                                                        NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                     FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                         ______________

                               No. 18-1303
                             ______________

              CEVDET AKSUT VE OGULLARI KOLL.STI,
                                  Appellant

                                     v.

         ROBIN A. CAVUSOGLU; HINCKLEY ALLEN & SNYDER LLP;
CNC WAREHOUSING LLC; MUNEVVER CAVUSOGLU; GULSUN CAVUSOGLU;
            AHMET HAMDI CAVUSOGLU; CELIL CAVUSOGLU;
 HUSEYIN T. CAVUSOGLU;AMERICAN PISTACIO COMMODITY CORP., DBA
 Sunrise Commodities; GALIP UNSALAN; ANDREW ROSEN; DAVID COTTAM;
 MORDY DICKER;HGC COMMODITIES CORP.; NORTHEAST IMPORTS INC.;
 CNC TRADING DISTRIBUTION AND WAREHOUSING INC.; SONA TRADING
    LTD.; LINDEN PACKAGING CORP.; EFE INTERNATIONAL, INC.; EFE
  SPECIALTY MARKET, INC.; ZEYNO TRUCKING, INC.; APC COMMODITY
  CORP.; UNSALAN PETROL DIS TACARET; CECIL ITHALAT ITHRACAT VE
                             TICARET LTD.STI
                              ______________

         APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                FOR THE DISTRICT OF NEW JERSEY
                        (D.C. No. 2:14-cv-03362)
                 District Judge: Hon. William J. Martini
                            ______________

             Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a)
                           November 14, 2018
                            ______________

         Before: SHWARTZ, BIBAS, and FUENTES, Circuit Judges.

                        (Filed: November 16, 2018)
                                     ______________

                                        OPINION *
                                     ______________

SHWARTZ, Circuit Judge.

       Plaintiff Cevdet Aksut Ve Ogullari Koll.Sti (“Cevdet”) appeals: (1) the District

Court’s orders (a) dismissing its Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act

(“RICO”) claims and (b) granting Defendants’ motions for summary judgment on

Cevdet’s remaining claims, all under New Jersey law; and (2) the Magistrate Judge’s

order denying Cevdet’s motions to reopen the discovery period and compel discovery.

For the reasons that follow, we will affirm.

                                               I

       This litigation is preceded by three separate actions. All of these actions surround

Huseyin Cavusoglu’s purchase—through a shell company called HGC Commodities

Corp. (“HGC”)—of $1.125 million worth of dried apricots, figs, and pine nuts from

Cevedet. HGC and Cavusoglu failed to pay Cevdet for the goods, prompting Cevdet to

sue Cavusoglu and HGC to recover the money owed. Cevdet and Cavusoglu reached a

settlement, but Cavusoglu defaulted and a judgment was issued against HGC for

$1,123,500. Cevdet then brought suit for fraud against Cavusoglu personally. A jury

found Cavusoglu liable and a $1,187,722.73 judgment was entered against him. Cevdet


       *
        This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7
does not constitute binding precedent.

                                               2
claims that while these actions were pending, Cavusoglu stripped HGC of all assets to

prevent Cevdet from collecting its judgment.

       Cavusoglu sold some of Cevdet’s goods to American Pistachio Commodity Corp.

d/b/a Sunrise Commodities (“Sunrise”), through its principals Andrew Rosen and David

Cottman (collectively, “the Sunrise Defendants”). 1 At some point, a company associated

with Cavusoglu sued Sunrise for failure to pay the full amount for certain goods. The

parties settled their claims (“Sunrise Settlement”). Under the settlement, Sunrise paid

Cavusoglu $500,000. The funds were wired to Cavusoglu’s counsel Hinckley Allen &

Snyder LLP (“Hinckley Allen”). Hinckley Allen disbursed some of the funds to itself for

legal services.

       In 2014, Cevdet filed this action against the Sunrise Defendants, Cavusoglu’s

family, Hinckley Allen, and a former officer of Sunrise, Mordy Dicker, among others,

alleging violations of New Jersey and federal RICO, N.J.S.A. 2C:41-4, et. seq., and 18

U.S.C. § 1961, et. seq., respectively; the Uniform Fraudulent Transfer Act (“UFTA”),

N.J.S.A. 25:2-25, et seq.; aiding and abetting of conversion, fraud, and breach of

fiduciary duty; civil conspiracy; and accounting.

       The District Court dismissed Cevdet’s RICO claims against Hinckley Allen, the

Sunrise Defendants, and Dicker. The Court held that Cevdet failed to plead a predicate

pattern of racketeering activity and continuity to state a RICO claim against Hinckley

Allen, Cevdet Aksut Ve Ogullari Koll. Sti v. Cavusoglu, Civ. No. 14-3362, 2016 WL


       1
         Cavusoglu also provided space in a rented warehouse to Sunrise, among other
services, to facilitate Sunrise’s business of importing food products.

                                             3
1407745, at *2 (D.N.J. Apr. 11, 2016), and that Cevdet failed to plead a domestic injury

as required by RICO to state a claim against Sunrise and Dicker, see Cevdet Aksut

Ogullari Koll. Sti v. Cavusoglu, 245 F. Supp. 3d 650, 658-60 (D.N.J. 2017); Dkt. No.

151.

         After discovery closed, the Sunrise Defendants and Hinckley Allen requested

leave to file motions for summary judgment on the remaining claims. In response,

Cevdet filed a motion to extend the discovery period and compel discovery. Cevdet

Aksut Ogullari Koll, STI v. Cavusoglu, Civ. No. 14-3362, 2017 WL 3013257, at *2-3

(D.N.J. July 14, 2017). The Magistrate Judge denied Cevdet’s motion, finding that

Cevdet failed to diligently pursue discovery and that it only raised these issues after the

discovery period ended. Id. at *4-6. Cevdet did not appeal this order to the District

Court.

         Defendants thereafter filed summary judgment motions. The District Court

awarded Hinckley Allen summary judgment on the remaining counts and denied

Cevdet’s cross-motion for summary judgment, finding no factual support for Cevdet’s

allegations that Hinckley Allen was liable under the UFTA or for civil conspiracy for its

role in the Sunrise Settlement and the transfer of the settlement proceeds. Cevdet Aksut

Ogullari Koll. Sti v. Cavusoglu, Civ. No. 14-3362, 2018 WL 482453, at *5, *7-8 (D.N.J.

Jan. 19, 2018).

         The District Court also granted Dicker’s motion for summary judgment, finding

that Dicker had left Sunrise before the alleged fraud occurred and thus could not have

participated in it. Cevdet Aksut Ogullari Koll. Sti. v. Cavusoglu, Civ. No. 14-3362, 2018


                                              4
WL 585542, at *3 (D.N.J. Jan. 29, 2018). Finally, the Court granted the Sunrise

Defendants’ motion for summary judgment, finding that Cevdet presented no facts to

refute their explanation for the activities Cevdet labeled as fraudulent conduct. Cevdet

Aksut Ogullari Koll. Sti. v. Cavusoglu, Civ. No. 14-3362, 2018 WL 585541, at *4

(D.N.J. Jan. 29, 2018). 2

       Cevdet appeals.

                                             II 3

                                             A

       We will first review Cevdet’s assertion that the District Court erred in concluding

that it did not suffer a domestic injury as required under RICO, 18 U.S.C. § 1964(c), and

dismissing its RICO claim. 4

       RICO creates a private right of action for injuries to a person’s business or

property. 18 U.S.C. § 1964(c). While “RICO applies to some foreign racketeering


       2
          The District Court also ruled that Cevdet abandoned its accounting claim.
Cevdet, 2018 WL 482453, at *5 (Hinckley Allen); Cevdet, 2018 WL 585542, at *3
(Dicker); Cevdet, 2018 WL 585541, at *4 (Sunrise).
        3
          The District Court had jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 1332, 1367. We
have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291.
        4
          We conduct plenary review of the District Court’s order granting a motion to
dismiss. Fowler v. UPMC Shadyside, 578 F.3d 203, 206 (3d Cir. 2009). We apply the
same standard as the District Court and must determine whether the complaint, construed
“in the light most favorable to the plaintiff,” Santomenno ex rel. John Hancock Tr. v.
John Hancock Life Ins. Co., 768 F.3d 284, 290 (3d Cir. 2014) (internal quotation marks
and citation omitted), “contain[s] sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a
claim to relief that is plausible on its face,’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009)
(quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)), “but we disregard rote
recitals of the elements of a cause of action, legal conclusions, and mere conclusory
statements,” James v. City of Wilkes-Barre, 700 F.3d 675, 679 (3d Cir. 2012). A claim
“has facial plausibility when the pleaded factual content allows the court to draw the

                                              5
activity,” “[s]ection 1964(c) requires a civil RICO plaintiff to allege and prove a domestic

injury to business or property and does not allow recovery for foreign injuries.” RJR

Nabisco, Inc. v. European Cmty., 136 S. Ct. 2090, 2103, 2111 (2016).

       RICO allows recovery for domestic injuries to both tangible and intangible

property. Thus, we must identify where the property is harmed. The harm to tangible

property is deemed to occur where the property is located. So, a plaintiff suffers a

domestic injury to tangible property “if the plaintiff’s property was located in the United

States when it was stolen or harmed, even if the plaintiff himself resides abroad.”

Bascunan v. Elsaca, 874 F.3d 806, 820-21 (2d Cir. 2017).

       However, where “harm to intangible business interests is alleged[,] [t]he location

of such injuries simply cannot be identified with the same geographic certainty that is

endemic in the very concept of tangible property.” Humphrey v. GlaxoSmithKline PLC,

905 F.3d 694, 703-04 (3d Cir. 2018). To determine the location of an injury to intangible

property, we “must focus primarily upon where the effects of the predicate acts were

experienced.” Id. at 707. To this end, we weigh a number of factors, including:

       where the injury itself arose; the location of the plaintiff’s residence or
       principal place of business; where any alleged services were provided; where
       the plaintiff received or expected to receive the benefits associated with
       providing such services; where any relevant business agreements were
       entered into and the laws binding such agreements; and the location of the
       activities giving rise to the underlying dispute.

Id. No one factor is “presumptively dispositive.” Id.




reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Iqbal, 556
U.S. at 678.

                                             6
       Thus, to determine whether Cevdet suffered a domestic injury for RICO purposes,

we must determine: (1) the nature of the injury Cevdet claims to have suffered due to

Defendants’ actions; (2) whether the injured property is tangible or intangible; and (3)

where the injury occurred.

       First, Cevdet describes its injury as the damage to its $1.1 million judgment

against Cavusoglu caused by Defendants’ transfer of funds that shielded Cavugolu’s

assets from collection by creditors like Cevdet. 5 For the purposes of this inquiry, we

assume that the inability to collect on the judgment is “a concrete financial loss” that is

cognizable under RICO. In re Avandia Mktg., Sales, Practices & Prod. Liab. Litig., 804

F.3d 633, 638 (3d Cir. 2017) (citations omitted).

       Second, “[a] judgment is property.” Tatung Co., Ltd. v. Shu Tze Hsu, 217 F.

Supp. 3d 1138, 1156 (C.D. Cal. 2016) (quoting Kingvision Pay-Per-View Ltd. v. Lake

Alice Bar, 168 F.3d 347, 352 (9th Cir. 1999)). “As much as a judgment or a cause of

action is a piece of property, it does not have a ‘physical existence.’ The property at

issue here, then, is an ‘intangible asset[.]’” Armada (Singapore) PTE Ltd. v. Amcol Int’l

Corp., 885 F.3d 1090, 1094 (7th Cir. 2018) (citing Intangible Asset, Black’s Law

Dictionary (9th ed. 2009)).



       5
         The District Court aptly described Cevdet’s injury to the judgment as a
derivative or “downstream effect” of the underlying fraudulent transactions which
harmed his business in Turkey. Cevdet, 245 F. Supp. 3d at 658. Moreover, to the extent
Cevdet’s complaint alleged different injuries—injury to his judgment and injury to his
business—each injury occurred in Turkey for the reasons stated herein. Bascunan, 874
F.3d at 818 (stating a court “should separately analyze each injury to determine whether
any of the injuries alleged are domestic”).

                                              7
       Third, applying the Humphrey factors, we conclude that Cevdet’s injury is not

domestic for the purposes of § 1964(c). Although Cevdet has a judgment against

Cavusoglu under United States law, Cevdet is a Turkish company with its principal place

of business in Turkey, and Cevdet experiences the loss from its inability to collect on its

judgment in Turkey. 6 Because its injury is not felt in the United States, Cevdet has not

suffered a domestic injury and is therefore foreclosed from stating a RICO claim, and the

District Court properly dismissed it. 7

                                             B

       Cevdet next argues that the District Court erred in granting summary judgment to

Hinckley Allen, the Sunrise Defendants, and Dicker on the remaining claims. We need

not address any of these arguments on appeal because Cevdet has not preserved them.

       To preserve a claim on appeal, an appellant must comply with Federal Rule of

Appellate Procedure 28. See Barna v. Bd. of Sch. Dirs. of Panther Valley Sch. Dist., 877

F.3d 136, 145 (3d Cir. 2017). Pursuant to Rule 28, an appellant’s brief must include the



       6
          Cevdet’s injury is akin to the injury described in Tatung, where the plaintiff
claimed that he was unable to collect a United States arbitration award or the judgment
confirming the award “because, it alleges, its creditor and many others engaged in a
RICO conspiracy to render the creditor an empty shell.” 217 F. Supp. 3d at 1156. In that
case, however, unlike Cevdet, the “[p]laintiff maintain[ed] a ‘hub’ in the United States.”
Id. at 1155. Additionally, the court focused on where the predicate acts underlying the
RICO claim took place or where the defendants targeted their conduct, id. at 1156-57,
whereas we have adopted an approach focusing on where the effects of the defendants’
conduct were felt, Humphrey, 905 F.3d at 707. Thus, Tatung is inapposite.
        7
          Because we conclude Cevdet has not alleged a domestic injury, we need not
consider its appeal of the District Court’s order dismissing the RICO claims against
Hinckley Allen for failure to establish a pattern of racketeering, even assuming the
argument was preserved, see infra section II.B.

                                             8
“appellant’s contentions and the reasons for them, with citations to the authorities and

parts of the record on which the appellant relies.” Fed. R. App. P. 28(a)(8)(A). “[W]e

have consistently refused to consider ill-developed arguments or those not properly raised

and discussed in the appellate briefing.” Barna, 877 F.3d at 145 (citations omitted).

Likewise, we will not consider arguments that a party seeks to incorporate by reference to

a submission to the district court. See Norma v. Elkin, 860 F.3d 111, 130 (3d Cir. 2017)

(“[A]n attempt to incorporate by reference arguments made in the District Court does not

satisfy the rules of appellate procedure . . . . Elkin has thus waived his argument . . .”). 8

       Cevdet’s brief violated these principles. With respect to its appeal of the orders

granting summary judgment to Hinckley Allen and Dicker, Cevdet’s brief seeks to

incorporate by reference its filing before the District Court, allegedly “[i]n the interest of

brevity and due to word count limitations.” Appellant’s Br. at 52, 52 n.3. Such

incorporation neither serves the interest of brevity nor complies with the word limits.

Indeed, Cevdet’s effort to incorporate the filing is an end run around both Rule 28’s word

limit and our order denying Cevdet’s request to file a brief exceeding 15,000 words. 9 See

Papp v. Fore-Kast Sales Co., Inc., 842 F.3d 805, 816 (3d Cir. 2016) (holding arguments

incorporated by reference “nullify the page or word limits imposed by appellate and local

rules” and declining to review them).



       8
         Defendants appropriately raised these procedural requirements and explained
how Cevdet failed to meet them. Cevdet did not dispute its blatant violations.
       9
         The filing related to Hinckley Allen that Cevdet seeks to incorporate is a
counterstatement of undisputed material facts spanning fifteen pages. Cevdet’s opening
brief was 62 pages and 14,502 words.

                                               9
       With respect to its appeal of the order granting the Sunrise Defendants’ motion for

summary judgment, Cevdet violated Rule 28 in two ways. First, although Cevdet cited to

the record, its argument is devoid of any statutory or case law support. Second, sections

of Cevdet’s brief nearly replicate its filing before the District Court. By simply

duplicating the brief submitted to the Court, Cevdet fails to identify where or why the

Court erred. See Friend v. Valley View Cmty. Unit Sch. Dist. 365U, 789 F.3d 707, 712

(7th Cir. 2015) (holding brief violated Rule 28(a) where the plaintiff “does not inform us

why the district court erred”); Diaz-Colon v. Fuentes-Agostini, 786 F.3d 144, 149 (1st

Cir. 2015) (rejecting appeal where “defendants fail[ed] to develop any argument in their

brief on appeal for why the district court erred”).

       For these reasons, Cevdet has not preserved its arguments challenging the orders

granting Defendants’ motions for summary judgment. Kost v. Kozakiewicz, 1 F.3d 176,

182 (3d Cir. 1993). 10

                                                  C

       Cevdet has also appealed the Magistrate Judge’s order denying his motion to

extend and compel discovery. Objections to a magistrate’s judge’s case management and

discovery orders must be presented to the district judge. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 72(b)(3)

(providing that “the district judge must determine de novo any part of the magistrate

judge’s disposition that has been properly objected to”); L. Civ. R. 72.1(c)(1) (D.N.J.)

(outlining procedure for appealing a magistrate judge’s determination of non-dispositive


       10
         Cevdet also waived its accounting and aiding and abetting of conversion, fraud,
and breach of fiduciary duty claims because it made no reference to them on appeal.

                                             10
motions to the district judge). A party who “fail[s] to appeal to the district court a

magistrate judge’s order in a nondispositive matter may not raise an objection to it on

appeal to a circuit court.” Cont’l Cas. Co. v. Dominick D’Andrea, Inc., 150 F.3d 245,

252 (3d Cir. 1998), as amended (Sept. 8, 1998).

       Cevdet never appealed the Magistrate Judge’s order to the District Court, and it

has not presented extraordinary circumstances that warrant our consideration of the order.

United Steelworkers of Am., AFL-CIO v. New Jersey Zinc Co., 828 F.2d 1001, 1008 (3d

Cir. 1987), as amended (Oct. 6, 1987) (“For similar reasons, this court has consistently

held that it will not, absent extraordinary circumstances, address on appeal issues not

originally presented to the district court.” (citations omitted)). Therefore, we will not

consider Cevdet’s appeal of this order.

                                                  III

       For the foregoing reasons, we will affirm.




                                             11
