                                                       [DO NOT PUBLISH]


             IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                     FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT            FILED
                       ________________________ U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                                                              ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                              No. 05-13669                       APR 18, 2006
                          Non-Argument Calendar                THOMAS K. KAHN
                                                                   CLERK
                        ________________________

                         Agency Nos. A95-218-547
                            and A95-218-548

ANGEL LEONARDO HERNANDEZ MONCADA,
JENNY CONSTANZA ACOSTA ARIZA,

                                                                     Petitioners,

                                   versus

U.S. ATTORNEY GENERAL,

                                                                    Respondent.


                        ________________________

                   Petition for Review of a Decision of the
                        Board of Immigration Appeals
                        _________________________

                              (April 18, 2006)

Before BLACK, MARCUS and WILSON, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

     Petitioners, Colombian citizens Angel Leonardo Hernandez Moncada and
Jenny Constanza Acosta Ariza, seek review of the Board of Immigration Appeals’

(BIA’s) decision adopting and affirming the Immigration Judge’s (IJ’s) order

finding them removable and denying their application for asylum and withholding

of removal under the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA), 8 U.S.C. §§ 1158,

1231(b)(3).1 Lead petitioner Hernandez asserts he established past persecution and

a well-founded fear of future persecution on account of his political opinion. We

grant the petition, and remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

      Because the BIA, in affirming the IJ’s decision, expressly adopted the IJ’s

reasoning, our review focuses on the IJ’s decision. Al Najjar v. Ashcroft, 257 F.3d

1262, 1284 (11th Cir. 2001). To the extent the IJ’s decision was based on a legal

determination, our review is de novo. Mohammed v. Ashcroft, 261 F.3d 1244,

1247-48 (11th Cir. 2001). The IJ’s factual determinations are reviewed under the

substantial-evidence test, and this Court “must affirm the [IJ’s] decision if it is

‘supported by reasonable, substantial, and probative evidence on the record

considered as a whole.’” Al Najjar, 257 F.3d at 1283-84 (citation omitted). “To

reverse the IJ’s fact findings, we must find that the record not only supports

reversal, but compels it.” Mendoza v. United States Att’y Gen., 327 F.3d 1283,

1287 (11th Cir. 2003).



      1
          Petitioners do not appeal the IJ’s denial of relief under the Convention Against Torture.

                                                 2
       An alien who arrives in or is present in the United States may apply for

asylum. 8 U.S.C. § 1158(a)(1). The Secretary of Homeland Security or the

Attorney General have discretion to grant asylum if the alien meets the INA’s

definition of a “refugee.” 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1). A “refugee” is:

       any person who is outside any country of such person’s nationality . . .
       who is unable or unwilling to return to, and is unable or unwilling to
       avail himself or herself of the protection of, that country because of
       persecution or a well-founded fear of persecution on account of race,
       religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or
       political opinion . . . .

8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)(A). The asylum applicant carries the burden of proving

statutory “refugee” status. Al Najjar, 257 F.3d at 1284. The alien’s testimony, if

credible, may be sufficient to sustain the burden of proof for asylum without

corroboration. 8 C.F.R. §§ 208.13(a), 208.16(b).

       Here, the IJ found Hernandez’s testimony credible, but insufficient to make

out a claim for asylum. The IJ never decided whether the actions about which

Hernandez testified rose to the level of persecution or a well-founded fear of future

persecution.2 Specifically, the IJ held Hernandez was unable to show persecution

primarily on account of an enumerated ground and was unable to meet the burden

of showing any fear of persecution would exist throughout Colombia.


       2
         The IJ stated, however, “[h]ad the respondents demonstrated statutory eligibility, the
court would grant asylum as a matter of discretion given the lack of adverse factors in their
case.”

                                                3
      The Second and Ninth Circuits have held there is no requirement that

persecution be based solely on account of a protected ground. See Borja v. INS,

175 F.3d 732, 735-36 (9th Cir. 1999) (en banc); Osorio v. INS, 18 F.3d 1017, 1028

(2d Cir. 1994) (“The plain meaning of the phrase ‘persecution on account of the

victim’s political opinion,’ does not mean persecution solely on account of the

victim’s political opinion.”). If an applicant can show the persecution was at least

in part motivated by a protected ground, the applicant can establish eligibility for

asylum. See Borja, 175 F.3d at 736 (holding evidence compelled the conclusion

that persecution was on account of both political opinion and attempts at extortion,

and that such a “mixed motives” case satisfied applicant’s burden). The record in

this case compels the conclusion the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia

(FARC) targeted Hernandez, in part, because of his political opinion. Evidence in

the record compels the conclusion the FARC targeted Hernandez for two reasons:

(1) believing he was wealthy, the FARC wanted to extort money from him to

finance their terrorist operations; and (2) attempting to quiet all opposition to their

group, the FARC threatened to kill him unless he stopped his political activities,

and public opposition and denouncement of their ideals.

      Importantly, the IJ found Hernandez’s testimony to be credible. The

FARC’s threats against Hernandez, when taken together with the facts of his



                                            4
political activism–hosting Liberal party meetings in his office, publicly opposing

the FARC, and assisting social welfare programs, compel a conclusion that

Hernandez was targeted, at least in part, on account of his political opinion.3

       Because the IJ failed to determine whether the Petitioners suffered past

persecution or established they have a well-founded fear of future persecution, we

must remand the case to allow a decision on this issue in the first instance.

Accordingly, the petition is granted, and the case is remanded to the BIA for

further proceedings.4

       PETITION GRANTED.




       3
          Because withholding of removal is also dependent on whether the alien would be
threatened because of a political opinion, 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3), this analysis also applies to the
IJ’s denial of withholding of removal.
       4
          We realize the IJ also based the decision to deny asylum on Petitioners’ inability to
show their fear of persecution would exist throughout Colombia. “In cases in which an applicant
has demonstrated past persecution . . . the Service shall bear the burden of establishing by a
preponderance of the evidence” that “[t]he applicant could avoid future persecution by relocating
to another part of the applicant’s country of nationality . . . and under all the circumstances it
would be reasonable to expect the applicant to do so.” 8 C.F.R. § 208.13(b)(1)(i)(B), (ii)
(emphasis added). In cases in which an applicant has not established past persecution, the
applicant bears the burden of establishing that it would be unreasonable for the applicant to
relocate. Id. § 208.13(b)(3) (emphasis added). Because there are different burdens depending on
whether the applicant has shown past persecution, and it is unclear whether Petitioners have
shown past persecution in this case, on remand, if past persecution is shown, the burden should
be on the Service, rather than the Petitioners, to show the Petitioners have an internal relocation
option.

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