J-A07003-18


NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

 C.W. AND B.W.                          :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                        :        PENNSYLVANIA
                    Appellants          :
                                        :
                                        :
              v.                        :
                                        :
                                        :
 N.D., D.D., AND THE LCCYSSA            :   No. 1735 MDA 2017

               Appeal from the Order Entered October 10, 2017
              In the Court of Common Pleas of Lancaster County
                     Civil Division at No(s): CI-16-11045


BEFORE:    PANELLA, J., OLSON, J., and STEVENS, P.J.E.*

MEMORANDUM BY PANELLA, J.:                            FILED JUNE 05, 2018

      C.W. and B.W. (collectively, “Grandparents”) appeal from the October

10, 2017 order entered in the Court of Common Pleas of Lancaster County,

which awarded primary physical custody and sole legal custody of R.D.

(“Child”), Grandparents’ maternal granddaughter, to the Lancaster County

Children and Youth Social Services Agency (“LCCYSA”). We affirm.

      D.D. (“Mother”) and N.D. (“Father”) (collectively, “Parents”) are the

biological parents of Child, born in December 2014. Mother has two children

from a prior relationship, T.M. and B.M., and Father has one Child from a prior

relationship, A.S, all of whom resided with Child in Parents’ home. On May 17,

2016, LCCYSA received a report regarding A.S., which alleged as follows:

      7. [LCCYSA] received a report regarding A.S. on May 17, 2016,
      alleging that A.S. had bruises on his arms that looked like
      fingerprints caused by Mother (that is, his stepmother, D.D.).



____________________________________
* Former Justice specially assigned to the Superior Court.
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      8. When A.S. soiled himself, Mother would put A.S. in a small room
      padded with wrestling mats, where A.S. was made to sleep in a
      filthy state.

      9. On other occasions, Mother wrapped sheets around A.S. from
      his wrist to his ankles and taped the sheets. Mother told A.S. to
      tell people this was a game called “mermaid”.

      10. Mother hit A.S. in the head.

      11. Mother would place A.S. in a tub of cold water until he turned
      blue.

Trial Court Opinion, 12/8/17, at 4-5 (internal citations omitted).

      On July 23, 2017, R.D. (“Foster Mother”), Child’s paternal aunt, received

text messages from Mother who was “hysterical and crying.” Id., at 5. See

also N.T., 8/16/17, at 205-06. Mother indicated to Foster Mother that A.S.

was “too much to handle and that [Father] should not have left him – him

home with her.” Id., at 206. Foster Mother went to Mother’s home where she

witnessed A.S. standing naked in a bedroom with feces on his body. See id.

Foster Mother removed A.S. from Mother’s care and assumed custody of him.

      Based on these reports, on November 7, 2016, police obtained a warrant

to search Mother’s and Father’s home. At the time of the search, the police

removed Child from the home and LCCYSA placed her in an emergency foster

care home. Following a shelter care hearing, LCCYSA placed Child with Foster

Parents, who also had custody of A.S. T.M. and B.M. were also removed from

the home and placed with their biological father and his girlfriend. The police

charged Mother with multiple counts of felony aggravated assault, false

imprisonment, unlawful restriction of a minor, endangering the welfare of



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children, terroristic threats and recklessly endangering another person. See

Trial Court Opinion, 12/8/17, at 6. Father was charged with conspiracy to

commit aggravated assault and endangering the welfare of children. See id.,

at 7.

        On November 28, 2016, the juvenile court adjudicated Child dependent,

and the record reveals that the juvenile court made a finding of aggravated

circumstances for both Mother and Father.1 See id., at 2. Child’s primary

placement goal is adoption and LCCYSA has filed a petition to terminate the

parental rights of Mother and Father. See id., at 2-3. Foster Parents present

themselves as permanent placement resources and have expressed a desire

to adopt both A.S. and Child.

        On December 12, 2016, Grandparents filed a complaint for custody,

requesting that the trial court award them primary physical custody and sole

legal custody of Child. The trial court scheduled the matter for trial and

entered several interim orders detailing the terms of LCCYSA’s primary

physical custody and Grandparents’ partial physical custody. A two-day trial

commenced on August 16, 2017. At the hearing, Grandparents testified on

their own behalf and presented the testimony of H.K. and B.B., Child’s

maternal aunts; and Mary Ann Friese, Grandparents’ friend. LCCYSA

presented the testimony of Theresa Gamber, the LCCYSA caseworker assigned

____________________________________________


1 The record in this matter, arising in custody, is distinct from, and omits the
contents of, the record in the dependency action. We note, however, that the
trial court’s opinion discusses and cites to the juvenile court docket entries.

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to the family; Katie Rutt, the family’s permanency caseworker; Allison Huber,

the foster care caseworker; and Foster Parents.

     On October 10, 2017, the trial court denied Grandparents’ complaint for

custody     and   awarded   LCCYSA   primary   physical   custody   of   Child.

Grandparents were awarded partial physical custody of Child on the first

Monday and third weekend of every month. The trial court’s order also detailed

a custody schedule for holidays and summer vacation. Grandparents timely

filed a notice of appeal and a concise statement of errors complained of on

appeal.

     Grandparents now raise the following issues for our review:

     I.      WHETHER THE COURT GAVE ADEQUATE CONSIDERATION
             TO THE PUBLIC POLICY INTERESTS OF PLACING CHILDREN
             WITH GRANDPARENTS OVER FOSTER PARENTS?

     II.     WHETHER THE COURT ERRED IN ITS DETERMINATION
             THAT A CHILD SHOULD BE KEPT IN THE FOSTER CARE
             SYSTEM WHERE A VIABLE FAMILY OPTION EXISTS?

     III.    DID THE COURT ERR BY ANALYZING THE BEST INTEREST
             FACTORS OF 23 PA.C.S.A. [§] 5328 BY UTILIZING A
             COMPARISON OF THE PLAINTIFFS, GRANDPARENTS,
             VERSUS THE FOSTER PARENTS WHO HAVE NO STANDING
             IN THIS CUSTODY ACTION?

     IV.     WHETHER THE COURT ERRED IN ITS DETERMINATION
             THAT A FOSTER FAMILY WAS THE MORE APPROPRIATE
             CHOICE WHEN THE TESTIMONEY EVIDENCED THE FOSTER
             PARENTS WISHED TO SEVER TIES WITH THE CHILD’S
             MATERNAL EXTENDED FAMILY?

     V.      WHETHER THE COURT ERRED IN THAT IT RELIED ON ONLY
             THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE CHILD AND ONE HALF-
             SIBLING WITHOUT ADEQUATE CONSIDERATION FOR THE
             CHILD’S RELATIONSHIP WITH HER OTHER HALF-SIBLINGS

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           AND THE POSSIBILITY THAT HER HALF-SIBLING COULD BE
           REMOVED FROM THE FOSTER PARENTS’ HOME IF HIS
           MOTHER COMPLETES HER PLAN WITH THE LANCASTER
           COUNTY CHILDREN AND YOUTH SOCIAL SERVICE AGENCY?

     VI.   WHETHER THE COURT ERRED IN ITS DETERMINATION
           THAT THE EMOTIONAL NEEDS OF THE CHILD WOULD BE
           BEST SERVED BY DISRUPTING THE LIFELONG BOND SHE
           HAS SHARED WITH GRANDPARENTS?

Grandparents’ Brief, at 6-7 (suggested answers omitted).

     We address Grandparents’ claim mindful of our well-settled standard of

review:

     In reviewing a custody order, our scope is of the broadest type
     and our standard is abuse of discretion. We must accept findings
     of the trial court that are supported by competent evidence of
     record, as our role does not include making independent factual
     determinations. In addition, with regard to issues of credibility and
     weight of the evidence, we must defer to the presiding trial judge
     who viewed and assessed the witnesses first-hand. However, we
     are not bound by the trial court’s deductions or inferences from
     its factual findings. Ultimately, the test is whether the trial court’s
     conclusions are unreasonable as shown by the evidence of record.
     We may reject the conclusions of the trial court only if they involve
     an error of law, or are unreasonable in light of the sustainable
     findings of the trial court.

V.B. v. J.E.B., 55 A.3d 1193, 1197 (Pa. Super. 2012) (citations omitted).

     The Child Custody Act (the “Custody Act”), 23 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 5321-5340,

governs all custody proceedings commenced after January 24, 2011. See E.D.

v. M.P., 33 A.3d 73, 77 (Pa. Super. 2011). “The primary concern in any

custody case is the best interests of the child.” J.P. v. S.P., 991 A.2d 904,

907 (Pa. Super. 2010). “The best-interests standard, decided on a case-by-

case basis, considers all factors that legitimately have an effect upon the



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child’s physical, intellectual, moral and spiritual wellbeing.” Id. (citations

omitted).

      In awarding custody, the Custody Act requires a trial court to determine

the best interests of the child after considering all relevant factors, including

certain statutory factors. See 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 5328(a)(1)-(6).

      We have explained:

      Section 5323(d) provides that a trial court “shall delineate the
      reasons for its decision on the record in open court or in a written
      opinion or order.” 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 5323(d). Additionally, section
      5323(d) requires the trial court to set forth its mandatory
      assessment of the sixteen [Section 5328 custody] factors prior to
      the deadline by which a litigant must file a notice of appeal. . . .

      In expressing the reasons for its decision, there is no required
      amount of detail for the trial court’s explanation; all that is
      required is that the enumerated factors are considered and that
      the custody decision is based on those considerations. A court’s
      explanation of reasons for its decision, which adequately
      addresses the relevant factors, complies with Section 5323(d).

A.V. v. S.T., 87 A.3d 818, 823 (Pa. Super. 2014) (some citations and internal

quotation marks omitted).

      Grandparents’ first five issues are related, and therefore we will address

them together. The essence of Grandparents’ argument is that the trial court

erred in awarding primary physical custody to LCCYSA when a “viable family

option exists.” Grandparents’ Brief, at 19. Grandparents contend that the

legislature has articulated a public policy interest of keeping children with their

biological families. In support, Grandparents cite the provisions of the Custody

Act that enumerate custody rights for grandparents. They assert that because


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the legislature has specifically created custodial rights for grandparents, they

are “given an elevated status which other familial relationships including

aunts, uncles, and other blood relationships are not afforded.” Id.

      Likewise, Grandparents also assert trial court error with respect to the

weight the trial court placed “on the Foster Parents’ [sic] themselves,

specifically the make up of their household and the fact that they are related

to the child by blood/marriage. . . .” Id., at 23. Grandparents believe that

they are better suited to help Child maintain relationships with her half-

siblings (namely, T.M. and B.M.) and that their thirty-five year marriage, as

opposed to Foster Parents’ three year marriage, will provide Child with the

stability she so desperately needs.

      The trial court issued its decision on October 10, 2017, with

consideration of the § 5328(a) best interest factors. See Findings in Respect

to Custody, 10/10/17, at 8-21. Ultimately, the trial court concluded that

Child’s best interest would be served by awarding LCCYSA primary physical

custody of Child. In discussing the factors, the trial court concluded that

Grandparents and LCCYSA, by and through Foster Parents, were equally

capable of providing for Child and that Child is “integrated into a loving home

replete with qualified parents who are also filled with love and concern for the

Child.” Id., at 19. However, the court expressed great concern that

Grandparents will permit Child to have contact with Mother and Father, despite

the court’s order prohibiting such contact. The trial court stated:


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      The Agency has lingering concerns that the Maternal
      Grandparents will permit the Child to have contact with Mother
      and/or Father. There is a basis for such concerns, in that Maternal
      Grandmother sent drawings created by the Child to Mother in
      prison, Maternal Grandparents maintained almost daily contact by
      telephone with Father while he was in prison, and both Mother and
      Father have expressed a preference that the Child be placed in
      the custody of Maternal Grandparents – a preference which
      reportedly has gone as far as executing consents to adoption in
      favor of the Maternal Grandparents. While both the Maternal
      Grandparents acknowledged in [c]ourt that they are willing to
      abide by an order directing that there be no contact between the
      Child and Mother or Father, the [c]ourt recognizes that it is difficult
      for the Maternal Grandparents to accept that such contact in
      reality places the Child at risk for emotional harm.

Id., at 11.

      The trial court is required to give “weighted consideration to those

factors which affect the safety of the child,” pursuant to § 5328(a). We have

also acknowledged that the amount of weight a court gives any one factor is

almost entirely discretionary. See M.J.M. v. M.L.G., 63 A.3d 331, 339 (Pa.

Super. 2013). Critically, as we stated in M.J.M.: “It is within the trial court’s

purview as the finder of fact to determine which factors are most salient and

critical in each particular case.” Id. (citation omitted).

      At their core, we interpret Grandparents’ claims as disputes with the

trial court’s findings of fact and determinations regarding credibility and

weight of the evidence. Grandparents essentially question the trial court’s

conclusions and assessments, and invite this Court to re-find facts, re-weigh

evidence, and/or re-assess credibility to their view of the evidence. That is not

our role. Under the aforementioned standard of review applicable in custody


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matters, the trial court’s findings of fact and determinations regarding

credibility and weight of the evidence may not be disturbed absent an abuse

of discretion. See C.R.F. v. S.E.F., 45 A.3d 441, 443 (Pa. Super. 2012); E.R.

v. J.N.B., 129 A.3d 521, 527 (Pa. Super. 2015).

      It is not this Court’s function to determine whether the trial court
      reached the ‘right’ decision; rather, we must consider whether,
      ‘based on the evidence presented, giv[ing] due deference to the
      trial court’s weight and credibility determinations,’ the trial court
      erred or abused its discretion. . . .

      King v. King, 889 A.2d 630, 632 (Pa. Super. 2005) (citation omitted).

      Likewise, to the extent Grandparents claim that because they are Child’s

grandparents they should have been afforded the presumption of custody,

Grandparents are mistaken. The Custody Act mandates that “[i]n any action

regarding the custody of the child between a nonparent and another

nonparent, there shall be no presumption that custody should be awarded to

a particular party.” 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 5327(c).

      And to the extent that Grandparents claim that their status as Child’s

grandparents should have been the controlling consideration in determining

custody, Grandparents are again mistaken. “When a trial court orders a form

of custody, the best interest of the child is paramount.” S.W.C. v. S.A.R., 96

A.3d 396, 400 (Pa. Super. 2014) (citation omitted). Indeed, in custody

disputes, trial courts are statutorily required to consider the sixteen factors

set forth in the best-interest test when determining the child’s best interests.

See 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 5328(a) (“In ordering any form of custody, the court shall



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determine the best interests of the child by considering all relevant factors. .

. .”); A.V., 87 A.3d at 821. Therefore, Grandparents’ claim that their status

as grandparents trumped the best interests of Child lacks merit.

      Here, the trial court exhaustively analyzed and addressed each factor

under § 5328(a). See Findings in Respect to Custody, 10/10/17, at 2-21. Its

findings and determinations regarding the custody factors are supported by

competent evidence in the record, and we will not disturb them. See C.R.F.,

45 A.3d at 443; E.R., 129 A.3d at 527. To the extent Grandparents challenge

the weight attributed to any factor by the trial court, we likewise find no abuse

of discretion. As mentioned, the amount of weight that a trial court gives to

any one factor is within its discretion. See M.J.M., 63 A.3d at 339.

      Last, we address Grandparents’ complaint that the trial court’s award

was in error as it was made without the benefit of expert testimony “regarding

the trauma to the child of being removed from a family household.”

Grandparents’ Brief, at 30. Grandparents argue the court failed to consider

the possible effects of transferring custody from “Foster Parents’ home or

removing the significant visitation rights of [Grandparents] . . . .” Id. In

support, Grandparents cite E.A.L. v. L.J.W., 662 A.2d 1109, 1119 (Pa. Super.

1995). That case is inapposite. We decided E.A.L. before the enactment of

the § 5328(a) custody factors, and therefore our decision there is of limited

value here. Further, while E.A.L. instructs that courts should “fully discuss”

the effects that transferring custody may have on a child, this Court has more


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recently explained that no particular amount of detail is required when

discussing the § 5328(a) factors. See A.V., 87 A.3d at 823.

      Regardless, even applying E.A.L. here, solely for the sake of argument,

the trial court’s discussion of the effect a change in custody might have on

Child was more than sufficient. The court carefully examined the evidence

before it and considered the impact that the parties’ proposed custody

schedules would have on Child before entering the final custody order. In

particular, the court stated as follows:

      The [c]ourt cannot know what the Child’s life experience was like
      prior to her placement shortly before her second birthday. What
      is known is that another child in her home suffered horrible abuse
      and that abuse has caused an end to life as the Child knew it. The
      upheaval associated with the sudden removal from a life setting
      (whatever the quality of that setting) is inevitably traumatic for a
      child. The [c]ourt cannot bring itself to subject the Child to the
      loss and trauma of again being removed from the comfort and
      consistency of her family – in this case the family into which she
      has been lovingly integrated over the past eleven months. The
      testimony compels a finding that the Child has formed a healthy
      and loving bond with the Foster Parents and with [Foster Parents’
      child]. There is no compelling reason to destroy those bonds,
      especially as the Foster Parents recognize and support the role
      that the Maternal Grandparents can, and should continue, to fulfill
      – that of loving grandparents who are essential participants in the
      process of raising the Child into a happy, well-adjusted, productive
      adult.

Findings in Respect to Custody, 10/10/17, at 19-20. Thus, E.A.L. affords no

basis on which to disturb the custody order.

      Order affirmed.




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Judgment Entered.




Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary



Date: 06/05/2018




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