                                      2014 IL App (1st) 110311
                                                                            SECOND DIVISION
                                                               Rule 23 filed December 28, 2012
                                             Modified upon denial of rehearing February 11, 2014




No. 1-11-0311


THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS,                          )   Appeal from the
                                                              )   Circuit Court of
                Plaintiff-Appellee,                           )   Cook County
                                                              )
v.                                                            )
                                                              )   No. 10 CR 2886
ANTHONY FIELDS,                                               )
                                                              )   Honorable
                Defendant-Appellant.                          )   William Hooks,
                                                              )   Judge Presiding.


       JUSTICE PIERCE delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
       Justices Neville and Mason concurred in the judgment and opinion.


                                            OPINION


¶1     Following a jury trial in the circuit court of Cook County, defendant Anthony Fields was

convicted of armed robbery (720 ILCS 5/18-2(a)(2) (West 2008)) and being an armed habitual

criminal (720 ILCS 5/24-1.7(a) (West 2008)). The trial court imposed a 21-year sentence for

armed robbery, which included a 15-year enhancement for the use of a firearm, and a concurrent,

10-year sentence on the conviction of being an armed habitual criminal. Defendant appealed,

arguing: (1) the evidence was insufficient to prove him guilty beyond a reasonable doubt of
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either charge; (2) the 15-year enhancement of his sentence for armed robbery is unconstitutional;

and (3) he received ineffective assistance of counsel. For the following reasons, we affirm

defendant's conviction for armed robbery and vacate his conviction for armed habitual criminal.

¶2                                        BACKGROUND

¶3     An explanation of the procedural posture of this case is important where the original

order in this case was filed more than a year ago. In People v. Fields, 2012 IL App (1st) 110311-

U, which we are withdrawing contemporaneous with the filing of this opinion, Justice Steele

authored an opinion vacating the 15-year enhanced portion of defendant's armed robbery

sentences, and affirming on the remaining issues defendant raised. Justice Steele retired shortly

after filing that opinion. The State then filed a timely petition for rehearing on January 11, 2013.

Defendant filed an answer to the State's petition for rehearing on December 12, 2013, and the

State filed a reply on December 27, 2013. In separate orders filed contemporaneously, we deny

the State's petition for rehearing and withdraw the previous order filed in this case.

¶4     The record on appeal discloses the following facts. The State charged defendant with

armed robbery and being an armed habitual criminal. Prior to trial, defendant's counsel filed a

motion to suppress a show-up identification by the victim, Felicia Rowell. Following a hearing,

the circuit court denied the motion to suppress.

¶5     Defendant's counsel also filed a motion in limine to bar admission of his 2005 conviction

for unlawful use of a weapon and his 2006 conviction for armed robbery as impeachment.

Fields' counsel argued that the similarity of the prior convictions to the armed robbery charge


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rendered the evidence unfairly prejudicial. The record shows that the trial judge granted this

motion, stating that while Fields' testimony could reopen the issue, the judge could not envision a

fair trial if the prior convictions were ruled admissible. The trial judge also asked how Fields's

counsel intended to handle the armed habitual criminal charge. Fields' counsel responded that

the defense would agree with the State to stipulate to the fact that Fields had two qualifying prior

convictions, without specifying the exact nature of those convictions.

¶6     At trial, Rowell testified that on December 24, 2009, at approximately 10:15 a.m., she

went to the Happy Food convenient store at the corner of 115th Street and Princeton Avenue in

Chicago. Rowell carried $185 in cash to complete her Christmas shopping. Rowell stated that,

once inside the store, she saw the cashier behind the counter, while Fields and another man stood

next to an ice cream freezer. Rowell looked at Fields and the other man, and she was unsure

whether they were in line to check out. They stepped aside and Rowell got into the line to check

out. Rowell further stated that, while in line, she looked at the cashier, while Fields and the other

man stood one or two feet away from her, facing her.

¶7     Rowell purchased a pack of cigarettes, taking the $185 out of her pocket and returning

the remainder to her top jacket pocket as she left the store. According to Rowell, as she turned

north, she heard Fields say, "What up?" Looking at Fields over her right shoulder, Rowell heard

Fields say, "Let me get that." Rowell testified that she then saw Fields holding a black gun at his

side, pointed at her. Rowell then looked back at Fields' face. Rowell also testified that she




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removed her money from her jacket pocket with her right hand and Fields grabbed the money

with his left hand.

¶8     Rowell further testified that she continued to look at Fields in the face, but there was a

moment of awkward silence. According to Rowell, she said, "Dude, it's Christmas Eve. I've got

kids." Rowell stated that Fields responded, "Remember my face. This [is] your lucky day. Get in

your car." Moreover, Rowell stated that she did look at Fields' face noting he was a dark-skinned

male, with hair on his face, wearing a black skull cap, a black jacket with a red "H" on it, denim

jeans, and a black hoodie. She described Fields as approximately 5 feet 7 inces, but she said she

just knew that he was taller than her own 5 feet 5 inches height. She also described Fields as

chubby, weighing between 180 and 200 pounds. She described the other man as light-skinned

and slender, taller than Fields and wearing a red jacket. Rowell entered her car from the

passenger side and drove away. Rowell estimated the time from her entry to the store to this

point was approximately five minutes.

¶9     Rowell arrived home approximately five minutes later. Rowell testified that she was

hysterical. When Rowell walked through the door, her husband, children and brother were there.

According to Rowell, her brother was on the telephone with their mother. Rowell announced

that she had been robbed, took the telephone from her brother and told their mother she had been

robbed. Rowell's mother advised her to report the offense to the police. Rowell went to a police

station on 103rd Street, where she was referred to the Fifth District police station on 111th Street.

Rowell provided a statement to police at the Fifth District station.


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¶ 10   Chicago police officer Edgar Neal testified that he worked at the front desk at the Fifth

District police station on December 24, 2009. After refreshing his recollection, Officer Neal

stated that Rowell described Fields as a black male with a dark complexion and brown eyes,

wearing a black skull cap and a black hoodie with a red "T" on it, 28 to 30 years old, 5 feet 6

inches tall, and weighing 190 to 200 pounds. Officer Neal could not recall whether the flash

message mentioned Fields having facial hair. Officer Neal sent out a flash message by radio

about the crime, but the police did not locate anyone meeting the description on that day.

¶ 11   Rowell testified that on January 21, 2010, while driving her children to school, she saw

Fields standing outside Happy Food, wearing the same clothing he wore during the robbery.

Rowell realized the jacket bore a red "H," rather than a "T." She stared at Fields while at a stop

sign; Fields did not recognize her. Rowell took her children to school, then drove to the Fifth

District police station and showed her original complaint to an officer on duty. The police did

not locate Fields that day.

¶ 12   Further, Rowell testified that on January 22, 2010, she again saw Fields standing at the

corner of 115th Street and Princeton Avenue. Fields again drove to the police station, where an

officer said she would have to wait 30 to 60 minutes for an officer to escort her to search for

Fields. Rowell said she refused, responding that Fields would be gone by then. Rowell saw

Fields at the same location during her drive home. Upon arriving home, she telephoned the

police. Rowell stated that she lived on the west side of the 115th block of Princeton Avenue and

told the police dispatcher she could see Fields while she was speaking to the dispatcher. Rowell


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told the officer that she would meet the police at 115th Street and Harvard Avenue because she

did not want them arriving at her house.

¶ 13   Chicago police officer Michael Kavanaugh testified that he and his partner responded to a

dispatch call at approximately 2 p.m. on January 22, 2010, about a person wanted at 115th Street

and South Princeton Avenue. The person described by police computer was a black male, 28

years old, approximately 5 feet 6 inces, dark complexion, hairy face, and wearing a black jacket

with a red "H" on the front. When they arrived, there was no one in front of the Happy Food

store, so the police entered the store. Officer Kavanaugh testified that a man matching the

description, except for his height, was inside the store; he identified the man in court as Fields.

The police detained Fields, handcuffed him and brought him outside the store.

¶ 14   According to Officer Cavanaugh, he asked Officers Novy and Coutinho, who also

responded to the police dispatch call, whether they could bring Rowell to 115th Street and

Princeton Avenue. Officer Cavanaugh testified that Officers Novy and Coutinho returned

approximately two minutes later. Officer Cavanaugh stated that he removed Fields from his

police car as the other officers arrived. When the second police car came to a stop,

approximately 10 feet away, Rowell looked out the side window and identified Fields. Officer

Cavanaugh then arrested Fields and took him to the Fifth District station.

¶ 15   The State read the jury a stipulation that Fields had "two qualifying felony convictions to

be considered in connection with the armed habitual criminal charge." Those convictions were

for armed robbery and aggravated unlawful use of a weapon (AUUW).


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¶ 16   Christine Fields, defendant's grandmother, testified that Fields lived with her and other

family members at 12035 South Wentworth. Christine testified that she awakened at 6 a.m. on

December 24, 2009, to prepare a Christmas feast. According to Christine, Fields took some food

from the kitchen at approximately 6:30 a.m., and returned for milk between 10:30 to 11:00 a.m.

Christine did not know whether Fields left the apartment at any other time that day.

¶ 17   Fields testified on his own behalf that he worked at Happy Food for five months before

his arrest, but he received his wages in cash and never filled out tax forms or deposited the wages

into a bank account. Fields also testified that on the Christmas Eve in question, he spent the

morning in his bedroom, except for a trip to the kitchen to get some pie. Fields stated he visited

his nieces that afternoon, and went to a mall with a friend that evening, returning home after 10

p.m. Fields further testified that he bought the Harvard jacket he was wearing at the time of his

arrest because he grew up near 116th Street and Harvard Avenue. Fields added that he knew

several people owned this style of jacket for this reason.

¶ 18   Fields did not work on the date of his arrest. Fields stated he was detained in the rear

driver's side of a police car for 10 to 15 minutes. According to Fields, an officer opened the door

and lifted Fields up. Fields stated his left foot was outside the car, while his right foot remained

inside. Fields saw another police car in the middle of the block. Fields then saw an officer in the

other car stick his thumb up, whereupon the police shoved Fields back into the car where he was

held. Fields claimed that the police drove him to the police station without telling him why he

was arrested.


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¶ 19    Following closing arguments and jury instruction, the jury deliberated and found Fields

guilty of armed robbery and being an armed habitual criminal. On September 29, 2010, Fields

filed a motion for a new trial, which the trial court denied on November 3, 2010. The trial court

then proceeded to a sentencing hearing, imposing a 21-year sentence for armed robbery, which

included a 15-year enhancement for the use of a firearm. The trial court also imposed a

concurrent, 10-year sentence on the charge of being an armed habitual criminal. The trial court

entered the sentencing order on January 5, 2011. Fields filed his notice of appeal with this court

the same day.

¶ 20                                      ANALYSIS

¶ 21    On appeal, Fields argued: (1) the evidence was insufficient to prove him guilty beyond a

reasonable doubt of either charge; (2) the 15-year enhancement of his sentence for armed

robbery is unconstitutional; and (3) he received ineffective assistance of counsel. We address his

last claim first.

¶ 22                      I. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel

¶ 23    Fields argues he was denied effective assistance of counsel, where his trial attorney failed

to move for a severance of the charges against him. Generally, in order to show ineffective

assistance of counsel, a defendant must establish: (1) counsel's representation fell below an

objective standard of reasonableness; and (2) counsel's alleged deficient performance prejudiced

the defense. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984). We must show great

deference to the attorney's decisions as there is a strong presumption that an attorney has acted


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adequately. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689. A defendant must overcome the strong presumption the

challenged action or inaction "might have been the product of sound trial strategy." People v.

Evans, 186 Ill. 2d 83, 93 (1999) (and cases cited therein). Every effort must "be made to

eliminate the distorting effects of hindsight, to reconstruct the circumstances of counsel's

challenged conduct, and to evaluate the conduct from counsel's perspective at the time."

Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689. To satisfy the prejudice prong of the Strickland test, a defendant

must demonstrate a reasonable probability that the outcome of the trial would have been different

or that the result of the proceeding was unreliable or fundamentally unfair. Strickland, 466 U.S.

at 687; People v. Evans, 209 Ill. 2d 194, 220 (2004). Such a reasonable probability "is a

probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome." Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694.

¶ 24   Generally, a defense decision not to seek a severance, although it may prove unwise in

hindsight, is regarded as a matter of trial strategy. People v. Poole, 2012 IL App (4th) 101017,

¶ 10. To overcome that general presumption, defendant relies heavily on People v. Edwards, 63

Ill. 2d 134 (1976). In Edwards, the Illinois Supreme Court held that the trial court abused its

discretion in refusing to grant the defendant's motion to sever an unlawful use of weapons charge

from an armed robbery charge. Id. at 140. Although the State generally has an interest in its

pursuit of judicial economy in prosecuting all charges against one defendant in one trial, that

interest was not so strong as to justify the denial of a severance in Edwards. Id. The Edwards

court's holding was based on the fact that the weapons count created a strong probability that the

defendant would be prejudiced in his defense of the armed robbery count since the weapons


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count required the State to prove a previous burglary conviction. Id. Thus, the supreme court

upheld this court's reversal of the defendant's armed robbery conviction. Id. Following

Edwards, this court has also rejected the argument that this type of prejudice can be cured by

limiting instructions. People v. Bracey, 52 Ill. App. 3d 266, 274 (1977).

¶ 25   However, Edwards does not involve a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel On the

specific issue here, the State maintains this case is controlled by People v. Gapski, 283 Ill. App.

3d 937 (1996). In Gapski, the defendant was convicted of criminal sexual assault and unlawful

possession of a weapon by a felon. Id. at 939. On appeal, Gapski claimed he received

ineffective assistance of counsel in part because counsel failed to move to sever the charges,

thereby allowing the jury considering the sexual assault count to hear that Gapski was convicted

of burglary in 1977. Id. at 941.

¶ 26   The Gapski court ruled that trial counsel's failure to seek a severance could be viewed as

a matter of trial strategy. Id. at 942. This court reasoned that counsel no doubt anticipated that

the defendant would testify at trial and that his credibility could be impeached with another prior

felony conviction from Wisconsin pursuant to People v. Montgomery, 47 Ill. 2d 510, 515-16

(1971). "Thus, regardless of whether the two counts were severed, the jury would be aware that

the defendant had a prior felony." Gapski, 283 Ill. App. 3d at 942. The Gapski court considered

that counsel may have "felt that it made sense to try for an acquittal of both counts in one

proceeding, thinking that the impact of the additional conviction would not be significant." Id. at

943. Furthermore, the Gapski court noted that the jury for the sexual assault count would hear


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all the evidence regarding the related weapons charge, regardless of whether the counts were

severed, because the evidence regarding the weapons charge was related to the sexual assault

count as an admission against the defendant's interest. Id.

¶ 27   The instant case is distinguishable from Gapski. Although the State asserts that the jury

in a severed armed robbery case would have heard about the prior convictions as impeachment,

the trial judge here had ruled in limine that Fields' 2005 conviction for unlawful use of a weapon

and his 2006 conviction for armed robbery would be barred as impeachment. Indeed, the trial

judge stated on the then-existing record that he could not envision a fair trial if the prior

convictions were ruled admissible. The fact that defense counsel moved to bar admission of the

prior convictions demonstrates an awareness of the prejudice Fields would suffer from a jury

hearing about them in the armed robbery case. Additionally, the fact that the trial judge granted

the motion shows that the trial judge recognized the convictions were sufficiently prejudicial to

deny Fields a fair trial. The case law suggests the motion to sever would have been granted if

counsel had made one. Edwards, 63 Ill. 2d at 140. The jury heard a stipulation to the mere fact

of the prior qualifying convictions, but this does not eliminate the unfair prejudice to Fields, as

the prior convictions at issue had no factual relationship to the armed robbery charge and a bare

announcement unavoidably invites jury speculation about the nature of the prior crime. See

People v. Atkinson, 186 Ill. 2d 450, 459 (1999).

¶ 28   Nevertheless, the basic premise of Gapski and Poole is that, when deciding whether to

seek a severance, defense counsel may choose to pursue an "all or nothing" trial strategy, in


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which the defendant is acquitted or convicted of all charges in a single proceeding. Illinois case

law endorses the "all-or-nothing" strategy in other situations, such as where the defense decides

to forego the fact finder's consideration of lesser included offenses. See, e.g., People v. Walton,

378 Ill. App. 3d 580, 589 (2007) (and cases cited therein). The mere fact that an "all-or-

nothing" strategy proved unsuccessful does not mean counsel performed unreasonably and

rendered ineffective assistance. Id. Moreover, in this case, while an "all or nothing" strategy

required exposing the jury hearing the armed robbery charge to prejudicial information it would

not have heard if the cases had been severed, the stipulation to the mere fact of the conviction

mitigated the prejudice to defendant, when compared to the specific offenses heard by the jury in

Edwards. See People v. Walker, 211 Ill. 2d 317, 338-39 (2004). Here, defense counsel may

have believed that the odds of getting two acquittals were greater in one proceeding, rather than

two proceedings. Accordingly, defendant has failed to overcome the strong presumption that

defense counsel's action or inaction "might have been the product of sound trial strategy."

Evans, 186 Ill. 2d at 93. Thus, we conclude that defendant did not receive ineffective assistance

of counsel.

¶ 29                             II. Sufficiency of the Evidence

¶ 30   Defendant claims the State failed to prove him guilty beyond a reasonable doubt of either

charge. When the sufficiency of the evidence for a criminal conviction is in dispute, we must

determine whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any

rational trier of fact could have found the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. People v.


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Wheeler, 226 Ill. 2d 92, 114 (2007) (citing Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979)). It is

not an appellate court's function to retry the defendant. People v. Collins, 106 Ill. 2d 237, 261

(1985). Determinations of the credibility of witnesses, the weight to be given to their testimony,

and the reasonable inferences to be drawn from the evidence are the responsibility of the trier of

fact. People v. Furby, 138 Ill. 2d 434, 455 (1990). For a reviewing court to set aside a criminal

conviction due to insufficient evidence, the evidence submitted must be so unreasonable,

improbable, or unsatisfactory as to create a reasonable doubt of the defendant's guilt. People v.

Rowell, 229 Ill. 2d 82, 98 (2008).

¶ 31   Fields maintains that the evidence was insufficient to convict him of armed robbery

where the conviction was based on identification testimony of a sole eyewitness. In Illinois,

unless vague or doubtful, eyewitness identification of an accused, even that of a single

eyewitness, will sustain a conviction if the witness viewed the accused under circumstances

permitting a positive identification. People v. Lewis, 165 Ill. 2d 305, 356 (1995) (citing People

v. Slim, 127 Ill. 2d 302, 307 (1989)). The assessment of identification testimony is now

customarily conducted by application of the factors set forth in Neil v. Biggers, 409 U.S. 188,

199-200 (1972), and adopted in Illinois. See Slim, 127 Ill. 2d at 307. These factors are:

       "(1) the opportunity the victim had to view the criminal at the time of the crime; (2) the

       witness' degree of attention; (3) the accuracy of the witness' prior description of the

       criminal; (4) the level of certainty demonstrated by the victim at the identification




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        confrontation; and (5) the length of time between the crime and the identification

        confrontation." Lewis, 165 Ill. 2d at 356 (citing Slim, 127 Ill. 2d at 307-08).

¶ 32    We note that defendant's argument often refers to various studies on the reliability of

eyewitness testimony, none of which appear to have been introduced at trial. Although the law

in this area is evolving in some jurisdictions, Illinois continues to reject, at least in practice,

expert testimony on the reliability of eyewitnesses. See, e.g., People v. McGhee, 2012 IL App

(1st) 093404, ¶¶ 53-55 (and cases cited therein). On some of the Biggers factors, Fields also

cites People v. Allen, 376 Ill. App. 3d 511, 524 (2007), which discussed proffered expert

testimony, which is not at issue here.

¶ 33    In this case, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the State, the record

shows that Rowell had the opportunity to observe Fields both before and during the robbery.

The record also shows that Rowell paid attention to Fields's face, particularly after Fields told

her to do so. The record further shows that Rowell's description of Fields was accurate, except

for his height, which was accurate only relative to hers. This discrepancy is not fatal to the

witness's identification. See Slim, 127 Ill. 2d at 308-09. The record shows that Rowell was

certain of her identification immediately prior to the arrest. Regarding the length of time

between the crime and the identification confrontation, the record indicates that over four weeks

elapsed. However, as the State notes, Illinois courts have upheld convictions involving much

longer delays. See People v. Holmes, 141 Ill. 2d 204, 242 (1990) (and cases cited therein).

Accordingly, the time difference does not invalidate the reliability of the identification.


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¶ 34   Moreover, Fields also maintains the evidence was insufficient to convict him of either

charge because the State failed to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that he was armed. The

offenses of armed robbery and being an armed habitual criminal both require proof that the

defendant possessed a firearm. 720 ILCS 5/18-2(a)(2), 24-1.7(a) (West 2008).

¶ 35   Section 2-7.5 of the Criminal Code of 1961 states that, "[e]xcept as otherwise provided in

a specific [s]ection, 'firearm' has the meaning ascribed to it in [s]ection 1.1 of the Firearm

Owners Identification Card Act." 720 ILCS 5/2-7.5 (West 2008). Section 1.1 of the Firearm

Owners Identification Card Act (FOID Act) provides:

               " 'Firearm' means any device, by whatever name known, which is designed to

       expel a projectile or projectiles by the action of an explosion, expansion of gas or escape

       of gas; excluding, however:

                       (1) any pneumatic gun, spring gun, paint ball gun or B-B gun which either

               expels a single globular projectile not exceeding .18 inch in diameter and which

               has a maximum muzzle velocity of less than 700 feet per second or breakable

               paint balls containing washable marking colors;

                       (2) any device used exclusively for signalling or safety and required or

               recommended by the United States Coast Guard or the Interstate Commerce

               Commission;

                       (3) any device used exclusively for the firing of stud cartridges, explosive

               rivets or similar industrial ammunition; and


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                        (4) an antique firearm (other than a machine-gun) which, although

               designed as a weapon, the Department of State Police finds by reason of the date

               of its manufacture, value, design, and other characteristics is primarily a

               collector's item and is not likely to be used as a weapon.” 430 ILCS 65/1.1 (West

               2008).

¶ 36   While this statutory definition excludes some specific types of firearms, the term

"firearm" is defined broadly, including "any device, by whatever name known, which is designed

to expel a projectile or projectiles by the action of an explosion, expansion of gas or escape of

gas." Id.; see also People v. Toy, 407 Ill. App. 3d 272, 287 (2011). Thus, contrary to Fields's

assertion that the State must prove the gun is a firearm by direct or physical evidence,

unequivocal testimony of a witness that the defendant held a gun is circumstantial evidence

sufficient to establish that a defendant is armed during a robbery. People v. Lee, 376 Ill. App. 3d

951, 955 (2007); People v. Thomas, 189 Ill. App. 3d 365, 371 (1989).

¶ 37   Fields argues this case is controlled by People v. Ross, 229 Ill. 2d 255 (2008). The Ross

court held that the State had produced insufficient evidence of a "dangerous weapon" in an

armed robbery case where the victim testified that the gun was small, portable, and concealable,

and a police officer testified that the gun was a .177-caliber pellet gun with a three-inch barrel.

Id. at 276-77. However, the current version of the armed robbery statute deleted the requirement

of proof of a "dangerous weapon" when the defendant is armed with a firearm. See 720 ILCS

5/18-2(a)(2) (West 2008); Toy, 407 Ill. App. 3d at 291. In this case, Rowell testified that Fields


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held a black gun at his side during the robbery. There is no evidence suggesting the gun falls

within the statutory exception to the general, broad definition of a firearm in the FOID Act, nor

is this a case where the State destroyed the gun, precluding the defendant from mounting a

defense. See People v. Crowder, 323 Ill. App. 3d 710, 712-13 (2001).

¶ 38   For the first time in his answer to the State's petition for rehearing, defendant argues that

his armed habitual criminal conviction is void in light of People v. Aguilar, 2013 IL 112116. In

Aguilar, 2013 IL 112116 ¶ 22, our supreme court found the Class 4 version of the AUUW statute

(720 ILCS 5/24-1.6(a)(1), (a)(3)(A)(d) (West 2008)) to be unconstitutional in violation of the

second amendment right to bear arms. When a statue is declared unconstitutional, it is void ab

initio, or as though the law had never been passed. See People v. Tellez-Valencia, 188 Ill. 2d

523, 526 (1999).

¶ 39   Defendant maintains that because his prior conviction for the Class 4 form of AUUW

under case No. 05 CR 17736 is void under Aguilar, the State could not rely on this now void

conviction as a predicate offense for armed habitual criminal. Therefore, it failed to prove an

essential element of the offense of armed habitual criminal.

¶ 40   The recent case of People v. Dunmore, 2013 IL App (1st) 121170, is instructive. In

Dunmore, the defendant pled guilty and was convicted of one count of AUUW and was

sentenced to 18 months' probation. After a subsequent finding that the defendant violated the

terms of his probation, the probation was revoked and the defendant was sentenced to two years

imprisonment. The defendant appealed the revocation of probation and while his appeal was


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pending, the Illinois Supreme Court decided Aguilar, 2013 IL 112116. Dunmore, 2013 IL App

(1st) 121170, ¶ 1. The defendant maintained that based on Aguilar, his conviction and

subsequent probation revocation should be vacated. The State agreed, but requested that the case

be remanded so that it could reinstate the charges that had been nol-prossed as part of the

defendant's guilty plea. The defendant then asked this court to leave the void conviction for

AUUW and sentence of probation in place, and limit our consideration solely to the subsequent

revocation of probation. Dunmore, 2013 IL App (1st) 121170, ¶ 7.

¶ 41   In accordance with Aguilar, the Dunmore court vacated the defendant's conviction for

AUUW because it was void, noting that it had a duty to vacate the void conviction and not just

the subsequent revocation of probation. Id. ¶ 9. The court also declined the State's request to

remand the cause to the trial court subsequent to vacating the AUUW to allow the State to

reinstate nol-prossed charges. The court noted that it would not render an advisory opinion on

whether any reinstated charges would pass constitutional muster. Dunmore, 2013 IL App (1st)

121170, ¶ 12.

¶ 42   We recognize that the procedural posture of Dunmore differs from this case. Unlike the

defendant's AUUW conviction in Dunmore, defendant's conviction for AUUW in No. 05 CR

17736 is not at issue here, nor do we make any findings as to whether Aguilar would be

applicable to that conviction on a collateral attack. However, because defendant's case is

pending on direct appeal in this court, similar to the court in Dunmore we cannot ignore

Aguilar's effects on his conviction for armed habitual criminal. Dunmore, 2013 IL App (1st)


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121170 ¶ 10; see also People v. Gersch, 135 Ill. 2d 384, 397 (1990) (judicial decisions that

declare a statute unconstitutional apply to cases pending on direct review).

¶ 43   A person commits the offense of armed habitual criminal when "he or she receives, sells,

possesses, or transfers any firearm after having been convicted" of two qualifying offenses. 720

ILCS 5/24-1.7 (West 2008). Count I of the indictment alleged that defendant committed the

offense of armed habitual criminal when defendant knowingly possessed a firearm after having

been convicted of armed robbery in case number 06 CR 14139 and AUUW in case number 05

CR 17736. The parties stipulated to these prior convictions during trial. The prior convictions

were elements of the offense of armed habitual criminal that the State was required to prove. 720

ILCS 5/24-1.7(a) (West 2008); People v. Davis, 405 Ill. App. 3d 585, 597 (2010).

¶ 44   Similar to Dunmore, we cannot allow defendant's 2005 Class 4 AUUW conviction,

which we now know is based on a statute that was found to be unconstitutional and void ab initio

in Aguilar to stand as a predicate offense for defendant's armed habitual criminal conviction,

where the State is required to prove each element of the Class 4 AUUW beyond a reasonable

doubt. A void conviction for the Class 4 form of AUUW found to be unconstitutional in

Aguilar, cannot now, nor can it ever, serve as a predicate offense for any charge. Because the

issue was raised while defendant's appeal was pending, we are bound to apply Aguilar and

vacate defendant's armed habitual criminal conviction because the State could not prove an

element of the offense of armed habitual criminal through the use of a predicate felony

conviction that is void ab initio.


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¶ 45   We emphasize that we are not vacating defendant’s AUUW conviction in 05 CR 17736

pursuant to Aguilar. We decline to address whether formal proceedings for collateral relief may

be available to defendant to vacate his 2005 felony UUW conviction. We also decline to issue

an advisory opinion as to Aguilar’s retroactivity to cases on collateral review. See Dunmore,

2013 IL App (1st) 121170, ¶ 12.

¶ 46                          III. The Armed Robbery Sentence

¶ 47   In his opening brief, defendant argued that the 15-year statutory enhancement of his

armed robbery sentences under section 18-2(b) (West 2008) was unconstitutional. 720 ILCS

5/18-2(b) (West 2008). A constitutional challenge to a statute may be raised at any time and is

subject to de novo review. People v. Robinson, 2011 IL App (1st) 100078, ¶ 12. A statute bears

a strong presumption that it is constitutional; defendant bears the burden of overcoming that

presumption and clearly showing that the statute is unconstitutional. People v. Sharpe, 216 Ill.

2d 481, 487 (2005).

¶ 48   As defendant correctly noted, the 15-year firearm sentencing enhancement for armed

robbery was declared unconstitutional in People v. Hauschild, 226 Ill. 2d 63, 86-87 (2007) (a 15-

year sentence enhancement for armed robbery while armed with a firearm, imposed under the

same armed robbery statute as in the instant case, violated the proportionate-penalties clause of

the Illinois Constitution (Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, § 11), because the penalty for that offense was

"more severe than the penalty for the identical offense of armed violence predicated on robbery

with a category I or category II weapon.") The State countered that the legislature subsequently


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passed a statutory amendment (Pub. Act 95-688, § 4 (eff. Oct. 23, 2007)), reviving the

sentencing enhancement. The parties recognized a split in the districts as to whether the

sentencing enhancement had been revived (First and Fifth Districts ruled that Public Act 95-688

revived the 15-year enhancement in the armed robbery statute in People v. Malone, 2012 IL App

(1st) 110517, ¶ 90, People v. Brown, 2012 IL App (5th) 100452, ¶¶ 15-16, and People v.

Williams, 2012 IL App (1st) 100126 ¶ 55 (dicta) and the Third and Fourth Districts held that the

statutory amendment did not revive the sentencing enhancement, which was found to be

unconstitutional and void ab initio under Hauschild in People v. Blair, 2012 IL App (3d)

100743-U, ¶ 5, appeal allowed, No. 114122 (Ill. May 30, 2012) and People v. Gillespie, 2012 IL

App (4th) 110151, ¶ 54).

¶ 49   While the petition for rehearing was pending, our supreme court resolved the issue of

whether Public Act 95-688 revived the 15-year sentencing enhancement in People v. Blair, 2013

IL 114122, ¶¶ 27-38. The Blair court held that because the proportionate penalties problem was

eliminated by the enactment of Public Act 95-688, the offense of armed robbery while armed

with a firearm was revived and therefore the use of the statutory enhanced sentencing range for

that offense was not unconstitutional. In accordance with Blair, we hold that P.A. 95-688

effectively revived section 18-2(b) of the Code and therefore the 15-years sentence enhancement

imposed in this case is constitutional. Id.; 720 ILCS 5/18-2(b) (West 2008).

¶ 50                                 CONCLUSION




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¶ 51   We conclude that Fields received effective assistance of counsel. We also conclude that

the evidence against Fields was sufficient to convict him of armed robbery and affirm his

conviction and sentence but vacate his conviction for armed habitual criminal.

¶ 52   Affirmed in part and reversed in part.




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