 Pursuant to Ind.Appellate Rule 65(D), this
 Memorandum Decision shall not be
 regarded as precedent or cited before any
 court except for the purpose of establishing
                                                       Aug 22 2014, 6:19 am
 the defense of res judicata, collateral
 estoppel, or the law of the case.




ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT:                           ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE:
BRYAN LEE CIYOU                                    MAUREEN E. GADDY
LORI B. SCHMELTZER                                 Gaddy & Gaddy
Ciyou & Dixon, P.C.                                Indianapolis, Indiana
Indianapolis, Indiana




                               IN THE
                     COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

ERIK A. LENNING,                                   )
                                                   )
       Appellant/Respondent,                       )
                                                   )
               vs.                                 )       No. 49A02-1312-DR-1009
                                                   )
WENDY K. SHORT                                     )
                                                   )
       Appellee/Petitioner.                        )


                     APPEAL FROM THE MARION SUPERIOR COURT
                      The Honorable Victoria M. Ransberger, Magistrate
                            Cause No. 49D01-0206-DR-001016


                                         August 22, 2014

                MEMORANDUM DECISION - NOT FOR PUBLICATION

VAIDIK, Chief Judge
                                         Case Summary

       After more than ten years of litigation, the Marion Superior Court dissolved the

marriage of Erik A. Lenning (“Father”) and Wendy K. Short (“Mother”) and granted sole

legal and physical custody of the parties’ two children to Mother. Father appeals, arguing

that the trial court abused its discretion by granting Mother sole custody. Concluding that

the trial court did not abuse its discretion, we affirm.

                                 Facts and Procedural History

       Mother and Father were married in 2000 and their son B.L. was born in late 2000.

The parties separated in 2002 and filed for dissolution a short time later.

       When dissolution proceedings began, Father was incarcerated and Mother had a

protective order against him. In July 2002 the trial court entered preliminary orders

granting Mother custody of B.L. and awarding Father supervised parenting time. After

nearly three years in delays, a final hearing was set for July 2005. But Mother and Father

reconciled in early 2005, and their second child, D.L., was born. The reconciliation was

short-lived, and the parties separated again. Around this time, Father alleged that Mother

was abusing drugs, and in December 2005, Mother tested positive for cocaine. As a

result, the trial court granted Father temporary custody of B.L. Because D.L.’s paternity

had not been established,1 D.L. remained in Mother’s care, and Mother completed a drug-

rehabilitation program. In 2008, after years of additional litigation and continuances




       1
        It appears there was some dispute about D.L.’s paternity; genetic testing was ordered in early
2006. Appellant’s App. p. 6 (CCS).

                                                  2
sought by both parties—D.L.’s paternity was established during this time—the parties

agreed that Father would have temporary custody of both children.

       In 2009 Father filed notice of his intent to relocate to Michigan. Mother

challenged Father’s relocation, but the trial court ultimately permitted Father to relocate

with the children, and the court granted Mother parenting time. At this point, Father

began to interfere with Mother’s relationship with the children by limiting Mother’s

contact with the children. In 2012 Mother sought temporary custody of the children.

After a number of continuances, hearings were set for 2013, and a custody evaluation was

ordered.2 Because the parties were still married, these hearings also served as final

hearings in the ongoing dissolution matter.

       At the first hearing, Dr. John Ehrmann, who had recently performed a custody

evaluation, testified at length about the acrimonious relationship between Mother and

Father and the children’s well-being. Dr. Ehrmann began by addressing Father’s

interference with Mother’s relationship with the children, saying that Father would

frequently ignore Mother’s phone calls. Tr. p. 25. When Mother reached the children on

the phone, they would be punished for speaking to her. Id. at 42. On other occasions,

Mother would make plans with Father to travel to Michigan, but once she arrived, Father

would not let her see the children. Id. Father reported to Dr. Ehrmann that “in his

opinion [Mother] didn’t need to talk with the children, didn’t need to see the children and

[] he would be particularly pleased if she, in essence, ceased to exist and was not going to




       2
           This was the third custody evaluation ordered in this case.
                                                      3
be a part of their lives.” Id. at 27. To this end, Father told the children that Mother was

dead. Id. at 43, 56. Father also instructed the children to call Mother by other names.

       Despite Father’s interference, Mother continued to send cards and gifts to the

children, many of which were refused by Father. Id. at 27-28. The children reported that

they “rarely heard from their mother, she rarely called, they rarely received things from

her and . . . anything they didn’t receive from her, their father th[rew] away.” Id. at 28.

Yet on occasion, Father would contact Mother and ask for financial help. In response to

one such request, Mother sent Father $1000 for his heating bill. Id. at 29.

       Dr. Ehrmann described meeting with the children over the course of several

months, and testified that he was increasingly troubled by their behavior:

       [T]hey are caught in the middle of as much conflict as I’ve seen in . . . a
       long time. That is extremely difficult for children. It’s very confusing, it’s
       unsettling. Uh, when I saw the boys in the last month twice, their anxiety
       and apprehension about what’s going on in Michigan has increased
       significantly, they were tearful, they were afraid, they were upset and they
       were pleading with me not to have to go back.

Id. at 48. The doctor explained that pre-teen B.L. reported an incident in which, after he

wet his bed, Father “hit him so hard in the face, it knocked him to the floor and his ear

was ringing and he couldn’t hear for a while.” Id. at 57. After this incident, B.L. was

forced to sleep on the floor because “he didn’t deserve a bed.” Id. B.L. said that he was

afraid Father might kill him. Id. at 58. B.L. also told Dr. Ehrmann that he “really get[s]

in trouble with [Father] if [Mother] calls,” and that he was afraid to talk to Mother on the

phone” because Father “gets mad at me and he screams ‘[Mother’s] a f****** liar and a

b****.’” Id. at 61. When talking about the future, both boys began “rocking back and



                                             4
forth on the couch, starting to cry, begging me not to go back [to Michigan]—pleading

literally.” Id. at 59.

       Dr. Ehrmann ultimately recommended that Mother have primary custody of the

children:

       I felt that this was a very, very clear-cut case. I was very concerned about
       Father’s attitude about Mother and his continuing refusal to include Mother
       in the lives of his children. Um, and [I] felt that there were other factors
       here that led me to endorse Mother as the most appropriate choice as a . . .
       primary custodial parent.

Id. at 49. Dr. Ehrmann recommended that Father have parenting time with the children.

At the conclusion of the first hearing, based on the doctor’s testimony, the trial court

decided to place the children with Mother until the next hearing, and the court granted

Father parenting time. A few weeks after the first hearing, the trial court learned that

Michigan child-protective services had begun investigating Father. After speaking with

counsel by phone, the trial court required Father’s parenting time to be supervised.

Appellant’s App. p. 28 (CCS). Father’s counsel later requested that the supervised

parenting time take place at Kids’ Voice. Id.

       At the next hearing six months later, Dr. Ehrmann told the court that the boys were

improving, saying that they had settled in very comfortably, though they had some

ongoing nightmares. Id. at 396. Their relationship with Father was strained—both boys

had reported to Dr. Ehrmann that Father called them, but “he is often angry, [and] yells at

them, [and] sometimes uses bad language . . . .” Id. They also reported being afraid that

Father would kidnap them. Id. at 397. The children told the doctor that they were happy




                                            5
living with Mother and did not want to return to Michigan. Id. at 397. They had not seen

Father since they began living with Mother.

       Mother and Father also testified. Mother admitted that she tested positive for

cocaine in 2002, but she provided evidence of regular drug screens showing no other

drug use. Id. at 315. She confirmed Dr. Ehrmann’s testimony about Father’s interference

with her relationship with the children, saying that Father thwarted her attempts to see the

boys and would berate her when she called them on the phone. Id. at 324-26. Mother

also talked about the children’s progress since coming to live with her. She had enrolled

the children in school and counseling, and both children were seeing a physician for

bedwetting, which had greatly improved. Id. at 339-42. Mother testified that she had

arranged to pay the fees necessary to begin Father’s supervised visitation at Kids’ Voice.

Id. at 329-30. Father testified that he did not know about Mother’s offer to pay the initial

costs of supervised visitation. He denied many of Dr. Ehrmann’s statements about his

attitude toward Mother and expressed concern about her ability to care for the children.

       The trial court took the matter under advisement. In December 2013 the trial court

issued its decree of dissolution. After setting forth the entire case history, the court

granted Mother sole physical and legal custody of the children, holding in relevant part:

       14. After careful consideration and hours of testimony with review of all
       the custody and [guardian ad litem] reports, the Court finds that it is in the
       best interests of the minor children, [B.L.] and [D.L.], that sole custody is
       granted to Mother. These parties cannot work together or make decisions
       together. Father has attempted to alienate the children by telling them that
       [Mother] is dead, failing to list her on any school documents, failing to
       allow her parenting time in Michigan, and failing to keep her informed of
       virtually anything regarding the children. When Father was confronted
       regarding telling the children that Mother was dead, he told the children to


                                              6
       call [] Mother by her first name . . . and refer to Father’s girlfriend as
       ‘mom.’

       15. The evaluation by Dr. Ehrmann is chilling in the description of the
       boys’ fear of [] Father, the treatment of the children at the hands of Father,
       and the absolute conviction expressed by Dr. Ehrmann that the children
       should not be returned to Father.

       16. Father was ordered to have supervised parenting time at Kids’ Voice
       following the first day of trial in April 2013. He failed to complete the
       intake and has not made any effort to see his children in months. Father
       wants this court to believe that because the [Michigan child-protective
       services] investigation of his home and alleged physical abuse of the boys
       was unsubstantiated, he should have the boys back in his care.

       17. The actions by Father towards his minor children have endangered the
       minor children’s health and have significantly endangered their emotional
       development. Granting Father unsupervised parenting time pursuant to the
       Indiana Parenting Time Guidelines would continue to endanger the minor
       children’s health and significantly endanger their emotional development.
       Based on the above, the Court grants Father [supervised] parenting time
       subject to the following conditions . . . .

Appellant’s App. p. 35-36. Father was ordered to pay $108 per week in child support.

Id. at 37. The trial court also divided the parties’ marital property and dissolved the

marriage. Id. at 39.

       Father now appeals.

                                Discussion and Decision

       Father contends that the trial court applied the wrong legal standard in determining

custody. He also argues that the court abused its discretion by awarding Mother

sole custody of the children.

       A trial court’s custody determination is afforded considerable deference as it is the

trial court that sees the parties, observes their conduct and demeanor, and hears their

testimony. Trost-Steffen v. Steffen, 772 N.E.2d 500, 509 (Ind. Ct. App. 2002), trans.

                                             7
denied. We do not reweigh the evidence, determine the credibility of witnesses, or

substitute our judgment for that of the trial court. Id. We will not reverse the trial court’s

custody determination unless it is clearly against the logic and effect of the facts and

circumstances before the court or the reasonable inferences drawn therefrom. Id.

                                    I. Applicable Standard

       The trial court concluded that this was an initial custody determination. Father

contends that this was error. He argues that the court should have applied the custody-

modification standard because “the children effectively had a permanent custody

determination years prior . . . .” Appellant’s Br. p. 21.

       The difference between the two standards is significant. In an initial custody

determination, there is no presumption for either parent, and the trial court’s

determination is based on the best interests of the child. Id. In a custody-modification

case, the party seeking to modify custody bears the burden of demonstrating that the

existing custody should be altered. Apter v. Ross, 781 N.E.2d 744, 758 (Ind. Ct. App.

2003), trans. denied.

       Although this litigation has lasted more than ten years, during that time, only

temporary custody orders have been entered. Thus, the trial court properly applied the

initial-custody-determination standard. When making an initial custody determination, a

trial court must consider all evidence dating back to the child’s birth in determining what

custody arrangement would be in the children’s best interests. Hughes v. Rogusta, 830

N.E.2d 898, 902 (Ind. Ct. App. 2005). Father contends that if the initial-custody-

determination standard applies, the trial court applied it incorrectly by considering only


                                              8
recent events, particularly those after 2009. The trial court indeed stated at the hearings

that it was “more concerned about what’s been happening since . . . 2009,” Tr. p. 84, and

its final order indicates that it considered that time frame at length. But the final order

also reflects the court’s consideration of the entire case history, including the years that

Father had temporary custody of the children. The court did not err in emphasizing recent

events; Father moved to Michigan in 2009 and after the move, he began to interfere with

Mother’s relationship with the children. Given the importance of these events and their

troublesome effect on the children, it was simply not unreasonable for the trial court to

find this time period to be particularly relevant to its analysis. We find no error here.

                                      II. Custody Determination

        Father also contends that the trial court erred by granting sole custody to Mother.3

He claims that the children’s best interests are served by placement with him.

        When making a custody determination, the trial court must consider a number of

factors, including the child’s age, the wishes of the parents, the child’s wishes, the

relationship the child has with his or her parents, sibling(s), and others, the child’s

adjustment to home, school, and community, the mental and physical health of all

involved, any evidence of domestic or family violence, and any evidence that the child

has been cared for by a de facto custodian. See Ind. Code § 31-17-2-8.

        The record supports the trial court’s conclusion that the children’s interests are

best served by granting Mother sole custody. For years, when the children were young,


        3
          Father also argues that four of the trial court’s findings—findings 14, 15, 16, and 17—are not
supported by the evidence. Having thoroughly reviewed Father’s claims, it is clear that these findings are
supported by the evidence. Father’s claims to the contrary are merely requests for this Court to reweigh
the evidence, which we may not do. See Trost-Steffen, 772 N.E.2d at 509.
                                                    9
Father had custody of them, and Mother exercised regular parenting time. After 2005,

Mother’s parenting time was supervised because of a positive drug test. Father and the

boys moved to Michigan in 2009, and Father began to limit Mother’s contact with the

children—Father would ignore Mother’s phone calls, and when Mother reached the

children on the phone, they would be punished for speaking to her. On many occasions,

Mother traveled to Michigan to see the children, but once she arrived, Father would not

let her see them. Father reported to Dr. Ehrmann that “in his opinion [Mother] didn’t

need to talk with the children, didn’t need to see the children and [] he would be

particularly pleased if she, in essence, ceased to exist and was not going to be a part of

their lives.” Father told the children that Mother was dead, and other occasions he

encouraged the children to call Mother by other names. Despite this, Mother continued

to send cards and gifts to the children. Father refused or threw away many of these items.

       At the time of the hearings, Dr. Ehrmann expressed concern about the children’s

emotional health, describing them as anxious and apprehensive. Both boys begged Dr.

Ehrmann not to return to Michigan. B.L., the parties’ older son, described an incident in

which Father struck him, knocking him to the floor. B.L. told Dr. Ehrmann that he was

afraid Father might kill him. Dr. Ehrmann ultimately recommended that Mother have

primary custody of the children, and after the first hearing, the trial court decided to place

the children with Mother until the next hearing. The boys had improved by the time of

the next hearing, six months later, and they had settled in comfortably with Mother.

Their relationship with Father was strained—both boys reported that when Father called

them, “he is often angry, [and] yells at them, [and] sometimes uses bad language . . . .”


                                             10
The children—now thirteen and eight—told the doctor that they were happy living with

Mother and did not want to return to Michigan.

      Though Father had custody of the children for many years, he had, over time,

attempted to sever the bond between Mother and the children. The children had become

emotionally distraught; they expressed their fear of Father and their desire to live with

Mother, and Dr. Ehrmann expressed serious concern about their wellbeing in Father’s

care. In the face of this evidence, Father argues that the children are adjusted to their

home, school, and community in Michigan, and he claims that he is better equipped to

care for the boys. He also argues that Mother has acted erratically over the years and

reminds the court of Mother’s single positive drug test in 2005. Father’s arguments are

an invitation to reweigh the evidence, which we may not do. See Trost-Steffen, 772

N.E.2d at 509. We cannot say, in light of all the evidence presented, that the trial court

erred in granting Mother sole custody of the children.

      Affirmed.

FRIEDLANDER, J., and MAY, J., concur.




                                            11
