            If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
                 revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.




                          STATE OF MICHIGAN

                           COURT OF APPEALS



PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,                                   UNPUBLISHED
                                                                   December 26, 2019
               Plaintiff-Appellee,

v                                                                  No. 341267
                                                                   Macomb Circuit Court
RANDY JAMES MAHAFFEY,                                              LC No. 2017-000870-FC

               Defendant-Appellant.


PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,

               Plaintiff-Appellee,

v                                                                  No. 342112
                                                                   Macomb Circuit Court
CHRISTOPHER RASHAWN JONES,                                         LC No. 2017-000869-FC

               Defendant-Appellant.


Before: RIORDAN, P.J., and JANSEN and STEPHENS, JJ.


PER CURIAM.

       In Docket No. 341267, defendant Randy James Mahaffey appeals as of right his jury trial
conviction of armed robbery, MCL 750.529, for which the trial court sentenced him as a fourth-
offense habitual offender, MCL 769.12, to 420 to 700 months in prison. In Docket No. 342112,
defendant Christopher Rashawn Jones appeals as of right his jury trial convictions of first-degree
felony murder, MCL 750.316(1)(b), armed robbery, felon in possession of a firearm, MCL
750.224f, and possession of a firearm during the commission of a felony (felony-firearm), MCL
750.227b. The trial court sentenced Jones to life in prison without parole for the felony-murder
conviction, and concurrent prison terms of 30 to 46 years for the armed robbery conviction, and
5 to 10 years for the felon-in-possession conviction, to be served consecutive to a two-year term
of imprisonment for the felony-firearm conviction. We affirm in both appeals.


                                               -1-
        Defendants’ convictions arise from the robbery and shooting death of James Capizzo
outside an apartment building in Mount Clemens during the early morning hours of December
26, 2016. The prosecutor’s theory of the case was that defendants Mahaffey and Jones acted in
concert to rob Capizzo of some Vicodin pills, and that Jones shot and killed Capizzo during the
offense. Defendants were tried separately. Mahaffey’s theory of defense was that he was merely
present when the robbery and shooting was committed solely by Jones. Jones’s theory of
defense was that he intended to sell his gun to Mahaffey and that the gun, which firearms experts
agreed was in poor condition, accidently discharged during the transfer, killing Capizzo. Jones
argued that Mahaffey was solely responsible for any robbery, and that Jones was guilty, at worst,
of only involuntary manslaughter.

                    I. DOCKET NO. 341267 (DEFENDANT MAHAFFEY)

                           A. SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE

        Mahaffey’s first claim on appeal is that there was insufficient evidence to support his
conviction of armed robbery, and that the trial court should have granted his motion for a
directed verdict. We disagree.

        We review de novo a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence in support of a criminal
conviction and a trial court’s denial of a motion for a directed verdict. People v McKewen, 326
Mich App 342, 347; 926 NW2d 888 (2018). In reviewing a challenge to the sufficiency of the
evidence, we must view the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution to determine
whether the trier of fact could have found that the essential elements of the crime were proved
beyond a reasonable doubt. People v Chelmicki, 305 Mich App 58, 64; 850 NW2d 612 (2014);
People v Harverson, 291 Mich App 171, 175; 804 NW2d 757 (2010). “All conflicts with regard
to the evidence must be resolved in favor of the prosecution.” People v Wilkens, 267 Mich App
728, 738; 705 NW2d 728 (2005). This Court reviews a challenge to the trial court’s ruling on a
motion for a directed verdict in the same manner as a challenge regarding the sufficiency of the
evidence, except that only the evidence presented by the prosecution is considered. People v
Aldrich, 246 Mich App 101, 122; 631 NW2d 67 (2001).

        To prove the elements of armed robbery, a prosecutor must show that: “(1) the defendant,
in the course of committing a larceny of any money or other property that may be the subject of a
larceny, used force or violence against any person who was present or assaulted or put the person
in fear, and (2) the defendant, in the course of committing the larceny, either possessed a
dangerous weapon, possessed an article used or fashioned in a manner to lead any person present
to reasonably believe that the article was a dangerous weapon, or represented orally or otherwise
that he or she was in possession of a dangerous weapon.” People v Chambers, 277 Mich App 1,
7; 742 NW2d 610 (2007). MCL 750.530(2) defines “in the course of committing a larceny” to
include “acts that occur in an attempt to commit the larceny, or during commission of the
larceny, or in flight or attempted flight after the commission of the larceny, or in an attempt to
retain possession of the property.”

       The prosecution’s theory at trial was that Mahaffey was guilty under an aiding or abetting
theory. The elements necessary to convict a defendant under an aiding or abetting theory are:




                                               -2-
       (1) the crime charged was committed by the defendant or some other person; (2)
       the defendant performed acts or gave encouragement that assisted the commission
       of the crime; and (3) the defendant intended the commission of the crime or had
       knowledge that the principal intended its commission at the time that [the
       defendant] gave aid and encouragement. [People v Plunkett, 485 Mich 50, 61;
       780 NW2d 280 (2010) (citations and quotation marks omitted).]

“An aider and abettor’s state of mind may be inferred from all the facts and circumstances.”
People v Carines, 460 Mich 750, 758; 597 NW2d 130 (1999) (internal quotation omitted).

        There was ample evidence that a robbery was committed. The evidence of the crime
came from Mahaffey. According to Mahaffey’s own testimony, Jones pointed a rifle at Capizzo
and demanded that Capizzo “give him the f**king pills.” He testified that Jones fired the rifle
above Capizzo’s head and Capizzo threw the pills on the ground and ran down some stairs. In
both his police interview and at trial, Mahaffey stated that Jones picked up the pills and ran. The
police found only one pill remaining on the step when they responded to the scene.

        A reasonable trier of fact could also conclude that the second element of aiding or
abetting was met because evidence was presented at trial to establish that Mahaffey performed
acts that assisted or encouraged the commission of the robbery. Mahaffey argues that the
evidence showed that he was merely present during the robbery, which is insufficient to establish
aiding or abetting. However, the support for this element arises from a combination of the
contents of certain texts between Jones and Mahaffey, the deletion of contemporaneous texts
from Mahaffey’s phone and admissions from Mahaffey, himself. First, there is record evidence
that Mahaffey and Jones communicated with phone calls and text messages throughout the night
leading up to the robbery. The subject of several of the texts that were retrieved concerned
exchanges and purchases of crack cocaine from Jones for money and Vicodin. There was
testimony that Mahaffey, Jones and Herman consumed drugs throughout the evening of the
crime. After the first supply of cocaine was consumed, Mahaffey drove with Capizzo to get
Capizzo’s wife’s pills. Mahaffey and Jones exchanged texts regarding exchanging Capizzo’s
supply of Vicodin for more crack.

         Mahaffey admitted that he called Jones and informed him that Capizzo still had more
Vicodin. Jones texted Mahaffey, “Okay. I’m coming for the pills.” Jones also asked, “Are we
gonna share the pros?” The later text was not explained by any witness. Additionally, there was
testimony that the content of 10 text messages generated during this time period were not
retrieved from Mahaffey’s phone. Mahaffey argues that the absence of an explanation of the
“pros” text and the weakness of the expert testimony on the geographic origin and content of the
texts abrogate any inference that he was anything other than merely present. To the contrary, the
totality of the evidence supports an inference that the messages were deleted by Mahaffey and
that Jones and Mahaffey were acting in concert pursuant to a plan to rob Capizzo of his pills and
share the proceeds.

       Finally, the third element of aiding and abetting was met because there was sufficient
evidence to show that Mahaffey intended the armed robbery or participated while knowing that
Jones possessed the requisite intent. According to Mahaffey, Capizzo felt “suspicious” in
Mahaffey’s friend, Susan Hemmen’s, apartment before the robbery. As a result, Mahaffey


                                                -3-
accompanied him outside where Jones was waiting to commit the crime. After the shooting,
Mahaffey did not stay to help his friend, who had been shot. Instead, Mahaffey retrieved his vest
because it was identifiable to the police and fled to the shooter’s home. According to Jones’s
fiancée, Ashley Redmond, when Mahaffey arrived, he did not appear nervous or upset.
Mahaffey and Jones then traveled together going to several places in Detroit. While Mahaffey
argues that he feared Jones and was an unwilling passenger, the jury could infer consciousness of
guilt from his flight and infer that he intended the armed robbery or had the requisite knowledge
of Jones’s intent. People v Unger, 278 Mich App 210, 226; 749 NW2d 272 (2008).

        Although Mahaffey suggests innocent explanations for the communications and other
evidence, “ ‘the prosecution need not disprove all theories consistent with defendant’s
innocence; it need only introduce sufficient evidence to convince a reasonable jury of its theory
of guilt despite the contradictory theory or evidence a defendant may offer.’ ” People v James,
327 Mich App 79, 87; 932 NW2d 248 (2019), quoting People v Solmonson, 261 Mich App 657,
662-663; 683 NW2d 761 (2004).

        Mahaffey also argues that the trial court erred by denying his motion for a directed
verdict. Mahaffey’s primary argument at trial was that there was no evidence of a taking on the
record at the close of the prosecution’s case. He notes on appeal that the prosecutor relied on
Jones’s statements to the police that he picked up the pills after the shooting, but those
statements were not admitted into evidence. Mahaffey is correct that Jones’s statements to the
police were not admitted into evidence at Mahaffey’s trial. Therefore, it was improper for the
prosecutor to rely on those statements when opposing the motion for a directed verdict outside
the presence of the jury. However, Mahaffey’s police interview had been played for the jury. In
that interview, Mahaffey stated that Jones picked up “all the pills” after firing the shots. Because
Mahaffey’s own interview statements, which were admissible under MRE 801(d)(2), established
a taking, the trial court did not err by submitting the charge to the jury.

                              B. “SUICIDE BY COP” EVIDENCE

        Mahaffey next argues that the trial court erred by admitting into evidence a short portion
of his interrogation when he was asked if he pleaded with the police at the bar to shoot him.
Mahaffey argues that the evidence was not relevant under MRE 402, it was more prejudicial than
probative under MRE 403, and its admission did not support an inference of consciousness of
guilt. We disagree.

        At trial, before Mahaffey’s police interview was introduced, Mahaffey’s attorney
objected to the admission of the portion of the interview containing questioning about “suicide
by cop.” He argued that it was not relevant because Mahaffey was highly intoxicated and was
speaking to the police regarding a separate incident. He did not make any argument regarding
hearsay.     The prosecutor responded that Mahaffey’s suicidal ideation demonstrated
consciousness of guilt. When the trial court asked what Mahaffey stated in response to the
question whether he remembered telling the police to shoot him, the prosecutor replied that he
could not remember without reviewing the recorded interview. The trial court ultimately ruled
that the evidence was admissible.




                                                -4-
       Defense counsel never specifically made the argument, which Mahaffey now makes on
appeal, that the challenged questioning did not actually reveal evidence of suicidal ideation.
Therefore, we conclude that this argument is unpreserved. Aldrich, 246 Mich App at 113 (to
preserve an evidentiary issue for appeal, the party opposing the admission of the evidence must
object at trial and specify the same ground for the objection on appeal); see also People v
Kimble, 470 Mich 305, 309; 684 NW2d 669 (2004) (“An objection based on one ground is
usually considered insufficient to preserve an appellate attack based on a different ground.”).
“Unpreserved claims of evidentiary error are reviewed for plain error affecting the defendant’s
substantial rights.” People v Benton, 294 Mich App 191, 202; 817 NW2d 599 (2011).

        Generally, “[a]ll relevant evidence is admissible” and “[e]vidence which is not relevant is
not admissible.” MRE 402. Evidence is relevant if it has “any tendency to make the existence of
any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action more probable or less probable
than it would be without the evidence.” MRE 401. MRE 403 provides: “Although relevant,
evidence may be excluded if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of
unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading the jury, or by considerations of undue
delay, waste of time, or needless presentation of cumulative evidence.”

       In United States v Cody, 498 F3d 582, 591-592 (CA 6, 2007),1 the Sixth Circuit Court of
Appeals explained that “long-accepted rules of evidence . . . treat suicide as a form of flight,”
which constitutes circumstantial evidence of consciousness of guilt. The court employed a four-
step analysis to determine the probative value of the flight:

       [T]he probative value of flight evidence depends upon the degree of confidence
       with which four inferences can be drawn: (1) from the defendant’s behavior to
       flight; (2) from flight to consciousness of guilt; (3) from consciousness of guilt to
       consciousness of guilt concerning the crime charged; and (4) from consciousness
       of guilt concerning the crime charged to actual guilt of the crime charged. [Id. at
       591, quoting United States v Atchley, 474 F3d 840, 853 (CA 6, 2007).]

The court held “that suicidal ideations and/or attempts may be admissible as relevant evidence of
consciousness of guilt, but only after being screened through typical Rule 403 balancing in
accordance with this court’s jurisprudence on the admissibility of flight evidence.” Id. at 592.

        The defendant in Cody stated in a police interview that he had “considered suicide as an
alternative to going to prison for what he has done.” The court concluded that the statement
“ranks fairly high” under the four-step analysis because “ ‘for what he has done’ . . . could
reasonably be interpreted to satisfy the fourth inference: ‘from consciousness of guilt concerning
the crime charged to actual guilt of the crime charged.’ ” Moreover, the defendant in Cody could
not establish unfair prejudice. He claimed that there was a risk that the jury would conclude that
he was “psychologically impaired,” but the court concluded that sympathy for him was just as
likely as prejudice against him. Therefore, admission of the evidence of the defendant’s suicidal
ideation was not an abuse of discretion.

1
 “Although lower federal court decisions may be persuasive, they are not binding on state
courts.” Abela v Gen Motors Corp, 469 Mich 603, 607; 677 NW2d 325 (2004).



                                                -5-
        To the extent that Mahaffey told the police to shoot him and was therefore experiencing
suicidal thoughts after the armed robbery and Capizzo’s shooting, this evidence was arguably
relevant to flight under Cody. MRE 401.

        Even if the admission of the interview was erroneous, it was not a plain error affecting
his substantial right because when the recorded interview was later played, it showed that
Mahaffey denied remembering telling the police to shoot him. Mahaffey’s statements in the
interview were admissible at trial under MRE 801(d)(2). Given that Mahaffey denied having
remembered telling the police to shoot him, the evidence weighed against any suicidal ideation
and moved the needle away from evidence of consciousness of guilt, arguably helping
Mahaffey’s case. Finally, any inference of consciousness of guilt arising from the interview was
cumulative of other similar facts showing his guilty conscious.

             C. MOTION TO SUPPRESS MAHAFFEY’S POLICE STATEMENTS

        Mahaffey further argues that the trial court erred by denying his motion to suppress his
custodial statements to the police. He contends that the statements were improperly obtained
after he invoked his right to remain silent. We disagree.

        The trial court denied Mahaffey’s motion to suppress after conducting a Walker2 hearing.
We review the trial court’s findings of fact for clear error, but review the court’s ultimate
decision de novo. People v Smart, 304 Mich App 244, 247; 850 NW2d 579 (2014). A finding is
clearly erroneous if it leaves this Court with the “definite and firm conviction that the trial court
made a mistake.” People v Manning, 243 Mich App 615, 620; 624 NW2d 746 (2000).

        “The United States Constitution and the Michigan Constitution both prohibit ‘compelled’
self-incrimination.” People v Elliott, 494 Mich 292, 300, 301 n 4; 833 NW2d 284 (2013),
quoting US Const, Am V; Const 1963, art 1, § 17.

                 “A criminal defendant enjoys safeguards against involuntary self-
         incrimination during custodial interrogations. Included within these safeguards is
         the right to remain silent during custodial interrogation and the right to cut off
         police questioning. A defendant may assert his or her right to remain silent at any
         time, however, the assertion must be unequivocal.” [People v Henry (After
         Remand), 305 Mich App 127, 145; 854 NW2d 114 (2014).]

        “When a defendant invokes his or her right to remain silent, the police must
‘scrupulously honor’ the defendant’s request.” Id., quoting Michigan v Mosley, 423 US 96, 103-
104; 96 S Ct 321; 46 L Ed 2d 313 (1975) (quotation marks omitted). “The police fail to
scrupulously honor a defendant’s invocation of the Fifth Amendment right by refusing to
discontinue the interrogation upon request or by persisting in repeated efforts to wear down his
resistance and make him change his mind.” Henry, 305 Mich App at 145 (quotation marks and
citation omitted). In Miranda v Arizona, 384 US 436, 473-474; 86 S Ct 1602; 16 L Ed 2d 694
(1966), the Supreme Court stated:

2
    People v Walker (On Rehearing), 374 Mich 331, 338; 132 NW2d 87 (1965).



                                                 -6-
       If the individual indicates in any manner, at any time prior to or during
       questioning, that he wishes to remain silent, the interrogation must cease. At this
       point he has shown that he intends to exercise his Fifth Amendment privilege; any
       statement taken after the person invokes his privilege cannot be other than the
       product of compulsion, subtle or otherwise. Without the right to cut off
       questioning, the setting of in-custody interrogation operates on the individual to
       overcome free choice in producing a statement after the privilege has been once
       invoked.

      In Rhode Island v Innis, 446 US 291, 301; 100 S Ct 1682; 64 L Ed 2d 297 (1980), the
Supreme Court explained the term “interrogation” under Miranda, which

       refers not only to express questioning, but also to any words or actions on the part
       of the police (other than those normally attendant to arrest and custody) that the
       police should know are reasonably likely to elicit an incriminating response from
       the suspect. The latter portion of this definition focuses primarily upon the
       perceptions of the suspect, rather than the intent of the police . . . A practice that
       the police should know is reasonably likely to evoke an incriminating response
       from a suspect thus amounts to interrogation.

“Although the police may terminate an interrogation without falling into total silence, any
discussion with the suspect other than that “relating to routine incidents of the custodial
relationship” must be considered a continuation of the interrogation.” Christopher v Florida,
824 F2d 836, 845-846 (CA 11, 1987).

     1. WHETHER THE DETECTIVES SCRUPULOUSLY HONORED MAHAFFEY’S
    INVOCATION OF THE RIGHT TO REMAIN SILENT AT HIS FIRST INTERVIEW?

         The trial court admitted Mahaffey’s statements given during a second police interview.
The first interview ended after Mahaffey invoked his right to remain silent. We first address
whether the police scrupulously honored Mahaffey’s invocation of his right to remain silent at
the first interview.

         In People v White, 493 Mich 187; 828 NW2d 329 (2013), the Supreme Court addressed
what it characterized as a close question. In that case, after the defendant invoked his Miranda
rights, the officer stated that he was “ ‘not asking you questions, I’m just telling you,’ ” and, “ ‘I
hope that the gun is in a place where nobody can get a hold of it and nobody else can get hurt by
it, okay. All right.’ ” Id. at 191. The defendant interrupted the officer’s comments and blurted
out, among other incriminating statements, “ ‘I didn’t even mean for it to happen like that. It
was a complete accident.’ ” Id. at 192.

        In White, our Supreme Court held that the defendant was not subjected to “interrogation.”
Id. at 209. The court analyzed both whether the defendant had been subjected to “express
questioning” and whether he had been subjected to its “functional equivalent.” Id. at 197-198.
The Court concluded that there had been no “express questioning” for several reasons. First, the
officer’s comment “was not a question because it did not ask for an answer or invite a response.
It was a mere expression of hope and concern.” Id. at 198. Second, “the officer’s addition of the



                                                 -7-
words ‘okay’ and ‘all right’ at the end of his comment did not transform a non-question into a
question.” Id. Third, the officer prefaced his comment with “ ‘I’m not asking you questions . . .
.’ ” Id. at 199. Fourth, the fact that the defendant’s response—claiming the occurrence was an
accident—was not related to the officer’s preceding comment (regarding the location of the gun)
“reinforces the conclusion that the officer’s comment here was not a question.” Id. at 200. Fifth,
the fact that the officer responded to the defendant’s incriminating statement by attempting to
“veer the conversation away from any further incriminating statements” serves to “underscore[ ]
that the officer’s comment was not ‘designed to elicit an incriminating response . . . .’ ” Id. at
200-201. Finally, “to the extent that the officer’s statement can even be reasonably viewed as a
question, this particular question does not seem intended to generate an incriminating response.
Instead, if anything, the officer was simply trying to ensure that defendant heard and understood
him.” Id. at 201-202.

       The Court additionally held that the defendant “was not subjected to the ‘functional
equivalent’ of express questioning after he invoked his right to remain silent.” Id. at 202.
Noting that “direct statements to the defendant do not necessarily constitute ‘interrogation,’ ” the
Court stressed that “the dispositive question is whether the ‘suspect’s incriminating response was
the product of words or actions on the part of the police that they should have known were
reasonably likely to elicit an incriminating response.’ ” Id. at 208 (citation omitted).

        In United States v Abdallah, 911 F3d 201, 207 (CA 4, 2018), the police started an
interrogation by reading the defendant his Miranda rights. The defendant purportedly
interrupted “approximately halfway” through to inform the officers that he “wasn’t going to say
anything at all.” An agent responded by stating, “Well, just let me finish your Warning first.”
Immediately after the warning, the agent asked, “Do you even know why you’re under arrest[?]”
The defendant responded, “No, tell me.” The agent then repeated the Miranda warning. This
time, the defendant did not interrupt, and afterward he indicated that he understood his rights and
made multiple inculpatory statements. Id. The court noted that the agent’s question about the
reason the defendant was under arrest “reasonably required him to discuss his substantive
offense.” Id. at 215. Given that the defendant clearly invoked his right to remain silent and all
questioning should have ceased, the agent did not scrupulously honor his request and the
following statements were not admissible. Id.

         In this case, the video recording of Mahaffey’s first interview demonstrates that he
unequivocally invoked his right to silence by stating, “[S]omething like this . . . I ain’t saying
nothing.” Thereafter, Detective Greg Shell urged Mahaffey to talk if he “didn’t do it.”
Mahaffey again asserted his right to silence, but Detective Shell referenced his potential
punishment for murder and said “the only thing that talking would do would help.” Unlike the
officer’s statement in White about the gun, which was only an expression of concern and did not
ask for an answer or invite a response, here, Detective Shell repeatedly urged Mahaffey to talk to
help his situation. Detective Shell’s comments are more similar to the agent’s statements in
Abdallah, which invited an incriminating response. Therefore, we conclude that the trial court
erred when it ruled that the detectives scrupulously honored Mahaffey’s initial request to remain
silent at the initial interview.




                                                -8-
 2. THE EFFECT OF MAHAFFEY’S RE-INITIATION OF THE INTERROGATION AFTER
   THE OFFICERS FAILED TO SCRUPULOUSLY HONOR HIS REQUEST TO REMAIN
                     SILENT AT THE FIRST INTERVIEW

         An invocation of the right to remain silent does not mean that questioning can never be
resumed, see Mosley, 423 US at 104-105, nor does it mean that a defendant cannot later waive
the right to remain silent, see North Carolina v Butler, 441 US 369, 374-375; 99 S Ct 1755; 60 L
Ed 2d 286 (1979). “[T]he admissibility of statements obtained after the person in custody has
decided to remain silent depends under Miranda on whether his right to cut off questioning was
scrupulously honored.” Mosley, 423 US at 104 (quotation marks omitted). The police may
reinitiate a discussion with a suspect who has invoked the right to remain silent if a significant
period of time has elapsed and if the police have readvised the suspect of his or her rights. Id. at
106-107.

        In Mosley, the defendant was arrested, advised of his rights under Miranda, and
questioned regarding several robberies. He invoked his right to silence by stating that he did not
want to answer any questions about the robberies. Id. at 97. Two hours later, a different
detective gave him separate Miranda warnings and questioned him about an unrelated murder
and attempted “holdup.” Id. at 97-98. The defendant then made statements implicating himself
in the murder. Id. There was no claim that any procedure involving the second interrogation,
“standing alone, did not fully comply with the strictures of the Miranda opinion.” Instead, the
defendant argued that, under Miranda, it was constitutionally impermissible for the detective to
question him about the murder after he had told the previous detective that he did not want to
answer any questions about the robberies. Id. at 99.

         The Supreme Court cited language from Miranda, which required further exploration
because its literal meaning would lead to “absurd and unintended results.” The Court observed
that a passage from Miranda “states that ‘the interrogation must cease’ when the person in
custody indicates that ‘he wishes to remain silent.’ It does not state under what circumstances, if
any, a resumption of questioning is permissible.” Id. at 101-102. The Court reasoned that “[t]he
critical safeguard identified in the passage at issue is a person’s ‘right to cut off questioning.’
Through the exercise of his option to terminate questioning he can control the time at which
questioning occurs, the subjects discussed, and the duration of the interrogation.” Id. at 103-104
(citation to Miranda omitted). Because the police in Mosley “immediately ceased the
interrogation, resumed questioning only after the passage of a significant period of time and the
provision of a fresh set of warnings, and restricted the second interrogation to a crime that had
not been a subject of the earlier interrogation,” the admission of the defendant’s incriminating
statement did not violate the principles of Miranda.

        In United States v Rieves, 584 F2d 740, 743-744 (CA 5, 1978), the suspect was arrested
at approximately 5:45 p.m., and advised of his Miranda rights. The suspect denied knowing a
suspected accomplice and invoked the right to counsel. The agent asked no further questions,
but walked in and out of the office where the suspect was detained several times during the next
few hours. The agent also told the suspect that any cooperation would be made known to the
court at the time of sentencing. At 8:30 p.m., the suspect asked to speak to the agent. He then
said that the accomplice was not involved, gave an oral statement, and made an extensive written
statement. Id. The Fifth Circuit concluded:


                                                -9-
       These comments, however, constituted neither interrogation nor coercion. [The
       suspect] admitted that his rights had been read to him and that he understood
       them. When he reinitiated unprompted by further interrogation the dialogue with
       [the agent], he affirmatively demonstrated that he wished to waive his right to
       remain silent. [Id. at 745.]

        In this case, although the police did not scrupulously honor Mahaffey’s request to remain
silent in the first interview, that interview ceased less than two minutes after Mahaffey’s
invocation and no inculpatory information was received. Similar to the two interviews in
Mosley, two hours separated Mahaffey’s first and second interviews. Moreover, like the
defendant in Rieves, it was Mahaffey who sought out the detective to restart the discussions in
this case.

         Mahaffey relies on the threat of the pending murder charge mentioned by Detective Bell
after he invoked his right to silence to render the second interview contents inadmissible.
However, Mahaffey knew about the murder charge even before he asserted that right and before
Detective Bell made any statements. In fact, he based the invocation of his right to silence on the
seriousness of the charge. Moreover, at the Walker hearing, Mahaffey made no reference to
Detective Bell’s statements and instead maintained that the first interview stopped when he
asserted his rights. This testimony demonstrates that Mahaffey believed that he had enjoyed the
critical “right to cut off questioning” under Miranda. Mosley, 423 US at 103-104. Further
supporting the conclusion that Mahaffey believed he was in control of the questioning, Mahaffey
testified at the Walker hearing that he initiated the second interview on his “own volition” and
nobody “forced” him. Mahaffey was given the full Miranda warnings again at the second
interview. Given this record, the trial court did not err when it concluded that the detectives did
not fail to scrupulously honor Mahaffey’s previous request to remain silent by allowing
Mahaffey to initiate a second interview.

       3. WAS MAHAFFEY’S WAIVER OF RIGHTS AT THE SECOND INTERVIEW
                 VOLUNTARY, KNOWING, AND INTELLIGENT?

        Mahaffey also challenges the admissibility of his statements during the second interview
on the basis that his waiver of rights was not voluntary or knowingly and intelligently made.

       In People v Tanner, 496 Mich 199, 206-209; 853 NW2d 653 (2014), our Supreme Court
explained:

       [W]hen a suspect has been afforded Miranda warnings and affirmatively waives
       his Miranda rights, subsequent incriminating statements may be used against him.
       Miranda, 384 US at 444, 479. A suspect’s waiver of his Miranda rights must be
       made “voluntarily, knowingly, and intelligently.” The United States Supreme
       Court has articulated a two-part inquiry to determine whether a waiver is valid:

              First, the relinquishment of the right must have been “voluntary,” in the
       sense that it was the product of a free and deliberate choice rather than
       intimidation, coercion or deception. Second, the waiver must have been made
       with a full awareness of both the nature of the right being abandoned and the



                                               -10-
       consequences of the decision to abandon it. Only if the “totality of the
       circumstances surrounding the interrogation” reveal both an uncoerced choice and
       the requisite level of comprehension may a court properly conclude that the
       Miranda rights have been waived. [Citations omitted.]

                                     a. VOLUNTARINESS

        Whether a waiver is voluntary is dependent on the absence of police coercion. People v
Eliason, 300 Mich App 293, 304; 833 NW2d 357 (2013), remanded on other grounds 496 Mich
440 (2014). Again, the defendant must waive his or her rights by his or “her own ‘free and
deliberate choice,’ ” not through intimidation. Id.

       A court should consider factors such as: the duration of the defendant’s detention
       and questioning; the age, education, intelligence, and experience of the defendant;
       whether there was unnecessary delay of the arraignment; the defendant’s mental
       and physical state; whether the defendant was threatened or abused; and any
       promises of leniency. [People v Gipson, 287 Mich App 261, 265; 787 NW2d 126
       (2010).]

        The trial court found that Mahaffey demonstrated careful deliberation with regard to his
rights. The trial court noted that, in the first interview, Mahaffey insisted that the detective
advised him of the full Miranda warnings. Moreover, Mahaffey initially invoked his right to
silence because of his consideration of the seriousness of the charge, despite Detective Bell’s
statements encouraging him to do otherwise. The first interview was less than five minutes long,
and two hours elapsed before Mahaffey initiated the second interview. The second interview
began with a new reading of the Miranda warnings and lasted less than an hour. Mahaffey
insisted that the decision to reach out to the detective was made on his “own volition” and
nobody “forced” him.

        The trial court found that Mahaffey, 27 years old, was “by no means . . . a naïve teenager
or even young adult.” The court cited Mahaffey’s “extensive experience with the criminal
justice system,” including two prior felony convictions, seven misdemeanors, and four juvenile
adjudications.     The trial court noted that Mahaffey had been hospitalized for the
overconsumption of alcohol the night before, but was “in good enough condition to be released.”
The court, after observation of the recording, found that Mahaffey did not slur his words or show
any signs of intoxication during the interview. The court noted that he was “somewhat
lethargic,” but also alert and oriented, that his answers were appropriate and responsive to the
detectives’ questions. Thus, the trial court did not err when it found that the factors weighed
heavily in favor of Mahaffey’s waiver being voluntary.

                             b. KNOWING AND INTELLIGENT

        “Whether a waiver is knowing and intelligent ‘requires an inquiry into [a] defendant’s
level of understanding, irrespective of police conduct.’ ” Eliason, 300 Mich App at 304, quoting
People v Gibson, 287 Mich App 261, 265; 787 NW2d 126 (2010). A knowing waiver of
Miranda rights does not require that the suspect understand the ramifications and consequences
of choosing to exercise or waive those rights that the police have properly explained to him or



                                              -11-
her. People v Abraham, 234 Mich App 640, 644; 599 NW2d 736 (1999), citing People v
Cheatham, 453 Mich 1, 28; 551 NW2d 355 (1996). Rather, a minimal level of understanding—
whether the defendant understood that he or she did not have to speak, that he or she had the
right to the presence of counsel, and that the state could use what he or she said in a later trial
against him or her—is all that is required for a valid waiver. Abraham, 234 Mich App at 642,
653-654.

       Again, the trial court relied on Mahaffey’s caution and deliberation between the first and
second interviews. The court also again cited Mahaffey’s request to hear the Miranda warnings
in full so that he could assess them. Moreover, the court acknowledged Mahaffey’s
understanding of the seriousness of the charge and the potential effect of making a statement
based on his initial invocation of the right to silence. The trial court did not err by concluding
that Mahaffey’s statement was knowing and intelligent.

       For these reasons, we hold that the trial court did not err by denying Mahaffey’s motion
to suppress.

                                   D. PROSECUTOR’S CONDUCT

         Mahaffey argues that improper arguments by the prosecutor during closing argument
denied him a fair trial. He argues: (1) the prosecutor improperly argued that Mahaffey asked the
police to shoot him, and (2) the prosecutor improperly argued that Mahaffey deleted 10 missing
text messages. Because there was no objection to the challenged arguments at trial, these claims
are unpreserved. People v Abraham, 256 Mich App 265, 274, 662 NW2d 836 (2003). We
review unpreserved claims of prosecutorial misconduct for plain error affecting substantial
rights. People v Vandenberg, 307 Mich App 57, 61; 859 NW2d 229 (2014). An error is plain if
it is clear or obvious, and an error affects substantial rights if it is prejudicial, i.e., if it affects the
outcome of the proceedings. People v Jones, 468 Mich 345, 355; 662 NW2d 376 (2003).
“Reversal is warranted only when plain error resulted in the conviction of an actually innocent
defendant or seriously affected the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of judicial
proceedings, independent of defendant’s innocence.” People v Ackerman, 257 Mich App 434,
448-449; 669 NW2d 818 (2003). Reversal is not required if a jury instruction could have cured
any error. Id. at 449.

        “Given that a prosecutor’s role and responsibility is to seek justice and not merely
convict, the test for prosecutorial misconduct is whether a defendant was denied a fair and
impartial trial.” People v Dobek, 274 Mich App 58, 63; 732 NW2d 546 (2007). “Prosecutorial
comments must be read as a whole and evaluated in light of defense arguments and the
relationship they bear to the evidence admitted at trial.” People v Brown, 279 Mich App 116,
135; 755 NW2d 664 (2008). Prosecutors are given latitude with regard to their arguments.
People v Bahoda, 448 Mich 261, 282; 531 NW2d 659 (1995). “They are free to argue the
evidence and all reasonable inferences from the evidence as it relates to their theory of the case.”
Id. “The prosecution is permitted to comment on and draw inferences from the testimony of a
witness, including a criminal defendant, and may argue that the witness is not worthy of belief.”
People v Pegenau, 447 Mich 278, 299; 523 NW2d 325 (1994).




                                                    -12-
         At the outset, Mahaffey complains about the prosecutor’s rebuttal argument that he was
suicidal. The prosecutor stated:

       He goes and hides. He goes and hides and he goes out and gets drunk the next
       night. And then supposedly asks the police officer to shoot him. And it’s not
       because he’s sad that his friend died, because after his friend died he just went to
       the drug dealers house and then he went and got drunk. He’s said [sic] because he
       could be in trouble for what he did and it shows a consciousness of guilt. He’s
       upset that he’s going to be in trouble. Not that somebody just died, it’s that he’s
       going to be in trouble.

The prosecutor then argued that Mahaffey was “putting on a nice show . . . He has lied in the
past . . . That’s the person that’s asking you to believe him over these other people that came in
and testified, people that have the same story the whole time . . . .”

        As Mahaffey argues, he never admitted to suicidal feelings during his interrogation and
he denied remembering that he told the police to shoot him outside the bar. The prosecutor was
free to argue, however, that Mahaffey was not worthy of belief. Even if the prosecutor’s
argument was improper, Mahaffey cannot establish that the argument affected his substantial
rights. Vandenberg, 307 Mich App at 61. First, the statement as to suicidal ideation was
qualified using the word “supposedly” and a minuscule portion of the argument. Additionally, it
was one of several assertions of consciousness of guilt. The trial court instructed the jury to
make its own determination of the evidence as the trier of fact and that the attorneys’ arguments
are not evidence. The court’s instructions protected Mahaffey’s substantial rights. “Jurors are
presumed to follow their instructions, and instructions are presumed to cure most errors.”
Abraham, 256 Mich App at 279. Therefore, Mahaffey cannot establish that he was denied a fair
trial.

        Second, Mahaffey complains about the prosecutor’s argument in rebuttal regarding the
text messages between Mahaffey and Jones that were not retrieved from Mahaffey’s phone. The
evidence at trial showed that Jones’s phone records revealed 10 text message communications
with Mahaffey’s phone that were not among the text messages retrieved from Mahaffey’s phone.
In defense counsel’s closing argument, he stated, “No texts or anything mention robbery or any
sort of larceny.” In response, the prosecutor argued, “Defense counsel is right, there are no text
messages saying anything about a robbery, but I wonder what those ten missing text messages
(indiscernible), why he got rid of those.” Viewed in context, the prosecutor’s remark was
properly responsive to the defendant’s theory of the case and did not amount to misconduct.
People v Thomas, 260 Mich App 450, 454; 678 NW2d 631 (2004). Mahaffey is correct that
there is no direct evidence in the record explaining why the text messages were not retrieved
from his phone. Mahaffey maintains that the jury could reasonably infer that the messages were
not retrieved because of an error with the Cellebrite program that was used to retrieve the
messages. Detective-Sergeant Stevens testified that she did not know if such mistakes were
possible, but the jury could just as reasonably infer that the messages were not retrieved because
Mahaffey had deleted them from his phone, which could demonstrate consciousness of guilt.
We conclude that the prosecutor’s argument was based on permissible inferences from the facts
in the record and did not amount to plain error.



                                              -13-
                       II. DOCKET NO. 342112 (DEFENDANT JONES)

        Defendant Jones argues that the trial court erred by denying his motion for appointment
of a DNA expert. We disagree. We review a trial court’s decision to deny an indigent
defendant’s motion for the appointment of an expert witness for an abuse of discretion. People v
Carnicom, 272 Mich App 614, 616; 727 NW2d 399 (2006). An abuse of discretion occurs when
the trial court’s decision results in an outcome falling outside the range of reasonable and
principled outcomes. Id. at 616-617. Reversal of a denial of an indigent defendant’s request for
a court-appointed expert is warranted only if such denial results in a fundamentally unfair trial.
People v Leonard, 224 Mich App 569, 582-583; 569 NW2d 663 (1997).

       In People v Kennedy, 502 Mich 206; 917 NW2d 355 (2018), our Supreme Court revised
the controlling standard for appointment of an expert witness for an indigent defendant and
adopted the analysis set forth in Ake v Oklahoma, 470 US 68; 105 S Ct 1087; 84 L Ed 2d 53
(1985). Following Ake, our Supreme Court in Kennedy explained that due process requires
examination of three factors:

       (1) “the private interest that will be affected by the action of the State,” (2) “the
       governmental interest that will be affected if the safeguard is to be provided,” and
       (3) “the probable value of the additional or substitute procedural safeguards that
       are sought, and the risk of an erroneous deprivation of the affected interest if
       those safeguards are not provided.” [Kennedy, 502 Mich at 215, quoting Ake, 470
       US at 77.]

Although the Supreme Court in Ake outlined the proper due-process analysis, it did not indicate
how a criminal defendant could demonstrate that he or she was entitled to expert assistance. Id.
at 225-227. “If . . . the defendant were required to prove in detail with a high degree of certainty
that an expert would benefit the defense, the defendant would essentially be tasked with the
impossible: to get an expert, the defendant would need to already know what the expert would
say.” Id. at 226. On the other hand, “the defendant’s bare assertion that an expert would be
beneficial cannot, without more, entitle him or her to an expert; otherwise, every defendant
would receive funds for experts upon request.” Id. Striking a balance between these two
extremes, our Supreme Court adopted the following standard:

               “[A] defendant must demonstrate something more than a mere possibility
       of assistance from a requested expert; due process does not require the
       government automatically to provide indigent defendants with expert assistance
       upon demand. Rather . . . a defendant must show the trial court that there exists a
       reasonable probability both that an expert would be of assistance to the defense
       and that denial of expert assistance would result in a fundamentally unfair trial.
       Thus, if a defendant wants an expert to assist his attorney in confronting the
       prosecution’s proof—by preparing counsel to cross-examine the prosecution’s
       experts or by providing rebuttal testimony—he must inform the court of the
       nature of the prosecution’s case and how the requested expert would be useful.
       At the very least, he must inform the trial court about the nature of the crime and
       the evidence linking him to the crime. By the same token, if the defendant desires
       the appointment of an expert so that he can present an affirmative defense, . . . he


                                               -14-
       must demonstrate a substantial basis for the defense, as the defendant did in Ake.
       In each instance, the defendant’s showing must also include a specific description
       of the expert or experts desired; without this basic information, the court would be
       unable to grant the defendant’s motion, because the court would not know what
       type of expert was needed. In addition, the defendant should inform the court
       why the particular expert is necessary. We recognize that defense counsel may be
       unfamiliar with the specific scientific theories implicated in a case and therefore
       cannot be expected to provide the court with a detailed analysis of the assistance
       an appointed expert might provide. We do believe, however, that defense counsel
       is obligated to inform himself about the specific scientific area in question and to
       provide the court with as much information as possible concerning the usefulness
       of the requested expert to the defense’s case.” [Kennedy, 502 Mich at 227,
       quoting Moore v Kemp, 809 F2d 702, 712 (CA 11, 1987) (emphasis added).]

        At trial, Jones requested a DNA expert in order to: (1) challenge the prosecution expert’s
conclusion that Jones’s DNA was on the gun, and (2) conduct additional testing to see whether
and where Mahaffey’s DNA was on the gun. First, Jones could not establish a reasonable
probability that an expert would be of assistance in order to challenge the prosecution expert’s
conclusion that there was “very strong support” that Jones was the contributor to the DNA
profile on the trigger swab and the grip swab of the subject gun. Jones admitted in his statements
to the police that the gun belonged to him and his counsel conceded at trial that his DNA would
be expected on the gun. The defense did not contest that Jones had brought the gun to the scene.
Rather, the defense theory at trial was that the gun accidently discharged. Thus, the trial court’s
denial of Jones’s request for a DNA expert to oppose a conceded point could not result in a
fundamentally unfair trial.

         Second, Jones has not established a reasonable probability that an expert would have
been of assistance to establish whether and where Mahaffey’s DNA was on the gun. Jones
initially claimed that he did not know anything about the shooting and then that Mahaffey shot
Capizzo while he watched from an alleyway. Later, Jones maintained that those stories were not
true. He instead claimed that the gun accidentally discharged twice on the porch. He claimed
that he was in the process of handing the gun to Mahaffey when it discharged the first time.
According to Jones’s explanation, it discharged before Mahaffey obtained the gun. Jones denied
that he and Mahaffey struggled over the gun. Jones instead claimed that a struggle occurred
when Capizzo tried to grab the gun, causing the gun to again accidentally discharge, resulting in
Capizzo being shot. Based on Jones’s own statements, Mahaffey’s DNA would not have been
on the gun. Therefore, denying an expert for the purpose of testing for Mahaffey’s DNA could
also not have had any effect on whether Jones received a fundamentally fair trial.

       Without the appointment of a DNA expert, Jones was still able to pursue his defense that
the shooting was an accident. His recorded explanation to the police regarding his claim of an
accidental firing was played for the jury. Both firearms experts agreed that the gun was in very
poor condition and had not been properly maintained. Sergeant Lee testified that it was possible
for the trigger to be pulled, but because of a malfunction, the cartridge might not fire
immediately and an accidental discharge could occur up to 10 seconds later. Defense counsel
explained in closing argument that the “theory of it wasn’t intentional, it’s not just what Mr.
Jones told you, several times over and over again in that video, it’s corroborated by the


                                               -15-
deplorable conditions of the gun.      Of course, he takes responsibility of that, that’s why
involuntary manslaughter.”

        In sum, the trial court did not abuse its discretion by denying Jones’s request for a DNA
expert and Jones has failed to demonstrate that the denial resulted in a fundamentally unfair trial.




       Affirmed.

                                                             /s/ Michael J. Riordan
                                                             /s/ Kathleen Jansen
                                                             /s/ Cynthia Diane Stephens




                                               -16-
