                             FIRST DIVISION
                               DOYLE, C. J.,
                       PHIPPS, P. J., and MERCIER, J.

                   NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be
                   physically received in our clerk’s office within ten
                   days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.
                               http://www.gaappeals.us/rules


                                                                  February 12, 2016




In the Court of Appeals of Georgia
 A15A2300. HOLLOWAY v. THE KROGER COMPANY.

      PHIPPS, Presiding Judge.

      Mildred Anne Holloway sued The Kroger Company (“Kroger”) for injuries

sustained when she fell at a Kroger grocery store. Following trial, the jury returned

a defense verdict. Holloway appeals, asserting that Kroger’s counsel made

inappropriate statements during closing argument and that the trial court failed to

properly instruct the jury. We affirm.

      Construed favorably to the jury’s verdict,1 the evidence shows that Holloway

entered the grocery store on a rainy day on February 5, 2010. As she reached for a

shopping cart in the store foyer, she slipped and fell, landing on her back. The store

      1
        See Fuller v. Flash Foods, 298 Ga. App. 217 (679 SE2d 775) (2009) (on
appeal from a jury’s verdict, we construe the evidence with every presumption and
inference in favor of upholding the verdict).
manager who responded to the scene noticed that water had dripped onto the floor

from the shopping carts, and Holloway testified that the floor was “slippery” and

“shiny.” According to the manager, Kroger’s “rainy day measures” were in place and

being followed at the time. A “greeter” was stationed in the foyer to keep the area

clean, and several “wet floor” caution signs were located near the entrance. Kroger

employees had also placed mats in the foyer to help keep the area dry, although no

mats were next to the shopping carts where Holloway fell. The manager further

testified that Kroger had installed special, slip-resistant flooring in the foyer.

      Holloway brought suit, alleging that Kroger negligently failed to exercise

ordinary care to keep its premises and approaches safe. The jury rejected Holloway’s

negligence claim, and this appeal followed.

      1. Holloway asserts that she is entitled to a new trial because defense counsel

made two inappropriate statements during closing argument. We disagree.

      (a) Holloway first complains about the following portion of defense counsel’s

argument:

      This is [Holloway’s] one day in court. It’s her opportunity to come
      before you and prove her case. And I guarantee you if those [safety]
      measures that were in place on February 5th of 2010 and being followed
      were not ordinary care, were not ordinary care, you would have heard

                                           2
       from some witness in that chair, some safety expert who would have
       come in, somebody like Mr. Carlisle who was Juror No. 12 who has a
       risk management firm who goes around and advises companies on what
       they can do to reduce risk. He said, yeah, one of the things we do is we
       talk about people falling and ways to prevent that. You would have
       heard from him or someone like him about what Kroger should have
       done on a rainy day, but you didn’t. You didn’t.


       According to Holloway, this argument improperly encouraged the jury to rely

on Juror No. 12 – “one of their number” – for expert testimony in resolving the case.

It is true that “what occur[s] during voir dire is not evidence and therefore should not

be raised in closing argument.”2 Defense counsel’s reference to Juror No. 12’s voir

dire responses, therefore, was improper. Holloway, however, did not object to this

portion of the argument. And absent an objection, “the standard for reversible error

is ‘whether the improper argument in reasonable probability changed the result of the

trial.’”3




       2
       Joseph v. State, 231 Ga. App. 399, 403 (2) (498 SE2d 808) (1998) (citation
omitted).
       3
       Stolte v. Fagan, 291 Ga. 477, 483 (2) (b) (731 SE2d 653) (2012) (citation
omitted).

                                           3
       The record does not contain a transcript of the jury selection proceedings or

evidence as to who was chosen to serve on the panel. But Kroger asserts, and

Holloway does not dispute, that Juror No. 12 was stricken from the panel during voir

dire. Defense counsel, therefore, did not ask jurors to rely on a panel member for

expert assistance. Instead, he discussed the occupation of a person who apparently

never made it past voir dire. Holloway has not shown that such discussion impacted

the trial result.4

       Alternatively, Holloway claims that defense counsel should not have suggested

that expert testimony on ordinary care, the ultimate issue in the case, would have been

admissible. It is well established, however, “that an expert witness may testify even

as to the ultimate issue of fact where the inferences to be drawn from the evidence are

beyond the ken of jurors.”5 Depending on the content of the testimony, the trial court

might have admitted expert evidence regarding the reasonableness of Kroger’s safety




       4
        See All Fleet Refinishing v. West Ga. Nat. Bank, 280 Ga. App. 676, 681 (4)
(a) (634 SE2d 802) (2006) (appellant bears burden of showing error affirmatively in
the record).
       5
        Fouts v. Builders Transport, 222 Ga. App. 568, 576 (3) (474 SE2d 746)
(1996) (citation omitted).

                                          4
measures.6 Moreover, counsel’s argument “merely stated what was already clear to

the jury, i.e., that no expert testified for [Holloway].”7 Under these circumstances,

Holloway cannot demonstrate that counsel’s comments – even if inappropriate –

altered the verdict.8

      (b) Next, Holloway argues that defense counsel improperly referenced several

photographs that her daughter, Denae, took at the scene, but that were not admitted

into evidence. Specifically, counsel stated: “[Denae] was there the whole time with

her cell phone snapping pictures [and] there were four pictures.” At that point, the

trial court interjected: “Put [the pictures] down. . . . They’re not in evidence. Put them

down.” When counsel explained that he did not intend to show the pictures to the



      6
        We recognize that the trial court might have ruled such expert testimony
inadmissible. See Hayward v. Kroger Co., 317 Ga. App. 795, 797 (1) (b) (733 SE2d
7) (2012) (trial court properly excluded affidavit of risk management expert because
testimony was not necessary for jury to determine whether store’s rainy-day safety
procedures were sufficient). But we cannot conclude that expert testimony about the
procedures and/or flooring here would have been inadmissible as a matter of law.
      7
       Vega v. La Movida, 294 Ga. App. 311, 317 (3) (670 SE2d 116) (2008)
(punctuation and footnote omitted).
      8
        See id. (defense counsel’s argument regarding plaintiff’s failure to present
expert testimony on sufficiency of security measures was “not so abominably
inflammatory and prejudicial as to call for a mistrial”) (punctuation and footnotes
omitted).

                                            5
jury, the trial court responded: “No, you’re not; and you will disregard that because

it wasn’t in evidence. If you make another comment, we’re going to have a problem.”

Defense counsel then moved on to a different argument.

      The record shows that Holloway’s other daughter, Diandra, testified without

objection that her sister took pictures of the scene with a cell phone. Although the

photographs were not admitted at trial, the evidence supported counsel’s argument

that they existed. This argument, therefore, was proper.9 And once the trial judge

became concerned that counsel might display the photographs to the jury, she

immediately stepped in, told the jury to disregard the photos, and instructed counsel

to move on to a different topic. Holloway did not object to defense counsel’s

argument or ask the trial court for further relief, and counsel complied with the trial

court’s instruction. Given the judge’s admonition to the jury, her specific instruction

that counsel move on, and the fact that counsel never actually displayed the photos

to the jury, we find no reasonable probability that any impropriety in counsel’s

argument affected the verdict.10

      9
      See Cooper v. State, 296 Ga. 728, 731 (3) (770 SE2d 597) (2015) (closing
argument proper when based on legitimate inferences supported by facts in evidence).
      10
        See Young v. Griffin, 329 Ga. App. 413, 416-417 (2) (765 SE2d 625) (2014)
(no reasonable probability that improper argument impacted result, given trial court’s

                                          6
      2. Holloway claims that the trial court erred by failing to instruct the jury that

argument of counsel does not constitute evidence. The record shows, however, that

Holloway raised no objection to the court’s instructions. Under these circumstances,

reversal results only “where there has been a substantial error in the charge which was

harmful as a matter of law.”11 A charge is harmful as a matter of law if “it raises the

question of whether the losing party has, to some extent at least, been deprived of a

fair trial because of it, or a gross injustice is about to result or has resulted directly

attributable to the alleged errors.”12

      We find no harmful error here. During a preliminary charge at the beginning

of trial, the court informed jurors about trial procedures, including closing arguments.

The court stated: “After the charge conference, the parties get to talk to you again in

what is called closing argument. Just like an opening statement, closing argument is

not evidence. . . . What they say isn’t evidence.” The judge did not reiterate this



instructions and trial evidence); Pulte Home Corp. v. Simerly, 322 Ga. App. 699, 704
(2) (746 SE2d 173) (2013) (improper argument did not affect result in light of
evidence and counsel’s clarifying comments).
      11
         OCGA § 5-5-24 (c); see also Shilliday v. Dunaway, 220 Ga. App. 406, 411
(8) (469 SE2d 485) (1996) (discussing OCGA § 5-5-24 (c)).
      12
           Shilliday, supra (citation and punctuation omitted).

                                            7
principle in the final jury charge. But she thoroughly discussed the concept of

evidence during the final charge, noting that it “includes all the testimony of the

witnesses and the exhibits admitted during the trial.” She explained that evidence may

be direct, circumstantial, or both, and she outlined the difference between the types

of evidence. She also stated that evidence “does not include the questions asked by

the lawyers or any objections or any of the court’s statements or comments.”

      Preliminary instructions given before the presentation of evidence generally

“cannot serve as a substitute for complete jury instructions required . . . after closing

arguments are completed.”13 In analyzing the potential harm caused by an erroneous

jury charge, however, our Supreme Court has considered whether language in a

preliminary charge mitigated any prejudice.14 Viewed as a whole, the trial court’s

preliminary and final instructions defined evidence for the jury, explained the purpose

of closing statements, and cautioned that comments and questions from the lawyers

and the judge are not evidence. Even if the final charge was insufficient, it was not



      13
        Tillman v. Massey, 281 Ga. 291, 294 (1) (637 SE2d 720) (2006) (citation and
punctuation omitted).
      14
         See Griffith v. State, 264 Ga. 326, 327 (2) (444 SE2d 794) (1994) (although
trial court failed to include several key instructions in final charge, no harmful error
where preliminary charge included required instructions).

                                           8
“so blatantly prejudicial as to deprive [Holloway] of a fair trial.”15 Accordingly, this

claim of error lacks merit.

      Judgment affirmed. Doyle, C. J., and Mercier, J., concur.




      15
           Shilliday, supra.

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