          If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
               revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.




                       STATE OF MICHIGAN

                        COURT OF APPEALS



DARSHAN SINGH GREWAL, Individually and                          UNPUBLISHED
as Trustee of the DARSHAN S. GREWAL                             January 22, 2019
REVOCABLE TRUST and as Next Friend of
JASDEEP SINGH GREWAL, a minor, PARGAT
SINGH GREWAL, Individually and as Trustee of
the PARGAT S. GREWAL REVOCABLE
TRUST, and as next friend of ANVEET
GREWAL KAUR GREWAL and JASLEEN
KAUR GREWAL, minors, BALWINDER SINGH
GREWAL,      AJMER   SINGH       GREWAL,
BEVNEET KAUR GREWAL, JASMEET SINGH
GREWAL,      DSG    FAMILY        LIMITED
PARTNERSHIP, DSG FAMILY LLC, MSG
FAMILY LLC, MSG FAMILY LIMITED
PARTNERSHIP, PDAB GROUP LLC, PSG
FAMILY LIMITED PARTNERSHIP, PSG
FAMILY LLC, PSG II FAMILY LLC, PSG II
FAMILY LIMITED PARTNERSHIP,

            Plaintiffs-Appellees,

v                                                               No. 341079
                                                                Oakland Circuit Court
GURMALE SINGH GREWAL, Individually and                          LC No. 2013-137587-CB
as Trustee of the GURMALE S. GREWAL
REVOCABLE TRUST, LUSHMAN SINGH
GREWAL, Individually and as Trustee of the
LUSHMAN S. GREWAL REVOCABLE TRUST,
JEAT SINGH GREWAL, Individually and as
Trustee of the JEAT S. GREWAL REVOCABLE
TRUST, CARL SLEMMER, LAWRENCE A.
KILGORE, SARWAN SINGH GREWAL II,
Individually and as Trustee of the SARWAN S.
GREWAL II REVOCABLE TRUST, SUNDEEP
SINGH GREWAL, Individually and as Trustee of
the SUNDEEP S. GREWAL REVOCABLE
TRUST, PULVINDER KAUR GREWAL,
Individually and as Trustee of the PULVINDER K.
GREWAL REVOCABLE TRUST, KULVINDER
K. GREWAL, Individually and as Trustee of the
KULVINDER K. GREWAL REVOCABLE
TRUST, MANDEEP KAUR MALHOTRA,
Individually and as Trustee of the MANDEEP K.
GREWAL REVOCABLE TRUST, AJITPAL
SINGH GREWAL, Individually and as Trustee of
the AJITPAL S. GREWAL REVOCABLE TRUST,
RAJINDERPAL SINGH GREWAL, Individually
and as Trustee of the RAJINDERPAL SINGH
GREWAL REVOCABLE TRUST, AVTAR
SINGH GREWAL, Individually and as Trustee of
the AVTAR S. GREWAL REVOCABLE TRUST,
AMARDEEP S. GREWAL, Individually and as
Trustee of the AMARDEEP S. GREWAL
REVOCABLE TRUST, REENA K. GREWAL,
Individually and as Trustee of the REENA K.
GREWAL REVOCABLE TRUST, JOHN DOE
SHAREHOLDERS, MEMBERS, TRUSTS AND
PARTNERSHIPS, GSG GROUP LLC, GLJ
DEVELOPMENT LLC, LSG GROUP LLC, SGC
ASSOCIATES, INC., GSG FAMILY LIMITED
PARTNERSHIP, LSG FAMILY LIMITED
PARTNERSHIP, JSG II FAMILY LIMITED
PARTNERSHIP, JSG FAMILY LIMITED
PARTNERSHIP, JSG GROUP LLC, JOHN DOE
FAMILY LIMITED OR OTHER
PARTNERSHIPS, 300 PARK LLC, ADAMS
CREEK APARTMENTS LLC, ARBORS
APARTMENTS LLC, BOLINGBROKE SINGH
LLC, BRANDYWYNE SINGH LLC,
BRIARCLIFF APARTMENTS LLC,
BROWNSTONES APARTMENTS LLC,
BROWNSTONES IN NOVI LLC, CADYCENTRE
OFFICE & SHOPS LLC, CHARING CROSS
SINGH LLC, CHARLESTON PARK SINGH LLC,
CP DEVELOPMENT LLC, CP DEVELOPMENT
II LLC, DRAKE POINT OFFICE CENTER LLC,
DLT ASSET MANAGEMENT LLC, E & L 200,
INC., FRANKLIN OFFICE CENTER LLC,
FRANKLIN OFFICE CENTER II LLC, GREWAL
FAMILY V LLC, LEGACY PARC SINGH LLC,
LINKS OF NOVI SINGH LLC, MAINCENTRE
APARTMENTS LIMITED PARTNERSHIP,
MAINDYWINE CREEK II LLC, MAINDYWINE

                                          -2-
GENERAL CORPORATION, MAINSTREET
VILLAGE I LLC, MAINSTREET VILLAGE II
LLC, MATRIX PROPERTIES LLC, MSG
HOLDING LLC, NORTH LANE ASSOCIATES
LLC, NORTHRIDGE APARTMENTS I & II LLC,
NORTHRIDGE APARTMENTS II, LTD.,
NORTHRIDGE APARTMENTS III LIMITED
PARTNERSHIP, NORTHRIDGE APARTMENTS,
LTD., OAKLAND HELPING HAND LLC,
OAKLAND HOME CARE LLC, OAKLAND
HOME CARE NC LLC, PEH HOLDING LLC,
RAWR PROPERTIES LLC, SAXONBURY
SINGH LLC, SGC ASSOCIATES, INC.,
SHOREBROOKE TOWNHOMES LLC, SINGH
1631 LLC, SINGH I LLC, SINGH II LLC, SINGH
III LLC, SINGH 3 ½ LLC, SINGH IV LLC,
SINGH V LLC, SINGH VI LLC, SINGH VII LLC,
SINGH IX LLC, SINGH ACCOUNTING
SERVICES LLC, SINGH ASSOCIATES LLC,
SINGH-BRADBY LLC, SINGH CAPITAL
COMPANY, SINGH CAPITAL LLC, SINGH
CONSTRUCTION COMPANY, SINGH
CONSTRUCTION II LLC, SINGH
DEVELOPMENT LLC, SINGH EQUITY
CORPORATION, SINGH EXECUTIVE PARK
LLC, SINGH EXECUTIVE PARK 2 LLC, SINGH
DEVELOPMENT LLC, SINGH GENERAL
CORPORATION, SINGH GLJ SUGAL, SINGH
FINANCIAL COMPANY, SINGH HOMES, INC.,
SINGH HOMES LLC, SINGH HOMES II LLC,
SINGH HOMES 2 LLC, SINGH HOMES
BUILDING COMPANY LLC, SINGH HOMES
LIMITED PARTNERSHIP, SINGH HOMES
REALTY LLC, SINGH HOMES CHARING
CROSS LLC, SINGH HOMES CHARLESTON
PARK LLC, SINGH HOMES FOX GLENN LLC,
SINGH HOMES WHISPERING RIDGE LLC,
SINGH LAND COMPANY, SINGH OF
CHURCHILL CROSSING LLC, SINGH OF
CHURCHILL CROSSING II LLC, SINGH CIDER
MILL VILLAGE LLC, SINGH HOMES
CHURCHILL CROSSING LLC, SINGH HOMES
COPPERWOOD LLC, SINGH HILLS OF LOON
LAKE LLC, SINGH LOON LAKE
WOODLANDS LLC, SINGH HOMES TERRA
COVE LLC, SINGH HOMES TOLLGATE

                                      -3-
WOODS II LLC, SINGH HOMES
WESTCHESTER LLC, SINGH HOMES
WILLOWBROOK LLC, SINGH HOMES
WILLOWBROOK IV LLC, SINGH INDUSTRIAL
PROPERTIES LLC, SINGH INVESTMENTS
LLC, SINGH LAND COMPANY, SINGH OF
MAINSTREET LLC, SINGH MAINSTREET
VILLAGE II LLC, SINGH MANAGEMENT
COMPANY, INC., SINGH MANAGEMENT
COMPANY LLC, SINGH OBERLIN LLC,
SINGH OF NORTH OAKS LLC, SINGH OFFICE
CENTRE LLC, SINGH OFFICE CENTRE II LLC,
SINGH OFFICE NC LLC, SINGH PROPERTIES
COMPANY, SINGH PROPERTIES LLC, SINGH
PROPERTIES II LLC, SINGH REALTY LLC,
SUMMIT CREEK APARTMENTS I LLC, SINGH
OF TOLLGATE RAVINES LLC, SINGH OF
TOLLGATE WOODS LLC, SINGH STAFFING
LLC, SIPAHI PROPERTIES LLC, SLD FINANCE
LLC, SLD II FINANCE LLC, SWC STAFFING
LLC, SWOC LLC, TOLLGATE WOODS SINGH
II LLC, TOLLGATE RAVINES HOMES LLC,
TOLLGATE WOODS III LLC, TOTTENHAM
WOODS SINGH LLC, TURNBURY PARK LLC,
TURNBURY PARK II LLC, WALTONWOOD
ASHBURN LLC, WALTONWOOD
MANAGEMENT LLC, , WALTONWOOD AT
CARY II LLC, WALTONWOOD AT CARRIAGE
PARK I LLC, WALTONWOOD AT CARRIAGE
PARK II LLC, WALTONWOOD AT CHERRY
HILL LLC, WALTONWOOD AT CHERRY HILL
II LLC, WALTONWOOD AT COTSWORTH
LLC, WALTONWOOD AT LAKESIDE I LLC,
WALTONWOOD AT LAKESIDE II LLC,
WALTONWOOD AT MAIN LLC,
WALTONWOOD AT PROVIDENCE LLC,
WALTONWOOD AT ROYAL OAK LLC,
WALTONWOOD AT TWELVE OAKS I LLC,
WALTONWOOD AT TWELVE OAKS II LLC,
WALTONWOOD AT UNIVERSITY I LLC,
WALTONWOOD II LIMITED DIVIDEND
HOUSING ASSOCIATION LIMITED
PARTNERSHIP, WESTBURY SHOPS LLC,
WESTBURY APARTMENTS LLC, WESTBURY
GENERAL CORPORATION, WESTCHESTER
SINGH LLC, WESTCHESTER SINGH II LLC,

                                   -4-
WEXFORD TOWNHOMES LLC, SINGH OF
WILLOWBROOK LIMITED PARTNERSHIP,
SINGH OF WILLOWBROOK II LLC, SINGH OF
WILLOWBROOK III LLC, SINGH OF
WILLOWBROOK IV LLC, WYNDCHASE
TOWNHOMES I LLC, WYNDCHASE PHASE II
LLC, WYNDCHASE PHASE III LLC, WS
FINANCE LLC, SINGH CONSTRUCTION NC
LLC, SINGH DEVELOPMENT, NC, SINGH
SENIOR LIVING NC LLC, SINGH SENIOR
LIVING II LLC WALTONWOOD AT CARY
LLC,

               Defendants-Appellants,

and

KENNETH CLARKSON,

               Defendant.



Before: K. F. KELLY, P.J., and RIORDAN and Tukel, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

       Defendants appeal by right a judgment confirming the arbitrator’s award of exemplary
damages in favor of plaintiffs in the amount of $4,969,463.94 and correcting the arbitrator’s
award by striking the portion that ordered plaintiffs to provide an accounting of assets in India.
We affirm.

                      I. BASIC FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

        This appeal arises from a multimillion dollar dispute that has arisen among members of
the Grewal family with respect to the family business, known throughout these proceedings as
the Singh family enterprise. Plaintiffs include Pargat S. Grewal and Darshan S. Grewal, along
with other parties, including Pargat and Darshan’s brothers, Ajmer and Balvinder, Pargat and
Darshan’s minor children and a variety of business entities and trusts in which these individuals
hold an interest. The named defendants are comprised of Singh business entities in which
plaintiffs allege they have an interest and are owed compensation as a result. Plaintiffs have also
named to this action Gurmale S. Grewal, Lushman S. Grewal and Jeat S. Grewal, along with the
in-house counsel for the Singh family business, Lawrence Kilgore, and its accountant/controller,
Carl Slemmer. When this case proceeded to arbitration by agreement of the parties, plaintiffs
sought an award from the arbitrator in excess of $561 million, which included alleged treble
damages. While asserting that plaintiffs’ claims did not have legal merit, defendants did


                                                -5-
acknowledge that plaintiffs had an interest in 31 Singh business entities to which they were
entitled to receive compensation.

      In its extensive written opinion and award, the arbitrator detailed the history of the
Grewal family as it pertains to this dispute involving the Singh family enterprise.

               The genesis of the Singh Family Business is unique and very personal to
       the Parties. A significant amount of time was spent during the [arbitration]
       hearing describing the manner in which the business in the United States was
       started and how Gurmale, Lushman and Jeat [Grewal] immigrated to the United
       States, followed years later by Pargat and Darshan [Grewal], to build what has
       become a well[-]respected name in real estate and business in the Detroit area.
       The unique manner in which the business was started and the business
       philosophies employed from the beginning bears mentioning as this philosophy
       was an obvious influence on all of the parties’ actions over the course of decades.

               In 1922, Sarwan Grewal immigrated to the United States. Sarwan was the
       uncle of Malkait (Darshan and Pargat’s father) and Defendants Gurmale,
       Lushman and Jeat, as well as others within the family. In the early 1960s, Sarwan
       brought Gurmale, Lushman and Jeat as well as their cousin Tahil to the United
       States and essentially adopted them as his own. Gurmale was approximately 13
       years at the time of his arrival in the U.S. with Lushman and Jeat only a few years
       older than him.

                When Sarwan passed away in 1968, due to the circumstances at the time,
       Gurmale left college and began to take over the operations of the business that his
       Uncle Sarwan had begun. Sarwan had no children of his own. Accordingly, he
       left his estate to his family members, which included individuals in India. In the
       early 1970s, the first “Singh” organization was formed[,] with the six nephews of
       Sarwan Grewal receiving an equal share. This included among them, Gurmale,
       Lushman, Jeat, Malkait, Tahil, and Ranjit. This was the beginning of the Singh
       enterprise.

               The business was operated on the principles of the Sikh faith. This
       included an understanding that everyone worked hard and contributed to the
       family or Clan’s success and that this would create prosperity and success for the
       entire Clan, the rewards of which could then be enjoyed by everyone. The Clan
       concept of business and family operations was described at various times during
       the [arbitration] hearing. There was much discussion regarding the different
       generations within the Clan and as to which parties were considered “Gen I”
       (Generation I or the original) members of the Clan and those that were considered
       “Gen II” (or the offspring of the original members) of the Clan. While from a
       legal perspective such distinctions may not matter, within the circumstances and
       context of this case, it is an important part of understanding the manner in which
       the Singh family business was operated.



                                               -6-
               The concept involves a hierarchy based on generational considerations and
       involves collective effort by those in the Grewal Clan to contribute toward
       building the Clan’s wealth. Accordingly, Gurmale, Lushman, Jeat, Malkait, Tahil
       and Ranjit considered themselves at the top of the hierarchy being the oldest
       generation (“Gen I”) and unanimously appointed Gurmale as the leader. The idea
       was that the Clan leader, upon consulting with other older generation members,
       outlines the responsibilities, obligations and directed all of those within the Clan
       but always with the goal in mind of growing the Clan’s wealth so everyone could
       prosper. The idea was for the older generation (“Gen I”) to contribute to the Clan
       throughout their life, groom the next generation (“Gen II”) to participate in the
       Clan’s business operations and for that next generation (“Gen II”) to eventually
       take over the operations, thereby permitting the older members of “Gen I” to
       retire and enjoy the fruits of their life’s efforts while ensuring that the family
       business remains just that, owned by those within the family or Clan.

              In order to implement the Clan business model, which included the desires
       of Gurmale, Lushman and Jeat to share the wealth of their hard work with their
       Clan, both in the U.S. and in India, it was established that Gurmale and/or
       Lushman and Jeat would be granted broad powers of attorney authority from the
       various Clan family members so that the assignment of interests, changes in
       ownership, taxation issues and other actions could be taken as Gurmale deemed
       necessary and appropriate in furtherance of the Clan’s growth and business. The
       voluntary grant of broad powers to Gurmale, Lushman and Jeat was the Singh
       manner of doing business and resulted in the significant benefit to Grewal Clan
       family members who benefitted from the hard work, dedication and business
       acumen of their Clan leader.

               The Clan business model was implemented from the very beginning by
       Gurmale, Lushman and Jeat with the goal of growing the Singh enterprise and
       providing for the members of the Clan both in the United States and in India.
       This was how Gurmale, Lushman and Jeat intended the Singh family business to
       operate and how they did operate for a significant period of time. [Footnotes and
       citations to the record omitted.]

        Disputes among the Grewal family members regarding their respective business interests
ultimately arose and form the basis for the lawsuit giving rise to this appeal. As relevant to this
appeal, plaintiffs filed a 12-count second amended complaint alleging oppression of minority
ownership rights, common law and statutory conversion, breach of contract, breach of fiduciary
duties and aiding and abetting in the breach of fiduciary duties against Gurmale, Lushman, Jeat,
Slemmer, Kilgore and Kenneth Clarkson, professional negligence/breach of fiduciary duty
against Slemmer, Kilgore and Clarkson, and unjust enrichment. Plaintiffs requested an
accounting, judicial supervision of dissolution distributions pursuant to MCL 450.1851 and




                                                -7-
450.4805, and also alleged that defendants engaged in fraudulent transfers in violation of the
Uniform Fraudulent Transfer Act, MCL 566.31 et seq.1

        Defendants subsequently filed a 118-page counterclaim containing 40 counts. The
various counts alleged by defendants included, among others, fraudulent representation, silent
fraud, embezzlement, common law and statutory conversion, unjust enrichment, breach of
fiduciary duty, and embezzlement of ownership interests. As relevant to this appeal, the
arbitrator observed that Counts XV to XL of the counterclaim “pertain[ed] to conduct of . . . in
relationship to what has been commonly referred to as the ‘India Operations[ ]’” and that with
regard to these specific counts, plaintiffs alleged statutory and common law conversion of
property and profits, embezzlement of money and profits and unjust enrichment. Also relevant
to this appeal, the arbitrator did not find in favor of defendants with respect to any of the counts
alleged in their counterclaim. With respect to defendants’ claims regarding their interests in
property and assets held in India, the Arbitrator stated that it could not render a substantive ruling
on these claims, and that defendants would need to pursue these claims in the proper forum in
India. However, as will be discussed in more detail later in this opinion, the arbitrator did
indicate that defendants were “entitled to an accounting as to the assets acquired in India[.]”

        After almost two years of arbitrating this dispute, the arbitrator submitted a 104-page
opinion to the parties on January 17, 2017. As a general matter, the arbitrator discussed the
factual underpinnings of this case and noted that problems within the Grewal family begin to
percolate in 2002, when some of the younger or Gen II members of the Clan were seen as not
fully contributing to the family business, concerns were raised with regard to their attitude of
entitlement to receiving proceeds of the family’s good fortune and it was becoming clear that the
Clan business model was not working for everyone in the family. During the same time period,
Gurmale, Lushman and Jeat were sending significant funds to India to allow the Grewal family
members there to purchase land and invest in business entities, such as a seed business and a
brick factory, but over time, Gurmale’s attempts to retain supervision of these assets and to glean
information about them were less and less successful. As a result of these issues, the family
members began to discuss “decoupling” the families’ business interests moving forward. At one
point, some irregular activity with how Pargat and Darshan were using their business accounts
was noticed, and as the need to separate the family’s business interests became more apparent,
different business entities were created.

       After an economic downturn in 2006, Grewal family members spoke to Darshan about
having to cut back on his expenses, but he ignored these directives. Subsequently, plans were
discussed not only to separate from family members in India, but also to separate from the
families of Pargat and Darshan in the United States. While Gurmale, Lushman and Jeat had
discussions with Darshan to help him create his own independent businesses, these discussions
were not fruitful. In 2007, defendants stopped sending money to family in India for financial
investments where information regarding these investments was not forthcoming from the family



1
 Effective April 10, 2017, the Act was renamed the Uniform Voidable Transactions Act. 2017
PA 552.


                                                 -8-
members in India. Darshan was repeatedly encouraged to limit his lavish lifestyle, and in 2009
defendants became aware that Darshan was engaging in irregular financial activity, such as
opening unauthorized bank accounts. When defendants undertook an investigation into Singh
Homes, which Darshan was supervising, other “questionable transactions” came to light, such as
where Singh Homes issued a check to a friend of Pargat and Darshan’s in excess of $10,000 for a
real estate brokerage fee that was not substantiated. Darshan was subsequently terminated from
his employment on April 16, 2010. After his termination, a new business entity was created by
defendants and assets were transferred from other existing Singh business entities to this new
business entity.

        In 2010, the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) began an
investigation of Singh Homes regarding loan documentation that had been signed by Pargat.
After HUD determined that a certification provided by Pargat was inaccurate, Singh Home’s
ability to obtain financing through HUD was suspended, which was a “serious detriment to the
Singh organization with far reaching impact on the entirety of the organization financially.” As a
result of the issues with HUD, as well as other questionable financial conduct by Pargat, such as
adding himself as an employee to another family business and drawing a salary without
authorization, his employment was terminated in April 2011. After Pargat’s termination, a new
business entity for the Singh family was created, PSG Holdings, LLC, and defendants used their
authority pursuant to the powers of attorney to transfer interests from the Singh family trusts to
the new entity, but Pargat and Darshan were not given a financial stake in PSG Holdings, LLC.
In 2010 and 2011, the Grewal family members in the United States officially cut ties with the
family members in India. Subsequent attempts by defendants to reach a resolution with Pargat
and Darshan to officially decouple the family in the United States were unsuccessful and in
2013, a forced buy-out of Darshan and Pargat’s business interests took place. Plaintiffs
subsequently filed suit in the Oakland Circuit Court on November 26, 2013.

       With respect to the counts in the second amended complaint alleging statutory and
common law conversion, the arbitrator concluded that while the evidence did not rise to the level
of establishing statutory conversion, the evidence did support a conclusion that defendants
“converted [plaintiffs’] interests under a theory of common law conversion.”

       Where the Defendants made transfers of Plaintiffs’ interests which were
       excessive, and upon demand refused to return same, the Defendants have
       committed a conversion of Plaintiffs’ property. Accordingly, as to Plaintiffs’
       claims that the Defendants committed common law conversions of their property,
       the Arbitrator finds in favor of the Plaintiffs. Again, however, the Plaintiffs’ own
       conduct must be considered and has been taken into consideration by the
       Arbitrator in fashioning the award to Plaintiffs as to their claims.

Addressing plaintiffs’ claims alleging unjust enrichment, the arbitrator found that “[d]efendants
have been unjustly enriched as a result of their conduct.”

       Over the years, the Defendants caused transfers to be made of the Plaintiffs’
       interests in different manners, at different times to serve different purposes. The
       evidence showed that transfers and adjustments among and between the entities
       with regard to ownership interests would be made for taxation and other purposes.

                                               -9-
       This is the type of activity that went on regularly in the Singh enterprise and with
       the Plaintiffs’ knowledge and acquiescence. However, the regular transfers that
       occurred in this regard were done without eliminating the ownership interest of
       the Plaintiffs or if that occurred, Plaintiffs did not object to same based on other
       off-setting actions being taken that were obviously acceptable to the Plaintiffs.

               However, when the Defendants began to take actions to begin the
       decoupling process which included making transfers of Plaintiffs’ interests with
       the intent and purpose of off-setting the value of property in India that Defendants
       believed were taken away from them, the Defendants exceeded their authority and
       the Arbitrator finds that the Defendants were unjustly enriched as a result.

               The Defendants were authorized to make transfers using the very broad
       powers of attorney granted to them and also in their capacity as Trustee of
       Plaintiffs’ Family Trusts. However, given the circumstances that existed at the
       time and in light of the disputes between Gurmale, Lushman and Jeat and those in
       the MSG family of the Grewal Clan, i.e. Pargat, Darshan, Ajmer and Balwinder
       and their children, over the future of Singh, the Arbitrator finds that Defendants’
       actions of making transfers which resulted in the elimination of interests that had
       been historically owned by the Plaintiffs resulted in the unjust enrichment of the
       Defendants.

              The Arbitrator finds in favor of the Plaintiffs as to their claim for Unjust
       Enrichment with respect to transfers of interests undertaken by the Defendants
       that occurred in 2009 and beyond whereby the transfer purported to totally
       eliminate the Plaintiffs’ interest in the transferred Singh entity. [Record citations
       omitted.]

The arbitrator also found that defendants Lushman, Gurmale and Jeat breached their fiduciary
duties to plaintiffs by using the powers of attorney granted to them by plaintiffs to divest
plaintiffs of their business interests.

        As relevant to this appeal, the arbitrator also ordered defendants to pay “a reasonable
attorney fee” to plaintiffs, the prevailing parties. After the parties filed post-arbitration briefs,
the arbitrator issued its post-arbitration order regarding attorney fees. After considering the
arguments made on behalf of both plaintiffs and defendants, the arbitrator ruled, in pertinent part,
as follows:

              In issuing his Award, it was the Arbitrator’s intent to award Plaintiffs their
       reasonable costs and attorney[ ] fees as a component of damages in addition to the
       monetary damages awarded based on the willful and wanton conduct of the
       Defendants that was undertaken with a total disregard of the Plaintiffs’ rights.

               In their Second Amended Complaint, the Plaintiffs plead [sic] facts
       sufficient to support a claim for exemplary damages and specifically requested the
       award of exemplary damages in their prayer for relief. . . . The Arbitrator has
       found that the Defendants committed independent intentional torts which support

                                                -10-
       the award of exemplary damages having found that the Defendants committed
       conversion, were unjustly enriched and that Defendants Gurmale and Lushman
       breached their fiduciary duties to the Plaintiffs.

               As the Arbitrator has found that the Defendants committed an intentional
       wrongdoing and the record is replete with evidence demonstrating the willful and
       wanton conduct of the Defendants undertaken in disregard of the Plaintiffs’ rights,
       the Arbitrator holds that the Plaintiffs are awarded Exemplary Damages in the
       form of an award of reasonable attorney fees and costs in an amount to be
       determined. The Arbitrator shall amend the Award to include the amount of the
       exemplary damages to be awarded to Plaintiffs and the factual and legal basis for
       the award of same as required by the Michigan Arbitration Act. However, to do
       so, the Arbitrator must first determine the amount to be awarded.

        Following the filing of briefs by the parties and a hearing on the matter,2 the arbitrator
issued its opinion and award regarding attorneys’ fees and costs as exemplary damages to
plaintiffs in the amount of $4,969,463.94. Following briefing in the trial court on the issues
whether the accounting portion of the arbitration award should be corrected and the exemplary
damages confirmed, the trial court entered an order (1) striking the provisions of the arbitration
award ordering plaintiffs to provide an accounting of property and assets held in India and (2)
confirming the award of attorney fees and costs as exemplary damages. Defendants now appeal
as of right.

                                 II. STANDARDS OF REVIEW

        This Court will review de novo a trial court’s decision regarding a motion to vacate or
modify an arbitration award. Vyletel-Rivard v Rivard, 286 Mich App 13, 19-20; 777 NW2d 722
(2009), app dis 486 Mich 1060 (2010). However, “[j]udicial review of an arbitrator’s decision is
narrowly circumscribed.” City of Ann Arbor v American Federation of State, Co & Muni
Employees (AFSCME) Local 369, 284 Mich App 126, 144; 771 NW2d 843 (2009). More
specifically, courts are not permitted to review an arbitrator’s findings of fact. Id. In City of Ann
Arbor, 284 Mich App at 144-145, this Court set forth the following important principles of law
of relevance when reviewing an arbitrator’s decision:

       Likewise, a reviewing court cannot engage in contract interpretation, which is an
       issue for the arbitrator to determine. Konal v Forlini, 235 Mich App 69, 74; 596
       NW2d 630 (1999). Nor may a court substitute its judgment for that of the
       arbitrator. Gordon Sel–Way, Inc v Spence Bros, Inc, 438 Mich 488, 497; 475
       NW2d 704 (1991). “[H]ence [courts] are reluctant to vacate or modify an award
       when the arbitration agreement does not expressly limit the arbitrators’ power in
       some way.” Id. The inquiry for the reviewing court is merely whether the award
       was beyond the contractual authority of the arbitrator. Police Officers Ass’n of


2
  The parties both waived holding an evidentiary hearing and relied on their briefs and oral
submissions to the arbitrator.


                                                -11-
         Michigan [v Manistee Co, 250 Mich App 339, 343; 645 NW2d 713 (2002)]. If, in
         granting the award, the arbitrator did not disregard the terms of his or her
         employment and the scope of his or her authority as expressly circumscribed in
         the contract, “ ‘judicial review effectively ceases.’ ” Id., quoting Lincoln Park v
         Lincoln Park Police Officers Ass’n, 176 Mich App 1, 4; 438 NW2d 875 (1989).
         Thus, “ ‘as long as the arbitrator is even arguably construing or applying the
         contract and acting within the scope of his authority,’ ” a court may not overturn
         the decision even if convinced that the arbitrator committed a serious error.
         Michigan Ass’n of Police v City of Pontiac, 177 Mich App 752, 760; 442 NW2d
         773 (1989), quoting United Paperworkers Int’l Union, AFL–CIO v Misco, Inc,
         484 US 29, 38; 108 S Ct 364; 98 L Ed 2d 286 (1987).

        Where defendants contend that the doctrine of judicial estoppel is applicable in this case,
this Court reviews this issue de novo. Szyszlo v Akowitz, 296 Mich App 40, 46; 818 NW2d 424
(2012).

                                          III. ANALYSIS

A.. THE ARBITRATOR’S ORDER THAT PLAINTIFFS ACCOUNT FOR ALL PROPERTY
                       AND ASSETS HELD IN INDIA

        On appeal, defendants argue that the trial court erred in correcting the portion of the
arbitration award that ordered plaintiffs to provide an accounting of all assets and property held
in India. We disagree.

      The statute that authorizes the trial court to correct an arbitration award is MCL
691.1704,3 which provides, in pertinent part, as follows:

         (1) On motion made within 90 days after the moving party receives notice of the
         award under [MCL 691.1699] or within 90 days after the moving party receives
         notice of a modified or corrected award under [MCL 691.1700], the court shall
         modify or correct the award if any of the following apply:

         (a) There was an evident mathematical miscalculation or an evident mistake in the
         description of a person, thing, or property referred to in the award.

         (b) The arbitrator has made an award on a claim not submitted to the arbitrator
         and the award may be corrected without affecting the merits of the decision on the
         claims submitted.

         (c) The award is imperfect in a matter of form not affecting the merits of the
         decision on the claims submitted.



3
    MCL 691.1704 is part of the Uniform Arbitration Act (the Act), MCL 691.1681 et seq.


                                                -12-
         (2) If a motion made under subsection (1) is granted, the court shall modify or
         correct and confirm the award as modified or corrected. Otherwise, unless a
         motion to vacate is pending, the court shall confirm the award.

         (3) A motion to modify or correct an award under this section may be joined with
         a motion to vacate the award. [Emphasis added.]

        In ruling on defendants’ motion to confirm the portion of the arbitration award that
contained the provision regarding the assets held in India, the trial court also cited MCL
691.1703(1)(d). However, a review of the trial court’s bench ruling and resultant order reflects
that the trial court’s decision was based on its determination that correction of the arbitration
award was warranted pursuant to MCL 691.1704(1)(b). However, because the trial court cited
MCL 691.1703(1)(d) as support for its decision, we will also address this statutory provision in
our analysis. MCL 691.1703 provides the trial court with authority to vacate an arbitration
award and states, in pertinent part:

         (1) On motion to the court by a party to an arbitration proceeding, the court shall
         vacate an award made in the arbitration proceeding if any of the following apply:

                                                 * * *

         (d) An arbitrator exceeded the arbitrator’s powers. [Emphasis added.] 4

“[A]rbitrators have exceeded their powers whenever they act beyond the material terms of the
contract from which they primarily draw their authority, or in contravention of controlling
principles of law.” Washington v Washington, 283 Mich App 667, 672; 770 NW2d 908, 912
(2009), quoting Dohanyos v Detrex Corp (After Remand), 217 Mich App 171, 176; 550 NW2d
608 (1996). In Gordon Sel-Way, 438 Mich at 496, the Michigan Supreme Court articulated
principles of law that assist in determining whether an arbitrator failed to adhere to the terms of
the governing contract:

         . . . [I]t is the parties’ contract which defines and limits their rights and duties and
         the arbitration clause or agreement which confers upon the arbitrators their
         authority to act. Since arbitrators derive their authority from the parties’ contract
         and arbitration agreement, they are bound to act within those terms.

Moreover, claims of alleged arbitrator error are viewed carefully to “ensure that they are not
being used as a ruse to induce this Court to review the merits of the arbitrator’s decision.”
Norlund & Assoc, Inc v Village of Hesperia, 288 Mich App 222, 230; 792 NW2d 59 (2010).

       As a preliminary matter, defendants claim that plaintiffs’ challenges to the arbitrator’s
order mandating an accounting with respect to the India assets are time-barred. Notably,
defendants point out that, from the issuance of the arbitration award, plaintiff had 20 days to


4
    MCR 3.602 is the companion court rule to MCL 691.1703 and MCL 691.1704.


                                                  -13-
request that the arbitrator modify or correct the award, and 90 days to move the trial court for
such relief. MCL 691.1700(1)(2); MCL 691.1703(2); MCL 691.1704(1). While the lower court
record does support defendants’ position that plaintiffs did not adhere to the statutory timelines,
the record also reflects that during the pertinent time periods, the parties were engaged in
settlement discussions and were seeking clarification from the arbitrator with respect to its ruling
and had agreed to extend applicable statutory deadlines. For example, on February 28, 2017, the
arbitrator issued an order requiring the parties to file supplemental briefs on issues in dispute
following the issuance of the arbitrator’s January 17, 2017 award, one of which was attorney fees
and costs, and the arbitrator also noted in the order that it reserved the right to conduct an
evidentiary hearing on tax and attorney fee issues if necessary. Moreover, the arbitrator’s order
provided, in pertinent part, as follows:

       Pursuant to Authority under Sections 20 and 24 of the Arbitration Act, MCL
       691.1700 & 691.1704, the Arbitrator will discuss with the Hon. James Alexander
       withdrawing or amending the Court’s February 1, 2017 order, which currently
       requires the parties “to file motions to confirm or vacate the arbitration award by
       March 1, 2017,” in order to permit the Arbitrator and the Parties to complete the
       items identified in this Post-Arbitration Order No. 1 pursuant to the Arbitration
       Act.

        On March 10, 2017, in compliance with the arbitrator’s February 28, 2017 order, the
parties both filed supplemental briefs with the arbitrator on the issue of attorney fees. Plaintiffs
filed an additional brief on March 29, 2017 on the issue of attorney fees. After the arbitrator
issued its opinion regarding attorney fees on April 26, 2017, the parties ended up settling the
case, but their August 15, 2017 stipulated order regarding partial settlement clearly provides that
the parties reserved “all of their rights” to challenge the January 17, 2017 arbitration award
“relating to the Defendants’ request for an accounting of India land and/or assets[.]” The record
reflects that the parties agreed on more than one occasion to extend the statutory deadlines
during settlement negotiations. Accordingly, where the parties agreed to wait to file substantive
motions challenging the January 17, 2017 arbitration award until after the majority of the case
had settled, defendants’ assertions that plaintiffs’ challenges to the accounting portion of the
arbitration award are time-barred are unpersuasive.

        Turning to the merits of defendants’ argument, in addressing Counts XV to XL of
defendants’ counterclaim, the arbitrator recognized that defendants alleged, and plaintiffs did not
deny, that defendants sent money “to parties in India for the purpose of purchasing land and also
to begin business enterprises such as a seed factory and a brick factory.” Defendants had also
alleged that cash and gold, in which defendants claimed shares, had been seized by plaintiffs, and
that defendants’ interests in land, the seed and brick factories and the profits from both
businesses were “converted or embezzled by the Plaintiffs.” Specifically, defendants alleged
statutory and common law conversion of property and profits, unjust enrichment, and
embezzlement of money and profits. The arbitrator, following a status conference with the
parties in which the nature of the India claims was discussed, ruled that it did not have
jurisdiction over matters that implicate ownership interests of property held in India.

              The Arbitrator lacks jurisdiction to determine who the actual titled and
       current owners of the India assets are both historically and today. He further

                                               -14-
       lacks jurisdiction to determine the ownership interests of the Parties under Indian
       law concerning the India assets. However, the Arbitrator does have jurisdiction to
       make certain rulings that do not require him to interpret or apply Indian law.

        The arbitrator further recognized that the Singh family business was operated pursuant to
the “clan” concept, and that the record reflected a conclusion that the parties would share in all
assets in India just as they would in the United States. Specifically, the arbitrator concluded that
“[t]he amount of money sent, to whom, for what purpose it was used, and what the intended or
agreed upon allocation of ownership would be for same must be decided based on Indian law and
cannot be decided in this Arbitration.”

       However, the Arbitrator does find that the Defendants do in fact, have some
       interest in the assets located in India and therefore are entitled to the equitable
       relief of an accounting from Plaintiffs as to the Indian assets and property so that
       the Defendants may pursue their claims as to what their interests are in those
       assets in India.

        In determining whether the arbitrator (1) exceeded its powers beyond the terms of the
parties’ agreement compelling this case to arbitration and (2) rendered an award on a claim that
had not properly been submitted to it, we must consider the terms of the March 19, 2015
stipulated order regarding arbitration. Specifically paragraph 10 of the stipulated order provides,
in pertinent part, as follows:

       10. This Court retains jurisdiction as appropriate under the Michigan Uniform
       Arbitration Act to (1) enforce its prior orders, (2) issue and enforce all necessary
       subpoenas for discovery or to secure witnesses for the arbitration hearing, (3)
       address and resolve requests by any party for equitable relief and to adjudicate
       all equitable claims asserted in this case; and (4) issue or enforce injunctions as
       needed.

        The terms of the stipulated order regarding arbitration clearly specify that the trial court,
as opposed to the arbitrator, reserved to itself the authority to adjudicate matters requiring
equitable relief. As the trial court aptly recognized, an accounting is a form of equitable relief.
See Boyd v Nelson Credit Centers, Inc, 132 Mich App 774, 779; 348 NW2d 25 (1984)
(recognizing that “[a]n action for an accounting is equitable in nature[.]”) “Since arbitrators
derive their authority from the parties’ contract and arbitration agreement, they are bound to act
within those terms.” Gordon Sel-Way, 438 Mich at 496. As the Michigan Supreme Court has
clarified, “the parties’ contract is the law of the case in this context.” Id. Therefore, where the
parties agreed that the trial court alone would address matters requiring equitable relief, the
arbitrator did in fact (1) address a claim not properly submitted to it, and (2) exceed the scope of
its ambit as set forth in the parties’ contractual agreement referring the matter to arbitration. This
is not a case where the trial court substituted its judgment for that of the arbitrator, but rather one
where the trial court corrected an award that was made where express language in the parties’
agreement precluded such an award. See id. at 497 (recognizing that “an award will be
presumed to be within the scope of the arbitrators’ authority absent express language to the
contrary.”) Moreover, where the trial court was able to rectify the matter without “affecting the
merits of the decision on the claims submitted[,]” MCL 691.1704(1)(b), it appropriately

                                                 -15-
corrected the arbitration award in compliance with the Act. Additionally, while defendants
direct this Court’s attention to MCL 691.1701(3) which allows the arbitrator to “order remedies
that the arbitrator considers just and appropriate under the circumstances[,]” and would likely
include equitable relief, this argument overlooks the clear terms of the March 19, 2015 stipulated
order regarding arbitration, which clearly reserves the resolution of requests involving equitable
relief to the trial court.

        On appeal, as they did in the trial court, defendants advance a novel argument, asserting
that plaintiffs are precluded from arguing that the arbitrator could not order an accounting with
respect to the India assets pursuant to the doctrine of judicial estoppel. In Duncan v Michigan,
300 Mich App 176, 190; 832 NW2d 761, app dis 494 Mich 879 (2013) this Court explained the
theory underlying the doctrine of judicial estoppel.

       Judicial estoppel prevents a party from asserting one position when that party
       successfully and unequivocally asserted a position in a prior proceeding that is
       wholly inconsistent with the position now taken. Significantly, the mere assertion
       of inconsistent positions is not sufficient to invoke estoppel; rather, there must be
       some indication that the court in the earlier proceeding accepted that party’s
       position as true. Further, in order for the doctrine of judicial estoppel to apply, the
       claims must be wholly inconsistent. This prior success model focus[es] less on
       the danger of inconsistent claims, than on the danger of inconsistent rulings. [Id.
       (citations and quotation marks omitted).]

The thrust of defendants’ argument on appeal is that where plaintiffs submitted their equitable
claims to the arbitrator for decision, they are now judicially estopped from arguing that the
arbitrator did not have authority to order an equitable remedy and direct plaintiffs to render an
accounting with respect to the assets at issue held in India. However, as this Court recognized in
Duncan, for the doctrine of judicial estoppel to be applicable, the alleged divergent claims at
issue must be “wholly inconsistent.” Id. We acknowledge that in their second amended
complaint, plaintiffs alleged claims against defendants that were equitable in nature, such as
unjust enrichment, and that plaintiffs also sought equitable relief. However, we would not
characterize plaintiffs’ positions as wholly inconsistent, where in the arbitration, while plaintiffs
did request equitable relief on their equitable claims, plaintiffs also sought and received
monetary damages, a legal remedy, to redress their grievances against defendant. See, e.g.,
Madugula v Taub, 496 Mich 685, 699; 853 NW2d 75 (2014) (observing that damages are
considered a legal, as opposed to an equitable remedy); Meisner Law Group PC v Weston Downs
Condo Ass’n, 321 Mich App 702, 726; 909 NW2d 890 (2017) (recognizing that while a plaintiff
may advance an equitable theory of recovery, the plaintiff may also seek legal relief in the form
of money damages as redress). Consequently, where plaintiffs have not taken “wholly
inconsistent” positions with respect to the arbitrator’s ability to order equitable relief,
defendants’ allegation that the doctrine of judicial estoppel is applicable is without merit.
Accordingly, the trial court correctly exercised its authority pursuant to MCL 691.1704(1)(b) in
correcting the arbitrator’s award.

                                  B. EXEMPLARY DAMAGES



                                                -16-
       On appeal, defendants next argue that the trial court erred in awarding plaintiffs’ attorney
fees and costs as exemplary damages. We disagree.

       To the extent that defendants challenge the arbitrator’s authority to order exemplary relief
as part of its arbitration award, the governing statute is MCL 691.1701, which provides, in
pertinent part:

       (1) An arbitrator may award punitive damages or other exemplary relief if such an
       award is authorized by law in a civil action involving the same claim and the
       evidence produced at the hearing justifies the award under the legal standards
       otherwise applicable to the claim.

       (2) An arbitrator may award reasonable attorney fees and other reasonable
       expenses of arbitration if such an award is authorized by law in a civil action
       involving the same claim or by the agreement of the parties to the arbitration
       proceeding.

                                               * * *

       (5) If an arbitrator awards punitive damages or other exemplary relief under
       subsection (1), the arbitrator shall specify in the award the basis in fact justifying
       and the basis in law authorizing the award and state separately the amount of the
       punitive damages or other exemplary relief.

        As an initial matter, for the arbitrator to award exemplary relief, such an award must be
authorized by law as if in a civil action involving the same claim. MCL 691.1701(1). The
arbitrator concluded that plaintiffs successfully alleged a claim of common law conversion,
“[w]here the [d]efendants made transfers of Plaintiffs’ interests which were excessive, and upon
demand refused to return same[.]” The arbitrator also found in favor of plaintiffs on Count IV of
their second amended complaint, which alleged breach of fiduciary duty against Gurmale,
Lushman, and Jeat. The arbitrator reasoned that where defendants held powers of attorney given
by plaintiffs, a fiduciary relationship was created, and defendants were obligated to act in
plaintiffs’ best interests. The arbitrator further found that “[d]efendants caused transfers of
Plaintiffs’ interests to be made from entities in which the Plaintiffs held an interest into entities in
which Plaintiffs held no interest or otherwise could not control or access.” The arbitrator
concluded that once the parties began to have a dispute regarding their interests, defendants’ use
of their fiduciary powers of attorney “could not reasonably be considered to be for the benefit of
the principals . . . to which Defendants owed their duty.” Under such circumstances, the
arbitrator concluded that defendants’ actions were “excessive and in violation of their fiduciary
duties.” The arbitrator thus found that Gurmale and Lushman breached their fiduciary duties
owed to plaintiffs “as they pertain to the transfers made of Plaintiffs’ interests to the holding
companies and/or entities in which Plaintiffs hold no interests.” Finally, the arbitrator concluded
that plaintiffs were successful on their claim alleging unjust enrichment where defendants
repeatedly made transfers of plaintiffs’ business interests, and where after the “decoupling”
process, the transfers were made with the intention of “off-setting the value of property in India
that Defendants believed were being taken from them.” In the view of the arbitrator,
“[d]efendants were unjustly enriched as a result.”

                                                 -17-
        Exemplary damages are recoverable in Michigan to provide compensation to the plaintiff,
as opposed to punishing the defendant. Kewin v Massachusetts Mut Life Ins Co, 409 Mich 401,
419; 295 NW2d 50 (1980). The purpose of exemplary damages is to “render the plaintiff
whole.” Hayes-Albion v Kuberski, 421 Mich 170, 187; 364 NW2d 609 (1984). In Kewin, the
Michigan Supreme Court surveyed earlier case law from that Court and observed that cases
allowing the recovery of exemplary damages “as an element of damages involve tortious conduct
on the part of the defendant.” Id.

       An award of exemplary damages is considered proper if it compensates a plaintiff
       for the “humiliation, sense of outrage, and indignity” resulting from injuries
       “maliciously, wilfully and wantonly” inflicted by the defendant. The theory of
       [the cases reviewed] is that the reprehensibility of the defendant’s conduct both
       intensifies the injury and justifies the award of exemplary damages as
       compensation for the harm done the plaintiff’s feelings. [Kewin, 409 Mich at 419
       (citation omitted).]5

        To recover exemplary damages, there must be a showing that the defendant acted
maliciously or with such willful and wanton behavior that he or she “demonstrate[d] a reckless
disregard” of the plaintiff’s rights. McPeak v McPeak (On Remand), 233 Mich App 483, 488;
593 NW2d 180 (1999). Exemplary damages may be recovered in both legal and equitable
actions “where the plaintiff pleads malicious and wilful conduct.” Id. at 489. This Court has
also recognized that exemplary damages are not limited to compensation for “injured feelings”
but may also be awarded “to compensate for injuries not capable of precise computation
resulting from malicious conduct.” Joba Const Co, Inc v Burns & Roe, Inc, 121 Mich App 615,
643; 329 NW2d 760 (1982). As a result, under “proper circumstances” corporations have been
able to recover exemplary damages. Id.

      When reviewing an award of exemplary damages, this Court is required to discern
whether the award is “oppressive[.]”

              No rule can be laid down properly measuring or limiting the damages
       allowable in cases where exemplary damages may be recovered, except, as has
       been said, “they must not be oppressive, or such as shock the sense of fairminded
       men;” but the jury must understand in all cases that they are not justified in going
       beyond an amount that shall fairly compensate the party entitled to them.
       [Oppenhuizen v Wennersten, 2 Mich App 288, 298; 139 NW2d 765 (1966),
       quoting Stuyvesant v Wilcox, 92 Mich 233, 242; 52 NW 465 (1892).]




5
  These cases generally involve intentional torts. Id. at 419. The Kewin Court went on to
observe that, unless an allegation is made and proof of tortious conduct independent of a breach
of contract is established, exemplary damages are not permitted for breach of a commercial
contract. Id. at 420-421. The theory underlying this rule is that the plaintiff is adequately
compensated when damages are awarded for the breach of contract. Id. at 420.


                                              -18-
        On appeal, defendants do not directly challenge the ability of the arbitrator to award
attorney fees as exemplary damages, rather their primary criticism is that the arbitrator did not
make the requisite factual findings before awarding exemplary damages. Contrary to
defendants’ allegations in their brief on appeal, in its opinion ordering the payment of the
attorney fees as exemplary damages, the arbitrator took great care to note that exemplary
damages were warranted where the record reflected that defendants acted willfully, wantonly,
maliciously and in complete disregard of plaintiffs’ rights. See also MCL 691.1701(5) (requiring
that where an arbitrator awards exemplary relief it must “specify in the award the basis in fact
justifying and the basis in law authorizing the award[.]”). Defendants invite us to second-guess
the arbitrator’s factual findings, particularly with regard to the arbitrator concluding that
plaintiffs suffered “humiliation and [indignation]” where defendants refused to defend Pargat in
proceedings involving HUD. However, such action by this Court would exceed the scope of this
Court’s review.

        Finally, while we are aware that the award of costs and attorney fees in the form of
exemplary damages in the amount of $4,969,463.94 is substantial, aside from a cursory
statement in their brief on appeal that “[d]efendants disagree that [p]laintiffs’ fees were
reasonable or adequately supported by the evidence [plaintiffs] submitted,” defendants do not
advance a substantive legal argument supported by pertinent facts with regard to the
reasonableness of the attorney fees awarded. Indeed, without citing legal authority, defendants
simply assert that the arbitrator’s award of attorney fees was in some manner “disconnected”
from the damages plaintiffs incurred and that any award of attorney fees must be limited to the
claims on which the arbitrator determined plaintiffs were successful, being unjust enrichment,
breach of fiduciary duty and common law conversion. In support of this claim, defendants point
our attention to the arguments they raised at the June 28, 2017, hearing held before the arbitrator
with respect to plaintiffs’ costs and attorney fees, where, as pertinent to this argument on appeal,
defendants argued that any attorney fees and costs plaintiffs were permitted to recover should be
limited to “the claims upon which they prevailed[.]” However, defendants do not provide legal
support for their claim, and in Smith v Khouri, 481 Mich 519, 522, 532-533; 751 NW2d 472
(2008) (opinion of TAYLOR, C.J.), the Michigan Supreme Court clarified that a reasonable
attorney fee is discerned by multiplying a reasonable hourly rate “by the reasonable number of
hours expended” and the Court’s opinion did not otherwise limit the amount of hours expended
to those attributable to a plaintiff’s successful claims. Specifically, the Smith Court reasoned, in
pertinent part:

               In considering the time and labor involved (factor 1 under MRPC 1.5 [a]
       and factor 2 under Wood) the court must determine the reasonable number of
       hours expended by each attorney. The fee applicant must submit detailed billing
       records, which the court must examine and opposing parties may contest for
       reasonableness. The fee applicant bears the burden of supporting its claimed
       hours with evidentiary support. If a factual dispute exists over the reasonableness
       of the hours billed or hourly rate claimed by the fee applicant, the party opposing
       the fee request is entitled to an evidentiary hearing to challenge the applicant’s
       evidence and to present any countervailing evidence. [Smith, 481 Mich at 532
       (opinion of TAYLOR, C.J.)]



                                               -19-
The Michigan Supreme Court has adhered to this analysis in subsequent decisions following
Smith. See, e.g., Pirgu v United Servs Auto Ass’n, 499 Mich 269, 275, 281; 884 NW2d 257
(2016) (recognizing that once a trial court determines a reasonable hourly rate, it is required to
multiply that rate by the “reasonable number of hours expended in the case[.]”)

        In reviewing the arbitrator’s award of attorney fees and costs, it is important to note that
the arbitrator enumerated the factors that are to be weighed with respect to determining the
reasonableness of attorney fees as set forth in Wood v DAIIE, 413 Mich 573; 321 NW2d 653
(1982) and Smith, 481 Mich at 528-534 (opinion of TAYLOR, C.J). After undertaking a detailed
analysis with respect to the reasonableness of the hourly rates charged by each attorney working
on the case, the arbitrator also considered whether the amount of hours billed for the services
rendered by plaintiffs’ attorney were reasonable. Notably, apparently in response to defendants’
claims that plaintiffs ought not to be reimbursed for attorney fees not related to the claims that
were presented to the arbitrator, the arbitrator concluded that the hours of attorney Mahesh
Nayek of Dickinson Wright should be reduced by 153 hours where that amount of time could be
attributed to his work on federal trademark litigation matters. The arbitrator also considered the
time of attorney John S. Artz, and noted that while some of his time was spent on trademark
matters, his work was “heavily intertwined” with the other factual issues related to the claims
presented in the arbitration, and that reimbursement for 100 hours of his time was reasonable.
Where the arbitrator found that plaintiffs charged for an attorney’s time that was duplicative, it
did not hesitate to order that plaintiffs not be compensated for the time. For example, where the
work of attorneys was limited to trademark matters, the arbitrator stated that recovery of the fees
for their time would not be permitted. Once the arbitrator determined a reasonable hourly rate
for the attorneys that worked on plaintiffs’ behalf and that the time expended was reasonable, the
arbitrator weighed the remaining Wood factors as well as the factors set forth in MRPC 1.5 in
fashioning its ultimate award. Specifically, the arbitrator stated, in pertinent part, as follows:

       The skill, time and labor that was necessarily involved to represent the Plaintiffs
       in this case was tremendous. Likewise, the difficulty of the case and the
       challenges it presented to Plaintiffs’ counsel to pursue same was equally
       immense. With more than two hundred parties, hundreds of thousands of pages
       of documents exchanged, three pending lawsuits involving hundreds of millions
       in assets, complex claims implicating international, federal and state law, coupled
       with various family and cultural concerns and a complex entity structure practiced
       by the Defendants, it was prudent and necessary that the Plaintiffs’ attorneys
       expended the efforts they did to achieve success for the Plaintiffs. The Arbitrator
       finds that these factors (the time, skill, labor and difficulty of the case) support his
       finding as to the reasonableness of the fees and hourly rates charged, and that no
       adjustment upwards or downwards is warranted under the circumstances.

        Thus, where the arbitrator rendered an award of attorney fees in the form of exemplary
damages that was authorized by Michigan law and adhered to the governing state law precedent
in fashioning an award of reasonable attorney fees, the trial court correctly confirmed the award.




                                                -20-
Affirmed. Plaintiffs, as the prevailing parties, may tax costs pursuant to MCR 7.219.

                                                    /s/ Kirsten Frank Kelly
                                                    /s/ Michael J. Riordan
                                                    /s/ Jonathan Tukel




                                       -21-
