                            UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                            FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA


                                               )
MIYA ELEY, et al., on behalf of                )
themselves and all others similarly            )
situated                                       )
                                               )
              Plaintiffs,                      )
                                               )
      v.                                       )       Civil Action No. 14-cv-1594 (KBJ)
                                               )
STADIUM GROUP, LLC, et al.,                    )
                                               )
              Defendants.                      )
                                               )

                                  MEMORANDUM OPINION

       Miya Eley, Tamika White, Jessica Glover, Crystal Fletcher, Ashley Tyree, Shrell

Turner, Britney Robinson, Karen Tucker, Keonda King, Antonia Miller, Angela Eiss,

Sara Kendall, Ashley Gooden, Rayanee Tabbs, Autumn Gregory, Dana Ricks, and

Taneisha King (collectively, “Plaintiffs”) are former exotic dancers who have filed the

instant lawsuit against Defendants Stadium Group, LLC and RCX, LLC (“RCX”) to

recover unpaid wages and statutory damages under the Fai r Labor Standards Act of

1938 (“FLSA”), 29 U.S.C. § 201 et seq., and the D.C. Minimum Wage Revision Act of

1992 (“DCMWA”), D.C. Code §§ 32-1001 et seq. (See Sixth Am. Compl. (“Compl.”),

ECF No. 31, at 12.) 1 On October 21, 2016, the parties reached a settlement in this

matter. (See Notice of Settlement, ECF No. 66.) Before this Court at present is the

parties’ Joint Motion to Approve FLSA Settlement Agreement And For Dismissal, With

Prejudice (see Joint Mot. to Approve FLSA Settlement Agreement And For Dismissal,


1
 Page-number citations to documents the parties have filed refer to the page numbers that the Court’s
electronic filing system assigns.
With Prejudice (“Joint Mot. to Approve”), ECF No. 68)—an agreement that the parties

have brought to the Court in an abundance of caution. See Carrillo v. Dandan, Inc., 51

F. Supp. 3d 124, 129 (D.D.C. 2014) (noting that “[t]he D.C. Circuit has not opined

about whether judicial approval is required of FLSA settlement s”). For the reasons

explained below, this Court concludes that the parties’ proposed settlement agreement

resolves a bona fide dispute and contains fair and reasonable terms . See Sarceno v.

Choi, 78 F. Supp. 3d 446, 45051 (D.D.C. 2015). Therefore, the parties’ joint motion

for approval of the settlement agreement will be GRANTED. A separate order

consistent with this opinion will follow.

I.     BACKGROUND

       Plaintiffs are former dancers who performed at The Stadium Club, an exotic

dance club in the District of Columbia that is presently owned by Defendant RCX. (See

Mot. to Approve at 4.) 2 Plaintiffs allege that they were “employees” within the

meaning of the FLSA and the DCMWA, and thus were entitled to minimum wage and

overtime compensation for the hours they worked at the club. (See id.) Plaintiffs also

argue that Defendants subjected certain Plaintiffs to retaliation. (See id.)

       On September 22, 2015, at Plaintiffs’ request, this Court conditionally certified a

class comprised of all individuals who worked at The Stadium Club from September 19,

2011, until September 22, 2015. (See Order Granting in Part and Den. in Part Pls.’ Mot.




2
  At a recent hearing in this matter, Plaintiffs’ counsel explained that Defendant Stadium Group, LLC
originally owned The Stadium Club. (See February 9, 2017 Hr’g Tr. (“Hr’g Tr.”), at 3.) Shortly after
this litigation commenced, Stadium Group became insolvent and is currently no longer in operation.
(See id.) Defendant RCX, LLC has purchased The Stadium Club premises, and Plaintiffs have amended
their pleadings to proceed against RCX under a disputed theory of successor liability. ( See id.) The
proposed settlement agreement purports to resolve Plaintiffs’ FLSA claims against both Defendants.
(See Mot. to Approve at 34.)

                                                 2
for Notice to Potential Pls. and for Conditional Certification, ECF No. 30, at 1.)

Thereafter, several additional Plaintiffs opted into this action. (See Mot. to Approve at

4.) The parties then engaged in a period of discovery, and elected to pursue mediation.

(See id. at 5, 6, 9.)

       After completing two full-day mediation sessions, RCX reached a settlement

agreement with each of the individual plaintiffs. (See id. at 6.) Pursuant to the terms of

the proposed agreement, RCX agreed to pay each Plaintiff an amount that varied

between $1,700 and $17,200 (totaling $165,100), plus attorneys fees and costs, in

exchange for Plaintiffs’ promise to release RCX from “any and all claims for any wage

and hour violations that may have occurred arising from or relating to each Plaintiff’s

employment[,] . . . whether known or unknown, . . . through the date each Plaintiff

signs [the] Agreement.” (Settlement Agreement, ECF No. 68-1, at 6.) To fulfill this

payment obligation, RCX agreed to make quarterly installment payments to each of the

named Plaintiffs over the course of approximately three years, calculated based on each

Plaintiff’s pro rata share of the total settlement amount. (See id. at 4 (outlining

Plaintiffs’ proportionate shares of the settlement fund).) In addition, the proposed

agreement provides $99,900 in compensation for attorneys’ fees and costs, which

represents approximately 37% of the total $265,000 recovery amount. (See Settlement

Agreement Payment Schedule A, ECF No. 68-2, at 1.)

       On December 21, 2016, the parties jointly moved for this Court’s approval of the

proposed settlement agreement. (See generally Mot. to Approve.) This Court held a

hearing regarding the terms of the settlement on February 9, 2017.




                                             3
II.   LEGAL STANDARD

      “The D.C. Circuit has not opined about whether judicial approval is required of

FLSA settlements reached after an FLSA suit has been filed or the related issue of

whether such approval is a prerequisite for subsequent judicial enforcement of a private

settlement.” Sarceno, 78 F. Supp. 3d at 449. However, given that a court’s refusal to

assess proposed FLSA settlements ex ante “leaves the parties in an uncertain

position[,]” courts in this district often agree to review proposed FLSA settlements

when the parties jointly seek judicial approval. Carrillo, 51 F. Supp. 3d at 131; see

also Sarceno, 78 F. Supp. 3d at 44950. Notably, however, “[t]he Court’s review of a

proposed FLSA settlement is properly limited only to those terms precisely addressing

the compromised monetary amounts to resolve pending wage and overtime claims.”

Carrillo, 51 F. Supp. 3d at 134.

      When assessing the terms of an FLSA settlement agreement, the court must first

determine whether the proposed settlement “resolves a bona fide dispute.” Carrillo, 51

F. Supp. 3d at 131. “A settlement is bona fide if it reflects a reasonable compromise

over issues that are actually in dispute[.]” Sarceno, 78 F. Supp. 3d at 450 (internal

quotation marks and citation omitted). Then, “[o]nce a bona fide dispute has been

established, the court must consider whether the agreement reflects a reasonable

compromise of disputed issues [rather] than a mere waiver of statutory rights brought

about by an employer’s overreaching.” Id. at 450 (second alteration in original)

(internal quotation marks and citation omitted). This second inquiry takes into account

the “‘totality of the circumstances’” with an eye toward whether an FLSA settlement is

fair and reasonable. Carrillo, 51 F. Supp. 3d at 132 (explaining that “the focus is on


                                            4
the fairness of the process used by the parties to reach settlement and the practical

ramifications of the settlement”); see Wolinsky v. Scholastic Inc., 900 F. Supp. 2d 332,

335 (S.D.N.Y. 2012); see also Selk v. Pioneers Mem’l Healthcare Dist., 159 F. Supp. 3d

1164, 1173 (S.D. Cal. 2016) (acknowledging that “many courts have adopted a totality

of circumstances approach” and thereafter adopting a variation on that approach). The

factors that a court considers include “whether the proposed settlement (1) was the

product of overreaching by the employer; (2) whether the settlement was the product of

negotiation between represented parties following . . . [a]rm’s length bargaining[;] and

(3) whether there exist serious impediments to the collection of a judgme nt by the

plaintiffs.” Carrillo, 51 F. Supp. 3d at 132 (alterations in original) (internal quotation

marks omitted).

       Furthermore, when a proposed settlement of FLSA claims includes the payment

of attorneys’ fees, courts regularly assess the reasonableness of the fee award. See,

e.g., Wolinsky, 900 F. Supp. 2d at 336. In reviewing fee awards in similar contexts,

courts in this jurisdiction have considered the percentage of the recovery that is

comprised of attorneys’ fees, as well as the relationship between the costs incurred and

the fees recovered. See Sarceno, 78 F. Supp. 3d at 452; see also Carrillo, 51 F. Supp.

3d at 134 (explaining that courts are “reluctant to approve a settlement where the

plaintiffs’ attorneys receive more in compensation than the plaintiffs themselves”).

III.   ANALYSIS

       A.     This Court Finds That The Parties’ Proposed Settlement Agreement
              Resolves A Bona Fide Dispute And Is Fair And Reasonable

       The parties in the instant case have identified several genuine disputes of fact

and law that would need to be addressed in order to resolve Plaintiffs’ FLSA claims.


                                             5
These disputes involve issues that are substantial and material, such as (1) whether

Plaintiffs even qualify as “employees” for the purpose of the relevant wage-and-hour

statutes (i.e., it may well be that Plaintiffs are independent contractors with no right to

wages or statutory protections, see, e.g., McFeeley v. Jackson St. Entm’t, 825 F.3d 235,

24144 (4th Cir. 2016) (assessing whether exotic dancers should be classified as

independent contractors or employees); Reich v. Circle C. Invs. Inc., 998 F.2d 324,

32729 (5th Cir. 1993) (same)); (2) what number of hours each Plaintiff worked at The

Stadium Club during the relevant period (see Mot. to Approve at 8); and (3) whether the

payments Plaintiffs received in exchange for private or semi-private dance

performances included service fees owed to Defendants that might have exceeded any

minimum wage obligation Defendants owed (see February 9, 2017 Hr’g Tr. (“Hr’g

Tr.”), at 6, 7). These disputes clearly demonstrate that bona fide issues exist regarding

both Plaintiffs’ entitlement to any additional compensation at all, and also the amount

of wages, if any, that Defendants owe to them. See Sarceno, 78 F. Supp. 3d at 450.

        This Court also concludes that the parties’ proposed terms for settling this matter

are fair and reasonable, in light of the totality of the circumstances surrounding this

settlement agreement. To determine the value of the wage claims to each Plaintiff,

each Plaintiff individually estimated the total number of hours she worked at The

Stadium Club, and that figure was multiplied by the applicable minimum wage in the

District of Columbia during the relevant time period. (See Hr’g Tr. at 34, 67

(statement of Plaintiffs’ counsel).) 3 For its part, RCX evaluated partially-complete



3
  Plaintiffs’ counsel explained that estimates were required because timekeeping and record keeping are
not the norm in this industry, and Plaintiffs do not have any contemporaneous time records that indicate
the actual number of hours each Plaintiff worked at The Stadium Club. (See Hr’g Tr. at 34, 7.)

                                                   6
contemporaneous time records that its predecessor had maintained, and used this partial

data to extrapolate an estimate of the total number of hours each Plaintiff worked . (See

id. at 1012.) RCX then multiplied this amount by the applicable minimum wage, and

determined that its overall liability to Plaintiffs collectively was either $131,000 or

$82,000, depending on the application of two different compensation theories . (See

id.) 4

         According to the parties, these extrapolated figures drove the subsequent

settlement negotiations. (See id. at 12.) At first, after reviewing RCX’s estimate of the

hours worked and the amount to be paid to each Plaintiff, a number of individual

Plaintiffs contested RCX’s estimation. (See id. at 8.) The parties soldiered on despite

this disagreement and, ultimately, each individual Plaintiff was presented with, and

consented to, an individualized settlement amount, which, together with attorneys’ fees,

totaled $265,000—a figure well in excess of the amount RCX had originally calculated .

(See id. 9, 1112.) Thus, when the Court considers “where the settlement amount falls

between the plaintiffs’ position and [that of] the defendant[,]” Sarceno, 78 F. Supp. 3d

at 451, it finds that the instant agreement “provides total damages closer to that asserted

by the plaintiffs” in a manner that does “not appear to be . . . a product of employer

‘overreaching.’” Carrillo, 51 F. Supp. 3d at 13334.

         Nor does it appear that anything more than arm’s length negotiation was at play

with respect to the parties’ agreement. See Carrillo, 51 F. Supp. 3d at 132. Prior to

reaching a settlement, the parties “engaged in meaningful discovery and investigation of



4
  These amounts varied based on a disputed “tip credit factor” (see Hr’g Tr. at 6, 1112), the contours
of which are not discussed herein, as they are not directly pertinent to this Court’s assessment of the
fairness of the proposed settlement.

                                                   7
the claims, including exchange of relevant documents.” (Mot. to Approve at 9.)

Moreover, the parties participated in two full-day mediation sessions with the assistance

of two well-regarded mediators (see Mot. to Approve at 6; Hr’g Tr. at 45), and

throughout the negotiation process, all parties were represented by counsel with

“significant experience litigating employment claims, including claims under the FLSA

for unpaid overtime and hours worked.” (Mot. to Approve at 9.) “The process by

which the instant settlement was reached, therefore, bears all the indicia of one that

leads to a just outcome.” Carrillo, 51 F. Supp. 3d at 134.

       Finally, the Court notes that Plaintiffs would likely f ace myriad difficulties in

obtaining a judgment if litigation continued, which makes settlement a reasonable

alternative. See id. at 132. Counsel for both parties have acknowledged that this case

“involves uncertainty in terms of duration, cost, and result” (Mot. to Approve at 9) ,

because a number of issues—such as the total number of hours that Plaintiffs actually

worked—would be left to the trier of fact (see Hr’g Tr. at 35, 8). Furthermore, as

Plaintiffs’ counsel explained at the motion hearing, Defendant Stadium Group, LLC

(the original owner of The Stadium Club) went out of business shortly after Plaintiffs

filed suit, and Plaintiffs subsequently amended the lawsuit to add Defendant RCX, LLC

(the purchaser of The Stadium Club) as a successor employer. (See Hr’g Tr. at 3.) This

circumstance brought concerns about RCX’s liquidity to the fore t hroughout the

negotiation process, and it means that even if Plaintiffs opted to litigate this matter to

judgment and were successful, there would be a real risk that a large damages award

might bankrupt RCX, and potentially leave Plaintiffs with no recovery. (See id. at

89.) Based on these representations, “the Court is satisfied that the settlement


                                             8
appropriately considers the potential benefits and pitfalls of proceeding to trial.”

Sarceno, 78 F. Supp. 3d at 452.

       B.      The Proposed Attorneys’ Fees Are Reasonable

        Turning to the negotiated attorneys’ fees amount ($99,900), this Court notes that

the proposed fee award represents approximately 37% of the total recovery. (See

Settlement Agreement Payment Schedule A at 1.) Plaintiffs’ counsel had originally

agreed to represent Plaintiffs in exchange for a 40% contingency fee, but ultimately

agreed to accept the lower percentage in order to facilitate settlement of this matter.

(See Hr’g Tr. at 1920.) During the hearing, Plaintiffs’ counsel acknowledged that this

gross payment amount exceeds the lodestar rates calculated under the USAO Laffey

Matrix—which equal approximately $54,000 (see id. at 2021; see also Stadium Club

Litigation Billing Records, Attach. A to Hr’g Tr. ). 5 However, Plaintiffs’ counsel began

incurring costs in connection with this case in 2014, and will receive the proposed fee

amount in installments over a period of 2.5 years (ending in 2019) ( see Hr’g Tr. at

2021 (“[M]y clients haven’t paid a cent, and my firm and my partners have carried this

case for about two and a half years.”)). Cf. Ashraf-Hassan v. Embassy of France, 189

F. Supp. 3d 48, 57 (D.D.C. 2016) (authorizing calculation of fee award under Title VII

using current, rather than historical, fee rates in order to “compensat[e] for delay”

between the first billing and the final payment). Furthermore, given the state of RCX’s

finances, this payment structure carries certain inherent risks, and this Court also



5
 Plaintiffs’ counsel provided his Stadium Club Litigation Billing Records at the motion hearing held on
February 9, 2017, and these records are attached to the hearing transcript as Exhibit A. ( See Stadium
Club Litigation Billing Records, Attach. A to Hr’g Tr. ) At the motion hearing, Plaintiffs’ counsel
explained that he calculated his Laffey rate pursuant to the rate outlined in the 201617 USAO Laffey
Matrix for lawyers with 8-10 years of experience. (See Hr’g Tr. at 23.)

                                                  9
recognizes that the attorney-client relationships that Plaintiffs’ counsel managed posed

certain challenges. (See December 15, 2016 Hr’g Tr. (“[T]here are multiple plaintiffs

in this case and they are somewhat transient.” (statement of Plaintiff’s counsel)).)

Thus, this Court finds that the proposed attorneys’ fees are reasonable. See Sarceno, 78

F. Supp. 3d at 452 (approving settlement agreement where attorne ys’ fees represented

less than half of the total recovery); Carrillo, 51 F. Supp. 3d at 134 (approving

settlement agreement where attorneys’ fees accounted for slightly more than fifty

percent of the total recovery).

IV.     CONCLUSION

        For the foregoing reasons, the parties’ Joint Motion to Approve FLSA Settlement

Agreement is GRANTED, insofar as the agreement represents a bona fide compromise

of Plaintiffs’ FLSA claims that is fair and reasonable. 6 An appropriate Order

accompanies this Memorandum Opinion.


DATE: February 17, 2017                         Ketanji Brown Jackson
                                                KETANJI BROWN JACKSON
                                                United States District Judge




6
 The Court declines to opine on any aspect of the Agreement that does not pertain directly to the
compensation due to Plaintiffs and Plaintiffs’ counsel. See Carrillo, 51 F. Supp. 3d at 13435.

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