                          STATE OF MICHIGAN

                           COURT OF APPEALS



                                                                    UNPUBLISHED
In re A. L. LICARI, Minor.                                          June 7, 2016

                                                                    Nos. 329806, 329807
                                                                    Monroe Circuit Court
                                                                    Family Division
                                                                    LC No. 13-022925-NA


Before: GADOLA, P.J., and SERVITTO and SHAPIRO, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

        In these consolidated appeals, respondent mother L. Licari and respondent father M.
Leverette appeal as of right the trial court’s order terminating their parental rights to the minor
child, AL, pursuant to MCL 712A.19b(3)(c)(i), (g), and (j). We affirm.

                                  I. BACKGROUND FACTS

        The respondents had a volatile relationship and routinely broke up and reconciled. They
broke up shortly before AL’s birth. Licari left Leverette and was staying in Monroe County
when AL was born in March 2013. The couple married in February 2014 and was living in
Wayne County when another child, EL, was born in July 2014. EL became the subject of child
protective proceedings in Wayne County. Leverette was not a named respondent in the initial
petition for temporary custody of AL. He was afforded an adjudicatory hearing in September
2014 and the trial court found that it had jurisdiction over AL with respect to Leverette.1
Respondents failed to make substantial progress with their case service plans and petitioner filed
a supplemental petition to terminate their parental rights, which the trial court granted.

              II. RESPONDENT FATHER’S ISSUES IN DOCKET NO. 329806

       Respondent Leverette first argues that the trial court erred in finding that petitioner made
reasonable efforts to reunify him with AL because it did not assist him with transportation. We
review the trial court’s factual findings for clear error, MCR 3.977(K), and this standard of




1
 Leverette appealed that decision and this Court affirmed. In re Licari, unpublished opinion per
curiam of the Court of Appeals, issued May 19, 2015 (Docket No. 324214).


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review applies to a finding “that reasonable efforts were made to preserve and reunify the
family.” In re Fried, 266 Mich App 535, 542-543; 702 NW2d 192 (2005).

       “In general, petitioner must make reasonable efforts to rectify conditions, to reunify
families, and to avoid termination of parental rights.” In re LE, 278 Mich App 1, 18; 747 NW2d
883 (2008). Specifically, “[r]easonable efforts to reunify the child and family must be made in
all cases” unless certain aggravating circumstances are present, MCL 712A.19a(2), and
aggravating circumstances do not appear to exist in this case.

         Respondents had a car that worked intermittently. While the car did not always work, it
was unclear just how much it affected Leverette’s mobility, given that he testified that he had
friends who gave him rides and even used cabs to get to the places where he needed to go. At
the time of Leverette’s dispositional hearing, the car was apparently not working. At that time,
Licari indicated that bus service was available within Wayne County, so the trial court directed
that family visits occur at a public place in Flat Rock and that petitioner assist the parents with
transportation, either by providing actual rides, a gas card, or bus fare. The trial court also
ordered that respondents must provide clean drug screens before visits. The trial court allowed
the parents to test at a facility in Wayne County, if it could be arranged. The foster-care worker,
Katie Tatro, left bus fare at Leverette’s house shortly thereafter. She later gave Leverette one
six-dollar gas card. She explained that the agency allotted just enough gas money to get to and
from the visit to make sure it is “used for the intended purpose,” and another card would be
provided at the end of the visit for the next visit. However, respondents had already ceased
visitation by that time because they were not providing the requisite drug screens. Tatro testified
that she agreed to switch visits from Flat Rock to Trenton because it was accessible by bus and to
accept three screens during the preceding week in lieu of an instant screen. She also agreed that
the screens could be done in Wayne County and coordinated with EL’s foster-care worker so that
Leverette “just screened one time for both of us,” but he was still noncompliant. While Leverette
testified at the termination hearing that there was no bus service in Melvindale, where he was
then living, he also testified that he deliberately ceased communications with Tatro around the
time he moved there, if not before. The caseworker cannot be expected to provide additional
assistance if she is unaware that it is required. Based on the evidence presented, the trial court
did not clearly err in finding that reasonable efforts to reunify the family had been made. See In
re Rood, 483 Mich 73, 115-118; 763 NW2d 587 (2009).

        Leverette next argues that the trial court erred in finding that the statutory grounds for
termination had been established. The trial court’s finding that at least one statutory ground for
termination has been proved by clear and convincing evidence is reviewed for clear error. In re
Laster, 303 Mich App 485, 491; 845 NW2d 540 (2013); MCR 3.977(K). “A finding of fact is
clearly erroneous if the reviewing court has a definite and firm conviction that a mistake has
been committed, giving due regard to the trial court’s special opportunity to observe the
witnesses.” In re BZ, 264 Mich App 286, 296-297; 690 NW2d 505 (2004).

       The trial court did not clearly err in finding that § 19b(3)(c)(i) was established by clear
and convincing evidence. Leverette became a respondent in these proceedings in July 2014.
The initial dispositional order was entered against him on October 3, 2014. The termination
hearing began on July 30, 2015, more than 182 days later. The conditions that led to the
adjudication included Leverette’s relationship with Licari, which was unstable due to discord and

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domestic violence, and Leverette’s alcoholism and substance abuse. Leverette was provided
with services to address these issues. The relationship between respondents remained unstable;
following the dispositional hearing, Licari left Leverette for periods of time in November 2014
and in January, February, and March 2015. She returned to Leverette in April 2015 and two
months later, Leverette was arrested for domestic violence. Although Leverette pleaded guilty,
he testified that he never assaulted Licari and entered the plea for the sake of expediency.
Leverette participated off and on in counseling to address his issues, but would not provide drug
screens on a consistent basis. In December 2014, he tested positive for alcohol. One of his
therapists opined at the time that he was in “major denial” and did not recognize that he had a
problem. In April, May, and June 2015, he tested positive for Suboxone, a prescription
medication, but he did not have a valid prescription between November 2014 and August 2015.
Given this evidence, the trial court did not clearly err in finding that the condition that led to the
adjudication continued to exist. And, considering that the child had been in foster care for more
than two years and that Leverette continued to deny that he had any problems with domestic
violence or substance abuse, the trial court did not clearly err in finding that the conditions were
not likely to be rectified within a reasonable time considering the child’s age.

        The trial court also did not clearly err in finding that § 19b(3)(g) had been established by
clear and convincing evidence. As this Court determined in the prior appeal, “there was
evidence that [Leverette] was unable to provide proper care or custody for A.L. and that his
home was an unfit place for A.L.,” given that Leverette “had a history of domestic violence with
the child’s mother with whom he lived,” and had “problems with alcohol” among other things.
In re Licari, unpublished opinion per curiam of the Court of Appeals, issued May 19, 2015
(Docket No. 324214), slip op at 8. At the time of the termination hearing, Leverette was still
living with Licari and neither of them had overcome their substance abuse issues. There was
evidence that an incident of domestic violence had occurred in front of Leverette’s son SL, and
domestic violence continued to be a problem as indicated by Leverette’s recent arrest and by
respondents’ testimony minimizing or denying the incident. In addition, Leverette did not have
sufficient income to meet the family’s needs and had no concrete plans for improving his
financial situation. He also placed his ongoing substance abuse before the needs of the child in
that he had ceased all contact with the child for a year because he did not want to cooperate with
the drug screening process. The fact that Leverette had made so little progress in rectifying these
issues since entry of the initial dispositional order supported a finding that he would not be able
to provide proper care and custody within a reasonable time considering the child’s age.2

                III. RESPONDENT MOTHER’s issues in DOCKET NO. 329807

       As noted, Licari was the only named respondent in the initial petition for temporary
custody of AL. The trial court acquired jurisdiction when Licari entered a plea of admission at


2
 We do not consider whether termination was also established under § 19b(3)(j) because only
one statutory ground for termination need be established. In re Ellis, 294 Mich App 30, 32; 817
NW2d 111 (2011).




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the preliminary hearing. Licari now argues that the trial court erred in accepting her plea. This
issue is not properly before this Court because this challenge to the plea proceeding amounts to
an improper collateral attack on the trial court’s assumption of jurisdiction. The law is clear that
where an adjudicatory hearing is held with respect to the parent challenging the assumption of
jurisdiction and termination is not ordered at the initial dispositional hearing, the trial court’s
exercise of jurisdiction cannot be challenged on appeal from a subsequent termination decision;
it can only be challenged by direct appeal from the initial order of disposition. In re Hatcher,
443 Mich 426, 444; 505 NW2d 834 (1993); In re SLH, AJH, & VAH, 277 Mich App 662, 668-
669; 747 NW2d 547 (2008). Therefore, Licari is precluded from challenging the trial court’s
exercise of jurisdiction in this appeal.

        Licari next challenges the trial court’s denial of her motion for a change of venue. A
motion for a change of venue improperly laid is reviewed for clear error, whereas a motion for
change of venue properly laid is reviewed for an abuse of discretion. Shock Bros, Inc v Morbark
Indus, Inc, 411 Mich 696, 698-699; 311 NW2d 722 (1981).

        Venue was properly laid in Monroe County because the child was located in Monroe
County when the initial petition was filed and did not have another place of residence. See MCL
712A.2(b); MCR 3.926(A) and (B). If venue is properly laid, it may be transferred to another
county “for the convenience of the parties and witnesses, provided that a judge of the other court
agrees to hear the case, or when an impartial trial cannot be had where the case is pending.”
MCR 3.926(D). Licari sought a change of venue for convenience based in part on the fact that
she was living in and participating in services in Wayne County in connection with EL’s case
and had problems with transportation to Monroe County. We thus review the trial court’s ruling
for an abuse of discretion. Shock Bros, Inc, 411 Mich at 698-699. A trial court abuses its
discretion when its decision falls outside the range of principled outcomes.                In re
Brown/Kindle/Muhammad Minors, 305 Mich App 623, 629; 853 NW2d 459 (2014).

        We do not disagree that Wayne County would have been a convenient forum for Licari,
at least during the periods that she was residing with Leverette. But the record shows that she
continued to spend time in Monroe County even after her motion was filed. In addition, this case
had been pending for almost two years at the time she filed the motion and the trial court “was
familiar with the case and surrounding circumstances,” In re Pasco, 150 Mich App 816, 824; 389
NW2d 188 (1986), including the fact that petitioner was already recommending termination of
parental rights. Further, all services were being provided, and family visits were made available,
in Wayne County and the foster-care workers in both counties were coordinating services to
avoid duplication of efforts. Finally, the evidence at the termination hearing showed that Licari
was no more compliant with services in connection with the Wayne County case than she was in
this case. Given this record, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying Licari’s motion
for change of venue.

       Licari next argues that the trial court erred in terminating her parental rights because she
was a victim of domestic violence. Issues of law are reviewed de novo on appeal. Ter Beek v
Wyoming, 495 Mich 1, 8; 846 NW2d 531 (2014).

       This Court has held that it is “impermissible for a parent’s parental rights to be
terminated solely because he or she was a victim of domestic violence[,]” but that termination is

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permissible where the victim’s “own behaviors were directly harming the children or exposing
them to harm.” In re Plump, 294 Mich App 270, 273; 817 NW2d 119 (2011). In this case, the
trial court found that respondents’ volatile relationship and continuing domestic violence were
barriers to reunification and relied on this factor in finding that §§ 19b(3)(c)(i) and (j) had been
proved with respect to Licari. There was evidence that AL had been harmed by Licari’s own
behaviors because Licari used drugs during her pregnancy and AL tested positive for drugs at
birth and had to be treated for withdrawal symptoms. Apart from substance abuse, the trial court
found that Licari’s own behaviors exposed the child to a risk of harm, given that Leverette was
unable to curb his violent impulses and Licari kept going back to him and minimized his
behavior. Further, the domestic violence was only one factor which led to the trial court’s
decision to terminate Licari’s parental rights under §§ 19b(3)(c)(i) and (j), and does not appear to
have been a factor that led to the termination of Licari’s parental rights under § 19b(3)(g).
Rather, the court relied primarily on Licari’s continuing substance abuse problem, unstable
housing, and inability to support the child financially. Accordingly, there is no basis for
reversing the trial court’s decision on this ground.

                      IV. ISSUE COMMON TO BOTH RESPONDENTS

       Both parents challenge the trial court’s finding that termination of their parental rights
was in the child’s best interests. The trial court’s decision regarding the child’s best interests is
reviewed for clear error. In re White, 303 Mich App 701, 713; 846 NW2d 61 (2014); MCR
3.977(K).

        “If the court finds that there are grounds for termination of parental rights and that
termination of parental rights is in the child’s best interests, the court shall order termination of
parental rights and order that additional efforts for reunification of the child with the parent not
be made.” MCL 712A.19b(5). Whether termination is in the child’s best interests is to be
determined by a preponderance of the evidence. In re Moss, 301 Mich App 76, 90; 836 NW2d
182 (2013). In deciding whether termination is in the child’s best interests, the trial court may
consider a variety of factors, including the parent’s parenting ability, In re Jones, 286 Mich App
126, 129-130; 777 NW2d 728 (2009); the parent’s history of substance abuse or mental health
issues, In re AH, 245 Mich App 77, 89; 627 NW2d 33 (2001); the parent’s compliance with his
or her case service plan, In re White, 303 Mich App at 714; the child’s bond to the parent, In re
BZ, 264 Mich App at 301; the maintenance of sibling relationships, In re Olive/Metts, 297 Mich
App 35, 42; 823 NW2d 144 (2012); the advantages of a foster home over the parent’s home and
the possibility of adoption, In re White, 303 Mich App at 714; In re Foster, 285 Mich App 630,
634-635; 776 NW2d 415 (2009); and the child’s “need for permanency, stability, and finality,”
In re Gillespie, 197 Mich App 440, 446-447; 496 NW2d 309 (1992). “[A] child’s placement
with relatives weighs against termination,” In re Mason, 486 Mich 142, 164; 782 NW2d 747
(2010), and if a child is living with a relative when the case proceeds to termination, the trial
court must “explicitly address whether termination is appropriate in light of the child[ ]’s
placement with relatives” in making its best-interests determination. In re Olive/Metts, 297 Mich
App at 43.

        The trial court found that termination of respondents’ parental rights was in AL’s best
interests for several reasons. Specifically, AL had a close relationship with her foster parents
and her needs were being met in their home; the foster parents were open to adoption and could

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provide permanency and stability for AL; the foster parents had not expressed any interest in a
guardianship; any bond AL had with respondents had diminished due to their absence from her
life; respondents lacked stable housing and adequate income; and, respondents lacked adequate
parenting ability due to their criminality, substance abuse, and instability. The trial court also
gave due consideration to the child’s placement with the foster parent, who was a relative, and
found that termination was nonetheless appropriate because neither respondent had an amicable
relationship with the relative or his partner. While not each factor applied equally to each
respondent, it was appropriate to consider both respondents together because they planned to stay
together and raise the child in their home. The trial court did not expressly address the child’s
relationship with her siblings, but the evidence showed that she lived in the same home as
Licari’s adult son, and the foster parents had encouraged a relationship between AL and EL.
Termination would not adversely affect any relationship with Leverette’s other children because
AL did not have a relationship with them. In light of the evidence, the trial court did not clearly
err in finding that termination of respondents’ parental rights was in the child’s best interests.

       Affirmed.



                                                            /s/ Michael F. Gadola
                                                            /s/ Deborah A. Servitto
                                                            /s/ Douglas B. Shapiro




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