                                                                                     01/29/2018
              IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                          AT NASHVILLE
                              August 23, 2017 Session

HARAKAS CONSTRUCTION, INC. v. METROPOLITAN GOVERNMENT
       OF NASHVILLE AND DAVIDSON COUNTY, ET AL.

                Appeal from the Chancery Court for Davidson County
                 No. 13-576-IV    Russell T. Perkins, Chancellor


                          No. M2016-01540-COA-R3-CV


Harakas Construction, Inc. appeals the judgment of the Chancery Court for Davidson
County (“the Trial Court”) granting summary judgment to Metropolitan Government of
Nashville and Davidson County (“Metro”) and Dale and Associates, Inc. (“Dale”). We
find and hold that the Trial Court correctly granted summary judgment to Metro based
upon sovereign immunity and that the Trial Court correctly granted summary judgment to
Dale because Dale had negated essential elements of Harakas’s claim.

 Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Chancery Court Affirmed
                                  Case Remanded

D. MICHAEL SWINEY, C.J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which FRANK G.
CLEMENT, JR., P.J., M.S., and JOHN W. MCCLARTY, J., joined.

J. Brad Scarbrough and Chris Holleman, Brentwood, Tennessee, for the appellant,
Harakas Construction, Inc.

Jon Cooper and J. Brooks Fox, Nashville, Tennessee, for the appellee, Metropolitan
Government of Nashville and Davidson County.

David N. Garst, J. Wallace Irvin, and Brian S. Faughnan, Nashville, Tennessee, for the
appellee, Dale and Associates, Inc.
                                       OPINION

                                     Background

       In 2007, BK Partners, LLC (“BK Partners”) owned undeveloped real property
located in Davidson County, Tennessee (“the Property”) upon which it planned to
construct a high-rise condominium. In order for the Property to be developed, the
existing public sewer service had to be upgraded. The sewer system that services the
Property also services an area known as the Holiday Travel Park area. In August of
2007, BK Partners submitted an application to upgrade the public sanitary sewer to Metro
Water, the department of Metro which manages the water and sewer services in Davidson
County, Tennessee. The application was approved.

       BK Partners and Metro entered in to a Participation Agreement wherein Metro
agreed to fund $200,000 toward the cost of the sewer improvement. Pursuant to Metro’s
policies, BK Partners was responsible for paying capacity fees based upon the anticipated
impact that the new development would have on the existing sewer system. The capacity
fees for the development of the Property were approximately $275,000. Subject to the
passage of an authorizing ordinance, Metro agreed to waive $200,000 of the capacity fees
since BK Partners was funding a portion of the sewer improvement costs, and BK
Partners was to pay the balance. Metro also waived the requirement for BK Partners to
post a payment and performance bond as security for the project.

      In December of 2007, a Metro ordinance was approved which authorized Metro to
pay an amount not to exceed $200,000 toward the sewer improvements being made by
BK Partners. The ordinance, Ordinance No. BL2007-67, provided, in pertinent part:

      An ordinance authorizing the Metropolitan Government to participate with
      BK Partners to provide public sewer service in Davidson County to
      Pennington Towers Outfall-Holiday Travel Park Sewage Pumping Station
      Removal, Project No. 07-SL-113.

      WHEREAS, Pursuant to the document attached as Exhibit A and
      incorporated into this ordinance by reference, BK Partners proposes to
      provide public sewer service in Davidson County to a development known
      as Pennington Towers Outfall-Holiday Travel Park Sewage Pumping
      Station Removal, Project No. 07-SL-113, Map 62.1, Parcels 17 & 22; and

      WHEREAS, the Metropolitan Government, Department of Water and
      Sewerage Services, has built the Mill Creek Trunk Sewer Project No. 98-

                                           2
      SG-13 anticipating participation from developers at $2,000.00 per
      connection towards the cost of the Project; and

      WHEREAS, this Project is deemed to benefit both parties and the general
      community, and the Metropolitan Government agrees to pay an amount not
      to exceed $200,000.00 towards construction of the Project.

The Participation Agreement For Sewer Services incorporated into Ordinance No.
BL2007-67 by reference provided, in pertinent part:

      The project consists of removal of the existing pump station and
      replacement with approximately 5,100 linear feet of gravity sewer to the
      existing gravity sewer line Project No. 07-SL-0113, complete with all
      necessary easements and appurtenances.

                                          ***

      METRO agrees to participate in the construction costs for a portion of this
      project in the lessor amount of $200,000 or 50% of the actual construction
      cost as determined by the contractor’s affidavit . . . . Actual payment may
      be in the form of capacity fee credits or cash. All cash payments will be
      made upon completion of the work and deeding to METRO.

      BK will be responsible for all other costs associated with this project.

       BK Partners hired Dale to prepare plans for the sewer improvements, which
consisted of installing approximately 5,000 linear feet of sewer pipe on adjacent land and
removing an existing pump station (“the Project”). The Project was delayed for a time
due to economic factors.

       In January of 2012, BK Partners entered into a contract (“the Service Agreement”)
with Harakas Construction, Inc. (“Harakas”) for work on the Project. Metro was not a
party to the Service Agreement and had no input into the hiring of Harakas or the terms
of the Service Agreement. The Service Agreement called for Harakas to install sewer
pipe and remove the pump station. Work on the Project began in March of 2012. During
construction, Harakas encountered unforeseen soil conditions, and Harakas and BK
Partners agreed to two change orders, which increased the amount of the Service
Agreement. Metro was involved in discussions regarding the unforeseen conditions and
the change orders.



                                            3
       Harakas performed the extra work and mostly completed the Project on June 21,
2012, with the exception of reconstruction of a fence. On that date, Harakas tied the new
sewer system into the existing sewer system, and Metro began using the new sewer
system. Around this same time period it was discovered that the new sewer system was
not the proper elevation because it was too high to connect sewer outfall from adjacent
property owned by Kampgrounds of America (“KOA”). Due to the elevation, the sewer
system required a pump station to connect KOA’s outfall and could not be a gravity fed
system as originally designed. Because of the issue with the KOA line, Metro refused to
fund any more of the Project. Metro, however, continued to use the sewer system.

       BK Partners defaulted on its obligation to pay Harakas both the original balance
pursuant to the Service Agreement and the change order balance. Allegedly, BK Partners
owed Harakas over $235,000. BK Partners also defaulted on repayment of its loan to
Wilson Bank & Trust, and the Property was sold at foreclosure in 2013. Wilson Bank &
Trust purchased the Property at the foreclosure sale. The Property later was dedicated to
parks and conveyed to Metro.

       Harakas sued Metro, BK Partners, and Wilson Bank & Trust1. Harakas later was
granted leave to amend its complaint to add claims for negligence and negligent
misrepresentation against Dale. In September of 2014, Dale filed a Suggestion of
Bankruptcy alleging that BK Partners had filed a petition for bankruptcy. Dale also filed
a motion for stay pending the outcome of the bankruptcy. An order was entered staying
the instant case pending the outcome of the bankruptcy. In January of 2015, Harakas
filed a notice of filing an order from the bankruptcy court granting relief from the
automatic stay. In July of 2016, Harakas filed a Notice of Voluntary Nonsuit taking a
nonsuit against BK Partners in the instant case.

        Metro filed a motion for summary judgment alleging sovereign immunity. Dale
filed a motion for summary judgment alleging that it did not breach the standard of care
required of civil engineers, that it properly performed all services required by its contract
with BK Partners, that Harakas had failed to produce any evidence that it justifiably
relied upon false or faulty information provided by Dale or that Dale failed to exercise
reasonable care in obtaining information provided in the plans, and that Dale did nothing
to prevent BK Partners from making payment in full to Harakas.

       Nicholas Curtis Harakas was deposed, and he testified that Harakas entered into
the labor-only Service Agreement with BK Partners to “construct underground utility
services,” or in other words, to lay pipe. He testified that Harakas was to lay pipe only,
not remove the pump station. Mr. Harakas testified that the Project called for the
1
 An agreed order dismissing Wilson Bank & Trust with prejudice was entered in January of 2014, and
Wilson Bank & Trust is not involved in this appeal.
                                                    4
installation of approximately 4,600 linear feet of sewer pipe. He further testified that the
Service Agreement provided no provisions for dealing with stone outcroppings or
bedrock, and provided that all instances of rock would be handled on a case-by-case time
and materials basis. Mr. Harakas admitted that the majority of the Service Agreement
was drafted by Harakas.

      Mr. Harakas testified that Metro was to provide materials for the Project. Albert
McKee of Metro was on-site to oversee work on the Project and report back to Metro.
Mr. Harakas explained that the Service Agreement was for labor and materials not
provided by Metro such as gravel for pipe bedding. Mr. Harakas stated that he was
supposed to be paid for labor and materials not provided by Metro. He understood that
Metro would not be providing gravel.

        Mr. Harakas testified that he also understood that the cost of the Project was to be
split equally between Metro and BK Partners. Mr. Harakas expected to receive a check
from BK Partners for its share and a check from Metro made jointly to Harakas and BK
Partners for Metro’s share. Mr. Harakas testified that BK Partners did not pay Harakas
for the work performed under the Service Agreement. He further stated that Harakas
never received any checks from Metro.

       The high-rise condo project that BK Partners intended to construct on the Property
never was completed. Mr. Harakas testified that Metro now owns the site and is using it
to “take soils and concrete and asphalt and things to fill the [excavated] site in.”

       Mr. Harakas admitted that the work Harakas performed under the Service
Agreement was not completed. He stated that Harakas did not finish “[s]eeding and
strawing and placement of fence.” Mr. Harakas testified that this work would cost
approximately $20,000. He explained that $10,000 of this uncompleted work would be
covered under the Service Agreement, and $10,000 would fall under the change orders.

        Mr. Harakas claimed that Metro “committed verbally” to the change orders and
that this authorization came from Mike Morris. Mr. Harakas understood that BK Partners
did not have any additional financing other than what it had from Wilson Bank & Trust,
and that any additional funds would need to come from Metro or another source. Mr.
Harakas stated that he wanted a guarantee that Metro was going to cover the additional
costs for the change orders.

          Mr. Harakas was asked about the discussions regarding the change orders, and he
stated:



                                             5
      Basically, the change orders that Brian agreed to was under the assumption
      that Metro would be willing to pay for, if not all of it, a large portion of it,
      because the bank had only allotted X amount of dollars to do that.

             And we had a meeting with Metro officials discussing that, and they
      agreed to go back to council to seek additional funding, but not until after
      the project was complete, to make sure that all work was completed and no
      additional monies were needed to complete the project. So they would only
      have to go back to council one time to seek additional funding.

        When the unforeseen soil conditions were discovered, the Project was stopped “for
almost 30 days” and discussions were held about funding. Mr. Harakas was asked who
was involved in those discussions, and he stated: “It was Wilson Bank & Trust; Brian
Kemp; Metro Water Services, which would be Mike Morris, Cyrus Toosi; Dale &
Associates. We all had a meeting discussing that.” Mr. Harakas testified that Wilson
Bank & Trust indicated that the loan amount was nearly drawn out and Brian Kemp “said
that if the bank wasn’t willing to fund that additional portion, that Metro would have to
fund the additional portion, whatever was left that the bank would not fund.” Mr.
Harakas stated that the result of the conversations “was that the bank would fund the
portion that they had already allotted and that Metro would go back to council and seek
additional funding to fund the remaining portion of it.” Mr. Harakas testified that to his
knowledge Metro has not gone back to council to seek additional funds.

       Mr. Harakas stated that BK Partners responded to the change orders by sending
him emails approving the additional work. Mr. Harakas agreed that under the Service
Agreement, no one from Metro was required to provide any type of authorization in order
for Harakas to proceed with the additional work under the change orders.

       Harakas had completed the work on both change orders before the problem with
the KOA line was discovered. Mr. Harakas stated that after the problem with the KOA
service line was discovered:

      we actually had a meeting with Brian, Mike Morris, Cyrus, and Roy and
      Michael. And it was discussed that this was a problem and that it needed to
      be solved. Other than putting a pump in, it needed to be 100 percent
      gravity in order for Metro to continue participating.

       Michael Morris who works in the Development Services group of Metro Water
Services was deposed and testified that his “group reviews and approves construction
plans and coordinates development activities on behalf of Metro Water Services.” Mr.
Morris explained that “[a] gravity sewer is one that transports waste water by gravity by
                                             6
difference in elevation.” Mr. Morris explained that Cyrus Toosi is his boss, and that
Albert McKee was their construction inspector on the Project. Mr. Morris was asked
about decisions on participation agreements, such as what percentage would be assigned
to Metro, and he explained that such decisions had to go through his boss, then an asset
management committee would need to approve the agreement, then the director would
need to sign off, and then the decision would go to Metro council.

      Mr. Morris was asked if he remembered the change orders, and he stated:

             I remember requests for a couple, yes. . . . I was asked about them,
      and I – and I remember reading one of my e-mails in preparation for today
      where I specifically said, you know, it has to be built to our specs, but we
      can’t approve a change order without going back to council; we cannot do
      it.

Mr. Morris was asked if he recalled any statement that Metro would go to the council for
additional funding, and he stated:

              I remember that we would consider it, but ultimately, you know,
      there again, it’s not - - wasn’t our - - wasn’t my decision. You know, I
      would support it. I would, you know - - whatever. If we got what we
      needed and everything, you know, was built to specs and everything was
      perfect, if there were, you know, issues that were legitimate, I would ask,
      but it had to make its way through the food chain for approval.

        Mr. Morris admitted that Metro has not gone back to council to seek additional
funding. He was asked if Metro had discussed doing so, and he stated: “No point. It’s
still a pump station involved. The agreement was based on the removal of the pump
station and having a gravity system, and we still don’t have a gravity system today.” Mr.
Morris admitted that with the exception of the KOA tie-in, Metro got what it requested.

       Mr. Morris was asked if Harakas or BK Partners ever approached Metro about
providing additional funding, and he stated: “They did. They approached us about it, and
we answered in May of 2012 that, you know, any additional work would have to be
approved by Metro council, you know, that we could not unilaterally decide to increase
that participation amount.”

       Mr. Morris testified that Metro never approved or signed off on any change order.
He stated:



                                           7
      Curt [Harakas] kept submitting change orders to us wanting us to approve
      them, and we kept telling him our agreement - - just like my e-mail says - -
      is with the developer. If he wants to request a change order, he needs to
      send it to us, you know. And even though he sends it, it still has to go to
      Metro council for approval. I think we were very clear that we could not
      agree to any type change order; that our agreement was with BK Partners.

       Mr. Morris agreed that he represented that Metro would seek additional funds “[a]t
some level . . . [t]o be identified,” at the end of the job, which has not happened due to
the issue with the pump station. He further stated: “[They] [d]id not give us the product
for which we had agreed to pay.” Mr. Morris was asked if Metro would seek additional
funds from council if the situation with the pump station were addressed, and he stated: “I
was willing to take it to bat. I have no idea of the outcome, and that’s why, you know, I
had to be really careful. I couldn’t say, you know, ‘By gosh and by darn, we’re going to
do this,’ because I don’t have that authority.”

      Mr. Morris was shown an as-built, and he stated it was for the Holiday Travel Park
pump station and showed an inlet from KOA. He testified that his staff typically would
not compare a proposed design with an as-built, but would rely upon the engineer
submitting the design to “have done his homework.”

      Cyrus Toosi was deposed and was asked if Metro would review a proposed design
and compare it to as-builts, and he stated:

             I would say there’s a cursory - - cursory review of the project. But
      we don’t - - in the engineering field, we don’t necessarily always rely on
      as-builts, as this was done 40 years ago.

             So there had to be a survey that was done by the engineer to make
      sure, No. 1, field conditions haven’t changed in 40 years; and No. 2, that
      things are still accurate out there. I think we rely more on field survey and
      engineer stamp of - - of a project as much as we relied on this engineer’s
      stamp of the project.

Mr. Toosi was asked about the process if one wanted to view an as-built, and he stated:

            They would come to our records room. We have a records room,
      and we have a staff of folks.




                                            8
             It’s a little bit diff - - - different, you know, on exactly what they
      wanted to see. And we - - you know - - . . . . We could pull and print out
      copies of whatever they wanted. We don’t tell them what they need.

     Albert T. McKee testified during his deposition that he is one of the inspectors
who works for Metro Water, and that he visited the site of the Project on a daily basis.
When asked if he was there until the end of the work, Mr. McKee stated:

             Well, with the mishap of being able to hook all the supposed
      customers onto the gravity line, there was one customer we weren’t able to.
      So they pulled me off. And then I think another section came in, Brent
      Freeman, I think it is, his people came in and finished it up by setting a
      grinder pump and so on and making the final connection.

Mr. McKee stated that when they encountered the unsuitable soils the Project shut down
for what “seemed like a month. I don’t know if it was. Might have been a little longer.”
He further stated:

            Well, I believe the engineering firm, Dale & Associates, had a
      geotech come out and evaluate what had to be - - take the place of
      supporting the manholes and the pipe and so on.

              So they gave us a few criterias [sic] to meet, like putting shot rock
      underneath the manholes, and a filter fabric to kind of help control some of
      that, also. But that was find [sic] and good, but Harakas was going to have
      to shell out the money for this to come in. And he wanted to have a
      meeting with Metro prior to going forward.

       Mr. McKee recalled being in at least one meeting where the issue regarding the
unsuitable soils was discussed. He was asked if a resolution was reached about how to
pay for the additional costs, and he stated:

             Well, the section - - engineering section heads came up with a deal if
      - - whatever to take place to resolve the problem and where we can resume
      work, getting everything installed, that Curt would foot the bill on the extra
      material.

             Once the job was completed, Harakas, Curt, was supposed to come
      back with a bill of what he had spent for all of the extra material and
      hauling and everything else and be reimbursed. That way our people could
      go back to the council and ask one time, instead of going back multiple
                                            9
      times, and ask just one time for extra amount of money to cover the costs. .
      . . I think Mike came up with that proposal, but Cyrus agreed with it, also,
      verbally.

       When asked if there was a sense of urgency on Metro’s part to prevent further
delay on the Project, Mr. McKee stated: “Yes, it was. Because the pump station that was
going to be removed was in failing [sic]. I think one of the main motors that drive the
pump, one had already failed. There’s two of them. And one - - and it was limping
along, so . . . .”

        During his deposition David Brian Kemp of BK Partners agreed that Harakas had
installed the specific gravity line as designed by Dale. Mr. Kemp testified that BK
Partners borrowed $200,000 from the bank and repaid that entire amount to the bank. He
further testified that 100 percent of the $200,000 loan from the bank went to Harakas.

       When asked if there were additional discussions before Harakas began the
additional work after the unsuitable soils were discovered, Mr. Kemp stated:

             Sure. He came to me and asked me if I could pay for the additional
      work and I said no, that I don’t have any additional monies. The bank had
      only approved what they had approved.

             I believe he made attempts at that point to go directly to the bank
      and try to get the bank to allot more money to give him, which at that time,
      I believe John Goodman was unwilling to do without more information or -
      - I don’t think he was at that point willing to do that and also said that it
      was not appropriate for your client to come straight to him.

             Then Curt went to Metro and did the same thing and they told him
      the same thing, that at that point they were not -- that they wanted to take a
      wait and see, and that they would have to go back to council to ask for
      more funds if they needed to. Let’s get to a point where the money that we
      have allocated for this job had been exhausted before they would go that
      direction. . . . I was active in the conversation from the standpoint that both
      my bank and Mike Morris said Harakas is coming up here and trying to get
      money out of us. I knew that. They called me and told me that. Because
      when he came to me and I said I don’t have any more money to give you,
      maybe this is just not going to work.

            And then at a certain point, once – because the big issue on my plate
      which I thought was going to stop the project was the cost of all those
                                            10
      materials. Because I knew there was no way the additional money was
      there for, you know, the materials that were going to have to be used
      instead of what he had originally agreed upon.

             And so it was decided by Mike Morris that Metro would go ahead
      and pay out of what they had already been approved for the additional
      materials necessary and if there was a need to go back and ask for more
      money is the future then he would consider doing that.

             And that seemed to -- you know, because we had the materials in
      place and because it was decided that they could safely move forward using
      the right techniques, and the willingness of Metro to consider to go back
      and ask for more if it was required since they stood to gain by all this
      occurring, then it was decided for everybody to move forward.

Mr. Kemp was asked who at Metro he was talking about, and he stated “Mike Morris and
I guess Alan Hand and Cyrus Toosi but I can’t remember exactly. I know it was Mike’s
decisions. Mike was making the decisions.”

      Mr. Kemp was asked why BK Partners had not paid Harakas, and he stated:

              BK Partners paid 108 percent of what they owed under the contract
      to Harakas Construction. Our obligation was to pay on the $371,000
      contract, Metro had agreed to pay up to $200,000 of what it was going to
      cost to do this job.

             BK Partners was to pay the remaining balance. There was [sic] the
      three people on the job who were there to authorize that the job was going
      per the contract. And one of those was hired by the bank, Keven Estes,
      who was the chief engineer at Dale & Associates because he was working
      on unrelated projects with the bank. They hired him to approve each draw
      as it went along for the bank.

Mr. Kemp testified that he has not been asked to deed the sewer system to Metro, and the
sewer system had not been deeded to Metro.

       During his deposition, Kevin Estes was shown an as-built for the KOA line dated
November 6, 1972. He was asked how someone would access such an as-built, and he
stated: “You would request it at Metro, I would assume.” Mr. Estes was asked if that
were something he as an engineer working on a project would typically look at when
designing a sewer system, and he stated: “Not necessarily. I would think an as-built of an
                                           11
actual station in the field would be more representative. I can sit here and tell you that a
benchmark in 1972 may not be representative of a benchmark in 2012.” Mr. Estes was
asked how one would verify what’s in the field, and he stated:

               Well, you would - - you would still find the bottom of a manhole,
       even with flow, whether it’s with a rod or it’s - - you request it from Metro.
       And I know that in this situation we had a survey done, and we designed it
       all for survey. And they were - - well, we just assumed that they found the
       bottom.

Mr. Estes testified that Dale relied upon the survey when designing for the Project.

      Mark P. Lee, P.E. was deposed and when asked what is involved in the planning
and design of a gravity-fed sewer system, he stated:

              When you start with a property that you want to provide sewer
       service to, you get the information for the downstream system that you will
       be basing your design on, and then, based on that information, you design
       your system. If there are points of connection, typically you’d pick those
       up on a survey and design to those points. . . . In Metro, you contact Metro
       Water Services and tell them the area that you’re designing in and ask for a
       sewer atlas of the area, and you look on the sewer atlas and you see any
       project, previous project numbers that have been designed that you would
       need to - - that you would encounter with your design, and ask them for any
       information they have on that.

He stated that these are the only two ways, either obtain information provided by Metro
or conduct a topographic survey. Mr. Lee never has done a field survey, but he has
surveyors that he sends into the field to collection information.

       Mr. Lee explained that when contacted, Metro provides a sewer atlas, which:

       shows lines over a gridded - - it’s a gridded area of Nashville. And so you
       tell them what area you’re working in and they look up that particular grid
       map, and it’s called a sewer atlas.

              And you look on that sewer atlas and note any points that you would
       start with or encounter, and you ask for those project numbers that have
       previously been designed; you ask for the information on that. . . . They’ll
       provide the designs for those project numbers, but not - - you have no way

                                            12
       of knowing if it’s - - how much information they have on it because you’re
       not privy to it.

Mr. Lee was asked how the as-builts are provided, and he explained: “Typically, we let
them know what sewer projects we need and they make copies and we pick them up.”

       Mr. Lee testified that he does not know if Dale requested information from Metro.
He also does not know what information Dale received, but he stated that it was his
understanding that Dale had asserted that they “didn’t recall having seen this [as-built of
the Holiday Travel park] until afterwards.” Mr. Lee agreed that if Dale had failed to
request information from Metro that would be a violation of the standard of care, but he
admitted that he has no idea whether Dale requested the information or not. Mr. Lee also
admitted that for his own projects he has no way of knowing whether Metro had omitted
as-built information that he had requested.

       Jared R. Gray, PE, an expert witness for Harakas, prepared an expert witness
report and opined that Dale deviated from the standard of care in its design of the sanitary
sewer plans. Mr. Gray was deposed, and when asked about obtaining information to
prepare plans, he testified that one would need to go through Metro’s project manager to
obtain information on the atlas.

      Mr. Gray stated: “My opinion would be that you would utilize the smallest pipe
diameter necessary in order to carry the design flow. And that in this particular case, I
would design a pump station to handle the affluent.” He further stated:

              Assuming they’re placed in the appropriate locations, as dictated, I
       would say that the design, as drawn, is insufficient due to the fact he didn’t
       include his pump. He didn’t include - - in fact, he told - - he said to remove
       it.

               That’s where I think the error occurred. Because it doesn’t function
       without a pump. But if the pump was there, and the pump was designed,
       and it was submitted as part of these drawings and approved, again, I would
       say that the system would function. . . . And would meet the standard of
       care if there was a pump, yes.

Mr. Gray agreed that his only criticism of Dale’s design is that there is not a lift station
pump shown for the KOA line. Mr. Gray was unaware of any remediation that has been
done. When asked to assume that when the situation with the KOA line was discovered
Dale recommended placement of a pump and asked whether that would have been the
correct thing to do, Mr. Gray stated: “Absolutely. I would agree with that, yes.”
                                            13
      Roy Dale was deposed and was asked about the procedure for obtaining as-builts
and project-related information from Metro when designing a sewer, and he stated:

             Just go to the Water and Sewer Department - - first thing we do is
      we look at Metro’s water and sewer atlas, and in this case there was no
      connections shown. I know that for a fact. That’s the first thing we do, just
      see where public lines are. If there’s an as-built of a gravity sewer system,
      we’ll get that as well.

When questioned further about the process, Mr. Dale stated that he does things
differently from others. He explained that he would call and ask Metro to provide any
information they might have.

      Mr. Dale testified about the Project stating:

      we were designing a gravity flow system from one manhole to another
      manhole. We were not involved in any way in the elimination of the pump
      station. That was somebody else. So we were simply designing sewer
      from Point A to Point B.

When asked if the design would have been different if the KOA line had been discovered
up front, Mr. Dale stated:

              This is a really flat - - you have a given elevation that you have to
      start from and, more or less, a given elevation where you have to end.
      When you start designing sewer at a really shallow slope, the pipe size gets
      incrementally larger.

             If I had known that KOA had a pump - - or if I had known that KOA
      had a flow coming in at an elevation that was going to cause me to have a
      very large pipe at a slope that was so low that the pipe may not even be able
      to keep itself clean, then I would have looked at the flow of the KOA site
      and, most likely - - I’m saying pretty sure - - would have designed a grinder
      pump to lift that small amount of flow into a proper design, which would
      have been a higher elevation with a greater slope and a smaller pipe. The
      presence of unsuitable soils would even increase that, to not try to go
      deeper with a larger pipe, more load and a lesser slope.

Mr. Dale stated that in his mind the sewer system was designed as economically and
efficiently as possible. He stated:
                                            14
               I mean, reasonable minds would have recognized very quickly that if
       you had designed the sewer deeper with a larger pipe, lesser slope, more
       unsuitable soils, it would have cost hundreds of thousands more. And it
       seemed all the squabbling was over a grinder pump which wound up being
       less than $5,000.

Mr. Dale testified that he tried to negotiate some ways to deal with the problem with the
KOA line after it was discovered.

       Michael Garrigan, P.E., a principal of Dale and a registered professional engineer
in Tennessee, served as the civil engineer of record for the Project and designed the sewer
plans. In his affidavit, Mr. Garrigan stated:

       5.     The standard of care applicable to projects such as the instant Project
       requires a civil engineer to review a sewer atlas furnished by Metro Water
       Services (“Metro”) to learn of existing public lines and previous project
       numbers that have been designed and to review any information provided
       by Metro related to those projects. Based on the information received from
       Metro, the civil engineer begins its design based on the downstream point
       of connection to the upstream point of connection, picking up any known
       points of collection between the upstream and downstream termini of the
       particular project. In designing the sanitary sewer line, the applicable
       standard of care requires the civil engineer to utilize the smallest pipe size
       that will carry the required flow, set at or above the minimum allowable
       slope required to connect the sewer line from its upstream point of
       origination to its downstream terminus, including manholes spaced as
       necessary. If, during a project, a previously unknown service line is
       encountered that cannot be connected to a main trunk line by gravity, the
       applicable standard of care requires the civil engineer to incorporate a
       grinder pump with the ability to lift the incoming flow into the main trunk
       line.
       6.     Prior to designing the Project, Dale reviewed a sewer atlas provided
       by Metro for the area in which the Project was located. The atlas furnished
       by Metro did not show any service line coming from the KOA
       Kampground. Because Metro did not provide Dale an as-built of the
       Holiday Travel Park pump station, an existing service line entering the
       Holiday Travel Park pump station from the adjacent KOA Kampground
       was not identified until construction was almost complete.
       7.     In preparing the design for the Project, Dale utilized a 12-inch sewer
       pipe set at or above the minimum slope to allow all sewage passing through
                                            15
      the pipe to flow by gravity from the upstream point of connection to the
      downstream terminus of the Project. A 12-inch sewer pipe is the smallest
      pipe size that would carry the required flow in the Project. When Harakas
      Construction, Inc. connected the Project to the Metro sewer system,
      Harakas discovered a previously unknown service line originating from the
      adjacent KOA Kampground. The KOA pipe could not be seen in the field
      because the system was in use and the pipe was continuously submerged in
      several feet of sewage. Further, its existence was not known because Metro
      did not provide a copy of the Holiday Travel Park pump station nor did the
      KOA service line appear on the sewer atlas furnished by Metro. To address
      the low level of flow passing through the KOA service line, Dale designed
      and recommended a small grinder pump to lift the flow from the KOA
      service line into the Project.
      8.     If Metro had provided Dale the as-built for the Holiday Travel Park
      pump station, which indicated the presence of the KOA service line, our
      design would not have been any different from the final design
      implemented after the KOA line was discovered in the field. We would
      have still incorporated a small grinder pump to lift the flow passing through
      the KOA service into the Project.

(emphasis in original). Mr. Garrigan opined in his affidavit that the services provided by
Dale met the standard of care required of professional engineers. His affidavit further
stated:

      10.    I have reviewed the transcript of the deposition of Jared Gray, P.E.
      conducted on June 2, 2015. In his deposition, Mr. Gray admits he did not
      know Dale designed and recommended a small grinder pump to lift the
      flow originating from the KOA Kampground into the new sewer main.
      See, Deposition Transcript of Jared Gray, p. 76, lns 2-5.
      11.    Additionally, Mr. Gray acknowledged he was not aware whether
      Metro provided a copy of the Pump Station as-built to Dale. Deposition
      Transcript of Jared Gray, p. 50, lns. 21-24. Mr. Gray admitted he did not
      conduct any research to discover whether or not the Pump Station as-built
      was on file at Metro. Deposition Transcript of Jared Gray, p. 48, lns. 10-
      13.
      12.    Beginning on page 74, line 21, Mr. Gray opines that in designing the
      Project, the applicable standard of care requires an engineer to “use the
      smallest pipe size that would carry the required flow with manholes spaced
      as necessary and a grinder pump station designed at the pump station to
      carry the KOA flow.” Deposition Transcript of Jared Gray, p. 74, ln. 21

                                           16
       through p. 75, ln. 4. Mr. Gray and I are in complete agreement, and that is
       what we did.
       13.    The only portion of Dale’s design with which Mr. Gray took issue
       was that the small grinder pump was not included in the original plans.
       Deposition Transcript of Jared Gray, p. 75, lns. 5-8. Mr. Gray admitted,
       however, that “if the pump was there, and the pump was designed, and it
       was submitted as part of these drawings and approved, again, I would say
       the system would function . . . [a]nd would meet the standard of care.”
       Deposition Transcript of Jared Gray, p. 75, lns. 11-18.
       14.    As indicated in Paragraph 7 of this Affidavit, after Harakas
       discovered the previously unknown KOA service line, we designed and
       recommended the installation of a small grinder pump to handle the KOA
       flow. Upon learning that Metro had not provided a copy of the Pump
       Station as-builts to Dale, Mr. Gray acknowledged the recommendation and
       placement of a small grinder pump during construction was the correct
       thing to do. Deposition of Jared Gray, p. 76, lns. 6-11.
       15.    Mr. Gray and I are in agreement that Dale’s overall sewer system
       design was correct, and that our services met the required standard of
       professional care.

(emphasis in original).

       After a hearing on the motion for summary judgment filed by Metro, the Trial
Court entered its order on April 29, 2016 granting Metro summary judgment after finding
and holding, inter alia, that Metro was immune from suit due to sovereign immunity.
Specifically, in the April 29, 2016 order the Trial Court found and held:

              In the case at bar, there is no statute or ordinance that allows
       Harakas’s equitable claims against Metro.          Metro’s contract, the
       Participation Agreement, was with the developer, BK Partners – not
       Harakas. It was confirmed by ordinance. The case law does not support
       these equitable claims under the circumstances of this case. There was no
       bond, and there was no privity of contract between Metro and Harakas.

             Harakas relies upon conversations between Mr. Harakas and Metro
       employees. However, the Court does not find anything in these
       conversations that would be sufficient to bind the Metropolitan
       Government or obligate it to pay any amount to Harakas. Any alterations
       to the contract between Metro and BK Partners were required to be
       approved by the Metro Council.

                                           17
       After a hearing on the motion for summary judgment filed by Dale, the Trial Court
entered its order on June 23, 2016 granting summary judgment to Dale after finding and
holding, inter alia, “Dale established by sworn testimony in the record that its services
met the required standard of care for professional engineers, and this fact has not been
controverted by [Harakas],” all of the claims raised by Harakas “require proof that the
[engineer for Dale] failed to perform in accordance with the required standard of
professional care,” thus, Dale has negated an essential element of Harakas’s claim. The
Trial Court further found that the negligence alleged by Harakas did not result in
damages to Harakas because there was no actual or proximate causal relationship
between the alleged conduct by Dale and the damages sought since the alleged design
error did not cause BK Partners to fail to pay its contract balance to Harakas. Rather, the
debts of BK Partners were discharged in bankruptcy.

      Harakas appeals the grants of summary judgment to this Court.

                                       Discussion

      Although not stated exactly as such, Harakas raises two overall issues on appeal:
1) whether the Trial Court erred in granting summary judgment to Metro due to sovereign
immunity; and, 2) whether the Trial Court erred in granting summary judgment to Dale.

      As our Supreme Court has instructed:

             Summary judgment is appropriate when “the pleadings, depositions,
      answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the
      affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact
      and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.”
      Tenn. R. Civ. P. 56.04. We review a trial court’s ruling on a motion for
      summary judgment de novo, without a presumption of correctness. Bain v.
      Wells, 936 S.W.2d 618, 622 (Tenn. 1997); see also Abshure v. Methodist
      Healthcare–Memphis Hosp., 325 S.W.3d 98, 103 (Tenn. 2010). In doing
      so, we make a fresh determination of whether the requirements of Rule 56
      of the Tennessee Rules of Civil Procedure have been satisfied. Estate of
      Brown, 402 S.W.3d 193, 198 (Tenn. 2013) (citing Hughes v. New Life Dev.
      Corp., 387 S.W.3d 453, 471 (Tenn. 2012)).

                                          ***

      [I]n Tennessee, as in the federal system, when the moving party does not
      bear the burden of proof at trial, the moving party may satisfy its burden of
      production either (1) by affirmatively negating an essential element of the
                                            18
      nonmoving party’s claim or (2) by demonstrating that the nonmoving
      party’s evidence at the summary judgment stage is insufficient to establish
      the nonmoving party’s claim or defense. We reiterate that a moving party
      seeking summary judgment by attacking the nonmoving party’s evidence
      must do more than make a conclusory assertion that summary judgment is
      appropriate on this basis. Rather, Tennessee Rule 56.03 requires the
      moving party to support its motion with “a separate concise statement of
      material facts as to which the moving party contends there is no genuine
      issue for trial.” Tenn. R. Civ. P. 56.03. “Each fact is to be set forth in a
      separate, numbered paragraph and supported by a specific citation to the
      record.” Id. When such a motion is made, any party opposing summary
      judgment must file a response to each fact set forth by the movant in the
      manner provided in Tennessee Rule 56.03. “[W]hen a motion for summary
      judgment is made [and] . . . supported as provided in [Tennessee Rule 56],”
      to survive summary judgment, the nonmoving party “may not rest upon the
      mere allegations or denials of [its] pleading,” but must respond, and by
      affidavits or one of the other means provided in Tennessee Rule 56, “set
      forth specific facts” at the summary judgment stage “showing that there is a
      genuine issue for trial.” Tenn. R. Civ. P. 56.06. The nonmoving party
      “must do more than simply show that there is some metaphysical doubt as
      to the material facts.” Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co., 475 U.S. at 586, 106 S.
      Ct. 1348. The nonmoving party must demonstrate the existence of specific
      facts in the record which could lead a rational trier of fact to find in favor of
      the nonmoving party. If a summary judgment motion is filed before
      adequate time for discovery has been provided, the nonmoving party may
      seek a continuance to engage in additional discovery as provided in
      Tennessee Rule 56.07. However, after adequate time for discovery has
      been provided, summary judgment should be granted if the nonmoving
      party’s evidence at the summary judgment stage is insufficient to establish
      the existence of a genuine issue of material fact for trial. Tenn. R. Civ. P.
      56.04, 56.06. The focus is on the evidence the nonmoving party comes
      forward with at the summary judgment stage, not on hypothetical evidence
      that theoretically could be adduced, despite the passage of discovery
      deadlines, at a future trial.

Rye v. Women’s Care Cntr. of Memphis, MPLLC, 477 S.W.3d 235, 250, 264-65 (Tenn.
2015).

       We first consider whether the Trial Court erred in granting summary judgment to
Metro due to sovereign immunity. With regard to sovereign immunity, this Court has
explained:
                                             19
       The doctrine of sovereign immunity has been part of the common
law of Tennessee for well over a century and provides that suit may not be
brought against a governmental entity unless that governmental entity has
consented to be sued. Hawks v. City of Westmoreland, 960 S.W.2d 10, 14
(Tenn. 1997) (citing Lucius v. City of Memphis, 925 S.W.2d 522, 525
(Tenn. 1996)). The doctrine originated in feudal notions of the divine right
of kings, as the king “ ‘was at the very pinnacle of the power structure and
was answerable to no court[.]’ ” Id. (quoting Cooper v. Rutherford County,
531 S.W.2d 783, 786 (Tenn. 1975) (Henry, J., dissenting)). The
longstanding rule of sovereign immunity is embodied in the Tennessee
Constitution, which provides, “Suits may be brought against the State in
such manner and in such courts as the Legislature may by law direct.”
Tenn. Const., Art. I, § 17. In addition, Tennessee Code Annotated section
20–13–102(a) provides, “No court in the state shall have any power,
jurisdiction or authority to entertain any suit against the state . . . with a
view to reach the state, its treasury, funds or property, and all such suits
shall be dismissed[.]” In the context of sovereign immunity, “ ‘[t]he State’
includes ‘the departments, commissions, boards, institutions and
municipalities of the State.’ ” Davidson v. Lewis Bros. Bakery, 227 S.W.3d
17, 19 (Tenn. 2007) (quoting Metro. Gov’t of Nashville & Davidson County
v. Allen, 220 Tenn. 222, 415 S.W.2d 632, 635 (Tenn. 1967)) (emphasis
added).

        “Under both the common law doctrine and the constitutional
provision, ‘governmental entities may prescribe the terms and conditions
under which they consent to be sued, . . . including when, in what forum,
and in what manner suit may be brought.’ ” Sneed v. City of Red Bank,
Tenn., 459 S.W.3d 17, 23 (Tenn. 2014) (quoting Cruse v. City of Columbia,
922 S.W.2d 492, 495 (Tenn. 1996)). Our state constitution specifically
empowers the legislature—not the judiciary—to waive the protections of
sovereign immunity. Hughes v. Metro. Gov’t of Nashville & Davidson
Cnty., 340 S.W.3d 352, 360 (Tenn. 2011); Mullins v. State, 320 S.W.3d
273, 283 (Tenn. 2010). “The General Assembly undoubtedly has control
over the ‘manner . . . and courts' in which suits against governmental
entities may be pursued.” Estate of Bell v. Shelby Cnty. Health Care Corp.,
318 S.W.3d 823, 837 (Tenn. 2010).

       The “traditional construction” of Tennessee’s constitutional
provision regarding sovereign immunity “is that suits cannot be brought
against the State unless explicitly authorized by statute.” Colonial Pipeline
                                     20
      Co. v. Morgan, 263 S.W.3d 827, 849 (Tenn. 2008) (emphasis added). In
      other words, “ ‘legislation authorizing suits against the state must provide
      for the state’s consent in ‘plain, clear, and unmistakable’ terms.” Mullins,
      320 S.W.3d at 283 (quoting Northland Ins. Co. v. State, 33 S.W.3d 727,
      731 (Tenn. 2000)). Courts will not find a waiver of sovereign immunity “
      ‘unless there is a statute clearly and unmistakably disclosing an intent upon
      the part of the Legislature to permit such litigation.’ ” Davidson, 227
      S.W.3d at 19 (quoting Scates v. Bd. of Comm’rs of Union City, 196 Tenn.
      274, 265 S.W.2d 563, 565 (1954)).

              “In determining whether the General Assembly intended to waive
      sovereign immunity for a claim against the State of Tennessee . . ., our
      primary focus must remain on the actual words chosen and enacted by the
      legislature.” Mullins, 320 S.W.3d at 283.

Bratcher v. Hubler, 508 S.W.3d 206, 208-10 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2015).

       In its brief on appeal, Harakas argues that Metro waived sovereign immunity by
virtue of its Charter and its Emergency Procurement Ordinance and states:

            In this case, Metro acted pursuant to the authority vested in it by the
      Metro Charter, which states as follows (with emphasis added):

             1.01 ... The metropolitan government shall be a public corporation,
             with perpetual succession, capable of suing and being sued, and
             capable of purchasing, receiving and holding property, real and
             personal, and of selling, leasing or disposing of the same to the same
             extent as other governmental entities.

             2.01(9) To provide for the creation, maintenance, building or
             purchase and operation of waterworks, electric power system, gas
             plants, transportation facilities, public airports, and any other
             public utility, including sewers and a sewage disposal system; to fix
             such rates and provide for the making of such charges and
             assessments as are deemed necessary for the proper furnishing of
             such services; and to provide liens or penalties and withdrawal of
             service for refusal or failure to pay same.

             2.01 (37) To enter into contracts and agreements with other
             governmental entities and also with private persons, firms and

                                           21
             corporations with respect to furnishing by or to the other services
             and the payments to be made therefor.

             2.02 In addition to other powers herein granted, the metropolitan
             government shall be vested with (1) any and all powers which cities
             are, or may hereafter be, authorized or required to exercise under
             the Constitution and general laws of the State of Tennessee, as fully
             and completely as though the powers were specifically enumerated
             herein, except only for such limitations and restrictions as are
             provided in Tennessee Code Annotated, section 7-1-101 et seq., as
             amended, or in this Charter; and (2) any and all powers which
             counties are, or may hereafter be, authorized or required to exercise
             under the Constitution and general laws of the State of Tennessee, as
             fully and completely as though the powers were specifically
             enumerated herein, except only for such limitations and restrictions
             as are provided in Tennessee Code Annotated, section 7-1-101 et
             seq., as amended, or in this Charter; and (3) any and all powers
             possessed by the County of Davidson or the City of Nashville
             immediately prior to the effective date of this Charter.

            In addition to the above, Metro Ordinance 92-210 § 1 (3-206), 1992,
      provides as follows:

             4.12.070 - Emergency procurements.

             Notwithstanding any other provision of this code, the purchasing
             agent may make or authorize others to make, emergency
             procurements when there exists a threat to public health, welfare or
             safety under emergency conditions as defined in regulations
             promulgated by the standards board; provided that such emergency
             procurements shall be made with such competition as is practical
             under the circumstances. A written determination of the basis for
             the emergency and for the selection of the particular contractor shall
             be included in the contract file. Any department head or other
             official who makes an emergency purchase without following the
             regulations of the standards board may be held personally liable for
             such purchase.

Harakas then argues that:



                                           22
      [T]he Metro Charter authorizes Metro to sue and be sued; to provide for the
      creation, maintenance, building or purchase and operation of sewers and a
      sewage disposal system; and to enter into contracts and agreements with
      private persons, firms and corporations with respect to furnishing by or to
      the other services and the payments to be made therefor. In addition, Metro
      Ordinances provide for a department head or other official to make
      emergency procurements when there exists a threat to public health, welfare
      or safety under emergency conditions. In other words, Metro waived
      sovereign immunity in its Charter and Emergency Procurement ordinance
      as to claims such as the claims of unjust enrichment and promissory
      estoppel asserted against Metro by Harakas.

       We agree that the Metro Charter authorizes Metro to sue or be sued, to provide for
sewers and a sewage disposal system, and to enter into contracts. We also agree that the
Emergency Procurement Ordinance provides for “emergency procurements when there
exists a threat to public health, welfare or safety under emergency conditions as defined
in regulations promulgated by the standards board . . . .” The conclusion reached by
Harakas, however, does not follow from these premises. Nothing within these sections of
the Metro Charter or the Emergency Procurement Ordinance shows an intent to consent
to be sued for unjust enrichment and promissory estoppel. We will not find a waiver of
sovereign immunity in the absence of an enactment “clearly and unmistakably disclosing
an intent upon the part of the Legislature to permit such litigation.” Bratcher, 508
S.W.3d at 210 (quoting Scates v. Bd. of Comm’rs of Union City, 265 S.W.2d at 565).

       Focusing on the actual words chosen and enacted, as we must, we find nothing
within the Metro Charter or the Emergency Procurement Ordinance that clearly and
unmistakably discloses an intent to allow for a suit such as the one now before us on
appeal. Harakas has pointed to nothing that shows that Metro has waived its sovereign
immunity.

       In the alternative, in its brief on appeal, Harakas argues that Metro should be
estopped from denying its agreement to pursue additional funding from its council in
exchange for Harakas performing the soil remediation work and finishing the installation
of the sewer line and further argues that Metro acted within its powers in making this
agreement.

      Our Supreme Court has explained:

             Ultimately, the application of estoppel or implied contract must be
      determined on the facts and equities of the particular case. The principles
      of estoppel are well settled and not every case will require application of
                                           23
estoppel or of implied contract. The classic case of estoppel in the present
context is the acceptance of the benefits of a contract and the subsequent
refusal of a city to pay for the benefits received. See, e.g., Trull v. City of
Lobelville, 554 S.W.2d 638, 641–642 (Tenn. App. 1976). For estoppel to
arise, the act must have been done with the knowledge that it would be
relied upon and the other party has acted in reliance without either
knowledge of the true state of affairs or the means of learning the true state
of affairs. E.g., Early Co. v. Williams, 135 Tenn. 249, 261, 186 S.W. 102,
105 (1916). “When both parties have the same means of ascertaining the
truth, there can be no estoppel.” Id. (citations omitted). See also Rambeau
v. Farris, 186 Tenn. 503, 508, 212 S.W.2d 359, 361 (1948). Moreover,
when entering a contract with a municipality, “[o]ne dealing with municipal
officers, boards, or committees is bound at his peril to take notice of the
limitation of their authority.” Kries & Co. v. City of Knoxville, 145 Tenn.
297, 305, 237 S.W. 55, 57 (1921). The contents of a city charter are public
and readily available to all who deal with a city. Nashville v. Sutherland &
Co., 92 Tenn. 335, 339–340, 21 S.W. 674, 675 (1893).

       “ ‘In determining the extent of the power of a municipal
       corporation to make contracts, and in ascertaining the mode
       in which the power is to be exercised, the importance of
       careful study of the charter or incorporating Act . . . can not
       be too strongly urged. Where there are express provisions on
       the subject, these will, of course, measure, as far as they
       extend, the authority of the corporation.’ ”

Id., 92 Tenn. at 338, 21 S.W. at 675 (citation omitted).

      Because the power of a city to contract is based upon the
expenditure of city funds, it

       “is equivalent in its character to the power to levy, collect,
       and disburse taxes, inasmuch as, if the contract be valid, it
       must be complied with, and the price agreed to be paid must
       be raised by taxation, and paid out under the appropriations of
       the proper city government. The power to make such a
       contract, being equivalent in general to the power to levy and
       disburse taxes, must be exercised in the same manner and by
       the same authority, that is, by a corporate act.”



                                      24
      Mayor and City Council of Nashville v. Hagan, supra, 68 Tenn. at 500–
      501, 274 S.W.2d 635. Consequently, the law protects the citizens of the
      municipality from the waste of city funds and the resulting unnecessary
      burden of taxation. “ ‘Municipal corporations represent the public, and are
      themselves to be protected against the unauthorized acts of their officers
      when it can be done without injury to third parties. Persons dealing with
      such officers are chargeable with notice of the powers which the
      corporation possesses, and are held responsible accordingly.’ ” Nashville v.
      Sutherland & Co., supra, 92 Tenn. at 344, 21 S.W. at 676 (citation
      omitted). Cf. T.C.A. § 6–2–103. Nevertheless, a municipality will not be
      permitted to rely intentionally upon unauthorized acts or to take advantage
      of such acts to avoid its obligations or to work a fraud, actual or
      constructive, upon an innocent party who has been induced by the
      corporation to rely upon an act and who has reasonably relied upon that act.
      E.g., Adams v. Memphis & Little Rock R.R. Co., supra, at 662–663. Thus,
      the concepts of estoppel or of implied contract have been used to remedy
      the unjust enrichment of a city.

City of Lebanon v. Baird, 756 S.W.2d 236, 244-45 (Tenn. 1988) (footnote omitted).

        In discussing alleged estoppel against a municipality involving possible vested
rights in a zoning ordinance, this Court has further noted:

      In Corlew’s Auto Salvage, Inc. v. Murfreesboro Bd. of Zoning Appeals,
      1989 WL 54913, at *7 (Tenn. Ct. App. M.S., file May 24, 1989), this
      Court, in rejecting a similar estoppel argument under the vested rights
      rubric, stated that “[e]ven though the [SCA Chemical ] opinion may contain
      some comfort to one who expends money or contracts liability under an
      existing ordinance, it does not recognize estoppel in favor of one who
      expends money or creates liability in reliance upon oral statements of
      administrative officials.” Id. (emphasis added). It is clear that estoppel
      does not generally apply to the acts or statements of public agents. State ex
      rel. Moulton v. Williams, 343 S.W.2d 857, 861 (Tenn. 1961); Haymon v.
      City of Chattanooga, 513 S.W .2d 185, 189 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1973). Though
      exceptions to this general rule exist, see City of Lebanon v. Baird, 756
      S.W.2d 236, 242, 244 (Tenn. 1988), we know of no authority supporting an
      exception under the current facts.

Westchester Co., LLC v. Metro. Gov’t of Nashville and Davidson Cnty., Tennessee, No.
M 2004-02391-COA-R3-CV, 2005 WL 3487804, at *4 (Tenn. Ct. App. Dec. 20, 2005),
no appl. perm. appeal filed.
                                           25
        In the instant case, no contract exists between Metro and Harakas. Furthermore,
the evidence in the record on appeal shows that Metro made no attempt to enter into a
contract with Harakas. Rather, Harakas attempts to rely upon statements made by Metro
employees. As discussed above, however, “estoppel does not generally apply to the acts
or statements of public agents.” Westchester Co., 2005 WL 3487804, at *4.

       Furthermore, a careful and thorough review of the record reveals that the
statements upon which Harakas attempts to rely were statements that Metro would go
back to its council to seek additional financing after the Project was completed.
Importantly, the statements did not guarantee that additional financing would be available
or that, if available, it would be paid to Harakas. At most, the statements indicated a
willingness to seek additional financing, not a promise of additional financing.
Furthermore, Mr. Harakas admitted during his deposition that Harakas did not complete
the Project. As such, even if the statements made by Metro employees indicating a
willingness to go back to council to seek additional financing could be considered an
offer, the willingness was expressly conditioned upon completion of the work, a
condition which has not yet occurred. Thus, given the content of the statements upon
which Harakas attempts to rely, we find that estoppel does not apply in this case.

       Harakas also argues in its brief on appeal that the Metro Ordinances allow for
emergency procurements, and that there was a “sense of urgency to repair the [sewer]
line due to a continued public health risk.” Harakas asserts: “When the unsuitable soils
were discovered during the installation of the new sewer line, which stopped the project,
there was a sense of urgency to keep the project moving so that Metro could place it into
service, comply with the Consent Decree, and eliminate the recurring overflow issues.”
Harakas, however, provided nothing whatsoever showing that the Metro purchasing agent
made or authorized an emergency procurement. The fact that Harakas or Metro
experienced a “sense of urgency to keep the project moving,” does not translate into an
emergency procurement pursuant to the Metro ordinances.

       We find and hold that sovereign immunity applies in this case and that estoppel
does not. As such, we find no error in the Trial Court’s grant of summary judgment to
Metro.

       We next consider whether the Trial Court erred in granting summary judgment to
Dale. Harakas sued Dale for negligence and negligent misrepresentation and requested
damages in an amount “in excess of $235,865.82,” which is the amount that Harakas
alleged that BK Partners owed to Harakas. Our Supreme Court has explained:



                                           26
            In Giggers v. Memphis Housing Authority, this Court confirmed the
      elements essential to a recovery based on general negligence:

             In order to establish a prima facie claim of negligence,
             basically defined as the failure to exercise reasonable care, a
             plaintiff must establish the following essential elements: “(1)
             a duty of care owed by defendant to plaintiff; (2) conduct
             below the applicable standard of care that amounts to a
             breach of that duty; (3) an injury or loss; (4) cause in fact; and
             (5) proximate, or legal, cause.”

      277 S.W.3d 359, 364 (Tenn. 2009) (quoting McCall v. Wilder, 913 S.W.2d
      150, 153 (Tenn. 1995)).

              Negligent misrepresentation, on the other hand, applies to a narrower
      class of claims. “[T]o succeed on a claim for negligent misrepresentation, a
      plaintiff must establish ‘that the defendant supplied information to the
      plaintiff; the information was false; the defendant did not exercise
      reasonable care in obtaining or communicating the information and the
      plaintiffs justifiably relied on the information.’ ” Walker v. Sunrise
      Pontiac–GMC Truck, Inc., 249 S.W.3d 301, 311 (Tenn. 2008) (quoting
      Williams v. Berube & Assocs., 26 S.W.3d 640, 645 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2000)).
      “Tennessee has adopted Section 552 of the Restatement (Second) of Torts
      ‘as the guiding principle in negligent misrepresentation actions against . . .
      professionals and business persons.’ ” Robinson v. Omer, 952 S.W.2d 423,
      427 (Tenn. 1997) (quoting Bethlehem Steel Corp. v. Ernst & Whinney, 822
      S.W.2d 592, 595 (Tenn. 1991)). The Restatement (Second) provides as
      follows:

             One who, in the course of his business, profession or
             employment, or in any other transaction in which he has a
             pecuniary interest, supplies false information for the guidance
             of others in their business transactions, is subject to liability
             for pecuniary loss caused to them by their justifiable reliance
             upon the information, if he fails to exercise reasonable care or
             competence in obtaining or communicating the information.

      Restatement (Second) of Torts § 552(1) (1977).

Morrison v. Allen, 338 S.W.3d 417, 437 (Tenn. 2011).

                                            27
      In its order granting summary judgment to Dale, the Trial Court specifically found
and held, inter alia:

             In this case, the Court finds that there is no genuine issue for trial
      regarding whether the Defendant engineer Dale performed its services in
      accordance with the required standard of professional care. Dale
      established by sworn testimony in the record that its services met the
      required standard of care for professional engineers, and this fact has not
      been controverted by the Plaintiff. All causes of action Plaintiff has
      pursued require proof that the Defendant engineer failed to perform in
      accordance with the required standard of professional care. Because an
      essential element of the Plaintiff’s causes of action has been negated, the
      Defendant is entitled to the relief it seeks.

             The Court further finds that the negligent activity alleged by the
      Plaintiff did not result in damages to the Plaintiff. The Plaintiff seeks to
      recover a contract balance owed it by Defendant BK Partners, LLC, the
      owner of the project. The plaintiff alleges that Defendant Dale failed to
      locate a subsurface sewer tap line from the KOA Campground to the old
      pump station and also failed to design a pump to connect the KOA
      Campground to the new sewer main constructed by the Plaintiff. There is
      no actual or proximate causal relationship between the negligent conduct
      alleged against Dale and the damages sought. The alleged design error did
      not cause BK Partners, LLC to fail to pay its contract balance. BK
      Partners, LLC’s debts were discharged in bankruptcy. Likewise, the
      alleged design error did not cause Metro Government to fail to pay the
      contract balance. This Court previously has ruled that there was no
      contract between Metro and the Plaintiff requiring such payment and that
      Plaintiff’s claims against Metro otherwise are barred by the doctrine of
      sovereign immunity.

             Finally, the Court finds that there is no legal or equitable basis upon
      which Dale should be required to insure the successful completion of the
      project or payments to the contractor. BK Partners’ failure to pay the
      Plaintiff’s contract balance was not the foreseeable or proximate result of
      the design error alleged against Dale.

        The evidence in the record on appeal at the summary judgment stage, as discussed
more fully above, supports the decision made by the Trial Court. Dale made a properly
supported motion for summary judgment negating essential elements of Harakas’s claim,
i.e., breach and proximate cause, and Harakas failed to show any genuine disputed issues
                                           28
of material fact. We, therefore, find no error in the Trial Court’s grant of summary
judgment to Dale.

                                     Conclusion

        The judgment of the Trial Court granting summary judgment to Metro and to Dale
is affirmed, and this cause is remanded to the Trial Court for collection of the costs
below. The costs on appeal are assessed against the appellant, Harakas Construction,
Inc., and its surety.



                                       _________________________________
                                       D. MICHAEL SWINEY, CHIEF JUDGE




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