        IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

CRISTOBAL MONDRAGON and JANE               )        No. 79547-3-I
DOE MONDRAGON, husband and wife,           )
and the marital community composed         )        DIVISION ONE
thereof; and ALL JOHN DOE AND              )
JANE DOE OCCUPANTS; and VINCE              )        UNPUBLISHED OPINION
SAMPSON and ANGELA SAMPSON,                )
husband and wife, and the marital          )
community comprised thereof,               )
                    Appellant,

             v.

ROBINSON PROPERTIES &
INVESTMENTS, LLC, a Washington
Limited Liability Company,

                 Respondent.
__________________________________                  FILED: February 24, 2020

        HAZELRIGG, J.   —   Vince and Angela Sampson (collectively the Sampsons)

 seek reversal of summary judgment entered against them in a breach of contract

 action stemming from their assignee’s default in rent and unlawful detainer of a

 commercial premises. They bring multiple challenges to the underlying unlawful

 detainer judgment against the assignee, the order finding them liable for breach of

 the lease and assignment agreements, and the order imposing damages and

 attorney fees. Although the court did not err in finding them liable for the breach
No. 79547-3-1/2

of contract, it did err in imposing liability on Angela1 Sampson as an individual and

in calculating damages. We affirm in part and reverse the award of damages and

remand to amend orders and judgment by removing any indicia of individual

liability as to Angela Sampson.


                                               FACTS

            Robinson Properties & Investments, LLC, (Robinson Properties) of which

William Robinson2 (Robinson) is an authorized member, owns a commercial

property in Everett. In 2015, Vince Sampson executed a three-year lease with

Robinson Properties to rent suite A7 of the property until May 31, 2018. Rent for

the period relevant to this case was $2,200 per month, plus utilities and a pro rata

share of charges for the common facilities known as triple net expenses (NNN).

The lease obligated the tenant to keep the premises in good condition and

surrender the premises at the expiration of the lease “in the same condition in

which they are received, reasonable wear and tear and damage by fire or storm

excepted.”       The lease provided that it could not be “assigned, transferred,

encumbered, or sublet” without Robinson Properties’ consent and that “[nb

assignment or subLease [sic] shall relieve Tenant from primary liability on this

Lease.” Section 52 of the lease, entitled “ATTORNEY FEES,” provides that:

        If Landlord shall retain an attorney for the purpose of collecting any
        monies due from the Tenant or otherwise enforcing or construing the
        Lease, Tenant shall pay the reasonable fees for such attorney for his
        service and reasonable costs regardless of whether or not such costs


        I For clarity, Vince and Angela Sampson will be referred to individually by their first names.
No disrespect is intended.
        2 Robinson Properties refers to the business entity. Robinson refers to the individual,

WiNiam Robinson, when he was acting on behalf of Robinson Properties.


                                                -2-
No. 79547-3-1/3

       and attorney’s fees are incurred with or without litigation, in a
       bankruptcy court, or on appeal.

       In 2017, Vince and Robinson jointly executed an assignment of the lease

for unit A7 to assignee Cristobal Mondragon, who also rented units A5 and A6.

Mondragon was to assume the remainder of Vince’s lease until it ended on May

31, 2018, at which time a separate lease between Robinson Properties and

Mondragon for unit A7 would come into effect. The assignment specified that

“Assignor(s) shall remain fully liable and responsible to the Lessor for fulfillment of

all the obligations of the Assignor(s) under the Lease.” Vince would be released

from the lease on its end date of May 31, 2018.

       On January 3, 2018, Robinson informed Vince via email that Mondragon

was delinquent in rent payments and that he had “heard a rumor that [Mondragon]

moved back to Mexico” and was no longer able to contact him. Robinson wrote

that Vince was ‘still the Guarantor” for rent payments until the termination of the

lease and assignment. He stated that the outstanding rent of $13,824.85 needed

to be paid by January 6, 2018 to prevent further legal action.

       On or around January12, 2018, Robinson Properties served a notice to pay

rent or vacate to the Mondragons and the Sampsons. Neither party tendered the

funds to cure the notice. Robinson Properties brought an unlawful detainer action

against Mondragon and his wife, Jane Doe Mondragon, on January 25, 2018.

Robinson asserted that the Mondragons were personally served with the summons

and complaint for the unlawful detainer. The court issued a writ of restitution

restoring the right of possession to the landlord and a judgment by default on

February 6, 2018. The court found Mondragon liable for a principal judgment


                                        -3-
 No. 79547-3-1/4

 amount of “$59,503.50 ($29,751.75 in rent x 2 by application of RCW 59.12.170)”

plus attorney fees of $3,007.50 and court costs of $1 ,065.05.

       On February 27, 2018, Robinson Properties filed an amended complaint

adding Vince Sampson and Jane Doe Sampson as defendants and seeking

damages for breach of contract. The Sampsons filed an answer asserting multiple

affirmative defenses and including a cross-claim against the Mondragons for

breach of contract and implied indemnity.

       Robinson Properties moved for summary judgment on the issues of liability

and damages. In their response opposing the summary judgment motion, the

Sampsons argued that the court did not have subject matter jurisdiction over the

original unlawful detainer action because Mondragon had abandoned the property

and physical possession was not at issue. They contended that CR 60(b) required

the unlawful detainer judgment to be set aside as a matter of law because it was

void for lack of subject matter jurisdiction.

       On September 7, 2018, the court granted summary judgment in favor of

Robinson Properties on the issue of liability and continued the motion for summary

judgment on the issue of damages to allow for further discovery. The court found

that there was no genuine issue of material fact regarding the Sampsons’ liability

for the breach of the lease and assignment.

       On January 8, 2019, the court granted summary judgment for Robinson

Properties for damages from the breach of the lease. The court doubled the

damages “[p]ursuant to RCW 59.12.170” for a total of $59,543.50, plus pre

judgment interest, reasonable attorney fees, and court costs. The court entered a



                                          -4-
 No. 79547-3-1/5

finding that “[t]he sum of $17,702.30 in attorney’s fees and $578.00 in costs are

reasonable sums.”          The court did not enter separate findings of fact and

conclusions of law regarding the award of attorney fees and costs.

        Ten days later, the Sampsons filed a motion to alter the judgment under CR

59. They argued that the award of double damages under the unlawful detainer

statute was impermissible, that Angela Sampson could not be held liable as an

individual, and that the attorney fee award lacked evidentiary support and

adequate legal justification. The court found that the motion was timely filed but

denied the motion. The court also found that “Plaintiff’s attorney’s fees and costs,

as delineated in the Affidavit of Plaintiff’s Counsel dated January 23, 2019, are

reasonable fees and expenses actually incurred and reasonably necessary for the

litigation of this action.” The Sampsons appealed.3


                                          ANALYSIS

I.      Standard of Review

        We review summary judgment orders de novo, “considering the evidence

and all reasonable inferences from the evidence in the light most favorable to the

nonmoving party.” Keck v. Collins, 184 Wn.2d 358, 370, 357 P.3d 1080 (2015).

The trial court shall grant summary judgment if there is no genuine issue of material

fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. CR 56(c). The



         ~ The Sam psons’ Notice of Appeal (filed 2/8/19) requests review of the Judgment (entered
2/6/18), Order Granting in Part Motion for Summary Judgment (As to Liability) and Granting in Part
Motion to Continue (As to Damages) (entered 9/7/1 8), and Order Granting Plaintiff’s Motion for
Summary Judgment Against Defendants Sampson Re: Damages (entered 1/8/1 9). In their opening
brief, they also request review of the post-judgment Order Denying Motion to Alter Judgment /
Motion for Reconsideration (entered 3/20/1 9) under RAP 2.4(f)(3), which allows review of a trial
court’s order on a timely CR 59 motion.


                                              -5-
No. 79547-3-1/6

moving party bears the initial burden of showing the absence of an issue of material

fact. Young v. Key Pharm., Inc., 112 Wn.2d 216, 225, 770 P.2d 182 (1989).

       Motions to alter, amend, or reconsider a judgment are within the sound

discretion of the trial court, and a reviewing court will not reverse a trial court’s

ruling absent a showing of manifest abuse of discretion. Wilcox v. Lexington Eye

Inst., 130 Wn. App. 234, 241, 122 P.3d 729 (2005); Worden v. Smith, 178 Wn.

App. 309, 322—23, 314 P.3d 1125 (2013). A court abuses its discretion when the

decision is based on untenable grounds, untenable reasons, or an erroneous view

of the law. Worden, 178 Wn. App. at 323.


II.    Unlawful Detainer Judgment

       The Sampsons challenged the February 6, 2018 judgment on the unlawful

detainer action against the Mondragons in their notice of appeal and argue against

its validity in the briefing. Robinson Properties responds in a footnote that “the

Appellants have no standing to assert possession.” This appears to raise the

question of whether the Sampsons may appeal the judgment in the unlawful

detainer action because they were not parties to the case at the time the judgment

was entered.

       “Only an aggrieved party may seek review by the appellate court.” RAP 3.1.

A party is aggrieved when a decision affects their pecuniary interests or personal

rights or imposes a burden or obligation on them. Randy Reynolds & Assocs., Inc.

v. Harmon, 193 Wn.2d 143, 150, 437 P.3d 677 (2019). The decision must operate

prejudicially and directly on the party’s rights or interests; “the right invaded must

be immediate, not merely some possible, remote consequence.” Sheets v.


                                        -6-
No. 79547-3-1/7

Benevolent & Protective Order of Keglers, 34 Wn.2d 851, 855, 210 P.2d 690

(1949) (quoting 4 C.J.S. 356, Appeal and Error,    § 183(b)(1) (1937)). “[U]nder some
narrow circumstances, persons who were not formal parties to trial court

proceedings, but who are aggrieved by orders entered in the course of those

proceedings, may appeal as ‘aggrieved parties.” Mestrovac v. Dep’t of Labor &

lndus., 142 Wn. App. 693, 704, 176 P.3d 536 (2008) (quoting State v. G.A.H., 133

Wn. App. 567, 574, 137 P.3d 66 (2006)).

       In Sheets, the court found that the appellants were not aggrieved parties

entitled to appeal because the portion of the judgment appealed contained “no

denial of a personal or property right to them as individuals; nor does it impose

upon them, as individuals, a burden or obligation.” 34 Wn.2d at 855. In Mestrovac,

this court found that the Board of Industrial Insurance Appeals was an aggrieved

party entitled to appeal superior court orders in a case to which it was not a party

when the orders “imposed upon the Board a burden and an obligation by holding

it liable for Me~trovac’s interpreter costs and requiring it to pay thousands of dollars

in attorney fees for attempting to intervene.” 142 Wn. App at 704.

       Although the Sampsons were later added to the case and the unlawful

detainer judgment against the Mondragons appears to have been used to compute

the damages for breach of contract, the Sampsons were not directly affected by

the unlawful detainer judgment. The judgment itself does not impose any direct

burden on them or infringe on any of their rights. Therefore, the Sampsons are not

aggrieved parties within the meaning of RAP 3.1 and may not appeal the unlawful

detainer judgment against the Mondragons.



                                         -7-
No. 79547-3-1/8

Ill.   Liability

       A. Validity of Liability Order

       The Sampsons contend that the summary judgment orders in the breach of

contract action are void because the court lacked subject matter and personal

jurisdiction over them in the unlawful detainer action. They argue that the court

lacked jurisdiction in the unlawful detainer because they had no actual possession

or right of possession over the premises and were not named as defendants or

served with the summons and complaint for the unlawful detainer portion of the

proceeding. Robinson Properties responds that the court had proper jurisdiction

because it brought its claims against the Sampsons after the issue of possession

had been resolved and after the case had been converted to an ordinary breach

of contract action.

       Superior courts in Washington are courts of general jurisdiction, with

authority to hear and decide cases in equity and cases at law for which jurisdiction

is not vested by law in another court. Wash. Const. art. IV,     § 6. An unlawful
detainer action is a summary proceeding authorized by statute to determine the

narrow issue of right to possession of a premises between landlord and tenant.

Munden v. Hazelriciq, 105 Wn.2d 39, 45, 711 P.2d 295 (1985). “In an unlawful

detainer action, the court sits as a special statutory tribunal to summarily decide

the issues authorized by statute and not as a court of general jurisdiction with the

power to hear and determine other issues.” Granat v. Keasler, 99 Wn.2d 564, 571,

663 P.2d 830 (1983) (emphasis omitted). A court’s subject matter jurisdiction in

an unlawful detainer proceeding is “limited to the question of possession and



                                        -8-
 No. 79547-3-1/9

 related issues such as restitution of the premises and rent.” Munden, 105 Wn.2d

 at 45. ‘A judgment entered by a court lacking subject matter jurisdiction is void.”

AnQelo Prop. Co. LP v. Hafiz, 167 Wn. App. 789, 808, 274 P.3d 1075 (2012).

        After the right to possession is no longer at issue, an unlawful detainer

proceeding “may be converted into an ordinary civil suit for damages, and the

parties may then properly assert any cross claims, counterclaims, and affirmative

defenses.” Munden, 105 Wn.2d at 46. In other words, after the proceeding is

converted, the court regains its usual status as a court of general jurisdiction with

the authority to hear issues outside of the narrow scope of unlawful detainer. See

Granat, 99 Wn.2d at 571. Allowing this conversion promotes judicial economy by

minimizing the number of lawsuits filed and ‘spares the expense and

inconvenience to all parties of maintaining two suits.” Munden, 105 Wn.2d at 47.

        The Sampsons argue that the court had no subject matter jurisdiction over

the breach of contract claims against them because they had not been named as

defendants in the unlawful detainer. The trial court settled the issue of right of

possession when it issued the writ of restitution and judgment against Mondragon.

Once possession was no longer at issue, Robinson Properties amended its

complaint to convert the suit to an ordinary civil suit for damages. The amended

complaint does not profess to be an action for unlawful detainer, nor does it request

restitution of possession. The court was once again sitting as a court of general

jurisdiction and had subject matterjurisdiction over the claim for breach of contract.

The liability order is not void for lack of jurisdiction.




                                           -9-
No. 79547-3-1/10

       B. Individual Liability of Angela Sampson

       The Sampsons next contend that the court erred in imposing liability for

damages on Angela Sampson as an individual because she was not a signatory

to either the lease or the assignment. At oral argument, Robinson Properties

conceded that Angela could not be held individually liable for breach of contract.

We agree.

       A spouse who incurs an obligation or undertakes an enterprise during

marriage presumptively does so for the benefit of the marital community. Or~

Improvement Co. v. Sagmeister, 4 Wash. 710, 711, 30 P. 1058 (1892). Although

the marital community is not a separate legal entity and the property of the

community is owned by the spouses, the law distinguishes between the spouses’

separate and community property. deElchê v. Jacobsen, 95 Wn.2d 237, 243, 622

P.2d 835 (1980). If a marital community is held liable for an obligation, the debt

may be satisfied from community property. j~ If a party is held individually liable

for an obligation, the debt may be satisfied from the party’s separate property. ki.

       The Sampsons cite only one authority from Max L. Wells Trust v. Grand

Cent. Sauna & Hot Tub Co. of Seattle to support their argument that Angela should

not be held individually liable, the relevant facts of which are nearly identical to this

case. See, 62 Wn. App. 593, 815 P.2d 284 (1991). In Wells Trust, a husband

signed a lease in his capacity as managing partner of Grand Central and the court

entered a judgment against the partners of the business and their wives

individually. ~çj. at 599, 603—04. On appeal, the general partners of Grand Central

conceded that a judgment could be entered against them individually and their



                                         -   10-
No. 79547-3-I/Il

marital communities, but argued that the judgment should not have been entered

individually against their wives. Id. at 603.

         “A spouse’s act creating both community liability and separate liability in

the acting spouse ordinarily does not create separate liability in the nonacting

spouse who has not participated in the transaction, that is, it ordinarily does not

create three-way liability.” Id. at 604 (quoting H.M. Cross, The Community Prorerty

Law in Washington (Revised 1985), 61 Wash. L. Rev. 17, 122 (1986)). The Wells

Trust court analyzed the issue as follows:

         Here, over the strenuous objection of Grand Central and its partners,
        the court entered judgment against the spouses of two of the
         partners, individually. There was no pleading that these women were
        partners themselves, nor that they signed the lease as a partner.
        There was no evidence entered at trial to create individual liability in
        either of these women. The lease was signed only by David Stadtner
        as the managing partner. The trial court erred in entering individual
        judgments against the spouses of partners Stadtner and Bruschera.

ki. The court appears to have accepted the concession that the husbands and

marital communities could be held liable for the obligation, but determined that the

liability did not extend to the separate property of the uninvolved wives.

        Wells Trust is directly applicable to the present case. There is no indication

that Angela signed the lease or was a partner in the business on whose behalf the

lease was signed. Angela and her separate property could not be held liable for

the obligation, and the court erred in entering the judgment against her as an

individual   .~




         ~ The Sampsons argued briefly at oral argument that Angela’s half of the community
 property also could not be held liable for the obligation. On review of an order granting summary
judgment, we consider only evidence and issues which were called to the attention of the trial court
 before entry of the order. RAP 9.12. The Sampsons did not specifically argue the issue of


                                              -11   -
No. 79547-3-1/12

         C. Summary Judgment on Liability

         Apart from challenging Angela’s individual liability, Robinson Properties

argues that the Sampsons otherwise failed to offer evidence denying their

contractual liability and therefore the court properly granted summary judgment in

Robinson Properties’ favor.

         As stated above, courts consider the evidence and all reasonable

inferences from the evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party on

summary judgment to determine if there is a genuine issue of material fact. Keck,

184 Wn.2d at 370. When the language of a contract is clear and unambiguous,

courts will enforce the contract as written. Ley v. Clark Cty. Pub. Transp. Benefit

Area, 197Wn. App. 17, 24, 386 P.3d 1128 (2016).

        In support of its motion for summary judgment, Robinson Properties

submitted an affidavit of William Robinson and attached the lease agreement

signed by Robinson and Vince Sampson; the assignment and assumption of lease

signed by Robinson, Vince, and Mondragon; and order authorizing the writ of

restitution in the unlawful detainer action against the Mondragons.                       Robinson

asserted that there was a balance of unpaid rent due and that Mondragon had

failed to maintain the condition of the property.

        In response, Vince asserted that Robinson Properties failed to maintain the

heating and cooling system on the premises while he was a tenant in possession,

before the execution of the assignment. He also attached the email showing that




community liability before summary judgment was entered or on reconsideration. Because the
issue of community liability was not raised before the trial court, we will not consider it on appeal.


                                               -12-
No. 79547-3-1/13

Robinson had made him aware of the default in rent and asserted that he did not

cure the notice to pay rent or vacate.

       Viewed in the light most favorable to the Sampsons, there was no genuine

dispute of material fact regarding their liability under the lease and assignment. By

its plain terms, the lease obligated Vince to pay the rent and charges due, even if

he assigned his rights under the lease.            The assignment reaffirmed this

responsibility. The Sampsons do not dispute that Mondragon defaulted in rent and

caused damage to the premises, nor do they dispute that they did not tender the

unpaid funds when made aware of the delinquency. The bulk of the Sampsons’

argument against summary judgment addressed the alleged invalidity of the

unlawful detainer judgment against the Mondragons.           However, even if the

unlawful detainer judgment was void for the reasons they advance, it would not

affect their liability under the contracts for the unpaid rent and charges. The court

did not err in granting summary judgment on the issue of liability.


IV.    Damages

      The Sampsons also argue that the court erred in entering summary

judgment on the issue of damages. A party may recover from a breach of contract

those damages which arise naturally from the breach or which the parties could be

reasonably supposed to have understood as a probable result of the breach when

the contract was signed. Gacilidari v. Denny’s Rests., Inc., 117 Wn.2d 426, 446,

815 P.2d 1362 (1991). Because the Sampsons are liable for the unpaid monies

under the lease and damage to the property, Robinson Properties was entitled to

an award of damages. Although they agree that some award of damages would


                                         -   13-
No. 79547-3-1/14

be appropriate if they were liable under the contracts, the Sampsons contend that

the trial court erred in determining the appropriate amount of damages. We agree.


       A. Imposition of Double Damages

       The Sampsons argue that the award of damages is void because the court

awarded double damages “pursuant to RCW 59.12.170” even though the

Sampsons were not parties to the unlawful detainer action. Robinson Properties

responds that because Mondragon was responsible for double damages under the

unlawful detainer statute and the Sampsons were liable to the same extent as

Mondragon, the damages were properly calculated.

      A tenant unlawfully detains a premises when, after a default in rent, a

landlord requires the tenant to pay the rent due within three days or vacate and the

tenant continues in possession in person or by subtenant without paying. RCW

59.12.030(3).   If a defendant has been found guilty of unlawful detainer after

default in the payment of rent, the court shall “assess the damages occasioned to

the plaintiff” and enter judgment against the defendant “twice the amount of

damages thus assessed and of the rent, if any, found due.” RCW 59.12.170. This

court interpreted that language to authorize “a compensatory award during the

lawful possession period (past due rent) and a doubling of damages incurred for

the unlawful detainer period.” Sprincin King St. Partners v. Sound Conditioning

Club, Inc., 84Wn. App. 56, 65, 925 P.2d 217 (1996). The unlawful detainer period

begins when the three-day period within which the landlord has required the tenant

to pay rent or vacate expires. ~ at 63. The Sprincin court explained that “[t]he

unquestionable purpose of double damages is to penalize the tenant for the refusal


                                       -   14-
No. 79547-3-1/15

to surrender possession when the tenancy terminates” and to “hasten[J restitution

to the owner.” k~. at 65.

       Washington law recognizes a distinction between a sublease and an

assignment of a lease. McDuffie v. Noonan, 176 Wash. 436, 439, 29 P.2d 684

(1934). “[Am assignment of a lease occurs when the lessee/assignor transfers his

or her whole interest in the lease without retaining any reversionary interest.” OTR

v. Flakey Jake’s, Inc., 112 Wn.2d 243, 247, 770 P.2d 629 (1989). When a tenant

transfers less than his entire interest in the lease, retaining a reversionary interest,

the conveyance is a sublease. McDuffie, 176 Wash. at 439. “Contractually, neither

the act of subletting nor assigning absolves the [assignor] of his express duty to

pay rent to his landlord, absent a release by the landlord.” Flakey Jake’s, 112

Wn.2d at 250 (emphasis omitted). In both instances, the assignor remains liable

for the rent under a privity of contract theory. ki. When a valid assignment occurs,

the assignee comes into privity of estate with the landlord and the privity of estate

between the landlord and assignor is terminated. jç~ at 25 1—52; National Bank of

Commerce of Seattle v. Dunn, 194 Wash. 472, 492, 78 P.2d 535 (1938).

       An assignor who executes an absolute, unconditional assignment of a

leasehold, reserving no express or implied right of reentry on breach of condition,

retains no authority over the assignee’s possession of the subject premises.

Brickum mv. Co. v. Vernham Corp., 46 Wn. App. 517, 522—23, 731 P.2d 533

(1987). In that instance, the assignee is not a “subtenant” for purposes of the

unlawful detainer statute. ~ at 523.               Because the assignor has neither




                                         -   15-
No. 79547-3-1/16

constructive nor actual possession of the premises in this situation, the landlord

may not bring an unlawful detainer action against the assignor. Id.

       Here, the Sampsons assigned their entire interest under the lease to

Mondragon, retaining no right of reentry or reversionary interest. Because they

executed a true assignment, they retained no authority over Mondragon’s

possession of the premises and would not have been proper defendants in the

unlawful detainer action. Their privity of estate with Robinson Properties was

terminated when they executed the assignment, and they remained liable only

under a privity of contract theory. Therefore, they are liable only for whatever

damages stem from their breach of the contracts.

      Generally, the injured party in a breach of contract action is entitled to

recovery of all damages that accrue naturally from the breach and entitled to be

put into as good a pecuniary position as if the contract had been performed.

Eastlake Const. Co. v. Hess, 102 Wn.2d 30, 39, 686 P.2d 465 (1984). Robinson

Properties argues that the lease and assignment made the Sampsons liable for all

damages stemming from Mondragon’s breach, It points to the language of the

assignment that it contends supports this argument:

             The Assignment specifically speaks to the breadth and scope
      of the Appellants’ liability:
             “Assignor(s) shall remain fully liable and responsible to the
      Lessor for fulfillment of all the obligations of the Assignor(s) under
      the Lease.”

             Based on this language, the Trial Court properly established
      that the Appellants are liable in contract for all damages caused to
      Robinson by Mondragon’s breach of the Lease.




                                      -16-
No. 79547-3-1/17

Under the lease, the Sampsons were obligated to pay the rent and charges due

and return the premises in the same condition in which it was delivered. The

language of the assignment makes clear that the Sampsons remained liable to

Robinson Properties for fulfillment of their own responsibilities under the lease.

However, this language does not, as Robinson Properties contends, make the

Sampsons responsible for any and all damages stemming from their assignee’s

breach of contract.

       Robinson Properties contends that this result was bargained for when the

parties executed the assignment and that it is entitled to the benefit of that bargain,

including the statutory double damages.           But neither contract mentions the

unlawful detainer statutes or the possibility of double damages during an unlawful

detainer period. Robinson Properties is entitled to an award of damages against

the Sampsons for all damages that accrue naturally from their own breach, not

their assignee’s. The Sampsons should be made to put Robinson Properties in

the same pecuniary position that it would have been in if the Sampsons had

performed their own obligations under the contracts, not to answer for their

assignee’s statutory unlawful detainer of the premises.

      Also, the purposes of the double damages statute, restitution of the

premises to the owner and penalizing the tenant for refusal to surrender the

property once the tenancy is terminated, are not served by passing double

damages along to an assignor who did not have any right to possession of the

premises. As noted above, Robinson Properties could not have proceeded against

the Sampsons in unlawful detainer.           Robinson Properties conceded at oral



                                        -   17-
No. 79547-3-1/18

argument that the Sampsons could not have brought an unlawful detainer action

against Mondragon because they had assigned their right of possession. The

Sampsons had no way to restore possession to Robinson Properties after

Mondragon’s breach.

       The court erred in holding the Sampsons responsible for the statutory

double damages imposed against Mondragon during the unlawful detainer period.5


       B. Summary Judgment on Damages

       The Sampsons argue that the trial court erred in calculating damages based

on a document that included past-due and future rents for three units of the leased

premises when only one unit was the subject of the lease. They contend that this

calculation raised questions of fact that precluded summary judgment.

       In the Sampsons’ opposition to summary judgment on the issue of

damages, they argued that double damages under the unlawful detainer statute

were inappropriate and disputed Robinson Properties’ calculation of NNN charges.

The Sampsons’ response also stated that “[t]he Plaintiff seeks $15,946.90 in

damages for rent, triple net, utilities and late fees. The defendants are willing to

agree to this amount of damages for rent, subject to clarification of triple net, but

not double damages given the argument made above.” This concession appears

to reference the rent and charges due for the period of January 1, 2018 through

May 31, 2018.




         ~ Because we find that the double damages were improperly imposed against the
Sampsons, we do not reach the Sampsons’ argument, conceded in part by Robinson Properties,
that the double damages were improperly calculated.


                                          -18-
No. 79547-3-1/19

       In an affidavit submitted with Robinson Properties’ reply, Robinson stated

that the three-day notice “contained a balance of $13,824.85 rent due[,]” which

“was a net balance due through January 1, 2018.” He stated this number again

as “[r]ents through January 1, 2018” later in the affidavit but did not show how this

number was calculated. Robinson also incorporated by reference his four prior

affidavits to the court filed January 24, 2018, February 5, 2018, April 5, 2018, and

June 8,2018.

       In his affidavit dated April 5, 2018 and submitted with Robinson Properties’

motion for summary judgment, Robinson explained the requested damages. The

affidavit included a calculation of the rents, NNN charges, electric bills, and late

fees due for the period of January 1, 2018 through May 31, 2018. He asserted

that the “balance due as of January 1, 2018 was $13,824.85” and attached a

statement purporting to show charges due through that date as an exhibit. The

statement is dated January 12, 2018, but the last entry is an invoice dated

December 1, 2017. That invoice appears to show a balance of $1 0,407.65 due by

December 5, 2017. The document includes items labeled “500 RENT MONTHLY

A6” and “500 NNN MONTHLY A6.” Robinson does not provide any explanation of

how the balance due as of January 1, 2018 was calculated.

      He also submitted as an exhibit to the affidavit the order on the show cause

hearing in the unlawful detainer action, in which the court described the premises

in question as suite A7, found that the Mondragons failed to pay rent between

September 2017 and January 2018, and found the “total past due rent balance” to

be $13,824.85. It does not detail how this figure was calculated.



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        Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the Sampsons, Robinson

Properties did not carry its burden to show the absence of an issue of material fact

regarding damages.          The apparent absence of a calculation of the rent and

charges due through January 1, 2018 anywhere in the record is insufficient to

establish the amount of damages owed. We vacate the order granting summary

judgment on the issue of damages and remand for a new damages order.


V.      Award of Attorney Fees and Costs

        The Sampsons also argue that the award of attorney fees and costs to

Robinson Properties should be vacated. They contend that the court failed to

conduct a reasonableness inquiry or lodestar analysis when calculating the award

and included fees and costs that predated the Sampsons’ involvement in the

dispute   6


        Trial courts may award attorney fees when a private agreement, a statute,

or a recognized ground of equity authorizes such an award. Fisher Props., Inc. v.

Arden-Mayfair, Inc., 106 Wn.2d 826, 849—50, 726 P.2d 8 (1986). Here, the lease

provided that the Sampsons would be responsible for Robinson Properties’

reasonable attorney fees and costs stemming from nonpayment of rent or

enforcement of the lease. The reasonableness of an award of attorney fees is

reviewed for abuse of discretion. Rettkowski v. Dep’t of Ecology, 128 Wn.2d 508,




         6 The Sampsons argue that they cannot be held liable for the fees and costs relating solely

to the unlawful detainer action against the Mondragons. They do not cite any authority in support
of this contention. ‘Passing treatment of an issue or lack of reasoned argument is insufficient to
merit judicial consideration.” Palmer v. Jensen, 81 Wn. App. 148, 153, 913 P.2d 413 (1996). We
decline to consider this issue.

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No. 79547-3-1/21

519, 910 P.2d 462 (1996). “The trial court abuses its discretion only when the

exercise of its discretion is manifestly unreasonable.” k1.

       Generally, Washington follows the lodestar method of calculating

reasonable attorney fees. Mahler v. Szucs, 135 Wn.2d 398, 433, 957 P.2d 632

(1998), overruled on other grounds by Matsyukv. State Farm Fire & Cas. Co., 173

Wn.2d 643, 272 P.3d 802 (2012). The trial court determines the number of hours

reasonably expended in the litigation from documentation of the work performed

and the category of attorney who performed the work. Bowers v. Transamerica

Title Ins. Co., 100 Wn.2d 581, 597, 675 P.2d 193 (1983). The court may then

adjust this figure to reflect a number of other factors. j~ Due to the discretionary

nature of this calculation, when a trial court awards attorney fees, “it must supply

findings of fact and conclusions of law sufficient to permit a reviewing court to

determine why the trial court awarded the amount in question.” SentinelC3, Inc. v.

Hunt, 181 Wn.2d 127, 144, 331 P.3d 40 (2014).

      Here, the court did not enter separate findings of fact and conclusions of

law regarding the award of attorney fees and costs, but included a finding in the

order granting summary judgment on damages that “[t]he sum of $17,702.30 in

attorney’s fees and $578.00 in costs are reasonable sums.” The court stated that

it considered the December 31, 2018 affidavit of Robinson Properties’ counsel with

the motion for summary judgment.       In the affidavit, the attorney described the

hourly rates for the one attorney and one paralegal on the case that were used to

calculate the requested amount of attorney fees and attached an exhibit showing

billing statements for the case. The billing statements detail the work that was



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No. 79547-3-1/22

performed, who performed each task, the applicable billing rate, and the time

spent.

         The affidavit of plaintiff’s counsel appears to have properly supplied the

court with the information necessary to calculate the lodestar and the Sampsons

do not appear to have challenged this calculation below. The trial court did not

abuse its discretion in finding the unchallenged fee calculation reasonable. Even

though we are vacating the award for damages, we find no error as to the court’s

findings of fact and conclusions of law with respect to the award made for attorney

fees. The Sampsons have not presented us with any challenges to the record

before the court to demonstrate that its finding was improper. On remand, the

court may reach a different result in light of the conclusions in this opinion.


VI.      Attorney Fees and Costs on Appeal

         The Sampsons and Robinson Properties each contend that they are entitled

to attorney fees and costs on appeal under RAP 18.1 and section 52 of the lease.

“Reasonable attorney fees are recoverable on appeal if allowed by statute, rule, or

contract” and properly requested under RAP 18.1. In re Guardianship of Wells, 150

Wn. App. 491, 503, 208 P.3d 1126 (2009). If the applicable law grants a party the

right to recover reasonable attorney fees and costs on review, the party must

devote a section of its opening brief to the request for fees and costs. RAP 18.1.

         The prevailing party in an action to enforce a contract or lease that contains

a provision for attorney fees and costs is entitled to reasonable attorney fees and

costs, regardless of whether the prevailing party is the party specified in the lease.

RCW 4.84.330. The “prevailing party” is the party in whose favor final judgment is


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rendered. ki.    When neither party wholly prevails, the party that substantially

prevails on its claims is considered the prevailing party. Peterson v. Koester, 122

Wn. App. 351, 364, 92 P.3d 780 (2004). If neither party substantially prevails, the

appellate court may decline to award attorney fees and costs on appeal. j~

       Section 52 of the lease provides for an award of reasonable attorney fees

and costs incurred in enforcing or construing the lease. Both parties devote a

section of their initial briefs to the request for fees and costs.   Because the

Sampsons prevailed on the issues of Angela’s individual liability and the order of

damages, they appear to be the substantially prevailing party on appeal. We

award attorney fees and costs on appeal to the Sampsons in an amount to be

determined by a commissioner of this court in accordance with RAP 18.1.

       We affirm in part, reverse the order granting summary judgment as to

damages, and remand to amend orders and judgment by removing any indicia of

individual liability as to Angela Sampson and for further proceedings consistent

with this opinion.




                                                              F
                                                            A!
WE CONCUR:                                                     a




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