                                  Cite as 2013 Ark. App. 601

                    ARKANSAS COURT OF APPEALS
                                          DIVISION II
                                            CV-13-541
                                          No.


                                                    Opinion Delivered October   23, 2013

WINFRED KIMBLE                                      APPEAL FROM THE ARKANSAS
                                 APPELLANT          WORKERS’ COMPENSATION
                                                    COMMISSION
V.                                                  [No. G201997]

LABOR FORCE, INC.
                                   APPELLEE         AFFIRMED



                                 LARRY D. VAUGHT, Judge

       Appellant Winfred Kimble appeals from the opinion of the Arkansas Workers’

Compensation Commission finding that he failed to meet his burden of proving a compensable

injury to his neck caused by either a specific incident or gradual onset. We affirm.

       Kimble, age fifty two, was employed by appellee Labor Force, Inc., and assigned to work

for Apple Tree Service, where he worked removing trees from power lines. Part of his job

included “pulling brush,” which required him to pick up trimmed limbs—weighing between five

and fifty pounds—and throw them into a wood chipper. On Friday, February 17, 2012, after

working a full day (7:00 a.m. to 3:30 p.m.) pulling brush, Kimble recalled feeling sore in his right

shoulder and neck but left work as usual. The next morning, he awoke and drove to the grocery

store. As he walked into the store, he felt severe pain in his right shoulder. He thought he was

having a heart attack and drove home, where he asked his girlfriend to take him to the

emergency room. He was admitted into the hospital, where doctors ruled out a cardiovascular

event. While in the hospital, Kimble contacted his supervisor, James Griffin, and told him that
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he (Kimble) would not be at work the following Monday. He did not report a work-related

injury to Griffin.

       During his hospital stay, doctors concluded (based on a cervical MRI taken February 19,

2012) that Kimble suffered from multilevel degenerative disc disease and a posterior central disc

extrusion at C3-4 causing moderate midline ventral cord impingement. Kimble was treated with

an epidural steroid injection. After five days, Kimble was released from the hospital and referred

to a neurosurgeon, Dr. Mark Smith, for continued injections. Kimble did not follow through

with the referral because of the expense. Instead, he was sent to Dr. George Burgess, at a

community medical clinic, who restricted Kimble to light-duty work, recommended a

neurosurgical consult, and continued to prescribe medications. Kimble has not returned to work

for Labor Force and has not worked in any capacity since February 17, 2012.

       When Kimble filed a claim for workers’ compensation benefits, Labor Force

controverted the claim in its entirety. A hearing was held before an administrative law judge

(ALJ) on October 25, 2012. The dispositive issue was whether Kimble suffered a specific-

incident or gradual-onset neck injury. The sole witness at the hearing was Kimble, and he

testified that although he recalled feeling sore two to three days prior to Friday, February 17,

2012, he did not feel like he had hurt himself on February 17. He added that he did not recall

anything specific that would have occurred at work that would have injured his neck. He said

that he never stopped work due to an injury, and he did not report any type of injury on that

date. According to Kimble, it was not until days later when he was advised of the MRI results

that it occurred to him that he had hurt himself at work. He said, “I just figured when I got [the



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MRI results] that what I had been doing for the past week is probably what caused that.” When

asked whether he knew what happened at work to cause him to have a neck problem, Kimble

responded, “. . . just pulling that brush, that’s the only thing I figured it probably could have

happened from.”

       On January 22, 2013, the ALJ issued an opinion finding that Kimble failed to prove by

a preponderance of the evidence that he sustained a compensable injury to his neck. The ALJ

noted that while Kimble presented evidence of objective findings supporting a neck injury, he

failed to prove a specific-incident injury or a gradual-onset injury. Kimble appealed the ALJ’s

decision, and in an opinion filed May 21, 2013, the Commission affirmed and adopted the ALJ’s

decision. Kimble timely appealed.

       When reviewing a decision of the Workers’ Compensation Commission, we view the

evidence and all reasonable inferences deducible therefrom in the light most favorable to the

findings of the Commission, and we affirm that decision if it is supported by substantial

evidence. Weaver v. Nabors Drilling USA, 98 Ark. App. 161, 162, 253 S.W.3d 30, 31 (2007).

Substantial evidence is such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to

support a conclusion. Id., 253 S.W.3d at 31. We will not reverse the Commission’s decision

unless we are convinced that fair-minded persons with the same facts before them could not

have reached the conclusions arrived at by the Commission. Id., 253 S.W.3d at 31–32. It is the

function of the Commission to determine the credibility of witnesses and the weight to be given

their testimony. Id., 253 S.W.3d at 32.




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       We first address the Commission’s finding that Kimble failed to prove that he suffered

a compensable specific-incident neck injury. This type of injury is defined as an “accidental

injury . . . arising out of and in the course of employment. . . .” Ark. Code Ann. § 11-9-

102(4)(A)(i) (Repl. 2012). “An injury is ‘accidental’ only if it is caused by a specific incident and

is identifiable by time and place of occurrence; . . . .”Id.1 In Edens v. Superior Marble & Glass, our

supreme court held that “identifiable by time and place” meant subject to identification and did

not require the claimant to specify the exact time of the occurrence. 346 Ark. 487, 492, 58

S.W.3d 369, 373 (2001).

       In the case at bar, substantial evidence supports the Commission’s finding that Kimble

failed to prove a compensable specific-incident neck injury as he was unable to identify a work

event that caused his injury. As pointed out by the Commission, Kimble testified that he did not

think that he injured himself on February 17.

       Q:      Is there any specific thing that you can think of, that you can recall at the time
               that Friday that you can think back and say I think I hurt myself there?

       A:      No.

He could not remember an acute trauma on February 17, he did not stop working at any point

and was able to complete his shift on that day, he did not report any injury or incident to his co-

employees or supervisors that day, and when he left work that day he did not think he had

       1
       In this case, the Commission found that Kimble failed to prove that he suffered a
compensable neck injury caused by a specific incident or by gradual onset. In either case, under
the Workers’ Compensation Act, the compensable injury must be supported by objective
medical findings not under the voluntary control of the claimant. Ark. Code Ann. § 11-9-
102(4)(D) and (16)(A)(i) (Repl. 2012). It is undisputed in this case that objective findings
support the existence of Kimble’s neck injury.


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injured his neck in any way. When Kimble sought medical treatment the following day, he did

not report a neck injury or any type of incident at work that could have caused a neck injury.

Kimble’s own testimony demonstrates his inability to identify a specific incident that caused his

condition. The only evidence in the record linking Kimble’s neck injury to his work was his

testimony that “I just figured when I got [the MRI results] that what I had been doing at work

for the past week is probably what caused that.”

       Q:      That’s your speculation about what happened?

       A:      Yes.

Speculation and conjecture, even if plausible, cannot take the place of proof. Serrano v. Westrim,

Inc., 2011 Ark. App. 771, at 7, 387 S.W.3d 292, 297.

       The facts in the instant case are similar to those in Weaver v. Nabors Drilling USA, where

the claimant testified that while at work he felt tingling and burning in his hands but he was

unable to define a specific incident that caused his condition. Weaver, 98 Ark. App. at 161, 253

S.W.3d at 31. A few days later he went to the emergency room, where he did not mention a

work-related incident, but was diagnosed with a neck injury. Id. at 162, 253 S.W.3d at 31. Despite

the claimant’s argument that his job must have caused his neck injury because there was no other

explanation, the Commission found that the claimant failed to prove a compensable injury to

his neck because he failed to present proof of a specific incident that caused his condition. Id.

at 162, 253 S.W.3d at 31. On appeal, we affirmed, holding that substantial evidence supported

the Commission’s decision that the claimant failed to prove his case. Id. at 163, 253 S.W.3d at

32. We held that the claimant only proved that he had an injury and that he felt pain while at



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work—he failed to show that a specific incident occurred at work. Id. at 162–63, 253 S.W.3d at

31–32. We rejected the claimant’s request to infer that his injury was caused by his employment.

Id. at 163, 253 S.W.3d at 32. See also Hapney v. Rheem Mfg. Co., 342 Ark. 11, 16, 26 S.W.3d 777,

780 (2000), petition for reh’g granted on other grounds (rejecting claimant’s argument that she suffered

a specific-incident neck injury where her deposition testimony reflected that she did not know

how she was injured, she did not recall anything specific happening, and she did not tell her

treating physician that her pain was associated with any particular, specific incident).

        As in Weaver and Hapney, we likewise reject Kimble’s request to infer that his job must

have caused his neck injury because there was no other explanation. Such a conclusion would

be based on nothing more than Kimble’s admitted speculation. In contrast, substantial evidence

reflects that on February 17, Kimble knew of no work incident, did not know that he was hurt,

worked a full shift, and did not report a work incident to his co-employees or supervisor.

Furthermore, he did not report a work incident to the doctors the following day. Accordingly,

we affirm the Commission’s finding that Kimble failed to prove a compensable specific-incident

neck injury.

        The Commission also found that Kimble failed to prove that he suffered a compensable

gradual-onset neck injury. A claimant seeking benefits for a gradual-onset injury to the neck

must prove by a preponderance of the evidence that (1) the injury arose out of and in the course

of his employment; (2) the injury caused internal or external harm to the body that required

medical services or resulted in disability or death; and (3) the injury was the major cause of the

disability or need for medical treatment. Smith v. Commercial Metals Co., 2011 Ark. App. 218, at



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9, 382 S.W.3d 764, 769; Ark. Code Ann. § 11-9-102(4)(A)(ii)(b) & (E)(ii) (Repl. 2012). “Major

cause” is defined as more than fifty percent of the cause. Ark. Code Ann. § 11-9-102(14)(A).

       On this point, the Commission found that Kimble failed to prove that his neck injury

arose out of and in the course of his employment. The Commission was not convinced that

Kimble’s neck injury arose gradually over the week prior to February 17, 2012. Substantial

evidence supports this finding. Kimble failed to report any type of neck problem to his co-

employees or his employer the week leading up to February 17, 2012; he left work that week

unaware that he suffered a neck injury; and he did not report any type of neck problem to his

doctors when he sought treatment. Again, the only evidence in the record on causation is

Kimble’s admittedly speculative testimony that he “figured” that his neck condition was caused

the week leading up to February 17, 2012.

       Substantial evidence also supports the Commission’s finding that Kimble failed to prove

that a work-related neck injury was the major cause of his need for treatment. The MRI results

showed both disc abnormalities and multilevel degenerative disc disease. And the Commission

afforded more weight to the degenerative condition, stating that it could be a factor in Kimble’s

neck injury and need for treatment. The Commission has the authority to accept or reject a

medical opinion and the authority to determine its probative value. Greene v. Cockram Concrete Co.,

2012 Ark. App. 691, at 7. When the Commission weighs medical evidence and the evidence is

conflicting, its resolution is a question of fact for the Commission. Id. We further note that




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Kimble, the party with the burden of proof, did not offer testimony from his doctors

establishing that the major cause of his neck injury was his work.2

       Kimble insists that the Commission erred by relying so heavily on the fact that he

suffered from degenerative disc disease and ignoring the absence of evidence that he suffered

from any prior neck problems. Citing Cooper Tire & Rubber Co. v. Leach, 2012 Ark. App. 462, and

Wright v. St. Vincent Doctors Hospital Indemnity Insurance Co., 2012 Ark. App. 153, 390 S.W.3d 779,

he claims that the major-cause requirement can be satisfied when work aggravates an

asymptomatic preexisting condition. However, those cases are inapplicable because major cause

was addressed for purposes of determining those claimants’ entitlement to permanent benefits

under Ark. Code Ann. § 11-9-102(4)(F)(ii)(a)—not for purposes of determining the

compensability of a gradual-onset injury.

       Kimble’s reliance on Vijil v. Schlumberger Technology. Corp., 2012 Ark. App. 361, is also

misplaced. In Vijil, our court reversed and remanded the Commission’s denial of benefits to a

claimant who reported to the hospital with what he thought was a heart attack/stroke but later



       2
        The lack of medical evidence supporting Kimble’s gradual-onset-injury claim is the
distinguishing factor between his case and Parker v. Atlantic Research Corp., 87 Ark. App. 145,
189 S.W.3d 449 (2004), another case on which Kimble relies. There, the claimant sought
benefits for a gradual-onset neck injury, where objective findings were documented along
with significant preexisting degenerative disc disease. The Commission denied the claim,
finding as a matter of law that an injured worker with a work-related aggravation of
preexisting disc abnormalities cannot meet the major-cause requirement. Parker, 87 Ark. App.
at 154, 189 S.W.3d at 454. We reversed, holding that the claimant presented sufficient
major-cause evidence, specifically citing testimony from her doctor that the work-related
aggravation/new injury was the major cause of her disability and need for treatment. Id. at
154, 189 S.W.3d at 454-55. In the case at bar, there is no major-cause medical evidence.


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learned that he had neck and back injuries along with degenerative disc disease. Vijil, 2012 Ark.

App. 361, at 4. Vijil is not applicable because the claimant there suffered a specific-incident-

injury—not a gradual-onset injury; therefore, the major-cause requirement was not at issue like

it is in Kimble’s case.

       In sum, we hold that substantial evidence supports the Commission’s decision that

Kimble failed to prove a compensable neck injury—resulting from either a specific incident or

gradual onset. Therefore, we affirm.

       Affirmed.

       WYNNE and GLOVER, JJ., agree.

       Moore, Giles & Matteson, LLP, by: Greg Giles, for appellant.

       Michael E. Ryburn, for appellees.




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