                           CASES DETERMINED

                                        IN THE


          SUPREME COURT OF NEBRASKA

                State Farm Fire & Casualty Company,
                appellee, v.Jerry Dantzler, appellant,
                and David Chuol, individually and as
                  father and next friend to Chuol
                   Geit, and Chuol Geit, appellees.
                                    ___ N.W.2d ___

                     Filed September 12, 2014.      No. S-12-1042.

 1.	 Summary Judgment: Appeal and Error. An appellate court will affirm a lower
      court’s grant of summary judgment if the pleadings and admitted evidence show
      that there is no genuine issue as to any material facts or as to the ultimate infer-
      ences that may be drawn from the facts and that the moving party is entitled to
      judgment as a matter of law.
 2.	 Contracts: Judgments: Appeal and Error. The meaning of a contract is a
      question of law, in connection with which an appellate court has an obliga-
      tion to reach its conclusions independently of the determinations made by the
      court below.
 3.	 Summary Judgment. If a genuine issue of fact exists, summary judgment may
      not properly be entered.
 4.	 ____. Not all issues of fact preclude summary judgment, but only those that
      are material.
  5.	 ____. In the summary judgment context, a fact is material only if it would affect
      the outcome of the case.

  Petition for further review from the Court of Appeals,
Moore, Pirtle, and Bishop, Judges, on appeal thereto from the
District Court for Douglas County, Kimberly Miller Pankonin,
Judge. Judgment of Court of Appeals reversed, and cause
remanded with direction.

   Michael A. Nelsen, of Marks, Clare & Richards, L.L.C.,
for appellant.

                                           (1)
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   Patrick S. Cooper and David J. Stubstad, of Fraser Stryker,
P.C., L.L.O., for appellee State Farm Fire & Casualty
Company.

  Heavican, C.J., Wright, Connolly, Stephan, McCormack,
Miller-Lerman, and Cassel, JJ.

      Wright, J.
                      NATURE OF CASE
   State Farm Fire & Casualty Company (State Farm) brought
an action for declaratory judgment, claiming its rental dwelling
policy issued to Jerry Dantzler excluded coverage for personal
injuries allegedly sustained by Dantzler’s tenant as a result of
exposure to lead-based paint. In cross-motions for summary
judgment, State Farm and Dantzler requested a determination
whether a policy exclusion precluded coverage for the tenant’s
personal injury claim. The district court sustained State Farm’s
motion for summary judgment and concluded as a matter of
law that the pollution exclusion barred coverage under State
Farm’s policy.
   In State Farm Fire & Cas. Co. v. Dantzler,1 the Nebraska
Court of Appeals reversed the entry of summary judgment,
concluding that in the absence of proof how the tenant was
allegedly exposed to lead-based paint, it could not determine
as a matter of law whether the pollution exclusion barred
coverage. It reasoned that whether the alleged exposure to
lead-based paint occurred through a “discharge, dispersal, spill,
release or escape,” as specified in the exclusion, was a factual
determination that depended upon the manner of exposure.2 We
granted State Farm’s petition for further review.

                    SCOPE OF REVIEW
  [1] An appellate court will affirm a lower court’s grant of
summary judgment if the pleadings and admitted evidence
show that there is no genuine issue as to any material facts or

 1	
      State Farm Fire & Cas. Co. v. Dantzler, 21 Neb. App. 564, 842 N.W.2d
      117 (2013).
 2	
      See id.
                       Nebraska Advance Sheets
	                 STATE FARM FIRE & CAS. CO. v. DANTZLER	3
	                            Cite as 289 Neb. 1

as to the ultimate inferences that may be drawn from the facts
and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter
of law.3
   [2] The meaning of a contract is a question of law, in con-
nection with which an appellate court has an obligation to
reach its conclusions independently of the determinations made
by the court below.4

                            FACTS
   Dantzler owned a rental property in Omaha, Nebraska.
He maintained insurance on the rental property with a rental
dwelling policy issued by State Farm. The relevant provisions
of the policy stated:
        COVERAGE L - BUSINESS LIABILITY
        If a claim is made or a suit is brought against any
     insured for damages because of bodily injury, per-
     sonal injury, or property damage to which this cover-
     age applies, caused by an occurrence, and which arises
     from the ownership, maintenance, or use of the insured
     premises, we will:
        1. pay up to our limit of liability for the damages for
     which the insured is legally liable; and
        2. provide a defense at our expense by counsel of our
     choice. . . .
        ....
                   SECTION II - EXCLUSIONS
        1. Coverage L - Business Liability [does] not apply to:
        ....
        i. bodily injury or property damage arising out of the
     actual, alleged or threatened discharge, dispersal, spill,
     release or escape of pollutants:
        (1) at or from premises owned, rented or occupied by
     the named insured;
        ....
        As used in this exclusion:
        ....

 3	
      Potter v. Board of Regents, 287 Neb. 732, 844 N.W.2d 741 (2014).
 4	
      Braunger Foods v. Sears, 286 Neb. 29, 834 N.W.2d 779 (2013).
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4	289 NEBRASKA REPORTS



        “[P]ollutants” means any solid, liquid, gaseous or ther-
      mal irritant or contaminant, including smoke, vapor, soot,
      fumes, acids, alkalis, chemicals and waste.
(Emphasis in original.) Hereinafter, we refer to the exclusion
relating to pollutants as the “pollution exclusion.”
   David Chuol (David) and his minor child, Chuol Geit
(Geit), were tenants of Dantzler’s rental property. In March
2011, David and Geit sued Dantzler in the Douglas County
District Court, alleging that Geit was exposed to high levels
of lead poisoning due to lead paint contamination within the
rental property. Dantzler tendered the claim to State Farm. It
retained counsel to represent Dantzler but reserved its right to
deny coverage.
   State Farm filed an action for declaratory judgment against
Dantzler, David, and Geit. It asked the district court to deter-
mine whether its policy excluded coverage for the lead-based-
paint claim being brought against Dantzler. State Farm and
Dantzler filed cross-motions for summary judgment.
   State Farm’s affidavit from a chemical toxicologist set forth
common manners of exposure to lead-based paint. The toxi-
cologist did not opine specifically how Geit was allegedly
exposed to lead. Dantzler adduced evidence that he had not
applied the lead-based paint found in the rental property. He
asserted there was no genuine issue of material fact regard-
ing the insurance coverage, because lead-based paint was not
a “pollutant” under the terms of the policy and State Farm
could not prove that Geit’s alleged injuries were the result of a
“discharge, dispersal, spill, release or escape of pollutants,” as
described in the pollution exclusion.
   The district court sustained State Farm’s motion for sum-
mary judgment and overruled Dantzler’s motion for summary
judgment. Relying on our decision in Cincinnati Ins. Co. v.
Becker Warehouse, Inc.,5 the court determined that lead was
a pollutant as defined in the pollution exclusion and that
such exclusion was not ambiguous. It concluded that Geit

 5	
      Cincinnati Ins. Co. v. Becker Warehouse, Inc., 262 Neb. 746, 635 N.W.2d
      112 (2001).
                       Nebraska Advance Sheets
	                 STATE FARM FIRE & CAS. CO. v. DANTZLER	5
	                            Cite as 289 Neb. 1

could have been exposed to lead only if it was discharged,
dispersed, or released or had escaped from its location. The
court found that the pollution exclusion barred coverage for
Geit’s personal injury claim and that State Farm had no duty
to indemnify Dantzler.
   Dantzler timely appealed. He assigned that the district court
erred in concluding that the pollution exclusion barred cover-
age of his liability arising from the lead-based-paint claim.
   The Court of Appeals concluded that lead found in paint was
a pollutant within the meaning of the pollution exclusion but
that there was a genuine issue of material fact whether there
was a “discharge, dispersal, spill, release or escape,” which
therefore prevented the entry of summary judgment in favor of
State Farm.6 It reversed the district court’s entry of summary
judgment and remanded the cause for further proceedings.7 We
granted further review.

                 ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR
   On further review, State Farm assigns, restated, that the
Court of Appeals erred in (1) deciding that the pollution
exclusion was ambiguous; (2) concluding that there was more
than one reasonable interpretation of the pollution exclu-
sion; (3) relying upon Danbury Ins. Co. v. Novella,8 instead
of Cincinnati Ins. Co.9; and (4) concluding that there was
a question of fact whether Geit was exposed to lead-based
paint through a “discharge, dispersal, spill, release or escape,”
which prevented the entry of summary judgment in favor of
State Farm.

                         ANALYSIS
   [3-5] We are presented with the question whether the man-
ner in which Geit was allegedly exposed to lead-based paint
is an issue of material fact that prevents summary judgment

 6	
      See Dantzler, supra note 1.
 7	
      See id.
 8	
      Danbury Ins. Co. v. Novella, 45 Conn. Supp. 551, 727 A.2d 279 (1998).
 9	
      Cincinnati Ins. Co., supra note 5.
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6	289 NEBRASKA REPORTS



in favor of State Farm. If a genuine issue of fact exists, sum-
mary judgment may not properly be entered.10 “[N]ot all issues
of fact preclude summary judgment, but only those that are
material.”11 In the summary judgment context, a fact is material
only if it would affect the outcome of the case.12
   The outcome of this case depends upon whether Geit’s
alleged injuries were caused by a “discharge, dispersal, spill,
release or escape” of lead-based paint such that the pollution
exclusion bars coverage. Dantzler’s policy excluded cover-
age for “bodily injury or property damage arising out of the
actual, alleged or threatened discharge, dispersal, spill, release
or escape of pollutants . . . at or from premises owned, rented
or occupied by [Dantzler].” (Emphasis in original.) The par-
ties do not dispute the Court of Appeals’ determination that
“lead found in paint”13 is a pollutant as defined in the pollution
exclusion. And there is no dispute that Geit’s exposure to lead-
based paint was alleged to have occurred on Dantzler’s rental
property. The application of the pollution exclusion to Geit’s
lead-based-paint claim thus depends upon whether his alleged
injuries were caused by a “discharge, dispersal, spill, release or
escape” of lead-based paint.
   The Court of Appeals concluded that there was a genuine
issue of material fact whether there was a “discharge, disper-
sal, spill, release or escape,” which prevented summary judg-
ment.14 It adopted the reasoning in Danbury Ins. Co.15 that an
individual could be exposed to lead-based paint without lead
being discharged, dispersed, or released.16 Under that rationale,
whether the pollution exclusion barred coverage of a particu-
lar claim of lead paint poisoning would hinge on the manner

10	
      Cartwright v. State, 286 Neb. 431, 837 N.W.2d 521 (2013).
11	
      Professional Mgmt. Midwest v. Lund Co., 284 Neb. 777, 792, 826 N.W.2d
      225, 236 (2012).
12	
      Id.
13	
      See Dantzler, supra note 1, 21 Neb. App. at 570, 842 N.W.2d at 122.
14	
      See Dantzler, supra note 1.
15	
      Danbury Ins. Co., supra note 8.
16	
      See Dantzler, supra note 1.
                       Nebraska Advance Sheets
	                 STATE FARM FIRE & CAS. CO. v. DANTZLER	7
	                            Cite as 289 Neb. 1

of exposure. Thus, because David and Geit had not alleged
whether the lead-based paint was inhaled as dust or fumes and/
or ingested as chips or flakes, the Court of Appeals held that
there was a genuine issue of fact and that the district court
erred in entering summary judgment.17
   As we explain below, we decline to adopt the reasoning in
Danbury Ins. Co.18 that only certain manners of exposure to
lead-based paint constitute a “discharge, dispersal, spill, release
or escape.” We find persuasive the reasoning of other courts
that the terms “discharge,” “dispersal,” “spill,” “release,” and
“escape” encompass all possible movements by which harmful
exposure to lead-based paint occurs.19 Accordingly, we con-
clude that the manner of exposure to lead-based paint is not
a material fact that prevents summary judgment, because the
manner of exposure does not affect whether there was a “dis-
charge, dispersal, spill, release or escape” for purposes of the
pollution exclusion.

                R eliance on Danbury Ins. Co.
   Relying upon Danbury Ins. Co.,20 the Court of Appeals
concluded that the phrase “discharge, dispersal, spill, release
or escape” was ambiguous as applied to lead-based paint and
that where the manner of exposure could not be determined,
there was a genuine issue of material fact as to application of
the pollution exclusion.21 We conclude that such reliance on
Danbury Ins. Co.22 was error, because the reasoning of that
case is not compatible with our case law.

17	
      See id.
18	
      Danbury Ins. Co., supra note 8.
19	
      See, Auto Owners Ins. v. City of Tampa Housing Auth., 231 F.3d 1298
      (11th Cir. 2000) (applying Florida law); Auto-Owners Ins. Co. v. Hanson,
      588 N.W.2d 777 (Minn. App. 1999); Peace v. Northwestern Nat. Ins.
      Co., 228 Wis. 2d 106, 596 N.W.2d 429 (1999); Farm Family Casualty
      Company v. Cumberland Insurance Company, Inc., No. K11C-07-006 JTV,
      2013 WL 5496780 (Del. Super. Oct. 2, 2013) (unpublished opinion).
20	
      Danbury Ins. Co., supra note 8.
21	
      See Dantzler, supra note 1.
22	
      Danbury Ins. Co., supra note 8.
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8	289 NEBRASKA REPORTS



   Among state and federal courts, there are two general
approaches to the application of pollution exclusions. Some
courts interpret pollution exclusions as barring coverage for
only those injuries allegedly caused by traditional environmen-
tal pollution, as understood historically.23 Other courts interpret
pollution exclusions as excluding coverage for all injuries
allegedly caused by pollutants, because the exclusions are
unambiguous as a matter of law.24

23	
      See, e.g., Nautilus Ins. Co. v. Jabar, 188 F.3d 27 (1st Cir. 1999) (applying
      Maine law); Keggi v. Northbrook Property and Cas. Ins., 199 Ariz. 43, 13
      P.3d 785 (Ariz. App. 2000); MacKinnon v. Truck Ins. Exchange, 31 Cal.
      4th 635, 73 P.3d 1205, 3 Cal. Rptr. 3d 228 (2003); American States Ins.
      Co. v. Koloms, 177 Ill. 2d 473, 687 N.E.2d 72, 227 Ill. Dec. 149 (1997);
      Motorists Mut. Ins. Co. v. RSJ, Inc., 926 S.W.2d 679 (Ky. App. 1996);
      Doerr v. Mobil Oil Corp., 774 So. 2d 119 (La. 2000), corrected on other
      grounds on rehearing 782 So. 2d 573 (La. 2001); Clendenin v. U.S. Fire,
      390 Md. 449, 889 A.2d 387 (2006); Western Alliance Insurance Company
      v. Gill, 426 Mass. 115, 686 N.E.2d 997 (1997); Century Sur. Co. v. Casino
      W., Inc., No. 60622, 2014 WL 2396085 (Nev. May 29, 2014); Nav-Its,
      Inc. v. Selective Ins. Co., 183 N.J. 110, 869 A.2d 929 (2005); Andersen v.
      Highland House Co., 93 Ohio St. 3d 547, 757 N.E.2d 329 (2001); Gainsco
      Ins. Co. v. Amoco Production Co., 53 P.3d 1051 (Wyo. 2002); Auto-
      Owners Ins. Co. v. Potter, 105 Fed. Appx. 484 (4th Cir. 2004) (applying
      North Carolina law); Barney Greengrass, Inc. v. Lumbermans Mut. Cas.
      Co., No. 09 Civ. 7697 (NRB), 2010 WL 3069560 (S.D.N.Y. July 27, 2010)
      (memorandum opinion).
24	
      See, e.g., Devcon Intern. Corp. v. Reliance Ins. Co., 609 F.3d 214 (3d Cir.
      2010) (applying Virgin Island law); Nat’l Elect. Mfrs. v. Gulf Underwriters
      Ins., 162 F.3d 821 (4th Cir. 1998) (applying District of Columbia law);
      Certain Underwriters at Lloyd’s v. C.A. Turner Const., 112 F.3d 184 (5th
      Cir. 1997) (applying Texas law); American States Ins. Co. v. Nethery, 79
      F.3d 473 (5th Cir. 1996) (applying Mississippi law); Gerdes v. American
      Family Mut. Ins. Co., 713 F. Supp. 2d 1290 (D. Kan. 2010); Mountain
      States Mut. Cas. Co. v. Roinestad, 296 P.3d 1020 (Colo. 2013); Heyman
      Assoc. v. Ins. Co. of State of Pa., 231 Conn. 756, 653 A.2d 122 (1995);
      Deni Associates v. State Farm Ins., 711 So. 2d 1135 (Fla. 1998); Reed v.
      Auto-Owners Ins. Co., 284 Ga. 286, 667 S.E.2d 90 (2008); Bituminous
      Cas. v. Sand Livestock Systems, 728 N.W.2d 216 (Iowa 2007); McKusick v.
      Travelers Indem., 246 Mich. App. 329, 632 N.W.2d 525 (2001); Midwest
      Family Mut. Ins. Co. v. Wolters, 831 N.W.2d 628 (Minn. 2013); Heringer
      v. American Family Mut. Ins. Co., 140 S.W.3d 100 (Mo. App. 2004);
      Cincinnati Ins. Co., supra note 5; Bituminous Cas. Corp. v. Cowen Const.,
                        Nebraska Advance Sheets
	                  STATE FARM FIRE & CAS. CO. v. DANTZLER	9
	                             Cite as 289 Neb. 1

   In Danbury Ins. Co.,25 the Connecticut court adopted the
former, environmental approach to pollution exclusions. It
rejected the claim that lead-based paint was unambiguously
a pollutant within the meaning of the pollution exclusion.26
Instead, it found support for and explicitly applied “an ‘envi-
ronmental’ or ‘industrial pollution’ reading” of the pollution
exclusion.27 Under that interpretation, the court determined that
“it would be reasonable to conclude that the [pollution exclu-
sion] excludes coverage for injury caused by environmental or
industrial pollution, but does not exclude coverage for injury
alleged to be caused by exposure to lead paint.”28
   This adoption of a limited, environmental approach cannot
be dismissed as inconsequential to the specific reasoning of
Danbury Ins. Co.,29 upon which the Court of Appeals relied.
Without adopting a limited, environmental approach to pol-
lution exclusions, the manner of exposure to lead-based paint
would not be material to the application of the pollution exclu-
sion. The court in Danbury Ins. Co.30 determined that the man-
ner of exposure was material, because it was persuaded by the
reasoning in Sphere Drake Ins. Co. P.L.C. v. Y.L. Realty Co.31

      Inc., 55 P.3d 1030 (Okla. 2002); Madison Const. v. Harleysville Mut. Ins.,
      557 Pa. 595, 735 A.2d 100 (1999); PBM Nutritionals, LLC v. Lexington
      Ins. Co., 283 Va. 624, 724 S.E.2d 707 (2012); Quadrant Corp. v. American
      States Ins. Co., 154 Wash. 2d 165, 110 P.3d 733 (2005); Peace, supra note
      19; Clipper Mill Federal, LLC v. Cincinnati Ins. Co., No. JFM-10-1647,
      2010 WL 4117273 (D. Md. Oct. 20, 2010) (memorandum opinion);
      CBL & Associates Management, Inc. v. Lumbermens Mut. Cas. Co., No.
      1:05-CV-210, 2006 WL 2087625 (E.D. Tenn. July 25, 2006) (memoran-
      dum opinion); Farm Family Casualty Company, supra note 19.
25	
      Danbury Ins. Co., supra note 8.
26	
      See id.
27	
      See id. at 559, 727 A.2d at 283.
28	
      See id. at 560, 727 A.2d at 283.
29	
      Danbury Ins. Co., supra note 8.
30	
      Id.
31	
      Sphere Drake Ins. Co. P.L.C. v. Y.L. Realty Co., 990 F. Supp. 240
      (S.D.N.Y. 1997).
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10	289 NEBRASKA REPORTS



that the terms “discharge,” “dispersal,” “release,” and “escape”
did not describe the movement typically found in lead paint
poisoning.32 But the court in Sphere Drake Ins. Co. P.L.C.33
reached that conclusion by interpreting the pollution exclusion
according to terms of art specific to traditional environmental
pollution. It found that the terms “discharge,” “dispersal,”
“release,” and “escape” “do not ordinarily encompass the type
of ‘movement’ associated with lead paint poisoning,” because
they are “terms of art in environmental law, generally used to
describe the improper disposal or containment of hazardous
waste.”34 Consequently, it was necessary for the reasoning of
Sphere Drake Ins. Co. P.L.C.35 and, in turn, Danbury Ins. Co.36
to interpret the terms “discharge,” “dispersal,” “release,” and
“escape” as terms of art specific to traditional environmen-
tal pollution.
   This court has specifically considered and rejected the
limited, environmental approach underlying the reasoning of
Danbury Ins. Co.37 In Cincinnati Ins. Co.,38 we were faced
with the task of interpreting an exclusion which was identi-
cal in all significant respects to the one in the instant case.
Both barred coverage of injuries caused by the “discharge,”
“dispersal,” “release,” or “escape” of “pollutants.” The insured
argued that the exclusion applied to only traditional environ-
mental pollution claims. However, we rejected such an inter-
pretation, because it was not based on a “plain reading of the
exclusion.”39 We focused on the language of the exclusion and
found as a matter of law that it unambiguously supported a
broader interpretation:

32	
      See Danbury Ins. Co., supra note 8.
33	
      Sphere Drake Ins. Co. P.L.C., supra note 31.
34	
      Id. at 243.
35	
      Sphere Drake Ins. Co. P.L.C., supra note 31.
36	
      Danbury Ins. Co., supra note 8.
37	
      Id.
38	
      Cincinnati Ins. Co., supra note 5.
39	
      Id. at 754, 635 N.W.2d at 119.
                       Nebraska Advance Sheets
	                 STATE FARM FIRE & CAS. CO. v. DANTZLER	11
	                            Cite as 289 Neb. 1

      The language of the policy does not specifically limit
      excluded claims to traditional environmental damage;
      nor does the pollution exclusion purport to limit materi-
      als that qualify as pollutants to those that cause tradi-
      tional environmental damage. The definition of “pollut-
      ant” in Cincinnati’s [commercial general liability] policy
      includes substances that are “harmful or toxic to persons,
      property or the environment.” By including “the environ-
      ment” as a separate entity that could suffer harm from a
      pollutant, the pollution exclusion does not limit its scope
      of application to environmental pollution.40
   We reached this conclusion in Cincinnati Ins. Co.41 as a
matter of law and without reference to the type of pollution
that was allegedly involved (xylene fumes). Consequently,
the principles established therein control the interpretation
of similar pollution exclusions. In Ferrell v. State Farm Ins.
Co.,42 the Court of Appeals recognized the general applicabil-
ity of Cincinnati Ins. Co.43 to pollution exclusions. It applied
the principles of Cincinnati Ins. Co.44 to its interpretation of
a pollution exclusion within the context of alleged mercury
poisoning and concluded that the exclusion was unambiguous
and should be interpreted according to its plain and ordinary
meaning, “as a reasonable person might read the exclusion.”45
The pollution exclusion in Ferrell46 was identical to the one in
the instant case.
   The broad interpretation given pollution exclusions in
Cincinnati Ins. Co.47 and Ferrell48 is not compatible with the

40	
      Id. at 755-56, 635 N.W.2d at 120.
41	
      Cincinnati Ins. Co., supra note 5.
42	
      Ferrell v. State Farm Ins. Co., No. A-01-637, 2003 WL 21058165 (Neb.
      App. May 13, 2003) (not designated for permanent publication).
43	
      Cincinnati Ins. Co., supra note 5.
44	
      Id.
45	
      Ferrell, supra note 42, 2003 WL 21058165 at *6.
46	
      Ferrell, supra note 42.
47	
      Cincinnati Ins. Co., supra note 5.
48	
      Ferrell, supra note 42.
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limited, environmental approach employed by the court in
Danbury Ins. Co.49 The two approaches cannot be reconciled.
Therefore, in light of our case law, the Court of Appeals erred
by adopting the reasoning of Danbury Ins. Co.50

           All Manners of Exposure to Lead-Based
              Paint Involve Discharge, Dispersal,
                    Spill, R elease, or Escape
   Courts in other states have held that pollution exclusions
should not be limited to traditional environmental pollution
claims.51 Within the states that have adopted this interpretation,
several courts have concluded that all manners of exposure to
lead-based paint involve the type of movement described in the
pollution exclusion.52
   In Peace,53 the Wisconsin Supreme Court considered
whether a pollution exclusion barred coverage of injuries
allegedly arising from lead paint poisoning. The exclusion was
identical in all significant respects to the one in the instant
case.54 As we did in Cincinnati Ins. Co.,55 the Wisconsin court
rejected the claims that the pollution exclusion was ambig­
uous and was limited to industrial pollution.56 Interpreting
the pollution exclusion according to the ordinary meaning
of its words as derived from a nonlegal dictionary, the court

49	
      Danbury Ins. Co., supra note 8.
50	
      Id.
51	
      See, e.g., Mountain States Mut. Cas. Co., supra note 24; Deni Associates,
      supra note 24; Reed, supra note 24; McKusick, supra note 24; Board of
      Regents v. Royal Ins. Co., 517 N.W.2d 888 (Minn. 1994); Cowen Const.,
      Inc., supra note 24; PBM Nutritionals, LLC, supra note 24; Quadrant
      Corp., supra note 24; Peace, supra note 19; Farm Family Casualty
      Company, supra note 19.
52	
      See, City of Tampa Housing Auth., supra note 19; Hanson, supra note 19;
      Peace, supra note 19; Farm Family Casualty Company, supra note 19.
53	
      Peace, supra note 19.
54	
      See id.
55	
      Cincinnati Ins. Co., supra note 5.
56	
      See Peace, supra note 19.
                       Nebraska Advance Sheets
	                 STATE FARM FIRE & CAS. CO. v. DANTZLER	13
	                            Cite as 289 Neb. 1

determined that lead-based paint was a pollutant as defined in
the exclusion.57
   The Wisconsin court directly addressed whether lead paint
poisoning involved a “discharge,” “dispersal,” “release,” or
“escape.” The court’s understanding of the movement accom-
panying lead paint poisoning was crucial to its analysis. It
explained how lead paint poisoning occurs as follows:
         “Lead paint” . . . starts out as a liquid and becomes a
      solid after it is applied and dries. Over time, lead paint
      may chip and flake[,] becoming solid “waste.” When it
      begins to deteriorate, it may give off “fumes.” When it
      begins to disintegrate, it becomes dust—fine, dry particles
      of matter which, like smoke and soot, can float in the air
      affecting human respiration until it eventually settles on
      the ground.58
Based on this understanding of the movement in lead paint
poisoning, the court did not view lead-based paint as always
being a contaminant, but, rather, as having the “potential
to contaminate air, water, and the human body when it
disperses.”59 It concluded that “‘lead paint that never leaves
a wall or ceiling does not cause harm.’”60 “Lead-based paint
is an inchoate contaminant before it breaks down (unless it is
directly discharged, say, into water); it becomes both an irri-
tant and a contaminant after it breaks down into chips, flakes,
dust, or fumes.”61
   The Wisconsin court concluded that the movement of lead-
based paint during this process of deterioration constituted a
dispersal, discharge, or escape “from the containment of the
painted surface.”62 The court determined that the terms “dis-
charge,” “dispersal,” “release,” and “escape” “describe[d] the

57	
      See id.
58	
      Id. at 123, 596 N.W.2d at 436-37.
59	
      See id. at 126, 596 N.W.2d at 438.
60	
      Id. at 128, 596 N.W.2d at 439.
61	
      Id. at 126, 596 N.W.2d at 438.
62	
      See id. at 130, 596 N.W.2d at 440.
   Nebraska Advance Sheets
14	289 NEBRASKA REPORTS



entire range of actions by which something moves from a con-
tained condition to an uncontained condition.”63 And because
“discharge,” “disperse,” and “escape” could be either transi-
tive or intransitive verbs, the court determined that the pollu-
tion exclusion encompassed movement that was “intentional
and purposeful or accidental and involuntary.”64 It concluded
that when so understood, the plain language of the pollution
exclusion barred coverage for injuries from alleged exposure
to “lead in paint that chips, flakes, or breaks down into dust
or fumes.”65
   In Auto-Owners Ins. Co. v. Hanson,66 the Minnesota Court
of Appeals reached the same conclusions. It applied a “non-
technical approach” to a pollution exclusion and examined
its “ordinary meaning.”67 It concluded that “the chipping and
flaking of lead paint qualifies as a ‘discharge,’ ‘dispersal,’
or ‘release.’”68 Similar to the Wisconsin Supreme Court in
Peace,69 the Minnesota court focused on the realities of lead
poisoning and, in particular, the fact that lead-based paint is
not “harmful until dispersed and ingested.”70 The court con-
cluded that “[b]odily injury caused by ingestion of lead from
paint applied in a residence falls within . . . ‘absolute pollu-
tion exclusions.’”71 It found no distinction between “ingestion
of dispersed lead paint by way of eating, as opposed to other
forms of ingestion,” such as inhalation.72
   We find the approach taken by these courts to be per-
suasive. Lead-based paint is not toxic to a person until it

63	
      See id. at 126, 596 N.W.2d at 438.
64	
      See id.
65	
      See id. at 130, 596 N.W.2d at 440.
66	
      Hanson, supra note 19.
67	
      See id. at 779.
68	
      Id. at 781.
69	
      Peace, supra note 19.
70	
      See Hanson, supra note 19, 588 N.W.2d at 782.
71	
      Id.
72	
      See id. at 781.
                       Nebraska Advance Sheets
	                 STATE FARM FIRE & CAS. CO. v. DANTZLER	15
	                            Cite as 289 Neb. 1

breaks down into a form that can be taken into the body
and absorbed.73 Even courts that narrowly interpret pollution
exclusions agree with this fact:
      [T]he language used to describe the movement of lead-
      based paint is instructive. . . . [L]ead-based paint dete-
      riorates and degrades (slowly or rapidly, depending upon
      condition and use), and . . . the painted surface sheds
      microscopic dust through the process of exfoliation. . . .
      [T]his process of surface degradation occurs continuously
      at a slow rate. . . . [L]ead-based paint abrades and . . .
      it “chips, peels, chalks, or otherwise breaks down into
      dust.” . . . [L]ead-based paint deteriorates or abrades,
      producing . . . dust, chips, and flakes. . . . Indeed, the
      United States Congress used similar language when, in
      the Residential Lead Based Paint Hazard Reduction Act,
      it identified the ingestion of household dust containing
      lead from “deteriorating or abraded” lead-based paint as
      the most common cause of lead poisoning in children.
      See 42 U.S.C. § 4851(a).74
Simply put, lead-based paint must separate from a painted sur-
face before it can cause lead poisoning.
   The separation of lead-based paint from a painted surface
is inherent in every manner of exposure to lead-based paint.
This separation is obvious in the case of exposure by ingest-
ing or inhaling paint chips, flakes, dust, or fumes. The Court
of Appeals quoted with approval a passage in Danbury Ins.
Co.75 that singled out exposure by chewing on an intact painted
surface as a manner of exposure that might not involve a sepa-
ration.76 But we are not persuaded that ingestion by chewing
on an intact painted surface is any different than exposure
to already-detached paint chips or flakes. When a person is
exposed to lead-based paint by chewing on an intact, painted

73	
      See, Hanson, supra note 19; Peace, supra note 19.
74	
      Lititz Mut. Ins. Co. v. Steely, 567 Pa. 98, 108-09, 785 A.2d 975, 981
      (2001).
75	
      Danbury Ins. Co., supra note 8.
76	
      See Dantzler, supra note 1.
   Nebraska Advance Sheets
16	289 NEBRASKA REPORTS



surface, the lead-based paint separates into chips or flakes
before it is taken into the mouth and swallowed, just as with
any other manner of ingestion.
   The separation of lead-based paint from the painted sur-
face unambiguously falls within the pollution exclusion.
“‘Discharge is a release, emission or issuance. . . . Dispersal is
a scattering, spreading or distribution. . . . Release is a libera-
tion, freeing, or permitting to escape. . . . Escape is a leaking
or overflow.’”77 “Spill” is “an act or instance of spilling.”78
Whether the separation of lead-based paint from the painted
surface occurs due to the passage of time or as the result of
human action, it can be described as a spreading or distribu-
tion (definition of dispersal).79 Where the lead-based paint
separates as dust or fumes, there has been a freeing (definition
of release) or an emission (definition of discharge).80 Thus,
as commonly understood, the terms “discharge,” “dispersal,”
“spill,” “release,” and “escape” unambiguously encompass the
process by which lead-based paint moves from a painted sur-
face into a form that can be absorbed by a person’s body and
cause lead poisoning.81
   Because the above terms encompass the separation of lead-
based paint that is inherent in every case of lead paint poison-
ing, the pollution exclusion is not ambiguous as applied to
lead-based paint and a determination of the specific process of
exposure in any particular case is not material to application
of the exclusion. Regardless of how the lead-based paint is
separated from the painted surface or what form it takes once
it is separated, an individual’s exposure to and absorption of

77	
      Peace, supra note 19, 228 Wis. 2d at 127, 596 N.W.2d at 438 (citations
      omitted), quoting Employers Casualty Co. v. St. Paul Fire & Marine
      Ins. Co., 44 Cal. App. 4th 545, 52 Cal. Rptr. 2d 17 (1996) (unpublished
      opinion).
78	
      Webster’s Third New International Dictionary of the English Language,
      Unabridged 2195 (1993).
79	
      See Peace, supra note 19.
80	
      See id.
81	
      See id.
                        Nebraska Advance Sheets
	                  STATE FARM FIRE & CAS. CO. v. DANTZLER	17
	                             Cite as 289 Neb. 1

that lead-based paint results from the “discharge, dispersal,
spill, release or escape” of a pollutant. Thus, it is not neces-
sary to differentiate between the processes by which exposure
occurs. It is not material to application of the pollution exclu-
sion to determine the manner in which the injured party was
allegedly exposed to lead-based paint.
   The foregoing interpretation of pollution exclusions takes
into account the realities of lead paint poisoning and is con-
sistent with the broad interpretation we have given these
exclusions.82 It avoids the practical difficulties of compelling
the court hearing the declaratory judgment to make a find-
ing as to the causation of the alleged injuries in the under-
lying personal injury case in order to determine whether a
“discharge, dispersal, spill, release or escape” had occurred.
From a practical perspective, this would be problematic. The
court’s ultimate finding as to the cause of the alleged injuries
might be contrary to the findings of causation in the underly-
ing personal injury case. For these reasons, we conclude that
the manner of exposure was not a material fact that prevented
summary judgment.
                 Application to Instant Case
   We now consider whether the district court erred in entering
summary judgment in favor of State Farm. An appellate court
will affirm a lower court’s grant of summary judgment if the
pleadings and admitted evidence show that there is no genuine
issue as to any material facts or as to the ultimate inferences
that may be drawn from the facts and that the moving party is
entitled to judgment as a matter of law.83
   State Farm was entitled to judgment as a matter of law
that coverage of the lead-based-paint claim against Dantzler
was barred by the pollution exclusion in the policy. It dem-
onstrated the existence of a claim against Dantzler for inju-
ries allegedly caused by lead paint poisoning. State Farm
offered into evidence Geit’s complaint against Dantzler in

82	
      See Cincinnati Ins. Co., supra note 5.
83	
      Potter, supra note 3.
   Nebraska Advance Sheets
18	289 NEBRASKA REPORTS



the underlying personal injury case, which included allega-
tions that Geit had been injured due to high levels of lead
paint contamination in the rental property and that Dantzler
had failed to prevent the lead-based paint from “chipping or
peeling.” Dantzler’s evidence did not contradict the existence
of a claim alleging injury from lead-based paint, but, rather,
acknowledged the claim.
   Once State Farm demonstrated the existence of a claim that
alleged injury from lead-based paint, it could be concluded as
a matter of law that the claim for which Dantzler sought cover-
age was one that involved an “alleged . . . discharge, disper-
sal, spill, release or escape” of a pollutant. Lead-based paint
cannot cause injury unless it has separated from the painted
surface. Consequently, regardless of the specific manner of
exposure, an allegation that exposure to lead-based paint has
caused injury necessarily contains an implicit claim that the
paint separated from the original surface.84 Such a separation
falls within the meaning of the terms “discharge,” “disper-
sal,” “spill,” “release,” and “escape.”85 Thus, where there is
an allegation of exposure to lead-based paint, for purposes of
the exclusion, there is an allegation of a “discharge, dispersal,
spill, release or escape” of lead-based paint.
   The pollution exclusion in Dantzler’s policy barred cover-
age of injury arising from an “alleged . . . discharge, disper-
sal, spill, release or escape” of a pollutant, such as lead-based
paint. Therefore, because there was no factual question as to
the existence of a claim that alleged injury from lead-based
paint, the district court did not err in concluding as a mat-
ter of law that the pollution exclusion barred coverage of
that claim.
   The district court correctly entered summary judgment in
favor of State Farm. Therefore, we reverse the decision of the
Court of Appeals and remand the cause with direction to enter
an order affirming the entry of summary judgment in favor of
State Farm.

84	
      See, Peace, supra note 19; Farm Family Casualty Company, supra
      note 19.
85	
      See, Hanson, supra note 19; Peace, supra note 19.
                       Nebraska Advance Sheets
	                   McDOUGLE v. STATE EX REL. BRUNING	19
	                           Cite as 289 Neb. 19

                        CONCLUSION
  For the foregoing reasons, we reverse the decision of the
Court of Appeals. We remand the cause with direction to enter
an order affirming the district court’s entry of summary judg-
ment in favor of State Farm.
                     R eversed and remanded with direction.



          Eric McDougle, LMHP, PLADC, appellant, v.
             State of Nebraska ex rel. Jon Bruning,
                  Attorney General, appellee.
                                   ___ N.W.2d ___

                     Filed September 12, 2014.     No. S-12-1186.

 1.	 Jurisdiction. Subject matter jurisdiction is a question of law for the court.
 2.	 Statutes: Appeal and Error. The meaning and interpretation of a statute
      are questions of law, which an appellate court reviews independently of the
      lower court.
 3.	 Administrative Law: Jurisdiction: Appeal and Error. Where a district court
      has statutory authority to review an action of an administrative agency, the dis-
      trict court may acquire jurisdiction only if the review is sought in the mode and
      manner and within the time provided by statute.
 4.	 Jurisdiction: Appeal and Error. If the court from which an appeal was taken
      lacked jurisdiction, the appellate court acquires no jurisdiction.
 5.	 Administrative Law: Words and Phrases. An administrative agency is a neutral
      factfinding body when it is neither an adversary nor an advocate of a party.
 6.	 Administrative Law: Parties. When an administrative agency acts as the pri-
      mary civil enforcement agency, it is more than a neutral factfinding body.
  7.	 ____: ____. An agency that is charged with the responsibility of protecting the
      public interest, as distinguished from determining the rights of two or more
      individuals in a dispute before such agency, is more than a neutral factfind-
      ing body.
 8.	 ____: ____. The Attorney General’s involvement as the plaintiff in a petition
      for discipline does not negate the role of the Division of Public Health of the
      Department of Health and Human Services in disciplining a credential holder as
      something more than only a neutral factfinding body.
 9.	 Statutes: Words and Phrases. As a general rule, the word “shall” in a statute is
      considered mandatory and is inconsistent with the idea of discretion.
10.	 Statutes: Appeal and Error. While statutes relating to the same subject matter
      will be construed so as to maintain a sensible and consistent scheme, an appellate
      court must do so by giving effect to every provision.
11.	 Administrative Law: Parties: Appeal and Error. There is no inherent incon­
      sistency between Neb. Rev. Stat. §§ 38-186 (Cum. Supp. 2012) and 38-187
