                  United States Court of Appeals
                             For the Eighth Circuit
                         ___________________________

                                 No. 19-2374
                         ___________________________

                             United States of America

                                       Plaintiff - Appellee

                                         v.

                               Calvin Keith Delorme

                                    Defendant - Appellant
                                  ____________

                     Appeal from United States District Court
                     for the District of North Dakota - Fargo
                                  ____________

                            Submitted: April 17, 2020
                                 Filed: July 1, 2020
                                ____________

Before COLLOTON, GRUENDER, and GRASZ, Circuit Judges.
                        ____________

GRUENDER, Circuit Judge.

      Calvin Delorme appeals his conviction, arguing that he received an unfair trial
and challenging several of the district court’s 1 evidentiary rulings. We affirm.



      1
       The Honorable James M. Moody, Jr., United States District Judge for the
Eastern District of Arkansas, sitting by designation in the District of North Dakota.
       A grand jury returned an indictment against Delorme charging him with
aggravated sexual abuse in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 2241(c) and 1153 (“Count
One”) and abusive sexual contact in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 2244(a)(5) and 1153
(“Count Two”). At the beginning of the first day of his trial in March 2019, Judge
Moody informed the parties that the case needed to be submitted to the jury by the
evening of the second day so he could make a flight the following morning. Defense
counsel said she was “very nervous about getting [the case] to the jury by the end”
of the second day, but she also said, “I think it can be done.”

        The evidence presented during trial included testimony from a twelve-year-
old female victim. Delorme was sometimes responsible for watching the victim
while her mother was at work. The victim testified that Delorme began sexually
abusing her when she was six or seven years old. She testified that Delorme made
her put her mouth on his penis and instructed her not to tell her mother. She also
testified that another man, Wyatt Azure, was sometimes present while Delorme was
watching her and that Azure also sexually abused her.

       Azure, later identified as Delorme’s brother, confirmed that he sexually
abused the victim. Azure also testified that Delorme had sexually abused him when
he was nine years old. Finally, as relevant here, Bureau of Indian Affairs Special
Agent John Rogers testified about his investigation of Delorme after the victim
disclosed the sexual abuse and about his interview of Delorme as part of that
investigation.

       At the end of the two-day trial, the Government dismissed Count Two of the
indictment. The jury returned a guilty verdict against Delorme on Count One. The
district court sentenced him to 360 months’ imprisonment.

      On appeal, Delorme first argues that Judge Moody should have recused
himself because his “personal need to get the case to the jury by the end of the
[second] day” “took precedence and priority over a fair and equitable trial.” See 28
U.S.C. § 455. He argues further that Judge Moody “chastised” defense counsel for


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referencing an incident involving a white pickup truck when questioning Agent
Rogers. According to Delorme, Judge Moody demonstrated an “open and clear
hostility toward the defense counsel,” and “effectively act[ed] as a prosecutor from
the bench” during defense counsel’s questioning of Agent Rogers.

       “We review a judge’s refusal to recuse for an abuse of discretion.” United
States v. Oaks, 606 F.3d 530, 536 (8th Cir. 2010). “However, when a recusal claim
is not raised below, we apply a lower standard of appellate review and review only
for plain error.” Fletcher v. Conoco Pipe Line Co., 323 F.3d 661, 663 (8th Cir.
2003). Our review under this standard is “narrow and confined to the exceptional
case where error has seriously affected the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of
the judicial proceedings.” Id. We will reverse the district court only if the error
prejudiced Delorme’s substantial rights and “would result in a miscarriage of
justice.” See id. at 663-64.

       A judge “shall disqualify himself in any proceeding in which his impartiality
might reasonably be questioned.” § 455(a). We apply “an objective standard of
reasonableness in determining whether recusal is required.” Oaks, 606 F.3d at 536.
“The question is whether the judge’s impartiality might reasonably be questioned by
the average person on the street who knows all the relevant facts of a case.” Id.
(internal quotation marks omitted). “A party introducing a motion to recuse carries
a heavy burden of proof; a judge is presumed to be impartial and the party seeking
disqualification bears the substantial burden of proving otherwise.” Id. at 537.
“Although section 455 has no explicit timeliness requirement, we have ruled a claim
for judicial recusal under section 455 will not be considered unless timely made.”
Fletcher, 323 F.3d at 664 (internal quotation marks omitted).

       Even if we consider Delorme’s recusal arguments despite the fact that he
untimely raises them for the first time on appeal, see Tri-State Fin., LLC v. Lovald,
525 F.3d 649, 653 (8th Cir. 2008) (“The timeliness doctrine under § 455 requires a
party to raise a claim at the earliest possible moment after obtaining knowledge of
facts demonstrating the basis for such a claim.” (internal quotation marks omitted)),


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he has not shown Judge Moody’s “impartiality might reasonably be questioned,”
see § 455(a).

      The statements to which Delorme cites do not show that Judge Moody’s
disposition was “so extreme as to display clear inability to render fair judgment.”
United States v. Melton, 738 F.3d 903, 905 (8th Cir. 2013). “[E]xpressions of
impatience, dissatisfaction, annoyance, and even anger are not sufficient to require
recusal.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). When defense counsel asked Agent
Rogers about the white pickup truck, Judge Moody sought clarification about what
defense counsel’s question had to do with the crime for which Delorme was on trial.
Judge Moody’s questioning and comments about the relevance of the testimony, and
his decision that the line of questioning was “a collateral matter” that was not
probative, are not sufficient to demonstrate an inability to render a fair judgment.
See Liteky v. United States, 510 U.S. 540, 555 (1994) (“First, judicial rulings alone
almost never constitute a valid basis for a bias or partiality motion.”).

       We are similarly unconvinced that Judge Moody’s time considerations would
cause a reasonable person to question his impartiality. Indeed, defense counsel
stated that she thought the trial could be completed within two days, and she did not
request more time. We thus conclude that Judge Moody did not plainly err by not
recusing himself sua sponte.

       Delorme next appears to argue that Judge Moody’s desire to submit the case
to the jury by the end of the second day of the trial resulted in improper evidentiary
rulings. Though he may not have properly raised these issues on appeal because
they were not included in his statement of issues nor were they developed in the
argument section of his brief, see Duren v. URS Corp., 676 F. App’x 620, 621-22
(8th Cir. 2017) (per curiam) (declining to consider claims that were not “included in
the[] Statement of Issues on appeal” and not “sufficiently developed” in the appellate
brief), his arguments nevertheless fail. When a party properly challenges the district
court’s evidentiary rulings before the district court, we review those rulings “for an



                                         -4-
abuse of discretion, reversing only if an error was not harmless. United States v.
White Bull, 646 F.3d 1082, 1091 (8th Cir. 2011).

       Delorme first argues that Agent Rogers could testify only as a lay witness and
improperly testified as an expert. During the relevant portion of his testimony, the
Government asked Agent Rogers about the types of questions asked in forensic
interviews based on Agent Rogers’s experience attending forensic interviews
throughout his career. Defense counsel objected, arguing that the question called
for speculation because Agent Rogers was “not trained in this.” Judge Moody
overruled the objection, reasoning that Agent Rogers could testify based on “his
experience in the interviews that he’s attended.”

      Rule 701 of the Federal Rules of Evidence allows a lay witness to testify based
on his perception so long as it is “not based on scientific, technical, or other
specialized knowledge.” It was not an abuse of discretion for Judge Moody to allow
Agent Rogers to testify as a lay witness about his experience in forensic interviews.
See United States v. Smith, 591 F.3d 974, 983 (8th Cir. 2010) (concluding that a
forensic examiner properly testified as a lay witness when she testified about the
behavior of allegedly abused children during forensic interviews based on her
“experience performing forensic interviews”).

      Delorme next argues that he should have been allowed to question Agent
Rogers about an incident involving a white pickup truck. At trial, Azure testified
that Delorme had bribed him to deflate the tires of the victim’s mother’s car. The
Government elicited the testimony to show that Delorme sought to intimidate the
victim’s mother and obstruct the investigation, as well as to demonstrate his
consciousness of guilt.

       Later, defense counsel asked Agent Rogers about what he learned during his
investigation of Delorme from Clifford Peltier. Judge Moody interrupted, asking
why that line of questioning was relevant. In a sidebar, defense counsel explained
that someone tried to stab Peltier and then “ran towards a white pickup truck” the


                                         -5-
night the victim’s mother’s tires were deflated. Defense counsel sought to
demonstrate that Azure “was there to stab Clifford Peltier, not to slash [the victim’s
mother’s] tires.” Judge Moody determined the evidence was irrelevant because he
was “not trying the issue of whether or not [Azure] stabbed the tires,” nor was it
“probative to any issue the jury has to decide.”

      We conclude that Judge Moody’s decision was not an abuse of discretion.
Whether Azure stabbed Peltier has little relevance to whether Delorme bribed Azure
to deflate the victim’s mother’s tires, and district courts have “wide latitude to
exclude evidence as irrelevant and speculative.” United States v. Wilkens, 742 F.3d
354, 364 (8th Cir. 2014).

       Next, citing a fourteen-page range in the trial transcript, Delorme argues for
the first time on appeal that Judge Moody allowed Agent Rogers to testify about his
opinion that Delorme was guilty based on his interview of Delorme. Where the
defendant did not timely object at trial, we review for plain error. White Bull, 646
F.3d at 1091. Under that standard, the defendant must show “(1) the district court
committed an error, (2) the error is clear or obvious, and (3) the error affected his
substantial rights.” Id.

       After carefully reviewing the transcript, we are confident that the portion of
Agent Rogers’s testimony to which Delorme cites does not support his argument.
The questions in that portion focus on the manner in which Agent Rogers conducted
his interview of Delorme and how Delorme responded to Agent Rogers’s questions
during the interview. Agent Rogers did not express any opinion about Delorme’s
guilt, nor was he asked to offer his opinion. We thus conclude that Delorme’s
argument fails because he has not shown that the district court plainly erred. 2

      2
       Though Delorme did not point to the exchange in his brief, the Government
noted in its brief that defense counsel asked Agent Rogers: “Did you already have
your mind made up before interviewing [Delorme] that this crime had been
committed?” Agent Rogers replied, “I believed [the victim’s] story. That doesn’t
mean that my—that I am dead set in my opinion and can’t be swayed one way or the

                                         -6-
       Citing Rule 1002 of the Federal Rules of Evidence, Delorme also argues for
the first time on appeal that the video of Agent Rogers’s interview of him should
have been played for the jury. Instead of playing the video, the Government elicited
testimony from Agent Rogers about his interview of Delorme. Rule 1002 requires
“[a]n original writing, recording, or photograph” to prove the content of the writing,
recording, or photograph unless the rules or a federal statute provide otherwise. The
Government did not attempt to prove the content of a writing, recording, or
photograph by asking Agent Rogers about his interview with Delorme, so the rule is
not implicated here. See Fed. R. Evid. 1002 advisory committee’s note to 1972
proposed rule (“Thus an event may be proved by nondocumentary evidence, even
though a written record of it was made. If, however, the event is sought to be proved
by the written record, the rule applies.”). We also note that though defense counsel
asked Judge Moody about potentially playing the three-hour video, defense counsel
did not ultimately ask to play the video.

        Finally, Delorme argues for the first time on appeal that Judge Moody
improperly allowed the admission of Rule 414 evidence of Delorme’s prior sexual
abuse of Azure because the Government did not provide adequate notice of its intent
to use the evidence. If the Government intends to use evidence that the defendant
committed other child molestation, Rule 414(b) requires the Government to disclose
the evidence at least fifteen days before trial. The Government provided notice of
its intent to use evidence of prior child molestation at trial about a week before the
trial began, and thus, Delorme argues it was untimely.

     But contrary to Delorme’s argument, Rule 414(b) does not require that the
Government provide notice of intent to use the evidence. See United States v.


other. But I believed [the victim’s] story.” Assuming this testimony was improper
for some reason, allowing it was not plain error. “It is fundamental that where the
defendant opened the door and invited error there is ordinarily no reversible error.”
United States v. Griffith, 301 F.3d 880, 883 (8th Cir. 2002) (internal quotation marks
omitted).

                                         -7-
Benais, 460 F.3d 1059, 1062 (8th Cir. 2006) (explaining that Rule 413, a rule similar
to Rule 414, requires “disclosure of the evidence itself” but not disclosure of “the
intention to rely upon Rule 413 for admissibility”). Delorme does not contest that
the evidence itself was disclosed in July 2018, much longer than fifteen days before
the trial in March 2019. We thus conclude the district court did not plainly err on
this ground.

      For the foregoing reasons, we affirm.
                      ______________________________




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