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                               http://www.gaappeals.us/rules/


                                                                       July 16, 2014




In the Court of Appeals of Georgia
 A14A0602. CITY OF ATLANTA v. MCCRARY, et al.
 A14A0691. CITY OF ATLANTA v. MERSIER.

      RAY, Judge.

      We granted interlocutory review to the City of Atlanta (the “City”) following

the trial court’s denial of its motion for summary judgment in two tort actions related

to a deadly collision that occurred after a high-speed police chase. The City asserted

sovereign immunity. However, the trial court concluded that fact questions existed

as to whether the City maintained a nuisance by, inter alia, failing to enforce its own

high-speed pursuit policy. The City contends that the trial court erred in determining

that a nuisance theory could apply in the context of police pursuit cases and in finding

that there were fact questions as to the existence of a nuisance. Finding error, we

reverse.
      Summary judgment is proper if the pleadings, depositions, answers to
      interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if
      any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that
      the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law. OCGA §
      9–11–56 (c). If a movant who does not bear the burden of proof at trial
      notes the absence of evidence to support an essential element of the
      respondent’s case, the respondent must then identify evidence in the
      record giving rise to a triable issue. We review a trial court’s grant of
      summary judgment de novo, construing the evidence and reasonable
      inferences in favor of the nonmoving party.


(Footnote omitted.) City of Atlanta v. Shavers, 326 Ga. App. 95, 95 (756 SE2d 204)

(2014).

      The evidence shows that Nicholas Dimauro and his patrol partner, both officers

with the Atlanta Police Department’s (“APD”) Auto Theft Task Force, were on patrol

on the night of January 24, 2008, when they noticed a car with an improperly

completed drive-out tag. Dimauro turned on his siren and lights, and followed the

vehicle. Samuel Knight, the driver of the vehicle, did not stop but instead accelerated,

and Dimauro gave chase.

      Dimauro deposed that he soon determined that he did not have the legal basis

under APD’s high-speed chase policy either to have initiated or to continue the

pursuit, and he terminated the chase by turning off his lights and siren and decreasing

                                           2
his speed. He lost sight of Knight’s vehicle. Knight, by contrast, stated in an affidavit

that he never lost sight of the police vehicle or its flashing lights. Dimauro deposed

that he continued driving and that, about a mile after terminating pursuit, he came

upon the site of a two-vehicle accident. He recognized the vehicle Knight had been

driving. Knight had crashed head-on into a car driven by Eric McCrary. The collision

killed McCrary and Knight’s passenger, Shericka Hill.

      The APD policy governing high-speed pursuits that was in effect in 2008, APD

Standard Operating Procedure 3050 (“SOP 3050”), provided that an officer could

initiate a high-speed pursuit only if (1) the suspect in the fleeing vehicle possessed

a deadly weapon; (2) the officer reasonably believed that the suspect posed an

immediate threat of physical violence to the officer or others; or (3) there was

probable cause to believe that the suspect had committed a crime involving actual or

threatened physical harm. The APD conducted an internal investigation, but did not

discipline Dimauro because it found that he had terminated the pursuit in compliance

with the policy.

      Lora Mersier, the administratrix of Hill’s estate, and Ernestine McCrary, the

administratrix of Eric McCrary’s estate, sued the City and Dimauro in his official

capacity. They alleged that Dimauro and the City were negligent; that Dimauro’s

                                           3
decision to initiate a high-speed chase under the circumstances violated APD’s high-

speed pursuit policy; and that the City had maintained a nuisance that endangered the

public by failing to enforce its pursuit policy and by failing to train and supervise its

officers under the pursuit policy.

      The City and Dimauro moved for summary judgment. The City acknowledged

that it had waived sovereign immunity up to $700,000 based on Dimauro’s negligent

use of a covered motor vehicle pursuant to OCGA § 36-92-2 (a) (3), but sought to

limit its liability to $700,000. The trial court granted summary judgment to Dimauro,

finding him immune. The trial court declined to limit the City’s liability to $700,000,

concluding that a fact question existed as to whether the “continuous and regularly

repetitious injurious act[s] required for a nuisance are present in this case and whether

the City had knowledge of said condition[s].” The City appeals the denial of summary

judgment in both cases, Case Nos. A14A0602 and A14A0691. The issues presented

are identical; thus, the cases are consolidated for our review.

      OCGA § 41-1-1 provides that “[a] nuisance is anything that causes hurt,

inconvenience, or damage to another and the fact that the act done may be otherwise

lawful shall not keep it from being a nuisance.” For a municipality to be held liable

for creating or maintaining a nuisance, “the defect or degree of misfeasance must

                                           4
exceed mere negligence (as distinguished from a single act)[.]” (Footnote omitted.)

Hibbs v. City of Riverdale, 267 Ga. 337, 338 (478 SE2d 121) (1996). Further, “there

must be the maintenance of a dangerous condition on a continuous or regular basis

over a period of time in which no action or inadequate action is taken to correct the

condition after knowledge thereof.” (Footnote omitted; emphasis in original.) Heller

v. City of Atlanta, 290 Ga. App. 345, 350 (2) (659 SE2d 617) (2008), aff’d Ga. Dept.

of Transp. v. Heller, 285 Ga. 262, 268 (3) (674 SE2d 914) (2009) (outlining three

elements of nuisance cause of action: degree of misfeasance exceeds mere

negligence; act is of some duration and is continuous or regularly repetitious;

municipality fails to act within reasonable time after knowledge of dangerous

condition). Whether a nuisance exists is generally a fact question, but “under some

factual situations it can be held as a matter of law that no nuisance exists.” City of

Bowman v. Gunnells, 243 Ga. 809, 811 (2) (256 SE2d 782) (1979).

      It is undisputed that in the wake of accidents resulting from high-speed chases,

in 2002, the City established a pursuit policy aimed at increasing safety for police

officers and citizens. The APD’s Planning and Research Accreditation Unit

(“PRAU”) produces annual reports that analyze APD’s pursuit activity and identify

trends. In November 2007, the year prior to the accident at issue in the instant case,

                                          5
PRAU completed its Pursuit Analysis Report for 2006 data. This report indicates that

although the City requires that documentation be filed after a high-speed chase, less

than half of such pursuits were documented as required. Further, the report notes that

less than half of the documented pursuits were justified by one of the three grounds

required by the SOP 3050.

      Despite the incomplete documentation, the report determined that of the 35

pursuits documented during 2006, nine involved accidents and two resulted in an

injury. The report found a significant decline in the number of accidents and in the

number and severity of injuries reported between 2005 and 2006. Specifically, the

2006 report stated that compared to 2005, “there does appear to be a greater rate of

compliance that indicates an increased understanding of the SOP.” The 2006 report

further stated that there was a great reduction in accidents and injuries compared with

the prior year, and indicated that if future analyses showed officers engaging in

pursuits that did not comply with the SOP 3050, training would likely be required.

The report also noted that the City’s pursuit form, APD Form 602, was being updated

to better reflect the details of a pursuit. The report concluded by acknowledging a

need for improvement, but finding that the APD’s “goal of reducing the risk

presented by vehicle pursuits to officers and citizens is being realized.”

                                          6
      The City released its 2007 pursuit analysis report in April 2008, three months

after the accident at issue. The report showed that police pursuit logs, which had been

incomplete for 2006, were not available in 2007, although pursuit reporting was

available from other units. The report found that of the 27 pursuits reported, 13

contained information regarding an accident and 10 involved injuries. The report

determined that although the percentage of accidents rose in 2007, “pursuits as a

whole have been reduced.” The report recommended improved reporting processes

and training, including for the Auto Theft Task Force for which Dimauro worked. It

also noted that multi-unit meetings and reviews recommended in the prior year’s

report had been scheduled and that pursuit reporting forms were being updated as

previously recommended. The report also found that

      far fewer of the reported pursuits, on their face and as reported,
      violated the requirements set forth in APD.SOP.3050 (4.1.2) than in any
      other year of analysis. Those pursuits that were engaged against policy
      were done so because of crimes that do not meet the requirements
      spelled out in the SOP. Compared to the analysis of 2005 and 2006
      pursuits there appears to be a far greater rate of compliance. This
      indicates an increased understanding of the SOP. There was also a
      reduction in the rate of accidents and injuries, especially to uninvolved
      third parties.



                                          7
(Emphasis supplied.) Further, the report determined that the APD’s “goal of

combating crime while reducing the risk presented by vehicle pursuits to officers and

citizens is being realized.” The PRAU report for the first quarter of 2008 noted four

pursuits, including, apparently, the pursuit at issue here and the resulting fatalities.

It also noted a “break-down” in the reporting process as only two of the four pursuits

were appropriately reported, and PRAU learned of the other two from news reports.

The report noted that Dimauro’s unit, the Auto Theft Task Force, had “a history of

filing detailed and accurate reports for analysis” and also noted changes to the

reporting process that were designed to ensure better filing and routing of completed

reports. In September 2008 and May 2010, the APD amended the SOP 3050 in an

attempt to address the pursuit reporting and routing problems that had been noted in

prior reports, and to require better communication and pursuit data recording.

      As noted above, McCrary and Mersier argued that the City maintained a

nuisance by failing to enforce its pursuit policy and by failing to supervise and train

officers to follow that policy in violation of OCGA § 36-33-1 (outlining when there

may be a waiver of sovereign immunity for municipal corporations).

      Even assuming, without deciding, that nuisance law could apply in this context,

the trial court nonetheless erred in determining that a fact question existed.

                                           8
      To be liable for nuisance, a municipality must be charged with
      performing a continuous or regularly repetitious act or condition which
      causes injury, and it must have knowledge or be charged with notice of
      the dangerous condition or repetitive acts causing injury. A one-time
      occurrence does not amount to a nuisance.


(Citations omitted.) Banks v. Mayor & City of Savannah, 210 Ga. App. 62, 62 (1)

(435 SE2d 68) (1993). Thus, in addition to notice of the repetitive or continuous

dangerous condition and failure to rectify it in violation of a duty to act, the

dangerous condition must “cause[] the hurt, inconvenience or injury[.]” (Citation and

punctuation omitted.) Mayor & C. of Savannah v. Palmerio, 242 Ga. 419, 426-427

(3) (i) (249 SE2d 224) (1978).

      In moving for summary judgment, the City pierced the pleadings of McCrary

and Mersier by pointing to an absence of evidence linking the City’s alleged failure

to enforce its pursuit policy and train its officers to unauthorized pursuits resulting

in a continuing and repeated dangerous condition or injuries of which the City had

notice. The burden then shifted to McCrary and Mersier to point to evidence in the

record showing that link. See City of Atlanta v. Shavers, supra.

      Contrary to the dissent’s claims, even viewing the evidence in the light most

favorable to the non-moving parties, McCrary and Mersier still have failed to show

                                          9
any evidentiary link. McCrary and Mersier provided no evidence that any lack of

training or enforcement resulted in unauthorized pursuits, nor did they show that

dangerous conditions or injuries resulted from unauthorized pursuits or lack of

training or enforcement. See generally Doe I v. Young Women’s Christian Assn. of

Greater Atlanta, Inc, 321 Ga. App. 403, 408 (2) (740 SE2d 453) (2013) (must show

causal link between alleged lack of training and injury). McCrary and Mersier have

provided no evidence whatsoever linking any of the documented injuries or accidents

to unauthorized pursuits, and the statistics they cite fail to show such a link. See

Banks, supra at 62 (1) (finding that the mere existence of other collisions involving

police cars, despite any danger inherent in officers’ pursuit of their duties, was

insufficient to show the maintenance of a nuisance).

      The dissent would have us create the required linkage by entering into multiple

layers of inference in order to make the plaintiffs’ case. This we may not do. Here,

once the City pierced their pleadings, McCrary and Mersier had to

      introduce evidence which affords a reasonable basis for the conclusion
      that it is more likely than not that the conduct of the defendant was a
      cause in fact of the result. A mere possibility of such causation is not
      enough; and when the matter remains one of pure speculation or
      conjecture, or the probabilities are at best evenly balanced, it becomes
      the duty of the court to grant summary judgment for the defendant.

                                         10
(Footnote omitted; emphasis supplied.) Alexander v. Hulsey Environmental Svcs.,

Inc., 306 Ga. App. 459, 462 (3) (703 SE2d 435) (2010). See, e. g., McManus v.

Taylor, 326 Ga. App. 477, __ (4) (756 SE2d 709, 714 (4)) (2014) (in negligent

entrustment action, evidence of defendant’s prior use of borrowed vehicles with

permission was insufficient to withstand summary judgment and to create inference

that defendant had used vehicle with permission on day in question).

      In essence, the dissent’s suggestion that we are permitted to infer multiple links

where no evidence supports them means that the jury also may make such

assumptions. It should go without saying that the burden of proof exists for a reason.

See Miller v. Gerber Products Co., 207 Ga. 385, 388 (62 SE2d 174) (1950) (“The

jury cannot assume the ultimate fact merely from other facts which are based upon

an inference rather than upon proof”). It is well settled that “[a] shadowy semblance

of an issue is not enough to defeat the motion for summary judgment.” (Punctuation

and footnote omitted.) Martin v. Herrington Mill, LP, 316 Ga. App. 696, 700 (730

SE2d 164) (2012).

      That said, we do not condone APD’s incomplete reporting of pursuit data.

However, the PRAU reports and other evidence to which McCrary and Mersier cite

do not show that the City had notice of any repeated or continuous dangerous act

                                          11
resulting in injuries and caused by the APD’s failure to enforce its pursuit policy or

to train or supervise its officers in that policy. The PRAU reports do not state whether

the accidents or injuries recorded resulted from pursuits that complied with SOP 3050

or from pursuits that did not comply with SOP 3050. Further, the reports show that

the City had notice of a decrease in the overall number of pursuit-related accidents

and injuries from 2005 to 2006, a decrease in the number of pursuits from 2006 to

2007, and a “far greater rate of compliance . . . [which] indicates an increased

understanding of the SOP” as well as a reduction in the rate of accidents and injuries

to “uninvolved third parties.” (Emphasis supplied.) Given these circumstances, we

cannot say that the City was chargeable with notice of a dangerous condition within

the meaning of a “nuisance;” that is, the repeated or continuous condition of failure

to enforce, supervise, and train related to pursuit policy that caused injury.

      In an analogous case, we determined that the City of Atlanta had no notice of

a dangerous condition despite evidence that taxicab inspectors failed to measure tire

tread depth where there was no evidence that taxicabs with insufficient tire tread

routinely passed inspections and were later involved in collisions that caused injury.

Heller, supra at 350 (2). See also Shuman v. Mayor & Aldermen of Savannah, 180 Ga.

App. 427, 427 (349 SE2d 239) (1986) (no nuisance from obscured stop sign at

                                          12
intersection where 18 other collisions had occurred where city lacked records of

complaints or accidents attributed to the obscured stop sign). Particularly given that

the evidence shows that there were approximately 100,000 traffic stops in each of the

years at issue in the PRAU reports documenting 9 accidents and 2 injuries for 2006,

and 13 accidents and 10 injuries for 2007, there is no evidence that any failure to train

officers in the pursuit policy, or any failure to enforce the pursuit policy, potentially

endangered everyone who was near those pursuits or that the City thus had notice or

constructive knowledge of such a connection between a dangerous condition and

failure to train officers in the pursuit policy or failure to enforce the pursuit policy.

      Vehicle collisions are not uncommon occurrences, and the operation of
      police engaged in pursuit of their duties inherently involves some
      danger; to constitute a nuisance, such acts must constitute the
      continuous or regularly repetitious acts or conditions which could work
      damage to anyone who came in proximity to police cars in [Atlanta].


(Citation omitted; emphasis supplied.) Banks, supra at 62 (1). Further,

      [E]vidence that other collisions have occurred involving city police cars
      is not evidence of improper training of police officers, and does not
      create an inference that officers are improperly trained. Even the
      continuity and repetition necessary for a finding of nuisance does not
      prove nuisance as a matter of law, for nuisance is not shown by the
      occurrence of any number of collisions. Nuisance can be shown only by

                                           13
      acts of [the City], that is, evidence of their specific failure or specific
      negligence in training which resulted in the collisions. [McCrary and
      Mersier have] not shown this.


(Emphasis supplied.) Id.

      The trial court in the instant case erred in denying the City’s motion for

summary judgment.

      Judgment reversed. Andrews, P. J., Barnes, P. J., Doyle, P. J., Boggs and

Branch, JJ. concur. McFadden, J., dissents.




                                          14
 A14A0602. CITY OF ATLANTA v. MCCRARY, et al.
 A14A0691. CITY OF ATLANTA v. MERSIER.



      MCFADDEN, Judge, dissenting.

      I respectfully dissent because I believe the plaintiffs have pointed to evidence

from which a factfinder reasonably could infer the elements of nuisance. The

plaintiffs’ case depends on two inferences, but both are reasonable – more reasonable

than the contrary inferences that the majority would adopt. First, the plaintiffs would

infer from the evidence of a high incidence of improper high speed pursuits in

violation of the City’s high speed pursuit policy and from the evidence of the City’s

failure to enforce or train on that policy that proper training and enforcement would

have resulted in fewer improper high speed pursuits. Second, the plaintiffs would

infer from the evidence that high speed pursuits often end in accidents that a

reduction in the number of improper high speed pursuits would have resulted in fewer

accidents.

      “To be held liable for maintenance of a nuisance, [a] municipality must be

chargeable with performing a continuous or regularly repetitious act, or creating a

continuous or regularly repetitious condition, which causes . . . hurt, inconvenience
or injury.” City of Bowman v. Gunnells, 243 Ga. 809, 810 (1) (1979) (citation and

punctuation omitted). The dangerous condition must be maintained “on a continuous

or regular basis over a period of time in which no action or inadequate action is taken

to correct the condition after knowledge thereof.” Id. See generally Georgia Dept.

of Transp. v. Heller, 285 Ga. 262, 268 (3) (674 SE2d 914) (2009) (discussing

required elements for showing nuisance in case in which plaintiffs alleged that city

allowed inspector to perform inadequate inspections of taxicabs).

      At the summary judgment stage of the proceedings, we must “view the

evidence in the record and make all reasonable inferences from it in the light most

favorable to the non-moving party[.]” Mtg. Alliance Corp. v. Pickens County, 294 Ga.

212, 213 (1) (751 SE2d 51) (2013) (citations omitted). Viewed in this light, the

evidence shows that the City was on notice that police officers engaged in a number

of high speed pursuits, that some of those pursuits resulted in accidents, and that

many if not most of those pursuits were improper under the City’s pursuit policy and

consequently should not have occurred. The evidence also shows that the City failed

to act in any meaningful respect to train the officers as to when to engage in a high

speed pursuit under the policy or to enforce the policy’s requirements. And the




                                          2
evidence shows that the deaths in these cases occurred in an accident that resulted

from an improper pursuit.

      While the evidence does not directly link either the high incidence of improper

pursuits to the City’s failure to train on or enforce the pursuit policy, or the accidents

that occurred during high speed pursuits to pursuits that were improper under the

policy, the evidence supports these inferences. Viewed in favor of the plaintiffs, the

evidence shows that high speed police pursuits – whether proper or improper under

the policy – are dangerous and have proven so in the City. A significant percentage

of the high speed pursuits in which the Atlanta Police Department engages end in

accidents. Notwithstanding that known danger, the City has made a determination

that, in certain cases, high speed pursuits, on balance, are beneficial to public safety

and therefore proper. That determination is entitled to the protection of sovereign

immunity, and the City cannot be held liable on a theory of nuisance for accidents

arising from high speed pursuits that comply with the policy. See Banks v.Mayor &c.

of Savannah, 210 Ga. App. 62 (1) (435 SE2d 68) (1993) (acknowledging that

operation of police engaged in duties inherently involves some danger); see also

Georgia Dept. of Transp., 285 Ga. at 268 (3) (claim of nuisance against municipality




                                            3
requires showing that municipality engaged in degree of misfeasance that exceeded

mere negligence).

      But the evidence, when so viewed, also shows that the City neither informed

the officers of when they could engage in high speed pursuits under the policy nor

held their officers accountable for complying with the policy. It is reasonable to infer

that these failures by the City resulted in additional, improper high speed chases and

that improper high speed chases are no less dangerous than proper ones. It is

therefore reasonable to infer that some of the accidents resulting from high speed

chases arose from improper high speed chases, chases that, under the policy, should

not have occurred. These inferences raise more than a mere possibility of the

necessary causal link between the City’s training and enforcement of its policy and

accidents in improper high speed pursuits. To find otherwise would require us to

construe the evidence in favor of the summary judgment movant; it would require us

to infer that training on and enforcement of the high speed pursuit policy would not

have led to more compliance therewith, and to infer that accidents were materially

less likely to incur in improper high speed pursuits than in high speed pursuits

generally.




                                           4
      Nuisance cases cited by the majority do not compel a different conclusion. In

Heller v. City of Atlanta, 290 Ga. App. 345, 350 (2) (659 SE2d 617) (2008), there was

no evidence that the municipality knew of the dangerous condition – that a taxicab

inspector was giving passing grades to vehicles with dangerous tires. Here, in

contrast, there was evidence that the City knew that many if not most reported high

speed pursuits should not have occurred under the policy, and that many other high

speed pursuits were going unreported. In Banks v. Mayor &c. of Savannah, supra,

210 Ga. App. at 62 (1), the plaintiff presented no evidence that police officers had

been improperly trained in the operation of their police cars. Here, in contrast, there

was evidence of a complete lack of training in or enforcement of the policy governing

high speed pursuits. Finally, in Shuman v. Mayor &c. of Savannah, 180 Ga. App.

427, 428 (349 SE2d 239) (1986), we upheld summary judgment against a plaintiff

who had not presented evidence that any of the accidents at an intersection could be

attributed to the dangerous condition of an obstructed stop sign. Here, in contrast, the

plaintiffs have pointed to some evidence from which it could be reasonably inferred

that some accidents could be attributed to the dangerous condition of unnecessary and

unwarranted high speed pursuits.




                                           5
      Because the plaintiffs have pointed to some evidence to support their nuisance

claim, the trial court properly denied the City’s motion for summary judgment, and

that ruling should be affirmed.




                                         6
