                                             COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA


              Present: Chief Judge Decker, Judges Beales and Malveaux
UNPUBLISHED


              Argued at Richmond, Virginia


              TATEANA ACACIA WELLS
                                                                            MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY
              v.     Record No. 0896-18-2                                JUDGE MARY BENNETT MALVEAUX
                                                                                  JUNE 18, 2019
              COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA


                                 FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF APPOMATTOX COUNTY
                                              S. Anderson Nelson, Judge

                               F.E. “Tripp” Isenhour, III (Caskie & Frost, on brief), for appellant.

                               Leah A. Darron, Senior Assistant Attorney General (Mark R.
                               Herring, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.


                     Tateana A. Wells (“appellant”) was convicted of grand larceny, in violation of Code

              § 18.2-95, grand larceny of a firearm, in violation of Code § 18.2-95, and felony eluding, in

              violation of Code § 46.2-817.1 On appeal, she argues that the trial court erred in denying her motion

              to strike the eluding offense based upon the Commonwealth’s failure to prove venue. Further, she

              contends that the trial court erred in denying her motion to strike the second-charged larceny under

              the single larceny doctrine. For the following reasons, we affirm.

                                                        I. BACKGROUND

                     On the evening of June 16, 2017, Elizabeth Iannaco and her boyfriend, Nathan Owen,

              held a party at their residence, located on Old Grist Mill Road in Appomattox County. About an




                     *
                         Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.
                     1
                        Appellant was also convicted of burglary, in violation of Code § 18.2-89, and robbery,
              in violation of Code § 18.2-58. Appellant does not challenge these convictions on appeal.
hour into the party, police arrived and told them to shut down the party, and they complied.

Everyone left except for a few friends.

       About ten minutes after everyone had left, four individuals, later identified as appellant

and her three codefendants, Tremaine Green, Arien Pollard,2 and Octavius Wells, arrived at the

home in a red Mitsubishi Lancer. They asked if they could stay because they had heard about a

party happening, and Iannaco allowed them to stay.

       Everyone “h[u]ng out for a little bit,” with people coming in and out of the home.

Approximately twenty to thirty minutes after appellant and her codefendants arrived, Iannaco

went into her bedroom and saw that her PlayStation video game console was missing. She told

Owen about the missing item, and he asked each person if they had stolen the PlayStation.

Appellant and each of her codefendants denied taking it.

       After Iannaco saw that her PlayStation was missing, she was in the living room when she

saw a gun and some bullets drop out of Tremaine Green’s pocket. At that point, Owen asked

everyone to go outside. He then brought a rifle he owned outside and showed it to Green. Green

asked to hold the gun, and when Owen gave it to him, Green ran with it into the woods. Owen

chased Green through the woods and eventually came in contact with him on the road. Green

told him that the gun was in the car, so Owen searched the car. Owen did not find the gun, but

he did find the missing PlayStation in the trunk.

       When appellant and her codefendants came outside and asked Owen why he was looking

in the trunk, he told them to “have a nice night,” entered the house, locked the doors, and turned

off the lights. Owen also retrieved a shotgun with which to defend himself because he knew that

Green had a weapon. Appellant and her codefendants then got into their car and drove halfway




       2
           See Pollard v. Commonwealth, No. 1137-18-2 (this day decided).
                                             -2-
down the driveway, but subsequently returned to the house.3 Once back at the house, one of the

men went to the door and stated in a “very demanding” manner that he needed to get his phone.

He asked Owen and Iannaco to come outside and help look for it. Owen told them that they did

not have the phone and that they had called the police. Appellant and her codefendants forced

open the door and entered the house. Tremaine Green was holding a pistol in his hand when he

entered.

       Owen and Iannaco were in the kitchen at that time. Iannaco testified that the layout of

the house was such that “when you walk in the door you walk into the living room, which is

open and it flows right into the kitchen . . . [i]t’s almost like one room.” When they entered the

house, one of the individuals “ran” to Owen and took his shotgun from his person.4 After

disarming Owen, appellant and her codefendants told everyone to get out of the house. Owen

went outside and ran into the woods.

       Iannaco did not immediately go outside. She first saw appellant take two PlayStation

controllers, an Xbox One video game console with two controllers, about ten video games, and a

television from the living room. Appellant made two or three trips to her car with the items.

Iannaco then went into her bedroom and saw a friend, Cash Neighbors, before she continued into

the bathroom, which was located “right off [from] the bedroom.” At some point, Iannaco saw a

man come into the bathroom. He ordered her to go outside, and she did. There, she ran into the

woods and then watched appellant and her codefendants drive down and exit the driveway in the

red Mitsubishi Lancer.


       3
          Iannaco testified that they drove halfway down the driveway then drove back up to the
house. Cash Neighbors, who was inside the home with Owen and Iannaco, testified that they put
the car in park halfway down the driveway, then got out of the car and walked back towards the
house.
       4
        Iannaco testified that Octavius Wells was the person who took the shotgun from Owen.
Owen testified that appellant took the shotgun from him.
                                               -3-
       Neighbors was in the kitchen with Iannaco and Owen when the door was forced open.

He initially hid behind a corner, but at some point went into the bedroom and retrieved a rifle

belonging to Owen from under the bed. He then went into the bathroom connected to the

bedroom. Octavius Wells opened the bathroom door, saw that Neighbors had a rifle, and left the

bedroom. Neighbors went back into the bedroom to “st[an]d his ground.” Neighbors was alone

in the bedroom at this point, but was then “disarmed” by either Octavius Wells or Arien Pollard

when they entered the bedroom. After he was disarmed, Neighbors got into a fistfight with

Wells and Pollard. Green and appellant came into the bedroom, and all four individuals “ganged

up on” Neighbors and “beat [him] to the ground.” They took Neighbors’ phone and searched his

pockets, and then started “beating” him again.

       In the early morning hours of July 17, 2017, Deputy Sean Burton with the Appomattox

County Sheriff’s Office responded to a call reporting a home invasion/robbery. Burton received

a description of a red vehicle and its occupants and was advised that the “vehicle was leaving the

driveway [and] taking a left out of the driveway.” He arrived at the reported location, and he

saw a vehicle matching the description “right there just below the driveway.” Burton was on Old

Grist Mill Road when he saw the vehicle in the driveway. Once he saw the vehicle, the deputy

“immediately” turned on his blue lights and “ease[d] over in front of the vehicle to . . . get it to

stop.” Instead of stopping, the car went around Burton’s vehicle through the grassy shoulder of

the road and continued down Old Grist Mill Road at a high rate of speed.

       Burton caught up with the vehicle after half a mile and turned on his siren. He then

pursued the vehicle for about seven or eight miles “through the back roads there,” at speeds up to

seventy or eighty miles an hour. When asked if the “back roads [were] . . . your typical back

roads out in the county,” Burton replied, “[y]es, very curvy, you know, narrow, very curvy roads,

sharp turns.” Burton saw the occupants of the back seat making “furtive movements,” and at one

                                                 -4-
point saw “something c[o]me out of the vehicle.” The rear passenger door was ajar during most

of the pursuit.

        After going about eight miles, both vehicles reached Richmond Highway. Burton

testified that they traveled on “a number of roads,” and had “started on Old Grist Mill, went to

River Ridge to Poorhouse, to Hicksboro, to Swan and eventually to 460.” When asked which

way the vehicle went on “Richmond Highway, commonly known as Route 460,” Burton stated

they turned right, which was “heading back towards Appomattox and Lynchburg.” At this point,

Burton forced the vehicle off the road. Burton identified appellant as the driver of the vehicle.

        At the conclusion of the Commonwealth’s case-in-chief, appellant moved to strike the

evidence on the larceny of a firearm charge, arguing that the single larceny doctrine applied. She

also moved to strike the evidence on the eluding charge because the Commonwealth did not

produce evidence establishing venue in Appomattox County.

        The trial court denied both motions to strike. Regarding venue, the court noted that “the

[d]eputy testified that he got right to where the drive was and that had already been identified as

being in Appomattox County.” The court also found that the single larceny doctrine did not

apply because “there were two separate and distinct times that this occurred.” First, “[t]he

shotgun . . . and the items in the living room were taken at one point.” Then, “[t]here was an

intervening time period” during which Iannaco and Cash went into the bathroom, and then the

codefendants came in at “that time the gun was taken . . . [s]o that’s two distinct actions.”

        Appellant was found guilty of grand larceny, in violation of Code § 18.2-95, grand

larceny of a firearm, in violation of Code § 18.2-95, and felony eluding, in violation of Code

§ 46.2-817. This appeal followed.




                                                -5-
                                         II. ANALYSIS

                                            A. Venue

       Appellant argues that the trial court erred in not granting her motion to strike the

evidence on the eluding offense because the Commonwealth had failed to prove venue.5

       “On appeal, we review ‘whether the evidence, when viewed in the light most favorable to

the Commonwealth, is sufficient to support the [trial court’s] venue findings.’” Williams v.

Commonwealth, 289 Va. 326, 336 (2015) (alteration in original) (quoting Cheng v.

Commonwealth, 240 Va. 26, 36 (1990)).

       “In a criminal prosecution, it is the Commonwealth’s burden to establish venue.” Bonner

v. Commonwealth, 62 Va. App. 206, 210 (2013) (en banc). As venue is not a substantive

element of a crime, the Commonwealth is not required to “prove where the crime occurred

beyond a reasonable doubt.” Id. (quoting Morris v. Commonwealth, 51 Va. App. 459, 469

(2008)). In order to establish venue, the Commonwealth must “produce evidence sufficient to

give rise to a ‘strong presumption’ that the offense was committed within the jurisdiction of the

court.” Id. at 211 (quoting Cheng, 240 Va. at 36).

               The failure to clearly prove venue is usually due to inadvertence,
               flowing naturally from the familiarity of court, counsel, witnesses,
               and jurors with the locality of the crime; therefore, this Court will
               generally and properly lay hold of and accept as sufficient any
               evidence in the case, direct or otherwise, from which the fact may
               be reasonably inferred.

Williams, 289 Va. at 336 (quoting Randall v. Commonwealth, 183 Va. 182, 187 (1944)).




       5
        Although the issue of venue “is properly raised by a motion to dismiss the indictment,”
our Supreme Court has “impliedly upheld the use of a motion to strike the evidence to challenge
venue.” Williams v. Commonwealth, 289 Va. 326, 330 n.3 (2015). Further, as in Williams, the
Commonwealth here does not challenge the manner in which venue was raised as a procedural
bar. See id.
                                             -6-
       In the absence of a specific statutory provision addressing venue, Virginia’s general

venue statute, Code § 19.2-244, “dictates the proper venue for an offense.” Bonner, 62 Va. App.

at 211-12. That statute states, in pertinent part, “the prosecution of a criminal case shall be had

in the county or city in which the offense was committed.” Code § 19.2-244(A).

       Appellant was convicted of felony eluding, in violation of Code § 46.2-817(B). That

code section provides, in pertinent part, as follows:

               Any person who, having received a visible or audible signal from
               any law-enforcement officer to bring his motor vehicle to a stop,
               drives such motor vehicle in a willful and wanton disregard of such
               signal so as to interfere with or endanger the operation of the
               law-enforcement vehicle or endanger a person is guilty of a Class 6
               felony.

Code § 46.2-817(B).

       Contrary to appellant’s argument that the Commonwealth’s evidence did not establish

venue in Appomattox County, the evidence, when viewed in the light most favorable to the

Commonwealth, was sufficient to support the trial court’s venue finding. In the instant case,

Iannaco testified that her home was located on Old Grist Mill Road in Appomattox County.

Iannaco stated that after the incident she saw appellant and her codefendants drive down her

driveway in a red Mitsubishi vehicle and then exit the driveway. Deputy Burton went to

investigate a home invasion/robbery reported at Iannaco’s home, and when he arrived at the

reported location he saw the vehicle “right there just below the driveway.” The deputy

immediately activated his blue emergency lights and positioned his police vehicle on Old Grist

Mill Road in order to attempt to stop the vehicle. Appellant disregarded this visible signal from

law enforcement to bring her car to a stop. Instead, she drove onto the grassy shoulder of the

road, traveled around Deputy Burton’s vehicle, and proceeded down Old Grist Mill Road at a

high rate of speed. Burton testified that he pursued the car, activated his siren when he caught up

with it after approximately one-half mile, and then pursued the car for several more miles
                                                -7-
“through the back roads there.” When asked if the “back roads [were] . . . your typical back

roads out in the county,” Burton replied, “[y]es, very curvy, you know, narrow, very curvy roads,

sharp turns.” (Emphasis added).

       Thus, the evidence showed that appellant drove a vehicle down the driveway from the

victim’s residence, which was located in Appomattox County, and almost immediately

encountered Deputy Burton after leaving the driveway and entering Old Grist Mill Road.

Further, Deputy Burton affirmed that he pursued the vehicle on “county” roads. This evidence

was sufficient to raise a “strong presumption” that appellant’s conduct in Appomattox County

interfered with or endangered the operation of the law-enforcement vehicle or a person.

Accordingly, the trial court did not err in refusing to grant appellant’s motion to strike the

eluding charge.

                          B. Application of the Single Larceny Doctrine

       Appellant further argues that the trial court erred in denying her motion to strike the

grand larceny of a firearm offense because her actions constituted one larceny under the single

larceny doctrine.

               Whether the larceny of multiple items at or about the same time
               from the same general location constitutes a single larceny or
               multiple offenses is an issue that most courts have addressed early
               in the development of their criminal jurisprudence. The concept is
               commonly referred to as the “single larceny doctrine.” The
               principles are easily stated and understood, but application of the
               doctrine becomes problematic when applied to the infinite variety
               of circumstances that can arise.

Richardson v. Commonwealth, 25 Va. App. 491, 495 (1997) (en banc) (citation omitted). “The

overriding principle behind the single larceny doctrine is to prevent the state from aggregating

multiple criminal penalties for a single criminal act.” Id. at 496. Accordingly, we have

recognized that “[a] series of larcenous acts will be considered a single count of larceny if they

‘are done pursuant to a single impulse and in execution of a general fraudulent scheme.’” Acey
                                                -8-
v. Commonwealth, 29 Va. App. 240, 247 (1999) (quoting West v. Commonwealth, 125 Va. 747,

754 (1919)). In determining whether this doctrine applies, we consider the following factors:

“(1) the location of the items taken, (2) the lapse of time between the takings, (3) the general and

specific intent of the taker, (4) the number of owners of the items taken and (5) whether

intervening events occurred between the takings.” Id. “The primary factor to be considered is

the intent of the thief and the question to be asked is whether the thefts . . . were part of one

impulse.” Richardson, 25 Va. App. at 497. See also Millard v. Commonwealth, 34 Va. App.

202, 207 (2000) (noting that “multiple unlawful takings constitute separate larcenies if the thief

acted upon a separate intent or impulse for each theft”).

       As the doctrine’s applicability is dependent upon the specific facts of each case, and

primarily upon the intent of the thief, this Court “will affirm the trial court’s determination unless

plainly wrong or unless the record lacks any evidence to support that determination.” Bragg v.

Commonwealth, 42 Va. App. 607, 612 (2004) (citation omitted)).

       Appellant contends that the single larceny doctrine applies in this case because the two

larcenies occurred in a short window of time within the same home, and because the evidence

did not establish that she possessed two separate criminal intents—one for the firearms, and one

for the personal property. Appellant relies on Richardson and Acey to support her argument that

the doctrine applies.

       However, the facts in this case are distinguishable from both Richardson and Acey. In

Richardson, defendant stole two purses from locations within a hospital nurses’ station that were

separated by approximately ten feet. Richardson, 25 Va. App. at 494. This Court held that the

single larceny doctrine applied because “[t]he theft of the two purses occurred at approximately

the same time, from the same room or location, and pursuant to a single impulse or design to

steal items from that nurses’ station.” Id. at 498. Further, we held that “[t]he fact that the purses

                                                 -9-
were separated by ten feet and that the thief had to walk around a wall from the desk to the

cabinet [were] not circumstances that break the continuity of the thief’s single and continuing act

of thievery.” Id. In Acey, this Court held that the single larceny doctrine applied because

defendant took three firearms that were “within a few feet of each other” in the same room, and

“[t]here was no appreciable lapse of time between the takings, only time enough for defendant to

step from the closet, to the dresser and then to the headboard of the bed.” Acey, 29 Va. App. at

247-48. This Court further found that “[d]efendant’s intent . . . was to steal the weapons, but

there [was] no indication he formed this intent separately for each item. Rather, his actions show

he was motivated by one compulsion to steal.” Id. at 248. This Court held that there were no

“intervening events [that] took place between the takings.” Id.

       Here, the trial court found that one distinct larceny occurred when appellant removed

electronics from the home, and the second distinct larceny occurred when Pollard and Octavius

Wells took the rifle from Neighbors in the bedroom. The evidence adduced at trial supports this

finding. Although the two incidents occurred in the same house, they occurred in different

rooms of the house, by different people, and at different times. Appellant removed the video

game items and television from the living room and left the residence several times to take the

items to the car. Wells and Pollard stayed in the residence and subsequently took the rifle from

Neighbors. These facts show that in this case, unlike Acey, there were “intervening events” that

occurred between the two events. Furthermore, the trial court could reasonably infer that

appellant’s intent to steal the items from the living room was not the same intent as Pollard’s and

Wells’ intent to steal the rifle from Neighbors, especially so in this case because the thefts were




                                               - 10 -
committed by different perpetrators against different victims.6 This distinguishes the present

case from Richardson, in which it was clear that defendant possessed the singular intent to steal

purses from the same nurses’ station. Therefore, we hold that contrary to appellant’s arguments,

the trial court did not err in rejecting the applicability of the single larceny doctrine and

convicting her of grand larceny and grand larceny of a firearm.

                                         III. CONCLUSION

       We hold that trial court did not err either in denying appellant’s motion to strike

regarding venue, or in denying her motion to strike the second-charged larceny because of the

single larceny doctrine. Accordingly, we affirm.

                                                                                                Affirmed.




       6
           We note that appellant was guilty as a principal in the second degree of the larceny of
the rifle taken by Octavius Wells and Pollard, despite the fact that she did not actually take the
rifle from Neighbors, based upon the concert of action doctrine. See Rollston v. Commonwealth,
11 Va. App. 535, 543 (1991) (“[E]veryone connected with carrying out a common design to
commit a criminal act is . . . bound by the act of any member of the combination, perpetrated in
the prosecution of the common design. But it is not necessary that the crime committed shall
have been originally intended.” (quoting Boggs v. Commonwealth, 153 Va. 828, 836 (1929)));
see also Code § 18.2-18 (providing that one who acts as a principal in the second degree to a
felony “may be indicted, tried, convicted[,] and punished in all respects as if a principal in the
first degree”).
                                                - 11 -
