               IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF IDAHO

                                       Docket No. 44536

In the Matter of the DOE CHILDREN,             )
Children Under Eighteen Years of Age.          )
IDAHO DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH                     ) 2017 Opinion No. 3
and WELFARE,                                   )
                                               ) Filed: January 13, 2017
       Petitioner-Respondent,                  )
                                               ) Stephen W. Kenyon, Clerk
v.                                             )
                                               )
JANE DOE (2016-43),                            )
                                               )
       Respondent-Appellant.                   )
                                               )

       Appeal from the Magistrate Division of the District Court of the Second Judicial
       District, State of Idaho, Nez Perce County. Hon. Kent J. Merica, Magistrate.

       Amended judgment terminating parental rights, remanded for further proceedings.

       Knowlton & Miles, PLLC; Mackenzie Jo Welch, Lewiston, for appellant.

       Hon. Lawrence G. Wasden, Attorney General; Marcy J. Spilker, Deputy Attorney
       General, Boise, for respondent.
                 ________________________________________________

                    Before GRATTON, Chief Judge; GUTIERREZ, Judge;
                                and MELANSON, Judge
                  ________________________________________________

PER CURIAM
       A trial for terminating the parental rights of Jane Doe and her husband, John Doe, as to
three children commenced on May 10, 2016. On the following day, when the trial was not
concluded, the magistrate scheduled its continuation for July 2016. The trial then continued
from July 6 until July 8. At the close of trial, parties were instructed to file their closing
arguments by August 12.
       In a hearing held October 3, 2016, the magistrate expressed that he had experienced
software failure resulting in the permanent loss of a significant amount of his written work. The

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magistrate then indicated he would instead enter his findings of fact and conclusions of law on
the record. He stated: “This will constitute the only record of the same. The court will not
reduce the following to writing, and I’m doing that in the--for the sake of expediency for the
parties.”   The magistrate proceeded to verbally pronounce detailed findings of fact and
conclusions of law from the bench.
        On the same day, the magistrate entered a written judgment terminating the parent-child
relationship between Jane and John and the children. In this written judgment, aside from stating
that “it is in [the children’s] best interests for the parental rights . . . to be terminated,” the
judgment did not include any specific findings of fact or conclusions of law.
        Two days after entry of this written judgment, the magistrate entered an order titled,
“Amended Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law, and Order.” This order first called attention to
and corrected a prior misstatement regarding the applicable statutory provision of neglect. The
order also specifically incorporated by reference the magistrate’s verbal findings of fact and
conclusions of law pronounced on October 3. Finally, the order addressed the magistrate’s
failure to orally discuss and conclude one of the grounds for termination that was argued by the
Department of Health and Welfare. The order included a thorough written analysis on the
alleged grounds for termination, ultimately concluding the Department did not meet its burden of
proof. The order concluded by stating that Jane and John’s parental rights were being terminated
pursuant to Counts II and III of the “Second Amended Petition for Termination,” but not
pursuant to Count I. The magistrate also entered a corresponding amended judgment reiterating
its conclusion that termination was in the children’s best interests and that the parent-child
relationships were terminated.
        Although the magistrate treated the termination petition of both parents as a consolidated
case, Jane now timely and separately appeals the magistrate’s judgment terminating Jane’s
parental rights. Her appeal challenges the magistrate’s decision on procedural grounds as well as
on the merits. John Doe appeals in a separate case.
        Among other issues, Jane argues the magistrate violated her right to due process by
terminating her parental rights without complying with statutory procedural requirements.
Specifically, she argues that the magistrate violated the statutory mandate in I.C. § 16-2010(1) by
not issuing a written order containing the findings of fact and conclusions of law. The statute at
issue, Idaho Code § 16-2010(1), states, in relevant part, that “every order of the court terminating

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the parent and child relationship . . . shall be in writing and shall recite the findings upon which
such order is based, including findings pertaining to the court’s jurisdiction.” I.C. § 16-2010(1)
(emphasis added).
       The interpretation of a statute is an issue of law over which we exercise free review.
Aguilar v. Coonrod, 151 Idaho 642, 649-50, 262 P.3d 671, 678-79 (2011). Such interpretation
must begin with the literal words of the statute; those words must be given their plain, usual, and
ordinary meaning; and the statute must be construed as a whole. Verska v. Saint Alphonsus Reg’l
Med. Ctr., 151 Idaho 889, 893, 265 P.3d 502, 506 (2011). It is well established that where
statutory language is unambiguous, legislative history and other extrinsic evidence should not be
consulted for the purpose of altering the clearly expressed intent of the legislature. Id. “Where
statutes are not ambiguous, it is the duty of the court to follow the law as written.” Anstine v.
Hawkins, 92 Idaho 561, 563, 447 P.2d 677, 679 (1968).
       Turning to the plain language of I.C. § 16-2010(1), we consider the phrase “every order
of the court” to be inclusive of any court order terminating a parent-child relationship. Further,
the phrases stating that the order “shall be in writing” and “shall recite the findings” establish the
two attributes required of every order. See State v. Owens, 158 Idaho 1, 4, 343 P.3d 30, 33
(2015). The word “recite” means that the findings must be “state[d] formally.” MERRIAM-
WEBSTER DICTIONARY 1895 (3d ed. 1993). Thus, the plain language of I.C. § 16-2010(1)
contains an unambiguous directive requiring courts to issue written findings as part of the
termination order. Such written findings must include formal statements of the findings upon
which it relied in terminating the parent-child relationship.
       Neither the magistrate’s original judgment nor the amended judgment and corresponding
order are in compliance with the statutory mandate of I.C. § 16-2010(1). The original judgment,
which effectuated the termination and stated that it was in the best interests of the children to
terminate Jane’s rights, was statutorily deficient because it did not include a recitation of the
facts upon which the court was relying. The amended judgment and corresponding findings and
order were also statutorily deficient. In the order, the magistrate attempted to incorporate its oral
pronouncements by reference. Idaho Code § 16-2010(1) requires a court’s order to recite the
findings upon which the court relied in terminating the parent’s rights. Because of the statute’s
specificity in requiring written recitation of findings, we do not consider an order’s
“incorporation by reference” to be the functional equivalent of a written recital.

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       Further, although the order did specify that Jane’s rights were being terminated pursuant
to the charges in Counts II and III, it did not recite any specific findings of fact supporting
termination on those grounds. Similarly, the amended judgment recited no facts but instead
merely concluded that it was in the children’s best interests to terminate Jane’s parental rights.
We are also not persuaded by the Department’s argument that the court reporter’s transcription
of the oral proceedings constituted a written order of the court to satisfy the statutory
requirement. Therefore, none of the magistrate’s orders complied with the statutory mandates of
I.C. § 16-2010(1). We decline to address the merits of the issues presented on appeal.
       We direct that the case be remanded to the magistrate for the expedited preparation of a
written judgment containing the required findings.1 This Court will issue a simultaneous and
separate order setting forth further appellate procedures following the filing of findings of fact
and conclusions of law. Each party is to bear its own costs and fees on appeal.




1
         The findings of fact and conclusions of law required by Idaho Code § 16-2010(1) must
address the two necessary elements of every termination case. First, the findings must address
whether one or more of the statutory grounds for termination have been established by clear and
convincing evidence. I.C. § 16-2005(1). Second, the findings must address whether terminating
the relationship is in the children’s best interests. Id.
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