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 1         IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO

 2 STATE OF NEW MEXICO,

 3          Plaintiff-Appellee,

 4 v.                                                                    NO. A-1-CA-36587

 5 CHRISTOPHER SHAY MENDEZ, JR.,

 6          Defendant-Appellant.

 7 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF LEA COUNTY
 8 Gary L. Clingman, District Judge

 9 Hector H. Balderas, Attorney General
10 Santa Fe, NM

11 for Appellee

12 Templeman and Crutchfield
13 Barry C. Crutchfield
14 Lovington, NM

15 for Appellant

16                                 MEMORANDUM OPINION

17 VANZI, Chief Judge.

18   {1}    Defendant appeals the denial of his motion to suppress. We issued a notice of

19 proposed summary disposition proposing to affirm on October 24, 2017. Defendant
 1 has responded with a timely memorandum in opposition, which we have duly

 2 considered. We remain unpersuaded that our initial proposed disposition was

 3 incorrect, and we therefore affirm.

 4 DISCUSSION

 5   {2}   Defendant continues to argue that the search warrant affidavit was deficient

 6 because it did not establish the confidential informant’s credibility. [MIO 1] See State

 7 v. Steinzig, 1999-NMCA-107, ¶ 18, 127 N.M. 752, 987 P.2d 409 (stating that a search

 8 warrant affidavit must set forth sufficient facts for the issuing judge to independently

 9 determine either the inherent credibility of the informants or the reliability of their

10 information); see also Rule 5-211(E) NMRA (requiring that when hearsay statements

11 are used to establish probable cause for a search warrant, there must be both a

12 substantial basis for believing the source of the hearsay to be credible and for

13 believing that there is a factual basis for the information furnished).

14   {3}   We will uphold an issuing court’s determination of probable cause “if the

15 affidavit provides a substantial basis to support a finding of probable cause.” State v.

16 Williamson, 2009-NMSC-039, ¶ 29, 146 N.M. 488, 212 P.3d 376. Probable cause to

17 search a specific location exists when there are reasonable grounds to believe that a

18 crime has been committed in that place or that evidence of a crime will be found there.

19 See State v. Gonzales, 2003-NMCA-008, ¶¶ 11-12, 133 N.M. 158, 61 P.3d 867. The

20 degree of proof required to establish probable cause to issue a search warrant is less

                                              2
 1 than a certainty of proof but more than a suspicion or possibility. State v. Trujillo,

 2 2011-NMSC-040, ¶ 16, 150 N.M. 721, 266 P.3d 1. “A reviewing court should not

 3 substitute its judgment for that of the issuing court [but instead should] determine

 4 whether the affidavit as a whole, and the reasonable inferences that may be drawn

 5 therefrom, provide a substantial basis for determining that there is probable cause to

 6 believe that a search will uncover evidence of wrongdoing.” Williamson, 2009-

 7 NMSC-039, ¶ 29. “[T]he substantial basis standard of review is more deferential than

 8 the de novo review applied to questions of law, but less deferential than the substantial

 9 evidence standard applied to questions of fact.” Id. ¶ 30.

10   {4}   Defendant argues that the search warrant affidavit contained no information to

11 show the confidential informant’s credibility, although Defendant’s concedes that the

12 information contained in the affidavit was sufficient to establish the basis of

13 knowledge prong. [MIO 1, 3] We disagree. In this case, the confidential informant’s

14 information that cocaine could be purchased at Defendant’s residence was

15 corroborated by police through a carefully monitored controlled buy, which

16 independently established the information. A controlled buy “bears on the confidential

17 informant’s credibility and thereby addresses both prongs of the Cordova

18 (Aguilar-Spinelli) test.” See State v. Lujan, 1998-NMCA-032, ¶ 10, 124 N.M. 494,

19 953 P.2d 29 (observing that a controlled buy reduces the uncertainty and risk of

20 falsehood about the information provided by the informant); see also State v. Knight,

                                               3
 1 2000-NMCA-016, ¶ 20, 128 N.M. 591, 995 P.2d 1033 (recognizing that information

 2 independently corroborated by police may import sufficient veracity to a confidential

 3 informant); see also Steinzig, 1999-NMCA-107, ¶¶ 23-24 (relying on the fact that

 4 police officers independently corroborated various aspects of the information given

 5 by the informants through investigation and observation as one factor in concluding

 6 that the issuing judge could reasonably find that the veracity of the informants had

 7 been properly established).

 8   {5}   Defendant also argues that the search warrant affidavit was deficient because

 9 the confidential informant was the only person to identify Defendant as the person

10 selling cocaine during the controlled buy, and Officer Shimer’s observations of the

11 controlled buy are not sufficient to establish the informant’s credibility. [MIO 2-3] We

12 recognize that police did not independently observe Defendant selling cocaine during

13 the controlled buy. However, the search warrant affidavit did not rely on an

14 identification of Defendant in order to establish probable cause. Officer Shimer’s

15 personal observation and monitoring of the controlled buy taking place at Defendant’s

16 residence was sufficient to establish probable cause to search the residence, apart from

17 the confidential informant’s identification of Defendant. See State v. Evans,

18 2009-NMSC-027, ¶ 10, 146 N.M. 319, 210 P.3d 216 (stating that probable cause to

19 search a specific location exists when there are reasonable grounds to believe that a



                                              4
1 crime has been committed in that place or that evidence of a crime will be found

2 there).

3   {6}   For these reasons, we affirm the district court.

4   {7}   IT IS SO ORDERED.


5                                          __________________________________
6                                          LINDA M. VANZI, Chief Judge

7 WE CONCUR:



8 _________________________________
9 J. MILES HANISEE, Judge



10 _________________________________
11 EMIL J. KIEHNE, Judge




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