                 NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION

                                    Case Nos. 17-2172/2173

                           UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                            FILED
                                FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT                           May 31, 2018
                                                                            DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk

 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                        )
                                                  )
           Plaintiff-Appellee,                    )        ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
                                                  )        STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR
 v.                                               )        THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF
                                                  )        MICHIGAN
 ALFORNIA JOHNSON,                                )
                                                  )
           Defendant-Appellant.                   )

       BEFORE: COOK and DONALD, Circuit Judges; HALE, District Judge.*

       COOK, Circuit Judge. As part of a multi-state conspiracy, Alfornia Johnson helped

distribute large quantities of oxycodone pills in Ohio. After pleading guilty to conspiracy to

distribute controlled substances, Johnson fled. Following his arrest two years later, the district

court sentenced him to 188 months’ imprisonment for his involvement in the drug conspiracy,

finding that his managerial role warranted an enhancement. Johnson appeals his sentence,

challenging that enhancement and the quantity of drugs attributed to him at sentencing. For the

reasons explained here, we AFFIRM.

                                             I.

       Beginning in 2008, Johnson and others fraudulently obtained prescription medications in

Michigan and resold those pills at substantial markups in Ohio and elsewhere. Doctors in

Michigan wrote sham prescriptions for drugs, particularly oxycodone, that co-conspirators would




       The Honorable David J. Hale, United States District Judge for the Western District of
       *

Kentucky, sitting by designation.
Case Nos. 17-2172/2173, United States v. Johnson


then fill at cooperating pharmacies. In total, those physicians prescribed more than 500,000 doses

of oxycodone, carrying a street value over $10 million. As part of that conspiracy, Johnson helped

develop and maintain a pill distribution network in Portsmouth, Ohio. A grand jury indicted

Johnson for conspiracy to distribute and possession with intent to distribute controlled substances

in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a), 846; he pleaded guilty. Once released on bond, however,

Johnson disappeared for roughly two years, eventually pleading guilty to failure to appear.

       The Presentence Investigation Report (“PSR”) determined that Johnson distributed pills

equivalent to at least 3,000 kilograms of marijuana, setting a base offense level of 32. The PSR

also recommended a three-point enhancement for Johnson’s role as a manager or supervisor in the

drug conspiracy and a two-point enhancement for obstruction of justice owing to Johnson’s failure

to appear. In total, the PSR recommended a Guidelines range of 262 to 327 months’ imprisonment,

per an offense level of 37 and a criminal history category of III.

       At the sentencing hearing, the district court overruled Johnson’s objections to the PSR’s

drug-quantity calculations and the manager/supervisor enhancement.            Finding the PSR’s

recommended Guidelines range accurate but excessive relative to Johnson’s co-conspirators, the

court varied downwards, sentencing Johnson to 188 months for the drug conspiracy and 36 months

for failing to appear. Johnson appeals his drug conspiracy sentence.1




       1
        Although Johnson initially challenged both sentences, he now concedes that he cannot
appeal the 36-month sentence for failing to appear because of the appeal waiver in his plea
agreement.

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Case Nos. 17-2172/2173, United States v. Johnson


                                              II.

       We review sentencing decisions deferentially, for abuse of discretion. Gall v. United

States, 552 U.S. 38, 41 (2007). “This review has two components: procedural reasonableness and

substantive reasonableness.” United States v. Solano-Rosales, 781 F.3d 345, 351 (6th Cir. 2015).

Johnson challenges only the procedural reasonableness of his sentence.2 A district court errs

procedurally by “failing to calculate (or improperly calculating) the Guidelines range, treating the

Guidelines as mandatory, failing to consider the [18 U.S.C.] § 3553(a) factors, selecting a sentence

based on clearly erroneous facts, or failing to adequately explain the chosen sentence—including

an explanation for any deviation from the Guidelines range.” Gall, 552 U.S. at 51.

   A. Drug-Quantity Finding

       Johnson first presses that the evidence was “too speculative” to support the district court’s

drug-quantity determination––a factual finding that we review for clear error. United States v.

Jeross, 521 F.3d 562, 570 (6th Cir. 2008). “An estimate will suffice as long as it is supported by

a preponderance of the evidence.” United States v. Johnson, 732 F.3d 577, 581 (6th Cir. 2013).

       The Sentencing Guidelines recommend an offense level of 32 for distributing between

3,000 and 10,000 kilograms of marijuana––or at least approximately 5,600 80-milligram

oxycodone pills under the Guidelines’ conversion table. See U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(c)(4); id. § 2D1.1



       2
         In his brief, Johnson states that his sentence is “both procedurally and substantively
unreasonable,” but fails to develop any argument for why his sentence is substantively
unreasonable. Because “issues adverted to in a perfunctory manner, unaccompanied by some
effort at developed argumentation, are deemed waived,” we address only the procedural
reasonableness of Johnson’s sentence. United States v. Elder, 90 F.3d 1110, 1118 (6th Cir. 1996)
(quoting United States v. Zannino, 895 F.2d 1, 17 (1st Cir. 1990)).

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Case Nos. 17-2172/2173, United States v. Johnson


cmt. 8(D). The PSR determined that Johnson distributed 9,810 80-milligram oxycodone pills in

Ohio, which the district court confirmed after the sentencing hearing.

         At the hearing, ATF Agent George Linen described his interviews with members of

Johnson’s distribution network. One member, Kacee Porter, recounted five separate trips that

Johnson made to Ohio in 2008. Through the first four trips alone, according to Porter, Johnson

and a co-conspirator sold 8,000 80-milligram oxycodone pills. Damon Mason, another co-

conspirator, testified that he and Johnson made 15 to 20 trips to Ohio between 2009 and 2010,

selling 200 to 500 80-milligram pills on each trip––conservatively, at least another 3,000 pills in

total.

         As still further proof, the Government provided a chart summarizing over $145,000 in wire

transfers involving Johnson from 2008 to 2011. Agent Linen explained that these wire transfers

occurred at the times when Mason and Porter alleged Johnson sold drugs in Ohio. According to

Mason, he and Johnson would wire some of their drug-sale proceeds back to Detroit, driving back

with the rest. Taking the chart and testimony together, the Government argues that the court had

ample grounds for finding that Johnson distributed well over 5,600 pills.

         We agree. The sales Mason and Porter described offered sufficient grounds for the district

court’s determination that Johnson distributed pills equivalent to at least 3,000 kilograms of

marijuana. See United States v. Henley, 360 F.3d 509, 516 (6th Cir. 2004) (“Testimonial evidence

from a co-conspirator may be sufficient to determine the amount of drugs for which a defendant

should be held accountable.”).      Notably, Johnson neither disputes Mason’s testimony nor




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Case Nos. 17-2172/2173, United States v. Johnson


challenges Porter’s statements to Agent Linen. And given the wire transfers supporting that

testimony, we cannot conclude that the district court’s finding constituted clear error.

   B. Section 3B1.1(b) Enhancement

       Next, Johnson challenges his sentencing enhancement for being a manager or supervisor.

See U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1(b). We review the district court’s application of this fact-intensive guideline

deferentially. United States v. Washington, 715 F.3d 975, 983 (6th Cir. 2013).

       In evaluating Johnson’s role in the conspiracy, the court found that Johnson worked

“shoulder to shoulder” with Mason to organize the network’s dealers and users in Portsmouth “to

assist them in offloading large quantities” of pills. Johnson set “hundred pill quantity minimums”

for his sales, the court determined, demonstrating that he exercised “supervisory and

organizational responsibilities” and sought a “larger portion of the fruits of the criminal activity.”

And the court recognized that Johnson supplied this network as part of a multi-state conspiracy to

deliver “massive distributions” of pills to Ohio. All of this exceeds what we have previously found

sufficient to warrant a role enhancement. See e.g., United States v. Mitchell, 295 F. App’x 799,

802 (6th Cir. 2008) (recognizing that “[c]oordinating even a single delivery of drugs via a courier

suffices”); United States v. Williams, 894 F.2d 208, 214 (6th Cir. 1990) (holding the defendant’s

admission that he set up a cocaine transaction justified an enhancement).

       Johnson nevertheless insists that he did not direct or control any of his sellers. As

explained, the evidence suggests otherwise. More fundamentally, we rejected a similar claim in

United States v. Cannon because this argument conflates the enhancement for “a manager or

supervisor” with the more severe enhancement for “an organizer or leader.” 552 F. App’x 512,


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Case Nos. 17-2172/2173, United States v. Johnson


517 (6th Cir. 2014) (quoting U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1). “Control over subordinates is necessary to trigger

the organizer/leader enhancement,” Cannon explained, “and is one of the factors that distinguishes

an organizer or leader from a manager or supervisor.” Id. For the enhancement here, Johnson

need not have exercised control over subordinates––all he had to do was supervise or manage

them. As in Cannon, we agree that the court permissibly applied the lesser enhancement.

   C. Personal Characteristics and History

       Johnson’s claim that the district court failed to consider his “tragic personal history” at

sentencing also falls short. Although the district court must consider the 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)

factors, the sentencing judge is not required to explicitly address every mitigating argument that a

defendant makes so long as the judge satisfies “the appellate court that he has considered the

parties’ arguments and has a reasoned basis for exercising his own legal decisionmaking

authority.” United States v. Madden, 515 F.3d 601, 611–13 (6th Cir. 2008) (quoting Rita v. United

States, 551 U.S. 338, 356 (2007)). And because Johnson failed to raise this claim at the sentencing

hearing despite the court asking the Bostic question, we review for plain error. United States v.

Vonner, 516 F.3d 382, 385 (6th Cir. 2008).

       The court discussed Johnson’s involvement in the drug conspiracy––it was “very

extensive, and he did supervise . . . but he didn’t invent the wheel”––and noted Johnson’s history

of obstructing justice by disappearing for several years. Beyond describing the nature of Johnson’s

offenses and his history, the court reviewed other factors, including providing just punishment,

promoting respect for the law, protecting the public, and the seriousness of the conduct. See 18

U.S.C. § 3553(a).


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Case Nos. 17-2172/2173, United States v. Johnson


       After reviewing Johnson’s co-conspirators’ sentences, the court concluded that Johnson’s

total Guidelines range of 262 to 327 months for both offenses was “inappropriately harsh.”

Calculating that Johnson’s range would have been 151 to 188 months had he not fled, the court

sentenced him to 188 months for the drug conspiracy and then 36 months for failing to appear.

Because the court considered § 3553(a) and provided a reasoned basis for the sentence, it did not

plainly err. See United States v. Tanner, 382 F. App’x 421, 427–28 (6th Cir. 2010) (recognizing

that a district court need not “mention each of the personal characteristics raised by [the defendant],

especially since it explicitly considered other factors that fall under § 3553(a)(1)”).

                                               III.

        We AFFIRM the district court’s judgment.




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