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                                                              Electronically Filed
                                                              Supreme Court
                                                              SCWC-13-0000127
                                                              31-JUL-2014
                                                              07:54 AM




            IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF HAWAI#I

                                ---o0o---


   OAHU PUBLICATIONS, INC., dba The Honolulu Star-Advertiser,
                 Petitioner/Plaintiff-Appellee,

                                    vs.

            NEIL ABERCROMBIE, in his official capacity
               as Governor of the State of Hawai#i,
                  Respondent/Defendant-Appellant.


                             SCWC-13-0000127

         CERTIORARI TO THE INTERMEDIATE COURT OF APPEALS
          (ICA NO. CAAP-13-0000127; CIV. NO. 11-1-1871)

                              JULY 31, 2014

        RECKTENWALD, C.J., NAKAYAMA, J., AND CIRCUIT JUDGE
    BROWNING, IN PLACE OF McKENNA, J., RECUSED, CIRCUIT JUDGE
        CASTAGNETTI, IN PLACE OF POLLACK, J., RECUSED, AND
      CIRCUIT JUDGE CHANG, IN PLACE OF WILSON, J., RECUSED

             OPINION OF THE COURT BY RECKTENWALD, C.J.

           We consider whether the Intermediate Court of Appeals

(ICA) erred in denying Oahu Publications’ request for appellate
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attorneys’ fees and costs.      In brief summary, Oahu Publications

filed the underlying suit against The Honorable Neil Abercrombie,

in his official capacity as Governor of the State of Hawai#i,

under the Uniform Information Practices Act (UIPA), Hawai#i

Revised Statutes (HRS) Chapter 92F, seeking to obtain the list of

nominees considered for a vacancy on the Hawai#i Supreme Court.

After the parties filed cross-motions for summary judgment, the

circuit court1 entered summary judgment in favor of Oahu

Publications, ordering disclosure of the nominees’ names.             The

circuit court also awarded Oahu Publications attorneys’ fees and

costs pursuant to HRS § 92F-15(d) (1993).

           The Governor appealed to the ICA only with regard to

the circuit court’s award of attorneys’ fees and costs.            After

the parties had briefed the case, the ICA dismissed the appeal

for lack of jurisdiction because of an error in the circuit

court’s judgment.    After the circuit court corrected the

judgment, the Governor filed a second appeal.          In the second

appeal, the parties agreed to re-submit the briefs filed in the

first appeal, with updated citations to the record on appeal.               In

a summary disposition order, a majority of the ICA affirmed the

circuit court’s award of $69,027.06 in fees and costs to Oahu

Publications, except for $564.60 of photocopying costs.

           Oahu Publications then filed a request for appellate


     1
           The Honorable Karl K. Sakamoto presided.

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fees and costs in the ICA, which included fees accrued during

both the first and second appeals.         The ICA denied Oahu

Publications’ request for fees incurred during the first appeal,

concluding that the request was untimely under Hawai#i Rules of

Appellate Procedure (HRAP) Rule 39(d)(2) (2007).            The ICA granted

Oahu Publications’ request with respect to the second appeal in

its entirety.

            In its application, Oahu Publications presents a single

question:
            Are attorneys’ fees incurred in an earlier phase of
            appellate litigation — which the ICA dismissed for
            lack of a final circuit court judgment, but which did
            not resolve the action — recoverable by the prevailing
            complainant under Haw. Rev. Stat. § 92F-15(d) after
            the ICA rules in its favor on the merits?

            We hold that the ICA erred in not considering Oahu

Publications’ request for fees and costs incurred during the

first appeal.     Oahu Publications was not a prevailing party for

purposes of HRS § 92F-15(d) until after the second appeal was

decided.    Section 92F-15(d) provides that if the complainant

prevails, the court shall assess reasonable attorneys’ fees and

all other expenses.      Although Oahu Publications prevailed in the

circuit court and ultimately prevailed in the ICA, it was not a

prevailing party for purposes of HRS § 92F-15(d) when the ICA

dismissed the first appeal for lack of jurisdiction.            Oahu

Publications prevailed in the ICA only after the second appeal

was decided.


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           Moreover, even assuming Oahu Publications could have

filed a request for fees and costs pursuant to HRS § 92F-15(d)

upon dismissal of the first appeal, the ICA erred in denying Oahu

Publications’ request following resolution of the second appeal.

Although HRAP Rule 39(d)(2) generally provides that “[a] request

for fees and costs or necessary expenses must be filed . . . no

later than 14 days” after the time for filing a motion for

reconsideration has expired or such motion has been decided, it

further provides that the appellate court “may” nevertheless

consider such a request.      Thus, the ICA had the discretion to

consider an untimely request for fees and costs.           Tortorello v.

Tortorello, 113 Hawai#i 432, 153 P.3d 1117 (2007).           Given the

express language of HRS § 92F-15(d), which provides that the

court “shall assess against the agency reasonable attorney’s fees

and all other expenses reasonably incurred in the litigation,”

the ICA should have considered Oahu Publications’ request for

fees incurred in the first appeal even if it was untimely.             HRS

§ 92F-15(d) (emphases added).

           We therefore vacate in part the ICA’s January 6, 2014,

and January 24, 2014 orders, and vacate the ICA’s March 3, 2014

judgment on appeal.



                             II.   Background

           Oahu Publications filed a four-count complaint pursuant


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to the UIPA, HRS Chapter 92F, seeking to compel the Governor “to

honor Hawai#i’s strong public policy of open, transparent, and

accountable government” by publicly disclosing “the list of the

nominees presented to him in January 2011 by the Judicial

Selection Commission (JSC) from which he appointed Associate

Justice Sabrina McKenna” to the Hawai#i Supreme Court.            Oahu

Publications alleged that the Governor rejected multiple requests

to release the list of judicial nominees, and that the Governor

stated he would not disclose the list unless a court ordered him

to do so.

            Oahu Publications’ complaint included the following

counts: (1) failure to grant access to requested records, in

violation of HRS § 92F-11 (1993 & Supp. 2011); (2) failure to

respond to the request in a timely manner, in violation of

Hawai#i Administrative Rules (HAR) § 2-71-13 (1999); (3)

reasonable attorneys’ fees and expenses, pursuant to HRS § 92F-

15(d) (1993);2 and (4) a request for declaratory relief.             Oahu

Publications’ prayer for relief included a request for “an order

and judgment compelling Governor Abercrombie to disclose the list

presented to him by the JSC of the nominees to fill the vacancy

in the office of Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of

Hawai#i created by Governor Lingle’s appointment of then-

      2
            Section 92F-15(d) provided then, as it does now, that, “If the
complainant prevails in an action brought under this section, the court shall
assess against the agency reasonable attorney’s fees and all other expenses
reasonably incurred in the litigation.” HRS § 92F-15(d).

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Associate Justice Mark Recktenwald as Chief Justice”; a

declaratory judgment that after the Senate has consented to a

judicial appointment, a governor must disclose the list of

judicial nominees; and an order assessing reasonable attorneys’

fees and expenses pursuant to HRS § 92F-15(d).

            Oahu Publications filed a motion for summary judgment,

and the Governor subsequently filed a cross-motion for summary

judgment.    Following a hearing on November 14, 2011, the circuit

court granted Oahu Publications’ motion for summary judgment.

The circuit court concluded that the Governor was required to

disclose the list of judicial nominees pursuant to HRS § 92F-11,

and that the Governor had failed to demonstrate that one of the

enumerated exceptions set forth in HRS § 92F-13 (1993) applied.

The circuit court further concluded that the limitations on

disclosures of government records to other agencies, set forth in

HRS § 92F-19 (1993 & Supp. 2011), did not apply.           The circuit

court filed its written order on December 13, 2011.

            In the meantime, on November 28, 2011, Oahu

Publications filed a motion for attorneys’ fees and costs,

pursuant to HRS § 92F-15(d), HRS § 607-9 (1993), and Hawai#i

Rules of Civil Procedure (HRCP) Rule 54(d) (2000).           Oahu

Publications sought $66,822.29 in attorneys’ fees incurred in the

circuit court, $5,000 in attorneys’ fees accrued in seeking to

collect fees and costs, and $1,177.87 in costs and expenses.                The


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Governor opposed Oahu Publications’ motion, and Oahu Publications

filed a reply.

            On June 8, 2012, the circuit court issued an order

granting Oahu Publications’ motion for attorneys’ fees and costs.

The circuit court concluded that “the fees and costs requested by

[Oahu Publications] are reasonable and that, pursuant to Haw.

Rev. Stat. § 92F-15, [Oahu Publications], as the complainant

prevailed in an action brought under the Uniform Information

Practices Act, and this court ‘shall assess against the agency

reasonable attorney’s fees and all other expenses reasonably

incurred in the litigation.’”       The circuit court further

concluded that “given the novel and complex issues presented by

this case and the extensive research it entailed, the time

expended by the attorneys for [Oahu Publications] was reasonable,

as demonstrated by the exhibits attached to [Oahu Publications’]

motion and supporting papers.”       The circuit court awarded Oahu

Publications $61,566.47 in attorneys’ fees for work performed

through the summary judgment hearing, $6,282.72 in attorneys’

fees to litigate the fees motion, and $1,777.87 in costs and

expenses.    The circuit court entered judgment on June 29, 2012,

awarding Oahu Publications $69,627.06.

            On July 6, 2012, the Governor timely filed a notice of

appeal, and the case was docketed in the ICA as CAAP-12-0000625.

In his appeal, the Governor did not challenge the circuit court’s


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conclusions on the underlying disclosure issue.           He only

challenged the order granting Oahu Publications’ motion for

attorneys’ fees and costs, and the resulting judgment.

            The Governor filed his opening brief on October 9,

2012, Oahu Publications filed its answering brief on November 16,

2012, and the Governor filed his reply brief on December 1,

2012.3    Briefly stated, the Governor argued that the circuit

court lacked sufficient information to determine the

reasonableness of the hours spent by Oahu Publications on this

case; the circuit court’s fees and costs award was unreasonable;

and Oahu Publications should not have been reimbursed for

photocopying costs.

            On December 27, 2012, the ICA dismissed the appeal sua

sponte for lack of jurisdiction.        The ICA explained that the

June 29, 2012 judgment “does not satisfy the requirements for an

appealable final judgment under Hawaii Revised Statutes (HRS)


      3
            Although not all of the documents from appeal CAAP-12-0000625 are
included in the record on appeal in this case, the Governor requested that the
ICA take judicial notice of those filings pursuant to Hawai#i Rules of
Evidence (HRE) Rule 201 (1993). Rule 201(d) provides that “[a] court shall
take judicial notice if requested by a party and supplied with the necessary
information.” HRE Rule 201(d). In the past, “[t]his court has validated the
practice of taking judicial notice of a court’s own records in an interrelated
proceeding where the parties are the same.” State v. Akana, 68 Haw. 164, 165,
706 P.2d 1300, 1302 (1985) (citing State v. Wong, 50 Haw. 42, 43, 430 P.2d
330, 332 (1967)). Here, the filings from appeal CAAP-12-0000625 are included
in the ICA’s electronic records through the Judiciary Information Management
System (JIMS), and the parties in the two appeals are the same. Although the
ICA did not explicitly address the Governor’s request, it appears that the ICA
was required to take judicial notice of filings made in appeal CAAP-12-
0000625, pursuant to HRE Rule 201(d). Akana, 68 Haw. at 165-66, 706 P.2d at
1302 (“Under Hawaii Rules of Evidence (HRE) 201(d), a court is mandated to
take judicial notice if requested by a party and supplied with the necessary
information.” (emphasis added)).

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641-1(a) (1993 & Supp. 2011), Rule 58 of the Hawai#i Rules of

Civil Procedure (HRCP) and the holding in Jenkins v. Cades

Schutte Fleming & Wright, 76 Hawai#i 115, 119, 869 P.2d 1334,

1338 (1994).”    The ICA explained that, although the complaint

alleged “four separate and distinct counts against Appellant

Abercrombie, the June 29, 2012 judgment does not specifically

identify whether the circuit court intends to enter judgment on

all four counts in the . . . complaint or merely some of the four

counts in the . . . complaint.”

           The Governor filed a motion for reconsideration, which

Oahu Publications joined.      On January 10, 2013, the ICA entered

an order denying the Governor’s motion for reconsideration.             Oahu

Publications did not file a motion to recover attorneys’ fees and

costs associated with this first appeal within fourteen days of

the ICA’s denial of the motion for reconsideration.

           After the ICA dismissed the first appeal, the circuit

court entered a second amended final judgment on February 8,

2013.4   On March 1, 2013, the Governor timely filed a second

notice of appeal.     On March 14, 2013, the Governor filed a

stipulation informing the court that the parties had agreed to

file their briefs from the first appeal, with updated references


     4
            In the meantime, the circuit court had granted Oahu Publications’
motion to correct a clerical error in the judgment. The circuit court entered
an amended judgment on December 12, 2012, reflecting a $600 reduction in the
amount awarded to Oahu Publications, from $69,627.06 to $69,027.06.


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to the record on appeal.      The parties also agreed on an

accelerated briefing schedule.       Specifically, the parties agreed

that the Governor’s opening brief would be filed no later than

seven days after the filing of the record on appeal, Oahu

Publications’ answering brief no more than five days after the

opening brief, and the Governor’s reply brief no more than three

days after the answering brief.       The ICA entered a corresponding

order.

           On October 18, 2013, the ICA entered a summary

disposition order affirming in part and vacating in part the

circuit court’s February 8, 2013 second amended final judgment.

A majority of the court concluded that the Governor had failed to

demonstrate that the circuit court clearly exceeded the bounds of

reason in its award of attorneys’ fees, but that photocopying

costs totaling $564.60 were not adequately substantiated.             The

ICA therefore affirmed the second amended judgment as to

attorneys’ fees, vacated the judgment as to photocopying costs,

and remanded the case for further proceedings on the latter

issue.

           In a dissenting opinion, Judge Ginoza concluded that

the record was inadequate for the circuit court to properly

exercise its discretion on the issue of attorneys’ fees.             Judge

Ginoza would have therefore also vacated the attorneys’ fees

award.


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           On November 10, 2013, Oahu Publications filed a request

to recover attorneys’ fees and costs incurred in the ICA.             Oahu

Publications’ request totaled $26,838.02, which included

attorneys fees of $25,300.87 and the associated general excise

tax of $1,162.13, anticipated fees of $325 and the associated

general excise tax of $15.31, and costs of $34.71.           The request

included fees and costs associated with both the first and second

appeals.   Thus, the invoices submitted by Oahu Publications

spanned from July 6, 2012, the day the Governor filed a notice of

appeal in the first appeal, through October 2013, after the ICA

issued its SDO in the second appeal.

           The Governor made four arguments in opposition to Oahu

Publications’ request.      First, the Governor argued that any

requested fees for work done in the first appeal were untimely.

The Governor argued that pursuant to HRAP Rule 39(d)(2), any

request for fees accrued in connection with the first appeal

“needed to be filed on or before January 24, 201[3],” i.e., no

later than 14 days after the ICA issued its order denying the

Governor’s motion for reconsideration.         The Governor argued,

therefore, that Oahu Publications could only recover fees accrued

after March 1, 2013, when the Governor filed the notice of appeal

in the second appeal.

           Second, the Governor argued that Oahu Publications

could not recover fees for work performed in the circuit court.


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Third, the Governor argued that Oahu Publications’ request did

not satisfy the requirements of HRAP Rule 39.          Finally, the

Governor argued that Oahu Publications had not demonstrated that

the requested hourly rates were reasonable, and many of the hours

reported were “excessive, redundant, or otherwise unnecessary.”

            In its reply, Oahu Publications argued that it was

entitled to recover fees and costs associated with both appeals

because HRS § 92F-15(d) “requires assessment of fees and expenses

incurred ‘in the litigation,’ and ‘the litigation’ here includes

both [the Governor’s] failed first attempt to appeal . . . and

the second[.]”    In response to the Governor’s argument that Oahu

Publications could not recover fees associated with work done in

the circuit court, Oahu Publications argued that this work was a

“miniscule portion” of its request, and that judicial economy

would not be served by mandating “piecemeal requests.”            Oahu

Publications further argued that its request complied with HRAP

Rule 39(d)(1).    Finally, Oahu Publications argued that its

requested hourly rates were reasonable, as were the hours

expended.

            On January 6, 2014, the ICA entered an order denying

Oahu Publications’ request for fees.        The ICA first stated that

“[a]ttorneys’ fees and costs related to [the first appeal] are

denied with prejudice.”      The ICA denied without prejudice Oahu

Publications’ request for fees and costs related to the second


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appeal, explaining that the request was “incorrectly calculated

in that it requests two different amounts for attorneys’ fees,”

and that it appeared “that some entries are block billed which is

prohibited under Hawaii Adventures v. Otaka, 116 Hawai#i 465, 173

P.3d 1122 (2007).”     Finally, the ICA noted that the “request for

costs for photocopying and extra postage failed to specify the

purpose for incurring the costs and the date the costs were

incurred.”   The ICA explained that Oahu Publications could file

an amended request for attorneys’ fees and costs associated with

the second appeal within ten days of the filing of the order.

           Oahu Publications then filed a motion for

reconsideration or clarification.         Oahu Publications argued that

the ICA misapprehended the requirements of HRS Chapter 92F,

“which mandates the assessment of fees and costs reasonably

incurred ‘in the litigation’ which includes both [appeals].”

Oahu Publications also asked the ICA for clarification, noting

that the ICA did not “provide the reason for denying the request,

or the reason it was denied with prejudice[.]”

           On January 24, 2014, the ICA entered an order granting

Oahu Publications’ motion for clarification, but denying its

motion for reconsideration.       The ICA stated that it denied the

request for fees and costs associated with the first appeal

because the request was untimely.         The ICA noted that under HRAP

Rule 39(a), if an appeal is dismissed, “costs shall be taxed


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against the appellant or petitioner upon proper application,” and

that, pursuant to HRAP Rule 39(d)(2), a request for fees and

costs must be filed no later than fourteen days after the time

for filing a motion for reconsideration has expired.            The ICA

also denied Oahu Publications’ request to reconsider its denial

of fees and costs associated with the second appeal.

           Before the ICA ruled on Oahu Publications’ motion for

reconsideration or clarification, Oahu Publications filed an

amended request for fees.      The amended request included only

those fees associated with the second appeal.          Specifically, Oahu

Publications sought fees of $1,728.75, for 10.2 hours of work,

and general excise tax of $81.45, for a total of $1,810.20.             Oahu

Publications submitted its amended request “without prejudice to

its arguments, as set forth in the [motion for reconsideration],

that [the Governor] must be assessed under [HRS § 92F-15(d)] for

all fees and costs incurred ‘in the litigation,’ which includes

both [appeals][.]”

           The Governor opposed the amended request, arguing that

the number of hours spent preparing the answering brief was

overstated, fees associated with requesting an expedited appeal

should not be awarded, and the requested hourly rates were not

fair reflections of prevailing rates in Honolulu.           In its reply,

Oahu Publications argued that the fees award proposed by the

Governor was unreasonable, the hours it spent on the appeal were


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reasonable, it was not prohibited from requesting that the case

be expedited, and the Governor failed to offer evidence that the

requested hourly rates were unreasonable.

            On February 24, 2014, the ICA entered an order granting

Oahu Publications’ amended request for attorneys’ fees in its

entirety, thereby awarding Oahu Publications $1,810.20 in fees,

based on work done during the second appeal.           After the ICA

entered the judgment on appeal, Oahu Publications timely filed an

application for writ of certiorari.

            In its application, Oahu Publications presents a single

question:
            Are attorneys’ fees incurred in an earlier phase of
            appellate litigation — which the ICA dismissed for
            lack of a final circuit court judgment, but which did
            not resolve the action — recoverable by the prevailing
            complainant under Haw. Rev. Stat. § 92F-15(d) after
            the ICA rules in its favor on the merits?

                        III.    Standard of Review

            “This court reviews the . . . denial and granting of

attorney’s fees under the abuse of discretion standard.”             Ranger

Ins. Co. v. Hinshaw, 103 Hawai#i 26, 30, 79 P.3d 119, 123 (2003).

“[A]n abuse of discretion occurs where the trial court has

clearly exceeded the bounds of reason or disregarded rules or

principles of law or practice to the substantial detriment of a

party litigant.”     Id.

                               IV.   Discussion

            Oahu Publications argues that the ICA “ignored the


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plain language” of HRS § 92F-15(d) and “seriously undermined the

UIPA’s core purpose of encouraging public challenges to

government secrecy” in denying Oahu Publications’ request for

fees incurred during the first appeal.         Specifically, Oahu

Publications asks this court to hold that “a request by the

complainant for appellate fees and costs incurred in a UIPA case

is timely under [HRAP Rule 39] if it is timely filed pursuant to

[HRAP Rule 39(d)(2)] after the appellate court has finally

determined the merits in the complainant’s favor, even if an

earlier appeal was dismissed for lack of appellate jurisdiction.”

           Section 92F-15(d) provides that “if the claimant

prevails” in an action brought under the UIPA, the court “shall

assess against the agency reasonable attorney’s fees and all

other expenses reasonably incurred in the litigation.”            (Emphasis

added).   The fees and costs at issue here relate to one specific

part of the litigation, i.e., the Governor’s appeal of the

circuit court’s award of attorneys’ fees and costs.            Oahu

Publications could not have requested attorneys’ fees and costs

upon dismissal of the first appeal pursuant to HRS § 92F-15(d)

because it was not yet a prevailing party on appeal.            The ICA

therefore erred in determining that Oahu Publications’ request

for fees and costs, which it filed after prevailing in the second

appeal, was untimely.




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             Moreover, although HRAP Rule 39(d)(2) provides that a

request for fees and costs “must be filed . . . no later than 14

days after the time for filing a motion for reconsideration has

expired or the motion for reconsideration has been decided,” the

rule further provides that “[a]n untimely request for fees and

costs or necessary expenses may be denied.”            (Emphasis added).

Thus, even assuming arguendo that Oahu Publications could have

filed a request for fees and costs after the first appeal was

dismissed, the ICA had the discretion to award fees and costs

following resolution of the second appeal.            Failing to do so in

the circumstances presented here was an abuse of discretion.

             In this regard, the vast majority of the work done in

the ICA was performed during the first appeal.             The parties re-

submitted the briefs filed in first appeal in the second appeal,

with only minor changes.        By not considering the work done during

the first appeal, even though it had the discretion to do so, the

ICA failed to award Oahu Publications the fees “incurred in the

litigation,” as it was required to do under HRS § 92F-15(d).

A.     The ICA erred in determining that Oahu Publications’ request
       for attorneys’ fees and costs was untimely

             “Pursuant to the ‘American Rule,’ each party usually

pays its own litigation expenses.”          Kemp v. State of Haw. Child

Support Enforcement Agency, 111 Hawai#i 367, 388, 141 P.3d 1014,

1035 (2006).     As this court has noted, however, “there are

several exceptions to this general rule which allow fee-shifting

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such that the losing party pays the fees for the prevailing

party, ‘when so authorized by statute, rule of court, agreement,

stipulation, or precedent.’”          Id. (quoting Schefke v. Reliable

Collection Agency, Ltd., 96 Hawai#i 408, 444, 32 P.3d 52, 88

(2001)).      In this case, fees and costs are expressly authorized

under the UIPA.

              The purposes of the UIPA, HRS Chapter 92F, include

promoting the public interest in disclosure; providing accurate,

relevant, timely, and complete government records; enhancing

governmental accountability through a general policy of access to

government records; making government accountable to individuals

in the collection, use, and dissemination of information relating

to them; and balancing the individual privacy interest and the

public access interest, allowing access unless it would

constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of personal privacy.

HRS § 92F-2 (1993).        The Legislature explained that “it is the

policy of this State that the formation and conduct of public

policy — the discussions, deliberations, decisions, and action of

government agencies — shall be conducted as openly as possible.”

Id.

              In furtherance of these policies, HRS § 92F-15(a)

provides that “[a] person aggrieved by a denial of access to a

government record may bring an action against the agency at any

time within two years after the agency denial to compel


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disclosure.”    HRS § 92F-15(a).      And HRS § 92F-15(d) expressly

provides that “[i]f the complainant prevails in an action brought

under this section, the court shall assess against the agency

reasonable attorney’s fees and all other expenses reasonably

incurred in the litigation.”        HRS § 92F-15(d) (emphases added).

Thus, pursuant to HRS § 92F-15(d), the court is required to award

fees and costs “incurred in the litigation” if the complainant

prevails.

            Here, it is undisputed that Oahu Publications

ultimately prevailed on appeal.        Thus, there is no dispute that,

pursuant to HRS § 92F-15(d), Oahu Publications was entitled to

recover fees and costs incurred on appeal.          This case therefore

turns on whether the ICA erred in denying Oahu Publications’

request for attorneys’ fees and costs incurred during the first

appeal, even though those fees and costs were incurred “in the

litigation.”    For the reasons set forth below, the ICA erred in

denying Oahu Publications request for attorneys’ fees and costs

incurred during the first appeal.

            Although the authority to recover fees and costs in

this case arose under HRS § 92F-15(d), the procedure for

requesting those fees and costs is generally set forth in HRAP

Rule 39.    Rule 39(a) provides:
            Except in criminal cases or as otherwise provided by
            law, if an appeal or petition is dismissed, costs
            shall be taxed against the appellant or petitioner
            upon proper application unless otherwise agreed by the
            parties or ordered by the appellate court; if a

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            judgment is affirmed or a petition denied, costs shall
            be taxed against the appellant or petitioner unless
            otherwise ordered; if a judgment is reversed or a
            petition granted, costs shall be taxed against the
            appellee or the respondent unless otherwise ordered;
            if a judgment is affirmed in part and reversed in
            part, or is vacated, or a petition granted in part and
            denied in part, the costs shall be allowed only as
            ordered by the appellate court. . . .

HRAP Rule 39(a).5

            Rule 39(d)(1) provides:
            A party who desires an award of attorney’s fees and
            costs shall request them by submitting an itemized and
            verified bill of fees and costs, together with a
            statement of authority for each category of items and,
            where appropriate, copies of invoices, bills,
            vouchers, and receipts. . . . Requests for non-
            indigent attorney’s fees and costs allowed by statute
            or contract shall be submitted in a form that
            substantially complies with Form 8 in the Appendix of
            Forms. A failure to provide authority for the award
            of attorney’s fees and costs or necessary expenses
            will result in denial of that request.

HRAP Rule 39(d)(1).

            Subsection (2) further provides:
            A request for fees and costs or necessary expenses
            must be filed with the appellate clerk, with proof of
            service, no later than 14 days after the time for
            filing a motion for reconsideration has expired or the
            motion for reconsideration has been decided. An
            untimely request for fees and costs or necessary
            expenses may be denied.

HRAP Rule 39(d)(2).

            In the instant case, the relevant portion of the

litigation is the Governor’s appeal with respect to the circuit

court’s award of fees and costs.        The ICA concluded that Oahu


      5
            Rule 39(b) addresses costs against the State of Hawai#i, and
provides that “if an award of costs against the State is authorized by law,
costs shall be awarded in accordance with the provisions of this rule.” HRAP
Rule 39(b). Here, because HRS § 92F-15(d) authorizes the recovery of
“reasonable attorney’s fees and all other expenses,” HRAP Rule 39(a) applies.

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Publications’ request for fees and costs incurred during the

first appeal was untimely because it was filed more than fourteen

days after the Governor’s motion for reconsideration in the first

appeal was denied.     The Governor argues that “nothing would have

prevented [Oahu Publications] from filing a request for fees and

costs on appeal after the [first appeal] was dismissed[.]”             This

argument is incorrect.      Although Oahu Publications prevailed in

the circuit court on the disclosure issue and on its request for

fees and costs incurred in the trial court, it was not a

prevailing party in the ICA when the court dismissed the first

appeal.   Thus, Oahu Publications could not have requested either

attorneys’ fees or costs upon dismissal of the first appeal

because it had not yet prevailed in the ICA.

           In general, “‘the litigant in whose favor judgment is

rendered is the prevailing party.’”        Wong v. Takeuchi, 88 Hawai#i

46, 49, 961 P.2d 611, 614 (1998) (citing Wright, Miller & Kane,

Federal Practice & Procedure: Civil 2d § 2667 (1983)).            “Thus, a

dismissal of the action, whether on the merits or not, generally

means that [the] defendant is the prevailing party.”            Id.

(internal quotation marks and citation omitted).           “[T]here is no

requirement that the judgment in favor of the prevailing party be

a ruling on the merits.”      Id.

           In Wong, for example, the plaintiff filed a complaint

against three defendants for dissolution of a partnership,


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partnership accounting, and for contribution.             Id. at 48, 961

P.2d at 613.      The circuit court granted the defendants summary

judgment on the defense of laches and the applicable statute of

limitations.      Id.   The circuit court awarded attorneys’ fees and

costs to each of the defendants.           Id. at 48-49, 961 P.2d at 613-

14.     On appeal, the plaintiff challenged the fees and costs

awarded to one of the defendants, arguing that the defendant was

not a prevailing party.         Id. at 49, 961 P.2d at 614.

Specifically, the plaintiff argued that because the circuit court

concluded that the claims were untimely, the defendant did not

prevail on the merits of her claim, and that she was therefore

not a prevailing party for purposes of awarding fees and costs.

Id.     This court rejected the plaintiff’s argument, concluding

that there is “no requirement that the judgment in favor of the

prevailing party be a ruling on the merits of the claim.”                Id.

              This rule was reaffirmed in Blair v. Ing, 96 Hawai#i

327, 31 P.3d 184 (2001).         In Blair, the plaintiffs sued for

professional negligence and breach of implied contract.               Id. at

328, 31 P.3d at 185.        The defendant filed a motion to dismiss,

which the trial court granted.          Id.   The defendant then filed a

motion for fees and costs.         Id. at 329, 31 P.3d at 186.        The

plaintiffs opposed the motion, arguing, among other things, that

the judgment was not on the merits.           Id.   This court reaffirmed

the rule set forth in Wong, holding that “a defendant who


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succeeds in obtaining a judgment of dismissal is a prevailing

party for the purpose of fees[.]”         Id. at 331, 31 P.3d at 188.

In reaching this conclusion, the Blair court explained that

“requiring a defendant who would otherwise prevail on a motion to

dismiss, to litigate a claim through trial in order to prevail

‘on the merits’ would frustrate the modern goals of judicial

economy and the just, speedy, and inexpensive determination of

every action.”    Id.

           This court has applied the same rule to a situation

where a plaintiff has voluntarily dismissed an action.            See

Ranger Ins. Co. v. Hinshaw, 103 Hawai#i 26, 79 P.3d 119 (2003).

In Ranger, an insurance company filed a complaint seeking, among

other things, a declaration that it had no duty to indemnify a

skydiving business, following an accident involving one of the

business’s patrons.     Id. at 30, 79 P.3d at 123.        The parties

eventually entered into a settlement agreement, and Ranger moved

for leave to dismiss its declaratory judgment action.            Id.    The

circuit court dismissed the complaint for declaratory relief with

prejudice, and the business filed a motion of attorneys’ fees and

costs.   Id.

           On appeal, Ranger argued that there was no prevailing

party because there was no judgment on the merits.           Id. at 31, 79

P.3d at 124.   Citing Wong and Blair, this court held that

“dismissal of Ranger’s action, albeit voluntary, is sufficient to


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deem a defendant to be the prevailing party[.]”           Id.

           Here, the ICA dismissed the first appeal sua sponte,

solely because of a flaw in the circuit court’s judgment.

Specifically, the ICA explained that, although the complaint

alleged four counts against the Governor, the June 29, 2012

judgment did not specifically identify whether the circuit court

intended to enter judgment as to all four counts.           The Governor

filed a motion for reconsideration, which Oahu Publications

joined.   In these circumstances, it cannot be said that Oahu

Publications prevailed following the first appeal.

           Unlike in Wong, where the case was decided on the

defense of laches and the applicable statute of limitations, the

ICA’s dismissal of the first appeal did not finally resolve the

instant case.    The Governor was free to file a second appeal once

the circuit court corrected the judgment, so that he could

challenge the circuit court’s award of fees and costs to Oahu

Publications.    Indeed, this is exactly what happened.          Unlike in

Blair, where the defendant affirmatively moved to dismiss the

complaint, Oahu Publications did not seek dismissal of the first

appeal.   In fact, as noted above, Oahu Publications joined the

Governor’s motion for reconsideration of the dismissal.            Finally,

unlike in Ranger, where the plaintiff moved for leave to dismiss

its complaint and the circuit court dismissed the complaint with

prejudice, the Governor did not move to dismiss the first appeal,


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nor did the ICA dismiss the first appeal with prejudice.             In

other words, the Governor was free to file another appeal upon

entry of an amended judgment and that is exactly what he did.

Oahu Publications was therefore not a prevailing party and could

not have requested fees under HRS § 92F-15(d) following the

dismissal of the first appeal.

           Our conclusion in this regard is consistent with a line

of cases concluding that a “material alteration of the legal

relationship of the parties [is] necessary to permit an award of

attorney’s fees.”    Buckhannon Bd. & Care Home v. W. Va. Dep’t

Health & Human Res., 532 U.S. 598, 604 (2001); see also Cadkin v.

Loose, 569 F.3d 1142, 1148 (9th Cir. 2009) (“The key inquiry is

whether some court action has created a material alteration of

the legal relationship of the parties.”) (internal quotation

marks and citation omitted).       In Buckhannon, the United States

Supreme Court observed that a “‘prevailing party’ is one who has

been awarded some relief by the court[.]”         532 U.S. at 603.

Courts have therefore concluded that a dismissal without

prejudice does not alter the legal relationship of the parties

“because the defendant remains subject to risk of re-filing.”

Oscar v. Alaska Dept. of Educ. & Early Dev., 541 F.3d 978, 981

(9th Cir. 2008).    These cases therefore also support our

conclusion that Oahu Publications had not prevailed upon

dismissal of the first appeal because there was no “material


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alteration of the legal relationship of the parties,” and it

remained at risk that the Governor would file another appeal upon

entry of an amended judgment.

           Even assuming Oahu Publications had filed such a

request upon dismissal of the first appeal, the ICA could not

have awarded Oahu Publications the substantial fees incurred in

reviewing the Governor’s briefs and preparing its own brief

because there had been no determination that Oahu Publications

would ultimately prevail on appeal.        Put another way, the ICA

could not have awarded Oahu Publications the $19,000 in fees

generated during the first appeal unless and until Oahu

Publications prevailed in that court.         Because Oahu Publications

could not have obtained an award of attorneys’ fees upon

dismissal of the first appeal, the ICA erred in concluding that

it was required to seek them at that time.

           With respect to costs, as noted above, HRAP Rule 39(a)

provides that “[e]xcept in criminal cases or as otherwise

provided by law, if an appeal or petition is dismissed, costs

shall be taxed against the appellant or petitioner upon proper

application unless otherwise agreed by the parties or ordered by

the appellate court[.]”      HRAP Rule 39(a) (emphasis added).

Costs, in this case, are “otherwise provided by law,” because HRS

§ 92F-15(d) expressly provides that if the complainant prevails,

the court shall assess “reasonable attorney’s fees and all other


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expenses reasonably incurred in the litigation.”             (Emphasis

added).    Thus, like with attorneys’ fees, Oahu Publications was

entitled to recover costs pursuant to HRS § 92F-15(d) once it

prevailed in the ICA.       As noted above, because Oahu Publications

was not a prevailing party upon dismissal of the first appeal, it

was not required to request costs until after the second appeal

was decided.

             In sum, when the ICA dismissed the first appeal, it did

so sua sponte, without prejudice to the Governor filing a second

appeal after the circuit court filed an amended judgment.               Thus,

it was not possible to determine then who the prevailing party

would be on appeal, and it would have been futile for Oahu

Publications to file a motion for attorneys’ fees and costs at

that time.     It was not until the second appeal was decided that

such a determination could be made.          While HRAP Rule 39(d)(2)

properly requires parties to act in a timely manner, its purposes

are not served by requiring parties to take actions that are

futile.    Yet that is effectively what the ICA’s ruling required

here.

B.     Even assuming arguendo that Oahu Publications could have
       filed a request for fees and costs following the first
       appeal, the ICA should have exercised its discretion to
       consider the request filed after the second appeal was
       decided

             As noted above, the ICA concluded that Oahu

Publications was required to request fees incurred during the

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first appeal within fourteen days after the ICA denied the

Governor’s motion for reconsideration.          Even assuming that Oahu

Publications could have filed a request for fees following the

dismissal of the first appeal, the ICA had discretion to consider

the request filed after the second appeal was decided.

            Although the first sentence of HRAP Rule 39(d)(2)

provides that a request for fees and costs “must be filed” no

later than fourteen days after the time for filing a motion for

reconsideration expires or the motion is decided, the rule goes

on to provide that the appellate court “may” nevertheless

consider an untimely request.        Thus, this court has observed that

the ICA is not required to deny an untimely request.            Tortorello

v. Tortorello, 113 Hawai#i 432, 442, 153 P.3d 1117, 1127 (2007).

            In Tortorello, the ICA granted a husband’s request for

costs in a protective order case, even though the request was

filed four days after the deadline for submission under HRAP Rule

39(d)(2).    Id.   The wife argued that the ICA erred in awarding

costs because the request was untimely.          Id.   This court

concluded that the “ICA was not required to deny Husband’s

request for costs due to untimeliness,” because “HRAP Rule

39(d)(2) expressly indicates that an untimely request for costs

‘may be denied.’”     Id. (emphasis in original).6        Thus, the ICA

      6
            In reaching this conclusion, this court also noted that
“[a]lthough the appellate courts are not required to deny a request due to
untimeliness, the appellate courts have exercised that discretion in denying
                                                                (continued...)

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has discretion to consider an untimely request under HRAP Rule

39(d)(2).    Id.

            In the circumstances of this case, the ICA abused its

discretion in refusing to consider Oahu Publications’ request for

attorneys’ fees and costs following the resolution of the second

appeal.   Specifically, the parties had completely briefed the

case during the first appeal, before the ICA dismissed that

appeal because of an error in the circuit court’s judgment.              By

the time the ICA dismissed the appeal, Oahu Publications had

spent significant time reviewing the Governor’s opening and reply

briefs, and preparing its answering brief.          Specifically, the

record indicates that Oahu Publications spent more than sixty-

eight hours directly related to the briefing of the first appeal,

resulting in fees in excess of $19,000.7

            Moreover, the time spent by Oahu Publications on the

second appeal did not accurately reflect the work it had

performed in the ICA.      After the Governor filed the second



      6
       (...continued)
outright an untimely request for fees and/or costs.” Id. n.9. This court
therefore cautioned “counsel to comply with HRAP Rule 39(d)(2)’s mandate that
such requests for fees and/or costs be filed no later than fourteen days after
the time for filing a motion for reconsideration has expired or the motion for
reconsideration has been decided.” Id.
      7
            On the invoices associated with the work performed during the
first appeal, it appears that counsel gave Oahu Publications a ten percent
“courtesy discount” on the resulting fees. Even taking such a discount into
account, however, Oahu Publications’ fees exceeded $17,000. In its memorandum
in support of its request for fees, Oahu Publications stated that it “provided
a total of $5,583.88 in courtesy discounts,” “primarily related to work
undertaken as a result of Governor Abercrombie’s failed first appeal[.]”

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appeal, the parties agreed that they would each re-file the

briefs from the first appeal, with updated references to the

record on appeal.     As a result, the vast majority of Oahu

Publications’ work done in the ICA was undertaken during the

course of the first appeal, rather than the second.            Indeed, Oahu

Publications requested fees totaling only $1,728.75 for 10.2

hours of work performed during the second appeal.8

            By denying Oahu Publications’ request for fees

associated with the first appeal, the ICA essentially ignored

more than sixty hours of work and fees in excess of $19,000

incurred during the first appeal, all of which was used by Oahu

Publications to prevail on the merits during the second appeal.

The ICA offered no explanation why it refused to exercise its

discretion to consider Oahu Publications’ request for fees for

services that were performed during the first appeal and used to

obtain the ultimately successful outcome on the merits.             The

ICA’s denial of any fees incurred during the first appeal is at

odds with the express language of HRS § 92F-15(d), which provides

that “the court shall assess against the agency reasonable

attorney’s fees and all other expenses reasonably incurred in the




      8
            This total reflects a fifty percent “courtesy discount.” The
ICA’s final award of fees for the second appeal, $1,810.20, also included a
general excise tax of $81.45.

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litigation.”9    (Emphases added).      In these circumstances, the ICA

abused its discretion in denying Oahu Publications’ request for

fees and costs incurred during the first appeal.10

                              V.   Conclusion

            For the foregoing reasons, the ICA’s January 6, 2014,

and January 24, 2014 orders are vacated in part, and the ICA’s

March 3, 2014 judgment on appeal is vacated to the extent it

reflects a denial of Oahu Publications’ request for appellate




      9
            Oahu Publications argues that to the extent there is a conflict
between HRAP Rule 39 and HRS § 92F-15(d), the statute controls. This court
has explained that “where a statute and a rule merely overlap, but do not
irreconcilably conflict, effect should be given to both if possible.” Cnty.
of Haw. v. C & J Coupe Family Ltd. P’ship, 120 Hawai#i 400, 405, 208 P.3d 713,
718 (2009). Here, there is no irreconcilable conflict between HRAP Rule 39
and HRS § 92F-15(d). Section 92F-15(d) provided Oahu Publications with the
authority to seek fees and costs in the ICA, and HRAP Rule 39 set forth the
procedure for requesting those fees and costs. There is nothing inherently
inconsistent in those two provisions, provided the court reasonably exercises
its discretion under the rule. In the circumstances of the instant case, the
ICA abused its discretion under the rule in denying Oahu Publications its fees
and costs for services performed in connection with the first appeal. There
may be circumstances where a denial of fees and costs as untimely in a HRS §
92F-15(d) case would be appropriate, but this case does not present such
circumstances. For example, if Oahu Publications had filed a request for fees
and costs more than 14 days after the second appeal had become final, the ICA
could have properly denied such a request as untimely.
      10
            Of course, this is not to say that Oahu Publications should
receive the fees and costs requested in connection with the first appeal in
their entirety. The reasonableness of the request in connection with the
first appeal should be decided by the ICA in the first instance on remand.

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fees and costs.    The matter is remanded to the ICA for

proceedings consistent with this opinion.

Diane D. Hastert,                 /s/ Mark E. Recktenwald
Robert H. Thomas,
Mark M. Murakami, and             /s/ Paula A. Nakayama
Christopher J.I. Leong
for petitioner                    /s/ R. Mark Browning
Charleen M. Aina                  /s/ Gary W.B. Chang
for respondent
                                  /s/ Jeannette H. Castagnetti




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