                IN THE SUPREME COURT, STATE OF WYOMING

                                             2013 WY 99

                                                                    APRIL TERM, A.D. 2013


                                                                           August 15, 2013


ERIC LEVANTER DEMILLARD,

Appellant
(Defendant),

v.                                                                  No. S-12-0235

THE STATE OF WYOMING,

Appellee
(Plaintiff).

                       Appeal from the District Court of Carbon County
                          The Honorable Norman E. Young, Judge

Representing Appellant:
      Diane M. Lozano, State Public Defender; Tina N. Olson, Appellate Counsel;
      David E. Westling, Senior Assistant Appellate Counsel. Argument by Mr.
      Westling.

Representing Appellee:
      Gregory A. Phillips, Attorney General; David L. Delicath, Deputy Attorney
      General; Theodore R. Racines, Senior Assistant Attorney General; Jessica Y.
      Frint, Assistant Attorney General. Argument by Ms. Frint.


Before KITE, C.J., and HILL, VOIGT, BURKE, and DAVIS, JJ.


NOTICE: This opinion is subject to formal revision before publication in Pacific Reporter Third. Readers
are requested to notify the Clerk of the Supreme Court, Supreme Court Building, Cheyenne, Wyoming
82002, of any typographical or other formal errors so that correction may be made before final publication in
the permanent volume.
BURKE, Justice.

[¶1] Appellant, Eric DeMillard, challenges an order from the district court revoking his
probation. He contends the district court abused its discretion in revoking his probation
because the conduct violating the terms of his probation was not “willful.” He also
claims the district court exceeded statutory authority by ordering involuntary
administration of medication in order to restore his competency during the probation
revocation proceedings. We affirm.

                                         ISSUES

             1. Did the district court abuse its discretion when it revoked
                Appellant’s probation?

             2. Did the district court err in granting the State’s Motion for
                Involuntary Medication to restore Appellant to
                competency?

                                         FACTS

[¶2] In 1999, Appellant was charged with four counts of kidnapping, four counts of
interference with custody, one count of interference with a peace officer, one count of
possession of a weapon with unlawful intent, and one count of aggravated burglary for
“keeping his children in his estranged wife’s home in Rawlins, Wyoming for several days
without her permission, while holding law enforcement at bay.” DeMillard v. State, 2008
WY 93, ¶ 4, 190 P.3d 128, 129 (Wyo. 2008) (DeMillard I). Appellant pled guilty to
burglary and attempted assault on a peace officer and nolo contendere to four counts of
interference with custody, and the State agreed to dismiss the remaining charges. Id., ¶ 5,
190 P.3d at 129. The district court accepted the agreement after finding that Appellant
was competent to enter a plea and that Appellant made the plea knowingly and
voluntarily. The court sentenced Appellant to prison on each of the counts, but
suspended the sentences in favor of twelve years of supervised probation. In
acknowledgment of Appellant’s history of mental health problems, the court conditioned
Appellant’s probation on his compliance “with any medical or mental health
requirements placed upon him either by the Department of Corrections or as a result of
recommendations made by the Wyoming State Hospital or other psychiatric facility.”
The court also ordered Appellant to have no contact with his ex-wife or her six children.

[¶3] In the following years, the State sought to revoke Appellant’s probation on several
occasions. In June, 2002, the State filed a petition to revoke Appellant’s probation for
failing to comply with recommended outpatient mental health treatment. Appellant
responded to the petition by filing a motion for a mental health evaluation to determine
(1) his fitness to proceed, and (2) his mental status at the time of the alleged probation


                                            1
violation. The report generated as a result of the mental health evaluation noted that
Appellant had previously been diagnosed with several mental illnesses, including Major
Depressive Disorder, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder,
and Mixed Personality Disorder, and also noted that his psychiatrist was presently
considering a diagnosis of schizophrenia. Ultimately, the report concluded that Appellant
was “severely mentally ill” at the time of the alleged probation violation and that, due to
his mental illness, he lacked the capacity to comply with the conditions of his probation.
The report stated that Appellant’s “treatment needs exceed that which could reasonably
be provided for him on an outpatient basis,” and suggested that “a trial of inpatient
treatment would be in order.” Based on the mental health evaluation, the State stipulated
to the dismissal of its petition to revoke Appellant’s probation.

[¶4] In April, 2005, the State again sought to revoke Appellant’s probation due to his
failure to comply with recommended mental health treatment. At the hearing on the
State’s petition, Appellant again requested a mental health evaluation to determine his
competency to proceed, and the court suspended the proceedings pending the results of
the evaluation. The report generated from that evaluation concluded that “Mr. DeMillard
does have the basic capacity to comprehend his position, understand the nature and object
of the proceedings against him, conduct his defense in a rational manner, and the ability
to cooperate with his counsel to the end that a defense may be interposed on his behalf.”
Subsequent to the issuance of this report, the State filed another petition to revoke
Appellant’s probation, which added the allegation that Appellant had violated the
conditions of his probation by contacting his children. However, for reasons that are
unclear from the record, after holding an initial hearing on the State’s petitions, the court
issued an order dismissing the petitions and reinstating Appellant’s probation.

[¶5] Appellant subsequently filed a motion to modify his probation conditions to allow
him to have telephone contact with his children, and a motion requesting that the district
court discharge him from probation altogether. After holding a hearing, the district court
denied Appellant’s motions, noting that it had not received any indication “by letter or
otherwise here today that these children and this ex-wife want to have some contact with
Mr. DeMillard.” We affirmed the district court’s rulings in DeMillard I, ¶¶ 16-17, 190
P.3d at 131.

[¶6] The present case was initiated on April 6, 2011, when the State filed its fourth
petition to revoke Appellant’s probation. The State alleged that Appellant violated
probation by contacting his children via email and Facebook, and it supported those
allegations by attaching copies of a Facebook message and emails sent by Appellant.
The district court issued a warrant for Appellant’s arrest and extradition proceedings were
commenced in order to transport Appellant from Arizona, where he was residing at the
time, to the Carbon County jail. Following Appellant’s arrest, the district court appointed
counsel for Appellant and set a probation revocation hearing for July 19, 2011.



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[¶7] As in the prior probation revocation proceedings, Appellant’s counsel filed a
motion for a mental health evaluation to determine Appellant’s fitness to proceed. The
district court granted the motion, and an evaluation was conducted by a forensic evaluator
at the Wyoming State Hospital. In the October 28, 2011 evaluation, the evaluator
concluded that, at that time, Appellant was not competent to proceed “due to major
mental illness.” However, the evaluator noted that Appellant was refusing to take
prescribed medication and requested a 90-day extension for an attempt at restoration of
Appellant’s competence via medication management. As a result of the evaluation, the
district court ordered that all further proceedings be suspended pending determination of
Appellant’s capacity to proceed.

[¶8] On December 8, Appellant’s forensic evaluator notified the district court that
Appellant was refusing to take his antipsychotic medication, and that his mental
condition had deteriorated as a result. The evaluator stated:

             Consequently, his mental illness is significantly interfering
             with his ability to proceed in his legal case and this evaluator
             requests the Court consider ordering involuntary medication
             in an attempt at restoration of his adjudicative capacities,
             pursuant to W.S. 7-11-303(c)(vi)(e) et seq. There is a strong
             probability that Mr. DeMillard will respond favorably to
             medication, according to 2005 hospital records.

The State subsequently filed a motion seeking to medicate Appellant involuntarily under
Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 7-11-303(e) in order to restore his competency to participate in the
probation revocation proceedings. A hearing was held and the district court granted the
motion. The court concluded that, based on the testimony presented at the hearing, “there
is a substantial probability that Mr. DeMillard will become competent in the near future,”
and t h a t “[t]he involuntary [administration] of antipsychotic medications will
significantly further the governmental interests” in bringing Mr. DeMillard to a probation
revocation hearing. On July 9, 2012, after Appellant had been medicated pursuant to the
court’s order, the court entered an order finding Appellant competent to proceed.

[¶9] At the probation revocation hearing, the district court received evidence indicating
that Appellant had repeatedly sent written correspondence to two of his sons in violation
of the terms of his probation. One of his sons testified that he had received “between 20
and 50” letters from Appellant, and that, eventually, “we just kind of started throwing
them away because we did not really care what was written on them at this point.” He
also stated that he received six or seven Facebook messages from Appellant before he
“blocked” Appellant’s ability to send messages to him. The son testified that, after he
blocked Appellant’s communications, Appellant proceeded to send messages to the son’s
friend and to his girlfriend. Another of Appellant’s sons also testified that he received
numerous letters and Facebook messages from Appellant during the period of his


                                            3
probation. He stated that the letters were sent to him directly, as well as through the
University of Wyoming, until he informed the University to stop forwarding the letters
because he did not want to hear from Appellant. Appellant also took the stand at the
hearing and admitted to sending three cards or letters per month to his children since
2006. Although Appellant asserted that his probation officer had given him permission to
send those cards and letters, he provided no other evidence in support of that assertion.

[¶10] At the conclusion of the hearing, the district court found that Appellant had
violated the terms of his probation by contacting his children and, accordingly, the court
revoked Appellant’s probation. The court reinstated Appellant’s original sentence, with
credit for pre-sentence confinement. Appellant timely filed this appeal.

                              STANDARD OF REVIEW

[¶11] We review a district court’s decision to revoke probation for an abuse of
discretion:

             A district court’s decision to revoke probation and impose a
             sentence is discretionary and will not be disturbed unless the
             record demonstrates a clear abuse of discretion. Mapp v.
             State, 929 P.2d 1222, 1225 (Wyo. 1996). We review the
             district court’s decision to determine whether the court could
             reasonably conclude as it did. Id. “Upon review, all that is
             necessary to uphold a district court’s decision to revoke
             probation is evidence that it made a conscientious judgment,
             after hearing the facts, that a condition of probation had been
             violated.” Sweets v. State, 2003 WY 64, ¶ 9, 69 P.3d 404,
             406 (Wyo. 2003).

Forbes v. State, 2009 WY 146, ¶ 6, 220 P.3d 510, 512-13 (Wyo. 2009). The question of
whether the district court properly authorized Appellant’s involuntary medication
presents an issue of statutory interpretation, which we review de novo. Spreeman v.
State, 2012 WY 88, ¶ 6, 278 P.3d 1159, 1161 (Wyo. 2012).

                                     DISCUSSION

[¶12] Revocation of probation is largely governed by court rule. W.R.Cr.P. 39. The
State is required to establish the violation of the conditions of probation alleged in the
petition by a preponderance of the evidence. W.R.Cr.P. 39(a)(5). Edrington v. State,
2008 WY 70, ¶ 7, 185 P.3d 1264, 1266 (Wyo. 2008). In order to revoke probation for the
violation of a condition of probation not involving the payment of money, the violation
must be willful, or if not willful, must presently threaten the safety of society. Id.



                                            4
              The proceedings for probation revocation consist of a two-
              part process. The first part, the adjudicatory phase, requires
              the district court to determine by a preponderance of the
              evidence whether a condition of probation was violated.
              W.R.Cr.P. 39(a)(5). The second, dispositional phase, is
              triggered only upon a finding that a condition of probation
              was violated. In this phase, the district court must deliberate
              not only upon the violation, but also the reasons the
              conditions were originally imposed and the circumstances
              surrounding the violation.

Id., ¶ 7, 185 P.3d at 1266-67 (quoting Mapp, 929 P.2d at 1226). “Willfulness is
determined at the dispositional phase of the proceedings.” Edrington, ¶ 7, 185 P.3d at
1267 (quoting Sinning v. State, 2007 WY 193, ¶ 10, 172 P.3d 388, 390 (Wyo. 2007)).

[¶13] Appellant concedes that he contacted his children on numerous occasions, and that
those contacts violated the conditions of his probation. He contends, however, that the
district court abused its discretion in ordering revocation of his probation because the
violations were not “willful.” Appellant claims that the district court, in revoking his
probation, completely ignored his mental illness.

[¶14] We have said that the term “willful” is to be accorded its ordinary and common
meaning unless a statute indicates that some specialized meaning is intended. Edrington,
¶ 9, 185 P.3d at 1267. “Willfully means intentionally, knowingly, purposely, voluntarily,
consciously, deliberately, and without justifiable excuse, as distinguished from carelessly,
inadvertently, accidentally, negligently, heedlessly or thoughtlessly.” Id. Whether a
defendant’s probation violation was willful is a question of fact, and we will not disturb
the trial court’s determination that the defendant acted willfully unless that determination
was clearly erroneous. Id.

[¶15] In determining whether the district court abused its discretion in revoking
Appellant’s probation, we must note initially that Appellant did not contend, before the
district court, that his conduct in violation of his probation was not willful. While
Appellant clearly contended that he was not competent to participate in the probation
revocation proceedings due to his mental illness, he made no claim that he was
incompetent at the time of the alleged acts. Rather, Appellant chose to challenge the
revocation of his probation on the grounds that, because he had been confined for well
over a year during the pending probation revocation proceedings, “the punishment should
have been met by now.”

[¶16] The State contends that, at the probation revocation hearing, Appellant had the
burden of proving that his conduct was not willful. We have never had occasion to
determine which party has the burden of proving the willfulness of the defendant’s


                                             5
conduct in a probation revocation proceeding that does not involve the payment of
money. 1 However, we need not address the issue in this appeal because we find ample
evidence in the record to support the conclusion that Appellant’s conduct was, in fact,
willful. At the probation revocation hearing, the State presented uncontroverted evidence
that Appellant violated the no-contact condition of his probation. The State presented the
testimony of two of Appellant’s sons, who stated that Appellant had sent them Facebook
messages, letters, and emails against their wishes. At the hearing, Appellant admitted
that he had sent three letters or cards per month since 2006, but claimed that he had
“permission” from his probation officer to send those letters. However, Appellant’s
statement that he violated the conditions of his probation only upon receiving permission
from his probation officer belies the claim, raised on appeal, that the violations were the
product of his mental illness. Further, Appellant’s numerous attempts to modify the no-
contact provision of his probation terms strongly suggests that he was aware that contact
with his children was prohibited, and that he knowingly and consciously acted in
violation of that provision. As noted by the district court:

                [I]f anyone had the time and the inclination, you could go
                back through this file and see numerous, numerous instances
                when Mr. DeMillard has either wanted to have contact or has
                had contact[,] and he has consistently wanted to have contact
                with his children throughout this long period of time. And
                that culminated with him actually filing a petition seeking to
                modify that term of probation to allow him to have
                contact. . . .

                And as happened here today, again, at that time, his children
                made it very clear that they wanted no contact with their
                father. . . .



1
  In Ramsdell v. State, 2006 WY 159, 149 P.3d 459 (Wyo. 2006), the defendant’s probation was revoked
for failure to pay restitution in accordance with his probation terms. We stated that “Once the State
demonstrated a failure to pay, the burden shifted to Mr. Ramsdell to establish that he had an inability to
pay restitution.” Id., ¶ 21, 149 P.3d at 464 (citing Dickson v. State, 903 P.2d 1019, 1023 (Wyo. 1995)
(“In Wyoming, once the State has established the failure of a probationer to pay restitution as ordered by
the court, the probationer must establish any defense to revocation based on his alleged inability to
pay.”)). We note that at least one court has determined that this burden-shifting scheme in probation
revocation proceedings is not context-dependent. State v. Miles, 2011 VT 6, ¶ 6, 189 Vt. 564, 565, 15
A.3d 596, 598 (Vt. 2011) (“In a probation revocation hearing, the State bears the burden of proving the
probation violation by a preponderance of the evidence. If the State meets its initial burden, the burden of
persuasion shifts to the probationer to prove that the failure to comply with the probation condition was
‘not willful but rather resulted from factors beyond his control and through no fault of his own.’”)
(internal citation omitted).




                                                     6
              These young men were the victims in this case. And there’s
              no way you could force them to have contact, and they have
              made it very plain today that they did not want to have
              contact. And yet, [it has] continued and continued and
              continued.

Indeed, in the years following the entry of his sentence, Appellant filed over a dozen
motions seeking permission to make contact with his children, all of which were denied.
In light of the evidence produced at the hearing in this matter, as well as Appellant’s
failure to argue that his conduct in violation of the conditions of his probation was not
willful, we are unable to conclude that the district court abused its discretion in revoking
Appellant’s probation.

[¶17] In his second issue, Appellant contends the district court erred as a matter of law
in ordering the involuntary administration of medication for the probation revocation
hearing under Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 7-11-303(e) (LexisNexis 2009). That statute provides,
in pertinent part, as follows:

              (e) . . . The court may order the involuntary administration of
              antipsychotic medications to a person accused of a serious
              crime as defined in W.S. 7-6-102(a)(v) to render the accused
              competent to stand trial, provided the court finds:

                     (i) There are important governmental interests at stake
                     including, but not limited to:

                            (A) Bringing the accused to trial;

                            (B) Timely prosecution;

                            (C) Assuring the accused has a fair trial.

                     (ii) The involuntary administration of antipsychotic
                     medications will significantly further the governmental
                     interest and the administration of the medication is:

                            (A) Substantially likely to render the accused
                            competent to stand trial; and

                            (B) Substantially unlikely to have side effects
                            that will interfere significantly with the ability
                            of the accused to assist counsel in conducting a
                            trial defense, thereby rendering the trial unfair.


                                             7
                         (iii) That any alternative and less intrusive treatments
                         are unlikely to achieve substantially the same results;
                         and

                         (iv) The administration pursuant to a prescription by a
                         licensed psychiatrist of the antipsychotic medications
                         is medically appropriate and is in the best medical
                         interests of the accused in light of the accused’s
                         medical condition.2

Appellant claims that the provisions of Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 7-11-303(e) apply only to
permit a defendant to “stand trial.” He contends that the term “trial” does not include
probation revocation proceedings. To support his interpretation, Appellant asserts that
“there is no jury available in a probation revocation, and therefore it is not a trial” for
purposes of Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 7-11-303(e). We do not agree.

[¶18] In determining whether Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 7-11-303(e) grants a court authority to
order the involuntary administration of medication for probation revocation proceedings,
we apply our familiar rules of statutory interpretation.

                Our paramount consideration is the legislature’s intent as
                reflected in the plain and ordinary meaning of the words used
                in the statute. Initially, we determine whether the statute is
                clear or ambiguous.

                         A statute is clear and unambiguous if its wording is
                         such that reasonable persons are able to agree on its
                         meaning with consistency and predictability.
                         Conversely, a statute is ambiguous if it is found to be
                         vague or uncertain and subject to varying
                         interpretations. If we determine that a statute is clear
                         and unambiguous, we give effect to the plain language


2
  The language of Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 7-11-303(e) follows the United States Supreme Court’s decision in
Sell v. United States, 539 U.S. 166, 123 S.Ct. 2174, 156 L.Ed.2d 197 (2003). In that case, the Court held
that “the Constitution permits the Government involuntarily to administer antipsychotic drugs to a
mentally ill defendant facing serious criminal charges in order to render that defendant competent to stand
trial, but only if the treatment is medically appropriate, is substantially unlikely to have side effects that
may undermine the fairness of the trial, and, taking account of less intrusive alternatives, is necessary
significantly to further important governmental trial-related interests.” Id., 539 U.S. at 179, 123 S.Ct. at
2184-85.




                                                      8
                     of the statute.

Spreeman, ¶ 10, 278 P.3d at 1162.

[¶19] We conclude that the phrase “stand trial” in Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 7-11-303 clearly
and unambiguously encompasses probation revocation proceedings. Our precedent
establishes that sentencing is a “phase of trial” and that probation revocation proceedings
are an extension of the sentencing phase:

              A probation revocation hearing is not a trial on a new
              criminal charge. It is simply an extension of the sentencing
              procedure resulting from conviction of the basic charge,
              coupled with the requirement that the probationer be afforded
              due process of law before being deprived of the conditional
              right to liberty granted by probation.

Gailey v. State, 882 P.2d 888, 893 (Wyo. 1994) (emphasis added); see also Mapp, 929
P.2d at 1226; Eaton v. State, 2008 WY 97, ¶ 13, 192 P.3d 36, 52 (Wyo. 2008) (“The
discussion of this issue ranges far and wide in the briefs, but at this juncture we intend
only to address the initial premise, i.e., that Eaton was not competent to stand trial. Our
discussion of this issue pertains to both the guilt/innocence phase and the sentencing
phase of the trial.”); Olsen v. State, 2003 WY 46, ¶ 195, 67 P.3d 536, 604 (Wyo. 2003)
(“Before trial, the trial court denied motions to allow a second jury to be impaneled for
the sentencing phase of the trial or, in the alternative, to conduct voir dire before
beginning the sentencing phase.”). Accordingly, we conclude that the plain language of
Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 7-11-303(e) grants a court the authority to order involuntary
administration of medication in order to restore a defendant to competency for probation
revocation proceedings.

[¶20] Further, we agree with the district court’s conclusion that to interpret the statute as
Appellant suggests would “override common sense and evident statutory purpose.”
Olsen, ¶ 104, 67 P.3d at 575. We have recognized the fundamental principles that “A
criminal defendant may not be tried unless he is competent,” and that “the competency
requirement continues from the time of arraignment through sentencing.” Follett v. State,
2006 WY 47, ¶ 8, 132 P.3d 1155, 1158 (Wyo. 2006). In light of these principles, as the
district court noted,

              It makes no sense that the Court would have the authority to
              order the involuntary medication of a person accused of a
              crime so that he could be made competent to stand trial for
              that crime, but after he is adjudicated guilty of and sentenced
              for that crime, the Court would lose the authority to order him
              to be involuntarily medicated so that the sentence imposed on


                                             9
             him could be carried out.

We agree that interpreting the statute to apply only in those instances in which the
defendant appears before a jury, as Appellant suggests, would produce absurd results
contrary to legislative intent. For the foregoing reasons, we conclude the district court
did not err in ordering the involuntary administration of medication to restore Appellant’s
competency for the probation revocation proceedings.

[¶21] Affirmed.




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