                   UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                   FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA


DOW JONES & COMPANY, INC.,         :
                                   :
           Plaintiff,              :
                                   :
     v.                            : Civil Action No. 06-1014 (JR)
                                   :
ABLAISE LTD., et al.,              :
                                   :
           Defendants.             :

DOW JONES REUTERS BUSINESS         :
INTERACTIVE, LLC, d/b/a FACTIVA    :
                                   :
           Plaintiff,              :
                                   :
     v.                            : Civil Action No. 06-1015 (JR)
                                   :
ABLAISE LTD., et al.,              :
                                   :
           Defendants.             :

                              MEMORANDUM

           Ablaise is the owner of U.S. Patent No. 6,961,737 (’737

patent) and U.S. Patent No. 6,295,530 (’530 patent).    In 2006,

Ablaise accused Dow Jones of infringing the patents and offered a

licensing agreement.     Dow Jones declined the offer and sued for a

declaratory judgment that the patents were invalid and not

infringed.   Ablaise counterclaimed for infringement of both

patents.

           I issued a Markman order in July 2007.   Dkt. 28.   In

October 2008, I denied Ablaise’s motion to dismiss the ’530

patent, finding that Ablaise’s offer of a covenant not to sue Dow

Jones did not oust me of subject matter jurisdiction over Dow

Jones’ claim that the patent was invalid.    See Dkt. 97, at 5.
           Now before me is Dow Jones’ motion for summary judgment

of invalidity as to all asserted claims: Claims 1, 3, 4, and 6 of

the ’737 patent and Claims 1-3 of the ’530 patent.    The motion

will be granted.

                            Background

           The ’737 and ’530 patents describe methods for using a

computer server to send personalized content and format over the

World Wide Web in the form of HTML pages that are generated

dynamically.   Both patents claim a priority date of May 15, 1995.

Statement of Undisputed Facts [hereinafter “SUF”] ¶ 24.    At that

time, web browsing was fairly common, and web sites were capable

of generating personalized content “dynamically” -- that is,

without requiring manual alterations to the source code.    Id.

¶ 7.   But, in Ablaise’s telling, web sites, unlike non-Web

programs such as Microsoft Access and SQL, id. ¶¶ 14-15, could

not display personalized content in a personalized format.      The

patents-at-issue provided methods for addressing this limitation.

           The patented methods involve the use of HTTP, HTML, and

CGI.   HTTP is an Internet protocol that allows a user (known as a

“client”) to communicate with a server and request that the

server send specific content.   HTML is a rendering language that

allows the server to define the content and format of a web page

through the use of “tags,” like “<center>” to center text and

images, or “<p>” to move text to a new paragraph.    CGI is a


                                - 2 -
program that generates web pages dynamically, or “on the fly.”

Each of these technologies was well known to web developers in

May 1995.    Id. ¶¶ 1-6.

            Although Dow Jones challenges the validity of Claims 1,

3, 4, and 6 of the ’737 patent, and Claims 1-3 of the ’530

patent, the focus of the parties’ motions is exclusively on the

validity of the first claim in each of the patents.    They agree

that, if Claim 1 of either patent is invalid, the remaining

asserted claims of that patent are invalid as well.

            Claim 1 of the ’737 patent describes:

            A method for serving pages of viewable data
            to browsing devices connected to a network,
            wherein a page of said viewable data
            comprises content data defining text and/or
            graphics and formatting data which specifies
            locations of said text and/or graphics with a
            page, and said viewable data is displayed at
            a browsing device such that locations of said
            text and/or graphics depend on said
            formatting data, said method comprising:
            identifying requests from browsing devices
            that define a request for specified content
            data; storing content data; storing
            executable functions; maintaining a user
            database comprising information relating to
            user preferences; and in response to
            identifying a request for specified content
            data and a user identifier: (a) reading user
            preference information from said user
            database in response to a received user
            identifier; (b) selecting stored content data
            in dependence upon the content data specified
            in a received request; (c) receiving format
            identifiers identifying the type of
            formatting required; (d) selecting a set of
            stored functions in dependence upon a
            received format identifier and said read user
            information; and (e) executing said set of

                                - 3 -
         functions to generate viewable data
         comprising said selected content data and
         formatting data.

Dkt. 95, Ex. 1, at 19:65-20:25.   Claim 4 teaches a “serving

device” that performs the method described in Claim 1.   Claim 3

is identical to Claim 1 except that it requires that the

“viewable data” be “HTML data” and that the “formatting data”

comprise “HTML tags.”   Claim 6 adds the same “serving device”

requirement to Claim 3 that Claim 4 adds to Claim 1.   Id. at

20:31-21:7.

         Claim 1 of the ’530 patent describes:

         A method of serving output signals from a
         serving device to a plurality of browsing
         devices connected to a network, wherein said
         output signals represent commands executable
         by a browsing device so as to display
         viewable data in accordance with a specified
         page format, said method comprising steps of:
         identifying requests from browsing devices
         that define a request for specified viewable
         data, said request including formatting type
         identification data; maintaining a plurality
         of formatting types of data defining
         respectively corresponding predetermined
         formats for portions of said viewable data;
         storing content data representing said
         viewable data; selecting a specific one of
         said types of formatting data in response to
         said formatting type identification data;
         processing said content data and said
         formatting types of data so as to combine
         said selected part of said content data with
         said specific one of said types of formatting
         data, and for outputting processed viewable
         data with executable instructions; and
         supplying output signals to the requesting
         browser device derived from said output
         processed data, in which said output signals
         represent commands executable by a browsing

                              - 4 -
            device so as to display said viewable data in
            accordance with a first specified page format
            when a first type of formatting data is
            selected and in a second specified page
            format when a second type of formatting data
            is selected.

Dkt. 95, Ex. 2, at 19:55-20:29.    Claim 2 requires that the

“content data” include “graphics data.”    Claim 3 requires that

a “serving device” perform the method described in Claim 1.

Id. at 20:30-21:24.

            The patents differ from one another in two relevant

respects.    First, the ’737 patent describes a server that is

capable of more flexible formatting than is the ’530 patent.

If, for example, a user expresses a preference for certain

content to appear higher on the web page, the server can

generate a web page that satisfies those preferences, while the

’530 patent limits a user’s formatting options to certain

templates.    The ’530 patent user can choose between available

templates, but cannot express more particular formatting

preferences.

            Second, only the ’737 patent describes a server that

stores a user’s preferences in a database.    Once a user

expresses a preference for particular content to appear in a

particular location, the content will appear in that location

whenever the user visits the website until or unless the user

expresses a different preference.    The ’530 patent describes a

server that is only capable of accommodating a user’s current

                                - 5 -
request for a particular template.      If a user requests a

specific template, the page will appear in that template at that

time, but the user will have to re-request a template the next

time he visits the page.

                               Analysis

     A. Legal Standards

           On this motion for summary judgment, all reasonable

inferences are drawn in favor of Ablaise, the non-moving party.

Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986).

           Dow Jones contends that the patent claims are either

invalid as anticipated, or, if not anticipated, invalid as

obvious.   Invalidity must be proven “with facts supported by

clear and convincing evidence.”    Adenta GMBH v. Orthoarm, Inc.,

501 F.3d 1364, 1371 (Fed. Cir. 2007) (quoting SSIH Equip. S.A.

v. U.S. Int’l Trade Comm’n, 718 F.2d 365, 375 (Fed. Cir. 1983)).

           To prevail on its motion, Dow Jones must first

identify relevant prior art.    In this case, art is only prior

art if patented, used, or published before the priority date of

the challenged patents.    See 35 U.S.C. § 102(a).1   The art was

            1
             Dow Jones occasionally refers in its briefs to 35
U.S.C. § 102(b). For example, it writes, “[t]o sustain an
invalidity determination under 102(b) based upon a public use or
sale, ‘the record must show that an embodiment of the patented
invention was in public use as defined by the statute before the
critical date.’” Dkt. 95, at 21 (quoting Adenta, 501 F.3d at
1371). The section 102(b) inquiry examines the state of the
prior art “more than one year prior to the date of the
application for patent in the United States,” while the section
102(a) inquiry focuses on the state of the prior art “before the

                                - 6 -
“used” if there is evidence of “any use of the [art] by a person

other than the inventor who is under no limitation, restriction

or obligation of secrecy to the inventor.”   Adenta, 501 F.3d at

1371.   The art was “published” if it was “made available to the

extent that persons interested and ordinarily skilled in the

subject matter or art exercising reasonable diligence [could]

locate it and recognize and comprehend therefrom the essentials

of the claimed invention without need of further research or

experimentation.”   Bruckelmyer v. Ground Heaters, Inc., 445 F.3d

1374, 1378 (Fed. Cir. 2006).

           Dow Jones then must prove that the prior art

anticipates the patents.   Under 35 U.S.C. § 102, a patent is

anticipated if “all of [its] elements and limitations . . .

[are] expressly or inherently described in a single prior art

reference.”   Elan Pharmaceuticals, Inc. v. Mayo Found. for Med.

Educ. & Research, 304 F.3d 1221, 1227 (Fed. Cir. 2002).   The

reference “must not only disclose all the elements of the claim

within the four corners of the document, but must also disclose

invention [of the challenged patent] by the applicant.” That is
why the Adenta court referred to the “critical date” rather than
the “priority date” -- the “critical date” is the date one year
before the date of the patent application in the United States,
while the “priority date” is the date on which the patent was
invented (for legal purposes). See Adenta, 501 F.3d at 1371.
          In making its case that the patents are invalid as
anticipated, Dow Jones consistently alludes to the patents’
priority date, rather than their critical date. Accordingly,
despite the handful of citations to section 102(b), I will treat
Dow Jones’ anticipation challenge as one brought under section
102(a).

                               - 7 -
those elements ‘arranged as in the claim.’” Net MoneyIN, Inc. v.

VeriSign, Inc., 545 F.3d 1359, 1369 (Fed. Cir. 2008) (quoting

Connell v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., 722 F.2d 1542, 1548 (Fed. Cir.

1983)).

           If Dow Jones fails to prove anticipation, it can still

prevail if it proves that the patents are obvious.     Under 35

U.S.C. § 103(a), Dow Jones must show that “the differences

between the subject matter sought to be patented and the prior

art are such that the subject matter as a whole would have been

obvious at the time the invention was made to a person having

ordinary skill in the art to which said subject matter

pertains.”   This § 103 analysis requires an assessment of the

“interrelated teachings of [the prior art]; the effects of

demands known to the design community or present in the

marketplace; and the background knowledge possessed by a person

having ordinary skill in the art.”      KSR Int’l. Co. v. Teleflex,

Inc., 127 S.Ct. 1727, 1740 (2007).

     B. The ‘737 patent

           1. Fishwrap

           Fishwrap was an online newspaper developed at M.I.T.

that used CGI programs to generate HTML-formatted pages

dynamically.   SUF ¶ 35.   In its initial form, it allowed users

to select the sections and topics they wanted the web page to

display.   Id. ¶ 34.   Later, developers added a “self-


                                - 8 -
organization feature,” which recorded a user’s reading habits in

a database, fed that information into an algorithm, and used the

algorithm’s output to re-format the newspaper to reflect the

user’s implied preferences.     For instance, if a user viewed

sports stories first, or more frequently, then sports stories

would eventually appear higher on the page.

                 a. Prior Art

            Dow Jones asserts that Fishwrap is prior art because

it was in use before May 15, 1995.       Ablaise concedes that

versions of Fishwrap were in use before that date, and that some

of those versions “self-organized the order of topics generated

by the newspaper,” Dkt. 99, at 15.       But Ablaise maintains that

Dow Jones has not shown by clear and convincing evidence that

the version that it claims anticipates the ’737 patent was in

use before the priority date of the patent.

            In the opinion of Dow Jones’ expert, Dr. Aver

Bestavros, it was.    Dr. Bestavros bases his opinion on three

documents: the source code, an article by Dr. Pascal Chesnais

(the inventor of Fishwrap), and an M.I.T. student thesis by

Douglas B. Koen.    See Bestavros Expert Report, Dkt. 95, Ex. 7,

¶¶ 81-84.    The relevant portions of the source code were last

modified as late as 1997, see Decl. of Dr. Pascal Chesnais, Dkt.

91, Exs. 40-47, and the Chesnais article was published in June

1995, see id., Ex. 32, so neither document pre-dates the


                                 - 9 -
priority date of the challenged patent.     And while Koen’s thesis

was submitted to the M.I.T. Thesis Committee before the priority

date, it does not explicitly analyze the source code Dow Jones

has provided.    See id., Ex. 15.   Thus, to establish that its

invalidity case is based on prior art, Dow Jones must show that

Dr. Bestavros analyzed a version of Fishwrap that existed before

May 15, 1995.

            Dr. Chesnais states that “[a]ll the

functionality . . . relied upon by Dr. Bestavros in his opinion

of invalidity was present on May 15, 1995 as Fishwrap Release

Four functionality,”    id. ¶ 50; that the post-May 1995

modifications to the source code were “minor and completely

unrelated to the functionality upon which Dr. Bestavros bases

his opinion,” id. ¶ 53; and that the Koen thesis -- submitted in

May 1994 -- “describes all of the features of Fishwrap upon

which Dr. Bestavros relied,” id. ¶ 49.

            Citing Juicy Whip v. Orange Bang, 292 F.3d 728, 743

(Fed. Cir. 2002), and Finnigan v. Int’l Trade Comm’n, 180 F.3d

1354, 1365-68 (Fed. Cir. 1999), Ablaise contends that

Dr. Chesnais’ statements are “uncorroborated,” and that,

standing alone, they are not clear and convincing evidence that

all of the relevant elements of Release Four were in use before

May 1995.    However, unlike the cases that Ablaise cites, in

which the witnesses offered no contemporaneous documents to


                               - 10 -
support their claims, Dr. Chesnais has offered two

contemporaneous documents as corroboration: the Koen thesis and

the source code.    His claim that the Koen thesis describes all

of the features that Dr. Bestavros relies upon in his analysis

is verifiable by comparing the thesis and the expert report, and

his claim that the post-May 1995 modifications to the source

code were immaterial is verifiable by examining those

modifications, which are marked in the code.

            But, Ablaise goes on to argue, those supposedly

corroborating documents do not support Chesnais’ statements.

Ablaise’s expert, Geoff Mulligan, points out that the Koen

thesis could not have analyzed Fishwrap Release Four because,

according to Dr. Chesnais himself, Release Four was only

developed in 1995, see Dkt. 91, ¶ 47, and Koen submitted his

thesis in 1994.    Decl. of Geoff Mulligan, Dkt. 99, ¶ 10.

Mr. Mulligan also argues that there could have been post-May

1995 modifications to the source code that were simply left

unmarked.    Id. ¶ 6.

            Ultimately, however, the source code and the Koen

thesis provide a sufficient basis for understanding the state of

Fishwrap before the priority date of the ’737 patent.    Even if

the thesis did not examine what Dr. Chesnais refers to as

Fishwrap Release Four, it necessarily analyzed a version of

Fishwrap that existed before May 15, 1995.    And Mulligan’s


                               - 11 -
argument about unmarked modifications in the source code is pure

speculation.    In the absence of any evidence that there are

unmarked modifications to the code, or that the marked post-May

1995 modifications affected the relevant functionality of

Fishwrap, I find that the source code, the Koen thesis, and

Dr. Chesnais’ statements provide clear and convincing evidence

that Dr. Bestavros’ analysis is based on a version of Fishwrap

that is prior art.

                 b. Anticipation

            Ablaise concedes that Fishwrap practiced every

limitation of Claim 1 except its use of a “format identifier.”

Claim 1 describes a server that, “in response to identifying a

request for specified content data and a user identifier,”

“receiv[es] format identifiers identifying the type of

formatting required.”    In my Markman order, I defined the words

“type of formatting” to mean “a layout or presentation of text

and/or graphics on a page.”    Dkt. 28, at 7.   Thus, to anticipate

Claim 1, Fishwrap must have received a “format identifier” that

identified the layout or presentation of text and/or graphics on

a page.

            On this point, Dow Jones does not sustain its burden

of proof.    Dr. Bestavros contends that Fishwrap’s recorded

observations of a user’s preferences are “‘format identifiers’

because they dictate the layout of the newspaper.”    See Dkt. 95,


                               - 12 -
Ex. 7, ¶ 84.   Dow Jones reiterates that claim in its motion,

stating that the “stored observations made by Fishwrap

unquestionably perform the two functions that comprise the role

of the ‘format identifier’ [because] [t]he Fishwrap system . . .

stored information about an individual user’s viewing habits on

Fishwrap, which it then used to identify the order (layout) in

which that user’s articles will appear.”     Dkt. 95, at 27-28; see

also id., at 29 (“there is no dispute that Fishwrap’s user

information performed the functions of a ‘format identifier.’”).

           But, as Dr. Chesnais himself explains, user

preferences were not the only factor that determined page

layout: “the reorder function [the algorithm] . . . order of

sections and topics based in part on relative frequencies and

sequences of a user’s browsing to the various sections and

topics.”   Dkt. 91, ¶ 55 (emphasis added).   Ablaise’s expert,

Mr. Mulligan, notes that, in addition to user preferences,

Fishwrap’s algorithm also considered the “newness” of the

content -- how recently it had become available to be viewed.

Dkt. 99, ¶ 13.    As he explained in his deposition, “newness was

almost the [algorithm’s] top priority,” so two users with very

different viewing histories could end up receiving content in

the same order.   Dkt. 95, Ex. 3, at 100:23-101:13.   We are left

with a genuine dispute of fact as to whether Fishwrap’s “format




                               - 13 -
identifier” -- its record of a user’s viewing preferences --

identified “the type of formatting required.”

          Dow Jones argues that Fishwrap still anticipates

Claim 1 even if recorded observations were not the only factor

in the re-ordering process.   But I see no other way to read

Claim 1's limitation that the format identifier “identify[] the

type of formatting required.”    The claim language requires that

the format identifier specify -- or “dictate,” as Dr. Bestavros

puts it -- the layout of content on the page.   If Mr. Mulligan

is correct, the recorded observations of user behavior do not

play that role in Fishwrap because they can be counteracted or

even overridden by the “newness” of the content.

          Dow Jones is right to note that in Mr. Mulligan’s

analysis Fishwrap is arguably a more advanced version of the

server described in Claim 1: rather than re-formatting solely in

response to a user’s express preferences, it re-formatted based

on a user’s implied preferences and the “newness” of the

available content.   But Dow Jones does not get credit, at least

towards its anticipation case, for discovering prior art that is

more complex than the patented invention.   To anticipate the

patented invention, the prior art must “disclose all the

elements of the claim within the four corners of the document,”

Net MoneyIN, Inc., 545 F.3d at 1369, and there is a legitimate




                                - 14 -
factual dispute over whether Fishwrap meets that requirement.

                 c. Obviousness

            Dow Jones can still prevail if it can show by clear

and convincing evidence that Fishwrap -- in combination with

other prior art references -- renders Claim 1 obvious.         “The

combination of familiar elements according to known methods is

likely to be obvious when it does no more than yield predictable

results.”    KSR, 127 S.Ct. at 1739.       But courts “must still be

careful not to allow hindsight reconstruction of references to

reach the claimed invention without any explanation as to how or

why the references would be combined to produce the claimed

invention.”    Innogenetics, N.V. v. Abbott Laboratories, 512 F.3d

1363, 1374 n.3 (Fed. Cir. 2008).

            At minimum, Dow Jones must show that a prior art

reference disclosed the use of a “format identifier”; that one

of ordinary skill in the art would have been aware of that

reference; that a person of ordinary skill in the art would be

capable of combining the “format identifier” element with

Fishwrap; and that a person of ordinary skill in the art would

have an “apparent reason to combine the known elements in the

fashion claimed by the patent at issue.”         KSR, 127 S.Ct. at

1740.

            As an initial matter, the parties disagree on the

experience level and the area of expertise of a person of


                                  - 15 -
ordinary skill in the art.   Ablaise argues that someone with as

little as one year of experience in web page generation would

have ordinary skill, see Decl. of Sharon Davis, Ex. 10, ¶¶ 7-9,

while Dow Jones contends that it would be someone more

knowledgeable in the areas of networked information systems and

web page development, see id., Ex. 7, ¶ 80.    But more

importantly, in his expert report, Dr. Bestavros offers only one

paragraph of rather conclusory analysis on why Fishwrap would

render Claim 1 obvious:

          Performing the extra step of analyzing the
          user’s online behavior to determine the
          user’s preferences to be stored in the
          database is a more difficult technical
          process than a system that would allow a user
          to simply select the order for displaying
          material directly. A person of ordinary
          skill in the art would undoubtedly understand
          that one could very easily allow the user to
          select the order himself with a simple form
          allowing the user to select the order in
          place of Fishwrap’s use of behavior analysis.
          The use of such forms to collect information
          about a particular user was well known to
          persons of skill in the art before May 15,
          1995. By using a simple form to obtain
          formatting preferences for the user and
          recording that information in the database in
          the place of the preferences recorded by the
          Fishwrap algorithm, one would achieve the
          same result (ordering sections based on the
          user’s preferences) more easily.

Dkt. 95, Ex. 7, ¶ 94 (emphasis in original).

          That paragraph leaves much unanswered: Which specific

prior art references disclose the use of forms to record a user’s

express preferences?   Would those forms meet the ’737 patent’s

                              - 16 -
requirement of a “format identifier”?     How would one of ordinary

skill in the art integrate the “format identifier” into

Fishwrap’s source code? Why would one want to make such a change

to Fishwrap’s structure?

           Dow Jones never addresses how one would integrate a

“format identifier” into Fishwrap, but it does attempt to provide

answers to the other questions.    It contends that the HTGrep and

Thunderstone references (which it discusses in greater detail in

its invalidity challenge to the ’530 patent) disclose the use of

“format identifiers.”   Dkt. 95, at 33.   And it submits that a

person of ordinary skill in the art would have been motivated to

integrate a “format identifier” into Fishwrap because it would

have been a “simpler” way of providing users with personalized

content.   Id.

           There is no clear and convincing evidence to support

either of these claims.    Dr. Bestavros discusses the HTGrep and

Thunderstone references in relation to the ’530 patent, not the

’737 patent, so he does not offer an opinion on whether those

references meet the “format identifier” limitation.     See id.,

Ex. 7, ¶¶ 130, 147.   And while Dow Jones claims that one would be

motivated to add a “format identifier” to Fishwrap to make it

simpler, the Koen thesis argues that such a change would actually

make things more complicated:

           Another user suggested that the problem of
           paper structuring could be satisfactorily

                                - 17 -
          solved by providing the user with a mechanism
          for moving the topics and sections around
          manually, and in this way he would be able to
          select the paper structure that appealed to
          him. While this solution might be equitable
          for technically inclined users, the object of
          this research is to increase automation and
          responsiveness to the reader’s wishes without
          the need for explicit intervention on his
          part.

Dkt. 91, Ex. 15, at 26; see DePuy Spine, Inc. v. Medtronic

Sofamor Danek, Inc., 567 F.3d 1314, 1327-28 (Fed. Cir. 2009)

(finding that a combination of prior art elements did not render

the challenged patent obvious in part because one of the prior

art references discouraged such a combination).   These factual

issues surrounding Dow Jones’ obviousness challenge cannot be

resolved on this motion.

          2. The Bobo patent2

          The Bobo patent, U.S. Patent No. 5,675,507, has a

priority date of April 28, 1995.    It describes a system that

allows users to access faxes by receiving HTML pages.    SUF ¶ 51.

The system allows the user to view faxes in text only, in text

accompanied by a full-size image of the first page of the fax, or

in text accompanied by a smaller (thumbnail) image of the first

          2
            On May 4, 2009, the United States Patent and
Trademark Office (PTO) made an initial finding that the Bobo
patent anticipated Claims 1-6 of the ’737 patent. See Dkt. 115,
at 2. That determination has no effect on my ruling on Dow
Jones’ motion: the PTO may have access to different evidence than
I have, it applies a different evidentiary standard than I must
on a motion for summary judgment, and it has not necessarily
interpreted the claim language as I did in my Markman order. See
In re Swanson, 540 F.3d 1368, 1378 (Fed. Cir. 2008).

                                - 18 -
page of the fax.   Id. ¶ 55.   The user can also choose to see all

of the pages of the fax in either full-size or thumbnail form.

The program stores the user’s preferences in a database.       Id.

¶ 56.

                a. Anticipation

           In my Markman order, I held that in the Claim 1 phrase

“executing said set of functions to generate viewable content

comprising said selected content data and formatting data,” the

term “formatting data” means HTML tags that specify the location

of content, rather than its presentation (font, color, bold,

etc.).   See Dkt. 28, at 11.   Ablaise contends that the Bobo

patent does not meet this limitation because the patent “only

describes a system for delivering content to the user without

allowing the user to change the location of that content.”       Davis

Decl., Ex. 10, ¶ 44.

           Although the Bobo patent does tout its ability to

accommodate a user’s formatting preferences, see, e.g., id.,

Ex. 5, at 5:19-25, 5:59-60, 7:43-47, 10:38-42, there is a genuine

factual dispute over whether it anticipates the “formatting data”

element as I defined it in my Markman order.    As Mr. Mulligan

describes it, the Bobo patent allows the user to select the size

of the fax image (thumbnail or full-size), and to select the

number of fax images displayed (no image, image of the first

page, or image of all pages).     See Dkt. 95, Ex. 10, ¶ 62.


                                - 19 -
Ablaise argues persuasively that these are changes in the

presentation of content or in the amount of content, rather than

changes in the location of content.        The user’s selections may

have an incidental impact on the location of text or images --

just as increasing font size may push the selected text further

down the page -- but my claim construction requires that the

patent’s HTML tags specify location, not simply affect it.

Accordingly, summary judgment of anticipation is inappropriate as

to the Bobo patent.

                 b. Obviousness

            Even in Ablaise’s view, there is only a narrow gap

between the Bobo patent and Claim 1: while the Bobo patent uses

HTML tags to affect the presentation of content, Claim 1 uses

HTML tags to affect the location of content.        Although

obviousness from the Bobo patent is not Dow Jones’ principal

argument for invalidity, there are undisputed facts in the record

that support such a finding.

            Ablaise concedes that a person of ordinary skill in the

art (even under its idea of the level of experience of such a

person) would have been aware of HTML tags that affect content

location.    It does not dispute that “[b]y May 15, 1995, HTML,

including the functions of the tags used therein, was well known

to persons of skill in the art,” SUF ¶ 5, nor does it dispute

Dr. Bestavros’ claim that “[m]any of the HTML tags in use prior


                                  - 20 -
to May 15, 1995 control[led] the location on the web page at

which a certain piece of data (such as text or an image) [were]

to be displayed,” Dkt. 95, Ex. 7, ¶ 36.    Indeed, Ablaise does not

dispute Dow Jones’ contention that Fishwrap used HTML tags to

affect the location of content on the page.

          The next question, then, is whether a person of

ordinary skill in the art could have integrated location-changing

HTML tags into the Bobo patent.    Here, unlike with Fishwrap,

there is undisputed evidence that such a modification to the Bobo

patent would have been straightforward.    For example, the Bobo

patent employs the HTML “Image” tag, which is used to display an

image on the page.    See, e.g., Dkt. 95, Ex. 5, at 12:38.   Ablaise

concedes that an Image tag accompanied by an alignment tag (such

as “align = middle”) would meet the “formatting data” limitation

of Claim 1.    SUF ¶ 12.   Therefore, a person of ordinary skill in

the art would simply have to add an alignment tag to the existing

image tag in the Bobo patent to meet all of Claim 1's

limitations.    “The combination of familiar elements according to

known methods is likely to be obvious when it does no more than

yield predictable results.”    KSR, 127 S.Ct. at 1739.

          Lastly, there is the question of motivation.    “When

there is a design need or market pressure to solve a problem and

there are a finite number of identified, predictable solutions, a

person of ordinary skill has good reason to pursue the known


                                - 21 -
options within his or her technical grasp.”   Id. at 1742.

Ablaise’s own expert notes that “[i]n the mid-1990's companies

were rushing to establish an online presence and developers were

working fast and furiously to get clients up on the Web.”    Davis

Decl., Ex. 10, ¶ 65.   Dr. Bestavros asserts, and Ablaise does not

dispute, that “[b]etween 1990 and May 15, 1995, with the

pervasiveness and wide acceptance of the web, there was a

tremendous amount of technological development seeking to

increase the usability of web pages and to bring the established

features of various computer programs to the web platform.”

Dkt. 85, Ex. 7, ¶ 37 (emphasis added).    Both parties acknowledge

that one of the “established features” of non-web programs was

the capacity to personalize formatting.   SUF ¶¶ 14-15.   Taken

together, these facts present clear and convincing evidence of

both design need and market pressure to add location-changing

HTML tags to the Bobo patent.

          Ablaise has offered evidence of certain secondary

indicia of non-obviousness: a long-felt but unmet need for the

patented invention, skepticism about the possibility of the

invention, and the commercial success of the invention.    See

Davis Decl., Ex. 10, ¶¶ 69-75.    But Dow Jones argues, correctly,

that Ablaise’s evidence of long-felt need and skepticism in the

industry is weak.   See Dkt. 95, at 34-36.   And while Ablaise has

generated revenue from the ’737 patent, it admits that it has


                                - 22 -
done so through a coercive licensing scheme that has more to do

with the costs of litigation than with the novelty of the patent.

See Davis Decl., Ex.    ¶ 90.   In any event, “minimal indications

of commercial success” are not cause to deny summary judgment if

“obviousness [is] apparent from the prior art.”     Ball Aerosol and

Specialty Container, Inc. v. Limited Brands, Inc., 555 F.3d 984,

994 (Fed. Cir. 2009).    Such is the case here.

          3. The Reuters (Risberg) patent and the Sun
          Microsystems (Dasan) patent

          The Reuters patent (referred to as the “Risberg patent”

by Ablaise) describes a “non-Web and non-Internet based software

product that allows a user to customize the format and style of

content on the display.”    SUF ¶ 84.    The Sun Microsystems patent

(referred to as the “Dasan patent” by Ablaise) describes a CGI

program that allows a server to generate HTML-based pages

dynamically based on a user’s content preferences.     SUF ¶ 87.

Dow Jones argues that the combination of the two patents renders

Claim 1 obvious.

          The parties do not devote much energy to this theory,

and neither will I.    It suffices to say that there is a genuine

factual dispute over whether either patent “contain[s] format

identifiers, the selection of functions in dependence on received

format identifiers, or the execution of functions in dependence

upon a format identifier in order to change the location text/and

or graphics on the page.”    Davis Decl, Ex. 10, ¶ 42.   There is

                                - 23 -
also a dispute over whether one of ordinary skill in the art

could translate the Reuters patent’s non-Web formatting approach

to the web, given problems with “stateless connections, bandwidth

limitations, latency in communication, lack of display control

elements, and dependence upon the limitation of the HTML

language.”   Id., ¶ 15.   Accordingly, Dow Jones fails to meet its

evidentiary burden for its theory.

     C. The ‘530 patent

          1. HTGrep

          HTGrep is a program that performs keyword searches and

returns results in an HTML-based web page.    Dkt. 95, Ex. 7,

¶ 146.   When a user request a search, the program allows the user

to choose whether her search results will be displayed in

paragraph form or in a numbered or bulleted list.    SUF ¶ 61.

                a. Prior Art

          Dow Jones argues that HTGrep is prior art because it

was “described in a printed publication” before May 15, 1995.    35

U.S.C. § 102(a).    To establish that HTGrep meets this

requirement, Dow Jones must show that the program was “made

available to the extent that persons interested and ordinarily

skilled in the subject matter or art exercising reasonable

diligence [could] locate it and recognize and comprehend

therefrom the essentials of the claimed invention.”    Bruckelmyer,

445 F.3d at 1378.


                               - 24 -
            At his deposition, the inventor of HTGrep, Oscar

Nierstrasz, claimed that he posted a link to the HTGrep source

code on “numerous publically [sic] available newsgroups” on

May 17, 1994.    Davis Decl., Ex. 20, at 34:8-13.   Though he could

not recall the names of the newsgroups, he remembered that

“various people downloaded [the source code] and contacted [him]

with questions . . . [and] proposed changes.”    Id. at 47:7-8.    To

corroborate Nierstrasz’s testimony, Dow Jones provides three

postings from newsgroup subscribers.    Two of the postings,

written by subscribers to the “comp.infosystems.www” newsgroup,

suggest HTGrep as an effective way to search HTML files.    Id.,

Exs. 28, 29.    The third, written by a subscriber to the

“comp.lang.perl” newsgroup, indicates at least some familiarity

with the HTGrep source code.    Id., Ex. 30.   All of the postings

were made before May 15, 1995.

            Ablaise presents no evidence to dispute Nierstrasz’s

testimony, and that testimony in combination with the three

newsgroup postings is sufficient to carry Dow Jones’ burden of

proof.    In In re Klopfenstein, 380 F.3d 1345 (Fed. Cir. 2004),

the court held that a slide presentation that was printed, pasted

onto poster boards, and displayed for two-and-a-half days at a

academic conference was sufficiently publicly accessible to be

considered a “printed publication” under 35 U.S.C. § 102.      Id. at

1352.    The court cited “the length of time the display was


                               - 25 -
exhibited, the expertise of the target audience, the existence

(or lack thereof) of reasonable expectations that the material

displayed would not be copied, and the simplicity or ease with

which the material displayed could have been copied,” as the

factors informing its conclusion.   Id. at 1350.   Each of those

factors supports Dow Jones here: the source code was displayed

for over a year before the priority date of the ’530 patent; the

two newsgroups (that we know of) to which Nierstrasz posted the

link -- comp.infosystems.www and comp.lang.perl -- were for

computer scientists and web programmers; and Nierstrasz

encouraged newsgroup subscribers to copy and use his code.3

Those factors compel a finding that HTGrep is prior art.

               b. Anticipation

          Ablaise argues first that the HTML tags that HTGrep

uses are not “formatting type data.”   Citing the same portion of

my Markman order that it cites in relation to the Bobo patent,

Ablaise submits that HTGrep uses tags that only affect the




          3
           Ablaise argues that “Dow must show by clear and
convincing evidence that the HTGrep product described in the
documentation was actually used in the United States.” Dkt. 99,
at 36. This is incorrect -- Dow Jones must simply show that
HTGrep was “described in a printed publication in [the United
States] or a foreign country,” 35 U.S.C. § 102(a), and they have
met that lone requirement.


                             - 26 -
presentation of content, rather than its location.4       See Dkt. 28,

at 11.

            Ablaise’s claim is unpersuasive.     HTGrep uses tags such

as “<ol>” and “<ul>,” which determine whether an HTML list

contains a bullet or a number to identify a particular item in

the list.       Dkt. 95, Ex. 10, ¶ 56.   Inserting these tags not only

places a bullet or a number before the selected text, but also

indents the selected text.       Davis Decl., Ex. 3, at 168-69.    In

this way, the tags are no different from the “<center>” and “<p>”

tags that Ablaise admits are “formatting data” in the context of

the ’737 patent: each has the primary effect of shifting the

selected text to a different location.       When pressed on this

point, Ablaise’s expert could not offer a meaningful distinction

between the HTGrep tags and those in Claim 1.       See Davis Decl.,

Ex. 3, 180-85.

            Ablaise’s second argument is that HTGrep does not

change between “a first and second specified page format as

required by the claims.”      Dkt. 99, at 34.   Ablaise does not

expand on this argument, and its expert, Mr. Mulligan, provides a


            4
            This portion of my Markman order actually defined the
term “formatting data” in the phrase “executing said set of
functions to generate viewable content comprising said selected
content data and formatting data” in Claim 1 of the ’737 patent,
rather than the term “formatting type data” in Claim 1 of the
’530 patent. Given the similarities between the patents and the
relevant terms, and without any objection from Dow Jones to the
use of this definition in Ablaise’s argument, I will use my
Markman definition to inform my reading of the ’530 patent.

                                  - 27 -
cursory and somewhat convoluted explanation of it in his

deposition.   See Dkt. 95, Ex. 3, at 187:4-19.   HTGrep’s capacity

to generate content in simple paragraph form or in a bulleted or

numbered list seems to clearly meet the two specified page format

requirement of Claim 1.   Accordingly, Dow Jones has presented

clear and convincing evidence that HTGrep anticipates each

element of Claim 1.

          2. Thunderstone Bridge

          Like HTGrep, Thunderstone Bridge was a program that

generated search results in HTML form.    It permitted the user to

choose to view results in paragraph or non-paragraph format or in

a vertical or horizontal orientation.    SUF ¶ 79.

                a. Prior Art

          Dow Jones claims that Thunderstone Bridge is prior art

because it was used before May 15, 1995.    Ablaise admits that a

version of Thunderstone was sold prior to May 15, 1995, but

claims that there is not sufficient proof that the version sold

had the relevant formatting functionality.

          Ablaise is correct.    John Turnbull, a Thunderstone

corporate representative in 1994 and 1995, testified that he

“believe[d]” that the version of Thunderstone sold before May

1995 offered the formatting features in question.    See Dkt. 95,

Ex. 19, at 40:3-9.    That equivocal statement alone is not clear

and convincing evidence of prior use.    And Dow Jones cannot


                                - 28 -
establish that the only document that discusses the Thunderstone

program’s formatting features -- the user manual -- described the

product as it existed before May 15, 1995.   The manual is dated

October 2, 1996, id., Ex. 18, at 2, and though the chapter

discussing the program’s formatting features states it was last

updated on May 2, 1995, id., at 327, there is a revision later in

the chapter that is dated May 9, 1995, id., at 344.   Without the

user manual or some other documentary evidence to support

Mr. Turnbull’s testimony, Dow Jones fails to provide clear and

convincing evidence that Thunderstone Bridge was prior art.

                            Conclusion

          The Bobo patent renders Claims 1, 3, 4, and 6 of the

’737 patent obvious, and the HTGrep program anticipates Claims 1-

3 of the ’530 patent.   Accordingly, Dow Jones’ motion for summary

judgment [#95] will be granted by the accompanying order.




                               JAMES ROBERTSON
                          United States District Judge




                              - 29 -
