                ARMED SERVICES BOARD OF CONTRACT APPEALS

Appeals of --                                 )
                                              )
Sonoran Technology and Professional           )      ASBCA Nos. 61040, 61101
 Services, LLC                                )
                                              )
Under Contract No. FA3002-14-D-0005           )

APPEARANCES FOR THE APPELLANT:                       Brett W. Johnson, Esq.
                                                     Colin P. Ahler, Esq.
                                                     Sarah E. Delaney, Esq.
                                                      Snell & Wilmer L.L.P.
                                                      Phoenix, AZ

APPEARANCES FOR THE GOVERNMENT:                      Jeffrey P. Hildebrant, Esq.
                                                      Air Force Deputy Chief Trial Attorney
                                                     Phillip E. Reiman, Esq.
                                                     Lt Col Nathaniel H. Sears, USAF
                                                      Trial Attorneys

                 OPINION BY ADMINISTRATIVE JUDGE NEWSOM

        These appeals concern a claim for an equitable adjustment resulting from the
government's incorporation of a wage determination into the contract. Appellant,
Sonoran Technology and Professional Services, LLC (Sonoran), alleges that the wage
determination increased Sonoran's state gross receipts tax liability, and argues that the
contract requires the government to adjust the contract price to compensate Sonoran
for this tax increase.

       Both parties have elected to resolve these appeals on the written record without
a hearing under Board Rule 11. In addition, because appellant is a small business
concern and the amount in controversy is less than $150,000, Sonoran elected to
proceed under the Board's expedited procedures in Rule 12.2. 1

        For the reasons explained below, we deny the appeals.




1
    Pursuant to Board Rule 12.2(d), a decision under Rule 12.2 shall have no value as
        precedent, and in the absence of fraud, shall be final and conclusive and may
        not be appealed or set aside.
                         SUMMARY FINDINGS OF FACT

       1. On 24 April 2014, the Air Force awarded Contract No. FA3002-14-D-0005
to Sonoran. The contract called for Sonoran to provide training and related services to
F-16 air crews operating out of Luke Air Force Base (AFB), located in Arizona, and
out of Holloman AFB, located in New Mexico. The contract services were to be
performed under firm-fixed-price contract line item numbers (CLINs), although the
contract included a few cost-reimbursement CLINs to pay for travel and supplies. The
base contract included one 11-month period of performance followed by 4 option
years. (R4, tab 2 at 2-42) The quantities were indefinite (id. at 62). The total
estimated contract value at the time of award was $5 ,942,640 .10 (id. at 1).

       2. The solicitation that led to this contract award attached a Service Contract
Act wage determination (SCA WD) and a Collective Bargaining Agreement (CBA).
Section L.3.3.2.4 required that offerors provide a statement acknowledging, among
other things, that "the prices proposed for labor covered by the SCA WD and CBA
were formulated using the minimum wage and benefit rates specified in the document
as required for covered contractor personnel"; and that "the wage and benefit rates
specified in the SCA WD and CBA are not escalated beyond the basic period of
performance." (Supp. R4, tab 26 at 95, tab 27, questions 95, 100, 109)

       3. The contract incorporated, among other Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR)
clauses: FAR 52.222-41, SERVICE CONTRACT ACT OF 1965 (Nov 2007); FAR 52.222-43,
FAIR LABOR STANDARDS ACT AND SERVICE CONTRACT ACT- PRICE ADJUSTMENT
(MULTIPLE YEAR AND OPTION CONTRACTS) (SEP 2009); FAR 52.229-3, FEDERAL,
STATE, AND LOCAL TAXES (FEB 2013); and FAR 52.243-1, CHANGES-FIXED-PRICE
(AUG 1987), ALTERNATE I (APR 1984) (R4, tab 2 at 58-59).

     4. Of these clauses, three are particularly relevant to this dispute. First,
FAR 52.222-41, SERVICE CONTRACT ACT OF 1965 (Nov 2007), provides in relevant part:

                    ( c) Compensation. (1) Each service employee
             employed in the performance of this contract by the
             Contractor or any subcontractor shall be paid not less than
             the minimum monetary wages and shall be furnished
             fringe benefits in accordance with the wages and fringe
             benefits determined by the Secretary of Labor, or
             authorized representative, as specified in any wage
             determination attached to this contract.

       5. Second, FAR 52.222-43, FAIR LABOR STANDARDS ACT AND SERVICE
CONTRACT ACT- PRICE ADJUSTMENT (MULTIPLE YEAR AND OPTION CONTRACTS)
(SEP 2009) (SCA Price Adjustment Clause), provides in relevant part:


                                           2
                   (a) This clause applies to both contracts subject to
            area prevailing wage determinations and contracts subject
            to collective bargaining agreements.



                   (c) The wage determination, issued under the
            Service Contract Act of 1965, as amended, (41 U.S.C. 351,
            et seq.), by the Administrator, Wage and Hour Division,
            Employment Standards Administration, U.S. Department
            of Labor, current on the anniversary date of a multiple year
            contract or the beginning of each renewal option period,
            shall apply to this contract.. ..

                   (d) The contract price, contract unit price labor
            rates, or fixed hourly labor rates will be adjusted to reflect
            the Contractor's actual increase or decrease in applicable
            wages and fringe benefits to the extent that the increase is
            made to comply with or the decrease is voluntarily made
            by the Contractor as a result of:

                   (I) The Department of Labor wage determination
            applicable on the anniversary date of the multiple year
            contract, or at the beginning of the renewal option period ....



                  (e) Any adjustment will be limited to increases or
            decreases in wages and fringe benefits as described in
            paragraph (d) of this clause, and the accompanying increases
            or decreases in social security and unemployment taxes and
            workers'compensation insurance, but shall not otherwise
            include any amount for general and administrative costs,
            overhead, or profit.

       6. Third, the contract incorporated the Changes clause at FAR 52.243-1,
CHANGES - FIXED-PRICE (AUG 1987), ALTERNA TE I (APR 1984 ). This clause provides
in relevant part:

                   (a) The Contracting Officer may at any time, by
            written order, and without notice to the sureties, if any,




                                           3
             make changes within the general scope of this contract in
             any one or more of the following:

                     ( 1) Drawings, designs, or specifications when the
             supplies to be furnished are to be specially manufactured
             for the Government in accordance with the drawings,
             designs, or specifications.

                    (2)   Method of shipment or packing.

                    (3)   Place of delivery.

                    (b) If any such change causes an increase or
             decrease in the cost of, or the time required for, performance
             of any part of the work under this contract, whether or not
             changed by the order, the Contracting Officer shall make an
             equitable adjustment in the contract price, the delivery
             schedule, or both, and shall modify the contract.



                 Alternate I (APR 1984). If the requirement is for
            services, other than architect-engineer or other professional
            services, and no supplies are to be furnished, substitute the
            following paragraph (a) for paragraph (a) of the basic clause:

                  (a) The Contracting Officer may at any time, by
            written order, and without notice to the sureties, if any,
            make changes within the general scope of this contract in
            any one or more of the following:

                   ( 1)   Description of services to be performed.

                  (2) Time of performance (i.e., hours of the day,
            days of the week, etc.).

                   (3)    Place of performance of the services.

      7. On 18 March 2015, Sonoran entered into a CBA with the International
Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers, AFL-CIO, and two local lodges




                                           4
(collectively IAM) 2 (id. at 39). This CBA took effect on 1May2015 (id. at 38). The
CBA established pay and benefits for certain labor categories that were higher than the
previous wage determination and CBA (id. at 29).

        8. On 23 April 2015, the Department of Labor issued Wage Determination
No. CBA-2015-7628. Referring to the CBA between Sonoran and the JAM, the wage
determination stated that "employees employed by the contractor(s) in performing services
covered by the [CBA] are to be paid wage rates and fringe benefits set forth in the current
[CBA]." (R4, tab 4 at 4) Through Modification No. P00003 dated 1 May 2015, the Air
Force exercised the first option period and incorporated this wage determination for the
first option period (id. at 1). Thus the new wage determination applied to the contract's
option years. The modification directed the contract to submit "a request for equitable
adjustment under FAR 52.222-43 FLSA and SCA price adjustment" (id.).

      9. The state of New Mexico levies a tax on "any person engaging in business in
New Mexico." This so-called "gross receipts tax" is calculated as a percentage of
gross receipts. State law characterizes it as an excise tax. N.M. STAT. ANN.§ 7-9-4
(1978). (App. supp. R4, tab 23)

      10. Gina Saldivar, who was previously Sonoran' s chief financial officer, now
provides financial services as a consultant to Sonoran (app. supp. R4, tab 22, ~ 2). She
states that after Sonoran began performing the contract and the CBA and wage
determination went into effect, Sonoran's revenues increased, and its New Mexico gross
receipts tax liability increased proportionally (id. ~ 9). She asserts that Sonoran's liability
for New Mexico gross receipts taxes nearly doubled (id.~ 10). New Mexico subsequently
increased the tax rate twice, further increasing Sonoran' s tax liability (id. ~ 11 ). Although
Sonoran anticipated that these taxes would likely increase, the amounts of increase "could
not be calculated at the time of Contract offer or award" (id. ~ 13 ).

        11. Sonoran submitted a request for equitable adjustment (REA) on 3 June
2015, in which it sought a price adjustment to compensate it for added costs incurred
as a result of the CBA and wage determination (R4, tab 5). Sonoran initially requested
three categories of costs: ( 1) compensation for the increase in direct labor costs for its
non-exempt employees; (2) compensation for the increase in indirect labor costs for its
exempt employees; and (3) compensation for the "financial effects of the New Mexico
Gross Receipts Tax" (id. at 1).

      12. On 18 September 2015, the government issued contract Modification
No. P00006 incorporating the CBA into the contract (R4, tab 8).


2
    The government asserts that this CBA was signed on 29 May 2014 (gov't br. at 3),
        but this assertion is incorrect. The CBA plainly states that it was signed on
        18 March 2015 (R4, tab 3 at 39).
                                             5
        13. On 25 September 2015, the government issued contract Modification
No. P00007, increasing the contract price to compensate for Sonoran's higher direct labor
costs (R4, tab 9). The modification did not include amounts for the increase in Sonoran's
state gross receipts tax liability, nor amounts for indirect labor costs. In a subsequent
letter dated 11 May 2016, the contracting officer explained that she concluded that the
contract does not entitle Sonoran to compensation for these costs (R4, tab 10).

       14. On 28 October 2016, Sonoran submitted a second, revised document,
characterized as an REA. Sonoran dropped the request for indirect labor costs, but
pursued a price adjustment for the gross receipts tax expense. It sought $66,579.49 for
Option Years 1 and 2, arguing that this adjustment is required under the contract Changes
clause. (R4, tab 11) This document did not include a request for a final decision, but did
include the following certification signed by the Sonoran contracts administrator:

              I certify that the claim is made in good faith; that the
              supporting data are accurate and complete to the best of
              my knowledge and belief; that the amount requested
              accurately reflects the contract adjustment for which the
              Contractor believes the Government is liable; and that I am
              authorized to certify the claim on the behalf of the
              Contractor.

(R4, tab 13 at 1)

      15. The contracting officer issued a written decision denying the 28 October 2016
REA on 4 January 2017. The decision does not contain standard language explaining the
contractor's appeal rights. (R4, tab 17) The record does not reveal when the written
decision was received by Sonoran.

      16. Sonoran filed an appeal with this Board on 3 February 2017, characterizing
the 28 October 2016 REA as a "Claim," and the contracting officer's 4 January 2017
as a denial of that claim (R4, tab 15). The appeal was docketed as ASBCA No. 61040.

      17. In response to the Board's concerns about jurisdiction, Sonoran submitted to
the contracting officer a claim dated 15 March 2017. It attached the 28 October 2016
REA (in which Sonoran requested an adjustment for its gross receipts tax expense),
and requested a final decision on a price adjustment in the same amount as before,
$66,579.49. (Supp. R4, tab 28) The contracting officer issued a final decision
denying that claim on 22 March 2017 (supp. R4, tab 29). This letter contained a
description of Sonoran's appeal rights (id. at 3).

       18. The next day, on 23 March 2017, Sonoran filed an appeal from the 22 March
2017 final decision. This appeal was docketed as ASBCA No. 61101 and consolidated
with ASBCA No. 61040.

                                           6
                                      DECISION

        These appeals present the issue of whether a new wage determination incorporated
into the contract triggered an obligation for the government to adjust the contract price so
as to reimburse Sonoran for an increase in its state gross receipts taxes. Both appeals
concern the same claim. 3

        Sonoran argues that two different contract clauses require the government to
adjust the contract price so as to compensate it for these taxes: FAR 52.222-43, FAIR
LABOR STANDARDS ACT AND SERVICE CONTRACT ACT - PRICE ADJUSTMENT (MULTIPLE
YEAR AND OPTION CONTRACTS) (SEP 2009) to which we refer as the SCA Price
Adjustment clause, and the Changes clause, which in this contract was FAR 52.243-1,
CHANGES - FIXED-PRICE (AUG 1987), ALTERNATE I (APR 1984).

      For the reasons explained below, we hold that neither clause entitles Sonoran to
recover its gross receipts tax expense.

Recovery Under the SCA Price Adjustment Clause

        The SCA Price Adjustment clause and other related clauses implement the Service
Contract Act, 41 U.S.C. § 35l(a) (SCA). The SCA was designed to protect wages and
fringe benefits of service workers employed on U.S. Government contracts. It directs the
Department of Labor (DOL) to issue special minimum wage orders applicable to
fixed-price services contracts, called "wage determinations." Through contract clauses,
contractors are forbidden from paying less than the wages and fringe benefits contained
in a wage determination. See 41 U.S.C. § 35l(a)(l), (b). In this way, the SCA prevents
contractors from underbidding competitors by cutting wages or fringe benefits to its
service workers and thereby winning government contracts. See Lear Siegler Services,
Inc. v. Rumsfeld, 457 F.2d 1262, 1266 (Fed. Cir. 2006); Government Contracting
Resources, Inc., ASBCA No. 59162, 15-1BCAi!35,916 at 175,575.

       An SCA wage determination may be based upon a DOL determination of
locally-prevailing wages and benefits, or it may be based upon wages and benefits in a
collective bargaining agreement. 41 U.S.C. § 351(a)(2); 29 C.F.R. § 4.50 (2017)
(explaining types of wage determinations). In these appeals, the wage determination
was based upon a CBA negotiated between Sonoran and the IAM (finding 8).



3   We have jurisdiction over the appeal docketed as ASBCA No. 61101 because it is a
        timely appeal from a final decision denying Sonoran's claim. The issues in
        both appeals are identical, so it is unnecessary to resolve the Board's
       jurisdiction to entertain ASBCA No. 61040.
                                            7
       If, after contract award, a new DOL wage determination may increase (or
decrease) contractor costs, subsection (d) of the SCA Price Adjustment clause requires
the government to adjust the contract price. The adjustment is supposed to cover the
"actual increase or decrease in applicable wages and fringe benefits to the extent that
the increase is made to comply with ... [t]he Department of Labor wage determination
applicable on the anniversary date of the multiple year contract, or at the beginning of
the renewal option period." FAR 52.222-43(d)(l).

       Subsection (e) defines the required price adjustment. It states:

              Any adjustment will be limited to increases or decreases in
              wages and fringe benefits as described in paragraph (d) of this
              clause, and the accompanying increases or decreases in social
              security and unemployment taxes and workers' compensation
              insurance, but shall not otherwise include any amount for
              general and administrative costs, overhead, or profit.

FAR 52.222-43(e). Thus, a price adjustment must include "increases or decreases in
wages and fringe benefits" plus "the accompanying increases or decreases in social
security and unemployment taxes and workers' compensation insurance." But the price
adjustment shall not include "any amount for general and administrative costs,
overhead, or profit." Id.

        State gross receipts taxes are not expressly listed in this clause. They are not
listed among the expenses for which a price adjustment must be made, nor are they
listed among the exclusions from a price adjustment. Accordingly, the Board's task is
to divine whether or not the clause was intended to require a price adjustment for a
contractor's increase in state gross receipts tax.

        We hold that under the circumstances of this appeal, the SCA Price Adjustment
clause does not entitle Sonoran to a price adjustment that covers the contractor's
increase in state gross receipts taxes. The Board so held in All Star/SAB Pacific, JV.,
ASBCA No. 50856, 98-2 BCA ii 29,958, aff'd on recons., 99-1BCAii30,214, which
is directly on point. In All Star, the contractor sought recovery for its increased state
excise tax as part of a price adjustment for a new SCA wage determination. 98-2
BCA ii 29,958 at 148,234. The Board held that the Price Adjustment clause did not
entitle the contractor to a price adjustment for state excise tax expense, explaining:

              The clauses could not be more clear. They provide that any
              contract price adjustment for changes in mandated wage rates
              shall be limited to the changes in the wages, fringe benefits and
              accompanying changes in social security, unemployment taxes,



                                            8
                and workmen's compensation insurance and shall not include any
                additional amounts for G&A, overhead or profit on these costs.l4l

Id.

        This analysis applies with equal force to the present appeals. Like the contractor
in All Star, Sonoran seeks to recover state excise tax expense as part of a wage
determination price adjustment. The SCA Price Adjustment clause is specific about
what costs may be included in a price adjustment: wage and fringe benefit costs, plus
accompanying social security, unemployment taxes, and workmen's compensation
insurance costs. It mentions some taxes-social security and unemployment taxes-but
not others. It specifies that these recoverable costs may not be burdened with overhead,
G&A, or profit. The principle of construction, expressio unius est exclusio alterius,
instructs that where one or more objects in a class are specifically named, we construe
the contract to exclude an object of that class that is not named. ITT Defense
Communications Division, ASBCA No. 44791, 98-1 BCA if 29,590 at 146,703-04
(citing 3 Corbin on Contracts§ 552 (1960); 17A C.J.S. Contracts§ 312). Accordingly,
state excise taxes are not to be part of an SCA price adjustment.

        Sonoran makes several arguments in support of its claim. First, citing Lear
Siegler, 457 F.3d at 1269 and Gov't Contracting Resources, 15-1BCAif35,916
( GCR), Sonoran argues that the SCA Price Adjustment clause is "triggered by changes
in a contractor's cost of compliance." Sonoran argues that gross receipts taxes are part
of its cost of complying with the wage determination and CBA, therefore increases in
such taxes must be part of any price adjustment. (App. br. at 5-7; app. resp. at 5)



4   The Board in All Star considered different Price Adjustment clauses than that in the
        present contract, but the differences do not change the analysis. In All Star, the
        contract included the May 1989 version of FAR 52.222-43, in contrast to the
        September 2009 version in the present contract. Both versions contain identical
        language in paragraph (e) defining the scope of the price adjustment. Compare
        FAR 52.222-43(e) (SEP 2009) with FAR 52.222-43(e) (AUG 1989). The
        contract in All Star also included a Navy Marine Corps supplemental clause
        which provided in relevant part that "[a]ny such adjustments will be limited to
        increases or decreases in wages or fringe benefits as described above, and the
        concomitant increases or decreases in social security and unemployment taxes
        and workmen's compensation insurance, but shall not otherwise include any
        amount for general and administrative costs, overhead, or profits." NMCARS
        5252.222-9303, PRICE ADJUSTMENTS IN THE OPTION YEARS FOR CHANGES IN
        WAGE DETERMINATIONS, (ALTERNATE II) (AUG 1991). 98-2 BCA if 29,958
        at 148,234. The All Star Board held this clause to have the same effect as
        FAR 52.222-43(e), and there is no reason currently to depart from that holding.
                                             9
        In both Lear Siegler and GCR, however, the contractor sought adjustments for
increases in fringe benefits costs, not state taxes. In Lear Siegler, the contractor
sought health plan cost increases, which was a fringe benefit under the CBA in that
case. 457 F.3d at 1265. In GCR, the contractor sought severance pay costs, also a
fringe benefit under the CBA in that case. 15-1 BCA if 35,916 at 175,574. The SCA
Price Adjustment clause expressly requires a price adjustment to cover fringe benefit
costs. Both cases considered costs that are expressly recoverable under the SCA Price
Adjustment clause, and neither considered whether state excise taxes are part of the
costs for which an SCA price adjustment should be made. Accordingly, those cases do
not compel a different holding than the Board reached in All Star.

       Sonoran next argues that the "totality" of the clause reflects an intent "to
provide an adjustment for any increase (or decrease) in taxes that accompanies an
increase (or decrease) in wages and fringe benefits." Gross receipts taxes, it says, are
the "type of costs that should be covered." (App. br. at 7) Otherwise, the purpose of
the clause would be negated (app. resp. at 6).

       This argument is unpersuasive. The clause's purpose is expressed in its text.
We find no text evincing an intention to allow a price adjustment for generalized
"type" of costs, nor for "any increase .. .in taxes." The All Star Board rejected this
argument, noting that "[t]he wage rate adjustment clauses do not provide for the
general allowability of excise taxes, or for taxes similar in nature to the taxes listed.
Only social security and unemployment taxes are specifically listed as reimbursable."
99-1BCAif30,214 at 149,480 (emphasis added).

        Finally, Sonoran argues that it could not have priced the increase in its gross
receipts taxes, because it did not know how much they would increase. It asserts that
the solicitation required it to use labor rates in the previous CBA and did not allow
contractors to "price contingencies into proposal when related to labor costs" (app.
br. at 7-8; app. resp. at 2-4).

       Sonoran overstates the solicitation's pricing requirement. It restricted
escalation of "wage and benefit" rates, but did not prohibit pricing other contingencies.
Moreover, the risk of a state tax increase in a fixed-price contract is generally born by the
contractor. FAR 52.229-3, FEDERAL, STATE, AND LOCAL TAXES (FEB 2013) (finding 3).

Recovery Under the Changes Clause

       Sonoran argues that the Changes clause, FAR 52.243-1, requires the
government to pay an equitable adjustment for the costs incurred by the contractor-to
include gross receipts tax expense-as a result of the incorporation of a new wage
determination into the contract. Sonoran cites Geronimo Service Co., ASBCA
Nos. 14686, 14687, 70-2 BCA if 8540 (1970), and Lockheed Support Sys., Inc. v.
United States, 36 Fed. Cl. 424, 429 (1996), for the proposition that a revised wage

                                            10
determination can constitute a change compensable under the Changes clause. (App.
br. at 9; app. resp. at 6-9) In opposition, the government argues that the wage
determination did not change the contract work so it is not compensable under the
Changes clause (gov't resp. at 3-4).

       Sonoran's arguments are unavailing. The Changes clause does not explain how
to compute an equitable adjustment (finding 6). The SCA Price Adjustment clause
does so, for labor rate adjustments required by an SCA wage determinations. Thus,
even if the Changes clause entitled a contractor to an equitable adjustment for a
revised wage determination, the calculation of that adjustment would be governed by
the SCA Price Adjustment clause.

        Were it otherwise, the clauses would be largely redundant, and portions would
be superfluous. Both clauses would govern price adjustments triggered by a new wage
determination, but each clause would entitle the contractor to different recoveries.
That makes no sense. A contract must be construed as a whole and in a manner that
gives meaning to all of its provisions and makes sense. Bell/Heery, JV. v. United
States, 739 F.3d 1324, 1331 (Fed. Cir. 2014); Hol-Gar Mfg. Corp. v. United States,
351F.2d972, 979 (Ct. Cl. 1965).

       The cases cited by Sonoran are not to the contrary. The contract in Geronimo
Service, 70-2 BCA if 8540, did not include the SCA Price Adjustment clause. In
Lockheed Support Sys., 36 Fed. Cl. at 429, the SCA Price Adjustment clause did not
govern the adjustment sought by the contractor. Thus, unlike in the present appeals
the SCA Price Adjustment clause was inapplicable to those appeals.

                                  CONCLUSION

      For the foregoing reasons, the appeals are denied.

      Dated: 3 July 2017




                                                 Administrative Judge
                                                 Armed Services Board
                                                 of Contract Appeals




                                          11
      I certify that the foregoing is a true copy of the Opinion and Decision of the
Armed Services Board of Contract Appeals in ASBCA Nos. 61040, 61101, Appeals of
Sonoran Technology and Professional Services, LLC, rendered in conformance with
the Board's Charter.

      Dated:



                                               JEFFREY D. GARDIN
                                               Recorder, Armed Services
                                               Board of Contract Appeals




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