                          Nebraska Advance Sheets
	                                  STATE v. PAYNE	467
	                                 Cite as 289 Neb. 467

court for Boone County, where the action was brought first,
had jurisdictional priority.
   Because the district court for Boone County did not trans-
fer the cause or otherwise relinquish its continuing jurisdic-
tional priority, the district court for Madison County did not
err in vacating its orders, denying the mother’s motion for
change of venue, and dismissing the complaint. It was proper
for the district court for Madison County to defer to the dis-
trict court for Boone County, in which these matters were
still pending.
                         CONCLUSION
   For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the district court’s
order vacating its prior rulings, overruling the mother’s motion
for change of venue, and dismissing the mother’s complaint
without prejudice.
                                                     Affirmed.
   Heavican, C.J., not participating.



                     State of Nebraska, appellee, v.
                    Christopher M. Payne, appellant.
                                    ___ N.W.2d ___

                      Filed November 14, 2014.       No. S-13-495.

 1.	 Postconviction: Proof: Appeal and Error. A defendant requesting postconvic-
     tion relief must establish the basis for such relief, and the findings of the district
     court will not be disturbed unless they are clearly erroneous.
 2.	 Postconviction: Constitutional Law: Proof. A court must grant an eviden-
     tiary hearing to resolve the claims in a postconviction motion when the motion
     contains factual allegations which, if proved, constitute an infringement of the
     defend­ant’s rights under the Nebraska or federal Constitution.
 3.	 Postconviction: Proof. If a postconviction motion alleges only conclusions of
     fact or law, or if the records and files in the case affirmatively show that the
     defendant is entitled to no relief, the court is not required to grant an eviden-
     tiary hearing.
 4.	 Postconviction: Constitutional Law: Appeal and Error. In appeals from post-
     conviction proceedings, an appellate court reviews de novo a determination that
     the defendant failed to allege sufficient facts to demonstrate a violation of his or
     her constitutional rights or that the record and files affirmatively show that the
     defendant is entitled to no relief.
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468	289 NEBRASKA REPORTS


 5.	 Postconviction: Appeal and Error. Whether a claim raised in a postconviction
     proceeding is procedurally barred is a question of law.
 6.	 Judgments: Appeal and Error. When reviewing questions of law, an appellate
     court resolves the questions independently of the lower court’s conclusion.
 7.	 Postconviction: Constitutional Law. Postconviction relief is a very narrow cat-
     egory of relief, available only to remedy prejudicial constitutional violations.
 8.	 Pleas: Waiver. A plea of guilty generally embodies a waiver of every defense to
     the charge, whether procedural, statutory, or constitutional.
 9.	 Pleas: Effectiveness of Counsel. When a defendant pleads guilty, he or she
     is limited to challenging whether the plea was understandingly and voluntarily
     made and whether it was the result of ineffective assistance of counsel.
10.	 Postconviction: Appeal and Error. The operation of the procedural bar prevents
     defendants from securing postconviction review of issues which were or could
     have been litigated on direct appeal.
11.	 Postconviction: Effectiveness of Counsel: Conflict of Interest: Appeal and
     Error. Where trial counsel and appellate counsel are the same, a postconviction
     motion is a defendant’s first opportunity to raise a claim of ineffective assistance
     of trial counsel. This is so because counsel cannot be expected to argue his or
     her own ineffectiveness; to require such would create the potential for a conflict
     of interest.
12.	 Attorney and Client. An attorney who has appeared as an attorney of record
     cannot terminate the attorney-client relationship by withdrawal until application
     is made to the court and leave to withdraw is granted; until such occurs, the
     attorney-client relationship continues until the end of litigation.

   Appeal from the District Court for Sarpy County: William
B. Zastera, Judge. Reversed and remanded with directions.
  Christopher M. Payne, pro se, and, on brief, Michael J.
Wilson, of Schaefer Shapiro, L.L.P., for appellant.
  Jon Bruning, Attorney General, and Nathan A. Liss for
appellee.
  Heavican, C.J., Wright, Connolly, Stephan, McCormack,
Miller-Lerman, and Cassel, JJ.
   Heavican, C.J.
                       INTRODUCTION
  Christopher M. Payne appeals from the district court’s
denial, without an evidentiary hearing, of his motion for post-
conviction relief. We reverse, and remand with directions.
                 FACTUAL BACKGROUND
  Payne was charged by information on April 27, 2005,
with first degree sexual assault on a child, incest, and sexual
                        Nebraska Advance Sheets
	                               STATE v. PAYNE	469
	                              Cite as 289 Neb. 467

assault of a child. Pursuant to a plea agreement, Payne pled
no contest to first degree sexual assault on a child and was
sentenced to 40 to 50 years’ imprisonment. Payne did not file
a direct appeal.
   Payne filed a motion for postconviction relief on August 24,
2012, and subsequently filed an amended and second amended
motion. In his operative motion, Payne alleges that his trial
counsel (he was represented by two different counsel prior to
his conviction) were ineffective in (1) failing to preserve his
speedy trial rights and filing a motion to discharge based on
that violation; (2) failing to move for discharge following a
preindictment delay; (3) failing to adequately investigate possi-
ble defenses, specifically, not hiring an expert witness; (4) fail-
ing to request dismissal before the county court for the State’s
failure to provide sufficient evidence as to venue and corpus
delicti and in failing to file a plea in abatement or motion to
quash on these grounds; and (5) advising him to plead guilty
or no contest despite the fact that a law enforcement witness
testified falsely. In addition, Payne alleges that he should be
permitted to withdraw his no contest plea due to the aforemen-
tioned false testimony.
   The district court denied Payne’s motion without an eviden-
tiary hearing. Payne appeals.

               ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR
   Payne assigns that the district court erred in (1) deny-
ing Payne’s motion without an evidentiary hearing and (2)
not finding merit in Payne’s allegations through plain error
review.

                  STANDARD OF REVIEW
   [1] A defendant requesting postconviction relief must
establish the basis for such relief, and the findings of the
district court will not be disturbed unless they are clearly
erroneous.1
   [2-4] A court must grant an evidentiary hearing to resolve
the claims in a postconviction motion when the motion

 1	
      State v. Watkins, 284 Neb. 742, 825 N.W.2d 403 (2012).
    Nebraska Advance Sheets
470	289 NEBRASKA REPORTS



contains factual allegations which, if proved, constitute an
infringement of the defendant’s rights under the Nebraska or
federal Constitution.2 If a postconviction motion alleges only
conclusions of fact or law, or if the records and files in the case
affirmatively show that the defendant is entitled to no relief,
the court is not required to grant an evidentiary hearing.3 In
appeals from postconviction proceedings, we review de novo a
determination that the defendant failed to allege sufficient facts
to demonstrate a violation of his or her constitutional rights or
that the record and files affirmatively show that the defendant
is entitled to no relief.4
   [5,6] Whether a claim raised in a postconviction proceeding
is procedurally barred is a question of law.5 When reviewing
questions of law, an appellate court resolves the questions
independently of the lower court’s conclusion.6
                          ANALYSIS
   In his first assignment of error, Payne argues that the
district court erred in denying his motion without an eviden-
tiary hearing. In particular, Payne contends that the district
court incorrectly concluded that his claims were procedur-
ally barred.
   [7-9] To begin, we note that Payne pled no contest and
thus has waived all of his claims except his claim that
counsel was ineffective in advising him to plead no contest.
Postconviction relief is a very narrow category of relief,
available only to remedy prejudicial constitutional viola-
tions.7 And, a plea of guilty generally embodies a waiver of
every defense to the charge, whether procedural, statutory, or
constitu­tional.8 When a defendant pleads guilty, he or she is

 2	
      Id.
 3	
      Id.
 4	
      Id.
 5	
      Id.
 6	
      Id.
 7	
      State v. Bazer, 276 Neb. 7, 751 N.W.2d 619 (2008).
 8	
      Id.
                        Nebraska Advance Sheets
	                              STATE v. PAYNE	471
	                             Cite as 289 Neb. 467

limited to challenging whether the plea was understandingly
and voluntarily made and whether it was the result of ineffec-
tive assist­ance of counsel.9
   The only remaining issue left on appeal, then, is whether
Payne’s failure to pursue a direct appeal means that Payne’s
one remaining claim—that his trial counsel was ineffective in
advising him to plead no contest—is procedurally barred.
   [10,11] The operation of the procedural bar prevents defend­
ants from securing postconviction review of issues which
were or could have been litigated on direct appeal.10 Where
trial counsel and appellate counsel are the same, a postconvic-
tion motion is a defendant’s first opportunity to raise a claim
of ineffective assistance of trial counsel.11 This is so because
counsel cannot be expected to argue his or her own ineffective-
ness; to require such would create the potential for a conflict
of interest.12
   In State v. Bazer,13 this court held that allegations of inef-
fective assistance of counsel were not procedurally barred
despite the failure of the defendant to file a direct appeal or to
allege that his counsel was ineffective for failing to file a direct
appeal. In so concluding, we noted:
      When a defendant was represented both at trial and on
      direct appeal by the same lawyers, the defendant’s first
      opportunity to assert ineffective assistance of trial coun-
      sel is in a motion for postconviction relief. The same is
      true where trial counsel elects not to file a direct appeal
      at all. The current postconviction action, in which [the
      defendant] was appointed counsel different from his trial
      counsel, is [the defendant’s] first opportunity to chal-
      lenge trial counsel’s effectiveness.14

 9	
      Id.
10	
      See id.
11	
      See id.
12	
      See State v. Molina, 271 Neb. 488, 713 N.W.2d 412 (2006).
13	
      State v. Bazer, supra note 7.
14	
      Id. at 18, 751 N.W.2d at 627.
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472	289 NEBRASKA REPORTS



   We held similarly in State v. Barnes.15 There, we con-
cluded that trial counsel was not ineffective for failing to file
a direct appeal when the record established that the defendant
did not direct his trial counsel to do so. We then addressed
the defendant’s other allegations of ineffective assistance of
trial counsel, concluding that they lacked merit. In contrast,
we found one trial error not related to the ineffective assist­
ance of trial counsel to be procedurally barred and declined
to address it.
   An examination of case law reveals an application of the
proposition noted above—that where a defendant is repre-
sented both at trial and on appeal by the same lawyers, the
defendant’s first opportunity to assert the ineffective assistance
of trial counsel is in a postconviction motion. This case law
indicates that this result is not affected by the failure to file a
direct appeal, so long as the defendant is still represented by
trial counsel during the time a direct appeal could be filed.
Under those circumstances, we would not expect trial counsel
to raise his or her own ineffectiveness on direct appeal, regard-
less of whether such appeal is made.
   But in order to determine whether an action is procedurally
barred where no direct appeal was filed, a postconviction court
must know whether trial counsel was still serving as counsel
to the defendant during that critical period in which a direct
appeal could be filed. If trial counsel was still engaged as
counsel, trial counsel could not be expected to raise or address
his or her own ineffectiveness, and the failure to file such an
appeal would not result in those claims being procedurally
barred in a later postconviction action. But if trial counsel were
not still defendant’s counsel, then those claims relating to the
ineffective assistance of trial counsel could be raised in a direct
appeal and would be procedurally barred in a later postconvic-
tion action.
   [12] An attorney who has appeared as an attorney of record
cannot terminate the attorney-client relationship by withdrawal
until application is made to the court and leave to withdraw

15	
      State v. Barnes, 272 Neb. 749, 724 N.W.2d 807 (2006). But see State v.
      Curtright, 262 Neb. 975, 637 N.W.2d 599 (2002).
                         Nebraska Advance Sheets
	                     IN RE INTEREST OF SHAYLA H. ET AL.	473
	                              Cite as 289 Neb. 473

is granted; until such occurs, the attorney-client relationship
continues until the end of litigation.16 In this case, a review
of the record establishes that trial counsel had not withdrawn
and thus was still engaged as counsel during the critical
appeals period. As such, Payne’s claims are not procedurally
barred, and the district court erred in concluding otherwise.
We therefore reverse the judgment and remand the cause
with directions.
                      CONCLUSION
  The decision of the district court dismissing Payne’s post-
conviction motion is reversed, and the cause is remanded
with directions.
                  R eversed and remanded with directions.

16	
      7A C.J.S. Attorney & Client § 270 (2004). See, also, Neb. Ct. R. § 6-1510.




                   In   re I nterest of
                                     Shayla H. et al.,
                     children under  18 years of age.
                      State of Nebraska, appellee, v.
                           David H., appellant.
                                   ___ N.W.2d ___

                      Filed November 14, 2014.     No. S-13-643.

 1.	 Juvenile Courts: Appeal and Error. An appellate court reviews juvenile cases
     de novo on the record and reaches its conclusions independently of the juvenile
     court’s findings.
 2.	 Indian Child Welfare Act: Parental Rights: Proof. At any point in an involun-
     tary juvenile proceeding involving Indian children at which a party is required to
     demonstrate its efforts to reunify or prevent the breakup of the family, the active
     efforts standard of the Indian Child Welfare Act of 1978 and the Nebraska Indian
     Child Welfare Act applies in place of the reasonable efforts standard applicable
     in cases involving non-Indian children.

  Petition for further review from the Court of Appeals,
Inbody, Chief Judge, and Moore and R iedmann, Judges, on
appeal thereto from the Separate Juvenile Court of Lancaster
County, Linda S. Porter, Judge. Judgment of Court of
Appeals affirmed.
