                              RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                                   Pursuant to Sixth Circuit Rule 206
                                          File Name: 05a0287p.06

                      UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                     FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                       _________________


                                                          X
                                      Plaintiff-Appellee, -
 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
                                                           -
                                                           -
                                                           -
                                                                    No. 04-5136
              v.
                                                           ,
                                                            >
 JASON SETTLE,                                             -
                                    Defendant-Appellant. -
                                                          N

                                          Filed: July 1, 2005
            Before: SILER and CLAY, Circuit Judges; BERTELSMAN, District Judge.*
                                          _________________
                                               ORDER
                                          _________________
         On January 11, 2005, this Court issued an opinion affirming Defendant Jason Settle’s
conviction and sentence for being a felon in possession of a firearm, in violation of 18 U.S.C.
§ 922(g). United States v. Settle, 394 F.3d 422 (6th Cir. 2005). On June 6, 2005, the United States
Supreme Court granted Settle’s petition for a writ of certiorari, vacated the judgment of this Court,
and remanded to this Court for further consideration in light of United States v. Booker, 543 U.S.
__, 125 S. Ct. 738 (2005). Settle v. United States, __ U.S. __, 2005 WL 1113831 (June 6, 2005).
We hereby reinstate our opinion of January 11, 2005, with the exception of the last sentence of the
first paragraph and Parts III and IV, which shall be amended as specified below.
        The last sentence of the first paragraph of the amended opinion shall read, “For the reasons
that follow, we AFFIRM the district court’s order denying Settle’s motion to dismiss the
indictment, but REMAND for resentencing in accordance with United States v. Booker, 125 S. Ct.
738 (2005).”
        Parts III and IV of the amended opinion shall read as follows:
                                                 III.
                                           Sentencing Issues
A.      Standard of Review
       This Court reviews de novo the district court’s legal interpretation of the Guidelines,
including mixed questions of law and fact. United States v. Davidson, ___ F.3d ___, Nos. 03-
6544/6549, 2005 U.S. App. LEXIS, *12-14 (6th Cir. May 18, 2005).

        *
        The Honorable William O. Bertelsman, Senior United States District Judge for the Eastern District of
Kentucky, sitting by designation.


                                                     1
No. 04-5136               United States v. Settle                                                                Page 2


B.       Analysis
        The district court applied U.S. Sentencing Guidelines Manual (“Guidelines”) § 2K2.1 in
order to determine the offense level for Settle’s violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g). See GUIDELINES
app. A. Section 2K2.1 contains a “Cross Reference” provision, which states that “[i]f the defendant
used or possessed any firearm or ammunition in connection with the commission or attempted
commission of another offense …, apply § 2X1.1 (Attempt, Solicitation, or Conspiracy) in respect
to that other offense, if the resulting offense level is greater than that determined” using § 2K2.1.
Id. § 2K2.1(c)(1)(A). Section 2X1.1(c)(1) provides that “[w]hen an attempt, solicitation, or
conspiracy is expressly covered by another offense guideline section, apply that guideline section.”
Id. § 2X1.1(c)(1). Based on a finding that Settle’s firearms offense on July 4, 2002 was part of a
course of conduct that culminated in Settle’s July 17, 2002 intentional shooting and severe injury
of Lonnie Young, the district court concluded that Settle had used the firearm on July 4, 2002 in an
attempt to murder Young. Thus, the court concluded that Settle’s conduct was covered by
Guidelines § 2A2.1 (Assault with Intent to Commit Murder; Attempted Murder). The court applied
that Guideline to calculate the offense level, because use of that Guideline resulted in a greater
offense level than that determined under § 2K2.1.
        Guidelines § 2A2.1 provides for a base offense level of 28, “if the object of the offense
would have constituted first degree murder.” GUIDELINES § 2A2.1(a)(1). In the presentence report,
the probation officer stated that the appropriate offense level was 28 because “it appears that the
object of the offense would have constituted first degree murder.” The district court agreed. Based
on Young’s disabling injuries, the probation officer further recommended, and the district court
agreed, an increase of four levels pursuant to Guidelines § 2A2.1(b)(1)(A), which applies when “the
victim sustained permanent or life-threatening bodily injury.” The court also adopted the probation
officer’s recommendation of a two-point increase in Settle’s base offense level, pursuant to
Guidelines § 3C1.1 (Obstructing or Impeding the Administration of Justice), because Settle had
threatened or intimidated witnesses and victims. Last, the court adopted the probation officer’s
recommendation against an adjustment for acceptance of responsibility because of the recommended
§ 3C1.1 enhancement. Settle’s total offense level was calculated to be 34.
        With a criminal history category of III and an offense level of 34, Settle was subject to a
sentencing range of 188 to 235 months, far in excess of the statutory maximum of 120 months for
the firearms violation. The district court sentenced Settle to the 120 month maximum. If the district
court had not found that Settle used a firearm in connection with the attempted murder of Young,
Settle’s base offense level would have been 14, pursuant to Guidelines § 2K2.1(a)(6). Even with
a two point increase for obstruction of justice, Settle would have been subject to a sentencing range
of only 27 to 33 months, far below the 120 month sentence he received.
       Regardless of whether the district court imposed Settle’s sentence in violation of the Sixth
Amendment,1 this Court must remand for resentencing in light of our holding in United States v.
Barnett, 398 F.3d 516 (6th Cir. 2005) . In Barnett, this Court established a presumption that any
pre-Booker sentencing determination constitutes plain error because the Guidelines were then
mandatory. Id. at 526-29. Consequently, a defendant must be re-sentenced unless the sentencing


         1
           Settle informed the court that he had no objection to the description of his offense of conviction and other
relevant conduct as set forth in the presentence report. These admitted facts demonstrate a clear connection between the
firearm that Settle possessed on July 4, 2002 (in an attempt to kill Young) and the other firearms he possessed thereafter
(in order to shoot Young and to avoid detection for that shooting). Admitted facts that are necessary to support a
sentence that exceeds the maximum sentence authorized solely by the facts established by a guilty plea need not be
proved to a jury beyond a reasonable doubt. Booker, 125 S. Ct. at 756 (“Any fact (other than a prior conviction) which
is necessary to support a sentence exceeding the maximum authorized by the facts established by a plea of guilty or a
jury verdict must be admitted by the defendant or proved to a jury beyond a reasonable doubt.”).
No. 04-5136               United States v. Settle                                                             Page 3


record contains clear and specific evidence to the effect that, even if the sentencing court had known
the Guidelines were advisory, it would have sentenced the defendant to the same (or a longer) term
of imprisonment. See id.; see also United States v. Hudson, 405 F.3d 425 (6th Cir. 2005). Because
the record lacks such clear and specific evidence, we remand for resentencing in accordance with
Booker.
        On remand, the district court must impose a reasonable sentence that takes into account the
sentencing factors set forth at 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a), as well as the Sentencing Guidelines. Booker,
125 S. Ct. at 765-67. Part of that inquiry will involve a determination of Settle’s base offense level
attributable to his offense conduct on July 4, 2002 and all “relevant conduct.” See GUIDELINES
§ 1B1.3(a) (defining scope of relevant conduct for, inter alia, the cross references in Chapter Two
of the Guidelines); see also id. § 1B1.1, Application Note 1(k) (the term “offense” means “the
offense of conviction and all relevant conduct under § 1B1.3 (Relevant Conduct)”). The relevant
conduct includes “all acts and omissions committed, aided, abetted, counseled, commanded,
induced, procured, or willfully caused by the defendant” and “that occurred during the commission
of the offense, in preparation for that offense, or in the course of attempting to avoid detection or
responsibility for that offense.” Id. § 1B1.3(a)(1). It also includes all harm that resulted from these2
acts and omissions and all harm that was the object of such acts and omissions. Id. § 1B1.3(a)(3).
        In determining the relevant conduct for Settle’s offense, the district court will be free to
consult Guidelines § 2K2.1(c)(1), which, as noted, provides that if the defendant used or possessed
“any” firearm or ammunition in connection with the commission or attempted commission of
another offense, then § 2X1.1 for attempt offenses governs as long as that Guideline results in a
higher offense level. GUIDELINES § 2K2.1(c)(1). Even though Settle used a different firearm to
shoot Young (as well as other victims) than the firearm that he possessed on July 4, 2002,
§ 2K2.1(c)(1)’s reference to “any” firearm does not mean that the firearm used in the offense of
conviction and the firearm used in connected conduct (e.g., the attempted murder of Young) must
be one and the same for purposes of determining the relevant conduct.
         In United States v. Jardine, 364 F.3d 1200, 1207 (10th Cir. 2004), the Tenth Circuit rejected
the argument that the use of a firearm triggers § 2K2.1(c)(1)’s cross reference to § 2X1.1 only3when
that firearm is the same firearm that sustained the § 922(g) felon-in-possession convictions. The
court cited the Eighth Circuit’s decision in United States v. Mann, 315 F.3d 1054 (8th Cir. 2003),
which rejected a similar argument when it concluded that the use of “any firearm or ammunition”
in § 2K2.1(b)(5), a provision similar to § 2K2.1(c)(1), indicates that the Guideline “applies to any
firearm and not merely to a particular firearm upon which the defendant’s felon-in-possession
conviction is based.” Id. at 1056 (emphasis in original); see also id. (finding the reference to “any
firearm” to be “unambiguous”; noting that the Sentencing Guidelines uses the term “the” when


         2
          In certain cases, the relevant conduct includes acts and omissions that the defendant caused “that were part
of the same course of conduct or common scheme or plan as the offense of conviction.” Id. § 1B1.3(a)(2). This conduct
is only considered, however, “with respect to offenses of a character for which § 3D1.2(d) would require grouping of
multiple counts.” Id. Guidelines § 3D1.2 provides that “[a]ll counts involving substantially the same harm shall be
grouped together into a single Group.” GUIDELINES § 3D1.2. Settle correctly argues that Guidelines § 1B1.3(a)(2) does
not apply in his case because the firearms offense cannot be grouped with the post-July 4, 2002 offenses in which he
attempted to kill Lonnie Young and committed other acts of violence to avoid detection for that offense. See GUIDELINES
§ 3D1.2(d) (providing that “all offenses in Chapter Two, Part A” are specifically excluded from the operation of that
subsection.).
         3
            We note that the Supreme Court vacated the Tenth Circuit’s judgment in Jardine and remanded the case in
light of Booker. Jardine v. United States, 125 S. Ct. 1024 (2005). On remand from the Supreme Court, the Tenth Circuit
reinstated its original opinion – including the analysis upon which we rely in this discussion – but remanded the case
to the district court for re-sentencing in accordance with Booker. United States v. Jardine, 406 F.3d 1261 (10th Cir.
2005) (order on remand).
No. 04-5136           United States v. Settle                                                  Page 4


referring to a specific firearm, whereas “any” applies “‘[w]hen any firearm or ammunition will do’”)
(quoting United States v. Sutton, 302 F.3d 1226, 1227-28 (11th Cir. 2002)). Based on Mann, the
court held that “§ 2K2.1(c)(1) applies to any firearm or ammunition, including that firearm or
ammunition used by a defendant in connection with another offense, even if different from the
particular firearm or ammunition upon which defendant’s felon-in-possession conviction is based.”
Jardine, 364 F.3d at 1208 (emphasis in original).
        The court in Jardine stated that its holding was supported by two further considerations.
First, “the Guidelines require courts to consider all relevant conduct when determining the
sentencing guideline range,” id. (citing GUIDELINES § 1B1.3; other citations omitted), and the
defendant’s use of firearms in past drug transactions and his admitted trading of ammunition for
methamphetamine were therefore “clearly relevant” to his sentencing for felon-in-possession
charges. Id. Second, the defendant’s reading of the word “any” would lead to an absurd result by
“benefit[ting] those criminals who are not apprehended with the exact firearm they used or
possessed in connection with the commission of another offense.” Id. “In such a case, the
government would be precluded from seeking § 2K2.1(c)(1)’s enhancement even when it is
undisputed that the defendant used or possessed a firearm, unless it could actually prove it was one
of the exact weapons for which the defendant was charged under 18 U.S.C. § 922(g).” Id.

         Settle argues that this Court’s decision in United States v. Roxborough, 99 F.3d 212 (6th Cir.
1996) is in conflict with, and therefore trumps, the Jardine decision. We disagree. In Roxborough,
the defendant pleaded guilty to one count of violating 18 U.S.C. § 922(c) for dealing in firearms.
Id. at 213. Prior to the defendant’s arrest on that count, undercover ATF agents had obtained
several firearms, two of which whose serial numbers had been obliterated. Id. When the serial
number were restored, the agents traced the guns back to the defendant. Id. At sentencing, the
government conceded that it could not establish Roxborough’s involvement in removing the serial
numbers from the two guns or that any of the firearms seized at the time of his arrest similarly
lacked serial numbers. Id. Nevertheless, the district court imposed a two-level enhancement under
§ 2K2.1(b)(4), which applies if “any firearm was stolen, or had an altered or obliterated serial
number.” GUIDELINES § 2K2.1(b)(4). The district court reasoned that “Roxborough took the risk
that the serial numbers on unlawfully sold guns would be obliterated.” Roxborough, 99 F.3d at 213.

        On appeal, this Court held that the obliterated serial numbers were not “relevant conduct”
under § 1B1.3 because there was no evidence that the defendant was himself responsible or
otherwise connected in any way with the obliteration. Id. at 214. Nor was there any evidence that
the obliteration of the serial numbers on the two guns “‘occurred during the commission of the
offense of conviction, in preparation for that offense, or in the course of attempting to avoid
detection or responsibility for that offense.’” Id. (quoting GUIDELINES § 1B1.3(a)(1)). The Court
also found that the “any firearm” language contained in the obliteration enhancement provision itself
(§ 2K2.1(b)(4)) did not provide more explicit instructions on what constitutes relevant conduct than
§ 1B1.3. Id. at 216. The Court held that “‘§ 2K2.1(b)(4) … obviously is not intended to apply to
firearms wholly unrelated to the charged offense.’” Id. (quoting United States v. Gonzales, 996 F.2d
88, 92 n.6 (5th Cir. 1993)). Because there was no evidence relating the two firearms with obliterated
serial numbers to the offense of conviction, the Court held that the enhancement under § 2K2.1(b)(4)
was inappropriate. Id.; see also Gonzales, 996 F.2d at 92 n.6 (opining that “any” firearms referenced
in § 2K2.1(c)(1) “must at least be related to those in the charged offense,” but need not be specified
in the count of conviction, in order to be considered part of the relevant conduct).
        Roxborough and Gonzalez, which Roxborough cites, stand only for the proposition that there
must be a relationship between firearms that form part of the relevant conduct and the firearms that
are part of the offense of conviction. They do not hold that the firearms have to be the same. Thus,
No. 04-5136           United States v. Settle                                                 Page 5


on remand the district court may apply Guidelines § 2K2.1(c)(1) if it finds a clear connection
between the firearm that Settle possessed on July 4, 2002 and any different firearm he possessed
thereafter in order to shoot Young, intimidate witnesses to the Young shooting, and/or rob
individuals in order to obtain money that would assist Settle’s effort to avoid detection for shooting
Young.
                                                 IV.
       For all the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM Settle’s conviction but REMAND for
resentencing in accordance with Booker.
                                                ENTERED BY ORDER OF THE COURT


                                                      /s/ Leonard Green
                                                ____________________________________
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