This opinion is subject to administrative correction before final disposition.




                                Before
                 CRISFIELD, HITESMAN, and GASTON
                       Appellate Military Judges

                        _________________________

                          UNITED STATES
                              Appellee

                                     v.

                       Charles L. DAVIS
               Lance Corporal (E-3), U.S. Marine Corps
                             Appellant

                             No. 201800258

                          Decided: 3 March 2020

 Appeal from the United States Navy-Marine Corps Trial Judiciary.
 Military Judge: Lieutenant Colonel F. W. Hoover, USMC. Sentence
 adjudged 23 May 2018 by a general court-martial convened at Marine
 Corps Base Camp Lejeune, North Carolina, consisting of a military
 judge sitting alone. Sentence approved by the convening authority:
 reduction to pay grade E-1, confinement for eight years, and a dishon-
 orable discharge.

 For Appellant: Lieutenant Salomee Gethoeffer Briggs, USCG; Captain
 Thomas R. Fricton, USMC.

 For Appellee: Lieutenant George R. Lewis, JAGC, USN; Captain
 Brian L. Farrell, USMC.

 Judge GASTON delivered the opinion of the Court, in which Chief
 Judge CRISFIELD and Senior Judge HITESMAN joined.

                        _________________________
                 United States v. Davis, NMCCA No. 201800258


           This opinion does not serve as binding precedent, but
                may be cited as persuasive authority under
                 NMCCA Rule of Appellate Procedure 30.2.

                            _________________________

GASTON, Judge:
    Appellant was convicted, contrary to his pleas, of three specifications of
sexual abuse of a child in violation of Article 120b, Uniform Code of Military
Justice (UCMJ), 10 U.S.C. § 920b (2012), for touching the genitalia of his five-
year-old stepdaughter DB on two occasions and directing his four-year-old
stepdaughter PB to watch. 1 He asserts five assignments of error (AOEs),
which we reorder as follows: (1) the military judge erred by denying as
untimely a mid-trial motion to suppress evidence obtained from Appellant’s
cell phone; (2) Appellant’s trial defense counsel were constitutionally ineffec-
tive for not adequately investigating the cell phone suppression issue prior to
entry of pleas and filing a timely motion to suppress evidence obtained from
the phone; (3) the military judge abused his discretion in admitting various
out-of-court statements under the residual hearsay exception, MILITARY
RULE OF EVIDENCE (MIL. R. EVID.) 807, MANUAL FOR COURTS-MARTIAL
(MCM), UNITED STATES (2016 ed.); (4) the evidence is legally and factually
insufficient to support Appellant’s convictions; and (5) the adjudged sentence
of reduction to pay grade E-1, confinement for eight years, and a dishonorable
discharge is inappropriately severe. 2
   We find no prejudicial error and affirm.

                                I. BACKGROUND

   Evidence of the offenses of which Appellant was convicted surfaced during
family holiday gatherings in November-December 2016 at the home of Diane
Arness, 3 the grandmother of Appellant’s wife, Mrs. Davis. On Thanksgiving


   1  Appellant was acquitted of additional specifications charging him with unlaw-
fully exposing his genitalia to DB and PB, touching PB’s genitalia, and digitally
penetrating DB’s vulva.
   2 The third, fourth, and fifth AOEs are raised pursuant to United States v.
Grostefon, 12 M.J. 431 (C.M.A. 1982).
   3   Pseudonyms have replaced many surnames referenced in the opinion.




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                      United States v. Davis, NMCCA No. 201800258


Day, five-year-old DB grabbed the genitals of her grandfather, Paul Vinson,
over his clothes. When he told her that was not appropriate, DB responded,
“You didn’t like that?” 4 During the Thanksgiving and Christmas holidays,
Ms. Arness observed DB with her hand in her pants. When Ms. Arness asked
her on Thanksgiving what she was doing, DB responded, “[my] stepdad said
that it made you feel good.” 5 When Ms. Arness asked whom DB meant by her
“stepdad,” DB said, “Mike” (her biological father), as opposed to “Charlie” (her
stepfather, Appellant). But once Mrs. Davis (the biological mother of DB and
PB) learned of the incident, she suspected Appellant was sexually abusing
DB because DB’s biological father had not been involved in DB’s life for a
year or more, and DB had begun having behavioral issues in school in
October 2016.
    Mrs. Davis notified the base Family Advocacy Program about the suspect-
ed abuse on 18 January 2017. The local Department of Social Services (DSS)
was then notified, and a social worker from DSS made an unannounced visit
to the family home that same day. When interviewed, Appellant told the
social worker that in conjunction with bathing her, he had touched DB in her
vaginal area in order to teach her “good touch” from “bad touch” and right
from wrong, but denied doing so in a sexual way. DSS then notified the Naval
Criminal Investigative Service (NCIS).
   DB and PB were forensically interviewed the following day, 19 January
2017, at the local Child Advocacy Center. DB told the interviewer that
Appellant “tried to sneak in [her] panties and touch [her]” 6 and tried to
unbutton her pants and pull them down. Using a diagram, she said Appellant
touched her vaginal area and told her to close her eyes when he did so.
    NCIS interrogated Appellant the next day, 20 January 2017. He initially
denied touching the vaginal area of DB or PB for any reason. Subsequently,
after being told about the forensic interviews, Appellant admitted touching
DB’s vaginal area on two occasions. He denied doing so for any sexual reason
or pleasure, but admitted that what he did was not okay. He said that on one
occasion between August and October 2016 he inserted his fingers under-
neath DB’s underwear to pull them out and check them to see if she had



   4   Record at 236.
   5   Id. at 248.
   6   Pros. Ex. 5.




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                      United States v. Davis, NMCCA No. 201800258


urinated, and that his fingers may have penetrated her labia because his
knuckles became moist and wet. He said that on another occasion between
Thanksgiving and Christmas 2016 he touched DB’s vagina while she was
bathing to teach her what a good sexual touch is. He said he did this to DB in
the presence of PB and told PB to pay attention. He said he also used dolls to
show both DB and PB what a “good touch” is, and told DB that “guys” also
have areas for “good touches” in their private areas. 7 He said that after he
touched DB, he told her not to tell anyone about it, or else he and her mother
could go to jail. 8
   In follow-up forensic interviews on 16 May 2017, both DB and PB said
Appellant would bathe them on occasion. DB said there were rules about not
touching private areas and that Appellant did not break those rules anymore.
   Additional facts necessary to resolve the AOEs are discussed below.

                                   II. DISCUSSION

A. Denial of Motion to Suppress
    In conjunction with Appellant’s interrogation on 20 January 2017, NCIS
asked if they could search his cellular phone. Appellant consented to the
search of his new phone. He said that his old Verizon HTC phone was
“completely smashed” and was in his wife’s possession, but that it was fine
for NCIS to search it, too, if they were able to get it and access its contents.
NCIS later followed up with Mrs. Davis in February 2017 and obtained
Appellant’s damaged HTC phone from her, along with her permission to
search it. Prior to searching the phone, NCIS also requested and received
Appellant’s written consent in the form of a signed Permissive Authorization
for Search and Seizure (PASS) that permitted a search of the Verizon HTC
phone “and all applications and data files contained within.” 9
   A subsequent forensic search of the phone’s memory chip yielded evidence
that in early January 2017 the phone was used to conduct an Internet search
on the topic of “what age can girls start getting wet?” The phone was then
used to visit websites addressing the topics of “When do girls start to get



   7   Pros. Ex. 1; Pros. Ex. 2.
   8   Pros. Ex. 1.
   9   Article 32 Preliminary Hearing Officer’s Report, Ex. 16.




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                   United States v. Davis, NMCCA No. 201800258


wet?”; “At what age do girls start to produce vaginal lubrication and is it ‘dry’
before that time?”; and “At what age do most girls have their first orgasm?” 10
NCIS documented these investigative actions related to the phone in written
reports, which the Government turned over to the Defense in pretrial
discovery.
   Appellant entered pleas of not guilty on 21 May 2018, the first day of a
three-day bench trial. On day two of the trial, in response to questions from
the military judge, Mrs. Davis testified that during a telephonic argument
with Appellant around 15 January 2017, he told her not to come back to their
home. She testified that sometime later, she returned to get personal items
from their home and found and picked up Appellant’s damaged HTC phone
along with various other electronic devices and took them with her. She said
she later turned over the damaged HTC phone to NCIS.
    After hearing this testimony, Appellant’s trial defense counsel moved to
suppress the contents of the phone as stemming from an illegal seizure,
arguing that Mrs. Davis had acted as a government agent when she took
Appellant’s phone from the marital home and later turned it over to NCIS. As
good cause for the late motion, the Defense cited Mrs. Davis’ unwillingness to
be interviewed by the Defense prior to trial and a lack of clarity in the
discovery materials about (a) which of Appellant’s Verizon HTC phones (old
versus new) the Internet search evidence had been found on and (b) the
circumstances under which Mrs. Davis turned over the old phone to NCIS. In
response to questions from the military judge, the defense counsel admitted
he did not attempt to clarify these issues prior to trial by either examining
the actual phone itself, which was in the NCIS evidence locker, or speaking
with the NCIS agent who had received the phone from Mrs. Davis. Upon
examining the NCIS reports regarding the phone that were turned over in
discovery to the Defense, the military judge found a lack of good cause for the
late suppression motion and denied it as untimely.
    Appellant asserts the military judge erred in denying the motion as un-
timely. We review such rulings by the trial court for an abuse of discretion.
United States v. Jameson, 65 M.J. 160, 163 (C.A.A.F. 2007). “The abuse of
discretion standard is a strict one, calling for more than a mere difference of
opinion. The challenged action must be arbitrary, fanciful, clearly unreason-
able, or clearly erroneous.” United States v. Lloyd, 69 M.J. 95, 99 (C.A.A.F.



   10   Pros. Ex. 11.




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               United States v. Davis, NMCCA No. 201800258


2010) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). A ruling based on an
erroneous view of the law constitutes an abuse of discretion. United States v.
Griggs, 61 M.J. 402, 406 (C.A.A.F. 2005) (citing United States v. McCollum,
58 M.J. 323, 335 (C.A.A.F. 2003)).
    Generally, motions to suppress evidence must be made before pleas are
entered. RULE FOR COURTS-MARTIAL (R.C.M.) 905(b)(3), MCM. Failure to
bring the motion before pleas are entered constitutes waiver absent a
showing of good cause. R.C.M. 905(e). Whether good cause exists largely
depends on when the Defense acquired the necessary information to know
about the evidence at issue and the basis for suppressing it. Not learning
about the basis for a motion to suppress until after pleas are entered can
constitute good cause, which “should be liberally construed in favor of
permitting an accused the right to be heard fully in his defense.” United
States v. Coffin, 25 M.J. 32, 34 (C.M.A. 1987) (emphasis in original). On the
other hand, it is not good cause “when the defense knew or could have known
about the evidence in question” prior to the relevant deadline. Jameson, 65
M.J. at 163.
    Here, based on our review of the discovery and other evidence available to
the Defense prior to trial, we agree with the military judge that the Defense
had access to the pertinent materials regarding the damaged HTC phone well
before Appellant’s entry of pleas on 21 May 2018. These materials revealed:
that Appellant told NCIS during his interrogation on 20 January 2017 that
his old HTC phone was seriously damaged, that it was in Mrs. Davis’
possession, and that he was fine with NCIS searching it if they could get it
and access its contents; that NCIS subsequently asked for and received the
damaged phone from Mrs. Davis in February 2017; that NCIS then requested
and received Appellant’s consent (documented in a written, signed PASS)
prior to forensically searching the phone’s contents; and that the ensuing
search yielded evidence germane to the charges. Thus, notwithstanding Mrs.
Davis’ unwillingness to submit to a pretrial interview and the Defense’s claim
of surprise about her testimony at trial, the Defense had long had access to
sufficient information to investigate and file a timely suppression motion,
which could have been litigated during one of the multiple pretrial motions
sessions the military judge held to handle such issues. Under these circum-
stances, we find no abuse of discretion for the military judge to rule that the
Defense failed to show good cause for the mid-trial suppression motion and
consequently to deny the motion as untimely.

B. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel
    Appellant claims his trial defense counsel were constitutionally ineffective
for failing to adequately investigate and timely move the court to suppress
the cell phone evidence discussed above. We review claims of ineffective


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               United States v. Davis, NMCCA No. 201800258


assistance of counsel de novo. United States v. Mazza, 67 M.J. 470, 474
(C.A.A.F. 2009) (citations omitted). Our review uses the two-part test
outlined in Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984). “In order to
prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, an appellant must
demonstrate both (1) that his counsel’s performance was deficient, and
(2) that this deficiency resulted in prejudice.” United States v. Green, 68 M.J.
360, 361-62 (C.A.A.F. 2010) (citing Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687). When a
claim for ineffective assistance of counsel is premised on trial defense
counsel’s failure to move the court to take some action, “an appellant must
show that there is a reasonable probability that such a motion would have
been meritorious.” United States v. McConnell, 55 M.J. 479, 482 (C.A.A.F.
2001) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). “A reasonable proba-
bility is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.”
Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694. “Failure to raise a meritless argument does not
constitute ineffective assistance.” United States v. Napoleon, 46 M.J. 279, 284
(C.A.A.F. 1997) (quoting Boag v. Raines, 769 F.2d. 1341, 1344 (9th Cir.
1985)).
    Here, we find Appellant has failed to show a reasonable probability that a
timely-filed motion to suppress the cell phone evidence would have been
meritorious. On a motion to suppress, the Government bears the burden of
proving by a preponderance of the evidence that the evidence at issue was not
obtained as a result of an unlawful search or seizure. MIL. R. EVID.
311(d)(5)(A). Evidence obtained as a result of an unlawful search or seizure is
subject to potential exclusion if executed “by a person acting in a governmen-
tal capacity.” MIL. R. EVID. 311(a). This same Fourth Amendment protection
does not apply, however, to “a search or seizure, even an unreasonable one,
effected by a private individual not acting as an agent of the Government or
with the participation or knowledge of a governmental official.” United States
v. Buford, 74 M.J. 98, 100 (C.A.A.F. 2015) (quoting United States v. Jacobsen,
466 U.S. 109, 113-14 (1984)). To determine whether an individual is acting in
her private capacity or as an agent of the Government, we examine “all the
facts and circumstances” in the case. United States v. Jones, 73 M.J. 357, 361-
62 (C.A.A.F. 2014). While the identity and motivation of the individual
conducting the search or seizure is a factor to be considered, the determina-
tion “does not hinge on motivation, but rather ‘on the degree of the Govern-
ment’s participation in the private party’s activities.’” United States v.
Daniels, 60 M.J. 69, 71 (C.A.A.F. 2004) (quoting Skinner v. Railway Labor
Executives’ Ass’n, 489 U.S. 602, 614-15 (1989)). “To implicate the Fourth
Amendment in this respect there must be ‘clear indices of the Government’s
encouragement, endorsement, and participation’ in the challenged search.”
Id. (quoting Skinner, 489 U.S. at 615-16).




                                       7
               United States v. Davis, NMCCA No. 201800258


    In this case, there is no evidence that the Government encouraged, en-
dorsed, or participated in Mrs. Davis’ seizure of the phone from the marital
home. Based on the record before us, we can ascertain only that the seizure
occurred sometime between Appellant’s telephonic argument with Mrs. Davis
around 15 January 2017 (when he told her not to come back to the home,
where the phone was located) and Appellant’s interrogation by NCIS on 20
January 2017 (at which point he told the agents the phone was in Mrs. Davis’
possession). Circumstantial evidence suggests the possibility that Mrs. Davis
did not retrieve the phone until after speaking with NCIS at the Child
Advocacy Center in conjunction with her children’s forensic interviews on 19
January 2017; however, the timeline was never clarified on the record. Thus,
we simply cannot determine as a factual matter whether the seizure even
occurred after notification was made to law enforcement on 18 January 2017,
let alone whether NCIS had anything to do with Mrs. Davis’ retrieval of the
phone.
    Even assuming arguendo we could determine that Mrs. Davis was acting
as a Government agent when she obtained the phone, the evidence supports
that the search of the phone was valid based on Appellant’s consent. Evi-
dence of a search “is admissible if conducted with lawful consent.” MIL. R.
EVID. 314(e)(1). On a motion to suppress, the Government bears the burden
of proving consent by clear and convincing evidence. MIL. R. EVID. 314(e)(5).
To be valid, a person’s consent to search must be voluntary, which is “deter-
mined from all the circumstances.” MIL. R. EVID. 314(e)(4). Factors to be
considered in this regard include the person’s age, education, experience,
length of military service, rank, knowledge of the right to refuse to give
consent, and whether the environment in which the permission to search was
obtained was custodial or coercive. See United States v. Goudy, 32 M.J. 88,
90-91 (C.M.A. 1991) (holding that whether the Government has met its
burden is evaluated from the totality of the circumstances).
    In this case, Appellant repeatedly consented for NCIS to search the
phone. During his interrogation, he gave explicit permission for NCIS to
obtain the phone from Mrs. Davis and to search it if they were able to connect
it to an extraction machine and get information from it. While the scope of
consent “may be limited in any way by the person granting consent,” MIL. R.
EVID. 314(e)(3), there is no indication Appellant ever limited or withdrew his
initial permission for NCIS to search his phone once they got it from Mrs.
Davis.
    Even so, once NCIS obtained the phone from Mrs. Davis, they neverthe-
less brought Appellant into his executive officer’s office on 28 March 2017,
again requested and received his consent to search the phone, and obtained a
written PASS from him to that effect. The PASS that Appellant initialed and
signed informed him that he was suspected of sexual assault of a child and

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                  United States v. Davis, NMCCA No. 201800258


that he had a “constitutional right to refuse to permit this search in the
absence of a search warrant.” 11 It granted broad authorization to search both
the phone “and all applications and data files contained within.” 12 While we
agree that the environment in which the PASS was obtained from Appel-
lant—the office of his O-4 executive officer—could be coercive to someone of
Appellant’s age, experience, and military rank, we have little or no evidence
in the record before us to demonstrate, as Appellant now claims, that his
consent was not voluntary. And the following day, when telephoned by NCIS
to request the phone’s passcode, Appellant voluntarily provided several
possible passcodes for unlocking it.
    All of this preceded the NCIS search of the phone’s memory chip that
yielded the evidence at issue. Thus, even taking into consideration the
potentially coercive environment in which the PASS was obtained, in light of
all the other facts and circumstances discussed above, we find clear and
convincing evidence that Appellant’s consent was voluntary. We therefore
conclude that Appellant has not shown a reasonable probability that a timely
filed suppression motion would have been meritorious in this case, and
consequently find his claim of ineffective assistance of counsel to be without
merit.

C. Residual Hearsay
    Appellant asserts the military judge erred by admitting out-of-court
statements made by DB and PB to various third parties under the residual
hearsay exception, MIL. R. EVID. 807. We review such rulings to admit or
exclude evidence for an abuse of discretion. United States v. Solomon, 72 M.J.
176, 179 (C.A.A.F. 2013); United States v. Czachorowski, 66 M.J. 432, 434
(C.A.A.F. 2008). “The abuse of discretion standard is a strict one, calling for
more than a mere difference of opinion. The challenged action must be
arbitrary, fanciful, clearly unreasonable, or clearly erroneous.” United States
v. Lloyd, 69 M.J. 95, 99 (C.A.A.F. 2010) (citation and internal quotation
marks omitted).
   The residual hearsay exception provides for the admission of otherwise
excludable hearsay statements, even if not specifically covered by another




   11   Article 32 Preliminary Hearing Officer’s Report, Ex. 16.
   12   Id.




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               United States v. Davis, NMCCA No. 201800258


hearsay exception, provided reasonable notice is given and the following
conditions are met:
       (1) the statement has equivalent circumstantial guarantees of
       trustworthiness;
       (2) it is offered as evidence of a material fact;
       (3) it is more probative on the point for which it is offered than
       any other evidence that the proponent can obtain through rea-
       sonable efforts; and
       (4) admitting it will best serve the purposes of these rules and
       the interests of justice.
MIL. R. EVID. 807. Our superior court has summarized these conditions
precedent to admission as “(1) materiality, (2) necessity, and (3) reliability.”
United States v. Kelly, 45 M.J. 275, 280 (C.A.A.F. 1996). Reliability is
determined through the weighing of such factors as the mental age and state
of the declarant; the spontaneity of the statement; whether suggestive
questioning was used; and whether the statement can be corroborated.
United States v. Donaldson, 58 M.J. 477, 488 (C.A.A.F. 2003); United States
v. McGrath, 39 M.J. 158, 166-67 (C.M.A. 1994). The necessity prong requires
the proponent to show that reasonable efforts cannot produce more probative
evidence, which is applied somewhat more liberally to statements of child
victims. Kelley, 45 M.J. at 280-81. And the evidence must still satisfy the
Confrontation Clause as interpreted in Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36
(2004), which generally requires that the declarant testify and be subject to
cross-examination. Id. at 54.
    This issue was thoroughly litigated prior to trial on the Government’s
motion for a preliminary ruling on the admissibility of the various state-
ments, which the Defense opposed. After a hearing, the military judge ruled
some of the statements admissible as residual hearsay provided the necessity
prong could be met, for which he reserved his ruling until trial. At trial, the
testimony of both victims revealed that they could not remember Appellant’s
alleged acts. The Defense at that point conceded that the victims’ testimony
satisfied the requirements of the Confrontation Clause and the residual
hearsay rule’s required showing of necessity. The Government then submit-
ted the forensic interviews of both victims and various other statements that
the military judge had previously ruled admissible and admitted, as explored
more fully below. During the presentation of this evidence, the Defense did
not note further objections on the record.




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               United States v. Davis, NMCCA No. 201800258


   1. Waiver
    As an initial matter, the Government argues Appellant waived this issue
upon his trial defense counsel stating “no objection” when the evidence was
offered at trial. We disagree.
    Waiver is the “intentional relinquishment or abandonment of a known
right.” United States v. Gladue, 67 M.J. 311, 313 (C.A.A.F. 2009) (citations
omitted). Waiver is different from forfeiture, which is “the failure to make the
timely assertion of a right.” Id. Generally, a mere failure to object at trial
amounts to forfeiture and is reviewed for plain error, which occurs when
there is an error, it is obvious, and it results in material prejudice to a
substantial right. United States v. Powell, 49 M.J. 460, 463-65 (C.A.A.F.
1998). If the issue was waived, however, there is no error for this Court to
review on appeal. United States v. Ahern, 76 M.J. 194, 197 (C.A.A.F. 2017).
     Here, we find neither waiver nor forfeiture. The issue of the admissibility
of the victims’ out-of-court statements as residual hearsay was thoroughly
litigated pretrial and was opposed by the Defense. The military judge issued
a pretrial ruling regarding the statements at issue, reserving only a final
ruling on the necessity prong based on the testimony of the victims at trial.
We find that the military judge’s ruling preserved the MIL. R. EVID. 807 issue
in all respects except as to the necessity prong, which the Defense conceded
at trial after the victims testified. See MIL. R. EVID. 103(b) (“Once the
military judge rules definitively on the record admitting or excluding
evidence, either before or at trial, a party need not renew an objection or offer
of proof to preserve a claim of error for appeal.”).

   2. Statements of DB and PB to forensic interviewer
   The military judge concluded the videotaped forensic interviews of DB
and PB on 19 January 2017 and 16 May 2017 were admissible in their
entirety under the residual evidence rule. We agree.
    The victims’ statements to the interviewer were evidence of facts material
to the charges against Appellant. Specifically, the statements demonstrated
the victims’ knowledge of facts and circumstances surrounding the charged
incidents of sexual abuse, their relationship with Appellant, and their ability
to identify parts of their bodies. Given that the victims could not remember
Appellant’s alleged acts by the time of trial, their statements to the inter-
viewer were necessary (as the Defense conceded), as more probative evidence
was not available.
   Reliability of the evidence was hotly contested, and the question of sug-
gestibility during the interviews was raised and explored by experts from
both sides. While there was no precise protocol for the interviewer to follow in
questioning children as young as four and five years old, we find little

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               United States v. Davis, NMCCA No. 201800258


evidence of suggestibility in the way the questions were asked during the
videotaped interviews. Although the victims had made previous statements
about the allegations to Mrs. Davis and other adult family members, we find
little evidence suggestive of coaching or other improper influence to contami-
nate the interviews themselves, particularly with regard to the interviews
conducted on 19 January 2017 in which the principal incriminating state-
ments were made. The victims’ statements were also corroborated in key
respects by Appellant’s own statements to NCIS, in which he admitted
among other things touching DB’s vaginal area on two occasions, doing so on
one occasion in conjunction with bathing DB and PB, and telling PB to pay
attention. Taken together, we find this evidence has sufficient circumstantial
guarantees of trustworthiness to satisfy the reliability prong.
    Finally, given the young age of the children and the nature of the materi-
al at issue, we find that admitting the videotaped interviews best served the
purposes of the evidentiary rules and the interests of justice, by allowing the
full and fair assessment of both the victims’ accounts and the overall reliabil-
ity of the interview process. Thus, we conclude it was not an abuse of
discretion for the military judge to admit this evidence.

   3. Statements to family members
   The military judge also ruled the following out-of-court statements made
by DB and PB to family members admissible under the residual hearsay rule:
   1. DB’s statements to Mr. Vinson (her grandfather) during Thanksgiving
      2016, after she grabbed his penis over the clothes, that it was “sup-
      posed to feel good”;
   2. DB’s statements to Ms. Barnes (her grandmother) during Thanksgiv-
      ing 2016, asking several times while bathing “if she was going to play
      with her like Charlie” and then touching her genital area;
   3. DB’s and PB’s statements to Ms. Arness (their great-grandmother):
       In October-November 2016, DB had her hand in her pants touching
       her vaginal area and said “Mike her real dad” (who had not been in
       her life for a year or more) said that “it made you feel good”;
       Around Christmas 2016, PB told her “Charlie hurt [DB]” and “touched
       her in two places that you’re not supposed to,” pointing to her chest
       and genital area;
   4. PB’s statements to Mrs. Davis in January 2017, while screaming and
      crying in the bathtub, that she was scared Appellant was going to hurt
      her while pointing to her genitals, and that Appellant told her to learn
      from DB;



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               United States v. Davis, NMCCA No. 201800258


   5. DB’s and PB’s statements to Ms. House (their step-grandmother):
       In February 2017, DB was rubbing her vaginal area in the bathtub
       and when confronted about it said “Daddy Charlie did it to me there”;
       Around February 2017, PB said “Daddy Charlie hurt my sister and me
       in my ‘no-no’ spot,” pointing to her chest and genital area;
       PB woke up from a nightmare and said, “Daddy you’re hurting me.”
       “He touched us. He hurt [DB].”
We find no abuse of discretion in the admission of these statements as
residual hearsay.
    The statements are evidence of material facts, as they describe facts and
circumstances surrounding charged incidents of child sexual abuse.
    They are also reliable and possess circumstantial guarantees of trustwor-
thiness. The statements were spontaneous and not made in response to
suggestive questions from the victims’ family members. Many occurred in
contexts likely to trigger such statements due to their similarity to the
context of the statements’ substance, such as something occurring during
bath time. As such, there is little to indicate they are the product of coaching
or other improper influence. The statements are also corroborated by
Appellant’s own statements to NCIS about touching DB in her vaginal area
and instructing PB to watch in connection with bathing them.
   They are necessary (as the Defense conceded at trial), in light of the vic-
tims’ testimony indicating lack of memory regarding Appellant’s alleged acts,
and are thus more probative on the points for which offered than any other
available evidence obtainable through reasonable efforts.
    Finally, given the young age of the victims and the subject matter of the
statements, we agree with the military judge that admitting the statements
best served the purposes of the evidentiary rules and the interests of justice.

D. Legal and Factual Sufficiency
    Appellant asserts the evidence is legally and factually insufficient to sup-
port his convictions. We review such questions de novo. Art. 66(c), UCMJ, 10
U.S.C. § 866(c); United States v. Washington, 57 M.J. 394, 399 (C.A.A.F.
2002). To determine legal sufficiency, we ask whether, considering the
evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, a reasonable fact-
finder could have found all the essential elements beyond a reasonable doubt.
United States v. Turner, 25 M.J. 324, 324-25 (C.M.A. 1987) (citing Jackson v.
Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979)). In conducting this analysis, we must
“draw every reasonable inference from the evidence of record in favor of the
prosecution.” United States v. Gutierrez, 74 M.J. 61, 65 (C.A.A.F. 2015). In
evaluating factual sufficiency, we determine whether, after weighing the

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evidence in the record of trial and making allowances for not having observed
the witnesses, we are convinced of the appellant’s guilt beyond a reasonable
doubt. Turner, 25 M.J. at 325 (C.M.A. 1987). In conducting this unique
appellate function, we take “a fresh, impartial look at the evidence,” applying
“neither a presumption of innocence nor a presumption of guilt” to “make
[our] own independent determination as to whether the evidence constitutes
proof of each required element beyond a reasonable doubt.” Washington, 57
M.J. at 399. Proof beyond a “[r]easonable doubt, however, does not mean the
evidence must be free from conflict.” United States v. Rankin, 63 M.J. 552,
557 (N-M. Ct. Crim. App. 2006).
    Appellant was convicted of touching the genitalia of DB on two separate
occasions, and doing so in the presence of PB on one of those occasions. In
order to prove the act of sexual abuse of DB between 1 and 31 October 2016,
the Government was required to prove (1) that Appellant intentionally
touched the genitalia of DB, a child under 12, with his hand; and (2) that he
did so with the intent to gratify his sexual desire. MCM, ¶ 45b.b.(4)(a). In
order to prove the act of sexual abuse of DB between 1 November 2016 and
1 January 2017, the Government was required to prove (1) that Appellant
intentionally touched the genitalia of DB, a child under 12, with his finger;
and (2) that he did so with the intent to abuse DB and gratify his sexual
desire. Id. In order to prove the act of sexual abuse of a child involving
indecent conduct between 1 November 2016 and 1 January 2017, the
Government was required to prove (1) that Appellant engaged in indecent
conduct, to wit: intentionally touching DB, a child under 12, on the genitalia
with his hand with the intent to abuse DB and gratify his sexual desire, and
intentionally did so in the presence of PB, a child under 12; and (2) that the
indecent conduct amounted to a form of immorality relating to sexual
impurity which is grossly vulgar, obscene, and repugnant to common pro-
priety, and tends to excite sexual desire or deprave morals with respect to
sexual relations. MCM, ¶ 45b.b.(4)(e).
    Here, the military judge’s findings essentially tracked Appellant’s state-
ments to NCIS, wherein he admitted touching DB’s vaginal area on two
occasions during the separately charged timeframes. He stated that on the
first occasion, while checking DB’s underwear for urination, he put his
fingers under DB’s underwear long enough that he may have penetrated her
labia, because his knuckles became moist and wet. He stated that on the
second occasion, he touched DB’s vaginal area in the presence of PB (and told
her to pay attention) for the purpose of teaching “good touch” from “bad
touch.” Specifically, he said he was trying to teach what a good sexual touch
was. He said he also used dolls to show both DB and PB what a “good touch”
is, and that he told DB that “guys” also have areas for “good touches” in their
private areas. Appellant eventually made these admissions to NCIS after


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repeatedly denying touching either victim’s vaginal area for any reason. And
he said that after he touched DB, he told her not to tell anyone about it or
else he and their mother could go to jail. While the issue was hotly contested
at trial, the Government’s expert testified that Appellant’s admitted actions
toward DB and PB were examples of grooming behavior whereby an adult
seeks to normalize inappropriate sexual contact with a child and then uses
threats to keep the misconduct from being reported.
    Appellant’s admissions, which formed the basis of his convictions, were
corroborated at trial by testimony from other third parties supporting that
Appellant was alone with the victims in the contexts and timeframes he
described. His admissions were also corroborated by the statements DB and
PB made to family members and to the forensic interviewer that were
admitted under the residual hearsay rule. They were further supported by
the Internet searches conducted on Appellant’s phone in early January 2017,
which are indicative of a sexual interest in children. See United States v.
Rodriguez, 79 M.J. 1 (C.A.A.F. 2019) (sexual intent in kissing child’s feet
proven by circumstantial evidence due to subsequent text messages discuss-
ing sexual fetish involving feet and referencing the child). We have consid-
ered Appellant’s arguments that the proof is lacking regarding the requisite
intent to abuse DB and to gratify his sexual desire and that the evidence does
not support that his conduct involving PB amounts to a form of immorality
relating to sexual impurity or that it tends to excite sexual desire or deprave
morals with respect to sexual relations. We find these arguments to be
without merit.
    Considering the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution,
we conclude a reasonable fact-finder could have found all the essential
elements beyond a reasonable doubt. The evidence is thus legally sufficient to
support the convictions. Regarding factual sufficiency, after weighing the
evidence in the record of trial and making allowances for not having person-
ally observed the witnesses, we are convinced of the appellant’s guilt beyond
a reasonable doubt.

E. Sentence Appropriateness
    Finally, Appellant asserts that the adjudged sentence is inappropriately
severe. We review the appropriateness of a sentence de novo. United States v.
Lane, 64 M.J. 1, 2 (C.A.A.F. 2006). This Court “may affirm only such findings
of guilty, and the sentence or such part or amount of the sentence, as it finds
correct in law and fact and determines, on the basis of the entire record,
should be approved.” Art. 66(c), UCMJ. “Sentence appropriateness involves
the judicial function of assuring that justice is done and that the accused gets
the punishment he deserves.” United States v. Healy, 26 M.J. 394, 395
(C.M.A. 1988). The analysis requires “ ‘individualized consideration’ of the


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               United States v. Davis, NMCCA No. 201800258


particular accused ‘on the basis of the nature and seriousness of the offense
and the character of the offender.’ ” United States v. Snelling, 14 M.J. 267,
268 (C.M.A. 1982) (quoting United States v. Mamaluy, 27 C.M.R. 176, 180-
181 (C.M.A. 1959)). However, we are not authorized to engage in exercises of
clemency, as that “involves bestowing mercy” which is a “command preroga-
tive.” Healy, 26 M.J. at 395-396.
    After reviewing the entire record, we find that the sentence is appropriate
for this offender and his offenses. The maximum punishment for the Charge
and specifications of which Appellant was convicted is reduction to E-1, total
forfeitures, confinement for 55 years, and a dishonorable discharge. The
adjudged sentence of reduction to E-1, confinement for eight years, and a
dishonorable discharge is considerably less than this maximum. Appellant
engaged in serious criminal misconduct against vulnerable young children in
his care and then intentionally placed them in fear in an effort to prevent
them from reporting his actions. Weighing the gravity and circumstances of
this misconduct against his record of service and the other evidence in
extenuation and mitigation, we are convinced that justice was done and
Appellant received the punishment he deserves. See Healy, 26 M.J. at 395.
Granting sentence relief at this point would be to engage in clemency, a
prerogative reserved for the convening authority, and we decline to do so. See
id. at 395-96.

                             III. CONCLUSION

    After careful consideration of the record and briefs of appellate counsel,
we have determined that the approved findings and sentence are correct in
law and fact and that no error materially prejudicial to Appellant’s substan-
tial rights occurred. Arts. 59, 66, UCMJ. The findings and sentence as
approved by the convening authority are AFFIRMED.
   Chief Judge CRISFIELD and Senior Judge HITESMAN concur.


                                FOR THE COURT:




                                RODGER A. DREW, JR.
                                Clerk of Court




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