                                                         [DO NOT PUBLISH]


             IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                 FILED
                     FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                       ________________________ ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                                                            NOV 14, 2007
                             No. 06-14388                 THOMAS K. KAHN
                         Non-Argument Calendar                CLERK
                       ________________________

                D. C. Docket No. 05-00303-CV-3-LAC-MD

ROBERT ELLIS LOWERY,



                                                          Petitioner-Appellant,

                                  versus

JERRY CUMMINGS,
Warden,

                                                        Respondent-Appellee.


                       ________________________

                Appeal from the United States District Court
                    for the Northern District of Florida
                      _________________________

                           (November 14, 2007)

Before TJOFLAT, BIRCH and HULL, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:
      Robert Ellis Lowery, who is currently serving a life sentence for

second-degree murder, appeals the district court’s denial of his pro se 28 U.S.C.

§ 2254 petition in which he argued that his trial counsel was ineffective in her

failure to: (1) take the necessary steps to establish a Post Traumatic Stress Disorder

(“PTSD”) defense; (2) call additional witnesses to testify about an eye injury

allegedly incurred during his altercation with the victim; (3) request a jury

instruction on the justifiable use of non-deadly force; and (4) object to the trial

court’s inadvertent substitution of two jurors with alternate jurors. Upon thorough

review of the record, we affirm.

                                       I. BACKGROUND

A. PTSD

      At his trial, Lowery testified to the following: On the evening of John

Tillery’s death, Lowery, after calling Tillery’s house several times looking for his

girlfriend, Cheryl Harrelson, and being told she was no longer there, finally went

there in search of her. He knocked on the screen door and heard someone tell him

to enter. Upon entering, he saw no one in the living room, but heard a voice ask

him what he wanted. Lowery asked whether Tillery1 had seen his girlfriend.

Tillery said no. As Lowery turned to leave, Tillery called him names and told him



      1
          Neither party disputes that it was Tillery’s voice that Lowery heard.

                                                  2
that Harrelson did not love Lowery anymore. Lowery replied in kind and, as he

turned to leave again, heard a noise behind him that sounded as though something

was being thrown at him. The next thing he knew, he was “halfway to the floor”

with his left arm pinned behind his back and his right hand gripping a hand that

was poking at his eye. R1-26, Exh. H, Vol. V at 838-39.

      Lowery was repeatedly pulled down on top of what he eventually came to

realize was a person. Tillery continued to poke his eye, and Lowery believed

Tillery was trying to poke his eye out. Lowery was “just swinging out knocking

[loose] the hand” that held him in an attempt to stand up. Id. at 844. At one point,

as Lowery was pulled to the floor, his hand landed on something he subsequently

discovered to be Tillery’s face. Tillery was still gripping his pants when he heard a

deep voice telling him that he was not going anywhere. Lowery looked up and saw

a face covered in blood. Believing a third person had swung at him and hit Tillery

instead, Lowery “figured [he had] better get on out of [t]here” and slapped the face

with his hands. Id. at 848. Lowery ended up on the ground again beside Tillery,

who was holding his jaw and saying, “um, um.” Id. Lowery jumped up and, after

ducking because he thought something was about to hit him, he left the house and

drove away.

      Lowery further testified that: (1) he had the impression that there was a third



                                          3
person involved because of the blood on Tillery’s face; (2) after the altercation, he

hoped that he had not broken Tillery’s jaw as a result of slapping or falling on him;

(3) he thought that Tillery was alive when he left; (4) he had no malice or hatred

towards Tillery; (5) he did not intend to kill or seriously harm Tillery; and (6) he

felt that he was in danger. Lowery testified that, at the time of the altercation, he

was between 5’7” and 5’8” tall, between 155 and 165 pounds, and in good physical

shape.

         Detective Allen Cotton, the sheriff’s office investigating officer, testified to

the following: He and another officer later found Lowery outside of his neighbor’s

house, and Lowery agreed to come down to the police station with them to discuss

the incident. During the interview, Lowery’s demeanor and mood were erratic.

Cotton’s account of Lowery’s account of the fight between him and Tillery paints

Lowery as more aggressive. However, the account remains consistent as to

Lowery’s insistence that Tillery was alive when he left the house and that Tillery

struck him first. Cotton admitted that Lowery did not confesss to killing Tillery.

         Outside the presence of the jury, John Bingham, Ph.D., an expert

psychologist in the field of PTSD, explained to the court that a person suffering

from PTSD has experienced “a very traumatic event,” and that a subsequent similar

event triggers a re-experience, causing the person to react disproportionately, or



                                              4
not in “a normal fashion.” R1-16, Exh. H, Vol. IV at 671, 672. This “dysfunction”

causes the person to act inappropriately, make inappropriate decisions, and respond

impulsively when confronted with a triggering event. Id. at 674-75.

      After this proffer, the trial court ruled that, pursuant to several Florida state

cases involving battered spouse syndrome (“BSS”), if Lowery intended to have an

expert testify about PTSD in his case, he should have notified the state in writing

and permitted the state to have him undergo a mental evaluation. Lowery’s trial

counsel, Katherine Snowden, admitted that, although the state was aware that

Bingham’s deposition had been taken regarding PTSD, she had not given formal

notice to the state of a potential PTSD defense. Also, the state’s request to have

Lowery examined by its expert had been denied. Accordingly, the court ruled that

Lowery would not be allowed to present expert opinions about himself

specifically, but could still present expert testimony about PTSD generally as to a

hypothetical person, provided he established a sufficient factual basis to support it.

The court also determined that medical records purportedly showing previous

injuries to Lowery’s skull were inadmissable because they had not been disclosed

to the state during discovery.

      To test for a sufficient predicate to permit a PTSD defense and general

PTSD expert testimony, Lowery made a proffer to the court, outside of the



                                           5
presence of the jury, of the following: He was hit in the head several times with a

pipe in 1982, which broke his skull and required brain surgery. He was hit in the

face with a pipe in 1986, which knocked out his teeth, broke his jaw, and knocked

him unconscious. Since those attacks, he has tried “to stay away from any type” of

dangerous situation. Id. at 715. When he finds himself unable to flee dangerous

situations, such as the altercation with Tillery, he is likely irrationally to hit

someone. He attempted to get away from Tillery, but could not. After the final

time Tillery pulled him down, Lowery saw blood on Tillery and “figured

somebody else swung at me and hit” Tillery, so he slapped “that man” to get away.

Id. at 716. At the conclusion of Lowery’s proffer, the state court found that a

“sufficient factual predicate ha[d] been established to support the use of expert

testimony regarding [PTSD] in support of the defense of self-defense.” Id. at 738.

       During his testimony before the jury, however, Snowden did not ask Lowery

about the pipe attacks. Accordingly, the state argued that PTSD testimony should

be excluded because Lowery had failed to lay a basis before the jury. The court

ruled that there had been “no factual foundation . . . presented to the trier of fact

which would allow introduction of th[e] expert testimony.” R1-26, Exh. H, Vol.V

at 955.




                                             6
B. Eye Witnesses

      Lowery testified that, two days after he was arrested, a nurse had examined

his eye, as had “a Dr. Timmons” and James Boyd, M.D. Id. at 915. The nurse

washed out his eye, but told him that she thought he needed to see a doctor. One of

the doctors told him that he needed to have x-rays taken of his eye. Cotton

testified that Lowery never complained of having an eye injury during his

interview at the sheriff’s office, and that a photograph of Lowery’s face taken the

morning of the arrest did not reveal an eye injury.

      Boyd, who had been working as a surgeon at the jail where Lowery was

incarcerated after his arrest, testified that he had diagnosed Lowery with

conjunctivitis, for which he had prescribed antibiotic eye-drops and an eye patch.

He also affirmed that “almost anything” can cause conjunctivitis, and that Lowery

apparently did not “have any real problems,” and the injury “definitely was not

severe.” Id. at 966, 967. Snowden then called Winifred Carnley, a nurse at the

jail’s infirmary, who testified that she had not seen Lowery at the jail in the month

of his arrest, and Elizabeth Broderick, another nurse at the jail’s infirmary, who

testified that, on the night of his arrest, Lowery had complained to her about a

problem with his eye, but that she could not see anything “gross or acutely

abnormal about . . . Lowery’s eye.” Id. at 973.



                                           7
C. Non-Deadly Force Instruction

      The trial court gave the jury an instruction on the justifiable use of deadly

force, which read: “A person is justified in using force likely to cause death or

great bodily harm if he reasonably believes that such force is necessary to prevent

imminent death or great bodily harm to himself or another or the imminent

commission of aggravated battery against himself or another.” R1-26, Exh. H,

Vol. VI at 1086-87. Snowden made no objection to the jury instructions given.

D. Alternate Jurors

      Prior to deliberation, the trial court released two jurors, whom it understood

to be the alternates. Snowden did not object. Following trial, the court advised

both parties that it had inadvertently replaced two original jurors with alternates.

Snowden filed a motion for mistrial and argued that, because Florida has different

rules for picking regular jurors and alternate jurors, the replacement of two regular

jurors with both alternates was a fundamental error. The motion was denied over

Lowery’s objection.

E. Post-Trial Procedural Developments

      On direct appeal, through different counsel, Lowery made arguments related

to the excluded PTSD evidence and the alternate jurors. The District Court of

Appeal affirmed without discussion. Lowery filed a pro se petition for a writ of



                                           8
habeas corpus in state court, arguing ineffective assistance of counsel in several

respects. The state habeas court denied the petition and a subsequent motion for

rehearing and clarification without opinion. Lowery then filed a pro se motion for

state post-conviction relief, pursuant to Florida Rule of Criminal Procedure 3.850,

in relevant part, attacking his counsel’s failure to: (1) give notice to the state of her

intent to use PTSD as a defense, to provide medical records to the state, and to lay

a factual predicate for the use of expert testimony in support of his PTSD defense;

(2) procure the testimony of Joseph Timmons and “Mary Johnson[-Briere],” who

he claimed would have testified as to the severity of his eye injury, R1-12. Att. 1,

Exh. E1 at 14-16; and (3) object to the substitution of two regular jurors with

alternates. Lowery’s then-appointed counsel amended the Rule 3.850 motion to

include, inter alia, a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel for failure to request

a non-deadly-force jury instruction.

      The state post-conviction court held an evidentiary hearing on the motion at

which Snowden testified to the following: She and Lowery had discussed PTSD as

a possible defense, but Lowery was not interested in pursuing it. In his statement

to her of the events that had transpired on the night of the Tillery’s death, Lowery

“painted Mr. Tillery as the aggressor and [himself] as someone who was trying to

flee,” which she had found to be “a little bit difficult factually,” because Tillery



                                            9
was 76, slender, had cancer, and used crack, while Lowery was healthy and

physically fit. R1-12, Att. 1, Exh. E4 at 17. Lowery’s statement of the events had

changed often, and he had initially contended that he never hit Tillery or fell on top

of him.

       Snowden also testified that she had investigated Lowery’s eye injury, but

thought it “was a red herring” because the booking photograph did not support his

claim, and he complained only that “it bothered him,” not that it was painful. Id. at

22. According to Snowden, there was also confusion as to whether Lowery had a

preexisting eye injury. Snowden testified that she spoke on the telephone with: (1)

Timmons, who did not have time to be deposed, but who wrote her a letter stating

that Lowery had conjunctivitis; and (2) a nurse, named either Wilson or Johnson,2

who had no recollection of treating Lowery. She stated that, in light of the booking

photograph, which revealed no eye injury, she had decided that putting on another

witness, who could not confirm a significant eye injury, would have diminished

Lowery’s credibility and added nothing to the defense. Johnson-Briere testified

that she observed an injury to Lowery’s right eye at the jail infirmary a couple of

days after his arrival. At that time, his eye had appeared “very red and inflamed”

and, when a doctor applied dye and a black light, she had seen that his eye was cut.


       2
       Snowden testified that she could not remember the name, and the related documents
were destroyed during a hurricane. R1-12, Att. 1, Exh. E4 at 26.

                                             10
Id. at 117, 119-20. Finally, Snowden testified that she did not think a non-deadly

force instruction fit the facts of the case and that it would have been “a little

disingenuous to talk about that use or nonuse [of deadly force] when someone has

died as a result of extreme beating.” Id. at 49.

      The state court denied Lowery’s Rule 3.850 motion for state post-conviction

relief. As to the PTSD defense, the court reasoned that, even if notice had been

given, the defense would not have been permitted because there was no evidence in

the record to support a finding that Lowery was suffering from PTSD at the time of

the altercation. More specifically, the court observed (1) that Lowery had

contradicted himself in his motion by asserting, alternately, that PTSD testimony

would have shown why he reacted “so aggressively” to Tillery’s provocation, and

that it would have demonstrated that Lowery did not use brutal force and was only

trying to escape Tillery, R1-12, Att. 2, Exh. E5 at 14; and (2) that Lowery had not

testified that he had reacted aggressively, “blacked out, overreacted, lost his ability

to reason because of his past trauma,” or relived prior events, id. at 14-15. The

court concluded that Snowden’s omissions had not prejudiced Lowery.

      Next, the state post-conviction court found that Snowden’s decision not to

present additional testimony regarding the purported eye injury was tactical and

reasoned in that it appeared that such testimony would have impaired Lowery’s



                                           11
credibility in light of the facts that (1) the booking photograph revealed no eye

injury; (2) the examining doctor had testified that the injury was not severe; and (3)

Lowery had not complained of an eye injury to Cotton, the officer who

documented his injuries on the night of the incident. The court also reasoned that

the evidence would, at most, have shown only that there was a violent altercation

between Lowery and Tillery, not that Lowery acted in self-defense or did not cause

Tillery’s death.

       The state court then found that, because Snowden raised the issue of the

replacement of the two original jurors with alternates in a motion for mistrial/new

trial, for which a hearing had been held, and because the issue had been fully

litigated and raised on appeal, it was inappropriate for consideration under Rule

3.850. The court found also that Lowery failed to argue facts that would have

established a reasonable probability that the originally-selected jury would have

returned a different verdict in light of “the overwhelming evidence of [Lowery’s]

guilt.” Id. at 24.

       Finally, the state court found that Lowery was not entitled to relief on his

claim that Snowden failed to request a non-deadly-force jury instruction because

there was no reasonable probability that the jury would have acquitted Lowery or

found him guilty of a lesser included offense. The state appellate court affirmed



                                          12
without discussion.

      Lowery filed a petition for federal habeas relief on the same grounds. The

magistrate judge recommended that Lowery’s § 2254 petition be denied for, inter

alia, the following reasons: (1) “[A] PTSD defense would have flown in the face of

petitioner’s claimed innocence” and, therefore, Lowery could not show that he was

prejudiced by Snowden’s failure to lay the necessary predicate and that Snowden

“did not cause Lowery to lose a PTSD defense because [based on the rest of his

testimony before the jury] he did not have a viable PTSD defense to begin with.”

R1-28 at 25, 26. (2) The state court’s finding that Snowden’s decision not to call

Johnson-Briere as a witness to Lowery’s eye injury was a reasoned tactical

decision and was well supported by the record. (3) Lowery had failed “to explain

how a non-deadly force instruction would have helped him,” and a jury finding

that Lowery “used non-deadly force to kill a man would be an absurdity” and, thus,

Tillery’s death precluded a non-deadly-force instruction. Id. at 28. The magistrate

judge further explained that the district court would not second-guess the state

court’s determination of state law that, if Lowery had requested a non-deadly-force

instruction, it would have been denied and that this determination foreclosed

Lowery’s “ability to demonstrate deficient performance and prejudice.” Id. at 28-

29. Finally, (4) the magistrate judge found that there was no underlying structural



                                          13
defect in the trial court’s inadvertent replacement of two regular jurors with

alternate jurors before deliberation and that, even if Snowden had been deficient

for failing to object, and even if the error had been structural, Lowery had not

demonstrated prejudice because (a) deliberations had not started when the regular

jurors were inadvertently excused; (b) the alternates were qualified in the same

manner as the rest of the jurors and did not know that they had been designated as

alternates and, thus, would have had no reason to be less attentive during the trial;

and (c) the alternates’ potential bias had been fully subject to peremptory challenge

and challenge for cause. As to each issue, the magistrate judge emphasized that the

state court’s factual findings were well-supported, objectively reasonable, and did

not result in a decision contrary in unreasonable application of established federal

law.

       The district court adopted and incorporated the magistrate’s report and

recommendation, and denied Lowery’s § 2254 petition and his subsequent motion

for a certificate of appealability. We granted a certificate of appealability as to

each of these four issues.

                                  II. DISCUSSION

       We review a district court’s denial of a § 2254 habeas petition de novo.

McNair v. Campbell, 416 F.3d 1291, 1297 (11th Cir. 2005), cert. denied, 547 U.S.



                                           14
1073, 126 S. Ct. 1828 (2006). We review the district court’s factual findings for

clear error, and mixed questions of law and fact de novo. Id. An ineffective

assistance of counsel claim is a mixed question of law and fact that we review de

novo. Id.

      Under § 2254:

      An application for a writ of habeas corpus on behalf of a person in
      custody pursuant to the judgment of a State court shall not be granted
      with respect to any claim that was adjudicated on the merits in State
      court proceedings unless the adjudication of the claim–

             (1) resulted in a decision that was contrary to, or involved an
             unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal law, as
             determined by the Supreme Court of the United States; or

             (2) resulted in a decision that was based on an unreasonable
             determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented in
             the State court proceeding.

28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1)-(2). A state court’s decision is “contrary to . . . clearly

established federal law” if it either (1) “applie[s] a rule that contradicts the

governing law set forth by [the] Supreme Court,” or (2) contradicts the holding of a

Supreme Court case in which “materially indistinguishable facts” were presented.

Id.; Osborne v. Terry, 466 F.3d 1298, 1305 (11th Cir. 2006), cert. denied, 2007

WL 1449744 (U.S. Oct. 1, 2007) (No. 06-11285). A state court’s decision is “an

‘unreasonable application’ of clearly established federal law if it identifies the

correct legal rule from Supreme Court case law but unreasonably applies that rule

                                            15
to the facts of the petitioner’s case.” Osborne, 466 F.3d at 1305 (citation omitted).

“[A] federal habeas court may not issue the writ [under the unreasonable

application clause] simply because that court concludes in its independent

judgment that the relevant state-court decision applied clearly established federal

law erroneously or incorrectly.” Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362, 411, 120 S. Ct.

1495, 1522 (2000). Under the AEDPA, a state court’s determinations of fact are

“presumed to be correct,” and the habeas petitioner has “the burden of rebutting the

presumption of correctness by clear and convincing evidence.” 28 U.S.C.

§ 2254(e)(1).

      The Sixth Amendment provides that a criminal defendant shall have the

right to “the Assistance of Counsel for his defence.” U.S. Const. amend. VI.

When a convicted defendant claims that his counsel’s assistance was ineffective,

“the defendant must show that [(1)] counsel’s performance was deficient,” and that

(2) “the deficient performance prejudiced the defense.” Strickland v. Washington,

466 U.S. 668, 687, 104 S. Ct. 2052, 2064 (1984).

      “For performance to be deficient, it must be established that, in light of all

the circumstances, counsel’s performance was outside the wide range of

professional competence.” Putman v. Head, 268 F.3d 1223, 1243 (11th Cir. 2001).

“The mere fact that other witnesses might have been available or that other



                                          16
testimony might have been elicited from those who testified is not a sufficient

ground to prove ineffectiveness of counsel.” Foster v. Dugger, 823 F.2d 402, 406

(11th Cir. 1987) (quotation and citation omitted). “A strategic decision by defense

counsel will be held to constitute ineffective assistance only if it was so patently

unreasonable that no competent attorney would have chosen it.” See Kelly v.

United States, 820 F.2d 1173, 1176 (11th Cir. 1987) (per curiam) (quotation and

citation omitted). Reviewing courts must be “highly deferential” in reviewing

counsel’s performance, and must utilize the “strong presumption that counsel’s

performance was reasonable.” Chandler v. United States, 218 F.3d 1305, 1314

(11th Cir. 2000) (en banc). “[B]ecause counsel’s conduct is presumed reasonable,

for a petitioner to show that the conduct was unreasonable, a petitioner must

establish that no competent counsel would have taken the action that his counsel

did take.” Id. at 1315.

      To show prejudice, a petitioner must demonstrate “that there is a reasonable

probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the

proceeding would have been different.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694, 104 S. Ct. at

2068. We have noted that, in the context of requests for federal habeas relief

predicated upon ineffective assistance of counsel by state prisoners, the petitioner

must not only satisfy the Strickland standard, but must also show that the state



                                           17
court applied Strickland “in an objectively unreasonable manner.” Rutherford v.

Crosby, 385 F.3d 1300, 1309 (11th Cir. 2004).

A. PTSD

      Lowery first argues that Snowden’s failure to give notice, hand over his

medical records and lay the proper predicate at trial, prejudicially deprived him of

a PTSD defense. In Florida, PTSD evidence may be offered to support a claim of

self-defense and “to help the jury understand why the victim would subjectively

fear increased aggression against” him. State v. Mizell, 773 So.2d 618, 621 (Fla.

Dist. Ct. App. 2000).

      Although it is true that Snowden failed properly to lay the groundwork for a

PTSD defense, the state post-conviction court found the testimony Lowery did

give at trial to be inconsistent with a PTSD defense because Lowery maintained

throughout his testimony that “he accidentally fell on [Tillery] one or two times”

and merely slapped him a few times with open hands, not that he reacted in an

overly aggressive manner. R1-12, Att. 2, Exh. E5 at 14. The court further noted

that Lowery had been consistent throughout in his contention that he had used

negligible force. Accordingly, the court concluded that Lowery was not prejudiced

by Snowden’s deficient performance because she could not have caused him to

lose a PTSD defense he did not have in the first place. Because Lowery has not



                                          18
rebutted the court’s finding that his testimony was thus inconsistent by clear and

convincing evidence, it is presumed correct.3 See 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(1). In light

of our own review of the record, neither we do not find it to be an unreasonable

determination. Because Lowery’s trial testimony actually conflicted with a PTSD

defense, the state court’s conclusion that Lowery suffered no prejudice, and thus no

ineffective assistance of counsel, is not an unreasonable application of clearly

established federal law. See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687, 104 S. Ct. 2064, 2068.

Accordingly the district court correctly denied Lowery relief as to the issue of a

PTSD defense.

B. Eye Witnesses

       Lowery argues that the state and district courts misrepresented the record as

establishing that the testimony of the two witnesses would have been “additional”

or “cumulative,” thereby leading the courts to overlook the “actual implications” of

Snowden’s strategy. Appellant’s Br. at 28. He contends that Snowden failed

reasonably to investigate the severity of his eye injury and consequently called the

wrong witnesses at trial. Lowery particularly challenges her decision not to call

either Timmons or Johnson-Briere, both of whom actually treated his eye injury


       3
        In addressing this issue, Lowery insists that “PTSD evidence was needed to show why
he believed his actions were necessary to defend himself.” Appellant’s Br. at 27. But he does
not specify the actions to which he refers or explain specifically how those actions are consistent
with PTSD. Thus, we are left with nothing more than conclusory allegations.

                                                19
immediately after he was arrested.

      The state court determined, based on Snowden’s testimony at the evidentiary

hearing and other evidence in the record, that Snowden had appropriately

investigated the eye injury prior to trial. There is evidence in the record that she

interviewed several treating medical personnel, and at least spoke to Timmons and

to someone she believed to be Johnson-Briere, and that none of them confirmed a

serious eye injury. R1-12, Att. 2, Vol. V at 935-38. The record also shows that no

injury to Lowery’s eye is apparent from the booking photograph taken after his

arrest in connection with the fight with Tillery, and that the arresting officer was

unaware of any such injury. Id., Att. 2, Vol V at 935; id., Att. 1, Exh. E4 at 634,

642. . Therefore, we find that it was not unreasonable for the state court to

conclude that Snowden’s strategic choice not to call more witnesses, because she

believed they would have been cumulative and particularly because she believed

they might diminish Lowery’s credibility, was not so patently unreasonable that no

competent attorney would have made the same choice. See Kelly, 820 F.2d at

1176. Accordingly, the state post-conviction court’s finding that Snowden’s

performance was not deficient was also objectively reasonable.

      Even if the state post-conviction court had found Snowden’s performance

deficient as to this issue, it properly concluded that Lowery failed to meet his



                                           20
burden in demonstrating prejudice. The state court reasoned that additional

testimony from Johnson-Briere or Timmons that Lowery had an eye injury while

incarcerated would have shown nothing as to the nature of the altercation, that it

would not have demonstrated that he received the injury while defending himself

or that he received it during the altercation with Tillery. The court thus objectively

reasonably concluded that Lowery failed to satisfy his burden of demonstrating

that there was a reasonable probability that presenting testimony from additional

witnesses would have altered the outcome of the trial. Accordingly, we find that

the state court’s finding that Lowery was not prejudiced by Snowden’s failure to

call additional witnesses to testify about the severity of Lowery’s eye injury and so

had no claim for ineffective assistance of counsel was not contrary to, or an

unreasonable application of clearly established federal law, and that the district

court properly denied Lowery relief as to this issue.4

C. Non-Deadly Force Instruction

       Lowery argues that Snowden’s testimony at the evidentiary hearing about

why she did not ask for a non-deadly force instruction was based on hindsight and



       4
         The district court did not specifically address Snowden’s failure to call Timmons.
However, because Timmons conducted the examination of Lowery’s eye about which
Johnson-Briere testified, and his testimony presumably would have been the same as hers, our
analysis would be the same for Timmons. Accordingly, the district court's failure to address the
issue of Timmons does not alter this conclusion.

                                               21
conflicted with the trial transcript, which revealed that she did not present a

defense based on, or evidence of, the justifiable use of deadly force. He notes that

the non-deadly-force instruction explicitly provides that it can be given when the

victim has died. Without the instruction on non-deadly force, Lowery contends

that “the jury was left with absolutely no alternatives.” Appellant’s Br. at 47. He

asserts that it would have been “far easier” to convince the jury that he faced “the

imminent use of unlawful force,” as per in the non-deadly-force instruction. Id. at

48.

      In Florida, “[i]t is well settled law that the defense is entitled to jury

instructions on his theory of defense if evidence has been introduced to support

those instructions.” Cooper v. State, 573 So.2d 74, 76 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1990)

(per curiam). “The trial court should not weigh the evidence for the purpose of

determining whether the instruction is appropriate.” Garramone v. State, 636

So.2d 869, 870 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1994). Where a firearm is discharged and the

victim dies, deadly force is used as a matter of law, and a defendant is not entitled

to a jury instruction on the justifiable use of non-deadly force. Miller v. State, 613

So.2d 530, 531 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1993) (per curiam). On the other hand, Florida

courts have held that, generally, where the defendant claims self-defense, the

question of what type of force was used is a question for the jury. See Garramone,



                                           22
636 So.2d at 871 (holding that, where an attacker was thrown off a bridge into

water and drowned, the jury should have been instructed on the justifiable use of

non-deadly force). See also Howard v. State, 698 So.2d 923, 925 (Fla. Dist. Ct.

App. 1997) (holding that, where defendant testified that the victim was stabbed

when he lunged at her, jury should have been instructed on the justifiable use of

deadly and non-deadly force).

       While the state post-conviction court did not explicitly apply Strickland to

determine whether Snowden was ineffective for failing to request a non-deadly-

force jury instruction, it stated that, had the instruction been given, “there is still no

reasonable probability that the jury would have acquitted [Lowery], or found him

guilty of a lesser included offense.” R1-12, Att. 2, Exh. E5 at 31. The court based

its decision on the finding that Lowery’s “contention that he merely slapped the

victim with an open hand is wholly incredible, and no reasonable juror could

believe such a claim.” Id. Thus, the state post-conviction court appears to have

assumed that Snowden’s performance was deficient for failing to request a non-

deadly-force instruction, but determined that Lowery was not prejudiced by this

deficiency because counsel’s failure to request the instruction did not change the

outcome of Lowery’s trial.5 We find this was not an unreasonable conclusion in


       5
         Lowery’s contention that the deadly-force instruction was inconsistent with the force he
testified to Tillery having used is also meritless because the instruction as given stated that

                                                23
light of the evidence presented, including: (1) evidence of the nature and extent of

Tillery’s injuries, R1-26, Exh. H, Vol. II at 307-14; (2) testimony that Tillery died

of blunt force trauma, id., Vol. III at 444; and (3) evidence of extensive blood

spatter, id., Vol. II at 272-76; see § 2254(d)(2), (e)(1). Accordingly, the state

post-conviction court’s conclusion was not contrary to, or an unreasonable

application of Strickland. As such, the district court was correct to deny Lowery’s

petition as to that issue.6

D. Alternate Jurors

       Lowery argues that the inadvertent substitution of jurors was a structural


deadly force is justified to prevent “great bodily harm . . . or the imminent commission of
aggravated battery,” and Lowery testified that Tillery was trying to gouge out his eye. See R1-
12, Att. 1, Exh. A at 18; R1-26, Exh. H, Vol. V at 839-41. Florida law provides that “[a] person
commits aggravated battery who . . . [i]ntentionally or knowingly causes great bodily harm,
permanent disability, or permanent disfigurement.” Fla. Stat. § 784.045.
       6
         We observe that the district court did err in that it found that an instruction on the
justifiable use of non-deadly force could not have been given because the victim died from the
beating, and that the state post-conviction court based its decision on this conclusion. This
finding misstated the state post-conviction court’s conclusion and was contrary to Florida law at
the time of Lowery’s trial. See Cooper, 573 So.2d at 76 (whether force is deadly is a jury
question); Garramone, 636 So.2d at 870-71 (death of victim does not necessarily dictate deadly
force instruction as opposed to non-deadly force instruction). In any event, under § 2254(d),
deference is given to the state court’s adjudication of the claim, which was that Lowery was not
prejudiced by any deficient performance by his counsel because, in light of the overwhelming
evidence that deadly force was used, the outcome of the proceeding would not have been
different had the instruction been given. Accordingly, the district court’s apparent error is of no
consequence. See Bonanni Ship Supply, Inc. v. United States, 959 F.2d 1558, 1561 (11th Cir.
1992) (We “may affirm the district court where the judgment entered is correct on any legal
ground regardless of the grounds addressed, adopted or rejected by the district court.”).




                                                 24
error, requiring a presumption of prejudice. We have recognized that, with three

exceptions not applicable in the instant case, prejudice is not presumed but must be

shown in order to establish ineffective assistance of counsel based on failure to

challenge structural error. See Purvis v. Crosby, 451 F.3d 734, 740-43 (11th Cir.),

cert. denied, __ U.S. __, 127 S. Ct. 587 (2006). In Florida, “[s]eldom, if ever, will

excusal of a juror constitute reversible error for the parties are not entitled to have

any particular jurors serve. They are entitled only to have qualified jurors.”

Piccott v. State, 116 So. 2d 626, 627 (Fla. 1960). The Supreme Court has held

that, “[a]lthough a defendant has no right to a petit jury composed in whole or in

part of persons of [the defendant’s] own race, he or she does have the right to be

tried by a jury whose members are selected by nondiscriminatory criteria.” Powers

v. Ohio, 499 U.S. 400, 404, 111 S.Ct. 1364, 1367 (1991) (quotation and citation

omitted) (second alteration in original).

      In Florida, a qualified juror is a male or female who is at least 18 years old,

is a United States citizen, is a legal resident of Florida and the county of the place

of the trial, and possesses appropriate identification or has executed a substitute

affidavit. Fla. Stat. § 40.01 (2006). “The test for determining juror competency is

whether the juror can lay aside any bias or prejudice and render a verdict solely on

the evidence presented and the instructions on the law given by the court.” Busby



                                            25
v. State, 894 So.2d 88, 95 (Fla. 2004) (per curiam), cert. denied, 545 U.S. 1150,

125 S. Ct. 2976 (2005).

       Even assuming Snowden’s performance was deficient, Lowery must still

demonstrate prejudice resulting from her failure to object to the alleged structural

error. See Purvis, 451 F.3d at 743. Lowery argues that he was prejudiced because

Snowden ignored his objection to one of the alternate jurors, and the other alternate

was black, which could have somehow altered the jury dynamics. Both allegations

are speculative and conclusory, and Lowery has not pointed to any specific

evidence that the alternate jurors were unqualified or not competent to serve.7 See

Tejada v. Dugger, 941 F.2d 1551, 1559 (11th Cir. 1991) (noting that a petitioner is

not even entitled to an evidentiary hearing as to federal habeas corpus relief when

the “claims are merely conclusory allegations unsupported by specifics or

contentions that in the face of the record are wholly incredible”) (quotations and

citation omitted).

       For Lowery’s trial, the alternates were qualified in the same manner as the

rest of the jurors. Because the alternate jurors were qualified and Lowery has made



       7
         To the extent that Lowery argues that the black alternate should not have been chosen,
striking a juror on the basis of race would have been improper and likely subject to a challenge
under Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79, 89, 106 S. Ct. 1712, 1719 (1986) (forbidding the use of
peremptory challenges to jurors by the government based “solely on account of their race or on
the assumption that black jurors as a group will be unable impartially” to deliberate).

                                               26
only conclusory allegations regarding how they might have affected deliberation of

his case, he has failed to show that there is a reasonable probability that the

outcome of his trial would have been different had Snowden objected to the

substitution of two regular jurors with alternates prior to deliberation.

Accordingly, the state court’s finding that he suffered no prejudice, and thus no

ineffective assistance, was not contrary to, or an unreasonable application of

clearly established federal law and the district court was right to deny his petition

as to this issue.

                                 III. CONCLUSION

       Lowery appeals the district court’s denial of his pro se 28 U.S.C. § 2254

petition based on ineffective assistance of counsel with respect to (1) the

presentation of a PTSD defense, (2) the introduction of evidence of an eye injury,

(3) a jury instruction on the use of non-deadly force, and (4) the replacement of

regular jurors by alternates. Because none of the state post-conviction court’s

rulings as to these four issues were contrary to, or in unreasonable application of

clearly established federal law, the district court properly denied Lowery’s § 2254

petition. We AFFIRM.




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