[Cite as State v. Lewis, 2017-Ohio-9311.]




                             IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
                                SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                      CLARK COUNTY

 STATE OF OHIO                                    :
                                                  :
         Plaintiff-Appellee                       :   Appellate Case No. 2017-CA-19
                                                  :
 v.                                               :   Trial Court Case No. 2016-363
                                                  :
 JADA LEWIS                                       :   (Juvenile Appeal from
                                                  :    Common Pleas Court)
         Defendant-Appellant                      :
                                                  :

                                             ...........

                                            OPINION

                          Rendered on the 29th day of December, 2017.

                                             ...........

ANDREW PICKERING, Atty. Reg. No. 0068770, Clark County Prosecutor’s Office,
Appellate Division, 50 East Columbia Street, 4th Floor, Springfield, Ohio 45501
      Attorney for Plaintiff-Appellee

PATRICK CLARK, Atty. Reg. No. 0094087, 250 East Broad Street, Suite 1400,
Columbus, Ohio 43215
     Attorney for Defendant-Appellant

                                            .............
                                                                                        -2-


HALL, P.J.

       {¶ 1} Jada Lewis appeals from her conviction and sentence on a first-degree

misdemeanor charge of contributing to the delinquency of a minor.

       {¶ 2} Lewis advances two assignments of error. First, she contends the trial court

improperly imposed a sentence of confinement without first inquiring and determining

whether she knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily waived her right to counsel and

asserted her right to self-representation. Second, she challenges the legal sufficiency of

the evidence to sustain her conviction

       {¶ 3} The record reflects that a complaint was filed against Lewis alleging that she

had violated R.C. 2919.24 by acting in a way that tended to cause her fifth-grade son to

become delinquent based on habitual truancy. The complaint alleged that the child had

20 unexcused absences between August 19, 2015 and April 5, 2016. (Doc. #1). Lewis

appeared pro se for her arraignment and other pretrial proceedings. She also appeared

pro se for her May 25, 2016 trial before a magistrate. Noting that she previously had been

advised of her right to counsel, the magistrate deemed her to have waived that right by

appearing pro se. (Trial Tr. at 5-6).

       {¶ 4} The State’s sole witness at trial was Razelle Beloff, the school secretary

responsible for attendance records. Beloff testified about Lewis’ son’s numerous

absences, which were unexcused under school policy, primarily because the child did not

present a parent’s note or a doctor’s note upon returning to school. Lewis cross examined

Beloff and attempted to establish that many of the absences should be excused based

on new documentation and information Lewis provided shortly before trial and during trial.

Lewis then presented her own defense, calling school attendance officer Terry Stephens
                                                                                         -3-


as a witness. Stephens testified about efforts he made to address the child’s absences,

including a home visit. Finally, Lewis testified and explained that she had kept her son out

of school due to sickness or bad weather. She acknowledged not calling the school or

sending a note for each absence. She also acknowledged that she had relied on her

“absent-minded” son to deliver excuse notes to the school upon his return.

       {¶ 5} The magistrate found Lewis guilty of contributing to the delinquency of a

minor. The magistrate’s ruling included the following factual findings and reasoning:

              THIS CO[U]RT FURTHER FINDS the following relevant facts from

       the evidence and testimony presented:

              The defendant testified generally that she sent notes or doctor’s

       excuses with the child on most days that he was absent. She further testified

       that she knew the child was absent-minded, and that there were days that

       she could not recall sending in a note with the child.

              Ms. Beloff testified that she did not receive any excuses regarding

       the child’s full days absences until May 20, 2016, the figurative eve of this

       trial. At that time, the defendant submitted to the school parent notes

       attempting to excuse absences as far back as August 28, 2015, a parent

       note for a weather absence on January 13, 2016 and a slew of

       documentation from doctors for the child, his sister and herself, all of which

       were admitted as evidence in this action as Defendant’s Exhibits A-U. Upon

       receiving the notes and documentation from the defendant, Ms. Beloff

       changed the record to reflect the absences that would have been excused

       by the notes.
                                                                                  -4-


       The Springfield City School District *** Elementary Parent-Student

Handbook was introduced as Defendant’s Exhibit B. Under the “Absence”

section, Step 2 states as follows:

       Upon returning [to] school, the student must have a written

       note signed by the parent or guardian. This note should

       include the following information: child’s name, current date,

       and day of absence, and the reason for the absence. This

       should be submitted to the child’s teacher. Without a written

       notice the absence will be considered unexcused.

       THE COURT FURTHER FINDS that Ohio Revised Code section

2919.24(A)(1) states no person, including a parent, guardian, or other

custodian of a child, shall aid, abet, induce, cause, encourage, or contribute

to a child or a ward of the juvenile court becoming an unruly child, as defined

in ORC section 2151.022. Ohio Revised Code section 2151.022 indicates

that an “unruly child” includes any child who is a habitual truant from school

and who previously has not been adjudicated an unruly child for being a

habitual truant. Ohio Revised Code section 2151.011(A)(19) defines a

habitual truant as any child of compulsory school age who is absent without

legitimate excuse for absence from the public school the child is supposed

to attend for five or more consecutive school days, seven or more school

days in one school month, or twelve or more school days in a school year.

Ohio Revised Code section 3321.01 indicates that a child between six and

eighteen years of age is of compulsory school age.
                                                                                         -5-


              The Court finds that the complaint states all the essential elements

       of the offense, and therefore the Court has subject matter jurisdiction in this

       matter.

              The Court finds from credible evidence and beyond a reasonable

       doubt that the child has been habitually truant from *** Elementary School

       in the Springfield City School District by missing twelve or more school days

       unexcused during the 2015-2016 school year. Furthermore, the defendant

       aided, abetted, induced, caused, encouraged or contributed to the child

       becoming an unruly child. Specifically, the Court is not convinced that the

       defendant faithfully sen[t] notes in with the youth for every absence he

       incurred. Even if she did, she knew she was sending them with an 11 year

       old child who she herself described as absent minded.

              It is true that the defendant did belatedly attempt to clear the child’s

       absences, and probably went through great effort to do so. But following the

       school’s policy as written in the handbook introduced by the defendant,

       notes have to be submitted upon the child’s return and not almost eight

       months later. * * *

              Given the above the Court finds that the State of Ohio has proved

       the complaint in this case beyond a reasonable doubt and finds Jada Lewis

       guilty of the offense of contributing to the delinquency of a minor beyond a

       reasonable doubt.

(Doc. # 10 at 2-3).

       {¶ 6} Lewis filed pro se objections to the magistrate’s decision. She argued that no
                                                                                       -6-


time limit should be placed on providing documentation for a child’s absences and that

many of her son’s absences should be excused. She also argued that attendance officer

Stephens never contacted her, that secretary Beloff had altered the record, that Beloff

admitted not being perfect and being capable of making mistakes, that Stephens had a

history of filing “uninvestigated” claims against her, that Stephens and Beloff engaged in

communication between themselves during trial, and that the complaint against her was

defective. (Doc. #12).

       {¶ 7} The trial court overruled Lewis’ objections in the course of approving and

adopting the magistrate’s decision. (Doc. # 20). With regard to the child’s absences, the

trial court reasoned:

              THE COURT FURTHER FINDS that as to the allegation that the child

       of the defendant did or did not return to school with proper notification or

       written excuse the Court thinks that is putting the cart before the horse.

       Initially, this Court must determine if the child missed school during the

       2015-2016 school year. The magistrate found that it was undisputed that

       the youth missed 19 days of school and nothing in the record or the

       defendant’s argument or paperwork convinces the Court that the child did

       not miss school.

              THE COURT FURTHER FINDS that it is incumbent upon the Court

       to determine if legal excuse was provided to the school as required by the

       policy of the Springfield City School or the laws of the State of Ohio.

       Springfield City School policy provides that notification of the cause for

       absence and/or an excuse shall be by written notice signed by a parent or
                                                                                   -7-


guardian upon returning from school.

       THE COURT FURTHER FINDS that the Court can and does

reasonably construe the policy to provide that the written excuse for

absence must be provided when the child returns to school from the

absence. The record does not indicate in any way that the defendant timely

or accurately provided the written note signed by parent or guardian which

indicated the reason for the absence to the school at the same time the child

returned from his absence.

       THE COURT FURTHER FINDS that the defendant did not comply

with the requirement to provide written notice at the time the child returned

to school, and in some instances only did so many months after the

absences were incurred.

                                    ***

       THE COURT FURTHER FINDS that it is abundantly clear to the

Court that the defendant received notice repeatedly about the absences of

her child. The defendant was reasonably advised of the consequences of

her failure to get her child to school on time as required by law. Finally, the

weight to be given to each witness and the determination of credibility is

best left to the trial court. In the absence of a finding that a witness was not

credible, the Court does conclude that all witnesses that testified offered

some credible testimony and evidence.

       THE COURT FURTHER FINDS that the objections raised by the

defendant in her motion to appeal the magistrate’s decision are not well-
                                                                                           -8-


       taken. The magistrate concluded that the defendant’s child missed school

       without proper excuse and that the defendant aided, abided [sic], abused or

       caused that to happen. There is nothing in the record that would cause the

       Court to deviate from that finding and conclusion.

(Id. at 1-3).

       {¶ 8} Lewis was sentenced to 180 days in jail with 120 days suspended and the

remainder to be served in 20-day increments. She also was ordered to pay a $25 fine

plus court costs and was placed on probation for one year.1 (Doc. #21). The trial court

stayed execution of her sentence pending appeal. (Doc. #30).

       {¶ 9} In her first assignment of error, Lewis contends the trial court erred in

imposing a sentence that included confinement without inquiring and determining whether

she knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily waived her right to counsel and asserted her

right to self-representation. She argues that it was not enough for the magistrate generally

to inform her of her right to counsel, to refer her to the public defender’s officer, and then

to deem her to have waived counsel when she appeared for trial without representation.

Lewis maintains that the proper remedy is to vacate her jail sentence. For its part, the

State concedes error, agreeing that the procedure in the present case was inadequate

and that the proper remedy is to vacate Lewis’ 180-day jail sentence.

       {¶ 10} We concur in the parties’ assessment that merely advising Lewis about her


1  We recognize the dissent’s view that an appealable “judgment” must be a separate
document from the magistrate’s decision and that, under Civ.R. 54(A), it may not “contain
the magistrate’s decision.” See infra at ¶ 29. Here the magistrate filed a detailed decision
imposing sentence. On the same piece of paper, but under a separate signature line, the
trial court adopted the magistrate’s decision as its own judgment entry. We believe the
trial court adequately entered a judgment in this case, within the meaning of Juv.R.
40(D)(4)(e), notwithstanding the fact that it did so on the same piece of paper.
                                                                                           -9-


right to legal representation, either through retained or appointed counsel, was

insufficient. See, e.g., State v. Owens, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 23150, 2010-Ohio-564,

¶ 16-29. Absent a proper inquiry into Lewis’ ability to retain counsel, waiver of her right to

counsel, and invocation of her right to represent herself, the confinement portion of her

sentence must be vacated. Id. This includes the suspended 120-day jail term and the 60-

day term that Lewis was ordered to serve. Id. at ¶ 30. Her conviction remains valid,

however, as does the non-jail portion of her sentence. Id. The first assignment of error is

sustained.

        {¶ 11} In her second assignment of error, Lewis challenges the legal sufficiency of

the evidence to sustain her conviction. Specifically, she contends the State presented

insufficient evidence to prove that she “was reckless in her failure to provide ***

Elementary School with excuses for [her son’s] absences.”

        {¶ 12} The applicable statute, former R.C. 2919.24, provided as follows at the time

of Lewis’ offense2:

        (A) No person, including a parent, guardian, or other custodian of a child,

        shall do any of the following:

        (1) Aid, abet, induce, cause, encourage, or contribute to a child * * *

        becoming an unruly child, as defined in section 2151.022 of the Revised

        Code, or a delinquent child, as defined in section 2152.02 of the Revised

        Code.

        (2) Act in a way tending to cause a child * * * to become an unruly child, as

        defined in section 2151.022 of the Revised Code, or a delinquent child, as


2   We note that the statutory language was rearranged effective April 6, 2017.
                                                                                         -10-


        defined in section 2152.02 of the Revised Code.

        {¶ 13} At the outset of our analysis, we note seeming inconsistencies between the

complaint, the evidence presented, and the magistrate’s and trial court’s finding of guilt.

The complaint charged Lewis with acting in a way tending to cause her child to become

a delinquent child, even though R.C. 2919.24(A)(2) prohibits acting in a way tending to

cause her child to become either an unruly child or a delinquent child. The magistrate’s

decision, however, discusses aiding, abetting, inducing, causing, encouraging or

contributing to her child becoming an unruly child based on habitual truancy, which would

be a violation of R.C. 2919.24(A)(1), which prohibits aiding and abetting a child to become

either an unruly or delinquent child.

        {¶ 14} Citing former R.C. 2151.022, which was in effect at the time of Lewis’

offense, 3 the magistrate noted that an “unruly child” includes “[a]ny child who is an

habitual truant from school and who previously has not been adjudicated an unruly child

for being an habitual truant.” (Doc. #10 at 2). The magistrate also noted that a “habitual

truant” includes any child who misses a proscribed number of school days over a

particular period of time. See former R.C. 2151.011(B)(19) and current R.C.

2151.011(B)(18).4 The magistrate then concluded that Lewis’ child (who previously had

not been adjudicated unruly based on truancy) was a habitual truant because he missed


3   We note that R.C. 2151.022 also was amended and modified effective April 6, 2017.
4 As relevant here, the statute defined a “habitual truant” to include a child who is absent
“without legitimate excuse” for 12 or more school days in a school year. This statute too
was modified effective April 6, 2017. A “legitimate excuse” includes an excuse that meets
the requirements of rules established by a local school district board of education. See
R.C. 3321.04(C) as well as former R.C. 2151.011(B)(23) and current R.C.
2151.011(B)(22).
                                                                                         -11-

more than 12 days of school without excuse, and that Lewis “aided, abetted, induced,

caused, encouraged, or contributed to the child becoming an unruly child.” (Doc. #10 at

3). Based on that finding, the magistrate declared Lewis “guilty of the offense of

contributing to the delinquency of a minor beyond a reasonable doubt.” (Id.). As set forth

above, the trial court approved and adopted the magistrate’s ruling. (Doc. # 20 at 3).

       {¶ 15} The magistrate’s finding that Lewis’ child missed more than 12 days of

school, and therefore was a habitual truant, likely would support a conviction for either

aiding, abetting, inducing, causing, encouraging or contributing to him becoming an unruly

child in violation of R.C. 2919.24(A)(1) or for acting in a way tending to cause him to

become an unruly child in violation of R.C. 2919.24(A)(2). As set forth above, however,

the box checked on the charging instrument referred to acting in a way tending to cause

her son to become a delinquent child, not an unruly child.5

       {¶ 16} The fact that the child had more than 12 unexcused absences and was a

habitual truant did not necessarily establish that Lewis acted in a way tending to cause

him to become a delinquent child. Although, an unruliness adjudication based on truancy

establishes the predicate for acting in a way tending to cause the child to become



5 In State v. Gans, 168 Ohio St. 174, 151 N.E.2d 709 (1958), the Ohio Supreme Court
explained the difference between aiding, abetting, inducing, causing, encouraging or
contributing to unruliness or delinquency and acting in a way tending to cause unruliness
or delinquency. When the State proceeds under the aiding-and-abetting clause, it must
prove that the child actually was unruly or delinquent. No such showing is required when
the State proceeds under the acting-in-a-way-tending-to-cause language. “It is apparent
that the purpose of that clause is to prevent a delinquency [or unruliness] before it occurs
rather than to await such delinquency [or unruliness] and then punish the adult offender.
The purpose of the clause is to avoid the undesirable result which might arise if an adult
is permitted to pursue a course of conduct which tends to cause a child to become a
delinquent [or unruly].” Id. at 175-176.
                                                                                          -12-

delinquent because of the prior adjudication of the child as unruly based on habitual

truancy. Former R.C. 2152.02(F)(2) and (4), which were in effect at the time of Lewis’

offense, defined a “delinquent child” to include “[a]ny child who violates any lawful order

of the court made under this chapter” and “[a]ny child who is a habitual truant and who

previously has been adjudicated an unruly child for being a habitual truant.”6 In other

words, the child gets one unruly adjudication for truancy before the offense is elevated to

a delinquency charge. The State presented no evidence that Lewis’ child was subject to

any existing court order regarding school attendance or that he previously had been

adjudicated unruly based on habitual truancy.

       {¶ 17} We observe, however, that whether Lewis could have acted in a way

tending to cause her son to become a delinquent child, as she was charged, or whether

she could have aided, abetted, induced, caused, encouraged, or contributed to the child

actually becoming a delinquent child by acting in a way or aiding her child to be an unruly

child, is not a question we need to resolve. Lewis has not challenged her conviction on

the basis that her son’s absences might support a conviction under R.C. 2919.24(A)(1)

or (2) based on unruliness but her challenge is whether her actions aided or caused

delinquency.   7   Her assigned error is quite narrow. She does not address the


6 Effective April 6, 2017, the statute defines a “delinquent child” in the present context to
include “a child who violates a court order regarding the child’s prior adjudication as an
unruly child for being an habitual truant.” R.C. 2152.02(E)(2).
7 Although we may notice plain error that was not raised below, any non-jurisdictional
error still must be raised by a party on appeal before we properly may correct it.
Significantly, the inconsistency we have observed could have been raised in the trial court
but it was not. Had the issue been raised in a timely manner, the State could have
requested amendment of the complaint which likely would have been permitted given the
alternative nature of R.C. 2919.24(A)(1) and (2) where aiding, or causing, either
unruliness, or delinquency would suffice. In these circumstances we elect not to conclude
                                                                                          -13-


unruliness/delinquency discrepancy. She challenges only the legal sufficiency of the

evidence to establish that she recklessly failed to provide her son’s school with timely

written excuses for his absences. On this issue, we find her assignment of error to be

unpersuasive.

       {¶ 18} Lewis correctly notes that a conviction under R.C. 2919.24 requires proof

of recklessness. State v. Moody, 104 Ohio St.3d 244, 2004-Ohio-6395, 819 N.E.2d 268.

“A person acts recklessly when, with heedless indifference to the consequences, the

person disregards a substantial and unjustifiable risk that the person’s conduct is likely to

cause a certain result or is likely to be of a certain nature.” R.C. 2901.22(C). Here Lewis

argues that she acted at most negligently, not recklessly, in failing to provide the school

with timely written excuses. As set forth above, Lewis raises this argument in the context

of a challenge to the legal sufficiency of the evidence.

       {¶ 19} When a defendant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence, she is arguing

that the State presented inadequate evidence on an element of the offense to sustain the

verdict as a matter of law. State v. Hawn, 138 Ohio App.3d 449, 471, 741 N.E.2d 594 (2d

Dist. 2000). “An appellate court’s function when reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence

to support a criminal conviction is to examine the evidence admitted at trial to determine

whether such evidence, if believed, would convince the average mind of the defendant’s

guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. The relevant inquiry is whether, after viewing the

evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have

found the essential elements of the crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt.” State v.

Jenks, 61 Ohio St.3d 259, 574 N.E.2d 492 (1991), paragraph two of the syllabus.


this is plain error or one we should notice sua sponte.
                                                                                         -14-


       {¶ 20} With the foregoing standards in mind, we find legally sufficient evidence to

support a determination that Lewis recklessly failed to provide her son’s school with timely

written excuses for his absences. In arguing to the contrary, Lewis reasons as follows:

              * * * State’s Exhibit 1 and Ms. Beloff’s testimony establish that ***

       Elementary School determined the absences to be unexcused in

       accordance with school policy. However, this alone would only establish

       culpability if Ms. Lewis were strictly liable under the statute for [her son’s]

       pattern of unexcused absences. The State is required not only to prove that

       Ms. Lewis failed in her duty to report absences to the school, but that her

       breach of that duty was reckless. The evidence—that Ms. Lewis called the

       school on two occasions instead of providing written excuses, and that her

       regular practice was to provide [her son] with letters to bring to school on

       his own—may perhaps demonstrate that she deviated from the expected

       parental standard of care, or that she was merely negligent. But even if [her

       son] was an absentminded 11-year-old, as Ms. Lewis acknowledged he

       was, the decision to send him to school with an excuse does not

       demonstrate a heedless disregard for the possibility that the school will not

       receive the excuse.

              Reviewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution,

       it is clear that Ms. Lewis failed to meet her obligation to report [her son’s]

       absences to *** Elementary. However, this failure—even if it was a

       “substantial lapse from due care”—only rises to the level of criminal

       negligence. R.C. 2901.22(D). While Ms. Lewis could have apprehended the
                                                                                            -15-


       risk, there is no indication that she perversely disregarded it. Instead, the

       evidence supports a finding that Ms. Lewis failed to provide the school with

       notice of [her son’s] absences because her communication habits failed to

       meet the standard of due care. As a result, the State has failed to prove the

       mens rea necessary to sustain a conviction.

(Appellant’s Brief at 12-13).

       {¶ 21} We find Lewis’ argument to be unpersuasive. School secretary Beloff

testified that she did not receive any written excuses regarding Lewis’ son’s absences

until the eve of trial. (Trial Tr. at 37-38). Beloff also testified that she sent Lewis a letter

after her son had accrued 10 unexcused absences, advising that a doctor’s note would

be required for future absences. (Id. at 25-26). Attendance officer Stephens additionally

testified that he visited Lewis’ home to address her son’s absences and left a card in the

door, asking her to contact the school. (Id. at 81). In its ruling, the trial court found that

“the defendant received notice repeatedly about the absences of her child.” (Doc. # 20 at

2). Even if we accept, arguendo, that Lewis gave her son notes to take to the school, the

repeated notices she received reasonably should have alerted her to a problem with the

notes not being delivered by her admittedly “absent minded” son. Because she

purportedly did nothing but continue to send undelivered notes, the trial court reasonably

could have found that she acted recklessly.

       {¶ 22} In any event, the magistrate was not convinced that Lewis did “faithfully”

send notes to the school when her son returned from absences. Her failure to send notes

is corroborated by Beloff’s testimony that she did not receive any written excuses

regarding the absences. The trial court reasonably could have accepted Beloff’s
                                                                                         -16-

testimony about not receiving any notes and could have believed that at least some such

notes likely would have been delivered if Lewis actually had sent them with her son. In

short, Beloff’s testimony about the lack of any notes supports an inference that no notes

were sent, despite the school’s repeated warnings about absences, providing a second

basis upon which the trial court could have found Lewis reckless. Therefore, construing

the evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution, we find legally sufficient

evidence to support a finding that Lewis recklessly failed to provide her son’s school with

written excuses for his absences. The second assignment of error is overruled.

       {¶ 23} Having sustained Lewis’ first assignment of error, we hereby vacate the

confinement portion of her sentence, including both the suspended 120-day jail term and

the 60-day term that she was ordered to serve. The rest of Lewis’ sentence—which

consists of a term of probation, a $25 fine, and court costs—remains in effect. As so

modified, the trial court’s judgment is affirmed.

                                      .............


TUCKER, J., concurs.

FROELICH, J., dissenting:

       {¶ 24} I would find that this Court lacks jurisdiction to address Lewis’s assignments

of error and would dismiss the appeal, because the juvenile court has not entered a final

appealable order.

       {¶ 25} After a trial before a magistrate, Lewis was found guilty of the offense of

contributing to the delinquency of a minor.         The juvenile court judge signed the

magistrate’s decision the same day. Lewis filed a pro se “appeal” of the magistrate’s

decision, and the juvenile court filed a judgment entry construing the “appeal” to be a
                                                                                        -17-


timely objection, pursuant to Juv.R. 40.

      {¶ 26} The juvenile court subsequently overruled Lewis’s objections, with specific

findings, and “adopt[ed] and affirm[ed] the finding and orders of the Magistrate as the

findings and final order of the court on this matter.” The court ordered a presentence

investigation (PSI) and scheduled a sentencing hearing for January 26, 2017.

      {¶ 27} The sentencing hearing was conducted by the magistrate, and the

magistrate issued a sentencing decision. On the same day, the juvenile court judge

signed the magistrate’s decision under a sentence that read, “This judgment is adopted

as an order of the Court upon filing.” The sentencing entry was filed on January 27,

2017. Lewis did not file objections to the magistrate’s decision. She now appeals from

the January 27, 2017 order.

      {¶ 28} I would find that there is no final appealable order. Juv.R. 40(D)(4)(e)

requires that a “court that adopts, rejects, or modifies a magistrate’s decision shall also

enter a judgment.” See also Civ.R. 53(D)(4)(e). When objections are filed, a judgment

entry must include the court’s own order resolving the matter (not just adopting a

magistrate’s decision), resolve any objection, sufficiently address the pending issues so

the parties know their rights and obligations by referring only to the judgment entry, and

be a document separate from the magistrate’s decision. See, e.g., Hall v. Adler, 2d Dist.

Montgomery No. 27572 (Aug. 9, 2017) (Decision and Final Judgment Entry); Bennett v.

Bennett, 2012-Ohio-501, 969 N.E.2d 344 (2d Dist.).

      {¶ 29} A “combined judgment entry signed by both the magistrate and the judge is

not a proper ‘judgment’ from which an appeal lies.”       Jackson v. Jackson, 4th Dist.

Washington No. 13-CA-40, 2014-Ohio-5853, ¶ 11, citing Hall v. Darr, 6th Dist. Ottawa No.
                                                                                       -18-


OT-03-001, 2003-Ohio-1035, ¶ 28. “The order was not final and appealable because

the magistrate and trial court issued a joint decision instead of separate, distinct

documents.”    Perko v. Perko, 11th Dist. Geauga Nos. 2001-G-2403, 2002-G-2435,

2002-G-2436, 2003-Ohio-1877, ¶ 5. To be a final order, the judgment must, among other

things, “be a document separate from the magistrate’s decision.” Sabrina J. v. Robbin

C., 6th Dist. Lucas No. L-00-1374, 2001 WL 85157, *3 (Jan. 26, 2001); see also

Everhome Mtge. Co. v. Kilcoyne, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 96982, 2012-Ohio-593 (under

plain language of Civ.R. 54(A), a court’s judgment cannot contain the magistrate’s

decision).

      {¶ 30} An appellate court has jurisdiction to review final orders, judgments, and

decrees. Article IV, Section 3(B)(2) of the Ohio Constitution; R.C. 2505.03.       In the

absence of a final appealable order, the appeal must be dismissed. The juvenile court’s

January 27, 2017 entry failed to satisfy the requirements of a final appealable order.

Accordingly, I would dismiss the appeal.

      {¶ 31} As a secondary matter, the record is somewhat unclear about the offense

of which Lewis was convicted: former R.C. 2919.24(A)(1) or R.C. 2919.24(A)(2), and

based on unruliness or on delinquency.         R.C. 2919.24, entitled “Contributing to

unruliness or delinquency,” can be violated, by definition, by contributing to delinquency

or by contributing to unruliness. And, as stated by the majority, R.C. 2919.24(A)(1) and

R.C. 2919.24(A)(2) are separate offenses with distinct elements.

      {¶ 32} The complaint filed on April 7, 2016, alleged that Lewis “did act in a way

tending to cause the child to become a * * * delinquent child as defined in Section

2152.02(F) * * * in violation of Section 2919.24 * * *.” (Emphasis added). This wording
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charged a violation of R.C. 2919.24(A)(2) and specifically cited delinquency as its basis.

       {¶ 33} Consistent with that charge, after a trial, the magistrate filed findings of fact,

stating that Lewis was before the court for trial on an allegation that she “did act in a way

tending to cause a child to become delinquent as defined in ORC §2152.02, in violation

of ORC §2919.24.” However, the magistrate’s decision did not quote R.C. 2919.24(A)(2)

and define “delinquent.”     Instead, it quoted R.C. 2919.24(A)(1) and “found” that an

“unruly child” includes any child who is habitually truant. The magistrate then found that

Lewis’s child was an “unruly child” and that Lewis had aided, abetted, induced, caused,

encouraged or contributed to her child’s becoming an unruly child -- which is consistent

with R.C. 2919.24(A)(1). The magistrate nevertheless concluded that the State had

proven the “complaint” beyond a reasonable doubt and found Lewis guilty “of the offense

of contributing to the delinquency of a minor beyond a reasonable doubt.”

       {¶ 34} Lewis filed objections, which were overruled.           The trial court’s entry

overruling the objections did not address the inconsistencies in the magistrate’s statutory

references, and it did not indicate whether the court’s guilty verdict was based on R.C.

2919.24(A)(1) or R.C. 2919.24(A)(2) and on unruliness or on delinquency. The January

27, 2017 sentencing entry stated that Lewis was “previously found guilty of contributing

to the Delinquency or Unruliness of a Minor in Violation of ORC § 2919.24.” (Emphasis

added.) Again, it did not identify the specific subsection.

       {¶ 35} In short, Lewis was charged with contributing to the delinquency of her child,

in violation of former R.C. 2919.24(A)(2), but arguably was found guilty for having

contributed to the unruliness of her child, in violation of R.C. 2919.24(A)(1). “In general,

absent a negotiated plea agreement or evidence of a lesser included offense, a defendant
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cannot be convicted of an offense for which he or she has not been charged.” State v.

Hill, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 26581, 2015-Ohio-5166, ¶ 49. Regardless of whether

facts supported her having contributed to the unruliness of her son, Lewis was not on trial

for aiding and abetting the unruliness of her child, and the charge was not amended to

R.C. 2919.24(A)(1), even after trial. The trial court should clarify the nature of Lewis’s

conviction in its final judgment entry.

                                          ..........


Copies mailed to:

Andrew Pickering
Patrick Clark
Hon. Joseph N. Monnin
