                                                                       FILED
                                                           United States Court of Appeals
                                                                   Tenth Circuit
                     UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                   July 25, 2012
                                   TENTH CIRCUIT
                                                               Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                                   Clerk of Court

 MARTIN JAMES PETERSON,

          Petitioner-Appellant,
 v.                                                     No. 12-8032
 ROBERT O. LAMPERT, Wyoming                   (D.C. No. 2:12-CV-00082-ABJ)
 Department of Corrections Director,                     (D. Wyo.)
 MICHAEL MURPHY, Wyoming
 Department of Corrections Warden,
 GABRIEL RAMIREZ, Wyoming
 Department of Corrections Sergeant,
 JOHN HOFFMAN, Wyoming
 Department of Corrections Sergeant,
 ISAAC VILLAFRANCA, Wyoming
 Department of Corrections Officer,
 and DEMARANED, Wyoming
 Department of Corrections Officer,

          Respondents-Appellees.


                             ORDER AND JUDGMENT *


Before MURPHY, BALDOCK, and HARTZ, Circuit Judges. **


      A state prisoner challenging “the fact or duration of his confinement” in

      *
         This order and judgment is not binding precedent except under the doctrines
of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however,
for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
      **
         After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist the determination of this
appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore
ordered submitted without oral argument.
federal court cannot use a 42 U.S.C. § 1983 action, but instead must seek federal

habeas relief. Preiser v. Rodriguez, 411 U.S. 475, 489 (1973). Petitioner Martin

James Peterson, a state prisoner, filed a § 1983 action in the District of Wyoming.

The district court construed his complaint as a petition for habeas corpus pursuant

to 28 U.S.C. § 2241, reasoning that the complaint primarily challenged the duration

of his confinement. The district court dismissed this civil action without prejudice

because Petitioner failed to demonstrate he exhausted his state remedies. Petitioner

appeals pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291. 1 “We review the district court’s dismissal of

a § 2241 habeas petition de novo,” Garza v. Davis, 596 F.3d 1198, 1203 (10th Cir.

2010), construing Petitioner’s pro se arguments liberally on appeal. Standifer v.

Ledezma, 653 F.3d 1276, 1283 n.1 (10th Cir. 2011). Applying this standard, we

conclude the district court properly recharacterized Petitioner’s claim as brought

under § 2241. Because Petitioner is in state custody proceeding pursuant to § 2241,

he must obtain a certificate of appealability before we may reach the merits. Montez

v. McKinna, 208 F.3d 862, 867 (10th Cir. 2000). For the reasons stated below, we

deny Petitioner a certificate of appealability and dismiss the appeal.

                                          I.

      Petitioner refused a prison housing unit assignment. In response to his failure



      1
        Because Petitioner’s complaint is properly construed as a habeas petition, our
jurisdiction arises under both 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and § 2253(a). Izzo v. Wiley, 620
F.3d 1257, 1258 (10th Cir. 2010).

                                          2
to comply with the assignment, Respondents allegedly initiated a disciplinary process

against Petitioner. Petitioner argues Respondents denied him the opportunity to have

a proper disciplinary hearing in which he could present evidence that he had doctors’

orders for a bottom bunk assignment. Petitioner asserts he received a conduct

violation. As a penalty, instead of being released on February 14, 2012, Plaintiff

states he now will be released on September 4, 2012.           Petitioner also asserts

Respondents denied him the opportunity to use the inmate grievance policy. In his

petition, Petitioner contends Respondents’ actions violated his First, Fifth, Sixth,

Eighth, Ninth, and Fourteenth Amendment rights. Petitioner seeks as relief: (1)

release from prison; (2) removal of Respondents from office; (3) monetary damages

of five million dollars for false imprisonment and wrongful incarceration; and (4)

imprisonment of Respondent Ramirez as well as compensation to Petitioner for

Ramirez allegedly falsifying documents.         Before we can address the merits of

Petitioner’s claims, we must first decide whether the district court erred in construing

Petitioner’s complaint as a petition.

                                          II.

      Although the language of § 1983 covers the claims of a state prisoner attacking

the constitutionality of prison disciplinary proceedings that lead to the deprivation

of good time credits, the Supreme Court has found “an implicit exception from

§ 1983’s otherwise broad scope for actions that lie ‘within the core of habeas

corpus.’” Wilkinson v. Dotson, 544 U.S. 74, 79 (2005). Accordingly, a § 1983

                                           3
action “will not lie when a state prisoner challenges ‘the fact or duration of his

confinement,’ and seeks either ‘immediate release from prison,’ or the ‘shortening’

of his term of confinement.” Id. (internal citations omitted). In addressing the

distinction between § 1983 and § 2241, the Supreme Court has pinpointed “the need

to ensure that state prisoners use only habeas corpus (or similar state) remedies when

they seek to invalidate the duration of their confinement—either directly through an

injunction compelling speedier release or indirectly through a judicial determination

that necessarily implies the unlawfulness of the State’s custody.” Id. at 81. Read

in their totality, the Supreme Court’s cases in this area indicate that a “state

prisoner’s § 1983 action is barred (absent prior invalidation)—no matter the relief

sought (damages or equitable relief), no matter the target of the prisoner’s suit (state

conduct leading to conviction or internal prison proceedings)—if success in that

action would necessarily demonstrate the invalidity of confinement or its duration.”

Id. at 81–82.

      Applying these principles to this case, we conclude Petitioner’s claims are not

cognizable under § 1983. Petitioner seeks an injunction ordering his immediate

release and the removal of Respondents from their offices. In addition, he seeks

money damages for “false imprisonment” and “wrongful[] incarceration.” Success

for Petitioner would mean immediate release from confinement and would

necessarily imply the invalidity of his sentence. Accordingly, Petitioner’s claims lie




                                           4
at “the core of habeas corpus” and must be brought in a habeas petition. 2 Preiser,

411 U.S. at 489.

                                          III.

      Because we conclude the district court properly construed Petitioner’s

complaint as a habeas petition, Petitioner must obtain a certificate of appealability

to proceed on the merits because he is in state custody. See Montez, 208 F.3d at

867. At this point, we construe Petitioner’s appeal as an application for a certificate

of appealability. Fed. R. App. P. 22(b)(2). Petitioner must make “a substantial

showing of the denial of a constitutional right” to obtain a certificate of

appealability. 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(2). “When the district court denies a habeas

petition on procedural grounds without reaching the prisoner’s underlying

constitutional claim,” as the district court did here, a petitioner is not entitled to a

certificate of appealability unless he shows, “at least, that jurists of reason would

find it debatable whether the petition states a valid claim of the denial of a

constitutional right and that jurists of reason would find it debatable whether the

district court was correct in its procedural ruling.” Slack v. McDaniel, 529 U.S. 473,

484 (2000). We may exercise discretion to resolve either the procedural or the



      2
         On May 24, 2012, Petitioner mailed a “Petition for Writ of Habeas Corpus
Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2241” to this Court. The Clerk of Court sent Petitioner a
letter, informing him that this Court would not file the petition because an
application for a writ of habeas corpus must be filed in the appropriate district court,
not the court of appeals.

                                           5
substantive issue first. Id. at 485.

      We chose to address the procedural issue first and conclude that reasonable

jurists could not debate that the district court permissibly dismissed this case for

Petitioner’s failure to demonstrate exhaustion of state remedies. 3 See Garza, 596

F.3d at 1203 (“The exhaustion of available administrative remedies is a prerequisite

for § 2241 habeas relief, although we recognize that the statute itself does not

expressly contain such a requirement.”).

      Accordingly, we DENY Petitioner’s application for a certificate of

appealability and DISMISS the appeal.



                                        Entered for the Court,



                                        Bobby R. Baldock
                                        United States Circuit Judge




      3
        On appeal, Petitioner filed a packet labeled “BOOK #2 Evidence/Exhibits.”
“Although these exhibits would be helpful to clarify [Petitioner’s petition], they were
not introduced in the district court. Consequently, we cannot review them and are
limited to the record below, in particular, the [petition].” Nutter v. Ward, 173 F.
App’x. 698, 699 n.2 (10th Cir. 2006) (unpublished) (citing Aero-Medical, Inc. v.
United States, 23 F.3d 328, 329 n.2 (10th Cir. 1994)).

                                           6
