                              In the

    United States Court of Appeals
                For the Seventh Circuit
                    ____________________
No. 15-2857
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
                                                  Plaintiff-Appellee,

                                v.

FUNDS IN THE AMOUNT OF $271,080,
                                                          Defendant.

Appeal of:

PEDRO CRUZ-HERNANDEZ and
ABRAHAM CRUZ-HERNANDEZ,
                                                          Claimants.
                    ____________________

        Appeal from the United States District Court for the
          Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division.
            No. 13 C 126 — Joan B. Gottschall, Judge.
                    ____________________

   ARGUED JANUARY 26, 2016 — DECIDED MARCH 17, 2016
                    ____________________

   Before WOOD, Chief Judge, and BAUER and POSNER, Circuit
Judges.
   WOOD, Chief Judge.     When Chicago police officers
searched a van registered to Pedro Cruz-Hernandez, they
2                                                 No. 15-2857

found $271,080 in currency. They had a warrant that was
based on a drug dog’s alerting to the presence of drugs in the
van, but they found no drugs. The government nonetheless
initiated a civil forfeiture action against the money, contend-
ing that it was derived from, or had been used to facilitate,
drug trafficking. Pedro and his brother, Abraham Cruz-
Hernandez, contested the forfeiture, maintaining that they
had lawfully earned the money. The district court entered
summary judgment in favor of the government, and the
brothers have appealed. We conclude that a jury reasonably
could find that the government’s evidence fails to establish,
even by a preponderance, that the money is substantially
connected to drug trafficking. We thus vacate the judgment
and remand for further proceedings.
                               I
    Our story begins when Chicago police officers responded
to an emergency call concerning a home invasion at the
house where Pedro and Abraham lived with six others. In a
bedroom of the house the police saw a handgun, a digital
scale, and a small amount of marijuana in a baggie. A police
drug dog signaled the presence of drugs in Pedro’s van,
which was parked outside the house. After obtaining a
search warrant, the police discovered in the van a safe con-
taining $271,080 in currency and two pages of handwritten
notes including dates and numbers. The cash was bundled
with rubber bands in stacks of $5,000. A second dog alerted
to the safe. No drugs, however, were found in either the van
or the safe.
    The police interviewed Pedro after they found the mon-
ey; Abraham was not present at the house that night. Pedro
told them that armed intruders had broken into the house,
No. 15-2857                                                  3

tied up the occupants, and demanded money and drugs. Af-
ter the intruders had left, Pedro decided to move his broth-
er’s safe from the basement to the van in case they returned.
He said that he did not know what was inside the safe but
that his brother had told him it contained “important pa-
pers.” Pedro maintained that the money was not his and that
he did not know whose it was.
                              II
   The government apparently brought no criminal charges
against the brothers or anyone else in the house, but it
sought forfeiture of the money, see 21 U.S.C. § 881(a)(6), con-
tending that it was proceeds of, or had been used or was in-
tended to be used to facilitate, drug trafficking. Pedro and
Abraham contested the forfeiture, see 18 U.S.C. § 983(a), and
submitted affidavits attesting that the money is their joint
savings from years of working and that they had not been
involved in any criminal activity.
   The government moved for summary judgment on two
grounds. First, it argued that Pedro and Abraham lack the
necessary ownership interest to establish standing to contest
the forfeiture. See United States v. Funds in the Amount of
$239,400, 795 F.3d 639, 645 (7th Cir. 2015). The government
reasoned that the claimants had disavowed ownership of the
money and thus had lost the ability to demonstrate standing.
In support of this contention, the government pointed to
Pedro’s assertion to the police that he did not know whose
money it was. The government also pointed to two alleged
disavowals of ownership by Abraham: (1) a record created
by U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) six
weeks before the police seized the safe, in which Abraham
had said that he did not have any “equities” in the United
4                                                No. 15-2857

States, and (2) Abraham’s application for cancellation of re-
moval, filed with the assistance of immigration counsel six
months after the seizure, in which he lists only $2,000 in
“cash assets.” The government represented that Pedro and
Abraham, when deposed, had testified that they told the
truth to the police and to immigration officials.
    Second, the government maintained that even if the
brothers have standing to challenge the forfeiture, a jury
could not reasonably conclude that the evidence does not
establish by a preponderance that the money is substantially
connected to drug trafficking. That convoluted phrasing is
necessary because in a civil-forfeiture action it is the gov-
ernment, as plaintiff, that bears the burden of proving the
money’s connection to drug trafficking; claimants must es-
tablish standing but are not required to prove “legitimate”
ownership. See $239,400, 795 F.3d at 646. The government
pointed to the circumstances in which the currency was
found—in a safe to which a drug dog had alerted, bundled
in stacks, along with the handwritten notes the government’s
lawyer called a “drug ledger,” and near a house containing
apparent drug paraphernalia. It also relied on tax records
and the brothers’ disclosures about their income, which the
government argued was too low to permit the accumulation
of such a large sum.
   The brothers responded that their testimony of owner-
ship is enough to establish standing. On the merits, they ar-
gued that the government was not entitled to summary
judgment because a genuine dispute of fact exists about the
connection of the money to drug trafficking. The govern-
ment’s attempt to base the necessary connection on the para-
phernalia found in the house, they said, was undermined by
No. 15-2857                                                  5

the facts that three other adults (and three minors whose ag-
es we do not know) lived in the house and that no drugs or
drug paraphernalia were found in the van or the safe. They
further contended that the government had no evidence to
show that the drug dog’s alert to the safe was reliable. Nor
did the government have any evidence that the supposed
“ledger” had anything to do with drugs. And in any event,
they said, the facts are contested: they testified that the
handwritten notes relate to money sent to Mexico to build a
home there, and they pointed to evidence that they earned
the money legally and were not drug traffickers.
    The district court initially denied the government’s mo-
tion for summary judgment. It found that the brothers had
standing to oppose the forfeiture. On the merits, it thought
that their affidavits stating that they had not used or intend-
ed to use the money in drug trafficking but had earned it
through work over many years created a genuine dispute
about a connection between the currency and drug traffick-
ing. Yet, in some tension with those observations, the court
also opined that the brothers probably lacked sufficient evi-
dentiary support to overcome summary judgment on “the
merits of their claim of ownership” because of what the
court characterized as their previous disavowals of owner-
ship. It ordered the brothers to show cause why summary
judgment should not be entered for the government because
of a “lack of evidentiary support for their ownership claim.”
   In response the brothers submitted a memo supported by
two additional affidavits. Pedro explained his disavowal of
ownership to the police by adding that he had given his cash
savings to Abraham and had not known exactly where
Abraham kept the money. Abraham swore that when he
6                                                  No. 15-2857

listed his “cash assets” on the application for cancellation of
removal the police were in possession of the money and he
did not realize that his legal claim to money he did not phys-
ically possess counted as a “cash asset.”
    Based on this record, the district court granted summary
judgment for the government. It found that the additional
affidavits submitted by the brothers were inconsistent with
their prior sworn testimony. Pedro’s second affidavit contra-
dicted, in the court’s view, his deposition testimony indicat-
ing that he had learned from Abraham on the night of the
seizure that his money was in the safe. And because Abra-
ham had been represented by counsel when he applied for
cancellation of removal, the court discredited his affidavit
testimony that when completing the application he had not
understood his legal claim to the money to be a “cash asset.”
Invoking the “sham-affidavit” rule, see United States v. Funds
in Amount of One Hundred Thousand One Hundred & Twenty
Dollars ($100,120.00), 730 F.3d 711, 718 (7th Cir. 2013), the
court concluded that the affidavits did not create a genuine
dispute of fact regarding the brothers’ ownership. The court
ended by concluding that the government had “pointed to
substantial circumstantial evidence indicating that the
claimants’ interest in the money is not legitimate and that the
money is connected to criminal activity.”
                              III
    On appeal the brothers first argue that it was error for the
district court to invoke the sham-affidavit rule to discredit
their second affidavits explaining their earlier statements.
Relying on McCann v. Iroquois Mem'l Hosp., 622 F.3d 745,
750–51 (7th Cir. 2010), they argue that the sham-affidavit rule
applies only when a change in testimony is “incredible and
No. 15-2857                                                    7

unexplained.” We agree with the brothers that the sham-
affidavit rule was misapplied here. We have emphasized
that, in light of the jury’s role in weighing credibility, this
rule is to be used with “great caution.” Bank of Ill. v. Allied
Signal Safety Restraint Sys., 75 F.3d 1162, 1169 (7th Cir. 1996).
The rule “is designed to avoid sham factual issues and pre-
vent parties from taking back concessions that later prove ill-
advised.” McCann, 622 F.3d at 751. Changes in testimony
normally affect the witness’s credibility rather than the ad-
missibility of the testimony, and thus the sham-affidavit rule
applies only when a change in testimony “is incredible and
unexplained,” not when the change is “plausible and the
party offers a suitable explanation such as confusion, mis-
take, or lapse in memory.” Id. (quotation marks and citation
omitted); accord Cook v. O'Neill, 803 F.3d 296, 298 (7th Cir.
2015); Patton v. MFS/Sun Life Fin. Distribs., Inc., 480 F.3d 478,
488 (7th Cir. 2007); Commercial Underwriters Ins. Co. v. Aires
Envtl. Servs., Ltd., 259 F.3d 792, 799 (7th Cir. 2001).
    Abraham’s explanation for his answer on the immigra-
tion form is not only plausible, but is correct. We suspect that
many people—in particular immigrants completing a form
for ICE—would not be aware that a legal claim is an asset.
But whether they would or not, a legal claim—even a claim
to money—is not itself a “cash asset.” See CASH, Black's
Law Dictionary (10th ed. 2014) (defining cash as “1. Money
or its equivalent; 2. Currency or coins, negotiable checks, and
balances in bank accounts.”). Moreover, when deposing
Abraham the government’s lawyer did not ask about his un-
derstanding of a “cash asset” or whether his attorney had
explained the definition of that term. There is no reason,
therefore, to reject out-of-hand Abraham’s deposition testi-
mony that he had been truthful in his immigration filings.
8                                                  No. 15-2857



    Pedro’s explanation for any perceived contradictions in
his testimony also is plausible. Contrary to the district
court’s conclusion, Pedro’s affidavit testimony that he did
not know where Abraham kept his money does not necessari-
ly contradict his deposition testimony that he learned the
night of the seizure that his money was in the safe. His affi-
davit may mean only that he was unaware of the money’s
location until Abraham informed him that it was in the safe.
Pedro’s affidavit testimony can be read as a plausible expla-
nation of his denial of ownership to the police. Pedro testi-
fied at his deposition that before the police arrived Abraham
had spoken to him on the phone and said there were “im-
portant papers” in the safe. The government later asked if
Pedro had learned from his brother that night that it was his
money in the safe and Pedro answered yes. The government
never clarified, however, whether Pedro learned that it was
his money during that same conversation with Abraham (be-
fore the police came) or in a second conversation later that
night (after Pedro’s interview with the police). If it was later
that night, then Pedro never knowingly disavowed owner-
ship to the police and thus made no contradictory statements
in any sworn testimony. In any event, the currency was
found in Pedro’s possession, and in his various statements
there are no “contradictions so clear that the only reasonable
inference was that the affidavit was a sham designed to
thwart the purposes of summary judgment.” Castro v. DeVry
Univ., Inc., 786 F.3d 559, 571 (7th Cir. 2015).
   The second issue on appeal is whether the district court
erred in requiring the brothers to prove ownership beyond
what is necessary for standing. Relying on Funds in the
No. 15-2857                                                       9

Amount of $239,400, 795 F.3d at 645, they argue that the dis-
trict court impermissibly shifted the burden of proof from
the government to them by requiring them to prove legiti-
mate ownership and granting summary judgment to the
government when it concluded that they could not.
    Again we agree with the brothers. Once a claimant has
submitted evidence establishing standing, the burden shifts
to the government as plaintiff to prove by a preponderance
of the evidence that seized assets are subject to forfeiture.
See Funds in the Amount of $239,400, 795 F.3d at 645–47. Re-
quiring a claimant to demonstrate legitimate ownership is
“tantamount to demonstrating that property is not subject to
forfeiture,” and is an impermissible shifting of the burden of
proof. Id. at 646 (internal quotation marks and citation omit-
ted); see also United States v. $557,933.89, More or Less, in U.S.
Funds, 287 F.3d 66, 77, 79 (2d Cir. 2002); United States v. Bor-
romeo, 995 F.2d 23, 26 (4th Cir.), modified in unrelated part on
pet. for reh’g, 1 F.3d 219 (4th Cir. 1993). We do not dispute that
there are situations in which claimants must prove owner-
ship beyond the requirements of standing. For example,
once the government has met its burden of proving the
property is subject to forfeiture, a claimant may raise the de-
fense of being an innocent owner (in other words, that he
did not know about the illegal use of his property), and in
that case the burden shifts to the claimant to prove legiti-
mate ownership. See United States v. 5 S 351 Tuthill Rd., Na-
perville, Ill., 233 F.3d 1017, 1026 (7th Cir. 2000). But this is not
such a case.
   Finally, we think a jury reasonably could find that the
government failed to meet its burden of proving by a pre-
ponderance of the evidence that this money is substantially
10                                                 No. 15-2857

connected to drug trafficking. There is evidence in the record
that supports the brothers’ testimony that they earned the
money legally. They documented income since 2000 that be-
tween them totaled just over $680,000. After subtracting the
money found in the safe and all other expenses described in
their depositions and other records, the brothers had ap-
proximately $320,214—roughly $1,026 each per month—left
to cover living expenses. The government pointed to no evi-
dence suggesting that any of the brothers’ evidence of in-
come is fabricated or that they have lavish spending habits.
Because the brothers realistically could have saved the
$271,080 at issue, there is a genuine dispute of fact that pre-
cludes summary judgment for the government.
See $100,120.00, 730 F.3d at 718–19; United States v. $11,500.00
in U.S. Currency, 710 F.3d 1006, 1013–15 (9th Cir. 2013); cf.
United States v. Funds in Amount of Thirty Thousand Six Hun-
dred Seventy Dollars ($30,670.00), 403 F.3d 448, 455–70 (7th
Cir. 2005) (affirming grant of summary judgment largely be-
cause seized funds plus claimant’s documented expenditures
exceeded his stated income).
    It is also telling that the government has presented virtu-
ally no evidence that the brothers are involved in drug traf-
ficking. There was nothing to indicate past or current drug
dealing by the brothers or anyone else living with them in
the house, nor was there any suggestion that either brother
used the bedroom where the apparent drug paraphernalia
was found. Though drug dogs had alerted to the safe and
currency, the government did not submit to the court any
evidence of the dogs’ training, methodology, or field perfor-
mance. See United States v. Ten Thousand Seven Hundred Dol-
lars & No Cents ($10,700.00) in U.S. Currency, 258 F.3d 215,
230 (3d Cir. 2001) (deciding that because government pre-
No. 15-2857                                                11

sented no evidence of particular dog’s training and accuracy
there was no record basis for concluding that drug dog’s
alert bolsters the government’s case). Neither did the gov-
ernment point to evidence (e.g., an experienced drug investi-
gator’s opinion) to substantiate its assumptions that the
notes found in the safe were a “drug ledger” or that count-
ing and bundling currency is something that only drug deal-
ers would do. “Absent other evidence connecting the money
to drugs, the existence of money or its method of storage are
not enough to establish probable cause for forfeiture,” much
less enough to meet the now-heightened standard of a pre-
ponderance of the evidence. United States v. $506,231 in U.S.
Currency, 125 F.3d 442, 452–54 (7th Cir. 1997); $10,700, 258
F.3d at 232–33.
    Courts have concluded that the government failed to
meet its burden in cases with better evidence than this of al-
leged drug connections. See $506,231, 125 F.3d at 52–54
(overturning grant of summary judgment for government
where large amount of currency was “unusually” stored at
pizzeria, drug dog had alerted to currency, and informant
had reported that cocaine was delivered to pizzeria because,
taken together, this evidence could not establish probable
cause to believe that money was connected to drug traffick-
ing); $10,700, 258 F.3d at 227–33 (concluding that govern-
ment had not met burden where drug dog had alerted to,
and chemical tests showed, drug residue on large amounts
of currency found in bundled stacks in car rented by men
with drug convictions because no drugs were found in car,
government had submitted no evidence that men currently
were involved in drug trafficking, and government had not
submitted comparative evidence of drug dog and chemical
test reactions to currency in general); United States v.
12                                                 No. 15-2857

$5000.00 in U.S. Currency, 40 F.3d 846, 848–49 (6th Cir. 1994)
(concluding that government had not met burden when two
men, one matching informant’s description of drug dealer
and the other having prior convictions for drug trafficking,
were found with large amount of bundled currency, drug
dog had alerted to currency, and men had flown to New
York for single day).
    There is a genuine dispute over whether the money in
this case is substantially connected to drug trafficking; a jury
reasonably could believe that the government has failed to
meet its burden to prove that connection. Accordingly, we
VACATE the judgment and REMAND for further proceedings.
