               If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
                    revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.




                             STATE OF MICHIGAN

                              COURT OF APPEALS


                                                                           UNPUBLISHED
    In re FREEMAN/TAITE, Minors.                                           February 6, 2020

                                                                           No. 349662
                                                                           Wayne Circuit Court
                                                                           Family Division
                                                                           LC No. 18-001592-NA


Before: BECKERING, P.J., and CAVANAGH and STEPHENS, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

        Respondent-mother appeals as of right the trial court’s order terminating her parental rights
to four of her five minor children, under MCL 712A.19b(3)(b)(ii) (“[t]he parent who had the
opportunity to prevent the physical injury or physical or sexual abuse failed to do so and the court
finds that there is a reasonable likelihood that the child will suffer injury or abuse in the foreseeable
future if placed in the parent’s home[]”), and MCL 712A.19b(3)(j) (“[t]here is a reasonable
likelihood, on the basis of the conduct or capacity of the child’s parent, that the child will be
harmed if he or she is returned to the home of the parent[]”). We affirm.

                            I. RELEVANT FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS

        This case arises out of a complaint Children’s Protective Services (CPS) received on
August 9, 2018, indicating that JF, who was two-and-a-half-months old, sustained severe physical
injuries consistent with shaken baby syndrome. JF was treated at Saint John Hospital, where
medical staff determined that his injuries were nonaccidental and consistent with physical abuse.
JF had new and old brain bleeds, an increased head circumference, a subdural hematoma, and
retinal hemorrhaging.

          Respondent-mother told a CPS specialist she did not know what caused the infant’s
injuries, but that JF fell ill right around the time of a bus trip to New York, and she assumed he
fell ill because of the trip conditions, initially suggesting that it was the heat and later attributing it
to a bouncy ride without a car seat.1 Several days after the bus trip, respondent-mother contacted


1
    AF, JF’s father, offered a similar explanation.


                                                      -1-
JF’s pediatrician because JF was visibly ill; the pediatrician’s office scheduled an appointment for
two weeks later. In the two weeks before JF’s appointment, JF had been vomiting, was lethargic,
and had a swollen head. Upon presentment, the pediatrician noticed JF’s increased head
circumference and he was rushed to Saint John Hospital. When a Detroit police detective
interviewed respondent-mother and JF’s father AF, AF admitted to shaking JF out of frustration;
AF admitted the same to the CPS specialist.2

        The Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) sought permanent custody of
respondent-mother’s five children in its initial petition. Respondent-mother admitted to the
allegations in the petition and stipulated to the existence of statutory grounds for termination under
MCL 712A.19b(3)(b)(ii) and MCL 712A.19b(3)(j). During the best interests hearing, the CPS
specialist testified that services were not being provided because respondent-mother’s case was
for permanent custody and opined that termination of respondent-mother’s parental rights was in
the best interests of all five of her children. A Clinic for Child Study evaluation entered into
evidence at the best-interests hearing recommended that the trial court not terminate respondent-
mother’s parental rights and that DHHS provide her with services to reunify her with the children.3
        The trial court found that it was in the best interests of ET KT, LF, and JF to terminate
respondent-mother’s parental rights. The court acknowledged the existence of parent-child bonds,
but observed that the evidence suggested that respondent-mother and AF were attempting to “cover
up” the cause of JF’s injuries, and that this was the second child of theirs to suffer nonaccidental
injuries. The court acknowledged that respondent-mother had completed parenting classes on her
own, but noted that she had completed parenting classes subsequent to a nonaccidental injury to
another child, LF, in 2017, apparently with insufficient benefit. The court considered the relative
placement of two of the children and concluded that it did not weigh against termination. The
court also considered each child’s individual interests, and found that it was not in JT’s best
interests to terminate respondent-mother’s parental rights because JT was older, did not want to be
adopted, and had been in the care and custody of his maternal grandmother for eight years. The
court issued an order terminating respondent-mother’s parental rights on April 24, 2019. This
appeal followed.




2
  The trial court found that clear and convincing evidence established the grounds for termination
of AF’s parental rights under MCL 712A.19b(3)(b)(i) (“[t]he parent’s act caused the physical
injury or physical or sexual abuse and the court finds that there is a reasonable likelihood that the
child will suffer from injury or abuse in the foreseeable future if placed in the parent’s home[]”),
MCL 712A.19b(3)(j), MCL 712A.19b(3)(k)(iii) (“[b]attering, torture, or other severe physical
abuse[]”), MCL 712A.19b(3)(k)(iv) (“[l]oss or serious impairment of an organ or limb”), and MCL
712A.19b(3)(k)(v) (“[l]ife-threatening injury[]”). The court also found by a preponderance of the
evidence that termination of AF’s parental rights was in best interests of LF and JF. AF has not
appealed the trial court’s April 24, 2019 order terminating his parental rights.
3
    The study made the same recommendations for AF.

                                                 -2-
                                          II. ANALYSIS

                                  A. REASONABLE EFFORTS

        Respondent-mother contends that it was fundamentally unfair for the trial court to
terminate her parental rights without providing respondent-mother with a treatment plan. We
disagree. Respondent-mother did not preserve this issue by raising it in the trial court. See In re
TK, 306 Mich App 698, 703; 859 NW2d 208 (2014) (citations omitted). Therefore, our review is
for plain error affecting respondent-mother’s substantial rights. In re Beers, 325 Mich App 653,
677; 926 NW2d 832 (2018). Respondent-mother must show that an error occurred, that it was
plain, or obvious, and that it affected the outcome of the proceedings. Id.
        “Generally, when a child is removed from the parents’ custody, the petitioner is required
to make reasonable efforts to rectify the conditions that caused the child’s removal by adopting a
service plan.” In re HRC, 286 Mich App 444, 462; 781 NW2d 105 (2009). Typically, the DHHS
is required to devise a case service plan identifying, among other things, the efforts DHHS will
make to reunify the child with his or her parent(s). MCL 712A.18f(2); MCL 712A.18f(3)(c).
Reasonable efforts include referrals for appropriate services and active efforts to engage
respondents in those services. See In re JL, 483 Mich 300, 322 n 15; 770 NW2d 853 (2009).
        Nevertheless, recognized exceptions exist for cases “involving aggravated circumstances
under MCL 712A.19a(2).” In re L D Rippy, ___ Mich App ___, ___; ___ NW2d ___ (2019)
(Docket No. 347809); slip op at 2. Pursuant to MCL 712A.19a(2)(a), reasonable efforts are not
required if “[t]here is a judicial determination that the parent has subjected the child to aggravated
circumstances as provided in section 18(1) and (2) of the child protection law, 1975 PA 238, MCL
722.638.” MCL 722.638 states, in relevant part:

       (1) The department shall submit a petition for authorization by the court under
       section 2(b) of chapter XIIA of 1939 PA 288, MCL 712A.2, if 1 or more of the
       following apply:

       (a) The department determines that a parent, guardian, or custodian, or a person
       who is 18 years of age or older and who resides for any length of time in the child’s
       home, has abused the child or a sibling of the child and the abuse included 1 or
       more of the following:

                                               * * *

       (iii) Battering, torture, or other severe physical abuse.

       (iv) Loss or serious impairment of an organ or limb.

                                               * * *

       (v) Life threatening injury.

                                               * * *

       (2) In a petition submitted as required by subsection (1), if a parent is a suspected
       perpetrator or is suspected of placing the child at an unreasonable risk of harm due

                                                 -3-
       to the parent’s failure to take reasonable steps to intervene to eliminate that risk,
       the department shall include a request for termination of parental rights at the initial
       dispositional hearing as authorized under section 19b of chapter XIIA of 1939 PA
       288, MCL 712A.19b.

Thus, DHHS is not required to make reasonable efforts aimed at reunification where child
protective proceedings involve severe physical abuse, loss or serious impairment of an organ or
limb, or life-threatening injury.
        In the present case, DHHS sought termination at the initial disposition because JF’s injuries
met the aggravating circumstances criteria of MCL 722.638(1)(a)(iii), (iv), and (v). DHHS
received a complaint indicating that JF, who was two-and-a-half-months old, sustained severe
nonaccidental life-threatening physical injuries consistent with shaken baby syndrome while he
was in respondent-mother’s and AF’s care. In addition, JF’s magnetic resonance imaging scans
revealed old and new brain bleads, suggesting not just one incident. As a result of his brain
injuries, JF underwent an emergency surgery and has ongoing medical needs, including a feeding
tube. Upon investigation by CPS, AF admitted that he shook JF out of frustration with the infant.
DHHS also noted that LF suffered a nonaccidental injury when she was about the same age as JF.
In 2017, respondent-mother and AF admitted that LF sustained a broken femur, allegedly when
AF rolled onto her as she slept in the bed with him. Thus, DHHS properly sought termination of
respondent-mother’s parental rights in its original petition because DHHS believed she failed to
intervene to protect her children from AF’s physical abuse, see MCL 722.638(2), and that
respondent-mother’s pattern of behavior put all of her children at risk of harm if they remained in
her care. Under these circumstances, DHHS was not required to devise a case service plan and to
offer services to respondent-mother. See MCL 712A.19a(2).
        Respondent-mother claimed she was unaware that AF shook and injured JF, and she told
the CPS foster care specialist she believed JF’s head injury was caused due to bus transportation
conditions. Regardless of what respondent-mother told the CPS investigator at the initiation of
the case, she ultimately admitted under oath to the court’s jurisdiction pursuant to MCL
712A.2(b)(1) (failure to provide the medical care necessary for a child’s health when otherwise
able to do so) and to the existence of grounds to terminate under MCL 712A.19b(3)(b)(ii) (failure
of parent who could have prevented physical injury to do so, and a reasonable likelihood of future
injury or abuse if the child is returned to the parent’s care). The trial court accepted respondent-
mother’s admissions as true, and the record supports them. Accordingly, we see no reason for
reversing the trial court’s finding of statutory grounds. See In re Fried, 266 Mich App 535, 541;
702 NW2d 192 (2005) (indicating that this Court will not reverse the findings of the trial court
unless its findings are clearly erroneous and will defer to the trial court’s special opportunity to
judge the credibility of witnesses.).

       Respondent-mother further contends that she would have successfully complied with
services had she had the opportunity to participate in a service plan, considering that she
voluntarily completed parenting classes and that she separated from AF. As already indicated,
however, DHHS was not required to provide respondent mother with referrals to services because
aggravated circumstances were involved. See MCL 712A.19a(2)(a); MCL 722.638(1)(a).

        Respondent-mother also implies that failure to provide her with a case service plan violated
her right to fundamentally fair procedures. See Santosky v Kramer, 455 US 745, 753; 102 S Ct
1388; 71 L Ed 2d 599 (1982) (“When the State moves to destroy weakened familial bonds, it must

                                                 -4-
provide the parents with fundamentally fair procedures.”); see also Hunter v Hunter, 484 Mich
247, 257; 771 NW2d 694 (2011) (acknowledging the right to fundamentally fair procedures
expressed in Santosky). We disagree with respondent-mother’s implication.

        “In Michigan, procedures to ensure due process to a parent facing removal of [her] child
from the home or termination of [her] parental rights are set forth by statute, court rule, DHHS
policies and procedures, and various federal laws[.]” In re Rood, 483 Mich 73, 93; 763 NW2d
587 (2009) (bracket omitted). “Once the petitioner has presented clear and convincing evidence
that persuades the court that at least one ground for termination is established under [MCL
712A.19b(3)], the liberty interest of the parent no longer includes the right to custody and control
of the child.” In re Trejo, 462 Mich 341, 355; 612 NW2d 407 (2000), superseded by statute on
other grounds as recognized in In re Moss, 301 Mich App 76, 83; 836 NW2d 182 (2013).
Respondent-mother’s implication fails to recognize that her “right to control the custody and care
of her children is not absolute,” that the state has a legitimate interest in protecting the children,
and that, “in some circumstances ‘neglectful parents may be separated from their children.’ ” In
re Sanders, 495 Mich 394, 409-410; 852 NW2d 524 (2014), quoting Stanley v Illinois, 405 US
645, 652; 92 S Ct 1208; 31 L Ed 2d 551 (1972).

        The trial court accepted respondent-mother’s stipulation to the existence of statutory
grounds under MCL 712A.19b(3)(b)(ii) and MCL 712A.19b(3)(j). Thus, respondent-mother’s due
process right to the companionship, custody, care, and management of her children was not
violated because the trial court found, based on respondent-mother’s plea and the record then
before it, that statutory grounds for termination were established by clear and convincing evidence.
“[A]t that point, ‘the parent’s interest in the companionship, care, and custody of the child gives
way to the state’s interest in the child’s protection.’ ” In re Moss, 301 Mich App at 93-94 (WILDER,
J., concurring), quoting In re Trejo, 462 Mich at 356.

        Given the existence of aggravated circumstances identified in MCL 722.638(1)(a), DHHS
was not required to provide services and was required to seek termination in the initial petition
pursuant to MCL 722.638(1) and (2). Having legal representation, respondent-mother admitted to
the existence of at least one statutory ground for termination, at which point her liberty interest as
a parent gave way to the state’s right to protect the children. See In re Trejo, 462 Mich at 355.
Therefore, respondent mother has established neither plain error nor a denial of fundamentally fair
procedures.

                                       B. BEST INTERESTS

       Respondent-mother next argues that termination of her parental rights was not in her
children’s best interests. We disagree.

        “Once a statutory ground for termination has been proven, the trial court must find that
termination is in the child’s best interests before it can terminate parental rights.” In re Olive/Metts
Minors, 297 Mich App 35, 40; 823 NW2d 144 (2012). “[W]hether termination of parental rights
is in the best interests of the child must be proved by a preponderance of the evidence.” In re
Moss, 301 Mich App at 90; MCL 712A.19b(5). “If the court finds that there are grounds for
termination and that termination of parental rights is in the child’s best interests, the court shall
order termination of parental rights[.]” MCL 712A.19b(5). This Court reviews the trial court’s

                                                  -5-
ruling regarding best interests for clear error. In re Schadler, 315 Mich App 406, 408; 890 NW2d
676 (2016). “A finding is clearly erroneous if, although there is evidence to support it, [this Court
is] left with a definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been made.” Id.

        The focus of the best-interests inquiry is on the child, not the parent. In re Moss, 301 Mich
App at 87.       A trial court should weigh all the evidence available to it, In re
Payne/Pumphrey/Forston, 311 Mich App 49, 63; 874 NW2d 205 (2015), including the evidence
establishing the statutory grounds for termination, see In re Trejo, 462 Mich at 353-354.
Specifically:

       To determine whether termination of parental rights is in a child’s best interests,
       the court should consider a wide variety of factors that may include the child’s bond
       to the parent, the parent’s parenting ability, the child’s need for permanency,
       stability, and finality, and the advantages of a foster home over the parent’s home.
       The trial court may also consider a parent’s history of domestic violence, the
       parent’s compliance with his or her case service plan, the parent’s visitation history
       with the child, the child[]’s well-being while in care, and the possibility of
       adoption.” [In re White, 303 Mich App 701, 713-714; 846 NW2d 61 (2014)
       (citations and quotation marks omitted).]

In addition, under the doctrine of anticipatory neglect, “[h]ow a parent treats one child is certainly
probative of how that parent may treat other children.” In re LaFrance Minors, 306 Mich App
713, 730; 858 NW2d 143 (2014) (alteration in original; quotation marks and citation omitted).

        Respondent-mother’s only best-interests argument on appeal is that “it was not
fundamentally fair to terminate [her] parental rights without giving her a Treatment Plan.” As
discussed above, we find this argument unpersuasive under the circumstances presented here. The
trial court considered the bond between respondent-mother and her children, prior CPS
involvement under similar circumstances and respondent-mother’s completion of parenting
classes then, the fact that this was the second child to suffer nonaccidental physical injuries, the
children’s current placements, and the children’s individual needs. The court also considered a
Clinic for Child Study evaluation, which recommended that the court not terminate respondent-
mother’s parental rights. Based on its review of all of the evidence, the court concluded that the
preponderance of the evidence showed termination to be in the best interests of four of the five
children. Given the record before us, we are not left with a “definite and firm conviction” that the
trial court made a mistake. In re Schadler, 315 Mich App at 406.

       Affirmed.

                                                              /s/ Jane M. Beckering
                                                              /s/ Mark J. Cavanagh
                                                              /s/ Cynthia Diane Stephens




                                                 -6-
