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                                Appellate Court                           Date: 2018.04.17
                                                                          15:56:38 -05'00'




                   People v. Turner, 2018 IL App (1st) 170204



Appellate Court    THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v.
Caption            SIMUEL TURNER, Defendant-Appellant.



District & No.     First District, Sixth Division
                   Docket No. 1-17-0204



Filed              February 2, 2018
Rehearing denied   March 14, 2018



Decision Under     Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, No. 11-CR-12101; the
Review             Hon. Anna H. Demacopoulos and the Hon. Allen Murphy, Judges,
                   presiding.



Judgment           Affirmed; motion denied.


Counsel on         Stephen L. Richards, of Chicago, for appellant.
Appeal
                   Kimberly M. Foxx, State’s Attorney, of Chicago (Alan J. Spellberg
                   and Christine Cook, Assistant State’s Attorneys, of counsel), for the
                   People.



Panel              JUSTICE CUNNINGHAM delivered the judgment of the court, with
                   opinion.
                   Justices Connors and Delort concurred in the judgment and opinion.
                                             OPINION

¶1       Defendant-appellant Simuel R. Turner appeals from his conviction and sentencing upon
     two counts of aggravated driving under the influence of alcohol (DUI). For the following
     reasons, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court of Cook County.

¶2                                          BACKGROUND
¶3       Shortly after 10 p.m. on July 2, 2011, the defendant’s pickup truck collided with a
     motorcycle carrying two persons. The driver of the motorcycle, James McFall, was killed; his
     wife, Kasey McFall, sustained serious injuries. The defendant was taken to the emergency
     room at St. James Hospital, where two blood samples were drawn from him. The first blood
     draw was taken pursuant to a physician’s order as a part of his emergency room treatment, at
     approximately 10:46 p.m. At the request of police, nurses performed a second blood draw for
     inclusion in a “DUI kit” shortly after midnight on July 3, 2011. Both tests indicated that the
     defendant’s blood alcohol content was above the legal limit. The defendant was charged with
     10 counts of aggravated DUI and reckless homicide.
¶4       Before trial, the defendant moved to suppress the results of the second blood test used in
     the DUI kit. At a hearing on the motion, the defendant testified that at the hospital, he was
     asked for a blood sample “around three to four times” by nurses, in the presence of police. He
     stated that he “continually asked the reason why they wanted to draw blood” but was given no
     reason. He also stated that he expressed his wish to speak to an attorney. He further testified
     that at some point he was told “that in order for me to go home that I would have to give a
     blood sample.” He claimed that he never consented to the DUI kit blood draw.
¶5       Ryan Murphy, who was an officer of the Matteson Police Department in July 2011,
     testified at the pretrial hearing that he was dispatched to the accident site, where he saw the
     defendant before he was transported to the hospital. A short time later, Officer Murphy
     observed the defendant at the hospital. He noted that the defendant’s speech was slurred and
     “his eyes were glassy and blood shot.” He requested that medical personnel obtain a blood
     sample for a DUI kit; he was present when the blood was drawn. Officer Murphy testified that
     he was not present for the earlier blood draw.
¶6       In arguing for suppression of the DUI kit, the defendant’s counsel asserted that the blood
     draw was unlawful pursuant to the United States Supreme Court’s decision in Missouri v.
     McNeely, 569 U.S. 141 (2013). The State argued that McNeely was distinguishable and that the
     DUI kit blood draw was permissible under section 11-501.2 of the Illinois Vehicle Code
     (Code), which states that “if a law enforcement officer has probable cause to believe that a
     motor vehicle driven by *** a person under the influence of alcohol *** has caused the death
     or personal injury to another, that person shall submit, upon the request of a law enforcement
     officer, to a chemical test or tests of his or her blood, breath or urine for the purpose of
     determining the alcohol content thereof.” 625 ILCS 5/11-501.2(c)(2) (West 2010).
¶7       In its findings, the trial court first noted that because the defendant was taken to the
     emergency room for purposes of treatment, the initial blood draw was admissible under section
     11-501.4 of the Code. Id. § 11-501.4. With respect to the second blood draw, the trial court did
     not find that the defendant refused or was coerced. The trial court proceeded to find that the
     second blood draw was admissible under section 11-501.2(c)(2) of the Code. The trial court


                                                -2-
       thus denied the motion to suppress. The defendant’s motion to reconsider that ruling was
       denied.
¶8          A bench trial commenced in September 2014. The State’s first witness was Kasey McFall,
       who did not remember anything from the collision. She described her injuries from the
       accident, which led to insertion of a metal rod in her left leg and limited her ability to use her
       left arm.
¶9          The State next called Cheryl Feldner Gozzi. On the evening of July 2, 2011, Gozzi was
       driving westbound on Vollmer Road when she approached the intersection of Vollmer Road
       and Cicero Avenue. She recalled a car in front of her was “slowing down for the yellow light,
       so I was slowing down as well.” As she was in the right lane, a motorcycle passed her on the
       left and proceeded into the intersection. She testified repeatedly that the traffic light was
       yellow at that time. Gozzi heard an impact but did not see the collision.
¶ 10        Melvin Respress testified that on the night of the collision, he was driving westbound on
       Vollmer Road in the right-hand lane as he approached the intersection with Cicero Avenue. He
       recalled that “the light was yellow and there was a motorcycle in front of me.” He testified: “I
       was stopping and it appears as though the motorcycle was as well. I think he may have decided
       that, okay, I can still get this light; so he—he seemed to accelerate and went *** through the
       intersection.” Respress also saw a truck heading eastbound on Vollmer Road that began to
       make a left-hand turn onto Cicero Avenue.
¶ 11        Respress recalled that the motorcycle’s rear wheel was “shaking back and forth, which
       looked like it couldn’t stop at that point because of the acceleration” and that the motorcycle
       “made impact with the truck.” Respress “c[ould] not say for sure” what color the traffic light
       was when the motorcycle entered the intersection.
¶ 12        On cross-examination, Respress testified that the motorcycle switched into the left lane,
       and initially slowed down before accelerating into the intersection. Asked by defense counsel
       if “the motorcycle entered the intersection as the light was changing from yellow to red,”
       Respress answered: “I’m not one hundred percent sure of that.”
¶ 13        The State next called Luciana Cardona. Cardona acknowledged that she had an outstanding
       warrant in another case, but she agreed that the State made no promises to her in connection
       with her trial testimony in this case. Cardona testified that she was driving north on Cicero
       Avenue when she approached the intersection, where she planned to turn left onto Vollmer
       Road. She stopped at the intersection because she had a red light. As she was waiting for her
       light to change, she noticed that the lights for traffic on Vollmer Road turned yellow. She
       recalled that “when I looked over to my left I seen a truck coming. I thought that it was gonna
       stop, but it just [kept] going through the yellow light.” The truck was heading east, “getting
       ready to make a left-hand turn going north on Cicero.” She saw the truck “[j]ust go through the
       yellow light” and stated that it “never slowed down.” She did not see the collision.
¶ 14        Officer Ryan Murphy also testified at trial. When he arrived at the crash scene, he saw a
       “motorcycle partially under the front end of the truck.” He also saw the body of James McFall
       and then saw Kasey McFall, who was “wrapped around the stop light pole” on the northwest
       corner of the intersection.
¶ 15        Similar to his testimony at the suppression hearing, Officer Murphy recalled that the
       defendant’s “speech was slurred and mumbled” when he spoke to hospital staff and that his
       eyes were “glassy and bloodshot.” Officer Murphy stated that he gave a nurse a DUI test kit


                                                   -3-
       containing vials for blood and urine samples. He observed a nurse perform a blood draw for the
       DUI kit, which he placed into the evidence locker at the police station.
¶ 16        Dana Escamilla, a nurse, recalled speaking with the defendant in the emergency room.
       According to Escamilla’s records, the defendant admitted to Escamilla that he was drinking
       alcohol before the accident. Escamilla testified that a physician ordered “standard lab work”
       for the defendant, and so Escamilla drew blood samples for the hospital’s lab. Escamilla’s
       notes indicated the first blood draw was conducted at 10:46 p.m. The lab work indicated a
       blood alcohol serum level of 0.168. Escamilla’s notes also indicated that another nurse, Nicole
       Pisterzi, conducted a separate blood draw at 12:11 a.m. on July 3, 2011, as part of a DUI kit.
       Pisterzi also testified that she performed a blood draw after Officer Murphy requested a DUI
       kit.
¶ 17        Officer Raymond Smith testified that he recovered the DUI kit from the evidence locker on
       July 5, 2011, and transported it to the Illinois State Police Crime Lab (crime lab) in Joliet on
       July 7. He acknowledged that the DUI kit was not refrigerated during this time period.
¶ 18        An evidence technician at the crime lab in Joliet testified that she received the DUI kit on
       July 7, 2011, and placed it in a refrigerated vault. She subsequently mailed the DUI kit to the
       Springfield crime lab for testing. The DUI kit was not refrigerated when it was mailed.
¶ 19        On July 13, 2011, the DUI kit was received by Alexandra Baluka of the Illinois State Police
       Division of Forensic Services in Springfield. She opened the DUI kit, inventoried it, and
       labeled each vial. One vial contained eight milliliters of blood, and the second had seven
       milliliters. She put the samples in a refrigerated storage vault to be reviewed by an analyst.
¶ 20        Dareea Patrick Paiva, a forensic scientist with the crime lab in Springfield, testified as an
       expert in the field of forensic toxicology. She described her procedure for analyzing blood
       samples for alcohol content using gas chromatography, which she testified was a scientifically
       accepted methodology.
¶ 21        Paiva analyzed one of the vials of blood from the DUI kit, which indicated an ethanol level
       of 0.118 grams per deciliter, greater than the legal limit of 0.08 grams per deciliter. She saw no
       evidence of contamination, clotting, or decomposition in the blood vials.
¶ 22        Paiva testified that the vials in a DUI kit contain an anticoagulant (potassium oxalate) to
       prevent clotting, as well as a preservative (sodium fluoride), to prevent fermentation. She
       denied that refrigeration of a sample is needed for these chemicals to be effective. She also
       testified that “underfilling [vials] does not interfere with the analysis of the test.”
¶ 23        Paiva explained that serum alcohol level has higher ethanol content than whole blood. To
       convert serum level to whole blood level, the serum level is divided by 1.18. Applying this
       formula, she testified that a serum blood alcohol level of 0.168—the measurement from the
       defendant’s first blood draw—equates to a 0.142 whole blood alcohol level.
¶ 24        On cross-examination, Paiva acknowledged that the crime lab was undergoing an audit in
       August 2011 by Forensic Quality Services (FQS) for “accreditation under ISO [International
       Organization for Standardization] 17025.” She acknowledged that the FQS audit cited the lab
       for failing to report a “measurement of uncertainty.” On re-direct examination, Paiva
       explained that the measurement of uncertainty is a “plus or minus” margin of error, analogous
       to that used in a political poll. She testified that this was not required for accreditation in 2011,
       and that the crime lab never lost accreditation.



                                                     -4-
¶ 25       The State also called Rick Coulom of the Village of South Chicago Heights Police
       Department, who testified as an expert in motor vehicle accident reconstruction. Coulom
       testified that he arrived at the scene around 10:45 p.m. on the night of the accident. When he
       arrived, the motorcycle was “stuck under the front of the truck” in the northwest quadrant of
       the intersection. The truck was facing northeast, and the motorcycle faced northwest. Coulom
       did not see “pre-impact or post-impact skid marks or tire marks.”
¶ 26       Coulom observed the traffic signals at the site. He testified that the lights on Cicero Avenue
       are on the same cycle, meaning that the light for southbound traffic shows the same color as the
       light for northbound traffic. The traffic signals on Vollmer Road for eastbound and westbound
       traffic were also on the same cycle. Coulom and other investigators created a scale diagram of
       the intersection which he referred to during his testimony. He also referred to photographs of
       the accident scene and his report of the investigation.
¶ 27       Coulom found that the pickup truck suffered “mainly front-end damage.” The motorcycle
       also had “mainly front-end damage” as well as some damage to its left side. Based on the
       extent of deformation of the motorcycle’s wheelbase, Coulom calculated that the motorcycle’s
       speed at impact was approximately 25 miles per hour. Using another formula, he determined
       “an approximate speed of 23 miles per hour which was consistent with the 25 [miles per hour]
       I got with the wheelbase deformation.” He applied a separate “energy formula” to estimate that
       the pickup truck’s speed was between 13 and 15 miles per hour at the time of the collision.
¶ 28       Officer Coulom testified that the pickup truck’s “black box” data recorder reflected that
       five seconds prior to the crash, the truck’s speed was approximately 10 miles per hour. The
       recorder indicated that the truck’s brakes were applied five seconds before the impact. When
       the state’s attorney asked if Coulom could determine “which vehicle struck which vehicle,” he
       answered: “Not definitively I couldn’t. They arrived at that spot I believe about the same time.”
¶ 29       The cross-examination of Coulom by defense counsel included the following exchange:
                     “Q. Okay. You ultimately concluded that the lights were changing from yellow to
                red when the motorcycle entered the intersection, correct?
                     A. According to the witnesses.
                     Q. Okay. You made no such conclusion about the traffic lights for the Chevy S-10
                Pick-Up, correct?
                     [STATE’S ATTORNEY]: Judge, I’m going to object again.
                     THE COURT: I’m going to sustain that.
                     [DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Well, Judge, he is offering an expert opinion. He offered
                it as to the motorcycle.
                     THE COURT: Right.
                     [DEFENSE COUNSEL]: It is certainly relevant as to his opinion on the truck.
                That’s why we are here.
                     [STATE’S ATTORNEY]: I object to the motorcycle question, too, Judge.
                     THE COURT: It is going to be sustained. He is not going to render an opinion as to
                what the lights were, yellow or red. That’s based on rank hearsay evidence. I
                understand it is an expert’s opinion, but I’m not going to let him testify to an ultimate
                opinion here. Whether the light is red or yellow is very, very important in this case and
                I’m going to make that determination.


                                                   -5-
                    [DEFENSE COUNSEL]: I respect that, Judge, completely.
                    THE COURT: He will not be allowed to render an opinion as to the color of the
                light at any point when the motorcycle breached the intersection or otherwise.”
       Defense counsel then asked Coulom if he could determine “who was at fault for this accident.”
       The State objected, and the court sustained the objection.
¶ 30       Following Coulom’s testimony, the parties stipulated that the physician who autopsied
       James McFall would state that his body tested negative for ethanol or for opiates, and that he
       died as a result of the accident. The parties also stipulated that Dr. Steven Salzman, a trauma
       specialist, would testify that Kasey McFall was diagnosed with severe traumatic brain injury,
       numerous fractures, and other injuries.
¶ 31       The court also admitted as exhibits the DUI kit, the hospital lab result of the defendant’s
       blood serum alcohol level, and the medical records described by nurse Escamilla. After the
       State rested, the defendant’s motion for a directed finding of acquittal was denied.
¶ 32       The defense proceeded to call Suzanne Perry, an analytic chemist, who was qualified as an
       expert in gas chromatography and forensic toxicology. She stated that she reviewed documents
       relating to auditing of the crime lab, the lab’s protocols and procedures, and documents related
       to the testing of the DUI kit blood sample. She acknowledged that she had not reviewed
       records pertaining to the defendant’s first blood draw.
¶ 33       Perry described the step-by-step procedures that, according to the International
       Organization for Standardization (ISO), should be taken in drawing blood to ensure accuracy
       in testing for alcohol levels. She also described the tubes used in such testing. She explained
       that the tube manufacturer adds specific amounts of potassium oxalate, to prevent clotting, as
       well as sodium fluoride, to inhibit fermentation of the blood sample. She stated that if a tube is
       underfilled with the blood sample, there will not be proper ratios of these chemicals, and they
       may not work properly. Perry also testified that refrigeration is “critical to maintaining the
       integrity” of the sample.
¶ 34       Perry also discussed an audit of the crime lab that was ongoing in 2011 when the
       defendant’s blood was tested. She testified that the audit identified an “issue with the lab not
       reporting the measurement of uncertainty.”
¶ 35       Perry also explained her doubts about the gas chromatography analysis performed on the
       DUI kit. She explained that the machine measures “electrical impulses” that are reflected by
       “peaks,” but that a peak is not necessarily from alcohol. She opined that there “were several
       unidentified peaks” in the analysis of the DUI kit sample, which indicated that there were
       “unknown contaminants” that could have affected the results.
¶ 36       Perry opined that the lack of continuous refrigeration could have negatively impacted the
       accuracy of the blood analysis. She also opined that the tubes were “under filled,” which
       caused her to believe that the tubes might not be sterile. Perry concluded that, due to factors
       including the “underfilling” of the tubes, the “lag time of refrigeration, the almost eight weeks
       to testing, and the lack of any measure of uncertainty, the proof that the method was validated,
       that the gas chromatology machine did not have contaminants,” she believed the blood alcohol
       measurement from the DUI kit “could very well be incorrect.” The defendant elected not to
       testify, and the defense presented no other witnesses.
¶ 37       Following closing arguments, the court announced its findings. The court specifically
       found that the traffic signals for westbound and eastbound traffic on Vollmer Road were

                                                   -6-
       yellow at the time of the collision. The trial court emphasized Cardona’s “very convincing”
       testimony that she observed that the Vollmer Road signals were yellow while she was waiting
       at the intersection, preparing to make a left-hand turn.
¶ 38        The court also noted that the defendant admitted to nurse Escamilla that he had been
       drinking, and that the initial blood draw indicated a 0.142 whole blood alcohol level. The court
       also cited the second blood draw for the DUI kit, indicating a blood alcohol level of 0.118. The
       court credited Paiva’s expert opinion that the lack of refrigeration would not have affected the
       results. The court acknowledged Perry’s criticisms of the crime lab. However, the court
       credited Paiva’s testimony that the crime lab’s methodology was “accepted within the
       scientific community.”
¶ 39        The court also cited Coulom’s diagram of the crash site as “very important,” explaining:
                “Both vehicles stopped in the far right-hand lane of westbound traffic. That’s quite a
                distance. *** This pickup truck is far into that intersection. ***
                    As I indicated I had made a determination that when the motorcycle entered or
                breached the intersection the light was yellow westbound. By the position of the
                defendant’s pickup truck in this diagram and in the photographs, it certainly looks like
                he was executing a left-hand turn onto northbound Cicero. As such the defendant was
                required to yield to [the] motorcycle, that being oncoming traffic.”
       The court found that the defendant’s failure to yield was the proximate cause of James
       McFall’s death and Kasey McFall’s injuries. Accordingly, the court found the defendant guilty
       of all 10 charged counts.
¶ 40        The defendant filed a posttrial motion, which was denied on January 13, 2017. On the same
       date, the court conducted a sentencing hearing. The court found that the conviction for
       aggravated DUI causing James McFall’s death (count I) merged with counts II, III, and IV, and
       that the conviction for aggravated DUI causing Kasey McFall’s bodily harm (count V) merged
       with the remaining counts. The court noted that the sentencing range for count I was 3 to 14
       years; the range for count V was 1 to 12 years.
¶ 41        In sentencing the defendant, the court found as an aggravating factor that the defendant’s
       “conduct caused or threatened serious harm.” See 730 ILCS 5/5-5-3.2(a)(1) (West 2016). The
       court elaborated:
                “The fact that the accident, the crash *** caused serious harm to James McFall and
                Kasey McFall, I don’t believe I can consider but it does apply here. Here’s why: The
                vehicle that Mr. Turner was driving did not fall out of the sky and land at Vollmer and
                Cicero. He was driving to get there. He was driving before he got to that intersection
                and that driving threatened serious harm to people who were using that roadway prior
                to him getting to the intersection. I’m not speculating about that. There was traffic out
                there that night and the fact that he was driving in that impaired state threatened serious
                harm to other motorists. I’m not considering that regarding the death of James McFall
                in this case. I’m not considering that regarding the serious injuries that were sustained
                by Kasey in this case. However, I believe that aggravating factor does apply. Mr.
                Turner did not appear out of thin air. He drove to that intersection.”
       The trial court sentenced the defendant to two concurrent eight-year sentences on counts I and
       V. The defendant’s motion instanter, to reconsider the sentence, was denied. On the same date,



                                                    -7-
       January 13, 2017, the defendant filed a timely notice of appeal, affording this court
       jurisdiction.
¶ 42       On September 18, 2017, while this appeal was pending, the defendant filed a motion to stay
       his sentence and grant him bail under Illinois Supreme Court Rule 609(a) (eff. Feb. 6, 2013),
       “and/or to release appellant on electronic monitoring.” In an order dated September 28, 2017,
       our court took that motion for consideration with the resolution of the case.

¶ 43                                            ANALYSIS
¶ 44       The defendant raises five distinct arguments on appeal: (1) the court erred in denying his
       pretrial motion to suppress the DUI kit blood draw, (2) the results of the first blood draw were
       inadmissible, (3) the evidence was insufficient to prove his guilt, (4) the court improperly
       limited Coulom’s testimony, and (5) the trial court erred in applying an aggravating factor at
       sentencing.
¶ 45       We first address the argument that the trial court erred in denying the defendant’s motion to
       suppress the DUI kit blood draw. The defendant argues that, because he did not consent and
       Officer Murphy did not attempt to obtain a warrant, the DUI kit blood draw violated his rights
       under the fourth amendment of the United States Constitution. The defendant acknowledges
       that the trial court relied on section 11-501.2(c) of the Code, which at the time of his arrest
       provided that “Notwithstanding any ability to refuse under this Code *** if a law enforcement
       officer has probable cause to believe that a motor vehicle driven by *** a person under the
       influence of alcohol *** has caused the death or personal injury to another, that person shall
       submit, upon the request of a law enforcement officer, to a chemical test or tests of his or her
       blood, breath or urine for the purpose of determining the alcohol content thereof ***.” 625
       ILCS 5/11-501.2(c)(2) (West 2010). The defendant argues that section 11-501.2(c) is
       unconstitutional in light of the United States Supreme Court decision of Missouri v. McNeely,
       569 U.S. 141 (2013).
¶ 46       McNeely “considered whether the natural dissipation of alcohol in the bloodstream
       qualified as ‘a per se exigency that justifies an exception to the Fourth Amendment’s warrant
       requirement for nonconsensual blood testing in all drunk-driving cases.’ ” People v. Harris,
       2015 IL App (4th) 140696, ¶ 47 (quoting McNeely, 569 U.S. at 145). McNeely held that “the
       natural dissipation of alcohol in the bloodstream does not constitute an exigency in every case
       sufficient to justify conducting a blood test without a warrant.” McNeely, 569 U.S. at 165.
       However, McNeely does not absolutely prohibit warrantless blood draws. Rather, “[w]hether a
       warrantless blood test of a drunk-driving suspect is reasonable must be determined case by
       case based on the totality of the circumstances.” Id. at 156.
¶ 47       The State asserts three arguments in response to the defendant’s claim that McNeely
       invalidates the DUI kit blood draw in this case. The State first contends that the defendant
       consented to the blood draw. Second, the State argues that McNeely does not invalidate blood
       draws taken pursuant to section 11-501.2(c) of the Code. Thirdly, the State argues that, even
       assuming arguendo that McNeely invalidated section 11-501.2(c), the “good-faith exception”
       to the warrant requirement permitted the blood draw, given the case law that was binding
       precedent at the time of the defendant’s arrest in 2011.
¶ 48       A two-part standard of review applies to the denial of a motion to suppress. Harris, 2015 IL
       App (4th) 140696, ¶ 44. “We give deference to a trial court’s findings of fact, unless such


                                                   -8-
       findings are against the manifest weight of the evidence. [Citation.] However, we review
       de novo the ultimate legal question of whether suppression of the evidence was required.” Id.
¶ 49       Significantly, after the briefs were filed in this appeal, a separate panel of our court recently
       concluded that, in light of McNeely, section 11-501.2(c)(2) of the Code is unconstitutional.
       People v. Eubanks, 2017 IL App (1st) 142837. In Eubanks, the defendant was identified as the
       driver in a fatal hit-and-run accident. Id. ¶ 1. He was “placed in an interview room at 10:30
       p.m., where he remained for the next 4½ hours.” Id. ¶ 69. At 12 a.m., Eubanks was informed
       that he was under arrest for driving under the influence. Id. ¶ 67. The defendant refused to
       submit to blood and urine tests at the police station. Id. ¶ 7. At 2:53 a.m., a police officer
       transported the defendant to a hospital, telling him that he was required to submit to blood and
       urine tests. Id.
¶ 50       The parties stipulated that “Eubanks was physically restrained by hospital security and a
       blood sample was taken at 4 a.m.” Id. Eubanks refused to provide a urine sample, but a sample
       was eventually collected after a “nurse threatened to catheterize him.” Id. The defendant’s
       urine tested positive for cannabis, ecstasy, and cocaine metabolite. Id.
¶ 51       In a pretrial motion to suppress the test results, Eubanks argued that there was no exigency
       excusing the police officers’ failure to obtain a warrant, and he asserted that section
       11-501.2(c)(2) of the Code was unconstitutional. Id. ¶ 6. After his motion to suppress was
       denied, Eubanks was convicted by a jury of charges including aggravated DUI and murder. Id.
       ¶ 27.
¶ 52       On appeal, our court held that “under McNeely, section 11-501.2(c)(2) is unconstitutional
       on its face, insofar as it permits compelled chemical testing without a warrant in all cases
       where an officer has probable cause to believe that a driver under the influence has caused
       death or personal injury to another.” Id. ¶ 66. We recognized that “some such cases will
       involve exigencies, but when such cases arise, the State can and should prove the existence of
       an exigency on a case-by-case basis rather than relying upon the ‘considerable
       overgeneralization’ [citation] engendered by the current statute.” Id. Our court noted that the
       factual record in Eubanks “d[id] not reflect any exigency that would have prevented officers
       from obtaining a warrant” during the several hours that Eubanks was in custody before the
       blood and urine samples were collected. Id. ¶ 67.
¶ 53       Our court in Eubanks also rejected the State’s alternative argument that, even if section
       11-501.2(c)(2) was unconstitutional, admission of the blood and urine samples was proper
       because the “officers took the samples in good faith reliance on Illinois law.” Id. ¶ 70. As
       Eubanks was arrested in 2009, before McNeely, the State argued that “the arresting officers
       were entitled to rely on our supreme court’s 2005 decision” in People v. Jones, 214 Ill. 2d 187
       (2005). Eubanks, 2017 IL App (1st) 142837, ¶ 70. In Jones, our supreme court held that
       section 11-501.2(c)(2) of the Code did not confer a statutory right to refuse a blood draw in
       DUI cases not involving death or injury, and thus held that blood and urine tests “performed
       over defendant’s objection” should not have been suppressed. Jones, 214 Ill. 2d at 202.
¶ 54       In Eubanks, we recognized that “ ‘[e]vidence obtained during a search conducted in
       reasonable reliance on binding precedent is not subject to the exclusionary rule.’ ” Eubanks,
       2017 IL App (1st) 142837, ¶ 71 (quoting Davis v. United States, 564 U.S. 229, 241 (2011)).
       Nevertheless, we rejected the State’s reliance on Jones, noting that the defendant in Jones
       “verbally refused to give blood and urine samples but did not physically resist their collection.”
       Id. ¶ 72. Further, we emphasized our supreme court’s statement in Jones that “ ‘We do not

                                                     -9-
       suggest that a DUI arrestee’s lack of a right to refuse chemical testing *** permits law
       enforcement officers to use physical force in obtaining blood, urine, and breath samples.’ ” Id.
       (quoting Jones, 214 Ill. 2d at 201). Because there was “no question that physical force was
       used” to obtain the blood and urine samples from Eubanks, we found that his arresting officers
       “could not have reasonably relied on Jones to authorize such conduct.” Id. Thus, our court
       concluded that the good-faith exception did not apply, and Eubanks’s test results should have
       been suppressed. Id. ¶ 74.
¶ 55       Eubanks’s holding that section 11-501.2(c)(2) is unconstitutional on its face does not end
       our analysis of the DUI kit in this case, since the State argues for application of the good-faith
       exception to the warrant requirement. If that exception applies, it will support admission of the
       DUI kit blood draw, notwithstanding section 11-501.2(c)(2)’s unconstitutionality.
¶ 56       “There is no constitutional right to have the evidence resulting from an illegal search or
       seizure suppressed at trial. [Citation.] The mere fact of a fourth amendment violation does not
       mean that exclusion necessarily follows.” People v. LeFlore, 2015 IL 116799, ¶ 22. Evidence
       will not be excluded where police acted with an “objectively reasonable good-faith belief that
       their conduct [was] lawful” as in such cases “there is no illicit conduct to deter.” (Internal
       quotation marks omitted.) Id. ¶ 24. Accordingly, under the good-faith exception, “searches
       conducted [by police] in objectively reasonable reliance on binding appellate precedent are not
       subject to the exclusionary rule.” Davis, 564 U.S at 232. In determining whether the exception
       applies, a court asks “the objectively ascertainable question whether a reasonably well trained
       officer would have known that the search was illegal in light of all of the circumstances.”
       (Internal quotation marks omitted.) LeFlore, 2015 IL 116799, ¶ 25.
¶ 57       In a factually analogous case, the Fifth District of our court held that the good-faith
       exception permitted admission of a DUI blood draw taken in 2011, notwithstanding the
       subsequent McNeely decision. People v. Harrison, 2016 IL App (5th) 150048. The Harrison
       defendant drove a truck that collided with a motorcycle, resulting in serious injury. Id. ¶ 4. A
       responding police officer (Branchini) arrested the defendant after he failed field sobriety tests.
       Id. ¶ 5. Blood samples were drawn, notwithstanding that “the defendant did not agree to the
       procedure.” Id. ¶ 7.
¶ 58       The defendant moved to suppress the blood test results, arguing that there were no exigent
       circumstances to justify a nonconsensual, warrantless search. Id. ¶ 8. The trial court denied the
       motion, reasoning that even if section 11-501.2(c)(2) of the Code was unconstitutional, the
       arresting officer “acted in good-faith reliance on prior precedent upholding its validity.” Id.
       ¶ 10.
¶ 59       The Fifth District of our court considered whether the officer “acted in good-faith reliance
       on binding precedent” at the time of the 2011 arrest. Id. ¶ 14. The court in Harrison recognized
       that a 1975 decision of our supreme court stated that “ ‘a compulsory blood test does not
       violate any constitutional rights of an individual merely because he objected to such tests.’ ”
       Id. ¶ 22 (quoting People v. Todd, 59 Ill. 2d 534, 544-45 (1975)). Harrison further recognized
       that subsequent decisions of the appellate court “consistently upheld the constitutional validity
       of warrantless, nonconsensual blood draws such as the one administered in the present case.”
       Id. ¶ 23.
¶ 60       Harrison also relied heavily on our supreme court’s 2005 decision in Jones, 214 Ill. 2d
       187, which held that results of blood and urine tests were admissible even if the tests were


                                                   - 10 -
       “performed over defendant’s objection.” Id. at 202. The Fifth District concluded that Jones
       supported application of the good-faith exception:
               “[W]hen Branchini arrested the defendant in March 2011, McNeely had yet to be
               decided, and Jones was binding precedent holding that not only did section
               11-501.2(c)(2) ‘clearly’ allow for warrantless, nonconsensual blood draws in DUI
               cases involving the death or personal injury to another, it allowed for such draws in all
               DUI cases. [Citation.] Thus, Branchini could have reasonably relied on Jones as
               binding precedent authorizing the taking of the defendant’s blood pursuant to section
               11-501.2(c)(2). Accordingly, *** the trial court properly determined that the
               good-faith exception to the exclusionary rule was applicable under the circumstances.”
               Harrison, 2016 IL App (5th) 150048, ¶ 25.
¶ 61       We find that Harrison supports application of the good-faith exception under the facts of
       this case. As in Harrison, the defendant’s arrest in this case occurred after our supreme court’s
       decision in Jones but before the 2013 decision in McNeely. Thus, Officer Murphy could
       reasonably rely on Jones for the proposition that warrantless blood draws are permitted in DUI
       cases, even where the defendant objected to the blood draw. See id.
¶ 62       We recognize that our recent opinion in Eubanks rejected the State’s reliance on Jones to
       invoke the good-faith exception. Eubanks, 2017 IL App (1st) 142837, ¶ 72. However, our
       conclusion in this case is not inconsistent, as Eubanks is clearly distinguishable under its
       particular facts. The defendant in Eubanks did not merely decline to consent to the tests; rather,
       our court emphasized that “physical force was used to obtain Eubanks’s blood and urine
       samples,” including that he was “handcuffed to the hospital bed while blood was forcibly
       drawn from him.” Id. Since our supreme court in Jones expressly cautioned that it did not
       “permit[ ] law enforcement officers to use physical force in obtaining blood, urine, and breath
       samples” (Jones, 214 Ill. 2d at 201), we concluded that the officers in Eubanks “could not have
       reasonably relied on Jones to authorize such conduct.” Eubanks, 2017 IL App (1st) 142837,
       ¶ 72.
¶ 63       The facts of the present case are plainly distinguishable from Eubanks. Although the
       defendant in this case testified that he initially refused requests for a blood draw, he did not
       claim (and there is nothing in the record to suggest) that he was physically threatened or
       restrained in order to obtain the sample. The trial court specifically found that he was not
       coerced, and that finding is not against the manifest weight of the evidence. In this sense, the
       circumstances of the defendant’s DUI blood draw are much more similar to Harrison than to
       Eubanks. Thus, as in Harrison, we conclude that at the time of this occurrence, Officer Murphy
       could reasonably have relied on our supreme court’s decision in Jones to request the blood
       draw. As the good-faith exception applies in this case, we affirm the denial of the motion to
       suppress the DUI kit blood draw.
¶ 64       We next address the defendant’s separate claim that the evidence of the first blood draw
       should not have been admitted because “the Illinois Rules of Evidence exclude medical
       records from the business records exception to the hearsay rule.”1 We note that a trial court’s

           1
             The parties dispute whether the defendant’s trial counsel adequately preserved this claim.
       However, even if forfeited, the issue would be subject to review under plain error, and the first step of
       plain-error analysis is whether any error occurred. People v. Thompson, 238 Ill. 2d 598, 613 (2010). For
       the reasons stated herein, we find there was no error.

                                                      - 11 -
       ruling on the admissibility of evidence is reviewed for an abuse of discretion. People v.
       Hutchison, 2013 IL App (1st) 102332, ¶ 14. The defendant’s argument also raises a question of
       statutory construction, which is reviewed de novo. Id.
¶ 65       The defendant relies on Illinois Rule of Evidence 803(6), which provides that records of
       “regularly conducted activity” are not inadmissible hearsay where they constitute:
               “A memorandum, report, record, or data compilation, in any form, of acts, events,
               conditions, opinions, or diagnoses, made at or near the time by, or from information
               transmitted by, a person with knowledge, if kept in the course of a regularly conducted
               business activity, and if it was the regular practice of that business activity to make the
               memorandum, report, record or data compilation, all as shown by the testimony of the
               custodian or other qualified witness, or by certification that complies with Rule
               902(11), unless the source of information or the method or circumstances of
               preparation indicate lack of trustworthiness, but not including in criminal cases
               medical records.” (Emphasis added.) Ill. R. Evid. 803(6) (eff. Jan. 1, 2011).
¶ 66       The defendant argues that the last clause of Rule 803(6) supersedes section 11-501.4 of the
       Code, which provides:
                   “(a) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the results of blood or urine tests
               performed for the purpose of determining the content of alcohol *** of an individual’s
               blood or urine conducted upon persons receiving medical treatment in a hospital
               emergency room are admissible in evidence as a business record exception to the
               hearsay rule only in prosecutions for any violation of Section 11-501 of this Code ***
               when each of the following criteria are met:
                        (1) the chemical tests performed upon an individual’s blood or urine were
                   ordered in the regular course of providing emergency medical treatment and not at
                   the request of law enforcement authorities;
                        (2) the chemical tests performed upon an individual’s blood or urine were
                   performed by the laboratory routinely used by the hospital; and
                        (3) results of chemical tests performed upon an individual’s blood or urine are
                   admissible into evidence regardless of the time that the records were prepared.” 625
                   ILCS 5/11-501.4 (West 2010).
¶ 67       The defendant does not dispute that the first blood draw meets the factual prerequisites for
       admissibility under section 11-501.4 of the Code. Nevertheless, the defendant contends that
       section 11-501.4 conflicts with, and was superseded by, the language of Illinois Rule of
       Evidence 803(6) regarding medical records in criminal cases.
¶ 68       This court considered the same argument in Hutchison, 2013 IL App (1st) 102332, in
       which we explained: “We also reject defendant’s claim *** that section 11-501.4 and the case
       law interpreting it does not survive the subsequent enactment of the Illinois Rules of Evidence,
       specifically Illinois Rule of Evidence 803(6) (eff. Jan. 1, 2011). This argument
       mischaracterizes the purpose and effect of the enactment of the Illinois Rules of Evidence ***.
       With certain exceptions not relevant here, the enactment of the Illinois Rules of Evidence
       accomplished a codification of existing Illinois law.” Id. ¶ 24. Our court in Hutchison recited
       the committee comments accompanying the Illinois Rules of Evidence, which state:
                   “ ‘It is important to note that the Illinois Rules of Evidence are not intended to
               abrogate or supersede any current statutory rules of evidence. The Committee sought to

                                                   - 12 -
                avoid in all instances affecting the validity of any existing statutes promulgated by the
                Illinois legislature.’ ” Id. (quoting Ill. R. Evid., Committee Commentary).
       Thus, in Hutchison we found that “section 11-501.4 survives the enactment of the Illinois
       Rules of Evidence and is not affected or modified thereby.” Id.
¶ 69       The defendant urges that Hutchison was wrongly decided. The defendant’s reply brief
       asserts that the recent decision of People v. Peterson, 2017 IL 120331 (filed since the
       defendant’s initial appellate brief) is directly on point and “supersedes or overrules
       Hutchison.”
¶ 70       In relevant part, Peterson discussed the admissibility of statements in which the
       defendant’s alleged murder victim told others about the defendant’s threats to kill her. Id.
       ¶¶ 14-16. At trial, the State sought admission of the statements under section 115-10.6 of the
       Code of Criminal Procedure of 1963, which codified a hearsay exception permitting admission
       of a statement “ ‘offered against a party that has killed the declarant.’ ” Id. ¶ 17 (quoting 725
       ILCS 5/115-10.6(a) (West 2008)). Among other requirements, that provision allowed
       admission of such statements only if the court found that “the adverse party murdered the
       declarant and that the murder was intended to cause the unavailability of the declarant as a
       witness,” and that the circumstances of the statements “provide[d] sufficient safeguards of
       reliability.” 725 ILCS 5/115-10.6(e)(2) (West 2008).
¶ 71       The supreme court in Peterson recognized that “where an irreconcilable conflict exists
       between a legislative enactment and a rule of [the supreme] court on a matter within the court’s
       authority, the rule will prevail.” Peterson, 2017 IL 120331, ¶ 31. Our supreme court found that
       the statute’s requirements conflicted with Illinois Rule of Evidence 804(b)(5), which allows
       “[a] statement offered against a party that has engaged or acquiesced in wrongdoing that was
       intended to, and did, procure the unavailability of the declarant as a witness.” Ill. R. Evid.
       804(b)(5) (eff. Jan. 1, 2011). Because the “statute’s imposition of a reliability requirement
       creates an irreconcilable conflict with a rule of this court,” “separation of powers principles
       dictate[d] that the rule will prevail.” Peterson, 2017 IL 120331, ¶ 34. Thus, the admissibility of
       the statements was governed by the Illinois Rules of Evidence, not by the statute. Id.
¶ 72       We are not persuaded that Peterson alters the conclusion reached in Hutchison—that
       section 11-501.4 remains valid after the 2011 Illinois Rules of Evidence. Peterson recognizes
       that an “irreconcilable conflict” will result in the Illinois Rules of Evidence taking precedence
       over a statutory provision. Id. ¶ 31. However, we cannot find an irreconcilable conflict
       between section 11-501.4 of the Code and the Illinois Rules of Evidence, particularly in light
       of the committee commentary relied upon by Hutchison, which explicitly refutes the
       suggestion that section 11-501.4 was abrogated or superseded by the enactment of the Illinois
       Rules of Evidence. Hutchison, 2013 IL App (1st) 102332, ¶ 24. The defendant fails to address
       this commentary. As we find no reason to depart from our reasoning in Hutchison, we reject
       the defendant’s challenge to the admissibility of the first blood draw.
¶ 73       We next address the defendant’s claim that the evidence was insufficient to convict him.
       He posits “two major reasons” for this assertion. First, he claims that the eyewitness testimony
       “support[s] a reasonable doubt that Simuel Turner’s alleged intoxication was the proximate
       cause of the accident.” Specifically, he argues that the trial court improperly “ignored and
       minimized” the testimony of Respress. He argues that “Given these facts: (1) that the
       motorcycle was travelling more than twice as fast as Turner’s truck, (2) was accelerating
       through a light which had already turned yellow when the motorcycle changed lanes, (3)

                                                   - 13 -
       entered the intersection at an angle, (4) was shaking back and forth, (5) struck the truck, not the
       other way around, and (6) struck the truck as the light was turning from yellow to red, there is
       more than a reasonable doubt that Turner’s alleged intoxication prevented him from perceiving
       the motorcycle ***.” He further claims that the trial court’s reliance on Cardona’s recollection
       was “misplaced” as her testimony “was highly suspect.” Separately, the defendant contends
       that Perry’s expert testimony “established a reasonable doubt as to the accuracy” of the testing
       of the DUI kit.
¶ 74       “When reviewing a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, this court considers
       whether, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the State, any rational trier of fact
       could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” (Emphasis
       and internal quotation marks omitted.) People v. Wheeler, 226 Ill. 2d 92, 114 (2007). This
       court “may not substitute our judgment for the trier of fact’s regarding the weight of the
       evidence or the credibility of the witnesses.” People v. Ivy, 2015 IL App (1st) 130045, ¶ 56. “A
       conviction should not be set aside on grounds of insufficient evidence unless the proof is so
       improbable or unsatisfactory that a reasonable doubt exists about the defendant’s guilt.”
       People v. Perez, 189 Ill. 2d 254, 266 (2000).
¶ 75       We first ascertain the proof necessary to support the aggravated DUI charges at issue. As
       explained by our supreme court, “aggravated DUI is simply misdemeanor DUI with an
       aggravating factor, which turns the offense into a felony.” People v. Martin, 2011 IL 109102,
       ¶ 24. Section 11-501(a) of the Code describes the acts constituting the misdemeanor DUI
       offense. 625 ILCS 5/11-501(a) (West 2010). Relevant to this case, subsection (a)(1) specifies a
       violation if a person drives with a blood alcohol concentration of 0.08 or more. Id.
       § 11-501(a)(1). Our supreme court recognized that this subsection is a “ ‘strict liability’ ”
       offense because it does not require proof of actual impairment from consumption of drugs or
       alcohol. Martin, 2011 IL 109102, ¶ 26 (explaining that, under section 11-501(a), “a driver may
       commit misdemeanor DUI in six ways,” four of which require proof of impairment, whereas
       subparts (a)(1) and (a)(6) are “ ‘strict liability’ ” violations).
¶ 76       Section 11-501(d) sets forth the factors that elevate a violation of section 11-501(a) to
       aggravated DUI. 625 ILCS 5/11-501(d) (West 2010). Relevant to count I of this case,
       aggravated DUI occurs under subsection 11-501(d)(1)(F) where a person is “involved in a
       motor vehicle *** accident that resulted in the death of another person, when the [defendant’s]
       violation of subsection (a) was a proximate cause of the death.” Id. § 11-501(d)(1)(F).
       Relevant to count V, section 11-501(d)(1)(C) applies where a motor vehicle accident results in
       “great bodily harm or permanent disability or disfigurement to another, when the [defendant’s]
       violation [of subsection (a)] was a proximate cause of the injuries.” Id. § 11-501(d)(1)(C).
¶ 77       Our supreme court has held that the “proximate cause” requirement of aggravated DUI
       requires only a causal link between the physical act of driving and the death, if the charge is
       premised on one of the two “strict liability” forms of misdemeanor DUI under section
       11-501(a). Martin, 2011 IL 109102. The Martin defendant was charged with aggravated DUI
       under section 11-501(d)(1)(F). The underlying misdemeanor DUI was based on section
       11-501(a)(6), which prohibits a person from driving with “any amount” of methamphetamine
       in one’s body. 625 ILCS 5/11-501(a)(6) (West 2010). Our supreme court considered “whether
       the proximate cause requirement of section 11-501(d)(1)(F) means that the State must prove
       the defendant’s drug use, rather than his driving, caused the deaths.” Martin, 2011 IL 109102,
       ¶ 20. Our supreme court reasoned that since the underlying misdemeanor was a “ ‘strict

                                                   - 14 -
       liability’ ” offense for driving with any amount of methamphetamine in the body, the
       proximate cause element of the aggravated DUI offense required only a causal link between
       the defendant’s driving and another person’s death. Id. ¶ 26.
¶ 78        Applying Martin, our court has held that when an aggravated DUI charge under section
       11-501(d)(1)(F) is premised on a violation of section 11-501(a)(1) for driving with blood
       alcohol content over 0.08, the “proximate cause” element of the aggravated offense requires
       only that the death was caused by the defendant’s driving. People v. Merrick, 2012 IL App (3d)
       100551, ¶¶ 25-27 (rejecting the defendant’s argument that there was “insufficient proof that
       his alcohol consumption was the proximate cause of the motor vehicle accident”); People v.
       Ikerman, 2012 IL App (5th) 110299, ¶ 50 (“proximate cause requires the State to show a causal
       link between the physical act of driving and another person’s death”). Thus, to support count I,
       the State needed to prove that the defendant was driving with a blood alcohol level over 0.08,
       and that his driving was the proximate cause of James McFall’s death. Count V similarly
       required the State to prove that the defendant’s driving caused Kasey McFall’s injuries.
¶ 79        With these principles in mind, we must reject the defendant’s argument that the State could
       not prove proximate cause. There are multiple flaws with the defendant’s argument. First, the
       defendant essentially asks that we reweigh the evidence, urging that Respress’s testimony was
       entitled to greater weight. However, “we will not substitute our judgment for that of the trier of
       fact on questions concerning the weight of the evidence or the credibility of the witnesses.”
       People v. Jones, 2015 IL App (1st) 142597, ¶ 20. Second, the defendant suggests that the State
       was required to prove that the defendant’s “intoxication” was a proximate cause of the
       accident. This is incorrect, as the aggravated DUI charges were premised on a violation of
       section 11-501(a)(1), which imposes strict liability for driving with a blood alcohol content
       over 0.08. The aggravated DUI offense thus only required that the defendant’s act of driving
       proximately caused death or bodily harm. See Merrick, 2012 IL App (3d) 100551, ¶ 27.
¶ 80        Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the State, the court could find beyond a
       reasonable doubt that the defendant’s driving proximately caused James McFall’s death and
       Kasey McFall’s injuries. Multiple eyewitnesses testified that the defendant attempted a
       left-hand turn during a yellow light, while the motorcycle approached from the opposite
       direction. Thus, the court could conclude from the evidence that the defendant’s failure to yield
       proximately caused the collision.
¶ 81        We also reject the defendant’s contention that Perry’s testimony precluded a finding that
       his blood alcohol level exceeded the legal limit. There are multiple problems with defendant’s
       argument on this point. First, Perry’s testimony only concerned the second blood draw taken
       for the defendant’s DUI kit. Perry did not dispute the initial emergency room blood draw that
       indicated a blood alcohol level of 0.142. Thus, regardless of Perry’s criticism of the DUI kit,
       the trial court could have relied on the first blood draw as proof of the defendant’s blood
       alcohol content. Moreover, the trial court was not required to accept Perry’s criticisms of the
       crime lab’s methodology, but could credit the conflicting expert testimony from the State’s
       expert, Paiva. See People v. Peterson, 171 Ill. App. 3d 730, 734 (1988). Thus, Perry’s
       testimony did not preclude the State from proving the defendant’s guilt.
¶ 82        We next address the defendant’s claim that a new trial is warranted because the court
       prevented the State’s accident reconstruction expert, Coulom, from testifying as to the color of
       the traffic lights or opining as to who was at fault for the collision. “A circuit court’s
       evidentiary rulings regarding the admissibility of testimony *** are within its sound discretion

                                                   - 15 -
       and this court will not reverse such rulings unless the circuit court abused its discretion.
       [Citation.] A circuit court abuses its discretion when its ruling ‘is arbitrary, fanciful,
       unreasonable, or where no reasonable person would take the view adopted by the trial court.’
       [Citation.]” Taylor v. County of Cook, 2011 IL App (1st) 093085, ¶ 23.
¶ 83        “For expert testimony to be admissible, an adequate foundation must be laid establishing
       that the information that the expert bases the opinion upon is reliable. [Citation.] Expert
       testimony is admissible if the proffered expert is qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill,
       experience, training, or education and the testimony will assist the trier of fact in understanding
       the evidence.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Id. ¶ 32.
¶ 84        We cannot say that the trial court abused its discretion in limiting Coulom’s testimony.
       With respect to the color of the traffic lights, the court elected to rely on the eyewitnesses’ trial
       testimony, rather than Coulom. That decision was reasonable, especially since Coulom never
       testified to any technical expertise on that issue. To the contrary, he indicated that he relied on
       other witnesses as to the color of the traffic lights.
¶ 85        Similarly, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in precluding defense counsel from
       eliciting Coulom’s opinion about “fault.” We recognize that an expert opinion is not
       objectionable merely “because it embraces an ultimate issue to be decided by the trier of fact.”
       Ill. R. Evid. 704 (eff. Jan. 1, 2011). Yet the trial court maintains discretion to preclude an
       opinion that it does not believe will be helpful. In this case, the trial court could reasonably
       conclude that Coulom’s opinion on “fault” would not be helpful, as he had already stated his
       conclusions as to the speed and relative positions of the vehicles, and his opinion that they
       arrived at the point of impact “about the same time.” Moreover, the question of “fault” in this
       case was closely related to the factual question of the color of the traffic signals. As already
       discussed, the court reasonably relied on the eyewitnesses to decide that question. As the trier
       of fact, this was squarely within the court’s discretion. Thus, we find no abuse of discretion in
       the court’s rulings on Coulom’s testimony.
¶ 86        Finally, we address the defendant’s argument that the court erred at sentencing when it
       applied the statutory aggravating factor that “the defendant’s conduct caused or threatened
       serious harm.” 730 ILCS 5/5-5-3.2(a)(1) (West 2016). The defendant claims that this was an
       impermissible “double enhancement” based on an element of the offense. He argues that
       “[s]ince driving a car while having a blood alcohol [level] of .08 or more is an element of the
       offense, the trial judge’s consideration of the harm threatened by this conduct” cannot serve as
       an aggravating factor.
¶ 87        “Generally, a circuit court may not use a factor implicit in the offense for which the
       defendant was convicted as an aggravating factor at sentencing for that offense. [Citation.]
       Stated differently, a single factor cannot be used both as an element of an offense and as a basis
       for imposing ‘a harsher sentence than might otherwise have been imposed.’ [Citation.] Dual
       use of a single factor is referred to as a ‘double enhancement.’ [Citation.] The
       double-enhancement rule is one of statutory construction and the standard of review is
       de novo.” People v. Morris, 2014 IL App (1st) 130152, ¶ 51. “However, there is a strong
       presumption that the trial court based its sentencing determination on proper legal reasoning
       ***.” People v Dowding, 388 Ill. App. 3d 936, 942-43 (2009).
¶ 88        The trial court may consider as an aggravating factor “the manner in which the victim’s
       death was brought about, as well as the seriousness, nature, and circumstances of the offense
       ***. However, the trial court may not consider the end result—i.e., the victim’s death—as a

                                                    - 16 -
       factor in aggravation where death is implicit in the offense.” (Emphases in original.) Id. at
       943-44 (circuit court erred in sentencing defendant for aggravated DUI where it “expressly
       stated that causing the victim’s death was an aggravating factor upon which the sentence was
       based”).
¶ 89       Our review of the entire record convinces us that the court did not impose an improper
       double enhancement. The trial court in this case explicitly recognized and stated that it could
       not consider James McFall’s death, or the injuries to Kasey McFall, as aggravating factors. As
       the court took the time to make that statement, we must assume that it acted accordingly.
       Rather, the trial court emphasized the threat posed to other motorists by the defendant’s
       driving. The defendant suggests that the court could not consider potential harm to others,
       based upon the act of his driving with a blood alcohol level above 0.08 being inherently
       dangerous. However, the court could still consider the severity of the risk under the particular
       facts of this case, including the proximity of the defendant’s conduct to potential victims other
       than James and Kasey McFall. In this case, the State’s evidence demonstrated that other
       motorists were in close proximity to the defendant and the accident, supporting a finding that
       the defendant’s conduct “threatened serious harm.” Thus, we will not disturb the defendant’s
       sentence.
¶ 90       Finally, we note that, as we affirm the defendant’s conviction and sentence, we also deny
       his motion filed during the pendency of the appeal, to be granted bail or electronic monitoring.
¶ 91       For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the circuit court of Cook County.

¶ 92      Affirmed; motion denied.




                                                  - 17 -
