
26 F.2d 141 (1927)
UNITED STATES ex rel. PALMER et al.
v.
ADAMS, Governor of Colorado, et al.
No. 8634.
District Court, D. Colorado, at Denver.

*142 Guy D. Duncan, of Denver, Colo., R. W. Henderson, of Bakersfield, Cal., and Floyd F. Miles, Carle Whitehead, and Albert L. Vogl, all of Denver, Colo., for petitioners.
W. L. Boatright, Atty. Gen., Charles Roach, Asst. Atty. Gen., and Lewis De R. Mowry and William O. Perry, both of Denver, Colo., for respondents.
*143 SYMES, District Judge.
The petition in this case is rather voluminous. It contains a good deal of irrelevant matter, and brings before the court the fact that a grave industrial conflict has existed in this state for some time. Such conflicts are to be deplored. This strike has been fomented by a type of irresponsible agitators with whom the court has absolutely no sympathy. They advocate doctrines that are irreconcilable with the principles of our Constitution and economic organization, and which, if allowed to prevail, means the destruction of the American government. An armed clash occurred in Weld county, and the ordinary officers of the law, showing every restraint possible, were finally forced to fire, killing and wounding a few of the misguided men urged on by agitators from outside our borders. The officers were fully justified, and the court commends their attitude in forcibly resisting a mob attempting to invade private property. Anything that can be done by lawful means to deal with such agitators, who are to blame, rather than the misguided men who allow themselves to be badly led, should meet with the approval of every law-abiding citizen. I have no sympathy with that organization, its principles or leaders. So far as I am informed, they do not work in the mines, never did an honest day's labor, but, on the contrary, live by fomenting of trouble. They are astute enough to step out of the way when any real clash with the authorities occurs, leaving the results to be borne by their misguided followers. These remarks, however, are not pertinent to the issues of the case.
The right of the petitioners to apply to this court for a writ of habeas corpus cannot be doubted. The issue presented by the return involves a grave federal question. It is not whether petitioners' rights under the state Constitution have been violated, but has due process of law been accorded them under the Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution of the United States. The statute says (section 461, United States Code; 28 USCA § 461), that on the return to the writ the court or the judge shall proceed in a summary way to determine the facts of the case, hear the testimony and arguments, and thereupon dispose of the matter as law and justice require. Respondents have offered no evidence. The duty of the court is fully elaborated in the Royall Case, 117 U. S. 241, 6 S. Ct. 734, 29 L. Ed. 868, and the Moore Case, found in 261 U. S. 86, 43 S. Ct. 265, 67 L. Ed. 543, which went up from this circuit. In the latter case defendants were indicted and tried for murder. All their rights were apparently exercised at the trial; that is, a jury impaneled, argument had, and testimony taken, followed by conviction, appeal, and sentence to death. Thereafter it was represented to the local United States court that the trial was a mockery, because a mob was in control of the situation, surrounding the courthouse; that the jury was intimidated and the whole proceedings carried on under the pressure of this unlawful assembly. The United States Supreme Court said, in passing upon a demurrer to these facts, that in view of the nature of the allegations it was the duty of the federal court to investigate and see whether or not there was due process of law, irrespective of the form that had been observed. It sent the case back to the lower court, with directions to investigate the facts.
Now, what situation is presented here, eliminating the allegations that are not material? Practically an agreement of facts that the Governor of the state called out the state militia, and sent them into these two counties under the executive or military order referred to, which vested in their commander authority to suppress the alleged insurrection by whatever means he in his good judgment deemed best. The order was not attested by or filed with the secretary of state, as state papers are, nor issued as a proclamation. It was issued direct to the adjutant general.
It is agreed that no attempt was made to declare martial law, to suspend the writ of habeas corpus, or to put aside the civil authorities of the two counties. It has never been decided that the Governor of Colorado has the right to declare martial law. That question was not passed upon in the Moyer Case, 35 Colo. 159, 85 P. 193, 12 L. R. A. (N. S.) 979, 117 Am. St. Rep. 189; Id., 35 Colo. 154, 91 P. 738, and has not been decided in any case cited. It is immaterial, however, because the state's counsel, with commendable frankness toward the court, admit that martial law has not been declared and does not exist in these two counties. They concede that the state courts in the affected district are functioning the same as before this alleged emergency arose, and as they are in other parts of the state; that criminal trials are taking place, offenders being convicted, and all the ordinary processes of local civil government going on unimpeded. So we have this situation: Alongside of the regular form of government, a body of 35 militiamen, acting under this order and performing their duties as men who wear the uniform should, are exercising arbitrary power, arresting people and holding them without charges, as the court is informed, that they have violated *144 the law, committed any act of violence, or resisted or defied the peace officers of the state. The return does not set forth a single fact to enlighten this court as to conditions that formerly or now exist in the two counties in question. It simply alleges that in the exercise of honest judgment the Governor deems it for the best interests of the community, and the preservation of law and order, to detain the petitioners without filing charges, admitting them to bail, or intent to submit them to a military or the local court for hearing and trial.
So we have presented this proposition for decision. The Governor has the power to grant at will a roving commission to a body of state militia to go into any part of the state that he may see fit, arrest and detain citizens, and deprive them indefinitely of their liberty and the rights guaranteed them by the Federal Constitution, actuated, as in this case, by the best of motives. It is admitted the soldiers have not attempted to set aside the local state government, or take over the courts, but simply that they have the right to set up a separate and independent government or tribunal, make arrests in such cases as they may see fit to handle, and do such acts as in their uncontrolled discretion are necessary to suppress what they claim is an insurrection, regardless of the courts and the Constitution. It is not stated what the insurrection or the cause of it is. The fact has been drawn to our attention that, as the result of a riot the state police, not the militia, used firearms to protect property and the right of men who wanted to work; that that situation was promptly and effectively handled, by the state police, without the aid of the militia, and without declaring martial law. In other parts of the state, where the strike exists, arrests are being made and the prisoners turned over to the state court, where, as we are advised, they are being promptly convicted or acquitted, as the facts of each case warrant.
The mere commission of crime does not justify extraordinary remedies or setting aside the constitutional guaranties. If it did, perhaps the city of Chicago would be to-day under martial law. If the Governor here had declared martial law, we would have an entirely different situation. All the rules applicable thereto, which this court and others are bound to recognize, would come into play. We would know how to proceed, how far the functions of the court and civil authorities were abrogated. That is not the case. The situation presented is without a parallel on the facts outside Colorado. It seems to me there either must be martial law or no martial law, and, until there is, no rogatory body can lawfully go around in this state, depriving individuals of the rights that the Constitution, both state and federal, guaranties. We have either one thing or the other. The two cannot exist side by side. This quotation from the much-discussed Milligan Case (4 Wall. 2, 18 L. Ed. 281) becomes pertinent:
"It follows, from what has been said on this subject, that there are occasions when martial rule can be properly applied. If, in foreign invasion or civil war, the courts are actually closed, and it is impossible to administer criminal justice according to law, then, on the theater of active military operations, where war really prevails, there is a necessity to furnish a substitute for the civil authority, thus overthrown, to preserve the safety of the army and society; and as no power is left but the military, it is allowed to govern by martial rule until the laws can have their free course. As necessity creates the rule, so it limits its duration; for, if this government is continued after the courts are reinstated, it is a gross usurpation of power. Martial rule can never exist where the courts are open, and in the proper and unobstructed exercise of their jurisdiction. It is also confined to the locality of actual war."
While the legal controversy which raged in 1861 between the President and the Supreme Court over the right of the former to suspend the writ of habeas corpus has never been judicially settled, yet the duty of the federal court to issue the writ and to consider the legal questions involved is now fully admitted. Lincoln, even though upholding the powers he exercised as President, justified them on the ground of the necessities of a state of war then actually in existence, and that such action was only constitutional in case of rebellion. And shortly thereafter, in the Milligan Case, the Supreme Court denounced as highly illegal the existence of military tribunals in states where the civil courts were open.
In my opinion, the state authorities must take one of two positions: Either that martial law is justified and declared, and the territory taken over, and the civil power made subordinate to the military, or else they must recognize the civil power, and allow it to deal with the situation. I cannot see any middle ground. I am not saying that the facts would not justify the Governor in declaring martial law, or that he could be called to account if he so declared.
Petitioners are claiming rights under the *145 Federal Constitution, and I have been unable to find a case where the federal courts have recognized the right of a small body of militia, without declaring a status different from that here presented, to arrest and detain citizens at will, without filing charges, especially where it is admitted that the courts and civil authorities have not been interfered with, overthrown, or supplanted by the military forces. In the cases cited, decided by my predecessors, it was established as a fact that local officials and government had ceased to function, and that two unlawful armed bodies were contending for supremacy.
To admit that the Governor of a state can lawfully do these things is to say that a state officer can, in his uncontrolled discretion and without a showing of any kind, set aside the Bill of Rights of the Federal Constitution. If so, it logically follows that the protection of the Fourteenth Amendment is a matter of favor only, depending on the whim of the Governor, and not an absolute right.
The executive is vested with large discretion in such matters, and courts cannot inquire into the degree of necessity or substitute its judgment for that of the Governor. But there must be a limit somewhere. Otherwise we have a government of men and not of laws. As said in the Milligan Case:
"It will be borne in mind that this is not a question of the power to proclaim martial law, when war exists in a community and the courts and civil authorities are overthrown. Nor is it a question what rule a military commander, at the head of his army, can impose on states in rebellion to cripple their resources and quell the insurrection."
And in that case, as counsel has urged here, attention was called to the fact that the circuit court was meeting; that it needed no bayonets to protect it, and required no military aid to execute its judgments. Likewise, there is no assertion made by counsel that anybody committing a crime in Boulder or Weld counties would not receive punishment in the state courts. They are engaged in the trials of offenses, and, as in the Milligan Case, have never been interrupted.
A very eminent English authority has said in respect to the use of martial law  and I refer to martial law, because the situation is somewhat analogous:
"The use of martial law under the prerogative of the crown `can only be tolerated because, by reason of open rebellion, the enforcing of any other law has become impossible.' `When the regular courts are open, so that criminals might be delivered over to them to be dealt with according to law, there is not, as we conceive, any right in the crown to adopt any other course of proceeding. Such power can only be conferred by the Legislature.' `Martial law can never be enforced for the ordinary purposes of civil or even criminal justice, except in the latter so far as the necessity arising from actual resistance compels its adoption.'"
An interesting discussion is found in United States v. Lee, 106 U. S. 196, 1 S. Ct. 240, 27 L. Ed. 171. While it is not in point here, it is very illuminating. A son of General Lee sued to recover possession of 1,100 acres of land known as the Arlington estate, which was bid in by the United States government at tax sale, and was in its possession and under the control of the defendants, military officers, by order of the President. It was contended in behalf of the United States that the property belonged to the government, and was in the actual possession of its officers, and therefore the courts had no jurisdiction. Judge Miller said:
"No man in this country is so high that he is above the law. No officer of the law may set that law at defiance with impunity. All the officers of the government, from the highest to the lowest, are creatures of the law and are bound to obey it."
"Shall it be said," he asked, "that the courts cannot give remedy when the citizen has been deprived of his property by force, his estate seized and converted to the use of the government without any lawful authority, without any process of law and without any compensation, because the President has ordered it and his officers are in possession?"
Likewise can a citizen be deprived of his liberty because the Governor of a state orders it, and his military officers have him in their custody?
I am not unmindful, as I have already stated, of the efforts that have been made by the officers of the law and the Governor to deal with a situation created by those for whom we can have no sympathy. These emergencies generally result from the failure of local officers to carry out their oath of office. The small body of state police did in this situation what could easily have been done by every sheriff in this state. If they had cared to perform their sworn duty, we would not have had a strike. But, be that as it may, it does not justify a resort to illegal methods. All we can do when such a case comes here is to examine the authorities, determine what the law is, and afford every citizen the rights granted to him by the Constitution *146 of the United States, irrespective of all other considerations.
It follows from what I have said that the demurrer to the return will have to be sustained, the writ granted, and the prisoners discharged.
