                                RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                                     Pursuant to Sixth Circuit Rule 206
                                             File Name: 05a0263p.06

                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                        FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                          _________________


                                                        X
               Plaintiff/Counter-Defendant-Appellee, -
 REPUBLIC/NFR & C PARKING OF LOUISVILLE,
                                                         -
                                                         -
                                                         -
                                                             No. 03-5433
           v.
                                                         ,
                                                          >
 REGIONAL AIRPORT AUTHORITY OF LOUISVILLE AND -
                                                         -
              Defendant/Counter-Plaintiff-Appellant. -
 JEFFERSON COUNTY,

                                                         -
                                                        N
                          Appeal from the United States District Court
                       for the Western District of Kentucky at Louisville.
                    No. 01-00633—Charles R. Simpson, III, District Judge.
                                            Argued: June 8, 2004
                                    Decided and Filed: June 15, 2005
   Before: BOGGS, Chief Judge; MOORE, Circuit Judge; and HOLSCHUH, District Judge.*
                                             _________________
                                                  COUNSEL
ARGUED: Robert W. Griffith, STITES & HARBISON, Louisville, Kentucky, for Appellant.
Deborah L. Varner, GEARHISER, PETERS, LOCKABY, CAVETT & ELLIOT, Chattanooga,
Tennessee, for Appellee. ON BRIEF: Robert W. Griffith, Bethany A. Breetz, STITES &
HARBISON, Louisville, Kentucky, for Appellant. Deborah L. Varner, Robert Lockaby, Jr.,
Christopher T. Varner, GEARHISER, PETERS, LOCKABY, CAVETT & ELLIOT, Chattanooga,
Tennessee, Frank P. Doheny, Jr., Kevin M. Norris, DINSMORE & SHOHL, Louisville, Kentucky,
for Appellee.
                                             _________________
                                                 OPINION
                                             _________________
        BOGGS, Chief Judge. The Regional Airport Authority of Louisville (Airport Authority)
appeals a grant of summary judgment to Republic/NFR & C Parking of Louisville (Republic) on its
claim that it was allowed to terminate its airport parking concession due to financial losses in the
wake of the terrorist attack on September 11, 2001. Because the district court erred in finding that
security restrictions on parking implemented after the attacks constituted “damage” or “destruction”

        *
          The Honorable John D. Holschuh, United States District Judge for the Southern District of Ohio, sitting by
designation.


                                                         1
No. 03-5433               Republic/NFR & C Parking v. Regional Airport                       Page 2


to the premises that would release Republic from its contractual obligations, we vacate the grant of
summary judgment in favor of Republic. None of the other arguments raised by Republic in defense
to the Airport Authority’s counterclaim for breach of contract is meritorious. We therefore remand
to the district court with instructions to grant summary judgment in favor of the Airport Authority.
                                                          I
        In June 1999, after a public bidding process, Republic won a five-year contract that gave it
the “right” and “obligation” to operate “premises” at the Louisville International Airport (SDF) that
included the surface parking lot, garage, toll plaza, and the employee parking lot. In return,
Republic agreed to pay the Airport Authority the greater of 1) a monthly minimum guarantee of 85%
of the gross receipts from the same month of the previous year,1 or 2) an amount equal to 93% of
its actual gross receipts for that month. At the beginning of each month Republic paid the minimum
guarantee, and it tendered any difference between that amount and the 93% figure at the end of that
same month. The interest rate for late payment was 1.5% of the balance due.
         The parties implemented the agreement smoothly until September 2001, when the attacks
on the World Trade Center and Pentagon resulted in the Federal Aviation Authority (FAA) stopping
commercial air travel for approximately three days. Afterwards, enhanced airport security
restrictions meant that Republic could not use 810 parking spaces, 14.4% of the entire lot, until
November 15th, when the FAA made the spaces available to anyone who was willing to undergo
a vehicle search. Travel at SDF remained below 2000 levels until Republic terminated the contract
in November 2001, although the 17% decrease in travel volume in October 2001 represented an
improvement over the 33% deficit in September.
        Under the terms of the contract, Republic owed the Airport Authority $1,101,000 on
October 1, 2001 – the amount of the October minimum guarantee based on the gross receipts from
October 2000. In a letter dated October 15, 2001, Republic stated that it was “not economically
feasible” to pay the full amount because of its revenue losses from the September 11 attacks. The
letter outlined a “relief provision,” modeled on Republic’s other contracts, because it was “fair and
equitable . . . [that] we all share equally in the pain.” Under its plan, Republic took the September
2001 guaranteed monthly figure as a base ($977,400) and reduced it by the projected October
decline in revenue (22%). The “emergency plan” also guaranteed that Republic would cover its
operating costs, including $2,500 for “management services,” although Republic would pay the
Airport Authority “all revenues in excess of the direct on-site operating costs.” Finally, Republic
computed that the Airport Authority should reimburse it for its September operational loss by
allowing Republic to deduct approximately $73,000 from its guaranteed minimum for three months
(October - December 2001). “Upon the belief” that the Airport Authority would find the “proposal
acceptable,” Republic remitted $689,641 instead of the $1,101,000 that the Airport Authority was
owed under the terms of the original agreement. Republic did not invoke any provisions of the
contract itself to justify this reduced payment.
         On October 22, the Airport Authority responded that it could not legally accept Republic’s
compromise offer “due to the fact that the current minimum was bid under the franchise provisions
of Kentucky’s Constitution.” The Airport Authority further informed Republic that it was in default
of its payment obligations and that failure to make immediate payment “may result in termination
of your concession and/or pursuit of other remedies the Authority may have.”
        Republic terminated the concession agreement on November 2, 2001, “pursuant to Section
19.1, and Subparagraphs B and D thereof, and Section 21.2,” effective December 2, 2001. Section


       1
           The contract stipulated the minimum amounts for the first year.
No. 03-5433           Republic/NFR & C Parking v. Regional Airport                               Page 3


19.1B excused performance if the government took over the airport; Section 19.1D allowed
termination if the parking facilities were damaged or destroyed; and Section 21.2 stated that a party
could not be held responsible for breach caused by factors beyond its control. On the same day,
Republic filed suit in the United States District Court for the Western District of Kentucky seeking
a declaratory judgment that its failure to pay the full amounts in October and November was due to
causes beyond its control, and therefore it was not in breach of its agreement with the Airport
Authority.
        On November 9, 2001, Republic sent the Airport Authority an additional payment of
$215,862.36 for October, based on actual gross revenues of $1,044,356.93 and the deductions for
revenue loss, operating expenses, and its September shortfall, as outlined above. The payment
represented “100% of the revenue after deducting the actual on-site operating cost for October.”
Republic did not charge the Airport Authority the $2,500 management fee. Because its revenues
were down 20.16% for the first six days of November, Republic reduced its minimum guarantee for
November by that percentage; with the other two reductions for operating costs and the September
loss, the estimated payment totaled $711,457, instead of $982,000 due under the original
arrangement.
        In a certified letter dated November 12, the Airport Authority demanded immediate full
payment: an additional $193,373 to settle October; $270,743 more for the November minimum
guarantee; and 1.5% interest on both payments from their respective due dates. The Airport
Authority also informed Republic that it was “making alternative arrangements for the operation of
the public and employee paid parking facilities at Louisville International Airport from and after
December 2, 2001.” On November 26, the Airport Authority filed a counter-claim against Republic
for breach of contract, demanding full payment, compensatory damages, incidental damages, costs,
and pre- and post-judgment interest. The parties then filed simultaneous cross-motions for summary
judgment. On January 9, 2003, the district court granted Republic’s motion, and denied the Airport
Authority’s cross-motion, for summary judgment. This appeal followed.
                                                 II
         This is a diversity case, governed by Kentucky law. We agree with the district court that the
language of the Concession Agreement is unambiguous. We therefore enforce the agreement strictly
according to its terms and assign the contract language in dispute its ordinary meaning, without
considering extrinsic evidence. Frear v. PTA Indust. Inc., 103 S.W.3d 99, 106 (Ky. 2003). The
district court granted summary judgment to Republic, a decision this panel reviews de novo.
Copeland v. Machulis, 57 F.3d 476, 478 (6th Cir. 1995) (per curiam).
        The district court found the language of Section 19.1D of the contract to be a plausible basis
for termination. That provision allows Republic to end the agreement after 30 days in the event of:
       The damage or destruction of all or a material part of the Premises used or occupied
       by [Republic] hereunder that materially and adversely affects the ability of
       [Republic] to perform its obligations hereunder, or damage or destruction of all or
       a material part of the Airport or Airport facilities, including access to public roads,
       which is necessary to the operation of [Republic’s] business, except to the extent and
       in the event such damage or destruction results from acts of negligence of
       [Republic].


        Republic argued in the court below that the events of September 11 resulted in destruction
or material damage to the parking lot at the Louisville airport because the ensuing security
regulations deprived it of access to 810 prime parking spaces. In addition, FAA warnings about the
No. 03-5433           Republic/NFR & C Parking v. Regional Airport                               Page 4


dangers of air travel and admonitions to travelers to take public transportation to the airport also
constituted “damage” to the facility. Republic therefore concluded that it could terminate the
contract. The district court found that the dramatic decline in use of the airport after September 11
“resulted in a substantial loss of the value of the parking facilities,” and concluded that “the parking
facility at the airport was damaged in such a way that Republic was unable to perform as required
by the agreement.” It rejected the Airport Authority’s argument that damage was limited to physical
damage, not loss in value, and determined that Republic was entitled to terminate the contract and
only pay a percentage of its actual receipts from September 11 to the day it terminated the contract.
       However, a straightforward reading of the contract indicates that damage cannot be construed
to mean simply loss of value. Section 19.1D allows for termination in the event of “damage or
destruction of all or a material part of the Premises used or occupied by the concessionaire . . . .”
The cardinal rule of contract interpretation is that all words and phrases are to be given their
ordinary meanings. Fay E. Sams Money Purchase Pension Plan v. Jansen, 3 S.W.3d 753, 757 (Ky.
Ct. App. 1999). The district court did not consider the meaning of the word destruction. The
dictionary defines it as “the act of destroying” or the “condition of having been destroyed.”
American Heritage Dictionary 493 (4th ed. 2000). In turn, “destroy” is defined as “to ruin
completely; spoil; . . . demolish . . . to render useless or ineffective.” Ibid.
        Even assuming, arguendo, that Republic is correct that the contract encompasses intangible
destruction, we cannot see how a drop in revenue of 33% is the equivalent of being “ruined
completely” or “rendered useless or ineffective.” Under Kentucky law, an intervening event must
completely preclude performance before a contract may be rescinded, and this is a difficult standard
to meet. Ky. Lumber & Millwork Co. v. George H. Rommell Co., 78 S.W.2d 52, 55 (Ky. 1934)
(holding that the defendant contracted to furnish millwork to the plaintiff and the fact that its factory
burned down did not excuse performance because the required items could be purchased from
another mill); cf. Juett v. Cincinnati, N. O. & T. P. R. Co., 53 S.W.2d 551 (Ky. 1932) (holding that
the destruction of a railroad bridge absolved the original contractor from repair and maintenance
obligations related to the structure).
        Destruction does not have to be total. Roberts v. Comm. Cas. Ins. Co., 168 F.2d 23, 25 (6th
Cir. 1948) (considering a hotel room destroyed by fire, although the rest of the building did not burn,
because destruction is “harm that substantially affects . . . value, and does not necessarily mean
complete demolishment”) (citing Restatement of Torts, § 221). However, no Kentucky court has
construed the term in a purely figurative manner, as one must to include inaccessibility to parking
spaces or loss of revenue in the definition of destroy. Republic itself acknowledged that its
interpretation is based on metaphor when it put the word destruction in quotation marks in its brief:
“Thus, in addition to the ‘destruction’ of 14.4% of non-employee parking capacity at SDF, the
impairment of the usefulness and value of [sic] the remaining parking capacity was damaged and
continued to be damaged, as that term is commonly understood.” Appellee Br. at 25. We therefore
hold that Republic was not entitled to terminate the contract under the “destruction” provision.
         We now consider the common meaning of the word “damage” in the context of the contract
in this case. The district court began its analysis with a definition of damage from Webster’s II New
Riverside University Dictionary: “impairment of the usefulness or value of person or property.”
Other dictionaries offer a more expansive definition: “Harm or injury to property or a person,
resulting in loss of value or the impairment of usefulness.” American Heritage Dictionary 458 (4th
ed. 2000); Webster’s New World Dictionary 348 (3d ed. 1988) (“injury or harm to a person or thing,
resulting in a loss in soundness or value”) (emphases added).
       The district court rejected the Airport Authority’s contention that damage must be physical,
pointing to the “many intangibles” that can be damaged, such as reputation and good will. However,
even the references to “damage” of intangibles imply some kind of harm to the thing or concept
No. 03-5433           Republic/NFR & C Parking v. Regional Airport                             Page 5


itself that may not be easily remedied, if at all. The fact that intangibles can be damaged in a non-
physical way does not entail that corporeal structures such as a parking garage can be damaged in
an “intangible” way. The parking facilities at the Louisville airport were essentially the same on
September 13, 2001, when commercial air travel resumed, as they had been on September 10th of
that year. At worst, security regulations made 810 convenient parking spaces, 14.4% of the total,
unavailable and discouraged an indeterminate number of other travelers from driving to the airport.
Only a very strained interpretation of “damage” could lead to the conclusion that simply the
imposition of government regulations designed to make air travel safer after September 11
constitutes a harm that damaged the parking premises, as Republic asserts in its brief. Appellee Br.
at 5.
        Furthermore, Republic has not alleged that the parking lot was filled to capacity at any time
during the period leading up to its withdrawal from the contract, implying that Republic did not
suffer any loss of necessary parking spaces due to security restrictions. Republic does not explain
how it simultaneously could not function with a 14% reduction in parking spaces, yet was also
entitled to terminate the agreement because of a significant decrease in customers that resulted in
a 20-30% drop in revenues. Furthermore, there is no evidence in the record that Republic lost
business specifically due to the requirement that some travelers had to walk an extra 300 feet, the
distance between the terminal and the nearest parking space under the FAA restrictions.
        Although the district court did not address the issue, it is worth noting that Republic must
show that any damage extended to a “material part” of the parking facilities. Even if we were to
accept Republic’s interpretation of damage, it is hard to see how the loss of at most 14% of the
available parking constitutes “a material part of the Premises used or occupied by [Republic]” and
that the loss “materially and adversely affects the ability of [Republic] to perform its obligations
hereunder.” “Material part” generally means more than 14%. Levinthal v. City of Covington, 49
S.W.2d 574, 579 (Ky. 1932) (considering a “material part” of a bond fund to be “practically half of
the remaining” assets).
        For all of these reasons, we conclude that the district court erred in holding that the loss of
14% of the parking spaces at the Louisville airport from September 11, 2001 to November 15, 2001
constituted “damage or destruction of all or a material part of the Premises.” It is hard to avoid the
conclusion that Republic was searching for a way to get out of a contract that was no longer
profitable. However, under Kentucky law, a decline in revenue or profit is not an acceptable basis
on which to terminate a contract. Kane v Hopkins, 218 S.W.2d 37, 40 (Ky. 1949); McGovney &
McKee, Inc. v. City of Berea, 448 F. Supp. 1049, 1057 (E.D. Ky. 1978).
                                                 III
         The district court stated in its memorandum opinion that “[t]he only circumstance relevant
to this situation [Republic’s termination of the contract] is found in ¶ 19.1D.” We agree with the
district court’s apparent conclusion that none of the other provisions of the contract that allow a
party to terminate the contract applies in this case. We therefore address only briefly some of the
other arguments presented in Republic’s brief.
        Section 19.1B allows the contract to be terminated upon the “lawful assumption by the
United States of America . . . of the operation, control or use of the Airport, or any substantial part
or parts thereof . . . a period in excess of ninety (90) days.” The FAA grounded all flights in U.S.
air space after September 11, which arguably would constitute government assumption of airport
operations; but this interference lasted three days, not ninety, so that Section 19.1B does not apply.
Republic argues that blocking off access to 810 parking spaces “constituted an assumption of
operation, control or use of a substantial part or parts of SDF . . . triggering application of Section
19.1B.” Appellee Br. at 5. However, those spaces were available as of mid-November, albeit with
No. 03-5433            Republic/NFR & C Parking v. Regional Airport                               Page 6


extra security regulations, so that even if we were to accept Republic’s reading, the ninety-day
threshold was not met, meaning that Section 19.1B still does not apply. Finally, government
regulation that makes a venture less profitable than anticipated does not justify non-performance.
Frazer v. Collins, 187 S.W.2d 816 (Ky. 1945).
        Finally, Republic relies on Section 21.2 of the contract, which provides that a party shall not
be considered in breach for “any failure to perform any of its obligations . . . due to any cause for
which it is not responsible and over which it has no control.” Republic asserts in its brief that “[t]he
events of 9/11 and their after-effects constituted such a ‘cause’ that excused the Joint Venture’s
continued performance under the Agreement.” Appellee Br. at 6, 57. This is a rhetorical sleight of
hand. The terrorist attack of September 11, 2001 and the ensuing decline in air travel caused
Republic’s unwillingness to pay; its failure to pay was a straight-forward business decision. Nothing
in the record suggests that the attack disrupted Republic’s access to its bank or that it destroyed all
Republic’s assets so that it did not have the funds to pay the required monthly guarantee, the kind
of direct link needed to show causation.
        The Airport Authority gave up some of the revenue of its parking lot in exchange for
guaranteed income equal to 85% of the parking revenues of the same month from the previous year.
Appellant Br. at 4. Republic agreed to bear the risk of fluctuations in income. Had air travel
increased, so would have Republic’s profits, and the Airport Authority would not have been able
to increase the percentage of its share because Republic was making more money than the parties
envisioned. “When a contract is plain, unambiguous and fair, not vitiated by fraud nor mistake in
its execution, the courts are not authorized to make for the parties to it a different one, or to construe
it contrary to its express terms.” Johnson v. Edwards, 20 S.W.2d 76, 77 (Ky. 1929) (citation
omitted).
                                                   IV
      The district court erred when it concluded that “the parking facility was damaged in such a
way as to prevent Republic from meeting its obligations under the agreement.” We therefore
REVERSE the grant of summary judgment to Republic, and REMAND with instructions to grant
summary judgment for the Airport Authority.
