i          i        i                                                                i      i      i




                                              OPINION

                               Nos. 04-08-00501-CR & 04-08-00502-CR

                                            Samuel SCOTT,
                                               Appellant

                                                   v.

                                         The STATE of Texas,
                                               Appellee

                        From the County Court at Law No. 7, Bexar County, Texas
                                   Trial Court Nos. 972642 & 963428
                            Honorable Monica E. Guerrero, Judge Presiding

Opinion by:       Karen Angelini, Justice

Sitting:          Karen Angelini, Justice
                  Sandee Bryan Marion, Justice
                  Phylis J. Speedlin, Justice

Delivered and Filed: June 24, 2009

REVERSED AND RENDERED

           At issue in this appeal is whether subsections (a)(4) and (7) of the harassment statute are

unconstitutionally vague. Because we hold that subsections (a)(4) and (7) are unconstitutionally

vague on their face, we reverse the trial court’s judgments and render judgments of acquittal.
                                                                     04-08-00501-CR & 04-08–00502-CR

                                           BACKGROUND

       In two separate cases, Samuel Scott was charged by information with harassing his former

wife. He filed motions to quash, arguing that subsections (a)(4) and (7) of the harassment statute are

unconstitutionally vague and overbroad. The trial court denied the motions to quash, and Scott then

entered a conditional plea of nolo contendere. In each case, Scott was sentenced to two days in jail

and a fifty dollar fine. He appeals, arguing that the trial court should have granted his motions to

quash because the harassment statute is unconstitutionally vague and overbroad.

                                           INFORMATION

       In Trial Court No. 963428, Scott was charged by information with committing harassment:

       [O]n or about the 5th Day of December, 2005, SAMUEL SCOTT, hereinafter
       referred to as defendant, with intent to harass, annoy, alarm, abuse, torment, and
       embarrass Yvette Scott, hereinafter referred to as complainant, did MAKE
       REPEATED COMMUNICATIONS TO THE COMPLAINANT, to wit: telephone
       calls, IN A MANNER REASONABLY LIKELY TO HARASS, ANNOY, ALARM,
       ABUSE, TORMENT, EMBARRASS, AND OFFEND THE COMPLAINANT.

In Trial Court No. 972642, Samuel Scott was also charged by information with committing

harassment:

       [O]n or about the 12th Day of March, 2006, SAMUEL SCOTT, hereinafter referred
       to as defendant, with intent to harass, annoy, alarm, abuse, torment, and embarrass
       Yvette Scott, hereinafter referred to as complainant, did MAKE REPEATED
       TELEPHONE COMMUNICATIONS TO THE COMPLAINANT IN A MANNER
       REASONABLY LIKELY TO HARASS, ANNOY, ALARM, ABUSE, TORMENT,
       EMBARRASS, AND OFFEND THE COMPLAINANT; to wit: the defendant called
       the complainant repeatedly by telephone while intoxicated, late at night, leaving
       abusive and harassing voice mail messages.

                                  TEXAS HARASSMENT STATUTE

       Subsections (a)(4) and (7) of the harassment statute, which is codified in section 42.07 of the

Texas Penal Code, provide the following:



                                                 -2-
                                                                    04-08-00501-CR & 04-08–00502-CR

       (a)     A person commits an offense if, with intent to harass, annoy, alarm,
               abuse, torment, or embarrass another, he: . . .

               (4) causes the telephone of another to ring repeatedly or makes
               repeated telephone communications anonymously or in a manner
               reasonably likely to harass, annoy, alarm, abuse, torment, embarrass,
               or offend another; . . . or

               (7) sends repeated electronic communications in a manner reasonably
               likely to harass, annoy, alarm, abuse, torment, embarrass, or offend
               another.

TEX . PENAL CODE ANN . § 42.07(a)(4), (7) (Vernon 2003). An “electronic communication” is defined

as the following:

               (1) “Electronic communication” means a transfer of signs, signals,
               writing, images, sounds, data, or intelligence of any nature
               transmitted in whole or in part by a wire, radio, electromagnetic,
               photoelectronic, or photo-optical system. The term includes:

                       (A) a communication initiated by electronic mail,
                       instant message, network call, or facsimile machine;
                       and

                       (B) a communication made to a pager.

Id. § 42.07(b)(1).

       The information in Trial Court No. 963428 alleges that Scott violated section 42.07(a)(4) by

making repeated telephone calls to the complainant in a manner reasonably likely to harass, annoy,

alarm, abuse, torment, embarrass, and offend the complainant. The information in Trial Court No.

972642 alleges that Scott, while intoxicated, repeatedly called the complainant by telephone and left

“abusive and harassing voice mail messages” late at night in a manner reasonably likely to harass,

annoy, alarm, abuse, torment, embarrass, and offend the complainant. Because voice mail messages

clearly fall within the definition of “electronic communications,” Scott argues that in addition

to subsection (a)(4), he was also charged with violating subsection (a)(7). We agree that voice mail


                                                 -3-
                                                                                 04-08-00501-CR & 04-08–00502-CR

messages fall within “electronic communications.” Therefore, we will analyze whether subsections

(a)(4) and (7) are unconstitutionally vague.

                                                    VAGUENESS

         Scott argues that subsections (a)(4) and (7) are void for vagueness on their face in violation

of the First and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution.1 Specifically, Scott argues

that subsections (a)(4) and (7)’s phrase “in a manner reasonably likely to harass, annoy, alarm, abuse,

torment, embarrass, or offend another” is unconstitutionally vague because “[i]t is impossible for a

citizen to know what, in the disjunctive, is meant by this statue’s series of vague terms.” According

to Scott, “[t]hese terms are susceptible to uncertainties of meaning, and because the statute does not

establish clear standards for whose sensibilities are to be offended, it is unconstitutionally vague.”

Similarly, Scott argues that subsections (a)(4) and (7)’s prohibition of “repeated” communications

is unconstitutionally vague “because the statute does not define how many communications are

prohibited or the period of time over which such communications are not to occur.”

         A.       Standard of Review

         When reviewing the constitutionality of a statute, we presume that the statute is valid and that

the legislature acted reasonably in enacting the statute. Rodriguez v. State, 93 S.W.3d 60, 69 (Tex.

Crim. App. 2002). The person challenging the statute must prove its unconstitutionality. Id.

         “It is a basic principle of due process that an enactment is void for vagueness if its

prohibitions are not clearly defined.” Grayned v. City of Rockford, 408 U.S. 104, 108 (1972).

“Vague laws offend several important values.” Id. “First, because we assume that man is free to steer


         1
          … Scott also argues that the harassment statute is unconstitutionally vague in violation of Article 1, section
8 of the Texas Constitution. Scott, however, does not explain how the Texas Constitution provides more protection than
the United States Constitution. Therefore, to the extent that the Texas Constitution does provide more protection than
the United States Constitution, Scott has inadequately briefed the issue. See T EX . R. A PP . P. 38.1(h).

                                                          -4-
                                                                    04-08-00501-CR & 04-08–00502-CR

between lawful and unlawful conduct, we insist that laws give the person of ordinary intelligence

a reasonable opportunity to know what is prohibited, so that he may act accordingly.” Id. “Vague

laws may trap the innocent by not providing fair warning.” Id. “Second, if arbitrary and

discriminatory enforcement is to be prevented, laws must provide explicit standards for those who

apply them.” Id. “A vague law impermissibly delegates basic policy matters to policemen, judges,

and juries for resolution on an ad hoc and subjective basis, with the attendant dangers of arbitrary

and discriminatory application.” Id. at 108-09. “Third, but related, where a vague statute abuts upon

sensitive areas of basic First Amendment freedoms, it operates to inhibit the exercise of those

freedoms.” Id. at 109 (quotations omitted). “Uncertain meanings inevitably lead citizens to steer far

wider of the unlawful zone than if the boundaries of the forbidden areas were clearly marked.” Id.

(quotations omitted). Thus, for a statute not to be unconstitutionally vague, it must be sufficiently

clear in at least three respects: (1) a person of ordinary intelligence must be given a reasonable

opportunity to know what is prohibited; (2) the law must establish determinate guidelines for law

enforcement; and (3) if First Amendment freedoms are implicated, the law must be sufficiently

definite to avoid chilling protected expression. Id. at 108-09; Long v. State, 931 S.W.2d 285, 287

(Tex. Crim. App. 1996).

       B.      Are First Amendment freedoms implicated?

       We first note that if First Amendment freedoms are not implicated, Scott must show that

subsections (a)(4) and (7) are unconstitutional as applied to his conduct. See Village of Hoffman

Estates v. Flipside, Hoffman Estates, Inc., 455 U.S. 489, 495 (1982) (explaining that to challenge

the vagueness of a law that does not reach constitutionally protected conduct, a person must first

show the law is unconstitutionally vague as applied to him because a person “who engages in some



                                                 -5-
                                                                     04-08-00501-CR & 04-08–00502-CR

conduct that is clearly proscribed cannot complain of the vagueness of the law as applied to the

conduct of others”); Bynum v. State, 767 S.W.2d 769, 773-74 (Tex. Crim. App. 1989) (explaining

that when First Amendment rights are not implicated, a court must first consider whether the statute

is impermissibly vague as applied to the challenging party’s specific conduct). However, if First

Amendment freedoms are implicated, then Scott may bring only a facial challenge to the statute.

That is, “[t]he vagueness doctrine requires different levels of clarity depending on the nature of the

law in question.” Comm’n for Lawyer Discipline v. Benton, 980 S.W.2d 425, 437 (Tex. 1998).

“Courts demand less precision of statutes that impose only civil penalties than of criminal statutes

because their consequences are less severe.” Id. (citing Village of Hoffman Estates, 455 U.S. at 498-

99). “However, when the statute’s language is capable of reaching protected speech or otherwise

threatens to inhibit the exercise of constitutional rights, a stricter vagueness standard applies than

when the statute regulates unprotected conduct.” Id. at 438 (citing Village of Hoffman Estates, 455

U.S. at 497). Thus, “[w]hen speech is at stake,” allowing a defendant to raise a facial vagueness

challenge without showing the statute is vague as applied to his conduct, is “justified since the

otherwise continued existence of the statute in unnarrowed form would tend to suppress

constitutionally protected rights.” Id. (quoting Gooding v. Wilson, 405 U.S. 518, 521 (1972)). Thus,

we must decide whether subsections (a)(4) and (7) have “the potential to chill some protected

expression if [they] do[] not define what is prohibited with sufficient clarity.” Id.

       We hold that subsections (a)(4) and (7) do implicate First Amendment freedoms. What is

“annoying,” “embarrassing,” or even “alarming” may be protected speech. For example, political

calls made repeatedly during election season could fall under subsection (a)(4) if the caller is

intending to alarm the recipient concerning a particular candidate. Further, we note that



                                                  -6-
                                                                     04-08-00501-CR & 04-08–00502-CR

subsection (a)(7)’s “electronic communications” could encompass some talk radio and television

programming.

       We note that the State argues that no First Amendment freedoms are implicated because there

is no authority supporting the proposition that making harassing telephone calls is a constitutionally

protected right under the First Amendment. Indeed, some courts have held that harassment, although

it may take the form of speech, is not protected speech under the First Amendment and is not

“communication.” See Park v. State, No. 03-04-00760-CR, 2006 WL 2309595, at *2 (Tex.

App.—Austin 2006, no pet.) (“Prohibiting harassment is not prohibiting speech because harassment

is not protected speech.”) (not designated for publication); see also Test Masters Educ. Servs. v.

Singh, 428 F.3d 559, 580 (5th Cir. 2005) (“Courts have made a distinction between communication

and harassment. The difference is one between free speech and conduct that may be proscribed.

Although restrictions based upon conduct may incidentally restrict speech, the courts have found that

such a restriction poses only a minimal burden on speech.”). The Austin Court of Appeals, the

Fourteenth Court of Appeals, and the Dallas Court of Appeals have all held that section 42.07(a)(4)

does not implicate the First Amendment. See Park, 2006 WL 2309595, at *3 (“Appellant has not

shown that making repeated telephone calls with an intent to harass another is a constitutionally

protected activity, and we have already held that such conduct is not constitutionally protected.”);

DeWillis v. State, 951 S.W.2d 212, 217 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1997, no pet.) (“[W]e find

no authority supporting the proposition that causing another person’s telephone to ring repeatedly

or repeatedly making anonymous telephone calls is a constitutionally protected activity under the

First Amendment.”); State v. Johns, No. 05-97-00862-CR, 1998 WL 549267, at *3 (Tex.

App.—Dallas 1998, no pet.) (not designated for publication) (“We agree with the DeWillis court that



                                                 -7-
                                                                                    04-08-00501-CR & 04-08–00502-CR

a person who causes another person’s telephone to ring repeatedly or repeatedly making anonymous

telephone calls to another person is not a constitutionally protected activity under the First

Amendment.”). What these courts have, in essence, held is that the harassment statute cannot

implicate the First Amendment because it prohibits what it considers to be harassment. As explained

recently by the Fort Worth Court of Appeals in Karenev v. State, 258 S.W.3d 210, 213 (Tex.

App.—Fort Worth 2008), rev’d on other grounds, 281S.W.3d 428 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009),2 the

problem with this argument “is that it is the challenged statute itself that defines harassment.”

“Unless the harassment statute is sufficiently clear to withstand constitutional scrutiny, no unlawful

harassment exists that would be excluded from First Amendment protection.” Id.

         We note that in explaining that the First Amendment is not implicated, the Austin Court of

Appeals has stated that subsection (a)(4) “does not criminalize telephone calls made with legitimate

intentions to communicate and only prohibits calls specifically intended to ‘harass, annoy, alarm,

abuse, torment, or embarrass.’” Park, 2006 WL 2309595, at *2. However, as stated earlier, we can

envision a scenario where political phone calls are made with intent to “alarm” voters about a

candidate’s opponent.

         Further, we note that in Long v. State, 931 S.W.2d 285, 292 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996), the

court of criminal appeals recognized that some courts from other jurisdictions had upheld statutes

by construing them to punish conduct only when the actor’s sole intent was to engage in conduct not




         2
           … On April 22, 2009, the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals reversed the opinion by the Fort W orth Court of
Appeals, holding that the court of appeals should never have reached the facial challenge to the harassment statute
because Karenev did not make a facial challenge to the constitutionality of the statute in the trial court. Karenev v. State,
281 S.W.3d 428, 429 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009). Thus, the court of criminal appeals held that “a defendant may not raise
for the first time on appeal a facial challenge to the constitutionality of a statute.” Id. at 434.

                                                            -8-
                                                                     04-08-00501-CR & 04-08–00502-CR

protected by the First Amendment. Subsections (a)(4) and (7), however, do not limit the offense to

a person with the sole intent to engage in conduct not protected by the First Amendment.

       We, therefore, hold that subsections (a)(4) and (7) implicate First Amendment freedoms and

will now turn to Scott’s facial vagueness challenge to subsections (a)(4) and (7).

       C.      Are subsections (a)(4) and (7) unconstitutionally vague on their face?

       Scott claims that the terms “annoy,” “alarm,” “abuse,” “torment,” and “embarrass” contained

in subsections (a)(4) and (7) are unconstitutionally vague. Scott also argues that the term “repeated”

communications, contained within both subsections, is unconstitutionally vague as well because it

does not indicate how many communications are prohibited or the period of time over which such

communications are not to occur. We agree.

               1.      Are the terms “annoy,” “alarm,” and “embarrass” unconstitutionally
                       vague?

       Scott argues that subsections (a)(4) and (7)’s prohibition on intending to “harass, annoy,

alarm, abuse, torment, or embarrass another” by making communications “in a manner reasonably

likely to harass, annoy, alarm, abuse, torment, embarrass or offend another” is unconstitutionally

vague because these terms are inherently vague. Scott emphasizes that subsections (a)(4) and (7) do

not define an objective standard by which to measure what level of annoyance or alarm is prohibited.

For support, he relies on May v. State, 765 S.W.2d 438 (Tex. Crim. App. 1989), which held the pre-

1983 harassment statute to be unconstitutional, and Long v. State, 931 S.W.2d 285 (Tex. Crim. App.

1996), which held the “stalking” provision of the 1993 harassment statute to be unconstitutional.

Scott argues that the current harassment statute still suffers from the same infirmities as those held

to be unconstitutional in May and Long.




                                                 -9-
                                                                     04-08-00501-CR & 04-08–00502-CR

       In response, the State argues that the terms contained in subsections (a)(4) and (7) are not

vague because (1) a person must act with intent to harass or annoy; (2) there is a means prong that

specifies this intentional harassment must be instigated by telephone communication; and (3) the

phrase “reasonably likely” is an objective standard.

               a.      Do subsections (a)(4) and (7) contain a reasonable person standard?

       With regard to the last argument, the State recognizes that Long held “reasonably likely” was

not an objective standard. Long, 931 S.W.2d at 289-90. Nevertheless, the State argues that Long

“warrants reconsideration.” We, of course, cannot reconsider Long’s holding, as Long was decided

by the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals.

       In the alternative, the State argues that the lack of an objective standard is not necessarily

fatal to a statute’s constitutionality. Indeed, the Long court noted that “the absence of a reasonable

person requirement is not necessarily fatal to the statute’s constitutionality.” Long, 931 S.W.2d at

290. The court explained that other provisions could sufficiently define an offense to avoid a

vagueness problem. Id.

       As an example, the court pointed to a Kentucky disorderly conduct statute addressed by the

Supreme Court in Colten v. Kentucky, 407 U.S. 104 (1972). Long, 931 S.W.2d at 290. According

to that statute, a person was guilty of disorderly conduct if, with intent to annoy or alarm, a person

congregated with other people in a public place and refused to comply with a lawful order of the

police to disperse. Long, 931 S.W.2d at 290 (quoting Colten, 407 U.S. at 108). The court of criminal

appeals explained that, in that context, “annoy” and “alarm” were not vague because a person would

understand that he could be convicted under the statute if he failed to obey an order to move on. Id.

That is, “the refusal to comply with a lawful order to disperse, combined with an intent to annoy,



                                                 -10-
                                                                     04-08-00501-CR & 04-08–00502-CR

rendered the statute sufficiently clear to defeat a vagueness challenge.” Id. Here, however,

subsections (a)(4) and (7) do not contain “other provisions” that would sufficiently define annoy and

alarm.

                b.     Does the requirement that a person must act with intent to harass or annoy
                       and a means prong requiring the conduct to be instigated by telephone save
                       section 42.07(a)(4) from vagueness?

         The State argues that even if section 42.07(a)(4) does not contain a reasonable person

standard, it is still not unconstitutionally vague because it has a requirement that one must act with

intent to harass or annoy and it has a means prong requiring the conduct to be instigated by

telephone.

         As noted previously, in Long, the court of criminal appeals held that even without a

reasonable person standard, other provisions may sufficiently define a statute to avoid a vagueness

problem. In looking at whether the Texas stalking statute had such other provisions, the court

distinguished the Texas statute from the Kentucky statute in Colten, noting that “the stalking statute

does not require that the predicate acts be related to each other in any fashion.” Long, 931 S.W.2d

at 291. “The absence of any nexus between the threat requirement in (a)(7)(B) and the conduct

requirement in (a)(7)(A) strongly supports viewing the two subsections separately and requiring each

to pass constitutional muster on its own.” Id. “The lack of any connection between the predicate acts

distinguishes the present case from Colten.” Id. The court noted that the statute in Colten involved

two elements of conduct: (1) congregating in a public place, and (2) refusing to comply with a lawful

order to disperse. Id. at 291-92. “Both of these elements of conduct involve what is in essence a

single act: a gathering of people who refuses to disperse.” Id. at 292. The court then went on to

examine decisions from other jurisdictions, noting harassment statutes that had been upheld



                                                 -11-
                                                                     04-08-00501-CR & 04-08–00502-CR

contained some sort of a “nexus requirement.” Id. For example, an Illinois statute required a threat

and relevant conduct in furtherance of the threat. Id. Other states had required the conduct show a

“continuity of purpose.” Id.

       Subsections (a)(4) and (7), however, are not like the Kentucky statute in Colten. Section

42.07(a)(4)’s requirement that communication be instigated by telephone, even combined with the

intent to annoy or alarm requirement, does not sufficiently render the statute sufficiently clear to

defeat a vagueness challenge. Unlike in Colten, there is no clear order, like the one to disperse, from

which one would know he is breaking the law.

       In Long, 931 S.W.2d at 292, the court of criminal appeals also explained all the statutes that

had been upheld contained “additional limiting elements not found in the Texas criminal statute.”

Id. at 293. “Many limit the vagueness of the conduct described by linking it to more specific conduct

through a continuity of purpose requirement.” Id. “Others tie the conduct together with a more

specific mental state than a mere intent to annoy, such as intent to place in fear of bodily injury, or

with a more intense mental state, such as intent to frighten.” Id. “In addition to creating greater

specificity, these kinds of limiting elements help to avoid a vagueness problem by taking the First

Amendment out of the picture.” Id. Conduct that alone would constitute protected activities may be

actionable if it is part of a common plan that includes activity that is clearly unprotected. Id. “And,

while conduct does not lose First Amendment protection because the actor intends to annoy the

recipient, such conduct is much less likely to enjoy protection where the actor intends to ‘frighten’

the recipient, and such conduct is unlikely to enjoy any protection where the actor intends to place

the recipient in fear of death or bodily injury.” Id. “If the First Amendment can be removed from the




                                                 -12-
                                                                       04-08-00501-CR & 04-08–00502-CR

arena, a stalking statute can be evaluated under more deferential due process standards, and is thus

more likely to survive scrutiny.” Id.

        The court then explained that the threat requirement in the Texas stalking statute did not

successfully remove the First Amendment from the purview of the offense. Id. “In the absence of

any nexus between the threat requirement and the conduct requirement, there is a real likelihood that

the statute could chill the exercise of protected First Amendment expression.” Id. “If the threat is the

first predicate act, then any future conduct that is annoying (or harassing, alarming, etc.) could trigger

the application of the statute – so long as both predicate acts were directed at the same person – even

though the second predicate act consists entirely of protected First Amendment activity.” Id. “This

situation in essence holds protected activity hostage once a person engages in one proscribed act that

is not protected.” Id. The court then gave the following example: “a political protester who crosses

the line and makes a threat might find himself forever barred from engaging in peaceful and

legitimate expression for fear of subjecting himself to punishment for stalking.” Id. “The legislature

may legitimately punish the threat, but it should not be permitted to hold someone’s First

Amendment rights forever hostage after he makes such a threat.” Id. at 293-94.

        We fail to see how subsection (a)(4)’s requirement that the communication be instigated by

telephone, even if combined with the requirement that a person have intent to annoy, alarm, or

embarrass, creates a sufficient nexus to overcome the vagueness problem. Nor does such a

requirement “successfully remove the First Amendment from the purview of the offense.” Id. at 293.

We, therefore, hold that the phrase “in a manner reasonably likely to harass, annoy, alarm, abuse,

torment, embarrass, or offend another” contained within subsections (a)(4) and (7) is

unconstitutionally vague on its face.



                                                   -13-
                                                                                   04-08-00501-CR & 04-08–00502-CR

          2.          Is the term “repeated” unconstitutionally vague?

          Scott also argues that subsections (a)(4) and (7)’s prohibition of “repeated” communications

is unconstitutionally vague because the statute does not define how many communications are

prohibited or over what time period the communications are not to be made. We agree that the term

“repeated” is unconstitutionally vague because the statute does not indicate the requisite frequency

of the repeated communications. Karenev, 258 S.W.3d at 217-18. Does “repeated” “mean that if a

person sends three annoying emails over a five-year period, the person is guilty of the offense of

harassment?” Id. “Can we tell from the statute?” Id. at 218. One could make three phone calls over

ten years and technically fall under subsections (a)(4) and (7). Therefore, we hold that the term

“repeated” contained within subsections (a)(4) and (7) is unconstitutionally vague.3

                                                      CONCLUSION

          We hold that subsections (a)(4) and (7) are unconstitutionally vague and, therefore, reverse

the trial court’s judgments and render judgments of acquittal.



                                                                   Karen Angelini, Justice

Publish




          3
              … Having held that subsections (a)(4) and (7) are unconstitutionally vague, we need not reach Scott’s other
issues.

                                                            -14-
