                                                                                    [PUBLISH]


                  IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                                 FILED
                                                      U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                            FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                             ________________________       NOV 21 2000
                                                          THOMAS K. KAHN
                                                               CLERK
                                     No. 99-11687
                               ________________________

                          D.C. Docket No. 96-00477-CR-UUB

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
                                                                    Plaintiff-Appellee,


       versus

JOSEPH S. TRAVERS, a.k.a. Larry Thomas,



                                                                    Defendant-Appellant.

                              __________________________

                  Appeal from the United States District Court for the
                             Southern District of Florida
                            _________________________
                                (November 21, 2000)

Before TJOFLAT, HILL and POLITZ*, Circuit Judges.


_____________________
*Honorable Henry A. Politz, U.S. Circuit Judge for the Fifth Circuit, sitting by designation.
HILL, Circuit Judge:

      Joseph Travers was convicted on several counts of mail fraud, equity

skimming, money laundering and bankruptcy fraud. Travers was sentenced to 78

month’s incarceration and ordered to pay $571,049 in restitution to the Department

of Housing and Urban Development. He appeals his conviction and sentence.

                                           I.

      Between 1991 and 1995, Joseph Travers obtained title to more than 97

houses by assuming Veterans Administration (VA) and Federal Housing

Association (FHA) guaranteed home loans. He did so under a variety of false

names and aliases. Travers collected the rents on these properties but never paid on

any of the mortgages. He used a series of names on the deeds and filed successive

bankruptcy petitions for each name in a successful attempt to forestall foreclosure

during which time he would continue to collect the rents. Travers used a series of

false identities and mail drops to hide his identity and avoid detection. During the

two-year investigation of his activities, federal agents compiled a list of at least 40

VA and FHA mortgages that Travers had assumed, aliases he used in those

transactions, mailboxes he had rented, and fraudulent bankruptcy proceedings that

he had filed.

      Agents arrested Travers on May 8, 1996. On the same day, they executed



                                            2
search warrants at his two properties on Bay Harbor Island, Florida. The agents

seized voluminous boxes of documents detailing Travers’ equity skimming

operation.

      Before trial, Travers filed a motion to suppress the evidence found during the

searches of his residence and office on the grounds that the warrant authorizing the

searches was unconstitutionally over broad and the resulting searches general rather

than limited. After an evidentiary hearing, the district court denied the motion,

holding that, while the warrant was overly broad, “the agents acted in good faith in

drafting and executing the warrant.” Travers appeals this decision, which we

review de novo.1 United States v. Accardo, 749 F.2d 1477 (11th Cir. 1985).

                                                II.

      “The right to ‘be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects’ from

intrusion and seizure by officers acting under the unbridled authority of a general

warrant [was] [v]ivid in the memory of the newly independent Americans.”

Stanford v. Texas, 379 U.S. 481, 510 (1965). Therefore, the Fourth Amendment

provides that “no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath

or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons


       1
         Travers appeals a number of other district court rulings: denial of a continuance; evidence
of mail fraud and money laundering sufficient to support jury verdict; no constructive amendment
of the indictment; and permitting evidence alleged to violate Travers’ rights to remain silent and
have counsel at sentencing. We find no merit in any of these allegations of error.

                                                3
or things to be seized.” (emphasis added). The Supreme Court has on numerous

occasions reminded us that this constitutional requirement protects against “the use

of general warrants as instruments of oppression.” Id. at 510.

      The requirement that warrants particularly describe the place to be searched

and the things to be seized makes general searches under them impossible. Id. at

512. A warrant which fails to sufficiently particularize the place to be searched or

the things to be seized is unconstitutionally over broad. Id. The resulting general

search is unconstitutional. In order to deter such warrants and searches, the Court

has held that any evidence so seized must be excluded from the trial of the

defendant. Stone v. Powell, 428 U.S. 465, 486 (1976).

      The exclusionary rule’s deterrent effect is negated, however, where law

enforcement officers act in the “objectively reasonable belief that their conduct does

not violate the Fourth Amendment.” United States v. Leon, 468 U.S. 897, 918

(1984). When an officer has in good faith obtained a search warrant from a judge

or magistrate and acted within its scope, “there is no police illegality and thus

nothing to deter.” Id. at 921. In Leon, therefore, the Court carved out an exception

to the exclusionary rule for evidence obtained in such a search. Id. at 926.

      In this case, the district court held that the search warrant for Travers’ home,

office, and automobile was unconstitutionally over broad. The court also found,



                                           4
however, that the executing agents conducted the searches in good faith, presuming

their warrant to be legally valid, and that this reliance was reasonable under the

circumstances. The district court concluded, therefore, that the “good faith”

exception to the exclusionary rule applied in this case and the evidence seized in the

searches was admissible at trial.

      Travers contends that this decision was wrong for four different reasons: first,

the good faith exception is inapplicable to excuse general searches; second, even if

it were applicable, the district court incorrectly shifted the burden to Travers to

prove the agents acted in bad faith; third, the agents did not act in good faith

because they deliberately induced the magistrate to issue an over broad warrant; and

fourth, agents did not execute the search in good faith because they deliberately

failed to stay within the warrant’s limits. The United States does not contest the

district court’s holding that the warrant was over broad. Therefore, the issue for our

review is whether the good faith exception applies in this case to excuse the

unconstitutionally over broad warrant. We conclude that it does.

                                          III.

      The good faith exception may be applied to a search conducted pursuant to an

overly broad warrant. Accardo, 749 F.2d at 1481. The officers do not act in

objective good faith, however, if the warrant is so overly broad on its face that the



                                           5
executing officers could not reasonably have presumed it to be valid. Id.

      The warrant in this case permitted the officers to search for all documents

involving real estate, litigation, property, mailings, photographs and any other

material reflecting identity, and anything reflecting potential fraud. Pursuant to the

warrant, the executing officers seized copies of warranty deeds and other documents

reflecting Travers’ use of false identities to purchase properties; notary public seals

for signatures that Travers forged on various deeds and other legal documents;

passports, birth certificates, drivers licenses, and credit cards issued in various

names; business cards for businesses in various names; letters to tenants written by

Travers using both his names and aliases; copies of bankruptcy pleadings, letters to

bankruptcy courts, and other filings reflecting Travers’ attempts to delay

foreclosures; and various other documents concerning Travers’ use of aliases, mail

drop boxes, and false addresses to avoid detection.

      Although the district court ultimately held the warrant overly broad, it

characterized its conclusion as a “close call.” We agree. This case involves a

complex scheme to commit financial fraud concerning real property. The charges

include mail fraud, bankruptcy fraud, equity skimming, and money laundering. A

wide variety of documents were relevant to prove this scheme – deeds, loan papers,

legal pleadings, identity papers and cards, and mailing receipts and papers. Thus,



                                            6
the agents applied for and received a warrant which cut a wide swath through

Travers’ papers and documents. In Accardo, we recognized that cases involving

“complex financial fraud . . . justify a more flexible reading of the fourth

amendment particularity requirement.” Id. citing United States v. Wuagneux, 683

F.2d 1343, 1348-50 (11th Cir. 1982)(applying good faith exception to a warrant

which authorized seizure of “all corporate records”). Thus, the warrant in this case,

even if subsequently determined by the district court to be overly broad, was not “so

facially deficient – i.e., failing to particularize the place to be searched or the things

to be seized – that the executing officers could not have reasonably presumed it to

be valid.” See Accardo, 749 F.2d at 1481, citing Leon, 468 U.S. at 923. The

application of the good faith exception to the exclusionary rule, therefore, is not

precluded in this case by a warrant that no reasonable officer could have relied

upon.

        Travers also contends that the district erred in finding that the agents obtained

and executed the warrant in subjective good faith. He claims that the agents

intentionally deceived the issuing magistrate by omitting details of their

investigation thereby inducing him to grant an overly broad warrant. He also

alleges that they deliberately exceeded the scope of their warrant in the items

seized.



                                            7
      Whether the officers acted in subjective good faith in obtaining and executing

the warrant is a mixed question of fact and law. While the ultimate conclusion of

good faith is a legal one, findings of fact serve as the predicate for this conclusion.

In order to hold that the officers acted in good faith in this case, the district court

necessarily found as a matter of fact that the agents neither intentionally deceived

the issuing magistrate by omitting details regarding the nature of their investigation,

nor deliberately exceeded the scope of their warrant in the items seized during the

searches. The agents testified unequivocally that they consulted with the United

States Attorney in drafting the warrant application and included all information that

they and she believed necessary to establish sufficient probable cause to support the

warrant application. The supervising agent testified that he instructed the other

agents regarding items to be seized according to his understanding of the warrant.

The searching agents testified that there were documents strewn throughout

Travers’ residence and office with no apparent organization. In their effort to take

only what was authorized by the warrant, they reviewed documents. United States

v. Slocum, 708 F.2d 587, 604 (11th Cir. 1983) (brief perusal necessary to determine

relevance). The district court credited all this testimony. We find nothing in the

record that would indicate that these factual findings that the officers obtained the

warrant in cooperation with the United States Attorney who advised them on the



                                            8
requirements for showing probable cause and conducted their search in a conscious

effort to stay within its limits are clearly erroneous. United States v. Green, 40 F.3d

1167, 1170 (11th Cir. 1991). Nor do we disagree with the district court’s legal

conclusion that the officers, therefore, acted in good faith.2

                                                IV.

      We hold that the district court did not err in holding that the good faith

exception to the exclusionary rule applies to excuse the overly broad warrant at

issue in this case. We find no merit in Travers’ other allegations of error.

Accordingly, Travers’ conviction and sentence are due to be AFFIRMED.




       2
        We find no merit in Travers’ contention that the district court shifted the burden to the
defendant to show bad faith. The single comment by the district court pointed to by Travers does
not support his allegation. On the contrary, the district court held a hearing for the specific purpose
of permitting the government to call witnesses and establish the good faith of the officers.

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