                                 T.C. Memo. 2017-131



                           UNITED STATES TAX COURT



 CHARLES GARAVAGLIA AND MARY ANN GARAVAGLIA, Petitioners v.
       COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Respondent



      Docket No. 1351-14L.                            Filed July 3, 2017.



      Evan H. Kaploe, for petitioners.

      Alicia A. Mazurek, for respondent.



               MEMORANDUM FINDINGS OF FACT AND OPINION


      CHIECHI, Judge: This case arises from a petition filed in response to

respective notices of determination concerning collection action(s) under section

6320 and/or 63301 dated December 18, 2013 (collectively, notices of determin-


      1
          All section references are to the Internal Revenue Code in effect at all
                                                                         (continued...)
                                         -2-

[*2] ation), as supplemented by respective supplemental notices of determination

concerning collection action(s) under section 6330 dated May 19, 2016 (collec-

tively, supplemental notices of determination), that respondent issued to petition-

ers.

       The issues remaining for decision are:

       (1) Are petitioners entitled to interest under section 6611 for the period

October 31, 1997, through July 6, 2004, with respect to a $207,000 remittance that

petitioner Charles Garavaglia made by check to a certain U.S. attorney’s office in

connection with a criminal case then pending against him? We hold that they are

not.

       (2) Did respondent accurately calculate under section 6601 the amount of

interest that respondent assessed with respect to each of petitioners’ taxable years

1989 and 1990?2 We hold that respondent did.


       1
       (...continued)
relevant times. All Rule references are to the Tax Court Rules of Practice and
Procedure.
       2
        In the supplemental notices of determination, respondent’s settlement
officer acknowledged that respondent did not apply a certain payment by peti-
tioners in November 2013 in accordance with their instructions or intent and
indicated that he took action to apply that payment pursuant to their instructions
during his reconsideration of their case on remand. Consequently, interest as
provided under sec. 6601 was recomputed to reflect his corrective action before
                                                                       (continued...)
                                        -3-

[*3] (3) Did respondent abuse respondent’s discretion in determining not to

abate under section 6404(e)(1)(A) the interest remaining at issue that respondent

assessed with respect to each of petitioners’ taxable years 1989 and 1990?3 We

hold that respondent did not.

                                FINDINGS OF FACT

      The facts in this case, which the parties submitted under Rule 122, have

been stipulated by the parties and are so found.

      Petitioners, Charles Garavaglia (sometimes, Mr. Garavaglia) and Mary Ann

Garavaglia (sometimes, Ms. Garavaglia), resided in Michigan at the time they filed

the petition. (We shall sometimes refer collectively to Mr. Garavaglia and Ms.

Garavaglia as the Garavaglias.)

      The Garavaglias jointly filed Form 1040, U.S. Individual Income Tax

Return (return), for each of their taxable years 1989 (1989 return) and 1990 (1990

return). Around January 29, 1997, Mr. Garavaglia entered into a plea agreement



      2
       (...continued)
the parties resumed the instant proceeding after that remand.
      3
       Respondent concedes that petitioners are not liable for interest under sec.
6601 for the period October 31, 1997, through July 6, 2004, with respect to a
$207,000 remittance by check that petitioner Charles Garavaglia made to a certain
U.S. attorney’s office in connection with a criminal case then pending against him.
                                         -4-

[*4] in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan (U.S. District

Court) in which he pleaded guilty to mail fraud under 18 U.S.C. sec. 1341 with

respect to a fraudulent check that he mailed on June 28, 1991. In that plea

agreement, Mr. Garavaglia also pleaded guilty to conspiracy to defraud the U.S.

Government under 18 U.S.C. sec. 371 with respect to a false corporate income tax

return (i.e., Form 1120, U.S. Corporation Income Tax Return) that he filed on or

about March 31, 1992, on behalf of Branch International Services, 70 percent of

the stock of which he and Ms. Garavaglia owned at the time he filed that false

return (sometimes, tax fraud charges).

      In addition, Mr. Garavaglia agreed in the plea agreement that the U.S.

District Court may order him “to pay restitution, relative to the tax fraud charges,

in an amount equal to the tax loss, including interest and penalties, to be deter-

mined by the audit division of the I.R.S. and the United States Tax Court”. Mr.

Garavaglia further agreed in the plea agreement that “the tax loss resulting from

the charged tax offenses may be at least $207,000 [w]hich amount the defendant

[Mr. Garavaglia] promises to pay prior to sentencing.”

      At a time not established by the record before February 2, 1998, Mr.

Garavaglia remitted a cashier’s check for $207,000, dated October 31, 1997, to the

“United States Attorney Office” (sometimes, Mr. Garavaglia’s $207,000 check or
                                         -5-

[*5] Mr. Garavaglia’s $207,000 remittance). At a time not established by the

record, an unidentified person made the notation “2:96. CR 80290 Rest.” on the

lower left corner of Mr. Garavaglia’s $207,000 check. On February 2, 1998, Mr.

Garavaglia’s $207,000 check was deposited into the U.S. Treasury.

        On April 9, 1998, the U.S. District Court sentenced Mr. Garavaglia to 27

months in prison, with three years of supervised release, and ordered him to pay

restitution to the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) of at least $207,000. With

respect to the U.S. District Court’s order that Mr. Garavaglia pay restitution of at

least $207,000, the U.S. District Court’s amended judgment ordered in pertinent

part:

        [Mr. Garavaglia] is ordered to pay an amount in tax loss, if any
        including interest and penalties, to be determined by the audit divi-
        sion of the I.R.S. and the United States Tax Court. The Defendant
        has already paid $207,000.00 to the Internal Revenue Service toward
        any obligation that he might have.

        In 2002, respondent sent to Mr. Garavaglia and one or more related corpora-

tions a no-change letter with respect to taxable years 1987 through 1991.

        In April 2004, one of respondent’s revenue agents (revenue agent) com-

pleted Form 4505, Reopening Memorandum (Form 4505 or reopening memoran-

dum), in which the revenue agent requested approval to reopen the IRS’ examina-

tion of petitioners’ 1989 return and 1990 return. Form 4505, section B1., titled
                                        -6-

[*6] “REASON FOR REQUEST”, showed three preprinted reasons for the

request. The revenue agent checked the following preprinted reason: “SERIOUS

ADMINISTRATIVE OMISSION RESULTING IN CRITICISM, UNDESIR-

ABLE PRECEDENT, OR INCONSISTENT TREATMENT.” In Form 4505,

section B3., titled “NARRATIVE JUSTIFICATION”, the revenue agent stated

“Attached”. (We shall sometimes refer collectively to the reopening memorandum

and the attachment thereto as the reopening memorandum.)

      The attachment or so-called narrative justification for the revenue agent’s

request in the reopening memorandum to reopen the IRS’ examination of petition-

ers’ 1989 return and 1990 return stated in pertinent part:

      The key taxpayer is Charles Garavaglia. He is the 100% shareholder
      of C & G Labor Consultants (a/k/a C & G Consultants). Mr. Gar-
      avaglia is also the controlling shareholder of several other corporate
      entities including Branch International Services, CGBMT, Trans-
      international and B.I.S., Inc. The majority of the corporations were
      involved in the employee leasing business. C & G and CGBMT were
      consulting companies.

      During the years 1987 through 1991, Mr. Garavaglia was involved in
      a scheme that involved billing clients for workmen’s compensation
      insurance based on the actual payroll expense; however, the corpora-
      tions acquired the insurance for less than the actual payroll expense.
      The corporations deducted the billed out amount on their corporate
      returns. Mr. Garavaglia benefited [sic] from the difference in the
      amount he billed his clients and the amount of insurance he actually
      obtained.
                                       -7-

[*7] Mr. Garavaglia was indicted on several counts by a Grand Jury. In
     April of 1998, he pled guilty to two counts: mail fraud against three
     insurance companies and the other count was conspiracy, which
     included filing a false 1991 corporate return for Branch International
     Services. The taxpayer was ordered to pay restitution in the amount
     of $500,000 to the insurance companies. The taxpayer was also
     ordered to pay $207,000 which was held by the Department of Justice
     for any additional income tax assessed by the Internal Revenue
     Service with regard to the 1991 corporate return of Branch Interna-
     tional Services.

      A no change letter was issued in 2002 for the years 1987 through
      1991 for Mr. Garavaglia and the related corporations, including
      C & G. This no change has since been determined to be inaccurate as
      the analysis conducted by the IRS was incorrect.

      Records have since been re-reviewed which indicate that unreported
      income exists with regard to C & G. * * * The AUSA reviewed bank
      records and other books and records to ascertain the amounts[.] * * *
      According to the financial analysis conducted by the AUSA, the
      corporations controlled by Mr. Garavaglia benefited [sic] greatly from
      the insurance scheme he was operating.

      *          *          *          *          *           *          *

      A review of the Garavaglia 1040 returns for 1989 and 1990, reveal
      that the taxpayer did not pick up this income as a flow-through from
      C & G.

      On May 4, 2004, the revenue agent’s director approved the revenue agent’s

request to reopen for examination petitioners’ 1989 return and 1990 return.
                                        -8-

[*8] On June 4, 2004, Mr. Garavaglia filed a complaint against the United States

in the U.S. District Court, in which he sought the return of Mr. Garavaglia’s

$207,000 remittance.

      On July 6, 2004, respondent sent to Mr. Garavaglia in care of Joseph

Falcone, an attorney for Mr. Garavaglia, a check for $207,000, dated July 2, 2004,

and payable to Mr. Garavaglia. That check reflected a return of Mr. Garavaglia’s

$207,000 remittance.

      On October 31, 2006, and May 22, 2009, respectively, respondent issued to

Mr. Garavaglia and Ms. Garavaglia separate notices of deficiency (notice) with

respect to their taxable years 1989 and 1990. Mr. Garavaglia filed a petition with

respect to the notice that respondent issued to him and thereby commenced the

case at docket No. 2500-07. (We shall refer to Mr. Garavaglia’s case at docket

No. 2500-07 as Mr. Garavaglia’s Tax Court case.) Ms. Garavaglia filed a petition

with respect to the notice that respondent issued to her and thereby commenced

the case at docket No. 14693-09. (We shall refer to Ms. Garavaglia’s case at

docket No. 14693-09 as Ms. Garavaglia’s Tax Court case.)

      On January 13, 2012, the Court entered a decision in Mr. Garavaglia’s Tax

Court case. That decision stated in pertinent part:
                                        -9-

[*9]          Pursuant to the opinion of the Court filed September 26, 2011,
       and incorporating herein the facts recited in the respondent’s compu-
       tation as the findings of the Court, it is

              ORDERED AND DECIDED: That there are a [sic] deficien-
       cies in income taxes due from the petitioner Charles Garavaglia for
       the taxable years 1989 and 1990 of $97,070 and $114,683 respec-
       tively; and

             That there are additions to the taxes due from the petitioner
       Charles Garavaglia pursuant to I.R.C. Section 6663 for the taxable
       years 1989 and 1990 of $72,805.50 and $86,012.25, respectively.

       On January 13, 2012, the Court entered a decision in Ms. Garavaglia’s Tax

Court case. That decision stated in pertinent part:

              Pursuant to the opinion of the Court filed September 26, 2011,
       and incorporating herein the facts recited in respondent’s computation
       as the findings of the Court, it is

               ORDERED AND DECIDED: That there are a [sic] deficien-
       cies in income taxes due from the petitioner Mary Ann Garavaglia for
       the taxable years 1989 and 1990 of $97,070 and $114,683, respec-
       tively.

       On May 8, 2012, respondent assessed the additional tax imposed on peti-

tioners for each of their taxable years 1989 and 1990 pursuant to the respective

decisions that the Court entered in Mr. Garavaglia’s Tax Court case and Ms.

Garavaglia’s Tax Court case. On the same date, respondent assessed interest

under section 6601 on that additional tax for each of those years.
                                         - 10 -

[*10] On May 29, 2012, respondent assessed the fraud penalty under section

6663(a) imposed on Mr. Garavaglia for each of his taxable years 1989 and 1990

pursuant to the decision that the Court entered in Mr. Garavaglia’s Tax Court case.

On the same date, respondent assessed interest under section 6601 on that fraud

penalty for each of those years.

      On July 1, 2013, the IRS issued to petitioners separate final notices of intent

to levy and notices of your right to a hearing (collectively, notices of intent to

levy) with respect to petitioners’ taxable years 1989 and 1990.

      On July 5, 2013, the IRS received Form 12153, Request for a Collection

Due Process or Equivalent Hearing (Form 12153), from petitioners. In Form

12153, petitioners requested a hearing with the IRS’ Appeals Office (Appeals

Office). In that form, petitioners indicated that they disagreed with the filing of

the notices of intent to levy and stated: “Government Issued A ‘No Change’

Destroyed All My Records Then Reopened The 1989-1990 Tax Year[s]”. In Form

12153, petitioners requested an offer-in-compromise as a collection alternative.

The Garavaglias attached to Form 12153 an attachment in which they stated in

pertinent part:

      [T]here should be no interest from 4/98 thru 6/04 because my wife
      and I posted $207,000.00 as required by the IRS and they paid no
                                        - 11 -

[*11] interest on this money and at the same time charged interest and
      penalty during this time frame.

      As a matter of good faith I make an offer of $500,000.00 to settle this
      matter because I did make a mistake and listened to my partners on
      how to handle insurance reports and payments. They fled [sic] out
      the forms, handled the audits and had been working together before I
      ever got involved with them on what became the scam they used
      previously.

      To go one step further, it was the IRS who issued a NO CHANGE
      and destroyed the records. Therefore if there was a liability, it should
      have started from the new filing date even though down deep I know
      I owe nothing, proof being of the destroying of the medallionized
      [sic] checks for the loans that the IRS reviewed and issued NO
      CHANGE and closed the case.

      In closing, the first audit was not started for over 2 years AFTER the
      money was put up and then it took another 2 years of investigation
      and review by all required parties and a NO CHANGE WAS IS-
      SUED.

      On August 27, 2013, a settlement officer with the Appeals Office (settle-

ment officer) who was assigned to petitioners’ Form 12153 held a hearing with

their authorized representative.

      On December 18, 2013, the Appeals Office issued to petitioners separate

notices of determination with respect to petitioners’ taxable years 1989 and 1990.

Each of those notices stated in pertinent part:
                                       - 12 -

[*12] Summary of Determination

      The determination of appeals in this case is as follows: Based on the
      available information, the legal and procedural requirements have
      been met; the proposed enforcement action (levy) was appropriate
      and is sustained. Appeals also made the determination to reject the
      submitted the [sic] Offer in Compromise (OIC) dated 08/02/2013 for
      the assessed 1040 liabilities and 08/27/2013 for the assessed fraud
      penalties as a collection alternative.

Each of the notices of determination included an attachment that stated in perti-

nent part:4

      Challenges to the Existence or Amount of the Liability:

      Your representative tried to raise the liability issue by submitting the
      completed Form 656-L and he also indicated on the attachment to the
      Form 656-L that the assessed interest is being challenged because
      neither the decision document nor the computation submitted to the
      Tax Court contemplate the assessment or application of interest per
      the IRM 35.8.2.5. Per your representative, the decision document and
      computation clearly demonstrate that interest was not included. Your
      representative went on to say that you were not put on the requisite
      notice that interest would be assessed or accrued on your liabilities.
      He also added that the decision document nowhere mentions that
      interest will accrue on the liabilities. SO Diakite informed your re-
      presentative that the decision was entered under rule 155, it was not a
      stipulated agreement or an agreed case. The SO also informed that
      interests are statutory and should have been expected.

      Based on the above information, your representative was informed
      that both the Tax Court and the Sixth Circuit Court addressed the
      liability issue which included the underlined interest. As the result,

      4
       Attached as an appendix is the complete attachment that the Appeals Office
included with the notices of determination.
                                        - 13 -

[*13] the liability issue is a precluded issue during this hearing and the
      submitted Form 656-L will not be considered by appeals.

      No other issue was raised.

      On May 5, 2016, another settlement officer with the Appeals Office held a

supplemental hearing with the Garavaglias’ representative.

      On May 19, 2016, respondent issued to petitioners separate supplemental

notices of determination with respect to petitioners’ taxable years 1989 and 1990.

Each of those supplemental notices stated in pertinent part:

      The determination summarized below and described in detail in the
      attachment supplements the Notice of Determination dated December
      18, 2013. We have also made a determination about your request for
      abatement of interest and this letter is also your final Notice of Deter-
      mination regarding abatement of interest for the purposes of Section
      6404(h). This supplement is being issued pursuant to the order of the
      Tax Court dated March 31, 2016 remanding the case to this Appeals
      office. * * *

      *           *          *           *           *          *            *

      Summary of Determination

      *           *          *           *           *          *            *

      You have raised issues regarding the amount of interest that has been
      charged. The interest has been correctly computed in accordance
      with the provisions of the Internal Revenue Code and there is no legal
      basis for an adjustment to the amounts owed.
                                       - 14 -

[*14] Each of the supplemental notices of determination included an attachment

that stated in pertinent part:

                       SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATION

      You were issued Notice of Intent to Levy and Right to a Hearing for
      the periods listed above.

      *            *             *      *          *           *          *

      A conference was afforded to your appointed representative by
      Appeals.

      You provided various documents to Appeals during the course of the
      original hearing that was conducted by Appeals Settlement Officer M.
      Diakite. The file included copies of Form 843 requesting abatement
      of interest, Form 656-L seeking a compromise based on claims that
      no interest should be charged and a Jointly filed Offer in Compromise
      in the amount of $500,000.00 that was not able to be processed and a
      subsequent set of two Offers. You were a party to a joint Offer in
      Compromise to pay $388,367.40 under a concept of Effective Tax
      Administration to compromise the Joint Income Tax debt and a
      separate Offer in Compromise to pay $158,814.75 to compromise the
      Fraud Penalties for which only * * * [Mr. Garavaglia is] liable.
      Statements on the Form 12153 and in supplemental attachments
      claimed that acceptance of the offers was warranted due to a Tax
      Court decision that did not include any interest provisions, the cir-
      cumstances of * * * [Mr. Garavaglia’s] indictment for criminal
      charges, your agreement to be audited, [Mr. Garavaglia] having made
      a payment at or prior to sentencing relative to IRS claims, a claim that
      IRS determined that your 1989 and 1990 tax years were audited but a
      no change decision reached, that [Mr. Garavaglia] filed suit against
      IRS and received * * * [Mr. Garavaglia’s] $207,000 prior payment as
      a result, that IRS reopened an audit and proposed the deficiencies,
      that IRS destroyed records, that employees of IRS lied in court and
      that you are seeking fairness in resolving this matter while admitting
                                       - 15 -

[*15] that you made a mistake in listening to former business partners. The
      Form 656s included attachments listing similar claims but adding that
      IRS Counsel had failed to follow IRM procedures in preparing a
      decision document for the tax court * * *

      Ms. Diakite considered these matters, determined matters of liability
      including interest issues were precluded due to the prior final deter-
      mination of the tax court and that it was appropriate to reject the
      Offer in Compromises because you had asserted that you have assets
      in excess of the total amount of liability at issue and your claim of
      special circumstances did not warrant an acceptance of an Offer in
      Compromise under Effective Tax Administration provisions regard-
      ing economic hardship.

      You were issued a Notice of Determination, made a timely petition to
      the U.S. Tax Court and the matter was remanded for a supplemental
      hearing in regards to consideration of your health conditions and to
      consider whether interest liability had been correctly determined.

      Settlement Officer Leonard Hanline was assigned to the remanded
      matter. Legal and procedural matters were reviewed and it was
      verified that the tax liabilities were assessed in accordance with the
      final decision of the Tax Court and IRC 6215(a).

      The Tax Court finding that it has not previously determined interest
      within the issuance of a Rule 155 Decision is affirmed in the order for
      remand and interest issues are not found to be precluded under any
      other basis which would be consistent with IRC 6330(c)(4)(A)(i). A
      Memo from IRS Counsel indicated that IRS Appeals should provide
      evidence of the computation of the interest charges that were included
      in the Notices of Intent to Levy and the tax court indicated that you
      were to provide specific challenges of discrepancies in the computa-
      tion of interest.

      The new settlement officer determined that in addition to the concerns
      of the court noted above, you had provided sufficient information to
                                       - 16 -

[*16] require appeals to provide you the opportunity to make a specific
      claim for abatement of interest in accordance with IRM 8.22.8.17.

      The previous determination of Appeals to reject the Offer in Compro-
      mise does not appear to have considered the offer under all possible
      bases as described in the regulations. There is a distinction within the
      Effective Tax Administration concept between acceptance of an Offer
      in Compromise where requiring the full payment of the debt is possi-
      ble but would cause undue economic hardship to the taxpayers in-
      volved or a claim that not accepting the compromise would be
      unfair/inequitable. Your stated positions supporting your Offer in
      Compromise related claims were not clear, as you seemed to incorpo-
      rate claims that no interest was owed at all and/or objecting to the
      fairness of charging interest, while also claiming that you were both
      near the end of your lives and that the liabilities could not be col-
      lected if you died before a compromise was accepted.

      *          *          *           *          *           *            *

      Your claims that interest is not legally owed and/or that interest
      should not be charged for a specific period or periods of time were
      considered.

      Your claim that interest cannot be charged because the Tax Court
      order dated 1/13/2012 did not state an amount of interest or a warning
      that interest was due on the determined deficiencies is without merit.

      Your claim that interest should not be charged for a period where the
      United States held a payment * * * [that Mr. Garavaglia] made to the
      U.S. Attorney’s Office as part of a criminal sentencing plea until the
      date the payment was returned to * * * [Mr. Garavaglia] without
      interest is denied.

      The payment at issue was effectively treated as a cash deposit and
      there is no provision for a suspension or netting of interest under
      these circumstances.
                                      - 17 -

[*17] The payment at issue involved only the Income Tax accounts and
      could not have any impact on the interest owed on the Fraud Penalty
      accounts.

      There is no apparent legal basis for the abatement of interest based on
      the facts and circumstances of your case.

      It is not appropriate to accept an Offer in Compromise under Effec-
      tive Tax Administration criteria of either economic hardship or
      equitable grounds.

      You proposed no other collection alternatives.

      The use of levy action to collect the remaining account balances is
      sustained.

                                BACKGROUND

      [Mr. Garavaglia is] 79 years old, married to Mrs. Garavaglia who is
      77 years old and there are no other dependents in the household.
      Neither of you are known to be currently employed. IRS records
      indicate recent income is derived from Social Security, retirement
      accounts and many investments in Stocks, partnerships, and closely
      held entities.

      After Filing and paying your 1989 and 1990 income tax returns, IRS
      opened a Criminal Investigation of Mr. Garavaglia’s business, income
      and tax related activities.

      This resulted in an indictment of various federal charges and a plea
      agreement which included guilty pleas to 2 of the charges and sen-
      tencing which included a restitution order that referenced payment of
      at least $207,000.00 to IRS. You also agreed to co-operate with IRS
      in an examination to determine your related civil tax liabilities. You
      have demonstrated that a payment of $207,000.00 was remitted to the
      United States Attorney’s Office at or about the time of sentencing and
      the payment was negotiated on 2/2/1998.
                                       - 18 -

[*18] At some later date, IRS began an examination of your 1989 and 1990
      tax returns. You claim that you were told that the audit was com-
      pleted and that no change was found in your previously reported
      taxes. You claim to have sued IRS for a return of the $207,000.00
      payment and have documented having received such payment in June
      of 2004. You were subsequently issued Statutory Notices of Defi-
      ciency. The notice issued to Mr. Garavaglia was dated 10/30/2006
      and he made a timely petition for redetermination to the U.S. Tax
      Court. The matter was referred to IRS Appeals for possible settle-
      ment but ultimately went to trial.

      A Notice of Deficiency to Mrs. Garavaglia was issued 5/22/2009 and
      she made a timely petition for redetermination to the U.S. Tax Court.
      The matter was referred to IRS Appeals for possible settlement but
      was ultimately joined in the pending Tax Court proceeding for Mr.
      Garavaglia.

      After a lengthy trial, the tax court upheld joint tax liabilities in the
      amount of $97,070.00 for 1989 and $114,683.00 for 1990. The Tax
      Court also ruled that Mrs. Garavaglia was not liable for Accuracy
      related penalties due to the finding that Mr. Garavaglia was liable for
      Civil Fraud penalties and the law did not allow such stacking of
      penalties. In addition the Tax Court ruled that Mrs. Garavaglia was
      not granted Innocent Spouse relief.

      The stated tax amounts were based on the Statutory Notices of Defi-
      ciency and the supporting computation statements provided to the
      Court by IRS and shared with your representative prior to entry of the
      Court Decision. Your representative of record affirmed receipt of the
      computation document and that no alternative computation was
      submitted on your behalf. Judge Laro issued the Tax Court decision
      under Tax Court Rule 155 on 1/13/2012.

      You did not agree with the Tax Court decision and filed an Appeal to
      the U.S. 6th Circuit Court of Appeals on 4/5/2012.
                                        - 19 -

[*19] IRS assessed the tax deficiency and IRC 6663(a) amounts on
      5/8/2012 [sic].

      The Tax Court Decision was upheld by the U.S. 6th Circuit Court of
      Appeals on 6/9/2013.

      You were issued the Notice of Intent To Levy and Right to Hearing
      on 7/1/2013.

      By letter dated 7/29/2013 you were asked to provide the Appeals
      Settlement Officer with [additional documents] * * *

      *          *           *           *           *           *           *

      There were 22 days between the issuance of the request [for addi-
      tional documents] noted above and the first scheduled meeting with
      your representative. The meeting was postponed 2 times at the
      request of your representative and finally held 29 days after the
      request for information was made.

      A face-to face conference was held between Appeals and your ap-
      pointed representative on 8/27/2013.

      After an agreement that a Form 656-L could not be considered, an
      Effective Tax Administration basis Form 656 proposing a
      $500,000.00 compromise was submitted with a Financial Statement
      Form 433-A to Ms. Diakite. The offer was submitted including your
      spouse as a party but such an offer cannot include both joint income
      tax liabilities and * * * [Mr. Garavaglia’s] separate penalty liabilities.
      You then submitted a joint Offer for the income tax liabilities and a
      separate offer for the penalty accounts. The financial statement was
      provided with attachments listing assets but without any supporting
      documentation.

      An additional request was made for verification of statements made
      on the Form 433-A but no response was provided. All valuations of
      assets, income and expenses were adopted per amounts stated on the
                                      - 20 -

[*20] Form 433-A or supplemental statements that were needed due to the
      volume of assets disclosed.

      Your representative offered to produce additional documentation via
      fax on 11/12/2013 but did not do so after being told that disclosed
      assets were worth $3,100,000.00, whereas the total liability was
      $1,752,398.31 and no documentation/information was provided to
      warrant accepting this offer under special circumstance consideration.

      You subsequently remitted a payment to satisfy the tax amounts owed
      for the 1989 and 1990 tax accounts as well as paying the separate
      penalty amounts you owed. The payment application was not made
      in accordance with your instructions or intent and has been corrected
      during the reconsideration of this matter.

      Your representative agreed to the credit transfers and has been pro-
      vided updated account transcripts to show the corrected results.

      By letter dated 4/14/2016, Appeals requested that you provide addi-
      tional documentation within 14 days. You were requested to provide
      documentation of your health issues including general conditions and
      severity of them. You were requested to provide documentation of
      your out-of-pocket medical costs for the past 3 years. You were pro-
      vided copies of your prior financial disclosure and asked to update it
      to document the ownership of the specific assets and note any signifi-
      cant changes in values. You were asked to provide details about your
      interest abatement claims in accordance with IRM 8.22.8.17(3) and to
      provide citations of Law, Regulations, IRM and Court Decisions
      which support such claims.

      A copy of the letter was sent to you and to your appointed represen-
      tative. Your letter was returned as undeliverable, apparently due to
      you living in Arizona during the winter months.

      None of the requested information was provided to Appeals before
      the conference held on 5/5/2016.
                                      - 21 -

[*21] At the conference some medical information was provided but some
      information was withheld due to concerns about a confidentiality
      agreement for an experimental treatment being administered to you.
      Some computations of interest and other documents were submitted
      to support your claim for interest abatement.

      Additional documentation was requested regarding the medical
      expenses, a copy of the 1998 Plea agreement to confirm the language
      of the court order for payment of taxes and additional financial
      information regarding apparent assets that were not previously dis-
      closed. Your representative agreed to provide a response by
      5/13/2016.

      Appeals warned that due to a need to meet the Tax Court’s timeline
      for a redetermination, documentation would need to be received by
      5/16/2016.

      There has been no further contact from you or your representative
      since 5/5/2016.

                LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE REVIEW

      Settlement Officer Leonard Hanline verified the requirements of any
      applicable law or administrative procedure were met. IRS records
      confirmed the proper issuance of the notice and demand, Notice of
      Intent to Levy and notice of a right to a Collection Due Process
      (CDP) hearing.

      The Tax Court has ruled that there was no expiration of the IRC
      6501(a) statutory period for assessment of the deficiency amounts due
      to meeting an exception for false returns or fraud per IRC 6501(c).

      An assessment was properly made for each tax or penalty and period
      listed on the CDP notice under the provisions of IRC 6215(b)(1),
      following a determination of the Tax Court for the deficiency
      amounts sustained by the Court. Although a timely appeal was filed
      to dispute the Tax Court determination, no bond was filed under the
                                       - 22 -

[*22] provisions of IRC 7485(a)(1) and therefore the making of assess-
      ments were not stayed during the appeal. The deficiency amounts
      were subsequently upheld in [the] decision of the 6th Circuit Court of
      Appeals.

      Notice and demand for payment was mailed to your last known
      address.

      There was a balance due on each of the listed accounts when the
      Notice of Intent to Levy was issued.

      Interest is owed on taxes and Fraud Penalties asserted under IRC
      6663(a) which [sic] determined in the prior Tax Court decision. This
      is in accordance [sic] IRC§ 6601(a), (b) and (e)(2)(A).

      There is no indication that any cash deposit was made with IRS under
      the provisions of IRC Section 6603(a), when the Statutory Notice of
      Deficiency was issued, therefore statutory interest continued to accrue
      during the period of Judicial review and thereafter.

      Settlement Officer Hanline had no prior involvement with respect to
      the specific tax periods either in Appeals or Compliance.

      Settlement Officer Hanline reviewed the Collection file, IRS records
      and information you provided. His review confirmed that the IRS
      followed all legal and procedural requirements, and the actions taken
      or proposed were appropriate under the circumstances.

                             ISSUES YOU RAISED

      Collection Alternatives Requested

      You requested the collection alternative of an Offer in Compromise to
      resolve each type of liability. On the jointly submitted Form 656, you
      stated that the amount of your offer was “$370,570.75 from the date
      of order” but then payment terms indicated that the total offer amount
                                       - 23 -

[*23] was $388,367.40 with $77,673.48 paid with the offer and the balance
      of $310,693.92 to be paid on day 1 of the 1st month after acceptance.

      The Separate Form 656 for the penalty accounts proposed paying
      $158,814.75, $31,762.95 paid with the offer and the balance to be
      paid in two installments of $63,525.90 on the first day of the first and
      second months after acceptance.

      The apparent conflict in the joint offer amount and payment terms
      was not addressed in any known revision to the proposal.

      The Joint Offer was premised on promotion of effective tax adminis-
      tration (ETA) and included various statements. A statement on Form
      656 claimed that the Tax Court Decision of Judge Laro did not in-
      clude any provision requiring the payment of interest and the state-
      ment submitted by the IRS Attorney on order from the Judge also
      made no statement regarding interest.

      The Separate Offer was premised on Doubt as to Collectibility [sic],
      claiming there were insufficient income and assets to pay the Fraud
      Penalty debts.

      Attachments to the Form 656s provided supplemental information
      which has been largely recounted above in the background informa-
      tion section but added additional details about claims that IRS had
      purposely destroyed evidence, did not restart the audit until after you
      were given back your payment of $207,000.00 that was paid to the
      United States Attorney’s Office, that various IRS and third parties
      lied about your situation, that you were seeking fairness, that you
      should not have to pay interest between 4/1998 and 6/2004 because
      you posted a payment as required by IRS and should not be charged
      interest during that period and also claimed that the duration of the
      audit was too long.

      The proposed Offers in Compromise were rejected at the time the first
      Notice of Determination was issued.
                                     - 24 -

[*24] *         *          *          *           *          *          *

     You did not provide any updated financial documentation during the
     reconsideration period but review of IRS information reporting docu-
     ments indicates that you failed to disclose significant amounts of
     assets at the time you proposed the Offer in Compromises.

     Specifically there are multiple Individual Retirement Accounts with a
     total value of approximately $338,000.00 that were not listed on your
     original joint financial disclosure.

     In addition to those assets, recent activity shows ownership in C&G
     Consultants (an S Corporation) and there are multiple Common Stock
     investments indicated by dividends paid to you for stocks held in the
     name of Trusts that you and your spouse have created. You have not
     provided copies of the Trust documents or listed the assets which are
     nominally owned by the trusts, as indicated by information reports
     being submitted to IRS.

     You originally stated that your joint and separate assets were worth or
     cost as least $3,269,094 as shown on the attached listing. Additional
     assets were noted by Appeals but a total value could not be ascer-
     tained without additional investigation. Your assets appear to have a
     net worth of more than double the existing joint tax liabilities which
     are comprised solely of late payment penalties and interest totaling
     $863,739.89 and the Fraud Penalty interest debts totaling
     $626,941.38 of interest. The amounts owed are as of 5/16/2016 and
     were shown on transcripts provided to your representative at the
     5/5/2016 conference.

     *          *          *          *           *          *          *

     Although your recent year tax returns report large amounts of tax
     attributes which minimize your taxable income, it is not apparent that
     you have insufficient cash flow to pay all reasonable and necessary
     living expenses, including medical care, or that payment of such
     expenses required any significant disposition of assets.
                                       - 25 -

[*25] There was a large increase in the amount of stock dividends reported
      as paid to you and/or your spouse in 2015 and the total amount of
      documented income is more than sufficient to pay your living ex-
      penses based on the use of National and Local Expense standards for
      such expenses in a household of two people.

      You own two homes which appear to be otherwise unencumbered
      with the exception of the tax lien filings. There are means of access-
      ing equity in such properties that would not necessarily require
      liquidation of them both.

      The definition of financial hardship is described in Regulation Sec-
      tion 301.7122-1(c)(3)(i)(C) as being where liquidation of assets to
      pay the outstanding tax liabilities would render the taxpayer unable to
      meet basic living expenses.

      The information available to Appeals does not lead to such a conclu-
      sion and does not support acceptance of an Offer in Compromise
      under this type of basis.

      Alternatively, you have claimed that failure to accept an Offer in
      Compromise would result in an inequity.

      For such issues of Public Policy and equity to exist, other taxpayers
      would be inclined to see the rejection of the proposal as unfair and it
      would undermine public confidence in the tax laws.

      You have litigated this matter intensely from the start to the present
      time. Despite losing every such attempt, you still claim that there is
      no fair basis for the liability. You had multiple opportunities to make
      earlier payments regarding the proposed deficiencies and penalties
      and could have avoided a significant portion of the current interest
      debt.

      An effective tax administration Offer proposal should not be accepted
      if it would undermine tax compliance including offers from a tax-
      payer who has taken deliberate actions to avoid payment of taxes.
                                       - 26 -

[*26] IRM 5.8.11.2.2 includes a requirement that Offers Accepted under
      Public Policy or Equity Grounds must demonstrate that the taxpayer
      must have acted reasonably and responsibly in the situation giving
      rise to the liabilities.

      It is determined that the facts and circumstances do not support
      acceptance of an Offer in Compromise under Effective Tax Adminis-
      tration Public Policy or Equitable grounds or under any Doubt as to
      Collectibility [sic] standard.

      Challenges to the Liability

      The original CDP Determination stated that the issue of interest was a
      precluded liability issue. That was incorrect and upon remand of the
      matter, you were asked to provide information to allow consideration
      of any applicable interest abatement issues per Appeals IRM
      8.22.8.17.3.

      You are precluded by IRC§6330(c)(2)(B) [sic] from raising issues of
      liability that were previously subject of a Statutory Notice of Defi-
      ciency and/or IRC 6330(c)(4)(A)(i) & (ii) [sic] where the liabilities
      were decided by the tax court or considered in a prior administrative
      appeal.

      In the remand order, the Tax Court Judge advised that you should
      take note that there is no significance to the fact that the decision
      entered against you in Docket Number 2500-07 does not include any
      stated liability for interest, since in a deficiency case the Tax Court
      has no jurisdiction over deficiency interest. (See Smith & Hook v.
      Commissioner, T.C.Memo. [sic] 2009-33, slip op. at 9-12.)

      Since the Tax Court did not have jurisdiction over the deficiency
      interest in the prior Judicial Review and you have had no subsequent
      consideration of the issue, the issue of Interest Abatement is not a
      precluded issue.
                                       - 27 -

[*27] You have fully paid the joint income tax deficiencies that were
      determined in the prior tax court decision. Regarding the Income Tax
      accounts, you now owe only penalties under IRC§ 6651(a)(2) and
      interest due under IRC §6601(a) & (b), IRC§6621(a)(2) [sic] and
      IRC§6622 [sic].

      You have fully paid the IRC 6663(a) [sic] penalty amounts and now
      owe only interest due under IRC §6601(a) & (b), IRC§6621(a)(2)
      [sic] and IRC§6622 [sic].

      You have claimed IRS should not collect any interest on the deficien-
      cies as determined by the tax court. You claim that the order of the
      tax court was based on a statement prepared by IRS Counsel and it
      failed to address any concept of interest being applicable to the
      deficiency.

      Your representative quoted IRM Section 35.8.2.5 as support for your
      claim.

      During the conference with your representative the Settlement Officer
      expressed that IRM § 35.8.2.5 is applicable to documents prepared by
      IRS Counsel for Stipulated Agreements of a tax court matter.

      Your representative agreed that your Tax Court Decision was a Rule
      155 Decision not a Stipulated Decision. Your subsequent appeal of
      that decision is sufficient evidence to show it was not a Stipulated
      Decision.

      The Settlement Officer expressed that while IRS will generally
      include an information statement regarding the effect of the statutory
      interest that will be charged in addition to an agreed Tax Deficiency,
      it is advisory only and not an operating paragraph. This is explained
      in IRM Section 35.8.2.5(6).

      Thus, even where an IRS procedure directs the inclusion of such a
      statement, it has no legally binding relevance whether it is included or
                                       - 28 -

[*28] omitted and does not waive the requirements of Interest owed based
      on IRC§ 6601(a), (b) and (e)(2)(A).

      Your representative stated that he would submit additional support
      for your position on this matter but failed to do so.

      Clearly you did not enter a stipulation to the amount of tax deficiency
      as you filed an appeal of the Tax Court Decision. Your claim that
      interest cannot be charged due to omission of a purely advisory
      paragraph in the Tax Court Decision has no legal merit which would
      support an adjustment to the interest owed.

      Appeals has provided your representative with an analysis of each tax
      and penalty account, current tax account transcripts and computation
      information. Appeals determined that the amount of liability listed on
      the Intent to Levy Notice dated 7/1/2013 could be reconciled to the
      correct amounts based on a review of each account. Minor discrepan-
      cies exist only in that the accrual rate for Failure to Pay Penalty
      changed within the period of the original computation and your
      partial payment of the 1989 tax and 1989 Fraud Penalty via submis-
      sion of the initial payment of your offer in compromise proposals.

      You have generally claimed that the amount of time before the defi-
      ciencies were determined was excessive but have not made a specific
      claim of IRS delay or error.

      IRC Section 6404(g)(1)(A) provides for suspension of interest where
      IRS takes an inappropriate amount of time to complete a tax audit.
      The time frame for completion of an audit was 18 months from the
      extended due date of the returns for tax years 1989 and 1990. How-
      ever, IRC§6404(g)(2)(B) [sic] precludes a suspension of interest if
      the case involves fraud.

      The Tax Court, in Docket Number 2500-07 sustained a finding of a
      Fraud Penalty under IRC § 6663(a) for both 1989 and 1990. There-
      fore, you do not qualify for an interest suspension based on the
      duration of the period IRS took to determine the tax deficiency.
                                       - 29 -

[*29] Your representative provided copies of a Cashier’s Check dated
      31Oct 97 in the amount of $207,000.00 and made payable to United
      States Attorney Office. The reverse of the check shows it was negoti-
      ated by the Government on Feb 2 1998 and deposited for credit to the
      United States Treasury.

      Your representative challenged a description of this payment as being
      court ordered restitution, while the check is notated with a case
      number 96-80290 and “Rest.”.

      Your representative claims this was a tax payment made as part of a
      plea agreement of a criminal case.

      Your representative presented a copy of a United States Treasury
      Check No. 2221 18206126, dated 07 02 04, in the amount of
      $207,000.00 and made payable to Charles L. Garavaglia C/O Atty.
      Alex Nicholaides, a member of IRS District Counsel in Detroit. The
      check has a notation of being a tax refund for the 12/02 period.

      Some computations of interest were provided to Appeals which your
      representative claimed had been prepared by you. One of them
      showed a computation of interest on the amount of $207,000.00 from
      March 1998 to July 2 - 4 2004 with total interest of $120,164.81.

      This seems to be relative to a claim that you should have interest
      abatement for the period of time that the government held your
      $207,000.00.

      It appeared somewhat inequitable for the government to have held
      your $207,000.00 for over 6 years before refunding it without any
      interest and still charge you interest on that same amount during that
      same period of time.

      Initially it could not be determined that your payment to the United
      States Attorney Office qualified as a tax payment as defined by the
      Internal Revenue Code.
                                       - 30 -

[*30] Your payment contained no identification of a tax year or other
      explanation of how the payment was to be designated between one or
      more tax years. There was no IRS account for years 1989 or 1990
      which contained a reference to the credit for your payment.

      However, the refund check contains a notation of Tax Refund and a
      possible reference to the 12/2002 tax period. Research of your 2002
      account did locate the credit of $207,000.00 but it contained a credit
      date of 6/4/1998 and was added to the account in the 18th week of
      2004.

      It appears that the credit was placed in the 2002 tax account to facili-
      tate the return of your funds after you took action to seek a return of
      the $207,000.00 from IRS and/or the District Court relative to the
      [Mr. Garavaglia’s] 1998 Plea Agreement [terms]. The issue has been
      described as being caused by the inclusion of a provision that the
      $207,000.00 would be returned if IRS issued a No Change decision
      regarding the 1989 and 1990 tax years. The provision has been
      attributed to * * * [Mr. Garavaglia’s] legal representatives for the
      criminal proceeding and described as non-standard.

      The Tax Court has already ruled on all claims regarding the tax
      deficiencies and the IRS assessments are legally valid.

      IRC §6404(e)(1)(A) allows abatement of interest where there has
      been an unreasonable error or delay by an Internal Revenue Service
      Employee. However, this is predicated on there being no significant
      aspect of such error or delay being attributable to the taxpayer in-
      volved and only after the IRS had contacted the taxpayer with respect
      to such deficiency or payment.

      It is apparent that * * * [Mr. Garavaglia] had significant contribution
      to the issue of the interest owed in that you triggered the 2004 refund
      of your payment but possibly more significant is that you received the
      funds back prior to the IRS notice of the tax deficiency.
                                       - 31 -

[*31] There is no apparent legal basis which supports an abatement of
      Interest under the provisions of IRC § 6404.

      IRS has effectively treated * * * [Mr. Garavaglia’s] 1998 payment to
      the Government as a cash deposit as described in Rev. Proc. 84-58,
      which preceded IRC § 6603 and was in effect at the time of your
      payment. Per Section 5. Interest - Part .04, no interest will be allowed
      or paid on a deposit or any portion of a deposit returned to the tax-
      payer.

      Another computation was presented which showed the amount of
      interest that you indicate would be owed if interest was charged only
      from Nov. - Dec. 2006 thru [sic] Nov. 12, 2013. While not specifi-
      cally explained, it appears that this would be the time from when IRS
      notified you of the proposed deficiencies to the date that you submit-
      ted a payment of those amounts.

      You appear to be claiming that interest should not be owed prior to
      the IRS Statutory Notice of Deficiency issuance on 11/8/2006. This
      is not supported where IRC § 6601(a) requires that interest be
      charged from the due date for payment of the tax at issue, which
      would be 4/15/1990 for the 1989 tax year and 4/15/1991 for the 1990
      tax year.

      IRS actually received the most recent payment on 11/19/2013 and it
      has been credited to your accounts to satisfy the tax and penalty
      amounts determined by the prior Tax Court decision.

      Your representative indicated a belief that no additional interest could
      be charged after the date of the 11/19/2013 payment. This is incor-
      rect as interest continues to accrue and compound on the interest that
      was owed up to the 11/19/2013 payment, in accordance with IRC §
      6622.

      After consideration of all claims presented or otherwise reviewed, no
      abatement of interest is appropriate. The original determination
      should have included an explanation of the right to a judicial review
                                       - 32 -

[*32] of Interest by the Tax Court per IRC § 6404(h). As you are now
      receiving a review of the interest issue by the tax court, no harm has
      been caused by the prior omission explaining your extended period to
      petition the court to review the interest issue.

      The Tax Court can review your interest abatement petition only if you
      meet the net worth eligibility requirements described below:

      •     For Individual Taxpayers - Your net worth must not exceed $2
            million as of the filing date of your petition for review. This
            test treats individuals filing a joint return as separate
            taxpayers in this category.

      While it is apparent that you have not provided a full financial disclo-
      sure, it is not clear if your net worth exceeds the stated limit for a
      review of interest.

      You raised no other issues.

                           BALANCING ANALYSIS

      While the use of levy action is inherently intrusive, you have pro-
      posed no acceptable collection alternative. You did not present a
      significant portion of the requested documentation to assist Appeals
      in consideration of this matter.

      *          *           *          *           *          *           *

      Your requests for relief from interest charges cannot be appropriately
      granted under the provisions of the Internal Revenue Code.

      Under these circumstances, the use of levy action is the least intrusive
      collection method available which balances the legitimate right of the
      Government to collect the liabilities at issue, with your legitimate
      concerns regarding intrusiveness.

      The use of levy action is sustained.
                                         - 33 -

[*33]                                  OPINION

        Petitioners have the burden of proof with respect to each of the three issues

that remain for decision. That is to say, petitioners must establish (1) that they are

entitled to interest under section 6611 for the period October 31, 1997, through

July 6, 2004, with respect to Mr. Garavaglia’s $207,000 remittance to a certain

U.S. attorney’s office in connection with a criminal case then pending against him,

see Rule 142(a), (2) that respondent did not accurately calculate under section

6601 the amount of interest that respondent assessed with respect to each of

petitioners’ taxable years 1989 and 1990,5 see Rule 142(a), and (3) that respondent

abused respondent’s discretion in determining not to abate under section

6404(e)(1)(A) the interest remaining at issue that respondent assessed with respect

to each of petitioners’ taxable years 1989 and 1990,6 see sec. 6404(h); Lee v.

Commissioner, 113 T.C. 145, 149 (1999). That this case was submitted fully

stipulated under Rule 122 does not change petitioners’ burden of proof or the

effect of a failure of proof. See Rule 122(b); Borchers v. Commissioner, 95 T.C.

82, 91 (1990), aff’d, 943 F.2d 22 (8th Cir. 1991).




        5
            See supra note 2.
        6
            See supra note 3.
                                        - 34 -

[*34] We address first whether petitioners are entitled to interest under section

6611 for the period October 31, 1997, through July 6, 2004, with respect to Mr.

Garavaglia’s $207,000 remittance. It is petitioners’ position that they are entitled

to such so-called overpayment interest. In support of their position, petitioners

first contend that Mr. Garavaglia’s $207,000 remittance constituted a payment, not

a deposit, by him. Proceeding on the assumption that they are correct that that

remittance constituted a payment, not a deposit, by Mr. Garavaglia, petitioners

next contend that, because in 2002 respondent issued to Mr. Garavaglia a no-

change letter with respect to each of his taxable years 1987 through 1991,

      until the re-opening of the investigation [of taxable years 1989 and
      1990] years later imposing additional liability, in 2004 the $207,000
      represented an overpayment - that is, monies in excess of what was
      actually due. In other words, in 2004, when the funds were returned,
      it being determined by the respondent that no further monies were
      due from petitioner[s], the $207,000 was not necessary to be applied
      to any outstanding tax obligation and could be returned. [Fn. ref.
      omitted.]

      Section 6611(a) provides that “[i]nterest shall be allowed and paid upon any

overpayment in respect of any internal revenue tax at the overpayment rate

established under section 6621.” The term ‘overpayment’ has been interpreted to

mean “any payment in excess of that which is properly due.” Jones v. Liberty
                                         - 35 -

[*35] Glass Co., 332 U.S. 524, 531 (1947); Winn-Dixie Stores, Inc. v. Commis-

sioner, 110 T.C. 291, 295 n.5 (1998).

      A remittance will be treated as a payment of tax if the remittance is (1) not

specifically designated as a deposit in the nature of a cash bond (deposit),

(2) made in response to a tax liability proposed in, for example, a revenue agent’s

report or a revenue examiner’s report, and (3) for the entire amount of the

proposed liability. See Rev. Proc. 84-58, sec. 4.03(1), 1984-2 C.B. 501, 502-503.

However, “a taxpayer who makes a remittance before a tax liability has been

ascertained is generally presumed to have intended to make a deposit.”

Malachinski v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1999-182, 1999 WL 349342, at *8,

aff’d, 268 F.3d 497 (2001); see also Rev. Proc. 84-58, sec. 4.02(1), 1984-2 C.B. at

502 (remittance treated as a deposit if (1) remitted before the mailing of a notice

and (2) taxpayer designates in writing that remittance is intended to be a deposit);

Rev. Proc. 84-58, sec. 4.04(1), 1984-2 C.B. at 503 (undesignated remittance not

described in section 4.03 will be treated as deposit if remittance is made before the

liability is proposed to the taxpayer in writing (e.g., before the issuance of a

revenue agent’s report or a revenue examiner’s report)).

      On the record before us, we find that petitioners have failed to carry their

burden of establishing that Mr. Garavaglia’s $207,000 remittance before February
                                         - 36 -

[*36] 2, 1998, to the office of a certain U.S. attorney constituted a payment, let

alone an overpayment for purposes of section 6611(a). In fact, we have found

facts on the fully stipulated record before us that refute petitioners’ position that

they are entitled to interest under section 6611 for the period October 31, 1997,

through July 6, 2004, with respect to Mr. Garavaglia’s $207,000 remittance.

      Around January 29, 1997, Mr. Garavaglia entered into a plea agreement in

the U.S. District Court in which he pleaded guilty to one count of mail fraud under

18 U.S.C. sec. 1341 with respect to a fraudulent check that he mailed on June 28,

1991. In that plea agreement, Mr. Garavaglia also pleaded guilty to conspiracy to

defraud the U.S. Government under 18 U.S.C. sec. 371 with respect to a false

corporate income tax return that he filed on or about March 31, 1992, on behalf of

Branch International Services, 70 percent of the stock of which he and Ms.

Garavaglia owned at the time he filed that false tax return. The record does not

establish that either of the two counts to which Mr. Garavaglia pleaded guilty in

the plea agreement involved or related to petitioners’ taxable year 1989 or 1990.

      In addition, Mr. Garavaglia agreed in the plea agreement that the U.S.

District Court may order him “to pay restitution, relative to the tax fraud charges,

in an amount equal to the tax loss, including interest and penalties, to be deter-

mined by the audit division of the I.R.S. and the United States Tax Court”. Mr.
                                        - 37 -

[*37] Garavaglia further agreed in the plea agreement that “the tax loss resulting

from the charged tax offenses may be at least $207,000 [w]hich amount the

defendant [Mr. Garavaglia] promises to pay prior to sentencing.”

      At a time not established by the record before February 2, 1998, Mr.

Garavaglia remitted Mr. Garavaglia’s $207,000 check, dated October 31, 1997, to

the “United States Attorney Office”. At a time not established by the record, an

unidentified person made the notation “2:96. CR 80290 Rest.” on the lower left

corner of Mr. Garavaglia’s $207,000 check. On February 2, 1998, Mr. Gar-

avaglia’s $207,000 check was deposited into the U.S. Treasury.

      On April 9, 1998, the U.S. District Court sentenced Mr. Garavaglia to 27

months in prison, with three years of supervised release, and ordered him to pay

restitution to the IRS of at least $207,000. With respect to the U.S. District

Court’s order that Mr. Garavaglia pay restitution of at least $207,000, the U.S.

District Court’s amended judgment ordered in pertinent part:

      [Mr. Garavaglia] is ordered to pay an amount in tax loss, if any
      including interest and penalties, to be determined by the audit divi-
      sion of the I.R.S. and the United States Tax Court. The Defendant
      has already paid $207,000.00 to the Internal Revenue Service toward
      any obligation that he might have.

      In 2002, respondent sent to Mr. Garavaglia and one or more related corpora-

tions a no-change letter with respect to taxable years 1987 through 1991. At the
                                        - 38 -

[*38] time before February 2, 1998, Mr. Garavaglia sent Mr. Garavaglia’s

$207,000 check to the office of a certain U.S. attorney, respondent had not made

any determination in a notice of deficiency of a deficiency, addition to Federal

income tax (tax), and/or penalty for petitioners’ taxable year 1989 or 1990. Nor

had a revenue agent proposed any deficiency for either of those years in a revenue

agent’s report. See Jones, 332 U.S. at 531; Winn-Dixie Stores, Inc. v. Commis-

sioner, 110 T.C. at 295 n.5; Rev. Proc. 84-58, sec. 4.03(1).

      On the record before us, we find that petitioners have failed to carry their

burden of establishing that Mr. Garavaglia’s $207,000 remittance was a payment,

not a deposit. See Malachinski v. Commissioner, 1999 WL 349342, at *8; see

also Rev. Proc. 84-58, sec. 4.02(1).

      Assuming arguendo that we had found that petitioners carried their burden

of establishing that Mr. Garavaglia’s $207,000 remittance was a payment, not a

deposit, we find on the record before us that petitioners have failed to carry their

burden of establishing that that remittance was a “payment in excess of that which

* * * [was] properly due [for either or both of petitioners’ taxable years 1989 and

1990]”. Jones, 332 U.S. at 531. In Gould v. Commissioner, 139 T.C. 418, 445

(2012), aff’d, 552 F. App’x 250 (4th Cir. 2014), we found that a no-change letter

that only notifies a taxpayer that the IRS made no change to the tax reported for
                                        - 39 -

[*39] the period in question does not constitute an acknowledgment by the IRS

that the tax was properly reported for that period where the no-change letter

contains no determination to that effect. Moreover, a letter to the taxpayer from

the Commissioner of Internal Revenue (Commissioner) accepting the taxpayer’s

tax return for a particular taxable year does not bar a later determination by the

Commissioner that there is a deficiency for that year. See Opine Timber Co. v.

Commissioner, 64 T.C. 700, 713 (1975), aff’d without published opinion, 552

F.2d 368 (5th Cir. 1977); Vlock v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2010-3, 2010 WL

23332, at *17. The record does not establish that respondent concluded or

determined in the no-change letter that respondent sent in 2002 to Mr. Garavaglia

and certain related corporations with respect to the taxable years 1987 through

1991 that petitioners had properly reported the tax in each of their 1989 return and

1990 return. It was petitioners’ burden to establish any such contention.

      On the record before us, we find that petitioners have failed to carry their

burden of establishing that Mr. Garavaglia’s $207,000 remittance constituted an

overpayment for purposes of section 6611(a) with respect to either or both of their

taxable years 1989 and 1990. See Jones, 332 U.S. at 531; Winn-Dixie Stores, Inc.

v. Commissioner, 110 T.C. at 295 n.5.
                                        - 40 -

[*40] We consider next whether respondent accurately calculated under section

6601 the amount of interest that respondent assessed with respect to each of

petitioners’ taxable years 1989 and 1990.7 It is petitioners’ position that respon-

dent did not accurately calculate that interest. We find the record devoid of

reliable evidence and petitioners’ briefs devoid of sound argument that support

petitioners’ position. On the record before us, we find that petitioners have failed

to carry their burden of establishing that respondent did not properly calculate

under section 6601 the amount of interest that respondent assessed with respect to

each of petitioners’ taxable years 1989 and 1990.

      We turn finally to whether respondent abused respondent’s discretion in

determining not to abate under section 6404(e)(1)(A) the interest remaining at

issue that respondent assessed with respect to each of petitioners’ taxable years

1989 and 1990.8 It is petitioners’ position that “an admission [in the reopening

memorandum and the attachment thereto] by the Commissioner’s employee [the

revenue agent] that an error occurred [in 2002 when the IRS sent Mr. Garavaglia a

no-change letter with respect to each of his taxable years 1987 through 1991] in

conjunction with an excessive period of time should prove” a ministerial error


      7
          See supra note 2.
      8
          See supra note 3.
                                        - 41 -

[*41] within the meaning of section 6404(e)(1)(A). In support of their position,

petitioners allege:

      Since the * * * [plea] Agreement in 1998, and the payment of taxes in
      the amount of $207,000 [Mr. Garavaglia’s $207,000 remittance as
      part of his plea agreement in the U.S. District Court] (in addition to
      full payment in 2013), the Respondent has committed a multitude of
      errors that range from borderline fraud (destruction of evidence) to
      negligence. The delays caused were unreasonable and were prevent-
      able if the Respondent used caution and followed procedure.
      * * * The facts are that the Respondent committed errors and omis-
      sions and it resulted in delays. * * *[T]he Court should abate or
      adjust the interest [with respect to their taxable years 1989 and 1990].
      ***

      We note initially that in advancing their position under section

6404(e)(1)(A) petitioners rely on various factual contentions regarding, inter alia,

alleged errors and delays by respondent, most of which are not supported by the

fully stipulated record in this case. To the extent that in advancing their position

petitioners rely on any factual contentions that are not supported by the record, we

have disregarded those contentions.

      Section 6404(e)(1)(A) permits the Commissioner to abate interest on any

deficiency attributable in whole or in part to any error or delay by an officer or an

employee of the IRS, acting in his or her official capacity, in performing a ministe-
                                       - 42 -

[*42] rial act.9 As pertinent here, section 6404(e)(1) provides that for purposes of

section 6404(e)(1)(A) “an error or delay shall be taken into account only if no

significant aspect of such error or delay [described in section 6404(e)(1)] can be

attributed to the taxpayer involved, and after the Internal Revenue Service has

contacted the taxpayer in writing with respect to such deficiency [to which section

6404(e)(1)(A) refers]”.

      The Secretary of the Treasury issued temporary regulations under section

6404(e) which apply for petitioners’ taxable years 1989 and 199010 and which

provided the following definition of the term “ministerial act” for purposes of

section 6404(e)(1):

            (b) Ministerial act--(1) Definition. The term “ministerial act”
      means a procedural or mechanical act that does not involve the
      exercise of judgment or discretion, and that occurs during the pro-


      9
        Congress amended, inter alia, sec. 6404(e)(1)(A) in the Taxpayer Bill of
Rights 2, Pub. L. No. 104-168, sec. 301, 110 Stat. at 1457 (1996), effective for
interest accruing with respect to, inter alia, deficiencies for taxable years that
began after July 30, 1996. Sec. 6404(e)(1)(A) as amended, which does not apply
for petitioners’ taxable years 1989 and 1990, permits the Commissioner to abate
interest on “any deficiency attributable in whole or in part to any unreasonable
error or delay by an officer or employee of the Internal Revenue Service (acting in
his official capacity) in performing a ministerial or managerial act”.
      10
        The Secretary of the Treasury promulgated final regulations under sec.
6404(e) which do not apply for petitioners’ taxable years 1989 and 1990 but which
apply for taxable years that began after July 30, 1996. See sec. 301.6404-2(d),
Proced. & Admin. Regs.
                                        - 43 -

[*43] cessing of a taxpayer’s case after all prerequisites to the act, such as
      conferences and review by supervisors, have taken place. A decision
      concerning the proper application of federal tax law (or other federal
      or state law) is not a ministerial act.

Sec. 301.6404-2T(b)(1), Temporary Proced. & Admin. Regs., 52 Fed. Reg. 30163

(Aug. 13, 1987).

      We consider petitioners’ contention that the reopening memorandum shows

that respondent made a ministerial error in 2002 within the meaning of section

6404(e)(1)(A) when respondent issued a no-change letter to Mr. Garavaglia and

one or more related corporations with respect to taxable years 1987 through 1991.

In the attachment to his reopening memorandum, the revenue agent states:

      A no change letter was issued in 2002 for the years 1987 through
      1991 for Mr. Garavaglia and the related corporations, including
      C & G. This no change has since been determined to be inaccurate as
      the analysis conducted by the IRS was incorrect.

      Records have since been re-reviewed which indicate that unreported
      income exists with regard to C & G. * * * The AUSA reviewed bank
      records and other books and records to ascertain the amounts[.] * * *
      According to the financial analysis conducted by the AUSA, the
      corporations controlled by Mr. Garavaglia benefited [sic] greatly from
      the insurance scheme he was operating.

      *            *         *           *          *           *          *

      A review of the Garavaglia 1040 returns for 1989 and 1990, reveal
      that the taxpayer did not pick up this income as a flow-through from
      C & G.
                                         - 44 -

[*44] On the record before us, we find that respondent’s sending in 2002 a no-

change letter to Mr. Garavaglia and certain related corporations to which the

revenue agent referred in his reopening memorandum was a substantive error, not

a ministerial error within the meaning of section 6404(e)(1)(A) and the temporary

regulations thereunder.

        On the record before us, we find that petitioners have failed to carry their

burden of establishing that the interest remaining at issue is attributable in whole

or in part to any error or delay by an officer or employee of the IRS, acting in his

or her official capacity, in performing a ministerial act. On that record, we further

find that petitioners have failed to carry their burden of establishing that respon-

dent abused respondent’s discretion in determining not to abate under section

6404(e)(1)(A) the interest remaining at issue that respondent assessed with respect

to each of petitioners’ taxable years 1989 and 1990.11

        We have considered all of the contentions and arguments of the parties that

are not discussed herein, and we find them to be without merit, irrelevant, and/or

moot.




        11
             See supra note 3.
                                       - 45 -

[*45] To reflect the foregoing and concessions of the parties,


                                                An appropriate decision will be

                                      entered.
                                         - 46 -

[*46]                                 APPENDIX

Attachment to Letter 3193 - CHARLES L & MARYANN GARAVAGLIA

Type of tax             Period               Date of Levy No-      Date CDP
                                             tice                  Request was Re-
                                                                   ceived
1040                    12/1989              07/01/2013            07/08/2013
1040                    12/1990              07/01/2013            07/08/2013
Fraud Penalty           12/1989              07/01/2013            07/08/2013
Fraud Penalty           12/1990              07/01/2013            07/08/2013


        Summary and Recommendation

        Taxpayers filed a request for a Collection Due Process hearing under
        Internal Revenue Code (IRC) section 6330 following receipt of Letter
        1058 Notice of Intent to Levy and Notice of Your Right to a Hearing.
        The request was timely.

        The determination of appeals in this case is as follows: Based on the
        available information, the legal and procedural requirements have
        been met; the proposed enforcement action (levy) is appropriate and
        sustained. Appeals also made the determination to reject the submit-
        ted Offer in Compromise (OIC) dated 08/02/2013 for the assessed
        1040 liabilities and 08/27/2013 for the assessed fraud penalties as a
        collection alternative.

        Brief Background

        The CDP notice was for your 1989 and 1990 form 1040 income tax
        liabilities. A review of computer transcripts indicate the liability for
        the periods at issue resulted from self assessed returns followed by
        additional assessments dated 5/8/2013 resulting from the audit of the
                                        - 47 -

[*47] periods at issue. Fraud penalty was also assessed for both periods
      against Mr. Garavaglia on 05/29/2012. You did not have enough
      withholding or estimated tax payment credit to satisfy the liabilities.
      IRS sent notices that requested the payment of the balance due. The
      letter 1058 above was issued with the deadline of 07/01/2012, a
      completed form 12153, Request for a Collection Due Process or
      Equivalent Hearing, was received on 07/08/2013.

      On 07/29/2013 a hearing appointment letter was issued scheduling a
      face to face meeting for 08/20/2013. This letter advised that you
      provide the following documents before the conference:
             •     The completed form 656 with the required attachments.
             •     Current income and expenses statement for your busi-
                   nesses with the list of all assets, the encumbrance and
                   ownership interest information
             •     Current quarterly statement for all investment and IRA
                   accounts and the bank statements for the last 3 months

      On 08/20/2013 your representative EVAN H KAPLOE called Settle-
      ment Officer (SO) Diakite to discuss case related issues and it was
      decided that the face to face meeting will be held on 08/27/2013.

      On 08/27/2013 your representative Evan Kaploe met with SO Diakite
      at the scheduled time to conduct the conference for the request due
      process hearing. The appeals’ process as it relates to due process
      cases was explained. The SO Informed the representative that the
      review of the administrative files reveals that the compliance function
      followed and met all legal and procedural requirements when the
      letter 1058 was issued. Your representative was informed that that
      the review of the form 12153 reveals a request for an OIC as a collec-
      tion alternative and the completed form 656-L was submitted, but the
      liability issue was previously reviewed and affirmed by both the tax
      court and the sixth circuit court. Based on those facts, the SO in-
      formed that the liability issue is a precluded issue during this CDP
      hearing. As the result, appeals will not consider the submitted form
      656-L. Your representative agreed and submitted another completed
                                       - 48 -

[*48] form 656 based on DATC for the joint 1040 liabilities. He promised
      to submit the processing fee and the 20% initial payment for the joint
      offer and another form 656 for the fraud penalties assessed against
      Mr. Garavaglia with all required attachments on 09/03/2013.

      Discussion and Analysis

      Verification of Legal and Procedural Requirement

            •      With the best information available, the requirements of
                   various applicable law or administrative procedures have
                   been met.
            •      The assessments were made on the applicable Collection
                   Due Process notice periods per IRC section 6201 and
                   6653(b).
            •      IRC section 6321 provides for a statutory lien when a
                   taxpayer neglects or refuses to pay a tax liability after
                   notice and demand.
            •      IRC section 6303 requires notice and demand be given
                   within 60 days, after making assessment of a tax. Notice
                   can be sent by mail to the taxpayer’s last known address.
                   Transcripts show this notice was sent to you via regular
                   mail for the periods at issue.
            •      There was a balance due when the Collection Due Pro-
                   cess notice was issued per IRC sections 6322 and
                   6331(a).
            •      IRC section 6331(d) requires that the Service notify a
                   taxpayer at least 30 days before a Notice of Levy can be
                   issued.
            •      I IRC section 6330(a) provides that no levy may be made
                   unless the Service notifies a taxpayer of the opportunity
                   for a hearing with Appeals. A final notice of intent to
                   levy was mailed to you on 07/01/2013.
            •      The statute for collection has been suspended since
                   07/08/2013.
                                         - 49 -

[*49]         •      You were given the opportunity to have a hearing and
                     raise any relevant issue relating to the unpaid tax or the
                     proposed levy action at the hearing in accordance with
                     IRC section 6330(c).
              •      The Settlement Officer assigned to hear your case has
                     had no prior involvement with respect to these liabilities
                     either in a previous Appeals hearing or in compliance
                     activities.
              •      The Compliance Function followed all legal and proce-
                     dural requirements and the proposed levy action is ap-
                     propriate under the circumstances.

        Issued Raised by the Taxpayer:

        You checked an Offer in Compromise (OIC) on the form 12153 as
        a collection alternative:

        You submitted the completed form 656 with attachments to compro-
        mise the 1040 liabilities on 08/02/2013 and for the assessed fraud
        penalties on 08/27/2013 pursuant to IRC Section 7122. The offers,
        based upon doubt as to collectability, were submitted for the follow-
        ing assessments:
              •      For the joint 1040 liabilities: The offer was a joint offer
                     in the amount of $370,570.75, an initial payment of
                     $77,673.48 was made when the offer was submitted and
                     the remaining $310,693.92 will be paid a month after
                     acceptance.
              •      For the assessed fraud penalties: This offer was submit-
                     ted for Mr. Garavaglia only. It is a lump sum offer of
                     $158,814.75, an initial payment of $31,762.95 was made
                     when the offer was submitted and the remaining
                     $127,051.80 will be paid two months after acceptance.

        During the review process, additional information was provided to
        evaluate the ability to pay. Appeals’ review showed that the reason-
        able collection potential (RCP) is more than the offered amount. The
                                         - 50 -

[*50] provided financial statement shows that you have the ability to fully
      satisfy the liabilities based on the following facts:
             •       The total equity in the assets is over $3,000,000.00
             •       The total liability as of 12/06/2013 is $1,390,942.49
      In addition, appeals reviewed your files in order to determine if there
      were any exceptional circumstances that warrant accepting these
      offers, but there were none. Per the Internal Revenue Manual
      5.8.1.1.3 (4), unless special circumstances exist, offers will not be
      accepted if it is believed that the liability can be paid in full as a lump
      sum, or by installment payments extending through the remaining
      statutory period for collection, or other means of collection.

      Based on the facts as stated above, your representative was informed
      that the offers will be rejected because you have the financial ability
      to fully satisfy the liabilities at issue.

      Collection Alternative:

      No acceptable collection alternative was requested.

      Challenges to the Existence or Amount of the Liability:

      Your representative tried to raise the liability issue by submitting the
      completed Form 656-L and he also indicated on the attachment to the
      Form 656-L that the assessed interest is being challenged because
      neither the decision document nor the computation submitted to the
      Tax Court contemplate the assessment or application of interest per
      the IRM 35.8.2.5. Per your representative, the decision document and
      computation clearly demonstrate that interest was not included. Your
      representative went on to say that you were not put on the requisite
      notice that interest would be assessed or accrued on your liabilities.
      He also added that the decision document nowhere mentions that
      interest will accrue on the liabilities. SO Diakite informed your
      representative that the agreement was entered under rule 155, it was
      not a stipulated decision or an agreed case. The SO also informed
      that interests are statutory and should have been expected.
                                        - 51 -

[*51] Based on the above information, your representative was informed
      that both the Tax Court and the Sixth Circuit Court addressed the
      liability issue which included the underlined interest. As a result, the
      liability issue is a precluded issue during this hearing and the submit-
      ted Form 656-L will not be considered by appeals.

      No other issue was raised.

      Balancing Efficient Collection and Intrusiveness

      Based on the case file and the information secured during the confer-
      ence, the proposed levy action was appropriate under the circum-
      stances. No acceptable collection alternative was raised. The Com-
      pliance Division may continue to investigate and collect this debt.
      This action is necessary to provide for the efficient collection of the
      taxes despite the potential intrusiveness of enforced collection.
