                    In the Missouri Court of Appeals
                            Eastern District
                                        DIVISION ONE

NATHAN T. COOLING,                                 )      Nos. ED100863 and ED100897
                                                   )
               Respondent/Cross-Appellant,         )      Appeal from the Circuit Court
                                                   )      of the City of St. Louis
vs.                                                )
                                                   )      Honorable Michael F. Stelzer
STATE OF MISSOURI, DEPARTMENT OF                   )
SOCIAL SERVICES, FAMILY SUPPORT                    )
DIVISION,                                          )
                                                   )
               Appellant/Cross-Respondent.         )      Filed: October 21, 2014

       In this action for attorney’s fees following proceedings in the Family Support Division,

the court determined that attorney’s fees were due. The court did not, however, award an

amount of attorney’s fees pursuant to its determination. Therefore, we must dismiss the appeal

for lack of a final judgment.

                                Factual and Procedural Background

       The Family Support Division of the Department of Social Services pursued father,

Nathan Cooling, for past-due child support, asserting that he owed $45,900. The Division sent

notice that it intended to refer father’s name to consumer-reporting agencies as a person who

owed past-due child support. The Division also issued an income-withholding order to father’s

employer. Ultimately, an administrative hearing officer determined that father owed no child-

support arrearage. Importantly, the Division did not contest that determination. Instead, the
Division refunded the withheld income to father and did not report him to any consumer-

reporting agency.

           Having successfully contested the amount of past-due support owed by him, father

applied for attorney’s fees under the provisions of Section 536.087.1 The administrative hearing

officer denied father’s request. The officer concluded that an award of attorney’s fees was not

authorized because the proceedings giving rise to father’s request did not constitute an “agency

proceeding” as defined by Section 536.085(1) and required for an award of attorney’s fees under

Section 536.087.          The officer further determined that even if there had been an “agency

proceeding,” an award of attorney’s fees was improper because the Division was substantially

justified in its actions. Father sought judicial review in the circuit court.

           The circuit court viewed matters differently. The court determined that the underlying

administrative child-support proceedings were contested and that the Division was not

substantially justified in its actions. The court awarded father $2,500 in attorney’s fees against

the Division.

           The Division filed a post-judgment motion, arguing in part that the court’s fee award

should be stricken as premature and not ripe for adjudication because the underlying merits of

the case had not been finally determined when the court ruled on father’s application for

attorney’s fees.         The circuit court granted the Division’s point and vacated the award of

attorney’s fees as untimely. In all other respects, the court stated that its judgment remained

intact. The court reasoned that its September judgment was not a final and unreviewable

decision under Section 536.087.4 because the Division had filed a post-trial motion and had

1
    Section 536.087.1 of the Revised Statutes of Missouri reads:
           A party who prevails in an agency proceeding or civil action arising therefrom, brought by or
           against the state, shall be awarded those reasonable fees and expenses incurred by that party in the
           civil action or agency proceeding, unless the court or agency finds that the position of the state
           was substantially justified or that special circumstances make an award unjust.

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indicated that it intended to appeal the finding of no “substantial justification.” As such, the

court concluded that it could not render a decision on father’s fee application.

         The parties now appeal to this Court, raising the issues of whether the underlying

administrative child-support proceedings constituted an “agency proceeding” and whether the

Division was substantially justified in its actions.

                                                     Discussion

         Before we consider the merits of this appeal, we must sua sponte determine whether we

have the authority to decide the case. Ndegwa v. KSSO, LLC, 371 S.W.3d 798, 801 (Mo. banc

2012); City of Portage Des Sioux v. Klaus Lambert, 323 S.W.3d 462, 464 (Mo. App. E.D. 2010).

This Court does not have authority if there is no final judgment. Id. For purposes of appeal, a

final judgment disposes of all parties and issues in a case, and leaves nothing for future

determination. Ndegwa, 371 S.W.3d at 801.

         The circuit court’s judgment is not a final judgment. The circuit court determined that

father was entitled to attorney’s fees, but in the end did not award those fees. The court did not

finally resolve the very issue it was called upon to decide. As it stands now, the court’s

judgment leaves the award to future determination and subjects the case to piecemeal appeals.

Even though we review the hearing officer’s judgment, the court’s judgment is necessary to the

adjudication of the issue of attorney’s fees.

         The circuit court, at the Division’s erroneous behest, vacated the fee award as premature.2

In making its argument, the Division cited two subsections of Section 536.087 as well as this

2
  In post-argument briefing before this Court, the Division now agrees that the circuit court’s judgment is not a final
judgment because the court did not enter an award of fees, and thus did not dispose of all issues in the case. The
Division urges this Court to remand the case to the circuit court for entry of a final judgment. Father also agrees that
the circuit court’s judgment is not final, but claims Section 536.087.4 creates an exception to the final-judgment
rule, and that the circuit court is mandated by statute, as well as the Hutchings decision, to hold his application in
abeyance until this Court on appeal renders a decision on the merits.

                                                           3
Court’s decision Hutchings v. Roling, 151 S.W.3d 85 (Mo. App. E.D. 2005). First, quoting

Section 536.087.3, the Division noted that:

            “[a] party seeking an award of fees and other expenses shall, within thirty days of
           a final disposition in an agency proceeding or final judgment in a civil action,
           submit to the court, agency or commission which rendered the final disposition or
           judgment an application which shows that the party is a prevailing party and is
           eligible to receive award under this section….”

Moreover, citing Section 536.087.4, the Division noted that:

           “[w]hen the [S]tate appeals the underlying merits of an adversary proceeding, no
           decision on the application for fees and other expenses in connection with that
           adversary proceeding shall be made under this section until a final and
           unreviewable decision is rendered by the court on the appeal or until the
           underlying merits of the case have been finally determined pursuant to the
           appeal.”

Finally, relying on Hutchings, the Division noted that:

           “[W]hile a fee application is properly filed prior to a final judgment, it is held in
           abeyance until the adversarial proceeding becomes final.”

151 S.W.3d at 91-92. In sum, the Division argued that the circuit court must hold an award of

attorneys’ fees in abeyance until the underlying merits of the case – father’s entitlement to

attorney’s fees – have been finally determined on appeal.

           The parties and the circuit court misread the statute and thus the court incorrectly vacated

the attorney’s fee award as premature. The statute and case law provide that an application for

attorney’s fees is held in abeyance pending a final determination of the merits in the underlying

action, not in the action for fees itself.

           Section 536.087 authorizes an award of attorney’s fees, subject to certain stated

conditions, to a party who prevails in an agency proceeding or civil action arising therefrom.3



3
    In total, Section 536.087 provides:
                      1. A party who prevails in an agency proceeding or civil action arising therefrom, brought
             by or against the state, shall be awarded those reasonable fees and expenses incurred by that party

                                                             4
in the civil action or agency proceeding, unless the court or agency finds that the position of the
state was substantially justified or that special circumstances make an award unjust.
          2. In awarding reasonable fees and expenses under this section to a party who prevails in
any action for judicial review of an agency proceeding, the court shall include in that award
reasonable fees and expenses incurred during such agency proceeding unless the court finds that
during such agency proceeding the position of the state was substantially justified, or that special
circumstances make an award unjust.
          3. A party seeking an award of fees and other expenses shall, within thirty days of a final
disposition in an agency proceeding or final judgment in a civil action, submit to the court, agency
or commission which rendered the final disposition or judgment an application which shows that
the party is a prevailing party and is eligible to receive an award under this section, and the
amount sought, including an itemized statement from any attorney or expert witness representing
or appearing in behalf of the party stating the actual time expended and the rate at which fees and
other expenses are computed. The party shall also allege that the position of the state was not
substantially justified. The fact that the state has lost the agency proceeding or civil action creates
no legal presumption that its position was not substantially justified. Whether or not the position
of the state was substantially justified shall be determined on the basis of the record (including the
record with respect to the action or failure to act by an agency upon which a civil action is based)
which is made in the agency proceeding or civil action for which fees and other expenses are
sought, and on the basis of the record of any hearing the court or agency deems appropriate to
determine whether an award of reasonable fees and expenses should be made, provided that any
such hearing shall be limited to consideration of matters which affected the agency's decision
leading to the position at issue in the fee application.
          4. A prevailing party in an agency proceeding shall submit an application for fees and
expenses to the administrative body before which the party prevailed. A prevailing party in a civil
action on appeal from an agency proceeding shall submit an application for fees and expenses to
the court. The filing of an application shall not stay the time for appealing the merits of a case.
When the state appeals the underlying merits of an adversary proceeding, no decision on the
application for fees and other expenses in connection with that adversary proceeding shall be made
under this section until a final and unreviewable decision is rendered by the court on the appeal or
until the underlying merits of the case have been finally determined pursuant to the appeal.
          5. The court or agency may either reduce the amount to be awarded or deny any award, to
the extent that the prevailing party during the course of the proceedings engaged in conduct which
unduly and unreasonably protracted the final resolution of the matter in controversy.
          6. The decision of a court or an agency on the application for reasonable fees and
expenses shall be in writing, separate from the judgment or order of the court or the administrative
decision which determined the prevailing party, and shall include written findings and conclusions
and the reason or basis therefor. The decision of a court or an agency on the application for fees
and other expenses shall be final, subject respectively to appeal or judicial review.
          7. If a party or the state is dissatisfied with a determination of fees and other expenses
made in an agency proceeding, that party or the state may within thirty days after the
determination is made, seek judicial review of that determination from the court having
jurisdiction to review the merits of the underlying decision of the agency adversary proceeding. If
a party or the state is dissatisfied with a determination of fees and other expenses made in a civil
action arising from an agency proceeding, that party or the state may, within the time permitted by
law, appeal that order or judgment to the appellate court having jurisdiction to review the merits of
that order or judgment. The reviewing or appellate court's determination on any judicial review or
appeal heard under this subsection shall be based solely on the record made before the agency or
court below. The court may modify, reverse or reverse and remand the determination of fees and
other expenses if the court finds that the award or failure to make an award of fees and other
expenses, or the calculation of the amount of the award, was arbitrary and capricious, was
unreasonable, was unsupported by competent and substantial evidence, or was made contrary to
law or in excess of the court's or agency's jurisdiction. Awards made pursuant to this act shall be
payable from amounts appropriated therefor. The state agency against which the award was made
shall request an appropriation to pay the award.

                                                  5
Section 536.087.1; Stigger v. Mann, 263 S.W.3d 721, 724 (Mo. App. W.D. 2008). Section

536.087 was patterned after the federal Equal Access to Justice Act, 28 U.S.C. Section 2412

(1982). McMahan v. Missouri Dep’t of Soc. Servs., Div. of Child Support Enforcement, 980

S.W.2d 120, 125 (Mo. App. W.D. 1998).           Congress passed the federal act “to encourage

relatively impecunious private parties to challenge abusive or unreasonable government behavior

by relieving such parties of the fear of incurring large litigation expenses.”         Id. (internal

quotation omitted). The intent of both the EAJA and Section 536.087 is “to require agencies to

carefully scrutinize agency and court proceedings and to increase the accountability of the

administrative agencies.”    Sanders v. Hatcher, 341 S.W.3d 762, 766 (Mo. App. W.D.

2011)(internal quotation omitted); Brown v. Missouri Dept. of Family Support, 297 S.W.3d 668,

671 (Mo. App. E.D. 2009). The statute “was designed to relieve the financial burden a private

party would face in challenging abusive or unreasonable government actions.” Sanders, 341

S.W.3d at 766. As our courts have explained:

       A prevailing party “may choose not to vindicate [his] rights against offensive
       government action if [he] believe[s] that the cost of litigating fee disputes would
       equal or exceed the cost of litigating the merits of the underlying case.” Thus,
       §536.087 provides compensation in the form of attorney’s fees and reasonable
       expenses, to a prevailing party in an action against the state or state agency, if the
       state or agency’s position in the proceeding was not substantially justified.

Sanders, 341 S.W.3d at 766 (internal quotation omitted).

       The statutory language contained in subsection 4 and relied upon in withholding the

award, provides that “when the State appeals the underlying merits of an adversary proceeding,

no decision on the [fee application] in connection with that adversary proceeding shall be made

until a final and unreviewable decision is rendered by the court on the appeal or until the

underlying merits of the case have been finally determined pursuant to the appeal.” Section

536.087.4. The parties have posited that this provision should apply to the fee proceeding.


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When construing statutes, our goal is to ascertain the intent of the legislature from the language

used, to give effect to the intent if possible, and to consider the words used in their plain and

ordinary meaning. Treasurer of State – Custodian of Second Injury Fund v. Witte, 414 S.W.3d

455, 461 (Mo. banc 2013). Statutory construction should not be hyper-technical, but reasonable

and logical and should give meaning to the statute. Gash v. Lafayette Cnty, 245 S.W.3d 229, 232

(Mo. banc 2008). Construction of a statute should avoid unreasonable or absurd results. Aquila

Foreign Qualifications Corp. v. Dir. of Revenue, 362 S.W.3d 1, 4 (Mo. banc 2012).                  In

determining the meaning of a word in a statute, this Court will not look at any one portion of the

statute in isolation, but rather will look at the word’s usage in the context of the entire statute to

determine its plain meaning. Id. at 4; BASF Corp. v. Dir. of Revenue, 392 S.W.3d 438, 444 (Mo.

banc 2012).

       Considering the subsection and statute as whole, we conclude that this provision refers to

an “agency proceeding” or a “civil action arising therefrom” – or, in other words, the underlying

proceedings that determine the prevailing party.         Viewing the statute in its entirety, the

legislature largely wrote the statute in a logical order. In general, subsections 1 and 2 authorize

the fee award and set out the requisite conditions for that award. Subsection 3 sets out details for

the fee application, including the time limitation for filing the application, and the allegations to

be included in the application. Subsection 4 largely tells the prevailing party where they should

file their application. Subsections 5 and 6 provide directions to the court for awarding or

denying any award. And finally, subsection 7 provides for appeal of a determination of fees.

       Subsection 4, as noted, largely instructs the prevailing party where to file his fee

application. The subsection first provides that a prevailing party in an agency proceeding should

submit their application to the administrative body, and then secondly provides that a prevailing



                                                  7
party in a civil action on appeal from an agency proceeding should file his application with the

court. The subsection then addresses the situation where the State appeals the underlying merits

of an adversary proceeding. Read in context, this provision must mean either the agency

proceeding or the civil action, referenced immediately above and used throughout Section

436.087. No statutory language exists, either in subsection 4 or in the other portions of Section

436.087, to suggest that this provision refers to the fee proceeding itself. Given the order in

which the legislature wrote the statute, we conclude here that the legislature intended this

provision refers to the underlying procedure that determines the prevailing party. To have the

provision mean the fee proceeding would be illogical, given the natural, logical progression of

the statute. If the legislature had intended for this provision to include the fee proceeding,

resulting in a fee award being held in abeyance pending a determination on appeal of a party’s

entitlement to that fee, the legislature would have included this language from subsection 4 in

subsection 7, the actual subsection dealing with appeals of fee determinations.

       We note further that the statute and caselaw treat the proceeding for attorney’s fees as a

separate, distinct matter from the underlying action that determines the prevailing party, be it an

agency proceeding or a civil action arising therefrom. Subsection 6 provides that the decision on

a fee application is separate from the judgment or order that determined the prevailing party.

The Hernandez case likewise makes a distinction between underlying case and the fee

proceeding. Hernandez v. State Bd. of Registration for Healing Arts, 936 S.W.2d 894 (Mo. App.

W.D. 1997). There, the Court held that Section 536.087 provides for recovery of fees incurred in

petitioning for fees, as well as those fees incurred in the underlying civil action or agency

proceeding. Id. at 901-02.




                                                8
        Given that attorney’s fees are only available to a “prevailing party,” a fee application

logically should be held in abeyance pending that determination. Once the prevailing party is

determined, however, no need exists to hold the fee application in abeyance. Given the different

treatment between the underlying proceeding and the fee proceeding, as well as the underlying

policy behind Section 536.087, to provide the means necessary for private parties to challenge

offensive governmental action, we cannot conclude that the legislature intended further delay

once a prevailing party has been finally determined.

        Caselaw also supports our conclusion that an award of fees is not held in abeyance

pending a decision on entitlement to those fees. The cases in which the courts have found an

award of attorney’s fees premature are factually distinguishable. In those cases, the merits of the

underlying action giving rise to the right to attorney’s fees – determining the prevailing party –

had yet to be finally determined. Hutchings, upon which the Division relied, illustrates this

critical factual difference.

        In Hutchings, the Division of Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities of the

Department of Mental Health placed Hutchings, a mentally-retarded and developmentally-

disabled individual, on a waiting list for support services. Hutchings sought judicial review in

the circuit court. The court reversed, ordering the division to remove Hutchings from the waiting

list and provide him with a waiver slot. The court at the same time awarded attorney’s fees to

Hutchings pursuant to Section 536.087. The division appealed both the reversal and the fee

award to this Court. We held that the award of attorney’s was premature because the merits of

the underlying order placing Hutchings on the waiting list for support services had not been

finally determined at the time the circuit court made its award. Hutchings, 151 S.W.3d at 91-92.




                                                9
       Lincoln County Stone is yet another example. There, the Land Reclamation Commission

granted a mining permit for operation of quarry. Neighbors of the proposed quarry sought

judicial review of the Commission’s decision. The circuit court rescinded the permit, and the

Commission appealed to this Court. While the case was in this Court on appeal, the neighbors

filed an application for attorney’s fees pursuant to Section 536.087. We reversed and remanded

for further proceedings. We then held that a decision on the neighbors’ fee application was not

ripe for adjudication because the underlying merits of the case had not been finally determined.

21 S.W.3d at 148-149. Lincoln County Stone Co., Inc. v. Koenig, 21 S.W.3d 142 (Mo. App.

E.D. 2000).

       Rednam also illustrates this distinction.   There, the State Board of Registration for

Healing Arts revoked Rednam’s physician’s license and barred him for applying for

reinstatement for seven years. Rednam sought judicial review in the circuit court. The court

affirmed the revocation but reversed the board’s determination that Rednam could not apply for

reinstatement for seven years. The board appealed to the court of appeals. The appeals court

reversed and remanded the case for specific findings of fact. The court additionally held that a

decision on Rednam’s attorney’s fee application, filed pursuant to Section 536.087, was not ripe

for adjudication because the merits regarding the underlying agency decision to revoke physician

license had not been finally determined. Rednam v. State Bd. of Registration for Healing Arts,

316 S.W.3d 357, 362 n.5 (Mo. App. W.D. 2010).

       CMR Construction is yet another case in which the court deemed attorney’s fees

premature because the underlying action had not been finally determined. There, the Division of

Employment Security issued notice of liability to a construction company, stating that the

company was required to pay unemployment taxes and comply with various reporting



                                              10
regulations. The company appealed that determination to the division’s appeals tribunal. The

company failed to appear at the hearing, and the tribunal dismissed the appeal. The company

appealed to the Labor and Industrial Relation’s Commission. The Commission dismissed that

appeal as untimely. The company appealed the Commission’s decision to the Court of Appeals.

The appeals court, finding the record insufficient, reversed the Commission’s decision and

remanded the matter to the Commission for further proceedings. The court then denied the

company’s motion for attorney’s fees pursuant to Section 536.087 as premature because the

underlying matter at the agency level had not been finally determined. CMR Constr. & Roofing,

LLC v. Div. of Employment Sec., 174 S.W.3d 722 (Mo. App. W.D. 2005).

       In all these cases, which held that an award of attorney’s fees pursuant to Section 537.087

was premature, the underlying matter had not yet been determined, be it placement on wait list in

Hutchings, the quarry permit in Lincoln Stone, reinstatement in Redman, or liability for

unemployment insurance taxes in CMR Construction.           Here, in contrast, the issues in the

underlying action for child-support arrearages are finally determined.       The hearing officer

determined that father owed no arrearages. The officer made that determination in September of

2012, and the Division did not contest the determination.

       The Division cited no case, and we have found none, where the court withheld the award

of fees while the appeals court reviewed whether the party was eligible for those fees, as the

circuit court has done in this case. In fact, we found the contrary. In cases where the State

appealed a determination that a party was entitled to attorney’s fees, the circuit court entered a

fee award. See Sprenger v. Missouri Dept. of Public Safety, 248 S.W.3d 626 (Mo. App. W.D.

2008)(employee who successfully appealed termination to personnel hearing board petitioned for

attorney fees; the circuit court awarded fees at statutory rate; the department then appealed the



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