      [Cite as Moore v. E.I. DuPontde Nemours Co., 2015-Ohio-5331.]


                       IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
                          FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                              PICKAWAY COUNTY

MELISSA MOORE,                      :                          Case No. 15CA12
                                    :
      Plaintiff-Appellant,          :
                                    :
      vs.                           :                          DECISION AND JUDGMENT
                                    :                          ENTRY
E.I. DuPONT de NEMOURS Co., et al., :
                                    :
      Defendants-Appellees.         :                          Released: 12/10/15

                                       APPEARANCES:

Thomas Tootle, Law Office of Thomas Tootle Co., LPA, Columbus, Ohio, for
Appellant.

Carl D. Smallwood, Vorys, Sater, Seymour and Pease LLP, Columbus, Ohio, for
Appellees.


McFarland, A.J.

      {¶1} Melissa Moore appeals the final judgment entered on February 26,

2015, in the Pickaway County Court of Common Pleas. Appellant asserts that the

trial court erred in granting summary judgment in her action for workers

compensation death benefits to Appellee E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Company,

hereinafter “DuPont.” Having reviewed the record, we find the trial court did not

err. Appellant’s assignment of error is without merit. As such, we affirm the

judgment of the trial court.
Pickaway App. No. 15CA12                                                       2

               FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

      {¶2} On May 27, 2011, Dennis Moore, an employee of DuPont, collapsed

and died at work. The parties agree he suffered a fatal acute myocardial infarction,

a heart attack, at the time. Moore’s spouse, Appellant Melissa Moore, filed a

timely claim for dependents benefits resulting from the death of her husband with

the Ohio Bureau of Workers Compensation (BWC). She asserted her husband

suffered the heart attack in the course and scope of his employment with DuPont.

BWC referred the matter to the Industrial Commission of Ohio for adjudication.

Pursuant to R.C. 4121.34 and R.C. 4123.511, a hearing took place and Appellant’s

claim was disallowed. Appellant appealed to the Industrial Commission staff

hearing officer who affirmed denial of the claim. The Industrial Commission of

Ohio denied Appellant’s request for further review.

      {¶3} Pursuant to R.C. 4123.512, Appellant filed a timely action in the

Pickaway County Court of Common Pleas. The parties engaged in discovery.

Appellant and Ralph W. Newman, D.O. were deposed.

      {¶4} Appellant testified she and her husband met in high school and married

while still in their teens. They were both high school graduates. At the time of

Mr. Moore’s death at age 47, the Moores had two adult children. Appellant

testified her husband had worked his entire adult life, working as a brick mason, a

laborer, or a janitor. At one time he owned his own masonry business.
Pickaway App. No. 15CA12                                                                                 3

        {¶5} Dennis Moore began working at DuPont in September 2010. Prior to

that time, he had been prescribed medicine for hypertension (high blood pressure)

for several years. Mr. Moore also had a history of intermittent cigarette smoking,

beginning in his teen years. Appellant testified her husband had smoked one pack

of cigarettes a day since 2004.

         {¶6} Mr. Moore’s job at DuPont was on the Kapton manufacturing line. He

wore a suit referred to as “personal protective equipment.” The suit included a

respirator, hood, and boots that insulated him from high temperatures.

Specifically, Mr. Moore’s job entailed working in a sealed oven at a temperature of

120 degrees, threading film into production equipment. Other workers watched the

procedure from a glass observation window. While in the oven, the only

communication was by hand signals. The oven contained Dimethylacetamide and

other hazardous chemicals.1

        {¶7} Appellant testified her husband was not sure the protective suits were

reliable, and he feared exposure to the chemicals. She also testified he was

concerned about being in the oven, the lack of ability to communicate while in the

oven, and the instances when co-workers would step on the air hose attached to his

protective suit as a “practical joke.” He was concerned that other workers did not

take safety seriously. Appellant identified Exhibit 2 of her deposition, a small
1
 According to the website for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the National Institute for
Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) pocket guide to hazardous chemicals (www.cdc.gov page last updated
February 13, 2015), “Dimethylacetamide” is a combustible colorless liquid that emits an ammonia-like smell.
Pickaway App. No. 15CA12                                                                                  4

notebook her husband kept containing notes on topics such as the tasks he

performed at DuPont, the chemicals he was exposed to on a daily basis, and plant

safety protocols.

        {¶8} Appellant testified to an incident which took place in April 2011. Her

husband called home sounding scared, and said he had “gotten dizzy” at work.

Medical personnel at DuPont took his blood pressure and reported it as “good.”

He was advised he was dehydrated and given Gatorade to drink.

        {¶9} Appellant also testified regarding her husband’s last doctor

appointment, a few weeks before he passed. According to her testimony,

Appellant did not attend the appointment but Mr. Moore had seen his family doctor

and told her his blood pressure was “excellent.” After Moore’s death, the doctor

commented to Appellant that he had given Mr. Moore “the best checkup he ever

gave him.”

        {¶10} Appellant also testified that approximately 10 days before her

husband’s death, there was an incident at work where a chemical was “sent

through the wrong line.” Mr. Moore and a co-worker had to shovel polymer 2 out

of a basement area. Appellant testified her husband was worried about exposure to

the chemical because they were not wearing their hazmat suits at the time. She did

not recall whether he showed any ill effects afterwards.
2
  According to Merriam Webster’s online dictionary and Encyclopedia Britannia Company (Nov. 3, 2015), a
“polymer” is a chemical compound that is made of small molecules that are arranged in a simple repeating structure
to form a large molecule.
Pickaway App. No. 15CA12                                                       5

      {¶11} Appellant testified the last night her husband worked, he called her

around midnight for a brief conversation. The next thing she recalled is receiving a

call from DuPont employee Don Williams, who told her Moore had fallen, hit his

head, and had been taken to Berger Hospital. When Appellant arrived at the

hospital, she waited two hours before being taken in a room and told her husband

was dead.

      {¶12} Appellant’s expert Dr. Newman testified he has a family practice. He

does not consider himself an expert in psychiatry, psychology, pathology,

cardiology, occupational medicine, cardiovascular disease, or the health effects of

occupational stress. He testified he has never conducted research concerning heart

disease, occupational stress or emotional stress. He has not conducted research

relating to possible risk factors for heart disease. Dr. Newman reviewed various

documents in order to render an opinion as to the cause of Mr. Moore’s heart

attack, including Mr. Moore’s death certificate, autopsy report, and Berger hospital

records. He also reviewed records from DuPont which included the incident

narrative, Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) report, and

Moore’s pre-employment physical. Dr. Newman testified he relied on Appellant to

obtain an individual background and history for Mr. Moore. Dr. Newman testified

the autopsy report noted Dennis Moore had sustained a heart attack 7-10 days prior

to his death at work.
Pickaway App. No. 15CA12                                                      6

      {¶13} On cross-examination, Dr. Newman testified he could not rule out

hypertension, smoking, elevated cholesterol levels, genetic factors and family

history as causing Moore’s heart attack. He testified the only evidence of stress

was obtained from Moore’s wife. Dr. Newman admitted he had no evidence of

what effect Moore’s work had on him; what physical demands were made on him

on the day he died; or that Moore had chest pain, discomfort, sweating, numbness,

or elevated body temperature on the day he died. Dr. Newman agreed it was “truly

speculative to assert that stress played a part in what happened on May 27, 2011.”

      {¶14} DuPont filed a motion for summary judgment. Appellant filed a reply

to the motion for summary judgment. Attached to the reply was an affidavit of Dr.

Newman which supplemented his deposition testimony. On February 26, 2015,

the trial court granted DuPont’s motion for summary judgment. This timely appeal

followed.

                           ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR

      “I. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN GRANTING SUMMARY
      JUDGMENT TO APPELLEE E.I. DUPONT DE NEMOURS AND
      CO.”

                            STANDARD OF REVIEW

      {¶15} When an appellate court reviews a trial court's summary judgment, the

appellate court conducts a de novo review. Ingram v. Conrad, 4th Dist. Athens No.

01CA36, 2001-Ohio-2631, *3. See, Grafton v. Ohio Edison Co., 77 Ohio St.3d
Pickaway App. No. 15CA12                                                             7

102, 105, 671 N.E.2d 241(1996). Accordingly, an appellate court must

independently review the record to determine if summary judgment was

appropriate and need not defer to the trial court's decision. See, Brown v. Scioto

Bd. of Commrs., 87 Ohio App.3d 704, 711, 622 N.E.2d 1153 (1993); Morehead v.

Conley, 75 Ohio App.3d 409, 411-12, 599 N.E.2d 786 (1991). In determining

whether a trial court properly granted a motion for summary judgment, an

appellate court must review the standard for granting a motion for summary

judgment as set forth in Civ.R. 56, as well as the applicable law.

       {¶16} Civ.R. 56(C) provides, in relevant part, as follows:

      “* * * Summary judgment shall be rendered forthwith if the
      pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, written admissions,
      affidavits, transcripts of evidence in the pending case, and written
      stipulations of fact, if any, timely filed in the action, show that there is
      no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is
      entitled to judgment as a matter of law. No evidence or stipulation
      may be considered except as stated in this rule. A summary judgment
      shall not be rendered unless it appears from the evidence or
      stipulation, and only from the evidence or stipulation, that reasonable
      minds can come to but one conclusion and that conclusion is adverse
      to the party against whom the motion for summary judgment is made,
      that party being entitled to have the evidence or stipulation construed
      most strongly in the party's favor.” Ingram, supra, at *4.

      {¶17} Thus, a trial court may not grant a motion for summary judgment

unless the evidence before the court demonstrates that: (1) no genuine issue as to

any material fact remains to be litigated; (2) the moving party is entitled to

judgment as a matter of law; and (3) it appears from the evidence that reasonable
Pickaway App. No. 15CA12                                                           8

minds can come to but one conclusion, and viewing such evidence most strongly in

favor of the nonmoving party, that conclusion is adverse to the party against whom

the motion for summary judgment is made. Id. See, Vahila v. Hall, 77 Ohio St.3d

421, 429-30, 674 N.E.2d 1164 (1997).

      {¶18} In responding to a motion for summary judgment, the nonmoving

party may not rest on “unsupported allegations in the pleadings.” Ingram, supra, at

¶ 4, quoting Harless v. Willis Day Warehousing Co., 54 Ohio St.2d 64, 66, 375

N.E.2d 46 (1998). Rather, Civ.R. 56 requires the nonmoving party to respond with

competent evidence that demonstrates the existence of a genuine issue of material

fact. Ingram, supra. Specifically, Civ.R. 56(E) provides:

      “* * *When a motion for summary judgment is made and supported
      as provided in this rule, an adverse party may not rest upon the mere
      allegations or denials of the party's pleadings, but the party's response,
      by affidavit or as otherwise provided in this rule, must set forth
      specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial. If the
      party does not so respond, summary judgment, if appropriate, shall be
      entered against the party.”

      {¶19} Consequently, once the moving party satisfies its Civ.R. 56 burden,

the nonmoving party must demonstrate, by affidavit or by producing evidence of

the type listed in Civ.R. 56(C), that a genuine issue of material fact remains for

trial. Ingram, supra, at ¶ 4. A trial court may grant a properly supported motion

for summary judgment if the nonmoving party does not respond, by affidavit or as

otherwise provided in Civ.R. 56, with specific facts showing that there is a genuine
Pickaway App. No. 15CA12                                                          9

issue for trial. Id. Dresher v. Burt, 75 Ohio St.3d 280, 662 N.E.2d 264 (1996);

Jackson v. Alert Fire & Safety Equip., Inc., 58 Ohio St.3d 48, 52, 567 N.E.2d 1027

(1991).

      {¶20} When reviewing a motion for summary judgment, a court must

construe all reasonable inferences that can be drawn from the evidentiary materials

in a light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Ingram, supra, at *5. See,

Hannah v. Dayton Power & Light Co., 82 Ohio St.3d 482, 485, 696 N.E.2d 1044

(1998); Turner v. Turner, 67 Ohio St.3d 337, 341, 617 N.E.2d 1123 (1993).

Moreover, a court must take care not “to consider either ‘the quantum’ or the

‘superior credibility’ of evidence.” Ingram, supra, quoting McGee v. Goodyear

Atomic Corp., 103 Ohio App.3d 236, 242, 659 N.E.2d 317 (1995). As we stated in

McGee, 103 Ohio App.3d at 242-43, 659 N.E.2d 317:

      “The purpose of summary judgment is not to try issues of fact, but
      rather to determine whether triable issues of fact exist. * * * Thus, a
      court should not pass upon the credibility of witnesses or weigh the
      relative value of their testimony in rendering summary judgment.”
      (Citation omitted.) See, also, Koeth v. Timesavers, Inc. (May 26,
      2000), Geauga App. No. 99-G-2211, unreported (“It is not the
      province of the trial court in a summary judgment exercise to either
      weigh the evidence before it, or to accept one party's interpretations of
      that evidence in toto.”).

                               LEGAL ANALYSIS

      {¶21} Chapters 4121 and 4123 of the Ohio Revised Code set forth the

statutory law pertaining to the Ohio Industrial Commission and the Bureau of
Pickaway App. No. 15CA12                                                       10

Workers Compensation. Appellant’s action for workers compensation benefits in

the Pickaway County Court of Common Pleas was brought pursuant to R.C.

4123.512(C). R.C. 4123.01(C) provides that: "Injury" includes any injury, whether

caused by external accidental means or accidental in character and result, received

in the course of, and arising out of, the injured employee's employment. In Ryan v.

Connor, 28 Ohio St.3d 406, 503 N.E.2d 1379 (1986), the Supreme Court of Ohio

held that a physical injury occasioned solely by mental or emotional stress,

received in the course of, and arising out of, an injured employee's employment, is

compensable under R.C. 4123.01(C). Id. at paragraph 1 of the syllabus. The Ryan

court adopted a test developed by the New York Court of Appeals and which had

been effectively applied by other jurisdictions. Ryan further held that in order for a

stress-related injury to be compensable, the claimant must show that the injury

resulted from “ ‘greater emotional strain or tension than that to which all workers

are occasionally subjected * * *.’ ” Wilson v. Tippetts-Abbott-McCarthy-Stratton,

22 A.D.2d 720, 721, 253 N.Y.S.2d 149, 150 (1964). See, also, Santacroce v. 40 W.

20th St., Inc., 10 N.Y.2d 855, 222 N.Y.S.2d 689, 178 N.E.2d 912 (1961). Ryan,

supra, at paragraph 2 of the syllabus.

      {¶22} As established in Ryan, once a claimant has met the first test, he still

must establish that the stress to which he (or claimant's decedent) was subjected in

his employment was, in fact, the medical cause of his injury. In this regard, the
Pickaway App. No. 15CA12                                                         11

claimant must show a substantial causal relationship between the stress and the

injury for which compensation is sought. The claimant therefore must “show by a

preponderance of the evidence, medical or otherwise, * * * that a direct or

proximate causal relationship existed between * * * [the stress] and his harm or

disability,” Fox v. Indus. Comm., 162 Ohio St. 569, 125 N.E.2d 1 (1995),

paragraph 1 of the syllabus; or, when death benefits are sought, that the claimant's

decedent's death was “accelerated by a substantial period of time as a direct and

proximate result of the * * * [stress].” McKee v. Electric Auto-Lite Co., 168 Ohio

St. 77, 151 N.E.2d 540 (1958), syllabus. Ryan, supra, at paragraph 3 of the

syllabus. “[T]he factual issue of causal relationship is generally for the medical

experts and the triers of fact,” and “analysis must proceed on a case-by-case basis

* * *,” Ryan, supra, at *3, quoting Village v. General Motors Corp, 15 Ohio St.3d

129, 136, 472 N.E.2d 1079 (1984).

      {¶23} In the case at bar, Appellant argues that the trial court erred in

granting DuPont’s motion for summary judgment because a genuine issue of

material fact remains as to whether Dennis Moore’s heart attack was due to

unusual or extreme workplace stress. Appellant points out that Dr. Newman’s

affidavit statements and his deposition testimony clearly raise questions whether

Moore’s death was caused or accelerated by the stress of his employment.

Appellant asserts that the trial court improperly raised her burden to require her to
Pickaway App. No. 15CA12                                                       12

establish that workplace stress was the sole cause of her husband’s heart attack.

Appellant contends that the trial court ignored Dr. Newman’s opinion, to a

reasonable degree of medical certainty that “* * * the death of Dennis P. Moore

was accelerated by a substantial period of time as a direct and proximate result of

his workplace stress,” and instead relied on Dr. Newman’s cross-examination

testimony set forth below.

      {¶24} Appellee counters that Appellant failed to meet either of the Ryan

requirements. DuPont counters that Appellant presented no evidence in the trial

court that her husband was subject to “more extreme stress at his job than other

workers occasionally experience at their jobs.” Furthermore, Appellee argues

since Appellant did not address this requirement in her brief, she has waived any

claim of error and the trial court’s ruling should be affirmed despite whether or not

she satisfied the second Ryan requirement. DuPont characterizes the trial court’s

lack of discussion of the first requirement as properly holding that Appellant failed

to present evidence on the first requirement.

      {¶25} Regarding the second Ryan requirement, DuPont argues there was no

evidence that extreme or unusual workplace stress was a proximate cause of Mr.
Pickaway App. No. 15CA12                                                                                      13

Moore’s death. DuPont points out Dr. Newman agreed in his deposition testimony

that “it’s truly speculative to assert * * * that stress played any part.”3

         {¶26} The trial court concluded in its final judgment entry appealed from:

         “[A]fter reviewing all the evidence submitted in support of the parties’
         respective positions, this Court finds that without evidence
         establishing general causation between work-place stress and the
         decedent’s myocardial infarction, Plaintiff cannot establish the
         proximate cause of Mr. Moore’s death. Plaintiff’s failure to prove
         either one of the two factual requirements set forth in Ryan v. Connor
         is fatal to her claim.”

         {¶27} We have conducted, as required, a de novo review of this record. A

reviewing court passes upon the correctness of a judgment and not reasons for a

judgment. Halley v. Grant Trucking, Inc., supra, at ¶ 3 (internal citations omitted).

Construing the evidence most strongly in favor of the non-moving party, we find

no genuine issues of material fact. For the reasons which will follow, we find that

Appellant failed to establish the proximate cause of her husband’s heart attack and

death. Here, implicit in the trial court’s decision is the acknowledgement that

Appellant established the first Ryan requirement, unusual workplace stress. We


3
  In her reply brief, Appellant argues that DuPont took the trial court’s decision out of context and she did not waive
the issue of the unusual degree of workplace stress. Appellant contends that in refraining to address the issue of the
first Ryan requirement, the trial court appeared to concede that DuPont’s arguments on this issue, during motion
practice, were without merit and the sole issue was causation. Appellant cites Powell v. Grant Medical Center,
2002-Ohio-443, and Paugh v. Hanks, 6 Ohio St. 3d 72 (1983), which held that a plaintiff can submit the testimony
of lay witnesses as evidence of unusual workplace stress. In support, Appellant points to: (1) the affidavit attached
to her reply to Appellees’ motion for summary judgment which described her personal observations of marked
changes to her husband’s emotional makeup after taking the job at DuPont; (2) the notebook submitted as an exhibit
attached to her affidavit which contained her husband’s notes showing his preoccupation with safety procedures
and danger; and (3) her lay testimony that he expressed his fears and anxiety to her. Because we find that Appellant
did not establish proximate cause, we decline to consider these arguments.
Pickaway App. No. 15CA12                                                       14

agree that she failed to establish the second requirement, proximate cause, which is

fatal to her claim.

      {¶28} To receive death benefits under the Workers' Compensation Act, a

claimant must establish that the employee's injury was the proximate cause of his

death. Click v. S. Ohio Correctional Facility, 152 Ohio App.3d 560, 2003-Ohio-

2208, 789 N.E.2d 643, (4th Dist.), ¶ 8; Murphy v. Carrollton Mfg. Co., 61 Ohio

St.3d 585, 587, 575 N.E.2d 828 (1991), citing Aiken v. Indus. Comm., 143 Ohio St.

113, 53 N.E.2d 1018 (1944). The definition of and principles that govern the

determination of proximate cause in the field of torts are equally applicable in

workers' compensation cases. Oswald v. Connor, 16 Ohio St.3d 38, 42, 476 N.E.2d

658, (1985), citing Aiken, supra. “[T]he proximate cause of an event is that which

in a natural and continuous sequence, unbroken by any new, independent cause,

produces that event and without which that event would not have occurred.” Aiken,

143 Ohio St. at 117, 53 N.E.2d 1018. In general tort or injury cases, proximate

cause issues are seldom resolvable by summary judgment. Halley v. Grant

Trucking, Inc., 67 Ohio App.3d 357, 587 N.E.2d 305, (4th Dist. 1990), citing

Whiteleather v. Yosowitz, 10 Ohio App. 3d 272, 274, 461 N.E.2d 1331, 1334-1335

(1983).

      {¶29} In Click v. S. Ohio Correctional Facility, supra, Mrs. Click contended

she was entitled to receive death benefits because her husband’s previously
Pickaway App. No. 15CA12                                                         15

allowed work-related injury caused his heart attack. While employed as a

correctional officer, Mr. Click had suffered bruising, sprain and neuralgia in the

right lower extremity, and chronic depression. BWC allowed claims for these

injuries. However, Mr. Click filed a claim for permanent total disability benefits

which was denied by the Industrial Commission. According to his wife’s

testimony, Mr. Click became very distressed upon learning of the rejection of his

claim, suffered a heart attack the next day, and died.

      {¶30} Mrs. Click then filed a claim with BWC for death benefits. The

Industrial Commission denied this claim and she appealed to the Scioto County

Court of Common Pleas. Following motion practice, the trial court granted the

summary judgment of appellees. Mrs. Click appealed. Upon our review of the

decision, we found that the affidavit of her husband’s psychiatrist, which Mrs.

Click relied on to establish causation, was insufficient to overcome appellees’

motions for summary judgment. We observed at ¶ 12:

      “When an expert's affidavit is offered to support or oppose summary
      judgment, the affidavit must comply with Civ.R. 56(E) as well as
      Evid.R. 702 through 705, which govern expert opinion testimony.
      Lawson v. Song (Sept. 23, 1997), Scioto App. No. 97CA2480, 1997
      WL 596293. See, also, Naugle v. Campbell Soup Co. (June 20, 1986),
      Henry App. No. 7-84-24, 1986 WL 7312; Miltenberger v. Exco Co.
      (Nov. 23, 1998), Butler App. No. CA98-04-087, 1998 WL 812910.
      Under Civ.R. 56(E), an affidavit must be based on personal
      knowledge, set forth facts that would be admissible in evidence, and
      show that the affiant is competent to testify as to the matter. In order
      to be competent to testify about a matter, an expert witness must have
      sufficient knowledge, skill, experience, training, and education in the
Pickaway App. No. 15CA12                                                        16

     subject matter of his or her testimony to satisfy Evid.R. 702. See
     Evid.R. 702(B); Ratliff v. Morehead (May 19, 1998), Scioto App. No.
     97CA2505, 1998 WL 254031.”

     {¶31} We held:

     “The only evidence offered to establish a causal connection between
     Mr. Click's previously allowed work-related injury and his heart
     attack is the affidavit of Dr. Borders, Mr. Click's psychiatrist. In his
     affidavit, Dr. Borders indicates that Mr. Click's previously allowed
     injury contributed to his death. However, Dr. Borders's affidavit does
     not affirmatively establish any specialized training, skill, experience,
     or knowledge regarding heart attacks. While Dr. Borders is a licensed
     medical doctor, “[a] mere showing that the physician is licensed does
     not always satisfy the requirement that the witness be ‘qualified by
     specialized knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education
     regarding the subject matter of testimony.’ ” Ratliff, quoting Evid.R.
     702. Dr. Borders's affidavit indicates that he possesses specialized
     knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education in the field of
     psychiatry. However, the affidavit does not affirmatively establish
     that Dr. Borders is qualified to offer an opinion above and beyond Mr.
     Click's psychiatric treatment.”

     {¶32} In the case sub judice, Dr. Newman testified as follows:

     Q:          Do you consider yourself an expert in the epidemiology,
     pathology or morbidity of cardiovascular disease?

     A:           No.

     Q:           You’ve never conducted any medical or scientific
     research on the subject of occupational stress; is that correct?

     A:           Yes.

     {¶33} Dr. Newman’s affidavit stated at paragraph 1:

     1.     I am a licensed Ohio medical doctor and have held my Ohio
     license since 1973.
Pickaway App. No. 15CA12                                                         17

      2.    As a physician, I provide care and treatment for patients
      diagnosed with heart disease and/or heart attack.

      {¶34} As in Click, supra, Dr. Newman is a licensed medical doctor but his

affidavit does not satisfy the requirement of Evid.R. 702 that he must have

specialized training, skill, knowledge, or experience regarding heart attacks. Like

many family physicians, Dr. Newman may in fact treat patients diagnosed with

heart disease and/or heart attack and/or various other medical conditions such as

the common cold, flu, seasonal allergies, minor injuries, etc., but he likely refers

his patients with heart disease, heart attack, or other serious conditions such as

cancer, thyroid problems, intestinal issues, kidney problems, etc., to specialists

such as cardiologists, oncologists, endocrinologists, gastroenterologists, and

nephrologists. In our view, treating patients that suffer heart disease and/or heart

attack is not the same as treating patients specifically for those conditions. Dr.

Newman’s affidavit does not indicate he treats his patients for the conditions of

heart disease and/or heart attack. As such, his affidavit does not affirmatively

establish that he is qualified to render an opinion on the cause of Mr. Moore’s heart

attack.

      {¶35} Furthermore, assuming arguendo that Dr. Newman was

qualified as an expert under the Rules of Evidence, his testimony does not

establish direct and proximate cause. Dr. Newman testified as follows in his

deposition during cross-examination:
Pickaway App. No. 15CA12                                                        18

      Q:           So that- - because you could not rule out, for example,
      smoking as being the cause of his myocardial infarction, the fact is
      Mr. Moore could just have easily have had a myocardial infarction if
      he was - - had a history of coronary disease, was a smoker or had high
      blood pressure even without the stress?

      A:           Yes.

      Q:          Well, what’s the scientific basis that underlies the
      contention and fact that the stress had some role to play in this case?

      A:           I guess it’s commonly known that stress increases
      adrenaline, and we talked about that; that you’re going to get an
      increased heart rate, potentially making the heart an ineffective pump,
      which would cause just a generalized decrease in oxygen and nutrients
      throughout the body; that stress would increase the stickiness of
      platelets, which would be the first cells to cause problems with a
      blood clot or a shower of emboli. Those would be the major factors.
      That’s why people take aspirin, to cut down on platelet stickiness.

      Q:           Okay.

      A:           And the stress increases the stickiness.

      Q:           But in terms of this May 27, 2011 event with Mr. Moore-

      A:           Uh-huh.

      Q:          - -it’s truly speculative to assert that this actually
      happened in his case, that the stress played any part in it, isn’t it?

      A:           Yes.

Yet, Dr. Newman’s affidavit states in pertinent part:

      7.    It is my opinion that the death of Dennis Moore was accelerated
      by a substantial period of time as a direct and proximate result of his
      workplace stress.
Pickaway App. No. 15CA12                                                          19

      8.    Although Dennis P. Moore suffered from hypertension, high
      cholesterol, a history of smoking and a possible family history of heart
      disease, his high level of work-related stress was also a substantial
      causative factor for his heart attack.

      9.    This opinion, as well as all other opinions expressed herein, are
      expressed within a reasonable degree of medical certainty and
      probability.

      {¶36} In Aiken v. Industrial Commission of Ohio, supra, the court held that

the evidence “must be such as to remove the case from the realm of speculation

and conjecture; there must be competent evidence tending to show a proximate

causal connection * * *.” Appellant’s own expert agreed in his deposition

testimony that it is “truly speculative to assert that this actually happened in this

case, that stress played any part” in Mr. Moore’s heart attack. Then Appellant

submitted an affidavit from Dr. Newman which stated that Mr. Moore’s high level

of stress “was also a substantial causative factor for his heart attack.” However, at

no time, neither in his deposition testimony nor in his affidavit, was Dr. Newman

able to definitively state that Mr. Moore would not have suffered the heart attack

“but for” the alleged unusual workplace stress. As such, we cannot find by a

preponderance of the evidence that a direct or proximate causal relationship existed

between the alleged stress and the heart attack.

      {¶37} While we recognize the Moore family has suffered a tragic loss, the

evidence put forth in this record does not show that Dr. Newman was qualified to

render an opinion as to the cause of Mr. Moore’s heart attack and subsequent
Pickaway App. No. 15CA12                                                    20

death. Moreover, Dr. Newman’s opinion did not remove the proximate cause issue

from the realm of speculation. For the foregoing reasons, we find no merit to

Appellant’s argument. As such, we overrule the sole assignment of error and

affirm the judgment of the trial court.

                                                   JUDGMENT AFFIRMED.
Pickaway App. No. 15CA12                                                       21

                              JUDGMENT ENTRY


      It is ordered that the JUDGMENT BE AFFIRMED and that costs be
assessed to Appellant.

     It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this Court directing the
Pickaway County Common Pleas Court to carry this judgment into execution.

       Any stay previously granted by this Court is hereby terminated as of the date
of this entry.

       A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule
27 of the Rules of Appellate Procedure.

Hoover, P.J. & Abele, J.: Concur in Judgment Only.


                                       For the Court,


                                BY: ______________________________
                                    Matthew W. McFarland,
                                    Administrative Judge



                             NOTICE TO COUNSEL

      Pursuant to Local Rule No. 14, this document constitutes a final
judgment entry and the time period for further appeal commences from the
date of filing with the clerk.
