       IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

DERRICK GALLARD,                                 NO. 68512-1-1


                      Appellant,                 DIVISION ONE
                                                                                 "3E-       l'vi -
                                                                                 C2         CO-

                                                 UNPUBLISHED OPINION               CO
JOHN ANDERSON and DOLORES                                                                     'f

ANDERSON and the marital
community thereof, RAYMOND and
                                                                                        O
ARDIS DUMETT and the marital
community thereof, THE RAYMOND-
ARDIS DUMETT TRUST, DOES 1-25,

                      Respondents.               FILED: November 18, 2013


       Leach, C.J. — Where a plaintiff seeks to amend a complaint to add a new

defendant after the expiration of the statute of limitations, RCW 4.16.170 does

not toll the statute of limitations unless the requirements of CR 15(c) for relation

back of the amendment to the original complaint are satisfied. Because Derrick

Gallard's amended complaint does not satisfy the requirements of CR 15(c), we

affirm the trial court's dismissal of his claims against defendants not named or

sufficiently described in his original complaint based on the expiration of the

statute of limitations.
NO. 68512-1-1/2




                                     FACTS


       On July 13, 2011, Derrick Gallard filed a personal injury suit in Whatcom

County Superior Court against John and Dolores Anderson, their marital

community, and "Does 1-25."       Gallard alleged that he sustained debilitating

injuries on July 14, 2008, while performing work at the direction of his landlords,

the Andersons. The complaint does not attribute any particular action or status

to "Does 1-25." On September 8, 2011, Gallard filed an amended complaint,

including the following additional defendants: Raymond and Ardis Dumett, their

marital community, and the Raymond-Ardis Dumett Trust.              The amended

complaint alleges that the Dumetts and the Dumett Trust (Dumetts) owned the

property at which the injury occurred and approved and authorized the

Andersons to employ Gallard to perform work at the property. Gallard served

Ardis Dumett with the amended complaint on September 15, 2011.

       On January 9, 2012, the Dumetts filed a motion to dismiss, claiming the

statute of limitations barred Gallard's suit. In response, Gallard argued that he

satisfied the requirements of RCW 4.16.005 and RCW 4.16.170 by filing the

initial complaint within three years of the incident at issue and serving a named

defendant within 90 days.    He claimed the amended complaint relates back to

the initial complaint under CR 15(c).     Gallard also argued that fundamental
NO. 68512-1-1/3




fairness required the trial court to deny the Dumetts' motion.         The trial court

granted the Dumetts' motion to dismiss.

       Gallard appeals.

                                     ANALYSIS


       Relying on RCW 4.16.170, Gallard argues that his filing of the initial

complaint tolled the statute of limitations for 90 days, during which time he

properly commenced the suit against the Dumetts by amending the complaint to

include the Dumetts and serving the Dumetts.            RCW 4.16.170 provides in

pertinent part:

       For the purpose of tolling any statute of limitations an action shall
       be deemed commenced when the complaint is filed or summons is
       served whichever occurs first.    If service has not been had on the
       defendant prior to the filing of the complaint, the plaintiff shall cause
       one or more of the defendants to be served personally, or
       commence service by publication within ninety days from the date
       of filing the complaint.

       Contrary to Gallard's position, "[t]he time period provided for in RCW

4.16.170 is not an extension of the statute of limitations."1 Instead, the statute

allows a plaintiff,

       who has tentatively commenced an action against a party by filing a
       complaint just before the pertinent statute of limitations runs, to
       perfect the commencement of the action by serving that party, even
       after the statute runs, as long as it is within 90 days of the date the
       complaint was filed.[2]

       1 Kiehnv. Nelsen's Tire Co., 45 Wn. App. 291, 298, 724 P.2d 434 (1986).
       2 Kiehn, 45 Wn. App. at 298.
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NO. 68512-1-1/4




By filing a complaint within the limitation period and serving at least one named

defendant within 90 days of filing, a plaintiff tolls the statute of limitations as to all

named defendants.3

       But RCW 4.16.170 does not allow tolling as to unnamed defendants who

have not been identified with sufficient particularity before the expiration of the

statute of limitations.4 Although a plaintiff may designate a defendant by any

name when the defendant's true name is unknown,5 the substitution of a true

name for an unknown party constitutes an amendment substituting or changing

parties.6 If this occurs, the amendment relates back to the date of the original

pleading only when the requirements of CR 15(c) are satisfied.7 RCW 4.16.170
does not "extend the time for naming all necessary parties; any such party not

named in the original timely complaint can only be added thereafter under CR

15(c)."8

       3 Sidis v. Brodie/Dohrmann, Inc., 117 Wn.2d 325, 329-31, 815 P.2d 781
(1991).
       4 Iwai v. State. 76 Wn. App. 308, 312, 884 P.2d 936 (1994) (reference in
complaint to "John Doe defendants allegedly 'negligent or otherwise responsible'"
did not sufficiently identify particular defendant so as to justify tolling); Bresina v.
Ace Paving Co., 89 Wn. App. 277, 282, 948 P.2d 870 (1997) (timely filing and
serving a named defendant will toll period for filing suit against unnamed
defendant only if plaintiff identifies unnamed defendant with "reasonable
particularity" before statute of limitations expires).
       5 CR 10(a)(2).
       6 Kiehn, 45 Wn. App. at 295.
       7 Kiehn, 45 Wn. App. at 295.
       8 Tellinqhuisen v. King County Council, 103 Wn.2d 221, 223, 691 P.2d 575
(1984).
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NO. 68512-1-1/5




      CR 15(c) provides:

      Relation Back of Amendments. Whenever the claim or defense
      asserted in the amended pleading arose out of the conduct,
      transaction, or occurrence set forth or attempted to be set forth in
      the original pleading, the amendment relates back to the date of the
      original pleading. An amendment changing the party against whom
      a claim is asserted relates back if the foregoing provision is
      satisfied and, within the period provided by law for commencing the
      action against him, the party to be brought in by amendment (1)
      has received such notice of the institution of the action that he will
      not be prejudiced in maintaining his defense on the merits, and (2)
      knew or should have known that, but for a mistake concerning the
      identity of the proper party, the action would have been brought
      against him.

We review a trial court's ruling under CR 15(c) to determine whether the

requirements of the rule were satisfied.9 Courts liberally construe CR 15(c) in
favor of allowing relation back of an amendment adding or substituting a new

party where the opposing party will be put to no disadvantage.10
       In addition to the requirements of CR 15(c), an amended complaint

changing or adding a defendant will not relate back if the original omission of the

defendant resulted from "inexcusable neglect."11       Inexcusable neglect exists

where a party is ascertainable upon reasonable investigation and no reason for




      9 Perrin v. Stensland, 158 Wn. App. 185, 193, 240 P.3d 1189(2010).
      10 Perrin. 158 Wn. App. at 194.
       11 Haberman v. Wash. Pub. Power Supply Svst., 109 Wn.2d 107, 174, 744
P.2d 1032, 750 P.2d 254 (1987) ("[l]n cases where leave to amend to add
additional defendants has been sought, this court has clearly held that
inexcusable neglect alone is a sufficient ground for denying the motion.").
                                        -5-
NO. 68512-1-1/6




the initial failure to name the party appears in the record.12 The party relying on

CR 15(c) must demonstrate that any neglect was excusable.13

       The first CR 15(c) factor is met here. The original and amended complaint

arise out of the same incident in which Gallard sustained injuries while working at

the identified property in exchange for a reduction in rent.

       While the question of prejudice may be arguable, as to the second and

third factors, nothing in the record indicates that "within the applicable statute of

limitations," the Dumetts received notice of the suit or knew or should have

known that the action would have been brought against them.14 Gallard does not

argue or identify any evidence in the record to demonstrate that the Dumetts

knew of the injuries he suffered on July 14, 2008, or the original complaint he

filed on July 13, 2011, any time before he served them with the amended

complaint on September 15, 2011.         Because the second and third CR 15(c)




       12 Haberman, 109 Wn.2d at 174.
       13 Perrin. 158 Wn. App. at 197-99.
       14 Teller v. APM Terminals Pac. Ltd.. 134 Wn. App. 696, 706, 142 P.3d
179 (2006) (three conditions of CR 15(c) are (1) claim arising from same conduct
in original and amended pleading; (2) "within the applicable statute of limitations,"
new party has received notice of the action such that it will not be prejudiced in
maintaining a defense on the merits; and (3) "within the applicable statute of
limitations," new party knew or should have known that but for a mistake of
identity, action would have been brought against proper party).
                                         -6-
NO. 68512-1-1/7




factors were not met, the amended complaint cannot relate back to the timely

filed original complaint.15

        And Gallard fails to demonstrate that excusable neglect explains his

omission of the Dumetts from the original complaint.            Gallard admits that the

public record discloses Dumetts' ownership of the property where the incident

occurred. "[Fjailure to name a party in an original complaint is inexcusable where

the omitted party's identity is a matter of public record."16

        Gallard also asserts, as he did before the trial court, that fundamental

fairness requires the denial of the Dumetts' request for dismissal of his claim.

We will not address this argument because Gallard cites no authority to support

it.17

        In sum, RCW 4.16.170 allowed Gallard to perfect the action he filed on

July 13, 2011, within 90 days.      Because the Dumetts were not named in the

original complaint and the amendment naming the Dumetts did not relate back,




        15 Kiehn, 45 Wn. App. at 296 (where defendant to be added by amended
complaint did not receive notice of suit within "the 3-year statute of limitations
period" and had no knowledge action would be brought against it, but for a
mistake, amended pleading did not relate back to original complaint).
        16 Teller. 134 Wn. App. at 707.
        17 RAP 10.3(a)(6); McKee v. Am. Home Prods. Corp.. 113 Wn.2d 701,
705, 782 P.2d 1045 (1989).
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NO. 68512-1-1/8




the Dumetts were not a party to the July 13, 2011, action. Therefore, the 90-day

time period to serve process has no application to the Dumetts.18

      Affirmed.




                                                   /O:^/
WE CONCUR:




       18 Kiehn, 45 Wn. App. at 298.
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