                IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                            AT NASHVILLE
                               November 15, 2012 Session

        KATHY LYNN AVERITTE v. WILLIAM RONNY AVERITTE

             Direct Appeal from the Circuit Court for Rutherford County
                         No. 61283     Royce Taylor, Judge


               No. M2012-00738-COA-R3-CV - Filed January 29, 2013


This appeal involves a post-divorce dispute over whether the parties’ MDA required the
payment of alimony in futuro or alimony in solido. The Wife remarried shortly after the
parties’ divorce, and the Husband filed a motion to terminate his alimony obligation,
claiming that the obligation was for alimony in futuro, which automatically terminates upon
remarriage. The trial court concluded that the obligation was for alimony in futuro, and
therefore, the court granted the Husband’s motion to terminate his alimony obligation. Wife
appeals. We reverse and remand for further proceedings.


Tenn. R. App. P. 3; Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Circuit Court Reversed and
                                    Remanded

A LAN E. H IGHERS, P.J., W.S., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which D AVID R. F ARMER,
J., and J. S TEVEN S TAFFORD, J., joined.

Frank M. Fly, Heather G. Parker, Murfreesboro, Tennessee, for the appellant, Kathy Lynn
Averitte

Tracy L. Light, Smyrna, Tennessee, for the appellee, William Ronny Averitte
                                               OPINION

                               I.   F ACTS & P ROCEDURAL H ISTORY

       Kathy Lynn Averitte (“Wife”) and William Ronny Averitte (“Husband”) were
divorced in February 2011. The final decree of divorce incorporated a marital dissolution
agreement (“MDA”) entered into by the parties, which required Husband to pay alimony to
Wife in the amount of $1,200 per month. Wife remarried on or about August 1, 2011, and
Husband filed a motion to terminate his alimony obligation on August 4, 2011. Although the
MDA did not state that Husband’s alimony obligation would terminate upon Wife’s
remarriage, Husband argued that termination was required as a matter of law because the
MDA specifically referred to the alimony award as “periodic alimony.” Tennessee Code
Annotated section 36-5-121(f) provides that alimony in futuro is “also known as periodic
alimony,” and such an award “shall terminate automatically and unconditionally upon the
death or remarriage of the recipient.”

       Wife filed a response in which she stipulated that she had remarried. However, Wife
argued that her remarriage did not affect Husband’s alimony obligation because the MDA
required Husband to pay a definite sum of money over a definite period of time, without any
conditions or contingencies with regard to termination of the alimony obligation.1 Wife
claimed that the MDA had “mistakenly” referred to the alimony as “periodic alimony,”
because under Tennessee law, the substance of the alimony provision clearly described an
award of alimony in solido, which is not modifiable and does not terminate upon remarriage.

        The specific terms of the alimony provision were as follows:
        SPOUSAL SUPPORT: Husband agrees to pay Wife periodic alimony in the
        amount of $1,200 per month for a period of 7 years which is 84 months with
        the first such payment to be due on February 15, 2011 and a like payment to
        be due on the 15th day of each and every month thereafter for a total of 84
        payments.

Following a hearing, the trial court entered an order granting Husband’s motion to terminate
his alimony obligation. The court noted that “periodic alimony” is one of the four types of
alimony available in Tennessee, and because the MDA referred to the obligation as “periodic
alimony,” the court concluded that Husband’s obligation was subject to the statutory rules
for periodic alimony “even though” the alimony obligation described was for “a period of


        1
          Wife pointed out that another obligation set forth in the MDA specifically stated that it would
continue “for the remainder of Wife's life or until she remarries,” while the alimony provision contained no
such language.

                                                    -2-
time” and “a fixed amount.” Wife timely filed a notice of appeal.

                                  II.     I SSUE P RESENTED

      The issue presented by Wife on appeal is, basically, whether the trial court erred in
concluding that the MDA provided for alimony in futuro that terminated automatically upon
Wife’s remarriage. For the following reasons, we reverse the decision of the circuit court
and remand for further proceedings.

                               III.     S TANDARD OF R EVIEW

        The facts of this case are undisputed. The only issue is whether the alimony award
set out in the MDA was alimony in futuro, and therefore modifiable, or alimony in solido,
which is not subject to modification. This is a question of law, which we review de novo,
with no presumption of correctness. Kelly v. Kelly, No. M2008-02170-COA-R3-CV, 2009
WL 1312839, at *1 (Tenn. Ct. App. May 11, 2009); Schmidt v. Schmidt, No. M2004-
01350-COA-R3-CV, 2005 WL 2240960, at *2 (Tenn. Ct. App. W.S. Sept. 15, 2005).

                                        IV.   D ISCUSSION

       “Current Tennessee law recognizes several distinct types of spousal support, including
(1) alimony in futuro, (2) alimony in solido, (3) rehabilitative alimony, and (4) transitional
alimony.” Gonsewski v. Gonsewski, 350 S.W.3d 99, 107 (Tenn. 2011) (citing Tenn. Code
Ann. § 36-5-121(d)(1)). For purposes of this appeal, only alimony in futuro and alimony in
solido will be discussed, for neither party argues that the award described in the MDA was
rehabilitative or transitional alimony.

        “The first type of spousal support, alimony in futuro, is intended to provide support
on a long-term basis until the death or remarriage of the recipient.” Gonsewski, 350 S.W.3d
at 107 (citing Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-5-121(f)(1)). “An award of alimony in futuro remains
in the court's control for the duration of the award and may be modified upon a showing of
substantial and material change in circumstances.” Id. at 108 n.9 (citing Tenn. Code Ann.
§ 36-5-121(f)(2)(A)). “The second type of support, alimony in solido, is also a form of
long-term support.” Id. at 108. However, it differs from alimony in futuro due to the
definiteness of the award. “The total amount of alimony in solido is set on the date of the
divorce decree and is either paid in a lump sum payment of cash or property, or paid in
installments for a definite term.” Id. (citing Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-5-121(h)(1); Broadbent
v. Broadbent, 211 S.W.3d 216, 222 (Tenn. 2006)). An award of “alimony in solido is
considered a final judgment, ‘not modifiable, except by agreement of the parties,’” and it
does not terminate upon death or remarriage. Id. (quoting Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-5-

                                               -3-
121(h)(2)).

        Clearly, “the nature of the alimony award becomes important when one party seeks
to modify or terminate the award,” as alimony in futuro is modifiable and alimony in solido
is not. Schmidt, 2005 WL 2240960, at *3. “Discerning the nature of the award can [] be
challenging if the language of the decree is not sufficiently descriptive,” because both types
of alimony “are typically comprised of court-ordered periodic payments.” 2 Id. The mere fact
that the obligation “‘is payable in installments is neither conclusive nor determinative
regarding its status as in solido or in futuro.’” Isbell v. Isbell, 816 S.W.2d 735, 738 (Tenn.
1991) (quoting Gerlach v. Gerlach, No. 122, 1988 WL 102744, at *2 (Tenn. Ct. App. E.S.
Oct. 6, 1988)). Both alimony in futuro and alimony in solido are “forms of ‘long term or
more open-ended support.’” Burlew v. Burlew, 40 S.W.3d 465, 471 (Tenn. 2001).

       Not surprisingly, there are many cases in which Tennessee’s appellate courts have
been required to review alimony awards in order to determine whether they constituted
awards of alimony in futuro or alimony in solido. In that context, our Supreme Court has
explained:

       Whether alimony is in futuro or in solido is determined by either the
       definiteness or indefiniteness of the sum of alimony ordered to be paid at the
       time of the award. Alimony in solido is an award of a definite sum of alimony.
       Alimony in solido may be paid in installments provided the payments are
       ordered over a definite period of time and the sum of the alimony to be paid
       is ascertainable when awarded. Alimony in futuro, however, lacks
       sum-certainty due to contingencies affecting the total amount of alimony to be
       paid.

Waddey v. Waddey, 6 S.W.3d 230, 232 (Tenn. 1999) (citations omitted). “The determining
factor in distinguishing whether alimony is in futuro or in solido is the definiteness or


       2
         In one such case involving this issue, Self v. Self, 861 S.W.2d 360, 363-364 (Tenn. 1993), our
Supreme Court warned:

       Obviously, great care should be exercised by counsel and trial courts in crafting decrees.
       The decree should reflect the court's findings with regard to the circumstances of the parties,
       the purpose or expected results of the relief granted, and the specific benefits granted to and
       obligations imposed upon the respective parties. In addition to the rights and obligations of
       the parties with respect to each other, the liability for taxes, the rights of creditors, and other
       significant consequences may depend upon the preciseness of the language employed in the
       decree. Construction by the courts of uncertain and ambiguous language is a poor substitute
       for careful articulation.

                                                      -4-
indefiniteness of the amount ordered to be paid.” Isbell, 816 S.W.2d at 738. “Thus, to
determine the type of alimony created, courts must look at the award of alimony at the time
the award is made and determine if the sum of the alimony to be paid was definite and
ascertainable at that time.” In re Estate of Steil, No. M2011-00701-COA-R3-CV, 2012 WL
1794979, at *4 (Tenn. Ct. App. May 16, 2012). “If the alimony award contains
contingencies that may affect the total amount to be paid, the award is for alimony in futuro
because the total amount of alimony is not definite and ascertainable at the time the award
is made.” Kelly, 2009 WL 1312839, at *2 (citing McKee v. McKee, 655 S.W.2d 164, 165-66
(Tenn. Ct. App. 1983)).

       To recap, the MDA provision at issue in this case provides:
       SPOUSAL SUPPORT: Husband agrees to pay Wife periodic alimony in the
       amount of $1,200 per month for a period of 7 years which is 84 months with
       the first such payment to be due on February 15, 2011 and a like payment to
       be due on the 15th day of each and every month thereafter for a total of 84
       payments.

Again, the fact that the obligation was to be paid in installments is “neither conclusive nor
determinative regarding its status as in solido or in futuro.” Isbell, 816 S.W.2d at 738. The
“determining factor . . . is the definiteness or indefiniteness of the amount ordered to be
paid.” Id.; see also Waddey, 6 S.W.3d at 232. We conclude that Husband’s alimony
obligation was definite and ascertainable at the time of the award because the MDA did not
provide any contingencies upon which Husband’s obligation would terminate. It required
him to pay $1,200 per month for seven years, “for a total of 84 payments,” which indicates
that the parties intended the obligation to be for a definite term and a definite sum.
“Tennessee law has long recognized that an award of monthly payments of alimony for a
definite period, without any conditions or terminating factors, is an award of alimony in
solido.” Sommerville v. Sommerville, No. 01A01-9502-CV-0007, 1995 WL 498943, at *1
(Tenn. Ct. App. Aug. 23, 1995) (citing Spalding v. Spalding, 597 S.W.2d 739 (Tenn. Ct.
App. 1980)). Although the MDA did not specify the total amount to be paid, the full amount
of alimony payable—$100,800—can be definitely determined by simply multiplying the
monthly sum ($1,200) times the designated duration (84 months). It is “not necessary” for
a decree to set forth the total amount of an award of alimony in solido as a lump sum,
because it can be easily determined by mathematical calculation. Isbell, 816 S.W.2d at 738
(“The total amount of the in solido award is easily calculable at $900 per month for 48
months.”); Bryan v. Leach, 85 S.W.3d 136, 149-50 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2001) (“Although the
total amount of the alimony [in solido] award is not stated in the agreement, simple
arithmetic can determine how much Father agreed to pay when he entered the agreement.”)




                                             -5-
        We recognize that the MDA provided that Husband would “pay Wife periodic
alimony,” and Husband argues on appeal that the designation used by the parties in the MDA
must control. However, we disagree with his assertion that the label used by the parties is
conclusive. For example, in Phillips v. Webster, 611 S.W.2d 591, 592 (Tenn. Ct. App.
1980), the parties’ MDA provided that the husband would pay $100,000 to the wife, in the
form of quarterly payments of $2,500, for ten years, “until fully paid.” The MDA did not
classify the type of alimony obligation, but in a modification agreement executed by the
parties, “the alimony payments to the wife were referred to more than once as ‘periodic
alimony payments.’” Id. The husband later sought termination of his alimony obligation on
the basis that it was “periodic alimony.” The Middle Section of this Court affirmed the
chancellor’s finding that the alimony was in solido. The Court explained that the parties’ use
of the term “periodic” in the modification agreement “[did] not change the basic character
of the payments to the wife.” Id. at 593.

       Perhaps more analogous to the case at bar is Oglesby v. Hogan, No. 89-294-II, 1990
WL 7472, at *1 (Tenn. Ct. App. M.S. Feb. 2, 1990) perm. app. denied (Tenn. May 7, 1990),
where the parties’ MDA provided that the husband would pay $3,750 in “periodic alimony”
for twelve months, then $2,000 per month “as periodic alimony” for the next four years, and
then for the next thirteen months $1,000 per month“which represents periodic alimony.” The
MDA did not list any conditions or contingencies for termination of the obligation, and it
provided, “It is the specific intent of this instrument and the agreement of the parties that all
alimony payments shall extend for more than six (6) years or for a period of seventy-three
(73) months to allow the Husband full federal income tax deductions.” Id. The Court of
Appeals held that this was an award of alimony in solido, “[n]otwithstanding that the term
‘periodic alimony’ [was] used in the Agreement,” because the obligation was for a definite
amount and it did not terminate “upon any event other than the full payment of $154,000 over
a period of seventy-three months.” 3 Id. at *2.

       Courts have used a similar reasoning when a label of “alimony in solido” has been
placed on an award that otherwise meets the definition of alimony in futuro. See Dunn v.
Duncan, No. M2004-02216-COA-R3-CV, 2006 WL 1233046, at *3 (Tenn. Ct. App. May
8, 2006) (“The heading of paragraph 6 – ‘Alimony in Solido’ – is inconsistent with the award
of alimony in paragraph 6(C). . . .The spousal support award in paragraph 6(C) is not alimony
in solido because it contains contingencies that render the total amount of support




       3
          “The full amount of the alimony payable, $154,000, [could] be definitely determined by simply
multiplying the monthly sum times the designated duration.” Oglesby, 1990 WL 7472, at *2.

                                                 -6-
indefinite.”);4 Dyer v. Dyer, No. 01A-01-9105-PB-00172, 1991 WL 270202, at *3-4 (Tenn.
Ct. App. Dec. 20, 1991) (stating that the Court considered a trial court’s use of the term
“alimony in solido” to have been “an inadvertence” because the award contained
contingencies for death or remarriage, and therefore, it “must be considered alimony in
futuro”).

       Based upon these cases, we conclude that the parties’ classification of the alimony
award is relevant in determining their intent, but it is not absolutely conclusive, as asserted
by Husband. The alimony provision at issue in this case contained no contingencies or
conditions regarding termination other than providing that it would continue for a period of
seven years “for a total of 84 payments.” We therefore conclude that the parties’ singular
reference to “periodic” alimony did not change the basic character of the award from definite
to indefinite. See Phillips, 611 S.W.2d at 593; see also Oglesby, 1990 WL 7472, at *2.
Because Husband’s alimony obligation was definite and calculable at the time of the award,
it was alimony in solido.

        We note that Husband also argues on appeal that his alimony obligation cannot be
construed as alimony in solido because the parties’ marital estate was divided fairly equally,
according to Husband, and there was no asset awarded to him that would “balance or offset”
an award of roughly $100,000 in alimony in solido to Wife. It is true that awards of alimony
in solido are “often” awarded to adjust the division of marital property. Burlew, 40 S.W.3d
at 465; see also Gonsewski, 350 S.W.3d at 108 (“A typical purpose of such an award would
be to adjust the distribution of the parties' marital property.”) Still, alimony in solido is “a
form of long-term support,” which “may be awarded in lieu of or in addition to any other
alimony award, in order to provide support, including attorney fees, where appropriate.”
Gonsewski, 350 S.W.3d at 108 (citing Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-5-121(d)(5)). Alimony in
solido “promotes the twin goals of certainty and finality through an award of a fixed amount
without conditions.” Bryan, 85 S.W.3d at 145. For example, a definite award of alimony
in solido may be appropriate where the obligor has a “history of irresponsibility” or a “life
long aversion to gainful employment,” or where other factors adversely impact the obligor's
reliability to make future payments. See Atkins v. Motycka, No. M2007-02260-COA-R3-
CV, 2008 WL 4831314, at *4 (Tenn. Ct. App. Nov. 6, 2008). It may be appropriate to award


        4
          In Dunn, 2006 WL 1233046, at *2, the Court concluded that the alimony provision was ambiguous
and therefore the trial court erred in excluding the extrinsic evidence of intention offered by the wife. In
another similar case, where the trial court concluded that the label used by the parties did not match the
substance of the alimony award, the Court likewise concluded that “an evidentiary hearing [was] required
in order to determine the intention of the[] parties, and to arrive at the justice of the case.” Brown v.
Grissom, No. 03A01-9607-CV-00219, 1997 WL 122243, at *1-2 (Tenn. Ct. App. Mar. 19, 1997). However,
neither party has asked this Court to remand for an evidentiary hearing.

                                                    -7-
alimony in solido in installments “in cases where the marital estate has been substantially
depleted or dissipated and a sufficiently large sum of cash is not available at the time of
divorce, but the obligor nevertheless has the ability to make payments over time.” Isbell, 816
S.W.2d at 738. In the case before us, the sparse record on appeal simply does not contain
sufficient evidence regarding the parties’ circumstances to enable us to determine why the
parties agreed to an alimony provision such as this.5 Our examination of the entire MDA
does not lead us to conclude that the parties could not or would not have intended an award
of alimony in solido. In other words, considering the MDA as a whole does not alter our
conclusion as to the parties’ intent.

                                         V.    C ONCLUSION

       Husband’s alimony obligation was definite and calculable when awarded, with no
contingencies, and therefore, it was alimony in solido, which “is considered a final judgment,
‘not modifiable, except by agreement of the parties,’” and it does not terminate upon death
or remarriage. Gonsewski, 350 S.W.3d at 108. Consequently, the trial court erred in
granting Husband’s motion to terminate his alimony obligation upon Wife’s remarriage.

       For the aforementioned reasons, we reverse the decision of the circuit court and
remand for entry of an order denying Husband’s motion to terminate his alimony obligation.
Costs of this appeal are taxed to the appellee, William Ronny Averitte, for which execution
may issue if necessary.

                                                        ________________________________
                                                        ALAN E. HIGHERS, P.J., W.S.




        5
           We can only discern from the divorce complaint that the parties were married in 1985, and they
were divorced in 2011. When the complaint for divorce was filed, Wife was unemployed and Husband had
worked at an electric company for many years. We cannot tell, from reviewing the MDA, whether the
marital estate was in fact divided fairly equally, as not all assets and debts were valued when assigned.

                                                  -8-
