J-A08029-19


NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

    IN RE: B.W., A MINOR                       :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                               :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                               :
    APPEAL OF: S.L.A., BIOLOGICAL              :
    MOTHER                                     :
                                               :
                                               :
                                               :
                                               :   No. 1527 WDA 2018

              Appeal from the Order Entered September 27, 2018
     In the Court of Common Pleas of Allegheny County Juvenile Division at
                         No(s): CP-DP-0002379-2011


BEFORE: PANELLA, P.J., STABILE, J., and McLAUGHLIN, J.

MEMORANDUM BY McLAUGHLIN, J.:                         FILED JANUARY 06, 2020

       S.L.A. (“Mother”) appeals from the order finding B.W. (“Child”)

incompetent to give legal direction to counsel and denying a request for the

appointment of separate counsel to represent Child’s legal interests during

dependency proceedings. We conclude that the trial court did not abuse its

discretion when it found Child incompetent to give legal direction and therefore

found no conflict that required the appointment of legal counsel.

       In July 2015, the trial court adjudicated Child (born October 2010)

dependent. In the first two and a half years that Child was dependent, B.W.,

Sr. (“Father”)1 made minimal progress toward completion of his permanency

goals and Mother made minimal or moderate progress toward completion of

her goals. By March 2018, Mother had made progress toward some of her
____________________________________________


1Father did not appeal the trial court’s order and has not participated in this
appeal.
J-A08029-19



goals, as she had obtained housing and was compliant with a methadone

treatment program. The court granted Mother unsupervised visits, including

overnight visits.

       In September 2018, the parties and their counsel appeared for a

hearing. Child’s guardian ad litem (“GAL”) informed the court that there might

be a “divergence of interest” between Child’s wishes and the GAL’s

recommendation. She requested that the court remove her from the case and

appoint separate legal counsel for Child and his sister A.W. (collectively,

“Children”), or leave her as the GAL but appoint separate legal counsel.2

Counsel for Mother agreed that there was a divergence, and requested that

the GAL be removed and that the court appoint a separate GAL and legal

counsel for Children. The Allegheny County Office of Children, Youth and

Families (“CYF”) objected, arguing that Child was not competent. The trial

court conducted an in camera interview of Child, with the parties’ counsel

present. Child testified, among other things, that he did not know why he was

not living with Mother, did not know whether anything had changed since he

had lived with Mother, and did not know whether anything was different about

Mother:

          THE COURT: Just have a seat, I’m going to come down and
          talk to you.

____________________________________________


2 The GAL initially informed the court that Child’s legal interest diverged from
the GAL’s recommended best interest and requested the appointment of
separate counsel, but, on appeal, the GAL argues that the trial court did not
err in declining to appoint separate counsel.

                                           -2-
J-A08029-19


       [Child], where are you staying right now, are you with your
       mom?

       [Child]: No.

       THE COURT: Where are you?

       [Child]: I’m with my aunt.

       THE COURT: What’s your aunt’s name?

       [Child]: I forget her name.

       THE COURT: You don’t know her name, what do you call
       her?

       [Child]: Aunt [B.]

       THE COURT: Aunt [B.] So her name is [B.]

       [Child]: Um-hum.

       THE COURT: Okay. And what’s her last name, do you know?

       [Child]: Huh-uh.

       THE COURT: You don’t know her last name. What grade are
       you in?

       [Child]: Second.

       THE COURT: And what’s your favorite subject right now? I
       know you’ve only been in school for a couple weeks though,
       right. What’s your favorite subject?

       [Child]: Math.

       THE COURT: Math, all right. Are you good at it?

       [Child]: Um-hum.

       THE COURT: And what school do you go to?

       [Child]: Spring Hill.

       THE COURT: Spring Hill Elementary.

       [Child]: Um-hum.

       THE COURT: What do you like to do there?


                                     -3-
J-A08029-19


       [Child]: Like learn.

       THE COURT: Do you like to learn, do you guys get to have
       gym or anything?

       [Child]: Um-hum.

       THE COURT: What’s your favorite thing to do at [gym]?

       [Child]: Exercise.

       THE COURT: Exercise. And who is your best friend?

       [Child]: (Inaudible), he been in like in [sic] my class for
       three years.

       THE COURT: Three years, so you have known him since like
       kindergarten?

       [Child]: Um-hum.

       THE COURT: Or before kindergarten or kindergarten.

       [Child]: Um-hum.

       THE COURT: How often do you get to see your mom?

       [Child]: I only see her on the weekends.

       THE COURT: Do you go visit her or does she come visit you?

       [Child]: Sometimes we go visit her, sometimes she comes
       to us.

       THE COURT: And now you’re an uncle?

       [Child]: Um-hum.

       THE COURT: What’s the baby’s name?

       [Child]: [B.]

       THE COURT: What do you do with [B.], anything?

       [Child]: Play with her.

       THE COURT: Do you play with her, all right. Does she like
       you?

       [Child]: Um-hum.


                                  -4-
J-A08029-19


       THE COURT: How do you know?

       [Child]: Because she always touches me on my face.

       THE COURT: Does she touch your face? She wants to touch
       you, that’s nice. How old is she?

       [Child]: Seven months.

       THE COURT: Seven months old. Wow, she is big for seven
       months.

       So I have a question for you. Do you want to stay with your
       aunt or do you want to go somewhere else?

       [Child]: I want to go with my mom.

       THE COURT: You want to go with your mom. Do you think
       your mom’s ready for you? Okay. Do you know why you’re
       not with your mom now? You don’t know why, okay. And
       have you spent any nights with your mom or anything?

       [Child]: Only on the weekends.

       THE COURT: On the weekend, you spend all weekend with
       her?

       [Child]: Um-hum.

       THE COURT: What’s that like, what do you guys do?

       [Child]: We like watch movies, have popcorn.

       THE COURT: Okay. Does your mom work anywhere?

       [Child]: Um-hum.

       THE COURT: Where does she work?

       [Child]: She works on a truck.

       THE COURT: She works on a truck?

       [Child]: Um-hum.

       THE COURT: What does she do on the truck? Does she drive
       the truck or does she –

       [Child]: While the boss drives the truck she makes the
       doughnuts.


                                  -5-
J-A08029-19


        THE COURT: She makes the doughnuts?

        [Child]: Um-hum.

        THE COURT: They sell doughnuts from the truck?

        [Child]: Um-hum.

        THE COURT: Do you get to eat doughnuts, do you like
        doughnuts?

        [Child]: Um-hum.

        THE COURT: What’s your favorite doughnut?

        [Child]: The black and yellow jimmies.

        THE COURT: Black and yellow. I like it. Are they long ones
        or are they round?

        [Child]: They are just round.

        THE COURT: Round, okay. Do they have anything inside of
        them? They have chocolate on top?

        [Child]: Bottom.

        THE COURT: On the bottom. All right, that sounds good. I
        like doughnuts too.

        What do you think has changed between you not living with
        your mom and you living with your mom, what do you think
        the difference is?

        [Child]: I don’t know.

        THE COURT: What do you think the difference about her is?

        [Child]: I don’t know.

        THE COURT: You don’t know, okay. All right.

        All right, [Child], I will see you in a couple weeks, okay.

        [Child]: Okay.

        THE COURT: All right, you can go back outside.

N.T., 9/26/18, at 7-12.


                                     -6-
J-A08029-19



The trial court found Child not competent to direct counsel and denied the

request to appoint separate counsel.

      Mother filed an appeal from the court’s order finding that Child was not

competent to provide legal direction and denying the request for the

appointment of counsel. She raises the following issue: “Can a trial court deny

a child their right to unconflicted representation of their legal interest in a

dependency proceeding by declaring the child lacks competence to direct his

legal counsel?” Mother’s Br. at 6.

      The order finding Child incompetent to provide legal direction is

appealable as a collateral order. See In re J’K.M., 191 A.3d 907, 908 n.1

(Pa.Super. 2018) (finding order denying motion for appointment of separate

GAL to represent children in dependency proceedings appealable as collateral

order under Pennsylvania Rule of Appellate Procedure 313(b)).

      Mother argues the trial court “conflated the issues of the unconflicted

representation of a party’s legal interests” with evidentiary standards for

competency of a witness. Mother’s Br. at 11. She argues that a conflict exists

any time a Child expresses a preferred outcome that differs from the outcome

recommended by the GAL. She argues that Child clearly expressed his

preferred outcome was to return to Mother, and the court erred in finding he

was not competent and in not appointing counsel.

      We review a trial court’s decision in dependency cases for an abuse of

discretion. J’K.M., 191 A.3d at 910 (citing In Interest of J.P., 178 A.3d 861,

864 (Pa.Super. 2018)). We must “accept the findings of fact and credibility

                                     -7-
J-A08029-19



determinations of the trial court if they are supported by the record.” Id.

However, we are not required to “accept the [trial] court’s inferences or

conclusions of law.” Id. (citing In Interest of J.P., 178 A.3d at 864).

      A dependency court must appoint a GAL, who is an attorney. J’K.M.,

191 A.3d at 913. This GAL may “represent both a child’s legal and best

interests.” Id. Under “Section 6311(b)(7), the GAL’s duties in representing a

child’s best interests include making recommendations to the court regarding

a child’s placement needs.” Id. In contrast, “under Section 6311(b)(9), the

GAL is to represent a child’s legal interests by determining ‘to the fullest extent

possible,’ a child's wishes, if those wishes are ascertainable.” Id. (quoting 42

Pa.C.S.A. § 6311(b)(9)). The child’s age and mental and emotional condition

should be considered when determining whether a child’s wishes are

ascertainable. Id. (citing 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 6311(b)(9)). Further, there may be

a conflict of interest for the GAL where there is a divergence “between the

child’s wishes under 42 Pa.C.S. § 6311(b)(9), and the GAL’s recommendations

under 42 Pa.C.S. § 6311(b)(7).” Id. at 914.

      In In re J’K.M., this Court found that the trial court erred when it denied

a mother’s motion for a separate GAL for a child for dependency proceedings.

191 A.3d at 915. There, the GAL believed it would be in the child’s best interest

to be removed from Mother’s care due to health concerns for the child. The

child, who was 16 and presumed competent, testified that she wished to

remain with Mother, rather than be removed, and said that she believed the

system had failed her. She explained that in foster care she had been raped,

                                       -8-
J-A08029-19



had been depressed, had stopped eating, and her grades had fallen. Id. at

914. Based on the child’s testimony, we concluded that the child’s wishes

“were clearly ascertainable.” Id. at 915.We determined that there was a

“divergence of opinions between [the child’s] legal interests and best

interests” and this divergence created a conflict of interest, thereby requiring

the appointment of a separate GAL. Id.

      Here, unlike in J’K.M., Child, who was seven years old, was unable to

articulate why he preferred to return to Mother. He testified that he wished to

live with Mother, but did not know why he had been removed, or what had

changed since his removal. After conducting an in camera interview with Child,

the court found that:

         [Child] [was] not sure why he was removed from the home,
         he doesn’t know the circumstances that made him removed
         from the home, why he is not with his mother right now and
         he also doesn’t know whether . . . there has been any
         change in mom, what [it] would [take] for him to be safe,
         to ascertain his ability to do anything in terms of going back
         home with his mother. He is not able to make a competent
         decision . . . as to [whether] it would be a good idea for him
         to go home and what the safety issues would be pertaining
         to that.

         Obviously any little boy wants to go home with his mom just
         about. So the court is going to find him incompetent in terms
         of that.

N.T., 9/26/18, at 13. The trial court concluded Child was not “competent to

give legal direction to his Attorney, as he is unable to ascertain the facts at

issue in these proceedings.” Continuance Order, filed Sept. 26, 2018. In its

opinion issued pursuant to Pennsylvania Rule of Appellate Procedure 1925(a),


                                     -9-
J-A08029-19



the trial court further explained that Child was a “very low functioning 7-year-

old, who was unable to answer basic questions about his own life

circumstances.” Trial Court Opinion, filed Nov. 26, 2018, at 6. The court

concluded that:

         Although [Child] stated . . . that he wanted to “go home” to
         his mother, this court based its opinion on the examination
         of the witness . . . and the facts of the record; thereby
         reaching a conclusion that the child’s age and
         mental/emotional condition were inadequate, as he does not
         know the circumstances surrounding his removal from the
         home and whether . . . there has been any change in his
         mother’s behaviors which would thereby make it safe for
         him to return home. It is this [c]ourt’s experience nearly
         every child wants to reunify or return to their parents
         despite the issues giving rise to dependency. It is clear[,]
         however, through his responses to the [c]ourt’s questions,
         that he is not aware of [M]other’s addiction and mental
         health, whether the environment provided by [M]other
         would be safe or why he is before the [c]ourt in the first
         place.

Id. at 8 (footnotes omitted; emphasis in original).

      Under the particular facts of this case, we conclude that the trial court

did not abuse its discretion. We are bound by the trial court’s credibility

determinations and factual findings, which are supported by the record. Child

was unable to articulate any reason for his preferred outcome, and did not

exhibit an understanding of the events that necessitated his placement. Child’s

statement that he wanted to live with Mother is insufficient, in the context of

this case, to require us to reverse the trial court’s decision not to appoint

separate legal counsel. The transcript of the judge’s interview with Child

confirms Child did not know basic information about his circumstances or how


                                     - 10 -
J-A08029-19



he came to be living with his aunt. He was unaware of the concerns for his

safety that existed at the time of placement and that continued to exist.

Further, the trial court observed Child during the interview, including Child’s

demeanor and the length of time it took Child to respond to the court’s

questions.

       The dissent notes that Child was “unable to answer only a few of the

court’s inquiries.” Dissent at 8. It, however, fails to note that Child repeatedly

answered “um-hum” to questions, and that the trial court, not this Court,

observed Child’s mannerisms and facial expression while responding. Further,

the unanswered questions were the most important questions, as they

addressed Child’s safety—what has changed since Child was removed from

Mother’s care and what is different about Mother since Child was removed.

N.T., 9/26/18, at 12.3 We also note that, contrary to the dissent’s assertion,

we are not addressing the weight to be afforded a Child’s preference. Rather,

we are addressing whether Child was capable of directing legal counsel.

____________________________________________


3 The dissent also cites two cases: Commonwealth v. Delbridge, 855 A.2d
27, 40 (Pa. 2003), and Commonwealth v. Ware, 329 A.2d 258, 267 (Pa.
1974). Both cases are inapplicable. In Delbridge, the Pennsylvania Supreme
Court concluded that whether a child witness’s memory has been tainted so
as to render the witness incompetent to testify was a question to be addressed
at a competency hearing. 329 A.2d at 40. In Ware, the Court concluded that
“testimonial competency requires mental capacity to perceive the event with
a substantial degree of accuracy,” and requires “minimum mental capacity at
the time of the events testified to.” 329 A.2d at 268-69. It further concluded
that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in finding that three adults who
were inmates of a state mental health hospital were competent to testify
regarding statements made by the appellant. Id. at 269-272. Testimonial
competency is not the issue here.

                                          - 11 -
J-A08029-19



       Because Child could not articulate any reason for his preferred outcome,

and because we defer to the trial court’s factual findings and credibility

determinations, we conclude the court did not err in denying the request for

appointment of a separate counsel. See In the Int. of L.Q., 2019 WL

3546181,      at   *3   (Pa.Super.      filed   Aug.   5,   2019)   (non-precedential

memorandum) (concluding trial court did not abuse discretion in denying

mother’s request for appointment of separate counsel of child where GAL

informed court that child wanted to return to mother, but, after speaking with

child, court concluded six-year-old child was unable to formulate opinion as to

preferred outcome).4 Here, Child’s legal interests could not be ascertained due

to his age and his mental and emotional condition and therefore no conflict

could exist. See In re T.S., 192 A.3d 1080, 1090 (Pa. 2018) (finding, in

proceeding involving termination of parental rights, that where child’s

preference is unascertainable, there is no conflict between attorney’s duty to

advance a subjective preference and attorney’s obligation to advocate for

child’s best interests).

       Order affirmed.

President Judge Panella joins the Memorandum.

Judge Stabile files a Dissenting Memorandum.




____________________________________________


4We may cite unpublished non-precedential memorandum decisions of the
Superior Court filed after May 1 2019, for their persuasive value. Pa.R.A.P.
126(b).

                                          - 12 -
J-A08029-19


Judgment Entered.




Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary



Date: 1/6/2020




                          - 13 -
