
TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN





NO. 03-02-00573-CR


Michael Berry, Appellant


v.


The State of Texas, Appellee





FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF HAYS COUNTY, 22ND JUDICIAL DISTRICT
NO. CR-01-462, HONORABLE CHARLES RAMSAY, JUDGE PRESIDING


M E M O R A N D U M   O P I N I O N



	Appellant Michael Berry appeals his convictions for aggravated sexual assault, sexual
assault, and prohibited sexual conduct.  See Tex. Pen. Code Ann. §§ 22.011(a)(1)(A);
22.021(a)(1)(A), (a)(2)(A)(iv); 25.02(a)(1) (West 2003).  After the jury found appellant guilty of all
three counts, the trial court assessed punishment at 99, 20, and 10 years in prison, and ordered the
terms to be served consecutively.  In three issues, appellant contends that the sexual assault count
is barred on double jeopardy grounds by his conviction for aggravated sexual assault, and that the
evidence is legally insufficient to prove that he committed the offenses using or exhibiting a deadly
weapon or with force or violence.  For the reasons that follow, we hold that the sexual assault count
is not barred by the prohibition against double jeopardy and that the evidence is legally sufficient. 
Accordingly, we affirm the judgment.

BACKGROUND

	Appellant was A.B.'s stepfather and uncle and the father of her son.  Her mother,
Terrie, had been married to Richard Richardson, whose sister was married to appellant.  Richardson
died in 1979 when A.B. was fourteen months old, and in 1986, a relationship developed between
appellant, a police officer, and Terrie.  A.B. was seven years old when appellant's relationship began
with her mother.
	A.B., who was twenty-four years old at the time of trial, testified that appellant
initially began having sexual intercourse with her when she was in the second grade, the family lived
in Kerens in Henderson County, and her mother was pregnant with her sister.  The conduct continued
on a regular basis thereafter. The sexual abuse worsened when A.B. was in the fourth grade and the
family moved to Athens.  Appellant would make A.B. give him oral sex and would then engage in
sexual intercourse, sometimes with the mother and sister asleep in the same king-sized bed.  On
other occasions, appellant would direct A.B. to another room to engage in sex or they would engage
in sex as appellant drove A.B. to school.  A.B. testified to engaging in various types of sex acts with
appellant in cemeteries, parks, and along country roads.  On one occasion, A.B. resisted because she
had an ear infection and was in pain, but appellant insisted she continue.
	When A.B. was twelve, Terrie Berry caught appellant and A.B. engaging in sex in
the bedroom.  Appellant had told A.B. that if anyone ever caught them, she was "supposed to run
and hide or something and wait for him to tell me what to do."  Terrie Berry left the house with her
two daughters and drove to Dallas.  When they returned home to Athens that evening, there were two
letters on the table, one addressed to Terrie Berry and the other to A.B.  Terrie Berry took them both
and they were gone when A.B. asked to read the one addressed to her.  She testified that she wanted
to read the letter "[s]o I would know what I was supposed to do, so I didn't get any more trouble, so
I didn't make it any worse than it already was." 
	Approximately two months later, at about Christmastime, appellant returned home. 
A.B. recalled that the abuse began again on the day appellant returned, and appellant "wanted to
make sure that I knew that, any time, any place, if I didn't do what he wanted, he could kill my
mother and my sister."  Because appellant had law enforcement connections, the family was fearful
of reporting him to the authorities.  But after Terrie Berry walked in on appellant engaging in sex
with A.B. again and kicked him out of the house a second time, A.B.'s stepbrother, who did not live
in the house, filed a report with Child Protective Services.  Although CPS followed up on the report,
it dropped the investigation when appellant denied the charges.
	In 1990, appellant and Terrie married.  The family moved to Bullard when A.B. was
thirteen years old, and then to Bradford, both in Henderson County.  The abuse worsened.  Because
A.B.'s mother worked two jobs, she was not in the house as often and the abuse became more
frequent.  Appellant became possessive of A.B. and accused her of cheating on him with her eighth-
grade boyfriend.  Appellant told her that she could not have a boyfriend because she belonged to
him.  A.B. testified: "He would tell me that, if I ever slept with another man that--he had this long
knife and he would lay it on my stomach and tell me, 'If you want to f--- something, I will f--- you
with this and then you will know and then we'll see how much you want to go out.'"  A.B. testified
that she was afraid to die and would do what appellant asked her to do.  Appellant displayed guns
and knives in the home and kept a homemade sword by the door.  A.B. was pregnant with
appellant's child when she graduated from high school.  As a cover story, she told her mother and
brother that she had engaged in sexual intercourse with a classmate.
	Some time in 1997, when A.B. was nineteen years old and her child six months old,
the family moved to a residence on Purgatory Road in Hays County.  Appellant began wearing a gun
holstered on a leather braid around his neck.  Appellant testified that she continued to have sex with
appellant because she was "scared" of appellant and his weapons:

	He would give me a look or one of the things I got used to knowing it was time to do
it and I was supposed to do.  We'd go in the back bedroom and it would start with
him giving me oral sex.  And then . . .we would vaginal sex [sic], and he would either
take the gun and swing it around behind and put it up here (indicating) or he would
take it off and set it right beside him. . . .  Sometimes it was before and other times
he would lean over and it would swing at my face so I could see it, and then he would
take it off and put it down beside him.


A.B. testified that the gun was always within appellant's easy reach.  But A.B. acknowledged that
appellant never pointed the gun directly at her.
	A.B. testified that on July 15, 2001, she engaged in oral and vaginal sex with
appellant against her will.  With the gun hanging around his neck, appellant forced A.B. to engage
in sexual acts.  In response to the prosecutor's question about how he physically "forced" her to
engage in sex, she testified:

	He had forced me all my life.  It was the same thing.  He had complete control over
me.  I didn't make my own decisions.  I don't go anywhere unless he said to go.  I
didn't do anything unless he said to do it.  So he forced me to do everything in my
life.  That was just another thing that he forced me to do.


Similarly, A.B. testified that on July 1, 2001, she engaged in sex with appellant with the gun
"exhibited."
	Other proof corroborated A.B.'s testimony.  Terrie Berry testified to appellant's
display of weaponry and his threats:  At one point, appellant threatened her that he would take A.B.
and bring her back pregnant; he implied on other occasions that he would hurt the family. 
Appellant's son, Michael Berry, Jr., who was thirty-one at the time of trial, testified that on the
occasion appellant had been caught engaging in sexual acts with A.B., "He told me he had had sex
with my sister," and that he needed help.  "He had done it once and he would never do it again."
Berry, Jr. testified that he called Child Protective Services three times.  The family then moved away
and Berry, Jr. did not see them for six years.  He testified that, when A.B. was twelve years old, he
intercepted a letter from appellant to her saying that when she was eighteen, she and appellant could
be together and everything would be "okay."  Berry, Jr. testified that he destroyed the letter.
	Appellant did not testify on his own behalf, but in a statement to the police he
admitted to having sex with A.B. but that it was entirely consensual and "mutual."  He also stated:
"When my daughter was about 18 she became pregnant.  We tried to find out who the father was,
but was unable to."  A paternity test introduced into evidence as a stipulation of fact showed that the
probability of appellant's paternity was 99.99996% and that he could not be excluded as the
biological father of A.B.'s child.
	Appellant was charged with using or exhibiting a deadly weapon, to wit, a handgun,
during the commission of aggravated sexual assault on or about July 15, 2001; using force and
violence to commit sexual assault on or about July 15, 2001; and engaging in prohibited sexual
conduct on or about July 1, 2001, when he engaged in sexual intercourse with his stepchild while
married to her mother.  Appellant was convicted on all three counts.

DISCUSSION
	In his first issue, appellant urges that his rights against double jeopardy were violated
because he was convicted of sexual assault as well as aggravated sexual assault, both arising from
the same occurrence on the same date.  In his second and third issues, he contends that the evidence
is legally insufficient to prove that he exhibited a deadly weapon or used force or violence to commit
the assaults.
	Because the State elicited testimony that only one episode of sexual intercourse
occurred on July 15, appellant first contends that it cannot be the subject of both aggravated sexual
assault and sexual assault.  In his brief on appeal, he acknowledges that the State "elicited testimony
that there had been numerous acts of sexual intercourse between Appellant and the complainant in
Hays County," but that the State did not elect among the offenses.  At the outset, we note that
appellant did not object to the form of the indictment or the State's failure to elect. (1)
	The thrust of appellant's contentions is that he has been subjected to a multiple
punishment type of double jeopardy violation for the same offense.  Appellant cites case law but
does not expressly cite either the federal or state constitutional provisions.  See U.S. Const. amends.
V, XIV; Tex. Const. art. I, § 14.  Appellant has waived any state constitutional claim by failing to
distinguish the double jeopardy protection guarantee under the state constitution from that of the
federal constitution.  See Jackson v. State, 992 S.W.2d 469, 475 n.8 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999); Muniz
v. State, 851 S.W.2d 238, 251 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993); Johnson v. State, 853 S.W.2d 527, 533 (Tex.
Crim. App. 1992).
	We turn, then, to appellant's contention that there was a double jeopardy violation
under the federal constitution.  While this Court is bound by the Supreme Court's decision
interpreting the scope of the double jeopardy clause of the United States Constitution, the
determination of what constitutes an "offense" is largely a matter of state law.  Vick v. State, 991
S.W.2d 830, 832 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999) (citing Iglehart v. State, 837 S.W.2d 122, 127 (Tex. Crim.
App. 1992)).  The state legislature has the power to establish and define crimes and "few, if any,
limitations are imposed by the double jeopardy clause on the legislative power to define offenses." 
Iglehart, 837 S.W.2d at 127.
	The double jeopardy clause of the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution
embodies three protections: (i) against a second prosecution for the same offense after acquittal; (ii)
against a second prosecution for the same offense after conviction; and (iii) against multiple
punishments for the same offense.  Illinois v. Vitale, 447 U.S. 410, 415 (1980); Ex parte Broxton,
888 S.W.2d 23, 25 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994).  When a defendant is tried in a single trial, as here, only
the third aspect of the double jeopardy protections against multiple punishments is involved.  Ex
parte Herron, 790 S.W.2d 623, 624 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990).  Convictions of both the greater
inclusive and lesser-included offenses arising out of the same act violate the multiple punishments
prohibition in the double jeopardy clause.  Hutchins v. State, 992 S.W.2d 629, 632 (Tex.
App.--Austin 1999, pet. ref'd, untimely filed).
	The first count of the indictment alleged in pertinent part that appellant "on or about"
the 15th day of July, 2001, " did then and there intentionally and knowingly cause the penetration
of the female sexual organ of A.B. with the Defendant's sexual organ, without the consent of the said
A.B., and in the course of the same criminal episode, the said Defendant used or exhibited a deadly
weapon, to wit:  a handgun."  The second count alleged that appellant "on or about" the 15th day of
July, 2001, "did then and there intentionally and knowingly cause the penetration of the female
sexual organ of A.B. with the said Defendant's sexual organ, without the consent of the said A.B.,
and the said Defendant compelled A.B. to submit and participate by the use of physical force and
violence."  Because both offenses are alleged to have occurred "on or about the 15th day of July,
2001," appellant urges that they were the same offense.
	The use of the "on or about" dates is almost universal in the drafting of indictments
and other criminal pleadings.  In setting forth the requisites of an indictment, article 21.02 provides:
"The time mentioned must be some date anterior to the presentment of the indictment, and not so
remote that the prosecution of the offense is barred by limitations."  Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art.
21.02(6) (West 1989).  The "on or about" language allows the State to prove a date other than the
one alleged in the indictment as long as the date is anterior to the presentment or return of the
indictment and within the statutory limitation period.  Sledge v. State, 953 S.W.2d 253, 256 (Tex.
Crim. App. 1997); Scoggan v. State, 799 S.W.2d 679, 680 n.3 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990).  When an
indictment alleges that some relevant event transpired "on or about" a particular date, the accused
is put on notice to prepare for proof that the event happened at any time within the statutory
limitation period.  Garcia v. State, 981 S.W.2d 683, 685-86 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998) (purpose of
specifying date is to show that the prosecution is not barred by statute of limitations).  Thomas v.
State, 753 S.W.2d 688, 692 (Tex. Crim. App. 1988); Ferrell v. State, 968 S.W.2d 471, 473 (Tex.
App.--Fort Worth 1998, pet. ref'd) (involving allegations of aggravated sexual assault of a child and
indecency with a child); see also 41 George E. Dix & Robert O. Dawson, Criminal Practice and
Procedure § 20.341, at 730-31.
	The indictment here alleged that the offenses in counts one and two occurred "on or
about the 15th day of July, 2001," but the State was not required to prove that either offense occurred
on the specific date alleged.  The indictment was returned on September 12, 2001; the statute of
limitations for both offenses is ten years from the complainant's eighteenth birthday.  See Tex. Code
Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 12.01(5) (West Supp. 2001).
	The evidence at trial showed that sexual assaults with the exhibition of the handgun
and by the use of physical force and violence occurred on a number of occasions other than July 15,
but specifically occurred on July 1 and July 15, 2001.  Although the prosecutor never established
dates for the other assaults, the times established in Hays County were within the State's allegation
of "on or about" the 15th day of July 2001 as alleged in the first two counts of the indictment.  See
Sledge, 953 S.W.2d at 256.  Under the circumstances shown here, then, the State has established at
least two separate dates on which appellant committed more than one act.  On these facts, appellant's
conviction and punishment for aggravated sexual assault and sexual assault do not violate the
constitutional prohibition against double jeopardy.
	The jury returned separate verdicts, general in nature, finding appellant guilty of each
count "as charged in the indictment."  Where the jury returns a general verdict finding a defendant
guilty as charged in the indictment, the verdict must be applied to the phase of the offense which is
supported by the evidence.  Vasquez v. State, 665 S.W.2d 484, 487 (Tex. Crim. App. 1984).
	In any event, appellant did not raise this issue in the trial court.  Ordinarily, this failure
to present a double jeopardy complaint would mean no error is preserved for appellate review.  See
Ex parte Murphy, 669 S.W.2d 320, 322 (Tex. Crim. App. 1983); Nash v. State, 467 S.W.2d 414, 416
(Tex. Crim. App. 1971).  A double jeopardy claim may be raised for the first time on appeal "when
the undisputed facts show the double jeopardy violation is clearly apparent on the face of the record
and when enforcement of usual rules of procedural default serves no state interest."  Gonzales v.
State, 8 S.W.3d 640, 643 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000).  We conclude from an examination of the record
that appellant has not demonstrated either a double jeopardy violation on the face of the record or
that a trial objection would have served no legitimate state interest.  We thus hold that appellant
forfeited his right to raise for the first time on appeal a double jeopardy violation by failing to object
at trial and that he has not carried his burden to revive that right under the Gonzalez test.  We
overrule his first issue.
	In his second and third issues, appellant urges that the evidence is legally insufficient
to support appellant's conviction for aggravated sexual assault or sexual assault.  Specifically, he
asserts that the evidence is insufficient to establish that appellant used or exhibited a deadly weapon
to facilitate the offense or that he used force or violence.
	In reviewing a legal sufficiency challenge, we view all the evidence in the light most
favorable to the verdict and determine whether a rational trier of fact could have found the elements
of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.  Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 316 (1979); Curry v.
State, 30 S.W.3d 394, 406 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000).  We consider all the evidence, both direct and
circumstantial.  Johnson v. State, 871 S.W.2d 183, 186 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993).  We do not examine
the fact finder's weighing of the evidence, but merely determine whether there is evidence
supporting the judgment.  Clewis v. State, 922 S.W.2d 126, 133 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996).
	As indicted, the challenged statutory element of aggravated sexual assault applicable
in this case is the use or exhibition of a deadly weapon during the commission of the assault.  See
Tex. Pen. Code Ann. § 22.021(a)(2)(A)(iv).  The challenged statutory element of sexual assault is
the use of physical force or violence, that is, whether the defendant compelled A.B. to submit or
participate by the use of force or violence against her.  See id. § 22.011(b)(1) (West 2003).
	The meaning of the terms "use" and "exhibit" with respect to a deadly weapon was
discussed by the court of criminal appeals in Patterson v. State, 769 S.W.2d 938, 940 (Tex. Crim.
App. 1989).  The term "use" means to utilize, employ, or apply the deadly weapon to achieve an
intended result.  Id. at 941.  It includes simple possession if the possession facilitates the commission
of the associated felony.  Id.  "Exhibit" means to consciously show, display, or present for viewing
during the commission of the crime.  Id.  There is ample evidence that appellant exhibited a weapon
and that he regularly wore it on a braid around his neck even when he engaged in sexual intercourse
with A.B.  When he did take it off, he kept it within reach.  He rarely removed the pistol, except to
shower.  Although there is no testimony that he ever pointed the pistol at A.B., or threatened to shoot
her, she testified that she feared him and was threatened by the presence of the gun and other
weapons.  The evidence shows that appellant at the very least exhibited the gun.  Clearly, by its
exhibition appellant created a climate of fear and force.  We conclude that a rational jury could have
found that appellant exhibited the gun to achieve the illegal acts and maintain control over A.B.
	Similarly, a reasonable jury could find that appellant compelled A.B. to submit and
participate by the use of physical force.  With regard to both occurrences on July 1 and July 15, A.B.
testified to the coercion and force appellant used to compel her to submit and participate in sexual
intercourse.  She testified that he was armed and had complete control over her.  The long history
of control and display of various weapons in connection with sexual intercourse is sufficient to
establish the challenged element.
	When viewed in the light most favorable to the prosecution, we conclude that the
direct and circumstantial evidence supports a rational finding that the essential elements of the
charged offenses were proved beyond a reasonable doubt.  The verdict of the jury, the finder of fact,
is supported by legally sufficient evidence.  Appellant's second and third issues are overruled.


  
					Jan P. Patterson, Justice
Before Justices Kidd, Patterson and Puryear
Affirmed
Filed:   August 29, 2003
Do Not Publish
1.   See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 1.14(b) (West Supp. 2001) (failure to object waives
any defect, error, or irregularity to form or substance of indictment). 

