                        COURT OF APPEALS
                         SECOND DISTRICT OF TEXAS
                              FORT WORTH

                              NO. 02-11-00041-CV


IN THE MATTER OF M.S.




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          FROM THE 323RD DISTRICT COURT OF TARRANT COUNTY

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                        MEMORANDUM OPINION1
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      Appellant M.S., a child, appeals the trial court’s judgment adjudicating him

delinquent and ordering one year’s probation. We affirm.

                            BACKGROUND FACTS

      Appellant enrolled at Timber Creek High School on Friday, October 15,

2010. On that date, principal Todd Tunnell spoke with Appellant and his mother

about Appellant’s prior placement in an alternative school through Alternative

Education and Placement (AEP).         During that conversation, Appellant told

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      See Tex. R. App. P. 47.4.
Tunnell that he had completed his time in AEP. Appellant was scheduled to start

regular classes on Monday, October 18, 2010.           Before Appellant arrived on

Monday, Tunnell learned that Appellant had not in fact completed his time in

AEP. Upon his arrival at Timber Creek, Appellant was called to the principal’s

office where they discussed the discrepancies in what Appellant had told Tunnell.

      During the meeting, Tunnell noticed that Appellant had a ―defensive and

surly‖ attitude. He also noticed that Appellant had ―Pretty Boy‖ written on his

backpack, that he was dressed totally in blue, and that he had a tattoo of three

dots on his hand. Tunnell discussed the tattoo with the school resource officer

and asked if it had any gang implications.

      Tunnell told Appellant that he could not attend Timber Creek until he

served the rest of his AEP time in Keller. Tunnell instructed Appellant to wait in

the front office for his mother to pick him up. Appellant left the area he was

instructed to wait in, and Tunnell found him in the hallway talking to students.

Tunnell directed Appellant back to the office. Tunnell recalled walking through

the front office again ―close to noon‖ and noticing that Appellant had left.

      Shortly after Appellant left, Tunnell received a report of graffiti on a toilet

paper dispenser in one of the boys’ restrooms. Officer Michael Shunk, a Fort

Worth policeman assigned to Timber Creek, took pictures of the graffiti, which

included ―Pretty Boy Prince‖ written in blue ink and stars and ―Fresh‖ written in

black ink.   ―Fresh‖ was written in a different style than ―Pretty Boy Prince.‖

Tunnell thought the graffiti was written with a permanent marker, and Shunk was


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not able to remove or smear the graffiti with his finger. The graffiti was cleaned

off by the custodial staff, and the markers used to write the graffiti were not

recovered.

      Shunk reviewed tape from the school’s video surveillance system.             A

person fitting Appellant’s description was seen on the video entering the

restroom at 12:07 and leaving approximately three minutes later. Shunk showed

the video to Tunnell, who identified the person as Appellant.

      Shunk had over twenty-four years’ experience with the Fort Worth Police

Department, had been a school resource officer for nine years, and was working

his second year at Timber Creek when this event occurred. He had experience

with graffiti both as a school resource officer and while working in the gang unit.

He was not aware of any graffiti on the dispenser prior to that day. Based on

Shunk’s visual observations of the graffiti on the toilet paper dispenser, as well as

his efforts to remove or smear it, he determined that the markings were made

with a ―permanent indelible marker.‖

      At his adjudication hearing, Appellant admitted to writing ―Pretty Boy

Prince‖ on the dispenser but claimed that he used a blue, washable marker. He

denied writing ―Fresh‖ or drawing the stars, although he admitted to having a

black marker in his backpack the morning of the incident. Appellant’s mother

testified that she had first learned of the graffiti incident approximately a week

after it occurred and had searched Appellant’s backpack at that time. She found




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a washable marker. The judge found Appellant delinquent and placed him on

felony probation for one year. This appeal followed.

                                   DISCUSSION

Factual and Legal Insufficiency

      In his first issue, Appellant claims that the evidence is factually insufficient

to support the adjudication of delinquency. Although appeals from juvenile court

orders are generally treated as civil cases, we apply a criminal sufficiency

standard of review to sufficiency of the evidence challenges regarding the

adjudication phase of juvenile proceedings. In re M.C.S., Jr., 327 S.W.3d 802,

805 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2010, no pet.). Because factual sufficiency claims in

criminal cases are no longer viable in Texas, see Brooks v. State, 323 S.W.3d

893, 912 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010) (holding that the legal sufficiency standard

articulated in Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319, 99 S. Ct. 2781, 2789

(1979), is the only standard that a reviewing court should apply in determining

whether evidence is sufficient), we overrule Appellant’s first issue.

      In his second issue, Appellant claims that the evidence is legally

insufficient to support the adjudication of delinquency. He argues that no rational

trier of fact could have found that the marker used for the graffiti was an ―indelible

marker‖ as defined in the Texas Penal Code.

      In our due-process review of the sufficiency of the evidence to support a

conviction, we view all of the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict to

determine whether any rational trier of fact could have found the essential


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elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319, 99

S. Ct. at 2789; Isassi v. State, 330 S.W.3d 633, 638 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010).

      This standard gives full play to the responsibility of the trier of fact to

resolve conflicts in the testimony, to weigh the evidence, and to draw reasonable

inferences from basic facts to ultimate facts. Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319, 99 S. Ct.

at 2789; Isassi, 330 S.W.3d at 638. The trier of fact is the sole judge of the

weight and credibility of the evidence. See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 38.04

(West 1979); Brown v. State, 270 S.W.3d 564, 568 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008), cert.

denied, 129 S. Ct. 2075 (2009).         Thus, when performing an evidentiary

sufficiency review, we may not re-evaluate the weight and credibility of the

evidence and substitute our judgment for that of the factfinder. Williams v. State,

235 S.W.3d 742, 750 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). Instead, we Adetermine whether

the necessary inferences are reasonable based upon the combined and

cumulative force of all the evidence when viewed in the light most favorable to

the verdict.@ Hooper v. State, 214 S.W.3d 9, 16–17 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). We

must presume that the factfinder resolved any conflicting inferences in favor of

the verdict and defer to that resolution. Jackson, 443 U.S. at 326, 99 S. Ct. at

2793; Isassi, 330 S.W.3d at 638.

      A person commits an offense under penal code section 28.08(a)(2) ―if,

without the effective consent of the owner, the person intentionally or knowingly

makes markings, including inscriptions, slogans, drawings, or paintings, on the

tangible property of the owner with an indelible marker.‖ Tex. Penal Code Ann.


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§ 28.08(a)(2) (West 2011). An indelible marker is a ―device that makes a mark

with a paint or ink product that is specifically formulated to be more difficult to

erase, wash out, or remove than ordinary paint or ink products.‖                  Id.

§ 28.08(e)(3).

      Principal Tunnell testified that he believed that the graffiti was made with a

permanent marker and that it did not come off nor smear when Officer Shunk

tried to remove it with his finger. Officer Shunk likewise clearly testified that the

markings were made by a ―permanent indelible marker.‖ A picture of the graffiti

was admitted into evidence. Appellant testified that he made only the ―Pretty Boy

Prince‖ markings using a blue, washable marker and that the black ―Fresh‖ was

already there.    Even where the actual marker used for the graffiti is not

recovered, as is the case here, circumstantial evidence and witness testimony

can support a finding that a marker is indelible. See Harvey v. State, 116 S.W.3d

816, 820–21 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2003, no pet.) (upholding finding that a

marker was indelible without the marker being submitted into evidence when two

witnesses testified that the graffiti was made with a ―permanent ink marker‖).

The trial court weighed the conflicting evidence and the credibility of the

witnesses. By its judgment, it resolved the conflict by finding the testimony of the

principal and the police officer to be credible. We shall not re-evaluate that

decision. See Williams, 235 S.W.3d at 750. Viewing the evidence in the light

most favorable to the verdict, we hold that a rational factfinder could have found

that Appellant wrote the graffiti with a permanent marker. The evidence is legally


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sufficient to support the trial court’s finding that Appellant used an indelible

marker as defined by the statute. We overrule Appellant’s second issue.

Rule of Lenity

      In his third issue, Appellant argues that the offense should not have been

found to be a state jail felony because the graffiti was not made ―on a school.‖

See Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 28.08(d)(1). He contends that the rule of lenity

would dictate that the statute be strictly construed in his favor.

       The rule of lenity requires that when a criminal statute is ambiguous and

the intent of the legislature cannot be determined by employing statutory

construction cannons, the ambiguity should be resolved ―in favor of lenity.‖ Ex

parte Forward, 258 S.W.3d 151, 157 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008) (Johnson, J.,

dissenting) (quoting Ladner v. United States, 358 U.S. 169, 178, 79 S. Ct. 209

(1958)).   It is rarely necessary for Texas courts to rely on the rule of lenity

because most of the Texas Penal Code has been drafted ―with clarity, precision,

and straightforward, well-defined language.‖ Cuellar v. State, 70 S.W.3d 815,

822 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002) (Cochran, J., concurring). The graffiti statute is no

exception. The phrase ―on a school‖ encompasses both the actual walls of the

facility and those attachments that are incorporated as part of the school. See In

re A.F., No. 08-01-00441-CV, 2002 WL 1767567, at *1 (Tex. App.—El Paso Aug.

1, 2002, no pet.) (not designated for publication) (holding that graffiti written on a

cubicle ―affixed to the wall‖ of a school classroom was written ―on a school‖); see

also In re C.M.L., No. 08-99-00210-CV, 2000 WL 678845, at *1 (Tex. App.—


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El Paso May 25, 2000, no pet.) (not designated for publication) (considering

graffiti written on a paper towel dispenser as part of the graffiti that was done ―on

a community center‖). The statute is unambiguous, thus the rule of lenity is

inapplicable. We overrule appellant’s third issue.

                                  CONCLUSION

       Having overruled each of Appellant's issues, we affirm the judgment of the

trial court.




                                                     LEE GABRIEL
                                                     JUSTICE

PANEL: GARDNER, McCOY, and GABRIEL, JJ.

DELIVERED: February 2, 2012




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