Note: Decisions of a three-justice panel are not to be considered as precedent before any tribunal.



                                              ENTRY ORDER

                               SUPREME COURT DOCKET NO. 2015-089

                                           AUGUST TERM, 2015

    Pamela Washburn                                       }     APPEALED FROM:
                                                          }
                                                          }     Superior Court, Rutland Unit,
       v.                                                 }     Family Division
                                                          }
                                                          }
    Mark Fowlkes                                          }     DOCKET NO. 457-11-14 Rdfa

                                                                Trial Judge: Mary Welford

                              In the above-entitled cause, the Clerk will enter:

       Plaintiff appeals a decision issued by the family division of the superior court denying her
request for a final relief-from-abuse (RFA) order. We affirm.

        The family court’s undisputed findings reveal the following facts. Plaintiff and defendant were
involved in an intimate relationship and had a child, who was born in December 2012. In January
2013, when the parties were living together in a motel in Rutland, they had an altercation during which
defendant grabbed plaintiff, dragged her up some stairs, and threw her to the floor, causing bruises on
her arms. The parties’ intimate relationship ended in February 2013. Following the parties’
separation, their child lived with plaintiff.

        There were judicial proceedings regarding parental rights and responsibilities for the minor
child, and the court issued various orders. The parent-child contact ordered by the court did not always
happen as ordered. Following a hearing in May 2014, the court found that both parties were at fault at
various times for the missed contact. The family division entered an order giving plaintiff sole
physical and legal rights and responsibilities for the parties’ child. Defendant was given parent-child
contact every other weekend, with exchanges to take place at the Rutland Police Department.

        As a result of the parties’ continued conflicts over parent-child contact, defendant filed a
motion to enforce. On November 18, 2014, the family division held a hearing on defendant’s motion.
Defendant did not arrive at the hearing on time, and as a result, his motion was dismissed. Angry over
the dismissal, defendant telephoned plaintiff and threatened to kill her. Accompanied by his girlfriend,
he drove to plaintiff’s house and confronted plaintiff. His girlfriend arrived at plaintiff’s door within
about thirty seconds of defendant. At the door, defendant continued to yell at plaintiff. He did not
touch plaintiff, although at some point he pushed the front door. The door struck the parties’ child, but
the child was not injured. Defendant left the scene after plaintiff threatened to call the police, but
returned shortly after leaving to speak with the police.

       Plaintiff filed an emergency petition for an RFA order on November 18, 2014, and the court
issued a temporary order. On at least two occasions after the temporary order was issued, plaintiff
attempted to contact defendant.
        Following the January 23, 2015 final hearing, the family division entered findings, as described
above, and dismissed the petition seeking a final RFA order. The court concluded that plaintiff had
met her burden of proving abuse by demonstrating that defendant had placed her in fear of imminent
serious physical harm, but was unable to find, based on the evidence presented, that there was a danger
of further abuse. The court acknowledged that there had been two incidents of abuse, separated by
twenty-two months, but noted that the second incident did not involve physical contact with plaintiff.
The court reasoned that there was no evidence that defendant had engaged in a pattern of behavior,
such as frequent unnecessary contact or surveillance, that would suggest a danger of further abuse.

         On appeal, plaintiff argues that the court’s findings, which essentially confirmed her version of
what took place on November 18 and during the prior incident of abuse, did not support its conclusion
that there was no danger of further abuse. Plaintiff argues that when two or more instances of abuse
have occurred, as in this case, there must be at least a rebuttable presumption that further abuse is
likely. She notes that, twenty-two months after the first instance of abuse, the parties’ relationship was
still so volatile that defendant threatened her life. She also points out that further contact between the
parties is inevitable because they have a child together. She contends that the cases relied upon by the
court do not support its decision, and that the court improperly relied upon the fact that defendant did
not physically touch her during the November 18 incident, even though our case law does not require
physical contact for there to be abuse.

       To obtain relief under Vermont’s abuse-prevention statute, a plaintiff need prove only that there
was abuse by a family or household member and that there is a danger of future abuse. Raynes v.
Rogers, 2008 VT 52, ¶ 8, 183 Vt. 513 (citing 15 V.S.A. §§ 1101, 1103). Demonstrating a danger of
abuse in the future is required because RFA orders are aimed primarily at providing relief from intra-
family violence rather than punishing perpetrators for past acts of violence. Id. If the court finds that
abuse has occurred and that there is a danger of future abuse, the court must issue an RFA order that it
deems necessary to protect the plaintiff. Coates v. Coates, 171 Vt. 519, 520-21 (2000) (mem.) (citing
15 V.S.A. § 1103(c)).

         Because “the family court is in a unique position to assess the credibility of witnesses and
weigh the strength of evidence at hearing,” we review the trial court’s determination whether “to grant
or deny a protective order only for an abuse of discretion. Raynes, 2008 VT 52, ¶ 9. We uphold the
court’s factual findings if they are supported by the evidence, and uphold the court’s conclusions if
supported by the findings. Id. We recognize that the trial court found plaintiff to be credible, insofar
as it credited her version of what occurred during the two incidents of abuse. Nonetheless, it remained
within the province of the trial court to weigh the evidence and consider the overall circumstances in
determining whether there was a danger of future abuse. After listening to detailed testimony from the
witnesses regarding the parties’ relationship and the circumstances surrounding the instances of abuse,
the court concluded that plaintiff had failed to prove a danger of future abuse given defendant’s desire
to disassociate himself from plaintiff as much as possible. We cannot conclude that the trial court
exceeded its discretion in reaching this conclusion.

        We note that plaintiff is absolutely correct that a court need not find a pattern of behavior, such
as frequent, unnecessary contact, to support a finding of danger of future abuse. A danger of future
abuse can, and often is, reasonably inferred on the basis of the parties’ relationship and a single
instance of abuse. Future danger may be inferred on a variety of grounds, and we do not read the trial
court’s opinion as suggesting otherwise. Nor does the fact that the abuse found by the court in this
case did not involve physical contact mean that there is no danger of future abuse. Had the trial court
concluded on this record that there was a danger of future abuse, we could affirm that determination as
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well within the trial court’s discretion. But the question before us is not whether the trial court could
have determined otherwise, or whether each of us, sitting as factfinder, would have reached the same
conclusion. The question is whether the evidence before the trial court compelled the conclusion that
there was a future danger of abuse. Under the circumstances of this case, we cannot conclude that the
court was required, as a matter of law, to find that plaintiff was in danger of being abused again in the
future. To conclude otherwise would be to collapse the distinct elements of proving that the plaintiff
has been abused and proving a danger of future abuse.

        Nor do we conclude that the court improperly relied upon a three-justice decision of this Court
in determining that future abuse was unlikely. The court is free to consider three-justice decisions
from this Court for their persuasive value, even though such decisions are not controlling precedent.
V.R.A.P. 33.1(d) (“An unpublished decision by a three-justice panel may be cited as persuasive
authority but is not controlling precedent,” except for issues concerning claim or issue preclusion, law
of the case, or “similar issues involving the parties or facts of the case in which the decision was
issued”). Here, in concluding that there was no danger of future abuse, the court distinguished the
facts in two cases (one of which is a three-justice decision), involving situations in which the
defendants engaged in repeated, unwanted contact with the plaintiffs. See Raynes, 2008 VT 52, ¶ 3
(noting testimony that defendant called plaintiff repeatedly and drove by her house on numerous
occasions, which caused her fear); Lague v. Lyons, No. 2014-015, 2014 WL 3714912, at **1-2 (Vt.
Apr. 25, 2014) (unpub. mem.), https://www.vermontjudiciary.org/UPEO2011Present/eo14-015.pdf
(noting “extreme escalation of conflict” between plaintiff and defendant who hoped for reconciliation
with plaintiff). There was nothing inappropriate in the court comparing the facts of either of those
cases and the instant case.

       Affirmed.

                                                   BY THE COURT:


                                                   _______________________________________
                                                   John A. Dooley, Associate Justice

                                                   _______________________________________
                                                   Marilyn S. Skoglund, Associate Justice

                                                   _______________________________________
                                                   Beth Robinson, Associate Justice




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