                  United States Court of Appeals
                       FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                        ______________________

                        Nos. 03-2997SI, 03-2998SI
                        _______________________

     ____________                    *
                                     *
      No. 03-2997SI                  *
      ____________                   *
                                     *
Lincoln National Life Insurance      *
Company; Lincoln Financial Advisors *
Corporation;                         *
                                     *
            Appellants,              *   On Appeal from the United
                                     *   States District Court
      v.                             *   for the Southern District
                                     *   of Iowa.
Thomas W. Payne,                     *
                                     *
            Appellee.                *
                                     *
      ____________                   *
                                     *
      No. 03-2998SI                  *
      ____________                   *
                                     *
Mary Ann Burris, and Barbara Crosby, *
                                     *
            Appellants,              *
                                     *
      v.                             *
                                     *
Thomas W. Payne,                     *
                                     *
            Appellee.                *
                                     ___________

                              Submitted: April 12, 2004
                                 Filed: July 8, 2004
                                  ___________

Before LOKEN, Chief Judge, RICHARD S. ARNOLD and FAGG, Circuit Judges.
                              ___________


RICHARD S. ARNOLD, Circuit Judge.

       Plaintiffs appeal from the District Court's1 denial of their motions to vacate
arbitration awards entered against them. Plaintiffs allege that the arbitration panel
manifestly disregarded the law, and that the District Court erred by upholding the
panel's decision even though the panel refused to clarify its award in accordance with
the District Court's remand order. We review a district court's decision to confirm an
arbitration award de novo, Hoffman v. Cargill Inc., 236 F.3d 458, 461 (8th Cir. 2001).
Finding no error, we affirm.

       "Judicial review of an arbitration award is extremely limited. Beyond the
grounds for vacation provided in the [Federal Arbitration Act], an award will only be
set aside where 'it is completely irrational or evidences a manifest disregard for the
law.' " Kiernan v. Piper Jaffray Companies, Inc., 137 F.3d 588, 594 (8th Cir. 1998)
(quoting Lee v. Chica, 983 F.2d 883, 885 (8th Cir. 1993)).

      Plaintiffs argue that the arbitrators manifestly disregarded the law. In this case,
neither the record nor the award convinces us that the arbitrators manifestly
disregarded the law. "We have been careful to distinguish[ ] an arbitrator's


      1
        The Hon. Harold D. Vietor, United States District Judge for the Southern
District of Iowa.

                                          -2-
interpretation of the law, which is insulated from review, from an arbitrator's
disregard of the law, which may open the door for judicial scrutiny." Stroh Container
Co. v. Delphi Indus., Inc., 783 F.2d 743, 750 (8th Cir. 1986), citing Wilko v. Swan,
346 U.S. 427, 436-37 (1953). Any disregard "must 'be made clearly to appear' and
may be found 'when arbitrators understand and correctly state the law, but proceed
to disregard the same.' " Ibid. (quotations omitted). In Stroh, we held that the
terseness of an award is not grounds for finding that a panel of arbitrators disregarded
the law. Ibid. "Arbitrators are not required to elaborate their reasoning supporting
an award, and to allow a court to conclude that it may substitute its own judgment for
the arbitrator's whenever the arbitrator chooses not to explain the award would
improperly subvert the proper functioning of the arbitral process." Ibid. (quotations
omitted). Furthermore, there must be some evidence in the record, other than the
result, that the arbitrators were aware of the law and intentionally disregarded it. See
Marshall v. Green Giant Co., 942 F.3d 539, 550 (8th Cir. 1991). Manifest disregard
requires something more than a mere error of law. If an arbitrator, for example, stated
the law, acknowledged that he was rendering a decision contrary to law, and said that
he was doing so because he thought the law unfair, that would be an instance of
"manifest disregard." Nothing of the kind appears here. To require anything less
would threaten to subvert the arbitral process.

       Although the plaintiffs argue that the arbitrators' decision was mistaken, and
perhaps it was, they have not convinced us that the arbitrators manifestly disregarded
the law. The panel was presented with voluminous evidence and held five weeks of
hearings in this case. Although plaintiffs' briefs attempt to characterize the facts of
the case in the light most favorable to themselves, the arbitrators were not bound to
accept the plaintiffs' version of the facts. Plaintiffs also argue that the arbitrators
misapplied the law, but these purported errors of law are not reviewable. Even if we
would have reached a different conclusion, we cannot substitute our judgment for that
of the arbitrators.



                                          -3-
       Initially, the District Court remanded this case to the arbitrators, asking that
they clarify their award, and stating that clarification was necessary in order for the
Court to exercise its reviewing power properly. In the course of its order of remand,
the District Court stated that remand was "necessary and appropriate . . . for the
limited review allowed by the Federal Arbitration Act and the extra-statutory grounds
recognized in the Eighth Circuit." The arbitrators declined to follow this direction,
perhaps having in mind the doctrine of functus officio, under which, on occasion,
arbitration panels consider themselves powerless to amend or clarify an award.
According to plaintiffs, this action by the arbitration panel should have led the
District Court to vacate the award. We do not read the words "necessary and
appropriate" in the District Court's remand order so literally. Certainly the District
Court would have preferred clarification from the arbitration panel, but evidently the
Court, having received no clarification, considered itself able to exercise its reviewing
function. We agree with this decision.

      The judgment of the District Court, confirming the arbitration award, is
affirmed.
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