Filed 6/16/14 P. v. Soria CA1/3
                      NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
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               IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                       FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                DIVISION THREE


THE PEOPLE,
         Plaintiff and Respondent,
                                                                         A137607
v.
JUAN CARLOS SORIA,                                                       (Alameda County
                                                                         Super. Ct. No. H52558)
         Defendant and Appellant.


         Defendant Juan Carlos Soria appeals his conviction, following a bench trial, of
aiding and abetting an assault on a police officer (Pen. Code, § 245, subd. (c))1 and
misdemeanor obstruction of a police officer (§ 148). Defendant contends that the court
erred in denying his motion for judgment of acquittal under section 1118.1 and that his
conviction for the violation of section 245, subdivision (c) is not supported by substantial
evidence. Although the evidence supporting this conviction is slim and based on conduct
of but a few seconds, the trial court carefully considered the evidence under the correct
standard and we find no basis to second guess its findings.
                                                     Background
         Around 10:00 p.m. on the evening of June 24, 2012, defendant was walking on the
street beside Dario Franco, who was riding a bicycle, near Princeton and A Streets in
Hayward. Police Officer Jacqueline Meehleib, patrolling in a marked patrol car, observed
that Franco’s bicycle had no bike light, a violation of the Vehicle Code, and activated her


1
    All statutory references are to the Penal Code.


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lights and siren and told Franco to stop. When the officer got out of the police car, Franco
met her with profanity, refused to show her his hands as she directed, ultimately threw a
padlock at her and was then hit by a taser fired by the officer. Franco screamed in pain;
defendant disregarded Meehleib’s order to stay back and pulled the taser probes from
Franco’s body. Franco then rose from the ground and attacked Meehleib, who fell to the
ground where Franco continued to punch and kick her. When Meehleib believed that
Franco was reaching for her firearm, she shot him in the leg. Backup arrived at the scene
and Franco was taken into custody. There is no dispute in the evidence as to these
abbreviated facts.
         The evidence is less clear as to defendant’s actions while Franco was physically
attacking the felled officer. Meehleib’s testimony sheds no light on defendant’s
movements while she was on the ground. Gurmail Billa, who was working at a liquor
store on A Street outside of which the altercation was occurring, came to Meehleib’s
assistance, together with his father who was also working at the liquor store. Billa
testified: “When she fell on the sidewalk, I was trying to hold [Franco]2 who was coming
to attack her. I was holding him by his arms so — and telling him not to fight with her.
And at that time, the second male [defendant] also came running from in front of the
other store towards there. I pushed the second male, and since he was slim, I pushed him
and his shirt came into my hand. And I was telling him, ‘Go back, go back, man.’ And he
was saying, ‘They don’t like us.’ And when I pushed him back, by that time the guy from
the other store [Vikram Kohli] also came out and he held him and took him to the other
side.” “When he [defendant] came close to us and the police officer, and he had his hands
raised with his fists like this, and he was saying, ‘They don’t like us, they don’t like us.’ I
— I held his shirt and I just gave him a shove, and then Kohli took him back.” After
Officer Meehleib shot Franco, Billa testified, defendant again disregarded her order and
tried to lift Franco from the ground before backup assistance arrived and arrested both
Franco and defendant.

2
    Franco was referred to at trial as “Chipi.”


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       Vikram Kohli, who worked at a market next to the liquor store, also heard the
disturbance and came to Meehleib’s assistance. He testified that when he came out of the
market he observed Billa and his father “trying to hold” Franco who was “still over the
police officer.” Then, defendant “ran towards his friend” and Kohli “went and grabbed
him.” Asked why he did so, Kohli testified, “I was afraid that . . . both of them might
attack the police officer and kill her.” When defendant started to run towards Franco,
Kohli testified he “grabbed his hand.” Asked if defendant resisted, he answered, “I held
him very strongly. He was trying, but, you know, I had him real fast.” At the time,
defendant appeared angry.
       Defendant testified in his own defense, acknowledging much of the testimony of
Billa and Kohli, but asserting that when he was stopped by the two men from
approaching the physical skirmish, he was going “to get [Franco] off” the officer. Billa
and his father were holding Franco and he [defendant] “was trying to do the same, but
they pulled [defendant] away.”
       A videotape from a surveillance camera inside the liquor store was introduced in
evidence.3 The video captures the doorway of the store, looking out towards the street,
and a few seconds of the action taking place outside. Defendant’s brief on appeal
describes what is depicted in the video as follows: “[Defendant] can be seen on the
videotape . . . entering the frame of the store’s doorway. In the same doorway, Billa can
be seen turning to [defendant], grabbing his shirt, and pushing him away. At this same
moment, Mr. Kohli wrapped his arms around [defendant] and successfully pulled him
away. On the videotape, [defendant’s] T-shirt is still in Billa’s grip and can be seen being
stretched out as Kohli pulled [defendant] away from Billa.”
       The trial court ultimately explained what it observed on the videotape and the
basis for its findings, in relevant part, as follows: “[D]uring trial we have spent, it seems
like hours, going through these videotapes with different witnesses and we’ve slowed the

3
  A second videotape from outside the store was also received but the court indicated that
little was visible on it because of poor lighting and no party suggests that it shows
anything of assistance in resolving the current appeal.


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videotapes down to where we could look at it at one or two or ten frames per second,
twenty frames per second in some of the more critical seconds of this two-minute
venture. . . . But an event that unfolds in a matter of seconds or minutes, I don’t think can
be analyzed frame-by-frame. That’s not the way life is. Life happens . . . not in slow
motion, but in real time. . . . I have looked at that video from within the store. Looking at
Mr. Billa’s back, you can see him watch from the doorway the motion from his left to his
right to basically right in front of him on his right. He moves out of the store when
Franco is either kicking or on top of Officer Meehleib. He is in the process of pulling
back Franco, or pulling on Franco, or somehow pulling Franco away from Officer
Meehleib when from his left shoulder area in the video, in regular motion, it’s very clear
that his left shoulder comes back because [defendant] is pulling on him. After that,
[defendant]is being pulled — by his testimony — it’s not visible, but by his testimony
he’s being pulled by Mr. Kohli, the shop merchant from the next shop over, away. So by
[defendant’s] testimony and by Mr. Kohli’s testimony . . . when you look from the indoor
camera into — through that doorway, the one guy is pulling Franco off and [defendant]
comes up and pulls him off, just — and pulls Mr. Billa off from his left shoulder, and
then they kind of give it a, one of these things, and Billa’s hand ends up holding
[defendant’s] shirt. . . . [T]he court does find . . . that by pulling off the guy who’s trying
to hold Franco, that’s aiding and abetting Franco in continuing the assault at whatever
stage of the assault he’s in. . . . [T]hat’s the court’s finding as I look at the video. The
video is there for anybody to review.”
       Defendant was charged with assault on a peace officer (§ 245, subd. (c) (count
one)), battery with injury on a peace officer (§ 243.5, subd. (c)(2) (count two)), and
resisting a peace officer (§ 69 (count three)), with criminal street gang allegations as to
each count. (§§ 186.22, subd. (b)(1), 667.5, subd. (c).) (Franco was charged and tried
separately.) The trial court subsequently granted a defense motion for judgment of
acquittal as to counts two and three, but determined that misdemeanor obstruction of a
peace officer (§ 148) was shown by the evidence. The court found defendant guilty of
count one and the misdemeanor charge on count three, and found the gang enhancement


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true as to count one. The court suspended imposition of sentence and placed defendant on
probation for five years, conditioned on serving 361 days in county jail with credit for
361 days time served. Defendant has timely appealed.
                                         Discussion
       Defendant contends the evidence is insufficient to sustain his conviction for aiding
and abetting Franco’s assault on Officer Meehleib. He argues that there is no evidence
that shows he intended to encourage or facilitate the commission of the assault, which
unquestionably is an element of the offense. (People v. Cook (1998) 61 Cal.App.4th
1364, 1368-1369, disapproved on other grounds in People v. Delgado (2013) 56 Cal.4th
480, 489, fn. 3.) We review the entire record in the light most favorable to the judgment
to determine whether it contains evidence that is reasonable, credible, and of solid value
that would permit a rational trier of fact to find the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable
doubt. (People v. Steele (2002) 27 Cal.4th 1230, 1249.) “ ‘[I]f the verdict is supported by
substantial evidence, we must accord due deference to the trier of fact and not substitute
our evaluation of a witness’s credibility for that of the fact finder.’ ” (People v. Ochoa
(1993) 6 Cal.4th 1199, 1206.)
       As the trial court acknowledged, although defendant disregarded Meehleib’s
command to stay away from Franco when he removed the taser prongs from Franco’s
body, there is no reason to believe that at that point he knew that Franco would proceed
to assault the officer or that by removing the prongs defendant intended to facilitate such
an attack. Nonetheless, the evidence is undisputed that while Franco was assaulting
Meehleib on the ground, defendant ran towards them, interfering with Billa’s efforts to
pull Franco from the officer. Defendant maintains that he intended to help pull Franco
away from the officer rather than to aid in the assault. He argues that the momentary
action captured on the videotape does not show him “pulling” Billa away from Franco, as
the trial court stated, and that neither Billa nor Kohli testified that he attempted to do so.
However, although the action shown on the videotape is fleeting and difficult to decipher,
the trial court watched the scene repeatedly at multiple speeds and correlated the action
with the testimony of the percipient witnesses. Both Billa and Kohli considered defendant


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as coming to assist Franco. Prior to Meehleib falling to the ground, defendant like Franco
had addressed the officer with obscenities and refused to heed her instructions. The anger
on defendant’s face as he approached the struggle was most reasonably interpreted as
directed to Meehleib and not to his friend and fellow gang member. His words as he
approached — “They don’t like us, they don’t like us” — do not suggest that defendant
was urging Franco to desist, but rather that he was urging him on. Defendant said nothing
then or later indicating he was trying to restrain Franco. And after Franco was shot in the
leg, defendant again refused to follow Meehleib’s instructions and went to Franco’s
assistance. Thus, although the evidence is such that the court might have reached a
different conclusion, we cannot say that there is no evidentiary support for the finding
that defendant intended to aid and abet the commission of Franco’s assault on the police
officer.
                                       Disposition
       The judgment is affirmed.



                                                 _________________________
                                                 Pollak, J.


We concur:


_________________________
McGuiness, P. J.


_________________________
Siggins, J.




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