                          STATE OF MICHIGAN

                           COURT OF APPEALS



JOBY CLARK,                                                         UNPUBLISHED
                                                                    August 18, 2016
               Plaintiff-Appellant,

v                                                                   No. 326638
                                                                    Macomb Circuit Court
BUTOKU KARATE SCHOOL, LLC and JOHN                                  LC No. 2013-004479-CB
WASILINA,

               Defendant-Appellees.


Before: BECKERING, P.J., and CAVANAGH and GADOLA, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

        Plaintiff Joby Clark appeals as of right the trial court’s order granting summary
disposition to defendants, Butoku Karate School, LLC, and John Wasilina, of plaintiff’s claims
for failure to distribute his interest in a limited liability company, fraud, and conversion. We
affirm.

                                            I. FACTS

        This case arises from plaintiff’s departure from defendant Butoku Karate School, LLC, a
limited liability company in which plaintiff and defendant John Wasilina were the only members.
Plaintiff and Wasilina formed the company in 2002 for the purpose of operating a karate school,
and together operated the school until plaintiff left the company in January 2011. Several
months earlier, in June 2010, Wasilina learned of a rumor that plaintiff was having a sexual
relationship with an underage student of the school. Plaintiff assured Wasilina that the rumor
was false. Wasilina testified that during the following months, he discussed the topic many
times with plaintiff. According to Wasilina, he and plaintiff agreed that the allegations, even if
meritless, would likely destroy the school because most of the students were children and parents
were likely to withdraw their children. According to Wasilina, he and plaintiff therefore agreed
to part ways. By contrast, plaintiff denies that he and Wasilina discussed parting ways until
January, 2011.

        On January 5, 2011, plaintiff and Wasilina together went to the bank and withdrew
$100,000 from the company’s account, which represented the majority of the company’s funds.
Plaintiff and Wasilina each received $50,000 of the proceeds of the account. Also in early
January 2011, Wasilina learned that the student had retracted her earlier denial of the affair with
plaintiff and that plaintiff would likely face criminal prosecution. The record is unclear on
                                                -1-
whether Wasilina learned of the student’s retraction before or after he and plaintiff withdrew and
divided the company’s funds.

      On January 12, 2011, Wasilina met with plaintiff and requested that plaintiff sign two
documents. The first document was entitled “Notice of Dissolution1” and provided in part:

       The partnership heretofore existing between Joby Clark and John Wasilina, under
       the fictitious name of Butoku [K]arate Dojo, . . . is now dissolved by mutual
       consent.

       That Joby Clark, . . . has withdrawn from and is no longer associated in
       conducting of said business, and is giving up all legal rights to said business, and
       John Wasilina, . . . will conduct said business hereafter, has assumed all of the
       outstanding obligations of said business incurred heretofore and hereafter, and is
       entitled to all of the assets of said business.

The second document was entitled “The Consent of the Members” and provided in part:

       IT IS HEREBY RESOLVED that, pursuant to MCL 450.4509, and Sections 8.1,
       8.3, and 9.1 of the Company’s Operating Agreement dated March 28, 2002, the
       Company accepts the immediate withdrawal and resignation of Member Joby
       Clark from any and all aspects [of] the Company. . . . Joby Clark’s interest in the
       Company is extinguished in its entirety without a substitute or financial
       compensation . . . . The undersigned understand, agree, and acknowledge the fact
       that Joby Clark shall maintain no further duties, obligations, financial obligations,
       or responsibilities of any kind to the Company, nor does the Company owe any
       monies, duties, rights, responsibilities, privileges, accountings, or any other items
       or tangible means of remuneration in any way to the resigning Member, Joby
       Clark. . . .

       Joby Clark acknowledges having already removed all of his personal and/or
       business effects and/or property from the location of the Company, . . . and further
       agrees and acknowledges that there is no reason whatsoever for him to return to
       said premises. . . [Emphasis added.]

       Both plaintiff and Wasilina signed the documents on January 12, 20112. The parties
disagree, however, regarding the conversation that took place that day. Wasilina testified that he




1
  The Notice of Dissolution, perhaps mistakenly, dissolves any “partnership” that may have
existed between plaintiff and Wasilina, citing The Uniform Partnership Act, and is therefore not
relevant to the analysis of plaintiff’s withdrawal as a member of Butoku Karate School, LLC.
The language of the document, however, is indicative of plaintiff’s intent to relinquish any right
to receive further compensation for his interest in the company.


                                               -2-
told plaintiff that he no longer wanted to be affiliated with plaintiff and therefore asked plaintiff
to sign the documents ending plaintiff’s membership in the company. By contrast, plaintiff
asserts that during this meeting Wasilina assured him that plaintiff’s withdrawal from the
company was temporary and that plaintiff could rejoin the company in the future after the rumors
regarding the student affair had dissipated.

        On February 19, 2011, plaintiff was arrested on criminal charges3 related to his alleged
relationship with the minor student. Plaintiff was twice tried on the charges with both trials
resulting in mistrials. In lieu of proceeding to a third trial on the charges, plaintiff entered a plea
of no contest to a lesser charge.

        Plaintiff thereafter brought this action against defendants, alleging three counts arising
from the dissolution of the business relationship, being fraud, failure to distribute, and
conversion. The first count alleged that defendants had defrauded plaintiff because Wasilina had
induced plaintiff to sign the documents by misleading plaintiff into believing that he would later
be reinstated in the company, and also by promising to pay plaintiff for his membership interest.
Plaintiff’s second count alleged that he was owed a distribution from the company for having
ended his membership. The third count alleged conversion, contending that plaintiff had left
personal property at the karate school and that defendants had possession of that property.

        Defendants moved for summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(7) and (10).
Defendants argued pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(7) that the documents signed by plaintiff operated
as a release. Defendants further argued that summary disposition was appropriate pursuant to
MCR 2.116(C)(10) because under the undisputed facts plaintiff had failed to allege a count for
fraud, that plaintiff was not entitled to distribution under the Michigan Limited Liability
Company Act, and that plaintiff had failed to state a claim for conversion. The trial court
granted defendants’ motion for summary disposition4. The trial court found that there was no
demonstration that defendants had defrauded plaintiff, that plaintiff had in fact received a
distribution of $50,000 from the company and had agreed that nothing further was owed to
plaintiff, and that plaintiff had failed to establish a claim for conversion.

        Plaintiff thereafter moved for reconsideration of the trial court’s order, arguing that the
trial court had incorrectly concluded that the payment of $50,000 was a withdrawal distribution,
and therefore incorrectly concluded that there had been consideration for plaintiff’s withdrawal

2
 The Notice of Dissolution is dated January 12, 2011, while the Consent of the Members is dated
January 20, 2011. Both plaintiff and Wasilina, however, agree that they both signed both
documents on January 12, 2011.
3
 The parties agree as to these facts, but the record is silent regarding the precise charges filed
against plaintiff and the specific offense to which he pleaded no contest.
4
 Although the trial court noted in its opinion and order that defendants had moved for summary
disposition pursuant to both MCR 2.116(C)(7) and (10), the trial court’s opinion and order
suggests that it granted summary disposition of all claims pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(10),
finding no genuine issue as to any material fact and that defendants were entitled to judgment as
a matter of law.


                                                 -3-
from the company. The trial court denied the motion for reconsideration, holding that even if the
$50,000 had not been consideration for the withdrawal from the company, there was nonetheless
consideration for plaintiff’s agreement to step down because Wasilina had assumed the debts of
the company, and summary disposition was therefore appropriate.

                                II. FAILURE TO DISTRIBUTE

        On appeal to this Court, plaintiff contends that the trial court erred in granting summary
disposition to defendants because factual issues remained in dispute. Specifically, plaintiff first
argues that there was a genuine issue of material fact concerning whether he was entitled to a
distribution for his interest in the company. We disagree.

        We review de novo the grant or denial of summary disposition to determine whether the
moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Maiden v Rozwood, 461 Mich 109, 118;
597 NW2d 817 (1999). We review a motion pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(10) by considering in
the light most favorable to the nonmoving party the pleadings, admissions, and other evidence
submitted by the parties. Latham v Barton Malow Co, 480 Mich 105, 111; 746 NW2d 868
(2008). When the record, giving the benefit of reasonable doubt to the opposing party, leaves
open an issue upon which reasonable minds might differ, a genuine issue of material fact exists.
West v Gen Motors Corp, 469 Mich 177, 183; 665 NW2d 468 (2003).

        The withdrawal of a member from a limited liability company is addressed in
MCL 450.4509, which is part of the Michigan Limited Liability Company Act, MCL 450.4101
et seq. MCL 450.4509 provides:

       (1) A member may withdraw from a limited liability company only as provided in
       an operating agreement. A member withdrawing pursuant to an operating
       agreement may become entitled to a withdrawal distribution as described in
       section 305.

       (2) An operating agreement may provide for the expulsion of a member or for
       other events the occurrence of which will result in a person ceasing to be a
       member of the limited liability company.


       MCL 450.4305 provides:

       Until the effective date of withdrawal, a withdrawing member shall share in any
       distribution made in accordance with section 304. An operating agreement may
       provide for an additional distribution to a withdrawing member. If a provision in
       an operating agreement permits withdrawal but is silent on an additional
       withdrawal distribution, a member withdrawing in accordance with the operating
       agreement is entitled to receive as a distribution, within a reasonable time after
       withdrawal, the fair value of the member’s interest in the limited liability
       company as of the date of withdrawal based upon the member’s share of
       distributions as determined under section 303.



                                                -4-
Thus, pursuant to MCL 450.4509, a member’s withdrawal from a limited liability company is
governed by that company’s operating agreement. Only if an operating agreement is silent on
the subject of additional distribution to a withdrawing member is distribution to a withdrawing
member governed by §305. If an operating agreement is not silent on the subject, the terms of
the operating agreement control the issue.

        In this case, defendants attached a copy of the company’s Operating Agreement in
support of defendants’ motion for summary disposition before the trial court. The document is
signed by both plaintiff and Wasilina. Sections 9.2 and 8.1 of the Operating Agreement provide,
in relevant part:

       Section 9.2    Dissociation

       A Member shall become disassociated from and cease to be a Member of the
       Company upon the happening of any of the following events:

       (a) the withdrawal of a Member with the consent of all remaining Members;

       Section 8.1    Voluntary Transfers

       No Member may withdraw and receive the fair value of his/her Membership
       Interest until the earlier of the date the Company liquidates and winds up its
       affairs or a date agreed upon for such and memorialized in writing by all the
       Members of the Company.

Thus, the Operating Agreement permits a member to withdraw and is not silent on the issue of a
withdrawal distribution. Because the Operating Agreement is not silent on the matter of a
withdrawal distribution, the terms of the Operating Agreement control on that issue and plaintiff
is not entitled to look to the terms of MCL 450.4305 to govern the issue of withdrawal
distribution.

      In addition, § 9.1 of the Operating Agreement allows the Operating Agreement to be
amended. That section provides:

       Section 9.1    Amending the Operating Agreement

       Unless previously authorized by those Members who represent 100% of the
       aggregate Membership Interests, the Members shall not have power to amend this
       Agreement in such a way so as to:

              (a) enlarge the rights or powers or diminish the duties or obligations of the
              Members;
              (b) diminish the rights or powers or enlarge the duties or obligations of the
              Members;
              (c) appoint, add, or remove a Member unless otherwise so authorized
              herein;
              (d) alter the term of the Company as provided in Article 2 or change this
              Section 9.1; or

                                               -5-
               (e) modify or otherwise affect the rights and restrictions pertaining to the
               assignability of Membership Interests

       Unless otherwise prohibited herein or by law, any part of this Agreement may be
       amended by the affirmative vote of those Members who represent 100% of the
       aggregate Membership Interests. However, no vote of the Members may take
       away any interest of right that has become vested in any Member.


      On January 12, 2011, plaintiff and Wasilina signed the Consent of the Members
document, which provides:

       IT IS HEREBY RESOLVED that, pursuant to MCL 450.4509, and Sections 8.1,
       8.3, and 9.1 of the Company’s Operating Agreement dated March 28, 2002, the
       Company accepts the immediate withdrawal and resignation of Member Joby
       Clark from any and all aspects [of] the Company . . . Joby Clark’s interest in the
       Company is extinguished in its entirety without a substitute or financial
       compensation . . . . The undersigned understand, agree, and acknowledge the fact
       that Joby Clark shall maintain no further duties, obligations, financial obligations,
       or responsibilities of any kind to the Company, nor does the Company owe any
       monies, duties, rights, responsibilities, privileges, accountings, or any other items
       or tangible means of remuneration in any way to the resigning Member, Joby
       Clark. [Emphasis added.]

        Both plaintiff and Wasilina signed the Consent of the Members document, which means
that it was approved by the members representing 100% of the membership interests. The
Consent of the Members document amended the Operating Agreement, which was a permissible
action under the Operating Agreement, as it was authorized by 100% of the membership
interests. The clear language of the Consent of the Members states that plaintiff relinquished any
potential right to additional payment that he may have had previously. Though we give plaintiff
the benefit of reasonable doubt as the nonmoving party, there is no genuine issue of material fact
that, under the terms of the Operating Agreement and the Consent of the Members, plaintiff is
not entitled to any additional withdrawal distribution from the company or Wasilina. See West,
469 Mich at 183.

        Plaintiff argues, however, that he is nonetheless entitled to compensation because there
was no consideration for plaintiff withdrawing from the membership, suggesting that his
withdrawal was therefore an invalid contract. A valid contract requires (1) parties competent to
contract, (2) a proper subject matter, (3) legal consideration, (4) mutuality of agreement, and (5)
mutuality of obligation.” Calhoun Co v Blue Cross Blue Shield Mich, 297 Mich App 1, 13; 824
NW2d 202 (2012). Consideration requires a bargained-for exchange, where a benefit is received
on one side, or a detriment suffered or a service provided on the other side. Gen Motors Corp v
Dep’t of Treasury, Revenue Div, 466 Mich 231, 238-239; 644 NW2d 734 (2002). Courts do not
inquire into the adequacy of consideration to support a contract. Id. at 241.

       Plaintiff’s argument is misplaced, however, because plaintiff and defendants did not
“contract” for plaintiff’s withdrawal from the company. Plaintiff did not allege breach of

                                                -6-
contract in his complaint before the trial court and plaintiff points to no contract between himself
and defendants. Rather, plaintiff was a member of a limited liability company and his
withdrawal from that company and any withdrawal distribution to which he may have been
entitled is therefore governed by the Operating Agreement of that company, and the Michigan
Limited Liability Company Act, MCL 450.4101 et seq. Plaintiff may not do an “end run”
around that act and the company’s Operating Agreement by arguing that “consideration” is due
even though a withdrawal distribution is not5. As the trial court correctly stated in its opinion
and order, “By executing the [Consent of the Members document] Plaintiff agreed to amend the
Operating Agreement to provide, inter alia, that he was not entitled to any further remuneration,
which by extension includes a right to further distributions.”

        Moreover, we note that by signing the Consent of the Members, plaintiff himself
authorized the company to accept plaintiff’s withdrawal from the company and to dictate the
terms of that withdrawal. Plaintiff essentially fired himself; defendants could not have taken this
action without plaintiff’s authorization. Plaintiff is not the victim of a contract without
consideration; if anything, plaintiff Joby Clark is the victim of the action that Member Joby
Clark authorized the company to take. Plaintiff may now be unhappy with the action that the
membership of the company took, but plaintiff himself was 50% of that membership. Plaintiff is
not entitled to any further compensation from the company or Wasilina, and defendants therefore
were entitled to judgment as a matter of law on this issue.

                                           III. FRAUD

       Plaintiff also contends that the trial court erred in granting summary disposition to
defendants on the issue of fraud because there was a genuine issue of material fact regarding this
claim. We disagree. To establish a prima facie claim of fraudulent misrepresentation, a plaintiff
must demonstrate that (1) the defendant made a material representation; (2) the representation
was false; (3) the defendant knew that it was false, or made it recklessly; (4) the defendant made
the representation with the intention that the plaintiff would act in reliance upon the
representation; (5) the plaintiff acted in reliance on the representation; and (6) the plaintiff
suffered damage. Derderian v Genesys Health Care Sys, 263 Mich App 364, 378; 689 NW2d
145 (2004).

        The element of reliance requires that the reliance be reasonable reliance upon the false
representation. Nieves v Bell Indus, Inc, 204 Mich App 459, 464; 517 NW2d 235 (1994). In this
case, plaintiff claims that he was induced to sign the Notice of Dissolution and the Consent of the
Members by Wasilina’s assurances that plaintiff could rejoin the business in the future, and also
that defendants would pay plaintiff for plaintiff’s withdrawal. That plaintiff would have relied
upon such assurances, if such were made, is extraordinary given that the language of the
documents plaintiff signed states exactly the opposite.



5
  We further note that contrary to plaintiff’s argument, the purpose of the $50,000 disbursement
he received is immaterial; plaintiff released any right to additional compensation when he signed
the Consent of the Members document.


                                                -7-
       The Consent of the Members explicitly provides that plaintiff is immediately resigning
and withdrawing in all respects, that plaintiff will no longer be associated with any aspect of the
company, and that :

       Joby Clark’s interest in the Company is extinguished in its entirety without a
       substitute or financial compensation . . . nor does the Company owe any monies,
       duties, rights, responsibilities, privileges, accountings or any other items or
       tangible means of remuneration in any way to the resigning Member, Joby Clark.
       . . . Joby Clark acknowledges having already removed all of his personal and/or
       business effects and/or property from the location of the Company, . . . and further
       agrees and acknowledges that there is no reason whatsoever for him to return to
       said premises, whether it [be] personal or professional. The Members hereby
       completely renounce their previous business relationship with Joby Clark
       disassociating himself from Company. . .

The document is explicit that plaintiff will not be receiving further financial compensation and is
not owed any money by the Company, that plaintiff has no further reason to return to the
business premises, and that the previous business relationship is renounced. It is difficult to
imagine language more definite in ending a business relationship. Interestingly, plaintiff does
not contend that he was unaware of the action that he was authorizing the company to take by
signing the Consent of the Members. Rather, plaintiff admits that he understood the actions that
the documents authorized, but chose to believe that the opposite result would occur. If, as
plaintiff suggests, an oral statement was made contrary to the explicit language of the documents
that he signed, plaintiff’s reliance was not reasonable. See Nieves, 204 Mich App at 464-465.
Therefore, even if plaintiff’s allegations are accepted as true, he has not established a genuine
issue of material fact and defendants were properly granted summary disposition of plaintiff’s
claim of fraud.

                                       IV. CONVERSION

       Finally, plaintiff argues that summary disposition was improperly granted on his
conversion claim. Again, we disagree. Conversion is an intentional tort which is defined as
“any distinct act of dominion wrongfully exerted over another’s personal property in denial of or
inconsistent with his rights therein.” Aroma Wines & Equip, Inc v Columbian Distrib Services,
Inc, 497 Mich 337, 346; 871 NW2d 136 (2015).

       In this case, count III of plaintiff’s complaint alleges conversion, but states only:

       45. Plaintiff incorporates by reference paragraph nos. 1 through 41 as if fully
       stated here in.

       46. Defendants continue to maintain dominion and control over property that is
       belonging to Plaintiff.

       47. Defendants’ conversion of Plaintiff’s property is to Plaintiff [sic] detriment.

        In an affidavit attached to plaintiff’s response to defendants’ motion for summary
disposition before the trial court, plaintiff identified his property allegedly left behind at the

                                                -8-
school as “karate equipment, awards, rank certificates, tools and other personal items.” Plaintiff
does not explain what actions of defendants allegedly converted the property, nor does he give
any indication of how defendants prevented him from recovering any of his personal property. A
mere statement of the plaintiff’s conclusion, unsupported by allegations of fact, does not
establish a cause of action. Lawsuit Financial, LLC v Curry, 261 Mich App 579, 592; 683
NW2d 233 (2004); Churella v Pioneer State Mut Ins Co, 258 Mich App 260, 272; 671 NW2d
125 (2003). Therefore, even giving plaintiff as the nonmoving party the benefit of reasonable
doubt, there is no genuine issue of material fact and defendant is entitled to judgment as a matter
of law of plaintiff’s conversion claim.

        Moreover, in this case, plaintiff left the property in question at the business premises and,
by signing the Consent of the Members document, consented that any property left there was not
his. The document explicitly states: “Joby Clark acknowledges having already removed all of
his personal and/or business effects and/or property from the location of the Company.” A
plaintiff does not have a valid claim for conversion if the defendant has a greater right to possess
the property than does the plaintiff. Rohe Scientific Corp v Nat’l Bank of Detroit, 133 Mich App
462, 468; 350 NW2d 280 (1984), mod on reh on other grounds 135 Mich App 777; 355 NW2d
883 (1984). Stated another way, a person is not liable for conversion of property if he has a right
to possess or dispose of the property. Thoma v Tracy Motor Sales, Inc, 360 Mich 434, 438; 104
NW2d 360 (1960). Giving plaintiff the benefit of reasonable doubt, there is no genuine issue of
material fact and defendants were entitled to summary disposition of plaintiff’s conversion
claim, as well as plaintiff’s other claims.

       Affirmed.



                                                              /s/ Jane M. Beckering
                                                              /s/ Mark J. Cavanagh
                                                              /s/ Michael F. Gadola




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