                                         This opinion was filed for record
                                         at~:oo M1       on tlvg. J. 2Qt'{


                                             ~~~upreme Court Clerk


    IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

CAROLINA BECERRA BECERRA,   )
JULIO CESAR MARTINEZ        )
MARTINEZ, ORLANDO VENTURA   )    No. 89534-1
REYES, ALMA A. BECERRA, and )
ADELENE MENDOZA SOLORIO,    )
                            )
            Respondents,    )
                            )
      and                   )
                            )
HERIBERTO VENTURA           )
SATURNINO, JOSE LUIS        )
CORONADO, and MOISES SANTOS )    En Bane
GONZALEZ,                   )
                            )
            Plaintiffs,     )
                            )
      v.                    )
                            )
EXPERT JANITORIAL, LLC dba  )
Expert JMS, and FRED MEYER  )
STORES, INC.,               )
                            )
            Petitioners,    )
                            )
      and                   )
                            )
ALL JANITORIAL, LLC, SERGEY )
CHABAN, ALL AMERICAN        )    Filed     AUG 0 7 2014
JANITORIAL LLC, RAUL CAMPOS,)
and JANITORIAL MAINTENANCE )
& SUPPLY, LLC, dba JMS,      )
                             )
            Defendants.      )
_______________________)
Becerra v. Expert, et al. (89534-1)


       GONZALEZ, J.-The plaintiffs before us worked as night janitors for

subcontractors in various Puget Sound Fred Meyer grocery stores. They allege

that they regularly worked well over 40 hours per week without being paid

either minimum wage or overtime as required by Washington's Minimum

Wage Act (MWA), chapter 49.46 RCW. The merits oftheir action are not

currently at issue. Rather, at issue is whether Fred Meyer Stores Inc. and

Expert Janitorial LLC are joint employers of the janitors for purposes of the act.

The MWA is based on the federal Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 (FLSA),

 29 U.S.C. §§ 201-219, and we look to FLSAjurispn1dence in interpreting it.

 While this court has never specifically held that the "joint employer" doctrine is

 a viable theory under the MWA, consistent with the interpretations of the

 FLSA, liability under minimum wage laws may extend to 'joint employers"

· even when there is no formal employment relationship. The trial court

 dismissed the plaintiffs' joint employer claims against Fred Meyer and Expert,

 a middleman, at summary judgment. We find that summary judgment was

 improperly granted on this record and remand for further proceedings

 consistent with this opinion.

                                      FACTS

        The plaintiffs in this case, Carolina Becerra Becerra, Julio Cesar

 Martinez Martinez, Orlando Ventura Reyes, Alma A. Becerra, and Adelene

 Mendozo Solorio, all did janitorial work in Puget Sound Fred Meyer stores


                                         2
Becerra v.   Expert~   et al. (89534-1)


mostly while the stores were closed and locked at night. None of the plaintiffs

were formally employed by either Fred Meyer or Expert. Until 2004, Fred

Meyer had employed its own, mostly unionized janitors in its Pacific Northwest

grocery stores. In 2004, Fred Meyer began to outsource much of this work.


        In 2007, Expert acquired the management contract to provide Fred

Meyer with outsourced facility maintenance services. At the time, Expert had

no janitorial employees itself but would instead "typically subcontract with

independent janitorial companies, called 'Service Providers,' who provide,

manage, and supervise the workers who clean the customers' stores." Clerk's

Papers (CP) at 1924. 1 Expert and Fred Meyer agreed on the specific work the

janitors would do and the specific price Fred Meyer would pay Expert "for

completing the work to Fred Meyer's reasonable satisfaction." !d. at 1925.

Representatives from Expert would visit the stores about once every two

weeks, typically during the daytime when Fred Meyer's store directors were at

work.

        Between 2007 and 2010, Expert subcontracted with at least nine

different second-tier subcontracting service providers, including All Janitorial

LLC and All American Janito rial LLC, 2 to fulfill its contract with Fred Meyer.

All of the plaintiffs worked for one or both of these two second-tier service




1 At oral argument, counsel for Expert said that Expert does have its own janitorial
employees but did not assign error to the trial court order finding otherwise.
2
  The record suggests that in 2010, All American formally reclassified the janitors as
employees.


                                             3
Becerra v. Expert, et al. (89534-1)



providers during the relevant time. It appears that neither contractor hired

janitors who were fluent in English. !d. at 703; Resp'ts' Suppl. Br. at 2.

       All Janitorial was owned and principally managed by Sergey Chaban. 3

By contract, the company was paid a flat fee per store by Expert. Chaban

testified that All Janitorial could not afford to treat the janitors who worked at

the Fred Meyer stores like employees because the contract price was

insufficient. CP at 240-41 ("We ran the numbers, and the amount we were

getting paid, we couldn't-we would be-we would go negative if we would

treat them as employees."). All Janitorial did not pay plaintiffs overtime,

Social Security, or workers' compensation. Nor did it pay minimum wage.

The plaintiffs made between $7.36 and $7.75 per hour during a time that the

minimum wage in Washington went from $7.93 to $8.55 per hour.

        Chaban acknowledged that the janitors began work no later than 11:00

p.m. each night and would often not be signed out by Fred Meyer employees,

and thus not able to leave work, until after 8:00a.m. the next morning. !d. at

1927. Thus, they regularly worked more than eight hours per night. According

to plaintiffs' expert John Ezzo, it is common for such second-tier

subcontractors to take the risk of misclassifying their employees and not

meeting their legal obligations under minimum wage statutes "because they

have relatively little to lose; they go out of business when their practices come

to light." Id. at 1060. 4

3
 Proceedings against Chaban have been stayed by bankruptcy proceedings.
4
 According to plaintiffs' expert John Ezzo, many businesses use second-tier contractors
who recruit janitors, classify them as independent contractors, schedule them to work full
shifts seven days a week, and do not comply with minimum wage laws. He testified that


                                            4
Becerra v. Expert, et al. (89534-1)


       The plaintiffs brought suit against the second-tier contractors, Fred

Meyer Stores and Expert, for violation of the MWA, among other things. The

plaintiffs contended that they were misclassified as independent contractors;

that as a matter of economic reality, they were Expert's and Fred Meyer's

employees; and that both companies knew the plaintiffs were misclassified and

improperly denied overtime wages. They submitted evidence that such

practices were in accord with a common business model where janitorial work

is outsourced to a company that in turn contracts with second-tier contractors

who provide the janitors. They also submitted evidence that second-tier

contractors have been known to fail to abide by minimum wage statutes.

       Fred Meyer and Expert moved for partial summary judgment arguing

that they were not, as a matter of law, the plaintiffs' employers. The trial judge

heard oral argument on both motions separately, starting with Expert's motion

in May 2011 and Fred Meyer's motion in September of that year. In a later

this is sometimes referred to as the "Building One" model, based on the company that
pioneered it in the late 1990s. E.g., CP at 1063, 1073; Resp'ts' Suppl. Br. at 3. Building
One went out of business "while it was being sued in a class action by janitors who
claimed they were being misclassified and working long hours of overtime." CP at 1074.
Ezzo testified that second-tier subcontractors can save "20% right away by classifying its
janitors as independent contractors. It does so by not having to pay payroll taxes (Social
Security, Medicare, FUTA [Federal Unemployment Tax Act, Internal Revenue Code ch.
23], Unemployment Insurance and other taxes), industrial insurance and by not paying
overtime and/or minimum wages." Id. at 1076. Ezzo, himself a chief executive officer
of a janitorial company, contended that these violations would not occur without the first-
tier contractors "turning away from these problems." Id. at 1081. He submitted evidence
that several suits for violation of minimum wage laws had been filed by advocates for
janitors, including the United States Labor Department and Justice Department, and
settled for millions of dollars. The petitioners challenged the admissibility of much of
Ezzo's declarations and renew their objections in their supplemental briefs, but they did
not assign error to the trial court's decision not to exclude it or designate it as an issue for
 review. We decline to consider whether the declarations were properly before the trial
 court without prejudice to a new proper objection before the trial court on remand.


                                               5
Becerra v.   Expert~   et al. (89534-1)



written order that has. not been challenged, the trial court found that the

plaintiffs "were scheduled 7 nights a week, with the exception of Christmas

Eve. The shift began no later than 11:00 p.m. and was supposed to end at 7:00

a.m., but regularly ran over." CP at 1927. At least in part, plaintiffs' shifts

regularly ran over because they were not to leave until "Fred Meyer supervision

signed off on their daily Work Order sheet." Id. The trial court also found that

the plaintiffs were allowed to take a night off only if they could find their own

replacement.

       In the matter before us, the judge entered a brief written order dismissing

the plaintiffs' joint employment claim against Expert "under the test set forth in

Bonnette v. California Health and Welfare Agency, 704 F.2d 1465, 1469 (9th

Cir.1983)."5 CP at 1961. She later dismissed the plaintiffs' joint employer

claims against Fred Meyer in a more detailed oral ruling. The parties

proceeded to a bench trial on third-party beneficiary claims, which are not

before us. The plaintiffs appealed only the summary judgment orders, and the

Court of Appeals reversed. Becerra Becerra v. Expert Janitorial, LLC, 176

Wn. App. 694, 699-700, 309 P.3d 711 (2013).

        Fred Meyer and Expert each petitioned for review. The Association of

Washington Business, the National Federation of Independent Business, the

National Federation of Independent Business Small Business Legal Center, the

Washington Retail Association, and the International Franchise Association

filed an amicus brief in support of the petition. We granted review. Becerra


Bonnette was abrogated on other grounds by Garcia v. San Antonio Metropolitan Transit
 5

Authority, 469 U.S. 528, 539, 105 S. Ct. 1005, 83 L. Ed. 2d 1016 (1985).


                                          6
Becerra v. Expert, et al. (89534-1)



Becerra v. Expert Janitorial, 179 Wn.2d 1014, 318 P.3d 279 (2014). Centro de

Ayuda Solidaria a los Amigos (CASA) Latina, the Faith Action Network, the

Latina/o Bar Association of Washington, the National Employment Law

Project, the Service Employees International Union Local6, the Washington

Employment Lawyers Association, and the Washington State Labor Council,

AFL-CIO, have filed an amicus brief in support ofthe plaintiffs.

                                      ANALYSIS

       "Summary judgment entitles one party to judgment as a matter of law

and is reviewed de novo." Rivas v. Overtake Hosp. Med. Ctr., 164 Wn.2d 261,

266, 189 P.3d 753 (2008) (citing Troxell v. Rainier Pub. Sch. Dist. No. 307,

154 Wn.2d 345, 350, 111 P.3d 1173 (2005)). We view the evidence in the light

most favorable to the nonmoving party, in this case, the plaintiffs. Owen v.

Burlington N & Santa Fe R.R., 153 Wn.2d 780,787, 108 P.3d 1220 (2005)

(citing Ruffv. King County, 125 Wn.2d 697,703, 887 P.2d 886 (1995)). In the

joint employment context, summary judgment may be available even if the

joint employment factors are split between finding and not finding the

relationship exists. Ling Nan Zheng v. Liberty Apparel Co., 355 F.3d 61, 77

(2d Cir. 2003) ("[T]he Court need not decide that every factor weighs against

joint employment." (emphasis omitted) (citing Moreau v. Air France, 343 F.3d

1179, 1188-89 (9th Cir. 2003))). However, "[b ]ecause of the fact-intensive

character of a determination of joint employment," the Second Circuit

observed, "we rarely have occasion to review determinations made as a matter

of law on an award of summary judgment." Barfield v. NY City Health &




                                         7
Becerra v. Expert, et al. (89534-1)



Hasps. Corp., 537 F.3d 132, 143-44 (2d Cir. 2008) (citing Zheng, 355 F.3d at

76n.13).

       Our State's "MWA requires employers to pay their employees (as the act

defines 'employees') overtime pay for the hours they work over 40 hours per

week," subject to exceptions not raised here. Bostain v. Food Express, Inc.,

159 Wn.2d 700, 709, 153 P.3d 846 (2007) (citing RCW 49.46.130).

"Employee" is broadly defined. "[U]nder the MWA, an employee includes any

individual permitted to work by an employer. This is a broad definition."

Anfinson v. FedEx Ground Package Sys., Inc., 174 Wn.2d 851, 867, 281 P.3d

289 (2012) (citingStahlv. DelicorofPugetSound, Inc., 148 Wn.2d 876,884,

64 P.3d 10 (2003)).

        The MWA is remedial in nature and is liberally construed. Id. at 870

(citing Int 'lAss 'n ofFire Fighters, Local 46 v. City ofEverett, 146 Wn.2d 29,

45, 42 P.3d 1265 (2002)). We look to the FLSAjurisprudence in interpreting

our act. I d. at 868-69. The FLSA itself expansively defines "employ" as

including "to suffer or permit to work." 29 U.S.C. § 203(g). Its definition of

"employ" is far broader than that in common law and "encompasses 'working

relationships, which prior to [the FLSA], were not deemed to fall within an

employer-employee category."' Zheng, 355 F.3d at 69 (alteration in original)

(quoting Walling v. Portland Terminal Co., 330 U.S. 148, 150-51,67 S. Ct.

639, 91 L. Ed. 809 (1947)). The parties' characterization of their employment

relationship is not determinative. Real v. Driscoll Strawberry Assocs., Inc., 603

F.2d 748, 755 (9th Cir. 1979) (citing Usery v. Pilgrim Equip. Co., 527 F.2d

 1308, 1315 (5th Cir. 1976)). Under FLSA regulations:

                                        8
Becerra v. Expert, et al. (89534-1)




              if the facts establish that the employee is employed jointly by two
       or more employers, i.e., that employment by one employer is not
       completely disassociated from employment by the other employer(s), all
       of the employee's work for all of the joint employers during the
       workweek is considered as one employment for purposes of the Act. In
       this event, all joint employers are responsible, both individually and
       jointly, for compliance with all of the applicable provisions of the act,
       including the overtime provisions, with respect to the entire employment
       for the particular workweek.
29 C.P.R. § 791.2; see also Torres-Lopez v. May, 111 F.3d 633, 638 (9th Cir.

1997) (noting that "an employee may have more than one employer under the

FLSA"). Over the years, federal courts have articulated many different factors

that may be relevant to whether an entity is an employer or joint employer of a

worker for the purposes ofFLSA. E.g., Reyes, 495 F.3d at 407; Bonnette, 704

F.2d at 1470, abrogated on other grounds by Garcia v. San Antonio Metro.

Transit Auth., 469 U.S. 528, 539, 105 S. Ct. 1005, 83 L. Ed. 2d 1016 (1985).

Bonnette is one of the leading cases and held that the factors include, but are

not limited to, '"whether the alleged employer (1) had the power to hire and

fire the employees, (2) supervised and controlled employee work schedules or

conditions of employment, (3) determined the rate and method of payment, and

(4) maintained employment records."' 704 F.2d at 1470 (quoting Bonnette v.

Cal. Health & Welfare Agency, 525 F. Supp. 128, 135 (D.C. Cal. 1981)). In

Bonnette, the Ninth Circuit found that home health workers were the employees

of the State and local agencies given the four factors above and given the

amount of economic control the state and local agencies had over the workers.

!d.



                                         9
Becerra v. Expert; eta!. (89534-1)



         While we have never specifically held that the "joint employer" doctrine

is a viable theory under the MWA, Expert and Fred Meyer do not dispute that if

they are found to be the joint employers of the plaintiffs, they are each

responsible for compliance with the MWA. This accords with federal FLSA

jurisprudence. See 29 C.P.R. § 791.2; see also Torres-Lopez, 111 F.3d at 638.

Every employer, including a joint employer, has the same duties under the

FLSA. Reyes v. Remington Hybrid Seed Co., 495 F.3d 403, 408-09 (7th Cir.

2007).

         The parties agree that we use an "economic reality" test to determine

whether a joint employment relationship exists under minimum wage statutes. 6

We find the framework articulated by the Ninth Circuit in Torres-Lopez, 111

F.3d 633, to be the most helpful. There, the court articulated 13 nonexclusive

factors, beginning with 5 formal or regulatory factors:

         "(A) The nature and degree of control of the workers;

         "(B) The degree of supervision, direct or indirect, of the work;

         "(C) The power to determine the pay rates or the methods of payment of
         the workers;

         "(D) The right, directly or indirectly, to hire, fire, or modify the
         employment conditions of the workers; [and]

         "(E) Preparation of payroll and the payment of wages."


6
 We note that we are not asked to review the subcontractor's characterization of the
plaintiffs as independent contractors. Whether an employee is in fact an independent
contractor is determined under a separate analysis. See generally Anfinson, 174 Wn.2d
851. The joint employment test we articulate today is designed to determine obligations
under the minimum wage act and does not otherwise govern a worker's employment
status or employer's obligations.


                                           10
Becerra v. Expert, et al. (89534-1)



Id. at 639-40 (alteration in original) (quoting 29 C.F.R. § 500.20(h)(4)(ii)). The

court also articulated 8 common law (sometimes called "functional") factors:

       (1) whether the work was a "specialty job on the production line,"
       Rutherford [Food Corp. v. McComb], 331 U.S. [722,] 730, 67 S. Ct.
       [1473, 91 L. Ed. 1772 (1947)];

       (2) whether responsibility under the contracts between a labor contractor
       and an employer pass from one labor contractor to another without
       "material changes," id.;

       (3) whether the "premises and equipment'' of the employer are used for
       the work, id.; see also Real, 603 F .2d at 7 54 (considering the alleged
       employee's "investment in equipment or materials required for his task,
       or his employment of helpers");

        (4) whether the employees had a "business organization that could or did
        shift as a unit from one [worksite] to another," Rutherford, 331 U.S. at
        730 ... ;

        ( 5) whether the work was "piecework" and not work that required
        "initiative, judgment or foresight," id.; see also Real, 603 F .2d at 7 54
        (considering "whether the service rendered requires a special skill");

        (6) whether the employee had an "opportunity for profit or loss
        depending upon [the alleged employee's] managerial skill," Real, 603
        F.2d at 754;

        (7) whether there was "permanence [in] the working relationship," id.;
        and

        (8) whether "the service rendered is an integral part of the alleged
        employer's business," id.


!d. at 640 (some alterations in original); see also Moreau v. Air France, 356

F.3d 942, 950 (9th Cir. 2003). Applying these factors in"Torres-Lopez, the

Ninth Circuit concluded that fannworkers harvesting cucumbers were jointly


                                          11
Becerra v. Expert, et a!. (89534-1)



employed by the farming partnership that operated the farm and not just the

labor contractor that recruited them and thus the partnership was liable under

FLSA. 111 F.3d at 644.

       These factors are not exclusive and are not to be applied mechanically or

in a particular order. As the United States Supreme Court noted long ago,

"[T]he determination of the relationship does not depend on such isolated

factors but rather upon the circumstances of the whole activity." Rutherford,

331 U.S. at 730; see also Zheng, 355 F.3d at 71-72 ("The court is also free to

consider any other factors it deems relevant to its assessment of the economic

realities."). Indeed, as the inimitable Judge Easterbrook observed, the

economic reality test "offers a way to think about the subject and not an

algorithm. That's why toting up a score is not enough." Reyes, 495 F.3d at

408. Here, our Court of Appeals properly found that these factors may include

whether the putative joint employer knew of the wage and hour violation,

whether it paid sufficient amounts to the subcontractors to allow for a lawful

wage, and whether the subcontracting arrangement is a "'subterfuge or sham.'"

176 Wn. App. at 719 (quoting Barfield v. NY. City Health & Hasps. Corp., 537

F.3d 132, 145-46 (2d Cir. 2008)).

                                      1. EXPERT

        The trial judge articulated only the four Bonnette factors in dismissing

the employee's joint employer theory against Expert:

        There is no genuine issue of material fact on the issue of whether Expert
        was Plaintiffs' joint employer, and the Defendant is entitled to judgment
        as a matter of law. Specifically, the Court concludes that Expert was not
        Plaintiffs' joint employer under the test set forth in Bonnette v.


                                         12
Becerra v. Expert, eta!. (89534-1)


       California Health and Welfare Agency, 704 F.2d 1465, 1469 (9th Cir.
       1983). Expert was not involved in hiring or firing the plaintiffs, did not
       supervise their work schedules or conditions of employment, was not
       involved in determining the plaintiffs' rate of pay and did not maintain
       their employment records. Plaintiffs admit that nobody from Expert ever
       told them what to do or how to do their jobs. In fact, the plaintiffs could
       not even identify any employees who worked for Expert.


CP at 1961. Later, in the context of ruling on Fred Meyer's summary judgment

motion, the judge noted that she had limited her analysis in Expert's motion to

the Bonnette factors on the theory that the nonregulatory factors "seem to apply

more to the Boeing[?] case and that type of thing. The production line is one of

the things they talk about. And also they seem to find more where the

plaintiffs work is an integral part of business." Report of Proceedings (Sept. 2,

2011) at 36. The Court of Appeals reversed, concluding that the trial court had

erred in limiting its analysis to the Bonnette factors, that many factors did

weigh in favor of finding Expert was a joint employer, and that material

questions of fact remained to be resolved. Becerra Becerra, 176 Wn. App. at

712-13,723. We agree.

        Simply put, we find the trial court did not consider all the relevant

factors at summary judgment or sufficiently identify why it deemed certain

factors to be not relevant. While our review of the record suggests that

summary judgment was improperly granted on the merits, we do not mean to

bind the trial court's hands on remand. We remand for further proceedings,

7
 It is not clear what case the trial judge is referring to or if the court reporter misheard
her. No case named Boeing was cited in the summary judgment briefing, raised on oral
argument on the motion, or appears in FLSAjoint employment case law. We note that
Expert urges us to find that the trial court did consider more factors than those she listed,
but our review of the record persuades us otherwise.


                                              13
Becerra v.   Expert~   et al. (89534-1)



including further discovery by the parties if they deem it necessary, and direct

the trial court to consider any otherwise proper summary judgment motions

brought by the parties raising the joint employment matter again.

                                          2. FRED MEYER

       The trial judge's written ruling granting Fred Meyer's summary

judgment did not identify any of the factors she considered. In her oral ruling,

she effectively found that four factors, some formal and some functional,

weighed in favor of finding Fred Meyer was not the joint employer of the

janitors. Again, we believe it is unlikely summary judgment should have been

granted on this record, but we leave it in the able hands of the trial court to

reconsider the matter using the Torres-Lopez factors on remand.

                                           CONCLUSION

       We affirm the Court of Appeals and remand for further proceedings on

whether Fred Meyer and Expert functioned as joint employers of the janitors

under Washington's MWA.




                                                14
Becerra v. Expert; et al. (89534-1)




                                            otllzcX lez


WE CONCUR:




                                           0~62
                                       ---fftt"-------r+-~#---
                                         /4r4 1/kCWl-




                                      15
