J-S81031-18

                                   2019 PA Super 47


    DONNA LUDWIG                               :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                               :        PENNSYLVANIA
                       Appellant               :
                                               :
                                               :
                v.                             :
                                               :
                                               :
    JOSEPH G. MCDONALD; ROBERT J.              :   No. 1277 MDA 2018
    BURSHNICK; AND LTC ASSOCIATES,             :
    LLC T/A FOREST CITY NURSING AND            :
    REHAB CENTER AND/OR FOREST                 :
    CITY NURSING CENTER                        :

                Appeal from the Judgment Entered July 9, 2018
     In the Court of Common Pleas of Susquehanna County Civil Division at
                           No(s): 2010-Civil-0623


BEFORE:      STABILE, J., DUBOW, J., and STEVENS*, P.J.E.

OPINION BY STEVENS, P.J.E.:                          FILED FEBRUARY 21, 2019

       Appellant, Donna Ludwig, files this appeal from the order granting

summary judgment in favor of Appellee LTC Associates, LLC T/A Forest City

Nursing and Rehab Center and/or Forest City Nursing Center (“LTC

Associates”), as made final by the entry of judgment in favor of Appellant and

against Joseph G. McDonald (“Mr. McDonald”).1 After a careful review, we

affirm.



____________________________________________


1 We note that “[t]he lower court’s decision to grant partial summary judgment
is independently appealable upon entry of final judgment.” Vetter v. Miller,
157 A.3d 943, 948 (Pa.Super. 2017) (citation omitted)). As discussed below,
all claims have been disposed of as to all parties such that the appeal is
properly before us.
____________________________________
* Former Justice specially assigned to the Superior Court.
J-S81031-18


      The relevant facts and procedural history are as follows: Appellant filed

a civil complaint averring that, on July 1, 2008, at approximately 5:30 p.m.,

Appellant parked her vehicle alongside the northbound lane (with the direction

of traffic) of Hudson Street in Forest City, Pennsylvania. Appellant averred

that, after she exited the vehicle, Mr. McDonald, who was operating a

Chevrolet Equinox in the southbound lane, entered the northbound lane and

struck Appellant as she was standing by her vehicle. Appellant alleged that

Mr. McDonald entered the northbound lane, in part, to avoid the vehicle of

Robert J. Burshnick (“Mr. Burshnick”), who had parked his Chevrolet pick-up

truck in the southbound lane (against the direction of traffic). Appellant, who

suffered serious injury, alleged that, at the time of the incident, Mr. McDonald

was driving his Chevrolet Equinox “within the course and scope of his

authority” as an employee for LTC Associates, who was in the business of

operating a nursing home in Forest City (“the nursing home”).

      In the complaint, Appellant presented claims of negligence as to Mr.

McDonald and Mr. Burshnick. She also presented a claim of vicarious liability

as to LTC Associates averring that, at all material times, Mr. McDonald

operated his vehicle within the scope of his employment and with the consent

of LTC Associates.

      On August 12, 2010, LTC Associates filed an answer with new matter.

LTC Associates admitted that Mr. McDonald was an employee of LTC

Associates; however, LTC Associates denied that, at the time of the incident,


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Mr. McDonald was driving his Chevrolet Equinox within the scope of his

employment, in furtherance of LTC Associates’ business, or with LTC

Associates’ knowledge and consent.     LTC Associates specifically responded

that, at the time of the incident, Mr. McDonald was on vacation, and LTC

Associates attached to its answer a copy of Mr. McDonald’s “Time Off Request

Form.”

      Thereafter, discovery   commenced     and   Mr.   McDonald’s recorded

statement, which he made to his automobile insurance company the day after

the incident, was entered into the record as an exhibit. In the statement, Mr.

McDonald relevantly indicated that he was repairing his front porch and was

“on vacation” from work on the day of the accident. See Statement of Mr.

McDonald, dated 7/2/08, at 2-3. The following relevant exchange occurred

between Mr. McDonald and the insurance adjuster:

      [Q]: And where were you going to and coming from when [the
      accident] happened?
      [A]: I ran…I…See I went to work earlier in the afternoon.
      [Q]: Okay.
      [A]: I’m on vacation but I went up to put some lumber up at
      work[.]
      [Q]: Okay.
      [A]: And they needed my car ramps. So I said, okay no problem.
      I took them off, they borrowed them. I…they left my tape
      measure there. So, I had to go over [to] my sister in law’s in
      Forest City.
      [Q]: Okay.
      [A]: I said well I’m…I’m here I’ll go up and get my tape measure.
      [Q]: Yeah.


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      [A]: I ran over, got my tape measure. I’m coming back across,
      the sun’s out. This lady…she just stepped out behind the car. I
      didn’t see her.

Id. at 3.

      Mr. McDonald’s deposition was also entered into the record.          Mr.

McDonald confirmed in his deposition that, on the date of the accident, he was

employed full-time by LTC Associates and worked for the maintenance

department at the nursing home where his duties included general repair,

grass cutting, general construction, and other general maintenance.        Mr.

McDonald’s Deposition, dated 12/2/10, at 17.     Mr. McDonald indicated that

LTC Associates owned two pick-up trucks, which he sometimes used to

perform his job duties, including snowplowing and picking up supplies at area

stores. Id. at 21-22. He testified he did not have to ask the maintenance

supervisor, Andy Conklin, to use the pick-up trucks during work hours. Id. at

22. He indicated he never used his personal vehicle to pick up supplies for his

employer, and he never picked up supplies during his non-working hours. Id.

Mr. McDonald testified he brought his personal tools to use at work as it made

his job easier. Id. at 24. He acknowledged that, on occasion, when he was

working, he would need a specific tool and would drive to his house to retrieve

one. Id. at 25. His house was located approximately five or ten minutes from

the nursing home. Id.

      Mr. McDonald confirmed that his employer used a written “Time Off

Request Form,” and on June 1, 2008, he completed a written form requesting


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time off from June 27, 2008, to July 10, 2008.2 Further, he indicated that he

filled out his own time card, and the time card confirmed that he took vacation

time on July 1, 2008.3 Mr. McDonald testified that, on the day of the accident,

he was on vacation from work and fixing his porch when he realized that he

needed some tools, which he had left at the nursing home. Id. at 33-34. He

testified that, at approximately 5:00 p.m., he drove his personal vehicle to

the nursing home, stayed five minutes, and retrieved the necessary tools from

the maintenance building, which he opened with his keys. Id. at 41, 49. He

denied that he did “any type of work” or saw any of his co-workers during this

five-minute period. Id.

       Mr. McDonald testified that, as he drove back home, the “sun was

unbelievable” and there was a pick-up truck parked on his side of the road.

Id. at 48. As he swerved around the pick-up truck, he hit Appellant. Id.

       Mr. McDonald confirmed that, the day after the accident, he gave a

recorded statement to his automobile insurance company. Id. at 49. With

regard to the recorded statement, Mr. McDonald clarified as follows upon

questioning at his deposition:




____________________________________________


2During Mr. McDonald’s deposition, the “Time Off Request Form,” bearing Mr.
McDonald’s signature, was shown to him and marked for identification
purposes. Id. at 34.

3During Mr. McDonald’s deposition, the time card was shown to Mr. McDonald
and marked for identification purposes. Id. at 37-38.

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     Q: Okay, [] you indicated [in the statement], “I ran—see, I went
     to work earlier in the afternoon.” When you went to work earlier
     in the afternoon, was that just to retrieve your items?
     A: Yes.
     Q: But if you go down a little bit more, the next line down [in the
     statement], it says, “I’m on vacation, but I went to put some
     lumber up at work.”
     A: See, that’s one I don’t remember. I don’t remember that,
     unless I took some scrap lumber up just to throw up there, you
     know.
     Q: Was there any project going on, construction-wise, up at the
     nursing home on July 1st that you would’ve recalled?
     A: No.
     Q: Is there anything that you recollect as far as why you would’ve
     made a statement that you were putting some lumber up at work
     on that day?
     A: The only thing I could think of is, like, I was taking some old
     lumber that I tore off the porch up there, to just get rid of.
     Q: Okay, and would that have been-how is it disposed of up there
     at work, versus your house?
     A: Well, Andy Conklin would just take it and burn it in his wood
     burner.
     Q: Would there be any use for recycled wood up at the nursing
     home?
     A: No, No.
                                 ***
     Q: Okay, and you recollect that if you brought scrap lumber up, it
     would’ve been for Andy Conklin to burn at home?
     A: Yes, in his wood burner. Anything I had, he asked me—any
     scrap I give him, he would take it.
                                 ***
     Q: The next statement down, it says, “And they needed my car
     ramps, so I said, Okay, no problem. I took them off. They
     borrowed them. I-they locked my tape measure there, so I had
     to go over my sister-in-law’s in Forest City.” Can you explain in
     detail, what you were talking about there?



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      A: Yeah. I had to go pick up something for my wife there, in
      Forest City, at my sister-in-law’s, so that’s when I said I would go
      get my car ramps, and I’ll get my table saw, and I’ll get my hand
      tools.
      Q: Okay. Reading that, at first glance, I thought the nursing home
      needed your car ramps, and you were dropping them off or
      something?
      A: No. They were sitting there—
      Q: That’s not the case?
      A: No, [], I had to fix the muffler on the truck.
      Q: Okay. So when you were telling this representative from your
      carrier, when you were telling him your story, it sounds like you
      were speaking of prior to this date, the nursing home needed your
      car ramps?
      A: Yeah. They were there before, yeah.
      Q: Okay. All right, and then when you said, “So I said, Okay, no
      problem,” are you saying that prior to this date when they needed
      the car ramps, you said, “No problem,” and you lent them to the
      nursing home?
      A: Right.

Id. at 49-54.

      Upon further examination at his deposition, Mr. McDonald clarified that

he drove to the nursing home twice on July 1, 2008. Specifically, he went to

the nursing home at approximately 12:30 p.m. to take an inventory of which

personal tools he had left at the nursing home. Id. at 86-88.       He testified

that he did not talk to any of his co-workers; but rather, he looked in the

maintenance shed, determined which tools he had left there, and then went

back to his house to start the porch project. Id. at 88-89. He returned to the

nursing home at approximately 5:00 p.m. to retrieve the tools that he needed




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J-S81031-18


for the project, and the accident occurred thereafter on his way home. Id. at

89.

      With regard to the car ramps, Mr. McDonald clarified that he took the

car ramps to the nursing home “a couple of days before” the accident and not

during his vacation time. Id. at 97-98. He indicated he took the car ramps

to the nursing home because it made it easier to work on the nursing home’s

pick-up trucks and he left the car ramps in the nursing home’s garage. Id. at

98. He denied anyone from LTC Associates specifically asked him to bring the

car ramps to work, but he admitted his employer was aware that he was using

his personal tools at work, including the car ramps. Id. at 99.

      Andy Conklin (“Mr. Conklin”) confirmed in his deposition that he was Mr.

McDonald’s supervisor in the maintenance department.         See Mr. Conklin’s

Deposition, dated 3/29/11, at 13. He further confirmed that the nursing home

had pick-up trucks for the employees to use during work hours, and thus,

employees did not use their own personal vehicles to run errands for work

purposes.   Id. at 13-14.     He noted that employees could not use the

employer’s vehicles for personal use and did not take them home. Id. at 15.

      Mr. Conklin testified that, on July 1, 2008, Mr. McDonald was “on

vacation.” Id. at 17. He denied seeing Mr. McDonald at the nursing home on

July 1, 2008. Id. However, he confirmed that, as a matter of convenience,

Mr. McDonald used his personal tools at the nursing home, and he had the

ability to retrieve the tools from the nursing home’s garage during his vacation


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J-S81031-18


time.    Id. at 22, 25, 33.   With regard to the car ramps, he indicated Mr.

McDonald would bring them to the nursing home “once in a blue moon,” but

he had no recollection of whether the car ramps were at the nursing home on

the day in question. Id. at 31-32.

        When presented with Mr. McDonald’s “Time Off Request Form,” Mr.

Conklin confirmed it was the normal form used by the nursing home and he

had signed the form approving Mr. McDonald’s request. Id. at 29.     He further

confirmed that Mr. McDonald’s time card reflected that he used vacation time

on July 1, 2008. Id. at 30. He noted that employees would not come to the

nursing home to sign their names on their time cards during their vacations;

but rather, Mr. Conklin would complete the time cards for them. Id. at 30-31.

        At the conclusion of discovery, on August 3, 2011, Mr. Burshnick filed a

motion for summary judgment. Therein, Mr. Burshnick relevantly averred that

the direction in which he parked his pick-up truck did not cause or contribute

in any manner to the accident such that he was not liable for Appellant’s

injuries. Appellant filed no response to Mr. Burshnick’s motion for summary

judgment, and accordingly, by order entered on September 20, 2011, the trial

court granted the summary judgment motion, dismissing Mr. Burshnick from

the action with prejudice.

        On September 9, 2011, LTC Associates filed a motion for summary

judgment. Therein, LTC Associates averred that Mr. McDonald personally

owned the Chevrolet Equinox, and on the date of the incident, Mr. McDonald


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was “on vacation.” LTC Associates argued there was no evidence that Mr.

McDonald was acting within the scope of his employment, acting in

furtherance of LTC Associates’ business, or driving his personal vehicle with

LTC Associates’ consent or knowledge at the time of the incident. Accordingly,

LTC Associates contended that, to the extent Mr. McDonald was negligent, LTC

Associates was not vicariously liable for his acts.

       Appellant filed an answer and brief in opposition to LTC Associates’

motion for summary judgment. By opinion and order entered on January 16,

2012, the trial court granted LTC Associates’ motion for summary judgment,

concluding:

       We have found that there is no genuine issue of material fact
       remaining regarding whether [Mr.] McDonald was working in the
       scope of his employment with [LTC Associates] when he was
       involved in the motor vehicle accident with [Appellant]. We find
       that [Mr.] McDonald was not acting in the scope of his employment
       and therefore, we find that [LTC Associates] is entitled to
       judgment as a matter of law. [LTC Associates] cannot be held
       liable for the negligence of [Mr.] McDonald.

Trial Court Opinion, filed 1/16/12, at 15. Accordingly, the trial court granted

LTC Associates’ motion for summary judgment and dismissed LTC Associates

from the action with prejudice.4

____________________________________________


4 Appellant filed a notice of appeal from the trial court’s January 16, 2012,
opinion and order; however, since claims remained pending against Mr.
McDonald, by per curiam order entered on May 11, 2012, we quashed the
appeal. On February 1, 2013, Appellant filed a petition seeking permission to
appeal the interlocutory order, and the trial court granted the petition,
indicating its January 16, 2012, order involved a controlling question of law



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       On November 16, 2015, Mr. McDonald filed an answer with new matter

to Appellant’s complaint. Thereafter, the parties reached a stipulation for the

entry of judgment in favor of Appellant and against Mr. McDonald in the

amount of $350,000.00.5          Accordingly, on July 9, 2018, Appellant filed a

praecipe for the entry of judgment in her favor, and on July 30, 2018, she

filed a timely notice of appeal. The trial court did not order Appellant to file a

Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) statement, and consequently, Appellant did not file such a

statement.     On August 15, 2018, the trial court filed a “Statement as to

Matters Complained of on Appeal,” indicating the reasons for its decision

appear in its opinion and order filed on January 16, 2012.

       On appeal, Appellant presents the following issue:

       Whether the trial court committed error by granting summary
       judgment in favor of [LTC Associates] where a genuine issue of
       material fact existed as to whether the co-defendant, [Mr.]
       McDonald, was acting in the course of his employment at the time
       the accident occurred?

Appellant’s Brief at 5.6


____________________________________________


and an immediate appeal may materially advance the ultimate termination of
the matter. Appellant filed another notice of appeal; however, Appellant then
filed a praecipe for discontinuance of the notice of appeal.

5 In the stipulation, the parties acknowledged that Appellant intended to file
an appeal to this Court challenging the trial court’s January 12, 2012,
summary judgment order. The parties agreed that, if this Court reverses the
order, the judgment against Mr. McDonald will be non-binding.

6 We note that it was unnecessary for Appellant to file post-trial motions in
order to preserve her claims related to the entry of summary judgment in
favor of LTC Associates. See Vetter, supra; Pa.R.Civ.P. 227.1, Note.

                                          - 11 -
J-S81031-18



      It is well-settled that:

             Our scope of review of a trial court’s order granting or
      denying summary judgment is plenary, and our standard of review
      is clear: the trial court’s order will be reversed only where it is
      established that the court committed an error of law or abused its
      discretion.
             Summary judgment is appropriate only when the record
      clearly shows that there is no genuine issue of material fact and
      that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.
      The reviewing court must view the record in the light most
      favorable to the nonmoving party and resolve all doubts as to the
      existence of a genuine issue of material fact against the moving
      party. Only when the facts are so clear that reasonable minds
      could not differ can a trial court properly enter summary
      judgment.

Hovis v. Sunoco, Inc., 64 A.3d 1078, 1081 (Pa.Super. 2013) (quoting

Cassel–Hess v. Hoffer, 44 A.3d 80, 84–85 (Pa.Super. 2012)).

      Our Supreme Court has opined on the differences between direct and

vicarious liability.

      To prove negligence, a plaintiff may proceed against a defendant
      on theories of direct and vicarious liability, asserted either
      concomitantly or alternatively. Liability for negligent injury is
      direct when the plaintiff seeks to hold the defendant responsible
      for harm the defendant caused by the breach of duty owing
      directly to the plaintiff. By comparison, vicarious liability is a
      policy-based allocation of risk. Vicarious liability, sometimes
      referred to as imputed negligence, means in its simplest form that,
      by reason of some relation existing between A and B, the
      negligence of A is to be charged against B although B has played
      no part in it, has done nothing whatever to aid or encourage it, or
      indeed has done all that [it] possibly can to prevent it. Once the
      requisite relationship (i.e., employment, agency) is demonstrated,
      the innocent victim has recourse against the principal, even if the
      ultimately responsible agent is unavailable or lacks the availability
      to pay.




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Scampone v. Highland Park Care Center, LLC, 618 Pa. 363, 57 A.3d 582,

597 (2012) (citations and internal quotation marks omitted).

      Under Pennsylvania law, in order to hold an employer vicariously liable

for the negligent acts of its employee, these acts must be “committed during

the course of and within the scope of the employment.” Sutherland v.

Monongahela Valley Hosp., 856 A.2d 55, 62 (Pa.Super. 2004) (citation

omitted). See Spitsin v. WGM Transp. Inc., 97 A.3d 774 (Pa.Super. 2014)

(recognizing an employer may be held liable for an employee’s actions that

are committed during the scope of employment).

      [Generally,] [t]he conduct of an employee is considered within the
      scope of employment for purposes of vicarious liability if: (1) it is
      of a kind and nature that the employee is employed to perform;
      (2) it occurs substantially within the authorized time and space
      limits; (3) it is actuated, at least in part, by a purpose to serve
      the employer; and (4) if force is intentionally used by the
      employee against another, the use of force is not unexpected by
      the employer.

Sokolsky v. Eidelman, 93 A.3d 858, 863–64 (Pa.Super. 2014) (quotation

omitted).

      However, the issue in this case must be defined more narrowly. With

regard to situations involving automobile accidents, Pennsylvania courts have

looked to the standard set forth in Restatement (Second) of Agency § 239 in

determining whether the employer is vicariously liable for the negligent driving

of the employee. See Cesare v. Cole, 418 Pa. 173, 210 A.2d 491 (1965);

Ferrell v. Martin, 419 A.2d 152 (Pa.Super. 1980). As this Court has

recognized:

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     To hold [an employer] legally responsible for the act of [an
     employee] who is engaged in furthering his [employer’s] business
     and who while doing so negligently uses some instrumentality that
     carries him from place to place, it must either be proved that the
     [employer] exercises actual or potential control over that
     instrumentality, or the use of the instrumentality at the time and
     place of the act complained of must be of such vital importance in
     furthering the business of the [employer] that the latter’s actual
     and potential control of it at that time and place may reasonably
     be inferred.

Ferrell, 419 A.2d at 154 (quotations and quotation marks omitted).          See

Restatement (Second) of Agency § 239 (1958).

     Further,

     The fact that the instrumentality used by the [employee] is not
     owned by the [employer] is a fact which may indicate that the use
     of the instrumentality is not authorized, or if authorized, that its
     use is not within the scope of employment….The fact that he does
     not own it or has not rented it upon such terms that he can direct
     the manner in which it may be used indicates that the [employee]
     is to have a free hand in its use. If so, its control by the
     [employee], although upon his [employer’s] business, is not
     within the scope of the employment.

Ferrell, 419 A.2d at 154-55 (quotation marks, quotations, and citations

omitted).

     “Generally, the scope of [an employee’s] employment is a fact question

for the jury. Where the facts are not in dispute, however, the question of

whether….the [employee] is within the scope of his [] employment is for the

court.” Id. at 155 (citations omitted). See Spitsin, supra.

     Here, there is no dispute that there was an employee-employer

relationship between Mr. McDonald and LTC Associates inasmuch as Mr.

McDonald worked at the nursing home.         However, contrary to Appellant’s

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claim, there is no genuine issue of material fact establishing that Mr. McDonald

was acting within the scope of his employment or in furtherance of LTC

Associates’ business at the time of the accident.         Rather, the undisputed

evidence reveals that Mr. McDonald was not working on July 1, 2008, was

using his “vacation time,” and was repairing a porch at his home. The fact

Appellant went to his place of employment, retrieved personal tools for a home

project, and was driving home when the accident occurred, does not place his

actions “within the scope of employment.”          As the trial court notes, “[Mr.

McDonald] freely chose to travel to his place of employment in his personal

vehicle to pick up a tool which he planned to use on his personal project.” 7

Trial Court Opinion, filed 1/16/12, at 13.

       In any event, assuming, arguendo, Mr. McDonald was engaged in

furthering LTC Associates’ business at the time he was driving his personal

vehicle, there is no evidence that LTC Associates exercised actual or potential



____________________________________________


7 In averring there is a genuine issue of material fact as to whether Mr.
McDonald was acting within the scope of his employment, Appellant argues
Mr. McDonald told the insurance adjuster that he was directed by his employer
to bring his car ramps to the nursing home and, on the way home, the accident
occurred. See Appellant’s Brief at 20. In support thereof, Appellant points to
the following portion of Mr. McDonald’s recorded statement: “And they needed
my car ramps. So I said, okay no problem. I took them off, they borrowed
them.” Statement of Mr. McDonald, dated 7/2/08, at 3. However, when read
in context, at most, the insurance statement reasonably suggests that, earlier
in the afternoon, during his first trip to his place of employment, Mr. McDonald
took the car ramps to his employer, or, as he testified to in his deposition, he
brought the car ramps to the nursing home sometime prior to the day of the
accident.

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control over Mr. McDonald’s vehicle or the use of such vehicle at the time and

place of the accident was of such vital importance in furthering LTC Associates’

business that we may infer LTC Associates’ actual or potential control.    See

Ferrell, supra.       For example, there is no evidence that LTC Associates

directed Mr. McDonald to use his personal vehicle at the time in question.

Cesare, 418 Pa. 173, 210 A.2d at 494 (“[The employee] was not directed to

use his automobile by [the employer] so that no actual or potential control is

present.”). Further, when we consider the nature of Mr. McDonald’s

employment, the vital importance or even the reasonable necessity of the use

of his own automobile to LTC Associates “disappears.” See id. Mr. McDonald

worked in the maintenance department, and there is no dispute that LTC

Associates provided pick-up trucks to be used by employees during work

hours. There is no evidence that the use of Mr. McDonald’s private vehicle

was either “vitally important or reasonably necessary to the employer’s

business,” particularly at the time and place of the accident. See Ferrell,

supra.    Accordingly, for all of the foregoing reasons, we conclude liability

could not attach to LTC Associates with respect to Mr. McDonald’s negligent

driving, and therefore, we affirm the trial court’s entry of summary judgment

in favor of LTC Associates.8

____________________________________________


8 Finally, we note that Appellant suggests the trial court entered summary
judgment in favor of LTC Associates in violation of the Nanty-Glo rule. See
Appellant’s Brief at 16-17 (citing Borough of Nanty-Glo v. American



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       Affirmed.




Judgment Entered.




Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary



Date: 2/21/2019




____________________________________________


Surety Co. of New York, 309 Pa. 236, 163 A. 523 (1932)). We disagree.
The Nanty-Glo rule instructs that “the party moving for summary judgment
may not rely solely upon its own testimonial affidavits or depositions, or those
of its witnesses, to establish the non-existence of genuine issues of material
facts.” Dudley v. USX Corp., 606 A.2d 916, 918 (Pa.Super. 1992). Here,
LTC Associates’ motion cited documentary evidence, including Mr. McDonald’s
“Time off Request Form.” Also, LTC Associates relied upon the deposition
testimony of an adverse witness, Mr. McDonald.


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