      TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN


                                        NO. 03-17-00796-CV



                                   Jay Michael Barndt, Appellant

                                                   v.

                                    Josie Lynn Barndt, Appellee


     FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF TRAVIS COUNTY, 98TH JUDICIAL DISTRICT
        NO. D-1-FM-15-006239, HONORABLE JAN SOIFER, JUDGE PRESIDING



                              MEMORANDUM OPINION


                 Jay Michael Barndt appeals from the trial court’s order in a suit affecting the

parent-child relationship (SAPCR). The order appointed Jay1 and Josie Lynn Barndt joint managing

conservators of their child, C.B., and set out their corresponding rights and duties. The order also

included provisions for Jay’s and Josie’s periods of possession of C.B. and ordered Jay to pay Josie

monthly child support. In seven issues, Jay challenges numerous aspects of the order. We will affirm.


                       FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

                 Jay and Josie’s child, C.B., was born in May 2014.2 The three lived together in a

house in Austin until October 2015 when, after a period of discord, Josie moved out of the house



       1
           Because the parties share a surname, we will refer to them by their given names for clarity.
       2
          Jay and Josie were married in 2011 and divorced in 2012. They began seeing each other
again in 2013 but did not remarry.
and took C.B. with her to live at her brother’s house in Katy, Texas. Jay then filed suit seeking to

be named a joint managing conservator with the exclusive right to designate C.B.’s primary

residence. The case was tried to a jury to determine the issue of conservatorship, which of the

conservators would have the exclusive right to designate the primary residence of the child, whether

to impose a restriction on the geographic area in which to designate the child’s primary residence,

and, if so, the geographic area within which to maintain the child’s primary residence. See Tex.

Fam. Code § 105.002(c)(1) (party is entitled to jury verdict on issues of conservatorship, designation

of primary residence, and restriction on geographic area within which primary residence may be

designated). The remaining issues were tried to the court.

               After a trial at which Jay, Josie, Jay’s father and grandfather, Josie’s brother and

sister-in-law, and C.B.’s guardian ad litem testified, the jury determined that Jay and Josie should

be appointed joint managing conservators of C.B. The jury determined that Jay should have the

exclusive right to designate C.B.’s primary residence. The jury also restricted the geographic area

within which Jay could designate C.B.’s residence to the “Houston Metropolitan Area.”

               The trial court then held a bench trial on the remaining issues, including possession,

access, child support, and attorneys’ fees. The trial court signed an order incorporating the jury’s

finding that Jay and Josie be appointed joint managing conservators. The order included the

following provisions that are the basis for this appeal:


       • a modification of the geographic restriction for designating C.B.’s primary
       residence from “Houston Metropolitan Area” to “within either Fort Bend County or
       Harris County, Texas”;




                                                  2
       • a “Choice of Schools” provision ordering that C.B. be enrolled in a specific
       preschool and then in certain elementary, middle, and high schools in the Katy
       Independent School District;

       • a requirement that the possession schedule put in place by temporary orders remain
       in effect until Jay has completed a 52-week Battering Intervention and Prevention
       Program (BIPP)3;

       • a provision granting Josie the right to maintain possession of C.B.’s passport;

       • a provision granting Josie the exclusive right, after consultation with Jay, to consent
       to medical, dental, and surgical treatment involving invasive procedures;

       • a provision granting Josie the exclusive right to make decisions concerning C.B.’s
       education;

       • a requirement that Jay pay Josie child support; and

       • an order that attorneys’ fees and costs be borne by the party who incurred them.


After entry of the order, Jay requested that the trial court make findings of and conclusions of law.

The trial court filed findings of fact and conclusions of law. This appeal followed.


                                           DISCUSSION

               Appeals from a final order in a suit affecting the parent-child relationship are

generally governed by the same rules as other civil appeals under the Texas Rules of Appellate

Procedure. See Tex. Fam. Code § 109.002(a). To preserve error, a timely, specific objection must

be made. Tex. R. App. P. 33.1. Generally, if a party does not make an objection or otherwise raise

a complaint before the trial court, it cannot make the complaint for the first time on appeal. See id.;


       3
         The order provides that, upon completion of the BIPP program, Jay have increased periods
of possession over the following four months culminating in approximately 50/50 shared possession
of C.B. with Josie.

                                                  3
In re C.O.S., 988 S.W.2d 760, 765-66 (Tex. 1999) (“Generally, our civil rules of procedure and our

decisions thereunder require a party to apprise a trial court of its error before that error can become

the basis for reversal of a judgment.”). A “timely” objection is one interposed at a point in the

proceedings that gives the trial court the opportunity to cure any alleged error. See Solomon v.

Steitler, 312 S.W.3d 46, 58 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2010, no pet.). A complaint about the legal or

factual sufficiency of the evidence presented in a civil nonjury trial may, however, be raised for the

first time on appeal. See Tex. R. App. P. 33.1(d); Sherman v. Boston, 486 S.W.3d 88, 95 n.5 (Tex.

App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2016, pet. denied).

               In his first issue, Jay asserts that the trial court erred by stating that the geographic

area within which Jay could designate C.B.’s primary residence was “within Fort Bend County or

Harris County, Texas” rather than the “Houston Metropolitan Area” as found by the jury when

answering that question in the charge. According to Jay, the Texas Family Code does not authorize

the trial court to change the original geographic description chosen by the jury, and by doing so the

trial court abused its discretion. See Lenz v. Lenz, 79 S.W.3d 10, 20 (Tex. 2002) (trial court not

authorized to contravene jury’s verdict on issue of primary residence by imposing additional

geographic restrictions); Walker v. Packer, 827 S.W.2d 833, 840 (Tex. 1992) (trial court errs in

applying law when it misinterprets law, applies wrong law, or ignores law). Jay did not, however

raise this objection to the trial court’s order at a point when the trial court had an opportunity to

correct this alleged error. See Solomon, 312 S.W.3d at 58. Jay did not file a motion for new trial

or otherwise raise any objection to the trial court’s order. Consequently, Jay has waived this issue

on appeal. Tex. R. App. P. 33.1.



                                                  4
               In his second issue, Jay asserts that the trial court abused its discretion by giving

Josie the right to maintain possession of C.B.’s passport. According to Jay, there was no evidence

at trial to support a finding that Jay was “unfit to exercise his rights as conservator, including the

right to have possession of the child’s passport.” We will construe this as a challenge to the legal

sufficiency of the evidence supporting the trial court’s determination regarding C.B.’s passport.4

Jay maintains that, in the absence of any evidence at trial regarding which parent should have

possession of C.B.’s passport, the trial court’s decision that Josie should have the right to maintain

the passport was an abuse of discretion.

               A trial court abuses its discretion if it acts without reference to any guiding rules

and principles such that the ruling is arbitrary or unreasonable. Cire v. Cummings, 134 S.W.3d 835,

838-39 (Tex. 2004). In family law cases, the abuse-of-discretion standard of review overlaps with

the traditional sufficiency standards of review; as a result, insufficiency of the evidence is not an

independent ground of reversible error, but instead constitutes a factor relevant to our assessment

of whether the trial court abused its discretion. See Zeifman v. Michaels, 212 S.W.3d 582, 587 (Tex.

App.—Austin 2006, pet. denied). We engage in a two-pronged inquiry: (1) whether the trial court

had sufficient information on which to exercise its discretion; and (2) whether the trial court erred

in its application of discretion. Id. at 588. The mere fact that a trial court decided an issue in a

manner differently than an appellate court would under similar circumstances does not establish an




       4
         Any complaint that the trial court misapplied the law by allowing a non-custodial parent
to maintain the child’s passport has been waived because it was not timely presented to the trial
court. See Tex. R. App. P. 33.1.

                                                  5
abuse of discretion. Id. at 587. The traditional sufficiency review comes into play with regard to the

first question. Id. at 588.

                The trial court exercised its discretion and determined that Josie should maintain

C.B.’s passport. Although Jay asserts that there must be some evidence to support a trial court’s

decision to grant the right to maintain the child’s passport to the “non-custodial” parent,5 he cites no

authority so limiting the trial court’s discretion regarding to which parent it may assign that right.

Moreover, we find no authority to support Jay’s claim that, as the “custodial” parent, he must be

granted the right to maintain the child’s passport unless there is some evidence that he is “unfit” to

exercise his rights as conservator. The Texas Family Code does not include the right to maintain a

passport as one of the rights of a joint managing conservator with the right to designate the child’s

primary residence (the “custodial” parent). Nor is there a presumption that the custodial parent

should have the right to maintain a child’s passport. Jay’s argument that he must be granted that

right in the absence of evidence that he is “unfit” to be joint managing conservator is unpersuasive.

                On appeal, Jay also asserts that the issue of possession of C.B.’s passport was never

raised or disputed at trial. Jay maintains that the trial court’s orders regarding the passport were an

abuse of discretion and constituted a “pattern of the trial court of stripping [Jay] of rights as custodial

parent.” However, because Jay failed to object to the inclusion of a passport provision during the

trial court proceedings, he has waived that complaint on appeal. Tex. R. App. P. 33.1.6

        5
         Jay explains in his brief that by “non-custodial” parent he means the joint managing
conservator who does not have the right to determine the primary residence of the child.
        6
          We also note that, while Josie was given the right to “maintain” C.B.’s passport, nothing
in the order either prevents Jay from using C.B.’s passport for international travel with C.B. or
allows Josie to refuse to permit Jay to have C.B.’s passport if needed. There was also no evidence

                                                    6
                In his third issue, Jay argues that the possession schedule included in the trial

court’s order was an abuse of discretion because it arbitrarily and unreasonably ordered a possession

schedule other than a standard possession schedule for at least twelve months.7 According to Jay,

the order contravened the Texas Family Code provisions for possession of a child when the parents

reside 100 miles or less apart. See Tex. Fam. Code § 153.252. Again, however, a review of the

record reflects that Jay did not raise this complaint in the trial court by filing a motion for new trial

or otherwise. Therefore, he has waived this issue on appeal. See Tex. R. App. P. 33.1.

                In his fourth issue, Jay asserts that the trial court erred by requiring him to complete

a 52-week BIPP program in the absence of any pleadings requesting that he do so and when,

according to him, the jury found that there was no history of family violence.8 Jay did not raise in

the trial court a complaint about the inclusion in the order of a requirement that he complete a BIPP

program and, consequently, has waived that complaint on appeal. Moreover, even assuming that a



that there was any danger of international abduction of C.B. by either parent. As a practical matter,
only one person at a time may maintain possession of a child’s passport, and we cannot conclude
that the trial court abused its discretion by designating Josie, one of two joint managing conservators,
as that person.
        7
          The trial court ordered that the possession schedule established by temporary orders remain
in effect until Jay has competed a 52-week BIPP program.
        8
          Although the jury was not asked to answer a specific question about family violence, they
were instructed that: “A person may not be appointed a joint managing conservator if that person
has a history or pattern of past or present child neglect or of physical or sexual abuse directed against
a parent, a spouse, or a child.” We presume that the jurors understood and followed the court’s
instructions in the jury charge absent evidence to the contrary. See Turner, Collie & Braden, Inc.
v. Brookhollow, Inc., 642 S.W.2d 160, 167 (Tex. 1982) (“An appellate court must assume that a jury
properly followed the trial court’s instructions.”). According to Jay, by naming him a joint managing
conservator, the jury implicitly found that he did not “have a history . . . of past . . . physical abuse
directed against a parent.”

                                                   7
pleading requesting that a parent complete a BIPP program is required to support such an order, the

record plainly demonstrates that the issue of whether Jay should complete a BIPP program was tried

by consent. See Roark v. Stallworth Oil & Gas, Inc., 813 S.W.2d 492, 495 (Tex. 1991) (observing

that “the party who allows an issue to be tried by consent and who fails to raise the lack of a pleading

before submission of the case cannot later raise the pleading deficiency for the first time on appeal”).

Victoria Porter, C.B.’s guardian ad litem, testified that she believed that domestic violence was a

large part of the case, that in her opinion Jay needed anger management training in order to learn

to communicate without becoming violent, and that she could recommend a standard visitation

schedule once Jay has completed a 52-week BIPP program. Counsel for Jay did not object to this

testimony, nor did he raise any lack of pleading at trial or after.

                Jay also contends that it was an abuse of discretion to order a 52-week BIPP program

when, according to him, the jury found that there was no history of family violence. We construe

this as a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence supporting the court’s finding that Jay should

complete a 52-week BIPP program as a precondition to having increased possession of C.B. Jay’s

argument assumes that a trial court may not order a party to complete a BIPP program in the absence

of a finding that the party has “a history of physical abuse directed against a parent.” The Family

Code places no such restriction on the trial court’s discretion in fashioning a SAPCR order that is

in the best interests of the child. See Gillespie v. Gillespie, 644 S.W.2d 449, 451 (Tex. 1982). “The

trial court is given wide latitude in determining the best interests of a minor child.” Id. To determine

whether a trial court abused its discretion, the appellate court must decide whether the court acted

without reference to any guiding rules or principles, that is, whether its decision was arbitrary or



                                                   8
unreasonable. Low v. Henry, 221 S.W.3d 609, 614 (Tex. 2007). An abuse of discretion does not occur

when the trial court bases its decision on conflicting evidence. See In re M.M.M., 307 S.W.3d 846,

849 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2010, no pet.) (citing In re Barber, 982 S.W.2d 364, 366 (Tex. 1998)

(orig. proceeding)). The trial court does not abuse its discretion so long as there is some evidence

of substantive and probative character to support the trial court’s decision. Butnaru v. Ford Motor

Co., 84 S.W.3d 198, 211 (Tex. 2002).

               Here, there was ample evidence to support the trial court’s decision that Jay should

complete a 52-week BIPP program. The trial court expressly found that, “An Agreed Final Protective

Order was issued by this Court against [Jay] on December 15, 2015, with a finding that family

violence has occurred and is likely to occur in the future.” This protective order was in place at the

time of trial. Moreover, as previously stated, Porter, C.B.’s guardian ad litem, testified that in her

opinion Jay needed anger management training to learn to communicate without becoming violent

and that she could only recommend a standard visitation schedule after Jay completed a 52-week

BIPP program. There was conflicting testimony regarding whether, and the degree to which, Jay

had committed domestic violence against Josie. The evidence was undisputed, however, that Jay

and Josie’s relationship was volatile and involved a high degree of conflict. Josie testified about

several instances in which fighting between her and Jay caused C.B. anxiety. Porter testified that

although she saw many positive aspects to Jay’s interactions with C.B., she believed C.B. could be

harmed unless Jay learns new skills to learn to communicate without being violent. Porter also

expressed concern for C.B. in the event Jay became involved in a new relationship that involved

domestic violence. There was sufficient evidence to support the trial court’s decision that it was in



                                                  9
C.B.’s best interest for Jay to complete a 52-week BIPP before exercising increased possession of

C.B. as set forth in the order. Accordingly, we cannot say that the trial court abused its discretion

in making this decision. See In re J.A.J., 243 S.W.3d 611, 616 (Tex. 2007).

                In his fifth issue, Jay asserts that the trial court abused its discretion and violated “the

fundamental right that a fit parent has to make decisions concerning the care, custody and control

of his child by denying appellant an opportunity to decide, to be consulted or to give contribution

to the educational decisions of his child.” Jay refers to the trial court’s order that Josie have the

“exclusive right to make decisions concerning the child’s education.” Jay did not object at the trial

court to this provision of the order, nor did he file a motion for new trial raising this (or any other)

complaints about the order. Jay’s argument regarding granting Josie the right to make decisions

regarding C.B.’s education has not been preserved for appellate review. Tex. R. App. P. 33.1; see

In re A.B.P., 291 S.W.3d 91, 97 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2009, no pet.).

                Jay also failed to preserve for appellate review the complaints he raises in issues six

and seven. Jay’s sixth issue complains about the trial court’s order that he pay Josie child support

and his seventh issue challenges the trial court’s failure to award him attorneys’ fees despite the fact

that, according to him, he was the “prevailing party” in the underlying proceeding. Because neither

of these complaints was brought to the trial court’s attention after rendition of the order, they are not

preserved. Tex. R. App. P. 33.1; see Henry v. Henry, 48 S.W.3d 468, 481 (Tex. App.—Houston

[14th Dist.] 2001, no pet.) (issue regarding attorneys’ fees could not be raised for first time on

appeal); Villasenor v. Villasenor, 911 S.W.2d 411, 420 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1995, no writ)

(party failed to object to award in open court or in motion for new trial).



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                                        CONCLUSION

               For the foregoing reasons we overrule each of Jay’s issues in this appeal. The trial

court’s order is affirmed.



                                             __________________________________________

                                             Chari L. Kelly, Justice

Before Chief Justice Rose, Justices Kelly and Smith

Affirmed

Filed: April 19, 2019




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