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            DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA COURT OF APPEALS

                                 No. 14-FS-73

                       IN RE: PETITION OF S.L.G & S.E.G.;
                                D.A., APPELLANT

                        Appeal from the Superior Court
                         of the District of Columbia
                                  (A-105-12)

                    (Hon. Tara Fentress, Magistrate Judge;
                   Hon. Maribeth Raffinan, Reviewing Judge)

(Submitted October 30, 2014                                Decided March 5, 2015)

      Jon S. Pascale was on the brief for appellant D.A.

      Irvin B. Nathan, Attorney General for the District of Columbia, Todd S.
Kim, Solicitor General, Loren L. AliKhan, Deputy Solicitor General, and Aisha
Lewis, Assistant Attorney General, were on the brief for appellee District of
Columbia.

      Sharon A. Singh was on the brief for appellees S.L.G and S.E.G.

       Ronald Woodman, guardian ad litem for appellee A.A., filed a statement in
lieu of brief opposing the appeal and supporting appellees S.L.G. and S.E.G.

      Before GLICKMAN and BECKWITH, Associate Judges, and NEWMAN, Senior
Judge.

      Opinion for the court by Associate Judge GLICKMAN.

      Concurring opinion by Senior Judge NEWMAN at page 31.
                                          2

      GLICKMAN, Associate Judge: D.A. appeals the decision of the Superior

Court waiving her consent to the adoption of her daughter A.A. by appellees

S.L.G. and S.E.G.1 She primarily contends that the Superior Court erred by basing

its decision, improperly, on a direct comparison of her with the adoption

petitioners, and by failing to consider the likelihood that she would become a fit

parent for A.A. within the foreseeable future. We conclude that although there is

ample evidentiary support in the record for the trial court’s ruling, the court did not

make the necessary predicate determinations relating to appellant’s fitness vel non

to parent A.A. herself. We therefore find it necessary to remand for further

proceedings to rectify this deficiency.



                                          I.



                                          A.



      On November 4, 2010, when A.A. was just over ten months old, she was

brought to Children’s National Medical Center with a skull fracture and subdural

bleeding.   Appellant could not satisfactorily explain how A.A. received these
      1
        Appellant also asks this court to reopen the case in which A.A. was found
to be neglected and placed in foster care with S.L.G. and S.E.G., but as she
presents no argument on this request, we treat it as abandoned. See Wagner v.
Georgetown Univ. Med. Ctr., 768 A.2d 546, 554 n.9 (D.C. 2001).
                                          3

injuries, and the Child and Family Services Agency (CFSA) removed the child

from appellant’s care. A neglect proceeding was begun in Superior Court, and on

December 8, 2010, appellant stipulated that A.A. was a neglected child. The court

committed A.A. to the custody of CFSA, which placed her in foster care with

S.L.G. and S.E.G.



      At the disposition hearing, the court set the permanency goal as reunification

of A.A. with appellant. To that end, the court directed appellant to participate in an

Addiction Prevention and Recovery Assessment (APRA) and weekly drug testing,

to attend parenting classes, and to receive psychological and psychiatric

evaluations and individual therapy. All these services were made available to her.

However, some sixteen months later, on April 24, 2012, the court changed the

permanency goal from reunification to adoption in light of appellant’s failure to

comply with the court-ordered drug testing and therapy, among other problems. In

the wake of that goal change, S.E.G. and S.L.G petitioned to adopt A.A. The

child’s biological father consented to the adoption, but appellant did not.



      Magistrate Judge Fentress presided over a four-day evidentiary hearing on

whether to waive appellant’s consent and approve the adoption petition. At its

conclusion, the magistrate judge, ruling from the bench, found it to be in A.A.’s
                                        4

best interest to do so.     The magistrate judge later issued written findings,

conclusions of law, and an order to the same effect. Associate Judge Raffinan

affirmed the magistrate judge’s decision on appellant’s motion for review.

Whence comes this appeal.



                                        B.



      At the hearing, the magistrate judge heard testimony from several witnesses

in addition to the parties, the most important of whom proved to be A.A.’s social

worker and a psychologist who had evaluated appellant.



      Marie Cohen was the social worker assigned to the case by the Board of

Child Care (BCC), the organization that ran the foster care program in which A.A.

was placed. Cohen testified about her experience with appellant, A.A., and the

foster parents, including her efforts to help appellant comply with the court’s

directives and be reunified with A.A.2 As Cohen recounted, she spent considerable


      2
           Cohen also testified about her unsuccessful efforts to find a suitable
placement for A.A. with a family member or other person proposed by appellant.
As appellant does not claim these efforts were deficient, we need not describe them
in this opinion, beyond noting that Cohen found some of appellant’s suggestions to
be troublingly inappropriate. At different times, for example, appellant asked
Cohen herself to co-parent A.A. with her; asked another BCC staff member to
adopt A.A.; and recommended a man who (Cohen learned) had an alcohol abuse
                                                                      (continued…)
                                              5

time explaining to appellant what she needed to accomplish, made lists with her to

help her stay on track, and checked on her progress. Cohen also supervised

appellant’s visits with A.A. and made referrals for appellant to receive psychiatric

and psychological evaluations and therapy and to attend parenting class. To assist

appellant with transportation for these services and her visits with A.A., BCC

provided appellant with $20 to $40 per week. It continued to provide this funding

even though appellant repeatedly failed to document her expenses or participate as

she was asked to do. Despite the financial and other assistance she received,

appellant’s visits with A.A. and her compliance with the court’s order were erratic

at best. Although she attended the parenting class and received the APRA and

mental health evaluations, appellant did not follow through with their

recommendations or comply with the court-ordered drug testing and therapy. In

addition, she displayed a variety of behaviors that raised concerns about her mental

health and her ability to care for a child.



       Appellant’s visits with A.A. were a chief area of concern. Cohen began

overseeing appellant’s weekly visitation with A.A. in November 2010.            She



(continued…)
problem and, on one occasion, had appeared naked outside appellant’s door,
banging on it and demanding sex.
                                           6

testified that from then until December 2011, appellant attended only 65% of her

scheduled visits, often cancelling on the morning of the day the visit was to occur.

After December 2011, and until the court hearing (which commenced in November

2012), there was modest improvement, but only to the extent that appellant made

77% of her scheduled visits. Appellant often was late when she did visit A.A. To

make up for her latenesses, BCC allowed appellant to have extra time with A.A.3

In addition, the agency twice changed the location of the visits at appellant’s

request to make it easier for her to get to them.4



       Cohen testified that appellant’s interactions with A.A. during the visits

usually were appropriate. Appellant brought toys, books, and food for A.A. and

read stories to her, and the child seemed happy to see her “mommy” and sad when

the visits ended. However, appellant’s behavior was sometimes worrisome. She

often brought other people with her, including different men with whom she

appeared to be in a relationship. She referred to two of these men as “daddy” in



      3
       The magistrate judge noted that “the agency [BCC] went out of its way …
to accommodate [appellant], especially with respect to visits.”
      4
        At one point, claiming she was afraid of A.A.’s father, S.J., because he had
abused her, appellant asked Cohen to permit her and S.J. to visit A.A. separately.
Cohen made arrangements to accommodate this request. Yet the following week,
appellant and S.J. came to visit A.A. together.
                                          7

front of A.A., though neither one was A.A.’s natural father. On one of these

occasions, appellant locked herself, A.A., and her male companion in the bathroom

for fifteen minutes and insisted that A.A. be transported to the emergency room

because she professed to believe the child had been sexually abused while in the

care of her foster family. A.A. was not wearing any clothes when appellant locked

the bathroom door. The police were called and were able to convince appellant to

open the door. On another occasion, appellant again insisted that A.A. had been

sexually abused. After each of these incidents, A.A. was seen by a physician, who

found no evidence of sexual abuse. The child did have a diaper rash.



      While A.A. was in foster care, she was identified as having a developmental

speech delay and began seeing a speech therapist. Cohen encouraged appellant to

attend the sessions and provided her with financial assistance to do so. Appellant

failed to attend them, however, and did not interest herself in A.A.’s progress.



      As the magistrate judge noted in her oral findings, another “one of the most

serious concerns in this case” was appellant’s use of cocaine and her failure to

comply with drug testing. Appellant tested positive for cocaine when the testing

began in November 2010. Over the next year and a half, she consistently failed to

report for testing or, when she did report, she failed to produce a urine sample that
                                          8

could be tested.5 Appellant did not provide a testable sample at all between July 5,

2011, and January 6, 2012, or between January 27, 2012, and May 25, 2012.

Although she did test negative for cocaine on a few occasions, she also tested

positive for cocaine as late as January 2012. It was not until July 2012 (after the

permanency goal had been changed to adoption and just a few months before the

hearing) that appellant started showing consistently negative drug test results.



      Relatedly, appellant failed to pursue recommended drug treatment. Her

APRA assessment in early 2011 had resulted in the recommendation that she enter

a 12-step recovery program, and later a therapist recommended that she attend a

substance abuse support group. But while appellant attended some meetings, she

did not consistently hand in attendance forms to Cohen. Appellant never provided

documentation to show that she had completed any drug treatment program.



      Dr. Seth King, who had performed appellant’s psychological evaluation,

diagnosed her as having a mood disorder, not otherwise specified, and ADHD, in

addition to her abuse of cocaine. Dr. King also believed that appellant needed to


      5
        Appellant said she was unable to produce a urine sample because of a “shy
bladder.” She was prescribed a medication for this condition in May 2012. The
magistrate judge noted that this was “long after” appellant was ordered to begin
drug testing.
                                          9

be evaluated further for bipolar disorder in light of a number of symptoms she

displayed, including her high energy, rapid speech, grandiosity, depression,

anxiety, irritability, and a pattern of getting involved in many different jobs and

projects but never finishing them. Nonetheless, appellant failed to follow through

on the mental health therapy that was recommended and that she had been ordered

by the court to pursue.



      In early 2011, appellant assured Cohen that she was receiving therapy

through an organization called Washington Empowered Against Violence. Upon

investigation, Cohen confirmed that this was not true.         Accordingly, though

appellant denied needing therapy, Cohen helped her make arrangements to receive

it at the Hillcrest Children and Family Center. Appellant began attending therapy

sessions at Hillcrest in April 2011, but she stopped after a few months. She never

provided Cohen with documentation that she had been discharged from therapy.

At trial, appellant identified Crystal Hill, a community support worker at Hillcrest,

as her therapist. However, Hill testified that she is not a therapist and had not done

any therapy with appellant.



      Appellant gave Cohen a variety of medical excuses for missing her visits

with A.A. and for not attending therapy sessions, but she never provided medical
                                         10

documentation of them. She also cancelled visits for work-related reasons. At the

hearing, appellant claimed to have been employed in various jobs, including as a

driver, a nurse’s aide, and a receptionist. However, though Cohen had requested

appellant to furnish proof of employment, she never did so. Furthermore, she did

not provide financial support for A.A.



      In the opinion of Dr. King, appellant’s mental health and behavioral issues

raised serious concerns about her ability to care for A.A. and ensure her safety. Dr.

King was concerned, for example, by appellant’s expressed perception that there

was no justification for the removal of A.A. from her care; by her history of

exposing A.A. to inappropriate people and her evident dependence on men, which

introduced dangerous and negative elements into her life and exposed her to

domestic violence; by her indecisiveness and her poor compliance with therapy

and treatment; by her recent history of drug abuse and the high likelihood of a

relapse given the short period of time she had been testing negative; and by

appellant’s inability to remain organized and focused on A.A.’s needs, to exercise

good judgment, to provide consistency in parenting, and to model good behavior

for A.A. Noting the “higher demands associated with caring for a young child,”

Dr. King perceived appellant as being “susceptible to becoming overwhelmed

[and] experiencing an intensification of symptoms of anxiety and mania,” resulting
                                         11

in poor decision making and parenting practices that “could lead to unsafe

conditions and the neglect of her daughter.”



      Furthermore, in Dr. King’s view, appellant’s continuing resistance to

engaging in therapy boded poorly for her capacity to gain the insight and make the

changes in behavior necessary to avoid exposing A.A. to those risks in the

foreseeable future. In order for reunification even to be considered, Dr. King

opined, appellant would need to demonstrate the ability to focus on A.A.’s

developmental needs and to comply with court-ordered services, including in-

home mental health services to monitor her parenting practices for at least a year.

Dr. King thought it unlikely that appellant would accomplish these things or

become fit to parent A.A. in the foreseeable future.



      The magistrate judge also heard testimony about the adoption petitioners and

A.A.’s adjustment to her foster family. At the time of trial, A.A. had been with

S.E.G. and S.L.G. and their family for two years.6 She called them “mommy” and



      6
        S.E.G. and S.L.G. had been married for twenty-six years. S.E.G. had been
a prekindergarten teacher for twenty-six years. Her husband S.L.G. is a retired IRS
senior budget analyst. They reside in a six-bedroom, single-family home with
A.A. and their four biological children (three adult sons and one twelve-year-old
daughter).
                                        12

“daddy,” and it was Cohen’s observation, seconded by the foster parents

themselves, that she was very happy in their home. A.A. also had bonded with

S.E.G.’s mother, whom she called “grandma,” and the couple’s twelve-year-old

daughter. The two girls shared a room, and the daughter enjoyed teaching A.A.

her colors, letters, numbers, and shapes. A.A. attended church and Sunday school

with the family, and they went to the library, park, and Chuck-E-Cheese together.

S.E.G. and S.L.G. provided for A.A. financially, buying her clothes, shoes, coats,

and other items. S.E.G. took A.A. to all her routine medical appointments and her

appointments with the speech therapist. The family worked diligently with A.A. to

improve her speech by reading to her and modeling correct speech, and was

otherwise attentive to her needs. At the time of trial, A.A. no longer exhibited any

developmental delays.7



      In rendering her decision orally and in writing, the magistrate judge recited

the evidence adduced at the hearing in considerable detail. It is clear that the

magistrate judge credited the testimony of Cohen and Dr. King in particular and—

focusing on the statutory factors that must be considered in determining whether to

terminate parental rights—found, inter alia, that appellant’s inconsistent and

      7
         The guardian ad litem for A.A. informed the court that he supported the
petition for adoption as being in A.A.’s best interest.
                                         13

erratic behavior had “negative implications” for her capacity to provide a stable

home for her daughter, and that appellant’s unresolved mental health issues raised

“concerns” as to her ability to care for A.A.8 However, while she identified these

issues, the magistrate judge made no express finding that appellant was not fit to

parent A.A. or that preservation of the parent-child relationship would endanger or

be detrimental to A.A. Nor did she acknowledge explicitly the presumption in our

law favoring maintenance of a child’s relationship with a parent who is fit.



      Regarding the proposed adoption, the magistrate judge found, inter alia, that

S.L.G. and S.E.G. were meeting and would continue to meet A.A.’s need for

continuity of care and timely integration into a stable and permanent home,9 that

they had developed a close, happy, and loving relationship with A.A., and that the

child’s health and wellbeing had improved in their care.

      8
         The magistrate judge also perceived that the quality of appellant’s
relationship with A.A. had been diminished by appellant’s spotty visitation record
and her failure to comply with court-ordered services meant to facilitate their
reunification; and that “serious concerns” were raised by appellant’s recent past
use of cocaine and her failure to comply with treatment and regular drug testing.
      9
          See, e.g., In re D.H., 917 A.2d 112, 118 (D.C. 2007) (“Timely integration
into a stable and permanent home is arguably the most important factor when
considering the best interests of the child.”); In re F.W., 870 A.2d 82, 86 (D.C.
2005) (“A stable and desired environment of long standing should not be set aside”
when the children have lived with the prospective adoptive parents for most of
their lives.) (internal citation omitted).
                                          14

       After thus reviewing the salient evidence, the magistrate judge stated her

conclusions as follows:


              The Court, having weighed the relevant factors and
              considered the respondent’s best interest, finds by clear
              and convincing evidence, that the mother is withholding
              her consent to the adoption, contrary to the respondent’s
              best interest. The petitioners are fit, able, and willing
              caretakers and the child is thriving in their care. The
              social worker and GAL support the adoption.

                     Adoption by the petitioners is in the respondent’s
              best interest; accordingly, the biological mother’s consent
              is waived.


       On review the associate judge, finding that the magistrate judge did not

abuse her discretion or make any error of law or erroneous factual finding,

affirmed that determination. Like the magistrate judge, the associate judge did not

address explicitly the question of appellant’s fitness or the presumption in favor of

a fit natural parent.



                                          II.



       Appellant challenges the waiver of her consent on two main grounds. First,

she contends that the decision to waive her consent to the adoption of A.A. was

based on an improper “direct comparison of the natural parent and the foster
                                          15

home”10 rather than a proper consideration of the relevant factors.         Second,

appellant argues that the trial court failed to give adequate consideration to the

possibility that she “might become a suitable parent in the foreseeable future.”11

For the reasons that follow, we conclude that a remand is necessary to clarify these

matters in light of the absence of express findings by the trial court as to

appellant’s fitness to parent A.A. and the applicability of the presumption in favor

of a fit natural parent.12




       10
            In re C.O.W., 519 A.2d 711, 714 (D.C. 1987).
       11
            In re C.T., 724 A.2d 590, 597 (D.C. 1999).
       12
          Appellant also complains that the decision was made without an expert
psychiatric or psychological evaluation of A.A.’s bond or attachment with her or
with the adoption petitioners. Instead, the magistrate judge relied on the testimony
of Cohen, appellant, S.E.G., and other witnesses who had first-hand knowledge of
A.A.’s relationships with the parties. This was not improper, however. Given the
importance of a healthy attachment to the psychological wellbeing of a child,
expert testimony on attachment is relevant and often quite helpful to the court in
making a determination in cases like this. See, e.g., In re T.W.M., 18 A.3d 815,
821 (D.C. 2011) (trial court relied in part on expert testimony that removing the
child from the foster parent would have “devastating consequences”); In re K.D.,
26 A.3d 772, 776-77 (D.C. 2011) (trial court heard testimony from clinical
psychologist who performed a bonding study). However, neither the statute nor
the case law requires such testimony in every case, and its absence here does not,
by itself, undermine the trial court’s determination.
                                            16

                                            A.



      We review a trial court’s determination in a proceeding to terminate parental

rights (TPR) and waive a natural parent’s consent to adoption for abuse of

discretion.13 “In reviewing for an abuse of discretion, our task is to ensure that the

trial court has exercised its discretion within the range of permissible alternatives,

based on all relevant factors and no improper factor.”14 The trial court’s decision

must be “supported by substantial reasoning drawn from a firm factual foundation

in the record.”15



      As a procedural matter, we now are reviewing the order of the associate

judge, who reviewed the magistrate judge’s order in this case for errors of law,

abuse of discretion, or clear lack of evidentiary support. But as we have said, “our

powers of appellate review are [not] so limited that, in reviewing the [associate

judge’s] final order we may not look to the findings and conclusions of the fact




      13
           In re D.R.M., 570 A.2d 796, 803 (D.C. 1990).
      14
           Id. at 803-804 (internal citation omitted).
      15
        In re J.C.F., 73 A.3d 1007, 1012 (D.C. 2013) (citing In re C.L.O., 41 A.3d
502, 510 (D.C. 2012)).
                                           17

finder on which that ruling is based.”16 Rather, “we review the magistrate judge’s

factual findings as the findings of the trial judge and review for abuse of discretion

or a clear lack of evidentiary support. As to alleged errors of law, however, we

review the record de novo, without deference to the judges below.”17



                                           B.



      A court may grant an adoption petition without the consent of a natural

parent if it finds by clear and convincing evidence that the consent is being

withheld contrary to the best interest of the child.18 Because granting an adoption

over a natural parent’s objection necessarily terminates the parent’s rights, the

court must weigh the same statutory factors that are considered in a TPR

proceeding to decide whether termination is in the child’s best interest.19 The

statutory TPR factors relevant to this case are:




      16
           In re C.L.O, 41 A.3d at 510.
      17
           Id. (internal quotation marks and footnotes omitted).
      18
           D.C. Code § 16-304 (e) (2012 Repl.).
      19
        D.C. Code § 16-2353 (b) (2012 Repl.); In re P.S., 797 A.2d 1219, 1223
(D.C. 2001).
                                            18

               (1) the child’s need for continuity of care and caretakers
               and for timely integration into a stable and permanent
               home, taking into account the difference in the
               development and the concept of time of children of
               different ages;

               (2) the physical, mental and emotional health of all
               individuals involved to the degree that such affects the
               welfare of the child, the decisive consideration being the
               physical, mental, and emotional needs of the child;

               (3) the quality of the interaction and interrelationship of
               the child with his or her parent, siblings, relative, and/or
               caretakers, including the foster parent; …

               (4) to the extent feasible, the child’s opinion of his or her
               own best interests in the matter; and

               (5) evidence that drug-related activity continues to exist
               in a child’s home environment after intervention and
               service have been provided …. [20]


      Although “the paramount consideration” in determining whether to

terminate parental rights is the best interest of the child,21 our case law recognizes

that the TPR factors must be applied in accordance with “the presumption that the

child’s best interest will be served by placing the child with his natural parent,




      20
         D.C. Code § 16-2353 (b). A sixth statutory factor, not at issue in this case,
is whether the child was abandoned at the hospital following his or her birth. See
id. § 16-2353 (b)(3A).
      21
           In re S.M., 985 A.2d 413, 416 (D.C. 2009).
                                          19

provided the parent has not been proven unfit.”22 This presumption in favor of the

natural parent is a strong one that reflects and reinforces the fundamental and

constitutionally protected liberty interest that natural parents have in the care,

custody, and management of their children.23        While the presumption “is not

absolute” and “must necessarily give way in the face of clear and convincing

evidence that requires the court, in the best interest of the child, to deny custody to

the natural parent in favor of an adoptive parent,”24 the question of parental fitness


      22
           Id. at 417.
      23
          See Troxel v. Granville, 530 U.S. 57, 65-66, 68-69 (2000) (“[T]here is a
presumption that fit parents act in the best interests of their children….
Accordingly, so long as a parent adequately cares for his or her children (i.e., is
fit), there will normally be no reason for the State to inject itself into the private
realm of the family to further question the ability of that parent to make the best
decisions concerning the rearing of that parent’s children.”).
      24
           In re S.M., 985 A.2d at 417; see also, e.g., In re J.G., 831 A.2d 992, 1001
(D.C. 2003) (“Notwithstanding the presumption in favor of the birth parent,... we
have repeatedly held that the parent’s rights may and must be overridden when
such a drastic measure is necessary in order to protect the best interests of the
child.”); In re Baby Boy C., 630 A.2d 670, 682 (D.C. 1993) (“Thus,... a finding of
parental unfitness is not a constitutional prerequisite to granting an adoption
petition notwithstanding lack of parental consent.”); Appeal of H.R. (In re Baby
Boy C.), 581 A.2d 1141, 1176-79 (D.C. 1990) (“[A] fit parent must prevail over a
prospective adoptive family unless clear and convincing evidence demonstrates
that the natural parent’s custody would be detrimental to the best interests of the
child.... [T[he assumption that a natural parent’s fitness incorporates the child’s
best interests may be suspect on occasion.               There conceivably can be
circumstances in which clear and convincing evidence will show that an award of
custody to a fit natural parent would be detrimental to the best interests of the
child.... [T]he most obvious, and possibly the only, basis for denying custody to a
                                                                         (continued…)
                                           20

is almost always at the heart of any proceeding to terminate parental rights or

waive a natural parent’s consent to adoption. As the Maryland Court of Appeals

has expressed it, the presumption in favor of the natural parent in a TPR or

contested adoption proceeding is “rebutted only by a showing that the parent is

either unfit or that exceptional circumstances exist that would make the continued

relationship detrimental to the child’s best interest.”25



      Parental “fitness” is not a statutorily defined term in this jurisdiction, nor do

the statutory TPR factors refer to “fitness” as an explicit criterion.        Broadly

speaking, though, fitness refers to the parent’s intention and ability over time to




(continued…)
fit parent in the best interests of the child would be a finding based on clear and
convincing evidence that parental custody would actually harm the child.”)
(Ferren, J., concurring).
      25
         In re Rashawn H., 937 A.2d 177, 190 (Md. 2007). In Maryland, as in the
District of Columbia, the best interest of the child standard remains “the overriding
statutory criterion in TPR cases,” and that standard is applied with the strong but
rebuttable “implicit substantive presumption that the interest of the child is best
served by maintaining the parental relationship.” Id. at 189-90; see also In re
Jayden G., 70 A.3d 276, 286 (Md. 2013) (“[T]he focus of the inquiry [in contested
adoption and TPR cases] into the child’s best interest—even with the parental
presumption in place—must be on the child, not the parent.”). Thus, decisions of
the Maryland Court of Appeals in this area may be instructive as we interpret the
requirements of our own statutory framework.
                                         21

provide for a child’s wellbeing and meet the child’s needs.26 The question of

fitness turns, in other words, on “whether the parent is, or within a reasonable time

will be, able to care for the child in a way that does not endanger the child’s

welfare.”27 The same statutory factors that guide the court’s determination of a

child’s best interest in a TPR or contested adoption proceeding therefore also guide

the court’s assessment in that proceeding of the natural parent’s fitness vel non.

The TPR factors do so by identifying, and focusing the court’s exercise of

discretion on, the fundamental determinants of a child’s wellbeing.28




      26
         We have recognized that parental fitness is determined by reference to the
specific child whose placement is in issue. “An individual may be a fit parent for
one child but not for another.” In re L.W., 613 A.2d 350, 360 n.24 (D.C. 1992).
      27
           In re Rashawn H., 937 A.2d at 191.
      28
          See In re K.A., 484 A.2d 992, 998 (D.C. 1984) (“[A] straightforward
reading of § 16-2353 (b) reveals that a concern over the natural parents’ unfitness
inheres in this analysis. Continuity of care, stability and permanence of home
environment, physical, mental and emotional health, interactions and relationships,
and the child’s judgment on the ultimate question all focus on fitness.”); see also
Appeal of H.R., 581 A.2d at 1178 (explaining that the TPR factors, “as applied to
the natural parent ... are of central concern” in evaluating the meaning of parental
“fitness”) (Ferren, J., concurring); In re Jayden G., 70 A.3d at 303 n.32
(“[P]arental fitness, exceptional circumstances, and the child’s best interests
considerations are not different and separate analyses. The three concepts are
fused together, culminating in the ultimate conclusion of whether terminating
parental rights is in a given child’s best interests.”) (internal quotation marks and
citation omitted).
                                         22

      So, for example, if the natural parent is unable or unwilling to meet the

child’s critical needs or maintain an appropriate parental relationship with the

child, or if placement of the child with the natural parent would endanger the child

or be detrimental to the child’s wellbeing, that would mean the parent is unfit to

care for that child. Conversely, if the natural parent is able and motivated to meet

the child’s fundamental needs and appropriately parent the child (or likely will be

able to do so without undue delay because any parental disability has a reasonably

close endpoint in sight), and placement with the parent would not otherwise be

harmful to the child’s welfare, then the TPR factors weigh in favor of finding the

parent fit and applying the presumption. Accordingly, while “[t]he fundamental

liberty interest of natural parents in the care, custody, and management of their

child does not evaporate simply because they have not been model parents or have

lost temporary custody of their child to the State,”29 a natural parent’s unfitness

may be evidenced by a variety of behaviors, conditions, and circumstances,

including but not limited to past or ongoing child abuse, neglect, maltreatment, or

abandonment; a failure to maintain contact with, nurture, or support the child;

involvement in criminal or other activities that are seriously inimical to a child’s

welfare; the inability or unwillingness to make reasonable efforts to correct the


      29
           Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745, 754 (1982).
                                          23

behaviors or conditions that led to the child’s removal from the parent’s custody, to

provide a safe and stable home for the child, or to meet a particular child’s special

needs; chronic drug or alcohol abuse; and mental health issues or other

impairments that demonstrably interfere with the parent’s ability to care for the

child or that expose the child to undue risk of harm.30 This, of course, is not

intended to be an exhaustive list.



      Consistent with the foregoing principles, this court has admonished that a

termination of a natural parent’s rights may not be based on a direct comparison of

the natural parent with the adoption petitioners.31 Rather, “[a]ll persons involved

with the child are to be considered in relationship to the best interests of the child,

not in comparison to one another.”32 The child’s relationship with the adoption

petitioners may have a bearing on the TPR decision; for example, if disrupting the

child’s relationship with the adoption petitioners and returning the child to the

      30
        See generally Joan H. Hollinger, Adoption Law and Practice § 4.04[1]
(Matthew Bender 2014); see also In re D.S., 88 A.3d 678, 689 n.15 (D.C. 2014).
      31
          See, e.g., In re J.G., 831 A.2d 992, 1000 (D.C. 2003) (reiterating that “in
no case may a contest between parent and nonparent resolve itself into a simple
factual issue as to which affords the better surroundings, or as to which party is
better equipped to raise the child.”) (internal quotation marks, brackets and ellipses
omitted).
      32
           In re C.O.W., 519 A.2d at 713-14.
                                          24

natural parent would be seriously detrimental to the child’s wellbeing,33 or if

terminating even an unfit natural parent’s rights would be contrary to the child’s

best interest.34 But this must not obscure the need for a threshold determination

regarding the parental presumption. “[T]he court’s inquiry is not to determine

whether the adoption petitioners would be better parents, or would provide a better

home,” than the natural parent; the natural parent’s constitutionally protected

interest in raising his or her children “may be overridden only if there is clear and

convincing evidence presented that continuing the parent-child relationship would

be contrary to the best interests of the children, and not merely that the adoption




      33
         See, e.g., In re J.G., 831 A.2d at 1002 (“[W]here, as in this case, a small
child has spent almost his entire life in the care of the prospective adoptive parent,
and where his contact with his birth mother has been quite limited, it may be
damaging to the child’s welfare to extract him from the only home he has ever
known.”).
      34
          See In re C.O.W., 519 A.2d at 714 (concluding that “insofar as the child’s
relationships with persons other than the natural parent are important in
determining whether termination is required and if so, what its effects might be,
statutory consideration of such relationships is constitutional”); see also In re C.T.,
724 A.2d 590, 598 n.9 (D.C. 1999) (“[I]n determining whether the drastic measure
of terminating parental rights is required in the child’s best interest, the court must
consider the adoptive prospects of the child along with other relevant factors.”); In
re Jayden G., 70 A.3d at 301-02 (“A finding of parental unfitness overcomes the
parental presumption, but it does not establish that termination of parental rights is
in the child’s best interest. To decide whether it is, the court must still consider the
statutory factors[.]”).
                                           25

would be more beneficial to their interests.”35 A court “cannot constitutionally use

the ‘best interests’ standard to terminate the parental rights of a ‘fit’ natural

[parent] ... and, instead, grant an adoption in favor of strangers simply because they

are ‘fitter.’”36



       From all we have said thus far, it should be clear that it is incumbent on the

trial court, in determining whether to waive the natural parent’s consent to a

proposed adoption,

                to give the most careful consideration to the relevant
                statutory factors, to make specific findings based on the
                evidence with respect to each of them, and, mindful of
                the presumption favoring a continuation of the parental
                relationship, determine expressly whether those findings
                suffice either to show an unfitness on the part of the
                parent to remain in a parental relationship with the child
                or to constitute an exceptional circumstance that would
                make a continuation of the parental relationship
                detrimental to the best interest of the child, and, if so,
                how. If the court does that—articulates its conclusion as
                to the best interest of the child in that manner—the
                parental rights we have recognized and the statutory basis


       35
         In re J.L., 884 A.2d 1072, 1077 (D.C. 2005). “Parental rights, therefore,
may not be terminated solely because of poverty, ill-health, or lack of education or
sophistication, but only upon a high showing that such a drastic measure is
necessary in order to protect the best interests of the child.” Id. (internal quotation
marks omitted). See also footnote 24, supra.
       36
            Appeal of H.R., 581 A.2d at 1178 (Ferren, J., concurring).
                                          26

             for terminating those rights are in proper and harmonious
             balance.[37]


The trial court does not fulfill its responsibility to make express, specific, and well-

reasoned findings merely by reciting the evidence adduced at the hearing, cursorily

“considering it” with respect to each TPR factor, and then rendering a conclusory,

“totality-of-the-circumstances” determination that parental consent should be

waived in the child’s best interest. This is not enough to show that the court is

applying the law correctly and respecting the presumption in favor of maintaining

the parental rights of a fit natural parent.38 Similarly, “proper recognition of the

parental presumption requires more than a verbal allowance that the presumption


      37
          Rashawn H., 937 A.2d at 192 (emphasis in the original); see also In re
C.L.O., 41 A.3d 502, 511 (D.C. 2012) (“The court therefore begins by recognizing
the presumption that the child’s best interest will be served by placing the child
with his natural parent, provided the parent has not been proven unfit.”) (internal
quotation marks omitted). We add that because the statutory TPR factors also are
relevant in deciding whether an adoption petition should be granted, the court must
render comparable findings and conclusions with respect to placement of the child
with the adoption petitioners. Cf. D.C. Code § 16-309 (b) (2012 Repl.) (criteria for
granting adoption petition include the fitness of the adoption petitioner and the best
interests of the prospective adoptee).
      38
          Cf. In re J.F., 615 A.2d 594, 598 (D.C. 1992) (explaining that where the
trial judge in a child neglect proceeding did not “acknowledge, much less address,
the presumption in favor of a fit parent” in its custody determination, “[t]he judge’s
statement that she did not need to decide the rights of the adult parties, since the
best interests of the child was the issue, fail[ed] to recognize the constitutionally
protected interest at stake”).
                                                27

exists.”39     The court must correctly and explicitly “incorporate the parental

presumption into its analysis.”40 If we have not made this requirement clear in our

prior TPR and contested adoption cases (as we have done in our neglect cases

where custody is at issue41), we do so now.



       We do not mean to suggest that a mere failure to use the particular

terminology of “fitness” is necessarily fatal by itself. The omission of an explicit

statement that a natural parent is “unfit” may be of no moment if there are

equivalent findings, supported by the evidence, that the parent lacks the capacity or

motivation to meet the child’s needs or protect the child from harm.          While

ambiguity may be avoided and our appellate review is greatly facilitated when the

trial court has made an explicit finding of fitness or the lack thereof, “fitness” is

simply a shorthand term of art, not a term of talismanic significance. But if the

trial court’s findings and conclusions are materially deficient in this or other key

respects, this court may conclude that “a remand is required to apply the best



       39
         In re D.S., 88 A.3d 678, 692 (D.C. 2014) (reversing custody order in
neglect proceeding because trial court failed to give meaningful weight to the
parental presumption before rejecting father’s request for custody).
       40
            Id. at 697.
       41
            E.g., In re D.S., 88 A.3d at 692.
                                         28

interest standard” properly, even though we may be satisfied that there is sufficient

evidence in the record to support the ultimate determination.42



                                         C.



      In the present case, the findings and conclusions of the trial court are

incomplete:     For all the detailed and well-supported factual findings and the

significant “concerns” expressed about appellant’s parenting ability, the trial court

decisions fail to acknowledge the presumption in favor of a fit natural parent and

explain why that presumption either is inapplicable in this case or is overcome by

clear and convincing evidence of what A.A.’s welfare requires despite parental

fitness. The decisions contain no explicit determination (under the correct standard

of proof by clear and convincing evidence43) that appellant is unfit. As a result,

they are susceptible to appellant’s charges that the trial court merely found her a

less capable or preferable caretaker for A.A. than petitioners, and that the court




      42
            Appeal of H.R., 581 A.2d at 1143 (holding that “[b]ecause the best
interest standard, as applied by the trial court, did not incorporate [the necessary]
parental preference,… a remand is required to apply the best interest standard as
properly formulated”).
      43
           See Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745, 758 (1982).
                                           29

ignored evidence that appellant was making progress and “might become a suitable

parent within the foreseeable future.”44



      To be sure, the magistrate judge’s serious and justified concerns as to

appellant’s parenting abilities are abundantly clear from her findings (and were

shared by the associate judge). The magistrate judge did not overtly engage in an

improper comparison of appellant with the adoption petitioners,45 and she cited the

substantial evidence of appellant’s lack of progress toward becoming a fit caretaker

      44
          In re C.T., 724 A.2d at 597. Despite this court’s “general disapproval” of
taking a “wait and see” approach to permanency determinations, id. at 599, we
have recognized that “termination of parental rights might well be inappropriate
where there is a reasonable likelihood that the parent’s unfitness at the time of trial
may be only temporary.” In re L.L., 653 A.2d 873, 889 n.34 (D.C. 1995) (internal
quotation marks omitted). We emphasize, however, that this proposition must be
applied with caution, because “protracted stays in [foster] care ... may deprive
[neglected] children of positive, nurturing family relationships and have
deleterious effects on their development into responsible, productive citizens.” In
re T.W., 732 A.2d 254, 258 (D.C. 1999) (quoting Smith v. Org. of Foster Families
for Equality & Reform, 431 U.S. 816, 835-36 (1977)); see also In re J.G., 831 A.2d
at 1001. Accordingly, we have held, “[i]f reunification with a biological parent is
not feasible, and if a child is adoptable, then adoption is the statutorily preferred
plan .... To ‘wait and see’ is rarely, if ever, an acceptable option when so much
time has already passed.” In re T.W., 732 A.2d at 258 (internal citation omitted).
      45
         Importantly, the magistrate judge properly focused on appellant and the
petitioners in relation to A.A.’s best interest, not on how appellant and the
petitioners compared to each other. For example, her findings were not that S.E.G.
and S.L.G. could provide a more stable home for A.A. than appellant, but were to
the effect that the petitioners were meeting the child’s need for stability while there
were reasons to doubt appellant’s capacity to do so.
                                           30

for A.A. despite the considerable assistance she was provided.                A proper

conclusion that appellant cannot parent A.A. adequately and hence is unfit may

well be implicit in the magistrate judge’s extended discussion of the evidence.

Moreover, we do not doubt that the evidence on which the magistrate judge relied

was sufficient to support a finding of unfitness. But sufficiency of the evidence is

not enough for us to be confident the trial court actually made such a

determination, and we cannot say it was compelled as a matter of law. For the trial

court’s decision in a TPR or contested adoption case to be “supported by

substantial reasoning drawn from a firm factual foundation in the record”46 and

amenable to proper appellate review, it must not require us to speculate as to the

court’s penultimate determinations regarding the natural parent’s fitness and the

parental presumption. Those determinations must be set forth with clarity.47



      For the foregoing reasons, we conclude that a remand is necessary and

appropriate in this case, in order for the trial court to rectify the absence of explicit

determinations regarding appellant’s fitness vel non and whether the presumption


      46
           In re J.C.F., 73 A.3d 1007, 1012 (D.C. 2013).
      47
          Cf. In re S.M., 985 A.2d 413, 420 (D.C. 2009) (remanding for further
proceedings where trial court did not accord natural parent the presumption in
favor of a fit parent).
                                            31

in favor of a fit parent has been rebutted. Accordingly, we vacate the judgment of

the Superior Court and remand for further proceedings not inconsistent with this

opinion.



                                                    So ordered.



      NEWMAN, Senior Judge, concurring: While I join the court’s opinion, I

write separately to state that my fertile imagination is not able to postulate a

realistic factual situation where a “fit” parent can be properly deprived of parental

rights based on the “best interest of the child.” However, on the premise that

virtually anything is “possible,” I join.
