                                                               NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                            FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                                 ___________

                                      No. 17-3301
                                      ___________

                                  JOSEPH G. AULISIO,
                                               Appellant

                                             v.

                 ANN CHIAMPI; KAREN STROUP; ANNE PLASKA
                    ____________________________________

                     On Appeal from the United States District Court
                         for the Middle District of Pennsylvania
                         (D.C. Civil Action No. 4-14-cv-00196)
                      District Judge: Honorable Matthew W. Brann
                      ____________________________________

                   Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
                                   May 8, 2018
            Before: GREENAWAY, Jr., BIBAS, and ROTH, Circuit Judges

                             (Opinion filed: March 20, 2019)
                                     ___________

                                       OPINION *
                                      ___________

PER CURIAM




*
 This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not
constitute binding precedent.
       Joseph Aulisio, proceeding pro se, appeals from the District Court’s order granting

defendants’ motion for summary judgment and denying his motions for recusal and

sanctions. For the following reasons, we will affirm the judgment of the District Court.

       In February 2014, Aulisio, a Pennsylvania state prisoner confined at the Retreat

State Correctional Institution, Hunlock Creek, Pennsylvania (“SCI-Retreat”), filed a pro

se civil rights action in the United States District Court for the Middle District of

Pennsylvania. Aulisio alleged that when he was working as a law clerk in the SCI-

Retreat library, he was singled out for harassment by the defendants. While working on

what Aulisio claimed was work-related material, his materials were confiscated by

Defendant Chiampi and he was issued a misconduct charge, of which he was later found

guilty by Defendant Plaska. Aulisio further alleged that his confiscated materials were

then destroyed by the defendants.

       Based on these events, Aulisio claimed that the defendants violated his equal

protection and due process rights, retaliated against him for threatening to file a lawsuit,

prevented him from accessing the courts, hindered the free exercise of speech, conspired

to subject him to false misconduct charges, and intentionally caused the loss of personal

property. On March 4, 2015, the District Court partially granted the defendants’ motion

to dismiss. Specifically, the District Court dismissed the following claims: that the

DOC’s grievance procedure was unconstitutional, the due process claim against

Defendant Plaska, the retaliation claims against Defendants Plaska and Stroup, and the

equal protection claim. Aulisio’s surviving claims were as follows: (1) a retaliation claim
                                              2
against Chiampi, (2) the denial of access to the courts, (3) conspiracy, (4) a violation of

free speech, and (5) property loss. On December 9, 2015 and February 1, 2017, the

District Court denied Aulisio’s two motions for recusal. On August 23, 2017, the District

Court denied Aulisio’s motion for sanctions against the defendants. On September 21,

2017, the District Court entered an order granting summary judgment to the defendants

on the remaining claims, and denied Aulisio’s third motion for recusal. Aulisio filed a

timely notice of appeal. He specifically appeals the District Court’s order granting

summary judgment, the order denying his motion for sanctions, and the orders denying

his motions for recusals. However, in his argument in support of appeal, Aulisio also

argues against the dismissal of his equal protection claim. 1

                                             I.

       We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291. We exercise plenary review of

orders granting motions to dismiss and motions for summary judgment. Lorenz v. CSX

Corp., 1 F.3d 1406, 1411 (3d Cir. 1993) (motion to dismiss); Gallo v. City of

Philadelphia, 161 F.3d 217, 221 (3d Cir. 1998) (summary judgment). We review the

denial of the recusal motion and denial of the motion for sanctions for abuse of



1
  All other claims dismissed in the Districts Court’s March 4, 2015 order are not within
the scope of this appeal. Aulisio does not specifically appeal the Court’s March 4, 2015
dismissal order, and accordingly, we deem it waived. See Bowers v. Nat’l Collegiate
Athletic Ass’n, 475 F.3d 524, 535 n.11 (3d Cir. 2007). However, after a careful review
of the record, we note that the District Court was correct to dismiss Aulisio’s claims
regarding the constitutionality of the DOC’s grievance procedure, the due process claims
against Defendant Plaska, and the retaliation claim against Defendants Plaska and Stroup.
                                              3
discretion. Jones v. Pittsburgh Nat’l Corp., 899 F.2d 1350, 1356 (3d Cir. 1990) (motion

for recusal); Grider v. Keystone Health Plan Cent, Inc., 580 F.3d 119, 134 (3d Cir. 2009)

(motion for sanctions). In reviewing an order granting a motion to dismiss, we accept all

factual allegations in the complaint as true, and we draw all reasonable inferences in the

light most favorable to the plaintiff. Lorenz, 1 F.3d at 1411. Summary judgment is

appropriately entered only when there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and the

moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56.

                                            II.

       We agree with the District Court that Defendant Chiampi was entitled to summary

judgment regarding Aulisio’s retaliation claim. A prisoner’s allegations concerning

retaliation must include the following: “(1) constitutionally protected conduct, (2) an

adverse action by prison officials ‘sufficient to deter a person of ordinary firmness from

exercising his [constitutional] rights,’ and (3) ‘a causal link between the exercise of his

constitutional rights and the adverse action taken against him.’” Mitchell v. Horn, 318

F.3d 523, 530 (3d Cir. 2003) (quoting Rauser v. Horn, 241 F.3d 330, 333 (3d Cir. 2001)).

The burden then shifts to the prison officials to prove “that they would have made the

same decision absent the protected conduct for reasons reasonably related to a legitimate

penological interest.” Rauser, 241 F.3d at 334.

       Aulisio has failed to show that he was engaged in constitutionally protected

conduct. In his complaint, Aulisio states that Chiampi confiscated his materials before he

voiced any intent to file a grievance or lawsuit pertaining to the matter. Dkt # 1, at 3, 8.
                                              4
At the time of the confiscation, Aulisio was working on personal material, and was

therefore violating DOC regulations which prohibited possession of personal legal

materials during work hours. Additionally, the District Court correctly found that any

adverse action Aulisio complained of was “de minimis,” see McKee v. Hart, 436 F.3d

165, 170–71 (3d Cir. 2006), since the materials confiscated by Chiampi were thereafter

offered back to Aulisio, who refused to accept them. Dkt # 1, at 3–4. The defendants’

alleged conduct was thus not sufficiently serious to “deter a person of ordinary firmness

from exercising his [constitutional] rights.” See Mitchell, 318 F.3d at 530. Furthermore,

Aulisio has failed to show that his constitutionally protected conduct was a motivating

factor in the discipline. It is clear from the record that the decision to confiscate Aulisio’s

materials and issue him a misconduct charge resulted from his violation of DOC

regulations, not from his statements regarding his intent to file a grievance or lawsuit.

                                            III.

       We agree that summary judgment was warranted on Aulisio’s access to the courts

claim. “[P]risoners may only proceed on access-to-courts claims in two types of cases,

challenges (direct or collateral) to their sentences and conditions of confinement.”

Monroe v. Beard, 536 F.3d 198, 205 (3d Cir. 2008) (citing Lewis v. Casey, 518 U.S. 343,

354–55 (1996)). Aulisio does not allege that he had any such case pending, much less

that the defendants’ actions interfered with them.

                                            IV.


                                               5
       We agree with the District Court that summary judgment was warranted regarding

Aulisio’s freedom of speech claim. While inmates retain the “protections afforded by the

First Amendment,” O’Lone v. Estate of Shabazz, 482 U.S. 342, 348 (1987), they “retain[]

[only] those First Amendment rights that are not inconsistent with [their] status as []

prisoner[s] or with the legitimate penological objectives of the corrections system,” Pell

v. Procunier, 417 U.S. 817, 822 (1974). To determine whether a regulation infringing

upon constitutional rights is reasonable, courts apply the four factors set forth in Turner v.

Safley, 482 U.S. 78 (1987). These factors require courts to consider: (1) “whether the

regulation bears a ‘valid, rational connection’ to a legitimate and neutral government

objective;” (2) “whether prisoners have alternative ways of exercising the circumscribed

right;” (3) “whether accommodating the right would have a deleterious impact on other

inmates, guards, and the allocation of prison resources generally;” and (4) “whether

alternatives exists that ‘fully accommodate[] the prisoner’s rights at de minimis cost to

valid penological interests.” Fraise v. Terhune, 283 F.3d 506, 513-14 (3d Cir. 2002)

(quoting Turner, 482 U.S. at 89-90).

       We agree with the District Court that SCI-Retreat’s policy to prevent inmate

library workers from working on personal matters while on duty satisfies Turner. This

regulation ensures that prisoners focus on their job duties and allows prisoners to work on

personal matter while not on duty. Permitting prisoners to ignore this policy while on

duty would have an adverse impact on the prison library.

                                            V.
                                              6
       Summary judgment was also properly granted regarding Aulisio’s due process

claim. Even “an unauthorized intentional deprivation” of an inmate’s property by prison

officials “does not constitute a violation of the procedural requirements of the Due

Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment if a meaningful postdeprivation remedy for

the loss is available.” Hudson v. Palmer, 468 U.S. 517, 533 (1984). This Court has

consistently held that the availability of a prison’s grievance procedure is a meaningful

postdeprivation remedy. See, e.g., Tillman v. Lebanon Cty. Corr. Fac., 221 F.3d 410,

422 (3d Cir. 2000). Aulisio has failed to state a due process claim because the record

shows that he had access to, and took advantage of, the prison grievance system after his

property was seized.

                                          VI.

       Summary judgment was properly granted on Aulisio’s claim that Defendants

conspired against him to subject him to a false misconduct charge and loss of personal

property. “To constitute a conspiracy, there must be a ‘meeting of the minds.’” Startzell

v. City of Philadelphia, 533 F.3d 183, 205 (3d Cir. 2008) (quoting Adickes v. S.H. Kress

& Co., 398 U.S. 144, 158 (1970)). Aulisio offered nothing more than conclusory

statements that Defendants conspired to deprive him of his constitutional rights; no

evidence suggests that they agreed, plotted, or even discussed doing so.

                                         VII.

       Aulisio also appeals the dismissal of his equal protection claim, based on a class of

one theory. The District Court held that Aulisio’s claim “d[id] not involve a
                                             7
classification based on race, religion or national origin” and that no facts were alleged

which could support a claim that “[d]efendants engaged in intentional or purposeful

discrimination or that they treated [Aulisio] differently from similarly situated individuals

on the basis of his race, religious beliefs, or some other impermissible reason.” Dkt # 20,

at 16. On appeal, Aulisio argues that the District Court used the wrong legal standard to

dismiss his equal protection claim, and that his complaint sufficiently alleged that he was

intentionally treated differently from other similarly situated inmates at the library when

his materials were confiscated.

       In a class of one claim, a plaintiff must establish that: “(1) the defendant[s] treated

him differently from others similarly situated, (2) the defendant[s] did so intentionally,

and (3) there was no rational basis for the difference in treatment.” Hill v. Borough of

Kutztown, 455 F.3d 225, 239 (3d Cir. 2006); Village of Willowbrook v. Olech, 528 U.S.

562, 564 (2000). Under this theory, a plaintiff need not allege class-based discrimination.

See Engquist v. Oregon Dep’t of Agr., 553 U.S. 591, 601 (2008); Davis v. Prison Health

Servs., 679 F.3d 433, 441 (6th Cir. 2012) (“[I]n ‘class-of-one’ claims, ‘the plaintiff [does]

not allege membership in a class or group’ but rather simply ‘alleges that she has been

intentionally treated differently from others similarly situated and that there is no rational

basis for the difference in treatment.’” (quoting Olech, 528 U.S. at 564)). Even if

Aulisio’s complaint sufficiently shows that he was treated differently from similarly

situated persons and that the treatment was intentional, Aulisio has failed to show that

defendants lacked any rational basis for the difference in treatment. Under the rational
                                              8
basis standard, any rational ground for the conduct in question will suffice to defeat the

class-of-one claim. See Stotter v. Univ. of Tex. at San Antonio, 508 F.3d 812, 824 (5th

Cir. 2007); Srail v. Village of Lisle, 588 F.3d 940, 946 (7th Cir. 2009) (plaintiff must

“eliminate any reasonably conceivable state of facts that could provide a rational basis”

for the government’s actions). In this case, the prison officials clearly had rational

grounds for issuing Aulisio a misconduct and confiscating his materials. The misconduct

charge specifically states that Aulisio was charged with lying to an employee and

possession of contraband (two folders which were not related to Aulisio’s job duties and

did not belong in the library at that time). Aulisio has thus failed to show that the adverse

treatment he experienced was “so unrelated to the achievement of any combination of

legitimate purposes that [the court] can only conclude that the [government’s] actions

were irrational.” Warren v. City of Athens, 411 F.3d 697, 710–11 (6th Cir. 2005)

(quoting Kimel v. Fla. Bd. of Regents, 528 U.S. 62, 84 (2000)). Thus, Aulisio’s equal

protection claim was properly dismissed by the District Court.

                                         VIII.

       Aulisio additionally appeals the District Court’s denials of his motions for recusal.

We have reviewed the District Court’s analysis of his motion for recusal, and, for

substantially the reasons stated by the Court, we agree that the motions were meritless.

See, e.g., In re Kensington Int’l Ltd., 353 F.3d 211, 219 (3d Cir. 2003) (recusal is

warranted when a judge’s impartiality might reasonably be questioned). Aulisio appears

to have taken issue only with the rulings made by the Court and such complaints are not a
                                              9
basis for recusal. See Securacomm Consulting, Inc. v. Securacom Inc., 224 F.3d 273,

278 (3d Cir. 2000).



                                           IX.

       We also conclude that the District Court did not abuse its discretion in denying

Aulisio’s motion for sanctions. On appeal, Aulisio argues that the District Court should

have sanctioned the defendants for destroying two folders belonging to Aulisio that were

confiscated by prison employees. The District Court concluded that there was no

evidence suggesting that defendants destroyed Aulisio’s documents, and instead found

that the defendants were unable to locate the materials. This conclusion is supported by

the fact that prison officials attempted to return one of the documents to Aulisio, but he

refused to accept it. Therefore, the record does not contain any credible evidence to

support Aulisio’s claim that defendants willfully and intentionally destroyed his

materials.

       Accordingly, we will affirm judgments of the District Court.




                                             10
