                           NOT FOR PUBLICATION                           FILED
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                       MAY 22 2020
                                                                      MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                       U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

MARK TRUDEAU, et al.,                           No.    18-17022

                Plaintiffs-Appellants,
                                                D.C. No. 5:18-cv-00947-BLF
 v.

GOOGLE LLC,                                     MEMORANDUM*

                Defendant-Appellee.

                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                       for the Northern District of California
                  Beth Labson Freeman, District Judge, Presiding

                       Argued and Submitted May 14, 2020
                            San Francisco, California

Before: FRIEDLAND and BENNETT, Circuit Judges, and RAKOFF,** District
Judge.

      Plaintiffs-appellants Mark Trudeau and Troy Martial Arts, Inc. appeal the

district court’s order granting defendant-appellee Google LLC’s motion to compel

arbitration. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, and we review the



      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
      **
            The Honorable Jed S. Rakoff, United States District Judge for the
Southern District of New York, sitting by designation.
district court’s decision de novo. Knutson v. Sirius XM Radio Inc., 771 F.3d 559,

564 (9th Cir. 2014).

      We affirm. Even assuming arguendo that the 2017 Terms of Service

(“TOS”) did not effect a novation of the 2013 version, we conclude that nothing in

the arbitration agreement in Section 13(A) of the 2017 TOS contravenes Section

11 of the 2013 TOS. Section 11 of the 2013 TOS gave Google the right to

unilaterally modify the terms of service by posting new terms online, without first

seeking its counterparties’ affirmative acceptance of such terms. Plainly referring

only to unilateral changes promulgated under this provision, Section 11 stated that

such changes would not apply retroactively. But the 2017 TOS were adopted by

bilateral agreement between plaintiffs-appellants and Google; Google gave Mr.

Trudeau notice of the new terms and he affirmatively accepted them. The changes

effected by the 2017 TOS were thus not enacted through the mechanism of Section

11, and so Section 11 does not limit the retroactive application of the arbitration

agreement in the 2017 TOS.

      Plaintiffs-appellants counter that the 2017 TOS must have been promulgated

through Section 11 of the 2013 TOS because the latter contained no other

provision authorizing modification of the terms. But none was necessary. Even

where a contract contains no express modification provision, ordinary principles of

contract formation would allow the parties to a contract to modify it via bilateral


                                          2
agreement, and for valid consideration. See Cal. Civ. Code §§ 1550 (“It is essential

to the existence of a contract that there should be: 1. Parties capable of contracting;

2. Their consent; 3. A lawful object; and, 4. A sufficient cause or consideration.”),

1698(a) (“A contract in writing may be modified by a contract in writing.”).

      Plaintiffs-appellants’ next contention, that the 2017 TOS are ambiguous as

to whether the arbitration agreement in Section 13(A) applies to claims that had

already accrued at the time of the adoption of the arbitration agreement, is also

meritless. Section 13(A)(2) unambiguously provides that “[t]his agreement to

arbitrate . . . includes . . . claims that arose before Customer or Advertiser first

accepted any version of these Terms containing an arbitration provision.” There is,

moreover, no conflict between Section 13(A)(2) and Section 12. Section 12 of the

2017 TOS, like Section 11 of the 2013 TOS, allows Google to make future,

unilateral changes to the terms of service by posting such changes online. As did

its predecessor, Section 12 states that such changes (except as noted below) will

not apply retroactively. But because this restriction applies only to changes that

Google might unilaterally adopt in the future, not to the current terms adopted

bilaterally when Mr. Trudeau accepted the 2017 TOS, it creates no ambiguity in

the language of Section 13(A)(2).1


      1
      Plaintiffs-appellants had also argued that the arbitration agreement in the
2017 TOS is unenforceable under the line of cases beginning with Peleg v. Neiman


                                            3
      AFFIRMED.




Marcus Group, Inc., 140 Cal. Rptr. 3d 38 (Ct. App. 2012). But plaintiffs-
appellants abandoned this argument shortly before oral argument, recognizing that
Peleg does not govern here because Mr. Trudeau “had expressly agreed to” the
2017 TOS. We therefore do not reach this issue. Cf. United States v. Sineneng-
Smith, No. 19-67, 2020 WL 2200834, at *3 (U.S. May 7, 2020).

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