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                                                                                           L E
                                                                                 COURTOF APPEALS
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                                                                                2013 JU5 AM 9.3
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                                                                                MI




      IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

                                         DIVISION II

STATE OF WASHINGTON,                                                No. 43526 8 II
                                                                              - -


                               Respondent,

         V.




KYLE DER1N BARROW,                                           UNPUBLISHED OPINION




         HUNT, J. —Kyle Derin Barrow appeals his jury trial conviction for first degree robbery.

He argues that the trial court erred in failing to give a lesser included instruction on third degree

theft and that the State failed to present sufficient evidence to support the conviction. We affirm.

                                              FACTS


         On November 7, 2011, Kyle Derin Barrow entered a Walgreens store, placed an MP3

player on a checkout counter, and asked for two cartons of cigarettes. The clerk bagged the MP3

player, worth $ 0,and the cigarettes, worth $
              6                             160, and asked Barrow for identification for the
credit card he presented. Instead of presenting his identification, Barrow grabbed the bag and

ran from the store. Running from the store, Barrow brushed past a customer who was leaving

and knocked the partiallyopen sliding door off its hinges. Store employees followed Barrow out
                         -

of the store and saw Barrow get into a waiting vehicle,which drove away.


1
    Each carton was worth $ 0.
                          8
No. 43526 8 II
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       Offduty Washington State Trooper Kyle Burgess saw a truck leave the Walgreens
           -

parking lot at a high rate of speed with the employees chasing after it. Because he was in civilian

clothes, Burgess called 911 from his cell phone and pursued the truck, driving his personal

vehicle. The, truck drove recklessly. A man leaned out of the front passenger side window and

very deliberately used a two hand handgun hold and pointed what [Burgess] believed was a
                             -

handgun at [Burgess]." Verbatim Transcript of Proceedings (VTP)at 58. Burgess continued
                     2

to follow the truck but at a greater distance.

       The truck stopped. Burgess stayed at the scene until Tacoma police arrived. Burgess

identified Barrow as the man who had pointed the gun like object at him from the fleeing truck.
                                                      -

       The State   charged   Barrow with first   degree robbery. The Walgreens' employees and

Burgess testified as described above. Diana Young, the truck's driver and Barrow's girlfriend,

testified that Barrow had grabbed his "shoe"and, acting like the shoe was a gun, pointed it out

the truck's window at what they thought was an unmarked police car. 2 VTP at 69. Barrow

presented no testimony contradicting Burgess's and Young's characterization of his having

displayed the shoe in a gun like fashion as he fled the scene with Burgess in pursuit. The trial
                             -

court denied Barrow's request for a lesser included instruction on third degree theft ruling that

the "evidence presented does not allow the jury to reach any conclusion that Mr. Barrow could

have gotten the money [sic] without having utilized some type of force" and enumerating the

various types of force that Barrow had used. 2 VTP at 110. The jury found Barrow guilty as

charged. He appeals.



2 A commissioner of this court initially considered Barrow's appeal as a motion on the merits
under RAP 18. 4 and then transferred it to a panel ofjudges.
            1

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No. 43526 8 II
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                                                     ANALYSIS


                                 1. LESSER INCLUDED INSTRUCTION ON THEFT


       Barrow first argues that the trial court erred in refusing to give a lesser included

instruction on third degree theft. We disagree.

       Under the Workman test, a defendant is entitled to a lesser included instruction if 1)
                                                                                           ( each

of the elements of the lesser crime is         an   element of the greater crime (
                                                                                 the    "
                                                                                        legal   prong ")   and (2)

the evidence supports an inference that the defendant committed the lesser crime (the "
                                                                                      factual

prong ").   State v. Workman, 90 Wn. d 443, 447 48, 584 P. d 382 (1978).To meet the factual
                                   2            -        2

prong of the Workman test, the defendant must show that "substantial evidence in the record

supports    a   rational inference that the defendant committed       only the   lesser included ...   offense to


the exclusion of the greater offense."State v. Fernandez -Medina, 141 Wn. d 448, 461, 6 P. d
                                                                        2                3

1150 (2000).

        Barrow and the State agree that he met the legal prong of the Workman test. Barrow

contends that ( ) evidence supports a rational inference that he committed only theft because
              1 the
he did not use force to obtain or retain the property; 2) did not use force because he did not
                                                       ( he

collide with the customer while leaving the store and he did not intentionally knock the sliding

door off its tracks; ( )because Burgess was not a victim of the robbery, the display of the
                     3

apparent gun was irrelevant; and (4)therefore, a rational jury could find that he committed theft

but not robbery. This argument fails.

            W]
             hether force was used to obtain property, force used to retain the stolen property or

to effect   an   escape   can   satisfy   the force element of   robbery. "' State v. Truong, 168 Wn. App.

529, 536, 277 P. d 74, review denied, 175 Wn. d 1020 (2012) quoting State v. Robinson, 73
               3                            2               (

Wn.   App. 851, 856,        872 P. d 43 ( 1994)).
                                 2              Barrow's            collision with the sliding door and his
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No. 43526 8 II
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pointing of what appeared to be a gun at a pursuing Burgess were each a force used to effect an

escape after taking the items from Walgreens; thus, the evidence does not support a rational

inference that Barrow committed only theft but not robbery. We hold that the trial court did not

err in declining to give a lesser included instruction on third degree theft.

                                      II. SUFFICIENCY OF EVIDENCE

       Barrow next argues that the State failed to present sufficient evidence that he committed

first degree robbery. This argument also fails.

       Barrow contends that Burgess was not a victim of the robbery because he (1)had no

possessory interest in the property taken from Walgreens, citing State v. Tvedt, 153 Wn. d 705,
                                                                                       2

711, 107 P. d 728 (2005); (2)
          3             and  was merely a good samaritan, citing Sykes v. Superior Court,

30 Cal. App. 4th 479, 485; 5 Cal. Rptr. 2d 571 (1994);
                         3                           People v. Galoia, 31 Cal. App. 4th 595,

597, 37 Cal. Rptr. 2d 117 ( 1994). See Br. of Appellant             at 12 13.
                                                                          -     This argument does not

comport with the record.

       First, the amended information named both the Walgreens' clerk "and/ r"Burgess as
                                                                          o

victims of the   robbery.   Clerk's   Papers   at 63.       Under RCW 9A. 6.a defendant commits
                                                                      190,
                                                                        5

robbery through the use or threatened use of force "to [he victim] or his or her property or the
                                                       t

person or property of anyone." Tvedt is inapposite because it addresses the unit of prosecution

for robbery, not whether the threatened use of force against a pursuing bystander constitutes a

robbery. As discussed above, the evidence supports a rational inference that Barrow committed

first degree robbery against the Walgreens' clerk by using force against Walgreens, by

threatening the use of force against the pursuing Burgess to effect an escape, and by displaying

to Burgess what appeared to be a firearm during the escape. We hold that the State presented

sufficient evidence to support Barrow's conviction for first degree robbery.
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No. 43526 8 II
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      We affirm.


      A majority of the panel having determined that this opinion will not be printed in the

Washington Appellate Reports, but will be filed for public record in accordance with RCW

040,
2.6.it is so ordered.
 0




                                                 Hunt, J
We concur:




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