                  NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                             File Name: 09a0646n.06

                                                 No. 07-3412

                              UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                                       FILED
                                   FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT                                       Sep 18, 2009
                                                                                        LEONARD GREEN, Clerk

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                                       )
                                                                )
        Plaintiff-Appellee,                                     )
                                                                )          ON APPEAL FROM THE
v.                                                              )          UNITED STATES DISTRICT
                                                                )          COURT FOR THE SOUTHERN
CLARENCE BELL,                                                  )          DISTRICT OF OHIO
                                                                )
        Defendant-Appellant.                                    )



BEFORE: NORRIS and COLE, Circuit Judges; ADAMS, District Judge.*

        JOHN R. ADAMS, District Judge. Defendant Clarence Bell appeals from his sentence of

100 months incarceration. We AFFIRM.

        On April 6, 2006, a grand jury indicted Bell in an indictment that included nine defendants

and twenty-one total counts. In the indictment, Bell was charged with one count of conspiracy to

possess with intent to distribute more than 500 grams of cocaine and one count of possession with

intent to distribute more than 500 grams of cocaine. On November 30, 2006, Bell pleaded guilty to

both counts. On March 28, 2007 the district court sentenced Bell to 100 months incarceration, after

calculating an advisory guideline range of 97-121 months. Bell timely appealed and now challenges

his sentence.




        *
          The Honorable John R. Adams, United States District Judge for the Northern District of Ohio, sitting by
designation.
No. 07-3412
United States v. Bell

1. Firearm Enhancement

       In his first assignment of error, Bell contends that the district court erred when it enhanced

his sentence upon a finding that a firearm was possessed in connection with the drug offenses. This

Court finds no merit in Bell’s argument.

       U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(b) provides for a two-level enhancement “[i]f a dangerous weapon

(including a firearm) was possessed” during the commission of certain drug offenses. The §

2D1.1(b)(1) enhancement is proper only if the government establishes, by a preponderance of the

evidence, that (1) the defendant possessed a dangerous weapon (2) during the commission of a drug-

trafficking offense. United States v. Hill, 79 F.3d 1477, 1485 (6th Cir. 1996). Application note 3

to § 2D1.1 provides in relevant part that the “enhancement for weapon possession reflects the

increased danger of violence when drug traffickers possess weapons. The adjustment should be

applied if the weapon was present, unless it is clearly improbable that the weapon was connected

with the offense.” When this Court reviews a district court’s underlying factual findings related to

this firearm enhancement, it should not disturb those findings absent a finding of clear error. United

States v. Elder, 90 F.3d 1110, 1133 (6th Cir. 1996).

       Bell concedes that the district court properly concluded that he was in possession of the

firearms found during the search of the residence. Bell, however, argues that the Government failed

to prove a “temporal and spatial relation” existed between the firearms and the drug activity. Bell

then argues in the alternative that the district court erred when it concluded that he had not

demonstrated that it was clearly improbable that the firearm was connected to the drug activity. This

Court rejects both arguments.

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No. 07-3412
United States v. Bell

           This Circuit has previously rejected the initial argument raised by Bell that requires the

Government to prove a temporal and spatial relationship between the firearm and drug activity. See

United States v. Sanchez, 928 F.2d 1450, 1460 (6th Cir. 1991) (overruled on other grounds by United

States v. Jackson-Randolph, 282 F.3d 369 (6th Cir. 2002)). However, even assuming that such a

relationship is required, we find no error because the district court had ample evidence before it to

make such a factual finding. There is no dispute that the firearms were found in a residence heavily

connected to the drug activity. The firearms were found in an upstairs bedroom, while a basement

safe was found to contain three kilograms of cocaine, a scale, and $18,000 cash. The basement also

contained a marijuana grow system, another scale, and packing materials. The district court,

therefore, had substantial evidence before it that the two firearms were found in a residence that was

the situs for drug activity. A prior panel of this Court was faced with similar facts and noted as

follows:

       In the present action, the district court could have reasonably found that the
       Greenlawn residence was the situs of the drug activity, and that a semi-automatic
       pistol found at the situs of the drug activity (that was allegedly for protection of the
       situs of the drug activity) was in fact part of the drug activity.

United States v. Johnson, 238 F.3d 425 (6th Cir. Dec. 15, 2000) (table decision). This panel agrees

with the logic espoused in Johnson and finds no clear error in the trial court’s determination that the

firearm was properly linked to the drug activity

       We likewise conclude that the district court was not clearly erroneous in its determination

that Bell had failed to demonstrate that it was “clearly improbable” that the firearms were connected

to the drug activity. The sole “evidence” offered by Bell in an attempt to meet his burden was


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No. 07-3412
United States v. Bell

counsel’s argument that the firearms were possessed to protect the home because it had been

previously burglarized. No evidence of any kind was offered in support of this assertion.

Furthermore, given that the guns were found in a home with a substantial quantity of cocaine and

$18,000 cash, this Court cannot conclude that the district court erred in finding that Bell had not met

his burden of demonstrating that it was clearly improbable that the firearms were related to the drug

activity. We find no merit in Bell’s challenge to the firearm enhancement.

2. Use of Prior Conviction

       In his second assignment of error, Bell attacks the continuing validity of Almendarez-Torres

v. United States, 523 U.S. 224 (1998). There is no merit in Bell’s argument.

       Bell admits, as he must, that under Almendarez-Torres, the district court may use a prior

conviction to enhance a sentence without violating a defendant’s Fifth and Sixth Amendment rights

to indictment, trial by jury, and proof beyond a reasonable doubt. Id. at 239-47. In his brief,

however, Bell relies upon Justice Clarence Thomas’s concurring opinion in Shepard v. United States,

544 U.S. 13 (2005), in which Justice Thomas noted that a majority of justices of the Supreme Court

are of the opinion that Almendarez-Torres was incorrectly decided. Id. at 27-28 (Thomas, J.,

concurring). While this Court has commented upon the continuing viability of Almendarez-Torres

following Shepard in United States v. Powers, 129 Fed. Appx. 942, 946 (6th Cir. 2005), the Supreme

Court has mandated that if “precedent of this Court has direct application in a case, yet appears to

rest on reasons rejected in some other line of decisions, the Court of Appeals should follow the case

which directly controls, leaving to this Court the prerogative of overruling its own decisions.” Tenet

v. Doe, 544 U.S. 1, 10-11 (2005) (quoting Rodriguez de Quijas v. Shearson/Am. Express, Inc., 490

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No. 07-3412
United States v. Bell

U.S. 477, 484 (1989)). Accordingly, we decline to find that Almendarez-Torres is no longer good

law. Powers, 129 Fed. Appx. at 546 (“Almendarez-Torres remains the law.” (citation omitted)).

Bell’s second challenge, therefore, lacks merit.

       The judgment is AFFIRMED.




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