            Case: 19-13557   Date Filed: 06/02/2020   Page: 1 of 9



                                                         [DO NOT PUBLISH]



             IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                     FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                       ________________________

                             No. 19-13557
                         Non-Argument Calendar
                       ________________________

                 D.C. Docket No. 1:18-cr-00247-TFM-B-1



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                                                            Plaintiff - Appellee,

                                   versus

JESSIE ANTHONY PARKER,

                                                        Defendant - Appellant.

                       ________________________

                Appeal from the United States District Court
                   for the Southern District of Alabama
                       ________________________

                              (June 2, 2020)

Before MARTIN, JILL PRYOR and LAGOA, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:
               Case: 19-13557        Date Filed: 06/02/2020   Page: 2 of 9



      Jessie Parker appeals his convictions and 360-month sentence for possession

with the intent to distribute marijuana, possession with the intent to distribute

cocaine, and for being a felon in possession of a firearm. After careful review. We

affirm.

                                I.       BACKGROUND

      A grand jury charged Jessie Parker with possession with intent to distribute

marijuana, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1) (Count 1); possession with intent

to distribute cocaine, in violation of 21 U.S.C § 841(a)(1) (Count 2); knowingly

possessing a firearm during and in relation to a drug trafficking crime, in violation

of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A) (Count 3); and two counts of being a felon in

possession of a firearm (Counts 4 and 5), in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1).

The charges stemmed from the execution of search warrants at several residences

to which Parker was connected. Law enforcement officers discovered drugs and

firearms at these residences. Parker pled not guilty to the charges and the case

proceeded to trial.

      As relevant to this appeal, the government called Mobile County Sheriff’s

Office Deputy John McLain, who was assigned to the office’s narcotics section.

McLain testified that he had a total of 38 years of law enforcement experience and

had worked narcotics cases for approximately 20 years. McLain explained,

without objection, that when executing a narcotics related search warrant “99.9


                                             2
                  Case: 19-13557       Date Filed: 06/02/2020        Page: 3 of 9



percent of the time you will find some kind of firearm at the residence.” Doc. 118

at 68.1 McLain later estimated that “about 90 percent of the time, 95 percent of the

time you’ll find some kind of firearm on a drug search warrant.” Id. at 98. Parker

objected and argued that McLain was offering expert testimony when the

government had not qualified him as an expert. The government responded that

McLain’s testimony was lay testimony based on his experience, and the district

court overruled the objection. McLain further explained that drug dealers often

possess guns to protect their drugs and money from “other drug dealers or other

bandits.” Id. at 98-99.

      Three other sheriff’s office deputies testified similarly, with no objection

from Parker. See id. at 159-61 (Deputy Andrew Alan O’Shea, a 30-year law

enforcement veteran, testified that he encountered firearms in drug trafficking

investigations “[p]robably 90 percent of the time,” mainly for protection); id. at

184-86 (Deputy Alvin Latiner, a 16-year law enforcement veteran, testified that he

encountered firearms in “[p]robably 95 percent” of drug trafficking investigations

and that the firearms were used for protection); id. at 205-07 (Deputy Keith

Wilson, a 21-year law enforcement veteran, testified that “[n]ine out of 10 guys

we’ve . . . come in contact with distributing drugs are usually armed” for

protection).


      1
          Citations in the form “Doc. #” refer to numbered entries on the district court’s docket.
                                                  3
                 Case: 19-13557    Date Filed: 06/02/2020   Page: 4 of 9



         A jury found Parker guilty on Counts 1, 2, and 4, acquitting him of Counts 3

and 5.

         In anticipation of sentencing, the probation office prepared a presentence

investigation report (“PSR”). The PSR calculated a base offense level of 24 based

on the quantity of drugs at issue. The PSR calculated a two-level enhancement

under U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(b)(1) because Parker possessed a dangerous weapon and a

“Chapter Four” enhancement under U.S.S.G. § 4B1.4(b)(2) because Parker had at

least three prior convictions for a violent felony or serious drug offense, or both,

and thus was an armed career criminal under the Armed Career Criminal Act

(“ACCA”), 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(2). These resulted in a total offense level of 37.

With a criminal history category of VI, Parker’s resulting guidelines range was 360

months’ to life imprisonment. The PSR detailed Parker’s past juvenile and adult

convictions. Specifically, Parker had three prior Alabama convictions under Ala.

Code § 13A-12-213 for possession of marijuana in the first degree. Parker

received a youthful offender adjudication for one of those convictions.

         Before sentencing, Parker objected to the ACCA enhancement. He objected

to the use of his possession of marijuana convictions as predicate offenses, arguing

that ACCA requires an element of distribution for a conviction to be considered a

“serious drug offense,” 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(2)(A). The probation office responded

that Parker’s indictments for these offenses indicated that his possession was for


                                            4
               Case: 19-13557     Date Filed: 06/02/2020     Page: 5 of 9



purposes other than personal use. At sentencing, the government produced the

indictments for these prior convictions. The district court overruled Parker’s

objection.

      The district court adopted the PSR, including its guidelines calculations.

The court sentenced Parker to a total of 360 months’ imprisonment, including 120

months as to Count 1 and 360 months as to Counts 2 and 4, all to run concurrently.

Parker made no further objections relevant to this appeal.

      This is Parker’s appeal.

                        II.    STANDARDS OF REVIEW

      To preserve an issue at trial for appeal, a party must raise an objection “that

is sufficient to apprise the trial court and the opposing party of the particular

grounds upon which appellate relief will later be sought. A general objection or an

objection on other grounds will not suffice.” United States v. Dennis, 786 F.2d

1029, 1042 (11th Cir. 1986), modified on other grounds by United States v.

Dennis, 804 F.2d 1208 (11th Cir. 1986). We review for plain error when a

defendant fails to contemporaneously object to an evidentiary ruling. United

States v. Turner, 474 F.3d 1265, 1275 (11th Cir. 2007). To prove plain error, a

defendant must show: (1) error, (2) that is plain, and (3) that affects his substantial

rights. Id. at 1275-76. No plain error can exist when “the explicit language of a

statute or rule does not specifically resolve an issue” and “there is no precedent


                                           5
                Case: 19-13557       Date Filed: 06/02/2020       Page: 6 of 9



from the Supreme Court or this Court directly resolving it.” United States v.

Lejarde-Rada, 319 F.3d 1288, 1291 (11th Cir. 2003).

                                   III.   DISCUSSION

       Parker challenges his convictions and his sentence. As to his convictions,

Parker argues that the district court erred in admitting the law enforcement

officers’ testimony regarding the percentage of time firearms were found in drug-

related investigations. He contends that the testimony permitted the improper

inference that because Parker was involved in drug-related activity, “there was a

near mathematical certainty that surrogates possessed firearms on his behalf.”

Appellant’s Br. at 12. As to his sentence, Parker argues that the district court erred

in deeming him an armed career criminal, contending that he does not have the

requisite three predicate offenses. Specifically, Parker contends that “[o]ne of the

three ACCA predicate ‘convictions’ is not a conviction at all, rather it is an

adjudication under the Alabama Youthful Offender Act,” which, he argues, fails to

satisfy ACCA’s standards. Id. at 13.

       Plain error review applies to both of Parker’s challenges because the

objections he made to the district court differ from the arguments he raises on

appeal. 2 Dennis, 786 F.2d at 1042. We discern no plain error. First, Parker has


       2
         Although Parker objected at trial to part of one deputy’s testimony, he did so only on
the basis that the deputy was offering expert testimony under Federal Rule of Evidence 702. On


                                               6
                Case: 19-13557       Date Filed: 06/02/2020       Page: 7 of 9



failed to show that the district court plainly erred in admitting the four deputies’

testimony. Parker argues that the testimony regarding the percentages of time the

deputies found firearms in conjunction with drug-related search warrants was not

proper lay opinion under Federal Rule of Evidence 701. Rule 701 limits lay

opinion testimony to testimony that is “rationally based on the witness’s

perception,” “helpful to clearly understanding the witness’s testimony or to

determining a fact in issue,” and “not based on scientific, technical, or other

specialized knowledge . . . .” Fed. R. Evid. 701. This rule does not “specifically

resolve” the issue Parker has identified in his favor. Lejarde-Rada, 319 F.3d at

1291. Nor does any other statute, rule, or binding precedent deem inadmissible the

deputies’ testimony regarding how often they find firearms when executing drug-

related search warrants. Id. We therefore discern no reversible error and affirm

Parker’s convictions.

       Second, Parker has not demonstrated that the sentence the district court

imposed was plainly erroneous. Parker argues that one of the three offenses the

district court used to enhance his sentence was not a conviction at all, but rather a

youthful offender adjudication, and that even if it were considered a conviction it



appeal, however, Parker acknowledges that “the four officer[s’] opinions are not based on
technical, or other specialized knowledge,” and so they were not expert testimony. Appellant’s
Br. at 14. Further, although Parker objected in the district court to the enhancement of his
sentence under ACCA, he made no argument about the youthful offender adjudication he
received as to one of his offenses.
                                               7
              Case: 19-13557     Date Filed: 06/02/2020   Page: 8 of 9



would not qualify as an ACCA predicate because the maximum sentence for such

an adjudication, three years, fails to meet the 10-year requirement for a conviction

to qualify as a “serious drug offense” predicate.

      Parker may be correct under a de novo standard of review, but he cannot

show plain error. Neither this Court nor the Supreme Court has addressed whether

an Alabama youthful offender adjudication may qualify as an ACCA predicate.

See United States v. Elliot, 732 F.3d 1307, 1312-13 & n.5 (11th Cir. 2013)

(declining to express an opinion on “the interaction of the ACCA and [Alabama’s]

Youthful Offender Act” while deciding that a youthful offender adjudication can

qualify as a felony conviction under the career offender provision of the

Sentencing Guidelines). For ACCA purposes, “[w]hat constitutes a conviction of

such a crime shall be determined in accordance with the law of the jurisdiction in

which the proceedings were held.” 18 U.S.C. § 921(a)(20).

Alabama’s youthful offender scheme, however, does not “specifically resolve”

Parker’s challenge in his favor. Lejarde-Rada, 319 F.3d at 1291. An adjudication

under the Alabama youthful offender statute “shall not be deemed a conviction of

crime,” but “if [the defendant] is subsequently convicted of a crime, the prior

adjudication as youthful offender shall be considered.” Ala. Code § 15-19-7.

Although this suggests that state law may deem a youthful offender adjudication a

conviction upon a later conviction, individuals treated as youthful offenders face a


                                          8
               Case: 19-13557     Date Filed: 06/02/2020    Page: 9 of 9



maximum sentence of three years’ imprisonment, short of the 10 years required for

an offense to qualify as a “serious drug offense” under ACCA. See 18 U.S.C.

§ 924(e)(2)(A); Ala. Code § 15-19-6(a)(4). Parker, however, has not pointed to

any case or rule establishing that a federal court using a prior Alabama youthful

adjudication to enhance a sentence should consider three years as the statutory

maximum rather than the statutory maximum sentence set by the statute the

individual violated. If it is the latter, then Parker’s youthful offender adjudication

could qualify as an ACCA predicate because a conviction under Ala. Code § 13A-

12-213 carries a statutory maximum sentence of 10 years and therefore satisfies

ACCA’s “serious drug offense” definition. See United States v. Robinson,

583 F.3d 1292, 1296-97 (11th Cir. 2009) (citing Ala. Code §§ 13A-5-6(a)(3), 13A-

12-213(b)).

      Based upon this information, we cannot say that the district court plainly

erred in counting Parker’s youthful offender adjudication as a conviction and an

ACCA predicate offense. We therefore affirm Parker’s sentence.

                                IV.   CONCLUSION

      For the foregoing reasons, we affirm Parker’s convictions and sentence.

      AFFIRMED.




                                           9
