2014 VT 39


Hamet v. Baker (2013-220)
 
2014 VT 39
 
[Filed 25-Apr-2014]
 
NOTICE:  This opinion is subject
to motions for reargument under V.R.A.P. 40 as well as formal revision before
publication in the Vermont Reports.  Readers are requested to notify the
Reporter of Decisions by email at: JUD.Reporter@state.vt.us or by mail at: Vermont
Supreme Court, 109 State Street, Montpelier, Vermont 05609-0801, of any errors
in order that corrections may be made before this opinion goes to press.
 
 

2014 VT 39

 

No. 2013-220

 

Daniel Hament 


Supreme Court


 


 


 


On Appeal from


     v.


Superior Court, Chittenden Unit,


 


Family Division


 


 


Laura Baker


January Term, 2014


 


 


 


 


Linda
  Levitt, J.


 

Matthew J. Buckley, Williston, for Plaintiff-Appellee.
 
Nanci A. Smith of Nanci A. Smith, PLLC, Williston, for
Defendant-Appellant.
 
 
PRESENT:  Reiber, C.J., Dooley, Skoglund, Robinson and
Crawford, JJ.
 
 
¶ 1.            
CRAWFORD, J.  The only issue in this contested divorce was which
spouse should receive the family dog.  Belle is an eleven-year-old German
wirehaired pointer who is greatly loved by husband and wife.  The parties have
no minor children, and they were able to reach an agreement on the division of
their property and other financial issues.  They came to the final
hearing for a ruling on which one of them would receive the dog in the divorce
decree. 
¶ 2.            
Prior to the hearing, counsel for the parties met with the family court
to discuss the criteria the court would apply in assigning the dog to one party
or the other.  The court stated that the primary factor for its decision
would be which spouse was most active in caring for the dog during the
marriage.  The court also stated that the family division would not enforce a
shared visitation schedule even if the parties agreed to it. 
¶ 3.            
During the hearing, both parties testified to their strong emotional
ties to the dog and to the care that each spouse provides.  Husband is a
veterinarian and takes the dog to work with him.  Wife spends time
walking the dog in the woods near her home and is very involved in daily care
of the dog.  
¶ 4.            
At the conclusion of the hearing, the court awarded the dog to husband.  It
found that either party would provide the dog with a good life.  It gave a
slight edge to husband because the dog is accustomed to the routine of going to
the clinic every day.  The court balanced that factor against the dog’s
familiarity with the marital home, which the parties agreed wife would receive
as part of the property settlement.  It found that husband “treats the dog like
a dog,” while wife is more doting and treats the dog like a child.  The court concluded
that the dog would do better with husband’s balanced attitude towards the
animal.  
¶ 5.            
On appeal, wife claims that the court erred in refusing to consider
allocating the dog to both spouses in a joint arrangement.  She argues
that the finding that favored husband’s attitude towards the dog was not
supported by the evidence and that this finding provided an arbitrary basis for
the award.  She also argues that the court failed to follow its own criteria
announced before trial and failed to enforce the parties’ temporary agreement
to share their time with the dog.  
¶ 6.            
We affirm the family court decision on two grounds.  The factors
identified and considered by the court in allocating the dog were appropriate. 
The court was also correct in its statement that the family division cannot
enforce a visitation or shared custody order for animals.  
¶ 7.            
Section 751 of Title 15 gives the family court authority to order an
equitable division of marital property after considering all relevant factors. 
“As we have often noted, property division is not an exact science, and the
trial court has broad discretion in considering the statutory factors and
fashioning an appropriate order.”  Cabot v. Cabot, 166 Vt. 485, 500, 697
A.2d 644, 654 (1997).  “The court need not specify the weight given to each
factor, but is required only to provide a clear statement as to what was
decided and why.”  Jakab v. Jakab, 163 Vt. 575, 585, 664 A.2d 261, 267
(1995). 
I. 
Allocation of the Dog
¶ 8.            
This Court has consistently ruled that pet animals are property.  Scheele
v. Dustin, 2010 VT 45, ¶ 8, 188 Vt. 36, 998 A.2d 967; see also Goodby
v. Vetpharm, Inc., 2009 VT 52, ¶ 7, 186 Vt. 63, 974 A.2d 1269 (holding
that no tort recovery allowed for emotional damages following loss of pet). 
But pets are different from other property.  They are alive and form emotional
attachments with their owners that run in both directions.  Their long and
intimate association with people gives rise to special concerns for their
well-being and humane treatment.  See, e.g., 13 V.S.A. §§ 351-400
(prohibiting cruelty to animals); 15 V.S.A. § 1103(c)(2)(G) (permitting
court to include provisions concerning the possession, care and control of
family pet in fashioning domestic relief-from-abuse order); 20 V.S.A. §§ 3901-3915
(regulating sale and euthanasia of animals).  In most cases, they have little
or no market value, but we spend generously to feed and care for them.  See Morgan
v. Kroupa, 167 Vt. 99, 103, 702 A.2d 630, 633 (noting that value of most
pets is primarily emotional rather than financial).  As this case illustrates,
they frequently become close companions and an important part of daily life for
countless owners.    
¶ 9.            
In considering pets as a special category of property, we have
previously announced common law rules to govern issues of ownership.  In the
case of lost pets, for example, we have held that “the finder of a lost pet
[who] makes a reasonable effort to locate its owner, and responsibly cares for
the animal over a reasonably extensive period of time,” may acquire title which
is superior to that of the original owner.  Id. at 104, 702 A.2d at
633.  The finder of a lost ring has no such rights.  See id. at 103, 702
A.2d at 633 (contrasting ordinary lost property rules with rules for lost
pets).  Morgan recognized the emotional value of a dog—both to the loser
and to the finder—as well as the value our society places on the humane
treatment of animals.  Id.  The dog in that case remained “property,”
but his disposition was governed by concerns for animal welfare.  Id. at
104-05, 702 A.2d at 634. 
¶ 10.        
The treatment of pets under the divorce statute presents a similar
problem.  We hold first that the allocation of a pet in a divorce is subject to
15 V.S.A. § 751.  In contrast to a child, a pet is not subject to a
custody award following a determination of its best interests.  Because a pet
is property, the family division must assign it to one party or the other. 
Like other aspects of the property division, the assignment is final and
generally not subject to modification. See Viskup v. Viskup, 149 Vt. 89,
90, 539 A.2d 554, 555-56 (1987) (stating that property division order is final
and not modifiable in most cases).
¶ 11.        
Few of the statutory factors which appear in § 751(b) apply to the equitable
distribution of a pet.  These factors relate primarily to property as a source
of income and material advantage.  15 V.S.A. § 751(b).  The tenth
statutory factor—“the party through whom the property was acquired”—could apply
in the case of a pet obtained by one spouse alone, but the evidence in this
case is that Belle was placed with both husband and wife through a pet adoption
process.  15 V.S.A. § 751(b)(10). 
¶ 12.        
The family division is not limited to considering the factors enumerated
in § 751(b).  See 15 V.S.A. § 751(b) (“In making a property
settlement the court may consider all relevant factors, including [the
statutory criteria].”).  The statute permits the consideration of additional
relevant factors.  
¶ 13.        
In the case of pets, we hold that the family division may consider other
factors not set out in the statute: the welfare of the animal and the emotional
connection between the animal and each spouse.  These factors underlie our
animal welfare laws and our case law, which recognizes the value of the bond
between the animal and its owner.  See Morgan, 167 Vt. at 103, 702 A.2d at
633 (“Like most pets, [a dog’s] worth is not primarily financial, but
emotional; its value derives from the animal’s relationship with its
human companions.”).  Evidence concerning welfare of the animal includes evidence
about its daily routine, comfort, and care.  Evidence concerning the emotional
connection may include testimony about the role of the animal in the lives of
the spouses.  
¶ 14.        
In this case, the parties were afforded an opportunity to put on
evidence regarding both factors without restriction.  Despite the family court’s
statement prior to trial that it was primarily concerned about which spouse
provided the most care for the animal, the testimony included a full account of
the important role that the dog plays in the lives of both spouses.  Facts
concerning Belle’s welfare and her emotional connection with husband and wife
were fully developed through the testimony of the parties and others.  The
testimony included a detailed description of Belle’s typical day and of her
veterinary needs, now and in the future.  Husband and wife were both candid in
their description of the dog’s role in assuaging the loneliness and dislocation
each has experienced during the divorce.  The judge acknowledged her devotion
to her own dog and showed an ability to understand the importance of Belle to
both parties.  
¶ 15.        
The court’s oral decision primarily reflected its concern for the welfare
of the animal.  The court found in favor of husband on the basis of evidence
that Belle’s long-standing routine includes spending most days of the week at
the veterinarian clinic where she has the run of the place.  The court
considered the emotional connection between the dog and its owners and
concluded that husband showed the right “balance” while wife treated the dog
like a child.  
¶ 16.        
The court clearly understood that both parties had a strong emotional
connection with the dog.  The judge noted, for example, that she thought that
“you both obviously adore this dog” and “you both do everything for [Belle].”  Since
the record was undisputed that both parties were extremely attached to the dog,
it would have been difficult to determine which spouse had the stronger
connection.  While the family court could consider both welfare and emotional
ties in awarding the dog to one of the parties, it had discretion to decide
what weight to give to these factors.  Wade v. Wade, 2005 VT 72, ¶ 13,
178 Vt. 189, 878 A.2d 303.
¶ 17.        
The family court recognized how much the dog means to both parties.  It
is clear that her primary concern was the treatment of the dog.  This was an appropriate
factor upon which to base the decision.  The court’s specific findings about Belle
and her owners are supported by the evidence.  The factors the court considered—the
dog’s welfare and its emotional relationship with the parties—are the same
factors that we recognize today as appropriate for the resolution of similar
questions in the future.  Accordingly, we affirm the court’s decision to assign
ownership of the dog to husband.  
II.
Enforcement of Visitation Orders
¶ 18.        
It is not uncommon for divorcing couples to share time with their pets
voluntarily.   In this case, prior to the final hearing, the parties followed a
detailed temporary schedule.  Husband may decide to permit wife to spend time
with Belle in the future.  
¶ 19.        
We disagree, however, with wife’s contention that the court had
authority to impose an enforceable visitation order for the dog.  An order of
property division is final and not subject to modification.  Viskup, 149
Vt. at 90, 539 A.2d at 555-56.  In contrast to enforcement of other kinds of
property division orders, enforcement of an order requiring ongoing sharing of
a family companion animal would require the power of modification, since the
animal’s well-being in the context of changing circumstances could be a
substantial factor in the analysis.  Unlike child custody matters, there is no
legislative authority for the court to play a continuing role in the
supervision of the parties with respect to the care and sharing of a companion
animal.  Divorce has few concrete advantages for the parties, but one of the
greatest is that they are no longer compelled to be in contact over the care
and use of their property or the way they spend their time.[*] 
Accordingly, we agree with the court below that even if submitted by
stipulation, an agreement to share custody of the family dog or other pet would
be unenforceable in the family division.  
Affirmed. 
 
 

 


 


FOR THE COURT:


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


Associate
  Justice

 


[*]
We express no opinion as to whether a private agreement to share time with a
dog could be the subject of a civil lawsuit.  The enforcement of such
agreements falls outside of the jurisdiction of the family division over the
distribution of marital property and is not presented in this case.


