                         PUBLISHED


UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
              FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT


DAVID L. MCCORKLE; WILLIAM L.             
PENDER,
              Plaintiffs - Appellants,
                 and
ANITA POTHIER; KATHY L. JIMENEZ;
MARIELA ARIAS; RONALD R.
WRIGHT; JAMES C. FABER, JR., On
behalf of themselves and on behalf
of all others similarly situated,
                            Plaintiffs,
                                             No. 11-1668
                  v.
BANK OF AMERICA CORPORATION;
BANK OF AMERICA, NA; THE
BANK OF AMERICA PENSION PLAN;
THE BANK OF AMERICA 401(K)
PLAN; BANK OF AMERICA
CORPORATION CORPORATE BENEFITS
COMMITTEE,
              Defendants-Appellees,
                 and
                                          
2             MCCORKLE v. BANK OF AMERICA


BANK OF AMERICA TRANSFERRED        
SAVINGS ACCOUNT PLAN; UNKNOWN
PARTY, John and Jane Does #1-50,
Former Directors of NationsBank
Corporation and Current and
Former Directors of Bank of
America Corporation & John &
Jane Does #51-100,
Current/Former Members of the
Bank of America Corporation
Corporate Benefit;
PRICEWATERHOUSECOOPERS, LLP;
CHARLES K. GIFFORD; JAMES H.
HANCE, JR.; KENNETH D. LEWIS;
CHARLES W. COKER; PAUL FULTON;
DONALD E. GUINN; WILLIAM           
BARNETT, III; JOHN T. COLLINS;
GARY L. COUNTRYMAN; WALTER E.
MASSEY; THOMAS J. MAY; C.
STEVEN MCMILLAN; EUGENE M.
MCQUADE; PATRICIA E. MITCHELL;
EDWARD L. ROMERO; THOMAS M.
RYAN; O. TEMPLE SLOAN, JR.;
MEREDITH R. SPANGLER; HUGH L.
MCCOLL; ALAN T. DICKSON; FRANK
DOWD, IV; KATHLEEN F. FELDSTEIN;
C. RAY HOLMAN; W. W. JOHNSON;
RONALD TOWNSEND; SOLOMON D.
TRUJILLO; VIRGIL R. WILLIAMS;
CHARLES E. RICE; RAY C.
ANDERSON;
                                   
               MCCORKLE v. BANK OF AMERICA                    3


RITA BORNSTEIN; B. A.                
BRIDGEWATER, JR.; THOMAS E.
CAPPS; ALVIN R. CARPENTER; DAVID
COULTER; THOMAS G. COUSINS;
ANDREW G. CRAIG; RUSSELL W.
MEYER, JR.; RICHARD B. PRIORY;
JOHN C. SLANE; ALBERT E. SUTER;
JOHN A. WILLIAMS; JOHN R. BELK;
TIM F. CRULL; RICHARD M.
ROSENBERG; PETER V. UEBERROTH;
                                     
SHIRLEY YOUNG; J. STEELE ALPHIN;
AMY WOODS BRINKLEY; EDWARD J.
BROWN, III; CHARLES J. COOLEY;
ALVARO G. DE MOLINA; RICHARD
M. DEMARTINI; BARBARA J.
DESOER; LIAM E. MCGEE; MICHAEL
E. O’NEILL; OWEN G. SHELL, JR.;
A. MICHAEL SPENCE; R. EUGENE
TAYLOR; F. WILLIAM VANDIVER,
JR.; JACKIE M. WARD; BRADFORD
H. WARNER,
                       Defendants.
                                     
        Appeal from the United States District Court
  for the Western District of North Carolina, at Charlotte.
          Graham C. Mullen, Senior District Judge.
                  (3:05-cv-00238-GCM)

                  Argued: May 17, 2012

                  Decided: July 25, 2012

   Before AGEE, DAVIS, and WYNN, Circuit Judges.
4               MCCORKLE v. BANK OF AMERICA
Affirmed by published opinion. Judge Agee wrote the opin-
ion, in which Judge Davis and Judge Wynn joined.


                         COUNSEL

ARGUED: Eli Gottesdiener, GOTTESDIENER LAW FIRM,
Brooklyn, New York, for Appellants. Carter Glasgow Phil-
lips, SIDLEY AUSTIN, LLP, Washington, D.C., for Appel-
lees. ON BRIEF: Thomas D. Garlitz, THOMAS D.
GARLITZ, PLLC, Charlotte, North Carolina, for Appellants.
Irving M. Brenner, MCGUIREWOODS LLP, Charlotte,
North Carolina; Anne E. Rea, David B. Johnson, J. Randal
Wexler, Christopher K. Meyer, SIDLEY AUSTIN, LLP, Chi-
cago, Illinois, for Appellees.


                         OPINION

AGEE, Circuit Judge:

   David McCorkle and William Pender ("Plaintiffs") appeal
the district court’s order dismissing two of their class action
claims against Bank of America Corp. ("the Bank") for
alleged violations of certain provisions of the Employment
Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 ("ERISA"), 29
U.S.C. §§ 1001-1461. The gravamen of Plaintiffs’ claims is
that the Bank of America Pension Plan ("the Plan") employed
a normal retirement age ("NRA") that violated ERISA in cal-
culating lump sum distributions and further ran afoul of
ERISA’s prohibition of "backloading" in the calculation of
benefit accrual. For the reasons set forth below, we agree with
the district court’s conclusion that Plaintiffs have failed to
state a claim upon which relief may be granted, and we affirm
the judgment of the district court dismissing the claims at
issue.
                   MCCORKLE v. BANK OF AMERICA                           5
                                    I.

   Plaintiffs and the class they represent are current and for-
mer employees of the Bank and participants in the Plan.1 The
Plan is a type of "defined benefit" plan that uses a "cash bal-
ance" formula to calculate a participant’s benefit. The Seventh
Circuit has provided a helpful explanation of the differences
between a typical defined benefit plan and a cash balance plan
like the Plan.

         The ordinary defined benefit plan entitles the
      employee to a pension equal to a specified percent-
      age of his salary in the final year or years of his
      employment. The plan might provide for example
      that he was entitled to receive 1.5 percent of his final
      year’s salary multiplied by the number of years that
      he had been employed by the company, so that if he
      had been employed for 30 years his annual pension
      would be 45 percent of his final salary. A cash bal-
      ance plan, in contrast, entitles the employee to a pen-
      sion equal to (1) a percentage of his salary every
      year that he is employed . . . plus (2) annual interest
      on the "balance" created by each yearly "contribu-
      tion" of a percentage of the salary to the employee’s
      "account," at a specified interest rate . . . . These
      annual increments of interest are called future inter-
      est credits.

         The reason for the scare quotes in our description
      of the cash balance plan is that the employee has no
      actual account, the employer makes no contributions
      to an employee account, and so there is no account
  1
    This appeal only concerns challenges to the Plan’s method of calculat-
ing NRA from its enactment in 1998 to its amendment in early 2008. As
described herein (at p. 10 n.5), Plaintiffs make no claims as to Plan Years
after 2007. A "Plan Year" is defined by the Plan to coincide with the cal-
endar year. (J.A. 98).
6                  MCCORKLE v. BANK OF AMERICA
        balance to which interest might be added. In a
        defined contribution plan, the employee’s pension
        entitlement is to the value of his retirement account
        to which contributions (whether from the employer,
        the employee, or both) have been made, while in a
        defined benefit plan, . . . the entitlement is to the
        pension benefit that the plan promises. The cash bal-
        ance form of defined benefit plan resembles a
        defined contribution plan because it provides the
        employee with a hypothetical account balance.

Berger v. Xerox Corp. Ret. Income Guarantee Plan, 338 F.3d
755, 757-58 (7th Cir. 2003).

   Because the Plan is a defined benefit plan, participants earn
what ERISA describes as an "accrued benefit," "expressed in
the form of an annual benefit commencing at [NRA]." 29
U.S.C. § 1002(23). ERISA defines NRA as "the earlier
of—(A) the time a plan participant attains [NRA] under the
plan, or (B) the later of—(i) the time a plan participant turns
age 65, or (ii) the 5th anniversary of the time a plan partici-
pant commenced participation in the plan." 29 U.S.C.
§ 1002(24).

   For the years at issue in the case at bar, the Plan calculated
NRA as "the first day of the calendar month following the
earlier of (i) the date the Participant attains age sixty-five (65)
or (ii) the date the Participant completes sixty (60) months of
Vesting Service." (J.A. 97). In other words, a participant in
the Plan attained NRA after five years of vesting service, or
upon turning age 65 for participants who leave the Plan before
five years or join the Plan after age sixty, whichever occurred
first.

  The Bank candidly admits that the definition of NRA in the
Plan was designed to avoid a phenomenon known as the
"whipsaw" effect.2 In the context of a cash balance plan,
    2
   In 2006, Congress eliminated whipsaw with the passage of the Pension
Protection Act of 2006 ("PPA"), Pub. L. No. 109-280, 120 Stat. 780
                   MCCORKLE v. BANK OF AMERICA                            7
whipsaw is trade shorthand for the process by which a lump
sum distribution is calculated for a plan participant who
departs the plan before NRA. As stated by the Internal Reve-
nue Service ("IRS"), when an employee withdraws from a
plan before NRA, "the balance of the employee’s hypothetical
account must be projected to [NRA] and then the employee
must be paid at least the present value . . . of that projected
hypothetical account balance." I.R.S. Notice 96-8, 1996-1
C.B. 359 (Feb. 5, 1996) ("Notice 96-8"). However, while the
departing employee’s hypothetical account balance is pro-
jected forward to NRA using the interest crediting rate speci-
fied in the plan, it is discounted back to present value using
a statutorily defined formula based on the 30-year Treasury
rate, a factor that fluctuates and may often be markedly lower
than the plan interest crediting rate. Id. The result of this
"whipsaw" is a potentially large disparity between the
employee’s current hypothetical account balance and the
lump sum distribution that the employee would be entitled to
receive.3

(2006), which amended ERISA to allow cash balance plans to distribute
the current present value of a participant’s hypothetical account upon his
or her early termination from a plan. See PPA § 701(a)(2)(f)(1)(B) (codi-
fied at 29 U.S.C. § 1053(f)(1)(B)) ("An applicable defined benefit plan
shall not be treated as failing to meet [certain accrued benefit standards]
solely because the present value of the accrued benefit (or any portion
thereof) of any participant is, under the terms of the plan, equal to the
amount expressed as the balance in the hypothetical account . . . or as an
accumulated percentage of the participant’s final average compensation.");
see also West v. AK Steel Corp., 484 F.3d 395, 401-02 (6th Cir. 2007).
   3
     Notice 96-8 itself provides an example of the whipsaw disparity:
    A cash balance plan provides for interest credits at a fixed rate
    of 8% per annum that are not conditioned on continued employ-
    ment, and for annuity conversions using the [statutorily] applica-
    ble interest rate and mortality table. A fully vested employee with
    a hypothetical account balance of $45,000 terminates employ-
    ment at age 45 and elects an immediate single sum distribution.
    At the time of the employee’s termination, the . . . applicable
    interest rate is 6.5%.
8                     MCCORKLE v. BANK OF AMERICA
   The Plan’s NRA avoids the whipsaw effect by providing
that plan participants reach NRA at the same time as their
interests vest: five years of service with the statutorily
required proviso for those hired past age 60 or who depart
before five years of service.

   The Bank also sought to avoid certain ERISA prohibitions
on "backloading," by including particular provisions in the
Plan like the NRA calculation. Pursuant to 29 U.S.C.
§ 1054(b)(1), a benefit plan must satisfy the "133 1/3 percent"
test such that the amount a plan participant accrues in any
given year is not more than 133 1/3 percent of the annual rate
at which he accrued benefits the previous year. This anti-
backloading provision was an effort by Congress to ensure
than an employer did not "provide[ ] inordinately low rates of
accrual in the employee’s early years of service when he is
most likely to leave the firm and . . . concentrate[ ] the accrual
of benefits in the employee’s later years of service when he
is most likely to remain with the firm until retirement." Lang-
man v. Laub, 328 F.3d 68, 71 (2d Cir. 2003) (quoting H.R.
Rep. No. 93-807 (1974) reprinted in 1974 U.S.C.C.A.N.
[4670], 4688). The prohibition against backloading, however,
does not apply once an employee reaches NRA: "the earlier
of age 65 or the normal retirement age specified under the
plan. . . ." § 1054(b)(1)(A)(i).

  The parties agree that the Plan provided relatively steady
minor increases in benefits for employees who had not yet

    The projected balance of the employee’s hypothetical account as
    of normal retirement age is $209,743. If $209,743 is discounted
    to age 45 at 6.5% (the . . . applicable interest rate), the present
    value equals $59,524.
    Accordingly, if the plan paid the hypothetical account balance of
    $45,000, instead of $59,524, the employee would receive
    $14,524 less than the amount to which the employee is entitled.
I.R.S. Notice 96-8.
                MCCORKLE v. BANK OF AMERICA                   9
reached NRA, and accordingly, that aspect of the Plan did not
violate ERISA’s anti-backloading rules. For employees who
reached NRA, however, the Plan provided for more substan-
tial increases in benefits for the employees who remained
with the Bank for longer periods of time. The Plan provided
that employees who had reached NRA would receive an
annual "Compensation Credit" "equal to the product of the
Participant’s compensation for the pay period then ended mul-
tiplied by the applicable Compensation Credit Percentage
. . . ." J.A. 107. The applicable Compensation Credit was
determined based on "Unit Points," which were in turn the
product of the employee’s age plus years of service. Id.

   Under the terms of the Plan, the Compensation Credit per-
centage was staggered in ten Unit Point increments. A partici-
pant with less than thirty Unit Points (the lowest tier) had a
Compensation Credit percentage of 2%, while a participant
with more than seventy-nine Unit Points (the highest tier)
received an 8% Compensation Credit percentage—four times
higher than the lowest applicable rate. J.A. 108. Plaintiffs
allege that this staggered benefit increase violates the back-
loading prohibition, despite the fact that the staggered benefit
increases do not begin until after a participant reaches NRA.

   Plaintiffs filed their first complaint against the Bank in
2004 in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of
Illinois. In 2005, the action was transferred to the Western
District of North Carolina, where Plaintiffs eventually filed
their third amended complaint. The third amended complaint
("the Complaint") contains the relevant allegations for pur-
poses of this appeal.

   In the Complaint, Plaintiffs raise four claims: (1) unlawful
lump sum benefit calculation in violation of 29 U.S.C.
§ 1053(a)(2) ("Count One"); (2) age discrimination ("Count
Two"); (3) violation of the anti-backloading rules ("Count
Three"); and (4) elimination of protected benefit ("Count
Four"). The thrust of Plaintiffs’ claim with respect to Counts
10                  MCCORKLE v. BANK OF AMERICA
One and Three is that the Plan violated ERISA by failing to
state a literal "age" and accordingly, the presumptive NRA
under the plan was age 65. See J.A. 61 ("[T]he [NRA] under
the Pension Plan is age 65.").

   The Bank filed its amended motion to dismiss in 2009, and
after lengthy briefing and oral argument, the district court
issued an order granting class certification on Counts One,
Three, and Four, denying the motion to dismiss as to Count
Four, and granting the motion to dismiss as to Counts One
and Three.4 The court issued an Amended Order, from which
the instant appeal was ultimately taken.

  In the amended order, the district court, relying heavily on
Fry v. Exelon Corp. Cash Balance Pension Plan, 571 F.3d
644 (7th Cir. 2009), concluded that the Plan’s method of cal-
culating NRA was permissible under ERISA. In Fry, the Sev-
enth Circuit held that a retirement plan that calculates NRA
based on five years of service (as the Plan did here) meets the
definition of NRA found at § 1002(24) and accordingly does
not violate ERISA. Id. at 647-48.

   In addition to its reliance on the Fry decision, the district
court rejected Plaintiffs’ arguments that certain Treasury
Department regulations and rulings demonstrated that the
Plan’s NRA calculation was unlawful. The court ruled that
recently promulgated regulations cited by Plaintiffs were pro-
spective in nature, and not applicable to the then-revised Plan.5
  4
     Early in the course of the litigation, the district court dismissed Count
Two, age discrimination, with Plaintiffs’ consent. That ruling is not chal-
lenged on appeal. The Bank does not appeal the denial of the motion to
dismiss with respect to Count Four.
   5
     The Bank amended the Plan, effective January 1, 2008, such that a par-
ticipant’s "normal retirement date" was simply the date upon which "the
Participant attains age 65." J.A. 231. There is no claim before us that the
Plan continued to violate ERISA after the Plan was so amended. Thus, the
allegations in the Complaint only concern the Plan as it was effective prior
to January 1, 2008.
                MCCORKLE v. BANK OF AMERICA                 11
The court also rejected Plaintiffs’ argument that the Plan’s
Summary Plan Description ("SPD") failed to inform plan par-
ticipants that the NRA was partially based on five years of
service, on the grounds that Plaintiffs failed to plead actual
prejudice.

   In resolving Count Three, unlawful backloading, the dis-
trict court relied exclusively on a concession made at oral
argument by counsel for Plaintiffs. In response to queries
from the district court as to whether granting the motion to
dismiss with respect to Count One would be dispositive of
Count Three, Plaintiffs’ counsel stated that "[o]n [C]ount
[T]hree . . . I did want to say that if the [NRA] is valid on
[C]ount [T]hree, we—as far as I’m aware, we do not have a
theory on [C]ount [T]hree that withstands their theory of
NRA validity." J.A. 252. Because the court found the Plan’s
NRA to be valid with respect to Count One, it summarily
rejected Count Three based on counsel’s concession.

   Plaintiffs moved for reconsideration, arguing that the dis-
trict court "overlook[ed] Plaintiffs’ alternative backloading
theory." Pls.’ Mot. for Recons. 2, Pender v. Bank of America
Corp., No. 3:05-cv-00238-GCM (Sept. 10, 2010). Plaintiffs
sought to argue that while Count Three "does not state a claim
for post-NRA backloading," they did not concede that
"merely because ERISA § 3(24) [29 U.S.C. § 1002(24)]
might permit a plan to define NRA in terms of years of ser-
vice, the plan will be able to use such a definition to demon-
strate compliance with ERISA’s benefit accrual standards."
Id. at 3. In essence, Plaintiffs contended on reconsideration
that the Plan’s NRA violated ERISA substantive backloading
provisions notwithstanding the court’s determination that the
NRA complied with the definition found at § 1002(24).

   The district court denied the motion for reconsideration,
noting that "Plaintiffs are attempting to change the slant of
their argument in the wake of a ruling against them." J.A. 443.
Nevertheless, the court considered and rejected the substan-
12                 MCCORKLE v. BANK OF AMERICA
tive argument raised by Plaintiffs, again ruling that certain
IRS notices the Plaintiffs relied upon in the motion to recon-
sider were prospective in nature only and did not apply to the
Plan provisions at issue in the pre-2008 time period.

   Pursuant to Rule 54(b) of the Federal Rules of Civil Proce-
dure, the Bank moved for entry of final judgment.6 The dis-
trict court, finding no just reason for delay, granted the motion
and entered final judgment with respect to the dismissal of
Counts One and Three, and stayed further proceedings pend-
ing appeal. Plaintiffs noted a timely appeal of the judgment
dismissing Counts One and Three, and we have jurisdiction
pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291.

                                    II.

                                    A.

   "We review de novo the grant of a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to
dismiss for failure to state a claim." Epps v. JP Morgan Chase
Bank, N.A., 675 F.3d 315, 320 (4th Cir. 2012). "To survive a
motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient factual
matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plau-
sible on its face.’" Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009)
(quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 554, 570
(2007)).

                                    B.

   We note at the outset that Plaintiffs have abandoned their
contention that the Plan’s NRA is invalid under 29 U.S.C.
§ 1002(24) because it coincides with years of service, rather
  6
   "Rule 54(b) permits a district court to enter final judgment as to one
or more but fewer than all claims in a multiclaim action, thus allowing an
appeal on fewer than all claims in a multiclaim action." Braswell Ship-
yards, Inc. v. Beazer E., Inc., 2 F.3d 1331, 1335 (4th Cir. 1993) (footnote
omitted).
                 MCCORKLE v. BANK OF AMERICA                  13
than stating an age certain. See Reply Br. of Plaintiffs at 5
("Plaintiffs do not contest that the Plan’s NR-date identified
the ‘NRA under the plan’ as that term is defined in
[§ 1002(24).]"). Accordingly, Plaintiffs have largely aban-
doned their challenge to the district court’s dismissal of Count
One, the claim of unlawful lump sum benefit calculation.

   Plaintiffs’ concession is well-counseled, as the Plan’s NRA
complies with ERISA. IRS guidance has long recognized that
a retirement plan may specify an NRA that is below age 65.
See Rev. Rul. 78-120, 1978-1 C.B. 117 (1978) ("In view of
the definition of [NRA] found in [§ 1002(24)], and in the
absence of any statutory prohibition or limitation, a plan may
specify any age that is less than 65 as the [NRA]."). Indeed,
the statute itself recognizes that an NRA may be "the time a
plan participant attains [NRA] under the plan."
§ 1002(24)(A).

   Furthermore, we agree with the Fry court that NRA need
not be the same age for all participants in the plan. After pars-
ing the language of § 1002(24), the Seventh Circuit concluded
that five years of service is an "age" within the meaning of
ERISA. "It is employee specific, to be sure, but ‘age + 5’
remains an age. It is not as if the Plan provided that ‘an
employee reaches [NRA] when he owns ten umbrellas.’" 571
F.3d at 647. Thus, we find persuasive that court’s reasoning
that

    [t]he Plan’s formula not only specifies an "age" but
    also is lifted right out of the statute. Subsection
    (B)(ii) defines as the highest possible "normal retire-
    ment age" (for a person hired at 65 or older) "the 5th
    anniversary of the time a plan participant com-
    menced participation in the plan." Making that statu-
    tory definition of "normal retirement age"
    universally applicable can’t be rejected on the
    ground that the formula does not yield an "age."
    ERISA does not require the "normal retirement age"
14               MCCORKLE v. BANK OF AMERICA
      to be the same for every employee; § 1002(24)(B)(ii)
      shows that too.

Id.

   Insomuch as the Plan states a valid NRA within the mean-
ing of § 1002(24), there is no longer any substance supporting
Plaintiffs’ allegation that the Plan violates ERISA by failing
to engage in the project-forward, discount-back whipsaw cal-
culation contemplated by Notice 96-8. Accordingly, all that
remains of Count One is Plaintiffs’ argument, discussed infra
at Section II(E), that the Plan’s SPD inaccurately described
the Plan’s method of benefit accrual calculation.

                              C.

   Although they have conceded that the Plan’s NRA is valid
with respect to § 1002(24), Plaintiffs maintain that the NRA
nevertheless violates ERISA’s anti-backloading provisions. In
essence, Plaintiffs seek to argue that the NRA may be valid
"definitionally," i.e., under § 1002(24), but invalid as applied
to ERISA’s backloading rules.

   Plaintiffs’ abandonment of their "definitional" contention,
however, is highly problematic for their ability to prevail on
appeal. As the district court emphasized, Plaintiffs conceded
below that their anti-backloading theory hinges on a finding
that the Plan’s NRA is invalid. See J.A. 436 ("Plaintiffs con-
cede that Count [Three] fails if the Plan’s NRA is valid; this
contingency has come to pass.").

   As noted supra, the district court was also not persuaded by
Plaintiffs’ attempt to "clarify" the alleged concession. "Plain-
tiffs are attempting to change the slant of their argument in
the wake of a ruling against them." J.A. 443. Thus, Plaintiffs
find themselves in the precarious position of having conceded
before the district court that a valid NRA would be fatal to
                 MCCORKLE v. BANK OF AMERICA                  15
their backloading claim, and conceding before this Court that
the Plan’s NRA is valid.

   At oral argument before this Court, counsel for Plaintiffs
attempted to downplay the significance of the first conces-
sion, characterizing his statement to the district court that "we
do not have a theory on count three that withstands their the-
ory of NRA validity" as merely a "stray remark." Audio
Recording of Oral Argument at 2:34. Counsel further stated
that the district court considered the alternative argument, and
"reached the merits," thus allowing this Court to examine in
turn the merits of the underlying argument notwithstanding
the alleged concession.

   Our review of the record in the district court, however, sug-
gests the court was appropriately incredulous that Plaintiffs’
"alternative" argument had been properly raised prior to the
motion for reconsideration. Again, the district court character-
ized Plaintiffs’ argument as a new "slant" not raised prior to
reconsideration. J.A. 443. The district judge was present when
counsel made the concession at issue and was clearly in the
best position to determine the import of counsel’s statements.
We will not, on appeal, disturb the court’s reasonable and
supported conclusion with respect to the concession.

                               D.

   Plaintiffs vociferously argue, however, that they have not
conceded Count III, and out of an abundance of caution, we
will briefly address Plaintiffs’ alternative theory that the
Plan’s NRA violates ERISA’s backloading provisions. When
we consider those claims, we find them to lack merit, espe-
cially in light of Plaintiffs’ unquestionable concession that the
Plan states a valid NRA pursuant to § 1002(24).

   The chief failing of Plaintiffs’ claim is that ERISA’s back-
loading rules do not apply once a plan participant reaches
NRA. See 26 U.S.C. § 411(b)(1)(B); 29 U.S.C.
16                  MCCORKLE v. BANK OF AMERICA
§ 1054(b)(1)(B) (anti-backloading rules govern "the annual
rate at which any individual who is or could be a participant
can accrue the retirement benefits payable at normal retire-
ment age under the plan for any later plan year is not more
than 133 1/3 percent of the annual rate at which he can accrue
benefits for any plan year beginning on or after such particu-
lar plan year and before such later plan year.") (emphasis
added); see also Eaton v. Onan Corp., 117 F. Supp. 2d 812,
830 n.8 (S.D. Ind. 2000) (comparing ERISA’s anti-
backloading rules, which "take into account only benefits
accrued before [NRA]," and anti-discrimination rules, found
at Internal Revenue Code ("IRC") § 401, that "consider bene-
fits accrued both before and after [NRA]"); 72 Fed. Reg.
28604-1, 2007-24 I.R.B. 1386 (2007) ("The definition of nor-
mal retirement age is important in applying [anti-backloading
rules] because those rules are based on the benefit payable at
normal retirement age."). Put another way, if the anti-
backloading rules only restrict benefit accrual calculations
prior to NRA, Plaintiffs cannot plausibly claim that a benefit
calculation after NRA runs afoul of the backloading provi-
sions of ERISA.

   In an attempt to circumvent the foregoing, however, Plain-
tiffs cite to a 2007 IRS notice as well as a Department of the
Treasury regulation which, in Plaintiffs’ view, compel a hold-
ing that the Plan’s NRA violates ERISA notwithstanding the
concession that the NRA is valid with respect to the ERISA
definition of NRA.

   Plaintiffs first argue that a 2007 IRS notice, published in
response to the 2007 promulgation of certain Treasury regula-
tions,7 discusses and rejects as unlawful the type of NRA used
  7
    2007-24 I.R.B. 1386 (amending Treasury regulations to prospectively
require that "[t]he [NRA] under a plan [must] be an age that is not earlier
than the earliest age that is reasonably representative of the typical retire-
ment age for the industry in which the covered workforce is employed.").
We express no opinion on whether this amendment is a permissible con-
struction of ERISA or the IRC.
                    MCCORKLE v. BANK OF AMERICA                            17
in the Plan. Specifically, they argue that IRS Notice 2007-69,
2007-35 I.R.B. 468 (Aug. 27, 2007) ("Notice 2007-69"), enti-
tled "Relief Related to Plan Amendment of Definition of Nor-
mal Retirement Age," constitutes the agency’s authoritative
position for plan years both before and after the Notice’s pub-
lication date. Plaintiffs cite language, buried deep within a
discussion of safe harbors related to the new regulations, that
"[t]he [Internal Revenue] Service and Treasury expect that a
plan under which a participant’s normal retirement age
changes to an earlier date upon completion of a stated number
of years of service typically will not satisfy the vesting or
accrual rules of [IRC] § 411." Relying on the deference due
under Chevron, U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense
Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837 (1984), Plaintiffs contend the
foregoing sentence from the Notice establishes the Plan vio-
lates the Treasury regulations. We disagree.

   We note first that Notice 2007-69 concerns the implications
of new Treasury regulations that are prospective in nature
only. The first paragraph of the Notice is clear: "[t]his notice
provides temporary relief for certain pension plans whose def-
inition of normal retirement age may be required to be
changed to comply with the regulations regarding a plan’s
normal retirement age that were recently issued under section
401(a) of the [IRC]." Id. (emphasis added). The obvious
thrust of this language is that the violations identified in the
Notice are related to the newly promulgated regulations as
they apply once those regulations are in effect.8
  8
    Plaintiffs assert in their Opening Brief on appeal that the Notice, even
if prospective only, would still have force as against the Plan as it operated
from August 27, 2007 (when the Notice was published) and January 1,
2008, when the Plan was amended. Opening Br. at 45 n.5. As the Bank
notes, however, and Plaintiffs do not refute, the Compensation Credit
schedule was frozen during that time period, and thus there was no rate
of benefit accrual increase. Consequently, there could not have been any
violation of anti-backloading rules.
18                  MCCORKLE v. BANK OF AMERICA
   Plaintiffs argue, though, that the Notice’s "purpose" section
identifies another function: "[t]his notice also identifies poten-
tial violations of the vesting and accrued benefit requirements
for defined benefit plans under [IRC] § 411 that may arise
from a definition of normal retirement age based on a mini-
mum period of service." Id. This "purpose," however, must be
understood in the context of the notice as a whole. Cf. Robin-
son v. Shell Oil Co., 519 U.S. 337, 341 (1997) (when inter-
preting statutes, courts look at "the language itself, the
specific context in which that language is used, and the
broader context of the statute as a whole."). Similarly, in the
context of interpreting the agency’s guidance, we are not to
read one sentence in a vacuum.

   When read in context, the language cited by Plaintiffs is
simply a warning that the safe harbors described in the Notice
for future plan years are not available to a plan wherein "a
participant’s normal retirement age changes to an earlier date
upon completion of a stated number of years of service." The
safe harbors, in turn, are related to the implementation of the
new Treasury regulations that, the parties agree, are prospec-
tive in nature only. See Opening Br. at 31 ("The 2007 regula-
tions are not at issue in this appeal."). The Notice’s beginning
statement, recited supra, and largely repeated in the "Purpose"
section of the notice, confirms that the IRS was referring only
to the legal status of a "changing" NRA in light of the new
regulations. That is, it referred only to how a plan was to be
analyzed going forward, not retroactively to plan years
already passed and for which remedial efforts were not possible.9

     Plaintiffs note, however, that Notice 2007-69 cross-
  9
    We agree with Plaintiffs’ uncontroversial statement of the law that the
IRS may publish a legal interpretation of existing statutes and regulations,
and that such an interpretation would be entitled to deference as to events
that took place prior to the publication of the interpretation. See Plaintiffs’
Opening Br. at 45. That is not, however, what the IRS did in Notice 2007-
69.
                MCCORKLE v. BANK OF AMERICA                    19
references an older Treasury regulation: Treas. Reg.
§ 1.411(b)-1(b)(2)(ii)(F). The full regulation is entitled "Ac-
crued benefit requirements," and subpart (b)(2)(ii)(F) is a
"Special Rule" related to the 133 1/3 percent rule. The subpart
states that

    [a] plan shall not satisfy the requirements of this sub-
    paragraph [the 133 1/3 percent rule] if the base for
    the computation of retirement benefits changes
    solely by reason of an increase in the number of
    years of participation. Thus, for example, a plan will
    not satisfy the requirements of this subparagraph if
    it provides a benefit, commencing at normal retire-
    ment age, of the sum of (1) 1 percent of average
    compensation for a participant’s first 3 years of par-
    ticipation multiplied by his first 10 years of partici-
    pation (or, if less than 10 his total years of
    participation) and (2) 1 percent of average compen-
    sation for a participant’s 3 highest years of participa-
    tion multiplied by each year of participation
    subsequent to the 10th year.

Treas. Reg. § 1.411(b)-1(b)(2)(ii)(F) (the "change-the-base"
regulation).

   Relying on the change-the-base regulation, Plaintiffs argue
that the NRA employed by the Plan is, in effect, a "changing
base" and is thus an unlawful attempt at backloading. The
Bank makes two arguments in response. First, it posits that
the NRA is not a "base" within the meaning of ERISA; and
second, it contends that even if we were to consider the NRA
a "base," it does not actually "change."

  We find the Bank’s position convincing. With respect to
Plaintiffs’ contention that the "earlier-of" NRA is a "base" for
purposes of the backloading rules, they are unable to cite any
case in which a plan’s NRA has been considered a "base"
within the meaning of ERISA. In fact, the authorities cited by
20               MCCORKLE v. BANK OF AMERICA
Plaintiffs support the Bank’s theory that the NRA is not a
"base."

   Looking first at § 1.411(b)-1(b)(2)(ii)(F), the example
described in the regulation itself is entirely unrelated to NRA.
Rather, the regulation describes a plan wherein the amount by
which a benefit formula is multiplied literally becomes a dif-
ferent amount upon completion of ten years of service. In the
example, a plan participant’s "base" for the first ten years is
one percent of average compensation for the participant’s first
three years, and the "base" for each year after ten years of
participation is one percent of average compensation for the
participant’s highest three years.

   Similarly, Carollo v. Cement and Concrete Workers Dis-
trict Council Pension Plan, 964 F. Supp. 677 (E.D.N.Y.
1997), cited by Plaintiffs, is inapposite. In that case, the plan
at issue operated as follows:

     [f]or the first 24 years of service . . . a participant’s
     pension benefit accrues at 2% of Average Monthly
     Earnings, that is, a participant’s career average pay
     (Average Earnings). Participants who work for 25
     years without a break in service longer than two
     years, will, in their 25th year, have their pension
     benefit recalculated for all previous years of service
     at 2% of Final Average Monthly Earnings (Final
     Average Earnings). Final Average Earnings is the
     average pay based not on the career average pay but
     on a participant’s highest five years of earnings in
     the ten years prior to retirement (Final Average
     Earnings). For each year of employment after such
     a participant’s 25th year, the benefit accrues at
     1.66% of Final Average Earnings.

Id. at 682. The Carollo court found that the plan violated the
change the base regulation by, not only increasing a partici-
                 MCCORKLE v. BANK OF AMERICA                    21
pant’s benefit base after 25 years, but making that change
retroactive for the participant’s entire career. Id. at 683.

   In both the above examples, the plan provided for a change
in the amount upon which benefits were to be calculat-
ed—literally the base. See, e.g., id. at 682 ("The percentage
is considered the ‘rate’; the average monthly pay constitutes
the ‘base.’"). Although Plaintiffs assert that the NRA should
also be considered part of the "base" for purposes of the
change-the-base regulation, they have come forward with no
authority, and we can find none, in support of that position.
Rather, the weight of authority supports the Bank’s stance that
"base" means just that: the amount of compensation that,
when multiplied by the benefit computation formula, becomes
the benefit payable under the plan.

   Furthermore, the Bank persuasively argues that, even
indulging in the assumption that NRA is part of the "base,"
the Plan’s NRA does not change within the meaning of the
change-the-base regulation. It contends that the NRA changes
only if one assumes, improperly, that a Plan participant does
not work beyond the current year.

   Under the theory pressed by Plaintiffs, when an employee
joins the Plan, his or her NRA begins as age 65. By that same
theory, when an employee has completed five years of ser-
vice, the employee’s NRA then changes to that employee’s
age at that point in time. This interpretation of the Plan, how-
ever, wrongly assumes that the participant will reach age 65
before reaching five years of service. See Opening Br. at 19
("[E]very employee starts out with a [NRA] of ‘age 65’ – i.e.,
the earlier of the two alternative dates in the definition that the
employee would reach were he to immediately terminate
employment.").

   The flaw in Plaintiffs’ reasoning is their assumption that
the NRA calculation must be made as though the employee
was immediately terminating employment the day after he or
22               MCCORKLE v. BANK OF AMERICA
she starts. Plaintiffs do not offer any support for that assump-
tion, which the anti-backloading statute itself, 29 U.S.C.
§ 1054, dispels. The statute plainly provides that "all . . . rele-
vant factors used to compute benefits shall be treated as
remaining constant as of the current year for all years after
[such] current year." § 1054(b)(1)(B)(iv). In other words, a
participant’s employment is "treated as remaining constant"
for the year of his initial employment and "for all years after
the current year." Id. Thus, ERISA would assume the partici-
pant’s employment continues until actual termination causes
a change and would not indulge an artificial assumption the
employee would move on within five years of starting.

   When employment is viewed as a constant, Plaintiffs’ the-
ory that the NRA changes after five years of service falls
apart. Viewing employment as a constant, as 29 U.S.C.
§ 1054 says we should, an individual who becomes a Plan
participant (before age 60) will reach NRA upon five years of
vesting service. Because the Plan does not use an NRA that
changes after five years of service, neither 26 C.F.R.
§ 1.411(b)-1(b)(2)(ii)(F) nor Notice 2007-69 are inapplicable.
Accordingly, even if Plaintiffs had not conceded Count Three
fails to state a claim, Plaintiffs have not carried their burden
to show that the Plan impermissibly backloads benefit
accrual.

                                E.

   Finally, we briefly address the claims raised by Plaintiffs
with respect to the Plan’s SPD. In the district court, Plaintiffs
argued that the SPD affirmatively misled participants by
describing an NRA different from that actually utilized by the
Plan. In this Court, for the first time, Plaintiffs argue that the
amendment to the Plan adopting the NRA at issue "provide[d]
for a significant reduction in the rate of future benefit accrual"
and accordingly, required specific disclosures pursuant to 29
U.S.C. § 1054(h). Opening Br. at 55. Inasmuch as Plaintiffs
failed to raise the latter claim before the district court, we will
                 MCCORKLE v. BANK OF AMERICA                  23
not address it here. See First Va. Banks, Inc. v. BP Explora-
tion & Oil, Inc., 206 F.3d 404, 407 n.1 (4th Cir. 2000)
("Because neither of these arguments were raised below, we
decline to consider them on appeal.").

  Moreover, with respect to the former claim, we do not
agree with Plaintiffs’ contention that the SPD failed to inform
Plan participants of the manner in which their benefits are cal-
culated.

   "In the Fourth Circuit, if there is a conflict between the
complexities of the plan’s language and the simple language
of the SPD, the latter will control if the participant relied on
the SPD or was prejudiced by it." Martin v. Blue Cross &
Blue Shield of Va., Inc., 115 F.3d 1201, 1204 (4th Cir. 1997)
(quoting Hendricks v. Cent. Reserve Life Ins. Co., 39 F.3d
507, 511 (4th Cir. 1994) (internal quotation marks and alter-
ations omitted). Plaintiffs have adequately pled neither reli-
ance nor prejudice, but argue that the requirement that they so
plead has been abrogated by CIGNA Corp. v. Amara, 131 S.
Ct. 1866 (2011), and accordingly, that the district court’s
holding with respect to this claim was erroneous.

   It is elementary, however, that "we are entitled to affirm the
district court on any ground that would support the judgment
in favor of the party prevailing below." Everett v. Pitt Cnty.
Bd. of Educ., 678 F.3d 281, 291 (4th Cir. 2012) (quoting
Crosby v. City of Gastonia, 635 F.3d 634, 643 n.10 (4th Cir.
2011)) (internal quotation marks omitted). Put simply, Plain-
tiffs have failed to show that the SPD’s language differs from
the terms of the Plan. Rather, the SPD provided by the Bank
clearly sets forth the Plan’s vesting and benefit eligibility
standards. See, e.g., 2000 Employee Handbook 112, Pender
v. Bank of America Corp., No. 3:05-cv-00238-GCM (Feb. 16,
2010) ("Vesting means you have the right to receive your
Pension Plan benefits when your employment ends. Your
Pension Plan account is 100% vested after you complete five
years (60 months) of vesting service or attain age 65 . . . .").
24               MCCORKLE v. BANK OF AMERICA
   Plaintiffs have come forth with no authority requiring the
SPD to use terms of art, such as NRA, in describing benefit
accrual. To the contrary, ERISA’s implementing regulations
clearly require an SPD to "be written in a manner calculated
to be understood by the average plan participant[.]" 29 C.F.R.
§ 2520.102-2(a). Accordingly, the SPD should usually
"limit[ ] or eliminat[e] . . . technical jargon[.]" Id. With that
standard in mind, and reviewing the SPDs contained in the
district court’s docket, we readily conclude that there is no
conflict between the SPD and the Plan, and accordingly, we
need not address the merits of Plaintiffs’ claim that Amara
requires a remand.

                              III.

   Because we agree with the district court that Plaintiffs have
failed to state a claim upon which relief may be granted with
respect to either benefit accrual under Count One or backload-
ing under Count Three, we affirm the district court’s judg-
ment.

                                                    AFFIRMED
