       IN THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS OF WEST VIRGINIA

                             January 2020 Term
                               _____________
                                                                     FILED
                                 No. 18-0780                      June 17, 2020
                                                                  released at 3:00 p.m.
                                _____________                 EDYTHE NASH GAISER, CLERK
                                                              SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                   OF WEST VIRGINIA
                                  Michael N.,
                          Petitioner Below, Petitioner

                                      V.

                         Brandy M. and Allen M.,
                      Respondents Below, Respondents
            ________________________________________________

               Appeal from the Circuit Court of Randolph County
                   The Honorable David H. Wilmoth, Judge
                           Civil Action No. 16-D-223

            REVERSED AND REMANDED WITH DIRECTIONS
            ________________________________________________

                         Submitted: February 11, 2020
                             Filed: June 17, 2020



Samantha L. Koreski                     David C. Fuellhart, III
Linda Hausman                           Isner Law Office
Kaufman & McPherson, PLLC               Elkins, West Virginia
Bridgeport, West Virginia               Attorney for the Respondents
Attorneys for the Petitioner

Timothy H. Prentice
Prentice Law Office
Elkins, West Virginia
Guardian Ad Litem
for the minor children

JUSTICE JENKINS delivered the Opinion of the Court.
CHIEF JUSTICE ARMSTEAD and JUSTICE HUTCHISON dissent and reserve
their rights to file separate opinions.
                              SYLLABUS BY THE COURT



              1.     “In reviewing a final order entered by a circuit court judge upon a

review of, or upon a refusal to review, a final order of a family court judge, we review the

findings of fact made by the family court judge under the clearly erroneous standard, and

the application of law to the facts under an abuse of discretion standard. We review

questions of law de novo.” Syllabus, Carr v. Hancock, 216 W. Va. 474, 607 S.E.2d 803

(2004).



              2.      “Although an unwed father’s biological link to his child does not, in

and of itself, guarantee him a constitutional stake in his relationship with that child, such a

link combined with a substantial parent-child relationship will do so. When an unwed

father demonstrates a full commitment to the responsibilities of parenthood by coming

forward to participate in the rearing of his child, his interest in personal contact with his

child acquires substantial protection under the Due Process Clause in Section 10 of Article

III of the West Virginia Constitution.” Syllabus point 2, State ex rel. Roy Allen S. v. Stone,

196 W. Va. 624, 474 S.E.2d 554 (1996).



              3.     “A putative biological father must prove by clear and convincing

evidence the following factors before he will have standing to raise the issue of paternity

of a child born to a married woman who is not his wife: (1) that he has developed a parent-

child relationship with the child in question, and (2) that the child will not be harmed by

                                               i
allowing the paternity action to proceed.” Syllabus point 6, State ex rel. Roy Allen S. v.

Stone, 196 W. Va. 624, 474 S.E.2d 554 (1996).



              4.     “In the absence of special circumstances which would justify an

exception, a petition by a putative biological father seeking to establish his paternity over

a child who was born while the mother was married to another man may not proceed unless

the putative father clearly and convincingly proves as a threshold matter that he has

established a substantial paternal relationship with the child. The putative father’s showing

need not be made, however, if no person or party (named or intervening and including the

guardian ad litem) contests the petition.” Syllabus point 3, State ex rel. Roy Allen S. v.

Stone, 196 W. Va. 624, 474 S.E.2d 554 (1996).



       5.     “When a putative biological father raises a paternity claim, the child must be

joined and a guardian ad litem appointed. The circuit court should conduct a preliminary

hearing to determine whether the requisite preconditions are present. In addition, the

preeminent factor in deciding whether to grant or deny blood testing is the child’s best

interests. The analysis of each factual situation is necessarily a discretionary decision for

the circuit court, and the finding by the circuit court will not be reversed absent an abuse

of discretion.” Syllabus point 7, State ex rel. Roy Allen S. v. Stone, 196 W. Va. 624, 474

S.E.2d 554 (1996).




                                             ii
Jenkins, Justice:

              This is an appeal of an order entered August 9, 2018, in the Circuit Court of

Randolph County, which affirmed a family court order dismissing a petition to establish

paternity and allocate custodial responsibility filed by Petitioner Michael N. (“Michael”). 1

Michael filed a petition seeking genetic testing to establish paternity and to potentially

allocate custodial responsibility.    Respondents Brandy M. (“Brandy”) and Allen M.

(“Allen”) (collectively “Respondents”) opposed the petition. Following an evidentiary

hearing, the Family Court of Randolph County issued an order directing paternity testing.

Prior to any genetic testing, the Respondents sought and were granted a writ of prohibition

by the Circuit Court of Randolph County prohibiting the enforcement of the family court’s

order granting genetic testing because it found Michael lacked standing to initiate the

paternity action. Pursuant to the circuit court’s order, the family court dismissed Michael’s

petition. Subsequently, Michael appealed the matter to the circuit court where the dismissal

was upheld.



              On appeal to this Court, Michael first asserts that the lower courts erred in

finding that he lacked standing to initiate a paternity action. He further contends that the

lower courts erred by not adequately considering his constitutional rights.             Having

reviewed the briefs submitted on appeal, the appendix record, the parties’ oral arguments,


              1
                 It is this Court’s customary practice in cases involving sensitive facts to
refer to parties by their initials rather than by their given names. See In re Jeffrey R.L., 190
W. Va. 24, 26 n.1, 435 S.E.2d 162, 164 n.1 (1993).

                                               1
and the applicable legal authority, this Court reverses the final order of the Circuit Court

of Randolph County, and remands this matter to permit the paternity action to proceed in

a manner consistent with this opinion.



                                             I.

                     FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

              Brandy and Allen were married on July 28, 2012. Both Brandy and Allen

contend that they have been married continuously since 2012 and were residents of

Randolph County, West Virginia, during the pendency of the underlying matter. However,

“[o]n various occasions throughout the course of the marriage, the couple lived apart, as

[Brandy] spent time in or near Green Forest, Arkansas, ostensibly for the purpose of

visiting family.” 2 It is undisputed that during these visits to Arkansas, Michael and Brandy

engaged in an intimate and sexual relationship. In September of 2014, Brandy gave birth

to a child, O. M., in West Virginia. 3 In February of 2015, Brandy and O. M. traveled to

Arkansas. Michael spent time with Brandy and O. M. between February and April of 2015

and again in November and December of 2015 when Brandy and O. M. returned to




             Brandy maintains that she was simply visiting family during this time.
              2

However, Michael asserts that Brandy and Allen were separated.
              3
                This Court notes that O. M. has an unusual first name. Furthermore, it is
undisputed that Michael’s grandfather shares the same unusual name. In an effort to
dispute Michael’s paternity, Brandy attempted to explain away the fact that O. M. shared
Michael’s grandfather’s unusual name; however, the family court did not find this
explanation to be credible.

                                             2
Arkansas. During each of these periods of time, Michael “asserts he performed significant

caretaking duties and assumed certain financial responsibilities, i.e. [sic], [purchasing]

diapers, clothing, and child care items.” Michael further contends that “he maintained

contact with Brandy [] after she returned to West Virginia with the minor child O. M. and

he received information concerning the child’s development and growth continually until

September [of] 2016,” at which time Brandy gave birth to a second child, E. M., in West

Virginia, a fact unknown to Michael. 4 After September of 2016, Michael had no further

contact with O. M. Michael alleges that he “attempted to exercise greater contact with

[O. M.] and offered to provide additional financial support, but was refused that

opportunity by [Brandy].”



             Following Brandy’s cut-off of all contact with O. M., Michael immediately

filed a petition in October of 2016, to establish paternity and to allocate custodial

responsibility of the minor child, O. M. In his petition, Michael alleged that Brandy had

separated from her husband Allen for a period of time in October of 2013. During this

time, Brandy relocated to Arkansas to live with relatives. Michael contended that he

engaged in an intimate, sexual relationship with Brandy from October of 2013 to January

of 2014. In January of 2014, Brandy informed Michael that she was pregnant and, shortly

thereafter, returned to West Virginia where she reconciled with her husband. During the



             4
              The family court noted that Michael testified that Brandy “called him during
her pregnancy and specifically advised that she was not pregnant.”

                                            3
pregnancy, Brandy corresponded with Michael, including “sending him ultrasound

photos[.]” In February of 2015, following the birth of the minor child, Brandy once again

returned to Arkansas. During this time, Brandy and O. M. lived with Michael for

approximately two months.       Petitioner asserted that he administered a “drug store”

paternity test, and the results indicated he was the father of O. M. with 99.9% certainty.

Brandy then returned to West Virginia in the “[s]pring of 2015.”           Michael further

contended that Brandy and O. M. returned to Arkansas in November of 2015 and lived

with him for another month. Michael and his mother drove Brandy back to West Virginia

in December of 2015 “with the understanding that she would return to Arkansas after the

Christmas holiday.” 5 Michael alleged that he “has asked [Brandy] repeatedly to allow him

to see the minor child [O. M.,]” but has been consistently denied contact. Finally, Michael

argued that “[i]t is in the best interest of the parties’ minor child for paternity to be

conclusively established[.]”



              Subsequently, Michael filed an amended petition on November 14, 2016,

seeking also to establish paternity as to the minor child E. M. This petition also sought an

allocation of parenting time with the two minor children were he determined to be the

biological father. In regard to the amended petition, Michael alleged that Brandy concealed




              Both Brandy and Allen have children from previous relationships. It is
              5

unclear from the record before us how much time these other children spend with
Respondents as opposed to their other respective parents. Accordingly, it appears that
Brandy was returning to West Virginia to visit with her other child(ren).

                                             4
the second pregnancy from him and asserted he was also the father of minor child E. M.

In response, the Respondents filed a motion to dismiss the petition due to Michael’s lack

of standing. The Respondents asserted that it was undisputed that they were married at the

time O. M. and E. M. were born. Further, according to the Respondents, Michael failed to

allege that he developed a parent-child relationship with O. M. Respondents also argued

that Michael had never met E. M. Finally, Respondents alleged that Michael failed to

address the potential harm to the minor children and asserted that uprooting the children

from their current family situation would cause them substantial harm.



              The family court held an initial hearing in January of 2017 and appointed a

guardian ad litem for the children. Subsequently, in April of 2017, the family court held

an evidentiary hearing on Michael’s petition. The family court heard the testimony of the

parties, as well as two witnesses on Michael’s behalf. 6 In its order, the family court agreed

with Michael’s timeline of events. 7 The family court found Michael’s testimony regarding


              6
               Additionally, the following evidence was introduced and made a part of the
record below (however, it was not included in the appendix before us): photographs of
Michael and O. M., and text messages exchanged between Michael and Brandy. According
to the family court, Michael testified that “he exchanged in excess of forty-six thousand
Facebook messages with [Brandy], in addition to text messages, Snapchat messages, and
telephone calls. [Brandy] did not contradict this testimony, although she could not recall
the exact number of messages exchanged.”
              7
                 The family court noted that from February of 2015 to April of 2015,
Michael saw O. M. “at least once per day for several hours.” During this time, he
“participated in caretaking for the minor child, including, but not limited to, bottle feedings
and diaper changes.” Additionally, from November of 2015 to late December of 2015,
Michael saw O. M. on a daily basis and “participated in caretaking functions for the minor
child, including, but not limited to, bottle feedings, diaper changes, bathing, assisting with
                                              5
his relationship with Brandy to be credible. Ultimately, the family court considered the

test for standing laid out in State ex rel. Roy Allen S. v. Stone, 196 W. Va. 624, 474 S.E.2d

554 (1996). 8 The family court further considered certain language in that opinion—

whether there should be an exception to the general rule for “cases in which the petitioner

alleges and proves that he would share in the care of, responsibility for, and support of the

child but for the mother’s repudiation.” Stone, 196 W. Va. at 636, 474 S.E.2d at 566

(emphasis added). According to the family court, Michael “grasped the opportunity to

establish a parent/child relationship when the Respondent mother was not interfering.” The

family court concluded that Michael would have continued to share in the parenting

responsibilities if not for Brandy’s refusal. It further noted that Respondents also had

children from other relationships and that Allen shared custody of one child with her

mother. Based on this arrangement, the family court found Respondents’ argument that



the child’s bedtime and wake-up routines.” The family court stated that when O. M. was
in Arkansas, Michael “provided financial support for the minor child in the form of diapers,
clothing, and other child care items.” It further noted that Michael testified that “he offered
to provide additional financial support for the minor child [O. M.]; however, [Brandy]
advised that she did not want the support.”
              8
                  This Court has stated the test for standing as follows:

                     A putative biological father must prove by clear and
              convincing evidence the following factors before he will have
              standing to raise the issue of paternity of a child born to a
              married woman who is not his wife: (1) that he has developed
              a parent-child relationship with the child in question, and (2)
              that the child will not be harmed by allowing the paternity
              action to proceed.

Syl. pt. 6, State ex rel. Roy Allen S. v. Stone, 196 W. Va. 624, 474 S.E.2d 554 (1996).

                                                6
genetic testing would be “disruptive to their family unit” to be disingenuous. Ultimately,

the family court found Stone to be inapplicable to the case due to Brandy’s rejection of

Michael’s attempt to create a parent-child relationship. Accordingly, the family court

ordered genetic testing.



                Following the order for genetic testing, Respondents filed a petition for a writ

of prohibition in the circuit court. Respondents argued that the family court exceeded its

legitimate powers in granting genetic testing. Petitioner filed a response. The circuit court

entered a “Rule to Show Cause/Stay of Family Court Order Pending Further Hearing,”

which stayed the proceedings, and, thereafter, held a hearing and heard arguments on the

matter. Ultimately, the circuit court granted the writ of prohibition in February of 2018.

In doing so, the circuit court reasoned that, under West Virginia law, a child born during

the course of a marriage is presumed to be a child of that marriage. The circuit court

concluded that Michael did not attempt to establish the factors provided in Stone. Rather,

the circuit court found that Michael relied upon a potential exception mentioned in Stone.

Based on this showing, the family court found that Stone did not apply. The circuit court

explained that the family court’s finding that the Stone test did not apply clearly exceeded

its authority because this Court had not yet found that to be an acceptable exception.

Therefore, the circuit court granted the writ of prohibition and remanded the case to the

family court.




                                                7
              On remand, the family court reluctantly entered an order in May of 2018 that

dismissed Michael’s petition for genetic testing. In its order, the family court noted that

the parties filed a joint motion to the circuit court for clarification of the circuit court’s

order granting the writ of prohibition. The circuit court’s subsequent response was “a short,

one sentence [o]rder, stating that its previous [o]rder was a [f]inal [o]rder.” Prior to

dismissing the petition, the family court made several findings. First, the family court

found that the paternity establishment statute attempted to limit a class of “vexatious

litigants” and “insulate a nuclear, harmonious family.” The family court reasoned that

Michael did not file his petition for a vindictive or vexatious purpose. Further, the family

court found that if Michael were permitted to proceed in his action, Respondents’ family

would not be rendered less harmonious, based in particular on at least two periods of

separation between Respondents that allegedly gave rise to the conception of the minor

children. 9 Additionally, the family court found that Michael’s “attempts [in carrying out

his parental responsibilities] were thwarted by the [r]espondent mother” and that he was

not permitted “an opportunity to establish a parent/child relationship” with the children. 10




              9
                To the extent that Respondents noted an objection below to any findings or
conclusions in this family court order that paternity testing is in the best interests of the
children, Respondents did not actually appeal or cross-appeal any of the family court’s
findings of fact or conclusions of law in either the circuit court or to this Court. See
W. Va. R. Prac. & Proc. For Fam. Ct. 28(f) (“Within fifteen days after the filing of the
petition for appeal, the respondent may file a cross-petition for appeal. The cross-petition
may be filed in addition to any response.”).
              10
                 While Respondents did note their objection in both the family court and
the circuit court to the family court’s ruling in this order that such conduct occurred,
                                              8
The family court asserted that the issue was ripe “for a ruling from [this Court], particularly

the issue of a putative father’s[11] due process rights and the constitutionality of the paternity

statute.” (Footnote added). The family court further opined that “[t]he instant case is the

embodiment of special circumstances which would justify an exception” to the Stone rule.

However, based on the circuit court’s granting of the writ of prohibition, the family court

dismissed Michael’s petition. Michael appealed this order to the circuit court.



               On appeal to the circuit court, Michael presented two issues: 1) whether the

family court abused its discretion in applying the Stone test and 2) whether the family court

erred in not adequately weighing his constitutional rights prior to dismissing the petition.

The Respondents opposed the appeal. In response to the first assignment of error, the

circuit court found no abuse of discretion in the family court’s application of the Stone test.

The circuit court reasoned that the minor children were born during the marriage of

Respondents and, pursuant to West Virginia law, were presumed to be the children of

Allen. The only avenue by which Michael could establish standing to challenge the

paternity of the children was through the Stone test. Application of that test to the facts of




Respondents did not actually appeal or cross-appeal any of the family court’s findings of
fact or conclusions of law in either the circuit court or to this Court. See supra note 9.

                For the purposes of this opinion we define “putative father” as “[t]he
               11

alleged biological father of a child born out of wedlock.” FATHER, Black’s Law
Dictionary 751 (11th ed. 2019).



                                                9
this case was therefore not an abuse of discretion. The circuit court also found that the

family court adequately considered petitioner’s constitutional rights through the

application of the Stone test.



              The circuit court considered that Stone recognizes “that a father has a liberty

interest in maintaining an established parent-child relationship” and that “where a

biological father has made a ‘substantial’ personal investment in his relationship with his

child he acquires a liberty interest in maintaining that relationship.” Stone, 196 W. Va. at

633, 474 S.E.2d at 564. However, it distinguished Stone from the facts of this case. The

circuit court considered the Stone language, on which both Michael and the family court

relied, and concluded that no additional exception was necessary in this case. In doing so,

the circuit court examined a number of factors. First, the best interests of the child are the

“polar star” by which decisions affecting children should be made. Michael requested

paternity testing and an allocation of parenting time, but, as the circuit court observed, such

allocation would come at a significant disruption to the children. The circuit court found

that this would “undoubtedly adversely impact the goal of the children’s stability, certainty,

and security[.]”



              Second, the circuit court considered that Stone recognized the importance of

preserving the integrity of the traditional family unit: “If the putative father’s intrusion into

the family, or into an established parent-child relationship, would cause undue disruption

and, thus, jeopardize the child’s proper development, the court could consider that as a

                                               10
basis for denying relief.” Id. at 636-37, 474 S.E.2d at 566-67.            The circuit court

acknowledged that Respondents’ family consisted of children from prior relationships and

“the two children affected by this case do not currently face those obstacles. Nor have they

been exposed to questions of whether the only Dad they have known is indeed their

biological father.”



              Third, the circuit court noted that, while Stone identifies the constitutional

rights of a putative biological father, “the same could be said of the legal father as well.”

“Remembering that biology alone does not provide the constitutional protection sought, a

legal father who has otherwise met the same criteria [as set forth in Stone] could have the

same or similar rights.” However, the final analysis rests on the best interests of the

children, “superior to any other concern[.]”



              Finally, the circuit court found that “[Michael] does not come to this court

with clean hands.” Notably, Michael was aware that Brandy was married to another man

at the time he engaged in an intimate relationship with her. “Although he argues he

believed [Brandy] intended to divorce [Allen], when it became obvious that was not her

intention, [Michael] still chose to participate [in the relationship] once again.” The circuit

court asserted that Michael did not respect the relationship of the Respondents and now

“disregards any risk of emotional or psychological harm to these children by asserting a

claim of paternity” after his extended absence. Based on the foregoing reasons, the circuit

court denied Michael’s appeal by order entered August 8, 2018. Michael now appeals.

                                               11
                                             II.

                               STANDARD OF REVIEW

              Michael asks this Court to review a final decision by the Circuit Court of

Randolph County, denying his petition for appeal and affirming the family court’s order

denying his petition seeking genetic testing to establish paternity and potentially allocate

custodial responsibility. Our standard of review of the circuit court’s order is well-settled:

                     In reviewing a final order entered by a circuit court
              judge upon a review of, or upon a refusal to review, a final
              order of a family court judge, we review the findings of fact
              made by the family court judge under the clearly erroneous
              standard, and the application of law to the facts under an abuse
              of discretion standard. We review questions of law de novo.

Syl., Carr v. Hancock, 216 W. Va. 474, 607 S.E.2d 803 (2004). With this standard in mind,

we now address the parties’ arguments.



                                             III.

                                       DISCUSSION

              On appeal, Michael raises two assignments of error. First, Michael asserts

that the circuit court erred by affirming the ruling of the family court in finding that he

lacked standing to initiate a paternity action. Second, Michael contends that the circuit

court erred by not adequately considering his constitutional rights in affirming the family

court’s ruling. However, because of our disposition of the first issue, we do not find it

necessary to consider the second assignment of error.




                                             12
              As stated above, in his first assignment of error, Michael asserts that the

circuit court erred by affirming the ruling of the family court in finding that he lacked

standing to initiate a paternity action. 12 Conversely, Respondents contend that the lower

courts were correct in dismissing Michael’s petition for lack of standing. 13



              Initially, Michael concedes that he “is not afforded standing through W. Va.

Code § 48-24-101(e);” however, he “asserts that he is afforded standing through prevailing

West Virginia case law.” 14 West Virginia Code section 48-24-101 provides a list of all



              12
                 The children’s guardian ad litem filed a response brief in this matter.
Specifically, the guardian ad litem argued that “[t]he rights of the children herein are best
promoted by achieving permanency and finality with regard to paternity and the other
issues necessarily implicated by this case.” The guardian ad litem asserts that Michael
lacks statutory standing to pursue the paternity case and that the fact pattern in this case
does not present any special circumstances.
              13
                In their brief to this Court, Respondents did “concede that it would be
possible to make an exception to the first factor of [Stone] in a case where the mother
prevents the putative father from developing a substantial parent-child relationship[;]”
however, Respondents assert that it should not be created under the facts and circumstances
of this case.
              14
                   As this Court has explained,

                     [u]nder the common law, a child born to a married
              woman was presumed to be the product of the marriage, and
              her husband was the presumed father. The presumption could
              be overcome only by proof of the husband’s absence or
              impotence and could not be assailed at all by individuals
              outside the marriage. Michael K.T. v. Tina L.T., 182 W. Va.
              399, 387 S.E.2d 866 (1989). W. Va. Code, 48A-6-1, et seq.,
              [now W. Va. Code § 48-24-101] which modified some aspects
              of the common law, permits a putative biological father to
              bring a paternity action only if the child has no presumed
              father. Other parties, however, including the husband, wife,
                                              13
individuals/entities who are statutorily entitled to bring a paternity proceeding. See W. Va.

Code § 48-24-101(e) (LexisNexis 2015). 15 Absent from this list of individuals/entities is




              child, and the State, may have standing to initiate a paternity
              action, even though the child was born in wedlock, and may
              use such action to require a putative biological father who is
              not married to the mother to honor child support obligations.

Stone, 196 W. Va. at 630-31, 474 S.E.2d at 560-61.
              15
                 Pursuant to the statute, the following are the only individuals/entities that
are authorized to initiate a paternity proceeding:

              (1) An unmarried woman with physical or legal custody of a
              child to whom she gave birth;

              (2) A married woman with physical or legal custody of a child
              to whom she gave birth, if the complaint alleges that:

                   (A) The married woman lived separate and apart from her
                   husband preceding the birth of the child;

                   (B) The married woman did not cohabit with her husband
                   at any time during such separation and that such separation
                   has continued without interruption; and

                   (C) The respondent, rather than her husband, is the father
                   of the child;

              (3) The State of West Virginia, including the Bureau for Child
              Support Enforcement;

              (4) Any person who is not the mother of the child but who has
              physical or legal custody of the child;

              (5) The guardian or committee of the child;

              (6) The next friend of the child when the child is a minor;

                                             14
an individual who believes he is the father of a child born to a woman who was married to

another man at the time of the child’s birth.



              However, in 1996, this Court had the opportunity to generally examine and

address what was constitutionally required for a putative biological father to have standing

to raise the issue of paternity of a child born to a married woman who was not his wife.

Specifically, in Stone, we found that West Virginia Code section 48A-6-1, in part, 16

violated the Due Process Clause in Section 10 of Article III of the West Virginia

Constitution. 196 W. Va. at 637, 474 S.E.2d at 567. Similar to the matter sub judice, in

Stone, “[a]t the center of th[e] controversy [wa]s the question whether a person claiming to

be the biological father of a child may raise the issue of paternity if the child was born

during a valid marriage between the mother and another man.” Stone, 196 W. Va. at 628,

474 S.E.2d at 558. After examining the statutory language, the Stone Court concluded

that it did not explicitly name a putative biological father of a child born to a married



              (7) By the child in his or her own right at any time after the
              child’s eighteenth birthday but prior to the child’s twenty-first
              birthday; or

              (8) A man who believes he is the father of a child born out of
              wedlock when there has been no prior judicial determination
              of paternity.

W. Va. Code § 48-24-101(e).
              16
                 This statutory provision is the former version of our current statute, West
Virginia Code section 48-24-101. While the language of the statutes is slightly different,
the differences are not substantive.

                                                15
mother and no arguments persuaded it to conclude that “the Legislature intended W. Va.

Code, 48A-6-1(e), to allow sub silentio standing to an alleged biological father other than

explicitly provided therein.” Id. at 630, 474 S.E.2d at 560.



              This Court then went on to consider whether the statute violated the putative

biological father’s due process rights. In so doing, we explained that

              [a] longstanding line of cases at the federal level and in West
              Virginia, as well as in other state courts, recognizes that
              “liberty” within the meaning of the Due Process Clause
              embraces the rights of parenthood, and that umbrella includes
              a parent’s right to establish and preserve relationships with his
              or her children, even if they are born outside the traditional
              family.

Id. at 631, 474 S.E.2d at 561 (footnote omitted). Therefore, this Court found that “where

a biological father has made a ‘substantial’ personal investment in his relationship with his

child, he acquires a liberty interest in maintaining that relationship.” Id.



              However, we did not find this liberty interest to be absolute: “Still, we

believe governmental interests in preserving family units and their integrity warrant some

measures designed to limit suits to establish paternity over marital children that would not

be justified in cases involving nonmarital children.” Id. at 635, 474 S.E.2d at 565.

Nevertheless, we went on to state “that these legitimate goals cannot support the statute’s

complete exclusion of paternity suits by putative fathers of children born into someone

else’s marriage because less drastic measures are available that will fully meet the State’s

legitimate concerns.”     Id.   We further concluded “that the historical rationales for

                                              16
preventing a putative biological father from claiming paternity over a child born to

another’s wife can no longer sustain the intrusion on the biological father’s liberty interest.”

Id.



              In consideration of the holding in Stone and in an attempt to balance the rights

and interests of all involved, the Court enumerated standards for finding standing of a

putative biological father to establish the paternity of a child born to a married woman who

is not his wife. In enumerating such standards, we explained in Syllabus point 2 of Stone

that,

                      [a]lthough an unwed father’s biological link to his child
              does not, in and of itself, guarantee him a constitutional stake
              in his relationship with that child, such a link combined with a
              substantial parent-child relationship will do so. When an unwed
              father demonstrates a full commitment to the responsibilities
              of parenthood by coming forward to participate in the rearing
              of his child, his interest in personal contact with his child
              acquires substantial protection under the Due Process Clause
              in Section 10 of Article III of the West Virginia Constitution.

Syl. pt. 2, Stone, 196 W. Va. 624, 474 S.E.2d 554 (emphasis added). Furthermore, in

Syllabus point 6 of Stone we held that:

                     A putative biological father must prove by clear and
              convincing evidence the following factors before he will have
              standing to raise the issue of paternity of a child born to a
              married woman who is not his wife: (1) that he has developed
              a parent-child relationship with the child in question, and (2)
              that the child will not be harmed by allowing the paternity
              action to proceed.

Moreover, in Syllabus point 3 of Stone, this Court explained its reasoning for the

application of the general two prerequisites to standing:

                                              17
                      In the absence of special circumstances which would
              justify an exception, a petition by a putative biological father
              seeking to establish his paternity over a child who was born
              while the mother was married to another man may not proceed
              unless the putative father clearly and convincingly proves as a
              threshold matter that he has established a substantial
              paternal[17] relationship with the child. The putative father’s
              showing need not be made, however, if no person or party
              (named or intervening and including the guardian ad litem)
              contests the petition.

Syl. pt. 3, Stone, 196 W. Va. 624, 474 S.E.2d 554 (emphasis added) (footnote added). This

Court specifically was cognizant of a potential exception for cases “in which the petitioner

alleges and proves that he would share in the care of, responsibility for, and support of the

child but for the mother’s repudiation.” Id. at 636, 474 S.E.2d at 566. Additionally,

Syllabus point 7 of Stone provides as follows:



              17
                 In Stone, the Court used both “paternal relationship” and “parent-child
relationship.” While we take these terms to essentially mean the same, to the extent Stone
made a distinction between the two, we adopt the same distinction.

               Furthermore, in Syllabus point 6 of State ex rel. Jeanne U. v. Canady, 210
W. Va. 88, 554 S.E.2d 121 (2001), we further explained the role of the generally required
“substantial relationship”:

                      The “substantial relationship” inquiry serves a dual role
              in evaluating issues of paternity and appropriate visitation
              rights. It serves a gatekeeping role in determinations regarding
              a putative father’s standing to raise the issue of paternity and
              must be proven as a prerequisite to permitting the action by the
              putative father, as explained in State ex rel. Roy Allen S. v.
              Stone, 196 W.Va. 624, 474 S.E.2d 554 (1996). Additionally,
              the existence of such a relationship serves as an issue to be
              examined with regard to the best interests of the child. In such
              best interest analysis, the existence of a substantial relationship
              would be one of many factors to be evaluated, significant but
              not dispositive.

                                              18
                     When a putative biological father raises a paternity
              claim, the child must be joined and a guardian ad litem
              appointed. The circuit court[18] should conduct a preliminary
              hearing to determine whether the requisite preconditions are
              present. In addition, the preeminent factor in deciding whether
              to grant or deny blood testing is the child’s best interests. The
              analysis of each factual situation is necessarily a discretionary
              decision for the circuit court, and the finding by the circuit
              court will not be reversed absent an abuse of discretion.

Syl. pt. 7, Stone, 196 W. Va. 624, 474 S.E.2d 554 (footnote added).



              Furthermore, Stone explains that should a putative biological father have

standing and paternity subsequently be determined, that does not end the inquiry. “Even

if [the putative biological father] proves paternity, he still is not necessarily entitled to

intrude further into the marital family (if it has survived) or into existing child-parent

relationships, including any relationship that has developed between the presumed father

and the child.” Stone, 196 W. Va. at 636, 474 S.E.2d at 566. “A finding of paternity would

only entitle the natural father to an opportunity to request to invoke his parental rights; in

response, it would remain for the circuit court to determine issues of visitation, custody,

etc., based on the best interests of the child.” Id. (citations omitted). Moreover, we

recognize that there are several steps involved in paternity establishment actions, including

a determination of standing, a determination of whether to grant genetic testing, and if


              18
                 We note since Stone was decided, the West Virginia court system has been
reorganized. In November of 2000, the voters passed a constitutional amendment to allow
the West Virginia Legislature to create separate family courts. The new family courts went
into effect on January 1, 2002. See W. Va. Code § 51-2A-1 (LexisNexis 2016); W. Va.
Code § 51-2A-23 (LexisNexis 2016).

                                             19
paternity is established, whether to grant visitation, custody, etc. In this regard, we

previously have observed that

             it would be appropriate for the [court] to consider the impact
             of its [decisions in paternity establishment actions] on the
             existing family, if there be one, or the existence of already
             established parent-child relationships. If the putative father’s
             intrusion into the family, or into an established parent-child
             relationship, would cause undue disruption and, thus,
             jeopardize the child’s proper development, the court could
             consider that as a basis for denying relief. . . . These are all
             fact-specific cases, however, and require careful consideration
             of many issues, including the age of the child, his or her
             emotional maturity, the personalities of the affected
             individuals, their history, the wishes of the child, any prior
             opportunities to raise the issue of the paternity, and any other
             matter relevant to determining what is best for the child.

Id. at 636-37, 474 S.E.2d at 566-67.



              The Stone opinion explicitly held that there could be circumstances that

would justify an exception to its general two-step analysis. See Syl. pt. 3, Stone, 196

W. Va. 624, 474 S.E.2d 554. Moreover, it posited that one of those circumstances could

be “cases in which the petitioner alleges and proves that he would share in the care of,

responsibility for, and support of the child but for the mother’s repudiation.” Id. at 636,

474 S.E.2d at 566.



              As this Court aptly discussed in Stone, there are various interests that come

into play, including the putative biological father’s interests. As we previously have

acknowledged,


                                            20
              we read our precedents as recognizing that a father has a liberty
              interest in maintaining an established parent-child relationship,
              regardless of whether the relationship is within traditional and
              official parameters. We do not believe the added fact that the
              child was born while the mother was married to another man
              necessarily precludes the maturation of the biological father’s
              liberty interest.    Depending on the circumstances, the
              biological father could still make the personal and emotional
              investments and develop the same relationship that we have
              found to be protected in our prior cases.

Stone, 196 W. Va. at 633, 474 S.E.2d at 563 (emphasis added) (footnote omitted) (internal

citations omitted). Therefore, as we previously have held, an unwed father can have a

constitutional liberty interest in his relationship with his child when he “demonstrates a full

commitment to the responsibilities of parenthood by coming forward to participate in the

rearing of his child[.]” Syl. pt. 2, in part, Stone, 196 W. Va. 624, 474 S.E.2d 554.

Furthermore, as we previously held, for a putative biological father to have this

constitutionally protected liberty interest in a child born to a married woman who is not his

wife, the putative biological father must be able to demonstrate by clear and convincing

evidence that he has formed a substantial parent-child relationship with the child at issue.



              However, it is clear that there are certain limited circumstances that may exist

that do not allow a putative biological father the ability to form this substantial relationship

with the child. In particular, there may be instances where the putative biological father is

actively attempting to cultivate a substantial relationship with the child, and through no

fault of his own, but rather through obstructive actions on the part of another (including the




                                              21
child’s mother), the putative biological father is unable to create the relationship generally

required to obtain the liberty interest.



              While not the exact context that we have in the instant matter, we have

generally examined a similar issue. This Court, in Kessel v. Leavitt, 204 W. Va. 95, 511

S.E.2d 720 (1998), had the opportunity to consider the various rights and causes of action

an unwed father may bring against an unwed mother and various other individuals. In

Kessel, an unwed father claimed that various individuals “tortiously interfered with [his]

parental rights in his son.” Kessel, 204 W. Va. at 109, 511 S.E.2d at 734. After a jury trial

in the father’s favor on certain claims, the defendants appealed citing numerous errors. Id.

One alleged error was the circuit court’s instruction to the jury “that a parent has a natural

right to the custody of his/her child absent a finding that the parent is unfit to have such

custody.” Id. at 172, 511 S.E.2d at 797. While this “instruction accurately reflects the law

of this State, the defendants urge[d]” that this law did not apply to this case because the

case relied upon “involved a situation in which the father had developed a parent-child

relationship with his child, whereas [the unwed father] never established such a relationship

with [the child].” Id. at 173, 511 S.E.2d at 798. On the other hand, the unwed father argued

that his “efforts to establish a parent-child relationship with [the child] were frustrated by

the defendants’ concerted actions to prevent such a relationship.” Id. Accordingly, the

unwed father asserted “that because he was precluded from achieving a meaningful

relationship with his son, the circuit court properly instructed the jury as to the custodial



                                             22
rights he would have been entitled to assert had he been allowed by the defendants to do

so.” Id.



              This Court noted that the issue presented in the case was “somewhat novel.”

Id. at 174, 511 S.E.2d at 799. We further explained that

              complicating [the] resolution of this issue [wa]s the convoluted
              factual scenario of this case. Despite our prior recognition of
              a precise standard by which an unwed biological father must
              fully accept and assume the parental responsibilities of raising
              his child in order to establish a protected custodial right to his
              child, see Syl. pt. 2, State ex rel. Roy Allen S. v. Stone, 196
              W. Va. 624, 474 S.E.2d 554, the facts presently before us do
              not fit neatly into this procedural framework.

Id. at 175, 511 S.E.2d at 800. We stated that “[i]n order to protect his parental rights,

though, an unwed biological father must demonstrate his commitment to parenting his child

by participating in his/her care, rearing, and support, and by establishing a meaningful

relationship with him/her.” Id. This Court went on to reason that “[f]rom the evidence,

the jury could have concluded that [the unwed father] did, in fact, take steps toward

assuming these responsibilities and commencing a relationship with his son” and that his

attempts to form a relationship with the child were hindered. Id. Accordingly, this Court

found no error. Id. As such, the Kessel Court noted that despite the finding in Stone that

an unwed putative biological father must fully accept and assume the parental

responsibilities of raising his child in order to establish a protected custodial right to his

child, there may be facts that do not necessarily fit into that framework, but nevertheless

do not usurp an unwed father’s ability to attempt to assert his potential parental rights.


                                             23
Consequently, while we acknowledge that the circumstances of Kessel are to a degree

distinguishable from the circumstances of this case, 19 it is instructive to our decision of the

case sub judice.



              Upon the facts presently before this Court, we find that a special exception

as provided for under Stone is squarely before us. This extremely narrow exception exists

when the putative biological father has not yet been able to form a substantial relationship

with the child due to certain obstructive actions on the part of another. Consequently, we

recognize that a petition by a putative biological father seeking to establish his paternity

over a child who was born while the mother was married to another man satisfies the

“special circumstances” exception in Syllabus point 3 of State ex rel. Roy Allen S. v. Stone,

196 W. Va. 624, 474 S.E.2d 554, if he is able to clearly and convincingly prove as a



              19
                  For example, we recognize that Kessel and the case sub judice involve
different types of actions. Kessel involved a matter in circuit court asserting multiple civil
claims. Kessel v. Leavitt, 204 W. Va. 95, 114, 511 S.E.2d 720, 739 (1998). Conversely,
the instant matter is an appeal from a circuit court order affirming a family court’s dismissal
of a paternity establishment action. Additionally and most significantly, Kessel involved
two unwed parents whereas this action involves an unwed father and a mother married to
another man. However, as we stated in Stone,

              [w]e do not believe the added fact that the child was born while
              the mother was married to another man necessarily precludes
              the maturation of the biological father’s liberty interest.
              Depending on the circumstances, the biological father could
              still make the personal and emotional investments and develop
              the same relationship that we have found to be protected in our
              prior cases.

Stone, 196 W. Va. at 633, 474 S.E.2d at 563 (emphasis added).

                                              24
threshold matter that a paternal relationship had been initiated and he would have obtained

a substantial paternal relationship with the child but was prevented from further

development of the relationship due to the conduct of others. To achieve such standing,

the putative biological father must allege and prove that he would share in the care of,

responsibility for, and support of the child but for the conduct of others that prevented him

from doing so. Additionally, the putative biological father must prove by clear and

convincing evidence, and in accordance with Stone, that the child will not be harmed by

allowing the paternity action to proceed. Furthermore, the putative biological father must

not be dilatory in bringing the paternity establishment action; he must bring such action

within a reasonable time after he knows or should know that there is a basis to believe he

is the child’s biological father. Finally, we reiterate that these types of matters must always

be examined on a case-by-case basis with respect to the specific facts of each case. 20




              20
                We note that our decision today does not have any effect on our previous
ruling in Kessel, 204 W. Va. 95, 511 S.E.2d 720, regarding the inability of one parent to
charge the other parent

              with tortious interference with parental or custodial
              relationship if both parents have equal rights, or substantially
              equal rights (as in the case of a nonmarital child where the
              putative biological father seeks to establish a meaningful
              parent-child relationship with his child and, until such a
              relationship has been commenced, does not have rights
              identical to those of the child’s biological mother), to establish
              or maintain a parental or custodial relationship with their child.

Syl. pt. 9, in part, Kessel, 204 W. Va. 95, 511 S.E.2d 720.

                                              25
              In the matter before us, it is undisputed that on three separate occasions

Brandy stayed, without her husband, in Arkansas with family for several months—October

of 2013 to January of 2014, February of 2015 to April of 2015, and November of 2015 to

December of 2015. Brandy admits that she and Michael engaged in an intimate, sexual

relationship “during time periods that make it feasible that [Michael] is the father of both

subject children.”



              Significantly, the family court is the only court that actually heard the live

testimony, took the evidence, and assessed each witness’s credibility. In its dismissal

order, the family court noted that it stood

              by its finding that this case justifies an exception to the [Stone]
              test. The first prong of [Stone] should not apply. The liberty
              interests of [Michael] have not been waived. However, based
              upon the [c]ircuit [c]ourt’s rulings, the [c]ourt is left with no
              other choice than dismissal, based upon [Michael’s] lack of
              standing. The [c]ourt strongly disagrees with the [c]ircuit
              [c]ourt.

The family court found that Michael was “prevented from carrying out his parental

responsibilities by [Brandy]. [Michael] grasped the opportunity to establish a parent/child

relationship with the minor child [O. M.] when he was permitted to do so by [Brandy].

[Michael] was not afforded an opportunity to establish a parent/child relationship with the

minor child [E. M.].” 21 Specifically, the family court concluded that Michael “made valid




              21
                The circuit court, in its order on appeal, noted that Michael asserted that
“his attempts to exercise contact, provide support, and maintain a relationship with the
                                              26
attempts to have a relationship with the minor child [O. M.]. His attempts were thwarted

by [Brandy]. [Michael] was pervasive in his ongoing attempts. He would have acted

similarly in the case of the minor child [E. M.].” The family court observed that “[i]n the

case of the minor child [E. M.], no such bond exists due to the actions of [Brandy].”



              Furthermore, the family court did consider several factors including the

impact of its order on the existing family and whether the children would be harmed by

allowing the paternity action to proceed. The family court specifically found that “[i]f

permitted to proceed, [Michael’s] action would not interrupt or make the Respondents’

family less harmonious than it previously was, as evidenced by at least two periods of

separation that occurred around the time of conception of the subject minor children.”

Moreover, the family court acknowledged that it “must weigh the best interests of the

children against the putative father’s liberty interests.” The family court observed that

family courts in general are “a catalyst by which new families are created every day.” It

              d[id] not believe it contrary to the best interests of the minor
              children to be loved by as many caretakers as may be willing.
              A child cannot be loved too much. Though it may not be ideal
              to have another individual involv[ed] in parenting, it would not
              be disruptive to the stability of the Respondents’ marriage.

In footnote 25 of Stone we listed certain factors that may be considered when the court

conducts the two-step analysis, including but not limited to the on-going family




oldest child were rebuffed[.]” The circuit court further noted that Brandy denied those
allegations. However, the circuit court did not make any contrary ruling or finding of fact.

                                            27
relationship, the child’s relationship with the putative biological father, and the putative

biological father’s attempt to become involved in the child’s life. See 196 W. Va. at 637

n.25, 474 S.E.2d at 567 n.25. While the family court here did not examine each of the

factors enumerated in footnote 25 of Stone, it was not required to do so. See id. We stated

that these were only “[e]xamples of factors that may be considered when conducting this

two-step analysis[.]” Id. We further stated that “[t]his is not an exhaustive list of factors

that could be relevant. What is ultimately to be considered should be left to the discretion

of the [] court.” Id.



              The family court examined the relationships between Michael and the

children and found that he had attempted to cultivate a relationship with O. M. but that he

was prevented from further contact and that he was prevented from any contact with E. M.

The family court further found that allowing the paternity establishment action to proceed

would not be harmful to the children under this set of facts.



              Additionally, we do not believe that under this set of narrow and unique

circumstances Michael was dilatory in initiating the paternity establishment action. He

originally filed the action when the oldest child, O. M., was barely two years old and

immediately following the complete cut-off of all communication between Michael and

the child. Michael also amended his petition to include E. M. immediately upon learning




                                             28
of the child’s birth, while the child was only two months old. Given that the children were

still of such a young age, that Michael had attempted to create a relationship with O. M.,

that Brandy advised Michael she was not pregnant with E. M., that Michael lived several

hours away in a separate state from Brandy and the children, and that he believed Brandy

was going to return to him in Arkansas until September of 2016, Michael was not dilatory

in bringing this action.



              We emphasize that we do not take any position with respect to the fitness of

Michael to share custody of, or to obtain visitation with, either O. M. or E. M. We conclude

only that Michael, under this narrow and specific set of facts, has standing to pursue his

paternity action. In accordance with our precedents, first, Michael must still prove that he

is the biological father of the children. Second,

              [e]ven if he proves paternity, he still is not necessarily entitled
              to intrude further into the marital family (if it has survived) or
              into existing child-parent relationships, including any
              relationship that has developed between the presumed father
              and the child. These factors may be considered in both the
              standing and paternity determinations. They also may have an
              impact on other issues the circuit court must decide. A finding
              of paternity would only entitle the natural father to an
              opportunity to request to invoke his parental rights; in
              response, it would remain for the circuit court[22] to determine
              issues of visitation, custody, etc., based on the best interests of
              the child.



              22
                 The family court would make these initial determinations in this case due
to the establishment of the family court system subsequent to the Stone decision. See supra
note 18.

                                              29
Id. at 636, 474 S.E.2d at 566 (footnote added). We reiterate that “[p]ermitting the putative

father an opportunity to establish and assert his parental rights should not be construed in

any way as an erosion of the child’s right to continued association with the presumed father

or others where a father-child relationship may have been established.” Stone, 196 W. Va.

at 636 n.24, 474 S.E.2d at 566 n.24. Moreover, similar to Stone,

              we do not intend, . . . to denigrate the importance of the
              traditional family unit or the institution of marriage. To the
              contrary, we continue to believe that the family provides the
              foundation upon which our society is built and through which
              its most cherished values are best transmitted. Our disposition
              of this case merely recognizes the reality that nontraditional
              living arrangements do exist, that recognized liberty interests
              can arise from such arrangements, and that furtherance of the
              State’s interest in preserving family and marital stability does
              not require an absolute bar to the rights of putative natural
              fathers.

 Stone, 196 W. Va. at 639, 474 S.E.2d at 569.



                                            IV.

                                     CONCLUSION

              For the reasons set forth above, the August 9, 2018 order of the Circuit Court

of Randolph County is reversed, and this case is remanded to allow the paternity

establishment action to proceed in a manner consistent with this opinion. Accordingly, we

remand this matter to the circuit court with directions to remand the matter to the family




                                            30
court for further proceedings. On remand the family court is directed to hold a hearing as

to whether genetic testing is in the best interests of the children. 23

                                                     Reversed and remanded with directions.




               23
                  See Z.N. v. T.L., No. 13-0258, 2014 WL 961151, at *4 (W. Va. Mar. 12,
2014) (memorandum decision) (“Procedurally, if standing is found under the Stone rule,
then a preliminary determination must be made regarding whether paternity testing should
be conducted, with the best interests of the child to be the preeminent deciding factor. See
Syl. pt. 7, Stone, 196 W. Va. 624, 474 S.E.2d 554.”).

                                               31
