[Cite as State v. Bandarapalli, 2011-Ohio-6158.]


                 Court of Appeals of Ohio
                                EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                   COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA


                               JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION
                                        No. 96319




                                       STATE OF OHIO
                                                         PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE

                                                   vs.

                              RAJPAL BANDARAPALLI
                                                         DEFENDANT-APPELLANT




                                            JUDGMENT:
                                             AFFIRMED


                                    Criminal Appeal from the
                             Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas
                                      Case No. CR-533200

        BEFORE: Sweeney, J., Celebrezze, P.J., and Keough, J.

        RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED:                        December 1, 2011

FOR APPELLANT
Rajpal Bandarapalli, Pro Se
17963 Walnut Drive
Strongsville, Ohio 44149

ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE

William D. Mason, Esq.
Cuyahoga County Prosecutor
By: Brian S. Deckert, Esq.
Assistant Prosecuting Attorney
The Justice Center
1200 Ontario Street
Cleveland, Ohio 44113




JAMES J. SWEENEY, J.:

       {¶ 1} Defendant-appellant        Rajpal    Bandarapalli   (“defendant”),   appeals   his

convictions for promoting prostitution and possessing criminal tools. After reviewing the

facts of the case and pertinent law, we affirm.

       {¶ 2} On January 14, 2010, the Westlake Police Department conducted a sting

operation   that     included     suspected   prostitution   stemming    from     the   website

“WestlakeEscorts.com.”          The website’s internet provider address was registered to

defendant’s residence in Fairview Park, and defendant was one of the targets in the

investigation.     An undercover police officer called the phone number listed on the

website and arranged to meet a woman at a hotel.        The hotel room was set up with audio

and video surveillance equipment.       When the woman arrived at the hotel, she negotiated
to have sex with the undercover officer for $200.       The police arrested the woman for

prostitution, and she agreed to cooperate with the investigation.

       {¶ 3} The woman told police that defendant operated the escort service and she

worked for him.    Per police request, she made arrangements with defendant to bring a

second woman to the hotel that night. Police officers followed defendant from his house

as he picked up another woman and drove her to the hotel.           Defendant waited in the

parking lot as the second woman met with the undercover officer and agreed to have sex

with him for $300. The woman exited the hotel, went back to defendant in the parking

lot, and gave him half the money. Defendant left the hotel and police stopped his vehicle

and arrested him shortly after.   Defendant’s laptop computer, cell phone, and $150 of the

sting operation buy money were found on defendant’s person and in his car. These items,

along with defendant’s vehicle, were confiscated.

       {¶ 4} On January 27, 2010, defendant was indicted for one count of promoting

prostitution in violation of R.C. 2907.22(A)(2), two counts of promoting prostitution in

violation of R.C. 2907.22(A)(4), and one count of possessing criminal tools in violation of

R.C. 2923.24(A). A jury found defendant guilty of all counts, and on January 5, 2011,

the court sentenced him to six months in prison for each offense, to run concurrently, and

ordered forfeiture of defendant’s car, cell phone, and laptop computer.

       {¶ 5} Defendant appeals pro se and raises 12 assignments of error, which will be

reviewed out of order when applicable.     We note that “‘an appellate court will ordinarily

indulge a pro se litigant where there is some semblance of compliance with the appellate
rules.’ However, pro se litigants are presumed to have knowledge of the law and legal

procedures and are held to the same standards as litigants who are represented by

counsel.’” Thomas McGuire Bail Bond Co. v. Hairston, Cuyahoga App. No. 89307,

2007-Ohio-6648, at ¶6, quoting Delaney v. Cuyahoga Metro. Housing Auth. (July 7,

1994), Cuyahoga App. No. 65714.

       {¶ 6} “VI.   The trial court erred in denying the appellant’s motion to supress

evidence.”

       {¶ 7} Defendant raises four arguments under this assignment of error: there was no

probable cause for his arrest; the search of his vehicle was unlawful; there was no probable

cause to issue a search warrant for his residence; and the search of defendant’s computers

was conducted under an expired warrant.

       {¶ 8} “Appellate review of a trial court’s ruling on a motion to suppress presents

mixed questions of law and fact. An appellate court is to accept the trial court’s factual

findings unless they are clearly erroneous. We are therefore required to accept the factual

determinations of a trial court if they are supported by competent and credible evidence.

The application of the law to those facts, however, is subject to de novo review.” State v.

Polk, Cuyahoga App. No. 84361, 2005-Ohio-774, ¶2.

       {¶ 9} Warrantless searches are presumptively unconstitutional, subject to a limited

number of specific exceptions.   A valid warrantless arrest is based on probable cause —

whether “the facts and circumstances within the officer’s knowledge were sufficient to
cause a prudent person to believe that the individual had committed or was committing an

offense.” State v. Johnson, Cuyahoga App. No. 84282, 2005-Ohio-98, ¶13.

       {¶ 10} Defendant was arrested for promoting prostitution in violation of R.C.

2907.22(A), which states in pertinent part that “[n]o person shall knowingly

* * * [s]upervise, manage, or control the activities of a prostitute in engaging in sexual

activity for hire; * * * [or] induce or procure another to engage in sexual activity for hire.”

       {¶ 11} In the instant case, the police had information that linked defendant, his

home address, and his cellular phone number to the website under investigation.            The

women who were arrested for soliciting prostitution implicated defendant, stating that he

directed and scheduled the “dates,” provided transportation for the women, and collected

half the money received from the “johns.”      There is audiotape of telephone conversations

between one of the women and defendant arranging another “date.”           There is videotape

of both women soliciting sex in exchange for money from an undercover officer.

Additionally, the police followed defendant as he brought the second woman to the motel

and waited for her to bring him his share of the money.

       {¶ 12} In denying defendant’s motion to suppress, the court found that based on the

officers’ first-hand knowledge of the investigation, including the sting operation, the

police had a reasonable suspicion that defendant was involved in illegal prostitution. We

find that probable cause for defendant’s arrest is supported by competent, credible

evidence in the record.
      {¶ 13} Defendant next argues that the search of his vehicle was unlawful under

Arizona v. Gant (2009), 556 U.S. 332, 129 S.Ct. 1710, 173 L.Ed.2d 485. However, our

review of the record shows that Gant does not apply to the instant case. This court has

held that a properly conducted inventory search of a vehicle is left unaffected by Gant.

See, e.g., Cleveland v. Cunningham, Cuyahoga App. No. 95267, 2011-Ohio-2276. The

officers involved in the investigation testified that after defendant’s arrest, his car was

inventoried and towed, per department policies.      Defendant’s laptop was seized as a

result of the inventory.1 The purpose of this was to “safeguard any of [defendant’s]

belongings or * * * property” found in his car.     Therefore, we find that the search of

defendant’s vehicle was lawful.

      {¶ 14} Defendant next challenges the search of his house and his computers.     Two

search warrants were signed and executed in this case. The first was for defendant’s

residence, which resulted in the discovery of a second laptop computer.      The affidavit

attached to this warrant contained information from the officers who conducted the sting

operation. We find that this information amounted to “a fair probability that contraband

or evidence of a crime will be found” at defendant’s residence. State v. George (1989),

45 Ohio St.3d 325, 329, 544 N.E.2d 640.

      {¶ 15} The second search warrant was for a forensic examination of defendant’s

two laptops, which had been lawfully seized and were in police custody at the time the


      The buy money and defendant’s cell phone were also seized, but these items
       1

were found in defendant’s pockets and were taken incident to his arrest.
warrant was signed.     This warrant authorized an off-premises content analysis of the

computers, as evidenced by paragraph 25 of the affidavit: “Due to possible technical

limitations of the Westlake Police Department Computer Forensic Lab, additional

technical assistance may be conducted by the Federal Bureau of Investigation and/or the

Ohio Bureau of Criminal Identification and Investigation.” See, also, State v. Steele

(June 26, 1980), Cuyahoga App. No. 40603 (holding that “[n]othing within the language

of the Fourth Amendment precludes the police from retaining custody over and analyzing

seized evidence so long as the seizure was constitutionally permissible at its inception”),

citing United States v. Edwards (1974), 415 U.S. 800, 94 S.Ct. 1234, 39 L.Ed.2d 771.

        {¶ 16} Westlake Police Department Detective Timothy Tolaro testified as an expert

witness in the field of computer forensics. He examined the two laptops involved in this

case.   One of them belonged to Diebold, which was defendant’s employer at the time.

Det. Tolaro had to work in conjunction with Diebold to access the computer’s hard drive

because it was encrypted.     The results of Det. Tolaro’s analysis showed that defendant

logged in as administrator of WestlakeEscorts.com from both laptops, where he created

and altered the web page by doing things such as uploading photographs and providing

descriptions of the female escorts. We find that the forensic examination of defendant’s

computers was properly executed.

        {¶ 17} Accordingly, we find that the court did not err when it denied defendant’s

motion to suppress and his sixth assignment of error is overruled.

        {¶ 18} In defendant’s first assignment of error, he argues as follows:
       {¶ 19} “I.   The appellant’s convictions are not supported by sufficient evidence,

and are against the manifest weight of evidence, in violation of defendant’s right to due

process of law.”

       {¶ 20} An appellate court’s function when reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence

to support a criminal conviction is to examine the evidence admitted at trial to determine

whether such evidence, if believed, would convince the average mind of the defendant’s

guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. The relevant inquiry is whether, after viewing the

evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have

found the essential elements of the crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt. State v.

Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 386, 1997-Ohio-52, 678 N.E.2d 541.

       {¶ 21} To warrant reversal of a verdict under a manifest weight of the evidence

claim, this court must review the entire record, weigh the evidence and all reasonable

inferences, consider the credibility of witnesses, and determine whether, in resolving

conflicts in evidence, the jury clearly lost its way and created such a manifest miscarriage

of justice that the judgment must be reversed and a new trial ordered.    Id.

       {¶ 22} Defendant was convicted of one count of promoting prostitution in violation

of R.C. 2907.22(A)(2), which states that “[n]o person shall knowingly * * * [s]upervise,

manage, or control the activities of a prostitute in engaging in sexual activity for hire”; two

counts of promoting prostitution in violation of R.C. 2907.22(A)(4), which states that

“[n]o person shall knowingly * * * induce or procure another to engage in sexual activity

for hire”; and one count of possessing criminal tools in violation of R.C. 2923.24(A),
which states that “[n]o person shall possess or have under the person’s control any

substance, device, instrument, or article, with purpose to use it criminally.”

         {¶ 23} The following evidence was presented at defendant’s trial:

         {¶ 24} Forensic computer evidence linked the domain name and internet provider

address for WestlakeEscorts.com to defendant.       Westlake Police Detective Robert Toth

testified that he was involved in the sting operation that took place on January 14, 2010.

After the authorities took the first woman into custody for prostitution, she agreed to

cooperate with the investigation.    Det. Toth instructed her to call her pimp for another

girl and the woman called defendant.     The police followed defendant from his apartment

to the west side of Cleveland, where he picked up the second woman.          Defendant drove

this woman to the hotel where the sting operation was being conducted. The woman

went inside the hotel and negotiated an exchange of cash for sex, which was recorded on

video surveillance equipment.

         {¶ 25} The woman came out to talk to defendant in his car, then went back into the

motel.    The police followed defendant as he left the motel and arrested him shortly after.

The police found $150 of the undercover officer’s buy money in defendant’s pocket.

         {¶ 26} Both women testified that defendant persuaded them to become a part of his

escort business. Defendant would set up and drive them to the dates. They testified that

the arrangement was that defendant would take half of the money they got from each john,

plus gas money for driving them to the location.
       {¶ 27} The first woman testified that being an escort involved “performing sexual

acts and requests.”    She prostituted for defendant approximately six or seven times.   The

woman testified that on January 14, 2010, she did not tell defendant about a scheduled date

and her plan was to keep all the money. However, that same day she called defendant

and arranged a requested date for a second escort.

       {¶ 28} The second woman testified that at first, the dates involved fetishes.

However, at some point things changed, and she and defendant discussed about her having

sex with people for money: “I didn’t want to have any sexual encounters with people, and

[defendant] told me that I needed to open up sexually, and if I did, and tried different

things, that I would get more business and make more money.” On January 14, 2010,

defendant picked her up and drove her to Westlake for a “date.”    She collected $300 from

the undercover officer and gave $150 to defendant.

       {¶ 29} Although somewhat unclear from his brief, it seems that defendant argues

that he was improperly convicted because he was not in Westlake at the time of the

offense. However, nothing in R.C. 2907.22 requires a defendant who is found guilty of

promoting prostitution to be present at the scene of the solicitation. Upon review, we find

sufficient evidence to support defendant’s convictions for promoting prostitution and

possessing criminal tools. Furthermore, we cannot say that defendant’s convictions are

against the manifest weight of the evidence.

       {¶ 30} “II.    Forfeiture of Appellant’s vehicle, phone and computers are contrary to

law under R.C. 2981.02.”
       {¶ 31} Defendant relies on State v. Jelenic, Medina App. No. 10CA0024-M,

2010-Ohio-6056, to support this argument. Upon review, however, we find that Jelenic’s

narrow holding is inapplicable to the case at hand.     In Jelenic, the court held that the

offender’s vehicle was not subject to forfeiture, because he merely used it to drive to the

location where he committed the offense of drug trafficking.          Id.   See, also, R.C.

2941.147; 2981.02; 2981.04.       In theory, this offense could have been committed

regardless of how the defendant arrived at the scene.

       {¶ 32} In the instant case, defendant used his vehicle, while committing the offense,

to transport one of his prostitutes to a “date” with an undercover police officer.   We find

that, under these facts, defendant’s vehicle was an “instrumentality * * * used in * * * the

commission * * * of the [offense] * * * sufficient to warrant forfeiture * * *.”

Furthermore, we decline to apply Jelenic to the forfeiture of defendant’s computers and

phone, and defendant cites to no other authority to support this assignment of error.

Thus, defendant’s second assignment of error is overruled.

       {¶ 33} III.   “Trial court erred by denying motion to dismiss on defective

indictment and lack of proper bill of particular grounds.”

       {¶ 34} “Under the law-of-the-case doctrine, the ‘decision of a reviewing court in a

case remains the law of that case on the legal questions involved for all subsequent

proceedings in the case at both the trial and reviewing levels.’” (Internal citations and

emphasis omitted.) State ex rel. Baker v. Personnel Bd. of Rev. (1999), 85 Ohio St.3d

640, 642, 710 N.E.2d 706.
       {¶ 35} Defendant is precluded from relitigating this issue because this court

previously ruled that the indictment in the instant case is not defective. State, ex rel.

Bandarapalli v. Gallagher, Cuyahoga App. No. 95506, 2010-Ohio-3886 (holding that the

four counts in the indictment against defendant included “the specific language as

contained within” the promoting prostitution and possessing criminal tools statutes, as well

as information “that the charged offenses occurred within Cuyahoga County” on January

14, 2010).

       {¶ 36} Defendant’s third assignment of error is overruled.

       {¶ 37} “IV.   The trial court erred by denying the motion to dismiss for failure to

preserve exculpatory and potentially useful evidence.”

       {¶ 38} The state must disclose material evidence favorable to a criminal defendant.

Brady v. Maryland (1963), 373 U.S. 83, 83 S.Ct. 1194, 10 L.Ed.2d 215. In the instant

case, defendant filed a motion for the state to preserve six evidentiary items, including

various video and audio recordings and an advertisement. This motion was granted

insomuch as the state agreed to “preserve any and all evidence” that it had.   According to

the record, the state provided defendant with the requested advertisement and alleged that

the requested recordings did not exist.

       {¶ 39} Defendant subsequently filed a motion to dismiss based on failure to

preserve exculpatory evidence.    The court denied this motion and stated the following:

“However, as the State of Ohio has noted, when there isn’t evidence to preserve, that

evidence cannot be preserved.    And as an officer of the court, I have to take [the state’s]
word, and on countless occasions, on the record, [the state] has proven to this Court that

what you’re requesting, and it’s the same requests, the same items, [the state] has stated

and proven that these items don’t exist.”     Furthermore, the court noted that defendant

would have the opportunity to cross-examine the police officers and the two women

involved in the investigation of prostitution regarding the evidentiary items in question.

       {¶ 40} Accordingly, we find no error in the court’s denial of defendant’s motion to

dismiss, and his fourth assignment of error is overruled.

       {¶ 41} “V.   Appellant was denied speedy trial rights due the unreasonable delay by

State to respond to the discovery request.”

       {¶ 42} When an appellate court reviews an allegation of a speedy trial violation, it

“should apply a de novo standard of review to the legal issues but afford great deference to

any findings of fact made by the trial court.” State v. Barnes, Cuyahoga App. No. 90847,

2008-Ohio-5472, ¶17.

       {¶ 43} R.C. 2945.71(C)(2) requires the state to bring a defendant accused of

committing a felony to trial within 270 days after his arrest. “[E]ach day during which the

accused is held in jail in lieu of bail on the pending charge shall be counted as three days.”

 R.C. 2945.71(E). However, various events toll speedy trial days, including for example,

periods “during which [a defendant’s] mental competence to stand trial is being

determined,” defense requested continuances, and requests for discovery. R.C.

2945.72(B), (E), and (H).
       {¶ 44} In the instant case, defendant was arrested and jailed on January 14, 2010; he

posted bond and was released from jail on January 26, 2010; and his trial began on

December 2, 2010. Using the triple count provision for the first 12 days, a total of 345

speedy trial days passed. However, defendant filed more than 70 motions, essentially

tolling the speedy trial time in its entirety, including the following: January 21 and 22,

March 11, April 5 and 14, May 13, June 1 and 21 — motions for discovery; February 12

and 19, April 2 and 22, May 3 and 17, August 16, September 13, October 25, November 8,

15, and 22 — motions for continuance; February 22, March 13, April 2, November 24,

December 2 — motions to suppress; and March 13, April 2, April 26, June 24, July 9,

November 23 — motions to dismiss. Additionally, on May 18, 2010, the court ordered a

continuance to July 15, 2010, and referred defendant for a psychiatric evaluation, and on

July 6, 2010, the court denied defendant’s motion to dismiss for speedy trial violations,

finding that the speedy trial time had not run.

       {¶ 45} Given the extent of tolling events in the case at hand, we find no violation of

defendant’s speedy trial rights, and his fifth assignment of error is overruled.

       {¶ 46} “VII.   The trial court abused its discretion by admitting other-acts into

evidence in violation of Ohio Rules of Evidence 403 and 404.”

       {¶ 47} Pursuant to Evid.R. 404(B), “[e]vidence of other * * * acts is not admissible

to prove the character of a person in order to show action in conformity therewith. It may,

however, be admissible for other purposes, such as proof of motive, opportunity, intent,

preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake or accident.”
       {¶ 48} In   his case-in-chief, defendant testified that his involvement in

WestlakeEscorts.com was limited to administration of the website, and he did not keep

track of what the escorts did.      According to defendant, he believed escort services

provided “adult modeling,” and he denied receiving money from the escorts for these

services. Defendant testified that when he dropped the second woman off at the hotel on

January 14, 2010, she gave him the money because she was afraid she would lose it.

Defendant denied knowledge of any sexual activity regarding the website and escorts.

       {¶ 49} On cross-examination, the state elicited testimony from defendant showing

his knowledge of the connection between escort services and prostitution.         He had a

three-year relationship with a woman who was an escort/prostitute. Additionally, he

admitted to placing multiple internet advertisements seeking women “who can provide me

company for couple of hours, three, four times a week.   Payment is negotiable.    The girl

must be drug and STD free. Contact me with your picture. BJ and more.”

       {¶ 50} Upon review, we find that the evidence of defendant’s past dealings with

prostitution and escort services was admissible for the purpose of proving he had

knowledge “that escorts and prostitution go hand-in-hand * * *.” Defendant’s seventh

assignment of error is overruled.

       {¶ 51} “VIII.   The trial court abused its discretion by limiting defendant’s

cross-examination of State’s witnesses and not admitting material exculpatory and

impeachment evidence into evidence for jury review.”
         {¶ 52} Defendant presents multiple arguments under this assignment of error.

First, the court abused its discretion by prohibiting him from cross-examining a police

officer about a certain document.      We find no error because the officer was unable to

authenticate, and had no knowledge about, the document.

         {¶ 53} Second, the court abused its discretion by preventing defendant from

cross-examining one of the prostitutes about her prior arrests. However, this court has

held that questioning a witness “as to how many acts of prostitution she had performed

over the last year” violated Evid.R. 608(B) because it “was not ‘clearly probative’ of her

truthfulness or the lack thereof.” State v. Thomas (Nov. 21, 1985), Cuyahoga App. No.

49749.

         {¶ 54} Third, the court abused its discretion by preventing defendant from

cross-examining one of the prostitutes regarding text messages she allegedly sent.

However, it appears from the record that the document defendant was seeking admission

of was a piece of paper on which he wrote the alleged text messages.   We find no error in

the court’s exclusion of this evidence based on lack of foundation and authentication.

See Evid.R. 901.

         {¶ 55} Finally, the court erred by excluding various documents that defendant

sought to introduce as public records under Evid.R. 803(8), including cover sheets and

parts of reports involving the reduced charges and prior arrests of the two women who

cooperated in the sting operation and investigation. However, defendant failed to prove

their relevancy to the case at hand.
        {¶ 56} For the above reasons, we find no error in the court’s evidentiary rulings,

and defendant’s eighth assignment of error is overruled.

        {¶ 57} “IX.   Trial Court erred by not providing jury instructions of applicable laws

 concerning Affirmative Defense and credibility of witness.”

        {¶ 58} With respect to jury instructions, a trial court is required to provide the jury a

plain, distinct, and unambiguous statement of the law applicable to the evidence presented

by the parties to the trier of fact. Marshall v. Gibson (1985), 19 Ohio St.3d 10, 12, 482

N.E.2d 583.       “However, the trial court need not give the defendant’s requested

instructions verbatim but may use its own language to communicate the same legal

principles to the jury.” State v. Group, 98 Ohio St.3d 248, 2002-Ohio-7247, 781 N.E.2d

980, ¶108.    We review the refusal to give a jury instruction for an abuse of discretion.

Baker v. Cleveland, Cuyahoga App. No. 93952, 2010-Ohio-5588, ¶28.

        {¶ 59} In the instant case, defendant requested instructions on the burden of proof,

reasonable doubt, and self-defense.      To establish self-defense, a defendant must show,

among other elements, that he “had a bona fide belief that he was in imminent danger of

death or great bodily harm and that his only means of escape from such danger was in the

use of such force.” State v. Barnes, 94 Ohio St.3d 21, 24, 2002-Ohio-68, 759 N.E.2d

1240.    The legal concept of self-defense is wholly inapplicable to the case at hand.

        {¶ 60} As to the burden of proof and reasonable doubt, the court instructed the jury

as follows: “Burden of proof. Every person is presumed innocent unless or until his guilt

is established beyond a reasonable doubt.       The defendant must be acquitted unless the
state produces evidence which convinces you beyond a reasonable doubt of every essential

element of the offense or offenses charged.”

       {¶ 61} Pursuant to R.C. 2901.05, this is an accurate statement of the law, and we

find that the court acted within its discretion in instructing the jury. Defendant’s ninth

assignment of error is overruled.

       {¶ 62} “X.    The Cumulative effect of the errors in the trial deprived violated [sic]

Appellant’s right to due process and rendered the trial fundamentally unfair.”

       {¶ 63} In State v. DeMarco (1987), 31 Ohio St.3d 191, 196-197, 509 N.E.2d 1256,

the Ohio Supreme Court held that “a conviction will be reversed where the cumulative

effect of the errors deprives a defendant of the constitutional right to a fair trial.”   As we

found no error in defendant’s trial, this doctrine does not apply to the instant case.

Defendant’s tenth assignment of error is overruled.

       {¶ 64} “XI.   Appellant’s sentence is contrary to law because the offenses in the

indictment are allied offenses of similar import under R.C. 2941.25 and jury verdict forms

do not comply with R.C. 2945.75(A)(2).”

       {¶ 65} The Ohio Supreme Court recently established the proper analysis for

determining whether offenses qualify as allied offenses subject to merger pursuant to R.C.

2941.25. State v. Johnson, 128 Ohio St.3d 153, 2010-Ohio-6314, 942 N.E.2d 1061.

       {¶ 66} “In determining whether offenses are allied offenses of similar import under

R.C. 2941.25(A), the question is whether it is possible to commit one offense and commit

the other with the same conduct, not whether it is possible to commit one without
committing the other. * * * If the offenses correspond to such a degree that the conduct of

the defendant constituting commission of one offense constitutes commission of the other,

then the offenses are of similar import.

         {¶ 67} “If the multiple offenses can be committed by the same conduct, then the

court must determine whether the offenses were committed by the same conduct, i.e., ‘a

single act, committed with a single state of mind.’ Brown, 119 Ohio St.3d 447,

2008-Ohio-4569, 895 N.E.2d 149, at ¶50 (Lanzinger, J., dissenting).

         {¶ 68} “If the answer to both questions is yes, then the offenses are allied offenses

of similar import and will be merged.

         {¶ 69} “Conversely, if the court determines that the commission of one offense will

never result in the commission of the other, or if the offenses are committed separately, or

if the defendant has separate animus for each offense, then, according to R .C. 2941.25(B),

the offenses will not merge.” Id. at ¶48–51.

         {¶ 70} In the instant case, defendant was convicted of one count of promoting

prostitution in violation of R.C. 2907.22(A)(2), which makes it a criminal offense to

knowingly “[s]upervise, manage, or control the activities of a prostitute in engaging in

sexual activity for hire,” and two counts of R.C. 2907.22(A)(4), which states that “[n]o

person shall knowingly * * * induce or procure another to engage in sexual activity for

hire.”

         {¶ 71} Upon review, we find that these offenses are not allied because a violation of

subsection (A)(2) occurs when an offender “controls” the business of a prostitute.        See
State v. McGlothin (Aug. 2, 1995), Montgomery App. No. CA 14687 (holding that R.C.

2907.22(A)(2) “does not require that the prostitute complete a sexual act in order for the

‘supervisor’ to have committed the offense. All that is necessary is that the supervision,

management, or control of the prostitute’s activities was for the purpose of the prostitute’s

providing sexual activity for hire”).   In the case at hand, defendant’s conviction involves

his day-to-day operation of the website and management of the escorts.

       {¶ 72} Defendant’s convictions for violating R.C. 2907.22(A)(4), on the other hand,

are based on his two separate acts of inducing the women involved in the sting operation

to engage in sexual activity for hire. As defendant’s convictions are not allied offenses of

similar import, his eleventh assignment of error is overruled.

       {¶ 73} “XII.   The Trial Court erred by denying the motion to dismiss for vague and

overbroad Promoting Prostitution statues [sic].”

       {¶ 74} Specifically, defendant argues that R.C. 2907.22 is vague because it fails to

include language that prohibits the “business enterprise of prostitution.” However, we

find that the phrase “activities of a prostitute in engaging in sexual activity for hire”

unambiguously expresses that same concept. Additionally, defendant argues that the

statute is overbroad on its face as it may conceivably be “applied to the constitutionally

protected activity of making a sexually explicit videotape.”     Defendant cites no law to

support this argument and identifies no specific parties or examples beyond the abstract.

See Members of City Council of City of Los Angeles v. Taxpayers for Vincent (1984), 466

U.S. 789, 800, 104 S.Ct. 2118, 80 L.Ed.2d 772 (holding that “the mere fact that one can
conceive of some impermissible applications of a statute is not sufficient to render it

susceptible to an overbreadth challenge”).

      {¶ 75} Accordingly, defendant’s twelfth and final assignment of error is overruled.

      Judgment affirmed.

      It is ordered that appellee recover from appellant costs herein taxed.

      The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

      It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this court directing the common

pleas court to carry this judgment into execution. The defendant’s conviction having been

affirmed, any bail pending appeal is terminated. Case remanded to the trial court for

execution of sentence.

      A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27 of the

Rules of Appellate Procedure.



JAMES J. SWEENEY, JUDGE

FRANK D. CELEBREZZE, JR., P.J., and
KATHLEEN ANN KEOUGH, J., CONCUR
