                           NOT FOR PUBLICATION                           FILED
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                        NOV 7 2018
                                                                      MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                       U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                       No.    16-50360

                Plaintiff-Appellee,             D.C. No.
                                                2:13-cr-00719-PSG-3
 v.

EDGAR POGOSIAN, AKA Edgar                       MEMORANDUM*
Hakobyan, AKA Seal 1,

                Defendant-Appellant.

                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                       for the Central District of California
                   Philip S. Gutierrez, District Judge, Presiding

                            Submitted August 9, 2018**
                               Pasadena, California

Before: TASHIMA and CHRISTEN, Circuit Judges, and RUFE,*** District Judge.

   Edgar Pogosian appeals from the judgment of conviction sentencing him to 18

months of imprisonment after a jury found him guilty of conspiracy to commit


      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
      **
            The panel unanimously finds this case suitable for decision without
oral argument.
      ***
             The Honorable Cynthia M. Rufe, United States District Judge for the
Eastern District of Pennsylvania, sitting by designation.
money laundering in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1956(h) and money laundering in

violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 1956(a)(1)(B)(i), 2(b), as charged in a multi-defendant

indictment, which also charged a health-care fraud scheme.1 We have jurisdiction

pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291, and we affirm.

      1. There was sufficient evidence for the jury to find that Pogosian knew the

illegal proceeds came from health-care fraud and relatedly, to convict on the

money-laundering charge in Count 19. Evidence is sufficient to support a

conviction if, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution,

any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime

beyond a reasonable doubt. United States v. Liew, 856 F.3d 585, 596 (9th Cir.

2017) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). The government

introduced evidence that Pogosian cashed or deposited more than 150 checks over

six years, and that when he had more than one check to cash on a given day, he

would travel to multiple banks to cash them at the account-holder’s bank.

Pogosian negotiated the check that formed the basis for Count 19 in 2012, after his

ex-girlfriend told him that she had declined to cash any more checks because it did

not seem right to her, and after Pogosian’s interview with IRS agents about



      1
             This appeal was consolidated with the appeal in U.S. v. Sarkissian,
No. 16-50347. As the appeals raise different issues, and we earlier determined that
the decisional process in U.S. v. Pogosian would not be significantly aided by oral
argument, we issue separate decisions in each case.

                                          2
Panarama, one of the sham corporations involved in the fraud. Pogosian, listed as

president of Panarama, had also stated in a car loan application in 2006 that he was

a senior manager at Panarama. The depositors to the sham corporations included

Carlish Clinic, Reliable Diagnostics, and other health-care related entities. Thus,

the government provided a chain of inferences from which the jury reasonably

could conclude that Pogosian knew the funds likely came from health-care fraud.

The government was not required to prove the specific funds related to the cashed

check came from health-care fraud; the evidence of commingled accounts was

sufficient. See United States v. Lazarenko, 564 F.3d 1026, 1035 (9th Cir. 2009).

      2. In closing argument, the prosecutor stated that the government had to

prove a “high probability that the checks represented the proceeds of some

unlawful activity and that the defendants failed to investigate.” Contrary to

Pogosian’s argument, this statement did not change the mental state required to

convict. The trial court correctly instructed the jury as part of a detailed charge

that “you may find that the defendant acted knowingly if you find beyond a

reasonable doubt that he[] one, was aware of a high probability that the financial

transactions represented the proceeds of some form of unlawful activity; and, two,

deliberately avoided learning the truth.” “We have repeatedly held that a statutory

requirement that a criminal defendant acted knowingly is not limited to positive

knowledge, but includes the state of mind of one who does not possess positive


                                           3
knowledge only because he consciously avoided it.” United States v. Nosal, 844

F.3d 1024, 1039 (9th Cir. 2016) (internal citations and quotation marks omitted).

The prosecutor’s argument fairly tracked this instruction, albeit in slightly different

language, and any error is harmless in light of the trial court’s instructions. See

Rogers v. McDaniel, 793 F.3d 1036, 1043 (9th Cir. 2015). Cf. United States v.

Lundstrom, 880 F.3d 423, 442 (8th Cir. 2018) (holding that a willful blindness

instruction is appropriate where the defendant “was presented with facts putting

him on notice that criminal activity was particularly likely and yet [he]

intentionally failed to investigate”) (internal quotation marks, citation, and

alterations omitted).

   3. The trial court’s instructions also required the jury to find that the

transactions were from the proceeds of illegal activity. The charge stated, in part,

that an element of money laundering is that “the defendant knew that the property

represented the proceeds of health care fraud or some other form of unlawful

activity.” The trial court instructed the jury that to convict on the money-

laundering charges, it must find acts that constitute a felony, that health-care fraud

is a felony, and also specifically charged that the government had to prove the

property “represented the proceeds of a separate unlawful activity[.]” The jury

therefore was fully apprised that the transactions that created the proceeds must be

distinct from the money-laundering transaction. See United States v. Wilkes, 662


                                           4
F.3d 524, 545 (9th Cir. 2011). Pogosian has not shown that the jury instructions

either misled or confused the jury, and he was not denied due process. United

States v. Dixon, 201 F.3d 1223, 1230 (9th Cir. 2000) (internal citations omitted).

      4. The trial court properly instructed the jury to consider the testimony of a

cooperating witness with greater caution than other witnesses; this instruction

applies regardless of whether the cooperator testifies favorably to the prosecution

or the defense. United States v. Tirouda, 394 F.3d 683, 688 (9th Cir. 2005). The

trial court also gave a proper limiting instruction that the evidence regarding the

clinics where certain cooperating witnesses worked was relevant only to the

money-laundering counts charged against Edgar Pogosian, and not relevant to the

health-care fraud counts. This instruction did not bar the jury from considering the

testimony in connection with the charge of conspiracy to commit money

laundering. In context, it is clear that the trial court was distinguishing between the

money-laundering counts and the health-care fraud counts; conspiracy to commit

money laundering fits squarely within the former category. Even had there been

error, it was harmless, as the relevant testimony of the witness in question was

cumulative of other evidence in the case, including the testimony of Pogosian’s

former girlfriend.

      AFFIRMED.




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