       IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON



In re the Dependency of:                           No. 71335-3-1
                                                   (Consolidated with Nos.
B.I.T. (DOB: 10/11/06)                             71336-1-1 and 71337-0-1)
G.J.T. (DOB: 05/06/04)
S.G.T. (DOB: 01/03/02),                            DIVISION ONE

                      Minor children.

ROSA MARIA TORRES,
                                                                                              Wo


                     Appellant,                                                          CA   m-

              v.



STATE OF WASHINGTON,                               UNPUBLISHED
DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL AND                                                                 CO


HEALTH SERVICES,                                   FILED: September 15. 2014             -

                      Respondent.


       Cox, J. — Rosa Torres appeals the trial court's order terminating her

parental relationship with her three children, B.I.T., G.J.T., and S.G.T. Torres's

sole contention on appeal is that RCW 13.34.190, which requires a court to find

that termination is in the "best interests of the child," is unconstitutionally vague.

Because Torres does not show how the statute is unconstitutional as applied to

the facts of her case, we affirm the trial court's order.

       The following facts found by the trial court are unchallenged on appeal.

Rosa Torres is the mother of B.I.T., born October 11, 2006; G.J.T., born May 6,

2004; and S.G.T., born January 3, 2002. On July 13, 2010, a court found all
No. 71335-3-1 (Consolidated with Nos. 71336-1-1 and 71337-0-1)


three children dependent and removed them from Torres's care. The

Department of Social and Health Services (DSHS) offered Torres services

designed to address her parental deficiencies, including mental health

counseling, a psychiatric medication evaluation, a parenting assessment, and

occupational services at the Division of Vocational Rehabilitation. A deaf

advocate from the Hearing, Speech and Deafness Center offered Torres

assistance in obtaining communication devices, assistive devices for her home

and interpreting services for medical appointments. Torres participated only

minimally in these services and did not make any progress in correcting her

parental deficiencies.

       DSHS filed a petition to terminate Torres's parental rights on January 15,

2013. Following a seven-day trial, the court found that Torres's mental health

condition rendered her unfit to parent and that termination was in the children's

best interests.

       Torres appeals.

                   DUE PROCESS AND RCW 13.34.190

       Torres asserts that RCW 13.34.190 is unconstitutionally vague and

violates a parent's right to due process because it provides trial courts with

no guidelines for determining when termination is in the "best interests of

the child." We disagree.

       RCW 13.34.180 and RCW 13.34.190 provide a two-step process that

must be followed before a court may terminate parental rights. First, the court
No. 71335-3-1 (Consolidated with Nos. 71336-1-1 and 71337-0-1)


must determine whether the following six factors have been proven by clear,

cogent, and convincing evidence:

       (a) That the child has been found to be a dependent child;

      (b) That the court has entered a dispositional order pursuant to
       RCW 13.34.130;

       (c) That the child has been removed or will, at the time of the
       hearing, have been removed from the custody of the parent for a
       period of at least six months pursuant to a finding of dependency;

      (d) That the services ordered under RCW 13.34.136 have been
      expressly and understandably offered or provided and all
      necessary services, reasonably available, capable of correcting the
      parental deficiencies within the foreseeable future have been
      expressly and understandably offered or provided;

       (e) That there is little likelihood that conditions will be remedied so
       that the child can be returned to the parent in the near future. . . .;
       and


       (f) That continuation of the parent and child relationship clearly
       diminishes the child's prospects for early integration into a stable
       and permanent horned

Only if the court finds all six of these factors does the court then determine

whether termination of the parent-child relationship "is in the best interests of the

child."2 This factor must be proven by a preponderance of the evidence.3 The

statute does not define "best interests of the child." As the Washington Supreme

Court has explained,

       [Criteria for establishing the best interests for the welfare of the
       child are necessarily absent, since each case presents its own
       peculiar facts and circumstances, and the complexity of these, as
       well as the need for individualized treatment, militates against the


       1 RCW 13.34.180(1).
       2RCW13.34.190(1)(b).
       3 In re Welfare of A.B., 168 Wn.2d 908, 911, 232 P.3d 1104 (2010).
                                           3
No. 71335-3-1 (Consolidated with Nos. 71336-1-1 and 71337-0-1)


       mandatory consideration of certain specified factors in every case.
       . . . Were the legislature to define the terms in question more
       precisely than it has already done, the result might well be an
       inflexibility that deterred rather than promoted the pursuit of the
       child's best interests.141

      We review the constitutionality of a statute de novo.5 A statute is

presumed to be constitutional, and a party challenging that presumption bears

the burden of proving beyond a reasonable doubt that the statute is

unconstitutional.6

       "In any vagueness challenge, the first step is to determine if the statute in

question is to be examined as applied to the particular case or to be reviewed on

its face."7 It is well-settled law that a vagueness challenge to a statute that does

not involve First Amendment rights must be decided as applied to the particular

facts of a case.8 As a result, we will not consider a facial challenge to a statute

on vagueness grounds when First Amendment interests are not involved.9
       Torres has made no argument that RCW 13.34.190 was vague as it

applied to the particular facts of her case. Instead, she argues only that the

statute "lacks the necessary guidance to protect against arbitrary enforcement

and to provide for effective appellate review." Torres's challenge to the "best

interests" standard is a purely facial one. Because RCW 13.34.190 does not


       4 In re Welfare of Aschauer, 93 Wn.2d 689, 697-98 n.5, 611 P.2d 1245
(1980).
       5 In re Dependency of K.R.. 128Wn.2d 129, 142, 904 P.2d 1132(1995).
       6 In re Dependency of U.S.. 128 Wn. App. 108, 115, 114P.3d 1215
(2005).
       7 City of Spokane v. Douglass. 115Wn.2d 171, 181, 795 P.2d 693 (1990).
       8 jd, at 182.
       9]d
                                          4
No. 71335-3-1 (Consolidated with Nos. 71336-1-1 and 71337-0-1)


involve First Amendment interests, we will not consider her facial challenge to the

statute. Consequently, Torres has not met her burden to prove the statute is

unconstitutional.


       We affirm the order terminating Torres's parental rights.



                                                        6dkJ.
WE CONCUR:
