           IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF MISSISSIPPI

                                NO. 2015-CA-01059-COA

C.S.H.                                                                       APPELLANT

v.

LOWNDES COUNTY DEPARTMENT OF                                                   APPELLEE
HUMAN SERVICES

DATE OF JUDGMENT:                           05/13/2015
TRIAL JUDGE:                                HON. BEVERLEY MITCHELL FRANKLIN
COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED:                  LOWNDES COUNTY COUNTY COURT
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT:                     GARY GOODWIN
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE:                      OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL
                                            BY: KURT STEVEN SAUL JR.
NATURE OF THE CASE:                         CIVIL - OTHER
DISPOSITION:                                AFFIRMED: 05/01/2018
MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:
MANDATE ISSUED:

       EN BANC.

       TINDELL, J., FOR THE COURT:

¶1.    The Lowndes County County Court terminated CSH’s parental rights to her two sons,

Leo and Quinn.1 On appeal, CSH raises several issues, which we restate as follows: (1)

whether the county court failed to apply the statutory prerequisites for parental-rights

termination; (2) whether the county court erroneously found the statutory prerequisites were

met by clear and convincing evidence; and (3) whether the county court erroneously found


       1
         Although the county court also terminated the parental rights of the children’s
unknown putative father, that portion of the judgment is not before this Court for review.
To protect the privacy and anonymity of the minor children involved in this case, we refer
to the Appellant by her initials, and we use fictitious names for the children and their foster
parents.
the statutory grounds for parental-rights termination were met by clear and convincing

evidence.

¶2.    Finding no error, we affirm the county court’s judgment.

                                         FACTS

¶3.    CSH is the biological mother of Leo, born July 2007, and Quinn, born June 2008.

Following a June 11, 2008 hearing, the Lowndes County Youth Court found CSH had

“neglected and/or abandoned” eleven-month-old Leo. That same day, with the goal of

eventually being reunited with Leo, CSH entered into an individualized service plan with the

Lowndes County Department of Human Services (DHS). See Miss. Code Ann. § 43-15-

13(4) (Rev. 2015). By signing the service agreement, CSH agreed to (1) obtain housing and

maintain utilities; (2) obtain employment; (3) submit to random drug tests; (4) enroll in a

drug-treatment program and attend Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) meetings; and (5) request

monthly visits with Leo. The following day, on June 12, 2008, the youth court entered an

order that placed Leo in DHS’s custody and provided for a six-month review of the matter.

¶4.    Two months later, on August 12, 2008, the youth court found CSH had also neglected

her younger son, Quinn. The youth court ordered three-month-old Quinn to also be placed

into DHS’s custody, and the court scheduled a six-month review. Unlike Leo’s hearing, CSH

failed to attend Quinn’s August 12, 2008 hearing. Although the youth court’s August 12,

2008 order made no mention of CSH entering into a second service agreement, the record

reflects that, on November 3, 2008, CSH and her caseworker reinitialed the previous service

agreement from June 11, 2008.



                                             2
¶5.     On June 3, 2009, the youth court held Leo’s permanency-review hearing, which CSH

attended. By order entered August 5, 2009, the youth court determined that Leo was doing

well with his foster parents and that CSH had failed to complete the terms of her service

agreement. The youth court ordered that Leo remain in DHS custody, with reunification

designated as his permanent plan and adoption designated as his alternate plan. Although

the youth court found that termination of parental rights was not currently in Leo’s best

interest, the court decided to revisit the issue after granting CSH an additional six months to

make progress on her service agreement. The youth court ordered that CSH be admitted to

an inpatient drug-treatment program and that she complete her service-agreement

requirements. The court further ordered DHS to help CSH find an inpatient drug-treatment

facility.

¶6.     On the same day as the August 5, 2009 order for Leo, the youth court held a

permanency-review hearing for CSH’s younger son, Quinn. Unlike Leo’s hearing, CSH was

not in attendance for Quinn’s August 5, 2009 permanency-review hearing. In its August 5,

2009 order related to Quinn’s permanency-review hearing, the youth court noted the

following: Quinn had cocaine in his system when he was born, which prompted DHS to

remove him from CSH’s custody; Quinn was currently doing well with his foster parents; and

CSH had failed to complete the terms of her service agreement. After reviewing the

evidence and determining that parental-rights termination served Quinn’s best interest, the

youth court changed Quinn’s permanent plan from reunification to adoption.

¶7.     On December 2, 2009, the youth court conducted an annual review of Leo’s case.



                                              3
Barbara Williams, the social worker assigned to both Leo’s and Quinn’s cases, testified that

Leo had been in DHS’s custody since about May 2008. Williams stated that CSH had been

scheduling visits with her sons and that the children had appeared to warm up to CSH during

the last two visits. Williams also testified, though, that CSH had not completed any part of

her service agreement and had tested positive for cocaine in both June and July 2009. After

the two failed drug tests, the drug-rehabilitation program working with CSH recommended

that she enroll in an inpatient drug-treatment program. Williams admitted, however, that

CSH, who was unemployed and received no federal assistance, lacked the means to pay for

the inpatient treatment.     After testifying that Leo needed permanence, Williams

recommended that the youth court terminate CSH’s parental rights.

¶8.    After reviewing Leo’s case, the youth court entered a new permanency order on

September 23, 2010, effective from the time of the December 2, 2009 hearing. The youth

court concluded that parental-rights termination served Leo’s best interest “[d]ue to [CSH’s]

failure to complete the terms of her service agreement[,] and due to the young age of [Leo]

and the length of time [he] has been in foster care[.]” The youth court therefore changed

Leo’s permanent plan to adoption and ordered DHS to proceed with parental-rights

termination.

¶9.    On May 13, 2011, DHS filed a petition to terminate CSH’s parental rights to both Leo

and Quinn. Almost four years later, after numerous continuances, the county court conducted

a hearing on March 9, 2015. During the four-year delay, CSH successfully completed an

inpatient drug-treatment program, got married, and gave birth to a daughter, who was about



                                             4
four years old.

¶10.   At the termination hearing, Williams testified that she became involved with the case

in May 2008 when DHS received a 911 report about Leo. Upon investigating, Williams

discovered that CSH had left Leo with a non-relative for about four months. The non-

relative could no longer care for Leo, and CSH’s whereabouts were unknown. DHS took

Leo to a doctor, who admitted him to the hospital for an abscess near his groin and upper

respiratory issues. The following month, in June 2008, CSH gave birth to Quinn. After

Quinn tested positive for cocaine, DHS took custody of him at the hospital. Williams

confirmed that Leo and Quinn had remained in DHS’s custody since they entered in 2008.

¶11.   According to Williams, CSH partially complied with her June 2008 service agreement.

Williams explained that CSH had six months to make progress on her service agreement and

that the youth court even granted her an additional six months to complete the requirements.

Starting around November 2008, CSH began to schedule and attend visits with her children.

She also obtained housing when she married her husband, but she never obtained

employment or attended AA meetings. Although CSH eventually completed an inpatient

drug-treatment program, Williams testified that she did so outside the allotted time frame.

Williams stated that, between November 2008 and January 2010, CSH continued to struggle

with drug use. Then, in January 2010, CSH entered an inpatient drug-treatment program.

Despite CSH’s eventual completion of the program around May 2010, Williams testified that

she no longer tried to reunify CSH with her children because the youth court had already

changed the children’s permanent plan to adoption. However, Williams acknowledged that,



                                             5
after CSH had completed the inpatient program in 2010, she had passed all her subsequent

random drug tests and done everything she could to satisfy the service-agreement

requirements to regain custody of her children. Williams also testified she was satisfied that

CSH presented no danger of neglect or abuse to her almost four-year-old daughter, who lived

with CSH and her husband.

¶12.   Having observed CSH’s visits with Leo and Quinn, Williams testified there had been

substantial erosion of the mother-child relationship due to CSH’s absence during the first few

months of the boys’ lives. By contrast, Williams stated that Leo and Quinn had bonded with

their foster family, who took care of all the boys’ needs. Williams averred that DHS had

done all it could to help CSH timely complete her service-agreement requirements for

reunification. Williams also stated that, in her professional opinion, termination of CSH’s

parental rights served Leo’s and Quinn’s best interest.

¶13.   The children’s pediatrician next testified that both boys were relatively healthy,

although Leo experienced occasional wheezing and eczema and Quinn had been diagnosed

with ADD/ADHD. The pediatrician stated that Quinn needed to remain on his current

ADD/ADHD medications for the foreseeable future but could hopefully learn to manage the

condition on his own. The pediatrician also testified that, while all children benefit from a

stable and consistent environment, children with ADD/ADHD especially need such an

environment. Based on her observations of Leo’s and Quinn’s interactions with their foster

parents, the pediatrician testified that the boys had bonded with their foster family.

¶14.   Leah Headings, a private-practice clinical social worker, next testified that DHS



                                              6
referred Leo and Quinn to her in December 2012 to assess the boys’ adjustment to their

foster home and the effects of their monthly visits with CSH. Headings formed her

assessment after completing twenty-four individual sessions with each child. Headings

concluded the children were thriving in their foster placement and considered their foster

parents to be their mother and father. Headings testified Leo eventually seemed to grasp that,

along with his foster mother, CSH was also his mother. However, Headings stated she never

saw any indication that Quinn understood CSH’s relationship to him. In Headings’s opinion,

removing the boys from their current foster-care placement “would be totally devastating[

and] confusing and would have lifelong implications” on the children. She further testified

that she believed it was in the boys’ best interest to remain with their foster parents.

¶15.   Mary Reese, a DHS adoption specialist, next testified about the visits she observed

between CSH and the boys. Reese testified that Leo and Quinn appeared to lack a strong

bond with CSH. Reese stated the boys never ran up and greeted CSH at the beginning of the

visits, nor did they appear disappointed when the visits ended. According to Reese, CSH had

to initiate most of the interaction with the boys. By contrast, Reese said that Leo and Quinn

possessed a strong bond with their foster parents, whom they identified as their actual

parents. Reese testified she believed remaining with their foster parents served the children’s

best interest because that was the only home the boys had ever really known.

¶16.   Leo and Quinn’s foster parents, the Smiths, also testified that they had a strong bond

with the boys and that the boys considered the Smiths to be their parents. The Smiths stated

they had observed no similar attachment between the boys and CSH. If the court terminated



                                              7
CSH’s parental rights, the Smiths expressed their desire to adopt the boys. The Smiths

further testified that they believed removing Leo and Quinn from their home would

negatively affect the children.

¶17.   CSH next testified about the children’s removal from her custody and her attempts at

reunification. CSH first began using drugs when she was fourteen. Although she was not

on drugs at the time of Leo’s birth in 2007, CSH testified that she subsequently relapsed. She

left Leo with a friend, and then DHS took custody of him. CSH managed to stop using drugs

again for a short time but suffered a relapse while pregnant with Quinn. Because Quinn

tested positive for cocaine as a newborn, DHS took custody of him at the hospital. In

January 2010, while pregnant with her daughter, CSH entered an inpatient drug-rehabilitation

program. CSH completed the program in May 2010. In August 2010, CSH got married, and

she testified that she had remained drug free since then. CSH stated that the monthly one-

hour visits with Leo and Quinn failed to provide sufficient time to bond. Although she

admitted that Leo and Quinn viewed the Smiths as their parents, CSH thought she could

establish a strong bond with her children if the court returned them to her custody. CSH

further stated that she and her husband possessed sufficient resources to financially support

Leo and Quinn if the court returned them to her.

¶18.   The guardian ad litem (GAL) testified that, although CSH appeared to be a fit parent

to her daughter, he noticed a stark difference in CSH’s interactions with her daughter and

with Leo and Quinn. While the daughter clearly viewed CSH as her mother, the GAL

testified that Leo and Quinn obviously did not. The GAL stated that CSH had even admitted



                                              8
to him that her relationship with her sons had eroded and that they viewed the Smiths as their

parents. Based on his observations and case-file review, the GAL recommended that

remaining with the Smiths would serve the children’s best interest.

¶19.   On May 14, 2015, the county court entered a judgment finding that clear and

convincing evidence supported multiple statutory grounds for the termination of CSH’s

parental rights. The county court found as follows: First, CSH failed to exercise reasonable

available visitation with the children. See Miss. Code Ann. § 93-15-103(3)(d)(i) (Rev.

2013).2 Second, CSH failed to implement her agreed-upon service plan, which prevented

DHS from returning the children to her.            See id. § 93-15-103(3)(d)(ii). Third, she

“exhibit[ed] ongoing behavior [that] would make it impossible to return [the children] to

[her] care and custody because [she] has a diagnosable condition, drug addiction, unlikely

to change within a reasonable time, which . . . makes [her] unable to assume minimally[]

acceptable care of [the children.]” See id. § 93-15-103(3)(e)(i). Fourth, she “failed to

eliminate ongoing behavior, identified to [her] by [DHS],” despite DHS’s diligent efforts to

assist her. See id. § 93-15-103(3)(e)(ii). Fifth, there had been substantial erosion of CSH’s

relationship with the children, caused in part by her “prolonged and unreasonable absence”

and “unreasonable failure to visit or communicate[.]” See id. § 93-15-103(3)(f). Sixth, the

youth court, “a court of competent jurisdiction[,]” had previously determined that

reunification with CSH was not in the children’s best interest. See id. § 93-15-103(3)(h).



       2
         Although the county court cited the 2002 Supplement to Mississippi Code
Annotated section 93-15-103 in its judgment, this Court cites to and applies the 2013
version of the statute since it was in effect at the time CSH’s parental rights were terminated.

                                               9
¶20.   Aggrieved by the termination of her parental rights, CSH appeals.

                               STANDARD OF REVIEW

¶21.   The county court’s “findings of fact concerning the termination of parental rights are

viewed under the manifest error/substantial credible evidence standard of review.” W.A.S.

v. A.L.G., 949 So. 2d 31, 34 (¶7) (Miss. 2007). Upon review, this Court must determine

whether credible proof supports the county court’s factual findings by clear and convincing

evidence. In re K.D.G. II, 68 So. 3d 748, 751 (¶12) (Miss. Ct. App. 2011). However,

“questions of law such as statutory construction are subject to de novo review, and if a

[court] misapprehends the controlling rules of law or acts pursuant to a substantially

erroneous view of the law, reversal is proper.” Chism v. Bright, 152 So. 3d 318, 322 (¶12)

(Miss. 2014).

                                       DISCUSSION

       I.       Statutory Prerequisites for Parental-Rights Termination

¶22.   CSH contends the county court failed to apply the statutory prerequisites for parental-

rights termination. Alternatively, she asserts that, even if the county court properly applied

the prerequisites, it erred by finding the prerequisites were met by clear and convincing

evidence. We address these two arguments together.

¶23.   During the time relevant to this appeal, Mississippi Code Annotated sections 93-15-

101 to -111 (Rev. 2013) governed termination-of-parental-rights proceedings. Section 93-

15-103(1) established prerequisites for a court to consider before invoking any specific




                                             10
statutory grounds for termination. Chism, 152 So. 3d at 322-23 (¶15).3 Section 93-15-103(1)

provided:

       When a child has been removed from the home of its natural parents and
       cannot be returned to the home of his natural parents within a reasonable
       length of time because returning to the home would be damaging to the child
       or the parent is unable or unwilling to care for the child, relatives are not
       appropriate or are unavailable, and when adoption is in the best interest of the
       child, taking into account whether the adoption is needed to secure a stable
       placement for the child and the strength of the child’s bonds to his natural
       parents and the effect of future contacts between them, the grounds listed in
       subsections (2) and (3) of this section shall be considered as grounds for the
       termination of parental rights. The grounds may apply singly or in
       combination in any given case.

¶24.   In recently discussing section 93-15-103(1), this Court adopted a “two[-]alternatives

interpretation” of the statute. In re B.A.H., 225 So. 3d 1220, 1239-40 (¶63) (Miss. Ct. App.

2016). In so doing, we stated:

       [W]e should interpret [section 93-15-103(1)] as directing the youth court to
       consider whether there are grounds for termination of parental rights if either
       [1] the “child has been removed from the home of its natural parents and
       cannot be returned to the home of his natural parents within a reasonable
       length of time because returning to the home would be damaging to the child
       or [2a] the parent is unable or unwilling to care for the child, [2b] relatives are
       not appropriate or are unavailable, and [2c] adoption is in the best interest of
       the child.”

Id. at 1238 (¶59) (quoting Miss. Code Ann. § 93-15-103(1)).

¶25.   Upon review, we find the record contains substantial credible evidence from which

       3
         After CSH filed her appeal, the Mississippi Legislature amended the statute so that
the prerequisites are no longer applicable. See Miss. Code Ann. §§ 93-15-101 to -133
(Supp. 2016). However, the amended statute does not apply retroactively. Miss. Laws ch.
431, § 24 (H.B. 1240). We therefore apply the version of the statute in effect at the time
CSH’s parental rights were terminated. See Mladinich v. Kohn, 186 So. 2d 481, 483 (Miss.
1966) (“A statute will not be given retroactive effect unless it is manifest from the language
that the legislature intended it to so operate.”).

                                               11
a rational trier of fact could conclude that, after Leo and Quinn’s removal from CSH, DHS

could not achieve reunification within a reasonable amount of time because doing so would

be damaging to the children. Id. DHS took custody of ten-month-old Leo in May 2008 after

CSH left him for several months with a non-relative who could no longer care for him. CSH

admitted that she was using drugs at the time she abandoned Leo. The following month, in

June 2008, DHS obtained custody of two-day-old Quinn after he tested positive for cocaine.

The youth court found CSH had “neglected and/or abandoned” Leo and that she had

neglected Quinn. In November 2008, after Leo and Quinn had been in DHS’s custody for

about six and five months, respectively, CSH began to schedule visits with her children.

¶26.   The next year, in June 2009, the youth court reviewed Leo’s case. The evidence

showed that CSH continued to struggle with drug use, and by its August 5, 2009 order, the

youth court found that CSH had failed to complete the terms of her service agreement.

Despite these findings, the youth court granted CSH an additional six months to make

progress on her service-agreement requirements.

¶27.   Also on August 5, 2009, the youth court reviewed and entered an order in Quinn’s

case. As with Leo’s case, the youth court found that CSH had failed to complete her service-

agreement requirements to regain custody of Quinn. However, unlike with Leo’s case, the

youth court determined that termination of CSH’s parental rights served Quinn’s best

interest.

¶28.   Following an annual review of Leo’s case in December 2009, the youth court also




                                            12
ordered the termination of CSH’s parental rights as to him.4 In its subsequent related order,

the youth court found that CSH’s failure to complete her service-agreement requirements,

coupled with Leo’s age and amount of time in foster care, warranted the termination of

CSH’s parental rights. In May 2010, almost two years after losing custody of her children

and entering into her service agreement with DHS, CSH completed a drug-rehabilitation

program.

¶29.   We find that CSH’s continued drug use between May 2008 (when Leo entered DHS

custody) and January 2010 (when CSH entered the drug-rehabilitation program) presented

an ongoing danger to her children that prevented DHS from returning them to her within a

reasonable period of time. See Miss. Code Ann. § 93-15-103(1); In re B.A.H., 225 So. 3d

at 1241 (¶65). We further acknowledge that “state law requires DHS to file a [termination-

of-parental-rights] petition for any neglected child who has been in foster care for fifteen of

the prior twenty-two months.” In re B.A.H., 225 So. 3d at 1241 (¶65) (citing Miss. Code

Ann. § 43-15-13(3) (Rev. 2015)). Although Quinn had only been in DHS custody for about

a year when the youth court ordered the termination of CSH’s parental rights as to him, Leo

had been in DHS custody for more than fifteen consecutive months by the time of the youth

court’s order (effective December 2, 2009) terminating CSH’s parental rights as to him.

¶30.   Upon review, we find the record shows the county court properly considered and

applied the statutory prerequisites before determining whether to terminate CSH’s parental



       4
         Although the youth court waited until September 23, 2010, to enter the order
terminating CSH’s parental rights as to Leo, the youth court made the order effective from
the date of the December 2, 2009 hearing.

                                              13
rights. We likewise find sufficient record support for the county court’s finding that clear

and convincing evidence satisfied the statutory prerequisites for parental-rights termination.

As a result, we find these assignments of error lack merit.

          II.    Statutory Grounds for Parental-Rights Termination

¶31.      CSH next challenges the county court’s finding that clear and convincing evidence

satisfied the statutory grounds for parental-rights termination. CSH contends the county

court’s termination of her parental rights was clearly erroneous in light of relevant

Mississippi caselaw.

¶32.      As previously discussed, the county court found by clear and convincing evidence that

CSH’s ongoing drug use prevented reunification with Leo and Quinn within a reasonable

period of time after DHS removed them from her custody. See Miss. Code Ann. § 93-15-

103(1). In continuing its analysis, the county court next found that clear and convincing

evidence supported six different statutory grounds for the termination of CSH’s parental

rights.

¶33.      Relevant to the statutory grounds upon which the county court based its decision,

section 93-15-103(3) provides:

          Grounds for termination of parental rights shall be based on one or more of the
          following factors:

                 ....

                 (d)    When the child has been in the care and custody of a
                 licensed child[-]caring agency or [DHS] for at least one (1) year,
                 that agency or the department has made diligent efforts to
                 develop and implement a plan for return of the child to its
                 parents, and:


                                                14
       (i)    The parent has failed to exercise
              reasonable available visitation with the
              child; or

       (ii)   The parent, having agreed to a plan to
              effect placement of the child with the
              parent, fails to implement the plan so that
              the child[-]caring agency is unable to
              return the child to said parent; or

(e)    The parent exhibits ongoing behavior which would make
       it impossible to return the child to the parent’s care and
       custody:

       (i)    Because the parent has a diagnosable
              condition unlikely to change within a
              reasonable time such as alcohol or drug
              addiction, severe mental deficiencies or
              mental illness, or extreme physical
              incapacitation, which condition makes the
              parent unable to assume minimally,
              acceptable care of the child; or

       (ii)   Because the parent fails to eliminate
              behavior, identified by the child[-]caring
              agency or the court, which prevents
              placement of said child with the parent in
              spite of diligent efforts of the child[-
              ]caring agency to assist the parent; or

(f)    When there is an extreme and deep-seated antipathy by
       the child toward the parent or when there is some other
       substantial erosion of the relationship between the parent
       and child which was caused at least in part by the
       parent’s serious neglect, abuse, prolonged and
       unreasonable absence, unreasonable failure to visit or
       communicate, or prolonged imprisonment; or

....

(h)    The child has been adjudicated to have been abused or
       neglected and custody has been transferred from the

                               15
                     child’s parent(s) for placement pursuant to Section 43-
                     15-13, and a court of competent jurisdiction has
                     determined that reunification shall not be in the child’s
                     best interest.

¶34.   In another recent appeal involving the termination of parental rights, this Court

explained:

       While section 93-15-103(1) provides that the grounds for [termination of
       parental rights] may be considered in combination, only one statutory ground
       is necessary to justify termination. Once the clear and convincing burden has
       been met, the best interest of the child is to be considered. Parental rights
       should be terminated only if the court determines that termination is in the
       child’s best interest.

In re B.A.H., 225 So. 3d at 1241 (¶64) (internal citations and quotation marks omitted).

¶35.   Upon review, we find the record contains credible evidence to support the county

court’s finding that at least one statutory ground existed for the termination of CSH’s

parental rights. Williams testified that DHS took custody of Leo after learning CSH had left

him with a non-relative who could no longer care for him. No one knew CSH’s whereabouts

at the time, and CSH herself testified that she had suffered a relapse when she abandoned

Leo. Testimony reflected that DHS soon took Quinn into custody as well because he was

born with cocaine in his system. To be reunified with her sons, CSH signed a service

agreement. With the aim of helping CSH become drug free, the service agreement required

her to submit to random drug tests and to enroll in a drug-treatment program. However, for

almost a year and a half after signing her June 2008 service agreement, CSH suffered

relapses. According to CSH’s own testimony, she did not truly become drug free until she

entered a drug-treatment program in January 2010, which she subsequently completed in



                                            16
May 2010.

¶36.   Based on these facts, we find credible evidence supports the county court’s findings

as to the following three statutory grounds: First, CSH failed to comply with her service

agreement, which prevented the children from being returned to her after more than a year

in DHS custody. See Miss. Code Ann. § 93-15-103(3)(d)(ii). Second, CSH’s ongoing drug

use prevented reunification “[b]ecause [she] ha[d] a diagnosable condition unlikely to change

within a reasonable time . . . , which [made her] unable to assume minimally, acceptable care

of the child[ren.]” See id. § 93-15-103(3)(e)(i). Third, CSH’s failure to eliminate the

identified harmful behavior prevented reunification, despite DHS’s diligent efforts to assist

her. See id. § 93-15-103(3)(e)(ii).

¶37.   We further find sufficient credible evidence in the record that, due largely to CSH’s

own actions, her mother-child relationship with Leo and Quinn substantially eroded. See id.

§ 93-15-103(3)(f). “A finding of substantial erosion of the parent/child relationship

necessarily involves a consideration of the relationship as it existed when the termination

proceedings were initiated.” In re K.D.G. II, 68 So. 3d 748, 752-53 (¶22) (Miss. Ct. App.

2011) (citation omitted). At the time DHS initiated termination proceedings, Leo and Quinn

had been in foster care for about three years. Following the boys’ entry into DHS custody,

CSH’s own actions (her ongoing drug use) prevented her from regaining custody of the boys

within a reasonable amount of time. Over time, these circumstances eroded the mother-child

relationship. In fact, by the time CSH began to schedule and attend regular visits with the

children, the undisputed testimony showed that Leo and Quinn had bonded with their foster



                                             17
family and considered their foster parents to be their real parents. In contrast, multiple

witnesses testified that no similar attachment existed between CSH and the boys. CSH

herself even admitted that her relationship with Leo and Quinn had substantially eroded and

that the children viewed the Smiths as their real parents. Accordingly, we find credible

evidence supports the county court’s finding on this issue.

¶38.   Finally, the youth court, a court of competent jurisdiction, found that both children

were neglected and/or abused and that reunification did not serve their best interests. See

Miss. Code Ann. § 93-15-103(3)(h). As discussed, DHS took custody of Leo because CSH

abandoned him with a friend, and the agency then obtained custody of Quinn after he was

born with cocaine in his system. Multiple witnesses testified that Leo and Quinn were well

adjusted in their foster placement, had formed strong attachments to their foster family, and

considered their foster parents to be their real parents. Multiple witnesses also testified that

reunification would not serve Leo’s and Quinn’s best interest because removing them from

the care of their foster parents, who had raised the boys for most of their lives, would

severely and negatively impact them. As a result, we find that sufficient credible proof

established this statutory ground by clear and convincing evidence.5 We further find

sufficient proof supported the county court’s finding that termination of CSH’s parental

rights served Leo’s and Quinn’s best interest.

                                       CONCLUSION

       5
        Because we find that at least one other statutory ground exists for the termination
of CSH’s parental rights, we need not address the county court’s finding that CSH failed to
exercise reasonable available visitation with Leo and Quinn under section 93-15-
103(3)(d)(i).

                                              18
¶39.   We acknowledge that much of what the dissent raises in its arguments is factually

correct. The unfortunate four-year delay in this case was largely attributable to the State’s

actions and has created prolonged uncertainty and unnecessary burden for CSH, the Smiths,

and the minor children as they have awaited resolution. While we struggle with the outcome

of this case, we find our caselaw and statutory law require the result reached. Even with the

extended deadline granted by the county court, CSH failed to make progress on the terms of

her service agreement within the time frame provided by the statute. As a result, we find

substantial credible proof supported the county court’s determination that clear and

convincing evidence established all the statutory prerequisites and requirements for

termination of CSH’s parental rights and that the termination of her parental rights served

Leo’s and Quinn’s best interests. We therefore affirm the county court’s judgment.

¶40.   AFFIRMED.

    LEE, C.J., GRIFFIS, P.J., BARNES, CARLTON, FAIR, WILSON AND
GREENLEE, JJ., CONCUR. WESTBROOKS, J., DISSENTS WITH SEPARATE
WRITTEN OPINION, JOINED BY IRVING, P.J.

       WESTBROOKS, J., DISSENTING:

¶41.   I respectfully dissent from the majority. At the hearing on March 9, 2015, in

evaluating whether the statutory prerequisites for parental-rights termination were met, the

county court and majority looked only at the behaviors of CSH during May 2008 through

December 2009. After entering an inpatient drug-rehabilitation program in January 2010,

CSH made substantial progress toward completing her service-agreement requirements.

Additionally, CSH experienced many continuances for a hearing, most due to no fault or



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request of her own. I believe those actions should have been taken into consideration at the

2015 hearing as well.

¶42.   The United States Supreme Court, as well as the Supreme Court of Mississippi, has

held a long standing tradition of protecting parental rights as fundamental rights. The United

States Supreme Court held that “[t]he fundamental liberty interest of natural parents in the

care, custody, and management of their child is protected by the Fourteenth Amendment, and

does not evaporate simply because they have not been model parents or have lost temporary

custody of their child to the State.” Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745, 745 (1982). Stating

even further that, “[a] parental rights termination proceeding interferes with that fundamental

liberty interest.” Id. The Mississippi Supreme Court stated in similar fashion that “[b]ecause

parental rights are so important, we sharply limit the circumstances under which can be

terminated by the government.” Gunter v. Gray, 876 So. 2d 315, 317 (¶3) (Miss. 2004).

¶43.   The majority holds that the county court was proper in finding three statutory grounds

for the termination supported by clear and convincing evidence. I disagree.

¶44.   First, the majority states that CSH failed to comply with her service agreement, which

prevented the children from being returned to her after more than a year in DHS custody,

according to Mississippi Code Annotated section 93-15-103(3)(d)(ii) (Rev. 2013). While

that is correct, CSH did complete her service agreement before the hearing. The children’s

social worker, Barbara Williams, testified in accordance with that fact, agreeing that from

2010 going forward CSH did everything to satisfy her agreement to get her children back,

including going to treatment, finding housing, and having the financial means to provide for



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the children.

¶45.   Second, the majority states that CSH’s ongoing drug use prevented reunification. See

id. § 93-15-103(3)(e)(i). However, CSH completed her treatment at Born Free in Jackson,

Mississippi in May 2010 and passed each subsequent drug test between then and the hearing,

negating that her drug use was ongoing after treatment.

¶46.   Third, the majority states that CSH’s failure to eliminate the identified harmful

behavior prevented reunification. See id. § 93-15-103(3)(e)(ii). However, as stated, CSH

eliminated her drug use and made substantial strides toward completing the service-

agreement before the hearing to ensure reunification.

¶47.   Additionally, the majority states that the mother-child relationship with Leo and Quinn

had substantially eroded. See id. § 93-15-103(3)(f). I agree. Prior to 2015, the county court

and DHS only provided CSH one hour a month with her children, totaling twelve hours a

year. Twelve hours a year is hardly enough time to build strong bonds, and erosion of the

relationship would be a natural result. However, CSH should not have been penalized, as the

court and DHS aided in the erosion by not providing her more visitation. Scott Colom, the

guardian ad litem in the case, testified that “. . . of course you can have children regain bonds

with parents but this is a unique situation in that they’ve already got bonds with parents and

you expect them to be able to create new bonds with different parents, it’s going to be hard,

especially considering the circumstances.” Although difficult with additional time, the

mother-child relationships among CSH, Leo, and Quinn could be mended.

¶48.   Furthermore, to address the other statutory grounds found by the county court: CSH



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showed up for every visitation available to her. See id. § 93-15-103(3)(d)(i). Williams

testified that CSH always took advantage of her visitations, even rescheduling when needed.

Lastly, the county court should have re-evaluated CSH’s behaviors after 2010 and the

limitations placed on her by the court in her attempts to reunify with her children. See id.

§ 93-15-103(3)(h).

¶49.   I find that when comprehensively looking at the entire period of time the children

have been in DHS custody, the statutory grounds set forth by section 93-15-103(3) were not

met. Therefore, CHS’s parental rights should not have been terminated.

¶50.   I respectfully dissent.

       IRVING, P.J., JOINS THIS OPINION.




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