[Cite as State v. Vanderhorst, 2012-Ohio-2762.]


                 Court of Appeals of Ohio
                               EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                  COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA


                              JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION
                                       No. 97242




                                      STATE OF OHIO
                                                  PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE

                                                   vs.


                            QUENTIN VANDERHORST
                                                  DEFENDANT-APPELLANT




                        JUDGMENT:
         CONVICTIONS AFFIRMED; SENTENCE REVERSED
                  IN PART AND REMANDED


                                    Criminal Appeal from the
                             Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas
                                      Case No. CR-540773

        BEFORE: Kilbane, J., Celebrezze, P.J., and Sweeney, J.

        RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED:                        June 21, 2012
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT

Robert L. Tobik
Chief Public Defender
Nathaniel McDonald
Assistant Public Defender
310 Lakeside Avenue, Suite 400
Cleveland, Ohio 44113

ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE

William D. Mason
Cuyahoga County Prosecutor
Nicole Ellis
John Wojton
Assistant County Prosecutors
The Justice Center - 9th Floor
1200 Ontario Street
Cleveland, Ohio 44113
MARY EILEEN KILBANE, J.:

       {¶1} Defendant-appellant, Quentin Vanderhorst (“Vanderhorst” or “defendant”),

appeals from his convictions for kidnapping, aggravated robbery, attempted murder, and

felonious assault. For the reasons set forth below, we affirm the convictions, reverse as

to sentencing on the aggravated robbery and kidnapping convictions, and remand for

further proceedings.

       {¶2} On August 26, 2010, Vanderhorst and codefendant, Antwonette Ranzy

(“Ranzy”), were indicted pursuant to a seven-count indictment in connection with the

September 17, 2008 shooting of Isaiah Randle (“Randle”). Counts 1 and 2 charged them

with kidnapping, in violation of R.C. 2905.01(A)(2) and 2905.01(A)(3). Counts 3 and 4

charged them with aggravated robbery, in violation of R.C. 2911.01(A)(1) and

2911.01(A)(3). Count 5 charged them with conspiracy to commit aggravated murder, in

violation of R.C. 2903.01, and Counts 6 and 7 charged them with felonious assault, in

violation of R.C. 2903.11(A)(1) and 2903.011(A)(2). All charges also set forth one- and

three-year firearm specifications.

       {¶3} On April 11, 2011, Vanderhorst and Ranzy pled guilty to felonious assault

as charged in Count 6, with a one-year firearm specification. At a sentencing hearing on

May 26, 2011, the trial court reviewed the presentence report, and Isaiah Randle

addressed the court and described the defendant’s actions and the injuries he sustained.

According to Randle, on the night before the shooting, Ranzy (Randle’s former
girlfriend), called him and asked to spend some time with him. He had plans to visit a

friend, but he invited her to come along. During the drive, she asked Randle for $10.

He said that he could not give her money, and she then got out of the car. The next

morning, as he was preparing to drive to work, she and Vanderhorst confronted him and

demanded the keys to his apartment. Randle charged at Vanderhorst, and Vanderhorst

shot him in the head. Randle got up and ran, and Vanderhorst continued shooting at him,

grazing him in the arm. Randle further maintained that he saw Vanderhorst and Ranzy

after they were charged in this matter, and Vanderhorst made a motion with his hand, as if

pointing a gun at Randle. On other occasions, he saw Ranzy and Vanderhorst’s sister,

and they laughed at him. Randle claimed that he spoke to a prosecuting attorney about

these incidents, but nothing ever came of it. Following Randle’s statements, Vanderhorst

and Ranzy moved to withdraw their guilty pleas. The trial court granted the motions, and

the matter proceeded to a joint jury trial on July 28, 2011.

       {¶4} The State presented the testimony of Randle, Linda Cleary Briggs

(“Briggs”), Tyrone Simon (“Simon”), Michael Shepherd (“Shepherd”), Cleveland Police

Detective Filmore Evans (“Detective Evans”), and Cleveland Police Detective David

Stokes (“Detective Stokes”).

       {¶5} Randle testified that he dated Ranzy from the fall of 2007 until February

2008, and during the last few weeks of their relationship, she stayed at his apartment at

East 123rd Street and Harvard Avenue. During this time, Randle worked for a roofing

company and generally left his apartment at around 6:15 a.m.          Randle also knew
Vanderhorst, who lived a few blocks away on Durkee Avenue. Vanderhorst frequently

came to Randle’s apartment to socialize.    On September 16, 2008, Ranzy called Randle

and asked if she could spend some time with him. Randle already had plans to visit their

mutual friend, Lanecia Perry, but he called Perry to find out if he could bring Ranzy with

him. Randle subsequently picked up Ranzy and drove her to Perry’s house where they

watched a movie and smoked marijuana. Randle then drove her to Vanderhorst’s house

where she had been staying.

       {¶6} Randle further testified that on September 17, 2008, at approximately 6:00

a.m., he left his apartment and proceeded to the car he customarily drove, a 1986 Caprice

Classic, owned by his friend Asia Elder. He placed his tools in the trunk, unlocked the

driver’s side door and the ignition column lock, and deactivated the kill switch. As

Randle began to shut the driver’s side door, Vanderhorst confronted him, aiming a gun at

his head and demanding the keys to Randle’s apartment. Randle offered Vanderhorst

$20, but Vanderhorst continued to demand the keys. Ranzy then approached from the

rear driver’s side of the vehicle and ordered Randle to unlock the back door of the

vehicle, but he refused. Ranzy then said that if he did not comply, she would have

Vanderhorst shoot him. Randle reached back to unlock the door, and as Vanderhorst

looked away, Randle “rushed him” and fled. Randle tripped and fell to the ground, and

Vanderhorst shot him in the head. Randle got up and continued to run in a zigzag pattern

toward the area of Harvard Avenue and East 131st Street.            According to Randle,

Vanderhorst continued to shoot at him as he fled, striking him in the shoulder.
          {¶7} Randle fled to a nearby gas station but could not obtain help. He went to a

bus stop and called his friend, Shepherd, and reported that Ranzy, a.k.a. “Nettie,” and

Vanderhorst had tried to rob and kill him. Randle called 911. A teen who was at the

bus stop flagged down a bus driver. The bus drive then contacted Emergency Medical

Service (“EMS”). After the paramedics arrived, Randle called his employer to inform

him of what had happened.

          {¶8} Randle was taken to MetroHealth Hospital.       According to Randle, the

bullet lodged in his head near his spinal cord and cannot be removed due to the risk of

paralysis. Immediately following the shooting, Randle spoke to Cleveland Police about

the matter, but he did not identify the assailants. He instead was determined to obtain

“street justice.” Later, however, he spoke with a detective at the Fourth District and

informed him that he had been shot by “a girl named Nettie, [or] Antwonette * * * and a

guy named Quentin.” He subsequently identified Vanderhorst and Ranzy from photo

arrays.

          {¶9} Randle testified that he was positive that he had been shot by Vanderhorst

and Ranzy.       Although the shooting did not occur during daylight hours, there is a

streetlight nearby, and the parking lot has a light. He denied that he had a weapon during

the encounter, and he testified that when he spoke to the police, he offered to take a

gunshot residue test. He admitted, however, that he has felony convictions for drug

trafficking, assault on a police officer, and forgery. He also acknowledged that he told

EMS personnel that he knows his assailants but did not want to say anything further.
      {¶10} Briggs testified that between 6:00 a.m. and 6:30 a.m. on September 17,

2008, she was waiting for a bus at the intersection of East 123rd and Harvard. She

observed a man starting his car in the lot of the apartment building across the street from

the bus stop. A young girl ran around the corner of the building, watched the man in the

car, then returned to the front of the building. A few moments later, she saw the same

girl and a man exit the front door of the apartment building and approach the man in the

car. According to Briggs, the men then began to fight and the gun went off. The man

from the car fled toward the bus stop and Briggs called 911. The man from the car fled

eastward on Harvard Avenue. As the male assailant chased him, Briggs heard him say,

“Come on, he’s getting away.” Briggs also heard two or three more gunshots.

      {¶11} Briggs acknowledged that she told the 911 dispatcher that the men were

“shooting at each other.” She testified that only the man who came to the lot with the

girl had a weapon. She did not speak with the police after the shooting.

      {¶12} Simon testified that he was also waiting for a bus at the corner of East 123rd

and Harvard Avenue on the morning of the shooting. He observed a man and woman in

the front doorway of the apartment building across from the bus stop. The couple

remained there for approximately ten minutes. Simon next observed Randle exit the rear

of the apartment building, and the two people from the front of the building then “went

around the corner and started messing” with Randle.         Simon next observed a man

chasing after Randle and shooting at him, as Randle fled in a zigzag pattern toward East
131st Street. According to Simon, the woman was approximately five feet four inches,

and the man with her was approximately six feet tall.

      {¶13} Approximately one week later, Simon spoke with the police and

subsequently identified Ranzy from a photo array. He identified her again in court;

however, he could not identify the man who had the gun.

      {¶14} Detective Evans testified that he interviewed Randle in the hospital on

September 18, 2008. Randle stated that he had been shot by his former girlfriend,

“Antwonette Ramsey” and “Quentin,” who lived on Durkee Avenue. Detective Evans

prepared a photo array of six men that included Vanderhorst, and a second photo array of

six women that included Ranzy.       Randle identified Vanderhorst and Ranzy from the

photo arrays.

      {¶15} Detective Evans also canvassed the area for possible witnesses.            He

subsequently spoke with Simon about the shooting and took a statement from him.

Simon also identified Ranzy from a photo array, but he did not identify Vanderhorst.

      {¶16} Detective Stokes testified that he responded to MetroHealth Hospital to

conduct a gunshot residue test on Randle.        He determined, however, that because

Randle’s hands had not been secured, this test would not be reliable. Detective Stokes

also acknowledged that Randle’s clothing was not tested.

      {¶17} Shepherd testified that Randle, one of his distant relatives, called him

immediately after the shooting.     According to Shepherd, Randle was “huffing and

puffing [and] saying Quentin just shot him in his head.” According to Shepherd, Randle
sounded disturbed and scared, so Shepherd remained on the telephone with him until an

ambulance arrived. Shepherd then went to the MetroHealth Hospital Emergency Room

to be with Randle.

       {¶18} Following the presentation of the State’s case, the trial court denied a

defense motion for a judgment of acquittal and the defendants presented evidence.

       {¶19} Lincoln Wayne Daniels (“Daniels”), the owner of L&D Construction &

Building Incorporated, testified that in 2008 his company paid Randle a total of $735,

which reflected only 40 or 50 hours of work.

       {¶20} Vanderhorst testified that he and Ranzy have been together since March

2008 and have two children. He admitted that he knows Randle and has been at his

apartment, but he denied shooting him. Vanderhorst maintained that he was asleep at his

home at the time of the shooting, and that his brothers and sisters were also home with

him.

       {¶21} Desmond Vanderhorst (“Desmond”), defendant’s older brother, testified that

Ranzy spent the night with defendant at the family’s home on Durkee Avenue the night of

September 16, 2008. At 7:00 a.m. the next morning, both defendant and Ranzy were

asleep in defendant’s bedroom.

       {¶22} Ranzy testified that during the time that she stayed with Randle, he worked

only occasionally and did not have a regular morning routine of leaving his apartment

early in the morning. She acknowledged that after she moved out of Randle’s apartment,

she once contacted him about fixing her mother’s roof, but she stated that she did not
speak with him again. She specifically denied spending time with Randle on the night

before the shooting, stating that she was with Vanderhorst at his house and that they both

were asleep at the time of the shooting.

       {¶23} Lanecia Perry (“Perry”) testified on rebuttal that Randle and Ranzy, or

“Nettie,” picked her up from her aunt’s house and drove her home on the night of

September 16, 2008. Perry invited them inside and they watched television. During this

visit, Ranzy seemed upset and asked Perry if she was dating Randle. Perry indicated that

she was not.

       {¶24} The jury found both defendants guilty of all charges on August 2, 2011.

The trial court subsequently merged the kidnapping charges into one conviction, merged

the aggravated robbery charges into one conviction, and merged the firearm specifications

for these offenses into a single specification. The court also merged the felonious assault

and attempted murder charges into a single conviction.

       {¶25} The court sentenced Vanderhorst to a total of 13 years of imprisonment and

five years of postrelease control. He now appeals, assigning eight errors for our review.



       {¶26} Vanderhorst’s first assignment of error states:

       Quentin Vanderhorst’s convictions are against the manifest weight of the
       evidence, in violation of his right to due process of law under the 14th
       Amendment to the Constitution of the United States, and Article 1, Section
       14, of the Ohio Constitution.

       {¶27} In reviewing a challenge to the manifest weight of the evidence supporting a

conviction, this court weighs the evidence and all reasonable inferences, considers the
credibility of witnesses and determines whether in resolving conflicts in the evidence, the

jury clearly lost its way and created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that the

conviction must be reversed and a new trial ordered. State v. Martin, 20 Ohio App.3d

172, 175, 485 N.E.2d 717 (1st Dist.1983). The appellate court sits as a “ ‘thirteenth

juror’ ” and disagrees with the factfinder’s resolution of the conflicting testimony. State

v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 386, 1997-Ohio-52, 678 N.E.2d 541, quoting Tibbs v.

Florida, 457 U.S. 31, 45, 102 S.Ct. 2211, 72 L.Ed.2d 652 (1982).

       {¶28} Applying the foregoing to this matter, we conclude, after weighing the

evidence and all reasonable inferences, that the convictions are not against the manifest

weight of the evidence. The State’s evidence indicated that Ranzy had lived with Randle

and knew his work schedule. There was evidence that she was with Randle on the night

before the shooting and seemed upset with him. The State also presented clear and

compelling testimony from Randle that, as he sat in the car and prepared to leave for

work, Vanderhorst aimed a gun at his head and demanded the keys to his apartment.

Ranzy approached and ordered Randle to unlock the back door, threatening to have

Vanderhorst shoot him if he did not comply. Randle managed to flee, but he tripped as

he ran, and Vanderhorst shot him in the head. Defendant continued shooting as Randle

ran for help. Although Randle did not immediately provide the police with the names of

his assailants, he later provided their names to the police and identified them in photo

arrays. Shepherd testified that Randle called him immediately after the shooting and was

upset. He reported to Shepherd that the defendant had just shot him in the head.
       {¶29} Briggs also testified that she observed a young girl surreptitiously watching

Randle get into his car and saw the same girl and a man approach Randle. According to

this witness, the men then began to fight and the gun went off. The male assailant

chased the man who had been in the car, firing two or three additional shots. Simon

likewise established that a man and woman confronted Randle in the parking lot of his

apartment, and he observed the man chasing after Randle and shooting at him.

       {¶30} Vanderhorst and Ranzy denied shooting Randle, and their witnesses

testified that the defendants were asleep at Vanderhorst’s home at the time of the

shooting. This evidence was unsubstantiated and self-serving, and in light of the fact

that it was presented relatively late in the investigation, could be perceived as vague and

speculative in relation to the exact date of the shooting. Moreover, although Ranzy

denied spending time with Randle the night before the shooting, rebuttal witness Perry

established that they were together and that Ranzy seemed upset.

       {¶31} In light of the foregoing, the jury did not lose its way and did not create a

manifest injustice in convicting Vanderhorst of the offenses. This assignment of error

lacks merit.

       {¶32} Vanderhorst’s second assignment of error states:

       The trial court erred when it prohibited defense counsel from using Isaiah
       Randle’s prior statements to impeach his trial testimony.

       {¶33} Within this assignment of error, Vanderhorst complains that the trial court

erred in refusing to permit him to cross-examine Randle from unsworn statements Randle
made on April 11, 2011 during the sentencing portion of a proceeding taken in connection

with the guilty pleas of the defendants, which were later withdrawn.

       {¶34} Trial courts have wide latitude in imposing reasonable limits on the scope of

cross-examination based upon concerns about harassment, prejudice, confusion of the

issues, witness safety, or repetitive, marginally relevant interrogation. State v. Clark, 8th

Dist. No. 95928, 2011-Ohio-4109, citing Delaware v. Van Arsdall, 475 U.S. 673, 106

S.Ct. 1431, 89 L.Ed.2d 674 (1986).

       {¶35} Evid.R. 613(A) governs examining a witness concerning a prior statement

and provides:

       In examining a witness concerning a prior statement made by the witness,
       whether written or not, the statement need not be shown nor its contents
       disclosed to the witness at that time, but on request the same shall be shown
       or disclosed to opposing counsel.

       {¶36} The grant or denial of a motion in limine is an interlocutory and preliminary

order. See State v. Grubb, 28 Ohio St.3d 199, 200-201, 503 N.E.2d 142 (1986). In

order to preserve the matter for appeal, the parties must renew their motions or objections

at the appropriate time during trial.        State v. McKnight, 107 Ohio St.3d 101,

2005-Ohio-6046, 837 N.E.2d 315; State v. Brown, 38 Ohio St.3d 305, 528 N.E.2d 523

(1988), paragraph three of the syllabus; State v. Wilson, 8 Ohio App.3d 216, 456 N.E.2d

1287 (8th Dist.1986); State v. Shepherd, 8th Dist. No. 81926, 2003-Ohio-3356.

       {¶37} In this matter, defendant’s trial counsel sought to cross-examine Randle with

respect to a statement he made prior to sentencing during failed plea proceedings, arguing

specifically that he omitted an earlier contention that Ranzy asked him for money and
argued with him on the night before the shooting. The State argued that it could then, in

fairness, inquire as to circumstances surrounding the prior statement. The trial court

stated:

          This is very unusual because this was a sentencing hearing at which — prior
          to which your clients had entered pleas to felonious assault charges, and
          because you didn’t like what the victim said at the sentencing hearing you
          opted to withdraw your guilty plea. I’ve never had that happen before.
          And I’m concerned that you now attempt to pick apart that, those comments
          which are not under oath, very emotional, not assisted at all by the State at
          that juncture.

          Perhaps I used poor judgment in allowing you to withdraw your pleas
          because — and I thought the context in which you withdrew them, if I recall
          correctly, was that the State had somehow failed to provide you with certain
          information. * * *

          And there has been nothing presented to the Court subsequently to
          challenge the State on the discovery that they gave you and so forth. * * *
          So I have to mull this over as to whether or not I’ll permit you to use that at
          all.

          ***

           So I thought you should know my thinking on this. That’s the context in
          which I am looking at this request by the defense. So absolutely the victim
          can’t suggest, say he was in court for sentencing or something like that.
          We just can’t allow that. And he should be admonished in the strongest
          terms in private by the State. But beyond that, I’m not sure that I’m going
          to permit questioning based on what was said at sentencing.

(Emphasis added.)

          {¶38} Thereafter, Ranzy and Vanderhorst cross-examined Randle about his initial

plan to obtain “street justice” rather than cooperate with the police, the issue as to whether

he also had a gun and shot at the defendants, his prior record, whether the defendants

demanded the money on his person, and whether he knew Simon and Briggs. Ranzy’s
attorney then cross-examined Randle about his prior relationship with her, whether it was

ever violent, the defendants’ prior visits to Randle’s apartment, Ranzy’s mother’s

disapproval of her relationship with Randle, Randle’s earnings and work schedule, and

the locations of the events at issue. Randle conceded under cross-examination that on

the night before the shooting, he did not fight with Ranzy.

       {¶39} In light of the foregoing, the record does not reveal that the attorneys

renewed the motion in limine to address Randle’s prior statement during the May 26,

2011 sentencing hearing. We therefore find no abuse of discretion, as the trial court

permitted thorough cross-examination of Randle, and the issue of Randle’s prior

statement during the May 26, 2011 sentencing hearing appears to have been waived.

       {¶40} Moreover, in our view, the evidence concerning whether Ranzy asked

Randle for money and argued with him on the night before the shooting and whether they

later threatened Randle did not change the outcome in this matter in light of the

compelling evidence of guilt.

       {¶41} This assignment of error is without merit.

       {¶42} Vanderhorst’s third assignment of error states:

       Quentin Vanderhorst was denied his due process right to a fair trial as a
       result of prosecutorial misconduct.

       {¶43} In this assignment of error, defendant complains that the prosecuting

attorney erroneously informed the jury that Briggs had identified defendants as the

assailants, disclosed the penalty associated with a firearm specification, published the
indictment and a witness statement to the jury during trial, and improperly characterized

the defense as involving a “big conspiracy.”

      {¶44} In reviewing a claim of prosecutorial misconduct, this court determines

whether the prosecutor’s remarks were improper and whether the prosecutor’s remarks

affected the appellant’s substantial rights. State v. Smith, 14 Ohio St.3d 13, 14, 470

N.E.2d 883 (1984). The key consideration of the analysis is the fairness of the trial, not

the culpability of the prosecutor. State v. Hanna, 95 Ohio St.3d 285, 2002-Ohio-2221,

767 N.E.2d 678, ¶ 61. Further, the court must consider whether, in the context of the

entire trial, it appears clear beyond a reasonable doubt that the jury would have found the

defendant guilty even without the improper comments. State v. LaMar, 95 Ohio St.3d

181, 2002-Ohio-2128, 767 N.E.2d 166, ¶ 121.

      {¶45} It is well settled that considerable latitude is permitted in closing arguments.

 State v. Maurer, 15 Ohio St.3d 239, 269, 473 N.E.2d 768 (1984).

      {¶46} A prosecutor may not allude to matters that are not supported by admissible

evidence. Smith at 14. A prosecutor may, however, comment upon what the evidence

has shown and upon the reasonable inferences from that evidence. State v. Lott, 51 Ohio

St.3d 160, 165, 555 N.E.2d 293 (1990). As a general rule, questions of punishment have

no place in the trial of guilt or innocence.      State v. Dossett, 2d Dist. No. 20997,

2006-Ohio-3367.

      {¶47} Applying the foregoing to this matter with regard to the prosecuting

attorney’s erroneous statement in closing argument that Briggs had identified defendant,
we note that there was no objection. We find no plain error. In the context of the entire

trial, the statement was not so egregious that it renders the trial fundamentally unfair; and,

in any event, we find it clear beyond a reasonable doubt that, absent the prosecutor’s

comments, the jury would nonetheless have found the defendant guilty in light of

Randle’s compelling testimony, the identification of Ranzy, Shepherd’s testimony, and

the considerable evidence linking Ranzy and defendant.

       {¶48} As to the prosecuting attorney’s comment in describing the charges during

closing argument, the prosecutor stated, “this has both one- and three-year firearm

specifications.” The defense objected and the court cautioned the jury as follows:

       Ladies and gentlemen, the matter of punishment or a sentence is not within

       the province of the jury. You will not consider what any punishment

       would be for any offense or specification in the indictment. And I ask that

       you ignore any references to it.

       {¶49} In this matter, we conclude that the remarks did not deprive defendant of a

fair trial. The error was clearly harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. State v. Brown, 38

Ohio St.3d 305, 319, 528 N.E.2d 523 (1988). This assignment of error lacks merit.

       {¶50} With regard to the prosecuting attorney publishing the indictment and the

statement to the jury during the trial, we again find the conduct to be non-prejudicial

because the court reacted quickly and the exhibits were quickly removed. (Tr. 498, 805.)

       {¶51} As to the comment that the defense involved a “big conspiracy,” a similar

comment was deemed a “bit overboard, and [veering] into dangerous territory,” but not
found to be prejudicial in United States v. Warshak, 631 F.3d 266, 302-303 (6th

Cir.2010). Likewise, we find no prejudice herein.

       {¶52} This assignment of error is without merit.

       {¶53} Vanderhorst’s fourth assignment of error states:

       The trial court erred in instructing the jury regarding defendant’s flight.

       {¶54} As an initial matter, we review a trial court’s issuance of a jury instruction

for an abuse of discretion. State v. Williams, 8th Dist. No. 90845, 2009-Ohio-2026, ¶

50.   Further, jury instructions are reviewed in their entirety to determine if they contain

prejudicial error.   State v. Fields, 13 Ohio App.3d 433, 436, 469 N.E.2d 939 (8th

Dist.1984.) Flight from justice may be indicative of a consciousness of guilt but “a mere

departure from the scene of the crime is not to be confused with a deliberate flight from

the area in which the suspect is normally to be found.” State v. Norwood, 11th Dist.

Nos. 96-L-089 and 96-L-090 (Sept. 30, 1997).

       {¶55} With regard to the form of the instruction, we note that in this matter, the

court instructed the jury as follows:

       There may be evidence in this case to indicate that the defendant fled from
       the scene of the crime. Flight does not in and of itself raise the
       presumption of guilt but it may show consciousness of guilt or a guilty
       connection with a crime. If you find the defendant did flee from the scene
       of the crime, you may consider this circumstance in your consideration of
       the guilt or innocence of the defendant.

       {¶56} The instruction is identical to an instruction approved by this court in State

v. Hamilton, 8th Dist. No. 86520, 2006-Ohio-1949.
       {¶57} As to whether the instruction was warranted herein, we note that in State v.

Villa, 9th Dist. No. 05CA008773, 2006-Ohio-4529, the court held that the trial court did

not abuse its discretion in giving a flight instruction where the evidence established that

the defendant departed the scene, was sought for questioning about the crime, and could

not be located. Accord State v. Santiago, 8th Dist. No. 95516, 2011-Ohio-3058.

       {¶58} In this matter, there was evidence that at 7:00 a.m., on the morning of the

shooting, that is, shortly after the shooting, Ranzy and Vanderhorst were observed at the

Durkee Avenue home.       Nonetheless, the record does not clearly demonstrate that they

fled from the scene or fled from law enforcement, and they were arrested without incident

after warrants were issued.   We conclude, however, that any error in connection with the

issuance of this instruction was harmless and did not change the outcome of the trial.

       {¶59} This assignment of error is without merit.

       {¶60} Vanderhorst’s fifth assignment of error states:

       Quentin Vanderhorst was denied effective assistance of counsel in violation
       of the Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution
       and Article 1, Section 10 of the Ohio Constitution.

       {¶61} Within this assignment of error, Vanderhorst complains that his trial counsel

did not effectively cross-examine Simon. By identifying Ranzy, Simon provided key

identification evidence. Defendant concedes that Simon did not identify him at trial, but

he maintains that Simon’s testimony tended to show defendant’s involvement.

Defendant additionally complains that his trial attorney did not properly explore the issue

of whether Simon knows Randle, and this issue involves Simon’s credibility.
      {¶62} As noted previously, Simon did not identify defendant.         We therefore

conclude that defendant’s trial counsel could have determined, as a reasonable trial

strategy and tactical decision, to limit the cross-examination of Simon solely to his

inability to make an identification of the shooter. Such decision does not constitute the

ineffective assistance of counsel. State v. Revels, 12 Dist. Nos. CA2001-09-223 and

CA2001-09230, 2002-Ohio-4231, citing State v. Clayton, 62 Ohio St.2d 45, 48-49, 402

N.E.2d 1189 (1980).

      {¶63} This assignment of error is without merit.

      {¶64} Vanderhorst’s sixth assignment of error states:

      The cumulative errors in this case deprived Quentin Vanderhorst of a fair

      trial.

      {¶65} Cumulative error exists only where trial errors actually “deprive[d] a

defendant of the constitutional right to a fair trial.” State v. DeMarco, 31 Ohio St.3d

191, 509 N.E.2d 1256 (1987), paragraph two of the syllabus. In this matter, however, we

have recognized only harmless, nonprejudicial error, which in our view, did not

cumulatively deprive defendant of a fair trial.     Therefore, we reject the claim of

cumulative error herein. See State v. Garner, 74 Ohio St.3d 49, 64, 656 N.E.2d 623

(1995).



      {¶66} Vanderhorst’s seventh assignment of error states:

      The trial court violated the United States and Ohio Constitutions when, with
      respect to each alleged victim, it failed to treat Quentin Vanderhorst’s
         convictions for kidnapping and aggravated robbery as allied offenses of
         similar import.

         {¶67} In State v. Johnson, 128 Ohio St.3d 1405, 2010-Ohio-6314, 942 N.E.2d

1061, the Ohio Supreme Court established, through a two-part test, that the conduct of the

accused must be considered when determining whether offenses are allied offenses of

similar import subject to merger.

         {¶68} In the first part of the test, trial courts must determine whether the offenses

“correspond to such a degree that the conduct of the defendant constituting commission

of one offense constitutes commission of the other, then the offenses are of similar

import.” Id. at ¶ 48.      In making this determination, it is not necessary that the

commission of one offense would always result in the commission of the other; but

instead, the question is whether it is possible for both offenses to be committed with the

same conduct.      Id. Next, the trial court must determine whether the offenses were

committed by the same conduct, i.e., “a single act, committed with a single state of

mind.”

         {¶69} If the answer to both questions is yes, then the offenses are allied offenses of

similar import and must merge. If, however, the court determines that commission of

one offense will never result in the commission of the other, or if there is a separate

animus for each offense, then the offenses will not merge. Id. at ¶ 48-51.

         {¶70} Counts 1 and 2 charged Vanderhorst with kidnapping, in violation of R.C.

2905.01(A)(2) (to facilitate a felony) and R.C. 2905.01(A)(3) (to terrorize or inflict

serious physical harm).       Counts 3 and 4 charged him with aggravated robbery, in
violation of R.C. 2911.01(A)(1) (with a deadly weapon) and R.C. 2911.01(A)(3)

(inflicting or attempting to inflict serious physical harm). Defendant was convicted of all

four offenses.

       {¶71} The kidnapping statute, R.C. 2905.01, provides, in relevant part as follows:

       (A) No person, by force, threat, or deception, or, in the case of a victim
       under the age of thirteen or mentally incompetent, by any means, shall
       remove another from the place where the other person is found or restrain
       the liberty of the other person, for any of the following purposes:

       (2) To facilitate the commission of any felony or flight thereafter;

       (3) To terrorize, or to inflict serious physical harm on the victim or

       another[.]

       {¶72} The aggravated robbery statute, R.C. 2911.01, provides, in relevant part, as

follows:

       (A) No person, in attempting or committing a theft offense, as defined in
       section 2913.01 of the Revised Code, or in fleeing immediately after the
       attempt or offense, shall do any of the following:

       (1) Have a deadly weapon on or about the offender’s person or under the
       offender’s control and either display the weapon, brandish it, indicate that
       the offender possesses it, or use it;

       (3) Inflict, or attempt to inflict, serious physical harm on another.

       {¶73} In this matter, the State established the offenses of both aggravated robbery

and kidnapping based upon Vanderhorst’s actions in brandishing a handgun to restrain

Randle and to facilitate the planned theft of his keys. These offenses correspond to such a

degree that the conduct of the defendant constituting commission of one offense

constitutes commission of the other, as the same conduct satisfies the elements of both the
aggravated robbery and the kidnapping.        The offenses of aggravated robbery and

kidnapping were allied offenses of similar import. Accord State v. Hicks, 8th Dist. No.

95169, 2011-Ohio-2780, ¶ 11; State v. Bauldwin, 8th Dist. No. 94876, 2011-Ohio-1066.

       {¶74} Moreover, the evidence demonstrated that the offenses were        “committed

with a single state of mind,” as the restraint here was incidental to the commission of the

underlying aggravated robbery.      The restraint of Randle did not subject him to a

substantial increase in risk of harm separate from the underlying aggravated robbery.

Accord Hicks at ¶ 13.

       {¶75} The offenses are therefore allied offenses of similar import and must merge.

 This assignment of error is well taken.

       {¶76} Vanderhorst’s eighth assignment of error states:

       Counsel’s failure to request waiver or object to court costs for an indigent

       violated Quentin’s 6th Amendment right to effective assistance of counsel.

       {¶77} R.C. 2947.23(A)(1) governs the imposition of costs and provides as follows:

       In all criminal cases, including violations of ordinances, the judge or

       magistrate shall include in the sentence the costs of prosecution and render

       a judgment against the defendant for such costs.

       {¶78} This statute has been held to apply even to indigent defendants.         A trial

court may, in its discretion, waive these costs. State v. White, 103 Ohio St.3d 580,

2004-Ohio-5989, 817 N.E.2d 393, ¶ 8. However, the defendant must first make a motion

for waiver at the time of sentencing.        State v. Clevenger, 114 Ohio St.3d 258,
2007-Ohio-4006, 871 N.E.2d 589, ¶ 5, citing State v. Threatt, 108 Ohio St.3d 277,

2006-Ohio-905, 843 N.E.2d 164, paragraph two of the syllabus. Nonetheless, a claim of

ineffective assistance of counsel in connection with the imposition of costs will be

rejected on appeal where the defendant makes “no demonstration that a ‘reasonable

probability’ exists that the lower court would have waived payment of the costs” if such

motion had been filed. State v. Maloy, 6th Dist. No. L-10-1350, 2011-Ohio-6919, ¶ 12,

citing State v. King, 6th Dist. No. WD-09-069, 2010-Ohio-3074, ¶ 11.

       {¶79} In this matter, Vanderhorst was found to be indigent and the trial court

appointed counsel for him and “enter[ed] a judgment against him in an amount equal to

the costs of this prosecution.” Vanderhorst’s trial counsel did not file a motion to waive

costs, but there is no indication on the record presented that there is a reasonable

probability that the lower court would have waived payment of the costs if such motion

had been filed. Accordingly, we cannot conclude that he was denied effective assistance

of counsel for failing to object to the imposition of these costs. This assignment of error

is without merit.

       {¶80} In accordance with the foregoing, Vanderhorst’s convictions are affirmed,

the sentence imposed for aggravated robbery and kidnapping is reversed, and this matter

is remanded for further proceedings according to law and consistent with this opinion.

Upon remand, the State will elect which of the allied offenses it wishes to pursue at

sentencing for which the defendant should be punished.    See State v. Whitfield, 124 Ohio

St.3d 319, 2010-Ohio-2, 922 N.E.2d 182. The matter is affirmed in all other respects.
      It is ordered that appellant recover from appellee costs herein taxed.

      The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

      It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this court directing the common

pleas court to carry this judgment into execution. The defendant’s convictions having

been affirmed, any bail pending appeal is terminated.




      A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27 of

the Rules of Appellate Procedure.




MARY EILEEN KILBANE, JUDGE

FRANK D. CELEBREZZE, JR., P.J., and
JAMES J. SWEENEY, J., CONCUR.
