                                                                                  [PUBLISH]

                IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                          FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                                                                              FILED
                                                                     U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                       ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                                         No. 04-16304                  DECEMBER 12, 2005
                                                                        THOMAS K. KAHN
                                                                             CLERK
                          D.C. Docket No. 04-20326-CV-CMA

DON PEEBLES,

                                                             Plaintiff-Appellant,

                                     versus

MERRILL LYNCH, PIERCE, FENNER
& SMITH INCORPORATED,

                                                             Defendant-Appellee.



                    Appeal from the United States District Court
                        for the Southern District of Florida


                                     (December 12, 2005)


Before TJOFLAT and BARKETT, Circuit Judges, and FULLER*, Chief
District Judge.
__________________
* Honorable Mark E. Fuller, Chief United States District Judge for the Middle District of
Alabama, sitting by designation.
FULLER, Chief District Judge:

      Plaintiff-appellant Don Peebles (“Peebles”) sought to vacate a zero dollar

arbitration award by filing a Petition to Vacate Arbitration Award in the Circuit

Court of the Eleventh Judicial Circuit in and for Miami-Dade County, Florida.

Contending that 28 U.S.C. § 1332(a) provided a basis for federal subject matter

jurisdiction, Defendant-appellee Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith

Incorporated (“Merrill Lynch”) removed the action to the United States District

Court for the Southern District of Florida. Peebles objected to the removal

contending that the minimum amount in controversy required for subject matter

jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1332 was not met. The district court entered

an order in which it held that it had subject matter jurisdiction over the case. By a

separate order, the district court denied Peebles’ petition to vacate the arbitration

award. Peebles appeals the district court’s jurisdiction ruling and the denial of the

petition to vacate the arbitration award. Because we find that the district court

properly determined that it had subject matter jurisdiction over this case and find

no error in the district court’s denial of the petition to vacate the arbitration award,

we AFFIRM.

                           I. BACKGROUND

      Peebles is a real estate developer who was a member of several public-

                                           2
private partnerships that developed city-owned properties into hotels or other uses

and who worked on other private sector real estate development opportunities.

Peebles’ profession demanded that he have financial liquidity to comply with

government fiscal mandates and those of commercial lenders. Prior to his

relationship with Merrill Lynch, Peebles kept his finances in low risk products

such as certificates of deposit or low-yield mutual funds.

      In May of 1997, Peebles began his relationship with Merrill Lynch by

opening an account and engaging the services of Lance Slaughter (“Slaughter”),

whom he met through a family member. At the time the account was opened,

Peebles stated account objectives were total return with a risk tolerance of

moderate. Peebles advised Slaughter that his profession required him to have

readily available funds and that he was therefore risk averse and unwilling to

invest in highly speculative securities. During the course of his relationship with

Slaughter and Merrill Lynch, Peebles was involved in the management of his

investments and exercised control over his account.

      Until early 1999, Slaughter invested Peebles’ money in non-technology

equities that met Peebles’ stated goals. Initially, Slaughter recommended that

Peebles purchase large-cap value stocks such as Eastman Kodak, General Motors,

Phillip Morris, 3M, Exxon, Sears, American Express, Chevron, and Boeing.

                                          3
Peebles was not enthusiastic about these recommendations and rejected them

indicating that he was looking for higher returns than such investments would

yield. Peebles indicated that he made better returns on his real estate investments

and directed Slaughter to locate a selection of real estate investment trusts for his

review.

      In 1998 and 1999, Peebles began investing in technology stocks. Impressed

by significant publicly reported gains in the technology sector, Peebles expressed

an interest in such stocks to Slaughter. Slaughter advised Peebles of the risks

associated with these investments as well as with his investment philosophy. In

1999, Peebles transferred more money to Slaughter, and Slaughter began to

purchase highly speculative technology stocks. When Peebles inquired about

these transactions, Slaughter told him that Merrill Lynch’s top analysts highly

recommended the transactions and that these opinions were based on Merrill

Lynch’s internet research group’s reports. Later, Peebles learned that Merrill

Lynch knowingly promoted purchases of certain stocks by issuing falsely

favorable reports about companies while at the same time Merrill Lynch’s banking

division was acting as the investment banker for these companies. As a result of

his reliance on these favorable reports and his investments in these companies,




                                          4
Peebles suffered over $1,000,000 in losses.1

       In July of 2001, Peebles filed a Statement of Claim and submitted his claims

against Merrill Lynch to arbitration pursuant to an agreement between the parties.

Peebles presented the following claims: (1) violation of Section 517.301 of Florida

Statutes; (2) fraud and misrepresentation; (3) breach of fiduciary duty; (4)

violation of article III, Section 2 of the NASD’s Rules of Fair Practice; (5)

violation of NYSE Rule 405; (6) failure to supervise; (7) failure to execute/breach

of contract; and (8) unauthorized trading. The causes of action relate to the

following activities in Peebles’ account: (1) sale of shares of stock of Franklin

Bancorp; (2) purchase of shares of numerous stocks including – Fox

Entertainment Group, Inc., Revlon, Inc., Sunbeam Corp., 24/7 Media, At Home,

Axtent Tech, Ayava, Azurix, BMC Software, Etoys, Gaileo International, IXL

Entertainment, Novell, Lycos, People Soft, Qualcomm, and Yahoo; and (3)

purchase of Patriot Hospitality and other unspecified real estate investment trusts.

In the Amended Statement of Claim, Peebles requested compensatory damages


       1
          The thrust of Peebles’ claims against Merrill Lynch is that he was defrauded by Merrill
Lynch by virtue of its use of a stock rating system which did not reflect its research analysts’ true
opinions of certain companies and that Merrill Lynch failed to disclose that the firm’s ratings of
technology securities were tainted by undisclosed conflicts of interest. The principal challenged
securities sold to Peebles were 24/7 Media and At Home (or Excite@Home). Peebles claims that
Merrill Lynch research analysts were recommending “buys” on these securities while at the same
time privately expressing the view that they were not good investments.

                                                 5
between $1,000,000 and $2,000,000, plus interest, punitive damages, attorneys’

fees, the costs of the arbitration proceedings, including forum fees and expert

witness fees, and such other relief as is deemed fair.

      Peebles’ claims against Merrill Lynch were submitted to a four-day

arbitration hearing before an NASD panel composed of non-lawyers in July of

2003. As part of his case in chief, Peebles relied on evidence that Merrill Lynch

had admitted that it published research reports on two internet companies that

violated anti-fraud provisions of the federal securities laws and published research

reports on five other internet companies that expressed views inconsistent with the

analysts’ privately expressed negative views in violation of NASD advertising

rules. Merrill Lynch had published research reports on 24/7 Media Inc. and Excite

@ Home that violated NASD’s advertising rules as well as NASD’s rule requiring

members to observe high standards of commercial honor and just and equitable

principals of trade. Merrill Lynch failed to supervise its research analysts in

relation to internet securities and its systems were inadequate to prevent violations

of the law and NASD rules. Merrill Lynch had violated specific federal securities

laws and NASD rules by its conduct including its failure to supervise and manage

the conflicts of interest that its research analysts had due to undue influence from

the investment banking side of the firm. Slaughter had provided Peebles with

                                          6
research reports for the companies in which he had invested including 24/7 Media

and Excite @ Home. Peebles claimed he relied on the reports and Slaughter’s

recommendations in deciding to purchase these stocks and hold them, which

caused him to lose money.

      Part of Merrill Lynch’s defense at the arbitration hearing was based on a

decision and order entered in a case in the United States District Court for the

Southern District of New York about a week before the arbitration hearing called

In re Merrill Lynch, Inc. Research Reports Sec. Litig., 273 F. Supp. 2d 351

(S.D.N.Y. 2003). Merrill Lynch mentioned this decision in both its opening

statement and its closing argument. Peebles had an opportunity to express to the

arbitration panel his view that the case did not supply the appropriate legal

analysis for claims of the type he had brought.

      On July 16, 2003, the arbitration panel issued a zero dollar arbitration

award. Specifically, the arbitration award dismissed all of Peebles’ claims, denied

all requests for attorneys’ fees from Peebles and Merrill Lynch, denied Peebles’

requests for relief pursuant to Florida Statutes chapter 517, and denied all claims

for relief including Peebles’ claims for punitive damages. The arbitration panel

did not state a basis for its award.

      On October 10, 2003, Peebles filed a Petition to Vacate Arbitration Award

                                          7
in the Circuit Court of the Eleventh Judicial Circuit in and for Miami-Dade

County, Florida. In the Petition to Vacate Arbitration Award, Peebles argued: (1)

that the arbitration panel manifestly disregarded applicable law; (2) that the

decision of the panel was arbitrary and capricious; and (3) that the award was

procured by undue means. Peebles specifically requested that the arbitration

award be vacated, the matter remanded to the NASD for a new hearing before a

new arbitration panel, and such other relief as the court deemed appropriate.

      Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 1332 and 1441, Merrill Lynch removed the case to

the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida. Peebles

objected to the removal contending that the minimum amount in controversy

required for subject matter jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1332 was not met.

After taking argument from the parties on the issue, the district court held that the

minimum amount in controversy for diversity jurisdiction was met because

Peebles not only sought to vacate the zero dollar arbitration award, but also

requested a new hearing where a different panel would be urged to award Peebles

up to $2,000,000 in compensatory damages.

      On November 1, 2004, the district court denied Peebles’ petition to vacate

the arbitration award. Noting that the judicial review of arbitration awards was

extremely narrow, the district court rejected each of the three grounds advanced in

                                          8
the petition. The sole statutory ground for the petition was that the award was

procured by undue means; essentially Peebles argued that Merrill Lynch misled

the panel about the law and that constituted undue means. The district court

explained that undue means meant bribery, corruption, or physical threat and

rejected Peebles’ contention that there had been undue means. The district court

held that before it could turn to the non-statutory grounds proposed by Peebles, it

must be satisfied that Peebles had demonstrated that there was no proper basis for

the award, which is hard to do when, as here, the arbitration panel did not provide

a rationale for the award. When there is no rationale set forth, the district court

explained that the onus is on the party requesting vacatur to refute every possible

rational basis on which the arbitrator could have granted relief. The district court

found that Peebles’ arguments were mere repetitions of the arguments made before

the arbitration panel and did not satisfy the standard required for the district court

to address any of Peebles’ non-statutory grounds for vacating the arbitration

award. Specifically, the district court found that Peebles failed to demonstrate that

there was no rational basis upon which the award could have been based. The

district court nevertheless presented an alternative holding by reviewing Peebles

non-statutory grounds (award was based on manifest disregard for the law or

award was arbitrary and capricious) and denied vacatur based on them as well.

                                           9
      Peebles filed a timely notice of appeal on November 30, 2004. On appeal,

Peebles asserts that: (1) the district court lacked subject matter jurisdiction over

the case; and (2) the district court erred when it held that the arbitration award

need not be vacated on the basis of a manifest disregard of the law.

                    II. STANDARDS OF REVIEW

      The Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals reviews rulings on the subject-matter

jurisdiction of a federal court de novo. See, e.g., MacGinnitie v. Hobbs Group,

LLC, 420 F.3d 1234, 1239 (11th Cir. 2005); Williams v. Best Buy Co., Inc., 269

F.3d 1316, 1318 (11th Cir. 2001).

      The Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals reviews orders confirming

arbitration awards for clear error with respect to factual findings and de novo with

respect to the district court’s legal conclusions. See, e.g., Gianelli Money

Purchase Plan & Trust v. ADM Investor Servs., Inc., 146 F.3d 1309, 1311 (11th

Cir. 1998); Montes v. Shearson Lehman Bros., Inc., 128 F.3d 1456, 1459 n.3 (11th

Cir. 1997).

                    III. DISCUSSION

A. Subject Matter Jurisdiction

      The Federal Arbitration Act does not confer subject matter jurisdiction over

petitions to vacate arbitration awards, nor does it create independent federal

                                          10
question jurisdiction. See Baltin v. Alaron Trading Corp., 128 F.3d 1466, 1469

(11th Cir. 1997), cert. denied, 525 U.S. 841 (1998). Independent grounds for

subject matter jurisdiction must be demonstrated. Id.

       When Merrill Lynch removed this action to the United States District Court

for the Southern District of Florida, it argued that the court had subject matter

jurisdiction over this action pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1332. Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §

1332, district courts have original subject matter jurisdiction over civil actions

where the amount in controversy exceeds the sum or value of $75,000 and the

action is between citizens of different states. See 28 U.S.C. § 1332(a)(1). In this

case there is no dispute concerning whether the action is between citizens of

different states.2 The sole issue relating to subject matter jurisdiction is whether

the amount in controversy exceeds $75,000.

       At issue is whether the amount in controversy is controlled by the amount

claimed by Peebles in his original action or the amount of the arbitration award.

Peebles contends that he seeks no monetary relief by this action and that the real

relief he seeks is a new arbitration. Peebles argues that in all matters involving

petitions to vacate arbitration awards, the amount in controversy is always the


       2
          Peebles is a citizen of Florida. For purposes of the determining diversity jurisdiction,
Merrill Lynch is a citizen of Delaware, where it is incorporated, and New York, where it has its
principal place of business.

                                                11
amount of the arbitration award and not the amount sought in the underlying

action. In support of his argument, Peebles relies on Baltin v. Alaron Trading

Corp., 128 F.3d 1466 (11th Cir. 1997).

      On the other hand, Merrill Lynch contends that because Peebles seeks to

vacate the zero dollar arbitration award and have the case remanded for a new

arbitration before a different panel who would consider his request for damages

between $1,000,000 and $2,000,000, the amount in controversy requirement is

satisfied by the sum sought in his statement of claim. Put another way, Merrill

Lynch contends that in cases, such as this one, in which a party is seeking a new

opportunity to pursue a claim for an amount in excess of $75,000, that amount and

not the arbitration award is the amount in controversy.

      This issue is a matter of first impression for this court. Baltin does not

speak to the issue raised here because “the maximum remedy sought” by the

investors was the vacatur of the arbitration award against them that did not exceed

the minimum required to satisfy 28 U.S.C. § 1332. 128 F.3d at 1472. Here the

maximum remedy Peebles sought was vacatur of a zero dollar arbitration award

and a new arbitration hearing at which he could urge his argument that he was

entitled to up to $2,000,000 in damages. We hold that a federal court has subject

matter jurisdiction where a party seeking to vacate an arbitration award is also

                                         12
seeking a new arbitration hearing at which he will demand a sum which exceeds

the amount in controversy for diversity jurisdiction purposes. This approach is

consistent with the approach taken by other circuits that have had occasion to

address this question. See, e.g., Theis Research, Inc. v. Brown & Bain, 400 F.3d

659 (9th Cir. 2005); Bull HN Info. Sys., Inc. v. Hutson, 229 F.3d 321 (1st Cir.

2000).

      We conclude that in the present case the monetary threshold of $75,000 for

diversity jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1332(a) has been met. There is no dispute

as to the diversity of the parties. The district court, therefore, had subject matter

jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1332.

B. Review of the Refusal to Vacate the Arbitration Award

      Peebles also appeals the district court’s refusal to vacate the arbitrator’s

award, arguing that the award evidenced a manifest disregard of the law. Peebles,

however, bears a not insignificant burden of asserting sufficient grounds to vacate

the award. “The Federal Arbitration Act (“FAA”) provides that a federal district

court can vacate an arbitration award, but only in extremely narrow

circumstances.” Gianelli Money Purchase Plan & Trust, 146 F.3d at 1311 (citing

9 U.S.C. § 10). Indeed, great deference is afforded to arbitration awards.

      A court reviewing a petition to vacate an arbitration award may be asked to

                                          13
examine the four statutory grounds for vacating arbitration awards set forth in 9

U.S.C. § 10(a).3 While Peebles urged one of the four statutory grounds below, he

has not challenged the portion of the district court’s decision rejecting his

argument for vacatur pursuant to that ground. In addition to the four statutory

grounds, the Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals has recognized three non-statutory

bases for vacatur of an arbitration award. The award may be vacated (1) if it is

arbitrary and capricious, (2) if its enforcement is contrary to public policy, or (3) if

it evinces a manifest disregard of the law. Montes, 128 F.3d at 1458-59, 1461-62.

       Peebles’ sole non-statutory argument on appeal4 is that the arbitration

       3
         Pursuant to the Federal Arbitration Act, a court may vacate an arbitration award in the
following four circumstances:

               (1) Where the award was procured by corruption, fraud, or undue
               means.
               (2) Where there was evident partiality or corruption of the
               arbitrators, or either of them.
               (3) Where the arbitrators were guilty of misconduct in refusing to
               postpone the hearing, upon sufficient cause shown, or in refusing
               to hear evidence pertinent and material to the controversy; or of
               any other misbehavior by which the rights of any party have been
               prejudiced.
               (4) Where the arbitrators exceeded their powers, or so imperfectly
               executed them that a mutual, final and definite award upon the
               subject matter submitted was not made.

9 U.S.C. § 10(a).
       4
          When the case was pending before the district court, Peebles also argued that the
arbitration award was arbitrary and capricious. The district court rejected this contention.
Peebles did not challenge this aspect of the district court’s ruling in his opening brief and has
waived this ground for appeal.

                                                 14
panel’s decision evinces manifest disregard for the law. While the law of the

circuit does recognize that an arbitration decision can be vacated if the arbitrators,

in making their decision, acted in manifest disregard of the law, a litigant arguing

that an arbitrator acted in manifest disregard of the law must show something more

than a misinterpretation, misstatement, or misapplication of the law. A manifest

disregard for the law involves a conscious and deliberate decision to ignore the

applicable law. “Consequently, ‘there must be some showing in the record, other

than the result obtained, that the arbitrators knew the law and expressly

disregarded it.’” University Commons-Urbana, Ltd., v. Universal Constructors

Inc., 304 F.3d 1331, 1337 (11th Cir. 2002) (quoting O.R. Sec., Inc. v. Prof’l

Planning Assocs., Inc., 857 F.2d 742, 747 (11th Cir. 1988)).

       We find no error in the district court’s determination that there was no

evidence to suggest that the arbitration panel deliberately ignored relevant law. At

most, the arbitration panel may have misunderstood the effect and weight to be

given to cases cited by the parties. On the record before us, we cannot find proof

that the arbitrators recognized a clear rule of law and chose to ignore it.

Therefore, we cannot find that the arbitrators acted in manifest disregard for the

law.




                                          15
                   IV. CONCLUSION

      The district court properly determined that 28 U.S.C. § 1332(a) provides a

basis for federal subject matter jurisdiction over this action. Moreover, the district

court properly found that the arbitration award should not be vacated.

Accordingly, we AFFIRM.




                                          16
