                                     In The

                               Court of Appeals
                   Ninth District of Texas at Beaumont
                           ____________________
                              NO. 09-15-00314-CR
                           ____________________

                     THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellant

                                       V.

                   DAVID ALLEN STANLEY II, Appellee


                   On Appeal from the 258th District Court
                            Polk County, Texas
                          Trial Cause No. 23,727


                         MEMORANDUM OPINION

      The State brings this interlocutory appeal from a trial court order granting

David Allen Stanley II’s (Stanley or Appellant) motion to suppress certain

evidence obtained pursuant to a warrantless search of his home. We affirm.

                           PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

      On November 14, 2014, Stanley was indicted for “intentionally or

knowingly possess[ing] a controlled substance, namely Methamphetamine, of less

than one gram[.]” On April 8, 2015, Stanley filed a “Motion to Suppress Illegal
                                        1
Arrest[,]” (hereinafter motion or Motion to Suppress) arguing that the search of his

property was “without lawful warrant, probable cause or other lawful authority” in

violation of his rights under the Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, and Fourteenth Amendments

to the United States Constitution, as well as provisions of the Texas Constitution,

and under Article 38.23 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure, and that all

evidence and statements obtained pursuant to the search should be suppressed. The

motion sought suppression of the following items of evidence obtained from

Stanley’s house:1

      (1) Methamphetamine pipe with white and brown substance on coffee
      table, (2) Marijuana in ash tray on coffee table, (3) 8 Ball Marijuana
      Grinder on coffee table, (4) Black tray of marijuana, pipe used to
      smoke marijuana under far right corner of couch, (5) Digital scale
      under couch, (6) silver color pipe on book shelf to [t]he right of the
      couch left on scene, (7) Marijuana on small bowl on book shelf to the
      right of the couch, (8) Glass jar with marijuana on desk in living-
      room[.]

The trial court conducted a hearing on the Motion to Suppress on July 22, 2015. At

the close of the hearing, the trial court granted the motion as to each of the eight




      1
          In the same Motion to Suppress, Stanley also sought to suppress three
items found in the garage, and approximately twenty items found in the travel
trailer located on Stanley’s property. The trial court denied the motion with respect
to all items obtained from the garage and the travel trailer. Stanley does not
challenge the trial court’s ruling with respect to those items. Therefore, we need
not discuss those items in our opinion. Tex. R. App. P. 47.1.
                                         2
items obtained from Stanley’s house, and denied the defendant’s motion as to all

other items. The State appeals.

               EVIDENCE PRESENTED AT THE SUPPRESSION HEARING

                                  Testimony of Stanley

      At the hearing, Stanley testified that on or about May 13, 2014, he and his

girlfriend were asleep in the back room of his house when he heard a knock on the

door. Stanley explained that “the sheriff’s department” was at the door and that

Detective Christopher Lima (Lima) pulled Stanley outside and asked him whether

anyone else was in the house with him. Stanley said he told Lima that his girlfriend

Brittany Plank (Plank) was in the house asleep.2 According to Stanley, Plank did

not live in the house but she did spend the night there “regularly.” Stanley testified

that Lima and the other officers with Lima told Stanley they were looking for Matt

Reed (Reed) pursuant to a Crime Stoppers tip, and that none of the officers showed

Stanley a search warrant or arrest warrant.

      Stanley explained that multiple buildings are on his property, including the

house, a garage, a shop, and a “camper trailer” (trailer) behind the shop, and that

Reed was a friend who Stanley allowed to stay in the trailer. According to Stanley,


      2
         Stanley’s Motion to Suppress refers to Brittany Plank, Bobbie Joe
Sweeney, and Matt Reed as “co-defendants/persons[.]” Plank, Sweeney, and Reed
are not parties to this appeal.
                                           3
the trailer was “[p]robably 75, 80 yards[]” from the front door of Stanley’s house.

Stanley testified that after he told the officers Reed was in the trailer, two of the

officers went toward the trailer.

      Stanley further explained that when he told Detective Lima that Plank was in

the house, the Detective went into the house, got Plank out of bed, and came out of

the house with Plank. Stanley testified that, at this point, he had not given consent

for any officer to go into his house. According to Stanley, Stanley was cooperative

and did not have a weapon, he did not hear Plank yelling or making threats, and as

far as he knew, the only reason the officers were at the house was a tip regarding

drugs and Reed. When asked if there would have been any reason for law

enforcement to go into his house, Stanley replied “No, sir.”

      Stanley explained that after Lima came out of the house with Plank, Lima

went back inside the house along with Deputy William Jerry (Jerry), although

Stanley testified that he had not given consent for Jerry to enter the house.

According to Stanley, at some point, Jerry took Stanley down the driveway to sit

on the tailgate of Stanley’s truck and two other officers went past them with Reed.

Stanley testified that, at that point, he did not feel free to go back into his house or

to leave. Stanley explained that he believed he had done nothing to cause the




                                           4
officers to detain him and that he and Officer Jerry were just sitting on the tailgate

of Stanley’s truck having “general conversation.”

      According to Stanley, after the officers put Reed in the back of one of the

officers’ vehicles, Officer Lowrie asked Stanley if Stanley would sign a consent to

search. Stanley testified as follows:

      [Stanley]: . . . I turned around and looked up at my house and just kind
      of smiled. I said, it’s late for that, ain’t it? Because there were already
      two officers in my house. And I told him, yes, sir, I’ll sign it so y’all
      don’t tear my house up.

      [Defense attorney]: Okay. So at that point when you signed the
      consent, they had already entered [the] house?

      [Stanley]: Yes, sir.

      [Defense attorney]: At least two officers?

      [Stanley]: Yes, sir.

      [Defense attorney]: All right. And again[,] at no point you gave him
      permission to go into the house?

      [Stanley]: No, sir, not -- not before that.

Stanley agreed that he “voluntarily signed [a consent form] to keep them from

tearing up [his] house because . . . they were already in [his] house anyway[,]” and

he agreed that he did not think the police coerced or threatened him into signing

the consent form:


                                           5
      [State’s attorney]: So, Mr. Stanley, did at any point did anybody ever
      point a gun at you?

      [Stanley]: No, sir.

      [State’s attorney]: Did it -- you stated before -- before the consent to
      search form had been signed, you were actually able to sit on the
      tailgate of your truck and speak with Detective William Jerry?

      [Stanley]: Yes, sir.

      [State’s attorney]: Okay. Was he threatening you while he was talking
      to you?

      [Stanley]: No, no. We were talking about previous incidents and just
      conversating. Just general conversation.

      [State’s attorney]: Okay. Did you ever have any conversations with
      any of the officers out there that day that you thought was
      threatening?

      [Stanley]: No, sir.

      [State’s attorney]: Do you think they coerced you in any way to sign
      the consent form?

      [Stanley]: No, sir, they -- like I said, I signed the consent form
      because they were already in my house.

Stanley testified that he did not read the consent form before he signed it, but that

the police told him “it was a consent to search.” According to Stanley, the police

discovered items inside his house prior to Stanley signing the consent-to-search

form and the items that the police discovered were not in plain view from the front

of the doors to his house when the doors were closed. Stanley testified that Officer
                                         6
Lowrie told him that if Stanley did not want to sign the consent form, the officers

could get a warrant.

                       Testimony of Lieutenant Anthony Lowrie

      Lieutenant Anthony Lowrie (Lowrie) testified that he works with the

narcotics division of the Polk County Sheriff’s Office. Lowrie explained that he

and three other officers went to Stanley’s residence on May 13, 2014, without a

search warrant to conduct a “knock and talk[,]” which Lowrie explained as

follows:

             We get a tip. It’s not enough to go get a search warrant on. We
      go approach the residence, knock on the door and see if the people
      inside would be willing to talk to us, see if they would be willing to
      give consent to clear up the tip, things of that nature.

According to Lowrie, the Polk County Sheriff’s Office had received a Crime

Stoppers tip “about Matt Reed at David Stanley’s residence[.]” Lowrie explained

that when officers conduct a “knock and talk,” they typically try to get all the

occupants out of the house for “officer safety reasons” and so officers can talk with

all the occupants at the same time. According to Lowrie, officers also request a

consent to search from “[a]nybody that lives in the residence[.]” Lowrie testified

that he heard Stanley give Detective Lima “permission to walk inside the house to

get Ms. Plank and bring her back outside or ask[] her to come outside.” According

to Lowrie, Plank did not make any threats or threatening movements and she was
                                         7
not yelling. Lowrie also agreed that, at any point prior to the consent to search,

Stanley was free to go back inside the house or to leave.

       Lowrie stated that he did not say anything to Stanley about the tip received,

but he did ask Stanley where Reed was, and Stanley responded that Reed was

living in the trailer behind Stanley’s garage. According to Lowrie, he and

Detective Schanmeyer walked to the trailer, knocked on the door, and Reed opened

the door. At some point thereafter, Reed and “the female subject” were both placed

in handcuffs. Lowrie testified that he observed some items in plain view when he

knocked on the door of the trailer. Lowrie testified that his interaction with Stanley

was “maybe a minute or two[]” prior to Lowrie walking to the trailer.

       Lowrie indicated that Detective Lima asked Stanley for consent to search

Stanley’s residence, Stanley agreed, and Lima started filling out the consent form,

and Lowrie signed the form as a witness. Lowrie agreed that the consent-to-search

form covers the property address, the trailer, and the garage. Lowrie also testified

that all three subjects who signed the consent-to-search form read it before signing

it.3



       3
        The consent-to-search form was admitted into evidence without objection,
and it contains signatures for David Stanley, Brittany Plank, and Matt Reed. The
State did not argue at the hearing, nor does it argue on appeal, that consent by
Plank or Reed constituted valid consent to search Stanley’s house.
                                          8
      Lowrie agreed that it was undisputed that Lima went into Stanley’s house

prior to Stanley signing the consent-to-search form. Lowrie further indicated that

Lima said he had seen a “meth pipe” in plain view on the coffee table in the

residence while he was escorting Plank out of the house, and that at that point,

Lima had not initiated a search of the house. Lowrie read the following from his

incident report: “While escorting the two to the front of the residence, Lieutenant

Lowrie was advised by Detective Lima that he observed in plain view a

methamphetamine pipe with a white-brown substance sitting on the coffee table in

the main residence.”4

                             Written “Consent to Search”

      A document entitled “Consent to Search[,]” signed by Stanley, Plank, and

Reed, dated May 13, 2014, was admitted into evidence at the Motion to Suppress

hearing. The “Consent to Search” document states that Stanley, Plank, and Reed

consented to allow Detective Lima

             . . . and any other Officers working with him to conduct a
      complete search of the following premises, building and vehicles
      located in Polk County, Texas, at and namely: 2747 FM 3277[,]
      Livingston, Texas/Camper Trailer & Garage and to seize and take
      therefrom any item of personal property they may believe to constitute
      evidence in a criminal proceeding.



      4
          The record does not include a copy of Detective Lowrie’s incident report.
                                           9
The “Consent to Search” document expressly states that the signers have been

informed by a Texas Peace Officer of their “Constitutional right to be free from

having him or other Officers make a warrantless search” and of the “Constitutional

right to refuse to give him or any other Officer consent to make such a search[.]”

The form further states:

            I have given this consent of my own free will and accord and
      without being subjected to any threats, promises, compulsion or
      persuasion of any kind. I know that any item of personal property
      seized by the above named Officer or other Officers with him and
      taken by them from such premises can and will be used against me in
      a criminal proceeding.

          Order Granting in Part and Denying In Part Motion to Suppress

      At the close of the hearing, the trial court explained:

             . . . I believe the Court feels like that [sic] the consent for the
      search of the house was obtained improperly. However, the consent
      for the search of the garage and the search of the trailer appear to be
      proper. So I’m going to grant the suppression as to the house search,
      but not as to the search of the garage. And, of course, there’s no
      question here today about the trailer. . . .

      The trial court signed an order granting the Motion to Suppress as to the

eight items obtained from the house and denying the motion as to all other items.

The State requested that the trial court enter findings of fact and conclusions of

law, and the trial court entered an order stating the trial court would enter such




                                          10
findings. The State timely appealed. After the appeal was abated, the trial court

entered Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law as follows:5

                  FINDINGS OF FACT AND CONCLUSIONS OF LAW

                                 Findings of Fact

      1. On May 13, 2014, Polk County Sheriff’s Department Deputies
      went to the residence of David Allen Stanley, III, [sic] defendant, on a
      Crime Stoppers tip concerning Matt Reed at 2747 FM 3277 in
      Livingston, Polk County, Texas.

      2. Deputy Lima, Polk County Sheriff’s Department, knocked on
      defendant’s door. Officer allegedly pulled defendant out of the door
      and set him on a stool.

      3. Deputy Lima asked defendant if anyone was in the house and
      defendant said Brittany Plank, girlfriend was in the house asleep, not
      Matt Reed.

      4. Deputy Lima told defendant he was looking for Matt Reed due to
      [a] Crime Stoppers tip. No Warrant was presented.

      5. There were 3 buildings on the premises of defendant.

      6. Deputy Lima went into the defendant’s house without permission
      twice.

      7. Deputy William Jerry also went into the house, without consent of
      defendant.

      8. Defendant felt like he was restrained.

      9. Finally one deputy asked defendant for consent to search house.
      5
        We omit herein the record references to the Reporter’s Record that the trial
court included in its Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law.
                                         11
      10. Matt Reed, alleged suspect was in travel trailer behind defendant’s
      house.

      11. Search of defendant’s residence occurred before defendant signed
      consent form.

      12. Defendant felt detained when he went to answer the door.

      13. Officer advised defendant if he did not sign consent, they could
      get a Search Warrant.

      14. Tip concerned Matt Reed.

      15. Defendant shut door behind him when he answered the officer’s
      knock on his door.

                               Conclusions of Law

      1. Consent to Search defendant’s home was invalid and fruits of
      illegal search were obtained by illegal search and seizure.

      2. Consent to search garage/shop and second residence of Matt Reed
      was not an issue before the court.

                                ISSUE ON APPEAL

      In a single issue, the State argues that the evidence obtained from Stanley’s

house was admissible because Stanley voluntarily gave consent to search. The

State argues that it proved by clear and convincing evidence that Stanley’s consent

was voluntary because he was not detained or arrested when he gave consent,

because he had been informed he had the option to refuse consent, because law

enforcement had not coerced or threatened him, and because the consent form

                                        12
stated it was signed voluntarily and it “contained constitutional advice, specifically

that the Appellee had been warned that he had the right to be free from a

warrantless search [and] that he could refuse to give consent to search.” Stanley

argues that law enforcement searched his house without a warrant and without his

consent. He further argues that any evidence obtained as a result of the search of

his house was properly excluded as “fruit of the poisonous tree[.]”

                                    JURISDICTION

      The State has limited rights of appeal in criminal cases. See Tex. Code Crim.

Proc. Ann. art. 44.01 (West Supp. 2015). In a criminal case, the State may appeal a

trial court’s order granting a motion to suppress evidence provided jeopardy has

not attached and provided the prosecutor certifies to the trial court that the appeal

is not taken for the purpose of delay and that the suppressed evidence is of

substantial importance to the case. Id. art. 44.01(a)(5). In this matter, the record

reflects that the district attorney for Polk County personally signed the notice of

appeal wherein he certified that “this appeal is not taken for the purpose of delay,

and that the evidence suppressed by the order of the court is of substantial

importance in this cause.” Nothing in the record before us indicates that jeopardy

has attached, and Stanley does not argue this point in his appellate brief. Therefore,




                                         13
we conclude we have jurisdiction over this interlocutory appeal by the State. See

State v. Redus, 445 S.W.3d 151, 154-55 (Tex. Crim. App. 2014).

                                STANDARD OF REVIEW

      We review a trial court’s ruling on a motion to suppress under a bifurcated

standard of review. Brodnex v. State, 485 S.W.3d 432, 436 (Tex. Crim. App.

2016); Turrubiate v. State, 399 S.W.3d 147, 150 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013). “We

review the trial court’s factual findings for an abuse of discretion[.]” Turrubiate,

399 S.W.3d at 150. We give almost total deference to the trial court’s

determination of historical facts, particularly when the trial court’s fact findings are

based on an evaluation of the credibility and demeanor of the witnesses. See Crain

v. State, 315 S.W.3d 43, 48 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010). The same deference is

afforded the trial court with respect to its rulings on the application of the law to

questions of fact and to mixed questions of law and fact, if resolution of those

questions depends on an evaluation of the credibility and demeanor of witnesses.

Id. For mixed questions of law and fact that do not fall within that category, a

reviewing court conducts a de novo review. Id.; Kothe v. State, 152 S.W.3d 54, 62-

63 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004).

      At a suppression hearing, the trial court is the exclusive trier of fact and

judge of the credibility of the witnesses. Maxwell v. State, 73 S.W.3d 278, 281

                                          14
(Tex. Crim. App. 2002). A trial court may choose to believe or to disbelieve all or

part of a witness’s testimony at the hearing. See Baird v. State, 398 S.W.3d 220,

226 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013) (citing State v. Ross, 32 S.W.3d 853, 855 (Tex. Crim.

App. 2000)). Issues of consent are “necessarily fact intensive” and, as a result, “a

trial court’s finding of voluntariness must be accepted on appeal unless it is clearly

erroneous.” Meekins v. State, 340 S.W.3d 454, 460 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011). The

prevailing party in the trial court “‘is afforded the strongest legitimate view of the

evidence and all reasonable inferences that may be drawn from that evidence.’” Id.

(quoting State v. Garcia-Cantu, 253 S.W.3d 236, 241 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008)).

      When the trial court grants a motion to suppress and files accompanying

findings of fact and conclusions of law, and the State has not contested the trial

court’s findings of fact, the only question before us is whether the trial court

properly applied the law to the facts it found. See State v. Gray, 158 S.W.3d 465,

467, 469 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005); Guzman v. State, 955 S.W.2d 85, 86-87, 89

(Tex. Crim. App. 1997). We view the evidence in a light most favorable to the trial

court’s rulings and we must uphold the trial court’s ruling on a motion to suppress

if that ruling was supported by the record and was correct under any theory of law

applicable to the case, even if the trial court gave the wrong reason for its ruling.

Armendariz v. State, 123 S.W.3d 401, 404 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003), cert. denied,

                                         15
541 U.S. 974 (2004); See Arguellez v. State, 409 S.W.3d 657, 662-63 (Tex. Crim.

App. 2013).

                 CONSENT-TO-SEARCH EXCEPTION TO WARRANT

      Both the United States and Texas Constitutions protect individuals from

unreasonable searches and seizures. See U.S. Const. amend. IV; Tex. Const. art. I,

§ 9; Florida v. Jardines, 133 S. Ct. 1409, 1414 (2013) (“At the [Fourth]

Amendment’s ‘very core’ stands ‘the right of a man to retreat into his own home

and there be free from unreasonable governmental intrusion.’”) (quoting Silverman

v. United States, 365 U.S. 505, 511 (1961)); Johnson v. State, 912 S.W.2d 227, 232

(Tex. Crim. App. 1995). Under the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments to the

United States Constitution, a search conducted without a warrant is per se

unreasonable. Schneckloth v. Bustamonte, 412 U.S. 218, 219 (1973); State v.

Villarreal, 475 S.W.3d 784, 795 (Tex. Crim. App. 2014), cert. denied, Texas v.

Villarreal, No. 15-1063, 2016 U.S. LEXIS 4290 (June 28, 2016); State v. Weaver,

349 S.W.3d 521, 525 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011) (“‘[E]xcept in certain carefully

defined classes of cases, a search of private property without proper consent is

“unreasonable” unless it has been authorized by a valid search warrant.’”) (quoting

Camara v. Mun. Court, 387 U.S. 523, 528-29 (1967)).




                                        16
      A defendant who alleges a violation of the Fourth Amendment has the

burden of producing evidence that rebuts the presumption of proper police

conduct. State v. Robinson, 334 S.W.3d 776, 778-79 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011)

(citing Amador v. State, 275 S.W.3d 872, 878 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009)). He may

carry this burden by establishing that the seizure occurred without a warrant. Id. at

779. The burden then shifts to the State to prove the reasonableness of the seizure.

Id.

      Consent to search is one of the well-established exceptions to the

constitutional requirements of both a warrant and probable cause. Schneckloth, 412

U.S. at 219; Meekins, 340 S.W.3d at 458; Hubert v. State, 312 S.W.3d 554, 560

(Tex. Crim. App. 2010). The validity of a consensual search is a question of fact,

and the State bears the burden to prove by clear and convincing evidence that

consent was obtained voluntarily. See Gutierrez v. State, 221 S.W.3d 680, 686

(Tex. Crim. App. 2007); Carmouche v. State, 10 S.W.3d 323, 331 (Tex. Crim.

App. 2000) (“‘voluntariness is a question of fact to be determined from all the

circumstances[]’”) (quoting Ohio v. Robinette, 519 U.S. 33, 40 (1996)). Generally,

“‘whether consent is voluntary turns on questions of fact and is determined from

the totality of the circumstances.’” Rodriguez v. State, 313 S.W.3d 403, 406 (Tex.

App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2009, no pet.) (quoting Johnson v. State, 226 S.W.3d

                                         17
439, 443 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007)); see also Rayford v. State, 125 S.W.3d 521, 528

(Tex. Crim. App. 2003) (citing Robinette, 519 U.S. at 40; Maxwell, 73 S.W.3d at

281). The ultimate question is whether the person’s ‘“will ha[s] been overborne

and his capacity for self-determination critically impaired,’” such that his consent

to search must have been involuntary. Meekins, 340 S.W.3d at 459 (quoting United

States v. Watson, 423 U.S. 411, 424 (1976)).

          Among the factors to be considered in determining voluntariness include the

youth, intelligence, or education of the person, the constitutional advice given to

the person, the length of the detention, the repetitiveness of the questioning, and

the use of physical punishment. Reasor v. State, 12 S.W.3d 813, 818 (Tex. Crim.

App. 2000). Other factors courts may consider include, but are not limited to, the

following: whether the person giving consent was in custody, whether Miranda

warnings were given, and whether police officers threatened to obtain a search

warrant if the person did not consent. See Meekins, 340 S.W.3d at 463 n.44 (citing

Frierson v. State, 839 S.W.2d 841, 851 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1992, pet. ref’d); State

v. Williams, 312 S.W.3d 276, 284 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2010, no

pet.)).

          A written consent to search tends to show that consent was definite and

unequivocal. See Lackey v. State, 638 S.W.2d 439, 452 (Tex. Crim. App. 1982).

                                           18
Generally, a person will consider a decision with more care and deliberation if he

signs something rather than making an off-hand verbal consent. Id.; Cisneros v.

State, 290 S.W.3d 457, 465 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2009, pet. dism’d)

(written consent given by a defendant “weighs in favor of the State” as to a

determination of whether consent was voluntary).

      Nevertheless, the “voluntariness” of the consent does not resolve the

question of whether the consent itself is tainted by an illegal search or seizure, even

though the analysis of the relevant factors may overlap. See Arcila v. State, 834

S.W.2d 357, 358-59 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992) (citing Miller v. State, 736 S.W.2d

643, 649-51 (Tex. Crim. App. 1987)), overruled on other grounds by Guzman, 955

S.W.2d at 90. When analyzing the taint, the court cannot simply examine the

voluntariness of the consent, “but must specifically evaluate the impact of

constitutionally prescribed factors upon the degree to which exploitation of the

illegality was attenuated by such consent or by other intervening events and

circumstances.” Id. at 359. In other words, even if the subsequent consent to search

was voluntary, the question that remains is whether the consent to search “was

itself the product of the illegality.” Id. at 359 n.1. The State bears the burden to

prove that the taint inherent in the initial illegality had dissipated by the time the




                                          19
voluntary consent was given. Brick v. State, 738 S.W.2d 676, 680-81 (Tex. Crim.

App. 1987).

      In Brick, the Court discussed six factors relevant to determining whether

such taint had dissipated: (1) the proximity of the consent to the illegality; (2)

whether the seizure was brought about by police observation of the particular

object for which they sought consent to search; (3) whether the illegal seizure was

the result of flagrant police misconduct; (4) whether the consent was volunteered

rather than requested by the detaining officers; (5) whether the defendant was

made fully aware of the fact he could decline to consent and thus prevent an

immediate search; and (6) whether the police purpose underlying the illegality was

to obtain the consent. Id. More recently, in State v. Mazuca, the Court has

emphasized that the three factors articulated in Brown v. Illinois, 422 U.S. 590

(1975), should be applied in an attenuation-of-taint analysis: (1) the temporal

proximity between the unlawful search and the later consent; (2) the presence of

any intervening circumstances; and (3) the purpose and flagrancy of police

misconduct. 375 S.W.3d 294, 301-07 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012) (citing Brown, 422

U.S. 590); see also State v. Jackson, 464 S.W.3d 724, 731 (Tex. Crim. App. 2015)

(citing and quoting Brown, 422 U.S. at 603-04); State v. Pena, 464 S.W.3d 389,




                                        20
399 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 2014, pet. ref’d); Orosco v. State, 394 S.W.3d 65,

75 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2012, no pet.).

                         THE TEXAS EXCLUSIONARY RULE

      The Texas exclusionary rule provides in relevant part that “[n]o evidence

obtained . . . in violation of any provisions of the Constitution or laws of the State

of Texas, or of the Constitution or laws of the United States of America, shall be

admitted in evidence against the accused on the trial of any criminal case.” Tex.

Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 38.23 (West 2005); see also Wehrenberg v. State, 416

S.W.3d 458, 468 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013). However, the exclusionary rule does not

require the suppression of evidence that was not “obtained” as a result of some

illegality. See Jackson, 464 S.W.3d at 731 (citing Johnson v. State, 871 S.W.2d

744, 750-51 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994); State v. Daugherty, 931 S.W.2d 268, 270

(Tex. Crim. App. 1996)). The issue is “whether, granting establishment of the

primary illegality,” the evidence to which the instant objection is made was

obtained “by exploitation of that illegality or instead by means sufficiently

distinguishable to be purged of the primary taint.” Wong Sun v. United States, 371

U.S. 471, 488 (1963); Jackson, 464 S.W.3d at 731; Mazuca, 375 S.W.3d at 300

n.18 (noting that the attenuation-of-taint doctrine “applies in determining whether




                                         21
evidence has been unlawfully ‘obtained’ for purposes of” Article 38.23) (quoting

Johnson, 871 S.W.2d at 750).

                                     ANALYSIS

      In this matter, the parties stipulated that the State did not obtain a search

warrant. And, on appeal the State raises only one basis for its contention that the

warrantless search was proper: Stanley voluntarily signed a consent-to-search

form. The State argues that it proved by clear and convincing evidence that

Stanley’s consent was voluntary because he was not detained or arrested when he

gave consent, he had been informed he had the option to refuse consent, law

enforcement did not coerce or threaten Stanley, and the consent form stated it was

signed voluntarily and it “contained constitutional advice, specifically that the

Appellee had been warned that he had the right to be free from a warrantless search

[and] that he could refuse to give consent to search.”

      The State argued at the suppression hearing that the initial entry into

Stanley’s home was part of a “protective sweep,” but on appeal the State does not

make that argument.6 At the hearing, the State argued the matter was “a clear case

of consent[]” and requested “that the Court deny the Motion to Suppress based on
      6
        An officer does not need a search warrant to conduct a “protective sweep”
which is a “quick and limited search of premises . . . conducted to protect the
safety of police officers or others.” See Maryland v. Buie, 494 U.S. 325, 327
(1990); Reasor v. State, 12 S.W.3d 813, 815-16 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000).
                                         22
the consent given by the homeowner Mr. David Stanley.” The defense argued that

the State was relying solely on consent and that the testimony concerning consent

was “conflicting”; however, the defense further argued that “we’re not contesting

he didn’t sign a consent[,]” but only that Stanley consented after the police had

been inside his house, which Stanley argued was a violation of the Fourth

Amendment. Neither the State nor Stanley provided any analysis in their appellate

briefs regarding the attenuation-of-taint factors.

      We must determine in this case whether the consent that Stanley gave

following the illegal entry was tainted by the police illegality. See Beaver v. State,

106 S.W.3d 243, 250 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2003, pet. ref’d). We apply

the factors as outlined by the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals to determine

whether the State sufficiently met its burden to establish an attenuation-of-taint

between Stanley’s consent and the illegal police conduct. See Jackson, 464 S.W.3d

at 731 (citing Mazuca, the Court emphasized “‘the more apt question is whether,

granting establishment of the primary illegality, the evidence to which instant

objection is made has been come at by exploitation of that illegality or instead by

means sufficiently distinguishable to be purged of the primary taint.’”); Leal v.

State, 773 S.W.2d 296, 297 (Tex. Crim. App. 1989) (granting discretionary review

to consider “whether the taint stemming from the unlawful entry was sufficiently

                                          23
attenuated under the test announced in Brick v. State . . . [such] that the consent

could be deemed valid.”).

      In the instant case, the State does not provide a discussion or analysis of any

of the attenuation-of-taint factors. The State had the burden of putting forth clear

and convincing evidence that “due consideration” of the factors militates in favor

of the conclusion “that the taint otherwise inherent in the illegality of the arrest has

dissipated.” Brick, 738 S.W.2d at 681. By failing to offer any analysis of the Brick

or the Mazuca factors, the State has focused solely upon the fact that a voluntary

consent-to-search was given, and not upon whether the taint was attenuated. This is

what the court in Brick referred to as giving “short shrift” to the essence of the

appeal. Id. at 678. Considering the Brick and Mazuca factors, as well as the totality

of the circumstances, as we must, we cannot say that the trial court abused its

discretion in granting the motion to suppress.

      With respect to the first Brick factor—the proximity of the consent to the

illegality—the record indicates that Appellee gave consent outside of the house

after the initial entry into the home by law enforcement. The time period between

the initial entry and the request for consent is not specified in the record, but

Appellee testified that the police were already in his house when they asked him to

give written consent. This factor would be favorable to Appellee. See, e.g., Beaver,

                                          24
106 S.W.3d at 250. Turning to the second Brick factor, the State does not contend

on appeal that the initial entry was legal as part of a protective sweep, nor does it

dispute Appellee’s argument that the items were not in plain view. Therefore, the

second factor would also favor Appellee. See id. Considering the third factor,

courts ordinarily do not deem police misconduct as “flagrant” unless the illegal

conduct was engaged in for the purpose of obtaining consent, or the police

misconduct was calculated to cause surprise or fear. Id. at 250-51 (citing Renfro v.

State, 958 S.W.2d 880, 886 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 1997, pet. ref’d)). In Beaver,

the court noted that although the record indicated that the police officers exceeded

the lawful scope of their search of the appellant’s apartment, there was no evidence

that the appellant, who was outside of the apartment, even knew of the illegality.

Id. at 251. Here, the record reflects that Stanley was aware of the officer’s entry

into and search of his home. Stanley testified “I turned around and looked up at my

house and just kind of smiled. I said, it’s late for that, ain’t it? Because there were

already two officers in my house. And I told him, yes, sir, I’ll sign it so y’all don’t

tear my house up.” Viewing the evidence, as we must, in the light most favorable

to the trial court’s ruling, we conclude that trial court could have reasonably

concluded that this factor is either neutral or weighs in favor of Stanley. The fourth

factor—whether the consent was volunteered or requested by the police—also

                                          25
favors Stanley because the testimony indicates that the police expressly asked for

Stanley’s consent. As to the fifth factor, however, it favors the State because the

record contains evidence that Stanley was informed of his right to refuse consent.

Additionally, as in Beaver, the written consent form signed by Stanley stated in

writing that Stanley had the right to refuse consent to search. See id. We also note

that the consent-to-search form was entered into evidence without any objection.

The sixth factor—whether the police engaged in the illegal conduct for the purpose

of obtaining consent—would either be neutral or weigh in favor of Stanley in light

of our discussion of the third factor. We have already determined that the record

supports the trial court’s implicit finding that the illegal conduct was calculated to

cause surprise or fear. In summary, when the record is considered in the light most

favorable to the trial court’s ruling, we conclude that the ruling would be consistent

with the application of the Brick factors.

      Alternatively, with respect to the application of the three Mazuca factors, we

also find nothing in the record or briefs to suggest that a significant amount of time

transpired between the initial warrantless entry by law enforcement into Stanley’s

house and Stanley’s later signing of the consent-to-search form. And, neither the

record nor the briefs suggests that there were any intervening circumstances

between the officers’ initial entry into Stanley’s home and Stanley giving written

                                             26
consent which might have attenuated the taint of the initial warrantless search of

the house.

      The officers testified that their purpose in going to Stanley’s house

concerned a tip they received about Reed. Testimony at the hearing reflects that the

officers’ stated purpose for entering the house was to get Plank out of the house,

but the State does not argue on appeal that a protective sweep justified the entry.

Lima reported that he observed drug paraphernalia while he was inside the house

to get Plank, and Stanley testified that the items seized were not in plain view. Cf.

Beaver, 106 S.W.3d at 250 (concluding that police did not act illegally in seizing

evidence the police could see from the doorway, but did act illegally in seizing

evidence observed only after an illegal search).

      Based upon the testimony, the trial court could have reasonably concluded

that the officers’ initial purpose in being at the house, that is, to find Reed and to

investigate a tip regarding Reed, then changed after the officers went inside the

house to get Plank and noticed drug paraphernalia on the coffee table. As the

exclusive trier of fact and judge of the credibility of the witnesses, the trial court

could have believed the testimony of Stanley over the testimony of the police

officers. See Orosco, 394 S.W.3d at 75 (quoting Brown, 422 U.S. at 605). In its

findings of fact, the trial court found that Officer Lima went into Stanley’s house

                                         27
twice “without permission” and that Officer Jerry went into Stanley’s house

without Stanley’s consent. The trial court also found that a “[s]earch of defendant’s

residence occurred before defendant signed [the] consent form.”

      The appellate record, viewed in the light most favorable to the trial court’s

ruling, supports a conclusion that, under the totality of the circumstances, the

warrantless entry into the home was in close temporal proximity to Stanley signing

the consent form, that no intervening circumstances occurred between the

warrantless search and Stanley’s purported consent, and that the warrantless entry

by the police was purposeful. The trial court could have reasonably concluded that

the taint of the warrantless search of Stanley’s house had not sufficiently

attenuated when Stanley signed the consent-to-search form as it pertains to the

items seized from Stanley’s home. Accordingly, we conclude that the trial court

did not abuse its discretion in deciding that the consent to search the house was

“obtained improperly[]” and that the evidence obtained from the unlawful search

of the home should be suppressed.




                                         28
      We overrule the State’s issue and we affirm the order of the trial court.

      AFFIRMED.


                                                    _________________________
                                                       LEANNE JOHNSON
                                                             Justice


Submitted on March 29, 2016
Opinion Delivered August 24, 2016
Do Not Publish

Before McKeithen, C.J., Kreger and Johnson, JJ.




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