[Cite as State v. Martin, 2019-Ohio-22.]


                                    IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

                                ELEVENTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                           LAKE COUNTY, OHIO


STATE OF OHIO,                                      :      OPINION

                 Plaintiff-Appellee,                :
                                                           CASE NOS. 2017-L-005
        - vs -                                      :                2017-L-006

KEVIN L. MARTIN,                                    :

                 Defendant-Appellant.               :


Criminal Appeals from the Lake County Court of Common Pleas, Case Nos. 2016 CR
000593 and 2016 CR 000633.

Judgment: Affirmed.


Charles E. Coulson, Lake County Prosecutor, Teri R. Daniel, and Kelsey R. Lutz,
Assistant Prosecutors, Lake County Administration Building, 105 Main Street, P.O. Box
490, Painesville, OH 44077 (For Plaintiff-Appellee).

Edward M. Heindel, 400 Terminal Tower, 50 Public Square, Cleveland, OH 44113 (For
Defendant-Appellant).


DIANE V. GRENDELL, J.

        {¶1}     Defendant-appellant, Kevin L. Martin, appeals his convictions for various

offenses following separate jury trials in the Lake County Court of Common Pleas. The

issues before this court are whether a court abuses its discretion when it refuses to

allow a defendant to plead guilty to a single count of a multiple-count indictment on the

day of trial where the defendant gains no benefit by pleading and suffers no prejudice

by having the charge tried; whether a court commits plain error by not severing certain
counts from an indictment where the evidence supporting the various counts is simple

and direct; whether a court abuses its discretion by denying a motion to disqualify

appointed counsel where the defendant and counsel disagree about trial strategy;

whether the defendant’s identity as the perpetrator of various crimes is established by

sufficient evidence and supported by the weight of the evidence where it is based on

eyewitness identification and/or the presence of the defendant’s DNA recovered from

items at the scene of the crimes.        For the following reasons, we affirm Martin’s

convictions.

       {¶2}    The present appeal arises from the consolidation of separate criminal

prosecutions. For the sake of clarity, each prosecution and the assignments of error

relative thereto will be discussed separately.

Lake County C.P. No. 16 CR 000593

       {¶3}    On July 13, 2016, the Lake County Grand Jury indicted Kevin L. Martin for

two counts of Failure to Comply with Order or Signal of Police Officer (Counts 1 and 2),

felonies of the third degree in violation of R.C. 2921.331(B); two counts of Having

Weapons while Under Disability (Counts 3 and 4), felonies of the third degree in

violation of R.C. 2923.13(A)(2); Receiving Stolen Property (Count 5), a felony of the

fourth degree in violation of R.C. 2913.51(A); Improperly Handling Firearms in a Motor

Vehicle (Count 6), a felony of the fourth degree in violation of R.C. 2923.16(B);

Possession of Heroin (Count 7), a felony of the fifth degree in violation of R.C. 2925.11;

three counts of Aggravated Possession of Drugs (Counts 8, 11, and 12), felonies of the

fifth degree in violation of R.C. 2925.11; two counts of Possessing Criminal Tools

(Counts 9 and 10), felonies of the fifth degree in violation of R.C. 2923.24; Possessing




                                             2
Drug Abuse Instruments (Count 13), a misdemeanor of the first degree in violation of

R.C. 2925.12; Possession of Marijuana (Count 14), a minor misdemeanor in violation of

R.C. 2925.11; Driving Under Financial Responsibility Law Suspension or Cancellation

(Count 15), an unclassified misdemeanor in violation of R.C. 4510.16(A); and Reckless

Operation (Count 16), a minor misdemeanor in violation of R.C. 4511.20(A). Counts 2,

5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12 included Firearm Specifications pursuant to R.C. 2941.141.

Counts 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12 included Forfeiture Specifications pursuant

to R.C. 2941.1417 and 2981.04.

       {¶4}   On July 15, 2016, Martin was arraigned and entered a plea of “Not Guilty”

to the charges in the Indictment.

       {¶5}   On October 11, 2016, Martin filed a pro se Motion to Disqualify Counsel.

A hearing on the Motion was held on the same day as it was filed and the trial court

denied the Motion, finding “insufficient cause to disqualify counsel.”

       {¶6}   At a pretrial on November 1, 2016, Martin made an oral pro se request for

a continuance to retain new counsel. The trial court denied the request after contacting

new counsel who advised that he had not been retained by Martin and would not be

prepared to represent him by the scheduled trial date.

       {¶7}   Between November 7 and 9, 2016, a jury trial was held. Prior to trial, the

State dismissed Counts 5 (Receiving Stolen Property), 13 (Possessing Drug Abuse

Instruments), 14 (Possession of Marijuana), 15 (Driving Under Financial Responsibility

Law Suspension or Cancellation), and 16 (Reckless Operation). The remaining counts

were renumbered Counts 1 through 11.             During trial, the State amended Count 6

(Possession of Heroin – Count 7 of the Indictment) to a felony of the fourth degree.




                                             3
Also prior to trial, Martin indicated that he wanted to plead guilty to Count 1 (Failure to

Comply) but the trial court refused to accept the plea.

       {¶8}    The following testimony was presented on behalf of the State.

       {¶9}    Officer James Smith of the Wickliffe Police Department testified that, on

October 7, 2015, at approximately 1:30 p.m., he encountered a red-maroon minivan

travelling westbound on Route 2 near the Lloyd Road exit. Smith stopped the minivan.

As he was approaching the vehicle on foot, it drove away. Smith returned to his cruiser

and pursued it onto I-90.

       {¶10} The minivan exited at Euclid Avenue and continued driving west at a high

rate of speed, striking several other vehicles in its flight. The pursuit continued down

side streets to St. Clair Avenue and, eventually, to Glen Avenue in Cleveland. Officer

Smith testified:

               And the driver of the vehicle began to stand on the frame of the
               door, of the door window. The window frame of the driver’s door.
               And was standing up on it for just a few seconds, traveling about
               35, 40 miles per hour. And then the driver jumped out of the car
               and did a couple flips and landed in the grass on the side of the
               road. And the driverless vehicle continued to go forward through
               an intersection, ran over a postal service mailbox, and smashed
               into a handicap ramp at somebody’s residence in front of their
               house, and came to a stop on the side of the house.

       {¶11} Officer Smith arrested Martin at the scene.               The minivan had been

purchased that same day by Jackie Martin, whom Martin claimed was his mother.1

       {¶12} Officer Randy Veri of the Wickliffe Police Department assisted Officer

Smith in the pursuit of Martin and corroborated his identification of Martin as the driver

of the minivan.

1. The incident described as occurring on October 7, 2015, forms the basis of Count 1 (Failure to
Comply). The remaining charges (Counts 2 through 11) are based on events occurring on June 1, 2016,
described hereafter.


                                                4
      {¶13} Officer David Cook of the Wickliffe Police Department participated in the

pursuit of Martin on October 7. Cook identified the make of the minivan as a Buick and

its vehicle identification number (VIN) as 5GADV23L35D200652.

      {¶14} Kyle Barnard was a resident of the Willo Vu Apartments in Eastlake on

June 1, 2016. At approximately 11:30 that evening, he noticed a silver Cadillac parked

outside his apartment occupied by an elderly gentleman (“late 40’s, early 50’s”) and a

younger blond woman. About five minutes later, a red vehicle arrived, and the woman

left the Cadillac and entered and exited the red vehicle. Suspicious about the activity,

Barnard contacted the police.

      {¶15} Officer Paul Stanley of the Eastlake Police Department testified that, on

June 1, 2016, he responded to a report of a suspicious vehicle at the back of the Willo

Vu Apartments. Stanley had exited his police cruiser when the sound of a maroon-

colored minivan starting drew his attention. Stanley approached the driver’s side door

as the minivan drove in reverse. He smacked the rear door a couple of times and told

the driver to stop. The driver, identified as Martin, turned his head, made eye contact

with the officer, and gestured for the officer to wait a moment. Martin put the minivan in

drive and drove around the back of the apartment building, through a narrow yard area

bordered by a chain link fence separating the Willo Vu apartments from an adjoining

apartment complex (Spring Crest Apartments in Willowick).

      {¶16} Officer Stanley lost sight of Martin and returned to his cruiser.        After

searching Vine Street and the adjoining apartment complex, Stanley returned to Willo

Vu and found Martin on foot crossing the parking lot. With the assistance of another




                                            5
officer, he was able to place Martin under arrest. A search of Martin’s person yielded “a

small straw wrapper sized piece of plastic with a white powder inside.”

      {¶17} Patrolman Richard Isabella of the Eastlake Police Department responded

to a report of a suspicious vehicle in flight at the Willo Vu apartments. He located the

abandoned minivan crashed into the fence behind the apartment buildings. The driver’s

door was open, and the passenger side of the vehicle was wedged against the fence.

On the driver’s seat, Isabella found a Glock handgun and a black bag or pouch

containing crack cocaine. On the ground near the door, he found a cell phone.

      {¶18} Patrolman Isabella then heard the sound of horns coming from the

apartment complex on the other side of the fence. At this time, “a young black male

wearing a white t-shirt,” identified as Martin, “jumped on top of the fence,” making eye

contact with Isabella.   Martin asked whose minivan that was, and Isabella replied,

“yours.” Martin jumped down and ran around the apartment buildings. Isabella pursued

on foot until Martin was apprehended as described by Officer Stanley. Isabella seized

two hundred and three dollars plus change from Martin’s person.

      {¶19} Officer Kenneth Roberts of the Eastlake Police Department arrived at the

Willo Vu Apartments on the night of June 1, 2016, as Officer Stanley was ordering the

driver of the maroon minivan to stop. Roberts described the driver as a “black male * * *

wearing a white t-shirt” and identified him as Martin. When Martin began his flight by

driving the minivan back around the apartment buildings and then south towards Vine

Street, Roberts drove back to the apartments’ entrance to anticipate Martin’s arrival.

However, he received a dispatch that the minivan had crashed into the fence separating

the Willo Vu Apartments from the Spring Crest Apartments.




                                            6
        {¶20} Officer Roberts located the minivan with the driver’s door ajar and the

Glock, cell phone, and “a little black change type purse” as described by Patrolman

Isabella. The purse contained crack cocaine, heroin, Suboxone, twelve Vicodin pills,

and two Narcan pills. He then heard Isabella yelling for somebody to stop and saw

Martin jump the fence and run around the apartment buildings before being taken into

custody.

        {¶21} A subsequent search of the minivan produced the following additional

items: a baggie with marijuana in the driver’s door handle; a baggie with a brown

substance on the driver’s floor board; latex gloves; syringes; a police scanner; and a red

backpack containing a PTAC rifle in two pieces, two magazines for the rifle and two

magazines for the Glock; and a .40 caliber Perfecta shell casing.

        {¶22} Officer Roberts determined that the minivan was owned by Martin’s

mother and had the VIN number 5GADV23L35D200652.

        {¶23} Dr. Karen Zavarella, a forensic analyst at the Lake County Crime

Laboratory, performed DNA analysis on samples taken from the minivan, the Glock, and

the PTAC rifle. The minivan contained DNA from two contributors with an exceedingly

high probability that Martin was one of the contributors and the most abundant

contributor.2 Similarly, the Glock contained DNA from three contributors with a very

high probability of Martin being one of the contributors as well as the most abundant

contributor.3 The results of the analysis of the PTAC rifle were inconclusive.




2. For the minivan, it was four trillion times more likely that Martin was one of the contributors than if the
sample derived from two unknown contributors.
3. For the Glock, it was thirteen billion times more likely that Martin was one of the contributors than if the
sample derived from three unknown contributors.


                                                      7
      {¶24} Kimberly Gilson, a forensic analyst at the Lake County Crime Laboratory,

performed controlled substance analysis on various substances recovered from Martin’s

person and the minivan.      The white powder recovered from Martin’s person was

identified as 0.12 grams of N-ethylpentylone (Schedule I). The marijuana found in the

driver’s side door of the minivan was confirmed to be marijuana (Schedule I) in the

amount of 2.36 grams. The substances in the black purse were identified as: 7.62

grams of pyrilamine, acetaminophen, and caffeine; 1.21 grams of heroin (Schedule I);

5.11 grams of hydrocodone and acetaminophen (Schedule II); 0.79 grams of

buprenorphine and naloxone (Schedule III); and 0.06 grams of buprenorphine and

naloxone (Schedule III).   The baggie from the floor board contained 1.03 grams of

heroin (Schedule I) and fentanyl (Schedule II).

      {¶25} Raymond Jorz, a forensic analyst at the Lake County Crime Laboratory,

performed fingerprint and firearm analyses on samples and evidence recovered from

the minivan. Four prints were able to be taken from the minivan and, of these four,

three were identified as belonging to Martin and the fourth to an unidentified individual.

Jorz determined that both the Glock and PTAC rifle were operable firearms.

      {¶26} Detective Theodore Kroczak testified that he took a buccal swab from

Martin.

      {¶27} The jury returned the following verdicts: “guilty” of two counts of Failure to

Comply with Order or Signal of Police Officer (Counts 1 and 2), two counts of Having

Weapons while Under Disability (Counts 3 and 4), Improperly Handling Firearms in a

Motor Vehicle (Count 5), fourth-degree Possession of Heroin (Count 6), three counts of

Aggravated Possession of Drugs (Counts 7, 10, and 11); and “not guilty” of two counts




                                            8
of Possessing Criminal Tools (Counts 8 and 9). The jury made the further finding that

Martin “had a firearm on or about his person or under his control” during the commission

of the Possession offenses (Counts 6, 7, 10, and 11) and one of the Failure to Comply

offenses (Count 2).

      {¶28} On December 21, 2016, a sentencing hearing was held. The trial court

merged Count 4 with Count 3 and merged the Firearm Specifications in Counts 7, 10,

and 11 with the Specification for Count 6. The court sentenced Martin to serve one year

in prison for each Firearm Specification to be served consecutively with each other and

his sentence for the other charges. The court sentenced Martin to a consecutive thirty-

six month prison sentence for Count 1 (Failure to Comply), consecutive twelve month

prison sentences for Counts 2 (Failure to Comply) and 3 (Having Weapons while Under

Disability), a concurrent twelve-month prison sentence for Count 5 (Improperly Handling

Firearms), and eight month prison sentences for Counts 6, 7, 10, and 11 (Possession)

to be served concurrently with each other but consecutively to the other sentences.

Thus, Martin received an aggregate prison sentence of seven years and eight months.

The court further suspended Martin’s driver’s license for life, ordered the forfeiture of

seized items, ordered Martin to pay court costs and the costs of prosecution, and

advised Martin that he could be subject to three years of post-release control.

      {¶29} On December 30, 2016, Martin’s sentence was memorialized in a

Judgment Entry of Sentence.

      {¶30} On January 12, 2017, Martin filed a Notice of Appeal from Lake County

C.P. No. 16 CR 000593 (App. No. 2017-L-005). Relative to this appeal, Martin raises

the following assignments of error:




                                            9
       {¶31} “[1.] The trial court erred when it did not permit Martin to plead guilty to

count one, failure to comply, and permitted the jury to hear evidence on that charge.”

       {¶32} “[2.] The trial court erred when it did not grant Martin’s motion to disqualify

appointed counsel, filed on October 11, 2016.”

       {¶33} “[3.] The trial court committed plain error when it did not sever count one

of the indictment in case no. 16 CR 000593 from the remaining counts.”

       {¶34} “[6.] In Case No. 16 CR 000593, the jury verdicts were against the

manifest weight of the evidence because Martin was not identified as the perpetrator.”

       {¶35} “[7.] In Case No. 16 CR 000593, the evidence was insufficient because

Martin was not identified as the perpetrator in counts 2-11.”

       {¶36} In the first assignment of error, Martin argues the trial court erred by

prohibiting him from pleading guilty to Count 1, Failure to Comply based on the events

of October 7, 2015.

       {¶37} On the day of trial, before jury selection, Martin indicated that he wished to

plead guilty to Count 1.    The matter was considered in chambers.          Following jury

selection, Martin’s offer to plead was put on the record. The State responded that it was

“not even made aware that the Defendant wished to plead guilty to Count 1 until the jury

had been sitting out in the hallway for almost an hour, and the State is intending to use

the evidence of Count 1, would have been able to use [it] even if he did plead guilty,

based on motive, intent, lack of mistake.”

       {¶38} The trial court denied the motion, concurring with the State that the

evidence for Count 1 would have been admissible to show “motive, opportunity,

identification, absence of mistake, and such.” The court further cited “fairness to the




                                             10
jurors” and “judicial economy,” noting that a plea could have been accomplished prior to

the day of trial and the start of trial was behind schedule. Finally, the court asserted that

Martin did not “have a right to plead guilty.”

       {¶39} The trial court is correct that “[t]here is, of course, no absolute right to

have a guilty plea accepted,” and “[a] court may reject a plea in exercise of sound

judicial discretion.” Santobello v. New York, 404 U.S. 257, 262, 92 S.Ct. 495, 30 L.E.2d

427 (1971). Martin contends the rejection of his plea constitutes an abuse of discretion

because the evidence for Count 1 would not have been admissible as other acts

evidence under Evidence Rule 404(B) in his prosecution for the remaining Counts.

       {¶40} “Evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is not admissible to prove the

character of a person in order to show action in conformity therewith. It may, however,

be admissible for other purposes, such as proof of motive, opportunity, intent,

preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake or accident.”          Evid.R.

404(B); State v. Allen, 73 Ohio St.3d 626, 632, 653 N.E.2d 675 (1995) (“Evid.R.

404(B) allows ‘other acts’ evidence as proof of identity”). For example, the fact that the

defendant had previously stolen a Glock pistol was admissible in a subsequent murder

prosecution involving the same pistol “as proof of identity in that it clearly helped link

[the defendant] to the gun found in his possession when he was arrested.” State v.

Brown, 100 Ohio St.3d 51, 2003-Ohio-5059, 796 N.E.2d 506, ¶ 24.

       {¶41} Here, the evidence of the October 7, 2015 incident was probative of

Martin’s involvement in the June 1, 2016 incident in that it established Martin’s identity

as the operator of a vehicle of which he was not the owner. Moreover, evidence of the

prior incident is evidence of a certain modus operandi in that it demonstrates the




                                             11
recklessness Martin has exhibited when fleeing from police. State v. Lowe, 69 Ohio

St.3d 527, 531, 634 N.E.2d 616 (1994) (“[a] certain modus operandi is admissible not

because it labels a defendant as a criminal, but because it provides a behavioral

fingerprint which, when compared to the behavioral fingerprints associated with the

crime in question, can be used to identify the defendant as the perpetrator”).

      {¶42} Martin contends that the State would not have been able to use the

evidence of the October 7, 2015 incident because it “never provided any notice of intent

to use 404(B) evidence” as required by the Rule. Evid.R. 404(B) (“the proponent of

evidence to be offered under this rule shall provide reasonable notice in advance of

trial”). The argument has no merit. The State was not actually proffering the evidence

related to the October 7, 2015 incident as other acts evidence but as substantive

evidence of Martin’s guilt for the charges related to that incident. Consideration of its

admissibility as other acts evidence was hypothetical and only relevant in respect to

whether Martin should have been allowed to plead guilty to Count 1.

      {¶43} We find no abuse of discretion in the trial court’s refusal to allow Martin to

plead in light of the circumstances relied upon by the court: Martin made his offer on the

day trial was to begin despite having the opportunity to do so earlier; the State was

unaware that Martin desired to plead and opposed accepting the plea; and the evidence

supporting the charge to which Martin desired to plead would have been admissible in

the trial of the remaining charges. Martin was offered nothing in consideration for his

plea and would not have gained any advantage at trial by having pled.            The only

practical result of allowing Martin to plead to Count 1 would have been further delay in

the proceedings.




                                           12
       {¶44} The first assignment of error is without merit.

       {¶45} Related to Martin’s first assignment of error is his argument under the third

assignment that the trial court committed plain error by not severing Count 1 from the

remaining Counts in the Indictment.

       {¶46} The joinder of multiple offenses in a single indictment is favored by law

and is provided for by Criminal Rule 8. State v. Thomas, 61 Ohio St.2d 223, 225, 400

N.E.2d 401 (1980) (“[j]oinder conserves judicial and prosecutorial time, lessens the not

inconsiderable expenses of multiple trials, diminishes inconvenience to witnesses, and

minimizes the possibility of incongruous results in successive trials before different

juries”). “If it appears that a defendant or the state is prejudiced by a joinder of offenses

or of defendants in an indictment, information, or complaint, or by such joinder for trial

together of indictments, informations or complaints, the court shall order an election or

separate trial of counts, grant a severance of defendants, or provide such other relief as

justice requires.” Crim.R. 14.

       {¶47} The defendant “has the burden of affirmatively showing that his rights

were prejudiced” by the joinder of offenses. State v. Torres, 66 Ohio St.2d 340, 421

N.E.2d 1288 (1981), syllabus. The State may refute a claim of prejudice by showing

that “one offense could have been introduced under Evid.R. 404(B) at the trial of the

other offense,” and/or “that evidence of each of the crimes joined at trial is simple and

direct.” (Citation omitted.) State v. Brinkley, 105 Ohio St.3d 231, 2005-Ohio-1507, 824

N.E.2d 959, ¶ 30.

       {¶48} Typically, a court’s refusal to separate charges for trial is reviewed under

an abuse of discretion standard. Torres at 343. Here, the standard of review is plain




                                             13
error inasmuch as Martin did not seek severance or otherwise object to the joinder.

State v. Gordon, 152 Ohio St.3d 528, 2018-Ohio-259, 98 N.E.3d 251, ¶ 22.              “To

successfully assert that a trial court committed plain error, a defendant must show an

error that constitutes an obvious defect in the trial proceedings and demonstrate that the

error affected the outcome of the trial.” Id. at ¶ 23.

       {¶49} Martin’s claim of prejudice with respect to joinder is the same that he

raised with respect to offering to plead to Count 1:

              Martin indicated before trial that he wanted to plead guilty to Count
              One of the indictment. The trial judge denied this request,
              indicating that the jury was waiting. At that point, the trial judge
              should have ordered that the remaining counts be tried separately
              from Count One. The State admitted that the purpose of trying
              Count One, despite Martin’s offer to plead guilty, was to bolster the
              charges in the remaining counts. As a result, Martin was convicted
              of everything, and faced lengthy, and consecutive prison terms.
              The trial court should have recognized the inherent unfairness in
              this situation and granted him a separate trial on Count One.

Appellant’s brief at 31.

       {¶50} Assuming, arguendo, that Martin advances a colorable claim of prejudice,

the claim is effectively refuted by the facts that the evidence of the October 7, 2015 and

June 1, 2016 incidents are simple and direct and, as demonstrated by the preceding

assignment of error, the evidence of the October 7, 2015 incident would have been

admissible as other acts evidence in a trial of the June 1, 2016 incident. In State v.

Jackson, 11th Dist. Lake No. 2017-L-140, 2018-Ohio-3241, this court affirmed a single

prosecution for separate robberies where “the perpetrator drove the same or a similar

vehicle” and there were other “similarities in the way the crimes were committed”:

“Evidence of either robbery would have been admissible at a trial on the other under




                                             14
Evid.R. 404(B) since the ‘other act’ tended to establish a similar plan as well as the

perpetrator’s identity.” Id. at ¶ 25.

       {¶51} It should also be noted that the standard for the admissibility of “other

acts” evidence is “stricter” than the standard for the joinder offenses. State v. Lott, 51

Ohio St.3d 160, 163, 555 N.E.2d 293 (1990).            However, “when simple and direct

evidence exists, an accused is not prejudiced by joinder regardless of the

nonadmissibility of evidence of these crimes as ‘other acts’ under Evid.R. 404(B).” Id.

Thus, even if the evidence of the October 7, 2015 incident were inadmissible in a

separate trial of the charges arising from the June 1, 2016 incident, joinder would still be

proper given the simple and direct nature of the evidence regarding the two incidents.

State v. Stoutamire, 11th Dist. Trumbull No. 2007-T-0089, 2008-Ohio-2916, ¶ 55

(joinder of offenses was not improper where “the state presented witnesses and

evidence chronologically according to the dates of the incidents”).

       {¶52} The third assignment of error is without merit.

       {¶53} In his second assignment of error, Martin contends the trial court erred

when it denied his Motion to Disqualify Counsel in light of the “irreconcilable differences

between counsel and Martin.”

       {¶54} On October 11, 2016, the trial court held a hearing on Martin’s Motion to

Disqualify Counsel.      Martin complained that appointed counsel was not diligently

advocating on his behalf:

              I feel as though my appointed attorney feels that I have no chance
              at trial, and I feel like it’s not even the fact he feels I have no
              chance, but I feel like he doesn’t want to * * * even put his effort into
              representing me, because I got a lot going on. I brought him plenty
              of good arguments, and I did a lot of research on my own case on
              my own behalf, and he shoots down everything I say. Everything



                                             15
              that I bring him he tells me that it’s either erroneous or frivolous. * *
              * I don’t want to represent myself, but I’m saying I got a good
              chance at trial with my case.

      {¶55} Martin cited further instances where he felt counsel disregarded his

wishes regarding the presentation of his defense: he believed the evidence was legally

insufficient to support the charge of Failure to Comply arising from the June 1, 2016

incident; he wanted to sever Count 1 of the Indictment arising from the October 7, 2015

incident; with respect to Lake County C.P. No. 16 CR 000633 (discussed infra), he

wanted phone records subpoenaed and a private investigator hired to build a case

against his cousin as the actual perpetrator; he did not believe the State had provided

full and complete discovery; he did not wish to entertain the plea bargain counsel urged

him to accept; and trial counsel had previously represented a woman who was a

potential witness against him.

      {¶56} At the November 1, 2016, pretrial, Martin represented that his family was

retaining private counsel to represent him and that he refused to communicate with

appointed counsel. The trial court contacted the attorney whom Martin indicated his

family was seeking to retain and he advised the court he had represented Martin in prior

cases and had spoken with his family regarding the pending charges. However, the

attorney stated that he had not been retained or even contacted by Martin’s family for

over ten days and he did not anticipate being retained.

      {¶57} A trial court’s decision denying a request for new or substitute counsel “is

reviewed under an abuse-of-discretion standard.” State v. Cowans, 87 Ohio St.3d 68,

73, 717 N.E.2d 298 (1999); State v. Burrell, 11th Dist. Lake No. 2013-L-024, 2014-Ohio-

1356, ¶ 21.




                                             16
      {¶58} “Where, during the course of his trial for a serious crime, an indigent

accused questions the effectiveness and adequacy of assigned counsel * * *, it is the

duty of the trial judge to inquire into the complaint and make such inquiry a part of the

record.” State v. Deal, 17 Ohio St.2d 17, 244 N.E.2d 742 (1969), syllabus. “The trial

judge may then require the trial to proceed with assigned counsel participating if the

complaint is not substantiated or is unreasonable.” Id.

      {¶59} Before a defendant is entitled to the discharge of appointed counsel, “the

defendant must show a breakdown in the attorney-client relationship of such magnitude

as to jeopardize the defendant’s right to effective assistance of counsel.”     State v.

Coleman, 37 Ohio St.3d 286, 525 N.E.2d 792 (1988), paragraph four of the syllabus.

An indigent defendant’s right to counsel, however, does not encompass counsel of his

or her choice nor does it guarantee a “meaningful relationship” or a “rapport” between

the defendant and counsel. State v. Murphy, 91 Ohio St.3d 516, 523, 747 N.E.2d 765

(2001); State v. Henness, 79 Ohio St.3d 53, 65, 679 N.E.2d 686 (1997). “Accordingly,

the existence of hostility or a personal conflict between the attorney and the defendant

does not constitute a total breakdown so long as it does not inhibit the attorney from

both preparing and presenting a competent defense.” (Citation omitted.) State v. Long,

2014-Ohio-4416, 19 N.E.3d 981, ¶ 35 (11th Dist.).

      {¶60} Martin maintains that “it was clear that [he] and his attorney had reached a

point in their relationship where they were no longer speaking to each other about the

evidence or formulating a defense together.” Appellant’s brief at 27. We disagree.

Nowhere in the course of the October 11, 2016 hearing is it apparent that Martin’s and

appointed counsel’s conflicting views as to how the defense should be conducted




                                           17
inhibited or compromised counsel’s ability to present a defense. State v. Ketterer, 111

Ohio St.3d 70, 2006-Ohio-5283, 855 N.E.2d 48, ¶ 150 (“[d]isagreement[s] between the

attorney and client over trial tactics or approach also do not warrant a substitution of

counsel”) (citation omitted).   At this point, the charges had been pending for three

months and trial was scheduled in less than a month. Martin and appointed counsel

had been communicating to this point and counsel demonstrated an understanding of

the positions Martin was advocating. Martin’s subsequent refusal to communicate with

his attorney over the issue of what clothing to wear at trial did not materially impact trial

strategy and appears to have been motivated by Martin’s mistaken belief that his family

was in the process of retaining new counsel.

       {¶61} We further note that Martin failed to substantiate the need for a private

investigator. Although he presented his cousin as the actual perpetrator of the crimes

charged in Lake County C.P. No. 16 CR 000633, Martin conceded that he only

suspected his cousin’s involvement, did not know if his cousin would be willing to accept

responsibility for the crimes, and “he [his cousin] didn’t admit exactly on the phone that

he did it.” If Martin could substantiate the allegations against his cousin, a colorable

claim of ineffective assistance could possibly be raised.          The mere fact of the

allegations, however, does not entitle Martin to substitute counsel. Compare Long at ¶

34 (“the courts of this state have recognized three examples of good cause which would

warrant the discharge of court-appointed counsel: (1) a conflict of interest; (2) a

complete breakdown of communication; and (3) an irreconcilable conflict which could

cause an apparent unjust result”) (citation omitted).

       {¶62} The second assignment of error is without merit.




                                             18
       {¶63} In his sixth and seventh assignments of error, Martin challenges the

sufficiency and manifest weight of the evidence with respect to his identification as the

perpetrator of the crimes occurring on June 1, 2016 (Counts 2 to 11).

       {¶64} The manifest weight of the evidence and the sufficiency of the evidence

are distinct legal concepts. State v. Elmore, 111 Ohio St.3d 515, 2006-Ohio-6207, 857

N.E.2d 547, ¶ 44. With respect to the sufficiency of the evidence, “[t]he relevant inquiry

is whether, after viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution, any

rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime proven beyond

a reasonable doubt.” State v. Jenks, 61 Ohio St.3d 259, 574 N.E.2d 492 (1991),

paragraph two of the syllabus, following Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 99 S.Ct.

2781, 61 L.Ed.2d 560 (1979).

       {¶65} Whereas “sufficiency of the evidence is a test of adequacy as to whether

the evidence is legally sufficient to support a verdict as a matter of law, * * * weight of

the evidence addresses the evidence’s effect of inducing belief.” State v. Wilson, 113

Ohio St.3d 382, 2007-Ohio-2202, 865 N.E.2d 1264, ¶ 25, citing State v. Thompkins, 78

Ohio St.3d 380, 386-387, 678 N.E.2d 541 (1997). “In other words, a reviewing court

asks whose evidence is more persuasive -- the state’s or the defendant’s?” Id. An

appellate court considering whether a verdict is against the manifest weight of the

evidence must consider all the evidence in the record, the reasonable inferences, the

credibility of the witnesses, and whether, “in resolving conflicts in the evidence, the jury

clearly lost its way and created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that the conviction

must be reversed and a new trial ordered.” Thompkins at 387, quoting State v. Martin,

20 Ohio App.3d 172, 175, 485 N.E.2d 717 (1st Dist.1983).




                                            19
      {¶66} With respect to the sufficiency of the evidence, Officers Stanley and

Roberts both positively identified Martin as the operator of the maroon minivan. Their

identifications constitute legally sufficient evidence that Martin was in fact the

perpetrator of the crimes on June 1, 2016.

      {¶67} With respect to the manifest weight of evidence, the identification of Martin

as the operator of the minivan was corroborated by Martin’s apprehension at the scene

and the presence of his DNA on the minivan and the Glock. There was also evidence

that Martin was the only operator of the minivan, which he had used on October 7,

2015, in a reckless flight from the police, and had arrived alone at the Willo Vu

Apartments.

      {¶68} Against this evidence it can be argued that Willo Vu resident, Barnard,

observed a young blond woman enter and exit the minivan. Barnard testified she was

carrying a cell phone when she entered the minivan and she exited the minivan just

before Officer Stanley gave the command to stop. Officer Stanley reported seeing “a

female reclined back in the passenger seat of the vehicle,” without being able to

describe the female. Officer Roberts did not notice any other occupants of the vehicle

except for Martin. No witnesses could testify as to what happened to the female and

the silver Cadillac after the arrival of the police. The presence of the female raises an

issue as to whether either the drugs or the guns in the minivan could have been hers.

The weight of the evidence does not support such an inference.          The more likely

scenario (and the one consistent with the jury’s verdicts), is that the purpose of her

presence at Willo Vu Apartments was to purchase drugs from Martin.

      {¶69} The sixth and seventh assignments of error are without merit.




                                             20
Lake County C.P. No. 16 CR 000633

       {¶70} On August 8, 2016, the Lake County Grand Jury indicted Martin for

Burglary (Count 1), a felony of the second degree in violation of R.C. 2911.12(A)(1);

Failure to Comply with Order or Signal of Police Officer (Count 2), a felony of the fourth

degree in violation of R.C. 2921.331(B); Receiving Stolen Property (Count 3), a felony

of the fourth degree in violation of R.C. 2913.51(A); Safecracking (Count 4), a felony of

the fourth degree in violation of R.C. 2911.31; Possessing Criminal Tools (Count 5), a

felony of the fifth degree in violation of R.C. 2923.24; Vandalism (Count 6), a felony of

the fifth degree in violation of R.C. 2909.05(A); and Vandalism (Count 7), a felony of the

fifth degree in violation of R.C. 2909.05(B)(1)(a).

       {¶71} On August 12, 2016, Martin was arraigned and entered a plea of “Not

Guilty” to the charges in the Indictment.

       {¶72} On November 28 and 29, 2016, a jury trial was held. Prior to trial, the

State dismissed Counts 2 (Failure to Comply), 3 (Receiving Stolen Property), and 7

(Vandalism). The remaining counts were renumbered Count 1 through 4. The State

further amended Count 4 (Vandalism – Count 6 of the Indictment) to delete “[t]he value

of said property or the amount of physical harm is less than $5,000.00.”

       {¶73} The following testimony was presented on behalf of the State:

       {¶74} Geraldine Mastroberti testified that, on March 13, 2016, she arrived at the

Shoregate Sunoco gas station/mini mart on Lakeshore Boulevard in Willowick to open

the store. Shortly after her arrival, a vehicle backed into the store through two large

windows (a converted garage bay). A man exited the vehicle and began to put a chain

around an ATM machine located in the store. The man was dressed in black with a




                                             21
hoodie and gloves. Mastroberti exited the store to call the police and heard the driver of

the vehicle say, “hurry up, we gotta get out of here.” She went to her car and called the

police. She saw the vehicle exit westbound on Lakeshore as police arrived and began

pursuit.

       {¶75} Sergeant Robert Prochazka of           the Willowick Police Department

responded to a report of a break-in in progress at the Sunoco on Lakeshore at about

6:00 a.m. on March 13, 2016. Driving westbound on Lakeshore, Prochazka observed a

dark-colored van with one functioning taillight, the passenger side door ajar, and the

rear hatch “smashed up.” The van made a sharp turn southbound on Lloyd Road and

began to accelerate. From Lloyd the van turned onto Forestview and entered a Euclid

housing development.

       {¶76} The van came to a stop in the front yard of a residence on Sycamore

Drive. The driver and occupant of the van fled on foot behind the residence. Sergeant

Prochazka examined the van and noted that the steering column and ignition tumbler

had been removed. After contacting the owner of the van, it was determined that it had

been stolen some time since the previous evening.

       {¶77} The video from Sergeant Prochazka’s dashcam was played for the jury.

In the video, two individuals can be seen exiting the van and fleeing through a gate

behind the residence. The driver can be seen wearing a grey hoodie. The passenger

can be seen wearing a dark jacket, alternatively described as black and purple.

       {¶78} Patrolman Brian Kravos of the Willowick Police Department participated in

the pursuit of the fleeing van and of the suspects on foot thereafter. Kravos followed a

trail left by the suspects of “various fences that had clearly been smashed down from




                                           22
somebody going over them” and “a couple of gates that were actually either open or

broken.” In a yard on Willow Drive, Kravos found a “dark purple jacket” and “black t-

shirt” in close proximity to each other. He noted that the clothing was dry despite the

fact it had been raining.

        {¶79} Patrolman Steven Fellinger of the Willowick Police Department processed

the van involved in the incident, a maroon Plymouth Voyager, collecting fingerprints and

DNA samples. Items collected from the van included: a backpack with a white t-shirt

and a pair of tennis shoes, a six and a half foot length of cable, a roll of green wire, a

paving brick, a tan Intech bag, a box with shotgun shells, and glass shards from the

driver’s side floor board, passenger side floor board, and the rear cargo area of the

vehicle.

        {¶80} Detective Gregory Spakes processed the crime scene at the Sunoco,

collecting fingerprints and DNA samples from the scene as well as the van.

        {¶81} Michael Rajko, the owner of the Sunoco, testified that the cost of repairing

the mini mart was fourteen thousand dollars.

        {¶82} Leanne Suchanek, an assistant laboratory director for the Lake County

Crime Lab, performed DNA analysis on the jacket and t-shirt found on Willow Drive as

well as items collected from the van. The jacket yielded a DNA profile that was a

mixture of at least four people and the t-shirt yielded a DNA profile that consisted of at

least two contributors. For each item there was an exceedingly high probability of

Martin being one of the contributors.4 Both the jacket and the t-shirt had a common

majority contributor, i.e., a contributor who yielded a higher amount of DNA than the

4. For the jacket, it was 961 billion times more likely that Martin was one of the contributors than if the
mixture derived from four unknown contributors. For the t-shirt, it was 47.8 quadrillion times more likely
that Martin was one of the contributors than if the mixture derived from two unknown contributors.


                                                   23
other contributors. Suchanek identified Martin as the majority contributor to both items.

With respect to the t-shirt, “there was such a small amount of minor contributor DNA * *

* that [it] would never be able to make any kind of comparison to any individual.”

      {¶83} DNA samples taken from the interior of the van indicated three

contributors but excluded Martin as well as the owner of the van. A DNA sample taken

from a chain and cable recovered from the van revealed at least two contributors but

excluded Martin as well as the owner of the van. Two cigarette butts taken from the van

were analyzed and revealed a single DNA profile of which Martin was excluded from

being the source.

      {¶84} The jury returned “guilty” verdicts to all charges.

      {¶85} On December 21, 2016, a sentencing hearing was held. The trial court

merged Count 4 (Vandalism) with Count 1 (Burglary). The court sentenced Martin to

serve five years in prison for Count 1 (Burglary), twelve months in prison for Count 2

(Safecracking), and twelve months in prison for Count 3 (Possessing Criminal Tools).

The court ordered the sentences to be served concurrently with each other but

consecutively with the sentence imposed in Lake County C.P. No. 16 CR 000593.

Between the two cases, Martin received an aggregate prison sentence of twelve years

and eight months. The court advised Martin that post-release control was mandatory

for three years and ordered him to pay court costs and costs of prosecution.

      {¶86} On January 12, 2017, Martin filed a Notice of Appeal from Lake County

C.P. No. 16 CR 000633 (App. No. 2017-L-006). Relative to this appeal, Martin raises

the following assignments of error:




                                           24
       {¶87} “[4.] In Case No. 16 [CR] 000633, the jury verdicts were against the

manifest weight of the evidence because Martin was not identified as the perpetrator.”

       {¶88} “[5.] In Case No. 16 CR 000633, the evidence was insufficient because

Martin was not identified as the perpetrator.”

       {¶89} In these assignments of error, Martin contends that his convictions were

against the manifest weight of the evidence and/or unsupported by sufficient evidence

because “Martin was never identified as either the driver or the man putting the chain

around the ATM.” Moreover, “[t]he jury lost its way when it put undue weight on the

DNA found on the jacket and tee shirt, especially considering that there were other

contributors of DNA to those items.” Appellant’s brief at 34.

       {¶90} The standards for reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence and the

manifest weight of the evidence have been set forth above as part of our analysis of the

sixth and seventh assignments of error. Since Martin’s convictions in the present case

rest on circumstantial evidence, we note:

              Circumstantial evidence and direct evidence inherently possess the
              same probative value and therefore should be subjected to the
              same standard of proof. When the state relies on circumstantial
              evidence to prove an essential element of the offense charged,
              there is no need for such evidence to be irreconcilable with any
              reasonable theory of innocence in order to support a conviction.

Jenks, 61 Ohio St.3d 259, 574 N.E.2d 492, at paragraph two of the syllabus

       {¶91} The determinative issue with respect to Lake County C.P. No. 16 CR

000633 is the sufficiency of the evidence. There is little uncertainty or doubt as to

Mastroberti’s testimony, the content of the dashcam video, or the results of the DNA

analysis.




                                            25
      {¶92} Mastroberti described the person who placed the chain around the ATM

as wearing dark clothing and gloves. Her testimony also identifies him as a passenger

in the van.    The passenger exiting the van in the video matches Mastroberti’s

description, in particular by the dark jacket worn by the passenger.        Although the

passenger cannot be identified from the video, his general appearance is not

inconsistent with Martin’s appearance. The DNA evidence overwhelmingly connects

Martin with the jacket and the shirt recovered from the scene and thus is sufficient to

identify him as the passenger in the van. Samples from the shirt were taken from the

neck and armpits. Of two possible contributors, Martin was the majority contributor and

so little of the minority contributor’s DNA was present that there was no realistic

possibility of ever identifying the minority contributor. The only reasonable inference is

that Martin was wearing both the shirt and jacket, although the DNA evidence cannot

determine this conclusively.

      {¶93} Such evidence has often been held sufficient to support convictions:

              DNA evidence identifying a defendant as a major contributor to the
              DNA profile found on an object linked to a crime is sufficient
              evidence to sustain a conviction. [State v.] Brown[, 8th Dist.
              Cuyahoga No. 98881, 2013-Ohio-2690,] ¶ 31, 35 (concluding that
              Brown’s convictions were based on sufficient evidence because his
              DNA profile was the major contributor to the DNA profile discovered
              on a shirt connected to the crimes even though the DNA profile on
              the shirt also revealed the DNA of unidentified minor
              contributors); State v. Crabtree, 9th Dist. Summit No. 24946, 2010-
              Ohio-2073, ¶ 17, 19 (concluding that a rational trier of fact could
              have concluded that Crabtree committed the crimes because his
              DNA was consistent as the major contributor to the DNA profile
              discovered on a gun that was connected to the crimes); State v.
              Bridgeman, 2d Dist. Champaign No. 2010 CA 16, 2011-Ohio-2680,
              ¶ 16, 18 (concluding that a reasonable trier of fact could have
              concluded that Bridgeman committed the bank robbery because
              DNA testing of a ski mask and glove connected to the robbery
              revealed Bridgeman as the major contributor to the DNA profile



                                           26
                discovered on the glove and the ski mask). See also State v.
                Johnson, 5th Dist. Stark No. 2012 CA 00054, 2012-Ohio-5621, ¶
                25 (concluding that “the jury could have concluded that [Johnson]
                and his cohort invaded the home” because Johnson’s DNA was
                discovered on a hat that the victim identified as the hat “worn by the
                man who held the gun to his head”).

State v. Eckard, 3d Dist. Marion No. 9-15-45, 2016-Ohio-5174, ¶ 33.

          {¶94} The fourth and fifth assignments of error are without merit.

          {¶95} For the foregoing reasons, Martin’s convictions in Lake County C.P. No.

16 CR 000593 and Lake County C.P. No. 16 CR 000633 are affirmed. Costs to be

taxed against the appellant.



THOMAS R. WRIGHT, P.J., concurs with a Concurring Opinion,

COLLEEN MARY O’TOOLE, J., dissents with a Dissenting Opinion.



                          __________________________________



THOMAS R. WRIGHT, P.J., concurs with a Concurring Opinion.


          {¶96} Under the first assignment, I do not decide whether evidence regarding

the October 2015 chase is admissible under Evid.R. 404(B) for purposes of establishing

Martin’s guilt in the June 2016 fleeing incident as there are independent reasons to

affirm.

          {¶97} Under the fourth assignment, the lead opinion does not expressly decide

Martin’s manifest weight argument. I conclude for the reasons stated in the lead opinion




                                              27
that the conviction is both supported by sufficient evidence and is not against the

manifest weight of the evidence.



                        __________________________________



COLLEEN MARY O’TOOLE, J., dissents with a Dissenting Opinion.

       {¶98} I respectfully dissent.

       {¶99} It is this writer’s position that appellant’s first and third assignments of

error are interrelated and are dispositive of this appeal.

       {¶100} Regarding his first assignment, it is within the sound discretion of the trial

court whether to accept or refuse a guilty plea. State v. Yates, 11th Dist. Ashtabula No.

2014-A-0044, 2015-Ohio-3087, ¶31, 37. Although a defendant has no constitutional

right to have a guilty plea accepted, the court’s discretion is not without limits. State v.

Caldwell, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 99166, 2013-Ohio-5017, ¶10-11. The term “abuse of

discretion” is one of art, connoting judgment exercised by a court which neither

comports with reason, nor the record. State v. Ferranto, 112 Ohio St. 667, 676-678

(1925). An abuse of discretion may be found when the trial court “applies the wrong

legal standard, misapplies the correct legal standard, or relies on clearly erroneous

findings of fact.” Thomas v. Cleveland, 176 Ohio App.3d 401, 2008-Ohio-1720, ¶15

(8th Dist.).

       {¶101} Regarding his third assignment, appellant did not file a motion to sever.

“Under Crim.R. 52(B), however, this court has the power to recognize plain error or

defects involving substantial rights even if they are not brought to the attention of the




                                             28
trial court. State v. Moreland (1990), 50 Ohio St.3d 58, 62 (* * *).” ‘“In the context of a

criminal case, a court of review should invoke the plain error doctrine with the utmost

caution, under exceptional circumstances, and only to prevent a miscarriage of justice.

State v. Jenks (1991), 61 Ohio St.3d 259, 282 (* * *); State v. Long (1978), 53 Ohio

St.2d 91, (* * *), paragraph three of the syllabus; [State v.] Holley[, 11th Dist. Ashtabula

No. 98-A-0089, 1999 WL 1313667,] at 26 [(Dec. 17, 1999)]. Thus, plain error does not

exist unless, but for the error, the outcome of the proceeding would have been different.

Jenks at 282 (* * *); Moreland at 62 (* * *); Long at paragraph two of the syllabus; Holley

at 26–27.”’” State v. Honzu, 11th Dist. Trumbull No. 2016-T-0056, 2017-Ohio-626, ¶52-

53.

       {¶102} There are a few key factors in this case which would favor the trial court

holding a plea hearing. Crim.R. 11(C) requires a court to advise a defendant who

pleads guilty or no contest to a felony charge that he is waiving his right to a jury trial,

his right to confront witnesses, his right to have compulsory process for obtaining

witnesses, his right against self-incrimination, and his right to require the state to prove

his guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. See State v. Watkins, 99 Ohio St.3d 12, 2003-

Ohio-2419, ¶6.

       {¶103} On the day of trial and before jury selection, defense counsel informed the

court that appellant wished to enter a guilty plea to count one, failure to comply with

order or signal of police officer, for the incident that occurred on October 7, 2015. The

state, which over-indicted appellant in this matter, indicated however that it would

present evidence relating to that count whether or not a plea was entered as Evid.R.




                                            29
404(B) evidence. The court denied appellant’s request and stated the following on the

record:

      {¶104} “Alright. As to the Defendant’s offer to plead guilty to Count 1, I heard

argument in chambers on that. The State would use all of the evidence pertaining to

Count 1 anyway, as other acts that would show motive, opportunity, identification,

absence of mistake, and such. Also, that could have been accomplished last week. I

had people in the courtroom. It takes 45 minutes to do a change of plea. The jurors

were waiting outside for an hour. Sheriff didn’t get the Defendant over until significantly

past 8:30, and I wasn’t going to encumber the jury’s, the juror’s time even more. As it

is, it’s 1 o’clock. We normally have jurors seated by noon. So in the interest of judicial

economy and the, in fairness to the jurors - - also, the Defendant doesn’t have a right to

plead guilty. He has a right to a fair trial. And I don’t see anything in the Constitution

that mandates that he plead guilty as charged.” (Case No. 2016 CR 000593, Jury Trial

T.p. 134-135).

      {¶105} The facts and circumstances establish the trial court abused its discretion

in not accepting appellant’s plea as to count one. “[I]t is incumbent upon the Court to

discern the reasonableness of the Defendant’s decision to enter a plea of guilty under

the circumstances.” See State v. Franklin, 2d Dist. Greene No. 2004 CA 127, 2005-

Ohio-6832, ¶9. It is up to a defendant to enter a guilty plea of his own free will and

choice. See U.S. Constitution, Amendment Six; Crim.R. 11; State v. Ingram, 6th Dist.

Sandusky No. S-16-046, 2017-Ohio-5685, ¶12.

      {¶106} This writer stresses that the count at issue, count one, was the only count

that occurred on October 7, 2015. The other counts stem from the incident that took




                                            30
place eight months later on June 1, 2016. The state admitted that the purpose of

presenting evidence on count one was to prove motive, opportunity, lack of mistake,

intent, and identity.   Thus, the state wanted to present the evidence occurring on

October 7, 2015 because the evidence would bolster the state’s case on the June 1,

2016 incident. The state, however, did not provide any notice of intent to use 404(B)

evidence.

       {¶107} Evid.R. 404(B) states in part: “Evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is

not admissible to prove the character of a person in order to show action in conformity

therewith. It may, however, be admissible for other purposes, such as proof of motive,

opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake or

accident. In criminal cases, the proponent of evidence to be offered under this rule shall

provide reasonable notice in advance of trial, or during trial if the court excuses pretrial

notice on good cause shown, of the general nature of any such evidence it intends to

introduce at trial.”

       {¶108} Similarly, R.C. 2945.59 provides:

       {¶109} “In any criminal case in which the defendant’s motive or intent, the

absence of mistake or accident on his part, or the defendant’s scheme, plan, or system

in doing an act is material, any acts of the defendant which tend to show his motive or

intent, the absence of mistake or accident on his part, or the defendant’s scheme, plan,

or system in doing the act in question may be proved, whether they are

contemporaneous with or prior or subsequent thereto, notwithstanding that such proof

may show or tend to show the commission of another crime by the defendant.”




                                            31
       {¶110} “Evidence of other acts under R.C. 2945.59 and Evid.R. 404(B) is to be

construed against admissibility. * * * This is because ‘(t)he average individual is prone to

much more readily believe that a person is guilty of the crime charged if it is proved to

his satisfaction that the defendant has committed a similar crime.’ * * *” (Footnote

citations omitted.) State v. Burns, 11th Dist. Lake No. 2000-L-189, 2002-Ohio-3585,

¶16.

       {¶111} “‘[C]ourts have long recognized the danger of admitting other-acts

evidence. In United States v. Phillips (1979), 599 F.2d 134, 136, the Sixth Circuit Court

of Appeals stated as follows: ‘Two concerns are expressed by the first sentence of

(Fed.R.Evid.) 404(b): (1) that the jury may convict a “bad man” who deserves to be

punished—not because he is guilty of the crime charged but because of his prior or

subsequent misdeeds; and (2) that the jury will infer that because the accused

committed other crimes, he probably committed the crime charged.’ As cautioned by

the Ohio Supreme Court in State v. Lowe (1994), 69 Ohio St.3d 527, * * *, ‘we therefore

must be careful (* * *) to recognize the distinction between evidence which shows that a

defendant is the type of person who might commit a particular crime and evidence

which shows that a defendant is the person who committed a particular crime.’

(Emphasis sic.) Id. at 530. This danger is particularly high when the other acts are very

similar to the charged offense * * *.’”    Lyndhurst v. Smith, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No.

97045, 2012-Ohio-2920, ¶26, quoting State v. Williams, 195 Ohio App.3d 807, 2011-

Ohio-5650, ¶37-38 (8th Dist.) (en banc) (parallel citation omitted.)




                                            32
      {¶112} “In addition, other-acts evidence is subject to the limitations provided in

Evid.R. 402 and 403; therefore, the proffered evidence must be relevant and its

probative value must outweigh its potential for unfair prejudice.” Smith, supra, at ¶27.

      {¶113} As this court stated in State v. Plevyak, 11th Dist. Trumbull No. 2013-T-

0051, 2014-Ohio-2889, ¶16-19:

      {¶114} “The state asserted at oral argument that Evid.R. 404(B) does not require

notice to the defendant of these ‘other acts’ as they are inextricably interwoven with the

essential facts of the case. The state argued that these ‘other acts were blended;

essentially part and parcel of the crimes charged and therefore no notice was required.

We disagree.

      {¶115} “Several of these ‘other acts’ involved acts that occurred weeks and

months apart from the crimes with which [the defendant] was charged. Under Evid.R.

404(B) other acts may be admissible to show the background of the crimes with which a

defendant is charged, or when the other acts are ‘“inextricably related” ‘to those crimes.

State v. Lowe, 69 Ohio St.3d 527, 531 * * *, quoting State v. Curry, 43 Ohio St.2d 66, 73

* * *(1975). That these ‘other acts’ are inextricably interwoven with the primary facts in

the case goes to the issue of their admissibility-not whether the state was required to

provide notice to the defendant under Evid.R. 404(B).

      {¶116} “The state also averred at oral argument that open file discovery provided

[the defendant] with knowledge of the ‘other acts’ evidence and this was equivalent to

giving him notice of the state’s intent to use this evidence. Again, we disagree. There

is a difference between a defendant knowing the state possesses ‘other acts’ evidence

and a defendant knowing the state intends to use it at trial. A defendant’s decision to go




                                            33
forward at trial may well depend on what evidence the state intends to introduce. If

providing discovery alone were sufficient to satisfy the notice requirements of Evid.R.

404(B) the rule would be superfluous. Statutes and rules are to be construed so as to

avoid such unreasonable or absurd results. State ex rel. Asti v. Ohio Dept. of Youth

Servs., 107 Ohio St.3d 262, * * *, 2005-Ohio-6432, ¶28.

      {¶117} “The federal rule, upon which Evid.R. 404(B) is based, requires

reasonable notice of the general nature of these ‘other acts’ in order to prevent unfair

surprise. Lucas, supra. Whether notice is ‘reasonable’ will depend on the facts and

circumstances of each case.” (Parallel citations omitted.)

      {¶118} In determining whether to permit other acts evidence to be admitted, trial

courts should conduct a three-step analysis set forth in State v. Williams, 134 Ohio

St.3d 521, 2012-Ohio-5695: “The first step is to consider whether the other acts

evidence is relevant to making any fact that is of consequence to the determination of

the action more or less probable than it would be without the evidence. Evid.R. 401.

The next step is to consider whether evidence of the other crimes, wrongs, or acts is

presented to prove the character of the accused in order to show activity in conformity

therewith or whether the other acts evidence is presented for a legitimate purpose, such

as those stated in Evid.R. 404(B). The third step is to consider whether the probative

value of the other acts evidence is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair

prejudice. See Evid.R. 403.” Id. at ¶20.

      {¶119} In the case at bar, the record establishes that appellant was prejudiced by

the state’s use of evidence against for which he was willing and desired to plead guilty.

This lead to a fundamentally unfair process where appellant was forced to have a jury




                                           34
who heard acts occurring on October 7, 2015 during a trial for acts occurring eight

months later on June 1, 2016.          The other acts evidence was not relevant and its

probative value was substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice.

Williams, supra, at ¶20. In light of the foregoing, this writer concludes appellant should

have been afforded a plea hearing and was denied a fair trial because of the admission

of prejudicial other acts evidence.

       {¶120} In addition, as stated, count one, failure to comply with order or signal of

police officer, occurred on October 7, 2015. The remaining counts occurred on June 1,

2016, eight months later.

       {¶121} Crim.R. 8(A), “Joinder of Offenses,” states:

       {¶122} “Two or more offenses may be charged in the same indictment,

information or complaint in a separate count for each offense if the offenses charged,

whether felonies or misdemeanors or both, are of the same or similar character, or are

based on the same act or transaction, or are based on two or more acts or transactions

connected together or constituting parts of a common scheme or plan, or are part of a

course of criminal conduct.”

       {¶123} Crim.R. 14, “Relief from prejudicial joinder,” provides in part:

       {¶124} “If it appears that a defendant or the state is prejudiced by a joinder of

offenses or of defendants in an indictment, information, or complaint, or by such joinder

for trial together of indictments, informations or complaints, the court shall order an

election or separate trial of counts, grant a severance of defendants, or provide such

other relief as justice requires. * * *”




                                             35
       {¶125} “Joinder is liberally permitted to conserve judicial resources, reduce the

chance of incongruous results in successive trials, and diminish inconvenience to the

witnesses.”     State v. Schaim, 65 Ohio St.3d 51, 58 (1992).        However, pursuant to

Crim.R. 14, it may be necessary to separate trials to prevent prejudice.            State v.

Brinkley, 105 Ohio St.3d 231, 2005-Ohio-1507, ¶29.

       {¶126} To prevail on a motion to sever, “the defendant has the burden of

demonstrating three facts. He must affirmatively demonstrate (1) that his rights were

prejudiced, (2) that at the time of the motion to sever he provided the trial court with

sufficient information so that it could weigh the considerations favoring joinder against

the defendant’s right to a fair trial, and (3) that given the information provided to the

court, it abused its discretion in refusing to separate the charges for trial.” Schaim,

supra, at 59.

       {¶127} “‘[A] defendant who asserts that joinder is improper has the burden of

making an affirmative showing that his rights will be prejudiced thereby.’          State v.

Roberts, 62 Ohio St.2d 170, 175 * * *(1980). Prejudice is not demonstrated if the

offense in question would have been admissible as ‘other acts’ evidence under Evid.R.

404(B) or if the evidence of each crime joined at trial is simple and direct.” State v. Irby,

11th Dist. Trumbull No. 2015-T-0018, 2015-Ohio-5467, ¶89, citing Schaim, supra, at 59.

(Parallel citation omitted.)

       {¶128} Again, appellant indicated before trial his desire to plead guilty to count

one. The facts presented establish the trial court abused its discretion in not affording

appellant a plea hearing or permitting him to plead guilty. See Franklin, supra, at ¶9;

U.S. Constitution, Amendment Six; Crim.R. 11; Ingram, supra, at ¶12. This was the




                                             36
only count that occurred on October 7, 2015. The other counts stem from the incident

that took place on June 1, 2016.

      {¶129} The trial court instead denied appellant’s request indicating that the jury

was waiting. The trial court should have ordered that the remaining counts be tried

separately from count one. The state admitted that the purpose of trying count one,

despite appellant’s offer to plead guilty, was to bolster the charges in the remaining

counts.   As a result, appellant was convicted of everything and faced lengthy and

consecutive prison terms. The trial court should have permitted appellant to plead guilty

to count one, and/or should have recognized the inherent unfairness and prejudice to

appellant and granted him a separate trial on count one.

      {¶130} This writer finds merit in appellant’s first and third assignments of error

and, thus, further finds his remaining assignments moot. App.R. 12(A)(1)(c).

      {¶131} I respectfully dissent.




                                           37
