                Not for Publication in West's Federal Reporter

          United States Court of Appeals
                       For the First Circuit

No. 08-2477

                       SAL LATORRACA, et al.,

                       Plaintiffs, Appellees,

                                     v.

                       TANIKI FINANCIAL CORP.,

                         Claimant, Appellant.



          APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                FOR THE DISTRICT OF MASSACHUSETTS

         [Hon. Nathaniel M. Gorton, U.S. District Judge]


                                  Before

                       Lipez, Circuit Judge,
                    Souter, Associate Justice,*
                     and Selya, Circuit Judge.



     Joseph P. Calandrelli, with whom Joseph D. Steinfield and
Prince, Lobel, Glovsky & Tye LLP were on brief, for appellant.
     Patrick T. Egan, with whom Glen DeValerio, Abigail R. Romeo,
and Berman DeValerio were on brief, for appellees.


                            August 18, 2010




     *
          The Hon. David H. Souter, Associate Justice (Ret.) of the
Supreme Court of the United States, sitting by designation.
           LIPEZ, Circuit Judge.   This appeal involves a challenge

to the use of trustee process to satisfy, in part, an outstanding

judgment against defendant Emmanuel Pinez.   The plaintiffs in this

case, victims of a securities fraud and insider trading scheme, won

a class action judgment of over $207 million against Mr. Pinez.   In

an attempt to satisfy that judgment, they moved to attach by

trustee process a securities account at H&R Block.    Although the

account is held in the name of Taniki Financial Corporation -- an

entity nominally controlled by Mr. Pinez's ex-wife, Rachel Pinez --

the plaintiffs claim that the account was funded with "ill-gotten

gains transferred by Mr. Pinez to Taniki" and that Mr. Pinez

retains a legal or equitable interest in the account.

           In late 2005, the district court granted the plaintiffs'

ex parte motion to attach the account and summoned H&R Block as

trustee.   H&R Block did not file an answer at the time.   In early

2008, the plaintiffs moved to expand their attachment to capture

the increased value of the account and to charge H&R Block as

trustee by default.   See Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 246, § 18 ("A person

who, being duly summoned as a trustee, neglects to appear and

answer as hereinbefore provided shall be defaulted and adjudged a

trustee.").   Taniki then joined the action, claiming ownership of

the H&R Block account and requesting that the ex parte attachment

be dissolved.




                                -2-
          The district court denied the dissolution request and

granted the request to expand the attachment, concluding that the

funds in the account belong to Mr. Pinez.   The district court then

charged H&R Block as trustee "in the amount of $665,320 in partial

satisfaction of the outstanding judgment against [Mr.] Pinez."1

Taniki appeals from the district court's order.

          Under Massachusetts law, a plaintiff may attach "goods,

effects or credits" that belong to the defendant but are in the

hands of a third party.      Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 246, § 20.     The

trustee process, as it is called, has two key steps.     First, the

property must be secured by a trustee attachment, which is an

interim remedy used to preserve the property so that it might later

be taken on execution.   See Knapp Shoes, Inc. v. Sylvania Shoe Mfg.

Corp., 15 F.3d 1222, 1229 (1st Cir. 1994).        Second, the party

holding the property must be "charged" as trustee, meaning that

there must be a final determination that he does, in fact, hold the

"goods, effects or credits" of the defendant.

          A trustee attachment can be obtained upon a preliminary

showing that there "is a reasonable likelihood that the plaintiff

will recover judgment, including interest and costs, in an amount

equal to or greater than the amount of the trustee process over and


     1
          The district court's decision to charge H&R Block as
trustee was ultimately based on H&R Block's default. H&R Block has
not appealed, and Taniki does not contest the validity of the
default judgment. Instead, Taniki focuses on the district court's
antecedent rejection of its claim to the account.

                                 -3-
above any liability insurance . . . ."                  Mass. R. Civ. P. 4.2(c).

As the language of the Rule suggests, a trustee attachment is

usually sought prior to the entry of judgment on the underlying

claim.     The     "central      question"      in   such     a    case   "is   whether

plaintiffs are likely to prevail on the merits and obtain damages

in the necessary amount." Aetna Cas. & Sur. Co. v. Rodco Autobody,

138   F.R.D.     328,     332   (D.   Mass.     1991)   (internal         citation   and

quotation marks omitted).             If that question is answered in the

plaintiffs' favor, the district court will issue a summons to the

third    party    --    the     alleged   "trustee"      --       which   compels    his

appearance in court and requires him to hold the defendant's

property "till judgment is obtained, or the action is otherwise

disposed of, in order that [the property] may be taken on execution

if the plaintiff obtains judgment against the defendant." Van Camp

Hardware & Iron Co. v. Plimpton, 54 N.E. 538, 538 (Mass. 1899).

            Although pre-judgment attachment is the norm, "there

appears to be no prohibition against a plaintiff seeking approval

of a trustee attachment after judgment has entered," as in this

case.     48     Jordan    L.   Shapiro   et    al.,    Massachusetts        Practice:

Collection Law § 5:54 (3d ed. & Supp. 2010).                  It is not clear what,

if anything, must be shown to obtain a post-judgment trustee

attachment, since the plaintiff will have already prevailed on the

merits of the underlying claim.               See id. § 4:56 ("Once plaintiff

has in fact recovered judgment, it appears that the plaintiff would


                                          -4-
be   able    to   satisfy   the   requirement   of   showing   a    'reasonable

likelihood' of recovery.").          This appeal does not require us to

confront that issue.

              As noted, once the property is secured by an attachment,

the focus shifts to whether the alleged trustee did, in fact, have

"goods, effects or credits of the defendant in his hands or

possession" at the time of the service of the trustee summons.

L.S. Cushing, A Practical Treatise on the Trustee Process 93

(1833).      To that end, the trustee must file an answer disclosing

"plainly, fully and particularly what goods, effects or credits, if

any, of the defendant" he possesses.            Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 246,

§ 10.       Depending upon the answer, further fact-finding may be

necessary.        See Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 246, §§ 12-17.           If the court

ultimately determines that the trustee holds "goods, effects or

credits" of the defendant, the trustee will be "charged," judgment

will enter against him, and he must then "pay over to the creditor

or be subject to a trustee writ of execution."          Gabovitch v. Lundy,

584 F.2d 559, 561 n.3 (1st Cir. 1978); see Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 246,

§§ 39-44.         The trustee may also be charged by default if he

"neglects to appear and answer" within the applicable time period.

Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 246, § 18.

              At any time before judgment is entered against the

trustee, additional parties may join the proceeding to claim a

legal or equitable right to the property in the trustee's hands.


                                      -5-
Georgeopoulos v. Georgeopoulos, 21 N.E.2d 267, 268 (Mass. 1939).

Such claimants may allege and prove any facts that have not been

stated or denied by the trustee.      Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 246, § 33.

If a claimant carries his burden of proving that he is the "true

owner" of the property, or that his claim to the property is

superior to that of the plaintiff, the trustee will be discharged

and the claimant may recover the property.        Georgeopoulos, 21

N.E.2d at 268; Meteor Prods. Co. v. Societe d'Electro Chimie et

d'Electro Metallurgie, 161 N.E. 875, 876 (Mass. 1928); Hubbard v.

Lamburn, 75 N.E. 707, 708 (Mass. 1905).

          Taniki joined the proceedings as a claimant to the H&R

Block account.   The district court rejected Taniki's claim that it

was the true owner of the property, however, finding that the H&R

Block account was funded with Mr. Pinez's money and that Mr. Pinez

retained an interest in the account.2


     2
          The district court held that the plaintiffs "must
demonstrate a reasonable likelihood that the funds held in the
Taniki account are, in fact, the property of [Mr.] Pinez." We find
nothing in the Massachusetts law of trustee process that would call
for applying the "reasonable likelihood" standard to the ownership
issue. The issue before the district court was whether Taniki was,
in fact, the true owner of the property.           As the parties
acknowledge, the district court essentially found that Taniki was
not the true owner of the property, and that the funds in the
account were owned by Mr. Pinez. Taniki has challenged only the
sufficiency of the evidence underpinning that ownership finding; it
made it clear at oral argument that it views this as a "failure of
proof case." We also note that the district court and the parties
have assumed that any funds traceable to Mr. Pinez, and any assets
purchased with such funds, are subject to attachment and execution
on trustee process. As we did in a related appeal, "[w]e accept
the assumptions of the parties but do not independently endorse

                                -6-
           In Taniki's view, the plaintiffs presented insufficient

evidence to justify that conclusion.          We disagree.      The funds in

the account were deposited over a fourteen-month period that

corresponded with Mr. Pinez's fraud and insider trading activity,

and there is evidence that Mr. Pinez deposited over $1.5 million

into other accounts held in Taniki's name during that same period.

There is no evidence that the Taniki account was used outside of

that fourteen-month period; the account lay dormant for at least

six years after the last of the original deposits was made.              It is

also undisputed that two of the deposits were made by Stanbridge

Limited, an entity controlled by Mr. Pinez, and that another

deposit corresponds in date and amount to a check drawn on Mr.

Pinez's personal bank account.

           Against   this    large   body   of     circumstantial   evidence,

Taniki and Ms. Pinez have presented only uncorroborated claims that

Ms. Pinez deposited most of the funds into the Taniki account

herself.    Ms.   Pinez     also   claims   that    the   Stanbridge   Limited

deposits were intended as repayment for a loan that she had

previously made to Mr. Pinez.        However, the district court did not

credit these self-serving assertions and resolved the evidentiary

dispute in the plaintiffs' favor.           It did not err in so doing.

Simply put, the evidence strongly supports the finding that Mr.

Pinez used the Taniki account to store his own funds, and Taniki


them."   SEC v. Lehman Bros., Inc., 157 F.3d 2, 5 (1st Cir. 1998).

                                     -7-
and   Ms.   Pinez   have   not   provided   a   convincing   alternative

explanation of the funds' provenance.3

            AFFIRMED.




      3
          The record suggests a variety of other issues, but none
of them has been briefed or argued before us. This opinion should
not be read, therefore, as deciding any issues other than those
specifically discussed above.

                                   -8-
