[Cite as State v. Burns, 2016-Ohio-4885.]


                                        COURT OF APPEALS
                                       STARK COUNTY, OHIO
                                    FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT


 CITY OF CANTON                                 :   JUDGES:
                                                :
                                                :   Hon. William B. Hoffman, P.J.
        Plaintiff-Appellee                      :   Hon. Craig R. Baldwin, J.
                                                :   Hon. Patricia A. Delaney, J.
 -vs-                                           :
                                                :   Case Nos. 2015CA00163
                                                :             2015CA00164
 ROLAND K. BURNS III                            :
                                                :
                                                :
        Defendant-Appellant                     :   OPINION


CHARACTER OF PROCEEDING:                            Appeal from the Canton Municipal
                                                    Court, Case No. 2015 CRB 2558 &
                                                    2015 CRB 2625



JUDGMENT:                                           AFFIRMED




DATE OF JUDGMENT ENTRY:                             July 5, 2016




APPEARANCES:

 For Plaintiff-Appellee:                            For Defendant-Appellant:

 TYRONE HAURTIZ                                     STEPHEN J. KANDEL
 CANTON CITY PROSECUTOR                             101 Central Plaza South, Suite 103
                                                    Canton, OH 44702
 JENNIFER L. FITZSIMMONS
 218 Cleveland Ave. SW
 Canton, OH 44702
Stark County, Case Nos. 2015CA00163 & 2015CA00164                                         2

Delaney, J.

       {¶1} In Case Numbers 2015CA00163 and 2015CA00164, Defendant-Appellant

Roland K. Burns III appeals his convictions and sentences by the Canton Municipal Court

on four counts of Failure to Comply with an Order to Correct in violation of Canton Codified

Ordinance 1351.03(l). Burns raises the same arguments in both appeals. The appeals

are not consolidated, but for ease of discussion, we consider both appeals in one opinion.

Plaintiff-Appellee is the State of Ohio.

                         FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

                          Canton Codified Ordinance 1351.03

       {¶2} In 2011, the City of Canton adopted the 2006 edition of the International

Property Maintenance Code. Canton Codified Ord. 1351.01(a). The owner of any non-

owner occupied or vacant residential structure in Canton is subject to the interior and

exterior requirements of the Code. Canton Codified Ord. 1351.01(b).

       {¶3} The City of Canton amended and supplemented the International Property

Maintenance Code in Canton Codified Ord. 1351.03. Pertinent to this appeal, Canton

Codified Ord. 1351.03(l) states as follows:

       Section 106.4, Violation penalties, is amended to read: Any person failing

       to comply with a notice of violation or order served in accordance with

       Section 107 of this code shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor or civil

       infraction as follows:

       (1) If a notice or order is not complied with, a one hundred dollar ($100.00)

       fine will be assessed.
Stark County, Case Nos. 2015CA00163 & 2015CA00164                                         3


     (2) If a second notice or order for the same violation within a one (1) year

     period is not complied with, a two hundred fifty dollar ($250.00) fine will be

     assessed.

     (3) If a third notice or order for the same violation within a one (1) year period

     is not complied with, a five hundred dollar ($500.00) fine will be assessed.

     (4) The time restraints may be tolled by the Chief Building Official (or

     designee) due to inclement weather or type of violation.

     (5) If a notice or order is not complied with, the violator will be charged with

     a first degree misdemeanor.

     (6) Fines assessed pursuant to subparagraphs (1), (2) and (3) above, may

     be appealed to the Board of Building Appeals upon the payment of a one

     hundred dollar ($100.00) deposit for each building requested for appeal to

     the Canton Building Department. * * *

     (7) Any appeal received after 20 days from post date of violation will not be

     accepted.

     The violation shall be deemed a strict liability offense. If the notice of

     violation is not complied with, the Chief Building Official in conjunction with

     the Law Director shall institute the appropriate proceeding at law or in equity

     to restrain, correct or abate such violation, or to require the removal or

     termination of the unlawful occupancy of the structure in violation of the

     provisions of this code or of the order or direction made pursuant thereto.

     Any action taken by the authority having jurisdiction on such premises shall

     be charged against the real estate upon which the structure is located and
Stark County, Case Nos. 2015CA00163 & 2015CA00164                                         4


       shall be charged against the real estate upon which the structure is located

       and shall be a lien upon such real estate.

            Appellant’s Violations of Canton Codified Ordinance 1351.03

       {¶4} Defendant-Appellant Roland K. Burns III owns four rental properties located

in Canton, Ohio. On June 26, 2014, the Code Enforcement Division of the City of Canton

notified Burns by letter that it documented violations at 1233 Oxford Avenue NW following

a visual field inspection. The City of Canton ordered Burns to abate the violations by July

3, 2014. The letter instructed as follows:

       If the owner fails to correct the attached listed violations within the

       prescribed period of time permitted, the Chief Building Official will take the

       necessary actions. A $100.00 fine shall be imposed upon the property

       owner. Additional fines may be imposed if violations are not corrected.

       Whoever knowingly fails to comply with an order issued pursuant to Section

       1351 shall be guilty of a minor misdemeanor on the first offense, on each

       subsequent offense such person shall be guilty of a misdemeanor of the

       fourth degree.

       {¶5} The letter notified Burns that he had the right to appeal the order pursuant

to Canton Building Code 1351. The letter further stated that if the fines were not paid by

Burns within 30 days after the date of the written notice, the City of Canton could recover

the fines by an action at law or by assessment.

       {¶6} On July 3, 2014, the Code Enforcement Division of the City of Canton

notified Burns by letter that it documented violations at his property located at 1003 Third

Street NW. Burns was ordered to abate the violations by July 29, 2014. The letter further
Stark County, Case Nos. 2015CA00163 & 2015CA00164                                        5


notified Burns that if the violations were not abated by July 29, 2014, Burns would be

subject to a $100.00 fine and possibly additional fines. The letter informed Burns that,

“Whoever knowingly fails to comply with an order issued pursuant to Section 1351 shall

be guilty of a minor misdemeanor on the first offense, on each subsequent offense such

person shall be guilty of a misdemeanor of the fourth degree.” Finally, the letter stated

that if the fines were not paid within 30 days of the written notice, the fines could be

recovered in an action at law or by assessment.

       {¶7} On November 18, 2014, the Code Enforcement Division notified Burns by

letter there was an open complaint on his property located at 1338 Logan Avenue NW.

The letter stated Burns failed to correct exterior violations and the property was referred

to the Canton Law Department. Due to failed inspections, the property was assessed the

following fines: 09/09/2013, $100.00; 04/22/2014, $250.00; 05/08/2014, $250.00;

11/17/2014, $500.00. Burns was ordered to pay the fines by December 18, 2014. The

letter instructed Burns he had the right to appeal the fines pursuant to Canton Codified

Ord. 1351. If the fines were not paid within 30 days of written notice, the fines could be

recovered in an action at law.

       {¶8} On February 12, 2015, the Code Enforcement Division notified Burns by

letter that it documented violations at his property located at Market Avenue North. Burns

was ordered to abate the violations by February 17, 2015. The letter further notified Burns

that if the violations were not abated by February 17, 2015, Burns would be subject to a

$100.00 fine and possibly additional fines. The letter included the same language

regarding the possible criminal penalties.
Stark County, Case Nos. 2015CA00163 & 2015CA00164                                          6


       {¶9} On June 15, 2015, the City of Canton charged Burns with four counts of

Failure to Comply with an Order to Correct, a first-degree misdemeanor in violation of

Canton Codified Ord. 1351.03(l). In Case No. 2015CRB2625, Burns was charged for his

failure to correct code violations at 1003 Third Street NW and 1338 Logan Avenue NW

(Appellate Case No. 2015CA00164). In Case No. 2015CRB2558, Burns was charged for

his failure to correct code violations at 1233 Oxford Avenue NW and Market Avenue North

(Appellate Case No. 2015CA00163). Burns pleaded not guilty to the charges and

demanded a jury trial.

       {¶10} Burns filed a motion to declare Canton Codified Ord. 1351.03(l)(5) void for

vagueness, or in the alternative, to sever the vague portion. He argued the language of

the ordinance was vague because it gave the City of Canton discretion to assess a fine

based on a tiered schedule if a violator failed to comply with a notice to correct, or the

City of Canton could charge the violator with a first-degree misdemeanor if a violator failed

to comply with a notice to correct. The City of Canton could charge a first-time violator

with a first-degree misdemeanor without first assessing a fine. The trial court overruled

the motion.

       {¶11} On August 17, 2015, Burns appeared in court and changed his plea to no

contest. The trial court found Burns guilty on the four counts of Failure to Comply with an

Order to Correct. The trial court sentenced Burns to the Stark County Jail for 59 days and

ordered him to pay $961.00 in fines and costs. He was also ordered to correct all code

violations.

       {¶12} It is from this judgment Burns now appeals.
Stark County, Case Nos. 2015CA00163 & 2015CA00164                                      7


                             ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR

      {¶13} Burns raises three Assignments of Error:

      {¶14} “I. CANTON CITY ORDINANCE 1351.03 IS UNCONSTITUTIONALLY

VAGUE.

      {¶15} “II. A PROSECUTION FOR A VIOLATION PURSUANT TO CANTON CITY

ORDINANCE 1351.03(L)(5) IS BARRED BY THE DOUBLE JEOPARDY CLAUSES OF

THE OHIO AND UNITED STATES CONSTITUTIONS.

      {¶16} “III.   CANTON       CITY     ORDINANCE       1351.03     VIOLATES      THE

CONSTITUTIONAL GUARANTEES OF EQUAL PROTECTION AND DUE PROCESS.”

                                        ANALYSIS

                              I. VOID FOR VAGUENESS

      {¶17} In his first Assignment of Error, Burns claims he was denied due process of

law because the ordinance he was charged with violating is void for vagueness. He

contends the provisions in Canton Codified Ord. 1351.03(l) allowing the City of Canton to

assess a progressive fine schedule or charge the violator with a first-degree misdemeanor

is vague and overreaching.

      {¶18} The void-for-vagueness doctrine ensures that individuals can ascertain

what the law requires of them. State v. Rober, 6th Dist. Lucas No. L-14-1168, 2015-Ohio-

5501, ¶ 18 citing State v. Anderson, 57 Ohio St.3d 168, 171, 566 N.E.2d 1224 (1991). In

determining whether a statute or ordinance is void for vagueness, the court must consider

whether the enactment “(1) provides sufficient notice of its proscriptions to facilitate

compliance by persons of ordinary intelligence and (2) is specific enough to prevent

official arbitrariness or discrimination in its enforcement.” Norwood v. Horney, 110 Ohio
Stark County, Case Nos. 2015CA00163 & 2015CA00164                                           8


St.3d 353, 2006-Ohio-3799, 853 N.E.2d 1115, ¶ 84. A statute is not void for vagueness

simply because it could have been worded more precisely or with additional certainty.

Rose v. Locke, 423 U.S. 48, 49-50, 96 S.Ct. 243, 46 L.Ed.2d 185 (1975). “The critical

question in all cases is whether the law affords a reasonable individual of ordinary

intelligence fair notice and sufficient definition and guidance to enable him to conform his

conduct to the law.” Norwood at ¶ 86.

       {¶19} In the present case, Burns does not raise the argument that Canton

Codified Ord. 1351.03(l) failed to provide him with fair notice as to what conduct was

prohibited. Burns argues the penalty section of Canton Codified Ord. 1351.03(l) is vague,

allowing discriminatory enforcement by the City of Canton.

       {¶20} The penalty section of Canton Codified Ord. 1351.03(l) states:

       Section 106.4, Violation penalties, is amended to read: Any person failing

       to comply with a notice of violation or order served in accordance with

       Section 107 of this code shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor or civil

       infraction as follows:

       (1) If a notice or order is not complied with, a one hundred dollar ($100.00)

       fine will be assessed.

       (2) If a second notice or order for the same violation within a one (1) year

       period is not complied with, a two hundred fifty dollar ($250.00) fine will be

       assessed.

       (3) If a third notice or order for the same violation within a one (1) year period

       is not complied with, a five hundred dollar ($500.00) fine will be assessed.
Stark County, Case Nos. 2015CA00163 & 2015CA00164                                            9


       (4) The time restraints may be tolled by the Chief Building Official (or

       designee) due to inclement weather or type of violation.

       (5) If a notice or order is not complied with, the violator will be charged with

       a first degree misdemeanor,

       (6) Fines assessed pursuant to subparagraphs (1), (2) and (3) above, may

       be appealed to the Board of Building Appeals upon the payment of a one

       hundred dollar ($100.00) deposit for each building requested for appeal to

       the Canton Building Department. * * *

       (7) Any appeal received after 20 days from post date of violation will not be

       accepted.

       The violation shall be deemed a strict liability offense. If the notice of

       violation is not complied with, the Chief Building Official in conjunction with

       the Law Director shall institute the appropriate proceeding at law or in equity

       to restrain, correct or abate such violation, or to require the removal or

       termination of the unlawful occupancy of the structure in violation of the

       provisions of this code or of the order or direction made pursuant thereto.

       Any action taken by the authority having jurisdiction on such premises shall

       be charged against the real estate upon which the structure is located and

       shall be charged against the real estate upon which the structure is located

       and shall be a lien upon such real estate.

       {¶21} Burns contends there is a conflict in the language of the ordinance between

the imposition of civil penalties or a criminal penalty for the failure to comply with a notice

of violation. Burns states the ordinance allows the City of Canton to choose between a
Stark County, Case Nos. 2015CA00163 & 2015CA00164                                          10


civil or criminal penalty for the failure to comply with a notice, but also states in the same

section that a violator will be charged with a criminal penalty. He contends the conflicting

language in the ordinance fails to provide an explicit standard for enforcement and allows

discriminatory enforcement.

       {¶22} The United States Supreme Court stated:

       It is a fundamental tenet of due process that “[n]o one may be required at

       peril of life, liberty or property to speculate as to the meaning of penal

       statutes.” Lanzetta v. New Jersey, 306 U.S. 451, 453, 59 S.Ct. 618, 619, 83

       L.Ed. 888 (1939). A criminal statute is therefore invalid if it “fails to give a

       person of ordinary intelligence fair notice that his contemplated conduct is

       forbidden.” * * * So too, vague sentencing provisions may pose

       constitutional questions if they do not state with sufficient clarity the

       consequences of violating a given criminal statute.

(Citations omitted.) United States v. Batchelder, 442 U.S. 114, 123, 99 S.Ct. 2198, 2204,

60 L.Ed.2d 755 (1979); See also State v. Mushrush, 135 Ohio App.3d 99, 109, 733 N.E.2d

252, 259, (1st Dist.1999).

       {¶23} There is a strong presumption that all legislative enactments are

constitutional. State v. Collier, 62 Ohio St.3d 267, 269, 581 N.E.2d 552 (1991). When it

is alleged that a statute or ordinance is void for vagueness, all doubts must, if possible,

be resolved in favor of its constitutionality. Oregon v. Lemons, 17 Ohio App.3d 195, 196,

478 N.E.2d 1007 (6th Dist.1984). We analyze the ordinance to determine whether it

affords a reasonable individual of ordinary intelligence fair notice and sufficient definition

and guidance to enable him to conform his conduct to the law. “All legislative provisions
Stark County, Case Nos. 2015CA00163 & 2015CA00164                                           11

that relate to the same general subject matter must be read in pari materia, and in

construing these provisions together, courts must harmonize and give full application to

all provisions ‘unless they are irreconcilable and in hopeless conflict.’” Columbiana v.

Frost, 7th Dist. Columbiana No. 14-CO-38, 2016-Ohio-1057, ¶ 43 quoting State v. Cook,

128 Ohio St.3d 120, 2010-Ohio-6305, 942 N.E.2d 357, ¶ 45.

       {¶24} The plain language of Canton Codified Ord. 1351.03(l) states the City of

Canton has the discretion to impose a civil or criminal penalty for the failure to comply

with a notice to correct violations. Canton Codified Ord. 1351.03(l)(7) reads, “* * * If notice

of violation is not complied with, the Chief Building Official in conjunction with the Law

Director shall institute the appropriate proceeding at law or in equity to restrain, correct or

abate such violation, * * *.” “Whether to prosecute and what charge to file * * * are

decisions that generally rest in the prosecutor's discretion.” United States v. Batchelder,

442 U.S. 114, 124, 99 S.Ct. 2198, 2204, 60 L.Ed.2d 755 (1979). In Columbiana v. Frost,

the Seventh District Court of Appeals determined that a city income tax code permitted

the City of Columbiana to impose a civil and criminal penalty for the failure to pay city

income taxes:

       The tax code states that the taxpayer's failure to make any deferred

       payment when due shall cause the total unpaid amount, including penalty

       and interest, to become payable on demand and the civil penalties of §

       880.11 and the criminal penalties of § 880.12 shall apply. (Emphasis

       added.) We interpret the conjunctive language of § 880.08(b) to mean that

       the taxpayer's failure to make a deferred payment allows the City of

       Columbiana to take three actions: (1) the total unpaid amount including
Stark County, Case Nos. 2015CA00163 & 2015CA00164                                            12


       penalty and interest is payable on demand, (2) the City of Columbiana can

       pursue civil action under § 880.11, and (3) the City of Columbiana can

       pursue criminal action for violations of § 880.12. § 880.99(a) states the

       criminal penalties for a violation of the tax code, which are outlined in §

       880.12. The language of § 880.08(b) and § 880.99 are not in conflict.

Columbiana v. Frost, 7th Dist. Columbiana No. 14-CO-38, 2016-Ohio-1057, ¶ 37

       {¶25} The ordinance outlines the civil penalties for the failure to comply with a

notice as a progressive fine schedule. Canton Codified Ord. 1351.03(l)(1)-(3). Fines

assessed pursuant to the schedule may be appealed to the Board of Building Appeals.

Canton Codified Ord. 1351.03(l)(6). In the alternative, the City of Canton may pursue a

criminal action for the failure to comply with a notice. Canton Codified Ord. 1351.03(l)(5).

       {¶26} Burns did not submit a transcript of his sentencing hearing. There is no

information in the record of whether Burns appealed the fines assessed for the 1338

Logan Avenue NW property or if the City of Canton assessed fines for Burns’s failure to

comply with the notices for his three other properties.

       {¶27} We find the language of the enforcement section of Canton Codified Ord.

1351.03(l) is clear and unambiguous to give a person of ordinary intelligence fair notice

that if he or she fails to comply with a notice of violation, the violator will be deemed guilty

of a misdemeanor or a civil infraction. The civil penalties are outlined in a progressive fine

schedule and can be appealed. The possible criminal penalty is a first degree

misdemeanor. The ordinance states the Chief Building Officer and the Law Director will

institute the appropriate proceeding at law or in equity. The enforcement section of the

ordinance is not unconstitutionally vague.
Stark County, Case Nos. 2015CA00163 & 2015CA00164                                       13


       {¶28} The first Assignment of Error is overruled.

                                II. DOUBLE JEOPARDY

       {¶29} Burns argues in his second Assignment of Error that prosecution under the

Canton Codified Ord. 1351.03(l) is barred by the Double Jeopardy Cause of the United

States and Ohio Constitutions. We disagree.

       {¶30} The Double Jeopardy Clause of the Fifth Amendment to the United States

Constitution and Section 10, Article I of the Ohio Constitution protect criminal defendants

against multiple prosecutions for the same offense. The Ohio Supreme Court has

recognized that “[t]he protections afforded by the two Double Jeopardy Clauses are

coextensive.” State v. Carozza, 2015-Ohio-1783, 33 N.E.3d 556, ¶ 16 (5th Dist.) quoting

State v. Martello, 97 Ohio St.3d 398, 2002-Ohio-6661, 780 N.E.2d 250, ¶ 7, citing State

v. Gustafson, 76 Ohio St.3d 425, 432, 668 N.E.2d 435 (1996).

       {¶31} The principle behind the Double Jeopardy Clause “‘is that the State with all

its resources and power should not be allowed to make repeated attempts to convict an

individual for the alleged offense, thereby subjecting him to embarrassment, expense and

ordeal and compelling him to live in a continuing state of anxiety and insecurity, as well

as enhancing the possibility that even though innocent he may be found guilty.’” State v.

Roberts, 119 Ohio St.3d 294, 2008-Ohio-3835, 893 N.E.2d 818, ¶ 11, quoting Green v.

United States, 355 U.S. 184, 187–188, 78 S.Ct. 221, 2 L.Ed.2d 199 (1957). The federal

and state constitutions' double jeopardy protection further guards citizens against

cumulative punishments for the “same offense.” State v. Moss, 69 Ohio St.2d 515, 518,

433 N.E.2d 181 (1982). “[T]he Double Jeopardy Clause does no more than prevent the
Stark County, Case Nos. 2015CA00163 & 2015CA00164                                     14


sentencing court from prescribing greater punishment than the legislature intended.”

Missouri v. Hunter, 459 U.S. 359, 366, 103 S.Ct. 673, 678, 74 L.Ed.2d 535, 542 (1983).

      {¶32} The ordinance in the present case subjects the violator to criminal or civil

penalties. Burns argues the progressive fine schedule is truly a criminal penalty. Both

parties direct this Court to the United States Supreme Court’s decision in Hudson v.

United States, 522 U.S. 93, 118 S.Ct. 488, 139 L.Ed.2d 450 (1997), which established a

two-part test for determining whether a penalty is a criminal penalty for double jeopardy

purposes:

      In Hudson, 522 U.S. at 96, 118 S.Ct. 488, 139 L.Ed.2d 450, the United

      States Supreme Court reaffirmed the two-part test for determining whether

      a particular penalty is a “criminal punishment” for double jeopardy purposes

      that was set forth in United States v. Ward (1980), 448 U.S. 242, 248–249,

      100 S.Ct. 2636, 65 L.Ed.2d 742. Under this test, the first question to be

      answered is “whether the legislature, ‘in establishing the penalizing

      mechanism, indicated either expressly or impliedly a preference for one

      label or the other.’ ” Hudson, 522 U.S. at 99, 118 S.Ct. 488, 139 L.Ed.2d

      450, quoting Ward, 448 U.S. at 248, 100 S.Ct. 2636, 65 L.Ed.2d 742.

      Second, even in those cases where the legislature has indicated an

      intention to establish a civil penalty, the United States Supreme Court has

      inquired further whether the statutory scheme was so punitive in purpose or

      effect as to transform what was clearly intended to be a civil remedy into a

      criminal penalty. Hudson, 522 U.S. at 99, 118 S.Ct. 488, 139 L.Ed.2d 450;

      State v. Uskert (1999), 85 Ohio St.3d 593, 597, 709 N.E.2d 1200.
Stark County, Case Nos. 2015CA00163 & 2015CA00164                                          15

State v. Martello, 97 Ohio St.3d 398, 402-03, 2002-Ohio-6661, 780 N.E.2d 250, 255, ¶

18.

       {¶33} Canton Codified Ord. 1351.03(l) indicates that any person failing to comply

with a notice of violation shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor or civil infraction. The

ordinance next outlines the progressive fine schedule. The ordinance states in

1351.03(l)(6) that fines assessed pursuant to the progressive fine schedule may be

appealed to the Board of Building Appeals. Therefore, for the purposes of the Hudson

analysis, the progressive fine schedule must be classified as civil in nature.

       {¶34} Next, the second prong of the Hudson test asks whether the ordinance is

so punitive in purpose or effect that it amounts to a criminal penalty. Burns argues the

criminal and civil penalty have the same effect of deterrence and punishment. “ ‘[O]nly

the clearest proof’ will suffice to override legislative intent and transform what has been

denominated a civil remedy into a criminal penalty.” Martello, 97 Ohio St.3d 398, 403,

quoting Hudson, 522 U.S. at 100, 118 S.Ct. 488, 139 L.Ed.2d 450, quoting Ward, 448

U.S. at 249, 100 S.Ct. 2636, 65 L.Ed.2d 742. In order to analyze this prong of the test,

the United States Supreme Court referred to the guidelines outlined in Kennedy v.

Mendoza–Martinez, 372 U.S. 144, 168–169, 83 S.Ct. 554, 567–568, 9 L.Ed.2d 644, 661

(1963):

       (1) “[w]hether the sanction involves an affirmative disability or restraint,” (2)

       “whether it has historically been regarded as punishment,” (3) “whether it

       comes into play only on a finding of scienter,” (4) “whether its operation will

       promote the traditional aims of punishment-retribution and deterrence,” (5)

       “whether the behavior to which it applies is already a crime,” (6) “whether
Stark County, Case Nos. 2015CA00163 & 2015CA00164                                          16


       an alternative purpose to which it may rationally be connected is assignable

       for it,” and (7) “whether it appears excessive in relation to the alternative

       purpose assigned.”

(Citations omitted.) Hudson, 522 U.S. at 493, 118 S.Ct. at 493, 139 L.Ed.2d at 459, citing

Ward, 448 U.S. at 249, 100 S.Ct. at 2641–2642, 65 L.Ed.2d at 749.

       {¶35} In Hudson, the United States Supreme Court found criminal prosecutions

after the imposition of civil penalties did not violate the Double Jeopardy Clause. First, the

Court found that money penalties were not historically viewed as punishment: “the

payment of fixed or variable sums of money [is a] sanction which ha[s] been recognized

as enforcible by civil proceedings since the original revenue law of 1789.” Hudson v.

United States, 522 U.S. 93, 104. Second, the Court held the sanctions imposed did not

involve an “affirmative disability or restraint” to the equivalent of imprisonment. Id. Third,

the Court examined the language of the penalty and determined the sanction did not

involve a finding of “scienter.” The money penalty was assessed against any person who

violated the statute, without regard to the violator’s state of mind. Id. Fourth, the Court

held that while monetary sanctions could be imposed for the same conduct for which

criminal penalties applied, it was insufficient to render the monetary penalties criminally

punitive. Id. Finally, the Court recognized that while the imposition of monetary penalties

would deter others from emulating the bad conduct, which is the traditional goal of criminal

punishment, this was insufficient to render a sanction as criminal. Id. The United States

Supreme Court recognized that all civil penalties have some deterrent effect. Hudson,

522 U.S. 93, 102.
Stark County, Case Nos. 2015CA00163 & 2015CA00164                                             17

       {¶36} Based on Hudson, we find the progressive fine schedule in Canton Codified

Ord. 1351.03(l) is a civil penalty and it is not so punitive in purpose or effect that it amounts

to a criminal penalty. The progressive fine schedule does not involve an “affirmative

disability or restraint” equivalent to imprisonment. The imposition of a fine can be

appealed to the Board of Building Appeals. The imposition of a fine does not involve the

determination of scienter. The ordinance states that a fine is imposed on any person

failing to comply with a notice or order. Accordingly, we find the civil and criminal penalties

in the ordinance do not violate the Double Jeopardy Clause.

       {¶37} The second Assignment of Error is overruled.

                III. EQUAL PROTECTION CLAUSE AND DUE PROCESS

       {¶38} Burns argues in his third Assignment of Error that Canton Codified Ord.

1351.03(l) violates the constitutional guarantees of equal protection and due process

because a violator can be subject to a civil or criminal penalty. We disagree.

       {¶39} The Ohio Supreme Court recently addressed the Equal Protection Clauses

of both the United States and the Ohio Constitution in State v. Klembus, 2016-Ohio-1092,

-- N.E.3d -- , ¶ 8. It stated the Equal Protection Clause guarantees that no one will be

denied the same protection of the laws enjoyed by others in like circumstances. Id. citing

McCrone v. Bank One Corp., 107 Ohio St.3d 272, 2005-Ohio-6505, 839 N.E.2d 1, ¶ 6

(quoting Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution and Article I, Section

2 of the Ohio Constitution). Equal protection does not forbid the legislature from making

classifications but simply prohibits “treating differently persons who are in all relevant

respects alike.” Id. quoting Nordlinger v. Hahn, 505 U.S. 1, 10, 112 S.Ct. 2326, 120
Stark County, Case Nos. 2015CA00163 & 2015CA00164                                           18


L.Ed.2d 1 (1992). The standards for assessing equal-protection claims are essentially the

same under the state and federal constitutions. Id. citing McCrone at ¶ 7.

       {¶40} Burns argues that Canton Codified Ord. 1351.03(l) is unconstitutional on its

face because it allows for differential treatment. He states the City of Canton can arbitrarily

subject violators to either a criminal penalty or a civil penalty. Burns does not argue the

the ordinance burdens a fundamental right or involves a suspect classification, so we

apply the rational basis standard of review. State v. Klembus, 2016-Ohio-1092, -- N.E.3d

-- , ¶ 9. Under the rational basis review, “legislative distinctions are invalid only if they

bear no relation to the state's goals and no ground can be conceived to justify them.”

State v. Thompkins, 75 Ohio St.3d 558, 561, 664 N.E.2d 926 (1996).

       {¶41} Burns argues the ordinance allows for prosecutorial discretion. The

ordinance states that if the notice of violation is not complied with, the Chief Building

Official in conjunction with the Law Director shall institute the appropriate proceeding at

law or in equity to restrain, correct or abate such violation. Canton Codified Ord.

1351.03(l)(7). A violator will be found guilty of a misdemeanor or civil infraction. Canton

Codified Ord. 1351.03(l).

       {¶42} “The use of prosecutorial discretion, in and of itself, does not violate equal

protection.” State v. Wilson, 58 Ohio St.2d 52, 55, 388 N.E.2d 745, 748 (1979). In United

States v. Batchelder, 442 U.S. 114, 125, 99 S.Ct. 2198, 60 L.Ed.2d 755 (1979), the Court

explained, “[t]here is no appreciable difference between the discretion a prosecutor

exercises when deciding whether to charge under one of two statutes with different

elements and the discretion he exercises when choosing one of two statutes with identical

elements.” Id. at 125. “Just as a defendant has no constitutional right to elect which of two
Stark County, Case Nos. 2015CA00163 & 2015CA00164                                          19


applicable federal statutes shall be the basis of his indictment and prosecution, neither is

he entitled to choose the penalty scheme under which he will be sentenced.” Id.; State v.

Ballard, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-140690, 2016-Ohio-364, ¶ 13.

       {¶43} The purpose of the Property Maintenance Code is to ensure the health,

safety, and welfare of the residents of the City of Canton is maintained in existing

structures. Canton Codified Ord. 1351.02. Canton Codified Ord. 1351.03(l) allows the City

of Canton to use its prosecutorial discretion, in collaboration with the Chief Building

Official, to determine the appropriate proceeding at law or in equity to restrain, correct, or

abate a violation to serve the purpose of ensuring the health, safety, and welfare of the

residents of the City of Canton. We find Canton Codified Ord. 1351.03(l) on its face does

not violate the Equal Protection Clauses or the Due Process Clause of the United States

and Ohio Constitutions.

       {¶44} The third Assignment of Error is overruled.
Stark County, Case Nos. 2015CA00163 & 2015CA00164                       20


                                  CONCLUSION

      {¶45} The judgments of the Canton Municipal Court are affirmed.

By: Delaney, J., and

Baldwin, J. concur;

Hoffman, P.J., dissents
Stark County, Case Nos. 2015CA00163 & 2015CA00164                                           21

Hoffman, P.J., concurring in part and dissenting in part

       {¶46} I concur in the majority’s analysis and disposition of Appellant’s second

assignment of error. I respectfully dissent from the majority’s disposition of Appellant’s

first assignment of error.1

       {¶47} I agree with the majority Canton Codified Ord. 1351.03(1) gives a person of

ordinary intelligence fair notice failure to comply with a notice of violation will result in a

misdemeanor or a civil infraction. Therein lies the rub.

       {¶48} The ordinance is facially internally inconsistent. While one section states

failure to comply with a notice of violation will result in a misdemeanor or civil infraction,

a separate section states failure to comply will result in the violator being charged with a

first degree misdemeanor.2

       {¶49} The majority notes the civil penalties of the ordinance are outlined in a

progressive fine schedule and can be appealed and the “possible” criminal penalty is a

first degree misdemeanor. The majority adds the procedure whereby a decision will be

made to institute the “appropriate” proceeding at law or in equity. The majority then

concludes the enforcement section of the ordinance is not constitutionally vague.

(Majority Opinion at ¶27).

       {¶50} While the penalties may be clearly set forth, the majority itself recognizes

the ordinance alerts a violator to the imposition of a fine and a “possible” criminal penalty.




1
  Because I would sustain Appellant’s first assignment of error, I would find Appellant’s
third assignment of error moot.
2
  The City of Canton’s notice to Appellant warned him failure to comply would result in a
fine(s) and render him guilty of only a minor misdemeanor for a first offense or a fourth
degree misdemeanor for each subsequent offense – which is contrary to the language
of the ordinance.
Stark County, Case Nos. 2015CA00163 & 2015CA00164                                             22


It is then left to the discretion of the city officials to institute the “appropriate” proceeding

against the violator. This discretion is recognized by the majority when it states the

ordinance outlines the civil penalties yet allows “[I]n the alternative,” the City of Canton

may pursue a criminal action. (Majority Opinion at ¶25).

       {¶51} I find the ordinance is not specific enough to prevent official arbitrariness or

discrimination in its enforcement. It does not state with sufficient clarity the consequences

of failing to comply with the notice of violation.3

       {¶52} I would sustain Appellant’s first assignment of error.




                                                      ________________________________
                                                      HON. WILLIAM B. HOFFMAN




3
 In this regard the City of Canton’s ordinance is different from the City of Columbiana’s
ordinance providing for civil penalties and criminal penalties. Therefore, I find reliance
on Columbiana v. Frost, 7th Dist. Columbiana No. 14-CO-38, 2016-Ohio-1057, misplaced.
