                         RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                              Pursuant to Sixth Circuit Rule 206
                                      File Name: 12a0177p.06

                 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                  FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                    _________________


                                                X
                          Plaintiff-Appellee, -
 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
                                                 -
                                                 -
                                                 -
                                                     No. 11-3656
          v.
                                                 ,
                                                  >
                                                 -
                        Defendant-Appellant. -
 WILLIAM MITCHELL, JR.,
                                                N
                  Appeal from the United States District Court
                 for the Northern District of Ohio at Cleveland.
                No. 1:10-cr-502-1—Sara E. Lioi, District Judge.
                             Decided and Filed: June 13, 2012
            Before: SUTTON, McKEAGUE, and RIPPLE*, Circuit Judges.

                                      _________________

                                           COUNSEL
ON BRIEF: Thomas E. Conway, Cleveland, Ohio, for Appellant. Daniel R. Ranke,
ASSISTANT UNITED STATES ATTORNEY, Cleveland, Ohio, for Appellee.
                                      _________________

                                            OPINION
                                      _________________

        RIPPLE, Circuit Judge. A grand jury indicted William Mitchell, Jr., for his
involvement in a long-running scheme to bribe the auditor of Cuyahoga County, Ohio,
into awarding overvalued contracts for appraisal work to a company formed by
Mr. Mitchell’s law partners. The indictment included three counts: (1) conspiracy to
commit bribery concerning programs receiving federal funds, in violation of 18 U.S.C.
§ 371; (2) bribery concerning programs receiving federal funds, in violation of 18 U.S.C.



        *
         The Honorable Kenneth F. Ripple, Circuit Judge for the United States Court of Appeals for the
Seventh Circuit, sitting by designation.


                                                  1
No. 11-3656           United States v. Mitchell                                                 Page 2


§ 666(a)(2); and (3) conspiracy to violate the Hobbs Act, in violation of 18 U.S.C.
§ 1951. The district court granted Mr. Mitchell’s motion for judgment of acquittal on
the Hobbs Act charge, but a jury convicted Mr. Mitchell of the remaining two counts.
The district court sentenced Mr. Mitchell to 97 months’ incarceration and three years’
supervised release. On appeal, Mr. Mitchell claims that the district court erred by
instructing the jury that deliberate ignorance, in some instances, can constitute
knowledge. He further asserts that the sentence imposed by the district court was
procedurally and substantively unreasonable. Having reviewed the record, the parties’
briefs and the applicable law, we now affirm the judgment of the district court.

                                                   I

                                        BACKGROUND

A. Facts

         Mr. Mitchell was a partner in the Cleveland, Ohio, law firm of Armstrong,
Mitchell, Damiani and Zaccagnini (“AMDZ”) from the early 1980s until 2006. His
partners in the firm were Timothy Armstrong, Lou Damiani and Bruce Zaccagnini.
There was no formal partnership agreement at AMDZ; each partner practiced in a
different area of law, and each represented his clients with essentially no oversight.
However, each partner shared evenly in the firm’s profits. Damiani was the closest
person the firm had to a managing partner because he was responsible for taking care of
AMDZ’s finances.

         1. The Government’s Case1

         The AMDZ partnership structure was beneficial to Mr. Mitchell, who specialized
in personal injury and medical malpractice cases. He would take these cost-intensive
cases on a contingency-fee basis. By contrast, each of his partners billed by the hour.
Because the partners split expenses and profits evenly, Mr. Mitchell was able to take on


         1
           The Government’s case was based principally upon the trial testimony of Zaccagnini, Armstrong
and Sandy Klimkowski, each of whom testified against Mr. Mitchell in accordance with plea agreements
that they entered into in connection with the investigation into the scheme at issue in this case.
No. 11-3656               United States v. Mitchell                                                 Page 3


costly cases that he would not otherwise have been able to litigate while continuing to
draw compensation regularly from his partners’ fees during the pendency of such
actions. In exchange, he would share his occasional “windfall” awards with his partners,
who were effectively helping to finance his work. Mr. Mitchell often would admit to his
partners that “but for the continuous payroll that w[as] coming from the other partners
and associates in the firm, he wouldn’t have been able to do that.”2

         Frank Russo was the elected auditor of Cuyahoga County, Ohio, which includes
the City of Cleveland. Part of Russo’s job as auditor was to oversee tax appraisals on
properties within the County. In 1997, Damiani approached his partners in AMDZ about
forming a business to solicit lucrative appraisal work from Russo, whom Damiani had
known before Russo became auditor. On Damiani’s suggestion, all four partners
traveled to Atlantic City to meet with Robert Scrivens, a real estate appraiser. Although
Mr. Mitchell and Zaccagnini met Scrivens in Atlantic City, they did not attend the
meeting between him, Damiani and possibly Armstrong. When the partners were
driving back from Atlantic City, Damiani explained that Scrivens was going to ask Joe
Beres, another appraiser, to be involved with the enterprise. Damiani also indicated that
he would speak with Russo and Sandy Klimkowski, an employee from the auditor’s
office, to “express an interest in” securing this contract.3 According to Zaccagnini,
Damiani told the partners, including Mr. Mitchell, “that Frank [Russo] would want to,
you know, be taken care of. You know, we’re going to have to come up with cash for
him as well,” but that “‘there is going to be plenty of money there and [that] it w[ould]
still be lucrative for us.’”4

         Upon their return, Damiani told Zaccagnini that the State of Ohio maintained a
list of approved contractors and that, while they needed to be on that list, they needed



         2
             R.55 at 22, Trial Tr. at 375.
         3
             Id. at 31, Trial Tr. at 384.
         4
          Id. at 32, Trial Tr. at 385. Armstrong recalls Damiani telling the partners that Russo would
“need to be taken care of,” id. at 302, Trial Tr. at 655, although he does not recall any conversation taking
place during this car ride, R.56 at 16, Trial Tr. at 687.
No. 11-3656             United States v. Mitchell                               Page 4


to do so by forming a company that could not be traced to them. Zaccagnini and
Armstrong then filed articles of incorporation for Valuation Advisory Services, Inc.
(“VAS”), which listed Scrivens as the company’s incorporator and shareholder. VAS
then submitted an application to be on the Ohio Tax Commissioner’s list, which was
approved. Thereafter, Armstrong set up an office for VAS in downtown Cleveland.
VAS employed a general manager to handle administrative matters in the office and to
sign blank checks for Damiani and Zaccagnini.

       At about the same time, Damiani approached Russo and Klimkowski about
contracting with VAS. Russo and Damiani agreed on the terms of a contract, which was
approved by the county commissioners. After one or two years, however, Russo learned
that he could award these contracts to VAS without putting them out for bid and without
seeking the commissioners’ approval, which he did from then on. Russo and VAS
would enter into “base” contracts at about the same amount as the previous agreement,
but would then issue addenda to increase the amount “[b]ecause [Russo] never liked
entering into contracts with big numbers all at once.”5

       The contracts between VAS and the County contained a fee schedule that called
for VAS to be paid monthly. Zaccagnini, who drafted these agreements, testified that
the amount VAS was to be paid was “[s]ignificantly more” than the legitimate expenses
that VAS incurred in conducting appraisals and that the payment terms of the agreement
had no “rational relevance or connection to the expenses of the contract.”6 Klimkowski,
who served as “the middle person between Frank Russo and Lou Damiani,” would hand
deliver these monthly payments to Damiani.7 Damiani and Klimkowski also would meet
once a month so that Damiani could give Klimkowski an envelope containing $10,000 in
$100 bills that was then passed on to Russo. This amount increased over time. In
2004, Damiani began to pay Klimkowski $3,000 per month as well, which eventually



       5
           R.54 at 87, Trial Tr. at 227.
       6
           R.55 at 38, Trial Tr. at 391.
       7
           R.54 at 85, Trial Tr. at 225.
No. 11-3656             United States v. Mitchell                                Page 5


increased to $6,000 per month. When the scheme began, Damiani explained to
Zaccagnini, Armstrong and Mr. Mitchell that they would need to come up with the
money to pay Russo. Each partner was expected to put up one-fourth of this amount.

       There was often a period of “drag time” between Damiani’s receipt of the check
from Klimkowski and Damiani’s payments to Russo and Klimkowski.8 In the interim,
Damiani would give the Klimkowski check to Zaccagnini, who would move the funds
through various accounts before depositing into AMDZ’s account the substantial amount
that was left over after VAS’s minimal expenses were paid.

       Mr. Mitchell’s wife filed for divorce in 2001. AMDZ was named a party to the
divorce, and Mrs. Mitchell’s attorneys sought discovery of the firm’s financial records.
Zaccagnini testified that there was a great deal of concern at AMDZ that someone might
learn of the scheme during the divorce proceedings. Damiani told Mr. Mitchell that he
“was concerned that this put everything at risk” because it could lead to someone
discovering that “this money was eventually coming to the firm.”9 Mr. Mitchell
apologized and said, “[L]et’s just do whatever we have got to do. Let’s fight it.”10 The
divorce was eventually resolved by settlement, and the documents in question never
were disclosed.

       In 2005, Damiani learned that he had cancer. In March of 2006, Damiani
informed Mr. Mitchell that he was terminally ill and that the VAS contract would be
over once he died. Nevertheless, in June of 2006, Damiani told Zaccagnini that the
scheme would in fact continue after his death with Zaccagnini taking over Damiani’s
leadership role and with Damiani’s wife and Zaccagnini as the only participants on the
VAS side of the arrangement. In August of that year, Damiani brought Zaccagnini to
his monthly rendezvous with Klimkowski. He told her, “What you did with me, you’ll
do with Bruce [Zaccagnini,] . . . [a]nd the conditions w[ill] stay the same with


       8
           Id. at 130, Trial Tr. at 271.
       9
           R.55 at 68-69, Trial Tr. at 421-22.
       10
            Id. at 69, Trial Tr. at 422.
No. 11-3656              United States v. Mitchell                                                Page 6


everybody.”11 Damiani passed away within the next week. Thereafter, Klimkowski
would deliver the checks to Zaccagnini, and he would provide her, in turn, with the
envelopes filled with cash.

         Zaccagnini began distributing the partners’ checks and collecting the bribe
money in September of 2005, nearly a year before Damiani ultimately passed away.12
When Damiani was still participating actively in the scheme, Zaccagnini would then
deliver the bribe money to Damiani. Zaccagnini testified that, once he began collecting
the bribe money, he would write the amount he needed from each partner on a Post-it
note attached to each partner’s draw check. Mr. Mitchell was typically prompt, and was
often early, in providing his portion of the cash to Zaccagnini. On one occasion, Mr.
Mitchell either had forgotten that he had received a draw check or had misplaced it, and
he was accordingly late with his payment. Upon finding the check, he immediately paid
his share to Zaccagnini.

         After Damiani’s death, Zaccagnini told Armstrong and Mr. Mitchell that the
VAS contract was over. As we noted above, this was a lie; the contract was still in force
with Zaccagnini and Damiani’s widow. Indeed, Damiani had negotiated a new contract
with Russo shortly before he died, and he instructed Zaccagnini to finish out that
contract but not to negotiate a new one thereafter. Mr. Mitchell expressed an interest in
continuing the contract, but Zaccagnini said that Russo and Klimkowski would not deal
with him.

         At around that same time, AMDZ was winding down its business; AMDZ had
lost Damiani to cancer and was about to lose Armstrong to a solo practice. Zaccagnini
then announced that he would be leaving the firm as well, and AMDZ dissolved at the
end of 2006.




         11
              R.54 at 144, Trial Tr. at 284.
         12
            During that year, Zaccagnini would distribute the checks, collect the bribe money and then give
that money to Damiani for delivery to Klimkowski. After Damiani passed away, Zaccagnini began
delivering the money to Klimkowski.
No. 11-3656             United States v. Mitchell                                 Page 7


       In November 2007, Mr. Mitchell called Zaccagnini.             He expressed his
displeasure with Russo for passing over his son-in-law for a job. Zaccagnini said he did
not know anything about this, and Mr. Mitchell replied, “‘Look, we all know all you got
to do is pay Frank Russo and you can get a job.’”13 The two then got together, and Mr.
Mitchell said that Damiani “screwed up” by letting the VAS contract go.14 When
Zaccagnini lied and said that Scrivens--the appraiser from Atlantic City--was the one
getting all the money now, Mr. Mitchell replied, “‘He needs to help out. He shouldn’t
be getting all that money.’”15 Mr. Mitchell said that he and his new wife were
borrowing heavily on their credit cards and that they were “‘zapped.’”16

       Zaccagnini continued the scheme until July of 2008, when the FBI searched the
Cuyahoga County Administration Building in connection with an investigation into
various crimes involving public officials and private contractors. Shortly thereafter, in
August of 2008, Mr. Mitchell met with Zaccagnini. Mr. Mitchell suggested that Russo
was “done” and that they should run Mr. Mitchell’s son-in-law to replace Russo so that
Klimkowski “would have job security and” so they could “‘get the contract back with
VAS.’”17 Mr. Mitchell then suggested that if the FBI’s investigation turned to VAS,
they should “‘blame it all on Armstrong,’” who had been involved with VAS’s work.18
Zaccagnini replied that “‘we’re the one[s] that got the money and paid the bribes’” and
that “‘[t]here is a paper trail.’”19 Mr. Mitchell said that Zaccagnini should “‘just let
[him] do the talking.’”20


       13
            R.55 at 113, Trial Tr. at 466.
       14
            Id. at 114, Trial Tr. at 467.
       15
            Id. at 115, Trial Tr. at 468.
       16
            Id. at 116, Trial Tr. at 469.
       17
            Id. at 118, Trial Tr. at 471.
       18
            Id. at 119, Trial Tr. at 472.
       19
            Id.
       20
            Id.
No. 11-3656              United States v. Mitchell                                    Page 8


        2. Mr. Mitchell’s Defense

        Mr. Mitchell testified in his own defense, contradicting a great deal of the
foregoing facts. He denied knowing about or participating in a scheme to bribe Russo
or Klimkowski. He also denied ever hearing that Russo needed “to be taken care of.”21
He further denied telling Zaccagnini that they should blame everything on Armstrong
if they were investigated. As to his divorce, Mr. Mitchell testified that all of the partners
were upset and that Damiani was trying to avoid being deposed, although none of the
partners ever told Mr. Mitchell that they were trying to avoid discovery “because they
were doing this stuff.”22

        According to Mr. Mitchell, Damiani “told [him] one day that [they] were going
to have a client [from New Jersey] who was going to do real estate appraisals.”23 Mr.
Mitchell testified that he indicated simply that this “[s]ound[ed] good.”24 He explained
that his reason for going to Atlantic City was “to have some fun” with Scrivens, whom
he had known for years.25 He further testified that he never heard of VAS until around
2004 and that he assumed “that was the real estate appraisal company [they] were
representing,” but that he never talked with anyone about VAS.26

        On cross-examination, Mr. Mitchell testified that he often would get between
$3,000 and $8,000 in cash when he would deposit his draw checks from AMDZ and that
he “always carried a big wad of cash.”27 However, he denied ever giving any cash to
Russo or Zaccagnini.



        21
             R.56 at 186, Trial Tr. at 857.
        22
             Id. at 190, Trial Tr. at 861.
        23
             Id. at 184, Trial Tr. at 855.
        24
             Id.
        25
             Id. at 185, Trial Tr. at 856.
        26
             Id.
        27
             Id. at 208, Trial Tr. at 879.
No. 11-3656              United States v. Mitchell                                               Page 9


B. District Court Proceedings

         After a week-long trial, the district court submitted the case to the jury on two
counts:28 conspiracy to commit bribery concerning programs receiving federal funds,
and bribery concerning programs receiving federal funds. At the Government’s request,
and over Mr. Mitchell’s objection, the district court included the following instruction:

                No one can avoid responsibility for a crime by deliberately
         ignoring the obvious. If you are convinced that the defendant provided
         payments of cash to Lou Damiani and Bruce Zaccagnini and deliberately
         ignored a high probability that the money was being given to Sandy
         Klimkowski and Frank Russo, then you may find that he knew that the
         law firm partners were bribing a public official.
                  But to find this, you must be convinced beyond a reasonable
         doubt that the defendant provided payments of cash and was aware of the
         high probability that the law firm received money from the VAS
         contracts which was the result of bribes or gratuities being extended to
         Frank Russo, and that the defendant deliberately closed his eyes to what
         was obvious. Carelessness or negligence or foolishness on his part is not
         the same as knowledge, and is not enough to convict. This, of course, is
         all for you to decide.[29]

The jury returned a general verdict of guilty on both counts.

         A presentence investigation report (“PSR”) was then prepared. The PSR
calculated Mr. Mitchell’s base offense level as 12.30 Two levels were added because the
offense involved more than one bribe.31 Sixteen levels were added because Mr. Mitchell
received over $1,000,000 in return for the payments to the public official.32 Finally, four
levels were added because the offense involved a bribe to an elected official.33 Then,

         28
            On Mr. Mitchell’s motion, the district court granted a judgment of acquittal on the Hobbs Act
charge at the close of the Government’s case.
         29
              R.57 at 56-57, Trial Tr. at 961-62.
         30
              PSR at 16 (citing U.S.S.G. § 2C1.1(a)(2)).
         31
              Id. (citing U.S.S.G. § 2C1.1(b)(1)).
         32
              Id. (citing U.S.S.G. §§ 2B1.1(b)(1)(I), 2C1.1(b)(2)).
         33
              Id. at 17 (citing U.S.S.G. § 2C1.1(b)(3)).
No. 11-3656              United States v. Mitchell                              Page 10


two levels were subtracted for Mr. Mitchell’s role in the offense being minor.34
Therefore, the PSR concluded that Mr. Mitchell’s adjusted offense level was 32.
Because his criminal history category was I, the PSR concluded his guidelines range was
121-151 months’ imprisonment. The PSR noted, however, that the conspiracy count
carried a statutory maximum of 60 months and that the bribery count carried a statutory
maximum of 120 months.35

       At his sentencing hearing, Mr. Mitchell objected that his two-level reduction for
a “minor” role actually should have been a four-level reduction because his role was
“minimal.” The Government consented to the four-level reduction “[i]n order to be
consistent with” Armstrong’s sentence.36 Although the district court did not believe
“that either of these two gentlemen were really minimal participants,”37 it accepted the
concession to minimize any disparity between Armstrong’s and Mr. Mitchell’s
sentences.

       Mr. Mitchell also requested a departure under U.S.S.G. § 5H1.6 based on his
“family ties and responsibilities.”38 He noted that his wife had undergone two surgeries
for breast cancer, had no medical insurance, owed $250,000.00 in medical bills and is
unemployable. He further noted that he and his wife were in bankruptcy. The district
court determined that such a departure was not warranted because there was nothing in
the record that would suggest that Mr. Mitchell could ameliorate his wife’s situation if
his term of incarceration were shortened.

       The district court concluded that Mr. Mitchell’s adjusted offense level was 30
and that his criminal history category was I. It determined that the proper guidelines



       34
            Id. (citing U.S.S.G. § 3B1.2(b)).
       35
            Id. at 21.
       36
            R.59 at 5.
       37
            Id. at 6.
       38
            Id.
No. 11-3656              United States v. Mitchell                                Page 11


range for Mr. Mitchell was 97 to 120 months, taking into account the ten-year statutory
maximum.

       The district court then turned to the sentencing factors outlined in 18 U.S.C.
§ 3553(a). The court found that Cuyahoga County paid VAS over $12,000,000 through
this scheme and that Mr. Mitchell had paid kickbacks to Russo, earning over
$1,000,000 for himself in the process. The court then described Mr. Mitchell’s history
and characteristics, noting particularly Mr. Mitchell’s wife’s health issues and the
Mitchells’ “financial straits.”39 Turning to the factors in § 3553(a)(2), the court
concluded that the multi-year, multi-million dollar offense affected the citizens of
Cuyahoga County financially and was “an affront to our system and the trust that we
place in our public officials,” particularly because Mr. Mitchell was an attorney who
“t[ook] an oath to uphold the laws.”40 The district court concluded that this, along with
the other factors listed in § 3553(a)(2), “warrant[ed] a substantial sentence” within the
guidelines range.41

       However, the district court indicated that it was “well aware of its duty not to
create an unwarranted sentencing disparity among defendants with similar records who
have been found guilty of similar conduct.”42 It referenced a chart that indicated that the
median term of imprisonment for defendants convicted of bribery was 21.0 months
nationally and 22.5 months in the Northern District of Ohio, but it concluded that the
chart “doesn’t control in this case” because “[t]here’s nothing to indicate” that the
numbers in the chart reflect the “unique situation” at hand--i.e., multiple bribes paid to
a public official to obtain a large benefit.43 Instead, the court looked to Armstrong, who
the court determined was the AMDZ partner who was most similar to Mr. Mitchell in


       39
            Id. at 41.
       40
            Id. at 46.
       41
            Id. at 47.
       42
            Id. at 44.
       43
            Id. at 19-20; see also PSR App. A (chart).
No. 11-3656                     United States v. Mitchell                                                 Page 12


terms of culpability. Armstrong was sentenced to 42 months’ imprisonment after
providing “very complete”44 cooperation in a conspiracy case that otherwise would have
been difficult to prove. The district court noted that if Armstrong would not have
accepted responsibility and cooperated with the investigation and prosecution of the
VAS conspiracy, his guidelines range would have been 78 to 97 months. The court
further noted that the judge who sentenced Armstrong considered Armstrong’s “lifetime
of good works” in determining an appropriate sentence for him, something that the
district court found to be “not present in this case.”45 In the end, the district court
employed a two-level downward “variance,” which yielded an offense level of 28 and
a corresponding guidelines range of 78 to 97 months’ imprisonment.46 The district court
therefore proceeded as if Mr. Mitchell’s guidelines range was identical to what
Armstrong would have faced had he not cooperated and accepted responsibility.47

             Considering that Mr. Mitchell was a partner in a law firm, with an ethical duty
to know how his law firm was being operated, and that he was attempting to “more than
minimize”48 his involvement in the scheme,49 the district court concluded that a sentence
at the high end of the modified guidelines range was appropriate. Therefore, the court


             44
                  R.59 at 45.
             45
                  R.59 at 45-46.
             46
                  Id. at 47.
             47
                  Id.
             48
                  Id. at 48.
             49
                  In addition to his testimony at trial, Mr. Mitchell made the following statement at his sentencing
hearing:
             Thank you, Your Honor. With all respect to this court, there are facts that came out at
             trial which I believe show that I had nothing to do with this. Bruce Zaccagnini was
             approached by the FBI in July, talked to the FBI, he made his proffer. He then called
             Tim Armstrong. They had a meeting in Strongsville. I was not invited to that meeting.
             The reason I was not invited to that meeting is I wasn’t involved in it. I wasn’t involved
             in anything to do with this scam.
                      With all due respect, I’m not going to admit to a crime I did not commit just
             to get some time off. I understand the court has to do its job and I respect you for that.
             And thank you for letting me at least have something to say about all this. Thank you,
             Your Honor.
Id. at 37.
No. 11-3656                United States v. Mitchell                                            Page 13


sentenced Mr. Mitchell to 97 months’ imprisonment to be followed by three years’
supervised release, in addition to $1,120,000 in restitution. The court held that
Mr. Mitchell’s wife’s condition did not justify a variance “for the same reason [the
court] stated previously.”50

                                                   II

                                            DISCUSSION

A. Deliberate Ignorance Instruction

         Mr. Mitchell first challenges the district court’s instruction to the jury on
deliberate ignorance. We review challenges to a jury instruction for an abuse of
discretion. United States v. Williams, 612 F.3d 500, 506 (6th Cir. 2010). “[N]o single
provision of the jury charge may be viewed in isolation; rather, the charge must be
considered as a whole.” United States v. Ross, 502 F.3d 521, 527 (6th Cir. 2007).
Therefore, “[w]hen jury instructions are claimed to be erroneous, we review the
instructions as a whole, in order to determine whether they adequately informed the jury
of the relevant considerations and provided a basis in law for aiding the jury in reaching
its decision.” United States v. Frederick, 406 F.3d 754, 761 (6th Cir. 2005). “A trial
court has broad discretion in crafting jury instructions and does not abuse its discretion
unless the jury charge fails accurately to reflect the law.” United States v. Geisen,
612 F.3d 471, 485 (6th Cir. 2010). An improper instruction requires reversal of the
judgment “only if the instructions, viewed as a whole, were confusing, misleading, or
prejudicial.” United States v. Kuehne, 547 F.3d 667, 679 (6th Cir. 2008) (internal
quotation marks omitted).

         Mr. Mitchell concedes that the deliberate ignorance instruction, which was
derived from Sixth Circuit Pattern Instruction 2.09, accurately stated the law.51


         50
              Id. at 49.
         51
            We have repeatedly held that this instruction is an accurate statement of the law. See, e.g.,
United States v. Geisen, 612 F.3d 471, 486 (6th Cir. 2010); United States v. Beaty, 245 F.3d 617, 622 (6th
Cir. 2001); United States v. Mari, 47 F.3d 782, 785 (6th Cir. 1995).
No. 11-3656             United States v. Mitchell                                                   Page 14


Nevertheless, he submits that the instruction presented an unacceptable risk of
misleading the jury. To evaluate his contention, we must scrutinize the instructions as
a whole and determine whether, when read in their entirety, they misled the jury.

          This is not, of course, our first encounter with this instruction. Our case law
makes clear that the decision to give this instruction is to be approached with significant
prudence and caution. More specifically, we have noted that the instruction should not
be given routinely because of the risk of a conviction based on mere negligence,
carelessness or ignorance. United States v. Mari, 47 F.3d 782, 785 (6th Cir. 1995).
Indeed, we have said that the instruction ought to “be used sparingly.” Geisen, 612 F.3d
at 486.

          The disputed instruction, sometimes called the “ostrich instruction,”52 is
designed for a very specific situation. The instruction explains to the jury that
knowledge, within the meaning of the statute, also includes the deliberate avoidance of
knowledge. It is appropriate when: (1) the defendant claims a lack of guilty knowledge;
and (2) the facts and evidence support an inference of deliberate ignorance. Before
giving the instruction, the district court therefore must determine that there is evidence
to support an inference “that the defendant acted with reckless disregard of [the high
probability of illegality] or with a conscious purpose to avoid learning the truth.” United
States v. Seelig, 622 F.2d 207, 213 (6th Cir. 1980) (internal quotation marks omitted);
see also Geisen, 612 F.3d at 487-88 (concluding that a deliberate ignorance instruction
was appropriate where evidence established that the defendant “deliberately chose not
to inform himself” of the critical facts); United States v. Stone, 9 F.3d 934, 937 (11th Cir.
1993) (“A deliberate ignorance instruction is appropriate only when there is evidence
in the record showing the defendant purposely contrived to avoid learning the truth.”
(internal quotation marks omitted)). “Deliberate avoidance is not a standard less than
knowledge; it is simply another way that knowledge may be proven.” United States v.


          52
            See, e.g., United States v. Severson, 569 F.3d 683, 687 (7th Cir. 2009); United States v. Griffin,
524 F.3d 71, 77 n.4 (1st Cir. 2008); United States v. Forbes, 64 F.3d 928, 934 (4th Cir. 1995); United
States v. Rivera, 944 F.2d 1563, 1570 (11th Cir. 1991); United States v. Bussey, 942 F.2d 1241, 1246 (8th
Cir. 1991).
No. 11-3656         United States v. Mitchell                                       Page 15


Severson, 569 F.3d 683, 689 (7th Cir. 2009). Deliberate ignorance “can be the result of
a mental, as well as physical effort--a cutting off of one’s normal curiosity by an effort
of will.” United States v. Hoyos, 3 F.3d 232, 237 (7th Cir. 1993) (internal quotation
marks omitted). To permit a conviction without proof of actual knowledge or deliberate,
willful avoidance of that knowledge would simply erase the knowledge requirement
from the statute. See United States v. Heredia, 483 F.3d 913, 926 (9th Cir. 2007) (en
banc) (Kleinfeld, J., concurring). In short, “this instruction, like all instructions, should
be given only when it addresses an issue reasonably raised by the evidence.” United
States v. Diaz, 864 F.2d 544, 549 (7th Cir. 1988).

        Mr. Mitchell argues that the deliberate ignorance instruction should not have
been given because the factual predicate that we have just described was not present.
As he sees it, the basic issue before the jury was whether he gave bribe money to
Damiani and Zaccognini. He contends that the evidence at trial demonstrated that he did
not give a bribe because there was no credible evidence that such a bribe was in fact
given. Therefore, in his view, the question of his knowledge, or lack of knowledge, of
such a bribe was not at issue. Consequently, he argues, the concept of deliberate
ignorance is totally irrelevant to the issue at hand. Its introduction into the jury’s
deliberations confused and misled it into believing that the act of his giving money must
have occurred and that the only issue it had to decide was whether Mr. Mitchell knew
what Zaccognini and Damiani were going to do with that money.

        The Government, both at trial and on appeal, presents a different view of the
evidence. It submits that the evidence not only showed that bribes had been given to
Russo, but also that Mr. Mitchell knew that the bribes had been given and that he
knowingly participated in the giving of the bribes. To secure a conviction, then, it was
essential to establish Mr. Mitchell’s state of mind and prove that he knowingly joined the
conspiracy and that he knowingly participated in giving the bribe to Frank Russo with
the intent to influence or reward him for awarding the County contract to VAS.

        Both parties had the right to have the case submitted to the jury under
instructions that would allow a full and fair evaluation of the evidence of record in light
No. 11-3656             United States v. Mitchell                                 Page 16


of the theories proffered by each side. Here, there was evidence that Damiani explicitly
told Mr. Mitchell that Russo would have to “be taken care of.”53 Zaccognini, who
testified that he was present during the conversation, told the jury that he had understood
that Damiani was talking about bribing Russo. Armstrong also testified that he
understood that the VAS contract was dependent on cash bribes to Russo and that all
four partners of the law firm, including Mr. Mitchell, had contributed to that bribe on a
monthly basis for nine years. Mr. Mitchell, while denying that he knew of or
participated in the bribery scheme, did admit that he had accepted the proceeds from the
VAS contract for nine years. He testified that he thought the trip to Atlantic City--
where, according to his partners, the foundation for the VAS scheme was set up--was
just a trip “to have some fun”54 and that, when he found out about the existence of VAS
in 2004, he thought it was just a client whose business had been brought into the firm by
one of his partners. He testified that he hardly talked at all to Armstrong and that
Damiani “was not the kind of person who would tell you what he was doing.”55 Indeed,
he continued, “I wouldn’t talk to him . . . that much as time went on.”56 Furthermore,
although he denied that his divorce should have been a matter of any concern to the law
firm, he acknowledged that his partners were upset about it. Although both Zaccognini
and Armstrong testified that resolution of the divorce proceeding was a matter of
concern to the firm because there was a fear that an investigation of Mr. Mitchell’s
income and its sources would disclose the firm’s association with the VAS contract,
Mr. Mitchell claimed that, when he inquired about their concern, they said nothing about
such a possible disclosure.

       Given this evidence, the jury was confronted with three basic options. First, it
could have believed that Mr. Mitchell was involved in the bribery scheme and that his
testimony to the contrary was simply a lie. Second, the jury could have believed Mr.

       53
            R.55 at 32, Trial Tr. at 385.
       54
            R.56 at 185, Trial Tr. at 856.
       55
            Id. at 186, Trial Tr. at 857.
       56
            Id.
No. 11-3656              United States v. Mitchell                                                 Page 17


Mitchell’s testimony that he profited unwittingly from the VAS bribery scheme because
the distribution of its profits was made through the law firm partnership draw, an
arrangement in which all partners shared equally and not as a function of their own
billing, and that he had no knowledge of the scheme and had not contributed to the
scheme. Third, the jury could have concluded that Mr. Mitchell, despite his testimony
to the contrary, had given money to Zaccognini or Damiani but did not actually know
that Damiani was bribing Russo on behalf of the firm’s partners because he deliberately
avoided such knowledge by insulating himself from the day-to-day mechanics of the
bribery scheme.

         There was clearly evidence of record to support this last theory. Mr. Mitchell
had been a long-time partner in the law firm, with access to its accounts, and could have
discovered the nearly decade-long bribery scheme rather than just accepting the inflated
draw on a regular basis. In the face of that evidence, he testified that, despite his long
tenure in the firm, he paid little attention to the clients of his partners and knew little
about the actual running of the law firm. Therefore, he accepted the payments without
knowing where they were coming from. After all, profits were divided equally among
the partners. He was content to accept his partners’ reticence on the sources of his firm’s
income. As his counsel described him to the jury, “[h]e did what he did well, and he
didn’t care what anyone else did. People didn’t stick their nose[s] in his business, and
he did not stick his nose in other people’s business.”57 He therefore placed before the
jury the possibility that his lack of knowledge was due to negligence or inadvertence and
not an attempt to turn deliberately a blind eye to an ongoing illegality.58


         57
              R.54 at 37, Trial Tr. at 177.
         58
            We have held that, if the record does not contain evidence that the defendant turned a blind eye
to the criminal activity, and the instruction is nevertheless given, a deliberate ignorance instruction that
accurately states the law will constitute harmless error as long as there is adequate evidence to support the
alternate ground for conviction, i.e., that the defendant actually knew of the criminal activity. See, e.g.,
United States v. Rayborn, 491 F.3d 513, 520 (6th Cir. 2007); Mari, 47 F.3d at 785-86 (citing Sochor v.
Florida, 503 U.S. 527 (1992), and Griffin v. United States, 502 U.S. 46 (1991)); see also United States v.
Stone, 9 F.3d 934, 939 (11th Cir. 1993). Here, we need not reach the harmless error issue because, as we
have recounted in the text, there is adequate evidence that Mr. Mitchell turned a blind eye to the criminal
conduct. However, even if such evidence did not exist, giving the instruction would have been harmless
because (1) the instruction accurately states the law, (2) there is evidence that he in fact knew of the
activity and (3) Mr. Mitchell makes no argument that the district court improperly instructed the jury on
the elements of the charged crimes. See Rayborn, 491 F.3d at 521.
No. 11-3656             United States v. Mitchell                                   Page 18


        Faced with this possibility, it was incumbent on the Government to rebut that
evidence and to argue to the jury a competing theory--that Mr. Mitchell had avoided
deliberate knowledge of the particulars of the scheme (such as the manner in which
Russo was to “be taken care of”59) in order to insulate himself from criminal liability.
Moreover, because this theory was put in play by the evidence submitted by the parties,
it was certainly within the sound discretion of the district court to address that evidence
and the competing theories in its instructions.

        We further note that the instruction actually given by the district court to address
this aspect of the case was well-suited to the situation presented by this case. First, in
its opening sentence, the instruction states explicitly that criminal liability attaches only
by “deliberately ignoring the obvious.” Sixth Circuit Pattern Jury Instruction
2.09 (emphasis added). Second, it requires--explicitly--that the jury “be convinced
beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant . . . deliberately closed his eyes to what
was obvious.” Id. (emphasis added). Third, the instruction pointedly and explicitly
states that carelessness, negligence and foolishness are not the same as knowledge and
are not sufficient to convict. It therefore explicitly cautions the jury not to fall into the
trap, repeatedly identified in our case law, of convicting on the basis of a mental state
that is something less than knowledge. Finally, we note that we have approved the
giving of this instruction “‘to show a conspirator’s knowledge of the unlawful aims of
a conspiracy.’” Williams, 612 F.3d at 508 (quoting United States v. Warshawsky, 20
F.3d 204, 210 (6th Cir. 1994), superseded on other grounds as stated in United States
v. Myint, 455 F. App’x 596, 604 (6th Cir. 2012)).

B. Sentencing

        Mr. Mitchell raises also various objections to the sentence imposed by the district
court. We review his sentence for reasonableness, both procedural and substantive, for
an abuse of discretion. Gall v. United States, 552 U.S. 38, 51 (2007); United States v.
Cunningham, 669 F.3d 723, 728 (6th Cir. 2012). We


        59
             R.55 at 32, Trial Tr. at 385.
No. 11-3656            United States v. Mitchell                                                Page 19


         must first ensure that the district court committed no significant
         procedural error, such as failing to calculate (or improperly calculating)
         the Guidelines range, treating the Guidelines as mandatory, failing to
         consider the [18 U.S.C.] § 3553(a) factors, selecting a sentence based on
         clearly erroneous facts, or failing to adequately explain the chosen
         sentence--including an explanation for any deviation from the Guidelines
         range.

Gall, 552 U.S. at 51; see also Cunningham, 669 F.3d at 728 (“Procedural reasonableness
review begins with a robust review of the factors evaluated and the procedures employed
by the district court in reaching its sentencing determination.” (internal quotation marks
omitted)). We then consider the substantive reasonableness of the sentence under the
totality of the circumstances. Gall, 552 U.S. at 51. “A sentence is substantively
unreasonable if the sentencing court arbitrarily selected the sentence, based the sentence
on impermissible factors, failed to consider pertinent § 3553(a) factors, or gave an
unreasonable amount of weight to any pertinent factor.” Cunningham, 669 F.3d at 733.
We give deference to the district court’s sentence to the extent it is justified by the
§ 3553(a) factors, and we may presume that a within-guidelines sentence is reasonable.
Id.

         1. Procedural Reasonableness

         Mr. Mitchell contends that the district court erred by failing to depart
downward60 under United States Sentencing Guideline § 5H1.6, the policy statement
regarding family ties and responsibilities. This error, according to Mr. Mitchell, resulted
in a miscalculation of the applicable guidelines range.                    Nevertheless, “we have

         60
           Because we use both terms in this opinion, we pause to note the difference between a departure
and a variance.
         “Departure” is a term of art under the Guidelines and is distinct from “variance.” A
         Guidelines “departure” refers to the imposition of a sentence outside the advisory range
         or an assignment of a criminal history category different than the otherwise applicable
         category made to effect a sentence outside the range. Importantly, a departure results
         from the district court’s application of a particular Guidelines provision, such as §
         [5H1.6]. A “variance” refers to the selection of a sentence outside of the advisory
         Guidelines range based upon the district court’s weighing of one or more of the
         sentencing factors of § 3553(a). While the same facts and analyses can, at times, be
         used to justify both a Guidelines departure and a variance, the concepts are distinct.
United States v. Grams, 566 F.3d 683, 686-87 (6th Cir. 2009) (per curiam) (internal quotation marks
omitted).
No. 11-3656             United States v. Mitchell                                                     Page 20


consistently held that the decision by a district court not to depart downwards from the
Guidelines is not reviewable on appeal unless the record reflects that the district court
was not aware of or did not understand its discretion to make such a departure.” United
States v. Puckett, 422 F.3d 340, 344 (6th Cir. 2005) (internal quotation marks omitted);
see also id. at 345 (concluding that this rule survived United States v. Booker, 543 U.S.
220 (2005)). In this case, the district court indicated that it had considered the factors
relevant to United States Sentencing Guideline § 5H1.6 and determined that the
departure was not warranted. See R.59 at 9 (“[T]he court finds based upon the
information that it has before it, that this departure does not apply.”); id. (“[T]here’s just
simply not anything in this record [that] would meet any of the factors that the court is
to consider under 5H1.6 in applying this particular departure, so the court, therefore, will
not apply that departure.”). Accordingly, this assignment of error is not reviewable.

         Similarly, Mr. Mitchell asserts that the district court committed procedural error
by failing to explain adequately its reasons for denying his request for a downward
variance based on his wife’s medical condition. “In order for a district court’s
sentencing determination to be procedurally reasonable, a ‘sentencing judge should set
forth enough to satisfy the appellate court that he has considered the parties’ arguments
and has a reasoned basis for exercising his own legal decisionmaking authority.’”
United States v. Gapinski, 561 F.3d 467, 474 (6th Cir. 2009) (quoting Rita v. United
States, 551 U.S. 338, 356 (2007)). Although we cannot review the district court’s
decision not to depart downward based on Mr. Mitchell’s wife’s health condition, we are
obligated to ensure that the court explained adequately its reasons for choosing not to
grant a variance on that basis.61

         At sentencing, Mr. Mitchell contended that the district court either should have
departed or applied a downward variance because his wife was very ill and did not have


         61
            See United States v. McBride, 434 F.3d 470, 476-77 (6th Cir. 2006) (“Puckett simply precludes
our review of that narrow determination of a denial of a Chapter 5 Guideline departure within the context
of the Guideline calculation. It does not prevent our review of a defendant’s claim that his sentence is
excessive based on the district court’s unreasonable analysis of the section 3553(a) factors in their totality.”
(footnote omitted)); see also United States v. Wallace, 597 F.3d 794, 803-04 (6th Cir. 2010) (concluding
that a sentence was procedurally unreasonable where it was not clear that the district court had considered
an argument that it had discretion to accept).
No. 11-3656                 United States v. Mitchell                                               Page 21


the financial resources necessary to pay for the costly course of treatment required by
her illness.62 The district court determined that a variance was not appropriate based on
Mr. Mitchell’s wife’s medical condition “for the same reason” that it did not believe a
departure was warranted.63 The court previously had explained that it did not believe
that a departure was appropriate for the following reasons:

                 First of all, I’m not sure, as the government pointed out, what Mr.
         Mitchell would be able to do in the way of ameliorating this unfortunate
         situation that his wife is facing and that he will be incarcerated for a
         period of time.
                 His finances don’t indicate even ability at the present time to pay,
         so there’s just simply not anything in this record [that] would meet any
         of the factors that the court is to consider under 5H1.6 in applying this
         particular departure, so the court, therefore, will not apply that
         departure.[64]

         It is clear from the sentencing transcript that the district court’s reason for
denying Mr. Mitchell’s request for a variance was that Mr. Mitchell’s conduct, in its
view, merited a substantial prison sentence and that there was nothing in the record to
suggest that imposing a shorter sentence would allow Mr. Mitchell to provide the
financial support that his wife needed. Accordingly, we are satisfied that the district
court responded to Mr. Mitchell’s argument for a downward variance and explained
adequately why it did not believe that such a variance was justified. The district court
“set forth enough to satisfy [us] that [it] . . . considered [Mr. Mitchell’s] argument[] and
ha[d] a reasoned basis for exercising [its] own legal decisionmaking authority.” Rita,



         62
            At the sentencing hearing, Mr. Mitchell’s attorney noted that Mr. Mitchell’s “wife had multiple
surgeries for breast cancer,” was on medicine that cost $400 to $500 per month, was $250,000 in arrears
on her medical bills, was “unemployable” and was (together with her husband) in bankruptcy. R.59 at 8;
see also R.42 at 6 (Def.’s Sent. Mem.) (raising similar points and stating that Mrs. Mitchell does not have
health insurance). The thrust of Mr. Mitchell’s argument, therefore, was that the financial obligations
attendant to Mrs. Mitchell’s health problems justified a lighter sentence. See R.42 at 6 (Def.’s Sent. Mem.)
(“[T]he dire financial situation that Defendant’s wife faces, while Defendant is in prison, will certainly not
help her meet her future medical needs and expenses relating to her illness.”). And although Mr. Mitchell
raised these arguments in support of a downward departure, he made clear that his argument for a variance
was the same as his argument for a departure. R.59 at 9 (“Obviously, if the court does not agree that this
is the appropriate spot, I would like the court to consider it as a grounds for a downward variance.”).
         63
              R.59 at 49.
         64
              Id. at 9.
No. 11-3656              United States v. Mitchell                                Page 22


551 U.S. at 356; see also United States v. Herrera-Zuniga, 571 F.3d 568, 587 (6th Cir.
2009) (“Although the sentencing court is required to provide an adequate explanation
of the basis for its decision, the court may exercise discretion in determining how much
of an explanation of the sentence is required because the amount of reasoning required
varies according to context.” (internal quotation marks omitted)).

       Mr. Mitchell’s final argument regarding the procedural reasonableness of his
sentence fares no better. He asserts that the district court failed to vary downward to
prevent an unwarranted sentencing disparity with Armstrong, even though the court
determined that such a variance was appropriate in this case. We cannot accept this
argument. In order to prevent an unwarranted sentencing disparity between Mr. Mitchell
and Armstrong, whom the district court found to be similarly culpable co-conspirators,
the court indicated that it would select Mr. Mitchell’s sentence from the guidelines range
that Armstrong would have faced had he not received a downward departure for
acceptance of responsibility. In that regard, the court exercised its authority under
§ 3553(a) to “vary” from Mr. Mitchell’s advisory guidelines range to Armstrong’s range.
Because the court found that a sentence at the “high end of the range [wa]s appropriate”
after it weighed the § 3553(a) factors,65 it sentenced Mr. Mitchell to 97 months’
imprisonment, the highest sentence available within Armstrong’s advisory range. And,
because Mr. Mitchell could have received 97 months if he had been sentenced at the
very lowest level within his guidelines range, he asserts that the district court did not
give him the “variance” it had determined to be appropriate.

       It is apparent that the district court and Mr. Mitchell are using the term
“variance” to mean two different things. Mr. Mitchell is using the term in the traditional
sense, which “refers to the selection of a sentence outside of the advisory Guidelines
range based upon the district court’s weighing of one or more of the sentencing factors
of § 3553(a).” United States v. Denny, 653 F.3d 415, 419 (6th Cir. 2011) (internal
quotation marks omitted). The district court, on the other hand, was using the term to
indicate that it was considering a range of sentences outside of Mr. Mitchell’s guidelines

       65
            Id. at 48.
No. 11-3656         United States v. Mitchell                                      Page 23


range--i.e., that it was varying the range from which it would select Mr. Mitchell’s
sentence. Nothing in the sentencing transcript suggests that the district court determined
conclusively that a sentence below Mr. Mitchell’s guidelines range was necessary.
Rather, the district court made it clear that it was merely considering the possibility of
doing so. We would be elevating form over substance if we were to conclude that the
district court committed reversible error by using a term of art imprecisely where, as
here, the underlying basis for the court’s determination is perfectly clear from the record.
Cf. id. at 420 (reiterating “that no specific magic words are necessary to render a
sentence reasonable” and looking to the context in which the district court used the term
“departure” to conclude that the district court obviously was discussing a “variance”
(internal quotation marks omitted)).

        Having found each of Mr. Mitchell’s claims of procedural unreasonableness to
be without merit or unreviewable, we conclude that Mr. Mitchell has not established that
his sentence was procedurally unreasonable.

        2. Substantive Reasonableness

                a. Sentencing Disparity

        Mr. Mitchell asserts that his sentence was substantively unreasonable because
it “created a substantial sentencing disparity in contravention of 18 U.S.C. [§]
3553(a)(6).” Appellant’s Br. 57. “We have explained[] . . . that this factor concerns
national disparities between defendants with similar criminal histories convicted of
similar criminal conduct--not disparities between codefendants.” United States v.
Conatser, 514 F.3d 508, 521 (6th Cir. 2008) (emphasis in original). Mr. Mitchell notes
that the national average sentence for a bribery conviction (21 months) is substantially
lower than the sentence he received (97 months). However, Mr. Mitchell received a
within-guidelines sentence.

        The point of the guidelines is to decrease sentencing disparities, an
        objective furthered by a within-guidelines sentence, as opposed to a
        sentence that varies above or below the advisory guidelines range. The
        very thing [Mr. Mitchell] presumably wants--a below-guidelines
No. 11-3656               United States v. Mitchell                                 Page 24


        sentence--is more likely to create disparities than eliminate them. There
        is nothing wrong, to be sure, with a below-guidelines sentence. It is just
        that a request for one should not turn on § 3553(a)(6).

United States v. Swafford, 639 F.3d 265, 270 (6th Cir. 2011) (emphasis in original)
(citing United States v. Shrake, 515 F.3d 743, 748 (7th Cir. 2008)). Therefore, this
disparity does not render Mr. Mitchell’s within-guidelines sentence substantively
unreasonable. See United States v. Benson, 591 F.3d 491, 505 (6th Cir. 2010).

        The heart of Mr. Mitchell’s disparity argument, however, is that his sentence
(97 months) is unreasonably high in comparison to Zaccagnini’s (60 months) and
Armstrong’s (42 months). Although the district court was not required to consider this
issue, United States v. Simmons, 501 F.3d 620, 624 (6th Cir. 2007), it exercised its
discretion to do so. To that end, the court first determined that Armstrong was similarly
culpable to Mr. Mitchell and, accordingly, that it should attempt to prevent an
unwarranted discrepancy between these two co-conspirators. Mr. Mitchell asserts here,
as he did before the district court, that Armstrong was actually more culpable than he
was because Armstrong helped draft the initial VAS contract and had appraisal
experience. The district court rejected that argument, emphasizing that both Armstrong
and Mr. Mitchell were present on the trip to Atlantic City when the plan was first set in
motion and that they both paid the kickbacks and received the payments over a period
of several years.66 Mr. Mitchell has failed to establish that the district court’s conclusion
on this point was an abuse of discretion. See United States v. Bacon, 617 F.3d 452, 459-
60 (6th Cir. 2010).

        After determining that Armstrong’s culpability was similar to Mr. Mitchell’s, the
district court noted that Armstrong accepted responsibility for his conduct and provided
very complete cooperation from early on in the investigation. The district court
attempted to account for this difference by choosing Mr. Mitchell’s sentence from the
advisory range that Armstrong would have confronted had he not cooperated.
Furthermore, the district court already had given Mr. Mitchell the four-level departure


        66
             Id. at 44.
No. 11-3656         United States v. Mitchell                                         Page 25


for being a minimal participant, rather than the two-level departure for being a minor
participant recommended by the PSR, to guard against a disparity claim. It did so even
though it considered neither Armstrong nor Mr. Mitchell to be minimal participants, as
that term is used in the guidelines.

        Because a disparity that results from a co-conspirator’s cooperation is not an
“unwarranted sentence disparit[y]” within the meaning of § 3553(a)(6), see United States
v. Vowell, 516 F.3d 503, 513 (6th Cir. 2008), it was not unreasonable for the district
court to attempt to take these differences into account. See United States v. Stewart,
628 F.3d 246, 260 (6th Cir. 2010) (“Stewart, in contrast [to his codefendants], did not
cooperate with the government or accept responsibility for his actions, and thus did not
warrant any leniency on these grounds.”). Nor was it unreasonable for the district court
to address the issue in the way that it did. The court gave Mr. Mitchell the benefit of a
guidelines adjustment that it did not believe was appropriate to ensure parity between
Mr. Mitchell and the hypothetical sentence that Armstrong would have faced; it then
considered sentences below that already artificially low guidelines range for the sole
purpose of treating Mr. Mitchell the way that Armstrong was likely to have been treated
but for his cooperation. Of course, there was no way for the court to know the exact
sentence that Armstrong would have received had he not cooperated. However, it was
not unreasonable for the district court to look to the guidelines range that Armstrong
would have faced in an attempt to create a counterfactual sentence to which Mr.
Mitchell’s sentence could be compared.

        The district court went out of its way to prevent an unwarranted sentencing
disparity between Mr. Mitchell and Armstrong, and Mr. Mitchell is hard-pressed to
challenge on appeal this favorable treatment. Indeed, we conclude that Mr. Mitchell has
failed to establish that the district court abused its discretion by failing to go further than
it did in attempting to address the possibility of an unwarranted sentencing disparity
between Mr. Mitchell and his co-conspirators.
No. 11-3656         United States v. Mitchell                                        Page 26


                b. § 3553(a) Factors

        Mr. Mitchell’s final argument on appeal is that his within-guidelines sentence is
substantively unreasonable because the district court gave what he considers to be an
unreasonable amount of weight to his failure to take responsibility for his actions and his
lack of remorse. A significant aspect of his argument is that he was not involved in the
bribery scheme and that he cannot take responsibility for something that he did not do.
He also contends that he “already los[t] the three[-]level reduction for acceptance of
responsibility that [he] would have received for pleading guilty” and that “[h]e should
not receive a defacto [sic] penalty for exercising his right to a jury trial.” Appellant’s
Br. 56. However, the jury found that Mr. Mitchell had participated in the conspiracy,
and the district court indicated that it agreed with that determination. Therefore, the
district court found that Mr. Mitchell’s continued efforts to deny his involvement
demonstrated a failure to take responsibility for his crime and a lack of remorse for the
harm he had caused. “The judge could have reasonably concluded that [Mr. Mitchell]’s
dishonesty regarding important pieces of evidence indicated that he had not fully
accepted responsibility for his participation in the conspiracy.” United States v. Sutton,
387 F. App’x 595, 607 (6th Cir. 2010). Accordingly, “it was not [Mr. Mitchell]’s
exercise of his right to [a jury trial], but rather, that he did not accept responsibility for
his crime, that the district court took into account in considering the § 3553(a) factors.
This was not error.” United States v. Delano, 411 F. App’x 795, 799 (6th Cir. 2011).

        Furthermore, we conclude that the district court did not give an unreasonable
amount of weight to any one factor. As noted above, the court went to great lengths to
consider the need to avoid unwarranted sentence disparities among the co-conspirators.
Additionally, in considering the seriousness of the offense, the court noted that even
though Mr. Mitchell was trained in the law and had taken an oath to uphold the law, he
nevertheless conspired with his partners, who were also lawyers, to defraud the people
of Cuyahoga County of their tax dollars with no regard to the effect that this scheme
would have on the trust that the citizens of the County place in their elected officials.
The court stated that, in addition to the seriousness of the offense, these facts also went
No. 11-3656                United States v. Mitchell                                               Page 27


to the “need to promote respect for the law, provide just punishment for the offense and
afford adequate deterrence to others.”67 All of this, the court concluded, made the
modified guidelines range that it had constructed to prevent an unwarranted disparity
with Armstrong “an appropriate range considering all the factors that the court is to
consider.”68 It was only then, in considering what sentence within that range would be
most appropriate, that the court noted that Mr. Mitchell failed to express remorse and
continued to deny responsibility. After taking into account “all of the sentencing factors
the court must consider and specifically the ones noted” above, the court then concluded
that a sentence at the “high end of the range [wa]s appropriate.”69 Thus, Mr. Mitchell’s
failure to take responsibility and lack of remorse were two facts that the court considered
in weighing the various § 3553(a) factors that it found to be most relevant to the case at
hand. This was not unreasonable.70 Accordingly, Mr. Mitchell has failed to rebut the
presumption of reasonableness that attached to his within-guidelines sentence.

                                               Conclusion

         Because the district court’s decision to instruct the jury on deliberate ignorance
was not reversible error, and because the sentence imposed by the district court was
neither procedurally nor substantively unreasonable, we AFFIRM the judgment of the
district court.




         67
              R.59 at 47 (referencing § 3553(a)(2)).
         68
              Id.
         69
              Id. at 48.
         70
             See United States v. Delano, 411 F. App’x 795, 799 (6th Cir. 2011) (“Finally, to the extent that
Delano claims his statement was only a single factor for the district court to consider in determining an
appropriate sentence, he is conflating facts with factors. One fact, such as a defendant’s criminal history
or statement at allocution, ‘may bear upon more than one of the section 3553(a) factors.’ United States
v. Gunter, 620 F.3d 642, 647 (6th Cir. 2010). As the district court explained, Delano’s statement
evidenced a refusal to take responsibility and lack of remorse that bore on several factors, including the
need for the sentence imposed to reflect the seriousness of the offense, promote respect for the law, afford
adequate deterrence, and protect the public. Cf. 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(2). The district court did not abuse
its discretion when it determined that a downward variance would be inappropriate and imposed a sentence
at the very bottom of the Guidelines range.”).
