                                    NO. 12-16-00227-CR

                            IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

                 TWELFTH COURT OF APPEALS DISTRICT

                                      TYLER, TEXAS

SAM KEMP,                                         §      APPEAL FROM THE 114TH
APPELLANT

V.                                                §      JUDICIAL DISTRICT COURT

THE STATE OF TEXAS,
APPELLEE                                          §      SMITH COUNTY, TEXAS

                                   MEMORANDUM OPINION
          Sam Kemp appeals his conviction for possession of a controlled substance. In his sole
issue, Appellant argues that the trial court erred in denying his motion to suppress evidence. We
affirm.


                                            BACKGROUND
          On July 3, 2015, Tyler Police Department Officer Brandon Lott, while working the
midnight shift, parked at a gas station. Officer Lott observed what he believed to be an illegal
drug transaction. He saw a young male approach the passenger side of a vehicle, reach into his
pocket and retrieve an item, hand it to an individual later determined to be Appellant, and then
walk away from the vehicle. As the vehicle exited the parking lot, Officer Lott heard the tires
squeal and saw it make a wide right turn.
          Officer Lott initiated a traffic stop, and when he approached the vehicle, he observed an
open container containing alcohol. Officer Lott conducted field sobriety tests on Appellant,
which he passed. While looking in the vehicle for other alcoholic beverages, Officer Lott saw, in
plain view, a small plastic bag containing crack cocaine.
          Officer Lott arrested Appellant, and he was indicted for possession of a controlled
substance, a state jail felony as alleged. Appellant pleaded “not guilty” and the matter proceeded
to a jury trial. The jury found Appellant guilty and sentenced him to eighteen months of
confinement in a state jail facility. This appeal followed.


                                       MOTION TO SUPPRESS
         In his sole issue, Appellant contends that the trial court erred when it denied his motion to
suppress evidence, because the record does not support the conclusion that the officer had
reasonable suspicion to detain his vehicle.
Standard of Review
         We evaluate a trial court’s ruling on a motion to suppress under a bifurcated standard of
review. Ford v. State, 158 S.W.3d 488, 493 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005). The trial judge is the sole
trier of fact and judge of the weight and credibility of the evidence and testimony. Wiede v.
State, 214 S.W.3d 17, 24–25 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). Accordingly, we defer to the trial court’s
determination of historical facts if the record supports them. Ford, 158 S.W.3d at 493. We
review de novo the trial court’s application of the law to those facts. Id. The prevailing party is
entitled to the strongest legitimate view of the evidence and all reasonable inferences that may be
drawn from that evidence. State v. Castleberry, 332 S.W.3d 460, 465 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011).
A trial court’s ruling will be sustained if it is reasonably supported by the record and correct on
any theory of law applicable to the case. Laney v. State, 117 S.W.3d 854, 857 (Tex. Crim. App.
2003).
Applicable Law
         Law enforcement and citizens engage in three distinct types of interactions:             (1)
consensual encounters, (2) investigatory detentions, and (3) arrests. State v. Woodard, 341
S.W.3d 404, 410-11 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011). Consensual law enforcement-citizen encounters do
not implicate Fourth Amendment protections. Id. at 411. A citizen may terminate a consensual
encounter at any time. Crain v. State, 315 S.W.3d 43, 49 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010). Investigative
detentions and arrests are Fourth Amendment seizures and therefore implicate Fourth
Amendment protections. Johnson v. State, 414 S.W.3d 184, 191 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013).
         Investigative detentions must be supported by a reasonable suspicion of criminal
activity. Wade v. State, 422 S.W.3d 661, 668 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013). A law enforcement
officer has reasonable suspicion if he has specific, articulable facts that, when combined with the
rational inferences from those facts, would lead him reasonably to conclude that the person



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detained is, has been, or soon will be engaging in criminal activity. Id. This is an objective
standard, and the subjective intent of the officer is irrelevant. Hamal v. State, 390 S.W.3d 302,
306 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012).
         Although the individual circumstances may seem innocent enough in isolation, the
applicable standard considers the totality of the circumstances. Wade, 422 S.W.3d at 668.
Reasonable suspicion may exist even if the conduct of the person detained is “as consistent with
innocent activity as with criminal activity.” York v. State, 342 S.W.3d 528, 536 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2011). When the officer’s information supports more than “an inarticulate hunch or
intuition . . . that something of an apparently criminal nature is brewing,” the standard for
reasonable suspicion is satisfied. See id. An officer’s training or experience, combined with
permissible deductions based on objective facts, may provide reasonable suspicion to justify a
detention. See Ford, 158 S.W.3d at 494.
Discussion
         Officer Lott testified that he detained Appellant’s vehicle in part because of his belief that
Appellant violated Texas Transportation Code section 545.101(a), which provides that, “[t]o
make a right turn at an intersection, an operator shall make both the approach and the turn as
closely as practicable to the right-hand curb or edge of the roadway.” TEX. TRANSP. CODE ANN.
§ 545.101(a) (West 2011). Appellant contends that the State failed to establish the “closely as
practicable” element, because it relied solely on Officer Lott’s conclusory opinion, without
providing any specific, articulable facts, that Appellant committed the offense.1                        The State
concedes that Officer Lott’s conclusion that he believed Appellant committed the offense,
without more, cannot form the basis of a reasonable suspicion to support the detention.
However, the State counters that Officer Lott articulated other specific facts supporting the
detention.
         At the suppression hearing, Officer Lott testified that he detained the vehicle not only
because of the alleged traffic violation, but independently because of his observations leading
him to believe that Appellant had just engaged in a narcotics transaction. Specifically, Officer
Lott testified that he worked the midnight shift on the night in question. He stated he was parked
at a convenience store known for drug transactions where he had personally made multiple prior

         1
          Because Officer Lott saw an open container of alcohol, Appellant does not challenge Officer Lott’s
subsequent search of his vehicle for other containers of alcohol, which led to his discovery of crack cocaine in plain
view.


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drug-related arrests. Officer Lott saw Appellant park his vehicle in the parking lot away from
the store’s gas pumps and the store itself. He watched another man approach Appellant’s
vehicle, reach into his pocket, retrieve an item, and hand it to Appellant through the passenger
side window. Afterwards, the man walked away towards another car. Officer Lott testified that
based on his training and experience, he believed that his observations were consistent with a
hand-to-hand drug transaction.
         We hold that Officer Lott’s observations are objective, specific, and articulable facts that,
when viewed in their totality, provide a rational inference that Appellant had likely engaged in a
narcotics transaction, thereby justifying an investigative detention. See Rocha v. State, 464
S.W.3d 410, 418 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2015, pet. ref’d) (holding officer’s
observations that passenger and driver waited in the car for several minutes at location where he
previously had witnessed narcotics activity, without turning off the car engine or lights or exiting
the car, were specific, articulable facts supporting investigative detention); Wiley v. State, 388
S.W.3d 807, 817–18 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2012, pet. ref’d) (holding officer had
reasonable suspicion to support investigative detention when, based on his training and
experience, he observed what he believed to be hand-to-hand drug transaction); State v. 1998
Toyota Land Cruiser, Oklahoma Tag CMN-633 VIN JT3HT05J9W0007179, 277 S.W.3d 88,
91 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2009, no pet.) (same). We overrule Appellant’s sole issue.


                                                  DISPOSITION
         Having overruled Appellant’s sole issue, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.

                                                                   BRIAN HOYLE
                                                                      Justice

Opinion delivered December 6, 2017.
Panel consisted of Worthen, C.J., Hoyle, J., and Neeley, J.




                                             (DO NOT PUBLISH)



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                                   COURT OF APPEALS

      TWELFTH COURT OF APPEALS DISTRICT OF TEXAS

                                           JUDGMENT

                                         DECEMBER 6, 2017


                                         NO. 12-16-00227-CR


                                           SAM KEMP,
                                            Appellant
                                               V.
                                      THE STATE OF TEXAS,
                                             Appellee


                                Appeal from the 114th District Court
                         of Smith County, Texas (Tr.Ct.No. 114-0220-16)

                        THIS CAUSE came to be heard on the appellate record and briefs filed
herein, and the same being considered, it is the opinion of this court that there was no error in the
judgment.
                        It is therefore ORDERED, ADJUDGED and DECREED that the judgment
of the court below be in all things affirmed, and that this decision be certified to the court
below for observance.
                    Brian Hoyle, Justice.
                    Panel consisted of Worthen, C.J., Hoyle, J., and Neeley, J.
