                           NOT FOR PUBLICATION                           FILED
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                        APR 25 2018
                                                                      MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                       U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

MICHAEL GEORGE,                                 No.    16-56594

                Plaintiff-Appellee,             D.C. No.
                                                8:16-cv-01127-JVS-SS
 v.

MANHEIM INVESTMENTS, INC.;                      MEMORANDUM*
MANHEIM REMARKETING, INC.,

                Defendants-Appellants,

and

DOES, 1-10, inclusive,

                Defendant.

                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                      for the Central District of California
                    James V. Selna, District Judge, Presiding

                       Argued and Submitted March 9, 2018
                              Pasadena, California

Before: GOULD and MURGUIA, Circuit Judges, and ZOUHARY,** District
Judge.


      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
      **
            The Honorable Jack Zouhary, United States District Judge for the
Northern District of Ohio, sitting by designation.
      Manheim Investments, Inc. and Manheim Remarketing, Inc. (together

“Manheim”) appeal the district court’s order staying proceedings pending

resolution of a California Supreme Court case, Dynamex Operations West, Inc. v.

Superior Court of Los Angeles County, No. S222732. Dynamex involves parties

who are not before this court. The district court issued the stay because it

concluded that the California Supreme Court decision in Dynamex might inform its

reasoning on a threshold issue in this case—whether Plaintiff, Michael George, is

an independent contractor or an employee. We dismiss for lack of jurisdiction.1

      “Ordinarily, a stay is not considered a final decision for purposes of section

1291.” United States v. Gen. Dynamics Corp., 828 F.2d 1356, 1360 (9th Cir.

1987). Manheim contends that an ongoing state court action, Cullum v. Manheim

Investments, Inc., involving claims brought under the California Labor Code

Private Attorneys General Act of 2004 (“PAGA”), Cal. Lab. Code §§ 2698–

2699.5, could have collateral estoppel effects in this case. George is one of the

named representatives in that action, and Manheim is the defendant. If Cullum is

decided first, it could resolve the threshold employment status question, thereby

depriving Manheim of the opportunity to have that issue resolved by a federal

tribunal. Because of this possibility, Manheim argues that two exceptions to the



1
 Manheim’s motions for judicial notice and for supplementation of the record are
denied as moot.

                                          2
final order doctrine apply in this case.

      First, Manheim argues that we have jurisdiction to hear this appeal because

the stay puts Manheim “effectively out of court.” See Lockyer v. Mirant Corp.,

398 F.3d 1098, 1101 (9th Cir. 2005). A party is effectively out of court in either of

two distinct situations. One is where the district court turns over decision-making

to a state court, effectively giving up its jurisdiction over a legal question. See

Moses H. Cone Mem’l Hosp. v. Mercury Constr. Corp., 460 U.S. 1, 10 (1983);

Lockyer, 398 F.3d at 1102– 03. Under Moses H. Cone and Lockyer, however, a

party is not effectively out of court simply because a stay may have the incidental

effect of letting an ongoing state court proceeding settle an issue first. See Moses

H. Cone, 460 U.S. at 10 n.11 (advising that its holding should not be construed as

meaning that “an order becomes final merely because it may have the practical

effect of allowing a state court to be the first to rule on a common issue”). In this

case, the district court did not turn the decision over to the state court tribunal.

Any potential collateral estoppel effect from the ongoing Cullum matter would be a

mere incidental effect of the stay.

      A party may also be effectively out of court where proceedings are stayed

for a lengthy and indefinite period of time. Blue Cross & Blue Shield of Ala. v.

Unity Outpatient Surgery Ctr., Inc., 490 F.3d 718, 724 (9th Cir. 2007). In Blue

Cross, the stay was issued pending the resolution of multiple related criminal


                                            3
proceedings, and could reasonably have been expected to last for many years. Id.

By contrast, here the stay is not indefinite. The California Supreme Court heard

oral arguments in Dynamex on February 6, 2018, and an opinion should be

forthcoming within three months of that date. See Cal. Gov’t Code § 68210. The

stay in this case was issued more than a year and a half after the California

Supreme Court agreed to hear Dynamex. Even at the time it was issued, it was not

the sort of indefinite stay contemplated in Blue Cross.

      Second, Manheim argues that this case falls under the collateral order

doctrine. The collateral order doctrine allows for a narrow exception to the final

judgment rule in a “small class” of cases. Cohen v. Beneficial Indus. Loan Corp.,

337 U.S. 541, 546 (1949). To fall within the exception, an order must “(1)

conclusively determine the disputed questions, (2) resolve important questions

separate from the merits, and (3) [be] effectively unreviewable on appeal from a

final judgment in the action.” Bagdasarian Prods., LLC v. Twentieth Century Fox

Film Corp., 673 F.3d 1267, 1272 (9th Cir. 2012). All three requirements must be

met before a collateral order can be appealed. Truckstop.net, LLC v. Sprint Corp.,

547 F.3d 1065, 1068 (9th Cir. 2008).

      We have held that the loss of a federal forum is not sufficiently important to

warrant appellate review under the collateral order doctrine. Stevens v. Brink’s

Home Sec., Inc., 378 F.3d 944, 947 (9th Cir. 2004) (“The fallacy of this argument


                                          4
is its premise that the loss of a federal forum presents a sufficiently important

question in the collateral order context to permit appellate review. It does not.”).

Because the second component of the test under the collateral order doctrine is not

met, we reject Manheim’s claim that we have jurisdiction under that doctrine.2

      In the alternative, Manheim asks that we treat its appeal as a petition for a

writ of mandamus. A writ of mandamus should not be granted absent clear error

by the district court. Bundy v. U.S. Dist. Court (In re Bundy), 840 F.3d 1034, 1041

(9th Cir. 2016). The district court did not clearly err in staying the matter pending

the resolution of Dynamex because it was reasonable for the court to believe that

the disposition of that case may inform a proper resolution of this matter. We deny

the mandamus request.

      DISMISSED.




2
  We express no opinion on whether Manheim can satisfy the other requirements of
the collateral order doctrine.

                                           5
