                                                                  NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                            FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                                 ____________

                                       No. 17-2539
                                      ____________

                                ALFRED DEGENNARO,
                                            Appellant

                                            v.

           AMERICAN BANKERS INSURANCE COMPANY OF FLORIDA;
             GOVERNMENT EMPLOYEES INSURANCE COMPANY;
                    ASSURANT SPECIALTY PROPERTY
                             ____________

                     On Appeal from the United States District Court
                               for the District of New Jersey
                                (D.N.J. No. 3-16-cv-05274)
                      District Judge: Honorable Brian R. Martinotti,
                                       ____________

                   Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a)
                                   April 10, 2018

            Before: CHAGARES, VANASKIE and FISHER, Circuit Judges.

                                   (Filed: June 8, 2018)
                                      ____________

                                        OPINION*
                                      ____________




       *
       This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does
not constitute binding precedent.
FISHER, Circuit Judge.

       Alfred DeGennaro, a member of the New Jersey bar proceeding pro se, appeals

from the District Court’s dismissal of his complaint alleging various statutory, contract,

and tort claims against Defendants Government Employees Insurance Company

(“GEICO”), Assurant Specialty Property, and American Bankers Insurance Company of

Florida (“ABIC”). For the reasons that follow, we will affirm.

                                             I.

       In late 2013, DeGennaro contacted GEICO, his auto insurance carrier, seeking to

obtain a $1 million umbrella liability policy. GEICO informed DeGennaro that he first

needed to secure a renter’s insurance policy for his home with a minimum personal

liability coverage limit of $300,000 per occurrence. DeGennaro then sought and obtained

such a renter’s policy—issued by ABIC1—with $300,000 of personal liability coverage

per occurrence, which allowed him to obtain the umbrella policy through GEICO.

       DeGennaro later received a letter from GEICO about his umbrella policy, stating

that he “may not meet the required underlying liability limit of $300,000,” and that he

should review his policy to ensure he was “carrying the adequate limit” to avoid a “gap of

coverage.”2 At the time, the declaration page accompanying DeGennaro’s renter’s policy

with ABIC listed his personal liability coverage limit as $300,000 per occurrence. Less


       1
       ABIC is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Interfinancial, Inc., which is a wholly-
owned subsidiary of defendant Assurant, Inc.
     2
       Joint Appendix (“J.A.”) 389, 39–40.
                                           2
than a month later, however, DeGennaro received an amended declaration page from

ABIC stating that his personal liability coverage limit had been reduced to $100,000 per

occurrence. This was because DeGennaro was operating a business—his law practice—at

his residence, which disqualified him from a $300,000 liability coverage limit under

ABIC’s then-existing underwriting guidelines. DeGennaro acknowledges receiving this

amended declaration, which stated in bold lettering that it superseded the previous

declaration page. To account for the reduction in coverage, DeGennaro’s annual

insurance premiums were correspondingly lowered from $24 to $8, and his credit card

was refunded $16.

       DeGennaro renewed his one-year renter’s policy with ABIC on two occasions—

each time the renewal declaration pages listed his personal liability coverage limit as only

$100,000 per occurrence. On the second renewal, he noticed the potential issue and

reached out to GEICO. He learned that he had a $200,000 gap in coverage because his

personal liability limit was $100,000 rather than $300,000. DeGennaro then reached out

to ABIC and was notified that his policy had been reduced because he was operating a

business on the premises. Because ABIC’s underwriting policies had since changed,

however, ABIC agreed to increase his liability limit $300,000 and charge him a new

premium of $16.78 per year.

       Not satisfied with this result, DeGennaro filed a consumer complaint with the New

Jersey Department of Banking and Insurance (“NJDOBI”) “to address the reduction of

                                             3
his comprehensive personal liability coverage from $300,000 to $100,000.”3 ABIC sent a

letter to NJDOBI explaining that DeGennaro had initially been approved for a $300,000

policy because of a “system issue,”4 but that his policy was reduced during the

underwriting period because, under their guidelines at the time, he was ineligible for the

$300,000 limit. The letter also noted that ABIC notified DeGennaro via email about the

reduction in coverage, that they refunded $16 to his credit card on file, and that if

DeGennaro wished, they would “honor [a] request to increase the liability coverage to

$300,000, back to the inception date of the policy,” which would result in a

corresponding increase in his premiums.5 Because ABIC made that offer, NJDOBI

determined that the “matter has been favorably resolved,”6 and it closed the matter.

       Instead of paying the increased premium to have his renter’s liability coverage

increased retroactive to the inception date of the policy, DeGennaro cancelled his ABIC

renter’s insurance policy and his GEICO auto and umbrella policies. And although

DeGennaro never made a claim under these policies while they were in effect, he filed a

complaint in the District Court alleging various statutory, contract, and tort claims against

Defendants, seeking $172.8 million in damages. DeGennaro’s claims allege, inter alia,

that the Defendants conspired to harm him by intentionally and deceitfully decreasing the

limit on his policy, thereby causing him harm by forcing him to unknowingly carry

       3
         J.A. 47.
       4
         J.A. 193.
       5
         J.A. 194.
       6
         J.A. 149.
                                              4
additional risk due to the resulting gap in coverage. The Defendants each filed motions to

dismiss the complaint under Rule 12(b)(6), which the District Court granted. DeGennaro

appealed.

                                             II.

       The District Court had jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1332, and it dismissed

DeGennaro’s complaint without prejudice. Although such an order is generally “neither

final nor appealable,” it becomes so when the plaintiff “declares his intention to stand on

his complaint.” 7 Because DeGennaro opts to stand on his complaint, we have appellate

jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291.

       “[O]ur standard of review of a district court’s dismissal under Federal Rule of

Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) is plenary.”8 “We ‘accept all factual allegations as true, construe

the complaint in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, and determine whether, under

any reasonable reading of the complaint, the plaintiff may be entitled to relief.’”9

DeGennaro’s claims alleging fraud, including his claims under New Jersey’s Consumer

Fraud Act (the “CFA”), N.J.S.A. § 56:8–1 et seq., are subject to the heightened pleading

standard imposed by Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 9(b).10 This requires a plaintiff to


       7
         Borelli v. City of Reading, 532 F.2d 950, 951–52 (3d Cir. 1976).
       8
         Bruni v. City of Pittsburgh, 824 F.3d 353, 360 (3d Cir. 2016) (quoting Taliaferro
v. Darby Twp. Zoning Bd., 458 F.3d 181, 188 (3d Cir. 2006)).
       9
         Byers v. Intuit, Inc., 600 F.3d 286, 291 (3d Cir. 2010) (quoting Grammer v. John
J. Kane Reg’l Centers-Glen Hazel, 570 F.3d 520, 523 (3d Cir. 2009)).
       10
          See, e.g., Frederico v. Home Depot, 507 F.3d 188, 202–03 (3d Cir. 2007)
(applying Rule 9(b) standard to CFA claims).
                                               5
“state the circumstances of the alleged fraud with sufficient particularity to place the

defendant on notice of the ‘precise misconduct with which [it is] charged.’”11

                                             III.

       DeGennaro alleges: (A) nine counts under the CFA; (B) a tortious interference

with prospective economic advantage claim; (C) a common law fraud claim; (D) a breach

of fiduciary duty claim; and (E) two breach of contract claims. We address these in turn.

                                             A.

       DeGennaro alleges nine counts under the CFA, which imposes liability on any

person who uses: “any unconscionable commercial practice, deception, fraud, false

pretense, false promise, misrepresentation, or the knowing, concealment, suppression, or

omission of any material fact with intent that others rely upon such concealment,

suppression or omission.”12 To state a claim under the CFA, a plaintiff needs to allege:

“1) unlawful conduct by defendant; 2) an ascertainable loss by plaintiff; and 3) a causal

relationship between the unlawful conduct and the ascertainable loss.”13 The District

Court held that DeGennaro failed to sufficiently plead these elements. We concur. Even




       11
         Id. at 200 (alteration in original) (quoting Lum v. Bank of Am., 361 F.3d 217,
223–24 (3d Cir. 2004)).
      12
         N.J.S.A. § 56:8-2.
      13
         Bosland v. Warnock Dodge, Inc., 964 A.2d 741, 749 (N.J. 2009).
                                               6
assuming any of Defendants’ conduct was “unlawful,”14 DeGennaro’s claims still fail

because he fails to sufficiently plead an “ascertainable loss,” which he frames as the loss

associated with carrying additional risk.

       The Supreme Court of New Jersey has stated that, in the CFA context, an

ascertainable loss is “a definite, certain and measurable loss, rather than one that is

merely theoretical.”15 An ascertainable loss “need not yet have been experienced as an

out-of-pocket loss to the plaintiff,” but it cannot be “hypothetical or illusory”—“[t]he

certainty implicit in the concept of an ‘ascertainable’ loss is that it is quantifiable or

measurable.”16

       DeGennaro admits that his theory of loss—having to carry the “risk” associated

with the gap in his coverage—“is a damage of an incorporeal nature.”17 DeGennaro has

not suffered any out-of-pocket costs, because he never made a claim under his policy, he

never had to cover the gap in his coverage, and the $16 additional premium was returned


       14
           DeGennaro fails to plead unlawful conduct because, inter alia, Defendants
clearly put him on notice of the policy change through the initial revised declaration
sheet, an email, accurate declaration sheets at renewal time, and even two notices
indicating a possible coverage gap. Simply put, he fails to adequately plead any
“affirmative act[], knowing omission[], [or] regulatory violation[]” as required under the
CFA. Cox v. Sears Roebuck & Co., 647 A.2d 454, 462 (N.J. 1994).
        15
           Bosland, 964 A.2d at 749 (citing Thiedemann v. Mercedes-Benz USA, LLC, 872
A.2d 783, 793 (N.J. 2005)).
        16
           Thiedemann, 872 A.2d at 792–93; see also Cox, 647 A.2d at 464 (finding an
“ascertainable loss” where contractor incorrectly renovated plaintiff’s kitchen, even
though plaintiff had not yet paid contractor, because the damage could be “calculated
within a reasonable degree of certainty”).
        17
           DeGennaro Br. 5.
                                              7
to his account. Nonetheless, DeGennaro suggests that his “loss” is ascertainable under the

“benefit-of-the-bargain” theory, which “allows recovery for the difference between the

price paid and the value . . . had the representations been true.”18 Under this theory,

however, DeGennaro must still allege that “the difference in value between the product

promised and the one received can be reasonably quantified,” and the “[f]ailure to

quantify this difference in value results in the dismissal of a claim.”19

       Even accepting DeGennaro’s argument that he expected a $300,000 renter’s

policy, but wound up with a “$200,000 nightmare,”20 he fails to quantify the difference in

value associated with carrying additional risk. For example, he suggests that he

“unknowingly carr[ied] the risk,” which “would cause conservatively at least $400,000

[of loss] to the reasonable consumer,” but also that a “jury should determine a value”

associated with this loss.21 DeGennaro also makes public policy arguments and presents

hypothetical scenarios suggesting that although the “exposure to perilous circumstances

is gone,” the exposure to risk had a “real value” to him.22 These convoluted arguments

come nowhere close to pleading an ascertainable loss under Rule 9(b)’s stringent

pleading standard.




       18
          Correa v. Maggiore, 482 A.2d 192, 197 (N.J. Super. Ct. App. Div. 1984).
       19
          Smajlaj v. Campbell Soup Co., 782 F. Supp. 2d 84, 99, 101 (D.N.J. 2011).
       20
          DeGennaro Br. 43.
       21
          DeGennaro Br. 42.
       22
          DeGennaro Br. 30.
                                           8
       Additionally, ascertainable loss is not adequately pled for another reason. Courts

adjudicating CFA claims have dismissed complaints for lack of ascertainable loss where

a “defendant . . . takes action to ensure that the plaintiff sustains no out-of-pocket loss or

loss of value prior to litigation.”23 Here, ABIC offered to increase DeGennaro’s coverage

limit—prior to any litigation—retroactive to the inception date of the policy.24

       Lastly, DeGennaro makes a new CFA argument on appeal. Before the District

Court, DeGennaro had also alleged that Defendants were strictly liable under the CFA for

violating New Jersey Administrative Code § 11:1-20.2, which governs renewal,

cancellation, and non-renewal of insurance policies. The District Court correctly noted

that this section was inapplicable because ABIC never cancelled nor failed to renew the

renter’s policy. For the first time on appeal, DeGennaro alleges that the Defendants

violated a different section, N.J.A.C. § 11:1-22.2(a)(1), which prohibits a mid-term

decrease in coverage without approval from the Commissioner. He acknowledges that he

never cited this statute in his complaint, but he “feels [his] allegations . . . were

sufficient.” DeGennaro Br. 2. DeGennaro is incorrect. Spireas v. Comm’r of Internal

Revenue, 886 F.3d 315, 321 (3d Cir. 2018) (“Whether an argument remains fair game on

appeal is determined by the ‘degree of particularity’ with which it was raised in the trial


       23
         See D’Agostino v. Maldonado, 78 A.3d 527, 543 (N.J. 2013).
       24
         ABIC’s willingness to increase the coverage limit retroactively is relevant
because the policy was an “occurrence-based” policy. Under such a policy, a
policyholder can make a claim after the policy period ends, provided the “occurrence”
occurred during the policy period.
                                            9
court, and parties must do so with ‘exacting specificity,’” including by relying on “the

same legal rule or standard.”) (quoting United States v. Joseph, 730 F.3d 336, 339–42 (3d

Cir. 2018)).25 Accordingly, for all the reasons discussed, we affirm the dismissal of the

CFA counts

                                             B.

       Count Eight alleges tortious interference with prospective advantage based on

DeGennaro’s allegation that Defendants’ actions resulted in him “not exercis[ing] his

right to purchase suitable insurance policies . . . from other companies.”26 He argues that

his claim is supported by the fact that he was later able to purchase a suitable policy from

another insurance company after cancelling his policies with ABIC and GEICO. His

claim fails for several reasons.

       To state a claim for tortious interference with prospective advantage under New

Jersey law, DeGennaro must allege:

       (1) [his] reasonable expectation of economic benefit or advantage, (2) the
       defendant’s knowledge of that expectancy, (3) the defendant’s wrongful,
       intentional interference with that expectancy, (4) in the absence of
       interference, the reasonable probability that the plaintiff would have


       25
          Aside from the waiver, “[n]othing” in the statute “shall be deemed to create any
right or cause of action on behalf of any insured . . . .” N.J.A.C. § 11:1-22.5(b)(2)). And
even if the claims were somehow cognizable, it is doubtful there would be any statutory
violation because DeGennaro assented to the coverage reduction by accepting the
updated policy and renewing it (twice). See NN&R, Inc. v. One Beacon Ins. Grp., No.
CIV. 03-5011 (JBS), 2006 WL 1765077, at *6 (D.N.J. June 26, 2006) (no violation
where insured was on notice of policy change and acceded to it).
       26
          J.A. 89–90.
                                             10
       received the anticipated economic benefit, and (5) damages resulting from
       the defendant’s interference.27

A complaint must not only “demonstrate that a plaintiff was in ‘pursuit’ of business,” but

must also “allege facts claiming that the interference was done intentionally and with

‘malice.’”28 Here, DeGennaro does not allege what economic benefit he lost as a result of

Defendants’ alleged actions, nor any facts suggesting that any alleged actions were done

intentionally or with malice. Moreover, as discussed supra, he has failed to properly

allege any damages whatsoever—let alone damages resulting from the alleged

“interference.” The fact that DeGennaro later purchased insurance from another company

that met his expectations (which ABIC also agreed to provide) does not rescue his claim.

                                            C.

       Count Nine alleges common law fraud against Defendants for the “fraudulent”

sale of insurance, and for “surreptitiously, purposely, knowingly, deceitfully, and

maliciously creating a $200,000 gap in liability coverage.”29 He suggests, on appeal, that

he relied on the initial declaration page noting a $300,000 limit, which caused him to end

his search for insurance coverage. “To state a claim for fraud under New Jersey law,

[DeGennaro] must allege (1) a material misrepresentation of fact; (2) knowledge or belief

       27
           Fineman v. Armstrong World Indus., Inc., 980 F.2d 171, 186 (3d Cir. 1992)
(citing Printing Mart–Morristown v. Sharp Elecs. Corp., 563 A.2d 31, 37 (N.J. 1989)).
This Court has noted other formulations of how to prevail on such a claim. See Avaya
Inc., RP v. Telecom Labs, Inc., 838 F.3d 354, 382 (3d Cir. 2016) (parsing out a three-part
test). DeGennaro’s claim fails regardless of which formulation we apply.
        28
           Printing Mart–Morristown, 563 A.2d at 37.
        29
           J.A. 91–92.
                                             11
by the defendant of its falsity; (3) intention that the other person rely on it; (4) reasonable

reliance thereon by the other person; and (5) resulting damage.”30 DeGennaro’s

complaint contains no specific facts supporting his bare allegations of fraud. DeGennaro

also admits that he received a revised declaration page indicating that his limit had been

reduced. Not only was he notified when the policy was changed, but this information was

sent to him repeatedly when the policy was up for renewal. GEICO also repeatedly

informed him of the potential gap in his coverage. DeGennaro pleads no facts suggesting

that Defendants knew any statements were false, and as discussed supra, he suffered no

damage or loss. This fraud claim—which is subject to Rule 9(b)’s stringent pleading

standard—would not survive a Motion to Dismiss even under the normal pleading

standard.

                                              D.

       Count Ten alleges “intentional” breach of contract. Before the District Court,

however, DeGennaro conceded that no separate action exists under New Jersey law for

“intentional” breach of contract. Accordingly, the District Court dismissed the claim. On

appeal, DeGennaro suggests that this count should actually be styled “Breach of Good




       30
            Frederico, 507 F.3d at 200.
                                              12
Faith in Contract,” and this this Court should “clerically correct[]” his mistake.31 We

decline to do so.32

       Count Twelve alleges breach of contract on the basis that the Defendants created a

gap in DeGennaro’s liability coverage, which rendered the policies “deficient and

unsuitable” and caused him to “unknowingly carry” the risk associated with the coverage

gap.33 “To prevail on a breach of contract claim under New Jersey law, a plaintiff must

establish three elements: (1) the existence of a valid contract between the parties; (2)

failure of the defendant to perform its obligations under the contract; and (3) a causal

relationship between the breach and the plaintiff’s alleged damages.”34 Like DeGennaro’s

other claims, this one fails because of his inability to plead damages. Moreover, the

typical remedy in a breach of contract action is compensatory damages, which “put the

innocent party into the position he or she would have achieved had the contract been

completed.”35 Thus, even assuming ABIC breached the insurance contract, it offered to




       31
          DeGennaro Br. 39.
       32
          DeGennaro never sought to amend his complaint to assert this claim. Moreover,
assuming this claim is for breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing,
he has failed to plead sufficient facts to support such a claim.
       33
          J.A. 95–96.
       34
          Sheet Metal Workers Int’l Ass’n Local Union No. 27, AFL-CIO v. E.P.
Donnelly, Inc., 737 F.3d 879, 900 (3d Cir. 2013) (citing Coyle v. Englander’s, 488 A.2d
1083, 1088 (N.J. Super. Ct. App. Div. 1985)).
       35
          Totaro, Duffy, Cannova & Co., L.L.C. v. Lane, Middleton & Co., L.L.C., 921
A.2d 1100, 1107 (N.J. 2007).
                                              13
increase DeGennaro’s coverage limit retroactive to the inception of the contract—thereby

putting him in “as good a position as . . . if performance had been rendered.”36

                                             E.

       Count Eleven alleges that Defendants owed DeGennaro a “fiduciary duty because

they were insuring him,” which they breached by “surreptitiously, purposely, knowingly,

deceitfully, and maliciously creating a $200,000 gap in liability coverage.” 37 An insurer

only owes a fiduciary duty to an insured under “certain circumstances,” such as when it is

settling claims on behalf of the insured.38 None of these circumstances are present here.

Indeed, the complaint alleges the fiduciary duty is based on the fact that Defendants were

insuring DeGennaro—and nothing more. No claim was ever made on the insurance

policy, and thus Defendants never settled any claims on his behalf. DeGennaro does not

even address these shortcomings on appeal, merely declaring that by dismissing this

count we would be taking an “extremely technical view of a fiduciary relationship.”39 But

it is no mere technicality to observe that DeGennaro has failed to plead anything to

suggest a fiduciary duty exists, let alone that Defendants breached such a duty.

       36
           Id. at 1108 (quoting Donovan v. Bachstadt, 453 A.2d 160, 165 (N.J. 1982).
DeGennaro’s brief largely focuses on irrelevant theories of third-party contractual
liability, presumably to suggest that GEICO can be held liable as a third-party beneficiary
of the renter’s policy that DeGennaro purchased from ABIC. GEICO, however, is not a
third-party beneficiary of that policy, but even if it was, it cannot be held liable because
there was no breach of contract for the reasons discussed in this section.
        37
           J.A. 94–95.
        38
           Polito v. Cont’l Cas. Co., 689 F.2d 457, 462 (3d Cir. 1982) (abrogated on other
grounds by Carfagno v. Aetna Cas. & Sur. Co., 770 F. Supp. 245 (D.N.J. 1991)).
        39
           DeGennaro Br. 41.
                                              14
                                    IV.

For the foregoing reasons, we will affirm.




                                     15
