                     IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

                                    No. 14-2080
                              Filed January 13, 2016


KEITH PROVIN,
     Plaintiff-Appellant,

vs.

NICHOLAS JOHN TOMLONOVIC,
     Defendant-Appellee.
________________________________________________________________

       Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Johnson County, Sean W.

McPartland, Judge.



       A plaintiff appeals the district court’s denial of his motion for a new trial

following a jury verdict in his lawsuit arising out of a motor vehicle accident.

AFFIRMED.




       James K. Weston II of Tom Riley Law Firm, Iowa City, for appellant.

       Bruce L. Walker of Phelan, Tucker, Mullen, Walker, Tucker & Gelman,

L.L.P., Iowa City, for appellee.



       Considered by Danilson, C.J., and Vogel and Tabor, JJ.
                                          2


VOGEL, Judge.

       Keith Provin sued Nicholas Tomlonovic for injuries sustained in an

automobile collision.   The case was tried to a jury, which returned a verdict

finding Tomlonovic 100% at fault for the accident but also finding not all of

Provin’s medical complaints were related to the accident. Provin filed a motion

for a new trial due to what he claimed was an inadequate and inconsistent jury

verdict, as well as faulty jury instructions. Provin’s motion was denied, and he

now appeals.     Because we agree with the district court there was sufficient

evidence to support the jury’s award, the verdicts can be harmonized and

reconciled, and any error in the jury instructions was not prejudicial, we affirm.

I. Background Facts and Proceedings.

       On August 28, 2009, Provin was driving a vehicle in the course and scope

of his employment when he was struck from behind by Tomlonovic. On the day

of the accident, Provin refused to be transported to the hospital by ambulance

and was instead driven to the hospital by his wife, complaining of neck and back

pain. Initial reports indicated a possible neck fracture necessitating an overnight

stay for observation and possible surgery. Upon further inspection, the doctors

determined his neck was not broken, and Provin was released from the hospital

to follow up with doctors from various specialties.

       While recovering, Provin developed groin pain and problems with urinary

retention.   He was referred to a urologist, who put him on medication and

conducted various tests. Provin seemed to be improving as of late September

2009, when the doctor noted his pain had resolved and his urinary symptoms

had lessened. However, by December 2009, the pain returned. After various
                                          3


tests, the doctors could not find a cause for Provin’s problems other than to

conclude there may be some nerve damage. Provin was referred to a pain clinic

to manage his symptoms.

       Physical therapy was prescribed for the neck pain, and Provin began his

treatment on September 9, 2009. During the course of the physical therapy,

Provin sought clearance to take a pre-planned trip to Hawaii with his wife. The

doctor treating his neck provided travel clearance, noting Provin was improving

with conservative treatment, was doing well, and could gradually return to normal

activities as tolerated over the next several weeks. At the time of discharge from

physical therapy on October 30, 2009, the physical therapist noted Provin

reported his neck was feeling better though he still had soreness at the end of

the day.   At that time Provin was using his elliptical machine at home and

planned to continue with his home exercise program. Provin began experiencing

neck pain again in January 2010 though no further treatment was provided

except to instruct him to continue with his home exercises.

       Provin testified he informed the emergency room physicians on the day of

the accident that he was experiencing pain in his left shoulder, but no other

reference to left shoulder pain is found in the medical records until October 2009,

after Provin returned from his trip to Hawaii.1 In late March 2010, Provin reported

left shoulder pain to his treating physician, who recorded it as a “new symptom,”

and Provin was referred to physical therapy.        In April, the physical therapist

recorded that Provin reported his left shoulder started aching again two weeks


1
 However, in the physical therapy records from May 2010, the physical therapist stated
Provin had complained of shoulder pain during therapy for the neck in September 2009.
                                         4


ago and Provin did not know an explanation for the recurrent pain. After a few

weeks of treatment for the shoulder, Provin reported to the physical therapist the

sharp pain was largely resolved again with just a dull ache remaining. By May

2010, Provin reported his shoulder was feeling the best it had since he started

treatment. Therapy was discontinued in June, but restarted in November 2010

when Provin reported continued pain in his shoulder.        Ultimately, Provin was

referred to James Nepola, M.D., for treatment for the shoulder, which culminated

in arthroscopic surgery in May 2011. After the surgery, Provin continued physical

therapy for pain in his left shoulder.

       Provin’s workers’ compensation carrier paid over $100,000 in medical

expenses and over $45,000 in indemnity payments for the accident. The lawsuit

against Tomlonovic proceeded to trial in July 2014. Provin’s treating doctors

testified via video deposition, with the exception of his physical therapist, who

testified in person. With respect to Provin’s neck injury, Ernest Found, M.D.,

testified Provin had a whiplash injury to his neck, but Dr. Found could not

connect the urinary symptoms and groin pain to the injury to the neck. With

respect to the shoulder injury, Dr. Nepola testified he was willing to associate the

shoulder pain to the motor vehicle accident because the records indicated Provin

complained of shoulder pain to Dr. Found within six weeks of the accident.

Finally, Chad Tracy, M.D., Provin’s urologist, testified the groin pain was likely

the result of nerve damage as no other abnormality was found on any exam or

scan. Dr. Tracy also concluded Provin’s urinary problems were the result of

some neurologic insult caused by the motor vehicle accident.
                                           5


       The case was submitted to the jury on July 18, 2014.                Tomlonovic

admitted he was at fault for the accident and that the accident was the proximate

cause of “some damage” to Provin’s neck. So the jury was only to determine

whether Provin was in any way at fault for his injuries and whether the left

shoulder and groin/urinary symptoms were caused by the accident.                During

deliberations, the jury submitted a question to the court: “We would like a further

definition of Instruction #17[2]—define ‘total’ fault. Can we find someone 100% at

fault for one time period and another percentage for another time period.” After

consulting with the attorneys for both parties, the court responded to the jury:

“We believe the answer to your question may be included in other instructions.

Please carefully reread the instructions.” The jury returned a verdict a short time

later by answering special interrogatories, finding Tomlonovic was 100% at fault

for the accident, concluding the accident caused injury to Provin’s groin/urinary

system, and determining the accident did not cause the left shoulder injury. The

jury awarded Provin $13,016 in past medical expenses, $3400 in past pain and

suffering, $7331 in past lost wages, and $1700 in past loss of body function, for a



2
  Jury instruction 17 provided:
                 After you have compared the conduct of all the parties, if you find
        the Plaintiff, Keith Provin, was at fault and the Plaintiff’s fault was more
        than 50% of the total fault, the Plaintiff, Keith Provin, cannot recover
        damages.
                 However, if you find the Plaintiff’s fault was 50% or less of the total
        fault, then I will reduce the total damages by the percentage of Plaintiff’s
        fault.
        In jury instruction 16, the jury was advised Tomlonovic contended Provin was at
fault for failing to exercise ordinary care to obtain and follow reasonable medical
treatment including following the doctor’s recommendations to do physical therapy and a
home exercise program. Provin objected to this instruction, contending there was no
evidence in the record to support a finding he failed to mitigate his damages, but the
court overruled the objection and gave the instruction.
                                        6


total verdict of $25,447. The jury did not award any future damages. In addition,

the jury concluded that the full amount of the verdict—$25,447—was already

paid by another source and would need to be refunded to that source—the

workers’ compensation carrier.

       Provin informed the court he believed the amount of the verdict was

inadequate considering the jury found both the injuries to the neck and the

groin/urinary system were caused by the collision. He also asserted the verdict

was inconsistent because the jury refunded the entire award to the workers’

compensation carrier when there was no evidence the carrier had compensated

Provin for pain and suffering or loss of body function. Provin asked that the

verdict be returned to the jury with instructions to reconsider the damages

awarded.     Tomlonovic resisted the motion asserting the jury should be

discharged and any complaint about the verdict should be addressed in posttrial

motions.    The court declined to return the verdict to the jury for further

deliberation and discharged the jury as the court concluded the jury had filled out

the verdict form in a proper fashion.

       Provin filed a motion for a new trial, again asserting his complaints

regarding the inadequacy and inconsistency of the verdict. He also asserted the

jury should not have been instructed that they could consider his failure to

mitigate damages. Tomlonovic resisted the motion asserting the damages were

adequate and consistent with the liability findings, but Tomlonovic did concede

the verdict was inconsistent with respect to the repayment to the workers’

compensation carrier for the pain and suffering and loss of body function.

However, Tomlonovic asserted a new trial was not needed in order to rectify this
                                            7


inconsistency because the court could use its discretion to order the carrier be

reimbursed for only the amounts it paid—medical expenses and lost wages—and

the remaining amounts be awarded to Provin.

       The court denied the motion for a new trial, but it reformed the verdict to

provide that Provin would receive the amounts awarded for pain and suffering

and loss of body function, and the workers’ compensation carrier would receive

the remaining award. The court also concluded it would not speculate whether

the failure to mitigate instruction had any impact on the verdict in light of the

jury’s finding that Provin was not at fault for his injuries.

       Provin appeals the court’s denial of his motion for a new trial.

II. Scope and Standard of Review.

       “We review the denial of a motion for new trial based on the grounds

asserted in the motion.” Fry v. Blauvelt, 818 N.W.2d 123, 128 (Iowa 2012). “To

the extent the motion is based on a discretionary ground, we review it for an

abuse of discretion. But if the motion is based on a legal question, our review is

on error.”   Pavone v. Kirke, 801 N.W.2d 477, 496 (Iowa 2011) (citation and

internal quotation marks omitted).

       When the question raised is regarding an inconsistent verdict, whether the

verdict is inconsistent is a question of law. Id. If the verdict is found to be

inconsistent, then the trial court has some discretion in how to deal with the

verdict. Id. “[A] verdict is not inconsistent if it can be harmonized in a reasonable

manner consistent with the jury instructions and the evidence in the case,

including fair inferences drawn from the evidence.” Id. at 498.
                                         8


       When the question raised in the motion for a new trial is regarding the

adequacy of the damages awarded by the jury, the district court is granted

considerable discretion. Fisher v. Davis, 601 N.W.2d 54, 57 (Iowa 1999).

       [W]e will not ordinarily disturb its discretion to grant or deny the
       motion unless an abuse of discretion is shown. We are slower to
       interfere with the grant of a new trial than with its denial. Whether
       damages in a given case are adequate depends on the particular
       facts of the case. The test is whether the verdict fairly and
       reasonably compensates the party for the injury sustained.

Id. (citations omitted).

       Finally, when the new trial motion asserts the court erred by providing

certain instructions to the jury, we review the claim for legal error. Rivera v.

Woodward Res. Ctr., 865 N.W.2d 887, 891 (Iowa 2015). “Jury instructions must

convey the applicable law in such a way that the jury has a clear understanding

of the issues it must decide. Instructional errors do not merit reversal unless

prejudice results.” Id. at 892.

       “Ultimately, we are reluctant to interfere with a jury verdict or the district

court’s consideration of a motion for new trial made in response to the verdict.”

Fry, 818 N.W.2d at 128.

III. New Trial Motion.

       Provin claims the court should have granted his motion for a new trial on a

number of grounds. First he claims a new trial is warranted because the jury

mistakenly awarded the entire amount of the verdict—$25,447—to be repaid to

the workers’ compensation carrier when there was no evidence to support the

conclusion that the carrier had compensated him for pain and suffering or loss of

body function. He next claims the new trial motion should have been granted
                                         9


because the jury failed to award any damages for the groin/urinary symptoms

that it had determined were caused by the accident. Finally, he claims a new trial

should have been granted because the jury was asked to consider the

comparative fault of Provin when there was insufficient evidence at trial to

warrant the submission.

      A. Inconsistency with Subrogation Interest. Normally, the first step in

the analysis to determine if a new trial is warranted based on an inconsistent

verdict is to determine if an inconsistency in the verdict exists. Clinton Physical

Therapy Servs., P.C. v. John Deere Health Care, Inc., 714 N.W.2d 603, 613

(Iowa 2006). However, in this case, at the district court level and on appeal,

Tomlonovic concedes that the verdict was inconsistent because it directed the

entire verdict to be repaid to the workers’ compensation carrier.         Thus, the

question we must address is whether the court abused its discretion in reforming

the verdict instead of ordering a new trial. See Pavone, 801 N.W.2d at 496.

             A court may reform a verdict by correcting a mistake. We
      recognize that “verdicts are to be liberally construed to give effect to
      the intention of the jury and to harmonize verdicts if it is possible to
      do so.” However, this power is very limited and only permits the
      court to correct mistakes or errors in the verdict that are technical or
      ministerial in nature. A judge cannot exercise the power to
      substitute its judgment for the judgment of the jury.

Clinton Physical Therapy, 714 N.W.2d at 614. The jury in this case detailed the

amount to be awarded in each category of damages:

      1.   Past medical expenses                        $13,016
      2.   Future medical expenses                      $     0
      3.   Past pain and suffering                      $ 3400
      4.   Future pain and suffering                    $     0
      5.   Past lost wages                              $ 7331
      6.   Future loss of earning capacity              $     0
      7.   Past loss of body function                   $ 1700
                                       10


      8. Future loss of body function                 $     0
      TOTAL (add the separate items of damage)        $25,447

It then answered in the affirmative that some amount of Provin’s damages had

been paid by another source and will need to be refunded to that source. Next,

the jury entered the amount $25,447 in response to a question regarding what

amount already paid should be refunded. There was no evidence the workers’

compensation carrier had compensated Provin for pain and suffering or loss of

body function. But because the jury had detailed the amount awarded in each

category, the court concluded the amounts for pain and suffering and loss of

body function could be easily removed from the amount to be refunded and a

substituted judgment entered.

      Provin contends the verdict could be interpreted to mean the jury wanted

to award $25,447 in economic damages, and because it cannot be determined

what the jury intended, a new trial must be granted. He claims the changes to

the verdict made by the district court exceeded the court’s limited powers to

reform the verdict. We disagree. We conclude the court was well within its

discretion to correct a mistake made by the jury—that pain and suffering and loss

of body function had been compensated by the workers’ compensation carrier.

The inconsistency between the itemization of damages and the refunding of the

workers’ compensation carrier’s subrogation claim could be easily corrected to

harmonize the verdict by simple arithmetic, and we conclude the substituted

verdict entered by the court was consistent with the jury’s allocation of damages.

We find no abuse of discretion.
                                         11


       B. Inconsistency and Inadequacy Between Causation Finding and

Damages Awarded. Next, Provin asserts the verdict is inconsistent because

while the jury found the groin/urinary system injury was caused by the accident,

the total amount of medical expenses awarded did not include consideration for

the treatment of this injury. He asserts the verdict’s total amount is inadequate.

Provin points out that Tomlonovic conceded responsibility for Provin’s neck injury

and suggested to the jury during closing arguments that awarding medical

expenses of approximately $13,500 would be appropriate.3            Because this is

remarkably similar to the $13,016 awarded by the jury for medical expenses,

Provin contends the jury failed to award medical expenses for the groin/urinary

system injury.

       Provin did not ask that the jury itemize its damages figures with respect to

each injury it found caused by the accident. The jury simply found undesignated

medical expenses of $13,016. As the district court declined “to speculate or to

jump to the conclusion that the jury did not award the damage amounts for

urologic issues or groin pain,” so do we. While Provin compares the amount

awarded by the jury to the figure vaguely referenced by defense counsel during

closing argument, any attempt to discern how the jury arrived at its medical

expense figure or how the groin injury factored into the total amount awarded

would be pure speculation.       See id. (noting the court may not engage in



3
   Defense counsel’s closing argument stated he did not know the amount of medical
expenses associated with the treatment of the neck injury but suggested “around $2500.
I could be wrong. I really don’t know where you’re going to get to on this, but that’s
completely up to you.” He then went on to address the emergency room costs to say,
“It’s over $11,000, but we’ve got to concede that’s the right thing to do under the
circumstances, at least until they ruled out fracture or instability.”
                                          12


speculation, even logical speculation, when interpreting a jury’s verdict). It is only

when the amount of the verdict “bears no reasonable relationship to the loss

suffered,” that the verdict is inadequate. Pexa v. Auto Owners Ins. Co., 686

N.W.2d 150, 162 (Iowa 2004). Such is not the case here. There was evidence

indicating Provin recovered from both his neck and groin injuries within weeks of

the accident based on physical therapy and medication. We find the court did

not abuse its discretion in failing to grant a new trial based on Provin’s claim that

the total verdict was inadequate or inconsistent with its liability findings.

       C. Failure-to-Mitigate Jury Instruction. Finally, Provin asserts he is

entitled to a new trial because the court’s comparative fault jury instruction was

not supported by the evidence.        He concludes the jury’s question regarding

whether they could find fault at various periods of time indicated it was confused

by the instructions, and he asserts the jury likely resolved its confusion by

reducing the verdict even though it found Tomlonovic was 100% at fault.

       Provin is once again engaging in speculation regarding how the jury

reached its verdict, and such speculation will not justify a new trial.         Clinton

Physical Therapy, 714 N.W.2d at 614. With the consent of counsel, the jury was

instructed to reread the instructions in response to the question it submitted

about the allocation of fault. The instructions accurately recited the law with

respect to failure to mitigate damages. We see no basis to conclude the jury

disregarded the instructions and reduced the damage award in response to some

finding of fault on Provin’s part. The jury clearly concluded Tomlonovic was

100% at fault for the accident.
                                          13


       When requested by a party, a jury instruction is to be given if it

“(1) correctly states the law, (2) has application to the case, and (3) is not stated

elsewhere in the instructions.”      Weyerhaeuser Co. v. Thermogas Co., 620

N.W.2d 819, 823 (Iowa 2000). However, “[a]n error in giving an instruction does

not warrant reversal unless the error is prejudicial to a party.” Asher v. OB-Gyn

Specialists, P.C., 846 N.W.2d 492, 496 (Iowa 2014). The test for prejudice is

“whether it sufficiently appears that the rights of the complaining party have been

injuriously affected or that the party has suffered a miscarriage of justice.” Id.

The jury found Provin was not at fault for his injuries. Thus, the error, if any, in

giving the comparative fault instruction was not prejudicial to Provin and does not

justify an award of a new trial.

IV. Conclusion.

       We conclude the court did not abuse its discretion in reforming the jury’s

verdict to refund the appropriate amount to the workers’ compensation carrier.

We likewise conclude the verdict was not inconsistent or inadequate with respect

to the total damage figure awarded to Provin for his injuries. Finally, we agree

with the district court that any error in instructing the jury regarding Tomlonovic’s

claim that Provin failed to mitigate the damages was not prejudicial to Provin in

light of the jury’s conclusion Tomlonovic was 100% at fault. We affirm the district

court’s denial of Provin’s posttrial motion.

       AFFIRMED.
