         IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                           AT JACKSON
                                     July 1, 2008 Session

  STATE OF TENNESSEE v. MARIO BATEMAN a.k.a. MARIO WOODS

                  Direct Appeal from the Criminal Court for Shelby County
                       No. 05-01008    James M. Lammey, Jr., Judge


                  No. W2007-00571-CCA-R3-CD - Filed October 28, 2008


The defendant, Mario Bateman, a.k.a. Mario Woods, was convicted of first degree murder and
sentenced to life imprisonment. The defendant appeals his conviction and argues that the trial court
erred by (1) admitting the victim’s dying declarations in violation of his Sixth Amendment right to
confrontation, (2) permitting the prosecution to inquire into a witness’s prior felony convictions on
direct examination, and (3) allowing a witness to read his entire statement to police on redirect
examination. Following our review of the parties’ briefs, the record, and the applicable law, we
affirm the judgment of the trial court.

     Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Criminal Court Affirmed

J.C. MCLIN , J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which JOHN EVERETT WILLIAMS and ALAN E.
GLENN , JJ., joined.

Claiborne H. Ferguson (at trial and on appeal) and Christopher Mitchell (at trial), Memphis,
Tennessee, for the appellant, Mario Bateman a.k.a. Mario Woods.

Robert E. Cooper, Jr., Attorney General and Reporter; Rachel E. Willis, Assistant Attorney General;
William L. Gibbons, District Attorney General; and Betsy Lynn Carnesale and Douglas Gregory
Gilbert, Assistant District Attorneys General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.

                                            OPINION

                                       I. BACKGROUND

        Michael Watkins testified that he knew the victim, Cornelius Muhahmed, for approximately
three or four months before the victim was shot and killed by the defendant. According to Mr.
Watkins, he hung out with the victim at least three or four times a week. On the day of the shooting,
Mr. Watkins and the victim were sitting in Mr. Watkins’ car in the driveway of an abandoned house
at 907 Pope in Memphis, Tennessee. Mr. Watkins stated that he had his head down and was doing
a crossword puzzle when he heard a loud bang. The victim yelled, “Oh, shit.” After that, Mr.
Watkins heard another voice that said, “Bitch, you thought this shit was over with,” followed by
more shots. Mr. Watkins stated that the shooting occurred at around 6:00 or 7:00 p.m. and it was
dark outside. He and the victim had been sitting in the car a couple of hours before the shooting.
Mr. Watkins was in the driver’s seat and the victim was in the passenger seat.

        Mr. Watkins testified that he identified the voice he heard as belonging to the defendant. He
stated that he was friendly with the defendant. When the shooting occurred, Mr. Watkins looked up
and saw an arm coming through the car’s sunroof with a revolver. According to Mr. Watkins, the
victim stumbled out of the car after the first shot. The defendant fired additional shots at the victim.
Mr. Watkins exited the car and walked around to see to the victim but the victim was gone. Mr.
Watkins left the scene with a friend who pulled up in his car soon after the shooting. He stated that
he was scared and just wanted to see his children. Mr. Watkins also stated that he had five felony
convictions, all related to the selling of drugs or facilitating the sale of drugs, and was currently on
probation for possession of a controlled substance with intent to sell. He identified a photograph of
his car, and identified the house and driveway where his car was parked. Mr. Watkins stated that
the defendant’s street name was “Cigarette.”

        Mr. Watkins testified that he returned to the scene of the shooting about five to ten minutes
after seeing his children. Police officers were at the scene interviewing witnesses and neighbors.
Mr. Watkins left the scene in his car and returned to his house. He later drove to his girlfriend’s
house, where he received a phone call from Chameka Duckett who told him that the police wanted
him to bring the car back. Mr. Watkins returned to the scene in his car approximately thirty minutes
later. His car was processed for evidence. Mr. Watkins was taken downtown and asked to make a
statement to detectives in the Homicide Department. Mr. Watkins stated that there was no blood or
bullet holes in his car. Mr. Watkins told police that the voice he heard sounded like the defendant’s.
Mr. Watkins identified the defendant from a photographic array of possible suspects.

         On cross-examination, Mr. Watkins testified that he never saw the defendant’s face, but he
recognized the defendant from behind as he ran down Pope Street. He further identified the clothing
the defendant wore as black jeans and a sweatshirt with a hood. Mr. Watkins stated that when he
saw the defendant earlier that evening, he was wearing black jeans, a black shirt and a black leather
jacket. Defense counsel confronted Mr. Watkins with his statement to police in which he said that
the defendant wore “[b]lack jeans and a black leather jacket. I couldn’t see the shirt.” Mr. Watkins
acknowledged that he “just figured it was a shirt.” According to Mr. Watkins, no one else could
have seen what happened. He acknowledged that he was on probation at the time of the shooting.
Mr. Watkins stated that the empty house where he parked his car was located next door to a house
belonging to Chameka Duckett. He further stated that he did not take anything out of his car after
he left the scene.

        On redirect examination, Mr. Watkins reiterated that he heard three or four additional shots
after the first shot was fired. Mr. Watkins also read from the statement he made and signed when
questioned by police. In his statement, Mr. Watkins described the clothing worn by the defendant
as “[b]lack jeans and a black leather jacket. I couldn’t see the shirt.” Mr. Watkins stated that this
was basically the same clothing the defendant had on earlier that day when he saw him walking


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down the street. Mr. Watkins stated that his trial testimony was essentially the same as the statement
he made to police officers.

        Chameka Duckett testified that she knew both the victim and the defendant from the
neighborhood. She stated that she also knew Mr. Watkins, and had “hung out” with Mr. Watkins
and the victim on the day of the shooting. She recalled seeing the two men in Mr. Watkins’ car in
the driveway of the abandoned house next door to her house. According to Ms. Duckett, a third man
named York, whom she referred to as a neighborhood crack addict, was in the backseat of the car
with the two other men. She was taking a bath when she heard gunshots outside her window. Ms.
Duckett continued her bath for another twenty minutes after hearing the gunshots. When she saw
the blue lights from police cars, she got out of the bathtub, put on her clothes, and went outside to
see what had happened. Police officers came to her house and asked if she knew of Mr. Watkins’
location. She called Mr. Watkins on his cell phone and told him that the police wanted him to return
his car to the scene.

        Ms. Duckett also testified that she was at a store on Pope Street approximately one month
before the shooting when she saw the defendant getting up off the ground after an altercation with
the victim. She stated that she went downtown to the Homicide Department and made a statement
to Sergeant Woodard the day after the shooting. She identified a photograph of the defendant from
a photographic array of possible suspects she was shown. Ms. Duckett also told police that York
was present in Mr. Watkins’ car at the time of the shooting. Ms. Duckett stated that York died
before trial.

        Abraham Smith testified that on December 3, 2004, he lived on Kippley Street and had just
exited his car in his driveway when he heard a gunshot. He walked around to the rear of his car
when he saw the victim beating on the side door of his house. He called out to the victim. The
victim came over to Mr. Smith and told him he had been shot and told him to call 9-1-1. According
to Mr. Smith, the victim’s legs began to get weak. Mr. Smith stayed with the victim who kept
repeating, “I don’t want to die . . . Hurry and call the ambulance.” The victim fell to the ground. Mr.
Smith kept asking the victim who shot him, but the victim did not respond. Officer Warren arrived
and asked the victim who shot him. Officer Warren instructed Mr. Smith to move away from the
victim. Mr. Smith did not hear the victim’s response to the officer’s question.

       On cross-examination, Mr. Smith testified that the victim hopped the fence to his backyard
and jumped over a gate to get to Mr. Smith’s side door. Mr. Smith stated that as he and the victim
waited on the ambulance and police, the victim grew increasingly weaker and more lethargic. Mr.
Smith reiterated that he did not hear the victim respond to Officer Warren’s questions.

        Ralph Avery testified that he was a firefighter/paramedic with the Memphis Fire Department.
He recalled that he responded to a call at a house on Kippley Street at approximately 7:00 p.m. on
December 3, 2004. He and his partner encountered the victim lying on the street with a pulse and
eye movement. Mr. Avery observed two gunshot wounds to the victim’s chest. Mr. Avery asked
the victim about his injuries but got no response. Mr. Avery noted that the victim was breathing


                                                  3
agonally, taking only one to two breaths per minute. Mr. Avery indicated that this was a strong
indication that the victim was close to death. The victim had a carotid pulse which indicated that
he had enough blood pressure to keep blood traveling to his brain. There was some evidence that
the victim had vomited prior to the paramedics’ arrival. The victim was quickly moved to the
ambulance. Mr. Avery took over breathing for the victim during transportation to the hospital. His
heart rate dropped below forty beats per minute. The victim was in critical condition and rapidly
deteriorating when the paramedics transferred his care to medical personnel at the Regional Medical
Center. Mr. Avery stated that prior to transferring the victim, the victim’s pupils became fixed and
dilated, a sign that his brain had ceased functioning. On cross-examination, Mr. Avery testified that
the presence of fixed and dilated pupils was another indication of death.

        Officer Michael Warren testified that on December 3, 2004, he was a patrol officer with the
central precinct when he responded to a “possible shooting with one down” on Kippley Street. He
arrived at the scene and found the victim lying on the ground. Officer Warren immediately ran over
to the victim and began talking to him. He asked the victim who shot him. The victim responded
“Mario Woods.” He asked the victim for the shooter’s street name and the victim told him
“Cigarette.” Officer Warren stated that he knew that the defendant went by the street name
Cigarette. Officer Warren did not know where the victim had been shot and did not see any blood.
The victim threw up and then began losing consciousness. Officer Warren continued to try to talk
to the victim who had closed his eyes and was breathing very slowly. Officer Warren remained at
the scene after paramedics transported the victim.

        On cross-examination, Officer Warren stated that the victim was able to tell him that the
defendant lived near Tutwiler and Baltic streets. Officer Warren found the victim’s identification
in his back pocket. On re-direct examination, Officer Warren confirmed that he cordoned off the
area as a crime scene and notified his supervisor who sent out the felony response team. He stated
that his responsibility was to control the crowd until the felony response team arrived.

       Officer Bonzell Bibbs testified that he was a Patrol Officer with the Memphis Police
Department in December of 2004 when he responded to a call on Kippley Street. After Officer
Bibbs heard the victim tell Officer Warren that an individual named “Mario Woods” shot him, he
went over to Pope Street where the shooting occurred. As he searched Pope Street for signs of a
crime scene, a woman came running up to him and said, “Cigarette shot him – Cigarette shot him.”
Officer Bibbs knew Cigarette’s given name and identified him as the defendant.

       On cross-examination, Officer Bibbs stated that he did not hear the victim identify the
shooter as Cigarette. He only learned of Cigarette’s identity after the woman on Pope Street told
him. Officer Bibbs could not identify the woman who gave him the information about Cigarette.

        William Woodard testified that he was a Sergeant in the Homicide Bureau with the Memphis
Police Department on December 3, 2004. Further, he was assigned to investigate the shooting of the
victim by the defendant. He stated that the shooting occurred between 6:00 and 7:00 p.m., and the
felony response team was dispatched to cover the scene before his arrival at 10:00 p.m. Sergeant


                                                 4
Woodard stated that he performed a walk-through of the scene and was briefed by officers as to what
had happened. Sergeant Woodard spoke with Mr. Watkins and Ms. Duckett at the scene and later
took statements from them downtown. Sergeant Woodard learned that the victim had identified the
defendant as both Cigarette and as Mario Woods. Sergeant Woodard asked both Mr. Watkins and
Ms. Duckett to identify the defendant from photographic arrays of numbered but unnamed suspects
to make sure that his investigation was focused on the correct individual. He stated that the
defendant used at least three different names.

       Sergeant Woodard testified that four or five days after the shooting, the defendant’s attorney
contacted him about having the defendant surrender to police. The defendant identified himself as
Mario Tatum. Sergeant Woodard did not arrest the defendant at that time because he had not
completed his investigation. Sergeant Woodard was subsequently able to eliminate two other
individuals named Mario Woods as suspects based on a physical description provided by Mr.
Watkins. The murder weapon was never recovered.

       On cross-examination, Sergeant Woodard testified that Mr. Watkins left the scene with
someone else and later returned to get his car and leave again. Mr. Watkins informed Sergeant
Woodard that the defendant used a revolver to shoot the victim. Mr. Watkins car was tested, but
no blood or gunshot residue was found in his car. Additionally, police were unable to recover any
traceable hair or fingerprint samples from Mr. Watkins’ car.

        On re-direct examination, Sergeant Woodard acknowledged that the information Mr. Watkins
provided was corroborated by the name the victim gave police officers before he died, and by the
unknown female witness on Pope Street. According to Sergeant Woodard, Mr. Watkins told police
that he recognized the defendant’s voice prior to the shooting. Mr. Watkins also told police that the
individual he observed running down Pope Street after the shooting matched the defendant’s general
description.

        Dr. Kenneth Snell testified that he had specialized training in clinical and forensic pathology
and was the Deputy Chief Medical Examiner in Memphis in December 2004 when he conducted an
examination of the victim. Dr. Snell noted four gunshot entrance wounds but only two gunshot
wound exit points. He asserted that two of the gunshot wounds likely caused the victim’s death.
According to Dr. Snell, the first of the two fatal bullets passed through the victim from back to front,
hit one of the vertebrae, and passed through the aorta and portions of the small intestines before
coming to rest in the abdominal wall. He opined that this was likely the shot that killed the victim
because a bullet through the aorta was a non-survivable wound without immediate vascular surgery.
Additionally, Dr. Snell stated that the second bullet entered the victim’s left chest, traveled through
the diaphragm, through the stomach, and into one of the muscles along the vertebral column.
Because this bullet passed through the stomach, the potential existed for the release of harmful
bacteria which would have been fatal without medical treatment.

        Vanessa Luellen testified that on the day of the shooting, she saw the victim coming out of
the neighborhood store on Pope Street with Michael Watkins. Later that day, she called the victim


                                                   5
back to her house just to make sure he was all right. Ms. Leullen stated she had started doing this
ever since the defendant threatened the victim. She stated that she had come to know the defendant
through others in the neighborhood. She knew the defendant as Mario Woods, Mario Bateman, and
Cigarette. According to Ms. Luellen, the victim hit the defendant in an altercation at the
neighborhood store on Pope Street. Ms. Luellen said that the defendant was angry with the victim
and described their relationship as strained.

         Ms. Luellen testified that she saw the defendant just before Thanksgiving. At that time, the
defendant told her, “I’m going to blow your cousin’s ass off. I ain’t forgot.” Ms. Luellen also
overheard another remark by the defendant while he was hanging out in the lot next door to her
house. Some neighborhood men were teasing the defendant about getting hit by the victim. The
defendant responded, “I’m going to blow that motherf**ker’s ass off.” She stated that after he made
this comment, she confronted the defendant and told him that the victim had a family who would not
just sit by and let him do something to the victim. Ms. Luellen also stated that a little while later,
she saw the defendant and the victim sitting outside her house, drinking and smoking marijuana
together. When she asked what was going on, the defendant informed her that they had worked out
their differences.

        Ms. Luellen testified that after she heard that the victim had been shot, she ran to the scene
of the shooting but was unable to see the victim. Later that night, she was able to view the victim’s
body at the hospital. She spoke with police and gave a statement about the prior altercation between
the defendant and the victim. Ms. Luellen identified the defendant from a photographic array
provided to her by police.

       On cross-examination, she testified that she spoke with Sergeant Woodard about the case.
She told him that the defendant’s name was Mario Woods. She stated that the original altercation
which occurred between the defendant and the victim happened sometime before Halloween.

         Sherhonda Coleman testified that she knew the victim as her boyfriend and had dated him
for about two-and-half months before he was shot and killed on December 3, 2004. She stated that
she also knew the defendant, who was her mother’s boyfriend. She had known the defendant for
approximately three years. According to Ms. Coleman, a conflict arose between the defendant and
the victim when Ms. Coleman brought the victim home to her mother’s house. The defendant told
the victim to be quiet and later told him that he was not supposed to be in the house. Ms. Coleman
recalled that on a separate occasion, she went with her mother to the defendant’s father’s house to
visit the defendant after a fight between the defendant and the victim. She saw that the defendant
was bleeding and had injuries to his face. Ms. Coleman continued to see the defendant at her
mother’s house, and he told her at one point, “I’m going to kill that n**ger for hitting me.” She
stated that the victim maintained his distance after the fight, and appeared to be afraid of the
defendant. Ms. Coleman said that she also feared the defendant because of fights she witnessed
between him and her mother. Ms. Coleman learned of the victim’s death when her mother picked
her up from work on the night of the shooting. She did not speak to the defendant again until after



                                                  6
he was incarcerated. She recalled that the defendant apologized to her for what had happened and
wished her luck with her new baby.

         On cross-examination, Ms. Coleman testified that she saw the wound on the defendant’s head
after his fight with the victim. She stated that the defendant had to have stitches. She stated that she
did not see the defendant and the victim together again at any time after the fight.

       The defendant was convicted of first degree murder and sentenced to life imprisonment. The
defendant filed a motion for new trial. The motion for new trial was heard and overruled by written
order on February 26, 2007. The defendant filed a timely notice of appeal on March 5, 2007.

                                           II. ANALYSIS

        On appeal, the defendant argues that the trial court erred by (1) admitting the victim’s dying
declarations in violation of his Sixth Amendment right to confrontation, (2) permitting the
prosecution to inquire into witness Michael Watkins’ prior felony convictions on direct examination,
and (3) permitting Michael Watkins to read his entire statement to police on redirect examination.

                                       A. Dying Declarations

       As his first issue on appeal, the defendant argues that the trial court erred by admitting the
victim’s identification of the defendant as the individual who shot him as a non-testimonial dying
declaration, in violation of his Sixth Amendment right to confrontation.

        When a defendant challenges the admissibility of an out of court statement, the admissibility
of those statements have traditionally been subject to the review established by the United States
Supreme Court in Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36 (2004). Crawford established a standard
for the admissibility of hearsay statements based upon whether they are “testimonial” or
“nontestimonial” in nature. Id. at 51-52. The Court concluded that testimonial hearsay is admissible
only where the declarant is unavailable and where there was “a prior opportunity for
cross-examination.” Id. at 68. The Court allowed the states to individually determine their standard
for the admissibility of nontestimonial hearsay. Id. Thereafter, Tennessee’s supreme court
determined that the admissibility of non-testimonial hearsay would be governed by the standard set
out in Roberts. See State v. Maclin, 183 S.W.3d 335 (Tenn. 2006), abrogated by State v. Lewis, 235
S.W.3d 136 (Tenn. 2007). Following our supreme court’s opinion in Maclin, the United States
Supreme Court issued an opinion which further explained Crawford. See Davis v. Washington, 547
U.S. 813 (2006). The Supreme Court determined that only testimonial statements cause the
declarant to be a witness within the meaning of the Confrontation Clause. Id. at 821. Thereafter,
our supreme court determined that in light of the decision in Davis, when “hearsay evidence is
nontestimonial and otherwise admissible under our Rules of Evidence, a separate analysis under
Roberts is unnecessary under either the federal or state constitutions.” Lewis, 235 S.W.3d at 145.




                                                   7
         Hearsay is defined as “a statement, other than one made by the declarant while testifying at
the trial or hearing, offered in evidence to prove the truth of the matter asserted.” Tenn. R. Evid.
801(c). Generally, hearsay statements are inadmissible unless they fall under one of the recognized
exceptions to the hearsay rule. Tenn. R. Evid. 802. The dying declaration is one such exception to
the hearsay rule. Pursuant to Tennessee Rule of Evidence 804(b)(2), a dying declaration is defined
as “a statement made by the victim while believing that the declarant’s death was imminent and
concerning the cause or circumstances of what the declarant believed to be impending death.” “The
rule retains Tennessee’s common law limitations. The trial must be for homicide of the declarant,
and the declaration is limited to circumstances surrounding the declarant’s death.” Id., Advisory
Comm’n Cmts. As determined by this court, the dying declaration exception to the rule against
hearsay has five elements:

       (1) The declarant must be dead at the time of the trial;
       (2) the statement is admissible only in the prosecution of a criminal homicide;
       (3) the declarant must be the victim of the homicide;
       (4) the statement must concern the cause or the circumstances of the death; and
       (5) the declarant must have made the statement under the belief that death was
             imminent.

State v. Hampton, 24 S.W.3d 823, 828-29 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2000). It is the final element which
“provides the indicia of truth that justifies this hearsay exception.” Neil P. Cohen et al., Tennessee
Law of Evidence § 8.35[2][f] (5th ed. 2005). “[I]t is not necessary that the declarant state
unequivocally a belief that death is imminent. Awareness of impending death has been inferred from
the language and condition of the declarant, the facts and circumstances surrounding the statement,
and medical testimony concerning the seriousness of the victim’s condition.” State v. Maruja
Paquita Coleman, No. 01C01-9401-CR-00029, 1997 WL 438169, at *5 (Tenn. Crim. App. at
Nashville, July 31, 1997), perm. app. denied (Apr. 13, 1998).

        The United States Supreme Court has noted that a dying declaration is vested with a
particular reliability when narrowly applied to the prosecution of homicides, even where such
declarations are deemed to be testimonial in nature:

       The one deviation we have found involves dying declarations. The existence of that
       exception as a general rule of criminal hearsay law cannot be disputed. Although
       many dying declarations may not be testimonial, there is authority for admitting even
       those that clearly are. We need not decide in this case whether the Sixth Amendment
       incorporates an exception for testimonial dying declarations. If this exception must
       be accepted on historical grounds, it is sui generis.

Crawford, 541 U.S. at 56 n. 6 (internal citations omitted). As noted by our supreme court, this
exception is widely recognized and enforced in almost every other jurisdiction. “Since Crawford,
we found no jurisdiction that has excluded a testimonial dying declaration. Several states have
specifically allowed the declaration as an exception to the rule in Crawford.” Lewis, 235 S.W.3d


                                                  8
at 148. Our Tennessee Supreme Court further noted that “[b]ecause the admissibility of the dying
declaration is also deeply entrenched in the legal history of this state, it is also our view that this
single hearsay exception survives the mandate of Crawford regardless of its testimonial nature.” Id.

        In challenging the admissibility of the statement, the defendant does not argue that the
victim’s statements to Officer Warren were not dying declarations. Rather, the defendant argues that
the victim’s statements were testimonial in nature, and therefore, the statements should not have
been admitted under Crawford. However, as previously noted, this court’s holding in Lewis is
controlling and clearly creates an exception for dying declarations regardless of their testimonial or
nontestimonial nature. Id. Accordingly, the defendant is without relief as to this issue.

                                       B. Prior Convictions

       The defendant next argues that the trial court erred by allowing the state to question its own
witness about his prior convictions on direct examination.

        Rule 609 of the Tennessee Rules of Evidence provides that evidence of prior convictions
for felonies or crimes of dishonesty may be used for the purpose of attacking the credibility of a
witness. Tenn. R. Evid. 609(a). Advisory Commission Comment (1) to Rule 609 states, “[t]his rule
does not preclude questions about prior convictions during direct examination.” Furthermore, this
court has concluded that it is permissible for counsel to ask the defendant about prior criminal
convictions where the trial court has ruled that those convictions could be used to impeach. State
v. Seay, 945 S.W.2d 755, 761 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1996); see also Neil P. Cohen et al., Tennessee Law
of Evidence § 6.09[11][b] at 6-104 (5th ed. 2005). The court explained its rationale in the following
manner:

       Counsel testified at the motion for new trial hearing that because the court had
       already approved the state’s request to question the [defendant] regarding these
       offenses, he wanted to soften the blow. Further, counsel did not want the jury to
       think they were concealing the prior convictions when it was inevitable that the state
       would question the [defendant] about them during cross-examination. This was a
       valid trial tactic often used by trial attorneys that will not be second-guessed by this
       Court.

Id.; see also State v. Milburn Greene, No. C.C.A. 317, 1990 WL 170431, at *3 (Tenn. Crim. App.
at Knoxville, Nov. 7, 1990), perm. app. dismissed (Tenn. Mar. 18, 1991). Indeed, as correctly
pointed out by the state, Tennessee Rule of Evidence 607 permits any party, including the party
calling the witness, to impeach the credibility of the witness.

        Upon review of the record, we note that the prosecution made an oral motion to preclude any
questioning of Mr. Watkins about his prior convictions on the first day of trial. The trial court, after
a jury-out hearing, determined that pursuant to Rule 609, Mr. Watkins’ prior convictions could be
used by the defendant to impeach his testimony. The prosecution called Mr. Watkins on the second


                                                   9
day of trial and preemptively questioned him about his prior convictions. The prosecution attempted
to mitigate or “soften the blow” that Mr. Watkins’ prior convictions might have on his credibility.
We conclude that the trial court did not err by permitting the prosecution to question Mr. Watkins
about his prior convictions on direct examination. See Seay, 945 S.W.2d at 761; Tennessee Rule of
Evidence 609 Adv. Comm’n Cmt. (1). Therefore, the defendant is without relief as to this issue.

                                 C. Watkins’ Written Statement

      As his final issue on appeal, the defendant argues that the trial court erred by allowing
Michael Watkins to read whole portions of his statement to police on re-direct examination.

        Ordinarily, extrinsic evidence of a prior consistent statement is not admissible to bolster the
credibility of a witness. See State v. Martin, 964 S.W.2d 564, 567 (Tenn. 1998); State v. Hodge, 989
S.W.2d 717, 725 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1998); State v. Braggs, 604 S.W.2d 883, 885 (Tenn. Crim. App.
1980) (noting that prior statements of witnesses, whether consistent or inconsistent, constitute
inadmissible hearsay evidence if offered for the truth of the matter asserted). However, a prior
consistent statement may be admissible when a witness is impeached through the introduction of a
prior inconsistent statement that suggests that the witness’ testimony was either fabricated or based
upon faulty recollection. State v. Meeks, 867 S.W.2d 361, 374 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1993). Also, a
prior consistent statement may be admissible when a prior inconsistent statement is used out of
context to cross-examine the witness. See State v. Boyd, 797 S.W.2d 589, 593-94 (Tenn. 1990).
Before a prior consistent statement may be admissible, “the witness’ testimony must have been
assailed or attacked to the extent that the witness’ testimony needs rehabilitating.” Hodge, 989
S.W.2d at 725.

        Additionally, Tennessee Rule of Evidence 106, often referred to as the “rule of
completeness,” states that “[w]hen a writing or recorded statement or part thereof is introduced by
a party, an adverse party may require the introduction at that time of any other part or any other
writing or recorded statement which ought in fairness to be considered contemporaneously with it.”
“As one commentator has said, this so-called ‘rule of completeness’ allows the trier of fact to ‘assess
related information at the same time rather than piecemeal.’” State v. Keough, 18 S.W.3d 175, 182
(Tenn. 2000) (quoting Neil P. Cohen et al., Tennessee Law of Evidence § 106.1, at 33 (3d ed. 1995)).
The court has subjected application of Rule 106 to the following considerations and limitations:

       Rule 106 is circumscribed, however, by two qualifications: (1) evidence proffered
       pursuant to this rule must be relevant to issues in the case; and (2) the evidence must
       explain or qualify already-admitted proof. Some courts have addressed the second
       qualification by asking whether the proffered evidence accomplishes one of the
       following objectives: (1) explains the admitted proof; (2) places the admitted proof
       in context; (3) avoids misleading the trier of fact; or (4) ensures a fair and impartial
       understanding of the admitted proof.




                                                  10
State v. William Pierre Torres, No. E1999-00866-CCA-R3-DD, 2001 WL 245137, at *33 (Tenn.
Crim. App. at Knoxville, Mar. 13, 2001) (internal citations omitted), aff’d in part and rev’d in part
by State v. Torres, 82 S.W.3d 236 (Tenn. 2002). A trial court’s decision to admit a written document
under Rule 106 will only be reversed upon a showing that the trial court abused its discretion. See
State v. Christopher Shane Harrell, No. E2005-01531-CCA-R3-CD, 2007 WL 595885, at *9 (Tenn.
Crim. App. at Knoxville, Feb. 26, 2007), perm. app. denied (Tenn. June 25, 2007).

        Upon review of the record, it appears that the trial court permitted the prosecution to ask Mr.
Watkins to read from his statement to police on redirect examination after the defense questioned
Mr. Watkins about factual inconsistencies between that statement and his trial testimony. The
defense questioned Mr. Watkins about variances in his description of the defendant’s clothing and
about what he heard the defendant say before the victim was shot. The defense had Mr. Watkins
read select portions of his statement in an effort to show Mr. Watkins’ testimony was based upon
faulty recollection or fabrication. The prosecution asked Mr. Watkins to read his complete responses
to certain questions from his statement to police officers. We discern no error and therefore no abuse
of discretion by the trial court in allowing Mr. Watkins to read from his statement. The statement
was relevant to show the identity of the defendant, as well as to explain a possible motive for
shooting the victim. The statement served to further explain and qualify excerpts used by the defense
to discredit Mr. Watkins’ testimony on cross-examination. Torres, 2001 WL 245137, at *33.
“Where specific questions and answers taken out of context do not convey the true picture of the
prior statement alleged to be inconsistent, it is unfair to permit reference to isolated, unexplained
responses by the witness and there is no error in allowing the statements to be placed in context.”
Boyd, 797 S.W.2d at 594. Therefore, the defendant is not entitled to relief as to this issue.

                                          CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.



                                                       ___________________________________
                                                       J.C. McLIN, JUDGE




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