          UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR VETERANS CLAIMS


                                           NO . 03-2038

                                  DAVID J. HARMS, APPELLANT ,

                                                 v.

                                   R. JAMES NICHOLSON ,
                         SECRETARY OF VETERANS AFFAIRS, APPELLEE.


                         On Appeal from the Board of Veterans' Appeals.


(Argued December 6, 2004                                       Decided August 8, 2006       )



       Kenneth M. Carpenter, of Topeka, Kansas, for the appellant.

     Thomas A. McLaughlin, with whom Tim S. McLain, General Counsel; and R. Randall
Campbell, Assistant General Counsel, were on the brief, all of Washington, D.C., for the appellee.

        Barbara J. Cook, of Cincinnati, Ohio, with whom Sandra E. Booth, of Columbus, Ohio, was
on the brief for the National Organization of Veterans' Advocates, Inc., as amicus curiae; and Barton
F. Stichman, of Washington, D.C., was on the brief for the National Veterans Legal Services
Program, as amicus curiae.

      Before GREENE, Chief Judge, and KASOLD, HAGEL, MOORMAN, LANCE, DAVIS,
and SCHOELEN, Judges.

        HAGEL, Judge, filed the opinion of the Court. KASOLD and SCHOELEN, Judges, filed
dissenting opinions.

       HAGEL, Judge: David J. Harms, through counsel, appeals an October 30, 2003, action by
Joaquin Aguayo Pereles, a Deputy Vice Chairman of the Board of Veterans' Appeals (Board), that
denied Mr. Harms's motion to vacate a June 13, 2002, Board decision in which the Board had denied
his claim to reopen a previously and finally disallowed claim for service connection for post-
traumatic stress disorder.1 Mr. Harms had filed with the Chairman of the Board that motion to
vacate on May 9, 2003, more than 120 days after the date stamped on the June 2002 Board decision.
We now hold that, for purposes of determining the timeliness for filing appeals and the exercise of
our jurisdiction, there is no difference between a motion to vacate and a motion for Board
reconsideration.2 To hold otherwise would render meaningless the 120-day statutory period
prescribed in 38 U.S.C. § 7266(a) for filing appeals here. Because Mr. Harms filed his motion to
vacate well beyond 120 days after the date stamped on the June 2002 Board decision, we lack
jurisdiction to consider this matter and will therefore dismiss the appeal.




         1
            Although it is of little consequence in light of our ultimate conclusion in this case, we note that it is unclear
whether Deputy Vice Chairman Pereles was acting in his capacity as a Board member rendering a Board decision or as
Deputy Vice Chairman acting on the Chairman's behalf. This lack of clarity arises from a number of facts in this case.
First, Mr. Harms addressed his motion to vacate to the Board Chairman, not to the Board. Second, the October 2003
letter decision denying Mr. Harms's motion to vacate was signed by Joaquin Aguayo Pereles, who identified himself
solely by the title of Deputy Vice Chairman. Although Deputy Vice Chairmen are members of the Board, 38 C.F.R. §
19.2 (2005), Mr. Pereles did not describe himself as a "Member of the Board." In contrast, the June 13, 2002, Board
decision was signed by a single Board M ember, John L. Prichard, who described himself as an "Acting Member of the
Board." Third, the decision denying the motion to vacate was in a letter format similar to those in which motions for
Board reconsideration are denied. However, unlike decisions in which motions for Board reconsideration are denied,
here the decision denying the motion to vacate did not contain any notation that the decision was based on a delegation
of authority to rule on the motion. For example, decisions by the Chairman denying motions for Board reconsideration
can include a reference to 38 C.F.R. § 20.102(b) (2005), which states that the authority exercised by the Chairman of
the Board regarding motions for reconsideration may also be exercised by the Vice Chairman and Deputy Vice
Chairman. See 38 C.F.R. § 1001(c) (2005); see also Gates v. Nicholson, No. 03-1443, Record at 1331-32 (denial of a
motion for Board reconsideration, signed by Deputy Vice Chairman Joaquin Aguayo Pereles, which noted a delegation
of authority under 38 C.F.R. § 20.102(b)). In addition, the June 13, 2002, Board decision was in the form required for
Board decisions pursuant to 38 U.S.C. § 7104(d)(1), which provides that "[e]ach decision of the Board shall include,"
among other things, "a written statement of the Board's findings and conclusions, and the reasons or bases for those
findings and conclusions, on all material issues of fact and law presented on the record." 38 U.S.C. § 7104(d). Finally,
unlike the June 2002 Board decision, the October 2003 letter decision denying Mr. Harms's motion to vacate does not
include a statement of appellate rights, as would be required o accompany notice of a B oard decision were that letter
decision a Board decision. See Thompson v. Brown, 8 Vet. App. 169, 175 (1995). Because 38 C.F.R. § 20.904 provides
for vacatur of a Board decision "by the Board," this lack of clarity regarding the Deputy Vice Chairman's actions is
disconcerting.

         2
           Although we acknowledge, as the Court did in Browne v. Principi, 16 Vet.App. 278 (2002), that there may
be factual distinctions that can be drawn between vacatur under § 20.904 and reconsideration under § 20.1000, as
explained in this opinion, any such distinctions make no difference on the issues of the timeliness for filing appeals and
the exercise of our jurisdiction over decisions denying motions filed under either regulation.

                                                             2
                                         I. BACKGROUND
        On November 25, 2003, Mr. Harms filed with the Court a Notice of Appeal as to a final
Board decision "dated October 30, 2003[,] and June 13, 2002." Thereafter, as is required by Rule
4(c) of the Court's Rules of Practice and Procedure, and in response to a Court order, the Secretary
provided the Court a copy of the June 13, 2002, Board decision denying Mr. Harms's claim and a
copy of an October 30, 2003, letter from Deputy Vice Chairman of the Board Joaquin Aguayo
Pereles denying Mr. Harms's motion to vacate the June 2002 Board decision.
        On January 28, 2004, the Court ordered Mr. Harms to show cause why his November 25,
2003, appeal should not be dismissed for lack of jurisdiction. Mr. Harms replied that, pursuant to
38 C.F.R. § 20.904 (2005), the denial of a motion to vacate is a final Board decision, not a denial of
reconsideration by the Board Chairman pursuant to 38 C.F.R. § 20.1000 (2005). In this regard, he
also argues that the Court's decision in Browne v. Principi, 16 Vet.App. 278 (2002), does not apply
because, although the Court held that "there is no practical distinction . . . between a motion to vacate
under 38 C.F.R. § 20.904(a) and a motion for reconsideration under 38 C.F.R. § 20.1000," it did so
in the context of determining the timeliness of a Notice of Appeal and not whether a decision on a
motion to vacate is a final Board decision. Response at 2. He contends that because that denial was
a final decision of the Board, he is entitled to review by this Court pursuant to 38 U.S.C. §§ 7252
and 7266. Id. at 4-5.
        The Secretary filed a reply in which he argues that a motion to vacate, like a motion for
reconsideration, is a postdecisional challenge to a Board decision that does not address the merits
of an underlying claim regarding the provision of benefits, and, consequently, that such a decision
is not a final Board decision that is appealable to this Court. He also argues, relying on the U.S.
Supreme Court's decision in I.C.C. v. Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers, 482 U.S. 270, 280
(1987), that the denial of the vacatur motion is not reviewable because it would negate the statutory
requirement that a Notice of Appeal be filed with the Court within 120 days of the underlying Board
decision. In addition, the Secretary contends that, under Browne, the motion to vacate was the
equivalent of a motion for reconsideration and that, because the motion to vacate in this case was
filed beyond the judicial appeal period, the tolling principles recognized in Browne do not apply.




                                                   3
       On August 4, 2004, the Court invited any interested amicus curiae to file a response
addressing whether (1) a decision denying a motion to vacate a Board decision constitutes a final
Board decision subject to this Court's jurisdiction and (2) a Deputy Vice Chairman of the Board has
the authority to act on a motion to vacate a Board decision. On September 20, 2004, the National
Organization of Veterans Advocates, Inc., and the National Veterans Legal Services Program
responded as amici curiae in support of Mr. Harms. Oral argument was held on December 6, 2004.


                                          II. ANALYSIS
                                           A. Jurisdiction
                                         1. Legal Principles
       This Court's review is limited to "final decision[s] of the Board of Veterans' Appeals."
38 U.S.C. § 7266(a); see 38 U.S.C. § 7252(a); Bond v. Derwinski, 2 Vet.App. 376 (1992) (per
curiam order). An appeal to this Court is commenced by the filing of a Notice of Appeal, which
must be filed within 120 days after the date on which notice of the Board decision was mailed. 38
U.S.C. § 7266(a). In cases where a motion for reconsideration has been filed with the Board, an
appeal is timely if the appellant (1) files a motion for Board reconsideration within 120 days after
the mailing date of the underlying final Board decision and then (2) files a Notice of Appeal within
120 days after the Board Chairman has mailed notice of the denial of the reconsideration motion.
See Rosler v. Derwinski, 1 Vet.App. 241, 249 (1991).
2. A Motion to Vacate is Equivalent to a Motion for Reconsideration for the Purpose of Determining
the Timeliness for Filing Appeals and the Exercise of Our Jurisdiction.
       The right of an appellant to file with the Board a motion to vacate a Board decision, unlike
the right of an appellant to file with the Board a motion for Board reconsideration or a request for
revision of a prior decision of the Board based on clear and unmistakable error, is not provided for
expressly by statute. See 38 U.S.C. § 7103(a) ("The decision of the Board . . . is final unless the
Chairman orders reconsideration of the decision. Such an order may be made . . . upon motion of
the claimant."); 38 U.S.C. § 7111(d) (providing that "[a] request for revision of decision of the Board
based on clear and unmistakable error may be made at any time after that decision is made").
Instead, § 20.904 of title 38, Code of Federal Regulations, which the Secretary asserts was


                                                  4
promulgated pursuant to his authority under 38 U.S.C. § § 7104(a) and 7103(c)3, provides as follows:

         An appellate decision may be vacated by the Board . . . at any time upon request of
         the appellant or his or her representative, or on the Board's own motion, on the
         following grounds:

                   (a) Denial of due process. Examples of circumstances in which
                   denial of due process of law will be conceded are:

                            (1) When the appellant was denied his or her right to
                            representation through action or inaction by [VA] or
                            Board . . . personnel,

                            (2) When a Statement of the Case or required
                            Supplemental Statement of the Case was not
                            provided, and

                            (3) When there was a prejudicial failure to afford the
                            appellant a personal hearing. (Where there was a
                            failure to honor a request for a hearing and a hearing
                            is subsequently scheduled, but the appellant fails to
                            appear, the decision will not be vacated.)

                   (b) Allowance of benefits based on false or fraudulent evidence.
                   Where it is determined on reconsideration that an allowance of


         3
            The regulation itself lists only section 7104(a) as its authorizing statute. In his pleadings before the Court in
this case, the Secretary asserts that section 7103(c) provides authority for § 20.904.

         Section 7104(a) provides as follows:

                  All questions in a matter which under section 511(a) of . . . title [38] is subject to decision
         by the Secretary shall be subject to one review on appeal to the Secretary. Final decisions on such
         appeals shall be made by the Board. Decisions of the Board shall be based on the entire record in the
         proceeding and upon consideration of all evidence and material of record and applicable provisions
         of law and regulation.

38 U.S.C. § 7104(a).

        Section 7103(c), title 38, U.S. Code, provides that "[t]he Board on its own motion may correct an
obvious error in the record, without regard to whether there has been a motion or order for reconsideration."




                                                             5
                   benefits by the Board has been materially influenced by false or
                   fraudulent evidence submitted by or on behalf of the appellant, the
                   prior decision will be vacated only with respect to the issue or issues
                   to which, within the judgment of the Board, the false or fraudulent
                   evidence was material.
38 C.F.R. § 20.904.
         In Browne, we held that "for the purposes of determining the timeliness of a [Notice of
Appeal], a motion to vacate is the equivalent of a motion for reconsideration." 16 Vet.App. at 282-
83. We reasoned that "although the regulations distinguish between vacatur and reconsideration
of Board decisions, they do so only with respect to identifying what constitutes a successful petition
for either" and that "as to outcome, a successful request for vacatur would result in nullification of
the previous Board decision, as would a successful motion for reconsideration." Id. at 282.
Although Mr. Harms appears correct in his assertion that the Court in Browne did not address
whether a decision on a motion to vacate is a final Board decision over which we could ever exercise
jurisdiction, we agree with the logic underlying the Browne decision and will therefore treat motions
for Board vacatur and reconsideration as equivalent for the purpose of determining the timeliness
for filing appeals and the exercise of our jurisdiction.
         In addition, we note that the act of granting a motion to vacate on one or more of the grounds
listed in § 20.904, like the act of granting a motion for Board reconsideration, nullifies the previous
Board decision and does not itself constitute a new Board decision on the merits of the underlying
claim.4 See Browne, 16 Vet.App. at 282. Moreover, as we will explain below, there are prudential
reasons for so holding
                                     3. Rosler and Locomotive Engineers
         In addition to our conclusion that a decision on a motion to vacate is, for the purpose of
determining the timeliness for filing appeals and the exercise of our jurisdiction, equivalent to a
decision on a motion for reconsideration, we note that, as was the case in Locomotive Engineers,
supra, exercising jurisdiction over the denial of a motion to vacate "would serve only the peculiar
purpose of extending indefinitely the time within which seriously mistaken agency orders can be


         4
             Because the issue is not directly presented in this appeal, we do not address whether we would possess
jurisdiction to review such a "new" decision .

                                                          6
judicially overturned." Locomotive Eng'rs, 482 U.S. at 80. In other words, to exercise our
jurisdiction over such decisions would render meaningless the 120-day statutory period for filing
appeals with the Court.
       In Locomotive Engineers, the Supreme Court held that a petition for review of a "final order"
of the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) denying a petition for reconsideration had to be
dismissed for lack of jurisdiction because, although the petition for review was timely filed as to the
agency order denying reconsideration, the agency order had decided a petition for reconsideration
that was based on an allegation of "material error" in an original, underlying agency order, and that
allowing review would nullify the statutory 60-day period for filing a petition for review in the
circuit court as to the underlying agency order. Locomotive Eng'rs, 482 U.S. at 277-80. In Rosler,
this Court observed that "the ICC appeal-limitation-period and reconsideration provisions involved
in Locomotive Engineers are not substantively distinguishable from the comparable title 38
provisions." Rosler, 1 Vet.App. at 245. It was on that basis that the Court formulated the two-
pronged Rosler test for determining the timeliness of a Notice of Appeal in cases where a motion for
reconsideration has been filed with the Board–an appeal to the Court is timely if the appellant (1)
files a motion for Board reconsideration within 120 days after the mailing date of the underlying final
Board decision and then (2) files a Notice of Appeal within 120 days after the Board Chairman has
mailed notice of the denial of the reconsideration motion. See Rosler, 1 Vet.App. at 249.
       Here, Mr. Harms filed his motion to vacate beyond the 120-day statutory period provided for
filing an appeal with the Court but timely filed a Notice of Appeal here as to the decision denying
vacatur. Thus, he has failed to satisfy the first Rosler prong. As a consequence, and because we
view motions for Board reconsideration and vacatur as the same for the purpose of determining the
timeliness for filing appeals and the exercise of our jurisdiction, we lack jurisdiction over the
underlying Board decision and the decision in which his subsequent motion to vacate was denied.
       In this case, if the motion to vacate had been filed within the 120-day judicial appeal period
following the June 2002 Board decision, the underlying Board decision would be reviewable by this
Court for the same reasons that our caselaw provides that where a motion for reconsideration is filed
within the 120-day judicial appeal period, the Court has jurisdiction over the underlying Board
decision. See Rosler, 1 Vet.App. at 249; cf. Mayer v. Brown, 37 F.3d 618, 619-20 (Fed. Cir. 1994).


                                                  7
In keeping with the foregoing discussion, we see no reason to treat differently the denial of Board
reconsideration and the denial of a motion to vacate a Board decision if either motion is filed within
the 120-day period.
         The Supreme Court's decision in Locomotive Engineers was premised in part on "the
traditional rule of administrative law that an agency's refusal to reopen a closed case is generally
'committed to agency discretion by law' and therefore exempt from judicial review." Your Home
Visiting Nurse Servs., Inc. v. Shalala, 525 U.S. 449, 455 (1999) (citation omitted). The fact that the
Secretary of Veterans Affairs has promulgated a permissively worded regulation that, in addition to
reconsideration and clear and unmistakable error, creates an alternative avenue for an appellant to
request that the Board take another look at one of its decisions may well be commendable, especially
considering the nonadversarial nature of the veterans benefits system.5 But see Cook v. Principi,
318 F.3d 1334, 1339 (Fed. Cir. 2002) (noting that the statutory scheme provides for only two
exceptions to the rule of finality–claims to reopen under 38 U.S.C. § 5108 and motions to revise
based upon clear and unmistakable error under 38 U.S.C. § § 5109A and 7111(a)). However, we
simply cannot permit a VA regulation to have the effect of aggrandizing this Court's jurisdiction
beyond its statutorily prescribed boundaries by essentially eliminating the 120-day period for
appealing a Board decision to this Court.
          Finally, we note that in Taylor v. Principi, 17 Vet.App. 148 (2003), this Court, in a short
order and without any discussion regarding its jurisdiction to entertain the matter, affirmed a Board
decision in which the Board had denied a construed motion to vacate. Although the Court in Taylor
appears to have assumed that it possessed jurisdiction to consider the Board's decision denying the
construed motion to vacate, because the Court offered no explanation for that action, we are
unfettered by such an assumption and decline to accept it as binding precedent.6 See United States


         5
          See 38 C.F.R. § 20.904(a) ("An appellate decision m ay be vacated by the Board . . . at any time upon request
of the appellant . . . or on the Board's own motion . . . ." 38 C.F.R. § 20.904(a) (emphasis added)); see also Lopez v.
Davis, 531 U.S. 230, 241 (2001) (noting, in the context of statutory construction, that the word "may" is permissive).

         6
            W e also note that the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit (Federal Circuit), in Herndon v. Principi,
311 F.3d 1121 (Fed. Cir. 2002), rejected an argument raised by the appellant for vacatur under 38 C.F.R. § 20.904. It
is not clear in that case whether a motion to vacate was ever filed with the Board or, if so, when such a motion was filed
and decided by the Board. In any event, what is clear is that the jurisdictional issue discussed in this case was not
addressed by the Federal Circuit in Herndon.

                                                            8
v. L. A. Tucker Truck Lines, Inc., 344 U.S. 33, 38 (1952) (holding that an issue not "raised in briefs
or argument nor discussed in the opinion of the Court" cannot be taken as "a binding precedent on
this point"); Webster v. Fall, 266 U.S. 507, 511 (1925) (stating that "[q]uestions which merely lurk
in the record, neither brought to the attention of the court nor ruled upon, are not considered as
having been so decided as to constitute precedents"); see also Edelman v. Jordan, 415 U.S. 651, 671
(1974) (noting that a summary affirmance lacks "the same precedential value as . . . an opinion of
th[e] Court treating the question on the merits"). Much on point is the following statement by the
Supreme Court: "Even as to our own judicial power or jurisdiction, this Court has followed the lead
of Chief Justice Marshall who held that this Court is not bound by a prior exercise of jurisdiction in
a case where it was not questioned and it was passed sub silentio." L.A. Tucker Truck Lines, Inc.,
344 U.S. at 38.7


                                            III. CONCLUSION
        On consideration of the foregoing, the appeal is DISMISSED.


        KASOLD, Judge, dissenting: For the reasons stated below, I believe the decision of the
Board denying Mr. Harms' request to vacate an underlying Board decision is a final decision from
which Mr. Harms filed a timely notice of appeal with the Court, properly invoking our exclusive and
plenary jurisdiction over such decisions. See 38 U.S.C. § 7252; Russell v. Principi, 3 Vet.App. 310,
315 (1992) (en banc) (Court's jurisdiction is plenary); Godfrey v. Derwinski, 2 Vet.App. 352, 356
(1992) ("This Court has 'exclusive jurisdiction to review decisions of the Board of Veterans'
Appeals' . . . ." (quoting 38 U.S.C. § 7252(a))); Cerullo v. Derwinski, 1 Vet.App. 195, 196-97 (1991)
(filing of Notice of Appeal "confers plenary jurisdiction upon an appellate court"). Accordingly, I
would exercise our jurisdiction over the appeal and decide it.
        Contrary to the majority opinion, I do not believe a final decision on a motion to vacate and
a final decision on a motion to reconsider are equivalent with regard to our jurisdiction. A motion
to reconsider is submitted to the Board Chairman and the decision to grant or deny the motion is a


        7
           Moreover, because this case is before the full Court, we would not be bound by the decision in Taylor v.
Principi, 17 Vet.App. 148 (2003), even if the Court had ruled on the jurisdictional issue in that case.


                                                        9
decision of the Chairman and not of the Board. See 38 U.S.C. § 7103 (a); 38 C.F.R. § 20.1001
(2005) (contained in part 20, subpart K, entitled "Reconsideration" and not in subpart J, entitled
"Actions of the Board"); see also Mayer v. Brown, 37 F.3d 618, 620 (Fed. Cir. 1994) (stating that
"[a]n action by the Chairman is not a decision of the [B]oard"). Accordingly, the Court generally
has no jurisdiction to review the denial of a motion to reconsider decided by the Board Chairman.
See Mayer, supra; but see Romero v. Brown, 6 Vet.App. 410, 412-15 (1994) (indicating Court may
review Chairman's denial of reconsideration when appellant claims "new evidence or changed
circumstances"). In contrast, a motion to vacate is submitted directly to the Board and a decision to
grant or deny the motion is a decision of the Board.1 See 38. C.F.R. § 20.904 (2005) (contained in
part 20, subpart J, entitled "Actions of the Board," in contrast to the regulations governing
reconsideration that are contained in subpart K, entitled "Reconsideration"); see also 38 U.S.C.
§ 7103(c).
         Also contrary to the majority opinion, I do not believe Browne v. Principi, 16 Vet.App. 278
(2002), is controlling or even apposite to whether we have jurisdiction over a Board decision
rendered on a motion to vacate. Browne involved an appeal of a Board decision subsequent to the


         1
            There is no support in the record for the concern raised in footnote 1 of the majority opinion, ante, as to
whether the decision in this case was a Chairman's decision instead of a Board decision. The Secretary states it was not
rendered on behalf of the Chairman and notes that the Chairman has the authority to delegate under 38 C.F.R. § 19.3(a)
(2005) (Chairman may assign any "proceeding" to a member of the Board). M oreover, the request is clearly a request
to vacate and the decision is clearly a decision on that request, and the request itself was specifically made under
38 C.F.R. § 20.904 (2005). Section 20.904 is part of subpart J, which is entitled "Actions of the Board" and, tellingly,
not "actions of the Chairman," and the Chairman is not permitted to render a decision of the B oard as an individual
member. See 38 U.S.C. § 7103(b). Absent clear evidence to the contrary, the Chairman is presumed not to have acted
in contravention of this prohibition. See Marsh v. Nicholson, 19 Vet.App. 381, 385 (2005) (Court presumes "that public
officers perform their duties '"correctly, fairly, in good faith, and in accordance with law and governing regulations"'"
(quoting Alaska Airlines, Inc. v. Johnson, 8 F.3d 791, 795 (Fed. Cir. 1993))). Furthermore, although no notice of
appellate rights was attached to the decision, this does not mean the decision was not one of the Board; rather, it means
the Board erred by not attaching the notice. See Rosler v. Derwinski, 1 Vet.App. 241, 249 (1991) (holding requirement
to provide notice of procedure for obtaining review of decisions required under 38 U.S.C. § 5104(a) applies to decisions
of the Board as well as the agency of original jurisdiction). Similarly, although the majority opinion correctly notes that
a written statement of reasons and bases must be provided with a Board decision, the failure to provide this does not
mean a decision is not one of the Board; rather, it means the Board erred when it failed to provide its reasons or bases.
See 38 U.S.C. § 7104(d)(1); Allday v. Brown, 7 Vet.App. 517, 527 (1995) (Board required to include in its decision a
written statement of the reasons or bases for its findings and conclusions on all material issues of fact and law presented
on the record); Gilbert v. Derwinski, 1 Vet.App. 49, 56-57 (1990) (same). Moreover, in this case the Board provided
a statement of reasons or bases that explains its decision and facilitates review: the Board stated that Mr. Harms' motion
to vacate "does not demonstrate that the Board's June 2002 decision violated any of the standards [contained within
§ 20.904] which would merit that it be vacated." Transmittal of Decision of Board (filed Jan. 21, 2004).

                                                           10
filing of a motion with the Board to vacate its decision and the impact such a motion had on our
jurisdiction over an appeal filed while that motion was pending. Id. at 280. The Court correctly
found that the motion to vacate filed with the Board had the same effect as a motion for
reconsideration in that each motion stayed the finality of the underlying Board decision until the
motion was decided. Id. at 282-83. Significantly, Browne did not address or even suggest that the
Court lacked jurisdiction over a Board decision on a motion to vacate, and the majority opinion's
reliance on Browne for that proposition is excessive extrapolation, particularly in light of the fact the
Court has otherwise already exercised jurisdiction over a Board decision on a motion to vacate. See
Taylor v. Principi, 17 Vet.App. 148, 149 (2003), aff'd, 97 Fed. Appx. 330 (Fed. Cir. 2004).
         Further, the majority opinion misplaces its reliance on I.C.C. v. Brotherhood of Locomotive
Engineers, 482 U.S. 270 (1987), for the conclusion that a Board decision on a request to vacate made
pursuant to § 20.904 is unreviewable. Locomotive Engineers involved a request for reconsideration
that merely "urged the Commission to correct what [the requestor] thought to be a serious error of
law." 482 U.S. at 286. The applicable regulation provided no substantive criteria for review, and
the Supreme Court found nonreviewable the agency decision whether "to go back over ploughed
ground." Id. at 283-84. In contrast, requests for reconsideration based on new and material evidence
or changed circumstances were recognized as reviewable because they do not simply involve going
over ploughed ground. See id. at 286.
         This Court has applied Locomotive Engineers consistent with this distinction. Thus, we have
held that we have jurisdiction to review the Chairman's denial of reconsideration when the request
for reconsideration is based on "new evidence or changed circumstances." See Romero, 6 Vet.App.
at 412-15 (1994) (citing Locomotive Eng'rs, 482 U.S. at 284);2 see also 38 C.F.R. § 20.1000(b)
(2005) (reconsideration may be afforded upon "discovery of new and material evidence in the form
of relevant records or reports of the service department concerned"). The Court has also held that we
have jurisdiction to review a Board decision on a motion for revision of a prior final VA regional
office decision on the basis of clear and unmistakable error (CUE) pursuant to 38 C.F.R. § 3.105


         2
           Although Romero, supra, substantively is consistent with Locomotive Engineers, supra, our direct jurisdiction
over a Board Chairman's decision on a request for reconsideration is suspect. See Mayer v. Brown, 37 F.3d at 620
(although Court is authorized to review denials of motions for reconsideration by Board Chairman where it otherwise
has jurisdiction, Court's lacks jurisdiction to directly review such decisions).

                                                          11
(1991).3 See Russell, 3 Vet.App. at 314-15. The Court noted that, unlike the discretionary nature
of the statute regarding reconsideration that was involved in Locomotive Engineers, § 3.105 not only
established criteria for review it also required the Secretary to revise a prior decision if it contains
CUE. See Russell, 3 Vet.App. at 314-15 (citing Locomotive Eng'rs, 482 U.S. at 278). Additionally,
although it need not be decided to address the matter herein, the Court's unique status as an Article
I court and our exclusive and plenary authority over Board decisions may be another basis for
distinguishing Locomotive Engineers, which involved the interpretation of 49 U.S.C. § 10327 and
5 U.S.C. § 701, neither of which involve veteran's benefits laws and neither of which involve review
of administrative decisions by a specialized Article I court. Cf. Russell, 3 Vet.App. at 314-15
("[M]ore importantly, because this Court's statutory mandate to review decisions of the [Board] is
in no way limited by the nature of the decision made by the Board, the Secretary's argument [that the
Court lacked jurisdiction] is rejected." (citing 38 U.S.C. § 7252)).
         A request to vacate under § 20.904 differs substantially from the request for reconsideration
that was involved in Locomotive Engineers because the request to vacate is made pursuant to specific
regulation promulgated by the Secretary and does not involve random assertions of error in a
previous decision or involve simply going over ploughed ground. See 38 C.F.R. § 20.904. A request
to vacate under § 20.904 is limited to two significant grounds identified by the Secretary: Due
process or fraud. Moreover, the Secretary has further identified several specific bases for which
error is to be conceded. See 38 C.F.R. § 20.904 (citing the right to representation and a hearing as
examples of due process error for which error is to be conceded). Thus, unlike the request for
reconsideration in Locomotive Engineers, which simply involved a request to reconsider the decision
already made and an unfettered agency discretion to grant or deny that request, a request to vacate
a Board decision must be based on due process or fraud and is to be considered by the Board in light
of specific regulatory direction. Moreover, as previously noted, the Court has reviewed a decision
of the Board on a request to vacate. See Taylor, supra.



         3
            After Russell, supra, was decided, Congress enacted 38 U.S.C. §§ 5109A and 7111, which authorize the
revision of otherwise final decisions of the Secretary and the Board on the basis of clear and unmistakable error, and
Congress further expressly granted jurisdiction in the Court to review the Board's decisions on such matters. See Pub. L.
105-111, § 1, 111 Stat. 2271 (Nov. 21, 1997).

                                                          12
         In suggesting that because the exceptions to finality created by Congress are limited we lack
jurisdiction over Board decisions on requests to vacate, the majority opinion fails to recognize that
§ 20.904 is not just a "commendable" effort by the Secretary to create an additional review for the
veteran. This regulation is a legitimate expounding by the Secretary, pursuant to his authority under
38 U.S.C. § 501(a), upon the Board's specific statutory authority to correct obvious error as provided
in 38 U.S.C. § 7103(c).4 Thus, section 7103(c) is itself a statutory exception to the rule of finality.
See Smith v. Brown, 35 F.3d 1516, 1520, 1526 (Fed. Cir.1994) (recognizing vacatur pursuant to
section 7103(c) as an exception to finality); DiCarlo v. Nicholson, 20 Vet.App. 52, 56 (2006) (setting
forth various recognized exceptions to finality of decisions rendered by Secretary or Board); Hazan
v. Gober, 10 Vet.App. 511, 522 (1997).
         Section 7103(c) and its expounding regulation, § 20.904, are in addition to the two
exceptions cited by the majority – a request to reopen and the revision or reversal of prior decisions
based on CUE. See ante at 7-8. Another exception to the rule of finality is reconsideration granted
by the Chairman. See 38 U.S.C. § 7103(a); Smith, 35 F.3d at 1520 (recognizing grant of
reconsideration by Board Chairman as an exception to finality); DiCarlo, supra. Each of these
exceptions was either present before this Court was created, or added subsequent thereto, and the
Court has exercised jurisdiction over each of them. Congress knows how to limit our jurisdiction
and they have done so. For example, we do not have jurisdiction to review the schedule of ratings
for disabilities adopted by the Secretary. See 38 U.S.C. § 7252(b). Congress has not limited our
jurisdiction with regard to the nature of Board decisions, see Russell, 3 Vet.App. at 314-15, and,
although the Board has a certain degree of discretion with regard to a request to vacate under
§ 20.904, its exercise of that discretion, as discussed below, is guided by the criteria laid out in that
regulation, and the Board's authority may not be exercised in an arbitrary and capricious manner.
         Although the Board's authority under section 7103(c) is stated in terms of "may" and
generally is discretionary, and the ultimate decision to vacate a prior Board decision is further stated
in terms of "may" in § 20.904, it does not mean the matter is not subject to review. Compare, e.g.,
Wellman v. Whittier, 259 F.2d 163, 167 (D.C. Cir. 1958) (if exercise of discretion rests "upon an


         4
           The Secretary asserts that both 38 U.S.C. §§ 7104 and 7103(c) provide the statutory bases for promulgation
of 38 C.F.R. § 20.904. See Appellee's Response to Court Order at 3 (filed June 23, 2004).

                                                         13
erroneous interpretation of law, it may be subject to review by the courts"), Friedsam v. Nicholson,
19 Vet.App. 555, 563 (2006) ("Although this [statutory] provision uses language that can be
characterized as discretionary, any action by the Secretary in applying this provision or refusing to
apply this provision may be reviewed by the Court to determine whether such action was arbitrary
and capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law."), and Stringham
v. Brown, 8 Vet.App. 445, 448-49 (1995) (finding regulation limited Secretary's otherwise
discretionary authority under statute), with Zimick v. West, 11 Vet.App. 45, 50-51 (1998) (Court
lacks jurisdiction to review Secretary's decision that exists wholly within his discretion), Malone v.
Gober, 10 Vet.App. 539, 545 (1997) (holding that statute using the term "may" leaves decision to
Secretary's discretion in the absence of limitations placed on that discretion), and Willis v. Brown,
6 Vet.App. 433, 435 (1994) ("In short, the use of the word 'may' makes [certain regulation-authorized
action] discretionary.").
       Limitations on the exercise of discretion may be contained in statute or established by
regulation, and compliance with such criteria is subject to judicial review. See, e.g., Malone,
10 Vet.App. at 545 ("Even where a matter is left to the discretion of the Secretary by statute, the
Secretary would still be bound by any limitations placed upon the exercise of that discretion by
regulation, and the Secretary's compliance with such regulatory criteria is subject to judicial review."
(citing Stringham, 8 Vet.App. at 448-49)). Review in such instances is under the "arbitrary,
capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law" standard set forth in
38 U.S.C. § 7261(a)(3)(A); see also Stringham, 8 Vet.App. at 448-49.
       Although § 20.904 uses the discretionary term "may" with regard to the ultimate action to
be taken, it directs concession of due process error if an appellant before the Board had (1) been
denied the right to representation through action or inaction of the Secretary or the Board, (2) been
prejudicially denied a personal hearing, or (3) not been provided with a Statement of the Case or a
Supplemental Statement of the Case. Because there are criteria upon which the exercise of authority
is to be based, the exercise of that authority can be reviewed. See Wellman, Friedsam, and
Stringham, all supra. And, when the exercise of that bounded authority results in a final decision
of the Board, it can be reviewed by the Court. See 38 U.S.C. §§ 7252(a), 7261(a); Taylor,
17 Vet.App. at 148-49.


                                                  14
        Accordingly, I respectfully dissent from the decision of the Court dismissing the appeal for
lack of jurisdiction.


        SCHOELEN, Judge, dissenting: As a preliminary matter, it is clear that the appeal of the
underlying June 13, 2002, Board decision is untimely. The decision in Browne v. Principi,
16 Vet.App. 279 (2002), is a logical extension of the longstanding tolling principle articulated in
Rosler v. Derwinski, 1 Vet.App. 241 (1991). Because the motion to vacate in this case was filed
more than 120 days after the date of mailing of the underlying Board decision, the appeal of the
underlying Board decision is untimely and must be dismissed. However, for the reasons stated
below, I disagree with the holding that the Court lacks jurisdiction over Board decisions on motions
to vacate.
        The Court finds that "it is of little consequence . . . whether Deputy Vice Chairman Pereles
was acting in his capacity as a Board member rendering a Board decision or . . . acting on the
Chairman's behalf." Ante at 2 n.1. To the contrary, it is critically important to decide whether the
decision on Mr. Harms's motion to vacate is a decision by the Board or a decision by the Chairman
through his designee. In Mayer v. Brown, 37 F.3d 618, 620 (Fed. Cir. 1994), the Federal Circuit held
that "[a]n action by the Chairman is not a decision of the [B]oard." Because 38 U.S.C. § 7252(a)
grants the Court jurisdiction only over "decisions of the Board," the Federal Circuit held that this
Court lacks jurisdiction over a decision by the Chairman or his designee denying a motion for
reconsideration. Id. at 619; compare 38 U.S.C. § 7103(a), (b) (granting authority to the Board
Chairman to act on motions for reconsideration) with 38 U.S.C. §§ 7103(c) (stating that the Board
may correct an obvious error in the record), 7102(a) (stating that a member or panel of the Board
shall make a determination on any proceeding, "including any motion filed in connection
therewith"), and 38 C.F.R. § 20.904 (2005) (stating that the Board may vacate a prior Board
decision).
        In this case, I am satisfied with the parties' assertions that Deputy Vice Chairman Pereles
rendered a decision on Mr. Harms's motion to vacate in his capacity as a Board member and not as
a designee of the Chairman. As provided by § 20.904, only the Board may act on a motion to vacate.
Absent clear evidence to the contrary, the Board and the Chairman are presumed not to have acted


                                                15
in contravention of this regulation. See Marsh v. Nicholson, 19 Vet.App. 381, 385 (2005) (stating
that there is a presumption "that public officers perform their duties '"correctly, fairly, in good faith,
and in accordance with law and governing regulations"'" (quoting Alaska Airlines, Inc. v. Johnson,
8 F.3d 791, 795 (Fed. Cir. 1993))); Ashley v. Derwinski, 2 Vet.App. 62, 65 (1992) (holding that the
presumption of regularity applies to official acts of public officers absent clear evidence to the
contrary). The mere fact that Deputy Vice Chairman Pereles signed the decision on the motion to
vacate as a "Deputy Vice Chairman" rather than as a "Veterans Law Judge" does not constitute the
type of clear evidence necessary to overcome the presumption of regularity. Because there is no
clear evidence in this case that Deputy Vice Chairman Pereles was acting as a designee of the
Chairman, such as an explicit statement that he was delegated authority to rule on the motion
pursuant to 38 C.F.R. § 20.102(b) (2003), I would hold that the decision on Mr. Harms's motion to
vacate was a decision of the Board.
        The Court's jurisdiction over the Board's denial of Mr. Harms's motion to vacate is not
precluded because the motion to vacate was filed more than 120 days after the Board issued its
decision on the merits of his claim. Although the Federal Circuit held in Mayer, supra, that the
Court did not have jurisdiction over a motion for reconsideration filed outside the 120-day judicial
appeal period, I believe that Mayer is inapposite to this case. In holding that the Court lacked
jurisdiction over the Board Chairman's decision on a motion for reconsideration, the Mayer Court
referred to the Court's jurisdictional statute, which grants jurisdiction to review "decisions of the
Board." 37 F.3d at 619; see 38 U.S.C. § 7252(a). In holding that the Court did not have jurisdiction
over a motion for reconsideration filed after the expiration of the 120-day judicial-appeal period, the
Mayer Court was considering whether this Court has jurisdiction over a decision by the Chairman
and not a decision by the Board. As noted above, section 7252(a) only grants jurisdiction to the
Court over Board decisions and not over decisions by the Chairman. Thus, I do not read Mayer to
preclude our exercise of jurisdiction of a Board decision denying a motion to vacate solely because
the motion to vacate was filed more than 120 days after the Board issued the underlying decision.
Because Congress has granted the Court jurisdiction over "decisions of the Board" and the denial
of the motion to vacate was a decision by the Board, so long as the appeal of the denial of the motion




                                                   16
to vacate is filed within 120 days after notice of the decision is mailed to the appellant, the Court has
jurisdiction to review the Board's decision on the motion.
        Although I believe the Court generally has jurisdiction over final decisions on a motion to
vacate, principles of finality limit the scope of the Court's review. In this regard, we are bound by
the Supreme Court's conclusion in I.C.C. v. Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers, 482 U.S. 270,
284 (1987), that "the agency's refusal to go back over ploughed ground is nonreviewable." This
broad conclusion would generally preclude review of the Board's denial of a motion to vacate, even
if the motion to vacate was filed within 120 days of the underlying Board decision. Id. However,
in Locomotive Engineers, the Supreme Court held that there were certain instances where such a
collateral attack on a prior decision does not amount to going back over ploughed ground.
Specifically, the Supreme Court found that "[i]f the petition [(or in this case, the motion to vacate)]
that was denied sought reopening on the basis of new evidence or changed circumstances review is
available and abuse of discretion is the standard." Id. at 284.
        Whether, in his motion to vacate, Mr. Harms has alleged anything that would constitute "new
evidence" or "changed circumstances" that would allow that Court to review the Board's denial of
his motion to vacate is not a question that I would decide without the assistance of briefing from the
parties. Id. at 278. However, a discovery of a due process error or the discovery that a decision was
based on false or fraudulent evidence appears, on its face, to be either "new evidence" or "changed
circumstances" permitting the Court to exercise jurisdiction over a motion to vacate a Board
decision, regardless of whether the motion to vacate was filed within 120 days after the Board issued
the underlying decision. See Locomotive Eng'rs, supra; 38 C.F.R. § 20.904(a), (b).
        Finally, I disagree with the Court's implication that the Board's denial of a motion to vacate
is somehow unreviewable because § 20.904(a) is permissively worded. Nothing limits the nature
of the Board decision that the Court may review. See 38 U.S.C. § 7252, 7266; Russell v. Principi,
3 Vet.App. 310, 314-15 (1992) (en banc); cf. 5 U.S.C. § 701(a)(2) (precluding judicial review under
the Administrative Procedure Act of actions when "agency action is committed to agency discretion
by law").
        The Court would review the Board's denial of a motion to vacate for abuse of discretion. See
38 U.S.C. § 7261(a)(3)(A) (stating that the Court "shall . . . hold unlawful and set aside" Board


                                                   17
decisions found to be "arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance
with law" (emphasis added)). In the event the Board abuses its discretion, the Court is obligated to
"hold unlawful and set aside" such a decision. Id.; see also Martin v. Franklin Capital Corp.,
126 S. Ct. 704, 710 (2005) ("Discretion is not whim, and limiting discretion according to legal
standards helps promote the basic principle of justice that like cases should be decided alike.").
Furthermore, I believe that it would generally be an abuse of discretion for the Board to deny a
motion to vacate in cases where the Secretary has already conceded due process error. See 38 C.F.R.
§ 20.904(a); see also Locomotive Eng'rs, 482 U.S. at 278 (stating that the lawfulness of a refusal to
reopen a prior decision is reviewable and that a standard other than "arbitrary, capricious, or abuse
of discretion" would be appropriate in cases where the law requires reopening).
       Accordingly, I respectfully dissent from the Court's dismissal of the appeal of the Board's
October 30, 2003, decision denying the motion to vacate.




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