      IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON


MONTE A. LEEN, Individually, and;   )          No. 75225-1-1
TDE, INC., f/k/a The DESIGNERS      )
EDGE, INC., a Washington            )
Corporation,                        )
                                    )
                     Appellants,    )
                                    )          DIVISION ONE
                     v.             )
                                    )
BRIAN B. DEFOE, Individually and on )
Behalf of the Marital Community     )
Comprised of BRIAN B. DEFOE and     )
JANE DOE DEFOE, and; LANE           )
POWELL, P.C., a Washington          )
Professional Corporation,           )          UNPUBLISHED OPINION
                                    )
                     Respondents.   )          FILED: January 29, 2018
                                    )

      MANN, J.    Monte Leen and his company, TDE, Inc. (collectively Leen),

sued Brian Defoe and Lane Powell, P.C.(Lane Powell)for legal malpractice.

During discovery, Lane Powell requested documents and communications from

Byrnes Keller Cromwell(BKC), a law firm that represented Leen in litigation that

Leen alleges was caused by Lane Powell's malpractice. Leen asserted that

some of the requested documents were protected as work product and by

attorney-client privilege. Lane Powell moved to compel production. After hearing
No. 75225-1-1/2


oral argument, and reviewing the documents in camera, the trial court granted in

part Lane Powell's motion to compel. Leen sought, and we granted,

discretionary review of the trial court's order.

       Leen contends that the trial court erred as a matter of law by concluding

that he waived his attorney-client privilege and work-product privilege. We

disagree. Leen waived his attorney-client privilege by suing Lane Powell for

malpractice. In addition, the work-product doctrine does not protect the

requested information. We affirm the trial court's order granting Lane Powell's

motion to compel production.

                                       FACTS

                                Underlying Litigation

       Monte Leen was the controlling majority owner of The Designers Edge,

Inc.(TDE), a manufacturer of lighting fixtures. In 2009, Coleman Cable, Inc.

(Coleman) indicated interest in buying TDE's assets, including accounts

receivable and related intellectual property rights. Negotiations intensified by late

January 2011. On February 4, 2011, Leen hired Brian Defoe, an attorney at

Lane Powell, to represent him in the sale of TDE's assets to Coleman. The

negotiations resulted in an Asset Purchase Agreement(APA) between TDE and

Coleman. The APA was designed to transfer TDE's assets as listed in a balance

sheet dated December 31, 2010. But because the APA was negotiated in the

first quarter of 2011, it contained a purchase price adjustment mechanism that

adjusted the final purchase price based on a final accounting of TDE's assets.



                                           -2-
No. 75225-1-1/3


Clark Nuber, an accounting firm that TDE retained before the sale occurred,

provided accounting support for TDE and the sale.

       The sale closed on April 1, 2011. After closing, Coleman requested that

the sale price be adjusted downward by $300,000, the difference between the

balance sheet dated December 31, 2010, and the final accounting. Leen

objected to the reduction, but after arbitration the purchase price was adjusted

downward by $833,000. Lane Powell represented Leen during this time.

       At this same time, Coleman also sought indemnification from TDE under

the APA related to a number of new and ongoing lawsuits and claims—including

one with Home Depot, USA, Inc.(Home Depot).1 Leen sought representation

from Lane Powell to defend against Home Depot's claims. On June 27, 2012,

Lane Powell notified Leen that it could not represent Leen in the indemnification

matters because the firm had a pre-existing attorney-client relationship with

Home Depot. Consequently, Leen retained BKC to represent him in the third-

party indemnification litigation and Lane Powell withdrew.

        BKC continued to represent TDE and Leen on the remaining APA issues,

including the third-party indemnification litigation. With BKC's legal counsel, and

ongoing support from Clark Nuber, Leen eventually resolved the third-party

claims with a $295,000 settlement payment.




         1 The APA required Leen and TDE to indemnify, defend, and hold Coleman harmless
from legal action. On March 9, 2012, Home Depot, a codefendant in an ongoing lawsuit against
TDE, sought indemnification against Coleman for the amount that Home Depot contributed to the
lawsuit's settlement. In response to Home Depot's demand, Coleman demanded that TDE
indemnify it against the third-party claims.
                                              -3-
No. 75225-1-1/4


        On October 10, 2014, Leen filed the underlying litigation against Defoe

and Lane Powell for malpractice and breach of fiduciary duty. Leen's complaint

alleges that Lane Powell failed to review the APA and that the APA should have

limited his personal liabilities to $500,000. Leen also alleges that Lane Powell's

malpractice caused Leen to become (1)"personally exposed to liability and

drawn into litigation with third parties for personal injuries arising from product

liability claims" that he claims should have been limited by the APA and (2)

"unnecessarily drawn into litigation that involved Home Depot."

        Leen claims $1,866,000 in damages due to Lane Powell's misconduct.

This includes(1)$291,000 in attorney fees paid to BKC for its representation of

Leen after Lane Powell identified the conflict with in the litigation filed by

Coleman to indemnify it against claims by Home Depot,(2)$295,000 for a

settlement that released Leen from Coleman's lawsuit seeking indemnification,

and (3)$333,000 paid to Clark Nuber for accounting fees for work relative to the

APA and ensuing litigation.

                                     Discovery Dispute

        During discovery, Lane Powell requested information concerning Leen's

communications with Clark Nuber and BKC after it took over representation of

Leen in post-APA litigation. Leen asserted privilege over several responsive

documents.2 Leen produced some documents, but withheld documents it

deemed privileged. While Leen produced a privilege log, the parties disagree as

        2 A legal memorandum prepared by BKC that analyzes Coleman's claims against Leen
appears to be at the heart of the dispute. See Leen's Motion for Discretionary Review at 6 n.2.
Coincidentally, this memorandum was inadvertently produced and then returned during
discovery. Report of Proceedings(RP)(May 6, 2016)at 21-22.
                                                -4-
No. 75225-1-1/5


to whether the log is adequate. Lane Powell offered to enter into a stipulated

protective order covering the documents that Leen claims as privileged, but

negotiations failed.

       On March 30, 2016, Lane Powell moved to compel production of the

withheld BKC and Clark Nuber documents. Leen objected on several grounds.

The trial court held oral argument to consider the dispute under Pappas v.

Hallowav, 114 Wn.2d 198, 787 P.2d 30(1990), Dana v. Piper, 173 Wn. App. 761,

295 P.3d 305(2013), and the equitable rule of indemnity referred to as the ABC

Rule. After reviewing the withheld documents in camera, the trial court issued a

written order granting the motion in part. After analyzing the parties' claims, the

trial court concluded:

       By claiming damages fees and costs charged by BKC and Clark
       Nuber in the subsequent litigation, Plaintiffs have placed at issue
       the reasons for that litigation, i.e., whether the litigation can be
       attributed to circumstances other than the alleged malpractice.
       Therefore in addition to BKC files that relate to their attorney fees,
       Defendants are also entitled to any BKC documents, including legal
       analysis, that broadly relate to the ABC Rule. The court will not
       order the disclosure of the entire BKC and Clark Nuber files.
       Certain documents may not be relevant to the issues identified
       above. If Plaintiffs withhold such documents, however, they must
       provide a privilege log that is sufficiently detailed to demonstrate
       that the withhold documents are outside the scope of the court's
       order.13]

       We granted Leen's motion for discretionary, interlocutory appeal.

                                          ANALYSIS

       Generally we review a trial court's discovery rulings for abuse of

discretion. Dana, 173 Wn. App. at 769. "A court abuses its discretion when its

       3 Clerk's   Papers(CP)at 405-06.
                                             -5-
No. 75225-1-1/6


decision is manifestly unreasonable or based on untenable grounds. A court

necessarily abuses its discretion when basing its decision on an erroneous view

of the law or applying an incorrect legal analysis." Dana, 173 Wn. App. at 769.

We review questions of law, including the trial court's interpretation of the

privilege statute de novo. CedeII v. Farmers Ins. Co. of Wash, 157 Wn. App.

267, 272, 237 P.3d 309(2010), aff'd in part, rev'd in part, 176 Wn.2d 686, 295

P.3d 239 (2013).

                              Attorney-client privilege

       Leen argues that the trial court erred as a matter of law by concluding that

Leen waived his attorney-client privilege as to his communications with BKC. We

disagree.

       Attorney-client communications are privileged: an attorney "shall not,

without the consent of his or her client, be examined as to any communication

made by the client to him or her, or his or her advice given thereon in the course

of professional employment." RCW 5.60.060(2)(a). "The privilege is imperative

to preserve the sanctity of communications between clients end attorneys." Dietz

v. Doe, 131 Wn.2d 835, 851, 935 P.2d 611 (1997). A party is entitled to

discovery regarding any nonprivileged matter. CR 26(b)(1).

       The attorney-client privilege can be waived. "By suing his attorney for

malpractice, a client impliedly waives the privilege with   respect to the defendant
attorney and with respect to all other attorneys who represented the client in the

underlying matter of the malpractice suit." Dana, 173 Wn. App. at 770 (citing

Pappas, 114 Wn.2d at 206). "Where it would be manifest injustice to allow the

                                          -6-
No. 75225-1-1/7


client to take advantage of the rule of privileges to the prejudice of the attorney,

or when it would be carried to the extent of depriving the attorney of the means of

obtaining or defending his own rights, this court has ruled the privilege is waived."

Pappas, 114 Wn.2d at 204.

        Leen argues that the trial court misapplied Pappas, the Hearn test, Dana,

and a rule of equitable indemnity known as the ABC Rule. We address each in

turn.

A.      Pappas v. Holloway

        In Pappas, the Holloways were sued in Lewis and Whatcom Counties for

selling diseased cattle. The Holloways hired Larry Fagerness to represent them

in Lewis County and John Pappas to represent them in Whatcom County. After

the lawsuits were consolidated in Whatcom County, Pappas took over

representation of the entire case. Later, the Holloways hired another attorney,

James Thompson, to represent them jointly with Pappas. One month before trial,

however, Pappas withdrew. The Holloways then hired Douglas Shepard to help

Thompson try the case. At trial, the Holloways lost, suffering an adverse

judgment of $2.9 million. Pappas, 114 Wn.2d at 200.

        Pappas then sued the Holloways to recover his attorney fees. The

Holloways counterclaimed against Pappas for malpractice. Pappas, 114 Wn.2d

at 200-01. Pappas responded by bringing third-party malpractice claims against

all of the attorneys who represented the Holloways in the litigation over the

diseased cattle. During discovery, Pappas filed a motion to compel the third-

party defendant attorneys to produce documents relating to the litigation.

                                          -7-
No. 75225-1-1/8


Pappas, 114 Wn.2d at 202. The trial court granted Pappas's motion. In ordering

production, the trial court concluded that the Holloways waived the attorney-client

privilege as to all attorneys who participated in the litigation when they sued

Pappas for malpractice. Pappas, 114 Wn.2d at 202. Our Supreme Court

affirmed, holding that the Holloways' malpractice action against Pappas, their

former attorney, constituted an implied waiver of attorney-client privilege as to all

attorneys who defended the Holloways in the underlying litigation. Pappas, 114

Wn.2d at 202, 205-06.

       In concluding that the Holloways waived attorney-client privilege, the court

reviewed out-of-state opinions, including Jakobleff v. Cerrato, Sweeney & Cohn,

97 A.D.2d 834, 468 N.Y.S.2d 895 (1983). Pappas, 114 Wn.2d at 205-06. In

Jakobleff, the plaintiff sued her former attorneys for malpractice in securing a

divorce settlement. The defendants impleaded the attorney who represented the

plaintiff in the malpractice lawsuit because they alleged that the attorney failed to

mitigate damages by pursuing remedial actions against the plaintiff's former

husband. To prove this defense, the defendants sought communications

between the plaintiff and her malpractice attorney. Jakobleff, 97 A.D.2d at 835.

The Jakobleff court held that the attorney-client privilege protected the sought-

after communications and that the privilege had not been waived: "[I]t simply

cannot be said that plaintiff has placed her privileged communications with her

present attorney in issue, or that discovery of such communications is required to

enable defendants to assert a defense or to prosecute their third-party claim."

Jakobleff, 97 A.D.2d at 835.

                                          -8-
No. 75225-1-1/9


      Our Supreme Court distinguished the situation in Pappas by pointing out

that unlike in Jakobleff, Pappas did not seek any documents or communications

from the malpractice attorney and did not seek any documents or

communications that postdated the Holloways' damages:

      The distinction between the two cases rests largely on the fact the
      plaintiffs present attorney in Jakobleff did not participate in the
      underlying litigation which gave rise to the malpractice claim
      against the defendants. Nor did the defendants' third-party
      complaint against plaintiffs present attorney allege involvement in
      securing a proper settlement in the underlying divorce proceedings.
      Instead, plaintiff's present attorney was impleaded on the damage
      issue only. Consequently, any communications between this
      attorney and plaintiff, which would have taken place after the
      underlying divorce became final, would have no effect upon the
      malpractice issue raised in plaintiffs complaint. This is significantly
      different from the case before us wherein Pappas has alleged the
      same cause of action against the third-party defendants as the
      Holloways have alleged against him. Communications between the
      Holloways and third-party defendants concerning the [cattle]
      litigation are relevant not only to the issue of damages and
      contribution, but are also relevant to the malpractice issue raised by
      the Holloways in their counterclaim.

Pappas, 114 Wn.2d at 206.

      Here, Pappas is directly on point. Lane Powell represented Leen in

negotiating the APA and in a postclosing dispute regarding the purchase price's

adjustment. On June 19, 2012, before Lane Powell withdrew, Coleman

demanded that TDE indemnify it with respect to losses caused by lawsuits

against Coleman. Then, on June 27, 2012, Lane Powell notified Leen that Home

Depot, one of Lane Powell's clients, also sought indemnification from Coleman.

Lane Powell withdrew from representing Leen, and on July 19, 2012, Coleman

sued Leen and TDE. Later, Leen sued Lane Powell for malpractice, alleging that


                                         -9-
No. 75225-1-1/10


"[a]s a direct result of[Lane Powell's] erroneous advice,[Leen and TDE]were

unnecessarily drawn into arbitration and litigation with Coleman Cable over

disputes regarding the Agreement's terms," and that "[Leen and TDE]were

unnecessarily drawn into litigation that involved Home Depot." After Leen sued

Lane Powell for malpractice, Lane Powell, just like Pappas, sought information

exchanged with Leen's attorneys and accountants up through the settlements

that Leen claimed as damages in his malpractice lawsuit against Lane Powell.

Like Pappas, and unlike the defendant attorneys in Jakobleff, Lane Powell does

not seek access to any information exchanged between Leen and his current

malpractice counsel, the Waid Law Office. Jakobleff, 97 A.D.2d at 835. As in

Pappas, here it would be "manifest injustice" to allow Leen to "take advantage of

the rule of privileges to the prejudice of" Lane Powell. Pappas, 114 Wn.2d at 204

(citing Stern v. Daniel, 47 Wash. 96, 98, 91 P. 552(1907)).

       Leen contends that because BKC played no role in negotiating the APA—

the underlying transaction that gives rise to the legal malpractice claim—no

waiver occurred. But Leen reads Pappas too narrowly by focusing on timing

alone: "Did the [privileged] communications occur before the underlying litigation

was complete[?]"4 But Pappas did not focus solely on timing:

      Where it would be manifest injustice to allow the client to take
      advantage of the rule of privileges to the prejudice of the attorney,
      or when it would be carried to the extent of depriving the attorney of
      the means of obtaining or defending his own rights, this court has
      ruled the privilege is waived.

Pappas, 114 Wn.2d at 204 (citing Stern, 47 Wash. at 98).

      4   Reply Br. of Appellant at 9 (internal quotations omitted).
                                                  -10-
No. 75225-1-1/11


       Here it would be manifestly unjust to allow Leen to sue Lane Powell for

damages but disallow Lane Powell to discover the cause or scope of almost $1

million in damages.

B.     Hearn test

       To determine whether the attorney-client privilege was waived the Pappas

court applied the three-part test created in Hearn v. Rhay,68 F.R.D. 574 (E.D.

Wash. 1975). According to the Hearn test, the attorney client privilege is waived

where "(1) assertion of the privilege was the result of some affirmative act, such

as filing suit, by the asserting party;(2)through this affirmative act, the asserting

party put the protected information at issue by making it relevant to the case; and

(3) application of the privilege would have denied the opposing party access to

information vital to his defense." Pappas, 114 Wn.2d at 207 (citing Hearn, 68

F.R.D. at 581).

       Leen argues that the trial court misapplied the Hearn test. He contends

that the second and third elements are not met because Leen did not put his

communications with BKC at issue, and asserting privilege does not deny vital

information to Lane. We disagree.

       First, Leen sued Lane Powell for malpractice, an affirmative act. Second,

Leen "put the protected information at issue by making it relevant to the case."

Pappas, 114 Wn.2d at 207. Leen's complaint alleges that Lane Powell's

malpractice caused him to be "unnecessarily drawn into arbitration and litigation

with Coleman Cable over disputes regarding the Agreement's terms." And third,



                                           -11-
No. 75225-1-1/12


allowing Leen to block Lane Powell's request for information relating to the post-

APA litigation would deny Lane Powell an adequate defense.

        In order for Leen to prove that Lane Powell committed malpractice, he

must show that(1) an attorney-client relationship existed,(2) Lane Powell had a

duty,(3) it breached that duty, and (4)the breach caused an injury to Leen.

Halvorsen v. Ferguson, 46 Wn. App. 708, 711, 735 P.2d 675(1986). In order to

determine whether Lane Powell's breach caused Leen's injury (his attorney fees

and accountant's fees), Lane Powell must be able to examine decisions made

during the post-APA litigation. And in order to examine those decisions, Lane

Powell must have access to communications between Leen and BKC and Clark

Nuber. The Hearn test requires disclosure here.5

C.      Dana v. Piper

        Leen also argues that Dana v. Piper supports the conclusion that he did

not waive his attorney-client privilege with respect to his communications with

BKC.

        In Dana v. Piper, Division Two of this court held that Troy Dana did not

waive his attorney-client privilege with respect to attorneys who represented him

in a suit for breach of a stock-purchase agreement by later suing Sussman

Shank, LLP, the law firm that drafted the stock-purchase agreement,for

malpractice. Dana, 173 Wn. App. at 773-75. Leen contends that Dana stands


        5 This  is consistent with our decision in Bellevue Farm Owners Association v. Stevens,
198 Wn. App. 464, 394 P.3d 1018(2017). In that case we applied the Hearn test to hold that
Stevens impliedly waived his attorney-client privilege and work product for attorney fees and cost-
billing records by claiming attorney fees as his only damages for the tort of abuse of process.
198 Wn. App. at 482.
                                                 -12-
No. 75225-1-1/13


for the rule that in a malpractice lawsuit on a transaction, litigation occurring after

the transaction is complete does not, as a matter of law, waive any privileges.

But because Dana's holding is based on specific facts that do not exist here,

Dana supports the trial court's order.

       In Dana, Dana owned all of the shares in a business, Hodges, Gilliam &

Dana Investment Real Estate, Inc.(Hodges). Dana hired an attorney at

Sussman Shank to review a series of documents executing the sale of Hodges to

CMN, Inc. No other attorneys other than Sussman Shank advised Dana on the

sale. Dana, 173 Wn. App. 763-64. After the sale closed, Dana hired the

Cushman Law Offices, which was not involved in the sale, to sue CMN for

breaching a stock-purchase agreement. Later, Dana hired another law firm,

Stokes Lawrence, P.S., to negotiate a settlement as cocounsel with Cushman.

Dana settled his claims with CMN for $258,000.

       After he settled, Dana, with Cushman as counsel, sued Sussman Shank

for malpractice, breach of fiduciary duty, fraud, and a violation of the Consumer

Protection Act. Dana's complaint against Sussman Shank, however, did not

reference Dana's earlier lawsuit against, or settlement with, CMN. Dana, 173

Wn. App. 764-65. Sussman Shank responded by raising an affirmative defense,

that Dana "sought and received advice of other advisors with respect to the

transaction at issue. To the extent there is any fault by any advisor to [Dana]

with respect to the underlying transaction, that fault was the responsibility of

others, not[Sussman Shank]." Dana, 173 Wn. App. 765.



                                           -13-
No. 75225-1-1/14


       During discovery, Sussman Shank requested "the complete file of any and

all attorneys or law firms who represented [Dana] in the litigation entitled Dana v.

CMN, Inc." Dana, 173 Wn. App. 765. Dana objected on the ground of attorney-

client privilege, and Sussman Shank moved to compel discovery. After reviewing

Cushman's case file in camera the trial court granted Sussman Shank's motion

to compel discovery, ruling that Dana waived the attorney-client privilege with

respect to the Cushman attorneys involved in the Dana v. CMN, Inc. lawsuit.

Dana, 173 Wn. App. 766.

       The Court of Appeals vacated the trial court's order. In concluding that

Dana did not waive his privilege, the Dana court focused on Pappas and the

Hearn test. The court read Pappas to hold that "the attorney-client privilege is

not waived where the protected communications occurred only after the end of

the underlying matter giving rise to the malpractice claim." Dana, 173 Wn. App.

at 772. Applying Pappas, the Dana court found that since Dana communicated

with Cushman after Sussman Shank's alleged malpractice was complete, the

communications had no effect on Sussman Shank's alleged malpractice in

representing Dana. Dana, 173 Wn. App. at 772.

       The Dana court also applied the Hearn test, determining that Sussman

Shank did not meet the second and third parts. Sussman Shank failed the

second part because Dana did not put his protected communications at issue:

"Dana's complaint does not mention his settlement with CMN or his

communications with Cushman. The complaint involves only Sussman Shank's

performance in facilitating Dana's sale of his company to CMN." Dana, 173 Wn.

                                          -14-
No. 75225-1-1/15


App. at 775. Sussman Shank failed the third part because it failed to show that

the Cushman case file was vital to its case. Dana, 173 Wn. App. at 776.

       Here, the trial court correctly concluded that Dana's facts are

distinguishable.6 Leen, unlike Dana, put his communications with BKC at issue

by alleging in his complaint that Lane Powell's malpractice caused him to be

"unnecessarily drawn into arbitration and litigation with Coleman Cable over

disputes regarding the Agreement's terms" and to be "personally exposed to

liability and drawn into litigation with third parties for personal injuries arising from

product liability claims." In contrast, Dana's complaint for malpractice against

Sussman Shank did not reference Dana's earlier lawsuit and settlement with

CMN for breaching the stock-purchase agreement. Dana, 173 Wn. App. 764-65.

Leen's complaint for malpractice against Lane Powell put the post-transaction

litigation center stage: Leen alleges that Lane Powell caused $1.8 million in

damages, including $291,000 in attorney fees for BKC,$333,000 in accounting

fees for Clark Nuber, and $295,000 for the Coleman Cable litigation. We agree

with the trial court that "[u]nlike Dana, Plaintiffs' malpractice allegations squarely

place at issue the subsequent litigation in which BKC and Clark Nuber provided

representation and assistance."7

D.     ABC Rule

       The trial court also examined Leen's withholding of discovery under the

ABC rule. As the trial court recognized,"[a]mong the $1.8 million in damages



       6 CP   at 404-05.
       7 CP   at 405.
                                            -15-
No. 75225-1-1/16


Plaintiffs attribute to Defendant's alleged malpractice are $291,000 in attorneys

fees paid to BKC and $333,000 in accounting fees for work performed by Clark

Nuber." Lane Powell contends, and claims it will argue at trial, that Leen cannot

recover attorney fees paid to BKC because the rule of equitable indemnity, or

ABC Rule, which allows attorney fees to be awarded as consequential damages,

is not applicable.

       In general, Washington courts follow the "American Rule"—"even as to a

prevailing party, attorney fees are not available as costs or damages absent a

contract, statute, or recognized ground in equity." LK Operating, LLC v.

Collection Group, LLC, 181 Wn.2d 117, 123, 330 P.3d 190 (2014). The ABC

Rule is an equitable rule, under which attorney fees may be compensable as

consequential damages in certain situations. The ABC Rule has three elements:

      "(1) a wrongful act or omission by A.. . toward B.. . '; (2)such act
      or omission exposes or involves B... in litigation with C.. . ; and
      (3) C was not connected with the initial transaction or event ... ,
      viz., the wrongful act or omission of A toward B."

LK Operating, 181 Wn.2d at 123 (alternations in original)(internal

quotations omitted). All three elements must be satisfied for the ABC

Rule to apply. LK Operating, 181 Wn.2d at 123

       Applying the ABC Rule, Washington courts have explained: "a party

may not recover attorney fees or costs of litigation under the theory of

equitable indemnity if, in addition to the wrongful act or omission of A,

there are reasons why B became involved in litigation with C." Jain v. J.P.

Morgan Securities, Inc., 142 Wn. App. 574, 587, 177 P.3d 117(2008).


                                          -16-
No. 75225-1-1/17


"The critical inquiry under the causation element of equitable indemnity is

whether, apart from A's actions, B's own conduct caused it to be `exposed'

or 'involved' in litigation with C." Jain, 142 Wn. App. at 587., By seeking

the legal fees paid to BKC as damages, Leen placed the cause of those

damages at issue.

       Applying the critical inquiry here, the inquiry becomes "whether,

apart from A's [Lane Powell's] actions, B's[TDE and Leen's] own conduct

caused it to be 'exposed' or 'involved' in litigation with C[Coleman Cable

and third-parties]." Jain, 142 Wn. App. at 587. As the trial court correctly

concluded, "[b]y claiming as damages fees and costs charged by BKC and

Clark Nuber in the subsequent litigation, Plaintiffs have placed at issue the

reasons for that litigation, i.e., whether the litigation can be attributed to

circumstances other than the alleged malpractice."8 The trial court did not

err in compelling disclosure of BKC documents, "including legal analysis,

that broadly relate to the ABC Rule."8

                                 Work-product doctrine

       Leen argues next that the work-product doctrine protects BKC's opinion

work product. CR 26(b) establishes the work-product doctrine. It creates

immunity from discovery for "documents and tangible things" if the items were

"prepared in anticipation of litigation or for trial by or for another party or by or for

that party's representative." CR 26(b)(4). It makes "no distinction between



       8   CP at 405.
       9 CP   at 405-06.
                                             -17-
No. 75225-1-1/18


attorney and nonattorney work product." Heidebrink v. Moriwaki, 104 Wn.2d 392,

396, 706 P.2d 212(1985). The requesting party may obtain discovery only after

showing "substantial need of the materials" and that the materials' "substantial

equivalent" is not available through other means without "undue hardship." CR

26(b)(4).

       Whether a party has shown substantial need is "vested in the sound

discretion of the trial judge, who should look at the facts and circumstances of

each case in arriving at an ultimate conclusion." Pappas, 114 Wn.2d at 210. "To

justify disclosure, a party must show the importance of the information to the

preparation of[the party's] case and the difficulty the party will face in obtaining

substantially equivalent information from other sources if the production is

denied. The clearest case for ordering production is when crucial information is

in the exclusive control of the opposing party." Pappas, 114 Wn.2d at 210

(internal citations omitted).

       The requesting party usually cannot recover "the mental impressions,

conclusions, opinions, or legal theories of an attorney or other representative of a

party concerning the litigation." CR 26(b)(4). "An exception to this strict rule

applies and discovery should be allowed only where the material sought is

central to a party's claim or defense." Steel v. Olympia Early Learning Center,

195 Wn. App. 811, 834, 381 P.3d 111 (2016)(citing Pappas, 114 Wn.2d at 212-

13).

       Leen argues that the work-product doctrine protects the information from

disclosure. He argues that Lane Powell did not show undue hardship and faults

                                           -18-
No. 75225-1-1/19


the trial court for not making any finding that the mental impressions of the BKC

attorneys and Clark Nuber accountants are an integral part of the malpractice

issue.

         Here, Lane Powell may discover the documents produced by BKC.

Because Leen is in exclusive control of the information, Lane Powell has a

substantial need for the materials requested. And since Lane Powell cannot

investigate the decisions made during the course of the post-APA litigation

through another source, there is no substantial equivalent to the materials

available. "The nature of a malpractice claim necessitates inquiry into the actions

taken during the course of the litigation in question." Pappas, 114 Wn.2d at 211.

Lane Powell is entitled to investigate the actions taken during Leen's post-APA

litigation with BKC.

         Leen counters that Lane Powell already possesses every document from

which BKC attorneys made their legal conclusions. This, he argues, negates the

need to disclose documents that contain legal conclusions. But this argument

flies in the face of Pappas's rule that "where the material sought to be discovered
                           •
is central to a party's claim or defense, an exception to the strict rule created by

CR 26(b)(4) should apply and discovery should be allowed." Pappas, 114 Wn.2d

at 212(emphasis added). Here, the decisions made during litigation are central

to Lane Powell's defense—that Leen cannot recover damages because he

cannot show that Lane Powell's action caused Leen's damages.

         Leen also counters that the trial court failed to include factual findings that

supported its explanation of why the work-product doctrine was waived. This

                                             -19-
No. 75225-1-1/20


argument is somewhat persuasive given that the court's order does not mention

the work-product doctrine. But given that the trial court heard oral argument and

reviewed the privileged information in camera before ruling, the context

surrounding the order strongly suggests that the court considered whether the

work-product doctrine was waived. For example, the court ordered that

"Defendants are also entitled to any BKC documents, including legal analysis,

that broadly relate to the ABC Rule."1° Accordingly, we reject Leen's argument.

       Ultimately, like in Pappas, BKC's attorney's mental impressions regarding

post-APA litigation are directly in issue, both to Leen's claim (causation) and

Lane Powell's defense(ABC Rule). Accordingly, we affirm the trial court's order

granting in part Lane Powell's motion to compel production.

      Affirmed.




WE CONCUR:



                                              15e,KeAg,



      10 CP at 405-06(emphasis added).                                            t‘s)
                                                                                  Z"`"

                                         -20-
