                 United States Court of Appeals
                            For the Eighth Circuit
                        ___________________________

                                No. 13-3085
                        ___________________________

                             United States of America

                        lllllllllllllllllllll Plaintiff - Appellee

                                           v.

                                 Ronnie Whisenton

                      lllllllllllllllllllll Defendant - Appellant
                                      ____________

                     Appeal from United States District Court
                  for the Eastern District of Missouri - St. Louis
                                  ____________

                             Submitted: April 16, 2014
                             Filed: September 2, 2014
                                  ____________

Before WOLLMAN, BYE, and SHEPHERD, Circuit Judges.
                          ____________

SHEPHERD, Circuit Judge.

      Ronnie Whisenton pled guilty to one count of conspiracy to distribute
marijuana in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(b)(1)(B) and 846. The district court1

      1
       The Honorable E. Richard Webber, United States District Judge for the
Eastern District of Missouri, adopting the report and recommendations of the
Honorable Terry I. Adelman, United States Magistrate Judge for the Eastern District
of Missouri.
sentenced him to 60 months imprisonment. Whisenton appeals the district court’s
denial of his motion to suppress evidence. We affirm.

                                             I.
       We recite the facts as the district court found and stated them in its order
denying Whisenton’s motion to suppress. See United States v. Ellis, 501 F.3d 958,
961 (8th Cir. 2007). On the morning of March 1, 2012, a task force of federal agents
and local police officers (the agents) followed Adrian Renee Bollinger to a residence
in St. Louis. The agents had been tracking Bollinger because of her suspected
involvement in drug trafficking. Bollinger pulled into the residence’s driveway and
parked. Shortly after, a man, later identified as Whisenton, exited the house and
entered Bollinger’s car. The agents saw Whisenton and Bollinger bend down in the
vicinity of an area of the car the agents knew contained a hidden compartment.2
Whisenton remained in the car for a few minutes and then, carrying a grocery bag,
returned to his house. Bollinger drove away from the house. Shortly after, local
police officers stopped her for a traffic violation. Bollinger refused consent to search
her car, but a canine alerted the officers to drugs in the car. The agents searched the
vehicle and discovered approximately $73,000 in the hidden compartment.

       That afternoon, the agents returned to Whisenton’s house. The agents decided
to utilize a “knock and talk” tactic3 to gain consent to search the house. They
requested a records check on the occupants of the house, which revealed that one of
the occupants had a criminal record for guns and drugs. While setting up surveillance
on the house, the agents saw a woman exit and walk toward a car. The agents
approached the woman, who was wearing a correctional officer uniform, and asked

      2
       The hidden compartment was discovered during a traffic-stop search of
Bollinger’s car conducted a month earlier.
      3
       A police technique where agents “knock[] on the door and seek[] to speak to
an occupant for the purpose of gathering evidence.” Florida v. Jardines, 133 S. Ct.
1409, 1423 (2013) (Alito, J., dissenting).

                                          -2-
her if they could search the house. The woman responded that she would have to ask
her husband Whisenton, the owner of the house, who was in the shower at the time.
Whisenton’s wife entered the house, and about 30 seconds later, the agents knocked
on the door. The agents later testified that when Whisenton’s wife entered the house,
they immediately feared for their safety because, as a correctional officer, she would
presumably have access to a weapon. Moreover, the background check indicated that
one of the occupants had a criminal history that included firearm possession. About
10 seconds after the agents knocked, Whisenton’s wife returned and opened the door.
At that point, the agents pushed her back from the door and, with guns drawn, entered
the house.

       Once inside, the agents directed Whisenton to sit on the couch as they
conducted a protective sweep. After the sweep, the agents asked Whisenton for
consent to search. Whisenton did not respond. Still on the couch, Whisenton asked
the agents if he could smoke a cigarette. The agents permitted him to smoke, and, as
he finished, the agents again asked him if they could search the house. Once again
Whisenton did not respond. The agents informed Whisenton that they would obtain
a search warrant if he did not provide consent to search, and Whisenton and the
agents discussed whether the agents were going to tear up his house. After that
discussion, Whisenton consented to the search, both orally and through a written
consent form. The consent form, which Whisenton signed, stated that he “ha[d] been
informed by [the agents] of [his] right to refuse consent to a search of [his] property,”
he “voluntarily and intentionally consent[ed] to allow [the agents] to search [his]
property,” and his consent was “freely given and not the result of any promises,
threats, coercion, or other intimidation.” Order at 7-8. While the search was
underway, Whisenton entered the kitchen so Agent Dean O’Hara could interview
him. O’Hara orally informed Whisenton of his Miranda rights, and Whisenton
proceeded to discuss his criminal activities with O’Hara. During the interview,
Whisenton’s wife left the premises and returned with Whisenton’s mother.
Whisenton’s mother informed him that he should not cooperate with the agents, but
Whisenton responded that he knew what he was doing and told her she could leave.

                                          -3-
As a result of the search, the agents seized two firearms, more than $100,000 in cash,
and other drug evidence.

       Whisenton was indicted on one count of conspiracy to distribute marijuana.
Whisenton filed a motion to suppress all evidence recovered during the search of his
home and all statements made to agents on March 1, 2012, the date of the search. The
Magistrate Judge agreed with Whisenton that exigent circumstances did not justify
the agents’ warrantless entry into Whisenton’s home. Nevertheless, the Magistrate
Judge recommended that the district court deny Whisenton’s motion. He reasoned
that the evidence was admissible because there was a sufficient break between the
agents’ warrantless entry and Whisenton’s grant of consent to search and his
statements to the agents. The district court agreed and denied Whisenton’s motion
to suppress.

                                            II.
       Whisenton appeals the district court’s denial of his suppression motion, arguing
that the Government failed to show that his “consent was an independent act of [his]
free will that purged the taint of the Fourth Amendment violation.” See United States
v. Greer, 607 F.3d 559, 564 (8th Cir. 2010). The Government contends that exigent
circumstances justified the agents’ entry, and even if the entry was illegal, that
Whisenton’s consent to search was sufficient to “purge the primary taint of the
[illegal] entry.” Id.

       We agree with the Government that Whisenton’s consent to search was an act
of free will sufficient to purge the taint of the claimed Fourth Amendment violation.
For purposes of our analysis, we assume that exigent circumstances did not justify the
agents’ warrantless entry into Whisenton’s home, and thus, the agents violated the
Fourth Amendment. See United States v. Barnum, 564 F.3d 964, 969 (8th Cir. 2009)
(assuming an officer’s traffic stop without probable cause violated the Fourth
Amendment for purposes of considering whether the defendant’s voluntary consent
purged the taint of the alleged violation). We review the district court’s factual

                                         -4-
determinations for clear error and its legal conclusions de novo. See id. at 968.
When an illegal entry precedes a defendant’s grant of consent to search, the
Government must show (1) that the defendant’s consent was voluntary and (2) that
“the consent was an independent act of [the defendant’s] free will that purged the
taint of the Fourth Amendment violation.” See Greer, 607 F.3d at 564; United States
v. Lakoskey, 462 F.3d 965, 975 (8th Cir. 2006). To determine whether the
defendant’s consent purged the taint of the illegal entry, we consider “(1) the
temporal proximity between the Fourth Amendment violation and the grant of
consent to search; (2) the presence of any intervening circumstances; and (3) the
purpose and flagrancy of the [agents’] Fourth Amendment violation.” See Barnum,
564 F.3d at 971. We also consider “the giving of Miranda warnings where
applicable.” Greer, 607 F.3d at 564. Whisenton focuses his appeal on whether his
consent to search purged the taint of the illegal entry.

       The temporal proximity between the illegal entry and the consent to search is
relevant to whether “the defendant’s consent was influenced by, or the product of, the
police misconduct.” See Barnum, 564 F.3d at 972. We measure temporal proximity
from the point at “which the [agents’ conduct] became illegal to the time of the
consent.” United States v. Esquivel, 507 F.3d 1154, 1160 (8th Cir. 2007). The closer
in time the illegal entry and the defendant’s consent occurred, the more likely the
illegal entry influenced the consent. See Barnum, 564 F.3d at 972. Here, fifteen
minutes elapsed between the agents’ illegal entry into the house and Whisenton’s
consent to search. Under our precedent, fifteen minutes is sufficient to demonstrate
an attenuation of the illegality. See, e.g., id. (twelve to fifteen minutes); Esquivel,
507 F.3d at 1160 (nine and one-half minutes). That the agents requested consent
twice before Whisenton eventually granted it does not alter this conclusion. Because
an agent does not violate the Fourth Amendment by merely requesting consent to
search, see United States v. Martinez, 168 F.3d 1043, 1047 (8th Cir. 1999), the
agents’ multiple attempts to obtain consent, absent threats or coercion, do not
constitute “police misconduct.” Moreover, as examined more fully below, each
request provided Whisenton a fresh opportunity to consider whether he should grant

                                         -5-
consent. In sum, the temporal proximity between the illegal entry and Whisenton’s
consent weighs in favor of the Government.

        The presence of intervening circumstances that provide the defendant an
opportunity “to pause and reflect, to decline consent, or to revoke consent” help
demonstrate that the illegality was attenuated. See Greer, 607 F.3d at 564. Here, two
notable intervening circumstances occurred prior to Whisenton’s grant of consent.
First, the agents permitted Whisenton to smoke a cigarette and ask questions about
how the agents would search his house. Whisenton specifically asked whether the
agents would “tear up his house” if he granted them consent to search. Whisenton’s
questioning of the agents as to the manner of their search demonstrates his deliberate
consideration of the situation, indicating the type of reflection the Greer court found
to be critical. See id. Second, the consent form Whisenton signed advised him that
he was not required to grant consent. See id. (noting that “the consent form advised
[the defendant] that he had a ‘right to deny the officer(s) permission to search [his]
property’” (second alteration in original)); United States v. Moreno, 280 F.3d 898,
901 (8th Cir. 2002) (noting that the officer “advised [the defendant] that he had the
right to refuse to consent to the search”). Moreover, after Whisenton granted consent,
the agents orally advised him of his Miranda rights and provided him an opportunity
to speak with his mother. These events are meaningful, despite occurring after the
initial grant, because Whisenton never attempted to revoke consent after these events
occurred. See Greer, 607 F.3d at 564 (noting that the defendant could have revoked
consent). Whisenton continued to interact congenially with the agents despite his
mother’s disapproval of his decision to allow the agents to search. In fact, the district
court noted that Whisenton “informed his mother that he knew what he was doing,
and told her that she could leave.” Order at 15. The second factor weighs heavily in
favor of the Government.

      The final factor addresses the purpose and flagrancy of the agents’ Fourth
Amendment violation. See United States v. Herrera-Gonzalez, 474 F.3d 1105, 1111
(8th Cir. 2007); see also Greer, 607 F.3d at 564 (“The Supreme Court has placed

                                          -6-
‘particular’ emphasis on the purpose and flagrancy of the official misconduct.” (citing
Brown v. Illinois, 422 U.S. 590, 604 (1975))). To analyze whether conduct was
purposeful and flagrant, we have often asked whether the violation “‘was
investigatory in design and purpose and executed in the hope that something might
turn up.’” See Barnum, 564 F.3d at 973 (quoting Herrera-Gonzalez, 474 F.3d at
1113)). We have also considered the manner of entry, the amount of force used, and
the presence of threats or intimidation. See Greer, 607 F.3d at 564 (noting that the
“the door to the residence was open, and the officers used no force to gain access”).
Though it declined to fully elaborate, the district court found that the agents entered
Whisenton’s house for multiple reasons, only one of which involved obtaining
consent to search. See Order at 15. A fair reading of the district court’s order
indicates that the agents’ safety concerns also motivated their decision to enter. See
United States v. Barker, 437 F.3d 787, 789 (8th Cir. 2006) (“This court will uphold
the district court’s decision on the motion to suppress if, on review of the record, ‘any
reasonable view of the evidence supports’ the district court’s decision.” (quoting
United States v. Bloomfield, 40 F.3d 910, 913 (8th Cir. 1994) (en banc))). Several
agents testified that they entered the house because they feared the situation had
become dangerous. See, e.g., Evidentiary Hr’g Tr. at 15-16, 91-94, 163-65. Though
we have assumed exigent circumstances did not independently justify the agents’
entry, their safety concerns are nonetheless relevant in considering their mixed
purposes for entering Whisenton’s house.

       In addressing the final factor, the district court focused its findings on the
agents’ manner of entry and their conduct once inside. The court found “[t]here was
no forced entry or violent entry, no threats or promises were made to [Whisenton], at
no time was [Whisenton] handcuffed, and the credible evidence reveals the
interaction was cooperative and calm.” Order at 15. The lack of force used to enter
and the agents’ cordial and professional conduct after entering suggest that
Whisenton’s consent was an independent act of free will. See United States v.




                                          -7-
Conrad, 673 F.3d 728, 736 (7th Cir. 2012); see also Herrera-Gonzalez, 474 F.3d at
1114 (“[E]ven if there was [misconduct], it was certainly not flagrant.”). To
conclude, the final factor presents a mixed picture, slightly weighing in favor of the
Government. Though the agents entered Whisenton’s house with mixed motives,
including a partially-investigatory motive, the agents’ entry was not flagrant and the
agents conducted themselves professionally once inside.4

       Our final balancing of the three factors weighs in favor of the Government. We
hold that Whisenton’s grant of consent to search was the product of free will
sufficient to purge the taint of any Fourth Amendment violation occurring by virtue
of the agents’ entry. For the same reason, we hold that the district court did not err
in admitting Whisenton’s statements to Agent O’Hara.

                                        III.
      The judgment of the district court is affirmed.




      4
       The dissent places too much weight on discrepancies between a post-search
internal report, in which, according to the dissent, the agents “strongly implied they
received consent to enter Whisenton’s home,” and the “version of events now offered
by the Government.” Post, at 11. The report is silent as to how the agents entered
Whisenton’s house. Def.’s Mot. Suppress Evidence Statements, Attach. A, at 3, ECF
No. 22. Even Whisenton acknowledged that the report never explicitly declared the
agents received consent to search prior to entering the house. Def.’s Mot. Suppress
Evidence Statements at 2 n.3, ECF No. 22. Though the report could have contained
more details, the agent’s poor drafting is not particularly relevant to “the purpose and
flagrancy of the [agents’] Fourth Amendment violation,” see Barnum, 564 F.3d at
971, and we will not assume “improper motive or malicious intent,” see id. at 973 n.9.


                                          -8-
BYE, Circuit Judge, dissenting.

       I believe the district court erred in denying Whisenton’s motion to suppress.
I conclude Whisenton’s consent was insufficient to purge the taint of the agents’
illegal entry of his home. Therefore, I respectfully dissent.

       It is a basic principle of the Fourth Amendment that warrantless searches and
seizures inside a home are presumptively unreasonable. Payton v. New York, 445
U.S. 573, 585 (1980). “[T]he physical entry of the home is the chief evil against
which the wording of the Fourth Amendment is directed.” Id. Here, armed agents
entered Whisenton’s home without a warrant and without consent. The agents
prolonged their unlawful intrusion until they had convinced Whisenton to consent to
a search. With that in mind, I will evaluate whether the taint of the agents’
constitutional violation was purged by following the same balancing test applied by
the majority.

       In considering the temporal proximity factor, the majority concludes fifteen
minutes elapsed between the agents’ illegal entry into Whisenton’s home and
Whisenton’s consent to search. It is true the illegal entry occurred approximately
fifteen minutes before Whisenton consented to the search. During those intervening
fifteen minutes, however, the agents illegally remained inside Whisenton’s home.
Thus, I believe it was a continuing violation with no intervening time between the
illegality and consent. As I have previously argued: “If we are assessing the taint of
the Fourth Amendment violation, logic dictates that we should consider the time
period between when the Fourth Amendment violation ends and when the consent to
search is given. By concluding otherwise, courts reward officers for prolonging
unconstitutional conduct.” United States v. Barnum, 564 F.3d 964, 977 (8th Cir.
2009) (Bye, J., dissenting). I find this logic all the more compelling considering the
illegal search occurred within Whisenton’s home, which distinguishes this matter
from the cases involving traffic stops relied upon by the majority. See Chambers v.


                                         -9-
Maroney, 399 U.S. 42, 48 (1970) (“In terms of the circumstances justifying a
warrantless search, the Court has long distinguished between an automobile and a
home or office.”). Had the agents left Whisenton’s home and retreated to an area they
were constitutionally permitted to be, the constitutional violation would have ended
and the clock would have begun to run. Because the agents remained in the home,
however, the violation continued and its temporal proximity to the consent given by
Whisenton was immediate. Therefore, I believe this factor weighs in favor of
Whisenton.

       In considering the presence of any intervening circumstances, the majority
places great emphasis on the fact that Whisenton was permitted to smoke a cigarette
after the agents illegally entered his home. However, the fact that Whisenton felt
compelled to ask the armed agents for permission to smoke a cigarette in his own
home suggests the agents’ actions had overborne his will. In essence, asking for
permission to smoke in one’s own home is evidence the prolonged unlawful intrusion
had a coercive effect on Whisenton. In my opinion, the more compelling fact is that
armed agents remained in Whisenton’s home as he sat partially-clothed in their
presence. Had the agents withdrawn from the home as Whisenton contemplated his
options, it would be more reasonable to conclude his consent was freely and
voluntarily given. See United States v. Smith, 688 F.3d 730, 740-41 (11th Cir. 2012)
(holding that the taint of the officers’ illegal entry into the defendant’s home was
purged by the officers immediately retreating to the outside of the home where they
waited until the defendant dressed and joined them). In addition, while Miranda
warnings were given, the warnings did not occur until after the warrantless search had
commenced, which significantly diminishes their impact. Thus, I conclude the
intervening circumstances factor is, at best, a wash.

      Finally, I believe the agents’ conduct was particularly purposeful and flagrant.
Simply because the agents spoke in a cordial tone and did not handcuff Whisenton
does not mean their conduct was not flagrant. Most egregious, in my mind, are the


                                         -10-
serious inconsistencies between the agents’ written report following their illegal entry
and the version of events now offered by the Government. The agents’ initial report
strongly implied they received consent to enter Whisenton’s home. In fact, the report
contained absolutely no mention of exigent circumstances justifying the agents’ entry,
even though the agents testified including the circumstances of entry – whether via
consent, warrant, or exigent circumstances – would be very important. Motion to
Suppress Hearing Tr. at 37. Only after being confronted with Whisenton’s
surveillance video, months after the events in question, did the Government change
its position and claim exigent circumstances, not consent, justified the agents’
warrantless entry. The majority adopts the district court’s finding of “no forced entry
or violent entry” even though the majority also concedes the agents entered the house
by pushing Whisenton’s wife back from the door with guns drawn. I would certainly
classify this type of entry as forceful. In addition, the agents stormed into
Whisenton’s home less than forty seconds after Whisenton’s wife had entered the
home to retrieve Whisenton, even though the agents asked her to do exactly that.
Under the Government’s logic, it seems any time law enforcement conducts a knock-
and-talk, they would have a sufficient basis to reasonably believe there was an
imminent danger if they were not immediately granted consent to search the premises.
I decline to condone such an outcome.

        Also, I wish to emphasize the agents had at least five hours to seek a warrant
to search Whisenton’s home following the arrest of Bollinger, but they failed to do
so and provided no explanation for that failure. The agents arrested Bollinger at
approximately 9 a.m. However, the agents did not return to Whisenton’s home until
approximately 3 p.m. During this time, the agents did not maintain surveillance
outside of the home nor obtain a search warrant, even though there was seemingly
ample reason and opportunity to do so. Because consent searches and exigent
circumstances are ripe for abuse, as perhaps demonstrated by this case, I would more
strictly scrutinize such searches when the attainment of a search warrant was a
reasonable alternative.


                                         -11-
     Therefore, because my balancing of the three factors weighs in favor of
Whisenton, I respectfully dissent.
                      ______________________________




                                    -12-
