                                 Cite as 2015 Ark. App. 142

                 ARKANSAS COURT OF APPEALS
                                        DIVISION I
                                       No. CR-14-851

KIRK ALAN CLARK                                   Opinion Delivered March 4, 2015
                               APPELLANT
                                                  APPEAL FROM THE WASHINGTON
V.                                                COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
                                                  [NO. CR 2014-491-1]

STATE OF ARKANSAS                                 HONORABLE WILLIAM A. STOREY,
                                  APPELLEE        JUDGE

                                                  REVERSED AND DISMISSED IN
                                                  PART; REVERSED AND
                                                  REMANDED IN PART



                               RITA W. GRUBER, Judge

        On November 25, 2013, Kirk Alan Clark was arrested for breaking or entering a

vehicle in a parking lot at the University of Arkansas in Fayetteville. After setting an initial

trial date, the circuit court entered an order granting Clark’s motion for a continuance and

resetting trial for March 11, 2014. On the morning of March 11, the jury was dismissed and

an arrest warrant was issued against Clark for failure to appear. The breaking-or-entering and

failure-to-appear charges were subsequently joined for trial. Clark filed a motion to sever

offenses, which the circuit court denied. Clark was tried by a jury and was convicted of both

offenses. He was sentenced as a habitual offender to 180 months’ imprisonment for the

breaking-or-entering charge and to 36 months’ imprisonment for the failure to appear, the

sentences to be served concurrently.

       Clark appeals, contending that the circuit court abused its discretion in refusing to
                                 Cite as 2015 Ark. App. 142

grant his motion to sever the failure-to-appear and breaking-or-entering charges for trial;

erred by denying his motions for a directed verdict on each charge; erred in admitting into

evidence State’s Exhibits Nos. 3 and 4 as relevant to failure to appear; and erred in refusing

his proffered jury instruction that State’s Exhibits Nos. 3 and 4 should not be considered as

proof of guilt of failure to appear. We reverse the denial of the motion to sever and remand

for new trial. We reverse and dismiss the conviction for failure to appear, rendering the

remaining points moot.

                             Denial of Motions for Directed Verdict

       In order to protect Clark’s rights against double jeopardy, we consider his sufficiency

arguments before addressing alleged trial errors. Garner v. State, 355 Ark. 82, 131 S.W.3d 734

(2003). Clark contends that the circuit court erred by denying his motions for a directed

verdict on breaking or entering and on failure to appear.

       Motions for directed verdict are treated as challenges to the sufficiency of the evidence.

Kelley v. State, 75 Ark. App. 144, 145, 55 S.W.3d 309, 311 (2001). Evidence is sufficient to

support a conviction if the trier of fact can reach a conclusion without having to resort to

speculation or conjecture and is sufficient to compel a conclusion one way or the other. Id.

at 146, 55 S.W.3d at 311. It is not the appellate court’s place to try issues of fact; we simply

review the record for substantial evidence to support the jury’s verdict. Id. When the

sufficiency of the evidence is challenged on appeal, we view the evidence in the light most

favorable to the State and consider only evidence that supports the conviction. Pruitt v. State,

2011 Ark. App. 754, at 3.


                                               2
                                 Cite as 2015 Ark. App. 142

       The State’s evidence included testimony by University of Arkansas Police Sgt.

Benjamin Velasco and Cpl. Gabriel Golden, testimony by student Brandon McKenzie, and

Exhibits Nos. 3 and 4. Sgt. Velasco testified that at lunchtime on November 25, 2013, he was

conducting surveillance on campus parking lot No. 56 because of recent lunchtime break-ins

to vehicles there; particularly, someone would reach in to unlock “Jeep type vehicles with soft

tops” after their tops were cut. He observed Clark get off a bus, walk “straight for a

[student’s] Jeep,” open its unlocked door, lean into the Jeep, and begin going through the

console and glove box. Clark had on his person two dingy and battered cell phones and a

knife that, according to Sergeant Velasco, “looked like a little meat cleaver . . . the type you

could use to cut tops off vehicles.” Cpl. Gabriel Golden, who had received a call to come to

the parking lot, testified that Clark had a fixed-blade knife. At the scene, Clark stated to

Sergeant Velasco that “a guy named Bill” had told Clark to get Bill’s phone out of the car.

The Jeep’s owner, Brandon McKenzie, testified at trial that after campus police phoned him

at lunchtime on November 25 to identify property, he saw that his Jeep Wrangler “had been

rifled through.” He testified that he did not keep his cell phone in his vehicle, that nothing

was missing, that he had not given anyone permission to be in his car, and that he did not

know Clark.

       State’s Exhibit No. 3, a certified copy of an order for issuance of an arrest warrant for

failure to appear, included the circuit court’s finding that Clark “failed to . . . appear before

the Court as directed” on March 11, 2014. State’s Exhibit No. 4—the March 11, 2014

transcript of proceedings in the breaking-or-entering case—states that Clark failed to appear


                                               3
                                   Cite as 2015 Ark. App. 142

and that the jury was dismissed.

       Clark argues that the State offered no proof of the purposeful mental state our law

requires to establish breaking or entering. See Ark. Code Ann. § 5-39-202 (a)(1) (Repl. 2013)

(stating that a person commits the offense of breaking or entering “if for the purpose of

committing a theft or felony he or she breaks or enters into any . . . vehicle”). Clark relies

on his own testimony that an individual named Bill asked him to retrieve a cell phone from

the vehicle.

       Intent can rarely be proved by direct evidence, but may be inferred from the

circumstances of the crime, and jurors may draw upon common knowledge and experience

to infer intent. Pruitt, 2011 Ark. App. 754, at 4. A jury is permitted to consider and to give

weight to any false and improbable statements made by an accused in explaining suspicious

circumstances; furthermore, it is the responsibility of the jury to weigh the credibility of the

witnesses and to resolve any conflicts or inconsistencies in the evidence. Id.

       Viewed in the light most favorable to the State, the evidence reveals that Clark opened

the unlocked door of a Jeep, which did not belong to the person whose phone he claimed he

was retrieving, and rummaged through its contents. Several months later, he did not appear

for his breaking-or-entering trial at 8:30 a.m. This evidence, along with the inference that

can be drawn from the recent pattern of break-ins of similar vehicles in the same parking lot,

constitutes substantial evidence that Clark entered the Jeep with the purpose of committing

a theft. Clark’s account regarding his purpose and the Jeep’s ownership is of no consequence,

as the credibility of testimony was a matter left to the jury. Thus, substantial evidence


                                               4
                                  Cite as 2015 Ark. App. 142

supports the conviction for breaking or entering.

       Clark also contends that there was not substantial evidence to support his conviction

for failure to appear. Under Arkansas Code Annotated section 5-54-120(a)(2) (Supp. 2013),

       A person commits the offense of failure to appear if he or she fails to appear without
       reasonable excuse subsequent to having been:

               (1) Cited or summonsed as an accused; or

               (2) Lawfully set at liberty upon condition that he or she appear at a specified
               time, place, and court.

The test for determining the sufficiency of the evidence is whether the verdict is supported

by substantial evidence, direct or circumstantial. Stewart v. State, 362 Ark. 400, 208 S.W.3d

768 (2005).

       Clark argues that insufficient evidence supports his conviction for failure to appear

because the State did not establish that he knew he had to report for trial at 8:30 a.m. and

because his testimony established a reasonable excuse for his tardiness. Regarding notice of

the time for his trial, he points out that the order resetting the case merely gave a date without

a time. Regarding a reasonable excuse for his tardiness, he relies on his own testimony and

that of defense witness Cpl. Doc Fyte, who was working in courthouse security on March 11,

2014. Corporal Fyte testified that he encountered Clark on the elevator around 9:05 a.m. on

March 11; that Clark was hurrying to get to court and told Fyte that he (Clark) was late; that,

on his way, Clark told his sister to alert people at court that he was running late; and that Fyte

made sure Clark got to the court door. Clark testified to the same events. He added that he

had thought trial was at 9:00 a.m.; he drove to the nearby town of Winslow at 5:00 a.m. to


                                                5
                                 Cite as 2015 Ark. App. 142

shower at a friend’s house because he (Clark) had no water; his truck became stuck in the

snow; and he phoned his sister, who was already at court.

       We agree with Clark that there was insufficient evidence to show that he knew trial

was set for 8:30 a.m. The State relied on State’s Exhibits No. 3, a certified copy of an order

for issuance of an arrest warrant for failure to appear, and No. 4, a transcript of proceedings

in the breaking-or-entering case on March 11, 2004. Exhibit 3 reads in relevant part:

       From the statements of the Prosecuting Attorney, a review of the records applicable
       to this case, and the applicable law, the Court finds that:

              1. The Defendant had been directed to appear before the Court on this date at
              8:30 o’clock a.m., but failed to respond or appear before the Court as directed
              ....

The transcript, Exhibit No. 4, reflects that Clark “was called three times and has failed to

appear” and that the jury was dismissed at 9:00 a.m. The State presented no further proof that

Clark was informed that the time of his trial was 8:30 a.m.; indeed, the order granting a

continuance and setting trial for March 11, 2014, is conspicuously void of a specified time.

       On this record, we are unable to find substantial evidence that Clark was informed of

the specific time of his trial; we therefore need not address his arguments that he had a

reasonable excuse for his tardiness. We hold that the evidence was insufficient to sustain his

conviction for failure to appear. The conviction is reversed.

                                       Motion to Sever

       Clark contends that the circuit court abused its discretion by denying his motion to be

tried separately for breaking or entering and for failure to appear. The circuit court orally

announced its reason for denying the motion for severance: “Mr. Clark failed to appear for

                                              6
                                   Cite as 2015 Ark. App. 142

trial back when this case was set for trial. My view is his failure to appear is some evidence of

consciousness of guilt. . . . I don’t feel as though the prejudicial effect of that evidence outweighs

the probative value.” (Emphasis added.) We agree with Mr. Clark that this was not a

permissible reason for joinder of the two offenses and that the trial court abused its discretion

in denying his motion to sever.

       Offenses “may be joined” in one indictment when they “are of the same or similar

character, even if not part of a single scheme or plan; or . . . are based on the same conduct

or on a series of acts connected together or constituting parts of a single scheme or plan.”

Ark. R. Crim. P. 21.1 (2014). As for severance of offenses,

       (a) Whenever two (2) or more offenses have been joined for trial solely on the ground
       that they are of the same or similar character and they are not part of a single scheme
       or plan, the defendant shall have a right to a severance of the offenses.

       (b) The court, on application of the prosecuting attorney, or on application of the
       defendant other than under subsection (a), shall grant a severance of offenses:

               (i) if before trial, it is deemed appropriate to promote a fair determination of the
               defendant’s guilt or innocence of each offense . . . .

Ark. R. Crim. P. 22.2 (2014).

       Whether to grant a severance is “to be determined by the trial court on a case-by-case

basis in the light of all the attendant circumstances.” Williams v. State, 304 Ark. 279, 283, 801

S.W.2d 296, 298 (1990). Whether to grant or deny a motion for severance of offenses lies

within the circuit court’s discretion, a decision that the appellate court will not reverse absent

an abuse of discretion. Turner v. State, 2011 Ark. 111, 380 S.W.3d 400.

       Clark argues that severance was warranted under Rule 22.2 because the offenses of


                                                  7
                                  Cite as 2015 Ark. App. 142

breaking or entering and the failure to appear for trial—which occurred months apart and

involved different witnesses—were not part of a single scheme or plan, and because a fair

determination of guilt could not be had with joinder. He also argues that forcing him to try

the cases together was more prejudicial than probative and should have been excluded under

Ark. R. Evid. 403. Finally, noting his pretrial intention to testify only on the failure-to-

appear charge, he argues that taking the stand forced him to be a witness against himself on

the breaking-or-entering charge—violating his constitutional right not to do so.

       The State rejects Clark’s arguments. It additionally asserts that, just as evidence of

failure to appear was admissible to prove consciousness of guilt of breaking or entering, so was

evidence of breaking or entering admissible to prove that his failure to appear was proof of

“a pending charge or disposition of a felony charge either before or after a determination of

guilt of the charge.” See Ark. Code Ann. § 5-54-120(b)(1) (Supp. 2013). It also asserts that

the public interest in avoiding duplicitous proceedings weighed heavily in this case, where an

empaneled jury had previously been dismissed to try Clark for breaking or entering because

he failed to appear on that date. See Clay v. State, 318 Ark. 550, 555, 886 S.W.2d 608, 611

(1994) (noting the public’s interest in avoiding duplicitous, time-consuming trials in which

the same factual and legal issues are litigated).

       We have long recognized that evidence of other crimes or acts may be admissible as

proof of conduct designed to obstruct justice or avoid punishment for a crime, or as

circumstantial evidence of consciousness of guilt and guilt itself. Hunt v. State, 2015 Ark. App.

53, at 2 (citations omitted). In the present case, however, the trial court improperly denied


                                                8
                                 Cite as 2015 Ark. App. 142

Clark’s motion to sever offenses simply upon finding that his failure to appear was “evidence

of consciousness of his guilt.” This was not a permissible basis for refusing the severance of

offenses under Arkansas Rule of Criminal Procedure 22.2, and it improperly prevented a fair

determination of guilt on the individual offenses.

       We hold that the circuit court abused its discretion by denying Clark’s motion to sever

the offenses for trial. Based upon this holding, the conviction for breaking or entering is

reversed and remanded to the trial court for further proceedings. Because the conviction for

failure to appear is reversed and dismissed, as discussed earlier in our opinion, double jeopardy

prevents remand on that offense.

            Admission of Exhibits into Evidence and Clark’s Proffered Jury Instruction

       Clark contends that the circuit court abused its discretion by admitting State’s Exhibit

3, the order for issuance of an arrest warrant for failure to appear, and State’s Exhibit No. 4,

the record of the proceedings on March 11, 2014. He also contends that the circuit court

erred by refusing to submit his proffered nonmodel jury instruction limiting the exhibits:

       A transcript and order of a previous court setting has been introduced by the State as
       State’s Exhibits 3 and 4. The transcript has words from the Court saying “he has failed
       to appear.” These exhibits may not be considered as proof of defendant[’s] guilt of the
       charge of failure to appear.

We have reversed Clark’s conviction for failure to appear because there was not substantial

evidence to support the conviction. Therefore, the admission of these two exhibits and the

proffered jury instruction regarding them are moot issues that need not be addressed.

       Reversed and dismissed in part; reversed and remanded in part.

       VIRDEN and GLOVER, JJ., agree.

       Charlene Davidson Henry, for appellant.

       Dustin McDaniel, Att’y Gen., by: Lauren Heil, Ass’t Att’y Gen., for appellee.

                                                9
