                   IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

                                  No. 18-2033
                              Filed March 4, 2020


STATE OF IOWA,
     Plaintiff-Appellee,

vs.

GREGORY DOORENE WINTER,
     Defendant-Appellant.
________________________________________________________________


      Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Winneshiek County, Margaret L.

Lingreen, Judge.



      Gregory Winter appeals his conviction for driving while revoked following a

guilty plea. AFFIRMED.



      John J. Sullivan of Sullivan Law Office, P.C., Oelwein, for appellant.

      Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Tyler J. Buller and Kyle Hanson,

Assistant Attorneys General, for appellee.



      Considered by Bower, C.J., and May and Greer, JJ.
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MAY, Judge.

       Gregory Winter appeals from his conviction for driving while revoked. He

alleges his counsel was ineffective in two respects, both connected with his guilty

plea.1 We affirm.

       Ineffective claims are reviewed de novo. State v. Haas, 930 N.W.2d 699,

703 (Iowa 2019). To succeed, Winter must demonstrate counsel failed to perform

an essential duty and constitutional prejudice resulted.      State v. Walker, 935

N.W.2d 874, 881 (Iowa 2019). “Because the test for ineffective assistance of

counsel is a two-pronged test, [Winter] must show both prongs have been met.”

Nguyen v. State, 878 N.W.2d 744, 754 (Iowa 2016). If a defendant cannot prove

either prong, we need not address the other. Id. Generally, ineffective-assistance

claims are preserved for postconviction relief so the record can be fully developed.

Haas, 930 N.W.2d at 703.

       First, Winter argues counsel was ineffective in permitting Winter to plead

guilty without a factual basis to support the charge. When counsel permits a

defendant to plead guilty to a charge for which no factual basis exists, counsel fails

to perform an essential duty. See State v. Brooks, 555 N.W.2d 446, 448 (Iowa

1996). And prejudice is inherent. See id.



1 We recognize Iowa Code section 814.7 was recently amended to provide in
pertinent part: “An ineffective assistance of counsel claim in a criminal case shall
be determined by filing an application for postconviction relief” and “shall not be
decided on direct appeal from the criminal proceedings.” See 2019 Iowa Acts
ch. 140, § 31. In State v. Macke, however, our supreme court held the amendment
“appl[ies] only prospectively and do[es] not apply to cases pending on July 1,
2019.” 933 N.W.2d 226, 235 (Iowa 2019). We are bound by our supreme court’s
holding. We conclude, therefore, the amendment “do[es] not apply” to this case,
which was pending on July 1, 2019. Id.
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       We conclude the record is sufficient to resolve this claim on direct appeal.

Winter argues because “[t]he State did not provide or file a certified copy of [his]

driving record . . . , counsel did not verify that [he] was the person to have alleged

to be driving while . . . revoked.” And he claims the following alteration to the

written guilty plea supports his contention that there is no factual basis:




       We disagree. We recognize the factual basis for a plea “must be disclosed

by the record.” State v. Keene, 630 N.W.2d 579, 581 (Iowa 2001). But when we

review the record to determine if a factual basis exists, we may consider the

minutes of testimony as part of the record. See id.

       The minutes of testimony establish Winter was driving a blue van on March

10, 2018. They also establish Winter’s driving privileges were revoked on March

29, 2017, and remained revoked on March 10, 2018. Thus, the minutes provide

an adequate factual basis that Winter (1) operated a motor vehicle (2) with a

revoked license, the elements of a violation of Iowa Code section 321J.21 (2018).

So, as to this issue, Winter cannot show counsel was ineffective in allowing Winter

to plead guilty.   See State v. Halverson, 857 N.W.2d 632, 635 (Iowa 2015)

(“Counsel, of course, does not provide ineffective assistance if the underlying claim

is meritless.”).

       Second, Winter claims counsel was ineffective for allowing Winter to enter

a guilty plea that was not knowing, intelligent, and voluntary. As support for this

claim, Winter points to two hand-written alterations to the plea form. They are

reproduced below:
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      Winter suggests the lined out portions of the plea agreement—“I admit” and

“WAIVER OF RIGHTS”—show coercion. But, critically, we do not know when the

document was altered, why it was altered, or by whom. On this record, we do not

know if the strike outs indicate coercion or something far less sinister. So we

decline to address this issue on direct appeal. Instead, we preserve this claim for

a future postconviction-relief action where the record can be properly developed.

See State v. Biddle, 652 N.W.2d 191, 203 (Iowa 2002).

      AFFIRMED.
