            If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
                 revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.




                          STATE OF MICHIGAN

                           COURT OF APPEALS


 PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,                                    UNPUBLISHED
                                                                     February 25, 2020
                Plaintiff-Appellee,

 v                                                                   No. 344960
                                                                     Genesee Circuit Court
 DOMINIQUE MARQUISE SINGLETON,                                       LC No. 16-040303-FC

                Defendant-Appellant.


Before: BORRELLO, P.J., and METER and RIORDAN, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

        Defendant appeals as of right his jury trial convictions of second-degree murder, MCL
750.317, felon in possession of a firearm MCL 750.224f, and two counts of possession of a firearm
during the commission of a felony (felony-firearm), second offense, MCL 750.227b. The trial
court sentenced defendant as a fourth-offense habitual offender, MCL 769.12, to prison terms of
682 months to 87½ years each for the murder and felon-in-possession convictions, which were to
be served concurrently with each other but consecutively to concurrent prison terms of five years
each for the felony-firearm convictions. For the reasons set forth in this opinion, we affirm the
trial court’s evidentiary rulings but remand this matter for the trial court to properly consider
defendant’s speedy trial claim consistent with this opinion.

                                       I. BACKGROUND

        Defendant’s convictions arise from the shooting death of Ajayi McGuire on May 21, 2016,
at the Fly City Car Wash in Flint. Zyiontae Dudley, who was McGuire’s cousin, testified that he
and McGuire were both working at the car wash that day when a man wearing a black “hoodie”
with the hood up got out of a white car, walked to the car wash bays where Dudley and McGuire
were working, and started shooting at McGuire. Dudley saw McGuire slip, get up, and run.
Dudley also ran, and he did not see the shooter’s face. He testified that the shooter “looked like
he was a heavyset dude.” Dudley saw the shooter run after McGuire, and he heard multiple
gunshots. Dudley hid in the bushes and then climbed over a fence and went to a friend’s house.
While Dudley was in the bushes, he saw the shooter run from the area where McGuire had been.
The shooter ran up a hill to the white car, which had been moved from its initial location, and got



                                               -1-
into the passenger side of the vehicle. It was subsequently determined from an autopsy that
McGuire died from multiple gunshot wounds.

        Treasure Boone testified that her stepfather, James Holcolm, Jr., called her on May 21,
2016, and that he “sounded quite drunk” and “kind of nervous.” According to Boone, Holcolm
told her, “I done fucked up.” Holcolm explained that he had “shot up a car wash” and that he had
“shot someone.” Holcolm also told her that she needed to take care of her mother because he was
“scared that he was going to be going away for a while.” Boone ended the conversation because
she had to go to work, and she called her sister to tell her about the conversation with Holcolm.
Boone testified that she did not initially believe that Holcolm’s story was true. However, after
later seeing a report on the Flint Police Operations Facebook page about a shooting at a car wash,
Boone informed her employer and the police were contacted. Boone also stated that her mother
owned a white Buick Regal and that Holcolm drove it occasionally when his car broke down.

      Sergeant William Jennings of the Michigan State Police testified that he interviewed
Holcolm after he had been arrested. Holcolm claimed that defendant committed the shooting.

         Holcolm testified at defendant’s trial. He acknowledged that he had originally been
charged with open murder in connection to this case, but he entered into a plea agreement in which
he agreed to testify against defendant and pleaded guilty to accessory after the fact and felony-
firearm. Holcolm testified that he and defendant both worked for the same company and that he
would occasionally give defendant a ride to work. Defendant also occasionally went to Holcolm’s
home for a haircut. Holcolm knew that defendant had a girlfriend who was pregnant at the time
of the shooting. According to Holcolm, defendant had expressed concern that he was not the
child’s father. Holcolm testified that on May 18, 2016, defendant told him that someone had
broken into defendant’s apartment. Holcolm called defendant on May 21, and defendant
subsequently arrived at Holcolm’s home. Defendant asked Holcolm to take him to his
grandmother’s house after helping him bring his truck to his girlfriend. Holcolm agreed. Holcolm
testified that defendant asked Holcolm to “stop by the car wash” on the way to his grandmother’s
home “ ‘cause he had to take care of some business.’ ” Holcolm agreed. He was driving his wife’s
white Buick Regal. Defendant was wearing red sweatpants, a black “hoodie,” and black tennis
shoes. Holcolm was carrying a nine-millimeter handgun for “protection” because the area was
“rough,” but he did not know at the time if defendant was carrying a weapon.

       Holcolm testified that when they arrived at the car wash, he rolled down his window and
had a conversation with one of the employees. After Holcolm finished talking to this person,
defendant told Holcolm to park. According to Holcolm, defendant was staring at one of the open
wash bays, and a “big” gun fell out onto defendant’s lap when he unzipped his jacket. Defendant
told Holcolm that he might need to move his car out of the parking lot, after which defendant
“jumped out the car.” Holcolm’s testimony continued as follows:

             Q. And did you say anything about moving the car? Or rather like where
       to move the car I should say?

               A. I said why at first, then he jumped out the car and I knew why.

               Q. Now before—this why is that, it’s—why was that?



                                               -2-
               A. He had the gun in his hand, something was finna happen, so I got out of
       the parking lot.

        Holcolm parked on a side street that looked down onto the car wash parking lot. He
dropped his phone on the floor and as he reached down to pick it up, he heard “a lot” of gunshots.
Holcolm opened his car door, stood up, and looked down at the car wash parking lot. He saw
defendant standing in the first bay shooting at an individual. Other people were running away.
Holcolm testified that defendant stopped shooting, looked around, and then started shooting again.
Defendant then looked around and started running up the hill toward Holcolm while someone
wearing white was running behind defendant. Defendant got into Holcolm’s car, and Holcolm
“asked him what that was about.” Defendant told him that the victim had broken into defendant’s
apartment. Holcolm asked defendant if he had shot the person and defendant replied that he had.
Holcolm dropped defendant off at defendant’s grandmother’s house, purchased alcohol, went
home, and “[got] drunk.” Holcolm testified that he spoke to Boone at some point after arriving
home. According to Holcolm, he told her that “something bad” had happened, that it “probably
was going to be on the news,” and that he “didn’t have nothing to do with it.” Holcolm testified
that defendant had not ridden in the white Buick Regal before the day of the murder.

       David Barnett, who was also working at the car wash that day, testified that the shooter
was “about 5’7”, 5’8”, kind of thick.” Barnett was also familiar with Holcolm, and Barnett
described Holcolm as being taller and “more muscular” than the shooter. Barnett testified that
Holcolm was not the shooter.

        At the scene of the murder, police officers found .45 caliber shell casings. The police also
searched defendant’s girlfriend’s apartment and found a gun case for a Taurus .45 caliber firearm
in the master bedroom. Police also found a cell phone in the master bedroom. Defendant’s
girlfriend, Lakendra Thomas, indicated that this cell phone belonged to defendant. Defendant’s
identification card was found during the search of the apartment as well. Thomas testified that
defendant stayed at her apartment on a regular basis and that somebody broke into her apartment
on May 18, 2016. According to Thomas, defendant suggested that one of her former boyfriends
broke into the apartment. McGuire was Thomas’s former boyfriend. Defendant’s fingerprints
were also found on the front passenger side door of the white Buick Regal that belonged to
Holcolm’s wife.

       The jury convicted defendant as previously noted.

                                       II. SPEEDY TRIAL

        On appeal, defendant first argues that he was denied his constitutional right to a speedy
trial because he was arrested in May 2016, and his trial did not begin until June 5, 2018, due to
inexcusable delay and despite his attempts to exercise his right to a speedy trial.

                                 A. STANDARD OF REVIEW

       This Court reviews de novo, as an issue of constitutional law, whether defendant was
denied his right to a speedy trial. People v Williams, 475 Mich 245, 250; 716 NW2d 208 (2006).
However, underlying factual findings by the trial court on this issue are reviewed for clear error.
People v Waclawski, 286 Mich App 634, 664; 780 NW2d 321 (2009).


                                                -3-
                                           B. ANALYSIS

        “Both the United States Constitution and the Michigan Constitution guarantee a criminal
defendant the right to a speedy trial.” Williams, 475 Mich at 261, citing US Const, Am VI; Const
1963, art 1, § 20. Our Supreme Court has adopted the factors set forth by the United States
Supreme Court in Barker v Wingo, 407 US 514; 92 S Ct 2182; 33 L Ed 2d 101 (1972), for
evaluating speedy trial claims. Williams, 475 Mich at 261. In evaluating whether a criminal
defendant’s right to a speedy trial has been violated, courts must balance the following four factors:
“(1) the length of delay, (2) the reason for delay, (3) the defendant’s assertion of the right, and (4)
the prejudice to the defendant.” Id. at 261-262; see also Barker, 407 US at 530.

         “The time for judging whether the right to a speedy trial has been violated runs from the
date of the defendant’s arrest,” Williams, 475 Mich at 261, but “there is no set number of days
between a defendant’s arrest and trial that is determinative of a speedy trial claim,” Waclawski,
286 Mich App at 665. “If the total delay . . . from the date of the defendant’s arrest until the time
that trial commences . . . is under 18 months, then the burden is on the defendant to show that he
or she suffered prejudice. However, if the delay is over 18 months, prejudice is presumed and the
burden is on the prosecution to rebut the presumption.” Waclawski, 286 Mich App at 665. “Under
the Barker test, a presumptively prejudicial delay triggers an inquiry into the other factors to be
considered in the balancing of the competing interests to determine whether a defendant has been
deprived of the right to a speedy trial.” Williams, 475 Mich at 262.

        In this case, Jennings testified that defendant was taken into custody on May 22, 2016.
Defendant’s trial began more than two years later on June 5, 2018. Because the period of delay
between defendant’s arrest and his trial was more than 18 months, prejudice is presumed,
Waclawski, 286 Mich App at 665, and consideration of the Barker factors is necessary, Williams,
475 Mich at 262. Defendant asserted his desire to exercise is right to a speedy trial, and he objected
to delays and adjournments, on multiple occasions before his trial finally commenced. Most
recently, defendant raised his speedy trial right at a March 22, 2018 pretrial hearing, wherein
defendant’s trial date was set for June 5, 2018. The trial court indicated that this was the soonest
date defendant’s trial could be scheduled. However, in response to defendant’s motion, the trial
court did not conduct an analysis of the Barker factors or otherwise engage in any legal analysis
raised by defendant. This was error as at that point in the proceedings, more than 18 months since
defendant was arrested had elapsed and defendant still was not being brought to trial.
Consequently, such a lengthy delay was presumptively prejudicial and the trial court was obligated
to consider the Barker factors to determine whether plaintiff’s right to a speedy trial had been
violated. Williams, 475 Mich at 262. And, it was the prosecution’s burden to rebut the
presumption of prejudice. Waclawski, 286 Mich App at 665.

         As previously stated, the trial court failed to conduct the requisite legal inquiry under
Barker, hence, there are no factual findings for this Court to review. Therefore, we must remand
this matter to the trial court to fully consider and make findings as to whether defendant’s
constitutional right to a speedy trial was violated and to determine whether the prosecution met its
burden of rebutting the presumption of prejudice. We therefore remand the question of whether
defendant’s constitutional right to a speedy trial was violated and whether defendant suffered
prejudice as a result. In order to make such findings, the trial court shall make findings of fact and
apply the Barker balancing test so as to facilitate any possible subsequent appellate review.


                                                 -4-
     III. TELEPHONE RECORD AND TEXT MESSAGE TESTIMONY BY JENNINGS

        Next, defendant claims on appeal that the trial court abused its discretion by allowing
Jennings to testify that his review of the telephone records of defendant and Holcolm corroborated
statements made by Holcolm concerning events surrounding the shooting. Defendant appears to
argue that this testimony constituted improper lay opinion testimony concerning defendant’s guilt
that was inadmissible under MRE 701.

                                  A. STANDARD OF REVIEW

        We review decisions regarding whether to admit or exclude evidence for an abuse of
discretion. People v Aldrich, 246 Mich App 101, 113; 631 NW2d 67 (2001). “A trial court abuses
its discretion when it chooses an outcome that falls outside the range of principled outcomes.”
People v Musser, 494 Mich 337, 348; 835 NW2d 319 (2013).

                                          B. ANALYSIS

        MRE 701 states, “If the witness is not testifying as an expert, the witness’ testimony in the
form of opinions or inferences is limited to those opinions or inferences which are (a) rationally
based on the perception of the witness and (b) helpful to a clear understanding of the witness’
testimony or the determination of a fact in issue.” Additionally, under MRE 704, “[t]estimony in
the form of an opinion or inference otherwise admissible is not objectionable because it embraces
an ultimate issue to be decided by the trier of fact.” However, “[a] witness may not opine about
the defendant’s guilt or innocence in a criminal case.” People v Heft, 299 Mich App 69, 81; 829
NW2d 266 (2012). It is also “improper for a witness or an expert to comment or provide an opinion
on the credibility of another person while testifying at trial.” Musser, 494 Mich at 349. “[S]uch
statements are considered ‘superfluous’ and are ‘inadmissible lay witness [ ] opinion on the
believability of a [witness’s] story’ because the jury is ‘in just as good a position to evaluate the
[witness’s] testimony.’ ” Id. (citation omitted; second, third, and fourth alterations in original).

        In this case, Jennings testified that he reviewed the phone records from defendant’s phone
and Holcolm’s phone, including the text messages to and from defendant’s phone. Jennings
further testified that these records corroborated other information that had been gathered during
the course of the investigation, including Holcolm’s statements about when he had been in contact
with defendant during the time surrounding the murder. Contrary to defendant’s argument on
appeal, this testimony by itself did not constitute an opinion on Holcolm’s credibility; Jennings
did not opine that Holcolm was telling the truth or that Holcolm should be believed because he
was a credible witness. Jennings merely laid out the evidence gathered during the investigation.
This was not an improper lay opinion on witness credibility, nor was it a lay opinion that defendant
was guilty. Instead, the testimony demonstrated the steps that were taken in investigating the
murder and why Holcolm’s statements regarding defendant’s involvement warranted further
police investigation. Jennings’s testimony, including his opinion regarding corroboration, was
rationally based on his own perceptions. MRE 701.

        Under MRE 701, a police officer may testify in the form of a lay opinion when that opinion,
as was the case here, is based on the officer’s personal perceptions and involves the steps of the
officer’s investigation. See Heft, 299 Mich App at 83 & n 41 (stating that police officers’



                                                -5-
testimony explaining the steps of their investigations from their personal perceptions was
admissible under MRE 701); see also People v Daniel, 207 Mich App 47, 57; 523 NW2d 830
(1994) (holding that under MRE 701, the trial court did not abuse its discretion by permitting a
police officer to testify to his opinion that the defendant was selling crack cocaine to occupants of
vehicles based on the officer’s observations of certain acts by the defendant because the opinion
testimony was “based on [the officer’s] perception and assisted the jurors in determining whether
defendant was involved in narcotics trafficking”). Accordingly, the trial court did not abuse its
discretion in permitting the testimony by Jennings that defendant now challenges on appeal.1

                                  IV. PRIOR ACT EVIDENCE

         Defendant next argues that the trial court erred by admitting testimony suggesting that
defendant stole a .45-caliber Taurus firearm from Dominique Paylor. There was evidence at trial
indicating that McGuire was shot with a .45-caliber gun. Paylor testified at trial that two days
before the murder, someone stole his .45-caliber Taurus firearm from his car. Paylor knew
defendant, and he testified that he saw defendant in the area on the day that the firearm was stolen.
Paylor did not report the firearm stolen because he thought he would be able to get it back. He
testified, “I knew [defendant] as we grew up, so I always—I mean, I didn’t figure it as a big deal
of me not being able to get [it] back.” Paylor identified the .45 caliber Taurus gun case that was
found in defendant’s girlfriend’s apartment as the one in which Paylor kept his firearm. Defendant
argues on appeal that the evidence of his suspected involvement in the theft of the gun was
inadmissible under MRE 404(b)(1) because it was more prejudicial than probative.

                                  A. STANDARD OF REVIEW

        As we have already stated, a trial court’s evidentiary decisions are reviewed for an abuse
of discretion. Aldrich, 246 Mich App at 113. We review preliminary questions of law, such as
whether admission of the evidence is prohibited by a rule of evidence, de novo. People v Mardlin,
487 Mich 609, 614; 790 NW2d 607 (2010).

                                          B. ANALYSIS

       MRE 404(b)(1) provides as follows:

                Evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is not admissible to prove the
       character of a person in order to show action in conformity therewith. It may,
       however, be admissible for other purposes, such as proof of motive, opportunity,
       intent, preparation, scheme, plan, or system in doing an act, knowledge, identity, or
       absence of mistake or accident when the same is material, whether such other




1
  As defendant notes, the officer did make further statements that the evidence eliminated Holcolm
as the shooter. However, the trial court sustained defense counsel’s objection and directed the jury
not to consider that statement. Defendant does not claim any error on appeal with respect to the
trial court’s handling of this matter.


                                                -6-
       crimes, wrongs, or acts are contemporaneous with, or prior or subsequent to the
       conduct at issue in the case.

        In People v VanderVliet, 444 Mich 52, 55; 508 NW2d 114 (1993), our Supreme Court held
that determining the admissibility of other-acts evidence under MRE 404(b) requires a court to
apply the following test:

       First, that the evidence be offered for a proper purpose under Rule 404(b); second,
       that it be relevant under Rule 402 as enforced through Rule 104(b); third, that the
       probative value of the evidence is not substantially outweighed by unfair prejudice;
       fourth, that the trial court may, upon request, provide a limiting instruction to the
       jury.

MRE 404(b)(1) contains a nonexhaustive list of potential proper purposes. Id. at 66.

       In this case, the prosecutor argued in the trial court that the evidence suggesting that
defendant took Paylor’s .45 caliber firearm was offered to show that defendant had access to the
type of weapon used to shoot the victim. The prosecutor also argued that this evidence was
relevant to showing defendant’s intent, premeditation, and deliberation, all of which were material
considering that defendant had been charged with open murder.

       The purposes relied upon by the prosecutor in the trial court were proper, noncharacter
purposes under MRE 404(b) that were relevant to material issues at trial. “Relevant evidence” is
“evidence having any tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of consequence to the
determination of the action more probable or less probable than it would be without the evidence.”
MRE 401. For there to be a “proper purpose,” the “evidence must be relevant to an issue other
than propensity under Rule 404(b), to protect[ ] against the introduction of extrinsic act evidence
when that evidence is offered solely to prove character. Stated otherwise, the prosecutor must
offer the other acts evidence under something other than a character to conduct theory.”
VanderVliet, 444 Mich at 74 (quotation marks and citation omitted; alteration in original).

        Evidence presented at trial established that McGuire was killed by a .45 caliber firearm,
therefore, evidence suggesting defendant’s connection to such a weapon was highly relevant to
demonstrating that defendant committed the murder. See MRE 401; People v Hall, 433 Mich 573,
580-581; 447 NW2d 580 (1989) (opinion by BOYLE, J.)2 (“Evidence of a defendant’s possession


2
  We find the treatment of MRE 401’s relevancy standard employed in Justice BOYLE’s plurality
opinion in Hall applicable today, even though it was used in the context of an approach to MRE
404(b) that was somewhat different from the test later adopted in VanderVliet, because MRE 401
has not changed since Hall was decided. Compare Hall, 433 Mich at 579-582, 585-588 (opinion
by BOYLE, J.), with VanderVliet, 444 Mich at 55. In Hall, Justice BOYLE reasoned that evidence
showing possession by the defendant of a weapon of the type shown to have been used in the crime
is relevant to establishing the defendant’s identity as the perpetrator of the crime because it tends
to “link the defendant[] to the crime” and “make [the defendant’s] participation in the [crime] more
probable . . . than it would be without the evidence.” Hall, 433 Mich at 581 (opinion by BOYLE,



                                                -7-
of a weapon of the kind used in the offense with which he is charged is routinely determined by
courts to be direct, relevant evidence of his commission of that offense.”). The evidence
suggesting that defendant stole Paylor’s .45 caliber firearm and that there had been a firearm in
the case when it was stolen from Paylor’s vehicle two days before the murder was even more
relevant in light of the evidence that the gun’s empty case was discovered in a place connected to
defendant. This evidence made it more probable that defendant actually possessed the weapon at
the time of the murder and weakened the ability of defendant to argue that he somehow only came
into possession of an empty gun case. Hence, Paylor’s testimony was relevant to showing
defendant committed the murder and was offered for the proper purpose of showing defendant’s
access to a weapon of the type used in the murder. VanderVliet, 444 Mich at 74; Hall, 433 Mich
at 580-581 (opinion by BOYLE, J.).

        Furthermore, this evidence was also relevant to the proper purpose of showing defendant’s
intent and premeditation. Because of the difficulty in proving state of mind, minimal
circumstantial evidence is sufficient to establish a defendant’s intent to kill. People v McRunels,
237 Mich App 168, 181; 603 NW2d 95 (1999). The prosecutor’s theory at trial was that defendant
shot McGuire because he believed that McGuire (who was defendant’s girlfriend’s former
boyfriend) was involved in the earlier break-in at defendant’s home. The evidence that defendant
took the firearm from his friend’s car on May 19, 2016, one day after his home had been broken
into and two days before the murder, supported an inference that defendant was planning an act of
revenge for the break-in. Thus, the evidence was also offered for the proper, noncharacter purpose
of showing defendant’s intent and premeditation, which were relevant to the murder charge.

       Thus, Paylor’s testimony satisfies the first two prongs of the VanderVliet test.

        The third VanderVliet prong requires a consideration under MRE 403 whether the
probative value of the evidence is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice.
VanderVliet, 444 Mich at 74-75. Defendant’s appellate argument focuses primarily on this prong.
Defendant maintains that it was unfairly prejudicial to permit evidence that would lead the jury to
conclude that defendant was “a thief who would even steal from a friend.” However, this is not
the type of unfair prejudice proscribed by MRE 403.

        All relevant evidence is inherently prejudicial. People v Mills, 450 Mich 61, 75; 537 NW2d
909 (1995), mod 450 Mich 1212 (1995). To be subject to exclusion under MRE 403, there must
be a probability “that evidence which is minimally damaging in logic will be weighed by the jurors
substantially out of proportion to its logically damaging effect” such that “it would be inequitable
to allow the proponent of the evidence to use it.” Id. at 75-76 (quotation marks and citation
omitted). Evidence is unfairly prejudicial when it causes the jury to consider issues extraneous to
the merits of the case, such as “bias, sympathy, anger, or shock.” People v Cameron, 291 Mich
App 599, 611; 806 NW2d 371 (2011) (quotation marks and citations omitted).

       As previously stated, the evidence suggesting that defendant took Paylor’s .45 caliber
firearm was highly probative that defendant was in possession of the type of weapon used in the


J.) (quotation marks and citations omitted; ellipsis in original). We conclude that this reasoning is
persuasive to our resolution of the prior-acts issue in the instant case.


                                                -8-
murder, as well as his intent to plan and commit the murder. That he took this weapon from “a
friend” was a fact of minimal significance when considered in light of the total sum of the evidence
introduced at trial and the seriousness of the crime primarily at issue—the murder of McGuire—
such that it was not unfair to permit the prosecution to introduce Paylor’s testimony. Mills, 450
Mich at 75-76. Any incidental negative reflection on defendant’s character as a friend was not so
inflammatory that it was likely to arouse the jury’s bias, sympathy, anger, or shock. Cameron,
291 Mich App at 611. There was also no risk that the jury would weigh this tangential reflection
on defendant’s treatment of “a friend” out of proportion to its logically damaging effect. Mills,
450 Mich at 75. Notably, the evidence was significantly damaging to defendant for the reasons
explained above related to its probative value. Thus, there was no danger that the high probative
value of Paylor’s testimony would be “substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice.”
MRE 403.

        Additionally, the trial court provided a specific limiting instruction concerning the proper
use of this evidence. VanderVliet, 444 Mich at 55. This limiting instruction advised the jury on
the limited permissible use of this evidence and mitigated any potential for unfair prejudice. Based
on this record, we conclude that defendant is not entitled to relief on this issue because defendant
is unable to show that admission of Paylor’s testimony constituted an abuse of discretion.

                        V. AUTHENTICATION OF TEXT MESSAGES

       Next, defendant argues that the trial court erred when it permitted the prosecutor to
introduce text messages found on defendant’s phone because the messages were not properly
authenticated. Defendant argues that proper authentication was lacking because no one
corroborated that the messages were actually authored by defendant. We review this issue for an
abuse of discretion. People v Ford, 262 Mich App 443, 460; 687 NW2d 119 (2004).

       MRE 901(a) provides:

               The requirement of authentication or identification as a condition precedent
       to admissibility is satisfied by evidence sufficient to support a finding that the
       matter in question is what its proponent claims.

        “It is axiomatic that proposed evidence need not tell the whole story of a case, nor need it
be free of weakness or doubt. It need only meet the minimum requirements for admissibility.”
People v McDade, 301 Mich App 343, 353; 836 NW2d 266 (2013) (quotation marks and citation
omitted). Regarding the authorship of letters, a sufficient foundation to authenticate the evidence
under MRE 901 may be established by evidence tending to show that the message originated with
defendant, see id. at 353, or evidence showing identification of authorship based on the message’s
“contents and distinctive characteristics.” Ford, 262 Mich App at 461-462 (quotation marks
omitted). Additionally, MRE 901(b) provides a nonexhaustive list of authentication examples,
including in pertinent part as follows:

               (4) Distinctive Characteristics and the Like. Appearance, contents,
       substance, internal patterns, or other distinctive characteristics, taken in conjunction
       with circumstances.

                                               * * *


                                                 -9-
               (6) Telephone Conversations. Telephone conversations, by evidence that a
       call was made to the number assigned at the time by the telephone company to a
       particular person or business, if (A) in the case of a person, circumstances,
       including self-identification, show the person answering to be the one called, or (B)
       in the case of a business, the call was made to a place of business and the
       conversation related to business reasonably transacted over the telephone.

        In this case, testimony was presented that the phone was found at the home of defendant’s
girlfriend while defendant was present, and the phone was in the same room as defendant’s
identification. Moreover, Thomas identified the phone as defendant’s phone. This testimony
linked defendant to the home where the cell phone was found and further supported a finding that
the phone was in fact defendant’s phone. With respect to the messages themselves, testimony was
presented that some of the incoming messages were addressed to defendant by name and that an
outgoing message identified the sender from the phone associated with defendant as “Bam,” which
other testimony indicated was a nickname associated with defendant. This information, coupled
with evidence identifying the phone as defendant’s phone, provided sufficient support for a finding
that defendant was the author and sender of the outgoing text messages on the phone. Accordingly,
the trial court did not abuse its discretion by ruling that the text messages were properly
authenticated under MRE 901.

       While we affirm the trial court’s evidentiary rulings that have been challenged by defendant
on appeal, we remand this matter for the trial court to properly address defendant’s speedy trial
claim.

        Remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.          We do not retain
jurisdiction.

                                                             /s/ Stephen L. Borrello
                                                             /s/ Patrick M. Meter
                                                             /s/ Michael J. Riordan




                                               -10-
