                        NUMBER 13-18-00165-CV

                          COURT OF APPEALS

                  THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS

                    CORPUS CHRISTI - EDINBURG


WILLIAM J. NORBERG JR.,
M.D., ET AL.,                                                        Appellants,

                                      v.

ALEXIS AMEEL, PIETER AMEEL,
AND ACACIA AMEEL,                                                     Appellees.


                  On appeal from the 206th District Court
                        of Hidalgo County, Texas.


                       MEMORANDUM OPINION
            Before Justices Benavides, Hinojosa, and Tijerina
                   Memorandum Opinion by Justice Tijerina

      Appellants Vangala J. Reddy, M.D., William J. Norberg, Jr., M.D., Krishna M.

Turlapati, M.D., Ana Hernandez Almeda, M.D., Frank W. Sabatelli, M.D., and Irene V.

Perez Young, M.D. appeal the trial court’s order denying their motions to dismiss a
healthcare liability claim brought by appellees Alexis Ameel, Pieter Ameel, 1 and Acacia

Ameel. In a single issue, appellants assert the trial court erred in denying their motions

to dismiss because the Ameels’ expert reports failed to comply with § 74.351 of the Texas

Civil Practice and Remedies Code. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 74.351. We

reverse and remand in part and affirm in part.

                                              I.        BACKGROUND

        On May 9, 2015, sixteen-year-old Alexis was admitted to the emergency

department at Doctor’s Hospital at Renaissance (DHR) after being diagnosed with deep-

vein thrombosis (DVT) at Valley Baptist Medical Center. 2 After a thirteen-day stay at

DHR, during which she was treated by appellants, Alexis was flown from DHR to Texas

Children’s Hospital (TCH) in Houston.                   At TCH, physicians performed a pulmonary

angiogram, and she was diagnosed with Catastrophic Antiphospholipid Syndrome (CAS)

and pulmonary emboli (PE). 3                After three weeks of undergoing multiple surgical

procedures, Alexis was discharged.

        On May 8, 2017, the Ameels filed their original petition and request for disclosure,

alleging appellants were negligent in failing to detect and diagnose Alexis with PE, and

as a result of appellants’ negligence, Alexis suffered catastrophic injuries. On September

15, 2017, the Ameels filed two expert reports by Michael Tsifansky, M.D. and S. Robert

Hurwitz, M.D. in accordance with § 74.351. See id. § 74.351(a) (“In a health care liability

claim . . . a claimant shall . . . serve on [a defendant physician] one or more expert reports,


        1Since the filing of this appeal, Pieter Ameel has passed away. However, appellees filed a
suggestion of death and do not believe any substitution of parties is necessary. We agree.

        2   DVT is a deep-vein blood clot in the leg.

        3 DVT in the lower extremities often spreads to the chest creating PE, according to Dr. Tsifansky’s
expert report.

                                                         2
with a curriculum vitae of each expert listed in the report.”). The experts opined, among

other things, that appellants “failed to order, recommend, or perform a single pulmonary

CT angiogram (or invasive pulmonary angiogram) throughout [Alexis’s] stay at DHR” and

that Alexis’s pain, impairment, and multiple surgical procedures were a result of

appellants’ failures.

       Appellants filed their objections to the expert reports and motions to dismiss,

contending that the expert reports did not represent a “good faith” effort to comply with

the statute. Id. § 74.351(l) (“A court shall grant a motion challenging the adequacy of an

expert report only if it appears to the court, after hearing, that the report does not represent

an objective good faith effort to comply with the definition of an expert report . . . .”). After

a hearing, the trial court overruled appellants’ objections and denied the motions to

dismiss. This interlocutory appeal followed. See id. § 51.014(a)(9) (authorizing an appeal

of an interlocutory order denying a motion to dismiss for failure to file a medical expert

report under the Texas Medical Liability Act).

                                          II.     DISCUSSION

       Appellants assert the trial court erred in denying their motions to dismiss because

the expert reports: (1) “fail to set out the specific standards of care”; (2) fail to set out

“deviations from that nonspecific standard of care”; and (3) inadequately explain “the

causal relationship between appellants alleged breaches” and Alexis’s injuries. 4

Appellants also allege that the opinions in the expert reports are conclusory.              Drs.

Norberg, Turlapati and Almeda additionally challenge Dr. Hurwitz’s qualifications, but we

first address whether Dr. Tsifansky’s expert report meets the statutory requirements.



       4   We note that Drs. Sabatelli, Young, and Reddy only challenge this element.

                                                    3
A.     Chapter 74 Expert Report

       In a suit against a physician, a plaintiff is required to serve on defendants one or

more expert reports within 120 days of a defendant physician’s answer that fairly

summarizes: (1) the applicable standard of care; (2) how the defendant physician failed

to meet that standard; (3) and the causal relationship between the defendant physician’s

breach and the plaintiff’s injury. Id. § 74.351(a), (r)(6); Certified EMS, Inc. v. Potts, 392

S.W.3d 625, 630 (Tex. 2013). A report that satisfies these requirements, even if as to

one theory only, entitles the plaintiff to proceed with a suit against the defendant

physician. Potts, 392 S.W.3d at 630. “The expert report requirement is a threshold

mechanism” for the trial court to conclude that the plaintiff’s claims have merit. Id. at 631.

       First, the report must inform the defendant of the specific conduct the plaintiff has

called into question and must provide a basis for the trial court to conclude that the claims

have merit. Am. Transitional Care Ctrs. of Tex., Inc. v. Palacios, 46 S.W.3d 873, 879

(Tex. 2001). “It need not cover every alleged liability theory to make the defendant

physician aware of the conduct at issue, but it must sufficiently describe the defendant

physician’s alleged conduct.” Potts, 392 S.W.3d at 631. If the trial court determines that

a liability theory is supported, then the claim is not frivolous, and the plaintiff’s suit may

proceed. Id.

B.     Standard of Review

       We review a trial court’s decision with respect to chapter 74 expert reports for an

abuse of discretion. Omaha Healthcare Ctr., LLC v. Johnson, 344 S.W.3d 392, 398 (Tex.

2011); Larson v. Downing, 197 S.W.3d 303, 304–05 (Tex. 2006); Jernigan v. Langley,

195 S.W.3d 91, 93 (Tex. 2006); Palacios, 46 S.W.3d at 877. The trial court abuses its



                                              4
discretion if it acts unreasonably, arbitrarily, or without reference to any guiding rules or

principles. Van Ness v. ETMC First Physicians, 461 S.W.3d 140, 142 (Tex. 2015). In our

review of an expert report, we are limited to the contents contained within the four corners

of the report in determining whether the report manifests a good faith effort to comply with

the statutory definition of an expert report. Palacios, 46 S.W.3d at 878.

C.     Analysis

       1.     Applicable Standard of Care.

       Dr. Tsifansky provided the following in his expert report:

       Defendants Frank Sabatelli, M.D., Irene Perez-Young, M.D., and Vangala
       Reddy, M.D. were [Alexis’s] treating interventional radiologists during her
       stay at DHR. Defendants William Norberg, Jr., M.D., Krishna M. Turlapati,
       M.D., and Ana Hernandez Almeda M.D. were [Alexis’s] treating attending
       physicians at DHR.

       As outlined above, [Alexis] presented to DHR with a diagnosis of DVT in the
       right leg. As outlined above, multiple DVT, both occlusive and non-
       occlusive, were noted throughout [Alexis’s] stay at DHR. As outlined above,
       [Alexis] also presented to DHR with symptoms consistent with Crohn’s
       Disease, which is a clot-forming condition, and later developed [CAS] also
       a clot-forming condition. Also, as noted above, [Alexis] manifested
       symptoms, which the Defendants noted, of tachycardia, high thrombus
       load, blood in urine and vomit, and a generally and gravely deteriorating
       condition before being life-flighted to [TCH] in Houston.

       The standard of care for attending physicians and interventional radiologists
       like the individually-named Defendants in this case is to consider whether
       PE may be present in the unwell (and especially gravely deteriorating)
       patient, like [Alexis], with known DVT and to order, perform, or recommend
       the performance of a pulmonary CT angiogram (or an invasive pulmonary
       angiogram). These simple tests (that is, a pulmonary CT angiogram or an
       invasive pulmonary angiogram) would have detected and therefore allowed
       for the removal of PE present in [Alexis’s] chest, either emboli that had
       spread from her DVT or emboli created in her chest by nature of her Crohn’s
       Disease or otherwise. All of the above-named Defendants (who were
       [Alexis’s] treating attending physicians and interventional radiologists at
       DHR) failed to order, recommend, or perform a single indicated pulmonary
       CT angiogram following Dr. Norberg’s ordered chest x-ray on May 9, 2015
       (the initial date of admission).

                                             5
       Defendants Sabatelli, Perez-Young, Reddy, Norberg, Turlapati, and
       Almeda each therefore breached this applicable standard of care by failing
       to order, recommend, or perform a single pulmonary CT angiogram (or
       invasive pulmonary angiogram) throughout [Alexis’s] stay at DHR, in spite
       of her diagnosed right leg DVT, symptoms consistent with Crohn’s Disease,
       tachycardia, and gravely deteriorating overall clinical condition.

       ...

       As noted above, the standard of care applicable to Defendants required
       them to regularly (that is, daily) consider the presence of PE in a critically-
       ill patient with DVT, and to [sic] a pulmonary CT angiogram or an invasive
       angiogram whenever PE is suggested by clinical findings or suspicion, so
       as to be able to timely detect, and therefore remove, life-threatening PE.
       Had the identified Defendants ordered, recommended, or performed the
       aforementioned imaging studies (after Dr. Norberg’s sole chest x-ray
       ordered on May 9, 2015), [Alexis’s] multiple PE and related injuries would
       have been diagnosed far sooner than they were, which would have negated
       the necessity for her life-flight to [TCH], her multiple surgical procedures
       performed at [TCH], and the pain and impairment she suffered from the time
       of the creation of the emboli up to and following her ultimate discharge from
       [TCH].

The report goes on to describe what occurred during Alexis’s stay at DHR and what

appellants performed or failed to perform.

       Drs. Norberg, Turlapati, and Almeda argue that the expert report “do[es] not

distinguish, or even attempt to distinguish, between the different categories of health care

providers, nor do[es] [it] distinguish between the various physicians themselves” in

reference to the applicable standard of care. 5 However, in his report, Dr. Tsifansky

opined that “[t]he standard of care for attending physicians and interventional radiologists

like the individually-named [appellants] is to consider whether PE may be present . .. .”

and “to order, perform, or recommend the performance of a pulmonary CT angiogram or

invasive pulmonary angiogram.” Additionally, Dr. Tsifansky named all appellants as



       5   We note that the remaining appellants do not make this argument on appeal.

                                                    6
having failed to meet this standard of medical care: “Sabatelli, Perez-Young, Reddy,

Norberg, Turlapati, and Almeda each therefore breached this applicable standard of

care . . . .” Dr. Tsifansky was not required to set out a different standard of care as to

each physician because he opined that all appellants—attending physicians and

interventional radiologists—owed Alexis the same standard of care. See Bailey v. Amaya

Clinic, Inc., 402 S.W.3d 355, 361 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2013, no pet.); see

also Univ. of Tex. Med. Branch at Galveston v. Qi, 370 S.W.3d 406, 413 (Tex. App.—

Houston [14th Dist.] 2012, no pet.) (stating that the expert report, which addressed the

actions of a doctor and a nurse, needed to either describe the respective standards of

care for the doctor and the nurse or state that the same standard of care applied to both

the doctor and the nurse).

       Although Dr. Tsifansky referred to appellants collectively throughout his report, we

do not agree that in doing so Dr. Tsifansky failed “to present the standards of care relevant

to each [appellant].”    Grouping different types of healthcare providers together in

discussing relevant standards of care does not render an expert report inadequate when

the healthcare providers owed the same duties to the plaintiff.         Harvey v. Kindred

Healthcare Operating, Inc., 578 S.W.3d 638, 648 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2019

no pet.) (holding that “grouping different types of healthcare providers together in

discussing relevant standards of care does not render an expert report inadequate when

the healthcare providers owed the same duties to the plaintiff”); Bailey, 402 S.W.3d at

366–67 (same); Livingston v. Montgomery, 279 S.W.3d 868, 871–73 (Tex. App.—Dallas

2009, no pet.) (rejecting arguments that expert reports were inadequate because they

“‘lumped together’ all of the doctors and all of the nurses” and that the “trial court should



                                             7
not have permitted [the expert] to identify one standard of care for more than one

defendant”); Methodist Hosp. v. Shepherd-Sherman, 296 S.W.3d 193, 199 (Tex. App.—

Houston [14th Dist.] 2009, no pet.) (“There is nothing inherently impermissible about

concluding that different health care providers owed the same standard of care . . . and

breached that duty in the same way.”). We therefore reject Drs. Norberg, Turlapati, and

Almeda’s argument.

       2.     Breach of the Standard of Care.

       Next, appellants assert that the expert report fails to set out deviations from the

applicable standard of care. Dr. Tsifansky states that Drs. Sabatelli, Perez-Young, and

Reddy performed doppler ultrasounds on Alexis’s right leg, and all their findings showed

multiple DVT present in the right leg. Moreover, appellants noted her condition was

worsening while she experienced a high suspicion of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia,

nausea and vomiting, and tachycardia; her leg was more swollen and contained more

fluid. Additionally, Alexis now had blood in her urine and was vomiting blood with an

abnormally high heart rate. Despite Alexis manifesting symptoms consistent with PE,

according to Dr. Tsifansky’s expert report, appellants failed to perform the required

angiograms while she gravely deteriorated before being flown to TCH. Dr. Tsifansky also

explained in detail why appellants’ failure was a breach of the applicable standard of care:

an angiogram would have detected and therefore allowed for the removal of the PE

present in Alexis’s chest. Thus, Dr. Tsifansky’s report put each appellant on notice of

how he believed appellants breached the applicable standard of care. Because the

expert report sufficiently put appellants on notice of what care was allegedly required but

not given, it sufficiently sets out a standard of care and a breach of that standard. See



                                             8
Columbia N. Hills Hosp. Subsidiary, L.P. v. Alvarez, 382 S.W.3d 619, 629 (Tex. App.—

Fort Worth 2012, no pet.).

       Dr. Norberg however, treated Alexis the day she arrived at DHR, May 9, 2015. In

his report, Dr. Tsifansky states:

       Defendant William J. Norberg, Jr., M.D. admitted [Alexis] to DHR on May 9,
       2015, began a heparin drip, diagnosed her with DVT with undetermined
       etiology, and recommended an ultrasound for evaluation with consideration
       of intervention and a continued heparin drip . . . Dr. Norberg ordered a single
       chest x-ray on the date of admission, which did not reveal anything out of
       the ordinary.

(Emphasis added). According to Dr. Tsifansky’s report, it appears Dr. Norberg did

not evaluate or treat Alexis on any other day.

       All of the above-named Defendants (who were [Alexis’s] treating attending
       physicians and interventional radiologists at DHR) failed to order,
       recommend, or perform a single indicated pulmonary CT angiogram
       following Dr. Norberg’s ordered chest x-ray on May 9, 2015 (the initial date
       of admission)

       ...

       The chest x-ray ordered by Dr. Norberg on the date of admission (May 9,
       2015) did not reveal any PE present at that point.

       ...

       Had the identified Defendants ordered, recommended, or performed the
       aforementioned imaging studies (after Dr. Norberg’s sole chest x-ray
       ordered on May 9, 2015) . . . .

(Emphasis added). Dr. Tsifansky’s report does not explain how Dr. Norberg, who was

not present when Alexis manifested the various symptoms referenced above, breached

the standard of care. Specifically, Dr. Tsifansky does not explain why Dr. Norberg should

have ordered the required angiograms when the chest x-ray did not reveal anything out

of the ordinary and Dr. Norberg only treated Alexis the day of her admission. Therefore,



                                             9
we conclude that Dr. Tsifansky’s report is deficient in this regard. 6 We sustain Dr.

Norberg’s sole issue.

        3.       Causation and Injury.

        Lastly, appellants argue that Dr. Tsifansky’s report “grossly fails to establish the

required causal link between [appellants’] alleged breaches.” As to causation, an “expert

must explain, based on facts set out in the report, how and why” a health care provider’s

breach proximately caused the injury. Columbia Valley Healthcare Sys., LP v. Zamarripa,

526 S.W.3d 453, 459–60 (Tex. 2017).                  A report should explain how the defendant

physician’s action or inaction caused injury. Bowie Mem’l Hosp. v. Wright, 79 S.W.3d 48,

53 (Tex. 2002). A court may not fill in gaps in a report by drawing inferences or guessing

what the expert meant or intended. Austin Heart, P.A. v. Webb, 228 S.W.3d 276, 279

(Tex. App.—Austin 2007, no pet.). Furthermore, causation may not be inferred. Castillo

v. August, 248 S.W.3d 874, 883 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2008, no pet.).

        Dr. Tsifansky’s report addressed the issue of causation.                      First, Dr. Tsifansky

addressed the standard of care applicable to appellants:

        the standard of care applicable to Defendants required them to regularly
        (that is, daily) consider the presence of PE in a critically-ill patient with DVT,
        and to a pulmonary CT angiogram or an invasive angiogram whenever PE
        is suggested by clinical findings or suspicion, so as to be able to timely
        detect, and therefore remove, life-threatening PE.

In a section titled “CAUSAL CONNECTION BETWEEN BREACHES OF THE

STANDARDS OF CARE AND ALEXIS AMMEL’S INJURIES,” Dr. Tsifansky opines:



        6 In his expert report, Dr. Hurwitz states that Dr. Norberg, as Alexis’s admitting attending physician,

“ordered a single chest x-ray on May 9, 2015, which did not reveal any abnormalities.” Like Dr. Tsifansky,
Dr. Hurwitz does not address whether Dr. Norberg treated Alexis after this date. Specifically, Dr. Hurwitz
does not explain why Dr. Norberg should have ordered the required angiograms when the chest x-ray did
not reveal any abnormalities. Accordingly, we conclude Dr. Hurwitz’s report fails to address how Dr.
Norberg breached the applicable standard of care.

                                                     10
       These simple tests (that is, a pulmonary CT angiogram or an invasive
       pulmonary angiogram) would have detected and therefore allowed for the
       removal of pulmonary emboli present in [Alexis’s] chest, either emboli that
       had spread from her DVT or emboli created in her chest by nature of her
       Crohn’s Disease or otherwise.

       ...

       Had the identified [appellants] ordered, recommended, or performed the
       aforementioned imaging studies (after Dr. Norberg’s sole chest x-ray
       ordered on May 9, 2015), [Alexis’s] multiple PE and related injuries would
       have been diagnosed far sooner than they were, which would have negated
       the necessity for her life-flight to TCH, her multiple surgical procedures
       performed at TCH, and the pain and impairment she suffered from the time
       of the creation of the emboli up to and following her ultimate discharge from
       TCH.

In our view, Dr. Tsifansky’s explanation provides a straightforward link between

appellants’ alleged breach of the standard of care and Alexis’s injury. Dr. Tsifansky

asserted that the DVT in the lower extremities, in this case in Alexis’s leg, often spreads

to the chest, creating PE. Dr. Tsifansky explained how appellants’ breach—failing to

order, perform, or recommend performance of angiograms, particularly considering her

worsening condition—caused a delay in diagnosis and proper treatment and why that

delay caused the issues that led to her life-flight and medical procedures at TCH. See

Abshire v. Christus Health Southeast Texas, 563 S.W.3d 219, 226 (Tex. 2018) (holding

that with respect to causation, our “role is to determine whether the expert has explained

how the negligent conduct caused the injury”); Miller v. JSC Lake Highlands Operations

536 S.W.3d 510, 512 (Tex. 2017) (holding that that there was a “more-than-adequate

summary” of causation where the expert explained how the physician’s breach—failing

to identify the illness—delayed timely removal, which in turn caused the patient to

aspirate).




                                            11
       Appellants argue that because Dr. Tsifansky’s expert report does not provide a

date on which Alexis’s PE was detected, it is not a good faith effort to establish causation.

We disagree. An expert report “does not have to meet the same requirements as the

evidence offered in a summary-judgment proceeding or at trial.” Miller, 536 S.W.3d at

517. Although Dr. Tsifansky’s expert report does not give an exact date Alexis’s PE

developed, he clearly opines that she manifested symptoms while under appellants’

care—diagnosis DVT; iron-deficient anemia; chronic gastritis; weight loss of over twenty

pounds in two months; high suspicion of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, nausea and

vomiting, significant tachycardia, edematous, hematuria, and hematemesis—which

should have prompted appellants to perform or order the required angiograms. See

Fagadau v. Wenkstern, 311 S.W.3d 132, 139 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2010, no pet.) (rejecting

the contention that the expert report was conjectural with respect to causation because

there was no indication of the exact date the patient’s retinal detachment occurred;

although the expert’s report did not give an exact date, the expert opined that an

examination would have prevented the detachment). Thus, according to Dr. Tsifansky,

performing the required angiograms would have, in all medical probability, detected the

presence of PE and therefore allowed for the removal of it, negating the necessity of her

life-flight to TCH and preventing the subsequent invasive procedures. See Patterson v.

Ortiz, 412 S.W.3d 833, 839–40 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2013, no pet.) (concluding that the

expert report sufficiently showed that performing the required tests would have led to the

diagnosis of pneumonia, and early treatment would have more likely than not saved his

life); Gelman v. Cuellar, 268 S.W.3d, 123, 130 (Tex. App—Corpus Christi–Edinburg 2008,

pet. denied) (holding an expert report adequate regarding the breach of standard of care



                                             12
and causation because it explained that if patient had “been properly monitored and timely

treated post-operatively with aggressive respiratory care, she would not have developed

respiratory insufficiency,” which caused her “anoxic brain damage”); In re Barker, 110

S.W.3d 486, 491 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2003, orig. proceeding) (concluding an expert

report sufficient because it explained negligent failure to recognize medical condition and

delay in treatment increased severity of plaintiff’s injuries). Therefore, we conclude the

report adequately links Dr. Tsifansky’s conclusion with the underlying facts: the failure to

perform angiograms was a substantial factor in Alexis’s delayed treatment and

subsequent injury.

D.     Summary

       As to whether the report is conclusory, we conclude that it is sufficiently detailed

as to (1) inform appellants of the conduct called into question and (2) allow the trial court

to conclude the Ameels’ claims have merit. See Palacios, 46 S.W.3d 873 at 879. Dr.

Tsifansky clearly articulated that appellants were required to perform or order an

angiogram and how the failure to do so in all medical probability allowed the progression

of Alexis’s PE, causing her to undergo multiple surgical procedures—with the exception

of Dr. Norberg. See Zamarripa, 526 S.W.3d at 460 (holding that the expert need not

prove the entire case or account for every known fact; the report is sufficient if it makes

“a good-faith effort to explain, factually, how proximate cause is going to be proven”).

Because expert reports are simply a preliminary method to show that a plaintiff has a

viable cause of action that is not frivolous, we hold that Dr. Tsifansky’s expert report

represents an objective good faith effort to inform appellants of the causal relationship

between the failure to adhere to the pertinent standard of care and the injury, harm, or



                                             13
damages claimed. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE. ANN. § 74.351(l). Therefore, we

conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion when it denied Drs. Reddy,

Turlapati, Almeda, Sabatelli, and Young’s motions to dismiss based on their complaints

that Dr. Tsifansky’s report was deficient. We overrule appellants’ issue. However,

because we have concluded that Dr. Tsifansky’s expert report does not address how Dr.

Norberg breached the standard of care, we hold that the trial court abused its discretion

by denying his motion to dismiss. See Van Ness, 461 S.W.3d at 142.

E.    Dr. Hurwitz

      Drs. Turlapati and Almeda challenged Dr. Hurwitz’s expert report by arguing that

he is not qualified. Because we determined that Dr. Tsifansky’s expert report complies

with § 74.351, we do not need to address appellants’ complaints regarding Dr. Hurwitz as

those complaints are not dispositive. See TEX. R. APP. P. 47.1; TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM.

CODE ANN. § 74.351 (providing that an expert report “is not admissible in evidence by any

party; shall not be in used in a deposition, trial, or other proceeding; and shall not be

referred to by any party during the course of the action for any purpose”).

                                   III.   CONCLUSION

      We reverse the trial court’s order denying Dr. Norberg’s motion to dismiss and

remand the case to the trial court to decide whether to grant the Ameels a thirty-day

extension to cure the deficiency. See Leland v. Brandal, 257 S.W.3d 204, 207 (Tex.

2008). We affirm the remainder of the trial court’s judgment.


                                                                JAIME TIJERINA,
                                                                Justice

Delivered and filed the
19th day of December, 2019.

                                            14
