                                    In The
                               Court of Appeals
                      Seventh District of Texas at Amarillo

                                    No. 07-18-00282-CV


           IN THE INTEREST OF K.C., G.D., G.D., J.D., AND A.D., CHILDREN


                            On Appeal from the 46th District Court
                                   Wilbarger County, Texas
                  Trial Court No. 27769, Honorable Dan Mike Bird, Presiding

                                   December 21, 2018

                             MEMORANDUM OPINION
                   Before QUINN, C.J., and CAMPBELL and PIRTLE, JJ.


      After a bench trial, the court signed a July 9, 2018 final order terminating the

parent-child relationship between appellant C.C. and his son K.C. Appellee is the Texas

Department of Family and Protective Services. On appeal, appellant challenges the legal

and factual sufficiency of evidence supporting the three predicate grounds for termination

found by the trial court and its finding that termination was in the best interest of K.C.1




      1   TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 161.001(b)(1)(D),(N),(O),(2) (West Supp. 2018).
Finding sufficient evidence supported one of the three predicate grounds found by the

trial court, and the court’s best interest finding, we will affirm the trial court’s order.


                                          Background


       The Department’s case for termination concerned five children. P.R. is their

mother; appellant is the biological father of K.C. (born October 2009). G.D. is the

biological father of the younger four children G.D.-1 (born November 2011), G.D.-2 (born

August 2013), J.D. (born January 2015), and A.D. (born November 2016). 2 The court’s

order terminated the parental rights of all three parents to the five children; only appellant

has appealed.


       The final hearing was completed in June 2018. Most of the Department’s case-in-

chief at the hearing focused on termination of the parental rights of the mother and G.D.

to the four younger children. The evidentiary record supporting termination of appellant’s

rights to K.C. was less well developed. Appellant was incarcerated at the time of trial but

was present with counsel for trial.3 He chose not to testify, and the Department did not

call him to the stand.


       The children’s Department caseworker worker testified the Department became

involved in the present case4 in November 2016 when A.D. tested positive for


       2
       We use these party designations to protect the privacy of the five children. TEX.
FAM. CODE ANN. § 109.002(d) (West Supp. 2018); TEX. R. APP. P. 9.8(b).
       3Counsel was appointed for appellant in September 2017. The next month,
counsel filed a motion to retain the suit on the court’s docket and set a new dismissal
date. The court later granted that relief.
       4
       The mother testified she began using methamphetamine in 2012. In 2013, the
Department removed the four older children after she tested positive for

                                                2
methamphetamine at birth, and the mother tested positive for methamphetamine,

amphetamine, and marijuana. The five children were removed from the mother’s care to

foster care. By the time of trial, the two older children, K.C. and G.D-1, were placed in

one home, and the three younger children in another.


       The mother, age 26 at trial, testified she smoked marijuana from the age of sixteen,

including the time she was pregnant with K.C. The mother and appellant were never

married and the inception date of their relationship was not shown. The mother testified

she was “with” appellant at the time of K.C.’s birth but their relationship ended six or seven

months after the child was born.


       Appellant was incarcerated in 20125 for the offense of “assault family violence-

impeding circulation,” and was in prison at the time of the final hearing. Appellant’s

apparent release date is 2020.


       K.C. was eight years old at the time of trial. Asked if appellant and K.C. “ever met,”

the mother responded, “[m]aybe once or twice.” Her statements indicate those occasions

would have been shortly after the child’s birth. There is no evidence of any other contact

between appellant and K.C.         Appellant’s paternity was adjudicated in the court’s

termination order.



methamphetamine at the birth of G.D.-2. The caseworker testified the mother admitted
using marijuana throughout her pregnancy with G.D.-2 and methamphetamine on the day
of his birth. The children were subsequently returned to the mother several months later
where they remained until the 2016 removal at the inception of the present case.
       5This fact was not developed during the presentation of the parties’ evidence but
was not disputed. Under questioning by the court, a discussion among the court,
appellant’s counsel, and appellant established that appellant was incarcerated in 2012
with an expected “discharge” date of 2020.

                                              3
       During his interview in chambers at trial, K.C. told the judge he did not know

appellant and could not remember having met him. K.C.’s foster mother testified K.C.

knows he has a biological father but does not know his name. The caseworker testified

to the effect that appellant had not sent K.C. letters or initiated any other form of

communication, or provided any tangible support of the child in foster care.


                                          Analysis


       In his first issue appellant argues the evidence was legally and factually insufficient

to support any of the three predicate grounds for termination found by the trial court.


       The Family Code permits a trial court to terminate parental rights if the Department

establishes one or more of the statutory grounds for termination, and that termination is

in the child’s best interest. TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 161.001(b); In re S.M.R., 434 S.W.3d

576, 580 (Tex. 2014). Because the proceeding terminates fundamental liberty interests

of the parent, the evidence must be clear and convincing to justify termination. Id. (citing

In re E.C.R., 402 S.W.3d 239, 240 (Tex. 2013)). Clear and convincing evidence is that

measure or degree of proof which will produce in the mind of the trier of fact a firm belief

or conviction as to the truth of the allegations sought to be established. TEX. FAM. CODE

ANN. § 101.007 (West 2014); In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d 17, 25-26 (Tex. 2002).


       Under the legal sufficiency analysis, we examine all of the evidence in the light

most favorable to the challenged finding, assuming the “factfinder resolved disputed facts

in favor of its finding if a reasonable factfinder could do so.” In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at

266. We disregard all contrary evidence the factfinder could have reasonably disbelieved

or found incredible. Id. But we take into account undisputed facts that do not support the


                                              4
finding, so as not to “skew the analysis of whether there is clear and convincing evidence.”

Id.   If the record presents credibility issues, we must defer to the factfinder’s

determinations provided they are not unreasonable. In re J.P.B., 180 S.W.3d 570, 573

(Tex. 2005).


       When reviewing the factual sufficiency of the evidence supporting a termination

order, we consider the evidence as a whole in a neutral light, and determine “whether the

evidence is such that a factfinder could reasonably form a firm belief or conviction about

the truth of the [Department]’s allegations.” In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d at 25. In conducting

this review, we consider whether the disputed evidence is such that a reasonable

factfinder could not have resolved the disputed evidence in favor of its finding. In re

J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 266. “If, in light of the entire record, the disputed evidence that a

reasonable factfinder could not have credited in favor of the finding is so significant that

a factfinder could not reasonably have formed a firm belief or conviction, then the

evidence is factually insufficient.” Id.


       In its brief, the Department responded only to appellant’s (N) ground challenge.

See In re A.V. and J.V., 113 S.W.3d 355, 362 (Tex. 2003) (only one statutory predicate

ground finding necessary to support termination of parental rights when there is also a

finding that termination is in child’s best interest). The (N) ground for termination requires

proof that the parent constructively abandoned the child who has been in the permanent

or temporary managing conservatorship of the Department for not less than six months,

and (i) the Department has made reasonable efforts to return the child to the parent; (ii)

the parent has not regularly visited or maintained significant contact with the child; and



                                              5
(iii) the parent has demonstrated an inability to provide the child with a safe environment.

TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 161.001(b)(1)(N).


       In this court, appellant challenges only the sufficiency of evidence supporting the

finding that the Department made reasonable efforts to return K.C. to appellant. Appellant

effectively concedes the proof establishes he constructively abandoned K.C., that K.C.

has been under the Department’s managing conservatorship for the required period of

time, and that appellant has not regularly visited or maintained significant contact with his

son and has demonstrated an inability to provide him with a safe environment.


       Appellant’s argument acknowledges the caseworker testified she wrote appellant

concerning his paternity but never received a response, and stated that, to her

knowledge, appellant had not been “working services.”            Appellant then contends,

“[h]owever, there is nothing presented at trial to indicate whether a service plan had been

created, whether the caseworker had sent [a]ppellant a service plan, whether she had

contacted him concerning relative placement or otherwise made any effort to prevent

termination.” We disagree with this characterization of the evidence the trial court heard.


       With regard to the fact issue whether a service plan was created for appellant, our

review of the record reveals testimony from which the court could have determined that

the caseworker prepared a service plan for appellant. On direct examination by the

Department, she answered “yes” when asked if she prepared a service plan for “these




                                             6
parents.”6 At another point in her testimony, she made reference to a condition of the

plan.7


         Appellant’s service plan, however, was not admitted into evidence. Nor, unlike the

plans prepared for the mother and G.D., does the plan appear even in the clerk’s record

on appeal. Nor was there testimony of the services appellant was to perform in prison

under his plan. The caseworker merely answered “not to my knowledge” when asked

whether appellant “was working any services while incarcerated.”8 For those reasons,

we can agree with appellant that this record does not show the degree of implementation

of service plan terms typically seen in cases in which the Department relies on a service

plan for its reasonable efforts. See, e.g., In re N.R.T., 338 S.W.3d 667, 674 (Tex. App.—

Amarillo 2011, no pet.) (noting implementation of a service plan by the Department is

ordinarily considered a reasonable effort to return a child to its parent); In re M.V.G., 440

S.W.3d 54, 60 (Tex. App.—Waco 2010, no pet.) (State’s preparation and administration

of service plan as evidence of reasonable efforts); In re K.J.T.M., No. 06-09-00104-CV,

2010 Tex. App. LEXIS 3057, at *12 (Tex. App.—Texarkana Apr. 27, 2010, no pet.) (mem.

op.) (implementation of service plan generally considered reasonable effort).




         6
         Throughout the testimony, it often is unclear from the cold record whether
references to “these parents” refer to the mother and G.D. or to all three parents. In this
instance, the trial court could have understood the caseworker to have included appellant.

         Although not mentioned in the testimony, a permanency report in the clerk’s
         7

record indicates the service plan was sent to appellant in prison in July 2017.
         8
         Elsewhere in her testimony the caseworker gave the same response when asked
if appellant had taken “batterer’s intervention,” “anger management,” and counseling.
The questions were not asked, however, in connection with particular requirements of a
service plan.

                                              7
       The scant evidence of implementation of a service plan, however, is not the only

evidence showing the Department’s efforts to encourage appellant toward responsible

parenthood. Appellant’s argument disregards the caseworker’s testimony regarding eight

separate occasions on which she provided appellant packets containing parenting

materials. The caseworker testified that some time after the initiation of the current

proceeding in November 2016 she learned appellant was being held in jail in Childress

County, Texas.9 On arrival at the jail, she learned he had been transferred to another jail

but was not “able to locate him” until July 2017. At that time, she said, she began writing

appellant. Asked how he responded to her contact with him, she said, “[h]e didn’t.” In

further testimony, the caseworker said that on eight subsequent occasions she sent

appellant letters providing “updates” on his son’s welfare (“how he’s doing in the home”)

and his “medical.” The letters also included articles on parenting a child of K.C.’s age,

which appellant was to summarize and return to the Department. Asked the procedure,

the caseworker said, “[h]e reads a parenting article and then summarizes what he’s read

and sends it back in the prepaid envelop[e] I provided.” She told the court appellant never

responded to any of her correspondence. Although the evidence does not contain copies

of the caseworker’s correspondence, her description of its contents was clear. The

Department’s brief characterizes the eight packets of materials as “efforts to implement

services,” and we think the characterization is fair.


       The Department argues the evidence of its efforts to locate appellant after he was

served with citation as an alleged father, its correspondence to appellant regarding his



       The return of service in the clerk’s record indicates appellant was served with the
       9

Department’s petition at the residence address listed in the petition in Quanah, Texas.

                                              8
paternity, its development of a service plan, its regular updates on K.C.’s health and

progress in foster care, and its efforts on eight occasions to implement parenting services

through correspondence, provide clear and convincing evidence it made reasonable

efforts to enable appellant to establish a relationship with K.C. and maintain his status as

parent.10 To that list we would add the evidence the Department in this case took the

uncommon step of initiating mediation some six months before the final hearing.


       After review of the entire record, we find the trial court reasonably could have

resolved disputed evidence in favor of its finding that the Department made reasonable

efforts to return K.C. to appellant, and that the evidence, considered as a whole in a

neutral light, permitted the court reasonably to form a firm belief or conviction of the truth

of its finding. See In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d at 25. Because the evidence is thus factually

sufficient, it necessarily is legally sufficient. Appellant’s first issue is overruled.


       By his second issue, appellant challenges the legal and factual sufficiency of

evidence supporting the court’s finding that termination was in K.C.’s best interest. In

assessing the trial court’s best-interest determination, we consider the factors set out in

Holley v. Adams, 544 S.W.2d 367 (Tex. 1976).11 While the Holley “listing is by no means


       10  The Texarkana court’s statement in In re K.J.T.M., 2010 Tex. App. LEXIS 3057,
at *12-13 n.12 has application here. The court there noted, “[t]he concept of a ‘reasonable
effort’ to return the child is effectively a sliding scale, depending on the situation.” It went
on to state that the record before it contained “evidence to support a finding that the State
made a reasonable effort to return the child by attempting services which could have led
to a change in [the respondent father’s] attitude and behavior.”
       11  The Holley factors are: (1) the desires of the child; (2) the emotional and physical
needs of the child now and in the future; (3) the emotional and physical danger to the
child now and in the future; (4) the parental abilities of the individuals seeking custody;
(5) the programs available to assist these individuals to promote the best interests of the
child; (6) the plans for the child by these individuals or by the agency seeking custody; (7)

                                                9
exhaustive, [it] does indicate a number of considerations which either have been or would

appear to be pertinent.” Holley, 544 S.W.2d at 372.12 “The absence of evidence about

some of these considerations would not preclude a fact-finder from reasonably forming a

strong conviction or belief that termination is in the child’s best interest, particularly if the

evidence were undisputed that the parental relationship endangered the safety of the

child.” In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d 17, 27 (Tex. 2002). In some circumstances, evidence of

even one Holley factor may be sufficient. Jordan v. Dossey, 325 S.W.3d 700, 729 (Tex.

App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2010, pet. denied) (citing In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d at 27). A court

may fairly measure a parent’s future conduct by his past when determining whether

termination is in a child’s best interest. In re C.V., 531 S.W.3d 301, 308 (Tex. App.—

Amarillo 2017, pet. denied) (citing In re O.N.H., 401 S.W.3d 681, 684 (Tex. App.—San

Antonio 2013, no pet.)). The best interest analysis focuses on the best interest of the

child, not that of the parent. In re C.V., 531 S.W.3d at 307.


       The evidence shows K.C. does not have a relationship with appellant. By all

indications he would not know appellant on sight. It was undisputed that appellant has

made no tangible effort of any sort to reach out to his son. Meanwhile, K.C. is doing well

and is happy with his foster parents. In the trial court’s interview of K.C. in chambers, the



the stability of the home or proposed placement; (8) the acts or omissions of the parent
which may indicate that the existing parent-child relationship is not a proper one; and (9)
any excuse for the acts or omissions of the parent. Holley, 544 S.W.2d at 371-72.
       12 See In re R.R., 209 S.W.3d 112, 116 (Tex. 2006) (per curiam) (citing Family
Code section 263.307 [“Factors in Determining Best Interest of Child”] and Holley as
providing factors for consideration “when determining whether termination of parental
rights is in the best interest of the child” and also referencing Family Code section
153.131(b) which provides “a strong presumption that the best interest of a child is served
by keeping the child with a parent”).

                                               10
child expressed his unequivocal desire to remain with his foster family. He is free to

remain in their home until a suitable adoptive family is located but, testimony showed,

they may consider adoption. Another family also has expressed interest in adopting K.C.

and G.D.-1, with whom he has a close bond. Appellant’s term of incarceration for a crime

of violence will end no sooner than 2020. Although present at the final hearing, appellant

chose not to provide the court any information through testimony. We are therefore not

informed of matters critical to the best-interest determination such as appellant’s

rehabilitation or his plans for family and employment after his release. How he would

intend to parent K.C. is unexplained. Because appellant performed no services, nothing

is known of his parenting abilities, aside from his apparent apathy.


         Whether viewed in a light most favorable to the judgment or a neutral light, the

evidence is sufficient to support the trial court’s finding that termination of appellant’s

parental rights with K.C. was in the child’s best interest.     Accordingly, we overrule

appellant’s second issue.


                                        Conclusion


         Having overruled both appellant’s issues on appeal, we affirm the trial court’s

order.


                                                        James T. Campbell
                                                           Justice




                                            11
