Opinion issued July 11, 2019




                                     In The

                               Court of Appeals
                                     For The

                          First District of Texas
                            ————————————
                               NO. 01-18-00324-CV
                           ———————————
       IN THE ESTATE OF ROBERT JERRY BRAZDA, DECEASED


                   On Appeal from the Probate Court No. 2
                           Harris County, Texas
                       Trial Court Case No. 413,348


                                  OPINION

      This is an appeal from a probate court in an estate administration. The trial

court ordered the dependent administrator to make a partial distribution of estate

property to two heirs. The court later found the administrator guilty of neglecting

to timely distribute the property and ordered the administrator to pay one of the
heirs1 damages for the neglect.2 The administrator moved for reconsideration of the

damages order, the trial court stated during a hearing on the motion that it would

reconsider the damages order, and it later entered written orders reconsidering and

removing the personal liability against the administrator.

      In a single issue, the complaining heir contends that the trial court lacked

jurisdiction to enter the orders reconsidering and removing the damages against the

administrator because the original order awarding the damages was final and

appealable in its own right and because the trial court lost plenary power over that

order before the time that it entered the written reconsideration orders. We agree

with the heir and vacate and remand.

                                   Background

      Appellant Brooks Brazda (“Brazda”) is one of the heirs of Robert Jerry

Brazda. Appellee Keith Morris is the dependent administrator of Robert Jerry

Brazda’s estate (the “Administrator”).

      The Administrator applied to the probate court handling the estate

administration for an order for a partial distribution of estate property. The

Administrator sought to distribute $244,562.34 from a Vanguard account owned



1
      Only one of the two heirs, Brooks Brazda, moved for damages against the
      administrator for neglecting to make the partial distribution timely.
2
      See TEX. EST. CODE § 360.301.

                                          2
by the estate, to be split between Brazda and his brother. On March 30, 2017, the

court ordered the requested partial distribution.

      Afterward, the Administrator prepared paperwork for Vanguard to change

the ownership status of the account, seeking to avoid a taxable event on the

distribution. Some time passed. By September 2017, the Administrator had not yet

made the distribution ordered by the March 30, 2017 order. So Brazda’s counsel

sent a demand letter to the Administrator, seeking an immediate distribution.

Twelve days later, the distribution still had not been made, so Brazda applied for a

show-cause order and for relief under Estates Code section 360.301 for the

Administrator’s alleged neglect in failing to make the distribution timely. The

court entered the show-cause order and set Brazda’s application for relief under

Section 360.301 for a hearing on October 24, 2017. The Administrator was served

with citation for the hearing, informing him that it would take place on October 24.

      The probate court held a hearing on Brazda’s application, but the

Administrator did not appear. The next day, the Administrator responded to

Brazda’s application. However, on October 31, 2017, the court entered an order

(1) requiring the Administrator to distribute immediately the funds from the

Vanguard account previously ordered distributed and (2) holding him personally

liable under Section 360.301 (the “October 31, 2017 Order”). Later that day, the




                                          3
Administrator moved for reconsideration of the October 31, 2017 Order,

requesting that the court “modify” the order.

      Then, on November 14, 2017, the court held a hearing on the motion to

reconsider. After announcements of counsel, the hearing began:

      [Counsel for the Administrator]: Your Honor, this is our motion to
      reconsider the granting of a partial distribution of the Estate of Robert
      Jerry Brazda. I know the judge had signed the order. I know that we
      missed the show-cause hearing. I wanted to bring it to the Court’s
      attention because I wasn’t sure if the Court saw it before he signed the
      order on October 31st the response that was filed on October 25th,
      2017. I don’t believe this was ever delivered to the Court. It was filed
      after the—at the same time of the hearing or around the hearing. And
      so the purpose of the motion to reconsider is to get in front of the
      Court the actions taken by [the Administrator] in an attempt to
      distribute the—

      The Court: What I’m going to do is grant the motion to reconsider
      and set it for hearing so I can hear testimony. I only heard testimony
      from [Brazda], didn’t hear from—but rather than doing it based on
      things that are filed, could I have some evidence? So I’ll grant the
      motion for reconsideration and come and set it for hearing so we can
      hear what’s going on.
(Emphases added.) The trial court, however, did not then enter any written order

reconsidering or modifying the October 31, 2017 Order awarding damages.

      In January 2018, the Administrator supplemented his earlier application for a

partial distribution to notify the court that the partial distribution ordered to be

made to Brazda and his brother was made in December 2017.

      On March 15, 2018, Brazda filed a contract action in the suit. He sued

Suretec Insurance Company on the surety bond it had issued for the

                                         4
Administrator’s administration of the estate. The contract claim was based solely

on the Administrator’s Section 360.301 liability under the October 31, 2017 Order

and sought damages accrued through the date of distribution—$47,300.33.

      On March 26, 2018, the Administrator filed a reply in support of his motion

to reconsider and requested for the first time that Brazda’s counsel be sanctioned

under Rule of Civil Procedure 13 for filing an allegedly groundless lawsuit against

Suretec Insurance despite the trial court’s earlier oral statements that it had

requested rehearing of the issue of Section 360.301 damages.

      Then, on March 27, 2018, the probate court held a hearing on the motion to

reconsider the October 31, 2017 Order. Later that day, the court entered two orders

(the “March 27, 2018 Orders”). The first was styled an “Order Granting Motion to

Reconsider” and said: “On this day, the Court considered the Motion to Reconsider

the [October 31, 2017 Order] brought by Respondent, Keith Morris, requesting that

the Court modify the [October 31, 2017 Order] to remove the personal liability. IT

IS ORDERED that the Motion to Reconsider is Granted.” The second was styled

an “Order on Partial Distribution and Damages Pursuant to Texas Estates Code

§360.301 and Request for Sanctions Under Tex. R. Civ. Pro. §13” and said:

      On this day, the Court considered the [October 31, 2017 Order] filed
      by Brooks Brazda and Request for Sanctions under Tex. R. Civ. Pro.
      §13. IT IS ORDERED that the [October 31, 2017 Order] filed by
      Brooks Brazda is hereby DENIED. The Court ORDERS execution to
      issue including such writs and processes as may be necessary in the
      enforcement and collection of this ORDER.
                                        5
The order also included stricken-through text related to the Administrator’s request

for sanctions against Brazda’s counsel, indicating that no sanctions were awarded.3

Brazda then noticed this appeal of the March 27, 2018 Orders. This table

summarizes the above-recounted events:

        Date                                     Event
     Mar. 7, 2017 The Administrator pleads for a partial distribution.
                   The Administrator amends his pleading requesting a partial
    Mar. 23, 2017
                   distribution.
    Mar. 30, 2017 The trial court orders the partial distribution.
    Sept. 26, 2017 Brazda applies for the show-cause order.
                   The trial court orders the Administrator to show cause for
      Oct. 2, 2017
                   failure to timely distribute.
                   The hearing on the show-cause request takes place, but the
     Oct. 24, 2017
                   Administrator does not appear.
     Oct. 25, 2017 The Administrator responds to the show-cause application.
     Oct. 31, 2017 The trial court enters the October 31, 2017 Order.
     Oct. 31, 2017 The Administrator moves for reconsideration.
    Nov. 14, 2017 An oral hearing on the motion to reconsider takes place.
                   The Administrator notifies the court of the December 2017
      Jan. 3, 2018
                   distribution.
    Mar. 15, 2018 Brazda sues the Administrator’s surety.
    Mar. 27, 2018 An oral hearing on the motion to reconsider takes place.
    Mar. 27, 2018 The trial court enters the March 27, 2018 Orders.
    Apr. 24, 2018 Brazda notices this appeal.



3
       Our opinion treats the March 27, 2018 Orders as a single unit. The parties do
       not argue otherwise. Therefore, the analysis that follows should not be read
       to apply to only one or the other of the two orders in the March 27, 2018
       Orders. The analysis considers them an undivided whole.

                                         6
                Appellate Jurisdiction and Finality of Orders in
                      Estate-Administration Proceedings

      Brazda’s sole issue implicates our jurisdiction over this appeal. He contends

that the October 31, 2017 Order was a final order in its own right, such that the

trial court had lost the plenary power to reconsider that order or to enter any further

orders inconsistent with that order before the March 27, 2018 Orders were entered.

In response, the Administrator argues that the October 31, 2017 Order is

interlocutory and that the trial court therefore retained plenary power to reconsider

it at the time of the March 27, 2018 Orders. The Administrator also argues that the

March 27, 2018 Orders are interlocutory and that we therefore lack jurisdiction

over this appeal. We will first address whether the March 27, 2018 Orders were

final orders because that issue would be determinative our jurisdiction. See, e.g.,

Freedom Commc’ns, Inc. v. Coronado, 372 S.W.3d 621, 623–24 (Tex. 2012);

Harris v. Taylor, No. 01-15-00925-CV, 2016 WL 4055688, at *3 (Tex. App.—

Houston [1st Dist.] July 28, 2016, no pet.) (mem. op.); Churchill v. Mayo, 224

S.W.3d 340, 344 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2006, pet. denied).

I.    Standard of review and applicable law

      It is a party’s timely filed notice of appeal that invokes our appellate

jurisdiction. See TEX. R. APP. P. 25.1, 26.1; Alexander Dubose Jefferson &

Townsend LLP v. Chevron Phillips Chem. Co., 540 S.W.3d 577, 581–82 & n.27

(Tex. 2018) (per curiam). Unless specifically authorized by statute, we lack

                                          7
jurisdiction when a party notices an appeal from an interlocutory order or

judgment. See Bison Bldg. Materials, Ltd. v. Aldridge, 422 S.W.3d 582, 585 (Tex.

2012).

         Said another way, parties generally may appeal only from final judgments.

Lehmann v. Har–Con Corp., 39 S.W.3d 191, 195 & n.12 (Tex. 2001). However,

appeals from probate courts, which adjudicate estate administrations, involve an

exception to the final-judgment rule because multiple final judgments or orders

may be rendered on discrete issues before an entire probate-court proceeding is

final. See Trevino v. Reese, No. 01-10-00717-CV, 2011 WL 2436523, at *2 (Tex.

App.—Houston [1st Dist.] June 16, 2011, no pet.) (mem. op.); Young v. First

Cmty. Bank, N.A., 222 S.W.3d 454, 456 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2006, no

pet.).

         There are two categories of probate-court orders that are considered final,

and therefore appealable, even if not every party and issue in the entire proceeding

is disposed of by the order. First, statutes may declare certain orders to be final,

appealable orders: “If there is an express statute, such as the one for the complete

heirship judgment, declaring the phase of the probate proceedings to be final and

appealable, that statute controls.” See Brittingham–Sada de Ayala v. Mackie, 193

S.W.3d 575, 578 (Tex. 2006); Crowson v. Wakeham, 897 S.W.2d 779, 783 (Tex.




                                          8
1995); Young, 222 S.W.3d at 457. Second, orders that dispose of all parties and

issues “in a particular phase of the proceedings” are final, appealable orders:

      Otherwise, if there is a proceeding of which the order in question may
      logically be considered a part, but one or more pleadings also part of
      that proceeding raise issues or parties not disposed of, then the probate
      order is interlocutory. . . . [U]nder Crowson, the trial court’s order was
      interlocutory because it did not dispose of all parties or issues in a
      particular phase of the proceedings.

Brittingham–Sada de Ayala, 193 S.W.3d at 578–79; accord Crowson, 897 S.W.2d

at 783; Young, 222 S.W.3d at 457.

      Our primary objective in interpreting statutes is to give effect to the

Legislature’s intent. Molinet v. Kimbrell, 356 S.W.3d 407, 411 (Tex. 2011). The

plain meaning of the statute’s text is the best expression of legislative intent unless

a different meaning is apparent from the context or the plain meaning leads to

absurd or nonsensical results. Id.; see also Valdez v. Hollenbeck, 465 S.W.3d 217,

227 (Tex. 2015) (“[W]e construe the words of the statute according to their plain

meaning and within their contextual environs.”). In interpreting a statute, we give

effect to all its words and, if possible, do not treat any statutory language as mere

surplusage. State v. Shumake, 199 S.W.3d 279, 287 (Tex. 2006).

      When we must interpret a civil statute that is penal in nature, we are to

“apply the rule of strict construction.” Hovel v. Batzri, 490 S.W.3d 132, 148 (Tex.

App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2016, pet. denied). This rule implicates the breadth or

narrowness of the penal civil statute’s application:

                                          9
      Applying the rule of strict construction does not require that the
      statute shall be stintingly or even narrowly construed, but it means
      that everything shall be excluded from its operation which does not
      clearly come within the scope of the language used. Thus, under the
      rule of strict construction, an appellate court must, like we do here,
      interpret a statute to have the narrowest application, even if that means
      adopting a broader definition of a particular term in the statute.
Id. at 148–49 (internal quotations and citations omitted) (quoting SEIU Local 5 v.

Prof’l Janitorial Serv. of Houston, Inc., 415 S.W.3d 387, 393 (Tex. App.—

Houston [1st Dist.] 2013, pet. denied)). This has long been the understanding of

that rule. See, e.g., Wood Cty. v. Cate, 12 S.W. 535, 536 (Tex. 1889) (“To give that

statute such enlarged application would violate established rules for the

construction of statutes penal in their nature.”).

      Brazda noticed this appeal based only on the March 27, 2018 Orders. The

Administrator has not filed his own notice of appeal or cross-notice. Therefore, we

must first determine whether the March 27, 2018 Orders were final or interlocutory

because, if interlocutory, then we lack jurisdiction over this appeal. See TEX. R.

APP. P. 25.1, 26.1; Alexander Dubose Jefferson & Townsend, 540 S.W.3d at 581–

82 & n.27; Bison Bldg. Materials, 422 S.W.3d at 585; Lehmann, 39 S.W.3d at 195

& n.12.

II.   The March 27, 2018 Orders were final because the plain language of
      Section 360.301 requires that result.

      Under the special rules for probate-court orders’ appealability, the March 27,

2018 Orders were final only if they meet one of these two conditions: (1) there is

                                           10
an express statute declaring the phase of the proceeding that the orders ended to be

final and appealable or (2) the orders disposed of all parties and issues in a

particular phase of the proceedings. See Brittingham–Sada de Ayala, 193 S.W.3d

at 578–79; Crowson, 897 S.W.2d at 783; Young, 222 S.W.3d at 457.

      A.     Brazda’s argument

      Brazda raises an argument implicating the first, statute-focused condition. In

arguing that the October 31, 2017 Order was final, he argues that orders awarding

damages under Section 360.301 are per se final, appealable orders because of that

statute’s language. That statute provides:

             (a) If an executor or administrator neglects, when demanded,
      to deliver a portion of an estate ordered to be delivered to a person
      entitled to that portion, the person may file with the court clerk a
      written complaint alleging:

                   (1)    the fact of the neglect;
                   (2)    the date of the person’s demand; and
                   (3)    other relevant facts.

            (b) On the filing of a complaint under Subsection (a), the
      court clerk shall issue a citation to be served personally on the
      executor or administrator. The citation must:

                  (1) apprise the executor or administrator of the
             complaint; and
                    (2) cite the executor or administrator to appear before
             the court and answer, if the executor or administrator desires, at
             the time designated in the citation.

            (c) If at the hearing the court finds that the citation was
      properly served and returned and that the executor or administrator is
                                          11
      guilty of the neglect alleged, the court shall enter an order to that
      effect.
             (d) An executor or administrator found guilty under
      Subsection (c) is liable to the complainant for damages at the rate of
      10 percent of the amount or the appraised value of the portion of the
      estate neglectfully withheld, per month, for each month or fraction of
      a month that the portion is or has been neglectfully withheld after the
      date of demand. Damages under this subsection may be recovered in
      any court of competent jurisdiction.

TEX. EST. CODE § 360.301.

      Brazda argues that the October 31, 2017 Order was final under either of two

alternatives. First, he says that Section 360.301(d) allows a damages order entered

by a probate court to be enforced in any other “court of competent jurisdiction.” He

argues that such an order can be enforced in another court only if the order is final

on its own, and he cites In re Elmer, 158 S.W.3d 603 (Tex. App.—San Antonio

2005, orig. proceeding), for its statement that, “to enforce a judgment, the

judgment must be final.” Id. at 605 (citing Hood v. Amarillo Nat’l Bank, 815

S.W.2d 545, 548 (Tex. 1991) (per curiam)). The Supreme Court of Texas, in Hood,

said that “a writ of execution will not issue until after a final and appealable

judgment is signed.” Hood, 815 S.W.2d at 548; see also In re Burlington Coat

Factory Warehouse of McAllen, Inc., 167 S.W.3d 827, 831 (Tex. 2005) (orig.

proceeding) (execution cannot issue on non-final judgment); Edlund v. Bounds,

842 S.W.2d 719, 732 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1992, writ denied) (same), cited in



                                         12
Heslip v. Baber, No. 01-96-00704-CV, 1997 WL 760537, at *5 (Tex. App.—

Houston [1st Dist.] Dec. 11, 1997, pet. denied) (not designated for publication).

       Second, and in the alternative, Brazda says that Section 360.301(d) may be

interpreted as a venue provision allowing an action for damages under the statute

to be filed in the first instance not only in the probate court that is handling the

underlying estate administration but also “in any court of competent jurisdiction.”

Under this interpretation, he says, if a complainant may initiate an action in another

court seeking damages under Section 360.301, then an order by that court

awarding damages necessarily must be a final order because such an order will

have adjudicated the entire proceeding.

       A necessary implication of his arguments from Section 360.301, according

to Brazda, is that the March 27, 2018 Orders are also final because they

adjudicated his claim for Section 360.301 damages, though not in his favor.

       B.    The Administrator’s responses

       The Administrator offers two arguments in response: that Section 360.301

“does not contain language that (1) clearly shows the Texas Legislature’s intent

that it create a final, appealable judgment, or (2) allows it to transform an

interlocutory order into a final judgment simply because it is included as a basis for

relief.”




                                          13
      Under the first argument, he contrasts Section 360.301 with Estates Code

section 202.202, which provides that “[t]he judgment in a proceeding to declare

heirship is a final judgment” and that the judgment, “[a]t the request of an

interested person, . . . may be appealed or reviewed within the same time limits and

in the same manner as other judgments in probate matters.” TEX. EST. CODE

§ 202.202(a)–(b). This statute’s similarly worded predecessor, former Probate

Code section 55(a), is the statute that the Supreme Court of Texas was referring to

in Crowson when it said:

            [T]he Wright opinion recognized that a special provision, TEX.
      PROBATE CODE ANN. § 55(a), expressly provided the heirship
      proceeding judgment “shall be a final judgment.”

             ....
             If there is an express statute, such as the one for the complete
      heirship judgment, declaring the phase of the probate proceedings to
      be final and appealable, that statute controls.

897 S.W.2d at 782–83 (internal citation omitted; emphasis added); see also Act of

May 5, 1971, 62nd Leg., R.S., ch. 173, § 4, 1971 TEX. GEN. LAWS 967, 973

(codified at now-repealed TEX. PROB. CODE § 55(a)) (amended 1979), repealed

and replaced in nonsubstantive recodification by Act of May 26, 2009, 81st Leg.,

R.S., ch. 680, §§ 1, 10(a), 2009 TEX. GEN. LAWS 1512, 1584, 1731 (current version

at TEX. EST. CODE § 202.202). The Court in Crowson held that a partial summary

judgment resolving one party’s heirship claim was interlocutory largely because

the partial summary judgment did not also resolve all of the other parties’
                                        14
competing heirship claims, which claims remained pending. See 897 S.W.2d at

782–83.

      The Administrator contrasts the express references to finality and to the

availability of an appeal in Section 202.202 with the lack of any similar references

in Section 360.301. The Administrator contends that the language of

Section 360.301(d) merely “establishes a damages model” for the liability

described by Section 360.301(c) and that nothing else in the statute indicates that a

court’s imposition of the liability contemplated by the statute “constitutes a final

appealable adjudication.”

      Finally under his first, statutory-text response, the Administrator says that

Section 360.301, like its similarly worded predecessors, “is penal in nature” and

therefore “must be strictly construed.” He cites both Bilek v. Tupa, 549 S.W.2d

217, 222 (Tex. Civ. App.—Corpus Christi 1977, writ ref’d n.r.e.), and Bevill v.

Young, 167 S.W.2d 573, 574 (Tex. Civ. App.—Dallas 1942, writ ref’d w.o.m.), for

this proposition. He says that strictly construing Section 360.301 “forbids grafting

on an element of finality that the Legislature did not itself include” in the statute.

      Under his second counter-argument, the Administrator says that, even if the

March 27, 2018 Orders’ adjudication of Brazda’s Section 360.301 damages claim

could be construed as a final order, the orders also addressed only a partial

distribution of the estate’s assets and did not also require a distribution of the rest


                                           15
of the estate’s assets. He says that distributing the rest of the estate’s assets was an

ongoing concern for the probate court, so an order for a partial distribution must

necessarily be interlocutory, which prevents the March 27, 2018 Orders, as a

whole, from being final.

      C.     Analysis

      We must interpret Section 360.301 to give effect to all of its terms. See

Shumake, 199 S.W.3d at 287. Doing so, the statute authorizes the filing of a cause

of action, after demand, against an administrator guilty of neglecting to deliver

estate property that has been ordered to be delivered to a person interested in the

estate. Importantly, because a complainant under the statute may call upon “any

court of competent jurisdiction” to assist in the recovery of damages—see TEX.

EST. CODE § 360.301(d)—the resolution of a claim under the statute, whether in

the complainant’s favor or not, must constitute a final order for either one of the

two reasons that Brazda advances—either that Section 360.301(d) authorizes

simply execution of the probate court’s award of damages in any court of

competent jurisdiction or that the statute establishes venue for such an action to be

filed in the first place in another court besides the probate court that is handling the

administration of the estate. We need not decide which one it is. But the statute’s

reference to recovery of some sort in another court must mean that an order

awarding or denying Section 360.301 damages is final.


                                          16
      Consider the example in which an estate administration is ongoing, the

administrator neglects to deliver property ordered to be delivered, and a

complainant files his or her cause of action for Section 360.301 damages in the

probate court handling the administration. If the probate court awards damages, the

availability of recourse to another “court of competent jurisdiction” must mean that

there is some work for such a court to do. If that other court could not assist the

complainant with execution on the damages awarded by the probate court until the

entire administration of the estate in the probate court is final, then the complainant

might as well seek execution on the award in the probate court itself, at the

appropriate time. After all, the administrator against whom the award is made is

already before that probate court. It would seem a waste of time and resources to

seek execution in any other court if the probate court itself, after the entire

administration is final, may afford the successful complainant all the relief

contemplated by the statute. If the probate court’s damages award is interlocutory,

then, there is no work for the other “court of competent jurisdiction” to do, and the

statutory text is mere surplusage—a conclusion that we must avoid. See Shumake,

199 S.W.3d at 287.

      Alternatively, if, as the statutory language seems to suggest, a complainant

may initiate a claim for Section 360.301 damages in the first instance in another

court of competent jurisdiction, then that court’s resolution of the claim must be a


                                          17
final, appealable order, for it will have resolved the entirety of the proceeding

before it.

       This plain-language reading of the statute disposes of the Administrator’s

first statutory-text counter-argument. Though the Administrator is correct that

Section 360.301 does not include the kind of express finality language that

Section 202.202 includes, he is incorrect that Section 360.301(d) is therefore

merely a damages model. The subsection includes the damages model and also the

statement that “any court of competent jurisdiction” may assist the successful

complainant in recovering damages. This statement must be given some effect, and

interpreting an award or denial of damages under Section 360.301 to be

interlocutory strips the statement of any effect.

       Neither Section 360.301 nor its predecessors have often been interpreted in

Texas appellate opinions for purposes like analyzing order finality, but the

available precedents support our reading of the statute. Long ago, in a Commission

of Appeals opinion adopted by the Supreme Court of Texas, the court held that an

action like Brazda’s application for damages could “be brought before the

administrator was discharged by the probate court” in an entirely different county

from the one whose probate court was handling the administration of the estate.

See Stewart v. Morrison, 17 S.W. 15, 16–17 (Tex. [Comm’n Op.] 1891). Morrison

was an heir to the decedent whose estate Stewart was administering; the probate


                                          18
court handling the administration was in McMullen County; but Morrison sued

Stewart on his bond in a La Salle County court for damages for his failure, after

demand, to deliver to Morrison property ordered to be delivered to her by the

probate court. Id. at 16. “The principal question” before the court was, “could the

suit on the bond be brought before the administrator was discharged by the probate

court?” Id. The court held that it could, relying in part on former Revised Statutes

article 2127, which dealt with “the failure of an administrator to pay any portion of

an estate ordered to be paid or delivered to a distributee after demand” and

provided for damages in a complainant’s favor for such a failure by an

administrator “fixed at 10 per cent. per month on the amount of the share withheld,

recoverable by suit in any court having competent jurisdiction.” Id. at 16–17; see

also Bevill, 167 S.W.2d at 575 (noting that Stewart dealt with predecessor statute

relevant to actions like Brazda’s).

      More recent opinions are similar. In holdings approved by the Supreme

Court, the Commission of Appeals held that a complainant like Morrison or Brazda

has “a present right of action” under the predecessor statute and that such an action

can be brought in “[a] suit in a court of competent jurisdiction,” even before the

entire estate administration is final. See Ford v. Wheat, 36 S.W.2d 712, 713 (Tex.

Comm’n App. 1931, holdings approved); accord Yates v. Yates, 68 S.W. 708, 709–

10 (Tex. Civ. App.—Galveston 1902, no writ) (relying on Stewart and reversing


                                         19
trial court because it had sustained administrator’s demurrer to heir’s suit, which

was brought in another court before estate administration was closed and which

was for administrator’s failure to deliver to heir property that had been ordered

delivered); see also Diaz v. Chinn, 150 S.W.2d 411, 412 (Tex. Civ. App.—San

Antonio 1941, no writ) (noting availability of suits like that in Stewart, which are

brought in courts other than the probate court “for the purpose of calling an

administrator to account for the failure . . . to carry out an order of the probate

court”). If such a suit can be brought in another court before the entire estate

administration is final, then that other court’s grant or denial of the claim for

damages must be a final order when entered.

      The Administrator’s counter-argument from the rule of strict construction is

also unavailing. That rule concerns the breadth or narrowness of a penal civil

statute’s application. See Hovel, 490 S.W.3d at 148–49. The Administrator,

however, impliedly accepts that Section 360.301 is broad enough to apply to him.

The probate court had entered an order directing him to distribute property from

the Vanguard account to Brazda and his brother and later found that he had

neglected to do so timely. This series of events is in the middle of the zone of

events to which Section 360.301 applies, no matter what the outer bounds of that

zone may be. The Administrator impliedly accepts this by arguing not that

Section 360.301 does not apply to him but only that it should not give rise to final,


                                         20
appealable orders. And even if the rule of strict construction could be applied in

interpreting whether Section 360.301 gives rise to final orders or to interlocutory

ones, the rule would probably undermine the Administrator’s position here. It

would be more protective of estate administrators, not less, to allow them to appeal

orders under Section 360.301 more quickly than requiring them to wait for the end

of the estate administration would, when, all the while, damages and interest may

be accruing continuously. We are therefore unpersuaded by the Administrator’s

counter-arguments from the statute’s text.

      Lastly, the Administrator’s second counter-argument, that the March 27,

2018 Orders were interlocutory because they contain an interlocutory component

even if they also contain a final component, is unavailing too. When an order is

“both interlocutory and final, it is ambiguous,” and “we must look not only to the

order but also to the record to determine the question of finality.” Smith Protective

Servs. v. Martin, 711 S.W.2d 675, 679 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1986, orig. proceeding

[leave denied]) (opinion of Guillot, J.) (citing Lone Star Cement Corp. v. Fair, 467

S.W.2d 402, 404–05 (Tex. 1971) (orig. proceeding)); see also id. at 681–83

(opinion of Howell, J.) (similarly examining the record to determine finality); id. at

684 (Akin, J., dissenting) (“I further agree that the order entered was ambiguous as

to its finality and that we must consequently look to the entire contents of [the]

judgment and record.” (internal quotation omitted; emphases and alteration in


                                         21
original)).4 A review of the record here, in light of Section 360.301, supports the

conclusion that the March 27, 2018 Orders were final. In effect, the March 27,

2018 Orders took only two actions: (1) they granted reconsideration of the

October 31, 2017 Order “to remove the personal liability” of the Administrator,

and (2) they denied Brazda’s application for damages. Then, the orders conclude

with: “The Court ORDERS execution to issue including such writs and processes

as may be necessary in the enforcement and collection of this ORDER.” This is

some indication that the trial court intended for the orders to be final because

execution could not issue for an interlocutory order. See Burlington Coat Factory

Warehouse of McAllen, 167 S.W.3d at 831; Hood, 815 S.W.2d at 548; Elmer, 158

S.W.3d at 605; Heslip, 1997 WL 760537, at *5; Edlund, 842 S.W.2d at 732.

      In reviewing the relevant portions of the record, the March 27, 2018 Orders

resolved the entirety of Brazda’s live pleadings. Brazda had applied for a

show-cause order against the Administrator and asked for relief under

Section 360.301. The March 27, 2018 Orders resolved those requests.5 All of

4
      There was no majority opinion from the panel in Smith Protective Services,
      but all three justices agreed—Justices Guillot and Akin explicitly and Justice
      Howell implicitly—that resolving whether the subject orders were final or
      interlocutory should be done by reviewing both the orders and the record.
5
      Because the March 27, 2018 Orders fully resolved the Section 360.301
      claim, they necessarily resolved Brazda’s contract action too, which was
      based solely on the Administrator’s liability for Section 360.301 damages.
      Cf. USAA Tex. Lloyds Co. v. Menchaca, 545 S.W.3d 479, 503 & n.25 (Tex.
      2018); Progressive Cty. Mut. Ins. Co. v. Boyd, 177 S.W.3d 919, 921–22
                                        22
Brazda’s issues therefore were resolved. The orders did not order any new partial

distribution or alter the court’s earlier March 2017 order ordering a partial

distribution. That earlier order remained intact, and the partial distribution had

already been made in December 2017. The March 27, 2018 Orders are therefore

missing the interlocutory component that the Administrator ascribes to them. To be

sure, the remainder of the estate administration remained pending despite the

orders, but the orders resolved all of Brazda’s live claims for relief and nothing

else. See White v. Pope, 664 S.W.2d 105, 106–07 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi

1983, no writ) (holding probate-court order to be final and appealable because its

“commands” to administratrix to liquidate certain estate assets to pay estate’s

counsel was “conclusive” as to those commands and “[n]o further hearing on these

matters is called for,” though administratrix claimed that entire estate

administration was not yet final); accord Christensen v. Harkins, 740 S.W.2d 69,

70–74 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 1987, no writ). Given the state of the record, we

resolve any final-or-interlocutory ambiguity in the March 27, 2018 Orders in favor

of finality. We therefore conclude that the March 27, 2018 Orders as an undivided




      (Tex. 2005) (per curiam); In re Macy Lynne Quintanilla Tr.,
      No. 04-17-00753-CV, 2018 WL 4903068, at *2–3 (Tex. App.—San Antonio
      Oct. 10, 2018, no pet.) (mem. op.).

                                        23
whole were final and appealable and that we therefore have jurisdiction over this

appeal.6

III.   The October 31, 2017 Order was final for the same reasons.

       The result of our analysis is that we have jurisdiction over this appeal

because Brazda noticed the appeal from final, appealable orders—the March 27,

2018 Orders. The same analysis leads to the related conclusion that the October 31,

2017 Order was itself final and appealable when entered. It fully resolved all of

Brazda’s then-live claims7 by awarding him damages under Section 360.301 and

“ORDER[ING] execution to issue including such writs and processes as may be

necessary in the enforcement and collection of this Order.” The plain language of

Section 360.301 allowed Brazda to call upon “any court of competent jurisdiction”

to assist him in the recovery of his Section 360.301 damages. The Administrator

offers no further argument for why the October 31, 2017 Order should be

construed as interlocutory under the statute even if the March 27, 2018 Orders

should be construed as final under the statute. His finality arguments apply with




6
       Because of our conclusion from Section 360.301’s text, we need not reach
       the parties’ competing alternative arguments over whether, statutes aside, the
       March 27, 2018 Orders ended “a particular phase of the proceedings,” under
       Brittingham–Sada de Ayala and Crowson. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 47.1.
7
       Brazda had not yet filed his contract action against Suretec Insurance.
                                         24
equal force to both sets of orders. We see no reason to distinguish the October 31,

2017 Order from the analysis laid out above.8

      Accordingly, we sustain Brazda’s sole issue in part: we agree that the

October 31, 2017 Order was a final order.

               Reconsideration of Final Order by Oral Statement

      This conclusion does not dispose of this appeal, however. Two weeks after

the trial court entered the October 31, 2017 Order, it held a hearing on the

Administrator’s motion to reconsider. During the hearing, the trial court said:

      What I’m going to do is grant the motion to reconsider and set it for
      hearing so I can hear testimony. I only heard testimony from [Brazda],
      didn’t hear from—but rather than doing it based on things that are
      filed, could I have some evidence? So I’ll grant the motion for
      reconsideration and come and set it for hearing so we can hear what’s
      going on.

The trial court, however, did not enter any written order reconsidering the

October 31, 2017 Order until the March 27, 2018 Orders.

      The Administrator treats the trial court’s oral statements during the hearing

as constituting a grant of reconsideration of the October 31, 2017 Order such that

the order was no longer in effect from the time of the oral hearing onward: “The


8
      If anything, the October 31, 2017 Order presents an even stronger case of
      finality than the March 27, 2018 Orders do because the former actually
      awarded Brazda some affirmative relief and ordered that execution could
      issue on the award, all in the context of a statute allowing Brazda to seek
      recovery of the award “in any court of competent jurisdiction.” See TEX.
      EST. CODE § 360.301(d).

                                         25
trial court held a hearing on November 14, 2017, wherein the trial court granted

Administrator’s Motion for Reconsideration. . . . On November 14, 2017, the trial

court considered the Administrator’s motion to reconsider and granted the motion.”

Advancing two arguments, Brazda disagrees that the oral statements sufficed to

undo the October 31, 2017 Order. First, he says that the Administrator’s motion to

reconsider “was, in effect, a motion for new trial” because the October 31, 2017

Order was a final order. Any grant of reconsideration therefore would be an order

granting a new trial, and, according to him, an order granting a new trial must be

made in writing before the expiration of 75 days or else the motion is overruled by

operation of law. Brazda relies on Rule of Civil Procedure 329b(c), which provides

that “[i]n the event an original or amended motion for new trial or a motion to

modify, correct or reform a judgment is not determined by written order signed

within seventy-five days after the judgment was signed, it shall be considered

overruled by operation of law on expiration of that period.” Second, he says that

the trial court’s oral statements were not “a binding ruling” but were merely an

expression of “an intention to grant the motion in the future.”

      A trial court has the “power to grant a new trial or to vacate, modify, correct,

or reform the judgment within thirty days after the judgment is signed.” TEX. R.

CIV. P. 329b(d). And if there is a timely motion for new trial, the trial court then

has the “power to grant a new trial or to vacate, modify, correct, or reform the


                                         26
judgment until thirty days after all such timely-filed motions are overruled, either

by a written and signed order or by operation of law, whichever occurs first.” TEX.

R. CIV. P. 329b(e). A similar deadline applies if there is a timely filed “motion to

modify, correct, or reform a judgment.” See TEX. R. CIV. P. 329b(g). Rule 329b’s

provisions apply with equal force to probate-court orders, or judgments, that are

final. See In re Jacky, 506 S.W.3d 550, 555–56 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.]

2016, orig. proceeding); Ajudani v. Walker, 232 S.W.3d 219, 223 (Tex. App.—

Houston [1st Dist.] 2007, no pet.).

      We review issues concerning a trial court’s subject-matter jurisdiction de

novo. Gauci v. Gauci, 471 S.W.3d 899, 901 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2015,

no pet.). After a trial court loses plenary power over a final judgment, it lacks

jurisdiction to alter that judgment, save for clarifying the judgment, enforcing it, or

correcting errors nunc pro tunc in it. See Escobar v. Escobar, 711 S.W.2d 230, 231

(Tex. 1986); Martin v. Tex. Dep’t of Family & Protective Servs., 176 S.W.3d 390,

392 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2004, no pet.).

      A judgment or order entered without jurisdiction is void. See Gauci, 471

S.W.3d at 901; Saudi v. Brieven, 176 S.W.3d 108, 113 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st

Dist.] 2004, pet. denied). “[A]ppellate courts do not have jurisdiction to address the

merits of appeals from void orders or judgments; rather, they have jurisdiction only

to determine that the order or judgment underlying the appeal is void and make


                                          27
appropriate orders based on that determination.” Freedom Commc’ns, 372 S.W.3d

at 623.

      This suit’s situation is analogous to that of Faulkner v. Culver, 851 S.W.2d

187 (Tex. 1993) (orig. proceeding) (per curiam). There, Faulkner received a

take-nothing summary judgment in his favor on medical-malpractice claims

against him. Id. at 188. The plaintiffs then moved “for rehearing of the summary

judgment and, in the alternative, . . . for new trial.” Id. About six weeks later, the

trial court “orally vacated the summary judgment . . . and made a[n] entry on the

docket sheet to this effect.” Id. However, the trial court “did not vacate the

summary judgment by written order until” about ten months after the motion for

rehearing was originally filed. Id. The Supreme Court of Texas granted a writ of

mandamus in Faulkner’s favor, directing the trial court to vacate the written order

vacating the summary judgment. Id. at 188–89. The trial court’s “oral

pronouncement and docket entry vacating the summary judgment could not be

substituted for a written order required by Rule 329b.” Id.; accord In re Bates, 429

S.W.3d 47, 50–52 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2014, orig. proceeding).

      Similarly here, whether the Administrator’s motion for reconsideration was

a motion for new trial or not, it certainly sought either to vacate, modify, correct, or

reform the final and appealable October 31, 2017 Order. Undoing that order

therefore should have been done by written order under Rule 329b before the rule


                                          28
operated to deny the motion by operation of law. The March 27, 2018 Orders

post-dated even the extended 105-day period allowable under Rule 329b(c)–(g).

Therefore, the trial court had lost plenary power over the October 31, 2017 Order

before it entered the March 27, 2018 Orders. Because the oral statements at the

hearing do not suffice to undo the October 31, 2017 Order, the March 27, 2018

Orders are void for lack of jurisdiction. See Freedom Commc’ns, 372 S.W.3d at

623; Escobar, 711 S.W.2d at 231; Gauci, 471 S.W.3d at 901; Martin, 176 S.W.3d

at 392; Saudi, 176 S.W.3d at 113. Accordingly, we now sustain Brazda’s sole issue

in its entirety.

                                  Conclusion

       We vacate the March 27, 2018 Orders. We remand for further proceedings

consistent with this opinion.



                                            Richard Hightower
                                            Justice

Panel consists of Chief Justice Radack and Justices Higley and Hightower.




                                       29
