                                NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
                               APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
        This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court." Although it is posted on the
     internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.




                                                         SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
                                                         APPELLATE DIVISION
                                                         DOCKET NO. A-5067-17T3

STATE OF NEW JERSEY,

          Plaintiff-Respondent,

v.

NATALY Y. TICONA-GOMEZ,

     Defendant-Appellant.
_____________________________

                    Argued May 9, 2019 – Decided July 10, 2019

                    Before Judges Simonelli, Whipple and Firko.

                    On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, Law
                    Division, Bergen County, Indictment No. 17-10-1408.

                    Ramon M. Gonzalez argued the cause for appellant.

                    William P. Miller, Special Deputy Attorney
                    General/Acting Assistant Prosecutor, argued the cause
                    for respondent (Dennis Calo, Acting Bergen County
                    Prosecutor, attorney; William P. Miller, of counsel and
                    on the brief; John J. Scaliti, Legal Assistant, on the
                    brief).

PER CURIAM
      Following the denial of her motion to suppress, defendant Nataly Y.

Ticona-Gomez entered a conditional guilty plea to fourth-degree operating a

motor vehicle during a period of suspension for a second or subsequent violation

of N.J.S.A. 39:4-50 or N.J.S.A. 39:4-50.4(a), N.J.S.A. 2C:40-26(b). On appeal,

defendant contends the police violated State v. Donis, 157 N.J. 44 (1998), by

illegally accessing personal information during a mobile data terminal (MDT)

random license plate check on the vehicle she was driving. We disagree and

affirm.

                                       I.

                                      A.

      A police officer must have "an articulable and reasonable suspicion that

[a] driver has committed a motor vehicle offense" before the officer may stop

the vehicle. State v. Locurto, 157 N.J. 463, 470 (1999) (quoting State v. Smith,

306 N.J. Super. 370, 380 (App. Div. 1997)). However, a police officer need not

observe a motor vehicle violation before using a MDT to conduct a random

license plate check. Donis, 157 N.J. at 54. On the contrary, our Supreme Court

has held that, "because MDT checks are not traditional searches subject to

Fourth Amendment restrictions, they can be 'random,' that is, not based on




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                                       2
reasonable suspicion, and thus need not be governed by predetermined objective

criteria." State v. Segars, 172 N.J. 481, 490 (2002).

      Although Donis "eliminated traditional constitutional concerns relevant to

the basic motor vehicle information, [the Court] invoked provisions of the Right

to Know Law, N.J.S.A. 39:2-3.3 and 39:2-3.4, to insulate 'the personal

information' of motorists."   Id. at 491 (quoting Donis, 157 N.J. at 55-56).

N.J.S.A. 39:2-3.4(a) prohibits the disclosure of "personal information about any

individual obtained by the [New Jersey Division of Motor Vehicles (DMV)] in

connection with a motor vehicle record." "Personal information" is defined as

"information that identifies an individual, including an individual's photograph;

social security number; driver identification number; name; address other than

the five-digit zip code; telephone number; and medical or disability information,

but does not include information on vehicular accidents, driving violations, and

driver's status." N.J.S.A. 39:2-3.3 (emphasis added). The Court recognized that

"[i]n enacting Sections 3.3 and 3.4, the Legislature balanced the State's goals to

maintain highway safety by ensuring that only qualified drivers operate safe

motor vehicles, by protecting law enforcement officers in fulfilling their duties

and by protecting motorists from unnecessary disclosure of their personal

information." Donis, 157 N.J. at 55.


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                                        3
      "To best balance [the Legislature's] concerns," the Court imposed a two-

step process for a MDT random license plate check:

             In the first step, the initial random license plate look-up
             would display information regarding only the
             registration status of the vehicle, the license status of
             the registered owner, and whether the vehicle has been
             reported stolen. The registered owner's personal
             information would not be displayed. If the original
             inquiry disclosed a basis for further police action, then
             the police officer would proceed to the second step,
             which would allow access to the "personal information"
             of the registered owner, including name, address, social
             security number, and if available, criminal record.

             [Ibid.]

Under the two-step process, "police officers who were using MDTs at random

and who lacked suspicion could access only non-private information." Id. at 56.

"[I]f the initial MDT inquiry disclosed that the car was unregistered, reported

stolen or that [the] registered owner was not properly licensed, that information

would then justify the police officer accessing the 'personal information' from

the MDT." Ibid.

      At the time the Court decided Donis, a MDT had access to the database of

the DMV, but not the criminal history information of the National Crime

Information Center (NCIC) or the State Crime Information Center databases.

Id. at 47.    The information accessible on a MDT included the vehicle's


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                                         4
registration status, the registered owner's driver's license status, and whether the

vehicle had been reported stolen. Ibid.

      A MDT now uses the Info Cop database, which has access to the databases

of the DMV, NCIC, and the Judiciary's Automated Traffic System (ATS). A

MDT also has access to the e-Ticket database, which provides information

regarding whether anyone who drove the vehicle was issued a motor vehicle

summons and, if so, displays the type and date of the offense and the individual's

driver's license number.

                                        B.

      Lieutenant Dennis Ring of the Edgewater Police Department testified at

the suppression hearing that he conducts fifty to three hundred random license

plate checks during an eight hour shift to ensure the vehicles he observed are

not stolen, are properly registered, and the operators' driver's licenses are not

suspended or revoked. At approximately 5:30 p.m. on July 24, 2017, Ring

observed a female driving a black Nissan Altima northbound on River Road. He

entered the vehicle's license plate number into his MDT and "hit the random

button" (step one). Step one displayed DMV information showing the Nissan

was properly registered and the registered owner, Juan C. Ticona-Chaupis, had

a valid driver's license and no active warrants and NCIC information showing


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                                          5
there were "no hits" on the registered owner. Step one also displayed e-Ticket

information showing that less than two months prior, on May 12, 2017, a female

driver of the vehicle was issued summonses for driving while intoxicated (DWI),

N.J.S.A. 39:4-50; refusal to consent to taking of samples of breath, N.J.S.A.

39:4-50.2; and driving while license suspended, N.J.S.A. 39:3-40. The female's

driver's license number was highlighted and underlined, indicating a hyperlink

to another screen.

      Ring explained that because the motor vehicle violations were recent and

serious in nature and having observed that the driver of the Nissan was female,

he decided to further investigate to ensure the driver was properly allowed to

operate a vehicle and was not wanted by law enforcement. He clicked on the

hyperlink, which connected him to a screen that displayed personal information

about the female, including her photograph, hair and eye color, social security

number, and address, and information regarding a protective order and

additional summonses (step two).

      Step two also showed that the female's driver's license was suspended.

Upon seeing this, Ring turned his patrol vehicle around, "pulled alongside the

[Nissan,]" saw that "the photo[graph] . . . matched the . . . driver that was

operating the vehicle northbound on River Road[,]" and then "[c]onducted a


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                                      6
motor vehicle stop."1 The driver, later identified as defendant, gave Ring her

passport, which confirmed her identity.        She admitted she was recently

convicted of DWI and her driver's license was suspended for two years because

this was her second DWI conviction.         Ring contacted police headquarters,

confirmed this information, and placed defendant under arrest.

      Ring issued defendant summonses for driving while license suspended,

N.J.S.A. 39:3-40, and failing to possess a driver's license, N.J.S.A. 39:3-29. A

grand jury indicted defendant for fourth-degree operating a motor vehicle during

a period of suspension for a second or subsequent violation of N.J.S.A. 39:4-50

or N.J.S.A. 39:4-50.4(a), N.J.S.A. 2C:40-26(b). On her motion to dismiss,

defendant argued that Donis limits MDT random license plate checks to

information about the vehicle's registration status, the owner's driver's license

status, and whether the vehicle had been reported stolen. Defendant posited that

because step one of Ring's MDT check revealed the Nissan was properly

registered, the registered owner had a valid driver's license, and the vehicle was

not reported stolen, Ring violated Donis by not terminating the search.


1
  Contrary to defendant's argument on appeal, Ring's police report did not state
the stop occurred before he identified defendant from the photograph. The
report merely stated that Ring was "concerned [there] may be a criminal offense
associated with driving the car [and] conducted a motor vehicle stop in the area
of the Edgewater [C]ommons parking lot."
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                                        7
      In denying the motion, the motion judge found Ring's testimony credible

and determined he did not violate step one of Donis because the e-Ticket

information showing the three summonses recently issued to defendant was not

personal information.    The judge also found Ring had a reasonable and

articulable suspicion justifying his further inquiry based on his observation of a

female driving the Nissan and knowledge that a female received a recent

summons for driving without a license. The judge further found Ring had a

reasonable and articulable suspicion that a motor vehicle violation was being

committed when he saw that the description of the female produced by the MDT

check matched defendant. Thus, the judge ruled the stop was lawful.

      Following defendant's guilty plea, the judge imposed a mandatory 180-

day jail term and the appropriate fines and penalties and suspended defendant's

driver's license for twenty-four months concurrent to her previous suspension.

This appeal followed. In a July 25, 2018 order, we stayed the jail term pending

appeal.

                                       II.

      Our review of a trial court's decision on a motion to suppress is limited.

State v. Robinson, 200 N.J. 1, 15 (2009). As our Supreme Court has held:

            Appellate review of a motion judge's factual findings in
            a suppression hearing is highly deferential. We are

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                                        8
            obliged to uphold the motion judge's factual findings so
            long as sufficient credible evidence in the record
            supports those findings. Those factual findings are
            entitled to deference because the motion judge, unlike
            an appellate court, has the "opportunity to hear and see
            the witnesses and to have the 'feel' of the case, which a
            reviewing court cannot enjoy."

            [State v. Gonzales, 227 N.J. 77, 101 (2016) (citations
            omitted) (quoting State v. Johnson, 42 N.J. 146, 161
            (1964)).]

"A disagreement with how the motion judge weighed the evidence . . . is not a

sufficient basis for an appellate court to substitute its own factual findings to

decide the matter." State v. Elders, 192 N.J. 224, 245 (2007). We will "reverse

only when the trial court's determination is 'so clearly mistaken "that the

interests of justice demand intervention and correction."'" State v. Gamble, 218

N.J. 412, 425 (2014) (quoting Elders, 192 N.J. at 244). However, we owe no

deference to the trial court's legal conclusions or interpretations of the legal

consequences flowing from established facts, and review questions of law de

novo. State v. Watts, 223 N.J. 503, 516 (2015). Applying the above standards,

we discern no reason to reverse.

      Defendant argues that Donis constitutionally limits the disclosure of

information in step one to the vehicle's registration status, the registered owner's

driver's license status, and whether the vehicle has been reported stolen.


                                                                            A-5067-17T3
                                         9
Defendant posits that once Ring obtained this information and saw nothing

improper, the search was over and he was prohibited from engaging the

hyperlink to obtain her personal information.         Defendant concludes Ring

violated her constitutional rights by accessing e-Ticket information not

approved of in step one of Donis.

      Defendant's constitutional argument is misplaced. The holding in Donis

rested on statutory grounds, not constitutional grounds. See Donis, 157 N.J. at

60 (Stein, J., concurring) (noting the Court's opinion treated the legality of

police officers' random use of MDTs primarily as an issue of statutory

interpretation); see also State v. Sloane, 193 N.J. 423, 436 n.2 (2008) (noting

the Donis Court based its decision on New Jersey's Right to Know Law). Thus,

even if Ring ran afoul of Donis, this did not constitute a constitutional violation.

      We also disagree that Donis limits the disclosure of information in step

one to the vehicle's registration status, the registered owner's driver's license

status, and whether the vehicle has been reported stolen. Computer technology

has advanced since the Court decided Donis over twenty years ago, and the

police now have access to more information during step one. Although not

specifically approved of in Donis, in State v. Diloreto, 180 N.J. 264, 277 (2004),

the Court found nothing improper about police access to NCIC information


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                                        10
during a step one MDT check, which revealed information about the vehicle's

last user and his identifying information. In State v. Coviello, No. A-3904-09

(App. Div. Oct. 8, 2010) (slip op. at 5), we found nothing improper about police

access to warrant information during a step one MDT check. We find no reason

that the police should not have access to e-Ticket information during step one,

as this information would assist them in maintaining highway safety by ensuring

that only qualified drivers operate motor vehicles. See Donis, 157 N.J. 55.

      In any event, Donis prohibits the police from accessing "personal

information" in step one. E-Ticket information about a driver's motor vehicle

violations and driving status is not personal information barred from disclosure.

See N.J.S.A. 39:2-3.3 (Personal information "does not include information on

. . . driving violations, and driver's status."). Notably, defendant did not address

this issue. Thus, Ring did not violate Donis by accessing e-Ticket information

in step one about defendant's motor vehicle violations and driving status and

using that information to engage the hyperlink and obtain her personal

information in step two.

      Further, Ring had a basis for further police action when he discovered that

a female driver of the Nissan had recently been issued a summons for driving

while license suspended and observed a female driving the Nissan. Thus, he had


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                                        11
probable cause to proceed to step two and obtain defendant's personal

information.

      Lastly, "[t]he New Jersey Supreme Court has determined that license plate

checks followed by motor vehicle stops based on reasonable suspicion that the

driver's license is suspended are constitutionally permissible in light of the

interests at stake." State v. Pitcher, 379 N.J. Super. 308, 314 (App. Div. 2005).

In Pitcher, we held that:

            Because a motor vehicle stop based upon a reasonable
            suspicion that the driver's license is suspended is
            permissible, the only question we must address is
            whether the officer's suspicion was reasonable.
            Specifically, we must consider whether the facts
            available to the officer "at the moment of the seizure,"
            were sufficient to cause a person of reasonable caution
            to believe that defendant was driving without a license.
            To establish reasonable suspicion, "the officer must be
            able to point to specific and articulable facts which,
            taken together with rational inferences from those facts,
            reasonably warrant" the suspicion.

            [Id. at 315 (citations omitted) (quoting State v. Pineiro,
            181 N.J. 13, 21 (2004)).]

Further, a stop of a motor vehicle is justified when a police officer "has an

articulable and reasonable suspicion that the driver has committed a motor

vehicle offense." Locurto, 157 N.J. 463, 470 (1999) (quoting Smith, 306 N.J.

Super. at 380).


                                                                         A-5067-17T3
                                       12
      Based on the facts available to him, Ring had an articulable and reasonable

suspicion that the driver's license of the female he observed driving the Nissan

was suspended and she committed the motor vehicle offense of driving while

license suspended. Accordingly, the motor vehicle stop was lawful.

      To the extent we have not specifically addressed any of defendant's

remaining arguments, we conclude they are without sufficient merit to warrant

discussion in a written opinion. R. 2:11-3(e)(1)(E).

      We affirm defendant's conviction, vacate the July 25, 2018 order staying

the mandatory 180-day jail term, and remand this matter to the trial court for

imposition of sentence.




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                                      13
