[Cite as Zidron v. Metts, 2017-Ohio-1118.]


                              IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO

                                   TENTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

Amy M. Zidron, D.O.,                               :

                 Appellant,                        :

v.                                                 :

Bradley Metts, et al.,                             :               No. 15AP-1049
                                                               (Ct. of Cl. No. 2014-00223)

                 Plaintiffs-Appellees,             :
                                                           (REGULAR CALENDAR)
v.                                                 :

Ohio University Heritage College of                :
Osteopathic Medicine,
                                                   :
                 Defendant-Appellee.
                                                   :


                                             D E C I S I O N

                                     Rendered on March 28, 2017


                 On brief: Hanna, Campbell & Powell, and Douglas G.
                 Leak; Poling Law Firm, and Frederick A. Sewards for
                 appellant. Argued: Douglas G. Leak.

                 On brief: Michael DeWine, Attorney General, and Brian M.
                 Kneafsey, Jr., for appellee Ohio University Heritage College
                 of Osteopathic Medicine. Argued: Brian M. Kneafsey, Jr.

                             APPEAL from the Court of Claims of Ohio

BRUNNER, J.
        {¶ 1} Appellant, Amy M. Zidron, D.O. ("Dr. Zidron"), appeals from a judgment of
the Court of Claims of Ohio finding that she was not entitled to personal immunity
pursuant to R.C. 9.86 and 2743.02. For the reasons that follow, we affirm.
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No. 15AP-1049
I.      FACTS & PROCEDURAL HISTORY
         {¶ 2} On March 7, 2014, plaintiffs-appellees, Bradley Metts ("Bradley"), a minor,
and his father, Mark Daniel "Danny" Metts, II ("Danny" and the plaintiffs together,
"Metts"), filed a complaint against defendant-appellee, Ohio University Heritage College
of Osteopathic Medicine ("OU-HCOM"). Metts asserted a claim for medical negligence,
alleging that OU-HCOM and/or OU-HCOM's employees failed to "diagnose and properly
treat" Bradley's "significant ear infection" and that this resulted in severe, permanent
injury, including "mastoiditis, meningitis, cerebral edema, myocardial infarction, muscle
atrophy and immobility, impaired cognition, and incontinence." (Mar. 7, 2014 Compl. at
¶ 6-7.) Metts also asserted a claim for loss of consortium. The Court of Claims entered an
order of reference, pursuant to Civ.R. 53, for a magistrate to manage and preside over the
case.
         {¶ 3} On August 28, 2014, Metts, already being in the Court of Claims, requested
an immunity determination of a doctor who had treated Bradley, Dr. Zidron, pursuant to
R.C. 2743.02(F) to decide whether Dr. Zidron was entitled to personal immunity under
R.C. 9.86. Dr. Zidron had asserted personal immunity in a related action captioned Metts
v. Nationwide Children's Hospital, Franklin C.P. No. 14CV-002543. The magistrate in
the Court of Claims granted Metts' motion and scheduled an evidentiary hearing for
February 18, 2015.
         {¶ 4} The facts presented at the hearing demonstrated that Bradley went to the
offices of University Medical Associates, Inc. ("UMA") on October 28, 2013 complaining
of an earache and a fever. Bradley's appointment was at 10:45 a.m. and scheduled with
Dr. Zidron. Although Bradley was "[a] patient of the pediatrics group" at UMA, Dr.
Zidron had never personally treated Bradley before October 28, 2013. (Feb. 18, 2015
Hearing Tr. at 85.) Dr. Zidron was in her fourth month in UMA's employment at that
time.
         {¶ 5} UMA is a private, non-profit organization with its own board of directors.
UMA is the exclusive practice group through which OU-HCOM faculty members are
permitted to practice medicine. UMA leases office space from Ohio University. Dr.
Zidron's employment with UMA commenced on July 1, 2013.
         {¶ 6} Dr. Zidron was also employed by OU-HCOM as an assistant professor in the
department of pediatrics. Dr. Zidron's duties as an assistant professor included "active
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No. 15AP-1049
classroom and laboratory teaching" and "clinical teaching." (Dr. Zidron Ex. 4 at 2,
Feb. 18, 2015 Hearing.) Dr. Zidron's employment with OU-HCOM was conditioned on
her entering into an employment agreement with UMA. (Dr. Zidron Ex. 4.) Dr. Zidron's
employment with OU-HCOM began a month after her employment with UMA on
August 1, 2013.
       {¶ 7} Dr. Zidron's annual salary from UMA was $123,000; her annual salary from
OU-HCOM was $27,000. (OU-HCOM Ex. A, Feb. 18, 2015 Hearing.) OU-HCOM agreed
to "reimburse UMA for [Dr. Zidron's] annual clinical salary" for "two consecutive years"
beginning "from the UMA clinical practice hire date." (Dr. Zidron Ex. 4 at 1.)
       {¶ 8} Dr. Zidron testified that most of her clinical teaching for OU-HCOM
occurred at the UMA offices. On October 28, 2013, Dr. Jacqueline Fisher accompanied
Dr. Zidron in her rounds at the UMA offices as part of Dr. Fisher's resident physician
training. Dr. Fisher was a resident participating in the Centers of Osteopathic Research
and Education ("CORE") program. Dr. Zidron testified that residents involved in CORE
would "come to UMA as part of their residency program requirements to rotate through
and learn their CORE requirement of pediatrics." (Hearing Tr. at 72-73.) Although Dr.
Zidron recalled that a resident accompanied her at the UMA offices on October 28, 2013,
Dr. Zidron stated that she had "no recollection one way or the other" of whether Dr.
Fisher was present in the room during Bradley's appointment. (Hearing Tr. at 53.)
       {¶ 9} On June 9, 2015, the magistrate of the Court of Claims issued a decision
finding that Dr. Zidron was not entitled to the immunity afforded by R.C. 9.86. The
magistrate observed that Dr. Zidron's duties "pursuant to her employment with OU-
HCOM included clinical teaching. Dr. Zidron's duties pursuant to her employment with
UMA included the clinical practice of medicine." (June 9, 2015 Mag.'s Decision at 5.) The
magistrate reviewed the evidence in the record and concluded that Dr. Fisher was not
present when Dr. Zidron treated Bradley. As such, the magistrate found that Dr. Zidron
was not engaged in clinical teaching when she treated Metts, and she was, therefore,
acting manifestly outside the scope of her state employment with OU-HCOM.
       {¶ 10} Dr. Zidron filed objections to the magistrate's decision on June 23, 2015.
OU-HCOM filed a response to Dr. Zidron's objections on July 6, 2015.
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No. 15AP-1049
         {¶ 11} On October 14, 2015, the Court of Claims entered judgment overruling Dr.
Zidron's objections and adopted the magistrate's decision as its own. Dr. Zidron's first
objection was that the magistrate erred by shifting the burden of proof from OU-HCOM to
Dr. Zidron. The Court of Claims observed that the magistrate's decision did not mention
anything about shifting the burden of proof, and it could find "no evidence to support the
assertion that the magistrate incorrectly placed the burden of proof on Dr. Zidron."
(Oct. 14, 2015 Decision at 2.) Dr. Zidron's second objection was that the magistrate erred
in finding that Dr. Zidron was not acting within the scope of her employment when the
alleged malpractice occurred. The Court of Claims stated that Dr. Zidron had testified
that she could not recall if Dr. Fisher was present when she treated Bradley and that the
electronic medical record demonstrated that Dr. Fisher never accessed Bradley's chart on
October 28, 2013. The Court of Claims concluded that there was "more evidence from
which the court [could] infer Dr. Zidron was not teaching and therefore not acting within
the scope of her employment with OU-HCOM when she treated [Bradley] Metts."
(Decision at 7.)
II. ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR
               I. The Trial Court Committed Prejudicial Error In Denying
               Amy Marie Zidron, D.O. Civil Immunity By Applying The
               Wrong Burden of Proof

               II. The Trial Court's Denial Of Civil Immunity For Amy Marie
               Zidron, D.O. Was Against The Manifest Weight Of the
               Evidence

         {¶ 12} For cogency of analysis, we address Dr. Zidron's second assignment of error
first.
III. SECOND ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR—MANIFEST WEIGHT OF THE
     EVIDENCE ON CIVIL IMMUNITY
         {¶ 13} Dr. Zidron argues in her second assignment of error that the Court of
Claims' denial of her defense of immunity was against the manifest weight of the
evidence. We disagree.
         {¶ 14} As a preliminary matter, Civ.R. 53 governs proceedings before a magistrate,
including objections to a magistrate's decision. Civ.R. 53(D)(4)(d) provides that "[i]f one
or more objections to a magistrate's decision are timely filed, the court shall rule on those
objections." "In reviewing objections to a magistrate's decision, the trial court must make
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No. 15AP-1049
an independent review of the matters objected to in order 'to ascertain [whether] the
magistrate has properly determined the factual issues and appropriately applied the
law.' " Randall v. Eclextions Lofts Condo. Assn., 10th Dist. No. 13AP-708, 2014-Ohio-
1847, ¶ 7, quoting Civ.R. 53(D)(4)(d). See also Roe v. Heap, 10th Dist. No. 03AP-586,
2004-Ohio-2504, ¶ 34, quoting Nolte v. Nolte, 60 Ohio App.2d 227 (8th Dist.1978),
paragraph two of the syllabus.
       {¶ 15} "If objections are filed, a trial court undertakes a de novo review of a
magistrate's decision." Meccon, Inc. v. Univ. of Akron, 10th Dist. No. 12AP-899, 2013-
Ohio-2563, ¶ 15, citing Mayle v. Ohio Dept. of Rehab. & Corr., 10th Dist. No. 09AP-541,
2010-Ohio-2774, ¶ 15. " 'However, the appellate standard of review when reviewing a trial
court's adoption of a magistrate's decision is an abuse of discretion.' " Id. A court of
appeals may only reverse a trial court's adoption of a magistrate's decision if the trial
court acted unreasonably or in an arbitrary manner. Id. As such, an abuse of discretion
connotes more than an error of law or judgment; it implies that the trial court's attitude is
unreasonable, arbitrary, or unconscionable. Blakemore v. Blakemore, 5 Ohio St.3d 217,
219 (1983). Claims of trial court error must be based on the trial court's decision and
judgment, as opposed to the magistrate's findings. Mayle at ¶ 15.
       {¶ 16} "With respect to manifest weight challenges, judgment supported by some
competent, credible evidence going to all the essential elements of the case will not be
reversed as being against the manifest weight of the evidence. " Meccon at ¶ 15, citing
Watson v. Ohio Dept. of Rehab. & Corr., 10th Dist. No. 11AP-606, 2012-Ohio-1017, ¶ 31,
citing C.E. Morris Co. v. Foley Constr. Co., 54 Ohio St.2d 279 (1978), syllabus. "Under
this standard of review, the appellate court weighs the evidence in order to determine
whether the trier of fact 'clearly lost its way and created such a manifest miscarriage of
justice that the [judgment] must be reversed.' " Caldwell v. Ohio State Univ., 10th Dist.
No. 01AP-997, 2002-Ohio-2393, ¶ 59, quoting State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380,
387 (1997). The appellate court, however, must bear in mind the trier of fact's superior,
first-hand perspective in judging the demeanor and credibility of witnesses.              Id.
Furthermore, "[t]he power to reverse on 'manifest weight' grounds should only be used in
exceptional circumstances, when 'the evidence weighs heavily against the [judgment.]' "
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No. 15AP-1049
Id., quoting Thompkins at 387. See also Siegel v. State, 10th Dist. No. 14AP-279, 2015-
Ohio-441, ¶ 48.
        {¶ 17} A personal immunity determination is governed by the application of R.C.
9.86 and 2743.02(F). R.C. 9.86 provides:

                 Except for civil actions that arise out of the operation of a
                 motor vehicle and civil actions in which the state is the
                 plaintiff, no officer or employee shall be liable in any civil
                 action that arises under the law of this state for damage or
                 injury caused in the performance of his duties, unless the
                 officer's or employee's actions were manifestly outside the
                 scope of his employment or official responsibilities, or unless
                 the officer or employee acted with malicious purpose, in bad
                 faith, or in a wanton or reckless manner.1

The Court of Claims has exclusive, original jurisdiction to determine whether a state
employee is personally immune from liability in a civil action under R.C. 9.86 or whether
the employee's conduct was manifestly outside the scope of his or her employment at the
time the cause of action arose. R.C. 2743.02(F); Johns v. Univ. of Cincinnati Med.
Assocs., 101 Ohio St.3d 234, 2004-Ohio-824, ¶ 1, 30. If the Court of Claims determines
that the state employee is immune from personal liability, the claimant must assert his or
her claims against the state and the state shall be liable for the employee's acts or
omissions if a claim is timely filed in the Court of Claims. R.C. 2743.02(A)(2). If the
Court of Claims finds that the state employee is not entitled to immunity, the employee
will be subject to suit in the court of common pleas. Conley v. Shearer, 64 Ohio St.3d
284, 292 (1992).
        {¶ 18} The term "scope of employment" is a concept that "denotes an agency
relationship in which the agent or employee is engaged in an activity that is logically
related to the business of the principal or employer." Theobald v. Univ. of Cincinnati, 111
Ohio St.3d 541, 2006-Ohio-6208, ¶ 15. For purposes of R.C. 9.86 immunity, a state
employee acts within the scope of employment if the employee's actions are " 'in
furtherance of the interests of the state.' " Id., quoting Conley at 287. When a health care
practitioner "has dual status as a private practitioner and as an employee of a state



1There has been no allegation in this case that Dr. Zidron acted with malicious purpose, in bad faith, or in a
wanton or reckless manner.
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No. 15AP-1049
medical institution," R.C. 9.86 immunity attaches only to actions taken while the
practitioner "is performing duties for the state." Theobald at ¶ 16.
       {¶ 19} In Theobald, the Supreme Court of Ohio acknowledged that the dual
employment status of healthcare practitioners in this state had caused courts to
"struggle[] to identify an appropriate analysis of the scope of employment for purposes of
personal immunity." Id. at ¶ 16. "In early cases, courts analyzed billing procedures and
other financial factors" to determine whether the state directly received the financial
benefits from the medical services rendered. Id. at ¶ 17. See Katko v. Balcerzak, 41
Ohio App.3d 375 (10th Dist.1987); York v. Univ. of Cincinnati Med. Ctr., 10th Dist. No.
95API09-1117 (Apr. 23, 1996); Kaiser v. Flege, 10th Dist. No. 98AP-146 (Sept. 22, 1998).
However, in cases like Norman v. Ohio State Univ. Hosp., 116 Ohio App.3d 69, 77 (10th
Dist.1996), and Ferguson v. Ohio State Univ. Med. Ctr., 10th Dist. No. 98AP-863
(Jun. 22, 1999), this Court began to expand the analysis and, as described by the
Supreme Court in Theobald, "to examine the physician's relationship with the patient"
and "to place less emphasis on the financial factors." Theobald at ¶ 18, 20.
       {¶ 20} The Theobald court observed that while "financial factors may be relevant
to the practitioner's status as a state employee * * * they do not necessarily establish
whether he or she was within the scope of that employment at the time a cause of action
arose." Id. at ¶ 23. The Supreme Court held that "the question of scope of employment
must turn on what the practitioner's duties are as a state employee and whether the
practitioner was engaged in those duties at the time of an injury." Id. Accordingly, "proof
of the content of the practitioner's duties is crucial." Id.
       {¶ 21} So, to determine whether a state employee is entitled to immunity under
R.C. 9.86, the Court of Claims in a R.C. 2743.02(F) immunity determination proceeding
must initially decide whether the practitioner is a dtate employee. An individual is a state
employee, for purposes of R.C. 9.86, if he or she is "employed by the state." R.C.
109.36(A)(1)(a). If the practitioner is not a state employee, no further analysis is needed,
and R.C. 9.86 does not endow individual immunity. See Theobald at ¶ 30.
       {¶ 22} If the practitioner is determined to be a state employee, the Court of Claims
must then examine the activities of the practitioner in question and determine whether
the practitioner was acting on behalf of the state when the patient was alleged to have
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No. 15AP-1049
been injured. Id. at ¶ 31. "If there is evidence that the practitioner's duties include the
education of students and residents, the court must determine whether the practitioner
was in fact educating a student or resident when the alleged negligence occurred." Id. See
Clevenger v. Univ. of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 10th Dist. No. 09AP-585, 2010-
Ohio-88, ¶ 9 (finding that a doctor was entitled to immunity, as the evidence
demonstrated that the doctor "was supervising and educating two separate interns during
his treatment of Ms. Clevenger").
       {¶ 23} The circumstances of the practitioner at the time are a question of fact,
while the question of immunity becomes one of law based on the facts. Barkan v. Ohio
State Univ., 10th Dist. No. 02AP-436, 2003-Ohio-985, ¶ 11.
       {¶ 24} In Dr. Zidron's case, her offer letter from OU-HCOM clearly conveyed that
she was employed by the state as an assistant professor of OU-HCOM's department of
pediatrics. (Dr. Zidron's Ex. 4.) Compare Theobald at ¶ 30 ("[i]f there is no express
contract of employment, the court may require other evidence to substantiate an
employment relationship"). Whether Dr. Zidron was acting as a state employee, that is,
supervising and educating Dr. Fisher, when she treated Bradley on October 28, 2013, is a
question of fact.
       {¶ 25} Dr. Zidron's offer letter from OU-HCOM conveyed that her state salary
would be based on the "percentage of time you will be committed to College activities
(20%) vs. clinical teaching activities (80%)." (Dr. Zidron Ex. 4 at 1.) Dr. Zidron testified
that "college activities" encompassed "contact time with medical students directly, so that
would be giving lectures for the medical students, facilitating small groups or helping with
clinical responsibilities for the first and second years." (Hearing Tr. 46-47.) The "clinical
activities" Dr. Zidron was to perform at OU-HCOM included supporting "the distinctive
concepts of osteopathic medicine," "meet[ing] the College's goal of producing competent,
compassionate physicians for the state of Ohio," and "provid[ing] active classroom and
laboratory teaching and leadership for the College's teaching programs, including clinical
teaching, and participation in faculty development programs." (Zidron Ex. 4 at 2.)
       {¶ 26} Elizabeth Maxon is the chief administrative officer for OU-HCOM. She
testified that Dr. Zidron's employment with OU-HCOM was for "teaching only." (Hearing
Tr. at 92.) Maxon stated that OU-HCOM had no control over Dr. Zidron's clinical duties.
                                                                                         9
No. 15AP-1049
(Hearing Tr. at 93.) Based on this evidence, the Court of Claims concluded that Dr.
Zidron's duties as a state employee included college activities and clinical teaching.
       {¶ 27} Dr. Zidron's employment with OU-HCOM was conditioned on her entering
into an employment agreement with UMA. (Dr. Zidron Ex. 4.) Dr. Zidron's annual salary
from UMA was $123,000, while her annual salary from OU-HCOM was $27,000. (OU-
HCOM Ex. A.) OU-HCOM agreed to "reimburse UMA for [Dr. Zidron's] annual clinical
salary" for "two consecutive years" beginning "from the UMA clinical practice hire date"
which was July 1, 2013. (Dr. Zidron Ex. 4 at 1.) It may be tempting to conflate the
university's 20/80 ratio of college teaching to clinical teaching with the salary split
between OU-HCOM and Dr. Zidron's activities with UMA (some of which was clinical
teaching when accompanied by a student or resident). But nothing in the record supports
this. Comparing the 20/80 ratio of college/clinical teaching activities for OU-HCOM with
her salary split, Dr. Zidron's overall $150,000 in annual income was not in the same
proportion, with an 18/82 income split between each OH-HCOM and UMA.
       {¶ 28} UMA's separate employment agreement required Dr. Zidron "render
medical and surgical services for UMA," to keep and maintain "appropriate records
relating to all professional services rendered," and to prepare reports and correspondence
that would "belong to UMA." (Dr. Zidron Ex. 1 at 1.) UMA scheduled patients for Dr.
Zidron, and UMA billed Dr. Zidron's patients for her services. UMA required Dr. Zidron
to be "on call" and to be available to work nights, weekends, and holidays. (Dr. Zidron Ex.
1 at 1.) UMA supplied Dr. Zidron with a medical office, facilities, equipment, and supplies
and provided her with nursing, secretarial, and administrative staff. UMA also provided
Dr. Zidron with fringe benefits, such as health insurance and a pension, and UMA paid for
Dr. Zidron's medical malpractice insurance. (Dr. Zidron Ex. 1.) Even though OU-HCOM
required Dr. Zidron to enter into an employment agreement with UMA, it was UMA that
controlled Dr. Zidron's clinical practice of medicine.        It was only when she was
accompanied at UMA by an OU-HCOM student or resident could it be said that Dr.
Zidron was engaged in clinical teaching. Otherwise, when she rendered service to patients
at UMA, she was simply engaged in clinical practice.
       {¶ 29} Accordingly, based on Dr. Zidron's testimony, the Court of Claims found
that Dr. Zidron was not engaged in clinical teaching when she treated Bradley on
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No. 15AP-1049
October 28, 2013, because Dr. Fisher was not with her. Dr. Zidron's rendering of services
to Bradley on October 28, 2013 was simply the private practice of medicine and was
manifestly outside the scope of her state employment. Compare Ries v. Ohio State Univ.
Med. Ctr., 137 Ohio St.3d 151, 2013-Ohio-4545, ¶ 3, 8, 31 (although the patient's records
did not "indicate the presence of a student or resident" during the patient's treatment
because the doctor's "duties as a state employee included providing clinical care to
patients, whether or not he was actively engaged in teaching at that time," the doctor
acted within the scope of his state employment by treating the patient at the university
clinic). (Emphasis added.)
       {¶ 30} Dr. Zidron testified that on a "typical day" when Dr. Zidron was engaged in
the clinical teaching of residents, she would have the resident "go in and see [her] patients
before [she went] in the room." (Hearing Tr. at 50.) The resident would "take the history,
do a physical exam, come out and present their findings to [Dr. Zidron] and then []
determine an assessment [of] what they think is wrong and a plan, a course of action."
(Hearing Tr. at 50.) Dr. Zidron stated that "[i]deally" the resident would "see all [her]
patients before [she does]." (Hearing Tr. at 50.) Dr. Zidron testified that when the
resident went in and saw the patient first, the resident would access the patient's chart
and document the results of the physical exam in the chart. (Hearing Tr. at 51.) Dr.
Zidron admitted that this normal course of practice was not followed with respect to
Bradley on October 28, 2013. (Hearing Tr. at 75.)
       {¶ 31} The electronic medical record from October 28, 2013 demonstrates that Dr.
Fisher did not write anything in Bradley's chart and did not "access [Bradley's] chart[]" in
any way that day. (Hearing Tr. at 21-22.) Dr. Zidron had 26 patients scheduled for
October 28, 2013, and the record demonstrates that Dr. Fisher accessed the charts of 11 of
those 26 patients. (Hearing Tr. at 18; Dr. Zidron Ex. 2.)
       {¶ 32} Dr. Zidron testified that "there are circumstances" where, due to "time
constraints," she and the resident "go to a patient room together, and then we will do the
history and physical exam * * * together."          (Hearing Tr. at 50, 76.)       In these
circumstances, Dr. Zidron stated that she would "typically do the charting at that point,"
and the resident would not access or otherwise document anything in the patient's chart.
(Hearing Tr. at 51.) Dr. Zidron stated that if a resident was merely present in the room,
                                                                                             11
No. 15AP-1049
Dr. Zidron would not note that fact in the patient's chart. (Hearing Tr. at 74.) Dr. Zidron
testified that when she had a resident, it was her typical practice to have the resident
present with her for every patient she saw that day. (Hearing Tr. at 74.)
       {¶ 33} Dr. Zidron confirmed that she saw and treated Bradley on October 28, 2013.
She stated that Dr. Fisher was with her at the UMA offices on October 28, 2013. However,
Dr. Zidron testified that she had "no recollection one way or the other" of whether Dr.
Fisher was with her when she treated Bradley. (Hearing Tr. at 53.) Dr. Zidron admitted
that she did not have any information, recollection, or documentation to support a finding
that Dr. Fisher was present when she treated Bradley. And Dr. Zidron stated there are
patients at UMA she sees when not accompanied by a resident or student; she agreed that
if she saw a patient without being accompanied by a resident or a student, she was not
engaged in clinical teaching.
       {¶ 34} Bradley's appointment with Dr. Zidron was scheduled for 10:45-11:00 a.m.
(Dr. Zidron Ex. 2 at 1.) Dr. Zidron had no activity or appointment scheduled from 10:30-
10:45 a.m., and she had a lunch break scheduled from 11:30 a.m. to 1:00 p.m. (Dr. Zidron
Exhibit 2.)    Dr. Zidron stated that she "never run[s] on time" for a scheduled
appointment, explaining that she could be anywhere from 20 minutes to one hour behind
schedule. (Hearing Tr. at 78, 80.) Bradley's chart indicates that a nurse measured and
recorded his vital signs at 10:53 a.m. on October 28, 2013. (OU-HCOM Ex. G.) When
she reviewed Bradley's chart as part of her testimony, Dr. Zidron confirmed that it
"could still be some time" after 10:53 a.m. that she would have arrived in the examining
room where Bradley was present. (Hearing Tr. at 87.)
       {¶ 35} The electronic medical record indicates that Dr. Fisher was accessing charts
of other patients that morning and early afternoon, specifically at 10:46 a.m., 10:48,
10:52, 11:07, 11:08, 11:22, 11:25, 11:28, 11:35, 11:36, 11:38, 11:40 11:42, 11:43, 11:44, 11:45,
11:46, 12:00 p.m., and 12:01. (Dr. Zidron Ex. 3.) After 12:01 p.m., Dr. Fisher did not
resume accessing until after 1:00 p.m. (Dr. Zidron Ex. 3.) When she reviewed the
electronic medical record as part of her testimony, Dr. Zidron confirmed that Dr. Fisher
would have been seeing other patients at the times listed in the record. There is nothing
in Bradley's chart that would lead to an inference that Dr. Fisher was ever involved in his
treatment that day. (OU-HCOM Ex. G.)
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No. 15AP-1049
       {¶ 36} Reviewing the totality of the evidence, we do not find that the evidence
weighs heavily against the judgment of the Court of Claims. Dr. Zidron argues that
"[w]hile the record did indicate that Dr. Fisher had accessed the charts for Dr. Zidron's
other patients, this did not indicate that Dr. Fisher was not present for Bradley Metts'
appointment." (Jan. 19, 2016 Appellant's Brief at 20.) To the contrary, however, Dr.
Zidron could not recall if Dr. Fisher was actually present for Bradley's appointment. The
electronic medical record provided the Court of Claims with circumstantial evidence that
Dr. Fisher was not present for the appointment. See State v. Nicely, 39 Ohio St.3d 147
(1988), quoting Black's Law Dictionary, 221 (5th Ed.1979) (stating that "[c]ircumstantial
evidence is defined as '[t]estimony not based on actual personal knowledge or observation
of the facts in controversy, but of other facts from which deductions are drawn, showing
indirectly the facts sought to be proved' "). " 'Circumstantial evidence and direct evidence
inherently possess the same probative value and therefore should be subjected to the
same standard of proof.' " State v. Heer, 10th Dist. No. 97APA12-1670 (Sep. 24, 1998),
quoting State v. Biros, 78 Ohio St.3d 426, 447 (1997). The electronic medical record,
circumstantial evidence, demonstrated that Dr. Fisher was seeing patients other than
Bradley around his appointment time with Dr. Zidron.
       {¶ 37} Dr. Zidron basically argues that her direct testimony about her normal
course of practice to have a resident present with her for every patient she saw is superior
to the evidence in the electronic medical record. Dr. Zidron argues that her testimony was
sufficient to establish that Dr. Fisher was present for Bradley's appointment. But Evid.R.
406, that "[e]vidence of the habit of a person * * * is relevant to prove that the conduct of
the person * * * on a particular occasion was in conformity with the habit or routine
practice," relates to relevance and not to either weight of the evidence. Weighing the
evidence was within the province of the trier of fact, the Court of Claims. Evidence of
habit may "tend to prove one acted in the particular case in the same manner," but it does
not conclusively establish that one acted in conformity with his or her habit. Cardinal v.
Family Foot Care Centers, Inc., 40 Ohio App.3d 181, 182 (8th Dist.1987), paragraph two
of the syllabus. See State v. Gaines, 8th Dist. No. 82301, 2003-Ohio-6855, ¶ 28 (habit
evidence demonstrates "probability rather than certitude"). The magistrate permitted Dr.
Zidron to testify regarding her usual course of practice, but the magistrate concluded that
                                                                                        13
No. 15AP-1049
other, contradictory evidence based on the electronic medical record was of greater
weight.   And while Dr. Zidron asserts that the magistrate and the Court of Claims
"completely ignored" her testimony regarding her usual course of practice, the record
shows that the magistrate acknowledged Dr. Zidron's habit evidence but found the
electronic record evidence to be more convincing or reliable so as to carry more weight.
(Appellant's Brief at 24.) The magistrate ultimately determined the facts to be that "the
electronic medical record shows that Dr. Zidron treated [Bradley] Metts without the
assistance of a resident." (Mag.'s Decision at 6.) Accord Barkan at ¶ 11.
       {¶ 38} The Court of Claims overruled Dr. Zidron's objection to the magistrate's
decision that the "magistrate erred in failing to consider the common practice, or habit
evidence, from [Dr. Zidron's] testimony." (Decision at 5.) In doing so, it acknowledged
Dr. Zidron's testimony to this effect. But the Court of Claims observed that unlike in
Schultz v. Univ. of Cincinnati College of Med., 10th Dist. No. 09AP-900, 2010-Ohio-2071,
there was no physical "evidence in this case that Dr. Fisher was present while Dr. Zidron
treated [Bradley] Metts." (Decision at 4-5.) The Court of Claims concluded that the
magistrate had "acknowledged the testimony related to Dr. Zidron's habit" but found that
there was "more evidence, albeit circumstantial, which demonstrates that Dr. Fisher was
not present with Dr. Zidron while she treated [Bradley] Metts nor did she even access his
charts." (Decision at 5.)
       {¶ 39} In Schultz, the doctor testified that "his usual course of practice was to
instruct neurosurgical residents in performing various procedures during surgery."
Schultz at ¶ 26. Although the doctor could not "expressly recall Schultz's surgery, the
'Record of Operation' completed by the circulating nurse during surgery indicated that
one of his neurosurgery residents, Dr. Kikkino, was present." Id. The doctor testified that
"since Dr. Kikkino was listed on the 'Record of Operation' as the attending neurosurgical
resident, he would have provided this same type of instruction to Dr. Kikkino during
Schulz's surgery." Id. Presented with such evidence, this Court found that the record
supported the "conclusion that [the doctor was] entitled to personal immunity." Id. at
¶ 27. See also Breidenbach v. Wright State Univ. Boonshoft School of Medicine, Ct. of Cl.
No. 2011-09985, 2012-Ohio-6330, ¶ 10-12; Porter v. Univ. of Cincinnati, Ct. of Claims
                                                                                          14
No. 15AP-1049
No. 2009-05714, 2010-Ohio-5909, ¶ 21 (there must be "some evidence documenting that
the teaching experience occurred").
        {¶ 40} No evidence such as the Record of Operation in Schultz supports a finding
that Dr. Zidron adhered to her usual course of practice with Dr. Fisher for Bradley's
appointment. The magistrate was in the best position to judge the demeanor and the
credibility of the witnesses because she actually was present during the testimony at the
R.C. 2743.02(F) proceeding. The Court of Claims, thereafter, undertook its "independent
review as to the objected matters to ascertain that the magistrate [had] properly
determined the factual issues and appropriately applied the law." Civ.R. 53(D)(4)(d).
Being mindful that we review the actions of the Court of Claims according to an abuse of
discretion standard, we find no error in the court's conclusion that Dr. Zidron's habit
evidence did not establish that she acted in conformity with that habit on October 28,
2013.
        {¶ 41} Because the Court of Claims factually found that Dr. Fisher was not present
to receive clinical instruction when Dr. Zidron rendered care to Bradley on October 28,
2013, as a matter of law, Dr. Zidron was not engaged in clinical teaching when she treated
Bradley on that day. The record contains competent and credible evidence to support the
finding that Dr. Zidron was acting manifestly outside the scope of her state employment
when she treated Bradley. We find no abuse of discretion in the Court of Claims'
adopting the magistrate's decision that Dr. Zidron was not entitled to immunity under
R.C. 9.86 and 2743.02(F) when she treated Bradley on October 28, 2013.
        {¶ 42} Dr. Zidron's second assignment of error is overruled.
IV. FIRST ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR—BURDEN OF PROOF
        {¶ 43} Dr. Zidron argues in her first assignment of error that the Court of Claims
applied the wrong burden of proof. Dr. Zidron states that "[w]ith respect to the burden of
proof in determining whether a state employee was acting within the scope of his/her
employment, the burden of proof lies with the party seeking to prove that there should not
be any civil immunity." (Appellant's Brief at 16.) We agree.
        {¶ 44} This Court has held that the plaintiff in a medical malpractice action against
the state has the burden to prove that a state employee is not entitled to the immunity
afforded under R.C. 9.86.      Siegel at ¶ 13; Botkin v. Univ. of Cincinnati College of
Medicine, 10th Dist. No. 04AP-228, 2005-Ohio-1122, ¶ 37; Fisher v. Univ. of Cincinnati
                                                                                         15
No. 15AP-1049
Med. Ctr., 10th Dist. No. 98AP-142 (Aug. 25, 1998). See also Lewis v. Cleveland State
Univ., Ct. of Cl. No. 2006-07457, 2010-Ohio-2654, ¶ 23 (the "[p]laintiff bears the burden
of proving that a state employee should be stripped of immunity").
       {¶ 45} In Fisher, the plaintiff brought the action in the Court of Claims "seeking a
determination that Dr. Mullen [was] not entitled to statutory immunity." Id. On appeal,
the plaintiff argued that the Court of Claims "prejudiced her and violated her due process
rights by placing the burden on her to show that Dr. Mullen was not immune." Id. We
held that "[i]n cases where a claimant is seeking to prove that personal liability should be
imposed upon a state employee, it would be illogical to require the employee, or the state,
to have the burden of proving that the employee was acting within the scope of his or her
employment." Id.
       {¶ 46} In Johns, the Supreme Court held that because the state is the only
defendant in the Court of Claims, a state employee cannot be a party to an immunity
determination proceeding. Id. at ¶ 31. See also R.C. 2743.02(E) ("The only defendant in
original actions in the court of claims is the state."). After Fisher and in response to
Johns, the General Assembly amended R.C. 2743.02(F), effective November 3, 2005, to
permit state employees to participate in immunity determination proceedings (an "officer
or employee may participate in the immunity determination proceeding before the court
of claims"). See also Marotto v. Ohio State Univ. Med. Ctr., 10th Dist. No. 12AP-27, 2012-
Ohio-1078, ¶ 4.
       {¶ 47} While it was Metts who filed the motion seeking the Court of Claims'
immunity determination, Metts did not participate in the hearing. Rather, the only
parties at the hearing were OU-HCOM and Dr. Zidron. OU-HCOM argued that Dr.
Zidron was not entitled to immunity, advancing the position that would be held by Metts
in the proceeding and assuming Metts' burden as to state employee immunity
entitlement.
       {¶ 48} The Court of Claims acknowledged that the "burden of proof rests with the
party seeking to disprove a physician's immunity," i.e., OU-HCOM in this action.
(Decision at 2.) The court then quoted Botkin quoting Fisher and stated it could find no
"authority that stands for the proposition that the burden of proof ever lies with the state
in determining immunity issues pursuant to R.C. 9.86." (Decision at 2.) While the Court
                                                                                          16
No. 15AP-1049
of Claims omitted acknowledging that OU-HCOM had assumed the burden of proof, just
because the state did so is not reversible error. The shifting of the burden was not to Dr.
Zidron; it was to the state. The state shouldered Metts' burden, presumably to avoid its
own liability pursuant to R.C. 2743.02(E) and (F), since it can be the only defendant in an
action before the Court of Claims. R.C. 2743.02(E). Dr. Zidron's assertion that the
magistrate and the Court of Claims "held that Dr. Zidron failed to prove that she was
furthering the state's interest and acting within the scope of her employment when she
cared and treated Bradley Metts" is unsupported by the record. In fact, the Court of
Claims in its decision said just the opposite. (Appellant's Brief at 17.) The Court of Claims
observed:

              [The] magistrate's decision does not mention a shifting of the
              burden of proof from defendant to Dr. Zidron. In fact, the
              decision does not mention the burden of proof at all. It
              certainly does not state that Dr. Zidron failed to meet her
              burden of proof.

(Decision at 2.) The Court of Claims observed that the magistrate had found that the
"evidence before the court showed that Dr. Zidron was without a resident at the time she
treated plaintiff, Bradley Metts, and was therefore not performing her clinical teaching
duties on behalf of the state when she treated him." (Decision at 2.) The Court of Claims
found no evidence to support the assertion that the magistrate had placed the burden of
proof on Dr. Zidron.
       {¶ 49} We similarly find no evidence to support Dr. Zidron's argument that the
magistrate or the Court of Claims placed the burden of proof on her. Rather, the Court of
Claims adopted the magistrate's conclusion that the evidence from the hearing
demonstrated that Dr. Zidron was not engaged in clinical teaching when she treated
Bradley on October 28, 2013, and that she was, therefore, acting manifestly outside the
scope of her state employment.
       {¶ 50} Dr. Zidron's first assignment of error is overruled.
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No. 15AP-1049
V. CONCLUSION
      {¶ 51} Having overruled Dr. Zidron's first and second assignments of error, we
affirm the judgment of the Court of Claims of Ohio.
                                                                Judgment affirmed.

                         SADLER and DORRIAN, JJ., concur.
