
TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN



NO. 03-07-00345-CV


City of Austin, Texas, Appellant

v.

Trudy Leggett, Individually and as Heir of Nathan Leggett, Deceased, Appellee




FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF TRAVIS COUNTY, 261ST JUDICIAL DISTRICT
NO. D-1-GN-02-001349, HONORABLE ORLINDA NARANJO, JUDGE PRESIDING



O P I N I O N

		At approximately 6 p.m. on November 15, 2001, seventeen year-old Nathan Leggett
tragically drowned after attempting to drive through a flooded street in southwest Austin.  That
afternoon, it was undisputed that the Austin area had been hit by thunderstorms with intense rainfall,
hail, tornados and widespread flooding.  Nathan's mother, Trudy Leggett, individually and as
Nathan's heir, sued the City of Austin for damages under the survival statute and wrongful death act. 
She alleged that the City's negligent maintenance or design of a stormwater detention pond, located
north of the intersection where Nathan drowned, had caused debris to clog a grate covering the
pond's designed drainage outlet, resulting in storm waters backing up and ultimately overflowing
the pond, flooding the adjacent residential area and causing Nathan's death. (1)
		Leggett's suit implicates the City's governmental immunity, the long-established
common-law doctrine that categorically bars suits for money damages against municipalities
unless the legislature has consented to suit.  See, e.g., City of Galveston v. State, 217 S.W.3d
466, 469 (Tex. 2007); Tooke v. City of Mexia, 197 S.W.3d 325, 332 (Tex. 2006); Reata Constr.
Corp. v. City of Dallas, 197 S.W.3d 371, 374 (Tex. 2006). (2)  Leggett purports to assert claims within
the legislative waivers of immunity under the tort claims act for damages claims based on theories
of premises defects and "special defects."  See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 101.022(a)-(b)
(West Supp. 2007).  Asserting that its immunity against Leggett's claims had not been waived, the
City filed a plea to the jurisdiction.  The trial court denied the plea, specifically finding "as a matter
of law that the condition was a special defect."  The City appeals this order.  See id. § 51.014(a)(8)
(West Supp. 2007). (3)  Concluding that Leggett's suit does not fall within the tort claims act's waivers
of immunity, we must reverse and render judgment dismissing the suit for want of subject-matter
jurisdiction.



STANDARD OF REVIEW
		A challenge to a trial court's subject-matter jurisdiction may be asserted in a plea to
the jurisdiction.  Texas Dep't of Parks & Wildlife v. Miranda, 133 S.W.3d 217, 225-26 (Tex. 2004);
Bland Indep. Sch. Dist. v. Blue, 34 S.W.3d 547, 554 (Tex. 2000).  Whether a court has subject-matter
jurisdiction is a question of law.  Miranda, 133 S.W.3d at 226.  The determination of whether a trial
court has subject-matter jurisdiction begins with the pleadings.  Id.  The pleader has the initial
burden of alleging facts that affirmatively demonstrate the trial court's jurisdiction to hear the cause. 
Id.  (citing Texas Ass'n of Bus. v. Texas Air Control Bd., 852 S.W.2d 440, 446 (Tex. 1993)). 
Whether the pleader has met this burden is a question of law that we review de novo.  Id.  We
construe the pleadings liberally and look to the pleader's intent.  Id.  If the pleadings do not contain
sufficient facts to affirmatively demonstrate the trial court's jurisdiction but do not affirmatively
demonstrate incurable defects in jurisdiction, the issue is one of pleading sufficiency and the
plaintiffs should be afforded the opportunity to amend.  Id. at 226-27.  If the pleadings affirmatively
negate jurisdiction, then a plea to the jurisdiction may be granted without allowing an opportunity
to amend.  Id. at 227.
		However, "a court deciding a plea to the jurisdiction is not required to look solely to
the pleadings but may consider evidence and must do so when necessary to resolve the jurisdictional
issues raised."  Bland, 34 S.W.3d at 555.  "When a plea to the jurisdiction challenges the existence
of facts alleged by the pleader to establish the trial court's subject-matter jurisdiction, the trial court
must consider relevant evidence submitted by the parties."  Miranda, 133 S.W.3d at 227 (citing
Bland, 34 S.W.3d at 555).  To varying degrees, a jurisdictional challenge may also "implicate the
merits of the pleader's cause of action."  Id. at 227-28 (describing overlapping jurisdictional and
merits inquiry regarding challenge to whether parks and wildlife department acted with gross
negligence so as to waive sovereign immunity under the recreational use statute).  When the
consideration of a trial court's subject-matter jurisdiction requires the examination of evidence, the
trial court exercises its discretion in determining whether the jurisdictional determination should be
made at a preliminary hearing or await fuller development of the case, mindful that the jurisdictional
determination must be made as soon as practicable.  Id. at 227-28.
		"[I]n a case in which the jurisdictional challenge implicates the merits of the
plaintiff's cause of action and the plea to the jurisdiction includes evidence, the trial court reviews
the relevant evidence to determine if a fact issue exists."  Id. at 227.  This standard, which "generally
mirrors that of a summary judgment under Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 166a(c)," seeks to
reconcile "the fundamental precept that a court must not proceed on the merits of a case until
legitimate challenges to its jurisdiction have been decided" while "protect[ing] the interests of the
state and the . . . claimants in cases . . . in which the determination of the subject matter of the court
implicates the merits of the parties' cause of action."  Id. at 227-28.  Accordingly, when reviewing
a plea to the jurisdiction in which the pleading requirement has been met and evidence has been
submitted to support the plea that implicates the merits of the case, we take as true all evidence
favorable to the non-movant and indulge every inference and resolve any doubt in the non-movant's
favor.  Id. at 228.  Whether the evidence presents a fact question regarding a jurisdictional fact is a
question of law that we review de novo.  Id.  Unless a pled jurisdictional fact is challenged and
conclusively negated in this manner, it must be taken as true for purposes of determining
subject-matter jurisdiction.  Id. at 226.

THE RECORD
Pleadings
		Leggett alleges the following pertinent facts:


		The location of the drowning of Nathan is not known to have flooded before. 
A nearby retention pond, designated by the City . . . as "Pond #342," was supposed
to drain flood waters out of the opposite side of the pond, and away from the location
of the incident.  The City maintains and inspects Pond #342.
 
		The City responded to a complaint received on April 12, 2001, during a
rainstorm near Pond #342, complaining that the drainage grate was clogged with
trash and debris, and the water level was rising.  City workers removed trash
sediment and debris from three inflow areas and cleaned out the outflow.
 
		After Nathan's death, Pond #342 was inspected again.  The inspector
concluded that the openings in the outflow grate are too small to allow the type of
debris generally to pass through the grate, resulting in the overflow problem.  Upon
inspection, the outflow grate was completely clogged, resulting in the flooding of the
intersection where Nathan Leggett drowned.

Leggett further alleges that "the condition of the pond and flooded street posed an unreasonable risk
of harm to the deceased," that the City "knew or should have known of the danger to the deceased,"
that the City "failed to exercise ordinary care to protect the deceased by failing to adequately warn
him of the condition and failing to make the street reasonably safe," and that the "condition of the
property" proximately caused her injuries and damages.  Leggett also pleads that "[t]he flooded
intersection was an unexpected and unusual danger to ordinary users of the roadways."
		In the tort claims act, the legislature has waived sovereign or governmental immunity
to the extent of liability for "personal injury or death caused by a condition or use of . . . real property
if the governmental unit would, if it were a private person, be liable to the claimant under
Texas law."  Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem Code Ann. §§ 101.021(1), .025 (West 2005).  Leggett pleads
that her damages were proximately caused by the City's negligence in connection with two
"conditions" of real property:  (1) the flooded intersection and (2) the "condition of the pond." 
Leggett recognizes that these are premises defect claims.  See State v. Tennyson, 509 S.W.2d 560,
562-63 (Tex. 1974).  For negligence claims arising from premises defects, the tort claims act
generally limits a governmental unit's duty solely to that owed by a private person to a licensee on
private property.  Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem Code Ann. § 101.022(a) (West Supp. 2007).  That is, the
governmental unit owes the claimant only the duties not to injure him by wilful, wanton or gross
negligence, and that it use ordinary care either to warn the licensee of or to make reasonably safe a
dangerous condition of which it is aware and the licensee is not.  State v. Payne, 838 S.W.2d 235,
237 (Tex. 1992); Tennyson, 509 S.W.2d at 562.  An exception to this duty limitation applies,
however, to "the duty to warn of special defects such as excavations or obstructions on highways,
roads, or streets,"  Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem Code Ann. § 101.022(b), in which case the governmental
unit owes the duty a private landowner owes an invitee.  Payne, 838 S.W.2d at 237.  That duty
requires the governmental unit to use ordinary care to reduce or eliminate an "unreasonable risk of
harm" created by a premises condition of which it is or reasonably should be aware.  Id.  Thus, the
two theories differ primarily in that an "ordinary" premises-defect plaintiff must prove that, among
other elements, the governmental unit had actual knowledge of the unreasonably dangerous
condition and that the entrant did not, while a special-defect plaintiff must prove the governmental
unit's actual or constructive knowledge of the condition and need not disprove the entrant's actual
knowledge.  Id.  Leggett's pleadings, liberally construed, purport to allege both premise-defect and
special-defect theories.

Plea to the jurisdiction
		The City filed a plea to the jurisdiction, asserting that Leggett had failed to state a
claim within the tort claims act's waiver of immunity for several reasons:

		Leggett cannot assert a premises defect claim or special defect claim
predicated on the alleged "dangerous condition" of the trash grate or pond because
the sole "dangerous condition," for purposes of premises liability, was the flooded
intersection where Nathan drowned.

		The flooded intersection where Nathan drowned was not a special defect but
an ordinary premises defect.

		The City did not know and should not have known of the flooding at that
location before Nathan Leggett's accident, negating actual or constructive knowledge
of that condition.

		Nathan Leggett was aware of the flooding but "unfortunately assessed it
incorrectly and chose to encounter it."

		To the extent Leggett is complaining about any design element of the pond
or grate, her claim implicates discretionary City functions for which immunity is not
waived.

		The detention pond, including the drain outlet and trash grate that covered it,
were not designed, constructed or built by the City of Austin, but were originally
designed and built for the Tanglewood Forrest Subdivision M.U.D.

		Although the City had maintained the detention pond, there is no evidence
that negligent maintenance of the pond--as opposed to heavy rainfall that simply
overwhelmed its design--proximately caused Leggett's injuries.  In other words,
even if there had been no grate covering the outflow drain, the City maintains, the
huge amount of rainfall would have overwhelmed the pond and flooded the adjacent
area anyway.

		Even if the City's governmental immunity would otherwise be waived, its
immunity from all of Leggett's claims is retained under sections 101.055 and
101.062(b) of the tort claims act and Leggett has not pled a waiver under either
provision. (4)

Jurisdictional evidence
		The City attached evidence in support of its plea.  Leggett filed a response,
also attaching evidence.  The following summarizes the evidence with regard to issues bearing
on our analysis.

 The detention pond
		The location and basic features of the detention pond are undisputed. The
Tanglewood Forest regional detention pond (designated "Pond 342" by the City) lies in the Slaughter
Creek watershed in southwest Austin.  It is bordered to the north by Slaughter Lane and by
residential areas on its other sides.  Designed to temporarily detain storm water, Pond 342 consists
mostly of a large grassy field, roughly the size of six football fields, bordered by a grassy
embankment.  The large field is also used for recreational purposes like soccer.  On the northern side
of Pond 342 are inlet pipes designed to channel drainage from areas north of Slaughter Lane.  Flow
channels cross the pond leading to an outlet structure located at its southwestern corner--a 66-inch
outlet pipe, leading to a grass-lined spillway channel and other drainage structures designed to divert
storm water ultimately into a tributary of Slaughter Creek.  Covering the outlet pipe at all relevant
times has been some sort of metal grate.
		Pond 342 was originally constructed in 1984 for the Tanglewood Forest M.U.D.  It
was intended, based on the calculations of the engineer who designed it, to detain up to the amount
of storm water that would result from a 100-year frequency storm, or amount of rainfall for which
there is a one-percent chance that a single rainfall will meet or exceed during a given year.  The
detention pond remained under the M.U.D.'s control until that area was annexed by the City in 1997. 
Thereafter, the City had maintained the pond.

 The storm of November 15, 2001
		The City presented evidence that, during the afternoon of November 15, 2001, a
powerful thunderstorm cell moved into the Austin area, spawning intense rainfall, hail, and
tornadoes.  This evidence included documents from the National Weather Service reflecting
the agency's issuance, throughout the afternoon and evening, of multiple tornado warnings and
severe thunderstorm warnings advising of "very heavy rainfall and flash flooding" in Austin and
Travis County.  George E. Oswald, a professional engineer and hydrologist, also testified by affidavit
and deposition.  On November 15, 2001, Oswald was the manager of the Watershed Engineering
Division of the City's Drainage Utility Department, in which capacity he served as "the chief
floodplain administrator for the City of Austin land development regulations related to floodplain
management." According to Oswald, "[o]n November 15, 2001 severe thunderstorms struck Austin,
Texas" and "produced flash flooding, hail, and tornadoes."  Oswald further indicated that, "owing
to the severe weather," the City's Office of Emergency Management was activated, and that he was
ordered to report to the City's Emergency Operations Center (EOC) at City Hall sometime between
3 and 5 p.m.  He explained that the EOC "served as the command center during area wide
emergencies" where "[n]umerous agencies and City of Austin department heads or decision makers
gather . . . to collect information and to direct responses to those emergencies."  From there, Oswald
and his group "received and reviewed weather information and information from the City of Austin
Early Flood Warning System as well as flooding information from other sources."
		Oswald further explained that "[o]n November 15, 2001, the protocol concerning
flooding in the City of Austin was that all such information was provided to me or my group," to
enable them to "analyze the information and appropriately respond or have others appropriately
respond."  Such responses, Oswald explained, included directing the barricading of streets, sending
emergency personnel, and making public service announcements "such as don't drive into high
water, road closure information, severe rain and storm activity, tornado information, etc."  He
recounted that "[t]he flash flooding encompassed vast area[s] of Austin," "Bull [C]reek, Shoal Creek
and Onion [C]reek flooded," "[a]pproximately 600 businesses and homes were flooded," "[r]oughly
200 families were displaced and in need of emergency shelters," and "[m]illions of dollars worth of
damage was done." Oswald added that then-Mayor Gus Garcia declared the City a "local state of
disaster" and that the City sought relief from the federal government.
		The City also presented the affidavit testimony of Joe Ramos.  Ramos testified that
he is a licensed professional engineer who, on November 15, 2001, was the Division Manager of
the Street & Bridge Division of the City of Austin.  In this role, he oversaw the division's
operations, including placing barricades and other warning devices on City roadways to warn of
road hazards such as trees, flooding, or other obstacles.  Ramos was ordered to report to the EOC
between 3 and 5 p.m. on November 15, 2001.  In the EOC, Ramos explained that "information
concerning road hazards such as flooded streets would have been directed to me or my group so we
could respond appropriately" and, "[i]n fact, we received numerous reports of road hazards and
responded to them" by placing barricades to warn of trees on the streets, flooded streets, and downed
power lines and poles.
		Oswald testified that "[t]he storm of November 15, 2001, was the biggest storm we
have had in over twenty (20) years."  Oswald and another expert also opined that the storm had been
approximately a once-in-500 year event regarding Pond 342's watershed.  While not disputing that
heavy rains occurred in Austin that afternoon, Leggett points to City internal documents that had
assessed the storm as only a 10- to 20-year frequency rainfall, as well as evidence indicating that
the amount of rainfall in Pond 342's watershed was not necessarily uniform or capable of
precise measurement.

 Flooding on Alcott & Gwendolyn
		It is undisputed that during the storm, waters in Pond 342 overflowed its berm near
its southeastern corner and flooded the adjacent residential area.  Among the flooded area were
portions of Alcott Lane and Gwendolyn Avenue.  Alcott is a residential street that runs east-west
roughly one block south of Pond 342.  Alcott is intersected in two locations by Gwendolyn, a
half-loop whose ends t-intersect Alcott from the north, and whose north-side residents abut Pond 342
to their rear.  From its eastern intersection with Gwendolyn, Alcott continues eastward until it
intersects Riddle Road, which runs south from Slaughter.  Approximately six or seven house-like
structures lie along Alcott's south side between Gwendolyn and Riddle, with approximately four
structures situated on the north side of the block. (5)
		Austin police reports and City studies performed in the storm's aftermath indicate that
waters flowed from the southeastern corner of Pond 342 down an alley connecting with the northeast
corner of Gwendolyn, down Gwendolyn, and into Alcott.  The force of the current destroyed a
privacy fence near the alley; pushed two cars, as well as a railroad tie, down Gwendolyn; scoured
concrete and tore up asphalt.  Approximately 25 homes on Gwendolyn and Alcott were flooded;
the depth of the flood waters in some homes on Alcott south of the Alcott-Gwendolyn
intersection exceeded three feet.  An estimated fifteen vehicles on Alcott and Gwendolyn also
suffered flood damage.
		The City's evidence included the depositions of two Austin firefighters--Lieutenant
Tom Reiner and Don Bissell--who were dispatched at 5:40 p.m. on a call concerning possible
flooding at 2617 Alcott.  Reiner, Bissell, and a third firefighter, Al Papi, drove their fire engine to
the intersection of Alcott and Riddle, arriving at what Reiner estimated was approximately 5:45. 
Bissell recounted that Alcott had flooded from the west to within about 20 feet of the Riddle
intersection; Reiner noted that the water began after the first driveway on Alcott.  Reiner
characterized Alcott as "obviously impassible."  The firefighters parked their engine and began
wading down Alcott in an attempt to located 2617 Alcott.  Reiner and Bissell each estimated that the
waters were between eighteen inches and two feet deep.
		Under the conditions at the time, Reiner recounted that the fire department was
receiving an "extremely high" volume of calls and that the firefighters were operating under "Recon
3" response level or guidelines regarding how they handled calls.  According to Reiner, Recon 3
denoted "we have an extreme situation where we don't necessarily have all of the resources to match
the needs of the citizens."

 The accident
		Meanwhile, Nathan Leggett was driving east on Alcott in his red pickup, approaching
the Gwendolyn intersection from the west.  According to Trudy Leggett's deposition testimony,
Nathan had been driving home from his job at a local grocery store.  Nathan and his mother, with
other relatives, lived at 2600-A Alcott, located at or near the Alcott-Riddle intersection.  Thus, the
route by which Nathan was driving home led directly through the flooded portion of Alcott between
the Gwendolyn intersection area and Riddle.
		Police reports reflect the accounts of witnesses who saw a motorist, later identified
as Nathan, drive into the flood waters and stall in the middle of the Alcott-Gwendolyn intersection. 
By some accounts in the reports, the water in the intersection had been as high as four feet.  After
stalling, Nathan had attempted to exit his truck on the "upstream" side and was quickly swept under
the truck by the current. (6)  He did not resurface.  Witnesses called 911, and the police reports indicate
that a call was received at 6:01 p.m. indicating that a male was stuck under his pickup in a flooded
roadway in the 2600 block of Alcott.
		Back at the eastern end of Alcott, according to Bissell, the firefighters had determined
that 2617 Alcott was not in the block through which they were wading.  In fact, 2617 Alcott was
located one or two houses west of the Gwendolyn intersection.  Lt. Reiner testified that, while the
crew was still near the Riddle intersection, he noticed individuals standing on the northwest corner
of Alcott and Gwendolyn attempting to flag down his crew.  He also saw a red pickup in the
Alcott-Gwendolyn intersection that he had not previously noticed.  Reiner testified that he decided
the crew should proceed to the location via their fire engine rather than on foot because wading the
flooded street was dangerous and because the fire engine contained their equipment.  Because Reiner
regarded Alcott as impassible, the crew drove their engine to the Alcott-Gwendolyn intersection area
via Slaughter, reaching it from the west.  Reiner estimated that his crew had spent between 10-15
minutes near the Alcott-Riddle intersection, (7) that it took them less than five minutes to drive to the
Alcott-Gwendolyn intersection, but that it was reasonable to assume that they had arrived sometime
after 6 p.m. (8)
		Upon the firefighters' arrival, witnesses informed them that a motorist had been swept
under the pickup parked in the Alcott-Gwendolyn intersection and had not emerged.  According to
Reiner, two witnesses informed him that the motorist had disappeared approximately 15 minutes
earlier.  Both Reiner and Bissell indicated that the flood waters were flowing down Gwendolyn very
swiftly; Bissell described them as "white rapids."  The three-person crew attempted to wade to the
pickup in a "pyramid" formation.  After Bissell, the front man in the formation, felt the current
sweeping his feet away, the firefighters abandoned that strategy.  They instead decided to reach the
pickup by having Bissell try to drive the fire engine into the waters with Reiner and Papi positioned
on its front bumper.
		These efforts enabled Reiner and Papi to reach the pickup and locate Nathan
underneath, where he had become lodged against the transmission.  Reiner and Papi extracted
Nathan and moved him to the front yard of a house in the northeast corner of Alcott and Gwendolyn. 
He was dead.  The cause of death was later determined to be accidental drowning.
		Reiner and Bissell indicated that, during their rescue attempt, the waters in the
intersection had been between eighteen inches and two feet in depth, though Reiner thought they 
might have receded slightly by the time they moved Nathan to the yard.  Reiner testified that the
waters had initially reached the bottom of Nathan's pickup.  By the time they extracted Nathan,
Reiner observed, the water level appeared to be a couple of inches below the pickup's bottom. 
Reiner also thought that the current might have subsided somewhat, pointing to the facts that the
firefighters had been able to pull Nathan upstream and that Bissell had been able to walk from the
engine to the yard a few minutes later.

 The City's knowledge of the flooding on Alcott & Gwendolyn
		The City presented evidence that it had no knowledge of the flooding in the
Alcott-Gwendolyn intersection before the incident, nor any knowledge that Alcott, Gwendolyn, or
Pond 342 had ever flooded.  Oswald explained that from his vantage point in the EOC, "if I had
received information that the intersection of Alcott and Gwendolyn Streets were flooded, I, or
my group, would alert the Street & Bridge Division (Joe Ramos) of the situation so he could
direct the placement of barricades and warnings."  Oswald recounted that "[o]n the evening of
November 15, 2001, we were unaware that the intersection of Alcott and Gwendolyn Streets had
flooded prior to plaintiff's accident."  He added that the City "maintains a list or database of flood
prone areas and streets" and that "[t]he intersection of Alcott and Gwendolyn Streets, which lies in
the Slaughter Creek Watershed, is not on the list or in the database.  We were unaware of and had
no history of these streets ever flooding."  Similarly, Oswald testified, "[p]rior to Plaintiff's accident
on November 15, 2001, the City had no history of this pond, Pond 342, flooding or overflowing its
banks and/or spillway."
		Joe Ramos echoed Oswald's testimony that the Alcott-Gwendolyn intersection was
not in the City's list or database of flood-prone areas and streets and "[w]e were unaware and had no
history of these streets ever flooding before."  He added that "[w]e were unaware that the intersection
of Alcott and Gwendolyn Streets were flooded prior to plaintiff's, Nathan Leggett's, accident."

 Cause of the flooding on Alcott & Gwendolyn
		The City acknowledges that the flood waters on Alcott and Gwendolyn consisted of
on-site rain and stormwater from the overflowing Pond 342.  Furthermore, a February 2003 City
report, introduced by both parties, attributed Pond 342's overflow to two chief causes:  (1) the
magnitude of the November 15, 2001, storm exceeded the design capacity of the detention pond
system; and (2) "grass clippings and leaf litter had accumulated on the pond outlet structure trash
grate, reducing the design flow capacity of the pond discharge and emergency overflow system." 
In fact, following the storm, Pond 342's outflow grate was found to be 95% clogged with grass and
debris.  Leggett also presented evidence--including City internal documents--reflecting that
Pond 342 had been inspected less frequently than City guidelines had specified and that, in
April 2001, the City had received a report from a nearby resident that the grate covering Pond 342's
outlet pipe had become clogged with trash and debris, causing water to rise behind it during a
rainstorm.  In response, City crews had cleaned the grate of trash and debris.  The City had received
no further reports of blockages prior to Nathan's drowning.
		Leggett also presented evidence that, at some point prior to Nathan's drowning--the
evidence is disputed whether it occurred pre- or post-annexation--the original grate covering the
pond's outlet pipe had been replaced with one having individual openings of 3.5 square inches, much
smaller than that specified in the original design.  Leggett attached both expert opinion testimony
and evidence of communications by City employees stating that the small grate openings tended to
clog and provided inadequate drainage.  She also introduced expert testimony that Pond 342's design
afforded inadequate "freeboard," or difference between the pond's water level during the 100-year
frequency flood and the top of its berm.
		The parties presented competing expert testimony regarding the extent to which
Pond 342's overflow and Nathan's ultimate drowning were attributable to the state of Pond 342 or
its outflow grate versus the magnitude of the storm.  As noted, the parties disputed the precise
amount of rainfall--the City's experts opined that Pond 342's watershed had received a 500-year
frequency rainfall, while Leggett's experts point to City estimates of a 10- to 20-year rainfall.  Based
on its calculations, the City's experts opined that Pond 342 would have overflowed its berm even
if the outflow pipe had no grate.  Leggett's experts responded with calculations purporting to
demonstrate that if Pond 342's grate had not been clogged, it either would not have overflowed or
that the volume and current of any overflow would not have pinned Nathan under his truck and
caused his death.

Ruling
		A hearing on the City's plea to the jurisdiction was held on March 21, 2007.  The trial
court's order indicates that no additional evidence was presented at the hearing.  On May 8, the trial
court denied the City's plea to the jurisdiction, finding "as a matter of law that the condition was a
special defect."  The City appealed.

ANALYSIS
		On appeal, the City brings forward the same grounds for dismissal that it had asserted
in its plea to the jurisdiction, discussed above, and attempts to raise an additional ground--that it
discharged any duty to warn of the flooded intersection by making public safety announcements
during the day of the storm warning of possible street flooding and not to drive into high water.  We
need only address the following grounds, as they are decisive.

What is the "unreasonably dangerous condition?"
		As a threshold matter, we must consider whether Leggett can allege a premises
defect or special defect theory predicated upon the "unreasonably dangerous condition" of Pond 342
(i.e., what she contends was the "defective" drainage grate or the height of its berm), as opposed to
the flooding itself.  Leggett argues that "[t]he condition of the real property complained of . . . is the
defective Trash Grate" and that "the City failed to make the Trash Grate reasonably safe and to
prevent flood water from rushing into the street."  The City urges that any complaint regarding the
design of Pond 342 or its grate implicates its discretionary functions and is barred by governmental
immunity.  It adds that under the Texas Supreme Court's precedents, the relevant "condition" for
purposes of Leggett's premises claim must be the flooding in the Alcott-Gwendolyn intersection, not
any condition of the Pond that allegedly contributed to that flooding.  We agree with the City.
		To the extent Leggett seeks to impose liability based on the design features of Pond
342 itself, as opposed to an unreasonably dangerous condition to which those features
allegedly contributed, her claims implicate City discretionary functions and are barred by
governmental immunity.  E.g., Texas Dep't of Transp. v. Ramirez, 74 S.W.3d 864, 867 (Tex. 2002)
(design of roadways and installation of safety features are discretionary decisions that are immune
from suit); Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 101.056(2) (West 2005).  On the other hand, the
City's maintenance of the detention pond or its grate is not considered a discretionary function.  See
County of Cameron v. Brown, 80 S.W.2d 549, 555 (Tex. 2002) (contrasting maintenance of roadway
lighting with discretionary decisions regarding whether and what kind of lighting to install).  In either
case, however, the relevant "dangerous condition" for purposes of premises liability is not the
condition of the pond or grate, but the flooding in the location where Nathan drowned.
		The supreme court has repeatedly held that the relevant unreasonably dangerous
condition in a premise liability case is generally the condition at the time and place injury occurs,
not some antecedent condition or situation that helps create a dangerous condition.  E.g., Brookshire
Grocery Co. v. Taylor, 222 S.W.3d 406, 408-10 (Tex. 2006) ("Ordinarily, an unreasonably
dangerous condition for which a premises owner may be liable is the condition at the time and
place injury occurs, not some antecedent situation that produced the condition"; holding that ice
on floor, and not drink dispenser that tended to produce that condition, was the
unreasonably dangerous condition); CMH Homes, Inc. v. Daenen, 15 S.W.3d 97, 99-102 (Tex. 2000)
(platform unit was not an unreasonably dangerous condition merely because owner knew it
would eventually become unstable with use); City of San Antonio v. Rodriguez, 931 S.W.2d
535, 536-37 (Tex. 1996) (per curiam) (leaky roof was not itself a dangerous condition, but a cause
of the dangerous condition of a wet floor below).
 Rodriguez, on which the City extensively relies, illustrates this principle.  At trial,
Rodriguez recovered damages from the city for injuries he allegedly incurred when falling on a wet
basketball court in a city-owned recreation center.  The evidence was undisputed that the water on
the floor came from a leak in the roof and that the city knew the roof leaked, but the city disputed
whether it actually knew of the water on the floor at the time.  The charge had not defined the
relevant "dangerous condition," and the court of appeals had held that the jury could have concluded
that the leaky roof was the dangerous condition in the premises, so that the city's actual knowledge
was conclusively established.  The supreme court held that the jury should be instructed on retrial
that the allegedly dangerous condition was the water on the floor.  It explained that "[t]he leaky roof
was not itself a dangerous condition; it could only cause a dangerous condition."  Id. at 536-37. 
Consequently, "[t]he City was not required to warn of leaks in the roof or repair them; it was
required only to prevent the water that leaked through the roof from causing a dangerous condition." 
Id. at 536. (9)
		Applying the rationale of these holdings, we agree with the City that the unreasonably
dangerous condition that is the proper focus of Leggett's premises claim is the flooding in the
intersection where Nathan drowned, not the allegedly defective grate or other antecedent condition
related to Pond 342 that Leggett claims contributed to the flooding.  See Brookshire Grocery,
222 S.W.3d at 408-10; Rodriguez, 931 S.W.2d at 536-37.  In other words, any duty of the City here
could arise only from its knowledge of the flooding in the intersection, not merely its knowledge
regarding the grate or other condition of the pond condition, and such duty would be to warn or make
reasonably safe the flooded area rather than anything in the pond.  Id.  ("The City was not required
to warn of leaks in the roof or repair them; it was required only to prevent the water that leaked
through the roof from causing a dangerous condition.").  To the extent that Leggett purports to assert
a claim predicated upon an "unreasonably dangerous condition" in the pond, as opposed to the
flooding where Nathan drowned, we hold that it is barred by governmental immunity.
		Although an antecedent condition or situation is not itself the unreasonably dangerous
condition for purposes of premises liability, actual knowledge of an antecedent condition may, under
some circumstances, help support the inference of actual or constructive knowledge of the dangerous
condition.  See Rodriguez, 931 S.W.2d at 537; cf. City of Corsicana v. Stewart, No. 07-00058,
___ S.W.3d ___, ___, 2008 Tex. LEXIS 218, *5-8 (Tex. Mar. 28, 2008) (per curiam).  We consider
those implications below in our discussion of the actual-knowledge element of Leggett's premises-defect claim.

Special or "ordinary" premises defect?
		Also pivotal to determining the nature of any duty potentially owed by the City is
whether the flooded intersection is classified as a special defect or an ordinary premises defect.  If
the condition is classified as an ordinary premises defect, Leggett must prove, among other elements,
that (1) the City had actual knowledge of the dangerous condition before Nathan Leggett's accident,
and (2) Nathan did not himself know of the condition before his accident.  See Payne, 838 S.W.2d
at 237.  By contrast, if the condition is classified as a special defect, Leggett can satisfy the notice
element by proving the City's actual or constructive knowledge of the flooding before the accident
and need not disprove Nathan's knowledge of it.  See id.
		The classification of a condition as a premises defect or a special defect presents a
question of duty involving statutory interpretation, analyzed on a case-by-case basis.  See id. at 238. 
Statutory construction presents a question of law that we review de novo.  State v. Shumake,
199 S.W.3d 279, 284 (Tex. 2006).  We seek to discern the legislature's intent, as manifested first and
foremost in the statutory text.  When possible, we ascertain the legislature's intent from the plain
meaning of the words. Id.  To that end, we consider statutory language in context, not in isolation.
Jones v. Fowler, 969 S.W.2d 429, 432 (Tex.1998); see Tex. Gov't Code Ann. § 311.011(a)
(West 2005).  These issues of duty and statutory construction are questions of law for the court to
decide.  Payne, 838 S.W.2d at 238.  However, where the underlying facts surrounding the condition
are disputed, those issues are for the trier of fact.  Villegas v. Texas Dep't of Transp., 120 S.W.3d
26, 32 (Tex. App.--San Antonio 2003, pet. denied).
		The legislature did not define "special defect" in the tort claims act, but cited
representative, non-exclusive examples "such as excavations or obstructions on highways, roads, or
streets."  Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 101.022(b); see Harris County v. Eaton, 573 S.W.2d
177, 179 (Tex. 1978).  In Eaton, the supreme court observed that these examples "provide an
understanding of the kinds of dangerous conditions against which the legislature intended to protect
the public."  Id.  "One characteristic of the class that should be considered," it reasoned, "is the size
of the dangerous condition."  Id.  The condition in Eaton was a large oval-shaped hole in a two-lane
asphalt road that varied between six and ten inches deep and four and nine feet wide, covering over
ninety percent of the highway's width.  Such a defect, the court concluded, "had reached the
proportions of a ditch across the highway" and constituted a special defect.  Id.
		The Eaton court rejected the assertion that a special defect could be created only by
the governmental unit, holding that one could arise from weather or other natural forces:
	It is our view that an excavation or obstruction need not have been created by the
governmental unit itself.  Nothing in the statute expresses that idea.  For example, an
avalanche which clogs a mountain road would be an obstruction although the
governmental unit did not create it.  The same may be said for an excavation. 
Whether created by the governmental unit, by natural forces, or by third persons, the
dangerous condition on the roadway is the same.

Id. at 179-80.  Whether the governmental unit created the condition, the court reasoned, would
instead go to the unit's notice of the special defect, as "the government will have actual knowledge
of its existence if it created the condition."  Id. at 180.
		More recently, the supreme court identified an additional characteristic of
"excavations" and "obstructions" that distinguishes special defects: "all present an unexpected
and unusual danger to ordinary users of roadways."  Payne, 838 S.W.2d at 238; see also Stokes
v. City of San Antonio, 945 S.W.2d 324, 326 (Tex. App.--San Antonio 1997, no writ) ("A special
defect is distinguished by some unusual quality outside the normal course of events";
contrasting "a longstanding, routine, or permanent condition") (quoting Harris County
v. Smoker, 934 S.W.2d 714, 718-19 (Tex. App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 1996, writ denied)). 
"Unexpectedness" is an objective standard.  See City of Fort Worth v. Gay, 977 S.W.2d
814, 819 (Tex. App.--Fort Worth 1998, no pet.).
		Subsequently, emphasizing the "unusual" or "unexpected" character of special defects
it had identified in Payne, the supreme court held that ice that had formed on a bridge was not a
special defect "under the circumstances of this case."  State Dep't of Highways & Pub. Transp.
v. Kitchen, 867 S.W.2d 784, 786 (Tex. 1993) (per curiam).  It reasoned that "[w]here there is
precipitation accompanied by near-freezing temperatures, as in this case, an icy bridge is neither
unexpected nor unusual, but rather entirely predictable.  Unlike an excavation or obstruction, an
icy bridge is something motorists can and should anticipate when the weather is conducive to
such a condition."  Id.
		The Texas Supreme Court has yet to address whether or when a flooded roadway
could constitute a special defect, but some of our sister courts have.  Miranda v. State, 591 S.W.2d
568 (Tex. Civ. App.--El Paso 1979, no writ), involved a suit arising from the death of a motorist
who drowned after he drove his car into two feet of flood waters over a low-water crossing in
predawn darkness and was swept away.  See id. at 569.  The court, relying on Eaton and the
dictionary definition of "obstruction," held that the plaintiff, by specifically pleading that the
"torrential floodwaters" had "flooded and obstructed the roadway," had alleged a special defect.  Id.
at 570-71.  We note that Miranda pre-dated Payne and Kitchen, and that the Miranda court's
analysis was limited solely to determining whether the flood waters were an "obstruction," never
addressing whether they were "unexpected" or "unusual" under the circumstances.
		In a more recent case, the Fort Worth Court of Appeals, applying the supreme
court's rationale in Kitchen, held that "a flooded low-water crossing during flash flood
conditions is neither unexpected nor unusual" but "entirely predictable to the ordinary motorist
traveling in such weather" and, therefore, not a special defect.  Corbin v. City of Keller, 1 S.W.3d
743, 747 (Tex. App.--Fort Worth 1999, pet. denied).  It reasoned that "[m]otorists can and should
anticipate flooding in low lying areas when the weather is conducive to flooding."  Id.  The court
further observed that "[t]he open and obvious nature of the flood waters also serves to defeat the
unexpected and unusual requirement for a special defect."  Id.  It distinguished Miranda, observing
that the court there "did not indicate what the weather conditions were on the date of the incident,
or whether other factors existed that would have prevented an ordinary motorist from anticipating
the two feet of flood waters at the Frio River crossing" and "decided [the case] long before, and
without the benefit of, the supreme court's decision in Kitchen."  Id.  Consequently, the Corbin court
viewed Miranda to stand for the proposition that "flood waters may constitute a special defect under
certain circumstances when floods may be unexpected or unusual," not "that flood waters on a
roadway constitute a special defect under any and all circumstances."  Id. at 748.
		Other cases have addressed the classification of lesser amounts of water present
on a roadway.  In a case that predated Payne and Kitchen, the Beaumont Court of Appeals held
that evidence that a temporary roadway repair had created a "dam-like" effect that caused water
to pool between three and seven inches deep over a roadway supported the submission of
a special defect theory.  State Dep't of Highways & Pub. Transp v. Zachary, 824 S.W.2d
813, 814-19 (Tex. App.--Beaumont 1992, writ denied).  The court emphasized testimony from an
eyewitness who recounted that, while it had been raining "on and off" that day, water had not ponded
three inches deep elsewhere on the roadway, and that he had previously noticed ponded water at the
location even when lesser amounts of rain had fallen.  See id. at 815-16.  The court also noted expert
testimony to the effect that a motorist proceeding at the roadway's 40 m.p.h. speed limit would not
notice the depth of the ponded water due to its "sheeting" effect and would likely lose control when
they hit it.  Id. at 816.
		More recently, the Beaumont court reached the opposite conclusion in another case
involving water on a roadway--four inches of water on Interstate 10--that had caused a
motorist driving through it to hydroplane.  Texas Dep't of Transp. v. Fontenot, 151 S.W.3d
753, 761-62 (Tex. App.--Beaumont 2004, pet. denied).  The court emphasized eyewitness testimony
that "it had rained hard that morning," though the precipitation had relented by the time of the
accident and there was evidence that only one-half inch of rainfall had accumulated.  See id. at 761. 
Relying on Kitchen and Corbin, the court held that the pooled water was not a special defect,
reasoning that:

	[a]lthough the rain had lightened, on a rainy day standing water on the road is neither
outside the ordinary course of events nor contrary to routine expectation.  The
accumulated water did not constitute an obstruction, as the vehicles traveling on
Interstate 10 were able to pass through the area.  Although dangerous, the temporary
presence of four inches of water on the highway did not present an unexpected or
unusual road hazard during inclement weather.

Id. at 761-62.  The court distinguished its earlier Zachary decision as involving "a ramp installed as
a temporary road repair [that] prevented rainwater from flowing to the drain and created a standing
pool that obscured the buckled concrete beneath."  Id. at 761.  In its Corbin decision, the Fort Worth
court similarly distinguished Zachary as turning on evidence that "an ordinary motorist would not
have anticipated the large amount of water that had collected on the road as a result of the repair
work" in light of the weather conditions.  Corbin, 1 S.W.3d at 748 n.4.
		Finally, in Villegas, the San Antonio Court of Appeals held that pooled water on a
state highway was not a special defect where the summary judgment evidence showed that "it had
rained all day in the area on the day the accident occurred," and "[w]ater on the road is not
unexpected or unusual and something a motorist can and should anticipate when it has been raining
all day."  Villegas, 120 S.W.3d at 32-33 (citing Kitchen, 867 S.W.2d 784 and Corbin, 1 S.W.3d
743).  It reasoned, "[t]he water on the road was open and obvious and a condition that an
ordinary motorist could have anticipated due to the weather conditions."  Id. at 33.  The court
distinguished Zachary as involving disputed underlying facts regarding the nature of the condition
and evidence that the pooled water was not something that ordinary motorists would have
anticipated.  See id. at 33. (10)
		Turning to the flooded intersection here, the size of the flood waters and physical
barrier they presented--between 18 inches and four feet in depth, covering almost the entire block
of Alcott between Gwendolyn and Riddle, and having a current through the Alcott-Gwendolyn
intersection that moved vehicles and tore up pavement--resembled an obstacle in the roadway.  See
Eaton, 573 S.W.2d at 179; Miranda, 591 S.W.2d at 570-71; cf. Fontenot, 151 S.W.3d at 762
(noting that pooled water on I-10 did not prevent cars from passing through it).  However, guided
by the supreme court's analysis in Kitchen, we must conclude that these flood conditions were not
objectively unexpected given the weather situation in Austin at the time.  Although Leggett may have
raised a fact dispute concerning whether the rainfall draining into Pond 342 on November 15, 2001,
was precisely a once-in-500-year event or merely a once in 10- or 20-year event, there is no dispute
that the rainfall across Austin was heavy and the weather conditions were severe.  The heavy rainfall
throughout the afternoon caused widespread flooding in Austin, accompanied by tornadoes.  The
conditions prompted the National Weather Service to issue multiple flash flood and tornado
warnings for Austin, and the City to activate its Emergency Operations Center, which made its own
public announcements warning of possible street flooding.  Reflecting the obvious nature of these
weather conditions and the public's awareness of them, Ms. Leggett, during her deposition,
acknowledged that she had discussed the tornadoes and possibility of flooding during a phone call
with Nathan that afternoon.
		Leggett emphasizes the testimony of City personnel that the City had no prior
awareness or history of the Alcott-Gwendolyn intersection ever flooding, that the location was not
included on the City's database or list of flood-prone streets, and that the City had no prior awareness
or history of Pond 342 ever overflowing its banks.  These facts may distinguish this location from
low-water crossings, see Corbin, 1 S.W.3d at 747, but they do not, in our view, distinguish it from
the central rationale of that case and of Kitchen.  A flooded street, even one that had never previously
flooded, was not objectively unexpected to an ordinary motorist driving in Austin in the late
afternoon and evening of November 15, 2001.  See Kitchen, 867 S.W.2d at 786 ("Where there is
precipitation accompanied by near-freezing temperatures, as in this case, an icy bridge is neither
unexpected nor unusual.").  We also observe that the sheer size and depth of the flooded area
presented an obstacle that would be open and obvious to ordinary motorists.  See Corbin, 1 S.W.3d
at 747.  Although the record is inconsistent whether it was still daylight at the time of the
incident--Lt. Reiner recalled that it was still daylight while Bissell though it had been dark--each
indicated that the flood waters were readily apparent, were at least eighteen inches in depth, and had
covered virtually the entire block of Alcott between Gwendolyn and Riddle.
		In light of these considerations, we hold that the flooding in the Alcott-Gwendolyn
intersection was not a special defect, but an ordinary premises defect.

Actual knowledge
 		Because the flooded Alcott-Gwendolyn intersection constituted an ordinary premises
defect, Leggett can prevail only if she can prove, among other elements, that the City had actual
knowledge of that condition at the time of Nathan Leggett's accident. "Actual knowledge requires
knowledge that the dangerous condition existed at the time of the accident, as opposed to
constructive knowledge, which can be established by facts or inferences that a dangerous
condition could develop over time."  City of Corsicana, ___ S.W.3d at ___, 2008 Tex. LEXIS 218,
at *5 (per curiam) (adding that, in an premises liability case under section 101.022(a) involving a
flooded low-water crossing, "the Legislature required that the City actually know that the crossing
was flooded at the time of the accident").  Here, as discussed above, the City presented evidence that,
at the time of Nathan Leggett's accident, it had no actual knowledge that the Alcott-Gwendolyn
intersection had flooded.
		To raise a fact issue regarding the City's actual knowledge that the Alcott-Gwendolyn
intersection had flooded, Leggett relies on the evidence that, in April 2001, the City had received a
single citizen complaint that the drainage outflow from Pond 342 had become clogged with trash and
debris and that water was rising behind it.  Within a few days, a City crew cleaned the trash and
debris out of the outflow grate.  Leggett urges that "[a]t a minimum, [she] has raised a fact issue as
to whether the City knew or should have known that the Trash Grate openings were so undersized
as to render flooding not only possible but predictable."  As Leggett suggests, actual knowledge of
an unreasonably dangerous condition can sometimes be proven through evidence of the premises
owner's knowledge of an antecedent condition that, when coupled with other facts, supports the
reasonable inference that the owner actually knew of the ultimate dangerous condition.  See
Rodriguez, 931 S.W.2d at 537.  In Rodriguez, for example, the supreme court held there was legally
sufficient evidence that the City employee in charge of the basketball court had actual
knowledge--based on his contemporaneous knowledge of the roof leaks and the fact it was
raining--that there would be water on the court's floor.  See id. at 537.
		However, such evidence can support an inference of actual knowledge "only when
it 'either directly or by reasonable inference' supports that conclusion."  See City of Corsicana,
___ S.W.3d at ___, 2008 Tex. LEXIS 218, at *5.  The mere fact that an unreasonably dangerous
condition may tend to develop over time does not support an inference of actual knowledge that the
dangerous condition existed at the time of the accident.  City of Dallas v. Thompson, 210 S.W.3d
601, 602-03 (Tex. 2006) ("[T]he fact that materials deteriorate over time and may become dangerous
does not itself create a dangerous condition, and the actual knowledge required for liability is of the
dangerous condition at the time of the accident, not merely of the possibility that a dangerous
condition can develop over time."); see also State v. Gonzalez, 82 S.W.3d 322, 330 (Tex. 2002)
(evidence that State knew that stop signs had been repeatedly vandalized "does not indicate, either
directly or by reasonable inference, that [it] actually knew the signs were down before the accident
occurred").  Under these principles, Leggett's evidence that the outflow from Pond 342 had become
clogged on one prior occasion seven months before the drowning (and was cleaned out after it was
reported) falls short of supporting the inference that the City actually knew that the grate had
become clogged again at the time of Nathan Leggett's accident.  More importantly, this evidence
is insufficient to support an inference that the City actually knew of the ultimate dangerous condition
that is the proper focus of Leggett's premises-defect claim--the flooded intersection.  See Marathon
Corp. v. Pitzner, 106 S.W.3d 724, 728 (Tex. 2003) ("[A]n inference stacked only on other inferences
is not legally sufficient evidence.").
		We agree with the City that it has met its burden of conclusively negating its actual
knowledge that, before Nathan Leggett's accident, the Alcott-Gwendolyn intersection had flooded. 
And this holding, along with the others above, are decisive of whether Leggett has affirmatively
invoked the trial court's subject-matter jurisdiction by pleading facts within the limited waiver of
the tort claims act; we need not reach the City's other grounds for dismissal.  Furthermore, our
analysis demonstrates that these jurisdictional defects are not curable by re-pleading.  See
Texas A&M Univ. Sys. v. Koseoglu, 233 S.W.3d 835, 840 (Tex. 2007) (instructing that when
pleading defects cannot be cured, plaintiff's suit must be dismissed); see also City of San Antonio
v. Hartman, 201 S.W.3d 667, 672-73 (Tex. 2006) (section 101.055(2) of tort claims act shielded
city from suit arising from motorists' drowning in flooded roadway; city's decision to
prioritize responding to flooding at other locations "is precisely the kind of conduct this statute
removes from judicial review").  Accordingly, we must dismiss Leggett's suit for want of
subject-matter jurisdiction.

CONCLUSION
		We reverse the trial court's order and render judgment dismissing Leggett's suit for
want of subject-matter jurisdiction.


						_____________________________________________
						Bob Pemberton, Justice
Before Justices Patterson, Puryear and Pemberton
   Concurring Opinion by Justice Patterson

Reversed and Rendered

Filed:   June 12, 2008
1.   For clarity, we will use Nathan Leggett's first name to distinguish him from his mother,
the appellee.
2.   See also Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 101.0215(a)(9), (11), (19), (32) (West 2005)
(defining sanitary and storm sewers, waterworks, dams and reservoirs, and water and sewer service
among municipal "governmental functions" subject to the tort claims act).
3.   The instrument the City filed was styled a "Plea to the Jurisdiction and Motion for
Summary Judgment." Because the entire substance of this instrument challenged the trial court's
subject-matter jurisdiction over the suit, it constitutes a plea to the jurisdiction, the denial of which
we have subject-matter jurisdiction to review under section 51.014(a)(8) of the civil practice and
remedies code.  See Thomas v. Long, 207 S.W.3d 334, 339 (Tex. 2006).  Leggett does not contend
otherwise.
4.   Section 101.055 applies to claims arising from actions of City employees while
"responding to an emergency call or reacting to an emergency situation," while section 101.062(b)
applies to claims arising from City employees while "responding to a 9-1-1 emergency call." 
Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. §§ 101.055, .062(b) (West 2005).
5.   In addition to the testimony and aerial photos in our record, we have consulted current
satellite maps as an aid to understanding the geographic features of the Alcott-Gwendolyn area.  See
http://maps.google.com/maps?hl=en&tab=wl; see also International G.N.R. Co. v. Reagan,
49 S.W.2d 414, 416 (Tex. 1932) (taking judicial notice of maps).
6.   Reflecting the force of the current, Nathan, according to Ms. Leggett, weighed 310 pounds.
7.   Reiner estimated that the crew had proceeded 50 feet down Alcott before turning around. 
Bissell estimated 20-30 feet.
8.   Bissell did not recall having been flagged down until the crew arrived at the Alcott-Gwendolyn intersection.
9.   The supreme court has acknowledged a qualification to this principle, which it originally
recognized in Corbin v. Safeway Stores, Inc., 648 S.W.2d 292 (Tex. 1983).  In Corbin, the supreme
court held that a grocery store's self-service display of green grapes in an open, slanted bin over a
uncovered green linoleum floor was itself an unreasonably dangerous condition for which the store
owner could be liable, even without actual or constructive knowledge that a grape was on the floor
where the plaintiff slipped.  See Corbin, 648 S.W.2d at 296-98.  In subsequent decisions, the court
has distinguished Corbin as an "exceptional case" involving a uniquely and immediately dangerous
manner of display that the store itself admitted created an "unusually high risk." Id. at 296.  See
Brookshire Grocery Co. v. Taylor, 222 S.W.3d 406, 408 (Tex. 2006) (contrasting Corbin, observing
that "[n]o evidence suggests that the soft drink dispenser was set up in such a way that ice on the
floor was a greater danger than one would ordinarily encounter with such dispensers, or that
customers, though prone to spills, were any more prone around this dispenser"); CMH Homes, Inc.
v. Daenen, 15 S.W.3d 97, 101 (Tex. 2000) (Corbin grape display "constituted a dangerous condition
from the moment it was used.  That was not true of the step and platform on which [the plaintiff] was
injured").  Leggett does not suggest that the allegedly defective trash grate or other condition of the
pond, which she contends contributed to the flooding through a chain of events triggered by heavy
rainfall, created the sort of immediate and unusually high risk of harm that characterized the Corbin
grape display.
10.   In addition to the foregoing cases, several other reported cases have addressed premise
defect or special defect claims relating to flooded roads, but the issue of the condition's classification
as a special defect or premise defect has either been conceded by the parties or not reached.  See
City of Corsicana v. Stewart, No. 07-00058, ___ S.W.3d ___, ___, 2008 Tex. LEXIS 218, *2 & n.1
(Tex. Mar. 28, 2008) (per curiam) (plaintiffs had not challenged trial court holding that flooded low-water crossing was a premises defect; noting that "[p]laintiffs do not dispute that they must show
actual, not constructive knowledge to establish a waiver of immunity in this case"); City of Arlington
v. Whitaker, 977 S.W.2d 742, 744 (Tex. App.--Fort Worth 1998, pet. denied) (city did not dispute
classification of flooded bridge as special defect, but holding that emergency exception barred
action); Texas Dep't of Transp. v. Abilez, 962 S.W.2d 246, 249 (Tex. App.--Waco 1998,
pet. denied) (TxDOT conceded that road flooding by swollen creek during "extraordinary amounts
of rain" was a special defect); see also Stewart v. City of Corsicana, 211 S.W.3d 844, 851 n.4
(Tex. App.--Waco 2006) (stating in dicta that trial court's unchallenged holding that flooded low-water crossing was a premises defect rather than a special defect "is supported by numerous
authorities"), rev'd on other grounds, ___ S.W.3d ___, 2008 Tex. LEXIS 218 (Tex. Mar. 28, 2008).

