                          STATE OF MICHIGAN

                           COURT OF APPEALS



PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,                                   UNPUBLISHED
                                                                   February 15, 2018
              Plaintiff-Appellee,

v                                                                  No. 335333
                                                                   Wayne Circuit Court
LAMAR ALEXANDER CARTER,                                            LC No. 16-002798-01-FC

              Defendant-Appellant.


Before: TALBOT, C.J., and METER and TUKEL, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

        Defendant appeals as of right his jury convictions of second-degree murder, MCL
750.317; felonious assault, MCL 750.82; and possession of a firearm during the commission of a
felony (felony-firearm), MCL 750.227b. The trial court sentenced defendant to concurrent
prison terms of 25 to 40 years for the murder conviction and two to four years for the assault
conviction, to be served consecutively to a two-year term of imprisonment for the felony-firearm
conviction. We affirm.

        A jury convicted defendant of fatally shooting Sean Key and assaulting Itterlee McNeil at
Play Atlantis, an entertainment complex in Melvindale, on February 13, 2016. The prosecution
presented evidence that two different families, with a tempestuous history, were coincidentally
having separate children’s birthday parties at the complex on the same evening. Various
altercations occurred among several of the attendees. Ultimately, defendant left the complex,
returned with a gun, and entered the party room where members of the other family were
preparing to leave the premises. Defendant approached Itterlee and pointed the gun toward her
face. Key was behind Itterlee and bent down to protect some nearby children. As Itterlee
ducked, defendant fired the gun. The gunshot struck Key in the head, instantly causing his death.
A Play Atlantis surveillance video camera captured the incident, and other witnesses identified
defendant as the shooter.

                              I. SCORING OF OV 5 AND OV 9

       On appeal, defendant argues that he is entitled to be resentenced because the trial court
erroneously scored offense variable (OV) 5 and OV 9 of the sentencing guidelines. We disagree.
When reviewing a trial court’s scoring decision, the trial court’s “factual determinations are
reviewed for clear error and must be supported by a preponderance of the evidence.” People v
Hardy, 494 Mich 430, 438; 835 NW2d 340 (2013). “Whether the facts, as found, are adequate to
                                               -1-
satisfy the scoring conditions prescribed by statute, i.e., the application of the facts to the law, is
a question of statutory interpretation, which an appellate court reviews de novo.” Id.

                                              A. OV 5

        “OV 5 is scored when a homicide or homicide-related crime causes psychological injury
to a member of a victim’s family.” People v Calloway, 500 Mich 180, 184; 895 NW2d 165
(2017) (footnote omitted). A score of 15 points is appropriate if “[s]erious psychological injury
requiring professional treatment occurred to a victim’s family[.]” MCL 777.35(1)(a). “In this
context, ‘serious’ is defined as “having important or dangerous possible consequences.”
Calloway, 500 Mich at 186 (quotation marks and citation omitted). In scoring OV 5, a trial court
should consider “the severity of the injury and the consequences that flow from it, including how
the injury has manifested itself before sentencing and is likely to do so in the future, and whether
professional treatment has been sought or received.” Id.

         At sentencing, the prosecutor informed the court that he had spoken with Key’s family
and that Key’s daughter was “currently under therapy for grief counseling.” The court also
observed that there had been testimony demonstrating that family members were “overcome with
grief . . . .” One of Key’s children gave an impact statement in which she expressed her anger,
confusion, grief, and despair at the loss of her father. Key’s sister also spoke at sentencing,
expressing that “the murder of [her] brother . . . was the worst day of [her] family’s life” and
“changed [their] lives forever.” These statements, and the trial court’s own assessment of the
testimony at trial, 1 provided a reasonable basis for the court to conclude that Key’s family
members suffered serious psychological injury.

        Defendant challenges the 15-point score on the basis that there was no record evidence
that psychological treatment was necessary, sought, or intended to be sought by any member of
Key’s family. Firstly, defendant fails to address the statement that Key’s daughter was
undergoing grief counseling. In addition, and more importantly, MCL 777.35(2) directs a score
of 15 points if the “serious psychological injury . . . may require professional treatment.”
(Emphasis added.) “In making this determination, the fact that treatment has not been sought is
not conclusive.” MCL 777.35(2). In Calloway, 500 Mich at 186, the Supreme Court explained
that OV 5 “does not require proof that a victim’s family member has already sought or received,
or intends to seek or receive, professional treatment.” Rather, “[p]oints are also properly
assessed when the serious psychological injury may require professional treatment in the future,
regardless of whether the victim’s family member presently intends to seek treatment.” Id. at
188. The nature and descriptions of the psychological effects of Key’s death on his family
members were sufficient to establish that even if professional treatment was not then being
sought, it may be necessary in the future. Consequently, the trial court did not clearly err in
assessing 15 points for OV 5. Hardy, 494 Mich at 438.


1
  “When calculating the sentencing guidelines, a court may consider all record evidence . . . .”
People v McChester, 310 Mich App 354, 358; 873 NW2d 646 (2015). It may also rely on
inferences that arise from the record evidence when making the findings underlying its scoring of
offense variables. People v Earl, 297 Mich App 104, 109; 822 NW2d 271 (2012).


                                                 -2-
                                            B. OV 9

        OV 9 concerns the number of victims, MCL 777.39(1), and a score of 25 points is
appropriate if “[t]here were 10 or more victims who were placed in danger of physical injury or
death[.]” MCL 777.39(1)(b). Each person placed in danger of injury or death during the
commission of the sentencing offense is considered a “victim” for the purposes of scoring OV 9.
People v Gullett, 277 Mich App 214, 217-218; 744 NW2d 200 (2007). “A person may be a
victim under OV 9 even if he or she did not suffer actual harm; a close proximity to a physically
threatening situation may suffice to count the person as a victim.” People v Gratsch, 299 Mich
App 604, 624; 831 NW2d 462 (2013), vacated in part on other grounds 495 Mich 876 (2013).

        There was ample evidence to support that there were 10 or more persons who were
placed in danger of physical injury or death during the shooting. The surveillance video clearly
showed that more than 10 people were in the party room, near defendant and Key, at the time of
the shooting. As the trial court aptly observed, “with numerous people around the shooting[,]
[a]ny one of them could have been struck by a bullet[.]” Contrary to defendant’s argument, the
facts that the shooter “pointed the gun at one person . . . [who] ducked” and did not use “a semi-
automatic weapon [to] spray[] multiple bullets in a confined area” are irrelevant. Regardless of
defendant’s intended target and ultimate victim, there were more than 10 additional people in the
same room, all of whom were placed at risk of death or physical injury from the shooting.
Indeed, the fact that defendant aimed the firearm at one person, yet fatally shot a different
person, supports that any of the many people in close proximity to the shooting were at risk of
harm. Accordingly, the trial court did not clearly err in assessing 25 points for OV 9. Hardy,
494 Mich at 438.

                          II. DEFENDANT’S STANDARD 4 BRIEF

         Defendant raises a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel in a pro se supplemental
brief filed pursuant to Supreme Court Administrative Order No. 2004-6, Standard 4. Because
defendant did not raise a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel in the trial court, and this
Court denied his motion for a remand, People v Carter, unpublished order of the Court of
Appeals, entered June 27, 2017 (Docket No. 335333), our review of this issue is limited to
mistakes apparent on the record, People v Heft, 299 Mich App 69, 80; 829 NW2d 266 (2012).
“To demonstrate ineffective assistance of counsel, a defendant must show that his or her
attorney’s performance fell below an objective standard of reasonableness under prevailing
professional norms and that this performance caused him or her prejudice.” People v Nix, 301
Mich App 195, 207; 836 NW2d 224 (2013). “To demonstrate prejudice, a defendant must show
the probability that, but for counsel’s errors, the result of the proceedings would have been
different.” Id.

        Defendant argues that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to present a defense-of-
others defense to justify the shooting. Specifically, defendant contends that threats had been
made toward his family and he was concerned for the life of his young nephew, who, he asserts,
“was in the middle of a melee . . . .” A defendant is entitled to have his counsel investigate,
prepare, and present all substantial defenses. In re Ayres, 239 Mich App 8, 22; 608 NW2d 132
(1999). “A substantial defense is one that might have made a difference in the outcome of the
trial.” People v Chapo, 283 Mich App 360, 371; 770 NW2d 68 (2009) (quotation marks and

                                               -3-
citation omitted). Under the Self-Defense Act, MCL 780.971 et seq., a person may use deadly
force against another individual if (1) the person “is not engaged in the commission of a crime at
the time he or she uses deadly force” and (2) the person “honestly and reasonably believes that
the use of deadly force is necessary to prevent the imminent death of or imminent great bodily
harm to himself or herself or to another individual.” MCL 780.972(1)(a).

         Defendant has not produced any evidence that he shot Key in the defense of his nephew,
such that it would have been objectively reasonable for trial counsel to present this defense
theory. The events surrounding the offense were not only established through witness testimony,
but also by a surveillance video. Although, at an earlier point, defendant’s young nephew may
have been struck as he was in his mother’s arms during a fight, the record does not show that
defendant’s nephew was in danger at the time defendant left the building, came back in with a
firearm, and fired his weapon toward Itterlee, striking Key. In making his argument, defendant
emphasizes the assaultive history of Itterlee’s daughter and Key, but defendant aimed to shoot
Itterlee, not Itterlee’s daughter or Key. Defendant has not identified any evidence that Itterlee
presented any threat, imminent or otherwise, to his nephew. In addition, even if Key was
defendant’s intended target, there was no evidence that Key presented a threat to defendant’s
nephew, and testimony revealed that Key was not armed. Thus, there is no indication that
defendant fired his weapon with an honest and reasonable belief that the use of deadly force was
necessary to prevent imminent death or imminent great bodily harm from being inflicted on his
nephew. Consequently, trial counsel’s decision not to pursue this defense was objectively
reasonable, and there is no indication that the decision prejudiced defendant by depriving him of
a substantial defense. “Failing to advance a meritless argument or raise a futile objection does
not constitute ineffective assistance of counsel.” People v Ericksen, 288 Mich App 192, 201;
793 NW2d 120 (2010).

       Affirmed.



                                                            /s/ Michael J. Talbot
                                                            /s/ Patrick M. Meter
                                                            /s/ Jonathan Tukel




                                               -4-
