                                                                                FILED
                                                                    United States Court of Appeals
                      UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                        Tenth Circuit

                             FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT                          June 20, 2017
                         _________________________________
                                                                        Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                                            Clerk of Court
MICHAEL ED ERIKSON,

      Plaintiff - Appellant,

v.                                                        No. 17-6002
                                                   (D.C. No. 5:16-CV-00657-R)
STATE OF OKLAHOMA; WOODS                                  (W.D. Okla.)
COUNTY, OKLAHOMA,

      Defendants - Appellees.
                      _________________________________

                             ORDER AND JUDGMENT*
                         _________________________________

Before MATHESON, PHILLIPS, and McHUGH, Circuit Judges.
                  _________________________________

      In 2013 Michael Ed Erikson filed suit against the State of Oklahoma and

Woods County, Oklahoma, alleging that agents of the State and the County violated

his civil rights and committed torts against him. In that case, No. 5:13-CV-00858-R

(the 2013 Suit), the district court held the State was immune from suit under the

Eleventh Amendment. Then, on July 1, 2015, it granted Mr. Erikson’s motion to




      *
        After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist in the determination of
this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore
ordered submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding
precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral
estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with
Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
voluntarily dismiss without prejudice, conditioned on his payment of defense costs

should he choose to refile.

      In 2016 Mr. Erikson did refile his suit against both the State and the County.

After denying his motion to recuse, the district court granted the State’s

Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(1) motion to dismiss, again applying Eleventh Amendment

immunity. The district court further granted the County’s Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6)

motion to dismiss. It held that Mr. Erikson’s 42 U.S.C. § 1983 claims failed to link

any alleged constitutional violations to any policy or custom of the County or to any

action by an official with policymaking authority for the County. It also held that

Mr. Erikson’s state-law claims were barred by the Oklahoma Government Tort

Claims Act. As it had directed in dismissing the 2013 Suit, the district court ordered

Mr. Erikson to pay defendants’ costs. Mr. Erikson now appeals from the judgment in

the 2016 Suit.

      We review de novo dismissals under Rules 12(b)(1) and 12(b)(6). Smith v.

Plati, 258 F.3d 1167, 1174 (10th Cir. 2001). Because Mr. Erikson proceeds pro se,

his brief is “to be construed liberally and held to a less stringent standard than formal

pleadings drafted by lawyers.” Garrett v. Selby Connor Maddux & Janer, 425 F.3d

836, 840 (10th Cir. 2005) (internal quotation marks omitted). Nevertheless, “pro se

parties [must] follow the same rules of procedure that govern other litigants,” and

“the court cannot take on the responsibility of serving as the litigant’s attorney in

constructing arguments and searching the record.” Id. (internal quotation marks

omitted).

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       Mr. Erikson argues that immunity is not available to a State whose agents

actually have committed violations of the United States Constitution. But the merits

of an underlying constitutional claim are not relevant to an Eleventh Amendment

analysis. The State may claim the benefit of sovereign immunity under the Eleventh

Amendment even when a plaintiff may be able to prove that the State’s agents

committed a constitutional violation. See Trujillo v. Williams, 465 F.3d 1210, 1224,

1225-27 (10th Cir. 2006) (affirming grant of Eleventh Amendment immunity to State

employees in their official capacities, while reversing dismissal of constitutional

claims against employees in their individual capacities); see also Schwartz v. Booker,

702 F.3d 573, 578, 588 (10th Cir. 2012) (noting that State agencies and State

employees in their official capacities were dismissed under Eleventh Amendment

before holding that plaintiffs overcame employees’ entitlement to qualified immunity

in their individual capacities by showing they had violated a clearly established

constitutional right).

       Mr. Erikson further states that the 2016 Suit was identical to the 2013 Suit,

with the addition of claims for obstruction of justice. He posits that because the

district court ordered the 2013 Suit to go forward against the County, it erred in

granting the County’s Rule 12(b)(6) motion in the 2016 Suit. In the 2013 Suit,

however, the district court never reached the point of evaluating the merits of the

claims against the County before Mr. Erikson moved to voluntarily dismiss.

Mr. Erikson is mistaken in believing that the 2013 Suit somehow precluded the

district court from entertaining the County’s Rule 12(b)(6) motion in the 2016 Suit.

                                           3
       Mr. Erikson also complains that the district court ordered him to pay

defendants’ costs. Because this argument goes to the underlying decision that he

should have to pay costs, it arises out of the July 1, 2015, order dismissing the 2013

Suit. But Mr. Erikson did not appeal from that order, so we lack jurisdiction to

consider this challenge. See Bowles v. Russell, 551 U.S. 205, 214 (2007) (“[T]he

timely filing of a notice of appeal in a civil case is a jurisdictional requirement.”).

       Finally, Mr. Erikson challenges the district judge’s denial of his motion to

recuse. He asserts that the district judge was biased against him, as shown by his

failures (1) to treat Mr. Erikson liberally with regard to paying costs upon refiling,

and (2) to grant Mr. Erikson’s request for a continuance in the 2013 Suit. But the

Supreme Court has made it clear that “judicial rulings alone almost never constitute a

valid basis for a bias or partiality motion.” Liteky v. United States, 510 U.S. 540, 555

(1994); see also United States v. Cooley, 1 F.3d 985, 993-94 (10th Cir. 1993)

(including “prior rulings in the proceeding, or another proceeding, solely because

they were adverse” as among those matters that ordinarily are insufficient to trigger

disqualification). This is not one of those rare cases in which a judicial ruling

establishes bias.

       The judgment of the district court is affirmed. Mr. Erikson’s “Motion

Requesting Entire Case History to be Provided to the Court,” which the court has

construed as a motion to supplement the record with the record from the 2013 Suit, is




                                             4
denied as unnecessary. This court takes judicial notice of the district-court filings in

the 2013 Suit. See Guttman v. Khalsa, 669 F.3d 1101, 1127 n.5 (10th Cir. 2012).


                                            Entered for the Court


                                            Carolyn B. McHugh
                                            Circuit Judge




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