                NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL TEXT PUBLICATION
                           File Name: 04a0048n.06
                           Filed: October 28, 2004

                                          NO. 03-3937

                          UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                               FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT


XIU MING CHEN,                                   )
                                                 )
       Petitioner,                               )
                                                 )
v.                                               ) ON APPEAL FROM THE BOARD OF
                                                 ) IMMIGRATION APPEALS
JOHN ASHCROFT,                                   )
     ATTORNEY GENERAL,                           )
                                                 )
       Respondent.                               )



       Before: GUY and SUTTON, Circuit Judges; CARR, District Judge.*

       CARR, District Judge. This is an immigration case in which the alien petitioner Xiu

Ming Chen, a native and citizen of the People’s Republic of China, seeks judicial review of a

final order of removal denying her application for asylum issued by the Board of Immigration

Appeals (Board). The Board affirmed the Immigration Judge’s decision without a separate

written opinion, thus the Immigration Judge’s decision is the final agency order for purposes of

review. The Immigration Judge determined that petitioner-appellant did not suffer from

persecution, despite evidence that she was not allowed to continue her education because of her

parents’ criminal convictions for violating China’s family planning policy and fraud, for which

they were

___________________________
*
  The Honorable James G. Carr, United States District Judge for the Northern District of Ohio,
sitting by designation.




sentenced to one-year terms. (J.A. 88, 92.) For the following reasons, we AFFIRM.

                                        I. BACKGROUND

        Xiu Ming Chen, a citizen of China, attempted to enter the United States illegally (via a

fraudulent Japanese passport, under the visa waiver pilot program) in May, 1999, at the age of

sixteen. She was apprehended immediately, but then paroled into the country pending initiation

of removal proceedings.

        On April 16, 2001, the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) issued a “Notice of

Referral to Immigration Judge” to Chen. In subsequent removal proceedings, Chen applied for

asylum and withholding protection. Chen appealed the Immigration Judge’s decision to the

Board, which, on June 9, 2003, affirmed the Immigration Judge’s decision without opinion. This

timely petition for review followed.1

        Chen’s family had problems with the Chinese government. Her parents, who have four

children, violated China’s family planning policies, for which her father was fined 5,000 yen and

sterilized.

        Chen’s parents were later convicted of fraud for a bait-and-switch scheme unrelated to

the family planning violation. The crime occurred in June of 1991. Chen’s father was arrested

in October, 1992. Her mother fled and was not found and arrested until 1996. Both Chen’s

parents were sentenced to jail for one year as a result of these convictions.


        1
            This Court has jurisdiction to review the denial of asylum under 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(1).

                                                  2
       The Immigration Judge found that Chen’s parents were political criminals in the sense

that “in China everything is political. All crime is political,” but that “they would be considered

in this country to be regular criminals not political criminals.” The record is not clear as to

where her parents are, but it appears they are still in China.2

       Chen alleges that she suffered discrimination by the Chinese government because of her

parent’s criminal status, specifically in regard to her education. (J.A. at 14.) She claims that

although she had been an excellent student in school, the government punished her for her

family’s rejection of the family planning policy and subsequent fraud convictions by overlooking

her for outstanding student awards and ultimately expelling her permanently from school. (J.A.

at 14.) Chen fears that she will face discrimination in employment because of her family’s

criminal history, and will have great difficulty getting a decent job because of her lack of

education. (J.A. at 16.)

                                         II. DISCUSSION

                                      A. Standard of Review

       An agency decision to deny asylum is entitled to a high measure of deference. As

explained in Kolaida v. INS:

       The Board’s determination “must be upheld if ‘supported by reasonable,
       substantial, and probative evidence on the record considered as a whole.’” INS v.
       Elias-Zacarias, 502 U.S. 478, 481 (1992) (quoting 8 U.S.C. § 1105a(a)(4)).
       Under this deferential standard, we may not reverse the Board’s determination
       simply because we would have decided the matter differently. Mikhailevitch v.
       INS, 146 F.3d 384, 388 (6th Cir. 1998); Klawitter v. INS, 970 F.2d 149, 151-52
       (6th Cir. 1992). In order to reverse the Board’s factual determinations, we must
       find that the evidence “not only supports a contrary conclusion, but indeed


       2
         Chen is married to a Taiwanese man who resides in the United States under
questionable legal status.

                                                  3
       compels it.” Klawitter, 970 F.2d at 152. The Supreme Court has explained that
       the appropriate inquiry is whether the evidence “was such that a reasonable
       factfinder would have to conclude that the requisite fear of persecution existed.”
       Elias-Zacarias, 502 U.S. at 481.

259 F.3d 482, 486 (6th Cir. 2001).

                                      B. Legal Framework

       The Attorney General has discretion to grant asylum to a person who qualifies as a

“refugee.” See Yu v. Ashcroft, 364 F.3d 700 (6th Cir. 2004). A refugee is one who “is unable or

unwilling to return to . . . [her home country] because of persecution or a well-founded fear of

persecution on account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group or

political opinion.” 8 U.S.C. §1101(a)(42)(A).

       To obtain asylum, an alien must show that she is a refugee entitled to a discretionary

grant of asylum. See Mikhailevitch v. INS, 146 F.3d 384, 389 (6th Cir. 1998). An asylum

applicant bears the burden of establishing that she qualifies as a refugee “either because he or she

has suffered past persecution or because he or she has a well-founded fear of future persecution.”

8 C.F.R. § 208.13(b).

       An alien may establish a well-founded fear of future persecution by showing:

       (1) he or she has a fear of persecution in his or her country on account of race,
       religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion;
       (2) there is a reasonable possibility of suffering such persecution if he or she were
       to return to that country; and (3) he or she is unable or unwilling to return to that
       country because of such fear. An applicant’s fear of persecution must be both
       subjectively genuine and objectively reasonable.

Mikhailevitch, 146 F.3d at 389.

       If the applicant establishes past persecution, she is entitled to a presumption of a well-

founded fear of future persecution. The burden then shifts to the INS to show by a preponderance


                                                 4
of the evidence that “there has been a fundamental change in circumstances such that the

applicant no longer has a well-founded fear of persecution in the applicant’s country . . . on

account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political

opinion.” 8 C.F.R. § 208.13(b)(1)(i)(A); see also Mikhailevitch, 146 F. 3d at 389; Abay v.

Ashcroft, 368 F.3d 634 (6th Cir. 2004).

                             C. Economic or Educational Persecution

       Chen claims that she has suffered and will continue to suffer economic persecution

because she was unable to pursue an education beyond sixth grade. She claims that the decision

of the Chinese authorities to bar her from continuing in school beyond the sixth grade resulted

from her parents’ violation of the Chinese family planning policies. She contends, further, that

excluding her from obtaining a basic education beyond sixth grade prevents her from gaining the

skills and training necessary to obtain all but the lowest level of employment.3 She asserts that

these consequences, which were foreseeable and lasting, are so severe that they must be deemed

to have resulted in life-long and substantial economic disadvantage.

       Chen argues that the petitioner’s circumstances in Berdo v. INS, 432 F.2d 824 (6th Cir.

1970), were comparable to her own. In that case, the petitioner, who had incurred a demotion,

reduction in pay, assignment of menial tasks, and denial of access to education, was found to

have suffered persecution.

       Though, perhaps, superficially similar, the circumstances in Berdo differ significantly

from those presented by the petitioner in this case. In Berdo the clear purpose of the actions


       3
         In other words, she is not saying, “I didn’t get an education, so let me in the United
States.” She is saying, rather, “I didn’t get an education because my parents violated Chinese
family planning policies and were fined/sterilized for doing so. So let me in the United States.”

                                                 5
taken against the petitioner was to compel him to become a member of the Communist party. As

the court pointed out:

       Berdo was subjected to a deliberate imposition of substantial economic
       disadvantage to bring about his affiliation with the Communist Party in Hungary;
       that he would be subjected to a deliberate imposition of substantial economic
       disadvantage as a defector, if he were deported; and that the uncontroverted
       expert testimony in the case shows that he would probably be subjected to
       imprisonment and, because of his killing of a Russian soldier in the Revolution of
       1956, would, in all probability face, a sentence of death.

Berdo, 432 F.2d at 847 (emphasis added).

       Thus, two factors in Berdo led to the decision to grant asylum. First, he had been

involved in the armed uprising against the Russians in 1956. Second, he was faced with the

distinct possibility, if not substantial probability or certainty, of imprisonment or death were he

not to be granted asylum. The extent and nature of the petitioner’s anti-government activities,

plus the severity of the consequences were he not granted asylum in Berdo distinguish that case

from this case.

       Chen also cites Borca v. INS, 77 F.3d 210 (7th Cir. 1996), in which the appellate court

determined that the petitioner was likely to suffer economic persecution. In Borca, the

petitioner’s employer, a hospital director, terminated her on account of her public opposition to

the Romanian government. The director told the petitioner, moreover, that she would be barred

from assuming any other form of government employment, except perhaps as a farm laborer.

Borca, 77 F.3d at 213.

       There are some superficial similarities between the petitioner’s situation in this case and

that of the petitioner in Borca: here, as in that case, the government’s decision to limit

educational opportunities will have continuing adverse economic consequences.


                                                  6
       Chen, however, has not specifically been barred from pursuing a career, nor have her

occupational prospects been curtailed directly. Despite the importance of an education, denial of

access to education is not ipso facto persecution.

       Unlike the petitioner in Borca, moreover, the petitioner here has neither encountered an

alteration in her employment nor been informed that all but the most menial of employment

opportunities will be available due to her clearly and publicly expressed political views. Chen’s

circumstances do not rise to a level equivalent to those in Borca.

       Finally, Chen cites Kovac v. INS, 407 F.2d 102 (9th Cir. 1969), in which the appellate

court determined that the petitioner may have suffered persecution when the Yugoslavian secret

police caused him to be terminated from several jobs. As a result, the petitioner in Kovac was

unable to work in the field for which he was trained. Id. at 104.

       As with the other cases cited by the petitioner in this case, her situation is distinguishable

from that of the petitioner in Kovac. Unlike the petitioner here, the petitioner in Kovac had

received specialized training and had a family to support. He had, moreover, been subjected to

repeated and overt police action directed and intended to curtail his employment opportunities

and economic circumstances.

       Although Kovac indicates that “deliberate imposition of substantial economic

disadvantage” may constitute economic persecution, id. at 107, the court limited the scope of

that statement:

       No doubt “persecution” is too strong a word to be satisfied by proof of the
       likelihood of minor disadvantage or trivial inconvenience. But there is nothing to
       indicate that Congress intended section 243(h) to encompass any less than the
       word “persecution” ordinarily conveys – the infliction of suffering or harm upon
       those who differ (in race, religion, or political opinion) in a way regarded as
       offensive.

                                                 7
Id.

       To the extent the denial of educational opportunities, without more, might be deemed to

be persecution, see Korniejew v. Ashcroft, 371 F.3d 377 (7th Cir. 2004); Bucur v. INS, 109 F.3d

399 (7th Cir. 1997), a distinction must be made between denial of education on the basis of

policies directed at a particular group and ad hoc discrimination randomly directed at a particular

individual. A government’s treatment of individuals due to their membership in a group against

whom the government’s policies are directed, such as the exclusion of Jewish students from

German universities under the Nurnberg Laws, constitutes persecution.

       The record in this case contains no basis for concluding that the Chinese government bars

all students whose parents have violated that country’s family planning laws from education

beyond the sixth grade. Indeed, there is nothing in the record to indicate that the petitioner’s

siblings have been denied education beyond that level.

       Thus, it is at least as possible, if not more likely, that the steps taken against the petitioner

resulted either from her parents’ criminal conviction of an economic crime against the state, or

the combination of their crime and violation of China’s family planning laws, as it is that the

government acted on the basis solely of the family planning violation.

       The Immigration Judge’s conclusion that the petitioner did not suffer persecution, despite

the denial to her of an education beyond the sixth grade is “supported by reasonable, substantial,

and probative evidence on the record considered as a whole.” INS v. Elias Zacarias, 502 U.S.

478, 481 (1992). Nothing in the record compels a contrary conclusion.



                                       III. CONCLUSION

                                                  8
For these reasons, we AFFIRM the judgment of the Board of Immigration Appeals.




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