      IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

EDIFICE CONSTRUCTION COMPANY,           No. 79407-8-I
INC., a Washington corporation,
                                        DIVISION ONE
                         Appellant,
            v.                          UNPUBLISHED OPINION

ARROW INSULATION, INC., a
Washington corporation; SEATTLE
PAINTING SPECIALISTS, INC., a
Washington corporation; HENDERSON
MASONRY, INC., a Washington
corporation; DAVID RICH HENTZEL, JR.,
an individual; AUTOMATED
EQUIPMENT CO. DBA AUTOMATED
GATES AND EQUIPMENT CO., a
Washington corporation,

                         Respondents,

 SAK & PATCH, INC., a Washington
corporation; AQUAGUARD
WATERPROOFING LLC, a Washington
limited liability company; COMMERCIAL
 INDUSTRIAL ROOFING, INC., a
Washington corporation; HIGHPOINT
CONSTRUCTION INC., a Washington
corporation; INLAND WATERPROOFING
SERVICES, INC., a Washington
corporation; SHAMROCK METAL
SYSTEMS, INC., a Washington
corporation; EMERALD AIRE, INC., a
Washington corporation; BOB JOHNSON
WOODWORKING, LLC, a Washington
limited liability company,

                          Defendants.   FILED: February 18, 2020
 No. 79407-8-1/2


         CHUN, J.   —   Edifice Construction seeks to compel subcontractors

 Henderson Masonry Inc., Arrow Insulation Inc., Seattle Painting Specialists Inc.,

 David Rich Hentzel Jr., and Automated Equipment Co. (collectively,

 Respondents)1 to arbitrate construction defect claims. The trial court denied

 Edifice’s motion to compel arbitration with regard to Respondents, determining

that the subcontracts did not incorporate the main contracts, which included

arbitration provisions. For a court to find incorporation by reference, it must be

clear that the parties had knowledge of and assented to the incorporated terms.

Because Edifice failed to meet its burden to show that Respondents had

knowledge of and assented to the main contracts’ terms, we affirm.

                                       I. BACKGROUND

        This case concerns contracts for construction of a residential building in

Seattle (Project). Edifice served as the general contractor and Six Degrees

Capital Development LLC and Kenneth Woolcott were the Project owners

(Owners). The Project had two phases, Phase I and Phase II.

        On April 25, 2010, Edifice and Six Degrees entered into a contract for

Phase I. They used a modified American Institute of Architects (AlA) Document

Al 02-2007 form. They entered into a contract for Phase II on October 1, 2012,

this time using a modified AlA Document A103-2007.form.2 Both contracts




           In its Reply brief, Edifice clarified that it does not appeal the trial court’s order as
it relates to Bob Johnson Woodworking, LLC.
         2 The Respondents acknowledge that the Phase I and Phase II contracts are

substantially similar.

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 No. 79407-8-1/3


 (collectively, the main contracts) include a “Binding Dispute Resolution” clause

 requiring the parties to submit to binding arbitration.

        To complete the construction, Edifice contracted some of the work to

subcontractors. Paragraph 2 in each subcontract provides that the

subcontractors agree as follows:3
        To be bound by all laws, government regulations and orders, and all
        provisions of the Main Contract, and to be bound by the Additional
        Provisions in Paragraphs (A) through (DD)     . and all provisions for
                                                           .   .


        the main contract and all documents of which it consists. The parties
        further agree that all of the above mentioned laws, regulations,
        orders, subcontract and main contract documents are incorporated
        herein by this reference and expressly made a part of this
        Subcontract.
The subcontracts also contained a Pass-through clause providing, in part:
        In the event of any dispute or claim between Contractor and Owner
        which directly or indirectly involves the work performed or to be
        performed by Subcontractor, or in the event of any dispute or claim
        between Contractor and Subcontractor caused by or arising out of
        conduct for which Owner may be responsible, Subcontractor agrees
       to be bound to Contractor to the same extent the Contractor is bound
       to Owner by the terms of the Main Contract and by any and all
        procedures and resulting decisions, findings, determinations, or
       awards made thereunder by the person so authorized in the Main
       Contract, or by an administrative agency, board, court of competent
       jurisdiction or arbitration.
       On September 4, 2018, the Owners sent Edifice a Notice of Intent to

Arbitrate for alleged defects in the construction of the Project. Edifice, in turn,

sent Notices of Intent to Arbitrate to several subcontractors on September 11,

2018. Edifice additionally filed a lawsuit against the involved subcontractors in

        ~ The subcontractors each signed two subcontracts, one corresponding with the
Phase I main contract and another corresponding with the Phase II main contract. The
parties agree that the subcontracts at issue are substantially similar. Except for Bob
Johnson Woodworking, LLC, all of the subcontractors signed the same form of
agreement.


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 No. 79407-8-114


 King County Superior Court on September 25, 2018.

        On November 6, 2018, Edifice moved to compel arbitration.

Subcontractor Henderson Masonry filed the initial opposition to the motion.

Several other subcontractors, including the other Respondents, joined

Henderson Masonry in opposing the motion.

        On November 26, 2018, the trial court issued an order denying Edifice’s

motion to compel arbitration as to Respondents. Edifice appeals.

                                       II. ANALYSIS

        Edifice argues that the subcontracts require arbitration because they

expressly incorporated the main contracts. Respondents contend that the

subcontracts did not incorporate the main contracts because Edifice failed to

show that they knew of and assented to the terms of the main contracts.4 We

agree with Respondents.

       We review de novo a trial court’s decision denying a motion to compel

arbitration. Satomi Owners Ass’n v. Satomi, LLC, 167 Wn.2d 781, 797, 225 P.3d

213 (2009).


        ~ Edifice argues that Respondents claim for the first time on appeal that they did
not know of or assent to the incorporated terms, and that we should thus not consider
the argument. But Respondents’ contention relates to its argument that the subcontracts
did not incorporate the main contract, which they made to the trial court. If an argument
raised for the first time on appeal arguably relates to an issue raised in the trial court, we
may exercise our discretion to consider newly-articulated theories for the first time on
appeal. Mendoza v. Expert Janitorial Services, LLC, 11 Wn. App. 2d 32, 48 n.14, 450
P.3d 1220 (2019). Additionally, even if Respondents did raise the issue for the first time
on appeal, they argue that the trial court could not compel arbitration because Edifice did
not put forth sufficient evidence to establish an agreement to arbitrate. Under
RAP 2.5(a)(2), a party may raise for the first time on appeal the error that the opposing
party failed to establish facts upon which we can grant relief. Accordingly, we address
Respondents’ argument.


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 No. 79407-8-1/5


       Parties to a contract may incorporate by reference terms of another

 contractual agreement to which they are not both parties. W. Wash. Corn. of

 Seventh-Day Adventists v. Ferreilgas, Inc., 102 Wn. App. 488, 494, 7 P.3d 861

(2000). “Incorporation by reference must be clear and unequivocal.” Ferrellgas,

 102 Wn. App. at 494. Where “the parties to a contract clearly and unequivocally

incorporate by reference into their contract some other document, that document

becomes part of their contract.” Satomi, 167 Wn.2d at 801. The parties do not

need to physically attach a document to a contract to incorporate it by reference.

Ferrellgas, 102 Wn. App. at 498-99. Still, it must be clear that the parties had

knowledge of and assented to the incorporated terms. Ferrellqas, 102 Wn. App.

at 494-95. The party claiming incorporation by reference bears the burden of

proving it. Baarslaq v. Hawkins, 12 Wn. App. 756, 760, 531 P.2d 1283 (1975).

       Respondents concede that the subcontracts “purport[] to incorporate

provisions of the Main Contract.” But they correctly assert that Edifice has not

offered any evidence that they knew of or assented to the terms of the main

contracts. Edifice relies on Ferrellqas to argue that it did not need to attach the

main contracts to the subcontracts to incorporate them. Yet Edifice still needed

to meet its burden of demonstrating that Respondents knew of and assented to

the incorporated terms. In Ferrellqas, the party met this burden by showing that,

though it did not attach the incorporated contract, the opposing party knew the

incorporated contract was an AlA Document A201 form and that this was “a

standard form used by owners and contractors.” 102 Wn. App. at 497. Based on




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 No. 79407-8-1/6


 this evidence, the court determined that the other party was aware of the general

 conditions of the incorporated contract. Ferrellqas, 102 Wn. App. at 497.

        By contrast, Edifice presents no evidence that Respondents saw the main

contracts, knew what AlA forms the main contracts involved, or that the AlA

forms used were standard in the industry. Indeed, based on the record,

Respondents were not aware of the AlA forms used in the main contracts until

Edifice sent the Notices of Intent to Arbitrate. Because Edifice does not meet its

burden to show that the subcontracts incorporated the main contracts, and does

not assert any other contractual basis for arbitration, we determine the trial court

did not err by denying Edifice’s motion to compel arbitration.5

        Affirmed.



                                                                       /
WE CONCUR:




                    iit~i




         ~ We note that, even if the subcontracts had incorporated the main contracts, we
would still affirm. While the parties dispute the scope of the Pass-through clause, we
assume for the sake of this point that Edifice’s broader interpretation that the clause
applies “[i]n the event of any dispute or claim between Contractor and Owner which
directly or indirectly involves the work performed or to be performed by Subcontractor” is
correct. Edifice, however, failed to include in the record the expert report specifying the
construction defects the Owners alleged in the dispute. Without this information, we
cannot determine whether the dispute directly or indirectly involves work completed by
Respondents. As the party presenting the issue for review, Edifice bore the burden of
providing an adequate record. ~ RAP 9.2. While Edifice acknowledged that the
record lacked this information, it declined to supplement.

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