Reversed and Remanded and Majority and Dissenting Opinions filed May 31,
2018.




                                    In The

                   Fourteenth Court of Appeals

                            NO. 14-16-00474-CV

      TEXAS WINDSTORM INSURANCE ASSOCIATION, Appellant
                                      V.

       DICKINSON INDEPENDENT SCHOOL DISTRICT, Appellee

                  On Appeal from the 405th District Court
                         Galveston County, Texas
                    Trial Court Cause No. 12-CV-2012

                    MAJORITY OPINION

      Today we consider whether Dickinson Independent School District (“DISD”)
is entitled to judgment for breach of contract damages against Texas Windstorm
Insurance Association (“TWIA”) based on an appraisal award.

      DISD sued TWIA in connection with TWIA’s handling of DISD’s Hurricane
Ike claims. DISD alleged breach of contract and related claims. During the
proceedings, TWIA invoked the insurance policy’s appraisal provisions, and the
resulting appraisal award totaled $10.8 million in damages. DISD amended its
petition to abandon all claims except breach of contract and, based on the appraisal
award, filed traditional motions for partial summary judgment on the elements of
causation and damages. TWIA opposed the motions because, among other things,
DISD had not conclusively proven that the alleged damages reflected in the appraisal
award, or any portion of them, were caused by covered perils. The trial court granted
both motions in DISD’s favor. The case proceeded to trial and the sole question put
to the jury was whether TWIA breached the policy by failing to pay the appraisal
award, which the jury answered affirmatively.       The trial court signed a final
judgment against TWIA for $9,602,542.82.

      TWIA challenges the trial court’s judgment in the following issues:

      • In its first issue, TWIA challenges the orders granting partial summary
         judgment on causation and damages because DISD did not conclusively
         prove (or TWIA raised genuine issues of material fact) that DISD’s alleged
         damages were caused by a named peril or covered by the TWIA policy.
         Further, TWIA asserts that DISD did not meet its burden to prove coverage
         at trial through expert testimony. As a remedy, TWIA requests rendition
         of judgment as a matter of law or remand for new trial.
      • In its second issue, TWIA contends that the trial court reversibly erred in
         excluding TWIA’s trial evidence supporting its affirmative defenses.
      • In issue three, TWIA urges that the trial court erred in submitting DISD’s
         jury question and in refusing to submit TWIA’s proposed question and
         instructions.
      • Finally, in its fourth issue, TWIA contends that legally insufficient
         evidence supports the jury’s finding that TWIA breached the policy by not
         paying the appraisal award or that TWIA’s failure to pay the award
         proximately caused the damages reflected in the judgment.

      For the reasons explained below, we sustain TWIA’s first issue in part and
hold that the trial court erred in granting DISD’s motions for partial summary
judgment on causation and damages because DISD’s evidence, including the

                                         2
appraisal award, did not conclusively prove whether and how much alleged loss was
caused by a covered peril and otherwise subject to coverage under the policy terms
and conditions. Having sustained this portion of TWIA’s first issue, we further
conclude that remand for further proceedings, as opposed to rendition of judgment,
is the appropriate remedy under the present circumstances. Given our resolution of
TWIA’s first issue, reaching TWIA’s remaining issues is not necessary to final
disposition of this appeal. See Tex. R. App. P. 47.1. Accordingly, we reverse the
trial court’s judgment and remand for further proceedings consistent with this
opinion.

                                         Background

       TWIA issued a windstorm and hail commercial policy of insurance to DISD,
the named insured. The relevant policy period was from September 1, 2008 to
September 1, 2009. As to each covered property, the policy provided for two
potential forms of coverage depending on whether a limit of liability for a particular
form of coverage was shown in the declarations. The two forms of coverage were
identified in the policy as “COVERAGE A (Building)” or “COVERAGE B
(Business Personal Property).” The policy provided in relevant part1 as follows:

                                       AGREEMENT
       We will provide the insurance described in this policy in return for the
       premium and compliance with all applicable provisions of this policy.
                                              ***
                             COVERED CAUSES OF LOSS
       We insure for direct physical loss to the covered property caused by
       windstorm or hail unless the loss is excluded in the Exclusions.
                                       EXCLUSIONS

       1
         We do not opine on the merits or applicability of any policy exclusions or terms, whether
or not quoted in this opinion.

                                                3
The following exclusions apply to loss to covered property:
1. Flood.
   We will not pay under any and all circumstances for loss or damage
   caused by or resulting from flood, surface water, waves, storm
   surge, tides, tidal water, tidal waves, tsunami, seiche, overflow of
   streams or other bodies of water, or spray from any of these, all
   whether driven by wind or not.
                                 ***
6. Rain.
   We will not pay for loss or damage caused by or resulting from rain,
   whether driven by wind or not unless wind or hail first makes an
   opening in the walls or roof of the described building. Then we will
   only pay for loss in the interior of the building, or the insured
   property within, caused immediately by rain entering through such
   openings.
                                 ***
                           CONDITIONS
                                 ***
4. Duties After Loss.
      a. Your Duties After Loss. In case of a loss to covered property
         caused by windstorm or hail you must:
              (1) Give us prompt written notice. Include a description
                  of the property involved;
              (2) Protect the property from further damage;
              (3) Make reasonable, necessary, and temporary repairs to
                  protect the property;
              (4) Keep an accurate record of repair expenses;
              (5) Furnish a complete inventory of damaged personal
                  property showing the quantity, description, and
                  amount of loss. Attach all bills, receipts and related
                  documents which you have that justify the figures in
                  the inventory. . . .
                                 ***


                                  4
      10.Appraisal. If you and we fail to agree on the actual cash value,
         amount of loss, or cost of repair or replacement, either can make a
         written demand for appraisal. Each will then select a competent and
         independent appraiser and notify the other of the appraiser’s identity
         within 20 days of receipt of the written demand. The two appraisers
         will choose a competent and independent umpire. If they cannot
         agree upon an umpire within 15 days, you or we may request that
         the choice be made by a judge of a district court of a judicial district
         where the loss occurred. The two appraisers will then determine the
         amount of loss, stating separately the actual cash value and loss to
         each item.
         If the appraisers fail to agree, they will submit their differences to
         the umpire. An itemized decision agreed to by any two of these
         three and filed with us will determine the amount of the loss.
         Each party will pay its own appraiser and bear the other expenses of
         the appraisal and umpire equally.
      Hurricane Ike struck Galveston County, Texas on September 13, 2008, during
the effective dates of the TWIA policy. Three days later, DISD notified TWIA of
windstorm damage to several of its buildings. TWIA acknowledged DISD’s claim
and hired an adjuster to manage the claim. TWIA’s adjuster and DISD personnel
inspected DISD’s campuses and documented the damage found. TWIA’s adjuster
verified damages exceeding policy deductibles on numerous insured structures and
sent the documentation to DISD personnel for review. In December 2009, TWIA
paid DISD $220,232.85 for these damages. DISD subsequently signed a proof of
loss, reflecting the cash value of the claim, as well as depreciation that TWIA would
pay upon completion of repairs. TWIA paid DISD recoverable depreciation of
$8,667.80 in March 2010.

      In September 2011, DISD contacted TWIA concerning a roof on one of
DISD’s buildings. DISD had replaced the roof and sought reimbursement of
$1,550,645.75 as additional damages caused by Hurricane Ike.              TWIA paid
$999,577.19 for this supplemental claim in October 2011 (DISD’s “Roof Claim”),

                                          5
though apparently no documentation was provided establishing a wind-created
opening on the roof. This amount did not include general contractor overhead and
profit amounts. In March 2012, DISD provided a new sworn proof of loss.

       The following September, DISD filed the instant lawsuit against TWIA.
DISD claimed that TWIA breached its contract, violated the Texas Insurance Code,
breached its duties of good faith and fair dealing, and committed fraud. Prior to
filing suit, DISD did not notify TWIA of any additional losses it contended were
covered under the policy. TWIA asserted a general denial and several affirmative
defenses.

       DISD demanded that TWIA pay $311,623.04 for overhead and profit related
to DISD’s Roof Claim, $292,942.12 in statutory interest, and $225,000 for attorney’s
and expert fees, for a total of $829,566.16.2 In response, TWIA invoked the policy’s
appraisal clause.

       DISD designated Mark Domangue as its appraiser, and TWIA selected
Jonathan Held. The trial court appointed former judge Donnie Ray Burgess as
umpire over TWIA’s objection. Initial appraisal inspections occurred between
October 1 and October 9, 2013. By that time, DISD already had repaired, replaced,
or sold some of the damaged property for which it claimed further compensation
was due under the policy. Domangue provided Held his initial damages estimates
in early June 2014. Held reciprocated two months later and also sent Domangue a
comparison detailing the differences in their initial estimates. Held and Domangue
met to review estimates. They agreed to some items and changes, but were unable
to agree on an overall damages estimate. They were to exchange revised estimates


       2
         DISD also notified TWIA that DISD was in the process of selling one of its insured
buildings and asked TWIA to expedite inspection of that property while it was still under DISD’s
control.

                                               6
for final review before meeting with Burgess. Domangue did not provide Held with
his revised appraisal, but instead informed Held that the revisions were not
“significant” and would not change his overall summary.

      Burgess inspected DISD’s buildings in March 2015.          Neither Held nor
Domangue were present when Burgess inspected the buildings. Burgess, Held, and
Domangue met in early April 2015 to review the appraisers’ estimates. At this
meeting, Held discovered that Domangue’s revised estimates increased DISD’s
claim by $6 million.

      Ultimately, Burgess and Domangue signed an appraisal award that totaled
$10,815,967.43 (the “Appraisal Award”). Held did not sign the Appraisal Award.

      After the Appraisal Award was issued, DISD filed several motions for partial
summary judgment, including a no-evidence motion regarding TWIA’s affirmative
defenses to the Award, a traditional motion on causation or alternatively to exclude
evidence of causation, a traditional motion on the amount of DISD’s damages, and
a traditional motion on DISD’s breach of contract claim. The trial court denied
DISD’s motions on TWIA’s affirmative defenses and DISD’s contract claim. The
relevant motions for purposes of this appeal are DISD’s motions on causation and
property damages.      In both motions, DISD argued that the Appraisal Award
conclusively established certain elements of DISD’s breach of contract claim,
namely the amount of damages caused by wind from Hurricane Ike.

      TWIA filed responses to both motions, arguing that the Appraisal Award did
not conclusively establish, or address, whether the damages identified therein were
caused by a covered peril. TWIA also provided, inter alia, evidence that DISD’s
alleged damages were caused by events other than covered perils. The trial court
granted DISD’s motions on causation and property damages less than a week before
trial began.
                                         7
       At a pretrial hearing, DISD argued that the court’s summary judgment orders
on causation and damages foreclosed all of TWIA’s affirmative defenses, as well as
any argument or evidence by TWIA at trial that any portion of the damages listed in
the Appraisal Award were not covered by the policy. TWIA responded that,
regardless of the partial summary judgment orders, it was entitled to introduce
evidence supporting its affirmative defenses and that DISD still had “to prove
coverage.” The trial court ruled that the summary judgment order on damages
“forecloses all affirmative defenses regarding the amount of damages.” Similarly,
the trial court ruled that “the issue of causation is foreclosed given that there is an
appraisal and the previous decisions made regarding this case.”3

       Trial commenced after the pretrial hearing. Because DISD had nonsuited its
extra-contractual claims pretrial, the only remaining disputed issue for the jury to
determine was whether TWIA breached its insurance contract. After a five-day trial,
the jury was asked to decide a single issue: “Did Texas Windstorm Insurance
Association fail to comply with the agreement entitled Texas Windstorm Insurance
Association Policy Windstorm and Hail?”4 The jury answered, “Yes.” Based on
the jury’s verdict, DISD moved to enter judgment; TWIA opposed entry on various
grounds. The trial court signed a final judgment in which it ordered that DISD
recover from TWIA a total of $9,602,542.82, comprised of the following amounts:

       3
         Subsequently, TWIA filed a formal bill of exceptions that included evidence related to
numerous “affirmative and factual defenses” that the trial court had ruled inadmissible, including
evidence that the Appraisal Award did not accurately or reliably reflect covered windstorm damage
that DISD sustained from Hurricane Ike, that the Appraisal Award did not segregate between
covered and uncovered damage, and that appraisals generally, and this one specifically, lack the
preclusive effect claimed by DISD and found by the court.
       4
         TWIA objected to this question and submitted its proposed charge to the trial court, which
was refused. In its proposed charge, TWIA sought jury determinations of numerous issues,
including whether the Appraisal Award should be set aside for various reasons, whether the
Appraisal Award complied with the insurance policy terms and conditions, and whether DISD
provided prompt written notice of loss for each of its insured structures.

                                                8
$8,193,168.85 for the Appraisal Award less prior payments, deductibles, and sales
tax; $159,373.97 in interest on the award; and $1,250,000.00 in attorney’s fees.

      TWIA timely moved for judgment notwithstanding the verdict or for a new
trial. In its motions, TWIA asserted, in pertinent part, that no legally sufficient
evidence supported causation or coverage. Additionally, TWIA argued that, because
DISD had “de-designated” its only causation expert before the trial court ruled on
DISD’s summary judgment motion, DISD had not proved, and could not prove, that
the Appraisal Award reflected only damages covered by the insurance policy.
TWIA also challenged the trial court’s striking of its affirmative defenses. TWIA’s
post-trial motions were overruled by operation of law, and this appeal timely
followed.

                                       Analysis

      In its first issue, TWIA claims that the trial court erred in granting partial
summary judgment on causation and damages. As part of this issue, TWIA argues
that DISD did not conclusively establish how much of DISD’s alleged damages, if
any, were caused by wind and covered by the policy because the Appraisal Award
by itself fails to prove these contested issues.

A.    Standard of Review

      We review a trial court’s grant of summary judgment de novo. Exxon Corp.
v. Emerald Oil & Gas Co., 331 S.W.3d 419, 422 (Tex. 2010). A trial court properly
grants summary judgment if the movant establishes that there is no genuine issue of
material fact and that the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Tex. R.
Civ. P. 166a(c); Gastar Exploration Ltd. v. U.S. Specialty Ins. Co., 412 S.W.3d 577,
582 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2013, pet. denied).          We indulge every



                                            9
reasonable inference and resolve all doubts in the non-movant’s favor. Gonzalez v.
Mission Am. Ins. Co., 795 S.W.2d 734, 736 (Tex. 1990).

      A movant seeking a traditional summary judgment must establish its right to
that relief by conclusively proving all elements of the movant’s claim as a matter of
law. See Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(c); Havlen v. McDougall, 22 S.W.3d 343, 345 (Tex.
2000). Here, DISD moved for partial summary judgment, so it was required to
conclusively prove only those elements raised in its motion. See Tex. R. Civ. P.
166a(a) (explaining that claimant may move for summary judgment “upon all or any
part thereof” of its claim). If the movant’s motion and summary judgment evidence
facially establish its right to judgment as a matter of law, the burden shifts to the
non-movant to raise a genuine, material fact issue sufficient to defeat summary
judgment. Dolcefino v. Randolph, 19 S.W.3d 906, 916 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th
Dist.] 2000, pet. denied). On the other hand, if the movant fails to meet its initial
summary judgment burden, the summary judgment cannot stand regardless whether
the non-movant responds. See Grynberg v. Grey Wolf Drilling Co., 296 S.W.3d 132,
137 & n.13 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2009, no pet.) (summary judgment
must stand on its own merits; non-movant has no burden to respond unless movant
conclusively establishes entitlement to summary judgment); see also City of Houston
v. Clear Creek Basin Auth., 589 S.W.2d 671, 678 (Tex. 1979) (“Summary judgments
must stand on their own merits, and the non-movant’s failure to answer or respond
cannot supply by default the summary judgment proof necessary to establish the
movant’s right.”); Williams Consol. I, Ltd./BSI Holdings, Inc. v. TIG Ins. Co., 230
S.W.3d 895, 900 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2007, no pet.) (movant bears
burden to conclusively prove all elements of its claim or defense).

B.    Scope of Review



                                         10
      Before addressing whether DISD met its summary judgment burden, we
consider the scope of evidence properly included within the summary judgment
record on appeal. DISD relied on identical evidence to support both of its motions
for partial summary judgment: (a) a copy of the TWIA policy, (b) the Appraisal
Award, (c) TWIA’s live answer, and (d) TWIA’s letter invoking the appraisal
process. After TWIA responded to DISD’s motions, DISD filed various replies and
supplements, which attached additional evidence. All of DISD’s evidence other than
the evidence attached to its initial motions was filed within twenty-one days of the
summary judgment hearing, which generally is not timely absent leave of court. See
Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(c). TWIA contends that DISD did not secure leave to file any
evidence late and that the only exhibits properly before the trial court at the time it
granted partial summary judgment were those attached to DISD’s initial motions,
including the Appraisal Award.

      Rule 166a requires a party seeking summary judgment to file and serve the
motion and any supporting affidavits or evidence at least twenty-one days before the
hearing on the motion. Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(c). If a party intends to use discovery
products that have not been filed with the trial court clerk, that party must file an
appendix containing the evidence or a “notice containing specific references to the
discovery,” along with a statement of intent to use the specified discovery, within
the applicable time frames. Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(d).

      Summary judgment evidence, either supporting or opposing the motion, may
be filed late only with leave of court. Alphaville Ventures, Inc. v. First Bank, 429
S.W.3d 150, 154 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2014, no pet.) (citing Tex. R.
Civ. P. 166a(c); Benchmark Bank v. Crowder, 919 S.W.2d 657, 663 (Tex. 1996));
see also Lopez v. Exxon Mobil Dev. Co., No. 14-16-00826-CV, 2017 WL 4018359,
at *5 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Sept. 12, 2017, pet. denied) (mem. op.).

                                          11
Leave to file summary judgment evidence late may be shown by a separate order, a
recital in the summary judgment order, or an oral ruling contained in the reporter’s
record of the summary judgment hearing. Alphaville Ventures, 429 S.W.3d at 154
(citing Pipkin v. Kroger Tex., L.P., 383 S.W.3d 655, 663 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th
Dist.] 2012, pet. denied). We presume the trial court did not consider late-filed
evidence when nothing in the record indicates the trial court granted leave. Id.; see
also Lopez, 2017 WL 4018359, at *5.

      DISD’s motions for partial summary judgment were set for submission on
July 16, 2015. TWIA timely filed its response on July 9. See Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(c).
DISD filed a reply to TWIA’s response on July 16, attaching new exhibits in support
of its motion, including deposition excerpts from Umpire Burgess. DISD did not
file a motion for leave to file this evidence late. On July 21, TWIA filed a motion
for leave to file a sur-reply, in which it objected to, and moved to strike, both DISD’s
late-filed reply and new evidence. Late in the afternoon on July 28, DISD filed a
supplemental reply, to which DISD attached an additional thirty-nine exhibits.
Again, DISD did not seek leave to file this evidence late.

      Though DISD set the motions for ruling by submission, the court conducted
an oral hearing. At the July 29 hearing, the trial court denied TWIA leave to file a
sur-reply to DISD’s reply and overruled TWIA’s objection to DISD’s reply. The
trial court did not mention DISD’s supplemental reply. The court signed separate
orders granting both of DISD’s motions on August 7. Each order, respectively,
states in full: “After considering Plaintiff DISD’s Motion for Summary Judgment
on Causation, the Court hereby orders that the motion is GRANTED”; and “After
considering Plaintiff DISD’s Motion for Summary Judgment on Property Damage,
the Court hereby orders that the motion is GRANTED.”



                                          12
      Nothing in our record reflects that DISD sought or obtained leave to file the
evidence attached to its summary judgment reply or supplemental reply. Although
the trial court overruled TWIA’s objections to DISD’s reply, denying a motion to
strike does not equate to granting leave to file evidence late. See Envtl. Procedures,
Inc. v. Guidry, 282 S.W.3d 602, 619 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2009, pet.
denied) (trial court’s denial of motion to strike is not equivalent of leave to file
contested evidence) (citing Dixon v. E.D. Bullard Co., 138 S.W.3d 373, 367 n.2
(Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2004, pet. granted, judgm’t vacated w.r.m.)); see
also Alphaville Ventures, 429 S.W.3d at 154 (leave of court to file untimely evidence
may be shown by separate order, recital in summary judgment order, or oral ruling
contained in the reporter’s record). DISD never sought leave to file the evidence
late, and our review of the record does not reveal an order granting leave, a recital
in either summary judgment order indicating the trial court considered DISD’s reply
or supplemental reply, or an oral ruling in the reporter’s record indicating the trial
court considered the late-filed evidence.

      Accordingly, we conclude that DISD’s late-filed evidence was not part of the
summary judgment record when the trial court granted DISD’s motions for partial
summary judgment on causation and damages. Thus, on review, the only evidence
we consider in support of DISD’s motions is (1) the TWIA policy, (2) the Appraisal
Award, (3) TWIA’s live answer, and (4) TWIA’s letter invoking appraisal.




                                            13
C.    DISD did not conclusively establish its entitlement to summary judgment
      on causation and damages.
      To recover on a breach of contract claim, DISD was required to prove the
following elements: (1) the existence of a valid contract, (2) DISD performed or
tendered performance, (3) TWIA breached the contract, and (4) DISD was damaged
as a result of the breach. Sec. Nat’l Ins. Co. v. Waloon Inv., Inc., 384 S.W.3d 901,
907 n.2 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2012, no pet.); see also Aguiar v. Segal,
167 S.W.3d 443, 450 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2005, pet. denied). DISD
moved for summary judgment on two elements of its contract claim: causation and
damages. As DISD was the movant, it bore the burden to conclusively establish its
entitlement to summary judgment on those elements. See, e.g., Amedisys, Inc. v.
Kingwood Home Health Care, LLC, 437 S.W.3d 507, 511-12 (Tex. 2014).

      The contract at issue is an insurance policy. DISD’s motions for summary
judgment invoke several well-known principles applicable in the insurance context
and pertinent to DISD’s burden of proof. For instance, an insured is not entitled to
recover under an insurance policy unless it proves its damages are covered by the
policy. See, e.g., Seger v. Yorkshire Ins. Co., Ltd., 503 S.W.3d 388, 400 (Tex. 2016);
Employers Cas. Co. v. Block, 744 S.W.2d 940, 944 (Tex. 1988), overruled in part
on other grounds by State Farm Fire & Cas. Co. v. Gandy, 925 S.W.2d 696 (Tex.
1996); Wallis v. United Servs. Auto. Ass’n, 2 S.W.3d 300, 303 (Tex. App.—San
Antonio 1999, pet. denied).

      Under the doctrine of concurrent causes, when covered and non-covered perils
combine to create a loss, the insured is entitled to recover that portion of the damage
caused solely by the covered peril. Travelers Indem. Co. v. McKillip, 469 S.W.2d
160, 163 (Tex. 1971); Comsys Info. Tech. Servs., Inc. v. Twin City Fire Ins. Co., 130
S.W.3d 181, 198 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2003, pet. denied); Allison v.


                                          14
Fire Ins. Exchange, 98 S.W.3d 227, 258 (Tex. App.—Austin 2002, pet. granted,
judgm’t vacated w.r.m.); State Farm Fire & Cas. Co. v. Rodriguez, 88 S.W.3d 313,
320-21 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2002, pet. denied), abrogated on other grounds
by Don’s Bldg. Supply, Inc. v. OneBeacon Ins. Co., 267 S.W.3d 20 (Tex. 2008).
This doctrine is not an affirmative defense or an avoidance issue; instead, it is a rule
embodying the basic principle that insureds are not entitled to recover under their
insurance policies unless they prove the damage is covered by the policy. Allison,
98 S.W.3d at 258. The insured must present some evidence upon which the jury can
rely to attribute the alleged damages to the covered peril. Id. at 258-59; see also
Paulson v. Fire Ins. Exch., 393 S.W.2d 316, 319 (Tex. 1965) (“It is essential that the
insured produce evidence which will afford a reasonable basis for estimating the
amount of damage or the proportionate part of damage caused by a risk covered by
the insurance policy.”). Because the insured can recover only for covered events,
the burden of segregating the damage attributable solely to the covered event is a
coverage issue for which the insured carries the burden of proof. Rodriguez, 88
S.W.3d at 321. Failure to segregate covered and non-covered perils is fatal to
recovery. Allison, 98 S.W.3d at 259; Kelly v. Travelers Lloyds of Tex. Ins. Co., No.
14-05-00825-CV, 2007 WL 527911, at *3 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Feb.
22, 2007, no pet.) (mem. op.). “[A]lthough a plaintiff is not required to establish the
amount of his damages with mathematical precision, there must be some reasonable
basis upon which the jury’s finding rests.” Rodriguez, 88 S.W.3d at 320.

      The TWIA policy at issue is a named-perils policy that insures for “direct
physical loss to the covered property caused by windstorm or hail unless the loss is
excluded in the Exclusions.” (Emphasis added). Under such a named-perils policy,
“all perils not specifically included in the policy are excluded from coverage.” de
Laurentis v. United Servs. Auto. Ass’n, 162 S.W.3d 714, 722 (Tex. App.—Houston


                                          15
[14th Dist.] 2005, pet. denied). Thus, to obtain judgment against TWIA for breach
of the policy, DISD first had to establish that the direct physical losses to its covered
property were caused by windstorm or hail—in this instance, windstorm or hail
during Hurricane Ike. See Gilbert Tex. Constr., L.P. v. Underwriters at Lloyd’s
London, 327 S.W.3d 118, 124 (Tex. 2010) (“Initially, the insured has the burden of
establishing coverage under the terms of the policy.”).

      DISD attempted to meet part of its burden by way of its motions for summary
judgment on causation and damages. In both motions, DISD argued that the
Appraisal Award conclusively established its entitlement to summary judgment on
the causation and damages issues.              DISD asserted that the Appraisal Award
determined the amount of DISD’s losses caused by windstorm. DISD urged that
“TWIA cannot now dispute causation” and that permitting TWIA to do so would
“essentially render the appraisal process meaningless.” 5 Citing State Farm Lloyds

      5
           More particularly, for example, DISD sought summary judgment on causation on these
grounds:
             Plaintiff [DISD] moves for summary judgment on the element of causation for
             all damages. TWIA invoked the appraisal provision of the insurance contract
             held by DISD. That appraisal was conducted and is now complete. The final
             appraisal award set the amount of loss at $10,815,967.43. This amount of loss
             was determined to be caused by the covered peril of wind. In setting the
             amount of loss, the appraisers and umpire necessarily determined what was
             caused by wind, and what was due to the property’s pre-existing conditions.
             DISD never experienced flooding. Both parties are now precluded from
             challenging the amount of loss and the cause of such loss. DISD is entitled
             to summary judgment on the element of causation since it has already been
             determined by the appraisal award.
      Similarly, DISD sought summary judgment on damages on these grounds:
             Plaintiff [DISD] moves for summary judgment on the element of causation for
             all damages. TWIA invoked the appraisal provision of the insurance contract
             held by DISD. That appraisal was conducted and is now complete. The final
             appraisal award set the amount of loss at $10,815,967.43. This amount of loss
             was determined to reflect the totality of the property damage at DISD as a
             result of Hurricane Ike. Both parties are now precluded from challenging this
             value for the property damage, or from introducing alternative values or
                                                16
v. Johnson, 290 S.W.3d 886, 892 (Tex. 2009), DISD argued that the Appraisal
Award “resolved all issues of damages and causation for this case.”

      In response, TWIA asserted, among other things, that appraisal awards
determine only damages, not liability. TWIA argued that DISD retained the burden
to prove that the damage amounts identified in the Appraisal Award represented
“direct physical loss to the covered property caused by windstorm or hail,” as
required under the policy. Also relying on Johnson, TWIA emphasized that “when
different causes are alleged for a single injury, causation is a liability question for
the courts.” Id. at 892. In an attached affidavit, TWIA’s senior claims analyst, Paul
Strickland, noted that the Appraisal Award contains no “causation analysis, leak
tracing or identification of ‘wind-created openings,’ regardless of whether
attributable to Hurricane Ike,” and that it includes over “$1 million dollars in interior
damage . . . without any explanation as to a basis for this finding” and no
identification of a wind-created opening. TWIA’s appraiser, Jonathan Held, stated
in his affidavit that the Award contains “[n]o attempt by the appraiser for the insured
or the umpire to segregate damages by cause of loss” and “[n]o attempt by the
appraiser for the insured or the umpire to determine loss caused by seepage vs. water
damage through openings created by the wind.”

      The critical issue we must decide, therefore, is whether the Appraisal Award
in this case is alone sufficient to conclusively establish that DISD suffered




          estimates of the amount of loss. DISD is entitled to summary judgment on the
          element of property damage as determined by the appraisal award.
(footnote omitted) (emphases added).

                                             17
$8,193,168.85 in covered losses.6 A common feature of Texas insurance policies,7
appraisal clauses “provide a means to resolve disputes about the amount of loss for
a covered claim.” In re Universal Underwriters of Tex. Ins. Co., 345 S.W.3d 404,
407 (Tex. 2012) (orig. proceeding); see also Johnson, 290 S.W.3d at 888. An
appraisal provides an extra-judicial “remedy for any disagreement regarding the
amount of loss.” Breshears v. State Farm Lloyds, 155 S.W.3d 340, 344 (Tex.
App.—Corpus Christi 2004, pet. denied). However, appraisers are “not to construe
the policy or decide whether the insurer should pay.” Johnson, 290 S.W.3d at 890;
see also In re Security Nat’l Ins. Co., No. 14-10-00009-CV, 2010 WL 1609247, at
*6 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Apr. 22, 2010, orig. proceeding) (mem. op.)
(“Appraisal is limited to determining the amounts of loss, and not determining
whether the insurer should pay.”), abrogated on other grounds by In re State Farm
Lloyds, 514 S.W.3d 789 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2017, orig. proceeding).
Although the “line between liability and damage questions may not always be clear,
. . . . the scope of appraisal is damages, not liability.” Johnson, 290 S.W.3d at 890;
see In re Allstate Cty. Mut. Ins. Co., 85 S.W.3d 193, 195 (Tex. 2002) (orig.
proceeding); Waloon, 384 S.W.3d at 905; Standard Fire Ins. Co. v. Fraiman, 514
S.W.2d 343, 344-45 (Tex. Civ. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1974, no writ).

       In Johnson, the Supreme Court of Texas discussed extensively the importance
of ensuring that appraisal awards do not nullify insurance policy requirements.
“Causation relates to both liability and damages because it is the connection between
them.” Johnson, 290 S.W.3d at 891-92. Appraisal clauses generally estop a party



       6
         As noted above, this amount reflects the Appraisal Award less prior payments,
deductibles, and sales tax.
       7
        Appraisal clauses are “uniformly included in most forms of property insurance policies.”
Johnson, 290 S.W.3d at 888.

                                              18
from contesting damages,8 but liability questions are reserved for courts, such as
when, as we have here, different causes are alleged for a single injury to property.
See id. “Appraisers can decide the cost of repairs in this context, but if they can also
decide causation there would be no liability questions left for the courts.” Id. at 892;
see also Farmers Grp. Ins., Inc. v. Poteet, 434 S.W.3d 316, 325, 331 (Tex. App.—
Fort Worth 2014, pet. denied). “By contrast, when different types of damage occur
to different items of property, appraisers may have to decide the damage caused by
each before the courts can decide liability.” Johnson, 290 S.W.3d at 892. In this
context, courts can decide whether a particular type of damage is covered, “but if
[courts] can also decide the amount of damage caused by each, there would be no
damage questions left for the appraisers.” Id.

       The same is true when the causation question involves separating loss
       due to a covered event from a property’s pre-existing condition. Wear
       and tear is excluded in most property policies . . . because it occurs in
       every case. If . . . appraisers can never allocate damages between
       covered and excluded perils, then appraisals can never assess hail
       damage unless a roof is brand new. That would render appraisal clauses
       largely inoperative, a construction [courts] must avoid.

Id. at 892-93 (footnotes omitted).

       Distinguishing between causation as a liability issue or causation as a damages
issue may be complicated. An “appraisal necessarily includes some causation
element, because setting the ‘amount of loss’ requires appraisers to decide between
damages for which coverage is claimed from damages caused by everything else.”
Id. “[W]hether the appraisers have gone beyond the damage questions entrusted to
them will depend on the nature of the damage, the possible causes, the parties’

       8
         See Nat’l Sec. Fire & Cas. Co. v. Hurst, 523 S.W.3d 840, 844 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th
Dist.] 2017, pet. filed); Pounds v. Liberty Lloyds of Tex. Ins. Co., 528 S.W.3d 222, 228 (Tex.
App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2017, no pet.); Franco v. Slavonic Mut. Fire Ins. Ass’n, 154 S.W.3d
777, 786 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2004, no pet.).

                                             19
dispute, and the structure of the structure of the appraisal award.” Id. at 893. In no
event, though, may appraisers “rewrite the policy.” Id. “No matter what the
appraisers say, [the insurance company] does not have to pay for repairs due to wear
and tear or any other excluded peril because those perils are excluded.”               Id.
Appraisal awards may be disregarded when they do not comply with policy terms,
Franco, 154 S.W.3d at 786, and, even if no party seeks to disregard an appraisal
award, the award still must be construed and applied in compliance with the policy.
Waloon, 384 S.W.3d at 905.

      Several cases decided since Johnson confirm that, although courts afford
appraisal awards due deference, appraisals do not supplant the judicial process. See,
e.g., Waloon, 384 S.W.3d at 905 (appraisal award, standing alone, does not
determine the merits of a breach of contract claim; appraisal is limited to determining
amount of loss, not whether an insurer should pay); see also MLCSV10 v. Stateside
Enters., Inc., 866 F. Supp. 2d 691, 704-07 (S.D. Tex. 2012) (applying Johnson and
setting aside portions of award in which appraisers made impermissible coverage
decision based on determination that “no covered event caused the ductwork
damage”); Amtrust Ins. Co. of Kan., Inc. v. Starship League City, L.P., No. 4: 11-
CV-00672, 2012 WL 2996489 (E.D. Tex. June 4, 2012), (appraisal process does not
replace judicial process; party still has the right to ask a court to interpret its rights
and obligations under policy); Glenbrook Patiohome, Owners Ass’n v. Lexington
Ins. Co., No. H-1 0-2929, 2011 WL 666517, at *10 (S.D. Tex. Feb. 14, 2011) (loss-
valuation issues should be determined by appraisal, but coverage disputes should be
determined by the court).

      The policy at issue covered only direct physical loss to property caused by the
named perils of wind and hail. It explicitly excluded loss or damage caused by or
resulting from “rain, whether driven by wind or not unless wind or hail first makes

                                           20
an opening in the walls or roof of the described building.” Even then, the policy
covers only loss to the interior of the building or insured property “caused
immediately by rain” entering through a wind- or hail-created opening.

       The present matter is not one lacking dispute about whether the alleged
damage was in fact caused by a covered peril. See Johnson, 290 S.W.3d at 891 (“On
appeal, [the insurer] emphasizes it is disputing not just which singles were damaged,
but which were damaged by hail. But nothing in the summary judgment record
establishes [the policy holder’s] roof was damaged by anything else.”). In its
original and amended answers, TWIA alleged that DISD’s claimed damages were
caused by non-covered events or perils. Five years had passed between Hurricane
Ike and the appraisal inspections; during that period further weather conditions and
ordinary wear and tear impacted the post-Ike condition of the DISD properties. The
summary judgment record contains evidence raising genuine issues of material fact
about the cause of the damage to DISD’s buildings.9 For example, TWIA attached
deposition testimony from the adjusters who inspected DISD’s buildings in the
immediate aftermath of Hurricane Ike. Both stated that they had not seen any wind
damage to many of the buildings included within the Appraisal Award’s scope.
DISD’s representative, Ryan Boone, acknowledged that DISD had no
documentation of any wind-created openings that had caused the interior damage to


       9
           Cf. Paulson, 393 S.W.2d at 319 (rendering judgment in favor of insurer because insured
failed to present evidence that damages were caused by wind “independent of all other causes”;
“It is essential that the insured produce evidence which will afford a reasonable basis for estimating
the amount of damage or the proportionate part of damaged caused by a risk covered by the
insurance company.”); Farmers Grp., 434 S.W.3d at 325, 329-31 (holding, in a case involving
soot damage that may have arisen from multiple causes, the insured bore the burden of segregating
her loss between covered and non-covered damages; because her expert failed to do so, she did
not establish she was entitled to recover under her insurance policy); Kelly, 2007 WL 527911, at
*7 (affirming summary judgment in favor of insurer because “[a]lthough the summary judgment
evidence showed the Kellys’ home may have had mold contamination, it did not show that their
personal property was contaminated by mold due to a covered peril, i.e., a plumbing leak”).

                                                 21
DISD’s buildings reflected in the Appraisal Award. Boone also acknowledged that
warranty work had been completed on a portion of a roof at one of the buildings
reflected in the award, yet the award reflected compensation for damages to interior
rooms under the portion of the roof that had been repaired pursuant to a warranty.
Boone agreed that any such damages were not caused by Hurricane Ike winds.10
TWIA also argued that the Appraisal Award included items for which DISD did not
provide notice as the policy required. From this evidence, a factfinder reasonably
could infer that at least some of the damages referenced in the Appraisal Award were
not caused by Hurricane Ike windstorm or wind-driven openings, but instead by
subsequent events, including later weather conditions that occurred in the five years
following the storm’s landfall.11

       Under the specific facts of this case, causation is a liability question for the
court.12 The only causation evidence before the trial court on summary judgment
was the Appraisal Award itself. Adhering to the authority discussed above, we agree
with TWIA that DISD’s reliance on the Appraisal Award is insufficient to


       10
           Boone stated, “If there’s a leak in -- in B Pod that Duro-Last [the roofing manufacturer]
did, then that would be a leak that occurred -- did not occur as a result of a wind-driven opening.”
And when asked about specific buildings and damages to them, particularly damages reflected in
the award to buildings that had been demolished prior to the appraisal process, Boone repeatedly
responded, “You’ll have to ask the appraisal panel what’s included in their award.”
       11
            TWIA argued as much in its summary judgment response:
       [Umpire] Burgess attributed known construction defects as wind damage, such as
       with Item #23 – KE Little ES Main Building. For Item 38 – San Leon – Burgess
       attributed a repair performed under warranty as covered damage under the policy.
       A new roof was also allowed for Item 49 – McAdams Jr. High-Auditorium, even
       though the building no longer existed. Astonishingly, Burgess allowed a
       $1,130,631.22 award for all observable damage to Item 90 – Gillis Admin Building,
       despite its condition of being abandoned, locked up, boarded, and exposed to
       unconditioned, moist air.
       12
          When, as here, different causes are alleged for a single loss, causation is a liability
question for the court. Johnson, 290 S.W.3d at 892.

                                                22
conclusively prove causation and damages. Standing alone, the Appraisal Award
simply does not provide sufficient evidence from which a court may determine as a
matter of law which Appraisal Award damages, if any, were caused by a covered
peril.13 Thus, considering the evidence in the light most favorable to TWIA and


        13
         Examining the Appraisal Award in this case reveals the problems with determining
causation based on the Award alone. For example, the first building in the list, Bay Colony
Elementary, is itemized as follows:
   Item #         Description                       RCV        Depreciation         ACV
    1          Bay Colony Elementary
               Temp Roof Repairs                   $4,857.00        $199.14       $4,657.86
               Roof Wing A                        $34,912.86      $1,191.64      $33,721.22
               Roof Wing B                        $27,365.07        $964.11      $26,400.96
               Roof Wing C                        $29,381.79      $1,044.10      $28,337.69
               Roof Wing D                        $28,445.91        $991.33      $27,454.58
               Center roof                        $23,612.00        $822.51      $22,789.49
               Metal Awning                       $10,885.59        $558.02      $10,327.57
               Roof General                       $11,247.60                     $11,247.60
               A115                                $2,019.40         $72.18       $1,947.22
               A120                                $1,073.10         $23.82       $1,049.28
               A123                                $1,373.48         $28.99       $1,344.49
               A135                                  $864.11         $19.16         $844.95
               C101                                  $862.27         $28.56         $833.71
               C102                                $1,123.56         $34.33       $1,089.23
               C109                                $1,537.16         $57.99       $1,479.17
               D Hallway                           $4,923.96        $124.76       $4,799.20
               D101                                $1,076.60         $20.81       $1,055.79
               D134                                $1,148.54         $27.87       $1,120.67
               D138-Cafeteria                     $28,851.85        $596.92      $28,254.93
               E103                                $1,302.38         $25.77       $1,276.61
               E105                                $1,339.04         $33.83       $1,305.21
               Library                             $4,422.13         $90.22       $4,331.91

                                            23
resolving any doubts in TWIA’s favor as the non-movant, see W. Invs., Inc. v. Urena,
162 S.W.3d 547, 550 (Tex. 2005), we conclude that the trial court erred by granting
partial summary judgment to DISD on causation and damages. See Waloon, 384
S.W.3d at 905; cf. Paulson, 393 S.W.2d at 319; Kelly, 2007 WL 527911, at *7; cf.
Farmers Grp., 434 S.W.3d at 325, 329-31.

       DISD bore the burden of establishing that the damages it sought to recover
were caused by Hurricane Ike wind or hail. DISD did not meet this burden by either


                E110                                      $603.15           $15.39          $587.76
                E111                                    $1,068.28           $29.92        $1,038.36
                West Elevation                            $842.16           $59.34          $782.82
                South Elevation                           $602.21           $42.71          $559.50
                East Elevation                            $473.72           $33.38          $440.34
                North Elevation                           $486.42           $34.27          $452.15
                Portable Bldg 103/104 roof              $5,191.72         $192.34         $4,999.38
                Portable Bldg 105/106 roof              $5,139.30         $190.99         $4,948.31
                Portable Bldg 107/108 roof              $5,098.54         $189.65         $4,908.89
                Contents, Pack-Out & Storage           $13,947.25           $74.51       $13,872.74
                General Conditions                     $12,943.63       $4,247.86         $8,695.77


                Subtotal                             $269,021.78       $12,066.42       $256,955.36
                Overhead                               $26,902.18
                Profit                                 $29,592.40
                Sales Tax                              $26,855.10
                Total                                $352,371.45       $12,066.42       $340,305.03


       Numerous interior rooms in this elementary school are listed as having sustained damage.
But there is nothing to indicate what type of damage the dollar amounts represent. For example,
nothing indicates whether the dollar amounts reflect damage from wind as opposed to flood, rain,
or mold, all of which are excluded under the policy (subject to certain exceptions). The rest of the
Appraisal Award similarly lacks important details about the type of damage found in DISD’s
buildings.

                                                24
of its motions for partial summary judgment. Also, DISD did not meet this burden
at trial—DISD was not tasked with it—because the trial court ruled that the partial
summary judgment orders on causation and damages conclusively established the
issue.

         For these reasons, we sustain, in part, TWIA’s first issue to the extent TWIA
seeks a reversal of the summary judgment orders and a remand for new trial. We
overrule TWIA’s first issue to the extent it seeks rendition of judgment.

D.       Remand is the appropriate remedy.

         Having sustained TWIA’s first issue in part, we must consider the appropriate
remedy. TWIA seeks a rendition of a take nothing judgment or, alternatively, a
remand. In support of its request for rendition, TWIA argues that DISD did not
satisfy its burden at trial to segregate covered from non-covered losses and, in all
events, DISD could not have met its burden regardless of the partial summary
judgment rulings because it lacked a causation expert. Specifically, TWIA contends
that DISD not only failed to offer expert testimony on causation but the trial court
would have been required to exclude any causation expert witness by DISD because
DISD did not properly designate a causation expert witness.

         For several reasons, however, we conclude that a remand for new trial, not
rendition of judgment, is the appropriate remedy. First, the evidence developed at
trial was dependent on the court’s partial summary judgment orders, which this court
now has reversed. The trial court’s interpretation of the summary judgment orders
essentially relieved DISD from any burden to present trial evidence on the causation
issue, so the trial court never reached the issue of whether DISD would be permitted
to present expert witness testimony on that issue. Had the trial court denied summary
judgment, the evidence presented well may have been different and potentially
would have addressed all elements of DISD’s claim and TWIA’s defenses. TWIA
                                           25
says that DISD could not present the required expert testimony due to the lack of a
proper designation or other procedural reasons. While we agree with TWIA that
expert testimony is required under the unique facts of this case,14 we decline to rule
on whether the trial court should have admitted DISD’s expert testimony had it been
offered because the matter was never reached. See City of Angleton v. USFilter
Operating Servs., Inc., 201 S.W.3d 677, 679 (Tex. 2006) (declining to review issue
that was not first presented to trial court). As the entire trial proceedings were
premised on erroneous summary judgment orders, the more prudent course of action
is to restore the parties to the status quo at the time of the summary judgment rulings
and begin anew. See Associated Air Ctr. v. Tary Network Ltd., No. 06-13-00685-
CV, 2015 WL 970664, at *7 (Tex. App.—Dallas Mar. 4, 2015, no pet.) (mem. op.)
(“As long as there is a probability a case has for any reason not been fully developed,
an appellate court has the discretion to remand rather than render a decision.”); Scott
Bader, Inc. v. Sandstone Prods., Inc., 248 S.W.3d 802, 822 (Tex. App.—Houston
[1st Dist.] 2008, no pet.) (remanding case for new trial, despite legal sufficiency
issues, when sanctions ordered by trial court prevented full development of case);


       14
            Whether expert testimony is required on a particular subject is a question of law. FFE
Transp. Servs., Inc. v. Flugham, 154 S.W.3d 84, 89 (Tex. 2004). Expert testimony is required
when an issue involves matters that are beyond a factfinder’s common understanding. Mack
Trucks, Inc. v. Tamez, 206 S.W.3d 572, 583 (Tex. 2006). In determining whether expert testimony
is required, we consider whether the matter at issue involves the use of specialized equipment or
techniques unfamiliar to the ordinary person. See FFE Transp. Servs., 154 S.W.3d at 91. In the
present case, the appraisal inspections took place in October 2013, over five years after Hurricane
Ike made landfall. Clearly, the appraised buildings were in a different condition in the days
following the hurricane than they were in October 2013, when the appraisal inspections occurred,
or in March 2015, when Umpire Burgess inspected the properties. Indisputably, DISD’s insured
structures were subject to additional wear and tear, deterioration, ordinary repairs (whether due to
Ike’s winds or other factors), maintenance, intervening weather events, and other subsequent
events during those five to seven years. Parsing out the damages caused by Hurricane Ike’s winds
from those due to a myriad of other factors involves techniques unfamiliar to the ordinary person.
See, e.g., id. Thus, we agree with TWIA that, to prove causation under the facts of this case, DISD
was required to present expert testimony.

                                                26
Walden v. Affiliated Comput. Servs., Inc., 97 S.W.3d 303, 328 (Tex. App.—Houston
[14th Dist.] 2003, pet. denied); Turboff v. Gerner, Aron & Ledet Invs., 763 S.W.2d
827, 832 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1988, writ denied) (reversing and
remanding for new trial because erroneous pretrial summary judgment “limited to
an indeterminate degree the evidence which was allowed before the jury”; declining
to consider appellants’ issues attacking sufficiency of evidence because of
limitations on evidence due to erroneous ruling); see also Gen. Star Indem. Co. v.
Spring Creek Village Apts. Phase V, Inc., 152 S.W.3d 733, 738 (Tex. App.—
Houston [14th Dist.] 2004, no pet.) (reversing final judgment following jury trial
based on erroneous pretrial partial summary judgment ruling on binding nature of
appraisal award). On remand, DISD will have a full and fair opportunity to prove
its claim, and TWIA will have a full and fair opportunity to prove its defenses. We
think this result best comports with the interest of justice. See Tex. R. App. P.
43.3(b).

      Moreover, the current record does not otherwise establish that TWIA is
entitled to judgment as a matter of law on its affirmative defenses or on DISD’s
claim. The court precluded TWIA from presenting evidence of its affirmative
defenses at trial. Because this court has reversed the summary judgment orders,
TWIA’s defenses remain for determination. Though TWIA made an offer of proof,
that evidence was not admitted and DISD has not had a full opportunity to present
controverting evidence or cross-examine TWIA’s witnesses as to TWIA’s
defenses.15

E.    It is unnecessary to reach TWIA’s remaining issues.




      15
           In this appeal, we do not address the merits or applicability of TWIA’s defenses.

                                                27
      Our resolution of TWIA’s first issue either moots TWIA’s remaining issues
or renders them unnecessary to final disposition. See Tex. R. App. P. 47.1. In its
second issue TWIA complains of the trial court’s exclusion of evidence on TWIA’s
affirmative defenses. Our reversal of the partial summary judgment orders removes
the basis for the trial court’s evidentiary ruling. Because we are remanding for new
trial, TWIA’s defenses remain open for determination, as we have stated.

      In its third issue TWIA asserts that the trial court erred in submitting question
number one because in it the trial court failed to properly instruct the jury on the law,
and the court should have submitted the question and instruction proposed by TWIA,
which mirrored the instructions approved in League City v. Texas Windstorm
Insurance Association, No. 01-15-00117-CV, 2017 WL 405816, at *4-6 (Tex.
App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Jan. 31, 2017, no pet.). Again, we need not address this
issue because the trial court will have the opportunity on remand to determine the
appropriate charge language in light of applicable law when the scope of evidence
during the new trial pertains to the full range of disputed issues, including coverage,
notice, and causation.

      In its final issue TWIA challenges the legal and factual sufficiency of the
evidence to support breach and damages. But TWIA’s points are grounded on the
state of the trial evidence that flowed from erroneous partial summary judgment
orders. Though we agree with TWIA that DISD did not present evidence showing
that the Appraisal Award falls within the policy terms and conditions and is
otherwise covered under the insuring agreement, DISD was expressly relieved from
that burden by the trial court’s pretrial rulings based on the trial court’s interpretation
of the summary judgment orders. In a new trial, the nature and scope of the evidence
will be different.



                                            28
                                   Conclusion

      In sum, we hold that the trial court erred in granting DISD’s motions for
partial summary judgment because DISD did not establish causation and damages
as a matter of law based solely on the Appraisal Award. For the reasons expressed,
we reverse the judgment and remand this cause for proceedings consistent with this
opinion.




                                     /s/    Kevin Jewell
                                            Justice



Panel consists of Chief Justice Frost and Justices Boyce and Jewell (Frost, C.J.,
dissenting).




                                       29
