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                               Appellate Court                        Date: 2018.06.06
                                                                      12:34:25 -05'00'




                    Nunez v. Diaz, 2017 IL App (1st) 170607



Appellate Court   MARTHA NUNEZ, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. LOURDES DIAZ,
Caption           Defendant-Appellee.



District & No.    First District, Fourth Division
                  Docket No. 1-17-0607



Filed             December 21, 2017



Decision Under    Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, No. 15-M1-301696;
Review            the Hon. Deborah J. Gubin, Judge, presiding.



Judgment          Reversed.


Counsel on        Robert A. Langendorf and Lisa J. Vedral, of Robert A. Langendorf,
Appeal            P.C., of Chicago, for appellant.

                  Steve Grossi, of Bruce Farrel Dorn & Associates, of Chicago, for
                  appellee.



Panel             JUSTICE GORDON delivered the judgment of the court, with
                  opinion.
                  Justices McBride and Ellis concurred in the judgment and opinion.
                                                OPINION

¶1       Plaintiff Martha Nunez filed a complaint alleging negligence against her landlord,
     defendant Lourdes Diaz, after plaintiff fell down a second-story staircase. Plaintiff alleged that
     defendant failed to repair a loose cap on a newel post at the top of the staircase, and as plaintiff
     reached for the post to regain her balance, the cap came loose, contributing to plaintiff’s fall,
     causing her injuries. Defendant filed a motion for summary judgment, which the trial court
     granted. Plaintiff appeals, arguing that (1) the trial court erred in determining there was no
     question of fact as to the existence of a defective condition in the stairwell and (2) plaintiff’s
     deposition testimony supported a finding that defendant had notice of the defective condition.
     For the reasons that follow, we reverse the trial court’s judgment.

¶2                                         BACKGROUND
¶3       On July 14, 2015, plaintiff filed a complaint against defendant, alleging that on October 5,
     2013, she lost her balance descending a staircase in a building located on North Springfield
     Avenue in Chicago that was owned by defendant. Plaintiff alleged that the staircase did not
     have a handrail and that defendant “knew or should have known that said stairs represented a
     dangerous condition to those lawfully on the premises.” Plaintiff alleged that defendant “had a
     duty to maintain the aforementioned premises in a safe and reasonable manner so as to prevent
     injury to those lawfully on the premises” and breached that duty by “[c]arelessly and
     negligently operat[ing], manag[ing], maintain[ing] and controll[ing] the premises”;
     “[c]arelessly and negligently fail[ing] to take any safety precautions whatsoever to remove
     and/or prevent the dangerous condition, knowing *** that [her] failure to do so represented a
     danger to those lawfully on the premises”; and “[c]arelessly and negligently fail[ing] to
     provide handrails for those lawfully on the premises.” Plaintiff alleged that, as a result of
     defendant’s conduct, plaintiff “sustained severe and permanent injuries.”
¶4       On September 10, 2015, defendant filed an answer to plaintiff’s complaint admitting that
     she owned the property located on North Springfield Avenue and admitting “only those duties
     imposed by law, [and] den[ying] the existence of any and all other duties ***.” Defendant also
     filed an affirmative defense, alleging that plaintiff was injured because she “[f]ailed to keep a
     proper lookout for her own safety,” “[f]ailed to properly watch where she was going,” “[f]ailed
     to observe the open and obvious condition complained of,” and “[o]therwise proceeded in a
     careless manner such that she lost her balance and fell.” Defendant alleged that plaintiff’s
     contributory fault was more than 50% of the proximate cause of the injury for which recovery
     was being sought, so plaintiff should be barred from recovering damages.
¶5       On January 29, 2016, plaintiff filed a motion to voluntarily dismiss her claims against
     defendants Luis Hernandez, Lourdes Hernandez, and Lourdes Cintron,1 which was granted on
     February 18, 2016. After this dismissal, defendant was the sole defendant remaining.
¶6       On July 18, 2016, defendant filed a motion for summary judgment. The motion claimed
     that plaintiff resided at the North Springfield Avenue residence pursuant to a lease agreement

         1
          Plaintiff initially filed her complaint against both defendant and an individual named Luis
     Hernandez. The record is unclear as to any relationship Luis Hernandez had to the property, but there is
     no dispute that defendant was the sole owner. Lourdes Hernandez and Lourdes Cintron were listed as
     potential alternate names for defendant.

                                                    -2-
     between plaintiff and defendant that began in September 2012 and continued on a
     month-to-month basis through the time of her fall. The motion further claimed that the
     stairway where plaintiff fell exclusively serviced plaintiff’s second-floor apartment and that no
     other tenants used the stairway. The motion claimed that the stairway contained a post to
     service the top several steps and, after an “elbow” made by the first three to four steps,
     contained a handrail for the remaining steps. Plaintiff claimed she slipped for an unknown
     reason while on the wood stairway and tried to hold onto the cap on the post at the top of the
     stairs, but the cap came off and plaintiff fell, sliding down the remainder of the steps while
     sitting.
¶7        The motion claimed that defendant owed no duty to plaintiff since the location of
     plaintiff’s fall was not in an area of the building controlled by defendant. Additionally, the
     motion claimed that even assuming arguendo that defendant owed a duty to plaintiff, plaintiff
     failed to establish that defendant was liable because plaintiff did not present any evidence that
     the condition of the premises presented an unreasonable danger and that defendant had notice
     of any such condition.
¶8        Attached to the motion for summary judgment was a copy of plaintiff’s lease agreement
     with defendant, 2 entered into on September 15, 2012. Section 7 of the lease is titled
     “Alterations and Improvements” and provides:
                  “7. ALTERATIONS AND IMPROVEMENTS. Lessee shall make no alterations to
              the buildings or improvements on the Premises or construct any building or make any
              other improvements on the Premises without the prior written consent of Lessor. Any
              and all alterations, changes, and/or improvements built, constructed, or placed on the
              Premises by Lessee shall, unless otherwise provided by written agreement between
              Lessor and Lessee, be and become the property of Lessor and remain on the Premises at
              the expiration or earlier termination of this Agreement.”
     Section 11 is titled “Maintenance and Repair; Rules” and provides, in pertinent part:
                  “11. MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR; RULES. Lessee will, at its sole expense,
              keep and maintain the Premises and appurtenances in good and sanitary condition and
              repair during the term of this Agreement and any renewal thereof. Without limiting the
              generality of the foregoing, Lessee shall:
                  (a) Not obstruct the driveways, sidewalks, courts, entry ways, stairs and/or halls,
              which shall be used for the purposes of ingress and egress only;
                                                  ***
                  (k) Deposit all trash, garbage, rubbish or refuse in the locations provided therefor
              and shall not allow any trash, garbage, rubbish or refuse to be deposited or permitted to
              stand on the exterior of any building or within the common elements[.]”
¶9        Also attached to the motion for summary judgment was plaintiff’s June 7, 2016, discovery
     deposition testimony. Plaintiff testified that at the time of her fall, she was occupying the
     second floor of the North Springfield Avenue residence with her husband and children. The
     residence had a wooden staircase leading up to the second floor, which exclusively served the

        2
          The actual lease agreement is between Hugo Raices and Miguel Arias. Plaintiff testified at her
     deposition that Arias was her husband, and defendant testified at her deposition that Raices was her
     brother and property manager.

                                                  -3-
       second-floor unit; the first-floor unit had a different entrance, and other than the second-floor
       tenant, the only person who would use the staircase would be defendant’s brother, who would
       use the stairs if he was “doing something with the unit.” From the landing at the top of the
       stairs, the staircase consisted of three or four triangular steps making an “elbow” or right angle,
       after which the staircase straightened out and continued to the first floor. The staircase had a
       post around which the triangular steps rotated, then a handrail existed for the straight portion of
       the staircase. At the bottom of the staircase was a door, which led to a small porch area and an
       exterior door.
¶ 10        Plaintiff testified that on October 3, 2013, she slipped on the top step and fell down the
       staircase, falling in such a way that her bottom struck the staircase, and she slid down to the
       bottom, hitting her head on a stair on her way down. Plaintiff was asked what caused her to
       slip, and responded, “I don’t know. I don’t remember,” but also testified that “the wood [on the
       staircase] is slippery.” Plaintiff testified that as she began to fall, she tried to hold onto the post
       at the top of the stairs, but the cap on the top of the post “wasn’t even screwed on. It came off,
       and then I went all the way down.”
¶ 11        Plaintiff was asked how long the cap “had been in that condition, the not-secured-on?” She
       testified that “[i]t could have been before we moved in. I don’t know.” However, plaintiff
       testified that she believed her husband “mentioned it, not to the landlord but her brother, which
       [sic] was the person he kind of dealt with.” Plaintiff further testified:
                     “Q. So at what point did your husband mention to Ms. Diaz’s brother that there was
                some issue with the stairwell?
                     A. Once it was hanging out.
                     Q. Do you recall when that happened?
                     A. No.
                     Q. All right. It was at some point before your fall; is that correct?
                     A. Yes.
                     Q. And you personally were aware of that as well. You’d encountered that before;
                is that correct?
                     A. Yes.”
¶ 12        Also attached to the motion for summary judgment was a copy of three photographs that
       had been used as exhibits during plaintiff’s deposition, showing the second-story staircase
       from different angles. While the copies included in the record on appeal are of poor quality, the
       first image depicts the staircase from an angle as though someone was standing in front of the
       staircase and looking up. In this image, the staircase appears to be straight for seven or eight
       steps, after which the steps appear to curve to the left; only the first two curving steps are
       depicted in the image. The second image depicts a bird’s-eye view of the staircase, as though
       someone was looking from the ceiling down at the staircase. In this image, there is a landing at
       the top of the stairs, after which there appear to be four triangular steps rotating around a post,
       followed by steps leading straight down. The cap on top of the post is circled in the image, as
       plaintiff testified about it during her deposition. The third image depicts a different bird’s-eye
       view of the staircase, as though someone was standing at the top of the staircase and looking
       down. This image again appears to show four triangular steps curving the staircase to the right,
       after which the staircase straightens.


                                                      -4-
¶ 13       On August 25, 2016, plaintiff filed an emergency motion to reopen discovery, strike
       arbitration, and strike the motion for summary judgment and/or for an extension of time to file
       a response. Plaintiff claimed that it had recently been discovered that defendant’s deposition
       had not been taken and requested leave to do so. Plaintiff also asked for the motion for
       summary judgment to be stricken, claiming that the lease attached to the motion for summary
       judgment “is not even valid as it is not signed by the owner and for various reasons it violates
       the law and the City of Chicago Landlord and Tenant ordinance.” The trial court granted
       plaintiff leave to depose defendant and extended the time for plaintiff to respond to the motion
       for summary judgment.
¶ 14       On September 16, 2016, plaintiff filed a response to the motion for summary judgment,
       claiming that the stairway was a common area under defendant’s control and pointing to
       defendant’s testimony, in which “Defendant admits the stairway is a common area where she
       would make any necessary repairs (which she did not want the tenants to do).” Plaintiff also
       claimed that there were questions of fact as to whether the loose cap was a dangerous condition
       and as to notice to defendant.
¶ 15       Attached to plaintiff’s response was defendant’s September 7, 2016, discovery deposition
       testimony. Defendant testified that she is the owner of the property located on North
       Springfield Avenue in Chicago, which was divided into three units: a first-floor unit, a
       second-floor unit, and a garden unit “that’s merged with the first floor.” Defendant’s mother
       resided in the first-floor unit, and defendant’s brother was her property manager. Defendant
       testified that “[t]he first floor has its own separate entrance, and then the second floor has its
       own proper entrance as well.” Defendant further explained that “[t]here is one main door; but
       when you walk in to go to the first floor, it’s right there. If you go to the second floor, there’s a
       door there that leads to the stairs to go up to the second floor.”
¶ 16       Defendant testified that there was a key to the door leading to the staircase, “but they never
       use a key,” and the stairwell was kept unlocked. Defendant further testified that the stairwell
       area contained a light fixture, and she changed the light bulbs on that fixture. She also paid the
       electricity for that fixture; when asked what other portions of the building she paid for, she
       testified that she paid for electricity for “[j]ust the main floor, the hallway lights, the outside
       lights, the back lights.”
¶ 17       Defendant was asked several questions about the lease agreement. Concerning the
       provision prohibiting alterations to the unit, defendant testified that while a tenant would be
       permitted to paint the inside of the apartment, the tenant would not be permitted to paint the
       stairwell; defendant was the one who painted the stairwell. The tenant would similarly be
       prohibited from storing a bicycle or garbage in the stairwell. Defendant testified that the
       prohibition against garbage in the stairwell came from section 11 of the lease:
                    “Q. In fact, in your lease I believe it’s (k)—it’s 11(k). It says, ‘Deposit all trash,
                garbage, rubbish, or refuge [sic] in the locations provided therefore, and shall not allow
                any trash, garbage, rubbish, or refuse to be deposited or permitted to stand on the
                exterior of the building or within the common elements.’ Do you see that?
                    A. I do.
                    Q. And the reason that you wouldn’t allow [garbage] on the stairwell is because of
                this paragraph, correct?
                    A. Yes.


                                                     -5-
                   Q. You wouldn’t allow them to just store garbage somewhere on the outside of the
               building; you wouldn’t allow it in the stairwells, correct?
                   A. Yes.
                   Q. And that’s because it’s something that’s common; it’s a common element of the
               building, something you control, correct?
                   A. Yes.”
¶ 18       Defendant further testified about the stairs:
                   “Q. The stairs, that’s something that’s common, something you control?
                   A. Are we talking about the front stairs?
                   Q. Well, let me ask you that.
                   First, with regard to the front stairs, is that something you control?
                   A. Yes, the cement stairs in the front, yes.
                   Q. What about the stairs that lead up to the second floor?
                   A. I do not provide maintenance. I don’t clean it or anything like that. It’s the
               tenant’s responsibility to maintain that area because she’s the only one that uses it—or
               the people upstairs. Sorry.
                   Q. You just said that they’re not allowed to store, let’s say, a bicycle there; right?
                                                     ***
                   A. Yes.
                   Q. Okay. They’re not allowed to paint it pink; correct?
                   A. Yes.
                   Q. So you do control, to a certain extent, what can be done on that stairwell;
               correct?
                   A. To a certain extent, yes.”
       Defendant also admitted that she did not specifically recall telling plaintiff that she was
       responsible for the stairwell. Defendant testified that plaintiff and her husband would not be
       permitted to make repairs to the stairwell themselves because defendant would want to ensure
       it was professionally done so that it would be up to code. Defendant testified that she would
       pay for such a repair.
¶ 19       Defendant testified that the second-story stairwell had never been repaired in the 18 years
       that she had owned the property and that she inspected the stairwell “I’d say every 3 months.”
       She testified that if a tenant had informed her brother that there was a problem with the stairs,
       he would have informed her, and that she had never received any complaints with respect to the
       stairs from him. She asked her brother whether he had attempted to fix anything in the
       stairwell, and he informed her that “[t]he stairs were never damaged, so there was no reason
       to.” Defendant further testified that after plaintiff’s fall, she checked the stairs to determine if
       there was anything wrong with them. She examined the cap on the post at the top of the stairs
       “and it was still on the way it is today.” Defendant testified that the cap “has never been loose”
       and that “[i]t never had to be” repaired. Although defendant testified she has never had a
       violation of the city code or local ordinances for her property in the last 18 years, she admitted
       she has never had her property inspected.
¶ 20       On examination by her counsel, defendant testified that during the time that plaintiff and
       her husband were tenants, defendant had accessed the second-floor stairway “maybe once or

                                                    -6-
       twice to check the rails, but I don’t remember the time frame.” Defendant further testified that
       the only person other than the second-floor tenants who had a key to the second-floor staircase
       was herself. Defendant also testified that she had not needed to perform any repairs—even
       changing a light bulb—during the entire length of plaintiff’s tenancy. Finally, defendant
       testified that the lease provided that she had the right to inspect the premises and make any
       necessary repairs.
¶ 21       Also attached to plaintiff’s response to the motion for summary judgment was defendant’s
       answers to interrogatories, in which defendant stated that she “[did] a walk through once a
       month” with respect to the location of plaintiff’s fall.
¶ 22       On September 27, 2016, defendant filed a reply to the motion for summary judgment,
       arguing that defendant did not exercise sufficient control over the stairwell to impose a duty on
       her. Defendant further argued that, even assuming arguendo that there was such a duty, the
       only “dangerous condition” alleged in plaintiff’s complaint was the lack of a handrail and the
       evidence showed that the stairway did have a handrail. Defendant argued that “[p]laintiff’s
       response brief does not address this argument, instead claiming that an issue of fact exists as to
       an entirely different—not plead—condition within the demised premises.”
¶ 23       On October 6, 2016, the trial court entered an order granting defendant’s motion for
       summary judgment.
¶ 24       On November 7, 2016, plaintiff filed a motion to reconsider. The motion claimed that there
       were fact questions about whether the stairwell was a common area and/or under defendant’s
       control. Additionally, plaintiff argued that there were questions of fact as to the dangerousness
       of the handrail and notice. Finally, plaintiff requested leave to amend her complaint to add
       allegations concerning violations of city of Chicago ordinances requiring handrails.
¶ 25       On February 2, 2017, the court entered an order denying plaintiff’s motion to reconsider,
       stating that “[t]he order dated October 6, 2016, granting defendant’s motion for summary
       judgment was a ruling on defendant’s argument section II[3] of the motion dated July 18,
       2016.”
¶ 26       On March 2, 2017, plaintiff filed a notice of appeal, and this appeal follows.

¶ 27                                              ANALYSIS
¶ 28       On appeal, plaintiff argues that the trial court erred in granting summary judgment because
       there were questions of fact concerning the existence of a dangerous condition in the stairwell
       and defendant’s notice of such a condition. A trial court is permitted to grant summary
       judgment only “if the pleadings, depositions, and admissions on file, together with the
       affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving
       party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” 735 ILCS 5/2-1005(c) (West 2014). The trial
       court must view these documents and exhibits in the light most favorable to the nonmoving
       party. Home Insurance Co. v. Cincinnati Insurance Co., 213 Ill. 2d 307, 315 (2004). We
       review a trial court’s decision to grant a motion for summary judgment de novo. Outboard
       Marine Corp. v. Liberty Mutual Insurance Co., 154 Ill. 2d 90, 102 (1992). De novo

          3
            Section II of defendant’s motion for summary judgment stated even if defendant owed a duty to
       plaintiff, summary judgment was proper because plaintiff failed to meet her burden to show that a
       dangerous condition existed on the staircase and that defendant had notice of such a condition.

                                                    -7-
       consideration means we perform the same analysis that a trial judge would perform. Khan v.
       BDO Seidman, LLP, 408 Ill. App. 3d 564, 578 (2011).
¶ 29       “Summary judgment is a drastic measure and should only be granted if the movant’s right
       to judgment is clear and free from doubt.” Outboard Marine Corp., 154 Ill. 2d at 102.
       However, “[m]ere speculation, conjecture, or guess is insufficient to withstand summary
       judgment.” Sorce v. Naperville Jeep Eagle, Inc., 309 Ill. App. 3d 313, 328 (1999). The party
       moving for summary judgment bears the initial burden of proof. Nedzvekas v. Fung, 374 Ill.
       App. 3d 618, 624 (2007). The movant may meet his burden of proof either by affirmatively
       showing that some element of the case must be resolved in his favor or by establishing “ ‘that
       there is an absence of evidence to support the nonmoving party’s case.’ ” Nedzvekas, 374 Ill.
       App. 3d at 624 (quoting Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 325 (1986)). “ ‘The purpose of
       summary judgment is not to try an issue of fact but *** to determine whether a triable issue of
       fact exists.’ ” Schrager v. North Community Bank, 328 Ill. App. 3d 696, 708 (2002) (quoting
       Luu v. Kim, 323 Ill. App. 3d 946, 952 (2001)). We may affirm on any basis appearing in the
       record, whether or not the trial court relied on that basis or its reasoning was correct. Ray
       Dancer, Inc. v. DMC Corp., 230 Ill. App. 3d 40, 50 (1992).
¶ 30       “To recover on a negligence claim, the plaintiff must establish the existence of a duty owed
       by the defendant, a breach of that duty, and an injury proximately resulting from that breach.”
       Pavlik v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 323 Ill. App. 3d 1060, 1063 (2001) (citing Miller v. National
       Ass’n of Realtors, 271 Ill. App. 3d 653, 656 (1994)). If the plaintiff cannot establish any
       element of her cause of action, summary judgment for the defendant is proper. Pavlik, 323 Ill.
       App. 3d at 1063 (citing Pyne v. Witmer, 129 Ill. 2d 351, 358 (1989)).

¶ 31                                           I. Breach of Duty
¶ 32       While normally our discussion would begin with the question of whether there was a duty,
       in the case at bar, the trial court granted summary judgment in defendant’s favor based on the
       second point made by defendant in her motion for summary judgment, namely, that even
       assuming arguendo that defendant had a duty concerning the stairway, plaintiff had not
       established a breach of that duty. Accordingly, we begin with a discussion of whether the trial
       court properly concluded that defendant had breached her duty to plaintiff.
¶ 33       “There can be no recovery in tort for negligence unless the defendant has breached a duty
       owed to the plaintiff.” Adams v. Northern Illinois Gas Co., 211 Ill. 2d 32, 44 (2004). “The
       existence of a duty is a question of law for the court to decide; however, the issues of breach
       and proximate cause are factual matters for a jury to decide [citation], provided there is a
       genuine issue of material fact regarding those issues [citation].” Adams, 211 Ill. 2d at 43-44.
¶ 34       “Property owners have a duty to exercise ordinary care in maintaining their property in a
       reasonably safe condition.” Nguyen v. Lam, 2017 IL App (1st) 161272, ¶ 20. Under section
       343 of the Restatement (Second) of Torts:
                   “A possessor of land is subject to liability for physical harm caused to his invitees
               by a condition of the land if, but only if, he
                   (a) knows or by the exercise of reasonable care would discover the condition, and
               should realize that it involves an unreasonable risk of harm to such invitees, and
                   (b) should expect that they will not discover or realize the danger, or will fail to
               protect themselves against it, and


                                                   -8-
                    (c) fails to exercise reasonable care to protect them against the danger.”
                Restatement (Second) of Torts § 343, at 215-16 (1965).
       See Genaust v. Illinois Power Co., 62 Ill. 2d 456, 468 (1976) (finding that section 343
       “correctly states the settled law regarding the liability of possessors of land to invitees”). In the
       case at bar, plaintiff argues that there was a question of fact as to whether there was evidence of
       a dangerous condition and defendant had notice of such a condition.
¶ 35       As an initial matter, defendant argues that we should not consider plaintiff’s claim that the
       dangerous condition was the unsecured cap on the post because plaintiff did not plead such a
       condition in her complaint and raised it for the first time in response to the motion for summary
       judgment. We do not find this argument persuasive. Defendant is correct that “[a] plaintiff
       fixes the issues in controversy and the theories upon which recovery is sought by the
       allegations in [her] complaint.” Pagano v. Occidental Chemical Corp., 257 Ill. App. 3d 905,
       911 (1994). However, viewing the allegations of the complaint in the light most favorable to
       plaintiff, as we are required to do when reviewing a motion for summary judgment (Home
       Insurance Co., 213 Ill. 2d at 315), we cannot find that plaintiff’s argument was forfeited by her
       failure to include it in her complaint. See Torf v. Chicago Transit Authority, 405 Ill. App. 3d
       379, 384 (2010) (“[W]hen a court considers a motion for summary judgment, the pleadings
       must be construed strictly against the movant and liberally in favor of the nonmoving party.”).
       The complaint alleges that the “stairs represented a dangerous condition to those lawfully on
       the premises” and that defendant was negligent in failing to repair the dangerous condition or
       to take safety precautions with respect to the stairs. These allegations could certainly
       encompass the loose cap on the post. Moreover, even plaintiff’s allegation that the staircase
       “did not have a handrail” could arguably encompass the loose cap if construed liberally. The
       record demonstrates that the post at issue represented the end of the handrail—that is, the first
       stairs revolved around the post, and then the handrail continued once the stairs straightened.
       Thus, the post itself could be considered to be part of the handrail, and the allegation could be
       read to mean that the staircase did not have an operable handrail. In any event, plaintiff’s focus
       on the cap was apparent well before her response to the motion for summary judgment—she
       clearly testified in her deposition that the cap was the allegedly dangerous condition.
       Accordingly, we are not persuaded by defendant’s argument that we should not consider this
       claim.
¶ 36       Examining the record in the instant case, we agree with plaintiff that there is a question of
       fact as to whether the loose cap represented a dangerous condition. The record reveals that the
       post at issue was located at the top of the staircase, and the cap was on top of the post. As noted,
       this post was the only part of the handrail available at the top of the stairs. The steps themselves
       were constructed of wood, and plaintiff described them as “slippery.” These facts are sufficient
       to raise a question of fact as to whether the loose cap was a dangerous condition. Defendant
       does not argue that the loose cap was not a dangerous condition, simply arguing that a fan-type
       staircase, such as the one at issue in the case at bar, “is not inherently dangerous under Illinois
       law.” However, in the case defendant cites for that proposition, “the stairs were of ordinary
       construction and there was no allegation of improper lighting or a foreign substance on the
       stairs. Likewise, there is no allegation that the stairs were inherently dangerous if used
       properly.” Carden v. Hunt, 1 Ill. App. 3d 937, 939 (1971). In the case at bar, plaintiff is not
       arguing that the stairway itself was inherently dangerous. She is arguing that permitting a loose
       cap to remain on top of a post at the top of the stairs renders the staircase unreasonably

                                                     -9-
       dangerous. That is a completely different issue, and we find that plaintiff has presented a
       question of fact that should be determined by the fact finder.
¶ 37        We also find that there is a question of fact concerning notice. “[T]here is no liability for a
       landowner for dangerous or defective conditions on the premises in the absence of the
       landowner’s actual or constructive knowledge.” Tomczak v. Planetsphere, Inc., 315 Ill. App.
       3d 1033, 1038 (2000). In the case at bar, there is a question of fact as to whether defendant had
       actual knowledge of the loose cap. Plaintiff testified that her husband had mentioned the issue
       to defendant’s brother, the property manager, several times. Defendant denied receiving
       notice, testifying that her brother would have notified her of any complaints and that he had not
       done so. This represents a quintessential question of fact. Moreover, there is a question of fact
       as to whether defendant had constructive notice. “Generally, if a plaintiff is relying on proof of
       constructive notice, he or she must establish that the dangerous condition existed for a
       sufficient time or was so conspicuous that the defendant should have discovered the condition
       through the exercise of reasonable care.” Racky v. Belfor USA Group, Inc., 2017 IL App (1st)
       153446, ¶ 100. “Whether a defendant is deemed to have constructive notice of the existence of
       a dangerous condition on the property is a question of fact.” Racky, 2017 IL App (1st) 153446,
       ¶ 100. Plaintiff testified that the cap had been loose for a long time, perhaps even prior to her
       moving in. Defendant, by contrast, testified that she had never noticed any problems with the
       staircase. Again, this represents a question of fact to be resolved by the fact finder.
       Accordingly, summary judgment should not have been granted on this basis.
¶ 38        Finally, defendant makes a brief argument concerning proximate cause. “Proximate cause
       is generally an issue of material fact in a negligence suit.” Abrams v. City of Chicago, 211 Ill.
       2d 251, 257 (2004). “Liability cannot be predicated on conjecture; rather, proximate cause is
       established when there is reasonable certainty that the defendant’s acts or omissions caused the
       injury.” Strutz v. Vicere, 389 Ill. App. 3d 676, 679 (2009) (citing Kimbrough v. Jewel, Cos., 92
       Ill. App. 3d 813, 817 (1981)). Defendant argues that, in the instant case, because plaintiff did
       not know what caused her to fall, “[t]here is no competent evidence suggesting that any alleged
       negligent act of defendant caused her to fall.” While plaintiff did not know what initially
       caused her to lose her balance, plaintiff was very clear in testifying that she attempted to break
       her fall by grabbing onto the top of the post and that the cap came off in her hand. Thus,
       plaintiff alleged facts suggesting that defendant’s actions in not repairing the cap directly led to
       her falling down the stairs. This is not the type of case in which the plaintiff speculates as to
       what led to her injuries. See, e.g., Vertin v. Mau, 2014 IL App (3d) 130246, ¶ 14. Here, plaintiff
       in fact grabbed onto the post in order to break her fall and the cap came off in her hand due to
       defendant’s failure to repair it. We find that this is sufficient to raise a question of fact as to the
       issue of proximate cause.

¶ 39                                                II. Duty
¶ 40       Defendant argues that, as an alternative basis for appeal, plaintiff failed to establish the
       existence of a duty and, therefore, summary judgment was properly entered in defendant’s
       favor. Plaintiff correctly points out that the trial court did not rely on this aspect of defendant’s
       motion for summary judgment in granting the motion. However, as noted, we may affirm on
       any basis appearing in the record, whether or not the trial court relied on that basis or its
       reasoning was correct. Ray Dancer, 230 Ill. App. 3d at 50.


                                                     - 10 -
¶ 41       “ ‘[W]ithout a showing from which the court could infer the existence of a duty, no
       recovery by a plaintiff is possible as a matter of law and summary judgment in favor of the
       defendant is proper.’ ” Bourgonje v. Machev, 362 Ill. App. 3d 984, 995 (2005) (quoting Haupt
       v. Sharkey, 358 Ill. App. 3d 212, 216 (2005)). “However, though a question of law, if there is a
       dispute of material fact affecting the existence of an undertaking of a duty, summary judgment
       is improper.” Bourgonje, 362 Ill. App. 3d at 995; see also Protective Insurance Co. v.
       Coleman, 144 Ill. App. 3d 682, 686, 688 (1986).
¶ 42       “Ordinarily, *** the mere relationship of landlord and tenant creates no duty to make
       repairs, and absent an express covenant or stipulation binding him to make repairs or keep the
       property in repair, his obligation is absent.” Cuthbert v. Stempin, 78 Ill. App. 3d 562, 568
       (1979). “ ‘Only the party in control of the premises can be held liable for a defective or
       dangerous condition on the premises.’ ” Hanna v. Creative Designers, Inc., 2016 IL App (1st)
       143727, ¶ 22 (quoting Hilgart v. 210 Mittel Drive Partnership, 2012 IL App (2d) 110943,
       ¶ 38). “It is axiomatic that if a landlord retains control of a portion of the premises leased to the
       tenant it has the duty, as the party in control, to use ordinary care in maintaining that part of the
       premises in a reasonably safe condition. [Citations.] Conversely, a landlord is not liable for
       injuries caused by a defective condition on the premises leased to a tenant and under the
       tenant’s control.” Rowe v. State Bank of Lombard, 125 Ill. 2d 203, 220-21 (1988). “The basic
       rationale for lessor immunity has been that the lease is a conveyance of property which ends
       the lessor’s control over the premises, a prerequisite to the imposition of tort liability.”
       (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Gilley v. Kiddel, 372 Ill. App. 3d 271, 275 (2007). There
       are exceptions to this general rule, however, and thus, for instance, “a lessor may be liable (1)
       where the lessor has expressly agreed to keep the premises or parts of it in good repair; or (2)
       where the lessor has voluntarily assumed the maintenance obligation by its conduct.” Fan v.
       Auster Co., 389 Ill. App. 3d 633, 648 (2009); see also Hanna, 2016 IL App (1st) 143727, ¶ 32
       (holding a tenant was not responsible for maintaining countertops injuring a contractor when
       the landlord was responsible for fixing and maintaining the fixtures in the premises).
¶ 43       In the case at bar, plaintiff argues that the evidence established that defendant, not plaintiff,
       controlled the stairwell and, therefore, defendant owed plaintiff a duty to maintain the stairwell
       in a reasonably safe condition; at the very least, plaintiff argues that there is a question of fact
       as to this issue. Defendant, by contrast, argues that the stairwell was under plaintiff’s control.
¶ 44       There are several cases involving similar situations that the parties rely on in support of
       their arguments. Plaintiff primarily relies on Gula v. Gawel, 71 Ill. App. 2d 174, 177 (1966), in
       which the plaintiff tenant filed suit against her landlord after falling down the front stairway
       from her apartment. In that case, the plaintiff resided in the second-floor apartment of a
       two-story building under an oral month-to-month tenancy and claimed that (1) the defendant
       maintained and controlled the stairway for the common use of all persons rightfully on the
       premises; (2) the oral lease provided that the defendant would maintain in safe condition and
       make all repairs on the premises, including the stairway; (3) the defendant would keep a key to
       the plaintiff’s apartment for the purpose of making repairs and would use the front stairway to
       access the apartment; (4) the defendant had made all repairs on the premises, still retained the
       key, and used the front stairway as the usual means of access to the apartment; and (5) the light
       illuminating the lower portion of the stairway was controlled by the defendant and the switch
       to turn on the light was located on the defendant’s premises. Gula, 71 Ill. App. 2d at 178. By
       contrast, the defendant claimed that (1) the lease included the renting of the stairway as well as

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       the apartment, (2) the apartment included the front stairway, which had a door at the bottom
       that locked upon closing and could be opened by a buzzer located on the second floor, (3) the
       door and stairway were exclusively for the use of the occupants on the second floor, and (4)
       there was no agreement to make repairs on the stairway. Gula, 71 Ill. App. 2d at 178-79. The
       appellate court found that these conflicting accounts demonstrated the existence of a question
       of material fact, making summary judgment improper. The court noted:
                “Proof by the plaintiff of the terms and conditions of the oral lease as alleged by her
                would support the conclusion that the lease was of the second floor apartment only and
                negate the contentions of the defendant that the stairway leading to the apartment was
                included in the lease. Proof of an agreement to make repairs on the stairway, proof of
                the making of repairs on the stairway, proof of control over its lighting, proof of
                retention of a right to access to the apartment by the landlord and the use by the
                landlord of the stairway as the usual or sole means of access would all support an
                inference that the stairway was a common area for the mutual benefit of the landlord
                and the tenant and would warrant a jury finding that the landlord retained control.
                Contrariwise, proof of the allegations of the defendant would support an inference that
                the premises were under the control of the tenant. In view of the conflicting inferences
                which could be drawn from the proofs the question of control should be submitted to
                the trier of fact.” Gula, 71 Ill. App. 2d at 179.
       The court rejected the defendant’s argument that a stairway used by a single tenant was a part
       of the tenant’s premises as a matter of law, instead noting that “[w]here a stairway leads, the
       use to which it is put and by whom, are factors to be considered by the trier of fact along with
       the intention of the parties, the terms of their lease, the responsibility for repairs, maintenance
       and illumination and all other factors which tend to show control in either the landlord or the
       tenant.” Gula, 71 Ill. App. 2d at 180.
¶ 45       The case primarily relied on by defendant, Seago v. Roy, 97 Ill. App. 3d 6 (1981), reached
       the opposite conclusion, affirming a grant of summary judgment. In that case, the plaintiff
       tenant fell through a wooden guardrail on the stairway leading to his second-floor apartment
       and filed suit against the landlords. Seago, 97 Ill. App. 3d at 7. The appellate court noted that
       “[w]here a stairway or hallway is allocated for the common use of all tenants and the landlord
       retains control over such areas, he must make them reasonably safe. [Citation.] Failure to
       repair, then, may make the landlord liable for an injury resulting to a person lawfully in such
       common areas.” Seago, 97 Ill. App. 3d at 8. The court further noted that the defendants had
       denied a responsibility to repair the wooden railing and keep it safe, which raised the legal
       question of whether such a duty existed. Seago, 97 Ill. App. 3d at 8. The court found that, after
       examining the evidence “which indicates the stairway led only to plaintiff’s apartment, there is
       insufficient evidence to find the [defendants] owed a duty to fix the stairway and its railing.”
       Seago, 97 Ill. App. 3d at 8. The court noted that the lease was silent as to which party had the
       duty to repair the stairway, meaning that “the party who had control over the stairway is the
       one having the duty to repair.” Seago, 97 Ill. App. 3d at 8. The court found that the stairway
       served the plaintiff’s apartment exclusively, no other tenants used the stairway, and any repairs
       made by a prior landlord were minimal. Seago, 97 Ill. App. 3d at 8. The court reasoned:
                    “Merely because a landlord makes minor repairs or cosmetic changes to rental
                property, he does not thereby become accountable to fix areas under the tenant’s
                control or assume liability from consequent injuries that occur in those areas. A duty is

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               an affirmative obligation to act or refrain from acting so as to avoid creating an
               unreasonable risk of harm to another. Where a party’s conduct, as opposed to his
               express agreement, is the premise for imposing such a duty, the acts or omissions
               giving rise to the conduct must be substantial and clearly delineated. If not, the
               placement of liability for any resulting injury is anyone’s guess. And, the possibility
               that an accident could happen is no foundation upon which to assign fault. The
               evidence of record does not support the conclusion that the activities of the
               [defendants] were of such a degree to establish their control of the stairway. Nor were
               the few intermittent repairs made by the prior landlord clearly defined, continuous, or
               substantial to show control. The trial judge was correct in finding the [defendants] did
               not control the stairway where [the plaintiff] fell. Thus, the [defendants] had no duty to
               repair. Accordingly, since a duty was not owed, plaintiff’s claim could not have
               succeeded at trial. Summary judgment, given such circumstances, was proper.” Seago,
               97 Ill. App. 3d at 9.
¶ 46       In the case at bar, examining the evidence in the record, there is a question of fact as to
       whether defendant retained control over the stairway or voluntarily assumed a duty to make
       repairs. The lease agreement does not expressly delegate control over the stairway to either
       party, so it is the parties’ conduct that is most instructive.4 See Seago, 97 Ill. App. 3d at 8
       (“Because the lease agreement was silent, the parties’ conduct is the best indication of who had
       control over the stairway.”). It is undisputed that the stairway led solely to plaintiff’s apartment
       and that the second-floor tenants were the only users of the stairway, with the exception of
       defendant or her property manager, who would occasionally use the stairs to access plaintiff’s
       apartment. The stairway also had a locking door at the bottom, to which only plaintiff and
       defendant had a key; while plaintiff did not choose to lock the door, the fact remains that the
       option to do so existed. These facts weigh in favor of a finding that the stairway was not a
       common area but instead was essentially an extension of plaintiff’s apartment.
¶ 47       However, there are also facts weighing in favor of a finding that the stairway was under
       defendant’s control or, at the very least, that defendant voluntarily assumed a duty to make
       repairs to the stairway. For instance, defendant periodically inspected the stairway and paid for
       the electricity for the light fixture. Most critically, however, defendant testified that plaintiff
       would not have been permitted to paint the stairway or make repairs to it and, if such repairs
       were to be made, defendant would hire a professional to perform such repairs and would pay
       for them herself. At oral argument, defendant’s counsel suggested that defendant had been
       referring to only structural repairs. However, defendant’s testimony makes clear that she was
       not asked specifically about structural repairs until several questions later:
                    “Q. If [plaintiff] or her husband wanted to remove the door on the first floor, is that
               something that you’d allow?
                    A. No.
                    Q. Okay. If they had wanted to repair the stairwell that leads to the second floor and
               you allowed something like that—well, strike that.
                    Would you allow them to repair the stairwell themselves?
                    A. No.
           4
            We also note that plaintiff challenges the enforceability of the lease due to several purported
       deficiencies in its execution.

                                                    - 13 -
                    Q. Because you wouldn’t know if it was up to code or if it was done right; correct?
                    A. Yes.
                    Q. And you wouldn’t allow them to make any structural changes to the stairs;
                correct?
                    A. Correct.
                    Q. Because something like that you’d want to make sure was up to code; you’d
                want to make sure that you did that yourself, correct?
                    A. Professionally done.
                    Q. Okay. And if they wanted something like that, you would hire a professional to
                do it?
                    A. Correct.”
       Thus, defendant’s answer was not limited to structural repairs. To the extent that defendant
       argues that it should be interpreted in that way, this again represents a question of fact for the
       trier of fact to resolve. Defendant also expressly admitted that she retained control “[t]o a
       certain extent.” Thus, there exists a question of fact as to whether defendant owed plaintiff a
       duty with respect to the staircase.
¶ 48        We are not persuaded by defendant’s arguments that the control exercised by defendant
       was merely to ensure compliance with building codes or to exercise rights given to defendant
       in the lease agreement. While these may be factors to be considered by a trier of fact, summary
       judgment is not the place to undertake an analysis of the intent of defendant in taking certain
       actions with respect to the stairwell.

¶ 49                                         CONCLUSION
¶ 50       For the reasons set forth above, the trial court’s grant of summary judgment is reversed
       because there are questions of fact as to whether defendant owed plaintiff a duty concerning
       the stairwell and had notice of a dangerous condition in the stairwell.

¶ 51      Reversed.




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