            In the United States Court of Federal Claims
                                           BID PROTEST
                                            No. 19-1737C
                                  Filed Under Seal: March 31, 2020
                                       Reissued: April 6, 2020*

                                                  )
    COMPUTER WORLD SERVICES                       )
    CORP.,                                        )
                                                  )
         Plaintiff,                               )
                                                  )       Post-Award Bid Protest; Judgment Upon
    v.                                            )       The Administrative Record; RCFC 52.1;
                                                  )       Injunctive Relief; RCFC 65; Motion to
    THE UNITED STATES,                            )       Dismiss; RCFC 12(b)(1); Waiver.
                                                  )
         Defendant,                               )
                                                  )
    v.                                            )
                                                  )
    ALETHIX, LLC,                                 )
                                                  )
         Defendant-Intervenor.                    )
                                                  )

      Jonathan J. Frankel, Counsel of Record, Karla J. Letsche, Of Counsel, Frankel PLLC,
Washington, DC, for plaintiff.

       Meen Geu Oh, Trial Attorney, Douglas K. Mickle, Assistant Director, Robert E.
Kirschman, Jr., Director, Joseph H. Hunt, Assistant Attorney General, Commercial Litigation
Branch, Civil Division, United States Department of Justice, Washington, DC; John E. Cornell,
Of Counsel, United States Citizenship and Immigration Services, for defendant.

      Jonathan M. Baker, Counsel of Record, Eric M. Ransom, Zachary H. Schroeder, Tyler S.
Brown, Of Counsel, Crowell & Moring LLP, Washington, DC, for defendant-intervenor.




*
  This Memorandum Opinion and Order was originally filed under seal on March 31, 2020 (ECF No. 41).
The parties were given an opportunity to advise the Court of their views with respect to what information,
if any, should be redacted from the Memorandum Opinion and Order. The parties filed a joint status
report on April 3, 2020 (ECF No. 43) stating that no redactions are necessary. And so, the Court is
reissuing its Memorandum Opinion and Order, dated March 31, 2020.
                          MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER
GRIGGSBY, Judge

I.      INTRODUCTION

        Plaintiff, Computer World Services Corp. (“CWS”), brings this post-award bid protest
matter challenging the United States Department of Homeland Security, United States
Citizenship and Immigration Services’ (“USCIS”) decision to exclude CWS from the
competition for the award of a contract to provide certain information technology services to the
USCIS. See generally Compl. The government has moved to dismiss this matter for lack of
subject-matter jurisdiction, pursuant to Rule 12(b)(1) of the Rules of the United States Court of
Federal Claims (“RCFC”). See generally Def. Mot. The parties have also filed cross-motions
for judgment upon the administrative record, pursuant to RCFC 52.1. See generally Pl. Mot.;
Def. Mot.; Def.-Int. Mot. In addition, CWS has filed motions for a temporary restraining order
and for a preliminary injunction. See generally Pl. Mot. for TRO/Prelim. Inj.

        For the reasons discussed below, the Court: (1) DENIES the government’s motion to
dismiss; (2) DENIES CWS’s motion for judgment upon the administrative record; (3) GRANTS
the government’s and Alethix, LLC’s (“Alethix”) cross-motions for judgment upon the
administrative record; (4) DENIES CWS’s motions for a temporary restraining order and for a
preliminary injunction; and (5) DISMISSES the complaint.

II.     FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND1

        A.      Factual Background

        In this post-award bid protest, CWS challenges the USCIS’s decision to exclude it from
the competition for the award of a contract to provide certain information technology services to
the USCIS (the “ESB Contract”), after Phase 1 of the competition. See generally Compl. As
relief, CWS requests, among other things, that the Court declare that the USCIS’s evaluation of



1
  The facts recited in this Memorandum Opinion and Order are taken from CWS’s complaint (“Compl.”);
the administrative record (“AR”); CWS’s motion for judgment upon the administrative record and
memorandum in support thereof (“Pl. Mot.” and “Pl. Mem.”) and the exhibits attached thereto (“Pl. Ex.”);
and the government’s motion to dismiss and cross-motion for judgment upon the administrative record
(“Def. Mot.”). Except where otherwise noted, the facts recited here are undisputed.



                                                                                                      2
CWS’s Phase 1 proposal was arbitrary and capricious, an abuse of discretion and contrary to the
request for quotations for the procurement. Compl. at Prayer for Relief.

       As background, CWS is the incumbent contractor for the last two contracts issued by the
USCIS to maintain the agency’s Enterprise Service Bus (“ESB”). Pl. Mem. at 2. The ESB is a
combination of hardware and software that serves as the USCIS’s centralized data hub and
allows the agency to interconnect and share data among various document management services
across the Federal Government. AR Tab 16 at 419; Def. Mot. at 2-3.

       The ESB is built mainly out of a software called “TIBCO” and the ESB resides in a
government-owned data center. AR Tab 15 at 414; Def Mot. at 3. The USCIS relies upon the
ESB to collect information to conduct its vetting process for applications for immigration status.
Def. Mot. at 2.

             1.       The RFQ

       On February 14, 2019, the USCIS issued Request for Quotation No.
70SBUR19R00000019 (the “RFQ”) seeking proposals to modernize the ESB and to develop a
cloud-based system through Amazon Web Services and the Enterprise Gateway and Integration
Services (“EGIS”). See generally AR Tab 5; AR Tab 21 at 453; see also Def. Mot. at 3-4. The
RFQ contemplates a period of performance of one year from the date of the award, with two one-
year option periods. AR Tab 5 at 47.

       The RFQ provides that the USCIS would conduct a two-phase evaluation process and
award the ESB Contract based upon a best value determination, comprised of the “highest rated
offeror with a fair and reasonable price and a tradeoff process.” Id. at 83. The RFQ also
provides that Phase 1 of the evaluation process would be based upon a technical strategy video
and business volume price evaluation. Id.

       In this regard, the RFQ provides that:

       Phase 1 is a most highly rated offer evaluation with a fair and reasonable
       price, and a trade-off process will not be applied. The government will
       evaluate Offeror’s Technical Strategy Video in order to identify the most
       highly-rated Offerors with a fair and reasonable price. . . . The most highly
       rated offers, with prices determined to be reasonable in Phase 1, will be
       invited to participate in Phase 2.




                                                                                                  3
Id. The RFQ also provides that Phase 2 of the competition would be evaluated based upon a
technical capability coding submission and price evaluation. Id.

        During Phase 1 of the evaluation process, quoters provided a seven-minute technical
strategy video and a business volume that supplied pricing for personnel and other services based
upon the General Services Administration’s (“GSA”) supply schedule staffing and labor rates.
Id. at 83-85. Quoters provided responses to the following five questions (“RFQ Question”) in
their technical strategy video.

      1.    What services would the Offeror tackle first and why?
      2.    Your approach to an urgent transition to the microservice-based
            architecture?
      3.    How does the Offeror’s strategy ensure that a service in the legacy ESB
            environment will remain operational through its service transition to the
            new microservice based environment?
      4.    During the life of this contract USCIS is likely to receive new
            immigration mandates (e.g. changes to H1B). Would your solution in
            response to the new mandate be built on the legacy system, built on the
            new microservice architecture, or a combination of both?
      5.    Management and staffing approach to include:
             a. Proposed number of teams, team structure, and location of
                performance.
             b. HR process to recruit and retain qualified staff, to include scaling
                for surge/optional tasks.

Id. at 83-84.

        The RFQ also provides that each RFQ Question and related considerations “are of equal
importance.” Id. at 83. In addition, the RFQ provides that each technical strategy video would
be evaluated for “feasibility of the approach” and the “approach to an urgent transition to
microservices,” which would be equally weighted. Id.

        With regards to the evaluation of the technical strategy videos, the RFQ further provides
that each technical strategy video would be awarded a technical rating of either “outstanding,”
“good,” “acceptable,” or “unacceptable.” 2 Id. at 85.

2
  The RFQ defines an “outstanding” rating as: the “[p]roposal demonstrates a superior understanding of
the requirements. Their approach significantly exceeds the solicitation requirements. Proposal has
multiple strengths that benefit the Government. Proposal has no significant weaknesses, or deficiencies.


                                                                                                           4
        Of particular relevance to this dispute, the RFQ provides that a proposal is “acceptable” if
it:

        [D]emonstrates an understanding of the requirement and an approach that
        meets the solicitation requirements. Proposal may contain weaknesses or
        may have no strengths, but risk of unsuccessful performance is low to
        moderate. The proposal may not contain any deficiencies. The proposal
        may not contain multiple significant weaknesses that appreciably increase
        risk of successful performance.

Id. The RFQ also provides that the technical ratings for each proposal would be comprised of
sub-ratings tailored to each quoters’ responses to the aforementioned five questions, including
“strength,” “weakness,” “significant weakness,” and “deficiency.” Id. at 83-86. In this regard,
the RFQ defines a “strength” as “[a]n element of a proposal which exceeds a requirement of the
solicitation in a beneficial way to the Government.” Id. at 85. The RFQ also defines a
“weakness” as “[a] flaw in a proposal that increases the chance of unsuccessful performance.”
Id.

        Lastly, with regards to the evaluation of the business volume, the RFQ provides that each
quoters’ proposed prices would be “evaluated for price reasonableness, consistency and
arithmetic accuracy.” Id.

              2.        The Phase 1 Evaluation Process

        The USCIS received timely responsive Phase 1 proposals from 21 quoters, including
CWS. AR Tab 29 at 632. After receiving these proposals, the USCIS determined that all of the
quoters submitted reasonable business volumes that complied with the GSA rates. Id. And so,
the USCIS evaluated each quoters’ technical strategy video and awarded each Phase 1 proposal a
technical rating. Id.; see also AR Tab 5 at 85. The chart below shows the technical ratings that
the USCIS awarded to the five quoters that advanced to Phase 2 of the procurement and the
strengths and weaknesses assigned to each proposal:



Risk of unsuccessful performance is very low.” AR Tab 5 at 85. The RFQ also defines a “good” rating
as: the “[p]roposal demonstrates a good understanding of the requirements and an approach that exceeds
the solicitation requirements. Proposal has strengths that benefit the Government. The proposal may
contain weaknesses, but cannot contain any deficiencies or significant weaknesses. Risk of unsuccessful
performance is low.” Id.



                                                                                                          5
 Dan Solutions Inc.    Unacceptable          0             0               0            1
      Optimoz          Unacceptable          0             5               0            0

Id. Most notably, the USCIS rated CWS’s Phase 1 proposal as technically “acceptable” and the
agency assigned one strength and five weaknesses to the proposal. Id. at 648-50.

       With regards to the strength assigned to CWS’s proposal, the USCIS assigned a strength
based upon CWS’s response to RFQ Question 4, which asked how the quoters’ proposed
solution would respond to new immigration mandates. Id. at 648; AR Tab 5 at 83. In this
regard, the USCIS found that:

       [CWS] gives a clear and feasible approach to responding to ongoing
       mandates during the transition. Their response includes comparing the,
       “value and effort of migrating the new functionality vs the additional
       technical debt incurred by making the change in the legacy system.” If a
       legacy solution is needed, it will be built along with a new microservice to
       avoid impacting deadlines. Additionally, the Quoter’s response discusses
       how their existing knowledge of legacy systems will reduce the overall
       development time of new mandates.

AR Tab 31 at 648.

       The USCIS also assigned five weaknesses to CWS’s proposal. Id. First, the USCIS
assigned a weakness based upon CWS’s response to RFQ Question 1, which asked what services
CWS would tackle first. Id.; AR Tab 5 at 83. During the evaluation of CWS’s proposal, the
USCIS found that:

       [CWS] proposes to first tackle the [Person Centric Query System
       (“PCQS”)] service because it is the "longest pole in the tent" and because it
       would offer the most business value by quickly supporting eProcessing.
       The problem with their approach is that if they tackle PCQS first and don’t
       work on other services in parallel, they will not meet the Sep 2020 deadline
       for migrating off of TIBCO. The Quoter mentions in MM 1:41 the services
       that they will tackle but there is no mention of a parallel approach for those
       services being worked on by different teams simultaneously. Also, the
       Quoter does not discuss the timing impact of the PCQS user interface and
       how it is not comprised of the TIBCO technology and therefore the PCQS
       user interface could be migrated after Sep 2020. Additionally, the impact
       of the Quoter’s approach depends on PCQS being the most valuable service
       to eProcessing. Their approach displays a lack of understanding because
       PCQS is just a query system and there is no data orchestration or data
       translation required like other services. The Quoter’s discussion of PCQS’s



                                                                                                7
       business value to eProcessing will not adequately help meet the
       government’s goal of a speedy migration away from TIBCO.

AR Tab 31 at 648-49. Second, the USCIS assigned a weakness to CWS’s proposal based upon
the response to RFQ Question 2, which asked quoters to explain their approach to the transition
to a microservice based architecture. Id. at 649; AR Tab 5 at 83. During the evaluation, the
USCIS found that:

       [CWS] did not adequately discuss their proposed pipeline. The Quoter
       discussed high level concepts with inadequate details. Their proposed 3-
       step process outlined for Q2 states:

              Step 1: Establish core foundational interfaces.
              Step 2: Establish replacement microservices.
              Step 3: Transition full operational workload.

       Establishing a core fundamental interfaces is not feasible. In order to
       achieve the September 2020 deadline the government does not need to
       establish a core fundamental interfaces. A more feasible approach would
       be to use the current interfaces as a facade and rebuild the business
       processes behind the interfaces to get us off TIBCO by September 2020.
       For steps 2 & 3 their approach is vague and does not give a detail around
       how Steps 2 and 3 will be planned and executed. Additionally, the Quoter
       proposed establishing replacement microservices and this is not a feasible
       approach because not all current Business Works business and logic can be
       converted to microservices.

AR Tab 31 at 649.

       In addition, the USCIS assigned two weaknesses to CWS’s proposal based upon the
response to RFQ Question 3, which asked how quoters would ensure that a service in the legacy
ESB environment will remain operational through the transition to the new microservice based
environment. Id.; AR Tab 5 at 83. The USCIS found that:

       [CWS] proposes a transition strategy to microservices to ensure that the
       ESB remains operational through transition. The problem with their
       approach is that the Quoter fails to adequately discuss TIBCO and the usage
       of their TIBCO SMEs during migration to convert TIBCO base code. The
       government’s migration from TIBCO and the risks involved were not
       adequately addressed by the Quoter and this makes the Quoter’s approach
       less feasible.

AR Tab 31 at 649. The USCIS also found that:




                                                                                                  8
       [CWS] discusses migrating legacy services to [Amazon Web Services] to
       achieve cost savings and other benefits. This approach lacks details, will
       negatively impact the speed of migration away from TIBCO, and is not
       feasible for several reasons . . . .

       The Quoter’s approach of moving current services to AWS will waste time,
       resources, and money. For these reasons, the Quoter’s approach will not
       effectively contribute to urgently moving USCIS to a microservices based
       architecture.

Id. at 649-650.

       Lastly, the USCIS assigned a fifth and final weakness to CWS’s proposal based upon the
response to RFQ Question 5, which addresses CWS’s management and staffing approach. Id. at
650; AR Tab 5 at 85. Specifically, the USCIS found that:

       [CWS’s] recruiting approach is inadequate and not feasible. At MM 6:46,
       they propose to simply rely on having 4 recruiters and mentions the
       existence of generic web-based tools. It doesn't effectively address how
       they would find, screen, and hire the multitude of highly technical positions
       listed on the previous slide at MM 6:40. Quoter did not mention recruiting
       for TIBCO skilled staff.

AR Tab 31 at 650. And so, the USCIS determined that:

       With the exception of their response to question 4, the Quoter’s responses
       were missing the details needed to form a feasible approach. Along with
       the lack of detail, their responses proposed approaches that would
       negatively impact an urgent transition away from TIBCO to a microservices
       based architecture by 2020. Lastly, they repeatedly cited their current
       experience and work supporting USCIS but their Q3 response lacked
       TIBCO expertise and their Q5 response did not address recruiting TIBCO
       expertise.

Id. at 648. And so, the USCIS rated CWS’s proposal technically “acceptable.” Id.

       After completing the evaluation of Phase 1 proposals for all 21 quoters, the USCIS
determined that five responsive proposals would advance to Phase 2 of the competition. AR Tab
29 at 636. On May 22, 2019, the USCIS notified the five successful quoters, including Alethix,
that they had advanced to Phase 2 of the competition. AR Tab 15 at 415. On the same date, the
USCIS notified the remaining quoters, including CWS, of the fact that they would not advance to
Phase 2 of the competition. Id.




                                                                                                 9
             3.       CWS’s GAO Protest And Contract Award

       On June 3, 2019, CWS filed a timely pre-award protest of the USCIS’s decision to
exclude its proposal from the competition for the ESB Contract with the United States
Government Accountability Office (“GAO”). AR Tab 1 at 2. On September 6, 2019, the GAO
denied CWS’s protest. See generally Computer World Services, B-417634, 2019 WL 5390621
(Comp. Gen. Sept. 6, 2019); AR Tabs 18, 19.

       On September 26, 2019, the USCIS awarded the ESB Contract to Alethix. Pl. Mem. at 7;
Def. Mot. at 12. Thereafter, CWS commenced this post-award bid protest action on November
8, 2019. See generally Compl.

       B.      Procedural Background

       CWS commenced this post-award bid protest matter on November 8, 2019. Id. On the
same date, CWS filed motions for a temporary restraining order and for a preliminary injunction.
See generally Pl. Mot. for TRO/Prelim. Inj.

       On November 12, 2019, Alethix filed an unopposed motion to intervene, which the Court
granted on that same date. See generally Mot. to Intervene; Scheduling Order, dated Nov. 12,
2019. On the same date, the Court entered a Protective Order in this matter. See generally
Protective Order.

       On November 27, 2019, the government filed the administrative record. See generally
AR. On December 13, 2019, CWS filed a motion for judgment upon the administrative record
and memorandum in support thereof. See generally Pl. Mot.; Pl. Mem. On December 24, 2019,
the government filed a response and opposition to CWS’s motion for judgment upon the
administrative record, a motion to dismiss and a cross-motion for judgment upon the
administrative record. See generally Def. Mot. On the same date, Alethix filed a response and
opposition to CWS’s motion for judgment upon the administrative record and cross-motion for
judgment upon the administrative record. See generally Def.-Int. Mot.

       On January 10, 2020, CWS filed a response and opposition to the government’s motion
to dismiss and the government’s and Alethix’s respective cross-motions for judgment upon the
administrative record, and a reply in support of its motion for judgment upon the administrative




                                                                                                10
record. See generally Pl. Resp. On January 17, 2020, the government and Alethix filed their
respective reply briefs. See generally Def. Reply; Def.-Int. Reply.

       These matters having been fully briefed, the Court resolves the pending motions.

III.   LEGAL STANDARDS

       A.      Bid Protest Jurisdiction

       The Tucker Act grants the United States Court of Federal Claims jurisdiction over bid
protests brought by “an interested party objecting to a solicitation by a Federal agency for bids or
proposals for a proposed contract or to a proposed award or the award of a contract or any
alleged violation of statute or regulation in connection with a procurement or a proposed
procurement.” 28 U.S.C. § 1491(b)(1). This Court reviews agency actions that are at issue in a
bid protest matter under the Administrative Procedure Act’s (“APA”) “arbitrary and capricious”
standard. See 28 U.S.C. § 1491(b)(4) (adopting the standard of review set forth in the APA).
Under this standard, an “‘award may be set aside if either (1) the procurement official’s decision
lacked a rational basis; or (2) the procurement procedure involved a violation of regulation or
procedure.’” Banknote Corp. of Am., Inc. v. United States, 365 F.3d 1345, 1351 (Fed. Cir. 2004)
(quoting Impresa Construzioni Geom. Domenico Garufi v. United States, 238 F.3d 1324, 1332
(Fed. Cir. 2001)).

       In this regard, the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit has explained
that, “[w]hen a challenge is brought on the first ground, the test is ‘whether the contracting
agency provided a coherent and reasonable explanation of its exercise of discretion, and the
disappointed bidder bears a “heavy burden” of showing that the award decision had no rational
basis.’” Id. (quoting Impresa, 238 F.3d at 1332-33). “‘When a challenge is brought on the
second ground, the disappointed bidder must show a clear and prejudicial violation of applicable
statutes or regulations.’” Id. (quoting Impresa, 238 F.3d at 1333). In addition, when reviewing
an agency’s procurement decision, the Court should recognize that the agency’s decision is
entitled to a “presumption of regularity.” Citizens to Preserve Overton Park, Inc. v. Volpe, 401
U.S. 402, 415 (1971), abrogated by Califano v. Sanders, 430 U.S. 99 (1977). “The [C]ourt
should not substitute its judgment for that of a procuring agency . . . .” Cincom Sys., Inc. v.
United States, 37 Fed. Cl. 663, 672 (1997). And so, “[t]he protestor must show, by a
preponderance of the evidence, that the agency’s actions were either without a reasonable basis


                                                                                                  11
or in violation of applicable procurement law.” Info. Tech. & Applics. Corp. v. United States, 51
Fed. Cl. 340, 346 (2001), aff’d, 316 F.3d 1312 (Fed. Cir. 2003) (citation omitted).

       The Court’s standard of review “is highly deferential.” Advanced Data Concepts, Inc. v.
United States, 216 F.3d 1054, 1058 (Fed. Cir. 2000). As long as there is “‘a reasonable basis for
the agency’s action, the court should stay its hand even though it might, as an original
proposition, have reached a different conclusion.’” Honeywell, Inc. v. United States, 870 F.2d
644, 648 (Fed. Cir. 1989) (quoting M. Steinthal & Co. v. Seamans, 455 F.2d 1289, 1301 (D.C.
Cir. 1971)). But, if “the agency ‘entirely fail[s] to consider an important aspect of the problem,
[or] offer[s] an explanation for its decision that runs counter to the evidence before the agency,’”
then the resulting action lacks a rational basis and, therefore, is defined as “arbitrary and
capricious.” Ala. Aircraft Indus., Inc.-Birmingham v. United States, 586 F.3d 1372, 1375 (Fed.
Cir. 2009) (quoting Motor Vehicle Mfrs. Ass’n v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 463 U.S. 29, 43
(1983)).

       B.      RCFC 12(b)(1)

       When deciding a motion to dismiss upon the ground that the Court does not possess
subject-matter jurisdiction pursuant to RCFC 12(b)(1), this Court must assume that all factual
allegations in the complaint are true and must draw all reasonable inferences in the non-movant’s
favor. See Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 94 (2007); RCFC 12(b)(1). But, a plaintiff bears the
burden of establishing subject-matter jurisdiction, and it must do so by a preponderance of the
evidence. See Reynolds v. Army & Air Force Exch. Servs., 846 F.2d 746, 748 (Fed. Cir. 1988).
Should the Court determine that “it lacks jurisdiction over the subject matter, it must dismiss the
claim.” Matthews v. United States, 72 Fed. Cl. 274, 278 (2006); see RCFC 12(h)(3).

       C.      Judgment Upon The Administrative Record

       Generally, RCFC 52.1 limits this Court’s review of an agency’s procurement decision to
the administrative record. RCFC 52.1; see Axiom Res. Mgmt., Inc. v. United States, 564 F.3d
1374, 1379 (Fed. Cir. 2009) (“‘[T]he focal point for judicial review should be the administrative
record already in existence.’”) (quoting Camp v. Pitts, 411 U.S. 138, 142 (1973)). And so,
unlike a summary judgment motion brought pursuant to RCFC 56, “the existence of genuine
issues of material fact does not preclude judgment on the administrative record” under RCFC
52.1. Tech. Sys., Inc. v. United States, 98 Fed. Cl. 228, 242 (2011) (citations omitted); RCFC


                                                                                                  12
52.1. Rather, the Court’s inquiry is whether, “given all the disputed and undisputed facts, a party
has met its burden of proof based on the evidence in the record.” A & D Fire Prot., Inc. v.
United States, 72 Fed. Cl. 126, 131 (2006) (citation omitted).

       D.      Injunctive Relief

       Lastly, under its bid protest jurisdiction, the Court “may award any relief [it] considers
proper, including declaratory and injunctive relief.” 28 U.S.C. § 1491(b)(2); see also Centech
Grp., Inc. v. United States, 554 F.3d 1029, 1037 (Fed. Cir. 2009). In deciding whether to issue a
permanent injunction, the Court “considers: (1) whether . . . the plaintiff has succeeded on the
merits of the case; (2) whether the plaintiff will suffer irreparable harm if the court withholds
injunctive relief; (3) whether the balance of hardships to the respective parties favors the grant of
injunctive relief; and (4) whether it is in the public interest to grant injunctive relief.” PGBA,
LLC v. United States, 389 F.3d 1219, 1228-29 (Fed. Cir. 2004) (citing Amoco Prod. Co. v. Vill.
of Gambell, Alaska, 480 U.S. 531, 546 n.12 (1987) (“The standard for a preliminary injunction is
essentially the same as for a permanent injunction with the exception that the plaintiff must show
a likelihood of success on the merits rather than actual success.”)); see also Centech Grp., Inc.,
554 F.3d at 1037. In this regard, the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit has
held that:

       No one factor, taken individually, is necessarily dispositive. If a
       preliminary injunction is granted by the trial court, the weakness of the
       showing regarding one factor may be overborne by the strength of the
       others. If the injunction is denied, the absence of an adequate showing with
       regard to any one factor may be sufficient, given the weight or lack of it
       assigned the other factors, to justify the denial.

FMC Corp. v. United States, 3 F.3d 424, 427 (Fed. Cir. 1993) (citations omitted).

       A plaintiff who cannot demonstrate actual success upon the merits cannot prevail upon a
motion for preliminary injunctive relief. Cf. Nat’l Steel Car, Ltd. v. Canadian Pacific Ry., Ltd.,
357 F.3d 1319, 1324–25 (Fed. Cir. 2004) (finding that a plaintiff who cannot demonstrate a
likelihood of success upon the merits cannot prevail upon its motion for preliminary injunctive
relief). This Court has also found success upon the merits to be “the most important factor for a
court to consider when deciding whether to issue injunctive relief.” Dellew Corp. v. United
States, 108 Fed. Cl. 357, 369 (2012) (citing Blue & Gold Fleet, L.P. v. United States, 492 F.3d



                                                                                                     13
1308, 1312 (Fed. Cir. 2007)). But, while success upon the merits is necessary, it is not sufficient
alone for a plaintiff to establish an entitlement to injunctive relief. See Contracting, Consulting,
Eng’g LLC v. United States, 104 Fed. Cl. 334, 353 (2012) (“Although plaintiff’s entitlement to
injunctive relief depends on its succeeding on the merits, it is not determinative because the three
equitable factors must be considered, as well.”) (citations omitted)).

IV.    LEGAL ANALYSIS

       The government has moved to dismiss this matter for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction,
upon the ground that CWS has waived the right to bring its claims by commencing this bid
protest litigation after the USCIS awarded the ESB Contract. Def. Mot. at 14-17. In its response
and opposition to the government’s motion to dismiss, CWS counters that it has preserved the
ability to bring this action by filing a timely pre-award protest of the USCIS’s evaluation process
for the ESB Contract before the GAO. Pl. Resp. at 1-5. And so, CWS requests that the Court
deny the government’s motion to dismiss. Id. at 5.

       The parties have also filed cross-motions for judgment upon the administrative record on
the issues of: (1) whether the USCIS properly evaluated CWS’s proposal and (2) whether CWS
has been prejudiced by the USCIS’s alleged evaluation errors. Pl. Mem. at 9-30; Def. Mot. at
17-30; Def.-Int. Mot. at 10-35. In its motion for judgment upon the administrative record, CWS
argues that the USCIS improperly assigned multiple weaknesses and failed to assign warranted
strengths to its Phase 1 proposal. Pl. Mem. at 9-28. CWS also argues that the USCIS treated
quoters unequally during the evaluation process for the ESB Contract. Id. at 12-14, 21-24. And
so, CWS requests that the Court declare the USCIS’s evaluation process—and decision to
eliminate CWS from the competition for the ESB Contract—to be arbitrary, capricious and
contrary to law. Id. at 1.

       The government and Alethix counter in their respective cross-motions for judgment upon
the administrative record that the USCIS properly evaluated CWS’s Phase 1 proposal, consistent
with the RFQ and applicable law. Def. Mot. at 17-30; Def.-Int. Mot. at 10-35. And so, they
request that the Court deny CWS’s motion for judgment upon the administrative record, grant
their respective cross-motions and dismiss this matter. Def. Mot. at 32; Def.-Int. Mot. at 37.
Lastly, CWS has filed motions for a temporary restraining order and for a preliminary injunction.
See generally Pl. Mot. for TRO/Prelim. Inj.


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         For the reasons set forth below, CWS has not waived the right to bring this post-award
bid protest action. But, CWS has not shown that it has been prejudiced by the USCIS’s alleged
evaluation errors in connection with the competition for the award of the ESB Contract. In
addition, the record evidence shows that the USCIS reasonably evaluated CWS’s Phase 1
proposal, consistent with the terms of the RFQ and applicable law. And so, for the reasons that
follow, the Court: (1) DENIES the government’s motion to dismiss; (2) DENIES CWS’s
motion for judgment upon the administrative record; (3) GRANTS the government’s and
Alethix’s cross-motions for judgment upon the administrative record; (4) DENIES CWS’s
motions for a temporary restraining order and for a preliminary injunction; and (5) DISMISSES
the complaint.

         A.      Dismissal Of CWS’s Protest Is Not Warranted

         As an initial matter, the Court is not persuaded by the government’s argument that
dismissal of this matter is warranted, because CWS has waived the right to bring its claims. The
government argues that CWS waived its challenge to the USCIS’s evaluation process and the
agency’s decision to exclude CWS from the competition for the ESB Contract, because CWS
commenced this litigation after the award of the ESB Contract. Def. Mot. at 14-17. Specifically,
the government contends that CWS unduly delayed this bid protest litigation, by commencing
this action two months after losing a similar protest before the GAO and after the award of the
ESB Contract. Id. at 16.

         To support its waiver argument, the government relies upon the Federal Circuit’s
decisions in Blue & Gold Fleet, L.P. v. United States and COMINT Systems Corp. v. United
States. Id. at 14. In Blue & Gold, the Federal Circuit held that:

         [A] party who has the opportunity to object to the terms of a government
         solicitation containing a patent error and fails to do so prior to the close of
         the bidding process waives its ability to waive the same objection
         subsequently in a bid protest action in the Court of Federal Claims.

Blue & Gold Fleet, L.P. v. United States, 492 F.3d 1308, 1313 (Fed. Cir. 2007). More recently,
the Federal Circuit revisited this waiver rule in COMINT and held that a protestor that did not
raise an objection to a solicitation before contract award, “failed to preserve its right to challenge
the solicitation.” COMINT Systems Corp. v. United States, 700 F.3d 1377, 1379 (Fed. Cir.
2012).


                                                                                                    15
        Notably, in COMINT, the protestor challenged an amendment to a solicitation that was
issued after the close of the bidding process, but before contract award. Id. at 1382. As a result,
the protestor did not have an opportunity to challenge the amendment to the solicitation in that
case prior to the close of the bidding process. Id. The Federal Circuit concluded that the
protestor waived the right to challenge the amendment to the solicitation at issue, because the
protestor did not raise this challenge until after contract award—despite having the opportunity
to do so. Id. (“[W]e think the reasoning of Blue & Gold applies to all situations in which the
protesting party had the opportunity to challenge a solicitation before the award and failed to do
so.”). And so, the Court reads COMINT to stand for the proposition that a challenge to the terms
of a solicitation is waived unless such a protest is brought before the award of the contract if the
protestor has the opportunity to do so.

        The government’s reliance upon Blue & Gold and COMINT to dismiss the instant bid
protest is, however, misplaced. In this case, CWS does not challenge the terms of the RFQ for
the ESB Contract. See Compl. at ¶ 1. Rather, CWS objects to the USCIS’s evaluation process
and decision to exclude CWS from the competition for the award of the ESB Contract. Id.
Because the present case does not involve a challenge to the terms of a solicitation, the Court
declines to extend the waiver rule under Blue & Gold and its progeny to this case. 3 And so, the
Court DENIES the government’s motion to dismiss.

        B.      CWS’s Claims Lack Support In The Administrative Record

        Turning to the merits of CWS’s bid protest claims, a careful review of the administrative
record shows that CWS’s challenge to the evaluation process for the ESB Contract, and the
USCIS’s decision to exclude CWS from the competition for that contract, lacks evidentiary
support.

                1.      CWS Has Not Shown Prejudice

        First, to the extent that CWS can demonstrate that the evaluation errors that it alleges
occurred, CWS has not shown that it has been prejudiced by these errors. To succeed in this bid


3
 As the government correctly observes in its motion to dismiss, CWS waited several weeks after the
USCIS awarded the ESB Contract to Alethix to bring this action. Def. Mot. at 16. But, the Court is not
persuaded that this delay requires the Court to dismiss CWS’s claims under Blue & Gold and COMINT.



                                                                                                     16
       The administrative record also shows that CWS’s Phase 1 proposal was assigned more
weaknesses than any other Phase 1 proposal that received an overall technical rating of
“acceptable.” Id. at 645-660 (showing that only CWS and Optimoz—whose proposal received a
technical rating of “unacceptable”—were assigned five technical weaknesses). In fact, the only
other Phase 1 proposal to be assigned as many weaknesses as CWS’s proposal was deemed to be
technically “unacceptable” by the USCIS. Id. at 666-67.

       Indeed, as the government correctly observes in its cross-motion, CWS’s overall
technical rating was lower than the technical ratings for all but one of the 21 quoters that
competed during Phase 1 of the competition. Def. Mot. at 29; see also AR Tab 31 at 643-667.
Given this, CWS has not shown that it would have advanced to Phase 2 of the competition, or
that it would have had a substantial chance of being awarded the ESB Contract, absent the
USCIS’s alleged evaluation errors. Bannum, Inc., 404 F.3d at 1353.

               2.      The USCIS Reasonably Evaluated CWS’s Phase 1 Proposal

       A careful review of the administrative record also shows that CWS’s bid protest claims
lack evidentiary support.

                       i.      The USCIS Reasonably Assigned
                               Weaknesses To CWS’s Proposal

       First, the record evidence shows that the USCIS had a rational basis for assigning each of
the five technical weaknesses ascribed to CWS’s Phase 1 proposal. CWS first objects to the
USCIS’s decision to assign a weakness to its proposal because CWS did not state that it would
work on several services in parallel during the performance of the ESB Contract. Pl. Mem. at
11. But, the administrative record shows that the USCIS has a rational basis for assigning this
weakness. Specifically, the administrative record shows that CWS proposed first tackling the
Person Centric Query System (“PCQS”) service during the performance of the ESB Contract and
that the USCIS had concerns that such a strategy would result in CWS failing to meet the
deadline for migrating off TIBCO. AR Tab 31 at 648. A review of the administrative record
also shows that CWS did not state in its Phase 1 proposal that it would work on PCQS in parallel




                                                                                                  18
with other services. Pl. Ex. 1 at 3-4. Given this, the record evidence shows that the USCIS had a
rational basis for assigning the subject weakness. 5

        CWS’s objection to the weakness assigned to its proposal for the response to RFQ
Question 2 is also unsubstantiated. CWS argues that the USCIS erred by assigning a weakness
to its proposal based upon criteria that should have been used to evaluate its proposed pipeline
during Phase 2 of the evaluation process. Pl. Mem. at 14-15; AR Tab 31 at 649. But, the record
evidence makes clear that the USCIS did not rely upon improper evaluation criteria to evaluate
CWS’s response to RFQ Question 2. AR Tab 31 at 649.

        The administrative record shows that RFQ Question 2 asked each quoter to provide
information about its approach to an urgent transition to microservice based architecture. AR
Tab 5 at 83. The administrative record also shows that the USCIS assigned a weakness to
CWS’s proposal, because CWS failed to “adequately discuss their proposed pipeline. . . . and
[CWS] discussed high level concepts with inadequate details.” AR Tab 31 at 649.

        While CWS correctly observes that the RFQ requires that the USCIS evaluate CWS’s
ability to “develop and integrate two microservices” and its diagram of a proposed pipeline
during Phase 2 of the competition, the record evidence does not show that the USCIS applied
this criteria during the evaluation of CWS’s Phase 1 proposal. Pl. Mem. at 15 (citing AR Tab 5
at 79); see also AR Tab 5 at 80; AR Tab 31 at 649. Rather, the record evidence shows that the
USCIS assigned the subject weakness due to an inadequate discussion of CWS’s proposed
pipeline and the absence of detail with regards to CWS’s response to RFQ Question 2. AR Tab
31 at 649. Indeed, the USCIS does not mention the development and integration of two
microservices, or CWS’s diagram of a proposed pipeline, in its evaluation of CWS’s Phase 1


5
  CWS’s claim that the USCIS treated it differently than other quoters with regards to the evaluation of
RFQ Question 1 is also unsubstantiated. CWS correctly observes that the USCIS did not assign a
weakness based upon the response to RFQ Question 1 to the Phase 1 proposals submitted by Soft Tech,
EDC Consulting, VariQ and Karsun Solutions, despite the fact that these quoters did not explicitly
state that they would first tackle PCQS services in parallel with other services. Pl. Mem. at 12. But, a
review of the proposals submitted by these other quoters reveals that Soft Tech and EDC Consulting did
propose first tackling PCQS along with one other service. AR Tab 23 at 459 (providing the links to Soft
Tech and EDC Consulting’s proposal videos). The administrative record also shows that the USCIS
assigned two weaknesses to Karsun Solution’s proposal for its strategy regarding PCQS and that VariQ
did not receive a strength or a weakness for its strategy regarding PCQS. AR Tab 31 at 653, 657. Given
this, CWS’s unequal treatment claim lacks evidentiary support.



                                                                                                      19
proposal. Id. Given this, CWS has not shown that the USCIS’s decision to assign this weakness
was inconsistent with the requirements of the RFQ.6

        CWS’s challenges to the two weaknesses assigned to its proposal for the response to RFQ
Question 3 are equally unavailing. The administrative record shows that RFQ Question 3 asked
how each quoter would ensure that the legacy service ESB environment will remain operational
during the transition to the new microservice based environment. AR Tab 5 at 83. The
administrative record also shows that the USCIS assigned two weaknesses to CWS’s proposal
based upon the response to this question. AR Tab 31 at 649-50. First, the USCIS found that
CWS “fail[ed] to adequately discuss TIBCO and the usage of their TIBCO [Subject Matter
Experts] during migration to convert TIBCO base code.” Id. at 649. Second, the USCIS found
that CWS’s approach to migrating legacy services to Amazon Web Services to achieve cost
savings “lacks details, will negatively impact the speed of migration away from TIBCO, and is
not feasible for several reasons.” Id.

        Again, the record evidence reveals that the USCIS had a rational basis for assigning these
weaknesses. With regards to the USCIS’s concern about the absence of any discussion of
TIBCO in CWS’s response to RFQ Question 3, CWS acknowledges that it did not mention
TIBCO in this response and CWS does not dispute that TIBCO software is the primary software
that is a part of the legacy ESB environment. Pl. Mem. at 17; see also Pl. Ex. 1 at 6-7 (showing
no mention of TIBCO or TIBCO Subject Matter Experts); AR Tab 15 at 414. CWS’s argument
that the USCIS improperly assigned a weakness to its proposal because it did not propose
migrating all legacy services to Amazon Web Services before beginning conversion efforts is
also unpersuasive. Pl. Mem. at 18-19. CWS’s argument is belied by the plain language of its
Phase 1 proposal, which states that “[m]igrating legacy services to [Amazon Web Services] will
support the ease of the conversion to microservices, increase performance support levels, and
provide budget savings in pursuit of USCIS priorities.” Pl. Ex. 1 at 7. And so, the record
evidence shows that the USCIS reasonably assigned a weakness due to the lack of detail
regarding CWS’s approach to migrating legacy services to Amazon Web Services.

6
  CWS’s claim that the aforementioned weakness was not warranted because CWS did not propose
building a new core user interface in its response to RFQ Question 2 is also belied by the plain language
of CWS’s proposal. Pl. Mem. at 15. CWS’s Phase 1 proposal states that “Step 1 is to establish core
foundational interfaces.” Pl. Ex. 1 at 5.


                                                                                                        20
        Lastly, CWS’s challenge to the weakness assigned to its proposal for the response to
RFQ Question 5 is similarly misguided. The administrative record shows that RFQ Question 5
asked quoters to describe their management and staffing approach. AR Tab 5 at 84. The
administrative record also shows that the USCIS assigned a weakness to CWS’s proposal for the
response to this question, because it found CWS’s recruiting approach to be “inadequate and not
feasible.” AR Tab 31 at 650. Again, the record evidence makes clear that the USCIS had a
rational basis for assigning this weakness.

        CWS argues that its status as the incumbent contractor for another contract to maintain
the legacy system for the USCIS sufficiently demonstrates that CWS could recruit qualified staff.
Pl. Mem. at 20-21. But, as the government correctly observes in its cross-motion, the ESB
Contract involves modernizing and transitioning the ESB legacy system. Def. Mot. at 27-28.
And so, the ESB Contract differs in a material way from CWS’s previous contract work with the
USCIS.

        A review of CWS’s proposal also reveals that CWS did not explain how it would utilize
the recruiters that it proposed hiring to “find, screen, and hire the multitude of highly technical
positions.” Pl. Ex. 1 at 8-9; AR Tab 31 at 650. Nor does CWS explain how it would tailor its
management and staffing approach to meet the requirements of the ESB Contract. Pl. Ex. 1 at 8-
9. Given this, CWS simply has not shown that the USCIS’s decision to assign the subject
weakness was irrational. And so, the Court finds no basis for setting aside the USCIS’s
evaluation decision. 7

        Because the record evidence shows that the USCIS had a rational basis for assigning the
five weaknesses ascribed to CWS’s Phase 1 proposal, CWS has not prevailed upon its claims.




7
  CWS also has not shown that the USCIS treated quoters unequally with regards to the evaluation of
RFQ Question 5. CWS argues that the USCIS did not assign a similar weakness to other quoters’
proposals, despite the fact that these other quoters did not specifically explain how they would recruit
TIBCO-skilled staff to perform the ESB Contract. Pl. Mem. at 21-23. But, the record evidence shows
that CWS relied almost exclusively upon its past experience as the incumbent contractor for the BEST II
contract in its Phase 1 proposal to demonstrate its management and staffing approach. Pl. Ex. 1 at 8-9.
But, other quoters did not take this particular approach. See generally AR Tab 23 (showing links to other
quoters’ technical strategy videos). And so, CWS has not shown that the USCIS treated CWS unequally
or unfairly during the evaluation of RFQ Question 5.


                                                                                                       21
                       ii.     The USCIS Reasonably
                               Assigned Strengths To CWS’s Proposal

       CWS also has not shown that the USCIS erred by declining to assign additional technical
strengths to its Phase 1 proposal. CWS argues that the USCIS did not fully credit it for relevant
experience as the incumbent contractor for the BEST II contract—a prior contract to provide
engineering and maintenance for TIBCO-based ESB services—to the USCIS. Pl. Mem. at 5, 24-
26. But, the administrative record shows that CWS did in fact receive a strength for its “existing
knowledge of legacy services.” AR Tab 31 at 648. As discussed above, and further explained
by the government in its cross-motion, CWS’s prior experience as an incumbent contractor with
managing TIBCO is not the same kind of experience needed to transition off TIBCO-based
services to microservices based in the cloud. Def. Mot. at 27-28. Given this, CWS has not
shown that the USCIS’s evaluation decision lacked a rational basis.

       CWS also argues that it should have received two additional strengths for having expert
staff “already . . . on hand,” and for frontloading the effort to “provide [a] greater number of
teams and resources in [the] beginning to meet urgent TIBCO transition . . . .” Pl. Mem. at 27-
28; Pl. Ex. 2 at 27. But, the government correctly observes that CWS did not address such
staffing strengths in it Phase 1 proposal. Def. Mot. at 28 (“CWS’s prior experience might be
instructive, but it does not answer whether its personnel can do the work necessary for this new
contract, or how it would recruit people to complete the work. CWS made no serious attempt to
address the issue.”). In fact, CWS simply states in the Phase 1 proposal that it has 25 years of
proven recruiting experience. See Pl. Ex. 1 at 9. And so, CWS also has not shown that the
USCIS irrationally declined to assign additional strengths to its Phase 1 proposal based upon
CWS’s staffing resources and experience.

       C.      CWS Is Not Entitled To Injunctive Relief

       As a final matter, CWS is not entitled to the injunctive relief that it seeks in this case.
CWS seeks to enjoin the USCIS from proceeding with performance on the ESB Contract. See
generally Pl. Mot. for TRO/Prelim. Inj. But, a plaintiff who cannot demonstrate success upon
the merits cannot prevail on a motion for permanent injunctive relief. Argencord Mach. &
Equip., Inc. v. United States, 68 Fed. Cl. 167, 176 (2005). In this case, CWS has not succeeded




                                                                                                     22
upon the merits of any of its claims challenging the USCIS’s evaluation process for the ESB
Contract. And so, the Court must DENY CWS’s request for injunctive relief.

V.     CONCLUSION

       In sum, the government has not shown that CWS waived the right to bring this post-
award bid protest. But, CWS also has not shown that it was prejudiced by the evaluation errors
alleged in this case. In addition, the administrative record makes clear that the USCIS conducted
a reasonable evaluation during Phase 1 of the competition for the ESB Contract, consistent with
the terms of the RFQ and applicable law. And so, for the foregoing reasons, the Court:

       1. DENIES CWS’s motion for judgment upon the administrative record;

       2. DENIES the government’s motion to dismiss;

       3. GRANTS the government’s and Alethix’s cross-motions for judgment upon the
           administrative record;

       4. DENIES CWS’s motions for a temporary restraining order and for a preliminary
           injunction; and

       5. DISMISSES the complaint.

       The Clerk shall enter judgment accordingly.

       Each party to bear its own costs.

       Some of the information contained in this Memorandum Opinion and Order may be
considered protected information subject to the Protective Order entered in this matter on
November 12, 2019. This Memorandum Opinion and Order shall therefore be filed UNDER
SEAL. The parties shall review the Memorandum Opinion and Order to determine whether, in
their view, any information should be redacted in accordance with the terms of the Protective
Order prior to publication. The parties shall FILE a joint status report identifying the




                                                                                                23
information, if any, that they contend should be redacted, together with an explanation of the
basis for each proposed redaction on or before April 28, 2020.

       IT IS SO ORDERED.



                                                  s/ Lydia Kay Griggsby
                                                  LYDIA KAY GRIGGSBY
                                                  Judge




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