                               T.C. Memo. 2015-161



                         UNITED STATES TAX COURT



VALERY CHOUTOUO POUEMI AND SANDRINE ATEMEKENG, Petitioners
     v. COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Respondent



      Docket No. 1810-13.                           Filed August 17, 2015.



      Valery Choutouo Pouemi and Sandrine Atemekeng, pro sese.

      Susan T. Mosley, for respondent.



            MEMORANDUM FINDINGS OF FACT AND OPINION


      LAUBER, Judge: The Internal Revenue Service (IRS or respondent) deter-

mined a deficiency in petitioners’ 2009 Federal income tax of $4,232.1 The defi-



      1
        All statutory references are to the Internal Revenue Code (Code) in effect at
all relevant times, and all Rule references are to the Tax Court Rules of Practice
and Procedure. We round all monetary amounts to the nearest dollar.
                                         -2-

[*2] ciency is attributable to the disallowance of deductions for $30,062 of

expenses reported on petitioners’ Schedule C, Profit or Loss From Business, for

2009. These expenses were allegedly incurred in petitioner husband’s business as

a real estate sales agent. The disallowance of deductions for the Schedule C

expenses resulted in corresponding adjustments to petitioners’ earned income

credit and child tax credit.

      On August 20, 2013, petitioner wife requested relief from joint and several

liability under section 6015(c). The IRS granted this relief in full on November 7,

2013. The parties have stipulated that petitioner wife is entitled to relief from joint

and several liability for 2009 and that she is not entitled to a refund for 2009.2

      The sole issue remaining for decision is whether petitioner husband is en-

titled to deductions for the expenses reported on petitioners’ Schedule C. We

conclude that he was not engaged in a profit-seeking “trade or business” during

2009 and that he failed to substantiate expenses underlying his claimed deductions

in any event. We will therefore sustain the deficiency as determined by

respondent.


      2
        Section 6015(c) may relieve the requesting spouse of liability for the tax at
issue, but it does not provide the requesting spouse with any type of credit or
benefit that would result in any adjustment to the tax liability owed by the non-
requesting spouse.
                                         -3-

[*3]                           FINDINGS OF FACT

       The parties filed a stipulation of facts with accompanying exhibits that is

incorporated by this reference. At the time their petition was filed, petitioners

were divorced and resided in separate locations in Maryland.

       Valery Choutouo Pouemi (petitioner) was employed full time during 2007,

2008, and 2009 by Verizon as a service technician. This was an office job that

required him to perform computer and network maintenance. He worked between

32 and 40 hours a week at this job, and his annual salary averaged about $60,000.

At some point during 2009 he lost his job at Verizon and began receiving

unemployment compensation from the State of Maryland. His application for

unemployment compensation stated that he was available for full-time work.

       Petitioner testified that he typically held two jobs, took continuing educa-

tion classes, and “did real estate on the side.” He produced a Virginia real estate

license with an expiration date of March 31, 2009, and a Maryland real estate

license with an expiration date of August 3, 2009. He testified that he subse-

quently renewed both licenses. Both licenses state that he was affiliated with

“Union Plus Realty.”

       Petitioner testified that he worked on his real estate business on weekends,

during the evenings, and during “down time” at his day job. He allegedly per-
                                         -4-

[*4] formed research for potential clients, reviewed real estate listings, and drove

potential clients in his car to view properties. He testified that he regularly

showed houses and apartments to potential clients and entertained them.

      Petitioner maintained no formal ledgers or books for his real estate business

and had no business bank account. He had no real estate listings during 2009, the

tax year at issue. He likewise had no real estate listings during 2008.3 During

2007 he listed one property for sale; it was sold, netting him a commission of

$9,457. That house was on Drumcastle Terrace in Germantown, Maryland, one

block from petitioner’s own residence.

      That single commission represented the only income petitioner derived from

his real estate activity during 2007-2009. For 2007 he reported on his Schedule C

income of $9,457, expenses of $33,907, and a loss of $24,450. For 2008 he

reported income of zero, expenses of $43,427, and a loss of $43,427. For 2009 he

reported income of zero, expenses of $30,062, and a loss of $30,062. His reported

expenses for 2009 included car and truck expenses ($15,244), parking and tolls


      3
       Generally, each tax year stands on its own and must be considered separ-
ately. See United States v. Skelly Oil Co., 394 U.S. 678, 684 (1969). However, in
cases where a taxpayer’s profit motive is at issue, the circumstances surrounding a
particular endeavor during years preceding (and sometimes succeeding) are often
relevant to the Court’s analysis. See, e.g., sec. 1.183-2(b)(6) and (7), Income Tax
Regs.
                                        -5-

[*5] ($1,288), tools ($3,552), cell phone ($1,801), text messaging ($341), Internet

access ($748), wireless email ($220), computer maintenance ($420), office

expenses ($630), staff meetings ($120), payroll processing ($120), bottled water

for clients ($461), “personal marketing” ($850), and 19 additional categories of

“other expenses.”

      Petitioner produced no convincing substantiation for any of these expenses,

and many are suspect on their face. He did not produce a contemporaneous log of

his automobile expenses but only a table created during the IRS audit, showing

28,433 miles of alleged business travel. Many entries on this chart are vague, e.g.,

“Second Job,” “Yao Bi client,” and “Cont Ed classes.” He had no documentation

to establish what percentage (if any) of his cell phone, computer, Internet, text

messaging, or email expenses was business related. He offered no plausible ex-

planation of how his alleged real estate activity required the expenditure of $3,552

for “tools.” He did not have a staff, and he offered no plausible explanation of his

claimed deductions for expenses of “staff meetings” and “payroll processing.”

Nor did he explain what the claimed expense of $850 for “personal marketing”

entailed.
                                        -6-

[*6] On October 22, 2012, the IRS sent petitioners a notice of deficiency that

disallowed all of the deductions claimed on their Schedule C for 2009. Petitioners

timely petitioned this Court for redetermination.

                                     OPINION

I.    Burden of Proof

      The Commissioner’s determinations in a notice of deficiency are generally

presumed correct, and the taxpayer bears the burden of proving those determina-

tions erroneous. Rule 142(a); Welch v. Helvering, 290 U.S. 111, 115 (1933). The

taxpayer bears the burden of proving his entitlement to deductions allowed by the

Code and of substantiating the amounts of claimed deductions. INDOPCO, Inc. v.

Commissioner, 503 U.S. 79, 84 (1992); sec. 1.6001-1(a), Income Tax Regs. Peti-

tioner does not contend, and the evidence does not establish, that the burden of

proof shifts to respondent under section 7491(a) as to any issue of fact.

II.   Schedule C Deductions

      A.     “Trade or Business”

      The first question is whether petitioner’s real estate activity during 2009

amounted to a “trade or business” engaged in for profit. Section 162(a) allows as

a deduction “all the ordinary and necessary expenses paid or incurred during the

taxable year in carrying on any trade or business.” To be entitled to deductions
                                         -7-

[*7] under this section, the taxpayer must show that his expenses were incurred in

an activity conducted with continuity, regularity, and the purpose of making a

profit. Commissioner v. Groetzinger, 480 U.S. 23, 35 (1987). The taxpayer must

establish that he “engaged in the activity with ‘the predominant, primary or

principal objective’ of realizing an economic profit independent of tax savings.”

Giles v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2006-15, 91 T.C.M. (CCH) 684, 688 (quoting

Wolf v. Commissioner, 4 F.3d 709, 713 (9th Cir. 1993), aff’g T.C. Memo. 1991-

212); see Hulter v. Commissioner, 91 T.C. 371, 392 (1988). In assessing the

taxpayer’s profit motive, we accord greater weight to objective facts than to

subjective statements of intent. Keanini v. Commissioner, 94 T.C. 41, 46 (1990);

sec. 1.183-2(a), Income Tax Regs.; see Indep. Elec. Supply, Inc. v. Commissioner,

781 F.2d 724, 726 (9th Cir. 1986), aff’g Lahr v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1984-

472.

       The regulations set forth a nonexclusive list of nine factors relevant in

ascertaining whether a taxpayer conducts an activity with the intent to earn a

profit. The factors listed are: (1) the manner in which the taxpayer conducts the

activity; (2) the expertise of the taxpayer or his advisers; (3) the time and effort

spent by the taxpayer in carrying on the activity; (4) the expectation that assets

used in the activity may appreciate in value; (5) the success of the taxpayer in car-
                                         -8-

[*8] rying on other similar or dissimilar activities; (6) the taxpayer’s history of

income or loss with respect to the activity; (7) the amount of occasional profits, if

any; (8) the financial status of the taxpayer; and (9) elements of personal pleasure

or recreation. Sec. 1.183-2(b), Income Tax Regs.

      No factor or group of factors is controlling, nor is it necessary that a major-

ity of factors point to one outcome. See Keating v. Commissioner, 544 F.3d 900,

904 (8th Cir. 2008), aff’g T.C. Memo. 2007-309; Engdahl v. Commissioner, 72

T.C. 659, 666 (1979); sec. 1.183-2(b), Income Tax Regs. Certain factors may be

accorded more weight in a particular case because they have greater salience or

persuasive value as applied to its facts. See Vitale v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo.

1999-131, 77 T.C.M. (CCH) 1869, 1847, aff’d without published opinion, 217

F.3d 843 (4th Cir. 2000); Green v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1989-436, 57

T.C.M. (CCH) 1333, 1343 (noting that all nine factors do not necessarily apply in

every case).

      We regard several of the regulatory factors as neutral in this case, and none

weighs meaningfully in petitioner’s favor. For the following reasons, we conclude

that petitioner did not engage in his real estate activity during 2009 with the

primary and genuine purpose of making a profit.
                                        -9-

[*9] (1) Petitioner did not conduct this activity in a businesslike manner. He

kept no business books or records and had no business bank account. He had no

business plan and made no changes to his modus operandi in an effort to generate

commissions. He offered no contemporaneous evidence of his business engage-

ments. His chart showing 28,433 miles of business travel during 2009 is com-

pletely implausible as are many of the business expenses that he reported. His

testimony on all these points was vague and unpersuasive. See Bradbury v.

Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1996-182, 71 T.C.M. (CCH) 2775, 2777-2778 (noting

that taxpayer failed to supply relevant evidence of business activity or proof of

business bank accounts); sec. 1.183-2(b)(1), Income Tax Regs.

      (2) Petitioner produced no convincing evidence that he developed expertise

in, or devoted meaningful time or effort to, his real estate activity. He worked one

or two regular jobs and testified that he “did real estate on the side.” He secured

only one real estate listing between 2007 and 2009; that was for a neighbor and

presumably required little effort. He produced no evidence of involvement in any

other real estate transactions during these three years. Although he testified that

he took continuing education classes, he demonstrated no serious effort to advance

his career as a real estate professional. His testimony that he devoted 30 hours per

week to his real estate activity was not credible. See Taylor v. Commissioner,
                                        - 10 -

[*10] T.C. Memo. 1998-351, 76 T.C.M. (CCH) 588, 591 (finding that taxpayer did

not use his expertise in the endeavor at issue even though he was a licensed real

estate sales agent); Bradbury, 71 T.C.M. (CCH) at 2778 (noting lack of credible

evidence that taxpayer devoted consistent time and effort to brokerage activity);

sec. 1.183-2(b)(2) and (3), Income Tax Regs.

      (3) Petitioner has never earned a profit from his real estate activity. See

Golanty v. Commissioner, 72 T.C. 411, 427 (1979) (noting that a series of

substantial losses suggests the lack of a profit motive), aff’d without published

opinion, 647 F.2d 170 (9th Cir. 1981); sec. 1.183-2(b)(6), Income Tax Regs.

Petitioner earned one real estate commission in 2007 and earned no income from

his real estate activity in 2008 or 2009. The expenses he reported during these

three years, totaling $107,396, are vastly out of proportion to the income he

earned. The $30,062 loss he reported for 2009 was not incurred “during the initial

or start-up stage” of his supposed business. Cf. sec. 1.183-2(b)(6), Income Tax

Regs. And residential real estate is not a “highly speculative venture” where

losses can be justified by an expectation of large profits. Cf. id. subpara. (7).

Petitioner’s reported losses were continuous and substantial for a person in his

economic position. This strongly suggests that he did not engage in this activity to

make a profit.
                                         - 11 -

[*11] (4) Petitioner had a full-time job with Verizon during 2007, 2008, and most

of 2009. His annual salary averaged about $60,000. Yet by reporting losses from

his real estate activity of $24,450, $43,427, and $30,062, respectively, he

attempted to reduce his regular income tax liability for each year to zero.4 This

strategy enabled him to report overpayments of $11,108, $13,205, and $8,710,

respectively, and claim refunds of virtually all the income tax withheld from his

wages. Although petitioner’s salary was fairly modest, “the losses from * * * [his

real estate] activity generate[d] substantial tax benefits.” Id. subpara. (8). We find

that petitioner engaged in his real estate activity not to earn an economic profit but

as a vehicle for offsetting against his salary income nondeductible “personal,

living, or family expenses.” See sec. 262(a).

      Overall, we find and hold that petitioner did not incur the expenses reported

on his Schedule C in an activity conducted with continuity, regularity, or for the

purpose of making a profit. Under section 183(a) and (b), therefore, the deduc-

tions attributable to his real estate activity are limited to the gross income he




      4
      Petitioners’ claimed refund for 2009 was reduced by an “additional tax” of
$1,984 on early withdrawal from a retirement plan. See sec. 72(t).
                                          - 12 -

[*12] derived therefrom. Because he derived no gross income from that activity in

2009, he is entitled to no deductions.5

      B.     Substantiation of Expenses

      Even if petitioner were found to have engaged in a “trade or business” for

profit during 2009, we would find that he failed to substantiate the expenses

underlying his claimed deductions. The burden of substantiating expenses rests on

the taxpayer. Sec. 6001; Rule 142(a); Hradesky v. Commissioner, 65 T.C. 87, 89

(1975), aff’d per curiam, 540 F.2d 821 (5th Cir. 1976). Certain of petitioner’s

alleged expenses, including his automobile and travel-related expenses for 2009,

totaling $16,532, are subject to the strict substantiation requirements of section

274(d). See Sanford v. Commissioner, 50 T.C. 823, 827 (1968), aff’d, 412 F.2d

201 (2d Cir. 1969); Lysford v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2012-41; sec. 1.274-

5T(a), Temporary Income Tax Regs., 50 Fed. Reg. 46014 (Nov. 6, 1985).

Petitioner wholly failed to meet those requirements. As for his other alleged

expenses, many were completely implausible on their face, and he produced no

invoices, bank statements, credit card statements, or other credible documentation

to substantiate any of them. We accordingly find that he would not be entitled to


      5
       None of petitioner’s alleged expenses appear to be otherwise allowable as
itemized deductions.
                                       - 13 -

[*13] the claimed deductions even if he had engaged in a profit-seeking real estate

business during 2009, which he did not do.

      To reflect the foregoing,


                                                An appropriate decision will be

                                      entered.
