                                    UNPUBLISHED

                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT


                                      No. 17-4325


UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                    Plaintiff - Appellee,

             v.

MICHAEL PANKEY,

                    Defendant - Appellant.



Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia, at
Richmond. Robert E. Payne, Senior District Judge. (3:16-cr-00079-REP-1)


Submitted: January 26, 2018                                       Decided: February 9, 2018


Before TRAXLER and AGEE, Circuit Judges, and HAMILTON, Senior Circuit Judge.


Affirmed by unpublished per curiam opinion.


Geremy C. Kamens, Federal Public Defender, Nia Ayanna Vidal, Assistant Federal
Public Defender, OFFICE OF THE FEDERAL PUBLIC DEFENDER, Richmond,
Virginia, for Appellant. Dana J. Boente, United States Attorney, Olivia L. Norman,
Assistant United States Attorney, OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES ATTORNEY,
Richmond, Virginia, for Appellee.


Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit.
PER CURIAM:

       A jury convicted Michael Pankey of possession with intent to distribute heroin and

cocaine hydrochloride, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1), (b)(1)(C) (2012), and the

district court sentenced him to 24 months’ imprisonment. Pankey appeals the district

court’s denial of his motion to suppress evidence of drugs and incriminating statements

resulting from the search of his vehicle’s trunk. We affirm.

       In reviewing a district court’s denial of a defendant’s motion to suppress, we

review the district court’s legal conclusions de novo and its factual findings for clear

error, construing the evidence presented in the light most favorable to the Government.

United States v. Stover, 808 F.3d 991, 994 (4th Cir. 2015). “We owe particular deference

to a district court’s credibility determinations, for it is the role of the district court to

observe witnesses and weigh their credibility during a pre-trial motion to suppress.”

United States v. Patiutka, 804 F.3d 684, 689 (4th Cir. 2015) (brackets and internal

quotation marks omitted).

       Warrantless searches “are per se unreasonable under the Fourth Amendment—

subject only to a few specifically established and well-delineated exceptions.”

California v. Acevedo, 500 U.S. 565, 580 (1991) (internal quotation marks omitted). One

exception to the warrant requirement concerns automobiles because of their inherent

mobility and the risk that contraband inside the vehicle could disappear while officers

obtain a search warrant. California v. Carney, 471 U.S. 386, 390-91 (1985). “If a car is

readily mobile and probable cause exists to believe it contains contraband, the Fourth


                                             2
Amendment . . . permits police to search the vehicle without more.” Maryland v. Dyson,

527 U.S. 465, 467 (1999) (per curiam) (internal quotation marks omitted). “The scope of

a warrantless search of an automobile . . . is not defined by the nature of the container in

which the contraband is secreted,” but “[r]ather, . . . the object of the search and the

places in which there is probable cause to believe that it may be found.” United States v.

Ross, 456 U.S. 798, 824 (1982).

       Pankey contends that the factors identified by the searching officer—the odor of

marijuana emanating from the vehicle; the discovery of marijuana in the passenger

compartment; Pankey’s nervousness; the fact that Pankey was driving on Interstate 85, a

drug trafficking corridor, and en route to Oxford, North Carolina, a source city for

narcotics; and Pankey’s possession of a prepaid flip phone commonly used for criminal

activity, in addition to his personal cell phone—were altogether insufficient to give rise to

probable cause to search the trunk of his vehicle. He also argues that this court has not

ruled that the mere odor of burnt marijuana from a vehicle’s passenger compartment is

sufficient to establish probable cause to search the vehicle’s trunk.

       Indeed, we have not yet decided that issue, and there is, in fact, a circuit split on

the issue. 1 However, we decline to reach this question because even applying the more



       1
         The Fifth and Eighth Circuits have held that the mere odor of burnt marijuana
may give rise to probable cause to search an entire vehicle, including its trunk. United
States v. Winters, 221 F.3d 1039, 1041 (8th Cir. 2000); United States v. McSween, 53
F.3d 684, 686-87 (5th Cir. 1995). The Tenth Circuit has held that the mere odor of
marijuana is insufficient grounds to search a vehicle’s trunk, and that “corroborating
(Continued)

                                              3
defendant-friendly approach espoused by the Tenth Circuit, we conclude that the other

factors identified by the searching officer in addition to the odor of marijuana provided

probable cause to search the trunk of Pankey’s vehicle. See United States v. Loucks, 806

F.2d 208, 211 (10th Cir. 1986) (holding that, while mere odor of burnt marijuana was

insufficient to give rise to probable cause to search vehicle’s trunk, odor of burnt

marijuana on defendant’s person plus discovery of marijuana in passenger compartment

was sufficient).

       Additionally, Pankey’s contention that the searching officer lacked probable cause

to search the trunk because he had probable cause to search only for marijuana and not

heroin or cocaine is without merit. Further, while Pankey complains that the district

court considered innocent factors in its probable cause analysis, the district court did not

rely exclusively on these factors and was permitted to consider them in the totality of the

circumstances. See United States v. Foster, 824 F.3d 84, 89 (4th Cir. 2016) (“Seemingly

innocent factors, when viewed together, can amount to reasonable suspicion.”); United

States v. Booker, 612 F.3d 596, 601 (7th Cir. 2010) (“The possibility of an innocent




evidence of contraband” is necessary. United States v. Parker, 72 F.3d 1444, 1450 (10th
Cir. 1995).



                                             4
explanation does not vitiate properly established probable cause.”).          We therefore

conclude that the district court did not err in denying Pankey’s motion to suppress. 2

       Accordingly, we affirm the district court’s judgment. We dispense with oral

argument because the facts and legal contentions are adequately presented in the

materials before this court and argument would not aid the decisional process.

                                                                               AFFIRMED




       2
        Because the search was lawful, we need not consider Pankey’s additional
argument that the district court should have suppressed his subsequent incriminating
statements.



                                             5
