                                     File Name: 07a0859n.06
                                     Filed: December 18, 2007

                    NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION

                                            No. 06-1808

                            UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                 FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

MAJED SHOHATEE,

          Petitioner-Appellant,

v.                                                          ON APPEAL FROM THE
                                                            UNITED STATES DISTRICT
ANDRES JACKSON,                                             COURT FOR THE EASTERN
                                                            DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN
          Respondent-Appellee.


                                                       /

Before:          MARTIN, GIBBONS, and SUTTON, Circuit Judges.


          BOYCE F. MARTIN, JR., Circuit Judge. Majed Shohatee petitioned for a writ of habeas

corpus based on three grounds: (1) ineffective assistance of counsel, (2) denial of the right to be

present at a critical stage of the proceeding, and (3) denial of the right to have counsel of one’s own

choosing. Because we cannot find that Shohatee has met the high standard of review imposed on

habeas corpus appeals, we AFFIRM the district court’s denial of habeas corpus relief.

                                                   I

          Shohatee was convicted of assault with intent to commit murder and first-degree criminal

sexual conduct in Michigan. The victim, Veronica Rivera, had been beaten and penetrated with a

crowbar. The Michigan Court of Appeals affirmed the conviction in February 2003, and the
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Page 2

Michigan Supreme Court denied leave to appeal. The district court denied Shohatee’s habeas corpus

appeal on April 26, 2006.

       The facts relevant to the issues presented are as follows. On September 26, 2000, during the

second day of deliberation following trial, the jury sent a note to the judge requesting transcripts of

testimony. Since the transcripts were not ready, the judge allowed playback of the trial tapes instead.

The playback was to be done without the presence of the judge or any counsel. Defense counsel

Richard Nelson expressed concern that the jury might hear excerpted testimony and take it out of

context, but the judge agreed that only the entire testimony of any witness would be played. Nelson

consented to these procedures. The jury was informed that it could hear the playback and take notes,

but it could not speak to anyone or deliberate during the playback, nor would the tapes be stopped

at any point. The jury then requested and heard the testimony of a number of witnesses. With

respect to the testimony of two of these witnesses the record does not confirm that their testimony

was played. The judge did not give any instruction to the jury concerning the proper use of playback

testimony.

       During the sentencing hearing, Shohatee, through his counsel, requested a continuance so that

he could be represented by a new attorney, Mosabi Hamed. Hamed was unable to attend that day

due to a schedule conflict. Shohatee also stated that he wished to call witnesses who were not

present at that time and preferred to have Hamed question them since Nelson was unfamiliar with

the witnesses. The court denied the motion because it had not received any notice from Hamed, the

victim was present and ready to testify, and Shohatee knew the date of the hearing and could have

brought any witnesses or counsel to the hearing that he wished.
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                                                  II

       This Court reviews a district court’s denial of habeas corpus de novo. The Anti-Terrorism

and Effective Death Penalty Act allows habeas relief if the state court proceedings “resulted in a

decision that was contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal

law, as determined by the Supreme Court of the United States.” 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1).

                                A. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel

       Shohatee claims that his counsel was constitutionally deficient for failing to object to the

playback procedures used by the court. Strickland v. Washington sets out a two-pronged test to

determine whether counsel was constitutionally defective: counsel must be deficient, and the

deficiency must be prejudicial. 466 U.S. 668 (1984).

       To meet the first prong, Shohatee must show that his counsel’s acts fell below an objective

standard of reasonableness. Id. at 688. In evaluating his claim, we must recall that “judicial scrutiny

of counsel’s performance must be highly deferential.” Id. at 689. The Michigan Court of Appeals

analogized counsel’s decision not to not to object to the playback procedure to an evidentiary

decision. People v. Shohatee, 2003 WL 245771, at *4 (Mich. Ct. App. 2003). As such, the court

found that counsel’s decision fell within his discretion to determine trial strategy. While on habeas

corpus review this Court is deferential to the state court decisions, simply analogizing defense

counsel’s decision to an evidentiary issue is insufficient to determine whether he was objectively

reasonable. Cf. Hodge v. Hurley, 426 F.3d 368, 385-86 (6th Cir. 2005).
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        However, even assuming that Shohatee’s counsel was objectively deficient, Shohatee cannot

demonstrate prejudice, and therefore his claim fails the Strickland test. Under the second prong of

Strickland analysis, Shohatee must show that the deficient performance prejudiced his defense.

Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687. Shohatee argues that he benefits from a presumption of prejudice under

United States v. Cronic, 466 U.S. 648, 659 (1984). In Cronic the Supreme Court held that there are

“circumstances that are so likely to prejudice the accused that the cost of litigating their effect in a

particular case is unjustified.” Id. at 658. Among these are complete denial of counsel during a

critical stage of trial and complete failure to challenge the prosecution’s case. Id. at 659. Because

the Supreme Court has not specifically held that playback is a critical stage, La Crosse v. Kernan,

244 F.3d 702, 708 (9th Cir. 2001), the state courts did not act contrary to “clearly established federal

law” in failing to apply the Cronic presumption to this case.

        Our analysis of whether the state court’s application of federal law was reasonable turns on

whether this situation did, or was highly likely to, cause prejudice. Prejudice might be possible if

excerpts of testimony were played, raising the risk that the testimony would be taken out of context

or accorded undue emphasis. United States v. Padin, 787 F.2d 1071, 1076 (6th Cir. 1986).

However, the tapes of testimony were played in full, reducing the chance of misunderstanding, and

jurors listened to nearly a day and a half of testimony, reducing any chance of placing undue

emphasis on any one part. Furthermore, since the actual audio recordings were played back, there

is little or no chance of any error as to the content of the testimony.

        Shohatee points to the fact that the record does not show that two of the tapes requested by

the jury were played. Assuming that these tapes were not played, we cannot say that the state courts
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were unreasonable in finding that no prejudice resulted. The content of the two witnesses’ testimony

was short and simple, making it unlikely that the jury was unable to recall the importance of their

statements. Only one of the witnesses provided real help to the defense’s case, and that testimony,

even if believed, undermined only a portion of the prosecution’s case. Finally, given that the jury

made multiple requests to the judge to hear various witnesses, it seems likely that if the jury felt it

needed to hear either of these witnesses, it would have repeated its request. Therefore we cannot say

that the state courts were unreasonable in finding that no prejudice resulted from any ineffective

assistance of counsel.

                         B. Denial of Right to be Present During Playback

       A criminal defendant has a fundamental right to be present at all critical stages of trial. See

Rushen v. Spain, 464 U.S. 114, 117 (1983). Shohatee asserts that this right was violated when he

was denied the opportunity to be present during playback of the witnesses’ testimony. Even

assuming that playback is a critical stage of the proceedings, Shohatee was not denied the right to

be present. Through his counsel, Shohatee agreed to the procedure and was present in court when

the judge made her decision to allow the jury to hear the tapes without the presence of counsel.

Shohatee’s counsel at first objected to the playback out of concern that the jury would only listen to

parts of the testimony, but after the judge explained that the jury was to hear the whole of each

witness’s testimony uninterrupted, his counsel agreed. This constitutes a waiver of any procedural

objection. United States v. Riddle, 249 F.3d 529, 534 (6th Cir. 2001).

       Shohatee argues that while he was present at the hearing when the judge explained the

playback procedures, he was unaware of his right to be present and therefore cannot be held to have
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Page 6

waived it. However, as the district court noted, “petitioner neither alleges nor establishes that the

waiver of the right to be present (or to have counsel present) was involuntary or unknowing.” An

examination of Shohatee’s brief to the district court confirms that he did not raise any issue as to

involuntary waiver. Thus we will not consider this issue on appeal. Hormel v. Helvering, 312 U.S.

552, 556 (1941). Accordingly, the Michigan courts did not unreasonably apply federal law when

they held that Shohatee had waived any objections to the jury playback procedures.

                                       C. Choice of Counsel

       Shohatee argues that he was denied his right to retain counsel of his choice when the district

court denied his motion for a continuance until the new lawyer would be available. The decision to

grant a continuance (or as in Michigan, an adjournment) is within the discretion of the trial court.

Bennett v. Scroggy, 793 F.2d 772, 774-75 (6th Cir. 1986). The Michigan courts found that the trial

judge did not abuse her discretion when she denied the continuance because (1) Shohatee knew the

date of sentencing and was not denied the opportunity to present witnesses or to have his counsel of

choice present on that date, and (2) no appearance had been filed by the new attorney. Thus there

was no denial of choice of counsel, only a denial of a continuance, which was within the discretion

of the trial judge. The district court agreed: there was no indication of any problem with Nelson

(existing counsel) and the victim would have been inconvenienced since she was present to testify

that day. Because the decision is within the discretion of the trial court, and because there were

legitimate reasons to deny the continuance, the Michigan courts did not unreasonably apply federal

law when they denied relief on this ground. Furthermore, there is little evidence of any harm as a
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result of this decision since Nelson, Shohatee’s trial counsel, was able to reduce Shohatee’s sentence

to the low end of the guidelines range.

                                                 III

        In this case we find no unreasonable application of federal law by the Michigan courts in

upholding Shohatee’s conviction. We therefore AFFIRM the decision of the district court denying

Shohatee’s petition for habeas corpus.
