                               RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                                    Pursuant to Sixth Circuit Rule 206
                                            File Name: 06a0081p.06

                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                        FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                          _________________


                                                    X
                                                     -
 In re JOHN RICHARDS HOMES BUILDING CO.,
                                                     -
 L.L.C.,
                                                     -
                                        Debtor.
                                                     -
                                                         No. 04-2154
 __________________________________________
                                                     ,
                                                      >
 KEVIN ADELL,                                        -
                              Plaintiff-Appellant, -
                                                     -
                                                     -
                                                     -
          v.
                                                     -
                                                     -
 JOHN RICHARDS HOMES BUILDING CO., L.L.C.,
                             Defendant-Appellee. -
                                                    N
                     Appeal from the United States District Court
                     for the Eastern District of Michigan at Flint.
                    No. 03-40109—Paul V. Gadola, District Judge.
                                            Argued: June 8, 2005
                                   Decided and Filed: March 1, 2006
            Before: NELSON and CLAY, Circuit Judges; OBERDORFER, District Judge.*
                                            _________________
                                                 COUNSEL
ARGUED: G. Eric Brunstad, Jr., BINGHAM McCUTCHEN LLP, Hartford, Connecticut, for
Appellant. Norman C. Ankers, HONIGAN, MILLER, SCHWARTZ & COHN, Detroit, Michigan,
for Appellee. ON BRIEF: G. Eric Brunstad, Jr., BINGHAM McCUTCHEN LLP, Hartford,
Connecticut, Ralph E. McDowell, Michael B. Lewiston, Robert J. Diehl, Jr., BODMAN LLP,
Detroit, Michigan, for Appellant. Norman C. Ankers, Judy B. Calton, HONIGAN, MILLER,
SCHWARTZ & COHN, Detroit, Michigan, Ruth Zimmerman, HONIGMAN, MILLER,
SCHWARTZ & COHN, Lansing, Michigan, for Appellee.




        *
          The Honorable Louis F. Oberdorfer, United States District Judge for the District of Columbia, sitting by
designation.


                                                        1
No. 04-2154           In re John Richard Homes Bldg. Co.                                      Page 2


                                       _________________
                                           OPINION
                                       _________________
        OBERDORFER, District Judge. After dismissing the involuntary bankruptcy petition filed
by Kevin Adell against John Richards Homes Building Co., L.L.C. (“JRH”), the bankruptcy court
found that the petition was filed in bad faith and awarded JRH costs, attorneys’ fees, compensatory
damages and punitive damages pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 303(i) of the United States Bankruptcy
Code. The district court affirmed that award. Adell now appeals that affirmance. Finding no error
in the bankruptcy court’s award or the district court’s approval of it, we AFFIRM.
                                       I. BACKGROUND
        We set forth here an abbreviated version of the material events addressed by the bankruptcy
court in adjudicating the merits of JRH’s claim that Adell’s petition for involuntary bankruptcy was
in bad faith. A separate Appendix expands on these facts and summarizes more extensively the facts
relating to the court’s assessment of compensatory and punitive damages.
        As the bankruptcy court found, in December 2001, Adell and JRH entered into a Residential
Building and Purchase Agreement whereby JRH, in exchange for $3,030,000, agreed to sell Adell
a 1.8 acre parcel of property in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan, and to construct a home for Adell on
the property, with construction to begin “within a reasonable time after the completion of building
plans and issuance of permits.” Appendix ¶¶ 1-3. On February 28, 2002, the deal closed. The
closing documents allocated $1,750,000 out of the $3,030,000 for the land purchase. Id. ¶ 4.
        Over the next few months, Adell’s relationship with JRH and its principal, John Shekerjian,
soured. Id. ¶¶ 5-8. Adell began to complain about the pace of construction on his home and to
contact JRH’s former employees seeking negative information about JRH. He told Shekerjian that
he wanted another builder to build his house and, apparently, barred JRH from the property. He also
became upset about the amount he had paid for the land, contending that it was only worth $1
million instead of $1.75 million.
       On June 6, 2002, after a number of conversations, meetings, letters and other interactions
between Adell or his representatives and JRH or its representatives, Adell filed a civil suit against
JRH and Shekerjian in the Oakland County Circuit Court. Id. ¶¶ 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14. The
complaint included a number of claims, all of which essentially rested on two allegations: (1) that
Shekerjian and JRH had orally told Adell that the land was worth $1,000,000, and that the home
they would construct for him would have a value of $2,000,000, despite the fact that the executed
sale documents allocated $1,750,000 to the value of the land, leaving at most $1,280,000 for the
home construction; and (2) that Shekerjian for JRH had told Adell that construction would begin
immediately after the sale closed, even though they knew that was impossible because there were
“water problems” with the property, and that the resulting delay in commencing construction was
not “reasonable.” On June 18, 2002, JRH and Shekerjian jointly filed an answer, denying the
substance of all of Adell’s claims, stating affirmative defenses, and including a verified
counter-complaint. Id. ¶ 18.
        During the time between when Adell filed his state court civil suit and JRH and Shekerjian
filed their responsive pleadings, Adell contacted at least two of JRH’s contractors, telling them that
JRH was in financial trouble and trying to persuade them to join him in filing an involuntary
bankruptcy petition against JRH. Id. ¶¶15-16. Both refused. Id.
       On June 24, 2002, less than a week after JRH and Shekerjian filed their responses in the state
court case and without any further discussion or communication, Adell, as the sole petitioning
No. 04-2154             In re John Richard Homes Bldg. Co.                                                Page 3


creditor, filed an involuntary bankruptcy petition against JRH pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 303(b)(2).
Id. ¶ 20. According to the petition, Adell’s own claim against JRH for fraud and breach of contract
was in the amount of $800,000. Id. Adell sought to maximize the publicity attending his filing by
hiring a public relations firm, Marx Layne, to publicize alleged defects in JRH’s performance of its
construction and financial obligations. Id. ¶¶ 21-22.
        On July 1, 2002, JRH filed a motion to dismiss the petition. JA 30-32. Noting that Adell’s
claim against JRH cited in the petition was also the basis for Adell’s state court civil complaint
against JRH and Shekerjian, and that JRH and Shekerjian had recently filed pleadings denying all
of Adell’s claims, JRH argued that Adell’s claim was the subject of a “bona fide dispute,”
precluding its use as the basis for the petition. JA 30. JRH also argued that Adell was required to
have at least three petitioning creditors because JRH was an entity with 12 or more creditors. JA
31. Should the petition be dismissed, JRH asked the bankruptcy court to award it fees, costs and
damages pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 303(i). JA 31. On July 12, 2002, Adell’s bankruptcy attorneys
filed a notice that three additional creditors had joined in the filing of the petition. JA 33.
        On July 15, 2002, the bankruptcy court held a hearing on JRH’s motion to dismiss. Ruling
from the bench, the court granted the motion, concluding that Adell was not qualified to serve as a
creditor in an involuntary bankruptcy because his claim against JRH was not undisputed. The court
explained:
               The record that is before the Court overwhelmingly establishes that there is
        a bona fide dispute concerning this petitioning creditor’s claim against the Alleged
        Debtor . . . [and]
                . . . that there are significant genuine issues of material fact concerning any
        disposition of the issues raised in the [state court case], . . . such fundamental issues
        as which of the parties breached the contract, which of the parties was the first to
        breach the contract. There are clear issues of fact concerning particularly the fraud
        claim and the statutory claim.
JA 71-72. Having rejected the sole petitioning creditor, Adell, the bankruptcy court ruled that it
could not permit the joinder of other putative creditors. JA 74. Adell did not appeal the bankruptcy
court’s dismissal of the petition.
       After a period of discovery, followed by a two-day evidentiary hearing, the bankruptcy court
granted JRH’s motion on April 25, 2003.1 In a thorough opinion, the court found that Adell filed
the involuntary bankruptcy petition against JRH in bad faith and awarded JRH compensatory
damages in the amount of $4,100,000, punitive damages in the amount of $2,000,000, and attorneys’
fees and costs in the amount of $313,230.68. JA 195-218.
         Adell appealed to the district court. On August 5, 2004, in another thorough opinion, the
district court ratified the bankruptcy court decision. JA 296-330. Adell then filed the present
appeal.




        1
         The bankruptcy court imposed a strict four-hour time limit on each side (including both direct and cross-
examination).
No. 04-2154           In re John Richard Homes Bldg. Co.                                         Page 4


                                          II. DISCUSSION
A.      Legal Standards
        Section 303(i) of the Bankruptcy Code provides:
        If the court dismisses a petition under this section other than on consent of all
        petitioners and the debtor, and if the debtor does not waive the right to judgment
        under this subsection, the court may grant judgment--
                (1) against the petitioners and in favor of the debtor for--
                        (A) costs; or
                        (B) a reasonable attorney’s fee; or
                (2) against any petitioner that filed the petition in bad faith, for--
                        (A) any damages proximately caused by such filing; or
                        (B) punitive damages.
11 U.S.C. § 303(i). Applying this provision, the bankruptcy court in the present case determined
that Adell filed his involuntary bankruptcy petition against JRH in bad faith and awarded JRH costs,
fees, and damages. On appeal, Adell challenges all aspects of the bankruptcy court’s decision: (1)
its finding that he filed the involuntary bankruptcy petition in bad faith; (2) its award of $4.1 million
in compensatory damages; (3) its award of $2 million in punitive damages; and (4) its award of costs
and attorneys’ fees.
       We review the bankruptcy court's findings of fact for clear error and any conclusions of law
de novo. In re Baker & Getty Fin. Servs., Inc., 106 F.3d 1255, 1259 (6th Cir. 1997). We evaluate
the bankruptcy court decision directly, without being bound by the district court's determinations,
and conduct an independent examination of the record. In re Charfoos, 979 F.2d 390, 392 (6th Cir.
1992). “We will not disturb the bankruptcy court's findings of fact unless there is the “most cogent
evidence of mistake of justice.” In re Baker, 106 F.3d at 1259.
B.      Bad Faith
        Adell seeks to reverse the bankruptcy court’s finding that he filed the involuntary petition
against JRH in bad faith. A bankruptcy court’s determination that an involuntary petition was filed
in bad faith is a question of fact which will be reversed only if clearly erroneous. See In re
Washtenaw/Huron Inv. Corp. No. 8, 160 B.R. 74, 79 (E.D. Mich.1993); In re Landmark Distribs.,
Inc., 189 B.R. 290, 309 (Bankr. D.N.J.1995).
         As the bankruptcy court in the present case recognized, “[t]here is a presumption of good
faith in favor of the petitioning creditor, and thus the alleged debtor has the burden of proving bad
faith.” In re John Richard Homes Building Co. (“Bankruptcy Op.”), 291 B.R. 727, 729-30 (Bankr.
E.D. Mich. 2003) (internal quotations omitted). Although this Court has never directly addressed
the standard for determining bad faith under § 303(i), the bankruptcy court and the district court both
concluded, and we agree, that determining whether an involuntary bankruptcy petition was filed in
bad faith requires the bankruptcy court to look at the “totality of circumstances.” Id.; see also In re
Cadillac by DeLorean & DeLorean Cadillac, Inc., 265 B.R. 574, 582 (Bankr. N.D. Ohio 2001)
(applying totality of circumstances test to assess bad faith under section 303(i) (citing In re
Caldwell, 851 F.2d 852, 858 (6th Cir.1988) (applying totality of circumstances test to different
No. 04-2154                 In re John Richard Homes Bldg. Co.                                                     Page 5


provision of the Bankruptcy Code); In re Zick, 931 F.2d 1124, 1127-28 (6th Cir.1991) (same); In
re Okoreeh-Baah, 836 F.2d 1030, 1033 (6th Cir.1988) (same)).2
         1.          Evidence
         In order to prove Adell’s bad faith, JRH introduced testimony and other evidence that:
         • Even though JRH quickly resolved Adell’s first complaint about the pace of construction
– that the “dewatering” of Adell’s site had temporarily ceased – by obtaining the permits needed to
“dewater” through the night, Adell’s very next action was to tell Shekerjian that he wanted someone
else to build his home. Appendix ¶ 5.
       • Shortly after the dewatering episode, Adell told Shekerjian about a prior dispute Adell had
had over a building permit and how Adell had retaliated against the village with whom he had the
dispute, implying to Shekerjian that Adell was the type of person who was likely to respond very
aggressively to anyone who didn’t do what he wanted. Id. ¶ 6.
       • On May 31, 2002, before any serious discussion had occurred between Adell and JRH
about Adell’s complaints, Adell’s attorney threatened Shekerjian with criminal prosecution if JRH
didn’t meet Adell’s demands. Id. ¶ 10.
        • JRH first learned that Adell thought he had paid too much for the property on June 3, 2002.
On several occasions thereafter, before the petition was filed, JRH or its representatives advised
Adell or his representatives that it was JRH’s position that the land had been properly valued at the
closing and that an independent investigation by Adell or his attorneys of land values in Bloomfield
Hills would confirm that fact. Id. ¶ 11, 13(b).
        • As soon as Shekerjian learned that Adell thought the land was only worth $1,000,000, he
offered to buy the property back. Adell refused the offer, yet then threatened to file an involuntary
bankruptcy petition against JRH. Id. ¶ 12.
        • At the June 3 meeting and on several occasions thereafter, JRH’s representatives informed
Adell that it was JRH’s position that filing an involuntary bankruptcy petition would be improper.
Id. ¶¶ 12, 13(a), 17, 19.
        • On several occasions before the petition was filed, JRH’s representatives informed Adell
or his representatives that JRH disputed Adell’s claim that the construction pace was too slow and
that JRH considered Adell to be the one in breach of the construction agreement. Id. ¶¶ 13(b), 18.
         • Adell ignored JRH’s attempts to settle the matter before litigation. Id. ¶¶ 13(c), 14.




         2
             In looking at the totality of the circumstances, there are various definitions of bad faith that a court might
consider:

         (1) an “improper use” test under which bad faith is found based on creditor attempts to obtain
         disproportionate advantage by means of an involuntary filing; (2) an “improper purpose” test under
         which bad faith is found when an involuntary filing is made based on ill-will, malice, or a desire to
         embarrass or harass the alleged debtor; and (3) a bad faith inquiry based on the standards set forth in
         Bankruptcy Rule 9011.
In re Cadillac, 265 B.R. at 583.
No. 04-2154           In re John Richard Homes Bldg. Co.                                      Page 6


        • While Adell’s state court suit against JRH was pending, he contacted several JRH
contractors trying (unsuccessfully) to get them to join him in filing an involuntary bankruptcy
petition. Id. ¶¶ 15, 16.
       • Adell knew at the time he filed the petition that it was critical that he have an undisputed
claim of over $12,000 against JRH. Id. ¶ 2.
       • Adell’s bankruptcy attorneys filed the petition without obtaining several documents (of
which Adell was or should have been aware) that would have alerted them to the fact that JRH
disputed all of Adell’s claims. Id.
        • Adell sought to publicize the filing of the involuntary bankruptcy petition and to spread
misinformation about JRH. For example, at his behest, his public relations firm misrepresented to
various media publications that JRH had at least nine dissatisfied customers, when, in fact, at least
two of the nine, Jean McIntyre and Larry Gainer, definitely had no problems with JRH; there is no
showing that any of the other seven did either. Id. ¶¶ 22, 23.
       Adell responded with testimony and evidence that:
       • Prior to filing the petition, he had learned from two former JRH employees, Debra Lee
Bjorkly and William Seklar, that JRH was in dire financial straits. Id. ¶¶ 7,8.
       • Prior to filing the petition, he had also learned from Bjorkly and Seklar that Shekerjian was
aware of the water problem on his property when he sold the land to Adell and knew that building
on it would be problematic. Id. ¶¶ 7,8.
       • He believed when he filed the petition that he had an undisputed claim of at least $133,000,
the amount out of the total paid by Adell that he believed had been allocated for home construction.
JA 911.
       • At the time the petition was filed, he was unaware that JRH and Shekerjian had filed an
answer and other responses to his civil complaint denying all of his claims. JA 927.
        • Prior to filing the petition, Shekerjian had admitted that he owed Adell money, but that he
did not have the money to refund to him. JA 921-22.
       • He was not motivated by malice or by a desire to put JRH out of business. JA 917.
       • He did not seek to publicize the bankruptcy. JA 918.
       • He did not threaten other creditors in order to persuade them to join the petition. JA 920.
       On rebuttal, JRH offered testimony and evidence that:
       • JRH was not in financial difficulty. JA 974-75.
       • Bjorkly and Seklar, the only two former JRH employees who testified for Adell, had
personal grievances against JRH and Shekerjian and their testimony was not credible. JA 972-979.
        • Bjorkly and Seklar are the only two former employees Shekerjian has ever litigated
against. JA 978.
No. 04-2154           In re John Richard Homes Bldg. Co.                                          Page 7


        2.     Bankruptcy Court’s Decision
       The bankruptcy court concluded that Adell filed the petition in bad faith, finding the
evidence of bad faith “overwhelming.” Bankruptcy Op., 291 B.R. at 731. It explained:
        The totality of the circumstances compels the conclusion that Adell did not honestly
        believe that the involuntary bankruptcy petition would be appropriate. Adell did not
        file this petition in a sincere and honest belief that he was entitled to bankruptcy
        relief against JRH. Rather, he proceeded with the wrongful intent to intimidate
        Shekerjian into a settlement and, when that failed, to damage or destroy his business.
Id. at 735.
        3.     Analysis
        The bankruptcy court made seven specific findings in support of its ultimate finding of bad
faith. Id. at 731-35. Adell first attempts to show that the bankruptcy court’s ultimate finding of bad
faith was clearly erroneous by challenging each of these underlying findings – either as clearly
erroneous or immaterial or both; in the alternative, he argues that there is evidence of good faith that
outweighs any evidence of bad faith. We will address each argument in turn.
               a.      Finding that Adell knew or should have known that his claim was
                       disputed
         The bankruptcy court found that “on July 15, 2002, when Adell filed this involuntary
bankruptcy petition, he knew or should have known that his claims were the subject of a bona fide
dispute” because “[b]y then, JRH had responded to Adell’s state court complaint by filing substantial
defenses, affirmative defenses and counterclaims.” Id. at 731. Adell challenges this finding by
citing his own testimony to the contrary, JA 909-17, and by arguing that Shekerjian conceded that
at least $133,000 of the money Adell had paid was for construction costs and, therefore, should have
been held in trust for him, JA 676-69.
       While it is true that Adell testified that he did not know his claim was disputed, the
bankruptcy court found that testimony not credible or, even if true, the result of unjustifiable
ignorance. Bankruptcy Op., 291 B.R. at 731-32. As explained by the bankruptcy court:
                Adell testified that he was not aware of these responsive pleadings until after
        the involuntary bankruptcy petition was filed. There are four problems with this
        position:
                First, his state court attorneys were aware of these pleadings before the
        petition was filed. His attorneys’ failure to advise him of them in a timely way can
        be of no help to him.
                Second, the nature of Adell’s claims was such that he would certainly not
        require legal advice to understand that he and JRH would have real and substantial
        legal and factual disputes, and further that the litigation to resolve these disputes
        would be lengthy and costly. Even before JRH filed responsive pleadings, Adell
        could not have reasonably concluded that JRH would simply admit that it had
        committed the frauds and the other intentional wrongs that he had alleged.
               Third, the evidence establishes that even if Adell was not aware of JRH’s
        responsive pleadings, he already knew that his state court claims would be contested.
        At least twice before Adell filed the involuntary petition, JRH’s attorneys
No. 04-2154           In re John Richard Homes Bldg. Co.                                      Page 8


       specifically told Adell’s attorneys that JRH would contest Adell’s claims and that
       therefore an involuntary petition would be improper. . . .
             Fourth, Adell took no action to withdraw the involuntary petition when he did
       become aware of JRH’s state court responses.
Id. (internal citations omitted). As Adell makes no attempt to challenge the probative value of the
evidence cited by the bankruptcy court or to challenge the bankruptcy court’s use of that evidence
in support of its finding, and especially in light of the special deference given to a trial judge’s
credibility findings, we cannot conclude that the bankruptcy court clearly erred in rejecting Adell’s
testimony.
         Adell’s second argument is that there was no bona fide dispute with respect to at least
$133,000 and, therefore, no basis for finding that Adell knew or should have known that his claim
was subject to a bona fide dispute. There are numerous problems with this argument. First, even if
Shekerjian conceded he was holding at least $133,000 in trust for Adell, he never conceded that
Adell’s claim to that money was undisputed. Second, the question whether Adell’s claim was
subject to a bona fide dispute was resolved by the bankruptcy court’s decision in July 2002
dismissing the petition, a decision which Adell did not appeal. Thus, Adell cannot now argue that,
in fact, there was a bona fide dispute. Finally, while it is certainly possible that a creditor could
reasonably but erroneously believe there was no bona fide dispute, Adell is not that creditor. As the
district court concluded, Adell’s alleged good faith belief that the $133,000 was undisputed was
clearly “manufactured after the fact,” as shown by the fact that it was never mentioned by his
attorneys during the motion to dismiss hearing.
        As neither of Adell’s two challenges to the bankruptcy court’s first finding have merit, we
conclude that it did not clearly err in finding that Adell knew or should have known at the time he
filed the petition that his claim was subject to a bona fide dispute.
               b.      Finding that Adell knew the petition would harm JRH and intended that
                       harm
        The bankruptcy court found that “Adell knew of the serious harm that JRH would suffer as
a direct consequence of the involuntary filing” and that “Adell intended to cause that harm.” Id.
at 732. Adell first argues that this finding is immaterial to the issue of bad faith as long as Adell
reasonably believed that JRH belonged in bankruptcy. He also disputes the finding itself by citing
his own testimony that he never threatened to commence a bankruptcy, JA 917, and that he did not
hire his public relations firm, Marx Layne, for the purpose of publicizing the bankruptcy, JA 918.
       As discussed above, the bankruptcy court found, and we have upheld its finding, that Adell
knew or should have known that his claim against JRH was the subject of a bona fide dispute. It
necessarily follows that Adell knew or should have known that JRH did not belong in bankruptcy.
Accordingly, his claim on appeal that he reasonably believed JRH belonged in bankruptcy is plainly
without merit.
       Adell testified that he never threatened JRH with bankruptcy and that he did not hire Marx
Layne to publicize the bankruptcy but rather to defend against inquiries about the civil case. JA 918.
 However, the bankruptcy court heard his testimony and found it not credible on both points.
Bankruptcy Op., 291 B.R. at 732-33. The bankruptcy court’s explanation of why it found Adell’s
testimony not credible on these two points is extensive and supported by substantial evidence that
Adell does not address. Id. at 732. Accordingly, we see no error in the bankruptcy court’s rejection
of Adell’s testimony on these two points and, accordingly, no basis for disturbing its finding that
Adell knew the filing would cause JRH harm and intended that harm.
No. 04-2154           In re John Richard Homes Bldg. Co.                                      Page 9


               c.      Finding that Adell’s attorney threatened Shekerjian with criminal
                       prosecution
         The bankruptcy court found that Adell’s attorney in his civil matter, Dennis Dlugokinski,
had on several occasions “outrageously threaten[ed] criminal prosecution” unless Shekerjian agreed
to remove any mortgages and liens on the property, to cancel any debt owing by Adell, and to make
restitution and pay damages. Id. at 733. On appeal, Adell does not challenge the accuracy of this
finding, but he argues that it is immaterial to the question of whether Adell reasonably believed he
could file the involuntary petition. We disagree. Given that the standard for judging bad faith is
the “totality of the circumstances,” the fact that Adell was issuing such threats in a civil suit
involving the same issues is certainly a fact that the bankruptcy court may properly consider.
               d.      Finding that Adell was unable to explain how he calculated the $800,000
                       figure in the involuntary bankruptcy petition
         The bankruptcy court found that “Adell was unable to articulate” how the $800,000 figure
in the involuntary bankruptcy petition was calculated. Id. On appeal, Adell challenges this finding
by citing his own testimony that he arrived at the $800,000 figure by subtracting the value of the
land, $1 million, from the total amount he had already paid, $1.8 million, JA 909-17, and the
testimony of Max Newman, one of his bankruptcy attorneys. JA 940. Despite Adell’s trial
testimony, the bankruptcy court’s finding is not clearly erroneous. At Adell’s deposition in August
2002, a short time after the petition had been filed, he testified that he didn’t know how he arrived
at $800,000 and that he had relied on his bankruptcy attorneys to determine the amount listed in the
petition. JA 929. Presumably the bankruptcy court based its finding on Adell’s deposition
testimony, impliedly finding it credible and Adell’s trial testimony not credible. See Wright &
Miller, Federal Practice & Procedure: Civil 2d § 2579 (where a lower court has “fail[ed] to make
a finding on a particular fact,” the court is presumed to have “impliedly made a finding consistent
with its general finding”). Absent a reason for rejecting this omnibus credibility finding, Adell’s
challenge to the bankruptcy court’s specific finding that Adell was unable to articulate the basis for
the $800,000 debt alleged in the involuntary bankruptcy petition fails.
               e.      Finding that Adell flaunted his wealth and threatened other creditors
       The bankruptcy court found that “Adell used improper threats and flaunted his wealth in an
attempt to solicit creditors to join his petition.” Bankruptcy Op., 291 B.R. at 733. On appeal, Adell
challenges this finding by citing his own testimony to the contrary. JA 851-55, 920.
        In making its finding, the bankruptcy court relied on the testimony of two JRH creditors,
Cynthia Weaver and Robert Clark. Bankruptcy Op., 291 B.R. at 733; see also Appendix ¶¶ 15, 16.
The court credited their testimony and rejected Adell’s testimony to the contrary. Id. Adell has not
offered any reason, and none is apparent, why we should conclude that the bankruptcy court clearly
erred by crediting the testimony of the two creditors over Adell’s own self-serving testimony.
         Adell also argues that even if true, this finding is “irrelevant” to the issue of bad faith.
Again, the “totality of the circumstances” test renders that a difficult argument to support. We have
no difficulty in concluding that the bankruptcy court correctly ruled that Adell’s flaunting of his
wealth and threatening other creditors is relevant to a determination as to whether the petition was
filed in bad faith.
               f.      Finding that Adell’s reliance-on-counsel defense is not persuasive
       The bankruptcy court found that Adell’s testimony that he filed the petition in “reliance on
the advice of experienced bankruptcy attorneys . . . must be rejected” because of Adell’s failure to
No. 04-2154               In re John Richard Homes Bldg. Co.                                                   Page 10


fully disclose all relevant information to his bankruptcy counsel, Newman. Id. As explained by the
bankruptcy court, Adell and his other attorneys
         withheld from Newman significant information that plainly would have, or should
         have, made a difference on the critical issue of whether JRH either “admitted,” or at
         least did not dispute, any portion of Adell’s claim.”
Id.
        Adell does not dispute the legal rule, articulated by the bankruptcy court, that “a client
reasonably relies on an attorney’s advice only when the client provides to the attorney all of the
pertinent facts in the client’s possession.” Id. at 734-35 (internal quotations omitted). Nor does he
challenge the bankruptcy     court’s conclusion that he failed to disclose certain information to his
bankruptcy attorneys.3 He does contend that he fully disclosed all the relevant facts and, therefore,
that his reliance-on-counsel defense should not have been rejected. We disagree. Adell’s
bankruptcy attorney testified that in filing the petition he had relied on Adell’s (and his attorney’s)
representation that there was an undisputed claim over $12,000, and that he was unaware of several
key documents, which he would like to have seen. JA 940, 945. Under those circumstances, a
reliance-on-counsel defense is not viable. As the bankruptcy court explained:
         Newman’s advice that an involuntary petition would be proper was based on Adell’s
         assurance that JRH would admit a claim of at least $12,000. However, as found
         above, Adell knew that JRH would vigorously dispute his claim and therefore that
         this assurance was false. Moreover, Newman certainly would have determined that
         the assurance was false if only Adell had not withheld pertinent facts and documents.
         Accordingly, Adell’s defense of reliance on counsel must be rejected.
Id. at 735. We also agree with the bankruptcy court that “Adell’s conduct in deliberately
withholding evidence from his bankruptcy counsel is further evidence of his bad faith in causing the
involuntary petition to be filed.” Id.
                  g.       Finding that Adell did not file out of concern for other creditors
        The bankruptcy court found that “Adell falsely testified that in filing the involuntary petition,
he was motivated by a concern for JRH’s trade creditors,” explaining that “[i]f he were indeed so
charitably motivated, he would not have threatened at least two creditors that the only way they
would be paid would be to join in the petition.” Id. Adell first challenges the finding that he
threatened at least two creditors by citing his own, Mark Layne’s (the head of the public relations
firm, Marx Layne) and Bjorkly’s testimony to the contrary. See JA 562, 853-54, 896. Here again,
Adell fails to offer any basis for rejecting as clearly erroneous the bankruptcy court’s decision to
credit the testimony of Weaver and Clark, see Appendix ¶¶ 15, 16, over the testimony of Adell,
Bjorkly and Layne.
       Adell also argues that even if he did say it, it was not a threat but simply the truth, and,
therefore, irrelevant to the question of bad faith. As discussed above, however, a bankruptcy court

         3
           The bankruptcy court found that there were three material items that neither Adell nor his attorneys provided
to Newman: (1) a June 5, 2002 letter from one of JRH’s attorneys, E. Michael Morris, to Dlugokinski, “in which Morris
clearly took the position that Adell had explicitly agreed to the purchase price of $1,750,000 for the real property and
that it was Adell, not JRH, that was in breach of the construction contract”; (2) another June 5, 2002 letter from Morris
to Dlugokinski “in which Morris demanded that Adell cease disparaging JRH and cease soliciting creditors for an
involuntary bankruptcy petition” and threatened “severe sanctions for damages in the event it files a frivolous petition
for bankruptcy”; and (3) “most inexplicably of all . . . a copy of JRH’s answer to Adell’s state court complaint or JRH’s
counterclaim.” Id.
No. 04-2154           In re John Richard Homes Bldg. Co.                                     Page 11


looking at the totality of the circumstances in order to decide whether an involuntary bankruptcy
petition has been filed in bad faith is entitled to consider the fact that the petitioning creditor
apparently (or at least arguably) was making threats to other creditors prior to filing the petition.
               h.      Evidence of Good Faith
       Adell argues that even if none of the bankruptcy court’s findings that underlie its ultimate
finding of bad faith were clearly erroneous, it erred by failing to give due consideration to the
evidence in the record of Adell’s good faith. He argues that if the evidence of his good faith had
been properly considered, it would have outweighed the evidence of bad faith.
       Adell points to the following evidence in the record as evidence of his good faith:
        • Bjorkly’s testimony that she told Adell that JRH was not paying its trade creditors and that
other customers were having liens placed on their homes, that she told Adell that everyone at JRH
knew there was a serious water issue, and that she told Adell that Shekerjian had told her he was
going to “screw” Adell on the cabinet prices, JA 887-893.
      • Adell and his bankruptcy counsel’s testimony that counsel had told Adell that Adell’s
money had been transferred to another entity and was probably being dissipated, JA 913, 938.
       • Adell’s counsel’s testimony that he told Adell that JRH was probably insolvent, JA 938.
        • Adell’s testimony that Shekerjian admitted owing him money and told him he couldn’t
give him a refund or start building, JA 912-13, 921-22, that no progress was being made on the
home, JA 923, 965, and that his bankruptcy counsel advised him to file the petition and that he relied
on their advice in signing it, JA 914-15.
        • The testimony of Adell, Layne and Bjorkly that Adell was filing out of concern for other
creditors, JA 562, 853-54, 896.
       As explained above, the bankruptcy court found, and we see no basis for disturbing those
findings, that much of the testimony cited by Adell as evidence of good faith was not credible. Even
without that problem, in weighing the purported evidence of good faith identified by Adell against
the “overwhelming” evidence of bad faith relied on by the bankruptcy court, we conclude that the
finding that Adell filed the petition in bad faith was not clearly erroneous.
C.     Amount of Compensatory Damages
        Having found no error in the bankruptcy court’s determination that Adell filed the petition
against JRH in bad faith, we turn to Adell’s challenges to the compensatory damages award. Under
11 U.S.C. § 303(i) a bankruptcy court has the discretion to award compensatory damages for the
injuries proximately caused by the bad faith filing of an involuntary bankruptcy petition. Here, the
bankruptcy court found that the negative publicity surrounding the filing damaged JRH’s future
business. Bankruptcy Op., 291 B.R. at 735. It then determined that JRH’s lost future profits,
“calculable with a reasonable degree of certainty,” totaled $4,100,000, based on an estimated loss
of 20 home sales over the next five years (a 50% decline in sales) at an average sales price of $1.9
million and an incremental profit margin of 17%. Id. at 735-36. On appeal, Adell challenges both
the bankruptcy court’s proximate cause finding and the amount of its damages award. We review
for clear error.
No. 04-2154           In re John Richard Homes Bldg. Co.                                       Page 12


       1.      Proximate Cause (“Fact” of Damage)
         Under section 303(i) of the Bankruptcy Code, the alleged debtor may recover damages
“proximately caused” by the bad faith filing of an involuntary bankruptcy petition. Adell contends
that the bankruptcy court “assumed” that the filing would be the proximate cause of future lost
profits, but that there is not enough evidence in the record to justify that assumption. He emphasizes
that JRH failed to offer expert witness testimony on the effects of negative publicity and, citing In
re Cadillac by DeLorean, 265 B.R. 574, 584 (Bankr. N.D. Ohio 2001), that lost profits “must be
proven through more than general testimony about reaction within the community.” We review
these factual findings for clear error. Huss v. King Co., Inc., 338 F.3d 647, 652 (6th Cir. 2003).
         The record is not as barren as Adell suggests. Shekerjian testified that JRH was “totally
devastated” by the petition and that shortly after the petition was filed JRH lost two high-end
contracts. JA 627, 630, 632, 665. He also testified that in the six months between when the petition
was filed and the bankruptcy court hearing JRH did not sell a single home. JA 627. Finally, he
testified that a builder’s reputation was “absolutely critical” to selling homes in the high-end market.
JA 632. Considering this testimony, the bankruptcy court found that “Shekerjian credibly testified
that the ability of JRH to compete in the market for high end homes is critically affected by its
reputation.” Bankruptcy Op., 291 B.R. at 735.
        In addition, David Johnson, a local real estate developer in the high-end market, testified that
the petition greatly affected JRH’s ability to sell homes in that market. JA 510-11. In the six
months after the filing, he testified, JRH’s financial stability was a recurring topic of discussion at
the various events Johnson sponsored. JA 511. In addition, while during that period there were
housing starts in his development by other builders, there were none by JRH. JA 511. As he
explained it, “[t]he most important thing in the cosmic value and super-lux marketplace, and what
has been the foundation of my reputation, is integrity, reliability and predictability.” JA 510.
       The foregoing considered, JRH was under no obligation to present an expert on this issue.
Accordingly, we reject Adell’s contention that the bankruptcy court clearly erred in finding that the
record evidence establishes that the filing was the proximate cause of damage to JRH.
       2.      Amount of Damages
        Adell also challenges the amount of compensatory damages awarded. In finding that JRH
was “entitled to an award of compensatory damages in the amount of $4,100,000,” the bankruptcy
court credited the testimony of JRH’s expert, Frazee, explaining:
       The Court finds that Frazee’s calculation of lost profits and the assumptions on
       which that calculation is based are entirely reasonable. Frazee testified with
       credibility. His expertise and methodology were not undermined in any substantial
       way. His assumptions were supported by other credible evidence. His calculation
       of JRH’s damages is to a reasonable degree of certainty in the circumstances. Any
       lingering uncertainty about the calculation of lost profits is a result of Adell’s own
       conduct in filing the improper bankruptcy petition and thus must not be permitted to
       prejudice JRH.
Bankruptcy Op., 291 B.R. at 736. On appeal, Adell contends that the bankruptcy court erred by
(1) accepting the expert’s use of the past profits of other Shekerjian entities that had operated in the
high-end market (the “Affiliates”) as a reasonable basis for estimating JRH’s expected future profits;
(2) accepting the expert’s representation that the Affiliates had a historical profit margin of 17%
even though there was no evidence in the record to support that figure; (3) accepting the expert’s
assumption that absent the filing of the petition JRH’s sales would have continued at the same rate
in the future; and (4) accepting the expert’s assumption that JRH would lose precisely four (4) sales
No. 04-2154           In re John Richard Homes Bldg. Co.                                     Page 13


per year for a five-year period. Once the fact of damage is established, the amount of damage need
only be proved to a reasonable degree of certainty, and our review of this factual determination is
for clear error.
               a.      Expert’s Use of the Affiliates’ Past Business as Basis for Calculating
                       JRH’s Estimated Future Lost Profits
        In order to estimate JRH’s future lost profits, and because JRH itself had only been created
in January 2001, JRH’s expert relied in part on the past business records of the Affiliates. On
appeal, Adell argues that by accepting the expert’s use of the past business of the Affiliates to
calculate JRH’s future lost profits, the bankruptcy court effectively (and illegitimately) allowed JRH
to be compensated for the Affiliates’ lost future profits. While only JRH’s future lost profits are
compensable, that does not necessarily mean that the past business of the Affiliates is irrelevant.
        In the present case, Shekerjian testified that JRH was created in early 2001 in order to
consolidate in one entity the high-end home building business that had previously been handled by
the Affiliates. JA 623. He also testified that as part of the formation of JRH, he had phased out a
number of the Affiliates, and others were set to be phased out as soon as their ongoing projects were
completed. JA 624. Thus, he opined, Frazee’s use of historical sales data from the Affiliates was
a “reasonable” predictor of JRH’s potential future earnings because the business of those entities
was “being funneled into [JRH] going forward.” JA 634-35. Frazee testified that given JRH’s
recent creation, the best evidence of its future profits was the past profits of the Affiliates, whose
business it was taking over. JA 610. This record evidence supports the bankruptcy court’s decision
to accept the use of the past business of the Affiliates as a basis for estimating JRH’s lost future
profits. Adell’s charge of clear error on this ground thus fails.
               b.      Record Evidence of Affiliates’ Past Profits
        In estimating JRH’s future lost profits, Frazee testified that he used a 17% profit margin
because that was the historic profit margin of the Affiliates for high-end homes constructed in the
past five years. JA 576-79. Frazee testified that he calculated the 17% figure by reviewing a
number of documents provided to him by JRH. On appeal, Adell argues the bankruptcy court should
not have accepted that testimony absent actual evidence in the record of the Affiliates’ past profits.

        While expert testimony may not be used to establish underlying facts not otherwise in
evidence, see In re James Wilson Assocs., 965 F.2d 172-72 (7th Cir. 1992), that is not what
happened here. Rather, JRH’s expert utilized the past profits of the Affiliates to estimate JRH’s
future lost profits and then testified accordingly. The bankrtuptcy court relied on the testimony of
JRH’s expert in calculating JRH’s damages, which JRH bore the burden of proving to a reasonable
degree of certainty. Had JRH had an independent need to prove the past profits of the Affiliates, the
present record might be inadequate. However, it did not. Indeed, Federal Rule of Evidence 705
expressly contemplates that an expert may offer an opinion without the record containing all of the
underlying facts on which that opinion is based:
       The expert may testify in terms of opinion or inference and give reasons therefore
       without first testifying to the underlying facts or data, unless the court requires
       otherwise. The expert may in any event be required to disclose the underlying facts
       or data on cross-examination.
Fed. R. Evid. 705. Thus, an opposing party who would challenge the facts underlying the expert’s
opinion must do so by cross-examination. See Int’l Adhesive Coating Co., Inc. v. Bolton Emerson
Int’l, Inc., 851 F.2d 540, 544-45 (1st Cir. 1988); see also Smith v. Ford Motor Co., 626 F.2d 784,
793 (10th Cir. 1980) (holding that the effect of Rules 703 and 705 is to “place the full burden of
No. 04-2154           In re John Richard Homes Bldg. Co.                                      Page 14


exploration of the facts and assumptions underlying the testimony of an expert witness squarely on
the shoulders of opposing counsel’s cross-examination”).
               c.      Record Evidence to Support Assumption of Continued Sales at the Same
                       Rate for the Next Five Years
        In estimating JRH’s future lost profits, Frazee assumed that, absent the petition, sales would
have continued at the same rate for the next five years. On appeal, Adell contends that the record
does not support this assumption. In support, he cites the testimony of Bjorkly and Seklar, both of
whom testified that JRH and/or the Affiliates’ sales were decreasing before the filing of the petition.
Adell also asserts that JRH should have proffered an expert on market conditions in order to justify
this assumption. His contention is not persuasive. First, the bankruptcy court impliedly found the
testimony of Bjorkly and Seklar not credible; a finding that is justified given Shekerjian’s testimony
that JRH’s sales had not been declining. See JA 977. Second, although JRH did not have an expert
on market conditions, both Shekerjian and Johnson testified that the market for luxury homes had
not been affected by the general market downturn. See JA 512, 626-27, 641. This record evidence
is more than adequate to support a conclusion that the decision of the bankruptcy court to accept the
expert’s assumption of continued sales at the same rate was not clearly erroneous.
               d.      Evidence Supporting Assumption of Loss of Four Sales Per Year for
                       Five Years
        Finally, Adell contends that there is no evidence supporting JRH’s expert’s assumption that
JRH would lose four sales per year (50%) for the next five years, but that is simply not true.
Frazee’s assumption is supported by Shekerjian’s testimony that he thought a 50% reduction over
five years was reasonable and, if anything, conservative, given the nature of the high-end home
business. JA 636-37. Specifically, Shekerjian testified that Frazee’s assumption that JRH would
lose four home sales per year for the next five years due to the filing of the petition was “extremely
conservative” because:
       • “this is something that people won’t forget,” JA 636;
      • Frazee excluded several very expensive homes from his calculation of the total number
of homes sold over the previous five years, JA 637;
       • JRH had sold zero homes since the bankruptcy filing, although 50 permits for high-end
homes in the relevant area had been issued during that six-month period, JA 637, 641;
        • high-end sales are primarily driven by the “ripple effect” – that is, sales lead to people
talking, leading to more sales; any negative publicity is potentially devastating and with respect to
JRH the “buzz in the marketplace [wa]s . . . quite prominent,” JA 637, 639;
        • Shekerjian’s plan for JRH in the future, as evidenced by JRH’s heavy investment in land
in the Turtle Lake development (over $4 million), had been to double the number of high-end homes
sold per year, JA 638.
        In addition, as described above, Johnson testified, based on his personal observations of the
market, that JRH’s ability to sell homes had been negatively affected by the petition. JA 508-512.
More generally, estimating future lost profits is necessarily imprecise. Here the record adequately
supports the assumption that JRH would lose four home sales per year for five years following the
filing of the petition. Even if that assumption turned out to be wrong, the damages award might still
be conservative because, as Shekerjian testified, it does not include the money JRH had spent and
would continue to spend to try to repair its reputation and its banking and accounting relationships,
No. 04-2154            In re John Richard Homes Bldg. Co.                                        Page 15


JA 637-38, and it does not include the money JRH had invested in land hoping to increase the
number of high-end homes it built in the future, JA 638-39.
D.      Punitive Damages
         Adell seeks to overturn the bankruptcy court’s $2,000,000 punitive damages award. He
challenges the award on both constitutional and non-constitutional grounds. We apply de novo
review to the constitutional challenge, but otherwise review only for abuse of discretion. See
Cooper Indus., Inc. v. Leatherman Tool Group, Inc., 532 U.S. 424, 433, 436 (2001); Smoot v. United
Transp. Union, 246 F.3d 633, 647-48 (6th Cir. 2001). “A district court abuses its discretion when
it relies on clearly erroneous findings of fact, or when it improperly applies the law or uses an
erroneous legal standard.” Id. (quoting Owner-Operator Indep. Drivers Ass’n. v. Bissell, 210 F.3d
595, 597 (6th Cir. 2000)).
       In order to comply with due process, the Supreme Court has directed a court awarding
punitive damages to consider three factors:
        (1) the degree of reprehensibility of the defendant’s misconduct; (2) the disparity
        between the actual or potential harm suffered by the plaintiff and the punitive
        damages award; and (3) the difference between the punitive damages awarded by
        the jury and the civil penalties authorized or imposed in comparable cases.
State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v. Campbell, 538 U.S. 408, 123 S.Ct. 1513, 1520-21 (2003). The
bankruptcy court in the present case expressly addressed each of these factors in explaining how it
arrived at the $2,000,000 punitive damage award, finding that “Adell’s conduct was reprehensible
and must be deterred and punished,” that “within the permissible ratio that the Supreme Court has
suggested, punitive damages might be assessed up to about $41,000,000,” and that comparable
penalties permitted fines of twice the victim’s loss. Bankruptcy Op., 291 B.R. at 739 (internal
citations omitted). The court concluded that:
        [P]unitive damages of $2,000,000 are necessary and appropriate in this case. Such
        a punishment is approximately one-half of the compensatory damages of $4,100,000.
        It is approximately one twentieth of the maximum limit that Supreme Court suggests
        for due process purposes, here $41,000,000. It is approximately one fourth of the
        maximum fine for the most analogous federal crime, here $8,200,000. In the Court’s
        judgment, this is the minimum punitive damage amount that will address the dual
        purposes of adequate deterrence and punishment.
Id. at 739.
         On appeal, Adell faults the bankruptcy court’s analysis for (1) failing to consider mitigating
evidence; (2) failing to consider the size of other awards pursuant to section 303(i); (3) concluding
that his conduct was reprehensible; (4) if the compensatory damages award is reduced, understating
the ratio of punitive damages to compensatory damages; and (5) failing to consider the civil or
criminal penalties for comparable misconduct. None of his arguments have merit. Having found
no error in the bankruptcy court’s finding that the petition was filed in bad faith, or in its credibility
judgments, its conclusion that Adell’s conduct was reprehensible and that Adell presented no
credible mitigating circumstances is amply supported by the record. Having upheld the bankruptcy
court’s compensatory damage award, it follows that its analysis of the ratio of punitive damages to
compensatory damages is accurate. And, finally, Adell’s charge that the bankruptcy court failed to
consider the civil or criminal penalties for comparable misconduct is simply false. See id.
        The only issue raised by Adell that merits any further discussion is whether the bankruptcy
court erred by not considering the size of other punitive damages awards pursuant to section 303(i).
No. 04-2154          In re John Richard Homes Bldg. Co.                                    Page 16


We think not. While the size of other punitive damage awards under section 303(i) is arguably
relevant, the Supreme Court’s three-part framework for analyzing punitive damage awards does not
require courts to make that comparison. Nor are we persuaded that the bankruptcy court here should
have made that comparison simply because its award was, according to Adell, the “biggest” ever.
Where, as here, a bankruptcy court follows the applicable law and thoroughly and persuasively
explains the basis for its punitive damages award, there is no basis for concluding that the size of
the award was an abuse of discretion.
E. Fees and Costs
        The bankruptcy court awarded JRH attorneys’ fees and costs. Id. at 740. On appeal, Adell
argues that the bankruptcy court should not have awarded them because (1) he filed the petition in
good faith and (2) the claim was not subject to a bona fide dispute. Neither argument has merit. As
discussed above, this Court has found no error in the bankruptcy court’s bad faith ruling.
Accordingly, Adell’s challenge to the award of fees and costs based upon his claimed good faith
must fail. As for Adell’s contention that his claim against JRH was not subject to a bona fide
dispute, that issue was decided against Adell when the bankruptcy court dismissed the petition, and
Adell did not appeal that ruling.
                                      III. CONCLUSION
      For the reasons stated in the foregoing opinion, the district court’s decision affirming the
bankruptcy court’s award of compensatory and punitive damages, attorneys’ fees, and costs is
AFFIRMED.
No. 04-2154           In re John Richard Homes Bldg. Co.                                    Page 17


                                           APPENDIX
                        CHRONOLOGY (December 2001 - July 2002)
                                         December 2001
        1.      On December 28, 2001, Adell and JRH entered into a Residential Building and
Purchase Agreement (“Agreement”), providing that in exchange for $3,030,000, JRH would sell
Adell a 1.8 acre parcel of land in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan, and construct a home for Adell there.
JA 779-787.
       2.      Although JRH’s cost in the land was in excess of $1.7 million, the Agreement did not
specify how the $3,030,000 would be allocated between the land purchase and the home
construction. JA 648.
        3.     The Agreement required JRH to commence construction “within a reasonable time
after this Agreement is signed and plans are completed and [a] permit is issued.” JA 780.
                                          February 2002
       4.      On February 28, 2002, the sale closed. JA 646. According to the “Warranty Deed”
and the “Settlement Statement,” both of which were signed at the closing, $1,750,000 out of the
$3,030,000 was for the land purchase, leaving $1,280,000 for the home construction. JA 717-18,
792.
                                        March-April 2002
        5.      Adell called Shekerjian to complain that the “dewatering” of his site had ceased. JA
653. Shekerjian explained to Adell that JRH had temporarily stopped dewatering until it obtained
a permit from the City to continue through the night because otherwise the dewatering would be
pointless. JA 653. Within a few days JRH had obtained the necessary permit. JA 653-54.
However, at that point, Adell told Shekerjian that he wanted someone else to build his home,
specifically his brother-in-law. JA 653, 654.
       6.      Around this same time, Adell told Shekerjian about a permitting dispute he had
previously had with another town. He told Shekrjian that in retaliation for the “hard time” the town
gave him, he built “the ugliest home he could possibly think of just to piss them off.” JA 658-661.
                                             May 2002
         7.       Adell’s representative and then Adell himself contacted Debra Lee Bjorkly, a former
JRH employee (from August 2000 until April 2002). JA 885. Adell had met Bjorkly twice before
in the course of his dealings with JRH. JA 882, 883. When Adell’s representative told Bjorkly that
Adell had just learned about the water on the property, she told him that “everybody knew there was
water on the property.” JA 885-87. Bjorkly later testified that Butch Friedman, the construction
manager working on Adell’s house, was frustrated by the amount of water on the property. JA 897-
98. Bjorkly also told Adell that JRH was having financial trouble. She testified that she had told
Adell that in November/December 2001 things were very tense in the office because there were a
lot of trades in the reception room waiting for money, that one employee had asked to have her desk
moved because she didn’t want to see the trades going back and forth outside her window, that the
construction manager for Adell’s property was frustrated by trades not showing up because they
hadn’t been paid, and that her customers before she left had been “upset” because “they felt that
their projects were being put on hold or being delayed, that trades were not showing up, products
were not being released,” JA 893-94, 897-98. Subsequently, Adell called Bjorkly and asked her if
No. 04-2154           In re John Richard Homes Bldg. Co.                                     Page 18


she had a list of vendors or trades who were owed money by JRH. JA 889. She gave him a verbal
list over the telephone. JA 889. Eventually, JRH and Bjorkly ended up in litigation; according to
Bjorkly’s later testimony, JRH sued her for disclosing confidential information. JA 896.
        8.     Adell contacted William Seklar, an employee of one of the JRH affiliates from
January 1999 until he was terminated on November 30, 2001. JA 959-60. Seklar, whose job had
been the high-end marketing and sales of custom homes, JA 949, told Adell that he had been
involved in the purchase of Adell’s property and had sought a variance to change the grade for
Adell’s property due to the water levels. JA 958-59. He also told Adell that JRH was having
financial troubles. Seklar later testified that he told Adell that he had encountered difficulty
performing his job for JRH starting certainly by the year 2000 because JRH was “having difficulties
in completing clients’ homes, difficulties in paying trades, difficulties in getting trades to respond
to us to work on the client residences,” and that “[t]here was[sic] liens put on customers clients’
homes.” JA 949-50.
       9.      When Shekerjian learned that Adell or his representatives were contacting JRH’s
contractors and former employees, he had one of his attorneys, E. Michael Morris, call Adell’s
attorney, Dennis Dlugokinski, and warn him that they considered such contacts to be “highly
improper and actionable.” JA 807.
         10.    Adell then had Dlugokinski send a letter to Shekerjian. In that letter, dated May 31,
2002, Dlugokinski stated that he represented Adell in connection with his claims arising out of his
purchase of property from Shekerjian, that he intended to “pursue civil remedies and/or criminal
investigations by and criminal remedies through the the Michigan Attorney General’s Office, the
Oakland County Prosecutor’s Office and/or the Federal Bureau of Investigation and other federal
and state agencies and departments having jurisdiction.” To “resolve the matter before the
institution of a lawsuit,” Dlugokinski advised Shekerjian to “mak[e] immediate arrangements to
remove any and every mortgage and/or lien against the property,” to “cancel[] indebtedness owing
or allegedly owing by Mr. Adell,” and to “mak[e] restitution and pay[] appropriate damages to Mr.
Adell.” JA 805. Dlugokinski gave Shekerjian until 5:00 p.m. that day to respond. JA 805.
                                             June 2002
         11.     Shekerjian apparently did not respond to Dlugokinski’s letter, but on June 3, 2002,
he and Morris met with Dlugokinski and Adell to discuss matters. JA 467-68. At that meeting, for
the first time, Adell told Shekerjian that he thought he had paid too much for the property, asserting
that the property was worth $1 million instead of $1.75 million. JA 654. In response, Morris told
Adell and Dlugokinski to drive out to the Bloomfield Hills area and check out the prices for a one
acre lot, suggesting that by doing so they would discover that the price Adell paid for his 1.8 acre
lot was “actually reasonable.” JA 473-74. Morris also reminded Adell and Dlugokinski that Adell
had signed the Settlement Agreement and the Warranty Deed, both of which showed the cost of the
land as $1.75 million. JA 473.
         12.      During the June 3 meeting, Shekerjian tried to resolve the matter by offering to buy
the property back. JA 655. Not only did Adell refuse Shekerjian’s offer, JA 655, he also threatened
to file an involuntary bankruptcy petition against JRH, asking Shekerjian, “Can the company take
the hit to its reputation if an involuntary bankruptcy petition was filed?” JA 469-70. Adell denied
this, JA 859, 917, but the bankruptcy court found his denial not credible, 291 B.R. at 733. Morris
told Adell that filing such a petition would be improper; he also cautioned Adell and Dlugokinski
again that, in his opinion, any contacts Adell or his representatives made with JRH’s vendors or
suppliers would be improper. JA 470.
No. 04-2154           In re John Richard Homes Bldg. Co.                                        Page 19


       13.    After the June 3 meeting, Morris sent three letters to Dlugokinski, all dated June 5,
2002. JA 475.
               a.      One letter dealt with Adell’s threat to file an involuntary bankruptcy petition.
       Morris reminded Dlugokinski that Adell had already been warned not to contact JRH’s
       contractors, yet since that warning Adell had solicited another JRH contractor to participate
       in an involuntary bankruptcy petition. JA 807. He also advised Dlugokinski that “your
       client would be subject to severe sanctions for damages in the event it files a frivolous
       petition for bankruptcy. The sanctions include costs, attorneys’ fees and punitive damages.”
       JA 807. Morris continued: “In our opinion, your client has already gone way too far. Once
       again, we request that you immediately tell your client to cease and desist all attacks and
       disparagement against our client; and all attempts to solicit the filing of an involuntary
       bankruptcy petition.” JA 808.
                b.      Another letter addressed the issue of the land value. In that letter, Morris
       urged Dlugokinski to engage in his own research as to the value of the real property
       purchased by Adell, stating that “we believe that upon inquiry you will determine that there
       are many lots in Bloomfield Hills that are priced well in excess of $1,000,000.00. Indeed,
       we have little doubt that you will not only learn this to be true, but also will discover that for
       a lot as unique as the lot purchased by Mr. Adell, consisting of 1.8 acres in a prime location,
       that the sales price was fair and reasonable.” JA 817. The letter also noted that “the closing
       statement clearly indicated that the land was being transferred for the price of
       $1,750,000.00” and that “[a]t all times, Mr. Adell was accompanied by professionals
       advising him in connection with this transaction. Mr. Adell was given a warranty deed to
       the property at closing, and is now the owner of that property.” JA 817-18. Referring to
       Adell’s representation at their June 3 meeting that he had retained another builder, Morris
       wrote: “If Mr. Adell elects to retain another builder, he will be in breach of the residential
       building and purchase agreement.” JA 818. He concluded: “As things now stand, Mr. Adell
       has terminated and, in our opinion, breached the building and purchase agreement. Our
       client has not been permitted to continue with its work on your client’s property. We are,
       therefore, notifying you that our client intends to seek damages as a result of this breach of
       agreement.” JA 818.
              c.     The third letter Morris sent to Dlugokinski on June 5 was “for settlement
       purposes only” and stated:
               Please contact us to discuss this matter. We stand ready to provide
               reasonable assurances as to our client’s ability and intention to
               proceed with the construction of your client’s home. In the
               alternative, we should be able to find common ground and resolve the
               claims of your client, particularly once your client learns the true
               market value of the lot he purchased.
       JA 819.
        14.      On June 6, 2002,without responding to any of Morris’s letters, Dlugokinski, on behalf
of Adell, filed suit against JRH and Shekerjian in the Oakland County Circuit Court. The complaint
included a number of claims (e.g., fraud and misrepresentation, silent fraud, innocent fraud,
conspiracy to defraud and evade the Builder’s Trust Fund Act and Construction Lien Act, breach
of contract, and Consumer Protection Act violations), all of which essentially rested on two
allegations: (1) that Shekerjian and JRH had orally told Adell that the land was worth $1 million and
that the home they would construct for him would have a value of $2,000,000, despite the fact that
the executed sale documents allocated $1.75 million to the value of the land; and (2) that Shekerjian
No. 04-2154           In re John Richard Homes Bldg. Co.                                     Page 20


and JRH had told Adell that building would begin immediately after the sale closed, even though
they knew that would be impossible because of “water problems” on the property, and that the
ensuing delay in commencing construction was not “reasonable.” JA 721-22, 726-27, 186, 656,
719-46.
         15.   On June 14, 2002, Adell contacted Cynthia Weaver, an employee of E.W. Kitchens,
a supplier for and creditor of one of JRH’s affiliates. JA 499. Adell told Weaver that he had
purchased property and was having a home built by JRH, but that he was having problems with JRH.
JA 503. For example, he (falsely) told her that Erb Lumber had refused to deliver lumber to his
property because JRH owed them money. JA 503, 647. He also told her that “he was a very rich
man, that he was a very angry man,” and that “he was looking for creditors to sign with him to force
[JRH] into bankruptcy.” JA 500. Finally, he told Weaver that it would not cost her anything, but
that if she wanted to be paid, that was the only way. JA 500. Adell denied making any of these
statements, JA 849-51, but the bankruptcy court found that Adell’s denials lacked credibility. 291
B.R. at 733. Adell gave Weaver the name of an attorney to call to verify his information. JA 500.
Weaver called the attorney, Michelle Didorosi, who confirmed everything Adell had said. JA 502.
         16.      Around the same time as he contacted Weaver, Adell also contacted Robert Clark,
an employee of Motor City Stone, an underground excavating company and a creditor of JRH (or
its affiliates). JA 525-27. In the first call, Adell told Clark that only people who signed on to the
involuntary petition would be paid; in the second call he threatened to make certain that people who
did not sign on would not be paid. JA 525. Again, Adell denied making any such statements, JA
854, but the bankruptcy court found his denials not credible. 291 B.R. at 733. Clark told Adell that
he would have to “pass” on joining the petition on the advice of his accountant who told him it
would not be in his “best interest.” JA 528-30.
         17.    On June 17, 2002, an attorney representing JRH in the state court civil action sent
a letter to Dlugokinski, stating:
       It has come to my client’s attention that your client, Mr. Adell, and/or Mr. Adell’s
       agents, is calling and otherwise communicating with the contractors and sub-
       contractors of John Richards Homes and telling them the following:
               (a) that John Richards Homes is in a troubled financial condition and
               is generally not paying its bills as they become due;
               (b) that Adell has a legal basis to force John Richards Homes into
               involuntary Chapter 7 bankruptcy, and will force John Richards
               Homes into Chapter 7 bankruptcy; and
               (c) that John Richards Homes had wrongfully diverted funds paid by
               Adell for the construction of his home.
       These statements are false and are obviously designed to have the effect of damaging
       and/or destroying the longstanding relationship of John Richards Homes with its
       contractors and subcontractors, by falsely causing these contractors and
       subcontractors to regard John Richards Homes as not honoring its financial
       obligations, as being financially insecure, as having no credit and as being insolvent.
JA 801.
       18.   On June 18, 2002, JRH and Shekerjian jointly filed in the state court civil suit: (1) an
answer denying the substance of Adell’s claims; (2) affirmative defenses; and (3) a verified
counter-complaint alleging breach of contract, business defamation, business libel, injurious
No. 04-2154           In re John Richard Homes Bldg. Co.                                       Page 21


falsehood, tortious interference with business relationships and extortion. JA 747-777. JRH also
asked the court for a temporary restraining order and a preliminary injunction to enjoin Adell “from
communicating in any manner about John Richards Homes with any of the contractors,
subcontractors and suppliers, financial institutions, architects, clients and other persons and entities
with which John Richard Homes does business, pending the determination of this matter.” JA 776.
        19.      Also on or about June 18, 2002, another of JRH’s attorneys, Steven Howell, called
Bob Carson, an attorney he believed had been retained by Adell to file an involuntary bankruptcy
petition, to “try to explain facts and circumstances from John Richards Homes’ perspective” and to
tell him that he thought filing an involuntary petition would be “extremely ill-advised and improper”
because “there were two sides to the story,” “that the story relating to these two parties was one that
was the subject of dispute” and “extremely contentious,” and that the Adell’s claim against JRH was
“involved in litigation in Oakland County Circuit Court.” JA 487-88. Howell also told Carson that
JRH would contest any bankruptcy petition. JA 488.
       20.     On June 24, 2002, Adell filed an involuntary bankruptcy petition against JRH. JA
28. The petition alleged that JRH was “generally not paying [its] debts as they become due, unless
such debts are the subject of a bona fide dispute.” JA 28 (citing 11 U.S.C. § 303(b)). Adell’s own
claim against JRH, according to the petition, was for fraud and breach of contract in the amount of
$800,000. JA 29. The petition was signed by Adell and one of his bankruptcy attorneys, Arnold
Schaefer.
        21.     Before filing, Adell had been advised by Max Newman, the bankruptcy attorney who
oversaw the preparation and execution of the involuntary bankruptcy petition, that it was of critical
importance that he have an undisputed claim over $12,000 and that if JRH did dispute his claim,
“there would be a big problem.” Relying solely on Adell’s (and his attorneys’) assurances, Newman
believed JRH would admit a claim in the range of $130,000. JA 940. He used the $800,000 figure
to avoid any risk that the court would think Adell’s entire claim was limited to a smaller amount.
JA 940. Adell had not informed Newman, however, about Morris’s June 5 letters to Dlugokinski
clearly stating that JRH would dispute any debt to Adell or about JRH’s answer to Adell’s state
court civil complaint denying any debt to Adell. JA 943-45. As for JRH’s solvency, Newman relied
in part on Adell’s representation that Shekerjian had offered to return his money but with credit
terms because he didn’t actually have the money available. He also learned that State of Michigan
records showed approximately 20 or 21 entities with names similar to JRH, suggesting to him that
JRH was a single purpose entity, that he had not found a builder’s license in the name of JRH, and
that Adell’s check to JRH had been deposited in a different entity. JA 937-39.
       22.     Shortly before filing, Adell contacted Michael Layne, a partner in the public relations
firm, Marx Layne. JA 531-32. He retained the firm “to make the news media aware of the
bankruptcy filing against [JRH].” JA 535, 561-62. He told Layne that he thought “he was being
screwed by the bank and his developer.” JA 551. His claim that he filed because “the trades weren’t
getting paid and his house wasn’t getting built,” JA 551, 561-562, was not credited by the
bankruptcy court. Ultimately Marx Layne, at the “express bidding” of Adell, contacted three
newspapers to inform them about Adell’s filing an involuntary petition against JRH: the Detroit
News, the Detroit Free Press and Crain’s Detroit Business . JA 535-36, 542, 834-35.
        23.    On June 25, 2002, the day after the involuntary petition was filed, a Marx Layne
representative sent separate e-mail messages to reporters for the Detroit News and the Detroit Free
Press announcing that the petition had been filed and asserting that recent “payoffs” by JRH to its
creditors “won’t do any good.” JA 538, 834, 836. Each message listed nine allegedly dissatisfied
JRH customers, JA 834-37, the names given to Adell by Bjorkly, JA 859-60, JA 890, and passed
on to Marx Layne by Adell’s secretary. None had ever been contacted directly by Adell or anyone
No. 04-2154               In re John Richard Homes Bldg. Co.                                                 Page 22


from Marx Layne. JA 543-44, JA 860. At least two of the nine, Jean McIntyre1 and Larry Gainer,2
in fact had no problems with JRH. JA 984-990. These e-mails also announced that a hearing in the
state court civil suit set for the following week was “sure to be worthy of coverage with plots and
subplots and high profile business people coming to the surface” and falsely stated that the recipient
was the only reporter in the area with this information. JA 539-42, 834, 836. Finally, each message
stated, “We would appreciate you keeping our name out of any conversations regarding this
high-profile story.” JA 834, 836. On July 1, 2002, Marx Layne faxed a copy of the involuntary
bankruptcy petition to a reporter with Crain’s Detroit Business, along with same list of purportedly
dissatisfied JRH customers. JA 820-824. Ultimately, Crain’s ran a single sentence announcing the
filing. JA 537.
       24.     On June 26, 2002, one of JRH’s bankruptcy attorneys, Steven Howell, called
Schaefer and told him that he thought the petition was improper because, inter alia, Adell’s claim
was the subject of litigation. JA 490. Schaefer indicated that he thought some portion of the claim
was undisputed, which Howell denied. JA 491.
                                                     July 2002
      25.     Agreeing with JRH that Adell’s claim was subject to a bona fide dispute, the
bankruptcy court granted JRH’s motion to dismiss the petition.




         1
         Jean McIntyre testified that her home was completed in April 2002, that she had never spoken with anyone
from Marx Layne nor seen the e-mail with her name in it, and that she was very happy with her home and had no
complaints against JRH. JA 986.
         2
          Larry Gainer testified that JRH began constructing his home in June 2002, that work was still being done, but
he had moved in in December 2002, that he had never seen the Marx Layne e-mail or talked to anyone from Marx Layne,
and that he had no claims against JRH and was happy with their work. JA 988-89.
