                                                                 NOT PRECEDENTIAL


                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                            FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                                 _____________

                                      No. 17-2694
                                     _____________

                            UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

                                             v.

                                  ROBERT CORMIER,

                                          Appellant.
                             __________________________

                    On Appeal from the United States District Court
                         for the Middle District of Pennsylvania
                     (D.C. Criminal Action No. 4-15-cr-00248-001)
                    District Judge: Honorable Christopher C. Conner
                             __________________________

                      Submitted Under Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a)
                                 September 14, 2018
                           ___________________________

            Before: JORDAN, VANASKIE, and RENDELL, Circuit Judges

                               (Filed: December 28, 2018)
                                     _____________

                                       OPINION*
                                     _____________




       *
        This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7
does not constitute binding precedent.
VANASKIE, Circuit Judge.

       On the advice of counsel, Appellant Robert Cormier pleaded guilty to a single

count of felon in possession of a firearm, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 922(g) and 924(e).

Before sentencing, Cormier moved to withdraw his guilty plea pursuant to Federal Rule

of Criminal Procedure 11 based on erroneous legal advice from his attorney regarding the

applicability of the Armed Career Criminal Act (“ACCA”) to his conviction and any

potential sentence enhancement he could receive as a result. Following a hearing on the

issue, the District Court denied Cormier’s motion, finding that Cormier had failed to

demonstrate a “fair and just reason” warranting withdrawal of his guilty plea. Thereafter,

at sentencing, the District Court determined that Cormier qualified as an “armed career

criminal” under ACCA and concluded that his guideline sentencing range was 180-210

months in prison. The District Court ultimately sentenced Cormier to the mandatory

minimum period of incarceration of 180 months, followed by five years of supervised

release.

       Cormier now contends that the District Court abused its discretion in denying his

motion to withdraw his guilty plea because his plea was involuntary due to the ineffective

assistance of counsel he received. Such ineffective assistance, he argues, amounts to a

“fair and just reason” permitting withdrawal of his plea. For the reasons that follow, we

will affirm the judgment and sentence of the District Court.




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                                   I.     BACKGROUND

                                   A. Rule 11 Plea Hearing

       In October 2015, Cormier entered a plea of “not guilty” to a single-count

indictment charging him with a violation of § 922(g). The indictment also included an

allegation that the underlying conduct supporting the charge was in violation of 18 U.S.C.

§ 924(e) of ACCA.

       After the District Court appointed an Assistant Federal Public Defender as

counsel, Cormier pled guilty without a written plea agreement in March 2016. To ensure

that his plea was knowing, voluntary, and intelligent, the District Court conducted an

extensive Rule 11 colloquy on the record. To that end, the District Court first confirmed

that Cormier was “fully alert and aware of the nature and purpose of the hearing.” (App.

10, 41-42). Cormier also affirmed, on the record, that he was not pleading guilty due to

threats or promises and that he understood his constitutional right to a jury trial and

desired to waive that right. The District Court also inquired whether Cormier had

reviewed the indictment and discussed any potential defenses, as well as the

consequences of pleading guilty, with his attorney. Cormier responded that he had, and

confirmed that he had received sufficient time to consult with counsel.

       Regarding the possible sentence, the District Court informed Cormier of the

potential minimum and maximum terms of imprisonment, including any enhanced

sentencing exposure if ACCA was found to be applicable:

       DISTRICT COURT: [Addressing the Assistant United States Attorney] [A]t
       this time would you kindly place on the record the maximum term of
       imprisonment under the United States Code for this offense, the fine,

                                              3
       maximum term of supervised release, and the details of this conviction if the
       court accepts [Cormier]’s guilty plea?

                                            ***
       [AUSA]: Your honor, [Cormier] is charged with a violation of . . . § 922(g).
       The maximum penalty for this is ten years imprison[ment], a $250,000 fine,
       three years of supervised release, and a $100 special assessment. . . . [T]he
       government also believes that [Cormier] will be subject to the penalties
       of [ACCA]. This is noted in the indictment. The mandatory minimum
       under [ACCA] is fifteen years imprisonment, a maximum of life,
       $250,000 fine, five years supervised release, and a $100 special
       assessment.

       DISTRICT COURT: All right. So it’s really the latter that’s determinative in
       this case if [ACCA] applies.

       [AUSA]: Yes. I expect it will be disputed by the defense.

       CORMIER’S ATTORNEY:     We will.

(App. 45-46 (emphasis added)). Given the disputed applicability of ACCA, the District

Court twice confirmed Cormier’s understanding of its potential impact on the terms of his

sentence. First, it asked Cormier whether he understood “that those [were] the penalties

that [he would be] facing” if the court determined that ACCA applied. (App. 46).

Cormier responded in the affirmative. Second, the District Court asked Cormier, once

again, whether he understood that “if [his] attorney’s arguments [regarding ACCA were]

not successful,” he was “certainly” facing “at least . . . a minimum term [of

imprisonment] of fifteen years.” (Id.). Again, Cormier responded, “Yes.” (Id.)

       The District Court then advised Cormier that the Court must consider the United

States Sentencing Guidelines (“Guidelines”) in setting an appropriate sentence. The

District Court also informed Cormier that his prior convictions could affect the

Guidelines sentencing range. Cormier indicated that he understood the process, had

                                             4
spoken to his attorney about the Guidelines that could apply to his case, and understood

that his criminal history could affect his sentence. Throughout this exchange, the District

Court repeatedly underscored the fact that Cormier’s dissatisfaction with his ultimate

sentence would not constitute a valid basis for withdrawing his guilty plea. It also

informed him that any erroneous prediction by his counsel of the applicable Guidelines

range would not serve as a basis for withdrawing his plea. (App. 49). Cormier further

acknowledged that the Guidelines range was only “advisory,” and that “no one [could]

guarantee [him] what sentence he [would] get from [the District Court.]” (App. 44, 49).

       Following this discussion, Cormier twice affirmed on the record that he was

pleading guilty because he was, in fact, guilty. In addition, the Government provided a

factual narrative to support the indictment and guilty plea. Although Cormier disputed

some of the facts the Government proffered, the District Court and both parties agreed

that Cormier’s testimony regarding exactly what conduct he was admitting to satisfied

§ 922(g). The District Court then accepted Cormier’s guilty plea.

                 B. Motion to Withdraw Guilty Plea and Related Hearing

       The presentence investigation report (“PSR”) prepared by the Probation Office

concluded, inter alia, that Cormier was an armed career criminal subject to the enhanced

penalties of ACCA. However, prior to sentencing, Cormier corresponded with the

District Court directly, expressing his concern and confusion regarding his armed career

criminal status as a result of a letter he received from his counsel in which she indicated

that she had provided him incorrect legal advice. Specifically, his counsel wrote that her

earlier assurances that Cormier would not be subject to ACCA and that his sentence

                                             5
would likely be in the five- to seven-year range were incorrect. She also informed him of

several options he could pursue as a result of the mistake, including petitioning the

District Court to withdraw his plea. Indeed, with the help of a later second court-

appointed counsel, Cormier moved to withdraw his guilty plea and the District Court

scheduled a hearing on the motion.

       At the plea withdrawal hearing, Cormier reconfirmed that the District Court, the

Government, and even prior counsel had all stated, on several occasions, on the record,

“that the minimum [sentence he faced] was 15 [years] and the maximum was life.” (App.

119). Cormier also testified to his prior counsel’s advice that, notwithstanding her

prediction, his ultimate sentence “was up to the judge,” (App. 118), and that his

sentencing range, if the court determined that ACCA applied, could be as high as fifteen

years to life imprisonment, (App. 121). The District Court also confirmed that all parties

were aware that the applicability of ACCA was a live issue that would ultimately

determine Cormier’s minimum sentence:

       DISTRICT COURT: So everybody knew that . . . the application of [ACCA]
       was at issue. And then I followed up with [Cormier]. And I said, “All right.
       But nevertheless, do you understand that these . . . are the penalties you are
       facing?” And Mr. Cormier said, “Yes.”

       And after that, I said, “All right. So we’re talking about a mandatory
       minimum term of 15 years. You understand that if your attorney’s arguments
       are not successful, you’re certainly at least potentially facing a minimum
       term of 15 years? Yes. And a maximum term of life? Yes.” So this was an
       issue that was fully addressed. . . .

       So I don’t understand how [defense counsel]’s ineffectiveness is not
       superseded by the transcript which brought out the fact that we have a very
       serious dispute here over what the potential mandatory minimum is. And . .


                                             6
       . I even asked [Cormier], you understand if your attorney’s arguments are not
       successful, you are going to face that mandatory minimum.

(App. 131-32). In light of the foregoing, the District Court denied Cormier’s motion to

withdraw his guilty plea and sentenced Cormier to the mandatory minimum period of

incarceration of 180 months. This appeal timely followed.

                II.    JURISDICTION AND STANDARD OF REVIEW

       The District Court had jurisdiction under 18 U.S.C. § 3231. We have appellate

jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and 18 U.S.C. § 3742(a). We review the denial

of a motion to withdraw a guilty plea before sentencing under an abuse of discretion

standard. United States v. Jones, 336 F.3d 245, 252 (3d Cir. 2003) (citing United States

v. Harris, 44 F.3d 1206, 1210 (3d Cir. 1995)).

                                    III.    DISCUSSION

       Cormier maintains that his plea was not knowing and voluntary because he

received ineffective assistance of counsel regarding the applicability of ACCA, and, but

for her advice, he would have gone to trial. Cormier insists that such ineffective

assistance is a “fair and just reason” permitting withdrawal because it would be a

miscarriage of justice to conclude that his plea was knowing, intelligent, and voluntary in

light of the erroneous advice of counsel.

       Our precedent makes clear that, once a district court has accepted a defendant’s

guilty plea, he is not entitled to withdraw it because he faces a harsher punishment than

originally expected or some other sentencing outcome that he finds unsatisfactory. See

United States v. Brown, 250 F.3d 811, 815 (3d Cir. 2001) (citation omitted). Instead, a


                                             7
defendant may only withdraw his guilty plea before sentencing by demonstrating “a fair

and just reason for requesting the withdrawal.” Fed. R. Crim. P. 11(d)(2)(B). District

courts employ a three-factor test to evaluate whether a defendant has met the

“substantial” burden of providing a “fair and just reason” justifying withdrawal of his

plea: (1) whether the defendant “asserts his innocence”; (2) the strength of the

defendant’s reasons for withdrawing the plea; and, (3) whether “the government would

be prejudiced by the withdrawal.” United States v. King, 604 F.3d 125, 139 (3d Cir.

2010) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted); see also United States v. Hyde, 520

U.S. 670, 676–77 (1997). Cormier avers that he has satisfied all three factors. For the

reasons that follow, we conclude that Cormier has at least failed to satisfy the first two

factors.1

                                       A. Innocence

       Cormier claims that, although he “came into possession of [a] firearm” on the

night of his arrest, he never discharged the weapon. Thus, Cormier appears to contend

that he is factually innocent regarding a “portion” of the § 922(g) charge because he

never shot the firearm in question. (App. 124; Appellant’s Brief 16). In addition,

Cormier claims that the only reason he came into possession of the firearm at all was

because he was forced to remove it from an individual who had threatened him with the


       1
         Because we agree with the District Court that Cormier failed to meaningfully
establish innocence or provide sufficiently compelling reason(s) for withdrawing his plea,
we need not address the issue of potential prejudice to the Government. See Jones, 336
F.3d at 255 (citing Harris, 44 F.3d at 1210).


                                              8
weapon. (App. 56). Therefore, Cormier maintains that he has demonstrated, at the very

least, that he is “legally innocent,” because the record supports a claim that his possession

of the weapon was justified. We agree with the District Court that Cormier failed to

establish either factual or legal innocence.

       Regarding Cormier’s claim of “factual innocence,” Cormier’s testimony during

both the Rule 11 and plea withdrawal hearing belies his assertion that he is “factually

innocent.” Cormier admitted that he possessed the firearm in question and

“acknowledged that his prior convictions prohibit[ed] him from possessing a firearm.”

(App. 20). Moreover, as the District Court correctly explained, the fact that Cormier may

not have fired a shot is irrelevant to his claim of factual innocence, as discharging the

firearm is not an element of the charged offense, § 922(g). Thus, we agree that Cormier

did not meaningfully assert factual innocence.

       Turning to Cormier’s claim of “legal innocence,” although we recognize

justification as “a valid defense to a felon-in-possession charge,” United States v. Alston,

526 F.3d 91, 94 (3d Cir. 2008), we find that the District Court did not abuse its discretion

in concluding that Cormier failed to establish, by a preponderance of the evidence, that he

acted in self-defense or otherwise possessed the gun for a legally defensible reason.

Although Cormier claimed that video evidence, if developed through discovery, would

“potentially reveal ‘a meritorious justification defense,’” (Appellant’s Brief 16-17

(quoting App. 64, 123-24)), these “bare assertions of innocence,” without other facts in

the record to buttress his claim, are insufficient to justify withdrawal of his guilty plea.

See Jones, 336 F.3d at 254; see also Brown, 250 F.3d at 817 (noting that the simple

                                               9
assertion of the “possibility of an alibi defense . . . does not demonstrate that [appellant]

had an alibi. The mere fact that [appellant] maintained that he had an alibi does not mean

that one existed”). Furthermore, Cormier has not adequately explained why he took

contradictory positions before the District Court except to say that he received erroneous

legal advice from counsel. See Jones, 336 F.3d at 253 (“Once a defendant has pleaded

guilty, he must then not only reassert innocence, but give sufficient reasons to explain

why contradictory positions were taken before the district court and why permission

should be given to withdraw the guilty plea and reclaim the right to trial.” (citation and

internal quotation marks omitted)).

       Accordingly, we concur that Cormier failed to meet his “substantial” burden of

demonstrating innocence. However, if a defendant offers a sufficiently compelling

reason to withdraw his plea, the court may nonetheless grant his motion to withdraw

notwithstanding his failure to assert factual or legal innocence. United States v. Stayton,

408 F.2d 559, 561 n.5 (3d Cir. 1969). Thus, we now turn to the strength of Cormier’s

reasons for withdrawing his plea.

                       B. Strength of Reasons for Withdrawing Plea

       At the heart of Cormier’s appeal is his assertion that his guilty plea was

involuntary due to prior counsel’s erroneous advice regarding the applicability of ACCA

to his conviction.2 A court will permit a defendant to withdraw his guilty plea based on


       2
         Although a defendant may not normally “‘attack the efficacy of [his] counsel on
direct appeal[,]’” he may do so if “‘the record is sufficient to allow determination of
effective assistance of counsel.’” Jones, 336 F.3d at 254 (quoting United States v.
Headley, 923 F.2d 1079, 1083 (3d Cir. 1991)). Here, as in Jones, the District Court
                                              10
ineffective assistance of counsel “only if (1) the defendant shows that his attorney’s

advice was under all the circumstances unreasonable under prevailing professional norms

. . . and (2) the defendant shows that he suffered sufficient prejudice from his counsel’s

errors.” Jones, 336 F.3d at 253–54 (internal citations omitted). We will proceed, as the

District Court did, under the assumption that prior counsel’s advice was professionally

unreasonable. Therefore, we need only consider whether the District Court abused its

discretion when it determined that Cormier did not suffer prejudice from prior counsel’s

erroneous advice.

       When a defendant seeks to withdraw his plea based on the expectation of a lighter

sentence, he must show that his expectation was objectively reasonable under the

circumstances. See United States v. Crusco, 536 F.2d 21, 24 (3d Cir. 1976) (citation

omitted). Courts consider advice from prior counsel as well as any promises made by the

government and/or statements from the court to determine whether a defendant’s

sentencing expectations were reasonable. See id. Importantly, we have long held that

any prejudice resulting from an erroneous sentencing prediction is cured by a thorough

Rule 11 plea colloquy. Masciola v. United States, 469 F.2d 1057, 1059 (3d Cir. 1972)

(per curiam) (holding that “[a]n erroneous prediction of a sentence by defendant’s

counsel does not render a guilty plea involuntary” where record demonstrates that the



conducted a withdrawal of plea hearing with Cormier and his new counsel during which
it specifically considered Cormier’s ineffective assistance of counsel allegation, and the
effect, if any, it may have had on the voluntariness of his guilty plea. Therefore, the
withdrawal of plea hearing created an adequate record from which we can assess
Cormier’s allegations.
                                             11
court conducted a proper plea colloquy during which defendant acknowledged that he

was aware of his maximum potential sentence); cf. United States v. Shedrick, 493 F.3d

292, 299 (3d Cir. 2007) (citing Jones, 336 F.3d at 254) (concluding that defendant could

not demonstrate ineffective assistance when counsel erroneously informed him that he

would receive “a sentence of ‘no more than 71 months’ where [he] was advised in open-

court colloquy of potential maximum sentence and there were no other promises

regarding sentence”).

       In this case, the District Court engaged in a thorough and searching inquiry during

Cormier’s plea hearing to ascertain whether Cormier understood and agreed with the

terms of his guilty plea and the potential sentence. Further, Cormier affirmed on multiple

occasions that he understood the implications of his decision to plead guilty, such as the

possibility that he could be subject to ACCA’s enhanced penalties, including a longer

minimum sentence than that articulated by his attorney. He also voiced no concern, at

any point, when the District Court unequivocally stated that he faced a potential

mandatory minimum term of fifteen years’ imprisonment, a sentence more than double

that estimated by counsel. Consequently, any prejudice resulting from the erroneous

sentencing information provided by prior counsel was remedied by the detailed in-court

plea colloquy. See, e.g., United States v. Mustafa, 238 F.3d 485, 492 (3d Cir. 2001)

(“[A]ny alleged misrepresentations that [defendant’s] former counsel may have made

regarding sentencing calculations were dispelled when [defendant] was informed in open

court that there was no guarantee as to the sentence, and that the court could sentence him

to the maximum.”). Given this record, we cannot say that the District Court abused its

                                            12
discretion when it denied Cormier’s motion to withdraw his plea because Cormier’s plea

was, by all accounts, knowing, voluntary, and intelligent.

                                      IV.   CONCLUSION

       The District Court did not abuse its discretion in denying Cormier’s motion to

withdraw his guilty plea. Thus, for the foregoing reasons, we will affirm the judgment

and sentence of the District Court.




                                             13
