                                                                          [PUBLISH]


                IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                         FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT                       FILED
                           ________________________           U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                                                                    October 4, 2006
                                  No. 05-14122                   THOMAS K. KAHN
                            ________________________                 CLERK

                    D. C. Docket No. 04-00473-CR-T-26-TGW

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,


                                                                   Plaintiff-Appellee,

                                       versus

HRISTOMIR BOYANOV HRISTOV,

                                                                Defendant-Appellant.

                            ________________________

                    Appeal from the United States District Court
                        for the Middle District of Florida
                         _________________________

                                 (October 4, 2006)

Before MARCUS, WILSON and COX, Circuit Judges.

MARCUS, Circuit Judge:

      Hristomir Boyanov Hristov pled guilty to conspiring to possess with intent

to distribute cocaine and ecstasy, and the district court sentenced him to a term of
51 months in prison to be followed by three years of supervised release. On

appeal, Hristov challenges the district court’s decision to include, as relevant

conduct, six kilograms of cocaine that Hristov transported from Las Vegas, Nevada

to St. Petersburg, Florida. After thorough review, we affirm.

                                                 I.

       The facts of this case are these. Hristov was charged in a one-count

indictment with conspiring to possess with intent to distribute a quantity of cocaine

and a quantity of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (more commonly known

as MDMA or ecstasy) from an unknown date through September 9, 2003, in

violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 846 and 841(b)(1)(C). At his plea hearing, Hristov

admitted to three drug transactions. He conceded that he received 8 to 9 ounces of

cocaine from co-conspirator Joseph Bonetti in the summer of 2003 and 1500 to

2000 MDMA tablets from co-conspirator Plamen Kozarov. Although there was no

date established for the MDMA transaction, Hristov admitted that it occurred

during the time frame set forth in the indictment.1 Hristov does not challenge

anything related to either of those transactions on appeal.

       Additionally, Hristov admitted that he transported a briefcase from Las



       1
        In his appellate brief, Hristov states that he received the 8 to 9 ounces of cocaine and the
1500 to 2000 MDMA tablets in July of 2003. The exact date is unimportant, and we will assume
July 2003 is accurate.

                                                 2
Vegas to St. Petersburg in January of 2002 that was alleged to have contained

approximately six kilograms of cocaine. He was paid approximately $5000 (in the

form of either cash or debt forgiveness) to transport the briefcase, and he had the

following exchange with the district court regarding its contents:

      The Court: All right. Did you know what was in the briefcase?

      Mr. Hristov: No, I didn’t.

      The Court: Did you have a strong indication of what may been in
                 there?

      Mr. Hristov: There were many different items.

      The Court: I’m sorry?

      Mr. Hristov: There were many different items.

      The Court: Like? Such as?

      Mr. Hristov: Jewelry, money.

      The Court: Okay.

      Mr. Hristov: Important high-tech trips, weapons.

      During a consensual interview with law enforcement agents, Hristov

admitted that Kozarov paid him $5000 or forgave a debt in that amount in

exchange for Hristov transporting a briefcase in his car from Las Vegas to St.

Petersburg. Hristov met a man named Jacob Levy (whom he did not know) in Las

Vegas, and Levy placed the briefcase in Hristov’s vehicle. Once in St. Petersburg,

                                          3
Hristov gave the briefcase to Bonetti. Hristov told the agent he never opened the

briefcase and did not know what was inside. He did say, however, that he was

very nervous while transporting the case and that it seemed reasonable to assume

the contents were suspicious. Even before the agents told him that the briefcase

contained cocaine, Hristov stated that it could have contained either cocaine or

MDMA.

       A probation officer prepared a presentence report (“PSR”) in which he

recommended holding Hristov responsible for the six kilograms of cocaine

transported in 2002, along with the eight to nine ounces of cocaine he obtained in

the summer of 2003 and the 1500 to 2000 units of MDMA he obtained and

distributed in the course of the conspiracy.2 Based on those drug quantities, the

probation officer determined that Hristov had a base offense level of 30. The PSR

recommended a two-level reduction because Hristov satisfied the safety-valve

requirements of U.S.S.G. § 5C1.2, a two-level minor role reduction pursuant to

U.S.S.G. § 3B1.2(b), and a two-level reduction for acceptance of responsibility

pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 3E1.1. That calculation left Hristov with an adjusted

offense level of 24 and a criminal history category of I, which yielded a Guidelines

range of 51 to 63 months imprisonment.


       2
         Hristov does not challenge the propriety of including the eight ounces of cocaine or the
units of MDMA.

                                                 4
      At the sentencing proceeding, Hristov objected to the inclusion of the six

kilograms of cocaine, arguing that he did not know the briefcase contained cocaine.

He did not, however, object to any of the other facts recited by the government or

contained in the PSR. The district court overruled the knowledge objection and

adopted the findings of the PSR, finding that Hristov remained willfully blind to

the fact that the briefcase contained cocaine. The court included the transport of

the briefcase as relevant conduct, noting that Hristov was vacationing in Las

Vegas, that he was offered $5000 to transport a briefcase in his car, that he made

inculpatory statements to law enforcement officers at the consensual interview, and

that the transaction made Hristov nervous. Indeed, the district judge stated that

“[Hristov] knew it wasn’t a legitimate transaction, and he basically was like one of

the three monkeys. He was just closing his eyes. Hear no evil, speak no evil, see

no evil.” The district judge acknowledged the advisory nature of the Guidelines

and imposed a sentence at the bottom of the recommended range. Hristov

maintains on appeal that the district court erred in attributing to him the six

kilograms of cocaine as relevant conduct pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3.

                                           II.

      We review the district court’s application of the Sentencing Guidelines de

novo and its findings of fact for clear error. United States v. Grant, 397 F.3d 1330,



                                           5
1332 (11th Cir. 2005). The only issue for us to decide on appeal is whether the

district court correctly determined that Hristov knew or was deliberately ignorant

of the fact that the briefcase contained cocaine, a finding of fact that will be

reversed only if clearly erroneous.

         We have long recognized that “the knowledge element of a violation of a

criminal statute can be proved by demonstrating either actual knowledge or

deliberate ignorance.” United States v. Prather, 205 F.3d 1265, 1270 (11th Cir.

2000); accord United States v. Arias, 984 F.2d 1139, 1143 (11th Cir. 1993) (noting

that deliberate ignorance is “the equivalent of knowledge” (internal quotation

marks omitted)). In United States v. Rivera, 944 F.2d 1563 (11th Cir. 1991), we

explained that “deliberate ignorance . . . is based on the alternative to the actual

knowledge requirement at common law that if a party has his suspicion aroused but

then deliberately omits to make further enquiries, because he wishes to remain in

ignorance, he is deemed to have knowledge.” Id. at 1570 (internal quotation marks

omitted). “To act ‘knowingly,’ therefore, is not necessarily to act only with

positive knowledge, but also to act with an awareness of the high probability of the

existence of the fact in question.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted).3 We


         3
             The Eleventh Circuit Pattern Jury Instructions explain deliberate ignorance in these
terms:

                   When knowledge of the existence of a particular fact is an essential part of

                                                     6
have applied the deliberate ignorance theory in cases where the defendant

proceeded to trial, see, e.g., United States v. Puche, 350 F.3d 1137, 1148-49 (11th

Cir. 2003), and for the purpose of determining relevant conduct at sentencing in

cases where the defendant pled guilty, see United States v. Alvarez-Coria, 447 F.3d

1340, 1344 (11th Cir. 2006).

       Not surprisingly, this is not the first time a criminal defendant has obtained a

package under suspicious circumstances, been paid an exorbitant sum to transport

it, and then claimed surprise when the luggage was revealed to be a conduit for

moving illegal drugs. Thus, for example, in United States v. Batencort, 592 F.2d


       an offense, such knowledge may be established if the Defendant is aware of a
       high probability of its existence, unless the Defendant actually believes that it
       does not exist.

               So, with respect to the issue of the Defendant’s knowledge in this case, if
       you find from all the evidence beyond a reasonable doubt that the Defendant
       believed that [he] [she] possessed           , a controlled substance, and
       deliberately and consciously tried to avoid learning that there was          in the
       package so possessed in order to be able to say, if apprehended, that [he] [she] did
       not know the contents of the package, you may treat such deliberate avoidance of
       positive knowledge as the equivalent of knowledge.

               In other words, you may find that a Defendant acted “knowingly” if you
       find beyond a reasonable doubt either: (1) that the Defendant actually knew that
       [he] [she] possessed            ; or (2) that [he] [she] deliberately closed [his]
       [her] eyes to what [he] [she] had every reason to believe was the fact.

               I must emphasize, however, that the requisite proof of knowledge on the
       part of the Defendant cannot be established by merely demonstrating that the
       Defendant was negligent, careless or foolish.

Eleventh Circuit Pattern Jury Instructions (Criminal), Special Instruction No. 8 (2003).


                                                 7
916 (5th Cir. 1979), a Colombian street vendor testified that he had been hired by

an individual to transport merchandise between Colombia and the United States,

was provided with false travel documents, and was promised $2000 upon delivery

of a suitcase that was later found to contain drugs. Id. at 917.4 When the

defendant was questioned, he admitted that “he knew what he had gotten himself

into” and that “he had something in the suitcase that he shouldn’t but he didn’t

know exactly what.” Id. The former Fifth Circuit held that a deliberate ignorance

jury instruction was appropriate because of the large amount of money paid for

delivery, the use of a false passport, the defendant’s nervous actions in the customs

line, and his statements indicating he knew he had done something wrong (even if

he didn’t know exactly what). Id. at 918; see also United States v. Peddle, 821

F.2d 1521, 1525 (11th Cir. 1987) (upholding a conscious avoidance instruction

where the defendant told the police “he suspected something was going on with the

vessel and that it may be carrying contraband of some kind . . . [and] that while he

didn’t know for sure what was onboard [sic] but suspected something was he really

didn’t even want to know what was onboard [sic]” (alterations in original)); United

States v. Aleman, 728 F.2d 492, 494 (11th Cir. 1984) (finding sufficient evidence



       4
         In Bonner v. City of Prichard, 661 F.2d 1206, 1209 (11th Cir. 1981) (en banc), we
adopted as binding precedent all decisions of the former Fifth Circuit handed down prior to the
close of business on September 30, 1981.

                                                8
for a “conscious avoidance” instruction where an unknown man provided

defendant with a suitcase in Colombia, defendant did not know who was to pick up

the suitcase (other than that it was a man named Luis in New York), and no

delivery arrangements were discussed).

       Here, Hristov argues there was insufficient evidence for the district court to

find he remained deliberately ignorant of the fact that there were drugs in the

briefcase. We disagree. Hristov admits all of the salient facts except knowledge;

he was paid $5000 to transport a briefcase, in his own car, from Las Vegas to St.

Petersburg. He received the briefcase from someone he had never previously met

and delivered it to someone from whom he would later purchase cocaine. He

acknowledged that transporting the briefcase made him nervous, and that it was

reasonable to assume the contents were suspicious. In fact, he went so far as to

state that cocaine or MDMA could have been in the briefcase -- even before the

agents revealed to him that it indeed contained cocaine.5 These undisputed facts,

while insufficient to establish that Hristov actually knew what was in the bag, were

more than sufficient to permit the trial court to find, by a preponderance of the



       5
          To the extent that Hristov argues the government had a burden to introduce evidence
other than what was in the PSR and what was said at the sentencing hearing, we disagree. The
district court’s factual findings for the purposes of sentencing may be based on undisputed
statements contained in the PSR or evidence obtained from the sentencing hearing. See United
States v. Polar, 369 F.3d 1248, 1255 (11th Cir. 2004).

                                               9
evidence at sentencing,6 that he acted with an awareness of a high probability that

the briefcase contained illegal drugs. Thus, the district court did not clearly err in

finding that Hristov knew that there were drugs in the briefcase.

       To the extent Hristov argues that the Las Vegas incident is not relevant

conduct because it falls outside the time frame of the conspiracy, we remain

unpersuaded. The indictment alleged that the conspiracy ran from “an unknown

date through September 9, 2003.” Hristov does not challenge the sufficiency of the

open-ended start date alleged in the indictment, and we have upheld the use of

similar language in the past. See United States v. Pease, 240 F.3d 938, 942-43

(11th Cir. 2001) (upholding an indictment that did not allege a specific start date

for a drug conspiracy and rejecting defendant’s argument that such an indictment

fails to charge an offense because it sufficiently informed the defendant of the

charge to which he pled guilty and would allow him to raise a double jeopardy

defense in future prosecutions). Moreover, the defendant never objected at the

sentencing hearing to paragraph six of the PSR, which reads as follows: “The

defendant participated in a drug conspiracy that began from at least mid 1996 and



       6
         At sentencing, the district court may find as relevant conduct those acts which have been
established by a preponderance of the evidence. United States v. Saavedra, 148 F.3d 1311, 1314
(11th Cir. 1998). The more demanding “proof beyond a reasonable doubt” standard that would
have governed the elements of a criminal offense at trial does not apply to relevant conduct at
sentencing. Id.

                                                10
continued until September, 2003.” The Guidelines establish the “relevant conduct”

that may be considered at sentencing, including all acts “that occurred during the

commission of the offense.” U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3(a)(1).

      In short, we conclude that the district court did not clearly err in finding by a

preponderance of the evidence the requisite knowledge on the defendant’s part and,

therefore, in including the six kilograms of cocaine as part of the defendant’s

relevant conduct.

      AFFIRMED.




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