Filed 4/16/13 P. v. Sinha CA2/7
                  NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
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              IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                     SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                DIVISION SEVEN


THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF                                           B236426
CALIFORNIA,
                                                                     (Los Angeles County
         Plaintiff and Respondent,                                   Super. Ct. Nos. MA052094,
                                                                     MA044995, MA050233)
         v.

ARVIND SINHA,

         Defendant and Appellant.



         APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County,
Bernie C. LaForteza, Judge. Affirmed in part, reversed in part and remanded.
         Joshua L. Siegel, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant.
         Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Dane R. Gillette, Chief Assistant Attorney
General, Lance E. Winters, Senior Assistant Attorney General, Margaret E. Maxwell,
Supervising Deputy Attorney General, Thomas C. Hsieh, Deputy Attorney General, for
Plaintiff and Respondent.


                                           ______________________
                                    INTRODUCTION

       Appellant Arvind Sinha appeals his conviction following a jury trial of one count
of inflicting corporal injury on his spouse (Pen. Code, § 273.5, subd. (a)),1 and one count
of attempting to dissuade a witness from giving testimony (§ 136.1, subd. (a)(2)). The
trial court sentenced him to an aggregate term of four years in state prison.
       We affirm in part, reverse in part and remand for resentencing.

           FACTUAL BACKGROUND AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

A. The Charges
       Arvind2 was charged in an amended information with two counts of first degree
burglary (§ 459, counts 1 & 3), one count of inflicting corporal injury upon his spouse
(§ 273.5, subd. (a), count 2), and one count of attempting to dissuade a witness from
giving testimony (§ 136.1, subd. (a)(2), count 4). The information specially alleged that
Arvind had committed each of the offenses while released from custody on bail in
another case (§ 12022.1). Arvind pled not guilty and denied the special allegation.

B. The Prosecution’s Case
       i. Count 2.
       As of February 5, 2011, Kimberlie Sinha had been married to Arvind for 13 years
and had two children with him. Kimberlie testified that in January and February, 2011
they were having relationship problems and would occasionally spend evenings apart.
During that period, she was also having an affair.
       On February 4, 2011, Arvind telephoned Kimberlie asking to pick up his car; he
also asked whether they were splitting up because she was with someone else. She told
him she did not want to talk about it and that he should just take his car and leave.

1
       Unless otherwise stated, all further statutory references are to the Penal Code.
2
       Because Arvind Sinha and his victim, Kimberlie Sinha, share a surname, we refer
to them by their first names for clarity and convenience. (See Cruz v. Superior Court
(2004) 120 Cal.App.4th 175, 188, fn.13.)

                                              2
        In the early morning of February 5, Kimberlie was at home sleeping in bed with
her boyfriend, James Dormay. Kimberlie testified that her roommate, Monica Detzell,
and Detzell‟s boyfriend, Tyler Pent, were also sleeping in the house. At approximately
2 a.m., Kimberlie awoke to the sound of someone knocking at her bedroom window. She
then heard rattling at her front door as if someone was “trying to get in the house,” and
called 911. At that point, she heard a window break.
        While Kimberlie was on the phone with the 911 operator, Arvind entered the
house. Kimberlie testified that Arvind was upset because she was there with Domay.
Arvind was yelling, and she was scared and crying. She testified that Domay “left really
quickly.” Arvind then came into her bedroom, where she was lying on her bed. He
picked up a candle sitting on her dresser and threw it, striking her left pinky finger.
Kimberlie testified that “it hurt,” and there was a “little bruise” and swelling on that
finger. The candle also struck the wall above her bed, leaving a dent there.
        Deputy Sheriffs Jason Brandenburg and DeShaun Miles responded to the scene.
Deputy Brandenburg testified that upon their arrival, Kimberlie, Detzell, and Pent exited
the house, and Kimberlie said Arvind was still inside. The deputies then ordered Arvind
out of the house. When Arvind exited the house, Kimberlie said, “That‟s him. That‟s
who hit me.”
        Deputy Brandenburg interviewed Kimberlie at the scene. He observed that she
was shaking and had tears in her eyes. During the interview, Kimberlie told him she and
Arvind were married for 13 years and had been separated for the last two years. Earlier
in the day, she had received a phone call from Arvind who wanted to come over, but she
refused. That morning, Arvind entered the house and a confrontation ensued between
Arvind and Domay in the hallway. She saw Arvind punch Domay several times in the
face, and Domay ran out of the house. Arvind then followed her into her bedroom, where
he threw a candle at her head, striking her left pinkie finger. He also hit her twice in the
face.




                                              3
       Deputy Brandenburg took photographs of Kimberlie‟s hands, and observed that
her left pinky was swollen and bruised. He also noticed that there was redness and slight
swelling to the right side of her face. Kimberlie told him her hand hurt. He asked
Kimberlie whether she wanted medical attention. She responded that she would go to the
doctor at a later date.
       Later that afternoon, Deputy Sheriff Diane Valadez interviewed Kimberlie at her
home. In her interview, Kimberlie recounted the incident that had occurred earlier that
morning and stated she had been injured by Arvind. Deputy Valadez observed that
Kimberlie‟s left pinkie finger was swollen and bruised “a deep[] blue color.”
       At trial, Kimberlie testified that she loved Arvind and did not want to see him
convicted. After the incident, she visited Arvind in jail several times. She testified that
on three or four occasions, Arvind had requested that she come see him. Kimberlie
further testified that she received “about thirty” phone calls from Arvind while he was in
custody. During one phone call, which was played for the jury, Kimberlie discussed the
incident with Arvind and told him he had broken her finger. According to Kimberlie,
Arvind “was saying that I pressed charges and I did all these things, and I didn‟t.” She
continued, “I just told them [police] what happened.”
       Los Angeles County Sheriff‟s Detective India Inez investigated the case. At trial,
she testified that she had received training to investigate domestic violence and had
interviewed over several hundred domestic violence victims in the course of her work. In
her professional experience, about 70 percent of victims minimized or recanted their
initial reports to the deputies. She explained that victims frequently recanted statements
of abuse due to fear, concern for children, financial dependency, or affection for the
defendant.

       ii. Count 4.
       On March 31, 2011, Deputy Sheriff Nathan Botten was working at the North
County Correctional Facility (NCCF). On that day, he retrieved a two-page handwritten
letter from Arvind‟s cell, which stated:


                                              4
       “They record us here 2 [sic] but the only chance I have of coming home is if you
do testify. And do not be afraid of perjury, you have no record! Worst case a slap on the
hand or a fine (which I would pay)[.] [T]heir [sic] are too many lies in the report, and
you need to state that we never stopped living 2gether [sic]. In fact you would stay with
me during the week, and I would stay with you on the weekends. (For commute
purposes.) But this particular night you didn‟t think I was coming over, but I had consent
to come over if I wanted 2 [sic]. You can also st8 [sic] you were intoxicated and you
didn‟t know you were signing a complaint against me.”
       Deputy Botten found the letter to be suspicious because the words were written in
large print on every other line. He explained that because inmates had to purchase their
own paper, they usually wrote in small print to save paper. He also found the wording of
the letter to be suspicious. After reading the letter, he contacted the Palmdale Sheriff‟s
station.
       The prosecution‟s theory at trial was that Arvind intended to influence Kimberlie‟s
testimony either by mailing the letter or by showing it to her while she visited him at the
jail. Deputy Botten testified that NCCF policy allowed inmates to send letters from the
jail, but that deputies reviewed or inspected all outgoing mail. No envelope
accompanying the letter was found in Arvind‟s cell. Deputy Botten testified that inmates
were also permitted to have a deputy pass a letter to their visitors in the visiting area. In
the jail‟s visiting room, inmates were separated from visitors by a glass barrier and spoke
with them by telephone. On several occasions, Deputy Botten had seen visitors hold
letters or documents up to the glass partition for inmates to view. If an inmate wanted to
hold a document up against the glass, he could do so without having the deputy review it.
       Kimberlie testified that she had never seen the two-page letter prior to trial.

C. The Defense Case
       At trial, the defense called Deputy Miles who had responded to the scene. He
testified that he did not see any injuries to Kimberlie‟s face. He specifically testified that
the only injuries he observed were on “her left hand, close to her pinkie.”


                                              5
       Arvind did not testify at trial or present any other evidence in his defense.
       At the close of evidence, the defense made a motion to dismiss under section
1118.1; the trial court denied the motion.

D. Verdict and Sentencing
       The jury found Arvind guilty of one count of corporal injury to a spouse and one
count of dissuading a witness from testifying. In a bifurcated proceeding, the court found
true the allegation that Arvind had committed those offenses while on bail (§ 12022.1).
The court sentenced Arvind to four years in state prison, consisting of a low term of two
years on count two and a consecutive term of two years on count four. The court struck
the on-bail enhancement pursuant to section 1385. Arvind received presentence custody
credit of 240 days (160 actual days and 80 days of conduct credit). The court ordered
him to pay two $40 court security fees, two $30 criminal conviction assessments and a
$400 restitution fine. A parole revocation fine was imposed and suspended pursuant to
section 1202.45.
       Arvind timely appealed.

                                       DISCUSSION
       I.     The People Concede the Conviction for Dissuading a Witness
              Must Be Reversed

       In this case, Arvind was convicted of attempting to dissuade a witness from
testifying, in violation of section 136.1, subdivision (a)(2), in count 4. This count was
based on the letter found in his jail cell on March 31, 2011. The letter stated to its
intended reader (whom the jury could reasonably infer to have been Kimberlie): “[T]he
only chance I have of coming home is if you do testify.” The letter then suggested the
false testimony Kimberlie should give. It said nothing about her avoiding testifying. The
People concede, and we agree that the evidence was insufficient to support the conviction
of count 4 because the letter reflects Arvind‟s intent to induce false testimony, not to
dissuade giving testimony. Other than this letter, there is no other evidence of Arvind‟s



                                              6
intent. Accordingly, the offense of dissuading a witness from testifying charged in count
4 was not proved, and the conviction on that count cannot stand.3

       II. Sufficiency of the Evidence of Corporal Injury Upon a Spouse
       Arvind contends the evidence was insufficient to support his conviction on count 2
because there was no credible evidence that Kimberlie‟s injuries resulted in a traumatic
injury or that he willfully inflicted any injury upon Kimberlie.

       a. Standard of Review
       In reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence to support a criminal conviction, “we
review the whole record to determine whether any rational trier of fact could have found
the essential elements of the crime or special circumstances beyond a reasonable doubt.
[Citation.] The record must disclose substantial evidence to support the verdict-i.e.,
evidence that is reasonable, credible, and of solid value-such that a reasonable trier of fact
could find the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. [Citation.] In applying this
test, we review the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution and presume in
support of the judgment the existence of every fact the jury could reasonable have
deduced from the evidence. [Citation.] „Conflicts and even testimony [that] is subject to
justifiable suspicion do not justify the reversal of a judgment, for it is the exclusive
province of the trial judge or jury to determine the credibility of a witness and the truth or
falsity of the facts upon which a determination depends. [Citation.] We resolve neither
credibility issues nor evidentiary conflicts; we look for substantial evidence. [Citation.]‟
[Citation.] A reversal for insufficient evidence „is unwarranted unless it appears “that
upon no hypothesis whatever is there sufficient evidence to support”‟ the jury‟s verdict.”
(People v. Zamudio (2008) 43 Cal.4th 327, 357.)




3
      Because we reverse Arvind‟s witness dissuasion conviction for insufficient
evidence, we need not address his remaining challenges to the conviction.

                                               7
       b. Traumatic injury.
       Section 273.5, subdivision (a) states, “Any person who willfully inflicts upon a
person who is his or her spouse…corporal injury resulting in a traumatic condition is
guilty of a felony….” Subdivision (c) of section 273.5 defines a “traumatic condition” as
“a condition of the body, such as a wound, or external or internal injury, [including, but
not limited to, injury as a result of suffocation,] whether of a minor or serious nature,
caused by a physical force.” Courts have further defined a traumatic condition as “a
wound or other abnormal bodily condition resulting from the application of some external
force” (People v. Stewart (1961) 188 Cal.App.2d 88, 91) and “„an abnormal condition of
the living body produced by violence‟” (People v. Cameron (1975) 53 Cal.App.3d 786,
797.) A high degree of physical harm is not required. (See People v. Abrego (1993) 21
Cal.App.4th 133, 137.) By extending culpability to situations involving minor injury,
“„the Legislature has clothed persons…in intimate relationships with greater protection
by requiring less harm to be inflicted before the offense is committed.‟” (Ibid.) In many
cases, the physical manifestation of a traumatic condition is satisfied by the victim‟s
bruises (e.g., People v. Beasley (2003) 105 Cal.App.4th 1078, 1085-1086) or redness
(e.g., People v. Wilkins (1993) 14 Cal.App.4th 761, 771) that result from the defendant‟s
physical force.
       In support of his position, Arvind relies upon People v. Abrego (1993) 21
Cal.App.4th 133. There, the defendant “slapped or punched” the victim five times in the
face and head. (Id. at p. 135.) At trial, the victim testified that she had not been injured
or bruised, she felt no pain from the blows, and she did not seek medical aid. (Ibid.)
Although the victim told the police officer who responded to the scene that she felt pain
and tenderness where she had been struck, the officer did not observe any injuries. (Ibid.)
The court held that the evidence was insufficient to support the defendant‟s conviction
under section 273.5, reasoning that the soreness and tenderness the victim had
experienced were not sufficient to constitute a traumatic condition. (Id. at p. 138.)
       Abrego does not assist Arvind; in Abrego there was no evidence of any trauma to
the body, minor or otherwise. Here, in contrast, the evidence established that Kimberlie

                                              8
had visible, external injuries on her face and finger caused by physical force. At trial, she
testified that Arvind had thrown a candle at her finger, causing a “little bruise” and
swelling on her left pinkie finger. Deputy Brandenburg, who responded to the scene and
spoke with Kimberlie, testified that she told him Arvind had thrown a candle at her head
and hit her twice in the face. Shortly after the incident, he observed that Kimberlie‟s left
pinkie finger was swollen and bruised, and took photographs of these injuries. He also
observed that there was redness and slight swelling to the right side of her face. Officer
Valadez testified that, later that afternoon, she saw Kimberlie and noticed that “her left
hand around her pinkie finger was very bruised and swollen all the way down to the
palm.” All of this constituted substantial evidence of a “traumatic condition” within the
meaning of section 273.5, subdivision (c).

       c. Willful infliction.
       To find a defendant guilty of violating section 273.5, subdivision (a), the
prosecution must prove willful infliction of bodily injury resulting in a traumatic
condition. (§ 273.5, subd. (a).) As section 273.5, subdivision (a) is a general intent
crime, a defendant may be found guilty if he willfully used force, even if he had no
specific intention of causing the traumatic injury. (People v. Campbell (1999) 76
Cal.App.4th 305, 308.) In this context, “willful” means simply a “„purpose or
willingness to commit the act.‟” (Ibid.; People v. Lara (1996) 44 Cal.App.4th 102, 107.)
       Here, there was sufficient evidence supporting a reasonable finding that
Kimberlie‟s injuries resulted from a direct application of force by Arvind. Deputy
Brandenburg testified that Kimberlie told him Arvind had thrown the candle at her head
and hit her in the face twice. (See People v. Richardson (2008) 43 Cal.4th 959, 1030-
1031 [“the testimony of a single witness is sufficient for the proof of any fact”]; People v.
Young (2005) 34 Cal.4th 1149, 1181 [“unless the testimony is physically impossible or
inherently improbable, testimony of a single witness is sufficient to support a
conviction”].) We see nothing physically impossible or inherently improbable in Deputy
Brandenburg‟s testimony. Furthermore, Kimberlie‟s testimony at trial partly


                                              9
corroborated the officer‟s testimony. She testified that Arvind had thrown the candle at
her finger.
       Arvind asserts that he intended to throw the candle at the wall, and any injury that
Kimberlie suffered “was the accidental and improbable result of the candle happening to
make contact with her after it bounced off of the wall.” This is merely an argument for a
different interpretation of the evidence, an argument which misperceives our standard of
review. (People v. Tripp (2007) 151 Cal.App.4th 951, 955 [“It is not our function to
reweigh the evidence, reappraise the credibility of witnesses, or resolve factual conflicts,
as these are functions reserved for the trier of fact”].) Accordingly, we conclude that
substantial evidence supports Arvind‟s conviction under section 273.5.

                                      DISPOSITION

       The conviction of dissuading a witness under section 136.1, subdivision (a)(2)
(count 4) is reversed. The sentence is vacated and the matter is remanded for
resentencing. In all other respects, the judgment is affirmed.




                                           ZELON, J.




We concur:




       WOODS, Acting P. J.




       JACKSON, J.




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