     Case: 11-50524     Document: 00511978850         Page: 1     Date Filed: 09/07/2012




            IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                     FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT  United States Court of Appeals
                                                     Fifth Circuit

                                                                            FILED
                                                                        September 7, 2012

                                     No. 11-50524                          Lyle W. Cayce
                                   Summary Calendar                             Clerk



SAM G. GIBBS; KEN NOLEN,

                                                  Plaintiffs-Appellants,
v.

LUFKIN INDUSTRIES, INC.; ANDREWS KURTH LLP; GARY L. BUSH,

                                                  Defendants-Appellees



                   Appeals from the United States District Court
                         for the Western District of Texas
                               USDC No. 10-CV-0048


Before SMITH, DENNIS, and HAYNES, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:*
        Plaintiffs-Appellants Ken Nolen and Sam Gibbs appeal the federal district
court’s orders enjoining them from litigating in Texas state court their state law
claims that the federal district court had previously remanded to the state court.
Because the injunction was issued in violation of the Anti-Injunction Act, we
VACATE the injunction orders.




        *
         Pursuant to 5TH CIR. R. 47.5, the court has determined that this opinion should not
be published and is not precedent except under the limited circumstances set forth in 5TH CIR.
R. 47.5.4.
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                                 No. 11-50524


                   FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
      Nolen and Gibbs (collectively “plaintiffs”) are mechanical engineers. In
1971, the plaintiffs formed the Nabla Corporation, which provided services and
equipment to the petroleum industry. In 1997, they sold Nabla Corporation to
Lufkin Industries, Inc. (“Lufkin”) for two million dollars. Upon the sale, Nolen
began to work as an employee for Lufkin and Gibbs began to work for Lufkin as
a consultant. Gibbs entered into a two-year Consulting Agreement, though Gibbs
continued to consult for Lufkin after the agreement expired. Nolen also ended
his employment to become a consultant in 2002.
      In October 2003, Lufkin asked Gibbs to execute assignment documents for
an earlier patent that Gibbs obtained, which predated Lufkin’s acquisition of
Nabla. Gibbs did so on October 23, 2003. Then, in early 2003, the plaintiffs
created the Inferred Production Invention. They told Lufkin about their
invention, and Lufkin introduced Gibbs and Nolen to Gary Bush, a patent
attorney for Andrews Kurth LLC (“Andrews Kurth”). Bush had Gibbs and Nolen
sign a “Declaration and Power of Attorney,” which authorized Bush to apply for
a patent application on their behalf, and caused Gibbs and Nolen to execute an
assignment of all their rights in the invention and any issued patents thereon
to Lufkin. In October 2008, Bush had Gibbs and Nolen sign a second power of
attorney and assignment to Lufkin, regarding a new invention, called the Patent
Pending Invention.
      Thereafter, Lufkin filed a lawsuit against Gibbs and Nolen in Texas state
court, claiming unfair competition and theft of trade secrets. Gibbs and Nolen
then asserted several counterclaims for trademark infringement against Lufkin
and third-party claims against Andrews Kurth. The counterclaims were asserted
under the federal Lanham Act. The state court granted Lufkin’s motion to sever
Gibbs’ and Nolen’s counterclaims into a separate action, with Gibbs and Nolen

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as the plaintiffs and with Lufkin, Bush, and Andrews Kurth as the defendants.
Lufkin then removed the severed Lanham Act case to federal court.1 In federal
court, Gibbs and Nolen amended their pleadings three times. In addition to the
Lanham Act claims, the amended complaint included newly raised federal
patent claims.
       In the federal district court the parties filed cross-motions for dismissal
and summary judgment. Ultimately the federal district court dismissed all of
plaintiffs’ federal law claims and some of their state law claims. The district
court then remanded plaintiffs’ remaining state law claims to the state court.
Each party appealed from the federal district court’s adverse rulings, and those
appeals are currently pending in this federal court of appeals, including the
defendants’ appeals from the district court’s order remanding the plaintiffs’
remaining state law claims to state court.
       After the district court remanded Gibbs’ and Nolen’s state law claims, the
plaintiffs moved the state court to set them for trial. Over the opposition of
Andrews Kurth and Lufkin, the state court set a trial date and pretrial deadlines
but “invited the parties to request an injunction from the federal courts.”
       In response to Andrews Kurth’s petition, the federal district court, on May
12, 2011 enjoined Gibbs, Nolen and their attorneys from litigating or preparing
to litigate their state law claims in state court until the federal appeals are
resolved by this court of appeals.
       Gibbs and Nolen appealed, contending that the injunction was issued in
violation of the Anti-Injunction Act, 28 U.S.C. § 2283.2 They originally filed their


       1
       Lufkin’s original claims against Gibbs, Nolen, and several other defendants were not
removed and the Texas state court later dismissed those claims.
       2
         The plaintiffs also challenged the federal district court’s exercise of subject-matter
jurisdiction over all of their claims. Lufkin removed the case on the basis of federal-question
jurisdiction. “Federal question jurisdiction arises when a plaintiff[ ] set[s] forth allegations
founded on a claim or right arising under the Constitution, treaties or laws of the United

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appeal on the merits and their appeal of the injunction to the Federal Circuit,
pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1292(c). The Federal Circuit concluded that it lacked
jurisdiction and transferred both appeals to this circuit.
                              STANDARD OF REVIEW
       We review the federal district court’s grant of an injunction for abuse of
discretion, and underlying questions of law de novo. Newby v. Enron Corp., 302
F.3d 295, 301 (5th Cir. 2002). Because the application of an Anti-Injunction Act
exception is an issue of law, we review de novo the federal district court’s
determination that an injunction may be issued under one of the exceptions.
Regions Bank of Louisiana v. Rivet, 224 F.3d 483, 488 (5th Cir. 2000).
                                      DISCUSSION
       The Anti-Injunction Act provides that courts of the United States are
generally denied the power to “grant an injunction to stay proceedings in a State
court.” 28 U.S.C. § 2283. A federal court may enjoin a state court only where: (1)
it is expressly authorized to do so by an Act of Congress; (2) “where necessary in
aid of its jurisdiction”; or (3) “to protect or effectuate its judgments.” Id.; see also
Atl. Coast Line R.R. Co. v. Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers, 398 U.S. 281,
286 (1970) (“[T]he . . . Act is an absolute prohibition against enjoining state court
proceedings, unless the injunction falls within one of three specifically defined
exceptions.”). These exceptions “are narrow and are not [to] be enlarged by loose
statutory construction.” Smith v. Bayer Corp., 131 S. Ct. 2368, 2375 (2011)


States.” Arena v. Graybar Elec. Co., Inc., 669 F.3d 214, 219-20 (5th Cir. 2012) (alterations in
original) (quoting Hart v. Bayer Corp., 199 F.3d 239, 243 (5th Cir. 2000)) (internal quotation
marks omitted). Gibbs and Nolen’s original cross-complaint raised trademark infringement
claims pursuant to the federal Lanham Act, 15 U.S.C. §§ 1114, 1125(a). The plaintiffs’
complaint and amended complaints before the federal district court continued to raise Lanham
Act claims and introduced new federal patent law claims. See 28 U.S.C. § 1338(a) (“The district
courts shall have original jurisdiction of any civil action arising under any Act of Congress
relating to patents . . . copyrights and trademarks.”). The federal district court therefore
properly exercised federal-question jurisdiction over the federal claims, and supplemental
jurisdiction over the plaintiffs’ additional state-law claims. See 28 U.S.C. § 1367.

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(alteration in original) (citations and internal quotation marks omitted). The
federal district court held that the injunction was authorized under the “protect
or effectuate” exception—commonly known as the relitigation exception—and
under the in-aid-of-jurisdiction exception. We conclude that the federal district
court improperly applied these exceptions to the present case.
      “The relitigation exception was designed to permit a federal court to
prevent state litigation of an issue that previously was presented to and decided
by the federal court.” Chick Kam Choo v. Exxon Corp., 486 U.S. 140, 147 (1988);
Moore v. State Farm Fire & Cas. Co., 556 F.3d 264, 273 (5th Cir. 2009). “It is
founded in the well-recognized concepts of res judicata and collateral estoppel.”
Chick Kam Choo, 486 U.S. at 147. The Supreme Court has cautioned that special
care must be taken to keep the relitigation exception “‘strict and narrow.’”
Smith, 131 S. Ct. at 2375 (quoting Chick Kam Choo, 486 U.S. at 148). The
exception may be applied only where “the claims or issues which the federal
injunction insulates from litigation in state proceedings actually have been
decided by the federal court.” Chick Kam Choo, 486 U.S. at 148 (emphasis
added); see also Bryan v. BellSouth Commc’ns, Inc., 492 F.3d 231, 237 (4th Cir.
2007) (“[T]he exception is inapplicable where an injunction is sought to prevent
the litigation of claims or issues that could have been decided in the original
action but were not.”). Moreover, “[d]eciding whether and how prior litigation
has preclusive effect is usually the bailiwick of the second court . . . . So issuing
an injunction under the relitigation exception is resorting to heavy artillery. For
that reason, every benefit of the doubt goes toward the state court.” Smith, 131
S. Ct. at 2375-76.
      The plaintiffs and defendants agree that the federal district court opted
not to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over the remaining state law claims
and instead remanded those claims to be litigated in state court. Although the
federal district court did not reach a judgment on these claims, the defendants

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argue that the injunction is warranted because Gibbs and Nolen will use the
state court litigation to relitigate the federal district court’s decisions of claims
in its preremand orders. To the extent that Gibbs and Nolen will ask the state
court to resolve whether the federal district court’s preremand rulings have
preclusive effect on the state court litigation, the state court is the appropriate
decisionmaker as to what preclusive effect the preremand orders will have over
the remanded state claims. See Smith, 131 S. Ct. at 2375-76. Because the
remanded issues were never decided by the federal district court, the relitigation
exception cannot apply.
      Nor does the in-aid-of-jurisdiction exception apply to the present case.
“The general rule remains . . . that an injunction cannot issue to restrain a state
action in personam involving the same subject matter from going on at the same
time.” Charles Alan Wright et al., 17A Fed. Prac. & Proc. §4225. As the Supreme
Court said in Atlantic Coast Line:
      Although the federal court did have jurisdiction of the railroad’s
      complaint based on federal law, the state court also had jurisdiction
      over the complaint based on state law and the union’s asserted
      federal defense as well. . . . In short, the state and federal courts had
      concurrent jurisdiction in this case, and neither court was free to
      prevent either party from simultaneously pursuing claims in both
      courts. . . . Therefore the state court’s assumption of jurisdiction
      over the state law claims and the federal preclusion issue did not
      hinder the federal court’s jurisdiction so as to make an injunction
      necessary to aid that jurisdiction.
398 U.S. at 295–296 (emphasis added).
      The defendants rely on Brookshire Bros. Holding, Inc. v. Dayco Products
Inc., 2009 WL 8518382 (5th Cir. Jan. 23, 2009) (unpublished), but that case is
inapposite. In Brookshire Bros., after this court of appeals had ruled that the
federal district court had abused its discretion in remanding a case to Louisiana
state court, the plaintiffs moved for the state court to rule on dispositive motions,
and the state court indicated that it intended to rule on those motions. The

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defendants-appellants filed an emergency motion in this court of appeals to
enjoin the parties from proceeding in the state court. We issued the requested
injunctive relief in that case because it fell within one of the express exceptions
to the general prohibition contained in the Anti–Injunction Act: a federal court
may enjoin state court proceedings “where necessary in aid of its jurisdiction.”
Id. We said “the underlying dispute in this case is not the subject of parallel
state and federal actions, but of a single lawsuit which was brought in state
court, removed to federal court, and later—erroneously—remanded to state
court. Permitting the state court to rule on dispositive motions in this suit,
which, as our opinion made clear, is properly before the federal district court,
would seriously interfere with the federal district court’s consideration of the
case and deprive the defendants-appellants of their right to proceed in a federal
forum.” Id. The present case is clearly distinguishable; here, there has been no
ruling by us that the district court erred in remanding the plaintiffs’ state law
claims to the state court. Therefore, the state court’s assumption of jurisdiction
over the remanded state law claims does not hinder the federal court's
jurisdiction so as to make an injunction necessary to aid that jurisdiction.
                                 CONCLUSION
         For these reasons, we VACATE the federal district court’s May 12, 2011
order enjoining the plaintiffs from pursuing their remanded claims in state
court.




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