           IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS
                       OF TEXAS
                                     NO. PD-0646-13



                       IRVING MAGANA GARCIA, Appellant

                                             v.

                                THE STATE OF TEXAS

        ON APPELLANT’S PETITION FOR DISCRETIONARY REVIEW
             FROM THE THIRTEENTH COURT OF APPEALS
                         HIDALGO COUNTY

       A LCALA, J., filed a dissenting opinion in which J OHNSON and C OCHRAN, JJ.,
joined.

                                DISSENTING OPINION

       The trial-court judge’s single question asking whether Irving Magana Garcia,

appellant, wanted a language interpreter was wholly inadequate to establish that he

voluntarily waived his federal constitutional right to an interpreter whose assistance would

have enabled him to understand the proceedings and confront the witnesses against him. See

U.S. C ONST. amends. VI, XIV. Although I concur with the majority opinion that, in an

appropriate case, a record may be sufficient to show a knowing and voluntary waiver despite
                                                                                      Garcia - 2

the absence of a transcript of the actual statements at the time they transpired, I disagree that

the record in this case adequately establishes that appellant’s waiver of his right to an

interpreter was voluntary. Accordingly, I would reverse the judgment of the court of appeals

upholding appellant’s conviction for second-degree murder and remand to the court of

appeals for a harm analysis. See Garcia v. State, No. 13-11-00547-CR, 2013 Tex. App.

LEXIS 2328, 2013 WL 865411, at *2 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi Mar. 7, 2013) (mem. op.,

not designated for publication). I, therefore, respectfully dissent.

                                       I. Background

       In 2011, a jury convicted appellant of murder, and he was sentenced to twenty years

in prison and a fine of $10,000 after the jury determined, in the punishment phase, that he

killed the complainant under the immediate influence of sudden passion arising from an

adequate cause. See T EX. P ENAL C ODE § 19.02(a), (b), (d). At trial, appellant, who speaks

and understands only Spanish, was represented by an attorney who was fluent in Spanish and

English. No interpreter translated the proceedings into Spanish for appellant. Appellant,

however, was able to understand testimony by seven of the twenty witnesses who testified

in Spanish with an interpreter translating their testimony into English for the jury. Appellant

also testified in his own defense, with his testimony being translated from Spanish into

English by an interpreter. For the twelve witnesses who testified in English, counsel gave

appellant “a very brief summary of what the witnesses said that was harmful to us.”

       After sentencing, appellant filed a motion for new trial asserting that he did not
                                                                                          Garcia - 3

knowingly and voluntarily waive his right to an interpreter. See T EX. C ODE C RIM. P ROC. art.

38.30. The trial court initially denied appellant’s motion for new trial without a hearing.

This became one of appellant’s complaints in his brief on direct appeal, prompting an

abatement by the court of appeals to allow appellant to introduce evidence at a new-trial

hearing. See Garcia, 2013 WL 865411, at *2. On abatement, the trial court held an

evidentiary hearing during which it heard testimony from appellant, appellant’s trial counsel,

and the State’s attorney who prosecuted appellant at his jury trial. At the end of the hearing,

the trial court denied the motion and made oral and written findings of fact and conclusions

of law.1

       As presented at the hearing on the motion for new trial, almost all of the facts

pertinent to determining whether appellant knowingly and voluntarily waived his right to an

interpreter are conclusively shown by the record. The record affirmatively shows that the

trial judge and the attorneys all knew before trial that appellant could speak and understand

only Spanish.2 In an off-the-record discussion at the bench that occurred prior to the

beginning of testimony, the judge asked counsel if appellant wanted an interpreter for the




1
        After it denied appellant’s motion for new trial, the trial court made six written findings of
fact, four of which are discussed within the portion of this opinion to which they are pertinent. See
TEX . R. APP . P. 21.8(b) (permitting court ruling on motion for new trial to make oral or written
findings of fact). The two remaining findings are immaterial to resolution of this appeal. The first
finding merely describes this claim as the “central claim in this motion for new trial,” and the sixth
finding addresses the other claims in the motion for new trial, stating that they have “no merit.”
2
       For example, at the start of appellant’s arraignment, the record indicates that the trial judge
asked appellant, “Do you understand English?” to which appellant answered, “No.”
                                                                                            Garcia - 4

trial, and counsel said that appellant did not want one.3 The bench discussion was not

transcribed at that time. Later, at the motion-for-new-trial hearing, descriptions of this off-

the-record discussion were conveyed by the testimony of those who were present at the bench

when it occurred: the State’s attorney, appellant’s trial counsel, appellant, and the trial judge.

The record before us shows that the trial judge did not make any inquiries beyond merely

asking appellant’s counsel if appellant wanted an interpreter. This single question and

answer constituted the entirety of any discussions between the court and appellant with

respect to whether appellant wanted an interpreter. At no time did the trial judge question

appellant or his attorney about their reasons for declining an interpreter or about whether

appellant’s waiver of an interpreter was being made knowingly and voluntarily, and the trial

court did not make any factual findings addressing whether appellant’s waiver was made

knowingly and voluntarily, although the court did determine that the waiver was made due



3
        The trial judge stated orally after the new-trial hearing that he recalled having talked to
appellant and appellant’s trial counsel “up here on the bench where we were talking and he said he
didn’t want one, so it’s a waiver.” The State’s attorney also recalled a discussion with the trial judge
at the bench, during which appellant’s trial attorney told the judge that they did not want an
interpreter. The State’s attorney testified, “I think that it was an informal question by the Judge, are
you going to want an interpreter? . . . I know that the Judge was informed that he wasn’t going to
need an interpreter.” The State’s attorney did not believe that the trial court had ever talked “at all”
to appellant himself about whether he wanted an interpreter. Based on this evidence and the trial
judge’s own recollection, the judge’s third and fourth findings state,

        3. Based upon the credible testimony of [the State’s attorney] . . . and this Court’s
        recollection of the underlying proceedings, [appellant] waived his right to an
        interpreter during an unrecorded bench conference.

        4. That it was based on this waiver that this Court determined that the appointment
        of an interpreter was not needed.
                                                                                            Garcia - 5

to trial strategy.

                                            II. Analysis

        Although I agree with the majority opinion that a record of the parties’ actual

statements at the time they are made is not a procedural prerequisite to a finding that a waiver

is shown in the record,4 I disagree that this record shows that appellant executed a voluntary

waiver of his federal constitutional right to have an interpreter. By asking merely a single

question whether appellant wanted an interpreter, the trial judge failed to satisfy his burden

to ascertain whether appellant’s waiver was voluntary or whether it was rather the product

of coercion. Furthermore, the record in this case conclusively shows that appellant was




4
         In discussing how a Marin category-two right is waived, this Court has stated that this occurs
“always on the record.” Marin v. State, 851 S.W.2d 275, 280 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993). As support
for its holding, Marin cited to Goffney v. State, 843 S.W.2d 583, 585 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992).
Goffney explained that “[p]resuming waiver from a silent record is impermissible,” and that the
“record must show, or there must be an allegation and evidence which must show,” that the offer of
an implementation of a right was “intelligently and understandingly rejected.” Goffney, 843 S.W.2d
at 585 (citing Carnley v. Cochran, 369 U.S. 506, 516, 82 S. Ct. 884 (1962)). By referring to a
category-two waiver as “always” occurring on the record, this Court suggested that there must be
more than a silent record and that the record must affirmatively show that a waiver of a right was
knowing and voluntary, but it did not signal that there must be a transcription of the actual
statements documenting a waiver at the time they take place. This characterization of Marin is
consistent with this Court’s recent decision in Davison v. State, 405 S.W.3d. 682, 685-87 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2013), in which we held that the record may be sufficient to establish waiver if it
“otherwise affirmatively discloses” that a waiver was knowing and voluntary. I note, however, that
as the Supreme Court pointed out approximately seventy-five years ago, “whether there is a proper
waiver should be clearly determined by the trial court, and it would be fitting and appropriate for that
determination to appear upon the record.” Johnson v. Zerbst, 304 U.S. 458, 465, 58 S. Ct. 1019
(1938). In light of the Supreme Court’s position in Johnson, a trial court should ordinarily place on
the record any waiver of a constitutional right by a defendant at the time the waiver takes place. See
id. But in those rare cases in which such an on-the-record waiver is absent, other evidence in the
record may suffice to show that a defendant knowingly and voluntarily waived his right to an
interpreter. See id.
                                                                                     Garcia - 6

coerced by his attorney into declining an interpreter. Appellant assented to his attorney’s

suggestion that he decline an interpreter because counsel presented him with the untenable

choice of moving forward either with (1) an interpreter and counsel being unable to

concentrate, or (2) no interpreter and counsel being able to concentrate. This choice between

implementation of one constitutional right, the right to confront witnesses, versus

abridgement of another constitutional right, the right to effective assistance of trial counsel,

renders the resulting choice involuntary.

       A. Any Waiver of An Interpreter Must Be Knowing and Voluntary

       “When a trial judge is aware that the defendant has a problem understanding the

English language, the defendant’s right to have an interpreter translate the trial proceedings

into a language which the defendant understands is a category-two Marin right.” Garcia v.

State, 149 S.W.3d 135, 145 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004). Marin teaches that “our system may

be thought to contain rules of three distinct kinds: (1) absolute requirements and prohibitions;

(2) rights of litigants which must be implemented by the system unless expressly waived; and

(3) rights of litigant which are to be implemented upon request.” Marin v. State, 851 S.W.2d

275, 279-80 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993). For category-two Marin rights, a defendant “need

make no request at trial for the implementation of such rights, as the judge has an

independent duty to implement them” absent a knowing or voluntary waiver of that right.

Id. at 280. Absent a knowing or voluntary waiver of the right to an interpreter, the trial court

violates a defendant’s federal constitutional right to confront the witnesses against him when

the judge is aware that the defendant does not speak and understand English and fails to
                                                                                         Garcia - 7

appoint an interpreter for him. See Garcia, 149 S.W.3d at 144 (“[I]f the judge is aware of

the defendant’s language barrier, the judge has an independent duty to ensure that the

proceedings are interpreted for the defendant, absent the defendant’s knowing and intelligent

waiver.”). A defendant may choose to give up category-two waivable rights, but “he is never

deemed to have done so in fact unless he says so plainly, freely, and intelligently.” Marin,

851 S.W.2d at 280.

       B. Record Fails to Establish that Appellant’s Waiver Was Voluntary

       Assuming that the record supports a determination that appellant acted knowingly in

that he was aware that he was giving up his right to have an interpreter, I would hold that it

is inadequate to establish that he executed his waiver voluntarily.5 I conclude that appellant’s

choice was involuntary because (1) it was the result of him being given two constitutionally

offensive options; (2) the evidence of strategy was immaterial to whether the choice was

involuntary; and, (3) excluding appellant’s and counsel’s testimony, the silent record was

inadequate to establish that the choice was voluntary. I also note that (4) this Court should

look to the best practices that have been implemented by federal courts for guidance as to

how a defendant may effectively waive his right to an interpreter.



5
        The trial court did not make any express finding that appellant acted knowingly in waiving
his right to an interpreter. Although the record does show that appellant was aware of his right to
an interpreter, I do not reach the question of whether his waiver was executed knowingly in the sense
that it was made with sufficient awareness of both the relevant circumstances and likely
consequences of waiving that right. See Joseph v. State, 309 S.W.3d 20, 27 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010)
(stating, in context of waiver of Miranda rights, that relinquishment of rights must be made with
sufficient “awareness of both the nature of the rights being abandoned and the consequences of the
decision to abandon them”).
                                                                                    Garcia - 8

       1. Choice Is Involuntary When Result Of Constitutionally Offensive Options

       This Court recently reaffirmed that federal “due process requires that ‘[w]aivers of

constitutional rights not only must be done voluntarily but must be knowing, intelligent acts

done with sufficient awareness of the relevant circumstances and likely consequences.’”

Davison v. State, 405 S.W.3d 682, 686 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013) (quoting Brady v. United

States, 397 U.S. 742, 748, 90 S. Ct. 1463 (1970)). As appellant points out, in the context of

a waiver of Miranda rights, the Supreme Court has explained that “the relinquishment of the

[constitutional] right must have been voluntary in the sense that it was the product of a free

and deliberate choice rather than intimidation, coercion, or deception.” Moran v. Burbine,

475 U.S. 412, 421, 106 S. Ct. 1135 (1986). “Only if the totality of the circumstances

surrounding [the waiver] reveal both an uncoerced choice and the requisite level of

comprehension may a court properly conclude” that a waiver has occurred. Id. (citations

omitted).

       Here, the trial court did not make any factual finding with respect to whether

appellant’s waiver was voluntary or whether it believed appellant and his counsel’s testimony

with respect to their reasons for declining an interpreter. The only evidence in the record

with respect to appellant’s and trial counsel’s rationale for declining an interpreter was that

counsel told appellant that having an interpreter would result in counsel being unable “to

concentrate in defending” him because the interpreter was too distracting to counsel and the
                                                                                          Garcia - 9

jury.6 Not surprisingly, faced with the coercive choice of either having (1) an interpreter,

which would cause his attorney to be unable to concentrate, or (2) no interpreter, which

would allow his attorney to concentrate, appellant agreed with his attorney’s suggestion that

he proceed without an interpreter. The Supreme Court has disapproved of this type of waiver

that is made from the presentation of a coercive choice. See Fay v. Noia, 372 U.S. 391, 399,

439–40, 83 S. Ct. 822 (1963) (habeas applicant’s failure to appeal from conviction was not

an intelligent and voluntary waiver given choice between life sentence or appeal with chance

of death penalty on retrial), overruled in part by Wainwright v. Sykes, 433 U.S. 72, 87, 97 S.

Ct. 2497 (1977); see also Moore v. Michigan, 355 U.S. 155, 160–65, 78 S. Ct. 191 (1957);



6
       Appellant testified at the hearing on the motion for new trial that trial counsel did not
“recommend” an interpreter because “that would distract him and not let him concentrate very well.”
 The record shows the following:

       [State’s attorney]      Did you agree—again, you agree[d] not to request an
                               interpreter and you did not want one present?
       [Appellant]:            Yes, because he told me that he was not going to be able to
                               concentrate in defending me.

Trial counsel similarly testified that having an interpreter would be too distracting for counsel. The
record shows the following:

       [Appellate counsel]: So in your affidavit, . . . [you state that t]he “accused and I
                            agreed not to ask for an interpreter.” What else goes in—in
                            your and his decision-making to support that sentence?
       [Trial counsel]:     Well, I just told him I didn’t want an interpreter and he says
                            whatever you want.

Trial counsel further explained to appellant that he thought that an interpreter “would be very
distracting for the jury” because the jury might be looking at appellant and the interpreter “as
opposed to concentrating on the evidence in this case.” Trial counsel also thought that an interpreter
would be distracting to counsel because appellant might be “asking the interpreter questions while
[trial counsel was] trying to listen to answers, or thinking about the following question.”
                                                                                  Garcia - 10

Von Moltke v. Gillies, 332 U.S. 708, 726, 68 S. Ct. 316 (1948). Federal and state courts

similarly disapprove of waivers resulting from coercive choices that require a defendant to

choose to give up one constitutional right in order to ensure that another is protected. See,

e.g., Smith v. Grams, 565 F.3d 1037, 1045–46 (7th Cir. 2009) (waiver of right to counsel held

not voluntary and knowing where defendant terminated counsel and requested another

attorney, but the trial court would allow delay and appointment only upon waiver of speedy

trial right); Padzen v. Maurer, 424 F.3d 303, 319 (3d Cir. 2005) (holding waiver of counsel

involuntary and stating that “choice between incompetent or unprepared counsel and

appearing pro se is a dilemma of constitutional magnitude,” and resulting choice to proceed

pro se “cannot be voluntary in the constitutional sense when such a dilemma exists”)

(citations omitted); United States v. Silkwood, 893 F.2d 245, 248-49 (10th Cir. 1989) (waiver

of right to counsel at sentencing not voluntary where trial court tried to dissuade discharge

of counsel defendant believed incompetent; “for the waiver to be voluntary, the trial court

must inquire into the reasons for the defendant’s dissatisfaction with his counsel to ensure

that the defendant is not exercising a choice between incompetent or unprepared counsel and

appearing pro se”); Beverly v. State, 707 A.2d 91, 120–21 (Md. 1998) (defendant whose plea

of guilty was improperly denied by trial court held not to waive issue on appeal after

conviction because he was faced with coercive choice). In sum, a “clear choice between two

alternative courses of action does not always permit a [defendant] to make a voluntary

decision. If a choice presented . . . is constitutionally offensive, then the choice cannot be
                                                                                            Garcia - 11

voluntary.” Wilks v. Israel, 627 F.2d 32, 35 (7th Cir. 1980) (citations omitted). Because

appellant was presented with the constitutionally offensive choice between effective counsel

and an interpreter, his waiver was coerced. See Crandell v. Bunnell, 25 F.3d 754, 755 (9th

Cir. 1994) (stating that “[a] criminal defendant may be asked to choose between waiver and

another course of action so long as the choice presented to him is not constitutionally

offensive”) (citations omitted).

        2. Evidence of Strategy Is Immaterial to Whether the Choice Was Voluntary

        It is true that the trial court made what it labeled as a finding of fact stating that there

were “valid reasons, pertaining to trial strategy” to explain why appellant did not request an

interpreter.7 The trial court did not explain what evidence the court relied on to make that

assessment, what the strategy may have been, or how that determination could resolve the

question of whether appellant’s decision was voluntary and not based on coercive

information. I conclude that the trial court’s determination that the decision to waive an

interpreter was based on strategy is immaterial to the resolution of this appeal. Whether an

attorney’s action is a valid trial strategy is a legal determination pertinent to whether a

defendant has established ineffective assistance of counsel under Strickland v. Washington,

466 U.S. 668, 687, 104 S. Ct. 2052 (1984); see Ex parte Ellis, 233 S.W.3d 324, 336 (Tex.


7
        The trial court made two fact findings, numbers two and five, determining that appellant was
“aware of his right to an interpreter and for valid reasons, pertaining to trial strategy, did not request
an interpreter,” and that counsel discussed with appellant his “right to an interpreter and had a valid
strategy in recommending that they not seek the appointment of an interpreter.” Although he did not
expressly state whether he believed appellant’s and counsel’s testimony describing their reasons for
declining an interpreter, the judge implicitly credited that testimony by deciding that it formed the
basis of a valid trial strategy.
                                                                                     Garcia - 12

Crim. App. 2007). Because the issue presently before this court concerns the voluntariness

of appellant’s decision to waive his right to an interpreter, the trial court’s ruling pertaining

to the separate question of whether appellant’s attorney’s actions could be classified as

strategy for purposes of a claim on ineffective assistance of counsel is immaterial.

       Although it is not dispositive of the question before us in this appeal, I note here that

at least one court has deemed trial counsel’s purported strategy in declining the services of

an interpreter to be unreasonable. See Ling v. State, 702 S.E.2d 881, 883 n.1 (Ga. 2010). In

Ling, the Georgia Supreme Court rejected trial counsel’s claimed strategy in failing to secure

an interpreter for a non-English-speaking defendant “on the basis that he was concerned

using an interpreter might cause the jury to grow impatient and did not want to draw too

much attention to the fact that [the defendant] was not a native English speaker.” Id. That

Court stated that counsel’s claimed strategy was “not professionally reasonable” when it was

based on “speculative fears” of juror bias and when the record indicated that the defendant

did not participate in the decision to waive an interpreter. Id. Here, although he participated

in the decision to waive an interpreter, appellant was given only the constitutionally

impermissible choice between having either an interpreter or an effective attorney, and the

presentation of only these two choices can hardly be characterized as an objectively

reasonable trial strategy. See Ex parte Harrington, 310 S.W.3d 452, 459 (Tex. Crim. App.

2010) (counsel’s strategy subject to review under objective standard of reasonableness). In

any event, any determination about strategy is immaterial to the resolution of this appeal.

       I conclude that the trial court’s determination that the decision to waive an interpreter
                                                                                     Garcia - 13

was based on valid trial strategy does not answer the separate question of whether appellant’s

waiver was voluntary, which is the pertinent question for purposes of determining whether

that waiver was valid. Marin, 851 S.W.2d at 280. Even if the decision could be considered

strategic in the sense that appellant believed that it was in his best interest to agree with

counsel’s recommendation not to have an interpreter so that counsel would not be distracted,

the decision was nevertheless involuntary because it was presented in the form of a coercive

choice that unconstitutionally required appellant to give up one constitutional right in order

to ensure that another would be protected.

       3. Silent Record Inadequate to Establish That Choice Was Voluntary

       Even if I were to assume that the trial court disbelieved appellant’s and counsel’s

testimony describing this choice, all that would remain is a silent record with respect to

whether appellant’s waiver was voluntary and what appellant’s reasons may have been for

declining an interpreter. Without facts in the record to show that the waiver was voluntary,

this Court should not presume that it was. See Carnley v. Cochran, 369 U.S. 506, 516, 82

S. Ct. 884 (1962) (“Presuming waiver from a silent record is impermissible.”); compare

Briones v. State, 595 S.W.2d 546, 547-48 (Tex. Crim. App. 1980) (determining that Briones

intelligently and voluntarily waived his right to confrontation where his attorney also acted

as his interpreter based on record that showed trial judge asked Briones many questions to

ascertain whether his waiver was effective).         If appellant’s and counsel’s testimony

describing their reasons for declining an interpreter is discounted, then this silent record fails

to demonstrate that appellant was admonished by either counsel or the trial court of his right
                                                                                     Garcia - 14

to have an interpreter and that he gave up this right voluntarily. See Garcia, 149 S.W.3d at

145. Absent that testimony, this silent record cannot support a determination that appellant’s

waiver was voluntary. See Marin, 851 S.W.2d at 280.

       4. Federal Courts Provide Guidance on Best Practices

       Although I might ordinarily look to factually similar federal case law for guidance as

to what would constitute a voluntary waiver of the right to an interpreter, that matter is

infrequently litigated in the federal courts because, pursuant to federal statute, a defendant

may not waive his right to an interpreter unless certain procedural safeguards are met. See

28 U.S.C. § 1827(f)(1). Section 1827 specifies that a criminal defendant “who is entitled to

interpretation . . . may waive such interpretation in whole or in part,” but further stipulates

that such a waiver

       shall be effective only if approved by the presiding judicial officer and made
       expressly by such individual on the record after opportunity to consult with
       counsel and after the presiding judicial officer has explained to such
       individual, utilizing the services of the most available certified interpreter, or
       when no certified interpreter is reasonably available, as determined by the
       presiding judicial officer, the services of an otherwise competent interpreter,
       the nature and effect of the waiver.

Id.

       As the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit has observed in

interpreting the federal statutory requirements in this area, the “waiver of an interpreter is not

a decision for [a defendant’s] counsel or the Court to make. It is the defendant’s decision,

after the Court explains to him the nature and effect of a waiver.” United States v. Tapia,

631 F.2d 1207, 1209 (5th Cir. 1980). That court has also observed that in “many cases,
                                                                                    Garcia - 15

counsel does not desire to have an interpreter sitting next to his client and may ask that one

not be provided,” in which case the trial judge should verify the validity of the waiver

“before any waiver can be effective.” Id.

       To ensure that a defendant’s federal right to confront the witnesses against him is

protected, federal law has established strict requirements for waiving an interpreter, and such

an approach would certainly appear to be the best practice for a state trial court. But

adoption of that level of strict scrutiny is unnecessary to grant appellant relief in this case,

where the trial court did not conduct any inquiry at all to determine whether appellant’s

waiver was voluntary.


                                       III. Conclusion

       Although I agree with the State that a record may be adequate in rare cases to show

a knowing and voluntary waiver of the right to an interpreter in the absence of a transcription

of the actual statements by a defendant waiving that right, this record fails to establish that

appellant’s waiver was voluntary. The record conclusively shows that counsel did not want

an interpreter for his own reasons and urged appellant to forego his right to an interpreter

without fully explaining the nature of the right at stake and the possible consequences of

waiving that right. The trial court then compounded the problem by failing to verify that

appellant’s waiver was being made freely and voluntarily, with an adequate awareness of his

rights and the effect of the waiver. In light of these facts, I would hold that appellant’s

waiver was ineffective and that his federal constitutional right to confront the witnesses
                                                                                    Garcia - 16

against him was violated. See Davison, 405 S.W.3d at 686; see also Baltierra v. State, 586

S.W.2d 553, 556–57 (Tex. Crim. App. 1979) (discussing right to interpreter under

Confrontation Clause); United States v. Lim, 794 F.2d 469, 470 (9th Cir. 1986) (noting that

“a defendant whose fluency in English is so impaired that it interferes with his right to

confrontation or his capacity, as a witness, to understand or respond to questions has a

constitutional right to an interpreter”). On this basis, this Court should hold that appellant’s

constitutional rights were violated and remand to the court of appeals for a harm analysis

using a constitutional-error standard of review. See T EX. R. A PP. P. 44.2(a).

Filed: April 9, 2014

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