[Cite as State v. Frazier, 2016-Ohio-727.]




                              IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
                                 SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                    MONTGOMERY COUNTY

 STATE OF OHIO                                     :
                                                   :
          Plaintiff-Appellee                       :   C.A. CASE NOS. 26495 and 26496
                                                   :
 v.                                                :   T.C. NOS. 13CR3864 and 13CR3946
                                                   :
 DARELLE A. FRAZIER                                :   (Criminal Appeal from
                                                   :    Common Pleas Court)
          Defendant-Appellant                      :
                                                   :

                                              ...........

                                             OPINION

                 Rendered on the ___26th___ day of ___February____, 2016.

                                              ...........


ANDREW T. FRENCH, Atty. Reg. No. 0069384, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, 301 W.
Third Street, 5th Floor, Dayton, Ohio 45422
       Attorney for Plaintiff-Appellee

BROCK A. SCHOENLEIN, Atty. Reg. No. 0084707, 371 West First Street, Dayton, Ohio
45402
      Attorney for Defendant-Appellant

                                             .............

FROELICH, J.

        {¶ 1} Darelle Frazier appeals from his conviction, after a jury trial, for robbery in
                                                                                         -2-


Montgomery C.P. No. 2013-CR-3864 and his conviction upon his guilty plea to having

weapons while under disability in Montgomery C.P. No. 2013-CR-3946.

        {¶ 2} Frazier’s convictions stem from two separate incidents on different dates.

The cases have significantly different procedural histories and present distinct legal

issues. Frazier raises nine assignments, seven of which relate to his robbery conviction

and two of which relate to his conviction for having weapons while under disability. In

the interest of clarity, we will address the two cases and their respective assignments of

error separately.

        {¶ 3} For the following reasons, the trial court’s judgments will be affirmed.



                           I. Case No. 2013-CR-3864 (Robbery)

                            A. Factual and Procedural History

        {¶ 4} The State’s evidence at trial established the following facts:

        {¶ 5} During the afternoon of November 25, 2013, Frazier boarded an RTA bus

headed northbound toward Vandalia. When a seat opened in the back of the bus,

Frazier sat in a seat next to Jesse Goble, a regular passenger on that route. Goble had

an electronic cigarette in his hand. Frazier grabbed the e-cigarette from Goble, without

permission, and asked Goble about its use.             Initially, Goble answered Frazier’s

questions, believing that Frazier would return it. After Frazier asked how to clean the e-

cigarette, Goble repeatedly asked Frazier to give him the e-cigarette. Frazier refused to

return it.

        {¶ 6} After several requests for Frazier to return his property, Goble moved to the

row of seats across from Frazier and continued to ask Frazier to return the e-cigarette.
                                                                                        -3-


Frazier did not return it. When Frazier was about to exit the bus, Frazier responded to

Goble that Goble would need to fight him (Frazier) for the e-cigarette. Frazier lunged at

Goble, who was still seated, knocking Goble on his back across the seats. Frazier

punched Goble in the face several times.

       {¶ 7} Individuals on the bus yelled that a fight was occurring, and the bus driver,

Salvatore Leone, hit the “panic button.” Leone notified the RTA dispatcher about the

fight, and the dispatcher contacted the police. The assault lasted for about a minute,

during which Goble repeatedly yelled, “Give me my stuff back.” Passengers pulled

Frazier off of Goble. Frazier exited the bus and left the scene. Goble remained until the

police arrived. Goble provided a statement to the responding sheriff’s deputy, and the

deputy took photographs of Goble’s face, which had cuts and red marks.

       {¶ 8} Two days later (November 27), Frazier rode another RTA bus that Leone

was driving southbound toward downtown Dayton.           Leone recognized Frazier “right

away” as the individual who had assaulted Goble. A few minutes after Frazier boarded,

Leone notified his dispatcher that Frazier was on the bus. RTA arranged to have the

police meet the bus at the downtown hub, where Leone’s shift was ending. The police

were not there when the bus arrived, and Leone pointed out Frazier to his supervisor.

Leone took his bus, which was now empty, to the RTA garage. Afterward, he returned

in his personal vehicle to the downtown hub and saw Frazier in the back of a police

cruiser.

       {¶ 9} Leone testified that Frazier had “tattoos all over his face,” which were “very

distinguishing features,” that Frazier had been cursing when he boarded the bus on

November 25, and Frazier “challenged” Leone when Leone told Frazier to “stop cussing
                                                                                        -4-


and that he’s going to have to get off the bus.” Leone stated that he was 100 percent

certain that Frazier was the individual he saw punching Goble.

       {¶ 10} On December 5, 2013, the police showed a photo array with six

photographs, including one of Frazier, to Goble.          Goble identified Frazier as the

individual who had taken his e-cigarette and assaulted him. Goble stated that he was

75 percent certain of the identification.     At trial, Goble again identified Frazier and

testified that he was 85 percent certain of the identification.

       {¶ 11} In February 2014, Frazier was indicted for robbery, in violation of R.C.

2911.02(A)(2), for the November 25, 2013 incident. Frazier subsequently moved to

suppress the photographic identification by Goble on the ground that the photo line-up

was impermissibly suggestive and/or the identification was unreliable.

       {¶ 12} A hearing on the suppression motion was held on April 11, 2014. The

State presented two witnesses regarding the pretrial identification; Frazier presented no

witnesses. After a short recess to review the exhibits and the law, the trial court orally

overruled the motion to suppress regarding Goble’s identification. The court’s written

entry overruling the motion to suppress cited the reasons articulated at the hearing.

       {¶ 13} The robbery case proceeded to a jury trial in September 2014, and evidence

was presented regarding the events of November 25 and 27 and December 5, as

described above. After deliberations, the jury found Frazier guilty of robbery, as alleged

in the indictment. The trial court sentenced Frazier to eight years for the robbery and

ordered him to pay restitution of $103 to Goble and court costs. The sentence was run

concurrently with the sentence in Case No. 2013-CR-3946.

       {¶ 14} Frazier appeals, raising seven assignments of error related to his robbery
                                                                                                 -5-


conviction.

                                   B. Pretrial Identification

       {¶ 15} Frazier’s first assignment of error states: “The trial court erred in overruling

Appellant’s motion to suppress the pretrial identification in the robbery case.”

       {¶ 16} “Due process requires suppression of pre-trial identification of a suspect

only if the identification procedure was so impermissibly suggestive as to give rise to a

very substantial likelihood of misidentification.” Neil v. Biggers, 409 U.S. 188, 196-97,

93 S.Ct. 375, 34 L.Ed.2d 401 (1972).

       {¶ 17} The defendant must first show that the identification procedure was unduly

suggestive.    “A lineup is unduly suggestive if it steers the witness to one suspect,

independent of the witness’s honest recollection.” (Citations omitted.) State v. Adams,

2015-Ohio-3954, __ N.E.3d __, ¶ 208 (Ohio). If the pretrial identification procedure was

not unfairly suggestive, any remaining questions as to the identification’s reliability go to

the weight of the identification, not its admissibility, and no further inquiry into the reliability

of the identification is required. Id. at ¶ 209; State v. Williams, 2d Dist. Montgomery No.

26357, 2015-Ohio-1403, ¶ 13.

       {¶ 18} If, on the other hand, the defendant shows that the pretrial identification

procedure was unduly suggestive, the court must then consider whether the identification,

viewed under the totality of the circumstances, is reliable despite the suggestive

procedure.     Id.   In reviewing the likelihood that the circumstances resulted in a

misidentification, courts consider the opportunity of the witness to view the perpetrator at

the time of the offense, the witness’s degree of attention, the accuracy of the witness’s

prior description of the perpetrator, the level of certainty demonstrated by the witness at
                                                                                          -6-

the confrontation, and the length of time between the crime and the confrontation.1 Neil

at 199-200; Manson v. Brathwaite, 432 U.S. 98, 97 S.Ct. 2243, 53 L.Ed.2d 140 (1977);

State v. Chaffin, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 25220, 2014-Ohio-2671, ¶ 16.

        {¶ 19} Reliability of the pretrial identification is the linchpin in determining its

admissibility.   Manson at 114.      “So long as the identification possesses sufficient

aspects of reliability, there is no violation of due process.” State v. Sherls, 2d Dist.

Montgomery No. 18599, 2002 WL 254144, *3 (Feb. 22, 2002).

        {¶ 20} We review a trial court’s refusal to suppress a pretrial identification for an

abuse of discretion. State v. Wilson, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 22624, 2009-Ohio-1038,

¶ 19.

        {¶ 21} Deputy Phelps-Powers and Detective Gallagher testified at the suppression


1
   In the more than 40 years since Neil and Manson, substantial research has been
conducted on memory and eyewitness identification. In the view of this author, and as
other judges have recognized, “[t]his research has demonstrated beyond question that
the reliability of eyewitness testimony is not limited to external factors or even to
individual matters such as the quality of a witness’s eyesight. For better or for worse,
much of what these studies have revealed is highly inconsistent with our intuition
about how memory functions. * * * Contrary to our intuition, neuroscience and
cognitive studies demonstrate that what is stored in a person’s memory can be
changed over time, particularly where there are repeated retrieval attempts as a result
of prompting. The gaps in memory can be ‘filled in’ with information that is subjectively
experienced as if part of the initial memory of the event.” Michigan v. Blevins, __
N.W.2d __, 2016 WL 594098 (Mich.Ct.App. Feb. 11, 2016) (Shapiro, J., dissenting).
        Several factors identified in Neil may bear reconsideration in light of the
significant advancement of scientific understanding of memory. For example, Neil
and Manson direct courts to consider the witness’s degree of certainty in the
identification. Yet studies have repeatedly shown little relationship between certainty
and accuracy.
        Nevertheless, as an intermediate court of appeals, we must continue to cite the
factors articulated in Neil and Manson, as required by Ohio Supreme Court precedent.
See State v. Gross, 97 Ohio St.3d 121, 2002-Ohio-5524, 776 N.E.2d 1061, ¶ 25
(considering the Manson factors in determining reliability of identification); State v.
Keith, 79 Ohio St.3d 514, 684 N.E.2d 47 (1997).
                                                                                       -7-


hearing. According to Deputy Phelps-Powers, on December 5, 2013, she presented a

six-photo line-up prepared by Detective Gallagher to Goble.            The deputy read

instructions to Goble prior to showing him the photo array, and she did not know who the

suspect was. After looking at all the photos, Goble had stated, “I see the person,” and

Phelps-Powers asked Goble to circle the photo and put his initials inside the photo.

Goble selected Frazier’s photograph. Goble told the deputy that he was 75 percent

certain of the identification. Phelps-Powers filled out the portion of the form indicating

that she was the blind administrator of the line-up.

       {¶ 22} Detective Gallagher testified that he compiled the photo line-up shown to

Goble. He used a computer-generated program called Justice Web, in which he enters

a suspect’s information, including social security number, and the program finds the

suspect’s photograph. The program generates a compilation of similar photographs

based on the suspect’s photograph.        Gallagher stated that, after entering Frazier’s

information, he picked five photos from those compiled by Justice Web.

       {¶ 23} During his testimony, Gallagher agreed that Frazier had “distinctive facial

markings,” including tattoos on his face and neck. He stated that he took that into

consideration when selecting the five additional photographs and tried to select

individuals with facial tattoos. One individual (other than Frazier) had a small facial

tattoo, and five of the individuals had large tattoos on their necks. Gallagher testified

that Goble had not mentioned facial tattoos when he described the perpetrator to the

responding officer on November 25.

       {¶ 24} Detective Gallagher testified that he did not give any information about the

case to Deputy Phelps-Powers, he did not talk to Goble about the photo line-up or the
                                                                                            -8-


suspect, and he was not in the room when the deputy showed the line-up to Goble.

       {¶ 25} In overruling Frazier’s motion to suppress, the court found that the photo

array was comprised of individuals of similar age, race, and hairstyle, and each had some

degree of facial hair; the photos had similar backgrounds. The court noted that the line-

up was computer-generated. The court further found significant that the photo line-up

was presented by a blind administrator, that Detective Gallagher was not present in the

room, and that the deputy had read verbatim the photospread instructions, which

included, “This group of photographs may or may not contain a picture of the person who

committed the crime now being investigated.”

       {¶ 26} The trial court addressed the tattoos on Frazier’s face. It noted that the

individual in photo #2 had a tattoo between his eyes, although it was not as prominent as

Frazier’s tattoos, and five of the six individuals had tattoos on their necks. The court

found significant that Detective Gallagher had used the presence of tattoos as a

characteristic in creating the photo array.          The court stated that it would be

“unreasonable to expect law enforcement, in a situation like this where an individual has

tattoos over the entire face,” to find photographs of other individuals with tattoos over their

entire faces. The court also found “critical” that Goble had not conveyed to any officer

that Frazier’s tattoos were a crucial identifying characteristic. The court concluded that

the photo array was not unduly suggestive when viewed either as a whole or in the

manner it was presented.

       {¶ 27} We have reviewed the evidence from the suppression hearing, including the

photo array, and we agree with the trial court that the identification procedure was not

unduly suggestive. The photographs were presented by a blind administrator, and Goble
                                                                                           -9-


was notified that his assailant’s photograph may not be present and that some features,

such as hair style, might be different. There is nothing in the manner in which the deputy

presented the array to Goble that would make the presentation unduly suggestive.

       {¶ 28} As to the array itself, the array was computer-generated, using

characteristics similar to Frazier, including the presence of tattoos.       Five of the six

photographs have a similarly-colored background and include men of similar age and

complexion. The one man who was older, had a slightly darker complexion, and was

pictured on a darker background was not Frazier. A different man (not Frazier) had a

short hairstyle that was different from Frazier’s. Five of the six men, including Frazier,

had substantial tattoos on their necks; one man, in addition to Frazier, had a small tattoo

on his face.

       {¶ 29} Frazier’s photograph showed that he had tattoos on and above his

eyebrows and along the left side of his face. However, some of the tattoos appeared to

blend with his eyebrows, and the pattern was difficult to discern. Although the presence

of Frazier’s facial tattoos may have been somewhat distinctive, there was nothing in the

make-up of the photo array that steered Goble to select Frazier’s photograph,

independent of Goble’s honest recollection.

       {¶ 30} Frazier’s first assignment of error is overruled.

                  C. Sufficient and Manifest Weight of the Evidence

       {¶ 31} Frazier’s fifth and sixth assignments of error claim that the trial court “erred

in overruling Appellant’s Rule 29 motion at trial” and that his “robbery conviction was

entered against the manifest weight of the evidence.”

       {¶ 32} When reviewing the denial of a Crim.R. 29(A) motion, an appellate court
                                                                                          -10-

applies the same standard as is used to review a sufficiency of the evidence claim. State

v. Sheppeard, 2d Dist. Clark No. 2012 CA 27, 2013-Ohio-812, ¶ 51. “A sufficiency of the

evidence argument disputes whether the State has presented adequate evidence on

each element of the offense to allow the case to go to the jury or sustain the verdict as a

matter of law.” State v. Wilson, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 22581, 2009-Ohio-525, ¶ 10,

citing State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 386, 678 N.E.2d 541 (1997).

       {¶ 33} In contrast, “a weight of the evidence argument challenges the believability

of the evidence and asks which of the competing inferences suggested by the evidence

is more believable or persuasive.” Wilson at ¶ 12. See Eastley v. Volkman, 132 Ohio

St.3d 328, 2012-Ohio-2179, 972 N.E.2d 517, ¶ 19 (“ ‘manifest weight of the evidence’

refers to a greater amount of credible evidence and relates to persuasion”). When

evaluating whether a conviction is against the manifest weight of the evidence, the

appellate court must review the entire record, weigh the evidence and all reasonable

inferences, consider witness credibility, and determine whether, in resolving conflicts in

the evidence, the trier of fact “clearly lost its way and created such a manifest miscarriage

of justice that the conviction must be reversed and a new trial ordered.” Thompkins, 78

Ohio St.3d at 387, citing State v. Martin, 20 Ohio App.3d 172, 175, 485 N.E.2d 717 (1st

Dist.1983).

       {¶ 34} Because the trier of fact sees and hears the witnesses at trial, we must defer

to the factfinder’s decisions whether, and to what extent, to credit the testimony of

particular witnesses.   State v. Lawson, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 16288, 1997 WL

476684 (Aug. 22, 1997).      However, we may determine which of several competing

inferences suggested by the evidence should be preferred.           Id.   The fact that the
                                                                                           -11-


evidence is subject to different interpretations does not render the conviction against the

manifest weight of the evidence. Wilson at ¶ 14. A judgment of conviction should be

reversed as being against the manifest weight of the evidence only in exceptional

circumstances. Martin at 175.

       {¶ 35} R.C. 2911.02, the robbery statute, provides:

       (A) No person, in attempting or committing a theft offense or in fleeing

       immediately after the attempt or offense, shall do any of the following:

       (1) Have a deadly weapon on or about the offender’s person or under the

       offender’s control;

       (2) Inflict, attempt to inflict, or threaten to inflict physical harm on another;

       (3) Use or threaten the immediate use of force against another.

A violation of R.C. 2911.02(A)(1) or (2) is a second-degree felony. R.C. 2911.02(B). A

violation of R.C. 2911.02(A)(3) is a third-degree felony. Id.

       {¶ 36} On appeal, Frazier claims that the State failed to present sufficient evidence

that he inflicted physical harm as part of or immediately after the theft offense and, in the

absence of such evidence, his conviction was against the manifest weight of the

evidence. Frazier states that the actual taking of the property (theft offense) must be

committed “simultaneously” with the infliction of physical harm.2 He argues that, based

on the surveillance video on the RTA bus, the physical altercation must have occurred at

least two to three minutes after he allegedly took Goble’s electronic cigarette, and that


2 Frazier’s appellate brief repeatedly states that the theft must be contemporaneous with
the threat or use of force. However, as Frazier was charged under R.C. 2911.02(A)(2),
we infer that he means contemporaneous with the infliction of physical harm, attempt to
inflict physical harm, or threat to inflict physical harm. In either case, the temporal
requirement is the same.
                                                                                            -12-


there is no evidence that he inflicted physical harm at the time he took the e-cigarette.

       {¶ 37} The Supreme Court of Ohio has explained that the force or physical harm

attendant to the theft offense does not need to be inflicted in furtherance of a purpose to

deprive another of property. State v. Thomas, 106 Ohio St.3d 133, 2005-Ohio-4106, 832

N.E.2d 1190, ¶ 13. Focusing on the phrase “or in fleeing immediately after the attempt

or offense,” the supreme court noted that neither “fleeing” nor “immediately” is defined by

the Ohio Revised Code. Thomas at ¶ 15. The supreme court defined “to flee” as “ ‘[t]o

run away from,’ ‘to try to escape,’ ‘[t]o hasten for safety,’ or ‘[t]o withdraw hastily.’ ” Id.,

quoting V Oxford English Dictionary (2d Ed.1989) 1037.            The Court further defined

“immediately” as “ ‘[w]ith no person, thing, or distance, intervening in time, space, order,

or succession,’ or ‘[w]ithout any delay or lapse of time.’ ” Id., quoting at VII Oxford

English Dictionary (2d Ed.1989) 682.

       {¶ 38} Whether force was used as part of or while fleeing immediately after a theft

offense is fact-specific. Thomas at ¶ 16. In Thomas, the defendant left a grocery store

with two bags of merchandise that he had not paid for. Soon after leaving the store, the

defendant dropped the bags and continued walking away from the store. A uniformed

off-duty police officer, who provided security for the grocery store, followed the defendant

into a nearby laundromat.       The officer approached Thomas and asked him to step

outside, which Thomas did, and the two began to walk back to the grocery store. When

they arrived at the front door, Thomas attempted to run away, a struggle ensued, and

Thomas struck the officer in the face with his head.

       {¶ 39} On review, the Ohio Supreme Court found that the physical harm to the

officer did not occur in fleeing immediately after the theft. The court reasoned:
                                                                                           -13-


      When Thomas and [the officer] neared the store, having walked together

      from the laundromat, Thomas was not “fleeing immediately” after a theft.

      There was a delay or lapse of time between the theft offense and the

      attempt to flee, so that Thomas’s actions upon his return with [the officer] to

      the store’s front door were not “immediately after” the theft offense within

      the meaning of R.C. 2911.02(A). * * * Had Thomas struggled with [the

      officer] in an attempt to flee immediately after Thomas left the store, or after

      he dropped the stolen goods, or after being forced by [the officer] to return

      to the store, then an ensuing injury, attempt to injure, or threat to injure might

      justify elevation of the offense from theft to robbery. Based on the facts in

      the record, however, when the struggle that caused the harm occurred,

      Thomas was no longer “fleeing immediately after” the theft.

Thomas at ¶ 16.

      {¶ 40} In the case before us, Goble testified that Frazier took his (Goble’s)

electronic cigarette while Frazier was seated next to him on the RTA bus. After Frazier

asked Goble how to clean the e-cigarette, Goble became concerned that Frazier would

not return the e-cigarette, and Goble repeatedly asked Frazier to return it. Frazier never

returned Goble’s property, and when Frazier stood up to leave the bus (while still in

possession of Goble’s property), he physically assaulted Goble.

      {¶ 41} The surveillance video began at 2:46:54 p.m., when Goble and Frazier were

both already seated in the rear deck of the bus. Frazier’s hands appear to be empty, but

the jury could have reasonably inferred from Goble’s testimony that Frazier had already

taken the e-cigarette. Frazier’s gaze was directly toward the front of the bus on his left,
                                                                                              -14-


not toward Goble, who was seated to Frazier’s right. On a few occasions over the next

minute, Goble appears to say something to Frazier, although his statements are not

audible. At about 2:49:00, Frazier pulled the cord to indicate that he wanted to exit at

the next bus stop, and at 2:49:07, Goble moved to the seat across from Frazier. Goble

spoke to Frazier.     At 2:49:10, Frazier stood up and lunged at Goble, beginning the

assault. The bus stopped and opened its doors at 2:49:19. About 2:49:55, while the

assault was ongoing, Goble shouted three times, “Give me my stuff back.”

       {¶ 42} Construing the evidence in the light most favorable to the State, the

evidence reflects that Frazier was committing the theft offense at the time of the assault.

The theft took place on a public bus, and Frazier was continuing to refuse Goble’s

requests to return his property when the assault occurred. Even if we were to assume

that Frazier had completed the theft offense, Frazier continued to sit across from Goble

until he (Frazier) was about to leave the bus, and the assault occurred within minutes of

the theft, when Frazier got up to leave with Goble’s property. In such case, the jury could

have reasonably found that Frazier assaulted Goble in fleeing immediately after the theft

offense. Frazier’s conviction was neither based on the insufficient evidence nor against

the manifest weight of the evidence.

       {¶ 43} Frazier’s fifth and sixth assignments of error are overruled.

                           D. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel

       {¶ 44} Frazier’s second and eighth assignments of error claim that he received

ineffective assistance of counsel. In his second assignment of error, he asserts that his

counsel acted deficiently by failing “to present evidence of a lack of reliability in the pretrial

identification” at the suppression hearing. His eighth assignment of error asserts that
                                                                                          -15-


counsel was deficient when he “failed to object to incorrect instructions of law made by

the prosecutor to the jury in closing argument.”

       {¶ 45} To establish ineffective assistance of counsel, Frazier must demonstrate

both that trial counsel’s conduct fell below an objective standard of reasonableness and

that the errors were serious enough to create a reasonable probability that, but for the

errors, the outcome of his trial would have been different. See Strickland v. Washington,

466 U.S. 668, 688, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984); State v. Bradley, 42 Ohio

St.3d 136, 538 N.E.2d 373 (1989). Trial counsel is entitled to a strong presumption that

his or her conduct falls within the wide range of reasonable assistance. Strickland, 466

U.S. at 688, 104 S.Ct. 2052. Hindsight is not permitted to distort the assessment of what

was reasonable in light of counsel’s perspective at the time, and a debatable decision

concerning trial strategy cannot form the basis of a finding of ineffective assistance of

counsel. State v. Cook, 65 Ohio St.3d 516, 524-525, 605 N.E.2d 70 (1992); State v.

Rucker, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 24340, 2012-Ohio-4860, ¶ 58.

       {¶ 46} Frazier first claims that his counsel rendered ineffective assistance by failing

to present evidence that Goble’s pretrial identification lacked reliability. Frazier states

that it was the duty of trial counsel to subpoena Goble and to present evidence regarding

Goble’s opportunity to view his assailant, his degree of attention, the quality of his

eyesight, and the accuracy of Goble’s description.

       {¶ 47} Having concluded that the identification procedure was not unduly

suggestive, the trial court did not have to reach the issue of whether Goble’s identification

was reliable under the totality of the circumstances. See Adams, 2015-Ohio-3954, at ¶

210-211. As stated above, when the identification procedure is not unduly suggestive,
                                                                                            -16-


the question of reliability concerns the weight to be given to the identification, not its

admissibility. Id. at ¶ 209 (“When the questionable circumstances of an identification

procedure are not due to state action, the reliability of the identification is a question going

to the weight of the testimony, not its admissibility.”).      Accordingly, Frazier was not

prejudiced by his counsel’s failure to present evidence concerning the reliability of Goble’s

identification at the suppression hearing.

        {¶ 48} In addition, Frazier has not shown that a reasonable probability exists that

the outcome of the suppression hearing would have been different had his attorney called

Goble as a witness.      Deputy Phelps-Powers showed the photo line-up to Goble on

December 5, ten days after the incident on the bus. Assuming, for sake of argument,

that Goble would have testified similarly to his testimony at trial, Goble’s testimony

reflected that Goble sat next to and across from Frazier for several minutes on an RTA

bus during the middle of the afternoon. Goble conversed with Frazier about the e-

cigarette, and after Frazier failed to return it, Goble repeatedly asked for its return. Goble

stated that he moved to the seat across from Frazier so that Goble could look Frazier in

the eye. Goble testified at trial that he recognized Frazier’s photo during the photo line-

up from “Frazier’s tattoo under the eye and how his eyebrows and forehead were

positioned.” Goble was 75 percent certain of the pretrial identification, but the absence

(or presence) of absolute certainty in the identification is not dispositive of reliability.

Based on the evidence in the record, Frazier has not demonstrated a reasonable

probability that Goble’s pretrial identification would have been suppressed due to lack of

reliability.

        {¶ 49} Frazier’s eighth assignment of error asserts that counsel was deficient when
                                                                                             -17-


he “failed to object to incorrect instructions of law made by the prosecutor to the jury in

closing argument.”

       {¶ 50} After the conclusion of the evidence but prior to closing arguments, the trial

court gave instructions to the jury on the presumption of innocence and the prosecutor’s

burden of proof, on what is/is not evidence and guidelines to determine credibility, and on

the elements of the indicted charge of robbery. During these instructions, the trial court

told the jury that closing arguments by counsel were not evidence and were simply

designed to assist to the jury. As part of the court’s instructions on the elements of

robbery, the court stated: “Another essential element of robbery is that Darelle Frazier

inflicted, attempted to inflict or threatened to inflict physical harm on Jesse Goble. * * *

The act of inflicting or attempting to inflict or threatening to inflict physical harm must occur

during or immediately after the theft offense.” (Tr. at 279.)

       {¶ 51} In the prosecutor’s closing argument, the prosecutor reviewed the different

elements of robbery. Addressing the physical harm element and when it must occur, the

prosecutor stated:

              This is the amazing one. The part about inflicting, attempt to inflict,

       or threaten to inflect physical harm on Jesse Goble. Let’s talk about that.

              All of you don’t have to agree, well, he only inflicted harm on Jesse

       Goble or, he only attempted to inflict harm or, [h]e only threatened to inflict

       harm. You can choose either of them as long as you make the finding and

       agree that one, at least one of those three did, in fact, occur.

              ***

              And let’s focus on the defendant’s actions while he’s committing this theft
                                                                                               -18-


       offense. While he’s committing the theft offense or immediately thereafter or

       trying to commit the theft offense.

               Just like the part about the harm, you don’t necessarily have to all agree

       exactly when this occurred, whether the theft already occurred or trying to be

       accomplished or it’s immediately after it. You just have to all agree that one of

       those three was there. You don’t have to agree on which one.

       {¶ 52} On appeal, Frazier contends that the prosecutor misstated the law when the

prosecutor said that the jury did not need to unanimously agree on when the physical

harm element occurred. We conclude that trial counsel was not ineffective in failing to

object to the prosecutor’s argument, because we find no error in the prosecutor’s

argument.

       {¶ 53} “Although Crim.R. 31(A) requires juror unanimity on each element of the

crime, jurors need not agree to a single way by which an element is satisfied.” State v.

Gardner, 118 Ohio St.3d 420, 2008-Ohio-2787, 889 N.E.2d 995, ¶ 38, citing Richardson

v. United States, 526 U.S. 813, 817, 119 S.Ct. 1707, 143 L.Ed.2d 985 (1999). “ ‘ “In an

alternative means case, where a single offense may be committed in more than one way,

there must be jury unanimity as to guilt for the single crime charged. Unanimity is not

required, however, as to the means by which the crime was committed so long as

substantial evidence supports each alternative means.” ’ ” Gardner at ¶ 49, quoting State

v. Jones, 96 Haw. 161, 170, 29 P.3d 351 (2001).

       {¶ 54} The elements of robbery permitted the jury to consider alternate methods

to satisfy the physical harm requirement (i.e, inflict, attempt to inflict, or threaten to inflict)

and the temporal requirement (i.e., during or in fleeing immediately after).                  The
                                                                                       -19-


prosecutor did not err in arguing that the jurors need not unanimously agree on which

temporal circumstances existed, provided that they all agreed that it occurred either

during the theft offense or immediately thereafter.         Accordingly, defense counsel’s

conduct did not fall below an objective standard of reasonableness when he failed to

object to the prosecutor’s argument.

       {¶ 55} Frazier’s second and eighth assignments of error are overruled.

                    E. Jury Instruction on Lesser-Included Offense

       {¶ 56} Frazier’s seventh assignment of error states that the trial court erred in

failing to give a jury instruction on the lesser-included offense of theft.

       {¶ 57} “An offense may be a lesser included offense of another if (i) the offense

carries a lesser penalty than the other; (ii) the greater offense cannot, as statutorily

defined, * * * be committed without the lesser offense, as statutorily defined, also being

committed; and (iii) some element of the greater offense is not required to prove the

commission of the lesser offense.” State v. Deem, 40 Ohio St.3d 205, 206, 533 N.E.2d

294 (1988), paragraph three of the syllabus, as modified by State v. Evans, 122 Ohio

St.3d 381, 2009-Ohio-2974, 911 N.E.2d 889, ¶ 26; State v. Callahan, 2d Dist.

Montgomery No. 24595, 2012-Ohio-1092, ¶ 31.

       {¶ 58} “If the evidence is such that a jury could reasonably find the defendant not

guilty of the charged offense, but could convict the defendant of the lesser included

offense, then the judge should instruct the jury on the lesser offense.” Shaker Hts. v.

Mosely, 113 Ohio St.3d 329, 2007-Ohio-2072, 865 N.E.2d 859, ¶ 11, citing State v.

Shane, 63 Ohio St.3d 630, 590 N.E.2d 272 (1992); State v. Trimble, 122 Ohio St.3d 297,

2009-Ohio-2961, 911 N.E.2d 242, ¶ 192. In deciding whether to instruct the jury on a
                                                                                         -20-


lesser included offense, the trial court must view the evidence in a light most favorable to

the defendant.    Trimble at ¶ 192.       “The lesser-included-offense instruction is not

warranted every time ‘some evidence’ is presented to support the lesser offense. * * *

Rather, a court must find ‘sufficient evidence’ to ‘allow a jury to reasonably reject the

greater offense and find the defendant guilty on a lesser included (or inferior degree)

offense.’” (Emphasis sic.) Id., quoting Shane at 632-633.

       {¶ 59} When reviewing a trial court’s jury instructions, an appellate court must

determine whether the trial court’s refusal to give a requested jury instruction constituted

an abuse of discretion under the facts and circumstances of the case. State v. Wolons,

44 Ohio St.3d 64, 68, 541 N.E.2d 443 (1989); State v. Collier, 2d Dist. Montgomery No.

20131, 2005-Ohio-119, ¶ 25. The term “abuse of discretion” implies that the court’s

attitude is unreasonable, arbitrary or unconscionable. Blakemore v. Blakemore, 5 Ohio

St.3d 217, 219, 450 N.E.2d 1140 (1983).

       {¶ 60} Frazier’s counsel requested a jury instruction on the lesser-included offense

of theft. Counsel argued to the trial court that the surveillance video showed a two or

three minute period from when the theft actually occurred (which was not shown on the

video) to when the altercation started.        Counsel emphasized that the bus stopped

between the time that Frazier took the electronic cigarette and when the altercation

occurred, and that Frazier could have gotten off the bus earlier, but he did not.

       {¶ 61} The State countered that, at the time of the assault, Goble was still asking

Frazier to return his property and, therefore, the theft offense was ongoing at the time of

the assault. The State argued that it would not be reasonable for the jury to acquit

Frazier of robbery yet convict him of theft.
                                                                                             -21-


       {¶ 62} The trial court overruled Frazier’s request for a lesser-included offense

instruction. It explained that theft constitutes not only obtaining but also exerting control

over another person’s property. The court noted that Goble’s testimony and the video

recording demonstrated that the entire incident occurred on the bus and involved

continuous interaction; only a couple of minutes elapsed from the defendant’s obtaining

the e-cigarette and the assault on Goble. Throughout that time, Frazier continued to

exercise control over the e-cigarette and Goble repeatedly demanded that he return it.

The court concluded that the infliction of physical harm was contemporaneous with the

theft and was “intricately connected to the theft and that enable[d] the theft to be

successfully accomplished.”

       {¶ 63} Upon review of the law and the evidence before us, we find no abuse of

discretion in the trial court’s decision. The entire event occurred on the RTA bus over

the course of several minutes.       As demonstrated by the surveillance video, Goble

repeatedly asked Frazier to return his property while both were seated near each other

on the bus. Goble can be heard demanding that Frazier return his property during the

assault. The trial court reasonably concluded that facts did not warrant an instruction on

the lesser-included offense of theft.

       {¶ 64} Frazier’s seventh assignment of error is overruled.

                                   F. Motion for Mistrial

       {¶ 65} Frazier’s ninth assignment of error states: “The trial court erred when it

failed to provide a record of the event that triggered Appellant’s motion for a mistrial.”

       {¶ 66} After the jury foreperson had indicated that the jury had reached a verdict,

but prior to the verdict’s being read, defense counsel asked for a sidebar and moved for
                                                                                            -22-


a mistrial “regarding the incident that happened at lunch.” The trial court overruled the

motion, saying:

       Well, the motion is overruled for a couple of reasons. Reason number one

       is it’s not a timely motion. This was brought to the attention of the state

       and the defense while the jury was deliberating. And the court reviewed

       with both defense and the state, placed – the Court placed in the record as

       to what happened and how this matter should be handled. Both the state

       and the defense were in agreement with the Court’s handling of that issue.

       And even if the defense wasn’t in agreement, there was no prejudice to the

       defendant because he wasn’t seen in shackles or handcuffed, so there

       would be no miscarriage of justice that would warrant a mistrial.            So,

       overruled, number one, because it’s not timely. Number two, the defense

       was in complete agreement with how the Court handled this, and number

       three, even if the defense wasn’t in agreement on the merits of this, this

       would simply not be a case that would have resulted in any unfair trial to the

       defendant or denial of due process. So motion for mistrial overruled.

       {¶ 67} Frazier claims that the trial court erred in failing to detail, on the record, the

event that formed the basis for the motion for a mistrial. In his appellate brief, appellate

counsel states that he “has been assured that his transcript is complete.”

       {¶ 68} In reviewing Frazier’s assignments of error, we are limited to the record

before us. The trial court indicated that it had made a record of what had occurred and

how the court intended to handle the incident, that it had reviewed the matter with both

parties, and both parties had expressed their agreement with the trial court’s handling of
                                                                                       -23-


the matter. Trial counsel did not object to or disagree with the court’s conclusions.

Based on the record before us, we can find no error in the trial court’s actions.

       {¶ 69} We recognize that the transcript does not include the mid-deliberation

discussion between the court and counsel to which the trial court alluded. However,

App.R. 9(E) provides a procedure for the correction or modification of the record.

Appellate counsel did not avail himself of this opportunity to have the record

supplemented to include the omitted discussion.

       {¶ 70} Frazier’s ninth assignment of error is overruled.



        II. Case No. 2013-CR-3946 (Having Weapons While Under Disability)

                          A. Factual and Procedural History

       {¶ 71} On December 21, 2013, the police were dispatched to a particular address

in an apartment complex on a report that a group of individuals were fighting in a parking

lot. The dispatcher later relayed that gunshots had been fired and shell casings could

be seen at the address. The shooter was described as a man with tattoos all over his

face. Deputy Eversole responded to the location.

       {¶ 72} When he arrived, Deputy Eversole observed Frazier, who matched the

description of the shooter, and another individual near the address. As Eversole drove

his cruiser into the apartment complex, Frazier and his companion ran. The deputy

followed in his cruiser for a short distance and then followed Frazier on foot around a

rectangular-shaped apartment building.       Frazier continued to run, despite multiple

commands by Eversole to stop.

       {¶ 73} During the foot pursuit, Frazier stopped and knocked on the front door to
                                                                                          -24-


one of the apartments. When no one answered, Frazier ran around the building to the

opposite side of the building.    Following, Deputy Eversole observed Frazier place a

semiautomatic handgun in a charcoal grill outside of one of the apartments. Eversole

drew his weapon and ordered Frazier to the ground. Frazier complied. Frazier was

handcuffed and placed under arrest.        Frazier was later charged by complaint with

carrying a concealed weapon and having weapons while under disability.

       {¶ 74} In January 2014, Frazier was indicted for carrying a concealed weapon and

having weapons while under disability for the December 21, 2013 incident. He later

moved to suppress the evidence against him, arguing that he was arrested without

probable cause.

       {¶ 75} In March 2014, the State requested an order compelling Frazier to provide

a sample of saliva to the Montgomery County Sheriff’s Office, to be used for analysis at

the Miami Valley Regional Crime Lab. The State indicated that a deputy had swabbed

the firearm for touch DNA, and DNA analysis may be performed on the firearm upon

submission of DNA standards from Frazier.

       {¶ 76} A hearing on the suppression motion and the motion to compel was held on

April 11, 2014, the same day as the suppression hearing in the robbery case. The sole

witness was Deputy Eversole, who testified about his encounter with Frazier on

December 21, 2013.

       {¶ 77} After argument by counsel, the trial court overruled the motion to suppress,

concluding that the deputy had a reasonable articulable suspicion that Frazier was

engaged in criminal activity, based on the nature of the call and the caller’s description of

the shooter, i.e., an individual with tattoos over his face. This permitted the deputy to
                                                                                        -25-


stop and question Frazier. The court found that Frazier ran upon seeing the deputy, and

the officer’s pursuit of him was not a stop. During the pursuit, the deputy saw Frazier

remove a semiautomatic weapon from his waist area and hide it in a grill. The court

concluded that the deputy then had probable cause to believe that Frazier had committed

the offense of carrying a concealed weapon. The court filed a written entry overruling

the motion to suppress, citing the reasons articulated at the hearing.

      {¶ 78} On November 7, 2014, Frazier pled guilty to having weapons while under

disability. As part of the plea, the State dismissed the charge of carrying a concealed

weapon. The trial court imposed 36 months in prison, to be served concurrently with the

sentence in Case No. 2013-CR-3864 (the robbery case).

      {¶ 79} Frazier appeals from his conviction, raising two assignments of error related

to his conviction for having weapons while under disability.

                         A. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel

      {¶ 80} Frazier’s third and fourth assignments both claim that he was deprived of

the effective assistance of counsel. His third assignment of error asserts that his counsel

rendered ineffective assistance when he advised Frazier “to plead guilty to the weapon

under disability count, as opposed to no contest.” The fourth assignment of error claims

that counsel rendered ineffective assistance by failing “to maintain his objection to the

State’s motion seeking for Appellant to submit to a DNA sample.”

      {¶ 81} “A guilty plea waives the right to allege ineffective assistance of counsel,

except to the extent that the errors caused the plea to be less than knowing and

voluntary.” State v. Webb, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 26198, 2015-Ohio-553, ¶ 15. As

stated by the United States Supreme Court in Tollett v. Henderson, 411 U.S. 258, 93
                                                                                       -26-


S.Ct. 1602, 36 L.Ed.2d 235 (1973):

      “When a criminal defendant has solemnly admitted in open court that he is

      in fact guilty of the offense with which he is charged, he may not thereafter

      raise independent claims relating to the deprivation of constitutional rights

      that occurred prior to the entry of the guilty plea. He may only attack the

      voluntary and intelligent character of the guilty plea by showing that the

      advice he received from counsel was not within the standards set forth in

      McMann [v. Richardson, 397 U.S. 759, 90 S.Ct. 1441, 25 L.Ed.2d 763

      (1970)].”

Tollett at 267, quoted by State v. Spates, 64 Ohio St.3d 269, 272, 595 N.E.2d 351 (1992).

“If a prisoner pleads guilty on the advice of counsel, he must demonstrate that the advice

was not ‘within the range of competence demanded of attorneys in criminal cases.’” Id.

at 266, quoting McMann at 771.

      {¶ 82} We have required a defendant to establish the following when arguing that

counsel was ineffective for allowing the defendant to plead guilty, as opposed to no

contest: (1) the State would have agreed to a no-contest plea on the same terms; (2)

counsel failed to advise the defendant that a no-contest plea, in contradistinction to a

guilty plea, would preserve the pretrial issue for appeal; and (3) had defendant been

so advised, the defendant would have rejected the plea offer. See State v. McGlown,

2d Dist. Montgomery No. 25434, 2013-Ohio-2762, ¶ 17. The record fails to establish

any of these facts.

      {¶ 83} The record does not contain a transcript of the plea hearing held on

November 6, 2014, and Frazier does not cite to any portion of the record to demonstrate
                                                                                           -27-


that his plea was other than knowing, intelligent, and voluntary. The plea form indicates

that Frazier voluntarily agreed to plead guilty to having weapons while under disability, in

exchange for which the State agreed to dismiss the charge of carrying a concealed

weapon; the record reflects that there was no agreement on sentencing. Frazier does

not cite to anything in the record regarding the possibility of a no contest plea. The mere

fact that the defendant’s guilty plea waived the ability to challenge pretrial rulings does

not, without more, demonstrate deficient performance by counsel.

       {¶ 84} Frazier claims that he was prejudiced by his counsel’s advice to plead guilty,

because he likely would have succeeded in an appeal from the trial court’s suppression

ruling. Assuming, for sake of argument, that this claim is not waived by his guilty plea,

we disagree.

       {¶ 85} Deputy Eversole responded to a report that shots had been fired near a

particular address, that shell casings were on the ground, and that the shooter was a man

with tattoos all over his face. When Deputy Eversole arrived, he saw Frazier, who

matched the description of the shooter, and Frazier immediately ran. While Eversole

was chasing him, Frazier hid a semiautomatic handgun in a grill outside of an apartment.

Frazier’s actions in running from the deputy, removing the weapon from his trousers, and

attempting to hide it in a grill created probable cause for the officer to believe that Frazier

was unlawfully carrying a concealed weapon. Eversole lawfully arrested Frazier and

seized the weapon that Frazier had hidden in the grill.

       {¶ 86} Frazier also asserts that he was prejudiced by his counsel’s advice to plead

guilty, because he is unable to challenge the trial court’s order that he provide a DNA

sample. Although Frazier’s guilty plea waived his ability to challenge the DNA order,
                                                                                   -28-


Frazier’s conviction was not based on DNA evidence, and there is nothing in the record

to indicate whether DNA testing was performed and the results of the testing, if any.

Frazier has failed to demonstrate that his trial counsel’s performance fell below an

objective standard of reasonableness and that he was prejudiced by his counsel’s

conduct.

      {¶ 87} Frazier’s third and fourth assignments of error are overruled.



                                    III. Conclusion

      {¶ 88} The trial court’s judgments will be affirmed.

                                    .............

HALL, J. and WELBAUM, J., concur.

Copies mailed to:

Andrew T. French
Brock A. Schoenlein
Hon. Dennis J. Langer
