           Case: 15-10959   Date Filed: 10/15/2015   Page: 1 of 6


                                                        [DO NOT PUBLISH]



            IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                    FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                      ________________________

                            No. 15-10959
                        Non-Argument Calendar
                      ________________________

               D.C. Docket No. 1:12-cr-00232-CAP-LTW-3



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                                                              Plaintiff-Appellee,

                                  versus

ROGELIO BENITEZ,
a.k.a. Roy,

                                                         Defendant-Appellant.

                      ________________________

               Appeal from the United States District Court
                  for the Northern District of Georgia
                     ________________________

                            (October 15, 2015)

Before HULL, WILLIAM PRYOR and ROSENBAUM, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:
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      Rogelio Benitez appeals his convictions and sentence of 235 months of

imprisonment for conspiring to possess with intent to distribute methamphetamine,

21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1), 841(b)(1)(A), 846, and conspiring to launder the proceeds

of illegal drug trafficking activity, 18 U.S.C. § 1956(a)(1), (h). Benitez challenges

the admission of testimony from Agent Michael Connolly of the Drug

Enforcement Agency about code words used by Benitez and his coconspirators; the

denial of his motion for a judgment of acquittal; and the amount of drugs attributed

to him at sentencing. We affirm.

      The district court did not abuse its discretion when it admitted Agent

Connolly’s testimony as lay testimony under Federal Rule of Evidence 701. Like

the federal agent who testified about the meaning of code words in United States v.

Jayyousi, 657 F.3d 1085, 1102–04 (11th Cir. 2011), Connolly’s testimony was

“rationally based on [his] perception”; helpful to the jury; and “not based on

scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge,” as required in Rule 701.

Connolly, the lead investigator of the conspiracy, testified that he interpreted the

coded language used by Benitez and his coconspirators during telephone calls on

April 2, 2011, and on April 21, 2011, by connecting particular phrases to specific

actions that Connolly observed while surveilling the coconspirators. Connolly’s

interpretation of each conversation, which he accompanied with a description of

and photographs showing the conspirators’ ensuing activities, helped the jury to


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understand that Benitez’s and his coconspirators’ use of particular numbers with

the phrases “title to a truck” and “paint cans” related to the transfer of specific

amounts of cash and methamphetamine. Connolly had experience investigating

drug trafficking organizations, but he did not base his opinion on that experience.

Connolly interpreted the coded language based on his review of wiretap

summaries, transcripts, and the intercepted calls; intelligence he gathered about the

drug conspiracy; and his personal observation of the conspirators’ conduct. See

Tampa Bay Shipbuilding & Repair Co. v. Cedar Shipping Co., 320 F.3d 1213,

1221 (11th Cir. 2003); United States v. Novaton, 271 F.3d 968, 1008–09 (11th Cir.

2001). Connolly’s testimony constituted a lay opinion admissible under Rule 701.

      Substantial evidence supports Benitez’s convictions. We review this issue

for a manifest miscarriage of justice because Benitez failed to renew his motion for

a judgment of acquittal at the conclusion of the evidence. See United States v.

House, 684 F.3d 1173, 1196 (11th Cir. 2012). Viewed in the light most favorable

to the prosecution, evidence of telephone calls between the conspirators,

surveillance photographs, and testimony from Connolly, Agent Deverron

Ramcheran, Agent Lamar Dyar, and a cooperating witness, Stephanie Espinoza,

proved that Benitez conspired with Ivan Najero-Suazo, Domingo Najero-Suazo,

and Alejandro Maldonado to distribute methamphetamine. See 21 U.S.C. § 846;

United States v. Isnadin, 742 F.3d 1278, 1305 (11th Cir.), cert. denied, 135 S. Ct.


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161, 233 (2014). Benitez identified himself as the “right hand man” to Ivan and as

a “silent investor” in the trafficking operation; associated with Ivan and retrieved a

bag from him thought to contain $30,000 in drug proceeds; agreed to provide

Domingo 2 kilograms of methamphetamine and later retrieved the identical

amount of the drug from Maldonado after he complained that it was unmarketable;

assisted Domingo in purchasing a tractor-trailer truck to transport

methamphetamine; helped Ivan and Domingo unload a shipment of what was

thought to be methamphetamine that had been packed inside boxes of fresh

tomatoes; and drove a Ford pickup truck that Ivan and Domingo used to store 25

kilograms of methamphetamine in Espinoza’s garage and that contained a hidden

compartment identical to one in a coconspirator’s truck from which federal agents

seized more than 9 kilograms of methamphetamine. Ample evidence also

supported the jury’s finding that Benitez conspired to launder the proceeds of the

drug trafficking operation. See 18 U.S.C. § 1956(h); United States v. Broughton,

689 F.3d 1260, 1280–81 (11th Cir. 2012). The testimony of Agent James Cockrell,

Officer Christopher Harrison, and Sergeant Charles Chapeau proved Benitez gave

Angelica Chavarria, a currency courier for known brokers in Mexico, a duffle bag

and suitcase inside which federal agents discovered $500,000 in cash. None of the

evidence on any element of either conspiracy offense “is so tenuous that




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[Benitez’s] conviction[s] [are] shocking.” See House, 684 F.3d at 1196 (quoting

United States v. Milkintas, 470 F.3d 1339, 1343 (11th Cir. 2006)).

      The district court did not clearly err in holding Benitez responsible for more

than 22 kilograms of methamphetamine. The Sentencing Guidelines provide that a

defendant is subject to a base offense level of 38 if he is responsible for 45

kilograms or more of methamphetamine and a base offense level of 36 if he is

responsible for between 15 and 45 kilograms of the drug. United States Sentencing

Guidelines Manual § 2D1.1(c)(1), (2) (Nov. 2014). Benitez’s presentence

investigation report held him responsible for 47.38 kilograms of

methamphetamine, which included the 25 kilograms that federal agents seized

from the truck in Espinoza’s garage. But the district court found the evidence was

insufficient to hold Benitez responsible for the 25 kilograms and determined that

he had an offense level of 36 based on the 2 kilograms that he provided to

Domingo and on the 20.383 kilograms equivalent to the $30,000 in drug proceeds

that Benitez obtained from Maldonado and the $500,000 that Benitez gave to

Chavarria. Benitez argues that there is insufficient evidence to connect the

$500,000 to drug trafficking, but the district court was entitled to find that cash

constituted drug proceeds based on its large amount, its delivery to Chavarria in

the parking lot of a grocery store, Chavarria’s departure in a taxi, her denial of

knowledge about the bags when questioned by law enforcement, and the indication


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of drug canines that the money smelled like narcotics. See United States v. Ndiaye,

434 F.3d 1270, 1305 (11th Cir. 2006) (“[T]he district court’s choice between

permissible views [of the evidence for purposes of sentencing] cannot be clear

error.”). Benitez also argues that he should not be held responsible for the $30,000,

but even if we subtract its drug equivalent of 1.153 kilograms of

methamphetamine, Benitez remains responsible for 22.38 kilograms of the drug.

Based on that amount of methamphetamine, the district court correctly assigned

Benitez a base offense level of 36. See U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(c)(2).

      We AFFIRM Benitez’s convictions and sentence.




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