                                             COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA


              Present: Judges Huff, Russell and Athey
UNPUBLISHED



              FARAH KHAKEE, F/K/A
               FARAH RODENBERGER
                                                                            MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY
              v.     Record No. 1030-19-4                                      JUDGE GLEN A. HUFF
                                                                                FEBRUARY 25, 2020
              DAVID WAYNE RODENBERGER


                                    FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF FAIRFAX COUNTY
                                               Grace Burke Carroll, Judge

                               (Farah Khakee, on brief), pro se. Appellant submitting on brief.1

                               (Camille A. Crandall; Hicks Crandall Juhl PC, on brief), for
                               appellee. Appellee submitting on brief.


                     Farah Khakee (“mother”) appeals an order of the Fairfax County Circuit Court granting

              David Wayne Rodenberger (“father”) sole legal custody, modifying mother’s visitation rights,

              and denying her request to seal the case. Mother raises ten assignments of error. For the reasons

              that follow, this Court affirms.

                                                      I. BACKGROUND

                     “Under familiar principles we view [the] evidence and all reasonable inferences in the

              light most favorable to the prevailing party below. Where, as here, the court hears the evidence

              ore tenus, its findings are entitled to great weight and will not be disturbed on appeal unless



                     *
                         Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.
                     1
                       On the day scheduled for oral argument appellant requested a continuance due to a
              medical emergency. Oral argument was rescheduled for a later telephone hearing. On the day of
              the telephone hearing appellant, for unknown reasons, was not able to participate in the
              conference call. In light of the circumstances, and with the agreement of counsel for appellee,
              the matter was submitted on briefs.
plainly wrong or without evidence to support it.” Pommerenke v. Pommerenke, 7 Va. App. 241,

244 (1988) (quoting Martin v. Pittsylvania County Dep’t of Social Servs., 3 Va. App. 15, 20

(1986)). So viewed, the evidence is as follows:

       The parties were married in 1999. They had two daughters, one in 2006 and the other in

2008. The parties separated in 2012, and mother filed for divorce. In 2013, the parties reached a

settlement agreement that resolved custody, support, and equitable distribution. The trial court

incorporated that agreement into its final custody order and final decree of divorce. Pursuant to

that agreement, the trial court awarded mother primary physical custody of the children and

permitted her to remain in New York, where mother had moved after the separation. The court

awarded the parties joint legal custody.

       In 2015, the trial court granted father’s motion to modify custody and awarded him

primary physical custody. It continued joint legal custody. It awarded mother visitation for four

weeks in the summer, six specific three-day weekends, alternating year visitation for the

Thanksgiving and spring breaks, and half the Christmas holiday break. The trial court ordered

the children to continue “therapy with Dr. Christopher Lane until such time as they are released

from therapy by Dr. Lane or the parties mutually agree to terminate the therapy.”

       In early 2019, mother, acting pro se, filed several motions. She moved to seal the record

in the case, to terminate the appointment of Dr. Lane because he had ceased treatment, to order

treatment with a new therapist, and to modify physical custody to a one week on, one week off

arrangement to allow equal parenting time because she had moved to Virginia where father

continued to reside.

       The trial court held a two-day hearing beginning April 30, 2019. At the beginning of the

hearing, father moved to quash subpoenas duces tecum mother had had served on the parties’




                                               -2-
daughters the day before. The trial court quashed the subpoenas, finding that they had not been

timely served.

       During opening arguments, father asserted that the parties could not co-parent and

requested that he be granted sole legal custody. Mother objected, arguing that legal custody was

not before the court because nothing had been filed about legal custody. The trial court

explained that mother had moved to modify custody and that, if the trial court found a material

change in circumstances, all aspects of custody, physical and legal, would be open to

modification.

       After the hearing, the trial court found there had been two material changes in

circumstances. First, it found mother had moved to Virginia. Second, it found that the parties

could not co-parent. After reviewing the statutory factors, it found it was in the best interest of

the children that father have ultimate decision-making authority. Although the trial court

required “good faith consult[ation] with one another on the issues of education, religion, and

medical treatment, and extracurricular activities,” it gave father sole legal custody and legal

decision-making authority if the parties could not agree.

       The trial court also increased mother’s visitation schedule. It awarded her visitation

every other weekend and the evening on alternating Thursdays instead of the six specific long

weekends it had previously awarded. Otherwise, the trial court left in place the remainder of the

visitation schedule.

       By agreement of the parties, the trial court granted the motion to remove Dr. Lane as

treating therapist and required the parties to select a new therapist. It denied the motion to seal.

       This appeal followed.




                                                -3-
                                           II. ANALYSIS

       As the party alleging reversible error, “the burden is on [mother] to show that reversal is

justified.” D’Agnese v. D’Agnese, 22 Va. App. 147, 153 (1996). Moreover, this Court will not

“search the record for error in order to interpret [mother]’s contention[s] and correct deficiencies

in a brief.” West v. West, 59 Va. App. 225, 235 (2011) (quoting Buchanan v. Buchanan, 14

Va. App. 53, 56 (1992)). “[I]t is not this Court’s ‘function to comb through the record . . . in

order to ferret-out for ourselves the validity of [mother’s] claims . . . .’” Martin v.

Commonwealth, 64 Va. App. 666, 674 (2015) (quoting Fitzgerald v. Bass, 6 Va. App. 38, 56 n.7

(1988) (en banc)). Moreover, self-represented litigants are “no less bound by the rules of

procedure and substantive law than [parties] represented by counsel.” Townes v.

Commonwealth, 234 Va. 307, 319 (1987).

                                          A. Issues Waived

                                         1. Failure to Argue

       Rule 5A:20 requires that appellant’s brief include “[t]he standard of review and the

argument (including principles of law and authorities) relating to each assignment of error.”

Accordingly, Rule 5A:20(e) bars this Court from addressing any issues unsupported by argument

or authority. Epps v. Commonwealth, 47 Va. App. 687, 718 (2006) (en banc), aff’d, 273 Va.

410 (2007). Additionally, “[s]tatements unsupported by argument, authority, or citations to the

record do not merit appellate consideration.” Buchanan, 14 Va. App. at 56.

               Appellate courts are not unlit rooms where attorneys may wander
               blindly about hoping to stumble upon a reversible error. If the
               parties believed that the circuit court erred, it was their duty to
               present that error to us with legal authority to support their
               contention.

Fadness v. Fadness, 52 Va. App. 833, 851 (2008).




                                                 -4-
         Here, mother’s fifth assignment of error claims the trial court erred because it punished

the minor children for alleging father “abused/neglected/mistreated them.” Mother never

develops this argument anywhere in the argument section of her brief and thus has waived this

error.

         In her seventh assignment of error, mother claims the trial court erred because it refused

to enforce subpoenas duces tecum of the minor children that were only served the day before the

hearing. As with her fifth assignment of error, however, mother never develops that argument

anywhere in the argument section of her brief. She has thus waived the assignment of error.

         Moreover, mother’s first assignment of error claims the trial court erred by failing to seal

the record. Although mother makes a passing reference to the failure to seal in the argument

section of her brief, she cites no authority supporting her argument that the trial court should

have sealed the record. This Court finds that the failure to cite authority is significant and that

mother’s first assignment of error is waived. See Atkins v. Commonwealth, 57 Va. App. 2, 20

(2010) (“Because appellant provides no legal argument or authority in his brief to support his

argument, and we find this omission significant, appellant’s claim that the trial court erred . . . is

waived under Rule 5A:20(e).”).

                                        2. Failure to Preserve

         Rule 5A:18 provides that “No ruling of the trial court . . . will be considered as a basis for

reversal unless an objection was stated with reasonable certainty at the time of the ruling, except

for good cause shown or . . . to attain the ends of justice.” “Rule 5A:18 applies to bar even

constitutional claims.” Ohree v. Commonwealth, 26 Va. App. 299, 308 (1998). In order to

preserve an issue for appeal, “an objection must be timely made and the grounds stated with

specificity.” McDuffie v. Commonwealth, 49 Va. App. 170, 177 (2006) (quoting Marlowe v.

Commonwealth, 2 Va. App. 619, 621 (1986)). Further, making one specific argument on an

                                                  -5-
issue does not preserve a separate legal point on the same issue for review. Clark v.

Commonwealth, 30 Va. App. 406, 411-12 (1999). Indeed, “[t]he primary function of Rule

5A:18 is to alert the trial judge to possible error so that the judge may consider the issue

intelligently and take any corrective actions necessary.” Neal v. Commonwealth, 15 Va. App.

416, 422 (1992) (internal citation omitted). Therefore, this Court does not consider issues not

raised in the trial court on appeal. West Alexandria Prop., Inc. v. First Virginia Mortgage and

Real Estate Inv. Trust, 221 Va. 134, 138 (1980) (“On appeal, though taking the same general

position as in the trial court, an appellant may not rely on reasons which could have been but

were not raised for the benefit of the lower court.”).

                                       a. Due Process Claim

       In her tenth assignment of error, mother claims the trial court erred by depriving her of

due process. In her brief, she argues that the trial court deprived her of due process because the

trial court modified legal custody when neither party had filed a motion for a change in legal

custody.2 The trial court held that once it found a material change in circumstances for mother’s

motion to change physical custody to equal time for each parent, all custody issues, including

legal custody, would be reevaluated in light of the best interests of the children. Although

mother objected to considering a change in legal custody, she did not argue to the trial court that

she was being deprived of due process by the lack of a separate motion for a change in legal

custody. Because mother did not raise due process in the trial court, she may not argue before

this Court that the lack of a motion for change in legal custody deprived her of due process of

law.




       2
         Father’s attorney did orally request a change in legal custody at the start of the hearing
that had been scheduled to address mother’s request for a change in physical custody.
                                                -6-
                                      b. Dr. Lane’s testimony

       In her eighth assignment of error, mother claims the trial court erred because it did not

“consider the absence of the subpoenaed court-ordered therapist, Christopher Lane.” Although

mother discussed Dr. Lane’s absence at the hearing during her closing argument, she never

moved for a continuance to allow her to properly serve the subpoena, enforce the subpoena, or

otherwise request that the trial court compel Dr. Lane’s attendance and testimony. By failing to

request a continuance or otherwise ask the trial court to compel Dr. Lane’s attendance, she

deprived the trial court of the opportunity to craft an appropriate solution. Thus, she has waived

any claim of error.

                                   3. Approbate and Reprobate

       In her third and fourth assignments of error, mother claims the trial court erred because

there was no material change in circumstances supporting a change of legal custody. “The

Supreme Court has held that ‘[a] party may not approbate and reprobate by taking successive

positions in the course of litigation that are either inconsistent with each other or mutually

contradictory.’” Nelson v. Commonwealth, 71 Va. App. 397, 403 (2020) (quoting Rowe v.

Commonwealth, 277 Va. 495, 502 (2009)). “The ‘doctrine against approbation and reprobation’

applies both to assertions of fact and law, and precludes litigants from ‘playing fast and loose’

with the courts, or ‘blowing hot and cold’ depending on their perceived self-interests.” Babcock

& Wilcox Co. v. Areva NP, Inc., 292 Va. 165, 204-05 (2016) (quoting Wooten v. Bank of Am.,

N.A., 290 Va. 306, 310 n.1 (2015); Wilroy v. Halbleib, 214 Va. 442, 445 (1974); and United Va.

Bank v. B.F. Saul Real Estate Inv. Tr., 641 F.2d 185, 190 (4th Cir. 1981)). By requesting a

change in physical custody, mother necessarily claimed there was a material change in




                                                -7-
circumstances. She will not now be heard on appeal to argue that no material change in

circumstances exists.3

                                   B. Excluded Text Messages

       In her sixth assignment of error, mother claims the trial court erred by excluding text

messages from one of her daughters that showed the daughter’s state of mind. “‘Hearsay’ is a

statement, other than one made by the declarant while testifying at the trial or hearing, offered in

evidence to prove the truth of the matter asserted.” Va. R. Evid. 2:801(c).

               Hearsay evidence is testimony given by a witness who relates, not
               what he knows personally, but what others have told him or what
               he has heard said by others. When offered for the truth of the
               matters asserted, unless the statement falls within one of the many
               exceptions, such evidence is not admissible.

Strohecker v. Commonwealth, 23 Va. App. 242, 253 (1996). Moreover, “double hearsay,” or

hearsay within hearsay, is “doubly suspect.” Serv. Steel Erectors Co. v. Int’l Union of Operating

Engineers, Local 147, 147A, 147B & 147R, 219 Va. 227, 236 (1978). “[I]n order for a hearsay

declaration which contains hearsay within it to be admissible, both the primary hearsay

declaration and each hearsay declaration included within it must conform to a recognized

exception to the hearsay rule.” West v. Commonwealth, 12 Va. App. 906, 910 (1991).

       Here, mother attempted to authenticate the text messages through the testimony of father.

The daughter, however, did not send the text messages to him. He only knew of the text

messages because mother sent them to him in an email. Thus, the text messages mother sought

to introduce were double hearsay. The daughter’s communications to mother were one level of



       3
         In her third assignment of error, mother also argues the trial court impermissibly
terminated her parental rights. Granting sole legal custody to father is far different from
terminating mother’s parental rights. Because mother’s argument is based on an action the trial
court did not take, her argument does not warrant further consideration. See Teleguz v.
Commonwealth, 273 Va. 458, 471 (2007) (“Accordingly, these assignments of error do not
address a ruling made by the trial court and we do not consider them.”).
                                               -8-
hearsay, and mother’s communication of those messages to father was a second layer of hearsay

asserting the messages had been sent by the daughter. Even if this Court were to assume that the

communication from the daughter to mother fit within the state of mind hearsay exception,

mother does not explain why her hearsay declaration that the daughter had sent the messages was

admissible. Mother failed to establish that father had any personal knowledge that daughter had

indeed sent the messages and thus failed to establish their admissibility.4 Va. R. Evid. 2:602 (“A

witness may not testify to a matter unless evidence is introduced sufficient to support a finding

that the witness has personal knowledge of the matter.”); West, 12 Va. App. at 911 (“Since

[mother] sought to have the hearsay testimony admitted, the burden was on [mother] to show that

the declaration fell within an exception to the rule against hearsay.”). Thus, the trial court did

not err in excluding the proffered text messages.

                        C. Alleged Modification of Settlement Agreement

       Finally, mother claims in her second and ninth assignments of error that the trial court

impermissibly modified the parties’ settlement agreement and the final decree of divorce. She

argues that because the settlement agreement provided for joint legal custody, the trial court

could not modify legal custody without re-writing the settlement agreement. Further, she argues

that Code § 20-109(C) requires the trial court to follow the settlement agreement and prohibits it

from ever entering an order inconsistent with the agreement. Because Code § 20-109(C) does

not prohibit modification of custody awards—even if the award is based on an agreement—when

circumstances have materially changed, this Court affirms.




       4
        Mother did not seek, based on her own personal knowledge, to admit the text messages
when she testified.
                                            -9-
       Code § 20-109(C) provides that

                In suits for divorce, annulment and separate maintenance, . . . if a
                stipulation or contract signed by the party to whom such relief
                might otherwise be awarded is filed before entry of a final decree,
                no decree or order directing the payment of support and
                maintenance for the spouse, suit money, or counsel fee or
                establishing or imposing any other condition or consideration,
                monetary or nonmonetary, shall be entered except in accordance
                with that stipulation or contract.

By its own terms, Code § 20-109(C) applies only to awards for spousal support or similar

awards. It does not apply to child custody. Unlike Code § 20-109(C), Code § 20-108

specifically addresses child custody. It specifically authorizes trial courts to modify child

custody orders when there is a material change in circumstances.

       Moreover, “[i]n determining child custody issues . . . the trial court’s paramount concern

and the determinative factor must remain the ‘best interests of the child,’ regardless of what the

parents desire.” Cloutier v. Queen, 35 Va. App. 413, 423 (2001). “[T]he parties may not, by

agreement, prevent the court from exercising its power to change, modify, or enforce its decree

concerning the custody and maintenance of minor children.” Shoup v. Shoup, 37 Va. App. 240,

250 (2001). Indeed, although the parties may reach an agreement regarding child custody in the

first instance, the trial court may not incorporate that agreement into an order without first

independently determining whether the agreement promotes the best interests of the child. Cf.

id. (“First, the court must review the provisions of the [child support] agreement for their

consistency with the best interests of the child or children whose welfare the agreement

addresses.”).

       Thus, a trial court retains authority to modify child custody upon a material change in

circumstance even after the parties reach a settlement agreement that is incorporated into a final

decree of divorce. Because the parties may not contract away the trial court’s authority to

change child custody when there is a material change in circumstances, every settlement
                                                - 10 -
agreement involving custody is implicitly made subject to those modifications. Thus, the trial

court had authority to modify legal custody, and this Court affirms.

                                       III. CONCLUSION

       This Court concludes that mother has waived the majority of her claims for failure to

properly brief them and failure to present them to the trial court. Moreover, the trial court

properly excluded the text messages as hearsay when mother did not provide an explanation how

both layers of the double hearsay satisfied an exception. Finally, the trial court has the authority

to modify custody without re-writing the parties’ settlement agreement. Thus, this Court affirms.

                                                                                          Affirmed.




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