Filed 5/30/18
                CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                 SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT

                       DIVISION THREE

 In re the Marriage of SUMMER and             B276665
 ROBERT TURFE.
 _____________________________________        (Los Angeles County
                                              Super. Ct. No. BD561532)
 SUMMER TURFE,

         Respondent,

         v.

 ROBERT TURFE,

         Appellant.



      APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Los
Angeles County, Christine Byrd and Michael E. Whitaker,
Judges. Affirmed.
      Law Offices of Marjorie G. Fuller and Marjorie G. Fuller;
Freid and Goldsman and Marci R. Levine; Turfe Law and
Edward M. Turfe for Appellant.
      Honey Kessler Amado for Respondent.
                   _________________________
       Robert Turfe (husband) appeals a judgment of dissolution
of marriage as to status only. The judgment terminated his
marriage to Summer Turfe (wife) and reserved jurisdiction over
all other issues.1
       Husband contends the trial court erred in denying his
request for an annulment. He asserts wife defrauded him by
falsely promising at the time of the marriage to be bound by the
“mahr agreement” that they entered into in accordance with
Islamic law.2 The parties’ mahr agreement provided that wife
would receive a copy of the Quran in the event of a divorce. The
parties disagree as to whether the mahr agreement precluded
wife from obtaining any other property in the event of a divorce,
and the expert testimony at trial was in conflict with respect to
the proper interpretation of the mahr agreement.
       Following a bifurcated trial, the trial court concluded that
it was not persuaded by clear and convincing evidence that wife

1      A “status only” dissolution judgment is immediately
appealable as a final judgment on the issue of dissolution of
marital status. (Fam. Code, § 2337, subd. (a) [early and separate
trial on dissolution of marital status]; In re Marriage of Fink
(1976) 54 Cal.App.3d 357, 366; In re Marriage of Eben-King &
King (2000) 80 Cal.App.4th 92, 116; Eisenberg, Cal. Prac. Guide:
Civil Appeals & Writs (The Rutter Group 2017) § 2:62 – 2:63,
pp. 2-47 – 2-48.)

      All further statutory references are to the Family Code,
unless otherwise specified.
2     A mahr agreement “is an agreement based on Islamic law
under which a husband agrees to pay a dowry to his wife.
Generally, there is a short-term portion and a long-term portion.
The short-term portion is due immediately. The long-term
portion is the amount that the wife is entitled to take with her in


                                 2
had intentionally misrepresented her intention to be bound by
the mahr agreement in order to induce husband to enter into the
marriage. Instead, the trial court found that the parties simply
had different interpretations of the mahr agreement, which they
did not discuss with one another, and that husband made the
assumption that wife shared his interpretation of the agreement.
      We conclude substantial evidence supports the trial court’s
determination, and we therefore uphold the trial court’s decision
which denied husband’s request for an annulment based on
fraud, and instead, entered a judgment of dissolution of marriage.
       FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
      The parties were married in 2000. Their first child was
born in 2002, and their second child was born in 2005.
      1. Pleadings.
      In March 2012, wife filed a petition for marital dissolution.
      In May 2012, husband filed a response to the petition,
claiming as his separate property his post-separation earnings
and accumulations,3 as well as other separate property assets not
yet known. He also pled “[t]here are community and quasi-
community assets and obligations of the parties, the exact nature
and extent of which are unknown to [him] at the present time.”
      In January 2014, husband filed an amended response to
the petition, requesting an annulment of the marriage based on
fraud, and requesting specific performance of the mahr


the event of a divorce.” (In re Marriage of Obaidi and Qayoum
(2010) 154 Wash.App. 609, 612 [226 P.3d 787].) In the mahr
agreement at issue here, the short-term portion was five gold
coins and the long-term portion was a copy of the Quran.
3     The date of separation is in dispute.



                                 3
agreement. Husband’s amended response denied the existence of
any community property and requested that all his earnings and
accumulations during the purported marriage be confirmed as his
separate property.
       2. Bifurcated trial on the issues of nullity of marriage and
validity and enforceability of the mahr agreement as a premarital
agreement.
       The matter proceeded to a bifurcated trial on the issues of
whether husband was entitled to an annulment, and whether the
mahr agreement was a valid and enforceable premarital
agreement that would limit the property to which wife would be
entitled in the event of a divorce.
       In seeking an annulment, husband asserted that wife
fraudulently induced him to enter into the marriage by
pretending to accept the mahr agreement when, in fact, she never
intended to be bound by it. Husband testified that, as a devout
Muslim, he would never have married wife if he had known that
she considered the mahr agreement to be purely symbolic and
that she never intended to be bound by it in the event of divorce.
       The focus of the trial was Exhibit 300, a document signed
by the parties at the time of marriage. The document was a form
agreement prepared by the Islamic Center of America in Detroit,
Michigan, where the parties were married. The form was
primarily in Arabic and provided spaces for information to be
entered, such as the names of the bride and groom, the names of
their parents, and the name of the imam performing the
marriage ceremony. The form was filled in by an imam of the
Islamic Center and was signed by each of the parties. The title of
the document was translated from Arabic to English as
“Marriage Certificate.” At issue was the section entitled “Dowry”



                                4
(as translated from Arabic to English). This portion of the
marriage certificate is referred to as the mahr agreement. The
certified translation of the subject mahr agreement stated as
follows: “5 Golden coins[4] paid in advance and a copy of Quran
deferred.”
       The parties agreed that the mahr agreement is an essential
element of an Islamic marriage, but disagreed as to its meaning
and significance. Wife contended the mahr agreement is a
traditional part of the wedding ceremony and that its terms are
merely symbolic. Husband’s position was that the mahr
agreement is an enforceable contract that specifies the entirety of
the property that wife will receive in the event of a divorce.
       Both parties called religious scholars as expert witnesses
regarding the mahr agreement. Husband’s expert was Imam
Hassan Qazwini from the Islamic Center of America, who
officiated at the parties’ wedding. Wife’s expert was
Dr. Muzammil Siddiqi, an imam at the Islamic Society of Orange
County. According to both experts, a mahr agreement is required
in order for a marriage to be valid under Islamic law. Both
experts also testified that they would not perform an Islamic
wedding absent a mahr agreement.
       The experts disagreed, however, with respect to the impact
of the mahr agreement on wife’s entitlement to any other
property upon dissolution. Dr. Siddiqi testified there is a
difference of opinion among Islamic scholars with respect to the
interpretation of the mahr agreement, and that he disagreed with


4     Witnesses alternatively referred to the consideration as
“5 golden liras,” but the varying translations have no bearing on
the issues before us.



                                 5
the position that a wife “only gets what is written on that
document at divorce and [not] anything else.” Imam Qazwini, in
contrast, testified that pursuant to the parties’ mahr agreement,
wife was entitled to five gold coins at the time of the marriage,
and a copy of the Quran at the time of divorce, and “that’s all
she’s entitled to out of their property.”
       3. Statement of decision.
       After the matter was submitted, the trial court ruled in
relevant part:
       The fact that the mahr agreement was a critical personal
issue for husband did not change the fact that, if accepted, his
argument would invalidate the parties’ marriage based solely on
something required by his religious beliefs but not required
under California law. Annulment on such grounds is prohibited
by section 420, subdivision (c).5
       The trial court further found: “If the religious aspect is
ignored and only the subject matter is considered – property
division in the event of divorce – still it is not a proper basis for
annulment because it is a subject on which California law does
not require any agreement at the time of marriage. While
California law allows for a premarital agreement on property
division in the event of divorce, . . . such an agreement is not
required for a marriage to be valid under California law.
[Husband’s] position would make it a requirement simply
because it was important to him personally. Grounds for
annulment are limited to matters that go to the essence of the


5    Section 420 states at subdivision (c): “A contract of
marriage, if otherwise duly made, shall not be invalidated for
want of conformity to the requirements of any religious sect.”



                                  6
marital relationship and do not include all matters, regardless of
personal importance. [¶] . . . . [T]he Court finds that neither the
Mahr Agreement, nor any fraud in connection with it, goes to the
essence of the marital relationship. Consequently, [husband’s]
claim of fraud with respect to the Mahr Agreement, even if
proved, does not provide grounds for annulment, however
important the Mahr Agreement was to [husband] personally.”
       The trial court further found that husband’s evidence of
fraud was insufficient. It stated: “[E]ven if the Mahr Agreement
could constitute grounds for fraud, having heard the testimony of
both parties and other witnesses and considered their credibility,
the Court is not persuaded by clear and convincing evidence that
[wife] intentionally misrepresented her intentions under the
Mahr Agreement in order to induce [husband] into marriage.
       “The parties agree that the Mahr Agreement required
[husband] to give gold coins to [wife] at the time of the marriage
and that it requires [him] to give her a copy of the Quran at the
time of divorce. [Husband] contends, however, that a Mahr
Agreement limits a wife’s property rights in the event of divorce
and, therefore, [wife] is entitled only to the property listed in the
Mahr Agreement. [Wife] contends that a Mahr Agreement is
traditional and symbolic and does not limit her property rights.
In essence, [husband] claims that the Mahr Agreement
represents the maximum that [wife] is to receive in the event of
divorce while [wife] claims that the Mahr Agreement represents
the minimum that she is to receive. The fraud claimed is that
[wife] intentionally deceived [husband] as to her views on the
Mahr Agreement.
       “The evidence presented was insufficient to establish that
[wife] intentionally deceived [husband] regarding the Mahr



                                  7
Agreement. The evidence did not show any back-and-forth
negotiations between the two of them or any in-depth discussions
during which [wife] could have misled [husband] as to her views.
[Husband] offered the gold and a copy of the Quran and [wife]
accepted. That was it. The question of whether the Mahr
Agreement represented a minimum or a maximum, or was
symbolic or literal, was never discussed. It appears that
[husband] assumed that when [wife] agreed to his terms for the
Mahr Agreement, she also agreed with his view that the Mahr
Agreement limited her property rights to those specified items.
As it turned out, she did not. The evidence at trial demonstrated
that two religious scholars, both well educated in the Islamic
religion and traditions, also disagree on this issue, i.e., whether
limitation of the wife’s rights to any other property is implied in
every Mahr Agreement. The mere fact that the parties had
different views but did not discover this until later does not
establish that one intentionally misled the other. Proof of fraud
requires more than proof of disagreement.”
       With respect to wife’s credibility, the trial court found she
was not credible with respect to her fidelity, but “found her to be
a credible witness on the issue of the Mahr Agreement and
[found] that she did not engage in any misleading or deceptive
conduct in order to induce [husband] to marry her. Having heard
[wife] testify in person as well as in her videotaped deposition,
the Court [was] not persuaded that [wife] could have formulated
the fraud scheme claimed by [husband] and then continued the
deception over the next decade of marriage, which included the
birth of two children, all the while keeping secret something that
[husband claimed] was so important to him.”




                                 8
       For these reasons, the trial court found husband’s evidence
of fraud was insufficient and denied his request to annul the
marriage on that basis.
       The remaining issue was husband’s contention that the
mahr agreement was enforceable as a premarital agreement
limiting the property to be received by wife in the event of divorce
to the items identified therein. The trial court concluded the
mahr agreement did not satisfy the statutory requirements for a
premarital agreement (see § 1600 et seq.).6
       On July 12, 2016, the trial court entered a judgment of
dissolution as to status only, reserving jurisdiction over all other
issues. On July 28, 2016, husband filed a timely notice of appeal.
                         CONTENTIONS
       Husband contends: the trial court erred in denying him
relief pursuant to section 420 because he sought annulment
based on fraud, not based on the marriage’s lack of conformity to
the requirements of any religious sect; wife’s deceit in pretending
to accede to the requirements of a valid Islamic marriage
constituted fraud that went to the very essence of the marital
relationship, requiring that the marriage be invalidated; and the
uncontradicted and unimpeached evidence was of such character
and weight as to support a finding of wife’s fraud in swearing
that she would abide by the mahr agreement.




6    On appeal, husband does not challenge the trial court’s
determination that the mahr agreement was not enforceable as a
premarital agreement. (See In re Marriage of Shaban (2001) 88
Cal.App.4th 398, 406–407 [parties’ mahr agreement was
unenforceable as a premarital agreement].)



                                 9
                             DISCUSSION
       1. General principles governing annulment of marriage on
basis of fraud.
       The issue before this court is not the enforceability of the
mahr agreement (see, generally, Sizemore, Enforcing Islamic
Mahr Agreements: The American Judge’s Interpretational
Dilemma (2011) 18 Geo. Mason L. Rev. 1085), because husband is
not seeking to enforce the agreement. Rather, the issue is
whether husband is entitled to an annulment of the marriage on
the ground that wife deceived him by promising to be bound by
the mahr agreement.
       “The law in California has long been that an annulment of
marriage may be granted on the basis of fraud only ‘in an
extreme case where the particular fraud goes to the very essence
of the marriage relation.’ [Citations.]” (In re Marriage of
Meagher & Maleki (2005) 131 Cal.App.4th 1, 3 (Meagher).)
Stated another way, “ ‘a marriage may only be annulled for fraud
if the fraud relates to a matter which the state deems vital to the
marriage relationship. [Citations.]’ [Citation.] As one court
explained, ‘because of its peculiar position as a silent but active
party in annulment proceedings[,] the state is particularly
interested in seeing that no marriage is declared void as the
result of fraud unless the evidence in support thereof is both clear
and convincing. Thus[,] . . . [because] “[t]he state has a rightful
and legitimate concern with the marital status of the
parties[,] . . . the fraud relied upon to secure a termination of the
existing status must be such fraud as directly affects the
marriage relationship and not merely such fraud as would be
sufficient to rescind an ordinary civil contract.” ’ ” (Id. at pp. 6–7,
italics ours, original italics omitted.)



                                  10
       Meagher noted that annulments “on the basis of fraud are
generally granted only in cases where the fraud related in some
way to the sexual or procreative aspects of marriage.” (Meagher,
supra, 131 Cal.App.4th at p. 7, and cases cited therein.) The
paradigm example of such fraud is where a spouse “ ‘harbors a
secret intention at the time of the marriage not to engage in
sexual relations with [the other spouse]. [Citations.]’ (In re
Marriage of Liu (1987) 197 Cal.App.3d 143, 156; accord, e.g.,
Handley v. Handley (1960) 179 Cal.App.2d 742, 746; Millar v.
Millar (1917) 175 Cal. 797.) Similarly, ‘the secret intention of a
woman concealed from her husband at the time of marriage
never to live with him in any home provided by him would be a
fraud going to the very essence of the marriage relation and of
such a vital character as to constitute [a] ground for annulment.’
(Bruce v. Bruce [(1945)] 71 Cal.App.2d [641,] 643.) Annulment
has also been held justified based on a wife’s concealment that at
the time of marriage she was pregnant by a man other than her
husband (Hardesty v. Hardesty (1924) 193 Cal. 330; Baker v.
Baker (1859) 13 Cal. 87), or on a party’s concealment of his or her
sterility (Vileta v. Vileta (1942) 53 Cal.App.2d 794) or intent to
continue in an intimate relationship with a third person (Schaub
v. Schaub (1945) 71 Cal.App.2d 467).” (Meagher, supra,
131 Cal.App.4th at p. 7.)
       Meagher continued, “In the absence of fraud involving the
party’s intentions or abilities with respect to the sexual or
procreative aspect of marriage, the long-standing rule is that
neither party ‘may question the validity of the marriage upon the
ground of reliance upon the express or implied representations of
the other with respect to such matters as character, habits,
chastity, business or social standing, financial worth or prospects,



                                11
or matters of similar nature.’ (Schaub v. Schaub, supra,
71 Cal.App.2d at p. 476, italics [omitted].) In Marshall v.
Marshall [(1931)] 212 Cal. 736, 740, for example, the court
expressly held that the trial court properly denied relief to a wife
who sought an annulment on the basis of her husband’s
‘fraudulent representation as to his wealth and ability to support
and maintain’ her, when in fact he was ‘impecunious’ and subject
to ‘harassment by creditors.’ (Id. at pp. 737–738; accord, Mayer v.
Mayer (1929) 207 Cal. 685, 694–695 [shoe salesman’s
misrepresentation that he owned shoe store not sufficient
grounds for annulment].)” (Meagher, supra, 131 Cal.App.4th at
p. 8.)
       2. Substantial evidence supports trial court’s factual
determination that wife did not deceive husband with respect to
her intentions in entering into the mahr agreement.
       The evidence adduced at trial showed the following:
       The parties discussed the necessity of a mahr agreement as
a requirement for entering into the marriage. Husband
suggested five gold coins at the time of marriage and a copy of the
Quran in the event of a divorce, and wife agreed. However, there
was no discussion prior to the marriage in which the parties
agreed that in the event of a divorce, wife would receive a copy of
the Quran and nothing else. Further, Imam Qazwini, who
officiated at the wedding, never told wife that “if there was a
divorce, she would get the Quran and [husband] would keep
everything else.” It was not until the dissolution proceedings
that the parties learned of their discordant understandings of the
mahr agreement.




                                12
       Further, the parties’ respective experts, like the parties,
differed with respect to the impact of the mahr agreement on
wife’s entitlement to any other property.
       As indicated, Imam Qazwini, on behalf of husband, testified
that under the terms of the parties’ mahr agreement, wife was
entitled to five gold coins at the time of the marriage, and a copy
of the Quran at the time of divorce; “that’s all she’s entitled to out
of their property.” Imam Qazwini acknowledged that he did not
tell wife at the time of the wedding that she would be limited to a
copy of the Quran upon divorce, but explained that “[i]t is
implied, it doesn’t need to be worded that way.”
       Dr. Siddiqi, wife’s expert, testified to a difference of opinion
among Islamic scholars with respect to the interpretation of the
mahr agreement, and that he disagreed with the position that a
wife “only gets what is written on that document at divorce and
[not] anything else.”
       Because the parties entered into the mahr agreement
without discussing their understandings of its impact in the
event of a divorce, and because the expert testimony showed that
religious scholars disagree as to whether the consideration
specified in the mahr agreement is the sum total of what wife
may recover in the event of divorce, substantial evidence
supports the trial court’s determination that wife did not deceive
husband with respect to her intentions in entering into the mahr
agreement. The trial court properly concluded that the parties
simply had different understandings with respect to the
interpretation of the mahr agreement, and that husband made
the assumption that wife shared his interpretation.
       In other words, contrary to husband’s position, the mere
fact that wife entered into the mahr agreement does not compel



                                  13
the conclusion that she deceived him in entering into the
marriage. Husband’s argument that wife defrauded him when
she agreed to be bound by the mahr agreement makes the
assumption that there is a universal understanding of the impact
of the mahr agreement in the event of a divorce. Although
husband’s, and Imam Qazwini’s, view is that implicit in the mahr
agreement is that wife would receive nothing else in the event of
a divorce, the evidence showed there is no such consensus and
that religious scholars disagree on that issue.
       Further, although husband claims wife lied at the time of
the marriage, when she promised to be bound by the mahr
agreement, the trial court specifically found that wife was “a
credible witness on the issue of the Mahr Agreement
and . . . that she did not engage in any misleading or deceptive
conduct in order to induce [husband] to marry her.” It is settled
that it is “not for this court to weigh the evidence or pass upon
the credibility of the witnesses.” (Smith v. Smith (1941)
42 Cal.App.2d 652, 654; accord, In re Marriage of Berman (2017)
15 Cal.App.5th 914, 920.)
       For these reasons, the trial court, after weighing the
evidence, properly found that husband failed to meet his burden
to establish by clear and convincing evidence that wife
fraudulently induced him to enter into the marriage.
       3. Other issues not reached.
       Having concluded that the trial court properly rejected
husband’s claim that wife deceived him at the time they entered
into the mahr agreement, it is unnecessary to address whether
such alleged fraud “ ‘goes to the very essence of the marriage
relation’ ” (Meagher, supra, 131 Cal.App.4th at p. 3) so as to serve
as the basis for an annulment.



                                 14
      Because husband’s failure to prove fraud requires
affirmance of the judgment denying his request for an
annulment, it is also unnecessary to address the trial court’s
additional holding that an annulment would violate section 420,
subdivision (c) [marriage shall not be invalidated for want of
conformity to the requirements of any religious sect].
                         DISPOSITION
      The judgment of dissolution is affirmed. Wife shall recover
her costs on appeal.

      CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION




                                           EDMON, P. J.


We concur:




                  EGERTON, J.




                  DHANIDINA, J.*



*     Judge of the Los Angeles Superior Court, assigned by the
Chief Justice pursuant to article VI, section 6 of the California
Constitution.


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