                                       2015 IL 118278



                                         IN THE
                                SUPREME COURT
                                             OF
                          THE STATE OF ILLINOIS



                                    (Docket No. 118278)

       THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Appellee, v. ANTHONY M.
                          STAPINSKI, Appellant.


                               Opinion filed October 8, 2015.



        JUSTICE BURKE delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.

        Chief Justice Garman and Justices Freeman, Thomas, Kilbride, Karmeier, and
     Theis concurred in the judgment and opinion.



                                          OPINION

¶1       On May 17, 2012, defendant, Anthony M. Stapinski, was indicted on a single
     count of unlawful possession of a controlled substance (ketamine) with intent to
     deliver. 720 ILCS 570/401(a)(10.5) (West 2010). Defendant filed a motion to
     dismiss the indictment, arguing that the indictment violated his due process rights
     and the executed cooperation agreement defendant had entered into with police.
     The State did not dispute the existence of the cooperation agreement, but argued
     that defendant did not fulfill his obligations under the agreement. The trial court of
     Will County ruled in defendant’s favor and granted defendant’s motion to dismiss
     the indictment. The appellate court reversed and remanded for further proceedings.
¶2       We granted defendant’s petition for leave to appeal. Ill. S. Ct. R. 315 (eff. Jan.
     1, 2015). For the reasons that follow, we reverse the judgment of the appellate
     court.



¶3                                    BACKGROUND

¶4      On February 13 and 14, 2013, a hearing was held on defendant’s motion to
     dismiss. At that hearing, witness testimony established the following facts:

¶5       Romeoville, Illinois police Sergeant Christine Masterson (Masterson) received
     information from Postal Inspector Gunther (Gunther) that the Naperville, Illinois,
     post office had in its possession a package from Pakistan which was addressed to
     defendant and believed to contain an illegal substance. A search warrant was
     obtained and the package was opened. The package contained a liquid which was
     suspected to be ketamine, although tests conducted by Masterson were unable to
     confirm that. The package was then resealed and released to the Naperville post
     office to be delivered to defendant.

¶6       On April 12, 2011, defendant drove to the Naperville post office to pick up the
     package. After defendant obtained the package, he was stopped outside the post
     office by Masterson and seven or eight armed officers from the Romeoville and
     Naperville police departments. Defendant was handcuffed and the package was
     taken from him.

¶7       Masterson then took defendant aside, removed his handcuffs, and told him he
     was not under arrest. She asked if he would be willing to accompany her to the
     police station to discuss the possibility of him cooperating with the police with
     regard to the package. Defendant agreed, and was then taken to the Romeoville
     police station in a Naperville squad car. Defendant’s vehicle was impounded.

¶8       According to Masterson, at the station she asked defendant if he would be
     willing to assist the police in apprehending the person to whom defendant was to
     deliver the package of ketamine, as well as other drug investigations. Masterson
     testified that she explained to defendant what his cooperation would entail and
     suggested that it would be in defendant’s best interests if he cooperated. Defendant
     indicated that he was interested, but that he wanted to speak with his attorney first.
     Defendant was never advised of his Miranda rights, but was permitted to phone his
     attorney.
                                              -2-
¶9         Defendant was also permitted to call his mother, Susan Pratl, who came to the
       Romeoville police station, where she met with Masterson, Gunther and defendant.
       Pratl testified that when she first arrived at the police station on April 12, 2011, she
       spoke to Masterson, who advised her that her son had been picked up because of a
       package that was addressed to him. Masterson told Pratl that her son was not under
       arrest and they were more interested in apprehending whoever was the intended
       recipient of the package. Masterson also advised Pratl that her vehicle, which
       defendant was driving at the time of the incident, had been seized. However,
       Masterson told her that it would be in her son’s best interests to cooperate with the
       police because, if he did, he would not be charged and Pratl’s vehicle would be
       released.

¶ 10       Pratl then joined Masterson and Inspector Gunther in a meeting with her son.
       Pratl testified that she encouraged her son to cooperate with the police because
       Masterson had told her he would not be charged and her vehicle would be released.

¶ 11       Defendant testified that when he first spoke with Masterson at the Romeoville
       police station, she told him that he would not be charged and his mother’s car
       would be returned if he helped them apprehend the person to whom he was to
       deliver the package. Defendant testified that Gunther and Masterson repeatedly
       advised him that cooperation was in his best interests and, if he cooperated, he
       would not be charged with the ketamine offense. According to defendant, neither
       Masterson, nor Gunther, ever stated that he would be required to assist in additional
       cases to avoid being charged in the ketamine matter. Rather, defendant testified that
       Masterson told him that if he was able to assist in other cases, she would make a
       college drug charge “go away.”

¶ 12       Defendant testified that he spoke to his attorney by phone and called his
       mother, who then came to the station. After speaking with his mother and his
       attorney, defendant agreed to cooperate with the police. Defendant testified that he
       then told Masterson that the persons to whom he was to deliver the ketamine
       package were Taylor Malcolm (Malcolm) and John Dylan Blair (Blair).

¶ 13       Pratl testified that, as soon as her son mentioned one of the names, Gunther
       became very excited and stated that they had been trying to apprehend this person
       for some time. After this meeting, defendant was permitted to leave the station.

¶ 14     The next day, April 13, 2011, defendant’s attorney, Frank DeSalvo, contacted
       Masterson. Arrangements were made for another meeting with defendant to take
                                                -3-
       place at the Romeoville police station on April 14, 2011. On that day, Masterson,
       Gunther, Pratl, DeSalvo and defendant all met at the Romeoville police
       department. According to Masterson, at this meeting, she told defendant that if he
       cooperated with police, he would not be charged with possession of ketamine.
       However, Masterson also testified that she told defendant that his “cooperation”
       meant that he would have to assist the police in four cases in order to avoid the
       ketamine charge.

¶ 15       Pratl testified regarding this meeting, but her recollection of events was
       somewhat different. She said Gunther and Masterson reiterated that they wanted to
       work with defendant to apprehend Malcolm and Blair and that defendant would not
       be charged if he cooperated in their apprehension. According to Pratl, at no point
       during this meeting did Gunther or Masterson ever say that defendant needed to
       participate in four cases to avoid being charged with possession of ketamine.

¶ 16       DeSalvo testified that, before the meeting began, he first spoke with Masterson
       separately. She advised him that the focus was on arresting Malcolm because he
       was a major marijuana distributor in Will County and the surrounding counties.
       DeSalvo testified that Masterson repeated the terms of the agreement, i.e., that if
       defendant cooperated in the arrest of Malcolm, he would not be charged with the
       ketamine offense. Based on these assurances from Masterson, DeSalvo advised
       defendant to cooperate and participate in the planned controlled delivery of the
       package to Malcolm.

¶ 17       DeSalvo also testified that he was present when Masterson questioned
       defendant regarding other narcotics connections and sources he had. He confirmed
       that Masterson told defendant that if he agreed to cooperate in other cases, she
       would make his prior drug charge from college “go away.” According to DeSalvo,
       during this meeting, no one ever mentioned a specific number of cases defendant
       was required to assist with.

¶ 18       Defendant testified that, at the April 14, 2011, meeting, he agreed to assist in
       the controlled delivery of the ketamine package to Malcolm and Blair. In addition,
       he agreed to work with the police as a confidential informant and also provided the
       police with names of other persons he knew to be involved in drug trafficking.
       According to defendant, he was told that his assistance in other drug cases would
       make an earlier college drug possession matter “go away.”


                                              -4-
¶ 19       After the meeting, defendant was introduced to Mimi Bejda (Bejda), a
       Romeoville police officer working with the Will County Cooperative Police
       Assistance Team, an undercover drug unit. Bejda explained to defendant what his
       role would be in the controlled delivery of the package to Malcolm. Defendant was
       given a transmitter for his ear and a recording device was taped to his shirt.
       Defendant then made several phone calls, which were intercepted and recorded by
       the police. In these calls, defendant made arrangements for delivering the package
       to Malcolm and Blair.

¶ 20       The next day, April 15, 2011, Bejda met with defendant at his mother’s home.
       After receiving additional instructions from Bejda, defendant participated in the
       controlled delivery of the ketamine package, and as a result, the police arrested
       Malcolm and Blair, who were later successfully prosecuted for possession of
       ketamine.

¶ 21       DeSalvo testified that he called Masterson a few days after April 15, 2011, to
       confirm the arrest of Malcolm and Blair. According to DeSalvo, Masterson was
       “jubilant” and said “we had a very good day.” At that point, DeSalvo believed the
       ketamine charges against defendant had been dropped, therefore, he asked how
       defendant could work off his college charge. DeSalvo testified that Masterson said
       defendant should continue to work with Bejda to eliminate that charge, but never
       specified how many cases defendant had to assist with.

¶ 22       Following the arrest of Malcolm and Blair, defendant continued to work with
       Bejda as a confidential informant. However, according to defendant, following
       Malcolm and Blair’s arrest, the word on the street was that he was a “snitch.” As a
       result, Bejda stopped taking his calls and defendant was unable to secure any other
       arrests for the police.

¶ 23       Bejda testified that she told defendant that, if he cooperated with the police on
       three drug investigations of the same class or higher as the ketamine possession
       offense, she would inform the State’s Attorney of his cooperation. Bejda said she
       never promised defendant that charges would not be filed in exchange for his
       cooperation. Bejda also testified that after defendant assisted in the arrest of
       Malcolm and Blair, sometime around May, he stopped returning her telephone
       calls. Then, in October 2011, defendant was informed that they were no longer
       willing to work with him as a confidential informant. After that, Bejda informed
       Masterson that defendant did not fulfill his obligation.

                                               -5-
¶ 24      On March 20, 2012, Masterson filed a criminal complaint against defendant,
       charging him with the April 12, 2011, offense of unlawful possession of a
       controlled substance containing ketamine, with intent to deliver. 720 ILCS
       570/401(a)(10.5) (West 2010). Masterson testified that she filed the charge because
       Bejda informed her defendant did not assist in four cases, as they had agreed. On
       May 17, defendant was indicted for the offense.

¶ 25       Defendant filed a motion to dismiss the charge, arguing that the indictment
       violated his due process rights as well as the cooperation agreement he entered into
       with police. On February 27, 2013, after hearing all of the evidence, as set forth
       above, the circuit court granted defendant's motion to dismiss the indictment. The
       court noted that, of the five persons present at the April 14, 2011, meeting, four
       persons testified and three of them contradicted Masterson. The fifth person—the
       postal inspector—did not testify. The court concluded that Masterson and
       defendant had entered into a valid oral cooperation agreement and its terms were
       that, if defendant cooperated in the arrests of Malcolm and Blair, he would not be
       charged with the ketamine offense. The court further found that defendant’s due
       process rights were violated because he incriminated himself based upon the
       promises that were made to him and that defendant fulfilled his part of the bargain.
       As a result, the court held that defendant could not be charged and dismissed the
       indictment.

¶ 26       The State filed a motion to reconsider in which it now challenged the validity of
       the cooperation agreement. The State contended that, because the State’s Attorney
       never approved the cooperation agreement, the State was not bound by the
       agreement between Masterson and defendant. The State further argued that the trial
       court’s reasoning for dismissing the indictment was faulty because defendant’s due
       process rights were not violated. According to the State, any statements defendant
       made during “[p]lea [d]iscussions” were inadmissible under Illinois Supreme Court
       Rule 402(f) (eff. July 1, 2012), and therefore defendant’s right against
       self-incrimination was not implicated.

¶ 27       Following a hearing, the circuit court denied the State’s motion to reconsider
       and the State appealed. On appeal, the State argued that the trial court erred in
       dismissing the indictment because the correct remedy was suppression of
       defendant’s incriminating statements. In a Rule 23 order, a divided appellate court
       panel reversed and remanded. 2014 IL App (3d) 130352-U.


                                               -6-
¶ 28       Justice Schmidt, writing for the court, noted that the State was not contesting
       the trial court’s finding that the government violated defendant’s due process rights
       when it acquired incriminating statements from him based on promises not to
       prosecute. Rather, what the State argued was that dismissal was improper because
       defendant’s due process rights could be protected by suppressing defendant’s
       incriminating statements. Justice Schmidt then stated that, because the essential
       facts concerning defendant’s cooperation with the police were undisputed, the
       question of whether defendant suffered a prejudicial denial of due process would be
       reviewed de novo.

¶ 29        Citing People v. Lawson, 67 Ill. 2d 449 (1977), Justice Schmidt then held that
       although a trial court has the ability to dismiss a criminal charge for a due process
       violation as part of the court’s inherent authority to guarantee a defendant a fair
       trial, the circuit court erred in this case by dismissing the charge against defendant
       because defendant “cannot show that the surrender of his right against
       self-incrimination foreclosed the possibility of a fair trial.” 2014 IL App (3d)
       130352-U, ¶ 26. The matter was remanded to the circuit court with orders that it
       hold a hearing to determine what evidence should be excluded as a result of the
       police conduct in this case. Thereafter, it should be determined whether there was
       sufficient evidence remaining to allow the case to go forward.

¶ 30       Justice Wright specially concurred, finding that it was premature for the court
       “to imply defendant’s incriminating statements are not admissible.” Id. ¶ 35
       (Wright, J., specially concurring). Justice Carter dissented, finding that the circuit
       court did not err in granting defendant’s motion for dismissal. Id. ¶ 40 (Carter, J.,
       dissenting). According to Justice Carter, because of the “due process ramifications
       of what occurred,” the only appropriate remedy was dismissal of the indictment. Id.
       Only in this way would defendant receive the benefit of the bargain he made with
       the police; mere suppression would not remove the prejudice defendant had
       suffered.



¶ 31                                       ANALYSIS

¶ 32                                   Standard of Review

¶ 33      We first address the appropriate standard of review to be applied in this case. In
       People v. Lawson, 67 Ill. 2d 449, 455 (1977), we held that a trial court has the

                                               -7-
       inherent authority to dismiss an indictment in a criminal case for any reason given
       in section 114-1 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of 1963, or where there has
       been a clear denial of due process. Defendant contends that the State has conceded
       the existence of the cooperation agreement and that defendant’s due process rights
       were violated because he incriminated himself in reliance upon the promise that
       was made to him to secure his cooperation. Thus, defendant argues, the only issue
       is whether dismissal of the indictment was the proper remedy. This is a matter left
       to the discretion of the trial court. People v. Ziobro, 242 Ill. 2d 34 (2011).
       Defendant, therefore, argues that the abuse of discretion standard is applicable here.

¶ 34       While the State agrees that a trial court’s decision on the appropriate remedy for
       a violation of due process is subject to an abuse of discretion standard of review, the
       State contends that, here, there are several preliminary issues which must be
       decided, including whether the cooperation agreement was valid; whether the
       validity of the cooperation agreement has an impact on the finding of a due process
       violation; and whether, as the appellate court found, defendant’s due process rights
       can be protected by suppression of his incriminating statements at trial. The State
       maintains that these are questions of law subject to de novo review.

¶ 35       Generally, a reviewing court considers a trial court’s ultimate ruling on a
       motion to dismiss charges under an abuse-of-discretion standard, but where the
       issues present purely legal questions, the standard of review is de novo. See People
       v. King, 366 Ill. App. 3d 552 (2006); People v. Brener, 357 Ill. App. 3d 868, 870
       (2005). Whether a defendant was denied due process, and whether that denial was
       sufficiently prejudicial to require the dismissal of the charges, are questions of law,
       which are reviewed de novo. See People v. Oliver, 368 Ill. App. 3d 690, 695 (2006);
       People v. Mattis, 367 Ill. App. 3d 432, 435-36 (2006); People v. Anaya, 279 Ill.
       App. 3d 940, 945 (1996). However, once it is determined that a defendant suffered
       a prejudicial violation of his due process rights, the trial court’s decision on the
       appropriate remedy—whether it be dismissal of the indictment or some other
       remedy—is reviewed for an abuse of discretion. Oliver, 368 Ill. App. 3d at 695;
       Mattis, 367 Ill. App. 3d at 436.



¶ 36                                 Cooperation Agreement

¶ 37       Defendant maintains that the issue before us, i.e., the proper remedy for the
       State’s breach of a fully performed cooperation agreement, is one of first
                                                -8-
       impression for this court. The only Illinois case directly on point is People v.
       Schmitt, 173 Ill. App. 3d 66 (1977). In Schmitt, the defendant was tried and
       convicted for delivery of a controlled substance. On appeal, he argued that the trial
       court erred in denying his motion to dismiss the indictment. In the motion to
       dismiss, Schmitt maintained that agents of the Illinois Department of Law
       Enforcement had entered into an agreement with him in which they promised that if
       he cooperated in the production of his “suppliers” he would not be prosecuted for
       his conduct. Thereafter, pursuant to those promises, Schmitt cooperated, which
       enabled the agents to arrest and develop information which led to the prosecution of
       his supplier. Schmitt maintained that his due process rights were violated because
       he was prosecuted in violation of this agreement. The trial court did not consider
       whether due process required dismissal of the charges. Instead, the trial court held,
       “ ‘There is no admission here the prosecutor was involved in the police officer’s
       conduct and when you raise contract notions there certainly is no admission that the
       police officers were specifically the prosecutor’s agent for making a determination
       as to whether or not charges would be filed with respect to this case. Accordingly, I
       do not believe that a motion to dismiss lies and the motion to dismiss is denied.’ ”
       Id. at 100.

¶ 38        The appellate court reversed defendant’s conviction, finding it was error for the
       trial court to fail to consider whether the defendant’s due process rights had been
       violated by the State’s conduct. Citing our decision in People v. Starks, 106 Ill. 2d
       441 (1985), the court held:

          “He cooperated with the agents in apprehending his drug source, a tactic
          unequivocally desired by law enforcement and readily accepted by the courts in
          the never-ending struggle to curb and combat the nefarious enterprise of drug
          trafficking and usage. The State should be required to fulfill its part of the
          agreement. A contrary holding would greatly impair if not totally defeat the
          viable weapon of drug offenders’ cooperation with law enforcement in the drug
          war arsenal. More importantly, a contrary holding would constitute judicial
          approval of the government violating its agreement, a reprehensible
          aberration.” Schmitt, 173 Ill. App. 3d at 101.

¶ 39       The appellate court then remanded the matter to the circuit court “with
       directions to conduct an evidentiary hearing to determine the terms of the
       cooperation agreement between Schmitt and the agents and *** dismiss the
       indictment against him if the agents violated the agreement.” Id. at 106.
                                               -9-
¶ 40       Relying on Schmitt, defendant contends that the appellate court in this case
       erred in reversing the circuit court’s dismissal of the indictment. Defendant
       maintains the substantive due process issue at the heart of this case is not whether
       defendant can receive a fair trial (procedural due process) but, rather, whether
       prosecution of defendant is consistent with substantive due process guarantees
       where he was promised he would not be charged if he cooperated and, in reliance
       on that promise, he did everything asked of him. Defendant argues his performance
       under the agreement included more than making incriminatory statements and,
       therefore, suppression of statements would not return him to his precooperation
       position.

¶ 41       Defendant also rejects the State’s claim that, because the State’s Attorney did
       not authorize the cooperation agreement, the State was not bound by it. Defendant
       maintains that an agreement not to charge is left to the discretion of the police,
       independent of the prosecutor’s authority. Moreover, in this case, the State raised
       the validity of the agreement for the first time in its motion to reconsider and,
       therefore, there is no evidence of record that the prosecutor was unaware of the
       agreement.

¶ 42       Further, even if this court should agree that police officers do not have the
       authority to enter into a cooperation agreement to not file charges, defendant relies
       on United States v. Carrillo, 709 F.2d 35 (9th Cir. 1983), United States v. Rodman,
       519 F.2d 1058 (1st Cir. 1975), and State v. Wacker, 688 N.W.2d 357 (Neb. 2004),
       for the proposition that, where it is shown that he detrimentally relied upon the
       agreement and that reliance was of constitutional proportion because he
       incriminated himself further by participating in the controlled delivery, the failure
       to enforce the agreement would be fundamentally unfair and a violation of his
       substantive due process rights.

¶ 43       The State asks that we affirm the appellate court judgment and find that the
       circuit court erred when it dismissed the charges against defendant. The State
       admits that in People v. Starks, 106 Ill. 2d 441 (1985), we held that due process
       requires the State to honor a cooperation agreement when a defendant fully
       performs and, if the State fails to honor the agreement, dismissal of the charges is
       proper. The State contends, however, that our holding in Starks should not be
       extended to situations, as here, where the agreement was entered into by police
       officers without the approval of the State’s Attorney. According to the State, police
       officers have no “free-standing” authority to bind the State to nonprosecution
                                              - 10 -
       agreements or to take a lead role in “charge-bargaining” because that discretion
       belongs exclusively to the prosecutor. Therefore, the States argues that the
       prosecutor need not specifically perform a police officer’s unauthorized
       nonprosecution agreement. The State asks that, to the extent that Schmitt holds to
       the contrary, it should be overruled.

¶ 44       The State further argues that, while it is true that dismissal of an indictment is
       proper if no fair trial can be held, that is not the case here because suppression of
       defendant’s statement is an adequate remedy.

¶ 45        We disagree with the State’s position. In People v. Smith, 233 Ill. App. 3d 342
       (1992), our appellate court held that cooperation agreements were designed, “in the
       context of the illegal drug trade, to enable law enforcement officers to apprehend
       large-scale drug dealers, ‘a tactic unequivocally desired by law enforcement and
       readily accepted by the courts in the never-ending struggle to curb and combat the
       nefarious enterprise of drug trafficking and usage.’ ” Id. at 349-50 (quoting
       Schmitt, 173 Ill. App. 3d at 101). “Persons who enter into cooperation agreements
       with the government in criminal cases do so because they are in serious legal
       difficulties and are seeking to avoid or ameliorate their problems by furnishing
       information in pending investigations. The bargaining positions are not equal. The
       government has the upper hand. For this reason, extensive state and federal legal
       authority requires that governmental agencies deal fairly with a defendant in offers
       of immunity *** to obtain a waiver of constitutional rights in exchange for
       information exposing him to additional criminal liability.” People v. Dasaky, 303
       Ill. App. 3d 986, 996 (1999) (McNulty, J., dissenting) (citing United States v.
       Knights, 968 F.2d 1483 (2d Cir. 1992), United States v. Rexach, 896 F.2d 710 (2d
       Cir. 1990), and People v. Raymond, 202 Ill. App. 3d 704 (1990)).

¶ 46       Cooperation agreements are neither plea agreements nor a grant of immunity.
       See Wacker, 688 N.W.2d at 362. They arise when the State agrees to limit a
       prosecution in some manner in consideration for the defendant’s cooperation. Id.
       Such agreements differ from plea agreements “in that the detrimental reliance for a
       plea agreement is the defendant’s waiver of the right to a trial [citation], whereas
       [w]ith an agreement not to prosecute, parties agree that the defendant’s cooperation
       is sufficient consideration for the government’s promise of immunity.” (Internal
       quotation marks omitted.) Smith, 233 Ill. App. 3d at 349. The due process
       implications in each situation are different. In the plea agreement scenario, if the
       defendant has not yet pled guilty, he may still proceed to trial. Id. In the cooperation
                                                - 11 -
       agreement situation, “it is the violation of ‘the right not to be haled into court at all
       *** [which] operate[s] to deny [defendant] due process of law.’ ” Id. at 350
       (quoting Blackledge v. Perry, 417 U.S. 21, 30-31 (1974)).

¶ 47       Courts construe cooperation agreements under contract principles. 2 Crim.
       Prac. Manual § 45.19. Such agreements are construed strictly against the
       government and courts should not hesitate to scrutinize the government’s conduct
       to ensure it comports with the highest standard of fairness. Id.

¶ 48       The principle for enforcing cooperation agreements is the due process clause of
       the fourteenth amendment. Wacker, 688 N.W.2d at 362; People v. Manning, 672
       P.2d 499, 504 (Colo. 1983) (en banc). “Generally, fundamental fairness requires
       that promises made during plea-bargaining and analogous contexts be respected.”
       (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Wacker, 688 N.W.2d at 362. “[W]here the
       government has entered into an agreement with a prospective defendant and the
       defendant has acted to his detriment or prejudice in reliance upon the agreement, as
       a matter of fair conduct, the government ought to be required to honor such an
       agreement.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Id.

¶ 49       In Starks, Justice Ward stated:

           “Case law also dictates that when the ‘totality of circumstances’ surrounding
           the government misconduct is such as to offend basic tenets of fair play and
           justice, dismissal of the indictment with prejudice is proper.” (Internal
           quotation marks omitted.) Starks, 106 Ill. 2d at 453 (Ward, J., dissenting, joined
           by Moran and Miller, JJ.).

¶ 50       The trial court has inherent authority to dismiss a criminal indictment where the
       defendant has been denied due process. People v. Lawson, 67 Ill. 2d 449, 454-56
       (1977). Due process is a fundamental premise of our system of justice, designed to
       protect an individual’s personal and property rights from arbitrary and capricious
       governmental action. People v. McCauley, 163 Ill. 2d 414, 441 (1994); People v.
       Schmitt, 173 Ill. App. 3d 66, 97 (1988).

¶ 51      In McCauley, we held that due process is implicated “whenever the State
       engages in conduct towards its citizens deemed oppressive, arbitrary or
       unreasonable.” 163 Ill. 2d at 425. Further, since the essence of due process is
       “fundamental fairness,” due process essentially requires “fairness, integrity, and
       honor in the operation of the criminal justice system, and in its treatment of the

                                                - 12 -
       citizen’s cardinal constitutional protections.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.)
       Id. at 441. To violate substantive due process, the government’s conduct must
       “ ‘shock[ ] the conscience’ ” and violate the “ ‘decencies of civilized conduct.’ ” In
       re Detention of Sveda, 354 Ill. App. 3d 373, 380 (2004) (quoting Rochin v.
       California, 342 U.S. 165, 172, 173 (1952)).

¶ 52       Based on these principles, we find that defendant’s substantive due process
       rights were violated when the State breached the agreement Masterson entered into
       with defendant. Accordingly, we find that the trial court did not abuse its discretion
       in granting defendant’s motion to dismiss.

¶ 53       The State maintains that prosecutors are not bound by an agreement or promise
       not to prosecute made by law enforcement officers (see United States v. McInnis,
       429 F.3d 1, 5-6 (1st Cir. 2005); United States v. White, 270 F.3d 356, 366-67 (6th
       Cir. 2001); Commonwealth v. St. John, 54 N.E. 254, 254 (Mass. 1899);
       Commonwealth v. Stipetich, 652 A.2d 1294, 1295 (Pa. 1995); State v. Reed, 879
       P.2d 1000, 1002 (Wash. Ct. App. 1994)) and that the proper remedy in this case is
       to suppress any incriminating statements defendant may have made in the course of
       his cooperation with police. We disagree and find the cases cited above to be
       distinguishable, either factually or because they did not address due process.

¶ 54       We find the dissent in Stipetich to be persuasive. In Stipetich, the State appealed
       the trial court’s dismissal of a criminal complaint against two defendants. The
       criminal complaint was brought ten months after a search of the defendant’s home
       yielded small amounts of various controlled substances. The investigating officers
       had agreed not to charge the defendants for narcotics violations if they cooperated
       fully with the police. The agreement not to prosecute was declared invalid by the
       majority because it was not entered into with the approval of the district attorney.
       However, the dissenting justice held:

              “I cannot agree that the ‘validity’ of the agreement is the controlling issue in
          this case. Rather, I believe the rights of the defendants to due process, that
          concept by which we guarantee an accused fundamental fairness and
          substantial justice, should be the proper focus of this Court’s attention.
          [Citation.]

              None of the parties contest the fact that an agreement was entered into, and
          that the defendants completely fulfilled their obligations under that agreement.
          Therefore, the ‘validity’ of the agreement is not important. Of course, I concede
                                               - 13 -
          that police officers do not have any authority to bind a district attorney by
          entering into non-prosecution agreements. Such a result would be absurd.
          However, when an agreement is negotiated due process requires that the
          defendants, who fulfilled their obligations under that agreement be treated with
          fairness and justice. Having a court decide how to best protect the rights of the
          accused, as was done here, does not, by any stretch of the imagination, mean
          that non-prosecution agreements entered into by police officers will bar the
          district attorney from subsequently deciding to pursue a prosecution. The
          judiciary, in its supervisory power, always has the authority to fashion a remedy
          that meets the needs of the situation at hand. It is precisely this power of the
          court to fashion a remedy which negates the majority's fear that the police will
          usurp the proper functions and authority of the district attorney.” 652 A.2d at
          1296 (Cappy, J., dissenting).

¶ 55       In the case at bar, the trial court determined that Masterson entered into a
       cooperation agreement with defendant in which she promised not to charge
       defendant with possession of ketamine if he assisted in the apprehension of
       Malcolm and Blair. The court further found that defendant fulfilled his obligations
       under the agreement and that his due process rights were violated when, over a year
       after defendant was detained by police in this matter, he was charged with
       possession of ketamine. Under these circumstances, we cannot say that the trial
       court abused its discretion by granting defendant’s motion to dismiss the charge.
       Whether or not the cooperation agreement was “valid” in the sense that it was
       approved by the State’s Attorney, is not important. An unauthorized promise may
       be enforced on due process grounds if a defendant’s reliance on the promise has
       constitutional consequences. People v. C.S.A., 104 Cal. Rptr. 3d 832, 835, 837 (Cal.
       Ct. App. 2010) (collecting cases). In this case, the trial court found that defendant
       relied upon the nonprosecution agreement he made with police and incriminated
       himself in the process of fulfilling his obligations under the agreement. Thus,
       defendant suffered a prejudicial violation of his due process rights. The
       governmental conduct here “shocks the conscience” and violates the “decencies of
       civilized conduct.”

¶ 56      We reverse the appellate court judgment, affirm the judgment of the trial court,
       and remand with instructions that the charge against defendant be dismissed.




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¶ 57   Appellate court judgment reversed.

¶ 58   Circuit court judgment affirmed.

¶ 59   Cause remanded.




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