[Cite as Rondy & Co., Inc. v. Plastic Lumber Co., 2011-Ohio-5775.]


STATE OF OHIO                    )                         IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
                                 )ss:                      NINTH JUDICIAL DISTRICT
COUNTY OF SUMMIT                 )

RONDY & CO., INC.                                          C.A. No.   25548

        Appellee

        v.                                                 APPEAL FROM JUDGMENT
                                                           ENTERED IN THE
THE PLASTIC LUMBER CO.,                                    COURT OF COMMON PLEAS
                                                           COUNTY OF SUMMIT, OHIO
        and                                                CASE No.   CV 2009 06 4893

BRIGHT IDEA SHOPS, LLC

        Appellant

                                 DECISION AND JOURNAL ENTRY

Dated: November 9, 2011



        BELFANCE, Presiding Judge.

        {¶1}    Defendant-Appellant Bright Idea Shops, LLC (“Bright Idea”) appeals the decision

of the Summit County Court of Common Pleas. For the reasons stated below, we reverse.

                                                      I

        {¶2}    Defendant The Plastic Lumber Company (“Plastic Lumber”) was in the business

of manufacturing, assembling, and selling items made from plastic lumber. Plastic Lumber was

a corporation with two owners, Mr. Robbins, who held a 95% interest, and a second owner with

a 5% interest. In 2008, Plastic Lumber began seeking refinancing of its outstanding debt. After

Huntington National Bank (“Huntington”) purchased Sky Bank, Huntington became the secured

party obligee on Plastic Lumber’s debt, holding a blanket lien on all of Plastic Lumber’s assets

(“the collateral”). The loan obligations were also guaranteed by Mr. Robbins.
                                                 2


       {¶3}    By December 2008, Plastic Lumber had defaulted on its obligations to

Huntington. Notwithstanding, Plastic Lumber continued to operate. In early 2009, Plastic

Lumber ordered $37,833.72 worth of materials used to manufacture lumber board from Plaintiff-

Appellee Rondy & Company, Inc. (“Rondy”). At Huntington’s urging, Plastic Lumber engaged

the services of a consultant group to act as a restructuring officer as it continued to evaluate the

potential refinancing of the debt. Ultimately, Huntington declined to refinance Plastic Lumber’s

debt. In light of Plastic Lumber’s default, Huntington pursued a surrender and liquidation of

Plastic Lumber’s assets and the restructuring officer became a liquidating officer.

       {¶4}    On June 30, 2009, Plastic Lumber entered into a liquidation, voluntary surrender

and release agreement (“the agreement”) with Huntington due to Plastic Lumber’s default on

loan obligations with Huntington, which amounted to $840,708.39 at the time. Plastic Lumber

and Huntington agreed to commence an orderly liquation of the collateral. In furtherance of the

orderly liquidation, and as part of the agreement, Mr. Robbins or his “third part[y] designee”

agreed to acquire $238,650 worth of assets described in an exhibit to the agreement (“the

acquired assets”), and Mr. Robbins agreed to guaranty the obligation. Mr. Robbins formed

Bright Idea and became its president and sole member. Bright Idea was created to assemble and

sell items made from plastic lumber, but unlike Plastic Lumber, it was not a manufacturer of

plastic lumber. Bright Idea purchased the acquired assets, and Mr. Robbins, on behalf of Bright

Idea, signed a promissory note for $238,650 financed by Huntington. In addition, Bright Idea

purchased $101,361 of Plastic Lumber’s inventory. Additional assets were purchased by third

parties. Only the liquidating officer, in conjunction with Huntington, determined the acceptable

price and approved the transactions for the sale of the assets. The remaining assets were sold at

auction. Bright Idea bought approximately $9,000 to $10,000 worth of items from the auction.
                                                 3


In total, the assets of Plastic Lumber netted approximately $500,000, approximately $350,000 of

which was purchased by Bright Idea through the agreement, the purchase of inventory, and the

purchase at auction.    As part of the agreement, Plastic Lumber agreed to cease business

operations no later than June 30, 2009.

        {¶5}   On June 30, 2009, Rondy sued Plastic Lumber for breach of contract and account

asserting $37,833.72 in damages based upon Plastic Lumber’s failure to pay for the materials it

had ordered. Rondy amended its complaint to add Bright Idea as a defendant, alleging Bright

Idea was liable for the debt of Plastic Lumber. Bright Idea moved for summary judgment on the

claim against it; however, its motion was subsequently denied. The matter proceeded to a bench

trial. The parties agreed to have judgment entered against Plastic Lumber for $37,833.72. Thus,

the only issue to be determined at trial was whether Bright Idea was liable for the $37,833.72

debt.

        {¶6}   The trial court concluded that it was and found that “Bright Idea continued

[Plastic Lumber’s] business through a de facto merger or a mere continuation of [Plastic

Lumber], and is therefore liable for the $37,833.72 obligation to [Rondy].”

        {¶7}   Bright Idea has appealed raising a single assignment of error for our review.

                                                II.

                                  ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR

        “The trial court erred as a matter of law in determining that appellant Bright Idea
        Shop, LLC, should be held liable for the obligations of Plastic Lumber
        Company[,] Inc. pursuant to the ‘defacto merger’ and ‘mere continuation’
        exceptions to the general rule of no successor business liability, and its findings
        are against the manifest weight of the evidence.”

        {¶8}   Bright Idea asserts that the trial court committed legal error in concluding that the

de facto merger and mere continuation exceptions applied to Bright Idea. While Bright Idea also
                                                   4


states in its assignment of error that the trial court’s “findings” are against the manifest weight of

the evidence, it does not articulate which findings it believes are against the manifest weight of

the evidence. See App.R 16(A)(7). In fact, it appears that Bright Idea generally agrees with the

trial court’s findings of fact, but instead believes that the trial court erred in its application of the

law to those facts.

        {¶9}    “The well-recognized general rule of successor liability provides that the

purchaser of a corporation’s assets is not liable for the debts and obligations of the seller

corporation.” Welco Industries, Inc. v. Applied Cos. (1993), 67 Ohio St.3d 344, 346-347 citing

Flaugher v. Cone Automatic Machine Co. (1987), 30 Ohio St.3d 60. The Supreme Court of Ohio

has identified four well recognized exceptions to the general rule barring successor liability. In

Welco, the Supreme Court held that:

        “A corporation that purchases the assets of another is not liable for the contractual
        liabilities of its predecessor corporation unless (1) the buyer expressly or
        impliedly agrees to assume such liability; (2) the transaction amounts to a de facto
        consolidation or merger; (3) the buyer corporation is merely a continuation of the
        seller corporation; or (4) the transaction is entered into fraudulently for the
        purpose of escaping liability.” Welco, 67 Ohio St.3d at syllabus.

        {¶10} In the instant matter, the trial court found that both the de facto merger and mere

continuation exceptions applied, and therefore, that Bright Idea was liable for the debts of Plastic

Lumber. As we conclude neither exception applies, we likewise conclude that the general rule

barring successor liability also applies.

De Facto Merger

        {¶11} “A de facto merger is a transaction that results in the dissolution of the

predecessor corporation and is in the nature of a total absorption of the previous business into the

successor.” Id. at 349. It is a:
                                                 5


        “merger in fact without an official declaration of such. The hallmarks of a de
        facto merger include (1) the continuation of the previous business activity and
        corporate personnel, (2) a continuity of shareholders resulting from a sale of
        assets in exchange for stock, (3) the immediate or rapid dissolution of the
        predecessor corporation, and (4) the assumption by the purchasing corporation of
        all liabilities and obligations ordinarily necessary to continue the predecessor’s
        business operations.” Id.

“One court has indicated that a transfer of assets for stock is the sine qua non of de facto

merger.” Id. In light of the evidence presented at trial, we conclude that the trial court erred in

concluding that the de facto merger doctrine was applicable.

        {¶12} We begin by noting that the transaction at issue was not “in the nature of a total

absorption of the previous business into the successor[,]” and thus does not even seem to fit

within the general definition of a de facto merger as defined by the Welco Court. Id. In addition,

the only element of the four listed above that was established by the evidence is “the rapid

dissolution of the predecessor[.]” Even Rondy acknowledges in its brief that all of the hallmarks

of a de facto merger are not present. Notably, the “sin qua non[,]” the transfer of assets for

stocks, was not present in this transaction. Id. Further, all of Plastic Lumber’s business activities

were not continued and there was no evidence presented that Bright Idea assumed “all liabilities

and obligations ordinarily necessary to continue [Plastic Lumber’s] business operations.” Id.

Accordingly, we cannot say the de facto merger exception applies in light of the evidence

presented at trial.

Mere Continuation

        {¶13} Notwithstanding the inapplicability of the de facto merger exception, the trial

court also concluded that Bright Idea is liable for Plastic Lumber’s debt under the “mere

continuation” exception to successor liability.      In Welco, the Supreme Court of Ohio was

presented with the opportunity to adopt an expanded view of the mere continuation exception,
                                                 6


but declined to do so. Id. at 348. The expanded mere continuation exception involves imposing

liability if the two corporations have significant shared features. See id. at 347-348. The Court

revisited Flaugher, 30 Ohio St.3d 60, and concluded that:

       “[t]he concerns for predictability and free transferability in corporate acquisitions
       that led this court to decline to expand the test for tort successor liability in
       Flaugher are even more compelling where the claim is in contract. To expand the
       mere-continuation exception to a contractual claim would virtually negate the
       difference between an asset purchase and a stock purchase. Courts would be
       forced to look beyond the surface of any asset purchase to determine the extent of
       shared features between predecessor and successor in order to decide whether
       liability should attach to contractual obligations that were explicitly excluded
       from the transaction. The sale of a corporation’s assets is an important tool in
       raising liquid capital to pay off corporate debts. A court-imposed expansion of
       contractual liability of successor corporations beyond the traditional exceptions
       would unnecessarily chill the marketplace of corporate acquisitions. For these
       reasons, we decline to expand the traditional exceptions to the general rule of
       nonliability of successor corporations[.]” Welco, 67 Ohio St.3d at 348-349.

       {¶14} Thus, under current binding Supreme Court precedent, the mere continuation

exception is limited and narrow.       The basis of the mere continuation exception “is the

continuation of the corporate entity, not the business operation, after the transaction.” Id. at 350.

“Such would be the case when one corporation sells its assets to another corporation with the

same people owning both corporations. Thus, the acquiring corporation is just a new hat for, or

reincarnation of, the acquired corporation. This is actually a reorganization.”             (Internal

quotations and citation omitted.) Id. “This type of transaction is executed to escape liabilities of

the predecessor corporation.” Id. Thus, “inadequacy of consideration is one of the indicia of

mere continuation.” Id.

       {¶15} As an initial matter, we note that Rondy’s arguments at trial were premised upon

the notion that there was in fact a sale of assets from one corporation to another. However, in

this case, there was not a sale of assets from corporation to corporation and the facts of the

instant matter are quite distinguishable from those of either Flaugher or Welco, which did
                                                 7


involve sales of assets between two corporations. Unlike either of the two Supreme Court cases,

this case does not involve the sale of Plastic Lumber’s assets to its successor. Instead, Plastic

Lumber surrendered its assets to its secured creditor, Huntington, in order to avoid having to file

for bankruptcy. The following facts are undisputed: (1) Huntington was a secured party that

held a valid blanket lien on Plastic Lumber’s assets; (2) Huntington instructed Plastic Lumber to

hire a restructuring agent, who ultimately became a liquidating agent, so that Huntington might

realize the most money possible from the sale of Plastic Lumber’s assets; (3) Huntington was

entitled, as the secured creditor, to proceed in the manner it did; (4) the assets of Plastic Lumber

that Bright Idea acquired were acquired through the third party agent and from Huntington; and

(5) the assets were sold for fair and reasonable price given the nature of the assets and the

circumstances under which they were sold.

       {¶16} In light of the undisputed facts, the indicia necessary to satisfy the mere

continuation exception are not present. There was no evidence presented which suggested that

Bright Idea purchased the assets of Plastic Lumber for inadequate consideration, or that the

transaction was conducted to escape the liabilities of Plastic Lumber. See Welco, 67 Ohio St.3d

at 350. On the contrary, the record evidences that the purpose of selling the assets through a

restructuring/liquidating agent was to procure the best possible price for the assets for the

secured creditor, Huntington. Mr. Robbins’ testimony indicates that Bright Idea’s purchase of

assets prior to auction likely garnered Huntington more money than if the assets had been

auctioned. Accordingly, it is difficult to conclude that Bright Idea purchased the assets for

inadequate consideration, particularly when Mr. Robbins’ testimony was unrefuted.

       Moreover, because this was not a corporation to corporation acquisition, this is not a

situation described in Welco in which “one corporation sells its assets to another corporation with
                                                8


the same people owning both corporations” and “the acquiring corporation is just a new hat for,

or reincarnation of, the acquired corporation.” See id. at 350. Accordingly, we cannot say that

Bright Idea was a mere continuation of Plastic Lumber.

       {¶17} The trial court and the parties in this matter found our decision in Pottschmidt v.

Klosterman, 169 Ohio App.3d 824, 2006-Ohio-6964, to be dispositive. We, however, conclude

Pottschmidt is entirely distinguishable on its facts. In Pottschmidt the original corporation was

solely owned by Dr. Klosterman. Id. at ¶2. After the original corporation was sued by one of its

employees, Dr. Pottschmidt, Dr. Klosterman formed a new company, which he also solely

owned, for the purpose of avoiding liability related to Dr. Pottschmidt’s employment. Id. at ¶¶2-

5, 29, 31.      “[T]he new corporation took possession of the original corporation’s office

equipment, medical supplies, and accounts receivable.”         Id. at ¶29.    “[N]either the new

corporation[,] nor Dr. Klosterman[,] paid any consideration for the assets of the original

corporation.”      Id. at ¶42.   The facts of Pottschmidt clearly fall within the narrow mere

continuation exception articulated in Welco. See Welco, 67 Ohio St.3d at 350 (“This type of

transaction is executed to escape the liabilities of the predecessor corporation. * * * Because the

goal is to escape liability, inadequacy of consideration is one of the indicia of mere

continuation.”).

       {¶18} Nonetheless, even though the facts of Pottschmidt fall within the narrow mere

continuation exception stated in Welco, it is evident in this case that the trial court applied the

expanded mere continuation exception in its analysis. In Pottschmidt at ¶31, citing Flaugher, 30

Ohio St.3d at 64, this Court stated that “[w]hen a buyer and seller share significant features such

as the same employees, a common name, or the same management, the buyer can be construed to

be a mere continuation of the seller.” To the extent that this language implies the adoption by
                                                  9


this Court of the expanded mere continuation exception rejected by the Supreme Court in Welco,

we disavow it, and hold that the language has no applicability to the consideration of the mere

continuation exception to successor liability.

       {¶19} Thus, in light of the particular facts of the case, we cannot say that the mere

continuation exception applies. Accordingly, Bright Idea’s argument has merit.

                                                 III.

       {¶20} In light of the foregoing, we sustain Bright Idea’s assignment of error, and reverse

the decision of the Summit County Court of Common Pleas.

                                                                               Judgment reversed
                                                                             and cause remanded.




       There were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

       We order that a special mandate issue out of this Court, directing the Court of Common

Pleas, County of Summit, State of Ohio, to carry this judgment into execution. A certified copy

of this journal entry shall constitute the mandate, pursuant to App.R. 27.

       Immediately upon the filing hereof, this document shall constitute the journal entry of

judgment, and it shall be file stamped by the Clerk of the Court of Appeals at which time the

period for review shall begin to run. App.R. 22(E). The Clerk of the Court of Appeals is

instructed to mail a notice of entry of this judgment to the parties and to make a notation of the

mailing in the docket, pursuant to App.R. 30.



       Costs taxed to Appellee.
                                      10



                                           EVE V. BELFANCE
                                           FOR THE COURT



WHITMORE, J.
MOORE, J.
CONCUR

APPEARANCES:

JOHN W. MYGRANT and HOWARD E. MENTZER, Attorneys at Law, for Appellant.

MARK W. BERNLOHR and SARAH B. BAKER, Attorneys at Law, for Appellee.
