        IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                          AT JACKSON
                  Assigned on Briefs at Nashville December 1, 2015


               STATE OF TENNESSEE v. DEWAYNE PICKINS

                 Appeal from the Circuit Court for Madison County
                       No. 14-412    Donald H. Allen, Judge




             No. W2015-00368-CCA-R3-CD - Filed December 29, 2015
                        _____________________________

Dewayne Pickins (“the Defendant”) was indicted with one count each of aggravated
assault, attempted aggravated assault, and violating an order of protection. Prior to trial,
the State voluntarily dismissed the charge of violating an order of protection. At the
close of the State’s case-in-chief, the trial court granted the Defendant’s motion for
judgment of acquittal as to the aggravated assault charge. The jury convicted the
Defendant of attempted aggravated assault. On appeal, the Defendant argues that (1) the
evidence was insufficient to support his conviction for attempted aggravated assault and
(2) the trial court erred in refusing to allow the Defendant to cross-examine the victim
about her prior convictions. Discerning no error, we affirm the judgment of conviction of
the trial court.

  Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Circuit Court Affirmed

ROBERT L. HOLLOWAY, JR., J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which NORMA
MCGEE OGLE and ROBERT H. MONTGOMERY, JR., JJ., joined.

George Morton Googe, District Public Defender; and Gregory D. Gookin, Assistant
District Public Defender, for the appellant, Dewayne Pickins.

Herbert H. Slatery III, Attorney General and Reporter; Jonathan H. Wardle, Assistant
Attorney General; Jerry Woodall, District Attorney General; and Brian Gilliam, Assistant
District Attorney General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.
                                       OPINION

                        I. Factual and Procedural Background

        The victim, Kinena Brown, testified that she had previously been romantically
involved with the Defendant. Their romantic relationship ended, but Ms. Brown and the
Defendant remained friends. The Defendant did not live with Ms. Brown, but he would
watch Ms. Brown’s children while she was at work. On the day of the offense, the
Defendant was watching Ms. Brown’s children, who were asleep in Ms. Brown’s
apartment. While the Defendant was in the apartment, Ms. Brown went to the liquor
store to buy vodka and cigarettes. Ms. Brown estimated that she was gone for
approximately forty-five minutes. When Ms. Brown returned to her apartment, the
Defendant met her at her car and appeared to be upset that Ms. Brown had been gone for
so long. The Defendant smelled the inside of Ms. Brown’s car and accused her of having
sex with another man. Ms. Brown exited her car and went inside her apartment to the
bathroom. The Defendant followed her to the bathroom and asked Ms. Brown for a
cigarette. Ms. Brown responded that she did not have any cigarettes. Ms. Brown
testified that she was “messing around” with the Defendant at this point because she had
just gone to the store to purchase cigarettes.

        Ms. Brown then went into her bedroom. The Defendant followed her into the
bedroom and hit her in the face with his fist. Ms. Brown fell back onto the bed and
unsuccessfully tried to kick the Defendant. The Defendant then grabbed Ms. Brown’s
foot and “slung” her to the floor where he continued to punch her. Ms. Brown tried to
curl herself into the fetal position in order to cover herself, but the Defendant “starting
kicking [her] and stomping [her] and hitting [her.]” The Defendant struck Ms. Brown
multiple times in her head and in her ribs. Ms. Brown screamed in order to wake up her
oldest son so that he could call the police. Ms. Brown’s son came into Ms. Brown’s
bedroom and ran to the nightstand to call the police. At that point, the Defendant stopped
attacking Ms. Brown and ran out of the apartment. Ms. Brown estimated that the attack
lasted ten minutes.

        Ms. Brown spoke with police, and they took photos of her injuries. Ms. Brown
reported that she had “knots all across [her] face” from blunt force trauma to her head and
that her ribs were broken. Ms. Brown claimed that it was the worst pain she had ever felt
in her life. She was prescribed pain medication. Ms. Brown stated that she missed one
week of work due to her injuries and that she had difficulty sleeping. Ms. Brown also
stated that she had trouble driving.

       On cross-examination, Ms. Brown admitted that she had drunk three beers and a
shot of vodka on the day of the offense. Ms. Brown denied that the Defendant told her
that he was leaving to go see another woman. She also denied threatening the Defendant
                                           -2-
with a knife prior to the attack. Ms. Brown confirmed there was no blood on her bed or
floor and that the Defendant did not hit her in the nose. Ms. Brown admitted that she
drove ten to twelve hours to North Carolina to visit her family approximately one week
after the offense. She claimed she had to use pillows for support and had to take frequent
breaks from driving.

       On redirect examination, Ms. Brown said she was not able to strike or kick the
Defendant during the attack, and she denied trying to retrieve any type of weapon.
Because the Defendant was on top of her, the only thing she could do was remain in the
fetal position to protect herself.

       Ms. Brown’s eleven-year old son, D.B.,1 testified that, on the day of the offense,
he woke up when he heard his mother yell his name, and he ran into her room. When he
entered the room, D.B. saw the Defendant on top of Ms. Brown. Ms. Brown was lying
on the ground in “a child’s pose folded up,” and the Defendant was hitting her with his
fists. D.B. saw the Defendant hit Ms. Brown seven or eight times. D.B. took the phone
from Ms. Brown’s nightstand and called the police. At that point, the Defendant left.
D.B. recalled that Ms. Brown’s face was swollen. He denied seeing Ms. Brown hit the
Defendant at any time. On cross-examination, D.B. denied seeing a knife in his mother’s
bedroom. D.B. also recalled that Ms. Brown drove D.B. and his younger brother to
North Carolina in the week after the attack and that she used a pillow to support her side.

        Investigator Steve Gregory testified that he took the Defendant’s statement. In
that statement, the Defendant said he had been visiting Ms. Brown, and they had been
drinking. At some point in the evening, Ms. Brown left the apartment. When she
returned, she started arguing with the Defendant, pulled a knife on him, hit the
Defendant, kicked him in the private parts, and cut him on his left side. In an attempt to
get away from Ms. Brown, the Defendant “hit her upside her head with [his] fist.” The
Defendant also admitted that he kicked Ms. Brown and that he grabbed her waist to try to
get the knife.

      At the close of the State’s case-in-chief, the trial court granted the Defendant’s
motion for judgment of acquittal as to the charge of aggravated assault, finding that the
evidence was not sufficient to show the victim suffered a serious bodily injury.

       The Defendant testified that he and Ms. Brown ended their romantic relationship
approximately five months before the “incident.” However, after they stopped dating, the
Defendant still saw Ms. Brown four or five days a week and continued to have a sexual
relationship with her. On the day of the offense, the Defendant accompanied Ms. Brown

      1
          Pursuant to the policy of this court, minors are identified by their initials.

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and her children to a friend’s house. While there, the Defendant and Ms. Brown drank
beer and vodka. The Defendant returned to Ms. Brown’s apartment with her. At some
point, Ms. Brown left and was gone for approximately three hours. The Defendant stated
that he did not know where Ms. Brown went. The Defendant denied going outside to
smell Ms. Brown’s car when she returned.

        When Ms. Brown came into the bedroom, the Defendant asked her where she had
been. Ms. Brown told him that she had gone to get liquor and cigarettes. When the
Defendant asked her why it took so long, Ms. Brown told the Defendant “to mind [his]
f***ing business.” The Defendant followed Ms. Brown to the bathroom and asked her
for a cigarette, but she told him that she did not have any. The Defendant then went into
Ms. Brown’s bedroom, where Ms. Brown was lying on the bed, and his phone rang.
According to the Defendant, Ms. Brown said, “[T]hat must be one of your other Bs,”
snatched the phone from his hand, and then hit the Defendant in his head with her fist.2
The Defendant became defensive, and Ms. Brown kicked him in his private parts. The
Defendant threatened to call the police, and Ms. Brown left the room. When she
returned, she had a kitchen knife, started “poking” it at the Defendant, and cut the left
side of his torso. The Defendant admitted that he grabbed Ms. Brown’s wrists, hit Ms.
Brown twice in the head with his fists, and kicked her in the “stomach area.” The
Defendant claimed that D.B. came into the room after he had “wrestled [Ms. Brown]
down to the floor to retrieve the knife from her.” The Defendant took the knife from Ms.
Brown, threw it onto the couch, and left the apartment.

       On cross-examination, the Defendant claimed that Ms. Brown was intoxicated and
“out of control” during the incident. The Defendant admitted that he did not “get into the
full details of it” when he gave a statement to Investigator Gregory but that he did not
leave out the details on purpose; he stated that he “just didn’t explain everything that
happened” because he did not want to say much without a lawyer present and, at the time,
he “didn’t know that it was going to come to [a jury trial] this point here.” The
Defendant also claimed that Ms. Brown “sliced” him with the knife on his torso where
his clothes would cover the wound. The Defendant confirmed that he was wearing a
“wife beater” during the incident, but he claimed that his clothes were not cut when he
was “sliced” because the wound was not deep. After being further questioned about how
he was “sliced” but his clothes were intact, the Defendant stated that the injury was
caused by “a little ole’ poke,” and there was a small spot of blood on his clothes that
someone could see “[i]f you looked at it hard enough.”




       2
          At some point before this interaction, the Defendant told Ms. Brown that he was planning on
leaving her apartment to visit another woman.
                                                -4-
       The jury convicted the Defendant of attempted aggravated assault. Following a
sentencing hearing, the trial court sentenced the Defendant to eight years’ incarceration.
This timely appeal followed.

                                        II. Analysis

                                Sufficiency of the Evidence

        The Defendant argues that the evidence was insufficient to support his conviction
for attempted aggravated assault because Ms. Brown did not suffer serious bodily injury
and “any notion that the [Defendant] would have continued the offense until he did cause
serious bodily injury is purely speculative.” The State argues that the evidence was
sufficient to support the conviction because the Defendant intended to cause serious
bodily injury and took a substantial step toward completing that act. We agree with the
State.

        Our standard of review for a sufficiency of the evidence challenge is “whether,
after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier
of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.”
Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979) (emphasis in original); see also Tenn. R.
App. P. 13(e). Questions of fact, the credibility of witnesses, and weight of the evidence
are resolved by the fact finder. State v. Cabbage, 571 S.W.2d 832, 835 (Tenn. 1978),
superseded on other grounds by Tenn. R. Crim. P. 33 as stated in State v. Moats, 906
S.W.2d 431, 434 n.1 (Tenn. 1995). This court will not reweigh the evidence. Id. Our
standard of review “is the same whether the conviction is based upon direct or
circumstantial evidence.” State v. Dorantes, 331 S.W.3d 370, 379 (Tenn. 2011) (quoting
State v. Hanson, 279 S.W.3d 265, 275 (Tenn. 2009)) (internal quotation marks omitted).

       A guilty verdict removes the presumption of innocence, replacing it with a
presumption of guilt. State v. Bland, 958 S.W.2d 651, 659 (Tenn. 1997); State v. Tuggle,
639 S.W.2d 913, 914 (Tenn. 1982). The defendant bears the burden of proving why the
evidence was insufficient to support the conviction. Bland, 958 S.W.2d at 659; Tuggle,
639 S.W.2d at 914. On appeal, the “State must be afforded the strongest legitimate view
of the evidence and all reasonable inferences that may be drawn therefrom.” State v.
Vasques, 221 S.W.3d 514, 521 (Tenn. 2007).

       As pertinent to this case, “A person commits aggravated assault who . . .
[i]ntentionally or knowingly commits an assault as defined in § 39-13-101, and the
assault . . . [r]esults in serious bodily injury to another.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-
102(a)(1)(A)(i) (Supp. 2013). “A person commits assault who: (1) [i]ntentionally,
knowingly, or recklessly causes bodily jury to another; (2) [i]ntentionally or knowingly
causes another to reasonably fear imminent bodily injury; or (3) [i]ntentionally or
                                            -5-
knowingly causes physical contact with another and a reasonable person would regard the
contact as extremely offense or provocative.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-101(a)(1)-(3)
(Supp. 2013). “Serious bodily injury” is

      bodily injury that involves: (A) [a] substantial risk of death; (B)
      [p]rotracted unconsciousness; (C) [e]xtreme physical pain; (D) [p]rotracted
      or obvious disfigurement; (E) [p]rotracted loss or substantial impairment of
      a function of a bodily member, organ or mental faculty; or (F) [a] broken
      bone of a child who is eight (8) years of age or less.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-11-106(34) (Supp. 2013).

      A person commits criminal attempt who, acting with the kind of culpability
otherwise required for the offense:

       (1) Intentionally engages in action or causes a result that would constitute
      an offense, if the circumstances surrounding the conduct were as the person
      believes them to be;

      (2) Acts with intent to cause a result that is an element of the offense, and
      believes the conduct will cause the result without further conduct on the
      person’s part; or

      (3) Acts with intent to complete a course of action or cause a result that
      would constitute the offense, under the circumstances surrounding the
      conduct as the person believes them to be, and the conduct constitutes a
      substantial step toward the commission of the offense.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-12-101(a)(1)-(3) (2010).

       In this case, the Defendant admitted that he assaulted Ms. Brown by kicking her
and hitting her with his fists. Additionally, the trial court found that there was no
evidence that Ms. Brown suffered serious bodily injury. However, because the jury had
ample evidence that the Defendant attempted to commit aggravated assault against Ms.
Brown, their verdict was not based on speculation. Testimony at trial established that the
Defendant attacked Ms. Brown and forced her onto the ground, where she was
defenseless. While she was on the ground, he continued to hit and kick her and only
stopped the attack once D.B. came into Ms. Brown’s bedroom and called the police. As a
result of the attack, Ms. Brown suffered swelling to her face and head and she also
suffered broken ribs. From these facts, the jury could have concluded that the Defendant
intended to inflict serious bodily injury on Ms. Brown and that he took a substantial step
toward completing that act. Therefore, we conclude that the evidence was sufficient to

                                          -6-
support the Defendant’s conviction for attempted aggravated assault. See State v. Albert
Lamont Bennett, Jr., No. M2012-01003-CCA-R3-CD, 2013 WL 4680408, at *5 (Tenn.
Crim. App. Aug. 28, 2013), perm. app. denied (Tenn. Jan. 16, 2014) (concluding there
was sufficient evidence to support a conviction for attempted aggravated assault when the
defendant repeatedly hit the victim in the stomach and head over a twenty-minute
period).

                                   Victim’s Prior Convictions

       Second, the Defendant argues that the trial court erred when it held that the
Defendant could not use Ms. Brown’s prior convictions to impeach her testimony. The
Defendant contends that the prior convictions were important evidence of the victim’s
credibility. The State argues that the trial court did not abuse its discretion because the
convictions were over ten years old and did not involve crimes of dishonesty.

       Prior to trial, the Defendant filed a “Notice of Intent to Impeach Alleged Victim
with Evidence of Prior Criminal Convictions,” listing the following convictions from
Wayne County, North Carolina and their sentences: a 1997 conviction for Possession of
Cocaine (six to eight-month sentence); a 1998 conviction for common law robbery (nine
to eleven-month sentence); and a 2000 conviction for Possession with Intent to
Sell/Distribute Marijuana (five to six-month sentence). Immediately prior to cross-
examining Ms. Brown, the Defendant argued that Ms. Brown’s prior convictions went to
her credibility and that their probative value outweighed their prejudicial effect. The
State noted that all three convictions were listed as felonies in North Carolina but all the
sentences were less than one year. Moreover, the State noted that possession of cocaine
was classified as a misdemeanor in Tennessee. Despite the unclear felony classification,
the State argued that the evidence be excluded because all of the convictions were more
than ten years old and that they were not for crimes of dishonesty. As such, the State
contended that “the prejudice would outweigh any probative value for these
convictions[.]”

       The trial court acknowledged that possession of cocaine could be classified as a
misdemeanor in Tennessee, depending on the amount of the drug found on the accused,
and that the North Carolina judgment did not indicate how much cocaine the victim
possessed. Accordingly, the trial court found that the victim’s conviction for possession
of cocaine would be a misdemeanor in Tennessee. Also, the trial court found that all
three convictions were more than ten years old. As to whether the probative value of the
convictions outweighed the prejudicial effect, the trial court found “these drug
convictions” did “not necessarily go toward dishonesty or false statement[.]”3 Therefore,

       3
        The trial court classified all three convictions as “drug convictions.” It did not address the
common law robbery conviction separately.
                                                -7-
the trial court held that the convictions’ probative value did not substantially outweigh
the prejudicial effect and, as such, they could not be used to impeach the victim.

       Subject to certain conditions, evidence of a witness’s prior convictions may be
used to impeach that witness’s testimony. Tenn. R. Evid. 609(a). However, the prior
conviction “must be punishable by death or imprisonment in excess of one year under the
law under which the witness was convicted or, if not so punishable, the crime must have
involved dishonesty or false statement.” Tenn. R. Evid. 609(a)(2). To determine whether
a prior conviction involves dishonesty or false statement, the court must look to the
elements of the crime and “not the general circumstances or environment within which
the offense was committed.” State v. Walker, 29 S.W.3d 885, 891 (Tenn. Crim. App.
1999).

        Additionally, evidence of a prior conviction is not admissible if more than ten
years have elapsed since the date the witness was released from confinement, or if the
witness was not confined, the date of conviction. Tenn. R. Evid. 609(b). However,
convictions that exceed this time limit may be admitted if the proponent gives the adverse
party sufficient notice and the trial court “determines in the interests of justice that the
probative value of the conviction, supported by specific facts and circumstances,
substantially outweighs its prejudicial effect.” Tenn. R. Evid. 609(b). Two criteria are
“especially relevant” when determining whether the probative value outweighs the
prejudicial effect: (a) the trial court should “analyze the relevance the impeaching
conviction had to the issue of credibility” and explain the relevance on the record and (b)
it must “assess the similarity between the crime on trial and the crime underlying the
impeaching conviction.” State v. Mixon, 983 S.W.2d 661, 674 (Tenn. 1999). We review
a trial court’s decision under Rule 609 for an abuse of discretion. State v. Dooley, 29
S.W.3d 542, 554 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2000).

        In this case, we must first determine whether Ms. Brown’s convictions would
constitute felonies as defined in Rule 609(a)(2). The State acknowledges in its brief that
all three convictions are classified as felonies in North Carolina. See N.C. Gen. Stat. §
14-87.1 (common law robbery is a Class G felony); N.C. Gen. Stat. § 90-95(b)
(possession with intent to sell classified as a Class C, G, H, or I felony); N.C. Gen. State.
§ 90-95(d) (possession of a controlled substance is either a Class I felony or Class 1
misdemeanor depending on the amount possessed). The judgment sheets attached to the
Defendant’s motion indicate that Ms. Brown was classified as “II” for her “prior record
level” and was convicted of a Class G felony for common law robbery and Class I
felonies for both possession of cocaine and possession with intent to sell marijuana. Ms.
Brown was sentenced to less than one year for each of her prior convictions.

      Tennessee Rule of Evidence 609 defines felony as a crime “punishable by death or
imprisonment in excess of one year under the law under which the witness was
                                       -8-
convicted[.]” Tenn. R. Evid. 609(a)(2). Neither of Ms. Brown’s drug convictions (both
Class I felonies) were punishable by a term of imprisonment of more than one year. See
N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1340.17(c) (stating the maximum sentence for a Class I felony for
a person classified with a II prior record level is eight months). As such, they are not
felonies as defined by Tennessee Rule of Evidence 609(a)(2). Further, neither of Ms.
Brown’s prior drug convictions constitute crimes of dishonesty. The statutory elements
of those convictions do not involve fraud or deceit. See N.C. Gen. Stat. § 90-95(a)(1) (“it
is unlawful for any person . . . [t]o manufacture, sell or deliver, or possess with intent to
manufacture, sell or deliver, a controlled substance”); N.C. Gen. Stat. § 90-95(a)(3) (“it is
unlawful for any person . . . [t]o possess a controlled substance”). As such, they are not
crimes of dishonesty. See State v. Waller, 118 S.W.3d 368, 372 (Tenn. 2003) (examining
the elements of prior convictions to determine if they involve “deceit or fraud”).
Therefore, Ms. Brown’s prior convictions for possession of cocaine and possession with
intent to distribute or sell marijuana were not admissible under Tennessee Rule of
Evidence 609(a)(2). The trial court did not abuse its discretion when it held that the
Defendant could not use these convictions to impeach Ms. Brown’s testimony.

       Conversely, Ms. Brown’s conviction for common law robbery did satisfy the
requirements of Tennessee Rule of Evidence 609(a). That conviction (a Class G felony)
was punishable by a sentence which exceeded one year. See N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-
1340.17(c) (stating the maximum sentence for a Class G felony for a person classified
with a II prior record level is eighteen months). Accordingly, Ms. Brown’s conviction
for common law robbery constituted a felony as defined in Tennessee Rule of Evidence
609(a)(2). Furthermore, this court has previously held that robbery is a crime of
dishonesty and, as such, is probative of credibility. See, e.g., State v. Nico Farmer, No.
W2013-02736-CCA-R3-CD, 2015 WL 314704, at *6 (Tenn. Crim. App. Jan. 23, 2015).
Therefore, Ms. Brown’s prior conviction for common law robbery satisfied the
requirements of Tennessee Rule of Evidence 609(a)(2).

       However, Ms. Brown was convicted of common law robbery in 1998. While there
is no indication of when she was released from confinement, her sentence was only nine
to eleven months, and the State has not presented any evidence that she was released
from confinement less than ten years before this trial. Accordingly, the record shows that
the conviction is stale because more than ten years have elapsed since Ms. Brown’s
conviction and release. See Tenn. R. Evid. 609(b). We acknowledge that a prior
conviction for robbery is probative of a witness’s credibility. See Nico Farmer, 2015 WL
314704, at *6. However, there are no “specific facts and circumstances” in the record to
support a finding that the conviction’s probative value would substantially outweigh its
prejudicial effect. Therefore, the trial court did not abuse its discretion when it held that
the Defendant could not use Ms. Brown’s prior convictions to impeach her testimony.


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                              III. Conclusion

For the aforementioned reasons, the judgment of the trial court is affirmed.


                                            _________________________________
                                            ROBERT L. HOLLOWAY, JR., JUDGE




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