                         RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                              Pursuant to Sixth Circuit Rule 206
                                      File Name: 09a0135p.06

                 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                  FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                    _________________


                                               X
                        Plaintiffs-Appellants, -
 HOBERT TACKETT, et al.,
                                                -
                                                -
                                                -
                                                                 Nos. 07-4515/4516
          v.
                                                ,
                                                 >
                                                -
                      Defendants-Appellees. -
 M&G POLYMERS, USA, LLC, et al.,
                                               N

                         Appeal from the United States District Court
                        for the Southern District of Ohio at Columbus.
                       No. 07-00126—Gregory L. Frost, District Judge.
                                    Argued: January 22, 2009
                               Decided and Filed: April 3, 2009
                                                                                            *
            Before: MARTIN and MOORE, Circuit Judges; GWIN, District Judge.

                                      _________________

                                            COUNSEL
ARGUED: Renate Klass, MARTENS, ICE, KLASS, LEGGHIO & ISRAEL, Royal
Oak, Michigan, Robert E. Rickey, COOK, PORTUNE & LOGOTHETIS, Cincinnati,
Ohio, for Appellants. Deborah Shannon Davidson, MORGAN, LEWIS & BOCKIUS,
Chicago, Illinois, for Appellees. ON BRIEF: Renate Klass, Stuart M. Israel,
MARTENS, ICE, KLASS, LEGGHIO & ISRAEL, Royal Oak, Michigan, Robert E.
Rickey, David M. Cook, COOK, PORTUNE & LOGOTHETIS, Cincinnati, Ohio, for
Appellants. Deborah Shannon Davidson, Philip A. Miscimarra, MORGAN, LEWIS &
BOCKIUS, Chicago, Illinois, for Appellees.




        *
           The Honorable James S. Gwin, United States District Judge for the Northern District of Ohio,
sitting by designation.


                                                  1
Nos. 07-4515/4516           Tackett, et al. v. M&G Polymers, et al.                Page 2


                                 _________________

                                       OPINION
                                 _________________

PER CURIAM.

       The Plaintiffs United Steel, Paper and Forestry, Rubber, Manufacturing, Energy,
Allied Industrial and Service Workers International Union, AFL-CIO-CLC (“USW”)
and Hobert Tackett, Woodrow W. Piles, and Harland B. Conley (“Retiree Plaintiffs”)
separately appeal the district court’s dismissal of their case under Federal Rule of Civil
Procedure 12(b)(1) and (b)(6).

       The Plaintiffs alleged that, under their collective bargaining agreement (“CBA”),
the Defendant M&G Polymers, USA (“M&G”) promised them vested health-care
benefits. When Defendant M&G announced it would begin requiring retiree
contributions to health-care costs, the Plaintiffs sued. In addition to suing M&G, the
Plaintiffs also sued the M&G-sponsored health plans that Retiree Plaintiffs receive their
benefits from: the M&G Comprehensive Medical Benefits Program for Employees and
Their Dependents, the M&G Catastrophic Medical Plan, the M&G Medical Necessity
Benefits Program of Hospital, Surgical, Medical, and Prescription Drug Benefits for
Employees and Their Dependents, and the M&G Major Medical Benefits Plan
(collectively, with Defendant M&G, “Defendants”).

       In resolving this appeal, we must decide two main issues: (1) whether, under
§ 301 of the Labor Management Relations Act (“LMRA”), 29 U.S.C. § 185(a), a district
court must find that a violation of a collective bargaining agreement has occurred before
it can exercise jurisdiction; and (2) whether, under this Circuit’s Yard-Man analysis,
UAW v. Yard-Man, 716 F.3d 1476, 1479 (6th Cir. 1983), the Plaintiffs have sufficiently
established a right to vested health-care benefits to survive a motion to dismiss under
Rule 12(b)(6) by relying on CBA language promising a “full Company contribution” to
these benefits.
Nos. 07-4515/4516            Tackett, et al. v. M&G Polymers, et al.                  Page 3


        Because we hold that (1) a violation is not a prerequisite to jurisdiction under
§ 301 and because (2) the Plaintiffs have sufficiently shown an intention to vest health-
care benefits to survive a motion to dismiss, we REVERSE and REMAND.

                                  I. Standard of Review

        We generally review a district court’s ruling under Rule 12(b)(1) and 12(b)(6)
de novo. Nichols v. Muskingum College, 318 F.3d 674, 677 (6th Cir. 2003) (citations
omitted); Ass’n of Cleveland Fire Fighters v. City of Cleveland, Ohio, 502 F.3d 545, 548
(6th Cir. 2007). Courts have, however, observed an exception to this de novo standard
of review under Rule 12(b)(1). When Congress statutorily confers subject-matter
jurisdiction, it can require that certain prerequisites be met before a federal district court
can exercise jurisdiction. See, e.g., 28 U.S.C. § 1332 (establishing jurisdiction over
cases between “citizens of different States”). When Congress establishes a jurisdictional
prerequisite, a district court may admit extrinsic evidence and resolve disputed facts to
decide if the asserted claim satisfies the jurisdictional prerequisite. Arbaugh v. Y&H
Corp., 546 U.S. 500, 516 (2006). If a district court considers and resolves facts in
deciding a Rule 12(b)(1) motion, we review those findings for clear error. Nichols, 318
F.3d at 677. Aside from the resolution of jurisdictional prerequisites, a district court
must generally confine its Rule 12(b)(1) or 12(b)(6) ruling to matters contained within
the pleadings and accept all well-pleaded allegations as true. Gentek Building Products,
Inc. v. Sherwin-Williams Co., 491 F.3d 320, 330 (6th Cir. 2007).

                       II. Background and Procedural Posture

        Before their retirement, the Retiree Plaintiffs worked at the Point Pleasant
Polyester Plant (the “Plant”) in Apple Grove, West Virginia. At that location, Plaintiff
USW, or its predecessor union, bargained on behalf of the Plant’s employees. The Plant
has changed ownership several times, and M&G now owns the plant.

        In December 2006, M&G announced that it would begin requiring retirees to
contribute to the cost of their health-care benefits.           After Defendant M&G’s
announcement, Retiree Plaintiffs, as putative class representatives, and USW sued under
Nos. 07-4515/4516            Tackett, et al. v. M&G Polymers, et al.                    Page 4


§ 301 of the LMRA and under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act
(“ERISA”) §§ 502(a)(3) and 502 (a)(1)(B), 29 U.S.C. § 1132. Following the district
court’s dismissal, the Plaintiffs appealed separately, with USW challenging the district
court’s ruling on § 301 and the Retiree Plaintiffs challenging the ruling on both § 301
and ERISA §§ 502(a)(3) and 502(a)(1)(B).            The appeals were consolidated for
submission to this Court.

        In their Complaint, the Plaintiffs pointed to language in the November 6, 2000
CBA between M&G and USW that governed retirees’ entitlement to health-care
benefits:

        Employees who retire on or after January 1, 1996 and who are eligible
        for and receiving a monthly pension under the 1993 Pension Plan . . .
        whose full years of attained age and full years of attained continuous
        service . . . at the time of retirement equals 95 or more points will receive
        a full Company contribution towards the cost of [health-care]
        benefits. . . . Employees who have less than 95 points at the time of
        retirement will receive a reduced Company contribution. The Company
        contribution will be reduced by 2% for every point less than 95.
        Employees will be required to pay the balance of the health care
        contribution, as estimated by the Company annually in advance, for the
        [health care] benefits . . . . Failure to pay the required medical
        contribution will result in cancellation of coverage.
(emphasis added). According to the Plaintiffs, this “full Company contribution”
language shows a vested right to health-care benefits: those employees meeting the age
and term-of-service qualifications are entitled to fully-covered health care benefits and
those falling below these qualifications would receive reductions from full coverage as
set out in the plan. The Retiree Plaintiffs also sought to represent surviving spouses
whose benefits were affected by Defendants’ alleged breach. The Plaintiffs said that the
Defendants unilaterally set the “contribution” at a level below full coverage violating the
above-quoted language.

        The Defendants moved to dismiss the Complaint under Rule 12(b)(1) and
12(b)(6). The Defendants argued that, § 301, which confers subject-matter jurisdiction
in federal district courts in “[s]uits for violation of contracts,” 29 U.S.C. § 185(a),
required that a plaintiff show a “violation” before a district court could exercise subject-
Nos. 07-4515/4516                 Tackett, et al. v. M&G Polymers, et al.                           Page 5


matter jurisdiction. In the alternative, the Defendants moved to dismiss saying that the
language quoted by the Plaintiffs did not establish a vested right to health-care benefits.

         In moving to dismiss, the Defendants submitted evidence of several side letter
agreements. Defendants said that these side letters were incorporated by reference into
the CBA that the Plaintiffs sued under and that the side letters cap the amount of the
employer’s contribution to the cost of health-care benefits. Responding, the Plaintiffs
said that these side cap letters were not part of the collective bargaining agreement that
the Plaintiffs sued under.           Resolution of this disputed issue, however, required
consideration of materials extrinsic to the pleadings.1 The Defendants said that the
district court could consider this extrinsic material under Rule 12(b)(1) because the court
found a lack of a violation, which was a jurisdictional prerequisite.

         The district court agreed with the Defendants and held that the showing of a
collective bargaining agreement violation was a prerequisite to jurisdiction: “Absent a
breach by Defendants, this Court lacks jurisdiction over the § 301 claim.” Tackett v.
M&G Polymers USA, LLC., 523 F. Supp. 2d 684, 691 (S.D. Ohio 2007). The court then
admitted and weighed the extrinsic evidence on the side letters to decide whether M&G
breached the collective bargaining agreement.2 Id. at 690. Ultimately, the district court
concluded that the Defendants did not breach the CBA, and that it lacked jurisdiction.



         1
           In support of the contention that the side letters were incorporated into the CBA, the Defendants
submitted evidence of the collective bargaining history at the Plant dating back to 1991. A series of
collective bargaining agreements has been in force at the Plant, with each typically lasting around three
years before renegotiation. The first letter agreement, signed contemporaneously with the 1991 - 1994
collective bargaining agreement, was adopted “for purposes of conforming with the new Financial
Accounting Standard Board (FASB) accounting requirement” that required accrual accounting of health-
care benefits. This new requirement hurt a company’s balance sheet performance if the company had no
cap on its health-care costs. While signed in 1991, the caps were not to take effect until July 1, 1997.
Concurrent with the 1994 - 1997 collective bargaining agreement, another cap letter postponed the
effective date of the caps to 2004. The import of this perpetual postponement and the applicability of these
cap letters to the current parties are fact issues that must be resolved by the district court outside of the
Rule 12(b)(1) determination.
         2
           For example, the Plaintiffs submitted to the district court a letter written by David Dick, an
attorney who represented M&G in labor negotiations in 2000. The letter said that the applicability of one
of the cap letters to “M&G is less than clear. In fact, the Company believes it does not apply to M&G.”
During this litigation, however, Dick submitted a declaration saying he “was not familiar with details or
history concerning any side letters.” In resolving the Defendants’ Rule 12(b)(1) motion, the district court
accepted Dick’s characterization of the letter and found that this letter “was the result of a lack of
understanding on [Dick’s] part of the history of cap incorporation.” Tackett, 523 F. Supp. 2d at 690.
Nos. 07-4515/4516                  Tackett, et al. v. M&G Polymers, et al.                            Page 6


         As an alternative to its dismissal for lack of jurisdiction, the district court then
assumed for argument purposes that it had jurisdiction over the Plaintiffs’ claims for
relief and addressed the Defendants’ 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss. Because the LRMA
§ 301 and the ERISA § 502(a)(1)(B) claims both turned on whether the Plaintiffs’
benefits were vested, the district court considered these claims together and held that the
“full Company contribution” language did not plausibly state a claim for vested health-
care benefits.

         The district court additionally granted the Defendants’ 12(b)(6) motion directed
at the Plaintiffs’ ERISA fiduciary claim, holding that Plaintiffs “failed to plead facts”
supporting this claim. Id. at 696.

                                             III. Rule 12(b)

III.A. Rule 12(b)(1)

         Our review of the district court’s dismissal under Rule 12(b)(1) turns on whether
a plaintiff must establish the breach of a collective bargaining agreement as a
prerequisite to jurisdiction under § 301 of the LMRA.3 The LMRA confers subject-
matter jurisdiction in federal district courts in “[s]uits for violation of contracts.” 29
U.S.C. § 185(a).4 Whether the language in a statute like § 301 is a jurisdictional
prerequisite or merely an “‘essential ingredient[] of a federal claim for relief’” is
sometimes a “‘close question.’” Arbaugh, 546 U.S. at 503, 516 (quoting Da Silva v.
Kinsho Intern Corp., 229 F.3d 358, 361 (2nd Cir. 2000)).


         3
           The Plaintiffs also claimed that the district court had federal-question subject-matter jurisdiction
under 28 U.S.C. § 1331. Here, the district court dismissed the claim because it failed to meet the
requirements of § 301. We, however, ultimately conclude that the court had jurisdiction under § 301.
Accordingly, we need not address whether 28 U.S.C. § 1331 could support jurisdiction over the Plaintiffs’
claims if the claims had failed to meet a jurisdictional requirement of § 301.
         4
             In full,§ 301 says,
         Suits for violation of contracts between an employer and a labor organization
         representing employees in an industry affecting commerce as defined in this chapter, or
         between any such labor organizations, may be brought in any district court of the United
         States having jurisdiction of the parties, without respect to the amount in controversy
         or without regard to the citizenship of the parties.
29 U.S.C. § 185(a).
Nos. 07-4515/4516            Tackett, et al. v. M&G Polymers, et al.                   Page 7


        If a violation is not a prerequisite to jurisdiction, then, to survive a Rule 12(b)(1)
motion, the Plaintiffs need not show a violation but merely that their violation claim is
“colorable.” Id. at 513 (citing Bell v. Hood, 327 U.S. 678, 681-85 (1946)). Additionally,
if a violation is not a prerequisite to jurisdiction, the district court erred in admitting and
weighing evidence extrinsic to the pleadings in resolving the Rule 12(b)(1) motion.

        III.A.1.        The Distinction between a Jurisdictional Prerequisite and an
                        Essential Ingredient of a Federal Claim to Relief
        In finding that it did not have jurisdiction over Plaintiffs breach of contract claim,
the district court relied upon Bauer v. RBX Industries, Inc., 368 F.3d 569 (6th Cir. 2004).
Giving Bauer an exceedingly broad reading, the district court held that plaintiffs in a
§ 301 action must demonstrate a contractual violation to establish jurisdiction. Tackett,
523 F. Supp. 2d at 691-92. The district court’s interpretation of Bauer was over-broad.
More importantly, the Supreme Court and this Court have both subsequently rejected the
district court’s requirement.

        After the Bauer decision, the Supreme Court clarified the distinction between a
jurisdictional prerequisite and an essential ingredient of a federal claim to relief and
provided a test that courts must use to determine what showing is required to establish
jurisdiction and what showing is required to establish the merits of their claims. In
Arbaugh, the plaintiff sued for alleged violations of Title VII. Id. at 503-04. Title VII
says that “[e]ach . . . United States district court . . . shall have jurisdiction of actions
brought under this subchapter.” Id. at 505-06 (citing 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(f)(3)). Title
VII “makes it unlawful ‘for an employer . . . to discriminate,’ . . . on the basis of sex.”
Id. at 503 (citing 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(a)(1)). Separately, Title VII defines “employer”
to only include those employers with “fifteen or more employees.” Id. at 504 (citing 42
U.S.C. § 2000e(b)). The central issue in Arbaugh was whether this statutory “employee-
numerosity requirement” was a “jurisdictional” prerequisite, or merely an “essential
ingredient[]” of the plaintiff’s claim. Arbaugh, 546 U.S. at 513.

        In resolving this central issue, the Arbaugh Court first criticized the frequent
sloppiness in courts’ treatment of motions to dismiss, noting that courts too often
Nos. 07-4515/4516            Tackett, et al. v. M&G Polymers, et al.                   Page 8


“conflated” Rule 12(b)(6) merits motions with Rule 12(b)(1) jurisdictional motions. Id.
at 511. To remedy this, the Supreme Court established a bright line rule:

        If the Legislature clearly states that a threshold limitation on a statute’s
        scope shall count as jurisdictional, then courts and litigants will be duly
        instructed and will not be left to wrestle with the issue. . . . But when
        Congress does not rank a statutory limitation on coverage as
        jurisdictional, courts should treat the restriction as non-jurisdictional in
        character.
Id. at 515-16 (citations omitted) (emphasis added).

        In determining whether Congress intended courts to treat the employee-
numerosity requirement as jurisdictional, the Supreme Court noted that Title VII gave
no indication that a district court should raise and resolve the employee-numerosity
requirement on its own. Id. at 514.

        In concluding that Congress did not intend to rank the employee-numerosity
requirement as jurisdictional, the Court identified two additional practical considerations
that supported its holding: the discretion that district courts enjoy when their fact-finding
overlaps with the merits of the claims and judicial efficiency. Id. A district court can
resolve disputed facts that underlie a jurisdictional prerequisite in a 12(b)(1) motion, but
when the prerequisite is intertwined with the merits, this fact-finding undercuts the jury’s
role as the “proper trier of contested facts.” Id. Additionally, because subject-matter
jurisdiction defects can be raised at any stage of litigation, and because a lack of subject-
matter jurisdiction requires dismissal of pendent state-law claims, a district court may
be required to dismiss state claims after expending considerable judicial resources. Id.

        III.A.2.        Application of Arbaugh in the Sixth Circuit

        After oral argument in this case, this Court reexamined Bauer and its § 301
jurisprudence in light of the Arbaugh decision. Winnett v. Caterpillar, Inc., 553 F.3d
1000, 1004-07 (6th Cir. 2009). In Winnett, this Court overruled the Bauer decision and
held that “the existence of a union contract is an element of Plaintiffs’ merits claim, not
a limit on federal subject-matter jurisdiction.” Id. at 1007.
Nos. 07-4515/4516            Tackett, et al. v. M&G Polymers, et al.                  Page 9


        In reaching this decision, the Winnett Court started with an examination of
Congressional intent. Id. at 1005-06 (“Arbaugh now tells us to ask: Did Congress
‘clearly state[],’ 546 U.S. at 515, that the existence of a union contract is a jurisdictional
prerequisite for a Section 301(a) claim?”). In determining whether Congress intended
a contract to be a jurisdictional prerequisite, the Court noted that the only reference to
jurisdiction in § 301 was to personal jurisdiction and in that reference the statute had not
“impose[d] new barriers” to federal courts, but had “ease[d] access.” Id. at 1006.
Additionally, § 301 includes all of the prima facie elements of the cause of action in the
jurisdiction-conferring provision.      The Court reasoned that, if a contract is a
jurisdictional prerequisite, then likely each other prima facie requirement in § 301
functions as a jurisdictional prerequisite. The Winnett Court was “reluctant to conclude
that Congress intended to create a cause of action that has no non-jurisdictional
elements.” Id.

        After finding no indication that Congress “clearly state[d]” that courts should
treat a contract as jurisdictional, the Court went on to address the “real-world
considerations” associated with treating a contract as jurisdictional. Id. This additional
analysis after examining Congressional intent was drawn from the Arbaugh decision:
“Arbaugh also tells us not to just look at labels but also pragmatically to consider the
consequences of giving a jurisdictional label to an element of a cause of action.” Id.
The Winnett Court then pointed out that, when a district court finds a jurisdictional
defect, the court must dismiss even meritorious pendent state-law claims, despite the
time and resources the court and parties have expended on the case. Id. at 1007 (noting
the “wasteful inefficiencies on the parties or the courts”).

        As directed by the Supreme Court in Arbaugh and the Winnett Court, we
conclude that Congress did not “clearly state[]” an intent to treat the violation language
as jurisdictional. See id. at 1005-06. Additionally, after examining the “real-world
considerations” of labeling the violation language as jurisdictional, we find the district
court’s interpretation would wreak havoc. See id. at 1006.
Nos. 07-4515/4516            Tackett, et al. v. M&G Polymers, et al.                  Page 10


        The Winnett Court has already determined that Congress did not intend the
“contract” language in § 301 as jurisdictional. We agree and hold that Congress did not
“clearly state[]” that courts should treat the violation language as jurisdictional for the
same reasons identified by the Winnett Court. The language of § 301 suggests that a
violation is not a prerequisite to jurisdiction: “Suits for violation of contracts . . . may be
brought in any district court of the United States having jurisdiction of the parties . . . .”
29 U.S.C.§ 185(a) (emphasis added.) If we were to consider a violation a jurisdictional
prerequisite, Congress would be requiring a district court to determine whether a
violation had occurred before it could decide at the merits stage whether a violation had
occurred. This cannot be the result intended by Congress with the use of the violation
language.

        This conclusion is bolstered here, even more so than in Winnett, by the “real-
world considerations” associated with labeling a violation as a jurisdictional prerequisite.
Winnett, 533 F.3d at 1006. First, the LMRA gives the district court jurisdiction over
“[s]uits for violation of contracts.” Section 301 does not limit jurisdiction to “suits
where a violation of contract has been established.” The district court will consider the
same set of underlying facts when deciding if there was a violation to support
jurisdiction and when deciding if the Plaintiffs should ultimately succeed on the merits
of their claim. Any merits-related fact-finding by a district court during a jurisdictional
determination undercuts the jury’s traditional role as “the proper trier of contested facts.”
See Arbaugh, 545 U.S. at 514 (citations omitted).

        Second, as both Winnett and Arbaugh noted, “when a court lacks subject matter
jurisdiction over a claim, it must immediately dismiss not just that claim but any pendent
state-law claims as well–no matter how late in the case the district or appellate court
identifies the jurisdictional defect.” Winnett, 553 F.3d at 1007 (citing Arbaugh, 546 U.S.
at 514). For example, a case may go all the way to a jury trial on a § 301 claim and
pendent state-law claims. If the jury finds that the state-law claims are meritorious but
also that a plaintiff did not establish a violation of a labor contract, the court would be
required to dismiss these meritorious state-law claims after expending considerable
Nos. 07-4515/4516                Tackett, et al. v. M&G Polymers, et al.                         Page 11


judicial resources on their adjudication. This required dismissal may “impose . . .
wasteful inefficiencies on the parties or the courts.” Id.

         These inefficiencies become exacerbated in the context of a § 301 action. In
Charles Dowd Box Co. v. Courtney, 368 U.S. 502, 502 (1962), the Supreme Court
addressed concurrent federal and state court jurisdiction over claims for a violation of
a collective bargaining agreement. The Court held that state courts have concurrent
jurisdiction over § 301 claims. Id. at 521-22 (“We agree with the Supreme Judicial
Court of Massachusetts that the courts of that Commonwealth had jurisdiction in this
case, and we accordingly affirm the judgment before us.”); see also, Valinski v. Detroit
Edison, 197 Fed. Appx. 403, 407 (6th Cir. 2006) (“State courts have concurrent
jurisdiction over § 301 claims, but must of course apply federal law.”). If Plaintiffs’
claim for breach of contract is dismissed for lack of jurisdiction, res judicata does not
prevent re-litigation of the breach of contract claim in a state court with plenary
jurisdiction. See 18A CHARLES ALAN WRIGHT & ARTHUR R. MILLER, FEDERAL
PRACTICE      AND   PROCEDURE § 4436 (“The basic rule that dismissal for lack of
subject-matter jurisdiction does not preclude a second action on the same claim is well
settled.”).

         Accordingly, we hold that the district court erred in dismissing the Plaintiffs’
claims for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction.5

III.B. Rule 12(b)(6)

         After dismissing the Plaintiffs’ LMRA claim for lack of jurisdiction, the district
court then assumed that it had jurisdiction and dismissed the Plaintiffs’ complaint for
failure to state a claim. We now address the district court’s grant of the Defendants’
12(b)(6) motion. The district court “decline[d] to consider material extrinsic to the
pleadings in regard to the motion to dismiss,” and therefore did not convert the 12(b)(6)



         5
           The Defendants ask this Court to affirm the district court’s holding under Rule 12(b)(1) because
the Plaintiffs have failed to present a colorable claim. We need not address this argument because below
we conclude that the Plaintiffs have sufficiently stated a claim under the more rigorous Rule 12(b)(6)
standard.
Nos. 07-4515/4516               Tackett, et al. v. M&G Polymers, et al.                       Page 12


motion into a motion for summary judgment. Tackett, 523 F. Supp. 2d at 693.6 The
Defendants say that we should affirm that district court’s 12(b)(6) ruling, or,
alternatively, convert this into a Rule 56 motion and consider materials outside the
pleadings. The Defendants say that conversion is appropriate because both parties
submitted, and the district court considered, extrinsic materials in the Rule 12(b)(1)
analysis.

         Under our 12(b)(1) analysis above, we did not consider matters outside the
pleadings. Rule 12(b)(6), besides some minor exceptions, does not permit courts to
consider evidence extrinsic to the pleadings. See Tellabs, Inc. v. Makor Issues & Rights,
Ltd., 127 S.Ct. 2499, 2509 (2007) (citing 5B WRIGHT & MILLER § 1357). If, however,
as the Defendants urge, we convert the 12(b)(6) motion into a Rule 56 motion, we would
need to examine all of the extrinsic materials the parties submitted. Accordingly, we
will first address whether such an examination is necessary, and decide if the
Defendants’ Rule 12(b)(6) motion should be converted into a Rule 56 motion on appeal.

         III.B.1.          Rule 12(d) Conversion

         When a court considers matters outside the pleadings in a Rule 12(b)(6) motion,
Rule 12(d) requires that “the motion must be treated as one for summary judgment under
Rule 56.” FED. R. CIV. P. 12(d). A district court may convert the motion sua sponte.
This conversion, however, “should be exercised with great caution and attention to the
parties’ procedural rights.” 5C WRIGHT & MILLER § 1366.

         In the Sixth Circuit, before a district court may convert the motion sua sponte,
the “district court must afford the party against whom sua sponte summary judgment is
to be entered ten-days notice and an adequate opportunity to respond.” Yashon v.
Gregory, 737 F.2d 547, 552 (6th Cir. 1984). Despite this “clearly established rule,” an
appeals court will reverse for failure to notify only if the losing party can “demonstrate
prejudice.” Id.; Harrington v. Vandalia-Butler Bd. of Educ., 649 F.2d 434, 436 (6th Cir.


         6
          The district court noted the “unusual” procedural posture of the case, which allowed the court
to consider the Letter Agreements in a 12(b)(1) motion, but not in the 12(b)(6) motion. Tackett, 523 F.
Supp. 2d at 692.
Nos. 07-4515/4516            Tackett, et al. v. M&G Polymers, et al.                Page 13


1981) (“A District Court’s failure to comply with the ten-day requirement of Rule 56(c)
is subject to the harmless error rule.”).

        Yashon states that the notice requirement is flexible and that a failure to give
notice will result in reversal only if there was sufficient prejudice to the non-moving
party. See 5C WRIGHT & MILLER § 1366 (“[T]he absence of formal notice will be
excused when it is harmless or when the parties were otherwise apprised of the
conversion . . . and, in fact, had a sufficient opportunity to present the materials relevant
to a summary judgment motion.”).

        In asking this court to convert the 12(b)(6) motion sua sponte, the Defendants
point to Cunningham v. Osram Sylvania, Inc., 221 Fed. Appx. 420, 423 (6th Cir. 2007),
an unreported Sixth Circuit opinion where the district court granted the defendant’s
12(b)(6) motion to dismiss, but considered materials extrinsic to the pleadings. On
appeal, the parties conceded that, although the district court decided the motion under
Rule 12(b)(6), “a decision under Rule 56 was appropriate.” Id. This Court did not
reverse because the district court committed a “technical error” and merely mislabeled
its analysis: the district court’s decision was the “functional equivalent” of a Rule 56
determination. Id.

        Cunningham involved the review of a district court opinion that was the
“functional equivalent” of a ruling under Rule 56. The merits analysis presented here
under Rule 12(b)(1), however, was not at all the functional equivalent of a Rule 56
determination. Here, the district court weighed and resolved the claim without viewing
“the facts, and all inferences to be drawn from them, in the light most favorable to the
nonmoving party.” Abercrombie & Fitch Stores, Inc. v. Am. Eagle Outfitters, Inc., 280
F.3d 619, 629 (6th Cir. 2002) (citing Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp.,
475 U.S. 574, 587 (1986)). Additionally, the district court made no conclusions
regarding whether the claim presented any “genuine issue as to any material fact.” FED.
R. CIV. P. 56(c).

        Because the district court’s ruling was not the functional equivalent of a Rule 56
ruling, we decline the Defendants’ invitation to base our ruling on Rule 56. Therefore,
Nos. 07-4515/4516           Tackett, et al. v. M&G Polymers, et al.                Page 14


we will not consider matters extrinsic to the pleadings and we will proceed to review the
district court’s Rule 12(b)(6) analysis.

        III.B.2.        Rule 12(b)(6) Standard

        In deciding a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, a district court must (1) view the complaint
in the light most favorable to the plaintiff and (2) take all well-pleaded factual
allegations as true. Gunasekera v. Irwin, 551 F.3d 461, 466 (6th Cir. 2009) (citations
omitted). But the district court need not accept a “bare assertion of legal conclusions.”
Columbia Natural Res., Inc. v. Tatum, 58 F.3d 1101, 1109 (6th Cir.1995).

        In Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 554, 127 S.Ct. 1955, 1974, 1965
(2007), the Supreme Court said that, when viewing the complaint under the above
standards, to survive a motion to dismiss a complaint must contain (1) “enough facts to
state a claim to relief that is plausible,” (2) more than “a formulaic recitation of a cause
of action’s elements,” and (3) allegations that suggest a “right to relief above a
speculative level.”

        Just weeks after the Twombly decision, however, the Supreme Court cited
Twombly to reaffirm the liberal pleading standard in Rule 8(a)(2): “Rule . . . 8(a)(2)
requires only a ‘short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is
entitled to relief.’ Specific facts are not necessary; the statement need only ‘give the
defendant fair notice of what the . . . claim is and the grounds upon which it rests.’”
Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 127 S.Ct. 2197, 2200 (2007) (quoting Twombly, 127
S. Ct. at 1964). On several occasions, the Sixth Circuit has identified “uncertainty
regarding the scope of Twombly,” and noted that Twombly may be “limited to expensive,
complicated litigation.” Gunasekera, 551 F.3d at 466. In reviewing a motion to dismiss,
“[w]e read Twombly and Erickson in conjunction with one another.” Sensations, Inc. v.
City of Grand Rapids, 526 F.3d 291, 295-96 (6th Cir. 2008).

        We will now address whether the Plaintiffs have sufficiently pleaded their
LMRA and ERISA claims to survive a Rule 12(b)(6) motion.
Nos. 07-4515/4516                   Tackett, et al. v. M&G Polymers, et al.                              Page 15


                    III.B.2.a.          Section 301 Pleading Sufficiency

          The parties dispute whether the Plaintiffs have plausibly alleged a violation of
the CBA. The Plaintiffs allege that Defendants unilaterally modified the Plaintiffs’
vested health-care benefits. Health-care benefits vest only if the parties so intend. Noe
v. Polyone Corp., 520 F.3d 548, 552 (6th Cir. 2008). If the parties do not intend to vest
the benefits, the former employer can modify the retiree benefits without breaching a
collective bargaining agreement.

          In determining whether the parties intended health care benefits to vest, this
Court applies the principles first described in UAW v. Yard-Man, 716 F.3d 1476, 1479
(6th Cir. 1983). In Yard-Man, we held that, when interpreting a collective bargaining
agreement, a court must start with the “explicit language.” Id. General principles of
contract interpretation should guide a district court’s interpretation of the explicit
language.7 “When a contractual provision is ambiguous, the court may turn to extrinsic
evidence.” UAW v. BVR Liquidating, Inc., 190 F.3d 768, 774 (6th Cir. 1999). Language
in a collective bargaining agreement that “equate[es] eligibility for retiree health benefits
with eligibility for a pension” suggests an intent to vest. McCoy v. Meridian Auto. Sys.,
Inc., 390 F.3d 417, 421 (6th Cir. 2004) (citing Golden v. Kelsey-Hayes Co., 73 F.3d 648
(6th Cir. 1996)).

          Courts reviewing a collective bargaining agreement must also keep in mind the
context of labor-management negotiations on retiree health-care benefits: “because
retirement health care benefits are not mandatory or required to be included in an
agreement, and because they are ‘typically understood as a form of delayed
compensation or reward for past services’ it is unlikely that they would be ‘left to the
contingencies of future negotiations.’” Yolton v. El Paso Tenn. Pipeline Co., 435 F.3d
571, 580 (6th Cir. 2006) (quoting Yard-Man, 716 F.2d at 1481-82).


          7
            In interpreting a CBA, courts must (1) “look to the explicit language,” (2) evaluate that language
“in light of the context” that led to its use, (3) “interpret each provision . . . as part of the integrated whole,”
(4) construe each provision “consistently with the entire document and the relative positions and purposes
of the parties,” (5) construe the terms “so as to render none nugatory” and to “avoid illusory promises,”
(6) look to other words and phrases in the document to resolve ambiguities, and (7) “review the
interpretation . . . for consistency with federal labor policy.” Yard-Man, 716 F.2d at 1479-80.
Nos. 07-4515/4516           Tackett, et al. v. M&G Polymers, et al.                Page 16


       Here, the Plaintiffs have pointed to language in the collective bargaining
agreement sufficient to survive a 12(b)(6) motion. In their Complaint, the Plaintiffs
pointed to language in the November 6, 2000 CBA between M&G and the USW:

       Employees who retire on or after January 1, 1996 and who are eligible
       for and receiving a monthly pension under the 1993 Pension Plan . . .
       whose full years of attained age and full years of attained continuous
       service . . . at the time of retirement equals 95 or more points will receive
       a full Company contribution towards the cost of [health-care]
       benefits. . . . Employees who have less than 95 points at the time of
       retirement will receive a reduced Company contribution. The Company
       contribution will be reduced by 2% for every point less than 95.
       Employees will be required to pay the balance of the health care
       contribution, as estimated by the Company annually in advance, for the
       [health-care] benefits . . . . Failure to pay the required medical
       contribution will result in cancellation of coverage.
(emphasis added).

       The district court held that the “full Company contribution” language meant “that
qualifying retirees will receive the total amount of the company’s potential contribution
toward the cost of health benefits.” Tackett, 523 F. Supp. 2d at 695. The district court
found that the language,“[e]mployees will be required to pay the balance of the health
care contribution,” supported its reading. Id. at 696.

       We disagree with the district court’s reading of the relevant portions of the CBA.
First, the “full Company contribution” language suggests that the parties intended the
employer to cover the full cost of health-care benefits for those employees meeting the
age and term-of-service requirements. Keeping in mind the context of the labor-
management negotiations identified in Yard-Man, we find it unlikely that Plaintiff USW
would agree to language that ensures its members a “full Company contribution,” if the
company could unilaterally change the level of contribution. The CBA has no limitation
on the amount of a company contribution and if the Defendants’ argument were
accepted, the company presumably could lower the contribution to zero without
violating this language. Such a promise would be illusory.
Nos. 07-4515/4516           Tackett, et al. v. M&G Polymers, et al.               Page 17


       Second, the limiting language, “[e]mployees will be required to pay the balance
of the health care contribution,” follows the provision requiring contributions by those
retirees who had not attained the requisite seniority points. From the placement of this
language, we can reasonably infer that it did not apply to all retirees, but only to those
retirees who had not attained the requisite seniority points.

       Third, the collective bargaining agreement tied eligibility for health-care benefits
to pension benefits. This is another factor indicating that the parties intended the health
care benefits to vest upon retirement.

       We hold that the Plaintiffs’ Complaint presented a plausible claim that the parties
intended to vest health-care benefits. Accordingly, we hold that the district court erred
in granting the Defendants’ Rule 12(b)(6) motion on the § 301 claim.

               III.B.2.b.      Sufficiency of Pleadings for ERISA § 502(a)(1)(B)
                               Violation of Employee Welfare Benefit Plan Claim
        ERISA § 502(a)(1)(B) allows a plan “participant or beneficiary” to bring a civil
action to “recover benefits due to him under the terms of the plan, to enforce his rights
under the terms of the plan, or to clarify his rights to future benefits under the terms of
the plan.” 29 U.S.C. § 1132.

       As noted above in the discussion of § 301, health-care benefits, as opposed to
pension benefits, do not mandatorily vest. Sprague v. Gen. Motors, 133 F.3d 388, 400
(6th Cir. 1998) (en banc). Employers, therefore, “are generally free under ERISA, for
any reason at any time, to adopt, modify, or terminate welfare plans.” Id. (quoting
Curtiss-Wright Corp. v. Schoonejongen, 514 U.S. 73, 78 (1995)). But employers may
vest health care benefits if they choose to do so. Id. at 400. When the plan document
at issue is a collective bargaining agreement, the interpretative principles outlined in
Yard-Man govern a court’s determination of the parties’ intent to vest health-care
benefits. Maurer v. Joy Techs., Inc., 212 F.3d 907, 917 (6th Cir. 2000) (noting the
Nos. 07-4515/4516                Tackett, et al. v. M&G Polymers, et al.                        Page 18


continued application of Yard-Man to ERISA cases involving a collective bargaining
agreement).8

          The determination above that the parties intended health-care benefits to vest
carries over to the ERISA § 502(a)(1)(B) claim. The Plaintiffs have therefore presented
a plausible claim under ERISA § 502(a)(1)(B).

                  III.B.2.c.        Sufficiency of Pleadings under ERISA 502(a)(3) Claim
                                    for Violation of Fiduciary Duties and Violation of Benefit
                                    Plan
         ERISA § 502(a)(3) allows a plan “participant, beneficiary, or fiduciary” to bring
a civil action:

         (A) to enjoin any act or practice which violates any provision of this
         subchapter or the terms of the plan, or (B) to obtain other appropriate
         equitable relief (i) to redress such violations or (ii) to enforce any
         provisions of this subchapter or the terms of the plan.
29 U.S.C. § 1132(a)(3). Section 502(a)(3) is a “catchall” for ERISA violations, Varity
Corp v. Howe, 516 U.S. 489, 511 (1996), that allows courts to provide “appropriate”
equitable relief. 29 U.S.C. § 1132(a)(3). But § 502(a)(3) is not an appropriate means
to relief when a plaintiff merely “repackage[s]” a § 502(a)(1)(B) claim: “Where
Congress has elsewhere provided means to adequate relief for a beneficiary’s injury,
there will likely be no need for further equitable relief, in which case [§ 502(a)(3)] relief
normally would not be appropriate.” Varity, 516 U.S. at 515. In Varity, the Supreme
Court allowed a plaintiff’s fiduciary claims based on alleged employer
misrepresentations to go forward when the plaintiff lacked a remedy under
§ 502(a)(1)(B). Id.

         Although the Varity Court, in allowing the § 502(a)(3) claim, emphasized that
the plaintiff could not have brought a § 502(a)(1)(B) claim, the Sixth Circuit sometimes



         8
           Defendant M&G points us to language in Sprague that it argues limits Yard-Man’s application:
“Because vesting of welfare plan benefits is not required by law, an employer's commitment to vest such
benefits is not to be inferred lightly.” Sprague, 133 F.3d at 400. Although the Defendant seems to contend
that Sprague tacitly overruled the principles defined in Yard-Man, this Court has already rejected that
argument. See Maurer, 212 F.3d at 917.
Nos. 07-4515/4516                  Tackett, et al. v. M&G Polymers, et al.                    Page 19


allows a plaintiff to bring claims under both §§ 502(a)(3) and 502(a)(1)(B). Hill v. Blue
Cross & Blue Shield of Mich., 409 F.3d 710, 718 (6th Cir. 2005). The Hill Court
allowed a plaintiff to bring claims under both sections when § 502(a)(1)(B) would not
provide the complete relief the plaintiff sought. There the plaintiff complained of an
“improper methodology for handling all of the . . . claims.” Hill, 409 F.3d at 718. The
Court held that the plaintiff had pleaded sufficient facts to support a § 502(a)(1)(B) for
unpaid benefits.

        But the plaintiff in Hill also brought a claim for injunctive relief under
§ 502(a)(3) to require the defendant “to alter the manner in which it administers all of
the . . . claims.” Id. The Court noted that this § 502(a)(3) claim was for “plan-wide
injunctive relief, not [for] individual-benefit payments.” Id. Although the plaintiff had
the ability to seek damages for improperly denied benefits, the Court allowed the
plaintiff to proceed on both claims because “[o]nly injunctive relief of the type available
under § [502(a)(3)] will provide the complete relief sought.” Id.

        Relevant to a § 502(a)(3) claim, the Retiree Plaintiffs sought an injunction to
prevent Defendant M&G from terminating their vested benefits in the future.
Additionally, the Retiree Plaintiffs sought equitable relief to return them to their position
before the Defendants’ breach.9 In appealing the district court’s dismissal of their
§ 502(a)(3) claim, the Retiree Plaintiffs note that they claim “allegations of plan-wide
breaches of fiduciary duty.”




        9
            In their Complaint, Plaintiffs said:
        Plaintiffs request that this Court[ a]ward Class Members retiree health care benefits,
        pursuant to the terms of the applicable collective bargaining agreements and the Plans,
        and such monetary damages and/or equitable relief as necessary to restore Class
        Members to the positions in which they would have been and should be but for
        defendants' contractual and statutory violations and wrongful conduct.
        ...
        Plaintiffs request that this Court[ a]ward Class Members retiree health care benefits,
        pursuant to the terms of the applicable collective bargaining agreements and the Plans,
        and such monetary damages and/or equitable relief as necessary to restore Class
        Members to the positions in which they would have been and should be but for
        defendants' contractual and statutory violations and wrongful conduct.
Nos. 07-4515/4516                Tackett, et al. v. M&G Polymers, et al.                         Page 20


         The mere recitation of the “plan-wide” language lifted from Hill will not justify
a claim under § 502(a)(3) when § 502(a)(1)(B) relief is available. Hill involved an
improper denial of benefits in the past and a current “improper methodology” for
calculating benefits. 409 F.3d at 718. The Retiree Plaintiffs do not present an allegation
of a flawed, systemic plan-wide methodology of calculating benefits.10

         Instead, the Retiree Plaintiffs asked the district court for recovery of health
benefits due under the plan (including monetary damages), a declaration of their rights
to health benefits under the plan, and an injunction prohibiting the plan administrator
from modifying or terminating retiree health benefits in the future. All of these remedies
are cognizable under § 502(a)(1)(B). See Mass. Mut. Life Ins. Co. v. Russell, 473 U.S.
134, 147 (1985) (explaining that there are three distinct remedies available under
§ 502(a)(1)(B): “an action . . . [1] to recover accrued benefits, [2] to obtain a declaratory
judgment that [a participant or beneficiary] is entitled to benefits under the provisions
of the plan contracts, and [3] to enjoin the plan administrator from improperly refusing
to pay benefits in the future”). The Retiree Plaintiffs’ additional claims for equitable
relief pursuant to § 502(a)(3) are simply repackaged claims for benefits. Because
§ 502(a)(1)(B) fully provides a means for the relief sought by the Retiree Plaintiffs,
further equitable relief pursuant to § 502(a)(3) is unavailable. Accordingly, we affirm
the district court’s dismissal fo the Retiree Plaintiffs’ § 502(a)(3) claims for failure to
state a claim under Rule 12(b)(6).

         Before concluding, we also note that, in briefings before the district court, the
Retiree Plaintiffs submitted extrinsic evidence alleging that the Defendants made
misrepresentations about the Plan. The Retiree Plaintiffs proffered the declaration of a
former Plant employee, Rodric R. Ball II, who retired in 1999 when M&G owned the
plant. Ball stated that, during a 1998 meeting concerning retirement benefits, employees


         10
            Hill differs from this case in several other important ways. In Hill, five named plaintiffs
brought a putative class action against a defendant ERISA plan administrator. This Court held that only
one of the named plaintiffs could successfully bring an action under § 502(a)(1)(B) for money damages
because the other four named plaintiffs had failed to exhaust their remedies. The Court said that futility
would not excuse the failure to exhaust administrative remedies prior to bringing the § 502(a)(1)(B) claim.
Additionally, the Court held that exhaustion was important because of the “fact-intensive” nature of the
individual claims under § 502(a)(1)(B). Hill, 409 F.3d at 723.
Nos. 07-4515/4516                  Tackett, et al. v. M&G Polymers, et al.                            Page 21


were “promise[d] . . . health coverage . . . at ‘no cost.’” Declarant Ball provided a two-
page document that reads under the heading MEDICAL: “Continued coverage at no cost
under the current P&I Agreement.”

         Because the Retiree Plaintiffs included none of the facts or allegations Ball
described in their Amended Complaint, we decline to consider the declaration. We note,
however, that the district court has discretion to permit a second amendment to the
complaint “when justice so requires.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a)(2).11

                                             IV. Conclusion

         We hold that the district court erred in treating a violation as a jurisdictional
prerequisite and that it therefore erred in granting the Defendants’ 12(b)(1) motion on
the Plaintiffs’ § 301 claim. We additionally hold that the district court erred in
concluding that the Plaintiffs had failed to state a claim for relief in their Amended
Complaint, thereby erring in granting the Defendants’ 12(b)(6) motion on the § 301 and
ERISA claims. Finally, we affirm the district court’s dismissal of the Plaintiffs’
§ 502(a)(3) claim. Accordingly, we REVERSE and REMAND.




         11
            Without passing on the merit of a § 502(a)(3) claim incorporating Ball’s Declaration, we note
that the analysis presented above on duplicative relief would not apply to a § 502(a)(3) claim based on the
misrepresentation if the district court eventually determines that the Retiree Plaintiffs did not have a vested
right to health-care benefits. If the district court determines that the Retiree Plaintiffs did not have vested
health-care benefits, the Retiree Plaintiffs, like the plaintiffs in Varity, would have “no ‘benefits due [them]
under the terms of [the] plan.’” Varity, 516 U.S. at 515.
