           IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS
                       OF TEXAS
                                     NO. PD-1402-09


                          WILLIAM RAY PHILLIPS, Appellant

                                             v.

                                 THE STATE OF TEXAS

          ON APPELLANT’S PETITION FOR DISCRETIONARY REVIEW
                  FROM THE TENTH COURT OF APPEALS
                         MCLENNAN COUNTY



      C OCHRAN, J., delivered the opinion of the Court in which P RICE, W OMACK,
J OHNSON and A LCALA, JJ., joined. K ELLER, P.J., filed a dissenting opinion in which
K EASLER and H ERVEY, JJ., joined. M EYERS, J., did not participate.

                                       OPINION

       Appellant was convicted of twelve counts of sexual offenses against his daughter that

occurred in 1982 and 1983. But prosecution under the 2007 indictment charging appellant

was absolutely barred by the statute of limitations in 1993. These charges could not be

resurrected by a 1997 statute extending the statute of limitations for sexual offenses. No

one–not the trial judge, the prosecutor, the defense, or the court of appeals–recognized this
                                                                               Phillips     Page 2

constitutional ex post facto violation. Because this is an important constitutional issue that

will undoubtedly recur given the even more recent statutory elimination of the statute of

limitations for some sexual offenses, we granted appellant’s petition for discretionary

review.1 Although the State Prosecuting Attorney (SPA) agrees that the statute of limitations

had run before appellant’s indictment, she argues that appellant failed to preserve this issue

for appeal because he did not object in the trial court. We reaffirm our prior opinions that

have stated that an absolute statute-of-limitations bar is not forfeited by the failure to raise

it in the trial court. We reverse the court of appeals, which held that appellant’s prosecution

was not barred.2

                                                 I.

       S.P. ran into her father, appellant, in 2005 when she was 26 and going to school in

Waco. He, too, was living in Waco. She was scared because appellant had sexually abused


       1
         Appellant’s three grounds for review read as follows.
1.    Did the [intermediate] appellate court improperly apply the decision in Stogner v. California,
      539 U.S. 607 (2003) allowing convictions for offenses which had been extinguished by the
      running of limitations and thereby violate the ex post facto provisions of the Texas and
      Federal Constitutions?
2.    Did the [intermediate] appellate court improperly interpret the ex post facto and retroactive
      law prohibitions of the Texas and Federal Constitutions and thereby allow convictions for
      time-barred offenses that contained different elements with different available defenses that
      had been repealed and were incapable of being prosecuted by the State?
3.    The Court improperly charged the jury as to the correct statute of limitations and thereby
      caused Petitioner egregious harm and this cause should be remanded for a harm analysis
      consistent with Almanza v. State, 686 S.W.2d 157 (Tex. Crim App. 1984).
Because we agree with appellant on his first ground for review, we dismiss the second and third
grounds.
       2
        Phillips v. State, No. 10-07-00346-CR, 2009 WL 2644430 (Tex. App—Waco Aug. 26,
2009) (not designated for publication).
                                                                                Phillips     Page 3

her when she was a toddler, and she had thought she was rid of him. She did not know what

to do. She had gone to the FBI with allegations of abuse before, but she was told that it was

too late–that the statute of limitations had run on any offenses occurring in 1982 or 1983,

when she was two to four years old. S.P. called the Waco police to find out where her father

lived so she “would know where to stay away. I wanted to finish school, but I wanted to feel

safe. I didn’t know if I could get a protective order.” The police suggested that she go to the

Advocacy Center in Waco for counseling. She did. One thing led to another, and in 2007

appellant was charged with various sexual offenses against S.P. occurring “on or about”

specified dates from September 30, 1982, to November 1, 1983.3

       It was the State’s theory at trial that, because the offenses alleged occurred within

three years (the original statute of limitations) of the 1985 amendments to the statute of

limitations, the offenses could be carried forward under each successive amendment to the


       3
           The offenses included aggravated sexual abuse, indecency with a child by contact,
indecency with a child by exposure, aggravated rape of a child, and aggravated sexual assault.
        The latest offense in the indictment was count 12, alleging an aggravated sexual assault on
or about November 1, 1983. Until September 1, 1983, the limitations period was three years. TEX .
CODE CRIM . PROC. art. 12.01 (Vernon 1981). Effective September 1, 1983, the limitations period
for aggravated sexual assault was increased to five years. Act of May 31, 1983, 68th Leg., R.S., ch.
977, §§ 7, 14, 1983 Tex. Gen. Laws 5317. So, prosecution for count 12 would be barred after
November 1, 1988. But before those five years were up, the legislature again extended the statute
of limitations. Effective September 1, 1987, the limitations period for aggravated sexual assault of
a child was increased to ten years. See Act of June 1, 1987, 70th Leg., R.S., ch. 716, §§ 1, 3, 1987
Tex. Gen Laws 2591. So, prosecution for count 12 would be barred after November 1, 1993. The
limitations statute was not amended again until 1997, almost four years after this prosecution was
barred. Effective September 1, 1997, the limitations period for aggravated sexual assault was “ten
years from the 18th birthday of the victim of the offense.” Act of May 28, 1997, 75th Leg., R.S., ch.
740, §§ 1, 4, 1997 Tex. Gen. Laws 2403. Because count 12 was already barred at the time the
amendment became effective, application of the 1997 amendment violated the Ex Post Facto Clause.
All of the other alleged offenses, having occurred earlier, were also barred.
                                                                            Phillips        Page 4

1997 limitations period of ten years after the victim’s eighteenth birthday. The January 10,

2007 indictment was filed just weeks before S.P.’s twenty-eighth birthday.

       At voir dire, the State explained to potential jurors its theory of why prosecution of

appellant’s twenty-five-year-old crimes was not barred:

       The law used to be, back when I started this, that if we didn’t get them indicted
       within five years after the event occurred that the statute of limitations ran and
       we couldn’t charge them. So that meant the kid had to report it, the
       investigation had to take place, and we had to get the case to the Grand Jury
       within five years after it happened or they–they walk. They never get caught.
               And then it switched to where it was ten years. We had to get it
       investigated, the kid had to report it, we had to go to the Grand Jury, and we
       had to get the charges filed within ten years after the 18th birthday of the
       victim. Well, do the math, 18 plus ten, you get until they turn 28.
               Well, this last fall guess what they did? There’s no statute of
       limitations anymore. It’s whenever we want to. And so . . . that’s part of the
       reason why we end up in situations like this because the legislature had
       continued to make the statute of limitations longer and longer.

       At trial, S.P. testified that she had lived with her mother, but, until she was five years

old, she regularly visited her father. She recounted several episodes during these visits in

which he, and sometimes his friends, would sexually assault her and take pornographic

photos of her. The earliest such episode occurred when she was two. The abuse subsided

when, at age four, she moved to East Texas.

        In her closing argument, the prosecutor argued that any offense occurring before

September 1, 1982, was barred by the statute of limitations, but those committed after that

date would not be barred because “limitations changed. . . . [I]t changed so anything after that

is not barred by the statute of limitations as long as the indictment was returned before [S.P.]
                                                                            Phillips     Page 5

turned 28. And that was January the 26th of 2007.”

       In his written charge, the trial judge instructed the jury that “the Court has taken

judicial notice that the date in the indictment in this case . . . was January 10, 2007, and that

the statute of limitations for the offense charged in the indictment is not more than ten years

beyond the 18th birthday of [S.P.].” Appellant made no objection to the charge and did not

otherwise raise a complaint based on limitations. The jury found appellant guilty on all

counts, and sentenced him to the maximum punishment on each.

        On direct appeal appellant argued, for the first time, that the ex post facto provisions

of the Texas and federal constitutions were violated because the applicable limitations period

had expired before the 1997 limitations statute became effective. The court of appeals

assumed, without deciding, that the ex post facto issue was not forfeited and agreed with the

State’s theory: Because the charged offenses were committed within three years (the original

limitations period) of the limitations amendment that took effect in 1985, they could be

carried forward under each successive amendment to the 1997 limitations period of ten years

after the victim’s eighteenth birthday.4 Appellant petitioned this Court for review, arguing

that his offenses had been extinguished by the running of limitations and could not be revived

by the 1997 version of the statute of limitations without violating the Ex Post Facto Clause

of both the federal and Texas constitutions.

       Before this Court, the SPA candidly admits that the State was mistaken at trial and on

       4
        Phillips v. State, No. 10-07-00346-CR, 2009 WL 2644430, at *2 (Tex. App.—Waco Aug.
26, 2009) (not designated for publication).
                                                                                    Phillips   Page 6

direct appeal and agrees with appellant that the statute of limitations had run by 1993.5 The

SPA argues, however, that because appellant did not object to the limitations bar at trial, he

cannot raise it now.

                                                     II.

A.     The “Absolute” Right to Be Free from the Application of Ex Post Facto Laws.

       1.         The four Calder v. Bull categories.

       An ex post facto law is one “passed after the occurrence of a fact or commission of

an act, which retrospectively changes the legal consequences or relations of such fact or

deed.”6 The United States and Texas constitutions both forbid ex post facto laws.7 In 1798,

the Supreme Court set out the four categories of ex post facto laws in Calder v. Bull:8

       1st. Every law that makes an action done before the passing of the law, and
       which was innocent when done, criminal; and punishes such action. 2d. Every
       law that aggravates a crime, or makes it greater than it was, when committed.
       3d. Every law that changes the punishment, and inflicts a greater punishment,
       than the law annexed to the crime, when committed. 4th. Every law that alters
       the legal rules of evidence, and receives less, or different, testimony, than the
       law required at the time of the commission of the offence, in order to convict




       5
         SPA’s Brief at 2-3 (“All the parties at trial, and the State and Tenth Court on appeal,
believed the statutes of limitations applicable to the twelve counts against appellant were extended
by successive amendments to article 12.01 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure. They were not.
Because the Tenth Court proceeded to mistakenly adopt the State’s secondary argument, the
threshold issue of preservation must be addressed.”).
       6
           BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY 580 (6th ed. 1990).
       7
           U.S. CONST . art. I, §§ 9 cl. 3, 10 cl. 1; TEX . CONST . art. I, § 16.
       8
           3 U.S. 386 (1798).
                                                                           Phillips        Page 7

       the offender. All these, and similar laws, are manifestly unjust and oppressive.9

       The Ex Post Facto Clause applies not only to laws that are facially retroactive, but

also to laws that are applied retroactively. For example, in Carmell v. Texas,10 the Supreme

Court held that a revised version of Texas Code of Criminal Procedure Article 38.07, which

lessened “the quantum of evidence required to convict,” fell “squarely” into the fourth

Calder v. Bull category when that law was applied retroactively.11 The revised Article 38.07

authorized conviction of certain sexual offenses on the victim’s testimony alone, although

corroborating evidence had previously been required.12 Thus, application of the new law to

Carmell–who had committed the offense before the law was enacted–ran afoul of the

constitutional prohibition against ex post facto laws even though the law itself was not

facially retroactive.

       Similarly, in Scott v. State,13 Presiding Judge Keller, writing for a unanimous court,

held that the Ex Post Facto Clause prohibited the use of a successfully completed deferred

adjudication to enhance the punishment for a later offense when the statute permitting such

an enhancement “did not exist at the time adjudication was deferred.” 14 The defendant had


       9
           Id. at 390-91.
       10
            529 U.S. 513 (2000).
       11
            Id. at 530-31.
       12
            Id. at 517-19.
       13
            55 S.W.3d 593 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001).
       14
            Id. at 595, 597-98.
                                                                                Phillips     Page 8

pled guilty in 1991 to indecency with a child and successfully completed his deferred-

adjudication probation.15 At that time, the deferred-adjudication statute provided that a

successfully discharged probation would not be considered a conviction for purposes of

enhancement.16 In 1997, the Legislature amended the law to make deferred adjudication for

a sex offense count as a prior conviction for purposes of imposing an automatic life sentence

for a second sex-offense conviction.17 Although the statutory amendment was not facially

retroactive–indeed it contained the standard savings clauses–this Court held that its

application to the defendant violated the Ex Post Facto Clause.

       [W]hen a statute explicitly restricts the collateral consequences of an offense,
       the defendant is entitled to rely on that restriction. Punishment for the offense
       is increased by the removal of the statutory restriction, and such an increase in
       punishment constitutes an ex post facto law.18

Applying the Scott reasoning in the context of a statute-of-limitations bar, when a statute

explicitly restricts the statute of limitations to a particular period–such as, in this case, a total

of ten years–the defendant is entitled to rely on that restriction. Once that period expires,

“there is an irrebuttable presumption that a defendant’s right to a fair trial would be

prejudiced.”19 And punishment for such a time-barred offense constitutes an ex post facto



       15
            Id. at 595.
       16
            Id.
       17
            Id. at 595-96.
       18
            Id. at 597-98.
       19
            United States v. Marion, 404 U.S. 307, 322 (1971).
                                                                                  Phillips      Page 9

application of the law.

       2.        The right to be free from the application of ex post facto laws is an
                 “absolute” one.

       The right to be free from ex post facto laws or the ex post facto application of a law

is an “absolute” right–a first category Marin right.20 It cannot be waived or forfeited. In

Ieppert v. State,21 we stated,

       ex post facto prohibitions do not merely confer upon the people a waivable or
       forfeitable right not to have their conduct penalized retroactively. Indeed, the
       constitutional prohibition against ex post facto legislation is not really an
       individual right at all. It is a categorical prohibition directed by the people to
       their government. Short of a constitutional amendment, the people may not
       waive this prohibition, either individually or collectively, any more than they
       may consent to be imprisoned for conduct which does not constitute a crime.22

Thus, in Ieppert ,we held that a defendant could raise a claim for the first time on appeal that

his convictions were barred by the Ex Post Facto Clause because the statute under which he

was prosecuted had not yet been enacted at the time of his allegedly criminal conduct.

Ieppert had been charged in multiple indictments with aggravated sexual assault of a child

under fourteen. When he committed the offenses, the applicable statutes required proof of

an element the new statutes that he was prosecuted under did not require–that the offenses


       20
           See Marin v. State, 851 S.W.2d 275, 279 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993) (“[O]ur system may be
thought to contain rules of three distinct kinds: (1) absolute requirements and prohibitions; (2) rights
of litigants which must be implemented by the system unless expressly waived; and (3) rights of
litigants which are to be implemented upon request.”), overruled on other grounds by Cain v. State,
947 S.W.2d 262 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997).
       21
            908 S.W.2d 217 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995).
       22
            Id. at 220.
                                                                              Phillips      Page 10

be committed “with intent to arouse or gratify the sexual desire of any person.” 23 We held

that prosecution for conduct which was not illegal when committed was not a forfeitable

irregularity.24 In 2005, we reaffirmed that the constitutional prohibition of ex post facto laws

is a Marin category-one, “absolute requirement” that is not subject to forfeiture by the failure

to object.25

B.     Application of a New Law to Revive a Previously Time-Barred Prosecution
       Violates the Ex Post Facto Clause.

       Statutes of limitations reflect “a legislative judgment that, after a certain time, no

quantum of evidence is sufficient to convict.”26 That judgment “typically rests, in large part,

upon evidentiary concerns–for example, concern that the passage of time has eroded

memories or made witnesses or other evidence unavailable.”27 Because statutes of limitations

are measures of public policy “entirely subject to the will of the Legislature,” they “may be

changed or repealed without violating constitutional prohibitions against ex post facto laws

in any case where a right to acquittal has not been absolutely acquired by the completion of



       23
            Id. (Baird, J., concurring).
       24
            Id. at 218.
       25
         Sanchez v. State, 120 S.W.3d 359, 365-66 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003) (“[W]e have recognized
three more absolute requirements since Marin: a constitutional requirement that a district court must
conduct its proceedings at the county seat, the constitutional prohibition of ex post facto laws, and
certain constitutional restraints on the comments of a judge.”) (internal quotation marks and
footnotes omitted).
       26
            Stogner v. California, 539 U.S. 607, 615 (2003).
       27
            Id.
                                                                               Phillips      Page 11

the period of limitations.” 28

       And Texas courts, like all federal circuits that have ruled on the issue, have upheld the

constitutionality of extending an unexpired criminal statute of limitations.29 Thus, a statute

of limitations may be extended by the legislature, but a prosecution within the new time

period will be permitted only if the limitations period had not already run before the law was

changed. In recent years, legislatures have been particularly amenable to such extensions:

“In the early 1980s, spurred by a growing societal awareness of and sensitivity to child abuse,

both federal and state governments began to enact legislation lengthening the limitations

periods for prosecuting child abuse cases.”30 Texas is no exception. As the court of appeals

       28
           Vasquez v. State, 557 S.W.2d 779, 781 n.2 (Tex. Crim. App. 1977) (op. on reh’g) (citing
Hill v. State, 171 S.W.2d 880 (Tex. Crim. App. 1943)). The rationale for the rule was perhaps best
explained by Judge Learned Hand in Falter v. United States, 23 F.2d 420 (2d Cir. 1928):

       Certainly it is one thing to revive a prosecution already dead, and another to give it
       a longer lease of life. The question turns upon how much violence is done to our
       instinctive feelings of justice and fair play. For the state to assure a man that he has
       become safe from its pursuit, and thereafter to withdraw its assurance, seems to most
       of us unfair and dishonest. But, while the chase is on, it does not shock us to have
       it extended beyond the time first set, or, if it does, the stake forgives it.

Id. at 425-26.
       29
          Archer v. State, 577 S.W.2d 244, 244 (Tex. Crim. App. 1979); United States v. Grimes,
142 F.3d 1342, 1351 (11th Cir. 1998) (joining eight other circuits in holding that “extending a
limitations period before the prosecution is barred does not violate the Ex Post Facto Clause”).
       30
         Ryan D. Frei, Case Note, Does Time Eclipse Crime? Stogner v. California and the Court’s
Determination of the Ex Post Facto Limitations on Retroactive Justice, 38 U. RICH . L. REV . 1011,
1012, 1026 (2004) (“Around that time, legislatures nationwide began to realize that child victims of
sexual abuse frequently refrain from reporting their abuse to authorities because they are easily
manipulated by offenders in positions of authority and trust, and because children have difficulty
remembering the crime or facing the trauma it can cause. States that limited the time for prosecuting
child sex abuse cases began to significantly augment the time period for filing charges after the
                                                                                 Phillips      Page 12

pointed out in this case, the statute of limitations for certain sex offenses expanded from

three years to five years to ten years to the 1997 limitations period of ten years after the

victim’s 18th birthday. Now there is no statute of limitations.31 But the Texas Legislature

did not and could not “resurrect” cases already barred with these newly expanded limitations

periods.32 Indeed, each amendment stated that the revised statute did not apply to an offense



abuse.”) (internal quotation marks and footnotes omitted).
        31
          TEX . CODE CRIM . PROC. art. 12.01 (“no limitation” for “(A) murder and manslaughter; (B)
sexual assault under Section 22.011(a)(2), Penal Code, or aggravated sexual assault under Section
22.021(a)(1)(B), Penal Code; (C) sexual assault, if during the investigation of the offense biological
matter is collected and subjected to forensic DNA testing and the testing results show that the matter
does not match the victim or any other person whose identity is readily ascertained; (D) continuous
sexual abuse of young child or children under Section 21.02, Penal Code; (E) indecency with a child
under Section 21.11, Penal Code . . .”).
        32
           Both the State and appellant recognize that the issue concerning the applicability of the
statute of limitations deals with a legislative enactment and the application of ex post facto laws, not
any application of judge-made or judicially abrogated common law. See Rogers v. Tennesee, 532
U.S. 451, 462 (2001) (holding that the retroactive application of a judicial decision abolishing the
common law “year and a day” rule was not an ex post facto violation because that constitutional
clause applies to legislative acts–black letter law–not to judicial decisionmaking); Johnson v. United
States, 529 U.S. 694, 699 (2000) (“The heart of the Ex Post Facto Clause, U.S. Const., Art. I, § 9,
bars application of a law ‘that changes the punishment, and inflicts a greater punishment, than the
law annexed to the crime, when committed . . . .’ To prevail on this sort of ex post facto claim,
Johnson must show both that the law he challenges operates retroactively (that it applies to conduct
completed before its enactment) and that it raises the penalty from whatever the law provided when
he acted.”); compare Ortiz v. State, 93 S.W.3d 79, 91 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002) (distinguishing
between the application of ex post facto laws enacted by the legislature and the judicial decision-
making error in including, in a jury charge, language from a statute that had been amended after the
defendant had committed the offense). In Ortiz, a capital-murder case alleging the underlying
offense of retaliation for harming or threatening to harm another for his “service” as a public servant,
the trial judge mistakenly included the phrase “service or status” as a public servant in his jury
charge. The retaliation statute had been amended between the offense date and the trial to include
a threat to harm another because of his “status” as well as his “service” as a public servant. Id. at
91. This error did not constitute an ex post facto application of the retaliation statute; the charge was
simply “erroneous because it relied on the wrong version of the statute.” Id. But it did not cause the
defendant egregious harm because “[t]here is little difference between a prospective witness’ status
                                                                                Phillips     Page 13

if prosecution of that offense had become barred by limitations before the passage of the

amended statute.33

        In Stogner v. California,34 the Supreme Court clarified the application of the Ex Post

Facto Clause to a criminal statute of limitations. The Court held that a California statute

authorizing the prosecution of a “seventy-eight-year-old man for crimes that had been

time-barred from prosecution for over twenty-two years was an unconstitutional ex post facto

law.”35 Stogner had been indicted in 1998 for sex offenses allegedly committed between

1955 and 1973 in California.36 At that time, a three-year limitations period applied to sex

offenses.37 But in 1993, California passed a new statute allowing prosecution for sex-related

child abuse after the limitations period had expired if the prosecution was begun within one



and his service.” Id. at 92. The situation in Ortiz would be an ex post facto violation under Johnson
if the retaliation statute did not include protection of “a public servant” at the time Ortiz committed
the murder, but the State alleged that the victim was “a public servant.”
         If, at the time of the offense, the statute did not criminalize retaliation against “a public
servant,” then any application of that new statute to conduct that had occurred before its enactment
would be an ex post facto violation of the law.
       33
          Accord, Act of June 3, 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., ch. 1227, § 42, 2007 Tex. Gen. Laws 3930
(“(a) The change in law made by this Act applies only to an offense committed on or after the
effective date of this Act [September 1, 2009]. For purposes of this section, an offense is committed
before the effective date of this Act if any element of the offense occurs before that date. (b) An
offense committed before the effective date of this Act is governed by the law in effect when the
offense was committed, and the former law is continued in effect for that purpose.”).
       34
            539 U.S. 607 (2003).
       35
            Frei, supra note 30, at 1013.
       36
            Stogner, 539 U.S. at 609.
       37
            Id. at 610.
                                                                            Phillips     Page 14

year of the victim’s report to police.38 The Supreme Court agreed with Stogner that this

facially retroactive law that revived a previously time-barred offense violated the Ex Post

Facto Clause.39 It noted that the statute was an unfair extension of a limitations period after

the State had “assured a man that he has become safe from its pursuit,”40 and that it reflected

a government refusing both “to play by its own rules” and to give “fair warning” to a man

to preserve exculpatory evidence.41

       The Supreme Court pointed to history and noted that “numerous legislators, courts,

and commentators have long believed it well settled that the Ex Post Facto Clause forbids

resurrection of a time-barred prosecution.”42 The Court cited an early Texas decision, State

v. Sneed,43 in which the Texas Supreme Court stated,

       In this case the bar of the statute of limitations of one year was completed
       before the code went into operation, by which the period of limitation of
       prosecutions in such misdemeanors was extended to two years. The state
       having neglected to prosecute within the time prescribed for its own action,
       lost the right to prosecute the suit. To give an act of the legislature, passed
       after such loss, the effect of reviving the right of action in the state, would give
       it an operation ex post facto, which we cannot suppose the legislature




       38
            Id. at 609.
       39
            Id. at 610.
       40
            Id. at 611 (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).
       41
            Id. (citations and internal quotation marks omitted).
       42
            Id. at 616.
       43
            State v. Sneed, 25 Tex. 66 (1860).
                                                                                Phillips     Page 15

       intended.44

Thus, as early as 1860, Texas courts held that the application of an otherwise valid law

extending the statute of limitations to an offense that was already time-barred violated the

Ex Post Facto Clause. The Stogner Court concluded that “where courts have upheld

extensions of unexpired statutes of limitations . . . they have consistently distinguished

                                                          45
situations where limitations periods have expired.”

       In People v. Shedd,46 a Colorado case similar to the present one, the defendant was

charged with sexual assault of a child, alleged to have occurred between September 1 and

December 31, 1977.47 At that time, the statute of limitations was three years, but in 1982, the

legislature increased the limitations period for sexual offenses to ten years. However,

because the statute of limitations against the defendant had already expired, at the latest, on

December 31, 1980, “the new ten-year statute of limitations did not revive the court’s


       44
            Id. at 67.
       45
          Stogner, 539 U.S. at 618. Texas is no exception. See Archer v. State, 577 S.W.2d 244,
244 (Tex. Crim. App. 1979) (“complete defense” accrued under statute of limitations cannot “be
taken away by a subsequent repeal or amendment”; however, statute extending limitations period
“applies to all offenses not barred at the time of the passage of the act, so that a prosecution may be
commenced at any time within the newly established period, although the old period of limitations
has then expired”); Rose v. State, 716 S.W.2d 162, 165 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1986, pet. ref’d)
(“Where a complete defense has accrued under a statute of limitations, it cannot be taken away by
subsequent repeal or amendment; however, a statute extending the period of limitations applies to
all offenses not barred at the time of the passage of the act, so that the prosecution may be
commenced at any time within the newly established period, although the old period of limitation
has expired.”).
       46
            702 P.2d 267 (Colo. 1985) (en banc) (per curiam).
       47
            Id. at 268.
                                                                               Phillips     Page 16

jurisdiction to hear the case.”48 As the Colorado Supreme Court explained,

       A case barred from prosecution by a statute of limitations cannot be revived
       by subsequent legislation that acts to extend the limitations period. Retroactive
       application of a statute of limitations to revive a previously barred prosecution
       violates the fundamental constitutional prohibition against ex post facto
       legislation.49

The Shedd decision was cited favorably by the Supreme Court in Stogner,50 and it is

precisely analogous to the present case.

                                                 III.

A.     Applying the 1997 Version of the Statute of Limitations to Revive a Previously
       Time-Barred Prosecution Violates the Ex Post Facto Clause.

       1.         Appellant’s ex post facto claim is valid.

       Although the 1997 statute of limitations amendment is not an ex post facto law on its

face, as was the one at issue in Stogner, its application to a situation in which the statue of

limitations had already run before its enactment violates that constitutional provision. As in

Stogner, application of the 1997 version falls into the Calder v. Bull second category as




       48
            Id.
       49
           Id. (citations omitted); see also Commonwealth v. Rocheleau, 533 N.E.2d 1333, 1334
(Mass. 1989); United States v. Fraidin, 63 F.Supp. 271, 276 (D.C. Md. 1945) (“where a statute
extends a period of limitations or provides for the tolling thereof, it applies to offenses not barred
at the time of the statute's passage; but such a statute cannot operate to revive offenses which were
barred at the time of its enactment since it would in such case be ex post facto”; prosecution barred
by limitations).
       50
            See Stogner, 539 U.S. at 617, 618.
                                                                              Phillips     Page 17

applied to appellant’s prosecution.51 The properly extended ten-year statute of limitations

had expired in 1993, and, from that day forward, prosecution of all twelve counts was forever

and absolutely barred. No new statute could ever constitutionally resurrect them.52 The SPA

does not now argue otherwise. Instead, she claims that appellant forfeited this absolute

limitations bar by failing to complain in the trial court.

       2.        Appellant’s ex post facto issue was not forfeited.

       The SPA argues that appellant failed to preserve his complaint for appeal because his

issue was not a true ex post facto issue that could be raised for the first time on appeal under

Ieppert and that this is true because statutes of limitations are not “structural.” 53 That

argument mixes apples with oranges. “Structural rights” are those rights to which the

constitutional harmless-error rule does not apply: if the defendant shows that the right was

violated, appellate courts must reverse the conviction without any analysis of whether that

error was harmful.54 “Categorical rights” are those “absolute requirements and prohibitions,



       51
          See Stogner, 539 U.S. at 612-13 (stating that the retroactive California law fell into the
second Calder v. Bull ex post facto category–any “law that aggravates a crime, or makes it greater
than it was, when committed”–because, after the original statute of limitations law had expired,
Stogner was not “liable to any punishment”; “California’s new statute therefore ‘aggravated’
Stogner’s alleged crime, or made it ‘greater than it was, when committed,’ in the sense that, and to
the extent that, it ‘inflicted punishment’ for past criminal conduct that (when the new law was
enacted) did not trigger any such liability.”) (some internal quotation marks omitted).
       52
            See Stogner, 539 U.S. at 616-19; State v. Sneed, 25 Tex. 66, 67 (1860).
       53
          State’s Brief at 7 (citing Johnson v. United States, 520 U.S. 461, 468-69 (1997) (listing
those rights deemed structural by the Supreme Court)).
       54
            See Johnson, 520 U.S. at 468-69.
                                                                            Phillips     Page 18

like rights which are waivable only, [that] are to be observed even without partisan request.

But unlike waivable rights, they can’t lawfully be avoided even with partisan consent.” 55 In

Ieppert, we explicitly held that a defendant could raise the claim of a statute of limitations

bar for the first time on appeal because it was a “categorical prohibition” which may not be

waived or forfeited by the failure to object.56 As we stated, this bar is not only for the benefit

of the individual defendant, it is intended to keep sacred the government’s promise to its

citizens.57

       The SPA has another, more subtle, argument: This is not an ex post facto claim under

Stogner, and therefore it could not be raised for the first time on appeal, because Stogner

involved a law that overtly “permit[ted] resurrection of otherwise time-barred criminal

prosecutions,” and this case involves no such overtly retroactive law.58 That is, nothing in

the 1997 statute expressly permitted the resurrection of a previously barred prosecution;

indeed, the statute itself states just the opposite. This distinction is irrelevant because the

ex post facto result is the same–the retroactive application here “revived” a previously barred



       55
         Marin v. State, 851 S.W.2d 275, 280 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993), overruled on other grounds
by Cain v. State, 947 S.W.2d 262 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997). In a post-Marin case, however, we have
noted that a party may be estopped from relying upon a “category one” absolute requirement.
Sanchez v. State, 120 S.W.3d 359, 365 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003).
       56
         Ieppert v. State, 908 S.W.2d 217, 220 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995); see also Saldano v. State,
70 S.W.3d 873, 888-89 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002) (citing Ieppert for the proposition that one Marin
nonforfeitable “absolute requirement” is the constitutional prohibition of ex post facto laws).
       57
            Id.
       58
            SPA’s Brief at 5-6 (quoting Stogner, 539 U.S. at 609).
                                                                             Phillips       Page 19

prosecution.59 And, in Carmell, the Supreme Court held that the retroactive application of

statutes that are not expressly and facially retroactive nonetheless violates the Ex Post Facto

Clause.60

       3.        Proctor v. State does not apply.

       As the SPA notes, in Proctor v. State,61 we held that a defendant will forfeit a statute-

of-limitations defense if he does not assert it at or before the guilt stage of trial.62 We

declared that “a limitations defense” is a Marin third-category rule that must be implemented

only upon request.63 But Proctor governs statute-of-limitations defenses that are based on

facts (challenging a pleading that includes a “tolling paragraph,” “explanatory averments,”

or even “innuendo allegations,” that suffice to show that the charged offense is not, at least

on the face of the indictment, barred by limitations), not pure law (challenging an indictment

that shows on its face that prosecution is absolutely barred by the statute of limitations). The

pleading that gives rise to a limitations factual defense is reparable. The pleading that gives


       59
            See Sneed, 25 Tex. at 67; Shedd, 702 P.2d at 268; Fraidin, 63 F.Supp. at 276.
       60
            Carmell v. Texas, 529 U.S. 513, 530-31 (2000).
       61
            967 S.W.2d 840 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998).
       62
            Id. at 844.
       63
           Id. (“It seems to us that a defendant, having been given the statute of limitations as a
defense, ought to have the burden of asserting that defense or losing it, just as he would any other
defense. . . . We also conclude that placing limitations in the second Marin category is equally
inappropriate. However important the statute of limitations might be to a defendant in a given case,
the statute can hardly be deemed ‘fundamental to the proper functioning of our adjudicatory system.’
Indeed, at common law there was no limitation as to the time within which offenses could be
prosecuted.”).
                                                                              Phillips      Page 20

rise to a statute-of-limitations bar is not. The first is forfeited unless raised before or during

the trial and cannot be raised in a pretrial writ. The second–a true ex post facto violation–is

not forfeitable under Ieppert. We have stated, in a post-Proctor case, that a limitations bar

may be raised in a pretrial motion to quash or dismiss, a pretrial writ, at trial, on direct

appeal, or in a collateral proceeding.64 “[I]f the pleading, on its face, shows that the offense

charged is barred by limitations, then it is appropriate that habeas corpus relief be granted.” 65

       The distinction between the factual statute of limitations “defense” and the legal bar

was explained by the Kansas Supreme Court in State v. Garcia.66 In that case, the defendant

raised, for the first time on appeal, a Stogner-based claim that the retroactive application of

a new statute to revive his time-barred prosecution for rape violated the Ex Post Facto

Clause.67 Rejecting the State’s claim that the defendant waived any claim related to the

statute of limitations by failing to raise it in the trial court, the Kansas Court stated that the

       State’s arguments muddy the issue. By the time the rape charge was filed


       64
           Ex parte Smith, 178 S.W.3d 797, 801-02 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005) (“A pretrial writ of
habeas corpus may be used, however, to challenge the jurisdiction of the court if the face of the
indictment shows that any prosecution is barred by the statute of limitations. This is because the
defect is incurable and irreparable. Limitations is an absolute bar to prosecution. There is no point
in wasting scarce judicial and societal resources or putting the defendant to great expense,
inconvenience, and anxiety if the ultimate result is never in question.”) (footnotes omitted).
       65
          Ex parte Tamez, 38 S.W.3d 159, 160 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001); see also Tita v. State, 267
S.W.3d 33, 38 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008) (distinguishing between a statute of limitations defense that
relies upon factual proof under Proctor and an irreparable bar under the applicable statute of
limitations).
       66
            169 P.3d 1069 (Kan. 2007).
       67
            Id. at 1075.
                                                                                Phillips      Page 21

       against Garcia in late January 2004, the statute of limitations already had been
       extended by the legislature to 1 year after his August 2003 DNA testing-to
       August 2004. Accordingly, the proper question is not whether he was being
       prosecuted outside of the statute of limitations. Under the amended statute, he
       clearly fell within the limitations period; therefore, the statute of limitations
       defense was not available to him, and case law concerning waiver of a
       limitations period as an affirmative defense is inapplicable. Rather, the proper
       question is whether the amended statute lengthening the limitations period was
       applied contrary to a constitutional provision, i.e., the Ex Post Facto Clause,
       and we have held that it was.68

Because the prosecution of Garcia violated the Ex Post Facto Clause, his conviction was

reversed. The same is required in this case. Proctor is inapplicable here. Stogner, Sneed, and

Ieppert control this case and others like it. For these reasons, we reverse the judgment of the

court of appeals and remand this case to the trial court to enter an order dismissing the

indictment.

Delivered: June 15, 2011
Publish




       68
          Id. at 1076 (emphasis supplied). The Garcia court concluded, “Had the constitutional issue
been previously raised, Garcia would likely not have been prosecuted for the rape charge, which
resulted in a conviction and attendant sentence of 408 months’ imprisonment consecutive to his life
sentence for felony murder. Therefore, we conclude that at a minimum, consideration of the issue
is necessary to serve the ends of justice and to prevent a denial of fundamental rights. In light of our
holding that application of the amendment to revive Garcia’s previously time-barred prosecution for
rape violated the Ex Post Facto Clause, the conviction is reversed.” Id.
