Filed 9/19/14 In re Ethan G. CA4/1
                      NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
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                    COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                  DIVISION ONE

                                           STATE OF CALIFORNIA



In re ETHAN G. et al., Persons Coming
Under the Juvenile Court Law.
                                                                 D065567
IMPERIAL COUNTY DEPARTMENT
OF SOCIAL SERVICES,
                                                                 (Super. Ct. No. JJP2768)
         Plaintiff and Respondent,

         v.

ADRIANA R.,

         Defendant and Appellant.


         APPEAL from an order of the Superior Court of Imperial County, Christopher

Yeager, Judge. Affirmed.


         Monica Vogelmann, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant

and Appellant.

         Michael L. Rood, County Counsel, Geoffrey P. Holbrook, Senior County Counsel

and Rosario Gonzalez, Deputy County Counsel, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
       Adriana R. appeals the juvenile court's denial of her petition under Welfare and

Institutions Code1 section 388 to modify a prior order that terminated her reunification

services and set a selection and implementation hearing under section 366.26. She

contends that the juvenile court abused its discretion in finding that she failed to establish

changed circumstances or that modifying the prior order would be in her children's best

interests. We disagree and affirm.

                   FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

       Adriana gave birth to twin boys, Ethan G. and Bradley G. in February 2013.

She tested positive for methadone, amphetamine, and opiates. One of the infants tested

positive for amphetamine, and both showed signs of withdrawal and had difficulty

feeding. They were transferred to the neonatal intensive care unit.

       The Imperial County Department of Social Services (Department) received a

referral regarding the infants on February 6. A Department social worker interviewed

Adriana and Eric G., the infants' presumed father.2 Adriana, who was 24 years old at the

time, disclosed her substance abuse history, which included using heroin since age 15.

She admitted using methamphetamine before giving birth to the twins. Adriana and Eric

had been homeless until December 2012, when they moved into Adriana's mother's

apartment, where they planned to share a bedroom with their children. Both parents




1      All statutory references are to the Welfare and Institutions Code.

2      Eric is not a party to this appeal. We discuss him only as relevant to Adriana's
appeal.
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stated that they would enroll in substance abuse treatment and they had an appointment to

begin parenting classes.

       The hospital released the children to the parents on February 23. Both parents

reviewed and signed a safety plan that the Department had provided to address the

parents' substance abuse.

       A Department social worker visited the family's apartment on February 26, but no

one was home. Adriana later called the social worker to explain that they had been at a

doctor appointment and would be available the following day. The Department requested

that law enforcement officials perform a welfare check on the family. Special agents

from the Imperial Valley Street Interdiction Team visited the apartment and found that

both parents were under the influence of a controlled substance. The agents found drug

paraphernalia—syringes, a heroin cooker, and foil that was used to smoke heroin—in the

bedroom that the parents shared with the children. The parents were arrested and the

children were taken into protective custody.

       On March 1, 2013, the Department filed a petition that alleged under section 300,

subdivision (b) that the children were dependents within the jurisdiction of the juvenile

court based on the risk of serious physical harm as a result of the parents' failure or

inability to supervise or protect the children. Adriana appeared at the March 4 detention

hearing, submitted on the Department's report, and requested visitation and evaluation of

relatives for placement. The court made a prima facie finding on the petition and ordered

that (1) the children's detention continue, (2) the parents receive reunification services,




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and (3) the parents submit to random drug testing. The children were placed with their

paternal grandparents the following day.

       Adriana was released from custody on March 20, 2013, on the condition that she

enroll in Imperial Valley Ministries, an inpatient treatment program. Although Adriana

stated that she intended to enroll, she left the program within 30 minutes of her arrival.

She advised the Department that she and Eric intended to enroll in an inpatient drug

treatment program in San Diego County that was not among those recommended by the

Department. Adriana told the Department that she did not have any contact information

for the center, but later provided an address for what turned out to be a halfway house.

Adriana subsequently admitted that she left the halfway house every day to use drugs,

returning in the evening. Adriana ignored the Department's attempts to contact her, and a

bench warrant for her arrest ultimately issued.

       At the April 10, 2013 disposition hearing, the juvenile court ordered that

reunification services be provided to Adriana for six months, and set a six-month review

hearing for October 2013.

       Adriana was arrested on May 6 on one or more charges each of grand theft,

receiving stolen property, possession of a controlled substance, probation violations,

nonsufficient funds checks, and retaking goods from an officer. Eric was also arrested on

charges of grand theft, conspiracy, vandalism, and possession of stolen property.

       At the six-month review hearing on October 16, 2013, the Department

recommended that the court terminate reunification services and place the children with

the paternal grandparents. Adriana did not object to the report and offered no affirmative

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evidence of her own. However, her counsel asked the court not to follow the

Department's recommendation because, although Adriana admittedly "has done little"

towards compliance with the court-ordered reunification services, "she has put some

effort into it." Specifically, while incarcerated, Adriana completed the Volunteers of

America's Breaking Free Program. The court commented that although this was

"[p]erhaps . . . a sign of continued progress," the parents had "not availed themselves of

services prior to entry into the jail setting, and so the [Department's] recommendation

appears to be appropriate." The court terminated reunification services and set a

selection and implementation hearing under section 366.26 for February 9, 2014.

       In its section 366.26 report, the Department recommended that the court terminate

Adriana's parental rights, find the children adoptable, and order a permanent plan of

adoption with the paternal grandparents. The report stated that during Adriana's first visit

with the boys, she was awkward in her interaction with them and required direction to

interact positively with them. She appeared more at ease toward the end of that visit.

Ethan cried the entire duration of Adriana's second visit. Adriana did well during the

third visit, and Ethan did a little better.

       On February 4, 2014, the day before the section 366.26 hearing, Adriana filed a

petition under section 388 arguing that changed circumstances warranted the court's

modification of its October 16, 2013 order terminating reunification services and setting

the section 366.26 hearing. As changed circumstances, the petition cited Adriana's

November 11, 2013 enrollment at the North County Serenity House treatment program

(Serenity House), her attendance at parenting and anger management classes, and

                                              5
negative drug test results. The court continued the section 366.26 hearing to March 3,

2014 and set the section 388 petition to be heard the same day.

       At the combined section 366.26 and section 388 hearing, the court admitted in

evidence the Department's section 388 report. The report commended Adriana for her

accomplishments, but argued that her circumstances had not changed, but rather, were

merely changing, because Adriana had achieved the changes only in a court-imposed,

controlled environment and on an inpatient basis. The report also argued that

modification was not in the children's best interests because Adriana "does not

demonstrate a strong bond with the children during visitation."

       Adriana testified at the hearing. She said that she expected to graduate from

Serenity House in April and planned to return to the Imperial Valley to find a job and

continue her drug treatment on an outpatient basis while living with her mother. In the

meantime, Adriana said that Serenity House would allow the children to live with her

there. Adriana testified that the children had visited her four times at Serenity House and

that the visits, which were supervised by the paternal grandmother, had been "[g]ood."

       A Department social worker testified that the children cried frequently during

Adriana's visits. In fact, during the most recent visit at a McDonald's restaurant in

February, Adriana terminated the visit and returned the children to the paternal

grandmother because they "kept on crying." This led the social worker to testify that

"[i]n this case 'ordinary' is that the children don't know their mother."

       The juvenile court commended Adriana for her progress, but found that she had

not demonstrated a significant change in circumstances or that it would be in the

                                              6
children's best interests to grant the section 388 petition. The court terminated the

parents' parental rights, found the children adoptable, selected adoption as the permanent

plan of placement, and designated the paternal grandparents the prospective adoptive

parents.

       Adriana timely appealed.

                                       DISCUSSION

                                              I.

       Adriana contends that the juvenile court erred by denying her section 388 petition

because she established changed circumstances and that granting the petition would be in

the children's best interests.

A.     Legal Framework

       "A juvenile court order may be changed, modified or set aside under section 388 if

the petitioner establishes by a preponderance of the evidence that (1) new evidence or

changed circumstances exist and (2) the proposed change would promote the best

interests of the child." (In re A.A. (2012) 203 Cal.App.4th 597, 611 (A.A.).) "The parent

bears the burden to show both a legitimate change of circumstances and that undoing the

prior order would be in the best interest of the child." (Id. at pp. 611-612.) The fact that

the parent "makes relatively last-minute (albeit genuine) changes" does not automatically

tip the scale in the parent's favor. (In re Kimberly F. (1997) 56 Cal.App.4th 519, 530.)

       A petition under section 388 "is addressed to the sound discretion of the juvenile

court, and its decision will not be overturned on appeal in the absence of a clear abuse of

discretion." (A.A., supra, 203 Cal.App.4th at p. 612.) Exercises of discretion must be

                                              7
" 'grounded in reasoned judgment and guided by legal principles and policies appropriate

to the particular matter at issue.' " (People v. Superior Court (Alvarez) (1997) 14 Cal.4th

968, 977.) The standard "asks in substance whether the ruling in question 'falls outside

the bounds of reason' under the applicable law and the relevant facts." (People v.

Williams (1998) 17 Cal.4th 148, 162.)

B.     Analysis

       Adriana argues that she established changed circumstances because she had

enrolled at Serenity House, attended parenting and anger management classes, and tested

clean for drugs. The juvenile court found that these amounted only to changing, not

changed, circumstances.3 There was no abuse of discretion in that finding. Adriana had

a nine-year history of substance abuse and a number of previous failed efforts at

treatment, and had attained only three months' sobriety in a structured, inpatient setting.

Courts have routinely concluded that similar circumstances do not constitute changed

circumstances for purposes of a section 388 petition. (See, e.g., In re Cliffton B. (2000)

81 Cal.App.4th 415, 423 [" 'It is the nature of addiction that one must be "clean" for a

much longer period than 120 days to show real reform.' "], quoting In re Kimberly F.,

supra, 56 Cal.App.4th at p. 531, fn. 9; In re C.J.W. (2007) 157 Cal.App.4th 1075, 1081

[parents' three-month rehabilitation efforts were insufficient in light of "extensive

histories of drug use and years of failing to reunify with their children."]; In re Mary G.

(2007) 151 Cal.App.4th 184, 205-206 [mother being clean for four months was


3     Adriana acknowledges in her opening brief that "she was successfully
addressing"—not that she "had successfully addressed"—"the issues of addiction, which
had caused the removal of her children." (Italics added.)
                                            8
insufficient in light of 23-year substance abuse history]; In re Amber M. (2002) 103

Cal.App.4th 681, 686 [mother being clean for 372 days was insufficient in light of her

17-year substance abuse history and two previous relapses]; In re Casey D. (1999) 70

Cal.App.4th 38, 48-49 [juvenile court did not abuse its discretion in finding no changed

circumstances based on "the parents' extensive drug histories; pattern of maintaining drug

treatment only when motivated by the desire to reunify the family and required by outside

agencies; and Casey's young age[, which] meant that she was too young to be able to

protect herself if the parents should relapse"].) We therefore conclude that the juvenile

court did not abuse its discretion in finding that Adriana did not show changed

circumstances.

       Even if Adriana had established changed circumstances, there was no abuse of

discretion in the juvenile court's finding that granting the section 388 petition would not

be in the children's best interests. Adriana's only argument in this regard is that although

the Department "assessed the grandparents to be in good emotional and psychological

health," it "did not state the couple was in good physical health." This argument fails for

several reasons. First, it is contradicted by the record on appeal. The Department's

section 366.26 report specifically states that the paternal grandparents "[b]oth are in good

physical emotional and psychological health." (Italics added.) Adriana does not

explain—nor did she ever raise with the juvenile court—how the paternal grandmother's

cancer being in remission requires a different conclusion. Second, Adriana's own

testimony at the section 388 hearing demonstrates that her children were bonded with the




                                             9
paternal grandparents to the point that it would not be in the children's best interests to

grant the petition:

       "Q.    You understand that Ethan and Bradley have been with your
              mother[-] and father-in-law for, really, their entire life [sic].

       "A.    Yes.

       "Q.    And that Ethan and Bradley look to your mother- and father-
              in-law for food and shelter.

       "A.    Yes.

       "Q.    And they look to them for their affection.

       "A.    Yes.

       "Q.    And to Ethan and Bradley, they consider your mother- and
              father-in-law their parents.

       "A.    Yes."

       We conclude that the juvenile court did not abuse its discretion in finding that

granting Adriana's section 388 petition would not be in the children's best interests.

                                       DISPOSITION

       The order is affirmed.

                                                                                  AARON, J.

WE CONCUR:


O'ROURKE, Acting P. J.


IRION, J.




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