                                UNPUBLISHED ORDER
                            Not to be cited per Circuit Rule 53




                  United States Court of Appeals
                               For the Seventh Circuit
                               Chicago, Illinois 60604
                               (Argued June 1, 2005)

                            Decided September 1, 2005

                                         Before

                       Hon. DANIEL A. MANION, Circuit Judge

                       Hon. DIANE P. WOOD, Circuit Judge

                       Hon. DIANE S. SYKES, Circuit Judge


No. 04-3348

ADRIAN CAUSHI,
                           Petitioner,                   On Petition for Review
                                                           of an Order of the
                  v.                                  Board of Immigration Appeals

ALBERTO R. GONZALES,                                         No. A 77 772 351
Attorney General of the United
States,
                         Respondent.


                                     ORDER

      Adrian Caushi, an ethnic Albanian citizen of Kosovo (an historically troubled
region now under control of the United Nations, but still officially part of Serbia-
Montenegro) petitions for review of an order of the Board of Immigration Appeals.
Caushi had sought asylum, withholding of removal, and protection under the
Convention Against Torture (CAT), on the ground that he would face persecution at the
hands of both the Serbian government and the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA) if he
were to be sent back. The Immigration Judge denied each of these requests, and the
BIA affirmed, finding that there has been a fundamental change in circumstances in
No. 04-3348                                                                        Page 2


Kosovo since Caushi left in January 1999. Because we find that the BIA’s decision was
supported by substantial evidence, we deny the petition for review.

                                            I

       In May 1999, Caushi presented a fraudulent Slovenian passport in an effort to
gain entry to the United States at Chicago’s O’Hare International Airport. Recognizing
the alleged passport for what it was, the former Immigration and Naturalization
Service agents detained him. With the aid of an interpreter, Caushi admitted
(speaking Albanian) that he actually was from Kosovo. He explained that in late 1998,
he escaped the war that was then raging in Kosovo by crossing the border into
Macedonia. There, he purchased a fake passport for 3,000 German marks (DM); four
months later, he traveled to Milan, Italy, where he boarded an airplane for the United
States.

       At his asylum pre-screening interview in June 1999, Caushi testified that he
had participated in a few political demonstrations in high school, had been “chased by
the police two or three times,” and on one occasion had been “hit and beaten” by the
police with “sticks.” Nonetheless, he acknowledged, he had never been arrested. To
avoid the police, he continued, he stopped attending classes at school and stayed
“locked” in his house or within the confines of his village for the next ten years. He left
Kosovo then because he was “being chased by the authorities to be executed.” When
asked whether he feared returning to Kosovo, he replied that it might be dangerous for
at least one year for him to return, in spite of the fact that NATO troops were stationed
there, because “no one would protect him” and he assumed that his house had been
burned down, leaving him “nowhere to go.”

       After that interview, Caushi filed two applications for asylum with the
assistance of two different attorneys – the first in December 1999 and the second in
July 2001. In an affidavit attached to both applications, he gave a far more dramatic
account of his past. He claimed that he had been arrested by the police and “beaten
constantly” for two weeks in 1989, and again in 1998. During both detentions, Caushi
now said, the police (then controlled by the Serbs) tried to recruit him as an informant
against the Albanian resistance, but he refused. His stated reason for leaving Albania
was, according to the affidavit, his unwillingness to fight in the Serb army. He feared
returning, he claimed, because he would be “prosecuted and persecuted” for refusing
to join the Serbian army and because the French forces in Kosovo would not protect
him because of their bias against Serbs. He also mentioned that he feared that he
might be tortured by the KLA for refusing to join their army. This was his first mention
of the KLA; he gave no details about the circumstances surrounding his refusal to join
or why he feared retribution.
No. 04-3348                                                                       Page 3


       In February 2002, one year prior to his asylum hearing, Caushi supplemented
the record yet again. He submitted a new affidavit stating that in November 1998 the
KLA had kidnapped him, beat him, and “chained” him in a house for a week. The KLA
then set up a false meeting of the Democratic League of Kosovo at a local café. Caushi
realized that the meeting was a pretext for recruiting members for the KLA and tried
to leave, but he was prevented from doing so. When it was his turn to stand up and
take an oath to become a KLA soldier, Caushi refused. Instead, he shouted to the
hundreds of attendees that they should cancel their memberships. The KLA members
then allegedly took him to a back room and beat him severely with their fists and the
butts of their guns, causing his face and his lips to bleed. They photographed him and
showed the pictures to his family, demanding money in exchange for his release.
Caushi stated that his father asked the KLA if he could keep the photos to use in
appeals to others for financial help. According to Caushi, the family did seek assistance
from others, including the Serbian police. As a result, the government discovered that
the café served as headquarters for the KLA. Finally, Caushi claimed that sometime
during his confinement, his father was beaten and the family’s homes were burned
down.

       Shortly after Caushi submitted his February 2002 affidavit, he also submitted
an affidavit from Dr. Bernd J. Fischer, a professor of Balkan history and chair of the
Department of History at Indiana University at Fort Wayne. Fischer devoted the
majority of his statement to an explanation of his concern that Serbia might regain
control of Kosovo, and that Serbia had become even more nationalistic than it was in
the days of Slobodan Milosevic. Fisher did, however, include a brief discussion about
the KLA. He noted that although the KLA officially has disbanded, its two principal
leaders play major roles in Kosovo’s politics, “engage in corruption,” and “in the opinion
of most observers, the murder of political rivals and those ethnic Albanians who are
perceived as having refused to support the KLA’s guerilla war.” He pointed out that
former KLA members continue to play an active role in its successor organization, the
Kosovo Protection Corps (KPC), which he described as a “civil defense force” that has
“engaged in murder, torture, and blackmail and often targets ethnic Albanians who are
perceived as having been ‘soft’ on Serbs.” Apart from giving one example of a June 2002
arrest of six ethnic Albanians, Fischer did not explain his conclusions further or
identify his sources of information. He concluded that Caushi “should fear retribution
from former KLA members who believe their honor has been compromised because of
his failure to support the sacred cause.”

                                           II

      In a hearing before an IJ in April 2003, Caushi, now represented by a third
attorney, testified consistently with his asylum applications that he was twice
arrested, jailed, and beaten for two-week periods by Serbian police in 1989 and 1998.
During his first arrest, he said, police held him for two weeks and beat him with rubber
No. 04-3348                                                                      Page 4


sticks, kicked him, punched him, and banged his head against the wall, causing
permanent scarring on his shoulder, back, and thighs. The second time the police jailed
him, they beat him daily for two weeks and kicked him repeatedly in the back of the
head, causing him to suffer ongoing headaches. Caushi added that after his release the
second time, he received notice from the Serbian military to report to duty. He ignored
the notice, however, because he believed that he would be forced to fight for the Serbs
against his own people.

       Caushi also testified about his experiences at the hands of the KLA. He claimed,
for the first time, that during his detention the KLA beat him daily for two months
until his father paid 30,000 DM for his release. He submitted into evidence the
photographs that he claimed were taken of him during the time he was held by the
KLA. He testified that, unlike the records of the arrests and summons for military duty
that were destroyed when his house burned, the photographs had been saved by his
father, who kept them in his coat pocket because they were “dear to him.” Caushi
concluded by stating that he was afraid to return to Kosovo because he would be killed
by members of the KLA for his refusal to join their cause.

       The IJ denied Caushi’s requests for asylum and withholding of removal; the
judge did not rule on his claim under the CAT. The latter claim is now abandoned,
however, because Caushi did not raise it either in his appeal to the BIA or in his
opening brief in this court. With respect to the first two claims, the IJ accepted that
Caushi’s account of mistreatment, if true, might describe persecution, but he found
that Caushi was not a believable witness. Among other things, the IJ cited the
discrepancy between Caushi’s testimony about his mistreatment by the KLA and his
failure to mention that incident in his initial interview, his asylum pre-screening
interview, or his two applications for asylum. The judge also found that the
photographs allegedly taken by KLA members were “of questionable validity,” and he
found Caushi’s explanation of how they survived the house burning “unconvincing.”

      In a one-judge order, the BIA affirmed the IJ’s decision on slightly different
grounds. It said that regardless of whether Caushi had testified credibly, he could not
have a reasonable fear of returning to Kosovo as of August 2004 (when the BIA’s order
issued), because country conditions have changed fundamentally since Caushi left in
January 1999. In support of its conclusion, the BIA cited the 2002 Country Report on
Human Rights practices for Yugoslavia, which was before the IJ.

                                          III

      Caushi has devoted the majority of his brief to an attack on the IJ’s adverse
credibility decision. This is a mistake. This court reviews only the opinion of the BIA
when it issues a separate opinion that is independent of the IJ’s. Liu v. Ashcroft, 380
F.3d 307, 311 (7th Cir. 2004). That is what the BIA did here: it relied solely on changed
No. 04-3348                                                                       Page 5


country conditions in reaching its decision, and it expressly declined to address the IJ’s
credibility decision. We therefore consider only the BIA’s reasoning, which we review
under the deferential substantial evidence standard. Ahmed v. Ashcroft, 348 F.3d 611,
615 (7th Cir. 2003).

       To qualify for asylum, Caushi was required to show that he would be persecuted
if he were forced to return to his home country. It is presumed that an applicant’s life
or freedom would be threatened if he demonstrates that he was persecuted in the past
on account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a social group, or political
opinion. 8 C.F.R. § 1208.16(b)(1)(i). The government can rebut this presumption by
establishing by a preponderance of the evidence that there has been a fundamental
change in circumstances such that an applicant would not be persecuted if returned.
8 C.F.R. § 1208.16(b)(1)(i)(A); Brucaj v. Ashcroft, 381 F.3d 602, 606-07 (7th Cir. 2004).

       Caushi criticizes the BIA’s decision on several grounds. He claims that it failed
to undertake a sufficiently detailed analysis of the alleged changes or how they would
affect Caushi personally; he argues that the BIA failed to confront Dr. Fisher’s opinion;
and he accuses of the BIA of taking administrative notice of changes in Kosovo that
were not reflected in the evidence of record. We find, however, that none of these points
provides grounds for granting the petition for review.

       Although this court has held that the BIA must undertake an individualized
review of the applicant’s case when it takes administrative notice of changed country
conditions based on evidence that was not before the IJ, see Useinovic v. INS, 313 F.3d
1025, 1030 (7th Cir. 2002), it is unclear to what degree that rule applies when, as here,
the BIA relies on evidence of record that the applicant was able to rebut. We have held,
however, that the BIA need not articulate its reasons for accepting or rejecting every
piece of evidence before the IJ. See Petrovic v. INS, 198 F.3d 1034, 1038 (7th Cir.
2000). That rule disposes of Caushi’s first two points. The BIA relied on the 2002
Country Report (which was the Exhibit 12 to which it referred) for its conclusion that
country conditions had changed, and that report was before the IJ. The Country Report
gave no indication that the KLA had targeted Albanians who refused to serve in its
ranks. The BIA had no obligation to discuss Dr. Fischer’s contrary opinion, which was
largely unsubstantiated and based its predictions on Caushi’s likely fate on broad
generalizations.

       Caushi argues in his reply brief that the Country Report does not support the
BIA’s conclusion, but BIA was not compelled to adopt his position. Caushi points out,
for example, that the Country Report states that Kosovo Albanians perceived to have
cooperated with the Serbian authorities have been targeted for retributive violence,
including killings, and that the former KLA was one group suspected of responsibility.
But the BIA was not required to find that Caushi would have been perceived as one
who collaborated with the Serbs, given his own assertions that he protested Milosevic’s
No. 04-3348                                                                      Page 6


anti-Albanian activities, defied the Serbian police’s attempts to recruit him as a spy,
and failed to report for duty in the Serbian army. Although the 2002 Country Report
describes ongoing (though diminishing) violence involving former KLA members or KPC
members, it does not document any violence perpetrated against ethnic Albanians who
refused to serve in the KLA, nor does it report violence that has been ignored by the
Kosovo authorities. It describes some problems from 1999, but it notes that the “small
number” of killings that “might” have been politically motivated “significantly
decreased” from 2001, and the victims were all in leadership positions.

                                           IV

      Although there is more along the same lines, including indications in more
recent country reports that the situation in Kosovo continues to improve, there is no
need to rehearse this information in detail. It suffices for present purposes to say that
the BIA’s conclusion that Caushi’s claim should be rejected because of a fundamental
change in circumstances since he left Kosovo is supported by substantial evidence. We
therefore DENY the petition for review.
