                                                               NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                            FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                                 ___________

                                       No. 17-1188
                                       ___________

                                   SHERRY MOORE,
                                             Appellant

                                             v.


          SECRETARY U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY
                 ____________________________________

                     On Appeal from the United States District Court
                              for the District of New Jersey
                          (D.C. Civil Action No. 14-cv-04171)
                       District Judge: Honorable Renée M. Bumb
                      ____________________________________

                   Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
                                 December 19, 2017
            Before: VANASKIE, COWEN, and NYGAARD, Circuit Judges

                           (Opinion filed: December 21, 2017)
                                      ___________

                                        OPINION*
                                       ___________

PER CURIAM

       Sherry Moore, an employee of the Department of Homeland Security (“DHS”)

Immigration and Customs Enforcement (“ICE”) when the relevant events occurred,


*
 This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not
constitute binding precedent.
appeals from the District Court’s order granting summary judgment to the defendant. For

the following reasons, we will affirm.

       In July 2014, Moore filed a complaint in the United States District Court for the

District of New Jersey against Jeh Charles Johnson, then the Secretary of DHS. Moore

alleged race and gender discrimination and retaliation for protected activity in violation

of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (“Title VII”), 42 U.S.C. § 2000e et seq.,

arising from DHS’s failure to select her for promotion to Deportation Officer (“DO”) in

2012. Moore claims that DHS’s Newark Field Office administered a multi-step

evaluation process, including a resume assessment and a timed writing test, which

violated agency policy and was designed to discriminate against her. Specifically, Moore

asserts that Gregory Kendrick, the Deputy Field Office Director, led the hiring process

and formulated and applied the writing process to discriminate against her based on her

race and gender and in retaliation for her participation in a 2004 Equal Employment

Opportunity (“EEO”) matter. She also claims that Kendrick denied her two other

promotions dating back to 2007.

       In May 2016, DHS filed a motion for summary judgment, which the District Court

granted, concluding that Moore failed to establish prima facie cases of race or gender

discrimination and retaliation. This timely appeal followed.

       We have jurisdiction over this appeal pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291, and exercise

plenary review over the District Court’s decision granting summary judgment. See

McGreevy v. Stroup, 413 F.3d 359, 363 (3d Cir. 2005). Summary judgment is
                                             2
appropriate “if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact

and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a).

       Because Moore has not introduced direct evidence of discrimination, we analyze

her claims under the burden-shifting framework set forth in McDonnell Douglas Corp. v.

Green, 411 U.S. 792, 802-04 (1973). Under this framework, a plaintiff seeking to

establish a prima facie case of race or gender discrimination must show that “(1) [she] is

a member of a protected class; (2) [she] was qualified for the position [she] sought to

attain or retain; (3) [she] suffered an adverse employment action; and (4) the action

occurred under circumstances that could give rise to an inference of intentional

discrimination.” Makky v. Chertoff, 541 F.3d 205, 214 (3d Cir. 2008).

       Here, with regard to the fourth factor,1 Moore points to several facts from which

she claims an inference of unlawful discrimination arises: (1) the writing assessment had

never been used before in this hiring context; (2) Kendrick – with whom she had a

previous EEO-related disagreement – led the application process; (3) inclusion of the

writing sample and unapproved resume rating system is a violation of policy or is

otherwise invalid; and (4) she has historically been denied leadership roles and

promotions – which would have yielded a higher resume score – because of her race and

gender. We agree with the District Court that these allegations do not create an inference

of unlawful race or gender discrimination.


1
 Defendant concedes that the facts establish the first three elements of a prima facie case
of race and sex discrimination.
                                            3
       First, the novelty of the writing test does not advance Moore’s case, particularly

because the Field Office Director, John Tsoukaris, explained that writing is a critical skill

for DOs to possess that had previously been not fully examined during the hiring process.

Likewise, even assuming that Kendrick led the application process (which ICE denies),

and that he vaguely told her there would “be consequences” for her participation in the

2004 EEO complaint, she has not pointed to any evidence in the record that suggests that

Kendrick knew she had applied for the 2012 DO position when the writing assessment

was devised or that Moore wrote poorly enough that a writing sample would weed her

out of the process. (Indeed, she claims to be a strong writer, further undermining her

claim that the writing test was designed to discriminate against her.) Similarly, because

Moore has not shown that the writing test was discriminatory, her arguments about

whether it was properly developed do not help her. See generally Brewer v. Quaker State

Oil Ref. Corp., 72 F.3d 326, 332 (3d Cir. 1995). Finally, while she contends that she was

previously denied promotions on discriminatory grounds, she has not presented any

evidence in support of that claim. As a result, Moore has failed to put forth sufficient

evidence from which a reasonable factfinder could draw an inference of unlawful

discrimination based on her race or gender. See Burton v. Teleflex Inc., 707 F.3d 417,

426 (3d Cir. 2013).2


2
  On appeal, Moore asserts a hostile-work-environment claim, but she did not raise this
theory before the District Court, and cannot now raise an alternative theory of liability for
the first time on appeal. See Birdman v. Office of the Governor, 677 F.3d 167, 173 (3d
Cir. 2012). Likewise, she attaches as exhibits to her appellate brief (1) a 2016 ICE
                                             4
       We are equally unpersuaded by Moore’s retaliation claim. A plaintiff seeking to

establish a prima facie case of retaliation under Title VII must show: (1) that she

engaged in a protected activity, which can include informal protests of discriminatory

employment practices such as making complaints to management; (2) “adverse action by

the employer either after or contemporaneous with the employee’s protected activity”;

and (3) a causal connection between the protected activity and the adverse action.

Daniels v. Sch. Dist. of Phila., 776 F.3d 181, 193 (3d Cir. 2015). To establish a causal

link between the protected activity and adverse action, an employee “may rely on the

temporal proximity” between the two events if the level of proximity is “unusually

suggestive” of a link. Id. at 196.

       Here, with regard to the third factor,3 Moore points to Kendrick’s role in the

application process, his prior statement that “there would be consequences” from the

2004 EEO matter, and his denial of two previous promotions to Moore in 2007. We

agree with the District Court that these incidents, the majority of which occurred some

five to eight years prior to the denial of the 2012 promotion in this case, do not


Organizational Climate Assessment; and (2) her Performance Work Plan for October 1,
2014, through September 30, 2015. Because Moore did not submit these documents to
the District Court, and there are no extraordinary circumstances present to justify their
admission, we will not consider them on appeal. See In re Application of Ariel Adan,
437 F.3d 381, 388 n.3 (3d Cir 2006).
3
 The parties agree that Moore has satisfied the first two elements of her prima facie case:
Moore engaged in protected activity before and while she applied for the promotion, and
DHS did not promote her to DO.

                                              5
sufficiently suggest causation for purposes of a retaliation claim. Moore’s 2004 EEO

activity occurred long before her 2012 application and involved none of the managers

who evaluated her resume or writing sample. While Moore argues that she had a

negative history with one resume assessor, Tammy Marich, the record is clear that

manager James Fitzgerald, not Marich, evaluated Moore’s resume.

       Assuming arguendo that Moore could establish a prima facie case in support of

any of her claims (racial discrimination, gender discrimination, or retaliation), we agree

with the District Court that nothing in the record would permit a finding that DHS’s

proffered explanation for its employment decision – that Moore scored insufficiently

during the first two rounds of evaluation – was pretext. See Fuentes v. Perskie, 32 F.3d

759, 765 (3d Cir. 1994). To show pretext, Moore relies largely on allegations that

Kendrick constructed the writing test to deny her the promotion, that the hiring process

assigned too much weight to applicants’ supervisory experience, and that it made no

sense for the panel to twice evaluate writing skills. We conclude that these measures bear

a rational relationship to the duties of a DO and thus do not support her claim of pretext.

See Kautz v. Met-Pro Corp., 412 F.3d 463, 468 (3d Cir. 2005) (holding that only

“evaluating criteria which lacks any relationship at all to the performance of the

employee being evaluated” may show evidence of unlawful conduct). Moreover, Moore

has not demonstrated that Kendrick or any of the other hiring managers had an opinion of

Moore’s writing skills, such that a writing assessment would effectively disqualify her.

While Moore argues repeatedly in her appellate brief that she has evidence that the
                                             6
writing test was not graded blindly, she has not presented any such evidence to the

District Court or this Court, and supervisor Kerry Gill’s sworn affidavit states that each

applicant’s identity was unknown to Gill as he graded the writing samples. Because

Moore has failed to provide evidence from which a factfinder could reasonably infer that

DHS’s proffered reason for denying Moore the 2012 promotion is pretext for

discrimination, the District Court properly granted summary judgment to DHS as to

Moore’s claims.4 See Fuentes, 32 F.3d at 764-65.

       For the foregoing reasons, we will affirm the District Court’




4
  On appeal, Moore also claims for the first time that the District Court permitted the
government “to withhold discovery and any self-incrimination evidence.” Moore sought
the release of discovery regarding the behavior of management – specifically, sexual
relationships with subordinates. The government opposed on the grounds that its release
would damage the personal and professional reputations of past and current employees,
and that the information had no bearing on the denial of Moore’s promotion. Moore did
not object to this withholding in the District Court or argue that the government’s failure
to produce this material prevented her from opposing the summary judgment motion. We
therefore will not consider this issue on appeal. See, e.g., Bradley v. United States, 299
F.3d 197, 207 (3d Cir. 2002) (holding that, in general, “failure to comply with [Rule
56(d)] is fatal to a claim of insufficient discovery on appeal”).
                                                7
