                              STATE OF MINNESOTA

                               IN SUPREME COURT

                                      A15-1322

Tax Court                                                                    Hudson, J.
                                                       Took no part, Stras, Chutich, JJ.



Kimberly-Clark Corporation & Subsidiaries,

                    Relators/Cross-Respondents,
vs.                                                               Filed: June 22, 2016
                                                             Office of Appellate Courts

Commissioner of Revenue,

                    Respondent/Cross-Appellant.

                             ________________________

Walter A. Pickhardt, Faegre Baker Daniels LLP, Minneapolis, Minnesota, and

Amy L. Silverstein, Edwin P. Antolin, Silverstein & Pomerantz LLP, San Francisco,
California, for relators/cross-respondents.

Alan I. Gilbert, Solicitor General, Alethea M. Huyser, Assistant Solicitor General, and
Michael Everson, Assistant Attorney General, Saint Paul, Minnesota, for
respondent/cross-appellant.

Ellen F. Rosenblum, Attorney General of Oregon, Paul L. Smith, Deputy Solicitor
General of Oregon, Inge D. Wells Assistant Attorney-in-Charge, Darren Weirnick, Senior
Assistant Attorney General, Oregon Department of Justice, Salem, Oregon, for Amici
Curiae States of Oregon, Alabama, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Michigan,
Missouri, Montana, New Mexico, North Dakota, Texas, Washington, and the District of
Columbia.

Thomas R. Muck, Fredrikson & Byron, P.A., Minneapolis, Minnesota, for Amicus
Curiae The Council on State Taxation.


                                          1
William Z. Pentelovitch, Maslon LLP, Minneapolis, Minnesota, and

Sheldon H. Laskin, Washington, D.C., for Amicus Curiae Multistate Tax Commission.

Richard L. Masters, Masters Mullins & Arrington, Louisville, Kentucky and;

Jeffrey B. Litwak, Portland Oregon, for Amici Curiae The Interstate Commission for
Juveniles, The Association of Administrators of the Interstate Compact on the Placement
of Children, and Jeffrey B. Litwak.

                              ________________________

                                     SYLLABUS

       In enacting the Multistate Tax Compact, Minn. Stat. § 290.171 (1984), the

Legislature did not unmistakably promise not to repeal Articles III and IV of that

Compact.

       Affirmed.

                                      OPINION

HUDSON, Justice.

       This appeal presents a constitutional challenge to a legislative repeal of provisions

of a multistate tax compact that permitted corporate taxpayers, for a period of time, to

calculate their Minnesota tax liability using a formula promulgated by a multistate tax

commission.     In 2013, relators Kimberly-Clark Corporation and its subsidiaries

(collectively “Kimberly Clark”) sought to amend their Minnesota corporate franchise tax

returns for tax years 2007 through 2009 by re-calculating their state tax liability using an

income apportionment formula that the Minnesota Legislature enacted in 1983, Act of

June 14, 1983, ch. 342, art. 16, § 1, 1983 Minn. Laws 2168, 2339, but later repealed, Act


                                             2
of May 28, 1987, ch. 268, art. 1, § 74, 1987 Minn. Laws 1039, 1098 (repealing Articles

III and IV in Minn. Stat. § 290.171).           The Commissioner of Revenue denied the

corresponding refund claims that accompanied the amended returns. Kimberly Clark

appealed to the tax court, arguing that its refund claims were allowable because the

Legislature’s enactment of the Multistate Tax Commission’s apportionment formula was

a contractual obligation that was unconstitutionally impaired when the 1987 Legislature

repealed the provisions that authorized the use of that formula.

       On June 19, 2015, the Minnesota Tax Court, sitting en banc, concluded that the

Legislature’s 1987 repeal of the apportionment formula was constitutional and therefore

the Commissioner properly denied Kimberly Clark’s refund claims. Kimberly Clark

thereafter petitioned our court for review pursuant to Minn. Stat. § 271.10 (2014). 1

Because we conclude that the Legislature made no unmistakable commitment in 1983

when it enacted section 290.171 that was impaired when the Legislature later repealed

portions of that statute, we affirm.

                                           I.

       The resolution of this appeal requires a basic understanding of Minnesota’s

taxation of the income earned by multi-state businesses and the multistate compact

developed to facilitate uniformity in that process. We therefore begin with an overview

of the relevant tax principles and statutes.


1
       The Commissioner filed a cross-appeal to challenge the tax court’s conclusion that
she failed to adequately preserve her argument on the advisory nature of the compact.


                                                3
      Minnesota uses the unitary-business/formula-apportionment method to determine

a unitary business’s local tax base. Minn. Stat. § 290.191 (2014). Under this method, the

income of a unitary business is combined, then allocated to individual states based on an

apportionment formula that generates a fair share of the combined income attributable to

each state for tax purposes. See, e.g., Caterpillar, Inc. v. Comm’r of Revenue, 568

N.W.2d 695, 696-97 (Minn. 1997) (explaining that “[c]ombined reporting is an

accounting device” used to properly and fairly approximate the income of a multi-state

business that is attributable to the business’s activities in the taxing state). Kimberly

Clark constitutes a combined group for purposes of Minnesota’s corporate franchise tax,

with Kimberly-Clark Corporation as the reporting entity for the combined group.

Kimberly Clark has done business in Minnesota since 1958 and has filed Minnesota tax

returns since at least 1983. During the tax years in issue (2007, 2008, and 2009),

Kimberly Clark engaged in a unitary, multi-state business and therefore used an

apportionment method to report its Minnesota tax liability.

       It is undisputed that, during the tax years in issue, multistate businesses could:

(1) apportion income to Minnesota using the apportionment formula set forth in Minn.

Stat. § 290.191, subd. 2 (2008), which weighted one factor—sales—more heavily than

the other two factors in the formula—property and payroll; or (2) petition the

Commissioner of Revenue to permit the use of an alternative method to determine the

taxpayer’s income attributable to Minnesota.      Minn. Stat. § 290.20, subd. 1 (2014)

(providing for petition process). The dispute in this case concerns whether, during the tax



                                            4
years in issue, multistate businesses also enjoyed a third option, namely, the option to use

the apportionment formula that was part of Article IV of Minn. Stat. § 290.171 (1984),

between 1983 and its repeal in 1987. See Firstar Corp. v. Comm’r of Revenue, 575

N.W.2d 835, 838 (Minn. 1998) (explaining that “Article IV contained an optional

apportionment formula that taxpayers could elect to use”); see also Act of May 28, 1987,

ch. 268, art. 1, § 74, 1987 Minn. Laws 1039, 1098 (repealing Articles III and IV in Minn.

Stat. § 290.171).

       This optional apportionment formula, enacted in Minnesota in 1983, was based on

model legislation that was part of the Multistate Tax Compact. The model legislation

was developed by a state tax workgroup established in the wake of the United States

Supreme Court’s decision in Northwestern States Portland Cement Co. v. Minnesota, 358

U.S. 450 (1959). See U.S. Steel Corp. v. MultiState Tax Comm’n, 434 U.S. 452, 455-56

(1978) (reviewing the origins of the Multistate Tax Compact). The purposes of the

Compact, as stated in Article I, included “[f]acilitat[ing] proper determination of state and

local tax liability of multistate taxpayers” and “[p]romot[ing] uniformity or compatibility

in significant components of tax systems.” Minn. Stat. § 290.171, art. I, §§ 1-2. 2 To

facilitate these and other goals, Articles III and IV, which are at the center of the parties’

dispute in this appeal, incorporated almost verbatim the uniform act drafted by the

2
      The citations to the various articles of the Multistate Tax Compact are to section
290.171 as enacted by the 1983 Minnesota Legislature. See Minn. Stat. § 290.171
(1984). The original version of the model legislation that became the Multistate Tax
Compact is available at http://www.mtc.gov/The-Commission/Multistate-Tax-Compact.



                                              5
National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws in 1957, known as the

Uniform Division of Income for Tax Purposes Act. See Firstar Corp., 575 N.W.2d at

838 (explaining the provisions of the Uniform Act). Article III, section 1, allowed a

multistate taxpayer to “elect to apportion and allocate his income in the manner provided

by the laws of [a member] state . . . without reference to this compact” or “in accordance

with Article IV” of the Compact. Minn. Stat. § 290.171, art. III, § 1. Article IV, in turn,

provided for the apportionment of income by a three-factor, equally weighted formula

using sales, payroll, and property. 3 Id., art. IV, § 4.

       Article VI established the Multistate Tax Commission, which included one

“member” from each “party state.” Id., art. VI, § 1. Article VI further required that any

binding action of the Commission be approved by a majority of members, required the

Commission to adopt bylaws, established the Commission’s governing and financial

structure, and enumerated the powers of the Commission. Id., art. VI, §§ 2-4.

       Article IX provided for arbitration of “disputes concerning apportionments and

allocations” by taxpayers “dissatisfied with the final administrative determination of the


3
       When the Legislature repealed Articles III and IV in 1987, see Act of May 28,
1987, ch. 268, art. 1, § 74, 1987 Minn. Laws 1039, 1098, an apportionment formula that
used the same factors to apportion income by a fraction of the property factor plus the
payroll factor plus the sales factor was codified. See Minn. Stat. § 290.191, subd. 2
(1988). The weight attributed to the individual factors has varied over time. In 2005, the
Legislature amended section 290.191 to provide, beginning in 2007, for a graduated
annual increase for the weight given to the sales factor with corresponding decreases in
the property and payroll factors until 2014, when apportionment was based exclusively
on the sales factor. Act of July 13, 2005, 1st Spec. Sess., ch. 3, art. 3, § 13, 2005 Minn.
Laws 2273, 2330; see also Minn. Stat § 290.191, subd. 2(3)(b) (2014).


                                                6
tax agency of the state” and established procedures for such arbitrations. Id., art. IX.

Article X provided in section 1 that the Compact “shall enter into force when enacted into

law by any seven States.” Id., art. X, § 1. Article X also provided: “Any party State may

withdraw from this compact by enacting a statute repealing the same. No withdrawal

shall affect any liability already incurred by or chargeable to a party State prior to the

time of such withdrawal.” Id., art. X, § 2.

       Finally, Article XII of the Compact provided that it “shall be liberally construed so

as to effectuate the purposes thereof.” Id., art. XII. It further provided that the provisions

of the Compact were “severable.” Id. If any portion of the Compact was declared

unconstitutional, “the compact shall remain in full force and effect as to the remaining

party states and in full force and effect as to the state affected as to all severable matters.”

Id.

       In 1987 the Minnesota Legislature repealed only Articles III and IV of Minn. Stat.

§ 290.171. Act of May 28, 1987, ch. 268, art. 1, § 74, 1987 Minn. Laws 1039, 1098. In

2013 the Legislature repealed the remaining provisions of Minn. Stat. § 290.171. Act of

May 23, 2013, ch. 143, art. 13, § 24, 2013 Minn. Laws 2445, 2680. Kimberly Clark

contends that by enacting section 290.171 in 1983, the option provided in Article III to

use the equally weighted formula provided in Article IV was part of a binding multistate

tax compact that Minnesota was obligated to continue to make available to taxpayers

unless and until the State fully withdrew from the Compact. Thus, Kimberly Clark

argues, the 1987 repeal of only Articles III and IV, without an accompanying full



                                               7
withdrawal from the Compact itself, did not terminate that binding obligation. Further, to

conclude otherwise Kimberly Clark contends would impair a contractual obligation in

violation of the Contract Clauses of the U.S. and Minnesota Constitutions. We must

decide if the Minnesota Legislature’s decision in 1987 to repeal Articles III and IV of

section 290.171, without repealing the entirety of the statute, impaired any contractual

obligation to the detriment of Kimberly Clark.

                                            II.

       Because we review only legal issues in this appeal, our standard of review is de

novo. See Nelson v. Am. Family Ins. Grp., 651 N.W.2d 499, 503 (Minn. 2002) (holding

that where the trial court grants summary judgment based on the application of a statute

to undisputed facts, the result is a legal conclusion that appellate courts review de novo);

Progressive Specialty Ins. Co. v. Widness ex rel. Widness, 635 N.W.2d 516, 518 (Minn.

2001); Lake Superior Paper Indus. v. State, 624 N.W.2d 254, 258 (Minn. 2001). We also

presume that statutes are constitutional, Greer v. Comm’r of Minn. Dep’t of Human

Servs., 755 N.W.2d 713, 724 (Minn. 2008); the party that asserts otherwise bears a heavy

burden to overcome that presumption. Caterpiller, Inc., 568 N.W.2d at 697-98 (stating

that the challenger must demonstrate unconstitutionality beyond a reasonable doubt).

       Kimberly Clark argues that Minnesota’s 1983 enactment of the Multistate Tax

Compact formed a binding contract that, until the State withdrew from the Compact in




                                             8
2013, prevails over any conflicting state law. 4 The Commissioner disagrees, arguing that

the Compact is advisory because it does not meet the criteria for a binding contract set

out in Northeast Bancorp, Inc. v. Board of Governors of Federal Reserve System, 472

U.S. 159 (1985).

       In its opinion, the tax court focused on whether the Commissioner of Revenue

waived or preserved her argument that the Compact is an advisory model law, rather than

a binding contract. The parties likewise devote considerable attention to this issue. We

need not resolve this debate, however, because the fundamental legal issue we must

decide is whether the Legislature’s enactment of the Compact—specifically Articles III

and IV—created a contractual obligation that prohibited the Legislature from later




4
       Kimberly Clark cites to the Compact Clause of the U.S. Constitution, which states:
“No State shall, without the Consent of Congress, . . . enter into any Agreement or
Compact with another State . . . .” U.S. Const. art I, § 10, cl. 3. Read literally, the
Compact Clause “would require the States to obtain congressional approval before
entering into any agreement among themselves, irrespective of form, subject, duration, or
interest to the United States.” U.S. Steel, 434 U.S. at 459. The U.S. Supreme Court has
rejected this literal interpretation, stating, “application of the Compact Clause is limited
to agreements that are directed to the formation of any combination tending to the
increase of po1itical power in the States, which may encroach upon or interfere with the
just supremacy of the United States,” id. at 471 (internal quotation marks and citations
omitted), and thus, “[c]ongressional consent is not required for interstate agreements that
fall outside the scope of the Compact Clause.” Cuyler v. Adams, 449 U.S. 433, 440
(1981). As the parties agree that congressional consent was not required for the
Multistate Tax Compact, Kimberly Clark’s reliance on the Compact Clause is misplaced.



                                             9
repealing Articles III and IV of section 290.171 without withdrawing completely from

the Compact. 5

                                           III.

       Although Kimberly Clark contends that by enacting the Compact, Minnesota

ceded a portion of its own sovereignty in order to benefit from the collective action of

multiple states, Kimberly Clark’s principal argument is that by enacting the

apportionment formula in 1983, the State created a binding obligation that could not be

terminated without a full and complete withdrawal from the Multistate Tax Compact—

something the State did not do until 2013. Thus, according to Kimberly Clark, the

Minnesota Legislature violated the Contract Clauses of the United States and Minnesota

Constitutions by simply repealing Articles III and IV of section 290.171. We disagree.

       The Contract Clauses of the United States and Minnesota Constitutions prohibit

the states from passing laws that “impair[] the Obligation of Contracts.” U.S. Const. art.

1, § 10, cl. 1; accord Minn. Const. art. 1, § 11. Although we apply a three-part test to

evaluate whether legislative action unconstitutionally impairs a contractual obligation,

5
       We do not necessarily agree that the Commissioner waived the argument that the
compact is advisory in nature but conclude that we need not resolve this issue for the
same reasons the tax court articulated: regardless of any waiver, the dispositive issue is
whether this compact, as a matter of contract interpretation, constrained the authority of
the Minnesota Legislature to repeal portions of a statute that adopted the compact. See,
e.g., Texas v. New Mexico, 482 U.S. 124, 128 (1987) (stating that even a compact
approved by Congress is a contract that “must be construed and applied in accordance
with its terms”). The Commissioner, in her cross-appeal, also raised an issue regarding
the tax court’s interpretation of a Florida apportionment statute. The Florida statute need
not be construed to resolve the issues presented by this appeal. Accordingly, we decline
to reach this issue as well.


                                            10
see In re Individual 35W Bridge Litig., 806 N.W.2d 820, 834-35 (Minn. 2011) (citing

Energy Reserves Grp., Inc. v. Kan. Power & Light Co., 459 U.S. 400, 410-13 (1983)), the

“prohibition of the Contract Clause is not absolute.” Acton Constr. Co. v. Comm’r of

Revenue, 391 N.W.2d 828, 833 (Minn. 1986).              In any event, we do not reach

constitutional issues if the appeal can be resolved on other grounds.          State ex rel.

Humphrey v. Philip Morris USA, Inc., 713 N.W.2d 350, 355 (Minn. 2006).

       We therefore begin with the underlying premise of Kimberly Clark’s argument:

the adoption of the Multistate Tax Compact in a legislatively enacted statute was a

binding contractual obligation that continued until the Legislature withdrew from the

Compact by repealing the entirety of section 290.171. Stated otherwise, Kimberly Clark

contends that by enacting section 290.171 in 1983, the Minnesota Legislature could not

later amend that statute, it could only repeal the statute in its entirety. This argument has

no support in the law. See Minn. Stat. § 645.27 (2014) (“The state is not bound by the

passage of a law unless named therein, or unless the words of the act are so plain, clear,

and unmistakable as to leave no doubt as to the intention of the legislature.”).

       Even assuming that the State undertook a contractual obligation to Kimberly Clark

when it enacted Minn. Stat. § 290.171, the obligation was and is invalid. The Minnesota

Constitution states that “[t]he power of taxation shall never be surrendered, suspended or

contracted away.” Minn. Const. art. X, § 1; see also Anderson v. State, 435 N.W.2d 74,

77 (Minn. App. 1989) (“If the state did attempt to contract away its taxing power to

appellants, the action would be invalid under Minn. Const. art. X, § 1.”).             Thus,



                                             11
regardless of the language of Minn. Stat. § 290.171, the State is constitutionally barred

from surrendering, suspending, or contracting away its authority to amend or repeal tax

provisions. “What the legislature has authority to enact it obviously has like authority to

amend or even to repeal.” State ex rel. Bergin v. Washburn, 224 Minn. 269, 273, 28

N.W.2d 652, 654 (1947); see also Meriwether Minn. Land & Timber, LLC v. State, 818

N.W.2d 557, 566 (Minn. App. 2012) (stating, in rejecting claims for breach of contract

and unconstitutional impairment of contract, that “any promise to be found in a statute is

inherently limited by the legislature’s power to amend a statute”); Anderson, 435 N.W.2d

at 80 (rejecting a Contract Clause challenge to the repeal of a tax exemption, stating that

when the Legislature enacts a law, it does not “intend[] to create private contractual or

vested rights but merely declares a policy to be pursued until the legislature” decides

otherwise (internal citation omitted)).

                                            IV.

       Having concluded that the mere act of enacting legislation did not bar the

Legislature from later amending the enacted statute, we turn to the language of section

290.171. See Texas v. New Mexico, 482 U.S. 124, 128 (1987). Based primarily on the

so-called “unmistakability doctrine,” the tax court concluded that nothing in the language

of section 290.171 evidenced a clear, separate, and distinct promise by the State to refrain

from amending or repealing Articles III and IV of the statute without also entirely

withdrawing from the Compact.




                                            12
       “The unmistakability doctrine is a rule of contract construction that provides the

sovereign powers of a state cannot be contracted away except in ‘unmistakable’ terms.”

Philip Morris USA, 713 N.W.2d at 359. The unmistakability doctrine was developed in

early Contract Clause cases “to protect state regulatory powers.” Id. at 359-60 (citing

United States v. Winstar Corp., 518 U.W. 839, 871-74 (1996) (plurality opinion)).

       Under this rule that all public grants are strictly construed, we have insisted
       that nothing can be taken against the State by presumption or inference, and
       that neither the right of taxation, nor any other power of sovereignty, will
       be held . . . to have been surrendered, unless such surrender has been
       expressed in terms too plain to be mistaken.

Winstar Corp., 518 U.S. at 874-75.

       In Philip Morris, we examined the language of a settlement agreement between

the State and certain tobacco companies, in which the State accepted payments from the

companies in exchange for a release of the State’s claims for damages made in the State’s

lawsuit against the tobacco companies. 713 N.W.2d at 353. When the Legislature,

several years later, imposed a fee on tobacco companies to recoup some of the State’s

costs related to tobacco use, the tobacco companies sued, arguing that the release terms in

the settlement agreement were a “complete bar” to that legislative effort. Id. at 353-54.

We turned to the unmistakability doctrine to determine whether the settlement agreement

supported “a waiver of the legislature’s power to enact future revenue measures” in

unmistakable terms. Id. at 362-63. We reviewed terms in the settlement agreement that

released future liabilities, statutory liabilities, and “liabilities of any nature whatsoever,”

but concluded this language was “insufficiently specific to meet the requirements of” the



                                              13
doctrine because there was no express waiver of the State’s right to impose future taxes

or fees or regulate the tobacco industry. Id. at 363; see also Winstar Corp., 518 U.S. at

874-75 (plurality opinion) (holding in part that the doctrine of unmistakability did not bar

enforcement of the relevant government contracts because the contracts’ terms did not

bind the government’s exercise of its sovereign power); State v. Great N. Ry. Co., 106

Minn. 303, 322-23, 119 N.W. 202, 205 (1908) (stating the contract “must be in language

and terms too clear to admit of doubt”).

       Kimberly Clark argues that by enacting the apportionment option in Article III, the

State “unmistakably . . . promised to be bound by the Compact’s terms until it withdraws

from the Compact or the member States collectively agree to amend the Compact.” We

find no unmistakable or express promise surrendering the State’s legislative authority in

section 290.171 as enacted in 1983. The statute did provide that the Compact is “enacted

into law,” Minn. Stat. § 290.171 (1984), and that a member state may withdraw from the

Compact “by enacting a statute repealing the same.” Id., art. X. But nothing in the

statute dictated the “all or nothing” position advanced by Kimberly Clark. At best, the

statute is silent, but it is well established that “neither silence nor ambiguous terms in a

contract will be construed as effecting a waiver of sovereign authority.” Philip Morris,

713 N.W.2d at 360 (citing Winstar, 518 U.S. at 878 (“[A] contract with a sovereign

government will not be read to include an unstated term exempting the other contracting

party from the application of a subsequent sovereign act . . . , nor will an ambiguous term

of a . . . contract be construed as a conveyance or surrender of sovereign power.”)). Nor



                                            14
can we conclude that the directive in Article XI to “implement” Article III of the

Compact represents an unmistakable, clear promise to allow multistate taxpayers to

utilize the optional apportionment formula until the State withdrew from the Compact.

“[T]he legislature uses [mandatory language] to avoid giving discretion to officials, not to

abdicate its future amendment authority.”              Meriwether Minn. Land & Timber, 818

N.W.2d at 566.

       Kimberly Clark’s argument in this appeal is, at base, a “claim for enforcement of

contractual obligations” that cannot be recognized without limiting the Legislature’s

sovereign authority to repeal or amend its own statutory enactments.           But, section

290.171 contains no language evidencing a clear surrender of sovereign power on the part

of the State. As the tax court articulated, “articles III and IV clearly provide for the

apportionment election, but do not contain a separate and distinct promise that the State

would not alter or repeal the election.” As a result, no provision in section 290.171

represents a clear and unmistakable promise by the State to refrain from amending or

repealing Articles III and IV of the statute. 6


6
       Kimberly Clark raised an alternative argument, namely that the repeal of Articles
III and IV unconstitutionally impaired its alleged contract with the State. Because we
hold that no provision of section 290.171 provides a clear and unmistakable promise from
the State to refrain from amending or repealing Articles III and IV of the statute, we need
not reach Kimberly Clark’s impaired-contract argument. The parties also presented
arguments based on standing, the statute of limitations, waiver, and laches. We have
considered those arguments and conclude that they need not be addressed based on our
holding that the Legislature’s enactment of Minn. Stat. § 290.171 did not create a
contractual obligation between the Minnesota Legislature and Kimberly Clark prohibiting
the Legislature from later repealing Articles III and IV of that statute.


                                                  15
       For these reasons, the Legislature’s enactment of Minn. Stat. § 290.171—

specifically Articles III and IV—did not create a contractual obligation between the

Minnesota Legislature and Kimberly Clark that prohibited the Legislature from later

repealing Articles III and IV.

       Affirmed.



       STRAS, J., took no part in the consideration or decision of this case.

       CHUTICH, J., not having been a member of this court at the time of submission,

took no part in the consideration or decision of this case.




                                             16
