          IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                           AT NASHVILLE
                                        May 13, 2003 Session

                 STATE OF TENNESSEE v. FRANKIE LEDBETTER

                     Direct Appeal from the Circuit Court for Marion County
                             No. 5311    Thomas W. Graham, Judge



                      No. M2002-02125-CCA-R3-CD - Filed August 7, 2003


The defendant was convicted of incest and rape of a child and sentenced to twenty-three years at
100% for the rape of a child conviction and eight years as a Range II, multiple offender for the incest
conviction, the sentences to be served concurrently. The defendant was also fined $50,000 for the
rape of a child conviction and $10,000 for the incest conviction. On appeal, the defendant presents
the following claims: (1) the evidence was insufficient to support his convictions; (2) the trial court
erred in determining that the six-year-old victim was competent to testify and improperly vouched
for the credibility of the child-victim; (3) the trial court erred in giving the expert witness instruction
to the jury; and (4) the trial court denied the defendant a fair trial by refusing to let him conduct a voir
dire examination of each juror individually and out of the presence of the other jurors. Upon review,
we affirm the judgments of the trial court but remand for entry of corrected judgments to reflect that
the defendant was convicted of Counts 3 and 4, rather than Counts 1 and 2, of the indictment and to
reflect the defendant’s fines which were omitted from the judgments.

    Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgments of the Circuit Court Affirmed and
                       Remanded for Entry of Corrected Judgments

ALAN E. GLENN, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which JOSEPH M. TIPTON and DAVID H.
WELLES, JJ., joined.

Philip A. Condra, District Public Defender (on appeal and at trial); and Jeffery Harmon, Assistant
District Public Defender (at trial), for the appellant, Frankie Ledbetter.

Paul G. Summers, Attorney General and Reporter; Braden H. Boucek, Assistant Attorney General;
James Michael Taylor, District Attorney General; and Sherry D. Gouger and Julia N. Oliver, Assistant
District Attorneys General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.
                                                         OPINION

                                                           FACTS

        On June 13, 2000, the victim, ML, 1 stayed with the defendant, who was her father, at her
grandmother’s home, while her mother and grandmother worked. The victim testified that, at some
point during the day, she was watching television when the defendant “took [her] in the dining room
and put a sock in [her] mouth.” The defendant then carried the victim into her mother’s bedroom and
laid her on her back on the floor. Thereafter, the defendant sat on the victim’s stomach, unzipped his
pants, and “stuck his privates in [the victim’s] mouth and peed.” The victim also said that the
defendant told her not to tell anyone what had happened; however, the victim informed her
grandmother of the sexual abuse as soon as she returned home from work.

        The victim’s grandmother, Debra Layne, testified that on June 13, 2000, she and her daughter,
the victim’s mother, left for work at 6:00 a.m., leaving the victim and her sister in the care of the
defendant. Layne’s husband and other children also lived in the home at that time. When Layne
returned home from work at 4:00 p.m., the victim did not greet her at the car, which was unusual.
After learning from the defendant that the victim was at a neighbor’s, Layne summoned the victim
home. The defendant and one of Layne’s sons left to go pick up the victim’s mother from work.
After speaking with the victim, Layne took her and her sister to the police station, where they were
referred to the Department of Human Services (“DHS”). Layne later accompanied the victim, the
victim’s sister, and their mother to T.C. Thompson Children’s Hospital, where the victim was
examined.

        The victim’s mother, Holly Sanders, testified as Layne did, that she left the victim in the care
of the defendant, while she and Layne went to work on June 13, 2000. Sanders’ stepfather, three
brothers, and youngest sister were also at the house when she left for work that morning. When she
returned home from work around 6:30 p.m., an officer came to the residence. After speaking with
this officer, Sanders went to the DHS, where she met Layne and the victim. Thereafter, Sanders
drove the victim to T.C. Thompson Children’s Hospital, where she was examined by Kevin Mounce,
a licensed physician’s assistant.

       Finally, the State called Kevin Mounce to testify. Mounce stated that he examined the victim
on June 13, 2000, at approximately 11:00 p.m. and found edema (swelling) on her lower lip and
discoloration in the middle of her lower lip resembling early bruising.

         After the prosecution put on its proof, the defendant called Colette Young and Taffy Wilson
as witnesses. Young, a forensic interviewer for the Children’s Advocacy Center of Hamilton County,
testified that she interviewed the victim on June 15 and 16, 2000. Wilson, a child protective services
investigator with the Marion County Department of Children’s Services (“DCS”), testified that the



        1
            It is the po licy of this co urt to refer to minor victim s of sexual abuse by their initials only.

                                                               -2-
victim’s grandmother brought the victim to the DCS around 5:30 p.m. on the day of the incident. The
victim’s mother and Officer Gene Hargis later came to the DCS.

       Next, the defendant called Detective Gene Hargis of the Marion County Sheriff’s Department
who testified that he was present at the DCS with the victim, Sanders, and Layne. The victim’s
clothing was subsequently collected and sent to the Tennessee Bureau of Investigation Crime
Laboratory.

       The defendant then recalled Mrs. Layne who said that, approximately one week after the June
13, 2000, incident, the victim told her that on the date in question she was mad at her father because
he would not let her go swimming.

        The defendant testified that he often babysat the victim and her sister while their grandmother
and mother worked, and he was babysitting them on June 13, 2000. Sanders’ stepfather and brother
were at the house that day, as well. He recalled the victim throwing a tantrum that day because he
did not allow her to go swimming. The defendant denied all allegations of sexual abuse and also
denied putting a sock in the victim’s mouth. He further testified that he was not aware that anything
unusual had happened that day until a police officer arrived at the Layne home and asked him to
vacate the premises. The defendant admitted having a prior felony theft conviction.

                                              ANALYSIS

                                   I. Sufficiency of the Evidence

        The defendant argues that the evidence was insufficient to support his convictions because
the facts to which the victim testified “lead to the inescapable conclusion the Defendant could not
have inserted his penis into ML’s mouth from the position that she placed him.” Additionally, the
defendant argues that the victim’s testimony was not credible because she could not describe the
defendant’s penis and she “had no reaction to pee going down her throat.”

        In considering this issue, we apply the familiar rule that where sufficiency of the convicting
evidence is challenged, the relevant question of the reviewing court is “whether, after viewing the
evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the
essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319,
99 S. Ct. 2781, 2789, 61 L. Ed. 2d 560, 573 (1979); see also State v. Evans, 838 S.W.2d 185, 190-92
(Tenn. 1992); State v. Anderson, 835 S.W.2d 600, 604 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1992); Tenn. R. App. P.
13(e) (“Findings of guilt in criminal actions whether by the trial court or jury shall be set aside if the
evidence is insufficient to support the findings by the trier of fact of guilt beyond a reasonable
doubt.”). All questions involving the credibility of witnesses, the weight and value given to the
evidence, and all factual issues are resolved by the trier of fact. See State v. Pappas, 754 S.W.2d 620,
623 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1987). “A guilty verdict by the jury, approved by the trial judge, accredits the
testimony of the witnesses for the State and resolves all conflicts in favor of the theory of the State.”



                                                   -3-
State v. Grace, 493 S.W.2d 474, 476 (Tenn. 1973). Our supreme court stated the rationale for this
rule:

                       This well-settled rule rests on a sound foundation. The trial
               judge and the jury see the witnesses face to face, hear their testimony
               and observe their demeanor on the stand. Thus the trial judge and jury
               are the primary instrumentality of justice to determine the weight and
               credibility to be given to the testimony of witnesses. In the trial forum
               alone is there human atmosphere and the totality of the evidence
               cannot be reproduced with a written record in this Court.

Bolin v. State, 405 S.W.2d 768, 771 (Tenn. 1966) (citing Carroll v. State, 370 S.W.2d 523 (Tenn.
1963)). A jury conviction removes the presumption of innocence with which a defendant is initially
cloaked and replaces it with one of guilt, so that on appeal, a convicted defendant has the burden of
demonstrating that the evidence is insufficient. See State v. Tuggle, 639 S.W.2d 913, 914 (Tenn.
1982).

        The defendant was convicted of rape of a child and incest. Tennessee Code Annotated section
39-13-522(a) defines rape of a child as “the unlawful sexual penetration of a victim by the defendant
or the defendant by a victim, if such victim is less than thirteen (13) years of age.” Incest is defined,
in pertinent part, as:

                        (a) A person commits incest who engages in sexual penetration
                as defined in § 39-13-501, with a person, knowing such person, to be,
                without regard to legitimacy:

                       (1) The person's natural parent, child, grandparent, grandchild,
                uncle, aunt, nephew, niece, stepparent, stepchild, adoptive parent,
                adoptive child[.]

Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-15-302(a).

         On direct examination, the victim testified that the defendant took her into her mother’s
bedroom, laid her on her back on the floor, and sat on her stomach. She said that the defendant “stuck
his privates in [her] mouth and peed,” and then told her not to tell anyone. Kevin Mounce, the
physician’s assistant who later examined the victim, found “[s]ome swelling in her lower lip[] and
. . . noticed in the mid-line or the middle of her lip there was some discoloration, which [he], in
looking at that, felt like it was some early bruising,” although stating he could not determine what had
caused the bruising.

        Our supreme court has stated that “‘[n]o jury can be allowed to return a verdict based upon
oral evidence which is flatly opposed to physical facts, the existence of which is incontrovertibly
established,’” State v. Hornsby, 858 S.W.2d 892, 894 (Tenn. 1993) (quoting Wood v. United States,


                                                  -4-
342 F.2d 708, 713-14 (8th Cir. 1965)). However, the defendant presented no proof of any physical
facts that would make the victim’s explanation impossible to have occurred. There were no cross-
examination questions regarding the position of the defendant and the victim nor was there any
testimony by the defendant’s witnesses, including the defendant himself, that such positioning would
have made the act in question impossible. That the facts which the defendant attempts to utilize in
the present appeal to support his impossibility claim are inadequate to do so is apparent when
compared with testimony establishing such a claim. See Wood, 342 F.2d at 713 (“From the scanty,
indefinite and indecisive proof adduced at appellant’s trial, it is wholly inconceivable, by any process
of logic or reasoning from the facts disclosed in this record, how appellant might, could, or did, board
a moving freight car, traveling ten (10) to fifteen (15) miles per hour, and within a distance of ‘ten
blocks’ i.e. less than one (1) mile, or within at the very most four to six minutes, ‘break the seal’ of
the refrigerator car . . ., make ‘entry’ therein with intent to, and did throw meat therefrom.”); see also
Hornsby, 858 S.W.2d at 896 (“While the two eyewitnesses testified that the pickup truck was
travelling northbound . . . and the Pontiac was travelling eastbound . . ., the physical facts do not
support their testimony. The damage to the Pontiac was limited to the left or driver’s side of the
vehicle. The damage to the pickup was limited to the front of the vehicle. Had the two vehicles been
travelling as indicated by the witnesses, the damage to the Pontiac would have been to the right or
passenger’s side of the vehicle--not the left or driver’s side. The physical facts are consistent with
the [Defendant’s] testimony regarding the direction of the vehicles. Moreover, the investigating
officer . . . reached this conclusion based upon the statements of the witnesses at the scene, the
location of the damage on the respective vehicles, the gouge mark found in the pavement, and other
physical facts.”). In sum, the testimony in the present appeal does not support the defendant’s claim
of impossibility.

         Moreover, questions about the victim’s credibility were resolved by the jury. The jury heard
the testimony and observed the demeanor of both the victim and the defendant. The defendant
testified that the incident did not happen; the victim testified that it did. The jury resolved the obvious
conflict in favor of the victim. The fact that the victim did not see the defendant’s penis may go to
her credibility, but it does not make the facts in question impossible nor overcome the fact that the
jury resolved the conflicts in testimony in favor of the victim. Accordingly, we conclude that the
evidence was sufficient to support both convictions.

                            II. Qualification of the Victim as a Witness

        As to ML, who was six years old and in the first grade at the time of trial, the defendant argues
both that the trial court did not follow the required procedures in determining whether she was
competent to testify and, when she then testified, neglected to properly administer the oath, treating
her in such a way as to confer the court’s “stamp of approval” to her testimony. Because of the
relationship of these issues, we will consider them jointly for purposes of our review.

      Rule 601 of the Tennessee Rules of Evidence creates a presumption that all witnesses are
competent to testify unless otherwise provided in the rules or by statute. Tenn. R. Evid. 601. The
Advisory Commission Comment explains this presumption:


                                                   -5-
                       Virtually all witnesses may be permitted to testify: children,
                mentally incompetent persons, convicted felons. Rules 602 and 603
                should be read in connection with this rule, however, because any
                witness must swear or affirm to tell the truth and must have personal
                knowledge of that truth. The common law rebuttably presumed
                children under fourteen incompetent, Ball v. State, 188 Tenn. 255, 219
                S.W.2d 166 (1949), but the proposed rule is contra.

                ....

                        The amendment removes the earlier language requiring “of
                sufficient capacity to understand the obligation of an oath or
                affirmation” and establishes a rebuttable presumption of competency.

Tenn. R. Evid. 601, Advisory Commission Cmt. Rule 603 of the Tennessee Rules of Evidence
requires that “[b]efore testifying, every witness shall be required to declare that the witness will testify
truthfully by oath or affirmation, administered in a form calculated to awaken the witness’s
conscience and impress the witness’s mind with the duty to do so.”

         The determination as to whether ML was competent to testify was a discretionary decision of
the trial court, which will not be overturned on appeal unless the court clearly abused its discretion.
State v. Hallock, 875 S.W.2d 285, 293 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1993). The key issue for the trial court was
whether the six-year-old victim had the ability to understand the necessity of telling the truth while
testifying in the proceedings. State v. Ballard, 855 S.W.2d 557, 560 (Tenn. 1993). “[T]here is no
requirement that the witness have sufficient academic learning to define an oath or articulate its
obligations.” State v. Fears, 659 S.W.2d 370, 375 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1983).

        Prior to her testimony, the trial court questioned ML:

                THE COURT: Okay. Now, are you [ML]?

                [ML]: (Nods head up and down.)

                THE COURT: If you’ll come around and sit in that chair right there,
                I want to ask you a couple of questions, okay.
                [ML], you’re [ML], is that right?

                [ML]: (Nods head up and down.)

                THE COURT: How old are you?

                [ML]: Six.



                                                    -6-
THE COURT: [ML], I need to ask you a couple of questions about
your understanding of what the truth is and what a lie is. Do you know
the difference in what the truth is and what a lie is?

[ML]: (Nods head up and down.)

THE COURT: What is the truth?

[ML]: You tell them what they did.

THE COURT: And what would a lie be? Give me an example of what
a lie would be?

[ML]: You’ll get in trouble if you don’t tell them.

THE COURT: Is a lie a bad thing?

[ML]: (Nods head up and down.)

THE COURT: To tell a lie is something that you should not do, is that
right?

[ML]: (Nods head up and down.)

THE COURT: You should tell the truth, is that right?

[ML]: (Nods head up and down.)

THE COURT: Now, if I ask you to tell me and promise me that you
will tell the truth, will you do that?

[ML]: (Nods head up and down.)

THE COURT: You won’t tell me a lie, will you?

[ML]: (Nods head from left to right.)

THE COURT: Are you in the first grade right now, [ML]?

[ML]: Yeah.

THE COURT: Were you in kindergarten last year?



                                 -7-
[ML]: Yeah.

THE COURT: Where did you go to kindergarten?

[ML]: Swiss Elementary.

....

THE COURT: Where are you in school now?

[ML]: Still the same school.

THE COURT: Still at Swiss, okay. Do you remember things that
happened last year while you were at elementary school, I mean
kindergarten?

[ML]: (Nods head up and down.)

....

THE COURT: Are you learning how to read?

[ML]: I know how to read now.

THE COURT: You do, good. . . . Did they teach you to read some
last year in kindergarten?

[ML]: No.

THE COURT: But you do know how to read some now, is that right?

[ML]: (Nods head up and down.)

THE COURT: What can you read?

[ML]: I can read Mac the Cat and Crack Story.

....

THE COURT: Does [sic] people talk in your room sometimes?

[ML]: Raven comes in and jumps on me, that’s my baby sister.



                                -8-
               THE COURT: Oh, I see, she jumps on you. Well, I was thinking
               more about in school, do people talk a lot of times in school and
               people has to say be quiet?

               [ML]: Huh-uh.

               THE COURT: Do you know how many people are in your class?

               [ML]: Thirteen.

               THE COURT: Thirteen. Okay. Now, you’re going to be ask[ed]
               some questions about some things that happened about a year ago and
               do you remember those things?

               [ML]: (Nods head up and down.)

               THE COURT: And if I make you promise to me that you’ll tell only
               those things that you can remember, will you keep that promise?

               [ML]: (Nods head up and down.)

       The defendant presented no proof to rebut the presumption that ML was competent to testify.
Accordingly, our determination as to whether the trial court abused its discretion in concluding that
ML was competent to testify is based upon the questions of the trial court and her responses. We
conclude that this exchange between the trial court and ML shows that she understood the difference
between the truth and a lie, that lying was “bad,” and that she would not lie during her testimony.
Thus, her testimony showed that she understood the need to tell the truth. See Fears, 659 S.W.2d at
375.

        The ability of ML to remember facts and relate them to the jury about the time surrounding
the incident was demonstrated by her responses to the trial court, as well as to counsel during her
testimony. Her responses to the court’s questions as to where she attended school, her grade and
classmates, and her ability to read, showed that she could remember and relate facts. On direct
examination, she responded to the State’s questions:

               Q [ML], can you tell us what your whole name is?

               A [ML].

               Q And [ML], how old are you now?

               A Six.



                                                -9-
Q And do you know when your birthday is?

A April the 9th.

Q Okay. And do you go to school anywhere?

A Swiss.

Q Swiss Elementary?

A Yes.

Q And what grade are you in?

A First grade.

Q First grade. Do you like going to school?

A Yes.

Q How many people do you have in your class?

A Thirteen.

Q Thirteen people?

A Yes.

Q And what’s your teacher’s name?

A Ms. Higgins.

Q Do you remember what your teacher’s name was last year in
  kindergarten?

A No.

Q Okay.

A Her name was Ms. Reid.

Q Ms. Reid. [ML], do you know what your real mama’s name is?



                               -10-
A Holly.

Q And how about your real daddy?

A Frankie.

....

Q Before you started kindergarten who did you live with?

A My real mama.

Q Okay. That would be Holly?

A Yes.

Q Who else did you live with?

A I lived with Granny.

Q And what is her name?

A Granny Debra [Layne].

Q Okay. Who else lived with you?

A Crystal and Matthew.

Q Crystal and that would [be] Aunt Crystal and Uncle Matthew?

A Yes.

Q Who else?

A Uncle Bo and that’s it.

Q Okay. Do you have a baby sister?

A Yes.

Q And what’s her name?

A Raven.


                                -11-
                Q Did your daddy live with you last year?

                A No.

                Q Did he come over some?

                A Yes.

                Q Last year did you[r] mama and your grandma work?

                A Yes.

                Q Who watched you when they went to work?

                A My real daddy.

         The victim was able to recall these facts, despite the fact that she had been living with a foster
family from the time of the incident to the date of the trial. Therefore, it is evident that she had the
ability to remember and relate facts about the time surrounding the incident with little difficulty.
Facts that she could not remember with great detail or that conflicted with the testimony of other
witnesses were matters for the jury to weigh in determining her believability. State v. Carruthers, 35
S.W.3d 516, 558 (Tenn. 2000), cert. denied 533 U.S. 953, 121 S. Ct. 2600, 150 L. Ed. 2d 757 (2001)
(the “appellate court may not reconsider the jury’s credibility assessments”).

        Appellate courts have recognized the trial court’s “unique ability to observe the witness,” as
in United States v. Thai, 29 F.3d 785, 810 (2nd Cir. 1994), where the district court judge had
observed that a robbery witness, who was six and one-half years old at the time of the crime, was “a
very intelligent child, a bright child who understood the process and knew what this was about, so
I find her – to the extent that that is even an issue, I find her competent to testify.” Id. at 809. In the
present appeal, the trial court stated at the motion for new trial as to ML:

                I want the record to be clear that the Court thought this was a
                particularly believable small child and I understood how the jury could
                find the way they did based on the way this child testified. She was
                extremely direct. The transcript is not maybe as clear about how she
                appeared in court was actually the case and so I think this is a
                credibility issue that both the jury and the Court thought that her
                testimony on the significant important issue was believable.

We conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in determining that ML was competent
to testify. See State v. Griffis, 964 S.W.2d 577, 591-92 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1997) (child-victim, five
years old at the time of trial, was competent to testify).



                                                   -12-
        Additionally, the defendant argues that the trial court did not act impartially because, by its
treatment of ML, it vouched for her credibility. This contention is based upon an exchange, which
occurred after the court had concluded that she was competent to testify and as the jury was to return
to the courtroom. Just before the jury returned, defense counsel stated to the trial court:

               Judge, I just want to make it clear on the record again of my concern
               and the Court’s questioning of [the victim] in front of the jury is that
               the Court does not inadvertently leave the impression that it is
               suggested that no matter what she says it’s going to be true, that’s what
               I’m concerned with.

       The jury then returned, and the trial court introduced the victim and questioned her:

               THE COURT: All right, this is [ML], who’s seated here in the chair
               and obviously she’s six years old and not too tall. I hope everybody –
               can everybody see [ML]?

                   [ML], you and I had a little talk before the jury came in and I
               talked to you about telling the truth. Do you remember that?

               [ML]: (Nods head up and down.)

               THE COURT: Okay. And you promised that you will tell the truth to
               the jury and to everybody here, didn’t you?

               [ML]: Yes.

               THE COURT: Okay. And you also indicated to the Court that you
               knew if you would tell a lie that that would be a bad thing, is that
               right?

               [ML ]: Yes.

               THE COURT: Okay, now these lawyers are going to ask a few
               questions of you and you just answer from your own memory of events
               as best you possibly can, okay.

               [ML]: (Nods head up and down.)

ML then proceeded to testify without comment or objection by the defense.

        On appeal, the defendant argues that “[t]he Court never asked the question it stated it would
ask so as to require ML ‘to declare [she] will testify truthfully by oath or affirmation, administered


                                                 -13-
in a form calculated to awaken the witness’s conscience and impress [her] mind with the duty to do
so,’” quoting from Rule 603, Tennessee Rules of Evidence. Additionally, he argues that after the trial
court had determined that ML should testify, “it was incumbent upon the Court to proceed with the
child as with any other witness: administer an oath and allow counsel to question.” Instead, according
to the defendant’s argument, the trial court gave the jury the message that ML “had told the trial court
a true story and now she was going to tell a true story to the jury.”

        We respectfully disagree with the defendant’s view of the trial court’s responsibilities or
actions. In dealing with a child who is to testify, the trial court may utilize language which is
appropriate to the situation, as explained by Neil P. Cohen et al., Tennessee Law of Evidence, §
6.03[4] (4th ed. 2000):

                   Because children lack the understanding, vocabulary, and
               experience of adults, courts may fashion a child-oriented oath for a
               child witness. This oath may deal simply with such matters as the
               difference between truth and falsehood, that lying is improper, and that
               the child promises to tell the truth.

        In the present appeal, the trial court in the presence of the jury reminded ML that she earlier
had promised to be truthful and had said that telling a lie “would be a bad thing,” asking then that she
answer the lawyers’ questions “as best [she] possibly can.” By this language, we believe that the trial
court complied in a reasonable fashion with the requirement of Rule 603 that it impress upon the six-
year-old witness her duty to be truthful. Since the defendant did not advise the court, as ML was
about to testify, that, in the defendant’s view, the court had vouched for her as a witness, no
determination was made as to whether a curative instruction should be given. Accordingly, we
conclude that this objection is waived. See Tenn. R. App. P. 36(a). Even if not waived, however, it
is without merit.

                                  III. Expert Witness Instruction

        The defendant contends that the trial court erred in charging the jury with an expert witness
instruction for the testimony of Kevin Mounce, the physician’s assistant who examined the victim,
arguing that this caused the jury to give undue weight to his testimony.

        The admission of expert testimony is governed by Tennessee Rules of Evidence 702 and 703.
The qualification of a witness as an expert is left to the sound discretion of the trial court. See
Ballard, 855 S.W.2d at 562; Otis v. Cambridge Mut. Fire Ins. Co., 850 S.W.2d 439, 442 (Tenn. 1992).
Principles for the trial court to follow in deciding whether to admit scientific or technical evidence
are set out in Rule 702, which states:

               Testimony By Experts. — If scientific, technical, or other specialized
               knowledge will substantially assist the trier of fact to understand the
               evidence or to determine a fact in issue, a witness qualified as an


                                                 -14-
                expert by knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education may
                testify in the form of an opinion or otherwise.

Tenn. R. Evid. 702; see also McDaniel v. CSX Transp., 955 S.W.2d 257, 264 (Tenn. 1997).
Scientific or technical evidence, like all evidence, must first be relevant to a fact at issue in the case.
See Tenn. R. Evid. 401, 402. If relevant, scientific or technical evidence must also meet the
requirements of Rule 702.

        Mounce testified that he had a bachelor’s degree in allied health, including twenty-four
months of medical training. Additionally, he had been employed in the medical field for seventeen
years, thirteen of which was in the area of pediatrics. Although opining that Mounce was more of a
fact witness than an expert witness, the trial court stated that he was “expert enough to know whether
it’s something that was a bruise or not a bruise.” Based on this statement, it is evident that the trial
court concluded that Mounce was going to testify as an expert regarding the victim’s injuries.

        It is evident that Mounce qualified as an expert in terms of his education, training, and
experience with children. As such, his opinion as to what constituted edema and the signs of early
bruising on a child was permissible pursuant to Rule 702. Accordingly, we cannot conclude that the
trial court abused its discretion in determining that the expert jury instruction should be given, as it
is the court’s obligation to properly charge the jury on all the issues of law that were raised by the
evidence at trial. State v. McAfee, 737 S.W.2d 304, 308 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1987).

                    IV. Denial of Individual Voir Dire of Prospective Jurors

        The defendant asserts that the trial court erred by not allowing individualized voir dire
because of the nature of the charges – incest and child rape. To support his proposition, the defendant
notes that when the judge asked the jurors, “Does anybody have any experience yourself or with a
close family member with a charge of any kind of sexual misconduct of a small child or any child?”
three potential jurors raised their hands. The defendant further asserts that six more jurors indicated,
in response to the trial court’s question as to whether they could remain impartial in a case like this,
that they would have a hard time being impartial and would lean toward believing the child.

        The purpose of voir dire is to ensure that jurors seated at trial are competent, unbiased, and
impartial. See State v. Mann, 959 S.W.2d 503, 533 (Tenn. 1997). The trial court is granted broad
discretion in deciding the manner in which voir dire will be conducted, and its decisions in this regard
will not be disturbed on appeal absent a showing of abuse of discretion. See State v. Stephenson, 878
S.W.2d 530, 540 (Tenn. 1994). We review the defendant’s issue, therefore, under an abuse of
discretion standard.

        Rule 24(a) of the Tennessee Rules of Criminal Procedure states:

                The court shall cause the prospective jurors to be sworn or affirmed to
                answer truthfully the questions they will be asked during the selection


                                                   -15-
               process, identify the parties and their counsel, and briefly outline the
               nature of the case. The court may put to the respective jurors
               appropriate questions regarding their qualifications to serve as jurors
               in the case and shall permit questioning by the parties for the purpose
               of discovering bases for challenge for cause and enabling an intelligent
               exercise of peremptory challenges. The court, upon motion of a party
               or on its own motion, may direct that any portion of the questioning of
               a prospective juror be conducted out of the presence of the tentatively
               selected jurors and other prospective jurors.

Tenn. R. Crim. P. 24(a) (emphasis added). Further, “[t]he prevailing practice in this state is to
examine the jurors collectively rather than individually.” State v. Oody, 823 S.W.2d 554, 563 (Tenn.
Crim. App. 199l). Individual voir dire, however, is mandatory when there is a significant chance that
a prospective juror has been exposed to potentially prejudicial material. Id.; see also State v.
Shepherd, 862 S.W.2d 557, 568 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1992) (noting that at least nine of the members
of the jury had seen an “Unsolved Mysteries” television program about the defendant, and ten of the
jurors were aware that the defendant was charged with more than one murder).

        The defendant argues the trial court erred in disallowing individualized voir dire; however,
the record clearly reflects that those seven individuals were removed from the general jury pool and
questioned individually. Although the trial court did not initially question the jurors individually,
there were no facts to indicate such a process was necessary, the record not reflecting that this was
a highly publicized case or that any of the jurors were familiar with the case or the defendant.
Without something in addition to the nature of the crime to necessitate individual voir dire, we cannot
conclude that the trial court abused its discretion. In making this determination, we note that when
the court became aware that several of the jurors had personal knowledge or feelings about the nature
of the crime that prevented them from being impartial, they were excused from the courtroom,
questioned individually, and ultimately excused.

                                          CONCLUSION

       Based on the foregoing authorities and reasoning, we affirm the judgments of the trial court
but remand for entry of corrected judgments to reflect that the defendant was convicted of Counts 3
and 4 of the indictment and that fines of $10,000 and $50,000, respectively, were assessed.


                                                        ___________________________________
                                                        ALAN E. GLENN, JUDGE




                                                 -16-
