J.C.M., an individual, and J.C.M., Next                   )
Friend for W.C.M. and O.H.M.,                             )
                                                          )
           Plaintiff-Appellant/Respondent,                )
                                                          )
v.                                                        ) Nos. SD35374, SD35375, and SD35376
                                                          )              (consolidated)
J.K.M., a/k/a J.K.E., D.A.N. and D.E.N.,                  )
                                                          )       Filed: Apr. 16, 2019
           Defendants-Respondents/Cross-                  )
           Appellants.                                    )

                  APPEAL FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF IRON COUNTY

                                          Honorable Randall Head
AFFIRMED

           Every adult involved in this consolidated appeal challenges the judgment that

awarded money damages to W.C.M. (“WM”) and O.H.M. (“OM”) (“the children”). In a

single point, J.C.M. (“Father”), claims the trial court erred in failing to grant him a new

trial based upon his claim that the defendants’ closing argument was “improper.”1

J.K.M. (“Mother”), along with her parents, D.A.N. and D.E.N. (“Grandparents”), cross-




1
    For ease of reference we occasionally refer to Father and the children collectively as “Plaintiffs.”

                                                         1
appeal the portion of the judgment entered in favor of Plaintiffs on their claims for

interference with custodial rights and false imprisonment.2

         In six points, Defendants claim the trial court erred in: (1) instructing the jury on

the false imprisonment claim; (2) denying their motions for directed verdict or a new trial

on the false imprisonment claim because Plaintiffs did not make a submissible case; and

(3) abusing its discretion in ruling on four separate evidentiary matters.

         Finally, Mother’s sole additional point claims instructional error related to her

refusal to answer questions at her deposition and subsequent failure to testify at trial

based upon her assertion of Fifth-Amendment privilege. Finding no reversible error in

any of these points, we affirm.

                                               Background

         Mother and Father were married in 2000. The sad series of events that ultimately

led to these appeals began in January 2006. At that time, Mother, Father, and the

children were living together in apparent domestic harmony in Salem, Missouri.

Sometime that month, WM, then four years’ old, said that Father had touched his “root,”

the term WM used for his genitalia. Believing this statement to be an indication that

Father had sexually abused WM, Mother took the children, moved out of the family

home, and began residing in a trailer located on Grandparents’ property in a remote part

of Dent County, Missouri.

         After Mother filed a petition for a child order of protection against him, Father

filed for divorce in May 2006. After Mother and Father separated in 2006, and before the


2
  The briefs filed by Mother and Grandparents are identical in all respects, except that Mother’s brief
contains an additional allegation of error, Point 7 of her brief, that relates to her invocation of her Fifth
Amendment right not to incriminate herself. To the extent that their arguments are the same, we analyze
their points together and refer to Mother and Grandparents collectively as “Defendants.”

                                                       2
dissolution trial in January 2008, various hotline calls were made against Father as a

result of WM’s accusations, and WM attended counseling. During this time period, WM

made statements to several third-party witnesses, including professionals, non-

professionals, and family members, about the alleged abuse. Due to the accusations

against him, Father had only supervised visits with the children. The Children’s Division

investigated WM’s accusations of sexual abuse and ultimately found them to be

unsubstantiated. No criminal charges for sexual abuse were ever filed against Father.

         When the dissolution judgment awarded custody of the children to Father, Mother

abducted the children and fled the state.3 Father would not see the children again for

more than three years. When the children were finally returned to Missouri and placed

back into Father’s care and custody in August 2012, Father and the children sued Mother

and Grandparents for, respectively, intentional interference with custody and false

imprisonment.4

         The dissolution case took three days to try, and the resulting JUDGMENT,

ORDER, AND DECREE OF DISSOLUTION OF MARRIAGE (“the dissolution

judgment”) was extremely critical of Mother. For example, it contained the following

findings:

            Mother had made no effort to seek employment;

            Mother had accused Father of having an affair with a co-worker during the
             marriage, but the court found no credible evidence of that – rather, it found
             that Mother had embarrassed and disrupted Father at his place of work;

            Mother had accused Father of having a pornography addiction, but the court
             was not convinced that Father’s actions in that regard were abnormal;

3
  WM was born in 2002, and OM was born in 2004, making their respective ages seven and four at the time
of their abduction.
4
  Father acted as the children’s next friend in the proceedings. Their petition contained a third count for
civil conspiracy, but Plaintiffs dismissed that theory of recovery prior to submitting the case to the jury.

                                                     3
          Mother’s allegations of sexual abuse against Father were investigated by the
           Missouri Children’s Division and were unsubstantiated;

          Mother repeatedly questioned WM about the sexual abuse, and that repeated
           questioning rendered any effort to obtain a reliable report nearly impossible;

          Mother had exerted pressure on the children not to attend visits with Father;

          Mother has an inflexible belief system that “prevents her from seeing the
           evidence of her mistake before her own eyes”;

          There is no credible evidence that Father committed any acts of abuse;

          Mother and her family have a general attitude that they are right and therefore
           justified in violating court orders;

          Mother blames others for events that put her in a bad light;

          Mother has called the professionals involved in the case liars, and she
           exaggerates details or makes up stories in order to explain her position;

          Mother fabricates reasons to deny Father’s family members contact with the
           children; and

          Because of her inflexible belief system, Mother will not comply with future
           court orders.

       The dissolution judgment awarded Father legal and physical custody of the

children, subject to periods of visitation with Mother. Because Mother had the children

at the time the dissolution judgment was entered, the court ordered her to deliver them to

Father in ten days -- May 31, 2009, at 5:00 p.m. at the Dent County Sheriff’s Department.

Father went to the sheriff’s office at the appointed time and waited for over an hour, but

Mother did not appear.

       Unbeknownst to Father, instead of bringing them to the sheriff’s office, Mother

had taken the children to a home in Iowa owned by people known to Grandparents. Over

the next three years, Mother moved the children from Iowa to North Carolina, Florida,


                                             4
Texas, Oklahoma, Wyoming, and finally to Kansas, all the while evading the authorities’

attempts to locate Mother and the children. During that three-year time period, the

children were not allowed to attend school, were forced to disguise themselves by getting

haircuts and coloring their hair, and were not allowed to have friends. Grandparents

aided Mother in making these moves, either by providing her with money or by assisting

her in finding places to live in those various states. The children were finally returned to

Missouri in late August 2012 when law enforcement located them in Kansas.

        When Mother returned to Missouri, she was charged with two felony counts of

parental abduction. Those charges were eventually amended to misdemeanors, and

Mother was placed on a two-year period of unsupervised probation, which she was still

on at the time of trial.

        Father’s claims against Mother and Grandparents were for interference with his

custodial rights based upon their abducting the children after the dissolution judgment

had made Father their legal custodian. The theory of the children’s false imprisonment

claims against Mother and Grandparents was that they unlawfully restrained the children

by removing them from the state against Father’s wishes. Plaintiffs’ petition alleged that

the children “did not and, because of their minority, could not lawfully consent to this

abduction.”

        The majority of the trial concerned whether Father had sexually abused WM.

WM testified that he had no recollection of Father ever having abused him, and he did

not remember ever having made such allegations against Father. Defendants contended

that Mother was justified in taking the children, and Grandparents were justified in aiding

and assisting her because they believed that Father had sexually abused WM.



                                             5
        Grandparents testified at trial. They admitted that they had taken the children in

violation of a court order, but they argued that they were acting under a reasonable belief

that Father had sexually abused WM, thus putting the children at risk while in Father’s

care. Mother asserted her Fifth-Amendment right against self-incrimination and did not

testify at her deposition or at trial. The trial court later instructed the jury that “[i]n

reaching a decision in this matter, you may but are not required to infer that had [Mother]

responded truthfully to the questions posed to her during her deposition, her answers

would have been unfavorable to her, or would have corroborated the testimony provided

by Plaintiffs and their witnesses.”

        The jury returned a verdict in favor of Father and the children on all claims

against Defendants. However, as to interference with Father’s custodial rights (“Count

1”), the jury assessed Father’s compensatory damages at “$0[.]” As to false

imprisonment of WM (“Count 2”), the jury assessed WM’s compensatory damages at

$75,000. As to false imprisonment of OM (“Count 2”), the jury assessed OM’s

compensatory damages at $75,000. The jury also found that Plaintiffs were not entitled

to punitive damages.

        We recite additional evidence as necessary to address the parties’ various points

on appeal, and for ease of analysis, we do not take them up in strict numerical order.

                                        Analysis

                                Father’s Direct Appeal

        Father’s sole point claims as follows that the trial court erred in overruling his

motion for a new trial based upon Defendants’ allegedly “improper” jury argument.

        The trial court erred in overruling [Father]’s motion for a new trial based
        on Defendants’ improper jury argument because Defendants’ argument

                                                6
           was without legal or factual justification and was prejudicial in that
           Defendants “requested” that the jury transfer any damages it might award
           to [F]ather to [the children] because “we don’t reward molest[e]rs” and the
           jury thereafter found [D]efendants liable for interference with [Father]’s
           custodial rights but awarded $0 in compensatory damages despite
           undisputed evidence that [F]ather incurred expenses related to his three-
           year search for his children in addition to non-pecuniary damages.

           Father’s point conflates two separate statements made during Defendants’ closing

arguments, and we will analyze them separately. First, Mother’s counsel argued, “We

don’t reward child molesters. They aren’t entitled to a dime, I don’t care what they say;

they’re not entitled to it, and don’t reward this man.” Because Father did not object to

that argument at trial, his claim is not preserved for review. Potter v. Kley, 411 S.W.3d

388, 391-92 (Mo. App. E.D. 2013).

           Unpreserved claims of error are subject only to review for plain error.
           [Rush v. Senior Citizens Nursing Home Dist. of Ray County, 212 S.W.3d
           155, 162 (Mo. App. W.D. 2006).] Under Rule 84.13(c),[5] “[p]lain errors
           affecting substantial rights may be considered on appeal, in the discretion
           of the court, though not raised or preserved, when the court finds that
           manifest injustice or miscarriage of justice has resulted therefrom.” Rule
           84.13(c). Comments made during closing arguments rarely rise to the
           level of plain error entitling a party to relief. Rush, 212 S.W.3d at 163.

Id. at 392.

           Father did not request plain-error review of this argument, and we decline to do so

sua sponte. See Mitchell v. Wilson, 496 S.W.3d 579, 584 n.5 (Mo. App. S.D. 2016).

           Grandparents’ counsel later argued:

                   My clients have asked something, and I’m going to make that
           request to you, and that is this: That if you do decide to give anything
           more than nominal damages in this case, they have asked that you give it
           to the boys, rather than to [Father]. I’d rather have you have recovery for
           them.




5
    All rule references are to Missouri Court Rules (2018).

                                                       7
Father immediately objected that the argument was “utterly improper,” and he requested

a mistrial. The trial court denied the request for mistrial and advised the jury that it was

to be guided by the court’s instructions.

         When the jury returned its verdict awarding Father “$0” in compensatory

damages, Father stated:

                 Prior to the discharge to discharging the [j]ury, I just want to renew
         my motion for a new [sic] trial[6] that I stated previously, [during defense
         counsel]’s improper argument to the jury in closing. I feel that it’s clear
         now that that argument had a direct impact on the jury’s verdict. As
         indicated by the verdict, I’d like to go renew that motion at this time.

The trial court again denied Father’s request for a mistrial.

         “A mistrial is a drastic remedy, granted only in extraordinary circumstances.”

State ex rel. Kemper v. Vincent, 191 S.W.3d 45, 49 (Mo. banc 2006) (quoting State v.

Parker, 886 S.W.2d 908, 922 (Mo. banc 1994)). “Objections to evidence and argument

must be specific.” State v. White, 870 S.W.2d 869, 873 (Mo. App. W.D. 1993) (citing

State v. Jones, 806 S.W.2d 702, 705 (Mo. App. E.D. 1991)). “The statement ‘that’s

improper argument’ is too general and nonspecific to preserve the issue for appellate

review.” White, 870 S.W.2d at 873 (citing State v. Beatty, 849 S.W.2d 56, 61 (Mo. App.

W.D. 1993)). Thus, the trial court was free to simply deny or ignore it. See Sparkman v.

Columbia Mut. Ins. Co., 271 S.W.3d 619, 624 (Mo. App. S.D. 2008) (“A vague, general

objection does not allow the trial court to make an informed ruling as to the validity of

the objection”).




6
  While counsel used the words “discharge” and “discharging” in stating that he wished to renew his
“motion for a new trial[,]” this request was made before the jury had left the courtroom to begin its
deliberations on the case. Based on that timing, we assume that counsel was actually referring to his earlier
request for a mistrial.

                                                     8
       “[W]e will not convict a trial court of error on an issue that it had no chance to

decide.” Kline v. City of Kansas City, 334 S.W.3d 632, 641 n.4 (Mo. App. W.D. 2011)

(quoting Goralnik v. United Fire & Cas. Co., 240 S.W.3d 203, 210 (Mo. App. E.D.

2007)). Father’s point is denied.

                               Defendants’ Cross-Appeal

                      Review of Points Alleging Instructional Error

               “An instruction will be given or refused by the trial court
       according to the law and the evidence in the case.” Eckerd v. Country
       Mut. Ins. Co., 289 S.W.3d 738, 746 (Mo.App.2009). “We review the
       evidence in the light most favorable to the submission of the instruction.”
       Id. This Court reviews “the trial court’s submission of a jury instruction ...
       de novo.” Rinehart v. Shelter Gen. Ins. Co., 261 S.W.3d 583, 593
       (Mo.App.2008); see Gumpanberger v. Jakob, 241 S.W.3d 843, 846
       (Mo.App.2007). “The court will determine if the instruction is supported
       by substantial evidence by viewing the evidence in a light most favorable
       to the instruction and disregard contrary evidence.” Syn, Inc. v. Beebe,
       200 S.W.3d 122, 128 (Mo.App.2006). A new trial is warranted “‘only if
       the offending instruction misdirected, misled, or confused the jury,
       resulting in prejudicial error.’” Rinehart, 261 S.W.3d at 593 (quoting
       Kopp v. Home Furnishing Ctr., LLC., 210 S.W.3d 319, 328
       (Mo.App.2006)); see McBryde v. Ritenour School Dist., 207 S.W.3d 162,
       168 (Mo.App.2006). Stated another way, “[r]eversal for instructional
       error should not occur unless it is found that the instruction contains an
       error of substance with substantial potential for prejudicial effect.” White
       v. Curators of Univ. of Missouri, 937 S.W.2d 366, 369 (Mo.App.1996).

State ex rel. Missouri Highway & Transp. Comm’n v. Dale, 309 S.W.3d 380, 384-85

(Mo. App. S.D. 2010).

             Point 1 – Modification of False Imprisonment Verdict Director

       Defendants’ first point claims the trial court erred in submitting a modified

Missouri Approved Instruction (“MAI”) on the children’s false imprisonment claims

because the instruction as submitted asked the jury to decide whether Father had




                                             9
consented to the children being restrained by Mother -- not whether the children had

consented to their restraint.

           The approved MAI7 for false imprisonment reads as follows:

           Your verdict must be for plaintiff if you believe:

           Defendant intentionally [restrained] [instigated the restraint of] plaintiff
           against plaintiff’s will.

MAI 23.04 (footnote omitted).

           In this case, the trial court submitted a modified version of MAI 23.04 that read:

           Your verdict must be for plaintiff . . . if you believe:

           Defendant . . . intentionally restrained, or aided or assisted in the restraint
           of, plaintiff . . . against the will of his legal custodian.

The jury received a total of six of these verdict directors (one for each child against each

defendant).

           Defendants claim the trial court erred in submitting these instructions because

false imprisonment in Missouri requires that the individual be restrained against his or

her own will and not that of a third party (here, the children’s legal custodian).

Defendants claim they were prejudiced by the modified instructions because no evidence

was presented at trial that the children were restrained against their own wills.

           Rule 70.02(e) provides for the modification of an existing MAI, the test for which

is “whether it follows the substantive law and can be readily understood by the jury.”

Dale, 309 S.W.3d at 385 (quoting Smith v. Kovac, 927 S.W.2d 493, 497 (Mo. App. E.D.

1996)). The parties agree that MAI 23.04 was the best instruction from which to start,




7
    Unless otherwise indicated, all references to MAI are to the Seventh Edition (2012 & Supp. 2017).

                                                      10
but Defendants claim the trial court’s modification was improper because it misstated

substantive Missouri law.

       Defendants argue that Missouri law does not make an exception for children or

custodial parents, and the Restatement (Second) of Torts section 703 (“section 703”)

states that a child’s consent bars a claim of false imprisonment. However, as Defendants

concede, their research did not reveal any cases indicating that Missouri has adopted

section 703, and our own research produced a similar result. Father, on the other hand,

argues that infants and young children lack the information and maturity necessary to

consent to unlawful conduct, and Missouri law recognizes this fact in numerous contexts.

As no controlling Missouri authority seems to govern this particular dispute, we treat it as

a question of first impression.

       The children were ages seven and four when Mother absconded with them. The

age at which a minor is considered competent to do any acts or perform any duties is

determined by the legislature. Morrissey v. Perry, 137 U.S. 157, 159 (1890). While our

legislature has not specifically addressed whether minors can consent to their taking and

thereby preclude a finding of false imprisonment, it has designated various ages at which

children can provide consent in other situations, and we first look to that evidence of

legislative intent as informing our resolution of this point on appeal.

       As Father points out in his brief, nowhere in its statutory scheme has the Missouri

legislature indicated an intent to deem minors as young as the children to be capable of

consenting to unlawful conduct. For example, Missouri has designated 14 as the age of

consent for certain crimes committed against children, specifically kidnapping. See

section 556.101.3(1) (stating that a person less than 14 years old is deemed incapable of



                                             11
consent with respect to the crimes of kidnapping and child kidnapping).8 In analyzing

whether a parent can be found guilty of kidnapping his own child, State v. Porter opined,

“We think it is obvious that the General Assembly, like the drafters of the [Model Penal

Code], understood that [] when the victim is a young child, the pertinent lack of consent

is ‘that of a parent or other appropriate person.’” 241 S.W.3d 385, 397 (Mo. App. W.D.

2007) (citing Model Penal Code, Explanatory Note for sections 212.1-212.5, 10A U.L.A.

421-22 (2001)).

        With respect to kidnapping in the third degree, a defense exists “if the person

restrained is a child under the age of seventeen and: (1) [a] parent, guardian or other

person responsible for the general supervision of the child’s welfare has consented to the

restraint[.]” Section 565.140.1(1) (emphasis added). See also Porter, 241 S.W.3d at 396

(stating that because children under 14 cannot consent, a required element of traditional

kidnapping is that the parent must remove the child from the lawful custody of another

without the permission of the lawful custodian); State v. Vitiello, 791 S.W.2d 837, 839

(Mo. App. W.D. 1990) (sufficient evidence to support kidnapping charges where father

removed his illegitimate child from her mother without the mother’s consent); section

556.061(5)(b) (stating that “[a]ssent does not constitute consent if . . . [i]t is given by a

person who by reason of youth . . . is manifestly unable or known by the actor to be

unable to make a reasonable judgment as to the nature or harmfulness of the conduct

charged to constitute the offense”).

        In yet other areas of the law, Missouri has similarly designated ages beyond those

at issue here as the age at which one can lawfully provide consent. With a few minor


8
 Unless otherwise noted, all statutory citations are to RSMo 2000. Section 556.101 was formerly section
565.100.1, but it was renumbered with no substantive changes.

                                                   12
exceptions, a child under the age of 18 may not legally consent to his or her own medical

or surgical procedures. See section 431.061.1(1), (2), (4)(a)-(c). And custodial consent is

necessary for those under age 18 who wish to marry. Section 451.090.2.

       Finally, other jurisdictions require false imprisonment claims involving minor

children to be based upon the consent of the custodial parent -- not the child. In R.J.D. v.

Vaughan Clinic, P.C., 572 So.2d 1225 (Ala. 1990), the Supreme Court of Alabama held

that a private physician and hospital could not be held liable for falsely imprisoning a

minor child against her will when that imprisonment was based on the request and

consent of the minor child’s custodial parent. Id. at 1229. See also Commonwealth v.

Nickerson, 87 Mass. 518, 518-19 (Mass. 1862) (holding that a nine-year-old child is

incapable of consenting to his forcible transfer from the legal custody of his father to the

custody of his mother who had no right thereto); State v. Farrar, 41 N.H. 53, 59 (N.H.

1860) (where divorce decree awarded mother custody of a four-year-old child that the

father seized and carried out of the state, the child was incapable of consenting to that

seizure).

       “When an approved instruction does not fit the case precisely, modifications must

be made.” Shutt v. Chris Kaye Plastics Corp., 962 S.W.2d 887, 890 (Mo. banc 1998)

(citing MAI 5th, Committee Comment (1996 Revision) LIII)). MAI itself directs that

“[a] modification which is necessary to make a provided MAI fit the facts of your case []

is not only permissible but is required.” MAI “How to Use This Book,” at LI.

       Under the evidence adduced in this case, MAI 23.04 did not fit. The challenged

modifications were consistent with substantive Missouri law concerning the inability of




                                             13
children to consent to actions taken by others, and they were necessary to fairly submit

the issues to the jury given the children’s ages. Defendants’ first point is denied.

                  Point 7 – Instructing the Jury on Mother “Taking the Fifth”

         Mother’s separate point claims:

                 The trial court erred in allowing Plaintiffs to enter into evidence
         proof that [Mother] refused to answer questions at her deposition based on
         the Fifth Amendment and in submitting Plaintiff[s’] instruction No. 40
         regarding the inferences the jury could draw from [Mother’s] exercise of
         those rights, because it was an improper inference and the instruction was
         prejudicial to [Mother], in that there was ample evidence that the so-called
         presumption was not true in this case and the instruction was an incorrect
         and unnecessary statement of the law which improperly called attention to
         her failure to testify by invoking her Fifth Amendment rights. (Emphasis
         added.)[9]

         As a result of her absconding with the children, Mother was charged with two

counts of felony child abduction, both of which were still pending during the discovery

phase of this case. On March 30, 2016, while the felony charges were still pending,

Mother appeared for her deposition in this case. After stating her name and address,

Mother provided the following answer to each question posed to her:

         My lawyer has advised me not to answer questions about anything
         pertaining to this case. Following his advice and pursuant to the Fifth
         Amendment to the United States Constitution and Article I, Section 19 of
         the Missouri Constitution, I will not answer any questions.

         During voir dire, Mother’s attorney disclosed that Mother had originally been

charged with two counts of felony parental abduction, and those felony charges were still

pending at the time of her deposition. Mother’s attorney also informed the panel that

those charges had recently been amended to misdemeanors, and Mother had “entered a


9
  Mother's point, which includes more than one alleged error – admitting the deposition and giving a jury
instruction – is multifarious and preserves nothing for our review. City of Joplin v. Wallace Bajjali Dev.
Partners, L.P., 522 S.W.3d 327, 330 (Mo. App. S.D. 2017). However, we exercise our discretion to
review the challenge to the jury instruction ex gratia. Id. at 331.

                                                    14
particular type of disposition [] which you may or may not hear details about which

resulted in her not getting a conviction, not admitting that she did anything wrong[.]”

Her attorney stated that “because of where we were at the time when this lawsuit was --

civil lawsuit was filed, she took the Fifth Amendment and did not testify, and rules now

prevent her from testifying in this court.” Counsel then asked: “is there anybody that’s

going to hold that against her for exercising her constitutional rights under the Fifth

Amendment?” No panelist raised his or her hand in response to that question.

        At trial, Father’s counsel introduced the portion of Mother’s deposition transcript

in which she asserted her Fifth-Amendment right not to testify. Counsel did not actually

read that portion of the deposition to the jury after it was received into evidence.

        During the conference on jury instructions, Father’s counsel stated:

        [O]ne of the instructions that Plaintiffs have requested is an instruction
        clarifying the inference to be drawn from [Mother]’s taking of the Fifth.
        There was some discussion in voir dire about suggesting to the jurors that
        they would not or could not hold that against her, and we do not believe
        that’s an accurate--we believe that would be to be [sic] a misstatement of
        Missouri law and are requesting a clarifying instruction to clarify that they
        can, in fact, draw negative inferences and that if she had testified, her
        testimony would not have been favorable to her.

        Mother objected to the instruction on the ground that it was a misstatement of

Missouri law. Father contended that the instruction was a necessary clarifying instruction

because “the jury was specifically advised in voir dire in a way that [counsel] believe[d]

may have suggested that they could not or should not draw an inference[.]”

        The trial court overruled Mother’s objection to the instruction (“Instruction No.

40”), and it was included in the package of instructions read and given to the jury. As

earlier noted, it read as follows:




                                             15
                 In reaching a decision in this matter, you may but are not required
         to infer that had [Mother] responded truthfully to the questions posed to
         her during her deposition, her answers would have been unfavorable to
         her, or would have corroborated the testimony provided by Plaintiffs and
         their witnesses.

         In support of her claim that Instruction No. 40 was “an improper inference[,]”

Mother relies on Johnson v. Missouri Bd. of Nursing Adm’rs, 130 S.W.3d 619 (Mo.

App. W.D. 2004), in arguing that the trial court erred in giving Instruction No. 40

because “there is absolutely nothing to suggest that [Mother]’s answers would be

unfavorable to her” and her answer to the petition, as well as Grandparents’ testimony,

cures any doubt about the same.10

         Mother appears to argue that the trial court treated her claim of privilege as a

conclusive judicial admission to the truth of Plaintiffs’ claims. That argument ignores the

instruction’s language that the jury “may[,]” but is “not required to[,]” infer the negative

inference from Mother’s failure to testify. The inference is thus permissive, and “[a]

party seeking the benefit of a negative Fifth Amendment inference in a civil case must[]

make an affirmative showing to support its right to judgment and cannot rely exclusively

upon the other party’s refusal to testify.” Id. at 632. Mother does not assert that

Plaintiffs failed to offer affirmative proof in support of their claims.

          Johnson observed that the Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination

is properly asserted by parties in civil proceedings during discovery and at trial. Id. at

628. Although the normal rule in a criminal case is that no negative inference may be

drawn from the defendant’s failure to testify, “civil claimants have been denied certain


10
  Though Johnson is an administrative case, the analysis of the effect of “taking the Fifth” applies equally
to the civil proceedings in this case as Johnson noted that “the law of privilege fully applies to
administrative proceedings, which are considered, for this limited purpose, just as if they were ordinary
civil actions.” Id. at 627-28.

                                                    16
benefits and exposed to negative consequences as a result of having invoked the

privilege.” Id. (quoting In re Moses, 792 F.Supp. 529, 536 (E.D. Mich. 1992)).

Johnson, relying on Missouri cases, stated that the refusal to answer pertinent questions

on Fifth Amendment grounds justified a permissive inference that: “(a) if she had

answered truthfully, the answers would have been unfavorable to her; or (b) would have

corroborated testimony given by the opposing side’s witnesses on the subject matter of

the questions[.]” Id. at 631 (internal citations omitted). See also Lappe & Assocs., Inc.

v. Palmen, 811 S.W.2d 468, 471 (Mo. App. E.D. 1991); Bull v. Bull, 634 S.W.2d 228,

230 n.1 (Mo. App. E.D. 1982).

         As a result, Mother’s claim on appeal that Instruction Number 40 should not have

been given because “it was an improper inference” fails.11 Point 7 is denied.

                                        Point 2 – Submissibility

         Defendants’ second point claims (in toto):

         The trial court erred in denying Defendants’ motions for a directed verdict
         and new trial regarding Plaintiffs’ false imprisonment count because
         Plaintiffs did not make a submissible case in that the evidence
         demonstrated that [the children] were never restrained against their will.

      For the reasons stated in our analysis of the substantive law at issue in resolving

Defendants’ challenge on this same basis to the modified MAI instruction given by the




11
  Mother did not object on the ground that giving an adverse inference instruction to the jury is improper
under any circumstances. Father argues that Instruction No. 40 was a proper clarifying instruction in
response to Mother’s misstatement of the law to the jury during voir dire. Because of the narrow basis of
Mother’s objection, we need not determine whether a misstatement of the law during voir dire would
justify the use of an adverse-inference instruction. In general, a trial court should refuse such a request.
See Marmaduke v. CBL & Assocs. Mgmt., Inc., 521 S.W.3d 257, 270 (Mo. App. E.D. 2017); Berger v.
Copeland Corp., LLC, 505 S.W.3d 337, 338-39 (Mo. App. S.D. 2016). “The prohibition against such an
instruction is based upon the principle that the trial court should not comment on the evidence.” Berger,
505 S.W.3d at 339 (citing Hartman v. Hartman, 284 S.W. 488, 489 (Mo. banc 1926)). See also Pisoni v.
Steak ‘N Shake Operations, Inc., 468 S.W.3d 922, 928 (Mo. App. E.D. 2015) (While a party may argue
the adverse inference to the jury, the party is not entitled to a jury instruction addressing the issue).

                                                     17
trial court, Point 2 also fails.12
                                Points 3–6: Standard of Review

          Defendants’ points three through six claim the trial court abused its discretion in

either admitting or refusing to admit certain evidence. While we address the law

applicable to each point as necessary, all four are subject to the following standard of

review.

                   “The admissibility of evidence lies within the sound discretion of
          the trial court and will not be disturbed absent abuse of discretion.”
          Nelson v. Waxman, 9 S.W.3d 601, 603 (Mo. banc 2000). This standard
          gives the trial court “broad leeway in choosing to admit evidence,” and its
          exercise of discretion will not be disturbed unless it “‘is clearly against the
          logic of the circumstances and is so unreasonable as to indicate a lack of
          careful consideration.’” State v. Freeman, 269 S.W.3d 422, 426-27 (Mo.
          banc 2008), quoting, State v. Forrest, 183 S.W.3d 218, 223 (Mo. banc
          2006). In part, such broad leeway is granted to ensure the probative value
          of admitted evidence outweighs any unfair prejudice. Freeman, 269
          S.W.3d at 427, quoting, State v. Anderson, 76 S.W.3d 275, 276 (Mo. banc
          2002). “For evidentiary error to cause reversal, prejudice must be
          demonstrated.” State v. Reed, 282 S.W.3d 835, 837 (Mo. banc 2009).

Mitchell v. Kardesch, 313 S.W.3d 667, 674-75 (Mo. banc 2010).

                                Point 3 – The Dissolution Judgments

          Point 3 claims:

                 The trial court erred in admitting detailed dissolution orders from a
          previous case into evidence and in allowing them to be read by the jury,
          because they were unfairly prejudicial and consisted of or at least

12
   The argument following Point 2 also claimed that “there was no false imprisonment because there was
[no] evidence at trial of any restraint.” Because this claim is not contained in the point relied on, we do not
address it. C.S. v. Missouri Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 491 S.W.3d 636, 656 (Mo. App. W.D. 2016) Even if it
had been included, the uncontested testimony at trial was that the children – far too young to drive – were
shuttled between homes and apartments in various states by Mother, Grandparents, and Grandparents’
friends. The children did not know where they were or why they were there, and they had few personal
belongings. They were often taken to remote and isolated areas far from any town. WM testified that their
family did not have a car, and the children were not free to go outside and walk around or do things on their
own. During their time on the run, the children did not attend school or have friends, and they were made
to disguise themselves and use false names in order to evade the authorities Defendants knew were looking
for them. A reasonable juror could find from this evidence that resistance or attempted flight by the
children would have been futile, and they were not free to leave the various circumstances in which they
found themselves.


                                                      18
        contained impermissible hearsay, in that the orders contained detailed and
        disparaging factual findings about [D]efendants and recited specific
        hearsay testimony of third parties such as Plaintiff[s’] expert witness in the
        dissolution case.

        The referenced evidence was received as exhibits 4 and 5, respectively, the

dissolution judgment and the AMENDED JUDGMENT, ORDER, AND DECREE OF

DISSOLUTION OF MARRIAGE.13 Those judgments, as previously noted, were

highly critical of Mother and Grandparents.

        Defendants rely heavily upon Gamble v. Browning, 379 S.W.3d 194 (Mo. App.

W.D. 2012), in arguing that “the consensus among courts is to exclude judicial opinions

because of the risk of undue prejudice.” Id. at 203. Defendants acknowledge, however,

that Gamble starts from the premise that “when the record in another case forms an

essential element of a party’s claim or defense, the record itself must be introduced in

evidence, absent an admission of its contents by the opposing party.” Id. at 201 (quoting

Chandler v. Hemeyer, 49 S.W.3d 786, 791-92 (Mo. App. W.D. 2001)). Further, the

judge’s order at issue in Gamble “applied legal concepts and standards inapplicable” to

the case being tried. 379 S.W.3d at 202.

        Despite that acknowledgement and distinction, Defendants argue that the

dissolution judgments were not admissible here as Defendants were willing to stipulate

that their conduct violated the legal effect of the order in the dissolution judgment that

gave Father custody of the children. Defendants argue that it was overly prejudicial to

admit the dissolution judgment in its entirety because it “berat[es]” Mother and casts

aspersions on Mother and Grandparents for violating court orders. Defendants also


13
  The AMENDED JUDGMENT, ORDER, AND DECREE OF DISSOLUTION OF MARRIAGE
was entered after Mother took the children and it awarded Father sole physical and sole legal custody with
no visitation for Mother.

                                                    19
object to the admission of the dissolution judgment because it recites hearsay testimony,

such as that of Dr. Ann Duncan (“Dr. Duncan”), who predicted that Mother would “cut

off and reject anyone not taking her side[.]”

        It is well-established that a trial court may take judicial notice of the relevant

records and files of other proceedings. Manz v. Manz, 805 S.W.2d 183, 185 (Mo. App.

E.D. 1990) (court in dissolution action may take judicial notice of evidence adduced in

previous adult abuse proceeding); Hoekstra v. Jenkins, 730 S.W.2d 263, 267 (Mo. App.

E.D. 1987) (trial judge in civil wrongful death action properly noticed record in criminal

case involving decedent). In fact, our high court has even contemplated that findings in a

divorce decree might be used as evidence of spousal misconduct in a later tort proceeding

between the parties. In its opinion abolishing inter-spousal immunity for negligence

actions, S.A.V. v. K.G.V., 708 S.W.2d 651 (Mo. banc 1986), the Court noted that

        to the extent that conduct of the spouses is taken into account in division
        of marital property [. . .], the dissolution decree might be admissible in the
        subsequent tort action subject to usual constraints of relevance,
        competence and with a careful eye to questions of causation and
        speculativeness of damages. The same may hold true for the dissolution
        proceeding if that action follows trial of the tort claim.

Id. at 653.

        Regarding relevancy determinations, Defendants admit that the dissolution

judgment was certainly logically relevant to the issues at trial. While Defendants argue

that the dissolution judgment was only relevant in regard to the legal effect of the custody

order, i.e. that it awarded Father custody of the children, they fail to recognize that the

dissolution judgment was also relevant to Defendants’ justification defense.

        Defendants claimed they were justified in absconding with the children for three

years based upon their sincere belief that Father had molested WM. However, as Father

                                                20
points out, Defendants’ justification defense would be measured by an objective standard

-- the belief of a reasonable person under similar circumstances at the time Mother

absconded with the children. See Cohen v. Metropolitan Life Ins. Co., 444 S.W.2d 498,

506 (Mo. App. St.L.D. 1969) (in a vexatious refusal case, the insurer must have

knowledge of facts supporting its defenses at the time it should have paid – it cannot rely

on potentially favorable facts that might be discovered later).14 Defendants were familiar

with the contents of the dissolution judgment and would have known at the time of the

abduction that the trial judge in that case (“the dissolution court”) had concluded that

there was no credible evidence to support Mother’s sexual abuse allegations. The jury

could rightly consider this information in deciding whether Defendants’ actions were

reasonable at the time they were taken.

        Defendants note in their brief that “[m]ost of the dissolution [judgment] consists

of factual findings . . . that inform [the dissolution court]’s decision to give custody to

[Father].” Like the trial in this case, the dissolution trial appears to have focused heavily

upon whether Father had abused WM. The factual findings contained in the dissolution

judgment constituted probative evidence of whether Defendants’ beliefs were reasonable.

        Further, many of the factual findings contained in the dissolution judgment about

which Defendants complain were already before the jury. Dr. Duncan’s prediction that

Mother would cut off and reject anyone not taking her side was precisely what Mother

actually did after the dissolution court issued its judgment, and Mother absconded with

the children for a period of three years. The dissolution court awarded custody to Father

in part because it was “convinced” that Mother would not comply with court orders in the


14
  Counsel for Defendants agreed during oral argument that an objective standard applied to Defendants’
justification defense.

                                                   21
future and would “refuse any effort to allow [Father] to see his children”; predictions that

were followed by those very actions. Prejudicial error does not exist when the

complained-of evidence was cumulative to other properly-admitted evidence. Martin v.

Mercy Hosp. Springfield, 516 S.W.3d 403, 406 (Mo. App. S.D. 2017).

        In summation, Defendants have failed to cite any authority for their claim that the

trial court abused its discretion in receiving into evidence relevant prior judgments such

as those at issue here, and we are unaware of any such authority. Point 3 is denied.

                              Point 4 – Dr. Duncan’s Written Report

        Point 4 claims the trial court erred in admitting into evidence the written report of

Dr. Duncan (an expert in child psychology) and allowing the jury to read it because the

report was prejudicial in that it contained disparaging statements about Defendants as

well as hearsay.15

        Dr. Duncan became involved with the parties when the dissolution court

appointed her to perform “a fairly thorough evaluation of [Mother]” to assess her ability

to co-parent, any mental condition that she might have, her ability to perceive and report

information, and any personality traits or other disorders that she might have. When

Father volunteered to be similarly evaluated, Dr. Duncan performed that evaluation as

well. She concluded from her evaluations that Father was an appropriate and sturdy

parent, that Mother would have difficulties co-parenting, and that if Father were awarded

custody, Mother would have difficulties complying with the court’s order.

        Dr. Duncan was not involved with the parties again until August 2012, when the

children were returned from Kansas. At that point, Dr. Duncan was asked to help Father


15
  As Father notes, Defendants did not object to Dr. Duncan’s live testimony about the conclusions in her
report. They only dispute the admission of her written report and its eventual publication to the jury.

                                                   22
and the children transition back into a “normal” life together. She also performed

educational testing to support recommendations about the grade levels into which the

children should be placed. Dr. Duncan also prepared a report setting forth her

psychological assessments of the children as of March 2017. Dr. Duncan described her

written report as “set[ting] forth the nature of the investigation and the opinions [she]

reached in this case[.]”

       During her direct examination, Dr. Duncan testified that based upon her extensive

testing and interviews with the children, in her 50 years of working with traumatized

children, WM and OM were “badly traumatized in so many different ways[.]” She

believed that both boys qualified for a diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder. OM

also had a secondary diagnosis of adjustment reaction with mixed features, and WM a

secondary diagnosis of anxiety disorder.

       During her direct testimony, Plaintiffs sought to introduce the written report as

Exhibit No. 7. Defendants objected to its admission on the ground that it was

inappropriate to admit the report of a testifying witness and it contained inadmissible

information, including hearsay. Defendants stated that they had “no problem” with Dr.

Duncan “referring to the report and testifying to [its] conclusions[,]” but they argued that

if the report went to the jury, it would “substitute for potential testimony.” Plaintiffs

contended that they were “trying to avoid having to read 21 pages of her report into the

record[.]” When the trial court asked Plaintiffs if they intended to ask permission to

publish the report to the jury, they answered “I don’t anticipate it at this time, Judge. I

may refer to pieces of it in closing argument. That’s what [sic] why I want to admit it, so

at least I can argue those issues without having to have it all read in.” The trial court



                                              23
overruled Defendants’ objections and received the report into evidence. Father did not

ask to publish the report to the jury until Plaintiffs presented rebuttal evidence in the

case.16

          During their case-in-chief, Defendants presented testimony from their own expert,

Dr. Rosalyn Schultz (“Dr. Schultz”), a licensed psychologist. Dr. Schultz did not

interview the children. The only opinion testimony Dr. Schultz provided at trial was a

critique of Dr. Duncan’s report and the methodologies she had used. She merely opined

that “all of Dr. Duncan’s work[] does not indicate that there is sufficient evidence that

the[] children were harmed.” Dr. Schultz referred to and testified about Dr. Duncan’s

report extensively, and she generally opined that Dr. Duncan’s report lacked credibility,

and her findings, including her post-traumatic stress diagnoses, were unfounded and were

actually contradicted by the testing Dr. Duncan had performed. It was not until after Dr.

Schultz had critiqued Dr. Duncan’s report that Plaintiffs asked to publish it to each

member of the jury.

          Defendants concede that much of the report is based upon statements made by the

parties, all of whom were at trial, and -- with the exception of Mother -- were available

for cross-examination. But Defendants complain about other specific portions of the

report, namely: (1) Dr. Duncan’s reliance on unidentified hearsay to “pass judgment” on

Defendants and undermine their credibility, including a history of being arrested at

abortion clinic protests, and a “cult-like dedication to personal beliefs”; and (2) Dr.

Duncan’s statement that Defendants planned the abduction in advance.




16
  The admission of Dr. Duncan’s report was of no consequence until it was seen by the jury. Davolt v.
Highland, 119 S.W.3d 118, 132-35 (Mo. App. W.D. 2003).

                                                   24
        A review of the transcript reveals that the allegedly irrelevant and prejudicial

portions of the report about which Defendants complain were actually raised by

Defendants during their cross-examination of Dr. Duncan. “Missouri law is settled that a

party may not complain about evidence introduced into the case through his attorney’s

questions or conduct.” State v. Eighinger, 931 S.W.2d 835, 838 (Mo. App. W.D. 1996).

        The general tenor of Defendants’ cross-examination was to portray Dr. Duncan as

a biased witness who believed Mother and Grandparents were cult-like fanatics wedded

to their extreme beliefs. Defense counsel cross-examined Dr. Duncan about the

references in her report to D.E.N., who had protested with Mother’s sister outside of

abortion clinics. Defense counsel asked Dr. Duncan at length about her indication that

Mother’s family had an emotional theme running through it that “men will betray your

trust.” He questioned her about D.A.N.’s affair and D.E.N.’s taking Mother out of state

as a young child because of it. Defense counsel also questioned Dr. Duncan about her

statement that Mother’s “only safety is in religion.”

        Dr. Schultz’s testimony again put Dr. Duncan’s report at issue when she opined

on the illegitimacy of the report and critiqued and undermined all of Dr. Duncan’s

methodologies and diagnoses. It was not until after Defendants had presented all of this

evidence that Plaintiffs asked for and received permission to publish the report to the

jury.

        Defendants put the contents of Dr. Duncan’s report at issue with both Dr.

Schultz’s testimony and with their own cross-examination of Dr. Duncan. Under these

circumstances, we conclude that the trial court’s decision to allow Plaintiffs to publish the

report to the jury was not so “clearly against the logic of the circumstances and is so



                                             25
unreasonable as to indicate a lack of careful consideration.” Forrest, 183 S.W.3d at 223

(quoting State v. Gonzales, 153 S.W.3d 311, 312 (Mo. banc 2005)); Eckerd v. Country

Mut. Ins. Co., 289 S.W.3d 738, 744 (Mo. App. E.D. 2009) (quoting Bowls v.

Scarborough, 950 S.W.2d 691, 702 (Mo. App. W.D. 1997) (“[a] party who has

introduced evidence concerning a certain fact may not on appeal complain that his

opponent was allowed to introduce related evidence, in rebuttal or explanation”)).

       Point 4 is denied.

                          Point 5 – WM’s Out-of-Court Statements

       Point 5 claims:

       The trial court erred in refusing to allow Defendants to offer evidence of
       certain of [WM]’s statements regarding sexual abuse by [F]ather and in
       refusing to allow him to be cross-examined regarding those statements,
       because those statements were party admissions and prior inconsistent
       statements and upon which Defendants should have been allowed to cross-
       examine, in that [WM]’s testimony at trial was that he had never been
       abused by [F]ather and he did not remember making the statements.

We disagree.

       “The trial court has sound discretion with respect to the admissibility of evidence

and over the extent and scope of cross-examination in civil actions.” Dieser v. St.

Anthony’s Med. Ctr., 498 S.W.3d 419, 434 (Mo. banc 2016). “[W]e will not reverse a

judgment unless we find that an error ‘materially affected the merits of the action[,]’”

meaning the improper admission or exclusion of evidence was outcome-determinative.

Reed v. Kansas City Mo. Sch. Dist., 504 S.W.3d 235, 240 (Mo. App. W.D. 2016)

(internal citations omitted).

       Defendants assert that WM made statements to professionals and non-

professionals, family members and non-family members, the content of which varied, but



                                             26
in general included: “[t]hat [F]ather touched his ‘root,’ or penis; [t]hat [F]ather was a bad

man who hurt him; [t]hat he did not want to see or be around [F]ather”; and that “[F]ather

had touched [WM’s] penis and buttocks inappropriately.” Defendants argue that the

specific statements made to Children’s Division investigators were “particularly

important because they were made to completely independent parties.” Defendants do

not argue how they were prejudiced by their exclusion, other than to say that it was

“extremely prejudicial” for the trial court to deny cross-examination on those specific

statements.

        The following exchange that occurred between WM and his lawyer at trial is

relevant to the resolution of this point.

        [Counsel:]      Did your mom ever give you any reasons for why she was
                        hiding from your dad?

        [WM:]           Yes.

        [Counsel:]      And what was that?

        [WM:]           That she didn’t want us to be with him because of she said
                        that I told her that he abused me.

        [Counsel:]      Okay, and you understand that there’s going to be
                        testimony in this case--well, that you told a variety of
                        stories--

        [WM:]           Yes.

        [Counsel:]      --about--let me finish my question. You understand there’s
                        going to be testimony in this case that you told a variety of
                        stories about bad acts of your dad, beginning back in 2005
                        or 2006?

        [WM:]           Yes.

        [Counsel:]      Do you remember any--telling anybody those--do you
                        specifically remember telling me these stories?



                                              27
[WM:]        No.

[Counsel:]   How [old] would you have been in 2005-2006?

[WM:]        Um, three.

[Counsel:]   You turned four sometime in 2006?

[WM:]        Yes.

[Counsel:]   That would have been about twelve years ago?

[WM:]        Yes.

[Counsel:]   Now, before preparing for your testimony today, preparing
             the testimony to come to court, did you have a recollection
             of ever making those specific statements?

[WM:]        No.

[Counsel:]   In preparing for court, did you go back and look at some of
             the records from back in 2006?

[WM:]        Yes.

[Counsel:]   As you sit here today, are you denying that you may have
             told those stories to people?

[WM:]        No.

[Counsel:]   You are not denying that you might have told someone that
             your dad shot a woman in the woods?

[WM:]        No.

[Counsel:]   Or that he touched your penis?

[WM:]        No.

[Counsel:]   Or that he watched child pornography with his sister in the
             room?

[WM:]        No.

[Counsel:]   Did any of those happen?



                                  28
       [WM:]           No.

       On cross-examination, defense counsel began to question WM about the content

of specific statements he had made to third parties about what Father had allegedly done

to him. WM maintained that he had no recollection of making those statements. When

defense counsel began to question WM about a specific statement he made in January

2006, WM’s attorney objected that the questioning violated the court’s ruling on a motion

in limine. Defendants argued that, because WM had said he did not remember making

the statements, they were allowed to “test his recollection” and that the statements went

to bias and prejudice. The trial court sustained the objection and refused to allow any

questioning about specific statements that WM had allegedly made to third parties.

       Defense counsel then questioned WM about the alleged abuse in general -- asking

him whether he remembered speaking with certain individuals about the abuse and

whether he remembered telling them “that my dad had touched me and stuff like that.”

WM again insisted that he had no recollection of the abuse or of making any statements

about it, but he did say that he did not know why he would lie about it, other than the fact

that he “was so little at that age that [he] had no idea if it was a lie or what it was because

[he didn’t] even remember.”

       Defendants have failed to establish that the trial court’s ruling on the permissible

scope of cross-examination of WM resulted in reversible error. “An erroneous

evidentiary ruling warrants reversal ... only when it affects the result or the outcome of

the case[.]” Dieser, 498 S.W.3d at 435 (internal citation omitted). “The exclusion of

cumulative evidence is not considered prejudicial on appeal.” Adkins v. Hontz, 337

S.W.3d 711, 720 (Mo. App. W.D. 2011). In this case, the jury heard time and again that



                                              29
WM had made previous accusations to “a number of different people” that Father had

sexually abused him. The jury heard evidence that WM had alleged that Father had

touched WM’s “root,” had forced WM to put Father’s “root” in his hands, that Father had

put WM’s “root” in Father’s mouth, that Father had touched and hurt WM’s buttocks,

and that Father had put his root in WM’s buttocks. The jury also heard that WM had

accused Father of watching child pornography with Father’s sister.

        Thus, the jury heard extensive testimony on WM’s allegations of abuse against

Father and specific details of what Father had allegedly done. The jury knew that WM

had made these allegations to state investigators and family members alike, and counsel

for Defendants referenced them in closing arguments. Therefore, the exclusion of WM’s

specific statements to specific individuals would have been cumulative to evidence

already in the case, and its exclusion could not have been outcome-determinative. Id.

Point 5 is denied.

                   Point 6 – Testimony by the Guardian ad Litem (“GAL”)

        Defendants’ sixth point claims:

                The trial court erred in allowing the [GAL] from the dissolution
        case to testify as to her opinion on whether or not sexual abuse had
        occurred and in disallowing defense counsel to cross-examine her
        regarding documents she utilized to formulate her opinions, because her
        testimony was prejudicial and impermissible lay witness testimony, in that
        her opinions invaded the province of the jury and defense counsel were
        denied their right to cross-examine her regarding documents upon which
        she based her opinions. (Emphasis added.)[17]

        During his case-in-chief, Father called the GAL in the parties’ dissolution case,

Katie Anderson. The point of Ms. Anderson’s testimony was to give the jury her opinion


17
  Defendants’ point, which includes more than one issue, is multifarious and preserves nothing for our
review. City of Joplin, 522 S.W.3d at 330. However, we exercise our discretion to review Defendants’
point ex gratia. Id. at 331.

                                                   30
that Father had not sexually abused WM. Prior to her testimony, Defendants objected on

the basis that: (1) Ms. Anderson may testify to evidence which had been excluded under

the previous motions in limine, such as interviews with the Children’s Division; and (2)

“calling her is something like an expert witness . . . but it isn’t an expert witness that this

court needs or this jury should have.” Plaintiffs responded that they were only offering

Ms. Anderson’s testimony to show the reasonableness (or lack thereof) of Defendants’

actions in taking the children, and they did not intend to cover any evidence that had been

excluded by the trial court’s ruling on the motion in limine. The trial court allowed Ms.

Anderson’s testimony, subject to that limitation.

        Ms. Anderson testified that, as part of her role in the dissolution case, she

interviewed Mother and Father and reviewed all the documents they gave her. She also

investigated concerns about abuse or neglect and reported her findings to the dissolution

court. Ms. Anderson testified that her recommendations to the dissolution court were as

follows.

                So my report to the court included that I did not feel that WM had
        been sexually abused. I made a recommendation to the court that included
        proposals if the court did find that sexual abuse [had] occurred. . . . and
        then I made a second alternative recommendation in the event that the
        court agreed with my report and also concluded that there was no sexual
        abuse.

Ms. Anderson’s direct testimony consumed only six pages of trial transcript.

        After her direct examination was completed, Defendants argued that Ms.

Anderson had testified about her opinion, and Defendants should be allowed to question

her about the bases for that opinion, including the contents of specific documents that she

had reviewed, some of which contained the statements of abuse that WM had made to

third parties. Father’s counsel responded that the bases for the GAL’s opinion were

                                              31
irrelevant because her opinion was only relevant to the extent that it shed light on what

Defendants knew at the time they took the children, thus shedding light on whether

Defendants’ belief that WM had been sexually abused was reasonable.

       The trial court believed that the documents Ms. Anderson relied upon in reaching

her opinion were covered by the previous motion in limine, and it refused to allow Ms.

Anderson to be questioned about them. The trial court did, however, allow Defendants to

question Ms. Anderson about which documents she had reviewed in forming her

opinions; it only barred questions about specific statements contained in those

documents. Ms. Anderson testified that she had reviewed, among other documents,

Children’s Division records, including progress notes and interviews its employees had

conducted.

        To obtain a reversal under this point, Defendants must demonstrate that they were

prejudiced by the admission of Ms. Anderson’s testimony. Babb v. Pfuehler, 944

S.W.2d 331, 336 (Mo. App. S.D. 1997). As in Point 5, Defendants’ inability to do so is

fatal to their claim. The jury heard from several sources that WM’s allegations of abuse

against Father had been unsubstantiated by the relevant authorities, and they were told as

early as opening statements that “DFS [a previous acronym for what is now the

Children’s Division] eventually unsubstantiated the case.” Most importantly, the jury

was aware that Father had been given custody of the children in the divorce – leading to a

reasonable inference that the dissolution court had not found Father to be an abuser.

       As earlier noted, the jury also saw the dissolution judgment itself, which

contained an explicit factual finding that “no credible evidence that any act of abuse by

[Father had] occurred.” The dissolution judgment also recounted that the allegations of



                                            32
sexual abuse had been investigated by the Children’s Division and were found to be

unsubstantiated. Finally, Dr. Duncan testified that her testing revealed that Father was

“appropriate, sturdy emotionally. . . . There was [sic] no warning signs that he was a

pedophile, or a pervert, or a pornography addict, or had a personality disorder.”

       Regarding Defendants’ inability to cross-examine Ms. Anderson on the

specifics of the documents she reviewed, that complaint fails for the same reasons

we articulated in our analysis of Point 5. The jury already knew many specifics

about WM’s allegations of abuse, along with the fact that they had been

investigated and documented by the relevant authorities. And the trial court

allowed Defendants to ask Ms. Anderson whether she had reviewed those

documents.

       Defendants also effectively cast doubt upon Ms. Anderson’s opinions by

eliciting admissions from her on cross-examination that: (1) she wrestled with the

decision of whether any sexual abuse had occurred; (2) there were two sides to the

story; and (3) she could not say for certain that no sexual abuse had occurred.

Again, Defendants have failed to show that the trial court’s limitation on the

questions Defendants could ask the GAL was outcome-determinative in this case.

       Defendants’ sixth point is also denied, and the judgment of the trial court is

affirmed.


DON E. BURRELL, P.J. – OPINION AUTHOR

NANCY STEFFEN RAHMEYER, J. – CONCURS

GARY W. LYNCH, J. – CONCURS




                                            33
