                NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                           File Name: 18a0412n.06

                                           No. 17-3972


                          UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                                      FILED
                               FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT                             Aug 15, 2018
                                                                             DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

        Plaintiff-Appellee,

 v.                                                   ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
                                                      STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR
 STEVEN C. SCUDDER,                                   THE SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF
                                                      OHIO
        Defendant-Appellant.




BEFORE:        BOGGS, CLAY, and ROGERS, Circuit Judges.

       CLAY, Circuit Judge. Defendant Steven Scudder was convicted of wire fraud, in

violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1343, for his role in a Ponzi scheme. The district court sentenced Scudder

to 14 months’ imprisonment and imposed restitution in the amount of $425,030, under the

Mandatory Victims Restitution Act (“MVRA”), 18 U.S.C. § 3663A. On appeal, Scudder raises

various challenges to the district court’s restitution order. For the reasons set forth below, we

AFFIRM the district court’s judgment.


                        FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

       In July 2013, Scudder, a licensed attorney, began working with William Apostelos, a

businessman who ran an investment firm called WMA Enterprises. In particular, Scudder agreed

to serve as trustee of the WMA Trust, which provided security to individuals who invested with

WMA Enterprises. The concept was simple: in the event of a default by Apostelos’ firm, the
                                          No. 17-3972


WMA Trustee would liquidate the trust and distribute its assets to the firm’s secured investors.

This security helped make WMA Enterprises an apparently safe investment vehicle.


       Over time, however, Scudder grew concerned about Apostelos’ business practices. These

concerns prompted Scudder to resign as trustee on June 23, 2014, which he did by notifying

Apostelos. Three months later, on September 22, 2014, he filed public notice with the Clark

County, Ohio, Recorder’s Office that he had been replaced as trustee on June 23. Pursuant to

Ohio’s recording statute, the “whole world” was deemed to have “constructive notice . . . of the

existence and contents of” Scudder’s filing. See Ohio Rev. Code § 1301.401(B).


       As it turns out, Scudder’s concerns were well-founded: Apostelos was running a Ponzi

scheme. Had Scudder simply parted ways with Apostelos after his resignation in June 2014, he

might have avoided the legal fallout from the ensuing collapse of Apostelos’ companies.

Unfortunately, Scudder did not make a clean break with Apostelos. Instead, after he resigned in

June but before his resignation was publicly recorded in September, Scudder participated in a

phone call with Apostelos and an investment advisor, M.P. During the call, Scudder falsely told

M.P. that he remained the WMA Trustee, which gave the trust an air of legitimacy given his status

as a lawyer. M.P.’s clients later invested heavily with WMA Enterprises. These investments

included a $1,099,000 loan made on October 15, 2014 (the “October loan”).


       Sometime after February 2015, Apostelos’ Ponzi scheme collapsed.           M.P.’s clients

recouped some of the money from the October loan, but ultimately lost $425,030. Scudder himself

had invested with Apostelos; he lost $225,000. Others fared worse. All told, investors in

Apostelos’ businesses lost over $30 million.




                                               2
                                           No. 17-3972


        In January 2017, Scudder pleaded guilty to wire fraud, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1343.

The charge was based entirely on Scudder’s phone call with M.P., in which he falsely claimed that

he remained trustee of the WMA Trust. The plea agreement stated that “based, in part, on Mr.

Scudder’s false representation,” M.P.’s clients “invested over $1 million with Apostelos’

company,” including the October loan. (R. 9, plea agreement, PageID# 28–29.) The PSR

contained nearly identical language; it stated that “on Scudder’s false representation, . . .

individuals advised by M.P.” provided the October loan. (PSR at ¶ 28.) The PSR recommended

that the district court impose restitution under the MVRA. The recommended amount was

$425,030, corresponding to the amount of loss suffered by M.P.’s clients.


        During sentencing, Scudder vigorously pressed a specific legal objection to the PSR: that

he should not owe any restitution because, “as a matter of law,” investors could not have relied on

his misrepresentation to M.P. (PSR Addendum at 1.) Scudder pointed out that under Ohio’s

recording statute, his September 22 public notice of resignation informed the “whole world” that

he had resigned as trustee in June 2014. According to Scudder, this put M.P.’s clients on

constructive notice that, contrary to his statements to M.P., he had not actually been the trustee in

September 2014. In Scudder’s words,


        [t]he investors and MP could have simply checked the records in Clark County and
        found out that Scudder was no longer the trustee. . . . Money sent after the notice
        was filed in the recorder’s office means that the alleged victim was not directly or
        proximately harmed by Scudder’s conduct. Instead the victims were directly and
        proximately harmed by their failure to exercise due diligence . . . .

(Id. at 1–2.)


        In a written ruling, the district court rejected Scudder’s challenge. The court held that

public notice of Scudder’s resignation did not “cut off his responsibility for the victims’ losses”


                                                 3
                                           No. 17-3972


because, regardless of the notice, M.P.’s clients “did invest based on Defendant’s false

representations.” (R. 29, Restitution Order, PageID# 125.) In the district court’s view, it was

“immaterial” that M.P.’s clients “apparently failed to scour the public record or otherwise take

steps to debunk [Scudder’s] fraudulent statements to them.” (Id. at 126.) The district court adopted

the restitution amount provided in the PSR. In addition, the district court sentenced Scudder to 14

months’ imprisonment, to be followed by two years of supervised release.


       On appeal, Scudder challenges only the restitution award, raising two arguments. First, he

renews his argument based on Ohio’s recording statute. Second, he argues, for the first time, that

the government did not prove, and the district court did not sufficiently find, that his

misrepresentation mattered to M.P.’s clients in a practical sense, resulting in the specific loss

amount listed in the judgment.

                                          DISCUSSION

                                       Standard of Review

       “We review de novo the question of whether restitution is permitted under the law, and

review the amount of a restitution award for abuse of discretion.” United States v. Boring,

557 F.3d 707, 713 (6th Cir. 2009). However, where a party’s challenge to restitution is raised for

the first time on appeal, the claim is reviewed only for plain error. See United States v. Cox,

665 F. App’x 457, 461 (6th Cir. 2016). Under that standard, the party must show “(1) error (2) that

was obvious or clear, (3) that affected defendant’s substantial rights and (4) that affected the

fairness, integrity, or public reputation of the judicial proceedings.” United States v. Vonner,

516 F.3d 382, 386 (6th Cir. 2008) (en banc) (quotation marks and citation omitted).




                                                 4
                                           No. 17-3972


                                            Analysis

       The MVRA requires a district court to “order . . . that the defendant make restitution to the

victim of the offense[.]” 18 U.S.C. § 3663A(a)(1). The term “victim” means any individual

“directly and proximately harmed as a result of the commission” of the offense. § 3663A(a)(2).


       In the instant case, Scudder raises two arguments. First, he argues that, as a matter of law,

his public notice of resignation prevented M.P.’s clients from relying on his prior

misrepresentation about his status as the WMA Trustee. This argument is based entirely on the

text of Ohio’s recording statute, which provides that the “whole world” is deemed to have

constructive notice of any document—including Scudder’s notice of resignation—that was

properly recorded in Ohio. Second, Scudder argues that the government did not prove, and the

district court did not sufficiently find, that M.P.’s clients relied on his misrepresentation in a

practical sense in making the October loan. We consider each issue in turn.


       A.      Scudder’s Decision to Record his Resignation at the Clark County Recorder’s
               Office

       Under the MVRA, “[t]he requirement that the victim be ‘directly and proximately harmed’

encompasses the traditional ‘but for’ and proximate cause analyses.” In re McNulty, 597 F.3d 344,

350 (6th Cir. 2010) (quotation marks and citation omitted).1 In general, “[t]he necessary inquiry

is fact-specific.” Id. (quotation marks, alterations, and citation omitted). In the instant case,

however, there was no need for a comprehensive inquiry: Scudder admitted in his plea agreement

that M.P.’s clients provided the October loan “based, in part, on Mr. Scudder’s false



       1
         Although In re McNulty interpreted the Crime Victims’ Rights Act, 18 U.S.C. § 3771,
rather than the MVRA, its analysis is relevant to both statutes because they contain identical
language regarding causation. Compare 18 U.S.C. § 3663A(a)(2) (MVRA), with 18 U.S.C.
§ 3771(e)(2)(A) (CVRA).
                                                 5
                                            No. 17-3972


representation” about his status as the WMA Trustee. (R. 9, plea agreement, PageID# 28–29.) In

other words, Scudder conceded that his fraud caused M.P.’s clients to invest with WMA

Enterprises. Thus, he effectively conceded that the MVRA should apply. See United States v.

Louchart, 680 F.3d 635, 637 (6th Cir. 2012) (holding that a district court can rely at sentencing on

facts “explicitly admitted to by the defendant” in a plea agreement).


       Scudder is not saved by Ohio’s recording statute. According to Scudder, it is black letter

tort law that “public notice correcting a misrepresentation precludes reliance on the prior

misstatement and makes any reliance after the correction unjustifiable.” (Def.’s Br. at 18.) But

even accepting this view of tort law, it is not controlling in the criminal restitution context. As the

Supreme Court has explained, our role in interpreting a criminal restitution statute is “to define a

causal standard that effects the statute’s purposes, not to apply tort-law concepts in a mechanical

way[.]” Paroline v. United States, 134 S. Ct. 1710, 1729 (2014). Accordingly, restitution under

the MVRA is required where there is “some direct relationship between the injury asserted and the

injurious conduct alleged.” United States v. Church, 731 F.3d 530, 538 (6th Cir. 2013) (quoting

United States v. Evers, 669 F.3d 645, 659 (6th Cir. 2012)). “[T]he defendant’s conduct need not

be the sole cause of the loss, but it must be a material cause[.]” Id. (alterations omitted) (quoting

Evers, 669 F.3d at 659). This standard is easily met in the instant case because Scudder explicitly

admitted to causing the investor losses. He cannot avoid the consequences of his admission by

making technical arguments based on a recording statute.


       In addition, placing controlling weight on Ohio’s recording statute would create tension

with other aspects of restitution law. First, although this Court has not addressed the issue, it

appears doubtful that an investor’s negligence would preclude a criminal restitution award. See,

e.g., United States v. Ross, 607 F. App’x 746, 747 (9th Cir. 2015); United States v. Guy, 335 F.

                                                  6
                                           No. 17-3972


App’x 898, 900 (11th Cir. 2009); United States v. Zafar, 291 F. App’x 425, 429 (2d Cir. 2008);

United States v. Rosby, 454 F.3d 670, 677 (7th Cir. 2006). Yet Scudder’s proposed rule would

have exactly that effect. Although he frames the issue in terms of causation, his underlying

argument simply blames the victims for not checking the Clark County records. In Scudder’s

view, M.P.’s clients were “directly and proximately harmed by their failure to exercise due

diligence[.]” (PSR Addendum at 2.)


       Second, Scudder’s proposed rule would have restitution awards turn on the vagaries of

each state’s particular recording statute. For example, identically situated defendants located in

different states would face different restitution obligations depending on whether their state’s

recording statute supplies notice to the “whole world,” notice to “everyone in the state,” or notice

to “everyone in the county.” Similarly, a recording statute might provide “conclusive” evidence

of notice, or merely “presumptive” evidence. Given that these minor differences seem divorced

from the fundamental question underlying the MVRA—whether the defendant directly and

proximately caused the victim’s loss—they should not play a controlling role in the causation

analysis. It would elevate form over substance to allow a defendant to cite a broadly worded

recording statute as a trump card.


       Third, this Court has held that the causation inquiry “is fact-specific.” In re McNulty, 597

F.3d at 350 (quotation marks, alterations, and citation omitted). Yet Scudder would have us ignore

the facts and focus entirely on a legal fiction: that M.P.’s investors knew of his resignation by

virtue of his public filing. This makes little sense. There was ample room for Scudder to argue

that, as a factual matter, M.P.’s investors did not rely on his misrepresentation. For example,

Scudder could have argued that M.P.’s clients did not care about his status as a lawyer. Or that

their investment decisions were based entirely on other factors. Or that they probably did learn

                                                 7
                                           No. 17-3972


about his resignation, either through his public filing or through some other means. But Scudder

did none of these things. Instead of engaging in the fact-specific inquiry contemplated by the

MVRA, he seeks to short-circuit that inquiry entirely. We reject his effort. Scudder “caused” the

investor losses because he admitted in his plea agreement that those losses were “based, in part”

on his misrepresentation. Nothing more was required.


       B.      Actual Investor Reliance

       In the district court, Scudder vigorously pressed his restitution challenge based on Ohio’s

recording statute. In addition, he raised two other arguments that he does not pursue on appeal:

(1) that investors caused their own loss by making what they should have known would be an

unsecured loan; and (2) that investors caused their own loss by failing to properly document that

loan. At no point during the district court proceedings did Scudder dispute that he had caused the

investor losses in a practical sense, as provided in his plea agreement and in his PSR. Nor did he

dispute the PSR’s computation of the amount of loss. Therefore, it is unsurprising that the district

court’s findings on these issues tracked the findings made in the PSR. Specifically, the district

court determined that M.P.’s clients “did invest based on Defendant’s false representations” and it

imposed the PSR’s recommended restitution amount. (R. 29, Restitution Order, PageID# 125–

26.)


       On appeal, Scudder takes issue with these rulings. For the first time, he argues that “there

is no evidence that the investors actually did rely on” his misrepresentation. (Def.’s Br. at 25

(emphasis in original).) He notes that no investors testified that their decisions were “based on

[their] belief that a lawyer managed the WMA land trust” and that, more generally, the government

did not even prove that the October loan was secured by the WMA Trust. (Id. at 27.) In addition,

Scudder faults the district court for not requiring “reliable and specific evidence” to substantiate

                                                 8
                                           No. 17-3972


the amount of loss, (id. at 29), thereby “default[ing]” its obligation to “ensure that defendants are

sentenced based on accurate information,” (id. at 35).


       Unfortunately for Scudder, the district court was not required to make detailed factual

findings in these circumstances. In general, a district court “may accept any undisputed portion of

the presentence report as a finding of fact[.]” Fed. R. Crim. P. 32(i)(3)(A). It must make specific

rulings only on the “disputed” or “controverted” portions of a PSR. See Fed. R. Crim. P.

32(i)(3)(B).   In the instant case, the PSR was clear: it stated that “on Scudder’s false

representation, . . . individuals advised by M.P.” provided the October loan. (PSR at ¶ 28.) The

PSR further recommended that the district court impose restitution in the amount of $425,030.

Despite these unambiguous statements, Scudder did not dispute that he had caused the investor

losses in a practical sense, nor did he contest the amount of those losses. Accordingly, the district

court was entitled to rely on the PSR’s findings on these issues.


       Scudder admits that he did not previously identify the concerns he now raises, but argues

that they are nonetheless preserved because he did inform the district court of other challenges to

restitution—principally, he repeatedly pressed his recording act argument. However, that was not

enough. Under Rule 32(i)(3)(A) and (B), a district court may accept a PSR’s factual findings

unless they are “controverted.” This Court has explained that “‘controverted’ matters refer to those

that are disputed or opposed by reasoning.” Vonner, 516 F.3d at 388 (quotation marks, alterations,

and citation omitted). “[A] defendant cannot show that a PSR is inaccurate by simply denying the

PSR’s truth.” United States v. Lang, 333 F.3d 678, 681 (6th Cir. 2003) (citation omitted). Instead,

the defendant “must produce some evidence that calls the reliability or correctness of the alleged

facts into question.” Id. (citation omitted). Absent such evidence, “the judge may rely entirely on

the PSR.” Id. (citation omitted).

                                                 9
                                              No. 17-3972


          In the instant case, Scudder did not provide the district court with any “reason” to doubt

the PSR’s finding that he caused the investor losses in a practical sense, nor did he provide any

“reason” to question the PSR’s computation of the loss amount. Indeed, he did not raise these

issues at all, let alone cite evidence undermining the PSR’s findings. As a result, the district court

was permitted to rely on the PSR. Although Scudder did press his recording act challenge in the

district court, that did not preserve unrelated restitution claims. As we explained in United States

v. McGee, a district court’s fact-finding obligations are triggered only as to the specific issues

identified by the defendant. See 529 F.3d 691, 700–01 (6th Cir. 2008) (holding that the defendant

“did not sufficiently controvert the facts contained in his PSR” where the defendant “very clearly

led the court to believe—whether intentionally or not—that his only objection was to the

relevancy, and not the veracity, of the disputed portions of his PSR” (emphasis in original)). A

defendant cannot transform a narrow challenge in the district court into a broad argument on

appeal.


          For all these reasons, the district court did not err at sentencing, let alone plainly err. The

PSR explicitly stated that the October loan was made “on Scudder’s false representation[.]” (PSR

at ¶ 28.) The PSR also recommended a specific restitution amount: $425,030. Any objection to

these findings should have been made at sentencing. Because Scudder failed to object, the district

court was entitled to rely on the PSR.


                                            CONCLUSION

          For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the district court’s judgment.




                                                    10
