                            UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                            FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA



 BALDINO’S LOCK & KEY SERVICE,
 INC., et al.,

                            Plaintiffs,
                                                     Case No. 1:16-cv-02360 (TNM)
                            v.

 GOOGLE LLC, et al.,

                            Defendants.


                                 MEMORANDUM OPINION

       In 2014, Baldino’s Lock & Key Service, Inc. (Baldino’s) brought suit against Google

LLC and two online directories in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of

Virginia. The suit alleged that the defendants had violated the Lanham Act and the Racketeer

Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO) by listing numerous scam locksmiths on their

websites, thus harming the plaintiff’s business. Baldino’s Lock & Key Serv., Inc. v. Google, Inc.,

88 F. Supp. 3d 543, 546 (E.D. Va. 2015). The district court dismissed the case, reasoning that the

defendants enjoyed immunity under the Communications Decency Act (CDA) as providers of an

“interactive computer service” against a suit trying to hold them “liable for content originating

with a third-party information content provider,” and that each count independently failed to

state a claim. Id. at 546-47. The Fourth Circuit affirmed the district court’s decision without

mention of the CDA, since Baldino’s had abandoned all RICO claims on appeal, and the Lanham

Act claim failed because the district court had “correctly determined” that the “locksmiths who

generated the information that appeared on Defendants’ websites are solely responsible for




                                                 1
making any faulty or misleading representations.” Baldino’s Lock & Key Serv., Inc. v. Google

Inc., 624 F. App’x 81, 82 (4th Cir. 2015).

       The instant suit relies on similar factual allegations, but with a slightly different array of

defendants, plaintiffs, and claims. This time, the suit names search engine providers Google,

Yahoo! Inc., and Microsoft Corporation (the Providers) as defendants. Baldino’s is now the lead

plaintiff in a putative class action, joined by licensed locksmiths from around the country (the

Locksmiths), who allege that the Providers are burying legitimate locksmiths under scam

locksmiths in search results on the Providers’ websites, forcing legitimate locksmiths to pay for

premium advertising slots or face the reality of an eroding customer base. First Am. Compl. 8-9

(Compl.). The Locksmiths allege violations of the Lanham Act and the Sherman Antitrust Act,

and assert five state law causes of action. In an effort to avoid a repeat outcome, the Locksmiths

emphasize that the Providers create mapping information based on scam locksmiths’ allegedly

false location claims, contending that the Providers have thus created original content not

immunized by the CDA. Nonetheless, the Providers move to dismiss, claiming that they enjoy

immunity under the CDA for seven of the eight counts, that all counts independently fail to state

a claim, and that claim preclusion bars Baldino’s allegations against Google. Defs.’ Mot.

Dismiss i, 4-24. For the reasons that follow, I conclude that CDA immunity bars all of the

Locksmiths’ claims except for breach of contract, and that the Locksmiths have failed to

adequately plead that claim. Accordingly, all counts will be dismissed.




                                                  2
                                        I. BACKGROUND


       The Locksmiths allege that the Providers control 90% of “organic and map internet

search[es] originating in the United States.”1 Compl. 8. “‘Organic’ search results are the unpaid

list of links displayed . . . ordinally ranked by their respective ‘relevanc[e]’ to a consumer’s

search term.” Id. According to the complaint, the Providers “knowingly and deliberately flood

organic search results [for] queries such as ‘locksmith’ . . . with scam locksmith listings” that

they know to be fictitious and fraudulent, thus forcing the Locksmiths to pay for advertising

highlighted earlier in searches for “locksmith” and related terms. Id. at 8-9.

       According to the complaint, scam locksmiths operate without required licensing, and they

“usually lack the experience and specialized tools needed . . . tell[ing] the customer the problem

is worse than expected and [then] tak[ing] some drastic, destructive action (like drilling out the

caller’s lock).” Id. at 13. Exorbitant payment is often required. Id. Because “[l]ocation-based

internet search . . . is the primary means by which prospective customers seek locksmith

services,” these “[s]cam locksmiths publish hundreds or thousands of unique websites targeting

nearly every heavily populated geographic location . . . around the country,” portraying

themselves as locally-based businesses when they often actually operate via call-centers that

dispatch mobile, non-licensed scam locksmiths. Id. at 12-13. In contrast, the Locksmiths allege

that they are licensed and/or registered to perform their trade pursuant to the requirements of

their respective jurisdictions. Id. at 3-8, 11-12. Because states publish public lists of licensed

locksmiths and registered businesses, the Locksmiths allege that the Providers have actual

knowledge of which locksmiths are scammers. Id. at 17-18.



1
  But see Compl. 8 (alleging that Google controls 70%, Microsoft controls 20%, and Yahoo
controls 12% “of all organic internet search queries conducted in the United States.”).


                                                  3
        The Locksmiths allege that the Providers not only re-publish information generated by

the scam locksmith websites, but also “enhance those listings . . . by creating brand new original

content not found on the original web sites.” Id. at 16. Specifically, the Providers’ “original

content includes fictitious addresses, photos, map locations, and map pinpoints for scam

locksmiths as well as driving directions to and from the fictitious locations.” Id. at 19. For

example, “if a scam locksmith states that it is located in Falls Church, Virginia, but gives no

location information, the search engine will create a map and arbitrarily place a pinpoint

someplace in Falls Church. The map and pinpoints are created entirely by the search engine

provider, not by ‘another.’” Opp. to Defs.’ Mot. Dismiss 5 (Opp.).

        By thus burying legitimate locksmiths under scam listings that appear legitimate and

local, the Locksmiths allege that the Providers have caused “a large number of formerly viable

locksmiths” to go “out of business entirely,” while the Plaintiffs themselves “have lost 30-60%

of their gross revenue since 2009 in the specific business arena of outbound consumer service

calls.” Compl. 9. And since the Providers not only list the scammers, but also allow scam

locksmiths to themselves purchase advertising, the Locksmiths allege that the Providers pressure

them to pay for expensive advertising. Id. at 30. If the Providers banned scam locksmiths from

their search results, the licensed Locksmiths aver that they would likely appear among the first

local results. Id. at 29.

        Furthermore, the Locksmiths allege that the Providers collude in adopting this policy

towards the scam locksmiths, thus abusing their monopoly power and restraining trade in

violation of federal antitrust laws. Id. at 26-28. The Providers also allegedly violate the Lanham

Act by making false representations pertaining to the scam locksmiths, and commit five

violations of state law: fraud, tortious interference with an economic advantage, unfair




                                                 4
competition, breach of contract, and conspiracy. Id. at 28-37. The Locksmiths seek injunctions

that would require the Providers to stop publishing the scam locksmiths’ information in

jurisdictions where licensing is required, as well as damages, attorney fees, and costs associated

with the litigation. Id. at 37-38.

        Baldino’s originally filed this suit on its own behalf in December 2016. In January 2017,

the Court granted leave to amend the complaint. The first amended complaint, currently

operative, added 13 new locksmiths and the class action allegations. Microsoft successfully

moved to stay the claims against it made by Baldino’s and Joe East Enterprises pending a

decision on the motion to dismiss, on the ground that contracts with those parties arguably

required that all such claims be decided in arbitration. The Providers now jointly move to

dismiss the remaining claims.


                                     II. LEGAL STANDARDS


        “To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter,

accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556

U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)). “A claim

crosses from conceivable to plausible when it contains factual allegations that, if proved, would

‘allow the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct

alleged.’” Banneker Ventures, LLC v. Graham, 798 F.3d 1119, 1129 (D.C. Cir. 2015) (alteration

omitted) (quoting Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678). In undertaking this inquiry, a court will “accept all the

well-pleaded factual allegations of the complaint as true and draw all reasonable inferences from

those allegations in the plaintiff’s favor.” Id.




                                                   5
                                            III. ANALYSIS

    A. Immunity Under the Communications Decency Act2


    “Preemption under the Communications Decency Act is an affirmative defense, but it can

still support a motion to dismiss if the statute’s barrier to suit is evident from the face of the

complaint.” Klayman v. Zuckerberg, 753 F.3d 1354, 1357 (D.C. Cir. 2014). The statute

provides that “[n]o provider or user of an interactive computer service shall be treated as the

publisher or speaker of any information provided by another information content provider” and

that “[n]o cause of action may be brought and no liability may be imposed under any State or

local law that is inconsistent with this section.” 47 U.S.C. §§ 230(c)(1), (e)(3). Accordingly, the

D.C. Circuit has held that:

                  The Communications Decency Act mandates dismissal if (i) [the
                  Defendant] is a “provider or user of an interactive computer
                  service,” (ii) the information for which [the Plaintiff] seeks to hold
                  [the Defendant] liable was “information provided by another
                  information content provider,” and (iii) the complaint seeks to hold
                  [the Defendant] liable as the “publisher or speaker” of that
                  information.

Klayman, 753 F.3d at 1357 (quoting 47 U.S.C. § 230(c)(1)). All three of these requirements are

satisfied here.

        The first and third prongs of Klayman are not in dispute. Each of the Defendants is a

“provider . . . of an interactive computer service” because each is a quintessential example of an

“information service, system, or access software provider that provides or enables computer

access by multiple users to a computer server, including specifically a service or system that

provides access to the Internet.” See id. at § 230(f)(2). The Locksmiths clearly seek to hold the


2
  Federal question jurisdiction exists under 28 U.S.C. § 1331, given the Locksmiths’ federal
claims under the Sherman Antitrust Act and the Lanham Act. Compl. 7. The Defendants do not
dispute personal jurisdiction, given the nature of their businesses in the District. Id. 7-8.


                                                    6
Providers liable as the “publisher or speaker” of the scam locksmiths’ information, since the

gravamen of the complaint is that the Providers are injuring the Locksmiths by publishing scam

locksmith information. Compl. ¶¶ 132 (Count I), 140 (Count II), 159 (Count III), 157 (Count

IV), 164 (Count V), 172 (Count VII), 184-86 (Count VIII).

       As for the second prong, I conclude that the Locksmiths are indeed seeking to hold the

Providers liable for “information provided by another information content provider.” See 47

U.S.C. § 230(c)(1).

       The statute defines an “information content provider” as “any person or entity that is

responsible, in whole or in part, for the creation or development of information provided through

the Internet or any other interactive computer service.” Id. at § 230(f)(3). The Locksmiths

contend that the Providers are “responsible for the creation or development of some of the [scam

locksmith] information that they publish.” Opp. 5. The Locksmiths specifically rely on the

Providers’ alleged creation of mapping information: when a scam locksmith reports that it is in a

certain city, the Providers provide an array of mapping information that supplements the

scammer’s claim, including “fictitious addresses, photos, map locations, and map pinpoints for

scam locksmiths as well as driving directions to and from the fictitious locations.” Compl. 19;

Opp. 5-6. However, Baldino’s has made these same arguments before, Second Am. Compl. at ¶¶

5, 32, Baldino’s, 88 F. Supp. 3d at 546, No. 14-cv-00636 (alleging that Google publishes “falsely

placed map pinpoints”); Br. of App., Baldino’s, 624 F. App'x 81 (arguing that “Google is aiding

and abetting a fraud by . . . providing an enhanced platform . . . now allowing pictures, reviews,

and map locations with pinpoints, creating a picture of legitimacy for an illegal and fraudulent

listing”), and the Fourth Circuit affirmed the district court’s conclusion that “[scam] locksmiths




                                                 7
. . . are solely responsible for making any faulty or misleading representations.” Baldino’s, 624

F. App’x at 82. A review of the CDA immunity jurisprudence confirms this conclusion.

        “[A] website does not create or develop content when it merely provides a neutral means

by which third parties can post information of their own independent choosing online.”

Klayman, 753 F.3d at 1358 (finding CDA immunity for Facebook regarding threats posted by the

Third Palestinian Intifada). Even when a website’s “structure and design” is aimed at developing

legal information based on the input of allegedly illegal content from elsewhere, the website

creator cannot be considered the provider of the original information. Nemet Chevrolet, Ltd. v.

Consumeraffairs.com, Inc., 591 F.3d 250, 256-58 (4th Cir. 2009). In Nemet, the Fourth Circuit

considered an allegation that Consumeraffairs.com had “developed” defamatory online

comments regarding the automobiles sold by Nemet Chevrolet, because the “structure and

design” of the relevant website “develop[ed] information related to class-action lawsuits.” Id. at

257. Nemet reasoned that because “there is nothing unlawful about developing this type of

content,” id., and the complaint “does not show, or even intimate” that the website was

responsible for the defamatory content at issue, id. (quoting Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 683), it was not

plausible or “even a likely possibility” that Consumeraffairs.com had provided the information at

issue. Id. at 257-58.3



3
  In this vein, the Locksmiths attempt to rely on Anthony v. Yahoo Inc., in which a district court
concluded that the CDA did not shield Yahoo from allegations that two of its dating sites
“create[d] . . . false and/or nonexistent profiles . . . to trick people . . . into joining the service,”
and also convinced users to renew their subscription by “circulat[ing] profiles of actual,
legitimate former subscribers whose subscriptions had expired, thus giving the misleading
impression that these individuals are still available for dates.” 421 F. Supp. 2d 1257, 1259 (N.D.
Cal. 2006); Opp. 7. As to the allegation of Yahoo-created profiles, Anthony concluded that “No
case . . . has immunized a defendant from allegations that it created tortious content.” Id. at
1262-63 (emphasis in original). And even though “third parties created the[] [expired] profiles”
that Yahoo allegedly represented as currently active, Anthony reasoned that “the CDA only



                                                    8
       Both Klayman and Nemet distinguish the Ninth Circuit’s decision in Fair Hous. Council

of San Fernando Valley v. Roommates.com, LLC, 521 F.3d 1157 (9th Cir. 2008). Klayman, 753

F.3d. at 1358; Nemet, 591 F.3d at 257. In Roommates.com, the Ninth Circuit held that a housing

website was not entitled to CDA immunity for its conduct in requiring new subscribers to

“disclose [their] sex, sexual orientation and whether they will bring children to the household,”

as well as their own preferences regarding those same three criteria, and then structuring results

in the website based on that information. 521 F.3d at 1164-65. Here, unlike in Roommates.com,

there is no allegation that the Providers require the scam locksmiths to provide the allegedly

fraudulent information at issue, or that the Providers have created a stand-alone platform for the

provision of services.

       However, the Ninth Circuit’s logic is nonetheless helpful. Roommates.com emphasized

that “providing neutral tools to carry out what may be unlawful or illicit searches does not

amount to ‘development’ for purposes of the immunity exception.” 521 F.3d at 1169. “If an

individual uses an ordinary search engine to query for a ‘white roommate,’” the Ninth Circuit

reasoned, “the search engine has not contributed to any alleged unlawfulness in the individual’s

conduct.” Id. The court also explained that the same reasoning governed Carafano v.

Metrosplash.com, Inc., 339 F.3d 1119 (9th Cir. 2003)—in which a prankster created a fake,

libelous dating profile for an actress—because “the website provided neutral tools, which the



entitles Yahoo! not to be ‘the publisher or speaker’ of the profiles. It does not absolve Yahoo!
from liability for any accompanying misrepresentations. Because Anthony posits that Yahoo!’s
manner of presenting the profiles—not the underlying profiles themselves—constitute fraud, the
CDA does not apply.” Id. at 1263. The instant case is not controlled by the logic of Anthony.
Although the Locksmiths do allege that the Providers create the mapping information, it is the
scam locksmiths’ underlying location claim that is allegedly false; no “accompanying
misrepresentations” are adequately plead. Moreover, in Anthony, Yahoo was acting as a host
and creator of proprietary dating sites, quite unlike the generic search aggregation function that is
at issue here.


                                                 9
anonymous dastard used to publish the libel, but the website did absolutely nothing to encourage

the posting of defamatory content—indeed, the defamatory posting was contrary to the website’s

express policies.” Id. at 1171. The same reasoning applies here, where the Providers’ offer

neutral mapping functionality with no encouragement for websites to provide false or misleading

location claims. The fact that scam locksmiths make use of these neutral mapping tools does not

constitute “development” of the underlying location claims by the Providers, for purposes of the

CDA.

       Under the logic of Roommates.com, the “development” of content is “not merely . . .

augmenting the content generally, but . . . materially contributing to its alleged unlawfulness.”

Roommates.Com, 521 F.3d at 1167–68; see also Jones v. Dirty World Entm't Recordings LLC,

755 F.3d 398, 410 (6th Cir. 2014) (citing Roommates.Com as the “leading” circuit decision

providing a “workable” definition of information “development.”). To the extent that the

Locksmiths press this argument, I conclude that the Providers’ mapping information does not

materially contribute to the alleged unlawfulness of the underlying information. As the Sixth

Circuit reasoned in O’Kroley v. Fastcase, Inc., the CDA immunizes a search engine’s

“automated editorial acts.” 831 F.3d 352, 355 (6th Cir. 2016). When a search engine re-

publishes information originally created by a third party, CDA immunity applies even when

confusion may result. Id. Here, it is the scam locksmiths who provide the original location

claim, and the Providers have created a website that simply re-publishes that information along

with associated mapping information. The extra information is wholly dependent on the original

location claim, and does not materially contribute to the alleged unlawfulness of the original

claim. After all, the Locksmiths do not even allege that the Providers should ban those who

make false location claims. Compl. 17-18. It is the scam locksmiths’ unlicensed status that




                                                10
Plaintiffs claim should prompt a ban, and they infer from this fact that “we’re a local business”

claims are questionable.4 In short, the maps are essentially unrelated to any unlawful conduct.

       In common sense terms, it is the scam locksmiths and not the Providers who are

providing the information that potentially creates liability here. The complaint strains to avoid

this conclusion, alleging that the mapping information “independently and deliberately deceives

consumers beyond the original deception purveyed by the scam locksmiths,” and “facilitate[s],

enhance[s], and legitimize[s]” the scam locksmiths. Compl. 19-20. But most websites that

incorporate content from elsewhere could be said to “facilitate, enhance, and legitimize” original

content by amplifying its reach or improving its relevance and presentation. By presenting

Internet search results to users in a relevant manner, Google, Yahoo, and Microsoft facilitate the

operations of every website on the internet. The CDA was enacted precisely to prevent these

types of interactions from creating civil liability for the Providers.5 The fundamental legal

question is whether the Defendants “provided” the specific information for which Plaintiffs seek

to hold them liable. The gravamen of this complaint is precisely that the Providers are

financially liable for re-publishing the scam locksmiths’ information. Accordingly, I conclude

that the Locksmiths seek to hold the Providers liable for “information provided by another




4
  See, e.g. Compl. 12 (“Scam locksmiths’ websites . . . include false claims that they are local
businesses with local phone numbers. They do this deliberately, to misrepresent themselves to
consumers as nearby businesses. When a user calls the local-area phone number for the scam
locksmith, he or she may be put through to a call center, in another city or even another country.
An operator sends over a putative ‘locksmith’ on behalf of the scam company.”)
5
   The result might be different if a plaintiff alleged that the Providers used outdated maps in
violation of some duty of care, or intentionally navigated users across dangerous roads. But that
is not the case. The maps are objectionable because of the underlying information the scam
locksmiths supply, and for no other reason.


                                                11
information content provider,” satisfying the CDA’s second requirement. See 47 U.S.C. §

230(c)(1).

       Furthermore, none of the CDA’s exceptions apply here, as the Locksmiths concede. Tr.

of Proceedings 10; Opp. 3-7 (never mentioning a statutory exception). One exception requires

that “[n]othing in [Section 230] shall be construed to impair the enforcement of . . . any . . .

Federal criminal statute.” 47 U.S.C. § 230(e)(1). Although the Plaintiffs do plead criminal

violations of the federal antitrust laws, the exception “is limited to criminal prosecutions” and

“excludes civil suits.” Jane Doe No. 1 v. Backpage.com, LLC, 817 F.3d 12, 23 (1st Cir. 2016).

The CDA also has “no effect” on intellectual property law, consistent state laws, or “the

Electronic Communications Privacy Act . . . or any similar State law.” 47 U.S.C. § 230 (e)(2)-

(4). However, none of the Locksmiths’ claims implicate these subject matters. See Defs.’ Mot.

Dismiss 7-8 (addressing each exception).

       Accordingly, all of the Locksmiths’ claims are barred by CDA immunity, except for the

breach of contract claim in Count VI.


       B. Breach of Contract


       The Locksmiths also sue for breach of contract, claiming a violation of the “implied duty

of good faith and fair dealing.” Compl. 32-33. The amended complaint inconsistently alleges

that both one and many plaintiffs have “contracted some of listed defendants for paid advertising

services,” but none of the actual contract(s) are provided. See Compl. 22, 32.

       The Providers argue that because the complaint does not identify what particular

contracts exist, it therefore fails to put them on notice of the basis for the claim. Defs.’ Mot.

Dismiss 17. They rely on Bissessur v. Indiana Univ. Bd. of Trustees, a Seventh Circuit case that

dismissed an implied contract claim in which the plaintiff argued “that the exact details of the


                                                  12
contract will become clear during discovery.” 581 F.3d 599, 603 (7th Cir. 2009). Bissessur

rejected this ‘find-the-contract-in-discovery’ argument, relying on the Supreme Court’s decision

in Twombly, and the recognition that “[o]ur system operates on a notice pleading standard.” Id.

The court reasoned:

               [I]t is not enough to give a threadbare recitation of the elements of
               a claim without factual support. A plaintiff may not escape
               dismissal on a contract claim, for example, by stating that he had a
               contract with the defendant, gave the defendant consideration, and
               the defendant breached the contract. What was the contract? The
               promises made? The consideration? The nature of the breach?

Id. Here, I am reasonably confident that contracts existed between at least two of the 14

locksmiths (Baldino’s and Joe East Enterprises) and Microsoft, since those parties consented to a

stay pending potential arbitration based on the contracts’ existence. But those claims are

precisely the ones not before the Court on this motion to dismiss, and no other specific contracts

have been alleged.

       Although other contracts very well may exist, Plaintiffs have not provided sufficient

“factual content” to allow me to “draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable.” See

Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678. Even if I inferred that Defendants’ conduct would violate contractual

duties if a contract existed, I cannot reasonably infer which Defendants are liable to which

Plaintiffs, without any information about the existence of specific contracts. Accordingly, Count

VI must be dismissed as well.


                                       IV. CONCLUSION


       For the aforementioned reasons, the Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss is GRANTED.

Pursuant to the Court’s decision on CDA immunity, Counts I-V and VII-VIII are dismissed with




                                                13
prejudice. The breach of contract claim, Count VI, is dismissed without prejudice. A separate

order will issue.



                                                               /s/
Dated: January 11, 2018                            TREVOR N. MCFADDEN
                                                   United States District Judge




                                              14
