J-A18040-15

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA,             :      IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                          :            PENNSYLVANIA
                   Appellee               :
                                          :
             v.                           :
                                          :
VERNON LEE SINGER,                        :
                                          :
                   Appellant              :          No. 1122 MDA 2014

         Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence entered on July 1, 2014
             in the Court of Common Pleas of Cumberland County,
                 Criminal Division, No. CP-21-CR-0003274-2013

BEFORE: FORD ELLIOTT, P.J.E., STABILE and MUSMANNO, JJ.

MEMORANDUM BY MUSMANNO, J.:                    FILED NOVEMBER 13, 2015

        Vernon Lee Singer (“Singer”) appeals from the judgment of sentence

imposed following his conviction of resisting arrest, and the summary

offense of public drunkenness.1 We affirm in part and vacate in part.

        The trial court summarized the facts underlying the instant appeal as

follows:

        About 1:00 a.m.[,] on the morning of August 23, 2013[,]
        Pennsylvania State Troopers [Kory Wardrop (“Trooper Wardrop”)
        and Keith Rudy (“Trooper Rudy”)] were dispatched to a
        residence in South Hampton Township, Cumberland County,
        Pennsylvania[,] for a domestic disturbance. They were advised
        that [Singer] was intoxicated and verbally abusive toward his
        family.

              When the troopers arrived[, Singer] was no longer at the
        residence. His family was concerned that he might try to harm
        himself.  Consequently[,] the troopers and family members
        began to search the area. While the area is wooded and rural,

1
    18 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 5104, 5505.
J-A18040-15


     there are other residences scattered around.         The nearest
     residence is within shouting distance.

           After about an hour of searching the area without results,
     the troopers gave up and left. Shortly after leaving[,] they
     received another call from the family. This time[,] they were
     told that [Singer] was banging on the window, holding a
     hatchet/axe[,] and threatening to kill himself. Troopers Wardrop
     and Rudy returned to the scene along with their corporal,
     Chester Dabrowski [“Corporal Dabrowski”]. Shortly thereafter[,]
     two other troopers joined them.

            Before the troopers arrived[, Singer] fled back into the
     woods. Trooper Wardrop called [Singer] on his cell phone as
     Corporal Dabrowski and Trooper Rudy canvassed the area.
     [Singer] told Trooper Wardrop that he intended to kill himself.
     The two other officers were able to locate [Singer] from the light
     on his cell phone. However, when they got close to [Singer,] he
     put the hatchet to his throat, telling the troopers not to come
     any closer. As they yelled at him to drop the axe, [Singer] took
     off through the woods and into a cornfield.

           The troopers split up to search for [Singer]. Trooper Rudy
     entered the cornfield with one of [Singer’s] nephews, hoping to
     find his trail by following corn that had been knocked down.
     Trooper Rudy noticed the odor of alcohol just as [Singer] jumped
     up[,] startling the trooper and his nephew. [Singer] again
     disappeared into the corn field with hatchet in hand.

           After searching for an hour and twenty minutes[,] the
     Corporal decided to wait until daylight so that a helicopter could
     be used to assist them. The five troopers and various family
     members regrouped back at the residence. At that point[,]
     someone spotted [Singer] in the yard of a neighboring
     residence. As the troopers got near to [Singer], he lifted the
     hatchet to his neck yet again. Four of the five troopers were
     forced to tase [Singer], with no apparent effect. They then had
     to tackle him in order to get him into custody.

           Once [Singer] was in custody[,] it was apparent that he
     was intoxicated.   He reeked of alcohol and his eyes were
     bloodshot and glassy. Furthermore, [Singer] had a B.A.C. of
     0.075% several hours after he had stopped drinking. He was
     taken to crisis intervention and eventually committed to a


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        psychiatric facility for treatment.      The instant charges[,
        disorderly conduct,[2] public drunkenness and resisting arrest,]
        were filed several weeks later[,] on November 1, 2013.

Trial Court Opinion, 11/6/14, at 1-3 (footnote added).

        A jury acquitted Singer of disorderly conduct, but convicted Singer of

resisting arrest.    Additionally, the trial court found Singer guilty of the

summary offense of public drunkenness.           The trial court subsequently

sentenced Singer to probation for his conviction of resisting arrest, and to

pay the costs of prosecution for his conviction of public drunkenness.

Thereafter, Singer filed the instant timely appeal, and a court-ordered

Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) Concise Statement of Matters Complained of on Appeal.

        On appeal, Singer presents the following claim for our review:

        Was the evidence presented at trial sufficient to sustain a
        conviction on any of the charges[,] when the evidence showed
        that the Commonwealth failed to prove all [of] the elements for
        each offense beyond a reasonable doubt?

Brief for Appellant at 5.

        Singer argues that the Commonwealth’s evidence is insufficient to

prove the crime of resisting arrest. Id. at 13. Specifically, Singer argues

that his resisting arrest conviction cannot be sustained because his

underlying arrest (for disorderly conduct and public drunkenness) was

unlawful.    Id. at 14.     According to Singer, “police cannot lawfully arrest

someone under ‘some form of generalized probable cause’ standard.” Id. at

15 (quoting Commonwealth v. Wertelet, 696 A.2d 206, 209 n.5 (Pa.

2
    18 Pa.C.S.A. § 5503.


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Super. 1997)). In this regard, Singer asserts that the officers failed to prove

that he appeared in any “public” area, manifestly under the influence of

alcohol or a controlled substance, as required by statute. Brief for Appellant

at 15.

         We review a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence under the

following standard of review:

         A claim challenging the sufficiency of the evidence presents a
         question of law. Commonwealth v. Widmer, 560 Pa. 308, 744
         A.2d 745, 751 (Pa. 2000). We must determine “whether the
         evidence is sufficient to prove every element of the crime
         beyond a reasonable doubt.” Commonwealth v. Hughes, 521
         Pa. 423, 555 A.2d 1264, 1267 (Pa. 1989). We “must view
         evidence in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth as
         the verdict winner, and accept as true all evidence and all
         reasonable inferences therefrom upon which, if believed, the fact
         finder properly could have based its verdict.” Id.

Commonwealth v. Thomas, 65 A.3d 939, 943 (Pa. Super. 2013).

         [T]he facts and circumstances established by the Commonwealth
         need not preclude every possibility of innocence. Any doubts
         regarding a defendant’s guilt may be resolved by the fact-finder
         unless the evidence is so weak and inconclusive that as a matter
         of law no probability of fact may be drawn from the combined
         circumstances. Moreover, in applying the above test, the entire
         record must be evaluated and all evidence actually received
         must be considered. Finally, the trier of fact[,] while passing
         upon the credibility of witnesses and the weight of the evidence
         produced, is free to believe all, part or none of the evidence.

Id. (quoting Commonwealth v. Ratsamy, 594 Pa. 176, 934 A.2d 1233,

1236 n.2 (Pa. 2007)).

         The Crimes Code defines the crime of resisting arrest as follows:

         A person commits a misdemeanor of the second degree if, with
         the intent of preventing a public servant from effecting a lawful


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      arrest or discharging any other duty, the person creates a
      substantial risk of bodily injury to the public servant or anyone
      else, or employs means justifying or requiring substantial force
      to overcome the resistance.

18 Pa.C.S.A. § 5104 (emphasis added).

      Contrary to Singer’s assertions, the provisions of section 5104 are

“clearly disjunctive.”   In Interest of Barry W., 621 A.2d 669, 673 (Pa.

Super. 1993) (citing Commonwealth v. Karl, 476 A.2d 908, 911 (Pa.

Super. 1984)).    To be convicted under the latter portion of section 5104,

there must be a “discharge of any other duty[,]” within the meaning of the

statute.   Barry W., 621 A.2d at 673 (quoting 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 5104).       As

explained in Karl, section 5104 was modeled after section 242.2 of the

Model Penal Code:

      The Model Penal Code § 242.2 comment 5 (Official Draft and
      Revised Comments 1980), which deals with the physical
      obstruction of discharge of public duty, states:

           Section 242.2 covers physical interference in a host of
           circumstances in which public servants discharge legal
           duties other than arrest. These include, for example, a
           policeman executing a search warrant, a fireman putting
           out a blaze, a forest or agricultural official making
           required inspections, an election official charged with
           monitoring balloting, and the like.

Karl, 476 A.2d at 103 (emphasis in original). Thus, we review the record to

determine whether Singer interfered with the officers’ discharge of legal

duties other than arrest.

      Our review of the record discloses that at trial, Trooper Wardrop

testified that on August 23, 2013, while working the midnight shift with


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Trooper Rudy, he was dispatched to 25 Gutshall Road in Southampton

Township, for a domestic dispute. N.T., 5/12/14, at 8-10. After speaking

with Paula Black (“Black”), Singer’s sister, Troopers Wardrop and Rudy

canvassed the area, searching for Singer, who purportedly was intoxicated.

Id. at 10.      After an unsuccessful search for Singer, the troopers left the

scene, advising family members to contact them if Singer returned. Id. at

13.

      At about 2:10 a.m., family members reported that Singer had returned

to the residence and, with a hatchet in his hand, “was banging on the trailer

windows from the outside.” Id. Upon their arrival, the troopers were told

that Singer fled when he saw the police vehicle.      Id. at 14.   Thereafter,

Corporal Dabrowski arrived at the scene and assisted in the search for

Singer.   Id.    Trooper Wardrop testified that when he called Singer’s cell

phone, Singer answered, and threatened to kill himself.         Id.    At trial,

Corporal Dabrowski testified as to the reasons for arresting Singer:

      Q. [The Commonwealth]:          … [W]hat were you going to be
      arresting [] Singer for?

      A. [Corporal Dabrowski]: At that point[,] it was disorderly
      conduct and once we found he was intoxicated, public
      drunkenness.

      Q. Or discharging any other duty. What else were you trying to
      do besides arrest him and take him into custody?

      A. Well, part of our issue was he had threatened to kill himself,
      so we wanted to get him crisis [sic].

      Q. So you’re trying to save his life?


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      A. Save his life, yes.

Id. at 38.

      Thus, the record reflects that the Commonwealth presented sufficient

evidence to establish that Singer, “with the intent of preventing a public

servant from … discharging any other duty,” created a “substantial risk of

bodily injury to the public servant or anyone else, or employs means

justifying or requiring substantial force to overcome the resistance.”     18

Pa.C.S.A. § 5104.      Accordingly, we cannot grant Singer relief on his

challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence underlying his conviction of

resisting arrest.

      Singer also challenges the sufficiency of the evidence underlying his

conviction of public drunkenness.   Brief for Appellant at 14.   Specifically,

Singer claims that “the uncontradicted evidence shows that the events did

not occur in a public place[,] within the meaning of the Crimes Code.” Id. at

16. We agree.

      The Crimes Code defines the summary offense of public drunkenness

as follows:

      A person is guilty of a summary offense if he appears in any
      public place manifestly under the influence of alcohol … to the
      degree that he may endanger himself or other persons or
      property, or annoy persons in his vicinity….




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18 Pa.C.S.A. § 5505 (emphasis added). Section 5505 does not define the

term “public.” However, in Commonwealth v. Meyer, 431 A.2d 287 (Pa.

Super. 1981), this Court observed that

     [t]he term does appear, however, in two places in the Crimes
     Code: in the section dealing with prostitution, section 5902, and
     in the section dealing with disorderly conduct, section 5503.
     Section 5902(f) defines it as “any place to which the public or
     any substantial group thereof has access.”           The ordinary
     meaning of “access” is: “the right to enter or make use of;” “the
     state or quality of being easy to enter.”

     Section 5503(c) defines public places as, inter alia, “any
     premises which are open to the public.”

Meyer, 431 A.2d at 289 (footnotes omitted). In Meyer, this Court deemed

the evidence insufficient to establish the “public” element of public

drunkenness, where the altercation took place at a V.F.W. Post, a private

club to which the public did not have access. Id.

     Our   review   of   the   record,   in   a   light   most   favorable   to   the

Commonwealth, discloses insufficient evidence to establish the “public”

element of public drunkenness.      Regarding his search for Singer, Trooper

Wardrop described the area to be searched as follows:

     It’s a remote area. There’s a trailer that sits at the front of the
     trailer [sic]. The trailer door faces the road. Behind that is a
     very short backyard with, I believe, a tall fence.

           Behind the fence is a very open, grassy area. On the other
     side of the grass[y] area is a wooded area. To the … north side
     of the residence, there is a corn field and other wooded areas.

N.T., 5/12/14, at 10-11. According to Trooper Wardrop, the area was not

developed. Id. at 11.


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J-A18040-15


      Trooper Wardrop described hearing Singer “going through some type

of brush or corn ….”    Id. at 15.   Trooper Wardrop additionally described

Singer walking from the back of his own residence to the front, and then

“around the back of the residence, around the fence, into the big open grass

area.”   Id. at 16.    Finally, Trooper Wardrop described Singer as running

toward a wooded area. Id. at 17-18.

      Trooper Rudy testified that he had observed Singer “hiding in a tree

line next to a cornfield[,]” about 150 yards from the residence. Id. at 26.

Trooper Rudy stated that he chased Singer behind the tree line, into a

cornfield, through the yard of another residence, and finally into a wooded

area. Id. at 26, 28, 30.

      In his testimony, Corporal Dabrowski stated that about 150 yards from

the trailer,

      there was a small wooded area. There’s actually a couple other
      residences scattered[,] or cabins or something[,] scattered
      throughout there.     As we’re walking towards this cornfield,
      there’s an open area and there’s a road and then there’s a tree
      line. On the other side of the tree line is a big cornfield.

Id. at 35. According to Corporal Dabrowski,

      … I think we both gave him verbal commands to come out of the
      wood line. … [Y]ou could hear him running through the brush.

            And there’s like a little gully there or whatever to catch
      water, so we didn’t pursue him through that. It was rather
      thick. You could hear him running, and we realized the other
      side was cornfield, and the corn at that time was probably seven
      feet high.




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            So then … I decided I would flank the hedge row in case he
      came back out. There was an open area. Trooper Rudy and the
      young man, I don’t know his name, went around. They had to
      actually go around the hedge row where the cornfield began to
      go inside the cornfield [sic].

Id. at 36.

      The above evidence, even taken in a light most favorable to the

Commonwealth, fails to establish the “public” element of the summary

offense of public drunkenness. Thus, we vacate the judgment of sentence

imposed for Singer’s conviction of public drunkenness.

      Accordingly, we affirm Singer’s judgment of sentence as to his

conviction of resisting arrest, but vacate Singer’s judgment of sentence as to

his conviction of public drunkenness.

      Judgment of sentence for resisting arrest affirmed; judgment of

sentence for public drunkenness vacated.         Superior Court jurisdiction

relinquished.

Judgment Entered.




Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 11/13/2015




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