                                                                I attest to the accuracy and
                                                                 integrity of this document
                                                                   New Mexico Compilation
                                                                 Commission, Santa Fe, NM
                                                                '00'04- 09:25:31 2016.07.14

       IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO

Opinion Number: 2016-NMCA-058

Filing Date: April 18, 2016

Docket No. 33,823

STATE OF NEW MEXICO,

       Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.

JESS CARPENTER,

       Defendant-Appellant.

APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF EDDY COUNTY
Jane Shuler Gray, District Judge

Hector H. Balderas, Attorney General
Santa Fe, NM
Steven H. Johnston, Assistant Attorney General
Albuquerque, NM

for Appellee

Ray Twohig
Albuquerque, NM

for Appellant

                                         OPINION

ZAMORA, Judge.

{1}     Defendant, Jess Carpenter, appeals his conviction for involuntary manslaughter.
Defendant argues that there is insufficient evidence to support the fourth element of the jury
instruction given at trial—that he committed an unlawful act not amounting to a felony.
Defendant also contends that the State’s failure to prove each element of involuntary
manslaughter implicates his constitutional right to a jury trial. We conclude that the
evidence, assessed against the elements of the charged crime, is sufficient to support
Defendant’s involuntary manslaughter conviction and that Defendant was not denied his

                                              1
right to a jury trial. We affirm.

I.      FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

{2}      On the evening of May 20, 2011, Defendant and his friend, Joe Darras, were out
drinking at three Artesia establishments. After leaving the third establishment, at
approximately 1:30 a.m. on May 21, 2011, the men went to Defendant’s house. At some
point between 1:30 a.m. and 2:00 a.m., Defendant called 911 and reported that he shot his
friend and that his gun had gone off accidentally. Eddy County Sheriff’s deputies arrived at
Defendant’s residence shortly after 2:00 a.m. Defendant told one deputy that he and Darras
had a problem with someone at the bar and they were going to get their guns and take care
of it, then the gun accidentally went off. Darras’ body was found in Defendant’s bedroom.
He had been shot in the head.

{3}     Defendant was taken into custody. His blood was drawn at approximately 5:46 a.m.
and his blood alcohol content was 0.116 grams per milliliter. Defendant was charged with
second degree murder, contrary to NMSA 1978, § 30-2-1(B) (1994), and negligent use of
a deadly weapon, contrary to NMSA 1978, § 30-7-4(A)(2) (1993). The case proceeded to
a jury trial.

A.      Defendant’s Testimony at Trial

{4}     Defendant testified that Darras had an altercation with someone at the last
establishment the two visited and that on the way back to Defendant’s house, Darras was still
upset about the incident and was going on and on about it. Both men were under the
influence of alcohol. Defendant thought he could get Darras to drop the issue if Defendant
got his guns and told Darras he would go back after the people from the bar. He expected
Darras to tell him to forget about it. Defendant thought he could then lock the guns up.

{5}     When Defendant and Darras arrived at Defendant’s house, Defendant got out of
Darras’ truck, went into his bedroom, got a shotgun from his closet, and got a pistol from a
dresser drawer. He placed the shotgun by his bed and the pistol in the back of his pants. As
Darras came into the bedroom and asked Defendant what he was doing, Defendant decided
he would toss the pistol on the bed so that he did not have it on him as Darras approached.
As Defendant pulled the gun out of his pants, he heard a loud boom and saw that Darras had
been shot in the head. Defendant tried to stop the bleeding and realized that Darras was not
alive. Defendant called 911 and waited for police to arrive.

{6}      Defendant admitted that he was familiar with firearms, that he had hunted with his
family, and he had taken a gun safety course as a child. As an adult, Defendant practiced
shooting and hunted. Defendant testified that on the night that Darras was killed, the pistol
should not have fired unless the hammer was cocked back, and that to his knowledge he
never cocked the hammer back. Defendant did admit that at some point as he removed the
pistol from his pants, it must have been pointed toward Darras, since Darras was shot in the

                                             2
head. Defendant also admitted that his drinking had impaired his judgment and that he
should not have been handling his guns that night.

B.     Involuntary Manslaughter

{7}     Under the provisions of NMSA 1978, Section 30-2-3(B) (1994), “involuntary
manslaughter” is “the unlawful killing of a human being without malice . . . committed in
the commission of an unlawful act not amounting to felony, or in the commission of a lawful
act[,] which might produce death in an unlawful manner or without due caution and
circumspection.” (Emphasis added.) The jury was instructed that in order to convict
Defendant of involuntary manslaughter, it had to find beyond a reasonable doubt that:

       1.    [D]efendant pointed a loaded pistol at . . . Darras while [Defendant]
       was under the influence of alcohol;

       2.     [D]efendant should have known of the danger involved by pointing
       a loaded pistol at . . . Darras while [D]efendant was under the influence of
       alcohol;

       3.      [D]efendant acted with a willful disregard for the safety of others;

       4.      [D]efendant committed an unlawful act not amounting to a felony;

       5.      [D]efendant’s act caused the death of . . . Darras; [and]

       6.      This happened in New Mexico on or about the 21 day of May, 2011.

The involuntary manslaughter instruction given at trial tracks the uniform jury instruction
on manslaughter but then added that fourth element not contained in UJI 14-231 NMRA. It
is not clear from the record how this additional element was added to the instruction.
However, Defendant did not object to it at trial.

{8}      A jury found Defendant guilty of negligent use of a deadly weapon and involuntary
manslaughter, a lesser included offense of second degree murder. Prior to sentencing, the
district court determined that Defendant’s conviction for negligent use of a deadly weapon
was subsumed within his conviction for involuntary manslaughter and dismissed that charge.
This appeal followed.

II.    DISCUSSION

{9}    On appeal Defendant argues that there was insufficient evidence to support an added
fourth element to the involuntary manslaughter instruction. Defendant also asserts that
affirming his conviction with this added element would violate his right to a trial by jury. We
address these arguments in turn.

                                              3
A.     Sufficiency of the Evidence

{10} “When reviewing a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, we must determine
whether substantial evidence of either a direct or circumstantial nature exists to support a
verdict of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt with respect to every element essential to a
conviction.” State v. Cordova, 2016-NMCA-019, ¶ 16, 366 P.3d 270 (internal quotation
marks and citation omitted), cert. granted, 2015-NMCERT-008, __ P.3d __. “We must view
the evidence in the light most favorable to the [s]tate, resolving all conflicts and indulging
all permissible inferences in favor of the verdict.” State v. Reed, 2005-NMSC-031, ¶ 14, 138
N.M. 365, 120 P.3d 447.

{11} Defendant argues that there was insufficient evidence to support the added element
that he committed an unlawful act not amounting to a felony. We disagree. Defendant’s
argument rests on the faulty premise that the added element is an essential element of
involuntary manslaughter. Defendant does not dispute that the evidence was sufficient for
the remaining elements.

{12} After briefing was completed in this case, the United States Supreme Court decided
the question of “how a court should assess a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence in
a criminal case when a jury instruction adds an element to the charged crime and the
Government fails to object.” Musacchio v. United States, __ U.S. __, __, 136 S. Ct. 709, 713
(2016). In Musacchio the defendant was indicted under 18 U.S.C. § 1030(a)(2)(C) (2008),
which provides that a person commits a crime when he “intentionally accesses a computer
without authorization or exceeds authorized access,” and in doing so “obtains . . .
information from any protected computer.” Musacchio, __ U.S. at __, 136 S. Ct. at 713
(omission in original) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). The Court noted that
“[t]he statute thus provides two ways of committing the crime of improperly accessing a
protected computer: (1) obtaining access without authorization; and (2) obtaining access
with authorization but then using that access improperly.” Id.; see § 1030(e)(6) (defining
“exceeds authorized access” (internal quotation marks omitted)). The defendant was charged
with conspiring to make unauthorized access to a computer. Musacchio, __ U.S. at __, 136
S. Ct. at 713.

{13} The proposed jury instructions identified the conspiracy count as involving
unauthorized access to protected computers, and did not require the jury to find that the
defendant also conspired to exceed authorized access to protected computers. Id. However,
the trial court diverged from the indictment and the proposed instructions and instructed the
jury “that § 1030(a)(2)(C) makes it a crime for a person to intentionally access a computer
without authorization and exceed authorized access.” Musacchio, 136 S. Ct. at 714 (internal
quotation marks and citation omitted). The government did not object to the instruction. Id.
A jury found the defendant guilty of conspiring to make unauthorized access to a computer.
Id.

{14}   The defendant challenged the sufficiency of the evidence to support his conspiracy

                                              4
conviction. Id. at 713. The Supreme Court rejected the defendant’s argument that “the
sufficiency of the evidence should be assessed against the erroneous jury instruction that
included the additional element.” Id. at 714. The Court recognized that in reviewing for the
sufficiency of the evidence, the reviewing court “makes a limited inquiry tailored to ensure
that a defendant receives the minimum that due process requires: a ‘meaningful opportunity
to defend’ against the charge against him and a jury finding of guilt ‘beyond a reasonable
doubt.’ ” Id. at 715 (citation omitted). “The reviewing court considers only the legal question
whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any
rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a
reasonable doubt.” Id. (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).

{15} The Court concluded that “the sufficiency of the evidence should be assessed against
the elements of the charged crime.” Id. at 713. “[I]f the jury instruction requires the jury to
find [guilt on] those elements . . . beyond a reasonable doubt, the defendant has been
accorded the procedure that this Court has required to protect the presumption of innocence.”
Id. at 715 (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). In that case, the addition of an
element by using the word “and” in the instruction rather than eliminating the option, as
permissible by the statute’s use of the word “or,” did not make the additional element an
essential element under the statute. Id. at 714. Thus, “[t]he Government’s failure to introduce
evidence of [the] additional element [did] not implicate the principles that sufficiency review
protects.” Id. at 715. We believe Musacchio is dispositive here.

{16} In the present case, Defendant does not dispute that he was properly charged with the
statutory elements for involuntary manslaughter as a lesser included offense to second
degree murder; that he was given a meaningful opportunity to defend himself against those
charges; or that the evidence was sufficient to convict him of the statutory elements of
involuntary manslaughter. See § 30-2-3(B) (defining “involuntary manslaughter” as “the
unlawful killing of a human being without malice . . . committed in the commission of an
unlawful act not amounting to felony, or in the commission of a lawful act[,] which might
produce death in an unlawful manner or without due caution and circumspection.” (emphasis
added)). For the reasons explained in Musacchio, we reject Defendant’s assertion that the
statutory element added to the involuntary manslaughter instruction is an essential element
under the statute.

{17} As a final matter, Defendant does not dispute that the State presented sufficient
evidence to support the jury’s verdict. We agree. The evidence presented at trial was that
Defendant was familiar with firearms and that on May 21, 2011, while Defendant handled
a loaded firearm under the influence of alcohol the firearm discharged in the direction of
Darras, who was hit in the head by the discharged bullet and killed. Based on this evidence,
a reasonable jury could have found the essential elements of involuntary manslaughter
beyond a reasonable doubt.

B.     Right to a Jury Trial


                                              5
{18} Defendant argues that the State’s failure to present any evidence that he committed
an unlawful act not amounting to a felony implicates his constitutional right to a jury trial.
This argument, like Defendant’s sufficiency of the evidence challenge, relies on the added
element in the given instruction—the commission of an unlawful act, not amounting to a
felony—as an essential element of involuntary manslaughter. Defendant’s constitutional
argument is also without merit.

{19} The Fourteenth Amendment requires due process in criminal proceedings involving
state statutes, and together with the Sixth Amendment right to a trial by jury, entitles “a
criminal defendant to a jury determination that he is guilty of every element of the crime
with which he is charged, beyond a reasonable doubt.” Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S.
466, 477 (2000) (alteration, internal quotation marks, and citation omitted).

{20} Thus, if a jury is instructed on the elements of the crime with which the defendant
is charged, and the instruction requires the jury to find those elements beyond a reasonable
doubt, “the defendant has been accorded the procedure that this Court has required to protect
the presumption of innocence.” Musacchio, 136 S. Ct. at 715. Where an instruction includes
all of the elements of the charged crime and an alternative element, the alternative element
does not become an essential element simply because it is not identified as an alternative
element in the given instruction. See id. We conclude that Defendant’s right to a jury trial
under the federal constitution is not implicated under the circumstances of this case.

{21} To the extent Defendant broadly asserts that he may be entitled to greater protection
under the New Mexico Constitution, he provides this Court with no argument in support of
this assertion, and for this reason we do not engage in a separate analysis to address his
conviction under the New Mexico Constitution. See State v.Gonzales, 2011-NMCA-007, ¶
19, 149 N.M. 226, 247 P.3d 1111 (stating that this Court has no duty to review an argument
that is not adequately developed); Headley v. Morgan Mgmt. Corp., 2005-NMCA-045, ¶ 15,
137 N.M. 339, 110 P.3d 1076 (same).

III.   CONCLUSION

{22} For the foregoing reasons, we affirm Defendant’s conviction for involuntary
manslaughter.

{23}   IT IS SO ORDERED.

                                              ____________________________________
                                              M. MONICA ZAMORA, Judge

WE CONCUR:

____________________________________
JAMES J. WECHSLER, Judge

                                              6
____________________________________
LINDA M. VANZI, Judge




                                   7
