                     United States Court of Appeals
                            FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT

                                    ___________

                                    No. 06-4023
                                    ___________

United States of America,            *
                                     *
             Appellant,              *
                                     * Appeal from the United States
      v.                             * District Court for the
                                     * Southern District of Iowa.
Onterrail Remond Altman, also known *
as Onterrail Redmond Altman,         *
                                     *
             Appellee.               *
                                ___________

                              Submitted: September 25, 2007
                                  Filed: November 5, 2007
                                  ___________

Before WOLLMAN, HANSEN, and RILEY, Circuit Judges.
                          ___________

WOLLMAN, Circuit Judge.

      The United States filed this interlocutory appeal from the district court’s order
excluding one of its witnesses, Ronnie Lee Cyrus, Jr., from testifying in the trial of
Onterrail Remond Altman. We hold that the district court abused its discretion in
excluding Cyrus because there was no untimely disclosure and no other adequate
reason for the exclusion.
I. Background

       Altman and Cyrus were arrested separately, but as a part of the same overall
investigation. A grand jury indicted Altman on one count of conspiracy to distribute
at least fifty grams of cocaine base (crack) on July 27, 2006. After other counsel had
withdrawn from the case, attorney Keith Rigg entered an appearance on behalf of
Altman on August 7, 2006, to represent Altman at a detention hearing. The hearing
was Rigg’s only substantive involvement with Altman. Three days later, Altman’s
present counsel, James Cook, entered his appearance, at which point Rigg ceased to
be involved in representing Altman.

       At some point subsequent to Rigg’s brief representation of Altman, Rigg
became counsel for Cyrus. Apparently, Rigg discussed with both Altman and Cyrus
the possibility of a conflict of interest arising from this situation, and Rigg either
concluded that there was no conflict or received their permission to represent Cyrus.
Cyrus later decided to cooperate with the government. After apparently proffering
testimony on October 6—the substance of which is unknown—Cyrus proffered
testimony against several persons, including Altman, on October 24. The report
detailing Cyrus’s testimony regarding Altman was not prepared and given to the
Assistant United States Attorney handling Altman’s case until November 20. On
November 30, the government disclosed Cyrus as a potential witness, and the district
court moved the trial date from December 14 to December 5.

       The district court granted Altman’s in limine motion to exclude Cyrus’s
testimony, ruling that the government’s November 30 disclosure was untimely in light
of the government’s month-earlier knowledge of Cyrus’s existence as a potential
witness. Altman also argued that Rigg, cognizant of potential conflict of interest
considerations, would not have become Cyrus’s lawyer unless Cyrus had told Rigg
that he knew nothing incriminating about Altman. Accordingly, the district court
expressed its concern about the unfairness that might result from Altman’s inability,

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because of Cyrus’s attorney-client privilege, to compel Rigg to testify about Cyrus’s
initial lack of incriminating information.

II. Discussion

       We review for abuse of discretion a district court’s decision regarding the
exclusion of evidence as a sanction for governmental discovery violations. United
States v. Pherigo, 327 F.3d 690, 694 (8th Cir. 2003). If an actual discovery violation
exists, the sanction will be upheld or reversed based on “(1) whether the Government
acted in bad faith and the reason(s) for delay in production; (2) whether there is any
prejudice to the defendant; and (3) whether any lesser sanction is appropriate to secure
future Government compliance.” Id.; see, e.g., United States v. Sandoval-Rodriguez,
452 F.3d 984, 989-90 (8th Cir. 2006) (finding no discovery violation and then
assuming a violation to discuss the three factors).

       The government did not violate any general rule of discovery or any specific
discovery order by the district court. A federal criminal defendant generally has no
right to know about government witnesses prior to trial. See 18 U.S.C. § 3500; Fed.
R. Crim. P. 16(a)(2); Sandoval-Rodriguez, 452 F.3d at 990. Due process requires
merely that the government disclose all material or potentially exculpatory evidence
before the trial ends. United States v. Holmes, 421 F.3d 683, 687 (8th Cir. 2005). In
this case, an open-file policy was in place, and Altman was affirmatively provided
with pre-trial notice that Cyrus would be called at trial. If not for a change of trial date
that also occurred on November 30, the defense would have had two weeks to prepare.
As it was, the defense had at least four full days prior to trial to prepare to meet
Cyrus’s testimony, and thus the district court abused its discretion by excluding
Cyrus’s testimony as untimely disclosed.

      The district court additionally excluded Cyrus’s testimony because of the
unfairness to Altman if he could not compel Rigg to testify as an impeaching witness

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against Cyrus. We can find no authority that justifies such a decision. Cyrus’s
testimony is certainly relevant, see Fed. R. Evid. 402, and Altman has not advanced
any case, rule, statute, or Constitutional provision for the proposition that the inability
to impeach a witness by calling the witness’s lawyer is grounds to exclude that
witness’s testimony. This rationale does not justify exclusion, and the district court
abused its discretion in relying upon it.

       We reverse the order of exclusion and remand the case to the district court for
further proceedings.
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