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                                                                       [DO NOT PUBLISH]



                  IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                            FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                              ________________________

                                     No. 17-15664
                               ________________________

                       D.C. Docket No. 2:16-cr-00081-SPC-CM-2



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                                                                           Plaintiff-Appellee,

                                            versus

JERRY BROWDY, et al.,

                                                                     Defendants-Appellants.

                               ________________________

                      Appeals from the United States District Court
                           for the Middle District of Florida
                             ________________________

                                    (December 30, 2019)

Before WILSON and GRANT, Circuit Judges, and HINKLE,* District Judge.

PER CURIAM:


*
  Honorable Robert L. Hinkle, United States District Judge for the Northern District of Florida,
sitting by designation.
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      Jerry Browdy, Brown Laster, and Wesley Petiphar appeal their convictions

and life sentences for conspiring to possess with intent to distribute and to

distribute 500 grams or more of methamphetamine, in violation of 21 U.S.C.

§§ 841(a)(1) and 846. Each argues that the evidence was insufficient to uphold his

convictions and that the district court committed reversible error in its evidentiary

decisions. Each also argues that the district court abused its discretion by denying

motions for a new trial after a witness made a brief, unprompted reference to

Laster’s prior period of incarceration. Finally, each argues that his sentence is

procedurally and substantially unreasonable. We affirm the convictions and

sentences.

                                          I.

      Each defendant argues that the evidence at trial was insufficient to support

the jury’s conclusion that he was guilty of the charged conspiracy. We review

challenges to the sufficiency of the evidence de novo, viewing the evidence in the

light most favorable to the jury’s verdict. United States v. Chastain, 198 F.3d

1338, 1351 (11th Cir. 1999). “A conviction must be upheld unless the jury could

not have found the defendant guilty under any reasonable construction of the

evidence.” Id.




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      To convict the defendants of the charged conspiracy, the United States had

to prove that (1) an illegal agreement existed; (2) the defendants knew of the

conspiracy; and (3) the defendants voluntarily joined it. United States v.

Hernandez, 433 F.3d 1328, 1333 (11th Cir. 2005) (citation omitted). Guilt may be

established even when a defendant does not know all of the details or members of

the conspiracy, so long as a common plan and purpose are present. See United

States v. Perez-Tosta, 36 F.3d 1552, 1557 (11th Cir. 1994).

      A reasonable jury could easily have found each of the defendants guilty of

the charged conspiracy. “Credibility determinations are the exclusive province of

the jury,” and a jury may find a defendant guilty solely on the basis of testimony

offered by witnesses for the government. See United States v. Parrado, 911 F.2d

1567, 1570–71 (11th Cir. 1990). By the time of trial, multiple members of the

former conspiracy were cooperating witnesses for the government. Their

testimony was sufficient to establish both the existence of the conspiracy to ship

methamphetamine from California to Florida and Georgia and that each defendant

had knowingly and voluntarily joined it. For example, one cooperating witness

testified that all three defendants came to her house and that Laster took the lead in

recruiting her to pick up drug shipments. Another witness testified that Petiphar

recruited her to pick up drug shipments from hotels. Browdy’s own daughter

testified that he had recruited her to pick up drug shipments as well. Particularly


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given the overlapping members, timeframe, and location of the charged

conspiracy, a reasonable jury could have concluded that each defendant was guilty.

                                       II.

      Laster and Browdy claim that the evidence at trial materially varied from the

indictment because it showed multiple conspiracies. “We will not reverse a

conviction because a single conspiracy is charged in the indictment while multiple

conspiracies may have been revealed at trial unless the variance is [1] material and

[2] substantially prejudiced the defendant.” United States v. Richardson, 532 F.3d

1279, 1284 (11th Cir. 2008) (citation omitted). However, “a jury’s conclusion that

a single conspiracy existed should not be disturbed as long as it is supported by the

evidence.” Id. (citing United States v. Moore, 525 F.3d 1033, 1042 (11th Cir.

2008). “To determine whether a jury could reasonably have found that this

evidence established a single conspiracy beyond a reasonable doubt, we must

consider: ‘(1) whether a common goal existed; (2) the nature of the underlying

scheme; and (3) the overlap of participants.’” Id. (quoting Moore, 525 F.3d at

1042). We recognize that the existence of “different sub-groups” does not

undermine the jury’s finding of a single conspiracy so long as each group acted “in

furtherance of one overarching plan.” Id. (citation omitted). For similar reasons

that the evidence was sufficient to find each defendant guilty of the charged

conspiracy, therefore, we conclude that there was no material variance at trial.


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(Nor, in any case, have the defendants shown that any prejudice would have

resulted if the evidence had established multiple conspiracies.) See id.

(requiring substantial prejudice to warrant reversal).

      The defendants’ other objections relating to the nature of the evidence at

trial are unsuccessful. Brown and Petiphar assert a “mere presence” defense—but

the jury was properly instructed that mere presence was insufficient and the

evidence suggested that each defendant actively recruited other members into the

conspiracy. Cf. United States v. Hernandez, 433 F.3d 1328, 1334 (11th Cir. 2005)

(explaining that the jury was free to disbelieve a defendant’s mere presence

defense and infer from the evidence that the defendant was a willing participant).

Browdy argues that the government did not show that he actually possessed

methamphetamine, but in a conviction for a conspiracy “neither actual possession

nor actual distribution is a necessary element of the crime.” United States v. Diaz,

190 F.3d 1247, 1253 (11th Cir. 1999).

      Laster argues that the district court should have permitted testimony

regarding an out-of-court statement by a cooperating witness’s wife that the

cooperating witness wanted to “frame” Laster. Laster suggests that the statement

should have been admitted because the cooperating witness’s wife would have

been unavailable to testify and that the statement was admissible because it was

against her penal interest.


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      We disagree. Even if we were to assume that the witness’s wife would be

unavailable, her statement that the witness framed Laster may have been against

the witness’s interests—but it wasn’t against his wife’s penal interest. Nor was

Laster denied the right to provide a complete defense. See United States v.

Mitrovic, 890 F.3d 1217, 1222 (11th Cir. 2018) (citation omitted) (while “a

criminal defendant must be given every meaningful opportunity to present a

complete defense, in doing so he must comply with the procedural and evidentiary

rules designed to facilitate a search for the truth”). Laster was able to cross-

examine the agent that had worked with the cooperating witness and was therefore

able to present arguments about the veracity or reliability of that witness. That

evidentiary basis was sufficient to prevent any violation of Laster’s Sixth

Amendment rights.

      Finally, Browdy challenges a variety of other evidentiary decisions made by

the district court. Browdy argues that evidence of a co-conspirator’s violence

toward another co-conspirator and testimony by Browdy’s daughter that she was

disappointed in her father should not have been admitted. He objects to the district

court’s exclusion of evidence that Browdy’s daughter visited him in jail. He also

argues that several questions by the prosecution addressed inappropriate topics.

      But “we review the district court’s evidentiary rulings for clear abuse of

discretion.” United States v. Westry, 524 F.3d 1198, 1214 (11th Cir. 2008)


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(internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Evidentiary rulings are not

grounds for reversal if they are harmless. See United States v. Chavez, 204 F.3d

1305, 1317 (11th Cir. 2000). In other words, where “sufficient evidence

uninfected by error supports the verdict, reversal is not warranted.” United States

v. Hawkins, 905 F.2d 1489, 1493 (11th Cir. 1990). Accordingly, even if we were

to agree with Browdy on any of his objections, reversal would not be warranted

because sufficient evidence unrelated to his objections supports his conviction.

                                           II.

      Each defendant appeals the district court’s denial of a mistrial after a witness

briefly mentioned that Laster had previously been incarcerated. We review a

decision not to grant a mistrial for an abuse of discretion, and a defendant must

show that his substantial rights were prejudicially affected. United States v.

Emmanuel, 565 F.3d 1324, 1334 (11th Cir. 2009) (citation omitted). Importantly

for this case, the “mere utterance of the word jail, prison, or arrest does not,

without regard to context or circumstances, constitute reversible error per se.” Id.

(citation omitted). Where “the comment is brief, unelicited, and unresponsive,

adding nothing to the government's case, the denial of a mistrial is proper.” Id.

(citation omitted).

      The comment in this case was exactly that which we have previously noted

does not warrant a mistrial: brief, unelicited, and unresponsive. We note, in


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addition, that the district court offered to make a curative instruction—an offer

which was denied. Cf. United States v. Jennings, 599 F.3d 1241, 1249–50 (11th

Cir. 2010) (considering the “refusal of an instruction”). Under these

circumstances, the district court did not abuse its discretion in denying the motions

for mistrial.

                                                III.

       Each defendant also raises various challenges to his life sentence. 1 We

apply a deferential abuse-of-discretion standard when reviewing a defendant’s

sentence. United States v. Sarras, 575 F.3d 1191, 1219 (11th Cir. 2009). The

party challenging the sentence bears the burden of showing that the sentence is

unreasonable in light of the record and the 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) factors. United

States v. Pugh, 515 F.3d 1179, 1189 (11th Cir. 2008). We review the district

court’s factual findings at sentencing for clear error. See United States v. Ramirez,

426 F.3d 1344, 1355 (11th Cir. 2005).

       Laster argues that the district court erred by applying a four-level

enhancement to his offense level for acting as an organizer or leader. See U.S.S.G.

§ 3B1.1(a). But the district court did not clearly err in making that determination,



1
  Petiphar’s challenge to the United States’ filing of a 21 U.S.C. § 851 notice seeking a statutory
sentencing enhancement is without merit. See United States v. Toombs, 748 F. App’x 921, 929–
30 (11th Cir. 2018). So too for his unpreserved and unspecific objection to the prosecutor’s
arguing of facts during sentencing. See United States v. Ramirez-Flores, 743 F.3d 816, 821–22
(11th Cir. 2014).
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because Laster took an active role recruiting others to the scheme and received a

comparatively large share of the proceeds.

      Brown and Petiphar, meanwhile, argue that the district court erred by

applying a three-level enhancement for acting as a manager or supervisor. See

U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1(b). The district court did not clearly err in making that

determination with regard to either Brown or Petiphar, as the evidence suggested

each exerted active control over another member of the conspiracy. Cf. United

States v. Baldwin, 774 F.3d 711, 734 (11th Cir. 2014).

      Each defendant argued that the district court clearly erred by applying a two-

level firearm enhancement due to an event in which the conspiracy’s label supplier

for packages was threatened with a gun in his mouth. The two-level firearm

enhancement is appropriate if the use of the firearm “was reasonably foreseeable

by the defendant, occurred while he was a member of the conspiracy, and was in

furtherance of the conspiracy.” United States v. Villarreal, 613 F.3d 1344, 1359

(11th Cir. 2010). We cannot say, given the widespread scope of this drug

trafficking scheme, that the district court clearly erred in finding that the use of a

firearm was reasonably foreseeable by each defendant. Cf. United States v. Pham,

463 F.3d 1239, 1246 (11th Cir. 2006).

      Browdy argues against the application of a two-level enhancement that

resulted from the combination of his aggravated-role adjustment and the district


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court’s finding that he used “fear, impulse, friendship, affection, or some

combination” to recruit a person into the scheme that “received little or no

compensation” and had “minimal knowledge of the scope and structure of the

enterprise.” U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(b)(15)(A). The district court did not clearly err in

concluding that Browdy’s use of familial affection to induce his daughter to join

the scheme satisfied for the requirements for this enhancement—particularly given

the low level of compensation she received in comparison to the scale of the

conspiracy. This error would also have been harmless, as Browdy’s offense level

met the cap of 43 even before it was applied. See Sarras, 575 F.3d at 1220 n.39.

       We lastly consider the substantive reasonableness of each defendant’s

sentence. “We do not presume that a sentence falling within the guidelines range

is reasonable, but we ordinarily expect it to be so.” United States v. Croteau, 819

F.3d 1293, 1309–10 (11th Cir. 2016) (citing United States v. Hunt, 526 F.3d 739,

746 (11th Cir. 2008)). After careful review of the trial and sentencing records, we

conclude the district court did not abuse its discretion in finding that the guidelines

recommended sentence of life was appropriate and that no downward variance was

warranted. 2 Cf. United States v. Goodlow, 389 F. App’x 961, 970 (11th Cir. 2010).



2
  Nor can we agree with the defendants to the extent they argue that they were entitled to a
downward departure. See United States v. Moran, 778 F.3d 942, 982 (11th Cir. 2015) (“We lack
jurisdiction to review a district court's discretionary refusal to grant a downward departure,
unless the district court incorrectly believed it lacked the authority to depart from the guidelines
range.”).
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The defendants’ convictions and sentences are

AFFIRMED.




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