                                                                                 United States Court of Appeals
                                                                                          Fifth Circuit
                                                                                        F I L E D
                      IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                                            June 24, 2005
                               FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT
                                                                                    Charles R. Fulbruge III
                                                                                            Clerk

                                           No. 04-50094




UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
                                                                      Plaintiff-Appellee,

                                               versus

CHRISTOPHER GAVIN POWELL,

                                                                      Defendant-Appellant.



                           Appeal from the United States District Court
                                for the Western District of Texas
                                        No. W-03-CR-143



Before GARZA, DeMOSS, and STEWART, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:*

       Following the denial of his motion to suppress, Christopher Gavin Powell (“Powell”) was

convicted after a bench trial on a single count of possession of cocaine with intent to distribute, in

violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1). Powell was sentenced to 57 months imprisonment and three years

of supervised release. Powell now appeals from his conviction and sentence, contending that the

cocaine discovered by a Texas State Trooper during a routine traffic stop should have been


       *
        Pursuant to 5TH CIR. R. 47.5, the court has determined that this opinion should not be
published and is not precedent except under the limited circumstances set forth in 5TH CIR. R.
47.5.4.
suppressed because the trooper unreasonably extended the length of the initial purposes of the stop,

in violation of his Fourth Amendment rights. Because we conclude that the cocaine discovered from

the search was not obtained as a result of an unreasonable detention, Powell’s conviction and

sentence are AFFIRMED.

                                    FACTUAL BACKGROUND

        Because the general facts of this case are not seriously in dispute, we recite the findings of fact

made by the district court to describe the events leading up to Powell’s arrest and ultimate conviction:

                The evidence established at the [suppression] hearing was that shortly before
        11:30 p.m., on [Saturday,] May 17, 2003, Texas State Trooper Mike Asby (Asby)
        was on patrol on Interstate 45, near Centerville, in Leon County, Texas. Asby was
        parked on the median when he observed a Pontiac Transport minivan, later identified
        as belonging to Powell, traveling northbound on I-45. Asby’s radar registered
        Powell’s vehicle traveling at 72 mph, seven (7) mph over the posted nighttime speed
        limit of 65 mph. Asby then pursued Powell’s vehicle and Powell pulled over and
        stopped on the right hand side of the interstate.

                Asby approached the vehicle from the passenger side, a standard safety
        practice for Troopers in that area, and noted that the vehicle had a Wisconsin license
        plate. Moving to the driver’s side window, Asby noticed that the window was rolled
        down only a few inches; Asby asked Powell to roll the window down fully and Powell
        informed Asby that the window was broken and would not go down any further.
        Asby testified he became suspicious because in his twenty eight (years) of law
        enforcement experience, windows often malfunctioned in such a manner when
        contraband was being transported within the door panel.

                 Asby requested Powell’s license and insurance information and noticed that
        Powell’s hands were shaking. Asby then asked Powell where he was coming from
        and where he was going. Powell told Asby that he was coming from a girlfriend’s
        house in Houston and that he was headed to Dallas. At that point Powell surrendered
        his license, but indicated that his auto insurance had lapsed. Asby informed Powell
        that he would be running a check on his license for any outstanding warrants and
        would issue him a warning citation for speeding.

               Asby returned to his patrol car to “call-in” Powell’s driver’s license
        information and also requested backup at that time. The Defendant’s warrant check
        came back negative as to any warrants, but indicated that Powell had been arrested


                                                    2
        for burglary and assault. Asby then remained in his vehicle awaiting the arrival of his
        backup. Approximately nine minutes elapsed from the time the warrant check came
        back until Asby’s backup arrived. Asby exited his vehicle, conferred with his backup
        and the [sic] approached Powell’s vehicle. At that time Asby asked Powell if he could
        search his vehicle, to which Powell replied in the affirmative. Asby conducted a
        search of the vehicle and found a large quantity of cocaine secreted in the driver’s side
        door panel. Appellant [sic] was then placed under arrest.

                                        APPLICABLE LAW

        A. Standard of Review

        In our consideration of a denial of a motion to suppress, we review a district court’s findings

of fact for clear error and its conclusions of law de novo. United States v. Phillips, 382 F.3d 489, 494

(5th Cir. 2004); United States v. Washington, 340 F.3d 222, 226 (5th Cir. 2003). The reasonableness

of an investigatory stop is a question of law which we review de novo. See Goodson v. City of

Corpus Christi, 202 F.3d 730, 737 (5th Cir. 2000); United States v. Jordan, 232 F.3d 447, 448 (5th

Cir. 2000). Moreover, “all of the evidence introduced at a suppression hearing [is viewed] in the

light most favorable to the prevailing party, in this case the Government.” United States v. Santiago,

310 F.3d 336, 340 (5th Cir. 2002).

        B. Fourth Amendment

        It is well settled that the Fourth Amendment prohibits unreasonable searches and seizures.

United States v. Sharpe, 470 U.S. 675, 682 (1985); see United States v. Brigham, 382 F.3d 500, 507

(5th Cir. 2004) (en banc); United States v. Grant, 349 F.3d 192, 196 (5th Cir. 2003); United States

v. Jones, 234 F.3d 234, 239-40 (5th Cir. 2000). Generally, a search or seizure of a defendant without

probable cause or a warrant is a violation of the Fourth Amendment. Notwithstanding, the

Government is permitted to initiate warrantless searches and seizures in particular circumstances.

See, e.g., United States v. Shaw, 701 F.2d 367, 376 (5th Cir. 1983) (stating that “searches


                                                   3
conducted outside the judicial process of obtaining a warrant are per se unreasonable, except those

conducted in a few narrowly defined situations. The exceptional situations are those in which ‘the

societal costs of obtaining a warrant, such as danger to law officers or risk of loss or destruction of

evidence, outweigh the interest of recourse to a neutral magistrate.’”) (quoting Arkansas v. Sanders,

442 U.S. 753, 759 (1979)).

       It has also been determined that the stopping of a motor vehicle and the detention of its

occupants, even for a temporary moment, is a seizure for Fourth Amendment purposes. Whren v.

United States, 517 U.S. 806, 809-10 (1996); Grant, 349 F.3d at 196; United States v. Sanchez-Pena,

336 F.3d 431, 436 (5th Cir. 2003). Moreover, “[t]his court . . . has treated routine traffic stops,

whether justified by pro bable cause or a reasonable suspicion of a violation, as Terry stops.”

Brigham, 382 F.3d at 506; see also Berkemer v. McCarty, 468 U.S. 420, 439 (1984) (directing that

“the usual traffic stop is more analogous to a so-called ‘Terry stop’ than to a formal arrest”).

Evidence obtained from a search of a defendant in violation of Fourth Amendment limitations cannot

be used against that defendant to prove his guilt at trial. Santiago, 310 F.3d at 340; see also United

States v. Ragsdale, 470 F.2d 24, 30 (5th Cir. 1972) (instructing that “[t]he exclusionary rule forbids

the use of evidence obtained by an unlawful search, not because the evidence is not probative, or to

chastise errant law officers or to benefit the accused, but to compel respect for the guaranty of the

Fourth Amendment ‘in the only effectively available way–by removing the incentive to disregard it’”)

(quoting Elkins v. United States, 364 U.S. 206, 217 (1960)). The Government always bears the

burden of justifying a warrantless search. See Jones, 234 F.3d at 239.

       Whether a court will sanction an officer’s intrusion on a detained motorist’s right to be free

from an unreasonable search or seizure is based on the “reasonableness” of the detention. See Ohio


                                                  4
v. Robinette, 519 U.S.39, 40 (1996) (directing that the “touchstone of Fourth Amendment analysis

is reasonableness”) (quoting Florida v. Jimeno, 500 U.S. 248, 250 (1991)). Thus, we have

emphasized that detention, not questioning, is the focus of the inquiry regarding the permissiveness

of a Terry stop. See United States v. Shabazz, 993 F.2d 431, 436 (5th Cir. 1993). This “requires

district courts to consider the facts and circumstances of each case, giving due regard to the

experience and training of the law enforcement officers, to determine whether the actions taken by

the officers, including the length of the det ention, were reasonable under the circumstances.”

Brigham, 382 F.3d at 507. “Reasonableness, in turn, is measured in objective terms by examining the

totality of the circumstances.” Robinette, 519 U.S. at 39. Thus, a detaining officer “must be able

to articulate something more that an inchoate and unparticularized suspicion or hunch. The Fourth

Amendment requires some minimal level of objective justification for making the stop.” United States

v. Sokolow, 490 U.S. 1, 7 (1989) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).

       In evaluating the reasonableness of a basic traffic stop, the Supreme Court has continuously

directed courts to employ a two-step inquiry in determining whether the stop complied with the

Fourth Amendment boundaries pronounced in Terry v. Ohio:1 (1) whether the stop was justified at

its inception; and (2) whether the Fourth Amendment intrusion was reasonably related in scope to the

circumstances that justified the interference in the first place.      Sharpe, 470 U.S. at 675-76.

Moreover, “the investigative methods employed should be the least intrusive means reasonably

available to verify or dispel the officer’s suspicion in a short period of time.” Florida v. Royer, 460

U.S. 491, 500 (1983); see also United States v. Valadez, 267 F.3d 395, 398 (5th Cir. 2001); United

States v. Dortch, 199 F.3d 193, 198 (5th Cir. 1993). However, at the point that the purposes of the


       1
           392 U.S. 1, 19-20 (1968).

                                                  5
original detention are no longer supported by the facts that justified the initial stop, the detention must

end, unless the officer can point to additional reasonable, articulable facts which would justify a

continued detention. Grant, 349 F.3d at 196; Valadez, 267 F.2d at 398; Shabazz, 993 F.2d at 436.

        An analysis of reasonableness is necessarily fact-specific; “factors which by themselves may

appear innocent, may in the aggregat e rise to the level of reasonable suspicion.” United States v.

Ibarra-Sanchez, 199 F.3d 753, 759 (5th Cir. 1999). Courts are directed to look at the “totality of the

circumstances” to discern whether that officer was faced with a “particularized and objective basis”

for suspecting legal wrongdoing. United States v. Arvizu, 534 U.S. 266, 273 (2002). This permits

“officers to draw on their own experiences and specialized training to make inferences from and

deductions about the cumulative information available to them that ‘might well elude an untrained

person.’” Id. (quoting United States v. Cortez, 449, 418 (1981)). At the post-stop phase of an

officer’s investigation, the question for appellate review becomes whether a reasonable officer, faced

with the same facts and circumstances as the detaining officer, could believe that the defendant had

committed or was committing a criminal offense. See United States v. Levine, 80 F.3d 129, 132 (5th

Cir. 1996) (recognizing that probable cause to arrest is present “when the totality of the facts and

circumstances within a police officer's knowledge at the moment of arrest are sufficient for a

reasonable person to conclude that the suspect had committed or was committing an offense”). In

the instant case, the inquiry is whether Asby was presented with sufficient facts to support a

reaso nable belief that drug activity was afoot, prior to the time Asby ran the computer check of

Powell’s license and registration.

        B. Valid Consent




                                                    6
       “Under the fruit of the poisonous tree doctrine, all evidence derived from the exploitation of

an illegal search or seizure must be suppressed, unless the Government shows that there was a break

in the chain of events sufficient to refute the inference that the evidence was a product of the Fourth

Amendment violation.” United States v. Rivas, 157 F.3d 364, 368 (5th Cir. 1998) (internal quotation

marks and citation omitted). An individual’s “[c]onsent to search may, but does not necessarily,

dissipate the taint of the [F]ourth [A]mendment violation.” United States v. Chavez-Villarreal, 3 F.3d

124, 127 (5th Cir. 1993). To show valid co nsent after a Fourth Amendment violation, the

Government must establish that (1) “consent was voluntarily given” and (2) the giving of such

consent “was an independent act of free will.” Id. The first element focuses on coercion, and the

second element on the causal connection to the constitutional violation. Id.

       To determine whether a defendant’s consent was an independent act of free will and, thus,

broke the causal link between the consent and the Fourth Amendment violation, the court must

consider: “ (1) t he temporal proximity of the illegal conduct and the consent; (2) the presence of

intervening circumstances; and (3) the purpose and flagrancy of the initial misconduct.” Id.

                                           DISCUSSION

       A. Reasonable Suspicion For Extended Detention

       Powell does not contest the initial stop of his vehicle. Asby had reasonable suspicion to stop

Powell for speeding. Powell also concedes that Asby could lawfully request his driver’s license,

registration, and run a computer check of the same. See Dortch, 199 F.3d at 198. What Powell does

contest, however, is Asby’s extended detention of him after the computer background check was

complete, i.e., after the original purposes of the stop were concluded. Powell contends that Asby

exceeded the scope of the initial purposes of the stop by waiting several minutes for backup, after the


                                                  7
computer check was complete. Powell maintains that at the close of the computer background check

Asby should have returned his license and registration and permitted him to go on his way.

        As we have previously stated, “a Fourth Amendment violation occurs when the detention

extends beyond the valid reason for the stop. Once a computer check is completed and the officer

either issues a citation or determines that no citation should be issued, the detention should end and

the driver should be free to leave [in his or her vehicle].” Santiago, 310 F.3d at 341-42 (internal

citations omitted). To continue a detention after this point, an officer must be able to point to

specific articulable facts suggesting that a crime has been or is afoot. United States v. Grant, 349

F.3d 192, 196 (5th Cir. 2003).

        When making a reasonable-suspicion determination, we have said repeatedly that
        [district courts] must look at the totality of the circumstances of each case to see
        whether the detaining officer has a particularized and objective basis for suspecting
        legal wrongdoing. This allows officers to draw on their own experience and
        specialized training to make inferences from and deductions about the cumulative
        information available to them that might well elude an untrained person.

Id. at 197 (quotation marks and internal and external citations omitted ). Notwithstanding, Fourth

Amendment activities are to be judged in the light of objectively justifiable factors, not a law

enforcement officer’s subjective motives. See, e.g., Saucier v. Katz, 533 U.S. 194, 210 (2001)

(recognizing that the “[u]nderlying intent or motive are not relevant to the inquiry [of

reasonableness]; rather, the question is whether the officers’ actions are objectively reasonable in light

of the facts and circumstances confronting them”) (Ginsburg, J., concurring) (internal quotations

marks and citation omitted); see also Whren, 517 U.S. at 812-13. Thus, officers must be able to

articulate something more than just an unparticularized or inchoate hunch. Sokolow, 490 U.S. at 7.

Although “[t]he showing required to demonstrate ‘reasonable suspicion’ is considerably less than that



                                                    8
which is necessary to prove probable cause.[,] . . . the Fourth Amendment requires only some minimal

level of objective justification for [an] officer’s actions, measured in light of the totality of the

circumstances.” United States v. Rideau, 969 F.2d 1572, 1574 (5th Cir. 1992) (citing Sokolow, 490

U.S. at 6-8).

        In the instant case, the Government contends that Asby’s continued detention of Powell after

the completion of the computer check was permissible because Asby had obtained reasonable

suspicion during the course of his investigation of the speeding violation. The Government points

to the following facts to support its contention of reasonable suspicion: (1) Powell was stopped at

approximately 11:30 at night; (2) Powell had been traveling north on a known drug corridor; (3)

Powell’s driver’s side window would not roll completely down, suggesting the possibility that drugs

were hidden in the compartment of the vehicle’s door; (4) Powell’s hands were shaking; and (5)

Asby’s discrediting of Powell’s story that he was coming from Houston after visiting a ‘lady friend’

and that he planned to stop off in Dallas before returning to Wisconsin. The Government asserts that

when each of these factors are taken together as a whole, and reasonable inferences are drawn from

them, they are sufficient to warrant objectively reasonable suspicion of drug trafficking, enough to

justify the extended nine minute delay of Powell. Cf. Arvizu, 534 U.S. at 275 (holding that

reasonable suspicion cannot be based on isolated instances of behavior). We agree. When the total

of these specific facts are taken together, in the light most favorable to the prevailing party as we are

required to do on this appeal, we cannot conclude that Asby’s continued detention of Powell was

unreasonable.




                                                   9
        Taking the two Terry factors utilized in evaluating the reasonableness of an officer’s stop into

consideration, we proceed directly to the second prong of the analysis, i.e., the reasonableness of the

extended delay, as the first factor is not in dispute.

        Powell contends that Trooper Asby was not lawfully justified in the extended delay of him

because the facts that were presented to the officer prior to completion of the computer check would

not have led a reasonable officer in Asby’s position to believe that he was trafficking in illegal

narcotics. As stated, an officer must have reasonable suspicion of a crime to justify a temporary delay

beyond the initial purposes of the stop. See Shabazz, 993 F.2d at 436. As the Government points

out, however, there are, in this instance, sufficient articulable facts that Asby could fairly have relied

on to raise his suspicions to a lawful level of reasonableness, sufficient to justify this extended delay:

Powell was traveling on a known major drug corridor;2 the hour at which he was stopped was also

a factor contributing to Asby’s suspicions;3 Powell’s hands were shaking, allowing for an inference




        2
          See, e.g., United States v. Brignoni-Ponce, 422 U.S. 873, 884 (1975) (recognizing that
officers making the stop “may consider the characteristics of the area in which they encounter a
vehicle” when formulating reasonable suspicion; see also U.S. v. Vasquez, 298 F.3d 354 (5th Cir.
2002) (recognizing that the defendant’s vehicle was traveling down a known corridor for illegal
immigration and drug trafficking in its determination of reasonable suspicion); accord U.S. v.
Foreman, 369 F.3d 776 (4th Cir. 2004) (considering a Trooper’s prior experiences with drug
interdiction on Route 13 as one factor in formulating reasonable suspicion of drug activity); U.S.
v. Jones, 44 F.3d 860 (10th Cir. 1995) (considering that the defendant was traveling between two
cities known for high drug usage in determining reasonable suspicion for drug activity).
        3
          See United States v. Villalobos, 161 F.3d 285, 289 (5th Cir. 1998) (recognizing that the
time of day that a vehicle is traveling “is a permissible consideration” in the determination of
reasonable suspicion of illegal alien trafficking); United States v. Estrada, 526 F.2d 357, 358 (5th
Cir. 1976) (considering the lateness of the hour and the road on which the defendants were
traveling in determining reasonable suspicion for transportation of illegal aliens); accord United
States v. Lender, 985 F.2d 151, 154 (4th Cir. 1993) (holding that the lateness of hour could
properly be considered as a factor in raising officer’s level of suspicion of drug trafficking).

                                                   10
that he was nervous because of criminal activity;4 the window on the driver’s side of Powell’s window

would not roll down, leading Asby to believe from almost three decades of prior experiences that

illegal narcotics were hidden in the compartment of the vehicle’s door;5 and Asby discredited Powell’s

story that he had been visiting a ‘lady friend’ and would be stopping in Dallas before returning to

Wisconsin.

       Of course most of these factors taken alone would be insufficient to raise a trained officer’s

suspicions to the requisite level of reasonableness, even an officer with as many years of service as

Asby. However, we believe as did the district court, that these particular facts, taken together as a

whole, could support an experienced officer’s, such as Asby’s, suspicions of drug trafficking.

Sokolow, 490 U.S. at 9-10 (cautioning that individual factors that may appear innocent in isolation

may constitute suspicious behavior when aggregated together). Indeed, “[t]he Supreme Court has

emphasized the importance of allowing officers to ‘draw on their own experience and specialized

training’ to make just such inferences from the facts available to them.” Brigham, 382 F.3d at 509

(quoting Arvizu, 534 U.S. at 273). Accordingly, courts should err on the side of deferring to the

knowledge and experiences o f a trained law enforcement officer’s ability to distinguish between



       4
          See United States v. Sandford, 658 F.2d 342, 345-46 (5th Cir. Oct. 1981) (accrediting
defendant’s extreme nervous and visibly shaking hands as one of many factors to be considered in
officer’s determination that defendant fit the drug courier’s profile); see also United States v.
Gonzalez, 328 F.3d 755, 758 (5th Cir. 2003) (recognizing that nervousness combined with other
relevant factors gave rise to reasonable suspicion of drug activity); cf. Dortch, 199 F.3d at 199
(concluding that although nervousness alone is not sufficient to support reasonable suspicion of
criminal activity, nervousness combined with other factors could).
       5
           But see United States v. Jerez, 108 F.3d 684, 697 n.3 (7th Cir. 1997) (rejecting
Government’s assertion that “vans or two-door vehicles . . . are favored by drug couriers because
. . . one can ‘hide a lot of controlled substance in the quarter panels’” as basis for formulating
reasonable suspicion of drug trafficking).

                                                 11
innocent and suspicious activities. United States v. Mendenhall, 446 U.S. 544, 563 (1980) (stating

“it is important to recall that a trained law enforcement agent may be ‘able to perceive and articulate

meaning in given conduct which would be wholly innocent to the untrained observer’”) (quoting

Brown v. Texas, 443 U.S. 47, 52 n.2 (1979)).

        To no avail, Powell relies on our prior holdings in Santiago and Jones to support his assertion

that the facts on which the Government relies do not support a reasonable belief of drug trafficking.

We conclude that, when taken in the light most favorable to the Government, these particular facts

and circumstances can be distinguished from those upon which Powell relies.

        In Santiago, a trooper pulled a motorist over on the belief that the motorist’s view was

unlawfully obstructed by trinkets hanging from the motorist’s rearview mirror. 310 F.3d at 338-39.

After stopping the motorist, the trooper asserted the following facts as his basis for reasonable

suspicion that the car was stolen: the driver appeared nervous because his hands were shaking, the

driver was traveling straight through to a distant destination, the driver could not remember his wife’s

name, the driver’s vehicle was registered in another woman’s name who was not the defendant’s wife,

and the driver had an explanation that was inconsistent from that of his passenger as to the parties’

ultimate destination. Id. Prior to request ing a co nsensual search of the defendant’s vehicle, the

trooper ran a computer check of the defendant’s license and registration which eventually came back

negative of anything untoward. Id. Instead of returning the defendant’s license and registration, the

trooper called for and waited for backup. Id. We concluded that the factors upon which the officer

relied were insufficient as a basis for reasonable suspicion of drug activity because the officer had not

articulated an objective basis to warrant a finding that Santiago had narcotics in his vehicle sufficient

to justify the extended detention of him. Id. at 342.


                                                   12
        The distinguishing factors in the present case are: the highway and the hour at which Powell

was traveling on raised Asby’s suspicions of drug activity; Powell was visibly nervous when Asby

approached the vehicle indicia of guilt of criminal activity; Powell’s criminal arrest record, and Asby’s

almost three decades of law enforcement experience, leading him to disbelieve Powell’s explanation

regarding his travel plans, and to suspect that drugs were hidden in Powell’s vehicle in the

compartment of the vehicle’s door. Contrarily, Santiago was stopped at 9:00 a.m; the highway on

which he traveled was not deemed a major drug corridor; Santiago’s computer check did not elicit

that he had a prior arrest or criminal record; and there was no faulty window giving rise to suspicions

by a detaining officer with almost three decades of experience, of concealed drugs in a manner which

he had previously perceived. The factors in the instant case, taken in the light most favorable to the

Government, do not suggest that the nine minute delay that transpired from the close of the computer

check until the time that Asby’s backup arrived and he obtained consent from Powell to search, was

unreasonable in these circumstances.

        Similarly, in Jones an officer pulled a motorist and his passenger over for a speeding violation.

234 F.3d at 237. The officer detained the defendant three minutes beyond the completion of the

computer check, obtained the defendant’s consent to search his vehicle, and subsequently found

illegal narcotics. Id. at 241-42. The officer’s basis for reasonable suspicion of drug activity pointed

to the following facts: the defendant’s inconsistent statement’s regarding his place of employment,

the defendant’s contradictory responses about his passenger’s employment, and the fact that the

defendant’s passenger had been previously arrested for a cocaine charge. Id. In those circumstances,

we concluded that, based on the totality of the facts, that officer’s three minute detention of Jones

after the completion of the computer check was unreasonable in those circumstances. Id.


                                                   13
        Again, Jones was stopped in the morning (11:57 a.m.); Jones was not traveling on a known

drug corridor; neither Jones, nor his passenger, had criminal histories; and again, the faulty window

in the instant case, combined with Asby’s almost three decades of police experiences, militates, in this

case, in favor of finding Asby’s conduct reasonable.

        Our holding in the present case should not in anyway detract from the import of our decisions

in Santiago and Jones. Rather, the facts upon which the Government relies to support its claim of

reasonableness here, and the district court’s crediting of Asby’s almost three decades of law

enforcement experience, are far more persuasive factors than the facts asserted in the cases upon

which Powell relies. As we have previously noted, “the Fourth Amendment only requires some

minimal level of objective justification . . . measured in the light of the totality of the circumstances.”

Rideau, 969 F.2d at 1574. Following a complete review of the record, including the videotaped stop

of Powell, we conclude that the district court’s determination that the nine minute delay, following

the computer check, in this circumstance, was not in error. The next question becomes – whether

Powell’s consent was validly given.

        B. Validity of the Consent To Search

        Because Asby’s nine minute delay of Powell did not violate established Fourth Amendment

principles, this delay cannot be said to have tainted Powell’s consent to search. There is no evidence

in the record whatsoever suggesting that Powell’s consent to search his vehicle was anything other

than voluntary. See Chavez-Villarreal, 3 F.3d at 127. We therefore conclude that the search of the

defendant’s vehicle was not in violation of established Fourth Amendment principles.

                                            CONCLUSION




                                                    14
       For the foregoing reasons, the district court’s denial of Powell’s motion to suppress was not

in error. Powell’s conviction and sentence are therefore AFFIRMED.

       AFFIRMED.




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