Opinion issued January 21, 2016




                                      In The

                               Court of Appeals
                                     For The

                          First District of Texas
                             ————————————
                              NO. 01-14-00705-CV
                            ———————————
       IN THE GUARDIANSHIP OF PATRICIA FAY WESTBO, AN
                   INCAPACITATED PERSON



                    On Appeal from the Probate Court No. 1
                             Harris County, Texas
                       Trial Court Case No. 408,458-401


                          MEMORANDUM OPINION

      Appellant, Mark Metzger, challenges the probate court’s judgment, entered

after a jury trial, in favor of appellee, Dayle D. Tucker, as Guardian of the Person

and Estate of Patricia A. Westbo, in Metzger’s lawsuit against Westbo to recover

certain funds and an annuity account that he deposited in the Registry of the Harris
County District Clerk to supersede, pending appeal, a previously entered

clarification order.1 In four issues, Metzger contends that the evidence is legally

and factually insufficient to support the jury’s finding that Westbo lacked the

requisite mental capacity to execute a release dated May 22, 2006 (the “release”);

Tucker is estopped from arguing that Westbo lacked the requisite mental capacity

to execute the release; the probate court erred in instructing the jury to interpret the

language of the release; and, alternatively, if the evidence is sufficient to support

the jury’s finding that Westbo lacked the requisite mental capacity to execute the

release, he is entitled to a credit of $46,500.

      We affirm.

                                     Background

      In our previous opinions, we thoroughly discussed the factual background

and complex procedural history of the litigation between the parties.2 In April

2002, Metzger sued Westbo for divorce, and the district court, in July 2002,

entered its divorce decree. In October 2002, Westbo filed a petition in the district

court, seeking clarification of the decree in regard to the division of certain
1
      See Metzger v. Metzger, No. 01-04-00893-CV, 2007 WL 1633445, at *1–7 (Tex.
      App.—Houston [1st Dist.] June 7, 2007, pet. denied) (mem. op.); Trial Court
      Cause No. 2002-21703.
2
      See Westbo v. Metzger, No. 01-09-00952-CV, 2010 WL 2991121, at *1–6 (Tex.
      App.—Houston [1st Dist.] July 29, 2010, pet. denied) (mem. op.); Metzger, 2007
      WL 1633445, at *1–3; see also Westbo v. Metzger, Nos. 09-08-200CV, 09-09-
      241CV, 2008 WL 4998349, at *1–2 (Tex. App.—Beaumont Nov. 26, 2008, pet.
      denied) (mem. op.).


                                            2
property. Then, Metzger and Westbo, on June 8, 2004, entered into a Mediated

Settlement Agreement (the “MSA”), which required Metzger to pay Westbo

$75,000, convey to Westbo an annuity account or accounts, and execute a

promissory note in the amount of $45,000, secured by certain real estate in Tyler

County.

      Based upon the MSA, the district court, on June 18, 2004, entered an “Order

on Motion for Clarification of Prior Decree of Divorce.” Subsequently, Metzger

challenged the clarification order by appeal to this Court.3 Pending the appeal,

Metzger superseded the clarification order by depositing in the Registry of the

Harris County District Clerk the funds and the annuity account that are the subject

of the instant lawsuit. This Court, on June 7, 2007, modified the district court’s

clarification order to delete certain provisions, and we affirmed the clarification

order as modified.4

      In the meantime, Westbo, in or around March 2006, suffered a stroke. Then,

on May 22, 2006, Metzger sent a process server and a notary to Westbo’s home to

have her sign the release, by which, Metzger asserts, Westbo, in exchange for a
3
      See Metzger, 2007 WL 1633445, at *1.
4
      Id. at *7. Prior to our rendition of judgment and the issuance of our opinion on
      June 7, 2007, Metzger filed another lawsuit against Westbo in the Tyler County
      District Court. See Westbo, 2008 WL 4998349, at *1. Although the Tyler County
      District Court enjoined Westbo from attempting to collect the funds and annuity
      account held in the Registry of the Harris County District Clerk, the Beaumont
      Court of Appeals held that the Tyler County District Court lacked subject matter
      jurisdiction to so enjoin Westbo. Id. at *2–3.


                                          3
$45,000 cashier’s check from Metzger, relinquished any claim that she has to the

funds and the annuity account held in the Registry of the Harris County District

Clerk.

         On December 12, 2007, Metzger filed in the district court the instant lawsuit,

and he, in his amended petition, sought a declaration that the release signed by

Westbo “is valid and existing” and she, thus, relinquished any claim to the funds

and annuity account held in the Registry of the Harris County District Clerk.

Metzger then filed a motion for partial summary judgment, asserting that the

release is valid, he did not procure it by fraud, and it is supported by consideration.

In response, Tucker asserted that Westbo did not “release her rights” to the funds

and the annuity account, and moreover, she lacked the requisite mental capacity to

execute the release. Tucker further asserted that “[t]he language of the release is

completely botched,” it did not release Metzger from his obligation to supersede

the clarification order, and it, “[a]t its very best,” is ambiguous, creating “a fact

issue.”

         On June 18, 2009, the district court granted Metzger partial summary

judgment, concluding that the release “is valid.” Then, Metzger, on June 29, 2009,

filed a motion for “[f]inal [s]ummary [j]udgment,” asserting that Westbo, as a

matter of law, “has no claim” to the funds and the annuity account held in the

Registry of the Harris County District Clerk. He further requested that the district



                                            4
court order the Harris County District Clerk to release the funds and annuity

account to him. After the filing of several other motions and responses, the district

court, on October 2, 2009, granted final summary judgment in favor of Metzger,

and it ordered the Harris County District Clerk to immediately release to Metzger

the funds and the annuity account.

       Westbo appealed the district court’s judgment, and this Court, on July 29,

2010, held that the district court had erred in granting Metzger summary judgment

because the language of the release is ambiguous, creating a fact issue as to the

proper construction of the terms of the release.5 We noted that the release is in

many respects, “incomprehensible” and “ambiguous.”6 Accordingly, we remanded

the case to the district court.

       The district court, due to the September 2011 appointment of Tucker as

guardian of Westbo and her estate,7 subsequently transferred the case to the

probate court below for trial. After hearing the evidence, the jury found that

Westbo did not have the requisite mental capacity at the time she executed the

release. It also found that the release did not release Metzger from any and all

claims of Westbo associated with certain causes of action. In accord with the

jury’s findings, the probate court then entered judgment that Westbo is entitled to

5
       Westbo, 2010 WL 2991121, at *9.
6
       Id.
7
       Westbo currently lives in a nursing home in Montana.


                                           5
the funds and the annuity account held in the Registry of the Harris County District

Clerk.

                               Sufficiency of Evidence

         In his first issue, Metzger argues that the evidence is legally and factually

insufficient to support the jury’s finding that Westbo lacked the requisite mental

capacity to execute the release because Westbo “did not present evidence of her

mental capacity before the events relating to the signing” of the release “or after

those events.” Metzger asserts that the “only evidence that Westbo presented as to

her supposed lack of mental capacity was the testimony of Dr. Samuel Neely,”

which was based on “pure speculation, without any scientific foundation.”

         When, as here, an appellant attacks the legal sufficiency of an adverse

finding on an issue on which he did not have the burden of proof, he must

demonstrate that no evidence supports the finding. Associated Indem. Corp. v.

CAT Contracting, Inc., 964 S.W.2d 276, 285–86 (Tex. 1998); Ned v. E.J. Turner

and Co., 11 S.W.3d 407, 408 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2000, pet. denied).

We will sustain a legal-sufficiency or “no-evidence” challenge if the record shows

one of the following: (1) a complete absence of evidence of a vital fact; (2) rules

of law or evidence bar the court from giving weight to the only evidence offered to

prove a vital fact; (3) the evidence offered to prove a vital fact is no more than a

scintilla; or (4) the evidence establishes conclusively the opposite of the vital fact.



                                           6
City of Keller v. Wilson, 168 S.W.3d 802, 810 (Tex. 2005). In conducting a legal-

sufficiency review, a “court must consider evidence in the light most favorable to

the verdict, and indulge every reasonable inference that would support it.” Id. at

822. The term “inference” means,

      [i]n the law of evidence, a truth or proposition drawn from another
      which is supposed or admitted to be true. A process of reasoning by
      which a fact or proposition sought to be established is deduced as a
      logical consequence from other facts, or a state of facts, already
      proved . . . .

Marshall Field Stores, Inc. v. Gardiner, 859 S.W.2d 391, 400 (Tex. App.—

Houston [1st Dist.] 1993, writ dism’d w.o.j.) (internal quotations omitted). “For a

jury to infer a fact, it must be able to deduce that fact as a logical consequence

from other proven facts.” Id.

      If there is more than a scintilla of evidence to support the finding, we must

uphold it. Formosa Plastics Corp. USA v. Presidio Eng’rs and Contractors, Inc.,

960 S.W.2d 41, 48 (Tex. 1998). “[W]hen the evidence offered to prove a vital fact

is so weak as to do no more than create a mere surmise or suspicion of its

existence, the evidence is no more than a scintilla and, in legal effect, is no

evidence.”   Ford Motor Co. v. Ridgway, 135 S.W.3d 598, 601 (Tex. 2004)

(internal quotations omitted). However, if the evidence at trial would enable

reasonable and fair-minded people to differ in their conclusions, then jurors must

be allowed to do so. City of Keller, 168 S.W.3d at 822. “A reviewing court cannot



                                         7
substitute its judgment for that of the trier-of-fact, so long as the evidence falls

within th[e] zone of reasonable disagreement.” Id.

      In conducting a factual-sufficiency review, we must examine, consider, and

weigh all of the evidence that supports or contradicts the jury’s determination. See

Dow Chem. Co. v. Francis, 46 S.W.3d 237, 242 (Tex. 2001); Plas–Tex, Inc. v. U.S.

Steel Corp., 772 S.W.2d 442, 445 (Tex. 1989). We note that the jury is the sole

judge of the witnesses’ credibility, and it may choose to believe one witness over

another; a reviewing court may not impose its own opinion to the contrary. See

Golden Eagle Archery, Inc. v. Jackson, 116 S.W.3d 757, 761 (Tex. 2003). We

may set aside the verdict only if the evidence is so weak or the finding is so against

the great weight and preponderance of the evidence that it is clearly wrong or

manifestly unjust. See Dow Chem. Co., 46 S.W.3d at 242; Pool v. Ford Motor

Co., 715 S.W.2d 629, 635 (Tex. 1986).

      In question one of its charge to the jury, the probate court asked, “Do you

find from a preponderance of the evidence that Patricia Westbo had the requisite

mental capacity (as defined below) at the time she executed the document entitled

‘Full Release’ dated May 22, 2006?” The probate court defined mental capacity as

“sufficient mind and memory to understand the nature and consequences of her

acts and the business she was transacting.” And the jury answered, “[N]o.”




                                          8
      The law generally presumes that a person possesses the requisite mental

capacity at the time of executing a conveyance deed; thus, a party contesting such

capacity must shoulder the burden of proof. Decker v. Decker, 192 S.W.3d 648,

652 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2006, no pet.). Evidence concerning capacity either

prior or subsequent to the time of the conveyance may be relevant to the capacity

issue. Id.; see also Haile v. Holtzclaw, 414 S.W.2d 916, 926 (Tex. 1967); Cole v.

Waite, 246 S.W.2d 849, 852 (Tex. 1952). Circumstantial evidence may be relevant

to proving capacity or the lack thereof, including: (1) the conduct of the party in

question; (2) circumstances tending to produce a particular mental condition; and

(3) prior or subsequent existence of a mental condition from which a party’s

capacity or incapacity at the time in question may be inferred. In re Estate of

Robinson, 140 S.W.3d 782, 793 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 2004, pet. denied).

The question of capacity is generally one for the jury. See id. at 793–94.

      In support of her assertion that Westbo lacked the requisite mental capacity

to execute the release, Tucker, who is Westbo’s daughter, presented to the jury her

own testimony and the deposition testimony of Dr. Samuel Neely.

      Dr. Neely testified that on March 23, 2006, he saw Westbo, who was

complaining of “numbness” on her left side. He then admitted her to a hospital on

March 31, 2006 because of “acute left-sided weakness from a stroke in the right

brain.” Neely noted that the right side of the brain “controls the left side of the



                                         9
body, so [the stroke] paralyzed the left side of her body,” and Westbo probably had

“a blood clot that plugged up a blood vessel in her right brain.”          After her

discharge from the hospital on April 3, 2006, Westbo spent time at a rehabilitation

facility “to maximize the recovery after the stroke.” Neely explained that some

people “get nearly complete recovery after a stroke,” “some people get no

recovery,” “there [are] lots of people in between,” and “rehabilitation is designed

to maximize the recovery.”

      When Dr. Neely saw Westbo on May 8, 2006,

      she was in a wheelchair because she was so weak on the left side, she
      couldn’t ambulate well; and she had a few other problems [he was]
      attending to. She had kind of dislocated a bone in her left
      hand . . . and [h]e also set her up for evaluation of dizziness with an
      inner ear doctor.

And when Neely saw Westbo on August 7, 2006, he noted that she still had

      significant left-sided weakness. She could move her left hand but
      couldn’t grip . . . a glass effectively to hold it. She could bear weight
      on the left leg. Even though she was in a wheelchair, if she stood up,
      with assistance she could bear some weight. And [h]e had
      additionally at a certain point had her see a hematologist who had
      found some clotting abnormalities that might have been a contributing
      factor to her stroke, who was helping [Neely] with her blood thinning
      therapy to lower her risk for another stroke.

      In diagnosing Westbo, Dr. Neely opined that she had “an embolic stroke in

the right brain that caused her left-side weakness, maybe partly aggravated by the[]

clotting abnormalities that the hematologist detailed, Dr. Guzley, and then left her

with a significant left-sided weakness and additionally impairment of her thinking

                                         10
and memory.” (Emphasis added.) In regard to Westbo’s cognitive mental capacity

following her stroke, Neely opined: “[It] would have been impaired. I don’t think

we had formal neuropsychological testing to detail all the cognitive impact, but it’s

usual [for a person] after a stroke in this capacity to [have] impair[ed] thinking and

memory.” He further opined, based on his “medical knowledge” and “examination

of the patient,” that Westbo did not have sufficient mental capacity to understand

the release that she signed on May 22, 2006.

      Dr. Neely further explained that “[a]t the present time, [Westbo’s]

neurologic deficits are probably fixed, especially as it relates to the stroke that had

occurred in March of 2006.” He prescribed for Westbo “Aggrenox,” a blood

thinner which prevents blood clotting, to lower her risk of having another stroke.

And Neely saw Westbo again on October 4, 2007 because she had “a history of a

seizure” that occurred after her visit on August 7, 2006.

      Tucker opined that Westbo did not know what she was doing when she

signed the release on May 22, 2006. Tucker testified that Westbo’s condition did

not improve from the time that she had the stroke in March 2006 to the time that

Tucker moved Westbo to the state of Washington in 2009.8 Tucker explained,

      It’s hard to quantify but my mother -- before the stroke, my mother
      was very sharp, very intelligent. When I moved her, actually I noticed
      this on my visit in 2007, she would repeat things that she had already
      said. She would forget from one minute to the next what you had
8
      As noted previously, Westbo now resides in a nursing home in Montana.


                                          11
      said. She used to joke that if you did something or said something to
      her before she had a nap, she wouldn’t remember it when she woke
      up.

Tucker specifically noted that Westbo, since her stroke, had been slurring her

words and,

      [w]hen she sent me cards and little notes, because she used to do that
      a lot, her handwriting had changed, she quit crossing her t’s and
      dotting her i’s and things like that[.] . . . She has good days and she
      has bad days. There are days when I would call and the people who
      were staying with her . . . would answer the phone and they would
      give the phone to her and she wouldn’t talk to me. And then there
      were days when she would talk to me [and] she would talk about stuff
      that wasn’t relevant that had happened years before.

In other words, Westbo experienced waxing and waning of lucidity. And after the

stroke, Westbo’s signature changed and certain real estate documents signed by

Westbo did not contain her normal signature.

      When asked how Westbo could transfer 120 acres of real property to Tucker

on October 27, 2009 if she did not know what she was doing when she signed the

release on May 22, 2006, Tucker responded that Westbo had, in 2003, expressed

her intention to transfer the land. Tucker opined that Westbo knew what she was

doing when she transferred the land to Tucker and when she sold other real estate.

And Tucker subsequently transferred to her brother the 120 acres of real property

that Westbo had transferred to her because Westbo had previously expressed her

desire for the land to stay in the family and Tucker could not afford it. Moreover,

Tucker sold Westbo’s house because it was due to be foreclosed on. Regarding

                                        12
these real estate transactions, Tucker explained, “Technically speaking, based on

the signatures on those documents, [Westbo] sold those properties. The truth of

the matter is, I handled the transactions. . . . I was the one that spoke with the

realtor that sold her house. I handled all of those conversations. All my mother

did was sign the papers because I asked her to.”

      In support of his assertion that Westbo had the requisite mental capacity to

execute the release, Metzger presented to the jury the testimony of Herschel Day, a

process server, and Susan Rosen, a process server and notary.

      Day testified that on May 19, 2006, he, accompanied by Rosen, delivered to

Westbo the release, a check, and a warranty deed. However, Westbo refused to

sign the papers, stating that “you will need to take it all back to [Metzger], he is not

going to get any signatures until my lawyers approve this.” Day left with Westbo a

copy of the release for her to review.

      On May 22, 2006, Day, again accompanied by Rosen, returned to Westbo’s

home, where they found her “seated in the middle of the floor and she was very

cheerful, just sitting there watching TV.” Westbo recognized Day and called him

by his nickname, “Butch”; she knew him by name because he had served her with

papers on previous occasions. He and Rosen were with Westbo for approximately

30 minutes while she read the papers, including the release. And Westbo did not

do or say anything to indicate that she did not understand why Day and Rosen were



                                          13
at her home. At some point, Westbo asked Day whether he had another check for

$600 because “[m]y attorney told me there was supposed to be a check for six

hundred dollars.” Because he could not contact Metzger, Day wrote Westbo a

$600 check from his own account. He noted that Westbo did not seem to have any

trouble signing the warranty deed, the release, a motion for nonsuit, an order for

nonsuit,9 or Rosen’s “notary book.” And he opined that Westbo appeared to have a

rational understanding of what he was doing and what she was doing.

      On cross-examination, Day admitted that when Westbo signed her name, it

was the first time that he had seen her sign anything. And when Westbo’s counsel

showed Day her signature, Day noticed that she had not crossed the letter “t” nor

dotted the letter “i” in several documents, including the release.

      Rosen testified that she accompanied Day to meet with Westbo on May 19

and May 22, 2006. She noted that Westbo, on May 19, did not have any trouble

speaking, and she appeared to understand the matters discussed. And Westbo did

not indicate that she was confused or did not know what she was doing. However,

in contrast to Day, Rosen did not believe that Day left the release with Westbo on

May 19. During the May 22 visit, Westbo had no trouble communicating, and she

again appeared to have a rational understanding of what she was doing. Westbo

even communicated to Rosen that she had three different addresses for notary
9
      Metzger subsequently filed the nonsuit to dispose of his lawsuit against Westbo in
      Tyler County.


                                          14
purposes. And when Day gave the documents to Westbo, she “looked at them and

no questions were asked.”

      Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the jury’s verdict, we

conclude that the jury could have reasonably found that Westbo lacked the

requisite mental capacity to execute the release on May 22, 2006. Dr. Neely saw

Westbo after she had suffered a stroke just two months before she signed the

release, and he diagnosed her as suffering from stoke symptoms, including

impaired thinking and memory. Neely opined that Westbo would not have been

able to understand the complex legal documents that she signed on May 22, 2006.

And he based his opinion on his medical knowledge and his examinations of her,

having met with her on March 23, May 8, and August 7, 2006 and October 4,

2007. Moreover, Tucker testified that after her stroke, Westbo showed signs of

memory lapse and a waxing and waning of lucidity. Thus, Tucker opined that

Westbo could not have known what she was doing when she signed the release.

This evidence demonstrates that Westbo did lack the requisite mental capacity at

the time she signed the release. See Decker, 192 S.W.3d at 652; In re Estate of

Robinson, 140 S.W.3d at 793. Accordingly, we hold that the evidence is legally

sufficient to support the jury’s finding that Westbo lacked the requisite mental

capacity to execute the release on May 22, 2006.




                                        15
      Viewing the evidence neutrally, both that which supports and contradicts the

jury’s finding that Westbo lacked the requisite mental capacity to execute the

release, we also conclude that it is not so weak, nor is the finding so against the

great weight and preponderance of the evidence that it is clearly wrong or

manifestly unjust. See Pool, 715 S.W.2d at 635. Both Day and Rosen did testify

that when they met with Westbo on May 19 and May 22, 2006, she appeared to

know what she was doing. However, whether there was contradictory evidence or

not, the jury, as the sole judge of the credibility of the witnesses and the weight to

be given their testimony, was free to discount, or disregard altogether, the

testimony of Day and Rosen. See Golden Eagle Archery, 116 S.W.3d at 761.

      Metzger further notes that after her stroke,

      Westbo executed several legal documents disposing of all her real
      property in Texas. These conveyances and the dates thereof were: a
      Modification and Extension Agreement to the lienholder on her home,
      dated December 12, 2006; a General Warranty Deed to the Cannons
      [the person purchasing her home in Lockhart, Texas], dated April 1,
      2009; a Warranty Deed with Vendor’s Lien to Tomahawk Ranch,
      dated May 12, 2009, conveying over 120 acres of valuable land in
      Texas; and a Deed to her daughter, D. Tucker, dated October 27,
      2009.

(Internal footnotes omitted.) He asserts that “[t]hese additional actions by Westbo

refute Dr. Neely’s belief that her ‘deficits’ were continuing and show that she had

mental capacity when she executed the Full Release and Special Warrant[y] Deed

on May 22, 2006.” However, the record also shows that Tucker had Westbo’s



                                         16
power of attorney after her stroke, allowing Tucker to execute various real estate

transactions for her mother. Tucker also explained why and how the real estate

transactions were executed, she was the one who handled the sales, and that

Westbo simply signed the pertinent documents at Tucker’s direction. Again, the

jury, as the sole judge of the credibility of the witnesses and the weight to be given

their testimony, was free to accept Tucker’s explanation about the real estate

transactions. See id.

      Accordingly, we hold that the evidence is factually sufficient to support the

jury’s finding that Westbo lacked the requisite mental capacity to execute the

release on May 22, 2006.

      Metzger further challenges the scientific reliability of Dr. Neely’s expert

testimony, asserting that it “was pure speculation, without any scientific

foundation.”   He asserts that “[a]lthough Dr. Neely may be an accomplished

physician with extensive training and expertise, the controlling issue is not the

adequacy of his qualifications but whether his opinion testimony was scientifically

reliable.” Metzger complains that Neely did not see Westbo on either May 19 or

May 22, 2006, did no “formal neuropsychological testing” on her, and did not

discuss the “severity of the supposed stroke.”

       A party must present a complaint regarding the reliability of expert

testimony to the trial court, or appellate review is waived. See Maritime Overseas



                                         17
Corp. v. Ellis, 971 S.W.2d 402, 409–10 (Tex. 1998); see also TEX. R. APP. P.

33.1(a)(1). No objection is required, however, to preserve a no-evidence challenge

to conclusory expert testimony. Coastal Transp. Co. v. Crown Cent. Petroleum

Corp., 136 S.W.3d 227, 232–33 (Tex. 2004) (objection required when challenging

“underlying methodology, technique, or foundational data” supporting expert

testimony, unless testimony wholly speculative or conclusive). Here, Dr. Neely

based his opinion regarding Westbo’s requisite mental capacity on his

examinations of her both before and after she signed the release on May 22, 2006.

Thus, his testimony, based on his observations and medical expertise, is not wholly

speculative or conclusory. And Metzger did not assert his scientific reliability

challenge to the trial court.   Because Metzger did not assert this complaint at trial,

he did not preserve it for appellate review. See TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1(a)(1); Ellis,

971 S.W.2d at 409–10.

      Metzger next complains that Tucker did not present the testimony of another

person, presumably a caretaker, regarding Westbo’s mental capacity. And he

argues that because Westbo talked to her lawyer prior to signing the release, her

lawyer could have testified about Westbo’s mental capacity.

      Metzger, relying on Dillard’s Department Stores, Inc. v. Strom, 869 S.W.2d

654 (Tex. App.—El Paso 1994, no writ), asserts that “[a] party’s failure to produce

important evidence within its control raises a presumption that the evidence, if



                                           18
produced, would be unfavorable.” (Internal quotations omitted.) However, the

court in Strom further explained that a party’s “failure” to produce important

evidence within its control constitutes “some probative evidence that will support

an adverse jury finding.” 869 S.W.2d at 657. Here, unlike in Strom, Westbo did

not receive an adverse jury finding.        Thus, Metzger’s reliance on Strom is

misplaced.

      We overrule Metzger’s first issue.

                                    Estoppel

      In his second issue, Metzger argues that Tucker, as Westbo’s guardian, is

estopped from arguing that Westbo lacked the requite mental capacity to execute

the release because Tucker herself engaged in real estate transactions with Westbo.

Specifically, Metzger asserts that although “Westbo executed a Special Warranty

Deed that conveyed her interest in almost 200 acres of land at the same time that

she executed the full release,” Tucker did not challenge Westbo’s mental capacity

“to have conveyed away her interest in such valuable real estate.” Metzger also

asserts that “Westbo deeded to Tucker 124 acres of land in Texas” 54 days prior to

Tucker commencing guardianship proceedings on December 22, 2009 against

Westbo in the State of Washington. Metzger complains that these real estate

transactions are “completely inconsistent and the doctrine of estoppel by conduct

should apply to Tucker and through her, to Westbo.”



                                           19
      Quasi-estoppel is a term applied to certain legal bars, such as ratification,

election, acquiescence, or acceptance of benefits. Steubner Realty 19, Ltd. v.

Cravens Road 88, Ltd., 817 S.W.2d 160, 164 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.]

1991, no writ). The long-standing doctrine “precludes a [person] from asserting, to

another’s disadvantage, a right inconsistent with a position previously taken.”

Lopez v. Muñoz, Hockema & Reed, L.L.P., 22 S.W.3d 857, 864 (Tex. 2000); see

Schauer v. Von Schauer, 138 S.W. 145, 149–50 (Tex. Civ. App.—Austin 1911,

writ ref’d) (“Where a person has, with knowledge of the facts, acted or conducted

himself in a particular manner, or asserted a particular claim, title, or right, he

cannot afterwards assume a position inconsistent with such act, claim or conduct to

the prejudice of another.” (internal quotations omitted)).    And “[t]he doctrine

applies when it would be unconscionable to allow a person to maintain a position

inconsistent with one [in] which [s]he acquiesced.” Lopez, 22 S.W.3d at 864; see

also Atkinson Gas Co. v. Albrecht, 878 S.W.2d 236, 240 (Tex. App.—Corpus

Christi 1994, writ denied); Vessels v. Anschutz Corp., 823 S.W.2d 762, 765–66

(Tex. App.—Texarkana 1992, writ denied).        Unlike equitable estoppel, quasi-

estoppel does not require a showing of a false representation or detrimental

reliance. Steubner Realty 19, Ltd., 817 S.W.2d at 164.

      Here, however, Metzger did not raise his estoppel issue in the probate court,

and he did not request a jury question on the issue. Because Metzger did not raise



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this issue at trial, he did not preserve it for appellate review. See TEX. R. APP. P.

33.1(a); TEX. R. CIV. P. 94 (“[A] party shall set forth affirmatively

. . . estoppel . . . .”), 278, 279; see also Ray v. T.D., No. 03-06-00242-CV, 2008

WL 341490, at *8 (Tex. App.—Austin Feb. 7, 2008, no pet.) (mem. op.) (“As the

party with the burden of proving quasi-estoppel, [appellant’s] failure to seek

findings and conclusions regarding that theory waives it.”).

      We overrule Metzger’s second issue.

                                Jury Charge Error

      In his third issue, Metzger argues that the probate court erred in instructing

the jury to interpret the language of the release because “[n]either party in this case

made any allegation or argument that the Full Release was vague or ambiguous.”

He also asserts that there is “no evidence as to what Westbo supposedly intended

to release when she executed the Full Release, other than the Full Release itself.”

      To preserve a complaint about a defective jury charge for appellate review, a

party must “distinctly” point out to the trial court “the objectionable matter and the

grounds of the objection.” TEX. R. CIV. P. 274. “Any complaint as to a question,

definition, or instruction, on account of any defect, omission, or fault in pleading,

is waived unless specifically included in the objections.” Id. And an objection to a

jury charge does not satisfy rule 274 “unless the defect relied upon by the objecting

party and the grounds of the objection are stated specifically enough to support the



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conclusion that [the] trial court was fully cognizant of the ground of complaint and

deliberately chose to overrule it.” Carousel’s Creamery, L.L.C. v. Marble Slab

Creamery, Inc., 134 S.W.3d 385, 404 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2004, pet.

dism’d); see also TEX. R. CIV. P. 274. If a party fails to lodge an objection to the

jury charge that timely and plainly makes the trial court aware of the complaint,

error is not preserved and the complaint is waived on appeal. Ford Motor Co. v.

Ledesma, 242 S.W.3d 32, 43 (Tex. 2007); State Dep’t of Highways & Pub. Transp.

v. Payne, 838 S.W.2d 235, 241 (Tex. 1992).

      Here, the record reflects that prior to the submission of the case to the jury,

both Metzger and Tucker discussed the jury charge with the probate court. After

modifying the charge, the probate court gave the parties a revised version and

asked whether they had any objections. Each side responded that they had no

objection. Because Metzger did not object to the probate court’s instruction, he did

preserve his complaint for appellate review. See TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1(a)(1); TEX.

R. CIV. P. 274.

      We overrule Metzger’s third issue.

                                      Credit

      In his fourth issue, Metzger argues that if the evidence is legally and

factually sufficient to support the jury’s finding that Westbo lacked the requisite

mental capacity to execute the release, he is entitled to a credit of $46,500 because



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Westbo does not “get[] to take all of the money on deposit with the District Clerk

without giving credit” for the amount paid to her on May 22, 2006.

      The right to an offset is an affirmative defense, and the burden of pleading

offset and of proving facts necessary to support it are on the party making the

assertion. Lone Starr Multi-Theatres, Ltd. v. Max Interests, Ltd., 365 S.W.3d 688,

704 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2011, no pet.); SAS & Assocs., Inc. v. Home

Mktg. Servicing, Inc., 168 S.W.3d 296, 301 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2005, pet. denied);

see also TEX. R. CIV. P. 94. Here, Metzger has waived the defense because he did

not plead for an offset, and he did not make any objection to the jury charge

regarding this matter. See Lone Starr, 365 S.W.3d at 704; Columbia Med. Ctr. of

Las Colinas v. Bush ex rel. Bush, 122 S.W.3d 835, 862 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth

2003, pet. denied); see also TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1(a).

      We overrule Metzger’s fourth issue.

                                    Conclusion

      We affirm the judgment of the trial court.




                                                    Terry Jennings
                                                    Justice

Panel consists of Justices Jennings, Higley, and Huddle.

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