DLD-292                                                        NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                            FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                                 ___________

                                       No. 19-1673

                                       ___________

                                      LUIS NIEVES,
                                                       Appellant

                                             v.

            EMT RON THORNE; PARAMEDIC NICOLE JOHANNES;
         OFFICER PAUL TOMCZYK; SUPERINTENDENT FAYETTE SCI;
                     GOVERNOR OF PENNSYLVANIA
                  ____________________________________

                     On Appeal from the United States District Court
                         for the Middle District of Pennsylvania
                         (D.C. Civil Action No. 3-16-cv-01912)
                      District Judge: Honorable James M. Munley
                      ____________________________________

       Submitted for Possible Dismissal Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B) or
         Summary Action Pursuant to Third Circuit L.A.R. 27.4 and I.O.P. 10.6
                                 September 26, 2019
        Before: JORDAN, GREENAWAY, JR. and NYGAARD, Circuit Judges

                            (Opinion filed: November 5, 2019)
                                        _________

                                        OPINION*
                                        _________
PER CURIAM



*
 This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not
constitute binding precedent.
       Luis Nieves appeals the sua sponte dismissal of his action for failure to prosecute.

See Fed. R. Civ. P. 41(b). Because this case does not present a substantial question, we

will summarily affirm. See 3d Cir. L.A.R. 27.4; 3d Cir. I.O.P. 10.6.

       Nieves filed this action and a motion to proceed in forma pauperis (IFP) in

September 2016, alleging that his civil rights were violated when he was unlawfully

restrained and received unwanted medical care. Nieves named a police officer, Paul

Tomczyk, an EMT, Ron Thorne, and a paramedic, Nicole Johannes, as defendants. The

District Court granted Nieves’s request to proceed IFP, and directed the United States

Marshal to serve each of the three defendants. Ultimately, only Officer Tomczyk

responded, filing a motion to dismiss.1 The case was referred to a Magistrate Judge who

issued a Report and Recommendation (R&R) recommending that the motion to dismiss

be granted because Nieves had failed to prosecute his action. Dkt. #31.

       On April 5, 2017, the District Court adopted the R&R and dismissed the case as to

Officer Tomczyk. Dkt. #36. Nieves subsequently submitted various filings to the court,

including a motion to appoint counsel. On May 8, 2017, the Magistrate Judge denied the

motion to appoint counsel and directed Nieves to show cause as to why the case should

not be dismissed for failure to prosecute, since Nieves had yet to provide addresses for

the other named defendants. Dkt. #43.

       On May 25, 2017, Nieves requested leave to file an amended complaint, but this



1
 Thorne and Johannes were never served because Nieves did not provide addresses for
either defendant, despite the court’s direction to do so.

                                             2
filing was denied because it was incomplete. Dkt. #47. The Magistrate Judge ultimately

gave Nieves until September 11, 2017, to file a proper motion seeking leave to file an

amended complaint. Nieves never did so. Instead, on December 10, 2018—a year and

three months after the deadline set by the Magistrate Judge—Nieves filed an amended

complaint. The amended complaint did not mention the original three defendants, and

instead alleged that new defendants, Mark Capoza and Tom Wolff, violated his

constitutional rights.2

       The Magistrate Judge sua sponte issued an R&R, recommending the case be

dismissed for failure to prosecute, or, in the alternative, be dismissed under the IFP

screening provision 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii) for failure to state a claim. The District

Court adopted the R&R and dismissed the action for failure to prosecute. See Fed. R.

Civ. P. 41(b). Nieves timely appealed.

       We have jurisdiction over this appeal pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291. We review

the District Court’s sua sponte decision to dismiss a case pursuant to Rule 41(b) for an

abuse of discretion. Briscoe v. Klaus, 538 F.3d 252, 257 (3d Cir. 2008). “While we

defer to the District Court’s discretion, dismissal with prejudice is only appropriate in

limited circumstances and doubts should be resolved in favor of reaching a decision on

the merits.” Emerson v. Thiel Coll., 296 F.3d 184, 190 (3d Cir. 2002).

       Under Rule 41(b), a district court may punitively dismiss an action if a litigant has



2
  The amended complaint, like most of Nieves’s filings, is difficult to read. There appear
to be various allegations, including “mental health criminal violations,” retaliation,
slander, false imprisonment, and attempted murder. Dkt. #53 at 2–3.
                                              3
failed to prosecute or to comply with a court order. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 41(b). A court

must justify its decision under the multi-factor balancing test stated in Poulis v. State

Farm Fire & Casualty Co., 747 F.2d 863 (3d Cir. 1984). Under Poulis, a court must

weigh: “(1) the extent of the party’s personal responsibility; (2) the prejudice to the

adversary caused by the failure to meet scheduling orders and respond to discovery; (3) a

history of dilatoriness; (4) whether the conduct of the party or the attorney was willful or

in bad faith; (5) the effectiveness of sanctions other than dismissal, which entails an

analysis of alternative sanctions; and (6) the meritoriousness of the claim or defense.” Id.

at 868 (emphasis removed). Dismissals with prejudice are drastic sanctions; accordingly,

a “[d]ismissal must be a sanction of last, not first, resort.” Id. at 869.

       We have advised that a district court dismissing a case sua sponte “should use

caution in doing so because it may not have acquired knowledge of the facts it needs to

make an informed decision.” Briscoe, 538 F.3d at 258. In such cases, a district court

“should provide the plaintiff with an opportunity to explain his reasons for failing to

prosecute the case or comply with its orders prior to dismissing a case sua sponte.” Id.

While there is no “magical formula” or “mechanical calculation” in evaluating a Rule

41(b) dismissal, “we have never upheld a court’s dismissal when it was supported by an

inadequate foundation on even one of the Poulis factors.” Hildebrand v. Allegheny

County, 923 F.3d 128, 137 (3d Cir. 2019).

       Here, the Magistrate Judge thoroughly analyzed each Poulis factor and concluded

that all of the factors, with the exception of the second factor (prejudice to the



                                               4
adversary)3, weighed in favor of dismissal. We agree.

       As a pro se litigant, the responsibility to prosecute this case fell squarely on

Nieves. See Emerson, 296 F.3d at 190. Nieves engaged in dilatory tactics by submitting

various erroneous filings to the court, which were often in the form of letters that

expressed his thoughts on unrelated cases or irrelevant topics in a stream-of-

consciousness style. In addition to these erroneous letters, he asked for various

extensions of time to file responsive pleadings, and then failed to meet the deadlines set

by the court. Indeed, the Magistrate Judge even notified Nieves—via an order to show

cause—that his case could be dismissed if he failed to provide addresses for the named

defendants. Dkt. #43. Nieves asked for an extension of time to respond to this order,

failed to respond, and then filed an amended complaint naming entirely new defendants

and listing new causes of action more than a year later. See Briscoe, 538 F.3d at 260

(“Extensive or repeated delay or delinquency constitutes a history of dilatoriness, such as

consistent non-response to interrogatories, or consistent tardiness in complying with court

orders.” (internal quotation marks omitted)).

       Moreover, the record supports the conclusion that Nieves’s conduct was not

merely negligent. See Emerson, 296 F.3d at 191 (agreeing that failing to comply with

court orders and “dragging the case out” was willful and not merely negligent or

inadvertent). Further, Nieves’s pro se and IFP status, coupled with his refusal to comply



3
  The Magistrate Jude determined that this factor was neutral because none of the
remaining defendants in the original complaint, or the new defendants named in the
amended complaint, had been served.
                                              5
with court orders (including an order to show cause), rendered lessor sanctions

ineffective. See Briscoe, 538 F.3d at 262–63 (noting where a plaintiff is proceeding pro

se and IFP, we have upheld the conclusion that no alternative sanctions existed because

monetary sanctions “would not be an effective alternative”).

       Finally, we agree that the assessment of the meritoriousness of Nieves’s claims

weighed heavily in favor of dismissal. Quite simply, the amended complaint consisted of

vague, rambling allegations of wrongdoing that were insufficient to state a claim. See

Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (noting that, while the pleading standard of

Rule 8 does not require detailed factual allegations, it requires “more than an unadorned,

the-defendant-unlawfully-harmed-me accusation,” and that a complaint is insufficient “if

it tenders ‘naked assertions’ devoid of ‘further factual enhancement’” (quoting Bell Atl.

Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555–57 (2007)).

       Accordingly, we find no abuse of discretion in the sua sponte dismissal of

Nieves’s action for failure to prosecute. For the foregoing reasons, we will summarily

affirm the District Court’s judgment.




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