        IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF MISSISSIPPI

                               NO. 2015-CA-01658-COA

PAIGE ELECTRIC COMPANY                                                     APPELLANT

v.

DAVIS & FEDER, P.A.                                                          APPELLEE

DATE OF JUDGMENT:                         10/30/2015
TRIAL JUDGE:                              HON. LISA P. DODSON
COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED:                HARRISON COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT,
                                          FIRST JUDICIAL DISTRICT
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT:                   BLEWETT W. THOMAS
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE:                   JAMES GRADY WYLY III
                                          KYLE STUART MORAN
                                          ADAM BLAKE HARRIS
NATURE OF THE CASE:                       CIVIL - CONTRACT
TRIAL COURT DISPOSITION:                  DENIED APPELLANT’S MOTION TO
                                          DECLARE ARBITRATION CLAUSE
                                          INVALID, AND ALTERNATIVELY, TO
                                          SEVER STATUTORY LIEN CLAIMS FOR
                                          TRIAL; AND DENIED MOTION TO
                                          VACATE THE ARBITRATION AWARD,
                                          DISMISSING APPELLANT’S CLAIMS
                                          WITH PREJUDICE; AND GRANTED
                                          APPELLEE’S MOTION TO CONFIRM
                                          ARBITRATOR’S AWARD
DISPOSITION:                              AFFIRMED - 04/11/2017
MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:
MANDATE ISSUED:

       BEFORE LEE, C.J., BARNES AND FAIR, JJ.

       BARNES, J., FOR THE COURT:

¶1.    Paige Electric Company (Paige Electric) filed a malpractice suit against Davis &

Feder P.A., claiming the firm mishandled its legal claims and committed malpractice.

Because the retainer agreement between the parties contained an arbitration clause, the case
was submitted to an arbitrator, who issued an award in favor of Davis & Feder and denied

Paige Electric any relief.

¶2.    Paige Electric filed motions in the First Judicial District of Harrison County Circuit

Court to declare the arbitration clause void and to vacate the arbitration award. The circuit

court denied the motions, dismissing Paige Electric’s claims with prejudice. Paige Electric

now appeals, claiming the circuit court erred in finding that Paige Electric waived any

objection to the arbitration clause by voluntarily participating in the arbitration. Paige

Electric also asserts that the arbitration award in favor of Davis & Feder should be vacated,

as the arbitrator exceeded his authority in violation of Mississippi Code Annotated section

11-15-23(d) (Rev. 2004) and 9 United States Code section 10(a)(4) (2012).

¶3.    Finding no error, we affirm.

                        FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

¶4.    After Hurricane Katrina hit the Mississippi Gulf Coast in 2005, Southern Construction

Services Inc. (SCS) hired Paige Electric as a subcontractor to provide electrical contracting

on all of SCS,s projects. Paige Electric,s owner, Jerry Paige, was also hired by SCS as its

general supervisor due to his certification in building construction and electrical contracting.

¶5.    When SCS failed to pay Paige Electric for its services on its last project, Studio Inn,

Paige Electric hired Davis & Feder to handle its claim to collect the unpaid balance of

$271,364.22. The Retainer Agreement, entered into on March 19, 2007, contained an

arbitration clause, which stated:

       This provision regarding arbitration of disputes shall apply to any dispute
       between the parties which arises from, or is related to, a claimed breach of this


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       agreement, the professional legal services rendered by Davis & Feder, P.A. or
       any claim for legal and or professional malpractice, or any claim or
       disagreement between the parties of any kind, nature, type or description
       regardless of the facts or the legal theories which may be involved or asserted.
       . . . You are specifically agreeing to waive your right to a trial by jury
       regarding any claims or disputes you may have arising from this Agreement.

The associate attorney who worked on the case, David Brisolara, pursued two separate claims

against SCS on Paige Electric’s behalf: (1) the collection of the unpaid balance; and (2) a

lien pursuant to Mississippi Code Annotated section 85-7-181 (Rev. 1999) against Studio

Inn’s owner, Hancock Hotels.1 Although Brisolara filed a notice of construction lien with

the Harrison County Chancery Clerk on March 21, 2007, no suit was filed regarding the

construction lien. Brisolara was successful in obtaining a default judgment of $271,364.22

against SCS on November 7, 2007, but as SCS was insolvent at this point, efforts to collect

the judgment were unsuccessful. Brisolara left Davis & Feder at the end of 2008, and the

law firm terminated its representation of Paige Electric in January 2009.

¶6.    It was not until March 2013 that Jerry Paige discovered that no lien had been placed

on Hancock Hotels’ property. On January 16, 2014, Paige Electric filed a malpractice suit

against Davis & Feder, asserting that the firm should have “done more” to collect the

company’s claims against SCS. Davis & Feder moved to dismiss the complaint. On June

9, 2014, the circuit court entered an agreed order referring the case to arbitration.



       1
         Section 85-7-181 provides a statutory remedy under which a subcontractor could
file a stop notice against an owner if the subcontractor supplied materials or labor for a
construction project and was not paid by the general contractor. This statute was later held
to be unconstitutional and was repealed in 2014. See Noatex Corp. v. King Constr. of
Houston LLC, 732 F.3d 479, 482 (5th Cir. 2013) (affirming the district court’s determination
that Mississippi’s stop notice statute, section 85-7-181, “is facially unconstitutional”).

                                              3
¶7.    The parties agreed to the appointment of William Larry Latham as both arbitrator and

special master for purposes of presiding over third-party discovery. Following discovery, a

three-day arbitration hearing was held on May 27-29, 2015, with both parties presenting

expert testimony. On July 23, 2015, the arbitrator published his award, dismissing with

prejudice all claims against Davis & Feder. As the parties agreed to a short form order, there

were no findings of fact or conclusions of law.

¶8.    Davis & Feder subsequently filed a motion with the circuit court to confirm the award

and enter a final judgment. Aggrieved, Paige Electric moved the circuit court to vacate the

award as beyond the scope of the arbitration agreement and for “grounds enumerated in both

Miss. Code Ann. § 11-15-23(a-d) and 9 U.S.C. § 10(a)(1-4).” Paige Electric also filed a

motion to declare the arbitration clause invalid, or in the alternative, to sever the claims

involving the lien from the agreement and set those claims for trial. On October 30, 2015,

the circuit court held a hearing on the parties’ motions. Finding that Paige Electric “waived

any objection [it] may have had with regard to the arbitration of the lien claims,” and that a

“[c]hallenge to the arbitration clause . . .should have been made . . . prior to the referral for

arbitration,” the court denied Paige Electric’s motion to invalidate the arbitration clause, or

alternatively, to sever the statutory lien claims for trial. The circuit judge also denied Paige

Electric’s motion to vacate the award, finding nothing in the record to indicate the arbitrator

“exceeded his powers or . . . flouted the law.” The court granted Davis & Feder’s motion for

entry of judgment, entered an order confirming the arbitrator’s award, and dismissed Paige

Electric’s claims with prejudice.



                                               4
¶9.      On appeal, we find no error and affirm.

                                  STANDARD OF REVIEW

¶10.     “In arbitration cases, . . . the scope of review is extremely limited.” Wilson v.

Greyhound Bus Lines Inc., 830 So. 2d 1151, 1155 (¶9) (Miss. 2002). “The scope of judicial

review of an arbitration award is quite narrow, and every reasonable presumption will be

indulged in favor of the validity of arbitration proceedings.” Id. (quoting Craig v. Barber,

524 So. 2d 974, 977 (Miss. 1988)).

                                         DISCUSSION

         I.       Whether the circuit court erred in denying Paige Electric’s motion
                  to declare the arbitration clause invalid, or alternatively, to sever
                  the lien claims from the arbitration award and set those claims for
                  trial.2

¶11.     Addressing Paige Electric’s claim that the arbitration clause in the retainer agreement

was unconscionable, and its alternative claim the malpractice claims involving the lien

should be severed from the arbitration award and set for trial, the circuit court concluded that

the company had waived any objection, as it had voluntarily consented to the arbitration.

¶12.     Mississippi has not addressed the precise issue of whether a challenge to the validity

of an arbitration clause may be brought post-arbitration. But other jurisdictions have held

that participation in arbitration proceedings waives the right to object to an arbitrator’s

authority. “A party cannot ‘sit silent, wait until an adverse award is issued, and then first

argue that the arbitrator did not have the authority even to hear the claim.’” Advocate Fin.



         2
             For clarity of discussion, we have combined Issues I and II from the appellant’s
brief.

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Grp. v. Poulos, 8 N.E.3d 598, 609 (¶53) (Ill. App. Ct. 2014) (quoting First Health Grp. v.

Ruddick, 911 N.E.2d 1201, 1213 (Ill. App. Ct. 2009)); see also Ahluwalia v. QFA Royalties

LLC, 226 P.3d 1093, 1098 (Colo. App. 2009) (“If a party willingly allows an issue to be

submitted to arbitration, it cannot await the outcome and later argue that the arbitrator lacked

authority to decide the matter.”). “[W]illing participation is consent to the arbitrator’s power

to resolve the dispute.” Unite Here Local 23 v. I.L. Creations of Maryland Inc., 148 F. Supp.

3d 12, 19 (D.D.C. 2015). “Given that arbitration is an optional alternative to judicial

resolution of disputes[,] . . . when the parties have agreed to arbitration, the law discourages

the loser from seeking a second de novo (or even quasi-de novo) shot at obtaining its desired

result[.]” Id. at 18-19.

¶13.   Paige Electric argues that because there was a “separate contract prepared for lien

claims against the hotel” produced on February 25, 2015, during discovery, “Paige Electric

cannot be considered to have consented to arbitration,” and it “cannot be bound to any

agreement to arbitrate the dispute over the lien claims[.]”3 The circuit court judge declined

to make any findings “whether there was a second contract or not,” because the lien claims

were submitted for arbitration and had been decided by the arbitrator. But the court did

observe that the “second contract . . . was known to Paige Electric in February by [its] own

pleadings, and at that time [it] had fully the ability to say. . . these liens aren’t included.” The

       3
          The second “contract” was merely handwritten notes made by Brisolara on a legal
pad, dated March 16, 2007, three days prior to the parties’ signing the retainer agreement.
The note has Jerry Paige’s name at the top, and simply states “Hourly pay for lien. [One-
third] for suit” and that Jerry Paige “wants to sign contract against [SCS and] Studio Inn and
file suit.” There is no evidence that Paige Electric signed a second contract for the lien work
at an hourly rate; nor is there evidence Davis & Feder billed Paige Electric for this work.

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judge concluded:

       [It] didn’t do that. What [it] did do, however, was go through the entire
       arbitration process, two and a half days of arbitration hearings, and then submit
       a post-hearing memorandum . . . [that] very clearly indicates the lien claims
       were considered and are part of the arbitration.

       ....

       And, therefore, the court finds [Paige Electric] waived any objection [it] may
       have had with regard to the arbitration of the lien claims. Whether the court
       agrees they would have been included or not, the parties agreed to include
       them, the arbitrator was presented those.

¶14.   At no point prior to or during the arbitration hearing did Paige Electric object to

arbitrating the lien claims. Paige Electric was represented by counsel throughout this

process, and the parties agreed to arbitration; it was not court-ordered. In a letter to Davis

& Feder, dated June 12, 2013, counsel for Paige Electric stated that “[t]here is no objection

to this [arbitration] procedure,” and he requested that “appropriate steps be taken at this time

to arrange for arbitration of this claim[.]” Thus, we find no error in the circuit court’s

determination that Paige Electric waived its right to object to the validity of the arbitration

clause and to the arbitration of the lien claims.

¶15.   Notwithstanding the waiver of the claims, we find no merit to Paige Electric’s claim

that the arbitration clause was procedurally unconscionable because the arbitration clause

was not properly explained to Jerry Paige, and because the clause is “inconspicuous” and

used “overly broad verbiage.” Whether an arbitration clause is procedurally unconscionable

can be shown by: “(1) lack of knowledge; (2) lack of voluntariness; (3) inconspicuous print;

(4) the use of complex, legalistic language; (5) disparity in sophistication or bargaining



                                               7
power of the parties; and/or (6) lack of opportunity to study the contract and inquire about

the terms.” See Caplin Enters. Inc. v. Arrington, 145 So. 3d 608, 614 (¶12) (Miss. 2014)

(citing MS Credit Ctr. Inc. v. Horton, 926 So. 2d 167, 177 (¶29) (Miss. 2006)).

¶16.   The retainer agreement was a simply-worded five-page agreement, and the arbitration

clause took up an entire page of the contract, in an easy-to-read font. Compare E. Ford Inc.

v. Taylor, 826 So. 2d 709, 716-17 (¶21) (Miss. 2002) (finding an arbitration provision

“procedurally unconscionable,” as the “preprinted” arbitration clause “appears less than one-

third the size of many other terms in the document, [and] appears in very fine print and

regular type font”). Moreover, in the June 12, 2013 letter from Paige Electric’s counsel to

Davis & Feder, the attorney stated that “[Jerry] Paige advises me that his contract with Davis

[&] Feder requires all disputes with clients be arbitrated,” indicating an understanding by

Jerry Paige of the agreement’s terms and conditions.

¶17.   We also reject, on the merits, Paige Electric’s alternative claim that the arbitration

clause only applied to the representation for the claim against SCS for payment, not the

claims related to the “prosecution of any liens or related claims against Hancock Hotels,” and

that “the malpractice claims related to the hotel owner should be severed and set for trial

before a jury.” Paige Electric cites Complaint of Hornbeck Offshore (1984) Corp., 981 F.

2d 752, 754-55 (5th Cir. 1993), to support its claim. However, the retainer agreement states

that the provision regarding the arbitration of disputes “shall apply to any dispute between

the parties which arises from, or is related to, a claimed breach of this agreement[.]”

(Emphasis added). In Hornbeck, the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit



                                              8
specifically held that “arbitration clauses containing the ‘any dispute’ language . . . are of the

broad type.” Id. at 755. “[I]t is difficult to imagine broader general language than that

contained in the arbitration clause, ‘any dispute.’” Id. (citation omitted). The Mississippi

Supreme Court has also held:

       Broad arbitration language governs disputes “related to” or “connected with”
       a contract, and narrow arbitration language requires arbitration of disputes that
       directly “arise out of” a contract. . . . Because broad arbitration language is
       capable of expansive reach, courts have held that “it is only necessary that the
       dispute touch matters covered by the contract to be arbitrable.”

Horton, 926 So. 2d at 176 (¶¶24-25) (quoting Pennzoil Exploration & Prod. Co. v. Ramco

Energy Ltd., 139 F.3d 1061, 1067-68 (5th Cir.1998)). We find the lien claim against the

hotel owner was directly “related to” Paige Electric’s claims against SCS; the lien against the

hotel owner was necessary only in the event that Paige Electric could not collect a judgment

from SCS.

¶18.   Accordingly, we find the circuit court did not err in denying Paige Electric’s motion

to declare the arbitration clause invalid, or alternatively, to sever Paige Electric’s lien claims

from the arbitration award and set those claims for trial.

       II.     Whether the circuit court committed reversible error by denying
               Paige Electric,s motion to vacate the arbitration award.

¶19.   Paige Electric argues that the award should be vacated as Davis & Feder were

negligent as a matter of law, and therefore, the arbitrator disregarded the evidence and

exceeded the scope of his authority. The United States Supreme Court has held that in

reviewing whether an issue is arbitrable, “considerable leeway [should be given] to the

arbitrator” and his or her decision should be set aside “only in certain narrow circumstances.”


                                                9
First Options of Chicago Inc. v. Kaplan, 514 U.S. 938, 943 (1995).

       Errors of law or fact, or an erroneous decision of matters submitted to the
       judgment of the arbitrators, are insufficient to invalidate an award fairly and
       honestly made. Nothing in the award relative to the merits of the controversy
       as submitted, however wrongly decided, is ground for setting aside an award
       in the absence of fraud, misconduct or other valid objections.

Wilson, 830 So. 2d at 1156 (¶12) (quoting Hutto v. Jordan, 204 Miss. 30, 36, 36 So. 2d 809,

811 (1948)).

¶20.   “[J]udicial review of arbitration award is narrowly limited, and a motion to vacate,

modify, or correct an arbitration award is not an opportunity to relitigate issues decided in

the arbitration.” City of Hattiesburg v. Precision Constr. LLC, 192 So. 3d 1089, 1096 (¶27)

(Miss. Ct. App. 2016). Mississippi Code Annotated section 11-15-23 (Rev. 2004) provides

the four grounds upon which an arbitrator’s decision may be vacated:

       (a)     That such award was procured by corruption, fraud, or undue means;

       (b)     That there was evident partiality or corruption on the part of the
               arbitrators, or any one of them;

       (c)     That the arbitrators were guilty of misconduct in refusing to postpone
               the hearing upon sufficient cause shown, or in refusing to hear evidence
               pertinent or material to the controversy, or other misbehavior by which
               the rights of the party shall have been prejudiced;

       (d)     That the arbitrators exceeded their powers, or that they so imperfectly
               executed them that a mutual, final, and definite award on the subject
               matter was not made.

“In Mississippi, we have always considered ‘undue means’ to constitute some nefarious

conduct on the part of the arbitrator – not simply an incorrect or sloppy conclusion of law.”

Robinson v. Henne, 115 So. 3d 797, 802 (¶17) (Miss. 2013) (citing McClendon v. Stewart,



                                              10
133 Miss. 253, 258, 97 So. 547 (1923)). The Mississippi Supreme Court has held: “[A]

mistake of law, a mistake of fact, or a decision lacking an evidentiary basis is insufficient to

constitute a violation of any of the four statutory categories that permit the vacatur of an

arbitrator’s decision.” Id. at 803 (¶19).

¶21.   The circuit judge found that the arbitrator did not exceed his powers in this instance.

She further concluded there was “nothing in this record to indicate that Mr. Latham refused

or failed to review the case law, nothing to indicate he had any preconceived notions or

opinions and certainly nothing to indicate what evidence he focused on or didn’t focus on.”

We find no error in the circuit court’s holding. Giving a reasonable presumption “in favor

of the validity of arbitration proceedings,” we affirm the circuit court’s judgment.

¶22. THE JUDGMENT OF THE CIRCUIT COURT OF HARRISON COUNTY,
FIRST JUDICIAL DISTRICT, IS AFFIRMED. ALL COSTS OF THIS APPEAL ARE
ASSESSED TO THE APPELLANT.

    LEE, C.J., IRVING AND GRIFFIS, P.JJ., ISHEE, CARLTON, FAIR, WILSON,
GREENLEE AND WESTBROOKS, JJ., CONCUR.




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