                         UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                              FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT

                              ____________________

                           Nos. 94-4001 and 95-1047
                             ____________________


Thaddeus C. Pulla,                        *
                                          *
     Appellant/Cross-Appellee,        *
                                          *
     v.                                   *   Appeal from the United States
                                          *   District Court for the Southern
Amoco Oil Company,                        *   District of Iowa.
                                          *
     Appellee/Cross-Appellant.        *

                               ____________________

                          Submitted: October 18, 1995

                           Filed: December 19, 1995
                             ____________________

Before McMILLIAN, Circuit Judge, WHITE,* Associate Justice (Ret.), and LOKEN,
Circuit Judge.

                               ____________________

WHITE, Associate Justice (Ret.).

                                 I.       INTRODUCTION

         The Amoco Oil Company ("Amoco") appeals from a jury verdict that it

invaded the privacy of Thaddeus C. Pulla ("Pulla"), one of its employees, by

searching his credit card records to determine if he had abused his sick leave.

Amoco filed a series of post-trial motions challenging both the verdict and the

jury's award of $500,000 in




     *
       The Honorable Byron R. White, Associate Justice of the
     United States Supreme Court, (Ret.), sitting by
     designation, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 294(a).
punitive damages on a variety of grounds, but the district court rejected

Amoco's motions for judgment as a matter of law, a new trial and a remittitur.

Pulla v. Amoco, 882 F. Supp. 836 (S.D. Iowa 1994). On appeal, Amoco renews four

of its claims of error, including its argument that the punitive damages award

in this case violates due process.        In his cross appeal, Pulla raises two

claims of error.   We exercise jurisdiction over these appeals pursuant to 28

U.S.C. § 1291, and we now AFFIRM in part, REVERSE in part, and REMAND this case

for further proceedings.



                                II.     BACKGROUND

      Pulla has worked continuously for Amoco since April 14, 1974.     By 1989,

when he was 48 years old, Pulla had worked his way up to a class 8 supervisor

of   new accounts in Amoco's credit card department.         At that time, his

supervisor, Robert Langois ("Langois"), judged his work to be satisfactory and

noted that he was "promotable with future development."      However, on May 22,

1989, Langois told Pulla that his performance was unsatisfactory and that he

might be transferred to another department.      Ten days later, Pulla was asked

to consider remaining in his position until age 50 at which time he could

consider early retirement.   On July 28, 1989, Langois demoted Pulla to a class

7 sales authorization representative.    While this transfer and demotion did not

reduce his pay, it did reduce his possibilities for future pay increases.

Isabella Hurless, a 45 year-old, replaced Pulla as the supervisor of new

accounts.




                                        -2-
     After filing an administrative complaint with the Equal Opportunity

Employment Commission on March 13, 1990, Pulla filed this action on February

20, 1991.    He alleged that Amoco demoted and transferred him because of his age

and in violation of the Age Discrimination in Employment Act ("ADEA"), 29

U.S.C. § 621 et seq., and his employment contract.           To support his ADEA claim,

Pulla reported that Langois made several ageist comments, including such

statements as Pulla was "too old for the job," "had been with the company too

long," and "should consider early retirement."



      Based on incidents that occurred after he filed his complaint, Pulla

amended his complaint on September 9, 1992.          This amendment alleged that Amoco

had retaliated against him in violation of the ADEA and his employment contract

and had violated state tort law by invading his privacy.                 The basis of the

invasion of privacy claim (and the most significant alleged retaliatory action)

was Amoco's inspection of his credit card records.             This alleged invasion of

privacy     stemmed    from   the   action   of    Pulla's   coworker,    Tammy   Leckband

("Leckband").         Pulla and Leckband worked together at Amoco's Credit Card

Service Center in Des Moines, Iowa, where they handled authorizations for

customer purchases and investigations of related problems.           Pulla often called

in sick, and over the course of 1991, he missed two months of work.               Leckband

was one of the employees who covered his shift when he was absent.            Because she

was "mad" at Pulla for what she viewed as an abuse of his sick leave, which

burdened her, Leckband checked Pulla's personal credit card records against




                                             -3-
the days that he called in sick.       In so doing, she found that Pulla had used

his credit card at various restaurants and bars on days when he had called in

sick.       On November 8, 1991, she reported these observations to Anthony

Wieczorek ("Wieczorek"), the individual who supervised her and Pulla.



    Wieczorek admonished Leckband for reviewing Pulla's credit card records,

and instructed her never to repeat such behavior.          She was not otherwise

disciplined.     After finishing this conversation with Leckband, Wieczorek asked

another employee to print out this same material and gave it to Bruce Williams,

an Amoco Human Resources representative, who placed this information in Pulla's

personnel file with red marks on the days in which Pulla had called in sick.

Pulla soon learned that Amoco had retrieved this information, began to suffer

feelings about being watched, and felt that this investigation put him in a bad

light.      Finally, Wieczorek referred to Pulla's absence problem in a subsequent

evaluation, and singled Pulla out for the unique requirement that he obtain a

doctor's note before submitting any claims for sick leave.



    Amoco moved for summary judgment on the age discrimination claims, state

law contract claims as well as the invasion of privacy claim.      On January 11,

1994, the district court1 granted summary judgment to Amoco on the state law

contract claims, but ruled that a genuine




        1
      Harold D. Vietor, District Court Judge for the Southern
District of Iowa.


                                         -4-
dispute of material fact existed as to the ADEA and the invasion of privacy

claims.     Thus, Pulla's ADEA and invasion of privacy claims were tried to a

jury.



     After Pulla presented his evidence of age discrimination and invasion of

privacy to the jury, Amoco requested that the district court2 dismiss his claims

as a matter of law under Fed. R. Civ. P. 50(a).    Amoco argued that Pulla had

(1) only offered some stray comments referring to his age on his ADEA claim;

(2) failed to present any evidence of retaliation based on his filing of this

action; and (3) failed to establish that the search of his credit card records

was "highly offensive" and "objectionable" so as to constitute an invasion of

privacy.



     The district court explained that it would take Amoco's Rule 50(a) motion

under advisement.    However, it also noted that the invasion of privacy claim

was "clearly submissible," and that he would also allow Pulla's ADEA claims to

go to the jury although the evidence on these claims was thin.      After Pulla

attempted to introduce more evidence in support of his privacy claim, and Amoco

presented four




        2
      The parties consented to a trial before a United States
Magistrate Judge pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 636(c), and the case was
referred to the Hon. Mark W. Bennett, who at that time was serving as
a magistrate judge for the Southern District of Iowa. As Judge
Bennett was appointed to the United States District Court for the
Northern District of Iowa on August 30, 1994, we will refer to him
and the proceedings before him as the district court. The fact that
he was appointed to the Northern District of Iowa and this case
arises in the Southern District of Iowa is of no moment because all
judges and magistrate judges are cross-designated to preside over
both districts. Pulla, 882 F. Supp. at 845 n.3.

                                      -5-
additional witnesses to close out the presentation of all of the evidence,

Amoco failed to renew its motion for judgment as a matter of law.

     Amoco agreed to most of the jury instructions governing liability, but

contended that the instruction on Amoco's ratification of the invasion of

Pulla's privacy should not be submitted to the jury because no evidence in the

record could support such a finding.     Amoco also objected to submitting the

punitive damages instructions to the jury on the ground that there was

insufficient evidence to support those instructions.   The court rejected these

two objections and submitted all of Pulla's claims to the jury.



    The jury found in favor of Amoco on the ADEA claims, but found for Pulla

on the invasion of privacy claim.   On the invasion of privacy claim, the jury

awarded Pulla $1 in actual damages for past pain and suffering and $1 in actual

damages for future pain and suffering.        The jury also answered special

interrogatories explaining that it found clear and convincing evidence that

Amoco's invasion of Pulla's privacy willfully and wantonly disregarded his

rights and that Amoco's conduct was specifically directed at Pulla.   Finally,

the jury awarded Pulla a total of $500,000 in punitive damages.



     On May 20, 1994, Amoco filed a series of post-trial motions, contending

that, with respect to both the determination of liability and the award of

punitive damages, it deserved judgment   as a matter




                                      -6-
of law under Fed. R. Civ. P. 50, or in the alternative, that the court should

order a new trial pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 59 and remit the punitive damages

award.   The district court held that Amoco waived most of its claims of error,

but proceeded to reject them all on the merits.      In so doing, the district

court engaged in the necessary post-trial review of the punitive damages award

to determine whether it was excessive under Iowa law, unconstitutional under

the Due Process Clause, and/or should be remitted.   Focusing on the potential

damages arising from invasions to credit card privacy, the district court

concluded that the award did not warrant a new trial nor need to be remitted.

Amoco then brought this timely appeal, challenging the district court's

post-trial rulings.    Pulla cross appealed, contending that the district court

erroneously rejected his breach of contract claim, and that it erred by

refusing to allow him to amend his complaint to conform to the evidence

presented in support of a disparate impact violation of the ADEA.



                                III.   DISCUSSION

A.   AMOCO'S POST-TRIAL CHALLENGES

      The district court carefully analyzed Amoco's claims of error, explaining

that Amoco waived most of its claims by (1) failing to move for judgment as a

matter of law on that ground; (2) failing to move for judgment as a matter of

law at the close of the evidence; and/or (3) failing to object to the relevant

jury instruction(s).    In this appeal, Amoco re-asserts four of its claims of

error, the




                                       -7-
first three of which we deal with in this Section A.3 These three claims

challenge the district court's rulings that: (1) the search of Pulla's credit

card records was sufficiently offensive so as to invade Pulla's privacy; (2)

Amoco maliciously searched Pulla's credit card records so as to support an

award of punitive damages; and (3) Amoco ratified the offensive conduct at

issue.4 The district court held that Amoco waived its first claim of error by

failing to renew its motion for judgment as a matter of law at the close of all

of the evidence as required by Rule 50(b), and by failing to object to the

relevant jury instruction, thereby waiving its right to move for a new trial

under Rule 59.5 The court also explained that Amoco waived its second argument

under Rule 50(b) by failing previously to raise it at all, and did not preserve

it for a motion for a new trial by a sufficiently specific objection to a

relevant jury instruction.   Finally, the court held that, although Amoco had

not




      3
      As explained in Section C, we sustain Amoco's fourth claim of
error: that the district court erroneously held that the punitive
damages award passed constitutional muster.

      4
      The district court carefully outlined Amoco's various
post-trial claims of error in a chart, explaining why Amoco had
waived its various claims, and how the court disposed of the claims
on the merits. Pulla, 882 F. Supp. at 848.

      5
      In its post-trial motion, Amoco parcelled its challenge to the
invasion of privacy verdict into three specific claims of error: (1)
Pulla did not suffer the necessary level of anguish; (2) Amoco had a
legitimate interest in the information; and (3) Amoco's means were
not objectionable. Pulla, 882 F. Supp. at 848. The district court
explained that, for purposes of its post-trial motion for judgment as
a matter of law, Amoco waived the second two arguments by failing
previously to raise them at all, and it waived the first argument by
failing to comply with Rule 50(b). Id. On appeal, Amoco abandons its
second and third arguments, simply focusing on whether its conduct
was sufficiently offensive and caused the necessary level of anguish
to constitute an invasion of Pulla's privacy.


                                     -8-
previously objected to the sufficiency of evidence on ratification (and thus,

waived its motion for judgment as a matter of law), it did preserve the issue

for a Rule 59 motion by objecting to the relevant jury instruction, but that

this claim of error did not warrant a new trial.6



     We concur with the district court that Amoco waived its right to file a

post-trial motion for judgment as a matter of law.     However because Amoco's

motion for a new trial rested on evidentiary-as opposed to legal-grounds, the

district court erred in holding that Amoco's failure to object properly to the

relevant jury instructions waived its right to move for a new trial on two of

its professed grounds but not the third.    Thus, we must deal with the merits

of these three grounds for a new trial.   As to these three claims of error, we

conclude that the district court's denial of Amoco's motion for a new trial did

not constitute a clear abuse of its discretion.

     1.   Amoco's Post-Trial Motion for Judgment As A Matter of Law

     Under Rule 50(b),7 a litigant who fails to move for judgment as a   matter

of law at the close of the evidence cannot later




     6
      As noted above, the district court also analyzed the substance
of the claims of error waived by Amoco, and concluded that they were
meritless.

     7
      Rule 50(b) provides, in relevant part, that:
     Whenever a motion for judgment as a matter of law made at
     the close of all the evidence is denied or for any reason
     is not granted, the court is deemed to have submitted the
     action to the jury subject to a later determination of the
     legal questions raised by the motion.
Fed. R. Civ. P. 50(b) (emphasis added).

                                     -9-
argue-either in a post-trial Rule 50 motion or on appeal-that the verdict was

supported by insufficient evidence.   Catlett v. Local 7370 of the United Paper

Workers Int'l Union, No. 95-1431, 1995 WL 638351, at *4 (8th Cir. Nov. 1,

1995); Smith v. Farrell, 852 F.2d 1074, 1075 (8th Cir. 1988); Myers v. Norfolk

Livestock Market, Inc., 696 F.2d 555, 558 (8th Cir. 1982).8   Amoco argues that

its failure to move for judgment at the close of the evidence should be excused

as it submits would be the case in other circuits.   While we have not endorsed

the broad exception to Rule 50(b) adopted by some circuits,9 we have adopted two

narrow exceptions.   Under the first exception, litigants can challenge a jury

verdict without moving for judgment as a matter of law at the close of the

evidence if their earlier Rule 50 motion (1) closely preceded the close of all

of the evidence; and (2) the court somehow indicated that the movant need not

renew its motion in order to preserve its right to challenge the verdict.

Halsell v. Kimberly-Clark Corp., 683 F.2d 285, 294 (8th




     8
      See 9A Charles A. Wright & Arthur R. Miller, Federal Practice
and Procedure, § 2534, at 322-23 (1995); 5A James W. Moore, Moore's
Federal Practice, ¶ 50.08, 50-84 - 50-85 (1995). The twin purposes of
this rule are to: (1) enable the trial court to examine all of the
evidence before submitting the question to the jury; and (2) alert
the opposing party to any defect in its case, thereby affording it an
opportunity to cure any such defects. Halsell v. Kimberly-Clark
Corp., 683 F.2d 285, 294 (8th Cir. 1982), cert. denied, 459 U.S. 1205
(1983); Moore, supra, ¶ 50.08, at 50-88.
     9
      As discussed infra, the broad exception to Rule 50(b) allows
litigants, post-trial, to move for judgment as a matter of law even
though they failed to file a Rule 50 motion at the close of the
evidence where (1) an earlier such motion has been filed and the
district court defers ruling on the motion; (2) no evidence related
to the claim is presented after the motion; and (3) very little time
passes between the original assertion and the close of defendant's
case.

                                      -10-
Cir. 1982), cert. denied, 459 U.S. 1205 (1983); United States v. 353 Cases *

* * Mountain Valley Mineral Water, 247 F.2d 473, 477 (8th Cir. 1957) ("as a

practical matter the Government did all that was necessary to preserve" this

issue for   a   post-trial   Rule   50(b)   motion).   The   second   exception   allows

litigants to present sufficiency of the evidence challenges where not to do so

would constitute plain error that would result in a manifest miscarriage of

justice.   Jones v. St.   Clair, 804 F.2d 478, 479-80 (8th Cir. 1980); 353 Cases,

247 F.2d at 477; 9A Charles A. Wright & Arthur R. Miller, Federal Practice and

Procedure, § 2536, at 331 (1995).     As to the first exception, Amoco's previous

Rule 50 motion did not closely precede the close of the evidence.          While Amoco

does not suggest that this case fits within the plain error exception, we note

that the district court's analysis of the merits suggests that the district

court's failure to consider the merits of Amoco's Rule 50 (b) motion did not

constitute plain error.



    While we have never endorsed the broad exception to Rule 50(b),10 we have

previously assumed, without deciding, that we would do so.




     10
      We acknowledge that it is a fine distinction between the
exception set forth in 353 Cases, 247 F.2d at 477, and Halsell, 683
F.2d at 294, and the broad exception adopted by other circuits. That
is, the exception endorsed in Halsell and 353 Cases requires that the
judge somehow indicate that the litigant need not renew its motion
for judgment as a matter of law, while the "broad exception" contains
no such requirement. However, Myers, which was decided after Halsell
and cited to 353 Cases, makes clear that we have yet to adopt the
broad exception to Rule 50(b). 696 F.2d at 558-59.


                                        -11-
Myers, 696 F.2d at 558-59.11   We again assume that we would interpret Rule 50(b)

as allowing for such an exception to its literal terms, but hold that Amoco's

failure to offer its Rule 50(b) motion at the close of the evidence does not

fall within such an exception.   Under the broad exception to Rule 50(b), courts

excuse a litigant's failure to re-assert a Rule 50(b) motion where (1) the

party files a Rule 50 motion at the close of plaintiff's case; (2) the district

court defers ruling on the motion; (3) no evidence related to the claim is

presented after the motion; and (4) very little time passes between the

original assertion and the close of defendant's case.    Purcell v. Seguin State

Bank & Trust Co. , 999 F. 2d 950, 956 (5th Cir. 1993); Boynton v. TRW, Inc.,

858 F.2d 1178, 1186 (6th Cir. 1988) (en banc); Wright & Miller, supra, § 2537,

at 339-43.   In the instant case, however, the third and fourth factors are not

present because Pulla made an effort to admit evidence supporting his invasion

of privacy claim and Amoco presented four witnesses after Amoco moved for

judgment as a matter of law.       Hence, we concur with the district court's

characterization that "Amoco's failure to reassert its motion was not a 'de

minimis' departure from standard procedures, but a major oversight." Pulla, 882

F. Supp. at 855.   Therefore, we refuse to excuse Amoco's failure to reassert

its Rule 50(b) motion, and do not consider Amoco's argument that it deserved

judgment as a matter of law.




     11
      We note that some circuits have declined to adopt such a
flexible approach, strictly construing Rule 50(b)'s requirement that
objections must be filed at the close of the evidence to preserve any
post-trial challenges to the verdict. See, e.g., DeMarines v. KLM
Royal Dutch Airlines, 580 F.2d 1193, 1195 n.4 (3d Cir. 1978).

                                       -12-
      2.   Amoco's Motion for A New Trial

      Amoco also challenged the jury's verdict and award of punitive damages

under Fed. R. Civ. P. 59, arguing that it deserved a new trial because the

jury's findings were against the great weight of the evidence so as to

constitute a miscarriage of justice.   White v. Pence, 961 F.2d 776, 780-81 (8th

Cir. 1992).   Specifically, Amoco complained about the district court's rulings

that (1) Amoco's behavior was so offensive as to constitute an invasion of

privacy; (2) Amoco acted with the requisite malice to justify an award of

punitive damages; and (3) Amoco ratified the wrongful acts at issue.12      The

district court held that Amoco waived its right to challenge the first two

findings by failing to object adequately to the relevant jury instruction(s),

explaining that Amoco's failure to argue specifically that the evidence could

not support a finding in Pulla's favor waived the issue under Fed. R. Civ. P.

51.   The district court then analyzed all of Amoco's contentions on the merits,

concluding that the verdict was not against the weight of the evidence.



      As we noted above, a litigant may move for a new trial under Rule 59 based

on the overwhelming evidence contrary to the verdict without ever previously

raising such an objection.     Harris v. Zurich Insurance Co., 527 F.2d 528,

529-30 (8th Cir. 1975) (plaintiff waived his right to move for judgment as a

matter of law, but still could file a post-trial motion for a new trial, and

appeal the denial of




      12
      As noted earlier, see n.3 supra, Amoco also set forth another
ground for a new trial-i.e., the unconstitutionality of the punitive
damages award-which we address in Section C.

                                       -13-
that motion). Because the district court erred in ruling that Amoco waived its

Rule 59 motion under Rule 51,13 we must now consider the merits of each of its

grounds for a new trial.



    We have made clear that district courts enjoy broad discretion in choosing

whether to grant a new trial, and thus, we accord great deference to their Rule

59 rulings.   White, 961 F.2d at 781.    While we may reverse a district court's

denial of a Rule 59 motion where its judgment rests on an erroneous legal

standard, id. at 782, where the basis of a Rule 59 ruling is that the verdict

is not against the weight of the evidence, and where the district court

balances and weighs the evidence based on the proper legal standards, id., the

court's denial of a Rule 59 motion is virtually unassailable, Keenan v.

Computer Associates International, Inc. 13 F.3d 1266, 1269 (8th Cir. 1994). In

such cases, we reverse for a clear abuse of discretion only where there is an

"absolute absence of evidence" to support the jury's verdict.    Gopher Oil Co.

v. Union Oil Co. of California, 955 F.2d 519, 526 (8th Cir. 1992).




     13
      While Rule 51 prevents litigants from offering legal arguments
in a Rule 59 motion where the litigant did not previously present
those specific objections to the district court, a party need not
object to the relevant jury instructions on evidentiary grounds in
order to file a Rule 59 motion on sufficiency of the evidence
grounds. See, e.g., Jones, 804 F.2d at 480. That is, Rule 51 governs
only challenges to the text of the jury instructions, requiring
litigants to raise any objections to them in a timely manner in order
to "afford the trial court an opportunity to cure a defective
instruction and to prevent litigants from ensuring a new trial in the
event of an adverse verdict by covertly relying on the error." Doyne
v. Union Electric Co. , 953 F.2d 447, 450 (8th Cir. 1992) (internal
quotations and citations omitted).

                                        -14-
      As indicated above, the district court, while ruling that there had been

waivers under Rule 50(b) and also under Rule 51 except on the issue of

ratification, went on to pass on the merits of the post-trial motion for

judgment as a matter of law by pointing to the evidence justifying submitting

the case to the jury.   In light of that evidence, and after reviewing the rules

that a district court must follow in ruling on motions for new trial, the

district court also denied on the merits Amoco' s motion for new trial in its

entirety.    We conclude that this ruling was not a clear abuse of discretion

under our precedents, except insofar as the district court held that the

punitive damages award did not violate the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth

Amendment.



B.   PULLA'S CROSS APPEAL



      Pulla argues in his cross appeal that the district court erred by (1)

granting Amoco's motion for summary judgment on his breach of contract claim;

and (2) refusing to conform the pleadings to the proof so as to allow him to

present a disparate impact ADEA claim to the jury.     We reject each of these

claims of error in turn.

      1.    Breach of Contract Claim

      In ruling for Amoco on Pulla's breach of contract claim, the district

court concluded that Pulla failed to come forth with sufficient evidence to

establish a fact issue as to whether Amoco's employment policies constituted

an exception to Iowa's employment-at-will doctrine.         The district court

recognized that Iowa law provides




                                       -15-
for an exception to the employment-at-will doctrine "'where a contract created

by   an   employer's   handbook    or   policy    manual    guarantees    an   employee    that

discharge will occur only for cause or under certain conditions.'"                        Aplt.

Addendum at 6-7 (quoting Fogel v. Trustees of Iowa College, 446 N.W.2d 451, 455

(Iowa 1989)). The court also explained that such a document can only give rise

to a contract if it is sufficiently definite to constitute an offer, and that

whether a document constitutes a contract is a question of law. Id. at 7

(quoting Fogel, 446 N.W.2d at 456).              Finally, the court held that, because

Pulla failed to present sufficient evidence to support the creation of a

contract, Amoco deserved judgment as a matter of law. Id.



      Pulla contends that the evidence of an employment contract, when viewed

in the light most favorable to him, created a genuine dispute of material fact.

Pulla explains that a series of documents, when viewed collectively, give rise

to   an   employment   contract.        Pulla    suggests     that   several   documents    are

particularly    important   in     supporting      a   just    cause   requirement:   (1)    a

progressive discipline policy that managers "should" follow; (2) a merit

employment policy that managers "should" follow; (3) statements by Amoco that

it will follow the law and maintain equal opportunity in employment; and (4)

statements that the workplace should be friendly and cooperative.               Based on our

review of these statements, we concur with the district court that they were

not sufficiently definite or mandatory so as to constitute a binding contract.

See Falczynski v. Amoco Oil Co.,




                                            -16-
533 N.W.2d 226, 235 (Iowa 1995) (Amoco's nondiscrimination policies were not

sufficiently definite so as to constitute a contract). Thus, we affirm the

district court's grant of summary judgment to Amoco on Pulla's breach of

contract claim.14



     2.     Motion to Amend The Pleadings

           At   trial,   Pulla   contended   that   Amoco's   policy   of   not    allowing

non-supervisory personnel, such as himself, to apply for supervisory positions

constituted a form of discrimination in violation of the ADEA.                    After the

district court pointed out that Pulla's pleadings did not state such a claim,

Pulla moved to amend the pleadings to conform with the evidence.                  The court

summarily denied this motion.      Pulla now appeals this ruling, arguing that (1)

this claim fell within the pleadings under the liberal pleading standard set

forth in Fed. R. Civ. P. 8; and in the alternative, (2) that the district

should have allowed him to conform the pleadings to the evidence under Fed. R.

Civ. P. 15(b).     We reject each of these arguments in turn.



          Pulla maintains that his claim that Amoco's policy of not allowing

non-supervisory personnel to apply for supervisory positions constituted a form

of age discrimination (i.e., under a disparate impact theory), and thus, fell

within the Rule 8's liberal pleading standard.         Pulla suggests that his claim

that Amoco discriminated




     14
      Thus, we need not consider Amoco's argument that Iowa's
exception to the employment-at-will doctrine does not extend to
wrongful demotion claims. See Zimmerman v. Buchheit of Sparta, Inc.,
645 N.E.2d 877, 881-82 (Ill. 1994).

                                         -17-
against him allowed him to advance any specific theory that a certain act or

policy effected such discrimination.        Thus, Pulla asserts that, based on his

general allegation of discrimination, he could later advance the discriminatory

impact theory that Amoco's supervisor promotion policy constituted a form of

age discrimination.    We disagree.     Pulla had the responsibility of specifically

identifying the conduct challenged in his complaint in order to put Amoco on

notice of the specific charges levied against it.            See Smith v. St. Bernards

Regional Medical Ctr., 19 F. 3d 1254, 1255 (8th Cir. 1994). In Smith, we

explained   that   a   civil   rights   plaintiff   who    claimed   that   her   employer

discharged her on account of her race stated a specific claim for relief.             Id.

In that case, the face of the complaint pointed to the challenged action (i.

e., Smith's discharge); however, in the instant case, Pulla's complaint failed

to identify the action that Pulla now suggests he is challenging (i.e., Amoco's

promotion policy).



    Pulla also maintains that the district court abused its discretion by not

allowing him to amend his pleadings to conform to the evidence under Fed. R.

Civ. P. 15(b). Pulla contends that the district court's denial of his Rule

15(b) motion constituted an abuse of its discretion under Gamma-10 Plastics v.

American President Lines, Ltd., 32 F.3d 1244 (8th Cir. 1994) , cert. denied,

115 S. Ct. 1270 (1995). In Gamma-10 Plastics, we explained that "a district

court is not required to grant a motion to amend on the basis of some evidence

that would be relevant to the new claim if the same evidence was also relevant

to a claim originally plead." 32 F.3d at 1256.            In the instant case,




                                          -18-
the evidence presented that related to Amoco's personnel policy served to

support Pulla's intentional discrimination claim, and thus, did not necessarily

put   Amoco   on   notice   that   Pulla   intended   to   challenge   the    policy   as

discriminatory in and of itself.           Therefore, we cannot conclude that the

district court's denial of Pulla's Rule 15(b) motion constituted an abuse of

its discretion.



C.    CONSTITUTIONAL REVIEW OF PUNITIVE DAMAGES AWARD

      It is clear that an award of punitive damages is subject to review to

determine whether it violates principles of substantive due process, but as

indicated by the plurality and other opinions filed in TXO Prod.               Corp. v.

Alliance Resources Corp., 113 S. Ct. 2711 (1993), it is not easy to clearly to

discern the analytical framework for reviewing such awards.15            However, the

Supreme Court has twice stated that punitive damages awards must comply with

the Due Process Clause's "'general concern for reasonableness.'"             Id. at 2720

(quoting Pacific Mutual Life Ins. Co. v. Haslip, 499 U.S. 1, 18 (1991)). This

concern requires that an award be "rational in light of [its] purpose to punish

what has occurred and to deter its repetition."            Haslip, 499 U.S. at 20-21.

Amoco argues that the $500,000 punitive damages award levied against it in this

case is unreasonable and unconstitutional.        While




      15
      We are aware that the Supreme Court is presently considering a
constitutional challenge to the amount of punitive damages awarded in
BMW of North America, Inc. v. Gore, 646 So. 2d 619 (Ala. 1994), cert.
granted, 115 S. Ct. 932 (1995). However, given the stated interest
of the parties in the expeditious resolution of this matter, and
since we prepared for and heard oral argument despite the pendency of
Gore, we choose not to withhold judgment until the Court decides
Gore.

                                           -19-
we accord great deference to the jury's verdict and the district court's

assessment of the award, we hold that the amount of punitive damages awarded

in this case is unreasonable and violates Amoco's substantive due process

rights.



          Whether a punitive damages award is reasonable for purposes of due

process,     turns   on:   (1)   the   harm    inflicted   on   the   plaintiff;   (2)   the

reprehensibility of the defendant's conduct; (3) the likely potential harm to

others arising from the complained of conduct; and (4) the wealth of the

defendant.16 TXO, 113 S. Ct. at 2721 (plurality opinion); 113 S. Ct. at 2726

(Kennedy, J., concurring) (explaining that the reprehensibility of defendant's

conduct and its wealth are important factors).                  Courts must consider the

totality of these four factors; that is, the presence (or absence) of any one

of these factors cannot alone justify (or defeat) the constitutionality of a

punitive damages award.      For example, while a "shocking disparity" in the ratio

between an award of punitive and actual damages may suggest that the punitive

damages award is unconstitutional, the existence of potential damages and/or

the reprehensibility of a defendant's conduct may overcome any such disparity.

Id. at 2722.    Moreover, not only does the presence of these factors justify a

large punitive damages award, but their absence also can counsel against a

large award.




     16
      While a defendant's wealth may be taken into account in order
to ensure that an award will adequately deter any future such
conduct, a defendant's wealth cannot alone justify a large punitive
damages award. TXO, 113 S. Ct. at 2723.

                                              -20-
        While TXO upheld a 526:1 ratio of punitive to actual damages on the basis

of the potential damages arising from TXO's conduct, it explained that the

potential damages must be evaluated in light of a defendant's actual conduct.

The plurality opinion underscored that the relevant inquiry looks to "'whether

there is a reasonable relationship between the punitive damages award and the

harm likely to result from the defendant's conduct as well as the harm that

actually has occurred.'" Id. at 2721 (quoting Haslip, 499 U.S. at 21) (emphasis

in original).17          To illustrate the nature of the "the harm likely to result"

inquiry, TXO referred to the example of a defendant who fired a gun into a

crowd, but only broke someone's glasses, causing little actual harm, but

tremendous potential harm. Id. at 2721 (citing Games v. Fleming Landfill, Inc.,

413 S.E.2d 897, 902 (W. Va. 1991)). After offering this example of a situation

where        a   large   ratio   between   punitive   and   actual   damages    would   pass

constitutional muster, the TXO plurality explained that the relevant potential

harm is what "the defendant's conduct would have caused to its intended victim

if the wrongful plan had succeeded, as well as the possible harm to other

victims that might have resulted if similar future behavior were not deterred."

113 S. Ct. at 2722.         Under this standard, the touchstone is the potential harm

that would have likely resulted from the dangerousness inherent in defendant's

actual conduct.          Thus, a court may not justify the award of punitive




        17
      The Court further underscored its commitment to the                      fact that
the potential harm must be "likely," by highlighting that                      West
Virginia similarly imposes a likelihood requirement. See                       id. at 2721
(quoting Games v. Fleming Landfill, Inc., 413 S.E.2d 897,                      909 (W. Va.
1991)

                                             -21-
damages in a particular case by overlooking the actual events and focusing on

potential victims of similar hypothetical torts.       TXO, 113 S. Ct. at 2734

(O'Connor, J., dissenting) ("Virtually any tort, however, can cause millions

of dollars of harm if imposed against a sufficient number of victims.").



     In the instant case, the district court erred by misconceiving the nature

of potential harm.18   The district court justified the $500,000 punitive damages

award by reasoning that "[w]ere Amoco or others similarly situated to be

undeterred from intruding on the privacy of employees' credit cards to check

up on their use of sick leave or for any other purpose, the aggregate invasion

of privacy into sensitive matters would be enormous indeed." Pulla, 882 F.

Supp. at 887.    In so doing, the district court focused on the hypothetical

result of future such actions, and did not pinpoint any evidence connected to

the actual search of Pulla's credit card records.     This approach to analyzing

punitive damages departed from TXO in that it did not require that the

potential harm was likely to occur.     We




      18
      Amoco also argues that, even if the correct conception of
potential harm resulting from its conduct could support the amount of
punitive damages awarded against it, that fact should not justify the
award in the instant case because the jury instructions did not
specify that the jury should consider potential damages as a basis
for a punitive damages award. The jury instructions in TXO, however,
also did not provide that the amount of potential damages could
justify a larger award of punitive damages; yet, what the plurality
considered to be substantial potential damages still played a large
part in its holding that the punitive damages award passed
constitutional muster. See TXO, 113 S. Ct. at 2735 (O'Connor, J.,
dissenting). Thus, as it is arguable that TXO forecloses Amoco's
jury instruction argument, we assume that it does, and hold for Amoco
on other grounds.

                                       -22-
emphasize that, because Pulla failed to present any evidence that Amoco put any

other individual's privacy at risk (e.g., Pulla did not suggest that the search

of his credit card records stemmed from a company policy), the potential harm

from the search of his credit cards can only be analyzed as the search affected

him.   Thus, this case is different from the gunman who fires into a crowd, but

only breaks someone's glasses, or a manufacturer who puts several thousand

potentially dangerous products into the marketplace. See, e.g., Hopkins v. Dow

Corning Corp., 33 F.3d 1116, 1127 (9th Cir. 1994) (upholding a punitive damages

award of $6.5 million in a breast implant case because the manufacturer's

distribution of the silicone gel breast implants knowingly exposed "thousands

of women to a painful and debilitating disease"), cert. denied, 115 S. Ct. 734

(1995).



        The district court also erred by failing to scrutinize correctly the

punitive damages award by reference to the level of the offensiveness of

Amoco's conduct.    We have previously noted that the offensiveness of the

conduct at issue informs the judgment as to whether a punitive damages award

"'jars one's constitutional sensibilities.'" Burke v. Deere & Company, 6 F.3d

497, 512 n.26 (8th Cir. 1993) (quoting Haslip, 499 U.S. at 1043), cert. denied,

114 S. Ct. 1063 (1994).19   In this case, the offensiveness of Amoco's conduct


       19
      In Burke, we did not actually reach the constitutional inquiry
because the evidence was insufficient to support any award of
punitive damages, but we still noted the relationship between the
offensiveness of the complained of conduct and the constitutionality
of a punitive damages award. In that case, we held that the "merely
objectionable" act of "undertak[ing] a less costly alternative to
remedy a perceived problem before moving to a more expensive recall
program does not
amount to willful or wanton conduct in disregard of the rights and
safety of others" and did not suffice to support an award of punitive
damages. 6 F.3d at 512.

                                     -23-
at issue starkly contrasts with the conduct that justified a 526:1 ratio of

actual to punitive damages in TXO.       In TXO, the company's top-level executives

engaged in a deliberate plan of trickery and deception, while this case grew

out of the resentment of a single employee and the perhaps understandable

reaction of the supervisor that he should pass on the facts of Pulla's abuse

of his sick leave to Amoco's personnel department.         In the instant case, there

is no evidence or indication that Wieczorek's conduct reflected a company

policy or practice as was the case in TXO.         In contrast, in TXO, the plaintiff

presented evidence that TXO deliberately engaged in this wrongful conduct, and

that prior lawsuits had been filed against it for similar misdeeds. 113 S. Ct.

at 2726 (Kennedy, J., concurring).         Similarly, we would view Amoco's conduct

in a more critical light if Pulla had presented any evidence rebutting Amoco's

assertion that this was an isolated and rare incident.          TXO, 113 S. Ct. at 2722

n.28 (it   is   well   settled   that   previous    offensive   conduct   is   "typically

considered in assessing punitive damages"). However, as Pulla failed to do so,

we must view this event as a one-time occurrence justifying a limited award of

punitive damages.



     Finally, the district court overly discounted the effect of the limited

actual harm suffered by Pulla.          While the Constitution does not impose any

precise formula or ratio between the amount of punitive and actual damages, the

amount of punitive damages must bear "some




                                          -24-
proportion" and a "reasonable relationship" to the harm that actually occurred.

Id. at 2721.   The reasonableness of the relationship in any given case depends

on the other factors outlined above (i.e., the likelihood and amount of

potential damages, the offensiveness of the complained of conduct, and the

wealth of the defendant). In this case, given the limited offensiveness of

Amoco's actions and the unlikelihood of any serious potential harm from its

conduct, we hold that the 250,000:1 ratio between punitive and actual damages

is excessive, unreasonable and violative of due process.



                                  IV.     CONCLUSION

    We AFFIRM the denial of Amoco's motion for a judgment of a matter of law,

or in the alternative, motion for a new trial, except with respect to Amoco's

constitutional challenge to the punitive damages award.              We also AFFIRM the

district court's grant of summary judgment to Amoco on Pulla's contract law

claim as well as its denial of Pulla's motion to amend its complaint to include

a disparate impact ADEA claim.        Finally, as to the $500,000 award of punitive

damages, we REVERSE the judgment of the district court that this award passes

constitutional   muster,   and   we    REMAND    this   case   for   further   proceeding

consistent with this opinion.



     A true copy.

          Attest:

                  CLERK, U.S. COURT OF APPEALS, EIGHTH CIRCUIT




                                          -25-
