                                                                            ACCEPTED
                                                                        04-14-00618-CR
                                                            FOURTH COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                 SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS
                                                                   5/14/2015 3:38:27 PM
                                                                         KEITH HOTTLE
                                                                                 CLERK

                       04-14-00618-CR

                                                        FILED IN
                  IN THE COURT OF APPEALS        4th COURT OF APPEALS
                                                  SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS
             FOR THE FOURTH JUDICIAL    DISTRICT 5/14/2015 3:38:27 PM
                                                   KEITH E. HOTTLE
                                                         Clerk
                    SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS

           _________________________________

                       THOMAS LITTLE,
                              Appellant

                             vs.

                    THE STATE OF TEXAS,
                            Appellee

          _________________________________

      ON APPEAL FROM THE 25TH JUDICIAL DISTRICT COURT

               OF GUADALUPE COUNTY, TEXAS

               CAUSE NUMBER:14-00698-CR-C
           _________________________________

                 BRIEF FOR THE APPELLEE
                   THE STATE OF TEXAS
           ________________________________

                           EDWARD F. SHAUGHNESSY, III
                           ATTORNEY-AT-LAW
                           206 E. LOCUST
                           SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS 78212
                           (210) 212-6700
                           (210) 212-2178 (fax)
                           SBN 18134500
                           Shaughnessy727@gmail.com


ORAL ARGUMENT WAIVED               ATTORNEY FOR THE APPELLEE
                                           TABLE OF CONTENTS



                                                                                                           PAGE (S)


Table of Contents ...................................................................................................... i

Table of Interested Parties ....................................................................................... ii

Table of Authorities................................................................................................. iii

Brief for the Appellee ................................................................................................ 1

Summary of the Argument ...................................................................................... 2

Response to Appellant’s First Point of Error........................................................... 3

Response to Appellant’s Second Point of Error .......................................................7

Conclusion and Prayer ............................................................................................10

Certificate of Service ............................................................................................... 11

Certificate of Compliance ........................................................................................ 11




                                                            i
                       TABLE OF INTERESTED PARTIES




Mr. Steven Delemos
Mr. Keith Henneke                               State’s Trial Counsel
Assistant District Attorneys
Guadalupe County
25th Judicial District
101 East Court Street, Suite 108
Seguin, Texas 78155

Mr. Scott Simpson                               Trial Counsel
Attorney at Law
1901 Buena Vista
San Antonio, Texas 78207

Honorable William D. Old, III                   Trial Court Judge
Judge Presiding
25th Judicial District Court
Guadalupe County, Texas

Edward F. Shaughnessy, III                      Appellee’s Counsel
Attorney at Law
206 E. Locust Street
San Antonio, Texas 78212
(210) 212-6700
Bar No: 18134500

Gregory Sherwood                                 Appellant’s Counsel
Attorney at Law
P.O. Box 200613
Austin, Texas 78720




                                    ii
                                  TABLE OF AUTHORITIES


CASE(S)                                                                                   PAGE(S)

Almanza v. State, 686 S.W.2d 157 (Tex. Crim. App. 1984) ..................... 8

Cockrell v. State, 933 S.W.2d 73 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996) ........................ 6

Colorado v. Connelly, 479 U.S. 170 (1986) .............................................. 5

Corwin v. State, 870 S.W.2d 23 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993),
 cert. den. __U.S. __, 115 S.Ct. 95, 130 L.Ed.2d 44 (1995) .................... 4

De La Fuente v. State, 432 S.W.3d 415 (Tex. App.-San Antonio, 2014) . 9

Hernandez v. State, 819 S.W.2d 806 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991),
 cert. den. __U.S. __, 112 S.Ct. 2944, 119 L.Ed.2d 568 (1992) .............. 4

Madden v. State, 242 S.W.3d 504 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007) ..................... 9

Oursbourn v. State, 259 S.W.3d 159, 177 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008) .......... 9

Robinson v. State, 377 S.W.3d 712 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012) ..................... 9

Schofield v. State, 658 S.W.2d 209 (Tex. App. - El Paso, 1983) ............. 5

Smith v. State, 779 S.W.2d 417 (Tex. Crim. App. 1989) ........................... 5

Vela v. State, 771 S.W.2d 659
  (Tex. App. - Corpus Christi 1989, pet. ref'd) ......................................... 5

Walker v. State, 842 S.W.2d 301 (Tex. App. - Tyler, 1992) ..................... 5




STATUTE(S) AND CODE(S)

Art. 38.22 § 6, Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. (West 2013).......................... 7


                                                  iii
Art. 38.22 § 2 , Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. (West 2013) ......................... 7

Art. 38.22 § 3, Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. (West 2013) ...................... 7, 8

Art. 38.22 § 7, Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. (West 2013) .......................... 7

Art. 38.22 § 8(2), Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. (West 2013)..................... 8

Art. 38.22 § 6, Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. (West 2014) ......................... 2

Art38.22 § 7, Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. (West 2014) ............................ 2

Art. 38.22 § 2, Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. (West 2014).......................... 2

Art. 38.22 § 6, Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. (West 2013).......................... 3




                                              iv
                            NO. 04-14-00618-CR




THOMAS LITTLE,                        §              IN THE COURT OF
Appellant
                                      §              APPEALS, FOURTH

       v.                             §              JUDICIAL DISTRICT

THE STATE OF TEXAS,                   §              SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS
Appellee




                           BRIEF FOR THE APPELLEE
                             THE STATE OF TEXAS


To the Honorable Fourth Court of Appeals:


     Now comes, the State of Texas, by and through Edward F. Shaughnessy,

III, Attorney-at-Law, designated attorney for the District Attorney for 25th

Judicial District and files this brief in cause number 04-14-00618-CR. The

appellant was indicted by a Guadalupe County grand jury for two counts of

Burglary of a Habitation in cause number 14-0698-CR-C. (C.R.-4). Following a

jury trial, the appellant was found guilty of the offenses as charged in the

indictment. (C.R.-84) The jury assessed punishment at twenty (20) years of

confinement in the Institutional Division of the Texas Department of Criminal

Justice on each count. The sentences were ordered to run concurrently. (C.R.-



                                      1
84) Notice of appeal was filed and this appeal, alleging two points of error, has

followed. (C.R.-71)




                       SUMMARY OF THE ARGUMENT
                       ON BEHALF OF THE APPELLEE

      The appellant was not entitled to an instruction regarding the

voluntariness of his statement under the auspices of Art. 38.22 § 6, Tex. Code

Crim. Proc. Ann. (West 2014) because there was no contested evidence

presented before the jury that would demonstrate the absence of voluntariness

as defined in the context of statements made by a criminal accused.

      The trial Court did not commit “egregious” error in failing to submit to the

jury a charge to the jury pursuant to the terms of Art. 38.22 § 7, Tex. Code Crim.

Proc. Ann. (West 2014) because there was no evidence presented to the jury,

which raised a factual question as to whether the appellant’s statement was

taken in compliance with Art. 38.22 § 2, Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. (West

2014).




                                        2
                          RESPONSE TO APPELLANT’S
                            FIRST POINT OF ERROR
                            (Appellant’s Brief, Page 7)

      In his first point of error the appellant asserts the trial Court erred in

refusing to submit a charge to the jury on the issue of the voluntariness of the

appellant’s videotaped confession pursuant to Art. 38.22 § 6, Tex. Code Crim.

Proc. Ann. (West 2013).

      As noted by the defendant during the course of the guilt phase of the trial

the State presented to the jury, two exhibits (State’s Exhibits 43 & 44) that

consisted of a videotaped interview of the appellant conducted by Agent Carlisle

of the Federal Bureau of Investigation. Those exhibits were admitted without

objection from the appellant. (R.R.8-267) After the State had rested, the

appellant rested and closed without offering any testimony. At the conclusion of

the trial the appellant objected to the failure of the Court’s charge to include an

instruction under Art. 38.22, supra. (R.R.10-9) The trial Court entered written

findings of fact and conclusions of law and made them part of the record.

Included within those findings was the following finding regarding the lack of a

factual dispute regarding the voluntariness of the appellant’s videotaped

statement:

                   The Court finds that the voluntariness of all statements
                   made by the defendant Thomas Little was uncontroverted
                   and was not a disputed legal issue for this Court, nor
                   was it a disputed fact issue for the Jury based on the
                   totality of the testimony and Defendant’s statements in
                   State’s exhibits 43 and 44. State Exhibits 34 and 44 were
                   admitted by the Court into evidence with redactions only

                                          3
                   With regard for the defendant’s conversations with his
                   Attorney.

                                *******************************

                   The Court further finds that State Exhibits 43 and 44,
                   the video tapes of defendant’s statement were admitted
                   without any objection by defense counsel as to the
                   voluntariness of defendant’s statements. The Court
                   also finds that the defense did not challenge factually
                   the voluntariness of defendant’s custodial statements.
                   (S.C.R.-3)




                       ARGUMENT AND AUTHORITIES

      Although not sufficiently particularized, one of the arguments advanced

by the appellant appears to be an argument that because the appellant discussed

being in physical discomfort during the course of his interview with Agent

Carlisle, that the issue of the voluntariness was therefore raised, and mandated a

jury instruction on the issue. The appellant’s argument fails to adequately

account for the concept of “voluntariness” in the context of confessions.

      A jury charge on the issue of the voluntariness of a confession is not

required in the absence of evidence brought before the jury indicating that the

confession was given “involuntarily”. Corwin v. State, 870 S.W.2d 23 (Tex.

Crim. App. 1993), cert. den. _____ U.S. _____, 115 S.Ct. 95, 130 L.Ed.2d 44

(1995); Hernandez v. State, 819 S.W.2d 806 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991), cert. den.

_____ U.S. _____, 112 S.Ct. 2944, 119 L.Ed.2d 568 (1992). An “involuntary

                                        4
statement”, which necessitates exclusion of the evidence on the basis that it was

obtained in violation of the accused's right to due process, is one which flows

from coercive actions on the part of law enforcement officials. Coercive police

activity is a necessary predicate to a finding that a confession is involuntary

under the Fourteenth Amendment's Due Process Clause. Colorado v. Connelly,

479 U.S. 170, 107 S.Ct. 515, 93 L.Ed.2d 473 (1986). For a statement to be

excluded as “involuntary”, in the context of a due process claim, it must be

demonstrated that the statement was the product of coercive police

interrogation techniques (physical or psychological). Smith v. State, 779 S.W.2d

417 (Tex. Crim. App. 1989); Vela v. State, 771 S.W.2d 659 (Tex. App. - Corpus

Christi 1989, pet. ref'd). A mere showing of limited mental capacity on the part

of the accused, in and of itself, is not sufficient to demonstrate an “involuntary”

statement in the context of the exclusionary rule. Colorado v. Connelly, supra, at

S.Ct. pg. 521, 522; Walker v. State, 842 S.W.2d 301 (Tex. App. - Tyler, 1992);

Schofield v. State, 658 S.W.2d 209 (Tex. App. - El Paso, 1983).

      In the instant case there was no evidence presented to the jury, which in

any way demonstrated that the statement, which was given by the appellant, was

given as a consequence of coercion on the part of law enforcement. As a

consequence, the trial Court was not required to charge the jury on the issue of

the voluntariness of the appellant’s statement. Cockrell v. State, 933 S.W.2d 73




                                         5
(Tex. Crim. App. 1996). See also: Art. 38.22 § 6, Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann.

(West 2013).1

       The issue of the “voluntariness” of the appellant’s statement to law

enforcement officials was not contested before the jury. The trial court was not

required to submit the issue to the jury. The appellant’s first point of error is

without merit and should be overruled.




1
  Upon the finding by the judge as a matter of law and fact that the statement was voluntarily
made, evidence may be pertaining to such matter may be submitted to the jury and it shall be
instructed that unless the jury believes beyond a reasonable doubt that the statement was
voluntarily made, the jury shall not consider such statement for any purpose nor any evidence
obtained as a result thereof.
                                               6
                         RESPONSE TO APPELLANT’S
                         SECOND POINT OF ERROR
                          (Appellant’s Brief, Page 9)

      In his second point of error the appellant contends that the trial court

committed “egregiously harmful error” in failing to charge the jury on the law of

confessions as set forth in Art. 38.22 § 2 & § 3, Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. (West

2013).

      An examination of the record reveals that no charge on this issue was

requested by the appellant at the conclusion of the evidentiary phase of the guilt-

innocence portion of the trial. An objection was lodged to the “exclusion of the

38.22 instruction”. The trial court made the following conclusion of law

regarding the necessity of charging the jury on the law applicable to statements

of the accused under the auspices of Art. 38.22 § 7, Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann.

(West 2013):

                   The court also finds that there is no issue raised by the
                   evidence as to whether or not the Miranda warnings
                   were given to the defendant prior to any statements
                   being made during the custodial interrogation;
                   consequently, there was no fact issue for the jury to
                   determine pursuant to Article 38.22 Section 7, or
                   Article 38.23 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure
                   as a matter of law.
                   (S.C.R.-4)


      It appears that the appellant is asserting that he was entitled to have the

jury instructed as to the terms and procedures attendant to the procuring of

custodial statements from an accused as defined by Art. 38.22 § 3, Tex. Code


                                         7
Crim. Proc. Ann. (West 2013). The appellant acknowledges that no such an

instruction was requested at the time of the trial but asserts that the trial court’s

failure to sua sponte instruct the jury regarding the requirements of Art. 38.22 §

3, supra, constitutes “egregious error” that mandates a reversal of his conviction

even in the absence of a requested instruction. See: Almanza v. State, 686

S.W.2d 157 (Tex. Crim. App. 1984).

      As noted above, the appellant did not object to the admission of the

exhibits on the grounds that the State failed to demonstrate compliance with

Art. 38.22 § 3, supra. Moreover, the trial Court found that the statement was

taken in compliance with the applicable statutory prerequisites. See: Art. 38.22 §

3 & Art. 38.22 § 8(2) ,supra. Lastly, there was no contested factual issue

presented to the jury as to what warnings were presented to the jury. Stated

another way, there was no issue affirmatively raised by the evidence as to what

warnings were given to the appellant. The only dispute in the trial Court was a

pure legal issue as to whether the warnings as given complied with the dictates

of the Texas Confession Statute.

      Absent a factual dispute as what warnings were given to the appellant

prior to the giving of his statement, there was no requirement that the trial Court

sua sponte submit a charge to the jury which would have required/allowed them

to pass on the legal issue as to what constitutes sufficient warnings under the

terms of the applicable statute. The appellant has failed to demonstrate that the

charge as given contained “egregious harm”, because the record is devoid of

                                          8
affirmative evidence raising a dispute as to the substance of the warnings

administered to the appellant. Thus, no error is shown. See: Oursbourn v. State,

259 S.W.3d 159, 177 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008) ( “Article 38.23 requires a jury

instruction only if there is a genuine dispute about a material fact.” “The

evidence on that fact must be affirmatively contested.”); Robinson v. State, 377

S.W.3d 712 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012); Madden v. State, 242 S.W.3d 504 (Tex.

Crim. App. 2007); De La Fuente v. State, 432 S.W.3d 415 (Tex. App.-San

Antonio, 2014, pet ref’d).

      The appellant’s second point of error is without merit and should be

overruled.




                                         9
                          CONCLUSION AND PRAYER



      Wherefore premises considered the appellee, the State of Texas would

respectfully request that this Court affirm the judgment of the lower court in all

respects.




                                          Respectfully submitted,

                                    Edward F. Shaughnessy, III
                                         __________________

                                             Edward F. Shaughnessy, III
                                             Attorney at Law
                                             206 E. Locust
                                             San Antonio, Texas 78212
                                             (210) 212-6700
                                             (210) 212-2178 (fax)
                                             SBN 18134500
                                             Shaughnessy727@gmail.com

                                             Attorney for the appellee
                                             The State of Texas




                                        10
                         CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE

      I, Edward F. Shaughnessy, III, attorney for the appellee hereby certify that

a true and correct copy of the instant brief was delivered to Gregory Sherwood,

P.O. Box 2000613, Austin, Texas, 78720, counsel for the appellant, by use of the

United States Postal Service on the _14__ day of May, 2015.



Edward F. Shaughnessy, III
_________________________
Edward F. Shaughnessy, III




                       CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE

      I, Edward F. Shaughnessy, III attorney for the appellee certify that the

instant document contains 2,196 words.

Edward F. Shaughnessy, III
_______________________
Edward F. Shaughnessy, III




                                        11
