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08/09/2019 08:07 AM CDT




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                                  Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                                          303 Nebraska R eports
                                               WEYH v. GOTTSCH
                                               Cite as 303 Neb. 280




                                         David Weyh, appellee, v.
                                        Barry Gottsch, appellant.
                                                 ___ N.W.2d ___

                                        Filed June 7, 2019.     No. S-18-192.

                 1. Judgments: Appeal and Error. In a bench trial of a law action, the
                    trial court’s factual findings have the effect of a jury verdict and will
                    not be disturbed on appeal unless clearly wrong. But an appellate court
                    independently reviews questions of law decided by a lower court.
                 2. Limitations of Actions: Appeal and Error. The point at which a statute
                    of limitations begins to run must be determined from the facts of each
                    case, and the decision of the district court on the issue of the statute of
                    limitations normally will not be set aside by an appellate court unless
                    clearly wrong.
                 3. Declaratory Judgments: Contracts: Appeal and Error. An action for
                    declaratory judgment is sui generis; whether such action is to be treated
                    as one at law or one in equity is to be determined by the nature of the
                    dispute. When a dispute sounds in contract, the action is to be treated as
                    one at law. An appellate court treats the determination of factual issues
                    in such a declaratory judgment action which was tried without a jury in
                    the same manner as any other action at law; accordingly, the findings of
                    the trial court have the effect of a verdict and will not be set aside unless
                    clearly wrong.
                 4. Prejudgment Interest: Appeal and Error. Awards of prejudgment
                    interest are reviewed de novo.
                 5. Statutes: Appeal and Error. Statutory interpretation presents a question
                    of law on which an appellate court has an obligation to reach an inde-
                    pendent conclusion irrespective of the decision made by the court below.
                 6. Limitations of Actions: Contracts. An action upon an oral contract
                    must be brought within 4 years from the date of the event giving rise to
                    the cause of action.
                 7. Actions: Contracts: Time: Damages. A cause of action in contract
                    accrues at the time of breach or the failure to do the thing agreed to.
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                       303 Nebraska R eports
                               WEYH v. GOTTSCH
                               Cite as 303 Neb. 280

      This is so even though the nature and extent of damages may not
      be known.
 8.   Limitations of Actions. Generally, a cause of action accrues and the
      period of limitations begins to run upon the violation of a legal right,
      that is, when the aggrieved party has the right to institute and main-
      tain suit.
 9.   Contracts: Judgments: Appeal and Error. The disputed terms of an
      oral agreement are questions of fact, and in a bench trial of a law action,
      the trial court’s factual findings have the effect of a jury verdict and will
      not be disturbed on appeal unless clearly wrong.
10.   Trial: Witnesses: Evidence: Appeal and Error. In a bench trial of an
      action at law, the trial court is the sole judge of the credibility of the
      witnesses and the weight to be given their testimony. An appellate court
      will not reevaluate the credibility of witnesses or reweigh testimony but
      will review the evidence for clear error.
11.   Trial: Expert Witnesses: Appeal and Error. Generally, an appellate
      court reviews a trial court’s decision to exclude expert testimony for an
      abuse of discretion.
12.   Trial: Evidence: Appeal and Error. In a civil case, the admission or
      exclusion of evidence is not reversible error unless it unfairly prejudiced
      a substantial right of the complaining party.
13.   Statutes: Appeal and Error. When an appellate court construes statutes
      relating to the same subject matter, it should do so in a manner that
      maintains a sensible and consistent scheme and gives effect to every
      statutory provision.
14.   Statutes. It is not within the province of a court to read a meaning into
      a statute that is not warranted by the language; neither is it within the
      province of a court to read anything plain, direct, or unambiguous out of
      a statute.
15.   Prejudgment Interest: Statutes. Neb. Rev. Stat. §§ 45-103.02 and
      45-104 (Reissue 2010) are alternate and independent statutes authorizing
      the recovery of prejudgment interest.
16.   Prejudgment Interest. Neb. Rev. Stat. § 45-104 (Reissue 2010) con-
      tains no requirement that the claims described therein must also be
      liquidated in order to recover prejudgment interest.
17.   Judgments: Interest: Time. Prejudgment interest under Neb. Rev. Stat.
      § 45-104 (Reissue 2010) ends, and postjudgment interest begins, on the
      date of entry of judgment.

  Appeal from the District Court for Sarpy County: Stefanie
A. M artinez, Judge. Affirmed as modified.
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           Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                   303 Nebraska R eports
                        WEYH v. GOTTSCH
                        Cite as 303 Neb. 280

  Molly J. Miller, Patrick J. Sullivan, and Travis M. Jacott, of
Adams & Sullivan, P.C., L.L.O., for appellant.

   Cathy S. Trent-Vilim, Daniel P. Chesire, Brian J. Brislen,
and Adam R. Feeney, of Lamson, Dugan & Murray, L.L.P.,
for appellee.

  Heavican, C.J., Miller-Lerman, Cassel, Stacy, Funke,
Papik, and Freudenberg, JJ.

   Stacy, J.
   Pursuant to an oral agreement, David Weyh and Barry
Gottsch farmed together for approximately 10 years and
agreed to share net profits equally. When the farming operation
ended and it was time to settle up, a dispute arose and Weyh
filed this action seeking to recover his share of the opera-
tion’s profits. After a bench trial, the district court found that
Gottsch owed Weyh $1,214,056.73 in unpaid profits. It also
found that Weyh was entitled to prejudgment interest in the
amount of $972,582.10 pursuant to Neb. Rev. Stat. § 45-104
(Reissue 2010).
   Gottsch appealed, and we granted bypass to address the
assignments of error related to recovery of prejudgment inter-
est under Nebraska law. On that issue, Gottsch argues that all
requests for prejudgment interest must comply with Neb. Rev.
Stat. § 45-103.02 (Reissue 2010), and he contends it was error
to award prejudgment interest under § 45-104 without also
finding Weyh’s claim was liquidated under § 45-103.02(2).
Weyh disagrees, and argues §§ 45-103.02(2) and 45-104
provide alternate routes for recovering prejudgment inter-
est. Weyh contends that because his claim is the type of
claim enumerated in § 45-104, prejudgment interest was prop-
erly awarded.
   After examining the statutory language and legislative
history of the pertinent statutes, and considering our com-
peting lines of authority on prejudgment interest, we hold
that § 45-103.02(2) is not the exclusive means of recovering
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                  303 Nebraska R eports
                       WEYH v. GOTTSCH
                       Cite as 303 Neb. 280

prejudgment interest in Nebraska, and we disapprove of prior
cases holding otherwise. We clarify that §§ 45-103.02 and
45-104 provide separate and independent means of recovering
prejudgment interest, and we hold that when a claim is of the
types enumerated in § 45-104, then prejudgment interest may
be recovered without regard to whether the claim is liquidated.
We thus find no error in applying § 45-104 to award prejudg-
ment interest to Weyh, but we agree with Gottsch there was an
error in calculating prejudgment interest. We affirm the judg-
ment as modified.

                            I. FACTS
   In October 2004, Weyh and Gottsch entered into an oral
agreement to farm together. They agreed Weyh would provide
the labor and manage the day-to-day farming operations. They
agreed Gottsch would provide the equipment and some occa-
sional labor and would handle all the financial aspects of the
farming operation. They agreed the operation would farm some
land owned by Gottsch and some land owned by third parties.
They agreed the operation would continue from year to year
until one of them decided to end it, and they agreed to share
the net profits of the farming operation equally. Their agree-
ment was never reduced to writing.
   Weyh and Gottsch farmed together continuously through
the 2014 harvest. During that period, Weyh performed work
on the farm nearly every day and also hired and supervised
additional laborers. Weyh kept a general log of his daily farm-
ing activities. He did not take a salary or wage from the farm-
ing operation, but Gottsch occasionally provided Weyh with
what the parties described as “draws against future profits.”
Both parties understood those draws were being advanced
against Weyh’s share of the farming operation’s net profits
once they finally “settled up.” While the farming operation
was ongoing, Gottsch and Weyh did not settle up at the end of
each farming year. Instead, it was understood that when one
or both of them decided to end the farming operation, Gottsch
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                  303 Nebraska R eports
                       WEYH v. GOTTSCH
                       Cite as 303 Neb. 280

would provide an accounting and the net profits would then be
determined and distributed equally.
   Gottsch purchased the planting and harvesting equipment for
the farming operation, and he was responsible for marketing the
crops and keeping the farming operation’s books. All proceeds
from the farming operation went into bank accounts controlled
exclusively by Gottsch. Gottsch also used these accounts for
his personal expenses and for some of his other business
endeavors. Gottsch’s bookkeeper, Debra Wetzel, maintained
the books for the farming operation and for Gottsch’s other
businesses. After the farming operation ended, Wetzel prepared
a profit-and-loss statement for the entire farming operation.
While the farming operation was ongoing, there was no formal
accounting prepared.
   In October 2014, Gottsch notified Weyh he had decided
to end the farming operation and it was time to “settle up.”
Shortly thereafter, Gottsch told Weyh the entire farming opera-
tion generated net profits of $1,518,115.65. Gottsch arrived at
that figure by expensing to the farming operation, among other
things, $1,813,164.15 for accumulated rent on land owned by
Gottsch and farmed by the operation, and $144,161.04 for earn-
ings paid to one of Gottsch’s employees, Philip Kollars, who
sometimes worked for the farming operation. Weyh disputed
both these expenses, claiming neither was properly attributed
to the farming operation.
                          1. Complaint
   In December 2014, Weyh sued Gottsch in the district court
for Sarpy County, Nebraska, seeking to recover his share of
the net profits of the farming operation. Weyh’s complaint set
out the parties’ oral agreement and alleged several theories of
recovery, including breach of contract. The complaint alleged
the farming operation’s net profits totaled $3,475,440.70, and
Weyh sought to recover half of that amount plus prejudg-
ment interest.
   Gottsch’s answer admitted he had failed to pay Weyh the
agreed upon one-half share of net profits and admitted he was
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                   303 Nebraska R eports
                       WEYH v. GOTTSCH
                       Cite as 303 Neb. 280

in possession of money belonging to Weyh. But Gottsch alleged
that a profit-and-loss statement had not yet been completed for
the 2014 crop year, and further alleged that a final account-
ing and payment had been “hindered” by Weyh’s demands to
change the profit-and-loss statement. Gottsch admitted that his
“failure to perform his obligations under the contract has dam-
aged [Weyh] in an amount to be determined following a full
accounting,” but he denied that Weyh was entitled to recover
the amount sought in the complaint.
                    2. A mended Complaint
   Eventually, Gottsch provided Weyh a final accounting that
included the 2014 crop year. The final accounting showed the
entire farming operation generated net profits of $1,079,003.58.
Included among the expenses of the farming operation were
$2,130,657.21 in rent to Gottsch for land owned by him and
farmed by the operation, and $208,452.64 in earnings paid
to Kollars.
   After Weyh received the final accounting from Gottsch,
he amended his complaint to expressly accept the final
accounting, with two exceptions: Weyh alleged that nei-
ther the $2,130,657.21 in accumulated rent to Gottsch nor
the $208,452.64 in earnings paid to Kollars were properly
expensed to the farming operation. The amended complaint
sought a declaratory judgment to that effect and alleged sepa-
rate theories of recovery for breach of contract, fraudulent
misrepresentation, fraudulent concealment, unjust enrichment/
constructive trust, money received and retained, and breach
of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing. On
each theory of recovery, Weyh’s amended complaint sought
recovery of his one-half share of the net profits plus prejudg-
ment interest.
   Gottsch filed an answer to the amended complaint and later
was permitted to amend his answer. The amended answer
admitted the parties had orally agreed to farm together and
had agreed to share equally in the profits and losses of the
farming operation. But Gottsch denied that Weyh was entitled
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                   303 Nebraska R eports
                       WEYH v. GOTTSCH
                       Cite as 303 Neb. 280

to recover the amount sought in the amended complaint, and
he raised several affirmative defenses, including that Weyh’s
claims were time barred under Neb. Rev. Stat. §§ 25-211 and
25-212 (Reissue 2016).

                         3. Bench Trial
   During the 3-day bench trial, the primary disputes were (1)
whether Weyh’s claims were time barred and (2) how to treat
the two contested expenses: rent to Gottsch and earnings to
Kollar. Both parties testified on these issues.

                      (a) Weyh’s Testimony
   According to Weyh, he and Gottsch decided to farm together
while they were standing on a hillside in 2004. At that time,
they agreed Weyh would provide the farm labor and Gottsch
would provide the land, the equipment, and the financial man-
agement. They agreed to share net profits equally, and they
agreed to farm together “until we both decided to quit.” Weyh
testified they never agreed that Gottsch would be paid cash rent
in addition to a share of the profits.
   In the fall of 2014, Gottsch told Weyh he was ending the
farming operation. After learning this, Weyh demanded a full
accounting, and Gottsch agreed it was time to “settle up.”
Weyh claims Gottsch remarked at the time “I owe you so
much money” and suggested that with the all the money he
was owed, Weyh could start his own operation if he wanted to
continue farming.
   Once a final accounting was prepared, Weyh accepted it,
with the exception of two expenses: $2,130,657.21 in rent to
Gottsch and $208,452.64 in earnings paid to Kollars. According
to Weyh, neither of these expenses were properly attributed to
the farming operation.
   Weyh testified that Gottsch never brought up the topic of
rent until 2006, when they met to go over Gottsch’s financial
notes. During that 2006 meeting, Weyh noticed that Gottsch
had listed, as a farm expense, rent to himself on the land he
owned. Weyh told Gottsch that was not a proper farm expense
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           Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                   303 Nebraska R eports
                        WEYH v. GOTTSCH
                        Cite as 303 Neb. 280

under their agreement, and Gottsch replied that “we’ll figure
it out.” Weyh testified the two did not discuss rent again, and
Weyh did not press the issue further. Weyh testified that when
he and Gottsch farmed land owned by others, the farming
operation entered into written lease agreements for cash rent,
and that none of those agreements also included crop share.
   Weyh also testified about a hunting operation he and Gottsch
entered into in 2005, again pursuant to an oral agreement.
Initially, they agreed Gottsch would contribute the property
upon which hunts would take place, Weyh would serve as the
hunting guide, and they would split net profits equally. Under
that initial agreement, Gottsch did not charge rent for the use of
his land. Later, they modified the agreement so that Weyh paid
Gottsch cash rent for the use of his land, and Weyh retained
100 percent of the profits from the hunts. At no time during the
operation of the parties’ hunting business did Gottsch receive
both cash rent and a share of the profits.
   Weyh objected to expensing Kollars’ earnings to the farm-
ing operation. According to Weyh, Gottsch hired Kollars in
2010 to take care of Gottsch’s personal and rental proper-
ties, and at that time, Gottsch assured Weyh that Kollars’
wages would not come out of the farming operation. Kollars
performed work on Gottsch’s cars and pool and several of
Gottsch’s properties. Over time, Gottsch asked Kollars to do
maintenance work on some of the farming equipment too.
Weyh objected to Kollars’ working for the farming operation,
as he did not think Kollars’ help was needed. At some point,
Kollars told Weyh that Gottsch had instructed him to charge
at least 50 percent of his time to the farming operation. Weyh
objected to that practice because he did not think Kollars was
really working for the farm, and Kollars replied, “I only do
what I’m told.”
                   (b) Gottsch’s Testimony
   According to Gottsch, when he and Weyh agreed to farm
together, they also agreed that rent on Gottsch’s land would
be a farm expense. Gottsch did not dispute that he and Weyh
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           Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                   303 Nebraska R eports
                        WEYH v. GOTTSCH
                        Cite as 303 Neb. 280

discussed farming together while they were on the hillside in
2004, but he thought the agreement on rent occurred during a
later conversation at the “brown shop” sometime before the
2005 planting season. Gottsch admitted that his recollection
of that conversation was vague, but he recalled telling Weyh
he would “put up all the money and all the equipment” but “I
got to charge rent.” Gottsch testified that one of the reasons he
started farming, and agreed to purchase all the equipment, was
that he had sold his share of a family business and wanted to
manage his capital gains exposure.
   Gottsch testified that after the 2005, 2006, and 2007 crop
years, he provided Weyh with some handwritten financial notes
that listed, as a farm expense, rent on Gottsch’s land. Gottsch
did not recall that Weyh ever “confronted” him about including
rent as an expense of the farming operation.
   Gottsch testified that “just before the lawsuit” was filed, he
hired an agronomist to help him set the cash rents for all of the
prior farming years. At that time, he also modified the rents for
the 2005, 2006, and 2007 crop years. Gottsch admitted that he
never discussed the amount of rent with Weyh prior to any crop
year and that Weyh had “zero” input on the amount of rent.
Gottsch was not aware of any other farming operation where
the landowner would get cash rent plus half the crop share, and
he admitted it was common to agree in advance on the amount
of rent so the farm tenant could decide whether to accept or
reject the rent before the crop year. Gottsch admitted Weyh did
not have such an opportunity before any of the crop years for
which Gottsch was seeking rent.
   Regarding the “draws” paid to Weyh, Gottsch testified there
was no set schedule, interval, or timeframe for draws. Instead,
Weyh would ask for a draw when he needed it and Gottsch
would “just round it up to whatever I felt like would be good,”
because he knew Weyh “had money coming.” Gottsch testi-
fied that the parties did not take stock of their profits and
losses after each crop year and that they never agreed to settle
up after each year. Gottsch admitted that he was “terrible
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                       WEYH v. GOTTSCH
                       Cite as 303 Neb. 280

at settling up” and that when he decided to end the farming
operation in the fall of 2014, he knew an accounting needed to
be done for “the entirety of the operation.”
   In 2010, Gottsch hired Kollars to perform maintenance and
repairs on Gottsch’s various properties and vehicles. Gottsch
also directed Kollars to do “some” work for the farming
operation. When Gottsch informed Weyh that Kollars would
be available to help with the farming operation, Weyh disap-
proved, because “he wanted his guys helping.” Gottsch told
Kollars to report his time directly to Wetzel, Gottsch’s book-
keeper, and he denied that he ever instructed Kollars to attrib­
ute a certain amount of his time to the farming operation.
   In 2014, Wetzel attributed most of Kollars’ time to the farm-
ing operation. At trial, Gottsch admitted that was not correct.
Gottsch testified that Kollars performed “some” work for the
farm in 2014, but Gottsch did not think there was “any way he
had that high of a percentage with the farm.” Gottsch admitted
that, other than what Kollars reported to Wetzel, he had no way
of knowing what percentage of Kollars’ time was attributable
to the farming operation.
                   (c) Bookkeeper’s Testimony
   In 2006, Wetzel began keeping the books for Gottsch’s
personal and business entities, including those related to the
farming operation. Wetzel did not keep separate accounts for
the farming operation and Gottsch’s personal and other busi-
ness affairs; all of Gottsch’s financial information went into a
single account for bookkeeping purposes, with separate classi-
fications. Using a business software application, Wetzel would,
as much as possible, enter “farm” expenses contemporaneously
as they occurred. Sometimes she was provided information on
expenses from Gottsch, and other times from Weyh. Wetzel
described Weyh’s recordkeeping practices as “pretty detailed”
and Gottsch’s as “[p]retty bad.”
   Wetzel testified that while the farming operation was ongo-
ing, Gottsch never asked her to include rent on his land as a
farm expense. It was not until the farming operation ended in
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                   303 Nebraska R eports
                       WEYH v. GOTTSCH
                       Cite as 303 Neb. 280

2014 that Gottsch made such a request, and at that time, he
told Wetzel that when she prepared the final accounting, rent
on the land he owned “needed to be part of that equation.” In
response, Wetzel made a list of all the property Gottsch owned
“so he could establish what he wanted to charge for rent.”
Wetzel testified that after she prepared the accounting in early
2015, Gottsch was still “adjusting the rents that he thought he
should charge on properties he owned.”
   According to Wetzel, Kollars began working for Gottsch in
2010 and all of Kollars’ W-2 wage and tax statements listed
Gottsch as the employer. Kollars was instructed by Gottsch to
call or text Wetzel each week to report what percentage of his
work was attributable to the farming operation and what per-
centage was attributable to Gottsch’s other personal and busi-
ness ventures. When Kollars did not contact Wetzel to report
his percentages for the week, she would automatically attribute
all of Kollars’ time to the farming operation.
   In 2014, Kollars gave Wetzel no information about how his
work should be allocated, so Wetzel attributed all of Kollars’
earnings as an expense of the farming operation. Wetzel’s
records also attributed a portion of Kollars’ earnings in 2010
through 2013 to the farming operation, but the records did
not include an hourly breakdown, and Wetzel had no personal
knowledge of how much time Kollars actually devoted to the
farming operation. From 2010 through 2014, the total amount
of Kollars’ earnings expensed to the farming operation was
$208,452.64.
                  4. District Court’s Findings
                  (a) Claims Not Time Barred
   The district court rejected Gottsch’s contention that any of
Weyh’s claims were time barred. It found the parties intended
the farming operation to be ongoing until one or both of them
decided to end it, at which time they would settle up and divide
net profits equally. The court found that while the farming
operation was ongoing, the parties did not distribute “draws”
on any regular basis and that there was no agreement to do
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                       WEYH v. GOTTSCH
                       Cite as 303 Neb. 280

so. Nor was there any agreement to settle up after each crop
year. The court thus reasoned that Weyh’s claim for breach of
contract did not accrue until late 2014, because that was the
point at which the farming operation ended and it was time to
settle up, and Gottsch failed to pay Weyh his share of the net
profits. Because Weyh’s suit against Gottsch was filed just a
few months after the claim accrued, the court found it was not
time barred.

                      (b) Rent to Gottsch
   On the issue of rent, the court stated “[t]he crux of the
issue” was one of credibility, and it ultimately found “there
was no credible evidence that the parties agreed [Gottsch]
would charge rent for properties he owned that the farming
operation farmed.” The court reasoned the parties’ course
of conduct supported this finding, as it was undisputed that
Gottsch unilaterally set the rent amounts for the majority of
the farming years after the farming operation had ended and
that Gottsch never sought input or agreement from Weyh on
rent amounts during the course of the farming operation. The
court thus concluded that rent to Gottsch was not part of the
parties’ oral agreement and, consequently, entered a declara-
tory judgment that rent to Gottsch was not a proper expense of
the farming operation.

                      (c) Kollars’ Earnings
   The court found the evidence did not support including
Kollars’ earnings as a farm expense. First, the court found
the parties’ oral agreement did not include expensing Kollars’
earnings to the farming operation, finding it significant that
Gottsch expressly told Weyh that Kollars’ time would not be
expensed to the farming operation. Additionally, the court
found that neither Gottsch nor Wetzel had firsthand knowledge
of how much of Kollars’ work was actually devoted to the
farming operation. That lack of knowledge, combined with
admittedly incorrect information in the final accounting, left
the court with “no way of knowing how many hours, if any,
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. . . Kollars worked for the farming operation, as opposed to
for [Gottsch] personally.” The court found this failure of proof
prevented Gottsch from claiming any portion of Kollars’ earn-
ings as a farm expense for any farming year, and entered a
declaratory judgment that Kollars’ earnings were not properly
expensed to the farming operation.

                     (d) Breach of Contract
   The court found that Gottsch breached the parties’ oral
contract by failing to pay Weyh the full amounts owed to him
when the operation ended and by providing an accounting
that improperly listed rent to Gottsch and earnings to Kollars
as expenses of the farming operation. Using the figures from
Gottsch’s final accounting that Weyh had accepted, the court
found the farming operation’s net profits were $3,418,113.45,
and concluded Weyh was entitled to half this amount, less sums
he had previously taken in “draws” over the years. Ultimately,
the court determined Weyh was entitled to damages for breach
of contract in the amount of $1,214,056.73. The court also
found in Weyh’s favor on several other theories of recovery
and awarded identical damages under each theory.

                    (e) Prejudgment Interest
   Weyh’s original and amended complaints sought prejudg-
ment interest, and in closing argument, Weyh suggested he
was entitled to prejudgment interest under either of two theo-
ries: because his claim was liquidated under § 45-103.02(2)
or because his claim fit within those described in § 45-104.
Gottsch opposed an award of prejudgment interest, arguing
it was not recoverable either because Weyh’s claim was not
liquidated or because it would be too difficult to determine
the date on which Weyh’s entitlement to prejudgment inter-
est accrued.
   The district court concluded Weyh was entitled to prejudg-
ment interest “in the amount of 12% per annum under Neb.
Rev. Stat. § 45-104” and awarded $972,582.10 in prejudg-
ment interest. The order does not explain how this amount
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was calculated, but it is clear the court relied exclusively on
§ 45-104 in awarding prejudgment interest. It found that Weyh
had met his burden of proof under § 45-104 by showing that
Gottsch received, into his personal bank account, Weyh’s share
of the net profits from the farming operation and retained such
sums after they should have been paid to Weyh. In address-
ing prejudgment interest, the court’s order did not discuss
§ 45-103.02(2) or make any findings as to whether Weyh’s
claim was liquidated or unliquidated.
               (f) Appeal and Petition to Bypass
   Gottsch timely appealed and moved to bypass the Nebraska
Court of Appeals, arguing this case presents an important
and unresolved issue of statutory interpretation regarding
the recoverability of prejudgment interest under Nebraska
law. Weyh agrees, and both parties seek clarification regard-
ing whether all prejudgment interest awards must satisfy
§ 45-103.02, or whether an award of prejudgment interest may
be based only on § 45-104.
   In several prior appeals, parties have raised the issue of
whether §§ 45-103.02(2) and 45-104 are separate and inde-
pendent means of obtaining prejudgment interest or whether
they are interrelated and, if so, how.1 But until now, the issue
has been presented in cases where the facts did not satisfy
one or both statutes and, consequently, the tension between
§§ 45-103.02(2) and 45-104 has not been directly addressed
by this court.2 We granted the petition to bypass to address
that issue.
                II. ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR
  Gottsch assigns, consolidated and restated, that the district
court erred in (1) finding the breach of contract claim accrued

1
    See, Brook Valley Ltd. Part. v. Mutual of Omaha Bank, 285 Neb. 157, 825
    N.W.2d 779 (2013); Fitzgerald v. Community Redevelopment Corp., 283
    Neb. 428, 811 N.W.2d 178 (2012); BSB Constr. v. Pinnacle Bank, 278
    Neb. 1027, 776 N.W.2d 188 (2009).
2
    See id.
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when the farming operation ended and was not time barred, (2)
finding the parties had not agreed that rent to Gottsch or earn-
ings to Kollars were proper expenses of the farming operation,
(3) finding an agreement to charge rent on Gottsch’s property
would violate the statute of frauds, (4) relying on evidence of
the parties’ previous hunting operation, (5) excluding expert
testimony offered by Gottsch, (6) finding in favor of Weyh on
several other theories of recovery, (7) finding Weyh was enti-
tled to prejudgment interest under § 45-104, and (8) improperly
calculating prejudgment interest.

                III. STANDARD OF REVIEW
   [1] In a bench trial of a law action, the trial court’s factual
findings have the effect of a jury verdict and will not be dis-
turbed on appeal unless clearly wrong.3 But an appellate court
independently reviews questions of law decided by a lower
court.4
   [2] The point at which a statute of limitations begins to run
must be determined from the facts of each case, and the deci-
sion of the district court on the issue of the statute of limita-
tions normally will not be set aside by an appellate court unless
clearly wrong.5
   [3] An action for declaratory judgment is sui generis;
whether such action is to be treated as one at law or one
in equity is to be determined by the nature of the dispute.6
When a dispute sounds in contract, the action is to be treated
as one at law.7 An appellate court treats the determination of
factual issues in such a declaratory judgment action which
was tried without a jury in the same manner as any other
action at law; accordingly, the findings of the trial court

3
    Donut Holdings v. Risberg, 294 Neb. 861, 885 N.W.2d 670 (2016).
4
    Id.
5
    Hike v. State, 297 Neb. 212, 899 N.W.2d 614 (2017).
6
    Wetovick v. County of Nance, 279 Neb. 773, 782 N.W.2d 298 (2010).
7
    Spanish Oaks v. Hy-Vee, 265 Neb. 133, 655 N.W.2d 390 (2003).
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have the effect of a verdict and will not be set aside unless
clearly wrong.8
   [4] Awards of prejudgment interest are reviewed de novo.9
   [5] Statutory interpretation presents a question of law on
which an appellate court has an obligation to reach an inde-
pendent conclusion irrespective of the decision made by the
court below.10
                          IV. ANALYSIS
                       1. Preliminary Issues
   In addition to finding in favor of Weyh on the theory of
breach of contract, the court found in Weyh’s favor on sev-
eral other theories and awarded identical damages under each.
Gottsch’s sixth assignment of error challenges the district
court’s findings with respect to the alternate theories of recov-
ery, but it is not necessary to address that assignment, because,
as we explain below, we affirm the district court’s judgment
on the breach of contract theory.11 When addressing Gottsch’s
remaining assignments of error, we focus our analysis on the
breach of contract theory.
                 2. Statute of Limitations for
                      Breach of Contract
   [6-8] An action upon an oral contract must be brought within
4 years from the date of the event giving rise to the cause of
action.12 The point at which a statute of limitations begins to
run must be determined from the facts of each case, and the

 8
     See Donaldson v. Farm Bureau Life Ins. Co., 232 Neb. 140, 440 N.W.2d
     187 (1989).
 9
     Blue Valley Co-op v. National Farmers Org., 257 Neb. 751, 600 N.W.2d
     786 (1999).
10
     Diamond v. State, 302 Neb. 892, 926 N.W.2d 71 (2019).
11
     See Woodmen of the World v. Nebraska Dept. of Rev., 299 Neb. 43, 907
     N.W.2d 1 (2018) (appellate court is not obligated to engage in analysis
     that is not necessary to adjudicate case and controversy before it).
12
     Neb. Rev. Stat. § 25-206 (Reissue 2016).
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decision of the district court on the issue of the statute of
limitations normally will not be set aside by an appellate court
unless clearly wrong.13 A cause of action in contract accrues at
the time of breach or the failure to do the thing agreed to. This
is so even though the nature and extent of damages may not be
known.14 Generally, a cause of action accrues and the period
of limitations begins to run upon the violation of a legal right,
that is, when the aggrieved party has the right to institute and
maintain suit.15
   Here, the district court found that Weyh’s breach of contract
claim accrued in late 2014 when the parties ended the farming
operation, it was time to settle up, and Gottsch failed to pay
Weyh his share of the net profits.
   Gottsch argues the district court erred when it found
Weyh’s breach of contract claim was not time barred. He
suggests that Weyh’s cause of action for breach of contract
accrued as early as 2006, when Gottsch provided Weyh the
handwritten financial notes that included rent to Gottsch as
a farm expense and arguably breached their oral agreement.
Alternatively, he suggests that Weyh’s claim accrued as early
as 2008, when Weyh first requested an accounting and did not
receive it. Gottsch argues that either or both of these events
triggered the statute of limitations and that because Weyh did
not file suit until 2014, his claim for breach of contract is
time barred.
   Gottsch’s arguments presume that the parties’ oral agree-
ment (1) required Gottsch to perform an accounting after each
farming year or whenever requested by Weyh and (2) required
the parties, each year, to distribute net profits based on such
accounting. But this characterization of the parties’ agreement
is not supported by either the record or the district court’s fac-
tual findings.

13
     Hike, supra note 5.
14
     Irving F. Jensen Co. v. State, 272 Neb. 162, 719 N.W.2d 716 (2006).
15
     Id.
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   The court found the parties agreed to continue farming until
one of them decided to end the operation, and it found their
agreement did not require them to settle up at the end of each
crop year. Implicit in these findings is recognition that the
parties agreed to farm on a running account and to settle up
when the operation ended. Substantial evidence in the record
supports these findings, and we conclude they are not clearly
wrong.
   Because the parties’ agreement did not require Gottsch to
provide a yearly accounting or to distribute net profits after
each crop year while the farming operation was ongoing, the
district court did not err in finding Weyh’s cause of action
for breach of contract accrued in late 2014 when the farming
operation ended and Weyh demanded a final accounting and
payment of his share of the profits. Shortly thereafter, when
Gottsch provided an accounting that included expenses Weyh
claimed were outside their agreement, and then failed to pay
Weyh the profits he was owed, Weyh’s claim for breach of
the oral contract accrued and the limitations period began to
run. Weyh filed this action in December 2014, well within the
applicable statute of limitations. Gottsch’s first assignment of
error is without merit.
                      3. R ent to Gottsch
   Gottsch’s second, third, fourth, and fifth assignments of
error each pertain to the trial court’s finding that the parties’
oral agreement did not include rent to Gottsch. We find no
merit to any of these assignments.
                  (a) Rent to Gottsch Not Part
                       of Oral Agreement
   [9,10] The disputed terms of an oral agreement are questions
of fact,16 and in a bench trial of a law action, the trial court’s

16
     See, Gerhold Concrete Co. v. St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins., 269 Neb. 692,
     695 N.W.2d 665 (2005); Edward Peterson Co. v. Ulysses S. Schlueter
     Constr. Co., 179 Neb. 883, 140 N.W.2d 830 (1966) (where evidence as to
     terms of oral contract is conflicting, it presents question of fact for jury).
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factual findings have the effect of a jury verdict and will not
be disturbed on appeal unless clearly wrong.17 Additionally, the
trial court is the sole judge of the credibility of the witnesses
and the weight to be given their testimony. An appellate court
will not reevaluate the credibility of witnesses or reweigh testi-
mony but will review the evidence for clear error.18
   The district court found no credible evidence the parties had
agreed that the farming operation would pay rent to Gottsch
on land he owned. Further, the district court found the par-
ties’ course of conduct demonstrated there was no agreement
to pay rent to Gottsch,19 noting the evidence was undisputed
that (1) Gottsch never asked his bookkeeper to include rent
as an expense while the farming operation was ongoing; (2)
Gottsch unilaterally set the rent amounts after the crop year,
and after the entire farming operation ended, without ever
seeking input or agreement from Weyh; and (3) when the farm-
ing operation entered into lease agreements with third parties,
it agreed to pay cash rent and never agreed to crop share in
addition thereto.
   Based on these factual findings, the district court entered
a declaratory judgment that the parties’ oral agreement did
not include rent on Gottsch’s property and that rent was not
a proper expense of the farming operation. To the extent
Gottsch’s second assignment of error challenges these find-
ings, we conclude they are not clearly wrong and will not be
disturbed on appeal.
   In his third assignment of error, Gottsch challenges the
district court’s alternative finding that an oral agreement to
pay rent to Gottsch would have violated the statute of frauds.
Because we find no error in the district court’s finding that
rent to Gottsch was not part of the parties’ oral agreement, it

17
     See Donut Holdings, supra note 3.
18
     In re Estate of Etmund, 297 Neb. 455, 900 N.W.2d 536 (2017).
19
     See, generally, Tilt-Up Concrete v. Star City/Federal, 255 Neb. 138, 582
     N.W.2d 604 (1998).
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is not necessary to address the assignment of error challenging
the court’s alternative analysis regarding rent.20
               (b) Evidence of Hunting Operation
   In his fourth assignment, Gottsch contends the court erred
in considering evidence of the parties’ hunting operation.
He argues the hunting operation was so different from the
farming operation that the court should not have relied on
evidence of the hunting operation at all. This is essentially
an argument that evidence of the hunting operation was irrel-
evant and thus inadmissible. But Gottsch did not object to the
admission of this evidence at trial and thus has waived that
argument.21
   To the extent Gottsch’s argument turns instead on the weight
given to such evidence, it also fails. In a bench trial of an
action at law, the trial court is the sole judge of the credibility
of the witnesses and the weight to be given their testimony.
An appellate court will not reevaluate the credibility of wit-
nesses or reweigh testimony but will review the evidence for
clear error.22 We find no merit to Gottsch’s fourth assignment
of error.
               (c) Exclusion of Expert Testimony
   In his fifth assignment of error, Gottsch argues the dis-
trict court erred in excluding expert testimony from Richard
Hickman. Hickman was described as an “expert in the area
of land leases” who “does leases and negotiations for farm-
ing operations.” At trial, Gottsch made an offer of proof that,
if permitted, Hickman would have testified that based on his
financial calculations, Gottsch was assuming most of the risk of
the farming operation, while Weyh assumed very little. Gottsch
sought to offer Hickman’s testimony to show it was reasonable

20
     See Woodmen of the World, supra note 11.
21
     See, Richardson v. Children’s Hosp., 280 Neb. 396, 787 N.W.2d 235
     (2010); Allphin v. Ward, 253 Neb. 302, 570 N.W.2d 360 (1997).
22
     In re Estate of Etmund, supra note 18.
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for him to include rent to himself as a farm expense. Weyh
objected to the admission of Hickman’s testimony on grounds
it was irrelevant and unduly prejudicial, and the district court
excluded the testimony.
   [11,12] Generally, an appellate court reviews a trial court’s
decision to exclude expert testimony for an abuse of discre-
tion.23 In a civil case, the admission or exclusion of evidence
is not reversible error unless it unfairly prejudiced a substantial
right of the complaining party.24
   Having reviewed the record, we find no abuse of discretion
in excluding Hickman’s testimony, whether or not it is charac-
terized as expert testimony. The proffered evidence was cumu-
lative, because the court already had, in the profit-and-loss
statement, all the numbers necessary to make the mathematical
calculations to which Hickman would have testified if permit-
ted. The exclusion of cumulative evidence is not prejudicial to
a litigant and generally is not an abuse of discretion.25
   Moreover, we find no merit to Gottsch’s arguments that
exclusion of the evidence resulted in prejudice to him. He
argues the evidence was crucial to understanding why rent to
him “should be included”26 in the parties’ agreement. But the
district court was not tasked with determining what the parties
should have agreed to, it was tasked with determining what
the parties actually agreed to. We find no merit to Gottsch’s
fifth assignment of error.
                      4. Kollars’ Earnings
   Gottsch’s second assignment of error challenges the dis-
trict court’s finding that Kollars’ earnings were not a proper

23
     See Freeman v. Hoffman-La Roche, Inc., 300 Neb. 47, 911 N.W.2d 591
     (2018).
24
     In re Estate of Clinger, 292 Neb. 237, 872 N.W.2d 37 (2015); Arens v.
     NEBCO, Inc., 291 Neb. 834, 870 N.W.2d 1 (2015).
25
     See O’Brien v. Cessna Aircraft Co., 298 Neb. 109, 903 N.W.2d 432
     (2017).
26
     Brief for appellant at 26.
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expense of the farming operation. This factual finding was
based in part on evidence that Gottsch expressly told Weyh
that Kollars’ time would not be expensed to the farming opera-
tion, and in part was based on a failure of proof as to how
much of Kollars’ work was actually devoted to the farming
operation during any farming year. As already explained, we
will not disturb these factual findings unless they are clearly
wrong.27
   On the record before us, we conclude the district court’s
findings regarding Kollars’ earnings were not clearly wrong.
There is no merit to this assignment of error.
               5. Award of Prejudgment Interest
   In his seventh assignment of error, Gottsch argues the dis-
trict court erred in awarding Weyh prejudgment interest under
§ 45-104. In Nebraska, there are two statutes that authorize
recovery of prejudgment interest. The first, § 45-104, was
enacted in 1879, and the second, § 45-103.02, was enacted in
1986 and amended in 1994.
   Since its adoption more than a century ago, § 45-104 has
identified four types of claims—all contract based—under
which prejudgment interest is allowed. When the Legislature
enacted § 45-103.02 in 1986, it expanded the recovery of
prejudgment interest to other types of claims too. The proper
harmonization of §§ 45-103.02 and 45-104 lies at the center of
this assignment of error. We begin with the plain language of
each statute.
   Section 45-104 provides:
         Unless otherwise agreed, interest shall be allowed at
      the rate of twelve percent per annum on money due on
      any instrument in writing, or on settlement of the account
      from the day the balance shall be agreed upon, on money
      received to the use of another and retained without the
      owner’s consent, express or implied, from the receipt
      thereof, and on money loaned or due and withheld by

27
     See Donut Holdings, supra note 3.
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      unreasonable delay of payment. Unless otherwise agreed
      or provided by law, each charge with respect to unsettled
      accounts between parties shall bear interest from the date
      of billing unless paid within thirty days from the date
      of billing.
  Section 45-103.02 currently provides:
         (1) Except as provided in section 45-103.04, interest
      as provided in section 45-103 shall accrue on the unpaid
      balance of unliquidated claims from the date of the plain-
      tiff’s first offer of settlement which is exceeded by the
      judgment until the entry of judgment if all of the follow-
      ing conditions are met:
         (a) The offer is made in writing upon the defendant by
      certified mail, return receipt requested, to allow judgment
      to be taken in accordance with the terms and conditions
      stated in the offer;
         (b) The offer is made not less than ten days prior to the
      commencement of the trial;
         (c) A copy of the offer and proof of delivery to the
      defendant in the form of a receipt signed by the party or
      his or her attorney is filed with the clerk of the court in
      which the action is pending; and
         (d) The offer is not accepted prior to trial or within
      thirty days of the date of the offer, whichever occurs first.
         (2) Except as provided in section 45-103.04, interest
      as provided in section 45-104 shall accrue on the unpaid
      balance of liquidated claims from the date the cause of
      action arose until the entry of judgment.
  Weyh’s amended complaint sought recovery of prejudg-
ment interest on the breach of contract claim and asked that
such interest be calculated from the date his share of the net
profits should have been distributed.28 In his closing argu-
ment, Weyh claimed entitlement to prejudgment interest under

28
     See Neb. Ct. R. Pldg. § 6-1108(a) (when interest on demand for recovery
     of money is claimed, “the time from which interest is to be computed shall
     also be stated”).
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either § 45-103.02(2) or § 45-104. The district court awarded
prejudgment interest under § 45-104, reasoning that over the
course of the farming operation, Gottsch received Weyh’s
share of the net proceeds and retained it in his personal bank
accounts, and that once the farming operation ended and a
final accounting was completed, Gottsch continued to retain
Weyh’s share of the profits without Weyh’s consent. The court
did not address § 45-103.02(2) or discuss whether the claim
was liquidated.
    On appeal, Gottsch contends the district court erred in award-
ing prejudgment interest under § 45-104. He advances several
arguments, all premised on the theory that once § 45-103.02
was enacted, it became the exclusive means to recover prejudg-
ment interest in Nebraska. Alternatively, Gottsch argues that to
recover prejudgment interest, Weyh had to prove both that his
claim was the type described in § 45-104 and that his claim
was liquidated under § 45-103.02.
    Weyh, on the other hand, argues that this court has not yet
squarely addressed the interplay between §§ 45-103.02(2) and
45-104, and he urges a construction that gives continuing effect
to the plain language of both statutes. He asks us to hold that
§§ 45-103.02 and 45-104 provide alternate methods for recov-
ering prejudgment interest, and he suggests that nothing in the
statutory language or legislative history of § 45-103.02 indi-
cates it was intended to be the exclusive or preferred means for
recovering prejudgment interest.
    The unresolved tension between §§ 45-103.02(2) and 45-104
is central to the parties’ arguments, and they are not the first
litigants to grapple with the issue.29 Resolving that tension
requires that we recognize, and reconcile, competing and con-
tradictory lines of authority in our own jurisprudence.
    We begin with an overview of our case law on prejudgment
interest before the adoption of § 45-103.02. We then discuss

29
     See, e.g., cases cited supra note 1; Farm & Garden Ctr. v. Kennedy, 26
     Neb. App. 576, 921 N.W.2d 615 (2018) (petition for further review denied
     January 23, 2019).
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the adoption and amendment of § 45-103.02 and consider
the relevant legislative history. Finally, after summarizing our
more recent cases on prejudgment interest, we address the
parties’ arguments on the proper construction of §§ 45-103.02
and 45-104.
                           (a) § 45-104
   Long ago, this court observed, “The collection of interest is
a statutory right, and did not exist at common law.”30 For more
than a century, § 45-104 was the only statute authorizing the
recovery of prejudgment interest in Nebraska. Yet, there are
surprisingly few appellate decisions construing or analyzing
the categories described in § 45-104. In fact, before 1994, most
of this court’s opinions addressing prejudgment interest did not
even mention § 45-104.
   During that period, the overwhelming majority of our opin-
ions addressing prejudgment interest focused exclusively on
whether the plaintiff had presented a “liquidated claim” as that
term was defined by this court, and did not mention § 45-104
at all.31 Occasionally, our opinions would cite § 45-104 for the
applicable interest rate, but would still decide the availability of
prejudgment interest by analyzing only whether the claim was

30
     Wittenberg v. Mollyneaux, 59 Neb. 203, 206, 80 N.W. 824, 825 (1899).
31
     See, A.G.A. Inc. v. First Nat. Bank, 239 Neb. 74, 474 N.W.2d 655 (1991);
     Otto Farms v. First Nat. Bank of York, 228 Neb. 287, 422 N.W.2d 331
     (1988); Nixon v. Harkins, 220 Neb. 286, 369 N.W.2d 625 (1985); Aetna
     Cas. & Surety Co. v. Nielsen, 217 Neb. 297, 348 N.W.2d 851 (1984),
     overruled on other grounds, First Nat. Bank v. Bolzer, 221 Neb. 415, 377
     N.W.2d 533 (1985); Land Paving Co. v. D. A. Const. Co., 215 Neb. 406,
     338 N.W.2d 779 (1983); Classen v. Becton, Dickinson & Co., 214 Neb.
     543, 334 N.W.2d 644 (1983); Fleming Realty & Ins., Inc. v. Evans, 199
     Neb. 440, 259 N.W.2d 604 (1977); Frank McGill, Inc. v. Nucor Corp., 195
     Neb. 448, 238 N.W.2d 894 (1976); K & R, Inc. v. Crete Storage Corp., 194
     Neb. 138, 231 N.W.2d 110 (1975); Northwestern Bell Tel. Co. v. Woodmen
     of the World Life Ins. Soc., 189 Neb. 30, 199 N.W.2d 729 (1972); National
     Fire Ins. Co. v. Evertson, 157 Neb. 540, 60 N.W.2d 638 (1953); McKain
     v. Platte Valley Public Power and Irrigation District, 151 Neb. 497, 37
     N.W.2d 923 (1949); Wittenberg, supra note 30.
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liquidated.32 Because the plain language of § 45-104 has never
included the term “liquidated,” this line of cases is best under-
stood as having applied a traditional common-law rule allow-
ing the recovery of interest as damages on liquidated claims,33
rather than applying the statutory categories of § 45-104.
   In a second line of cases, we analyzed the availability of
prejudgment interest by examining two factors: whether the
claim was liquidated and whether the claim fell within one of
the categories described in § 45-104.34 And in a third line of
cases, we analyzed the availability of prejudgment interest by
applying the categories described in § 45-104 without consid-
ering whether the claim was also liquidated.35
   Until now, we have not discussed or attempted to reconcile
these competing lines of authority.
                         (b) § 45-103.02
   In 1986, the Legislature considered two separate bills seek-
ing to establish a method for recovering prejudgment inter-
est in tort cases,36 but only one bill advanced to general
file.37 As originally introduced, L.B. 298 merely updated the
rate of “interest on all decrees and judgments” in Neb. Rev.
Stat. § 45-103 (Reissue 1984). In other words, the original

32
     See, Knox v. Cook, 233 Neb. 387, 446 N.W.2d 1 (1989); Graff v. Burnett,
     226 Neb. 710, 414 N.W.2d 271 (1987); Bolzer, supra note 31; Church of
     the Holy Spirit v. Bevco, 215 Neb. 299, 338 N.W.2d 601 (1983); Philip G.
     Johnson & Co. v. Salmen, 211 Neb. 123, 317 N.W.2d 900 (1982); Abbott
     v. Abbott, 188 Neb. 61, 195 N.W.2d 204 (1972).
33
     See, 1 Dan B. Dobbs, Dobbs Law of Remedies § 3.6(1) (2d ed. 1993);
     Charles T. McCormick, Handbook on the Law of Damages § 51 (1935).
34
     See, Lease Northwest v. Davis, 224 Neb. 617, 400 N.W.2d 220 (1987);
     O’Keefe Elevator v. Second Ave. Properties, 216 Neb. 170, 343 N.W.2d 54
     (1984).
35
     City of Bellevue v. Western Surety Co., 184 Neb. 678, 171 N.W.2d 772
     (1969); Fraser v. Temple, 173 Neb. 367, 113 N.W.2d 319 (1962); Murphy
     v. City of Omaha, 33 Neb. 402, 50 N.W. 265 (1891).
36
     See 1986 Neb. Laws, L.B. 1232 and L.B. 298.
37
     See L.B. 298, § 3.
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bill related only to the rate of postjudgment interest. But it
was amended on the floor to authorize recovery of judgment
interest before the rendition of judgment when certain condi-
tions were met. The amendment passed and was codified at
§ 45-103.02.
   As adopted, § 45-103.02 applied to “all causes of action
accruing on or after January 1, 1987” and provided in rel-
evant part:
      [J]udgment interest shall also accrue on decrees and judg-
      ments for the payment of money from the date of the
      plaintiff’s first offer of settlement which is exceeded by
      the judgment until the rendition of judgment if all of the
      following conditions are met:
         (1) The offer is made in writing upon the defendant by
      certified mail, return receipt requested, to allow judgment
      to be taken in accordance with the terms and conditions
      stated in the offer;
         (2) The offer is made not less than ten days prior to the
      commencement of the trial;
         (3) A copy of the offer and proof of delivery to the
      defendant in the form of a receipt signed by the party or
      his or her attorney is filed with the clerk of the court in
      which the action is pending; and
         (4) The offer is not accepted prior to trial or within
      thirty days of the date of the offer, whichever occurs
      first.38
   The legislative history indicates the purpose of § 45-103.02
was to encourage settlement of tort cases by authorizing the
recovery of prejudgment interest when a reasonable settlement
demand was refused. But the language of § 45-103.02 as origi-
nally enacted was quite broad, and in Knox v. Cook,39 this court
construed the statutory preconditions in § 45-103.02 to apply to
all claims for prejudgment interest.

38
     Id.
39
     Knox, supra note 32.
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   Knox was an action to recover on a personal guaranty for
monthly rent payments. In addition to seeking past-due rent
payments, the plaintiffs sought prejudgment interest on the basis
that their claim was liquidated. This court agreed the claim for
past-due rent was liquidated, but in Knox, we construed the plain
language of § 45-103.02 to govern all claims for prejudgment
interest accruing after January 1, 1987, regardless of whether
the claim was liquidated or unliquidated. Because the plaintiff
had not complied with the preconditions of § 45-103.02, Knox
reasoned that no prejudgment interest could be recovered on
past-due rent accruing after the effective date of § 45-103.02.
However, Knox allowed the plaintiff to recover prejudgment
interest on past-due rent which had accrued during the 13-month
period before § 45-103.02 went into effect, citing to our general
rule that “‘[p]rejudgment interest is allowed where the amount
of the claim is liquidated.’”40
   The dissenting opinion in Knox, in which two justices
joined, cautioned against construing § 45-103.02 to preclude
recovery of prejudgment interest under § 45-104:
         I dissent from that part of the majority opinion that
      seems to hold that compliance with Neb. Rev. Stat.
      § 45-103.02 (Reissue 1988) is a prerequisite to the recov-
      ery of prejudgment interest in all situations. Rather, I
      would hold that the section is an addition to those cases
      where prejudgment interest is allowed pursuant to Neb.
      Rev. Stat. § 45-104 (Reissue 1988).
         The application of the conditions in § 45-103.02, spe-
      cifically that of a greater recovery than demanded, will
      result in denial of justified prejudgment interest. If one
      demands a delinquent payment [in contract] and subse-
      quently sues and recovers a judgment for the delinquent
      payment, prejudgment interest must be denied, since
      plaintiff’s first offer of settlement is “[not] exceeded by
      the judgment.”

40
     Id. at 394, 446 N.W.2d at 5.
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         The result, I submit, is contrary to the plain intent of
      the statute, i.e., to encourage settlements, not to offer a
      boon to deadbeats.41
Eight years later, the Legislature amended § 45-103.02 via
1994 Neb. Laws, L.B. 1183. Its stated goal in doing so was to
overrule Knox.42
   L.B. 1183 sought to overrule Knox by creating two subsec-
tions: one authorizing prejudgment interest on “unliquidated
claims” and the other authorizing prejudgment interest on “liq-
uidated claims.” L.B. 1183 did not expressly define either term,
but both are well defined in our case law.43
   Subsection (1) retained all the procedural preconditions
of § 45-103.02 as it was originally enacted, but made them
applicable only to “unliquidated claims.” On such claims, pre-
judgment interest accrued at the rate established in § 45-103,
from the date of the first settlement offer which is exceeded
by the judgment to the entry of judgment.
   Subsection (2) of § 45-103.02 added new provisions related
exclusively to the recovery of prejudgment interest on the
unpaid balance of “liquidated claims.” On such claims, pre-
judgment interest accrued “as provided in section 45-104,”
from the date the cause of action arose to the entry of
judgment.
   L.B. 1183 did not expressly repeal or amend § 45-104. But
Gottsch argues that when the Legislature amended § 45-103.02

41
     Id. at 395-96, 446 N.W.2d at 6 (emphasis supplied) (White, J., dissenting;
     Boslaugh and Fahrnbruch, JJ., join).
42
     Committee on Banking, Commerce and Insurance Hearing, L.B. 1183, 93d
     Leg., 2d Sess. 64 (Feb. 8, 1994).
43
     See, e.g., Brook Valley Ltd. Part., supra note 1, 285 Neb. at 172-73,
     825 N.W.2d at 792 (holding claim is liquidated “when there is no
     reasonable controversy as to both the amount due and the plaintiff’s right
     to recover”); Jacob v. Schlictman, 16 Neb. App. 783, 792-93, 753 N.W.2d
     361, 370 (2008) (holding where “reasonable controversy exists as to the
     plaintiff’s right to recover or as to the amount of such recovery, the claim
     is considered to be unliquidated”).
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via L.B. 1183, it intended to establish § 45-103.02 as the
exclusive procedure for recovering prejudgment interest in
Nebraska. Weyh disagrees and argues that when the Legislature
enacted and amended § 45-103.02, it intended to authorize
additional ways to recover prejudgment interest, but did not
intend to affect the existing method for recovering prejudgment
interest under § 45-104. To the extent it informs this debate
over legislative intent, we summarize the legislative history of
L.B. 1183.44
   The Committee on Banking, Commerce and Insurance held
a hearing on L.B. 1183 in February 1994. During that hear-
ing, senators repeatedly referred to the existing “case law”
on the issue of prejudgment interest and liquidated claims,
but they made no reference at all to § 45-104 or its statutory
categories.45 Testimony from the committee hearing indicates
the Legislature understood the law prior to Knox to be “you
get prejudgment interest at the statutory rate on liquidated
claims.”46 At one point during the committee hearing, an attor-
ney testified that the purpose of the 1994 amendment was to
put “in statute what prior to 1986 was in case law.”47 And a
senator explained that before 1986, the case law defined what
a liquidated claim was, and “we had statutes to set the inter-
est rate.”48
   These comments demonstrate an awareness of the primary
line of cases from this court applying a traditional “liquidated
claim” standard. However, senators did not mention the statu-
tory categories in § 45-104 or the line of cases applying those

44
     See State v. McColery, 301 Neb. 516, 919 N.W.2d 153 (2018) (appellate
     court can examine act’s legislative history if statute is ambiguous or
     requires interpretation).
45
     Committee on Banking, Commerce and Insurance Hearing, L.B. 1183, 93d
     Leg., 2d Sess. 64-71 (Feb. 8, 1994).
46
     Id. at 64.
47
     Id. at 71.
48
     Id. at 67.
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categories without analyzing whether the claim was liquidated.
The Legislature was clearly aware § 45-104 existed, because
it expressly incorporated the interest rate from § 45-104 into
§ 45-103.02(2). But we see no indication in the legislative his-
tory that the Legislature considered the categories in § 45-104
to be relevant to the discussion of prejudgment interest on liq-
uidated claims under § 45-103.02(2).
   The Legislative history on L.B. 1183, summarized, indi-
cates the singular focus of amending § 45-103.02 in 1994 was
to overrule Knox.49 According to the floor debate, L.B. 1183
was intended to “return[] us back to the state of affairs that
would have pertained before Knox v. Cook.”50 The Legislature
did so by clarifying that the statutory preconditions set out
in § 45-103.02(1) govern the recoverability of prejudgment
interest only when a claim is unliquidated. Subsection (2)
governs the recovery of prejudgment interest on liquidated
claims and contains no preconditions. The notable absence of
any discussion in the legislative history of the contract-based
categories in § 45-104 suggests the Legislature did not think
L.B. 1183 had any effect on those statutory categories. With
minor language adjustments, § 45-103.02 has remained the
same since 1994.
                     (c) Post-1994 Cases
   On several occasions after § 45-103.02 was amended in
1994, this court adhered to the proposition first announced in
Knox that prejudgment interest may be awarded only pursu-
ant to § 45-103.02.51 None of these cases discussed whether
§ 45-104 remained a viable alternate means to recover prejudg-
ment interest.

49
     See id. at 64.
50
     Floor Debate, Committee on Banking, Commerce and Insurance, 93d Leg.,
     2d Sess. 9954 (Mar. 3, 1994) (Senator Bob Wickersham).
51
     See, e.g., Roskop Dairy v. GEA Farm Tech., 292 Neb. 148, 871 N.W.2d
     776 (2015); Travelers Indemnity Co. v. International Nutrition, 273 Neb.
     943, 734 N.W.2d 719 (2007); Blue Valley Co-op, supra note 9.
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   In another line of cases, we analyzed the recoverability of
prejudgment interest by considering both § 45-103.02(2) and
§ 45-104,52 and we affirmed the award of prejudgment inter-
est only when the claim was the type described in § 45-104
and was also liquidated under § 45-103.02(2).53 The Court of
Appeals recently followed a similar approach in affirming an
award of prejudgment interest.54
   Not surprisingly, litigants continue to debate whether
§ 45-103.02 is the exclusive means to recover prejudgment
interest, whether §§ 45-104 and 45-103.02 authorize sepa-
rate ways to recover prejudgment interest, and whether both
§ 45-103.02(2) and § 45-104 must be satisfied to recover pre-
judgment interest on a liquidated claim.55 Several prior cases
raised questions about the proper framework for analyzing pre-
judgment interest under §§ 45-103.02(2) and 45-104, but it was
not necessary in those cases to answer the question, because
the claims did not satisfy either § 45-103.02(2) or § 45-104.56
As we explained in a 2013 case:
         The parties dispute the proper legal framework for
      addressing the award of prejudgment interest. The appel-
      lants contend that §§ 45-103.02 and 45-104 are not alter-
      nate routes to recover prejudgment interest, but that the
      [liquidated claim requirement of § 43-403.02(2)] must
      be met regardless whether the case is a type enumerated
      in § 45-104. The [appellees], on the other hand, con-
      tend that §§ 45-103.02 and 45-104 are alternate routes
      to recover prejudgment interest and that if the case is a

52
     See, e.g., Cheloha v. Cheloha, 255 Neb. 32, 582 N.W.2d 291 (1998);
     Daubman v. CBS Real Estate Co., 254 Neb. 904, 580 N.W.2d 552 (1998).
53
     Id.
54
     Farm & Garden Ctr. v. Kennedy, 26 Neb. App. 576, 921 N.W.2d 615
     (2018).
55
     See, e.g., cases cited supra note 1.
56
     See, Fitzgerald, supra note 1; BSB Constr., supra note 1.
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      type enumerated in § 45-104, whether [it is liquidated]
      is irrelevant.
         We see no need to resolve this issue because we con-
      clude this case is not a type enumerated under § 45-104.
      So regardless which approach is correct, whether prejudg-
      ment interest is proper depends on whether this case pre-
      sented a [liquidated claim under § 45-103.02(2)].57
   The instant case, however, allows us to resolve the debate
over whether §§ 45-103.02 and 45-104 provide alternate routes
to recover prejudgment interest, because Weyh’s claim is the
type described in § 45-104, and Gottsch does not contend
otherwise.
   Section 45-104 applies to four types of judgments: (1)
money due on any instrument in writing; (2) settlement of the
account from the day the balance shall be agreed upon; (3)
money received to the use of another and retained without the
owner’s consent, express or implied, from the receipt thereof;
and (4) money loaned or due and withheld by unreasonable
delay of payment.58
   We agree with the district court that Weyh proved a claim
under § 45-104 for money received to the use of another and
retained without the owner’s consent. The evidence showed
that Gottsch received, in his personal bank account, Weyh’s
share of the net profits from the farming operation and retained
such sums without Weyh’s consent after the farming opera-
tion ended.
           (d) Framework for Prejudgment Interest
              Under §§ 45-103.02(2) and 45-104
   As noted, in arguing the district court erred in award-
ing prejudgment interest under § 45-104, Gottsch presents
two related arguments. First, he argues that § 45-103.02 is
the exclusive means for recovering prejudgment interest and

57
     Brook Valley Ltd. Part., supra note 1, 285 Neb. at 171, 825 N.W.2d at 791.
58
     See Brook Valley Ltd. Part., supra note 1.
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that recovery cannot be premised exclusively on § 45-104.
Alternatively, he argues that to recover prejudgment interest,
Weyh must satisfy both § 45-103.02 and § 45-104. We reject
both arguments.
   [13,14] When an appellate court construes statutes relating
to the same subject matter, it should do so in a manner that
maintains a sensible and consistent scheme and gives effect
to every statutory provision.59 It is not within the province
of a court to read a meaning into a statute that is not war-
ranted by the language; neither is it within the province of a
court to read anything plain, direct, or unambiguous out of
a statute.60
   After considering the plain language of the relevant statutes
and reviewing our multiple lines of cases and the legislative
history, we expressly disapprove of our prior cases hold-
ing or implying that § 45-103.02 is the exclusive means of
recovering prejudgment interest in Nebraska.61 Nothing in the
plain language of § 45-103.02, and nothing in the relevant
Legislative history, supports such a conclusion. To the contrary,
the Legislative history suggests the adoption and amendment
of § 45-103.02 were not intended to have any effect on the
substantive provisions of § 45-104.
   [15] We now hold that §§ 45-103.02 and 45-104 are alter-
nate and independent statutes authorizing the recovery of

59
     See TracFone Wireless v. Nebraska Pub. Serv. Comm., 279 Neb. 426, 778
     N.W.2d 452 (2010).
60
     In re Estate of Fuchs, 297 Neb. 667, 900 N.W.2d 896 (2017).
61
     Roskop Dairy, supra note 51; Countryside Co-op v. Harry A. Koch
     Co., 280 Neb. 795, 790 N.W.2d 873 (2010); Travelers Indemnity Co.,
     supra note 51; Blue Valley Co-op, supra note 9; Cheloha, supra note
     52; Daubman, supra note 52; Pantano v. McGowan, 247 Neb. 894, 530
     N.W.2d 912 (1995); Label Concepts v. Westendorf Plastics, 247 Neb.
     560, 528 N.W.2d 335 (1995); Records v. Christensen, 246 Neb. 912, 524
     N.W.2d 757 (1994); Peterson v. Kellner, 245 Neb. 515, 513 N.W.2d 517
     (1994); Sayer v. Bowley, 243 Neb. 801, 503 N.W.2d 166 (1993); Elson v.
     Pool, 235 Neb. 469, 455 N.W.2d 783 (1990); Knox, supra note 32.
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prejudgment interest. In other words, the Legislature has cre-
ated three separate ways to recover prejudgment interest, and
none is preferred. Section 45-103.02(1) authorizes the recov-
ery of prejudgment interest on unliquidated claims when the
statutory preconditions are met, § 45-103.02(2) authorizes the
recovery of prejudgment interest on liquidated claims, and
§ 45-104 authorizes the recovery of prejudgment interest on
four categories of contract-based claims without regard to
whether the claim is liquidated or unliquidated.
   All three of these statutory provisions establish different cri-
teria for the recovery of prejudgment interest, and none makes
the recovery of prejudgment interest contingent on proof of
another. We thus disapprove of our prior cases that allowed
prejudgment interest only if § 45-104 was satisfied and the
claim was also liquidated,62 and we reject Gottsch’s argu-
ment that Weyh can only recover prejudgment interest under
§ 45-104 if he also proves his claim was liquidated under
§ 45-103.02(2).
   [16] Finally, although Weyh and Gottsch disagree about
whether Weyh’s claim is liquidated as that term is defined in
our case law, we do not reach that question. Section 45-104
contains no requirement that the claims described therein
must also be liquidated in order to recover prejudgment inter-
est, and it never has. We expressly approve our prior line of
cases applying the substantive provisions of § 45-104 without
considering whether the claim was liquidated,63 and we reject
Gottsch’s argument to the contrary. For the sake of complete-
ness, we see no need to approve or disapprove the line of cases
in which we substituted a traditional liquidated claim rule for
the substantive provisions of § 45-104. When the Legislature
adopted § 45-103.02(2) in 1994, it effectively codified that
line of cases.

62
     See cases cited supra note 34.
63
     See cases cited supra note 35.
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   We thus agree that Weyh was entitled to an award of pre-
judgment interest under § 45-104 without regard to whether
his claim was liquidated. Gottsch’s seventh assignment of error
has no merit.
             6. Calculating Prejudgment Interest
   In his final assignment of error, Gottsch argues that even
if Weyh is entitled to an award of prejudgment interest under
§ 45-104, the amount awarded by the district court was errone-
ous. Based on our de novo review,64 we agree, and we recalcu-
late the award accordingly.
   The district court’s order awarded prejudgment interest of
$972,582.10 “as of October 31, 2017” (date of closing argu-
ment), but did not identify the date prejudgment interest com-
menced or provide analysis of how prejudgment interest was
calculated. We consider each issue in turn.
                          (a) Start Date
   The district court found that after the farming operation
ended and it was time to settle up, Gottsch retained Weyh’s
share of the net profits without Weyh’s consent. Consequently,
the court applied that portion of § 45-104 which allows pre-
judgment interest “on money received to the use of another
and retained without the owner’s consent.” Section 45-104
provides that on such a claim, prejudgment interest runs “from
the receipt thereof.” In construing this provision, we have held
that interest is chargeable at the statutory rate “from the time
that the money is wrongfully withheld.”65
   Based on the amount of prejudgment interest awarded, the
district court appears to have awarded interest beginning some-
time before 2014. But under the parties’ agreement, Gottsch
was not required to settle up until the farming operation ended.
In other words, the parties generally agreed to operate on a

64
     See Blue Valley Co-op, supra note 9.
65
     Cheloha, supra note 52, 255 Neb. at 43, 582 N.W.2d at 300.
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running account until such time as the farming operation was
terminated. Consequently, Gottsch could not have retained
Weyh’s money without his consent until after the farming oper-
ation ended and it was time to settle up and distribute Weyh’s
share of the net profits.66
   But the record here does not identify that date with preci-
sion. There was evidence that Weyh demanded a final account-
ing in a letter dated October 15, 2014, but he did not also
demand final distribution in that letter. Because we have not
been directed to evidence of any earlier date on which Weyh
demanded distribution of his share of the net profits, we use
the date Weyh filed his initial complaint, December 4, 2014,
as the date on which prejudgment interest began to accrue
under § 45-104.

                         (b) End Date
   The trial court ended prejudgment interest on the date
the parties delivered closing arguments and the case was
taken under advisement, rather than on the date judgment was
entered. Section 45-104 identifies the accrual date, but unlike
§ 45-103.02, § 45-104 does not expressly provide that such
interest stops accruing when judgment is entered. However,
the statute governing postjudgment interest compels such a
construction.
   [17] Postjudgment interest is governed by Neb. Rev. Stat.
§ 45-103.01 (Reissue 2010) and provides that such inter-
est begins to accrue “from the date of entry of judgment.”
Construing § 45-103.01 and § 45-104 together, we hold that
prejudgment interest under § 45-104 ends, and postjudgment
interest begins, on the date of entry of judgment. Here, judg-
ment was entered on January 31, 2018, and that is the proper
end date for an award of prejudgment interest under § 45-104.

66
     See 25 Richard A. Lord, A Treatise on the Law of Contracts by Samuel
     Williston § 66:112 (4th ed. 2002) (on running account, prejudgment
     interest will not run until balance is struck and demand is made).
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                        (c) Calculation
   The district court determined that Gottsch owed Weyh net
profits of $1,214,056.73. Under § 45-104, prejudgment inter-
est on that amount is chargeable at the rate of 12 percent per
annum from the date the profits were wrongfully withheld
(December 4, 2014), to the entry of judgment on January 31,
2018. We therefore modify the prejudgment interest awarded to
$460,210.66 ($1,214,056.73 × 12 percent × 1,153 days ÷ 365
days per year).
   We therefore find that Weyh is entitled to $460,210.66 in
prejudgment interest, and modify the award accordingly.
                      V. CONCLUSION
   Weyh’s cause of action for breach of contract did not accrue
until October 2014, and the district court correctly found the
action was not time barred. Further, the district court did not
err in finding that neither rent to Gottsch nor Kollars’ sal-
ary was properly included as expenses of the farming opera-
tion. The court’s award of damages to Weyh in the sum of
$1,214,056.73 is affirmed.
   Prejudgment interest was properly awarded pursuant
to § 45-104, but was incorrectly calculated. We modify the
amount of prejudgment interest to $460,210.66, and affirm the
judgment as modified.
                                       A ffirmed as modified.
