                           UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
                        MERIT SYSTEMS PROTECTION BOARD


     FRANCOIS BOYE,                                  DOCKET NUMBER
                  Appellant,                         DC-0432-13-0338-I-1

                  v.

     DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY,                     DATE: September 11, 2014
                 Agency.



                THIS FINAL ORDER IS NONPRECEDENTIAL 1

           Michael L. Spekter, Esquire, Washington, D.C., for the appellant.

           Ralph C. Conte, Esquire, Washington, D.C., for the agency.


                                           BEFORE

                              Susan Tsui Grundmann, Chairman
                              Anne M. Wagner, Vice Chairman
                                 Mark A. Robbins, Member


                                       FINAL ORDER

¶1         The appellant has filed a petition for review of the initial decision, which
     affirmed the agency’s performance-based removal action. Generally, we grant
     petitions such as this one only when:       the initial decision contains erroneous
     findings of material fact; the initial decision is based on an erroneous


     1
        A nonprecedential order is one that the Board has determined does not add
     significantly to the body of MSPB case law. Parties may cite nonprecedential orders,
     but such orders have no precedential value; the Board and administrative judges are not
     required to follow or distinguish them in any future decisions. In contrast, a
     precedential decision issued as an Opinion and Order has been identified by the Board
     as significantly contributing to the Board’s case law. See 5 C.F.R. § 1201.117(c).
                                                                                       2

     interpretation of statute or regulation or the erroneous application of the law to
     the facts of the case; the judge’s rulings during either the course of the appeal or
     the initial decision were not consistent with required procedures or involved an
     abuse of discretion, and the resulting error affected the outcome of the case; or
     new and material evidence or legal argument is available that, despite the
     petitioner’s due diligence, was not available when the record closed. See Title 5
     of the Code of Federal Regulations, section 1201.115 (5 C.F.R. § 1201.115).
     After fully considering the filings in this appeal, and based on the following
     points and authorities, we conclude that the petitioner has not established any
     basis under section 1201.115 for granting the petition for review. Therefore, we
     DENY the petition for review.       Except as modified by the analysis of the
     appellant’s age discrimination and retaliation claims, we AFFIRM the initial
     decision.

                                      BACKGROUND
¶2           Effective January 27, 2013, the agency removed the appellant from his
     position as a GS-14 International Economist for unacceptable performance in
     three critical elements of his performance standards. Initial Appeal File (IAF),
     Tab 7 at 17, 20-27. He consequently filed an appeal alleging that the agency
     failed to provide him with a reasonable opportunity to improve and that his
     performance was not deficient as charged in the notice of proposed removal.
     IAF, Tab 1 at 5, Tab 16 at 4-8. He also claimed that the agency discriminated
     against him on the basis of his age and retaliated against him for engaging in
     prior equal employment opportunity activity when it removed him. IAF, Tab 16
     at 9.
¶3           After holding the requested hearing, the administrative judge issued an
     initial decision affirming the removal action. IAF, Tab 1 at 2, Tab 24, Initial
     Decision (ID) at 1, 9. She found that the agency carried its burden of showing
     that the appellant’s performance remained deficient in the three critical elements
                                                                                      3

     relied on by the agency and that it provided him with a reasonable opportunity to
     improve. ID at 5-13. She also found that the appellant failed to meet his burden
     of proving his age discrimination and retaliation claims. ID at 13-16.
¶4        The appellant has filed a petition for review. Petition for Review (PFR)
     File, Tab 3. The agency has filed a response in opposition, PFR File, Tab 8, to
     which the appellant has replied, PFR File, Tab 9.

                     DISCUSSION OF ARGUMENTS ON REVIEW
¶5        For the agency to prevail in this appeal, it must establish by substantial
     evidence, in relevant part, that the agency warned the appellant of the
     inadequacies of his performance during the appraisal period and gave him an
     adequate opportunity to improve and, after an adequate improvement period, his
     performance remained unacceptable in at least one critical element. See Towne v.
     Department of the Air Force, 120 M.S.P.R. 239, ¶ 6 (2013). Substantial evidence
     is the “degree of relevant evidence that a reasonable person, considering the
     record as a whole, might accept as adequate to support a conclusion, even though
     other reasonable persons might disagree.” 5 C.F.R. § 1201.56(c)(1). Substantial
     evidence is a lesser standard of proof than preponderance of the evidence and, to
     meet this standard, the agency’s evidence need not be more persuasive than that
     of the appellant. Towne, 120 M.S.P.R. 239, ¶ 6.
¶6        On review, the appellant claims that the administrative judge erred in
     finding that the agency afforded him an adequate improvement period. PFR File,
     Tab 3 at 9-15. Specifically, he claims that the administrative judge wrongfully
     found that the agency provided him with writing samples during the performance
     improvement plan (PIP) and that, without proper writing samples and other
     specific prior guidance, he was unable to predict what his supervisors expected
     for each assignment. Id. at 9-10, 12-15. Even if the agency did not provide the
     appellant with writing samples as he alleges, there is ample evidence in the record
     to support the administrative judge’s finding that the agency proved by
                                                                                    4

substantial evidence that it afforded him a reasonable opportunity to improve his
performance during the 90-day PIP period, including providing him with:
(1) lengthy and specific examples of the ways in which his performance had been
deficient during the rating period; (2) templates and guidelines used for all
written work product in the office; and (3) one-on-one meetings and discussions
with his supervisor every 2 weeks during the PIP period. 2 ID at 5-7. Moreover,
as the administrative judge found, the level of guidance and instruction the
appellant claimed he should have received throughout the duration of the PIP ran
directly contrary to the expectations of someone, such as the appellant, who was
at the top of his GS-14 career ladder position, ID at 13, and, even if the appellant
previously had not been assigned the kinds of assignments he was tasked to
perform during the PIP, it was certainly reasonable to expect him to be capable of
writing in a clear and organized manner given the requirements of his position
description and performance plan, ID at 11; IAF, Tab 8 at 138-39; see Satlin v.
Department of Veterans Affairs, 60 M.S.P.R. 218, 225 (1993) (the administrative
judge properly considered the appellant’s length of service and experience in
concluding that the appellant had received both adequate instruction and time in
which to demonstrate improvement); see also Lee v. Environmental Protection
Agency, 115 M.S.P.R. 533, ¶ 32 (2010) (in determining whether an agency has
afforded an employee a reasonable opportunity to demonstrate acceptable
performance, relevant factors include the nature of the duties and responsibilities
of the employee’s position, the performance deficiencies involved, and the


2
  The appellant argues that he was not provided a reasonable opportunity to improve
because he only had one-on-one meetings with his supervisor throughout the duration of
the PIP and not with his supervisor’s deputy, who edited two of his assignments during
the PIP period. PFR File, Tab 3 at 10-11. We find no error here. Although the
applicable regulations governing performance-based actions state that “as part of the
employee’s opportunity to demonstrate acceptable performance, the agency shall offer
assistance to the employee in improving unacceptable performance,” there is no
mechanical requirement regarding the form of this assistance. 5 C.F.R. § 432.104; see
Gjersvold v. Department of the Treasury, 68 M.S.P.R. 331, 335-36 (1995).
                                                                                           5

     amount of time that is sufficient to provide the employee with an opportunity to
     demonstrate acceptable performance).
¶7          The appellant additionally argues that the administrative judge erred in
     finding that his performance was unacceptable. PFR File, Tab 3 at 15-22. He
     argues that the administrative judge failed to thoroughly review the record,
     including the hearing testimony, his PIP assignments, and his response to the
     notice of proposed removal.       Id. at 15-17, 19-22.      He also argues that the
     administrative judge erred in determining that the agency officials who testified
     were credible because they did not testify consistently at the hearing and in their
     deposition testimony. 3 Id. at 10, 20-22. We have reviewed the record and find
     that   the   appellant’s   arguments    constitute   mere   disagreement     with   the
     administrative judge’s explained findings of fact and credibility determinations,
     which are supported by the record and entitled to deference.              ID at 5-13;
     see Diggs v. Department of Housing & Urban Development, 114 M.S.P.R. 464,
     ¶ 8 (2010) (the Board must give deference to an administrative judge’s credibility
     determinations when they are based, explicitly or implicitly, on the observation of
     the demeanor of witnesses testifying at a hearing; the Board may overturn such
     determinations only when it has sufficiently sound reasons for doing so). 4
     Significantly, contrary to the appellant’s arguments, the record supports the
     administrative judge’s finding that the agency proved by substantial evidence that
     his performance remained deficient in the three critical elements relied on by the

     3
         The appellant cites to specific pages of deposition testimony in support of his
     argument. PFR File, Tab 3 at 10-11, 15, 18. Although the appellant indicated in his
     prehearing statement that he attached portions of his supervisor’s deposition transcript
     for impeachment purposes, there are no pages of text attached and we, therefore, are
     unable to compare testimonies. IAF, Tab 16 at 12, 192-93. Concerning the appellant’s
     argument regarding inconsistencies in the hearing testimony, we find his argument
     unpersuasive.
     4
       Although the administrative judge did not make any explicit demeanor-based
     credibility determinations in the initial decision, she heard live testimony, and her
     credibility determinations must be deemed to be at least implicitly based upon witness
     demeanor. See Little v. Department of Transportation, 112 M.S.P.R. 224, ¶ 4 (2009).
                                                                                        6

     agency. ID at 12. As evidenced by the appellant’s assignments during the PIP
     period, his drafts required substantial revisions, contained grammatical errors,
     and, at times, were difficult to understand. IAF, Tab 8 at 24-123. Further, we
     discern no reason to disturb the administrative judge’s finding that the kinds of
     revisions necessary to his written work went far beyond what his supervisors
     needed to provide to any other economist at his grade level and length of
     experience. ID at 11; Hearing Transcript, July 9, 2013, at 81-83 (testimony of the
     appellant’s   supervisor),   152-56   (testimony   of   the   supervisor’s   deputy).
     Accordingly, we agree with the administrative judge that the agency met its
     burden concerning the adequacy of the appellant’s performance.
¶8        In analyzing the disparate treatment theory of the appellant’s age
     discrimination claim, the administrative judge relied on Gross v. FBL Financial
     Services, Inc., 557 U.S. 167, 180 (2009), to find that the appellant did not prove
     that his age was the “but for” cause of the PIP and resulting removal. ID at
     13-15. The Board, however, has held that a federal employee, unlike the private
     sector employee in Gross, may prove age discrimination by establishing that age
     was “a factor” in the challenged personnel action even if it was not the “but-for”
     cause of that action.   Wingate v. U.S. Postal Service, 118 M.S.P.R. 566, ¶ 7
     (2012). Because the factual record is fully developed on this issue and we do not
     base our finding on witness demeanor, we need not remand this claim for further
     adjudication. Spahn v. Department of Justice, 93 M.S.P.R. 195, ¶ 36 n.10 (2003).
     Based on the existing record, and for the reasons contained in the initial decision,
     we find that the appellant did not meet his burden of proving that age was “a
     factor” in the agency’s decision to either place the appellant on a PIP or
     ultimately remove him. ID at 13-15.
¶9        In analyzing the appellant’s retaliation claim, the administrative judge
     applied a burden-shifting analysis and found that the appellant failed to establish
     a prima facie case of retaliation because he did not establish a nexus between his
     protected activity and his placement on the PIP and ultimate removal.          ID at
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      15-16.   However, where, as here, the case has gone to a hearing and the
      evidentiary record is complete, the administrative judge will not inquire into
      whether the action under review could have been retaliatory, whether the
      appellant has made out a prima facie case of retaliation, or whether some other
      threshold of proof has been met. Simien v. U.S. Postal Service, 99 M.S.P.R. 237,
      ¶ 28 (2005).    Rather, the inquiry proceeds to the ultimate question, which is
      whether, upon weighing the evidence presented by both parties, the appellant has
      met his burden of proving retaliation. Id. The Board has stated that an appellant
      may meet this burden by providing circumstantial evidence showing a
      “convincing mosaic” of retaliation against him.        Rhee v. Department of the
      Treasury, 117 M.S.P.R. 640, ¶ 22 (2012). Based on the existing record, and for
      the reasons contained in the initial decision, we find that that the appellant did not
      meet his burden. ID at 15-16.
¶10         In finding that the appellant failed to meet his burden on his retaliation
      claim, the administrative judge found that the agency did not prejudge the
      appellant’s performance during the PIP period.          ID at 16.     The appellant
      challenges this finding on review, arguing that his placement on the PIP was
      “merely a sham” because the outcome was predetermined by the agency. PFR
      File, Tab 3 at 22. He relies on an email message written by his supervisor, the
      proposing official, in which she stated 2 weeks prior to the end date of the PIP
      period that the appellant’s most recent work product had “solidified [her] decision
      100%.” Id.; IAF, Tab 16 at 122. As the administrative judge properly noted,
      however, the PIP had already lasted over 2 months and his supervisor’s
      conclusion that he had not passed the PIP could hardly be called premature given
      the unsatisfactory work products he had already submitted.            ID at 16; cf.
      Thompson v. Farm Credit Administration, 51 M.S.P.R. 569, 579 (1991) (the
      agency did not afford the appellant a reasonable opportunity to improve where the
      appellant’s supervisors, by their actions before, during, and after the performance
      improvement period revealed their predetermination that he was going to fail).
                                                                                 8

Moreover, the appellant has not set forth any allegation that the deciding official
prejudged the outcome of his notice of proposed removal and the administrative
judge found, and we discern no basis to disturb, that the deciding official’s
review of the evidence was thorough, meticulous, and detailed, his conclusion
that the appellant’s performance warranted removal was reasonable, and nothing
in the record or his testimony in any way suggested that he was motivated by
retaliation or discrimination. ID at 13.

                NOTICE TO THE APPELLANT REGARDING
                   YOUR FURTHER REVIEW RIGHTS
      The initial decision, as supplemented and modified by this Final Order,
constitutes the Board’s final decision in this matter. 5 C.F.R. § 1201.113. You
have the right to request further review of this final decision.

Discrimination Claims: Administrative Review
      You may request review of this final decision on your discrimination
claims by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC). See Title 5
of the United States Code, section 7702(b)(1) (5 U.S.C. § 7702(b)(1)). If you
submit your request by regular U.S. mail, the address of the EEOC is:
                          Office of Federal Operations
                   Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
                                P.O. Box 77960
                           Washington, D.C. 20013

      If you submit your request via commercial delivery or by a method
requiring a signature, it must be addressed to:
                          Office of Federal Operations
                   Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
                               131 M Street, NE
                                 Suite 5SW12G
                           Washington, D.C. 20507

      You should send your request to EEOC no later than 30 calendar days after
your receipt of this order. If you have a representative in this case, and your
                                                                                    9

representative receives this order before you do, then you must file with EEOC no
later than 30 calendar days after receipt by your representative. If you choose to
file, be very careful to file on time.

Discrimination and Other Claims: Judicial Action
      If you do not request EEOC to review this final decision on your
discrimination claims, you may file a civil action against the agency on both your
discrimination claims and your other claims in an appropriate United States
district court. See 5 U.S.C. § 7703(b)(2). You must file your civil action with
the district court no later than 30 calendar days after your receipt of this order. If
you have a representative in this case, and your representative receives this order
before you do, then you must file with the district court no later than 30 calendar
days after receipt by your representative. If you choose to file, be very careful to
file on time. If the action involves a claim of discrimination based on race, color,
religion, sex, national origin, or a disabling condition, you may be entitled to
representation by a court-appointed lawyer and to waiver of any requirement of
prepayment of fees, costs, or other security.           See 42 U.S.C. § 2000e5(f)
and 29 U.S.C. § 794a.




FOR THE BOARD:                             ______________________________
                                           William D. Spencer
                                           Clerk of the Board
Washington, D.C.
