                                                            FILED
                                                             JUN 21 2017
                                                         SUSAN M. SPRAUL, CLERK
 1                          NOT FOR PUBLICATION            U.S. BKCY. APP. PANEL
                                                           OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT
 2
 3                   UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY APPELLATE PANEL
 4                             OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT
 5   In re:                        )       BAP No.     AZ-16-1174-BJuL
                                   )
 6   SHIU JENG KU,                 )       Bk. No.     2:16-bk-01053-BKM
                                   )
 7                  Debtor.        )
                                   )
 8                                 )
     SHIU JENG KU,                 )
 9                                 )
                    Appellant,     )
10                                 )
     v.                            )       M E M O R A N D U M1
11                                 )
     RUSSELL A. BROWN, Chapter 13 )
12   Trustee,                      )
                                   )
13                  Appellee.      )
     ______________________________)
14
                      Argued and Submitted on May 18, 2017,
15                              at Phoenix, Arizona
16                             Filed - June 21, 2017
17                Appeal from the United States Bankruptcy Court
                            for the District of Arizona
18
              Honorable Brenda K. Martin, Bankruptcy Judge, Presiding
19
20   Appearances:      Walter E. Moak of The Moak Law Firm argued for
                       appellant Shiu Jeng Ku; Rachel Flinn, Staff
21                     Attorney, argued for appellee Russell A. Brown,
                       Chapter 13 Trustee.
22
23
     Before:      BRAND, JURY and LAFFERTY, Bankruptcy Judges.
24
25
26
          1
27           This disposition is not appropriate for publication.
     Although it may be cited for whatever persuasive value it may
28   have, it has no precedential value. See 9th Cir. BAP Rule 8024-1.
 1           Debtor Shiu Jeng Ku appeals an order sustaining the trustee's
 2   objection and denying Debtor's claimed exemptions under Arizona
 3   law.2       The bankruptcy court determined that Debtor was ineligible
 4   to claim Arizona exemptions because she was not domiciled in
 5   Arizona for the required 730 days immediately preceding her
 6   bankruptcy filing in accordance with § 522(b)(3)(A).3          Because the
 7   bankruptcy court lacked a proper evidentiary record to determine
 8   that Debtor was not domiciled in Arizona, we VACATE and REMAND.
 9                   I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
10           Debtor moved to Arizona in 2003.    She bought a home in
11   Arizona in 2006, which was lost to foreclosure in 2008.          Debtor's
12   adult daughter has lived in Arizona since 2003 and resided with
13   Debtor in Debtor's home from 2003 to 2008.
14           In 2008, Debtor moved from Arizona to Florida; she lived in
15   Florida until September 2014.       Debtor claimed she moved to Florida
16   temporarily in order to work and save money so she could
17   eventually return to Arizona to purchase a home and reunite with
18   her daughter.       Debtor did not maintain a residence in Arizona
19   after she moved to Florida, but she did stay at her daughter's
20   Arizona apartment when she visited.
21           In January 2014, Debtor came to Arizona to place an offer on
22   a home, but her offer was not accepted.       She returned to Florida.
23
24        2
             The chapter 7 trustee objected to Debtor's claimed
     exemptions and was the appellee in this appeal when filed.
25   Debtor's chapter 7 case was later converted to chapter 13 and
     Russell Brown, Chapter 13 Trustee, was substituted as appellee.
26
             3
             Unless specified otherwise, all chapter,     code and rule
27   references are to the Bankruptcy Code, 11 U.S.C.     §§ 101-1532, and
     the Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure, Rules     1001-9037. The
28   Federal Rules of Civil Procedure are referred to     as "Civil Rules."

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 1   In September 2014, Debtor succeeded in purchasing a home in
 2   Arizona and moved from Florida to Arizona.   Debtor did not
 3   maintain a residence in Florida after she moved back to Arizona.
 4        Debtor filed a chapter 7 bankruptcy case on February 5, 2016.
 5   She indicated in her Statement of Financial Affairs that during
 6   the past three years (2012-2014) she lived in Florida.   Debtor
 7   asserted both Arizona and federal exemptions in her initial
 8   Schedule C; she later amended, claiming solely Arizona exemptions.
 9        In her objections to Debtor's claimed exemptions, Trustee
10   contended that Debtor was not entitled to utilize Arizona
11   exemptions because she was not domiciled in Arizona for the
12   required 730 days immediately preceding the petition date.4
13   Trustee argued that for purposes of § 522(b) "domicile" means
14   (1) actual residence coupled with (2) a present intention to stay
15   there, citing Drummond v. Urban (In re Urban), 375 B.R. 882, 888
16   n.14 (9th Cir. BAP 2007).   Trustee argued that Debtor could not
17   meet the "actual residence" prong of the domicile test because she
18   did not actually reside in Arizona for the 730 days immediately
19   preceding the petition date.
20        Trustee further argued, without any evidentiary support, that
21   the objective "facts" showed Debtor actually intended to make, and
22   did make, Florida her domicile:    (1) Debtor moved to Florida to
23   take a permanent job that would assist her with a gambling
24   problem; (2) Debtor's minor granddaughter moved to Florida with
25
          4
             Trustee had also maintained that Debtor could not claim
26   any Florida exemptions because Florida does not allow non-
     residents to utilize their state statutory exemptions. See Fla.
27   Stat. § 222.20. Debtor later conceded she could not claim Florida
     exemptions because she was not a resident of that state when she
28   filed her bankruptcy case.

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 1   her; (3) Debtor filed income taxes and registered her vehicle in
 2   Florida; and (4) Debtor surrendered her Arizona driver's license
 3   and obtained a Florida one.    Trustee argued that Debtor's
 4   contention that she never relinquished her Arizona domicile based
 5   solely on her stated intention to return to Arizona and that she
 6   had maintained her account with Chase Bank, a nationwide financial
 7   institution, was not sufficient evidence to overcome the objective
 8   facts indicating otherwise.    Trustee did not file a declaration in
 9   support of her objections or provide copies of the transcripts
10   from Debtor's § 341(a) meeting of creditors and Debtor's Rule 2004
11   examination referenced in her briefs.
12           Debtor contended she could claim the Arizona exemptions
13   because she did not lose her domiciliary status in Arizona with
14   her temporary move to Florida:    her presence in Arizona between
15   2003-2008 and her intention to make Arizona her permanent home had
16   given her domiciliary status there; she had no intention to make
17   Florida her permanent home; she had maintained her bank account in
18   Arizona with Chase Bank during her time in Florida; and she had
19   returned to Arizona in January 2014 intending to purchase a home,
20   although she was unsuccessful.    Debtor did not file a declaration
21   in support of her response.    She did, however, request that the
22   court set an evidentiary hearing on Trustee's objection.
23           At the hearing on Trustee's objection, which was not an
24   evidentiary hearing, Trustee conceded that Debtor's domicile was
25   Arizona until 2008 but argued that Debtor lost her Arizona
26   domicile when she moved to Florida in 2008 and lived there until
27   2014.    Debtor argued that the issue was whether she lost her
28   Arizona domicile when she moved to Florida and contended that

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 1   Trustee had not met the burden of proving she had changed her
 2   domicile to Florida.
 3        The bankruptcy court announced its ruling from the bench,
 4   sustaining Trustee's objection and denying Debtor's claimed
 5   Arizona exemptions.    The court found that Debtor's domicile could
 6   not be Arizona because she did not have a residence in Arizona for
 7   the entire 730-day period.   Because Debtor had not maintained a
 8   residence in Arizona during this time period, the court determined
 9   that she failed to meet the first prong of the domicile test — an
10   "actual residence" in Arizona for the 730 days immediately
11   preceding her bankruptcy filing.   Stays at her daughter's Arizona
12   apartment during occasional visits did not constitute an Arizona
13   "residence" for Debtor for purposes of the statute.
14        Before the bankruptcy court entered an order on Debtor's
15   exemptions, Debtor filed a notice of appeal.   Debtor then filed a
16   motion for reconsideration, contending the court erred, as a
17   matter of law, when it ruled that for Debtor to have kept her
18   Arizona domicile after moving to Florida she needed to maintain a
19   residence in Arizona.
20        On June 29, 2016, the bankruptcy court entered two orders:
21   (1) an order sustaining Trustee's objection and denying Debtor's
22   claimed Arizona exemptions (the "Exemption Order"); and (2) an
23   order denying Debtor's reconsideration motion.   Because Debtor was
24   not eligible to use either the Arizona or Florida exemptions, she
25   could claim only the federal exemptions under § 522(d).5
26
          5
27           Debtor also filed a motion to extend the automatic stay,
     which the bankruptcy court properly treated as a request for stay
28                                                        (continued...)

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 1   Accordingly, Debtor's premature appeal of the Exemption Order was
 2   deemed timely once that order was entered on June 29.      Rule 8002.
 3                             II. JURISDICTION
 4          The bankruptcy court had jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. §§ 1334
 5   and 157(b)(2)(B).    We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 158.
 6                                 III. ISSUE
 7          Did the bankruptcy court err in determining, without a proper
 8   evidentiary record, that Debtor was not domiciled in Arizona?
 9                          IV. STANDARDS OF REVIEW
10          A debtor's right to claim an exemption is a question of law
11   we review de novo.   Kelley v. Locke (In re Kelley), 300 B.R. 11,
12   16 (9th Cir. BAP 2003).   The bankruptcy court’s findings of
13   fact with respect to a claimed exemption, including a debtor’s
14   intent, are reviewed for clear error.      Id.   Factual findings are
15   clearly erroneous if illogical, implausible or without support in
16   the record.   Retz v. Samson (In re Retz), 606 F.3d 1189, 1196 (9th
17   Cir. 2010).
18          Domicile premised upon intent and presence involves mixed
19   questions of law and fact reviewed for clear error.      Lowenschuss
20   v. Selnick (In re Lowenschuss), 171 F.3d 673, 684-85 (9th Cir.
21   1999); Lew v. Moss, 797 F.2d 747, 750 (9th Cir. 1986).
22   ////
23
24          5
           (...continued)
     pending appeal (even though the Exemption Order had not yet been
25   entered). The bankruptcy court denied that motion on the basis
     that Debtor's appeal was unlikely to succeed. Debtor attempts to
26   challenge the bankruptcy court's decision to deny a stay pending
     appeal. However, that matter was the subject of a separate order
27   entered on June 30, 2016, which Debtor has not appealed.
     Therefore, we are unable to address her arguments with respect to
28   that order as it is not before us.

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 1                               V. DISCUSSION
 2   A.   Law governing exemptions generally
 3        Section 522(d) specifies the property that may be exempted
 4   from the debtor's bankruptcy estate.     Under § 522(b)(2), the
 5   debtor may choose the federal exemptions in § 522(d) "unless the
 6   State law that is applicable to the debtor under subparagraph
 7   (3)(A) specifically does not so authorize."6      This "opt out"
 8   provision, which makes the federal exemptions unavailable, has
 9   been adopted by Arizona, which limits its state law exemptions to
10   Arizona residents.   See Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 33–1133(B).
11        The "State law that is applicable to the debtor" is
12   determined by where the debtor was "domiciled" for the 730 days
13   (two years) immediately preceding the bankruptcy filing.
14   § 522(b)(3)(A).   If the debtor was not domiciled in a single state
15   during that period, then the applicable state law is that of the
16   state in which the debtor was domiciled for the 180 days
17   immediately preceding the 730-day period, or for the longest
18   portion of that 180-day period.    Id.   If the domiciliary
19   requirement renders a debtor ineligible for any state exemptions,
20
21        6
              Section 522(b)(3)(A) provides in full:
22        (3) Property listed in this paragraph is —
23        (A) subject to subsections (o) and (p), any property that is
          exempt under Federal law, other than subsection (d) of this
24        section, or State or local law that is applicable on the date
          of the filing of the petition to the place in which the
25        debtor's domicile has been located for the 730 days immediately
          preceding the date of the filing of the petition or if the
26        debtor's domicile has not been located in a single State for
          such 730–day period, the place in which the debtor's domicile
27        was located for 180 days immediately preceding the 730-day
          period or for a longer portion of such 180–day period than in
28        any other place[.]

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 1   the debtor may use the federal exemptions under the "catch-all"
 2   provision of § 522(b)(3).7   In re Urban, 375 B.R. at 889.
 3   B.   The bankruptcy court erred in determining, without a proper
          evidentiary record, that Debtor had changed her domicile to
 4        Florida.
 5        The issue before the bankruptcy court was whether Debtor was
 6   domiciled in Arizona during the 730-day period immediately
 7   preceding the petition date in order to claim the benefit of the
 8   Arizona exemptions.   It is undisputed that Debtor was domiciled in
 9   Arizona between 2003 and 2008.   Debtor argued that she never lost
10   her domiciliary status in Arizona with her move to Florida in
11   2008; therefore, Arizona was her domicile for the entire 730-day
12   period and she was entitled to utilize the Arizona exemptions.
13        Relying on an Arizona bankruptcy case, In re Schayes,
14   483 B.R. 209, 213 (Bankr. D. Ariz. 2012), and In re Lowenschuss,
15   171 F.3d at 684, the bankruptcy court determined that because
16   Debtor did not have a "residence" in Arizona for the 730 days
17   immediately preceding the petition date she could not have been
18   domiciled in Arizona; therefore, she was domiciled in Florida.
19        Debtor contends that, while both a physical presence and
20   intent are necessary to "establish" one's domicile, she had
21   already established Arizona as her domicile in 2003.   She argues
22   that, because Trustee failed to meet her burden of proving Debtor
23
24        7
             If, by operation of § 522(b)(3)(A), a nonresident debtor
     is artificially domiciled in an opt-out state that limits the
25   availability of its exemption scheme to residents, the debtor may
     generally claim the federal exemptions for property listed in
26   § 522(d), as prescribed by the concluding sentence of § 522(b)(3)
     which states that "[i]f the effect of the domiciliary requirement
27   under subparagraph (A) is to render the debtor ineligible for any
     exemption, the debtor may elect to exempt property that is
28   specified under subsection (d)."

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 1   had established domiciliary status in another location, her
 2   domicile status did not change; thus, she was not required to
 3   "reestablish" her Arizona domicile again for purposes of
 4   § 522(b)(3)(A).    Debtor contends the bankruptcy court erred when
 5   it looked only at whether she had resided in Arizona for those
 6   730 days to reestablish her Arizona domicile without first
 7   determining whether she had relinquished her Arizona domicile when
 8   she moved to Florida in 2008.    We agree.
 9            In Donald v. Curry (In re Donald), 328 B.R. 192, 202 (9th
10   Cir. BAP 2005), the Panel reasoned that Congress did not intend
11   domicile in the bankruptcy venue statute to differ from the
12   general rules of domicile established in federal diversity
13   jurisdiction cases.    Although the Panel in Donald was considering
14   the meaning of "domicile" in the context of the bankruptcy venue
15   statute (28 U.S.C. § 1408), we have no reason to believe it would
16   have a different meaning in the context of § 522(b)(3)(A).    See
17   In re Donald, 328 B.R. at 202 n.6 (recognizing that the "domicile"
18   decisions under § 522(b) are consistent with the "domicile"
19   decisions under the Judicial Code, Title 28) (citing
20   In re Lowenschuss, 171 F.3d at 684) (citing Lew, 797 F.2d at
21   752)).    Therefore, we find Donald particularly instructive here.
22        "In general, domicile is one's permanent home, where one
23   resides with the intention to remain or to which one intends to
24   return and to which certain rights and duties are attached."
25   Id. at 202 (citing Williamson v. Osenton, 232 U.S. 619, 625
26   (1914); Kanter v. Warner-Lambert Co., 265 F.3d 853, 857 (9th Cir.
27   2001); 13B Wright, Miller & Cooper § 3612).    See also Miss. Band
28   of Choctaw Indians v. Holyfield, 490 U.S. 30, 48 (1989) (domicile

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 1   is established by physical presence in a place with an intent to
 2   remain there); In re Urban, 375 B.R. at 888 n.14 ("For purposes of
 3   § 522(b) 'domicile' means actual residence coupled with a present
 4   intention to stay there.") (citing In re Lowenschuss, 171 F.3d at
 5   684)); Cline v. Ford (In re Cline), 2015 WL 3988992, at *2 (9th
 6   Cir. BAP June 30, 2015) (same).
 7        "Everyone has a domicile and nobody has more than one
 8   domicile at a time."     In re Donald, 328 B.R. at 202 (citing
 9   Restatement (Second) Conflict of Laws (1988 Rev.) § 11).    "Once
10   established, domicile continues until superceded by another
11   domicile."    Id. (citing Restatement (Second) Conflict of Laws
12   (1988 Rev.) § 19).   See also Lew, 797 F.2d at 750 (a person's old
13   domicile is not lost until a new one is acquired).     A person may
14   reside in one place and be domiciled in another.    In re Donald,
15   328 B.R. at 202.   "A change in domicile requires the confluence of
16   (a) physical presence at the new location with (b) an intention to
17   remain there indefinitely."    Lew, 797 F.2d at 750.   The party
18   attempting to show a change in domicile has the burden of proof.
19   Id. at 751.
20        When a person's domicile is in doubt, the difficult question
21   is whether the individual had the requisite subjective intent.
22   In re Donald, 328 B.R. at 203.    Such inquiry is "essentially
23   factual" in that it requires consideration of all the
24   circumstances.   Lew, 797 F.2d at 750.   While one's own declaration
25   regarding intent for purposes of domicile is pertinent, statements
26   of intent are entitled little weight when inconsistent with
27   objective facts.   Id.
28        In Donald, after living in California for many years the

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 1   debtor moved to Georgia and resided there for several years.      The
 2   debtor then returned to California for a 30-day job and stayed
 3   with a friend there.   The debtor filed for bankruptcy in
 4   California while residing in Georgia, for the apparent purpose of
 5   curing the mortgage default on her Georgia residence.    The debtor
 6   claimed that she had always intended to return to California and
 7   that California was the proper venue based on domicile.     The
 8   debtor's sole evidence that she never relinquished her California
 9   domicile was a declaration to that effect.
10          The Panel affirmed the bankruptcy court's ruling that the
11   objective evidence supported the contrary inference:     that debtor
12   had relinquished her California domicile and changed her domicile
13   to Georgia.   The debtor had owned a home in Georgia for several
14   years, she remained there after her husband had died, her social
15   security payments were directed to Georgia, and the purpose of the
16   bankruptcy filing was to rescue the Georgia house.   328 B.R. at
17   203.   The Panel further affirmed the bankruptcy court's finding
18   that the debtor had not reestablished California as her domicile
19   when she stayed with her friend for thirty days.   Id.   Notably,
20   the debtor in Donald did not maintain a residence in California
21   during her time in Georgia but yet still claimed California as her
22   domicile.   Nevertheless, the bankruptcy court made the initial
23   inquiry of whether the debtor had relinquished her California
24   domicile.
25          It appears here that the bankruptcy court assumed Debtor had
26   relinquished her Arizona domicile when she moved to Florida and
27   had not maintained a residence in Arizona; it focused only on
28   whether Debtor had reestablished Arizona as her domicile when she

                                      -11-
 1   returned.   To that extent, it erred.    Instead, the court should
 2   have first determined whether Debtor had relinquished her Arizona
 3   domicile and changed her domicile to Florida.    It may have done so
 4   implicitly, but such inquiry is "essentially factual," and the
 5   record lacked any "evidence" for the court to make a factual
 6   determination of domicile.   The parties presented no actual
 7   evidence — not even a declaration — and the bankruptcy court made
 8   its decision based on the arguments and statements of "fact" in
 9   the pleadings.   The court even stated that it was not considering
10   Debtor's intent for its ruling, which would have necessitated an
11   evidentiary hearing.   The court made no findings to support a
12   determination that Debtor had changed her domicile to Florida,
13   other than the lack of an Arizona residence, which is
14   insufficient.
15        We could perhaps avoid remand and affirm the bankruptcy
16   court's ruling that Debtor changed her domicile to Florida, absent
17   that express finding, if the record were complete.    See Jess v.
18   Carey (In re Jess), 169 F.3d 1204, 1208-09 (9th Cir. 1999)
19   (bankruptcy court not making required findings under Civil
20   Rule 52, incorporated by Rule 7052, does not compel remand if a
21   complete understanding of the issues may be had without the aid of
22   supplemental findings).   However, without any sort of evidentiary
23   record, we are unable to do so.
24        Therefore, the bankruptcy court's ultimate finding that
25   Debtor had changed her domicile to Florida is not supported by the
26   record and was therefore clearly erroneous.    Accordingly, we must
27   vacate and remand the Exemption Order for the court to determine
28   whether Debtor relinquished her Arizona domicile and changed her

                                       -12-
 1   domicile to Florida, which will require an evidentiary hearing.
 2        In determining a person's domicile, the court can consider a
 3   number of factors (no single factor controlling), including:
 4   current residence, voting registration and voting practices,
 5   location of personal and real property, location of brokerage and
 6   bank accounts, location of spouse and family, membership in unions
 7   and other organizations, place of employment or business, driver's
 8   license and automobile registration, and payment of taxes.   Lew,
 9   797 F.2d at 750.
10                             VI. CONCLUSION
11        Based on the foregoing reasons, we VACATE and REMAND the
12   Exemption Order for the bankruptcy court to make the appropriate
13   findings after receiving evidence on the issues at hand.
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