                                            Filed:   June 20, 2000

                   UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                       FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT


                             No. 99-25
                           (CA-98-791-1)



Willie Ervin Fisher,

                                              Petitioner - Appellant,

          versus


R. C. Lee, etc., et al,

                                             Respondents - Appellees.



                             O R D E R



     The court amends its opinion filed June 19, 2000, as follows:

     On the cover sheet, section 6, line 1 -- the section is

corrected to begin “Dismissed by published opinion. . . .”

                                         For the Court - By Direction




                                          /s/ Patricia S. Connor
                                                   Clerk
PUBLISHED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

WILLIE ERVIN FISHER,
Petitioner-Appellant,

v.
                                                                      No. 99-25
R. C. LEE, Warden, Central Prison;
NORTH CAROLINA ATTORNEY
GENERAL,
Respondents-Appellees.

Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Middle District of North Carolina, at Durham.
James A. Beaty, Jr., District Judge.
(CA-98-791-1)

Argued: April 5, 2000

Decided: June 19, 2000

Before WIDENER and TRAXLER, Circuit Judges, and
Joseph R. GOODWIN, United States District Judge for the
Southern District of West Virginia, sitting by designation.

_________________________________________________________________

Dismissed by published opinion. Judge Traxler wrote the opinion, in
which Judge Widener and Judge Goodwin joined.

_________________________________________________________________

COUNSEL

ARGUED: Larry I. Moore, III, ADAMS, KLEEMEIER, HAGAN,
HANNAH & FOUTS, Greensboro, North Carolina, for Appellant.
Valerie Blanche Spalding, Special Deputy Attorney General, NORTH
CAROLINA DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, Raleigh, North Caro-
lina, for Appellees. ON BRIEF: Cynthia F. Adcock, ASSOCIATION
OF AMERICAN LAW SCHOOLS, Washington, D.C., for Appellant.
Michael F. Easley, Attorney General of North Carolina, NORTH
CAROLINA DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, Raleigh, North Caro-
lina, for Appellees.

_________________________________________________________________

OPINION

TRAXLER, Circuit Judge:

Willie Ervin Fisher appeals the district court's dismissal of his peti-
tion for writ of habeas corpus, see 28 U.S.C.A. § 2254 (West 1994 &
Supp. 2000), in which he challenges his conviction in North Carolina
state court for the capital murder of Angela Johnson. Because Fisher
has failed to make a substantial showing of the denial of a constitu-
tional right, see 28 U.S.C.A. § 2253 (c)(2) (West Supp. 2000), we
deny his application for a certificate of appealability and dismiss his
petition for writ of habeas corpus.

I.

During the early morning hours of April 2, 1992, Willie Ervin
Fisher broke into the home where his girlfriend, Angela Johnson, was
living, broke her cheek and jaw, and stabbed her approximately thirty-
two times. Although transported to the hospital for emergency treat-
ment, Angela died from the wounds within a matter of hours. At the
time of the attack, Angela was living in the home of her grandmother,
Josephine Johnson, along with her mother, Shirley Johnson, her
thirteen-year-old daughter, Shemika, and her four-year-old son by
Fisher, Willie Ervin, Junior. The North Carolina Supreme Court sum-
marized the events surrounding the murder as follows:

          On [April 1], [Fisher] came to the Johnson residence at
          about 9:00 p.m. Angela was not at home. He stayed for
          about three hours, holding Willie Jr. and watching televi-
          sion. Shirley Johnson worked at night and left to go to work
          at approximately 10:00 p.m. When Angela returned to the

                    2
house after her mother had gone to work, she and[Fisher]
began arguing. Angela ran into her grandmother's room and
said that [Fisher] had hit her in the eye.[Fisher] pushed
Angela onto the bed on top of her grandmother and then hit
her grandmother while trying to hit Angela. Angela's grand-
mother called the police.

Soon thereafter, a taxi which had been called earlier by
either the victim or [Fisher] arrived at the residence. Angela
ran out of the house, while trying to put on her shoes, wear-
ing a T-shirt and jogging pants. [Fisher] tried to catch her
but she got into the taxi and it "pulled off." Angela was cry-
ing and her hair was tousled. She had bruises all over her
body and her shirt had been torn. Angela went to the
Winston-Salem Journal/Sentinel where her mother was
working.

Officer T.C. Smoot of the Winston-Salem Police Depart-
ment received a call at 12:35 a.m. to go to the residence.
When he arrived, he began talking to Josephine Johnson
about an alleged assault. Angela and her mother arrived
later. Officer Smoot noticed that Angela's shirt was torn and
her eyes were swollen.

Angela and her mother went to the clerk's office where
Angela obtained a warrant charging [Fisher] with assault. A
criminal summons was issued for assault on a female and
the police began searching for [Fisher]. Angela and her
mother went home but did not go to bed until after 3:00 a.m.
There were two twin beds in the bedroom. Angela and Wil-
lie Jr. were in one bed and Angela's mother and Shemika
were in the other. Angela's grandmother was in a separate
room. After they went to sleep, the telephone rang and
Angela answered it. She gave the telephone to her mother
who recognized the caller as [Fisher]. Angela's mother
asked [Fisher] what had happened at the house. He told her
that he had not hit Angela or her grandmother.

About ten minutes after the telephone conversation ended,
Shirley Johnson heard someone kicking the front door. She

          3
          jumped up and saw [Fisher] stepping over broken glass from
          the door and coming into the house. He was wearing a Red-
          skins jacket and had a knife in his hand. He came in the bed-
          room and told Angela to get up. Angela got up and started
          running towards, and then out the back door with [Fisher]
          following her. Angela ran to the front of the house and
          through the front door with [Fisher] still behind her. [Fisher]
          cornered Angela in the living room and began stabbing her
          in the chest and stomach. Shemika tried to pull him off
          Angela and she was stabbed on the arm and in the back.
          Angela's mother began fighting with [Fisher] and he struck
          her. [Fisher] dragged Angela out the front door, down the
          steps, and into the driveway--pulling off her nightgown. He
          continued to stab, beat, and kick Angela after he dragged her
          into the street. A next door neighbor, Lucius Simmons,
          heard the commotion and came to the door. He yelled to
          [Fisher] to stop. Simmons yelled again, [Fisher] stopped
          beating Angela and told Simmons to shut up. Simmons shot
          his gun into the air and [Fisher] ran down the street.

          The police arrived at the residence and found Angela lying
          in Simmons' driveway covered with blood. She had a pulse
          and appeared to be alive. . . . [Shemika] had a three-inch cut
          on her arm and had been stabbed in the back. The wound in
          her back was about an inch wide and an inch long. It was
          gaping open and bleeding. Angela and Shemika were taken
          by paramedics to the emergency room. Shemika's wounds
          were cleaned and her lacerations repaired. Angela was unre-
          sponsive to emergency medical treatment and was pro-
          nounced dead at 7:30 a.m.

State v. Fisher, 445 S.E.2d 866, 869 (N.C. 1994).

After hiding out in nearby woods until the afternoon, Fisher called
the Winston-Salem Police Department and told them where he could
be found. He was arrested and taken to the hospital, where he was
treated for wounds to his hand as well as other injuries. While at the
hospital, Fisher made a voluntary statement to officers concerning the
events and, four days later, was questioned by police officers at the
police station after he waived his Miranda rights. See id. at 870.

                    4
Fisher did not dispute, in his statements or during the ensuing capi-
tal trial, that he broke into Angela's home and stabbed her to death.
Rather, Fisher pursued a "voluntary intoxication" defense, asserting
that by reason of his alcohol consumption and crack cocaine use prior
to the murder, he was incapable of forming the specific intent neces-
sary to be convicted of first-degree murder in the state of North Caro-
lina. In support, Fisher testified concerning his alcohol consumption
and crack cocaine use during the afternoon before and morning of the
murder, and presented the testimony of Cliff Foster, a friend who was
with Fisher and who could confirm Fisher's use of crack cocaine and
alcohol during the four or five hours just prior to Fisher's return to
Angela's home with the knife. By his testimony, Fisher claimed to
have "blacked-out" between the time that Angela attempted to take
the knife away from him and the time that Simmons fired his gun into
the air. And, Dr. J. Gary Hoover, a clinical psychologist retained to
assist the defense, testified that Fisher was likely functioning inside
an alcohol and crack cocaine black-out and was unable to carry out
a concerted, intellectually-based plan at the time of the murder.

The jury rejected Fisher's voluntary intoxication defense, however,
and convicted Fisher of first-degree murder on the basis of malice,
premeditation and deliberation and under the felony murder rule.
Fisher was also convicted of first-degree burglary of Angela's grand-
mother's residence, and of assault with a deadly weapon inflicting
serious injury for the stabbing of Angela's daughter.

A capital sentencing proceeding was then held. See N.C. Gen. Stat.
§ 15A-2000 (1999). The State offered no additional evidence during
the sentencing phase of trial, relying instead upon evidence that had
been previously presented. Fisher's counsel also relied upon evidence
introduced during the guilt phase of trial, but presented the additional
testimony of Lieutenant Murphy with the Forsyth County Sheriff's
Department, who testified that Fisher had not caused any disciplinary
problems during his incarceration, and the testimony of several other
witnesses to confirm that Fisher's mother had suffered with an alco-
hol problem and that Fisher enjoyed a good relationship with his son.
Additionally, Fisher's counsel introduced a certified criminal record
check from the Forsyth County Clerk of Superior Court showing that
Fisher had no prior convictions.

                    5
At the conclusion of the sentencing phase of the trial, the court sub-
mitted two aggravating circumstances for consideration by the jury:
(1) that the offense was committed during the commission of a bur-
glary, see N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-2000(e)(5); and (2) that the murder
was "especially heinous, atrocious, or cruel," N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-
2000(e)(9). The jury found both aggravating circumstances to be pres-
ent.

With regard to statutory mitigating circumstances, members of the
jury found that Fisher "ha[d] no significant history of prior criminal
activity," N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-2000(f)(1), and that "[t]he capital fel-
ony was committed while [Fisher] was under the influence of mental
or emotional disturbance," N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-2000(f)(2). Mem-
bers of the jury also found the existence of six nonstatutory mitigating
circumstances: (1) that Fisher voluntarily surrendered to law enforce-
ment officers after first making contact with those officers concerning
the offense; (2) that Fisher freely and voluntarily admitted to law
enforcement officers his responsibility for Angela's death immedi-
ately after his arrest; (3) that Fisher's conduct while in custody at the
Forsyth County Jail had been without any disciplinary problems; (4)
that Fisher had voluntarily participated in Narcotics Anonymous
while confined in the Forsyth County Jail; (5) that Fisher had
expressed remorse for his actions; and (6) that Fisher had a passive,
dependent personality by reason of an abusive father and an alcoholic
mother. However, none of the jurors found that "[t]he capacity of
[Fisher] to appreciate the criminality of his conduct or to conform his
conduct to the requirements of law was impaired" at the time of the
murder, an additional statutory mitigating circumstance submitted
under N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-2000(f)(6), or that there were other
unspecified mitigating circumstances, see N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-
2000(f)(9).

Concluding that the mitigating circumstances were insufficient to
outweigh the aggravating circumstances, the jury ultimately recom-
mended a sentence of death, which was imposed by the trial court
along with prison terms of fifteen years for the burglary conviction
and three years for the assault conviction. The North Carolina
Supreme Court affirmed Fisher's conviction and death sentence, see
Fisher, 445 S.E.2d at 880, and the United States Supreme Court

                     6
denied Fisher's petition for writ of certiorari. See Fisher v. North Car-
olina, 513 U.S. 1098 (1995).

Fisher then filed a motion for appropriate relief ("MAR"), see N.C.
Gen. Stat. § 15A-1415 (1999), in the Forsyth County Superior Court.
The state court imposed a procedural bar with respect to certain
claims and, following an evidentiary hearing, denied the remaining
claims. The Supreme Court of North Carolina denied certiorari.

Fisher thereafter filed a petition for writ of habeas corpus, pursuant
to 28 U.S.C.A. § 2254, in the federal district court. The district court,
adopting the recommendation of the magistrate judge, dismissed the
petition and denied a certificate of appealability. Fisher timely filed
a notice of appeal to this court. On appeal, Fisher raises two claims
for habeas relief: (1) that he received, in various particulars, ineffec-
tive assistance of counsel during the guilt and sentencing phases of
his state court trial; and (2) that the state trial court's instruction on
the "especially heinous, atrocious, or cruel" aggravating circumstance
was unconstitutionally vague.

II.

A.

We begin with Fisher's claim that his trial counsel was constitu-
tionally ineffective for failing to introduce additional evidence to sup-
port his voluntary intoxication defense and, at sentencing, to support
two of the mitigating circumstances submitted to the jury -- that
"[t]he capital felony was committed while [Fisher] was under the
influence of mental or emotional disturbance," N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-
2000(f)(2), and that his "capacity . . . to appreciate the criminality of
his conduct or to conform his conduct to the requirements of the law
was impaired," N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-2000(f)(6). However, before
turning to these substantive claims, we must address Fisher's asser-
tion that these claims were not "adjudicated on the merits in [the]
State court proceedings" and, therefore, that the standard of review set
forth in 28 U.S.C.A. § 2254(d), as amended by the Antiterrorism and
Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (AEDPA), Pub. L. No. 104-132,
110 Stat. 1214, is not applicable.

                     7
When presented with an application for habeas relief, our first
inquiry is to determine whether the claim raised on habeas was "adju-
dicated on the merits" by the state court. 28 U.S.C.A. § 2254(d); see
Weeks v. Angelone, 176 F.3d 249, 257 (4th Cir. 1999), aff'd, 120 S.
Ct. 727 (2000). If the claim was properly presented to the state court
and the state court adjudicated it, the deferential standard of review
set forth in § 2254(d) applies and federal habeas relief may not be
granted unless the relevant state-court adjudication "was contrary to,
or involved an unreasonable application of, clearly established Fed-
eral law, as determined by the Supreme Court of the United States,"
28 U.S.C.A. § 2254(d)(1), or "resulted in a decision that was based
on an unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the evidence
presented in the state court proceedings," 28 U.S.C.A. § 2254(d)(2);
see Williams v. Taylor, 120 S. Ct. 1495, 1516 (2000). If, however, "a
petitioner has properly presented a claim to the state court but the
state court has not adjudicated the claim on the merits . . ., our review
of questions of law and mixed questions of law and fact is de novo."
Weeks, 176 F.3d at 258.

In this case, Fisher complains that the state court signed an order
submitted by the State that contained factual errors, to the exclusion
of his own submission. Consequently, the argument goes, the state
court did not carefully consider the facts and applicable law or arrive
at an independent, reasoned judicial determination. We find no merit
to this contention.

First, Fisher's assumption that the state court did not carefully con-
sider his MAR is belied by the record of that proceeding. Fisher filed
his MAR in September 1995. In September 1996, the state court held
a hearing to entertain various pending motions and, in November
1996, issued a written order which, among other things, permitted
certain discovery by both sides, authorized Fisher's retention of and
payment for an investigator and capital trial expert, and dismissed
certain claims as a result of a state procedural bar. An amended MAR
was filed and accepted and, beginning on December 17, 1996, the
court held an evidentiary hearing on all remaining claims. During the
evidentiary hearing, which lasted three days, numerous witnesses
were presented and, at its conclusion, Fisher was again allowed to
amend his MAR to assert an additional claim. Then, on January 3,

                     8
1997, the court gave both parties an opportunity to present a closing
argument.

At the conclusion of these closing arguments, and following a
recess, the state court announced from the bench the decision to deny
Fisher's MAR. Although relating its reasoning in a somewhat abbre-
viated fashion, the court specifically concluded that Fisher had failed
to demonstrate that his counsel's performance fell below an accept-
able standard and failed to show that he was prejudiced by his coun-
sel's performance. At that point, and then only at the explicit request
of the State and Fisher, the state court agreed to entertain proposed
findings of fact and conclusions of law from each side, which were
to be submitted after the record had been transcribed. On May 8,
1997, the state court signed a 36-page order denying Fisher's original
MAR, his first amended MAR, and the additional amendment which
had been allowed at the conclusion of the evidentiary hearing. The
order adopted was the order submitted by the State, no doubt because
it actually memorialized the court's ruling at the conclusion of the
evidentiary hearing. Indeed, Fisher's proposed order would have
granted his MAR, in direct contravention to the state court's
announced decision. Thus, we reject Fisher's contention that the state
court did not render an independent, reasoned judgment on his claims
of ineffective assistance of counsel simply because the court adopted
the order submitted by the State.

Second, we are equally unpersuaded by Fisher's claim that the
order contained erroneous factual findings. On habeas review, "a
determination of a factual issue made by a State court shall be pre-
sumed to be correct" and "[t]he applicant [for habeas relief] shall have
the burden of rebutting the presumption of correctness by clear and
convincing evidence." 28 U.S.C.A. § 2254(e)(1). As the district court
correctly concluded, Fisher has not shown that the state court findings
are unreasonable, unsupported, or otherwise erroneous. Indeed, they
are supported by competent evidence. Furthermore, the record is
devoid of any indication that the state court treated the MAR in a hap-
hazard or careless fashion and, on the contrary, it appears that Fisher
was afforded much latitude in developing his claims and the evidenti-
ary bases behind them.

Finally, to the extent the state court's order, whether from the
bench or in writing, could be considered summary in nature, we have

                    9
consistently rejected such attempts to circumvent § 2254's require-
ment that we accord deference to the state court's application of
clearly established law to the facts found. See e.g., Weeks, 176 F.3d
at 259 (holding that the AEDPA standard of review applies even
where the state court has given no indication of how it reached its
decision); Wright v. Angelone, 151 F.3d 151, 157 (4th Cir. 1998)
(refusing to "presume that a summary order is indicative of a cursory
or haphazard review of a petitioner's claims").

We likewise reject Fisher's alternative contention that, based upon
the language of the adopted order, we must conclude that the state
court wholly overlooked his claims of ineffective assistance of coun-
sel during the sentencing phase of the trial. Fisher asserts that the
claims were presented to the state court in his MAR and addressed
during the evidentiary hearing, but contends that the state court must
not have "adjudicated" the claims because they were only minimally
referenced in the court's written order. Again, we will not assume that
the state court failed to "adjudicate" Fisher's properly presented
claims within the meaning of § 2254(d) simply because the state
court's ruling was summary in nature, see Wright, 151 F.3d at 156-57,
and we accordingly proceed to review Fisher's ineffective assistance
of counsel claims under the standards set forth in 28 U.S.C.A.
§ 2254(d)(1).1

B.

Having determined that the state court adjudicated Fisher's ineffec-
tive assistance of counsel claims on the merits, we turn to identify the
"clearly established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme
Court," which governs such claims. 28 U.S.C.A. § 2254(d)(1). The
Sixth Amendment requires that "[i]n all criminal prosecutions, the
accused shall enjoy the right . . . to have the Assistance of Counsel for
his defence," U.S. Const. amend. VI, and such assistance must be
effective, Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984). In order to
_________________________________________________________________

1 We also reject Fisher's contention that the § 2254(d)(1) standard of
review violates the due process clause and results in an unconstitutional
suspension of the writ, see art. I, § 9, cl. 2 -- a claim that he candidly
admits is barred by our existing precedent. See Green v. French, 143
F.3d 865, 875-76 (4th Cir. 1998), cert. denied, 119 S. Ct. 844 (1999).

                    10
establish an ineffective assistance of counsel claim before the state
court, Fisher was required to establish that his "counsel's representa-
tion fell below an objective standard of reasonableness," measured by
the "prevailing professional norms," id. at 688, and "that there is a
reasonable probability that, but for counsel's unprofessional errors,
the result of the proceeding would have been different," id. at 694.
"Unless a defendant makes both showings, it cannot be said that the
conviction or death sentence resulted from a breakdown in the adver-
sary process that renders the result unreliable." Id. at 687.

In determining whether counsel's performance was deficient, "[i]t
is all too tempting for a defendant to secondguess counsel's assistance
after conviction or adverse sentence, and it is all too easy for a court,
examining counsel's defense after it has proved unsuccessful, to con-
clude that a particular act or omission of counsel was unreasonable."
Id. at 689. Hence, "court[s] must indulge a strong presumption that
counsel's conduct falls within the wide range of reasonable profes-
sional assistance . . . [and] that, under the circumstances, the chal-
lenged action might be considered sound trial strategy." Id. (internal
quotation marks omitted).

Similarly, in evaluating whether the defendant has shown actual
prejudice from any such deficient performance, it is insufficient for
the defendant "to show that the errors had some conceivable effect on
the outcome of the proceeding," because "[v]irtually every act or
omission of counsel would meet that test." Id. at 693. Rather, a "rea-
sonable probability" that the result would have been different requires
"a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome." Id.
at 694. When challenging a conviction, "the question is whether there
is a reasonable probability that, absent the errors, the factfinder would
have had a reasonable doubt respecting guilt." Id. at 695. And,
"[w]hen a defendant challenges a death sentence . . ., the question is
whether there is a reasonable probability that, absent the errors, the
sentencer . . . would have concluded that the balance of aggravating
and mitigating circumstances did not warrant death." Id.

Having identified the governing Supreme Court law, we are
required to give deference to the state court's adjudications made pur-
suant to that law, as required by 28 U.S.C.A. § 2254(d). Specifically,
in this case we review the state court's adjudication only to determine

                     11
whether it is "contrary to [this] clearly established Federal law," or
whether it "involved an unreasonable application of . . . [this] clearly
established Federal law." 28 U.S.C.A. § 2254(d). A state court deci-
sion is "contrary to . . . clearly established Federal law as determined
by the Supreme Court," id., "if the state court arrives at a conclusion
opposite to that reached by th[e] Court on a question of law or if the
state court decides a case differently than th[e] Court has on a set of
materially indistinguishable facts," Williams, 120 S. Ct. at 1523. A
state court decision "involve[s] an unreasonable application of [ ]
clearly established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court,"
28 U.S.C.A. § 2254(d)(1), if the state court decision "identifies the
correct governing legal principle from th[e] Court's decisions but
unreasonably applies that principle to the facts of the prisoner's case."
Williams, 120 S. Ct. at 1523. Of particular import, we must keep in
mind that "an unreasonable application of federal law is different
from an incorrect application of federal law." Id. at 1522 (emphasis
added). Thus, "a federal habeas court may not issue the writ simply
because that court concludes in its independent judgment that the rele-
vant state-court decision applied clearly established Federal law erro-
neously or incorrectly. Rather, that application must also be
unreasonable." Id.2

III.

With these standards in mind, we now turn to the merits of Fisher's
claim that his counsel was constitutionally ineffective for failing to
present better and additional evidence in support of his voluntary
intoxication defense and, at sentencing, his claims that he committed
the crime while "under the influence of mental or emotional distur-
bance," N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-2000(f)(2), and that his "capacity . . .
to appreciate the criminality of his conduct or to conform his conduct
to the requirements of the law was impaired," N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-
_________________________________________________________________

2 During the pendency of this appeal, the Supreme Court decided the
cases of Williams v. Taylor, 120 S. Ct. 1495 (2000), interpreting 28
U.S.C.A. § 2254(d), and Williams v. Taylor, 120 S. Ct. 1479 (2000),
interpreting 28 U.S.C.A. § 2254(e)(2). Fisher then sought permission to
file supplemental briefs addressing these authorities. Because we have
considered these opinions and the arguments sought to be advanced in
supplemental briefing, we see no need for additional briefing.

                    12
2000(f)(6). Specifically, Fisher complains that his counsel should
have interviewed and presented several additional lay witnesses to
testify that Fisher was drinking alcoholic beverages during the after-
noon and early evening hours of April 1, 1992, should have presented
more effective and additional expert testimony to support both the
defense and the mitigating circumstances, and should have introduced
a statement given by Angela to the police after Fisher's first attack
upon her.

A.

We begin our review of Fisher's ineffectiveness claims with a
review of the evidence that his counsel did present at trial. Because
Fisher had confessed to killing Angela almost immediately after the
crime, his only apparent defense was that of voluntary intoxication,
i.e., that by reason of his alcohol consumption and crack cocaine use
during the hours leading up to the murder, he was incapable of form-
ing a specific intent to murder Angela. See State v. Cheek, 520 S.E.2d
545, 560-61 (N.C. 1999) (in order to obtain a voluntary intoxication
charge, the defendant must show that his "`mind and reason were so
completely intoxicated and overthrown as to render him utterly inca-
pable of forming a deliberate and premeditated purpose to kill.'"
(quoting State v. Strickland, 361 S.E.2d 882, 888 (N.C. 1987)). In
support of this defense, Fisher's counsel presented the testimony of
Fisher, Cliff Foster, the person Fisher was with during the four or five
hours immediately preceding the murder, and Fisher's court-
appointed clinical psychologist, Dr. J. Gary Hoover.

First, Fisher testified that he used alcohol, marijuana, and crack
cocaine on a regular basis. He testified that on April 1, 1992, he got
off work at about 3:30 p.m., got home about 3:45 p.m., showered,
talked to his father and watched television. At some point that after-
noon, Fisher and his nephew went to a grocery store to cash Fisher's
check and purchased beer and malt liquor while there. After returning
home, Fisher testified that he drank at least four quarts of malt liquor
and some additional amount of beer. Fisher testified that he later
returned to a store with his sister's boyfriend to buy wine and more
beer, and that he continued to drink until approximately 9:00 or 10:00
p.m., when his nephew dropped him off at Angela's house. During
the next several hours, Fisher testified that he talked with his son, put

                     13
his son to bed, and fell asleep himself while waiting for Angela to
come home. Fisher testified that Angela returned home between 11:00
p.m. and 12:00 a.m., and that an argument ensued which culminated
in Angela striking him. According to Fisher, at approximately 12:30
a.m., Angela left the house in a taxi and Fisher walked to Cliff Fos-
ter's house.

Fisher testified that after arriving at Foster's home, the two began
drinking alcoholic beverages and smoking crack cocaine, the latter of
which was purchased during two separate trips to a nearby drug
dealer. In between these purchases, Fisher telephoned Angela's resi-
dence and attempted to speak with her, but Angela's mother would
not allow him to do so. Fisher testified that at approximately 4:00
a.m., he walked back to Angela's house, this time carrying a knife
that he intended to use to "scare" her. Upon arriving, Fisher recalled
breaking the glass in the door, entering the house and telling Angela
that he wanted to talk to her. Fisher also recalled Angela coming
towards him, he believed to try and take the knife away from him, and
that a "scuffle" began. It is at this point that Fisher professes to have
"blacked-out," testifying that he has no memory between the time that
the "scuffle" started and the time that Angela's neighbor, Mr. Sim-
mons, fired his gun into the air. Consequently, Fisher testified, he has
no memory of stabbing Angela or Shemika with the knife, of drag-
ging Angela across the lawn and tearing off her nightgown, or of stab-
bing Angela with the broken stick that Shemika had used to try and
stop Fisher's attack upon her mother. Fisher testified that Simmons'
gunshot "woke [him] up," prompting him to run from the scene and
into the nearby woods where he hid from the police until later that
afternoon. Although Fisher admitted telling the police officers, shortly
after he was arrested, about various details of the actual attack upon
Angela, he testified that these patchy, dreamlike memories of the
intervening events only returned to him while he was hiding out after
the murder.

Cliff Foster corroborated Fisher's testimony concerning his alcohol
consumption and crack cocaine use in the hours immediately preced-
ing the murder. Specifically, Foster confirmed that he and Fisher
smoked four rocks of crack cocaine after 3:00 a.m. on the morning
of the murder and that, after smoking the crack cocaine, Fisher made
a telephone call and left.

                    14
Dr. Hoover, the court-appointed clinical psychologist who exam-
ined Fisher after the murder, also testified extensively for the defense.
Dr. Hoover evaluated Fisher, collected social development informa-
tion, and administered personality tests in order to develop a psycho-
logical profile, including the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality
Inventory, the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory, the Wechsler
Adult Intelligence Scale, and the Schretland Index of Faking. Dr.
Hoover diagnosed Fisher as suffering from chronic, persistent
dysthymia, as well as with a substance abuse problem with overtones
of chronic depression. He also had Fisher complete an intelligence
test which revealed Fisher to be in the below-average range of intelli-
gence. At trial, Dr. Hoover described his examination and evaluation
of Fisher in detail, as well as Fisher's personality traits and profile
and his alcohol and drug abuse history. Building upon this evaluation,
Dr. Hoover thrice offered the opinion that Fisher was in an alcohol
and drug-induced black-out state when he committed the murder,
incapable of forming a plan to murder Angela or of carrying out such
a plan. Among other things, Dr. Hoover opined that Fisher's "state
coupled with his personality organization [and] his general intellec-
tual level, rendered him to be very difficult to carry out any sort of
concerted intellectually based plan," Fisher, 445 S.E.2d at 877 (inter-
nal quotation marks omitted), and that "at the time of the murder
[Fisher] was functioning inside an alcohol/crack cocaine black-out
and that his emotional or his behavior was directly related to reduced
impulse control, reduced his ability to think, plan, organize himself
inside what is probable to be an alcoholic black-out enhanced by the
use of crack cocaine." Id. at 870-71 (internal quotation marks omit-
ted). In short, Dr. Hoover evaluated Fisher and presented comprehen-
sive testimony regarding Fisher's psychological profile, as well as his
probable condition on the morning of the murder.

B.

We now turn to Fisher's contention that his trial counsel's presen-
tation of evidence was nevertheless deficient because counsel should
have also presented the testimony of several lay witnesses to corrobo-
rate Fisher's alcohol consumption during the afternoon and early eve-
ning hours of April 1, 1992 -- seven to twelve hours before the
murder -- and better expert testimony regarding the likely effects of
the alcohol consumption and crack cocaine use on his behavior. Had

                     15
counsel done so, Fisher asserts, there is a reasonable probability that
the jury would not have entered a guilty verdict or recommended a
sentence of death. See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 688, 694-95. We con-
clude that the state court was not unreasonable in its rejection of these
claims. See Williams, 120 S. Ct. at 1523.

1.

We first address Fisher's claim that trial counsel was ineffective for
failing to present the testimony of several lay witnesses who, at vari-
ous times between the hours of 4:00 p.m. and 9:00 p.m., observed
Fisher drinking alcoholic beverages. Having heard the testimony of
these witnesses, the state court ruled that trial counsel's failure to
present their testimony at trial did not amount to deficient perfor-
mance, nor prejudice Fisher. We agree, and certainly cannot say that
this was an unreasonable adjudication of the claim.

First, we agree that Fisher failed to demonstrate that his counsel
was deficient in this regard. As noted by the state court, Fisher's trial
counsel presented sufficient evidence to support a jury instruction on
the voluntary intoxication defense at the conclusion of the guilt phase
of his trial, and to support the submission of numerous statutory miti-
gating circumstances, including the (f)(2) and (f)(6) statutory mitigat-
ing circumstances, during the sentencing phase of the trial. Fisher
testified concerning his alcohol consumption between the hours of
4:00 p.m. and 9:00 p.m., and Fisher and Foster testified concerning
Fisher's alcohol consumption and crack cocaine use between the
hours of 12:00 a.m. and 5:00 a.m., the four to five hours immediately
preceding the murder. At most, the additional lay witnesses could
have also testified that Fisher drank alcoholic beverages at various
times between 4:00 p.m. and 9:00 p.m. -- a period of time some
seven to twelve hours preceding the murder -- but their testimony as
to the amounts that Fisher consumed would have been, as it was
before the state court, vague and uncertain. Furthermore, none of the
witnesses testified that Fisher was highly intoxicated, that he was
stumbling or slurring his speech, or that they were concerned for his
welfare or the welfare of others. Hence, the state court, after observ-
ing the testimony of these witnesses during the hearing on Fisher's
MAR, made the quite reasonable finding that the witnesses "who saw
[Fisher] on the afternoon and evening [before the murder] did not pay

                     16
attention to the amount [Fisher] drank, and therefore could not, with
veracity, corroborate his alcoholic intake that day." J.A. 925.

We additionally note that after 9:00 p.m., when Fisher first arrived
at Angela's house, Fisher testified that he watched television, played
with his son, put his son to bed, and then slept himself until Angela
returned home at approximately 11:00 p.m. or 12:00 a.m. There is no
testimony, even by Fisher, that he consumed alcohol or drugs during
the several hours between the time he arrived at Angela's home and
the time he arrived at Foster's home. Thus, Fisher's counsel did fully
explore the evidence of Fisher's alcohol consumption and crack
cocaine use during the seven or eight hours immediately prior to the
time of the murder, as testified to by Fisher and corroborated by Fos-
ter. Under the circumstances, therefore, we cannot say that the state
court was unreasonable in its determination that Fisher's counsel was
not constitutionally deficient because he failed to present lay wit-
nesses to corroborate Fisher's testimony that he consumed alcoholic
beverages before 9:00 p.m. on the evening prior to the murder. See
Williams, 120 S. Ct. at 1523; see e.g., Williams v. Dixon, 961 F.2d
448, 451 (4th Cir. 1992) (failure to present more witnesses to support
the intoxication defense was not ineffective assistance of counsel).

Second, even were we to conclude that Fisher's counsel should
have presented the testimony of these witnesses, we are satisfied that
there is no reasonable probability that the testimony would have
changed the outcome of the trial. According to the evidence presented
to the jury, Fisher had violently assaulted Angela when she returned
home between 11:00 p.m. and 12:00 a.m. the evening before her mur-
der. The assault ended only when Angela fled from the home and into
a waiting taxi, with Fisher chasing her. Angela's shirt was torn in this
attack, and she had multiple bruises. She then obtained a warrant
charging Fisher with assault and the police began searching for him.
By Fisher's own testimony, he was aware of and remembered the
events occurring from 9:00 p.m. that evening up to and including the
time, roughly 5:00 a.m. the following morning, when he returned to
Angela's home, with knife in hand, minutes after confirming by a
telephone call that Angela, too, had returned. Although Fisher testi-
fied about his alcohol consumption during the afternoon and early
evening hours, he did not profess to be highly intoxicated at that time.
And, even after consuming additional alcohol and adding crack

                    17
cocaine to the mix, he was able to clearly relate his acts of telephon-
ing Angela from Foster's home without assistance, securing the knife
at Foster's home in order to "scare" Angela, walking over two miles
to Angela's home with the knife in hand, and forcibly breaking into
the residence to continue his assault upon Angela. Finally, the evi-
dence indicated that after Simmons fired his gun, and presumably
frightened Fisher, Fisher stopped his attack upon Angela and ran
without apparent difficulty from the scene.

Presented with such overwhelming evidence, the jury reasonably
rejected Fisher's attempt to prove that he was incapable, as a result
of his alcohol consumption and crack cocaine use, of forming a spe-
cific intent to kill Angela, see Cheek, 520 S.E.2d at 561, as well as
his assertion at sentencing that his capacity "to appreciate the crimi-
nality of his conduct or to conform his conduct to the requirements
of law was impaired," N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-2000(f)(6). There is no
reasonable probability that the rather insignificant testimony of those
witnesses who had seen Fisher prior to 9:00 p.m. the evening before
the murder would have changed the outcome of the jury's determina-
tion on either issue. Likewise, there is no reasonable probability that,
had the jury found the (f)(6) mitigator, it also"would have concluded
that the balance of aggravating and mitigating circumstances did not
warrant death." Strickland, 466 U.S. at 695. Accordingly, North Caro-
lina's rejection of Fisher's claims was neither contrary to nor an
unreasonable application of the governing Strickland test. Therefore,
Fisher is not entitled to habeas relief under 28 U.S.C.A. § 2254(d) on
this basis.

2.

We likewise reject Fisher's claim that his trial counsel was ineffec-
tive in his presentation of expert testimony to support the voluntary
intoxication defense, as well as the (f)(2) and (f)(6) mitigating cir-
cumstances. With regard to the voluntary intoxication defense, Fisher
complains that his court-appointed clinical psychologist, Dr. Hoover,
began his evaluation too late and was insufficiently prepared to pre-
sent effective testimony. And, Fisher asserts that his trial counsel
should have also sought permission to retain a psychiatrist to testify
about the combined effects of alcohol and cocaine on Fisher's behav-
ior and to testify, as did Dr. Hoover, that Fisher was in an alcohol or

                    18
drug-induced blackout during the murder, incapable of making or car-
rying out a murderous plan. With regard to the sentencing issues,
Fisher complains because his counsel did not have either Dr. Hoover
or a psychiatrist testify, in the words of the N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-
2000(f)(6), that Fisher's "capacity . . . to appreciate the criminality of
his conduct [and] to conform his conduct to law was impaired" by his
alcohol and cocaine use. Had counsel done so, Fisher asserts, there is
a reasonable probability that the evidence would have changed the
jury's determination as to the existence of the (f)(6) mitigating cir-
cumstance and the weight given to both the (f)(2) and the (f)(6) miti-
gating circumstances, resulting in a sentence other than death.

Again, we cannot say that the state court unreasonably rejected
Fisher's claims in this regard. Prior to trial, Fisher sought and
obtained permission to retain a clinical psychologist, Dr. Hoover, to
evaluate Fisher. Although Dr. Hoover, as a result of a miscommunica-
tion with trial counsel's office, did not begin his evaluation as early
as he would have preferred, he was able to meet with Fisher on three
separate occasions, evaluate him in time to testify at the trial, and tes-
tify comprehensively at trial on the issue of Fisher's probable mental
state on the morning of the murder. As revealed by our previous sum-
mary, the testimony that Dr. Hoover gave during the guilt phase was
clearly competent and more than sufficient to allow for the submis-
sion of the voluntary intoxication defense and the (f)(2) and (f)(6)
mitigating circumstances to the jury. During the trial, Dr. Hoover
never told Fisher's counsel that he felt unprepared or uncomfortable
with his testimony and, at the evidentiary hearing on Fisher's MAR,
Dr. Hoover stood by the opinions that he had offered at the trial.
Indeed, the jury found the existence of the (f)(2) mitigating circum-
stance, at least in part based upon the testimony of Dr. Hoover. The
proposed additional testimony by a "psychiatrist" would have been,
for the most part, cumulative to the opinions offered by Dr. Hoover
and is certainly not so critical, viewed in the context of the other evi-
dence, as to have had any probability of changing the outcome of the
jury's verdict.

In summary, the jury rejected the voluntary intoxication defense,
concluding that Fisher was capable of deliberating and premeditating
the murder, and consistent with this conclusion, proceeded to find the
existence of every mitigating circumstance submitted, with the excep-

                     19
tion of the (f)(6) mitigator. The evidence supporting the jury's conclu-
sion that Fisher was able to premeditate and deliberate the murder, as
well as to appreciate the criminality of his conduct and to conform his
conduct to the law, was simply overwhelming. See Strickland, 466
U.S. at 696 (stating that "a verdict or conclusion only weakly sup-
ported by the record is more likely to have been affected by errors
than one with overwhelming support"). And, we certainly cannot say
the state court was unreasonable in its determination that counsel's
presentation of the expert testimony was not deficient and that, in any
event, there was no reasonable probability that the additional testi-
mony would have changed the outcome of the jury's verdict or sen-
tencing recommendation.

C.

Fisher raises two additional claims, contending that trial counsel
was constitutionally ineffective in failing to have Dr. Hoover offer an
expert opinion to the effect that Fisher would adjust well to incarcera-
tion and in failing to introduce Angela's statement, given between the
time that Fisher first assaulted her and the time that he returned and
murdered her, that Fisher's conduct that evening was out of character
for him. The State claims that Fisher failed to timely or specifically
raise these claims before the state court and, therefore, has either
defaulted or waived his ability to raise them here. We need not decide
whether Fisher has procedurally defaulted or otherwise waived these
claims, however, because we independently conclude that he has
failed to establish ineffective assistance of counsel based upon the
alleged failures.

During the sentencing phase of trial, Fisher's counsel presented the
testimony of Lieutenant Murphy, with the Forsyth County Sheriff's
Department, that during Fisher's incarceration while awaiting trial,
Fisher's attitude had been good, that he had incurred no disciplinary
infractions, and that he had regularly participated in Narcotics Anony-
mous. Counsel also presented uncontradicted evidence that Fisher had
no prior criminal record and no significant history of violence or other
criminal activity. Additionally, counsel presented the testimony of
several witnesses who confirmed that Fisher's mother had suffered
with an alcohol problem and that Fisher enjoyed a good relationship
with his son. No doubt as a result of this evidence, members of the

                    20
jury explicitly recognized, as a statutory mitigating circumstance, that
Fisher "ha[d] no significant history of prior criminal activity," N.C.
Gen. Stat. § 15A-2000(f)(1), and as non-statutory mitigating circum-
stances, that Fisher's conduct in the jail had been without disciplinary
problems and that he had participated in Narcotics Anonymous while
incarcerated. However, the jury ultimately concluded that these three
mitigating circumstances, and five additional ones, were insufficient
to outweigh the two aggravating circumstances which they had unani-
mously found to exist.

Considering all the circumstances, we cannot say that trial coun-
sel's representation fell below an objective standard of reasonableness
simply because he did not present, in addition to the uncontradicted
testimony and other evidence of Fisher's non-violent nature and good
adjustment to incarceration, the cumulative statement by Angela to
the effect that Fisher's violence that evening was out of character for
him and an opinion by Dr. Hoover that Fisher would adjust well to
incarceration. But even if we were to conclude that Fisher's counsel
should have introduced this additional evidence, Fisher would still not
be entitled to relief because we are again satisfied that there is no
"reasonable probability that, absent the [alleged] errors, the [jury] . . .
would have concluded that the balance of aggravating and mitigating
circumstances did not warrant death." Strickland, 466 U.S. at 695.

D.

In conclusion, we are satisfied that Fisher's counsel's presentation
of lay testimony, expert testimony and other evidence in support of
Fisher's intoxication defense, as well as the associated mitigating fac-
tors, was not deficient. Indeed, although ultimately unsuccessful,
counsel was successful in establishing numerous mitigating circum-
stances for the jury to weigh against the aggravating circumstances it
also found.

Nevertheless, even were we to assume that Fisher's counsel should
have presented the additional testimony and other evidence in support
of mitigation, we would still conclude, as the state court did, that
there was no actual prejudice to Fisher. Fisher brutally murdered his
girlfriend and the mother of his child several hours after she fled his
initial assault upon her. He secured a knife, walked miles to her home,

                     21
stabbed her a total of thirty-two times, and broke her jaw and cheek
-- all in the presence of her mother, her thirteen-year-old daughter,
and their four-year-old son. During the prolonged assault, Fisher
dragged Angela naked and bleeding into the yard, where he continued
to stab, hit and kick her until Simmons fired a gun and scared him off.
In the process, Fisher also stabbed Angela's daughter. Not surpris-
ingly, Fisher's jury found both that Fisher committed the murder
while engaged in a burglary, see N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A 2000(e)(5),
and that the murder was "especially heinous, atrocious, or cruel," see
N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-2000(e)(9). Fisher's jury also found that these
aggravating circumstances outweighed the substantial mitigating evi-
dence that his counsel presented and which had resulted in their find-
ing of eight mitigating circumstances.

When we consider the totality of the additional mitigating evi-
dence, which Fisher now asserts was improperly withheld from the
jury's consideration, in combination with the substantial mitigating
evidence that counsel did present, we are satisfied that "there is [no]
reasonable probability that, absent the [alleged] errors, the [jury] . . .
would have concluded that the balance of aggravating and mitigating
circumstances did not warrant death." See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 695;
see also Williams, 120 S. Ct. at 1515 (noting that state court should
"evaluate the totality of the available mitigation evidence -- both that
adduced at trial, and the evidence adduced in the habeas proceeding
-- in reweighing it against the evidence in aggravation"). Accord-
ingly, Fisher is not entitled to habeas relief by the federal court on the
basis of ineffective assistance of counsel.

E.

Finally, we briefly address Fisher's assertion that he should have
been afforded an evidentiary hearing in the district court on his inef-
fective assistance of counsel claims. We conclude that the district
court did not err in denying this request.

Under 28 U.S.C.A. § 2254(e)(2), a district court may not hold an
evidentiary hearing on an applicant's habeas claims if the applicant
"failed to develop the factual basis of a claim" during the state court
proceedings unless the applicant can establish the existence of a statu-

                     22
tory exception.3 Id.; see also Williams v. Taylor, 120 S. Ct. 1479
(2000). When the state court has denied the habeas applicant the
opportunity to develop his claims, however, the district court may
hold an evidentiary hearing, provided the petitioner "alleges addi-
tional facts that, if true, would entitle him to relief" and establishes
one of six factors set out by the Supreme Court in Townsend v. Sain,
372 U.S. 293, 312 (1963). Cardwell v. Green, 152 F.3d 331, 338 (4th
Cir. 1998) (also recognizing that "[i]f . . . the applicant has not `failed
to develop' the facts in state court, the district court may proceed to
consider whether a hearing is appropriate, or required under Town-
send." (citation omitted) (internal quotation marks omitted)).

Fisher contends, first, that § 2254(e)(2) did not prohibit an eviden-
tiary hearing before the district court because he did not fail to
develop the factual basis of his claims in state court. Second, Fisher
asserts that he made the requisite showing under Townsend, and in
particular, that he established four of the Townsend factors: (1) that
"the merits of the factual dispute were not resolved in the state hear-
ing;" (2) that "the state factual determination is not fairly supported
by the record as a whole;" (3) that "the fact-finding procedure
_________________________________________________________________

3 The full text of Section 2254(e)(2) provides as follows:

          If the applicant has failed to develop the factual basis of a claim
          in State court proceedings, the court shall not hold an evidentiary
          hearing on the claim unless the applicant shows that--

          (A) the claim relies on --

           (i) a new rule of constitutional law, made retroactive to
          cases on collateral review by the Supreme Court, that
          was previously unavailable; or

           (ii) a factual predicate that could not have been previ-
          ously discovered through the exercise of due diligence;
          and

          (B) the facts underlying the claim would be sufficient to
          establish by clear and convincing evidence that but for con-
          stitutional error, no reasonable factfinder would have found
          the applicant guilty of the underlying offense.

28 U.S.C.A. § 2254(e)(2). Fisher does not assert that a statutory excep-
tion is applicable here.

                     23
employed by the state court was not adequate to afford a full and fair
hearing;" and (4) that "the state trier of fact did not [otherwise] afford
[him] a full and fair fact hearing." Townsend, 372 U.S. at 313. We
disagree.

First, we note that while Fisher may be correct in his assertion that
he has not "failed to develop" -- as best he could -- the factual basis
of his claims in state court, he has not demonstrated that he was in
any way prohibited in his attempts to develop those claims. In fact,
Fisher candidly admits that the state court conducted a full evidentiary
hearing on the ineffective assistance of counsel claims raised in his
MAR, at which time he was afforded the opportunity to present live
witnesses and other evidence in support of those claims. After the
hearing, which lasted three days, Fisher was allowed to amend his
MAR to conform to the evidence presented. And, Fisher has asserted
that the facts which he was afforded the opportunity to develop during
the state hearing are sufficient to demonstrate that he received consti-
tutionally ineffective assistance of counsel.

Second, we reiterate that the fact that § 2254(e)(2) did not prohibit
the district court from conducting an evidentiary hearing on his claims
does not translate to a conclusion that Fisher was entitled to a hearing.
In support of his claim that he has established entitlement to a hearing
under Townsend, Fisher merely revives his earlier claim that the state
court did not resolve his sentencing claims at all, and adds a nonspe-
cific allegation that the state evidentiary hearing was not a "full and
fair" one. However, there is no indication that Fisher was afforded
anything less than a full and fair hearing in the North Carolina state
court in which to pursue his ineffective assistance of counsel claims
and he has not alleged that he was in any way prevented in his efforts
to substantiate his claims. He has failed to make even a minimal
showing to "rebut[ ] the presumption of correctness" of the state
court's factual findings, much less by the "clear and convincing evi-
dence" required by § 2254(e)(1), and Fisher has pointed to no addi-
tional facts or evidence that he would have presented, or, for that
matter, that he now wishes to present. Accordingly, we hold that the
district court did not err in refusing to grant Fisher an evidentiary
hearing in federal court.

                     24
IV.

Fisher's final contention is that his death sentence should be
reversed because the trial court's instruction on the "especially hei-
nous, atrocious, or cruel" aggravating circumstance, see 15A N.C.
Gen. Stat. § 15A-2000(e)(9), was unconstitutionally vague in contra-
vention of the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United
States Constitution. Because Fisher did not challenge the constitution-
ality of this aggravating circumstance in his direct appeal to the North
Carolina Supreme Court, however, the state MAR court ruled that the
claim was procedurally defaulted under N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-
1419(a)(3)(1999). Id. (stating that a motion for appropriate relief may
be denied when "[u]pon a previous appeal the defendant was in a
position to adequately raise the ground or issue underlying the present
motion but did not do so").

On habeas review, the federal court is precluded from reviewing
the merits of a claim that was procedurally defaulted under an "inde-
pendent and adequate" state procedural rule,"unless the [applicant]
can demonstrate cause for the default and actual prejudice as a result
of the alleged violation of federal law, or demonstrate that failure to
consider the claims will result in a fundamental miscarriage of justice."4
Coleman v. Thompson, 501 U.S. 722, 750 (1991); see also Harris v.
Reed, 489 U.S. 255, 262 (1989). A state rule is "adequate" if it is reg-
ularly or consistently applied by the state court, see Johnson v. Mis-
sissippi, 486 U.S. 578, 587 (1988), and "independent" if it does not
"depend[ ] on a federal constitutional ruling." Ake v. Oklahoma, 470
U.S. 68, 75 (1985).

On appeal, Fisher asserts that the state court did not review and
reject the claim based upon an "independent and adequate" state law
ground and that, even if it did, he has shown cause and prejudice for
the default. We reject both claims.
_________________________________________________________________

4 Fisher does not assert that our failure to consider his heinousness
claim will result in a fundamental miscarriage of justice, and we agree
that it would not.

                    25
A.

We begin with Fisher's assertion that the North Carolina state court
did not reject his constitutional challenge to the jury instruction on the
basis of an "independent and adequate" state law ground. At the out-
set, we point out that N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1419(a)(3) is generally
an independent and adequate state law ground for finding that a claim
has been procedurally defaulted. See Williams v. French, 146 F.3d
203, 209 (4th Cir. 1998) (holding that "§ 15A-1419(a)(3) is an inde-
pendent and adequate state ground" for a state court's finding of pro-
cedural default), cert. denied, 119 S. Ct. 1061 (1999). Fisher does not
seriously contend otherwise. Rather, he asserts that the statute cannot
operate as an "independent and adequate" state law ground for proce-
dural default in his case because, pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-
2000(d)(1) and (2), the North Carolina Supreme Court was required
to conduct an "automatic review" of his death penalty which would
have encompassed the claim he now specifically raises. In particular,
Fisher points to the North Carolina statutory provisions which
required the North Carolina Supreme Court (1) to "consider the pun-
ishment imposed as well as any errors assigned on appeal," N.C. Gen.
Stat. § 15A-2000(d)(1); and (2) to overturn the death sentence if the
court determined that "the record [did] not support the jury's findings
of any aggravating circumstance or circumstances," that "the sentence
of death was imposed under the influence of passion, prejudice, or
any other arbitrary factor," or that "the sentence of death [was] exces-
sive or disproportionate to the penalty imposed in similar cases," N.C.
Gen. Stat. § 15A-2000(d)(2). As a result of these provisions, the argu-
ment goes, the North Carolina state court was statutorily required to
review the substance of the constitutional challenge to the (e)(9)
aggravating circumstance which Fisher now pursues and, thus, the
review was not independent of federal law. We disagree.

In Mu'Min v. Pruett, 125 F.3d 192 (4th Cir. 1997), we rejected a
similar claim that the Virginia Supreme Court implicitly considered
and rejected a habeas applicant's constitutional claims during its man-
datory review of the applicant's death sentence because the manda-
tory review procedures only required the Virginia Supreme Court to
determine "whether the imposition of the death penalty was influ-
enced by improper considerations," and not to "examine the record for
constitutional errors not specified on appeal." Id. at 197; see

                     26
Kornahrens v. Evatt, 66 F.3d 1350, 1362-63 (4th Cir. 1995) (holding
that South Carolina's prior practice of in favorem vitae review did not
preserve otherwise defaulted claims); see also Bennett v. Angelone,
92 F.3d 1336, 1345 n.6 (4th Cir. 1996) (noting that "the spirit of
Kornahrens is counter" to the notion that the Virginia mandatory
review procedure preserves claims not raised on direct appeal). Like
Virginia's mandatory review provision, N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-
2000(d) imposes no requirement that the court search the record for
errors not pursued on direct appeal. Accordingly, we conclude that
North Carolina rejected Fisher's challenge to the jury instruction on
the basis of the adequate and independent state procedural rule set
forth in N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15-A-1419(a)(3).

B.

Fisher next argues that, even though he procedurally defaulted the
claim in state court, we may nevertheless review its merits on federal
habeas because he can demonstrate cause and prejudice to overcome
the default. Specifically, he asserts that his counsel was constitution-
ally ineffective in failing to pursue a challenge to the "heinous, atro-
cious, or cruel" jury instruction on direct appeal to the Supreme Court
of North Carolina. We disagree.

The Sixth Amendment right to effective assistance of counsel
extends to require such assistance on direct appeal of a criminal con-
viction. See Evitts v. Lucey, 469 U.S. 387, 396 (1985). Therefore,
Fisher can demonstrate cause for his procedural default based on inef-
fective assistance of counsel if he can satisfy the oft-recited test set
forth in Strickland v. Washington. See Coleman, 501 U.S. at 753-54.
As with all ineffectiveness claims, Fisher must demonstrate that his
"counsel's representation fell below an objective standard of reason-
ableness" and "that there is a reasonable probability that, but for coun-
sel's unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have
been different." Strickland, 466 U.S. at 688, 694. In reviewing a claim
that appellate counsel was ineffective, we accord counsel the "pre-
sumption that he decided which issues were most likely to afford
relief on appeal," Pruett v. Thompson, 996 F.2d 1560, 1568 (4th Cir.
1993), and we do not obligate counsel to assert all non-frivolous
issues on appeal, see Smith v. South Carolina, 882 F.2d 895, 899 (4th
Cir. 1989). Rather, "[w]innowing out weaker arguments on appeal

                    27
and focusing on those more likely to prevail, far from evidence of
incompetence, is the hallmark of effective appellate advocacy." Id.
(internal quotation marks omitted).

It has long been settled that a state's capital sentencing scheme
may not allow for the imposition of the death penalty in an arbitrary
and capricious manner. See Furman v. Georgia, 408 U.S. 238 (1972).
The state "has a constitutional responsibility to tailor and apply its law
in a manner that avoids the arbitrary and capricious infliction of the
death penalty," which includes a responsibility to "define the crimes
for which death may be the sentence in a way that obviates `standard-
less [sentencing] discretion.'" Godfrey v. Georgia, 446 U.S. 420, 428
(1980) (quoting Gregg v. Georgia, 428 U.S. 153, 196 n.47 (1976)
(alteration in original). The "capital sentencing scheme must, in short,
provide a `meaningful basis for distinguishing the few cases in which
[the penalty] is imposed from the many cases in which it is not.'" Id.
(quoting Gregg, 428 U.S. at 188) (alteration in original).

In the case of statutory aggravating circumstances in a capital pun-
ishment scheme, a circumstance may be so vague as to provide no
such meaningful basis for distinguishing a death penalty case from
other murders and, thereby, run afoul of the Eighth Amendment pro-
hibition against the imposition of cruel and unusual punishment. Such
"[c]laims of vagueness . . . characteristically assert that the challenged
provision fails adequately to inform juries what they must find to
impose the death penalty and as a result leaves them and appellate
courts with the kind of open-ended discretion which was held invalid
in Furman." Maynard v. Cartwright, 486 U.S. 356, 361-362 (1988)
(holding that Oklahoma's "especially heinous, atrocious, or cruel"
aggravating circumstance was unconstitutionally vague); see also
Godfrey, 446 U.S. at 428-29 (holding that Georgia's "outrageously or
wantonly vile, horrible or inhuman" circumstance was also invalid).
Thus, the Supreme Court has "insisted that the channeling and limit-
ing of the sentencer's discretion in imposing the death penalty is a
fundamental constitutional requirement for sufficiently minimizing
the risk of wholly arbitrary and capricious action." Maynard, 486 U.S.
at 362.

A statutory circumstance that is alone too vague to provide mean-
ingful guidance to the sentencer may be accompanied by a limiting

                     28
instruction which does provide sufficient guidance. See Shell v. Mis-
sissippi, 498 U.S. 1, 1-3 (1990) (holding that a limiting instruction
which defined the terms "heinous, atrocious, or cruel" in equally
vague language was not constitutionally sufficient); Walton v. Ari-
zona, 497 U.S. 639, 653 (1990) (noting that in Maynard and Godfrey,
"the jury either was instructed only in the bare terms of the relevant
statute or in terms nearly as vague"). Consequently, when reviewing
a state court's application of a statutory aggravating circumstance, we
"must first determine whether the statutory language defining the cir-
cumstance is itself too vague to provide any guidance to the sen-
tencer." Walton, 497 U.S. at 654. If so, we must then proceed "to
determine whether the state courts have further defined the vague
terms and, if they have done so, whether those definitions are consti-
tutionally sufficient, i.e., whether they provide some guidance to the
sentencer." Id.

With these principles in mind, we turn to North Carolina law and
the instruction given by the trial court at the conclusion of the sen-
tencing phase of Fisher's trial. Under North Carolina law, a person
may be sentenced to death if the jury finds, as an aggravating circum-
stance, that "[t]he capital felony was especially heinous, atrocious, or
cruel." 15A N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-2000(e)(9). Fisher's jury was pre-
sented with this statutory, aggravating circumstance for consideration,
along with the following limiting instruction:

          The next issue is "the capital felony was especially heinous,
          atrocious or cruel." Now in this context heinous means
          extremely wicked or shockingly evil. Atrocious means out-
          rageously wicked and vile and cruel means designed to
          inflict a high degree of pain with utter indifference to or
          even enjoyment of the suffering of others. However, it is not
          enough that this murder be heinous, atrocious or cruel as
          these terms have just been defined. This murder must have
          been especially heinous, atrocious or cruel and not every
          murder is especially so. For this murder to have been espe-
          cially heinous, atrocious or cruel, any brutality which was
          involved in it must have exceeded that which is normally
          present in any killing or this murder must have been. . . a
          conscienceless or pitiless crime which was unnecessarily
          torturous to the victim.

                    29
(Transcript, Vol. IV. at 96). At the time of Fisher's appeal to the
North Carolina Supreme Court, this limiting instruction, taken from
the North Carolina Pattern Jury Instructions, had already been sub-
jected to a vagueness challenge before that court. See State v. Syriani,
428 S.E.2d 118, 140-41 (N.C. 1993). The court rejected the challenge,
holding that "[b]ecause the[ ] jury instructions incorporate narrowing
definitions adopted by this [c]ourt and expressly approved by the
United States Supreme Court, or are of the tenor of the definitions
approved, we reaffirm that the[ ] instructions provide constitutionally
sufficient guidance to the jury." Id. at 141.

Relying primarily upon Maynard, Fisher now raises the identical
challenge in his federal habeas application, asserting that North Caro-
lina's "heinous, atrocious, or cruel" aggravating circumstance is
unconstitutionally vague, that the limiting instruction does not suffi-
ciently channel the jury's discretion in recommending the death pen-
alty, and that his appellate counsel was constitutionally deficient in
failing to pursue this challenge before the North Carolina Supreme
Court on direct appeal.

Although Fisher is correct in his assertion that North Carolina's
"especially heinous, atrocious, or cruel" aggravating circumstance,
standing alone, is unconstitutionally vague, see Maynard, 486 U.S. at
364 ("To say that something is `especially heinous' merely suggests
that the individual jurors should determine that the murder is more
than just `heinous,' whatever that means, and an ordinary person
could honestly believe that every unjustified, intentional taking of
human life is `especially heinous.'"); see Smith v. Dixon, 14 F.3d 956,
974 (4th Cir. 1994) (en banc) (recognizing that North Carolina's "hei-
nous, atrocious, or cruel" aggravating circumstance requires a limiting
construction), this does not end our inquiry. In its prior precedents,
the Supreme Court has had occasion to consider the constitutionality
of certain limiting constructions of the "especially heinous, atrocious,
or cruel" aggravating circumstance. For example, the Court has recog-
nized that a construction limiting the phrase to crimes involving "tor-
ture or serious physical abuse" provides adequate guidance to the
sentencer, Maynard, 486 U.S. at 365, as does a construction requiring
a finding that the murder was a "conscienceless or pitiless crime
which [was] unnecessarily tortuous to the victim," Proffitt v. Florida,
428 U.S. 242, 255-56 (1976) (internal quotation marks omitted). The

                    30
Court has disclaimed, however, the suggestion that "some kind of tor-
ture or serious physical abuse is the only limiting construction of the
heinous, atrocious, or cruel aggravating circumstance that would be
constitutionally acceptable." Maynard, 486 U.S. at 365 (emphasis
added). Rather, as stated previously, the question is whether the state
court's limiting construction "provide[s] some guidance to the sen-
tencer," such that their discretion is not boundless. Walton, 497 U.S.
at 654.

Fisher's jury was also given a limiting instruction which, after
defining the individual terms of the aggravating circumstance, empha-
sized to the jury that not every murder is "especially heinous, atro-
cious, or cruel" and that, in order to find this aggravating
circumstance, the jury must further conclude that any brutality which
was involved in the murder must have exceeded that which is nor-
mally present in any killing or that the murder must have been a con-
scienceless or pitiless crime which was unnecessarily torturous to the
victim. Thus, the jury was not left with the bare terms of the statute,
or with definitions equally vague. Rather, it was provided with a lim-
iting construction which required the jury to make additional findings
in order to distinguish Angela's murder from all others and, therefore,
provided the meaningful guidance required to ensure that Fisher's
death sentence was not imposed in an arbitrary or capricious manner.
We are satisfied that it was not, and that the limiting instruction
served its purpose.

At a minimum, however, we are confident that Fisher's appellate
counsel was not constitutionally deficient for failing to challenge the
instruction on direct appeal, particularly given the North Carolina
precedent already rejecting such a claim, see Syriani, 428 S.E.2d at
141, and that, given the gruesome facts underlying Angela's murder,
there is no "probability sufficient to undermine our confidence that if
his attorney had presented this claim the result of the proceeding
would have been [different]," Smith, 14 F.3d at 974. Accordingly,
Fisher has also failed to demonstrate cause for his procedural default
of the heinousness claim and is not entitled to habeas relief in the fed-
eral courts. See Coleman, 501 U.S. at 753-54.

V.

For the foregoing reasons, we conclude that Fisher has failed to
make a substantial showing of the denial of a constitutional right. See

                     31
28 U.S.C.A. § 2253(c)(2). Accordingly, we deny Fisher's request for
a certificate of appealability and dismiss the appeal.

DISMISSED

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