            IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF FEDERAL CLAIMS
                      OFFICE OF SPECIAL MASTERS
                                             No. 12-768V
                                        Filed: August 20, 2014
                                        (Not to be published)

****************************
ROSWELL PEREZ,                           *
                                         *
                    Petitioner,          *       Ruling on Record; Flu Vaccine; H1N1
       v.                                *       non-covered vaccine; back pain;
                                         *       numbness, tingling, arm and leg pain;
SECRETARY OF HEALTH                      *       facial numbness; swollen lymph nodes.
AND HUMAN SERVICES,                      *
                                         *
                    Respondent.          *
****************************
Mindy Michaels Roth, Esq., Britcher, Leone & Roth, L.L.C., Glen Rock, NJ for petitioner.
Justine Daigneault, Esq., U.S. Dept. of Justice, Washington, DC for respondent.

                  UNPUBLISHED DECISION DENYING COMPENSATION 1

Gowen, Special Master:

       On November 13, 2012, Roswell Perez filed a petition under the National
Childhood Vaccine Injury Act, 42 U.S.C. §§ 300aa-1 et seq. (2006) (“Vaccine Act”).
Petition at 1. In the petition, Mr. Perez alleged that he received an influenza and a
swine flu vaccine on November 23, 2009, and that the following day he developed
muscle aches, primarily in the back. 2 Id. Mr. Perez then alleged that he later developed
numbness and tingling in his left leg, then in his left arm, in the succeeding days
following his vaccinations. Id. Mr. Perez complained of experiencing an array of
symptoms over the following nine months and saw multiple physicians. Id. Petitioner

1
  Because this unpublished decision contains a reasoned explanation for the action in this case, the
undersigned intends to post this decision on the United States Court of Federal Claims’ website, in
accordance with the E-Government Act of 2002, Pub. L. No. 107-347, § 205, 116 Stat. 2899, 2913
(codified as amended at 44 U.S.C. § 3501 and note (2006)). In accordance with Vaccine Rule 18(b), a
party has 14 days to identify and move to delete medical or other information, that satisfies the criteria in
§ 300aa-12(d)(4)(B). Further, consistent with the rule requirement, a motion for redaction must include a
proposed redacted decision. If, upon review, the undersigned agrees that the identified material fits
within the requirements of that provision, such material will be deleted from public access.
2
  Under the Vaccine Act, a petition for vaccine compensation must contain documentation demonstrating
that the vaccine injured person “received a vaccine set forth in the Vaccine Injury Table.” 42 U.S.C. §
300aa-11(c)(1)(A). The Vaccine Injury Table, located at 42 C.F.R. § 100.3(a), does not include the H1N1
vaccine, a monovalent influenza vaccine, only the trivalent seasonal influenza vaccine. 42 C.F.R. §
100.3(a). Therefore, the H1N1 vaccine is not covered under the Vaccine Injury Compensation Program.
Rather claims of injury resulting from the H1N1 vaccine are covered by the Countermeasures Injury
Compensation Program. See http://www.hrsa.gov/cicp/index.html.

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filed a motion for a ruling on the record on November 21, 2013. Petitioner’s Motion for
Decision on the record (“Motion”), filed Nov. 21, 2013. The undersigned now finds that
the information in the record does not show entitlement to an award under the Act.

1. Procedural Background

       Petitioner filed affidavits and medical records from multiple providers.
Petitioner’s Exhibits (“Pet. Ex(s).”) 1-18. Several extensions of time were granted in
order to facilitate the obtaining of additional medical records for ongoing treatment and
to obtain an expert report for the petitioner. See Joint Status Report (petitioner
requested and was granted 45 days to file an expert report), filed March 22, 2013; Joint
Status Report (petitioner requested and was granted 60 days to file an expert report),
filed May 18, 2013; Petitioner’s Motion for Extension for Time (petitioner requested and
was granted 90 days to file an expert report), filed June 28, 2013.

      Petitioner filed a motion for a decision on the record on November 21, 2013. 3
Motion at 1-2. Respondent, after an appropriately requested expansion of time, filed a
response to the Motion for a Decision on the Record and a Rule 4 report on December
13, 2013. Response to Motion for a Decision on the record and Rule 4 report, filed Dec.
13, 2013.

        This matter is now ripe for adjudication.

2. Factual History

        Mr. Perez was employed as a crisis counselor in the emergency room of
Rutgers and Mountainside Hospital in New Jersey, where he received an H1N1 vaccine
and a seasonal flu vaccine in the hospital’s Occupational Medicine Department on
November 23, 2009. Pet. Ex. 1 at 1; Pet. Ex. 2, pp. 11-14. Mr. Perez received the
vaccines in different arms: the H1N1 in the left deltoid, and the seasonal flu in the right
deltoid. Pet. Ex. 2, pp. 11-14. At the time he received the vaccinations he was thirty
years old. Pet. Ex. 1, p. 1; Petition at 1.

       Within the following 24 hours he began to experience muscular pain, primarily in
the back. Pet. Ex. 1, p. 2. On November 25, 2009, Mr. Perez was examined by Dr.
Richard Cirello, a doctor at the Mountainside Family Practice, who apparently told him
that he was fine and that he did not have Guillain-Barré syndrome. Pet. Ex. 15, p. 216-
17. Mr. Perez alleges that he later became nauseous, began to have diarrhea, and felt
numbness of his left leg from the toes to the knee; a few days later, on November 27,
2009, he alleges he awoke with pronounced numbness of his left leg, left arm and face.
Pet. Ex. 1, p. 2.

      Mr. Perez then presented to his family physician, Sabato Lombardo, M.D.,
complaining of numbness and tingling in the leg. Pet. Ex. 3, p. 30. Dr. Lombardo

3
 The Motion for a Decision on the record is captioned Affidavit of Mindy Michaels Roth, petitioner’s
counsel.

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referred Mr. Perez to Abraham Morganoff, M.D., a neurologist. Pet. Ex. 3, pp. 62-63.
Dr. Morganoff examined him and reported to Dr. Lombardo that the patient presented
“with normal, objective neurological full evaluation and assessment and that the
patient’s clinical and subjective complaints are consistent with post-reaction flu-H1N1,
question of mild underlying hypokalemia.” Pet. Ex. 4, pp. 97-99. Dr. Morganoff
indicated that there was “no evidence of Guillain-Barré syndrome” and that there was
“no evidence of neurodegenerative presentation.” Id., p. 99. Dr. Morganoff also
indicated that he tried to assure Mr. Perez that his complaints were probably a benign
reaction to the flu shots which should be self- resolving. Id.

        According to petitioner, the symptoms did not resolve, and throughout the next
month petitioner continued to experience pain in the middle and lower sections of the
left side of his back, as well as numbness and tingling in both extremities which
awakened him at night. Pet. Ex. 1, p. 3. Mr. Perez then consulted another neurologist,
Dr. Matthew Menken, at Princeton & Rutgers Neurology, on December 4, 2009. Pet.
Ex. 3, p. 61. Dr. Menken advised him to report his apparent reaction to the flu vaccine
to the CDC. Id. Additionally, Dr. Menken ordered an MRI of Mr. Perez, which was
normal and showed “no evidence of demyelination.” Pet. Ex. 4, pp. 100-01.

        On January 19, 2010, Mr. Perez consulted Dr. Liviu C. Craciun, M.D., Ph.D., a
board certified neurologist and clinical neurophysiologist. Pet. Ex. 3, pp. 22-24. Dr.
Craciun reviewed petitioner’s medical history, essentially as recited above, with the
addition that that the tingling that had occurred once a night and three times a week had
not occurred in the past week. Id. Dr. Craciun also noted that Mr. Perez had diagnosed
himself with obsessive compulsive disorder and anxiety. Pet. Ex. 3, p. 22; Pet. Ex. 7,
pp. 118-120. Dr. Craciun performed a neurological exam, and his assessment was post
vaccination syndrome, possible mild form of Parsonage-Turner syndrome, or thoracic
radiculopathy and anxiety. Pet. Ex. 7, p. 120. Dr. Craciun did not elaborate on the
basis for his post vaccination syndrome or Parsonage Turner Syndrome opinions. Id.
He did not explain either the criteria for these diagnoses or how petitioner’s symptoms
satisfied those criteria. Id.

       Petitioner returned to Dr. Lombardo in March 2010 for a pain in his right
shoulder. Pet. Ex. 1, p. 4. Between July and August of 2010, petitioner consulted with
three different doctors regarding symptoms of neck pain. Pet. Ex. 8, p. 131; Pet. Ex. 10,
p. 188. Petitioner reported enlarged lymph nodes in his neck, for which he sought
treatment in August of 2010 from Deepak Jain, M.D. Pet. Ex. 9, pp. 168-172. Dr. Jain
described two small but tender lymph nodes in the left posterior chain. Pet. Ex. 9, p.
168. Dr. Jain recorded that Mr. Perez attributed these to the H1N1 flu vaccine he had
received the prior November. Id., p. 169.

3. Summary of the Parties’ Arguments

       Petitioner has submitted his case on the medical records, without offering an
expert report to set forth a reliable medical theory of causation or to explain the logical
sequence of cause and effect as required by Althen prongs one and two. Petitioner


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contends that he has ruled out other causes and that the early onset of the symptoms
after the vaccinations is consistent with a vaccine injury. Motion at 5. Petitioner does
acknowledge that the Program has not awarded compensation based upon those two
factors alone. Id.

      Respondent contends that petitioner has not set forth a medical theory, nor
presented a medical explanation, as to how the seasonal flu vaccine caused the harm,
and that petitioner therefore is not entitled to compensation. For the reasons set forth
below, the undersigned concludes that petitioner has failed to prove, by a
preponderance of the evidence, that the requirements of Althen have been met.

4. Applicable Legal Standard

        In order to prevail under the Program, petitioner must prove either a ATable@
      4
injury or that a vaccine listed on the Vaccine Table was the cause-in-fact of an injury.
Based on the record as a whole, the undersigned finds that petitioner has not
established that he suffered a Table injury. Therefore, he must prove that the seasonal
influenza vaccine caused-in-fact his alleged injuries without the benefit of a presumption
in his favor.

        The Vaccine Act provides that a special master may not make a finding awarding
compensation based on the claims of petitioner alone, unsubstantiated by medical
records or medical opinion. See ' 13(a)(1). To satisfy his burden of proving causation-
in-fact, petitioner must Ashow by preponderant evidence that the vaccination brought
about [his] injury by providing: (1) a medical theory causally connecting the vaccination
and the injury; (2) a logical sequence of cause and effect showing that the vaccination
was the reason for the injury; and (3) a showing of a proximate temporal relationship
between vaccination and injury.@ Althen v. Sec=y, HHS, 418 F.3d 1274, 1278 (Fed. Cir.
2005); see also Hines v. Sec=y, HHS, 940 F.2d 1518, 1525 (Fed. Cir. 1991). He must
show "that the vaccination was the reason for the injury. A reputable medical or
scientific explanation must support this logical sequence of cause and effect." Grant v.
Sec=y, HHS, 956 F.2d 1144, 1148 (Fed. Cir. 1992). Circumstantial evidence and
medical opinions may be sufficient to satisfy the Althen prongs. Capizzano v. Sec=y,
HHS, 440 F.3d 1317, 1325 (Fed. Cir. 2006). However, mere temporal association is not
sufficient to prove causation in fact. See Grant v. Sec’y, HHS, 956 F.2d 1144, 1147
(Fed. Cir. 1992).

        When a petitioner alleges an Aoff-Table@ injury, eligibility for compensation is
established when the petitioner demonstrates, by a preponderance of the evidence,
that: (1) he received a vaccine set forth on the Vaccine Injury Table; (2) he received the
vaccine in the United States; (3) he sustained or had significantly aggravated an illness,



4
 A ATable@ injury is an injury listed on the Vaccine Injury Table, 42 C.F.R. ' 100.3, corresponding to the
vaccine received within the time frame specified.


                                                     4
disease, disability, or condition caused by the vaccine; and (4) the condition has
persisted for more than six months. 5

       Petitioner does present verification of having received an H1N1 vaccine and a
seasonal vaccine in New Jersey on November 23, 2009. Pet. Ex. 1 at 1; Pet. Ex. 2, pp.
11-14. He reports that his symptoms are ongoing, that he has continued to seek
treatment from multiple physicians, and that he continues to experience a host of
symptoms daily, which include muscle aches and back pain, enlarged painful lymph
nodes, sporadic numbness and tingling from his toes that travels up his legs, and
numbness and tingling in his arms, hands, neck, face and head. Pet. Ex. 1 at 9. He
asserts that these symptoms began shortly after the vaccinations and have continued,
and that he does not consider this to be a “simple coincidence.” Id.

5. Analysis

    A. Althen Prong One

        Under the first prong of Althen, Petitioner is required to set forth a reliable
medical theory that explains how a particular vaccination can cause the injury in
question. Althen, 418 F 3d at 1279. Scientific certainty is not required to establish
causation under the Vaccine Act. Id. at 1280 (holding that the purpose of the Vaccine
Act’s preponderance of the evidence standard “is to allow the finding of causation in a
field bereft of complete and direct proof of how vaccines affect the human body”).
However, a causation theory or mechanism must be proposed and supported by a
sound and reliable medical or scientific explanation. Knudsen v. Sec’y, HHS, 35 F.3d
543, 548 (Fed Cir. 1994).

        Fundamental to the presentation of a reliable medical theory to explain the way in
which the vaccine can cause the injury is a basic definition of the injury itself. In this
case, petitioner has reported a significant array of symptoms, but has offered no
explanation as to how the body is producing these symptoms or of how they are linked.
He has offered no evidence that defines any discrete diagnostic entity to explain
symptoms that ranged from back pain, to left sided numbness and tingling in the lower
limb then the upper, to right sided numbness, to swollen lymph nodes and facial pain.
Some of these symptoms occurred in the days and weeks after the vaccines and
others, like the swollen lymph nodes, did not occur for months after the vaccine. Yet the
petitioner claims they are all caused by the vaccine.

        “An off-table petitioner, who does not benefit from a presumption of causation,
must specify his vaccine-related injury and shoulder the burden of proof on causation.”
Broekelschen v. Sec’y, HHS, 618 F. 3d 1339, 1346 (Fed. Cir. 2010). The Federal
Circuit in that opinion also noted that Althen prong one ties the required medical theory

5
  Section 13(a)(1)(A). This section provides that petitioner must demonstrate by a preponderance of the
evidence the matters required in the petition by section 300aaB11(c)(1)....@ Section 11(c)(1) contains the
four factors listed above, along with others not relevant in this case.


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to an injury and prong two links the cause and effect analysis to a specific injury as well.
Id. at 1346.

        In this case, the closest that any of the physicians come to defining a disease
entity is in Dr. Craciun’s listing of “post vaccination syndrome” in his differential
diagnosis. Pet. Ex 7, p. 120. While this term does give a name to the compilation of
symptoms petitioner described to Dr. Craciun, the record contains no description of this
diagnosis or the criteria necessary to make it. It should also be noted that when Dr.
Craciun saw petitioner, his neurological exam was completely normal, and the
symptoms had actually subsided over the prior week. Pet. Ex 7, p. 118. 6 Dr. Craciun
also listed possible Parsonage Turner Syndrome on the differential, again without
setting forth any basis for that possible diagnosis. Id., p. 120. Indeed, Parsonage
Turner, which is an acute brachial neuropathy or brachial radiculitis, would hardly
explain symptoms in the lower extremities.

        This failure to describe a diagnostic entity and to explain how the symptoms fit
the criteria of that diagnosis, as a prerequisite to the application of Althen prong one, is
a critical but not necessarily fatal shortcoming in the proof. “Medical recognition of the
injury claimed is important and by definition a ‘vaccine related injury,’ i.e., illness,
disability, injury or condition, has to be more than just a symptom or manifestation of an
unknown injury.” Broeklschen at 1349.

       Neither did any of petitioner’s multiple physicians describe a medical theory to
explain how the multiple symptoms could be caused by the vaccine. Problematically as
well, none of them, even when they acknowledged petitioner’s belief that the vaccines
caused the injury, were willing to attribute the symptoms to one vaccine or the other.
Because the H1N1 vaccine is not covered by the Vaccine Act any harm attributable to it
would not be compensable. The proof in this case requires a medical theory and logical
cause and effect to describe how the seasonal flu vaccine was the “but for” cause of the
harm. As a general, but not invariable, rule, it is necessary to provide expert testimony
or opinion to explain how the covered vaccine could cause the injury alleged. No such
opinion or testimony was offered in this case, and petitioner’s medical records by
themselves are not sufficient to satisfy the Althen prongs.

        Petitioner’s counsel acknowledges in his motion for a ruling on the record that the
Program has not yet accepted the theory of a diagnosis by exclusion such as she
suggests this case presents. Motion at 5. A diagnosis of exclusion generally refers to a
diagnostic methodology whereby physicians reach a conclusion as to the nature of a
disease or injury by eliminating other potential entities which could cause similar signs
and symptoms. The methodology may also be used to reach a conclusion as to the
cause of the disease or injury. In this case, it is difficult to say that a diagnosis of
exclusion has been made when no disease entity has been identified to explain
petitioner’s symptoms. It is further difficult to say that a diagnosis of exclusion has been
made when no physician’s testimony was offered to state that the vaccine caused

6
 Dr. Morganoff also stated that the patient’s clinical and subjective symptoms are “consistent with post-
reaction flu –H1N1,” but did not enunciate a theory for a causal connection.

                                                     6
petitioner’s symptoms, even by process of exclusion. As counsel also acknowledges,
with none of the multiple physicians consulted by petitioner being willing to state an
opinion as to causation, there is no evidence that would satisfy the Althen prongs.
Thus, I have concluded that petitioner failed to prove, by a preponderance of the
evidence, a theory sufficient to satisfy prong one of Althen.

    B. Althen Prong Two

        Petitioner has not presented an expert explanation of the biological cause of his
injury, either through the records or by expert report, much less an explanation of how
the seasonal flu vaccine could be that cause. Without presentation of a scientifically
reliable theory to explain how the vaccine can cause the harm, he cannot prove a
logical cause and effect as to how a scientifically known mechanism could have been
triggered by the vaccine and caused the symptoms alleged. Petitioner essentially
contends that he has ruled out other causes of the symptoms and that the timing of their
onset shortly after the vaccine, at least for some of them, is more than a coincidence. It
is questionable whether petitioner has actually ruled out other causes, but even if he
had, the coincidental timing and rule-out of other causes, without the presentation of an
explanation of how the vaccine could cause the injury and how in this case it did, is
insufficient to satisfy the Althen criteria.

    C. Althen Prong Three

        The appropriateness of timing of the onset of symptoms is largely a function of
the causal mechanism. Some mechanisms may cause symptoms immediately and
others not for days to weeks. Without specificity as to a diagnosis and cause of injury it
is not possible to conclude that the timing of the onset of symptoms was related to the
vaccine.

6. Conclusion

       The medical records do not provide adequate support for, or an explanation of, a
medical theory to explain petitioner’s symptoms. None of petitioner’s physicians stated
an opinion as to a causal relationship between the seasonal flu vaccine and the
symptoms. No other expert was presented. Accordingly, petitioner has failed to
present the preponderant evidence necessary to satisfy the Althen prongs. As such,
the case must be dismissed.

    The Clerk shall enter judgment accordingly. 7

                                         s/ Thomas L. Gowen
                                         Thomas L. Gowen
                                         Special Master


7
 Entry of judgment can be expedited by each party’s filing of a notice renouncing the right to seek review.
See Vaccine Rule 11(a).

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