                                                    NOT PRECEDENTIAL

             UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                  FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT

                          _____________

                           No. 14-3467
                          _____________

               DR. ALFONSO RODRIGUEZ, M.D.,

                                              Appellant

                                 v.

SECRETARY OF PENNSYLVANIA DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL
              PROTECTION OF PENNSYLVANIA;
       CHAIRMAN OF THE PUBLIC UTILITY COMMISSION;
ATTORNEY GENERAL OF THE COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA



           On Appeal from the United States District Court
               for the Middle District of Pennsylvania
                 (District Court No.: 3-12-cv-01458)
            District Judge: Honorable A. Richard Caputo



             Submitted under Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
                        On March 16, 2015


      Before: RENDELL, FUENTES, and BARRY, Circuit Judges



                  (Opinion filed: March 16, 2015)
                                      O P I N I O N*

RENDELL, Circuit Judge:

       Appellant Dr. Alfonso Rodriguez sued the Pennsylvania Attorney General and the

Secretary of the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection challenging the

constitutionality of Pennsylvania Act 13 of 2012. The District Court dismissed his case

for lack of standing, and we will affirm.

       Rodriguez challenges § 3222.1 of Act 13, which provides two mechanisms for

health professionals to learn proprietary information about the chemicals used in

fracking. In medical emergencies, a health professional can obtain this information if he

verbally agrees that he will keep the information confidential and only use the

information for the specific medical emergency.1 In addition to the medical emergency


*
 This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not
constitute binding precedent.
1
 This medical-emergency provision states:
       If a health professional determines that a medical emergency exists
       and the specific identity and amount of any chemicals claimed to be
       a trade secret or confidential proprietary information are necessary
       for emergency treatment, the vendor, service provider or operator
       shall immediately disclose the information to the health professional
       upon a verbal acknowledgment by the health professional that the
       information may not be used for purposes other than the health needs
       asserted and that the health professional shall maintain the
       information as confidential. The vendor, service provider or operator
       may request, and the health professional shall provide upon request,
       a written statement of need and a confidentiality agreement from the
       health professional as soon as circumstances permit . . . .
58 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann. § 3222.1(b)(11).

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provision, there is a non-emergency provision that requires fracking companies to

provide proprietary information to any health official who executes a confidentiality

agreement and provides a written statement of need showing that he needs the

information for diagnostic or treatment purposes.2

       Rodriguez is a nephrologist in Dallas, Pennsylvania, in which hydraulic fracturing

occurs and wastewater ponds of fracking fluids are located. He asserts that direct or

indirect contact with fracking fluid can cause negative medical conditions and that proper

treatment requires knowing the environmental toxins to which his patients may have been

exposed. He describes himself as “a willing speaker to alert the public, in the broadest

possible manner, of known dangers posed by high-volume hydraulic fracturing” and he

“intends to publicize any threat to public health and safety derived from any information

obtained from the gas drilling industry under Act 13.” (App. 54.) He claims that

“[e]xpert testimony at trial will also establish that the Medical Gag Rules interfere, on a

daily and ongoing basis, with plaintiff’s ability to properly diagnose and treat his


2
 The non-emergency provision states:
       A vendor, service company or operator shall identify the specific
       identity and amount of any chemicals claimed to be a trade secret or
       confidential proprietary information to any health professional who
       requests the information in writing if the health professional
       executes a confidentiality agreement and provides a written
       statement of need for the information indicating all of the following:
       (i) The information is needed for the purpose of diagnosis or
       treatment of an individual. (ii) The individual being diagnosed or
       treated may have been exposed to a hazardous chemical. (iii)
       Knowledge of information will assist in the diagnosis or treatment of
       an individual.
58 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann. § 3222.1(b)(10).

                                              3
patients.” (App. 51.)3 He asserts that he “will testify that the Medical Gag Rules

interfere with the free and open exchange of information expressly required of plaintiff

by the ethical obligations imposed by the medical profession” and that “[e]xpert

testimony at trial will establish that in both emergency and non-emergency situations

plaintiff is ethically prohibited from signing any confidentiality agreements imposed by

the Medical Gag Rules.” (App. 51.) He asserts that “[e]xpert testimony at trial will also

establish that the inability of plaintiff to secure information as to the purity of local water

supplies threatens plaintiff’s ability to properly diagnose and treat his patients and

imposes upon plaintiff a present and ongoing threat of civil liability for any improper

diagnosis and treatment as a direct and proximate result of the Medical Gag Rules.”

(App. 51-52.)

         The District Court issued two opinions, first dismissing Rodriguez’s complaint

and then dismissing his amended complaint. The District Court held that Rodriguez’s

alleged injury was too conjectural to satisfy the injury-in-fact requirement of Article III

standing. It noted that, although Rodriguez alleged that he required the information

described in Act 13 to treat his patients, he did not allege that he had been in any

situations where he needed or attempted to obtain such information. He also did not

claim that his communications had been constrained due to Act 13 or that he had been

forced to sign a confidentiality agreement under Act 13.




3
    He refers to Act 13 as the “Medical Gag Rules.”

                                               4
       On appeal, Rodriguez argues that the District Court erred because he does have

standing.

       We agree with the District Court that Rodriguez has failed to allege an injury-in-

fact. “[T]he irreducible constitutional minimum of standing” requires that the plaintiff

must have suffered an “injury in fact”—an invasion of a legally protected interest which

is (a) concrete and particularized and (b) actual or imminent, not conjectural or

hypothetical. Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 560 (1992). It is insufficient

to allege, as Rodriguez has done, that expert testimony will substantiate his claims at

trial. See Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (“A pleading that offers ‘labels and

conclusions’ or ‘a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action will not do.’

Nor does a complaint suffice if it tenders ‘naked assertion[s]’ devoid of ‘further factual

enhancement.’”) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555-57 (2007)).

       Rodriguez relies on Robinson Twp., Washington Cnty. v. Com., 83 A.3d 901 (Pa.

2013), to argue that doctors have standing to challenge Act 13. While the Robinson court

did hold that a doctor had standing to challenge Act 13, it is distinguishable because it

applied state law standing principles. In fact, the Robinson court noted that “[i]n contrast

to the federal approach, notions of case or controversy and justiciability in Pennsylvania

have no constitutional predicate, do not involve a court’s jurisdiction, and are regarded

instead as prudential concerns implicating courts’ self-imposed limitations.” Id. at 917.

Rodriguez’s reliance on Pennsylvania law as authority regarding federal standing

requirements is misplaced.

       Accordingly, we will affirm.

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