Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D),
this Memorandum Decision shall not be
regarded as precedent or cited before
any court except for the purpose of                          Dec 17 2014, 6:30 am
establishing the defense of res judicata,
collateral estoppel, or the law of the case.



ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT:                            ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE:

PAUL J. PODLEJSKI                                  GREGORY F. ZOELLER
Anderson, Indiana                                  Attorney General of Indiana

                                                   KATHERINE MODESITT COOPER
                                                   Deputy Attorney General
                                                   Indianapolis, Indiana


                               IN THE
                     COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

DEBORAH BIRGE,                                     )
                                                   )
       Appellant-Defendant,                        )
                                                   )
               vs.                                 )       No. 48A05-1405-CR-230
                                                   )
STATE OF INDIANA,                                  )
                                                   )
       Appellee-Plaintiff.                         )


                     APPEAL FROM THE MADISON CIRCUIT COURT
                          The Honorable David A. Happe, Judge
                             Cause No. 48C04-1203-FB-590



                                       December 17, 2014


                MEMORANDUM DECISION - NOT FOR PUBLICATION


BRADFORD, Judge
                                     CASE SUMMARY

        In January of 2013, Appellant-Defendant Deborah Birge pled guilty to Class C felony

attempted trafficking with an inmate. On February 4, 2013, the trial court accepted Birge’s

guilty plea and sentenced her to a term of four years, with two years to be served on home

detention and two years suspended to probation. On February 3, 2014, Appellee-Plaintiff

the State of Indiana (the “State”) filed an allegation that Birge had violated the terms of her

probation by committing new criminal offenses and by being in arrears of her home detention

fees.

        Following an evidentiary hearing, the trial court determined that Birge had violated

the terms of her probation. In light of Birge’s probation violation, the trial court ordered that

Birge serve one year of her previously-suspended sentence in the Department of Correction

(“DOC”). On appeal, Birge challenges the trial court’s determination that she had violated

the terms of her probation. Concluding that the trial court did not err in determining that

Birge had violated the terms of her probation, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.

                        FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

        The facts most favorable to the judgment of the trial court are as follows: On January

9, 2013, Birge pled guilty to Class C felony attempted trafficking with an inmate. On

February 4, 2013, the trial court accepted Birge’s guilty plea and sentenced Birge to four

years, with two years executed on home detention and two years suspended to probation. On

February 3, 2014, the State filed an allegation that Birge had violated the terms of her

probation. Specifically, the State alleged that Birge had violated the terms of her probation in

                                               2
the following ways:

       a.     Failure to obey all Municipal, State, and Federal Laws and Failure to
       behave well in society to wit: On or about 1/28/14 charges were filed and
       [Birge] is alleged to have committed the following new criminal offenses:
       Count I-III: Forgery, Class C Felonies, and Counts IV-VI: Obtaining a
       Controlled Substances by Fraud or Deceit, Class D Felonies.…
       b.     As of 2/3/14 [Birge] is in arrears to the Office of Home Detention in the
       amount of $75.00.…

Appellant’s App. p. 1.

       The trial court conducted an evidentiary hearing on the matter on April 21, 2014.

Birge stipulated to the factual accuracy of the allegation that she was in arrears of her home

detention fees but denied the allegation “for the purposes of appeal.” Tr. p. 42. Birge also

denied that she had violated the terms of her probation by committing new criminal offenses.

       With respect to the alleged new criminal offenses, Detective Bret Busby of the

Madison County Drug Task Force testified that “shortly before Thanksgiving of 2013,” he

received notification from a CVS Pharmacy in Lapel that Doctor Neva Lynch-Jackson (“Dr.

Lynch-Jackson”) had alerted the pharmacy that one of her former patients, Charles Tippet,

had been receiving duplicate medications prescribed by another physician in northern

Indiana, where Tippet resided in an assisted-living facility. Tr. p. 43. After speaking to both

Dr. Lynch-Jackson and the doctor treating Tippet at the assisted-living facility, Detective

Busby went to the CVS “to find out who was picking up the medications that had been

prescribed by [Dr. Lynch-Jackson.]” Tr. p. 44. Detective Busby identified the individual as

Birge after the pharmacists described her appearance and allowed Detective Busby to review

the pharmacy’s surveillance video. Detective Busby also reviewed the records relating to the

                                              3
pharmacy’s policy for dispensing a controlled substance, including Birge’s driver’s license

information and an electronic capture of the signature of the person picking up the

prescription.    The records indicated that while Birge provided her driver’s license

information, she signed the name “Charles Tippet” in the signature box for the medications in

question. Tr. p. 52. Detective Busby indicated that based on his training and experience, it

was his “understanding that [it] is the general practice that when a customer comes in and

signs for a prescription that they are to sign their name and not someone else’s [name].” Tr.

p. 57.

         Detective Busby further testified that during the course of his investigation, he

discovered that Tippet did not currently reside in Madison County at the time the signatures

were provided. Detective Busby further discovered that Birge was Tippet’s niece. Detective

Busby also testified that he discovered that the attending physician at the assisted-living

facility where Tippet resided had “limited the medications [Tippet] was to be receiving to the

medications that [the] attending physician was prescribing.” Tr. p. 62.

         At the conclusion of the evidentiary hearing, the trial court found that Birge had

violated the terms of her probation “as alleged.” Appellant’s App. p. 2. Specifically, the trial

court found that the State had proved the allegations by a preponderance of the evidence,

stating as follows:

         Well we have a situation here, um, aggravated by both the physician’s office
         and the pharmacy’s procedures. But at the end I do find that Ms. Birge did
         violate as alleged in 3A and 3B. Had Ms. Birge showed up and signed her
         own name here we might have a different case, but she didn’t, she signed
         someone else’s name and this signature has legal consequences. This is a
         signature that authorizes you to get the drugs from the pharmacy, and Ms.
                                               4
       Birge didn’t go in and say, I’m Ms. Birge and I’m here signing as Ms. Birge
       for someone else’s prescription, she signed the patient’s name representing that
       she was someone else, and you can’t do that. Apparently it worked for a
       period of time and maybe she thought that by providing this, if it was ever
       reviewed, they’d see the patient’s name and not look farther. But that didn’t
       happen. And it’s particularly aggravated here because what Ms. Birge is here
       for in the first place was a conspiracy to smuggle drugs into a [DOC] facility.
       So, um, it’s a little bit mind boggling to me that Ms. Birge, having gotten in
       trouble for that already, would somehow think it was okay to do what she was
       doing with Mr. Trippet. (sic) So she’s found in violation.

Tr. pp. 73-74 (brackets added, parentheses in original). As a result of the violation, the trial

court revoked Birge’s probation and order that she serve one year of her previously-

suspended sentence in the DOC. The trial court further ordered that “[u]pon completion of

the executed sentence [Birge] shall run to probation for the balance of the suspended

sentence under all original terms and conditions.” Appellant’s App. p. 2. This appeal

follows.

                              DISCUSSION AND DECISION

       Birge appeals the trial court’s determination that she violated the terms of her

probation.

              Probation is a matter of grace left to trial court discretion, not a right to
       which a criminal defendant is entitled. The trial court determines the
       conditions of probation and may revoke probation if the conditions are
       violated. Once a trial court has exercised its grace by ordering probation rather
       than incarceration, the judge should have considerable leeway in deciding how
       to proceed. If this discretion were not afforded to trial courts and sentences
       were scrutinized too severely on appeal, trial judges might be less inclined to
       order probation to future defendants. Accordingly, a trial court’s sentencing
       decisions for probation violations are reviewable using the abuse of discretion
       standard. An abuse of discretion occurs where the decision is clearly against
       the logic and effect of the facts and circumstances.


                                                5
Prewitt v. State, 878 N.E.2d 184, 188 (Ind. 2007) (citations and quotation marks omitted).

                A probation revocation hearing is in the nature of a civil proceeding.
       Therefore, an alleged violation of probation only has to be proven by a
       preponderance of the evidence. When we review the determination that a
       probation violation has occurred, we neither reweigh the evidence nor reassess
       witness credibility. Instead, we look at the evidence most favorable to the
       [trial] court’s judgment and determine whether there is substantial evidence of
       probative value supporting revocation. If so we will affirm.

Whatley v. State, 847 N.E.2d 1007, 1010 (Ind. Ct. App. 2006) (citations and quotations

omitted).

       Indiana Code section 35-38-2-3 provides, in relevant part, as follows:

       (a) The court may revoke a person’s probation if:
                (1) the person has violated a condition of probation during the
                probationary period;
                                               ****
       (h) If the court finds that the person has violated a condition at any time before
       termination of the period, and the petition to revoke is filed within the
       probationary period, the court may impose one (1) or more of the following
       sanctions:
                (1) Continue the person on probation, with or without modifying or
                enlarging the conditions.
                (2) Extend the person’s probationary period for not more than one (1)
                year beyond the original probationary period.
                (3) Order execution of all or part of the sentence that was suspended
                at the time of initial sentencing.

The violation of a single condition of probation is sufficient to revoke probation. Wilson v.

State, 708 N.E.2d 32, 34 (Ind. Ct. App. 1999).

       Again, the trial court found that Birge violated the terms of her probation by

committing new criminal offenses and in being in arrears of her home detention fees. With

respect to the new criminal offenses, the trial court found that the State proved by a


                                               6
preponderance of the evidence that Birge had committed at least one new criminal offense by

forging Tippet’s name in order to receive a controlled substance that was prescribed to

Tippet. The version of Indiana Code section 35-43-5-2(b) that was in effect at the time Birge

is alleged to have committed the new criminal offenses1 reads as follows:

       A person who, with intent to defraud, makes, utters, or possesses a written
       instrument in such a manner that it purports to have been made:
       (1) by another person;
       (2) at another time;
       (3) with different provisions; or
       (4) by authority of one who did not give authority;
       commits forgery, a Class C felony.

As used in Indiana Code section 35-43-2-5(b), the term “make” is defined as “to draw,

prepare, complete, counterfeit, copy or otherwise reproduce, or alter any written instrument

in whole or in part.” Ind. Code § 35-43-5-1(m). Indiana Code section 35-43-5-1(t) defines a

“written instrument” as

       a paper, a document, or other instrument containing written matter and
       includes money, coins, tokens, stamps, seals, credit cards, badges, trademarks,
       medals, retail sales receipts, labels or markings (including a universal product
       code (UPC) or another product identification code), or other objects or
       symbols of value, right, privilege, or identification.

Further, in Indiana, electronic signatures have the same legal effect as written signatures.

Green v. State, 945 N.E.2d 205, 208 (Ind. Ct. App. 2011) (citing Ind. Code § 26-2-8-106).

       In revoking Birge’s probation, the trial court noted that “[t]o forge someone else’s

name to get drugs after you were on felony probation for trying to get drugs to other people.

That’s really shocking.” Tr. p. 80. The State’s evidence demonstrates that Birge forged


       1
           This statute has since been amended to reflect the changes to Indiana’s criminal code that went into
                                                       7
Tippet’s signature when picking up the prescriptions at issue. This evidence was sufficient to

prove, again by a preponderance of the evidence, that Birge committed a new criminal

offense. Birge’s challenge to the trial court’s determination that she violated the terms of her

probation effectively amounts to a request for this court to reweigh the evidence, which we

will not do. See Whatley, 847 N.E.2d at 1010.

        In addition, Birge does not challenge the trial court’s determination that she was

$75.00 in arrears of her home detention fees on appeal. Again, the violation of a single

condition of probation is sufficient to revoke probation. Wilson, 708 N.E.2d at 34. As such,

even if the trial court had erroneously determined that Birge violated the terms of her

probation by committing new criminal offenses, the trial court could properly determine that

Birge had violated the terms of her probation by being in arrears of her home detention fees.

        Furthermore, to the extent that Birge argues that the trial court abused its discretion in

ordering her to serve one year of her previously-suspended sentence, we conclude otherwise.

Indiana Code section 35-38-2-3(h) provides that if the trial court determines that a person has

violated the terms of their probation, the trial court may “[o]rder execution of all or part of

the sentence that was suspended at the time of initial sentencing.” (Emphasis added). Thus,

pursuant to the clear language of Indiana Code section 35-38-2-3(h), the trial court acted

within its discretion in ordering execution of one year of Birge’s two-year suspended

sentence. Concluding that the trial court did not err in finding that Birge violated the terms

of her probation or abuse its discretion in ordering Birge to serve one year of her two-year


effect July 1, 2014.
                                                8
suspended sentence following her violation of the terms of her probation, we affirm the

judgment of the trial court.

       The judgment of the trial court is affirmed.

NAJAM, J., and MATHIAS, J., concur.




                                             9
