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                    ARKANSAS COURT OF APPEALS
                                        DIVISION I
                                        No. CR-17-157


                                                   Opinion Delivered   November 15, 2017

DEXTER WAYNE BALTIMORE                             APPEAL FROM THE PULASKI
                   APPELLANT                       COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT,
                                                   FIRST DIVISION
                                                   [NO. 60CR-16-516]
V.
                                                   HONORABLE JAMES LEON
                                                   JOHNSON, JUDGE
STATE OF ARKANSAS
                                 APPELLEE          REVERSED AND DISMISSED


                               LARRY D. VAUGHT, Judge

       Dexter Wayne Baltimore appeals a nonjury verdict entered by the Pulaski County

Circuit Court convicting him of possession of cocaine, a Class D felony, in violation of

Arkansas Code Annotated section 5-64-419(b)(1)(A) (Repl. 2016). 1 He was sentenced to two

years of probation. On appeal, Baltimore challenges the sufficiency of the evidence supporting

the possession-of-cocaine conviction. We reverse and dismiss the conviction for possession

of cocaine.

       At Baltimore’s bench trial, the evidence revealed that on November 14, 2015, Officer

Ryan Davidson of the North Little Rock Police Department initiated a traffic stop of a gray

Toyota Camry after it failed to stop at an intersection and made a right turn without signaling.


       1Baltimore was also convicted of possession of marijuana, a Class A misdemeanor, in
violation of Arkansas Code Annotated section 5-64-419(b)(5)(A), and sentenced to one year
of probation to run concurrently with his sentence for possession-of-cocaine conviction. He
does not challenge his possession-of-marijuana conviction on appeal.
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When Davidson made contact with the driver, Baltimore, he (Davidson) smelled marijuana

coming from inside the vehicle. The officer asked Baltimore to step out of the vehicle, and as

he stepped out, the officer testified that he “observed . . . marijuana . . . in plain view” on

Baltimore’s seat. Davidson stated that there were two other passengers in the vehicle—one in

the front passenger seat and another in the rear.

       Based on these circumstances, Davidson conducted a search of Baltimore’s vehicle.

Davidson testified that “[d]uring the search, I located two crack rocks, I believe in the front

center cup holder.” Davidson said that there were “also small pieces of crack cocaine on the

floorboard.” The officer testified that he gathered and bagged the evidence and gave it to

North Little Rock police officer Jeffrey Elenbaas, whom Davidson had called for assistance.

       Elenbaas testified that he received a call from Davidson to assist with a traffic stop on

November 14, 2015. Elenbaas stated that he helped identify the occupants of the vehicle, took

custody of the evidence given to him by Davidson, and delivered the evidence to the police

property room. Elenbaas further testified that as he stood “right next to the [passenger side

of the] vehicle,” he smelled the faint odor of marijuana coming from the vehicle but did not

see any drugs in plain view. Gene Bangs, a forensic chemist with the Arkansas State Crime

Lab, confirmed that the evidence he tested consisted of 0.1315 grams of marijuana and 0.0908

grams of cocaine.

       Based on this evidence, the circuit court found Baltimore guilty of possession of

marijuana and possession of cocaine. On appeal, Baltimore contends that the circuit court

erred in denying his motion to dismiss the possession-of-cocaine charge because there was

insufficient evidence that he constructively possessed the cocaine.


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          A motion to dismiss at a bench trial and a motion for a directed verdict at a jury trial

are both challenges to the sufficiency of the evidence. See Ark. R. Crim. P. 33.1 (2016). In

reviewing a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, this court determines whether the

verdict is supported by substantial evidence, direct or circumstantial. Foster v. State, 2015 Ark.

App. 412, at 4, 467 S.W.3d 176, 179. Substantial evidence is evidence forceful enough to

compel a conclusion one way or the other beyond suspicion or conjecture. Id., 467 S.W.3d at

179. We view the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, and only evidence

supporting the verdict will be considered. Id., 467 S.W.3d at 179.

          It is unlawful for a person to possess a controlled substance. Ark. Code Ann. § 5-64-

419(a). Possession of less than two grams of a Schedule I or Schedule II controlled substance

that is methamphetamine or cocaine is a Class D felony. Ark. Code Ann. § 5-64-419(b)(1)(A).

          It is not necessary for the State to prove literal physical possession of drugs in order to

prove possession. Mings v. State, 318 Ark. 201, 207, 884 S.W.2d 596, 600 (1994). Possession of

drugs can be proved by constructive possession. Id., 884 S.W.2d at 600. Constructive

possession requires the State to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that (1) the defendant

exercised care, control, and management over the contraband and (2) the accused knew the

matter possessed was contraband. Walker v. State, 77 Ark. App. 122, 125, 72 S.W.3d 517, 519

(2002).

          Constructive possession can be inferred when the drugs are in the joint control of the

accused and another. Mings, 318 Ark. at 207, 884 S.W.2d at 600. However, joint occupancy of

a vehicle, standing alone, is not sufficient to establish possession or joint possession. Id., 884

S.W.2d at 600. There must be some other factor linking the accused to the drugs. Id., 884


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S.W.2d at 600. Other factors to be considered in cases involving automobiles occupied by

more than one person are (1) whether the contraband is in plain view; (2) whether the

contraband is found with the accused’s personal effects; (3) whether it is found on the same

side of the car seat as the accused was sitting or in near proximity to it; (4) whether the accused

is the owner of the automobile or exercises dominion and control over it; and (5) whether the

accused acted suspiciously before or during the arrest. Id., 884 S.W.2d at 600.

       Baltimore argues that the State failed to present substantial evidence of three of the

five factors linking him to the cocaine. He contends that there was no evidence that the cocaine

was found in his personal effects, that he acted suspiciously before or during the arrest, or that

the cocaine was found in plain view. He concedes that the State presented evidence of two of

the five linking factors—that he exercised dominion and control over the vehicle (based on

testimony from Davidson that Baltimore was driving the vehicle when it was pulled over) and

that the cocaine in the front center cup holder was found in close proximity to him. However,

relying on Walker, Baltimore argues that this evidence is insufficient to raise a reasonable

inference that he knew the cocaine was in the front cup holder. He contends that “[a]bsent

‘plain view’ proof, it is unreasonable for the fact-finder to infer that the driver of a jointly

occupied automobile knew the contraband not in plain view was present in the automobile.”

       In Walker, our court held that substantial evidence failed to support the circuit court’s

finding of constructive possession where the evidence established only that the defendant was

driving the jointly owned vehicle when it was pulled over and the controlled substance was

found under the driver’s seat. 77 Ark. App. at 126–27, 72 S.W.3d at 520. We held that this




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evidence failed to raise a reasonable inference that the defendant had knowledge of the

presence of the contraband. Id. at 127, 72 S.W.3d at 520.

       As in Walker, the only evidence linking Baltimore to the cocaine is the fact that he was

driving the jointly occupied vehicle when it was pulled over and the cocaine was found in the

front center cup holder. Beyond these two factors, there is a lack of evidence linking Baltimore

to the cocaine. Notably, the prosecution failed to elicit any testimony that established who

owned the vehicle; whether the cocaine was found in plain view or whether things had to be

moved in order to see it; where in the cup holder the cocaine was found; whether the cup

holder was open or had a closed lid; the proximity of the cocaine in the front center cup holder

to the front-seat passenger; on which floorboard the cocaine was found; whether the cocaine

was found with Baltimore’s personal effects; and whether he acted suspiciously before or

during his arrest. Therefore, based on the facts of this case and on our holding in Walker, we

hold that that the evidence was insufficient to raise a reasonable inference that Baltimore knew

the two small rocks of cocaine were in the front center cup holder or on the floorboard.

       The State argues that it not only presented evidence that Baltimore exercised dominion

and control over the vehicle in which the cocaine was found and that the cocaine was found

in close proximity to him, it also presented evidence that the cocaine was in plain view. The

State argues, “Officer Davidson testified he found the cocaine in the front center cup holder

and on the floor. It is not conjecture or speculation to believe that the cocaine was not covered

and was indeed visible to Officer Davidson as he conducted his search.” We disagree. While

Davidson expressly testified that the marijuana was in plain view, he did not state that the

cocaine was in plain view. He testified that he found it “during the search” of the vehicle.


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While it is possible that Davidson saw the cocaine in plain view when he conducted his search,

it is also equally possible that he did not. It would require conjecture and speculation to

conclude that he saw the cocaine in plain view. We do not hold that Davidson was required

to use the words “plain view” in his testimony; however, he must express in some fashion that

he was able to see the cocaine by just looking inside the car or that he did not have to move

anything to find the cocaine. There is no such testimony in this case.

       The State also argues that it presented evidence that Baltimore acted suspiciously

before and during his arrest. It points to evidence that Davidson and Elenbaas smelled

marijuana inside the vehicle and that Davidson observed marijuana in Baltimore’s seat after

he stepped out of the automobile. While this might make one suspicious that Baltimore

possessed marijuana, we do not agree that it makes one suspicious that Baltimore possessed

cocaine. Furthermore, there was no testimony from Davidson or Elenbaas that Baltimore was

acting nervous, sweating or shaking profusely, fled, made wild movements, gave a false name,

or provided inconsistent or improbable stories or explanations—examples of suspicious

behavior.

       Keeping in mind our standard of review, we do not consider the evidence that does

not support the conviction. Harris v. State, 2010 Ark. App. 123, at 4. Evidence that would tend

to support a different conclusion is not to be considered. Id. We need only find substantial

evidence of some linking factors to affirm the circuit court’s determination that Baltimore

constructively possessed the cocaine. Id. We also keep in mind that there is no requirement

that all or even a majority of the linking factors be present to constitute constructive

possession of the contraband. McCastle v. State, 2012 Ark. App. 162, at 4–5, 392 S.W.3d 369,


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372. However, when viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the State, the only

evidence linking Baltimore to the cocaine was that he was driving the car where cocaine was

found and the cocaine was found on one of the unidentified floorboards and in the front

center cup holder in close proximity to him and his front-seat passenger. We hold that this

evidence fails to give rise to a reasonable inference that he knew the cocaine was in the vehicle.

Accordingly, we hold that substantial evidence does not support the circuit court’s finding that

Baltimore constructively possessed the cocaine.

       Reversed and dismissed.

       KLAPPENBACH and WHITEAKER, JJ., agree.

       William R. Simpson, Jr., Public Defender, by: Clint Miller, Deputy Public Defender,
for appellant.

       Leslie Rutledge, Att’y Gen., by: Michael A. Hylden, Ass’t Att’y Gen., for appellee.




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