                        This opinion will be unpublished and
                        may not be cited except as provided by
                        Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2014).

                             STATE OF MINNESOTA
                             IN COURT OF APPEALS
                                   A14-0766

                                 State of Minnesota,
                                     Respondent,

                                         vs.

                                Bradley Mikal Leritz,
                                     Appellant.

                                 Filed May 11, 2015
                                      Affirmed
                                 Rodenberg, Judge

                            Ramsey County District Court
                              File No. 62-CR-13-3245

Lori Swanson, Attorney General, St. Paul, Minnesota; and

John J. Choi, Ramsey County Attorney, Thomas R. Ragatz, Assistant County Attorney,
St. Paul, Minnesota (for respondent)

Cathryn Middlebrook, Chief Appellate Public Defender, St. Paul, LL. Rhyddid Watkins,
Special Assistant Public Defender, Faegre Baker Daniels, LLP, Minneapolis, Minnesota
(for appellant)

      Considered and decided by Smith, Presiding Judge; Rodenberg, Judge; and

Chutich, Judge.
                         UNPUBLISHED OPINION

RODENBERG, Judge

       Appellant Bradley Mikal Leritz challenges the district court’s denial of his

suppression motion, arguing that police did not have a reasonable articulable suspicion to

conduct a pat search that resulted in the discovery of illegal drugs. We affirm.

                                         FACTS

       On July 19, 2012, St. Paul Police Department officers Michael Soucheray and

Chris Rhoades were on patrol. A colleague contacted Officer Soucheray stating that an

individual, Christopher Red Elk, had an outstanding warrant and that he was at a

residence in St. Paul that was close to the officers’ location at the time. The colleague

told Officer Soucheray that Red Elk was tall, had tattoos and had a short haircut. Officer

Rhoades testified that the officers had “a very vague description” of Red Elk. Officer

Soucheray testified that they “knew that in previous attempts to locate Mr. Red Elk, by

the time officers were on scene he tends to disappear and vanish into thin air,” and that

Red Elk had “an assaultive history, weapon history[, and] [f]leeing history.” The officers

also knew that the residence at which Red Elk was reportedly located “was a known . . .

dope house.”

       Officer Soucheray testified that he and Officer Rhoades “drove directly to the

[residence] without stopping to pull up [Red Elk’s] pictures or things like that, because

we wanted to get there as fast as possible.” The officers testified that retrieving booking

photos “takes quite a bit of time” because the internet in the squad car is often slow, and




                                             2
that because Red Elk had a history of fleeing they wanted to get to the residence as

quickly as possible before Red Elk left.1

       Upon arriving at the residence, the officers parked a few houses away. As they

walked up the driveway toward the residence, a male, later identified as appellant

Bradley Leritz, was walking toward them, away from the residence and the garage.

Officer Rhoades testified that appellant “[f]roze in place” and that he had “a deer in the

headlights look,” Officer Soucheray said appellant had “a shocked or surprised look.”

When appellant saw the officers, he turned around and briskly walked back toward the

residence. Officer Soucheray then told appellant to stop and put his hands behind his

back. He also testified that he “had no idea who [appellant] was” and that “because of his

reaction to seeing us we weren’t going to allow him to walk back either into the house or

into the garage where they could have an opportunity to gain access to weapons or

anything.”

       Officer Soucheray “did a Terry frisk [of appellant] for weapons, because of the

history of Red Elk [and they] weren’t sure if [appellant] was Red Elk.” During the pat

search, Officer Soucheray noticed a “large bulge in [appellant’s] front pocket” and in his

pat search, outside appellant’s pocket, he felt a round object with sharp edges that Officer

Soucheray recognized from his training and experience as narcotics. Officer Soucheray

retrieved the substance from appellant’s pocket, asked him what it was, and appellant




1
  The district court found the officers “did not get a photo of Red Elk because the internet
in the squad was too slow and they didn’t have time.”

                                             3
responded that it was methamphetamine.2 Neither officer asked appellant his name until

after the pat search was completed and the drugs were seized.             Red Elk is Native

American. Appellant is Caucasian.

       Appellant was charged with second-degree possession of methamphetamine in

violation of Minn. Stat. § 152.022, subd. 2(a)(1) (2012). Appellant moved the district

court to suppress the seized evidence. The district court denied appellant’s suppression

motion. Appellant waived his right to a jury trial and proceeded with a stipulated-facts

trial. The district court found appellant guilty. This appeal followed.

                                     DECISION

       “When reviewing a district court’s pretrial order on a motion to suppress evidence,

‘we review the district court’s factual findings under a clearly erroneous standard and the

district court’s legal determinations de novo.’” State v. Gauster, 752 N.W.2d 496, 502

(Minn. 2008) (quoting State v. Jordan, 742 N.W.2d 149, 152 (Minn. 2007)). We review

reasonable suspicion for a Terry stop in a warrantless search de novo. In re Welfare of

G.M., 560 N.W.2d 687, 690 (Minn. 1997). We consider the totality of the circumstances

in determining whether a Terry stop is justified. State v. Britton, 604 N.W.2d 84, 87

(Minn. 2000).




2
 A Minnesota Bureau of Criminal Apprehension test determined that the substance was
19.8 grams, containing methamphetamine.

                                             4
                                            I.

      Appellant argues that the police did not have a reasonable, articulable suspicion to

stop and pat search him and that the district court therefore erred in denying his

suppression motion.

      The United States and Minnesota Constitutions protect citizens from unreasonable

searches and seizures. U.S. Const. amend. IV; Minn. Const. art. I, § 10. “Warrantless

searches are per se unreasonable . . . subject only to a few specifically established and

well-delineated exceptions,” one of which is a pat-down search for weapons. State v.

Dickerson, 481 N.W.2d 840, 843 (Minn. 1992) (quotation omitted), aff’d Minnesota v.

Dickerson, 508 U.S. 36, 113 S. Ct. 2130 (1993). A police officer may stop and frisk an

individual when the officer has “a reasonable, articulable suspicion that a suspect might

be engaged in criminal activity” and if “the officer reasonably believes the suspect might

be armed and dangerous.” Id.; see also Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 30, 88 S. Ct. 1868,

1884-85 (1968) (stating a pat search of outer clothing is permitted when both factors are

present “to discover weapons which might be used to assault” the officer).

      Before conducting a Terry search, an officer must have reasonable suspicion

“based on specific, articulable facts” and a “particularized and objective basis for

suspecting the seized person of criminal activity.” State v. Cripps, 533 N.W.2d 388, 391

(Minn. 1995). Courts “are deferential to police officer training and experience and

recognize that a trained officer can properly act on suspicion that would elude an

untrained eye.” Britton, 604 N.W.2d at 88-89. While “merely being in a high-crime area

will not justify a [Terry] stop,” evasive conduct, such as “eye contact with police,


                                            5
combined with [a] departure from a building with a history of drug activity” can justify a

search based on reasonable suspicion. Dickerson, 481 N.W.2d at 843.

       Here, the officers had a general description of Red Elk, for whom there was an

active arrest warrant, as they approached a known “dope house.” In addition to the

generally understood relatedness of drug dealing, weapons, and violence, State v. Craig,

826 N.W.2d 789, 797 (Minn. 2013); United States v. Bustos-Torres, 396 F.3d 935, 943

(8th Cir. 2005), the officers had specific knowledge that a person they believed to be at

the residence had a history of assaultive behavior involving weapons. When they saw

appellant walking down the driveway away from the house and garage, he looked

shocked and surprised at seeing the officers. He displayed a “deer in the headlights look”

and turned around and briskly walked back toward the residence. Appellant appeared to

the officers to be tall, with short hair and a tattoo, similar to the general description they

had of Red Elk. Officer Soucheray testified that he did not want to allow this person to

go into the house or garage where he “could have an opportunity to gain access to

weapons” and so he stopped appellant.

       Dickerson is instructive in our analysis of the propriety of this stop and frisk. 481

N.W.2d at 843. Here, appellant was leaving a known drug house and exhibited evasive

conduct, similarly to Dickerson. Id. (stating “evasive conduct after eye contact with

police, combined with his departure from a building with a history of drug activity,

justified police in reasonably suspecting criminal activity.”)         Here, police had a

reasonable suspicion that the person approaching them may be Red Elk, an individual

with an “assaultive” history, who might be armed and dangerous. The district court also


                                              6
found that the appellant’s “evasive conduct after eye contact with police combined with

his actions justify reasonable suspicion that the person is involved in criminal activity.”

Appellant does not argue the district court’s findings are clearly erroneous, and the record

supports the district court’s determination of reasonable suspicion to stop and frisk

appellant.

       The totality of the circumstances included the district court’s finding of appellant’s

evasive conduct and the information the officers had about the residence, Red Elk, and

their training and experience. These circumstances are sufficient to establish reasonable

suspicion that appellant was engaged in criminal activity and might be armed and

dangerous, permitting a Terry stop and pat search.

       Appellant questions the officers’ judgment and argues that there is “no reasonable

basis” for the officers to believe that appellant was Red Elk, emphasizing that Red Elk is

Native American and appellant is not. The district court found that the officers knew that

Red Elk was Native American, but also found that at the point in time when the officers

asked appellant to stop, there was a “possibility that the man was Red Elk.” The record

supports this finding. That the stop and frisk is ultimately found to have been of someone

other than the person sought to be arrested does not render the police action

constitutionally infirm. See United States v. Gilliam, 520 F.3d 844, 847-48 (8th Cir.

2008) (stating that there was reasonable, articulable suspicion to support a Terry frisk on

the defendant when he was at Simpson’s residence, the police had an arrest warrant for

Simpson, the defendant and Simpson argued over Simpson’s identity, and officers were

unable to eliminate all reasonable suspicion that the defendant was not Simpson). Police


                                             7
may stop and frisk only individuals of whom they are reasonably and articulably

suspicious, but are not expected to resolve all reasonable doubt of identity before acting.

Id. at 847.

                                            II.

       Appellant also argues that, even if the officers had reasonable suspicion to conduct

a Terry stop of appellant, they impermissibly broadened the scope of the search when

they retrieved the methamphetamine from appellant’s pocket.

       A Terry stop “permits a protective frisk for weapons.” Dickerson, 481 N.W.2d at

844. When police are assured an individual has no weapons, “the frisk is over.” Id. The

state has the burden of demonstrating that a search was “sufficiently limited in scope and

duration.” Florida v. Royer, 460 U.S. 491, 500, 103 S. Ct. 1319, 1325-26 (1983). “The

legality of a pat search depends on an objective examination of the totality of the

circumstances.” State v. Lemert, 843 N.W.2d 227, 230 (Minn. 2014).

       “If a police officer lawfully pats down a suspect’s outer clothing and [an object’s]

identity [is] immediately apparent [and] the object is contraband, its warrantless seizure

would be justified.” Minnesota v. Dickerson, 508 U.S. 366, 376-77, 113 S. Ct. 2130,

2137 (1993); see also State v. Krenik, 774 N.W.2d 178, 185 (Minn. App. 2009) (stating

this court has recognized the plain-feel exception to the warrant requirement), review

denied (Minn. Jan. 27, 2010). Immediately apparent “does not mean that an officer must

be certain about the object’s identity; rather an officer must have probable cause to

believe that the item is contraband before seizing it.”      Krenik, 774 N.W.2d at 185

(quotation omitted); see also Texas v. Brown, 460 U.S. 730, 741, 103 S. Ct. 1535, 1543


                                            8
(1983) (stating the phrase “immediately apparent” in referring to a plain-view doctrine

“was very likely an unhappy choice of words, since it can be taken to imply that an

unduly high degree of certainty as to the incriminatory character of evidence is

necessary”).

       The district court found that “[b]ased upon [Officer Soucheray’s] training and

experience [he] thought that this might be narcotics.” This finding is supported by

Officer Soucheray’s testimony that he “noticed there was a large bulge in [appellant’s]

front pocket” and that when he “ran [his] hand down the front of [appellant’s] pockets . . .

[and] could feel a round object with sharp edges” that he then recognized as likely being

a controlled substance.

       The seizure here occurred during the frisk for weapons, and not after the search

for weapons was complete.        Our decision in Krenik supports the district court’s

conclusion that the scope of the pat search was permissible. 774 N.W.2d at 185. In

Krenik, the officer searching Krenik “could feel a smoking glass tube and recognized it as

contraband” but also testified during cross examination that “she could not be certain that

the object was a glass pipe and it could have been something else.” Id. We concluded

that the officer’s testimony provided adequate support for the district court’s finding that

there was a “basis to suspect that the item was a crack pipe.”3 Id.

       We conclude that Officer Soucheray’s retrieval of methamphetamine from

appellant satisfied the “immediately apparent” standard used in Krenik. Id. Officer

3
   Here, the district court did not make specific findings regarding the seizure of
contraband from appellant’s pocket, but did conclude that the totality of the
circumstances justified seizure apprehension of appellant and permitted the pat search.

                                             9
Soucheray testified that he knew by the bulge and the feel of the object that it was likely

contraband.    The plain-feel exception does not require an “unduly high degree of

certainty,” and we conclude that the pat search and seizure of methamphetamine from

appellant was within the permissible scope of the pat search. Id. (quotation omitted).

                                             III.

       Lastly, appellant argues that Officer Soucheray had no basis to remove the

contraband from appellant’s pockets. The state argues that appellant did not raise this

issue to the district court, and has therefore waived it on appeal. The state argues that it is

particularly prejudiced here because the state “was not on notice that it needed to create a

detailed record on the removal of the methamphetamine from appellant’s pants.”

       Because appellant did not raise this argument to the district court, we decline to

address it. See Roby v. State, 547 N.W.2d 354, 357 (Minn. 1996) (“This court generally

will not decide issues which were not raised before the district court, including

constitutional questions of criminal procedure.”).

       Affirmed.




                                              10
