Filed 8/29/17
                           CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION

                IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                             FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                     DIVISION FOUR


PAUL G. ATTARD et al.,
        Plaintiffs and Appellants,
                                                  A138702
v.
BOARD OF SUPERVISORS OF                           (Contra Costa County
CONTRA COSTA COUNTY et al.,                       Super. Ct. No. N10-0835)
        Defendants and Respondents.


        The plaintiffs in this action, Paul and Tamara Attard (Attards), formulated a
creative solution to circumstances constraining development on their two properties in
Contra Costa County (County), but they failed to obtain the necessary regulatory
approvals for their plan. Notwithstanding that failure, the county issued them permits to
develop the properties, including a permit for construction of an 8400-square foot home.
By the time the county discovered its error and notified the Attards, they had made
substantial progress toward installing a foundation for the new home on one of the
properties. The county nonetheless revoked the permits, a decision that was affirmed by
the county Board of Supervisors (Board).
        The Attards filed a petition for writ of mandate challenging the revocation. In the
petition, they contended the County was precluded from revoking their permits under the
doctrines of vested rights and equitable estoppel. In addition, they contended they were
exempt from local regulatory authority under the doctrine of sovereign immunity and
were denied due process by the evident bias of one Board member. The trial court denied
the writ petition, and we affirm that decision.




                                              1
                                    I BACKGROUND
       The Attards are the owners of an undeveloped 5-acre parcel at 1000 Fish Ranch
Road in an unincorporated portion of the County (Fish Ranch Road property). The Fish
Ranch Road property is located on the north side of Highway 24, near the east portal of
the Caldecott Tunnel (the tunnel), approximately one mile west of the urban limit line of
the Town of Orinda. Although the property is designated open space in the county’s
general plan, its zoning allows the construction of one single family home per parcel.
       The Attards allege that they are also the owners of the two parcels constituting the
3-acre property at 21 Old Tunnel Road (Old Tunnel Road property).1 The Old Tunnel
Road property is also located near the east portal of the tunnel in an unincorporated
portion of the County, although on the opposite side of Highway 24. It has the same
zoning as the Fish Ranch Road property and is similarly distant from urban development.
       A. Sewage Disposal Through The Tunnel.
       The chief barrier to development of the Attards’ properties appears to be devising
an acceptable means for sewage treatment. The County requires every structure to be
connected either to a sanitary sewer, if a connection is available, or to an “individual
system” for sewage disposal. (Contra Costa County Code, § 420-6.301.) Because the
properties are located well outside local urban limits, they are not served by any
municipal sewage system. Beginning in 2003, the Attards attempted to obtain County
approval of two different means for individual sewage disposal on the Fish Ranch Road
property, a septic system and a holding tank system, but they were unsuccessful.
Difficulties with sewage disposal had also thwarted development on the Old Tunnel Road
property.
       Apparently having concluded that connection to a sanitary sewer was the only way
to develop their two properties, the Attards found an undeniably creative solution. In

1
  The actual ownership of the Old Tunnel Road property is unclear. The administrative
record reflects only that one Tamara Lewis, presumably the former name of Tamara
Attard, is one of several owners of one of the parcels under 1984 grant deed. Because the
County has not objected to the Attards’ standing to pursue this action with respect to the
Old Tunnel Road property, the issue of ownership is immaterial.

                                              2
January 2005, an Attard family company, the Bayseng Spice Company (Bayseng),
entered into a contract (the tunnel agreement) with the state Department of Transportation
(CalTrans).2 Under the tunnel agreement, Bayseng agreed to reconstruct the tunnel’s
sewage disposal system in return for the right to connect the Fish Ranch Road and Old
Tunnel Road properties to the rebuilt system. At the time, the east portal of the tunnel
had a single restroom, served by a septic system. Bayseng committed to build a sewer
lateral across the Old Tunnel Road property, connect that lateral to the east portal
restroom facilities, and run a sewage line from those facilities through the tunnel, by way
of an existing air duct. After emerging on the tunnel’s west side, this line would connect
to an existing restroom there, which was provided sewage service by the City of Oakland
(Oakland). Bayseng also agreed to upgrade the existing sewer line running from the west
portal restroom to Oakland’s facilities. It was intended that the Fish Ranch Road
property would tie into the lateral to be built on the Old Tunnel Road property, thereby
providing both properties with sewage treatment and disposal by the Oakland sewer
system. Bayseng agreed not only to pay all construction costs, but also to pay for upkeep
of the new system.
       Under the tunnel agreement, Bayseng was responsible for obtaining the permits
necessary to carry out the plan from the County, Oakland, and Alameda County, as well
as encroachment permits from the state. At some point in 2007, work under the tunnel
agreement had been completed, and a sewer line connected the Fish Ranch Road and Old
Tunnel Road properties to Oakland’s sewer system. The total cost of the improvements
to the Attards was estimated at $800,000.
       The Attards were less diligent in securing the proper permits. While an
encroachment permit was eventually issued by CalTrans, allowing Bayseng to build a
sewer line through the tunnel and connect it to a sewer pipe on the Old Tunnel Road
property, the permit was issued nunc pro tunc, well after the work had been completed.

2
  Bayseng was in the business of collecting and drying bay leaves and maintained a
mailing address at the Old Tunnel Road property. The nature of Bayseng’s operations at
the property, if any, is unclear from the record.

                                             3
The Attards never obtained a permit from Oakland allowing them to use the Oakland
sewer system, nor did the county issue a permit authorizing construction of sewer lines
on the Old Tunnel Road property. Perhaps most important, neither the Attards nor
Oakland obtained the consent of the county Local Agency Formation Commission
(LAFCo) to Oakland’s provision of sewage treatment service to parcels located outside
its jurisdictional boundary, as required by state law. (Gov. Code, § 56133, subds. (a),
(f).) Nonetheless, as discussed below, the Attards obtained permits for development on
both of the properties from the County in reliance on the facilities constructed pursuant to
the tunnel agreement.
       B. The Fish Ranch Road Permit.
       In October 2005, the Attards applied to the County for a permit authorizing the
construction of the foundation for a 4400-square foot residence on the Fish Ranch Road
property. At the time, the County maintained a “One Stop” permit policy. The purpose
of the policy was to insure that all the necessary agencies within the County reviewed
those aspects of a permit application for which the agencies were responsible before any
permit issued. As a practical matter, this required the application materials, in the words
of a former planner, “to be routed, reviewed by, and discussed amongst Planning,
Building Inspection, the Fire District, the Sanitary District, and Environmental Health, as
appropriate,” depending upon the issues raised by the application. Although in theory
approval by the County Environmental Health Division (EHD) was required for a
proposed sewer hook-up, in practice projects that proposed a sewer connection were not
typically reviewed by EHD, presumably because a sewer connection to an existing sewer
system is ordinarily a straightforward matter. Consistent with this practice, the County
did not require written EHD approval when a project involved a sewer connection.
       In examining the 2005 application, a County planner told the Attards that a
foundation-only permit was unavailable and required them to submit complete residential
plans. At a subsequent meeting, the Attards told the County that they intended to connect
to the CalTrans sewer system and promised to submit plans demonstrating both the
method of connection and appropriate agency authorization. When the Attards re-


                                             4
submitted their plans, they bore stamps of approval from CalTrans and the Oakland
Public Works Department. A County planner accepted the two approval stamps as
indicating regulatory approval for the sewer connections. Only later did the County learn
that the Oakland stamp meant only that “the proposed upgrade of the existing sanitary
sewer pipe to 8 [inches] is adequate from engineering standards” and did not constitute
approval for a new sewer connection. Further, although the County Director of Building
Inspections instructed his staff to obtain the approval of the proposed sewer connection
by EHD prior to issuance of a permit, County staff eventually approved the plans without
EHD’s sign-off. Notwithstanding staff’s original refusal to issue a permit only for
construction of a foundation, the County issued a permit that specified it was for
“Foundation Only” improvements. By November 2007, the Attards had completed the
installation of 54 foundation piers under this permit.
       In 2008, the Attards applied for a new permit, authorizing an even bigger
residence. In April, the new permit, this time for the entirety of an 8400-square foot
residence, was approved, and the earlier foundation-only permit was cancelled. Before
the present dispute erupted, the Attards had installed an additional 48 foundation piers
under this permit. The total cost of the pier installation on the Fish Ranch Road property
was estimated as $550,000. 3
       In October 2008, the East Bay Municipal Utility District (EBMUD) sent a letter
informing the County that the Attards had requested water service to the two properties,
triggering a re-examination of the Fish Ranch Road property permit by the County. The
review concluded that the permit had been issued in error, given the failure of any
responsible County agency to approve either the water supply or a means of sewage
disposal for the property. In December 2008, the County ordered the Attards to suspend
construction work at the Fish Ranch Road property.

3
  The Attards also claimed before the Board to have spent $900,000 constructing a
potting shed on the Fish Ranch Road property. Because the potting shed does not appear
to require sewage disposal service, it is unclear whether its use is affected by the
County’s permit revocation.


                                             5
       As explained in the stop work notice, the County’s conclusion was based on the
Attards’ violation of County ordinances requiring a person proposing to develop property
to submit his or her plans to EHD for approval of the water supply and sewage disposal
system of the proposed structure.4 The building permit issued for the Attards’ proposed
residence was adjudged invalid because their plans had not been submitted to EHD for
approval of either the water supply or sewage disposal system. Further, the County was
concerned by the Attards’ proposed sewage disposal system, since the CalTrans
encroachment permit merely allowed the Attards’ to build the infrastructure for a sewer
system and did not constitute state permission to discharge wastewater into resulting lines
or permission from Oakland to use its sewer system. Nor had Oakland been granted
permission from the County LAFCo to treat sewage generated outside its boundaries.
(Gov. Code, § 56133, subds. (a), (f).)
       The Attards appealed the staff decision to the Board. In a letter submitted by their
counsel, the Attards contended (1) it was County policy not to require health officer
approval when a building proposes to tie into an existing sewer system; (2) the CalTrans
sewer system was not subject to regulation by other agencies; (3) the water supply had
been properly approved; and (4) the Attards had gained a vested right to construct the
building covered by their approved building permit. Declarations submitted to the Board
described the Attards’ financial commitments undertaken in reliance on their permit, their
efforts to comply with County ordinances and inspections performed on their
construction work, their frustrations with County processes, the County’s practice of not
requiring EHD approval when a building connects to a sewer system, the extensive
review conducted by CalTrans of the sewer infrastructure installed by the Attards, and its



4
  See County ordinance §§ 420-6.303, subd. (a) [prohibits construction of any building
requiring sewage disposal without permit for an approved system]; 414-4.202 & 420-
6.305 [require any application for a building permit to be submitted for review and
approval of the water supply and sewage disposal system]; 414-4.201 [requires property
needing water supply to obtain written approval from the health officer]. The County’s
motion for judicial notice of these and other ordinances is granted.

                                             6
effective operation. Following a hearing in March 2010, the three members of the Board
in attendance unanimously affirmed the staff’s action.
       C. The Old Tunnel Road Permit.
       The Old Tunnel Road property owners had a long history of inconclusive code
enforcement disputes with the County. In 2006, a set of plans for a building at the
property was submitted to the County. The plans did not show any plumbing, but in
approving the plans EHD included a notation requiring any plumbing to be connected to
a sanitary sewer. The Attards thereafter disclosed their plans to connect to the tunnel
sewer system. In a March 2007 letter, EHD stated that it was unable to continue
processing the project until it had received a copy of the CalTrans encroachment permit,
a copy of the tunnel agreement, and a copy of the plans showing the approval of the
“applicable sanitary district.” A subsequent set of plans was submitted bearing a stamp
from the Oakland public works department stating, “approved sewer connection only.”
EHD approved the plans, again with a notation requiring connection to a sanitary sewer.
       The final plans submitted to the County Building Department in February 2008
included plumbing, but they were never submitted to EHD for further approval. Instead,
the Attards’ architect submitted a copy of the plans approved by EHD in 2006 without
plumbing as evidence of EHD’s purported approval. A building permit was issued on the
basis of these plans in April 2008 for a commercial structure of 420 square feet, having
“NO PLUMBING OR HEATING//NO OFFICE SPACE.” The record does not explain
why a set of plans with a prominent bathroom was approved with an express ban on
plumbing.
       In January 2009, only days after the County sent the stop work notice in
connection with the Fish Ranch Road project, the County sent a letter requiring re-
submission of the plans for the Old Tunnel Road project, on the ground that “the
description of work on the permit and the work shown on the plans are inconsistent.” At
this point, the Attards had yet to begin construction work on the project. They appealed
this determination to the Board, contending that the claim of inconsistency “was and is



                                             7
factually inaccurate and violates our rights to a fully vested and properly issued
permit(s).” This appeal was also denied.
       D. The Present Action.
       The Attards filed this action in June 2010, challenging the denial by the Board of
their two appeals. The complaint contained causes of action for mandamus, declaratory
relief, inverse condemnation, and deprivation of civil rights. By stipulation, the
mandamus cause of action was submitted for decision first.
       In an October 2012 order, the trial court denied the writ petition. The court
reasoned that the Fish Ranch Road permit was “invalid upon issuance” because the
Attards had failed to obtain written approval for their water supply and sewage disposal
plans and concluded the Attards had no vested right to pursue their plans because of this
invalidity. In reaching its conclusion, the court found that the Attards had “actively
avoided scrutiny” by EHD, were aware that they were connecting to the tunnel’s sewer
lateral, rather than “an approved sanitary sewer system,” and never revealed to Oakland
officials that they would be depositing sewage into its disposal system when they
obtained the Oakland approval stamp. The Attards avoided EHD review, the court
concluded, in order to avoid scrutiny of their conduct with respect to the CalTrans
sewage connection.5 As to the Old Tunnel Road permit, the trial court held that the
Attards had no vested right because they had not yet undertaken work on the project. It
noted that even if a vested right existed, it was limited to a building without plumbing,
consistent with the issued permit.
       The trial court also rejected the Attards’ sovereign immunity and due process
arguments. As to the former, the court concluded, “it is inconceivable that CalTrans’
government function would include granting private sewer hook ups to its sewer lateral to
enable collection of sewage from private properties to another jurisdiction’s sanitary
sewer system.” On the issue of due process, which was premised on the alleged bias of

5
  The evidence regarding the Attards’ cooperation in disclosing the nature of their sewage
connection to the County was in dispute. We do not rely on any purported bad faith by
the Attards in reaching our conclusions and make no findings on the matter.

                                             8
one member of the Board, the court found no substantial evidence of actual bias. While
the board member had expressed opposition to the Attards’ sewer connection, the court
held, “a public official can express her opinions on subjects of community concern
without tainting her vote on such matters when they come before her.”
       In a subsequent stipulation, the Attards agreed that their remaining causes of
action “are barred and without merit as a matter of law” and consented to entry of
judgment against them.
                                     II DISCUSSION
       The Attards contend (1) they have vested rights to pursue development under the
permits or, alternatively, the County is estopped from prohibiting development under the
permits, (2) the doctrine of sovereign immunity exempts the method of sewage disposal
on their properties from County regulation, and (3) they were denied due process due to
bias in the consideration of their appeal of the permits.6
       A. Vested Right.
       The doctrine of vested rights is ordinarily applied when a local agency attempts to
prevent the completion or use of a project on the grounds that the project, while lawful at
the time a permit was issued, had been rendered unlawful by an intervening change in the
law. In the classic case Avco Community Developers, Inc. v. South Coast Regional
Commission (1976) 17 Cal.3d 785 (Avco), the plaintiff developer obtained a grading
permit for a coastal residential development prior to the effective date of the Coastal
Zone Conservation Act of 1972, Pub. Resources Code, §§ 27000 et seq., which imposed
the requirement of a permit from the Coastal Commission for developments within the
coastal zone. Also prior to the effective date, the plaintiff had performed necessary


6
  In their opening brief, the Attards did not argue that the Board abused its discretion in
finding the permits to have been issued improvidently. Rather, they contend that they
were entitled to pursue the permitted projects notwithstanding any concerns about the
propriety of the permits’ issuance. Although the Attards’ argue in their reply brief that
the decision to suspend the permits was not supported by the evidence, this argument was
waived when it was not raised in their opening brief. (People v. Rangel (2016) 62
Cal.4th 1192, 1218.)

                                              9
grading and begun the installation of road and sewer improvements for the development,
but because the completion of these amenities was required prior to the issuance of a
building permit, the plaintiff had not obtained any building permits for the site. (Id. at
p. 789.) The issue for the Supreme Court was whether the plaintiff had gained a vested
right to complete its development without a coastal zone permit by virtue of the issuance
of the grading permit and the completion of substantial work under that permit prior to
the change in law requiring a coastal zone permit. As the court explained the doctrine of
vested rights, “[i]t has long been the rule in this state and in other jurisdictions that if a
property owner has performed substantial work and incurred substantial liabilities in
good faith reliance upon a permit issued by the government, he acquires a vested right to
complete construction in accordance with the terms of the permit. [Citations.] Once a
landowner has secured a vested right the government may not, by virtue of a change in
the zoning laws, prohibit construction authorized by the permit upon which he relied.”7
(Id. at p. 791.) The Avco court found no vested right under the circumstances, reasoning
that a grading permit was insufficient to create a vested right if a building permit had not
yet issued. (Id. at pp. 792-795.)
       Directly pertinent to this matter, the Avco court held that “neither the existence of
a particular zoning nor work undertaken pursuant to governmental approvals preparatory
to construction of buildings can form the basis of a vested right to build a structure which
does not comply with the laws applicable at the time a building permit is issued.” (Id. at
p. 793 [emphasis added].) Following Avco, it is generally recognized that while the
issuance of a permit may insulate a party against subsequent changes in the law, it cannot
created a vested right to construct or use property in violation of laws in effect at the time
of issuance of the permit. (E.g., City of Monterey v. Carrnshimba (2013) 215

7
  This continues to be an accurate statement of the law. (See Communities for a Better
Environment v. South Coast Air Quality Management District (2010) 48 Cal.4th 310, 323
[“a property owner who, in good faith reliance on a government permit, has performed
substantial work and incurred substantial liabilities has a vested right to complete
construction under the permit and to use the premises as the permit allows”]; Stewart
Enterprises, Inc. v. City of Oakland (2016) 248 Cal.App.4th 410, 418.)

                                               10
Cal.App.4th 1068, 1097; Davidson v. County of San Diego (1996) 49 Cal.App.4th 639,
646.) We review a claim of vested right de novo. (Stewart Enterprises, Inc. v. City of
Oakland (2016) 248 Cal.App.4th 410, 418.)
       There is little doubt that the project approved in the Fish Ranch Road permit was
unlawful, as was the project envisioned in the final plans for the Old Tunnel Road
project. Both projects anticipated disposing of sewage by way of the Oakland sewer
system. The Oakland Municipal Code requires any person performing any work “for the
purpose of discharging sewage into the city’s sewer system” to obtain a permit for such
activity from the city. (Oakland Mun. Code, § 13.08.040.) Not only had the Attards not
obtained the required permit, Oakland confirmed in a letter to the County that they had
not even applied for a permit. The Oakland stamp on their construction plans, which the
Attards apparently represented to the County, implicitly if not explicitly, as granting
approval of a sewer connection, merely indicated, according to Oakland, “that the
proposed upgrade of the existing sanitary sewer pipe to 8” is adequate from engineering
standards.”
       Yet even if the Attards had obtained consent from Oakland to use its sewer
system, the provision of sewer services by Oakland would have been unlawful without
further governmental action. As noted above, Government Code section 56133 prohibits
an agency from providing such services “outside its jurisdictional boundary” without
permission from the LAFCo of the county in which the extension of service is proposed
(Id., subds. (a), (f); see Habitat & Watershed Caretakers v. City of Santa Cruz (2013) 213
Cal.App.4th 1277, 1283.) Under Government Code section 56375, a LAFCo has the
power “[t]o authorize a city or district to provide new or extended services outside its
jurisdictional boundaries pursuant to Section 56133.” (Id., subd. (p).) The approval can
be made at the request of either the service provider or the prospective service recipient.
(Community Water Coalition v. Santa Cruz County LAFCo (2011) 200 Cal.App.4th 1317,
1327.) The same Oakland letter confirmed that no such LAFCo approval had been
sought or obtained. In the absence of these necessary approvals, the project devised by
the Attards and implemented in their plans was unlawful. The County’s issuance of


                                             11
permits ostensibly approving the Attards’ plans therefore did not grant the Attards a
vested right to pursue them.8
       In resolving the issue of vested rights against the Attards, we do not rely on the
failure of EHD to grant final approval of the means of sewage discharge or water
discharge. As the Attards contend with some force, the County controlled the approval
process and under the “one stop” process, it was the County’s responsibility to insure that
all of the necessary approvals from different departments within the County were
obtained prior to granting final approval of the permit. We need not address this issue,
however, because, as discussed above, the project approved by these permits is unlawful
because it depends upon a means of sewage disposal that is affirmatively prohibited by
state law in the absence of LAFCo approval, which was never obtained.
       As to the Old Tunnel Road project, as the trial court noted, the Attards had not
undertaken any work in reliance on the permit prior to its revocation. They therefore fail
to satisfy one of the fundamental requirements of the vested rights doctrine, substantial
expenditures in reliance on the permit. (Avco, at p. 791.) The Attards point to their
expenditures on the tunnel agreement work, but that work cannot have been undertaken
in reliance on the permit because it was occurred well prior to its issuance. Further,
because the permit does not allow the use of plumbing, any work in connection with the
tunnel agreement was irrelevant to the Old Tunnel Road permit. For this reason, the
Attards fail to satisfy the preconditions for the creation of a vested right with respect to
this permit, regardless of its illegality.




8
  The Attards’ sole argument against the application of section 56133 is that they were
exempt from LAFCo approval under the doctrine of sovereign immunity. We address
this argument below.


                                              12
       B. Equitable Estoppel.
       To avoid the problem of illegality, the Attards invoke the doctrine of equitable
estoppel in connection with the Fish Ranch Road project.9 Unlike the vested rights
doctrine, estoppel can sometimes be used to force a local agency to allow compliance
with an otherwise unlawful permit. (E.g., Anderson v. City of La Mesa (1981) 118
Cal.App.3d 657, 661 (Anderson) [allowing home constructed in violation of residential
setback ordinance].) The doctrine was explained in City of Goleta v. Superior Court
(2006) 40 Cal.4th 270: “ ‘The doctrine of equitable estoppel is founded on concepts of
equity and fair dealing. It provides that a person may not deny the existence of a state of
facts if he intentionally led another to believe a particular circumstance to be true and to
rely upon such belief to his detriment. The elements of the doctrine are that (1) the party
to be estopped must be apprised of the facts; (2) he must intend that his conduct shall be
acted upon, or must so act that the party asserting the estoppel has a right to believe it
was so intended; (3) the other party must be ignorant of the true state of facts; and (4) he
must rely upon the conduct to his injury. [Citations.] [¶] Equitable estoppel ‘will not
apply against a governmental body except in unusual instances when necessary to avoid
grave injustice and when the result will not defeat a strong public policy.’ ” (Id. at
p. 279; see also HPT IHG-2 Properties Trust v. City of Anaheim (2015) 243 Cal.App.4th
188, 201.)
       Equitable estoppel against the government, in other words, is the exception, not
the rule. “An additional requirement applies in cases involving equitable estoppel against
the government. In such a case, the court must weigh the policy concerns to determine
whether the avoidance of injustice in the particular case justifies any adverse impact on
public policy or the public interest. [Citations.] . . . Particularly in land use cases,
‘[c]ourts have severely limited the application of estoppel . . . by expressly balancing the
injustice done to the private person with the public policy that would be supervened by

9
  Because, as discussed in connection with the doctrine of vested rights, the Attards made
no investment in reliance on the Old Tunnel Road permit, they fail to satisfy estoppel’s
requirement of detrimental reliance for this permit.

                                              13
invoking estoppel to grant development rights outside of the normal planning and review
process. [Citation.] The overriding concern “is that public policy may be adversely
affected by the creation of precedent where estoppel can too easily replace the legally
established substantive and procedural requirements for obtaining permits.” [Citation.]
Accordingly, estoppel can be invoked in the land use context in only “the most
extraordinary case where the injustice is great and the precedent set by the estoppel is
narrow.” [Citation.]’ ” (Schafer v. City of Los Angeles (2015) 237 Cal.App.4th 1250,
1262-1263 (Schafer); see similarly, Toigo v. Town of Ross (1998) 70 Cal.App.4th 309,
321 (Toigo).) We review a trial court’s application of the doctrine of equitable estoppel
for substantial evidence. (Feduniak v. California Coastal Commission (2007) 148
Cal.App.4th 1346, 1360.)
       We conclude that the Attards have failed to demonstrate that this is the type of
“extraordinary case” (Smith v. County of Santa Barbara (1992) 7 Cal.App.4th 770, 775
(Smith)) in which “the injustice which would result from a failure to uphold an estoppel is
of sufficient dimension to justify any effect upon public interest or policy which would
result from the raising of an estoppel.” (City of Long Beach v. Mansell (1970) 3 Cal.3d
462, 497.) As noted above, estoppel is justified only when “ ‘ “the injustice is great and
the precedent set by the estoppel is narrow.” ’ ” (Schafer, at p. 1263.) There is nothing
unique or unusual about these circumstances that would permit the creation of a narrow
precedent. Issuance of the permits appears to have resulted from carelessness by a likely
overburdened planning agency, tasked with coordinating responses from several other
County departments. This is an ordinary, if hopefully not common, circumstance. As in
Smith, “there is little to distinguish this case from any other case where a party claims
reliance on a governmental permit.” (Id. at p. 775.) Nor do we find “the injustice [to be]
great.” The Attards have invested some $550,000 installing foundation piers on their
property, and it will undoubtedly be a hardship for them if those piers are rendered




                                             14
useless.10 Any injustice, however, is mitigated by the Attards’ failure to obtain the
necessary approvals from Oakland and LAFCo and to disclose to the County the
unpermitted nature of their proposal, prior to issuance of the permit. They are, to this
degree, complicit in the wrongful issuance of the permits.
       Second, any hardship fails to override “the public policy that would be supervened
by invoking estoppel to grant development rights outside of the normal planning and
review process.” (Toigo, at p. 321.) The Attards’ violation is no way comparable to the
de minimis and harmless encroachment into a residential setback found in Anderson.
Application of the doctrine of estoppel in these circumstances would approve an active
and continuing violation of law through the daily unapproved discharge of County
sewage into the Oakland sewer system. The requirement of governmental approval for
such a discharge by both Oakland and LAFCo is presumably required to insure that
public health and safety policies are protected. Invocation of the doctrine of equitable
estoppel would permit the Attards to evade this necessary scrutiny.
       C. Sovereign Immunity.
       The Attards contend the County was precluded from denying their permits
because their association with CalTrans insulated them from local regulation of their
sewage disposal plans under the doctrine of sovereign immunity.
       In general, “[w]hen [the state] engages in such sovereign activities as the
construction and maintenance of its buildings, as differentiated from enacting laws for the
conduct of the public at large, it is not subject to local regulations unless the Constitution
says it is or the Legislature has consented to such regulation.” (Hall v. City of Taft (1956)
47 Cal.2d 177, 183.) The doctrine only applies to a state agency’s exercise of “uniquely
governmental functions.” (Regents of the University of California v. Superior Court
(1976) 17 Cal.3d 533, 537.) When an agency acts “in a capacity no different from a
private university, corporation, or individual,” sovereign immunity does not attach.
(Ibid.) Further, a private party’s activities are entitled to the protection of sovereign

10
  The Attards also spent $800,000 to upgrade the tunnel sewer system, but that
expenditure was made prior to issuance of the permit, not in reliance on it.

                                              15
immunity only if those activities are “within [the] governmental functions” of a state
agency. (Bame v. City of Del Mar (2001) 86 Cal.App.4th 1346, 1357.)
       The Attards’ claim of sovereign immunity fails because their discharge of sewage
into the Oakland sewage treatment system is unrelated to any governmental function of
CalTrans. There is little doubt that, in the absence of legislative consent, CalTrans is
immune from local regulation in its construction and operation of the tunnel. The
Attards’ planned developments, however, are unconnected to these activities. Further,
the specific activity the Attards claim to be free of local regulation, the treatment and
disposal of their sewage, is unconnected to any CalTrans activity, sovereign or otherwise.
Their sewage merely flows through a sewer line that also accommodates CalTrans
sewage. The only reason the Attards are in a position to argue for sovereign immunity is
that CalTrans consented to this flow as a quid pro quo for the Attards’ re-construction of
the tunnel sewage system. Perhaps that association would create immunity for the
Attards’ construction activities and the treatment of sewage generated by CalTrans,
although the latter point is debatable.11 (See Del Norte Disposal, Inc. v. Department of
Corrections (1994) 26 Cal.App.4th 1009, 1013-1014 [prison facility immune from local
regulations governing solid waste disposal].) But we are unpersuaded that the doctrine
reaches so far as to insulate from local regulation the disposal of sewage generated by a
private party, merely because CalTrans consented to share its sewer line to obtain a free
facilities upgrade.
       Controlling here is Board of Trustees v. City of Los Angeles (1975) 49 Cal.App.3d
45, in which the court held that a private party’s operation of a circus is not insulated
from local regulation merely because the circus will be conducted on property leased
from a state university. (Id. at pp. 49-50.) As the court held, “the previously well

11
   While the case law clearly holds that a local agency cannot compel a state facility to
accept solid waste disposal services from a particular provider, that is a different matter
from the circumstances presented here: allowing the state agency to compel a local
sewage disposal agency to accept and process sewage. State agencies have a sovereign
right to be free of certain restrictions on their activities by local agencies. They do not
necessarily have the right to involuntarily enlist local facilities for their own purposes.

                                             16
recognized distinction between governmental and proprietary activity [citations] serves to
limit that immunity to the situation where the state is operating in a governmental
capacity. . . . In the case at bar the board leases the [property] as a revenue-producing
activity. The activities which are conducted thereon by private operators have no relation
to the governmental function of the university. ‘[The] state is acting in a proprietary
capacity when it enters into activities . . . to amuse and entertain the public. The
activities of [the board] do not differ from those of private enterprise in the entertainment
industry.’ ” (Id. at p. 50.) CalTrans allowed the Attards to share its sewer line in order to
receive free construction services. The Attards’ use of the line is therefore in the nature
of a lease, with the Attards paying for the lease in kind through the provision of
construction services, rather than through periodic payments. Because CalTrans’ leasing
of its sewer line to a private party does not serve its governmental function of managing
public transportation systems, the Attards’ sewage treatment and disposal is not protected
from local regulation by the doctrine of sovereign immunity.
       D. Board Bias.
       The Attards contend they were denied a fair hearing of their appeal as a result of
the bias of one member of the Board, Gayle Uilkema.
       The Attards’ opening brief contains a description of activities purportedly
undertaken by Uilkema to obstruct their development and revoke their permits. The
description is unsupported by references to evidence in the administrative record, with
the exception of a single e-mail sent by Uilkema to CalTrans a few months prior to the
hearing of the Attards’ appeal.12 In that e-mail, Uilkema states that “an illegal connection
has been made to a CalTrans sewer in the Caldecott Tunnel without the necessary land
use permits,” claims the Attards “have been bypassing the legal authority of Contra Costa
County for many years,” and asks for CalTrans’s help in gaining discontinuance of the

12
   In fact, the Attards’ brief on appeal lacks any citation to evidence of Uilkema’s alleged
activities. The citation to the e-mail is contained in the Attards’ memorandum of law
filed in the trial court. Although we are not required to consider such evidence (Parker v.
Wolters Kluwer United States, Inc. (2007) 149 Cal.App.4th 285, 290), we exercise our
discretion to do so.

                                             17
line’s use “until the project has been submitted to all proper authorities for review and
declared legal.”
       The due process standards applicable to a public body in these circumstances were
established in Nasha v. City of Los Angeles (2004) 125 Cal.App.4th 470 (Nasha). In that
case, a planning commission reversed the planning staff’s approval of a mitigated
negative declaration for a locally controversial development. (Id. at pp. 477-478[.])
After the vote, it was learned that a particular planning commission member had
published an anonymous article hostile to the project in a local newsletter and introduced
a person at a meeting of local residents who spoke against the project. (Id. at p. 476.)
The Nasha court found the commission’s action to have been “quasi-judicial” and
concluded that, for that reason, “[p]rocedural due process principles” are applicable. (Id.
at p. 482.) Among those principles, the court held, is the requirement of a “reasonably
impartial, noninvolved” reviewer. While this standard does not demand the same degree
of impartiality required of a judicial officer, the court held, it precludes participation by a
person who has demonstrated actual bias. (Id. at p. 483.) In order to prevail on a claim
of bias, the plaintiff “must establish ‘ “an unacceptable probability of actual bias on the
part of those who have actual decisionmaking power over their claims.” ’ ” (Ibid.)
       While we acknowledge the possibility that Uilkema’s e-mail might demonstrate
the type of bias proscribed by Nasha, we conclude that the Attards forfeited this claim
when they failed to raise the issue of bias at the Board hearing and seek Uilkema’s
recusal.
       When a litigant suspects bias on the part of a member of an administrative hearing
body, the issue must be raised in the first instance at the hearing. (Franz v. Board of
Medical Quality Assurance (1982), 31 Cal.3d 124, 143.) Most recently, in Basurto v.
Imperial Irrigation Dist. (2012) 211 Cal.App.4th 866, a public agency employee
challenged the termination of his employment on grounds it resulted from unlawful
discrimination. In connection with that challenge, he also contended the agency board
that reviewed his termination was biased and failed to provide him due process of law.
(Id. at pp. 870-871.) The trial court found these issues waived because they were not


                                              18
raised at the administrative hearing, and the Court of Appeal affirmed. (Ibid.) Although
the plaintiff’s and the agency’s attorneys had exchanged letters regarding the issue of
bias, this was held insufficient because the letters were not brought to the board’s
attention at the hearing. As the court held, “due process and bias issues must be
presented to the hearing officer or tribunal itself for the issue to be preserved.” (Id. at
p. 892, fn. 6.) The court deemed the plaintiff’s attorney’s “passing reference in his
opening statement” to these concerns to be insufficient, noting, “ ‘[t]he mere allegation of
bias in [an administrative hearing] without any evidence to support [it]’ is not enough.”
(Ibid.; see similarly, Southern Cal. Underground Contractors, Inc. v. City of San Diego
(2003) 108 Cal.App.4th 533, 549 [“An issue not raised at an administrative hearing,
including a claim of bias, may not be raised in later judicial proceedings”].) There is no
dispute that the Attards did not raise the issue of Uilkema’s possible bias at the March
2010 Board hearing.
       If the Attards did not learn of the facts underlying their claim of bias until after the
hearing, they might have been justified in waiting until the trial court proceedings to raise
the issue. (See Niles Freeman Equipment v. Joseph (2008) 161 Cal.App.4th 765, 788-
789.) That does not appear to have been the case. The staff’s decisions to revoke the
Attards’ permits occurred in late 2008 and early 2009. The Board did not hear the
Attards’ appeal of those decisions until March 2010. In the interim, in December 2009,
the Attards filed a request to view the county files maintained in connection with both of
their properties. This was later formalized as a request under the Public Records Act
(Gov. Code, § 6250 et seq.), seeking “internal files and emails” relating to the properties.
The County acknowledge the request and made the relevant records available on January
8, 2010, approximately two months prior to the Board hearing. While the contents of the
County’s response is not recorded in the record, we presume that Uilkema’s e-mail,
which was sent several months earlier, was included among the documents made
available. In any event, the e-mail was responsive to their request, and the Attards do not
contest the County’s claim that it was made available. Further, certain other facts
underlying the claim of bias, such as Uilkema’s service on the local LAFCo, were matters


                                              19
of public knowledge. Accordingly, the Attards’ failure to raise this issue before the
Board waived the claim of bias.
                                    III DISPOSITION
       The judgment of the trial court is affirmed.




                                            20
                                                  _________________________
                                                  REARDON, ACTING P. J.


We concur:


_________________________
RIVERA, J.



        As to Section II. D (Board Bias) I concur in the result only.


_________________________
STREETER, J.




Attard v. Board of Supervisors A138702




                                             21
Trial Court:                             Contra Costa County Superior Court



Trial Judge:                             Honorable Steven K. Austin



Counsel for Appellant:                   Law Offices of David J. Bowie
                                         David J. Bowie



Counsel for Respondents:                 County Counsel
                                         Sharon L. Anderson
                                         Deputy County Counsel
                                         Linda Wilcox

                                         Gordon, Watrous, Ryan, Langley, Bruno & Paltenghi
                                         Timothy J. Ryan




Attard v. Board of Supervisors A138702




                                                 22
