United States Court of Appeals
         For the Eighth Circuit
     ___________________________

             No. 17-3404
     ___________________________

        Houston Casualty Company

     lllllllllllllllllllllPlaintiff - Appellee

                        v.

              Strata Corporation

   lllllllllllllllllllllDefendant - Appellant
     ___________________________

             No. 17-3405
     ___________________________

        Houston Casualty Company

    lllllllllllllllllllllPlaintiff - Appellant

                        v.

              Strata Corporation

    lllllllllllllllllllllDefendant - Appellee
                   ____________

 Appeals from United States District Court
  for the District of North Dakota - Fargo
               ____________
                            Submitted: October 17, 2018
                              Filed: February 6, 2019
                                   ____________

Before SMITH, Chief Judge, LOKEN and GRUENDER, Circuit Judges.
                              ____________

GRUENDER, Circuit Judge.

     Strata Corporation appeals the district court’s1 order granting summary
judgment to its excess insurer Houston Casualty Company and denying its cross-
motion for summary judgment. We affirm.

       In July 2012, Strata employee Peter Faust fell to his death at a Montana mine.
While Montana’s Workers’ Compensation Act generally provides the exclusive
remedy for workplace injuries, Mont. Code Ann. § 39-71-411, Faust’s estate brought
suit alleging that Strata’s intentional failure to maintain a safe workplace triggered
an exception and gave it a cause of action against Strata, see id. § 39-71-413.

       Strata had a Workers Compensation and Employers Liability Insurance Policy
from Liberty Mutual Insurance Company that included a coverage limit of $500,000
for each accident. The policy excluded coverage for certain acts, including “[b]odily
injury intentionally caused or aggravated” by Strata. The policy also included a
Montana Intentional Injury Exclusion Endorsement excluding coverage for “[b]odily
injury caused by [Strata’s] intentional, malicious or deliberate act, whether or not the
act was intended to cause injury to the employee injured, or whether or not [Strata]
had actual knowledge that an injury was certain to occur.” Strata also had a

      1
        The Honorable Ralph R. Erickson, then United States District Judge for the
District of North Dakota, now Circuit Judge for the United States Court of Appeals
for the Eighth Circuit.

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Commercial Excess Liability Policy from Houston Casualty Company that provided
up to $5 million in excess coverage over and above the underlying Liberty Mutual
policy limits. This excess policy “followed form” with the underlying Liberty Mutual
policy. In particular, the Houston Casualty excess policy provided that “[u]nder no
circumstances will this coverage be broader than” the Liberty Mutual policy, and it
stated that it was “subject to the same terms, conditions, agreements, exclusions and
definitions” as the Liberty Mutual policy.

       As the primary insurer, Liberty Mutual defended Strata against the Faust
estate’s lawsuit, subject to a reservation of rights. Strata eventually settled the lawsuit
with Faust’s estate, and Liberty Mutual contributed a portion of the settlement in
exchange for a release from Strata. Houston Casualty refused to contribute anything
toward the settlement, forcing Strata to pay the remaining balance from its own funds.

       Houston Casualty brought suit seeking a declaratory judgment that it had no
duty to defend or indemnify Strata and that it did not breach its duty of good faith.
Strata counterclaimed. On cross-motions for summary judgment, the district court
concluded that North Dakota law applied, granted summary judgment to Houston
Casualty, and denied summary judgment for Strata. Strata appealed the district
court’s order, and Houston Casualty cross-appealed, maintaining that the district court
erred in finding that the settlement exhausted the underlying policy limits.

       We review a district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo and may
affirm on any ground supported by the record. Moyle v. Anderson, 571 F.3d 814, 817
(8th Cir. 2009). Summary judgment is proper if “the movant shows that there is no
genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a
matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). Applying this standard, we conclude that the
district court properly granted summary judgment to Houston Casualty because the
excess insurance policy did not cover the Faust estate’s claims against Strata in the



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underlying lawsuit. Thus, Houston Casualty had no duty to indemnify Strata, and it
did not breach its duty of good faith.

        On appeal, Strata points out that Houston Casualty’s excess policy does not
expressly state that it is subject to endorsements to Liberty Mutual’s underlying
policy. Arguing that the policy must be construed strictly against the insurer, Strata
maintains that this omission means that the Montana Intentional Acts Exclusion
Endorsement cannot limit the scope of coverage. Strata further contends that this
endorsement is ambiguous, even if it does apply, and thus should not preclude
coverage here. These arguments are unavailing. The excess policy expressly states
that it is subject to exclusions in the underlying coverage. An exclusion is no less an
exclusion because it is incorporated into the underlying policy through an
endorsement. Under the policy’s plain language, in other words, coverage is subject
to the Montana Intentional Acts Exclusion Endorsement.

       Nor is that provision ambiguous. To evade the exclusivity provision of
Montana’s Workers’ Compensation Act, Faust’s estate alleged that Strata’s deliberate
and intentional acts caused his death. Those allegations necessarily brought Faust’s
lawsuit within the Montana Intentional Acts Exclusion Endorsement, which excludes
coverage for “[b]odily injury caused by [Strata’s] intentional, malicious or deliberate
act, whether or not the act was intended to cause injury to the employee injured, or
whether or not [Strata] had actual knowledge that an injury was certain to occur.”
Indeed, this language is more sweeping than the language in Section 413, which it
tracks and amplifies. See Mont. Code Ann. § 39-71-413(3) (“‘[I]ntentional injury’
means an injury caused by an intentional and deliberate act that is specifically and
actually intended to cause injury to the employee injured and there is actual
knowledge that an injury is certain to occur.”). As a result, Houston Casualty has no
duty to indemnify Strata under the excess policy.




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       Furthermore, because the excess policy does not provide coverage for Faust’s
claims, Houston Casualty did not breach its duty of good faith. Under North Dakota
law, an “insurer has a duty to act fairly and in good faith in dealing with its insured,
including a duty of fair dealing in paying claims, providing defenses to claims,
negotiating settlements, and fulfilling all other contractual obligations.” Hartman v.
Estate of Miller, 656 N.W.2d 676, 680 (N.D. 2003). An insurer acts in bad faith
when it “acts unreasonably in handling an insured’s claim . . . by failing to
compensate an insured for a loss covered by a policy, unless the insurer has a proper
cause for refusing payment.” Id. at 681. For the reasons explained above, Houston
Casualty had a proper cause for refusing payment because Strata’s loss was not
covered by its excess insurance policy. Citing Montana and Ninth Circuit cases,
Strata argues that the reasonableness of Houston Casualty’s actions must be measured
at the time its claim first arose rather than with hindsight. But given the policy
language, it was clear from the time of the Faust estate’s original complaint that the
excess policy did not provide coverage.

       Finally, we may easily dispose of the remaining issues. First, Strata argues that
Houston Casualty breached its duty to defend in the underlying lawsuit. But the duty
to defend is not at issue in this case because Strata’s primary insurer, Liberty Mutual,
defended it during the litigation. Second, Houston Casualty acknowledged at oral
argument that its cross-appeal would be moot if we affirmed the district court’s grant
of summary judgment. Thus, we need not consider it here.

      For all these reasons, we affirm the district court order granting summary
judgment to Houston Casualty and denying summary judgment to Strata, and we
dismiss the cross-appeal as moot.
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