        Julio Ignacio Lourido LEON, Gina Mercedes Valdivieso Santos, et al., Plaintiffs-Appellants,

                                                      v.
    MILLON AIR, INC., a Florida corporation, Millon Air Cargo, Inc., a Florida corporation et al.,
Defendants-Appellees.

                                               No. 00-11938.

                                      United States Court of Appeals,
                                              Eleventh Circuit.

                                               May 21, 2001.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida. (No. 98-07128-CV-LCN),
Lenore C. Nesbitt, Judge.
Before EDMONDSON, FAY and NEWMAN*, Circuit Judges.

         JON O. NEWMAN, Circuit Judge:

         This appeal concerns application of the doctrine of forum non conveniens in the context of a fatal

airplane crash. The appeal is from the May 17, 1999, order of the District Court for the Southern District

Florida (Lenore C. Nesbitt, District Judge) dismissing on the ground of forum non conveniens a suit by Julio

Ignacio Lourido Leon and numerous other plaintiffs, all of whom are citizens of Ecuador. The suit was
brought against Millon Air, Inc. ("Millon Air"), an air cargo carrier and other defendants whom the plaintiffs
claim are responsible for the October 22, 1996, crash of a cargo-carrying aircraft owned and operated by

Millon Air. The plane, which had no passengers, crashed shortly after take-off from Manta, Ecuador. In
addition to killing the three members of the crew (who are not plaintiffs) the crash killed 30 residents of
Ecuador living in the neighborhood of the crash site, and injured many others. The appeal is also from the

District Court's March 29, 2000, order denying the Plaintiffs' motions for new trial under Fed.R.Civ.P. 59 and
60. We conclude that the District Judge did not exceed her discretion in dismissing the suit, but that the

dismissal should have been appropriately conditioned. We therefore modify the order of dismissal, affirm

the order as modified, and affirm the denial of the motion for new trial.

                                             Procedural History

         More than 700 people allegedly injured by the crash have filed approximately 100 lawsuits in state
and federal courts in the United States. In 1997, thirty-six of the cases in the Southern District of Florida

were consolidated before Judge Nesbitt under Case No. 96-3165, which is referred to in the pending litigation


    *
     Honorable Jon O. Newman, U.S. Circuit Judge for the Second Circuit, sitting by designation.
as Cedeno v. Millon Air (although its caption is Joza, et al v. Millon Air ). On January 12, 1998, Judge

Nesbitt dismissed the consolidated Cedeno cases on the ground of forum non conveniens. The Court retained

jurisdiction "over the enforcement of the concessions made by the Defendants and approved by this Court."

Cedeno Op. at 12. These were (1) concession of "primary liability for damage caused" by the crash, (2)

acceptance of service and jurisdiction of the Ecuadorian courts, (3) waiver of statute of limitations defenses,

and (4) satisfaction of any final judgments entered by the Ecuadorian courts. Id. The Cedeno plaintiffs timely

appealed.
        On January 27, 1998, the Congress of Ecuador enacted "Law No. 55," which provides:

        Without affecting its literal meaning, articles 27, 28, 29 and 30 of the Civil Procedure Law, are
        hereby interpreted so that, in case of international concurrent jurisdiction, the plaintiff can freely
        choose to demand [i.e., to file a complaint], in Ecuador or in another country, with the sole exception
        of cases which—pursuant to an explicit provision of law, must be resolved by Ecuadorian Judges,
        like the divorce of an Ecuadorian citizen.... In the case that the demand is filed outside of Ecuador,
        the national competence and the jurisdiction of the Ecuadorian Judges on the case will be terminated
        forever.
        In December 1997, just prior to the enactment of Law No. 55, a Broward County state court

dismissed a consolidated action brought against Millon Air by 106 Ecuadorans allegedly injured by the crash.
Some of these plaintiffs subsequently filed suit in an Ecuadorian court of first instance, which in April 1998
dismissed the case because of Law No. 55.

        This development prompted the Cedeno plaintiffs in September 1998 to ask this Court to stay the

Cedeno appeal and remand the case to the District Court. Meanwhile, on October 13, 1998, the Superior

Court of Justice of Portoviejo (Ecuador) reversed the trial court's decision in the case involving the 106
plaintiffs in the Broward County suit, holding that Law No. 55 did not apply to cases that a United States

court had dismissed because of forum non conveniens. "It should be supposed that law 55 is in effect when

a foreign judge has taken up the cause and is hearing it, but not in a case in which the foreign judge has
refused to hear the lawsuit, as has done the Broward County Judge in his decision."

        Ultimately, this Court remanded the Cedeno litigation to the District Court, without adjudicating the

correctness of the forum non conveniens dismissal.

        On October 15, 1998, the Plaintiffs in the pending case ("Plaintiffs" or "Leon Plaintiffs") filed their

complaint in the Southern District of Florida. The Defendants and counsel were the same as in the Cedeno

action. In December 1998, the Defendants filed a motion to dismiss the Leon action based on forum non

conveniens. The motion included affidavits from American and Ecuadorian lawyers, vouching for the
adequacy of the Ecuadorian legal system. In April 1999, the Plaintiffs responded to the Millon Air motion,

first by informal letter and then by a formal pleading. In their formal Response, the Plaintiffs argued that the

Ecuadorian legal system was so fragile that it was not an effective forum to decide the case. They alleged

that the Ecuadorian legal system was in turmoil and had been recently shut down by a strike of the judges.

The Plaintiffs said they were "rely[ing] on prior filings" (presumably from the Cedeno case). The Leon

plaintiffs also discussed the possibility (in their informal letter, which was appended as an exhibit to the
formal pleading) that Law No. 55 had eliminated the jurisdiction of the Ecuadorian courts.

        On May 17, 1999, Judge Nesbitt entered an order dismissing the case on the ground of forum non

conveniens. Noting the marked similarity between the Leon and the Cedeno cases, she relied primarily on

her reasons for dismissing Cedeno (described below), adding only explicit consideration of Law No. 55. On

that issue, she acknowledged that Law No. 55 had been enacted since her Cedeno decision, but said that the

Ecuadorian appellate court had ruled that Law No. 55 did not bar an Ecuadorian court from hearing claims

dismissed because of forum non conveniens. Judge Nesbitt also noted that Millon Air had given the Leon

Plaintiffs the same promises given to the Cedeno Plaintiffs. She therefore dismissed the case, although she

did not explicitly make Millon Air's concessions a condition of her dismissal order, as she had done in

Cedeno.

        The Leon Plaintiffs subsequently moved for a new trial, alleging newly discovered evidence that

Millon Air had denied liability in one of the Ecuadorian actions, in violation of their Cedeno promise to

contest only damages. The District Court rejected this motion, on the ground that the Ecuadorian action

where Millon Air was contesting liability did not involve a Cedeno plaintiff.

The Cedeno Decision

        In dismissing the pending case, Judge Nesbitt relied primarily on the reasons she had given for

dismissing the Cedeno case. In Cedeno, Judge Nesbitt required Millon Air to show that there was an

adequate alternative forum, that the balance of "private interests" and "public interests" weighed in favor of

dismissing the litigation to the alternative forum (with the public interests coming into play only where the
private interests were at or near "equipoise"), and that there would be no inconvenience or prejudice to

plaintiff in filing in the foreign forum. See Piper Aircraft Co. v. Reyno, 454 U.S. 235, 255-62, 102 S.Ct. 252,

70 L.Ed.2d 419 (1981); Gulf Oil Corp. v. Gilbert, 330 U.S. 501, 507-09, 67 S.Ct. 839, 91 L.Ed. 1055 (1947).

        Judge Nesbitt found that Millon Air had made each of the required showings. First, she found that
the Ecuadorian courts were an adequate alternative forum. She acknowledged that there had been a strike

by judges and that some judges had been removed from the Supreme Court, but concluded, based on Millon
Air affidavits, that the strike was over and that the "instability has been resolved and the Ecuadorian legal

system is again functioning normally." Cedeno Op. at 4 (unreported). The fact that punitive damages would

be unavailable in Ecuador was of no moment because the "potential for a smaller damage award is not a basis

for the denial" of a forum non conveniens motion; the remedy provided by the Ecuadorian courts would not

be " 'so clearly inadequate or unsatisfactory that it is no remedy at all.' " Id. at 6 (quoting Piper, 454 U.S. at

254, 102 S.Ct. 252).

        Second, Judge Nesbitt weighed private interests, i.e., location of proof, availability of compulsory

process, and other practical problems. Judge Nesbitt found that the private interests weighed in favor of

dismissing the case, primarily because the witnesses as to damages (the only issue in the case, since Millon
Air conceded liability) were located in Ecuador, beyond the reach of the District Court's compulsory process,
and "presumably" most of them spoke only Spanish. Judge Nesbitt conceded that a plaintiff's choice of forum

was accorded deference, particularly where the forum was the defendant's home forum. However, Judge
Nesbitt noted that foreign plaintiffs litigating in the United States were entitled to " 'less deference' " in their

forum choice. Id. at 9 (quoting Piper, 454 U.S. at 256, 102 S.Ct. 252). "Accordingly, the Plaintiffs' choice

of forum in this case does not deserve any deference other than considering it in the context of the overall
convenience of the parties and in that light, Ecuador is still the most convenient forum for the parties to try

this case." Id.

        Next, the District Court considered the public interests, i.e., "administrative difficulties stemming

from court congestion, the interest in having local controversies decided in their home forum and the interest

in having laws determined by their home tribunal." Id. at 9-10. Judge Nesbitt indicated that her inquiry here

was academic, since she believed that public interests come into play only when the private interests are at

or near equipoise, interests she had already found strongly favored dismissing. Nevertheless, the District
Court noted that the public interest factors also favored dismissing. Judge Nesbitt said she was "cognizant

of the backlog in Ecuador's court system" but noted that the damages issue was "very simple," and that the

Cedeno claims could be consolidated in Ecuador with the Broward cases. Id. at 10. The Court also noted

that Ecuador had an interest in trying cases that bore on Ecuador's air traffic control system, and that Ecuador

would be better able to cope with Spanish-speaking witnesses. Id. at 10-11.
        Finally, the Court noted that it would be possible to reinstate the case in Ecuador, since all defendants

had agreed to jurisdiction and service of process. The Court did not in this opinion discuss Law No. 55, since
it had not at that time been enacted.

                                                  Discussion

         A court of appeals reviews a dismissal based on forum non conveniens for abuse of discretion,

according the District Court " 'substantial deference.' " Republic of Panama v. BCCI Holdings (Luxembourg)

S.A., 119 F.3d 935, 951 (11th Cir.1997) (quoting Piper, 454 U.S. at 257, 102 S.Ct. 252). Factual

determinations are reviewed for clear error. Szumlicz v. Norwegian America Line, Inc., 698 F.2d 1192, 1196

(11th Cir.1983).

         Except in one particular, we agree with the District Court's summary of the law of forum non

conveniens. The moving party must demonstrate that (1) an adequate alternative forum is available, (2) the

public and private factors weigh in favor of dismissal, and (3) the plaintiff can reinstate his suit in the

alternative forum without undue inconvenience or prejudice. See Republic of Panama, 119 F.3d at 951; C.A.

La Seguridad v. Transytur Line, 707 F.2d 1304, 1307 (11th Cir.1983). As described more fully below,

balancing private interests requires determining the convenience of the parties, affording domestic plaintiffs

"a strong presumption" that their forum choice is sufficiently convenient, id. (internal quotation marks

omitted), and a weaker presumption applying in cases brought by foreign plaintiffs, Piper, 454 U.S. at 256,

102 S.Ct. 252. However, in stating that the balance of public interests was superfluous because such factors

enter the equation only when the private interest factors are at or near "equipoise," Cedeno op. at 3, see also

C.A. La Seguridad, 707 F.2d at 1307, Judge Nesbitt somewhat overstated the matter. As a leading

commentator has noted, even though the private factors are "generally considered more important" than the

public factors, the better rule is to consider both factors in all cases, 17 Moore's Federal Practice §

111.74[3][b] at 111-221 (3d ed.2000), and this has been our approach in recent cases, Satz v. McDonnell

Douglas Corp., 244 F.3d 1279, 1283-84 (11th Cir.2001).

        In challenging the District Court's application of these criteria, the Appellants dispute (a) the

adequacy of the Ecuadorian forum and (b) the District Court's balancing of the private interests.

A.      Availability and Adequacy of the Ecuadorian Forum

         A defendant has the burden of persuasion as to all elements of a forum non conviens motion,

including the burden of demonstrating that an adequate alternative forum is available. Republic of Panama,
119 F.3d at 951. Availability and adequacy warrant separate consideration. See Satz, 244 F.3d at 1283-84.

An alternative forum is "available" to the plaintiff when the foreign court can assert jurisdiction over the

litigation sought to be transferred. See Piper, 454 U.S. at 254 n. 22, 102 S.Ct. 252 (citation omitted)

("Ordinarily, [the requirement of an alternative forum] will be satisfied when the defendant is 'amenable to
process' in the other jurisdiction."). In the pending case, the dispute about whether Law No. 55 precludes

Ecuadorian courts from asserting jurisdiction over Plaintiffs' claims is a dispute about availability.

         A defendant also bears the burden of proving the "adequacy" of the alternative forum. See Satz, 244

F.3d at 1282 (defendant carried burden of proving Argentina was an adequate forum). In Piper, the Supreme

Court has noted that dismissal may be improper where "the remedy provided by the alternative forum is so

clearly inadequate or unsatisfactory that it is no remedy at all." 454 U.S. at 254, 102 S.Ct. 252. Courts have
been strict about requiring that defendants demonstrate that the alternative forum offers at least some relief.

See, e.g., Mercier v. Sheraton International, Inc., 935 F.2d 419, 425 (1st Cir.1991) (reversing forum non

conveniens dismissal required where defendant failed to prove "expressly that Turkish law recognizes claims

for breach of contract and tortious interference with contract").

        However, "[a]n adequate forum need not be a perfect forum," Satz, 244 F.3d at 1283, and courts have

not always required that defendants do much to refute allegations of partiality and inefficiency in the

alternative forum. As Judge Ryskamp has noted, the argument that the alternative forum is too corrupt to be

adequate "does not enjoy a particularly impressive track record." Eastman Kodak Co. v. Kavlin, 978 F.Supp.

1078, 1084 (S.D.Fla.1997). However, while "[s]ome inconvenience" to litigants does not indicate that a

forum is inadequate, Satz, 244 F.3d at 1283 (internal quotation marks omitted), courts have said that extreme

amounts of partiality or inefficiency may render the alternative forum inadequate. See, e.g., Bhatnagar v.

Surrendra Overseas Ltd., 52 F.3d 1220, 1227-31 (3d Cir.1995) (Indian forum was inadequate where delays

of up to 25 years were possible).

        The reluctance to hold an alternative forum inadequate on these grounds has manifested itself not

only in the degree of corruption or inefficiency that must be shown, but also in the allocation of the burdens
of proof. Some courts have said that an alternative forum is presumptively impartial and efficient, and have

put at least the burden of production on the plaintiff to show that this is not so. See, e.g., Vaz Borralho v.

Keydril Co., 696 F.2d 379, 393-94 (5th Cir.1983) ("the district court may presume that the foreign law is

adequate, unless the plaintiff makes some showing to the contrary, or unless conditions in the foreign forum
otherwise made known to the court, plainly demonstrate that the plaintiffs are highly unlikely to obtain basic

justice therein"), overruled on other grounds, In re Air Crash Disaster Near New Orleans, Louisiana on July

9, 1982, 821 F.2d 1147, 1163 n. 25 (5th Cir.1987); cf. El-Fadl v. Central Bank of Jordan, 75 F.3d 668, 678

(D.C.Cir.1996) (plaintiff's general allegations of lack of impartiality insufficient to make forum inadequate);

Mercier v. Sheraton International, Inc., 981 F.2d 1345, 1351 (1st Cir.1992) ("Mercier II ") (rejecting

plaintiffs' attack on Turkish courts' ability to treat women fairly, as not substantiated by any evidence). Going

further, the Second Circuit has said that "[c]onsiderations of comity preclude a court from adversely judging

the quality of a foreign justice system absent a showing of inadequate procedural safeguards," PT United Can

Co. v. Crown, Cork & Seal Co., 138 F.3d 65, 73 (2d Cir.1998), though more recently that court has indicated

a willingness to reject judgments of dysfunctional foreign legal systems, Bridgeway Corp. v. Citibank, 201

F.3d 134, 141-42 (2d Cir.2000) (declining to enforce judgment by Liberian court).

         In Eastman Kodak, the District Court for the Southern District of Florida determined that, where the

plaintiff had produced evidence of serious partiality in Bolivia, the defendants had failed to meet their burden

of persuading the Court that this evidence was incorrect, and that the forum was in fact adequate. 978 F.Supp.
at 1087.1 We think this was the correct approach: defendants have the ultimate burden of persuasion, but
only where the plaintiff has substantiated his allegations of serious corruption or delay. Thus, where the

allegations are insubstantially supported, as in Mercier II and El-Fadl, a District Court may reject them

without considering any evidence from the defendant. But where the plaintiff produces significant evidence
documenting the partiality or delay (in years) typically associated with the adjudication of similar claims, and
these conditions are so severe as to call the adequacy of the forum into doubt, then the defendant has the

burden to persuade the District Court that the facts are otherwise. See Eastman Kodak, 978 F.Supp. at 1087;

cf. Satz, 244 F.3d at 1283 (defendant's evidence was sufficient to sustain burden of demonstrating adequacy

of Argentine forum). This approach forbids dismissal to alternative forums that realistically are not capable

of producing a remedy for the plaintiff's injuries,2 without crediting cursory attacks on legal systems simply

    1
     In other cases where the alternative forum has been found to be potentially inadequate because of a
dysfunctional legal system, the burden of persuasion has not been clearly identified; in practice the
plaintiffs have usually come forward with some evidence. See, e.g., Bhatnagar, 52 F.3d at 1228.
    2
     A survey conducted by Prof. Robertson found that few dismissed cases are actually litigated to a
judgment in the alternative forum. David R. Robertson, Forum Non Conveniens in America and
England: "A Rather Fantastic Fiction",103 L.Q. Rev. 398, 419 (1987). Robertson reported that of the
eighty-five dismissals in his study, only three actually resulted in a judgment by a foreign court. See also
Dow Chemical Co. v. Castro Alfaro, 786 S.W.2d 674, 683 (Tex.1990) (Doggett, J., concurring) ("A
because they are somewhat slower or less elaborate than ours.
         Applying the foregoing approach to the pending case, we first consider whether the Ecuadorian

courts are available notwithstanding Law No. 55. In her opinion in the pending case, Judge Nesbitt explicitly

considered the one factor distinguishing the forum non conveniens claim in Leon from the prior claim in

Cedeno—the significance of Law No. 55. Law No. 55 provides that once a lawsuit is filed outside Ecuador,

"the national competence and the jurisdiction of the Ecuadorian Judges on the case will be terminated
forever." Judge Nesbitt determined that the Plaintiffs' Law No. 55 claim was defeated by the Portoviejo

appellate court's ruling that Law No. 55 did not apply to litigation dismissed from a foreign court on the

ground of forum non conveniens. While the Plaintiffs contend that there remains controversy in Ecuador

concerning Law No. 55, we cannot say that Judge Nesbitt's determination as to the current interpretation of

Law No. 55 in Ecuador was clearly erroneous. Nor is the alleged uncertainty over Law No. 55 an obstacle
to dismissal; the District Court would presumably reassert jurisdiction over the case in the event that

jurisdiction in the Ecuadorian courts is declined. See Gschwind v. Cessna Aircraft Co., 161 F.3d 602, 607

(10th Cir.1998) (conditions of dismissal included consent to reinstatement if jurisdiction in France was

declined).

         The next issue concerns the Plaintiffs' attack on the efficiency and impartiality of the Ecuadorian
courts. To meet their burden of production on this issue, the Plaintiffs rely entirely on the arguments and

affidavits submitted in the Cedeno action. The Plaintiffs' major allegation in Cedeno was that the judges of

Ecuador were out on strike and the 31 justices of the Supreme Court had been removed by the Congress.

However, Judge Nesbitt noted that as of the time of her ruling in Cedeno, "[t]he judges have returned to

work," "the instability has been resolved[,]" and "the Ecuadorian legal system is again functioning normally."

Cedeno op. at 4. The Plaintiffs do not contend on this appeal that these findings were clearly erroneous.3


forum non conveniens dismissal is often, in reality, a complete victory for the defendant.").
    3
     We note that since Judge Nesbitt's dismissal of Cedeno and the pending case, a district court in the
Southern District of New York sua sponte has raised the issue of the adequacy of Ecuador's legal system,
in considering whether to dismiss a case involving alleged complicity by the Ecuadorian government in
massive environmental torts. See Aguinda v. Texaco, Inc., No. 93 Civ. 7527(TSR) (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 31,
2000). The Court was concerned about a military coup that, eleven days prior to the writing of the
opinion, had overthrown the democratically elected president; the Court re-opened the record for
submissions on the adequacy of the Ecuadorian courts in the confused aftermath of the coup, but has so
far not issued a final ruling on the forum non conveniens motion. However, the Ecuadorian political
situation was much more relevant in that suit than in this case, which implicates no sovereign interests
and involves private parties only. Additionally, there is some reason to believe that the Ecuadorian
government has stabilized in the past year. See Pilar Valero, Ecuadorian Chief Faces Protests Like Those
         The Plaintiffs' other challenge in the Cedeno litigation to the adequacy of the Ecuadorian forum was

a claim of specific, chronic shortcomings with the Ecuadorian legal system. In the Cedeno record, affidavits

from observers of Ecuadorian courts identified these deficiencies: a lack of financial resources, illustrated

by the allocation to the courts of less than two percent of the national budget, the use of manual typewriters

in 90 percent of the courts, and the absence of computers in the trial courts; congestion and delays, illustrated
by case filings of one thousand lawsuits per judge, with disposition of 200-300 cases per judge; and backlogs,

illustrated by one commercial case that has been pending for 12 years.
         We do not believe this evidence is sufficient to satisfy the Plaintiffs' burden of production. While

the logistical and financial problems facing the Ecuadorian courts are undoubtedly substantial, the Plaintiffs

have not made a sufficient showing that such problems would preclude the fair and reasonably expeditious
adjudication of the simple damages issues presented by the pending case.4 Significantly, the Ecuadorian
courts handling claims by other Manta air crash victims have issued their jurisdictional rulings in short order,

and they appear to be taking submissions on the merits in at least one case (that of Ms. Roca, discussed
below) where Millon Air is disputing liability. On this record, the District Court did not exceed its discretion

in finding Ecuador to be an adequate forum.
B.       Balancing the Private and Public Interests
         "Private interests" include, in Justice Jackson's phrasing, "ease of access to sources of proof;

availability of compulsory process for attendance of unwilling, and the cost of obtaining attendance of
willing, witnesses ... and all other practical problems that make trial of a case easy, expeditious and

inexpensive." Gilbert, 330 U.S. at 508, 67 S.Ct. 839. As already noted, there is normally a strong



That Sparked Coup, EFE News Service, Jan. 22, 2001 (describing peaceful protests on anniversary of
coup, without backing from the armed forces).
     4
      The two percent allocation of the Ecuadorian national budget to the judiciary is insufficiently
probative of an inadequate forum when one considers that in the United States the federal judiciary's
budget is only two-tenths of one percent of the national budget. See Judith Resnik, Trial As Error,
Jurisdiction As Injury: Transforming the Meaning of Article III, 113 Harv. L.Rev. 924, 954 (2000).
Although there are few computers or electric typewriters in Ecuadorian courts, our courts dispensed
justice for nearly two centuries before the advent of electric typewriters and computers. The
identification of one long-delayed commercial case is not a persuasive basis to gauge the adequacy of
entire court system. Cf. United States v. Secretary of Housing and Urban Development, 239 F.3d 211 (2d
Cir.2001) (original complaint filed in 1980). The large number of filings is not remarkable either, as
some federal judges endure staggering numbers of annual filings, see Administrative Office of the United
States Courts, Judicial Business of the United States Courts, Table X-1A, at 388 (1999) (1,029 weighted
filings per judgeship in Southern District of California); id. at 387 (900 weighted filings per judgeship in
Western District of Texas).
presumption that the plaintiff has chosen a sufficiently convenient forum, and defendants in such cases are

required to prove "vexation" and "oppressiveness" that are "out of all proportion" to the plaintiff's

convenience. Piper, 454 U.S. at 241, 102 S.Ct. 252 (internal quotation marks omitted). However, the

presumption that a plaintiff has chosen a sufficiently convenient forum "weakens" when the plaintiff is a

foreigner litigating far from home, C.A. La Seguridad, 707 F.2d at 1308 n. 7, and in such cases plaintiff's

forum choice is accorded "less deference," Piper, 454 U.S. at 256, 102 S.Ct. 252.

         Yet even according Plaintiffs' forum choice at least the diminished presumption of convenience to

which it is entitled, the District Judge did not exceed her discretion in finding the private factors to weigh in
favor of dismissal. Judge Nesbitt's finding was premised on the Defendants' having conceded liability for the

crash in the Cedeno action, which meant that the only triable dispute was whether the deaths or injuries of

the Plaintiffs were caused by the crashing airplane or the impact of debris from it,5 and the extent of
damages.6 As Judge Nesbitt noted, the evidence necessary to litigate these matters was located in Ecuador

and was in the Spanish language. While the Plaintiffs have agreed to appear in the District Courts and to

assume the cost of deposing witnesses in Ecuador, cf. Peregrine Myanmar Ltd. v. Segal, 89 F.3d 41, 46 (2d

Cir.1996) (offer to transport witnesses offset inconvenience of witnesses' foreign location), the Plaintiffs' offer

did not extend to guaranteeing the presence in the United States of non-plaintiffs who could verify whether
in fact a plaintiff had been injured by the crash, and to the degree alleged. These persons will presumably
be among the key defense witnesses.

        We also note that the Plaintiffs have not challenged Judge Nesbitt's finding that the public interests

strongly favored dismissal. As she observed, the Ecuadorian courts are already hearing Manta crash cases,
and Ecuador has an interest in determining the extent of damages payable when planes crash in Ecuador on

Ecuadorian citizens. See Cedeno op. at 9. Since the Plaintiffs have not met their burden of producing

sufficient evidence that Ecuador is an inadequate forum, and since the Defendants have shown that Ecuador

is an available forum and that the public and private factors both weigh in favor of dismissal, Judge Nesbitt's

    5
     The damages determination will necessarily involve an issue of causation, not in the sense of
whether negligence caused the crash, but only in the sense of whether the crash caused the Plaintiff's
injuries.
    6
     The Plaintiffs contend that, despite the Defendants' admission of liability, evidence in Miami will be
relevant to the issue of comparative fault. However, the Defendants have made it clear that their
admission of liability is absolute, and are not claiming an apportionment for comparative fault. They also
point out that comparative fault is not recognized in Ecuador, and, in any event, would be an unlikely
defense to claims of people injured on the ground by a crashing airplane.
decision to dismiss was within her discretion (subject to the modification described below).
C.       Denial of a New Trial

         The Plaintiffs unsuccessfully sought to challenge the dismissal order by motion for a new trial under

Fed.R.Civ.P. 59 and 60(b), on the ground that Millon Air, despite its concession as to liability in Cedeno, had

disputed its liability to Rosa Amira Delgado Roca in an Ecuador court. The District Court properly denied

relief, noting that the concession as to liability applied only to plaintiffs in the Cedeno (and Leon ) litigation,

and that Roca was not among those plaintiffs.
D.       Conditions of the Dismissal

         Unlike the dismissal order in Cedeno, the dismissal order in the pending case (perhaps inadvertently)

did not recite the conditions to which the Defendants had agreed. We therefore modify the dismissal order

in this case, see 28 U.S.C. § 2106 (authority of appellate court to modify), to include the four conditions

recited in the Cedeno order. See Cedeno Order of January 12, 1998, at 12 (Concessions A-D). In addition,

because of the arguable uncertainty concerning the future interpretation of Law No. 55 in Ecuador, we further

modify the dismissal order in this case to provide that any case dismissed pursuant to the District Court's
order may be reinstated in the event that jurisdiction to entertain such a case is rejected by a final decision

of a court in Ecuador. See Gschwind, 161 F.3d at 607. We note that conditioning the dismissal does not

destroy finality, nor leave the case pending in the District Court. See Sigalas v. Lido Maritime, Inc., 776 F.2d

1512, 1515-16 (11th Cir.1985).
                                                   Conclusion

         The Order of the District Court dismissing on the ground of forum non conveniens is modified as

provided in this opinion, and, as modified, is affirmed. The Order denying a new trial is AFFIRMED.7




     7
     We also deny the Appellees' motion for counsel fees, which alleged that the Leon Plaintiffs have
failed to cite any part of the record in their appellate brief. That motion was referred to this panel. The
Plaintiffs have adequately indicated their reliance on the record in the Cedeno litigation, on which Judge
Nesbitt explicitly relied, and, especially since counsel for both sides were the same in both cases, the
Appellees have suffered no prejudice or added expense simply because the Cedeno affidavits were not
formally made part of the record in the Leon litigation.
