This opinion is subject to administrative correction before final disposition.




                                Before
                  HITESMAN, GASTON, and GERRITY
                       Appellate Military Judges

                        _________________________

                          UNITED STATES
                              Appellee

                                     v.

                     Michael S. PERKINS
     Aviation Electrician’s Mate Second Class (E-5), U.S. Navy
                             Appellant

                             No. 201900135

                           Decided: 17 April 2020

    Appeal from the United States Navy-Marine Corps Trial Judiciary

                              Military Judge:
                              Hayes C. Larsen

 Sentence adjudged 24 January 2019 by a general court-martial con-
 vened at Naval Station, Norfolk, Virginia, consisting of a military
 judge sitting alone. Sentence approved by the convening authority:
 reduction to E-1, confinement for 120 days, and a bad-conduct dis-
 charge.

                             For Appellant:
                  Captain Scott F. Hallauer, JAGC, USN

                              For Appellee:
                Lieutenant Timothy C. Cedar, JAGC, USN
                Lieutenant Joshua C. Fiveson, JAGC, USN

 Judge GERRITY delivered the opinion of the Court, in which Senior
 Judge HITESMAN and Judge GASTON joined.
               United States v. Perkins, NMCCA No. 201900135
                             Opinion of the Court

                           _________________________

         This opinion does not serve as binding precedent, but
              may be cited as persuasive authority under
               NMCCA Rule of Appellate Procedure 30.2.

                           _________________________

GERRITY, Judge:
    Appellant was convicted in accordance with his pleas, of one specification
of indecent language, in violation of Article 134, Uniform Code of Military
Justice [UCMJ], 10 U.S.C. § 934 (2016), for communicating indecent language
to a fictitious 14-year-old named “Cassie,” who was an online persona
portrayed by Special Agent JS of the Air Force Office of Special Investiga-
tions.
   Appellant did not initially assert a specific assignment of error on appeal.
Following our preliminary review, this Court specified the following issues:
       I. Did the Military Judge err in accepting a plea for
          indecent language when Appellant’s factual and le-
          gal basis for the language being indecent was Appel-
          lant’s mistaken belief that he was communicating
          with a 14- year-old when he was in fact communi-
          cating with an adult undercover agent?
       II. If the plea to indecent language was not provident,
           was the plea provident to the lesser included offense
           of attempted indecent language?
   We answer the first specified issue in the negative, mooting the second,
and affirm the findings and sentence. 1

                              I. BACKGROUND

    Special Agent JS set up a fictitious online persona named “cassiesoccer-
girl12” and posted an ad on an internet website. Appellant responded to the
ad, and a series of internet-based message exchanges on another messaging



   1  The assignments of error arise, in part, from the military judge’s statements
concerning Appellant’s responses during providency about the subjective belief that
the language would only be indecent if it was communicated to a 14-year-old. Record
at 42-43.


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                 United States v. Perkins, NMCCA No. 201900135
                               Opinion of the Court

application ensued between 29 November 2017 and 1 December 2017, in
which Special Agent JS identified herself as Cassie and communicated that
she lived on Langley Air Force Base and her dad was in the military. The
Appellant asked how old Cassie was, and Cassie said she was 14. The
Appellant sent messages to establish a relationship with Cassie, and then the
Appellant initiated increasingly sexually charged messages. Appellant
unsuccessfully tried to video chat and to link with Cassie on a different
messaging application. He also discussed meeting Cassie in person. The
charged indecent language that Appellant communicated was as follows:
         a. “what’s the dirtiest thing you done,” or words to that effect;
         b. “i have a decent amount to show,” or words to that effect;
         c. “Well you can tell me some of your fantasies that will give
            you an idea haha,” or words to that effect;
         d. “I mean I’m still super horny I play with my self a lot ha-
            ha,” or words to that effect; and
         e. “me and a friend f[***]ed this guys wife with him watch-
            ing,” or words to that effect” 2
    For context, examples of Appellant’s other communications to Cassie
between 29 November 2017 and 1 December 2017, which were not included
in this indecent language charge Appellant pled guilty to, are:
         a. “Iv done everything. I’m kinda a hoe. Licked butts and
            everything else 3 ways I’m mean everything but not gay”;
         b. “I can tell you my favorite thing is anal not many girls like
            it because it hurts but if you push through the pain it’s the
            best said every girl that does it. I like to lick everything a
            lot also”;
         c. “Iv never had anything in my butt but every girl that lets
            me loves it. Like a lot”;
         d. “And since you’re a virgin being that tight you’re prone to
            ripping them”;
         e. “Yeah you seem like you’re going to be a freak when you’re
            older”;
         f.   “Okay haha prolly get you wet though talking about it. Just
              remember masterbation is key haha”;



   2   Record at 8 (Charge Sheet).


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                 United States v. Perkins, NMCCA No. 201900135
                               Opinion of the Court

         g. “you ever send nudes?”;
         h. “I wouldn’t ask for any except on snap chat so its deleted af-
            ter seeing so the girl will trust you. I wouldn’t send any un-
            less over snapchat to someone I did not trust yet”;
         i.   “you can send me more pictures if you want. And we can
              work on what you like haha”;
         j.   “Gotta remember you are pretty young Cuz I’m pretty per-
              verted”;
         k. “Wow. You are cute and look older than your age”;
         l.   “Oh ok. Start young gotta get good at it. And damn parents
              haha I can’t say to much on here in case they see the mes-
              sage why snap is better so it disappears”;
         m. “You can try messing with girls also that’s always fun and
            hot they know what you like since they have the same thing
            haha”;
         n. “Yeah in person is better it may happen”;
         o. “So you want me to teach you in person”;
         p. “We will have to see. I could get into a lot of trouble”; 3

                                   II. DISCUSSION

A. Standard of Review
    Prior to accepting a guilty plea, the military judge must ensure the plea is
supported by a factual basis. Article 45(a), UCMJ; United States v. Care, 40
C.M.R. 247 (C.M.A. 1969); Rule for Courts-Martial [R.C.M.] 910(e). The
military judge must elicit sufficient facts to satisfy every element of the
offense in question, and the military judge’s decision to accept a plea of guilty
is reviewed for an abuse of discretion. United States v. Inabinette, 66 M.J.
320, 322 (C.A.A.F. 2008). Questions of law arising from the guilty plea are
reviewed de novo. Id.
    A military judge abuses his discretion if a ruling is based on an erroneous
view of the law or if the military judge fails to obtain an adequate factual
basis for the plea—but this factual basis is an area the military judge is
afforded significant deference. United States v. Simpson, 77 M.J. 279, 282
(C.A.A.F. 2018) (quoting United States v. Nance, 67 M.J. 362, 365 (C.A.A.F.



   3   Prosecution Exhibits 1-4.


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              United States v. Perkins, NMCCA No. 201900135
                            Opinion of the Court

2009)). A reviewing appellate court may only reject a guilty plea if there is a
substantial basis in law or fact to question the plea. Id. Before finding a plea
improvident, this Court “must overcome the generally applied waiver of the
factual issue of guilt inherent in voluntary pleas of guilty.” United States v.
Dawson, 50 M.J. 599, 601 (N-M. Ct. Crim. App 1999).

B. Providence Inquiry
    Following an explanation of the elements, including a definition of the
term “indecent language,” and an examination of Appellant in accordance
with R.C.M. 910 and United States v. Care, the military judge entered a
finding of guilty consistent with Appellant’s plea.
    To sustain a guilty plea to indecent language, Appellant’s charged com-
munication must contain language that has the “tendency to incite lustful
thought” or “is grossly offensive to modesty, decency, or propriety, or shocks
the moral sense because of its vulgar, filthy, or disgusting nature.” Manual
for Courts-Martial, United States (2016 ed.) [MCM], pt. IV, ¶89.c; see also
United States v. Negron, 60 M.J. 136, 144 (C.A.A.F. 2004). Words that are not
per se indecent or words that are false can meet the definition when
considered within the context in which they were uttered. See United States
v. Hullett, 40 M.J. 189, 191 (C.M.A. 1994). Indecency “depends on a number
of factors, including but not limited to fluctuating community standards of
morals and manners, the personal relationship existing between a given
speaker and his auditor, motive, intent and the probable effect of the
communication . . . .” Id. (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). The
relevant “community standard” for measuring indecency is that of the
military community as a whole and not of the individual unit. Id.
    In determining whether the language is indecent it must be evaluated in
context, considering all of the surrounding circumstances. See United States
v. Brinson, 49 M.J. 360, 364 (C.A.A.F. 1998) (rejecting a “per se” test for
indecent language in favor of one evaluating the circumstances surrounding
the communication). Our review of the circumstances of the communication
of Appellant’s language is not limited to the exact moment of the communica-
tion of the alleged language, rather “we must ‘examine the entire record of
trial to determine the precise circumstances under which the charged
language was communicated.’ ” United States v. Green, 68 M.J. 266, 270
(C.A.A.F. 2010) (quoting Brinson, 49 M.J. at 364). We also examine whether
the language tends reasonably to corrupt morals or excite libidinous
thoughts. MCM, pt. IV, ¶89.c; see generally United States v. French, 31 M.J.
57, 60 (C.M.A. 1990) (assessing whether charged language was was “calculat-
ed” to corrupt morals or excite libidinous thoughts) (citation omitted).




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                United States v. Perkins, NMCCA No. 201900135
                              Opinion of the Court

    As he agreed under the stipulation of fact and discussed during the provi-
dence inquiry, after seeing the ad on the internet, Appellant engaged in a
texting conversation with Cassie, whom he believed to be 14 years old based
upon a picture of her face she sent to him and her response to his question of
how old she was. He acknowledged sending numerous text messages to
Cassie that were indecent due to their sexual nature, and the fact that his
language was lewd or salacious and had a tendency to incite lustful and
libidinous thoughts. He also acknowledged that because of its sexual nature,
his language was grossly offensive to the community sense of modesty,
decency or propriety, or shocks the moral sense of the community because of
its vulgar, filthy or disgusting nature or its tendency to incite lustful
thoughts. Appellant further elaborated on the context of the charged state-
ments:
          MJ:      So looking at your charge sheet at paragraph (b)
                   where you say “I have a decent amount to show” or
                   words to that effect, what was that in reference to?
        ACC:       My penis size.
          MJ:      And then looking at paragraph (c) where you say
                   “well you can tell me some of your fantasies that will
                   give you an idea haha,” what was that in reference
                   to?
        ACC:       Any of her sexual fantasies that she has.
          MJ:      So this wasn’t just some type of fantasies. You were
                   specifically asking or communicating, by implication,
                   sexual fantasies?
        ACC:       Yes, Your Honor.
          MJ:      And that would be apparent in the text messages
                   that you had with this undercover agent in the con-
                   text in which these text messages were being dis-
                   cussed.
        ACC:       Yes, Your Honor.
          MJ:      Paragraph (d) it says “I mean I’m still super horny I
                   play with myself a lot haha.” Was—what was this in
                   reference to?
        ACC:       Masturbation. . . .
          MJ:      And then paragraph (e) says that “me and a friend
                   f[***]ed this guys wife with him watching.” What
                   was that in reference to?


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                    United States v. Perkins, NMCCA No. 201900135
                                  Opinion of the Court

           ACC:        An experience that I had. 4
    In accepting the plea, the military judge concluded that “based on the
Accused’s providency inquiry, based on his subjective belief that he was
communicating with someone he believed to be a 14-year-old and the
language in which he did communicate, the court does find that, under the
definitions and elements under Article 134, that the language is indecent.” 5
He explained, “Then that subjective belief, while not necessary in this case,
does, in this court’s mind, satisfy the court that there is a factual and legal
basis for his plea of guilty.” 6 Finally, the military judge also determined:
         As it relates to the indecent language in this case . . . the inde-
         cency of a word or words must be evaluated in the context in
         which they were made, and the court finds that the context in
         which these statements were made were in relation to Internet
         chats that the Accused was having with an undercover agent
         who had represented to him that she was under the age of 16,
         in fact that she was 14. Taking that context into consideration,
         the court finds that the indecency of these words, the language
         utilized in here does fit the definitions under Article 134 of in-
         decent language and the definitions that I provided to the Ac-
         cused. 7
    The Appellant admitted he intended to corrupt morals or excite libidinous
thoughts because of the sexual nature of his language. Viewed in the context
of the entire record, including the words he used, the circumstances under
which this language was communicated, the audience for the language, and
the community standards, even for a communication to someone over the age
of 16, the military judge did not abuse his discretion in accepting the plea. We
therefore hold that there is no substantial basis in law or fact to question the
providence of Appellant’s guilty plea.

                                 III. CONCLUSION

   After careful consideration of the record and briefs of appellate counsel,
we have determined that the approved findings and sentence are correct in
law and fact and that no error materially prejudicial to Appellant’s substan-



   4   Record at 36-37.
   5   Id. at 42.
   6   Id. at 42-43.
   7   Id. at 54.


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            United States v. Perkins, NMCCA No. 201900135
                          Opinion of the Court

tial rights occurred. Arts. 59, 66, UCMJ. The findings and sentence as
approved by the convening authority are AFFIRMED.
   Senior Judge HITESMAN and Judge GASTON concur.


                            FOR THE COURT:




                            RODGER A. DREW, JR.
                            Clerk of Court




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