                        This opinion will be unpublished and
                        may not be cited except as provided by
                        Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2014).

                             STATE OF MINNESOTA
                             IN COURT OF APPEALS
                                   A15-0795


                           Jarrod Dwayne Miller, petitioner,
                                     Appellant,

                                          vs.

                                 State of Minnesota,
                                    Respondent.


                                 Filed April 4, 2016
                                      Affirmed
                                 Bjorkman, Judge


                           Hennepin County District Court
                             File No. 27-CR-12-26380

Cathryn Middlebrook, Chief Appellate Public Defender, Julie Loftus Nelson, Assistant
Public Defender, St. Paul, Minnesota (for appellant)

Lori Swanson, Attorney General, St. Paul, Minnesota; and

Michael O. Freeman, Hennepin County Attorney, Jean E. Burdorf, Assistant County
Attorney, Minneapolis, Minnesota (for respondent)

      Considered and decided by Halbrooks, Presiding Judge; Bjorkman, Judge; and

Kalitowski, Judge.





 Retired judge of the Minnesota Court of Appeals, serving by appointment pursuant to
Minn. Const. art. VI, § 10.
                         UNPUBLISHED OPINION

BJORKMAN, Judge

       Appellant challenges his conviction of prohibited possession of a firearm, arguing

that the district court erred by denying his motion to suppress evidence discovered during

the stop of the bus he was riding. We affirm.

                                          FACTS

       On August 12, 2012, at approximately 11:35 p.m., D.D. called law enforcement to

report a man carrying a gun on the route 19 Metro Transit bus. D.D. stated that the man

showed the gun to other passengers and told them he was “out here robbing people.” D.D.

described the individual as a black male seated at the back of the bus, 22-23 years old, 5’7”

to 5’11”, 200 pounds, wearing blue jeans, a white-and-blue checkered shirt, and a blue hat

with an afro hanging out of the sides. D.D. told dispatch that he got off the bus at the

intersection of Olson Memorial Highway and Bryant Avenue, but the man with the gun

was still on the bus, which was heading toward Penn Avenue. D.D. identified himself,

provided his cell phone number, and told dispatch that he had been an informant for

“narcotics downtown.”

       Multiple officers responded. Officer Steward was among the first to locate the

already stopped bus about four minutes after D.D.’s call. Officer Steward walked around

the outside of the bus and did not see anyone inside who matched the suspect’s description.

Officer Severance arrived shortly thereafter, parking his squad car in front of the bus. He

and three other armed officers entered the bus through the front door. Officer Severance

commanded the passengers to raise their hands. All but one person—appellant Jarrod


                                             2
Dwayne Miller—complied with the directive. Miller lowered his hands and slid over to

one side of his seat. At the same time, Officer Steward, who was still outside of the bus,

saw Miller take a gun out of his waistband, drop it on the floor, and then raise his hands.

Officer Steward yelled, “gun,” and officers on the bus apprehended Miller. The gun was

found on the floor at the back of the bus. Miller was wearing a white and purple hat with

hair sticking out from under it, a gray shirt with no pattern, and blue jeans.

       Miller was charged with being a prohibited person in possession of a firearm in

violation of Minn. Stat. § 624.713, subd. 1(2) (2012).1 He moved to suppress evidence of

the gun on the grounds that it was obtained as the result of an unlawful seizure. The district

court denied the motion and the matter was tried to a jury. Following his conviction and

imposition of a 60-month sentence, Miller appealed. We remanded with instructions for

the district court to decide: (1) whether the 911 call was anonymous, (2) whether police

sufficiently corroborated the caller’s information before conducting the Terry stop, and

(3) whether there was reasonable, articulable suspicion that criminal activity was afoot.

State v. Miller, No. A13-2067, 2014 WL 4388620, at *2 (Minn. App. Sept. 8, 2014), review

denied (Minn. Nov. 25, 2014). After a supplemental evidentiary hearing, the district court

again denied Miller’s suppression motion. Miller appeals.




1
 Miller acknowledges that he was not eligible to possess a firearm because of a prior felony
conviction.

                                              3
                                       DECISION

         The United States and the Minnesota Constitutions protect the right of the people to

be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects against unreasonable searches and

seizures. U.S. Const., amend IV; Minn. Const., art. 1, § 10.

               [A] police officer may temporarily detain a suspect without
               probable cause if (1) the stop was justified at its inception by
               reasonable articulable suspicion, and (2) the actions of the
               police during the stop were reasonably related to and justified
               by the circumstances that gave rise to the stop in the first place.

State v. Diede, 795 N.W.2d 836, 842 (Minn. 2011) (quotations omitted). To justify a stop,

an officer must have more than an unarticulated hunch. State v. Britton, 604 N.W.2d 84,

87 (Minn. 2000). Rather, the officer “must be justified by some objective manifestation

that the person stopped is, or is about to be, engaged in criminal activity.” Id. (quotation

omitted). Courts consider the totality of the circumstances to determine whether the police

had a reasonable basis for the stop. Id.

         We review a district court’s factual findings for clear error and its legal

determinations de novo. State v. Zornes, 831 N.W.2d 609, 621 (Minn. 2013). When the

facts are not in dispute, we independently review them to determine, as a matter of law,

whether the evidence should be suppressed. State v. Othoudt, 482 N.W.2d 218, 221 (Minn.

1992).

         Miller argues that the information D.D. provided to law enforcement was not

sufficiently reliable to create a reasonable suspicion of criminal activity. And even if the

information was reliable, Miller asserts that reasonable suspicion was dispelled because no

passenger on the bus matched the suspect’s description. We address each issue in turn.


                                               4
I.       The information provided by D.D. was sufficiently reliable to create a
         reasonable suspicion of criminal activity.

         Information provided by a private citizen may create reasonable suspicion of

criminal activity to warrant an investigative stop if the information has sufficient indicia of

reliability. In re Welfare of G.M., 560 N.W.2d 687, 691 (Minn. 1997). Tips from private

citizens are presumed to be reliable, particularly when they give information about their

identity so that the police can locate them if necessary. State v. Davis, 732 N.W.2d 173,

182-83 (Minn. 2007); State v. Lindquist, 295 Minn. 398, 400, 205 N.W.2d 333, 335 (1973)

(“One who voluntarily comes forward and identifies [himself] is more likely to be telling

the truth because [he] presumably knows that the police could arrest [him] for making a

false report.”).

         Miller argues that because D.D. previously worked as an informant, his reliability

is not presumed and must be assessed using the six factors we articulated in State v. Ross,

676 N.W.2d 301, 304 (Minn. App. 2004).2 We are not persuaded. Ross presented the

questions of how to determine the reliability of a confidential informant, and whether


2
    The six factors described in Ross are:

                (1) a first-time citizen informant is presumably reliable; (2) an
                informant who has given reliable information in the past is
                likely also currently reliable; (3) an informant’s reliability can
                be established if the police can corroborate the information;
                (4) the informant is presumably more reliable if the informant
                voluntarily comes forward; (5) in narcotics cases, “controlled
                purchase” is a term of art that indicates reliability; and (6) an
                informant is minimally more reliable if the informant makes a
                statement against the informant’s interests.

676 N.W.2d at 304.

                                                5
information provided by the informant was sufficient to establish probable cause for a

warrantless search. Id. at 303-304. That is not the situation here. D.D. was not acting in

the capacity of a confidential informant when he contacted law enforcement. Although he

initially called an officer with whom he previously worked, he was immediately transferred

to dispatch. Once D.D. was transferred to dispatch, he reported the details of the criminal

activity he observed on the bus before mentioning his prior work as an informant. On these

facts, we conclude that D.D was acting as a private citizen informant, and his credibility is

presumed. Davis, 732 N.W.2d at 182. His credibility was bolstered because he gave his

name and phone number to dispatch. Id. at 183 (stating that a private citizen is particularly

reliable when the informant provides identifying information).              Accordingly, the

information D.D. provided to law enforcement was sufficiently reliable to create a

reasonable suspicion that criminal activity was occurring on the bus.

II.    Reasonable suspicion of criminal activity was not dispelled before the police
       seized Miller.

       As stated above, an officer may “stop and temporarily seize a person to investigate

that person for criminal wrongdoing if the officer reasonably suspects that person of

criminal activity.” Diede, 795 N.W.2d at 842 (quotation omitted). But if reasonable

suspicion is dispelled by police investigation prior to the seizure, a seizure is not justified.

Britton, 604 N.W.2d at 88.

       Miller initially argues that two seizures occurred—when officers initially stopped

the bus and again when they entered the bus with their guns drawn. A seizure occurs when

an officer, by means of physical force or show of authority, has in some way restrained the



                                               6
liberty of a citizen. State v. Harris, 590 N.W.2d 90, 98 (Minn. 1999) (stating that a person

is seized if, in view of the surrounding circumstances, a reasonable person would believe

he or she was not free to disregard the police or terminate the encounter). Regardless of

whether the initial stop of the bus was a seizure, we agree that a seizure occurred when four

officers entered the bus, drew their weapons, and commanded the passengers to raise their

hands. Such action was an assertive showing of authority by the officers, and no reasonable

person on that bus—including Miller—would have felt free to disregard the officers or

terminate the encounter.3 It was only after the officers boarded the bus that Miller grabbed

the gun from his waistband and dropped it on the floor. Accordingly, our analysis turns on

whether the officers were justified in entering the bus to seize its passengers.

       Miller asserts that when Officer Steward looked into the bus and did not observe

anyone who matched the description of the suspect, reasonable suspicion that the suspect

was still on the bus was dispelled. We disagree. In Britton, an officer stopped a vehicle

that he suspected was stolen because the driver-side rear passenger window was broken.

604 N.W.2d at 86-87. Prior to stopping the vehicle, the officer checked his computer and

learned that the vehicle was not listed as stolen. Id. at 86. The supreme court held that the

computer check did not completely dispel the officer’s suspicion of criminal activity

because it was possible that the vehicle was stolen but had not yet been reported. Id. at 87-


3
  We note that in the interest of officer and passenger safety, it was reasonable for the
officers to draw their weapons and command the passengers to raise their hands because
the officers had been informed that the suspect was armed. See State v. Balenger, 667
N.W.2d 133, 139 (Minn. App. 2003) (stating that the nature of an intrusion is balanced
against the governmental interest in crime prevention and legitimate concerns of officer
safety), review denied (Minn. Oct. 21, 2003).

                                              7
88. Similarly, when Officer Steward arrived at the scene, he looked into the bus and did

not see anyone who matched the description provided by D.D. But this observation did

not dispel all suspicion that the suspect was on the bus. While it was possible that the

suspect got off the bus during the four minutes between D.D.’s report and the seizure, it

was equally possible that the suspect was still on the bus but had ducked down to avoid

detection or was in a location that Officer Steward could not observe from his position

outside of the bus.

       Moreover, it is not necessary for a suspect to match every aspect of a description to

justify a temporary seizure. See United States v. Martinez, 462 F.3d 903, 906 (8th Cir.

2006) (upholding an investigatory stop where person generally matched the physical

description of the suspect except for the color and style of shirt); State v. Yang, 774 N.W.2d

539, 552 (Minn. 2009) (holding that officer reasonably stopped a dark blue Honda Civic

hatchback based on a description of a black Honda Accord). Miller matched several

aspects of the description provided by D.D. He is a black male, was seated at the back of

the route 19 bus, was wearing blue jeans and a hat, and had hair sticking out from under

the sides of his hat. Although Miller’s hat and shirt did not exactly match the description,

the lack of precision did not render the stop unreasonable.

       In sum, Officer Steward’s observations prior to the officers boarding the bus did not

dispel the reasonable suspicion of criminal activity on the bus. The officers were acting on

much more than a hunch when they boarded the bus to determine whether the armed

suspect was still on board. See State v. Timberlake, 744 N.W.2d 390, 393 (Minn. 2008)

(stating that the standard for reasonable suspicion is not high, but requires more than an


                                              8
inchoate or unparticularized suspicion or hunch). Because we conclude the seizure of the

bus passengers was valid, and the gun was discovered in connection with a lawful seizure,

the district court did not err by denying Miller’s suppression motion. Because Miller does

not separately challenge the jury’s verdict, we affirm.

       Affirmed.




                                             9
