[Cite as State ex rel. Silver v. Ohio Pub. Emp. Retirement Sys., 2017-Ohio-445.]

                              IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO

                                   TENTH APPELLATE DISTRICT


The State ex rel. James R. Silver,                      :

                 Relator,                               :

v.                                                      :                          No. 15AP-864

Ohio Public Employees Retirement System :                                   (REGULAR CALENDAR)
and
The City of Aurora, Ohio,               :

                 Respondents.                           :


                                             D E C I S I O N

                                     Rendered on February 7, 2017


                 Eric R. Fink, for relator.

                 Michael DeWine, Attorney General, John J. Danish, and
                 Mary Therese J. Bridge, for respondent Ohio Public
                 Employees Retirement System.

                 Reitz, Paul & Shorr, and Douglas K. Paul, for respondent
                 City of Aurora.


                                   IN MANDAMUS
                    ON OBJECTIONS TO THE MAGISTRATE'S DECISION

TYACK, P.J.

        {¶ 1} James R. Silver filed this action in mandamus seeking a writ of mandamus
to compel the Ohio Public Employees Retirement System ("OPERS") to grant him credit
with OPERS for the time he served the city of Aurora.
        {¶ 2} In accord with Loc.R. 13(M) of the Tenth District Court of Appeals, the case
was referred to a magistrate to conduct appropriate proceedings. The parties stipulated
the pertinent evidence and briefed the legal issues.                     The magistrate then issued a
No. 15AP-864                                                                                2

magistrate's decision, appended hereto, which contains detailed findings of fact and
conclusions of law. The magistrate's decision includes a recommendation that we grant
the relief requested by Silver.
       {¶ 3} OPERS has filed objections to the magistrate's decision. The city of Aurora
has also filed objections.
       {¶ 4} Counsel for Silver has filed a memorandum in response. The case is now
before the court for a full independent review.
       {¶ 5} There is no debate that for six years James Silver served as an assistant law
director and prosecutor for the city of Aurora. City ordinances were passed to enable him
to serve in those capacities. The debate is whether his relationship with the city was that
of an independent contractor or that of an employee who was qualified for membership in
OPERS. Needless to say that question was not adequately addressed while Silver was
serving the city. The normal contribution from Silver's pay was not withheld and the
city's matching funds were not forwarded to OPERS.
       {¶ 6} The Ohio Administrative Code, specifically Ohio Adm.Code 145-5-15(C),
required a formal bilateral written contract delineating the rights, obligations, benefits,
and responsibilities of the parties to exist during the six-year period Silver served the city
for him to qualify for OPERS benefits.        Silver and his counsel argue that the city
ordinances passed to authorize his services constitute such an agreement. OPERS and the
city of Aurora argue to the contrary. The words of the first ordinance are set forth in the
magistrate's decision.
       {¶ 7} The ordinance states that $10,000 payable in monthly installments shall
serve as compensation in full, except for time spent trying jury trials. The ordinance does
not mention retirement benefits, medical benefits or other forms of fringe benefits. The
ordinance also does not indicate whether anyone is supposed to pay the Social Security
Administration as a result of the income generated. Apparently, Silver was issued a Form
1099 by the city, not a W-2 form.
       {¶ 8} Based upon the above, the Public Employees Retirement Board deemed
Silver to have served under a personal service contract, which would bar him from
participating in the OPERS system.
No. 15AP-864                                                                              3

       {¶ 9} Our magistrate was not writing on a blank state when he addressed the
issues in this case. Our court is guided by our earlier case of State ex rel. Columbus v.
Public Emp. Retirement Bd., 10th Dist. No. 08AP-807, 2009-Ohio-6321. The issues in
State ex rel. Columbus are the same as in the present case.
       {¶ 10} We feel compelled to follow our earlier case resolving the issues. If the
parties feel that our earlier case was wrong, they have an appeal as of right to the Supreme
Court of Ohio.
       {¶ 11} We, therefore, overrule the objections and adopt the findings of fact and
conclusions of law contained in the magistrate's decision. We issue a writ of mandamus
to compel OPERS to enter a decision granting Silver public employee status from
January 2, 1984 through December 31, 1989.
                                                      Objections overruled; writ granted.

                           KLATT and BRUNNER, JJ., concur.

KLATT, J., concurring.

       {¶ 12} I agree with the majority decision to grant a writ of mandamus based on this
court's previous decision in State ex rel. Columbus v. Pub. Employees Retirement Bd.,
10th Dist. No. 08AP-807, 2009-Ohio-6321, wherein we held that the failure to delineate
the rights, obligations, benefits, and responsibilities of the parties in the written
employment agreement precludes a finding of a personal services contract. However, I
would also grant the writ for a second reason.
       {¶ 13} Here, relator, by definition, was not employed pursuant to a personal
services contract because no formal bilateral written contract existed between relator and
the city. The only written document reflecting the employment relationship between
relator and the city is a city ordinance that authorizes his retention as an assistant law
director and sets forth some employment terms. As noted by relator, a city ordinance is
not a formal bilateral written contract.    Without a formal bilateral written contract
between relator and his employer, there is no personal services contract. Former Ohio
Adm.Code 145-5-15(C)(3) effective December 12, 1976 ("[e]mployed under a personal
services contract means that an individual so employed would * * * (3) [b]e a party to a
formal bilateral written contract delineating the rights, obligations, benefits and
No. 15AP-864                                                                            4

responsibilities of both parties."). For this additional reason, I agree with the majority
decision to grant the requested writ of mandamus.
No. 15AP-864                                                                              5

                                     APPENDIX

                         IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO

                              TENTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

The State ex rel. James R. Silver,           :

              Relator,                       :

v.                                           :                     No. 15AP-864

Ohio Public Employees Retirement System :                    (REGULAR CALENDAR)
and
The City of Aurora, Ohio,               :

              Respondents.                   :


                          MAGISTRATE'S DECISION

                             Rendered on September 12, 2016


              Eric R. Fink, for relator.

              Michael DeWine, Attorney General, John J. Danish, and
              Mary Therese J. Bridge, for respondent Ohio Public
              Employees Retirement System.

              Reitz, Paul & Shorr, and Douglas K. Paul, for respondent
              City of Aurora.


                                      IN MANDAMUS

       {¶ 14} In this original action, relator, James R. Silver, requests a writ of mandamus
ordering respondent, Ohio Public Employees Retirement System ("OPERS"), to vacate its
August 19, 2015 decision determining that, under former R.C. 145.03, relator was not a
public employee eligible for OPERS membership while providing services to the City of
Aurora for the period January 1, 1984 through December 31, 1989, and to enter a decision
finding he was a public employee eligible for OPERS membership during the six-year
period.
No. 15AP-864                                                                            6

Findings of Fact:
       {¶ 15} 1. On January 1, 1984, relator began the first of three consecutive terms as
assistant director of law for the City of Aurora. Each two-year term involved appointment
by the mayor and formal approval by council of the City of Aurora by passage of an
ordinance. Only the first ordinance, passed January 3, 1984, is reproduced here. That
ordinance provides:
              BE IT ORDAINED by the Council of the City of Aurora,
              Portage County and State of Ohio:

              Section 1. That the appointment by the Mayor of the City of
              Aurora of James R. Silver as Assistant Director of Law of said
              municipality for a period of two full years commencing
              January 1, 1984 through December 31, 1985 is hereby
              confirmed.

              Section 2. That the duties of said Assistant Director of Law
              shall be to represent: the City in all criminal prosecutions in
              any court of record; to advise the members of the Police
              Division with respect to the preparation of affidavits and
              other criminal matters; and any other related duties that
              may be prescribed by Council or the Director of Law. The
              appointment: may be terminated by either the City or the
              Assistant Director of Law upon thirty days notice.

              That the compensation of the Assistant Director of Law shall
              be Ten Thousand Dollars ($10,000.00) per annum, payable
              in monthly installments, which shall be compensation in full
              for all of said Assistant Law Director's services except for
              jury trials. Payment for jury trial services shall be at the rate
              of $40.00 per hour, and shall be billed and paid for
              separately.

              Section 3. This ordinance is hereby declared to be an
              emergency measure necessary for the immediate
              preservation of the public peace, health and safety; such
              necessity existing for the reason that the employment
              provided herein is needed for the proper running of an
              essential department of the City government; wherefore, this
              ordinance shall to [sic] into effect immediately upon its
              passage.

(Emphasis sic.)
No. 15AP-864                                                                             7

      {¶ 16} 2. By letter dated October 28, 2013, an OPERS "Employer Compliance
Specialist" informed relator that he was an "independent contractor" while working as
assistant law director for the City of Aurora and, therefore, he was not eligible for OPERS
membership during the period January 1, 1984 to December 31, 1989.
      {¶ 17} 3. By letter dated November 5, 2013, relator appealed the staff
determination to OPERS' general counsel.
      {¶ 18} 4. By letter dated March 31, 2014, OPERS' general counsel denied relator's
request for OPERS membership. The letter explains:
             Upon my review of this matter, I find that you were
             providing services as an independent contractor during the
             period of January 1, 1984 through December 31, 1989 and
             are not eligible for OPERS membership for this service.

             Background
             You first began providing service to the City in January 1984.
             During the period in question, both parties acknowledge that
             you provided services pursuant to biennial City ordinances
             and that no OPERS contributions were remitted to the
             retirement system.

             Law and Analysis
             Ohio Administrative Code 145-5-15(C), the relevant law in
             effect during the period in question, provided that
             "[e]mployed under a personal service contract" means that
             an individual so employed would:

             (1) Does not appear on a public payroll;

             (2) Not be eligible for sick leave, vacation, hospitalization or
             other fringe benefits extended to "regular" employees.

             (3) Be a party to a formal bilateral written contract
             delineating the rights, obligations, benefits and
             responsibilities of both parties.

             Further, Ohio Revised Code Section 145.03 and Ohio
             Administrative Code 145-5-15, as they existed during the
             relevant time period, explicitly barred individuals providing
             services pursuant to personal service contracts on or after
             August 20, 1976 from contributing to OPERS.

             The record clearly demonstrates that each of the above
             requirements set forth in Ohio Admin.Code 145-5-15 has
No. 15AP-864                                                                8

           been satisfied. During the period in question, you operated
           under biennial ordinances that outlined the rights,
           obligations and responsibilities of both parties. The record
           also demonstrates that you did not appear on the City's
           payroll and you were not eligible for any fringe benefits
           offered to City employees such as vacation or sick leave.

           You were not covered by the City for insurance,
           unemployment compensation or workers' compensation.

           As provided by the ordinances, your services were to provide
           legal representation of the City in all criminal prosecutions.
           As such, you were provided with materials related to those
           services such as police reports and case files. Your schedule
           was set in accordance with the Court's sessions. These factors
           are expected, given the nature of the legal services that you
           provided. The ordinances outlined the set rate of
           compensation, duration of services, and the requirement
           that you submit bills for payment, all of which are factors in
           an independent contractor relationship. You also indicated
           that another member of your law firm provided coverage in
           your absence and that you paid this individual, an element
           which further supports the existence of an independent
           contractor relationship.

           Lastly, the affidavit of Shirley Ferris, the former bookkeeper
           and assistant to the managing partner of Christley,
           Herington & Pierce, states that payments for your services
           were made by the City to Christley, Herington & Pierce, the
           law firm with which you were a partner during your service
           with the City of Aurora. Ms. Ferris's affidavit supports the
           finding that you were not directly compensated by the City of
           Aurora. Rather, the City of Aurora issued payment to your
           law firm which in turn compensated you for the legal
           services that you provided to the City of Aurora.

           ***

           Conclusion
           The record clearly establishes that you provided services
           under the City's ordinances as an independent contractor
           during the relevant time period. As a result, you were not a
           public employee for these services and are not entitled to
           OPERS membership or service credit for this service.
No. 15AP-864                                                                           9

       {¶ 19} 5. Pursuant to Ohio Adm.Code 145-1-11, relator appealed the decision of
general counsel to the Public Employees Retirement Board ("board").
       {¶ 20} 6. Pursuant to Ohio Adm.Code 145-1-11(C), the board delegated its
authority to hear the appeal to an independent hearing examiner prior to the board
making its final decision on the appeal.
       {¶ 21} 7. On October 29, 2014, a hearing examiner conducted a hearing which was
recorded and transcribed for the record.
       {¶ 22} 8. On February 11, 2015, the hearing examiner issued an 18-page "Report
and Recommendation" ("R & R"). Beginning on page 12 of the R & R, the hearing
examiner set forth 5 paragraphs of findings of fact. Paragraphs 1 through 4 provide:
              [One] James R. Silver ("Petitioner" or "Claimant") has been a
              licensed attorney in Ohio since 1980. Previous to 1984,
              Petitioner had a private law practice in which, among other
              things, he represented clients in criminal defense and traffic
              defense matters in the Kent (Ohio) Municipal Court. * * *

              [Two] Prior to 1984, Petitioner was a partner with the
              Aurora, Ohio law firm of Christley, Herington & Pierce.
              Beginning in 1984, Petitioner's law partner, Norm Christley,
              became the Law Director for the City of Aurora, Ohio
              ("Respondent"). He continued to partner in that law firm
              while serving as Assistant Law Director for Respondent
              during the subject period.

              [Three] Beginning on January 1, 1984 through December 31,
              1989, Petitioner served as Respondent's Assistant Law
              Director. Respondent's City Council passed a series of three
              (3) municipal ordinances (Ord Nos. 1984-02, 1986-7, and
              1988-2) during those periods confirming Petitioner's
              appointment as Assistant Law Director by Respondent's
              mayor, setting forth his duties, and establishing his
              compensation. * * * Other than the ordinances, there was no
              written agreement between Respondent and Petitioner
              regarding these services.

              [Four] As Assistant Law Director, Petitioner's duties
              included: prosecuted misdemeanor cases cited by
              Respondent's     police   department;    attended/advised
              Respondent's Civil Service Commission; and attended
              Respondent's City Council meetings when the law director
              was not able. As Respondent's Assistant Law Director,
              Petitioner: was paid monthly by checks made payable to him
No. 15AP-864                                                                            10

                  personally (and not his law firm); was not on the public
                  payroll; was issued a Form 1099 each year; was provided no
                  office, equipment or supplies by Respondent; had no
                  deductions (fed./state taxes) from his payments; and he was
                  not eligible for sick or vacation leave, health insurance, or
                  other fringe benefits.

          {¶ 23} 9. Beginning at page 14 of the R & R, the hearing examiner sets forth his
conclusions of law in paragraphs (A) through (F). Paragraphs (A) through (D) provide:
                  A. During the relevant time period of this appeal (1984-
                  1989), ORC § 145.03,1 in pertinent part, expressly excluded
                  persons "employed under a personal service contract" as
                  public employees and participation in OPERS membership.

                  B. OAC § 145-5-15(C), as it existed during this time period,
                  defined a person "employed under a personal service
                  contract" as follows:

                  § 145-5-15. Interpretation of ORC Section 145.03
                  regarding personal service contracts.

                  ****

                  (C) "Employed under a personal service contract" means that
                  an individual so employed would:

                  (1) Not appear on a public payroll.

                  (2) Not be eligible for sick leave, vacation, hospitalization, or
                  other fringe benefits extended to "regular" employees.

                  (3) Be a party to a formal bilateral written contract
                  delineating the rights, obligations, benefits and
                  responsibilities of both parties.

                  ***

                  C. Upon reviewing Petitioner's arrangement with
                  Respondent from 1984 to 1988 [sic], it is clear that this
                  arrangement met all of the criteria under OAC § 145-5-15(C)
                  for a person employed under a personal service. Without
                  question, Petitioner did not appear on Respondent's public
                  payroll nor was he eligible for the sick or vacation leave,
                  hospitalization coverage, or other fringe benefits extended to

1   ORC § 145.03, as amended, effective August 20, 1976.
No. 15AP-864                                                                           11

               Respondent's public employees. * * * Further, although there
               does not exist a written agreement signed by both Petitioner
               and Respondent outlining Petitioner's duties as Assistant
               Law Director, the three (3) municipal ordi[n]ances are clear
               that Respondent's City Council are the result of and
               confirming Petitioner's appointment by Respondent's mayor
               to serve as Assistant Law Director. Further, the ordinances
               set forth Respondent's duties and compensation for
               Assistant Law Director. Together, these factors establish the
               existence of a formal, bilateral written agreement delineating
               the rights, obligations, benefits and responsibilities of the
               parties set forth in OAC § 145-5-15(C)(3).

               D. As all elements of OAC § 145-5-15(C) are present,
               Petitioner was employed under a personal service contract,
               and thus, barred from participating in the OPERS system
               pursuant to ORC § 145.03.

(Emphasis sic.)

         {¶ 24} At page 18 of the R & R, the hearing examiner summarizes his
recommendation to the board:
               Based on the findings and conclusions stated herein, I
               recommend that the appeal of Petitioner, James R. Silver be
               DENIED in its entirety and that the March 31, 2014 Senior
               Staff Decision of the Ohio Public Employees Retirement
               System finding that Petitioner James R. Silver's services as
               Assistant Law Director for the City of Aurora, Ohio from
               January 1, 1984 to December 31, 1988 [sic] was not that of a
               public employee be AFFIRMED. As a result, I recommend
               that Mr. Silver not be entitled to OPERS membership or
               service credit during the above-noted period.

(Emphasis sic.)

         {¶ 25} 10. By letter dated February 23, 2015, pursuant to Ohio Adm.Code 145-1-
11(C)(1)(c), relator timely filed objections to the R & R.
         {¶ 26} 11. On August 19, 2015, the board considered the R & R of its hearing
examiner, the hearing transcript and exhibits, and relator's objections to the R & R. The
minutes of the August 19, 2015 board meeting are contained in the record before this
court.    On motion, the board unanimously voted to accept the findings of fact and
conclusions of law of the R & R of the hearing examiner.
No. 15AP-864                                                                              12

          {¶ 27} 12. By letter dated August 24, 2015, the OPERS executive director, by
certified mail, informed relator:
                The OPERS Retirement Board has instructed me to officially
                inform you of its action taken at the Board's August 19, 2015
                meeting. The Board voted to accept the findings of fact and
                conclusions of law of the Report and Recommendation
                finding that Mr. Silver was not a public employee while
                providing services to the City of Aurora, Ohio and therefore
                is not eligible for OPERS membership for the period of
                January 1, 1984 through December 31, 1989.

          {¶ 28} 13. On September 14, 2015, relator, James R. Silver, filed this mandamus
action.
Conclusions of Law:
          {¶ 29} It is the magistrate's decision that this court issue a writ of mandamus, as
more fully explained below.
          {¶ 30} State ex rel. City of Columbus v. Pub. Emps Retirement Bd., 10th Dist. No.
08AP-807, 2009-Ohio-6321 is dispositive.
          {¶ 31} Pursuant to Am.Sub.H.B. No. 268, effective August 20, 1976, the Ohio
General Assembly added language to R.C. 145.03 to limit the definition of a public
employee so that one "who is employed under a personal service contract, does not
become a member of the public employees retirement system."
          {¶ 32} Further, pursuant to Substitute House Bill No. 382, effective June 30, 1991,
the Ohio General Assembly deleted the above-quoted language that was added to
R.C. 145.03 by Am.Sub.H.B. No. 268.
          {¶ 33} This action involves the above-quoted language of former R.C. 145.03.
Thus, as respondent OPERS puts it here, "R.C. 145.03, as in place August 20, 1976
through June 29, 1991," contained the exclusion" at issue here. (OPERS brief, at 2.)
          {¶ 34} Supplementing former R.C. 145.03, former Ohio Adm.Code 145-5-15(C)
effective December 12, 1976 provided:
                "Employed under a personal service contract" means that an
                individual so employed would:

                (1) Not appear on a public payroll.
No. 15AP-864                                                                              13

              (2) Not be eligible for sick leave, vacation, hospitalization or
              other fringe benefits extended to "regular" employees.

              (3) Be a party to a formal bilateral written contract
              delineating the rights, obligations, benefits and
              responsibilities of both parties.

       {¶ 35} City of Columbus, involved the same statute and administrative rule at issue
here. In that case, following a hearing before a hearing examiner, the board voted to
accept the findings of fact and conclusions of law contained in the R & R of the hearing
examiner. That is, the board determined that four claimants were public employees
during certain terms of their service to the City of Columbus. The board's final decision
prompted the City of Columbus to file in this court a mandamus action challenging the
board's holdings as to the four claimants.
       {¶ 36} In the R & R, the hearing examiner concluded that the City of Columbus
failed to show that claimants met the third requirement under the rule, i.e., that they "[b]e
a party to a formal bilateral written contract delineating the rights, obligations, benefits
and responsibilities of both parties." City of Columbus at ¶ 28. Specifically, the hearing
examiner determined that "[t]he lack of delineation of the rights, obligations, benefits,
and responsibilities of the parties in these contracts is both substantial and
determinative." Id. at ¶ 29.
       {¶ 37} For purposes of discussion here, the magistrate shall set forth the
magistrate's discussion of Richard Pieplow in the City of Columbus case:
              According to the R & R, Pieplow applied to the city of
              Columbus for the position of real estate negotiator. He began
              working for the city under contract dated March 5, 1980. The
              contract provided that Pieplow would negotiate for the
              acquisition of properties, rights of entry and easements
              needed for various city projects. The contract set
              compensation at $ 6 per hour, not to exceed $ 11,280 for all
              services during the contract period ending January 31, 1981.

              According to the R & R:

              While the agreement thus described the kind of work Mr.
              Pieplow was hired to do, and provided the rate of pay and
              source of funding, there were a number of terms not
              addressed by the agreement. Notably, the agreement did not
              delineate whether Mr. Pieplow had the right to be a public
No. 15AP-864                                                                            14

              employee; whether he had the right to sick leave, vacation
              leave, hospitalization, or participation in the state's
              retirement system; it did not address any terms of benefits --
              either to state there would be benefits, or that no benefits
              were being provided; it did not address whether Mr. Pieplow
              would be responsible to contribute to Social Security or, if he
              was a PERS member, to contribute the employee's share to
              PERS; and it did not address whether the City had the
              obligation to contribute the employer's share of PERS
              contributions for this term of service. Thus, while it was a
              bilateral agreement between Mr. Pieplow and the City, it did
              not delineate the rights, obligations, benefits and
              responsibilities of both parties.

              In fact, Pieplow entered into a series of similar contracts
              between 1980 and 1986. Regarding those contracts, the
              hearing examiner observes:

              Although the series of contracts in effect between 1980 and
              1986 are silent about it, Mr. Pieplow explained that as a Real
              Estate Negotiator, he was provided an office, secretarial
              support, instructions on how to negotiate, the forms needed
              for these negotiations, the files used in the process of
              negotiations; and he was expected to work a regular forty-
              hour work week. He stated that if he did not work forty
              hours, he would not get paid for a full week's work; he got no
              hospitalization or sick leave benefits; he was paid by
              vouchers and not through the payroll system, and received a
              1099 form for reporting his income to the IRS. None of these
              details, however, are addressed by the bilateral contract he
              entered into with the City.

              (Footnotes omitted.)

Id. at ¶ 30-32.

       {¶ 38} Assuming for the sake of argument that the ordinances of the City of Aurora
are contracts, it is clear that the ordinances lack delineation of the rights, obligations,
benefits, and responsibilities of the parties to the alleged contract.
       {¶ 39} Using the magistrate's discussion of Richard Pieplow's situation in the City
of Columbus case, the ordinances here fail to delineate whether relator had the right to be
a public employee and, thus, had the right to contribute to OPERS or that he was instead
No. 15AP-864                                                                                15

required to contribute to social security. The ordinances failed to delineate whether
relator had the right to sick leave, vacation leave, and hospitalization coverage.
       {¶ 40} Further, the ordinances fail to indicate whether relator was or was not to be
provided an office with secretarial support.
       {¶ 41} In short, the three ordinances at issue clearly fail to delineate the rights,
obligations, benefits, and responsibilities of both parties. Given that conclusion, it is clear
that OPERS abused its discretion in finding that relator was not a public employee.
       {¶ 42} Accordingly, it is the magistrate's decision that this court issue a writ of
mandamus ordering respondent OPERS to vacate its August 19, 2015 decision holding
that relator was not a public employee, and to enter a decision holding that relator was a
public employee for the period January 1, 1984 through December 31, 1989 while
employed with the City of Aurora.


                                               /S/ MAGISTRATE
                                               KENNETH W. MACKE




                              NOTICE TO THE PARTIES

              Civ.R. 53(D)(3)(a)(iii) provides that a party shall not assign
              as error on appeal the court's adoption of any factual finding
              or legal conclusion, whether or not specifically designated as
              a finding of fact or conclusion of law under Civ.R.
              53(D)(3)(a)(ii), unless the party timely and specifically
              objects to that factual finding or legal conclusion as required
              by Civ.R. 53(D)(3)(b).
No. 15AP-864   16
