[Cite as State v. Bowsher, 2009-Ohio-6524.]




                      IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
                          THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT
                               UNION COUNTY




STATE OF OHIO,

        PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE,                              CASE NO. 14-07-32

        v.

JAMES ENOCH BOWSHER,                                     OPINION

        DEFENDANT-APPELLANT.




                  Appeal from Union County Common Pleas Court
                            Trial Court No. 06-CR-0171

                       Judgment Reversed and Cause Remanded

                         Date of Decision:    December 14, 2009




APPEARANCES:

        Alison Boggs for Appellant

        Terry L. Hord for Appellee
Case No. 14-07-32


WILLAMOSWKI, J.

       {¶1} This appeal is brought by defendant-appellant James E. Bowsher

(“Bowsher”) from the judgment of the Court of Common Pleas of Union County

revoking his community control and sentencing him to six years in prison.

Although this appeal has been placed on the accelerated calendar, this court elects

to issue a full opinion pursuant to Loc.R. 12(5).

       {¶2} On February 2, 2007, Bowsher pled guilty to twelve counts of non-

support of dependants, all felonies of the fifth degree.      He was placed on

community control on March 7, 2007. On July 19, 2007, a notice of alleged

violations of community control sanctions was filed.      Specifically, the notice

claimed that Bowsher “failed to make [his] monthly child support payments as

ordered * * * [and] failed to complete a minimum of 20 hours per month

community service.” July 19, 2007, Notice. A hearing was held on July 31, 2007.

At the hearing, the following discussion was had.

       The Court: * * * This matter comes on for hearing on alleged
       probation violation or community control violations. And, Mr.
       Parsons, does your client admit or deny those?

       Mr. Parsons: Your Honor, he admits.

       The Court: Recommendation of the State?

       Mr. Hord: Your Honor, we would ask the court to impose the
       balance of the sentence. I believe he was out – let me look here.
       He was community control (sic) and he has failed to abide by



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      those terms. And as a result, the court, I believe, advised him if
      he violated, he would have 144 months.

      The Court: Wait a minute. Mr. Parsons.

      Mr. Parsons: Your Honor, Mr. Bowsher has told me that he
      was staying in Ashley and he, unfortunately, does not have a
      drivers license. I believe his license are (sic) under suspension
      until 2012. The person he was relying on for transportation did
      not pan out and he was therefore unable to drive back to
      Marysville to do his community service. He has been looking for
      work. He’s been dealing with Custom Staffing trying to find a
      job through them that he would be able to get to given his lack of
      transportation, but has not been successful up to this point. He
      understands he has to pay his child support, your Honor, and
      he’s been attempting to find a job to do that. He just hasn’t
      been successful.

      The Court: Does he have any prior jail time credit?

      Mr. Parsons: I don’t believe he has any prior. I believe he’s
      been – he was arrested on the 17th, which if my math is right,
      would be 15 days.


      Mr. Hord: Prior – prior to this case – at the initial case he had
      two days credit.

      The Court: Okay. So he has for a total of 17 days credit?

      Mr. Hord: Correct.

      Mr. Dykstra: I have him arrested on the 16th.

      Mr. Parsons: On the 16th?

      Mr. Hord: I show the 17th. That’s – it’s the 16th?

      Mr. Dykstra: That’s what I have.



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      The Court: Mr. Bowsher, anything you wish the court to
      consider in passing on your violation?

      Defendant: Just that I’ve been trying to get everything done
      that I need to do.

      The Court: Uh-huh. The court has considered the record, the
      statement of the Prosecutor, the statement of defense counsel,
      has given the defendant the opportunity to speak in mitigation.
      The court’s considered the presentence report in this matter.
      And the court finds that the shortest prison term would demean
      the seriousness of the offender’s conduct and would not
      adequately protect the public from future crimes by the offender
      or others. I’ve considered the principles of sent – and purposes
      of sentencing. And I’ve balanced the seriousness and recidivism
      factors under Revised Code. Defendant’s ordered confined to
      the Correctional Reception Center in Orient, Ohio, for a term of
      144 months on a total of 12 counts of non-support of dependents
      in violation of Revised Code Section 2919.21 B, all fifth degree
      felonies. And each felony to be served consecutive to the others.

Tr. 3-5. The trial court then entered a journal entry finding that Bowsher had

violated community control by failing to make his monthly child support

payments and by failing to complete a minimum of 20 hours of community service

per month.

      {¶3} Before this court addresses the assignment of error, it sua sponte

raises a concern that at no time during the hearing did the trial court make a

finding that Bowsher had violated the terms of his community control. The trial

court listened to the presentation by the attorneys, gave Bowsher the opportunity

to speak in mitigation, and proceeded to immediately sentence Bowsher. The first

finding by the court that a violation occurred was in the journal entry.       A


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defendant has the right to be present at every stage of a trial, including the verdict

and imposition of sentence. Crim.R. 43. Any modification of community control,

including the imposition of a prison term for violating the terms of community

control must be done in the physical presence of the defendant.1 See Cleveland v.

Clemons (1993), 90 Ohio App.3d 212, 628 N.E.2d 141. As a matter of common

sense, a finding of guilt must precede the sentence. Here, that did not occur.

Thus, the trial court erred in imposing a sentence without first making a finding

that Bowsher violated the terms of his community control.

        {¶4} Bowsher raises the following assignment of error in his appeal.

        The trial court erred when it failed to determine whether
        [Bowsher] willfully failed to violate the terms of his community
        control by not conducting a hearing to determine if he had an
        ability to pay his child support and to determine if his inability
        to pay his child support and to determine if his inability to
        perform portions of his community service before revoking his
        community control.

        {¶5} A similar situation arose in State v. Richardson, 2d Dist. No. 21113,

2006-Ohio-4015. In Richardson, the defendant was convicted on eight counts of

nonsupport of his dependents. The defendant was placed on community control,

but failed to make his child support payments as ordered. The defendant claimed




1
  While the dissent attempts to distinguish between revocation and modification of community control,
Cleveland v. Clemons still applies. A modification which imposes a prison term for violating the terms of
community control is a type of revocation. Following the logic of the dissent would require a defendant be
present for a mere change in the terms of community control, but not require the same due process
protection before having the community control revoked and being sentenced to prison for a violation.


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he was unable to find employment and thus unable to make his child support

payments. The trial court failed to inquire further as to the reasons for the failure

to pay. The appellate court reversed the judgment and required the trial court to

inquire into the reasons behind the defendant’s failure to pay his child support.

       [A] trial court may not properly revoke a defendant’s probation
       for failure to pay a fine or make restitution absent evidence and
       findings that defendant was somehow responsible for the failure
       or that alternative forms of punishment were inadequate to meet
       the state’s interest in punishment and deterrence. Bearden v.
       Georgia (1983), 461 U.S. 660, 103 S.Ct. 2064, 76 L.Ed.2d 221. In
       other words, a defendant’s probation cannot automatically be
       revoked and Defendant imprisoned solely because he has failed
       to pay a fine or make restitution. The court must first inquire
       into the reasons for the failure to pay. Id. In Bearden v.
       Georgia, supra, the Supreme Court held:

       “We hold, therefore, that in revocation proceedings for failure to
       pay a fine or restitution, a sentencing court must inquire into the
       reasons for the failure to pay. If the probationer willfully
       refused to pay or failed to make sufficient bona fide efforts to
       acquire the resources to pay, the court may revoke probation
       and sentence the defendant to imprisonment within the
       authorized range of its sentencing authority. If the probationer
       could not pay despite sufficient bona fide efforts to acquire the
       resources to do so, the court must consider alternate measures of
       punishment other than imprisonment.            Only if alternate
       measures are not adequate to meet the State’s interests in
       punishment and deterrence may the court imprison a
       probationer who has made sufficient bona fide efforts to pay. To
       do otherwise would deprive the probationer of his conditional
       freedom simply because, through no fault of his own, he cannot
       pay the fine. Such a deprivation would be contrary to the
       fundamental fairness required by the Fourteenth Amendment.”
       Id. at 672-673.




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Richardson, supra, ¶25-26. Richardson went on to hold that when, unlike other

cases when the defendant does not make a claim of inability to pay, a defendant

provides some testimony of inability to pay, the trial court must make an inquiry

into the facts surrounding the failure to pay the child support. Id. at 31-32. The

case was remanded for further findings despite the fact that another violation of

community control sanctions had occurred. Id.

         {¶6} Here, Bowsher admitted to the violation of community control by

admitting that he had failed to pay his child support or complete his community

control. However, the violation to which he admitted stated that Bowsher “failed

to make [his] monthly child support payment as ordered.” The violation does not

state that the violations were willful, thus Bowsher did not admit to a willful

violation. At the hearing, Bowsher informed the court that his failure to pay the

support was due to a lack of ability to do so. The trial court made no inquiry

despite having the lack of ability to pay the support being brought to its attention.2

Instead, the trial court proceeded to immediately sentence Bowsher to prison. The

failure to make an inquiry into the defendant’s ability to pay is an abuse of




2
  Although the trial court could have sentenced Bowsher to the same sentence for merely failing to
complete his community service as ordered, the record is lacking any evidence that it would have done so.
The trial court clearly considered the failure to pay the child support as a basis for imposing the sentence it
chose, which it was not permitted to do without further inquiry.


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discretion.3 Therefore, the assignment of error is sustained and the matter is

remanded for further hearing in accordance with Bearden and Richardson.

         {¶7} The judgment of the Court of Common Pleas of Union County is

reversed and the cause is remanded.

                                                                             Judgment Reversed and
                                                                                  Cause Remanded
/jlr



ROGERS, J., concurring separately.

         {¶8} Although I agree with the majority’s disposition reversing the

decision of the trial court and remanding the matter, I would do so on a different

basis.

         {¶9} In March 2007, the trial court convicted Bowsher of twelve counts

of non-support of dependents and imposed a lump three-year term of community

control. Additionally, the nunc pro tunc journal entry reflects that Bowsher was

notified that “in the event the Court does impose a prison sentence on the offender

if he/she violates community control, the Defendant will receive a total maximum

prison term of 144 months.” (Mar. 2007 Journal Entry of Sentence, p. 2).




3
  The dissent relies on this court’s prior opinion in State v. Toler, 154 Ohio App.3d 590, 2003-Ohio-5129,
798 N.E.2d 64. In Toler, this court did not discuss whether the issue of inability to pay or perform was
raised at the trial court level, as it was here. This court then proceeded to completely ignore the allegation
that part of his sentence was based on failure to pay a financial sanction. If the issue is raised at the trial
court level, the trial court must deal with it. Failure to do so is an error pursuant to Bearden.


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       {¶10} In July 2007, the trial court found that Bowsher had violated the

terms of his community control by failing to make his monthly child support

payments and failing to complete his community service obligations. The trial

court proceeded to sentence Bowsher to a twelve-month prison term on each of the

twelve counts of nonsupport, with the first six counts to be served consecutively to

each other, and the last six counts to be served concurrently with the first six

counts.

       {¶11} Based on these facts, I would find that the trial court committed

plain error in sentencing Bowsher to twelve prison terms for violating his

community control, when it initially imposed only one term of community control

at his original sentencing and that plain error also occurred because the trial court

did not advise Bowsher at his original sentencing of specific prison terms it would

impose on each count if he violated his community control. I would raise these

issues sua sponte and would consider them under the standard of plain error.

       {¶12} In order to find plain error under Crim.R. 52(B), there must be an

error, the error must be an “obvious” defect in the trial proceedings, and the error

must have affected “substantial rights.” State v. Barnes, 94 Ohio St.3d 21, 27,

2002-Ohio-68.      Plain error is to be used “with the utmost caution, under

exceptional circumstances and only to prevent a manifest miscarriage of justice.”

Id. Plain error exists only in the event that it can be said that “but for the error, the



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outcome of the trial would clearly have been otherwise.” State v. Biros, 78 Ohio

St.3d 426, 431, 1997-Ohio-204; see, also, State v. Johnson, 3d Dist. No. 2-98-39,

1999-Ohio-825. This Court has previously determined that plain error occurs

when a trial court fails to provide proper notice to a defendant of a specific prison

term it will impose in the event of a community control violation, and then

imposes a prison term upon the defendant when he violates his community

control. State v. Moore, 3d Dist. Nos. 5-07-18, 5-07-20, 5-07-21, 2008-Ohio-

1152.

        {¶13} In State v. Goldsberry, 3d Dist. No. 14-07-06, 2007-Ohio-5493

(Goldsberry I) and State v. South, 3d Dist. No. 14-07-40, 2008-Ohio-1143 (South

I), this Court considered, sua sponte, whether a trial court’s journal entry of

sentence that imposed a lump community control sentence for a multiple count

conviction constituted a final appealable order.     Consistent with the previous

decisions of this Court, as well as several other courts of appeal, we determined

there was no final appealable order in either case because the trial court’s journal

entries of sentence failed to separately dispose of each of the multiple counts for

which the defendants were convicted. See South I; Goldsberry I; State v. Moore,

3d Dist. No. 14-06-53, 2007-Ohio-4941; State v. Sanchez, 2d Dist. No. 2006-CA-

154, 2009-Ohio-813; State v. Phillis, 4th Dist. No. 06CA75, 2007-Ohio-6893;

State v. Waters, 8th Dist. No. 85691, 2005-Ohio-5137; State v. Cooper, 8th Dist.



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No. 84716, 2005-Ohio-754; State v. Hicks, 8th Dist. No. 84418, 2004-Ohio-6113;

State v. Goodwin, 9th Dist. No. 23337, 2007-Ohio-2343; State v. Hoelscher, 9th

Dist. No. 05CA0085-M, 2006-Ohio-3531; State v. Garner, 11th Dist. No. 2002-T-

0025, 2003-Ohio-5222 (holding that “[n]owhere in R.C. 2929.15, which governs

community control sanctions, does it state that if a court chooses to sentence a

person to something other than a prison term the court may only impose a single

term, regardless of the number of charges”). However, the Supreme Court of Ohio

reversed our decisions, without opinions, and remanded the matters for us to rule

on the merits. See State v. South, 120 Ohio St.3d 358, 2008-Ohio-6693 (South II);

State v. Goldsberry, 120 Ohio St.3d 275, 2008-Ohio-6103 (Goldsberry II).

       {¶14} I reiterate the reasoning behind this Court’s finding in Goldsberry I

and South I that a trial court must separately dispose of each count of a conviction,

as expressed in State v. Goldsberry, 3d Dist. No. 14-07-06, 2009-Ohio-6026

(Goldsberry III), (Rogers, J., dissenting). In summary, I believe that, pursuant to

the prior decisions of this Court, as well as other courts of appeal, the language of

the applicable statutes, and the principles of Ohio’s felony-sentencing scheme,

pronounced by the Ohio Supreme Court, trial courts must separately dispose of

each count of which a defendant is convicted, including setting forth specific

terms of community control on each count. See Id. Additionally, I reiterate my

belief that R.C. 2929.19(B) requires a trial court to advise an offender of a specific



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prison term that will be imposed on each individual count if the offender violates

the terms of his community control, given the Supreme Court of Ohio’s emphasis

on specificity as set forth in State v. Brooks, 103 Ohio St.3d 134, 2004-Ohio-4746.

See Goldsberry III, 2009-Ohio-6026, at ¶¶31-34 (Rogers, J., dissenting). Here, I

would find that the trial court failed to properly advise Bowsher at his original

March 2007 sentencing of specific prison terms that it would impose on each

count if he violated the terms of his community control. Additionally, I would

find this to be plain error because the trial court failed to provide Bowsher with

proper notice of specific prison terms for each count, but proceeded to impose

prison terms upon his violation of community control. See Moore, supra.

       {¶15} I would further find that plain error was present because Bowsher

was convicted of twelve counts, but received only one term of community control.

As the trial court was required to sentence him on each count separately, but

sentenced him to only one term of community control, the maximum sentence that

could be imposed was twelve months, not twelve times twelve. See State v.

Saxon, 109 Ohio St.3d 176, 2006-Ohio-1245, ¶9 (“Under the Ohio sentencing

statues, the judge lacks authority to consider the offenses as a group and to impose

only an omnibus sentence for the group of offenses”).         Thus, the trial court

deviated from the legal rule that a trial court must impose a sentence on each count

separately, the deviation is an obvious defect, and the imposition of twelve prison



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terms where the defendant is sentenced on only one count affects a substantial

right. See, also, Goldsberry III, 2009-Ohio-6026, at ¶36 (Rogers, J., dissenting).

Consequently, I would reverse and remand the matter for resentencing on these

bases, with a prison term not an option. See Brooks, 103 Ohio St.3d 134, at ¶33;

Moore, 2008-Ohio-1152, at ¶11.




PRESTON, P.J., dissents.

       {¶16} I respectfully dissent from the majority decision to reverse this case

based on the trial court’s failure to inquire about defendant’s ability to pay his

child support. I also disagree with the majority decision to raise sua sponte the

issue regarding the trial court’s failure to orally find a violation of community

control had occurred before sentencing the defendant.

       {¶17} As to the second issue, I believe that it is unnecessary to sua sponte

raise the issue regarding the trial court’s failure to make a finding that a violation

of community control had occurred. Bowsher openly admitted to the community

control violations alleged against him, and as a result, the trial court proceeded to

sentence him accordingly. There was no reason for the trial court to orally make a

finding that a violation occurred when he had admitted to such violations. In

addition, by continuing the hearing on the issue of disposition and making remarks



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as to the sentence, the trial court necessarily indicated that it had found community

control violations even though it did not make a specific finding. State v. Seely

(Jan. 17, 2002), 5th Dist. No. 01-CA-A-03-010, at *1; State v. Dye (Mar. 6, 1997),

5th Dist. Nos. 95-CA-80, 95-CA-81, 95-CA-82, at *2. Regardless, it is well-

settled in Ohio that a trial court speaks only through its journal entries and not by

oral pronouncement. State v. King (1994), 70 Ohio St.3d 158, 162, 637 N.E.2d

903. And here, the trial court made such a finding in its judgment entry. (July 31,

2007 JE).

       {¶18} Moreover, while I agree with the statements of law the majority

makes in regard to a defendant’s right to be present at every stage of the

proceedings and whenever there is a modification of community control, I do not

believe those statements pertain to this situation. First of all, Bowsher was present

at the community control violation hearing and admitted to violating the terms of

his community control.          Second, no modification to his community control

occurred at this hearing, rather his community control was revoked. I believe

revocations of community control and modifications to community control are

significantly different and what took place here was a revocation, not a

modification. Thus, I find the statements of law the majority cites for support of

its position not dispositive.




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       {¶19} Even if the trial court’s failure to make an oral finding that a

violation of community control had occurred was error, I believe that Bowsher has

waived the issue for purposes of this appeal. See Dye, 5th Dist. Nos. 95-CA-80,

95-CA-81, 95-CA-82, at *2 (finding that the defendant had waived any error with

respect to a trial court’s failure to make an express finding of guilt, but still

proceeding to sentencing). Errors not specifically raised and argued in the parties’

briefs are considered waived for purposes of appeal. App.R. 12(A). A court of

appeals may consider those errors it discovers in the record, but which have not

been raised by the parties, but only to prevent a miscarriage of justice. See State v.

Malone, 3d Dist. No. 9-06-43, 2007-Ohio-5484, ¶33. Here, because of Bowsher’s

admissions in open court to the alleged community control violations and the trial

court’s sentencing judgment entry, I believe that justice does not require us to raise

the issue of the trial court’s failure to make an oral finding that a community

control violation had occurred. Therefore, I disagree with the majority decision to

sue sponte raise the issue.

       {¶20} I also disagree with the majority decision to reverse this case based

on the trial court’s failure to inquire about defendant’s ability to pay his child

support. I believe that the discussion of this issue is unnecessary because the trial

court had another legitimate basis for revoking Bowsher’s community control.

Here, Bowsher admitted to and the trial court found that he had violated two



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conditions of his community control: (1) failure to pay his monthly child support

and (2) failure to complete a minimum of 20 hours of community service per

month. (July 31, 2007 JE); (July 31, 2007 Tr. at 3). Despite any error that the

majority claims occurred, there was still a legitimate basis for revoking Bowsher’s

community control – the failure to complete a minimum of 20 hours of community

service per month. Thus, it is unnecessary to address the propriety of the trial

court’s decision regarding Bowsher’s failure to pay his child support. State v.

Toler, 3d Dist. No. 14-03-17, 154 Ohio App.3d 590, 2003-Ohio-5129, 798 N.E.2d

64, ¶¶7-10 (finding that because the trial court could have properly found

community control violations on two other conditions, there was no need to

discuss the propriety of the trial court’s decision regarding defendant’s failure to

meet his financial obligations).

       {¶21} Therefore, based on the above, I disagree with the majority opinion

and would affirm the trial court’s decision.

/jlr




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