Nebraska Supreme Court Online Library
www.nebraska.gov/apps-courts-epub/
05/08/2020 12:14 AM CDT




                                                                - 635 -
                               Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
                                        305 Nebraska Reports
                                          IN RE APP. NO. C-4973 OF SKRDLANT
                                                   Cite as 305 Neb. 635




                       In re Application No. C-4973 of Keith Skrdlant.
                         Windstream Communications, Inc., appellant,
                            v. Nebraska Public Service Commission
                                and Keith Skrdlant, appellees.
                      In re Application No. C-4960 of Jason Poppe et al.
                         Windstream Communications, Inc., appellant,
                            v. Nebraska Public Service Commission
                                       et al., appellees.
                                                        ___ N.W.2d ___

                                        Filed April 23, 2020.     Nos. S-18-877, S-18-878.

                 1. Judgments: Jurisdiction: Appeal and Error. A jurisdictional question
                    that does not involve a factual dispute is determined by an appellate
                    court as a matter of law, which requires the appellate court to reach a
                    conclusion independent of the lower court’s decision.
                 2. Jurisdiction: Appeal and Error. Before reaching the legal issues pre-
                    sented for review, it is an appellate court’s duty to determine whether it
                    has jurisdiction to decide them.
                 3. Public Service Commission: Time: Words and Phrases: Appeal and
                    Error. The words “file” and “filing” in Neb. Rev. Stat. § 75-134.02
                    (Reissue 2018) mean that a motion for reconsideration must be in the
                    possession of the Public Service Commission within 10 days after the
                    effective date of the order in order to suspend the time for filing a notice
                    of intention to appeal.
                 4. Administrative Law: Presumptions: Evidence. The file stamp of an
                    agency is afforded a presumption of regularity, and therefore, in the
                    absence of evidence to the contrary, the date a document was received
                    by and in the possession of the agency is the date shown by the
                    file stamp.

                  Appeals from the Public Service Commission. Appeals
               dismissed.
                              - 636 -
            Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
                     305 Nebraska Reports
                 IN RE APP. NO. C-4973 OF SKRDLANT
                          Cite as 305 Neb. 635

  Blake E. Johnson and Katherine J. Spohn, of Bruning Law
Group, for appellant.
   Douglas J. Peterson, Attorney General, and L. Jay Bartel
for appellees.
      Miller-Lerman, Cassel, Stacy, Papik, and Freudenberg,
JJ.
   Miller-Lerman, J.
                     NATURE OF CASE
   In these two appeals, Windstream Communications, Inc.
(Windstream), attempts to appeal orders of the Nebraska Public
Service Commission (PSC) which granted applications request-
ing changes to existing boundaries so that the applicants could
receive advanced telecommunications services from another
service provider in lieu of service from Windstream. As
explained below, Windstream’s motions for rehearing were
not timely filed and did not suspend the time for appeal.
Accordingly, Windstream’s notices of intention to appeal were
not timely filed with the PSC, and we lack jurisdiction. We
dismiss these appeals.
                   STATEMENT OF FACTS
   In both cases Nos. S-18-877 and S-18-878, applicants
requested boundary changes so that they could receive
advanced telecommunications service from Hamilton Telecom­
munications. In case No. S-18-877, Keith Skrdlant filed an
application on March 1, 2018, and in case No. S-18-878, 10
applicants, including Jason Poppe, filed their applications on
November 27, 2017. In each case, the PSC notified Hamilton
Telecommunications and Windstream of the applications, and
in each case, Hamilton Telecommunications responded that it
would accept the request, but Windstream did not consent to
the requested boundary changes.
   After holding public hearings on the applications, the PSC
entered orders in both cases on July 10, 2018. In case No.
                             - 637 -
         Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
                  305 Nebraska Reports
               IN RE APP. NO. C-4973 OF SKRDLANT
                        Cite as 305 Neb. 635

S-18-877, the PSC found that Skrdlant’s application should be
granted, and it ordered that the requested revision to exchange
boundaries be made. In case No. S-18-878, the PSC found
that the applications of Poppe and of three other applicants,
each of whom had either testified at the public hearing or
submitted information after the hearing, should be granted,
and it ordered that the requested revisions to exchange bound-
aries be made. However, the PSC denied the applications of
the six remaining applicants because they failed to appear or
to submit information upon the PSC’s request. In each case,
the PSC concluded its order by stating that the order was
“ENTERED AND MADE EFFECTIVE . . . this 10th day of
July, 2018.”
    Windstream thereafter submitted motions for rehearing
requesting that the PSC reconsider its July 10, 2018, orders
in these cases. A certificate of service attached to each motion
asserted that the motion was served on the applicants via cer-
tified mail on July 20, but each motion was file stamped as
having been received by the PSC on July 23. On July 31, the
PSC entered orders scheduling oral arguments on Windstream’s
motions for rehearing. Oral arguments were held, and on
August 21, the PSC entered orders denying the motions for
rehearing.
    On September 13, 2018, in each case, Windstream filed
a notice of intention to appeal with the PSC. Thereafter, in
each case, the Nebraska Court of Appeals filed an order to
show cause why the appeal should not be dismissed for lack
of jurisdiction. The Court of Appeals noted that the PSC’s
order provided that it was effective on July 10 and that
Windstream’s motion for rehearing was not filed within 10
days of the entry of the PSC order. The Court of Appeals rea-
soned that because the motion for rehearing, which was file
stamped July 23, was not filed within 10 days, it could not be
a terminating motion, and that because Windstream’s notice
of appeal was not filed within 30 days of the July 10 order, it
was not timely.
                             - 638 -
         Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
                  305 Nebraska Reports
               IN RE APP. NO. C-4973 OF SKRDLANT
                        Cite as 305 Neb. 635

   Windstream responded to the order to show cause in each
case. Windstream argued that it had filed its motion for rehear-
ing within 10 days of the July 10, 2018, order because it
“transmitted” the motion “both electronically and via U.S.
Mail on July 20, 2018.” Windstream filed the affidavit of one
of its attorneys in each case. In the affidavits, the attorney
stated that she transmitted to the PSC “an electronic communi-
cation dated July 20, 2018 . . . which enclosed [Windstream’s]
Motion for Rehearing in this matter” and that on that same
day, she “transmitted a hard copy” of the motion for rehearing
to the PSC “via U.S. Mail.” The affidavit did not aver that the
motion had been received by the PSC on July 20. No affidavit
by PSC personnel was submitted which might have averred
that the PSC received the motion on July 20. And, although
the email attached to the attorney’s showing states, “[a]ttached,
please find motions for rehearing,” the email submitted as
proof bore no attachments, not even an unstamped motion for
rehearing. Windstream contended that “service of the Motion
was effective as of July 20, 2018” and cited Neb. Ct. R. Pldg.
§ 6-1105(b)(4) (rev. 2016). Windstream argued that it had
30 days after the PSC’s August 21 rulings on its motions for
rehearing to file its notices of intention to appeal and that it
timely did so on September 13.
   After Windstream filed its responses to the orders to show
cause, the Court of Appeals entered orders stating that the
cases would proceed but that it would reserve ruling on juris-
dictional issues. We later moved these cases to our docket.
                 ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR
   In each case, Windstream claims that the PSC erred when
it determined that the applicants would not receive reason-
able advance telecommunications capability service within a
reasonable amount of time absent a change to the exchange
boundary.
                   STANDARD OF REVIEW
   [1] A jurisdictional question that does not involve a factual
dispute is determined by an appellate court as a matter of law,
                              - 639 -
          Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
                   305 Nebraska Reports
                IN RE APP. NO. C-4973 OF SKRDLANT
                         Cite as 305 Neb. 635

which requires the appellate court to reach a conclusion inde-
pendent of the lower court’s decision. Green v. Seiffert, 304
Neb. 212, 933 N.W.2d 590 (2019).
                             ANALYSIS
   [2] Before reaching the legal issues presented for review, it
is our duty to determine whether we have jurisdiction to decide
them. Id. This is the case regardless of whether the issue is
raised by the parties. Id.
   The following statutes govern appeals from orders of the
PSC and are relevant to the jurisdictional issue in this appeal:
Neb. Rev. Stat. § 86-158(1) (Reissue 2014) provides, “Except
as otherwise provided in section 86-123, any order of the
[PSC] entered pursuant to authority granted in the Nebraska
Telecommunications Regulation Act may be appealed by any
interested party to the proceeding. The appeal shall be in
accordance with section 75-136.” Neb. Rev. Stat. § 75-136(2)
(Reissue 2018) provides:
      Any appeal filed on or after October 1, 2013, shall be
      taken in the same manner and time as appeals from the
      district court, except that the appellate court shall conduct
      a review of the matter de novo on the record. Appeals
      shall be heard and disposed of in the appellate court in
      the manner provided by law. Appeal of a [PSC] order
      shall be perfected by filing a notice of intention to appeal
      with the executive director of the [PSC] within thirty days
      after the effective date of the order as determined under
      section 75-134.
Neb. Rev. Stat. § 75-134(2) (Reissue 2018) provides in part
that “[e]very order of the [PSC] shall become effective ten
days after the date of the mailing of a copy of the order to the
parties of record except (a) when the [PSC] prescribes an alter-
nate effective date . . . .” Neb. Rev. Stat. § 75-134.02 (Reissue
2018) provides in part:
      [A]ny party may file a motion for reconsideration with
      the [PSC] within ten days after the effective date of the
      order as determined under section 75-134. The filing of a
                             - 640 -
         Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
                  305 Nebraska Reports
               IN RE APP. NO. C-4973 OF SKRDLANT
                        Cite as 305 Neb. 635

      motion for reconsideration shall suspend the time for fil-
      ing a notice of intention to appeal pending resolution of
      the motion . . . .”
   In the July 10, 2018, orders about which Windstream com-
plains, the PSC declared that the orders were effective the
day they were entered. Therefore, the effective date of the
orders under § 75-134(2)(a) was July 10. Under § 75-136(2),
appeals from the orders would be “perfected by filing a notice
of intention to appeal with the executive director of the [PSC]
within thirty days after” July 10. While under § 75-134.02
the “filing of a motion for reconsideration shall suspend the
time for filing a notice of intention to appeal,” § 75-134.02
requires such motion for reconsideration to be filed “within
ten days after the effective date of the order.” To determine
compliance with these statutes, we must determine when
the motions for rehearing were filed with the PSC. If the
motions for rehearing were not timely, then the time for fil-
ing the notices of intention to appeal was not suspended and
the notices of intention to appeal filed September 13 were
not timely.
   [3] The motions for rehearing filed by Windstream in these
cases were file stamped by the PSC as being received on July
23, 2018, which was more than 10 days after the July 10 effec-
tive date of the orders. In a case interpreting a statute govern-
ing filing deadlines for appeals in the Tax Equalization and
Review Commission (TERC), we held that “the word ‘filed’
means ‘in the possession of’ a particular person or agency, as
the circumstance dictates, and that [the statute] makes it clear
that the appeal must be in the possession of TERC in order to
be considered filed.” Creighton St. Joseph Hosp. v. Tax Eq. &
Rev. Comm., 260 Neb. 905, 920, 620 N.W.2d 90, 101 (2000).
We similarly interpret “file” and “filing” in § 75-134.02 to
mean that a motion for reconsideration must be in the posses-
sion of the PSC within 10 days after the effective date of the
order in order to suspend the time for filing a notice of inten-
tion to appeal.
                             - 641 -
         Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
                  305 Nebraska Reports
               IN RE APP. NO. C-4973 OF SKRDLANT
                        Cite as 305 Neb. 635

    In the records of the proceedings in the PSC that were
provided in these appeals, the only indication of when
Windstream’s motions for rehearing were in the possession of
the PSC is the date of July 23, 2018, that was file stamped on
each motion. In a case in which the date a notice of appeal was
filed was at issue, we noted that “[i]t has long been held that
in the absence of evidence to the contrary, it may be presumed
that public officers faithfully performed their official duties
and that absent evidence showing misconduct or disregard of
law, the regularity of official acts is presumed.” State v. Hess,
261 Neb. 368, 377, 622 N.W.2d 891, 900-01 (2001). We rea-
soned in Hess that the timely filing of documents is an official
duty of the clerk of a district court and that “the timely filing
of such documents is an official act to which the presumption
of regularity attaches.” 261 Neb. at 377, 622 N.W.2d at 901.
We further reasoned in Hess that “[t]he entry of filing by the
clerk is the best evidence of the date of filing and is presumed
to be correct until the contrary is shown,” and we therefore
concluded that “we must presume, in the absence of affirma-
tive evidence to the contrary, that the clerk performed his or
her duty and endorsed the notice of appeal with the date it was
in fact presented to him or her for filing.” 261 Neb. at 377-78,
622 N.W.2d at 901.
    [4] By reasoning similar to Hess, we determine that the
file stamp of an agency such as the PSC is afforded a pre-
sumption of regularity and that therefore, in the absence of
evidence to the contrary, the date the document was received
by and in the possession of the agency for filing is the date
shown by the file stamp. The file stamp is durable proof of
filing unless overcome by meaningful evidence to the con-
trary. In response to the Court of Appeals’ orders to show
cause, Windstream attempted to overcome this presumption
by asserting that on July 20, 2018, it transmitted the motions
electronically as email attachments and via the U.S. mail.
Windstream’s evidence of such transmissions included affi-
davits of its attorney to which copies of the email were
                              - 642 -
         Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
                  305 Nebraska Reports
                IN RE APP. NO. C-4973 OF SKRDLANT
                         Cite as 305 Neb. 635

attached, but the emails themselves bore no attached motions
for rehearing.
   With regard to mailing hard copies of the motions via U.S.
mail on July 20, 2018, such mailing was not effective to estab-
lish that the motions were filed with the PSC on that date. As
discussed above, the relevant statutes require filing within 10
days, which we interpret to mean that the motions must be in
the possession of the PSC within that time. Mailing on a cer-
tain date does not establish possession by the recipient on that
date. By contrast, we note that after the decision in Creighton
St. Joseph Hosp. v. Tax Eq. & Rev. Comm., supra, discussed
above, the Legislature amended relevant statutes related to
appeals to TERC to adopt a “mailbox rule” to the effect that an
appeal is timely filed if placed in the U.S. mail on or before the
specified date. See Lozier Corp. v. Douglas Cty. Bd. of Equal.,
285 Neb. 705, 829 N.W.2d 652 (2013). However, the statutes
quoted above regarding filing of motions with the PSC do not
contain a “mailbox rule” nor do the rules, effective April 19,
2019, to which we refer below, contain a “mailbox rule.” In
sum, Windstream does not direct us to authority to the effect
that a motion is timely filed with the PSC if placed in the mail
on or before the specified date. Windstream cites only Neb. Ct.
R. Pldg. § 6-1105(b)(4); however, that rule relates to service of
pleadings, not to filing of pleadings.
   In regard to service, at oral argument the attorney for the
PSC stated that the motion “had been received electroni-
cally” and, when asked to clarify, answered “it was emailed
to counsel, so counsel had it.” Regarding filing, the attorney
continued, “[w]hether they’re the appropriate . . . I mean,
I’m not sure how filing is accomplished, even if it[’]s hand-
delivered. I suspect it comes in, somebody stamps it . . . .”
(Emphasis supplied.) Given the foregoing and the substance
of the emails, it is not clear that Windstream even considered
the email sent by its counsel to constitute a “filing.” We do
not believe the PSC has established filing or admitted to a fact
establishing filing on July 20, 2018, and to the contrary, we
                            - 643 -
         Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
                  305 Nebraska Reports
               IN RE APP. NO. C-4973 OF SKRDLANT
                        Cite as 305 Neb. 635

understand the dialogue quoted above to mean that although
there may have been service on opposing counsel on July 20,
the filing of the motions is evidenced by a file stamp which in
this case was July 23.
   Windstream’s evidence that it submitted the motions elec-
tronically does not overcome the presumption that the motions
for rehearing were filed as stamped on July 23, 2018. A
proper efiling system provides verification of receipt. No such
verification has been submitted in this case. The Windstream
affidavit in response to the show cause order did not aver or
identify that a recipient of the email was a PSC individual
authorized to receive and administer the filing. And although
the email heading shows that the email was sent to various
“nebraska.gov” addresses, the record does not show that any
certain address is that of the proper person with whom a
pleading to the PSC must be filed; during the pendency of the
appeal, the PSC did not assert that a proper person received
the document on July 20. It is not the duty of a court to scour
the record in search of facts that might support a claim. See
State v. Dill, 300 Neb. 344, 913 N.W.2d 470 (2018) (declining
to scour record in search of facts that might support claim).
Finally, even if we were to adopt a presumption that the email
sent by Windstream on July 20 bore attached motions for
rehearing and further presume that it was received by a proper
recipient on that same date, Windstream has not directed us to
any rule or regulation of the PSC or other authority indicat-
ing that an email attachment is an acceptable method for fil-
ing a motion with the PSC. Compare Strode v. Saunders Cty.
Bd. of Equal., 283 Neb. 802, 815 N.W.2d 856 (2012) (filing
of motion for rehearing by facsimile acceptable because rule
adopted by TERC provides for filing by facsimile if original is
mailed or delivered within 24 hours).
   For completeness, we note that effective April 21, 2019,
the PSC amended its general rules of practice and proce-
dure. Those rules now define a pleading to include a motion,
291 Neb. Admin. Code, ch. 1, § 001.25 (2019); require that
                             - 644 -
         Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
                  305 Nebraska Reports
               IN RE APP. NO. C-4973 OF SKRDLANT
                        Cite as 305 Neb. 635

all pleadings must be on white letter-sized paper, 291 Neb.
Admin. Code, ch.1, § 002.05A (2019); and require that all
pleadings must be “filed with the [PSC] at its official office,”
291 Neb. Admin. Code, ch. 1, § 002.05B (2019). They fur-
ther provide that “[f]iling may be accomplished by personal
delivery or mail and will be received during regular office
hours of the [PSC].” Id. See, also, 291 Neb. Admin. Code,
ch.1, § 002.01 (2019) (“office hours are 8:00 a.m. to 5:00
p.m., Monday through Friday”). These rules appear to end any
uncertainty over whether filings with the PSC can be accom-
plished via email.

                        CONCLUSION
   Based on the file stamps, the motions for rehearing are pre-
sumed to have been filed with the PSC on July 23, 2018, and
Windstream has not overcome that presumption. The motions
therefore were not filed within 10 days of the effective date
of the respective orders, and under § 75-134.02, they did not
suspend the time for filing a notice of intention to appeal.
Windstream’s notices of intention to appeal were filed with the
PSC on September 13, which was beyond the 30-day time limit
allowed under § 75-136(2) to perfect appeals from the July 10
orders. We therefore lack jurisdiction and accordingly dismiss
these appeals.
                                            Appeals dismissed.
   Heavican, C.J., participating on briefs.
   Funke, J., not participating.

   Papik, J., concurring.
   Windstream’s appeals were timely filed only if its motions
for reconsideration were filed by July 20, 2018. I agree with
the majority opinion that, given the July 23 file stamp appear-
ing on Windstream’s motions, it is appropriate to presume
that the motions were not filed until then, in the absence of
evidence to the contrary. I also agree that Windstream has not
supplied us with evidence sufficient to rebut the presumption.
                             - 645 -
         Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
                  305 Nebraska Reports
               IN RE APP. NO. C-4973 OF SKRDLANT
                        Cite as 305 Neb. 635

I write separately to make some observations about difficul-
ties that can arise when, as here, the governmental entity
with whom a motion is to be filed has no rules or regulations
setting forth the method by which the motion is to be filed
or the person or persons within the entity with whom it is to
be filed.
    If, at the time Windstream filed its motions, the Public
Service Commission (PSC) had rules or regulations informing
litigants as to how they were to file a document, the tasks of
filing a motion and determining whether one was timely filed
would both be relatively easy. In that scenario, a motion would
be effectively filed as soon as the person at the PSC identified
by rule actually received the motion by the prescribed method.
See Creighton St. Joseph Hosp. v. Tax Eq. & Rev. Comm., 260
Neb. 905, 920, 620 N.W.2d 90, 101 (2000) (interpreting “filed”
to mean “‘in the possession of’ a particular person or agency,
as the circumstance dictates”).
    Here, however, the PSC had no rules or regulations setting
forth how filing was to be accomplished. For this reason, it is
not entirely clear to me how we can determine whether and
when the right person received the motion by the appropriate
method. Indeed, at oral argument, counsel for the PSC acknowl-
edged that he did not know to whom at the PSC a filing must
be delivered. This situation, it seems to me, places litigants in
a very difficult position, particularly where, as here, appellate
jurisdiction depends upon the timely filing of motions.
    So what counts as a “filing” of a document with a govern-
mental body if no direction is provided as to how that is to
be accomplished? An Ohio appellate court wrestled with that
question in Hanson v. Shaker Hts., 152 Ohio App. 3d 1, 786
N.E.2d 487 (2003). It concluded that if no direction is provided
in statute or regulation as to the method of filing, a party can
use any method of delivery to effectively file a document so
long as it is actually received. It also concluded that in the
absence of specific direction as to the person within the gov-
ernmental body with whom a document is to be filed, filing is
                              - 646 -
          Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
                   305 Nebraska Reports
                IN RE APP. NO. C-4973 OF SKRDLANT
                         Cite as 305 Neb. 635

accomplished by actual delivery to personnel within the gov-
ernmental body if delivery to that person or persons is “reason-
ably calculated to notify” the appropriate official or officials of
the filing. Id. at 7, 152 Ohio App. 3d at 491.
   As the majority notes, we have previously interpreted the
word “filed” to mean “‘in the possession of’ a particular person
or agency, as the circumstance dictates.” Creighton St. Joseph
Hosp. v. Tax Eq. & Rev. Comm., 260 Neb. at 920, 620 N.W.2d
at 101. I am open to the possibility that the Hanson court’s
approach is consistent with our interpretation of the word
“filed,” but would also prevent parties from being penalized
for not being informed how or with whom a document is to
be filed.
   Here, however, I do not believe Windstream has shown that
its motions for reconsideration were timely received by persons
who were reasonably likely to notify the relevant officials at
the PSC that a motion had been filed. There is no indication
the hard copies Windstream mailed to the PSC were received
by July 20, 2018. This leaves only the July 20 email sent by
Windstream’s counsel. The sole affidavit Windstream offered
in response to the jurisdictional order to show cause attached
that email and asserted that the motions were attached thereto
and that the email was sent to “the Nebraska Public Service
Commission and its legal counsel.” No additional details were
provided either in the affidavit or in the response to the order
to show cause about the specific identity of the recipients, why
the motions were emailed to them, or how sending the motions
to the recipients was reasonably calculated to result in the
appropriate officials at the PSC receiving notification of the fil-
ing. Nor did the record as a whole provide evidence sufficient
to answer these questions without conjecture.
   In fact, as the majority observes, it is not even clear that
Windstream considered the email sent by its counsel to consti-
tute a “filing.” The email was sent to counsel for the PSC and
did not specifically request that the motions be filed. Instead,
it stated, in relevant part, “Attached, please find motions for
                             - 647 -
         Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
                  305 Nebraska Reports
               IN RE APP. NO. C-4973 OF SKRDLANT
                        Cite as 305 Neb. 635

rehearing filed on behalf of Windstream . . . . A hard copy
of each motion has also been mailed to the [PSC].” This lan-
guage and the fact it was sent to counsel suggests to me that
Windstream intended for the mailed hard copy to be filed, and
was merely serving opposing counsel via email. Windstream
did nothing to counter that appearance on appeal. To the con-
trary, it seemed to confirm that reading, by arguing, with cita-
tion to a civil pleading rule regarding service of motions, that
service of the motions was effective on July 20, 2018.
   In the absence of evidence that the July 20, 2018, email
attaching the motion for reconsideration was received by PSC
personnel who were reasonably likely to notify the appropri-
ate officials of the filing, Windstream could not overcome the
presumption of regularity even if we were to adopt the Hanson
court’s approach to determining whether a motion was effec-
tively filed.
   Fortunately, as the majority notes, it does not appear this
issue is likely to recur in the PSC context now that the PSC
has amended its rules and regulations to clarify how filing is to
take place. However, in the event that a question should arise
in the future as to whether a party properly filed a document
with another governmental entity with no rules or regulations
setting forth how filing is accomplished, I would be open to
considering whether a party may show that it effectively filed
a document by making the showings discussed in the Hanson
case summarized above.
