[Cite as Neel v. A. Perrino Constr., Inc., 2018-Ohio-1826.]


                 Court of Appeals of Ohio
                                EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                   COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA



                               JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION
                                       No. 105366



                                    PAUL NEEL, ET AL.

                                                              PLAINTIFFS-APPELLANTS

                                                       vs.

          A.      PERRINO CONSTRUCTION, INC., ET AL.
                                                              DEFENDANTS-APPELLEES




                               JUDGMENT:
                   AFFIRMED IN PART, REVERSED IN PART,
                             AND REMANDED


                                      Civil Appeal from the
                             Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas
                                    Case No. CV-16-867716

        BEFORE: McCormack, J., E.A. Gallagher, A.J., and Celebrezze, J.

        RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED:                             May 10, 2018
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANTS

Daniel J. Myers
Samantha A. Vajskop
Myers Law, L.L.C.
600 East Granger Road, Second Floor
Cleveland, OH 44113


ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEES

Andrew J. Natale
Aaron S. Evenchik
Hahn, Loeser & Parks, L.L.C.
200 Public Square, Suite 2800
Cleveland, OH 44114
TIM McCORMACK, J.:

       {¶1} Plaintiffs-appellants Paul and Stephanie Neel (“the Neels”) appealed the

trial court’s decision granting a motion to stay pending arbitration. For the reasons that

follow, we affirm in part the trial court’s decision but remand for the limited purpose of

staying all claims against all parties pending arbitration.

Factual and Procedural History

       {¶2} The Neels filed a complaint on August 16, 2016, against defendant-appellee

A. Perrino Construction, Inc. (“Perrino”), along with defendants Pat Perrino, Greenwalt

Architects, Inc., and Christopher E. Greenwalt.          The complaint alleged breach of

contract, fraudulent misrepresentation, negligent misrepresentation, civil conspiracy, and

violations of R.C. 4722.02, et seq., the Home Construction Service Suppliers Act (“the

HCSSA”).

       {¶3} The Neels had contracted with the defendants to construct a new home in

Hinckley, Ohio.    Pursuant to a restrictive covenant in the Neels’ deed, the home was

required to be at least 2,800 square feet.   The Neels entered into a contract with Perrino

by which Perrino was to construct a custom home for them for a contract price of

$364,900. The contract was six pages long. It included an arbitration provision in

paragraph 13, which stated:

       Aside from warranty claims that shall be processed in accordance with the
       Limited Warranty procedure described in paragraph 8 above, should any
       dispute arise between the parties with respect to the completion of any stage
       of construction, the completion of the entire construction, or any other
       matter involved in the construction, disbursement of funds, amounts due
       and payable, said dispute shall be decided by arbitration in accordance with
       the Construction Industry Arbitration Rules of the American Arbitration
       Association. The cost of the Arbitration shall be paid by the parties in
       equal shares. Further, the Contractor and Owner do hereby agree to abide by
       the decision of the American Arbitration Association and the judgment of
       the American Arbitration Association shall be final and not appealable. The
       parties further agree and consent to the application of the Ohio Rules of
       Civil Procedure to govern the scope and extent of discovery in preparation
       for such arbitration. Contractor and Owner hereby acknowledge that by
       agreeing to binding arbitration, they are waiving their right to a trial by jury.

       {¶4} In addition to the various allegations described above, the Neels’ complaint

alleged that the parties had agreed that the home would be at least 3,000 square feet, but

the home’s actual footprint was several hundred feet smaller.

       {¶5} On September 19, 2016, Perrino filed an answer and counterclaim.               In this

pleading, Perrino expressly stated that it was not waiving its right to insist upon

arbitration.   Perrino also filed a new party complaint asserting claims against the Neels’

counsel for defamation, tortious interference with contract, and tortious interference with

business relationships. While these claims stem from counsel’s representation of the

Neels in the underlying case, they are unrelated to the contract between the Neels and

Perrino and they are not subject to arbitration.

       {¶6} On November 17, 2016, counsel for all parties participated in a pretrial

conference.    The parties discussed ongoing discovery.        In its journal entry, the trial

court stated, “A. Perrino Construction (D1) is ordered to file with the court its intention to

pursue private arbitration with [plaintiffs] or waive its rights under the arbitration clause

no later than the end of business on 11/28/2016.”
       {¶7} On November 28, 2016, in accordance with the trial court’s instruction,

Perrino filed a motion to stay all proceedings pending arbitration.

       {¶8} On January 5, 2017, the trial court granted Perrino’s motion to stay pending

arbitration.   The court’s journal entry stated, in part:

       The court carefully reviewed the [plaintiffs’] causes of action and the very
       broad scope of the arbitration clause within the contract between the
       [plaintiffs] and [defendant] Perrino Construction. All of [plaintiffs’] claims
       include [defendant] Perrino Construction as a party. The scope of the
       arbitration clause is clearly broad enough to cover — without question —
       all of the [plaintiffs’] claims against this single [defendant.] Therefore the
       court grants the motion to stay proceedings as against [defendant] Perrino
       Construction. All proceedings by and between [plaintiffs] and [defendant]
       Greenwalt Architects Inc. are not stayed and litigation and discovery shall
       continue unabated between them. The court ignores the existence of the
       two individual [defendants] Pat Perrino and Christopher Greenwalt as it is
       not clear that [plaintiffs] enjoy any cause of action under Ohio law against
       the principals of their corporations that are [codefendants] in the litigation.
       The court will determine the existence of causes of action against the latter
       two individual [defendants]. Notice issued.

       {¶9} It is from this decision that the Neels appeal, presenting three assignments of

error for our review.
Law and Analysis

I. Assignment of Error No. 1

       {¶10} In their first assignment of error, the Neels argue that the trial court

committed reversible error when it granted Perrino’s motion to stay.           Within this

assignment of error, the Neels argue that the arbitration clause was substantively and

procedurally unconscionable, that the arbitration clause was so ambiguous as to be

unenforceable, and that Perrino waived its right to demand arbitration by participating in

litigation.

       {¶11} Appellate review of issues surrounding arbitration can involve various

standards of review, depending on the precise questions raised challenging the

applicability of the arbitration provision. McCaskey v. Sanford-Brown College, 8th Dist.

Cuyahoga No. 97261, 2012-Ohio-1543, ¶ 7. In general, “when addressing whether a

trial court has properly granted a motion to stay litigation pending arbitration, this court

applies an abuse of discretion standard.” U.S. Bank, N.A. v. Wilkens, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga

No. 96617, 2012-Ohio-1038, ¶ 13, citing Carter Steel & Fabricating Co. v. Danis Bldg.

Constr. Co., 126 Ohio App.3d 251, 710 N.E.2d 299 (3d Dist.1998).

       {¶12} Under R.C. 2711.02, a court may stay the trial of an action upon application

of a party “‘if (1) the action is brought upon any issue referable to arbitration under a

written agreement for arbitration, and (2) the court is satisfied the issue is referable to

arbitration under the written agreement.’”      Seyfried v. O’Brien, 2017-Ohio-286, 81

N.E.3d 961, ¶ 17 (8th Dist.), quoting Austin v. Squire, 119 Ohio App.3d 35, 37, 691
N.E.2d 1085 (9th Dist.1997), citing Jones v. Honchell, 14 Ohio App.3d 120, 122, 470

N.E.2d 219 (12th Dist.1984).

A. Unconscionability

       {¶13} The Neels argue that the arbitration clause at issue here was unconscionable.

 We are not persuaded.     Unconscionability, as a ground for revocation of a contract, can

be procedural or substantive.      “These two concepts create what is, in essence, a

two-prong test of unconscionability” in which “[o]ne must allege and prove a ‘quantum’

of both prongs in order to establish that a particular contract is unconscionable.” Martin

v. Byke, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 88878, 2007-Ohio-6816, ¶ 28, quoting Collins v. Click

Camera & Video, 86 Ohio App.3d 826, 834, 621 N.E.2d 1294 (2d Dist.1993), citing

White & Summers, Uniform Commercial Code, Section 4-7, 219 (3d Ed.1988).

       {¶14} When undertaking a review of the unconscionability of an arbitration clause,

courts should employ a de novo standard of review, “but any factual findings of the trial

court must be accorded appropriate deference.”       Taylor Bldg. Corp. of Am. v. Benfield,

117 Ohio St.3d 352, 2008-Ohio-938, 884 N.E.2d 12, ¶ 2.

       {¶15} Substantive unconscionability concerns the terms of the contract and

“requires a determination of whether the contract terms are commercially reasonable in

the context of the transaction.” Sikes v. Ganley Pontiac Honda, Inc., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga

No. 82889, 2004-Ohio-155, ¶ 11, citing Collins at 834.           The Neels argue that the

incorporation of a loser-pays provision for attorney fees, as well as the oppressive costs of

arbitration, render the arbitration clause substantively unconscionable.
       {¶16} As an initial matter, we note that the third assignment of error is specifically

concerned with the validity of the loser-pays provision. To the extent that the validity of

this provision is encompassed in the first assignment of error, we will address these

arguments in our discussion of the third assignment of error.

       {¶17} We disagree that the arbitration clause is substantively unconscionable for

the reasons that follow.

       {¶18} There is a point at which the costs of arbitration could render a clause

unconscionable as a matter of law. Arnold v. Burger King, 2015-Ohio-4485, 48 N.E.3d

69, ¶ 89 (8th Dist.), citing Taylor Bldg., 117 Ohio St.3d 352, 2008-Ohio-938, 884 N.E.2d

12, at ¶ 60.   While there is no fixed cost that renders a clause unconscionable, it is

generally accepted that “if the costs associated with the arbitration effectively deny a

claimant the right to a hearing or an adequate remedy in an efficient and cost-effective

manner,” the clause is invalid. Felix v. Ganley Chevrolet, Inc., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga Nos.

86990 and 86991, 2006-Ohio-4500, ¶ 21, citing Sikes, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 82889,

2004-Ohio-155.

       {¶19} As the party complaining of the costs of arbitration, the Neels bear the

burden of showing the likelihood they will incur oppressive costs. Id.; Green Tree Fin.

Corp.-Alabama v. Randolph, 531 U.S. 79, 92, 121 S.Ct. 513, 148 L.Ed.2d 373 (2000).

To meet this burden, the Neels must provide more than unsupported allegations of

prohibitive costs, because “the mere risk that a plaintiff would be forced to pay exorbitant
costs is too speculative to justify invalidation of the arbitration agreement.” Taylor

Bldg. at ¶ 57.

       {¶20} The Neels have attempted to provide evidence of the costs associated with

arbitration, submitting affidavits from themselves and their attorney, along with the

relevant American Arbitration Association (“AAA”) Construction Industry Arbitration

Rules and fee schedule.    However, we have very little information regarding the Neels’

financial situation that would inform a determination of whether the cost of arbitration

would be prohibitively expensive in this case. Beyond the statements made by the Neels

in their affidavits, the record reflects that the Neels engaged Perrino to construct a

custom-built home costing $364,900.

       {¶21} In an appeal concerning the validity of an arbitration rider to a mortgage

agreement, this court was not persuaded by similar arguments made by the

defendants-appellants in that case.         Wilkens, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 96617,

2012-Ohio-1038. The Wilkenses argued that a $2,450 filing fee for their $300,000 –

$500,000 claim rendered arbitration unconscionable. Id. at ¶ 39. This court found the

asserted estimate of their claims was “highly speculative.” Id. at ¶ 38.   Further, beyond

providing a fee schedule, the Wilkenses made no attempt to provide evidence regarding

the costs of arbitration beyond the filing fee, and this court declined to speculate as to

what those costs were. Id. at ¶ 39.    Similarly, the Neels assert that the amount of their

claim is potentially in excess of $1 million, with little explanation for that figure beyond

the potential for punitive damages for fraud and anticipated cover costs in the hundreds of
thousands of dollars. While the Neels mentioned some of the other costs involved in

arbitration, they made no attempt to quantify them. We note that, like in Wilkens, even

if this court were to accept the $1 million claim amount, their speculative estimation of

the costs of arbitration could be easily exceeded by litigation expenses.     The Neels are

therefore unable to establish substantive unconscionability.

       {¶22} Procedural unconscionability “involves the specific circumstances

surrounding the execution of the contract.” Id. at ¶ 12.       Where the circumstances are

such that no voluntary meeting of the minds was possible, a contract is procedurally

unconscionable.      Here, the Neels argue that the fact that the contract was preprinted and

drafted by Perrino and was never explained to them renders the clause procedurally

unconscionable.      They also argue that they were rushed through Perrino’s sales

presentation, Perrino was more knowledgeable about the subject of the contract and the

arbitration clause, the arbitration clause was not brought to their attention or explained to

them, Perrino was dishonest, the clause contained a loser-pays provision, and the Neels

were unfairly surprised by a high filing fee.

       {¶23} There are a number of factors courts consider in analyzing procedural

unconscionability.     Among these factors, courts should consider the circumstances

surrounding the contracting parties’ bargaining, such as the parties’ “‘age, education,

intelligence, business acumen and experience, who drafted the contract, whether

alterations in the printed terms were possible.’” Collins, 86 Ohio App.3d at 834, 621
N.E.2d 1294, quoting Johnson v. Mobil Oil Corp., 415 F.Supp. 264, 268 (E.D.Mich.

1976).

         {¶24} Considering these factors, we do not find the arbitration clause at issue here

procedurally unconscionable.      We note first that a showing that a contract is preprinted

is insufficient to render it procedurally unconscionable.          Taylor Bldg. at ¶ 45.

Similarly, “inequality of bargaining power alone is insufficient to invalidate an otherwise

enforceable arbitration contract.” Id. at ¶ 44, citing Vanyo v. Clear Channel Worldwide,

156 Ohio App.3d 706, 2004-Ohio-1793, 808 N.E.2d 482, ¶ 19 (8th Dist.), citing Gilmer v.

Interstate/Johnson Lane Corp., 500 U.S. 20, 33, 111 S.Ct. 1647, 114 L.Ed.2d 26 (1991).

         {¶25} This court has previously rejected a similar argument made by consumers in

a similar context. Conte v. Blossom Homes L.L.C., 2016-Ohio-7480, 63 N.E.3d 1245, ¶

23 (8th Dist.). In Conte, this court found that the consumer was unable to establish

procedural unconscionability where he alleged that his meeting with a builder was

hurried, he had no knowledge of construction contracts or regulations, he did not

understand what arbitration was, he was otherwise unable to understand the terms of the

agreement, and he was pressured to sign the contract. Id. at     ¶ 20-23.

         {¶26} Here, we do not dispute that Perrino was likely more knowledgeable than

the Neels regarding home construction and arbitration.       However, the record does not

support the Neels’ assertion that they could not possibly have had any idea what they

were agreeing to under the circumstances.        While the Neels claim they were rushed

through the signing of the contract, the record shows that they met with Perrino several
times before ultimately signing the contract.     The Neels did not ask for more time to

review the contract, and nothing in the record indicates that they could not have done so.

Similarly, the Neels argue that Perrino failed to explain the arbitration clause to them.

Although they concede that they had the opportunity to ask questions, they apparently did

not do so. Additionally, nothing in the record indicates that the Neels were pressured to

sign the contract, or that Perrino was the only builder with whom they could have

contracted.    Finally, the Neels’ claim that no one pointed out the arbitration clause to

them is not persuasive to establish procedural unconscionability.          The Neels were

entering into a contract for a custom-built home worth over $300,000.        Their status as

consumers does not free them of their duty to read the contract they signed.    As such, we

do not find the arbitration clause substantively or procedurally unconscionable.

B. Ambiguity and Scope

         {¶27} The Neels also assert that the arbitration clause is unenforceable because the

clause is so ambiguous that no meeting of the minds occurred.            In support of this

assertion, the Neels point to the absence of financial liability information from the clause.

 To the extent the financial liability argument concerns the overall costs of arbitration,

this has been addressed in the foregoing analysis. To the extent this argument concerns

the loser-pays provision, it will be addressed in our discussion of the third assignment of

error.

         {¶28} The Neels also argue that the arbitration clause is too ambiguous to enforce

because it excludes “warranty claims” without defining that phrase.     We disagree.
      {¶29} The first sentence of the arbitration provision references a Limited Warranty

procedure that is described in an earlier paragraph of the contract, stating: “[a]side from

warranty claims that shall be processed in accordance with the Limited Warranty

procedure described in paragraph 8 above * * *.”     Paragraph 8 of the contract describes

a one-year limited warranty agreement “which shall be executed by Contractor and

Owner at closing.”   The paragraph goes on to state that the limited warranty agreement

“shall be governed by the ‘Construction Standards’ set forth in the Registered Builder

Construction Standards & Maintenance Guide & Limited Home Warranty Agreement (the

Builders Guide), which Owner hereby acknowledges receipt of and which is incorporated

herein by reference.”   As described in paragraph 8, the limited warranty agreement

obligated Perrino to make any repairs or replacements to the home within one year of the

date the Neels occupied the home, and it covered the materials as specified in the

contracts plans and specifications and provided that all work was to be completed in a

workmanlike manner according to standard construction practices.      Further, paragraph 9

of the contract specified six items that would not be covered by the limited warranty

agreement.

      {¶30} Although “warranty claims” are not a defined term in the agreement,

paragraph 8 provides a detailed explanation of the limited warranty agreement.

Therefore, we do not find the arbitration clause so ambiguous as to be unenforceable.

C. Waiver
       {¶31} The Neels also argue that the trial court erred in granting Perrino’s motion to

stay because Perrino waived its right to enforce the arbitration clause by participating in

the underlying litigation. We disagree.

       {¶32} In determining whether a party waived its right to arbitration, “the essential

question is whether, based on the totality of the circumstances, the party seeking

arbitration has acted inconsistently with the right to arbitrate.” Phillips v. Lee Homes,

8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 64353, 1994 Ohio App. LEXIS 596, 8 (Feb. 17, 1994).             “The

question of waiver is usually a fact-driven issue, and an appellate court will not reverse

the trial court’s decision absent a showing of abuse of discretion.” Ohio Bell Tel. Co. v.

Cent. Transport, Inc., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 96472, 2011-Ohio-6161, ¶ 17, citing

Featherstone v. Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith, Inc., 159 Ohio App.3d 27,

2004-Ohio-5953, 822 N.E.2d 841, ¶ 10 (9th Dist.).

       {¶33} Because of the strong public policy in favor of arbitration, the heavy burden

of proving waiver of the right to arbitration is on the party asserting waiver, and waiver is

“not to be lightly inferred.” Griffith v. Linton, 130 Ohio App.3d 746, 751, 721 N.E.2d

146 (10th Dist.1998), citing Harsco Corp. v. Crane Carrier Co., 122 Ohio App.3d 406,

415, 701 N.E.2d 1040 (3d Dist.1997).

       {¶34} In determining whether a party has acted consistently with the right to

arbitrate, relevant factors for consideration include: (1) whether the party seeking

arbitration invoked the jurisdiction of the trial court by filing a complaint, counterclaim,

or third-party complaint without asking for a stay of proceedings; (2) the delay, if any, by
the party seeking arbitration in requesting a stay of proceedings or an order compelling

arbitration; (3) the extent to which the party seeking arbitration participated in the

litigation, including the status of discovery, dispositive motions, and the trial date; and (4)

any prejudice to the nonmoving party due to the moving party’s prior inconsistent actions.

 Phillips 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 64353, 1994 Ohio App. LEXIS 596.

       {¶35} We acknowledge that Perrino filed a new party complaint and participated

to some extent in the litigation. We find that these factors are outweighed, however, by

the totality of the circumstances.      First, we note that Perrino’s participation in the

litigation was relatively limited. We also note that the Neels make no argument that they

were prejudiced by the passage of time — approximately three months — between their

initiation of litigation and Perrino’s filing of a motion to stay pending arbitration.

Finally, Perrino consistently reserved its right to arbitration.   Therefore, the Neels have

not met their burden to establish an unequivocal waiver of Perrino’s right to arbitration.

       {¶36} Because we do not find the arbitration agreement unconscionable or

ambiguous, and we do not find that Perrino waived its right to arbitrate, the Neels’ first

assignment of error is overruled.

II. Assignment of Error No. 2

       {¶37} In their second assignment of error, the Neels argue that if the trial court’s

order granting Perrino’s motion to stay proceedings was otherwise correct, the           court

erred in failing to stay the entire case pending arbitration, including claims involving

other parties.   Perrino essentially concedes this error.   Upon review, we agree.
       {¶38} Ohio courts have consistently held that when a trial court grants a motion to

stay proceedings, the entire action must be stayed, not only the arbitrable claims between

parties to the arbitration agreement. Maclin v. Greens Nursing, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No.

101085, 2014-Ohio-2538, ¶ 9, citing Cheney v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., 10th Dist. Franklin

No. 04AP-1354, 2005-Ohio-3283, ¶ 12; Pyle v. Wells Fargo Fin., 10th Dist. Franklin No.

05AP-644, 2005-Ohio-6478, ¶ 12; Marquez v. Koch, 4th Dist. Ross No. 11CA3283,

2012-Ohio-5466, ¶ 11.

       {¶39} Therefore, the Neels’ second assignment of error is sustained.

III. Assignment of Error No. 3

       {¶40} In the Neels’ third assignment of error, they assert that even if the trial court

properly granted Perrino’s motion to stay pending arbitration, the trial court erred in

failing to strike Rule 48 of the American Arbitration Association (“AAA”) Construction

Industry Arbitration Rules because it is procedurally and substantively unconscionable.

       {¶41} The arbitration clause in the agreement here provides that the cost of

arbitration shall be paid by the parties in equal shares. It also provides, however, that the

AAA Construction Industry Arbitration Rules govern arbitration between the parties.

Rule 48(d)(ii) of the rules states that the arbitrator’s award may include “an award of

attorneys’ fees if all parties have requested such an award or it is authorized by law or

their arbitration agreement.”

       {¶42} One count of the Neels’ complaint against Perrino alleged that Perrino had

committed violations of the HCSSA, codified as R.C. 4722.01, et seq. The fee-shifting
provision in Rule 48 conflicts with the HCSSA. Specifically, R.C. 4722.08(D) provides

that “the court may award to the prevailing party a reasonable attorney’s fee limited to the

work reasonably performed” if either the owner filed an action in bad faith or the home

construction service supplier knowingly committed an act that violates the HCSSA.

       {¶43} In light of this conflict, similar “fee-shifting” or “loser-pays” provisions

have been found unconscionable and against public policy by this court. In DeVito v.

Autos Direct Online, Inc., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 100831, 2015-Ohio-3336, this court

found that the “built-in, grossly imbalanced unfairness of the loser-pays terms * * *

renders [Auto Direct Online, Inc.’s] arbitration agreement substantively unconscionable,

when the loser-pays provision is embedded.” Id. at ¶ 31. Similarly, in Conte, this court

concluded that the loser-pays provision “effectively nullifies the OCSPA and HCSSA

provisions that allow the imposition of such fees only where a consumer acts in bad faith

and files a groundless complaint.”     Conte, 2016-Ohio-7480, 63 N.E.3d 1245, at ¶ 34,

citing R.C. 4722.08(D)(1); 1345.09(F).

       {¶44} We agree with our precedent and find that, to the extent Rule 48(d)(ii)

governs arbitration between the parties here, it is unenforceable.    This is conceded by

Perrino.   We note that unlike the agreements at issue in Conte and DeVito, though, the

loser-pays provision is not expressly included in the agreement between the Neels and

Perrino.   Therefore, this assignment of error is overruled.
       {¶45} We affirm the decision of the trial court granting the motion to stay pending

arbitration; however, we remand to the trial court for the limited purpose of staying all

claims against all parties.

       {¶46} This cause is affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded to the lower

court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

       It is ordered that appellants and appellees share the costs herein taxed.

       The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

       It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this court directing the common

pleas court to carry this judgment into execution.

       A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27 of

the Rules of Appellate Procedure.




________________________________________
TIM McCORMACK, JUDGE

EILEEN A. GALLAGHER, A.J., and
FRANK D. CELEBREZZE, JR., J., CONCUR
