[Cite as State v. Brown, 2013-Ohio-2945.]


STATE OF OHIO                    )                  IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
                                 )ss:               NINTH JUDICIAL DISTRICT
COUNTY OF WAYNE                  )

STATE OF OHIO                                       C.A. No.      11CA0054

        Appellee

        v.                                          APPEAL FROM JUDGMENT
                                                    ENTERED IN THE
LONNIE T. BROWN                                     COURT OF COMMON PLEAS
                                                    COUNTY OF WAYNE, OHIO
        Appellant                                   CASE No.   11-CR-0127

                                 DECISION AND JOURNAL ENTRY

Dated: July 8, 2013



        BAIRD, Judge.

        {¶1}    Appellant Lonnie Brown appeals his conviction and sentence in the Wayne

County Court of Common Pleas. This Court affirms in part, reverses in part, and remands for

correction of the sentencing entry.

                                               I.

        {¶2}    Jamie Hout was found dead in her home. Brown was subsequently indicted on

one count of aggravated murder in violation of R.C. 2903.01(B), an unclassified felony; and one

count of murder in violation of R.C. 2903.02(A), an unclassified felony. The matter proceeded

to trial, at the conclusion of which the jury found Brown guilty of both counts. The murder

count was merged with aggravated murder as an allied offense of similar import for purposes of

sentencing. The trial court sentenced Brown to life in prison without parole. It further ordered

that upon completion of his prison term, Brown would be subject to a mandatory five-year period
                                                2


of post-release control. Brown filed a timely appeal in which he raises six assignments of error

for review.

                                               II.

                                ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR I

       THERE WAS INSUFFICIENT EVIDENCE TO CONVICT LONNIE T.
       BROWN, JR. OF AGGRAVATED MURDER UNDER COUNT 1, AND THE
       CONVICTION FOR AGGRAVATED MURDER WAS AGAINST THE
       MANIFEST WEIGHT OF THE EVIDENCE.

       {¶3}   Brown argues that his conviction for aggravated murder was not supported by

sufficient evidence and was against the manifest weight of the evidence. This Court disagrees.

Sufficiency of the evidence

       {¶4}   This Court recognizes:

       An appellate court’s function when reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence to
       support a criminal conviction is to examine the evidence admitted at trial to
       determine whether such evidence, if believed, would convince the average mind
       of the defendant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. The relevant inquiry is
       whether, after viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution,
       any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime
       proven beyond a reasonable doubt.

State v. Galloway, 9th Dist. No. 19752, 2001 WL 81257, *3 (Jan. 31, 2001), quoting

State v. Jenks, 61 Ohio St.3d 259 (1991), paragraph two of the syllabus. The test for

sufficiency requires a determination of whether the State has met its burden of production

at trial. State v. Walker, 9th Dist. No. 20559, 2001 WL 1581570, *2 (Dec. 12, 2001); see

also State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 390 (1997) (Cook, J., concurring).

       {¶5}   Brown was convicted of aggravated murder in violation of R.C. 2903.01(B),

which states in pertinent part: “No person shall purposely cause the death of another * * * while

committing or attempting to commit, or while fleeing immediately after committing or

attempting to commit, kidnapping, * * * [or] aggravated burglary * * *.” Pursuant to R.C.
                                                 3


2901.22(A): “A person acts purposely when it is his specific intention to cause a certain result,

or, when the gist of the offense is a prohibition against conduct of a certain nature, regardless of

what the offender intends to accomplish thereby, it is his specific intention to engage in conduct

of that nature.”

       {¶6}    Because the State charged Brown alternatively with either aggravated burglary or

kidnapping as the underlying offense, for ease of analysis, this Court limits our review of the

underlying felony to aggravated burglary. The relevant portion of the aggravated burglary

statute as read to the jury without objection by either party is as follows: “No person, by force,

stealth, or deception, shall trespass in an occupied structure * * * when another person other than

an accomplice of the offender is present, with purpose to commit in the structure * * * any

criminal offense, if * * * [t]he offender inflicts, or attempts or threatens to inflict physical harm

on another[.]” R.C. 2911.11(A)(1). “Force” is satisfied by “any effort physically exerted.”

State v. Snyder, 192 Ohio App.3d 55, 2011-Ohio-175, ¶ 18-19 (9th Dist.). A criminal trespass

occurs when one “without privilege to do so * * * [k]nowingly enter[s] or remain[s] on the land

or premises of another[.]” R.C. 2911.21(A)(1). This Court recognizes that a privilege may be

revoked and that a privilege to enter or remain upon the premises terminates immediately upon

the commencement of an act of violence against the person granting the privilege. See State v.

Watson, 9th Dist. No. 14286, 1990 WL 80550, *2 (June 13, 1990).

       {¶7}    Jamie Hout was found naked and dead in her home on May 5, 2011, after Brown

fled from the home and yelled for a neighbor to call 911. Police arrived and secured the scene.

       {¶8}    Officer Michael Smith of the Orrville police department was dispatched to the

scene, where he found Brown outside crying and saying that Ms. Hout was in the living room.

Officer Smith found the victim lying naked in a pool of blood, with blood spatter throughout the
                                                4


living room. As other law enforcement personnel arrived on scene, Officer Smith spoke with

Brown outside. Brown told him that Ms. Hout had been depressed lately due to the anniversary

of her mother’s death.     He explained that he and the victim had a father-daughter type

relationship and that they spoke every day. Brown explained that he last saw Ms. Hout two days

earlier at her home but that she left abruptly to “go turn tricks” for some Mexicans. When he had

not heard from Ms. Hout in two days, Brown went to her home only to find both the front and

back doors locked. Brown told Officer Smith that he found that odd because both doors only

lock from the inside, so he knew someone was inside. Brown said he peeked in a window, saw

the victim’s dog in a crate, got a stool, opened a back window, and crawled inside. Brown

reported that, when he saw the victim lying in the living room, he ran out the front door and

yelled for someone to call 911. Brown further reported that Ms. Hout called him about a week

earlier and told him that she had stolen some cocaine from some Guatemalans. Officer Smith

testified that he asked Brown if he would come to the police station to make a statement away

from the “chaos” of the scene, and Brown agreed. Officer Smith explained that Brown was not

under arrest and that he could leave at any time. Brown voluntarily spoke with Officer Smith

and Detective Joshua Hunt on May 5, 2011, and completed a written statement. At that time,

Officer Smith testified that the police were focusing their investigation on the Mexicans and

Guatemalans who had contact with the victim based on Brown’s statements. There is no dispute

that Ms. Hout used crack cocaine on a regular basis, often with Brown, and that she had a

reputation within the local Hispanic community of prostituting herself.

       {¶9}    George Staley, a special agent in the Bureau of Criminal Identification and

Investigation (“BCI”) crime scene unit, was called to the scene just before dark. The police set

up lighting inside the victim’s home, because there was no electricity service to the home. Mr.
                                                5


Staley was on the scene for 13-14 hours, documenting evidence. He testified that there was a lot

of blood and broken glass, including a broken bottle neck in a corner under a hutch in the living

room.

        {¶10} Mark Kollar, another BCI special agent, testified that Detective Hunt briefed him

when he arrived on scene after dark. By that time, the police had reestablished electricity to the

home. Agent Kollar was informed of Brown’s statement that he entered the home through a rear

window, found the victim on the living room floor, and immediately exited through the front

door. Agent Kollar took numerous photographs of the scene and collected, packaged, and

labeled physical evidence during the 17 hours he spent at the scene. The agent identified a

picture of the rear window through which Brown entered the victim’s home. A stool was outside

beneath the window, while the screen was on the ground. Agent Kollar identified pictures of a

broken beer bottle neck found in a corner, a broken glass candle holder, a tooth among glass

shards, and the sleeve of a shirt curled up on the victim’s back. He further testified that

numerous blood swabs and fingerprints were taken from the scene. All evidence was transferred

to Detective Hunt.

        {¶11} Detective Hunt testified that he was briefed at the scene regarding the

circumstances of the 911 call. He testified that he asked Brown to go to the police department to

give a statement, and Brown agreed. Detective Hunt testified that, after Officer Smith spoke

with Brown, he also questioned him on May 5, 2011, after informing him that he was not a

suspect and was free to go at any time. Based on the detective’s familiarity with the victim

coupled with Brown’s statement, Detective Hunt believed that the murder suspect was an

Hispanic male with a connection to drugs. He interviewed several Hispanic men associated with

Ms. Hout and obtained their DNA samples voluntarily. Further investigation, including a search
                                                6


of a residence of an Hispanic man with whom Ms. Hout had a relationship failed to produce any

evidence relevant to the murder.

       {¶12} Back at the scene, Detective Hunt received all evidence collected by the BCI

agents and later secured it in the evidence room. He attended the victim’s autopsy two days later

where he received the victim’s rape kit which he sealed and secured in the evidence room. Much

of the evidence collected at the scene was later transported to BCI for analysis. On May 16,

2011, a representative from the BCI lab contacted Detective Hunt to inform him that two bloody

fingerprints positioned upside down on the broken beer bottle neck found at the scene matched

Brown. Moreover, the only DNA evidence found at the scene belonged to either the victim or

Brown. At that time, Detective Hunt believed there was probable cause that Brown killed Ms.

Hout. He called Brown and requested that he come to the station for a second interview. Brown

voluntarily appeared, at which time the detective arrested him, read him his Miranda rights, and

questioned him after Brown signed a waiver of his rights. Brown became angry when the

detective confronted him with the evidence against him.

       {¶13} Dr. Dorothy Dean, the deputy medical examiner who performed the postmortem

examination on Ms. Hout, testified regarding the “tremendous damage” to the victim’s face,

forehead, and neck, including bruising, swollen eye lids and chin, numerous tears in the skin,

exposed skull bones, missing teeth, jaw and nose fractures, ligature marks all around her neck,

and a broken hyoid bone at the top of the throat. Dr. Dean opined that the victim’s injuries

presented two major types of causes of death, specifically, strangulation and severe blunt force

trauma to the head and neck, either of which could have been fatal. Dr. Dean further opined that

the nature of the ligature marks indicated that a broad, soft material, consistent with the sleeves

of a shirt found wrapped around the victim’s back at the scene, was used to strangle Ms. Hout.
                                                  7


She further testified that a semi-circle indentation in the victim’s skull bone was consistent with

both the broken glass beer bottle neck and broken glass candle holder found at the scene. Dr.

Dean issued a report of findings, upon which Dr. Amy Joliff, the Wayne County coroner, relied

to conclude that the victim’s cause of death was strangulation, with contributing factors of blunt

and sharp force trauma.

       {¶14} Dawn Limpert is a forensic scientist in the latent print unit at BCI. After citing

her education, training, experience, and other qualifications, the trial court qualified her as an

expert in the area of fingerprint/palm print processing and identification. Ms. Limpert then

explained that patent prints are visible prints left on surfaces by a substance, like paint, grease, or

blood, which coated the ridges of the print leaving behind an impression.               She obtained

fingerprint cards for the victim, two men with a relationship to the victim, and Brown. She

testified that she examined the broken beer bottle provided by the Orrville police department

relevant to this case and was able to see fingerprints thereon which were sufficient for

comparison. Ms. Limpert testified that the ridge detail on the bottle appeared to have been made

by a transfer of blood from the fingers to the bottle. Based on her examination, education,

training, and experience, she concluded to a reasonable degree of scientific certainty that the

bloody fingerprints on the bottle neck belonged to Brown. Moreover, she concluded that the

placement of the fingerprints indicated that Brown held the bottle upside down, a position which

would have indicated the bottle’s use as a weapon.

       {¶15} Lindsey Nelsen-Rausch is a forensic scientist in the forensic biology unit at BCI

who examines evidence for the presence of bodily fluids and collects samples for later DNA

testing. The trial court qualified her as an expert in that area. She testified that she examined

four pieces of evidence collected relative to Ms. Hout’s death, to wit: the neck of a broken beer
                                                8


bottle, a broken glass candle holder, the right shoe Brown was wearing at the scene, and Brown’s

eye glasses. Ms. Nelsen-Rausch testified that all items tested presumptively positive for blood.

She collected blood from each item for later DNA testing by an expert in that field.

       {¶16} Brenda Gerardi was a forensic scientist in the DNA section of BCI at the time

relevant to the investigation of Ms. Hout’s death. She is now the lab supervisor. The trial court

qualified her as an expert in the area of identification of physiological fluids and DNA analysis.

Ms. Gerardi testified that she had DNA standards, i.e., known record samples of individuals, for

the victim, Brown, and 11 Hispanic men with known connections to the victim. She further had

the DNA samples collected by Ms. Nelsen-Rausch from the neck of the beer bottle, candle

holder, shoe, and Brown’s glasses. She testified that there was not enough blood from the

bottom of Brown’s shoe to make an identification. However, she opined that the blood on both

the broken glass candle holder and Brown’s glasses belonged solely to the victim. Ms. Gerardi

further opined that the blood on the broken beer bottle neck contained a DNA mixture from two

individuals consistent with profiles from the victim and an unknown male. She was able to

exclude all 11 Hispanic men as contributors from this blood profile, but she was not able to

exclude Brown as a minor contributor to the sample. She clarified that there was simply not a

large enough sample to make a clear finding with regard to Brown.

       {¶17} Officer Jaime McGreal of the Orrville police department first met Brown outside

the victim’s home when she was dispatched to the scene. She testified that there was no way that

Brown could have reentered the crime scene where the victim was found. On May 24, 2011,

Officer McGreal collected a DNA sample from Brown after obtaining a search warrant. She

sealed and labeled the swabs and transported them to the police station where they were logged

into evidence.
                                                9


       {¶18} Sergeant William Stitt of the Orrville police department also responded to the

scene within ten minutes. He testified that there was no time during which Brown could have

reentered the crime scene while the sergeant was there. Sergeant Stitt watched Brown leave the

scene with Officer Smith.

       {¶19} Sonja Hall and Terry Miller lived across the back yard from Ms. Hout and both

knew her as a neighbor. Both Ms. Hall and Mr. Miller testified that they saw Brown at the

victim’s home on May 4, 2011, between 3:00 and 5:00 p.m. Brown spoke with someone in a

green jeep that pulled up to the victim’s house, while the victim watched from her doorway. Ms.

Hall testified that Ms. Hout then walked to the mailbox and retrieved her mail, and that Brown

and the victim walked to the side of the house together. Mr. Miller testified that he saw a deputy

and realtor at Ms. Hout’s home on May 1, 2011, because they wanted her to vacate the premises.

The realtor testified that he and a deputy spoke with Ms. Hout at her home on May 1, 2011,

about the pending eviction.

       {¶20} Jeremy Kitchen was homeless when the victim took him into her home for a

period of time. He testified that he saw Ms. Hout at a drive-thru liquor store on May 2, 2011,

and that she told him that she and Brown were having some issues over money. Mr. Kitchen

testified that Ms. Hout asked him to come to her home in the evening of May 4, 2011, to talk

more about Brown. He testified that he arrived at the victim’s home around 10:00 p.m. to find

the back door locked, which was unusual because Ms. Hout always left that door unlocked.

When no one answered his knock on the door, he walked home.

       {¶21} Lisa Corn knew both Brown and Ms. Hout. She was also friends with Chris

Linkous, a life-long friend of Brown. Ms. Corn testified that Brown occasionally spent the night

in her home because it was close to his place of employment and Brown did not drive. She
                                                10


testified that Brown appeared at her home around 8:00 p.m. on May 4, 2011, and asked to take a

shower. Ms. Corn testified that Brown spent 45 minutes to an hour in the shower, which caused

her discomfort because kidney problems necessitated her use of the sole bathroom in the home.

When she urged Brown to hurry, he told her to “pee outside.” Ms. Corn testified that Brown

spent the night in her home, got up in the morning and left, but came back because she was

supposed to accompany him to Ms. Hout’s home.              When Chris Linkous arrived shortly

thereafter, Ms. Corn decided not to go with Brown.

       {¶22} Ms. Corn testified that Brown sent her two letters from jail after his arrest. The

first contained kind sentiments towards her, and informed her that there were fingerprints on a

beer bottle found at the victim’s home and that Detective Hunt “had it out for him.” Brown

claimed in the first letter that he did not kill Ms. Hout, but he also asked Ms. Corn if she wanted

to write to a murderer. After Brown learned that she spoke with Detective Hunt, he wrote a

second letter to Ms. Corn in which he called her profane, vile names, and accused her of

“running [her] f***ing big mouth.”

       {¶23} Chris Linkous confirmed that Brown arrived at Ms. Corn’s house during the

evening of May 4, 2011, and took a long shower. He testified that, although Brown and Ms.

Hout had a father-daughter relationship, Brown “jokingly * * * hit on” Ms. Hout, but she always

refused his advances.

       {¶24} Reviewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the State, this Court

concludes that any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the charge of

aggravated murder were proved beyond a reasonable doubt.           See Jenks, 61 Ohio St.3d at

paragraph two of the syllabus The State presented evidence that Ms. Hout and Brown were

having issues about money and that Ms. Hout wanted to further confide in a friend about the
                                                 11


situation. She was murdered before she had the opportunity to do so. On the night that Ms. Hout

was murdered, Brown appeared at the home of a friend and asked to take a shower. He spent 45

minutes to an hour in the shower that evening. The State presented evidence that Brown had Ms.

Hout’s blood on his fingers when he held a beer bottle upside down in a manner that would have

indicated its use as a weapon. The fingerprint expert testified that the substance leaving the

prints was wet, indicating the prints were left contemporaneously with the attack which resulted

in the spattering of the victim’s blood throughout the living room. Brown’s eye glasses tested

positive for the victim’s blood. The State presented sufficient evidence to establish that Brown

purposely caused Ms. Hout’s death.

       {¶25} Brown admitted during his interviews with police to entering the victim’s home

through a back window, although he asserted that he found the victim dead at that time. There

was no explanation for why there was a stool outside the back window, although Brown admitted

to police that the stool facilitated his entry into the home. The trier of fact could reasonably have

taken into consideration Brown’s familiarity with the residence, the placement of the furniture,

his knowledge of the locking mechanisms on the interior doors and the fact that he used a stool

to enter the home through a window on the date of his “discovery” of Ms. Hout to infer that he

had likewise gained access to her residence on the day he killed her by climbing through the

back window. The jury had the opportunity to weigh the testimony of the next door neighbor

who testified to having seen Brown on the day of the murder, while Brown denied he was there.

Mr. Kitchen testified that Ms. Hout always left her back door unlocked, and there is no

explanation as to why she would have locked it on this occasion.

       {¶26}    Under these circumstances, the State presented sufficient evidence to show that

Brown entered the victim’s home through a back window by force or stealth with the purpose to
                                                 12


attack her, thereby satisfying the elements of aggravated burglary.         Accordingly, the State

presented sufficient evidence of the crime of aggravated murder.

Manifest weight

       This Court has stated:

       In determining whether a criminal conviction is against the manifest weight of the
       evidence, an appellate court must review the entire record, weigh the evidence
       and all reasonable inferences, consider the credibility of witnesses and determine
       whether, in resolving conflicts in the evidence, the trier of fact clearly lost its way
       and created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that the conviction must be
       reversed and a new trial ordered.

State v. Otten, 33 Ohio App.3d 339, 340 (9th Dist.1986).

       Weight of the evidence concerns the tendency of a greater amount of credible
       evidence to support one side of the issue more than the other. Thompkins, 78
       Ohio St.3d at 387. Further when reversing a conviction on the basis that it was
       against the manifest weight of the evidence, an appellate court sits as a “thirteenth
       juror,” and disagrees with the factfinder’s resolution of the conflicting testimony.
       Id.

State v. Tucker, 9th Dist. No. 06CA0035-M, 2006-Ohio-6914, ¶ 5. This discretionary power

should be exercised only in exceptional cases where the evidence presented weighs heavily in

favor of the defendant and against conviction. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d at 387.

       {¶27} Brown presented the testimony of four witnesses and also testified in his own

defense.

       {¶28} Brown’s sister Jacqueline Crook testified that Brown was a father-figure for Ms.

Hout. She testified that she frequently drove Brown to Ms. Hout’s home, because he did not

drive, and that she did so the evening Ms. Hout was found dead. Ms. Crook testified that Brown

lived with their mother and that he was in their mother’s home around 6:30 p.m. on May 5, 2011,

but he left soon thereafter, saying he had to cut someone’s grass.

       {¶29} Ms. Crook’s 19-year old daughter Dishannon Brown testified that she and her

mother returned to her grandmother’s home on May 5, 2011, between 6:30 and 7:00 p.m. and
                                                  13


that Brown was there. Dishannon testified that she then drove Brown to Lisa Corn’s home

before he was supposed to cut someone’s grass. Instead of going to cut grass, however, they

took another detour to Ms. Hout’s home, because Brown wanted to check on her. Dishannon

testified that Brown went to the back of the victim’s home and ran out the front door about five

seconds later, and began rolling on the ground and yelling hysterically, “She’s gone.”

Dishannon testified that she had not seen Brown earlier in the day on May 5, 2011, and was not

sure if she had seen him at all the day before.

       {¶30} Carolyn Brown is another of Brown’s sisters. She lived with her mother along

with Brown. Carolyn testified that Brown and the victim had a “great” relationship, wherein she

called him “dad” and he called her “squirrel.” She testified that her mother took Brown to work

on May 5, 2011, in the morning and picked him up around 3:00 p.m. She further testified that

Brown slept at home on May 3 and 4, 2011. He called home around 10:45 p.m. on May 3, 2011,

from the victim’s home requesting a ride home.

       {¶31} Eva Brown testified that she is Brown’s mother and was his main means of

transportation. She testified that she drove him to and from work on May 5, 2011, and that he

later left her home around 7:00 p.m. to cut someone’s grass.

       {¶32} Brown testified in his own defense. He testified that he had a “friends with

benefits” relationship with the victim’s mother before the mother died.        He described his

relationship with the victim as “fine,” “my buddy,” and the “daughter I never had.” He admitted

that he had problems with drugs and that he and the victim smoked crack cocaine together on a

regular basis. He testified that he and the victim referred to one other as “enablers.” He denied

ever having sex with the victim or being her pimp.
                                                14


       {¶33} Brown testified that he last saw Ms. Hout on May 3, 2011, when she asked him to

come over and help her pack because she was being evicted. Although the victim had two

“dates” scheduled that evening, she instead told Brown, “forget it, let’s kick it.” Brown testified

that Ms. Hout texted someone on his phone, left for about a half hour, and returned with crack

cocaine which they smoked together. Brown testified that the victim left for another half hour,

returned with more crack, and the two smoked again. He testified that the victim made another

call from his phone and the two of them walked to a big house where Brown sat while Ms. Hout

walked down an alley alone because Brown “might scare them off.” The two returned to the

victim’s home where “[w]e * * * did what we did and she got the mother load.” Brown got

another text on his phone which simply read, “$$$$.” The victim told him, “mo money, mo

money, mo money, mo money, I got to go.” Brown testified that he told her, “[B]aby, we had

enough. I had enough. I gotta go.” He asserted that he did not see Ms. Hout again until he found

her dead in her living room two days later. He denied being at her home on May 4, 2011, or

talking to someone in a green jeep outside her home on that day.

       {¶34} Brown testified that Ms. Hout called him on April 28, 2011, to tell him that she

“f’ed up” because she had stolen drugs from some Guatemalan or Mexican men. He testified

that she sounded scared and he became scared for her and himself, although he did not explain

why.

       {¶35} Brown denied taking a long shower at Lisa Corn’s home on May 4, 2011. He

claimed the shower occurred a week earlier. He admitted sending a mean-spirited and angry

letter to Ms. Corn from jail, but he testified that he was merely hurt because she had sold a $7500

LeBron James high school trading card that once belonged to Brown.
                                                15


       {¶36} Brown described the circumstances of his finding Ms. Hout’s body. His niece

took him first to Ms. Corn’s home where he dropped off some clothes and then to Ms. Hout’s

home. He knocked on the front door, and found it locked. He went to the back door and found it

locked too. Brown was surprised the doors were locked because he knew Ms. Hout was only

using the home as a “safe house” and that she was not staying there. Because Ms. Hout had

painted over all the windows in the home, Brown could not see inside. He saw a stool on the

patio and wondered why it was there because he knew he had left that stool in the kitchen. He

put the stool under the window, noticed the screen lying on the ground, “popped” the window

up, and crawled in backwards. He called out to a neighbor outside, asking, “do you think they’ll

get me for breaking and entering[?]” Brown then talked to and played with the dog inside the

home, and finally yelled for “Squirrel.”

       {¶37} Brown testified that he made his way to the living room where he ran into a table,

fell, and saw the victim for the first time. When he got up, he realized he had something in his

hand, but he was unable to see it because it was dark in the room due to the painted windows.

Brown threw the object in his hand and he rolled to the front door, hitting a piece of tin from

carpeting he and the victim had pulled up. He thought he might have touched the victim’s hand.

He admitted he had blood on his hand and eye glasses although his explanation was not clear.

Brown then testified that it took him a while to open the front door because he was “shaking like

a leaf.” When he finally got to the porch and down the steps, he tried to call 911 but kept hitting

the wrong numbers, so he yelled out for someone else to call.

       {¶38} Brown testified that he still had blood on him and his shirt when he went to the

police station to give a statement. At that time during direct examination, defense counsel asked
                                                16


Brown “Why didn’t you tell the cops this?” Brown responded that he was a “wreck” at the time.

Brown concluded by denying having killed the victim or knowing who did.

       {¶39} On cross-examination, Brown admitted that the told the police he did not touch

anything at the scene. After clarifying, without objection by defense counsel, that he did not tell

the police about tripping and touching things in the house because he was upset, he testified that

his comments to police that he had not touched anything really meant that he did not take any

pictures of the scene or check out anything. Brown admitted throwing a beer bottle neck after he

fell and the bottle neck struck his hand. He claimed he got splinters as a result. Finally, he

denied having a cocaine addiction, and claimed that he only used the drug if he had money, and

that he never stole money to feed his drug habit.

       {¶40} On redirect examination, Brown admitted that he and the victim had their

differences but asserted there was never any violence in their relationship.

       {¶41} The State recalled Officer Jaime McGreal on rebuttal. She testified that she

executed the search warrant at Brown’s home, the home he shared with his mother and sister.

The officer testified that the three women used a calendar in the home to clarify dates, and that

the officer was unable to get conclusive dates and times regarding when Eva Brown picked up

her son or where Brown was during the period of May 3-5, 2011.

       {¶42} This Court will not overturn the trial court’s verdict on a manifest weight of the

evidence challenge only because the trier of fact chose to believe certain witnesses’ testimony

over the testimony of others. State v. Crowe, 9th Dist. No. 04CA0098-M, 2005-Ohio-4082, ¶ 22.

A thorough review of the record indicates that this is not the exceptional case where the evidence

weighs heavily in favor of Brown. The weight of the evidence supports the conclusion that

Brown either used stealth to enter Ms. Hout’s home, or forced his way into her home through the
                                                 17


back window, in either event for the purpose of harming her. The two had been having

difficulties over money, and those issues were significant enough that the victim informed a

friend. While Brown and the victim spent an evening smoking crack cocaine, Brown got a text

message on his phone that merely displayed four dollar signs. It is reasonable to believe that that

was a message demanding payment. The sole means of income ascribed to Ms. Hout was from

prostitution, while Brown had only recently started a job, so it is unclear how the two paid for the

crack they regularly smoked together. Brown admitted being scared for himself when Ms. Hout

told him she had stolen some drugs from some Hispanics. It is not unreasonable to believe that

these issues caused a significant rift in Brown’s relationship with Ms. Hout, whom he might have

believed put his life at risk.

        {¶43} Brown admitted to leaving a stool in the victim’s kitchen. The jury might have

inferred from all of the evidence that he locked the doors and used the stool to exit the kitchen

window after killing Ms. Hout, climbing out backwards, allowing him to pull the stool after him

and leave it outside, so he could use it later to reenter the home and “discover” the victim.

        {¶44} Brown’s fingerprints were found in Ms. Hout’s blood on the neck of a beer bottle

that he had held upside down as if it were being used as a weapon. The deputy medical examiner

who performed the victim’s autopsy testified that the victim’s wounds were consistent with

having been made by a broken beer bottle. Brown admitted holding and throwing the beer bottle

neck. Because of the nature of the prints, however, the fingerprint expert testified that they

would have been transferred to the bottle neck from wet blood on Brown’s fingers, not blood that

had had a chance to dry.

        {¶45} Finally, in this case, there were stark disparities between the testimony of

numerous State’s witnesses and Brown’s testimony. For example, Brown denied having seen the
                                                 18


victim for two days before he found her body, although two of the victim’s neighbors testified

that he was at her house during the late afternoon of May 4, 2011, before the victim was killed

later that night or very early the next morning. Multiple witnesses testified that Brown arrived at

their home late in the evening of May 4, 2011, and took an exceedingly long shower, while

Brown testified that they were mistaken about the date because he showered at his friend’s house

several days earlier. The jury could have believed the State’s witnesses’ testimony over that of

Brown in regard to these matters. In addition, the jury might have simply found incredible

Brown’s testimony about conveniently finding a stool outside the victim’s kitchen window on

the morning that he found her body, believing instead that he had placed the stool there himself

to gain entry to the victim’s home in order to kill her.

       {¶46} Under these circumstances, Brown’s conviction for aggravated murder based on

the predicate offense of aggravated burglary was not against the manifest weight of the evidence.

Moreover, in light of that conclusion, this Court need not analyze the evidence regarding the

predicate offense of kidnapping. Brown’s first assignment of error is overruled.

                                 ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR II

       THE CONVICTION FOR COUNT 2, MURDER, WAS AGAINST THE
       MANIFEST WEIGHT OF THE EVIDENCE.

       {¶47} Brown argues that his conviction for murder was against the manifest weight of

the evidence. Because of this Court’s resolution of the first assignment of error, the second

assignment of error has been rendered moot and we decline to address it.              See App.R.

12(A)(1)(c).

                                 ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR III

       THE TRIAL COURT COMMITTED BOTH PLAIN ERROR AND
       STRUCTURAL ERROR IN VIOLATION OF LONNIE BROWN’S RIGHT TO
                                                  19


       DUE PROCESS BY TELLING THE JURY THAT HE DID NOT WANT HIS
       MISSTATEMENT IN JURY INSTRUCTIONS TO RESULT IN AN APPEAL.

       {¶48} Brown argues that the trial court prejudiced the jury by mentioning the potential

for an appeal during a curative instruction. This Court disagrees.

       {¶49} When a defendant alleges that the trial court judge made improper comments

during the course of trial, five principles guide our analysis:

       (1) the burden of proof is placed upon the defendant to demonstrate prejudice, (2)
       it is presumed that the trial judge is in the best position to decide when a breach is
       committed and what corrective measures are called for, (3) the remarks are to be
       considered in light of the circumstances under which they are made, (4)
       consideration is to be given to their possible effect upon the jury, and (5) to their
       possible impairment of the effectiveness of counsel.

State v. Wade, 53 Ohio St.2d 182, 188 (1978), vacated on other grounds, Wade v. Ohio, 438 U.S.

911 (1978). When no objection to the comments is made at trial, our review is limited to plain

error. Id. at paragraph one of the syllabus.

       {¶50} The context for Brown’s alleged error is the trial court’s oral instruction to the

jury, during which the judge misspoke about the burden of proof:

       If you find that the Defendant proved beyond a reasonable doubt all the essential
       elements of any one or more of the offenses charged in the separate counts in the
       indictment, your verdict must be guilty as to such offense or offenses according to
       your findings. If you find that the State failed to prove beyond a reasonable doubt
       any one of the essential elements of any one or more of the offenses charged in
       the separate counts in the indictment, your verdict must be not guilty as to such
       offense or offenses according to your findings.

       {¶51} At the conclusion of the jury instructions, the prosecuting attorney brought the

misstatement to the trial court’s attention during a sidebar. The trial court immediately offered a

curative instruction:

       The Prosecutor just pointed out to me that I misread something and it’s pretty
       crucial. He’s indicated that I said if the Defendant proves beyond a reasonable
       doubt at some point. I have to make it absolutely clear the Defendant has to prove
       absolutely nothing in this case. It’s the State’s burden of proof. So if the State
       has proven its case beyond a reasonable doubt you would have to find the
                                                20


       Defendant guilty. If on the other hand the State has not proven its case beyond a
       reasonable doubt you would have to find the Defendant not guilty. Again, the
       Defendant does not have to prove anything in this case. I think that’s been made
       clear throughout this case and my misstatement, I don’t want that to be reason for
       some appeal later at some time. So that misstatement was incorrect and I hope all
       of you understand I just misread it. I believe the written instructions are actually
       correct * * * .

       {¶52} Brown has challenged the curative instruction, arguing that it was plain error

because it drew attention to the fact that it was the prosecuting attorney who brought the

misstatement to light and because it referenced a possible appeal. According to Brown, the

curative instruction cast the prosecuting attorney in an unfairly favorable light, implied that the

judge assumed Brown would be found guilty, and communicated that assumption to the jury.

       {¶53} In light of the considerations set forth in Wade, we are not persuaded by Brown’s

argument. The context of the trial court’s statement is of particular significance in this case,

following directly upon the judge’s earlier misstatement and contained within a detailed curative

instruction addressing the burden of proof. Within this framework, the judge’s statements did

not convey an undue preference for the prosecuting attorney or an assumption that the jury

would certainly find Brown guilty.         Instead, the statements conveyed the intention to

meticulously correct a mistake so that the Brown would not be prejudiced and the proceedings

would not be tainted by error. Brown’s third assignment of error is overruled.

                                ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR IV

       THE CONVICTION FOR AGGRAVATED MURDER VIOLATED LONNIE
       BROWN’S RIGHT TO DUE PROCESS AND TO TRIAL BY JURY BECAUSE
       THE VERDICT FORM DOES NOT STATE WHICH OF TWO POSSIBLE
       PREDICATE OFFENSES HE WAS FOUND GUILTY OF. THIS WAS PLAIN
       ERROR.
                                                21


       {¶54} Brown argues that he was deprived of his right to due process because the trial

court failed to include a place on the verdict form for the jury to find Brown guilty of either of

the offenses underlying his aggravated murder charge. This Court disagrees.

       {¶55} Brown did not object to the verdict forms, so our review is limited to plain error.

The existence of “error * * * [is] the starting point for a plain-error inquiry.” State v. Hill, 92

Ohio St.3d 191, 200 (2001). The Supreme Court of Ohio has rejected the position that due

process requires a jury to be informed of and to choose between predicate offenses. State v.

Gardner, 118 Ohio St.3d 420, 2008-Ohio-2787, ¶ 34-68 (holding that due process did not require

the jury to agree on what offense formed the predicate for an aggravated burglary conviction).

There is no error in the verdict forms in this case, and Brown’s fourth assignment of error is

overruled.

                                ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR V

       LONNIE BROWN WAS DENIED DUE PROCESS OF LAW, AND THE
       TRIAL COURT COMMITTED PLAIN ERROR IN VIOLATION OF U.S.
       CONST. AMEND. V, XIV AND OHIO CONST. ART. I, SEC. 10, WHEN THE
       PROSECUTOR WAS PERMITTED TO IMPEACH HIM BY USING
       REFERENCES TO HIS PRIOR SILENCES.

       {¶56} Brown argues that the prosecutor improperly used his post-Miranda silence

during a police interview to impeach his testimony on cross-examination. This Court disagrees.

       {¶57} Because Brown did not object to the prosecutor’s questions during cross-

examination, our review is limited to plain error. See State v. Payne, 114 Ohio St.3d 502, 2007-

Ohio-4642, at ¶ 15-16. As noted above, the existence of “error * * * [is] the starting point for a

plain-error inquiry.” Hill, 92 Ohio St.3d at 200. In addition, “a defendant may not ‘take

advantage of an error that he himself invited or induced.’” State v. Rohrbaugh, 126 Ohio St.3d
                                               22


421, 2010-Ohio-3286, ¶ 10, quoting State ex rel. Kline v. Carroll, 96 Ohio St.3d 404, 2002-

Ohio-4849, ¶ 27.

       {¶58} A defendant’s silence after receiving Miranda warnings cannot be used for

impeachment purposes. State v. Leach, 102 Ohio St.3d 135, 2004-Ohio-2147, ¶ 16, citing Doyle

v. Ohio, 426 U.S. 610, 618 (1976). When a defendant makes a voluntary statement to police but

testifies differently at trial, however, cross-examination is permitted “on any matters of

importance that were omitted from [the] statement.” State v. Blackman, 8th Dist. No. 88608,

2007-Ohio-4168, ¶ 22. “‘A contrary rule would foreclose any cross-examination, for fear that it

might reveal impeaching information intentionally withheld and inextricably interwoven with

that which was divulged.’” Id., quoting State v. Osborne, 50 Ohio St.2d 211 (1977), vacated on

other grounds sub nom Osborne v. Ohio, 438 U.S. 911 (1978).

       {¶59} In this case, defense counsel reserved his opening statement until immediately

prior to Brown’s case in chief. Defense counsel set the tone of the defense by stating that “trial

is as much about what you don’t hear and don’t see as it very often is about what you hear and

see.” Later, during direct examination of Brown, defense counsel questioned Brown about the

blood that he testified had been on his hands and clothing at the scene. After Brown responded,

defense counsel asked him, “Why didn’t you tell the cops this?” Brown explained he did not tell

the police about the blood because he was a “wreck” at the time. On cross-examination, the

assistant prosecutor, without objection, merely followed up on defense counsel’s line of

questioning when he attempted to clarify Brown’s earlier testimony that he got blood on his

person and clothing after he tripped inside the victim’s house and that he did not tell the police

about the blood because he was upset at the time.
                                                  23


          {¶60} Brown made statements on two occasions to the police. On May 5, 2011, he

voluntarily spoke with Officer Smith and Detective Hunt at a time when he was not a suspect

and not under arrest. He voluntarily made another statement to police on May 16, 2011, after he

was arrested, read his Miranda rights, and executed a written waiver of those rights.

Accordingly, all statements Brown made to the police were voluntary. At trial, for the first time,

Brown admitted that he had blood on his hands and clothing after exiting the victim’s home on

May 5, 2011. It was defense counsel who first questioned Brown about his failure to tell the

police about the blood. The State’s question on cross-examination merely clarified precisely the

same issue defense counsel raised. Under these circumstances, Brown cannot be heard to

complain of error, if any existed, that his attorney invited or induced. See Rohrbaugh at ¶ 10.

Brown’s fifth assignment of error is overruled.

                                ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR VI

          THE TRIAL COURT’S SENTENCE WAS CONTRARY TO LAW BECAUSE
          IT INCLUDED A TERM OF POST RELEASE CONTROL WHEN THE ONLY
          CONVICTION WAS FOR AN UNCLASSIFIED FELONY.       THE PRC
          SANCTION NOTICE IS ALSO INCORRECT.

          {¶61} Brown’s final assignment of error is that because he was only convicted of

aggravated murder, the trial court erred by imposing a term of postrelease control. This Court

agrees.

          {¶62} “[A]n individual sentenced for aggravated murder * * * is not subject to

postrelease control, because that crime is an unclassified felony to which the postrelease-control

statute does not apply. R.C. 2967.28. Instead, such a person is either ineligible for parole or

becomes eligible for parole after serving a period of 20, 25, or 30 years in prison.” State v.

Clark, 119 Ohio St.3d 239, 2008-Ohio-3748, ¶ 36. The trial court erred by informing Brown that

postrelease control would be part of his sentence, and that portion of the sentencing order is void.
                                                24


See State v. Fischer, 128 Ohio St.3d 92, 2010-Ohio-6238, ¶ 26. Accordingly, this assignment of

error is sustained, and the matter is remanded to the trial court so that the sentencing entry may

be corrected. See State v. Evans, 8th Dist. No. 95692, 2011-Ohio-2153, ¶ 9-11.

                                                III.

       {¶63} Brown’s first, third, fourth, and fifth assignments of error are overruled. We

decline to address the second assignment of error. The sixth assignment of error is sustained,

and the matter is remanded for correction of the sentencing entry as it relates to the matter of the

imposition of postrelease control.

                                                                        Judgment affirmed in part,
                                                                                 reversed in part,
                                                                             and cause remanded.




       There were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

       We order that a special mandate issue out of this Court, directing the Court of Common

Pleas, County of Wayne, State of Ohio, to carry this judgment into execution. A certified copy

of this journal entry shall constitute the mandate, pursuant to App.R. 27.

       Immediately upon the filing hereof, this document shall constitute the journal entry of

judgment, and it shall be file stamped by the Clerk of the Court of Appeals at which time the

period for review shall begin to run. App.R. 22(C). The Clerk of the Court of Appeals is

instructed to mail a notice of entry of this judgment to the parties and to make a notation of the

mailing in the docket, pursuant to App.R. 30.

       Costs taxed equally to both parties.


                                                       WILLIAM R. BAIRD
                                                       FOR THE COURT
                                             25



MOORE, P. J.
BELFANCE, J.
CONCUR.

(Baird, J., retired, of the Ninth District Court of Appeals, sitting by assignment pursuant to
§6(C), Article IV, Constitution.)


APPEARANCES:

CLARKE W. OWENS, Attorney at Law, for Appellant.

DANIEL R. LUTZ, Prosecuting Attorney, for Appellee.
