          Supreme Court of Florida
                                 _____________

                                 No. SC11-1076
                                 _____________


                                TERRY SMITH,
                                  Appellant,

                                        vs.

                             STATE OF FLORIDA,
                                  Appellee.

                                [January 16, 2014]


PER CURIAM.

      This case is before the Court on appeal from Terry Smith’s first-degree

murder convictions and sentences of death for the killings of Berthum Gibson and

Keenethia Keenan, and his first-degree murder conviction and life sentence for the

killing of Desmond Robinson. We have jurisdiction. See art. V, § 3(b)(1), Fla.

Const. For the reasons that follow, we affirm the convictions and sentences.

                               I. BACKGROUND

      While looking for narcotics on June 5, 2007, Terry Smith, then age nineteen,

called an acquaintance, Breon Williams. Williams, a street level drug dealer,

informed Smith that he was going to purchase some drugs and invited Smith to
join him. Smith took Williams up on his offer. In the late evening of June 5,

Williams picked Smith up from the home of Smith’s mother. From there they rode

on Williams’ motorized scooter to a house in Jacksonville, Florida, where

Desmond Robinson and Berthum Gibson sold drugs.

      Williams had previously purchased drugs from Desmond Robinson at that

location. On previous occasions, Williams had entered through the back door of

the home, which was locked and contained a sheet of Plexiglas on its interior.

When Williams and Smith arrived at the house, they pulled into the driveway,

parked Williams’ scooter, and walked up to the back door. Williams knocked on

the door, and Robinson let them in.

      After Williams and Smith entered the kitchen, Robinson locked the door and

left the key in it. When they entered, Gibson and Keenethia Keenan were sitting at

a table in the kitchen and dining room area of the home. Williams walked to the

kitchen counter, which was located near the door, and began to count his money to

determine how much cocaine he could purchase. While Williams was counting his

money, he heard Smith say “[g]ive it up,” followed by gunshots. Williams turned

to run out of the residence, which required turning the key that was already in the

door to unlock it. Before exiting, Williams saw Smith shoot Robinson multiple

times. Williams was in such a hurry to leave the house that he left approximately

$400 on the kitchen counter and his scooter in the driveway.



                                        -2-
      The State then presented circumstantial evidence that instead of escaping out

the back door after killing Robinson, Smith stepped over Robinson’s body and

proceeded into the hallway, where he shot in the direction of Gibson and Keenan.

Gibson and Keenan each died from a single gunshot wound that was attributed to

Smith’s ten millimeter handgun. Keenan’s body was found unarmed in the back of

the southeast bedroom, where she died within seconds of the gunshot piercing her

heart. When police arrived, they found Gibson, who was still alive despite a

gunshot wound to his abdomen. He was leaning against the bed in the same

bedroom with a rifle in his hands. Paramedics transported Gibson to the hospital,

where he died due to internal injuries from the gunshot wound. Police found shell

casings from the gun used by Smith in the kitchen and dining room area as well as

in the living room area of the home. They also found shell casings from the rifle

used by Gibson in the southeast bedroom and the hallway leading up to the

bedroom.

      After shooting Gibson and Keenan, Smith ran out the back door of the

house, touching the Plexiglas portion of the door on his way out. When police

arrived, they found Williams’ money on the kitchen counter and drugs on the

dining room table. After exiting the crime scene, Smith called Ullysses Johnson to

pick him up from the area. At the time, Johnson was at home playing video games

with his brother Raylan Johnson and Jonathan Peterson. The three then picked



                                       -3-
Smith up near the crime scene. In the car, Smith told them that he had shot three

people.

      After arriving at the Johnsons’ home, Ullysses Johnson and Peterson went

inside, while Smith and Raylan Johnson remained outside. Smith gave his gun to

Raylan Johnson, who buried it in the yard and then sold it a few days later to

Walter Dumas. They also burned Smith’s clothes in a bin that was in the yard.

      The jury found Smith guilty of first-degree murder for the deaths of

Robinson, Gibson, and Keenan. The jury found Smith guilty of first-degree

murder under both the felony murder and premeditated theories in the deaths of

Gibson and Keenan, and guilty under only the felony murder theory in the death of

Robinson. The jury also found Smith guilty of attempted armed robbery.

      The jury recommended a life sentence in the first-degree murder of

Robinson. The jury recommended sentences of death by a vote of eight to four for

the first-degree murder of Gibson and by a vote of ten to two for the first-degree

murder of Keenan.

      The trial court held a hearing pursuant to Spencer v. State, 615 So. 2d 688

(Fla. 1993), prior to sentencing Smith to death for the first-degree murders of

Gibson and Keenan and to life imprisonment for the first-degree murder of

Robinson. The court gave great weight to the aggravating circumstances that

Smith was previously convicted of another capital felony, § 921.141(5)(b), Fla.



                                        -4-
Stat. (2011), and that the capital felony was committed while Smith was engaged

in an attempt to commit robbery, § 921.141(5)(d), Fla. Stat. (2011), merged with

the aggravator that Smith committed the capital felony for pecuniary gain, §

921.141(5)(f), Fla. Stat. (2011). The court found the statutory mitigating

circumstance of Smith’s age at the time of the crime, nineteen, established and

gave it moderate weight. Regarding the nonstatutory mitigating factors sought by

Smith, the court concluded that the following factors were established: (1) Smith’s

mental status was mitigating (moderate weight); (2) Smith loves his children and

their mothers and they love him (some weight); (3) Smith was a good brother to his

siblings (little weight); (4) Smith took care of his sister’s seven children while she

was at work (moderate weight); (5) Smith is dependable (some weight); (6) Smith

was a good employee and therefore he would do well in prison (slight weight); (7)

Smith was well behaved during court proceedings (no weight because it is not

mitigating); (8) Smith could be rehabilitated in prison and make positive

contributions to society (little weight); (9) Breon Williams was never charged with

a crime arising out of the murders on June 5, 2007 (no weight because it is not

mitigating); (10) Smith grew up in a “terrible” neighborhood (some weight).

                                   II. ANALYSIS

      On appeal of his convictions and sentences Smith raises four issues: (A) the

evidence is insufficient to support his convictions for premeditated murder for the



                                         -5-
killings of Gibson and Keenan; (B) the trial court erred in giving additional weight

to the felony murder aggravating circumstance on the basis that the murders were

premeditated; (C) Smith’s sentence is disproportionate; and (D) the trial court erred

in sentencing Smith to death because Florida’s capital sentencing proceedings are

unconstitutional under Ring v. Arizona, 536 U.S. 584 (2002).

                          A. Sufficiency of the Evidence

      In his first claim on appeal, Smith claims that the trial court erred in denying

his motions for judgments of acquittal because the evidence is insufficient to

support his convictions for first-degree premeditated murder in the deaths of

Gibson and Keenan. Specifically, Smith asserts that the evidence does not refute

his claim that he acted in self-defense. As we explain below, Smith did not

preserve this claim for review. In any event, under this Court’s independent

review of the evidence, Smith’s argument lacks merit. Sufficient evidence

supports Smith’s three first-degree murder convictions.

      “Florida Rule of Criminal Procedure 3.380(b) states that a motion for

judgment of acquittal ‘must fully set forth the grounds on which it is based.’ ”

Victorino v. State, 23 So. 3d 87, 103 (Fla. 2009). This Court has further held that

when a defendant does not raise in the trial court the same grounds for granting the

motion argued on appeal, the claim is not preserved for appeal. See id.; Archer v.

State, 613 So. 2d 446, 448 (Fla. 1993). After the State rested its case, Smith



                                        -6-
moved for a judgment of acquittal “as to each count in the Indictment, in that the

State has not established a prima facie case of evidence. No further argument.”

The trial court denied Smith’s motion. After the close of evidence, Smith’s

counsel renewed the “motion for judgment of acquittal and all of [his] previously

made motions.” The trial court denied the renewed motion for judgment of

acquittal. Smith did not argue to the trial court, as he argues on appeal, that he

killed Gibson and Keenan in self-defense. Therefore, Smith failed to preserve his

self-defense claim for appeal.

      Even though Smith failed to preserve his claim that the trial court erred in

denying his motions for judgment of acquittal, “this Court independently reviews

the record to confirm that the jury’s verdict is supported by competent, substantial

evidence.” Davis v. State, 2 So. 3d 952, 966-67 (Fla. 2008) (citing Fla. R. App. P.

9.142(a)(6)). The jury found Smith guilty of the first-degree murder of victims

Gibson and Keenan under two theories: felony murder and premeditated murder.

Additionally, the jury found Smith guilty of the first-degree murder of victim

Robinson under the felony murder theory. The evidence is sufficient to support all

three convictions.

      Two standards of review apply to the determination of whether the evidence

of guilt is sufficient. Where the evidence of guilt is direct, either in whole or in

part, this Court reviews whether “a rational trier of fact, upon reviewing the



                                         -7-
evidence in the light most favorable to the State, could find that the elements of the

crime have been established beyond a reasonable doubt.” Twilegar v. State, 42 So.

3d 177, 188 (Fla. 2010). However, where the evidence of guilt is wholly

circumstantial, “not only must the evidence be sufficient to establish each element

of the offense, but the evidence also must be inconsistent with any reasonable

hypothesis of innocence proposed by the defendant.” Id. “The issue of

inconsistency is a jury question and the verdict will be sustained if supported by

competent, substantial evidence.” Id.

      In order for the State to obtain convictions for first-degree murder under the

felony murder theory in this case, it must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the

unlawful killings of Gibson, Keenan, and Robinson were committed while Smith

was engaged “in the attempt to perpetrate” robbery. § 782.04(1)(a)2.d., Fla. Stat.

(2012). “In order to prove attempted armed robbery, the State must show: (1) the

formation of an intent to commit the crime of robbery; (2) the commission of some

physical act in furtherance of the robbery; and (3) the use of a firearm.” Franqui v.

State, 699 So. 2d 1312, 1317 (Fla. 1997). Section 812.13(1), Florida Statutes,

defines robbery as “the taking of money or other property which may be the

subject of larceny from the person or custody of another, with intent to either

permanently or temporarily deprive the person or the owner of the money or other




                                         -8-
property, when in the course of the taking there is the use of force, violence,

assault, or putting in fear.”

       The direct evidence standard of review applies to the convictions for the

murders of Robinson, Gibson, and Keenan under the felony murder theory. See

Twilegar, 42 So. 3d at 189-90. Here, the State presented the testimony of Breon

Williams, an eyewitness to those crimes. Williams testified that: (1) he went with

Smith to buy narcotics; (2) when they arrived at the house, Robinson opened the

door, and Gibson and Keenan were sitting at the dining room table; (3) Smith went

to the dining room with Robinson; (4) he heard Smith say “[g]ive it up;” (5)

seconds later he heard gunshots; and (6) as he ran out of the house, he saw Smith

shoot Robinson. Further, forensic evidence—Smith’s palm print on the Plexiglas

interior of the back door—established that Smith had been at the crime scene,

which contradicts his initial assertion that he had never been inside the house.

       A rational trier of fact, when viewing the above evidence in the light most

favorable to the State, could conclude that the State proved each element of first-

degree felony murder beyond a reasonable doubt in the deaths of Gibson, Keenan,

and Robinson. First, a rational trier of fact could conclude that Smith attempted to

commit armed robbery when he told Robinson to “[g]ive it up” while holding a

firearm. Next, a rational trier of fact could also conclude that Gibson, Keenan, and

Robinson were unlawfully killed while Smith was attempting to perpetrate the



                                         -9-
armed robbery based on: (1) Williams’ testimony that he saw Smith shoot

Robinson; (2) Williams’ testimony that he saw Gibson and Keenan in the same

room a few seconds before the attempted armed robbery; (3) the testimony of law

enforcement officers that they found Gibson and Keenan with gunshot wounds at

the crime scene shortly afterwards; and (4) the evidence that the gunshot wounds

sustained by all three victims were inflicted by the same gun.

      In reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence of premeditation in the murders

of Gibson and Keenan, the circumstantial evidence standard applies. See id. at

188. The evidence to prove premeditation in the murders of Gibson and Keenan is

wholly circumstantial because there were no witnesses to these two murders and

Smith’s admission—made in the car as he fled the crime scene—that he shot three

people did not establish premeditation. At trial, Smith argued that he was innocent

of all crimes charged and the witnesses against him were not credible. On appeal,

Smith for the first time claims that the murders of Gibson and Keenan were

“reflexive” in response to being shot at by Gibson and Keenan and that the State

did not present any evidence to contradict this theory of self-defense. The relevant

inquiry regarding whether the circumstantial evidence of guilt is inconsistent with

the defense’s theory of innocence is based on the evidence presented and the

theory argued to the jury at trial. See id.; State v. Law, 559 So. 2d 187, 188 (Fla.

1989). Further, even if this Court were to consider Smith’s new self-defense



                                        - 10 -
argument on appeal, the evidence conclusively refutes Smith’s claim that Keenan

was shooting at him.

      This Court has defined premeditation as requiring

      more than a mere intent to kill; it is a fully formed conscious purpose
      to kill. This purpose to kill may be formed a moment before the act
      but must exist for a sufficient length of time to permit reflection as to
      the nature of the act to be committed and the probable result of that
      act.

Pagan v. State, 830 So. 2d 792, 803 (Fla. 2002) (quoting Wilson v. State, 493 So.

2d 1019, 1021 (Fla. 1986)). This Court has further explained that “[e]vidence from

which premeditation may be inferred includes such matters as the nature of the

weapon used, the presence or absence of adequate provocation, previous

difficulties between the parties, the manner in which the homicide was committed,

and the nature and manner of the wounds inflicted.” Twilegar, 42 So. 3d at 190

(quoting Larry v. State, 104 So. 2d 352, 354 (Fla. 1958)).

      The evidence of Smith’s guilt under the premeditation theory includes the

following: (1) Smith brought a gun with him to the crime scene; (2) Gibson and

Keenan retreated to the bedroom area of the house during the brief period of time

between Smith’s entering the home and his murdering Robinson; (3) Smith could

have left the house through the same door that opens into the kitchen that he used

to enter the house and that Williams used to run out of the house; (4) Smith had to

move from the kitchen and dining room area into the living room area to shoot



                                        - 11 -
Gibson and Keenan; (5) shell casings from Smith’s gun were found in the living

room; (6) the shell casings from Smith’s gun that correlated to the wounds

sustained by Robinson were found in the kitchen and dining room area; (7) Keenan

could not have been shooting at Smith because she was unarmed when police

discovered her body and she died within seconds as a result of a gunshot wound

piercing her heart; and (8) all of the shell casings from the rifle fired by Gibson

were found in the bedroom and hallway area. This evidence establishes that rather

than leaving the home after shooting Robinson, Smith made a deliberate choice to

locate and shoot Gibson and Keenan, who had retreated to the bedroom area.

Therefore, the evidence cannot be reconciled with Smith’s hypothesis of

innocence. Accordingly, the evidence of Smith’s guilt is sufficient to support his

convictions under both the felony murder and premeditation theories.

               B. Weight Assigned to Murder During the Course
                       of a Felony Aggravating Factor

      Smith claims that the trial court erred in giving great weight to the murder

committed during the course of an attempted armed robbery aggravating factor in

the deaths of Gibson and Keenan. The trial court did not err. This Court has stated

that “the weight to be accorded to an aggravator is within the discretion of the trial

court and will be affirmed if based on competent substantial evidence.” Sexton v.

State, 775 So. 2d 923, 934 (Fla. 2000). “A court abuses its discretion only when

the judicial action is arbitrary, fanciful, or unreasonable, which is another way of

                                        - 12 -
saying that discretion is abused only where no reasonable [person] would take the

view adopted by the trial court.” Frances v. State, 970 So. 2d 806, 817 (Fla. 2007)

(quoting Trease v. State, 768 So. 2d 1050, 1053 n.2 (Fla. 2000)) (alteration in

original; internal quotation marks omitted). A trial court does not abuse its

discretion when it considers the specific facts and circumstances of a defendant’s

felony in determining the weight that it should assign to aggravating factors based

on that felony. See Carter v. State, 980 So. 2d 473, 483 (Fla. 2008) (concluding

that trial court did not abuse its discretion by considering facts of burglary in

assigning great weight to felony committed in the course of burglary aggravator);

Owen v. State, 862 So. 2d 687, 702-03 (Fla. 2003) (concluding that trial court did

not abuse its discretion in assigning great weight to aggravating factor that murder

was committed in the course of burglary where defendant broke into home to

murder babysitter).

      Based on the foregoing, the trial court did not err in considering the

circumstances of Smith’s crimes when determining the appropriateness of Smith’s

two death sentences. Smith was convicted of three contemporaneous murders that

occurred after he attempted to rob the occupants of the house he went to with

Williams.

      Smith, however, asserts that by taking into account the fact that the murders

of Gibson and Keenan were premeditated, the trial court impermissibly relied on a



                                         - 13 -
nonstatutory aggravator. Smith argues that this Court disapproved of the

consideration of premeditation as an aggravating factor in Brown v. State, 381 So.

2d 690, 696 (Fla. 1980). Brown is distinguishable because the trial court in Brown

considered premeditation as a separate aggravating circumstance for the murder.

Here, the trial court concluded that the weight that it should apply to the committed

during the course of an enumerated felony aggravating factor was increased by the

premeditated nature of two of the murders that occurred during the attempted

armed robbery.

      Smith further asserts that the trial court’s erroneous consideration of

premeditation regarding the murders of Gibson and Keenan was exacerbated by the

State’s failure to present sufficient evidence of premeditation. For the reasons

discussed above regarding the sufficiency of the evidence, the evidence of Smith’s

premeditation in the murders of Gibson and Keenan was sufficient. Accordingly,

the trial court did not abuse its discretion nor did it apply a nonstatutory

aggravating factor by giving great weight to the felony murder aggravating

circumstance.

                                 C. Proportionality

      To ensure uniformity of sentencing in death penalty proceedings, this Court

considers the totality of circumstances and compares each case with other capital

cases. The Court does not simply compare the number of aggravating and



                                         - 14 -
mitigating circumstances. Taylor v. State, 937 So.2d 590, 600 (Fla. 2006).

“Further, in a proportionality analysis, this Court will accept the weight assigned

by the trial court to the aggravating and mitigating factors.” Hayward v. State, 24

So. 3d 17, 46 (Fla. 2009). “In performing a proportionality review, a reviewing

court must never lose sight of the fact that the death penalty has long been reserved

for only the most aggravated and least mitigated of first-degree murders.” Urbin v.

State, 714 So. 2d 411, 416 (Fla. 1998).

      Smith’s death sentences are proportional under Florida law. The trial court

found two aggravating circumstances for each of Smith’s death sentences: (1) prior

capital felony based on the other two contemporaneous murders; and (2) murder in

the course of attempted armed robbery merged with pecuniary gain. The trial court

found Smith’s age at the time of the crime, nineteen, as the only statutory

mitigation and gave it moderate weight. Additionally, the trial court found the

following nonstatutory mitigating factors were established: (1) Smith’s mental

status (moderate weight); (2) Smith loves his children and their mothers and they

love him (some weight); (3) Smith was a good brother to his siblings (little

weight); (4) Smith took care of his sister’s seven children while she was at work

(moderate weight); (5) Smith is dependable (some weight); (6) Smith was a good

employee and therefore he would do well in prison (slight weight); (7) Smith was

well behaved during court proceedings (no weight because it is not mitigating); (8)



                                          - 15 -
Smith could be rehabilitated in prison and make positive contributions to society

(little weight); (9) Breon Williams was never charged with a crime arising out of

the murders on June 5, 2007 (no weight because it is not mitigating); (10) Smith

grew up in a “terrible” neighborhood (some weight). Smith has not demonstrated

that the trial court erred in weighing these factors.

      Smith’s death sentences are comparable to the death sentences upheld as

proportional in Hayward, 24 So. 3d at 46-47 (concluding death sentence

proportional where aggravators were prior violent felony resulting from previous

second-degree murder, given great weight, and murder committed in the course of

a robbery merged with pecuniary gain, given great weight, no statutory mitigation,

and eight nonstatutory mitigators, given very little to some weight), and Bevel v.

State, 983 So. 2d 505, 523-25 (Fla. 2008) (concluding death sentence proportional

where single aggravating factor of prior violent felony for contemporaneous

murder and attempted murder convictions, given very great weight, no statutory

mitigation, and six nonstatutory mitigators, given between very little and minimal

weight). Given this record, we conclude that Smith’s death sentences are

proportional.

                                   D. Ring Claim

      Smith is not entitled to relief on his claim that his death sentences are

unconstitutional under Ring. This Court has repeatedly held that Ring is satisfied



                                         - 16 -
when the defendant has previously been convicted of a violent felony based on a

contemporaneous murder. See, e.g., Chandler v. State, 75 So. 3d 267, 269 (Fla.

2011); Frances, 970 So. 2d at 822-23. Further, this Court has repeatedly held that

Ring is satisfied when the defendant commits the murder in the course of an

enumerated felony. See, e.g., Gudinas v. State, 879 So. 2d 616, 617 (Fla. 2004);

Owen v. Crosby, 854 So. 2d 182, 193 (Fla. 2003). Smith was convicted of three

contemporaneous first-degree murders and attempted armed robbery by a

unanimous jury. Accordingly, Smith’s death sentences are not unconstitutional

under Ring.

                               III. CONCLUSION
      For the reasons stated above, we conclude that Smith is not entitled to relief

from his convictions and sentences for the first-degree murders of Berthum

Gibson, Keenethia Keenan, and Desmond Robinson. Accordingly, we affirm

Smith’s convictions and sentences.

      It is so ordered.

POLSTON, C.J., and PARIENTE, LEWIS, QUINCE, CANADY, LABARGA,
and PERRY, JJ., concur.

NOT FINAL UNTIL TIME EXPIRES TO FILE REHEARING MOTION, AND
IF FILED, DETERMINED.

An Appeal from the Circuit Court in and for Duval County,
     Adrian Gentry Soud - Case No. 16-2009-CF-004417




                                       - 17 -
Nancy A. Daniels, Public Defender, and Nada M. Carey, Assistant Public
Defender, Tallahassee, Florida,

      for Appellant

Pamela Jo Bondi, Attorney General, and Carolyn Snurkowski, Associate Deputy
General, Tallahassee, Florida,

      for Appellee




                                     - 18 -
