                 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                            AT KNOXVILLE
                              Assigned on Briefs July 8, 2015

                                     IN RE M.A.P. ET AL.

           Appeal from the Juvenile Court for Sullivan County (City of Bristol)
                     Nos. BCJ 15088 Randy M. Kennedy, Judge


                 No. E2014-02413-COA-R3-PT – Filed January 29, 2016


This is a termination of parental rights case. The Department of Children‟s Services
(DCS) filed a petition to terminate the parental rights of A.C.P. (Mother) with respect to
her three minor children, ages twenty-two months to six years at the time of trial. The
trial court found clear and convincing evidence of grounds. The court found the same
quantum of evidence supporting the conclusion that termination of Mother‟s rights is in
the children‟s best interest.1 Mother appeals. As modified, we affirm the trial court‟s
judgment.

        Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Juvenile Court
                       Affirmed as Modified ; Case Remanded

CHARLES D. SUSANO, JR., J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which D. MICHAEL
SWINEY, C.J., and JOHN W. MCCLARTY, J., joined.

Daniel J. Cantwell, Kingsport, Tennessee, for the appellant, A.C.P.

Herbert H. Slatery III, Attorney General and Reporter, and Jason I. Coleman, Assistant
Attorney General, Nashville, Tennessee, for the appellee, Department of Children‟s
Services.

                                           OPINION




       1
         The trial court also terminated the parental rights of M.A.C., the biological father of the
two older children. He did not appeal the order. Mother‟s paramour, T.W.S., is the presumed
biological father of the youngest child and was also named in DCS‟s petition. T.W.S. has not
established paternity of the child. He signed a waiver of interest and notice of the proceedings in
this matter. Neither M.A.C. nor T.W.S. is a party to this appeal.
                                              I.

       DCS became involved in November 2013 after learning T.W.S, a registered sex
offender, was living in the residence of Mother and her three children, M.A.P., J.S.P., and
L.R.P. (collectively, “the children”). The children‟s maternal grandmother lived in the
same residence. T.W.S. was arrested for “violating the Sex Offender Registry,” and
Mother and Grandmother were arrested for “Facilitation of a Violation of the Sex
Offender Registry,” according to Lieutenant Debbie Richmond, a detective with the
Bristol City Police Department. Following the arrests, the court entered a no-contact
order prohibiting T.W.S. from having any contact with the children. The order further
provided that, should Mother violate the order, it “shall be considered exigent
circumstances” to remove the children. Mother was aware of the order. DCS then
returned the children to Mother‟s custody. On January 17, 2014, local police observed
T.W.S. at Mother‟s home with the children present. The children were removed from
Mother‟s home, and the State was granted custody. While in State custody, M.A.P.
indicated that T.W.S. had sexually abused her. J.S.P. also made specific sexual abuse
allegations against T.W.S., saying he had abused both her and M.A.P. DCS investigated.
When confronted, Mother insisted the children were lying and defended T.W.S. The
court suspended Mother‟s visitation until the investigation was complete.

       When the children were taken into State custody, Mother was unemployed and
living with Grandmother in a one-bedroom apartment described at trial as “very dirty”
and roach-infested. On February 18, 2014, Mother signed the permanency plan, which
she and DCS developed together with the goal of returning the children to her. Most
notably, the plan required Mother to pay child support each month and obey court orders,
as well as obtain stable housing and a stable income. Mother signed the “Criteria and
Procedures for Termination of Parental Rights,” which explained that willful failure to
make reasonable child support payments for four consecutive months could result in
involuntary termination of parental rights. In its order ratifying the permanency plan, the
court found the children “dependent and neglected.”

       On June 20, 2014, DCS filed its petition to terminate Mother‟s parental rights. A
bench trial was held on September 15, 2014. Ultimately, the trial court held that the State
proved, by clear and convincing evidence, three grounds for termination, abandonment
by failure to support, abandonment by failure to provide a suitable home, and substantial
noncompliance with the permanency plan.2 The court also found clear and convincing
evidence that termination was in the children‟s best interest. Mother appeals.



       2
          In its petition, DCS alleged a fourth ground, “severe child abuse.” The trial court
declined to terminate on this ground, holding it did “not have enough proof that [Mother] knew
the children were being sexually abused by [T.W.S.].” DCS does not challenge this holding.
                                              2
                                             II.

      In her brief, Mother raises the following issues, which we repeat verbatim:

             Whether or not DCS‟[s] petition for Termination of Mother‟s
             Parental Rights was ripe to be heard due to the Guardian Ad
             Litem [(GAL)] filing a petition for Termination of Mother‟s
             Parental Right[s];

             Whether there was clear and convincing evidence to
             terminate the Mother‟s parental rights on the basis of
             Abandonment by failure to support[;].

             Whether there was clear and convincing evidence to
             terminate the Mother‟s parental rights on the basis of failure
             to provide a suitable home;

             Whether there was clear and convincing evidence to
             terminate the Mother‟s parental rights [on the] basis of
             substantial noncompliance with the permanency plans; and

             Whether there was clear and convincing evidence that
             termination of the Mother‟s parental rights were in the minor
             children‟s best interest.

(Paragraph numbering in original omitted.)

                                             III.

       On our review, this Court has a duty to determine “whether the trial court‟s
findings, made under a clear and convincing standard, are supported by a preponderance
of the evidence.” In re F.R.R., III, 193 S.W.3d 528, 530 (Tenn. 2006). The trial court‟s
findings of fact are reviewed de novo upon the record accompanied by a presumption of
correctness unless the preponderance of the evidence is against those findings. Id.; Tenn.
R. App. P. 13(d). “We review all issues of law de novo upon the record with no
presumption of correctness.” In re Valentine, 79 S.W.3d 539, 546 (Tenn. 2002) (citing
Union Carbide Corp. v. Huddleston, 854 S.W.2d 87, 91 (Tenn.1993)). “When a trial
court has seen and heard witnesses, considerable deference must be accorded to the trial
court‟s findings as to witnesses‟ credibility.” In re Keri C., 384 S.W.3d 731, 744 (Tenn.
Ct. App. 2010) (citation omitted).

      “Both the United States and Tennessee Constitutions protect a parent‟s right to the
custody and upbringing of his or her child.” In re Swanson, 2 S.W.3d 180, 187 (Tenn.

                                              3
1999) (citing Stanley v. Illinois, 405 U.S. 645, 650 (1972); Nale v. Robertson, 871
S.W.2d 674, 678 (Tenn.1994)). This right is not absolute and may be terminated if – and
only if – “a court finds that one or more of the statutorily defined grounds for termination
has been established by clear and convincing evidence.” Jones v. Garrett, 92 S.W.3d
835, 838 (Tenn. 2002) (citing Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g)). “Clear and convincing
evidence” is „evidence in which there is no serious or substantial doubt about the
correctness of the conclusions drawn from the evidence.‟ ” In re Valentine, 79 S.W.3d
539, 546 (Tenn. 2002) (quoting Hodges v. S.C. Toof & Co., 833 S.W.2d 896, 901 n. 3
(Tenn. 1992)).

       Proof of just one ground for termination by clear and convincing evidence can
support the termination of a parent‟s rights. In re Valentine, 79 S.W.3d at 546 (citing In
re C.W.W., 37 S.W.3d 467, 473 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2000)). To terminate parental rights, a
court also must determine that clear and convincing evidence demonstrates that
termination is in the best interest of a child. In re Valentine, 79 S.W.3d at 546 (citing
Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(c)). “The federal and state constitutions require the
opportunity for an individualized determination that a parent is either unfit or will cause
substantial harm to his or her child before the fundamental right to the care and custody
of the child can be taken away.” In re Swanson, 2 S.W.3d at 188 (citing Stanley, 405
U.S. at 658-59; Bond v. McKenzie (In re Adoption of Female Child), 896 S.W.2d 546,
548 (Tenn. 1995)).

                                             IV.

        We first address the issue of ripeness. On May 14, 2014, the children‟s GAL filed
a petition to terminate Mother‟s rights citing only one ground, severe abuse. No trial was
ever held on this petition. On June 20, 2014, DCS filed a petition to terminate Mother‟s
parental rights citing severe abuse and three other grounds. Mother argues DCS‟s
petition was not ripe for judicial review because of the pending petition filed by the GAL.
She claims DCS‟s petition should not have been heard before “the [GAL] non-suited,
dismissed, or otherwise disposed of his petition.” We disagree.

        Ripeness considers “whether the dispute has matured to the point that it warrants a
judicial decision. The central concern of the ripeness doctrine is whether the case
involves uncertain or contingent future events that may or may not occur as anticipated
or, indeed, may not occur at all.” B & B Enters. of Wilson Cty., LLC v. City of
Lebanon, 318 S.W.3d 839, 848 (Tenn. 2010) (citing Lewis v. Cont’l Bank Corp., 494
U.S. 472, 479-80 (1990)). To determine whether a dispute is ripe, we apply a two-part
test: (1) whether the issues in the case are ones appropriate for judicial resolution; and (2)
whether the court‟s refusal to act will cause hardship to the parties. B & B Enterprises,
318 S.W.3d at 848-49 (internal citations omitted).



                                              4
       As to part one of the test, Mother argues that, if the GAL had won, then “DCS‟[s]
petition would not be appropriate for judicial resolution, because Mother would no longer
have any parental rights to terminate.” But as DCS points out in its brief, quoting B & B
Enters. LLC, 318 S.W.3d at 848, Mother‟s analysis “relies on the very „uncertain or
contingent future events . . .‟ that the ripeness doctrine seeks to avoid.” As to part two of
the test, Mother argues that the court‟s refusal to hear DCS‟s petition would not cause
hardship to the parties because DCS and the GAL shared a single goal – terminating
parental rights.

       At the outset, we note that DCS‟s petition is clearly justiciable. Tenn. Code Ann.
§ 36-1-113(g) (2014). Significantly, Mother does not argue the issue of “whether the
dispute . . . [has] matured to the point that it warrants a judicial decision.” B&B
Enterprises, 318 S.W.3d at 848. We hold that the GAL‟s petition to terminate did not
“preclude a new petition by different parties who are authorized to seek termination
under Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(b).” H.M.R. v. J.K.F., No. E2004-00497-COA-R3-
PT, 2004 WL 1944138, at *3 (Tenn. Ct. App. E.S., filed Sept. 1, 2004). Additionally, in
this case, the GAL participated in the trial on DCS‟s petition and the court considered the
sole ground raised by the GAL. For all these reasons, we hold that the issues raised in
DCS‟s petition were ripe for judicial review.

       Mother also contends that DCS could have joined the GAL‟s petition, or vice
versa, under Tenn. R. Civ. P. 18.01.3 However, this rule does not require the joinder of
two claims brought against the same individual by two independent parties in separate
proceedings. Accordingly, this issue is found adverse to Mother.

                                              V.

                                              A.

       As previously noted, the trial court found cause to terminate Mother‟s parental
rights on three grounds – abandonment by failure to support, abandonment by failure to
provide a suitable home, and failure to substantially comply with the permanency plan.
We now consider whether the State proved grounds for termination by the requisite
standard of clear and convincing evidence.




       3
         This rule provides that “[a] party asserting a claim to relief as an original claim,
counterclaim, cross-claim, or third party claim, may join, either as independent or as alternate
claims, as many claims, legal or equitable, in contract or tort, as the party has against an
opposing party.” Tenn. R. Civ. P. 18.01.
                                               5
                                              B.

        Abandonment by failure to support occurs if for the “four (4) consecutive months
immediately preceding the filing of a proceeding or pleading to terminate the parental
rights of the parent . . . the parent . . . willfully failed to make reasonable payments
toward the support of the child.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-102(1)(A)(i) (2014) (see also
Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(1)). Proof that a parent failed to pay support during the
pertinent four-month period, standing alone, is insufficient to prove this ground. In re
Keri C., 384 S.W.3d at 746 (citing In re M.J.B., 140 S.W.3d 643, 655 (Tenn. Ct. App.
2004)). “The evidence must establish that the parent‟s failure to support was „willful.‟ ”
Id. (citing Kleshinski (In re Adoption of Kleshenski), No. M2004-00986-COA-R3-CV,
2005 WL 1046796, at *18 (Tenn. Ct. App. M.S., filed May 4, 2005)). In this context,

              [w]illful conduct consists of acts or failures to act that are
              intentional or voluntary rather than accidental or inadvertent.
              Conduct is “willful” if it is the product of free will rather than
              coercion. Thus, a person acts “willfully” if he or she is a free
              agent, knows what he or she is doing, and intends to do what
              he or she is doing.

              Failure to visit or support a child is “willful” when a person is
              aware of his or her duty to visit or support, has the capacity to
              do so, makes no attempt to do so, and has no justifiable
              excuse for not doing so.

In re Audrey S., 182 S.W.3d 838, 863-64 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2005) (footnote and internal
citations omitted). Because “[i]ntent is seldom capable of direct proof, and triers-of-fact
lack the ability to peer into a person‟s mind to assess intentions[,] . . . triers-of-fact must
infer intent from the circumstantial evidence, including a person‟s actions or conduct.”
State, Dep’t of Children’s Servs. v. Culbertson, 152 S.W.3d 513, 524 (Tenn. Ct. App.
2004) (quoting In re Adoption of Muir, No. M2002-02963-COA-R3-CV, 2003 WL
22794524, at *5 (Tenn. Ct. App. M.S., filed Nov. 25, 2003)). We note that DCS filed
their petition to terminate parental rights on June 20, 2014. Therefore, the four-month
period at issue for this ground of termination is February 20, 2014 to June 19, 2014.

       In accordance with the established public policy of Tennessee, “a parent has a duty
to support a child, regardless of whether there is a prior court order requiring such.” In
re Shandajha A.G., No. E2012-02579-COA-R3-PT, 2013 WL 3787594, at *8 (Tenn. Ct.
App. E.S., filed July 17, 2013) (citing In re M.A.C, No. M2007-01981-COA-R3-PT,
2008 WL 2787763, at *5 (Tenn. Ct. App. M.S., filed July 17, 2008); Tenn. Code Ann. §
36-1-102(1)(H)). Similarly, a child has a right to receive support just as a parent has an
obligation to pay it. In re Jacobe M.J., 434 S.W.3d 565, 572 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2013)
(quoting State ex rel. Hayes v. Carter, No. W2005-02136-COA-R3-JV, 2006 WL

                                              6
2002577, at *2 (Tenn. Ct. App. W.S., filed July 6, 2006)). Every parent over the age of
eighteen is presumed to have knowledge of the obligation to support his or her child. In
re Jacobe M.J., 434 S.W.3d at 572.

       At trial, Mother testified that she had the ability to pay, but had not yet made any
support payments for her children. She argues DCS failed to prove by clear and
convincing evidence that her failure to support was “willful.” She contends that she was
not ordered to pay child support until June 12, 2014. In her brief, Mother questions how
she can be faulted when the permanency plan required her to contact Child Support
Enforcement (CSE) to set up payments, she did so, and the child support court did not set
her child support payments until more than four months later.

       Here, Mother was over the age of eighteen during the four-month period in
question and, therefore, was presumed to know of her obligation to support her children
regardless of a court order. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-102(1)(H); In re Shandajha A.G.,
2013 WL 3787594, at *8. Further, by signing the permanency plan, which she did before
the relevant four-month period began, Mother acknowledged her obligation to “be
responsible for making monthly child support payments” for each of her three children.
In addition to this obligation, the same plan instructed Mother to inform CSE “of her
child‟s status in the custody of [DCS]” and required her to do so before the end of
February 2014, the month she signed the plan. The plan provided CSE‟s address and
phone number. Mother testified she did not contact CSE until April or May 2014. For
these reasons, we find that Mother was aware of her duty to support. However, for more
than half of the relevant four-month period, Mother had a specific order from the court to
pay zero in support. Prior to contacting CSE, the trial court ordered Mother, on March
24, 2014, to pay “$0.00 per month as current support, pending: his [sic] search for
employment; or XX medical proof of his [sic] claim for disability.” (Emphasis removed
from original.) We note that there is no indication in the record that Mother actually
applied for disability payments or submitted medical proof of her disability claim. We
also note that by June 2014, the same court ordered Mother to make monthly payments of
$50 for L.R.P. and $50 for J.S.P., with the first payment due July 1.4

       When the four-month period began on February 20, 2014, Mother was presumed
to know of her duty to support. This obligation was paused on March 24, 2014, with the
court‟s order to pay zero support. The court modified this order on June 12, 2014, but the
first payment was not due until after the relevant four-month period had ended.
Therefore, Mother was obligated to pay support only about one-fourth of the time – from
February 20 until March 24 – in the relevant four-month period. Mother did not pay
support in this time. However, in the context of this case, her failure to pay for one


       4
        It is unclear from the record why the court did not also order Mother to make a similar
monthly support payment for M.A.P.
                                              7
month is insufficient to establish she willfully failed to make reasonable support
payments for a four-month period.

       Ultimately, Mother did not provide any financial support for the children until
sometime after mid-September 2014, in defiance of the permanency plan and eventually
a court order. Still, a finding of abandonment for failure to support considers only the
four consecutive months immediately preceding the filing of the petition. Tenn. Code
Ann. § 36-1-102(1)(A)(i); Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(1). We modify the trial
court‟s judgment to delete as a ground for termination the failure to pay child support.

                                            C.

      Under Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 36-1-113(g)(1) and -102, parental rights may be
terminated due to abandonment for failure to provide a suitable home when

             [t]he child has been removed from the home of the parent . . .
             as the result of a petition filed in the juvenile court in which
             the child was found to be a dependent and neglected child, as
             defined in § 37-1-102, and the child was placed in the custody
             of the department or a licensed child-placing agency, that the
             juvenile court found, . . . that the department or a licensed
             child-placing agency made reasonable efforts to prevent
             removal of the child or that the circumstances of the child‟s
             situation prevented reasonable efforts from being made prior
             to the child‟s removal; and for a period of four (4) months
             following the removal, the department or agency has made
             reasonable efforts to assist the parent . . . to establish a
             suitable home for the child, but that the parent . . . [has] made
             no reasonable efforts to provide a suitable home and [has]
             demonstrated a lack of concern for the child to such a degree
             that it appears unlikely that they will be able to provide a
             suitable home for the child at an early date. The efforts of the
             department or agency to assist a parent . . . in establishing a
             suitable home for the child may be found to be reasonable if
             such efforts exceed the efforts of the parent . . . toward the
             same goal, when the parent . . . is aware that the child is in the
             custody of the department[.]

Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-102(1)(A)(ii) (see also Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(1).
Although, as a general proposition, DCS is not required “to prove by clear and
convincing evidence that it made reasonable efforts to reunify as a precondition to
termination of parental rights,” In re Kaliyah S., 455 S.W.3d 533, 555, n.34 (Tenn.
2015), the above statute specifically requires DCS “to make reasonable efforts to assist

                                             8
parents in establishing a suitable home. . . .” In re Jamel H., No. E2014-02539-COA-
R3-PT, 2015 WL 4197220, at *6, n.4 (Tenn. Ct. App. E.S., filed July 13, 2015). We note
that because the children here were removed from Mother‟s home on January 17, 2014,
the relevant four-month period that we must consider under the above statute is four
months from the date of removal, or January 18, 2014 to May 17, 2014.

       Here, DCS temporarily removed the children from Mother‟s home in November
2013 after discovering a sex offender living there. The court responded by issuing a no-
contact order barring T.W.S. from contact with the children. The court also returned the
children to Mother‟s home and ordered DCS to open a Family Support Services case. In
January 2014, T.W.S. was discovered again at Mother‟s home in the presence of the
children. DCS filed a petition for and was granted temporary legal custody. The court
found that in Mother‟s home, the children were “subject to an immediate threat to [their]
health or safety to the extent that delay for a hearing would be likely to result in severe or
irreparable harm.” The court declared the children “dependent and neglected.”

        Both times the children were removed from Mother‟s home, Mother and the
children were residing with Grandmother in Grandmother‟s one-bedroom apartment.
Mother testified that in the apartment, her two older children slept on a mattress in an
alcove below a staircase. Her youngest slept in a playpen. Mother slept on a mattress on
the living room floor. Lieutenant Debbie Richmond, a detective with the Bristol City
Police Department, was inside the apartment to remove the children in January 2014.
She testified to observing, among other things, that the home was “very cluttered, very
dirty,” “stank like cat feces and cat urine,” and that a clothes pile took up almost an entire
room.

        In relevant part, the permanency plan stated “[Mother] is currently staying with
[Grandmother]. [Grandmother]‟s home is not big enough for the family.” The plan also
stated that Mother “will obtain housing that is appropriate for her family”; “will provide
[DCS] with a copy of her lease agreement within two weeks of obtaining housing”; and
“will have beds for each of her children and storage for each child.”

        Clark testified that in February 2014 she gave Mother information on obtaining
public housing. Clark later learned that Mother‟s criminal background disqualified her
from public housing. Clark testified that she also advised Mother about how to work
with the appropriate court clerk‟s office to clear her criminal record so she could regain
eligibility for public housing. The permanency plan also instructed Mother‟s to “contact
the clerk[‟]s office in [Virginia] in person or by telephone to get the theft charges off her
record. [Mother] will call the clerk[‟]s office weekly until this is resolved.” There is no
evidence Mother followed through. Since Mother did not qualify for public housing,
Clark also alerted Mother to several available local rental properties in her price range.



                                              9
       On April 8, 2014, Clark completed a home visit at Grandmother‟s apartment,
where Mother still resided. Clark found the residence unsuitable for Mother and the
children. She testified that the apartment is “very small,” not large enough even for
Mother and Grandmother, and that there was nowhere for the children to sleep. During
the visit, Clark also observed a smell of body odor and cat feces and that the home was
infested with roaches. She testified that at one point during the visit, Mother “even
flipped a roach off of her.” Mother admitted at trial in September that their apartment
had a roach problem, but stated the landlord was taking care of it. In a case note about
the home visit, Clark also noted “[t]he bathroom has no door. . . . There is no privacy in
the home.”

       Clark testified that she was not aware of any efforts Mother had made to obtain
suitable housing. As of the September 2014 trial date, Mother reported that she still
resided with Grandmother in the same apartment. Mother signed a lease for a new
apartment on October 22, 2014, the date the trial court‟s decision regarding her parental
rights was announced. The trial court found DCS sufficiently proved abandonment
through failure to provide a suitable home. The court stated in its order:

             . . . [Mother] arrives today a month after the trial and
             indicates that she has a home and has now paid her support;
             however it is too late.

             The Court finds that [DCS] provided reasonable efforts to
             [Mother] to assist her with finding a suitable home. DCS
             provided her with information about homes in the area that
             were available for rent in her price range and encouraged her
             to find suitable housing.

                                     *      *      *


             The proof showed that the mother‟s [sic] was living in her
             mother‟s one bedroom apartment and the home was not
             appropriate for children. . . .

(Paragraph numbering in original omitted.) We find the evidence supports the trial
court‟s findings of fact and conclusion of law on this issue. Therefore, based on the
above facts and applicable law, we hold the evidence does not preponderate against the
trial court‟s finding, by clear and convincing proof, that Mother abandoned her children
by failing to provide a suitable home.




                                           10
                                           D.

        Parental rights may be terminated when “[t]here has been substantial
noncompliance by the parent . . . with the statement of responsibilities in a permanency
plan . . . .” Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(2). To establish cause for termination on this
ground, DCS “must demonstrate first that the requirements of the permanency plan are
reasonable and related to remedying the conditions that caused the child to be removed
from the parent‟s custody in the first place.” In re M.J.B., 140 S.W.3d at 656 (citations
omitted). Additionally, the State must prove “that the parent‟s noncompliance is
substantial in light of the degree of noncompliance and the importance of the particular
requirement that has not been met. Trivial, minor, or technical deviations from a
permanency plan‟s requirements will not be deemed to amount to substantial
noncompliance.” Id. (citations omitted).

       The goal of the plan in this case was to return the children to Mother by a target
date of August 14, 2014. The permanency plan required Mother to obey all court orders,
ensure her children had no contact with T.W.S., refrain from mentioning T.W.S. to her
children, pay child support, obtain safe and stable housing, obtain a legal source of
income, contact the appropriate court clerk weekly until the issues with her criminal
record had been resolved, continue in her mental health treatment until released by
providers, complete a parenting assessment, and follow any recommendations from the
parenting assessment. The plan also noted that Mother was working toward her GED.
Mother was required to show DCS a regular list of the jobs for which she had applied.

        The trial court ratified the permanency plan on February 26, 2014, finding it
“reasonable” and “reasonably related to the reasons the children came into custody.” As
in In re B.D., “[t]he order . . . makes no further mention of specifically how these
requirements are reasonably related to a remedying the conditions that brought about
removal.” No. M2008-01174-COA-R3-PT, 2009 WL 528922, at *7 (Tenn. Ct. App.
M.S., filed Mar. 2, 2009). “ „Because the trial court made no finding regarding the
reasonableness of [the mother‟s] responsibilities under the permanency plans, our review
of this issue is de novo.‟ ” Id. at *7, n.7 (quoting In re Valentine, 79 S.W.3d at 547).

        According to the plan, DCS removed the children from Mother‟s home because
she violated a no-contact order barring T.W.S. from contact with the children. The plan
stated, in part, that Mother “has consistently shown she is not willing to abide by court
orders to keep her children safe” and that she “has a history of making parenting
decisions that place her children at risk of substantial harm.” Given the incident that
triggered the children‟s removal and Mother‟s living situation at that time, we hold the
plan‟s goals are “reasonable and related to remedying” the conditions that led to the
removal and meeting the shared goal of returning the children to a parent.



                                           11
       Based on testimony at trial, Mother underwent the parenting assessment and
completed the intensive parenting education recommended based on the assessment.
Mother also made progress toward earning her GED. Mother did keep T.W.S. from her
children.

        Despite these successes, Mother has failed to complete some of the most critical
aspects of the permanency plan. First, she was not compliant with the goals related to her
mental health care. By her own account, Mother “stopped going [to therapy] and talking
to her [therapist] because I didn‟t like her and she didn‟t want to listen to what I had to
say.” Second, she failed to pay any child support prior to trial, though we note she was
ordered to provide zero support for a period of about three months. Third, she did not
obtain employment until a few weeks before trial and did not sign a lease for a new
apartment until the morning the court announced its decision. Fourth, Mother gave no
indication that she contacted the Virginia clerk‟s office to remove past criminal charges
from her record. And finally, Mother continued to disregard court orders. For months,
she ignored a court order to pay child support, despite admitting at trial that she had the
ability to pay. Testimony from the children‟s therapist revealed Mother also violated the
court‟s order suspending her visitation with the children.

         The trial court found clear and convincing evidence established Mother “did very
little toward complying with the Permanency Plan” while “DCS did everything the Court
was asking them to do to provide assistance” and “made reasonable efforts” to help
Mother accomplish the plan‟s goals. The evidence does not preponderate against the trial
court‟s finding, by clear and convincing evidence, that Mother was in substantial
noncompliance with the permanency plan.

                                            VI.

        Although promotion of the child‟s best interest is the ultimate goal of each
proceeding involving the care and custody of a child, the child‟s best interest does “not
become the paramount consideration until the trial court has determined that the parent is
unfit based on clear and convincing evidence of one or more of the grounds for
termination listed in Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g).” In re Audrey S., 182 S.W.3d at
877. Once a ground for termination has been established, as is the case here, “the
interests of the parents and the child diverge. . . [and] the focus of the proceedings shifts
to the best interest of the child.” Id. At that time, “the petitioner must then prove, by
clear and convincing evidence, that termination of the parent‟s rights is in the child‟s best
interest.” In re Jacobe M.J., 434 S.W. at 572 (citing White v. Moody, 171 S.W.3d 187,
192 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2004)). Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(i) provides a non-exhaustive
list of factors to be considered in determining a child‟s best interest in a termination of
parental rights case. In re Jacobe M.J., 434 S.W.3d at 573. In part, these are:



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             (1) Whether the parent . . . has made such an adjustment of
             circumstance, conduct, or conditions as to make it safe and in
             the child‟s best interest to be in the home of the parent . . . ;

             (2) Whether the parent . . . has failed to effect a lasting
             adjustment after reasonable efforts by available social
             services agencies for such duration of time that lasting
             adjustment does not reasonably appear possible;

                                     *      *       *


             (4) Whether a meaningful relationship has otherwise been
             established between the parent . . . and the child;

             (5) The effect a change of caretakers and physical
             environment is likely to have on the child‟s emotional,
             psychological and medical condition;

             (6) Whether the parent . . . or other person residing with the
             parent . . . has shown brutality, physical, sexual, emotional or
             psychological abuse, or neglect toward the child, or another
             child or adult in the family or household;

             (7) Whether the physical environment of the parent‟s . . .
             home is healthy and safe, whether there is criminal activity in
             the home, or whether there is such use of alcohol, controlled
             substances or controlled substance analogues as may render
             the parent or guardian consistently unable to care for the child
             in a safe and stable manner;

             (8) Whether the parent‟s . . . mental and/or emotional status
             would be detrimental to the child or prevent the parent or
             guardian from effectively providing safe and stable care and
             supervision for the child; or

             (9) Whether the parent . . . has paid child support consistent
             with the child support guidelines promulgated by the
             department pursuant to § 36-5-101.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(i)(1)-(2), (4)-(9).



                                            13
        In the current case, Mother has not made such a change in circumstances or her
conduct for it to be safe for or in the best interest of the children to return them to
Mother‟s home. Most significantly, Mother has not ended her relationship with T.W.S.
Previously, allowing T.W.S. to be in her home with the children carried significant
personal consequences for Mother, namely losing custody of her children and spending
several days in jail. But T.W.S.‟s presence also appears to have brought significant harm
to her children. Her two older children indicated T.W.S. sexually abused them. In her
first foster home, M.A.P. stimulated another child, later explaining they were “playing
best friends” as she and T.W.S. had done. J.S.P. directly alleged that in the basement of
their grandmother‟s home, T.W.S. inappropriately touched both her and M.A.P. Mother
was made aware of these allegations. Clark testified that Mother‟s response was to call
her children liars, fervently defend T.W.S., and say Clark “could keep her [expletive]
children.”

        As evidence of Mother‟s continued involvement with T.W.S., Clark testified that
on four separate occasions in the summer of 2014, she observed Mother and T.W.S.
together near Mother‟s home and in downtown Bristol. Detective Eric Sargent of the
Bristol Police Department testified that on September 2, 2014 – only a few weeks before
the trial on DCS‟s petition to terminate – he arrested T.W.S. at a bus stop and that Mother
was with T.W.S. at the time. Further, upon his arrest, T.W.S. gave Mother his personal
property for safekeeping. At trial, Mother either denied these instances or dismissed
them as coincidences. She denied still having a relationship with T.W.S. The trial
court‟s order stated, “[Mother] maintains, even though she wants us to believe she does
not, a relationship with a registered sex offender, who the Court believes sexually
assaulted her children.” Further, Mother has previously shown a disregard for court
orders concerning her children‟s safety. Because of her ongoing involvement with
T.W.S. and history of disregard for court orders regarding her children‟s safety, we find
Mother has not made a lasting adjustment such that it would be safe or in the children‟s
best interest to return then to her home, as clearly shown by a preponderance of the
evidence.

      Despite reasonable efforts by DCS, Mother also has not made “lasting
adjustments” in her housing or employment. Mother obtained employment about one
month before trial and new housing about one month after. She also failed to make
progress on her mental health issues and failed to timely pay support for the children.

        Testimony at trial revealed the children “are doing very well” in foster care and
meeting their development milestones. M.A.P. and J.S.P. are both receiving counseling
for sexual abuse. Clark testified that the two older children reported feeling safe in their
foster home. For these reasons, we hold that the evidence does not preponderate against
the trial court‟s finding that it is in the children‟s best interest to terminate Mother‟s
parental rights.


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                                          VII.

       The judgment of the trial court is affirmed as modified. Costs on appeal are taxed
to the appellant, A.C.P. This case is remanded to the trial court for enforcement of the
court‟s judgment as modified and for collection of costs assessed in the trial court.



                                                  _______________________________
                                                  CHARLES D. SUSANO, JR., JUDGE




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