                     RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                         Pursuant to Sixth Circuit I.O.P. 32.1(b)
                                File Name: 13a0212p.06

              UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                            FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                              _________________


                                                X
                          Plaintiff-Appellee, -
 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
                                                 -
                                                 -
                                                 -
                                                     No. 12-3273
          v.
                                                 ,
                                                  >
                                                 -
                        Defendant-Appellant. -
 ROBIN DEAN RILEY, JR.,
                                                N
                  Appeal from the United States District Court
                 for the Northern District of Ohio at Cleveland.
               No. 1:97-cr-89-1—David D. Dowd, District Judge.
                               Argued: March 5, 2013
                        Decided and Filed: August 9, 2013
             Before: BOGGS, MOORE, and SUTTON, Circuit Judges.

                                _________________

                                    COUNSEL
ARGUED: Jeffrey B. Lazarus, FEDERAL PUBLIC DEFENDER’S OFFICE,
Cleveland, Ohio, for Appellant. Phillip J. Tripi, U.S. ATTORNEY’S OFFICE,
Cleveland, Ohio, for Appellee. ON BRIEF: Jeffrey B. Lazarus, FEDERAL PUBLIC
DEFENDER’S OFFICE, Cleveland, Ohio, for Appellant. Phillip J. Tripi, U.S.
ATTORNEY’S OFFICE, Cleveland, Ohio, for Appellee.

                                _________________

                                     OPINION
                                _________________

       BOGGS, Circuit Judge. In 1997, appellant Robin Riley pled guilty to possession,
with intent to distribute, of 53.17 grams of crack cocaine, in violation of 21 U.S.C.
§§ 841(a)(1) and (b)(1)(A), and was sentenced to 262 months of imprisonment and ten
years of supervised release. Following the Fair Sentencing Act of 2010 and the
corresponding crack-cocaine guideline amendments implemented by U.S.S.G.


                                          1
No. 12-3273         United States v. Riley                                            Page 2


Amendment 750, Riley moved for a sentence reduction under 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2).
The district court denied Riley’s motion, and Riley now appeals. For the reasons that
follow, we affirm the district court’s order.

                                             I

        Riley pled guilty to possession, with intent to distribute, of 53.17 grams of crack
cocaine, in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1) and (b)(1)(A). At the time of Riley’s
sentencing in 1997, the statutory maximum penalty for this crime was life imprisonment,
see 21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(A) (1997), though the statutory maximum has since been
reduced by the Fair Sentencing Act of 2010 to 40 years of imprisonment, see 21 U.S.C.
§ 841(b)(1)(B) (2012). Had Riley not been a career offender, the district court would
have used the drug-quantity table in U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1 to determine the base offense
level for Riley’s violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841, which, at the time of Riley’s sentencing,
was 32, see U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(c) (1996), but which, after the 2011 changes made by
U.S.S.G. Amendment 750, is now set at 26, see U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(c) (2012). However,
because Riley was sentenced as a career offender, he was subject to U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1,
which states that “if the offense level for a career offender from the table in this
subsection is greater than the offense level otherwise applicable, the offense level from
the table in this subsection shall apply.” The table in § 4B1.1 indicates that if the offense
of conviction has a statutory maximum penalty of life imprisonment, the career
offender’s offense level should be set at 37.

        As mentioned above, Riley’s crime of conviction carried a statutory maximum
penalty of life imprisonment at the time of his sentencing. His plea agreement therefore
stated that “[b]ased on the foregoing stipulated facts and the following guideline
provisions, the parties agree to recommend to the Court that the defendant’s ‘base
offense level’ for Count 1 is ‘37’ [§4B1.1(A)].” Riley Plea Agreement at 4 (bracketed
material in original). In addition, the plea agreement allowed Riley to reserve “the right
at the time of sentencing to challenge his status as a career offender,” though it did not
provide for an alternative sentence in the event that Riley’s challenge was successful.
Ibid. The plea agreement referenced no sentencing guideline other than § 4B1.1.
No. 12-3273        United States v. Riley                                           Page 3


       At sentencing, Riley’s challenge to his career-offender status was unsuccessful,
and the district judge, after reducing Riley’s base offense level by three for acceptance
of responsibility, in accordance with the government’s recommendation in the plea
agreement, assigned Riley a base offense level of 34 and a criminal history category of
VI. Accordingly, Riley’s guideline range was set at 262 to 327 months of imprisonment.
The district judge, after expressing disdain for what he felt to be the “excessive” length
of Riley’s sentence, sentenced him to 262 months of imprisonment, the low end of the
guideline range.

       Following the 2011 crack-cocaine guideline amendments, see U.S.S.G. Amend.
750, the United States Probation Department assessed Riley’s eligibility for a sentence
reduction and concluded that he was not eligible. After reviewing this recommendation,
the district court agreed that Riley was not eligible for a reduction but allowed Riley the
opportunity to challenge the Probation Department’s findings. In response, Riley filed
a brief seeking to have his sentence reduced to 120 months of imprisonment, which
would allow for his immediate release. The district court denied Riley’s motion for a
sentence reduction, holding that Riley’s “prior determined status as a career offender
precludes application of Amendment 750 to his previous sentence of 262 months.”
Riley now appeals.

                                            II

       Normally, this court reviews a district court’s denial of a motion to modify a
sentence under 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2) for abuse of discretion. See United States v.
Moore, 582 F.3d 641, 644 (6th Cir. 2009). Where a district court concludes that it lacks
the authority under 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2) to reduce a defendant’s sentence, however,
such a conclusion is a question of law that this court reviews de novo. See United States
v. Curry, 606 F.3d 323, 327 (6th Cir. 2010). Because the district court in the instant case
clearly indicated that it “would [have] re-sentence[d] the defendant to a sentence of 120
months” but that it could not do so because “defendant’s prior determined status as a
career offender precludes application of Amendment 750 to his previous sentence of 262
No. 12-3273        United States v. Riley                                         Page 4


months,” the latter standard of review is implicated, and we review the district court’s
conclusion de novo.

                                            III

       Under 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2), a defendant is eligible for a sentence reduction if:
(1) the defendant “has been sentenced to a term of imprisonment based on a sentencing
range that has subsequently been lowered by the Sentencing Commission”; and (2) such
reduction is “consistent with applicable policy statements issued by the Sentencing
Commission.” We have clarified that to satisfy the second requirement, “a guidelines
amendment must ‘have the effect of lowering the defendant’s applicable guideline
range.’” United States v. Hameed, 614 F.3d 259, 269 (6th Cir. 2010) (quoting U.S.S.G.
§ 1B1.10(a)(2)(B)); see also United States v. Pembrook, 609 F.3d 381, 383 (6th Cir.
2010). The primary issue in the instant appeal, however, is whether Riley has satisfied
the first element of the sentence-reduction test, i.e., whether his original sentence was
“based on” a sentencing range that has subsequently been lowered. Riley argues that his
sentence was based, at least in part, on the guideline range prescribed by U.S.S.G.
§ 2D1.1, the crack-cocaine guideline that was altered in 2011 by Amendment 750, while
the government contends that his sentence was based solely on the guideline range in
U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1, the career-offender guideline that remains unaltered.

       In United States v. Perdue, 572 F.3d 288 (6th Cir. 2009), this court dealt with a
prisoner who, like Riley, was sentenced as a career-offender under § 4B1.1. The
defendant argued that Amendment 706, a 2007 retroactive amendment that lowered the
base offense levels in § 2D1.1 for most crack-cocaine offenses, made him eligible for
a sentence reduction. In response, we held that “a district court may not grant a motion
for a reduction in sentence premised upon Amendment 706 if the defendant seeking the
reduction was originally sentenced as a career offender.” Id. at 292. We reached this
conclusion by noting that the defendant’s “sentence was based on the guideline ranges
applicable to career offenders under § 4B1.1” and that “[t]he alternative base offense
level under § 2D1.1 ultimately did not affect the calculation of the sentencing range
under the career offender classification, § 4B1.1.” Id. at 292–93; see also United States
No. 12-3273            United States v. Riley                                                       Page 5


v. Sheldon Williams, 607 F.3d 1123, 1125–26 (6th Cir. 2010) (holding, in the context of
an Amendment 706 sentence-reduction proceeding, that the § 4B1.1 sentence of a
career-offender defendant was not “based on a sentencing range that has subsequently
been lowered by the Sentencing Commission” (quoting 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2))). In so
holding, Perdue also noted that many of our sister circuits explicitly agreed with our
view that a career offender’s sentence was based on a guideline range prescribed by
§ 4B1.1 and not on the subsequently amended ranges in § 2D1.1. See Perdue, 572 F.3d
at 292 (collecting cases).

         We recently reaffirmed the logic of Perdue, as applied to Amendment 750, in
United States v. Tillman, 511 F. App’x 519, 521 (6th Cir. 2013), holding that “[a]lthough
Amendment 750 is retroactive, it cannot benefit [a defendant whose] sentence was
derived from his status as a career offender, rather than from the quantity of drugs for
which he was held responsible[,] . . . because that amendment did not lower the career
offender sentencing guidelines range.” In short, Amendment 750 altered only the
§ 2D1.1 guideline ranges, but the sentences of career offenders under § 4B.1.1 are not
based on the § 2D1.1 ranges.1

         Riley argues that the Supreme Court’s decision in United States v. Freeman, 131
S. Ct. 2685 (2011), redefined the term “based on” and ascribed to it a much broader
meaning than this circuit’s earlier holdings. In Freeman, the Supreme Court analyzed
whether a sentence agreed on in a binding Rule 11(c)(1)(C) plea agreement was properly
considered as based only on the plea agreement itself or also as based on a sentencing-
guideline range that was referenced in the agreement. A four-justice plurality of the
court held that “§ 3582(c)(2) modification proceedings should be available to permit the
district court to revisit a prior sentence to whatever extent the sentencing range in



         1
            While it is true that a district court must first calculate a defendant’s § 2D1.1 guideline range
to determine that the alternative range in § 4B1.1 is greater and therefore applicable, we have consistently
held that such a preliminary calculation does not make a final sentence “based on” the § 2D1.1 guidelines
for sentence-reduction purposes. See Hameed, 614 F.3d at 262 (holding that “a district judge’s mere
calculation of the sentencing range under § 2D1.1 does not render a defendant’s sentence ‘based on’ the
crack guidelines range if that range is subsequently trumped by another provision of the guidelines”); see
also United States v. Bryan Williams, 512 F. App’x 594, 599 (6th Cir. 2013) (a post-Freeman case citing
Hameed for the same proposition).
No. 12-3273        United States v. Riley                                           Page 6


question was a relevant part of the analytic framework the judge used to determine the
sentence or to approve the agreement.” Id. at 2692–93. In other words, the plurality
would consider a sentence “based on” a specific guideline range if that guideline range
played some part in the sentencing analysis, and it would allow a sentence reduction to
the extent that such reduction “isolate[d] whatever marginal effect the since-rejected
Guideline had on the defendant’s sentence.” Id. at 2692.

       The controlling rule from the Freeman opinion, however, is not that of the four-
justice plurality, as Riley claims, but the narrower concurring opinion of Justice
Sotomayor. See United States v. Smith, 658 F.3d 608, 611 (6th Cir. 2011) (“Justice
Sotomayor’s opinion is the narrowest ground for the Court’s decision and thus represents
the Court’s holding in Freeman.”); see also Freeman, 131 S. Ct. at 2704 (Roberts, C.J.,
dissenting) (acknowledging that Justice Sotomayor’s concurrence would be applicable
moving forward). See generally Marks v. United States, 430 U.S. 188, 193 (1977)
(“When a fragmented Court decides a case and no single rationale explaining the result
enjoys the assent of five Justices, the holding of the Court may be viewed as that position
taken by those Members who concurred in the judgments on the narrowest grounds .
. . .” (alteration in original) (internal quotation marks omitted)). In her concurring
opinion, Justice Sotomayor held that “the term of imprisonment imposed pursuant to [an
11(c)(1)(C)] agreement is, for purposes of § 3582(c)(2), ‘based on’ the agreement itself”
unless “a (C) agreement expressly uses a Guidelines sentencing range to establish the
term of imprisonment, and that range is subsequently lowered by the Commission.”
Freeman, 131 S. Ct. at 2696–98 (Sotomayor, J., concurring). She specifically noted that
“the mere fact that the parties to [an 11(c)(1)(C)] agreement may have considered the
Guidelines in the course of their negotiations does not empower the court under
§ 3582(c)(2) to reduce the term of imprisonment they ultimately agreed upon.” Id. at
2697 (emphasis added).

       Freeman is instructive in this case, though not in the way Riley suggests.
Freeman, which specifically dealt with the definition of “based on” in the plea-
agreement context, indicates that five justices can agree, at most, that a defendant’s
No. 12-3273        United States v. Riley                                             Page 7


sentence is “based on” a guideline range only when that guideline range is explicitly
referenced in a plea agreement and expressly relied upon to determine a defendant’s
sentence. In Riley’s case, however, his plea agreement nowhere references U.S.S.G.
§ 2D1.1. The relevant portion of the plea agreement states:

       Defendant understands the Government’s position that he is punishable
       as a career offender pursuant to U.S.S.G. Section 4B1.1 as a result of
       those pleas of guilty as set forth herein. However, the Defendant
       reserves the right at the time of sentencing to challenge his status a [sic]
       career offender.
       Based on the foregoing stipulated facts and the following guideline
       provisions, the parties agree to recommend to the Court that the
       defendant’s “base offense level” for Count 1 is “37” [§4B1.1(A)].
       ...
       [T]he Government will agree to recommend to the court that the
       defendant’s base level offense be reduced by three (3) levels for
       acceptance of responsibility, resulting in an adjusted base level offense
       [sic] of “34”.
       ...
       The defendant understands that the defendant’s criminal history will be
       determined by the Court after an investigation by the Federal Probation
       Department, but recognizes that in the [sic] all cases where the defendant
       is sentenced as a career offender pursuant to U.S.S.G. §4B1.1 that [sic]
       the criminal history in every such case is “VI”.
       ...
       Based upon the provisions of [the preceding paragraphs], the parties
       agree that the offense level is 34, criminal history VI and the appropriate
       sentence is 262 months.

Riley Plea Agreement at 4–6. Clearly, Riley’s plea agreement does not “expressly use
[§ 2D1.1] to establish the term of imprisonment” and thus is not “based on” § 2D1.1
under the definition put forward by Justice Sotomayor in Freeman. Freeman, 131 S. Ct.
at 2698 (Sotomayor, J., concurring). Because Amendment 750 only altered the guideline
ranges in § 2D1.1, but left those in § 4B1.1 unaltered, Riley’s inability to establish that
his claim was “based on” § 2D1.1 is fatal to his sentence-reduction appeal.

       In addition, Riley’s reliance on this circuit’s decision in United States v. Jackson,
678 F.3d 442 (6th Cir. 2012), is equally misplaced. In that case, the defendant qualified
as a career offender; thus his guideline range was 188 to 235 months of imprisonment.
No. 12-3273         United States v. Riley                                            Page 8


Id. at 443. The district court delayed Jackson’s sentencing in anticipation of the Fair
Sentencing Act’s passage but eventually determined that it could wait no longer and
sentenced Jackson under the pre-Amendment 750 guidelines. Ibid. Noting its extreme
displeasure with the disparity between sentences for crack- versus powder-cocaine
offenses, however, the district court varied downward to a 150-month sentence, a term
that was within the § 2D1.1 guideline range that would have applied had Jackson not
been a career offender. Ibid. On direct appeal, this court held that Jackson’s sentence
was based on his § 2D1.1 crack-cocaine guideline range, stating that “[i]f a sentencing
judge, having found a defendant to be a career offender, then decides to sentence
defendant below the range for career offenders and notes his policy disagreement with
the crack cocaine guidelines, . . . the sentence was as much ‘based on’ the crack cocaine
guidelines as the career offender guidelines.” Id. at 445. In particular, the panel felt that
“[b]ecause the issue was raised on direct appeal and Amendment 750 was made
retroactive during the pendency of the appeal,” Jackson’s particular case required
“remand . . . to the district court to allow it in the first instance to consider whether, in
the exercise of its discretion, the revised and retroactive crack cocaine guidelines should
be considered in determining Jackson’s sentence.” Ibid.

        Riley’s case is clearly distinguishable. Most importantly, Riley’s case does not
come to us in the unusual procedural posture of Jackson’s—a direct appeal in the
immediate wake of the Fair Sentencing Act after a district judge explicitly delayed
sentencing in hopes of the Act’s imminent passage. While this court found remand
appropriate in the unique setting where “Amendment 750 was made retroactive during
the pendency of [Jackson’s direct] appeal,” ibid., to employ the same tactic in a
proceeding for the reduction of a sentence imposed over 15 years ago would not only rip
Jackson from its contextual moorings, but would also conflict with our pre- and post-
Jackson case law indicating that career offenders are not eligible for sentence reduction
under Amendment 750 and similar amendments. See, e.g., Tillman, 511 F. App’x at
521; Sheldon Williams, 607 F.3d at 1125–26; Perdue, 572 F.3d at 292–93.
No. 12-3273       United States v. Riley                                       Page 9


                                           IV

       Finally, having determined that Riley’s sentence was not “based on” § 2D1.1 and
thus that he is not eligible for a sentence reduction under 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2), we
need not determine whether, as Riley asserts, the FSA applies retroactively during
sentence-reduction proceedings, in contrast to re-sentencing proceedings.

                                           V

       For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the district court’s order denying Riley’s
motion for a sentence reduction.
