

 
 











 
 
 
 
 
 
                                   NUMBER
13-01-401-CV
 
                             COURT
OF APPEALS
 
                   THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
 
                                CORPUS CHRISTI
 
 
                IN THE INTEREST OF W.G.S., JR.,
A MINOR CHILD        
 
                                                    
      On appeal from the 36th District Court of
Aransas County, Texas.
 
 
                                   O P I N I O N
 
                     Before Justices
Hinojosa, Yañez, and Castillo
                                   Opinion by
Justice Yañez
 




By one point of error,
the State appeals the judgment of the trial court ordering appellee, William
Gene Shoemaker, to pay child support arrears in the amount of $9,089.33 with
interest at the rate of twelve percent per annum.  Specifically, the State contends that the
judgment should have included interest on the arrearage that existed on
September 1, 1991 for a total judgment of no less than $21,392.41 as of
September 13, 2000.  We reverse the order
of the trial court and remand for proceedings consistent with this opinion.
Background
William G. Shoemaker and
Regenia K. Sammons divorced on March 27, 1984. 
In addition to setting the schedule and amount of child support
payments, the divorce decree found that Shoemaker owed $520 in unpaid temporary
support.[1]  After entry of the decree, Shoemaker failed
to pay any support until December 1990. 
In August 2000, the State filed a Notice of Change of Payee because the
child began to receive public assistance. 
In September 2000, the State moved to reduce arrears to judgment and
modify support.  




On December 13, 2000,
the child support master held a  hearing
with the parties.  One of the issues in
the dispute was whether to assess statutory interest on payments accruing but
not paid before September 1, 1991, the effective date of the interest
statute.  The  child support master recommended that
interest should be assessed only on those payments coming due after September
1, 1991.  The State indicated that it
would not be able to manually calculate the rate and amount of arrearage which
had accrued after September 1, 1991 without consulting its software program,
which was not available in court. 
However, the State Aindicated an amount
could be agreed upon by the parties and submitted with the written form of
judgment.@  The child support master ordered the State to
submit a written order and judgment on or before January 31, 2001, and if the
State failed to do this, all parties should appear for a hearing on January 31,
2001.  No order was submitted prior to
the deadline, so the parties appeared on January 31, 2001.  The State submitted a proposed order, and the
master signed the order approving of the $9,089.33 amount.
The same day that the
order was signed, Sammons submitted a notice of appeal to the trial court,
challenging the master=s decision regarding the
exclusion of interest on child support arrearages and the amount of final
judgment.  The trial judge held a de
novo hearing in February 2001, following which the court denied Sammons=s appeal of the master=s order and affirmed the
order.  The record reflects that the
trial court instructed the State to prepare and submit the order omitting
interest on arrears accumulated prior to September 1, 1991.  The State filed a request for findings of
fact and conclusions of law, which the court made.  The State then filed a motion for new trial,
but after a hearing, the court denied the motion.  The appeal to this Court followed.
In its appeal, the State
asserts that the trial court misinterpreted the statute which provides for the
imposition of interest on child support arrearage.[2]  The State contends that the trial court erred
in failing to include interest on the total arrearage that existed on September
1, 1991, the enactment date of the interest statute.  
Standard of Review




Matters of statutory
construction are questions of law for the courts to decide.  Johnson v. City of Fort Worth, 774
S.W.2d 653, 656 (Tex. 1989).  As such,
they are subject to de novo review. 
McAllen Police Officers= Union v. Tamez, No. 13-01-00119-CV, 2002 Tex. App. LEXIS
4119, at *5 (Tex. App.BCorpus Christi June 6,
2002, pet. filed) (designated for publication).  In the construction of a statute, we may
consider, among other matters, the: (1) object sought to be attained; (2)
circumstances under which the statute was enacted; (3) legislative history; (4)
common law or former statutory provisions, including laws on the same or
similar subjects; (5) consequences of a particular construction; (6)
administrative construction of the statute; and (7) the title (caption),
preamble, and emergency provision of the statute. Tex. Gov=t Code Ann. ' 311.023 (Vernon
1998).  We start by looking at the plain
and common meaning of the statute=s words, viewing its
terms in context and giving them full effect. 
McAllen Police Officers= Union, 2002 Tex. App. LEXIS
4119, at *18.
Since the State had the
burden of proof as to the total arrearage, it must show that the record
establishes the amount of the arrearage as a matter of law.  See Curtis v. Curtis, 11 S.W.3d 466,
472 (Tex. App.BTyler 2000, no pet.); Buzbee
v. Buzbee, 870 S.W.2d 335, 339 (Tex. App.BWaco 1994, no writ).  This includes a two-part demonstration:
first, the record must show that no evidence supports the trial court=s adverse finding, and
second, if there is no evidence to support the adverse finding, an examination
of the entire record must reveal that the contrary position has been
established as a matter of law.  See
Curtis, 11 S.W.3d at 472; Buzbee, 870 S.W.2d at 339.
In addition, trial
courts are required to confirm the amount of child support arrears and render a
judgment which includes interest, given that an unpaid child support payment is
a final judgment for the amount due and owing, including interest.  In the Interest of M.C.R., 55 S.W.3d
104, 108 (Tex. App.BSan Antonio 2001, no
writ); see Tex. Fam. Code Ann. '
157.261 (Vernon
Supp. 2002).




Analysis




The initial session law
that codified interest to run on child support arrears notes that the AAct takes effect
September 1, 1991, and applies to child support due and owing after the
effective date of th[e] Act.@  Act of June 16, 1991, 72nd Leg., R.S., ch.
467, 1991 Tex. Gen. Laws 1695 (amended 1993) (current version at Tex. Fam. Code Ann. ' 157.267 (Vernon
1996)).  In 1993, the Texas Family Code
was amended to provide for twelve percent simple interest per year instead of
the ten percent interest a year computed monthly provided for in the 1991
statute.  Act of May 15, 1993, 73rd Leg.,
ch. 150, 1993 Tex. Sess. Law Serv. 304 (Vernon) (amended 1999) (current version
at Tex. Fam. Code Ann. ' 157.265 (Vernon Supp.
2002)). The 1993 session law notes, AThis Act applies to
child support payments due on or after September 1, 1991, and any accrued
arrears which were owing on or after September 1, 1991, in: (1) an action
commenced on or after the effective date of this Act . . . .@   Id. 
In 1999, the code was amended again to provide that interest accrues on
the portion of delinquent child support that is greater than the amount of the
monthly periodic support obligation at the rate of twelve percent simple
interest from the date the support is delinquent until the date the support is
paid or the arrearages are confirmed and reduced to money judgment.  Act of June 18, 1999, 76th Leg., R.S., ch.
943, 1999 Tex. Sess. Law Serv. 3679 (Vernon) (amended 2001) (current version at
Tex. Fam. Code Ann. ' 157.265 (Vernon Supp.
2002).  The amendment goes on to provide
that it takes effect January 1, 2000, and applies only to a child support
payment that becomes due on or after that date. 
Id.  A child support
payment that becomes due before the effective date of the law is governed by
the law in effect on the date the child support payment became due, and the
former law is continued in effect for that purpose.
This Court has held that
Texas common law favored the award of prejudgment interest on awards for
delinquent child support, and that the 1991 enactment of section 157.267
(section 14.34 of the former Texas Family Code) codified this principle.  Castle v. Harris, 960 S.W.2d 140,
143-44 (Tex. App.BCorpus Christi 1997, no
pet.).  This conclusion suggests that to
exempt arrears existing before codification of the interest statute from the
application of interest would defeat the common law principle favoring the
award of prejudgment interest on awards for delinquent child support. 




Moreover, the plain
language of the 1991 act, which states that it Aapplies to child support due and owing after the
effective date of th[e] Act,@ mandates the
application of interest to whatever arrearage is due and owing after the
effective date of the act.  Act of June
16, 1991, 72nd Leg., R.S., ch. 467, 1991 Tex. Gen. Laws 1695 (amended 1993)
(current version at Tex. Fam. Code Ann.
' 157.267 (Vernon
1996)).  In the present case, on the day
after the effective date of the act, September 2, 1991, approximately $13,000
in child support arrears was due and owing. 
It follows that the provisions of the act apply to this amount, as well
as to any unpaid payments accumulating after the effective date of the statute.[3]  The language of the 1993 session law points
to this conclusion as well.  Act of May
15, 1993, 73rd Leg., ch. 150, 1993 Tex. Sess. Law Serv. 304 (Vernon) (amended
1999) (current version at Tex. Fam. Code
Ann. ' 157.265 (Vernon Supp.
2002)) (AThis Act applies to
child support payments due on or after September 1, 1991, and any accrued
arrears which were owing on or after September 1, 1991 . . .@). Accordingly, we hold
that the amount of arrears owing on September 1, 1991 should be included in the
principal upon which interest accrues after the September 1, 1991 enactment
date of the statute at the rate statutorily prescribed in the 1993 and 1999
acts.  




We conclude that the
first prong of the legal sufficiency test is met:  that no evidence supports the trial court=s exclusion of interest
on child support arrearages.  Now, we
consider whether the record shows that the contrary position has been
established as a matter of law.  In this
respect, the State offered into evidence a detailed listing of the amount of
child support due, when payments were made and for what amount, payment due
dates, and interest as it accumulated.[4]  Shoemaker stipulated to the accuracy of the
document as far as the amount of payments due, when payments were made and for
what amount, and the payment due dates.[5]  The undisputed data reflected in the document
is sufficient to calculate the proper amount of arrears.  However, in light of the State=s admitted
miscalculation of arrears and interest on that document, any final judgment
should be limited to the amount specified in the pleadings, $21,392.41.  See Employers Ins. of Wausau v. Schaefer,
662 S.W.2d 414, 419 (Tex. App.BCorpus Christi 1983, no
writ) (noting
that a judgment for damages in excess of the amount pleaded is erroneous even
though a larger amount might be warranted by the evidence in a suit to recover
workmen=s compensation
benefits);  Thate v. Tex. & Pac. Ry. Co., 595
S.W.2d 591, 601 (Tex. Civ. App.BDallas 1980, writ dism=d) (holding that
judgment must conform to the pleadings where the jury=s award of future
medical expenses exceeded the amount pleaded). 
   
However, we must address
an additional argument proffered by Shoemaker challenging the constitutionality
of the child support interest statute. 
Shoemaker argues that interpreting the statute to allow interest on
arrearages which accumulated before September 1, 1991 would render the statute
an unconstitutional ex post facto law. 
Shoemaker argues:
By assessing a
retroactive pre-judgment interest calculation to a [sic] child support
arrearages in calendar year 2001 for arrearages not paid in 1985 to 1991, when,
if those arrearages had been assessed prior to 1991 interest was not allowed,
the State is attempting to apply a law in such a fashion as would subject a
party to imprisonment prior to enactment of the law.
 
A retroactive law is one
meant to act on things that are past, see Mellinger v. City of Houston,
68 Tex. 37, 3 S.W. 249, 252-53 (1887), while an ex post facto law makes
an action criminal, which was innocent when done before passage of the
law.  See De Cordova v. City of
Galveston, 4 Tex. 470, 473 (1849). 
In Texas, both ex post facto and retroactive laws are
unconstitutional.  Tex. Const. art. I, ' 16.  Although Shoemaker incorrectly labels the
statute as an unconstitutional ex post facto law, as no formerly
innocent action was made criminal in this case, we will consider the argument
that the statute is unconstitutionally retroactive.




If a retroactivity
problem exists, it could be said to exist in the statutory changes made from
1991 to 1993.  The 1993 amendment, which
raises the statutory interest rate from ten percent to twelve percent, Areaches back@ and applies to arrears
due and owing on September 1, 1991.  Act
of May 15, 1993, 73rd Leg., ch. 150, 1993 Tex. Sess. Law Serv. 304 (Vernon)
(amended 1999) (current version at Tex.
Fam. Code Ann. ' 157.265 (Vernon Supp. 2002)).
The problem of
retroactive statutes was recently addressed in Ex Parte Kubas, No.
13-00-00633-CV, 2002 Tex. App. LEXIS 5625, at *5-11 (Tex. App.BCorpus Christi
Aug. 1, 2002, no pet. h.) (designated for publication).  After reviewing Texas precedents in that opinion,
we held that procedural or remedial laws that do not disturb vested rights can
apply retroactively.  See id. at
*5-6; see also Ex Parte Abell, 613 S.W.2d 255, 260 (Tex. 1981); Grimes
v. State, 807 S.W.2d 582, 587 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991);  Sims v. Adoption Alliance, 922 S.W.2d
213, 216 (Tex. App.BSan Antonio 1996, writ
denied); Rey v. Acosta, 860 S.W.2d 654, 657 (Tex. App.BEl Paso 1993, no writ).




The statute in question
here sets up procedural guidelines that dictate the rate and manner in which
interest applies to child support arrearages. 
See Act of May 15, 1993, 73rd Leg., ch. 150, 1993 Tex. Sess. Law
Serv. 304 (Vernon) (amended 1999) (current version at Tex. Fam. Code Ann. ' 157.265 (Vernon Supp.
2002)).  In addition, the statute
involves no vested right of the parent who fails to pay child
support;  rather, the statute concerns
the duty of a parent to support his child[6]
and the consequences of failing to do so.[7]  As such, assuming the statute is retroactive,
it is not unconstitutional.  Moreover,
evidence showing the application of prejudgment interest to child support
arrears accruing prior to the enactment of the 1991 statute demonstrates that
the law is not retroactive because the statute merely codified a principle
already existent in the common law.  In
particular, appellant cites Castle, where we stated: 
Prior to the enactment
of former section 14.34 of the Family Code [now sections 157.265 and 157.267],
Texas common law favored the award of prejudgment interest on awards for
delinquent child support.  Medrano v.
Medrano, 810 S.W.2d 426, 428 (Tex. 
App.BSan Antonio 1991, no
writ); see also Saums v. Synoground, 605 S.W.2d 373, 375 (Tex. Civ. App.BEl Paso 1980, no
writ).  The rationale for this view is
that prejudgment interest is, generally, recoverable as a matter of right where
an ascertainable sum of money is determined to have been due and payable at a
date certain prior to judgment.  Medrano,
810 S.W.2d at 428. . . .  The 1991
enactment of section 14.34 codified the foregoing principle. 
 
Castle, 960 S.W.2d at
143-44.




Given that the statute
is not unconstitutionally retroactive and our conclusion that the State has
passed the legal sufficiency test, it is now necessary to address some
additional arguments proffered by Shoemaker. 
First, Shoemaker argues that the State waived the right to appeal
because although Sammons appealed the master=s finding, the State did not.  We disagree. 
Section 201.016 of the family code states, A[f]ailure to appeal to
the referring court, by waiver or otherwise, the approval by the referring
court of an associate judge=s report does not
deprive a party of the right to appeal to or request other relief from a court
of appeals or the supreme court.@  Tex.
Fam. Code Ann. ' 201.016 (Vernon 1996); see In
the Interest of S.G.S., 53 S.W.3d 848, 852 (Tex. App.BFort Worth 2001, no
pet.).  We hold that the State did not
waive the right to appeal by failing to appeal the Master=s findings.
Due to this conclusion,
the flaws in Sammons=s appeal of the Master=s recommendations to the
trial court alleged by Shoemaker, regarding timeliness and specificity, have no
effect on the State=s appeal to this Court.[8]  Moreover, Shoemaker offers no evidence on how
flaws in Sammons=s appeal of the Master=s recommendation bar the
State=s appeal to this Court.




Finally, Shoemaker
argues that the State cannot challenge the judgment on evidentiary grounds
because the State prepared and submitted the judgment which the trial court
ultimately signed.  Shoemaker
characterizes the judgment as having been prepared by the State without limitation
or reservation.  Shoemaker contends that
a motion for judgment is an affirmation by the moving party that the evidence
supports the judgment,[9]
and that where a litigant moves a trial court to enter a certain judgment, and
the trial court subsequently enters the judgment, the litigant cannot later
dispute it.[10]  However, the record reflects that the trial
court instructed the State to prepare and submit the order omitting interest on
arrears accumulated prior to September 1, 1991. 
Moreover, at the de novo hearing, the State contended that the
Master=s arrearage finding was
too low.  Also, the order that the State
prepared, and that all the parties signed, recites that Sammons Aagreed to the entry of
these orders as evidenced by her signature; except for those matters being
appealed.@ (emphasis added).  These facts demonstrate that the State
disagreed with the amount of the judgment, but prepared the judgment
calculating arrearage without adding interest to whatever arrears existed on
September 1, 1991 because the trial court so ordered.[11]  Accordingly, the State did not waive its
right to appeal on evidentiary grounds by 
preparing the adverse order.
We reverse and remand
for proceedings consistent with this opinion.
 
 
                                                             
                                                               
                                                                  LINDA REYNA YAÑEZ
         Justice
 
 
 
Do not publish.  Tex.
R. App. P. 47.3.
 
Opinion delivered and filed this the
30th day of August, 2002.
 




[1]The
$520 was reduced to a judgment.


[2]We
disagree with Shoemaker=s contention
that the State asserted a legal sufficiency challenge to the calculation of
arrears awarded by the trial court. 
Shoemaker=s argument that
the State=s
acknowledgment of its miscalculation of arrearages defeats its legal
sufficiency challenge because the State offered no additional evidence
demonstrating a result different from that made by the finder of fact is
without merit.  The State=s
argument rests on the contention that the trial court erred in its
interpretation of the statute, not that it erred in calculating the amount of
arrearage due.


[3]See
Act of May 15, 1993, 73rd Leg., ch. 150, 1993 Tex. Sess. Law
Serv. 304 (Vernon) (amended 1999) (current version at Tex. Fam. Code Ann. '
157.265 (Vernon Supp. 2002)).  Because
the statute provides  Ajudgments
rendered prior to the effective date of this Act in accordance with Section
14.41, Family Code, shall bear interest at the rate specified in the applicable
law in effect prior to the effective date of this act, and that law is
continued in effect only for this purpose,@
the judgment rendered in 1984 in the amount of $520 should be subtracted from
the total arrears owed on September 1, 1991, and interest should accumulate at
the rate of 10 percent interest a year computed monthly per the 1991 interest
statute.


[4]Without
addressing the validity of the State=s
calculations, the record reflects that the calculations included the
application of interest to arrearages due and owing after September 1, 1991.


[5]As
such, Shoemaker=s argument that
the document is supported by no explanation, authentication, or other
assistance to the trier of fact, and that deciphering the document to calculate
arrears would require the impermissible stacking of multiple inferences lacking
in the record, is without merit.  


[6]Tex. Fam. Code Ann. ' 151.001(a)(3) (Vernon
Supp. 2002).


[7]See Tex. Fam.
Code Ann. '' 157.261, 157.267 (Vernon 1996 and Supp. 2002); see
also Harrison v. Cox, 524 S.W.2d 387, 391-92 (Tex. Civ. App.BFort Worth 1975, writ ref=d n.r.e.) (holding that the section
of the family code which provides for the means of enforcement of the child
support obligation was not unconstitutionally retroactive because remedial law
is the legal machinery by which the substantive law is made effective and the
substantive law in that case was the duty of the parent to support his or her
minor children);  Gastring v.
Sovereign Camp, W.O.W., 278 S.W. 310, 312 (Tex. Civ. App.BSan Antonio 1925, no writ) (noting
that a law was not unconstitutionally retroactive because it was passed Anot to infringe or weaken any
rights, but to protect those who would be deprived of their rights by naked
technicalities based upon no equitable or just principles@). 


[8]The
timeliness and specificity requirements are set out in Tex. Fam. Code Ann. '
201.015(a), (b) (Vernon Supp. 2002).


[9]See
Litton Indus. Prods., Inc. v. Gammage, 668 S.W.2d
319, 321-22 (Tex. 1984).


[10]See
Casu v. Marathon Ref. Co., 896 S.W.2d 388, 389 (Tex.
App.BHouston [1st
Dist.] 1995, writ denied).


[11]Appellee
also argues that because the State signed the order under the heading AApproved@
that the order represents an agreement between the parties as to the contents
of the order.  We find no other
indications that an agreement existed between the parties.  This Court has held that a signature of a
party on an order under the heading AApproved
as to Substance and to Form,@
standing alone, does not make the order a consent judgment waiving the
signatory party=s right to
appeal.  First Am. Title Ins. Co. v.
Adams, 829 S.W.2d 356, 364 (Tex. App.BCorpus
Christi 1992, writ denied) (requiring other unequivocal indications in the
record that an agreement existed).  The
situation in the instant case is sufficiently similar such that the State did
not waive its right to appeal by signing the order under the heading AApproved.@  


