          IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA


Jeffrey Ryan Regula,                           :
                             Appellant         :
                                               :
                     v.                        :    No. 57 C.D. 2016
                                               :    Submitted: June 3, 2016
Commonwealth of Pennsylvania,                  :
Department of Transportation,                  :
Bureau of Driver Licensing                     :



BEFORE:      HONORABLE RENÉE COHN JUBELIRER, Judge
             HONORABLE MICHAEL H. WOJCIK, Judge
             HONORABLE ROCHELLE S. FRIEDMAN, Senior Judge




OPINION BY
JUDGE COHN JUBELIRER                                FILED: September 6, 2016


      Jeffrey Ryan Regula (Licensee) appeals from the Order of the Court of
Common Pleas of Berks County (common pleas), which denied Licensee’s appeal
from a one year suspension of his operating privilege imposed by the Department
of Transportation, Bureau of Driver Licensing (Department), pursuant to the
Section 15471 of the Vehicle Code, known commonly as the Implied Consent Law,

      1
         75 Pa. C.S. § 1547. Licensee’s operating privilege was suspended pursuant to
subsection (b)(1) of the Implied Consent Law, which provides, in relevant part:

      (1) If any person placed under arrest for a violation of section 3802 is requested to submit
          to chemical testing and refuses to do so, the testing shall not be conducted but upon
          notice by the police officer, the department shall suspend the operating privilege of
          the person as follows:

             (i) Except as set forth in subparagraph (ii), for a period of 12 months.
                                                                                 (Continued…)
for refusing to submit to a chemical test. On appeal, Licensee argues that common
pleas erred and/or abused its discretion “when it refused to consider that the
evidence supporting a finding that Licensee’s traffic stop was illegal had been
suppressed.” (Licensee’s Br. at 4.) Discerning no error or abuse of discretion, we
affirm.
       By notice mailed March 23, 2015, the Department notified Licensee that it
was suspending his operating privilege for one year pursuant to the Implied
Consent Law for refusing a chemical test on March 9, 2015.                          (Notice of
Suspension, Dep’t Ex. C-1, at 1.) Licensee appealed the suspension on April 14,
2015, and a de novo hearing was held before common pleas.
       At the hearing, the Department presented evidence of Licensee’s certified
driving records and a DL-26 form, indicating that Licensee had signed the form
acknowledging that the form had been read to him. Also introduced was the
testimony of the arresting Pennsylvania State Police trooper, Jeffrey Menet
(Trooper Menet). Based on Trooper Menet’s testimony common pleas found as
follows.
       On March 9, 2015, Trooper Menet, while on patrol, observed Licensee’s
“vehicle cross over the double yellow center line of the roadway twice and the fog

75 Pa. C.S. § 1547(b)(1)(i). Section 3802(a) of the Vehicle Code provides, in relevant part, as
follows:

          (a)     General impairment.--

                (1) An individual may not drive, operate or be in actual physical control of the
                    movement of a vehicle after imbibing a sufficient amount of alcohol such that
                    the individual is rendered incapable of safely driving, operating or being in
                    actual physical control of the movement of the vehicle.

75 Pa. C.S. § 3802(a).

                                                 2
line three times.” (Op. at 1.) Trooper Menet initiated a traffic stop. Trooper
Menet approached the vehicle and identified Licensee as the driver. Trooper
Menet detected a strong odor of alcohol coming from Licensee and noticed
Licensee’s eyes were glassy and bloodshot. Additionally, Licensee’s speech was
slurred and he admitted to consuming three beers. Upon exiting the vehicle,
Licensee had a staggered gait. Based on these observations, Trooper Menet placed
Licensee under arrest for suspicion of driving under the influence of alcohol (DUI)
and “transported him to the hospital for a blood test.” (Id.)
      At the hospital, Trooper Menet read verbatim the DL-26 form containing the
implied consent warnings to Licensee. Licensee signed the DL-26 form, but
“vacillated about whether he would actually submit to the blood test.” (Op. at 2.)
Licensee “asked to call his father.” (Id.) A phlebotomist was available to draw
Licensee’s blood. When the phlebotomist asked Licensee to roll up his sleeve,
Licensee “said that he would not do the test.” (Id.) Trooper Menet then deemed
Licensee to have refused to submit to chemical testing and released him.
      Licensee did not testify at the hearing. Licensee did elicit testimony from
Trooper Menet on cross-examination in which Trooper Menet agreed that he had
previously testified at a pretrial hearing on Licensee’s DUI criminal matter and that
a dashboard camera video had been submitted at that hearing. Licensee’s counsel
indicated that the judge in the underlying DUI criminal case granted Licensee’s
Motion for Suppression of Evidence (Motion to Suppress) and dismissed the DUI
criminal case. Licensee requested the court to take judicial notice of and admit as
evidence the granted Motion to Suppress and the dismissal of his DUI criminal
case. The Department objected on the grounds that the evidence from Licensee’s
DUI criminal proceedings is not relevant to his civil license suspension matter.


                                          3
Common pleas sustained the objection and did not admit evidence from the DUI
criminal case concluding that it was not relevant to the civil license suspension
proceeding. Common pleas denied Licensee’s appeal and reinstated the license
suspension. (Id.)
      Licensee filed a timely Notice of Appeal. Common pleas directed Licensee
to file a Concise Statement of Errors Complained of on Appeal (Statement)
pursuant to Rule 1925(b) of the Pennsylvania Rules of Appellate Procedure.2
Licensee filed a Statement on February 9, 2016, in which he argued that common
pleas erred “when it refused to consider that the evidence supporting a finding that
Appellant’s traffic stop was illegal had been suppressed.” (Statement, R.R. at 12.)
On March 14, 2016, common pleas issued an opinion explaining its denial of
Licensee’s appeal. Common pleas did not find evidence related to Licensee’s DUI
criminal case relevant to his civil license suspension matter under the Implied
Consent Law, citing Kachurak v. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Driver
Licensing, 913 A.2d 984, 986 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2006), which explained that:

      “[t]he law is clear that the legality of the underlying DUI arrest is of
      no moment in a license suspension that results from a refusal to
      submit to chemical testing. It is irrelevant whether [the officer] had
      probable cause for executing the traffic stop. An illegal arrest is not
      an impediment to a license suspension for refusing a chemical blood
      test.” [Dep’t of Transp. v.] Wysocki, . . . 535 A.2d [77,] . . . 79 [(Pa.
      1987)].
      2
          Pa. R.A.P. 1925(b). Rule 1925(b) provides, in relevant part:

      If the judge entering the order giving rise to the notice of appeal (“judge”) desires
      clarification of the errors complained of on appeal, the judge may enter an order
      directing the appellant to file of record in the trial court and serve on the judge a
      concise statement of the errors complained of on appeal (“Statement”).

Id.

                                                4
(Op. at 4 (quoting Kachurak, 913 A.2d at 986) (footnote omitted) (emphasis
added).) Licensee now appeals to this Court.
        On appeal,3 Licensee contends that common pleas abused its discretion
when it “refused to consider that the evidence supporting a finding that Licensee’s
traffic stop was illegal had been suppressed.” (Licensee’s Br. at 4.) Additionally,
Licensee argues that the Implied Consent Law violates both the Fourth
Amendment to the United States Constitution4 and Article I, Section 8 of the
Pennsylvania Constitution5 because, as interpreted by Pennsylvania Courts, it does
not require a lawful traffic stop as a prerequisite to a valid license suspension and,
therefore, it allows for unreasonable seizures of drivers. Licensee states that the


        3
          This Court’s review in a license suspension case is “to determine if the factual findings
of the trial court are supported by competent evidence, and whether the trial court committed an
error of law or an abuse of discretion.” Nornhold v. Dep’t of Transp., Bureau of Driver
Licensing, 881 A.2d 59, 62 n.4 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2005).
        4
          The Fourth Amendment to United States Constitution provides:

        The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects,
        against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants
        shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and
        particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be
        seized.

U.S. Const. amend. IV.
       5
         Article I, Section 8 of the Pennsylvania Constitution (relating to security from searches
and seizures) provides:

        The people shall be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and possessions from
        unreasonable searches and seizures, and no warrant to search any place or to seize
        any person or things shall issue without describing them as nearly as may be, nor
        without probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation subscribed by the
        affiant.

Pa. Const. art. I, § 8.

                                                5
Fourth Amendment and Article I, Section 8 of the Pennsylvania Constitution are
coterminous, because they “both allow for an investigative detention in the form of
a vehicle stop based on reasonable suspicion.” (Licensee’s Br. at 11-12.) Licensee
argues that, in not requiring that the initiating traffic stop be legal, the Implied
Consent Law “renders the Fourth Amendment ineffective in deterring police
misconduct as it relates to license suspensions.” (Licensee’s Br. at 12 (emphasis
added).)
      Specifically, Licensee focuses on the facts that certain evidence in the DUI
criminal matter stemming from the traffic stop initiated by Trooper Menet had
been suppressed and the criminal charges against him dismissed.               Licensee
acknowledges that courts of this Commonwealth have considered “a license
suspension issued by the Department” as “civil in nature and does not require a
lawful traffic stop pursuant to reasonable suspicion.”        (Licensee’s Br. at 10.)
However, Licensee argues that the evidence from the DUI criminal proceedings
supporting a finding that the traffic stop was illegal should be admitted because
“the suspension of a license for a refusal to test is not civil in the traditional legal
sense as it involves action against a citizen . . . pursuant to a police officer’s
exercise of law enforcement authority.”         (Id.)   Licensee explains that, as a
Pennsylvania citizen whose underlying arrest had been determined to be unlawful,
he has a right to be free from arbitrary police action in the form of the suspension
of his license. Essentially, Licensee argues that the current interpretations of the
Implied Consent Law defeat the purpose of the Fourth Amendment and Article I,
Section 8 of the Pennsylvania Constitution.
      In response, the Department argues that common pleas did not abuse its
discretion when it denied Licensee’s request to admit evidence of the outcome of


                                           6
his DUI criminal proceedings. The Department, citing Commonwealth v. Miller,
664 A.2d 1310, 1320 (Pa. 1995), notes that common pleas has discretion over the
decisions on the conduct of the hearing and the admissibility or relevance of
evidence, and those decisions will be upheld unless there is an abuse of discretion.
Citing, inter alia, Wysocki and Sitoski v. Department of Transportation, Bureau of
Driver Licensing, 11 A.3d 12 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2010), the Department argues that it is
well-settled that the evidence concerning a licensee’s DUI criminal proceedings is
not relevant to a licensee’s appeal of a license suspension under the Implied
Consent Law. Evidence concerning a licensee’s DUI criminal proceedings is not
admissible in a civil license suspension matter because “[e]vidence that is not
relevant is not admissible.” Rule 402 of the Pennsylvania Rules of Evidence, Pa.
R.E. 402. Additionally, the Department argues that neither the Fourth Amendment
to the United States Constitution, nor Article I, Section 8 of the Pennsylvania
Constitution required common pleas to consider evidence of the outcome of
Licensee’s underlying DUI criminal proceedings.6

       6
           The Department separately addresses Article I, Section 8 of the Pennsylvania
Constitution by citing Osselburn v. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Driver Licensing,
970 A.2d 534 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2009). In Osselburn, this Court addressed a licensee’s argument
based on Article I, Section 8 (separate and apart from the Fourth Amendment) that the arresting
officer’s traffic stop was a result of animus and a violation of his expectation of privacy in his
vehicle. Although this Court recognized in Osselburn that “to date, the enhanced privacy
protections of Article I, Section 8 have been successfully invoked only in the context of criminal
prosecutions,” we also indicated that Article I, Section 8 could possibly provide a viable
challenge to an initial stop on the basis of a violation of privacy. Osselburn, 970 A.2d at 539-40.
However, because the licensee in Osselburn presented as evidence the officer’s dashboard
camera video, which showed a violation of the Vehicle Code and supported the officer’s
testimony, we held in Osselburn “that Article I, Section 8 does not protect citizens from being
stopped for careless driving.” Osselburn, 970 A.2d at 540. Unlike the licensee in Osselburn,
Licensee here is not raising an independent Article I, Section 8 privacy argument but is instead
arguing that this provision is coterminous with the Fourth Amendment. Moreover, Trooper
Menet’s credited testimony indicates that Licensee, while driving, was having difficulty staying
                                                                                  (Continued…)
                                                7
       The authority of police officers to conduct a traffic stop in Pennsylvania to
investigate a potential DUI is statutory and is found at Section 6308(b) of the
Vehicle Code, which provides:

       (b) Authority of police officer.—Whenever a police officer is
       engaged in a systematic program of checking vehicles or drivers or
       has reasonable suspicion that a violation of this title is occurring or
       has occurred, he may stop a vehicle, upon request or signal, for the
       purpose of checking the vehicle’s registration, proof of financial
       responsibility, vehicle identification number or engine number or the
       driver’s license, or to secure such other information as the officer may
       reasonably believe to be necessary to enforce the provisions of this
       title.

75 Pa. C.S. § 6308(b) (emphasis added). The current language of Section 6308(b)
reflects the General Assembly’s decision to amend the language in 2003, which
became effective on February 1, 2004.7 Prior to February 1, 2004, a police officer
could enforce the Vehicle Code when “engaged in a systematic program of
checking vehicles or drivers” or upon “articulable and reasonable grounds” to
suspect a violation of the Vehicle Code.8 The Supreme Court of Pennsylvania
interpreted the “articulable and reasonable grounds” standard as the equivalent to
probable cause to believe that a violation of the Vehicle Code is occurring or has
occurred. See Com. v. Whitmyer, 668 A.2d 1113, 1116 (Pa. 1995), superseded by
statute, Act of September 30, 2003, P.L. 120, as recognized in Com. v. Holmes, 14


in his lane, crossing the double yellow and fog lines on several occasions, and, unlike in
Osselburn, Licensee did not present any evidence to challenge the officer’s testimony or motive.
Licensee instead requests that common pleas “take judicial notice and admit evidence that after
that pretrial hearing, [Licensee’s] motion to suppress was granted and the criminal case
ultimately dismissed.” (Op. at 2.)
       7
         Act of September 30, 2003, P.L. 120, 75 Pa. C.S § 6308(b).
       8
         Act of February 2, 1990, P.L 2, 75 Pa. C.S. § 6308(b).

                                               8
A.3d 89 (Pa. 2011) (concluding that the “semantic difference” between the
probable cause standard and the “articulable and reasonable grounds” are, when
balancing the underlying interests, a “distinction without a difference”).
      Thus, prior to 2004, Pennsylvania law included two distinct standards for
traffic stops: probable cause was required when the basis of the stop was a
violation of the Vehicle Code; and reasonable suspicion, the Fourth Amendment
standard, was required for a stop of the basis of suspected criminal activity. See
Delaware v. Prouse, 440 U.S. 648, 663 (1979) (stopping a vehicle absent
articulable and reasonable suspicion of wrongdoing is unreasonable under the
Fourth Amendment). “[T]his distinction was directly at issue when the [General
Assembly] sought to amend Section 6308(b) to its current form.” Com. v. Feczko,
10 A.3d 1285, 1289 (Pa. Super. 2010). The Superior Court extensively reviewed
the legislative history of the amendment and concluded:

      Clearly, the [General Assembly]’s intent was to permit officers who
      suspect that an operator of a vehicle has committed a serious offense,
      such as DUI or homicide by vehicle, to stop the vehicle based upon a
      reasonable suspicion rather than the heightened standard of probable
      cause. And the legislature reasoned that such an amendment would be
      constitutional since existing constitutional precedent actually permits
      police officers to stop a vehicle based upon reasonable suspicion that
      criminal activity is afoot.

Com. v. Sands, 887 A.2d 261, 268 (Pa. Super. 2005); see also Com. v. Chase, 960
A.2d 108, 115 (Pa. 2008) (“stating that “[t]he amendment of [Section] 6308(b)
accomplished the elimination of a unique and higher statutory threshold for stops
for Vehicle Code offenses . . . ”).
      With this back drop, which sets the statutory prerequisite for police
enforcement of the entire Vehicle Code, we examine the Implied Consent Law. It


                                          9
has long been held that “[p]ermission to operate a motor vehicle upon the
highways of this Commonwealth is a privilege subject to such conditions as the
legislature may see fit to impose.” Wysocki, 535 A.2d at 78 (citing Com. v. Funk,
186 A.2d 65 (Pa. 1936)). The Implied Consent Law sets forth one of those
conditions: the “implied consent” to submit to chemical testing. The Implied
Consent Law provides in pertinent part:

      (a) General rule.-- Any person who drives, operates or is in actual
      physical control of the movement of a motor vehicle in this
      Commonwealth shall be deemed to have given consent to one or more
      chemical tests of breath, blood or urine for the purpose of determining
      the alcoholic content of blood or the presence of a controlled
      substance if a police officer has reasonable grounds to believe the
      person to have been driving, operating or in actual physical control of
      the movement of a motor vehicle:
         (1) in violation of section . . . 3802 (relating to driving under the
         influence of alcohol or a controlled substance). . .
         ....

      (b) Suspension for refusal.--
         (1) If any person placed under arrest for a violation of section 3802
         is requested to submit to chemical testing and refuses to do so, the
         testing shall not be conducted but upon notice by the police officer,
         the department shall suspend the operating privilege of the person
         as follows:
             (i) . . . for a period of 12 months.
             ....
         (2) It shall be the duty of the police officer to inform the person
         that:
             (i) the person’s operating privilege will be suspended upon
             refusal to submit to chemical testing.
             ....
         (3) Any person whose operating privilege is suspended under the
         provisions of this section shall have the same right of appeal as
         provided for in cases of suspension for other reasons.
75 Pa. C.S. § 1547(a), (b).



                                          10
      In order to sustain the appeal of a license suspension under the Implied
Consent Law:

      The Department must prove at a statutory appeal hearing that the
      licensee (1) was arrested for driving while under the influence by a
      police officer who had reasonable grounds to believe that the licensee
      was operating a vehicle while under the influence of alcohol or a
      controlled substance, (2) was asked to submit to a chemical test, (3)
      refused to do so, and (4) was warned that a refusal would result in a
      license suspension.

Zwibel v. Dep’t of Transp., Bureau of Driver Licensing, 832 A.2d 599, 604 (Pa.
Cmwlth. 2003) (emphasis in original). With regard to the first prong of this
burden,

      [a]n officer has reasonable grounds to believe an individual was
      operating a motor vehicle under the influence of alcohol “if a
      reasonable person in the position of a police officer, viewing the facts
      and circumstances as they appeared to the officer at the time, could
      conclude that the driver drove his car while under the influence of
      alcohol.” McCallum v. Commonwealth, . . . 592 A.2d 820, 822 ([Pa.
      Cmwlth.] 1991). The issue of reasonable grounds is decided on a
      case-by-case basis, and an officer’s reasonable grounds are not
      rendered void if it is later discovered that the officer’s belief was
      erroneous. Id. The officer’s belief must only be objective in light of
      the surrounding circumstances. Moreover, the existence of reasonable
      alternative conclusions that may be made from the circumstances does
      not necessarily render the officer’s belief unreasonable. Id.

Id. The standard of reasonable grounds to support a license suspension is akin to
the reasonable suspicion standard of the Fourth Amendment and “does not rise to
the level of probable cause required for a criminal prosecution.” Banner v. Dep’t
of Transp., Bureau of Driver Licensing, 737 A.2d 1203, 1207 (Pa. 1999); compare
Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 21, 30 (1968) (requiring police officers to “point to
specific and articulable facts which, taken together with rational inferences from

                                        11
those facts, . . . leads him reasonably to conclude in light of his experience that
criminal activity may be afoot” and that such facts must “be judged against an
objective standard”), with Banner, 737 A.2d at 1207 (“[r]easonable grounds exist
when a person in the position of the police officer, viewing the facts and
circumstances as they appeared at the time, could have concluded that the motorist
was operating the vehicle while under the influence of intoxicating liquor”).
      Licensee does not appear to dispute that the Department met its burden
under the Implied Consent Law, or that Trooper Menet had reasonable grounds to
make an arrest for DUI. Indeed, that would be problematic given Trooper Menet’s
credible testimony that Licensee had:         a “strong odor of alcoholic beverage
emanating from him”; later admitted to consuming three beers; and had “glassy
bloodshot eyes and slurred speech.” (Hr’g Tr. at 5.) Trooper Menet also testified
that Licensee, upon exiting his vehicle, “had a staggered gait while walking to the
bed of his truck.” (Id. at 6.) Instead, Licensee argues that common pleas should
have admitted into evidence the granted Motion to Suppress and the dismissal of
his DUI criminal case.
      Both the Supreme Court and this Court consistently have held that the result
of a criminal DUI proceeding and the legality of the underlying traffic stop are not
relevant to an appeal of a civil license suspension matter based on a licensee’s
refusal to submit to a chemical test in accordance with the Implied Consent Law.
In Wysocki, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court addressed a licensee’s Fourth
Amendment challenge to the Implied Consent Law. There, the licensee, who was
stopped at a roadblock for a “traffic check,” had his criminal case dismissed for
lack of evidence after a preliminary hearing. Wysocki, 535 A.2d at 78. The
licensee argued that because his DUI arrest was unlawful due to an illegal stop, the


                                         12
Fourth Amendment exclusionary rule9 should apply to the civil license suspension
matter. Id. at 79. The Supreme Court rejected licensee’s argument, explaining:

       Where the results of the test are being used as evidence in a criminal
       trial, it is properly excluded in that proceeding if it is found to be the
       fruit of an illegal arrest. The basis for employing the exclusionary
       rule in Fourth Amendment situations is to deter police officials from
       engaging in improper conduct for the purpose of obtaining criminal
       convictions. Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 . . . (1968); Linkletter v.
       Walker, 381 U.S. 618 . . . (1965); Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643 . . .
       (1961). Where the driver refuses to take a breathalyzer test, that
       refusal violates a condition for the continued privilege of operating a
       motor vehicle and is properly considered as a basis for suspension of
       that privilege. The driver’s guilt or innocence of a criminal offense is
       not at issue in the license suspension proceedings. The only fact
       necessary to the administrative determination is the driver’s refusal to
       comply with the breathalyzer request after being taken into custody.

       The conclusion that the illegality of the initial decision does not in and
       of itself preclude the suspension of the operating privileges does not
       end the instant inquiry. Although [the Implied Consent Law]
       established an “implied consent” on the part of the motorist,
       subsection (a)(1) [of the Implied Consent Law] authorizes a request
       for a breathalyzer test only “if a police officer has reasonable grounds
       to believe the person to have been driving, operating or in actual
       physical control of the movement of a motor vehicle: (1) while under
       the influence of alcohol…” Thus, although the fact that the initial
       stop may have been improper would not necessarily prevent a
       suspension of license where there was a subsequent refusal to submit
       to a breathalyzer test, such a suspension will not be allowed if the
       officer’s request was not supported by reasonable grounds for the
       officer to have believed that the person was under the influence of
       alcohol.
Wysocki, 535 A.2d 79-80 (emphasis added).

       9
          The Fourth Amendment exclusionary rule succinctly holds that evidence obtained by
the government during, or as a result of, an unlawful search “c[an] not constitute proof against
the victim of the search.” Wong Sun v. United States, 371 U.S. 471, 484 (1963) (citing Weeks v.
United States, 232 U.S. 383 (1914)).



                                              13
      Courts of this Commonwealth have consistently followed and cited Wysocki
for a variety of principles distinguishing between the civil license suspension and
the criminal DUI proceedings. See Sitoski, 11 A.3d at 21 (“[o]ur Courts have
consistently held that a licensee may not seek civil remedies, i.e., the reversal of a
license suspension, where the licensee’s rights as a criminal defendant have been
compromised”); Witmer v. Dep’t of Transp., Bureau of Driver Licensing, 880
A.2d 716, 719 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2005) (holding that the sanctions imposed by the
Implied Consent Law, i.e., a license suspension, “are civil in nature and are wholly
unrelated to the consequences of a DUI criminal prosecution”); Kachurak, 913
A.2d at 986 (“[t]he law is clear that the legality of the underlying DUI arrest is of
no moment” in a civil appeal of the license suspension and that “[i]t is irrelevant
whether the arresting officer had probable cause for executing the traffic stop”
(emphasis added)). Given the extensive precedent in this area, common pleas did
not err or abuse its discretion in excluding the evidence related to Licensee’s DUI
criminal proceedings because it is not relevant to this civil license suspension
matter.
      Licensee claims that this interpretation of the Implied Consent Law violates
both the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution and Article I,
Section 8 of the Pennsylvania Constitution “because it allows for unreasonable
seizures as a result of the fact that Pennsylvania Courts have interpreted the Law to
not require a lawful traffic stop as a prerequisite to a valid license suspension.”
(Licensee’s Br. at 7.) Licensee argues that the “reasonable suspicion” requirement
for initiating a stop would “further protect against arbitrary seizures by police,
which are clearly condemned by the Fourth Amendment and Article I, Section 8 of
the Pennsylvania Constitution.” (Id. at 14.) Licensee claims that if reasonable


                                         14
suspicion for a lawful traffic stop need not be demonstrated at a civil license
suspension proceeding, then police will be encouraged to conduct arbitrary
investigatory stops. For this reason, the dismissal of Licensee’s DUI criminal case,
and the granted Motion to Suppress, is relevant to the inquiry regarding whether it
was a lawful traffic stop.
      Licensee raises some interesting constitutional issues. Efforts to combat
drunk driving in Pennsylvania and around the country, including the
implementation of implied consent laws, have been remarkably effective. “As of
the early 1980’s [sic], the number of annual fatalities averaged 25,000; by 2014,
the most recent year for which statistics are available, the number had fallen to
below 10,000.” Birchfield v. North Dakota, ___ U.S. ___, ___, 136 S. Ct. 2160,
2169 (2016) (citing Presidential Commission on Drunk Driving 1 (Nov. 1983);
NHTSA, Traffic Safety Facts, 2014 Data, Alcohol–Impaired Driving 2 (No.
812231, Dec. 2015) (NHTSA, 2014 Alcohol–Impaired Driving)).                   Yet, by
concluding that the Implied Consent Law is not hindered even if the police officer
who requested chemical evidence had no legal justification to stop a vehicle, it
appears that the Implied Consent Law, as interpreted by Pennsylvania courts, has
been expanded from providing that all drivers in the Commonwealth impliedly
consent to a search of one’s breath, blood or urine, to providing that all drivers also
impliedly consent to an illegal seizure for purposes of civil license suspensions.
Such a conclusion seems to be at conflict with generalized principles on the role of
the Fourth Amendment in civil proceedings. See New Jersey v. T.L.O., 469 U.S.
325, 335 (1985) (stating that because individual privacy and personal security is
infringed regardless of whether the “government’s motivation is to investigate
violations of criminal laws or breaches of other statutory or regulatory standards, . .


                                          15
. it would be anomalous to say that the individual and his private property are fully
protected by the Fourth Amendment only when the individual is suspected of
criminal behavior” (internal quotations omitted).) The fact that Trooper Menet
developed the reasonable grounds to believe that Licensee was operating the
vehicle while under the influence of alcohol through observations made, at least in
part, from a vantage point he unlawfully occupied is concerning.
      Our sister states that have examined this issue have split on whether a legal
stop is a prerequisite for a license suspension pursuant to implied consent laws.
See, e.g., Hanson v. Colo. Dep’t of Revenue, Div. of Motor Vehicles, 328 P.3d
122, 126 (Colo. 2014) (holding that because “the exclusionary rule does not apply
in driver’s license revocation proceedings” the court need not assess whether the
officer’s contact with driver was lawful); Lopez v. Dir., N.H. Div. of Motor
Vehicles, 761 A.2d 448, 450 (N.H 2000) (“lawfulness of the stop is not necessary
to sustain a valid license suspension” under New Hampshire’s implied consent
law); Riche v. Dir. of Revenue, 987 S.W.2d 331, 336 (Mo. 1999) (concluding that
the Missouri implied consent law does not require the “Court to impose the
‘probable or reasonable cause to stop’ requirement”); State v. Brabson, 976 S.W.2d
182, 185 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998) (“[s]ince an exclusionary rule does not apply to
an administrative proceeding to revoke a person’s driver’s license, then there was
no need for the administrative judge to make findings on the legality of appellee’s
arrest”); Powell v. Sec’y of State, 614 A.2d 1303, 1306 (Me. 1992) (concluding
that the Fourth Amendment’s exclusionary rule should not be applied to civil
license suspensions). But see, e.g., State v. Taeger, 781 N.W.2d 560, 566 (Iowa
2010) (interpreting Iowa’s implied consent law as including “a mandatory
exclusionary rule, which prevents the introduction of evidence in a civil license


                                         16
proceeding that has been suppressed in the parallel criminal proceeding”); State v.
Lussier, 757 A.2d 1017, 1026–27 (Vt. 2000) (applying the exclusionary rule to a
license suspension proceeding “to protect the core value of privacy embraced in
Article 11 [of the state constitution], to promote the public’s trust in the judicial
system, and to assure that unlawful police conduct is not encouraged”); Watford v.
Ohio Bur. of Motor Vehicles, 674 N.E.2d 776, 778 (Ohio Ct. App. 1996) (“a
lawful arrest, including a constitutional stop, must take place before a refusal to
submit to chemical tests of one’s blood, breath, urine or other bodily substances
triggers a license suspension”); Pooler v. Motor Vehicles Div., 755 P.2d 701, 703
(Or. 1988) (without a legal arrest there can be no request to take a breath test which
may lead to a lawful license suspension and that “if the stop [is] unlawful, evidence
obtained as a result of the stop should be excluded”).
      While the United States Supreme Court has not directly addressed this issue,
it has recently shown its willingness to impose limits on implied consent laws
based on the Fourth Amendment. In Missouri v. McNeely, ___U.S. ___, ___, 133
S. Ct. 1552, 1563 (2013), the Court held that the exigent circumstances exception
to the Fourth Amendment’s warrant requirement cannot serve as a blanket
exception in all drunk driving cases.      A plurality of the Court expressed no
misgivings about the impact of its holding, stating that “[w]e are aware of no
evidence indicating that restrictions on nonconsensual blood testing have
compromised drunk-driving enforcement efforts in the States that have them.”
McNeely, ___ U.S. at ___, 133 S. Ct. at 1567. More recently in Birchfield, the
Court applied further limitations to state implied consent laws.          While not
questioning the civil consequences imposed by state implied consent laws, the
Court signaled its continued willingness to apply a Fourth Amendment analysis to


                                         17
such laws. See Birchfield, ___U.S. at ___, 136 S. Ct. at 2181 (holding that implied
consent laws that impose criminal penalties for refusing to submit to a blood test
violates the Fourth Amendment when such searches are not authorized by a
warrant signed by a detached magistrate).
      Furthermore, we observe that neither Wysocki nor its progeny addressed the
statutory requirements of Section 6308(b) of the Vehicle Code, nor the impact of
the 2004 amendment, which occurred after Wysocki was decided. While the
reasonable suspicion standard articulated in Section 6308(b) now aligns with the
requirements of the Fourth Amendment, Section 6308(b) provides a separate
analytical framework since the provision applies equally to the entire Vehicle Code
and the requirements of the Fourth Amendment are often “less clear” in the civil
context. Luminella v. Marcocci, 814 A.2d 711, 720 (Pa. Super. 2002) (addressing
the Fourth Amendment’s application to the mandatory submission of blood in child
custody cases and citing United States v. Int’l Bus. Machines Corp., 83 F.R.D. 97,
103 (S.D.N.Y. 1979)).
      Notwithstanding the above questions and the continued development of the
law at the state and federal levels, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court has spoken and
this Court is bound by its decision. For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the order
of common pleas.




                                        ________________________________
                                        RENÉE COHN JUBELIRER, Judge




                                        18
       IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA


Jeffrey Ryan Regula,                 :
                       Appellant     :
                                     :
                  v.                 :   No. 57 C.D. 2016
                                     :
Commonwealth of Pennsylvania,        :
Department of Transportation,        :
Bureau of Driver Licensing           :



                                   ORDER


      NOW, September 6, 2016, the Order of the Court of Common Pleas of
Berks County, entered in the above-captioned matter, is AFFIRMED.




                                     ________________________________
                                     RENÉE COHN JUBELIRER, Judge
