          IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON


LARRY HOPPE, a single man,                 )      No. 781 08-1-I
                                           )
                      Appellant,           )
                                           )      DIVISION ONE
                      v.
                                           )
CEDAR POINTE OF SEATTLE             )             UNPUBLISHED OPINION
OWNERS ASSOCIATION, a               )
Washington non-profit corporation;  )
LOREN FORSBERG and JANE DOE )                     FILED: March 11, 2019
FORSBERG, husband and wife and the)
marital community composed thereof, )

                      Respondents.


       MANN, A.C.J.   —    Larry Hoppe non-judicially foreclosed on seven condominium

units and their appurtenances in the Cedar Pointe of Seattle condominium complex

after Mark Johnson, the developer of the complex, defaulted on a loan. Hoppe later

believed that certain parking spaces and storage areas were appurtenant to the units he

foreclosed upon and filed a quiet title action. The trial court concluded, on summary

judgment, that Hoppe did not have a valid claim to the parking spaces and storage

areas. The court also issued sanctions against Hoppe and his attorneys for filing a

frivolous and meritless lawsuit. Hoppe appeals. We affirm.
No. 78108-1-1/2



            Johnson formed Cedar Pointe of Seattle, LLC (Cedar Pointe LLC) to construct

the Cedar Pointe of Seattle condominium complex. The condominium complex consists

of 76 condominium units, 93 parking spots, and 55 storage areas. On March 5, 2007,

Johnson recorded the Declaration of Condominium for Cedar Pointe (Declaration). The

Declaration named Cedar Pointe LLC as the declarant.

        Article 7 of the Declaration describes Limited Common Elements.1 “The Limited

Common Elements allocated to each Unit are.                    .       .       (b) any parking space assigned to the

Unit pursuant to Article 8, and (c) any storage area assigned to the Unit pursuant to

Article 8.”2 “Parking spaces and storage areas.                        .       .   may be reallocated between Units

Owners only with the approval of the Board and by an amendment to the Declaration.”

        Article 8 provides:

        Parking spaces and storage areas         are or will be allocated to Units as
                                                   .   .   .


        Limited Common Elements in Schedule B or by amendment to Schedule
        B signed only by the Declarant. Until assigned to Units or designated as
        common parking by the Declarant, unassigned parking spaces designated
        as common parking are for common use.           Declarant’s right to assign
                                                                   .       .       .


        parking spaces and storage areas shall terminate on the earlier of the date
        on which Declarant relinquishes its Development Rights, or seven years
        after the date of recording the Declaration.

“Until all Units have been sold, the Declarant shall have the right to control the use of

any unassigned parking spaces and carports.”

        Article 10 reserved development and special declarant rights:3


        1 Limited Common Elements are defined by the Condominium Act as ‘a portion of the common
elements allocated by the declaration or by operation of [statute] for the exclusive use of one or more but
fewer than all of the units.” RCW 64.34.020(27).
        2 (Emphasis added.)
        ~ Development rights are defined by the Condominium Act as:
    any right or combination of rights reserved by a declarant in the declaration to: (a) Add real
    property or improvements to a condominium; (b) create units, common elements, or limited
    common elements within real property included or added to a condominium; (c) subdivide units
                                                       -2-
No. 78108-1-1/3

                Section 10.1 Development Rights. The Declarant reserves the
        following Development Rights: (a) the right to assign parking spaces or
        storage areas to Units as Limited Common Elements pursuant to Section
        8.1.

                Section 10.2 Special Declarant Rights. The Declarant reserves the
        following Special Declarant Rights so long as the Declarant owns a Unit:
        (a) to complete any improvements       (b) to maintain sales offices. (c)
                                                .   .   .                              .   .


        to use easements.

        To finance the project, Johnson took out a loan from a Washington Bank.

Separately, Johnson took out a private loan from Hoppe. Hoppe’s loan was secured by

a second position deed of trust on 21 condominium units within the Cedar Pointe of

Seattle condominium complex “together with all the tenements, hereditaments, and

appurtenances now of hereafter thereunto belonging or in any wise appertaining, and

the rents, issues, and profits thereof.”

        Johnson also borrowed $400,000 from Loren Forsberg. Johnson failed to repay

that loan and on May 29, 2012 Forsberg obtained a judgment against Johnson for

$422,000. That same day, Johnson and Forsberg executed a forbearance agreement,

whereby Forsberg would refrain from executing the judgment against Johnson in

exchange for, among other things, eleven parking spaces and thirteen storage units at

the Cedar Pointe of Seattle condominium complex. The parking spaces were spaces:

1, 2, 5, 38, 63, 64, 65, 69, 70, 71, and 74. The storage areas were units: A, C, E, F, C,

H, J, K, M, 4, 11, 29, and 30 (collectively, parking spaces and storage areas). It is these

specific parking spaces and storage areas that are the subject of this dispute.




   or convert units into common elements; (d) withdraw real property from a condominium; or (e)
   reallocate limited common elements with respect to units that have not been conveyed by the
   declarant.
RCW 64.34.020(18).
                                                    -3-
No. 78108-1-114

              On June 29, 2012, after Johnson defaulted on the Hoppe loan, Hoppe non

judicially foreclosed on seven units.4 Hoppe purchased all seven units at the

foreclosure sale and recorded the deed. Soon after the foreclosure sale, Hoppe

conveyed his seven units to Cassidy Property Investments, LLC (Cassidy LLC). Hoppe

is the sole owner of Cassidy LLC.

         Prior to the foreclosure sale, Cedar Pointe LLC had not assigned any storage

areas to the units Hoppe purchased. Cedar Pointe LLC had assigned parking spaces

47, 67, 72, 73, 76, 90, and 92 to the units Hoppe purchased. It is undisputed that these

seven assigned parking spaces were appurtenant to the units Hoppe purchased, and

therefore Cassidy LLC retains the exclusive use thereof. However none of the parking

spaces and storage areas that are the subject of this dispute were ever assigned to the

units Hoppe purchased. Regardless, Hoppe later came to believe that he was the

rightful owner of the parking spaces and storage areas, which Forsberg was using

pursuant to the forbearance agreement.

         On August 22, 2017, Hoppe filed a quiet title action against Forsberg and the

Condominium Association. After a period of discovery, both Forsberg and Hoppe

moved for summary judgment. The trial court granted Forsberg’s motion. The court

also awarded Forsberg his attorney fees as a sanction against Hoppe and his attorneys,

pursuant to CR 11 and RCW 4.84.185. The court explained that Hoppe “and his

counsel brought this action without any evidence that the [parking spaces and storage

areas] were ever assigned or allocated to the 7 Units [Hoppe] foreclosed upon.”

        Due to a total lack of evidence that the 11 parking and 13 storage spaces
        were ever assigned or allocated to the 7 Units [Hoppe] foreclosed upon

        ~‘   Due to unrelated dealings between the parties, when the foreclosure took place Hoppe’s
security interest remained on only seven of the original twenty-one units.
                                                     -4-
No. 78108-1-1/5

         •   .leads this Court to the inescapable conclusion that this action is totally
         devoid of merit and frivolous. It was also not well grounded in law and
         fact.   . Under these circumstances [Hoppe] and his counsel have
                     •


         engaged in bad faith litigation and should be sanctioned. Because
         attorney fees are awarded under RCW 4.84.185 and CR Ii, there is no
         additional attorney fee award.

         Hoppe unsuccessfully moved for reconsideration. The trial court then issued

supplemental findings of fact, including that RCW 64.34.455 further supported an award

of attorney fees to Forsberg.

                                                        II.

                                                       A.

         Hoppe argues first that because Johnson’s right to the parking spaces and

storage areas was part of his ownership rights, which Hoppe foreclosed upon, the

exclusive right to use the parking spaces and storage areas was appurtenant to the

units that he acquired.5 We disagree.

        We review a summary judgment order de novo and engage in the same inquiry

as the trial court. Troxell v. Rainier Pub. Sch. Dist. No. 307, 154 Wn.2d 345, 350, 111

P.3d 1173 (2005); King v. Rice, 146 Wn. App. 662, 668, 191 P.3d 946 (2008).

Summary judgment is appropriate if, when viewing the facts in the light most favorable

to the nonmoving party, “there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and the

moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Scrivener v. Clark College, 181

Wn.2d 439, 444, 334 P.3d 541 (2014). “By filing cross motions for summary judgment,




          ~ Hoppe also argues that Forsberg’s claim to the parking spaces and storage areas is void. But
because a “plaintiff in an action to quiet title must prevail, if he prevails at all, on the strength of his own
title, and not on the weaknesses of the title of his adversary,” City of Centralia v. Miller, 31 Wn.2d 417,
422, 197 P.2d 244 (1948), the validity of Forsberg’s title is irrelevant and we decline to review Forsberg’s
claim to the parking spaces and storage areas.
                                                      -5-
No. 78108-1-1/6


the parties concede there were no material issues of fact.” Pleasant v. Recience

BlueShield, 181 Wn. App. 252, 261, 325 P.3d 237 (2014).

       We review a condominium declaration as a mixed question of law and fact. Lake

v. Woodcreek Homeowners Ass’n, 169 Wn.2d 516, 526, 243 P.3d 1283 (2010). “The

factual issue is the declarant’s intent, which we discern from the face of the declaration.

The declaration’s legal consequences are questions of law, which we review de novo.”

Lake, 169 Wn.2d at 526 (internal citation removed). When interpreting a declaration,

the same principles apply as when interpreting a deed. Lake, 169 Wn.2d at 531. “We

determine the intent of the parties from the language of the [declaration] as a whole.”

Newport Yacht Basin Ass’n of Condominium Owners v. Supreme Northwest, Inc., 168

Wn. App. 56, 64, 277 P.3d 18(2012). ‘In the construction of a [declaration], a court

must give meaning to every word if reasonably possible.” Newport, 168 Wn. App. at 64.

                                            B.

       The Declaration establishes three types of property within the condominium:

units, common elements, and limited common elements. Units are defined as “a

physical portion of the Condominium designated for separate ownership.” Common

elements are ‘all portions of the Condominium other than Units.” And limited common

elements are “a portion of the Common Elements allocated in Article 7 for the exclusive

use of one Unit.” Every unit owner has the right to use the common elements in

common with all other owners, but only has the exclusive right to use the limited

common elements that are specifically allocated to that owner’s unit. The Declaration

does not specifically provide any entity with an ownership interest in either common or

limited common elements. Instead, common elements may only be encumbered if a


                                            -6-
No. 78108-1-1/7

certain percent of all unit owners approve, which indicates that all owners own the

common elements jointly.

       Hoppe asserts that his deed of trust, which included all of Johnson’s ownership

interests, necessarily included an ownership interest in the parking and storage spaces.

But Hoppe disregards the fact that Johnson never had an ownership interest in the

parking and storage areas. Because no unit owner is afforded an ownership interest in

common elements until the common element is assigned as a limited common element

to a unit, Johnson’s interest in the unassigned spaces was limited to his declarant’s

rights. Therefore, for Hoppe to have a valid interest in the parking spaces and storage

areas, he must be able to show that the parking spaces and storage areas were

previously assigned to the units he foreclosed upon. Because he cannot show the

assignment ever occurred, we agree with the trial court that Hoppe’s claim to the

parking spaces and storage areas is meritless.

                                            Ill.

                                            A.

       Hoppe argues that the trial court erred when it sanctioned him. We disagree.

We review sanctions under an abuse of discretion standard. Wash. State Physicians

Ins. Exchange & Ass’n v. Fisons Corp., 122 Wn.2d 299, 338, 858 P.2d 1054 (1993). “A

trial court abuses its discretion when its order is manifestly unreasonable or based on

untenable grounds.” Wash. State Physicians Ins. Exchange & Ass’n, 122 Wn.2d at 339.

“The sanction rules are designed to confer wide latitude and discretion upon the trial

judge to determine what sanctions are proper in a given case.” Wash. State. Physicians

Ins. Exchange & Ass’n, 122 Wn.2d at 339 (internal citation removed).


                                           -7-
No. 78108-1-1/8

        CR 11(a) provides, in relevant part:

       The signature of a party or of an attorney [on a filing] constitutes a
       certificate by the party or attorney that. to the best of the party’s or
                                                          .   .


       attorney’s knowledge, information, and belief, formed after an inquiry
       reasonable under the circumstances:
               (1) it is well grounded in fact;
               (2) is warranted by exiting law or a good faith argument for the
               extension, modification, or reversal of existing law or the
               establishment of new law;

       If a pleading, motion, or legal memorandum is signed in violation of this
       rule, the court. may impose
                        .   .           .  an appropriate sanction
                                            .   .                      .including
                                                                           .   .


       a reasonable attorney fee.

       CR 11 is intended to “deter baseless filings and to curb abuses of the judicial

system.” Bryantv. Joserh Tree, Inc., 119 Wn.2d 210, 219, 829 P.2d 1099 (1992).

       First, the filing “must lack a factual or legal basis before it can become the proper

subject of CR 11 sanctions.” Bryant, 119 Wn.2d at 220. Second, even “[i]f a [filing]

lacks a factual or legal basis, the court cannot impose CR 11 sanctions unless it also

finds that the attorney who signed [the filing] failed to conduct a reasonable inquiry into

the factual and legal basis of the claim.” Bryant, 119 Wn.2d at 220. The court should

“avoid using the wisdom of hindsight and should test the signer’s conduct by inquiring

what was reasonable to believe at the time the [filing] was submitted.” Bryant, 119

Wn.2d at 220.

       The trial court did not abuse its discretion in sanctioning Hoppe pursuant to CR

11. Hoppe based his entire claim on the fact that parking spaces and storage areas

were appurtenant to the seven units he purchased. But the Declaration indicates that

the only way for this to be true was if the parking spaces and storage areas were ever

assigned to the units. Without proof of such an assignment, Hoppe’s claim lacked a

factual basis.
                                                    -8-
No. 78108-1-119

         Further, Hoppe and his attorneys failed to conduct a reasonable inquiry into the

factual and legal basis of this claim. “The reasonableness of an attorney’s inquiry is

evaluated by an objective standard[,}” where the court determines “whether a

reasonable attorney in the like circumstances could believe his or her actions to be

factually and legally justified.” Bryant, 119 Wn.2d at 220.

         Forsberg’s attorneys explained the factual inaccuracies of Hoppe’s allegations to

Hoppe and his attorneys. In pre-suit discussions, after describing how the Declaration

allows the declarant to assign spaces to individual units, Forsberg’s attorney continued:

         There were 8 parking spaces assigned to those 7 units your client
         purchased from the [declarant]. I am unaware of any document that
         granted your client any right to use any other parking or storage spaces
         that were assigned and transferred to my client from the [declarant]. If I
         am mistaken, please forward me those documents, such as an
         assignment or bill of sale.

To this, Hoppe’s attorney responded that “it is plain that the alleged transfers of the

parking and storage spaces associated with Mr. Hoppe’s units to Mr. Forsberg are void

ab initio as those transfers were not recorded.” But neither Hoppe nor his attorney ever

explained how the parking spaces and storage areas came to be “associated with Mr.

Hoppe’s Units” in the first place. Instead, they were fixated on the argument that

Forsberg’s claim was void, rather than being concerned with the validity of Hoppe’s own

claim.

         Without any evidence that the parking spaces and storage areas were assigned

to Hoppe’s units—and therefore without properly investigating whether such an

assignment had occurred—Hoppe and his attorneys filed suit. The trial court

determined that this was a failure to reasonably investigate the factual basis of the

claim:

                                              -9-
No. 78108-1-1110

        This issue should have been resolved by conducting a reasonable review
        of the [Declaration] prior to filing the lawsuit. Such a reasonable inquiry,
        measured by an objective standard, should have revealed to a reasonable
        party or attorney that the rights to control the use of and assign
        unassigned parking and storage spaces were not appurtenances to any
        one or more of the 7 Units [Hoppe foreclosed upon].

This conclusion was not manifestly unreasonable or based on untenable grounds, and

therefore was not an abuse of the trial court’s discretion.

                                                  B.

        Additionally, Hoppe argues that the trial court erred in sanctioning him under

RCW4.84.185. ROW 4.84.185 provides that “the court having jurisdiction may, upon

written findings by the judge that the action     .    .   .   was frivolous and advanced without

reasonable cause, require the nonprevailing party to pay the prevailing party the

reasonable expenses, including fees of attorneys, incurred in opposing such action.” “A

lawsuit is frivolous when it cannot be supported by any rational argument on the law or

facts.” Stiles v. Kearney, 168 Wn. App. 250, 260, 277 P.3d 9 (2012).

        Hoppe’s argument that the parking spaces and storage areas were appurtenant

to his units required proof that the declarant assigned the parking spaces and storage

areas to the units. Without proof of such an assignment, Hoppe’s entire claim was

meritless. Moreover, the case law is well established that a plaintiff seeking to quite title

must succeed on the strength of his own title and not on the weakness of his adversary.

City of Centralia, 31 Wn.2d at 422. Therefore, the trial court did not abuse its discretion

in finding that sanctions were also warranted under RCW 4.84.185.6




        6 Because we affirm the trial court’s imposition of sanctions pursuant to CR 11 and RCW

64.34.455, we need not address whether sanctions were also warranted pursuant to RPC 3.3(a)(3).

                                                -10-
No. 78108-1-I/li

                                                          C.
         The trial court also determined that Forsberg was entitled to attorney fees

pursuant to RCW 64.34.455. RCW 64.34.455 provides that if someone “fails to comply

with any provisions        .   .   .   of the [condominium] declaration or bylaws, any

person   .   .   .adversely affected by the failure to comply has a claim for appropriate relief.

The court, in an appropriate case, may award reasonable attorney’s fees to the

prevailing party.”

         Hoppe argues that the trial court erred in concluding that he failed to comply with

the Declaration. But in making his claim that the parking spaces and storage areas

were appurtenant to his units, Hoppe ignored the plain language of the Declaration.

Further, Forsberg was adversely affected by this failure in having to expend time and

resources to defend against Hoppe’s frivolous suit. Therefore, the trial court did not

abuse its discretion in concluding that Forsberg is entitled to his attorney fees pursuant

to RCW 64.34.455.

                                                         IV.
       Hoppe next argues that the trial court erred in awarding Forsberg $35,285.80 for

his attorney fees and costs.

                                                         A.

       Hoppe first argues that if his complaint was truly frivolous then Forsberg was

required to file a motion to dismiss, thus any fees awarded other than for a motion to

dismiss was in error. Hoppe cites to Bicjcis v. Vail, 124 Wn.2d 193, 198, 876 P.2d 448

(1994) for the proposition that “Rule 11 sanctions must be brought as soon as possible

to avoid waste and delay.” Biqqs does not stand for this proposition.


                                                        —11—
No. 78108-1-1/12

       In Bigcis, the Supreme Court noted that “[n]ormally, such late entry of a CR 11

motion would be impermissible, since without prompt notice regarding a potential

violation of the rule, the offending party is given no opportunity to mitigate the sanction.”

Biqqs, 124 Wn.2d at 198. The Court then determined that Biggs’s case was different

because Biggs was provided with notice that sanctions were contemplated. “Although

the better practice is to inform counsel specifically of the nature of his or her misconduct

and the possibility of CR 11 sanctions, we find that notice in general that sanctions are

contemplated is sufficient for the later imposition of CR 11 sanctions.” Bicicis, 124

Wn.2d at 199.

       Similarly, here, Hoppe was provided with notice before he filed suit that his

concerns were unsupported and that if he filed suit Forsberg would seek attorney fees

against him. Forsberg’s attorney wrote to Hoppe: “Any attempt by your client [(Hoppe)]

to file a lawsuit against my client [(Forsberg)] will be met with stiff resistance, and he will

seek fees against both your client and the attorney who signs their name on the

complaint.” Therefore, just as in Bigqs, Hoppe was on notice before he filed suit that his

claim was meritless and that Forsberg would seek sanctions against him.

       Further, Hoppe made this argument below, to which the trial court responded: “In

order to properly decide this issue, this Court required evidence outside of the

Complaint. A dismissal motion under CR 12(b) was, therefore, not available. The issue

had to be resolved by summary judgment motion        .   .   [which Forsberg requested] just

weeks after the Complaint was filed.” Hoppe filed his complaint on August 22, 2017.

Forsberg moved for summary judgment a mere four months later on December 22,




                                             -12-
No. 78108-1-1113

2017. Therefore, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in awarding Forsberg

attorney fees on work done beyond just a motion to dismiss.

                                                     B.

       Second, Hoppe argues that CR 11 sanctions must be directly attributable to the

sanctionable filings, so Forsberg can only recover fees spent in responding to those

filings that the court expressly held to be sanctionable. But in making this argument,

Hoppe disregards the fact that the trial court found sanctions and fees were warranted

on numerous grounds. The trial court also determined that fees were warranted

pursuant to RCW 4.84.185 and RCW 64.34.455. So, even if Hoppe is correct, the court

was still able award Forsberg sanctions and fees under either RCW 4.84.185 or RCW

64.34.455.

                                                     C.

       Finally, Hoppe argues that the court erred in awarding fees for duplicative and

unnecessary work. “The amount of a fee award is discretionary, and will be overturned

only for manifest abuse.” Boeing Corp. v. Sierracin Corp., 108 Wn.2d 38, 65, 738 P.2d

665 (1987). “[C]ourts should be guided   .   .   .   by the lodestar method   .   .   .   [which] affords

trial courts a clear and simple formula for deciding the reasonableness of attorney fees.”

Mahlerv. Szucs, 135 Wn.2d 398, 434, 957 P.2d 632 (1998).

      The trial court did not manifestly abuse its discretion. First, the court determined

how much time each of Forsberg’s attorneys reasonably spent on the case and what

each attorney’s reasonable hourly rate was. Then, the court reduced the amount

requested for time spent on unsuccessful or unnecessary work. The court reduced “the

total fee award against the attorneys for CR 11 violations for the time Defendant


                                                 -13-
No. 78108-1-1/14

Forsberg spent on the Stipulation and Agreed Protective Order.” This was not a

manifest abuse of discretion.

                                                    V.

       Forsberg requests an award of his attorney fees on appeal. RAP 18.1 allows us

to award a party their fees on appeal if “applicable law grants to a party the right to

recover reasonable fees or expenses.” RCW 64.34.455 allows a court to award the

prevailing party their reasonable attorney fees in an appropriate case if a party “fails to

comply with any provision   .   .   .   of the [condominium] declaration or bylaws.” Because

Hoppe’s entire case, and therefore also his appeal, was based on his misreading of the

plain language of the declaration—which has been pointed out to Hoppe numerous

times—Hoppe failed to comply with the provisions of the declaration. Therefore, we

award Forsberg, the prevailing party, his reasonable fees on appeal. To not do so

would only incentivize future appeals of frivolous suits and dilute sanctions already

awarded.

      We affirm.



                                                                    ,___~d~   ~

WE CONCUR:




               0.
               /




                                                   -14-
