                                                         [DO NOT PUBLISH]


             IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                     FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT            FILED
                       ________________________ U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                                                         ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                             No. 08-15519                   APRIL 2, 2009
                         Non-Argument Calendar            THOMAS K. KAHN
                                                              CLERK
                       ________________________

                   D. C. Docket No. 07-21507-CV-ASG

JERMAINE WILLISTON ATTERBURY,


                                                           Plaintiff-Appellant,

                                  versus

CITY OF MIAMI POLICE DEPARTMENT,
CITY OF MIAMI, FLORIDA,
DETECTIVE LEONEL TAPANES,
OFFICER STANLEY WINFREY,
DADE COUNTY STATE ATTORNEY OFFICE,


                                                        Defendants-Appellees.


                       ________________________

                Appeal from the United States District Court
                    for the Southern District of Florida
                      _________________________

                            (April 2, 2009)

Before TJOFLAT, BIRCH and DUBINA, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:

      Plaintiff-appellant Jermaine Williston Atterbury (“Atterbury”) appeals pro se

the district court’s order granting summary judgment in favor of defendant-

appellee Detective Leonel Tapanes (“Det. Tapanes”). Atterbury argues that the

district court erred in dismissing his 42 U.S.C. § 1983 claims for false arrest, false

imprisonment, and malicious prosecution because Det. Tapanes arrested him for

armed robbery without probable cause. We agree with the district court that actual

probable cause existed at the time of Atterbury’s arrest and that Det. Tapanes was

entitled to qualified immunity. Accordingly, we AFFIRM.

                                 I. BACKGROUND

      We state the facts in the light most favorable to Atterbury. On 15 June 2004,

Sarah Castro Berriz (“Berriz”) notified Officer Stanley Winfrey of the Miami

Police Department that she had been robbed at gunpoint. R1-1, Exh. A, Police

Report at 1. According to Officer Winfrey’s report, Berriz had returned home

from the bank when a black male approached her car. Id. at 3. The man pointed a

pistol at her and demanded her purse. Id. After a struggle, the assailant wrested

the purse from Berriz and fled in a dark blue “S.U.V.” Id. She described the

perpetrator as being 5' 11", weighing 200 pounds, and wearing a black t-shirt and

blue jean shorts. Id. at 2.

                                           2
      The police found Berriz’s purse in a blue Ford Escape the afternoon of the

robbery. R2-80, Exh. C at 3-4.1 The occupants of the car fled but dropped two

firearms at the scene. Id. at 3. Det. Tapanes of the Miami Police Department was

assigned to the case and showed Berriz a photograph of the vehicle, which she

identified as the one used in the robbery. Id. at 4. Through his investigation, Det.

Tapanes learned that the vehicle was in the care of Alton Davis (“Davis”) at the

time of the robbery. Id. That night, Berriz discovered an ATM receipt from a

store in her purse. R2-81 at 28-29. The ATM receipt indicated that an incorrect

PIN had prevented any money from being withdrawn. R2-80, Exh. C at 4. Det.

Tapanes obtained the store’s video surveillance, which depicted a black male

wearing a shirt with the number “80” trying to extract money from the ATM while

another black male wearing a black t-shirt and blue jean shorts stood by. R2-80 at

3.

      On 24 June 2004, Det. Tapanes interviewed Davis, who was incarcerated in

Broward County. R2-80, Exh. C at 4. Davis informed Det. Tapanes that he had

been casing different banks with a black man known to him as Jermaine and

another black man known as Seth. Id. After spotting Berriz at a bank, they

followed her until Jermaine robbed her at gunpoint. Id. Davis confirmed that he



      1
          Documents R2-80 through R2-85 are located in Exh. Folder 2.

                                               3
and Jermaine were the individuals in the video surveillance photographs of the

ATM. Id. Davis also identified one of the handguns retrieved by the police as the

one Jermaine had used during the robbery. Id.

      Upon further research, Det. Tapanes discovered that Jermaine Atterbury,

also known as Terrance Jacobs, was wanted by the West Palm Beach Police

Department for various armed robberies. Id. at 5; R2-80, Exh. D. On 14 July

2004, Det. Tapanes conducted a videotaped interview of Atterbury. R2-80, Exh. E.

After waiving his Miranda2 rights, Atterbury confessed to snatching Berriz’s purse

but asserted that Davis was the one holding the gun. Id. at 28-32, 63-64.

      On 3 August 2004, Det. Tapanes showed Berriz the video photographs of

the ATM and a photo line-up of six black males’ faces. R2-80 at 4; R2-80, Exh. G.

Berriz positively identified Atterbury from the photo line-up. R2-80 at 4. Based

on his investigation, Det. Tapanes obtained an arrest warrant for Atterbury on 4

August 2004. R2-80 at 5.

      Berriz later testified in a deposition, taken in January 2007, that the robber

had emerged from the passenger side of the vehicle and a driver had remained in

the car during the robbery. R2-81 at 13. Although Berriz definitely remembered

the assailant had worn a black short-sleeved shirt, she was less certain about his



      2
          Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 86 S. Ct. 1602 (1966).

                                                4
other clothing, stating that he also had on “a black pair of slacks, I think.” Id. at

16. Berriz was seventy percent certain that the person she had identified in the

photo line-up was her assailant. Id. at 33.

      The state subsequently dismissed the case against Atterbury in April 2007.

R1-1, Exh. A at 1. Although the assigned prosecutor did not believe Atterbury was

innocent, he decided to nolle pros the case because: (1) Berriz no longer wanted to

testify and was not completely certain about her previous identification, (2)

locating witnesses and evidence had been difficult, and (3) the prosecutor believed

Atterbury’s taped interview would likely be excluded at trial. R2-83 at 8-13.

      Atterbury subsequently filed this § 1983 complaint in June 2007 against Det.

Tapanes, Officer Winfrey, the Miami Police Department, and the Dade County

State Attorney’s Office. R1-1. Pursuant to the magistrate judge’s report and

recommendation, the district court dismissed the claims against all defendants

except for Det. Tapanes. R1-44 at 5. Det. Tapanes then filed a motion for

summary judgment on Atterbury’s remaining claims for false arrest, false

imprisonment, and malicious prosecution. R2-79. The magistrate judge

recommended that his motion be denied, primarily on grounds that Det. Tapanes

lacked either actual or arguable probable cause for Atterbury’s arrest. R2-96 at 15,

17, 19.



                                            5
      The district court rejected the magistrate judge’s report and

recommendation. R2-120 at 1. The district court found that “[Det.] Tapanes has

shown that the arrest warrant was supported by actual probable cause, not just

arguable probable cause.” Id. at 11. Because the absence of probable cause was a

required element of all three of Atterbury’s claims, the district court concluded that

Det. Tapanes was entitled to qualified immunity as to each claim. Id. at 11-13.

The court therefore granted summary judgment in favor of Det. Tapanes. Id. at 13.

This appeal followed.

                                  II. DISCUSSION

      We review de novo a district court’s decision to grant summary judgment

based on qualified immunity. See Case v. Eslinger, ___ F.3d ___, No. 08-10657,

2009 WL 196842, at *3 (11th Cir. Jan. 29, 2009). We construe all facts in the

plaintiff’s favor so that material issues of disputed fact do not affect the

determination of whether qualified immunity applies. See id. Summary judgment

is appropriate when there is no genuine issue of material fact and the moving party

is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. See Fed. R. Civ. Proc. 56(c).

      Under the doctrine of qualified immunity, government officials are not liable

for civil damages if “their conduct does not violate clearly established statutory or

constitutional rights of which a reasonable person would have known.” Pearson v.



                                            6
Callahan, 555 U.S. ___, 129 S. Ct. 808, 815 (2009) (quotation marks and citation

omitted). Qualified immunity is not merely a defense to liability but rather an

immunity from a lawsuit. See id. at ___, 129 S. Ct. at 815. Once an official

establishes that he was acting within the scope of his discretionary authority, the

burden shifts to the plaintiff to overcome the privilege of qualified immunity. See

Eslinger, 2009 WL 196842, at *4. To do so, the plaintiff must prove: (1) that the

officer violated a constitutional right and (2) that this right was clearly established

at the time. See id. We have discretion to determine in what order we analyze the

two prongs of the plaintiff’s burden of proof. See Pearson, 555 U.S. at ___, 129

S. Ct. at 818.

      Atterbury does not contest the district court’s finding that Det. Tapanes was

engaged in a discretionary function when he performed the acts at issue. Atterbury

thus bears the burden of establishing that Det. Tapanes violated a clearly

established constitutional right. See Eslinger, 2009 WL 196842, at *4. Atterbury

contends that Det. Tapanes violated his Fourth and Fourteenth Amendment rights

by falsely arresting and imprisoning him, and by maliciously prosecuting him.

      All three of Atterbury’s claims hinge on whether Det. Tapanes had probable

cause to arrest him. The existence of probable cause at the time of arrest

absolutely bars a § 1983 claim for false arrest under the Fourth Amendment. See



                                            7
id. at *5. Likewise, if a police officer has probable cause to make an arrest, the

arrestee may not sue for false imprisonment under § 1983 based on a detention

pursuant to that arrest. See id. at *9. Finally, to prevail on a § 1983 malicious

prosecution claim, a plaintiff must prove “(1) the elements of the common law tort

of malicious prosecution, and (2) a violation of [his] Fourth Amendment right to be

free from unreasonable seizures.” Kingsland v. City of Miami, 382 F.3d 1220,

1234 (11th Cir. 2004). One of the six requirements for a common law tort of

malicious prosecution under Florida law is “an absence of probable cause for the

original proceeding.”3 Id.

       Probable cause to arrest may be actual probable cause or arguable probable

case. See Eslinger, 2009 WL 196842, at *6 (“Absent probable cause, an officer is

still entitled to qualified immunity if arguable probable cause existed.”). Actual

probable cause exists when the facts and circumstances within the police officer’s

knowledge “warrant a reasonable belief that the suspect had committed or was

committing a crime.” Id. at * 5. This knowledge may be garnered from an

informant’s allegations and corroborating evidence. See id. at *6. The evidence of


       3
         The six elements are: “(1) an original judicial proceeding against the present plaintiff
was commenced or continued; (2) the present defendant was the legal cause of the original
proceeding; (3) the termination of the original proceeding constituted a bona fide termination of
that proceeding in favor of the present plaintiff; (4) there was an absence of probable cause for
the original proceeding; (5) there was malice on the part of the present defendant; and (6) the
plaintiff suffered damages as a result of the original proceeding.” Id.

                                                8
criminal activity need not be overwhelming. See id. “Probable cause requires only

a probability or substantial chance of criminal activity, not an actual showing of

such activity.” Id. (quotation marks, brackets, and citation omitted). Thus, an

officer must have something more than mere suspicion but he may have less than

convincing proof. See Durruthy v. Pastor, 351 F.3d 1080, 1088 (11th Cir. 2003).

Arguable probable cause to arrest exists where a reasonable officer in the identical

circumstances could have believed that probable cause existed. See Eslinger, 2009

WL 196842, at *6.

      We agree with the district court that Det. Tapanes had actual probable cause

to arrest Atterbury. Even when viewed in the light most favorable to Atterbury, the

evidence established that Det. Tapanes knew the following information. Berriz

had been robbed at gunpoint by a black male who fled in a blue vehicle. Berriz’s

stolen purse was retrieved from a vehicle matching Berriz’s description and

identified by Berriz as the vehicle used in the robbery. Two black males had been

captured on video surveillance attempting to use Berriz’s ATM card. One of the

men in the video was wearing clothing that matched the description Berriz gave to

Officer Winfrey. The other man in the video, Alton Davis, confirmed the details of

Berriz’s robbery and positively identified himself and “Jermaine” as the

individuals in the video. Davis also identified a gun found near the blue vehicle as



                                          9
the weapon “Jermaine” used to rob Berriz. Det. Tapanes confirmed that

“Jermaine” was Jermaine Atterbury and Berriz further corroborated Davis’

statements by identifying Atterbury as the perpetrator from a photo line-up.

Finally, Atterbury admitted to Det. Tapanes that he was involved in the armed

robbery of Berriz. This evidence was more than sufficient to warrant a reasonable

belief that Atterbury had committed the armed robbery of Berriz. Accordingly,

Det. Tapanes’ arrest of Atterbury was founded on probable cause.

           Atterbury raises several objections to this evidence of probable cause. First,

Atterbury contends that Davis could not correctly identify him from the ATM

video photographs because they were grainy and did not clearly reveal the men’s

faces. Atterbury also submits that Davis was mentally unstable and untrustworthy

given that he was a suspect himself and he was promised favorable treatment for

cooperating. Second, Atterbury maintains that his statement was unsworn and

obtained in violation of his Miranda rights.4 Third, Atterbury challenges the

reliability of the victim’s identification of him from the photo line-up and notes her

failure to mention his two gold teeth. He further points out that although Officer


       4
         To the extent Atterbury is attempting to raise a separate constitutional violation of his
right to an attorney, we find this claim has been waived by his failure to raise it in his complaint
or amended complaint. See Gilmour v. Gates, McDonald & Co., 382 F.3d 1312, 1315 (11th Cir.
2004) (per curiam) (“At the summary judgment stage, the proper procedure for plaintiffs to
assert a new claim is to amend the complaint in accordance with Fed.R.Civ.P. 15(a). A plaintiff
may not amend her complaint through argument in a brief opposing summary judgment.”).

                                                 10
Winfrey’s report stated the suspect wore blue jean shorts, Berriz testified in her

2007 deposition that she thought her assailant wore black pants, which matches the

clothing worn by another alleged accomplice named Seth.

      None of these arguments vitiate a finding of probable cause. Det. Tapanes

was entitled to rely on the allegations of Davis because they were corroborated by

other evidence, including the victim’s version of events and Det. Tapanes’ own

investigation. See Eslinger, 2009 WL 196842, at *7 (concluding that an arrest and

seizure of related property was supported by probable cause where the police

officer’s independent investigation corroborated an informant’s tip). As for

Atterbury’s confession and the victim’s identification, probable cause “need not

reach the same standard of conclusiveness and probability as the facts necessary to

support a conviction.” Durruthy, 351 F.3d at 1088 (quotation marks and citation

omitted). Thus, the possibility that certain evidence may be excluded at trial does

not mean Det. Tapanes could not reasonably rely on that evidence in determining

whether Atterbury had committed the armed robbery.

      Finally, any discrepancies in the victim’s description of her assailant’s

clothing are not dispositive. Whether the victim correctly remembered in 2007

what the perpetrator wore during the 2004 robbery is not relevant to our

assessment of probable cause. This is because we are required to review Det.



                                          11
Tapanes’ knowledge at the time of the arrest. See Eslinger, 2009 WL 196842, at

*5. At the time of Atterbury’s arrest, Det. Tapanes knew that the victim had

reported to Officer Winfrey on the day of the robbery that her assailant had worn

blue jean shorts, not black pants.

      Based on our conclusion that Det. Tapanes had actual probable cause to

arrest Atterbury, the absence of a constitutional violation forecloses Atterbury’s

claims of false arrest and false imprisonment. See id. at *5, 9. The existence of

probable cause also defeats the claim of malicious prosecution. See Kjellsen v.

Mills, 517 F.3d 1232, 1237 (11th Cir. 2008). Because Atterbury’s arrest warrant

was supported by actual probable cause, Atterbury fails to satisfy the required

element that the original proceeding lacked probable cause. See Kingsland, 382

F.3d at 1234. There is also no evidence that negated that probable cause, thereby

justifying the continued prosecution of Atterbury. See Kjellsen, 517 F.3d at 1238

(“Probable cause is required to continue a prosecution, not just to arrest a

defendant or to institute a prosecution.”). Accordingly, Det. Tapanes is immune

from suit on all of Atterbury’s § 1983 claims and entitled to summary judgment.

                                III. CONCLUSION

      The district court correctly determined that Atterbury’s arrest warrant and

continuing detention were supported by actual probable cause. Det. Tapanes was



                                          12
therefore entitled to qualified immunity on Atterbury’s § 1983 claims of false

arrest, false imprisonment, and malicious prosecution. Accordingly, we AFFIRM

the district court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of Det. Tapanes.

      AFFIRMED.




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