                IN THE SUPREME COURT OF TEXAS
                                         444444444444
                                           NO . 13-0175
                                         444444444444


   MAGDALENA ADRIENNA ABUTAHOUN, INDIVIDUALLY AND AS PERSONAL
 REPRESENTATIVE OF THE HEIRS AND ESTATE OF ROBERT WAYNE HENDERSON,
DECEASED, AND TANYA ELAINE HENDERSON, INDIVIDUALLY IN HER OWN RIGHT
          AND AS NEXT FRIEND OF Z.Z.H., A M INOR , PETITIONERS,

                                                 v.

                      THE DOW CHEMICAL COMPANY, RESPONDENT

           4444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
                             ON PETITION FOR REVIEW FROM THE
                      COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FIFTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
           4444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444


                                    Argued January 14, 2015



       JUSTICE GREEN delivered the opinion of the Court.

       In this case of first impression, we must interpret Chapter 95 of the Texas Civil Practice and

Remedies Code, which relates to limitations on a property owner’s liability for injury, death, or

property damage to an independent contractor. See TEX . CIV . PRAC. & REM . CODE ch. 95. The

underlying legal dispute began when a pipeline insulation worker contracted mesothelioma and sued

a chemical company alleging that he was exposed to asbestos-containing products while working as

an independent contractor at the chemical company’s facility. The sole issue in this appeal is whether

Chapter 95 applies to an independent contractor’s negligence claims against a property owner when
the claims are based on injuries arising out of the property owner’s negligent activities and not the

independent contractor’s own work. The court of appeals held that “[t]he plain meaning of the text

of Chapter 95 does not preclude its applicability where a claim is based upon negligent actions of the

premises owner.” 395 S.W.3d 335, 347 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2013). Applying the plain meaning of

the statute, we hold that Chapter 95 applies to all independent contractor claims for damages caused

by a property owner’s negligence when the requirements of section 95.002(2) are satisfied. We affirm

the court of appeals’ judgment.

                              I. Factual and Procedural Background

       The Dow Chemical Company contracted with Win-Way Industries to install insulation on a

system of pipelines at Dow’s facility in Freeport, Texas. Robert Henderson was a Win-Way employee,

and he assisted with the insulation work at Dow’s Freeport facility from 1967 to 1968. Dow’s Freeport

facility contained thousands of pipes in a pipeline system that ran throughout the facility. The pipes,

which Robert Henderson helped insulate with a material containing asbestos, transported steam and

various types of acid. While working for Win-Way on the asbestos-insulated pipeline system at Dow’s

Freeport facility, Robert Henderson was allegedly exposed to asbestos dust by Dow employees who

were installing, sawing, and removing asbestos insulation nearby. He was also allegedly exposed to

asbestos dust as a result of his own direct contact with the insulation products. At trial, a Dow

employee who worked on the same asbestos-insulated pipeline system as Robert Henderson testified,

“[y]ou name it, we sawed it,” and also testified that individuals within twenty yards of him were “in

the [asbestos] dust area.” In a pre-trial deposition, Robert Henderson testified that he was doing the

same kind of work as Dow employees on the asbestos-insulated pipeline system, and he testified about

                                                  2
the frequency, regularity, and proximity of the exposure he received as a bystander to Dow employees

performing similar insulation work nearby. Robert Henderson testified that, while at Dow’s Freeport

facility, he worked on the pipeline system two to three days per week for four to five hours per day,

usually working within five to ten feet of Dow employees who were working with asbestos-based

insulation.

        Eventually, Robert Henderson was diagnosed with mesothelioma, and he and his wife, Tanya,

sued Dow and over a dozen other defendants, alleging under various negligence and product liability

theories that the defendants were responsible for Robert Henderson’s injuries due to asbestos exposure.

Upon Robert Henderson’s death, the petition was amended to allow his adult daughter, Magdalena

Adrienna Abutahoun, and his minor daughter, through Tanya Henderson as next friend, to join the

lawsuit as wrongful death heirs (collectively, the Hendersons). The lawsuit was originally filed in the

160th District Court in Dallas County but was transferred to the asbestos multi-district litigation

(MDL) pretrial court in Harris County for pretrial proceedings. See TEX . GOV ’T CODE § 74.162.

        Dow moved for summary judgment in the MDL pretrial court, arguing that Chapter 95 of the

Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code applied to the Hendersons’ negligence claims against Dow

and precluded any recovery. The MDL pretrial court granted Dow summary judgment in part and

dismissed “all claims against [Dow] in which Plaintiffs allege that Decedent Robert Wayne

Henderson . . . was injured by exposure to respirable asbestos as the result of the activities of Decedent

and/or the activities of other employees of Decedent’s employer on any premises of [Dow].” The

MDL pretrial court denied Dow’s motion for summary judgment “as to all of Plaintiffs’ other claims

against [Dow], including Plaintiffs’ claims that Decedent was injured by virtue of the activities of Dow

                                                    3
Employees.” Accordingly, although Robert Henderson was allegedly exposed to asbestos both directly

from his own insulation work and as a bystander to the insulation work of Dow employees, only the

Hendersons’ claims predicated on the negligence of Dow’s employees were allowed to proceed before

the jury.

        The MDL pretrial court remanded the case to the original trial court, and the Hendersons’

remaining claims based on Dow’s employees’ contemporaneously negligent activities were tried to

a jury. The Hendersons’ claims against all other defendants were resolved before the case was

submitted to the jury. At the conclusion of trial, a general negligence question was submitted that

instructed the jury to consider, with respect to Dow, “only the activities of [Dow] employees at Dow

. . . facilities.”1 The jury returned a verdict in which it found that Dow’s negligence proximately

caused Robert Henderson’s injuries, and that Dow was 30% responsible for causing Robert

Henderson’s injuries. Based on the jury verdict and several adjustments, the trial court rendered

judgment against Dow for $2.64 million plus interest and court costs.

        Dow appealed the verdict and argued that Chapter 95 does not distinguish between a property

owner’s liability for exposure caused by the activities of contractors and their employees and exposure

that the property owner’s own employees’ activities caused. 395 S.W.3d at 338–39. Further, Dow

argued that Chapter 95 applied to bar all of the Hendersons’ negligence claims because the Hendersons

did not establish that Dow had both control over Robert Henderson’s work and actual knowledge of

the dangers of asbestos exposure as Chapter 95 requires. See id. at 339; see also TEX . CIV . PRAC. &

            1
           The trial court overruled Dow’s objection that Chapter 95 precluded the submission of a general negligence
 question. The trial court also denied Dow’s requested jury instructions and questions that would have required the
 Hendersons to establish Dow’s liability based upon Chapter 95’s requirements.

                                                          4
REM . CODE § 95.003. The Hendersons argued that Dow could not “avail itself of the heightened

protections afforded by Chapter 95” because their claims against Dow were “based solely upon the

negligent activities of Dow employees, and not from injury arising from the condition or use of an

improvement of real property by [Robert] Henderson.” 395 S.W.3d at 342.

       The court of appeals agreed with Dow’s interpretation of the statute. See id. at 347. The court

of appeals reversed the trial court’s judgment and rendered a take-nothing judgment in favor of Dow,

holding that Chapter 95 applied to the Hendersons’ claims against Dow because “[t]he plain meaning

of the text of [section 95.002(2)] does not preclude [Chapter 95’s] applicability where a claim is based

upon the negligent actions of the premises owner.” Id. The court of appeals reasoned that the claim

arose from the condition or use of an improvement (the asbestos-insulated pipeline system) where

Robert Henderson, as a contractor, constructed, repaired, renovated, or modified the improvement.

See id. at 348. Thus, Chapter 95 applied to the Hendersons’ claims against Dow, and the Hendersons

had to establish Dow’s liability under the standards set forth in Chapter 95, which they failed to do.

Id. The Hendersons filed a petition for review in this Court, which we initially denied. After

considering the Hendersons’ motion for rehearing, which cited several recent courts of appeals’

decisions that conflicted with the court of appeals’ decision in this case, we granted the Hendersons’

petition. See 58 TEX . SUP . CT . J. 85 (Nov. 24, 2014).

                                            II. Discussion

       As always, “[w]hen construing a statute, we begin with its language.” State v. Shumake, 199

S.W.3d 279, 284 (Tex. 2006). Chapter 95 of the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code is titled

“Property Owner’s Liability for Acts of Independent Contractors and Amount of Recovery.” TEX . CIV .

                                                   5
PRAC. & REM . CODE ch. 95. The heart of the chapter, sections 95.002 and .003, establishes Chapter

95’s applicability and limitations on a property owner’s liability for personal injury, death, or property

damage to independent contractors, respectively.2 Id. §§ 95.002–.003. Regarding applicability, section

95.002 states that Chapter 95 “applies only to a claim.” Id. § 95.002. A “claim” is specifically defined

as “a claim for damages caused by negligence.” Id. § 95.001(1). Section 95.002 then explains that

Chapter 95 applies only to a claim for damages caused by negligence:

          (1) against a property owner, contractor, or subcontractor for personal injury, death,
          or property damage to an owner, a contractor, or a subcontractor or an employee of
          a contractor or subcontractor; and

          (2) that arises from the condition or use of an improvement to real property where the
          contractor or subcontractor constructs, repairs, renovates, or modifies the
          improvement.

Id. § 95.002. Section 95.003 establishes the limitations on a property owner’s liability for a claim to

which Chapter 95 applies:

          A property owner is not liable for personal injury, death, or property damage to a
          contractor, subcontractor, or an employee of a contractor or subcontractor who
          constructs, repairs, renovates, or modifies an improvement to real property, including
          personal injury, death, or property damage arising from the failure to provide a safe
          workplace unless:

                   (1) the property owner exercises or retains some control over the manner in
                   which the work is performed, other than the right to order the work to start
                   or stop or to inspect progress or receive reports; and




          2
            For ease of reference, this opinion uses the phrase “independent contractor” as a shorthand substitute for the
 lengthier statutory phrase of “a contractor, subcontractor, or an employee of a contractor or subcontractor” that appears
 in Chapter 95. See T EX . C IV . P RAC . & R EM . C O D E §§ 95.002–.004. Although the phrase “independent contractor” does
 not appear in the text of Chapter 95, it appears in Chapter 95’s title and section 95.003’s heading, “Liability for Acts of
 Independent Contractors.” See id. § 95.003.

                                                             6
                (2) the property owner had actual knowledge of the danger or condition
                resulting in the personal injury, death, or property damage and failed to
                adequately warn.

Id. § 95.003.

       “We review statutory construction de novo.” Crosstex Energy Servs., L.P. v. Pro Plus, Inc.,

430 S.W.3d 384, 389 (Tex. 2014) (citing City of Rockwall v. Hughes, 246 S.W.3d 621, 625 (Tex.

2008)). We look to the plain meaning of the words in a statute as an expression of legislative intent.

Id. “If the statute is clear and unambiguous, we must read the language according to its common

meaning ‘without resort to rules of construction or extrinsic aids.’” Id. (quoting Shumake, 199

S.W.3d at 284). Thus, we initially limit our statutory review to the plain meaning of the text as the

sole expression of legislative intent, see State ex rel. State Dep’t of Highways & Pub. Transp. v.

Gonzalez, 82 S.W.3d 322, 327 (Tex. 2002), unless the Legislature has supplied a different meaning

by definition, a different meaning is apparent from the context, or applying the plain meaning would

lead to absurd results, see Tex. Lottery Comm’n v. First State Bank of DeQueen, 325 S.W.3d 628, 635

(Tex. 2010).

       The Hendersons argue that the court of appeals erred by holding that Chapter 95 applies to

a claim predicated on a property owner’s “contemporaneous negligent acts” and not, according to

section 95.002(2), only to a claim that arises when an independent contractor constructs, repairs,

renovates, or modifies an improvement to real property. In other words, according to the Hendersons,

any claim that falls within the scope of section 95.002 must arise out of the independent contractor’s

work. They argue that the omission of a “property owner” from section 95.002(2), especially when

it is included in section 95.002(1)’s list of possible defendants against whom a claim falling within

                                                  7
Chapter 95 might be asserted, establishes that Chapter 95 applies only to claims against property

owners arising “out of the contractor’s work, and does not apply to a contractor who is a passive

victim of the contemporaneous negligent activities of the premises owner.”

        Dow argues that the court of appeals correctly held that “[t]he plain meaning of the text of

[section 95.002(2)] does not preclude [Chapter 95’s] applicability where a claim is based upon the

negligent actions of the premises owner.”3 395 S.W.3d at 347. Under Dow’s interpretation of the

statute, Chapter 95 “applies . . . to a claim . . . against a property owner . . . for damages caused by

negligence . . . that arises from the condition or use of an improvement to real property.” According

to Dow, the only condition on Chapter 95’s applicability—that the claim arise from the condition or

use of an improvement to real property that the contractor “constructs, repairs, renovates, or

modifies”—was satisfied because Robert Henderson’s asbestos exposure resulted from Dow’s

employees doing the same work he did on the same asbestos-insulated pipe system. Dow contends

that Chapter 95 applies when a negligence claim arises from the “condition or use” of the

improvement on which an independent contractor is working, and the claim need not be predicated

on a contractor’s negligence.

        Neither party seriously contends that Chapter 95 is ambiguous, although the Hendersons argue

that the Court should employ several statutory construction aids that are typically reserved for




         3
            Both parties and the court of appeals used the phrase “premises owner” when referring to Chapter 95 and its
 contents. The word “premises” does not appear in Chapter 95. Instead, the chapter uses the phrase “property owner,”
 which section 95.001(3) defines to mean “a person or entity that owns real property primarily used for commercial or
 business purposes.” T EX . C IV . P RAC . & R EM . C O D E § 95.001(3). W e use the phrase “property owner” to remain
 consistent with the statutory text.

                                                          8
interpreting ambiguous statutes.4 We read Chapter 95 to be unambiguous, and therefore we apply its

plain meaning as the statute is written. See City of Hous. v. Jackson, 192 S.W.3d 764, 770 (Tex.

2006).

         The core of Chapter 95’s applicability is that it “applies only to a claim,” TEX . CIV . PRAC.

& REM . CODE § 95.002, and the Legislature specifically defined a “claim” to mean “a claim for

damages caused by negligence,” id. § 95.001(1). Section 95.002(1) identifies whom a claim for

damages caused by negligence subject to Chapter 95 may be brought against: “a property owner,

contractor, or subcontractor.” Id. § 95.002(1). Despite identifying three potential defendants in the

applicability provision of section 95.002, the Legislature limited only a property owner’s liability in

section 95.003. See id. § 95.003. Furthermore, although the statute lists whom a claim governed by

Chapter 95 can be asserted against, section 95.002 says nothing about the actor who causes the

negligence claim to arise and makes no distinction between harm caused by a contractor’s actions and

harm caused by another’s actions. See id. § 95.002. Section 95.002(1) simply provides that a claim

for damages caused by negligence may be brought for “personal injury, death, or property damage.”

Id. § 95.002(1). That section also identifies the persons who may be damaged as “an owner, a




         4
            For instance, the Hendersons urge the Court to consider several titles in Chapter 95, legislative statements of
the bill’s sponsors, and a canon of construction called the doctrine of the last antecedent as indications of legislative
intent. W hen the plain meaning of a statute controls, however, “the title of the section carries no weight, as a heading
‘does not limit or expand the meaning of a statute.’” Waffle House, Inc. v. Williams, 313 S.W .3d 796, 809 (Tex. 2010)
(quoting T EX . G O V ’T C OD E § 311.024). Moreover, “[w]hen a statute’s language is clear and unambiguous, it is
inappropriate to resort to rules of construction or extrinsic aids to construe the language.” City of Rockwall, 246 S.W .3d
at 626; see also Tex. W. Oaks Hosp., LP v. Williams, 371 S.W .3d 171, 185 (Tex. 2012) (recognizing that the doctrine
of the last antecedent applies to ambiguous statutes); Stracener v. United Servs. Auto. Ass’n, 777 S.W .2d 378, 383 (Tex.
1989) (recognizing that the doctrine of the last antecedent is merely an aid used to determine the meaning and intent of
communications, and it is not applicable in every case).

                                                            9
contractor, or a subcontractor or an employee of a contractor or a subcontractor.”5 Id. Reading these

provisions together, Chapter 95 applies to a claim against a property owner for an independent

contractor’s personal injury, death, or property damage caused by negligence. The Legislature did

not distinguish between negligence claims based on contemporaneous activity or otherwise, and

neither shall we. Cf. Shumake, 199 S.W.3d at 287 (“Because it is not defined otherwise, we conclude

that the Legislature must have intended for gross negligence to have its commonly-accepted legal

meaning.”).

         The second part of the applicability provision, section 95.002(2), includes several undefined

statutory words and phrases that have amassed commonly-accepted legal meanings in this Court’s

jurisprudence interpreting other tort-related statutes. Section 95.002(2), the most disputed provision

in this case, limits Chapter 95’s applicability “only to a claim . . . that arises from the condition or use

of an improvement to real property where the contractor or subcontractor constructs, repairs,

renovates, or modifies the improvement.” TEX . CIV . PRAC. & REM . CODE § 95.002(2). This Court

has analyzed tort-related statutes that include the undefined phrase “arises from” consistently as being

intended, at minimum, to capture causation. See, e.g., Ryder Integrated Logistics, Inc. v. Fayette

Cnty., 453 S.W.3d 922, 928–29 (per curiam) (construing how “arising from” was used in another tort-

related statute, discussing prior cases that explained the phrase, and concluding that “a plaintiff can

satisfy the ‘arising from’ standard by demonstrating proximate cause”); see also TEX . GOV ’T CODE



          5
             Although section 95.002(1) specifies who may be damaged for purposes of Chapter 95, section 95.001(2)
 defines a “claimant” more broadly to mean “a party making a claim subject to this chapter.” T EX . C IV . P RAC . & R EM .
 C O D E § 95.001(2). The word “claimant” appears only in the special legislative definitions and nowhere else in Chapter
 95. See id.

                                                            10
§ 311.023(4) (permitting courts to consider laws on similar subjects when construing statutes). Thus,

section 95.002(2) provides that Chapter 95 applies to a negligence claim that “arises from,” or is

caused by, “the condition or use of an improvement to real property where the contractor or

subcontractor . . . modifies the improvement.”6 TEX . CIV . PRAC. & REM . CODE § 95.002(2).

          We next consider the meaning of the undefined phrase “condition or use of an improvement

to real property.” See id. For four decades, Texas jurists have repeatedly expressed concerns about

the difficulty of discerning the Legislature’s intended meaning behind the words “condition or use”

as they appear in the Texas Tort Claims Act, another tort-related statute.7 See, e.g., Tex. Dep’t of

Crim. Justice v. Miller, 51 S.W.3d 583, 590 (Tex. 2001) (Hecht, J., concurring) (detailing multiple

instances when members of this Court “have repeatedly beseeched the Legislature for guidance” on

how to interpret the “use-of-property standard” in the Texas Tort Claims Act to no avail); Tex. State

Technical Coll. v. Beavers, 218 S.W.3d 258, 261 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2007, no pet.) (“The courts

of Texas have struggled to define the limits of ‘use’ and ‘condition’ . . . under the Texas Tort Claims

Act.”).       But despite numerous intermediate appellate court decisions interpreting the phrase

“condition or use” every way imaginable, we have never held that the phrase rendered the Texas Tort

Claims Act ambiguous or inoperable. This Court has agreed, for purposes of the Texas Tort Claims

Act, that the “condition or use” provision is “difficult to understand and difficult to apply,” but we

          6
           Once again, only for ease of reference— and not to indicate a lack of significance for the words omitted— we
have shortened section 95.002(2)’s phrase “constructs, repairs, renovates, or modifies the improvement” simply to
“. . . modifies the improvement.”

          7
           The Texas Tort Claims Act uses the phrase “condition or use of tangible personal or real property.” T EX . C IV .
P RAC . & R EM . C O D E § 101.021. The Texas Tort Claims Act is distinguishable, however, because there is a separate
section that applies specifically to claims for premises or special defects. Id. § 101.022. In contrast, Chapter 95’s plain
language does not require courts to classify certain negligence claims for different treatment.

                                                            11
have never used that characterization “as an excuse to shirk our duty to interpret and apply the

statute.” Robinson v. Cent. Tex. MHMR Ctr., 780 S.W.2d 169, 171 (Tex. 1989). Accordingly,

although we review the “condition or use” language in Chapter 95 as a matter of first impression, we

draw upon this Court’s interpretation of the similar phrase in the Texas Tort Claims Act for guidance.

See TEX . GOV ’T CODE § 311.023(4).

       This Court has defined a “condition” as “either an intentional or an inadvertent state of being.”

Sparkman v. Maxwell, 519 S.W.2d 852, 858 (Tex. 1975). We have defined “use” as meaning “to put

or bring into action or service; to employ for or apply to a given purpose.” Miller, 51 S.W.3d at 588.

We have broadly defined an “improvement” to include “all additions to the freehold except for trade

fixtures [that] can be removed without injury to the property.” Sonnier v. Chisholm-Ryder Co., 909

S.W.2d 475, 479 (Tex. 1995) (examining the statute of repose in section 16.009 of the Texas Civil

Practice and Remedies Code, which contains the identical phrase “improvement to real property”).

       Given these definitions, a condition of an improvement to real property represents a different

concept than a use of an improvement to real property. Indeed, we have treated a condition or a use

as comprising separate prongs of the Texas Tort Claims Act. See Dall. Metrocare Servs. v. Juarez,

420 S.W.3d 39, 42 (Tex. 2013) (per curiam). This distinction between these two concepts is

supported “by use of the disjunctive conjunction ‘or’ between the two [words], which signifies a

separation between two distinct ideas.” Spradlin v. Jim Walter Homes, Inc., 34 S.W.3d 578, 581

(Tex. 2000). The Legislature’s enunciation of the two concepts of “condition or use” is consistent

with this Court’s common law jurisprudence, also reflected in Chapter 95, surrounding a controlling



                                                  12
contractor or property owner’s liability for injuries to independent contractors.8 In the seminal case

of Redinger v. Living, Inc., 689 S.W.2d 415 (Tex. 1985), the Court explained that a property owner’s

“duty to keep the premises in a safe condition may subject the [property owner] to direct liability for

negligence in two situations: (1) those arising from a premises defect, (2) those arising from an

activity or instrumentality.”9 Id. at 417; see also Keetch v. Kroger Co., 845 S.W.2d 262, 264 (Tex.

1992) (citing Redinger, 689 S.W.2d 415) (“Recovery on a negligent activity theory requires that the

person have been injured by or as a contemporaneous result of the activity itself rather than by a

condition created by the activity.”).

         These two categories of negligence existed in this Court’s jurisprudence prior to the enactment

of Chapter 95, and “we presume the Legislature enacts a statute with knowledge of existing law.”

Dugger v. Arredondo, 408 S.W.3d 825, 835 (Tex. 2013). More specifically, in a Texas Tort Claims

Act case we decided the year before the Legislature enacted Chapter 95, we interpreted the identical

phrase “condition or use” to “encompass[] disparate bases for liability, one of which is not dependant

upon the actions of any employee.” DeWitt v. Harris Cnty., 904 S.W.2d 650, 653 (Tex. 1995). We

explained that the “use” language “encompasses . . . liability based on respondeat superior.” Id. We

added that the inclusion of “liability for a condition of real property” existed “in addition to liability

based on principles of respondeat superior,” and therefore liability for a condition imposed liability



          8
           Below, we address the Hendersons’ contention that Chapter 95 did not abrogate common law negligence
 claims against property owners, or that any such finding of abrogation was impermissible. See infra pp. ___.

          9
             Thereafter, the Court adopted the R ESTATEM EN T (S ECOND ) O F T O RTS § 414 (1977) approach for imposing
 liability on a property owner or general contractor that controls the work of an independent contractor who is negligently
 injured. See Redinger, 689 S.W .2d at 418.

                                                            13
for premises defects. Id. (emphasis omitted). Quite plainly, in DeWitt we held that the inclusion of

the “use” language was meant to impose liability for the negligent actions of an employee based on

principles of respondeat superior. Id. One year after we attached this particular meaning to the phrase

“condition or use,” the Legislature included the same undefined phrase in Chapter 95. We can only

conclude that the Legislature intended for Chapter 95 to apply to all negligence claims that arise from

either a premises defect or the negligent activity of a property owner or its employees by virtue of the

“condition or use” language in section 95.002(2). See TEX . CIV . PRAC. & REM . CODE § 95.002(2);

Dugger, 408 S.W.3d at 835.

       For the sake of thoroughness, we note that section 95.002(2)’s inclusion of “condition or use”

preserves the notion that claims based on a premises defect are distinct from claims based on

negligent activities. As we have explained, “negligent activity encompasses a malfeasance theory

based on affirmative, contemporaneous conduct by the owner that caused the injury, while premises

liability encompasses a nonfeasance theory based on the owner’s failure to take measures to make the

property safe.” Del Lago Partners, Inc. v. Smith, 307 S.W.3d 762, 776 (Tex. 2010) (citations

omitted). Despite their differences, both claims are a species of negligence. See, e.g., W. Invs., Inc.

v. Urena, 162 S.W.3d 547, 550 (Tex. 2005) (recognizing that “[p]remises liability is a special form

of negligence” and that “[n]egligence and premises liability . . . involve closely related but distinct

duty analyses”). While it is true that “[w]e have rejected attempts to blur the distinction between

these two claims,” Shumake, 199 S.W.3d at 284, it is nonetheless an accurate statement that both

types of claims fall within the common meaning of the term “negligence” that appears, undefined,

in section 95.001(1), see Urena, 162 S.W.3d at 550.

                                                  14
        Next, we address the Hendersons’ contention that the court of appeals’ opinion “obviates more

than a century of Texas common law that holds that a property owner is liable in negligence for its

own contemporaneous negligent activity.” According to the Hendersons, Chapter 95 did not abrogate

common law negligence claims against property owners for their contemporaneous negligent

activities. More specifically, the Hendersons argue that “there is no ‘clear repugnance’ between

(i) Chapter 95 claims ‘where the contractor or subcontractor constructs, repairs, renovates, or modifies

the improvement’ . . . versus (ii) common law claims based on the contemporaneous negligent acts

of property owners.” Dow cites several cases recognizing that, because of Chapter 95, an independent

contractor no longer has a common law negligence claim against a property owner. See, e.g., Francis

v. Coastal Oil & Gas Corp., 130 S.W.3d 76, 88 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2003, no pet.) (“We

agree . . . that chapter 95 controls this case, is [the independent contractor]’s exclusive remedy against

[the property owner], and precludes common-law negligence liability in [the property owner].”).

        We have explained that statutes can modify or abrogate common law rules, but only when that

was what the Legislature clearly intended. Energy Serv. Co. of Bowie v. Superior Snubbing Servs.,

Inc., 236 S.W.3d 190, 194 (Tex. 2007). Because abrogation is disfavored, we examine the statute’s

plain language for the Legislature’s clear intention to replace a common law remedy with a statutory

remedy, and we “decline[] to construe statutes to deprive citizens of common-law rights unless the

Legislature clearly expressed that intent.” Satterfield v. Satterfield, 448 S.W.2d 456, 459 (Tex. 1969);

see also Cash Am. Int’l Inc. v. Bennett, 35 S.W.3d 12, 16 (Tex. 2000). The Hendersons are correct

that a clear repugnance between the common law and a statutory cause of action is required for courts

to find that the Legislature abrogated a common law right. See Cash Am. Int’l Inc., 35 S.W.3d at 16.

                                                   15
       Here, we do not find the sort of “clear repugnance” that would justify a conclusion that the

Legislature intended to abrogate an independent contractor’s common law right to recover damages

based upon the negligence of property owners. But see, e.g., Waffle House, Inc., 313 S.W.3d at 807

(finding abrogation of common law negligence causes of action where a statutory scheme involved

a unique set of standards and procedures and the plaintiff sought to use the common law to

circumvent the “panoply of special rules” in the statute). Chapter 95 does not deprive an independent

contractor of the right to recover damages from a negligent property owner. In fact, section 95.003

allows for such a recovery as long as the evidentiary burdens of the statute are satisfied. See TEX .

CIV . PRAC. & REM . CODE § 95.003 (“A property owner is not liable for personal injury, death, or

property damage to a contractor . . . unless . . . .”). To be sure, when section 95.002 makes Chapter

95 applicable to an independent contractor’s negligence claim against a property owner that arises

from the condition or use of an improvement to real property, the independent contractor’s sole means

of recovery is by satisfying section 95.003. This is consistent with the court of appeals’ holding that

when Chapter 95 applies to an independent contractor’s claims, the independent contractor has “the

burden to show that both conditions of section 95.003 [have] been met before liability could be

imposed upon” the property owner. 395 S.W.3d at 348.

       Moreover, by its own terms, Chapter 95’s limitation on liability does not apply to all

negligence claims an injured independent contractor may assert. See TEX . CIV . PRAC. & REM . CODE

§ 95.002(2). When a claim does not “arise from a condition or use of an improvement to real

property where the contractor or subcontractor . . . modifies the improvement,” Chapter 95 does not

apply and an independent contractor can recover for common law negligence. See Felton v. Lovett,

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388 S.W.3d 656, 660 & n.10 (Tex. 2012) (declining to recognize abrogation of the common law

because the statute did “not purport to affect the common law in cases other than those the statute

covers”). This Court has developed a comprehensive body of law on property owner liability for

injuries suffered by independent contractors that will continue to apply to cases when the applicability

provision of section 95.002 cannot be met. See generally Gen. Elec. Co. v. Moritz, 257 S.W.3d 211,

214–15 (Tex. 2008) (explaining the duties owed to independent contractors under negligent activity

and premises defect theories). Similarly, when a claim is brought against a contractor or a

subcontractor, section 95.003’s limitation on liability does not apply and an independent contractor

can recover for common law negligence. See TEX . CIV . PRAC. & REM . CODE § 95.003 (limiting only

a property owner’s liability). We conclude that Chapter 95 did not abrogate an independent

contractor’s right to recover for common law negligence in all instances. If anything, Chapter 95 is

in derogation of the common law, and Texas courts do not strictly construe such statutes. See TEX .

GOV ’T CODE § 312.006(b).

       Having concluded that Chapter 95 applies to an independent contractor’s claims for damages

caused by the contemporaneous negligent acts of a property owner, Dow could be subject to liability

only if the Hendersons satisfied the evidentiary burdens in both prongs of section 95.003. See TEX .

CIV . PRAC. & REM . CODE § 95.003. At trial and at the court of appeals, the Hendersons sought to

establish that negligence claims based on a property owner’s or its employees’ contemporaneous

negligent activities did not fall within Chapter 95, but the Hendersons never sought to establish

Dow’s liability in the event that Chapter 95 did, in fact, apply to their claims. See 395 S.W.3d at 348.

In this appeal, the Hendersons do not challenge the court of appeals’ conclusion that “[o]n this

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record, . . . Chapter 95 is applicable to all of [the Hendersons’] claims against Dow.” See id. In fact,

the Hendersons urge us not to address Chapter 95’s applicability to their specific claims in this case:

“But this debate—is the improvement the entire pipe system at Dow or the specific pipes [Robert]

Henderson was working on—need not be reached in this case . . . .” Most importantly, the

Hendersons have not challenged the court of appeals’ conclusion that “the record does not support

a finding of liability as to Dow pursuant to the requirements of Chapter 95.” Id. Issues not raised on

appeal to this Court are waived. Guitar Holding Co., L.P. v. Hudspeth Cnty. Underground Water

Conservation Dist. No. 1., 263 S.W.3d 910, 918 (Tex. 2008) (citing TEX . R. APP . P. 53.2(f)); see also

Del Lago Partners, Inc., 307 S.W.3d at 776 (“[W]e should not stretch for a reason to reverse that was

not raised.”).

        In sum, the Hendersons failed to challenge the court of appeals’ conclusions that: (1) their

specific claims against Dow, as pleaded and applied, fell within Chapter 95, and (2) their claims were

barred by Chapter 95 because the Hendersons did not establish Dow’s liability under section 95.003.

Because these conclusions were not challenged, they are not properly before the Court and we do not

decide whether the court of appeals correctly applied Chapter 95 to the facts of this case. See Guitar

Holding Co., L.P., 263 S.W.3d at 918. Accordingly, because we agree with the court of appeals’

construction of Chapter 95, we affirm its judgment reversing the trial court’s judgment and rendering

a take-nothing judgment in Dow’s favor. This obviates the need to address the remaining issues Dow

raises in this appeal.




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                                           III. Conclusion

       The court of appeals correctly held that Chapter 95 applies to independent contractors’ claims

against property owners for damages caused by negligence when those claims arise from the condition

or use of an improvement to real property where the independent contractor constructs, repairs,

renovates, or modifies the improvement. Chapter 95 limits property owner liability on claims for

personal injury, death, or property damage caused by negligence, including claims concerning a

property owner’s own contemporaneous negligent activity. The Hendersons have not challenged the

court of appeals’ conclusion that Chapter 95 applied to their specific claims as pleaded, nor have they

challenged the court of appeals’ conclusion that they failed to establish Dow’s liability under section

95.003. We therefore affirm the court of appeals’ judgment that reversed the trial court’s judgment

and rendered a take-nothing judgment in Dow’s favor.



                                               _________________________________________
                                               Paul W. Green
                                               Justice

OPINION DELIVERED: May 8, 2015




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