three of the syllabus. Here, Officer West's stated his intent was
not to arrest appellant at the moment he removed him from the car, but "[j]ust to detain
him until I had received * * * video [recording equipment]." (July 31, 2017 Tr. at 133.)
Although the officer's subjective intent is not controlling, it is supported by other evidence
in the record.
       {¶ 64} Here, the record reflects the incident occurred at a closed gas station, the
vehicle's lights were off, it was early morning, and there were two people in appellant's
vehicle. Although appellant was placed in handcuffs in addition to being placed in the rear
of the police cruiser, we have previously held that the use of handcuffs, while a significant
factor in determining whether an individual is subject to an investigatory stop or de facto
No. 17AP-629                                                                                               23


arrest, is not automatically conclusive.6 See Dials at ¶ 29; Edwards at ¶ 19; State v. Davis,
10th Dist. No. 08AP-102, 2008-Ohio-5756, ¶ 13 (finding "the use of handcuffs does not
automatically convert an investigative stop into an arrest"). See also State v. Carter, 2d
Dist. No. 21999, 2008-Ohio-2588, ¶ 24; State v. Dunson, 2d Dist. No. 20961, 2006-Ohio-
775, ¶ 17; State v. Quesenberry, 7th Dist. No. 99-BA-39 (May 24, 2001). Having a
reasonable, articulable suspicion to believe appellant had driven under the influence of
drugs or alcohol supported securing appellant away from the vehicle in order to further
investigate. See N. Olmsted v. Benning, 8th Dist. No. 79548 (Apr. 4, 2002) (finding that
"the potential for injury from a person driving, whom an officer suspects of being
intoxicated, constitutes a dangerous condition, both for the officer, the driver and the
community" and concluding "[t]herefore, the officer was justified in patting down the
appellant and placing her in the squad car to prevent a suspected intoxicated person from
driving away"). Further, there was no evidence Officer West searched appellant, used
unreasonable force, or brandished his firearm. The detention lasted no longer than
necessary to effectuate its purpose because appellant was released from the cruiser in order
to complete field sobriety testing once Officer Derwacter arrived with recording equipment.
See Royer at 500.
        {¶ 65} Based on the above factors, we find appellant was not subject to arrest, but
rather an investigative detention when he was handcuffed and placed in the back of Officer
West's cruiser prior to his refusal to submit to the field sobriety tests. Further, we find this
detention to be lawful as it was supported by reasonable suspicion.
3. Conduct After Attempted Administration of Field Sobriety Tests
        {¶ 66} After Officer Derwacter arrived with recording equipment, Officer West
removed appellant from the police cruiser, removed his handcuffs, and placed him in front
of the recording equipment. The video evidence admitted at trial shows appellant
conversing with Officer West before refusing to participate in field sobriety testing. At this


6 We note other courts have cautioned regarding the substantial increase in force applied through the use of
handcuffs, while accepting that the use of handcuffs does not automatically convert an investigatory detention.
See United States v. Taylor, 716 F.2d 701, 709 (9th Cir.1983) (finding that "the use of handcuffs * * *
substantially aggravat[es] the intrusiveness of an investigatory stop"); United States v. Glenna, 878 F.2d 967,
972 (7th Cir.1989) (finding "handcuffs are restraints on freedom of movement normally associated with
arrest" and stating "the thought of allowing police officers to handcuff persons when probable cause to arrest
is lacking is a troubling one"). (Emphasis sic.)
No. 17AP-629                                                                                24


point, appellee concedes appellant was placed under arrest. Therefore, we must consider
whether appellant's arrest was lawful.
       {¶ 67} Appellant correctly asserts that we cannot rely on the results of the field
sobriety tests to determine the existence of probable cause, since appellant completed the
tests after his arrest. Perkins at ¶ 25; State v. Walker, 10th Dist. No. 97APA09-1219
(July 28, 1998). However, this does not end our inquiry. Instead, we must examine the
totality of circumstances present prior to appellant's arrest. See Homan at 427 (finding the
"totality of the facts and circumstances can support a finding of probable cause to arrest
even where no field sobriety tests were administered"); Upper Arlington v. Wissinger, 10th
Dist. No. 13AP-922, 2014-Ohio-1601, ¶ 19 ("Probable cause does not have to be based, in
whole or in part, upon a suspect's poor performance on one or more field sobriety tests.");
State v. Belmonte, 10th Dist. No. 10AP-373, 2011-Ohio-1334, ¶ 11 ("Probable cause to arrest
may exist, even without field sobriety test results, if supported by such factors as: evidence
that the defendant caused an automobile accident; a strong odor of alcohol emanating from
the defendant; an admission by the defendant that he or she was recently drinking alcohol;
and other indicia of intoxication, such as red eyes, slurred speech, and difficulty walking.");
Mason v. Murphy, 123 Ohio App.3d 592, 598 (12th Dist.1997).
       {¶ 68} Here, Officer West first approached appellant's vehicle at a closed gas station
in the early morning hours. Officer West smelled the odor of marijuana and alcohol from
the vehicle and observed the keys in the ignition. Upon approaching appellant, Officer West
noted the odor of alcohol was stronger from appellant's breath. Officer West witnessed
appellant "fumbling around" between the seats, and testified appellant stated that "he was
just pulling over because he lost his music player between the seats." (July 31, 2017 Tr. at
130-31.) Testimony and evidence submitted at trial reflected that appellant's vehicle was
not parked in a marked parking space at the gas station, consistent with someone pulling
over temporarily. Appellant admitted to Officer West he had been drinking prior to parking
his vehicle. Finally, appellant's refusal to participate in field sobriety tests is a relevant
factor when determining the existence of probable cause. See State v. Blosser, 10th Dist.
No. 99AP-816 (Mar. 30, 2000); State v. Hall, 1st Dist. No. C-150317, 2016-Ohio-783, ¶ 30;
Findlay v. Jackson, 3d Dist. No. 5-14-02, 2014-Ohio-5202, ¶ 38; State v. May, 7th Dist.
No. 10 CO 23, 2011-Ohio-6637, ¶ 29; State v. Djisheff, 11th Dist. No. 2005-T-0001, 2006-
No. 17AP-629                                                                                25


Ohio-6201, ¶ 31; State v. Justice, 4th Dist. No. 99CA631 (Nov. 16, 1999). See also Kinlin v.
Kline, 749 F.3d 573, 580 (6th Cir.2014).
       {¶ 69} We acknowledge this is a close call. However, based on the above facts and
on the circumstances of this case, ultimately we cannot say that but for trial counsel's
performance regarding the motion to suppress, there was a reasonable probability the
outcome of this case would have been different. Accordingly, appellant fails to demonstrate
prejudice and cannot prevail on his claim of ineffective assistance of counsel regarding the
motion to suppress.
B. Motion for Acquittal
       {¶ 70} Appellant next contends he received ineffective assistance of counsel because
trial counsel failed to move for acquittal under Crim.R. 29 after the close of appellee's case.
Specifically, appellant contends appellee failed to establish an essential element of the
second charged offense, OVI in violation of R.C. 4511.19(A)(2), by presenting evidence
connecting appellant with any prior OVI convictions.
       {¶ 71} Here, following the jury verdict finding appellant guilty of both charged
offenses, appellee elected to sentence appellant under the first charged offense only, namely
OVI in violation of Columbus City Code 2133.01(A)(1)(a). The trial court thereafter imposed
sentence as to the first charged offense only. The Supreme Court of Ohio has held that "a
conviction is a determination of guilt and the ensuing sentence." State v. Whitfield, 124
Ohio St.3d 319, 2010-Ohio-2, ¶ 13. See State v. Williams, 148 Ohio St.3d 403, 2016-Ohio-
7658, ¶ 17. "When it is determined that the defendant has been found guilty of allied
offenses of similar import, the trial court must accept the state's choice among allied
offenses, merge the crimes into a single conviction for sentencing, and impose a sentence
that is appropriate for the merged offense." (Emphasis sic.) (Internal quotations omitted.)
State v. J.M., 10th Dist. No. 14AP-621, 2015-Ohio-5574, ¶ 48, quoting State v. Bayer, 10th
Dist. No. 11AP-733, 2012-Ohio-5469, ¶ 21, quoting State v. Wilson, 129 Ohio St.3d 214,
2011-Ohio-2669, ¶ 13.
       {¶ 72} Because the trial court imposed sentence only on the violation of Columbus
City Code 2133.01(A)(1)(a), appellant cannot show prejudice from trial counsel's failure to
move for acquittal for an offense for which he was not sentenced. State v. Dudley, 10th
Dist. No. 06AP-1272, 2008-Ohio-390, ¶ 32 (finding defendant suffered no prejudice from
No. 17AP-629                                                                                  26


alleged error on kidnapping charge because trial court merged kidnapping charge and rape
charge and only sentenced on rape charge); State v. Tullis, 10th Dist. No. 04AP-333, 2005-
Ohio-2205, ¶ 10 (finding no prejudicial error in failure to instruct jury on aggravated assault
charge as lesser-included offense of felonious assault where trial court sentenced defendant
on attempted murder only, rendering felonious assault verdict without consequence).
Accordingly, we find appellant did not receive ineffective assistance due to trial counsel's
failure to move for acquittal under Crim.R. 29 following the close of appellee's case.
C. Failure to Request Jury Instruction on Lesser-Included Offense
       {¶ 73} Next, appellant recasts his fourth assignment of error as an ineffective
assistance of counsel claim, asserting he received ineffective assistance of counsel because
trial counsel failed to request a jury instruction on the offense of physical control, which he
contends is a lesser-included offense of OVI. We have said that in evaluating whether
counsel's performance was deficient, " 'the defendant must overcome the presumption that,
under the circumstances the challenged action "might be considered sound trial
strategy." ' " State v. Roush, 10th Dist. No. 12AP-201, 2013-Ohio-3162, ¶ 37, quoting
Strickland at 689, quoting Michel v. Louisiana, 350 U.S. 91, 101 (1955). Considering that
defense counsel's strategy in this case appeared to rely on the city being unable to prove the
element of "operation" beyond a reasonable doubt, we cannot say that counsel's
performance was deficient. Accordingly, we find appellant did not receive ineffective
assistance of counsel due to the failure to request a jury instruction on physical control.
D. Witness List
       {¶ 74} Appellant next contends he received ineffective assistance of counsel because
trial counsel failed to provide a witness list in advance of trial. As a result, appellant
contends he suffered prejudice because he was not able to present the testimony of one of
his three witnesses, Jill Ryder.
       {¶ 75} "Generally, counsel's decision whether to call a particular witness falls within
the purview of trial strategy, and a reviewing court will not second guess that decision."
Williams, 2017-Ohio-5598, ¶ 45, citing State v. Davis, 10th Dist. No. 09AP-869, 2010-
Ohio-4734, ¶ 18. Additionally, "a defendant is not deprived of effective assistance of counsel
when counsel chooses, for strategical reasons, not to pursue every possible trial tactic."
State v. Brown, 38 Ohio St.3d 305, 319 (1988).
No. 17AP-629                                                                                     27


       {¶ 76} Here, the trial court ruled that it would permit appellant's witnesses to testify
despite counsel's failure to provide appellee with a list of witnesses prior to trial. Because
appellee had not been able to find records on Ryder prior to trial, the court stated that "if
[Ryder] shows up prior to testifying, we can get some information from her" in order to
allow appellee to check her records. (July 31, 2017 Tr. at 11.) The record does not reflect
appellant was prevented from calling Ryder as a witness. Furthermore, appellant fails to
explain how Ryder's testimony would have assisted his defense. As a result, appellant has
failed to demonstrate prejudice. Columbus v. Oppong, 10th Dist. No. 15AP-1059, 2016-
Ohio-5590, ¶ 30-35; Dennis at ¶ 23-24. Accordingly, we find appellant did not receive
ineffective assistance of counsel due to the failure to provide a witness list prior to trial.
E. Voir Dire
       {¶ 77} Appellant next contends he received ineffective assistance of counsel because
trial counsel misstated the burden of proof during voir dire. In support of his assertion,
appellant points to the following question posed by trial counsel to a prospective juror:
"Now, if I were to present you evidence that they --- that there is no possible way that
[appellant] could have violated the law, would you have any trouble finding him not guilty?"
(July 31, 2017 Tr. at 96.) Here, several factors prevent us from concluding appellant was
prejudiced by trial counsel's question.
       {¶ 78} First, immediately prior to the question to which appellant objects, trial
counsel asked a prospective juror: "You understand the idea of reasonable doubt, that you
understand that it is [appellee] that must prove [appellant] was guilty of violating the law
beyond a reasonable doubt?" (July 31, 2017 Tr. at 96.) Second, appellee mentioned at
several points during voir dire that it bore the burden of proving the elements of the charged
offenses beyond a reasonable doubt. Third, both appellant's counsel and appellee asserted
during their closing arguments that appellee bore the burden of proving the elements of the
offenses beyond a reasonable doubt. Finally, and most importantly, the trial court properly
instructed the jury on appellee's burden of proof beyond a reasonable doubt. State v.
Hussein, 10th Dist. No. 15AP-1093, 2017-Ohio-5519, ¶ 17; State v. Powell, 132 Ohio St.3d
233, 2012-Ohio-2577, ¶ 164; State v. Petty, 10th Dist. No. 11AP-716, 2012-Ohio-2989, ¶ 21.
As a result, appellant cannot demonstrate that he was prejudiced by trial counsel's question
during voir dire and, therefore, has failed to establish ineffective assistance of counsel.
No. 17AP-629                                                                               28


F. Cumulative Effect
       {¶ 79} Finally, appellant argues the cumulative effect of his trial counsel's alleged
errors deprived him of his right to a fair trial. "The cumulative-error doctrine provides that
'a conviction will be reversed when the cumulative effect of errors in a trial deprives a
defendant of a fair trial even though each of the numerous instances of trial-court error
does not individually constitute cause for reversal.' " State v. Belton, 149 Ohio St.3d 165,
2016-Ohio-1581, ¶ 152, citing Powell at ¶ 223, citing State v. DeMarco, 31 Ohio St.3d 191
(1987), paragraph two of the syllabus.
       {¶ 80} As explained above, none of appellant's individual claims of ineffective
assistance of counsel has merit. Appellant cannot establish he is entitled to relief simply by
combining those unsuccessful claims together. State v. Montgomery, 148 Ohio St.3d 347,
2016-Ohio-5487, ¶ 134 (rejecting claim that cumulative effect of counsel's errors and
omissions constituted ineffective assistance of counsel where court rejected each of
appellant's individual claims of ineffective assistance); State v. Mammone, 139 Ohio St.3d
467, 2014-Ohio-1942, ¶ 173 ("[B]ecause none of Mammone's individual claims of
ineffective assistance has merit, he cannot establish an entitlement to relief simply by
joining those claims together."); State v. Cline, 10th Dist. No. 05AP-869, 2006-Ohio-4782,
¶ 29 ("Finding no instances of ineffective assistance of counsel, we find no cumulative error
as a result of the combined effect of the alleged instances of ineffective assistance of
counsel."); Williams, 2017-Ohio-5598, ¶ 57. Therefore, on review, we cannot find appellant
was deprived of a fair trial as a result of the combined effect of the alleged instances of
ineffective assistance of counsel. Belton at ¶ 152-53.
       {¶ 81} Accordingly, we overrule appellant's fourth assignment of error.
VII. Conclusion
       {¶ 82} Having overruled appellant's four assignments of error, we affirm the
judgment of the Franklin County Municipal Court.
                                                                        Judgment affirmed.
                          BRUNNER and HORTON, JJ., concur.
