[Cite as State v. Diggle, 2012-Ohio-1583.]




                       IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
                           THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT
                               AUGLAIZE COUNTY




STATE OF OHIO,

        PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE,                               CASE NO. 2-11-19

        v.

GORDON W. DIGGLE, III,                                    OPINION

        DEFENDANT-APPELLANT.




                 Appeal from Auglaize County Common Pleas Court
                           Trial Court No. 2010-CR-174

                                      Judgment Affirmed

                              Date of Decision: April 9, 2012




APPEARANCES:

        Katherine A. Szudy for Appellant

        Edwin A. Pierce and Amy Otley Beckett for Appellee
Case No. 2-11-19


PRESTON, J.

       {¶1} Defendant-appellant, Gordon W. Diggle, III (“Diggle”), appeals the

Auglaize County Court of Common Pleas’ judgment of conviction and sentence

entered against him following a jury trial where Diggle was found guilty of one

count of murder and one count of aggravated robbery. For the reasons that follow,

we affirm.

       {¶2} In February of 2010, Steven Casad (“Casad”) was at home with his

girlfriend, Brenda Fischer (“Fischer”), and two friends, Larry Thomas (“Thomas”)

and Diggle. (Trial Tr. at 351). Thomas and Diggle began fighting in Casad’s

kitchen. (Id. at 352). Casad called the police on the two men. (Id.). Diggle did not

return to Casad’s house in the months following the incident. (Id. at 358).

       {¶3} On September 8, 2010, Casad went to happy hour at the Friendly

Tavern around 3 p.m. (Id. at 325-328). Diggle arrived at the Friendly Tavern

between 5 and 6 p.m. (Id. at 274). Diggle sat near Casad and Casad bought them

each a couple of beers. (Id. at 288). After finishing the drinks, Casad and Diggle

left the Friendly Tavern and went into the alley next to the building. (Id. at 281-

282). While in the alley, Diggle beat Casad and robbed him of roughly $750,

telling Casad, “call the cops now” during the beating. (Id. at 350); (Ex. H). Diggle

then walked across the street from the Friendly Tavern, got in his car, and left.

(Trial Tr. at 282).


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       {¶4} Casad, who lived about a block from the Friendly Tavern, returned

home around 6 p.m. (Id. at 283, 328). Fischer could see Casad was bleeding from

multiple injuries and called 911. (Id. at 332, 336). Emergency personnel arrived

and transported Casad to the local hospital where the medical staff discovered

Casad had an epidural hematoma, a traumatic brain injury. (Id. at 336, 724).

Casad was then transferred by helicopter to a hospital near Dayton, Ohio, where

he underwent a craniotomy. (Id. at 353, 768).

       {¶5} Following the craniotomy, Casad was sedated to reduce the swelling

in his brain. (Id. at 770). On September 12, 2010, Casad developed a pulmonary

embolism as a result of his immobility. (Id. at 771-773). Casad died an hour and

ten minutes after the pulmonary embolism was detected. (Id. at 797).

       {¶6} The coroner determined that Casad died as a result of blunt force

trauma to the head. (Id. at 847). During the trial, the coroner testified that the

craniotomy and sedation were necessary to treat the blunt force trauma, and the

pulmonary embolism was a result of the sedation. (Id. at 846-847). Consequently,

the coroner determined that Casad’s death was a homicide caused by a blunt force

trauma. (Id. at 847).

       {¶7} On December 22, 2010, Diggle was indicted on one count of

felonious assault in violation of R.C. 2903.11(A)(1), a felony of the second degree

(count two); one count of aggravated robbery in violation of R.C. 2911.01(A)(3), a


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felony of the first degree (count four); and two counts of murder in violation of

2903.02(B), felonies of the first degree (counts one and three). (Doc. No. 1).

        {¶8} Diggle had a jury trial on April 18-21, 25, and 26, 2010. (Trial Tr. at

1). The jury found Diggle guilty on all four counts. (Doc. Nos. 145-148).

        {¶9} The trial court held a sentencing hearing on July 20, 2011 and issued

its judgment entry on July 22, 2011. (Doc. No. 209). The trial court determined

that murder (count one) and felonious assault (count two) were allied offenses of

similar import and should merge. (Id.).                The trial court also determined that

murder (count three) was pleaded as an alternative to murder (count one), so

Diggle could not be sentenced on both counts. (Id.). Consequently, the trial court

found that Diggle was convicted of murder (count one) and aggravated robbery

(count four). (Id.). The trial court sentenced Diggle to a prison term of 15 years to

life and a fine of $2,500 for his murder conviction (count one), and a consecutive

prison term of 10 years for his aggravated robbery conviction (count four), for a

total sentence of 25 years to life imprisonment and a $2,500 fine. (Id.).

        {¶10} On August 22, 2011, Diggle filed a notice of appeal and now raises

three assignments of error for our review.1 (Doc. No. 225).

                            ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. I

        THE TRIAL COURT ABUSED ITS DISCRETION WHEN IT
        IMPOSED SEPARATE SENTENCES FOR OFFENSES THAT
1
 The end of the 30 day time period for filing a notice of appeal fell on Sunday, August 21, 2011. Under
App.R. 14, Diggle was permitted to file his notice of appeal on Monday, August 22, 2011.

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      AROSE FROM THE SAME CONDUCT, WERE NOT
      COMMITTED SEPARATELY OR WITH A SEPARATE
      ANIMUS, AND SHOULD HAVE BEEN MERGED FOR
      SENTENCING PURPOSES UNDER R.C. 2941.25 (JULY 22,
      2011 JOURNAL ENTRY; SENTENCING T. PP 24-25)

      {¶11} In his first assignment of error, Diggle argues the trial court abused

its discretion when it determined his murder and aggravated robbery convictions

were not allied offenses of similar import. Diggle contends that the counts of

murder and aggravated robbery were committed with the same conduct and the

same animus. As a result, Diggle argues the trial court should have merged the

two offenses.

      {¶12} Whether offenses are allied offenses of similar import is a question

of law that this Court reviews de novo. State v. Stall, 3d Dist. No. 3-10-12, 2011-

Ohio-5733, ¶ 15, citing State v. Brown, 3d Dist. No. 1-10-31, 2011-Ohio-1461, ¶

36.

      {¶13} R.C. 2941.25, Ohio’s multiple-count statute, states:

      (A) Where the same conduct by defendant can be construed to

      constitute two or more allied offenses of similar import, the

      indictment or information may contain counts for all such offenses,

      but the defendant may be convicted of only one.

      (B) Where the defendant’s conduct constitutes two or more

      offenses of dissimilar import, or where his conduct results in two or


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       more offenses of the same or similar kind committed separately or

       with a separate animus as to each, the indictment or information may

       contain counts for all such offenses, and the defendant may be

       convicted of all of them.

       {¶14} In State v. Johnson, the Supreme Court of Ohio modified the

analysis for determining whether offenses are allied offenses of similar import

under R.C. 2941.25. 128 Ohio St.3d 153, 2010-Ohio-6314. First, the court must

determine whether it is possible to commit both offenses with the same conduct.

Id. at ¶ 48. “If the multiple offenses can be committed with the same conduct,

then the court must determine whether the offenses were committed by the same

conduct, i.e., ‘a single act, committed with a single state of mind.’” Id. at ¶ 49,

quoting State v. Brown, 119 Ohio St.3d 447, 2008-Ohio-4569, ¶ 50 (Lanzinger, J.,

dissenting). If it is possible to commit the offenses with the same conduct and the

defendant did, in fact, commit the multiple offenses with the same conduct, then

the offenses are allied offenses of similar import and will merge. Id. at ¶ 50.

However, “if the court determines that the commission of one offense will never

result in the commission of the other, or if the offenses are committed separately,

or if the defendant has separate animus for each offense, then according to R.C.

2941.25(B), the offenses will not merge.” Id. at ¶ 51.




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       {¶15} In the present case, Diggle was convicted and sentenced for murder

in violation of R.C. 2903.02(B), and aggravated robbery in violation of R.C.

2911.01(A)(3). (Doc. No. 209). R.C. 2903.02(B), the murder statute, states, “[n]o

person shall cause the death of another as a proximate result of the offender’s

committing or attempting to commit an offense of violence that is a felony of the

first or second degree and that is not a violation of section 2903.03 or 2903.04 of

the Revised Code.” R.C. 2911.01(A)(3), the relevant aggravated robbery statute,

provides, “[n]o person, in attempting or committing a theft offense, as defined in

section 2913.01 of the Revised Code, or in fleeing immediately after the attempt

or offense, shall do any of the following: * * * (3) [i]nflict, or attempt to inflict,

serious physical harm on another.”

       {¶16} In regards to the first prong of the Johnson test, it is possible to

commit murder under R.C. 2903.02(B) and aggravated robbery under R.C.

2911.01(A)(3) with the same conduct. State v. Irbey, 6th Dist. No. L-10-1139,

2011-Ohio-2079, ¶ 21.        Each offense requires an act of violence. R.C.

2911.01(A)(3); 2903.02. Thus, it is possible that the victim could die from the

serious physical harm inflicted in the course of the aggravated robbery, resulting

in the victim’s murder. Since it is possible to commit the two offenses with the

same conduct, this Court must examine Diggle’s conduct in the present case to




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determine whether he did commit the two offenses with the same conduct and the

same animus. Johnson at ¶ 50-51.

      {¶17} The evidence presented at trial demonstrated that Diggle had a

separate animus for each offense. According to the trial testimony, Casad had

previously reported Diggle to the police when Diggle began fighting in Casad’s

home. (Trial Tr. at 352). Diggle and Casad no longer spent time with one another

following that episode as they had before. (Id. at 358). On the afternoon of the

incident that resulted in this case, Diggle asked a mutual friend, Thomas, where he

could find Casad. (Id. at 445). That same afternoon, Diggle went to the Friendly

Tavern, a bar where Casad frequently attended happy hour. (Id. at 274). Diggle

beat Casad in the alley next to the Friendly Tavern, telling Casad during the

beating, “[c]all the cops now.” (Id. at 350). Diggle also reached into Casad’s

pocket and took roughly $750. (Id.); (Ex. H). These facts show that Diggle had

the intent to beat Casad as revenge for calling law enforcement on Diggle, which

is a separate animus from his intent to steal his money. Since Diggle had a

separate animus for the felonious assault that resulted in his murder conviction

from his animus for the aggravated robbery, the murder and aggravated robbery

offenses are not allied offenses of similar import. This conclusion is consistent

with determinations made by other Ohio courts of appeals concluding that murder

and aggravated robbery offenses can be committed with a separate animus, and


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when this is the case, they are not allied offenses of similar import under Johnson.

State v. Tibbs, 1st Dist. No. C-100378, 2011-Ohio-6716, ¶ 43-50 (Defendant had a

separate animus in robbing and killing the victim); Irbey at ¶ 24-25 (Court found

evidence that the defendant planned to murder the victim in addition to robbing

him).

        {¶18} Additionally, the extent of Casad’s injuries provides further support

for this Court’s conclusion that the two offenses are not allied offenses of similar

import. Casad’s injuries included lacerations to his face, swelling to his face and

arms, a hairline fracture in his orbit (eye socket), bruising and swelling in his

brain, and an epidural hematoma (bleeding in the brain) requiring a craniotomy.

(Trial Tr. at 718-725). These multiple, serious injuries show Diggle used greater

force than necessary to complete the aggravated robbery. Thus, the extent of

Casad’s injuries are further evidence that Diggle had the animus to beat Casad as

revenge for calling the police on him in addition to his animus to steal Casad’s

money. This conclusion is also consistent with other Ohio courts of appeals that

have determined a defendant’s excessive use of force is an indication of a separate

animus. State v. Ruby, 6th Dist. No. S-10-028, 2011-Ohio-4864, ¶ 61 (Extent of

beating demonstrated a separate animus for the attempted murder and theft

offenses); Tibbs at ¶ 43 (Manner in which defendant killed the victim showed a

separate intent for the murder from the aggravated robbery).


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       {¶19} Diggle’s first assignment of error is, therefore, overruled.

                      ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. II

       GORDON DIGGLE, III’S SIXTH AMENDENT RIGHT TO
       CONFRONTATION WAS VIOLATED WHEN THE STATE
       INTRODUCED TESTIMONIAL HEARSAY STATEMENTS
       FROM THE VICTIM-DECEDENT DURING MR. DIGGLE’S
       TRIAL. SIXTH AMENDMENT TO THE UNITED STATES
       CONSTITUTION; SECTION 10, ARTICLE I OF THE
       CONSTITUTION; CRAWFORD V. WASHINGTON (2004), 541
       U.S. 36, 124 S.CT. 1354. (APRIL 16, 2011 JOURNAL ENTRY;
       VOLUME II, T. PP 376, 389-392, 413, 555-556, 602-603)

       {¶20} In his second assignment of error, Diggle argues that the trial court

violated his Sixth Amendment rights by admitting Casad’s testimonial hearsay

statements. Specifically, Diggle points to the testimony of Officer Turpin, Captain

Kramer, Nicholas Scott, Captain Sweigart, and Sergeant Eberle. Diggle contends

that the statements Casad made to these men when they arrived at his house in

response to Fischer’s 911 call were testimonial in nature. Diggle argues that the

admission of these statements during the trial was a violation of his right to

confront the witnesses presented against him.

       {¶21} The Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment states, “[i]n all

criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right * * * to be confronted with

the witnesses against him.” This Court reviews de novo the question of whether a

defendant’s constitutional rights under the Confrontation Clause have been




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violated. State v. Guiterrez, 3d Dist. No. 5-10-14, 2011-Ohio-3126, ¶ 43, citing

State v. Smith, 162 Ohio App.3d 208, 2005-Ohio-3579, ¶ 8 (8th Dist.).

      {¶22} In Crawford v. Washington, the United States Supreme Court

determined that “[w]here testimonial evidence is at issue * * * the Sixth

Amendment demands what the common law required: unavailability and a prior

opportunity for cross-examination.” 541 U.S. 36, 68, 241 S.Ct. 1354 (2004). The

Court did not establish a comprehensive definition of “testimonial” but stated that

at a minimum, it included prior sworn testimony and police interrogations. Id.

      {¶23} The United States Supreme Court expanded on how courts should

determine whether statements are testimonial in Davis v. Washington, stating:

      Statements are nontestimonial when made in the course of police

      interrogation under circumstances objectively indicating that the

      primary purpose of the interrogation is to enable police assistance to

      meet an ongoing emergency.          They are testimonial when the

      circumstances objectively indicate that there is no such ongoing

      emergency, and that the primary purpose of the interrogation is to

      establish or prove past events potentially relevant to later criminal

      prosecution. 547 U.S. 813, 822, 126 S.Ct. 2266 (2006).

      {¶24} The United States Supreme Court addressed this issue most recently

in Michigan v. Bryant, 131 S.Ct. 1143 (2011). The Court stated that the standard


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rules of hearsay are also relevant in determining whether out of court statements

are testimonial. Id. at 1155.     A court must further “objectively evaluate the

circumstances in which the encounter occurs and the statements and actions of the

parties” to determine whether the primary purpose was to assist an ongoing

emergency. Id. at 1156. As a result, “the relevant inquiry is not the subjective or

actual purpose of the individuals involved in a particular encounter, but rather the

purpose that reasonable participants would have had.” Id.          The court should

consider the primary purpose of both the declarant and the interrogator. Id. at

1160. This analysis prevents problems that could arise from mixed motives on the

part of the declarant or the interrogator, and also considers that police officers

often fulfill the dual responsibilities of first responders and criminal investigators.

Id. at 1161. The court should also take into account that the parties’ primary

purpose can change over the course of the interrogation. Id. at 1159. In those

instances, the trial court should exclude those portions of the statements that

become testimonial. Id. at 1159-1160.

       {¶25} Courts should look at all of the relevant circumstances when

determining whether statements are testimonial. Id. at 1161. Specifically, courts

should consider the medical condition of the victim and formality of the encounter

between the declarant and police officer. Id. at 1159-1160. The Court explained,

“[t]he medical condition of the victim is important to the primary purpose inquiry


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to the extent that it sheds light on the ability of the victim to have any purpose at

all in responding to police questions and on the likelihood that any purpose formed

would necessarily be a testimonial one.” Id. at 1159. Additionally, the formality

of the encounter is relevant because a formal interrogation suggests that the parties

are no longer in an emergency situation, although courts should be aware that

“informality does not necessarily indicate the presence of an emergency or the

lack of testimonial intent.” Id. at 1160. If the circumstances indicate that the

primary purpose of the statements is to address an ongoing emergency, then it is

presumed that the statements will be reliable and do not require cross-examination

pursuant to the Confrontation Clause. Id. at 1156.

       {¶26} In the present case, Diggle contends that statements Casad made in

the presence of Officer Turpin, Captain Kramer, Nicholas Scott, Captain Sweigart,

and Sergeant Eberle were testimonial because their primary purpose was to

investigate a crime, not to deal with an ongoing emergency. Officer Turpin,

Captain Kramer, Nicholas Scott, and Captain Sweigart were the first responders

who arrived at Casad’s home in response to Fischer’s 911 call. (Trial Tr. at 372,

387, 412, 554). Officer Turpin was the police officer first called to the scene,

while Captain Kramer, Nicholas Scott, and Captain Sweigart were all paramedics

who arrived at the same time as Officer Turpin. (Id.). Sergeant Eberle, another

police officer, arrived shortly thereafter. (Id. at 556, 602).


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       {¶27} Captain Kramer testified that when the first responders arrived,

Casad’s “face was all bloodied, bruising and swelling, mostly on the left side, left

eye was almost swelled shut, blood all over his face, his hands, several

lacerations.” (Id. at 373). Nicholas Scott testified that Casad was “covered in

blood and had been what appeared to be assaulted” and that the paramedics began

cleaning Casad to determine the extent of his injuries. (Id. at 388). Captain Kramer

described Casad as “upset and worried.” (Id. at 374).   Nicholas Scott testified that

while the paramedics began cleaning and treating Casad, Officer Turpin asked him

what happened. (Id. at 405). Casad stated that he had been at the Friendly Tavern

and was jumped in the alley, beaten, and robbed. (Id. at 406). Officer Turpin

asked Casad if he knew who had beaten him. (Id.). Casad responded that it was

Gordon Diggle. (Id.). Officer Turpin asked Casad if it was the same Gordon

Diggle that drove a white Cadillac, and Casad told him it was. (Id.). During this

exchange, the paramedics continued to clean Casad and evaluate the extent of his

injuries. (Id. at 390). The paramedics then strapped Casad to their cot and loaded

him into the ambulance. (Id.).

       {¶28} At trial, Officer Turpin, Captain Kramer, Nicholas Scott, Captain

Sweigart, and Sergeant Eberle all testified that Casad had been jumped, beaten,

and robbed by Diggle based on Casad’s statements. (Id. at 371-415, 553-608).

Specifically, Officer Turpin testified that Casad told him “that he was jumped in


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the alley by the Friendly by Gordon Diggle” and that Casad said “that while he

was being jumped, Gordon Diggle reached into his pocket and took seven hundred

and fifty dollars ($750.00) in cash from him.” (Id. at 555-556). Captain Kramer

testified that Casad “said he had been at the Friendly Tavern having a few beers

because he gave us the name of the gentleman that did this to him and he said they

had actually had a few beers. He had bought the beer.” (Id. at 376). Captain

Kramer testified that the “gentleman’s” name was Gordon Diggle. (Id.). Nicholas

Scott testified that Casad “said that he was at the Friendly Tavern and he said he

got up to leave and was followed out into the alley and from there he was

punched,” referring to Diggle as the assailant. (Id. at 389-392). Captain Sweigart

testified that as they started treating Casad, he said, “I know who did this to me”

and identified Diggle. (Id. at 413). Sergeant Eberle testified that “Mr. Casad

indicated that he had been assaulted or jumped when he left the Friendly Tavern”

and that he said Gordon Diggle was who had assaulted him. (Id. at 608).

      {¶29} The trial court determined that Casad’s statements to the emergency

personnel were not testimonial and were admissible pursuant to the hearsay

exceptions in Evid.R. 803(1) (present sense impression), 803(2) (excited

utterance), 803(4) (statements for purposes of medical diagnosis or treatment), and

804(A)(4)(B)(6) (forfeiture by wrongdoing).      We agree with the trial court’s




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conclusion that Casad’s statements were not testimonial and admissible as

statements made for the purposes of medical diagnosis or treatment.

       {¶30} Turning first to the question of whether Casad’s statements were

testimonial, the evidence presented at trial established that Officer Turpin arrived

on the scene with the paramedics as the first responders to Fischer’s emergency

call. (Id. at 554) At the hearing on Diggle’s motion in limine to exclude Casad’s

statements, Officer Turpin testified that when he arrived on the scene, he believed

Casad may have been part of a bar fight and there could have been other injured

individuals. (Motion Hearing Tr. at 63).       At the trial, Officer Turpin further

testified that when he began interviewing Casad his “principle objective was

trying to figure out exactly what happened at that immediate time.” (Trial Tr. at

566). He stated that he did not view the interaction as a criminal investigation

while he was at Casad’s house because he asked very few questions and mainly let

the paramedics take care of Casad. (Id.). Officer Turpin testified that his interview

of Casad did not become a criminal investigation until he had more details about

what had occurred. (Id.). Officer Turpin’s testimony is supported by an objective

view of his questions to Casad, which were limited to asking what had occurred,

who else was involved, and clarifying that Casad was referring to Diggle and not

Diggle’s father, who has the same name. (Id. at 405-406). The interview was very

brief, taking place while the emergency personnel were evaluating the nature of


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Casad’s injuries and preparing to load him into the ambulance. (Id. at 413). Thus,

the purpose of Officer Turpin’s interview with Casad was to deal with an ongoing

emergency by determining what had happened to Casad and who else had been

involved, which enabled Officer Turpin to establish the potential danger to Casad,

the public, and what steps were necessary to deal with the situation.

       {¶31} Additionally, the formality of the encounter and Casad’s medical

condition are relevant in determining whether the statements were testimonial.

Michigan v. Bryant, 131 S.Ct. 1143 at 1159-1160. The United States Supreme

Court has concluded that the interview is formal when it occurs at the police

station at some point after the event, or if the declarant calmly relates the facts to

the officer at the scene of the event after the emergency has ended. Id. at 1153-

1155; Davis, 547 U.S. 813. On the other side of the spectrum is the informal

interview, which the Court has found includes when the declarant is on the phone

with a 911 operator while the emergency is occurring. Bryant at 1159-1160;

Davis. The present case falls on the informal side of the spectrum. The first

responders arrived at Casad’s home within minutes of Fischer’s emergency call.

(Trial Tr. at 394). Casad had been recently beaten and robbed, and was suffering

from numerous serious injuries. (Id. at 373-376). The paramedics testified that

Casad was “upset” and “worried.” (Id. at 373-374, 389).              Officer Turpin

interviewed Casad at Casad’s house while paramedics treated him and prepared


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him for transport to the hospital, which occurred within the span of 10 to 15

minutes from the time the first responders arrived on the scene. (Id. at 372-375).

Furthermore, Casad was suffering from an epidural hematoma (bleeding in the

brain), swelling in his brain, a fractured orbit (eye socket), and numerous

lacerations. (Id. at 718-725). The extent and nature of Casad’s injuries provides

additional support for the conclusion that the primary purpose of Casad’s

statements was to assist Officer Turpin in addressing the ongoing emergency.

       {¶32} Finally, the issue of whether the statements are admissible under a

hearsay exception is relevant, but not dispositive, to this Court’s determination of

whether the statements were testimonial. Bryant at 1155. Captain Kramer testified

that he did not remember what he said on the scene to Casad, but it would be

common for him to ask him general questions such as the time of day or if he

remembered what had happened. (Id. at 378-379). Captain Kramer testified that

the purpose of these questions is to determine “a level of consciousness to see if

they are alert.” (Id. at 379). The testimony at trial implied that Officer Turpin, not

Captain Kramer, questioned Casad regarding what had occurred. (Id. at 405-406).

However, Casad’s ability to recall what had happened to him was relevant to the

paramedics’ ability to determine Casad’s level of consciousness regardless of

which first responder began the interview. Thus, these statements were made for

the purpose of medical treatment and were thus admissible under Evid.R. 803(4).


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Since the primary purpose of the statements was to address an ongoing emergency

and provide the paramedics with information to treat his injuries, Casad’s

statements were not testimonial and therefore were admissible.

      {¶33} Even assuming arguendo that the statements were testimonial, their

admission would be harmless error in light of the remaining evidence. “A

constitutional error can be held harmless if we determine that it was harmless

beyond a reasonable doubt.” State v. Conway, 108 Ohio St.3d 214, 2006-Ohio-

791, ¶ 78, citing Chapman v. California, 386 U.S. 18, 24, 87 S.Ct. 824 (1967).

      {¶34} The cumulative evidence, which Diggle does not contest in the

present appeal, demonstrates that any error in admitting the first responders’

testimony is harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. Numerous other witnesses

provided the same information as the first responders. At trial, Fischer testified

that after he returned to the house, Casad stated that he had been beaten and

robbed by Diggle, and that Diggle stole $800. (Trial Tr. at 350). According to

Fischer, Diggle told Casad, “call the cops now,” while Diggle was beating Casad.

(Id. at 333-350.) Gary Cathcart, a physician’s assistant at the Joint Township

emergency department, testified that

      the patient reported to me he was assaulted approximately ten

      minutes before calling EMS. He was jumped from behind by what

      he describes as a friend at the Tavern. States he was sucker punched


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       and he reports that the person that attacked him had an altercation at

       his house earlier with another man. He called the police to get them

       out of the house and keep them from breaking up his house. (Id. at

       717).

Brenda Warniment, a nurse at the Joint Township emergency department, testified

that during her neuro assessment of Casad, he told her that he was kicked,

punched, and beat by Diggle. (Id. at 693-694). Brenda Warniment further testified

that Casad stated that he had been assaulted because he had previously called the

police on Diggle. (Id. at 694-695). Erica Zimpher, a flight nurse that did Casad’s

critical care transport, testified that Casad stated that he “had been stomped in the

head by a guy with steel toe boots.” (Id. at 730). Thus, Casad consistently stated

that Diggle had robbed and beaten him because Casad had previously called the

police on Diggle.

       {¶35} Diggle’s own actions provide further evidence. Brenda Chaney, the

bartender at the Friendly Tavern, testified that Diggle left with Casad, appeared to

go into the alley with Casad, and then Diggle walked across the street to his car a

few minutes later. (Id. at 282). Shortly thereafter, Brenda Chaney observed an

ambulance pull up to Casad’s house. (Id. at 282-283). Thomas, a mutual friend,

testified that he went to breakfast with Diggle the morning of the incident. (Id. at

443). At that time, Diggle had roughly $100. (Id.). Thomas received a phone call


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from Diggle the day after the incident, and Thomas told Diggle he needed to turn

himself in. (Id. at 447-448). Diggle told Thomas, “What? I didn’t do nothing.

Steve Casad went in the alley and I took off.” (Id. at 448). Diggle then threatened

to beat Thomas if he went to the police. (Id.). Doug Adams, a friend of Diggle’s,

testified that Diggle showed up at his house unannounced between 6 and 6:30 p.m.

the day of the incident and that Diggle had a large amount of money with him. (Id.

at 424). Randy Simpson worked at a concession wagon with Diggle in the days

following the incident and testified that Diggle had a large amount of money when

they left to work for the weekend. (Id. at 677-680). Randy Simpson further

testified that Diggle told him that “the law was looking for his brother for

something that happened in a bar with somebody getting beat up and robbed.” (Id.

at 681). Finally, Loretta Avila, Diggle’s aunt, testified that she saw Diggle after

the incident and told Diggle “that guy died.” (Id. at 889). In response, Diggle said,

“no way.” (Id.).

       {¶36} In addition to Casad’s numerous, consistent statements, Diggle’s

own actions thus establish that he was near the Friendly Tavern at the time that

Casad was beaten and left shortly before Casad arrived home seriously injured.

Diggle also had a substantially smaller amount of money the morning of the

incident than in the evening and days following the incident. Finally, Diggle made

incriminating statements to his co-worker, his aunt, and threatened a friend.


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      {¶37} This Court finds that the first responders’ statements were

admissible because their primary purpose was to address an ongoing emergency.

However, if there was any error in admitting the statements of the first responders,

this Court concludes that it was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt due to the

cumulative effect of the evidence.

      {¶38} Diggle’s second assignment of error is, therefore, overruled.

                      ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. III

      TRIAL COUNSEL PROVIDED INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE
      OF COUNSEL, IN VIOLATION OF THE SIXTH
      AMENDMENT TO THE UNITED STATES CONSTITUTION
      AND SECTION 10, ARTICLE I (VOLUME II, T. PP. 340-344,
      575-591, 597-599; APRIL 16, 2011 JOURNAL ENTRY)

      {¶39} In his third assignment of error, Diggle argues his trial counsel was

ineffective. Diggle contends that his trial counsel did not understand the trial

court’s ruling on Diggle’s motion in limine, and committed prejudicial error by

admitting statements that had been excluded.

       {¶40} A defendant asserting a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel

must establish: (1) the counsel’s performance was deficient or unreasonable under

the circumstances; and (2) the deficient performance prejudiced the defendant.

State v. Kole, 92 Ohio St.3d 303, 306 (2001), citing Strickland v. Washington, 466

U.S. 668, 687, 104 S.Ct. 2052 (1984).          Prejudice results when “there is a

reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of


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Case No. 2-11-19


the proceeding would have been different.” Bradley, 42 Ohio St.3d 136, 142

(1989), citing Strickland at 694. “A reasonable probability is a probability

sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.” Bradley at 142; Strickland at

694.

       {¶41} In order to show counsel’s conduct was deficient or unreasonable,

the defendant must overcome the presumption that counsel provided competent

representation and must show that counsel’s actions were not trial strategies

prompted by reasonable professional judgment. Strickland at 687. Counsel is

entitled to a strong presumption that all decisions fall within the wide range of

reasonable professional assistance. State v. Sallie, 81 Ohio St.3d 673, 675 (1998).

Tactical or strategic trial decisions, even if unsuccessful, do not generally

constitute ineffective assistance. State v. Carter, 72 Ohio St.3d 545, 558 (1995).

Rather, the errors complained of must amount to a substantial violation of

counsel’s essential duties to his client. Bradley at 141-142, citing State v. Lytle, 48

Ohio St.2d 391, 396 (1976).

       {¶42} According to Strickland, we must first determine whether counsel’s

performance was deficient or unreasonable under the circumstances. Id. at 687. At

issue, in his motion in limine, is testimony Diggle contended was inadmissible.

(Doc No. 84). The trial court granted Diggle’s motion in regards to statements

Casad made to Officer Turpin while Casad was at the Joint Township emergency


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Case No. 2-11-19


department. (Doc. No. 109).      These statements included Casad’s assertion to

Officer Turpin that Diggle stated “I’ll teach you to call the cops on me again,”

while he was beating Casad. (Id.); (Ex. H).

       {¶43} During his cross examination of Officer Turpin, counsel questioned

Officer Turpin at length regarding the scope of his investigation. (Trial Tr. at 572-

578). The purpose of this line of questioning was to impeach Officer Turpin’s

credibility regarding the extent of the investigation and demonstrate for the jury

that the police focused their investigation solely on Diggle and failed to consider

other suspects. (Id.).   During defense counsel’s cross examination, the State

objected, stating “[t]his witness is already instructed not to answer that question

pursuant to the Motion in Limine.” (Id. at 587). The following exchange then

occurred:

       Trial Court: Okay. But if the door’s opened, the door’s open. He

       (defense counsel) opened the door. * * * He’s opened the door by

       asking what all this officer contemplated and so forth. So if he’s

       opened the door, he’s opened the door.

       Defense Counsel: I just want to make sure there’s no

       misunderstanding. The Motion in Limine does not take and stop me

       from doing anything.




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          Trial Court: That’s right and if you open the door, you open the

          door.

          Defense Counsel: And the door’s been opened because the Court

          has said that all this testimony is admissible.

          Trial Court: No, that’s not true.          The Court limited certain

          testimony. Now you’ve opened the door to it. But he’ll answer the

          questions. I’ll instruct him to answer the questions. (Id. at 587-588).

This exchange between the trial court and defense counsel indicates that although

defense counsel had a tactical purpose for questioning Officer Turpin about his

investigation, defense counsel may not have realized the question was opening the

door to evidence that had been excluded under the motion in limine. (Id.).

Consequently, this Court must now consider whether Diggle was prejudiced by the

resulting testimony.

          {¶44} After the trial court ruled defense counsel had opened the door to

previously excluded testimony, Officer Turpin testified on cross examination that

Casad had told him that Diggle stated, “I’ll teach you not to call the cops on me

again.” (Id. at 591). The trial court also admitted Officer Turpin’s report, which

stated:

          Mr. Casad said that he had gone into the Friendly Tavern and had

          been drinking with Gordon Diggle. He said it was just those two


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Case No. 2-11-19


       and the barmaid and that he had purchased a drink or two for Diggle.

       Casad says he always carries a large quantity of cash that he rolls up

       in his pocket and estimated it to be $700 to $750. He says that as he

       walked out of the Friendly Tavern and started to walk through the

       alley, he was assaulted and beaten by Gordon Diggle who then

       reached in his pocket, stole his money. Casad said that he thought

       that Diggle was going to kill him. He said that Diggle’s [sic] walked

       across the street and left in his white Cadillac. (Ex. H).

       {¶45} We cannot find that this admitted evidence prejudiced Diggle.

Throughout the trial, other witnesses testified to the same facts.          Thus, the

evidence was cumulative and did not result in prejudice to Diggle. Consequently,

we cannot find that there is a reasonable probability that the outcome of the trial

would have been different absent this evidence.

       {¶46} Diggle’s third assignment of error is, therefore, overruled.

       {¶47} Having found no error prejudicial to the appellant herein in the

particulars assigned and argued, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.

                                                                    Judgment Affirmed

SHAW, P.J. concurs.

ROGERS, J. concurs; and concurs in Judgment Only as to Assignment of
Error No. II.

/jlr

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