                                    [J-38-2018]
                      IN THE SUPREME COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA
                                  MIDDLE DISTRICT

   SAYLOR, C.J., BAER, TODD, DONOHUE, DOUGHERTY, WECHT, MUNDY, JJ.

SANDS BETHWORKS GAMING, LLC,                     :   No. 216 MM 2017
                                                 :
                      Petitioner                 :   Appeal from the Petition in the Nature of
                                                 :   a Complaint Seeking a Declaratory
                                                 :   Judgment and Injunctive Relief
                                                 :
                 v.                              :
                                                 :
PENNSYLVANIA DEPARTMENT OF                       :
REVENUE; C. DANIEL HASSELL IN HIS                :   ARGUED: May 17, 2018
OFFICIAL CAPACITY AS SECRETARY                   :
OF THE PENNSYLVANIA DEPARTMENT                   :
OF REVENUE; AND THE                              :
PENNSYLVANIA GAMING CONTROL                      :
BOARD,                                           :
                                                 :
                      Respondents                :




                                         OPINION


CHIEF JUSTICE SAYLOR                                              DECIDED: April 26, 2019

      This matter is brought in our original jurisdiction and involves a constitutional

challenge to a recent amendment to Pennsylvania’s gaming law.                     Under the

amendment, casinos pay a supplemental assessment on slot-machine revenue, and the

funds are then distributed primarily to underperforming slot-machine facilities to be used

for marketing and capital development.


                                            I.

      Approximately fifteen years ago, the General Assembly substantially widened the

scope of legalized gambling in Pennsylvania by passing the Pennsylvania Race Horse
Development and Gaming Act (the “Gaming Act”).1              See generally Pennsylvanians

Against Gambling Expansion Fund, Inc. v. Commonwealth, 583 Pa. 275, 877 A.2d 383

(2005) (upholding most of the Gaming Act against a challenge to the process by which it

was enacted). The Gaming Act authorized slot-machine operations as a newly-created

aspect of the gaming landscape, with licenses divided into three types: a Category 1

license authorizes slot machines at an existing horse racetrack; a Category 2 license

allows for slot machines in a non-racing facility in a city of the first or second class, or in

a revenue- or tourism-enhanced location; and a Category 3 license authorizes slot

machines in an established resort hotel with at least 275 guest rooms. See 4 Pa.C.S.

§§1301-1305; Mount Airy #1, LLC v. Dep’t of Revenue, 638 Pa. 140, 157 n.7, 154 A.3d

268, 278 n.7 (2016).2

       Persons holding one of these types of licenses pay a 34% tax on the gross

terminal revenue (“GTR”) generated by their slot machines, see 4 Pa.C.S. §1103

(defining gross terminal revenue as slot-machine money received minus various types

of payouts such as cash paid to slot-machine players), which is then transferred into the

State Gaming Fund. See 4 Pa.C.S. §1403 (establishing the State Gaming Fund within

the Pennsylvania treasury). They also pay a daily assessment of 5.5% of GTR into the

Pennsylvania Gaming Economic Development and Tourism Fund (the “Gaming Tourism

Fund”), which is administered by the Department of Community and Economic

Development (the “DCED”). See 4 Pa.C.S. §1407(a)-(c).


1 Act of July 5, 2004, P.L. 572 (as amended 4 Pa.C.S. §§1101-1904). The act is
codified as Part II of Pennsylvania’s Amusements Code.

2As of 2017, a fourth category of slot machine licenses allows for slot machines at ten
additional locations in Pennsylvania. See 4 Pa.C.S. §1305.1. Category 4 facilities are
not at issue in this case as they are not affected by the statutory provisions challenged
here.


                                       [J-38-2018] - 2
       The Gaming Act has been revised on multiple occasions since 2004.                Of

relevance here is amending legislation passed in 2017, known as Act 42. See Act of

Oct. 30, 2017, P.L. 419, No. 42. Act 42 contains many varied provisions. For present

purposes, it establishes a restricted account called the Casino Marketing and Capital

Development Account (the “CMDC Account”) within the Gaming Tourism Fund, to be

administered by the Gaming Control Board (the “Board”). See 4 Pa.C.S. §§1407.1(a),

(b). Act 42 states that, beginning on January 1, 2018, each Category 1, Category 2,

and Category 3 slot-machine facility is required to pay a supplemental daily assessment

of 0.5% of its GTR into the CMDC Account. See id. §1407(c.1). Besides these monies,

Act 42 also provides for ongoing transfers of $2 million annually from the State Gaming

Fund into the CMDC Account. See id. §1408(c.1).3

       In terms of how the CMDC Account monies are used, first, the Board is required

to make certain statutory distributions from the account.4 These include disbursements

of $4 million to each Category 1 or 2 licensee with a GTR of $150 million or less for the

prior fiscal year; $2.5 million to any such licensee with a GTR between $150 million and

$200 million during the prior fiscal year; and $0.5 million to each Category 3 licensee

with a GTR of less than $50 million in the prior fiscal year.             See 4 Pa.C.S.

§1407.1(e)(1)(i)-(iii). If the CMDC Account lacks sufficient funds, these distributions are

prorated according to a statutory formula.      See id. §1407.1(e)(1)(iv).    Any money

remaining in the CMDC Account after such distributions are made is to be disbursed by


3 Act 42 also includes a one-time payment into the CMDC Account of funds which had
been designated for local law-enforcement agencies but remained unused as of the
effective date of the act. See id. This one-time transfer is not legally significant in
relation to this dispute.

4To be precise, the DCED makes these distributions at the direction of the Board. See
See id. §1407.1(b).


                                     [J-38-2018] - 3
the Board on a discretionary basis to Category 1, 2, or 3 licensees that have applied for

grants, see id. §1407.1(e)(2), with the proviso that no casino may receive more than $4

million from the account in a single year, and no casino may receive any funds from the

account during the casino’s first two years of licensure. See id. §1407.1(e)(3).

       Under Act 42, the Board is tasked with notifying the Legislative Reference

Bureau, for publication in the Pennsylvania Bulletin, when the GTR of all Category 1

and 2 licensees exceeded $200 million during the previous fiscal year, and the GTR of

all Category 3 licensees exceeded $50 million during the previous fiscal year. See id.

§§1407(c.1)(1), 1407.1(f)(1), 1408(c.1)(1). The challenged provisions of Act 42 expire

when such notice is published, or ten years after Act 42’s effective date, whichever

occurs first. See id. §§1407(c.1)(2); 1407.1(f)(2); 1408(c.1)(2).


                                            II.

       In December 2017, Sands Bethworks Gaming, LLC (“Sands”) – which operates

slot machines at a casino in Bethlehem under a Category 2 license – filed in this Court’s

original jurisdiction a petition in the nature of a complaint seeking declaratory and

injunctive relief, naming as respondents the Department of Revenue, its Secretary in his

official capacity, and the Board (collectively, the “Commonwealth”). Sands challenged

the constitutionality, both facially and as applied, of Act 42’s provisions relating to the

CMDC Account.5       Sands alleged that those provisions violated the Pennsylvania

Constitution’s requirement of uniform taxation, its mandate that all enactments have a

public purpose, and its rule against special legislation. Sands also claimed the scheme

5  This Court has exclusive original jurisdiction to hear any challenge to, or render a
declaratory judgment concerning, the constitutionality of the Gaming Act. It is
authorized to take such action as it deems appropriate (while retaining jurisdiction) to
find facts or expedite a final judgment in connection with a constitutional challenge or a
request for declaratory relief. See 4 Pa.C.S. §1904.


                                      [J-38-2018] - 4
violated the Equal Protection and Due Process Clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment

to the federal Constitution. Thus, Sands asked this Court to declare Sections 1407(c.1),

1407.1, and 1408(c.1) unconstitutional, and to enjoin the state from collecting the tax

assessed under those provisions. Thereafter, Greenwood Gaming and Entertainment,

Inc. – which operates slot machines under a Category 1 license at Parx casino and

racetrack in Bensalem – was permitted to intervene as an additional plaintiff.

Greenwood forwarded claims and arguments similar to those of Sands.

      After oral argument, Sands notified this Court it had received a letter from the

Office of Attorney General, which represents the respondents in this matter, stating that

the Board intended to begin distributing funds from the CMDC Account in September

2018. Accordingly, Sands requested that we preliminarily enjoin such distributions until

a ruling on the constitutionality of the challenged provisions of Act 42 is issued. We

granted that request, directing the Board to retain all funds deposited into the account

during the 2017-18 fiscal year until further order of this Court. We additionally noted

that in the interim all affected slot machine licensees were still required to pay the

supplemental daily assessment.       See Sands Bethworks Gaming, LLC v. Dep’t of

Revenue, No. 216 MM 2017, Order at 1-2 (Pa. Aug. 30, 2018).


                                            III.

      Arguing that the CMDC Account program violates the Fourteenth Amendment,

Sands calls our attention to Thomas v. Kansas City Southern Railway Co., 261 U.S.

481, 43 S. Ct. 440 (1923) and Morton Salt Co. v. City of South Hutchinson, 159 F.2d

897 (10th Cir. 1947). See Brief for Petitioner at 34-36. In Thomas, Arkansas passed

legislation creating a drainage district. To pay for the improvements, the law imposed a

flat six-percent tax on the assessed value of all real estate within the district. The

plaintiff, which had a rail line running through the district, complained that the railroad

                                     [J-38-2018] - 5
would pay a significant portion of the cost but would receive little benefit since its tracks

were above flood level.      The Supreme Court agreed:         although the railroad might

receive a speculative benefit in the form of increased future traffic, this was insufficient

to justify imposing on the railroad liability for a significant portion of the project’s cost.

Deeming the tax “grossly discriminatory,” the Court affirmed the order of the federal

appellate court, which had held that the tax violated the Equal Protection Clause.

Thomas, 261 U.S. at 485, 433 S. Ct. at 441.

       Morton Salt involved analogous facts. In that matter, a city sought to issue bonds

to build a waterworks system, with the bonds to be retired by a flat tax on properties in

the city. Morton Salt alleged it would pay 46 percent of the cost, but would receive no

benefit since the system would not supply water to its property. In ordering preliminary

injunctive relief, the Tenth Circuit acknowledged that the Fourteenth Amendment does

not require that tax statutes – particularly general ones supporting schools, roads, law

eforcement, or the like – impose precisely equal hardships on taxpayers or benefit them

identically.   See Morton Salt, 159 F.2d at 900-01.        It observed, however, that the

Amendment does impose some restraints: the government must give something to

taxpayers in return for the tax, and hence, a tax which results in a “palpable inequality

between the burden imposed and the benefit received” will be voided. Id. at 901.6

6 While Thomas has generally been understood as being decided on equal protection
grounds, see, e.g., S.W. Prop. Trust, Inc. v. Dallas Cty. Flood Control Dist. No. 1, 136
S.W.3d 1, 14 (Tex. Ct. App. 2001) (Supp. Op. on Mot. for Reh’g), Morton Salt referred
to due process rather than equal protection, finding that the tax was an “arbitrary taking
of property without compensation.” Morton Salt, 159 F.2d at 901.

Morton Salt’s formulation in this regard presumably reflects a conclusion that a special
assessment which is grossly disproportionate to the benefit received by the taxpayer
amounts to a “taking” of property under the Fifth Amendment’s Takings Clause as
applied to states through the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. That
concept has support in some early decisions, see, e.g., Dane v. Jackson, 256 U.S. 589,
(continued…)
                                       [J-38-2018] - 6
      For its part, Greenwood advances a similar contention, highlighting this Court’s

decision in Allegheny County. v. Monzo, 509 Pa. 26, 500 A.2d 1096 (1985). See Brief

for Intervenor at 27-29. Monzo involved an ordinance imposing a one-percent tax on all

hotel-room rental income in Allegheny County to fund the building of a convention

center in Pittsburgh. The convention center would result in more business for hotels in

Pittsburgh, but not for hotels in distant parts of the county. The operator of a hotel in

Monroeville challenged the tax on that basis, claiming it violated the Fourteenth

Amendment’s due process and equal protection guarantees, as well as tax uniformity

precepts under the state charter.

      This Court indicated that the “simple but controlling question is whether the state

has given anything for which it can ask return.” Monzo, 509 Pa. at 38, 500 A.2d at 1102

(quoting Wisconsin v. J.C. Penney Co., 311 U.S. 435, 444, 61 S. Ct. 246, 249 (1940))



(…continued)
599, 41 S. Ct. 566, 568 (1921), although more recent cases have been somewhat
ambiguous as to which Fourteenth Amendment precept – due process or equal
protection – was involved. Compare, e.g., Concerned Taxpayers Coal. of Scarborough
v. Town of Scarborough, 576 A.2d 1368, 1369 (Me. 1990) (reciting that the taxpayers
raised an equal protection argument), with id. at 1370 (rejecting the argument on the
basis that the taxpayers were not deprived of due process); see also Allegheny County.
v. Monzo, 509 Pa. 26, 38, 500 A.2d 1096, 1102 (1985) (referring to the challenged
assessment as a “taking without due process” as well as a “violation of equal protection
and state uniformity standards,” albeit without providing developed reasoning
distinguishing these types of violations).

Perhaps because of this uncertainty, some courts have used a litmus based on the
concept of arbitrariness without directly stating which aspect of the Fourteenth
Amendment it is founded on. See, e.g., Bitter v. City of Lincoln, 85 N.W.2d 302, 307
(Neb. 1957) (recognizing that, while special assessments need not correspond precisely
to the benefits received, they may not be “arbitrary, capricious, or unreasonable”); see
also Simmons v. City of Moscow, 720 P.2d 197, 206 (Idaho 1986) (rejecting a
constitutional claim where the tax was not “fraudulent, oppressive, arbitrary, unjust,
unreasonable or an abuse of discretion”).


                                     [J-38-2018] - 7
(emphasis added by Monzo).         Citing Thomas and Morton Salt, the Monzo Court

continued that, as a general matter,

       [w]here the benefit received and the burden imposed [are] palpably
       disproportionate, a tax is not only a taking without due process under the
       Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, but also an
       arbitrary form of classification in violation of equal protection and state
       uniformity standards.
Id. at 38, 500 A.2d at 1102; see also id. at 40, 500 A.2d at 1103 (observing that “money

may not be expropriated constitutionally from one group to the benefit of another” (citing

United States v. Butler, 297 U.S. 1, 56 S. Ct. 312 (1935))). Because the tax effectively

aided Pittsburgh hotels at the expense of the other hotels in the county, this Court

determined it violated due process and equal protection, as well as several aspects of

the Pennsylvania Constitution. See id. at 46, 500 A.2d at 1106; cf. Leventhal v. City of

Phila., 518 Pa. 233, 542 A.2d 1328 (1988) (upholding a similar hotel tax where the

record did not support facts similar to those in Monzo).

       In response, the Commonwealth contends that where, as here, no fundamental

rights are burdened, a statutory classification will survive a due process or equal

protection challenge if it is rationally related to a legitimate state interest. In areas of

social and economic policy, this occurs “if there is any reasonably conceivable state of

facts that could provide a rational basis for the classification.”         FCC v. Beach

Commc’ns, Inc., 508 U.S. 307, 313, 113 S. Ct. 2096, 2101 (1993), quoted in Brief for

Respondents at 43.      Further, the Commonwealth notes, the burden of proof and

evidentiary production is on the challenger.

       Insofar as revenue-based taxes are concerned, the Commonwealth points out

that the Supreme Court has rejected an equal-protection challenge to a statute

imposing unequal taxes on slot-machine earnings, where revenue from machines at

racetracks was taxed at 36 percent but revenue from machines on riverboats was taxed

                                       [J-38-2018] - 8
at 20 percent. See Fitzgerald v. Racing Ass’n of Cent. Iowa, 539 U.S. 103, 123 S. Ct.

2156 (2003). There, the Court applied rational-basis scrutiny to the classification, and

theorized that Iowa might reasonably have decided to tax earnings from riverboats at a

lower rate to help the economies of river communities or encourage riverboats to stay

in-state. See id. at 109, 123 S. Ct. at 2160. Whereas in Fitzgerald there was a 16

percentage-point difference, the Commonwealth forwards that, here, the differential is

far less, particularly as casinos exceeding the threshold for automatic distributions can

still apply for a discretionary grant, and there is a cap on how much money any given

casino can receive in a single year.        See Brief for Respondents at 46-47.      The

Commonwealth also observes that graduated tax rates are permissible under federal

equal protection principles.

       Finally, the Commonwealth maintains that the provisions here “merely serve to

spread the economic benefits of legalized gaming” – including job creation, economic

development, and enhanced tourism – “throughout the various parts of the

Commonwealth hosting Category 1, Category 2 and Category 3 casinos,” and that Act

42 does not transgress any constitutional limitations recognized by the United States

Supreme Court regarding the drawing of statutory classifications in the tax arena. Id. at

48-49. The Commonwealth adds that it is reasonable to assume that all Category 1-3

licensees will attempt to exceed the threshold for automatic distributions eventually, at

which point the challenged provisions will expire under the sunset provisions. See id. at

35. It suggests that the CMDC Account’s temporary nature in this respect demonstrates

that the challenged provisions are only “designed to get the gaming industry up and

running rather than to benefit some facilities over others.” Id. at 36.




                                      [J-38-2018] - 9
                                           IV.

      All duly enacted legislation “enjoys a strong presumption of validity, and ‘will only

be declared void if it violates the Constitution clearly, palpably and plainly.’”

Commonwealth v. Bullock, 590 Pa. 480, 487, 913 A.2d 207, 211 (2006) (quoting City of

Phila. v. Commonwealth, 575 Pa. 542, 573, 838 A.2d 566, 585 (2003)). The party

challenging a statute’s validity carries a heavy burden to prove it is unconstitutional.

See id. at 487, 913 A.2d at 212 (quoting Payne v. Dep’t of Corr., 582 Pa. 375, 383, 871

A.2d 795, 800 (2005)). In matters of taxation, the Legislature retains “wide discretion.”

Devlin v. City of Phila., 580 Pa. 564, 588, 862 A.2d 1234, 1249 (2004).

      With that said, and as clarified in cases such as those discussed above, certain

constraints apply where, as here, taxes are levied, not for general use by the state, but

for specific projects or programs. Most pertinent for this matter, courts have viewed with

disfavor circumstances in which the government enacts a special assessment but, for

some subset of taxpayers, the tax imposed substantially outweighs any benefit

received.   One federal court has articulated that, unlike with general taxes, where

special assessments are concerned there must “be some reasonable relationship

between the burden imposed on each assessed property and the benefit, whether direct

or indirect, which will be received by that property.” N.C. Elec. Membership Corp. v.

White, 722 F. Supp. 1314, 1335 (D.S.C. 1989); cf. Bennett v. Bd. of Equalization of City

of Lincoln, 515 N.W.2d 776, 779-81 (Neb. 1994) (striking a special assessment for

street paving as arbitrary and capricious, where some of the properties assessed for the

project would receive the same benefit as another group of properties which were not

required to pay the assessment).

      Monzo is illustrative of the principle. In that matter, there was no dispute that the

construction of a convention center in downtown Pittsburgh would serve a valid public


                                    [J-38-2018] - 10
purpose and help the city’s economy. The difficulty arose because the government did

not limit the scope of the hotel tax to the hotels that would derive a benefit from the

convention center. Instead, it imposed the assessment countywide so that some of the

burden fell on hotels in remote areas of the county which were unlikely to realize any

increased business from the convention center. The fact that the tax was uniform in its

levy – each taxpayer was required to pay one percent of the income received from room

rentals – was insufficient to save the legislation.

       The CMDC Account program presents even greater difficulties, since there are

only a small number of taxpayers (twelve at present), and the subset of those which

receive a tangible benefit obtain, not an indirect advantage, but actual funds drawn

directly from the account into which the taxpayers pay the special assessment. Apart

from the annual $2 million contribution from the State Gaming Fund, which is relatively

minor in the present context, this scheme tends simply to recirculate and redistribute

money among the taxpayers – albeit with the mandate that any casino receiving funds

from the CMDC Account must use them for marketing or capital development. See 4

Pa.C.S. §1407.1(d).

       In this latter regard, we recognize that the Gaming Act’s legislative purposes can

reasonably be seen to subsume the advancement of marketing and capital

development among casinos.         As stated by the General Assembly, the act’s goals

include such items as increasing Commonwealth revenue, supporting tax relief and

reduction for all Pennsylvania citizens, creating development and employment

opportunities, fostering tourism, and ensuring the sustainability and competitiveness of

the commercial gaming industry in Pennsylvania. See 4 Pa.C.S. §1102(2.1), (3), (6),

(12.2). The Legislature could rationally conclude that these goals are best served when




                                      [J-38-2018] - 11
most or all slot-machine facilities engage in adequate promotional activities and have

enough money for beneficial capital improvements.

      By extension, the Generally Assembly could reasonably believe that, for a limited

time at least, assisting underperforming casinos to expand by means of such items

serves the public interest, and that the CMCD Account program is designed to achieve

that end. Indeed, the program’s statutory sunset provision reflects the Legislature’s

limited intent in this regard. See id. §1407.1(f) (specifying that the CMCD Account

provision – that is, all of Section 1407.1 – expires ten years after its effective date or

upon notice that all of the affected licensees have reached the qualifying GTR levels,

whichever occurs first); see also id. §§1407(c.1)(2) (same), 1408(c.1)(2) (providing for

similar expiration of other transfers to the CMCD Account). Thus, we may assume that

Act 42’s passage was motivated by rational social-policy goals.

      However, this only serves to place the circumstances of the present matter on a

similar footing to those involved in Monzo – where, as noted, there was also little doubt

that the assessment was prompted by a public purpose that the General Assembly

could validly seek to foster. See Leventhal, 518 Pa. at 245, 542 A.2d at 1334 (referring

to the establishment of a convention center in a city as “a legitimate public goal”). As

developed above, the constitutional defect in Monzo was that the objective in question

was advanced through a special levy imposed upon a limited group of taxpayers, a

subset of which would not benefit in any meaningful way by the program.

      The special assessment in issue here has similar features.           For example,

according to the Board, the fiscal-year 2017-18 GTR of a Category 1 licensee known as

“Mohegan Sun” was approximately $202.8 million, placing it above the threshold to

receive a mandatory distribution (notwithstanding that it paid over $1 million into the




                                    [J-38-2018] - 12
CMDC account).7 Likewise, Parx Casino, which is owned by Intervenor, had a GTR of

over $400 million, and hence, paid over $2 million into the account, but it is not entitled

to a mandatory distribution for the fiscal year. By contrast, during the same period

another Category 1 licensee, known as “Harrah’s Philadelphia,” had a GTR of $199.7

million, only slightly below that of Mohegan Sun, and just under the $200 million

threshold, thereby entitling it to receive a $2.5 million mandatory distribution.

       Overall, the financial data published by the Board demonstrate that seven of the

twelve taxpayers are not due to receive any mandatory distribution based on fiscal-year

2017-18 data. At the same time, two are entitled to a $4 million mandatory distribution,

two more are slated to receive $2.5 million, and one is set to obtain $0.5 million.

Indeed, Act 42 establishes a system specifically designed so that the taxpayers who

pay the least into the CMDC Account are the most likely to receive a mandatory

distribution from that account (and the less they pay, the more they receive), and vice

versa.8



7See
https://gamingcontrolboard.pa.gov/files/revenue/Gaming_Revenue_Weekly_20180701.
pdf (“Board Data 2017-18”), last viewed January 14, 2019. We may take judicial notice
of these statistics. See Pa.R.E. 201.

8 The Commonwealth argues that the state may make ability-to-pay distinctions when
deciding how to allocate tax-funded benefits, such as in social-welfare benefits. See
Brief for Commonwealth at 25 (citing Gean v. Hattaway, 330 F.3d 758, 771-72 (6th Cir.
2003) (noting the government may base such decisions on a person’s ability to provide
for himself without state assistance)).

The present situation is distinguishable in that we are not evaluating a statute which, in
the interest of public health, safety, and welfare, allocates benefits funded pursuant to
general tax laws. Rather, we are addressing a special assessment scheme in the
commercial arena which is designed to, in effect, cause underperforming casinos’
marketing and capital-improvement costs to be subsidized by their competitors.


                                      [J-38-2018] - 13
       Insofar as the discretionary grants are concerned, it is possible that some of the

higher-earning casinos will be eligible to obtain a small amount of money. The funds

remaining for discretionary grants when the mandatory distributions are made will be

approximately $262,000. Even if that sum is distributed only to casinos that did not

receive a mandatory distribution, such casinos would receive an average of just over

$37,000 – a small fraction of the money they paid into the CMDC Account, and an even

smaller fraction of the mandatory distributions granted to their competitors.

       This Court recognizes that the Gaming Act is unusual in that it created an entirely

new industry in this Commonwealth, and it “provides a limited number of licenses and

guarantees geographic monopoly status to some licensees and near-monopoly status

to others, thus alleviating the effects of free-market forces[.]” Mount Airy #1, LLC v.

Dep’t of Revenue & Eileen McNulty, 638 Pa. 140, 163, 154 A.3d 268, 282 (2016)

(Saylor, C.J., concurring and dissenting) (citing 4 Pa.C.S. §§1304(b), 1307). We need

not decide whether a program such as the one presently in issue would be valid if

conceived from the outset of legalized slot-machine gambling. Here, however, Act 42

imposes on companies that are already part of Pennsylvania’s gaming industry an

assessment system in which “the benefit received and the burden imposed [are]

palpably disproportionate” to one another, by design. Monzo, 509 Pa. at 38, 500 A.2d

at 1102.

       Nor are we persuaded by the Commonwealth’s reliance on the Supreme Court’s

Fitzgerald opinion. That decision allows for different classes of slot machine facilities –

those on land near racetracks, and those on riverboats – to be taxed at different rates.

It does not involve a special assessment in which money is extracted from one subset

of a defined class of casinos and redistributed for capital development and promotional




                                     [J-38-2018] - 14
purposes to other members of that same class. As such, it is inapposite to the present

controversy.

       Finally, any advantage that a high-earning casino which does not qualify for an

automatic distribution might receive from the gaming industry being “up and running”

throughout Pennsylvania is too speculative to be considered a benefit proportional to

the amount of money it must pay into the CMDC Account.

       Accordingly, we conclude that the challenged CMDC Account provisions cannot

be sustained under the precedent set by Monzo and the federal cases it relied upon, as

“the benefit received and the burden imposed [are] palpably disproportionate” insofar as

casinos which do not obtain a mandatory distribution are concerned. Monzo, 509 Pa. at

38, 500 A.2d at 1102. The tax is thus inconsistent with the Fourteenth Amendment.9


9 See generally supra note 6 (discussing various theories courts have used to find such
invalid under the Fourteenth Amendment). In light of our holding we need not reach
Sands’ other claims.

In reference to Justice Wecht’s suggestion that the present Fourteenth Amendment
issue is “ancillary” in nature, Concurring Opinion, slip op. at 2, 16, we observe that the
claim is one of four separate causes of action set forth in the complaint – any one of
which, if meritorious, requires a finding that the CMDC Account program is
constitutionally infirm.

The concurrence, moreover, would rather this Court invalidate the legislation based on
the Uniformity Clause, relying on the novel concept that a restricted-use distribution
made in the post-collection timeframe effectively lowers the recipient’s initial tax liability.
See id. at 14. Notably, the Uniformity Clause, by its terms, is focused on the levying
and collection of taxes, see PA. CONST. art. VIII, §1 (“All taxes shall be uniform, upon the
same class of subjects, within the territorial limits of the authority levying the tax, and
shall be levied and collected under general laws.” (emphasis added)), and this Court
has never interpreted it in the manner advocated by the concurrence. Particularly as
the federal and state precedent reviewed above make it clear that the challenged
legislation works a constitutional violation independent of the Uniformity Clause, we see
no present need to decide whether the clause’s prohibitions should be extended to a
new category of circumstances.


                                      [J-38-2018] - 15
                                             V.

       We now address whether those provisions should be severed from the Gaming

Act. The provisions of all statutes are presumed to be severable.            See 1 Pa.C.S.

§1925; see also D.P. v. G.J.P., 636 Pa. 574, 595, 146 A.3d 204, 216 (2016) (reciting

that, when faced with “a constitutional flaw in a statute, we try to limit the solution to the

problem” (quoting Ayotte v. Planned Parenthood of N. New Eng., 546 U.S. 320, 328,

126 S. Ct. 961, 967 (2006))). Further, the Gaming Act itself states that, with exceptions

that are not presently relevant, all of its provisions are severable. See 4 Pa.C.S. §1902.

       The supplemental assessment and CMDC Account program comprise aspects of

the Gaming Act which stand apart from, and independent of, the remainder of the act,

which is fully capable of operation without those provisions. Accord Brief for Petitioners

at 37 (describing the program as “a self-contained scheme”). As such, and as the

parties agree, see id. at 36-38; Brief for Intervenor at 31; Brief for Respondents at 49-

51, the challenged provisions – namely, Sections 1407(c.1), 1407.1, and 1408(c.1) –

may be (and now are) severed from the statute as a whole, which is not affected by the

present ruling.


                                             VI.

       Ordinarily, a ruling invalidating a tax statute is not applied retroactively so as to

require the government to refund all taxes paid under the statute, as doing so “subjects

the taxing entities to the potentially devastating repercussion of having to refund taxes

paid, budgeted and spent[.]” Oz Gas, Ltd. v. Warran Area Sch. Dist., 595 Pa. 128, 145-

46, 938 A.2d 274, 285 (2007) (emphasis added); see also Mount Airy #1, 638 Pa. at

160 n.11, 154 A.3d at 280 n.11 (noting money damages are ordinarily unavailable as a

remedy for a constitutional violation). That concern does not apply here because the

funds have not been spent, but have been held in abeyance in the CMDC Account

                                      [J-38-2018] - 16
during the pendency of this matter. The sole purpose of those funds, as noted, is to

implement the distribution scheme contemplated by the now-severed provisions.

        That scheme cannot be implemented in light of our holding, and there is no

remaining statutory directive regarding the disposition of the monies which the casinos

have thus far paid into the CMDC Account. This suggests that the appropriate remedy

is for the Commonwealth to refund such monies to those who paid them – and indeed,

that is the remedy favored by all parties to this litigation. See Brief for Petitioner at 41-

46 (arguing that such a refund is legally permissible and appropriate under the

circumstances); Brief for Intervenor at 29-33 (same); Brief for Respondents at 21-22

(acknowledging that the Commonwealth has “agreed to facilitate a refund to Sands in

the event that the challenged statutory provisions are invalidated . . ., thereby making it

unnecessary for this Court to decide whether retroactive relief of that kind would

otherwise be appropriate”).

        Accordingly, we direct that the supplementary daily assessment monies paid into

the CMDC Account under 4 Pa.C.S. §1407(c.1) by Sands, Greenwood, and any other

Category 1-3 casino, be refunded to them.

        Jurisdiction is relinquished.



        Justices Baer, Todd, Donohue and Dougherty join the opinion.

        Justice Wecht files a concurring opinion in which Justice Mundy joins as to Parts

I, III, IV, and V.




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