              IN THE SUPREME COURT OF IOWA
                              No. 14–1553

                          Filed March 11, 2016


UNITED SUPPLIERS, INC. d/b/a GREENBELT TRANSPORT,

      Appellant,

vs.

RENNY HANSON, R. HANSON TRUCKING, INC., and KENNETH
DIRISIO,

      Appellee.
____________________________________

RENNY HANSON, R. HANSON TRUCKING, INC., and KENNETH
DIRISIO,

      Cross-Appellants,

vs.

NATIONWIDE AGRIBUSINESS INSURANCE COMPANY,

      Cross-Appellee.



      Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Hardin County, Michael J.

Moon and James A. McGlynn, Judges.



      The plaintiff agricultural supply company appeals the district

court’s grant of summary judgment to the defendants in an action for

indemnification. REVERSED AND REMANDED.



      Matthew J. Haindfield, Seth R. Delutri, and Jason Palmer of

Bradshaw, Fowler, Proctor & Fairgrave, P.C., Des Moines, for appellant

United Suppliers and cross-appellee Nationwide.
                                 2

      Rene Charles Lapierre of Klass Law Firm, LLP, Sioux City, for

appellee and cross-appellant Hanson and R. Hanson Trucking.



      Troy A. Howell of Lane & Waterman LLP, Davenport, for appellee

and cross-appellant DiRisio.
                                    3

MANSFIELD, Justice.

      I. Introduction.

      This dispute over who will pay the bill for an overturned and

wrecked semi-trailer and the ensuing chemical spill presents a number

of legal issues. In particular, it requires us to interpret an Iowa law, a

lease agreement, and an insurance policy.

      The plaintiff, an agricultural supply company that was delivering

its own products, paid the bill for the ruined trailer and the cleanup,

mostly through insurance. However, because the supply company had

been leasing the semi-tractor and its driver from another source, it

brought suit against the lessors and their allegedly negligent driver in an

attempt to shift the accident costs to them. The district court granted

summary judgment to the defendants. It found that Iowa Code section

325B.1 (2011) and the lease terms barred any recovery by the supply

company.

      On appeal we now reverse.         We hold that section 325B.1 is

intended to govern relations between authorized motor carriers and

shippers and does not apply to this dispute. We further hold that the

lease terms can be reconciled and the indemnification provisions in the

lease are valid and enforceable.   However, we also hold that the anti-

subrogation rule limits potential recovery in this case because the driver

is an insured under the supply company’s insurance policy. Accordingly,

we reverse and remand for further proceedings consistent with this

opinion.

      II. Facts and Procedural Background.

      This somewhat complicated insurance dispute arises out of

relatively simple facts.
                                      4

      United Suppliers is a wholesale distributor of agricultural fertilizers

and chemicals.      It purchases its inventory in bulk, stores it in

warehouses located in various states, and then sells it to retailers. Once

sold, these products must be transported from United Suppliers’

warehouses to its retail customers.

      United Suppliers owns and operates 95 semi-tractors and 135

semi-trailers under the name Greenbelt Transport.        These vehicles are

used only to deliver the company’s own inventory from the warehouse to

the customer. United Suppliers does not offer transportation services for

any purpose other than to deliver its own fertilizers and chemicals. It

does not advertise transportation services. United Suppliers does add a

delivery charge to the customer’s price based on the distance traveled.

These charges account for about five percent of United Suppliers’ net

profits.   While its fertilizers and chemicals are in transit, United

Suppliers bears the risk of loss.

      Because United Suppliers’ vehicle fleet and driver workforce are

insufficient to meet its transportation needs, the company also enters

into agreements with owner–operators and trucking companies. On or

about October 5, 2010, United Suppliers entered into a one-year “Long

Term Motor Vehicle Lease and Agreement” (the Lease) with Renny

Hanson.    Under the Lease, which was prepared by United Suppliers,

Hanson agreed to provide a 2000 Freightliner semi-tractor and driver in

return for a substantial percentage of the load revenue. The Lease stated

that Hanson “shall maintain and service the vehicle[] above described[;]

provide all fuel, oil, tires, and other equipment necessary[;] and pay

driver[’s] salary.” The Lease further stated that Hanson

      d) Warrants (1) that driver[] furnished with such motor
      vehicle[] is . . . competent and qualified to operate said
      equipment, and meets all requirements of all laws, rules and
                                     5
      regulations[;] (2) that the said equipment is in good state of
      repair and (3) meets all the requirements of all applicable
      State and Federal Laws, rules and regulations of the
      Interstate Commerce Commission and the Public Service
      Commission[s] of the States, in, into or through which it is to
      be operated.

      e) Agrees that [United Suppliers] shall not be liable for any
      loss or damage to or destruction of said leased vehicle[] while
      it is being operated by or is in the care and control of driver[]
      furnished therewith.

      f) Agrees to indemnify [United Suppliers] against (1) any loss
      resulting from the injury or death of such driver[] and (2) any
      loss or damage resulting from the negligence, incompetence
      or dishonesty of such driver[.]

Additionally, the Lease provided that United Suppliers

      a) Agrees that during the term of this lease, the said vehicle[]
      shall be solely and exclusively under the direction and
      control of [United Suppliers] who shall assume full carrier
      responsibility (1) for the loss or damage to cargo transported
      in such motor vehicle[] and (2) for the operation of such
      vehicle[].

      Hanson personally owned the 2000 Freightliner semi-tractor that

he leased to United Suppliers.     Hanson also was the sole owner of a

business known as R. Hanson Trucking Inc. (Hanson Trucking). Hanson

and Hanson Trucking later admitted that the Lease was executed by

Hanson individually and as president of Hanson Trucking.

      Initially, Hanson himself drove the 2000 Freightliner pursuant to

the Lease. However, in late March 2011, Hanson arranged for Hanson

Trucking to hire Kenneth DiRisio as the driver for the vehicle. DiRisio

signed an “Independent Contractor Agreement” with Hanson Trucking,

and Hanson Trucking paid DiRisio a percentage of the revenue it received

from United Suppliers for each load. United Suppliers required DiRisio

to complete an “Application for Employment,” performed a drug test and

background check on him, and furnished logbooks and some instruction

and   training.    During   the   spring   of   2011,   DiRisio   transported
                                         6

approximately forty to fifty loads for United Suppliers in the Freightliner

without incident.

       However, on June 9, DiRisio was driving the Freightliner and

pulling a United Suppliers trailer loaded with United Suppliers fertilizers

and chemicals.        He was heading from United Suppliers’ Eldora

warehouse to another warehouse in Gibbon, Nebraska.                     While on

Interstate 80 near Lincoln, Nebraska, DiRisio lost control of the tractor–

trailer.   The police report indicated that DiRisio was distracted when

trying to change a CD and veered off the road. In deposition, DiRisio

acknowledged he had been changing a CD but maintained he actually

lost control of the vehicle when he looked up and had to swerve to avoid

hitting a deer. Regardless, there is no dispute the vehicle went off the

highway and overturned in a single-vehicle accident.

       The trailer was wrecked in the accident. Making matters worse,

the trailer’s contents spilled out and rain dispersed them.              The spill

contaminated      several   hundred      cubic   yards    of   soil.     A   costly

environmental cleanup was required.

       United Suppliers suffered a loss totaling $974,366.20, primarily for

the environmental remediation but also for the value of the trailer and its

contents. United Suppliers’ insurer, Nationwide Agribusiness Insurance

Company (Nationwide), paid the entire loss except for a $5000

deductible. 1

       On February 19, 2013, United Suppliers—on behalf of itself and

Nationwide—filed suit against Hanson, Hanson Trucking, and DiRisio in

the Hardin County District Court.             The petition had four counts:


       1Nationwide paid $25,895.70 for the trailer, $88,970.00 for lost product, and
$859,500.50 for remediation and related expenses.
                                        7

(1) breach of contract—i.e., the Lease—against Hanson and Hanson

Trucking,    (2) negligence   against       DiRisio,   (3) respondeat   superior

negligence against Hanson and Hanson Trucking, and (4) negligent

hiring against Hanson and Hanson Trucking. The contract claim alleged,

among other things, that Hanson and Hanson Trucking breached the

Lease provision requiring them to indemnify United Suppliers for “any

loss or damage resulting from the negligence or incompetence of the

driver” they had provided.

      In addition to answering and denying liability, Hanson, Hanson

Trucking, and DiRisio filed a third-party petition against Nationwide.

This petition sought a declaration that Hanson, Hanson Trucking, and

DiRisio were insureds under the Nationwide policy, that Nationwide had

a duty to defend and indemnify them, and that Nationwide could not

seek subrogation from its own insureds.

      The parties filed cross-motions for summary judgment on the

question of whether Hanson, Hanson Trucking, and DiRisio were

insureds under the Nationwide policy. That policy included a “Business

Auto Coverage Form” which contained the following definition of an

“insured”:

      1. Who Is An Insured

      The following are “insureds”:

      a. You for any covered “auto.”

      b. Anyone else while using with your permission a covered
      “auto” you own, hire or borrow except:

           (1) The owner or anyone else from whom you hire or
      borrow a covered “auto.”

             ....

      c. Anyone liable for the conduct of any ‘insured’ described
      above but only to the extent of that liability.
                                         8

       The Nationwide policy also contained a “Truckers’ Endorsement,”

which provided coverage “[f]or any operations [United Suppliers]

engage[d] in as a ‘trucker.’ ” The endorsement in turn defined “trucker”

as “any person or organization engaged in the business of transporting

property by ‘auto’ for hire.”

       In their summary judgment filings, Hanson, Hanson Trucking, and

DiRisio argued they were covered under the Truckers’ Endorsement.

United Suppliers countered that the third-party plaintiffs were insured

neither by the Truckers’ Endorsement (because United Suppliers was not

engaged in trucker operations) nor by the Business Auto Coverage

(because someone “from whom you hire or borrow a covered ‘auto’ ”

cannot be an insured). The third-party plaintiffs did not assert at that

time that they were insured under the Business Auto Coverage.

       On January 15, 2014, the district court granted United Suppliers’

summary judgment motion and denied the cross-motion of Hanson,

Hanson Trucking, and DiRisio.                The court found the Truckers’

Endorsement in the Nationwide policy did not apply because United

Suppliers was not engaged in trucker operations. It did not address the

Business     Auto    Coverage,     presumably      because     Hanson,      Hanson

Trucking, and DiRisio were not arguing at that time that it provided

coverage for them.       The court accordingly dismissed the third-party

petition for declaratory judgment.

       Hanson, Hanson Trucking, and DiRisio sought leave to file an

interlocutory appeal. 2 We denied the application on March 5.

       2No one disputed that the only appeal available was an interlocutory one, even
though one party—Nationwide—was dismissed from the case. See McGuire v. City of
Cedar of Rapids, 189 N.W.2d 592, 597 (Iowa 1971) (“In order to be severable, and
therefore appealable, any determination of the issues settled by the judgment of
dismissal must not affect the determination of the remaining issues, whether the
                                             9

       On June 23, Hanson, Hanson Trucking, and DiRisio moved for

reconsideration of the district court’s summary judgment order entered

over five months earlier. Their motion urged that the district court had

erroneously     dismissed     their    declaratory           judgment   claim   without

addressing whether they were insureds under the Business Auto

Coverage Form. Specifically, they insisted that the exception from the

definition of “insured” for “[t]he owner or anyone else from whom [United

Suppliers] hire[d] or borrow[ed] a covered ‘auto’ ” did not apply to DiRisio.

DiRisio, in their view, was neither the owner of the 2000 Freightliner, nor

a person from whom United Suppliers hired or borrowed it. They further

argued that the Hanson and Hanson Trucking were insureds under the

next subparagraph in the Business Auto Coverage Form to the extent

they were derivatively liable for DiRisio’s conduct.

       United Suppliers responded that the motion for reconsideration

was untimely for two reasons: (1) the third-party plaintiffs had not filed a

timely resistance to the summary judgment motion arguing coverage

under the Business Auto Coverage Form; and (2) they had not filed a

timely motion under Iowa Rule of Civil Procedure 1.904.                          United

Suppliers    also    maintained       that       even   if    the   court   allowed   the

reconsideration motion and reached the merits, none of the third-party

plaintiffs was an insured under the Business Auto Coverage Form.

       Meanwhile, on May 29, United Suppliers had filed a motion for

summary judgment on its petition, arguing that it was entitled to a

determination as a matter of law that DiRisio had been negligent, that

the claimed damages should be awarded, and that Hanson and Hanson
_________________________________
judgment on appeal is reversed or affirmed, and the determination of the remaining
issues must not affect the final determination of the issues between the plaintiffs and
the dismissed defendants.” (quoting 4 Am. Jur. 2d Appeal and Error § 106 (1971))).
                                            10

Trucking were also liable for DiRisio’s negligence under respondeat

superior and the terms of the Lease.               Hanson, Hanson Trucking, and

DiRisio responded that genuine issues of material fact existed.           These

included whether DiRisio was negligent and whether he was the agent of

Hanson and Hanson Trucking—on the one hand—or United Suppliers—

on the other. In a reply brief, United Suppliers maintained that agency

was irrelevant in light of the Lease language requiring Hanson to

indemnify United Suppliers for DiRisio’s negligence or incompetence.

      On August 11, the district court entered an order denying United

Suppliers’ motion for summary judgment. 3 The court’s denial was based

on a matter not raised by the defendants, namely the paragraph in the

Lease providing United Suppliers had sole and exclusive “direction and

control” of the vehicle and “assume[d] full carrier responsibility” for the

operation of the vehicle. As the court explained,

             Plaintiff has focused only on the Lessor’s agreement to
      indemnify Lessee against “. . . any loss or damage resulting
      from the negligence, incompetence or dishonesty of such
      driver(s).” Both parties seem to have completely ignored the
      Lessee’s promises under the agreement to assume full
      carrier responsibility for the loss or damage to cargo and for
      the operation of the vehicle. They have also ignored the
      language “ . . . during the term of this lease, the said
      vehicle(s) shall be solely and exclusively under the direction
      and control of the Lessee.”

               ....

            . . . [T]he Court FINDS that the term “any loss or
      damage resulting from the negligence, incompetence or
      dishonesty of such driver(s)” refers to the sins of omission
      and commission of an unworthy employee, but does not
      include loss or damage from the operation of the vehicle. In
      paragraph d the Defendant warrants that the drivers
      furnished with the motor vehicle are competent and qualified
      to operate said equipment and meet all requirements of all

      3A   different judge was assigned to the case at this point.
                                          11
       applicable laws, rules and regulations. Then, in paragraph f
       Defendant agrees to indemnify Plaintiff if the drivers
       furnished are not as warranted. Obviously Plaintiff was
       demanding conscientious, capable and honest drivers.
       However, Plaintiff agreed that the operation of the vehicle
       would be solely and exclusively under its control, and that it
       would assume full carrier responsibility for the loss or
       damage to cargo and for the operation of the vehicle.
       Therefore, the loss or damage for which Defendant agreed to
       indemnify Plaintiff must necessarily relate to some other
       kind or type of loss or damage, which does not involve the
       operation of the vehicle.

       The court raised additional concerns about the Lease sua sponte,

including that the indemnification sought by United Suppliers would

violate Iowa Code section 325B.1(2). 4 In closing, the court invited the
parties “to file a motion for summary judgment on the contract issues,

including the issues discussed above.”

       Following this order, Hanson, Hanson Trucking, and DiRisio

moved for summary judgment in their favor, relying in part on the

district court’s interpretation of the Lease as outlined above.                     The

defendants further argued that Iowa Code section 325B.1 invalidated any

indemnification sought by United Suppliers under the Lease.                     United

       4That   subsection provides,
       Notwithstanding any provision of law to the contrary, a motor carrier
       transportation contract, whether express or implied, shall not contain a
       provision, clause, covenant, or agreement that purports to indemnify,
       defend, or hold harmless, or has the effect of indemnifying, defending, or
       holding harmless, a promisee from or against any liability for injury,
       death, loss, or damage resulting from the negligence or intentional acts
       or omissions of that promisee, or any agents, employees, servants, or
       independent contractors who are directly responsible to that promisee.
       This prohibition applies to any provisions or agreements collateral to or
       affecting a motor carrier transportation contract. Any such provisions,
       clauses, covenants, or agreements are void and unenforceable. If any
       provision, clause, covenant, or agreement is deemed void and
       unenforceable under this section, the remaining provisions of the motor
       carrier transportation contract are severable and shall be enforceable
       unless otherwise prohibited by law.
Iowa Code § 325B.1(2).
                                    12

Suppliers filed a renewed summary judgment motion of its own, as well

as a resistance to the defendants’ motion and a 1.904(2) motion to

amend and enlarge the findings and conclusions of the court’s August 11

order denying its motion for summary judgment.

      On September 5, the court entered an order granting summary

judgment to Hanson, Hanson Trucking, and DiRisio.               The court

concluded that: (1) the Lease between United Suppliers and Hanson was

“a contract which is collateral to or affecting a motor vehicle contract”;

(2) the Independent Contractor Agreement between Hanson Trucking and

DiRisio was likewise “a contract collateral to or affecting a motor vehicle

transportation contract”; (3) therefore, Iowa Code section 325B.1(2)

invalidated the provision in the Lease entitling United Suppliers to

indemnification for any negligence of the driver; and (4) “the remaining

provisions of the [Lease] require [United Suppliers] to assume full carrier

liability for the loss or damage to cargo and for the operation of the

vehicle while it is solely and exclusively under [United Suppliers’]

control.”    Hence, the court found that United Suppliers—either for its

own benefit or on behalf of its insurer—could not recover from Hanson,

Hanson Trucking, or DiRisio any of the losses arising out of the June 9,

2011 accident—regardless of DiRisio’s alleged negligence. The court also

deemed all the other pending motions—including the defendants’ motion

to reconsider the dismissal of the third-party complaint—moot and

denied them on that basis.

      United Suppliers appealed. We retained the appeal.

      III. Standard of Review.

      We review grants of summary judgment for correction of errors at

law. Robinson v. Allied Prop. & Cas. Ins. Co., 816 N.W.2d 398, 401 (Iowa

2012).      “Summary judgment is appropriate when there is no genuine
                                           13

issue of material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a

matter of law.”       Id.; accord Iowa R. Civ. P. 1.981(3).       We examine the

record in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Merriam v.

Farm Bureau Ins., 793 N.W.2d 520, 522 (Iowa 2011).

      IV. Applicability of Iowa Code Section 325B.1.

      This case requires us to interpret Iowa Code section 325B.1 for the

first time.     In relevant part, this section specifies a “ ‘motor carrier

transportation contract’ means a contract, agreement, or understanding

related to . . . [t]he transportation for hire of property by a motor carrier.”

Iowa Code § 325B.1(1)(b). The section goes on to provide that such a

contract

      shall not contain a provision . . . that purports to indemnify
      . . . a promisee from or against any liability for injury, death,
      loss, or damage resulting from the negligence or intentional
      acts or omissions of that promisee, or any agents,
      employees, servants, or independent contractors who are
      directly responsible to that promisee.

Id. § 325B.1(2). Further, it adds that the foregoing “prohibition applies

to any provisions or agreements collateral to or affecting a motor carrier

transportation contract.” Id.

      A key point in construing the statute is the definition of “motor

carrier.” Section 325B.1 directs us to section 325A.1 for that definition.

Id. § 325B.1(1)(a).       Section 325A.1 in turn defines motor carrier as

consisting of three types of “person[s],” all of which are engaged in

transportation of property “for hire.”             See id. § 325A.1(6), (8)–(10).5



      5These   subsections provide, in relevant part:
               6. “Motor carrier” means a person defined in subsection 8, 9, or
      10.
               ....
                                           14

However, a person who “transports commodities of which the person is

the owner, lessee, or bailee and the transportation is a furtherance of the

person’s primary business or occupation” is a “private carrier.”                      Id.

§ 325A.1(13).

       As noted, the district court found that Iowa Code section 325B.1

prohibited United Suppliers from being indemnified for the driving

negligence of DiRisio. The court reasoned that the statute applied to the

Lease, and further concluded that United Suppliers was a “promisee”

and DiRisio was a person “directly responsible” to United Suppliers

within the terms of the statute.

       United Suppliers argues the district court erred in its reading of

the statute.       In United Suppliers’ view, the statute simply has no

applicability here because the Lease with Hanson was not an agreement

related to “[t]he transportation for hire of property by a motor carrier.”

_________________________________
              8. “Motor carrier of bulk liquid commodities” means a person
       engaged in the transportation, for hire, of bulk liquid commodities upon
       a highway in this state.
              9. “Motor carrier of household goods” means a person engaged in
       the transportation, for hire, of personal effects and property used or to be
       used in a dwelling, and includes the following:
                a. Furniture, fixtures, equipment, and the property of stores,
       offices, museums, institutions, hospitals, or other establishments when a
       part of the stock, equipment, or supply of such establishment; except,
       this paragraph shall not be construed to include the stock-in-trade of
       any establishment, except when transported as an incident to the
       removal of the establishment from one location to another.
              b. Articles including objects of art, displays, and exhibits, which
       because of their unusual nature or value, require the specialized
       handling and equipment usually employed in moving household goods.
               10. “Motor carrier of property” means a person engaged in the
       transportation, for hire, of property by motor vehicle including a carrier
       transporting liquid commodities or compressed gases in a vehicle having
       a total cargo tank shell capacity of two thousand gallons or less.
Id. § 325A.1(6)–(10).
                                    15

See id. § 325B.1(1)(b). United Suppliers points out that, in the Lease, it

was not agreeing to transport Hanson’s or anybody else’s property.

Rather, the Lease enabled United Suppliers to add to its stock of semi-

tractors and drivers.   Further, United Suppliers argues that it was a

private carrier rather than a motor carrier because it only transported its

own property in furtherance of another business.           In sum, United

Suppliers views the statute as governing the relationship between

carriers and shippers, not the relationship between an entity that

supplies vehicles and drivers and an entity that borrows those vehicles

and drivers so it can deliver goods from its own inventory.

      On the other hand, Hanson, Hanson Trucking, and DiRisio defend

the district court’s broader view of Iowa Code section 325B.1.         They

contend that the Lease—at a minimum—was “collateral to or affecting”

an agreement to transport property to hire, since it enabled United

Suppliers to transport additional fertilizer and chemicals and receive

compensation for doing so. See id. § 325B.1(2). They argue that United

Suppliers was a promisee and that Hanson, Hanson Trucking, and

DiRisio were “agents, employees, servants, or independent contractors

who [were] directly responsible to that promisee.” Id.

      It is clear that the Lease itself is not a motor carrier transportation

contract, a point acknowledged by the district court.         However, the

district court found that the Lease was “related to,” “collateral to,” or

“affecting” a motor carrier transportation contract. Id. This conclusion,

though, rests on the premise that United Suppliers was a motor carrier

that entered into transportation contracts with its customers. If United

Suppliers did not meet Iowa Code section 325A.1’s definition of a motor

carrier, section 325B.1 cannot apply here.
                                          16

       We will assume for present purposes that Iowa Code section

325A.1 has some modicum of ambiguity. Even so, we must begin with

the statutory language. See In re A.M., 856 N.W.2d 365, 371 (Iowa 2014)

(“Our starting point is the statutory text.”). Iowa Code section 325A.1

establishes    two    classifications—motor        carrier    and    private    carrier.

Although the section does not expressly say they are mutually exclusive,

that is the logical reading of the statute.             Because the term private

carrier is not used elsewhere in the chapter, the only reason to define it

in section 325A.1 is to make clear that it is something different from a

motor carrier. 6 According to section 325A.1, a motor carrier is “engaged

in the transportation, for hire,” of goods or property.               See Iowa Code

§ 325A.1(8)–(10). A private carrier, on the other hand, includes a person

who “transports commodities of which the person is the owner, lessee, or

bailee and the transportation is a furtherance of the person’s primary

business or occupation.” Id. § 325A.1(13).

       Chapter 325A was enacted in 1997 when there was already a

considerable body of judicial precedent on private as opposed to for-hire

carriage. See 1997 Iowa Acts ch. 104, §§ 32–56 (codified at Iowa Code

§§ 325A.1–.26). “We have often indicated we presume the legislature was
aware of our decisions when it crafted new statutes.” Roberts Dairy v.

Billick, 861 N.W.2d 814, 821 (Iowa 2015); see also Iowa Code § 4.6(2), (4)

(indicating that when interpreting an ambiguous statute, we may

consider “[t]he circumstances under which the statute was enacted” and

“[t]he common law”).         Our precedents had historically recognized the

distinction between a common carrier and a private carrier. See, e.g.,

       6See Iowa Code § 4.4(2) (setting forth a presumption that “[t]he entire statute is
intended to be effective”); Thomas v. Gavin, 838 N.W.2d 518, 524 (Iowa 2013) (“Normally
we do not interpret statutes so they contain surplusage.”).
                                    17

Wright v. Midwest Old Settlers & Threshers Ass’n, 556 N.W.2d 808, 810–

11 (Iowa 1996). For example, in Wright, we were asked to decide whether

an association that operated a train to shuttle guests around an annual

fair-type event put on by the association was a “common carrier” for

purposes of the duty of care. Id. at 809–10. We explained that “Iowa law

adheres to a common law test for determining whether a particular

conveyance is a common carrier or private carrier.” Id. at 810. We then

found as a matter of law that the association’s train operations fell into

the latter category rather than the former:

            In the present case, the association’s event is limited
      in scope and duration to only a few days each year. Its main
      business is not to transport all people from one area to
      another, but rather to entertain those who have paid a fee to
      attend. Patrons are ferried around the area by a train for
      which they have paid an additional fee. The purpose of this
      train is not only to provide transportation around the
      grounds, but also to entertain the public. Only those who
      have paid the additional fee may use the train.           The
      association does not hold itself out to the public as being in
      the business of carrying passengers for hire.

Id. at 811; see also State ex rel. Bd. of R.R. Comm’rs v. Rosenstein, 217

Iowa 985, 987–88, 992–93, 252 N.W. 251, 253, 255 (1934) (rejecting the

claim by the owner of a truck who transported theatrical films and
advertising to theaters for compensation that he was a private carrier,

despite the owner’s claim that he was a private carrier because he had

organized an association to which most of the theaters belonged and that

purported to operate the truck, although the association never had any

meetings and had no officers).

      Furthermore, since chapter 325A regulates motor carriers, it is

quite plausible that our legislature intended to track the generally-

recognized distinction from federal law between carriers that are subject

to regulation and unregulated private carriers. This distinction has been
                                          18

based for years on the so-called “primary business test” that was

developed by the Interstate Commerce Commission and approved by

Congress and the United States Supreme Court.                   See Red Ball Motor

Freight, Inc. v. Shannon, 377 U.S. 311, 313–19, 84 S. Ct. 1260, 1262–65,

12 L. Ed. 2d 341, 343–47 (1964). 7 In the present case, the district court

relied on this test when it initially ruled that United Suppliers was not a

trucker under the Nationwide policy because it was not “engaged in the

business of transporting property by ‘auto’ for hire.” As the district court

noted in that ruling, “States have appropriated the primary business test

to determine a carrier’s ‘for hire’ or ‘private carrier’ status in a variety of

circumstances . . . .” See, e.g., A.G.G. Enters., Inc. v. Washington County,

145 F. Supp. 2d 1215, 1222 (D. Or. 2001) (“The primary business test

. . . determines if the transportation is within the scope and in the

furtherance      of    a     primary      business       enterprise      other     than

transportation.”); Frohardt v. Bassett, 788 N.E.2d 462, 468 (Ind. Ct. App.

2003) (“Red Ball distinguishes a ‘for-hire’ carrier from a ‘private’ carrier

by explaining that, in order to be considered ‘for hire,’ a carrier’s primary

business must be supplying transportation for compensation.”); Grouse

Mountain Assocs., Ltd. v. Mont. Dep’t of Pub. Serv. Regulation, 943 P.2d

971,   975–77      (Mont.    1997)     (finding   that   a   resort’s    provision    of



       7As the Supreme Court pointed out, the primary business test was developed to
avoid “subterfuges which might be employed to engage in unauthorized for-hire
transportation,” such as having the carrier temporarily take title while the goods were
being transported and other varieties of “pseudo-private carriage.” Red Ball, 377 U.S. at
313–16, 84 S. Ct. at 1262–63, 12 L. Ed. 2d at 344–45.
       Federal law now codifies this test. See 49 U.S.C. § 13505(a) (2012) (“Neither the
Secretary nor the Board has jurisdiction under this part over the transportation of
property by motor vehicle when—(1) the property is transported by a person engaged in
a business other than transportation; and (2) the transportation is within the scope of,
and furthers a primary business (other than transportation) of the person.”).
                                     19

transportation to its guests was exempt from regulation under the

primary business test).

      When courts in other jurisdictions have applied the primary

business test to fact patterns similar to the one before us, they have

routinely found that the carrier was engaged in private rather than for-

hire transportation. Thus, in Progressive Northwestern Insurance Co. v.

Martinez, the court relied on the primary business test to determine that

a sand and gravel excavator that made its own deliveries and charged for

them, but did not transport materials for other suppliers, was not a

carrier for hire. 956 P.2d 845, 846–47 (N.M. Ct. App. 1998). In Gambino

v. Jackson, the court found an individual who sold and delivered

agricultural lime was

      a private carrier and not a common or contract carrier. He
      was engaged in the business of selling lime which he had
      purchased for that purpose. He was not paid for the transfer
      thereof but sold it for the same price, regardless of whether
      he delivered it one mile or twenty miles. Neither did he ever
      haul lime for hire.

145 S.E.2d 124, 129 (W. Va. 1965). Utilizing the primary business test,

the court concluded that “the transportation of lime by Jackson was

within   the   scope,   and   in   furtherance,   of   a   primary   business

enterprise. . . . Jackson was a private carrier of lime, pursuant to and in

furtherance of his business of buying and selling agricultural lime . . . .”

Id. at 130.

      The primary business test comes with a series of factors.            In

Admiral Disposal Co. v. Department of Revenue, an Illinois appellate court

applied these factors in determining that a garbage collection company

was a private carrier rather than a carrier for hire. 706 N.E.2d 118, 121–
                                             20

23 (Ill. App. Ct. 1999). 8           The court thus cited twelve criteria “for

evaluating the primary business test’s application to a specific case”:

            1. Whether the carrier is the owner of the property
      transported.

             2. Whether orders for the property are received prior
      to its purchase by the carrier.

            3. Whether the carrier utilizes warehousing facilities
      and the extent of this use as a storage place.

             4. Whether the carrier undertakes any financial risks
      in the transportation-connected enterprise.

            5. Whether the carrier includes in the sale price an
      amount to cover transportation costs and its relation to the
      distance the goods are transported.

            6. Whether the carrier transports or holds out to
      transport for anyone other than itself.

           7. Whether the carrier advertises itself as being in a
      noncarrier business.

            8. Whether its investment in transportation facilities
      and equipment is the principal part of its total business
      investment.

            9. Whether the carrier performs any real service other
      than transportation from which it can profit.

            10. Whether the [carrier] at any time engages for-hire
      carriers to effect delivery of the products, as might be
      expected, for example, when it is called upon to fill an order
      and its own equipment is otherwise engaged.




      8Notably,   Illinois has a statutory definition of private carrier similar to Iowa’s:
      [A]ny person engaged in the transportation of property or passengers by
      motor vehicle other than for hire, whether the person is the owner, lessee
      or bailee of the lading or otherwise, when the transportation is for the
      purpose of sale, lease, or bailment and in furtherance of the person’s
      primary business, other than transportation.
Admiral Disposal, 706 N.E.2d at 121 (quoting 625 Ill. Comp. Stat. 5/18c-1104(27)
(1996)).
                                     21
           11. Whether the products are delivered directly from
      the shipper to the consignee (i.e., without intermediate
      warehousing).

            12. Whether solicitation of the order is by the supplier
      rather than the truck owner.

Id. at 121 (quoting Russell v. Jim Russell Supply, Inc., 558 N.E.2d 115,

125–26 (Ill. App. Ct. 1990)).        The court concluded, “[T]he actual

transportation of refuse was merely incidental to Admiral’s business as a

refuse collector.” Id. at 122.

      Based on the foregoing, we believe the language of Iowa Code
section 325A.1, the Iowa precedents we have discussed, and non-Iowa

authority all pull in the same direction, namely, that United Suppliers is

not a motor carrier. Rather, it is a private carrier.

      The summary judgment record confirms that United Suppliers fits

the private-carrier definition.    United Suppliers only hauls its own

fertilizer and chemicals. And this hauling is secondary to the company’s

fertilizer and chemical business; it represents about five percent of

profits. Thus, United Suppliers “transports commodities of which [it] is

the owner, lessee, or bailee and the transportation is a furtherance of

[its] primary business or occupation.” Iowa Code § 325A.1(13).

      It is true that United Suppliers receives “compensation” for

transportation, which is one aspect of the motor carrier definition. See

id. § 325A.1(14) (“ ‘Transportation for hire’ means all transportation of

property or passengers made available by a person for compensation.”).

But the phrase “made available” in the definition is ambiguous, and the

entire definition needs to be read in the context of the entire statute,

including the definition of private carrier in section 325A.1(13). United

Suppliers does not make transportation of property “available” in the

sense that one can buy transportation of property from United Suppliers
                                    22

as a separate service; one can only buy products from United Suppliers

and then ask the company to deliver them.

      Caselaw predating Iowa Code sections 325A.1 and 325B.1 bolsters

this common-sense reading of the statute.       Like the association that

operated a train to shuttle guests around its annual event, the sand and

gravel company that used a dump truck to deliver its own sand and

gravel, and the agricultural lime seller that delivered its own lime, United

Suppliers only provides transportation incidental to another primary

business. See Wright, 556 N.W.2d at 811; Martinez, 956 P.2d at 846–47;

Gambino, 145 S.E.2d at 129.       Of the twelve factors noted in Admiral

Disposal Co., only one—“[w]hether the carrier includes in the sale price

an amount to cover transportation costs and its relation to the distance

the goods are transported”—arguably supports “for hire” carrier status.

See 706 N.E.2d at 121.

      In addition, if Iowa Code section 325B.1 applied here, this would

result in an anomalous situation where one party (United Suppliers)

would be prohibited from contractually requiring a second party (Hanson

or Hanson Trucking) to bear the costs of the second party’s own

negligence in selecting the driver it provided. Moreover, the second party

could not be required to bear the costs of the negligence of its own agent

(if in fact DiRisio is the agent of Hanson and Hanson Trucking). These

outcomes do not make for sound public policy and grind against the

gears of our common law.       See Iowa Code § 4.4(3) (setting forth the

presumption that in enacting a statute, “[a] just and reasonable result is

intended”); McNally & Nimergood v. Neumann-Kiewit Constructors, Inc.,

648 N.W.2d 564, 571 (Iowa 2002) (“[I]ndemnification contracts will not be

construed to permit an indemnitee to recover for its own negligence
                                           23

unless the intention of the parties is clearly and unambiguously

expressed.”). 9

       One more point: We should consider the legislature’s goal in

enacting section 325B.1 in 2010.              See 2010 Iowa Acts ch. 1155, § 1

(codified at Iowa Code § 325B.1); Iowa Code § 4.6(1) (noting that when a

statute is ambiguous, the court may consider “[t]he object sought to be

attained”).       This provision was part of a national trend in state

legislatures to pass laws preventing shippers from transferring liability

for their own negligence to carriers and vice versa. See Kruis v. Allmine

Paving, LLC, No. 3:13–CV–25, 2013 WL 5557484 at *4–5 (N.D. W. Va.

Oct. 8, 2013) (“The [contractual] indemnity provision is not void and

unenforceable under the Missouri or West Virginia statute because it

does not require Mitchell to indemnify, defend, and hold harmless

Allmine for Allmine’s negligence, intentional acts, or omissions. Indeed,

Allmine is responsible for its own negligence . . . .”). A few years ago, in

the context of resolving a shipper–carrier dispute, a federal court

discussed Indiana’s comparable legislation. Illini State Trucking, Inc. v.




       9The   district court took the position that its interpretation of Iowa Code section
325B.1 furthered public policy because “[t]he carrier is in the best position to assess
and insure against the risks being assumed by the transportation of cargo.” The risk in
question here was that DiRisio would engage in distracted driving. That is the specific
allegation in this case. Although the record indicates that United Suppliers performed
some screening and provided some training to DiRisio, it is not clear to us why United
Suppliers would be in a better position to absorb the risk of DiRisio’s distracted driving
than DiRisio himself or Hanson and Hanson Trucking—the parties that selected DiRisio
to drive the semi.
        The defendants also assert that United Suppliers is “a large operation.”
However, we do not believe the relative size of United Suppliers and Hanson Trucking
should drive the analysis. Typically our rules of law do not vary with the size of the
litigants.  In any event, the record indicates that the defendants—like United
Suppliers—had insurance, although it does not disclose the specifics of their policy.
This case may be, for the most part, a contest between two insurers.
                                    24

Carmeuse Lime, Inc., No. 2:10–CV–21–PRC, 2012 WL 162538, at *3–4

(N.D. Ind. Jan. 18, 2012). That court observed,

             The indemnity provision in Paragraph 12.2 of the
      parties’ Agreement invoked by Illini in its Counterclaim is
      not void and unenforceable under the statute because the
      promisee is not being indemnified for its own negligence.
      Paragraph 12.2 does not require Carmeuse to indemnify,
      defend, and hold harmless Illini for Ilini’s negligence,
      intentional acts, or omissions.    Rather, Paragraph 12.2
      requires Carmeuse to indemnify, defend, and hold harmless
      Illini (the promisee) for Carmeuse’s (the promissor)
      negligence, intentional acts, or omissions.     Thus, the
      indemnity provision in Paragraph 12.2, on its face, is not
      void or unenforceable . . . .

Id. at *4.   In a footnote, the court indicated that the Indiana law was

enacted in response to “the history of indemnity provisions in motor

carrier agreements in which a motor carrier was required to indemnify a

shipper for the shipper’s own negligence.” Id. at *4 n.1.

      Recently, New Jersey enacted similar legislation.     See N.J. Rev.

Stat. § 39:14-1 (2015).    The supporting statement for the legislation

explained,

            More than 30 states have adopted anti-indemnification
      laws. Many motor carrier transportation contracts have
      broad indemnity clauses, some of which indemnify the
      promisee even in cases where the promisee’s negligence,
      intentional acts, or omission may have caused or contributed
      to an accident or injury. This bill makes void any provision
      in a motor carrier transportation contract that indemnifies
      the promisee from liability when the loss or damage was the
      result of the promisee’s negligence, intentional act, or
      omission.

S. 1380, 216th Leg., 1st Sess. (N.J. 2014). Viewed through this national

lens, the Lease between United Suppliers and Hanson seems far afield

from the concerns the legislature apparently intended to address in

adopting Iowa Code section 325B.1.
                                    25

      For all these reasons, we conclude that United Suppliers is a

private carrier rather than a motor carrier, and therefore section 325B.1

has no applicability.

      V. Interpretation of the Lease.

      Even though we have concluded that Iowa Code section 325B.1

does not apply to the Lease, we still must determine what the Lease

means on its own. Does it require United Suppliers, on the one hand, or

Hanson, Hanson Trucking, and DiRisio, on the other, to bear the costs of

the June 9, 2011 accident, including the environmental cleanup?         Or

does that depend on the facts?

      Two provisions of the Lease are at issue.      One says the semi-

tractor

      shall be solely and exclusively under the direction and
      control of [United Suppliers] who shall assume full carrier
      responsibility (1) for the loss or damage to cargo transported
      in such motor vehicle[] and (2) for the operation of such
      vehicle[].

The other provides that Hanson “[a]grees to indemnify [United Suppliers]

against (1) any loss resulting from the injury or death of [DiRisio] and

(2) any loss or damage resulting from the negligence, incompetence or
dishonesty of such driver[].” Our present task is to “reconcile and give

proper effect to arguably conflicting terms.”   Alta Vista Props., LLC v.

Mauer Vision Ctr., PC, 855 N.W.2d 722, 729 (Iowa 2014).

      United Suppliers urges that the provisions can be reconciled by

recognizing that the “full carrier responsibility” provision governs United

Suppliers’ obligations to the outside world, whereas the indemnity

provision controls the relations between the lessee (United Suppliers) and

the lessor (Hanson and Hanson Trucking).           Hanson and Hanson

Trucking take a different view. They maintain that the Lease should be
                                           26

harmonized by holding that they are only “obligated to indemnify loss

relating to the competency and honesty of [DiRisio]”—not his negligence.

       “Ordinarily, indemnifying agreements will be enforced according to

their terms, as in any other contract case.” Martin & Pitz Assocs., Inc. v.

Hudson Constr. Servs., Inc., 602 N.W.2d 805, 808 (Iowa 1999); see also

McNally, 648 N.W.2d at 571 (“A contract for indemnification is generally

subject to the same rules of formation, validity and construction as other

contracts.”).

       However, two rules of interpretation aid the defendants here. First:

       [W]here an indemnification is not given by one in the
       insurance business but is given incident to a contract whose
       main purpose is not indemnification, the indemnity provision
       must be construed strictly in favor of the indemnitor.

Martin & Pitz Assocs., 602 N.W.2d at 809 (quoting 41 Am. Jur. 2d

Indemnity § 13 (1995)).           Second, “an indemnity contract is strictly

construed against the drafter.” Id.

       While     these    rules    favor   the   defendants,    the    defendants’

interpretation of the Lease suffers from a more serious infirmity.
Basically, it asks us to disregard the clear language making Hanson and

Hanson Trucking responsible for DiRisio’s driving negligence.               United

Suppliers’      interpretation,   by   contrast,   offers   a   path   to   actual

harmonization.       See Iowa Fuel & Minerals, Inc. v. Iowa State Bd. of

Regents, 471 N.W.2d 859, 863 (Iowa 1991) (“[A]n interpretation which

gives a reasonable, lawful, and effective meaning to all terms is preferred

to an interpretation which leaves a part unreasonable, unlawful, or of no

effect.”).

       Furthermore, the Lease language, like Iowa Code section 325B.1,

was not written on a blank slate. A survey of caselaw indicates that both

types of clauses in this Lease have been used frequently when one carrier
                                    27

lends equipment-plus-driver to another carrier.      There is a reason for

this. Under federal regulations, any lease of equipment to an authorized

carrier must include the following exclusive-control terms:

      The lease shall provide that the authorized carrier lessee
      shall have exclusive possession, control, and use of the
      equipment for the duration of the lease. The lease shall
      further provide that the authorized carrier lessee shall
      assume complete responsibility for the operation of the
      equipment for the duration of the lease.

49 C.F.R. § 376.12(c)(1) (2010).   “Contracting parties are presumed to

contract in reference to the existing law, which becomes a part of the

contract.”   In re Receivership of Mt. Pleasant Bank & Trust Co., 426

N.W.2d 126, 134 (Iowa 1988). Hence, the exclusive control language in

the Lease appears to have its genesis in federal law.

      In 1975, the United States Supreme Court essentially dealt with

the interpretive situation presented here. In that case, one carrier had

leased equipment and a driver from another carrier. See Transamerican

Freight Lines, Inc. v. Brada Miller Freight Sys., Inc., 423 U.S. 28, 30, 96

S. Ct. 229, 230–31, 46 L. Ed. 2d 169, 173 (1975).       As here, the lease

contained both (1) a paragraph tracking the federal regulation on the

lessee’s (Transamerican’s) control and responsibility over the leased

equipment and (2) a paragraph requiring the lessor (Brada Miller) to

indemnify the lessee for any losses sustained due to the negligence of the

lessor or the lessor’s agents or employees. Id. at 31, 96 S. Ct. at 231, 46

L. Ed. 2d at 173.     An accident later occurred, allegedly due to the

negligence of the driver provided by the lessor. Id. at 32, 96 S. Ct. at

231, 46 L. Ed. 2d at 174. The lessee settled with the injured party and

sought indemnification from the lessor.     Id.   The lessor (Brada Miller)

defended on the ground that the indemnification provision was

unenforceable because it conflicted with the federal regulation requiring
                                      28

the lessee to assume exclusive responsibility. Id. at 32–35, 96 S. Ct. at

231–33, 46 L. Ed. 2d at 174–76.

      The Supreme Court rejected the lessor’s defense.        Id. at 40, 96

S. Ct. at 235, 46 L. Ed. 2d at 179. It held the indemnification provision

did not conflict with the federally-required lease provision. Id. at 38–40,

96 S. Ct. at 234–35, 46 L. Ed. 2d at 177–79. As the Court put it,

      We readily conclude . . . that the two provisions are not in
      conflict and that the indemnification clause does not impinge
      upon the requirements of the lease and of § 1057.3(a) [now
      376.12(c)(1)] that operational control and responsibility be in
      the lessee. Paragraph 4 of the lease is, of course, express
      and clear. The parties agreed in writing that “the control
      and responsibility for the operation of said equipment” were
      in Transamerican, as lessee. This is what § 1057.3(a)
      requires and it is all that it formally requires. Moreover,
      added to the bare words of assumption of control and
      responsibility, was the specification that this was directed “to
      the public, shippers and Interstate Commerce Commission.”
      The separate indemnification clause in the subsequent
      paragraph 9 of the lease did not affect this basic
      responsibility of the lessee to the public; it affected only the
      relationship between the lessee and the lessor.

Id. at 38–39, 96 S. Ct. at 234, 46 L. Ed. 2d at 177–78.        In sum, the
Supreme Court resolved the apparent inconsistency in lease terms the

same way United Suppliers urges us to do so here.

      Subsequently, in Gateway Transportation Co. v. Phillips & Phillips

Co., 261 N.W.2d 175, 178 (Iowa 1978), our court applied the Supreme

Court’s Transamerican decision.       That case likewise involved a carrier

(Gateway) that had leased equipment and a driver from another carrier.

Id. at 176.   While the leased driver was operating the leased tractor–

trailer on behalf of Gateway, a fatal collision occurred, allegedly due to

the negligence of the driver.   Id.   Gateway settled the claim and then

sought indemnification. Id. The equipment trip lease required the lessor

(Phillips) to indemnify Gateway for the negligence of Phillips’s driver. Id.
                                     29

at 178. The trial court, however, found that this indemnity provision was

illegal and contrary to public policy because federal regulations required

the lessee to have “exclusive control over leased equipment and borrowed

drivers.” Id. at 178. On the authority of Transamerican, we reversed. Id.

We noted,

      The Supreme Court held such terms do not offend against
      public policy as long as the lessee remains initially
      responsible to the public and to shippers. If this condition is
      met—and it is in the present case—the fact that Gateway
      contracted with others to indemnify it against loss is not
      contrary to public policy.

Id.

      Relying on Transamerican and its progeny, courts in other

jurisdictions have continued to rule that provisions making the lessee

fully responsible and provisions requiring the lessor to indemnify the

lessee can cohabit comfortably in the same lease. The exclusive-control-

and-responsibility provision is intended to benefit the public by making

clear that the public may recover from the lessee in the event of a

mishap.      Meanwhile, the indemnity provision covers relations between

the lessee and the lessor and authorizes the lessee to obtain

indemnification from the lessor.

      An example of this is Reid v. Bootheel Transportation Co., 771 F.

Supp. 237 (N.D. Ill. 1991). In that case, Interstate had leased a tractor–

trailer with a driver, Mays, from Bootheel.     Id. at 238.   Thereafter the

leased vehicle collided with a van driven by plaintiff Reid. Id. Interstate’s

insurer settled with Reid and then sought recovery from Bootheel. See

id. at 239. Bootheel moved for summary judgment on the ground that

the lease’s indemnification clause was “inconsistent with the [l]ease as a

whole.” Id. at 240. The parties stipulated that Interstate had prepared

the lease.     Id.   Nonetheless, the court denied Bootheel’s motion and
                                             30

granted Interstate’s cross-motion for summary judgment. Id. at 240–42.

The court found that under Transamerican, “the indemnification

provision in the [l]ease is not in conflict with the [l]ease provision

requiring Interstate, the lessee, to assume operational responsibility and

control for the leased tractor and trailer.”            Id. at 241.     “Reviewing the

[l]ease as a whole, the court finds that the . . . operational control and

responsibility[]    and     indemnification       provisions     of   the   [l]ease    are

consistent, and . . . can be given effect together.” Id. The court added,

“The [l]ease’s requirement[] that Interstate . . . assume operational

control over and responsibility for the leased tractor and trailer, do[es]

not relieve Bootheel’s contractual obligation to indemnify Interstate for

loss or damage resulting from Mays’s negligence or incompetence.” Id. at

241–42; see also Malone v. Barnette, 772 S.E.2d 256, 263 (N.C. Ct. App.

2015) (“Enforcement of the indemnity provision in the present case does

not leave victims of the alleged negligent acts of Young’s without financial

recourse. Instead, it merely shifts the financial responsibility for such

negligence from one entity to another.”). 10

       Accordingly,      we    find   that    Hanson      and    Hanson       Trucking’s

obligations under Lease paragraphs (d), (e), and (f) quoted above,
including the obligation to “indemnify [United Suppliers] against . . . any

       10In  the present case, federal law may not require the Lease to contain an
exclusive responsibility provision. As we have already discussed, United Suppliers acts
as a private carrier when it transports its own goods. See 49 U.S.C. § 13505(a)
(provision in subchapter I of chapter 135) (exempting private carrier business from
federal regulation); id. § 14102(a) (limiting federal regulation of leases to carriers that
are subject to federal “jurisdiction under subchapter I of chapter 135”); see also 49
C.F.R. § 376.11 (imposing lease requirements on “authorized carrier[s]”). Furthermore,
United Suppliers appears to have used a form that is considerably dated, since it
mentions the “Interstate Commerce Commission,” which ceased to exist in 1995. See
ICC Termination Act of 1995, Pub. L. No. 104-88, § 101, 109 Stat. 803, 804. This does
not alter our analysis, however, of whether and how the two provisions in the Lease can
be reconciled.
                                          31

loss   or   damage    resulting    from    the   negligence,   incompetence   or

dishonesty of [DiRisio],” are enforceable and not qualified by paragraph

(a) quoted above, which states that United Suppliers “shall assume full

carrier responsibility . . . for the operation of” the 2000 Freightliner. We

are not asked to decide and do not decide the ultimate question of

whether an actual duty to indemnify has arisen, for example based on

DiRisio’s negligence.

       VI. The Anti-Subrogation Rule.

       “The insurer has no right of subrogation against the insured.”

Allied Mut. Ins. Co. v. Heiken, 675 N.W.2d 820, 824 (Iowa 2004).

Hanson, Hanson Trucking, and DiRisio invoke this principle to limit any

potential recovery by United Suppliers, noting that all but $5000 of

United Suppliers’ claim is a subrogation claim for the benefit of

Nationwide.      The defendants insist they are also insureds under the

Nationwide policy and, therefore, subrogation recovery is not available.

The district court’s grant of summary judgment to Hanson, Hanson

Trucking, and DiRisio rendered this issue moot, but our reversal of that

summary judgment revives this controversy.

       The guidelines we follow when interpreting insurance policies are

familiar ones.    “If the policy is ambiguous, we adopt the construction

most favorable to the insured.” Boelman v. Grinnell Mut. Reins. Co., 826

N.W.2d 494, 502 (Iowa 2013).          Also, “we strictly construe exclusions

against the insurer.”     Id.     However, “[i]f an insurance policy and its

exclusions are clear, the court ‘will not “write a new contract of

insurance” ’ for the parties.” Id. (quoting Thomas v. Progressive Cas. Ins.

Co., 749 N.W.2d 678, 682 (Iowa 2008)).

       At the outset, Hanson, Hanson Trucking, and DiRisio argue they

are insureds on account of the Truckers’ Endorsement to the Nationwide
                                          32

policy. We disagree. For the reasons already discussed in Part IV of this

opinion, United Suppliers is not engaged in trucker operations, defined

in the policy as “the business of transporting property by ‘auto’ for hire.”

Therefore, the endorsement does not apply. 11

       Alternatively, Hanson, Hanson Trucking, and DiRisio argue they

are insureds under the Business Auto Coverage Form of the Nationwide

policy. They maintain that DiRisio qualifies as an insured because he

was using the 2000 Freightliner with United Suppliers’ permission, it

was a hired or borrowed vehicle, and DiRisio was not “[t]he owner or

anyone else from whom [United Suppliers] hire[d] or borrow[ed] a covered

‘auto.’ ”      Moreover, if DiRisio is an insured, Hanson and Hanson

Trucking urge they are also insureds for any derivative liability for

DiRisio’s conduct.        That is because the form provides coverage for

“[a]nyone liable for the conduct of an ‘insured’ described above but only

to the extent of that liability.”

       United Suppliers’ first-line response is that these contentions were

not preserved below. It points out correctly that when the parties filed

cross-motions for summary judgment on the coverage question, the

defendants did not invoke the Business Auto Coverage Form, only the

Truckers’ Endorsement. In fact, Hanson, Hanson Trucking, and DiRisio

did not assert coverage under the Business Auto Coverage Form until

they filed a motion for reconsideration five months after the district court



       11The  defendants contend that this reading of the Truckers’ Endorsement
renders the endorsement “superfluous.” See Boelman, 826 N.W.2d at 502 (“We will not
interpret an insurance policy to render any part superfluous . . . .”). This is not quite
correct. The Truckers’ Endorsement still provides additional coverage. It may not be
coverage that United Suppliers needs for its current business operations, but that is a
separate matter. It is certainly not unprecedented for businesses and individuals to
purchase more insurance coverage than they actually need.
                                     33

had granted partial summary judgment to United Suppliers on the policy

interpretation issues on January 14, 2014.

        However, under the special circumstances present here, we believe

the question of interpretation of the Business Auto Coverage Form is

properly before us.     When the district court granted the defendants

summary judgment in the entire case based on Iowa Code section

325B.1, this September 5 ruling necessarily determined that United

Suppliers was a for-hire carrier. Thus, the September 5 ruling effectively

nullified the earlier January 14 ruling by a different judge that United

Suppliers was not engaged in transportation for hire for insurance

purposes. Of course, the January 14 ruling interpreting the Nationwide

policy was interlocutory and could have been revisited by the district

court at any time. For all practical purposes, that is what the court did

on September 5.

        We have now concluded that the September 5 section 325B.1

ruling was erroneous and must be reversed.         Since the September 5

ruling had negated the January 14 ruling, this puts the parties back at

the starting-line as far as summary judgment motions are concerned.

Accordingly, we now turn to the meaning of the Business Auto Coverage

Form.

        Both parties have extensively briefed the meaning of this form. Yet

despite this briefing, neither side has located much in the way of

pertinent authority.    United Suppliers comes the closest, drawing our

attention to the Georgia Court of Appeals’ decision in Park Pride Atlanta,

Inc. v. City of Atlanta, 541 S.E.2d 687 (Ga. Ct. App. 2000). In that case,

a Park Pride volunteer was killed, and her husband was seriously injured

when a City of Atlanta employee negligently operated a dump truck that

was owned by the city and that had been furnished with its driver to
                                       34

Park Pride.     Id. at 688.      The city made a tort settlement with the

volunteer’s husband and then sought indemnification from Park Pride

and its insurer.        Id.   As here, the insurance policy had a coverage

exception for “the owner or anyone else from whom you hire or borrow a

covered ‘auto.’ ” Id. at 691. The city sought a summary judgment that it

was an insured under the policy, and the trial court denied the city’s

motion. Id. at 689.

      The court of appeals affirmed the denial. Id. at 691. Unfortunately

for present purposes, the court’s opinion did not focus on the policy

language.     See id.     Thus, the court did not explain why the coverage

exception would apply to a driver who was not actually “the owner or

anyone else from whom [Park Pride] hire[d] or borrow[ed]” the dump

truck. See id. Instead, the court relied heavily on testimony from Park

Pride’s insurance broker that the policy was not “designed” to cover city

vehicles when operated by city employees. Id. Because the Park Pride

decision appears to be driven by fact-specific testimony rather than the

terms of the insurance policy, we find it of limited value in our analysis.

      Instead, we find another decision of the same court to be more

pertinent.    See Nationwide Mut. Ins. Co. v. Holbrooks, 371 S.E.2d 252

(Ga. Ct. App. 1988).            In that case, Campana—an employee of

Holbrooks—was driving a truck that Holbrooks had leased to Apache

Transport. Id. at 252–53. Allegedly, Campana crossed the center line

while driving the vehicle and caused a fatal collision.         Id. at 253.

Nationwide, Apache’s insurer, brought a declaratory judgment action to

determine whether its policy provided coverage for the collision. Id. at

252–53.      The trial court found that Campana and Holbrooks were

insureds and entered summary judgment against Nationwide. Id. at 253.

The Georgia Court of Appeals affirmed. Id. at 257.
                                          35

       Importantly, when addressing the coverage exclusion for “[t]he

owner or anyone else from whom you hire or borrow a covered auto,” the

court said that “it does not apply at all to Campana because Apache did

not hire or borrow the vehicle from Campana.”                Id. at 256 (emphasis

omitted). And notably, unlike the later Park Pride decision, this decision

centered on the actual policy terms. Id.

       Moreover, as we scour for relevant caselaw, we have found

insurance policies with broader exceptions than the present policy that

clearly would have denied coverage to a person in the position of DiRisio.

See Canal Indem. Co. v. Rapid Logistics, Inc., 514 F. App’x 474, 478 (5th

Cir. 2013) (noting the policy provides coverage for “[a]nyone else while

using with your permission a covered ‘auto’ you own, hire or borrow

except . . . [t]he owner, or any employee, agent or driver of the owner, or

anyone else from whom you hire or borrow a covered ‘auto’ ” (emphasis

added)); Daniel v. Nat’l Cas. Ins. Co., ___ F. Supp. 3d ___, ___, 2015 WL

5694287, at *11 (D. Md. Sept. 25, 2015) (noting the policy covered

“[a]nyone using a covered ‘auto’ you own, hire or borrow except the

owner, or any ‘employee,’ agent or driver of the owner, or anyone else

from whom you hire or borrow a covered ‘auto’ ”); see also Pa. Nat’l Mut.

Cas. Ins. Co. v. Traveler’s Ins. Co., 592 A.2d 51, 54 (Pa. Super. Ct. 1991)

(“This insurance does not apply to the owner of a non-owned automobile

or any agent or employee of such owner . . . .” (Emphasis added.)). This

demonstrates that when the insurer wants to make clear there is no

insurance coverage for employees or agents of vehicle lessors, it can

readily do so. 12


       12We acknowledge that ambiguity is not present in an insurance policy “merely
because the provision ‘could have been worded more clearly or precisely than it in fact
was.’ ” Am. Family Mut. Ins. Co. v. Corrigan, 697 N.W.2d 108, 114–15 (Iowa 2005)
                                          36

       Applying our usual rules of interpretation for insurance policies,

we find that DiRisio was an insured under the Nationwide policy. This

means that Hanson and Hanson Trucking are also insured to the extent

of any liability for DiRisio’s conduct.

       VII. Conclusion.

       For the reasons stated, we conclude that Iowa Code section 325B.1

does not apply to this case; that the Lease indemnification clause is

valid, enforceable, and unaffected by the separate “exclusive control”

provision in the Lease; and, that DiRisio is an insured under the

Business Auto Coverage Form of Nationwide’s policy.                 We reverse the

judgment of the district court and remand for further proceedings

consistent with this opinion.

       REVERSED AND REMANDED.

       All justices concur except Waterman, J., who takes no part.




_________________________________
(quoting Cairns v. Grinnell Mut. Reins. Co., 398 N.W.2d 821, 824 (Iowa 1987)). But here
United Suppliers cannot plausibly argue that the language “from whom you hire or
borrow a covered ‘auto’ ” unambiguously extends to DiRisio, from whom United
Suppliers neither hired nor borrowed the semi-tractor. Even in Park Pride it took
testimony from the broker in order for the court to conclude the policy did not provide
coverage for the driver. See 541 S.E.2d at 691.
