In the Supreme Court of Georgia



                                            Decided: January 20, 2015


                    S14A1485. GRIFFIN v. THE STATE.


      MELTON, Justice.

      Following a jury trial, Lester Casey Griffin was found guilty of

involuntary manslaughter based on misdemeanor battery as a lesser included

offense of malice murder, felony murder, two counts of cruelty to children,

aggravated battery, and aggravated assault.1 On appeal, Griffin contends that

the resulting convictions must be reversed because the jury rendered

      1
         Griffin was indicted on September 21, 2009, by the Effingham County
grand jury for malice murder, felony murder predicated on cruelty to a child,
felony murder predicated on aggravated battery, felony murder predicated on
aggravated assault, aggravated battery, aggravated assault, and two counts of
cruelty to children for two different acts. At a jury trial in November 2010,
Griffin was found guilty of involuntary manslaughter as a lesser included
offense of malice murder and guilty of all other charges. Griffin was sentenced
to life imprisonment without parole for felony murder predicated on cruelty to
children, and twenty consecutive years for one of the cruelty to children counts.
The remaining charges were merged for purposes of sentencing. On December
28, 2010, Griffin filed a motion for new trial, which he amended on March 26,
2014. The trial court denied the motion on the day it was amended. Griffin filed
a timely notice of appeal, and his case, submitted for decision on the briefs, was
docketed to the September 2014 Term of this Court.
inconsistent verdicts. For the reasons set forth below, we affirm.

      1. In the light most favorable to the verdict, the record shows that, on June

28, 2009, two-year-old Dylan Helmey was at home with his younger

half-brother, Jaiden, and Griffin, who was babysitting. Griffin was the live-in

boyfriend of Dylan’s mother, who had left home at 11:00 a.m. At around 1:30

p.m., Officer Brion Hunt responded to a call that Dylan had stopped breathing.

By the time Officer Hunt arrived, Dylan was dead. The next day, an autopsy was

performed, and the medical examiner determined that Dylan sustained over one

hundred injuries within two hours of his death. The most significant injury was

a laceration to the right atrium of Dylan's heart, caused by extreme force. When

confronted with the autopsy results, Griffin admitted that he had gotten angry

at Dylan and hit the child in the chest. Finally, he admitted that it was not the

first time Dylan had been harmed while in his care.

      This evidence was sufficient to enable the jury to find Griffin guilty of the

crimes for which he was convicted beyond a reasonable doubt. Jackson v.

Virginia, 443 U. S. 307 (99 SCt 2781, 61 LE2d 560) (1979).

      2. In his sole enumeration of error, Griffin argues that his convictions

must be reversed because the verdicts were mutually exclusive. Specifically,

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Griffin maintains that the verdicts were inconsistent because the jury considered

the blow to Dylan’s chest a misdemeanor for the purposes of the involuntary

manslaughter verdict and a felony offense for the purposes of the felony murder

verdicts. As a result, Griffin contends that all of his convictions must be

reversed, see Jackson v. State, 276 Ga. 408 (2) (577 SE2d 570) (2003), and that

he should be granted a new trial. See Thomas v. State, 261 Ga. 854 (1) (413

SE2d 196) (1992). We disagree.

             “Verdicts are mutually exclusive ‘where a guilty verdict on
      one count logically excludes a finding of guilt on the other. (Cits.)’
      [Cits.]” Jackson v. State, [supra, 276 Ga. at 410 (2)]. While guilty
      verdicts on involuntary manslaughter and felony murder are not
      mutually exclusive as a matter of law, Smith v. State, 267 Ga. 372
      (6) (477 SE2d 827) (1996), a mutually exclusive verdict may be
      rendered in a particular case where the offenses underlying the
      felony murder and involuntary manslaughter convictions “reflect
      that the jury, in order to find the defendant guilty [of both offenses],
      necessarily reached two positive findings of fact that cannot
      logically mutually exist.” (Citations and punctuation omitted.)
      Flores v. State, 277 Ga. 780, 783 (3) (596 SE2d 114) (2004). A
      mutually exclusive verdict results when the jury finds that the
      defendant acted with both criminal intent and criminal negligence
      at the same instant regarding the same victim involving the same
      act. See id. (finding mutually exclusive verdict where appellant was
      found guilty of both felony murder based on aggravated assault and
      involuntary manslaughter based on reckless conduct as to a single
      homicide victim).

Drake v. State, 288 Ga. 131, 133 (2) (702 SE2d 161) (2010). Moreover,

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      if the predicate offense found by the jury for involuntary
      manslaughter was simple battery or battery, which are misdemeanor
      offenses committed with criminal intent, see OCGA §§ 16–5–23
      (a), 16–5–23.1(a), then the intent element of the battery offenses
      would be logically consistent with the mens rea required for the
      felony offense of cruelty to children on which appellant's felony
      murder conviction is predicated. See OCGA § 16–5–70 (b); Carter
      v. State, 269 Ga. 420 (5) (499 SE2d 63) (1998) (involuntary
      manslaughter based on simple battery not inconsistent with felony
      murder based on cruelty to children).

Id. at 133-134 (2).

      This precedent controls the result in this case. In addition to involuntary

manslaughter based on simple battery, Griffin was found guilty of felony

murder predicated on cruelty to a child, felony murder predicated on aggravated

battery, and felony murder predicated on aggravated assault.

      Because the predicate offense for involuntary manslaughter was
      simple battery, it did not require proof of criminal negligence, and
      the intent element of simple battery was not at all logically
      inconsistent with the mens rea required for the greater offense of
      aggravated assault, aggravated battery, or cruelty to children.

(Citations omitted.) Waits v. State, 282 Ga. 1, 3 (2) (644 SE2d 127) (2007).

Accordingly, Griffin’s verdicts were not mutually exclusive, and his convictions

must stand.

      Judgment affirmed. All the Justices concur.


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                    S14A1485. GRIFFIN v. THE STATE.


      NAHMIAS, Justice, concurring.

      I join the Court’s opinion in full, including its conclusion that the jury’s

guilty verdict on the count of involuntary manslaughter based on simple battery,

a crime requiring criminal intent, is obviously not mutually exclusive of the

guilty verdicts on the other counts, which also required findings of criminal

intent. Because this case does not involve any crime of criminal negligence, it

is not necessary for the Court to repeat the proposition that “‘[a] mutually

exclusive verdict results when the jury finds that the defendant acted with both

criminal intent and criminal negligence at the same instant regarding the same

victim involving the same act.’”

      Since the Court does so, however, I again note the serious doubts that I,

joined by Justice Blackwell, have recently expressed about the legal and logical

basis of that proposition, which this Court first endorsed in Jackson v. State, 276

Ga. 408 (577 SE2d 570) (2003). See State v. Owens, Case No. S14A0889

(decided Nov. 17, 2014) (Nahmias, J., concurring); Allaben v. State, 294 Ga.

315, 322-325 (751 SE2d 802) (2013) (Nahmias, J., concurring). See also
Jackson, 276 Ga. at 416-418 (Carley, J., dissenting). I also note that our Court

granted a petition of certiorari last month in State v. Springer, Case. No.

S14G1539, to decide whether Jackson and its progeny should be overruled.

      I am authorized to state that Justice Blackwell joins in this concurrence.




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