[Cite as State v. Young, 2011-Ohio-4750.]


                                       COURT OF APPEALS
                                      STARK COUNTY, OHIO
                                   FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                      JUDGES:
STATE OF OHIO                                 :       Hon. W. Scott Gwin, P.J.
                                              :       Hon. William B. Hoffman, J.
                        Plaintiff-Appellant   :       Hon. Julie A. Edwards, J.
                                              :
-vs-                                          :
                                              :       Case No. 2011-CA-00122
CHANCE R. YOUNG                               :
                                              :
                     Defendant-Appellee       :       OPINION




CHARACTER OF PROCEEDING:                          Criminal appeal from the Alliance Municipal
                                                  Court, Case No. 2011TRD00535




JUDGMENT:                                         Reversed and Remanded




DATE OF JUDGMENT ENTRY:                           September 19, 2011

APPEARANCES:

For Plaintiff-Appellant                           For Defendant-Appellee

WILLIAM F. MORRIS                                 JEFFREY R. JAKMIDES
Alliance City Prosecutor                          325 E. Main Street
470 East Market Street                            Alliance, OH 44601
Alliance, OH 44601
[Cite as State v. Young, 2011-Ohio-4750.]


Gwin, P.J.

            {¶1} Plaintiff-appellant State of Ohio appeals the May 26, 2011 Judgment Entry

of the Alliance Municipal Court granting defendant-appellee Chance R. Young’s motion

to suppress evidence.

                                 STATEMENT OF THE FACTS AND CASE

            {¶2} During the morning hours of March 7, 2011 Alliance Police Detective

Robert Rajcan, while operating an unmarked police cruiser, observed a motor vehicle

pull to the curb in front of 197 West Main Street, Alliance, Ohio. Detective Rajcan

recognized the vehicle as belonging to Pamela Stovall, who Detective Rajcan knew to

reside at that address.

            {¶3} As the driver was observed to be a black male, Detective Rajcan

suspected that it was being operated by Patricia Stovall's son, Cortez Brisker

(hereinafter referred to as “Brisker”). Detective Rajcan knew that Brisker did not

possess a valid operator's license. Detective Rajcan was not able to identify the driver

as he passed by the vehicle and so he slowed his vehicle and proceeded down the

street looking into his rear view mirror expecting the driver to exit. The driver did not exit

the car in Detective Rajcan’s view.

            {¶4} Approximately two hours later, while returning to the police station from

lunch with Alliance Police Captain James Hilles, Detective Rajcan again observed this

same vehicle proceeding east bound on West Main Street. Captain Hilles and Detective

Rajcan were inside an unmarked police department SUV.1 Detective Rajcan shared




        1
            A black 2010 Ford Expedition
Stark County, Case No. 2011-CA-00122                                                                3


with Captain Hilles, who was operating the SUV, what he had observed earlier in the

day and that he suspected Brisker to be the operator of the vehicle.2

           {¶5} Detective Rajcan was dressed in "plain clothes", which he recalled being

blue jeans and a T-shirt, with his badge hanging from a chain around his neck. The

vehicle had initially signaled to make a left turn into the driveway of 197 West Main

Street, but instead pulled to the side of the road in front of the residence. Detective

Rajcan asked Captain Hilles to pull to the side of the road to see if they could observe

somebody exit the vehicle, and, if it was Brisker, Detective Rajcan would make contact

with him since he knew that he did not possess a valid driver's license.

           {¶6} Captain Hilles pulled the SUV to the side of the road approximately one

car length behind the Stovall vehicle. Captain Hilles and Detective Rajcan then waited

to see who would step from the vehicle. Detective Rajcan testified, "The operator was

actually free to...uh... if the operator would have pulled away at any point in time, they

were—they were free to go." (Supp. T., April 15, 2011 at 8; 10). Detective Rajcan at

this point was unable to identify the occupants, other than that they were a black female

passenger (who he believed was the registered owner, Pamela Stovall) and a black

male operator.      Detective Rajcan knew Pamela Stovall possessed a valid driver's

license, but the only black males he knew to ever operate the vehicle did not possess a

valid driver's license.3

           {¶7} Detective Rajcan observed the operator of the Stovall vehicle open the

driver's side door and look back, but was still unable to identify who the subject was.

Despite the fact that the car door was open, the operator did not to exit the vehicle.

       2
         The parties have stipulated that neither Detective Rajcan nor Captain Hilles were on specific
assignment to enforce the motor vehicle or traffic laws of the City of Alliance or the State of Ohio.
       3
         Brisker, Kenny Stovall, and appellant.
Stark County, Case No. 2011-CA-00122                                                     4


Detective Rajcan advised Captain Hilles that the individual could be waiting for traffic to

go by to get out and instructed Captain Hilles to wait to give the subject time to exit, so

that "traffic" would not be an excuse. Detective Rajcan and Captain Hilles continued to

wait in the SUV for approximately twenty minutes, during which time the driver's door

remained open.

        {¶8} After the twenty minute wait and with the driver's door still opened

Detective Rajcan exited the SUV and approached the Stovall vehicle to see "what the

problem was." It seemed suspicious to Detective Rajcan that someone would not exit

from their parked vehicle, particularly with the car door opened. This, Detective Rajcan

felt, was consistent with someone not wanting to be identified. The vehicle was

observed not to be running.

        {¶9} Detective Rajcan "went to walk past the vehicle" by the driver's door.

Detective Rajcan's service revolver a .45 caliber Kimber remained holstered and

concealed beneath his T-shirt. Detective Rajcan testified, "I was walking up past the

driver’s door. If he would have shut the door and pulled away, I had no reason to stop

him. He was free to go the entire time, until I determined who it was and the fact that he

didn't have a driver's license. But up to that point, at any point, he could have shut the

door and just pulled away."

      {¶10} While approaching the driver's door Detective Rajcan immediately

recognized appellee. Detective Rajcan stated to him, "Chance you—you don't have a

driver's license" to which appellee replied, "I know I don't have a driver's license."

Detective Rajcan knew that appellee had three or four open drug suspensions on his

driver's license. Appellee was calm and cooperative. When inquiry was made as to why
Stark County, Case No. 2011-CA-00122                                                   5


appellee was operating the vehicle, he explained that Pamela Stovall was not feeling

well.

        {¶11} Appellee was placed under arrest for Operating a Vehicle with a

Suspended Driver's License (Drug Conviction), in violation of R.C.4510.17.

        {¶12} On March 18, 2011 a hearing was held on the State’s motion to release

evidence seized from appellee at the time of his arrest. At the conclusion of the hearing

at which Detective Rajcan testified, the trial court ordered the funds confiscated from

appellee at the time of his arrest be returned to him. The trial court further granted

appellee leave to file a motion to suppress and set that matter for hearing.

        {¶13} A hearing was held on appellee’s motion to suppress on April 15, 2011. At

that time the parties stipulated that the trial court could consider the testimony

presented at the hearing held on March 18, 2011 on State's Motion to Release

Evidence in deciding the appellee’s Motion to Suppress.

        {¶14} By Judgment Entry filed May 26, 2011 the trial court granted appellee's

Motion to Suppress. The State filed a notice of appeal on May 31, 2011. Also on May

31, 2011 the State filed notice as required by Crim. R. 12(K). It herein raises the

following four Assignments of Error:

        {¶15} “I. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN RULING THAT OFFICER RAJCAN'S

TWENTY MINUTE WAIT INSIDE AN UNMARKED POLICE VEHICLE PARKED

BEHIND A VEHICLE OPERATED AND OCCUPIED BY THE DEFENDANT-APPELLEE

CONSTITUTED A "STOP” GOVERNED BY TERRY V. OHIO, 392 U.S. 1 (1968) AND

SUPPRESSING THE EVIDENCE THAT FLOWED FROM THIS ENCOUNTER.
Stark County, Case No. 2011-CA-00122                                                 6


      {¶16} “II. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN RULING THAT OFFICER RAJCAN'S

APPROACH OF THE DEFENDANT-APPELLEE FOLLOWING A TWENTY MINUTE

WAIT INSIDE AN UNMARKED POLICE VEHICLE PARKED BEHIND THE VEHICLE

OPERATED AND OCCUPIED BY THE DEFENDANT-APPELLEE CONSTITUTED A

"STOP" GOVERNED BY TERRY V. OHIO, 392 U.S. 1 (1968) AND SUPPRESSING

THE EVIDENCE THAT FLOWED FROM THIS ENCOUNTER.

      {¶17} “III. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN RULING THAT OFFICER RAJCAN'S

QUESTIONING        OF     THE      DEFENDANT-APPELLEE            FOLLOWING         HIS

IDENTIFICATION AS AN INDIVIDUAL WHO DID NOT POSSESS A VALID DRIVER'S

LICENSE CONSTITUTED A "STOP" GOVERNED BY TERRY V. OHIO, 392 U.S. 1

(1968) AND SUPPRESSING THE EVIDENCE THAT FLOWED FROM THIS

ENCOUNTER.

      {¶18} “IV. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN FINDING AS A MATTER OF FACT

THAT THE DEFENDANT-APPELLEE DID NOT FEEL FREE TO LEAVE THE AREA

AND FREE TO RESPOND TO ANY QUESTIONS OF THE INVESTIGATING

OFFICER.”

                                        I. II III and IV.

      {¶19} Appellant’s four assignments of error relates to the propriety of the trial

court’s granting of the motion to suppress in favor of the appellee. Appellant’s four

assignments of error raise common and interrelated issues; therefore, we will address

the arguments together.

      {¶20} Appellate review of a motion to suppress presents a mixed question of law

and fact. State v. Burnside, 100 Ohio St.3d 152, 154-155, 797 N.E.2d 71, 74, 20030-
Stark County, Case No. 2011-CA-00122                                                         7


Ohio-5372 at ¶ 8. When ruling on a motion to suppress, the trial court assumes the role

of trier of fact and is in the best position to resolve questions of fact and to evaluate

witness credibility. See State v. Dunlap (1995), 73 Ohio St.3d 308, 314, 652 N.E.2d

988; State v. Fanning (1982), 1 Ohio St.3d 19, 20, 437 N.E.2d 583. Accordingly, a

reviewing court must defer to the trial court's factual findings if competent, credible

evidence exists to support those findings. See Burnside, supra; Dunlap, supra; State v.

Long (1998), 127 Ohio App.3d 328, 332, 713 N.E.2d 1; State v. Medcalf (1996), 111

Ohio App.3d 142, 675 N.E.2d 1268. However, once this Court has accepted those facts

as true, it must independently determine as a matter of law whether the trial court met

the applicable legal standard. See Burnside, supra, citing State v. McNamara (1997),

124 Ohio App.3d 706, 707 N.E.2d 539; See, generally, United States v. Arvizu (2002),

534 U.S. 266, 122 S.Ct. 744; Ornelas v. United States (1996), 517 U.S. 690, 116 S.Ct.

1657. That is, the application of the law to the trial court's findings of fact is subject to a

de novo standard of review. Ornelas, supra. Moreover, due weight should be given “to

inferences drawn from those facts by resident judges and local law enforcement

officers.” Ornelas, supra at 698, 116 S.Ct. at 1663.

       {¶21} The question in the case at bar is whether the contact of the police officers

with appellee violated the appellee's Fourth Amendment rights.

       {¶22} Contact between police officers and the public can be characterized in

three different ways. State v. Richardson, 5th Dist. No.2004CA00205, 2005-Ohio-554 at

¶ 23-27. The first is contact initiated by a police officer for purposes of investigation.

“[M]erely approaching an individual on the street or in another public place [,]” seeking

to ask questions for voluntary, uncoerced responses, does not violate the Fourth
Stark County, Case No. 2011-CA-00122                                                      8

Amendment. United States v. Flowers (6th Cir.1990), 909 F.2d 145, 147. The United

State Supreme Court “[has] held repeatedly that mere police questioning does not

constitute a seizure.”   Florida v. Bostick, 501 U.S. 429, 434, 111 S.Ct. 2382, 115

L.Ed.2d 389 (1991); see also INS v. Delgado, 466 U.S. 210, 212, 104 S.Ct. 1758, 80

L.Ed.2d 247 (1984). “[E]ven when officers have no basis for suspecting a particular

individual, they may generally ask questions of that individual; ask to examine the

individual's identification; and request consent to search his or her luggage.” Bostick,

supra, at 434-435, 111 S.Ct. 2382 (citations omitted). The person approached,

however, need not answer any question put to him, and may continue on his way.

Florida v. Royer (1983), 460 U .S. 491, 497-98. Moreover, he may not be detained even

momentarily for his refusal to listen or answer. Id.

       {¶23} The second type of contact is generally referred to as “a Terry stop” and is

predicated upon reasonable suspicion. Richardson, supra; Flowers, 909 F.2d at 147;

See Terry v. Ohio (1968), 392 U.S. 1. This temporary detention, although a seizure,

does not violate the Fourth Amendment. Under the Terry doctrine, “certain seizures are

justifiable ... if there is articulable suspicion that a person has committed or is about to

commit a crime” Florida, 460 U.S. at 498. In holding that the police officer's actions were

reasonable under the Fourth Amendment, Justice Rehnquist provided the following

discussion of the holding in Terry: “In Terry this Court recognized that a police officer

may in appropriate circumstances and in an appropriate manner approach a person for

purposes of investigating possible criminal behavior even though there is no probable

cause to make an arrest. The Fourth Amendment does not require a policeman who

lacks the precise level of information necessary for probable cause to arrest to simply
Stark County, Case No. 2011-CA-00122                                                        9


shrug his shoulders and allow a crime to occur or a criminal to escape. On the contrary,

Terry recognizes that it may be the essence of good police work to adopt an

intermediate response. A brief stop of a suspicious individual, in order to determine his

identity or to maintain the status quo momentarily while obtaining more information, may

be most reasonable in light of the facts known to the officer at the time. Adams v.

Williams (1972), 407 U.S. 143, 145-47, 92 S.Ct. 1921, 1923-24, 32 L.Ed.2d 612.

       {¶24} The Fourth Amendment requires that officers have had a “reasonable fear

for his own or others' safety” before frisking. Terry v. Ohio (1968), 392 U.S. 1, 30, 88

S.Ct. 1868, 20 L.Ed.2d 889. Specifically, “[t]he officer ... must be able to articulate

something more than an ‘inchoate and unparticularized suspicion or hunch.’ “United

States v. Sokolow (1989), 490 U.S. 1, 7, 109 S.Ct. 1581, 104 L.Ed.2d 1 (quoting Terry,

392 U.S. at 27, 88 S.Ct. 1868). Whether that standard is met must be determined “‘from

the standpoint of an objectively reasonable police officer,” ’ without reference to “the

actual motivations of the individual officers involved.” United States v. Hill

(D.C.Cir.1997), 131 F .3d 1056, 1059 (quoting Ornelas v. United States (1996), 517

U.S. 690, 696, 116 S.Ct. 1657, 134 L.Ed.2d 911).

       {¶25} The third type of contact arises when an officer has “probable cause to

believe a crime has been committed and the person stopped committed it.” Richardson,

supra; Flowers, 909 F. 2d at 147. A warrantless arrest is constitutionally valid if: “[a]t the

moment the arrest was made, the officers had probable cause to make it-whether at

that moment the facts and circumstances within their knowledge and of which they had

reasonably trustworthy information were sufficient to warrant a prudent man in believing

that the * * * [individual] had committed or was committing an offense.” State v. Heston
Stark County, Case No. 2011-CA-00122                                                  10

(1972), 29 Ohio St.2d 152, 155-156, 280 N.E.2d 376, quoting Beck v. Ohio (1964), 379

U.S. 89, 91, 85 S.Ct. 223, 13 L.Ed.2d 142. “The principal components of a

determination of reasonable suspicion or probable cause will be the events which

occurred leading up to the stop or search, and then the decision whether these

historical facts, viewed from the standpoint of an objectively reasonable police officer,

amount to reasonable suspicion or to probable cause.” Ornelas v. United States (1996),

517 U.S. 690, 696, 116 S.Ct. 1657, 1661-1162. A police officer may draw inferences

based on his own experience in deciding whether probable cause exists. See, e.g.,

United States v. Ortiz (1975), 422 U.S. 891, 897, 95 S.Ct. 2585, 2589.

      {¶26} In Florida v. Bostick (1991), 501 U.S. 429, 111 S .Ct. 2382, the United

States Supreme Court reiterated that “a consensual encounter does not trigger Fourth

Amendment scrutiny. See Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 19, n. 16, 88 S.Ct. 1868, 1879, n.

16, 20 L. Ed. 2d 889. Even when officers have no basis for suspecting a particular

individual, they may generally ask the individual questions, Florida v. Rodriguez, 469

U.S. 1, 5-6, 105 S.Ct. 308, 310-311, 83 L.Ed.2d 165, ask to examine identification, INS

v. Delgado, 466 U.S. 210, 216, 104 S.Ct. 1758, 1762-1763, 80 L.Ed.2d 247, and

request consent to search luggage, Florida v. Royer, 460 U.S. 491, 501, 103 S.Ct.

1319, 1326, 75 L.Ed.2d 229, provided they do not convey a message that compliance

with their requests is required.” 501 U.S. at 434-35, 111 S.Ct. at 2386. The courts in

Ohio have taken a similar approach: “[b]ecause the vehicle was parked, appellant was

not subjected to a seizure per se as happens when a motorist is stopped in transit by a

police officer. Numerous Ohio courts ... have held that a police approach and encounter

with a stationary vehicle is consensual in nature, thereby making the Fourth
Stark County, Case No. 2011-CA-00122                                                     11

Amendment inapplicable. See, e.g., State v. Welz (Dec. 9, 1994), Lake App. No. 93-L-

137, unreported; Cuyahoga Falls v. Sandstrom (June 21, 1995), Summit App. No.

17000, unreported; State v. Kiggans (Nov. 20, 1995), Stark App. No.1995CA00157,

unreported; State v. Osborne (Dec. 13, 1995), Montgomery App. No. CA 15151,

unreported.” State v. Lott (Dec. 26, 1997), 11th Dist. No. 96-A-0011.

       {¶27} In the case at bar, the officers did not stop the vehicle which appellee was

driving. The officers were in an unmarked, undercover vehicle which never activated

lights or siren. The officers never motioned or otherwise requested appellee to pull over

or to stop the vehicle. In addition, the record is silent as to appellee's feelings with

regard to his ability to leave. Appellee did not testify at either the March 18 or April 15,

2011 hearings. Appellee does not contest in his brief to this court that based upon the

original contact with the appellee and upon further investigation, probable cause existed

to arrest the appellee for driving under a suspended driver's license.

       {¶28} Accordingly, Detective Rajcan’s approach and encounter with the

stationary vehicle was consensual in nature, thereby making the Fourth Amendment

inapplicable. The officer’s request for appellee’s identification was permissible. INS v.

Delgado, 466 U.S. 210, 216, 104 S.Ct. 1758, 1762-1763, 80 L.Ed.2d 247.

       {¶29} We find Detective Rajcan’s contact with the appellee under the totality of

the circumstances presented in this case does not amount to an unjustifiable intrusion

by the government on the privacy of an individual such as to constitute a violation of the

Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution.

       {¶30} Appellant’s four assignments of error are sustained.
Stark County, Case No. 2011-CA-00122                                                 12


      {¶31} For the forgoing reasons, the judgment of the Alliance Municipal Court,

Stark County, Ohio, is reversed and this case is remanded to the trial court for further

proceedings consistent with this opinion.

By Gwin, P.J.,

Hoffman, J., and

Edwards, J., concur




                                            _________________________________
                                            HON. W. SCOTT GWIN

                                            _________________________________
                                            HON. WILLIAM B. HOFFMAN

                                            _________________________________
                                            HON. JULIE A. EDWARDS
WSG:clw 0831
[Cite as State v. Young, 2011-Ohio-4750.]


                IN THE COURT OF APPEALS FOR STARK COUNTY, OHIO

                                   FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT


STATE OF OHIO                                    :
                                                 :
                           Plaintiff-Appellant   :
                                                 :
                                                 :
-vs-                                             :       JUDGMENT ENTRY
                                                 :
CHANCE R. YOUNG                                  :
                                                 :
                                                 :
                        Defendant-Appellee       :       CASE NO. 2011-CA-00122




       For the reasons stated in our accompanying Memorandum-Opinion, the judgment of

the Alliance Municipal Court, Stark County, Ohio, is reversed and remand this case is

remanded to the trial court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. Costs to

appellee.




                                                     _________________________________
                                                     HON. W. SCOTT GWIN

                                                     _________________________________
                                                     HON. WILLIAM B. HOFFMAN

                                                     _________________________________
                                                     HON. JULIE A. EDWARDS
