        IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                         AT NASHVILLE
                           Assigned on Briefs April 17, 2013

              STATE OF TENNESSEE v. RANDALL COLEMAN

            Direct Appeal from the Criminal Court for Davidson County
                   No. 2011-B-1027     Cheryl Blackburn, Judge




                 No. M2012-01285-CCA-R3-CD- Filed August 8, 2013


A Davidson County jury found the Defendant, Randall Coleman, guilty of five counts of
aggravated sexual battery and one count of rape of a child. The trial court sentenced the
Defendant to ten years for each aggravated sexual battery conviction and to the mandatory
twenty-five-year sentence for the rape of a child conviction. The trial court ordered partial
consecutive sentencing for a total effective sentence of fifty-five years in the Tennessee
Department of Correction. On appeal, the Defendant contends: (1) the evidence is
insufficient to sustain his convictions; and (2) the trial court erred when sentencing him
because his sentence is excessive. After a thorough review of the record and applicable
authorities, we conclude there exists no error in the judgments of the trial court.
Accordingly, the judgments of the trial court are affirmed.

 Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgments of the Criminal Court Affirmed

R OBERT W. W EDEMEYER, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which J AMES C URWOOD
W ITT, J R., J., joined. T HOMAS T. W OODALL, J., concurs in results only.

Emma Tennent, Nashville, Tennessee, for the appellant, Randall Coleman.

Robert E. Cooper, Jr., Attorney General and Reporter; David Findley, Assistant Attorney
General; Victor S. Johnson, III, District Attorney General; and Sharon Reddick, Assistant
District Attorney General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.

                                        OPINION
                                         I. Facts

      This case arises from allegations against the Defendant made by the young
granddaughter of his then girlfriend.
                                                   A. Trial

        At the Defendant’s trial, the parties presented the following evidence: J.R.1 testified
that she was born April 28, 1997, and was fourteen years old at the time of the trial. She said
that she lived with her mother and that her brothers and sisters lived with their father. J.R.
recalled that she often spent time at her grandmother’s house, whom she referred to as
“Granny.” Her granny’s given name was Charmaine Rowan. J.R. said that, at the time of
these incidents, Rowan lived in a large, three-bedroom apartment in the Spring Branch
apartment complex with the Defendant, whom she called Pawpaw, and their two children,
Kevin Coleman and Keisha Coleman. J.R. testified that the Defendant was like a grandfather
to her.

       While the Defendant and her granny lived at the Spring Branch apartment, J.R. visited
the Defendant and Rowan frequently, as the apartment was close to J.R.’s school. On one
occasion when she was at the apartment, she was on an air mattress between Kevin Coleman
and the Defendant. Kevin Coleman kept scooting “his butt” back, in a playful manner,
causing J.R. to scoot back also. She recalled that, as she was scooting back, the Defendant
moved toward her. When the Defendant moved toward her, his “private part” touched her
buttocks. Upon contact with the Defendant’s body, the victim scooted away from the
Defendant and back toward Kevin Coleman.

       J.R. testified that, on another occasion, she was in Rowan’s room asleep in the bed
when the Defendant came into the room and pulled down her clothing. He then pulled down
his own clothing, and put his “private part on [her] private part.” J.R. said that, while her
legs were spread apart, the Defendant touched his penis to the area where she “pee[d].” She
described the Defendant as “going up and down.” J.R. recalled that Rowan came in the main
door to the apartment, so the Defendant pulled up his pants, and she pulled up her own pants.

       J.R. testified about another incident when she was in Rowan’s room, and the
Defendant pulled his pants down. He told her to “touch it,” and he grabbed her hand. He
assisted her in “going up and down” on his penis. J.R. testified that nothing came out of his
penis on this occasion.

        J.R. testified about another incident that occurred while the Defendant lived at the
Spring Branch apartment. She said that she was in Kevin Coleman’s room. J.R. said she
knew that something happened while she was in that room, but she did not want to go into
detail because she did not remember it clearly. J.R. said that there were other incidents that
happened, but she did not remember them specifically.

       1
           To protect her privacy, we will refer to the victim by her initials.

                                                      -2-
      J.R. said that the Defendant told her not to tell anyone “what [they had] been doing
because,” he said, “pawpaw can get in real big trouble.”

      J.R. recalled that, when she was ten or eleven years old, Rowan and the Defendant
moved into a different apartment in “Hallmark at the Park.” This apartment had two
bedrooms, and the couple lived there with three children, including Kevin and Keisha
Coleman. J.R. said that Keisha Coleman did not have her own room and stayed in the same
room with the Defendant and Rowan.

       J.R. testified that, on one occasion while the Defendant and Rowan lived at
“Hallmark,” the Defendant told Keisha Coleman to go and wash the dishes. After doing so,
the Defendant pulled down his pants, pulled down J.R.’s pants, and pulled J.R. on top of him.
J.R. said the Defendant put “his private part where [she] peed” and started moving up and
down. J.R. said that she then got off of him.

       J.R. testified about another incident at the Hallmark apartments. She said that she was
alone in the apartment with the Defendant. She recalled that the Defendant pulled her pants
down, pulled his pants down, and opened her legs, spreading them apart. He then put his
“private part on [her] private part.” The Defendant was “going up and down,” until J.R. told
him that she needed to go to the bathroom.

       J.R. said that, while the Defendant and Rowan lived at the Hallmark apartment, J.R.
told Keisha Coleman about the Defendant’s sexual conduct toward her. J.R. asked Keisha
Coleman to tell her mother. To J.R.’s knowledge, Keisha Coleman did not respond to J.R.’s
request and did not tell J.R.’s mother.

        J.R. said that, when she was approximately eleven or twelve, Rowan and the
Defendant moved to a duplex in the Westchester area (“Tuckahoe Square”). This was a
three-bedroom home. When J.R. was visiting the Defendant and Rowan at the Tuckahoe
Square duplex, the Defendant was in the room with J.R. He pulled down his pants and told
J.R. to “touch it.” He then grabbed her hand with his hand and assisted her in rubbing her
hand up and down his penis. J.R. said she believed that something came out of the
Defendant’s penis on this occasion.

       J.R. testified that, on another occasion, she was in the living room of the Tuckahoe
Square duplex with Rowan and the Defendant. The Defendant told Rowan to go in her room,
and Rowan complied with his request. The Defendant then pulled J.R.’s pants down and
spread her legs apart. He then put his tongue in her private area and started licking her. The
Defendant then put his private in that same place, and he “nutted in [her].” J.R. described

                                             -3-
the term “nutted,” a phrase she said she learned in school, as meaning that “something” came
out of the Defendant’s penis onto the victim’s vagina. J.R. said that after the Defendant
finished, she went to the bathroom to wipe herself off and then went to Keisha Coleman’s
room to lay down.

       J.R. said that, at some point, her mother asked her if anyone was touching her. J.R.
did not respond, which indicated to her mother that J.R. was, in fact, being inappropriately
touched. J.R.’s mother inquired further, and J.R. told her about the interactions with the
Defendant. J.R. said her mother called the police.

       J.R. said that she then went to the Child Advocacy Center, and a woman named
“Latoya” interviewed her. She also underwent a medical exam at the clinic. After speaking
with a police detective, J.R. agreed to have a telephone conversation with the Defendant
while police officers taped the conversation.

       J.R.’s mother, K.R.,2 testified that J.R. is her only child and that the two lived alone
together. K.R. said she first met the Defendant when she was seven years old, at which time
her mother and the Defendant began dating. K.R. said that the Defendant raised her, and the
two had never previously had a personality conflict.

        K.R. testified that, before she learned of J.R.’s allegations, she allowed J.R. to spend
a lot of time at Rowan and the Defendant’s home. She said she trusted the Defendant to be
around J.R. She said that Keisha Coleman, who was K.R.’s half sister and J.R.’s aunt, was
two years older than J.R., and the two went to the same school, so she would leave J.R. at
Rowan’s to play with Keisha while she went to work. Keisha would also come over to her
house to spend the night, and she described her relationship with Keisha as “real[ly] good.”

       K.R. confirmed that Rowan and the Defendant lived in three locations, and J.R. visited
each location: Spring Branch, Hallmark, and Tuckahoe Square. The Defendant often worked
outside the home, but he was “always in and out of jobs.” Rowan, she said, kept full-time
employment.

       K.R. said that she was aware that there were times when the Defendant was the only
adult present while Keisha and J.R. were in the home. This, however, did not cause her
concern because she never felt that J.R. was in an unsafe environment.

        K.R. recounted the events leading up to J.R. telling her that the Defendant had touched


        2
            In order to further protect the identity of the victim, we will also refer to her mother by her initials
only.

                                                         -4-
her inappropriately. She said that she had a nightmare one night while J.R. was sleeping at
the Defendant’s house. The nightmare left K.R. feeling unsettled, and she was still feeling
unsettled when she picked up the victim the next day. As the two were eating a meal, K.R.
said that she “just immediately got up and I asked her . . . [J.R.] ha[s] anybody ever touched
you?” K.R. said J.R.’s facial expression “just changed,” so K.R. inquired further. K.R. said
she asked J.R. if K.R.’s boyfriend “Twin” had touched her inappropriately, and J.R. shook
her head “no.” She then asked if the Defendant had touched her inappropriately, and J.R.
said, “Yes,” and tears began falling down her face. J.R. told her that the Defendant had
inappropriately touched her more than twenty times. K.R. said she asked J.R. why she had
never told her before, and J.R. said she was scared that Rowan wouldn’t believe her and that
no one else would believe her either. K.R. explained that she asked J.R. specifically about
“Twin” and the Defendant because those were the two men who were around J.R. the most.

        K.R. said she prayed with J.R. and put her to sleep. After J.R. was asleep, K.R. started
to drive to the Defendant’s house to confront him. She thought better of it, however, and she
decided to call the police. A uniformed police officer came to her house and took a report,
and then she was contacted by the Department of Children’s Services. K.R. said she took
J.R. to be interviewed by the forensic interviewer and also to be medically examined. K.R.
was later contacted by a detective, Ed Strickling, who investigated this case. K.R. said that,
during the first month after she contacted police, she did not confront the Defendant or
Rowan about J.R.’s allegations. K.R. did not tell Rowan about the allegations until the police
went to interview Keisha at school.

       K.R. said that, after Rowan learned what J.R. had alleged, Rowan tried to “put [the
Defendant] out.” The Defendant eventually moved out of the Tuckahoe Square duplex. The
Defendant attempted to contact K.R., by calling her and leaving her phone messages, but the
police had told her not to speak with him, so she did not return his phone calls. She did,
however, tell Detective Strickling that the Defendant was repeatedly calling her. The
detective suggested that J.R. call the Defendant while police recorded the phone
conversation.

        During cross-examination, K.R. testified that, in 2009, she was convicted of bringing
contraband into a penal facility. K.R. said she was sixteen years old when she gave birth to
J.R., and, since J.R. was eight or nine years old, the two had lived multiple places. At times,
K.R. had men staying in her apartments with her and J.R. Specifically, she had two
consecutive boyfriends, one of whom she dated from 2000 to 2008. The second boyfriend,
“Twin” stayed with her occasionally around the time of these allegations. K.R.’s best friend,
also a male, stayed with her from time to time. K.R. testified that J.R. also sometimes spent
the night with one of K.R.’s girlfriends, some of whom had sons.



                                              -5-
       K.R. said that she never had any indication that the Defendant was inappropriately
touching J.R. She then said that, on one occasion, J.R. began “using the bathroom on
herself” while staying at the Spring Branch apartment with the Defendant and Rowan.
K.R.’s grandmother told her not to allow J.R. to stay with the Defendant and Rowan
anymore, but K.R. thought “nothing [was] going on over there.” She took J.R. to be tested
for a urinary tract infection, but the doctors did not conduct a medical examination. K.R.
questioned J.R. about if “anything” had happened, and J.R. said no.

        Keisha Coleman, the daughter of the Defendant and Rowan, testified that, while J.R.
was her niece, the two were more like sisters and had been close most of their lives. She said
that, until 2010, she lived with the Defendant and Rowan. Keisha recalled a time while
living at the Hallmark apartment when J.R. told her that the Defendant had touched J.R.
inappropriately. Keisha said that she never told anyone about J.R.’s statements until police
contacted her about these allegations. When police asked her about the allegations, however,
she told them that J.R. had previously disclosed this information to her. Keisha testified that
she never noticed the Defendant being mean to J.R. and that the two seemed to get along
fairly well.

       During cross-examination, Keisha testified that J.R. usually slept in bed with her when
she spent the night at their home. She said that she and J.R. liked to “play tricks” on the
Defendant, like waiting until he was asleep and putting tissue in his ears or running away
from him. Keisha said that, even after J.R. told her about the touching, J.R. continued to
sleep over. She said that she never saw anything inappropriate occur between the Defendant
and J.R. while J.R. was at her home. She further testified that the Defendant had never
touched her in an inappropriate manner.

        During redirect examination, Keisha testified that there were times when the
Defendant was alone on the bed with J.R. while the two watched television. She also said
that J.R. had never accused anyone else of touching her inappropriately.

        Detective Edmond Strickling, with the Metropolitan Nashville Police Department,
testified that, in 2009, he worked in the Sex Crimes Unit. In August 2010, he investigated
J.R.’s allegations in this case. The detective said that K.R. called police, who took an initial
report from K.R. and then referred the case to him. J.R. was interviewed by a forensic
interviewer and also medically examined.

       Detective Strickling testified that officers use the term “delayed disclosure” when a
child does not disclose sexual abuse immediately. He said that he dealt with this type of
disclosure frequently. Detective Strickling explained that cases involving delayed disclosure
provide the additional challenge that physical evidence is unlikely to be recovered. This type

                                              -6-
of case, however, was more difficult because officers would lose “the element of surprise,”
in that the child would be removed from the home and also because they could not recover
physical evidence.

        The detective testified that, when investigating J.R.’s case, he first tried to corroborate
her statements. Detective Strickling verified that the Defendant and Rowan had lived in the
three places mentioned by J.R. He also attempted a “controlled phone call” where J.R. called
the Defendant. The Defendant did not make any admissions during this telephone
conversation, which the State played for the jury.

        Detective Strickling testified that J.R. told him that she had told Keisha Coleman
about the abuse. The detective located Keisha at school and interviewed her. Keisha
corroborated J.R.’s account of the conversation. The detective testified that he interviewed
the Defendant about J.R.’s allegations. The Defendant and the detective met at a Wal-Mart
parking lot, and they sat together in the front seat of the detective’s car. The detective told
the Defendant he was not under arrest and that he was trying to get the Defendant’s side of
the story. The detective recorded his conversation with the Defendant. In the recording, the
Defendant denied the allegations and agreed to submit to a DNA test.

       Detective Strickling testified he contacted Rowan, who said she did not want to get
involved in the case.

        During cross-examination, Detective Strickling confirmed that the Defendant
repeatedly denied sexually abusing J.R. during the controlled phone call. He further said
that, during his interview in the car with the Defendant, he told the Defendant that J.R. had
undergone a medical examination and that some DNA may have been recovered. The
detective said the Defendant became “apprehensive” and inquired about what evidence
police had found. The Defendant then provided the detective with a DNA sample. During
this conversation, the Defendant never changed his denial of any sexual contact with J.R.
During redirect examination, the detective stated that, while the Defendant repeatedly denied
J.R.’s allegations, there were some inconsistencies and problems with his story.

       Rowan, J.R.’s grandmother and K.R.’s mother, testified that she had two children with
the Defendant, Keisha and Kevin Coleman. She said she and the Defendant had lived
together for twenty-five years, moving on several occasions. Throughout J.R.’s childhood,
J.R. spent a fair amount of time at her home. She said that there were times that the
Defendant was home alone with J.R., whom J.R. called “Pawpaw.”

       Rowan testified that she learned about J.R.’s allegations when Keisha came home
from school one day and said that police officers had asked her questions about J.R. and the

                                                -7-
Defendant. Rowan said, upon hearing this, she was angry and cried. She asked the
Defendant “why,” and the Defendant denied the allegations. Rowan said she asked the
Defendant about the allegations daily. She implored him to tell the truth, and the Defendant
eventually told her that “[J.R.] wouldn’t leave him alone.” Rowan interpreted this statement
as an admission that the Defendant had molested J.R. Rowan said she told the Defendant she
was going to tell the detective, and he told her that she “better not.” This made Rowan
scared because she “didn’t know what he was going to try to do.” She, therefore, never
contacted the detective.

       Rowan testified that the Defendant told her that J.R. had called him on the phone.
He told Rowan that they “think he’s stupid.” Rowan understood the Defendant to mean that
the detective thought he was stupid. Rowan again believed this was the Defendant’s
confirmation that the allegations were true.

       Rowan said that someone from the public defender’s office contacted her requesting
to speak to Keisha and Kevin. Rowan allowed him to come to her home and speak with
them.
       During cross-examination, Rowan described her shared residences with the Defendant
as “medium” sized. She said she never saw anything in the way that J.R. interacted with the
Defendant that raised suspicion. Rowan agreed that J.R. had also spent the night at the home
of one of K.R.’s girlfriends. The girlfriend had two young sons, both of whom were close
in age to J.R. Rowan said she had previously described the two boys as “nasty” and had
expressed her belief that J.R. should not spend the night there.

       Rowan agreed she may have told the investigator that her family had threatened to
“turn on [her]” if she sided with the Defendant. She also told the investigator that there had
been “trouble” within her family because she and the Defendant had never been married.
She also told the investigator that “maybe” the Defendant was just “playing” with J.R., and
J.R. misunderstood his actions.

       Rowan agreed that she had never disclosed her conversations with the Defendant
during which he seemed to acknowledge the truth of J.R.’s allegations. The first time she
mentioned these conversation was during the trial.

       During redirect examination, Rowan testified that, after her conversations with the
Defendant when she understood him to be admitting to molesting J.R., she made him leave
their home. She never allowed him to return.

      Sue Ross, a pediatric nurse practitioner at Our Kids’ Center, testified as an expert
witness in the area of pediatric nursing and forensic pediatric examinations. She said that

                                             -8-
the examinations at the Our Kids’ Center normally took between one and three hours.
During this time, a nurse practitioner would take a medical history from the victim and also
conduct a physical examination. Ross said another nurse practitioner, one who was no longer
employed with Our Kids, examined J.R., but Ross had reviewed the report.

        The report included J.R.’s medical history. She told the nurse that the Defendant had
touched her private parts. She said the first time was while she was on an air mattress with
Kevin Coleman and that the Defendant had pushed his penis up against her buttocks. She
then told the nurse about a second incident where the Defendant went into her room at her
granny’s house and pulled down her pants and then pulled down his own pants. She said that
the Defendant touched her on her private area but that his penis did not go inside of her. J.R.
told the nurse that, each time the Defendant had touched her, he pulled down her pants. She
said that she did not think that his penis had ever gone inside of her. J.R. told the nurse about
another event where the Defendant put her on his lap and “made [her] move up and down on
him.”

       The nurse’s report indicated that J.R. said she did not tell her mother because she was
“scared.” J.R. described an encounter that occurred while the Defendant lived in the
Hallmark apartment where he made her “jack him off.” J.R. described the final incident with
the Defendant during which the Defendant performed oral sex on her, putting his “tongue on
[her] private part.” The Defendant then again made her go back and forth on his private, but
he never put his private inside of her. J.R. said she never saw anything come out of the
Defendant’s penis. She also said she felt better once she told her mother about the abuse.
Nurse Ross said the report also indicated that J.R.’s medical examination was normal, which
was consistent with the type of abuse she alleged.

        During cross-examination, Nurse Ross agreed that the “medical history” taken is an
oral history from the victim. This information may, or may not, be true.

       The trial court then read, and entered as an exhibit, the election of offenses.

       John Terry, an investigator with the public defender’s office, testified that he
interviewed Rowan with regard to this case. The defense then played an audio recording of
a portion of his interview with Rowan, wherein she stated that her family had threatened to
no longer be in contact with her if she supported the Defendant.

        During cross-examination, Terry testified that Rowan expressed numerous times that
she felt caught in the middle of this situation.

       Based upon this evidence, the jury convicted the Defendant of five counts of

                                               -9-
aggravated sexual battery and one count of rape of a child.

                                  B. Sentencing Hearing

       At the Defendant’s sentencing hearing, the trial court noted that the Defendant’s
mandatory minimum sentence for the rape of a child conviction, a Class A felony, was
twenty-five years, to be served at 100%. The trial court noted that the issues before it for
sentencing were the length of the sentences for the remaining five convictions and also
whether those sentences would run concurrently with or consecutive to the rape of a child
sentence. The trial court admitted into evidence the presentence report, including the victim
impact statement.

        K.R. testified that, because she trusted the Defendant, she allowed J.R. to spend
significant amounts of time in his home. K.R. testified that, after J.R. disclosed the abuse,
J.R. went to counseling once a week for several months. K.R. felt this had helped J.R. in
dealing with this situation. K.R. expressed her pride in J.R.’s strength in handling this
situation. She said that the Defendant had caused so much pain in their family. She said she
could not believe that he would hurt her innocent child and that he would then deny what he
had done. K.R. said she had told J.R. that the Defendant would receive the “max” for what
he had done to her.

       The Defendant testified and maintained his innocence, imploring with J.R. to tell the
truth. He said, “What on God’s earth would make me want to do this child like that?” The
Defendant said he felt like he was the victim in this case because he had never touched J.R.
inappropriately.

       Martez Coleman, the Defendant’s nephew, testified and asked that the Defendant be
sentenced to Deberry Special Needs prison, based on his belief that the Defendant was
suicidal. Coleman said that he had been involved in prison ministry for sixteen years in the
various prisons around Tennessee. Coleman also expressed his love and sympathy for K.R.
and J.R.

        Based upon this evidence, the trial court found enhancement factor one applicable,
that the Defendant had a previous history of criminal convictions. See T.C.A. § 40-35-114(1)
(2012). The trial court noted that the Defendant had six previous misdemeanor convictions
and a probation revocation, but no previous felony convictions. The trial court also applied
enhancement factor (14), that the Defendant abused a position of public or private trust “in
a manner that significantly facilitated the commission or the fulfillment of the offense.” See
T.C.A. § 40-35-114(14). The trial court noted that the child was left in the Defendant’s care,
custody, and control and that it was during those periods of time that the abuse occurred. The

                                             -10-
trial court found no applicable mitigating factors. The trial court sentenced the Defendant
to ten years for each of the remaining five aggravated sexual battery convictions.

        The trial court then considered whether the sentences should run concurrently or
consecutively. The trial court determined that the only factor that “would really apply” in
this case was number five, that the Defendant had been convicted of two or more statutory
offenses involving sexual abuse of a minor with consideration of the aggravating
circumstances arising from the relationship between the defendant and the victim, the time
span of the undetected sexual activity, and the nature and scope of sexual acts and the extent
of the residual physical or mental damage to the victim. See § 40-35-115(b)(5) (2012). The
trial court noted that this was a close family situation and that there was a lengthy duration
before the abuse was discovered. The trial court found that factor five had been substantiated
by the testimony, necessitating some consecutive sentences.

       The trial court then determined that Count 1 should run concurrently with Count 2 and
that Count 3 should run concurrently with Count 4. The trial court ordered these sentences,
however, to be served consecutively to each other, making the effective sentence for those
four convictions twenty years. The trial court then ordered that the ten-year sentence for
Count 5 be served consecutively to the other sentences and also that the sentence for Count
6 be served consecutively to the other sentences. Accordingly, the trial court imposed a total
effective sentence of fifty-five years.

                                          II. Analysis

      On appeal, the Defendant contends that: (1) the evidence is insufficient to sustain his
convictions; and (2) his sentence is excessive.

                               A. Sufficiency of the Evidence

       The Defendant contends that the evidence is insufficient to sustain his convictions
because “the proof in the instant case lacked sufficient reliability to sustain” his convictions.
The Defendant notes that he denied the allegations during the controlled phone call and also
when the detective interviewed him. Further, he points out that he agreed to submit to a
DNA test. Finally, the Defendant challenges discrepancies between the victim’s recount of
the events to the nurse practitioner and her trial testimony. The State responds that credibility
determinations are within the province of the jury and the jury resolved those issues against
the Defendant. The State asserts, therefore, that the Defendant is not entitled to relief. We
agree with the State.

       When an accused challenges the sufficiency of the evidence, this Court’s standard of

                                              -11-
review is whether, after considering the evidence in the light most favorable to the State,
“any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a
reasonable doubt.” Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979); see Tenn. R. App. P.
13(e); State v. Goodwin, 143 S.W.3d 771, 775 (Tenn. 2004) (citing State v. Reid, 91 S.W.3d
247, 276 (Tenn. 2002)). This rule applies to findings of guilt based upon direct evidence,
circumstantial evidence, or a combination of both direct and circumstantial evidence. State
v. Pendergrass, 13 S.W.3d 389, 392-93 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1999). In the absence of direct
evidence, a criminal offense may be established exclusively by circumstantial evidence.
Duchac v. State, 505 S.W.2d 237, 241 (Tenn. 1973). The jury decides the weight to be given
to circumstantial evidence, and “[t]he inferences to be drawn from such evidence, and the
extent to which the circumstances are consistent with guilt and inconsistent with innocence,
are questions primarily for the jury.” State v. Rice, 184 S.W.3d 646, 662 (Tenn. 2006)
(citations omitted). “The standard of review [for sufficiency of the evidence] ‘is the same
whether the conviction is based upon direct or circumstantial evidence.’” State v. Dorantes,
331 S.W.3d 370, 379 (Tenn. 2011) (quoting State v. Hanson, 279 S.W.3d 265, 275 (Tenn.
2009)).

        In determining the sufficiency of the evidence, this Court should not re-weigh or
reevaluate the evidence. State v. Matthews, 805 S.W.2d 776, 779 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1990).
Nor may this Court substitute its inferences for those drawn by the trier of fact from the
evidence. State v. Buggs, 995 S.W.2d 102, 105 (Tenn. 1999); Liakas v. State, 286 S.W.2d
856, 859 (Tenn. 1956). “Questions concerning the credibility of the witnesses, the weight
and value of the evidence, as well as all factual issues raised by the evidence are resolved by
the trier of fact.” State v. Bland, 958 S.W.2d 651, 659 (Tenn. 1997); Liakas, 286 S.W.2d at
859. “A guilty verdict by the jury, approved by the trial judge, accredits the testimony of the
witnesses for the State and resolves all conflicts in favor of the theory of the State.” State
v. Cabbage, 571 S.W.2d 832, 835 (Tenn. 1978); State v. Grace, 493 S.W.2d 474, 479 (Tenn.
1973). The Tennessee Supreme Court stated the rationale for this rule:

              This well-settled rule rests on a sound foundation. The trial judge and
       the jury see the witnesses face to face, hear their testimony and observe their
       demeanor on the stand. Thus the trial judge and jury are the primary
       instrumentality of justice to determine the weight and credibility to be given
       to the testimony of witnesses. In the trial forum alone is there human
       atmosphere and the totality of the evidence cannot be reproduced with a
       written record in this Court.

Bolin v. State, 405 S.W.2d 768, 771 (Tenn. 1996) (citing Carroll v. State, 370 S.W.2d 523
(Tenn. 1963)). This Court must afford the State of Tennessee the strongest legitimate view
of the evidence contained in the record, as well as all reasonable inferences which may be

                                             -12-
drawn from the evidence. Goodwin, 143 S.W.3d at 775 (citing State v. Smith, 24 S.W.3d
274, 279 (Tenn. 2000)). Because a verdict of guilt against a defendant removes the
presumption of innocence and raises a presumption of guilt, the convicted criminal defendant
bears the burden of showing that the evidence was legally insufficient to sustain a guilty
verdict. State v. Carruthers, 35 S.W.3d 516, 557-58 (Tenn. 2000).

       All of the Defendant’s attacks on the sufficiency of the evidence are based upon
credibility determinations. He asserts that he maintained his innocence throughout the
investigation, that there were some discrepancies between the victim’s trial testimony and
her recount of the abuse to the nurse practitioner, and that no one ever saw anything that
made them suspect abuse. All questions involving the credibility of witnesses, the weight
and value to be given the evidence, and all factual issues are resolved by the trier of fact.
Bland, 958 S.W.2d at 659. The jury viewed the witnesses, heard their testimony, and
observed their demeanor on the stand. The jury rejected the Defendant’s claim of innocence.
While we acknowledge there may exist some conflict in J.R.’s testimony, it was the jury’s
prerogative to weigh her credibility and to resolve any conflicts in her testimony. This Court
will not reweigh or reevaluate the evidence presented. Matthews, 805 S.W.2d at 779.
Further, reviewing the charges, the facts elected by the State to support the charges, the
evidence, and the convictions, we conclude that there was sufficient evidence to support each
of the Defendant’s six convictions. The Defendant is not entitled to relief on this issue.

                                       B. Sentencing

        The Defendant contends that the trial court erred when it sentenced him because it
improperly enhanced his sentences for the aggravated sexual battery convictions and because
it erred when it ordered some of the sentences to run consecutively. The State counters that
the effective sentence imposed complies with the purposes of sentencing and is reasonable
and that, therefore, the Defendant is not entitled to relief.

        The Tennessee Criminal Sentencing Reform Act of 1989 and its amendments describe
the process for determining the appropriate length of a defendant’s sentence. Under the Act,
a trial court may impose a sentence within the applicable range as long as the imposed
sentence is consistent with the Act’s purposes and principles. T.C.A. § 40-35-210(c)(2), (d)
(2012); see State v. Carter, 254 S.W.3d 335, 343 (Tenn. 2008). In 2005, the Tennessee
General Assembly amended the sentencing law in order to bring Tennessee’s sentencing
scheme into compliance with United States Supreme Court rulings on the subject. See
United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220 (2005); Blakely v. Washington, 542 U.S. 296 (2004).

       Before the 2005 amendments to the Sentencing Act, both the State and a defendant
could appeal the manner in which a trial court weighed enhancement and mitigating factors

                                             -13-
applied to the defendant’s sentence. T.C.A. § 40-35-401(b)(2) (2004). The 2005
amendments, however, deleted, as grounds for appeal, a claim that the trial court did not
properly weigh the enhancement and mitigating factors. See 2005 Tenn. Pub. Acts ch. 353,
§§ 8, 9. As a result, the appellate courts were “left with a narrower set of circumstances in
which they might find that a trial court has abused its discretion in setting the length of a
defendant’s sentence.” Carter, 254 S.W.3d at 345-46.

       Appellate review of sentences has been de novo with a presumption of correctness.
See T.C.A. § 40-35-401(d) (2012). In a recent decision, the Tennessee Supreme Court
reviewed changes in sentencing law and the impact on appellate review of sentencing
decisions. State v. Bise, 380 S.W.3d 682 (Tenn. 2012). The Tennessee Supreme Court
announced that “sentences imposed by the trial court within the appropriate statutory range
are to be reviewed under an abuse of discretion standard with a ‘presumption of
reasonableness.’” Id. at 708; State v. Caudle, 338 S.W.3d 273, 278-79 (Tenn. 2012)
(explicitly applying the same standard to questions related to probation or any other
alternative sentence).

       A finding of abuse of discretion “‘reflects that the trial court’s logic and reasoning
was improper when viewed in light of the factual circumstances and relevant legal principles
involved in a particular case.’” State v. Shaffer, 45 S.W.3d 553, 555 (Tenn. 2001) (quoting
State v. Moore, 6 S.W.3d 235, 242 (Tenn. 1999)).

        The “presumption of reasonableness” applied to sentences imposed by trial courts
“‘reflects the fact that, by the time an appeals court is considering a within-Guidelines
sentence on review, both the sentencing judge and the Sentencing Commission will have
reached the same conclusion as to the proper sentence in the particular case.’” Bise, 380
S.W.3d at 703 (quoting Rita v. United States, 551 U.S. 338, 341 (2007)). A presumption of
reasonableness “simply recognizes the real-world circumstance that when the judge’s
discretionary decision accords with the [Sentencing] Commission’s view of the appropriate
application of [sentencing purposes] in the mine run of cases, it is probable that the sentence
is reasonable.” Rita, 551 U.S. at 350-51.

        In conducting its review, this Court considers the following factors: (1) the evidence,
if any, received at the trial and the sentencing hearing; (2) the presentence report; (3) the
principles of sentencing and arguments as to sentencing alternatives; (4) the nature and
characteristics of the criminal conduct involved; (5) evidence and information offered by the
parties on enhancement and mitigating factors; (6) any statistical information provided by the
administrative office of the courts as to sentencing practices for similar offenses in
Tennessee; (7) any statement by the appellant in his own behalf; and (8) the potential for
rehabilitation or treatment. See T.C.A. §§ 40-35-102, -103, -210 (2012); see also Bise, 380

                                             -14-
S.W.3d at 697-98. The burden is on the appellant to demonstrate the impropriety of his
sentence. See T.C.A. § 40-35-401, Sentencing Comm’n Cmts.

        We conclude that the trial court imposed a within-range sentence based upon
application of two enhancement factors and no mitigating factors and after consideration of
the purposes and principles of sentencing. The trial court conducted a thorough review of
the Defendant’s case and circumstances guided by the relevant legal principles. The trial
court conducted a proper inquiry about the enhancement factors, and it did not err when it
applied the two respective enhancement factors. The trial court did not abuse its discretion
when it enhanced the Defendant’s sentences for aggravated sexual battery, a Class B felony,
to ten years, the midpoint of his applicable eight to ten year sentencing range.

        We similarly conclude that the trial court did not err when it ordered partial
consecutive sentencing. The trial court imposed partial consecutive sentencing because the
Defendant was convicted of two or more statutory offenses involving sexual abuse of a minor
with consideration of the aggravating circumstances arising from the relationship between
the defendant and the victim or victims, the time span of the defendant’s undetected sexual
activity, the nature and scope of the sexual acts and the extent of the residual physical and
mental damage to the victim or victims. See T.C.A. § 40-35-115(b)(5). The trial court took
note of the close family relationship between the victim and the Defendant and the “lengthy”
time period the sexual abuse went undetected. The trial court also noted that the victim was
“obviously scarred” and had to go to counseling. The trial court, on this basis, ordered
consecutive sentencing. We conclude that the trial court did not err by so doing. The
evidence, including K.R.’s testimony at the sentencing hearing and J.R.’s victim impact
statement, support the trial court’s finding. The Defendant is not entitled to relief.

                                      III. Conclusion

        Based on the record and aforementioned authorities, we conclude that the evidence
is sufficient to sustain the Defendant’s convictions and that the trial court did not err when
it sentenced him. We, therefore, affirm the judgments of the trial court.

                                                    _________________________________
                                                    ROBERT W. WEDEMEYER, JUDGE




                                             -15-
