                                  Cite as 2016 Ark. App. 265


                  ARKANSAS COURT OF APPEALS
                                         DIVISION II
                                          CV-15-1025
                                        No.

                                                   Opinion Delivered: May   18, 2016
ERNESTINE DODSON
                                 APPELLANT
                                                   APPEAL FROM THE PULASKI
V.                                                 COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT,
                                                   THIRD DIVISION
HEIDI LOVELACE                                     [NO. 60CV-13-3069]
                                    APPELLEE
                                                   HONORABLE CATHLEEN V.
                                                   COMPTON, JUDGE

                                                   REVERSED


                           RAYMOND R. ABRAMSON, Judge

        Ernestine Dodson appeals the Pulaski County Circuit Court’s order quieting title to

 a residential property in Little Rock in the name of Heidi Lovelace. On appeal, Ernestine

 argues that the circuit court erred in finding that Heidi established prima facie title pursuant

 to Arkansas Code Annotated section 18-60-506 (Repl. 2015). Ernestine additionally argues

 that the court exceeded its jurisdiction by ordering her to quiet title of the property to Heidi

 and to pay her ex-husband, Eugene Jones, his one-half interest in the property. We reverse.

        Ernestine and Eugene bought 8 Timber Valley Cove in 1978. In 1982, Ernestine

 and Eugene divorced. Their divorce decree, issued by the Pulaski County Circuit Court,

 provided that

        [Ernestine] shall be entitled to possession of the parties’ residence located at #8
        Timber Valley, Little Rock, Arkansas. [Ernestine] shall pay the monthly mortgage
        payment, including the principal, interest, taxes, and insurance, provided that said
        residence shall be sold if [Ernestine] fails to make payments for two (2) months. At
        the time this property is sold, the net proceeds from said sale shall be divided equally
                                Cite as 2016 Ark. App. 265

       except that [Ernestine] shall be given credit for each and every house payment she
       has made subsequent to May 27, 1982.

Ernestine continued to live at the residence until she remarried and bought a home with

her new husband in 1990. At that time, she entered into a lease-purchase agreement with

her brother, Michael Lovelace, and his then-wife, Heidi. The lease-purchase agreement

provides in part as follows:

                               LEASE PURCHASE AGREEMENT
       ....
       1. Seller agrees to sell and purchaser agrees to purchase that certain tract of land in
       Pulaski County, Arkansas, described as follows:

              Lot 38, Pecan Lake, addition to the City of Little Rock

              Street Address: #8 Timber Valley Cove, Little Rock, AR 72204

       2. The purchase [illegible] is $40,093.28 to be paid in full in or about 18 years in
       monthly payments [illegible] of principal and interest in the amount of $371.86 plus
       mortgage insurance and other escrow items assessed during each annual assessment.
       Said payment is due on the first of each and is delinquent around the fifteenth.

       3. It is expressly agreed and understood that:
       ....
       Purchaser agrees to allow seller to claim any and all interest paid on loan until loan
       is fully assumed.
       ....
       Purchaser agrees to make each payment as required and to avoid damaging seller
       credit rating and understands that if payments are in arrears for more than 60 days,
       seller will automatically void contract and all payments will be applied as rent.

The agreement lists Ernestine as the seller and Michael and Heidi as the purchasers.

       In 2003, Eugene filed a claim against Ernestine in their divorce action concerning 8

Timber Valley Cove. The court found that Ernestine had improperly entered into the lease-

purchase agreement without Eugene’s consent. Accordingly, on August 6, 2004, the circuit

court entered an order directing Ernestine and Eugene to sell 8 Timber Valley Cove and to



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equally divide the net proceeds from the sale minus Ernestine’s credit for the mortgage

payments she had made after the 1982 divorce decree. However, the house was not sold.

       In January 2007, Ernestine gave Michael and Heidi a letter that provided as follows:

       As of December 21, 2007, you have satisfied your mortgage contract we made, you
       have fulfilled your obligations. Please keep in mind that you have to pay for the
       insurance, taxes, and other expenses associated with this property. I will forward any
       and all papers to you as received. As I said before, a clear property title cannot be
       transferred to you at this time, until Eugene signs the [quitclaim.] May I suggest that
       you contact an attorney for advice.

After receiving the letter, Michael and Heidi continued to live at the property but stopped

making the monthly payments. In 2011, Michael and Heidi divorced, and Michael

relinquished any interest in the house. In 2012, Ernestine issued Heidi a notice of eviction,

but Heidi did not vacate the house.

       On August 5, 2013, Heidi filed a complaint against Ernestine and Eugene for their

failure to transfer title of 8 Timber Valley Cove. She alleged nine claims against Ernestine:

(1) breach of contract, (2) fraud, (3) unjust enrichment, (4) negligence, (5) conversion, (6)

trespass to chattels, (7) intentional misrepresentation, (8) defalcation, and (9) breach of

fiduciary duty. She also alleged a quiet-title claim against both Ernestine and Eugene. On

May 9, 2014, the court dismissed the nine claims against Ernestine as barred by the statute

of limitations. 1 The quiet-title claim against both Ernestine and Eugene remained, and the

court held a bench trial on that claim on August 5, 2015.

       At trial, Heidi testified that after she and Michael had agreed to the terms of the lease-

purchase agreement, they received a payment booklet in the mail from Worthen Bank


       1
        The testimony at trial showed that Heidi waited until after her divorce from
Michael to sue Ernestine because Michael did not want to sue his sister.

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(“Worthen”), and they made the monthly payments to Worthen. She testified that the

receiver of the payments changed thereafter and that she also made payments to First

Commercial Mortgage Co. (“First Commercial”), Regions Bank, and Rainey Realty

(“Rainey”). She admitted that she knew her payments were going into an escrow account

but assumed the increasing monthly payment meant that she was also paying taxes and

insurance on the house. She testified that she made the homeowner’s insurance payments

and that she would not have made them if she was renting. Heidi also introduced into

evidence the lease-purchase agreement and the January 2007 letter.

       Following Heidi’s testimony, Ernestine and Eugene moved for a directed verdict and

argued that Heidi had failed to establish prima facie title pursuant to Arkansas Code

Annotated section 18-60-506. The court denied the motion.

       Ernestine then presented her case. She testified that she completed her mortgage

payments on the house in 1992 and that First Commercial held the mortgage at that time.

She noted that she made $96,960 in payments since 1982. She explained that the purchase

price in the lease-purchase agreement was $40,000, because it was the amount she owed on

the mortgage at that time. She testified that she contracted with Worthen and Rainey to

collect the rental payments from Heidi and Michael because she did not want to be a

landlord. She explained that the companies collected a fee and then distributed the payment

to her. She testified that she and her husband paid the taxes on the house with the money.

Ernestine explained that in 2003, when the circuit court found that she had improperly

entered into the lease-purchase agreement without Eugene’s consent, she discussed the

problem with Michael and Heidi. She noted that she contemplated buying the home back;


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however, they eventually agreed that Heidi and Michael would pay no more rent but only

taxes, insurance, and termite control. She also testified that Heidi asked her to write the

January 2007 letter because the insurance company would not give Heidi insurance without

an interest in the home. She explained that she sent the eviction letter to Heidi when

Michael moved out of the house.

       Eugene then testified on his behalf. He stated that he did not authorize the sale of

the house to Michael and Heidi and that he has not received any compensation from

Ernestine. He did not object to Heidi living in the house as long as he received his share of

the proceeds from the sale.

       Following the bench trial, the court entered an order finding that Heidi had satisfied

the requirements under Arkansas Code Annotated section 18-60-506. The court quieted

title to Heidi and ordered Ernestine to pay Eugene his one-half interest in the property.

Following the entry of the court’s order, 2 Ernestine timely filed this appeal. 3

       We traditionally review quiet-title actions de novo. Gibbs v. Stiles, 2011 Ark. App.

302, 383 S.W.3d 453. We will not, however, reverse findings of fact unless they are clearly

erroneous. Id. at 440, 214 S.W.3d at 877. A finding of fact is clearly erroneous when,

although there is evidence to support it, we are left with the definite and firm conviction

that a mistake has been committed. Price v. Rywell, 95 Ark. App. 228, 235 S.W.3d 908

(2006).



       2
       Ernestine filed a motion to vacate, and Eugene filed a motion to amend the
judgment. The court did not enter a ruling on those motions.
       3
           Eugene is not a party to this appeal.

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       Ernestine first argues that the court erred in finding that Heidi established both

elements for a prima facie case for quiet title pursuant to Arkansas Code Annotated section

18-60-506. Section 18-60-506 provides that prima facie title is shown by (1) proof of color

of title and (2) payment of taxes for more than seven years. We first address whether the

court erred in finding that Heidi offered proof of color of title.

       Ernestine argues that Heidi failed to establish color of title because the only proof she

offered was the lease-purchase agreement and the January 2007 letter, and neither of those

documents purported to give Heidi title to the property. This court has stated that

       Color of title is not, in law, title at all. It is a void paper, having the semblance of a
       muniment of title, to which, for certain purposes, the law attributes certain qualities
       of title. Its chief office or purpose is to define the limits of the claim under it. Nevertheless, it
       must purport to pass title. In form, it must be a deed, a will, or some other paper or
       instrument by which title usually and ordinarily passes. Such qualities as are imputed
       to it by the law, for limited purposes, are purely fictitious and are accorded to it only
       to work out just results. Fictions are never used in procedure or law for any other
       purpose.

Weast v. Hereinafter Described Lands, 33 Ark. App. 157, 158-59, 803 S.W.2d 565, 566 (1991)

(quoting Bailey v. Jarvis, 212 Ark. 675, 680, 208 S.W.2d 13, 15 (1948) (quoting State v.

King, 87 S.E. 170 (W. Va. 1915))) (emphasis added). Examples of instruments that have

constituted color of title in Arkansas include a deed conveying property that had already

been conveyed three years prior, a deed from a cotenant purporting to convey a fee simple,

and a void tax deed. See Jones v. Barger, 67 Ark. App. 337, 1 S.W.3d 31 (1999); Welder v.

Wiggs, 31 Ark. App. 163, 790 S.W.2d 913 (1990); Horn v. Blaney, 268 Ark. 885, 597 S.W.2d

109 (Ark. Ct. App. 1980) (holding that a void tax deed constituted color of title even though

it conveyed land owned by the United States and thus was not subject to taxation).




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       However, our supreme court has held that a deed purporting to pass title but that is

void on its face cannot be color of title. Darr v. Lambert, 228 Ark. 16, 305 S.W.2d 333

(1957) (holding that a deed containing an indefinite property description is void and does

constitute color of title for a claim); but see Belcher v. Stone, 67 Ark. App. 256, 998 S.W.2d

759 (1999) (holding that a deed constituted color of title because a surveyor was able to

locate the tract from the description). Further, we have held that a claimant cannot

successfully prove color of title when the deed was made for the purpose of creating color

of title. Weast, 33 Ark. App. 157, 803 S.W.2d 565. Claimants have also been unsuccessful

in establishing color of title with a certificate of purchase issued at a tax sale and a contract

for the sale of land. Willm v. Dedman, 172 Ark. 783, 787, 290 S.W. 361, 363 (1927)

(“[Appellant’s] 1914 contract for the purchase of the land did not constitute color of title.

His deed of date June 13, 1918, constituted his first color of title, and at the time this suit

was instituted he had not paid the taxes for 7 years under his deed.”); Throne v. Magness, 34

Ark. App. 39, 805 S.W.2d 95 (1991).

       With this precedent in mind, we hold that the circuit court erred in finding that

Heidi established color of title. The lease-purchase agreement contained only Ernestine’s

promise to sell the property upon Heidi paying the monthly payments for eighteen years.

The agreement did not purport to transfer title, and a lease-purchase agreement is not an

instrument or paper by which title usually and ordinarily passes. The January 2007 letter

further indicates that Heidi did not have color of title. In the letter, Ernestine recognized

that Michael and Heidi had fulfilled their obligations under the lease-purchase agreement

but admitted that she could not transfer title to the property. Accordingly, we hold that


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Heidi failed to establish color of title. Because Heidi failed to establish color of title, a

requisite element of prima facie title under section 18-60-506, we must reverse, and we

need not address Ernestine’s remaining points on appeal.

       Reversed.

       GLOVER and HIXSON, JJ., agree.

       Gill Ragon Owen, P.A., by: Drake Mann and Christopher L. Travis, for appellant.

       Sanford Law Firm, PLLC, by: Josh Sanford, for appellee.




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