Pursuant to Ind.Appellate Rule 65(D),
this Memorandum Decision shall not be
regarded as precedent or cited before
any court except for the purpose of
establishing the defense of res judicata,
collateral estoppel, or the law of the case.



APPELLANT PRO SE:                                 ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE:

ROBERT L. MURRAY                                  GREGORY F. ZOELLER
Pendleton, Indiana                                Attorney General of Indiana

                                                  KARL M. SCHARNBERG
                                                  Deputy Attorney General
                                                  Indianapolis, Indiana


                                                                            May 28 2013, 9:43 am
                              IN THE
                    COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

ROBERT L. MURRAY,                                 )
                                                  )
       Appellant-Petitioner,                      )
                                                  )
              vs.                                 )      No. 45A05-1205-PC-274
                                                  )
STATE OF INDIANA,                                 )
                                                  )
       Appellee-Respondent.                       )


                      APPEAL FROM THE LAKE SUPERIOR COURT
                       The Honorable Thomas P. Stefaniak, Jr., Judge
                         The Honorable Natalie Bokota, Magistrate
                              Cause No. 45G04-1003-PC-7



                                         May 28, 2013


                MEMORANDUM DECISION - NOT FOR PUBLICATION


NAJAM, Judge
                                 STATEMENT OF THE CASE

        Robert L. Murray appeals the post-conviction court’s denial of his petition for

post-conviction relief following a hearing. Murray raises three issues for our review,1

which we consolidate and restate as:

        1.      Whether the post-conviction court abused its discretion when it
                determined that Murray was not denied the effective assistance of
                trial counsel; and

        2.      Whether the post-conviction court abused its discretion when it
                determined that Murray was not denied the effective assistance of
                appellate counsel.

        We affirm.

                          FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

        The facts underlying Murray’s convictions are set out in his direct appeal:

               Murray was age thirty. He had three teenage cousins, E.H., J.M.,
        and D.H., who resided with their mother in Hammond (the “house”). On
        December 21, 2007, Murray was at the house to fix a wall in the basement.
        That afternoon, J.M. arrived with two males, G.D. and someone known as
        Joe or “Dollar.” At some point, Murray and his three cousins were in the
        basement with G.D., Dollar and a friend of D.H. As the seven talked,
        someone suggested that they “go for fast money.” After some discussion
        and preparation, Murray, E.H., J.M., G.D., and Dollar (the “five males”)
        put on hoodies and/or jackets, gloves, hats, and things to cover their faces.
        They planned to rob a nearby liquor store.

               In darkness, the five males left the house. Murray carried an AK-47
        that was wrapped in something, Dollar carried a revolver, and two others
        carried bags. Walking through the alleys, they reached the liquor store,
        confirmed that the area was clear, and entered the store.

             At approximately 5:30 p.m., Talat Haddad (“Talat”) was in a back
        room of the liquor store with his seventeen-year-old son, Issa Haddad

        1
            Murray raised numerous issues in his amended petition for post-conviction relief and in his
brief in the present appeal. But in his reply brief, Murray limited his arguments to those discussed above
and “voluntarily waive[d]” the other issues previously raised. Reply Brief at 8. We limit our discussion
accordingly.
                                                    2
(“Issa”). A bell rang; Talat left the back room to see who had entered the
store. Two masked males put guns to his face. Talat grabbed the end of the
AK-47, but one of the males placed a handgun to Talat’s head. Per
instruction, Talat lay down on the floor. Other masked men entered the
store. One began to place alcohol and cigarettes into a bag; another ordered
Talat to open the store’s cash register. Talat later testified, “[i]t was a very,
very scary situation. I don’t know what time I’m going to be shot. When
I’m going to be shot. It’s a very scary moment to me.”

       While this was occurring, Issa looked out of the back room and saw
two males holding guns to his father’s head. Issa ran to the phone in the
back room, but was stopped by the two gunmen. They pointed their guns at
him, started yelling, and demanded that he open the safe. When he told
them that he did not know its location, the males ordered Issa to lie face
down. One searched the back room and took the store owner’s handgun,
while the other kept a gun pointed at Issa. Just before the males left, one of
them hit the back of Issa’s head with a gun. His head hurt for a week.
Ultimately, the five males took money from the store’s cash register,
alcohol, cigarettes, and the owner’s handgun.

        The five males returned to the house after having been gone fifteen
to twenty minutes. Murray was still carrying the AK-47. They entered
through the back door of the house, went immediately to the basement, and
divided the stolen money. Upon investigation, the police traced the males
to the house, where they were arrested.

       Issa downloaded data from the surveillance camera and gave this
information to the police. The video revealed that the five males were in
the liquor store for two minutes. The State charged Murray with Robbery
of Talat and Issa, Confinement of Issa, and Battery of Issa.

       At trial, Murray presented one witness, G.D. On direct examination,
G.D. acknowledged having initially lied to the police regarding who
participated in the robbery, using “made-up” names. He testified that he
was trying to protect Dollar and D.H. On cross-examination, he admitted
that he also signed a plea agreement, stating that there were four
perpetrators: Murray, E.H., J.M., and himself. G.D. explained,

       I signed it because my lawyer went over it very briefly and
       told me if I don’t sign this and take this nine years then
       somebody’s going to tell on me and I’m facing forty-eight
       years. I just took whatever—I did whatever he asked me to
       do and I ran with it.


                                       3
When asked for clarification about the factual stipulation in his plea
agreement, G.D. testified as follows:

      A: I’m not saying it’s a lie. What I'm saying is I didn’t read
      the whole thing and my lawyer didn’t read the whole thing to
      me.

      Q: But the bottom line is, that stipulated factual basis has
      Robert Murray’s name in it, and that’s a lie because he wasn’t
      there; is that what you’re now saying?

      A: What I’m saying is I don’t feel like he was there. He
      wasn’t there. I didn't see him. He wasn’t no [sic] part of it.

      Q: When you signed your name to the document and it had
      Robert Murray’s name there as a participant in the robbery,
      that’s a lie?

      A: Again, I’m going to tell you, I didn’t see that portion of the
      paper.

As the State’s cross-examination of G.D. continued, the prosecutor asked
additional questions relating to the inconsistencies in G.D.’s assertions.

      Q: So, [G.D.], if I understand your testimony to be correct,
      everything you said prior to today’s date was a lie?

      A: Everything?

      Q: Who was there?

      A: No, I told you I was there.

      Q: Except for you being there, everything else except what
      came out of your mouth here today was a lie?

      A: Everything that was stipulated at the police station.

      Q: And everything that was stipulated in the factual basis,
      which you signed and agreed was accurate, was a lie?

      A: If that’s the way you want to put it.

      Q: I’m not putting it. I’m asking . . .
                                       4
             A: Again, I’m going to keep telling you that to me I didn’t
             feel it was a lie because I didn’t see half of the stuff. I just
             signed it because I was under pressure.

             Q: Okay. And so when Judge Stefaniak asked you if you
             were submitting to this plea fully and voluntarily, you lied to
             the Judge and said yes?

             A: I fully and voluntarily signed it. I fully and voluntarily
             wanted to take nine years instead of having to do forty-eight
             years and not knowing what the outcome would be.

      After additional questioning, G.D. admitted that he lied during his plea
      hearing. At no time did Murray object to this questioning.

             After a five-day trial, the jury found Murray guilty as charged. The
      trial court found no mitigating circumstances and three aggravating
      circumstances—the fact that Murray had recently violated the conditions of
      his parole, his criminal history, and the fact that one of the victims was
      under age eighteen.        It found that the aggravating circumstances
      outweighed the absence of any mitigating circumstances and sentenced
      Murray to terms of eighteen years for Robbery, eighteen years for
      Confinement, and six years for Battery. The terms were ordered to run
      consecutively and to be fully executed for an aggregate term of forty-two
      years.

Murray v. State, 45A03-0811-CR-561, at *1-*7 (Ind. Ct. App. July 22, 3009) (citations

and footnote omitted, alterations in original) (“Murray I”). On direct appeal, Murray

raised three issues: (1) whether the State’s cross-examination of a witness constituted

prosecutorial misconduct; (2) whether Murray’s convictions for robbery and confinement

violated double jeopardy principles under the Indiana Constitution; and (3) whether his

sentence was inappropriate in light of the nature of the offenses and Murray’s character.

We affirmed Murray’s convictions and sentence. Id. at *19.

      On March 22, 2010, Murray filed a pro se petition for post-conviction relief.

Counsel ultimately entered an appearance for Murray, withdrew the pro se petition for
                                            5
post-conviction relief, filed another petition for post-conviction relief, and then withdrew

her representation. On April 7, 2011, Murray, pro se, filed an amended petition for post-

conviction relief.   On September 1, October 11, and October 14, 2011, the post-

conviction court held an evidentiary hearing on Murray’s amended petition. And on

April 30, the court entered an order with findings of fact and conclusions thereon of law

(“the Order”), providing in relevant part:

       16.      Murray was convicted as charged. The court sentenced him to
       eighteen years on the robbery, eighteen years on the confinement and six
       years on the battery to be served consecutively in the Department of
       Correction.
       17.      Murray appealed but his convictions and sentence[s] were affirmed.
       He raised three issues:
                1).     Whether the State’s cross-examination of witness G.D.
                constituted prosecutorial misconduct;
                2).     Whether Murray’s convictions of Robbery and
                Confinement violated the double jeopardy clause in Article I,
                Section 14 of the Indiana Constitution; and
                3).     Whether Murray’s sentence is inappropriate.
       18.      On March 23, 2010, Murray filed a petition for post-conviction
       relief. . . .
       19.      As ultimately amended, the petition raises four claims:
                1).     That Murray was denied effective representation by
                trial counsel;
                2).     That Murray was denied effective representation by
                appellate counsel;
                3).     That Murray was denied equal protection because the
                State knowingly used perjured testimony and an erroneous
                jury instruction denied him a fair trial; and
                4).     That the convictions for robbery and confinement
                violate the prohibitions against double jeopardy as expressed
                in IC 35-38-1-6.[fn]

                     [FN: Murray amended his petition several
                     times. The final amendment was filed on June
                     29, 2011. The claims therein super[s]ede all
                     preceding claims. In his proposed findings of
                     fact and conclusions of law Murray does not
                     address all of the claims raised; other claims are
                                             6
              raised for the first time. We [sic] address only
              those claims that were both plead [sic] and
              briefed.]

20.    The court held hearings on the petition on August 31, 2011, October
11, 2011, and October 14, 2011. Murray presented four witnesses: Samuel
Vazanellis (his trial attorney), James Reed (his appellate attorney),
Geovonne Davis and Demetrius Henderson (his co-defendants). The court
took judicial notice of the trial and P-C files and received the transcript into
evidence. Multiple exhibits were introduced as referenced herein.
21.    Mr. Vazanellis had been an attorney for several years and tried
numerous cases before he represented Murray. He reviewed the discovery
and interviewed witnesses and those co-defendants he was able to
interview. He formulated the best defense he could conceive, objected as
he deemed necessary and moved for mistrial. When Murray was convicted,
Vazanellis successfully litigated a motion to dismiss the habitual offender
enhancement. At sentencing he argued that the convictions of [sic] robbery
and confinement violated the prohibition against double jeopardy but the
court disagreed.

                                     ***

24.     At some point prior to or during trial, Vazanellis was given hand-
written, unsigned affidavits purported to have been written by Murray’s co-
defendants: Geovonne Davis, Eugene Henderson and Jeffrey Murray.
(Pet.’s PCR Exh. 4). They are attached to a pro se pleading entitled Motion
to Dismiss Case. (Id.) The motion is presented as written by Murray, is
signed by Murray and references the affidavits. The motion and affidavits
are written by one hand. Each affidavit contains the same misspelling of
the word stemmed, to wit: stimmed. Each affidavit states that Robert
Murray was not involved in the robbery. Vazanellis did not try to admit the
affidavits at trial because he believed Murray had written them and Murray
wanted him to seek out and obtain the signatures of the co-defendants. He
concluded the affidavits were not credible, potential evidence.
25.     Co-defendant Geovonne Davis testified at Murray’s trial. He
testified that he participated in the robbery but Robert Murray did not. He
admitted that he was convicted of theft in 1997 and robbery in 1998. He
admitted that he gave a statement to the police in which he fabricated the
names of those involved to protect the guilty. The State impeached Davis’s
credibility with this deception as well as the fact that he signed a factual
basis as part of his guilty plea that implicated Murray in the crime. At the
post-conviction hearing, he testified that he wrote the affidavit that bears
his name but never saw the other affidavits. He reaffirmed Murray’s


                                       7
innocen[c]e. We [sic] do not find Davis’ testimony credible. We [sic] find
that Davis did not write the affidavit.
27.     James Reed handled dozens of direct appeals prior to Murray’s. He
reviewed the defense file, the court file and the trial transcript. He received
several letters from Murray which outlined seven issues Murray wanted
Reed to pursue on appeal. Reed acknowledged that an issue not objected to
at trial could nonetheless be pursued on direct appeal if so blatant as to be
fundamental error. Reed considered Murray’s issues, the record, and the
relevant case law and raised the issues he deemed appropriate.

Conclusions of Law:

                                    ***

15.   Murray alleges trial counsel [was] ineffective for failing to interview
or investigate key witnesses and use their affidavits and/or statements.
Murray is referring to counsel’s failure to . . . use the affidavits of his co-
defendants as proof of his innocence.

                                    ***

        As for the affidavits of Murray’s co-defendants, counsel deduced
that Murray had written the unsigned affidavits. He determined they were
not credible evidence of Murray’s innocence. He made a deliberate,
tactical decision to not use them. We [sic] conclude that counsel’s
performance concerning the affidavits did not fall below prevailing
professional norms.
16.     Murray has failed to prove that he was denied the effective
assistance of trial counsel.
17.     Murray claims appellate counsel [was] ineffective for several
reasons . . .
        1).    Failure to raise a preserved error on direct appeal . . . ;
        2).    Failure to raise as fundamental error the State’s
        knowing use of perjured testimony;
        3).    Failure to raise as fundamental error erroneous Jury
        Instruction Two;
        4).    Failure to raise issues adequately;
        5).    Failure to raise ineffective assistance of trial counsel
        on direct appeal;
        6).    Failure to file a Reply Brief; and
        7).    Failure to comply with reasonable requests for
        information[.]

                                    ***
                                      8
       27.     Murray alleges appellate counsel failed to adequately present his
       double jeopardy claim on direct appeal. Specifically, he argues that counsel
       should have substantiated the double jeopardy claim by referring to the
       charging information or producing the statement of Issa Haddad. The
       Indiana Court of Appeals specifically reviewed the charging information in
       it’s [sic] analysis of the double jeopardy issue. Indeed, the appellate court
       emphasized that both Talat and Issa were named victims of the robbery in
       count I. Furthermore, the appellate court’s recitation of the facts indicates
       it’s [sic] awareness that the gun was taken from Issa’s presence. Murray
       fails to prove he was prejudiced by Reed’s presentation of the issue on
       direct appeal.

Appellant’s App. at 2e-30 (citations omitted). The court denied post-conviction relief,

and Murray now appeals.

                            DISCUSSION AND DECISION

       In post-conviction appeals, our standard of review is well established:

       [T]he petitioner bears the burden of establishing grounds for relief by a
       preponderance of the evidence. Ind. Post-Conviction Rule 1(5); Henley v.
       State, 881 N.E.2d 639, 643 (Ind. 2008). When appealing the denial of post-
       conviction relief, the petitioner stands in the position of one appealing from
       a negative judgment. Henley, 881 N.E.2d at 643. The reviewing court will
       not reverse the judgment unless the petitioner shows that the evidence as a
       whole leads unerringly and unmistakably to a conclusion opposite that
       reached by the post-conviction court. Id. at 643-44. Further, the post-
       conviction court in this case made findings of fact and conclusions of law
       in accordance with Indiana Post-Conviction Rule 1(6). We will reverse a
       post-conviction court’s findings and judgment only upon a showing of clear
       error, which is that which leaves us with a definite and firm conviction that
       a mistake has been made. Id. at 644. The post-conviction court is the sole
       judge of the weight of the evidence and the credibility of the witnesses.
       Fisher v. State, 810 N.E.2d 674, 679 (Ind. 2004). We accept findings of
       fact unless clearly erroneous, but we accord no deference to conclusions of
       law. Id.

Taylor v. State, 929 N.E.2d 912, 917 (Ind. Ct. App. 2010), trans. denied.

       Murray’s request for post-conviction relief is premised on his contentions that he

was denied the effective assistance of trial and appellate counsel in violation of the Sixth
                                             9
Amendment to the United States Constitution. A claim of ineffective assistance of

counsel must satisfy two components. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984).

First, the defendant must show deficient performance: representation that fell below an

objective standard of reasonableness, committing errors so serious that the defendant did

not have the “counsel” guaranteed by the Sixth Amendment. Id. at 687-88. Second, the

defendant must show prejudice: a reasonable probability (i.e., a probability sufficient to

undermine confidence in the outcome) that, but for counsel’s errors, the result of the

proceeding would have been different. Id. at 694. Unless a defendant makes both

showings, it cannot be said that the conviction resulted from a breakdown in the

adversary process that renders the result unreliable. See id. at 687.

       We presume that counsel provided adequate representation. Sims v. State, 771

N.E.2d 734, 741 (Ind. Ct. App. 2002), trans. denied. “Counsel is afforded considerable

discretion in choosing strategy and tactics, and we will accord that decision deference.”

Id. Furthermore, a petitioner must show more than isolated poor strategy, bad tactics, a

mistake, carelessness or inexperience. Law v. State, 797 N.E.2d 1157, 1162 (Ind. Ct.

App. 2003). As to prejudice, “there must be a showing of a reasonable probability that

but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been

different.”   Id.   “A reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to undermine

confidence in the outcome.” Id.

                    Issue One: Effective Assistance of Trial Counsel

       Murray first contends that he was denied the effective assistance of trial counsel

because his trial attorney failed to “interview or investigate” Geovonne Davis or obtain


                                             10
Davis’ signature on an affidavit alleging Murray’s innocence prior to trial. Appellant’s

Brief at 18. We observe that Davis appeared at Murray’s trial as a defense witness and

testified that Murray was not involved in the offenses charged. Murray has not shown

how an interview with or investigation of Davis by trial counsel or obtaining his signature

on an affidavit would have affected Davis’ testimony or, more importantly, the outcome

of Murray’s trial. As such, Murray has not shown prejudice arising from trial counsel’s

alleged failure to interview or investigate Davis before trial. And because Murray has not

shown prejudice, his argument that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to interview or

investigate Davis is without merit. See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687. Murray’s argument

that his trial counsel was ineffective must fail.

                 Issue Two: Effective Assistance of Appellate Counsel

       Murray also contends that he was denied the effective assistance of appellate

counsel. Specifically, Murray argues that his appellate counsel was ineffective because

he failed to argue on direct appeal that Murray’s sentences for both robbery and

confinement violate Indiana Code Section 35-38-1-6, which prohibits entry of a judgment

of conviction on both an offense and a lesser included offense if the State charged both

crimes. We cannot agree.

       Indiana Code Section 35-38-1-6 provides:         “Whenever:     (1) A defendant is

charged with an offense and an included offense in separate counts; and (2) The

defendant is found guilty of both counts; judgment and sentence may not be entered

against the defendant for the included offense.” In other words, the statute protects

defendants charged with an offense and a lesser included offense from being found guilty


                                              11
of both charges because this would be tantamount to convicting a defendant twice for the

same conduct. Harvey v. State, 719 N.E.2d 406, 411 (Ind. Ct. App. 1999). An offense is

inherently included in another when it may be established by proof of the same material

elements or less than all the material elements that define the “greater” crime charged.

Id. An offense is factually included in another when the charging instrument alleges “the

means used to commit the crime charged include all of the elements of the alleged lesser

included offense.” Id.

       Murray contends that the “confinement charge is also included in the Robbery

count in violation of I.C. [§] 35-38-1-6.” Appellant’s Brief at 28. He is correct that this

court has held that confinement may be inherently included in robbery because the “use

or threat of force” element needed to support the robbery conviction may not be distinct

from the “confinement” element needed to support the criminal confinement conviction.

See Harvey, 719 N.E.2d at 411. However, we have also upheld convictions for robbery

and criminal confinement where each offense has a separate victim, even if the offense

occurred in the same episode. See VanZandt v. State, 731 N.E.2d 450, 455-56 (Ind. Ct.

App. 2000), trans. denied (upholding robbery conviction as to employee and confinement

conviction as to manager in single restaurant robbery).

       Here, Murray was convicted of robbing Talat and of confining Issa. As we

explained in Murray I, the facts in VanZandt support the finding that Murray’s double

jeopardy rights were not violated. See Murray I, 45A03-0811-CR-561 at *13. Thus, we

held that Murray’s convictions and sentences for both robbery and criminal confinement

do not violate the prohibition against double jeopardy. Id.


                                            12
       Indiana Code Section 35-38-1-6 is also premised on double jeopardy principles.

In other words, the statute “‘reinforces [the rule in Indiana’s Double Jeopardy Clause,

forbidding a trial court from sentencing a defendant for an offense and a lesser[ ]included

offense charged in separate counts.’” Micheau v. State, 893 N.E.2d 1053, 1061 (Ind. Ct.

App. 2008) (citation omitted, alteration in original). Murray’s appellate counsel did, in

fact, raise the double jeopardy issue on direct appeal. And our decision on the double

jeopardy in Murray I bars Murray from raising the same double jeopardy issue here under

the guise of Indiana Code Section 35-38-1-6. The post-conviction court did not err when

it determined that that claim was barred by res judicata.

                                        Conclusion

       Murray has not shown that his trial counsel was ineffective, nor has he shown that

his appellate counsel was ineffective for failing to raise an issue on direct appeal under

Indiana Code Section 35-38-1-6. As such, Murray has not shown that the post-conviction

court abused its discretion when it denied his amended petition for post-conviction relief.

       Affirmed.

BAILEY, J., and BARNES, J., concur.




                                             13
