               IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE

     OPTICAL AIR DATA SYSTEMS, LLC,                       )
                                                          )
                               Plaintiff,                 )
                                                          )    C.A. No.: N17C-05-619 EMD CCLD
                       v.                                 )
                                                          )
     L-3 COMMUNICATIONS                                   )
     CORPORATION, et al.,                                 )
                                                          )
                               Defendants.                )


    MEMORANDUM OPINION GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART L-3’S
                 MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT

                                            I.    BACKGROUND

        Plaintiff and Counterclaim Defendant Optical Air Data Systems, LLC (“OADS”)1 is a

technology-based small business that designs, engineers, and manufactures Light Detection and

Ranging (“LIDAR”) technology. Defendants and Counterclaim Plaintiffs’ L-3 Communications

Corporation, Display Systems Division, and L-3 Communications Avionics Systems, Inc.

(collectively “L-3”) wanted to purchase rights to OADS’ technology. OADS and L-3 Parties

engaged in due diligence. Subsequently, on March 31, 2016, L-3 and OADS entered into the

Agreements (as defined below). L-3 and OADS disagreed about whether another contract (the

“Gulfstream Agreement”)2 between OADS and Gulfstream Aerospace Corporation

(“Gulfstream”), and an impact, if any, on the Agreements. After some discussions with OADS,

L-3 sent a letter to OADS, terminating the Agreements due, in part, to the Gulfstream

Agreement.



1
  The Court has been defining Optical Air Data Systems, LLC as “Optical Air;” however, the parties have defined
Optical Air as “OADS.” The Court will, going forward, use OADS when referring to Optical Air Data Systems,
LLC.
2
  Def. Ex. 4.
       a. PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

       On May 26, 2017, OADS initiated this civil action by filing a complaint against L-3. On

March 13, 2018, OADS filed the First Amended Complaint (the “Amended Complaint”). In the

Amended Complaint, OADS asserts causes of action (the “Counts”) for: (i) breach of License

Agreement—wrongfully terminated the agreement (Count 1”); (ii) breach of License

Agreement—denying OADS of cure period (“Count 2”); (iii) breach of Services Agreement—

failure to make payments (‘Count 3”); (iv) breach of Services Agreement—wrongfully sent

termination letter (“Count 4”); (v) fraud in the inducement and misrepresentation (“Count 5”);

(vi) breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing (“Count 6”); (vii) breach of

License Agreement—filing of cancellation notice to PTO (“Count 7”); (viii) intentional

interference with prospective business opportunities—Gulfstream (“Count 8”); (ix) intentional

interference with prospective business opportunities—Airbus and Airbus Helicopter (Count 9”);

(x) conspiracy (“Count 10”); and (xi) defamation (“Count 11”). After briefing and argument on

a motion to dismiss filed by L-3, the Court dismissed Counts 8 and 9.

       On July 6, 2016, L-3 filed is answer to the Amended Complaint and asserted six

counterclaims (the “Counterclaims”). The Counterclaims are (i) Declaratory Relief Pursuant to

Superior Court Rule 13 (“Counterclaim 1”); (ii) Unjust Enrichment (“Counterclaim 2”); (iii)

Restatement (Second) of Torts § 552 (“Counterclaim 3”); Breach of Contract—Recessionary

Damages (“Counterclaim 4”); Breach of Contract—Benefit of the Bargain Damages

(“Counterclaim 5”); and Breach of the Implied Covenant of Good Faith and Fair Dealing

(“Counterclaim 6”). Counterclaim 1 seeks a declaration that the Agreements are not valid,

binding contracts due to OADS’s alleged fraud in the inducement. L-3 has plead Counterclaims




                                                 2
4, 5 and 6 in the alternative if the Court does not find that the Agreements were rescinded and/or

are void.

       On October 12, 2018, L-3 filed L-3’s Motion for Summary Judgment. In addition, L-3

filed its Opening Brief in Support of its Motion for Summary Judgment (collectively with the

motion, the “L-3 Motion”). The L-3 Motion seeks judgment in favor of L-3 on all of the Counts

and the Counterclaims. OADS filed its Optical Air Data Systems, LLC’s Answering Brief in

Opposition of L-3’s Motion for Summary Judgment (Volumes 1 and 2) (the “Opposition”) and

the Affidavit of Philip Rogers on November 12, 2018. On November 21, 2018, L-3 filed L-3’s

Reply Brief in Support of its Motion for Summary Judgment (the “Reply”). The Court held oral

arguments on the L-3 Motion, the Opposition and the Reply at a hearing held on December 17,

2018 (the “Hearing”).

       At the conclusion of the Hearing, the Court took the L-3 Motion under advisement. The

Court also informed the parties of some preliminary assessments as to the strengths of some of

the Counts and Counterclaims. Because the trial date for this civil action begins on January 28,

2019, the Court told the parties that a decision on the Motion may not be rendered prior to trial.

       On October 15, 2018, OADS filed Optical Air Data Systems, LLC’s Opening Brief in

Support of its Motion for Summary Judgment (the “OADS Motion”). OADS moved for

summary judgment on Counterclaim 3, arguing that the Court lacks subject matter jurisdiction

over a negligent misrepresentation claim. On November 15, 2018, L-3 filed L-3’s Answering

Brief in Opposition to Optical Air Data Systems, LLC’s Motion for Summary Judgment. On

November 21, 2018, OADS filed Optical Air Data Systems, LLC’s Reply Brief in Support of its

Motion for Summary Judgment. The Court heard oral argument on the OADS Motion at the

Hearing. After the Hearing, the Court took the OADS Motion under advisement. On January



                                                 3
14, 2019, the Court entered judgment against L-3 on Counterclaim 3 but stayed the judgment to

allow L-3 to transfer Counterclaim L-3 to the Delaware Court of Chancery.

         In order to assist the parties in trial preparation, the Court advised counsel in a telephone

conference held on January 18, 2019 that it had arrived at a preliminary decision on the L-3

Motion. The Court provided the preliminary decision in order to assist the parties in trial

preparation. For the reasons set out on January 18, 2019 telephone conference and set forth

below, the Court will (i) enter judgment in favor of L-3 on Courts 5 and 6, (ii) narrow Counts 10

and 11 to communications with one non-party entity; and (iii) find that genuine issues as to

material facts exist with respect to all remaining Counts and Counterclaims. Accordingly, the

Court will GRANT in part and DENY in part the L-3 Motion.

        b. GENERAL FACTUAL BACKGROUND

        On August 2, 2013, Gulfstream and OADS entered into the Gulfstream Agreement. The

Preamble to the Gulfstream Agreement provides:

        WHEREAS, Gulfstream desires to establish a business agreement with OADS for
        the design and development of Optical Air Data System or as “Product(s)” and as
        further defined in Section 2; to the extent the Product(s) consist of various
        components, components may be referred to as Product(s) as the context so
        requires….3

Section 1.1 of the Gulfstream Agreement further addresses its purpose, stating that “Gulfstream

and OADS entered into this Agreement which contemplates the evaluation of a new system for

potential use in an Aircraft.”4

        Section 14.0 of the Gulfstream Agreement sets out the various intellectual property rights

of the parties, and Section 14.2 specifically relates to intellectual property ownership.5 Under the



3
  Gulfstream Agreement at 1.
4
  Id. at Sec. 1.1.
5
  Id. at Secs. 14.0 and 14.2.

                                                  4
Gulfstream Agreement, OADS granted a non-exclusive, royalty-free, and worldwide license to

Gulfstream for some of its LIDAR intellectual property. 6

         Then, on December 23, 2013, UTC Aerospace Systems Company (“UTAS”) and OADS

entered into an agreement (the “UTAS Agreement”).7 According to OADS, the UTAS

Agreement is a paid due diligence contract, allowing UTAS to test an OADS prototype unit. The

UTAS Agreement provides, as background, that UTAS and OADS want to evaluate a long-term

venture, OADS requires additional funding for air data sensor systems technology, and UTAS is

interested in investing in such technology.8 The UTAS Agreement does not grant either party

licenses in the other party’s existing technology;9 however, any technology developed under the

UTAS Agreement would be jointly owned by OADS and UTAS.10 Through the UTAS

Agreement, UTAS was to provide up to $3,000,000 in funding and would receive royalties.11

         Finally, on March 31, 2016, OADS and L-3 entered into three agreements: a General

Terms of Agreement (the “GTA”); an Engineering Services Agreement (the “Services

Agreement”); and a product Development and Licensing Agreement (the “Licensing

Agreement”) (collectively the “Agreements”).12




6
  Id. at Sec. 14.3.2. Section 14.3.2 provides:
           [OADS] Program License. [OADS] hereby grants Gulfstream a non-exclusive, worldwide, royalty
           free license to use [OADS] Program IP, and [OADS] Background IP that is incorporated into
           Products, during the Program Duration for the Program Purposes. “Program Purposes” means the
           testing and evaluation of the Product, including their performance, features and functionally, as
           installed within the Gulfstream Aircraft, for purposes of determining whether to enter a commercial
           relationship with [OADS] for the purchase of the Products.
7
  Def. Ex. 2.
8
  UTAS Agreement at 1.
9
  Id. at Sec. 6.1.
10
   Id. at Sec. 6.2.1.
11
   Id. at Sec. 2.1 and 4.0.
12
   Countercl. ¶ 13; see also Countercl., Ex. 1 (the GTA); Countercl., Ex. 2 (the Services Agreement); Countercl., Ex.
3 (the Licensing Agreement).

                                                          5
           Under the Agreements, OADS granted to L-3 a worldwide, perpetual, irrevocable,

transferable, and exclusive license to much of OADS’s intellectual property related to LIDAR.13

OADS, however, did reserve some rights to the LIDAR intellectual property. Section 2.1.2 of

the License Agreement provides, in part, that:

           Without prejudice to the non-complete terms of this Agreement, [OADS]
           specifically and expressly reserves to itself the right to make, have made, import,
           and use Licensed Technology for research and development, test and evaluation,
           and prototyping of the Licensed Technology and any Modifications, subject to [L-
           3’s] rights in Section 2.2.1. Title to all Licensed Technology shall remain with
           [OADS].14

           L-3 conducted due diligence prior to signing any agreements. On November 12, 2016, L-

3 filed a “Notice of Exclusive License Agreement” with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office

(“USPTO”).

           On November 21, 2016, L-3 advised OADS that the License Agreement and Services

Agreement were rescinded and terminated based upon section 23.2 of the License Agreement.15

The letter also accused OADS of “material breaches and material misrepresentations.”16 OADS

and L-3 agree that the November 21, 2016 letter rescinded the Licensing Agreement.17 On

February 13, 2017, L-3 filed a “Notice of Cancellation and Release Regarding Exclusive License

Agreement” with the USPTO.


13
   Id. at Sec. 2.1.1.
14
   Id. at Sec. 2.1.2.
15
   Compl. ¶ 27; see also Countercl., Ex. 3 at 23.2:

           If either Party is in material breach of its obligations or warranties hereunder or has made any
           material misrepresentation in anticipation of this Agreement, and the other Party provides written
           notice to the breaching Party specifying the nature of such breach or misrepresentation, the
           breaching Party shall cure such breach within sixty (60) days after such written notice. If the
           breaching Party does not cure within the sixty (60) day period specified in this Section, the other
           Party may, at its discretion, (a) terminate this Agreement; and/or (b) terminate the licenses granted
           to the breaching Party under this Agreement by giving written notice of termination to the breaching
           Party. Debarment of a Party by the Government of the United States of America shall be considered
           a breach of this Agreement.
16
     Id.
17
     See Compl. ¶ 27; Countercl. ¶ 27.

                                                            6
                                      II.      STANDARD OF REVIEW

         The standard of review on a motion for summary judgment is well-settled. The Court’s

principal function when considering a motion for summary judgment is to examine the record to

determine whether genuine issues of material fact exist, “but not to decide such issues.”18

Summary judgment will be granted if, after viewing the record in a light most favorable to a

nonmoving party, no genuine issues of material fact exist and the moving party is entitled to

judgment as a matter of law.19 If, however, the record reveals that material facts are in dispute,

or if the factual record has not been developed thoroughly enough to allow the Court to apply the

law to the factual record, then summary judgment will not be granted.20 The moving party bears

the initial burden of demonstrating that the undisputed facts support his claims or defenses.21 If

the motion is properly supported, then the burden shifts to the non-moving party to demonstrate

that there are material issues of fact for the resolution by the ultimate fact-finder.22

         Where the parties have filed cross motions for summary judgment and have not argued

that there are genuine issues of material fact, “the Court shall deem the motions to be the

equivalent of a stipulation for decision on the merits based on the record submitted with the

motions.”23 Neither party’s motion will be granted unless no genuine issue of material fact exists

and one of the parties is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.24




18
   Merrill v. Crothall-American Inc., 606 A.2d 96, 99-100 (Del. 1992) (internal citations omitted); Oliver B.
Cannon& Sons, Inc. v. Dorr-Oliver, Inc., 312 A.2d 322, 325 (Del. Super. 1973).
19
   Id.
20
   Ebersole v. Lowengrub, 180 A.2d 467, 470 (Del. 1962); see also Cook v. City of Harrington, 1990 WL 35244 at
*3 (Del. Super. Feb. 22, 1990) (citing Ebersole, 180 A.2d at 467) (“Summary judgment will not be granted under
any circumstances when the record indicates . . . that it is desirable to inquire more thoroughly into the facts in order
to clarify the application of law to the circumstances.”).
21
   Moore v. Sizemore, 405 A.2d 679, 680 (Del. 1970) (citing Ebersole, 180 A.2d at 470).
22
   See Brzoska v. Olsen, 668 A.2d 1355, 1364 (Del. 1995).
23
   Super. Ct. Civ. R. 56(h).
24
   E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Co. v. Medtronic Vascular, Inc., 2013 WL 261415, at *10 (Del. Super. Jan. 18,
2013).

                                                            7
                                             III.    DISCUSSION

           a. BREACH OF CONTRACT CLAIMS AND COUNTERCLAIMS

           Under Delaware law, to prove a breach of contract claim, the plaintiff must show: (1) a

contractual obligation; (2) a breach of that obligation; and (3) resulting damages.25 A party

harmed by a breach of contract is entitled to compensation that will place that party in the same

position that the party would have been in if the other party had performed under the contract.26

           In the Complaint, OADS alleges: (i) L-3 breached the License Agreement because L-3

prematurely sent OADS a termination letter; (ii) L-3 breached the License Agreement because L-

3 did not allow OADS a cure period; (iii) L-3 breached the Services Agreement by accepting

work product without paying for the work product; (iv) L-3 breached the Services Agreement by

prematurely sending the termination letter; and (v) L-3 breached the License Agreement by

publishing an assignment and cancellation notice with the USPTO without the prior written

consent of OADS. L-3 asks for summary judgment on these claims—Counts 1, 2, 3, 4 and 7.

           L-3 claims that OADS breached representations and warranties in the agreements which

stated that L-3 had an exclusive and unencumbered right to LIDAR technology. L-3 breached the

agreements because it had previously granted Gulfstream and UTAS similar licenses. In

response, OADS argues that it did not breach the Agreements because Section 2.1.2 of the

License Agreement permits OADS to do the type of research and development with the licensed

intellectual property that it was doing with UTAS and Gulfstream. In addition, OADS alleges




25
     Interim Healthcare v. Spherion Corp., 884 A.2d 513, 548 (Del. Super. 2005).
26
     See E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Co. v. Pressman, 679 A.2d 436, 446 (Del. 1996).

                                                         8
that it did not breach the Agreements because L-3 did not give OADS an opportunity to cure any

alleged breaches.27

         “Courts in our State [Delaware] and beyond have recognized that contractual notice and

cure provisions cannot be ignored no matter how urgently parties may seek to do so when

prosecuting breach claims in litigation.”28 In Cornell Glasgow, LLC v. LaGrange Properties,

LLC,29 the Court found that the parties were subject to an unambiguous notice and cure provision

and so the parties’ failure to comply with the notice and cure provisions extinguished their

breach of contract claims. But, the Court found that the Court will excuse parties’ failure to

comply with notice and cure provisions where complying with the notice and cure provisions

would be futile. The Court cited In re Best Payphones, Inc.30 in establishing a two-part test for

determining whether a notice and cure provision was futile: (i) where “the defaulting party

expressly and unequivocally repudiates the contract,” or (ii) “where the actions of the defaulting

party have rendered future performance of the contract by the nondefaulting party impractical or

impossible.”31

         Neither party disputes that the notice and cure provisions in the agreements are

unambiguous. L-3 argues that providing an opportunity for OADS to cure its breach would have

been futile. Specifically, L-3 argues that OADS failed to pay a creditor for more than 90 days



27
   OADS alleges L-3 knew about the alleged breaches before signing the agreement. But, L-3 retorts that it does not
matter whether L-3 knew about the breach because a party has a right to rely on the truth of the representations and
warranties in a contract. See Akorn, Inc. v. Fresenius Kabi AG, 2018 WL 4719347 *77-81 (Del. Ch. Oct. 1, 2018).
   Also, the parties argue about whether a clause making the failure to pay a creditor for more than 90 days after a
breach of contract is valid and enforceable. L-3 finds that the clause is enforceable. See, e.g., Salamone v. Gorman,
106 A.3d 354, 370 (Del. 2014) (“when parties have ordered their affairs through a binding contract, Delaware law is
strongly inclined to respect their agreement, and will only interfere upon a strong showing that dishonoring the
contract is required to vindicate a public policy interest even stronger than freedom of contract.”).
28
   Cornell Glasgow, LLC v. LaGrange Properties, LLC, 2012 WL 6840625, at *13 (Del. Super. Dec. 7, 2012).
29
   Id.
30
   Best Payphones, Inc. v. Manhattan Telec. Corp. (In re Best Payphones, Inc.), 432 B.R. 46 (S.D.N.Y.2010).
31
   Id.

                                                          9
and so triggered the default provision of in the UTAS/OADS agreement. This default provision

grants UTAS an exclusive license to some of the LIDAR technology. So, L-3 claims that OADS

could not cure its defects because it had granted two parties exclusive licenses. Similarly, L-3

argues that OADS could not cure the breach caused by its grant of rights to Gulfstream because

OADS could not unilaterally terminate Gulfstream’s rights.

        As was developed at the Hearing, the Court believes that questions of fact remain as to

whether, given Section 2.1.2 of the Licensing Agreement, the Gulfstream Agreement—by its

terms and use—violated Section 2.1.1 of the Licensing Agreement. Moreover, the Opposition

provides a factual basis that OADS may have been able to cure defaults, if any, that related to the

UTAS Agreement.

        Given this, the Court will not grant summary judgment on claims and counterclaims that

relate to the Agreements—Counts 1, 2, 3, 4 and 7 or Counterclaims 2, 4, 5 and 6.

        Through Counterclaim 1, L-3 argues that it is entitled to a declaration that the

Agreements are void because of OADS’ fraud in the inducement. To plead a claim of fraud, L-3

must show (i) a false representation, usually one of fact . . .; (ii) OADS’s knowledge or belief

that the representation was false, or was made with reckless indifference to the truth; (iii) an

intent to induce L-3 to act or to refrain from acting; (iv) L-3’s action or inaction was taken in

justifiable reliance upon the representation; and (v) damage to L-3 as a result of such reliance.32

        The Court finds that there are genuine questions of material fact as to whether OADS

fraudulently induced L-3 to enter into the agreements. Specifically, there are questions of fact as

to whether OADS knew that its representations in the Agreements were false or whether OADS

genuinely believed that OADS’ agreements with L-3 did not conflict with the agreements with


32
  Hauspie v. Stonington Partners, Inc., 945 A.2d 584, 586 (Del. 2008) (quoting Gaffin v. Teledyne, Inc., 611 A.2d
467, 472 (Del.1992)).

                                                        10
Gulfstream and UTAS because the agreements with Gulfstream and UTAS were for research and

development. In essence, the resolution of the contract claims between L-3 and OADS will

resolve whether L-3 has a valid fraudulent inducement claim that voids the Agreements. As

such, the Court will deny summary judgment on this counterclaim.

           b. THE COURT WILL GRANT SUMMARY JUDGMENT ON COUNTS 5 AND 6.

           L-3 spends some time setting out the legal and factual arguments as to why L-3 is entitled

to summary judgment on Counts 5 and 6. In the Opposition, OADS makes a conclusory

argument that L-3 terminated the agreements early because of fraudulent inducement and that L-

3 breached the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing. OADS argues that, as a result of

this fraud and breach of the implied covenant, the Court should deny summary judgment on L-

3’s breach of contract claims. Most of OADS’s factual basis for its arguments are contained in

the footnotes and exhibits. As discussed at the January 18, 2019 telephone conference, the Court

believes that there is no genuine issue as to material facts and L-3 is entitled to judgment as a

matter of law on Counts 5 and 6.

                    1. Count 5—Fraudulent Inducement

           The following elements must be pleaded to state a claim for fraud: (i) a false

representation, usually of fact, made by the defendant; (ii) the defendant’s knowledge or belief

that the representation was false, or was made with reckless indifference to the truth; (iii) an

intent to induce the plaintiff to act or to refrain from acting; (iv) the plaintiff’s action or inaction

was taken in justifiable reliance upon the representation; and (v) damage to the plaintiff as a

result of such reliance.33




33
     Desert Equities, Inc. v. Morgan Stanley Leveraged Equity Fund, II, L.P., 624 A.2d 1199, 1208 (Del. 1993).

                                                          11
        Delaware courts have consistently held that to successfully plead a fraud claim, the

allegedly defrauded plaintiff must have sustained damages as a result of a defendant's action. 34

The damages allegations, however, may not simply rehash the damages allegedly caused by

breach of contract.35 Moreover, plaintiff cannot “bootstrap a claim of breach of contract into a

claim for fraud by alleging that a contracting party never intended to perform its obligations.”36

In other words, plaintiffs cannot adequately state a fraud claim merely by adding the term

“fraudulently induced” to a claim for breach of contract.37

        A plaintiff cannot rely on a misrepresentation made after the parties executed an

agreement for a fraudulent inducement claim. Fraudulent statements made after the execution of

an agreement “relate to the performance of the contract, not the inducement of the contractual

relationship.38 Statements made after the formation of the contract “are better addressed by

applicable contract law.”39 In fact, this Court has stated “[a] claim for fraudulent inducement

accrues when the fraudulent statements were made, which must be on or before the date when

the parties entered into the contract.”40

        During the January 18, 2019 telephone conference, the Court pointed out that the

representations relied upon by OADS were—except for one—representations made after L-3 and

OADS entered into the Agreement. OADS also claims that L-3 acted fraudulently because L-3

failed to renegotiate or “work out” its problems with OADS. First, this does not state a claim for




34
   Novipax Holdings LLC v. Sealed Air Corp., 2017 WL 5713307, at *14 (Del. Super. Nov. 28, 2017) (citing ITW
Glob. Invest. Inc., 2015 WL 3970908, at *5 (Del. Super. June 24, 2015)).
35
   Id.
36
   Novipax Hldg., 2017 WL 5713307, at *14 (quoting Narrowstep, Inc. v. Onstream Media Corp., 2010 WL
5422405, at *15 (Del. Ch. Dec. 22, 2010)).
37
   Novipax Hldg., 2017 WL 5713307, at *14.
38
   Abbot Labs. v. Owens, 2014 WL 8407613, at *8-9 (Del. Super. Sept. 15, 2014).
39
   Brasby v. Morris, 2007 WL 949485, at *7-8 (Del. Super. Mar. 29, 2007).
40
   Pivotal Payments Direct Corp. v. Planet Payment, Inc., 2015 WL 11120934, at *4 (Del. Super. Dec. 29, 2015).

                                                       12
fraud. Second, these are statements happening after the formation of the Agreements, so a claim

for fraudulent inducement is not available.

                 2. Count 6—Breach of Implied Covenant of Good Faith and Fair Dealing

        Every contract contains an implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing. The implied

covenant requires “‘a party in a contractual relationship to refrain from arbitrary or unreasonable

conduct which has the effect of preventing the other party to the contract from receiving the

fruits' of the bargain.”41 The implied covenant allows a court to infer contractual obligations

“that neither party anticipated.”42 A plaintiff must allege three elements to state a claim for

breach of the implied covenant: 1) “a specific obligation implied in the contract, [2] a breach of

that obligation, and [3] resulting damages.”43

        Courts will not infer that an obligation exists, which “contradicts a clear exercise of an

express contractual right.”44 Express contractual language is more persuasive than a party’s

actions implementing a contract.45 Courts will infer an obligation “when the express terms of the

contract indicate that the parties would have agreed to the obligation had they negotiated the

issue, [so] the plaintiff must advance provisions of the agreement that support this finding in

order to allege sufficiently a specific implied contractual obligation.”46

        Here, OADS argues that L-3 breached the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing

because L-3 did not attempt to renegotiate the Agreements after (1) L-3 concluded that OADS




41
   Dunlap v. State Farm Fire & Cas. Co., 878 A.2d 434, 442 (Del.2005) (quoting Wilgus v. Salt Pond Inv. Co., 498
A.2d 151, 159 (Del. Ch.1985)).
42
   CMS Inv. Holdings, LLC v. Castle, No. CV 9468-VCP, 2015 WL 3894021, at *15 (Del. Ch. June 23, 2015).
43
   Fortis Advisors LLC v. Dialog Semiconductor PLC, 2015 WL 401371, at *3 (Del. Ch. Jan. 30, 2015).
44
   Nemec v. Shrader, 991 A.2d 1120, 1127 (Del. 2010).
45
   Id. at 1126.
46
   Fitzgerald v. Cantor, 1998 WL 842316, at *1 (Del.Ch. Nov. 10, 1998) (footnote omitted).


                                                       13
had breached the Agreement and (2) L-3 executives determined that the Agreements were

preventing them from receiving management incentive bonuses.

        As challenged at the Hearing, OADS does not point to any specific language in the

agreements which suggests that the parties intended to renegotiate the agreements if one party

breached the agreements. So, there is no evidence that OADS or L-3 intended to impose an

obligation to renegotiate on the other party and OADS argument that L-3 breached the implied

covenant of good faith and fair dealing fails. OADS’ argument that L-3 executives terminated

the Agreements in order to earn larger bonuses is a breach of contract claim rather than a breach

of an implied obligation. So, OADS’ arguments of a breach of the covenant of good faith and

fair dealing fails.

        c. THE COURT WILL NOT GRANT SUMMARY JUDGMENT ON COUNTS 10 AND 11—
           CONSPIRACY AND DEFAMATION.

        Defamation consists of the “twin torts” of libel (written defamation) and slander (spoken

defamation).47 “Defamation is generally understood as ‘a false publication calculated to bring

one into disrepute.’”48 “In general, the scope of liability for slander is not as great as that for

libel, and the pleading requirements for slander are more strict.”49 To state a claim for

defamation, a plaintiff must plead: (1) a defamatory communication; (2) publication; (3)

reference to the plaintiff; (4) the third party's understanding of the communication's defamatory

character; and (5) injury.50 Usually, a plaintiff must plead special damages to bring a claim for

oral defamation. But, if a plaintiff brings a claim for slander per se, special damages are not




47
   Read v. Carpenter, 1995 WL 945544, at *2 (Del. Super. June 8, 1995).
48
   Naples v. New Castle County, 2015 WL 1478206, at *12 (Del. Super. Mar. 30, 2015), aff'd, 127 A.3d 399 (Del.
2015) (quoting Read, 1995 WL 945544, at *2).
49
   Spence v. Funk, 396 A.2d 967, 970 (1978).
50
   See Read, 1995 WL 945544, at *2.

                                                       14
required.51 The four types of slander per se are:1) malign one in a trade, business or profession;

2) impute a crime; 3) imply one has a loathsome disease; or 4) impute unchastity to a woman.52

         A publisher is not liable for defamation when the publisher’s statements are substantially

true.53 The Court must consider whether the “gist” or “sting” of the statement is true in order to

determine whether it is substantially true.54 A statement is substantially true if an average reader

would consider the precise truth to have the effect as the statement made by the defendant.55

         In the Amended Complaint, OADS claims that the following are defamatory:

         1. Statements in a phone call between a representative from OADS and the CEO of L-3;

         2. A representative of OADS, Mr. Hurley’s statements to others about OADS’
            intellectual property;

         3. L-3’s statement to Gulfstream that “OADS IP rights were generally clouded;”

         4. L-3’s statement to Airbus that there was a “cloud on OADS’s intellectual property
            portfolio;”

         5. The fact that L-3 did not mention the “use field” and the circumstance under which L-
            3 could terminate its license; and

         6. An email with a magazine article which quotes Phil Rogers, the CEO of OADS.

         First, L-3 claims that OADS cannot prove that OADS made defamatory statements. L-3

disputes that many of these statements were ever made. But, a reasonable person could find these

claims were made and that they are defamatory because they are untrue. Specifically, a

reasonable person could find that OADS had merely granted research and development




51
   Id..
52
   Id.
53
   Gannett Co. v. Re, 496 A.2d 553, 557 (Del. 1985) (“(“If the alleged libel was no more damaging to the plaintiff's
reputation in the mind of the average reader than a truthful statement would have been, then the statement is
substantially true.”).
54
   Id.
55
   Ramada Inns, Inc. v. Dow Jones & Co., 543 A.2d 313, 318 (Del. Super. 1988).


                                                         15
agreements to Gulfstream and UTAS and so had not granted conflicting IP rights to different

parties. So, there is a genuine issue as to a material fact.

         L-3 also claims that OADS did not suffer damages, because Gulfstream would have

terminated its agreement with OADS even if there were no cloud over OADS’ intellectual

property. Specifically, L-3 proffers testimony from Gulfstream that OADS’ technology did not

work well with its products and so was no longer useful. Also, L-3 argues that the fact that

OADS was able to form new agreements with customers such as Boeing after L-3’s alleged

statements suggests that L-3’s comments were not damaging.

         Despite an opportunity for discovery, the Opposition does not provide much factual detail

regarding OADS Defamation Count. At the Hearing, the Court narrowed the purported

defamatory statements to those statements made to the CEO of Gulfstream’s parent, General

Dynamics. As stated on the January 18, 2019 telephone conference, the Court will allow OADS

to proceed on Count 11 but only as to statements made to the CEO of Gulfstream’s parent,

General Dynamics. The Court needs to state, however, that defamation claims are fact intensive

and OADS needs to substantially develop the record in order to prevail.

         “Civil conspiracy is the combination of two or more persons or entities for an unlawful

purpose or for the accomplishment of a lawful purpose by unlawful means, resulting in

damages.”56 To plead a claim of civil conspiracy, a plaintiff must show: “(1) two or more

persons; (2) an object to be accomplished; (3) a meeting of the minds between or among such

persons relating to the object or a course of action; (4) one or more unlawful acts; and (5)

damages as a proximate result thereof.”57 To plead a conspiracy, the plaintiff must plead the



56
  Connolly v. Labowitz, 519 A.2d 138, 143 (Del. Super. 1986).
57
  See also Metropolitan Life Ins. Co. v. Tremont Grp. Hldgs., Inc., 2012 WL 6632681 at *19 (Del. Ch. Dec. 20,
2012) (stating that plaintiff must show ““(1) two or more persons; (2) an object to be accomplished; (3) a meeting of

                                                         16
object of the conspiracy, as well as when each conspirator joined the conspiracy.58 The plaintiff

must plead the underlying wrong. Civil conspiracy is not an independent cause of action in

Delaware and “must arise from some underlying wrong.”59

        “Judgment pursuant to Rule 56 is seldom allowed in conspiracy cases, however, because

the existence of a conspiracy is usually an issue of fact as well as a question of law.” This is

because “[c]onspiratorial agreements are rarely made out in the open, and proof of conscious

complicity may depend upon the careful marshalling of circumstantial evidence and the

opportunity to cross-examine hostile witnesses.”60

        L-3 notes that the conspiracy claim is to be read in conjunction with the defamation

claim. In the Amended Complaint, OADS alleges that Mr. Hurley and Mr. Ray, who are former

airline executives and are now part of a non-profit organization called the Conquistadors del

Cielo, conspired with L-3 to harm OADS. OADS hired Mr. Hurley and Mr. Ray to find buyers

or licensees for LIDAR. Now, OADS alleges that Mr. Hurley and Mr. Ray passed on defamatory

information about OADS to executives at General Dynamics, Gulfstream’s parent company, and

to employees at L-3. The L-3 employees then communicated to Airbus and OADS’ customers

and prospective customers that OADS had a “cloud” over its intellectual property. OADS also

alleges that L-3 conspired to file an overly broad and fraudulent assignment of license with the

USPTO right before terminating the License Agreement. As a result of these defamatory

statements, OADS alleges that Gulfstream discontinued its work with OADS and OADS lost

other contracts.




the minds between or among such persons relating to the object or a course of action; (4) one or more unlawful
acts; and (5) damages as a proximate result thereof.”).
58
   See Metropolitan Life Ins. Co. v. Tremont Grp. Hldgs., Inc., 2012 WL 6632681 at *19 (Del. Ch. Dec. 20, 2012).
59
   Rogers v. Bushey, 2018 WL 818374 at *7 (Del. Super. Feb. 7, 2018).
60
   Id.

                                                       17
        In L-3’s Motion, L-3 alleges that it did not engage in a conspiracy because Mr. Ray

testified that he did not ask L-3 to do anything to hurt OADS. In addition, Mr. Ray received a

five percent commission from OADS for finding new licensees so hurting OADS would not have

been in his best interest. Finally, L-3 alleges that the conspiracy claim fails because the

underlying defamation claim fails.

        A reasonable person could find that 1) Mr. Hurley, Mr. Ray and L-3 2) conspired to harm

OADS, 3) the conspirators had a meeting of the minds to act in concert, 4) to defame OADS, and

5) OADS suffered damages as a result of the defamation. As with the Defamation Count, OADS

will need to present much more evidence at trial to prove conspiracy.

D.      OTHER COUNTERCLAIMS

                                            IV.     CONCLUSION

        For the reasons set forth above, the Court will GRANT in part and DENY in part the L-3

Motion.61

        IT IS SO ORDERED.

January 23, 2019
Wilmington, Delaware

                                                            /s/ Eric M. Davis
                                                            Eric M. Davis, Judge

cc: File&ServeXpress




61
  Given the time constraints between the Hearing and the issuance of this Memorandum Opinion, the Court
concedes that some matters contained herein are unclear. To the extent anything in this Memorandum Opinion is
unclear, the Court will address what seems unclear with the parties on the first day of the trial.

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