 Authority of the General Services Administration to Provide
Assistance to Transition Teams of Two Presidential Candidates
T h e P residential T ransition A ct of 1963, with certain lim ited exceptions, authorizes the A dm inistrator
     o f the G enera1 S ervices A dm inistration to provide transition assistance only for those services and
     facilities n ecessary to assist the transition o f the “ P resident-elect” and the “ V ice-President-elect,”
     as those term s are defined in the A c t. Since there cannot be m ore than one “ President-elect”
     and o n e “ V ice-P resident-elect” u n d e r the Act, the Act does not authorize the A dm inistrator to
     p ro v id e transition assistance to the tran sitio n team s o f m ore than one presidential candidate.

                                                                                                November 28, 2000

                  M   em orandum      O p in io n   fo r t h e   C ou n sel   to th e   P r e s id e n t


  You have asked our opinion whether, under the Presidential Transition Act of
1963, as amended,1 the Administrator of the General Services Administration
(“ Administrator” ) has the authority to provide transition assistance to more than
one presidential candidate in circumstances in which it remains unclear after the
election which of two candidates will become the President of the United States.
With the limited exceptions set forth below in note 3, the Act authorizes the
Administrator to expend the funds appropriated to implement the Act only for
those services and facilities that are necessary to assist the transition of the “ Presi-
dent-elect” and the “ Vice-President-elect.” See Presidential Transition Act,
§ 3(a). The terms “ President-elect” and “ Vice-President-elect” are defined under
the Act to mean the individuals that the Administrator determines are “ the
apparent successful candidates for the office of President and Vice-President,
respectively.” Id. §3(c). Since there cannot be more than one “ President-elect”
and one “ Vice-President-elect” under the Act, the Presidential Transition Act
does not authorize the Administrator to provide transition assistance to more than
one transition team.2
  As summarized above, the assistance that the Administrator is authorized to
provide under the Presidential Transition Act is expressly tied to the Administra­
tor’s determination of a “ President-elect” and a “ Vice-President-elect.” “ Presi­
dent-elect” and “ Vice-President-elect” are defined terms under section 3(c) of
the Act, which provides:

          The terms “ President-elect” and “ Vice-President-elect” as used
          in this Act shall mean such persons as are the apparent successful
          candidates for the office o f President and Vice President, respec­
  ‘ The Presidential Transition Act is set out in the notes to § 102 of title 3 of the United States Code See 3
U S C. § 102 (1994). The Act has also recently been amended For those amendments, see Presidential Transition
Act o f 2000, Pub L No 106-293, 114 Stat. 1035 (2000).
  2 This m emorandum addresses only the narrow question o f the Administrator’s authority to provide assistance
under the Presidential Transition Act It does not address w hether the Administrator, or any other department or
agency, may have separate authonty to provide transition assistance to more than one transition team.


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        GSA Authority to Provide Assistance to Transition Teams o f Two Presidential Candidates


          tively, as ascertained by the Administrator following the general
          elections held to determine the electors of President and Vice Presi­
          dent in accordance with title 3, United States Code, sections 1 and
          2.

Id. § 3(c). As a matter of the statutory definition, as well as common usage, there
can be only one “ President-elect” and “ Vice-President-elect” from any election.
   It is only to that “ President-elect” and that “ Vice-President-elect” that the
Administrator is authorized by the Act to provide transition assistance. Section
3(a) of the Act, which sets out the services and facilities that the Administrator
is authorized to provide, specifically states:

          The Administrator of General Services . . . is authorized to pro­
          vide, upon request, to each President-elect and each Vice-President-
          elect, for use in connection with his preparations for the assumption
          of official duties as President or Vice President necessary services
          and facilities, including [the assistance specifically identified in
          subparagraphs (a)(1) through (a)(10)].

Id. §3(a). Accordingly, by its terms, the Act generally authorizes assistance only
to the “ President-elect” and the “ Vice-President-elect.” Consistent with this gen­
eral structure, the subparagraphs within subsection 3(a), which list specific serv­
ices and facilities that the Administrator is authorized to provide, also generally
make explicit reference to the President-elect and the Vice-President-elect. For
example, subparagraph 3(a)(2) authorizes the payment of compensation to the
“ members of the office staffs designated by the President-elect or Vice-President-
elect.” Without the existence of a President-elect or Vice-President-elect, there
can be no staff who have been designated and to whom compensation may there­
fore be paid. See id. § 3(a)(2) (emphasis added); see also id. §§ 3(a)(1), (3)-(5),
(7), 3(b), 3(d), 3(e).3 Similarly, the provisions in section 5 of the Act for the
disclosure of financing and personnel information related to the transition are also
expressly premised on, and limited to, the “ President-elect” and the “ Vice-Presi-
dent-elect.” Each subsection in section 5 begins with language along the lines

   3 The only exceptions to the general structure o f section 3 limiting assistance to a “ President-elect” are two
provisions from the 2000 amendments that appear to envision the expenditure of funds pnor to the determination
of a “ President-elect” See Pub. L No. 106-293, §3 (relevant provisions added as subparagraphs (9) and (10)
of the Presidential Transition Act) These additional provisions, by their distinct language and functions, reinforce
the general limitation lhat assistance may be provided only to a “ President-elect.” In particular, subparagraph (10)
expressly provides that it applies to the “ candidates.” See Presidential Transition Act, §3(a)(10) ( “ Notwithstanding
subsection (b), consultation by the Administrator with any candidate for President or Vice President to develop
a systems architecture plan for the computer and communications systems of the candidate to coordinate a transition
to Federal systems, if the candidate is elected.” (emphasis added)) Subparagraph (9) involves the development
by the General Services Administration o f a transition directory on the officers, organization, and statutory and
administrative authorities, functions, duties, responsibilities, and mission of each department and agency— expendi­
tures that are preparatory to transition for whomever is determined to be the “ President-elect” and that are not
materially altered by multiple transition teams since the directory would remain the same


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of the following: “ The President-elect and Vice-President-elect (as a condition
for receiving services under section 3 and for funds provided under section
6(a)(1)) shall disclose to the Administrator . . .       E.g., id. § 5(a)(1) (emphasis
added); see also §§ 5(b)(1), 5(c). We thus believe that both the specific terms
and the general structure of the Act preclude the Administrator from relying upon
this Act to provide assistance to more than one transition team.
   The most plausible contrary argument for providing assistance to multiple transi­
tion teams, notwithstanding the clear language and structure of the Act, would
be that such assistance is necessary under present circumstances because of the
shortened time period for the transition. In support of this argument, it is clear,
both in the section of the Act stating Congress’s purpose and similar expressions
of purpose in the legislative history, that the Act was intended “ to promote the
orderly transfer of executive power.” Id. § 2. In this regard, the Act states:

       Any disruption occasioned by the transfer of the executive power
       could produce results detrimental to the safety and well-being of
       the United States and its people. Accordingly, it is the intent of
       the Congress that appropriate actions be authorized and taken to
       avoid or minimize any disruption.

Id. See also, e.g., H.R. Rep. No. 88-301, at 4 (1963) ( “ [T]he size and complexity
of our Federal Government today, to say nothing of the difficult domestic and
international problems that the President must face, make it a vital necessity that
the machinery of transition be as smooth as possible and that sufficient resources
are at hand to properly orient the new national leader in whatever manner is
required. . . . Under present conditions, a new President, in one sense, begins
working for the Government the morning after the election.” ); 109 Cong. Rec.
 13,349 (1963) (statement of Rep. Joelson) (“ In that interim time he is called upon
probably to make more fateful decisions than he will have to make after he is,
indeed, sworn into office. For that reason it is up to us to see that he has the
tools and the implements.” ).
   We doubt that this expression of intent would, in any event, be sufficient to
overcome the evidence from the express terms and structure of the Act that funds
appropriated to implement the A ct are not available in circumstances in which
the Administrator cannot ascertain who the apparent victorious candidate is. The
legislative history, moreover, makes clear that Congress did not intend the Presi­
dential Transition Act to be available until an apparent President-elect emerged.
   During debate on the bill, concern was raised about the effect that an Adminis­
trator’s determination of the “ President-elect” could potentially have on a close
election. See 109 Cong. Rec. 13,348-49 (1963). As part of that debate, Represent­
ative Gross expressed the concern that, in connection with the voting of the elec­
toral college, “ those designated as President and Vice President by the present

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     GSA Authority to Provide Assistance to Transition Teams o f Two Presidential Candidates


Administrator of General Services would be given psychological and other advan­
tages by designating them as President and Vice President.” Id. at 13,348. In
response, Representative Fascell, who was the sponsor of the bill and the House
manager, stated as follows: “ I do not think so, because if they were unable at
the time to determine the successful candidates, this act would not be operative.
Therefore in a close contest, the Administrator would not make the decision.”
Id. (emphasis added). Representative Gross, however, remained concerned and
continued to press the issue. In response to those further inquires, Representative
Fascell again responded: “ There is nothing in the act that requires the Adminis­
trator to make a decision which in his own judgment he could not make. If he
could not determine the apparent successful candidate, he would not authorize
the expenditure o f funds to anyone; and he should not." Id. (emphasis added).
 Representative Gross was not the only member concerned about the issue, which
was raised again later in the debate by Representative Haley:

          I   notice that these funds can be used immediately after the gen­
       eral election in November. But how would this situation work, for
       instance, if the President or, at least, before the determination of
       the votes in the electoral college, suppose that some person was,
       say, three or four votes shy? How would this Administrator deter­
       mine who was in a position to expend these funds?

Id. at 13,349. In response, Representative Fascell quoted the section of the bill
defining “ President-elect” and “ Vice-President-clcct” and stated:

          This act and the Administrator could in no way, in any way,
       affect the election of the successful candidate. The only decision
       the Administrator can make is who the successful candidate — the
       apparent successful candidate — for the purposes of this particular
       act in order to make the services provided by this act available
       to them. And, if there is any doubt in his mind, and if he cannot
       and does not designate the apparently successful candidate, then
       the act is inoperative. He cannot do anything. There will be no
       services provided and no money expended.

Id. (emphasis added). See also id. (statement of Rep. Fascell) (“ In the whole
history of the United States, there have been only three such close situations.
It is an unlikely proposition, but if it were to happen, if the administrator had
any question in his mind, he simply would not make the designation in order
to make the services available as provided by the act. If as an intelligent human
being and he has a doubt, he would not act until a decision has been made in
the electoral college or in the Congress.” ).

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   It is clear from the legislative history that Congress understood and intended
that the Presidential Transition Act would simply be unavailable to fund transition
services and facilities in circumstances in which the winner o f the election is not
apparent. This is consistent with the plain language and structure of the Act,
which, with the two exceptions noted above in note 3, authorizes the Administrator
to provide transition assistance only to the “ President-elect” and the “ Vice-Presi-
dent-elect.” Accordingly, the Presidential Transition Act would not authorize the
Administrator to expend the funds appropriated to implement the Act to provide
transition assistance to multiple transition teams.

                                                          RANDOLPH D. MOSS
                                                        Assistant Attorney General
                                                         Office o f Legal Counsel




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