                                  Cite as 2017 Ark. App. 338


                   ARKANSAS COURT OF APPEALS
                                        DIVISION II
                                        No. CV-16-641


                                                    Opinion Delivered   May 24, 2017

                                                    APPEAL FROM THE CRAIGHEAD
SUE GARRISON                                        COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT,
                               APPELLANT            WESTERN DISTRICT
                                                    [NO. 16CV-15-206]

V.                                                  HONORABLE JOHN N. FOGLEMAN,
                                                    JUDGE
AL AQUINO
                                 APPELLEE           AFFIRMED


                                LARRY D. VAUGHT, Judge

       Appellant Sue Garrison appeals the Craighead County Circuit Court’s grant of appellee

Al Aquino’s motion for summary judgment on the issue of imputed negligence under Arkansas

Code Annotated section 27-16-702. We see no error and affirm.

       In August 2013, Sue was involved in a car wreck with Austin Aquino, who was sixteen

years old at the time. During the accident, Austin was driving a vehicle owned by his maternal

grandmother. As a result of the wreck, Sue sustained injuries. She filed a lawsuit against Austin

and his parents, Al Aquino and Carrie Wade. Al and Carrie are divorced, and Carrie has

primary legal and physical custody of their three children, including Austin. Al exercises

visitation but lives in Texas, while Carrie and the children live in Jonesboro. Sue’s lawsuit

alleged negligence against Austin and alleged that Austin’s negligence was imputed to Carrie

and Al pursuant to Arkansas Code Annotated section 27-16-702.
                                  Cite as 2017 Ark. App. 338

       Al moved for summary judgment, arguing that he had not signed Austin’s driver’s-

license-application form, was not authorized under the statute to do so, and had no authority

to grant or withhold permission for Austin to drive while in Carrie’s custody. After a hearing,

the court granted summary judgment in favor of Al, and Sue initiated this appeal.

       Sue raises three points on appeal, but her first two points argue the same issue: that the

court erred in interpreting section 27-16-702 as not imputing Austin’s negligence to Al. The

statute provides, in pertinent part:

                (a)(1)(A) The original application of any person under eighteen (18) years of age
       for an instruction permit, a learner’s license, an intermediate driver’s license, or a
       motor-driven cycle or motorcycle license shall be signed and verified before a person
       authorized to administer oaths by either the father or mother of the applicant, if either
       is living and has custody.
               ....
              (b)(1) Except as provided under subdivision (b)(2) of this section, any
       negligence or willful misconduct of a minor under eighteen (18) years of age when
       driving a motor vehicle upon a highway shall be imputed to the person who signed the
       application of the minor for a permit or license, regardless of whether the person who
       signed was authorized to sign under subsection (a) of this section, which person shall
       be liable with the minor for any damages caused by the negligence or willful
       misconduct.
               ....
              (c)(1) If any person who is required or authorized by subsection (a) of this
       section to sign the application of a minor in the manner therein provided shall cause,
       or knowingly cause, or permit his or her child or ward or employee under eighteen (18)
       years of age to drive a motor vehicle upon any highway, then any negligence or willful
       misconduct of the minor shall be imputed to this person, and this person shall be liable
       with the minor for any damages caused by the negligence or willful misconduct.



Ark. Code Ann. § 27-16-702 (a)(1(A), (b)(1), (c)(1) (Supp. 2014).




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       We review issues of law and issues of statutory construction de novo. Ark. State Police

v. Wren, 2016 Ark. 188, at 3, 491 S.W.3d 124, 126 (citing Pulaski Cty. v. Ark. Democrat-Gazette,

Inc., 370 Ark. 435, 439, 260 S.W.3d 718, 720 (2007)).

       Subsection (a)(1)(A) states that the application shall be signed by “either the father or

mother of the applicant, if either is living and has custody.” Subsection (b)(1) imputes liability

for the minor’s negligence or willful misconduct while driving to the person who signed the

form, and subsection (c)(1) imputes liability to “any person who is required or authorized by

subsection (a) of this section to sign the application” who causes, knowingly causes, or permits

his or her child to drive.

       Sue argues, generally, that the legislature intended for both parents to be covered by

the statute, that Al permitted Austin to drive, and that as a parent whose rights had not been

terminated, Al always had authority to grant or revoke that permission. Sue’s argument fails

for two reasons. First, it is not supported by the plain language of the statute, which does not

cover Al. Second, even if liability could be imputed to Al under the statute if he had

“permitted” Austin to drive, the court correctly found that Al had no legal authority to do so

while Austin was in Carrie’s custody.

       Because Al did not sign Austin’s application form, the only subsection of the statute

upon which Sue can rely to claim imputed liability is subsection (c)(1). However, this

subsection does not apply to all parents; it applies only to a person who is required or

authorized by subsection (a) to sign the form. Subsection (a) allows either parent to sign the

form “if either is living and has custody” of the minor. Here, Al did not have custody of Austin

and therefore would not have been authorized to sign under subsection (a). As a result, liability


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cannot be imputed to Al under subsection (c)(1), which extends only to persons authorized to

sign the form pursuant to subsection (a). Under the plain language of the statute, the

negligence of a minor cannot be imputed to the noncustodial parent.

       Additionally, as the noncustodial parent, Al had no legal or practical authority to “cause,

knowingly cause, or permit” Austin to drive while Austin was in Carrie’s custody, which is

required under subsection (c) for liability to attach. It is undisputed that Al knew Austin was

driving, but pursuant to their divorce decree, Carrie had primary custody and was entitled to

make unilateral parenting decisions while Austin was in her care. Al’s awareness that Carrie

allowed Austin to drive does not amount to permission, since any permission Al gave in this

context would have been meaningless. Had the accident occurred during visitation, while Al

was supervising Austin, there may be a better argument that Al permitted Austin to drive.

However, in the present case, Austin was involved in the wreck while in Carrie’s care and

custody, while driving a car provided by Carrie’s mother, and while Al was living in Texas.

       Sue’s final point on appeal is that the circuit court’s interpretation of the statute violates

Al’s fundamental right to parent his child. 1 Citing Troxel v. Granville, 530 U.S. 57 (2000), Sue

argues that the “liberty” protected by the Due Process Clause includes the right to have and

raise children. She is correct that the Constitution protects the rights of parents, but her



       1In  her reply brief, Sue argues that the court’s interpretation of the statute contradicts
the State’s own interpretation found in the Arkansas Driver’s License Study Manual. It is well-
settled law in Arkansas that an argument cannot be raised for the first time in a reply brief.
State v. McCormack, 343 Ark. 285, 291, 34 S.W.3d 735, 738–39 (2000); Jordan v. State, 323 Ark.
628, 917 S.W.2d 164 (1996). Al has filed a motion to strike this portion of Sue’s reply brief.
Because we have not considered any argument raised for the first time in Sue’s reply brief, and
given our holding in the present case, we deny Al’s motion.

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argument on appeal provides no basis for reversal. First, Sue never raised this argument below,

and it is therefore not preserved for our review. It is well settled that we will not address an

issue for the first time on appeal, even one of constitutional significance. Laymon v. State, 2015

Ark. 485, at 5, 478 S.W.3d 203, 206 (“We will not consider arguments, even constitutional

ones, that are raised for the first time on appeal. Also, failure to obtain a ruling on an issue at

the trial court level, including a constitutional issue, precludes review on appeal.”). Moreover,

Sue lacks standing to allege a violation of Al’s due-process rights. In order to have standing, a

litigant must show that he or she suffered injury or has been prejudiced as a member of the

class of persons regulated by the law. Nicholson v. Upland Indus. Dev. Co., 2012 Ark. 326, 422

S.W.3d 108; Hamilton v. Hamilton, 317 Ark. 572, 879 S.W.2d 416 (1994). While Sue may be

prejudiced by the court’s interpretation of the statute, she is not a member of the class of

persons regulated by section 27-16-702. She is not alleging that her own parenting rights are

being violated but that Al’s are. Sue has no standing to allege a violation of someone else’s

constitutional rights. Finally, her argument lacks merit. If anything limited Al’s right to parent,

it was the divorce decree awarding Carrie primary custody. His inability to permit or prohibit

Austin’s driving stems directly from the divorce decree, not section 27-16-702. The statute

addresses only the imputed liability of a parent, it does not expand or narrow a parent’s legal

authority to allow his or her child to drive.

       Affirmed.

       HARRISON and BROWN, JJ., agree.

       Jeff Scriber P.A., by: Jeff Scriber, for appellant.

       Laser Law Firm, by: Kevin Staten and Brian A. Brown, for appellee.


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