This opinion is subject to administrative correction before final disposition.




                                Before
                 CRISFIELD, HITESMAN, and GASTON
                       Appellate Military Judges

                        _________________________

                          UNITED STATES
                             Appellant

                                     v.

                     Samuel W. CROCKER
               Lance Corporal (E-3), U.S. Marine Corps
                              Appellee

                             No. 201900226

                          Decided: 16 March 2020

        Appeal by the United States pursuant to Article 62, UCMJ

                              Military Judge:
                             Keaton H. Harrell

 Arraignment: 8 April 2019 before a general court-martial convened at
 Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune, North Carolina.

                             For Appellant:
                   Major Kerry E. Friedewald, USMC;
                    Captain Brian L. Farrell, USMC;
                Lieutenant Timothy C. Ceder, JAGC, USN.

                           For Appellee:
         Lieutenant Commander Christopher Riedel, JAGC, USN.

 Senior Judge HITESMAN delivered the opinion of the Court, in which
 Chief Judge CRISFIELD and Judge GASTON joined.

                        _________________________
               United States v. Crocker, NMCCA No. 201900226


                 PUBLISHED OPINION OF THE COURT

                           _________________________

HITESMAN, Senior Judge:
    This case is before us as an interlocutory appeal taken by the Govern-
ment. Appellee is charged with one specification of sexual abuse of a child
and one specification of viewing child pornography in violation of Articles
120b and 134, Uniform Code of Military Justice [UCMJ], 10 U.S.C. §§ 920b,
934 (2012). At a pretrial hearing, the military judge granted, in part, a De-
fense motion to suppress evidence resulting from a search of Appellee’s cell
phone. The Government appeals the military judge’s ruling “which excludes
evidence that is substantial proof of a fact material in the proceeding.” Article
62(a)(1)(B), UCMJ. The Government contends the military judge abused his
discretion by suppressing both evidence from the search and Appellee’s sub-
sequent confession. We conclude the military judge did not abuse his discre-
tion and deny the Government’s appeal.

               I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

A. Factual Background
    On 3 December 2018, Appellee reported to the Criminal Investigation Di-
vision [CID], Camp Lejeune, North Carolina, as a victim of a larceny. He had
proof that Lance Corporal [LCpl] DW had obtained access to his bank account
and had stolen money from him. CID Agent MS interviewed Appellee who
explained that LCpl DW owed Appellee money and had asked for the Appel-
lee’s bank account information so that LCpl DW’s father could transfer mon-
ey directly to Appellee’s account. Appellee said he and LCpl DW only used the
Facebook Messenger application to exchange messages. 1 Appellee said LCpl
DW then used the information provided by Appellee to steal money from his
bank account. Appellee showed Agent MS the Facebook Messenger exchanges
with embedded screenshots, between Appellee and LCpl DW. LCpl DW sent
the screenshots to Appellee depicting brief text exchanges between LCpl DW
and his father supporting the need to obtain Appellee’s bank account infor-
mation. Agent MS knew the messages he was shown were contained within
the Facebook Messenger application.




   1 Throughout the record of trial, the terms “texts,” “text messages,” “messages,”
“Facebook messages,” and “Facebook Messenger messages” are used interchangeably.




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                  United States v. Crocker, NMCCA No. 201900226


    Agent MS did not suspect Appellee of any offense at the time of the initial
interview. Agent MS asked Appellee for the messages he was shown. Specifi-
cally, he asked, “I’d like to get those texts from him because that shows that
he like asked for the security questions and stuff. Are you OK with me like
getting that information from you?” 2 Appellee responded, “I don’t care.” 3
Agent MS explained, “OK. Alright, the way we do it, we have a form right
here. I just need some initials from you.” 4 Agent MS then went through the
Permissive Authorization for Search and Seizure [PASS] form 5 with Appellee.
The PASS clearly indicates that Appellee permitted “CID, law enforcement”
to search his “android ZTE Axon 7 mini” for evidence relating to “fraud [and]
larceny.” 6 Agent MS used a Universal Forensic Extraction Device [UFED] to
extract and copy all of the data from Appellee’s phone before he returned it to
Appellee. Later, Agent MS used additional software to sort and view the data
extracted from Appellee’s phone.
    Agent MS did not attempt to limit his search to folders specifically related
to the Facebook Messenger application. Instead, he first looked for “commu-
nications between [Appellee] and [LCpl DW] as well as any evidence of the
fraud and larceny” by searching the short message service [SMS] folder of the
extraction 7 where he expected to find only text messages. Agent MS did not
find the Facebook messages in the SMS folder, so he next searched the mul-
timedia messaging service [MMS] folder, believing it might contain the mes-
sages and screenshots. Agent MS did not find the conversations he was
shown between Appellee and LCpl DW in either of these folders, so he then
decided to search the images folder. Agent MS did not attempt to use any fil-
ters, but rather he decided to manually scroll through and look at more than
43,000 thumbnail images. While scrolling through the images looking for text
messages and screenshots of text messages, Agent MS observed two thumb-
nail images that he suspected were child pornography depicting “full frontal
nudity of what appeared to be seven or eight-year-old girls.” 8 Without open-
ing or enlarging the thumbnail images, Agent MS stopped his search and no-



   2   App. Ex. VIII at 3.
   3   Id.
   4   Id.
   5   Id.
   6   App. Ex. III at 18.
   7   Record at 35-36.
   8   Id. at 43-44.




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              United States v. Crocker, NMCCA No. 201900226


tified the Naval Criminal Investigative Service [NCIS] because child pornog-
raphy falls within their investigative purview.
    The following day, Agent MS brought the UFED extraction report of Ap-
pellee’s phone data to NCIS Special Agent SI and told her that while looking
through a file on a phone in a separate case involving fraud, he discovered
some images that appeared to be child pornography. Agent MS informed Spe-
cial Agent SI that he had obtained a PASS for the phone but he did not pro-
vide any details regarding the scope of Appellee’s consent. Special Agent SI
looked in the images folder of the UFED report and found several images of
suspected child pornography. Special Agent SI opened and enlarged several
thumbnail images to reveal full sized images to confirm her suspicions that
the images could be child pornography. Later that day, Special Agent SI in-
terviewed Appellee. She advised him of his Article 31(b), UCMJ, rights and
told him that he was suspected of possessing child pornography. Appellee
waived his rights and admitted to viewing and possessing child pornography
as well as sexually abusing his four-year-old nephew. Appellee provided a
sworn statement of his admissions and granted NCIS agents a PASS to
search his laptop and barracks room.
    On 7 December 2018, several days after obtaining Appellee’s confession
and additional PASS authorizations, Special Agent SI obtained a Command
Authorization for Search and Seizure [CASS] from Appellee’s commanding
officer. Special Agent SI requested authorization to seize Appellee’s phone
and search it for child pornography, citing “four” images in detail that she
observed when NCIS agents reviewed the UFED extraction report of Appel-
lee’s phone data with Agent MS. Special Agent SI did not tell Appellee’s
commanding officer that she had already interrogated Appellee and obtained
a confession. The CASS-authorized search revealed an additional 268 images
of suspected child pornography, four of which were eventually identified as
known child victims.
    None of the Facebook messages nor any of the embedded screenshots per-
tinent to Appellee’s larceny claim were ever found anywhere on Appellee’s
phone.

B. Motion to Suppress Evidence
   At an Article 39(a), UCMJ, hearing, the Defense moved to suppress the
evidence found on Appellee’s phone as well as his confessions. Agent MS and
Special Agent SI both testified and the Defense and Government submitted
several pieces of evidence to include CID and NCIS interim reports, video re-
cordings of Appellee’s interviews with Agent MS and Special Agent SI, and
the PASS and CASS for Appellee’s cell phone.




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              United States v. Crocker, NMCCA No. 201900226


   The military judge issued a 36-page written ruling containing ten and a
half pages of detailed findings of fact. The most significant findings relate to
the conversation and understanding of both Appellee and Agent MS as to
what evidence Agent MS wanted and where on Appellee’s phone that infor-
mation was located. These key findings of fact are:
       The accused explained that LCpl [DW] made multiple fraudu-
       lent transactions after asking the accused for and receiving the
       answers to the security questions for the accused’s bank ac-
       count.
           . . . [T]he accused said in response to a question by Agent
       [MS], “I’m going to show you a text message . . . Yeah, right
       here,” and he placed his phone in front of Agent [MS]. The ac-
       cused showed Agent [MS] messages between the accused and
       LCpl [DW] on the Facebook Messenger application. Agent [MS]
       picked up the accused’s phone and read the messages. Within
       the messages in the Facebook Messenger application were
       screenshots that LCpl [DW] sent to the accused.
          The accused did not show Agent [MS] anything from the
       images or photographs folder on his cell phone.
           At various moments . . . the accused read aloud from and
       referenced messages from the Facebook Messenger application
       on his cell phone . . . .
          ....
          Agent [MS] [said] “Alright so what I’d like to do, if it’s OK
       with you, I’d like to get those texts from him because that
       shows that he like asked for the security questions and stuff.
       Are you OK with me like getting that information from you?”
          Accused [replied,] “I don’t care.”
          Agent [MS] [then said,] “OK. Alright, the way we do it, we
       have a form right here. I just need some initials from you.”
          Agent [MS] placed in front of the accused a document titled,
       “Permissive Authorization for Search and Seizure” (PASS). . . .
          After initialing a few places . . . the accused stated, “The on-
       ly way I f[***]in used [to] like communicate with [LCpl DW]
       was through Facebook because like there’s no service over in
       Romania.”
          Although this was the first explicit reference to Facebook
       during the interview, Agent [MS] knew that the messages de-


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                    United States v. Crocker, NMCCA No. 201900226


         scribed and showed to him by the accused were from the Face-
         book Messenger application.
             Agent [MS] did not respond in any way to the accused’s
         statement about only communicating with LCpl [DW] via Fa-
         cebook. Instead, Agent [MS] immediately continued with the
         PASS, stating, “OK, so, I need your initials before the F in
         ‘fraud’ and after the Y in ‘larceny.’ That’s obviously what we’re
         investigating here.”
               ....
              . . . Agent [MS] [later] asked the accused, “Why did you give
          your security question answers to LCpl [DW]?” The accused
          answered, “Because according to the Facebook messages, his
          father needed access like [to] my bank account . . . . So he could
          reimburse me for the money I gave to [LCpl DW].” 9
    Agent MS could only vaguely describe the two images he initially ob-
served. “He described the images as depicting full frontal nudity of two girls
of an estimated age of seven to eight years, with no breat development or pu-
bic hair.” 10 Special Agent SI erroneously testified that after she confirmed
that “several” of the images that Agent MS showed her were in fact child
pornography, she obtained a CASS from Appellee’s commanding officer before
she interviewed Appellee. 11 In fact, Special Agent SI interviewed Appellee on
4 December 2018, obtained a confession for possessing child pornography and
sexually abusing his four-year-old nephew, and obtained a PASS to search
Appellee’s barracks room and seize and search his laptop three days before
asking Appellee’s commanding officer for a CASS on 7 December 2018. 12 Ad-
ditionally, in her affidavit in support of her request for a CASS, she generally
relied upon the images discovered by Agent MS but described in detail four
images. 13
    The military judge suppressed Appellee’s admissions and all evidence ob-
tained from Appellee’s cell phone beyond the two images initially observed by




   9   App. Ex. VIII at 2-3, 7 (paragraph numbers omitted) (final ellipsis in original).
   10   Id. at 8.
   11   Id. at 11; Record at 79-80
   12App.     Ex. VIII at 11.
   13   Id.




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               United States v. Crocker, NMCCA No. 201900226


Agent MS. 14 He determined that a reasonable observer would have under-
stood the scope of Appellee’s consent to search to extend only to the messages
between Appellee and LCpl DW from the Facebook Messenger application.
The military judge ruled that Agent MS exceeded the scope of consent when
he searched the images folder of the UFED report. Therefore, that search was
unlawful and the suspected images of child pornography he discovered in the
images folder were not in plain view. The military judge ruled that NCIS con-
tinued the illegal search and that even if Agent MS found the initial images
in plain view, the follow-on actions of NCIS were not done to merely confirm
the nature of the images but to expand the scope of the search by identifying
several additional suspect images. Immediately after NCIS discovered addi-
tional images of suspected child pornography, Appellee was brought in for
questioning and admitted to possessing child pornography and to sexually
abusing his nephew. However, the military judge ruled that Appellee would
not have made these confessions if he had not been confronted with the ille-
gally obtained evidence. The military judge, sua sponte, determined that the
evidence of suspected child pornography found on Appellee’s phone would not
have been inevitably discovered because at the time of the unlawful searches,
law enforcement was not pursuing any leads or evidence that would have in-
evitably led to the discovery of the images in a lawful manner. Finally, after
balancing the deterrence of future unlawful searches or seizures against the
costs to the military justice system of excluding the evidence, the military
judge found that exclusion of the two images unlawfully discovered by Agent
MS would not appreciably deter future unlawful searches. 15 However, with
respect to the additional evidence discovered by Special Agent SI, the mili-
tary judge found that Special Agent SI compounded Agent MS’s unlawful
conduct and that resulted in recurring negligence, at best, that must be de-
terred even at high cost to the justice system. Upon balancing, he found that
the appreciable deterrence of further unlawful searches or seizures and the
benefits of such deterrence outweigh the costs to the justice system.




   14   Id.
   15 This aspect of the military judge’s ruling does not exclude evidence that is sub-
stantial proof of a fact material in the proceeding. Accordingly, we view this part of
the military judge’s ruling as not subject to the Government’s appeal under Article
62(a)(1)(B), UCMJ, and therefore not an issue before this Court.




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              United States v. Crocker, NMCCA No. 201900226


                               II. DISCUSSION

A. Standard of Review
    In this appeal, we may act only with respect to matters of law. Article
62(b), UCMJ; Rule for Courts-Martial 908(c)(2). We review a military judge’s
ruling on a motion to suppress evidence for an abuse of discretion. United
States v. Keefauver, 74 M.J. 230, 233 (C.A.A.F. 2015). We are bound by the
military judge’s factual determinations unless they are clearly erroneous, but
we conduct a de novo review of conclusions of law. Id. “[W]e consider the evi-
dence in the light most favorable to the prevailing party.” Id. (alteration in
original) (quoting United States v. Reister, 44 M.J. 409, 413 (C.A.A.F. 1996)).
    The military judge’s findings of fact are well supported by the record. Nei-
ther the Government, nor the Defense contend otherwise, and we use those
findings for purposes of our analysis. We do not add findings of fact or substi-
tute our own interpretation of what happened—we merely apply the appro-
priate legal tests to the facts established by the military judge.
    “The abuse of discretion standard is a strict one, calling for more than a
mere difference of opinion. The challenged action must be arbitrary, fanciful,
clearly unreasonable, or clearly erroneous.” United States v. McElhaney, 54
M.J. 120, 130 (C.A.A.F. 2000) (citation and internal quotation marks omit-
ted). Applying this standard of review, we affirm the military judge’s ruling
for the reasons explained below.

B. Applicable Law of Search and Seizure
    The Fourth Amendment guarantees “[t]he right of the people to be secure
in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches
and seizures . . . .” U.S. CONST. amend IV. A warrantless search is “per se
unreasonable under the Fourth Amendment—subject only to a few specifical-
ly established and well-delineated exceptions.” Katz v. United States, 389
U.S. 347, 357 (1967). Data stored within a cell phone falls within the Fourth
Amendment’s protection. United States v. Wicks, 73 M.J. 93, 99 (C.A.A.F.
2014). Evidence obtained from a government search of cell phone data gener-
ally will be inadmissible unless the search was conducted pursuant to a
search authorization or a recognized exception to that requirement. Id. Vol-
untary consent to search is one recognized exception to the warrant require-
ment. Schneckloth v. Bustamonte, 412 U.S. 218 (1973).

   1. Scope of search
   The Government contends that Appellee gave consent to an expansive,
general search of his entire phone. Appellee, on the other hand, contends that




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              United States v. Crocker, NMCCA No. 201900226


he limited the scope of his consent to only the Facebook messages between
LCpl DW and himself.
    While “[t]he scope of a search is generally defined by its expressed object,”
it cannot exceed the scope of the actual consent given. Florida v. Jimeno, 500
U.S. 248, 251 (1991) (citing United States v. Ross, 456 U.S. 798, (1982)). “The
standard for measuring the scope of a suspect’s consent . . . is that of ‘objec-
tive’ reasonableness—what would the typical reasonable person have under-
stood by the exchange between the officer and the suspect?” Id. A person giv-
ing consent to search may limit his consent by placing limitations on “time,
place, or property.” Mil. R. Evid. 314(e)(3). While a person’s subjective intent
to limit the scope does not control alone, “investigators [must] account for any
express or implied limitations on a consent to search.” United States v. Wal-
lace, 66 M.J. 5, 8 (C.A.A.F. 2008). The Government must prove consent by
clear and convincing evidence. Mil. R. Evid. 314(e)(5).
   The scope of consent given by Appellee is determined by “objective rea-
sonableness”—what “the typical reasonable person” would have understood
by the entire dialogue and interaction between Agent MS and Appellee.
Jimeno, 500 U.S. at 251.
    The Government relies on United States v. Wallace, 66 M.J. 5 (C.A.A.F.
2008), and United States v. Spinoza, No. 201700236, 2019 CCA LEXIS 40
(N-M. Ct. Crim. App. 4 Feb 2019) (unpub. op.), review denied, 79 M.J. 137
(C.A.A.F. 2019), to argue that because Appellee signed the PASS, he consent-
ed to a broad general search of his cell phone data. In Wallace, the accused
signed a PASS that allowed agents to search and seize his computer. The ac-
cused argued that he gave his consent while he was under the impression
that agents would only take copies of certain emails between himself and the
child victim. The agents informed Staff Sergeant Wallace that they intended
to search his computer for evidence. There is no mention of any contempora-
neous statements by the accused and the Court of Appeals for the Armed
Forces [CAAF] in Wallace notes that the accused’s “supposed impression”
does not control the objective reasonableness of his consent. The CAAF relied
on the express language of the PASS to find that the accused had in fact con-
sented to a broad search and that a reasonable person could conclude that the
accused consented to search and seizure, to include removal of the accused’s
computer. Moreover, Wallace did not hinge on the scope of consent issue. Ra-
ther, the case was decided on the inevitable discovery doctrine. The CAAF
found that the evidence in question would have been inevitably discovered
even after the accused withdrew his consent because government agents had
probable cause, prior to the accused’s consent, to obtain command authoriza-
tion to conduct a broad, general search of the computer. Wallace, 66 M.J. at
15-16.



                                       9
              United States v. Crocker, NMCCA No. 201900226


    In an unpublished opinion, Spinoza, this Court found that the search of
Lieutenant [LT] Spinoza’s cell phone was reasonable pursuant to a PASS and
in light of the contemporaneous discussion between the accused and an NCIS
special agent. The NCIS special agent explained that he intended to look for
digital evidence of the relationship between LT Spinoza and his accuser, in-
cluding information contained in applications on his phone and anything that
pertained to the investigation. Although no evidence was discovered pertain-
ing to the initial accuser, evidence of misconduct was discovered in texts with
another person. We found that it was reasonable for the special agent to
search for witnesses through text conversations that occurred during the spe-
cific period alleged by LT Spinoza’s accuser. We rejected LT Spinoza’s subjec-
tive belief that he limited the scope of his consent to only his communications
with his accuser. Considering the PASS in light of the entire discussion be-
tween LT Spinoza and the special agent, we concluded that the search oc-
curred within the scope of the consent granted by LT Spinoza. Spinoza, 2019
CCA LEXIS 40 at *18-19.
    In another unpublished opinion of this Court, United States v. Gitto, No.
201800164, 2019 CCA LEXIS 6 (N-M. Ct. Crim. App. 8 Jan 2019) (unpub.
op.), we also found that the accused consented to a broad search because of
the dialogue between LCpl Gitto and NCIS special agents while discussing
the PASS to search his cell phone. LCpl Gitto approached NCIS as a victim of
extortion by a former sexual partner. He consented to an NCIS search of his
cell phone that revealed evidence of LCpl Gitto’s sexual relationship with a
minor. During discussions prior to signing the PASS, two NCIS special
agents briefly explained the “breadth of the search” they expected to conduct,
to include “dump[ing] everything on the phone” and taking all the data, text
messages, photographs, and videos. Id. at 22-24. The NCIS special agents al-
so explained that if they encountered any sexually explicit photos, they would
report that to LCpl Gitto’s chain of command. Id. at 23. Finally, the special
agents explained, “they would have to investigate further if they found any
evidence of child pornography or murder.” Id. at 23. Based on the PASS and
the entire exchange between LCpl Gitto and the agents, this Court found that
a reasonable observer would expect the agent to perform a thorough search of
all of the cell phone data and “investigate any new-discovered illegality—
especially child sex offenses—as he warned he would do.” Id. at 24.
    The Air Force Court of Criminal Appeals [AFCCA] considered similar cir-
cumstances in United States v. Osorio, 66 M.J. 632 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App.
2008). Air Force Office of Special Investigations (OSI) agents were investigat-
ing a sexual assault that occurred at a party that Senior Airman [SrA] Osorio
attended. SrA Osorio was not a suspect, but he had taken photos at the party
and OSI agents wanted to get that evidence from his laptop. SrA Osorio vol-
untarily brought his external hard drive to OSI and signed a PASS. The


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              United States v. Crocker, NMCCA No. 201900226


AFCCA found that the PASS was broad and expansive, but the entire inter-
action between SrA Osorio and the agents showed that consent was limited to
the party photos taken on the day of the party.
    The Government argues that similar to Wallace, the PASS was clear and
expansive and that we should find that Appellee, like Staff Sergeant Wallace,
consented to a broad, general search of all of his cell phone data. We disagree.
Because there was no additional dialogue between the agents and Staff Ser-
geant Wallace to better inform the scope of consent, the PASS in that case
was the only evidence regarding the scope of consent. The CAAF noted noth-
ing contradictory to the standard boilerplate language of the PASS other
than Staff Sergeant Wallace’s mistaken impression of what the agents in-
tended to do. Wallace, 66 M.J. at 7-8. In this case, there is much more than
the mere subjective impression of Appellee. There was a running dialogue in
which Appellee said, “I’m going to show you a text message”; Agent MS asked
Appellee for “those texts” and “that information” that he had been shown;
Appellee responded that he did not care; and then during their review of the
PASS, Appellee explicitly stated that he only used Facebook Messenger to
communicate with LCpl DW. Finally, when asked why he gave LCpl DW his
security information, Appellee reiterated, “[A]ccording to the Facebook mes-
sages, his father needed access like to my bank account . . . . [s]o he could re-
imburse me for the money.” Agent MS only asked for “those texts” and “that
information” that Appellee had shown him, he did not account for this “ex-
press or implied limitation” on Appellee’s consent, and as he testified, he al-
ready knew the only evidence he was looking for came from the Facebook
Messenger application.
    The Government also asserts that Spinoza should lead us to find Appellee
consented to a general search of his phone because we rejected LT Spinoza’s
subjective belief that he was limiting the scope of his consent to only his texts
with his accuser. We disagree. LT Spinoza asked the NCIS special agent if he
was just going to look at the text messages between LT Spinoza and his ac-
cuser, and the special agent informed LT Spinoza of the wide breadth of the
search he intended to conduct, to include searching the applications and texts
on his phone for “any evidence.” Spinoza, 2019 CCA LEXIS 40, at *16-17.
Even though the agent was only able to search the text message exchanges
manually, he specifically limited his search to the period alleged by LT Spi-
noza’s accuser when he found incriminating evidence regarding a second al-
leged victim. Here, while Agent MS did not tell Appellee how or where he
would be searching, he said he only wanted to get “those texts” and “that in-
formation,” meaning the messages he was shown by Appellee. Agent MS
knew the text message exchange he wanted occurred in the Facebook Mes-
senger application even before Appellee specifically told him so. Also, in Spi-
noza, the agent had to scroll through the text messages on the actual phone


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              United States v. Crocker, NMCCA No. 201900226


because the UFED software did not produce usable information. Whereas the
agent in Spinoza lawfully found incriminating text messages on LT Spinoza’s
phone in the text message application where he was most likely to find text
messages, Agent MS did not find the evidence he was looking for while
searching for the messages in the SMS and MMS folders. He only found the
suspect images while searching in a place where the messages and their em-
bedded screenshots would not reasonably be found: the images folder. When
Agent MS was not able to find the Facebook message exchange that he had
been shown, rather than stop and ask Appellee for his phone so he could con-
duct a manual search of the Facebook Messenger application or find some
other reasonable way to limit his search to what Appellee had consented to,
Agent MS decided to rummage through more than 43,000 images.
    Unlike the agents in Spinoza and Gitto, Agent MS did not explain or in-
form Appellee that he intended to conduct a thorough search for digital evi-
dence of “anything that pertains to the investigation,” not just Facebook mes-
sages between LCpl DW and Appellee. When Appellee reiterated that he
communicated with LCpl DW only using Facebook while in Romania, Agent
MS did not disavow that he would only be looking at “those texts” and “that
information.” Instead, Agent MS simply did not respond and proceeded to in-
struct Appellee where to initial the PASS.
    Like Wallace, Spinoza, Gitto, and Osorio, the PASS was broad and expan-
sive and authorized the search of Appellee’s “Android ZTE Axon 7 mini.”
However, as explained in those opinions, the PASS must be considered in
light of the entire conversation between Appellee and Agent MS. Neither the
subjective intentions of Appellee nor the boilerplate language of the PASS
solely control the scope of consent. Rather, it is the objective reasonableness
determined by “what would the typical reasonable person have understood by
the exchange between” Agent MS and Appellee. Wallace, 66 M.J. at 8.
   Although law enforcement agents are not required to explain the tech-
nical details of how a cell phone search will be conducted, the explanation, or
the lack of one, is considered in determining what a reasonable person would
conclude about the scope of consent. In this case, Agent MS did not indicate
that he would be looking through all of the data on Appellee’s phone. To the
contrary, the only evidence of Agent MS’s intent was that he requested to get
“those texts” and “that information” regarding the Facebook message ex-
changes that Appellee had shown him. The entire conversation between
Agent MS and Appellee before and during review of the PASS would lead a
reasonable person to think that Appellee consented to searching his phone for
the Facebook messages that he showed Agent MS. It did not authorize a
broad general search of his entire phone data, and the Government did not
prove otherwise by clear and convincing evidence.



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              United States v. Crocker, NMCCA No. 201900226


   2. Unlawful search
    Whereas the Government concedes the search conducted by Special Agent
SI was unlawful, they argue it was reasonable for Agent MS to look in the
images folder because Appellee showed him Facebook messages that con-
tained screenshots and screenshots might be found in the images folder. See
United States v. Richards, 76 M.J. 365, 379 (C.A.A.F. 2017) (“[T]here may be
no practical substitute for actually looking in many (perhaps all) folders and
sometimes at the documents contained within those folders, and that is true
whether the search is of a computer file or physical files. It is particularly
true with image files.”). We disagree for multiple reasons.
     Agent MS did not look in any folder named “facebook” or even attempt to
filter the data with the term “facebook.” However, we find that his initial in-
vestigative path was reasonable because he first looked in the SMS folder
which contained text only files and would potentially contain any text mes-
sages between Appellee and LCpl DW even though it would not contain any
screenshots. In fact, Agent MS found some recent text messages between the
two Marines but they were not the Facebook messages he was looking for.
Rather, they were basic telephone number based text messages. Because the
UFED report does not separate messages by their source application, it was
somewhat reasonable, at this point, for Agent MS to look in the SMS folder
for the messages between Appellee and LCpl DW. Not finding the messages
he was looking for in the SMS folder, Agent MS next looked in the MMS fold-
er where mixed text and media files are located. Even though he did not find
any messages between Appellee and LCpl DW in the MMS folder, it was logi-
cally reasonable to look in that folder because the specific messages he was
looking for contained both text and media (screenshots).
    Agent MS’s investigative action became unreasonable when he decided to
look through over 43,000 thumbnail images in hopes of finding just the
screenshots that Appellee had shown him in the Facebook Messenger appli-
cation on his phone. Rummaging through the images folder would be reason-
able only if Appellee had taken the screenshots of his own screen or if he had
manually saved the individual screenshots as images. However, Agent MS
knew that Appellee received, not sent, the screenshots images. Even if there
was some illogical way that the screenshots ended up in the images folder,
there was no reason for Agent MS to believe screenshots embedded in text
messages would appear in the images folder. Agent MS testified that Appel-
lee did not open the photos folder on his phone and show him anything. He
knew the messages he saw were from the Facebook Messenger application
and not Appellee’s photos or images folder. Moreover, Agent MS was not look-
ing for just the screenshots alone. He wanted the messages with their em-
bedded screenshots because they showed the complete picture of how LCpl
DW was able to get Appellee’s financial information. Since he already was

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              United States v. Crocker, NMCCA No. 201900226


unable to find just the text only parts of the messages he wanted, the screen-
shots alone would not be sufficient evidence and searching for just the
screenshots was unreasonable given the scope of consent. Further, Agent MS
had other “practical substitutes” available in lieu of conducting the sort of
“free-for-all general search[ ] the Fourth amendment was designed to pre-
vent.” Id. He could have asked Appellee for his phone so that, as the agent
did in Spinoza, he could manually search for the Facebook Messages he was
seeking. He also could have just asked Appellee for additional authorization
to look in the images folder of the UFED report. Instead, he decided to pains-
takingly scroll through 43,000 images hoping to find Facebook messages and
embedded screenshots that would not logically be found in the images folder
of the UFED report. We find this free-for-all general search to be unreasona-
ble given the circumstances. Agent MS exceeded the scope of Appellee’s con-
sent, and to the extent the search went beyond that consent, it was unlawful.

   3. Plain view
      “Law enforcement officials conducting a lawful search may seize items in
plain view if [the officials] are acting within the scope of their authority, and
. . . they have probable cause to believe the item is contraband or evidence of
a crime.” United States v. McMahon, 58 MJ 362, 367 (C.A.A.F. 2003) (altera-
tions in original) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). Evidence
may be seized when “[t]he person while in the course of otherwise lawful ac-
tivity observes in a reasonable fashion property or evidence that the person
has probable cause to seize.” Mil. R. Evid. 316(c)(5)(C). “[I]n order for the
plain view exception to apply: (1) the officer must not violate the Fourth
Amendment in arriving at the spot from which the incriminating materials
can be plainly viewed: (2) the incriminating character of the materials must
be immediately apparent; and (3) the officer must have lawful access to the
object itself.” Richards, 76 M.J. at 371 (citing Horton v. California, 496 U.S.
128, 136-37 (1990)).
    The Government argues that the images of suspected child pornography
were in plain view because they were present in a folder reasonably contain-
ing screenshots. As we determined above, Agent MS exceeded the scope of
Appellee’s consent when he bypassed other practical and lawful alternatives
and elected to search through over 43,000 thumbnail images for messages
with embedded screenshots that Appellee had already shown him were easily
accessible on the phone itself. When Agent MS began looking for Facebook
messages in the images folder, he exceeded Appellee’s scope of consent and
“violate[d] the Fourth Amendment in arriving at the spot from which the in-
criminating materials [could] be plainly viewed.” Id. Thus, Agent MS was not
acting “in the course of . . . lawful activity” when he discovered the two imag-
es of suspected child pornography. Since the plain view doctrine requires that


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               United States v. Crocker, NMCCA No. 201900226


law-enforcement agents be acting within the scope of the authorization at the
time of discovery, the doctrine is inapplicable under the facts of this case.

   4. Exclusionary rule
   “Evidence obtained as a result of an unlawful search or seizure made by a
person acting in a governmental capacity is inadmissible” if there is a timely
motion to suppress, the accused had a reasonable expectation of privacy in
the property searched, and “exclusion of the evidence results in appreciable
deterrence of future unlawful searches or seizures and the benefits of such
deterrence outweigh the costs to the justice system.” Mil. R. Evid. 311(a).
   As discussed above, the images of suspected child pornography observed
by Agent MS and Special Agent SI were obtained as a result of an unlawful
search by persons acting in a governmental capacity. Appellee had a reason-
able expectation of privacy in the contents of his cell phone, and he made a
timely motion to suppress.
    The issue here is whether exclusion will result in deterrence of future un-
lawful searches and whether the benefits of such deterrence outweigh the
cost to the military justice system. The cost to the military justice system is
that the guilty may go free. See Herring v. United States, 555 U.S. 135, 141
(2009). The military judge balanced these competing interests and found that
excluding the two images discovered by Agent MS would not deter future un-
lawful searches because Agent MS’s conduct amounted to simple negligence,
and exclusion in the face of marginal deterrent effect would not outweigh the
cost to the justice system. 16 However, the military judge concluded the same
was not true for the continued search of Appellee’s cell phone data by Special
Agent SI. Special Agent SI compounded the already unlawful search by spe-
cifically searching for child pornography and then exploiting the unlawfully
obtained evidence to obtain admissions from the accused. Whereas Agent MS
initially strayed into areas where he was not authorized to search, Special
Agent SI, an experienced and educated NCIS special agent, should have
known or ascertained the original object of the search to avoid such scope of
consent issues, and yet she chose to expand an already precarious search. She
then exploited the fruits of her recurring, unlawful, and at least negligent
search to obtain confessions from Appellee and a command authorization
from Appellee’s commanding officer. We find that when a victim of a crime


   16 As stated above, because this aspect of the military judge’s ruling does not ex-
clude evidence that is substantial proof of a fact material in the proceeding, we view
this part of the military judge’s ruling as not subject to the Government’s appeal un-
der Article 62(a)(1)(B), UCMJ, and therefore not an issue before this Court.




                                         15
               United States v. Crocker, NMCCA No. 201900226


approaches law enforcement with specific evidence to support their allega-
tions and law enforcement then unnecessarily and illegally obtains other evi-
dence and exploits that evidence against the victim, strong deterrence is war-
ranted to prevent the chilling effect on victims and their willingness to report
crime and cooperate with law enforcement. We affirm the military judge’s de-
cision to apply the exclusionary rule and suppress all images beyond the two
images negligently discovered by Agent MS. The military judge applied the
correct test and determined that based on this recurring negligent police con-
duct the appreciable deterrence of future unlawful searches outweighs the
cost to the military justice system. We agree and find that the military
judge’s ruling was reasonable and not an abuse of discretion.

   5. Inevitable discovery doctrine
    The Government now contends that the military judge erred by not apply-
ing the inevitable discovery exception to the exclusionary rule under Military
Rule of Evidence 311. 17 “To take advantage of [the inevitable discovery] doc-
trine, the prosecution must establish, by a preponderance of the evidence,
‘that when the illegality occurred, the government agents possessed, or were
actively pursuing, evidence or leads that would have inevitably led to the dis-
covery of the evidence and that the evidence would inevitably have been dis-
covered in a lawful manner had not the illegality occurred.” United States v.
Hoffmann, 75 M.J. 120, 124-25 (C.A.A.F. 2016) (emphasis in original) (quot-
ing United States v. Dease, 71 M.J. 116, 122 (C.A.A.F. 2012)).
    Agent MS did not suspect Appellee of any crime or see any contraband
while operating within the scope of the consent to search granted by Appel-
lee. Agent MS found suspicious images only after unlawfully exceeding the
scope of consent. At the last point where Agent MS was operating within the
scope of consent granted by Appellee, there was no probable cause to justify a
command authorization to search and seize evidence of a crime from Appel-
lee’s cell phone. Therefore, there was no real possibility that law enforcement
agents would have otherwise discovered the images of suspected child por-
nography on Appellee’s phone. This applies to the evidence found first by
Agent MS and to the follow-on evidence found by Special Agent SI. There is
no evidence in the record that “the government agents possessed, or were ac-




   17  The Defense briefed the issue in their Motion to Suppress, App. Ex. III, and ar-
gued the issue before the military judge. The Government, on the other hand, did not
address the issue in their response, App. Ex. IV, nor argue the issue before the mili-
tary judge.




                                          16
              United States v. Crocker, NMCCA No. 201900226


tively pursuing, evidence or leads that would have inevitably led to the” law-
ful discovery of that evidence. Id.
    The Government argues that Agent MS discovered the two initial images
of suspected child pornography in plain view; thus, the exclusionary rule
should not apply in this case because the evidence found by Special Agent SI
would have been inevitably discovered. We disagree. As discussed above,
when Agent MS began looking for Facebook messages in the images folder,
he exceeded Appellee’s scope of consent and was therefore not acting “in the
course of . . . lawful activity” when he discovered the images at issue, the doc-
trine of plain view is inapplicable under the facts of this case. Even if we were
to sanction Agent MS’s discovery of the two images as occurring in plain
view, the ensuing handoff to NCIS was so abysmally handled that we would
still find the follow-on search to be illegal, as the Government concedes, and
apply the exclusionary rule to the evidence.
    When Agent MS discovered what he thought might be child pornography,
he stopped his search and contacted NCIS because child pornography is in
their investigative purview. That was the right decision. Ideally, Agent MS
should have frozen the scene, documented the computer screen with pictures
or photo names and numbers, called NCIS to come and verify what he just
viewed, and then NCIS should have taken the lead and contacted the Staff
Judge Advocate to coordinate obtaining an immediate CASS. Instead, Agent
MS called NCIS, set up a meeting for the next day, brought over the UFED
report on an external disk and looked through the data with Special Agent
SI.
    As the Government concedes, this search was illegal, and the Government
produced no evidence at all that they possessed “or were actively pursuing,
evidence or leads that would have inevitably led to the discovery of the evi-
dence . . . in a lawful manner.” Hoffmann, 75 M.J. at 124-125 (citation and
internal quotation marks omitted). NCIS obtained a CASS three days later,
but it was based on the illegally obtained evidence from Special Agent SI’s
exploitation of the illegal search. What NCIS would have done based only on
the two images reported by Agent MS is speculative at best, especially since
we know what NCIS actually did after Agent MS correctly stopped his inves-
tigation and turned it over to Special Agent SI, the head Agent of the NCIS
unit tasked with investigating child pornography cases. Rather than merely
confirm that the two images identified by Agent MS were possibly child por-
nography, Special Agent SI conducted her own more expansive search review-
ing additional images and eventually listing the details of four images in her
affidavit in support of the CASS. The Government produced no other evi-
dence to meet their burden on this issue. For these reasons, even if we found
that Agent MS discovered the images in plain view, the inevitable discovery
doctrine does not apply to the evidence suppressed by the military judge.

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              United States v. Crocker, NMCCA No. 201900226


   6. Fruit of the poisonous tree derivative evidence
    “Evidence derivative of an unlawful search, seizure, or interrogation is
commonly referred to as the ‘fruit of the poisonous tree’ and is generally not
admissible at trial.” United States v. Conklin, 63 M.J. 333, 334 (C.A.A.F.
2006). While not all derivative evidence is necessarily inadmissible, that
which “come[s] by exploitation of the [law enforcement] illegality” and not “by
means sufficiently distinguishable to be purged of the primary taint” is in-
admissible. Wong Sun v. United States, 371 U.S. 471, 487-88 (1963). Here,
the Government concedes that Special Agent SI’s search was unlawful. She
then used her knowledge of what she saw on Appellee’s phone to obtain his
confession to viewing and possessing child pornography. She then used the
connection between child pornography and an inferred sexual interest in
children to obtain an admission from Appellee that he recently touched the
penis of his four-year-old nephew. Although Appellee made the admission, his
phone contained no data regarding the molestation of any child and he would
not have even been pressed about his sexual interest in children if it were not
for Special Agent SI’s exploitation of the images found during her unlawful
search of the phone data.
    In Brown v. Illinois, 422 U.S. 590 (1975), the Supreme Court used three
factors to determine if Miranda warnings were sufficient to remove the taint
of an illegal search on a confession. The CAAF has used the framework to
consider whether consent to search was obtained by exploitation of an unlaw-
ful search. United States v. Khamsouk, 57 M.J. 282, 290 (C.A.A.F. 2002).
“[T]he question of whether such a confession is a an act of free will must be
answered on the facts of each case looking at the temporal proximity of the
unlawful police activity and the subsequent confession, the presence of inter-
vening circumstances, and the purpose and flagrancy of the official miscon-
duct.” Conklin, 63 M.J. at 338 (citing Brown, 422 U.S. at 603-04).
    Applying the Brown three-prong test to the facts of this case, we deter-
mine that all three prongs favor Appellee. First, the illegal search of the cell
phone data was close in time to the NCIS actions that led to Appellee’s ad-
missions. Appellee was interrogated, made admissions, and consented to fur-
ther searches within hours of Special Agent SI’s unlawful search while re-
viewing the UFED report with Agent MS. Second, there were no intervening
circumstances sufficient to remove the taint from the initial illegal search.
Special Agent SI “would not have been interested in talking to [Appellee] but
for the information” obtained as a result of the unlawful search that had just
taken place. See id. at 339. “There were no intervening events or circum-
stances that would sever the causal connection between the” illegal search
and Appellee’s admissions. Id. The third factor requires examination of the
Government’s conduct. Agent MS’s actions were improper because he knew
exactly what messages he wanted and yet chose to explore areas of the UFED

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              United States v. Crocker, NMCCA No. 201900226


report well beyond where the Facebook messages and their embedded screen-
shots would reasonably be found when he had other lawful options. Special
Agent SI continued the unlawful search and further exceeded the scope of
consent by searching for possible child pornography and expanding additional
thumbnails in addition to those reported by Agent MS. Special Agent SI did
not merely confirm that what Agent MS discovered was likely child pornog-
raphy; she engaged in her own search of the data to discover several images
that she suspected were child pornography and she expanded those images to
confirm her own suspicions. Special Agent SI also had other options to in-
clude stopping the search after becoming aware of the suspicious images and
seeking broader search authorization from either Appellee or from a com-
mand search authority.
    Applying the Brown framework to the facts of this case, we conclude that
Appellee’s confession and additional consent to search were not sufficiently
attenuated from the taint of the illegal search of Appellee’s cell phone data
first by Agent MS and then by Special Agent SI. But for Special Agent SI’s
exploitation of the illegally obtained evidence, Appellee would not have ad-
mitted to the misconduct. Therefore, Appellee’s admissions and consent to
other searches while under interrogation by Special Agent SI are derivative
of the unlawful search of his phone data.
    Finally, we conclude the results of the subsequent command-authorized
search of Appellee’s phone are also fruit of the same poisonous tree and must
be suppressed. Special Agent SI sought and received the CASS for this search
based on the images she had already unlawfully obtained from Appellee’s
phone. This derivative evidence was obtained by exploitation of the earlier
illegality and not “by means sufficiently distinguishable to be purged of the
primary taint.” Wong Sun, 371 U.S. at 487-88. It is therefore inadmissible.

C. The Military Judge Did Not Abuse His Discretion
    The military judge issued written findings of fact supported by the record,
not clearly erroneous, and uncontroverted by either party. The military judge
applied the correct legal principles to the facts before him and issued a de-
tailed written ruling. “The abuse of discretion standard is a strict one, calling
for more than a mere difference of opinion. The challenged action must be ar-
bitrary, fanciful, clearly unreasonable, or clearly erroneous.” McElhaney, 54
M.J. at 130 (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). We do not ask
whether we “might disagree with the trial court’s findings, but whether those
findings are ‘fairly supported by the record.’” United States v. Burris, 21 M.J.
140, 144 (C.M.A. 1985) (quoting Marshall v. Lonberger, 459 U.S. 422, 432,
(1983)). Applying this standard of review, we find that the military judge did
not abuse his discretion and we uphold his ruling.



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              United States v. Crocker, NMCCA No. 201900226


                              III. CONCLUSION

    After carefully considering the military judge’s findings of fact, principles
of law, and conclusions of law, the appeal of the United States is hereby
DENIED. The military judge’s ruling is affirmed and the record of trial is
returned to the Judge Advocate General for remand to the convening authori-
ty and delivery to the military judge for further proceedings.
   Chief Judge CRISFIELD and Judge GASTON concur.


                                 FOR THE COURT:




                                 RODGER A. DREW, JR.
                                 Clerk of Court




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