                                             COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA


              Present: Judges Russell, Chafin and Senior Judge Clements
              Argued at Richmond, Virginia
UNPUBLISHED




              DUSTIN SCOTT JONES
                                                                          MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY
              v.     Record No. 1764-16-2                               JUDGE JEAN HARRISON CLEMENTS
                                                                                OCTOBER 2, 2018
              COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA


                               FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF PETERSBURG
                                            Dennis M. Martin, Sr., Judge

                               Aaron M. Vandenbrook, Assistant Public Defender I (Shaun R.
                               Huband, Deputy Public Defender, on brief), for appellant.

                               Craig W. Stallard, Assistant Attorney General (Mark R. Herring,
                               Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.


                     Appellant was convicted in a bench trial of conspiracy to commit robbery, attempted

              robbery, and use of a firearm in the commission of attempted robbery. He argues on appeal that

              the evidence did not prove attempted robbery because the evidence did not establish that he

              performed an overt act in furtherance of the intended robbery. He also contends that the

              evidence is insufficient to sustain his conviction for use of a firearm. We agree, and reverse and

              dismiss both convictions.1

                                                        BACKGROUND

                     At about 5:45 a.m. on October 6, 2015, Petersburg Police Officers Binford and Seabridge

              saw a white Mercedes drive into the parking lot of a housing complex that they were observing.



                     *
                         Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.
                     1
                        Although appellant included the circuit court case number for his conspiracy conviction
              in his notice of appeal, he has not in fact contested that conviction.
They were in an unmarked pickup truck, but wearing full uniform. A man exited the car and

walked across the street. Two other men, who were later identified as appellant and Phillip

Boyce, got out of the car a few minutes later and “adjust[ed]” their clothing for four or five

minutes before starting to cross the street in the same direction that the first man had gone. The

officers followed the men to an alley between two residences. They saw appellant and Boyce at

the corner behind one of the houses, but not near the door. When the men saw the officers, they

started to walk down the alley toward the street. The officers exited their truck and announced

their presence. Boyce stopped walking, but appellant fled. Seabridge saw appellant run in and

out of a fenced parking lot before returning to the Mercedes and driving away.

       Another officer apprehended appellant a short time later. Seabridge then searched the

Mercedes, recovering a ski mask. He located another ski mask in a street that appellant had

travelled before he was stopped. Several hours later, in response to a telephone call, Seabridge

searched the fenced-in area where he had seen appellant running and found a sawed-off shotgun

under a bush inside the gate.

       After he was arrested, appellant gave Detective Ewers conflicting statements about the

incident, but eventually admitted that he and Boyce were there to “make sure Trip didn’t get

hurt.” According to appellant, Trip had intended to rob a known drug dealer, A.S. No evidence

was presented at trial regarding where A.S. lived.

       The trial court determined that appellant’s statement to the police that he accompanied

Trip to protect him during the planned robbery made appellant “part of the robbery.” The court

said that if appellant had said nothing, the evidence would be insufficient to convict him.

                                           ANALYSIS

       When reviewing a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, this Court considers the

evidence in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, the prevailing party below, and

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reverses the judgment of the trial court only when its decision is plainly wrong or without

evidence to support it. See Farhoumand v. Commonwealth, 288 Va. 338, 351, 764 S.E.2d 95,

102 (2014).

       An attempted crime “is composed of two elements, the intent to commit the crime and the

doing of some direct act toward its consummation, but falling short of the accomplishment of the

ultimate design.” Rogers v. Commonwealth, 55 Va. App. 20, 24-25, 683 S.E.2d 311, 312-13

(2009) (quoting Johnson v. Commonwealth, 209 Va. 291, 293, 163 S.E.2d 570, 573 (1968)).

Here, because appellant has not challenged the sufficiency of the evidence to prove intent to

commit robbery, we are concerned only with whether the evidence proved an overt or direct act.

If the intent to commit a crime is clearly established, “slight acts done in furtherance of this

design will constitute an attempt.” Tharrington v. Commonwealth, 2 Va. App. 491, 494, 346

S.E.2d 337, 339 (1986) (quoting State v. Bell, 316 S.E.2d 611, 616 (N.C. 1984)). Whether

conduct is an overt act is determined by the specific facts of each case. See Jay v.

Commonwealth, 275 Va. 510, 525, 659 S.E.2d 311, 320 (2008). The act must be more than

mere preparation, but it need not be the last act necessary to accomplish the crime. See id. at

526, 659 S.E.2d at 320. However, the act must be a “step in a direct movement towards the

commission of the offence after the preparations are made.” Rogers, 55 Va. App. at 25, 683

S.E.2d at 314 (quoting Hicks v. Commonwealth, 86 Va. 223, 227, 9 S.E. 1024, 1025 (1889)).

       We agree with appellant that his case is controlled by Hopson v. Commonwealth, 15

Va. App. 749, 427 S.E.2d 221 (1993), and Jordan v. Commonwealth, 15 Va. App. 759, 427

S.E.2d 231 (1993). Those cases involved co-defendants whose convictions for attempted

robbery were reversed on appeal. The two men were observed outside a store “behaving

suspiciously.” Hopson, 15 Va. App. at 752, 427 S.E.2d at 223. Hopson was seen wearing a

mask at one point, and Jordan had a gun in his pocket and had surveyed the store. Id. But they

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did not attempt to enter the store, and they made no “move toward realizing the ultimate purpose

of robbery.” Id. We held that the evidence was “consistent only with scouting the store,” but did

not demonstrate an overt act to support attempted robbery. Id.

       Similarly, here, the evidence did not prove that appellant had begun the actual robbery or

that its execution was otherwise imminent. The evidence established that Officers Binford and

Seabridge saw a man get out of a car that had been driven into a parking lot and then walk across

the street. A few minutes later, they saw appellant and Boyce get out of the car, adjust their

clothing and put on hooded sweatshirts, and then walk down an alley between two buildings in

the same direction as the first man had gone. However, there was no evidence presented that the

planned robbery was imminent or that the intended victim lived in the area of the alley, or was

expected to be there at that time. Thus, the evidence showed only some possible preparation for

the intended crime, rather than any overt act. “The [attempted] crime must be ‘in such progress

that it will be consummated unless interrupted by circumstances independent of the will of the

attempter, and the act must not be equivocal in nature.’” Bloom v. Commonwealth, 34 Va. App.

364, 371, 542 S.E.2d 18, 21 (quoting Lewis v. Commonwealth, 15 Va. App. 337, 340, 423

S.E.2d 371, 373 (1992)), aff’d, 262 Va. 814, 554 S.E.2d 84 (2001).

       The Commonwealth’s reliance on Rogers is misplaced because the facts in the case are

distinguishable from appellant’s case. In Rogers, the victim saw appellant and another man

standing outside his apartment building. A short time later, the victim’s doorbell rang, and when

he looked out the peephole in the front door, he saw appellant and the other man. The appellant

put a black bandana over his face. The victim told his wife to call the police. Looking out the

peephole again, the victim saw a third man who appeared to have a gun, and appellant had a

baseball bat in his hands. The men continued to ring the doorbell, but the victim did not open the

door. The three men fled in a car as the police arrived. This Court held that the evidence was

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sufficient to convict appellant of attempted robbery because the completion of the crime was

foiled by the appearance of the police. See 55 Va. App. at 29, 683 S.E.2d at 316.

       In appellant’s case, the police intervened before the intended robbery occurred, but

evidence that appellant performed a direct act was lacking. As in Hopson and Jordan, the

evidence here did not establish the requisite overt act to prove attempted robbery.

       Because we find the evidence insufficient to sustain appellant’s conviction for attempted

robbery, we also must find that the related conviction for use of a firearm fails. “Under the plain

language of Code § 18.2-53.1, there can be no conviction for use or attempted use of a firearm

when there has been no commission of one of the predicate offenses enumerated in the statute.”

Jay, 275 Va. at 527, 659 S.E.2d at 321. See Hopson, 15 Va. App. at 752-53, 427 S.E.2d at 223

(holding that defendant’s conviction for use of a firearm in the commission of attempted robbery

could not stand because it was “contingent upon proof of the underlying felony,” and such proof

was lacking).

       For these reasons, we reverse and dismiss appellant’s convictions for attempted robbery

and use of a firearm in the commission of attempted robbery.

                                                                          Reversed and dismissed.




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