        IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
                            DIVISION ONE
THE CITY OF SEATTLE, a Washington )                                                   No. 79002-1-I
municipal corporation, and THE    )
SEATTLE POLICE DEPARTMENT,        )
                                                                                 )
                                         Respondents,
                                                                                 )
              v.                                                                 )
$19,560.48 in UNITED STATES                                                      )
CURRENCY,                                                                        )
                                         In Rem Defendant,
                                                                                 )    UNPUBLISHED OPINION
REBEKAH SHIN,                                                                    )
                                                                                 )    FILED: March 9, 2020
              Intervening Claimant/Appellant. )
__________________________________________________________________________________)
             VERELLEN, J.              —      Rebekah Shin raises two due process challenges to the

forfeiture of $19,560.48 to the City of Seattle. First, she contends inaccuracies in the

notice of seizure and intended forfeiture rendered the notice inadequate. But she

fails to establish the notice was not reasonably calculated to apprise her of the

pendency of the action and afford her an opportunity to present her objections. And

she fails to establish any prejudice because after the city served notice, Shin filed a

timely claim of ownership and removed the matter to district court, where she

received a full adversarial hearing.
No. 79002-1-1/2


          Second, Shin challenges the adequacy of the service of the notice. The

forfeiture statute allows service by mail and does not require personal service. The

city served the notice by certified mail at 77 South Washington. This is a homeless

shelter with a mail receiving service. Although Shin is homeless and was living in a

recreational vehicle (RV) at the time of the seizure, a diligent search showed that

Shin frequently and recently used that as her mailing address. Shin provides no

authority that police were compelled to give notice by telephone or trace the current

location of the RV to perform personal service.

       Therefore, we affirm.

                                         FACTS

       On November 17, 2015, Detective Rudy Gonzales, an officer with the Drug

Enforcement Agency on loan to the Seattle Police Department (SPD), arrested Shin

for suspected violation of the uniform controlled substances act.1 At that time, the

police seized $19,560.48. On November 19, 2015, the detective gave a notice of

seizure and intended forfeiture to Shin’s boyfriend, Kiel Krogstadt. And on

November 24, 2015, Detective Donald Hardgrove mailed the forms to Shin at the

77 South Washington address.

      On December 30, 2015, Shin filed a claim with the city and then removed the

matter to district court. Before trial, Shin moved for summary judgment, arguing the

seizure form misstated the statutory time and manner requirements for filing a claim.




      1   Ch. 69.50 RCW.



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No. 79002-1-1/3


Shin also challenged the service of the notice. The court denied Shin’s summary

judgment motion.

       The district court held a full adversarial hearing on June 20, 2017. After a

bench trial, the court forfeited the $19,560.48 to the city. Shin filed a timely RALJ

appeal to the superior court. The superior court affirmed the district court.

       Shin moved this court for discretionary review. A commissioner of this court

granted review under RAP 2.3(d)(3).

                                       ANALYSIS

       Shin contends her due process rights were violated because portions of the

notice of seizure form were inconsistent with RCW 69.50.505 and because the city

did not comply with the service of process requirements.

       The superior court’s review of a district court decision is governed by

RALJ 9.1. Under RALJ 9.1(a), “[t]he superior court shall review the decision of the

court of limited jurisdiction to determine whether that court has committed any errors

of law.” With regard to factual challenges, “[t]he superior court shall accept those

factual determinations supported by substantial evidence in the record (1) which were

expressly made by the court of limited jurisdiction, or (2) that may reasonably be

inferred from the judgment of the court of limited jurisdiction.”2 Our review is also

governed by RALJ 9.1.~ And unchallenged findings of factare verities on appeal.4



       2 RALJ 9.1(b).
       ~ State v. Ford, 110 Wn.2d 827, 829, 755 P.2d 806 (1988).
       ~ Cowiche Canyon Conservancy v. Bosley, 118 Wn.2d 801, 808, 828 P.2d 549
(1992).


                                            3
No. 79002-1-114


       Here, in the order on summary judgment, the district court concluded, “The

notice provided in this case satisfies constitutional due process requirements

regarding notice,” and “[m]isstatements made in the notice do not go to jurisdiction.”5

       After a full adversarial hearing on the intended forfeiture, the district court

entered findings of facts and conclusions of law. The court found it had jurisdiction

over both the subject matter and the parties pursuant to RCW 69.50.505. The court

concluded, “SPD’s effort to determine Shin’s address were adequate and                .   .   .   SPD

made a good faith search to determine her address.”6 The court also concluded, “All

statutory requirements of Notice of Hearing have been satisfied     .   .   .   pursuant to

RCW 69.50.505.”~ The court ordered the “defendant in rem U.S. currency shall be

forfeited to the City of Seattle and the Seattle Police Department.”8

       Shin filed a timely RALJ appeal to the superior court. The superior court

affirmed the district court. The court determined Shin “failed to carry the burden of

showing that the trial court’s Findings of Facts are not supported by substantial

evidence.”9 The court determined there was no violation of due process.

       Before the superior court, Shin did not challenge the district court’s finding that

Detective Hardgrove mailed notice to 77 South Washington. The court determined

the detective performed an adequate address search and the service of process

requirements were satisfied when the detective mailed the notice. And as to the


      ~ Appellant’s Motion for Discretionary Review, Appendix at 26.
      6 Appendix at 35.

      ~ Appendix at 33.
      8 Appendix at 36.

      ~ Clerk’s Papers (CP) at 571.



                                            4
 No. 79002-1-1/5


 notice form, the court concluded “the inconsistencies     .   .   .   do not invalidate the due

process and notice requirement under RCW 69.50.505 [and tjhe inconsistencies did

not deprive Ms. Shin of notice and the opportunity to be heard.”1°

       First, Shin argues the district court and subsequently, the superior court, did

not have the “authority to render judgment” because the form “materially misstated

the statutory ‘time-and-manner’ requirements.”11 The city concedes there are

discrepancies between the notice form and RCW 69.50.505 but argues these

inconsistencies do not amount to a due process violation.

       Here, the form provides (1) a claimant must send a claim of ownership “via

certified mail,” (2) the time period for filing a claim starts on “the date that the property

was seized,” and (3) a claim of ownership “must be received by the Seattle Police

Department within 45 days” of the seizure.12 In contrast, the statute provides (1) a

claimant may serve a claim of ownership “by any method authorized by law or court

rule including, but not limited to, service by first-class mail,” (2) the time period for

filing a claim starts upon “service of the notice of seizure in the case,” and (3) a claim

of ownership, if served by mail, “shall be deemed complete upon mailing.”13

       The United States Constitution and the Washington Constitution guarantee an

individual’s right to due process.14 “[DJue process generally affords an individual


       10 Appendix at 42 (finding 5).
       11 Appellant’s Br. at 21, 19.

       12 Appendix at 10.

       13 RCW 69.50.505(5).

       14 Mullane v. Central Hanover Bank & Trust Co., 339 U.S. 306, 313-14, 70 S.
Ct. 652, 94 L. Ed. 865 (1950); Yim v. City of Seattle, 194 Wn.2d 682, 688, 451 P.3d
694 (2019).


                                             5
No. 79002-1 -116


notice and an opportunity to be heard when the government deprives the individual of

a life, liberty, or property interest.”15 Although the State concedes some details in the

form were inconsistent with the statute, not every defect constitutes a denial of due

process; ‘minor procedural errors do not necessarily rise to the level of due process

violations.”16

       In State v. Storhoff, the Department of Licensing (DCL) sent each defendant a

written notice of license revocation.17 Subsequently, the State charged each

defendant with driving while license suspended. The defendants argued the notice

violated their right to due process because it misstated the time to request a hearing.

Our Supreme Court determined:

       To establish a violation of due process, Defendants must at least allege
       that the incorrect DCL revocation notices deprived them of notice
       and/or an opportunity to be heard. But the Defendants    .   .have not
                                                                        .


       explained how DO L’s error deprived them of notice of their license
       revocations or their opportunity to request a formal hearing.
       Furthermore, due process does not require express notification of the
       deadline for requesting a formal hearing as long as the order of
       revocation cites the statute that contains the applicable time limit.[18~

The court held the notices did not violate the defendants’ due process rights “[ijn the

absence of any suggestion that the erroneous DOL revocation notices deprived

Defendants of notice or an opportunity to be heard.”19




       15 Tellevik v. Real Pro jerty Known as 31641 W. Rutherford St. Located in City
of Carnation, Wash., 125 Wn.2d 364, 370-71, 884 P.2d 1319 (1994).
       16 State v. Storhoff, 133 Wn.2d 523, 527, 946 P.2d 783 (1997).

       17 133 Wn.2d 523, 526, 946 P.2d 783 (1997).

       18 kI. at 527-28 (internal citation omitted).

            Id. at 528.


                                           6
No. 79002-1-1/7


       Similar to Storhoff, Shin fails to explain how the discrepancies in the notice of

seizure form deprived her of notice and/or an opportunity to be heard. Rather, Shin

argues a forfeiture is a “special proceeding” subject to heightened due process

protection.2° She cites Putnam v. Wenatchee Valley Medical Center, P.S.21 for the

proposition that “[a]ll purely statutory actions are ‘special proceedings,’ deserving of

heightened due process protection.”22 In Putnam, our Supreme Court considered

whether medical malpractice proceedings are special proceedings and therefore

exempt from certain civil rules. Even if a forfeiture action is a special proceeding,

Shin fails to provide any authority to support her proposition that all special

proceedings are subject to heightened due process protection. Putnam addresses

the application of the civil rules to special proceedings and does not mention

heightened due process protection.

       Shin also relies on Truly v. Heuft23 to argue “[a] tribunal does not have the

authority to render judgment in a special proceeding unless the notices, summonses,

and similar methods of process strictly complied with the statute.”24 In Truly, the

landlord, Truly, brought a residential unlawful detainer action against his tenant,

Heuft, for nonpayment of rent. The residential unlawful detainer statute required the




      20   Appellant’s Br. at 20.
       21166 Wn.2d 974, 216 P.3d 374 (2009).
       22 Appellant’s Br. at 20.

       23 138 Wn. App. 913, 158 P.3d 1276 (2007), abrogated by MHM & F, LLC v.

Pryor, 168 Wn. App. 451, 277 P.3d 62 (2012).
       24Appellant’s Br. at 21.


                                            7
No. 79002-1-118


plaintiff to allow the defendant to answer by personal delivery, mail, or fax.25 In Truly,

the summons did not comply with these statutory requirements. This court

acknowledged the case presented an issue of first impression, “whether a court has

jurisdiction to enter judgment in a residential unlawful detainer action when the

plaintiff-landlord fails to use [the unlawful detainer statute] summons language

allowing a defendant-tenant to answer not only by personal delivery but also by mail

or facsimile.”26

       Ultimately, this court held that “the lower court lacked jurisdiction over this

unlawful detainer action because the summons did not strictly comply with [the

unlawful detainer statute].”27 In part, the court relied on case law that provided “[i]n

the context of a residential unlawful detainer action, the summons must comply with

the [unlawful detainer statute] to confer both personal and subject matter

jurisdiction.”28 The court determined a tenant’s available method of answering a

summons was a “manner requirement,” and as a result, “required strict

compliance.”29

       Shin’s analogy to the unlawful detainer statute is not compelling. The details

of how and when to file a claim of ownership, under the forfeiture statute, are not the

equivalent of the strict jurisdictional statutory summons dictated by the unlawful

detainer statute and accompanying case law. Although forfeiture is purely


       25   Truly, 138 Wn. App. at 916 (citing LAWS OF 2005, ch. 130,   § 3).
      26k1.at918.
      27 Id. at 923.
      28 ki. at 918 (emphasis added).

      29 kI. at 920-21.




                                            8
No. 79002-1-119


statutory,3° Shin fails to establish the jurisdiction rule from Truly extends to a

forfeiture proceeding. Shin does not establish the district court lacked the authority to

render judgment.

       We do not condone the city’s failure to update the seizure form to comply with

the 2009 amendments to RCW 69.50.505. When the city served Shin in this case,

six years had passed since the legislature enacted the amendments. Using forms

consistent with the statute is not an undue burden. But on this briefing, Shin fails to

establish that the discrepancies in the notice of seizure form deprived her of notice

and/or an opportunity to be heard.

       And even if the discrepancies in the notice form constituted a due process

violation, other cases recognize the need for prejudice. In State v. Getty, the 17-

year-old defendant was arrested, and the arresting officer issued an adult

“Citation/Complaint Form.”31 The officer sent the citation to juvenile court. Several

months later, the State filed an information in juvenile court, charging Getty with first

degree malicious mischief. Getty moved to dismiss, arguing the initial adult citation

commenced an action in Renton municipal court and the subsequent information

initiated an action in King County juvenile court, in violation of double jeopardy.

       This court acknowledged that “even if the use of the adult form constituted a

violation of Getty’s due process rights, dismissal is inappropriate because Getty

suffered no prejudice” because the municipal court did not attempt to proceed on the




      30   State v. Alaway, 64 Wn. App. 796, 799-801, 828 P.2d 591 (1992).
      31   55 Wn. App. 152, 153, 777 P.2d 1(1989).



                                            9
No. 79002-1-1/10


adult citation.32 “Under the harmless error theory, a violation of Getty’s constitutional

rights does not warrant dismissal if the State proves beyond a reasonable doubt that

the violation did not prejudice Getty.”33

       Here, Detective Gonzales arrested Shin on November 17, 2015. At that time,

the police seized $19,560.48. On November 19, 2015, the detective gave a notice of

seizure and intended forfeiture to Krogstadt, Shin’s boyfriend. On November 24,

2015, Detective Hardgrove mailed the notice to Shin at her last known mailing

address. Additionally, Shin’s attorney testified:

       I send out public disclosure requests regularly to law enforcement
       agencies all across the state. And I pick and choose ones that I want to
       work on and write letters and asked them, hey, if you don’t have
       counsel, I’d love to help. And that’s what I did with her. And she called
       me by phone and said, “Absolutely. I have been calling attorneys, and
       nobody wants to take this case.”~341

       The parties dispute how Shin received the notice, but the record reflects Shin

had notice of the pending forfeiture no later than December 30, 201 535 On that date,

Shin filed a timely claim with the city and then removed the matter to district court.

The district court held a full adversarial hearing on June 20, 2017. Under the

harmless error theory, dismissal of the forfeiture is not warranted because any defect

in the notice form did not prejudice Shin. Shin fails to establish that inaccuracies in

the form warrant any relief on appeal.


       32kLat 155.
       33 Id. at 155-56.
       ~ OP at 452-53 (emphasis added).
       ~ Appendix at 33 (finding 28) (“When Morelli contacted Shin, Shin was
already aware that the defendant in rem property had been seized.”) Shin does not
challenge this finding.


                                            10
No. 79002-1-I/Il


       Second, Shin argues her due process rights were violated because the city

failed to “attempt in good faith or with due diligence to ascertain Ms. Shin’s current

mailing address prior to mailing out its [notice].”36

       Due process requires notice that is ‘“reasonably calculated, under all the

circumstances, to apprise interested parties of the pendency of the action and afford

them an opportunity to present their objections.”37 Additionally, service of process

must comply with statutory service requirements.38 Under RCW 69.50.505(3), notice

of seizure of personal property “may be served by any method authorized by law or

court rule including but not limited to service by certified mail with return receipt

requested.”

       Here, on November 24, 2015, Detective Hardgrove mailed the notice of

seizure and intended forfeiture to Shin by certified mail at 77 South Washington,39

which is the address of a homeless shelter with a mail acceptance service. Before

mailing the notice forms, Detective Hardgrove checked the general offense report,

the SPD records management system, and a current car registration for Shin. All of

those sources listed her address as 77 South Washington.



      36   Appellant’s Br. at 26.
       ~ Bruett v. Real Property Known As 18328 11th Ave. N.E., 93 Wn. App. 290,
298, 968 P.2d 913 (1998) (quoting Mullane, 339 U.S. at 314).
       38 j4 at 299 (quoting Weiss v. Glemp, 127 Wn.2d 726, 734, 903 P.2d 455
(1995)).
       ~ Appendix at 32 (finding 24) (“On November 24, 2015, Detective Donald
Hardgrove sent two notices of seizure and intended forfeiture to Rebekah Shin by
both certified and regular mail; one notice was for the $1 9,560 seizure  Detective
                                                                           .   .   .   .


Hardgrove sent the notices to the address of 77 South Washington Street.”) Shin
does not challenge this finding.


                                            11
 No. 79002-1-1/12


        Shin does not dispute these facts and argues, in order to comply with

 RCW 69.50.505, Detective Hardgrove was required to search further, including DOL

 records. But Shin does not provide any authority or meaningful argument to support

this proposition. And notably, there is no evidence in the record that the address in

 DCL records was in fact a valid mailing address for Shin when the forfeiture was

commenced. Although mailing the notice to an outdated residential address may not

be reasonably calculated to give notice to a homeless person in some circumstances,

SPD’s mailing to the address identified by Shin frequently and recently is reasonably

calculated to give her notice. Detective Hardgrove’s diligent inquiry and subsequent

certified mailing was sufficient to satisfy due process and the service of process

requirements of RCW 69.50.505(3).

       To the extent Shin suggests the city should have personally served or

attempted to contact her by telephone, RCW 69.50.505(3) does not require personal

service or telephone notice.4° The city was aware Shin slept in an RV parked at

various locations along a city street, and the city had Shin’s telephone number.

However, that information does not mean that sending the notices by mail, as

provided for in RCW 69.50.505(3), to the mailing address Shin frequently and

recently used was not reasonably calculated to give Shin notice of the forfeiture

proceeding.

       We conclude Shin’s due process rights were not violated.


       40  It is undisputed Detective Gonzales left a second set of forms addressed to
Shin with Shin’s boyfriend and directed him to give the documents to Shin. Because
the city clarified on RALJ appeal that it was not relying on the delivery of the notice to
the boyfriend addressed to Shin, we do not address the impact of that delivery.


                                            12
No. 79002-1-1/13


      Shin requests fees on appeal under RCW 69.50.505(6). The statute allows for

an award of reasonable attorney fees “where the claimant substantially prevails.”

Because Shin has not prevailed on appeal, we deny her request for fees.

      Therefore, we affirm.




                                                       V
                                                           I~J,
                                                           ,,f~ P’~
WE CONCUR:




____________                                      ~-




                                         13
