               REPORTED

IN THE COURT OF SPECIAL APPEALS

           OF MARYLAND


                No. 2076


        September Term, 2014

    _________________________


          SHANIA MILLER

                   v.

   DEPT. OF PUBLIC SAFETY &
   CORRECTIONAL SERVICES

    _________________________


   Meredith,
   Reed,
   Friedman,

                  JJ.

    _________________________

       Opinion by Friedman, J.
    _________________________


   Filed: June 29, 2016
       This appeal raises the question of whether the Maryland Correctional Training

Commission may revoke a correctional officer’s certification (which the officer must have

to work) after that officer has been recertified pursuant to an administrative order. We hold

that, under these convoluted circumstances, the Commission may revoke the correctional

officer’s certification.

                   PROCEDURAL AND FACTUAL BACKGROUND

       Shania Miller was a correctional officer at the Maryland Reception, Diagnostic &

Classification Center (“MRDCC”). As a requirement of her employment, she held a

certification from the Correctional Training Commission. In 2010, Warden Solomon

Hejirka of the MRDCC terminated Miller’s employment after he learned that Miller was

engaged in a sexual relationship with an inmate (“First Termination”). Miller appealed her

termination to the Office of Administrative Hearings (“OAH”) 1 (“First Appeal”) and,

following a hearing, an Administrative Law Judge (“ALJ”) ordered that the notice of

termination be rescinded. The ALJ determined that the Warden had terminated Miller’s

employment more than thirty days after discovering Miller’s misconduct, and thus the

termination came too late under the governing law. SP § 11-106(b) (stating that an

appointing authority may impose disciplinary action no later than 30 days after acquiring

knowledge of the misconduct). As a result, an ALJ ordered that Miller be reinstated with



       1
         The Office of Administrative Hearings was created pursuant to § 9-1601, et seq.
of the State Government (“SG”) Article of the Maryland Code. The right of a correctional
officer to appeal his or her termination to the Secretary of the Department, who may then
refer the appeal to the OAH, is granted by § 11-110 of the State Personnel & Pensions
(“SP”) Article.
full back pay and benefits but did not reinstate her certification without further examination

(“First ALJ Order”).

       Miller was reinstated to her position and was assigned to non-inmate-related tasks

pending her recertification. During the recertification process, the Correctional Training

Commission (the “Commission”) discovered that Miller had failed to disclose a prior

employment on her application. As a result of this nondisclosure, the Commission refused

to recertify Miller and she was again terminated (“Second Termination”).

       Miller appealed her second termination (“Second Appeal”). Following a hearing, an

ALJ found that Miller’s Second Termination was pretextual and that the Department failed

to follow the recertification process. An ALJ ordered that Miller’s Second Termination be

rescinded and that she be reinstated “with no further examination or condition” (“Second

ALJ Order”) as is specifically permitted pursuant to CS § 8-209.2(a). Miller was again

reinstated to her position and was issued a new certification.

       Following Miller’s second reinstatement, the Commission convened a hearing to

determine if Miller’s certification should be revoked due to her alleged sexual relationship

with an inmate. The Commission considered the investigation by the Internal Investigation

Unit of the Department of Public Safety and Correctional Services and concluded that

Miller was indeed involved in a sexual relationship with the inmate. Based on that

conclusion, the Commission issued a decision ordering that Miller’s certification be

revoked and, as a result, she was again terminated (“Third Termination”).




                                            -2-
       Miller appealed the revocation of her certification (“Third Appeal”). Following a

hearing, an ALJ concluded that the Commission did not violate the Second ALJ Order by

revoking Miller’s certification after she had been reinstated (“Third ALJ Order”). “Nothing

in section 8-209.[2](b)2 of the Correctional Services Article prevents [the Commission]

from revoking [Miller’s] certification after it was reinstated according to the ALJ’s order.”

       Miller filed a petition for judicial review in the Circuit Court for Baltimore City.

Following an unfavorable decision in the circuit court, Miller has appealed to this Court.

           STRUCTURE OF THE DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC SAFETY AND
                        CORRECTIONAL SERVICES

       There are two paths through which a correctional officer may lose his or her

position. To understand Miller’s various firings, certifications, reinstatements, and

recertifications, it is necessary to understand the structure of the Department of Public

Safety and Correctional Services (“the Department”) and those two paths. At the top of the

organizational chart for the Department is the Secretary of Public Safety and Correctional

Services. CS § 2-102(a)(2). There are several units below the Secretary, each with its own

distinct duties. CS §2-201. Relevant to this appeal are the two units that participate in the

certification, supervision, and termination of correctional officers. Those units are (1) the




       2
         At the time of the third ALJ decision, and when Miller filed her brief, “Revocation
and reinstatement of certification” was designated as § 8-209.1 of the Correctional Services
(“CS”) Article. Ch. 305 § 1, of the Acts of 2015, redesignated CS § 8-209.1 as CS § 8-
209.2 without any changes and enacted a new CS § 8-209.1. We will use the current
designation of CS § 8-209.2 to refer to the section with the catchline “Revocation and
reinstatement of certification.”

                                            -3-
Correctional Training Commission (referred to above as “the Commission”), CS §§ 2-

201(7), 8-203; and (2) the Operations unit.

       While the Commission comprises the entirety of its unit, the Operations unit further

divides. At the top of the Operations unit is the Commissioner of Correction. CS § 3-202.

Below the Commissioner of Correction is the Warden of each facility. CS § 3-211. One of

the facilities included in the Operations unit is MRDCC. The powers of a Warden are

limited to the specific facility that the Warden supervises. CS § 3-211 (stating that each

Warden “is in direct charge of the correctional facility to which the warden … is appointed”

and that the warden shall “supervise the government, discipline, and policy of the

correctional facility.”). If a correctional officer is accused of misconduct, the Warden, as

the appointing authority for that facility, is tasked with investigating the alleged

misconduct, meeting with the employee, and determining the appropriate disciplinary

action. SP § 11-106(a). The Warden may take a number of disciplinary actions including a

written reprimand, suspension without pay, up to termination of employment. SP § 11-104.

A correctional officer’s certification, which is issued by the Commission, is no longer valid

upon termination by a Warden. COMAR 12.10.01.06B(2)(a). A correctional officer may

appeal his or her termination to the Secretary, who then may refer the appeal to the OAH.

SP §§ 11-109; 11-110. On appeal, an ALJ may uphold, rescind, or modify the termination.

SP § 11-110(d)(1). The ALJ may also order recertification with or without examination.

CS § 8-209.2(b).




                                              -4-
       When a correctional officer is hired, he or she must “meet[] minimum qualifications

established by the Commission” and apply for certification. CS §§ 8-209; 8-209.1.

Correctional officer candidates must obtain certification from the Commission within one

year of appointment. CS § 8-209 (allowing probationary appointment of correctional

officers for no more than one year “for the purpose of enabling the individual seeking

permanent appointment to take a training course prescribed by the Commission.”). The

Commission also has the power to revoke a certification. CS § 8-209.2. If an ALJ rescinds

or modifies a disciplinary action, at the ALJ’s discretion, the ALJ may order the

Commission to reinstate the correctional officer’s certification with no further examination

or condition. CS § 8-209.2(b).

       Thus, there are two paths, or chains of command, through which a correctional

officer may be terminated. The correctional officer may be directly terminated through a

disciplinary action by the Warden of the institution at which he or she is employed. SP

§§ 11-104; 11-106. Or, the Commission may revoke the correctional officer’s certification,

CS § 8-209.2(a), the result of which is that the officer may no longer perform his or her job

functions and must be terminated. COMAR 12.10.01.06D(2) (stating that “An agency head

may not permit a mandated employee to perform the duties of a mandated position if the

mandated employee’s certification has lapsed.”).

       With that framework in mind, we turn to the merits of this appeal.




                                            -5-
                                       ANALYSIS

       Miller presents a two-part question for our review: did the ALJ err in finding that

the Department complied with the Second ALJ Order to reinstate Miller’s certification

“with no further examination or condition?” This question requires a two-step analysis:

first, did the Department comply with the Second ALJ Order to reinstate Miller’s

certification “with no further examination or condition”; second, did the Commission

violate the Second ALJ Order by subsequently revoking Miller’s certification. Miller

argues that the Department circumvented the Second ALJ Order by issuing her certification

and then imposing the examination and conditions, because, according to her theory, the

Commission had no authority to subsequently revoke her certification. By contrast, the

Department argues that it complied with the Second ALJ Order because Miller was issued

her certification. The Commission’s subsequent revocation of Miller’s certification, argues

the Department, was proper because the Commission retained its authority to investigate

and had not yet considered the “derogatory information” about Miller. Thus, the

Department concludes, all proper procedures were followed.

       Our review of administrative decisions looks through the circuit court’s decision

and evaluates the decision of the agency, or, as in this case, the ALJ’s decision. People’s

Counsel for Baltimore Cnty v. Surina, 400 Md. 662, 681 (2007). The reviewing court “may

not substitute its judgment for the administrative agency’s in matters where purely

discretionary decisions are involved, particularly when the matter in dispute involves areas

within that agency’s particular realm of expertise, so long as the agency’s determination is



                                           -6-
based on “substantial evidence.” Id. (internal citations omitted). “A conclusion … satisfies

the substantial evidence test if a reasonable mind might accept as adequate the evidence

supporting it.” Trinity Assembly of God of Baltimore City, Inc. v. People’s Counsel for

Baltimore Cnty, 407 Md. 53, 78 (2008). When there is a conclusion of law, however, we

must “determine if the administrative decision is premised upon an erroneous conclusion

of law.” Maryland Aviation Admin. v. Noland, 386 Md. 556, 573 n.3 (2005) (internal

quotations and citations omitted). Thus, we must determine whether there was substantial

evidence to support the ALJ’s determination that the Department complied with the Second

ALJ Order to reinstate Miller’s certification “with no further examination or condition.”

We must also determine whether the ALJ erred, as a matter of law, by determining that the

Commission did not violate the Second ALJ Order by subsequently revoking Miller’s

certification.

       To analyze Miller’s allegations of error, it is vital to remember the function of the

Commission. The Commission is tasked with ensuring that each correctional officer is

prepared for his or her duties. CS § 8-208 (describing the powers and duties of the

Commission, which includes: “to certify and issue appropriate certificates to correctional

officers,” and “to perform any other act that is necessary or appropriate to carry out this

subtitle.”). The Commission ordinarily will only certify correctional officers upon

satisfactory completion of the training requirements. Id. If, however, an ALJ rescinds or

modifies a disciplinary action, the ALJ may order the Commission to reinstate a

correctional officer’s certification “without further examination or condition.” CS § 8-



                                           -7-
209.2(b). Regardless of whether a correctional officer holds his or her original certification,

or if the correctional officer has received a reinstated certification, however, the

Commission retains the ability to revoke a correctional officer’s certification. CS § 8-

209.2(a) (giving the Commission the power to revoke a certification in conjunction with

disciplinary action).

       Here, Miller’s certification was reinstated as ordered. The evidence at the Third

Appeal hearing was that: following the Second ALJ Order (1) Miller was reinstated to her

position; (2) Miller was reissued her certification; and (3) Miller’s certification was

Certificate Number 182918. There was no testimony that Miller’s certification was not

reissued or only reissued following further examination or condition. Rather, the only

testimony was that Miller was reinstated and issued her certification. We conclude,

therefore, that there was substantial evidence on the record to determine that the

Department complied with the Second ALJ Order to reinstate Miller without further

examination or condition.

       Miller’s argument continues, however, that even if the Department did recertify her,

the Department has no valid basis for subsequently revoking her certification. Miller bases

her position on the plain language of CS § 9-209.2(a) and COMAR 12.10.01.06B(2)(b).

       Correctional Services § 8-209.2(a) states:

              The Commission may revoke the certification of a correctional
              officer in conjunction with disciplinary action taken under
              Title 11 of the State Personnel and Pensions Article[, which
              concerns disciplinary actions, layoffs, and employment
              terminations in the State Personnel Management System].

CS § 8-209.2(a).

                                             -8-
       Miller reads this provision as mandating that the Commission may only revoke a

correctional officer’s certification “in conjunction with” a disciplinary action taken by the

Warden. Because there was no disciplinary action taken by the Warden against her at the

time of her Third Termination, Miller concludes that the Commission lacked the ability to

revoke her certification.

       We think Miller’s argument impermissibly requires us to add the word “only” to the

text of CS § 8-209.2(a). See Whiting-Turner Contracting Co. v. Fitzpatrick, 366 Md. 295,

302 (2001) (“We neither add nor delete words to a clear and unambiguous statute to give

it a meaning not reflected by the words the Legislature chose to use…”). Rather, use of the

word “may” indicates that the legislature intended to “confer a right, privilege, or power,”

not state “a mandatory obligation.” Department of Legislative Services, MARYLAND STYLE

MANUAL FOR STATUTORY LAW, 57 (July 2008). The Commission may revoke an officer’s

certification “in conjunction with” the Warden taking disciplinary action, as permitted by

CS § 8-209.2(a), but the Commission may also act independently to revoke a certification

and to fulfill its mandate to assure that all correctional officers are fit and prepared for their

duties. CS § 8-208. Moreover, Miller’s argument ignores the implications of the structure

of the Department. As discussed above, the Commission belongs to a separate unit from

the Wardens of the facilities. The Commission’s process for certification and revocation of

certification, although complimentary to the hiring and termination decisions made by the

Wardens, is a separate process involving separate procedures. Thus, although the

Correctional Services Article allows the Commission to revoke a correctional officer’s



                                              -9-
certification in conjunction with disciplinary action by the warden, this path is not

exclusive and we hold that the Commission may also may revoke a correctional officer’s

certification on its own initiative.

       Miller’s next argument is that any misdeeds committed by a correctional officer

before certification are essentially waived by the Commission upon certification. Put

another way, after issuing a certification, the Commission cannot go back and use an event

known or knowable before certification as a grounds for future decertification. Miller

supports this idea by reference to COMAR 12.10.01.06B(2)(b), which states:

               (2) A mandated employee’s certification is valid for the period
               determined by the Commission or until the employee:

                                          *            *   *

                      (b) Does not meet the Commission’s standards.

COMAR 12.10.01.06B(2)(b) (emphasis added).

       Miller reads the word “until” in COMAR 12.10.01.06B(2)(b) to dictate that

anything the correctional officer did before certification, is prohibited as grounds for

subsequent revocation.

       In our view, Miller reads too much into the word “until.” The word “until,” as used

in this regulation, does not temporally limit the Commission to misconduct occurring after

the correctional officer is certified.   Rather, we think the better reading is that the

Commission may revoke a correctional officer’s certification once it determines that the

employee does not meet the Commission’s standards, no matter when the misconduct

occurred. Moreover, even if the regulation had the meaning ascribed to it by Miller, it


                                              - 10 -
couldn’t trump the clear statutory command of CS § 8-208, which gives the Commission

the power to “perform any other act that is necessary or appropriate,” CS § 8-208(15),

including decertification. The Commission is empowered not only to set the standards for

certification, but also to review the methods of training correctional officers and review

correctional officers’ certification. CS §§ 8-208; 8-209.2. If the Commission discovers that

a correctional officer does not meet the established standards, the Commission has the

authority to revoke that officer’s certification even if the failure to meet those standards

arose from conduct occurring prior to certification. CS § 8-208 (listing the Commission’s

powers and duties as not only “prescrib[ing] standards” but also “inspect[ing],”

“revok[ing],” and making “continuous study” of standards, methods, and programs). Once

Miller was reinstated to her position for the third time and reissued her certification, it was

still the Commission’s responsibility to ensure that Miller met the established standards

and was fit to perform the duties of a correctional officer.

       Additionally, Miller’s argument ignores the two chains of command through which

a correctional officer may be terminated. The Warden of the MRDCC originally terminated

Miller’s employment. Her termination came, however, beyond the thirty-day time limit and

the Warden’s ability to terminate Miller for her misconduct was thereafter foreclosed. The

Warden’s inability to terminate Miller, however, did not prevent the Commission from

acting. Although Miller’s Second Termination was initiated by the Commission, it was for

her failure to disclose prior employment, not for the sexual misconduct. And, in any event,

that Second Termination was ruled pretextual by the ALJ and reversed. The Commission



                                            - 11 -
never previously had the opportunity to consider Miller’s sexual relationship with the

inmate and whether that rendered her unfit to serve as a correctional officer. The

Commission is entitled to finish its process and determine whether Miller’s sexual

relationship with the inmate would adversely affect her ability to perform her duties as a

correctional officer. When the Commission had the opportunity, it found her unfit to

continue as a correctional officer—a proposition with which we can hardly disagree.

       We conclude that there was substantial evidence to support the ALJ’s determination

that the Department complied with the order to reinstate Miller’s certification “with no

further examination or condition.” We also conclude that the ALJ did not err as a matter of

law in determining that the Commission did not violate the Second ALJ Order by

subsequently revoking Miller’s certification. We, therefore, affirm.

                                          JUDGMENT OF THE CIRCUIT COURT
                                          FOR BALTIMORE CITY AFFIRMED.
                                          COSTS TO BE PAID BY APPELLANT.




                                          - 12 -
