                                                               [DO NOT PUBLISH]


              IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                      FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                        ________________________                   FILED
                                                          U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                              No. 09-12845                  ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                                                                APRIL 5, 2010
                          Non-Argument Calendar
                                                                 JOHN LEY
                        ________________________
                                                                  CLERK

                          Agency No. A098-548-747

HUMBERTO ALVAREZ,


                                                                       Petitioner,

                                    versus

U.S. ATTORNEY GENERAL,

                                                                     Respondent.


                        ________________________

                    Petition for Review of a Decision of the
                         Board of Immigration Appeals
                         _________________________

                                (April 5, 2010)

Before CARNES, MARCUS and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

     Humberto Alvarez, a native of Colombia and a citizen of Venezuela, through
counsel, seeks review of the Board of Immigration Appeals’ (“BIA”) decision,

affirming the Immigration Judge’s (“IJ”) order denying his application for asylum,

withholding of removal under the Immigration and Nationality Act (“INA”), and

relief under the United Nations Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel,

Inhuman and Degrading Treatment or Punishment (“CAT”). INA §§ 208, 241, 8

U.S.C. §§ 1158, 1231; 8 C.F.R. § 208.16(c). In his petition for asylum, Alvarez

claimed that he was persecuted in Venezuela by the Bolivarian Circles and other

authorities that support the government of Hugo Chavez. Alvarez testified before

the IJ that members of the Bolivarian Circles threatened him, beat him, and/or

ransacked his home on multiple occasions in 2002 and 2003 due to his

participation in various protest marches organized by the Action workers of

Venezuela. The IJ and the BIA both concluded that Alvarez failed to present a

credible claim of asylum.

      On appeal, Alvarez argues that the IJ and BIA failed to provide sufficient

reasons for their adverse credibility determinations because the identified

inconsistencies in his testimony were either insignificant or were not actually

inconsistent. Alvarez argues that the record compels reversal. We disagree.

      In order to establish eligibility for asylum, an applicant must provide

“credible, direct, and specific evidence in the record” showing that he is a

“refugee.” Forgue v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 401 F.3d 1282, 1287 (11th Cir. 2005)
                                          2
(quotation omitted). See also 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1). An alien qualifies as a

refugee if he can establish he has suffered past persecution or has a “well-founded

fear of persecution on account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a

particular social group, or political opinion.” INA § 101(a)(42)(A); 8 U.S.C. §

1101(a)(42)(A).

      If an alien’s testimony that he fears persecution is credible, it may be

sufficient without corroboration to satisfy his burden of proof required to establish

asylum eligibility. Kueviakoe v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 567 F.3d 1301, 1304 (11th Cir.

2009). Likewise, a denial of asylum relief can be supported solely by an adverse

credibility determination, which may be made on the basis of internal

inconsistencies in an applicant’s testimony. Mohammed v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 547

F.3d 1340, 1348 (11th Cir. 2008) (citing 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(B)(iii)). If the

court explicitly determines that the alien lacks credibility, it must offer “specific,

cogent reasons” for the finding. Kueviakoe, 567 F.3d at 1305. The burden then

shifts to the alien to show why the credibility determination was not supported by

“specific, cogent reasons” or was not based on substantial evidence. Id.

      Factual determinations, including credibility determinations, are reviewed

under a substantial evidence standard, which provides that the decision “can be

reversed only if evidence ‘compels’ a reasonable fact finder to find otherwise.”

Sepulveda v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 401 F.3d 1226, 1230 (11th Cir. 2005) (per curiam).
                                            3
Therefore, we must affirm the BIA’s decision if it is supported by “reasonable,

substantial, and probative evidence on the record considered as a whole.” Al

Najjar v. Ashcroft, 257 F.3d 1262, 1284 (11th Cir. 2001). We review the record

evidence “in the light most favorable to the agency’s decision and draw all

reasonable inferences in favor of that decision.” Adefemi v. Ashcroft, 386 F.3d

1022, 1027 (11th Cir. 2004) (en banc).

      Where, as here, the BIA issues its own opinion, we review only the decision

of the BIA, except to the extent the BIA expressly adopts the IJ’s decision and

reasoning. Al Najjar, 257 F.3d at 1284. Therefore, because the BIA expressly

adopted the conclusions and reasoning with respect to three inconsistencies in

Alvarez’s testimony, we look to both the BIA’s and the IJ’s opinions with respect

to those perceived inconsistencies.

      The BIA found that Alvarez failed to present a credible claim for asylum

because his testimony was insufficiently detailed, contained internal and external

inconsistencies, and lacked sufficient corroboration. The BIA endorsed three of

the IJ’s identified inconsistencies in making its adverse credibility determination.

First, the BIA recognized an internal inconsistency in Alvarez’s testimony before

the IJ. Alvarez testified that on June 15, 2002, his home was invaded by members

of the Bolivarian Circles and National Guard; he was beaten unconscious and

awakened in a pool of blood; and he “remained in [his] apartment for two days in
                                           4
fear” before seeking medical attention. The BIA found that Alvarez contradicted

this statement when he also testified that the day after the alleged beating, he left

his apartment to report the incident at the police station. Second, while Alvarez

testified that he changed his residence in Caracas only once to avoid further

persecution, his wife testified that she and Alvarez were constantly moving from

place to place during the period after the June 2002 beating. Third, Alvarez

testified that when he returned to Venezuela for a short visit after first entering the

United States due to persecution, nothing personally happened to him aside from

threats because he would not leave his apartment for fear of future beatings. His

wife, on the other hand, testified that he was “found” by the Bolivarian Circles

three days after his return, and his persecutors monitored his apartment throughout

his stay, which prompted his second entry to the United States.

       Although we agree with Alvarez that the IJ and BIA overstated the

inconsistency between his and his wife’s testimony regarding the events following

his return to Venezuela,1 the other two inconsistencies constitute “specific, cogent

reasons” for the BIA’s adverse credibility determination and are material to his



       1
               The BIA endorsed the IJ’s finding that Alvarez’s testimony that he had no
problems with the Bolivarian Circles upon his return, which he qualified as being due to his
decision to remain in hiding in his apartment, was inconsistent with his wife’s testimony that his
persecutors monitored the foyer of his apartment building. However, Alvarez also testified that
there were threats made against him by members of the Bolivarian Circles. The IJ and BIA
appear to have ignored this testimony, which lessens the perceived inconsistency between
Alvarez’s and his wife’s testimony.
                                                5
asylum claim.2 First, the fact that Alvarez testified that he only moved once within

Caracas to avoid persecution is in direct conflict with his wife’s testimony that they

moved constantly during the relevant time period. This inconsistency is material to

Alvarez’s claim in that it suggests a lack of credibility as to what steps he took to

avoid further harm or harassment, which is relevant to whether Alvarez has an

objective fear of future harm in Venezuela. Second, the internal inconsistency in

Alvarez’s testimony that he was too afraid and too weak due to blood loss to leave

his apartment for two days after the June 15, 2002 beating but at the same time left

his apartment to file a police report is also material to his asylum claim because it

bears directly on the truth and seriousness of the events that Alvarez claims

constituted past persecution. In light of these two inconsistencies, as well as the

lack of corroborating evidence of Alvarez’s persecution, in the form of police

reports or medical records, we cannot conclude that the evidence “compels”

reversal. See Sepulveda, 401 F.3d at 1230.

       In sum, substantial evidence supports the BIA’s adverse credibility




       2
               The REAL ID Act, which governs all asylum applications filed after May 11,
2005, now provides that an adverse credibility determination may be based on any inconsistency,
regardless of whether the inconsistency is material, i.e., whether or not it goes to the heart of the
asylum claim. See REAL ID Act § 101(a)(3)(B)(iii), Pub. L. No. 109-13, 119 Stat. 231 (2005),
codified at 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(B)(iii). Alvarez’s asylum application was filed in 2004 and is
therefore not governed by the REAL ID Act. Our circuit has not determined whether credibility
determinations, in cases not governed by the REAL ID Act, must be supported by
inconsistencies that go to the heart of the claim.
                                                   6
determination and resulting denial of Alvarez’s application for asylum.3 Therefore,

we deny his petition for review.4

       PETITION DENIED.




       3
                We decline to reach Alvarez’s additional argument that the IJ committed
reversible error by finding that he could relocate to Colombia. The BIA expressly stated that it
was not considering the challenge to the IJ’s grant of the motion to pretermit Alvarez’s asylum
application based on a safe third country for removal. Instead, it chose to affirm the denial of
asylum on burden of proof grounds.
       4
                Because Alvarez failed to establish eligibility for asylum, we also deny his
applications for withholding of removal and CAT relief. “To qualify for withholding of removal
or CAT relief, an alien must establish standards more stringent that those for asylum eligibility;
thus, an alien unable to prove a well-founded fear of persecution based on a protected ground, as
required for asylum relief, necessarily fails to demonstrate a clear probability of persecution, the
standard applicable to a claim for withholding of removal.” Rodriguez Morales v. U.S. Att’y
Gen., 488 F.3d 884, 891 (11th Cir. 2007) (internal citation omitted).
                                                   7
