Filed 7/29/14 Wallace E. v. Super. Ct. CA1/3
                      NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
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              IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                       FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                DIVISION THREE



WALLACE E.,
         Petitioner,
v.
THE SUPERIOR COURT OF HUMBOLDT                                               A141602
COUNTY,
                                                                             (Humboldt County
         Respondent;                                                         Super. Ct. No. JV120001)
HUMBOLDT COUNTY DEPARTMENT OF
HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES et al.,
         Real Parties in Interest.


         Petitioner Wallace E., the presumed father of a six-year-old girl, petitions for a
writ of mandate to set aside a juvenile court order dated April 11, 2014, terminating
reunification services and setting a permanency planning hearing for his daughter for
August 4, 2014. He challenges the juvenile court order, issued after a contested 24-
month review hearing on the grounds (1) the juvenile court erred in finding that
reasonable services had been offered and (2) there is no clear and convincing evidence
that returning the child to his custody would be detrimental, as the court found. We
conclude that the juvenile court correctly found that adequate services had been provided
and the evidence amply supports the finding that returning the child to her father would
be detrimental. We shall therefore deny the requested relief.



                                                             1
       The child came to the attention of the Humboldt County Department of Health and
Human Services (the department) at birth when she tested positive for methamphetamine.
Based on allegations of general neglect and substantial risk to the child, petitioner and the
child’s mother,1 participated in a voluntary family maintenance program from July 31,
2008 through November 28, 2008.2
       The record reflects that petitioner began drinking alcohol as a teenager; as an adult
he started using marijuana and methamphetamines. He was convicted of vandalism in
1992 and 1996. In early August 2008 he admitted he drank alcohol every other day, but
stated that he did not wish to participate in alcohol and other drug treatment.
       On October 2, 2011, the mother reported that petitioner had assaulted her.
Petitioner left home, but subsequently the couple reconciled and he returned. On October
11, 2011, a mandated reporter informed the department that the mother and petitioner
frequently were violent towards one another and regularly used drugs and alcohol around
the child. On October 18, 2011, a social worker paid an unannounced visit to the home,
where she observed drug paraphernalia and vodka. The mother stated that she sipped
vodka all day, consuming about half a bottle, and that petitioner drank the other half of
the bottle when he returned from work. She also indicated that she smoked marijuana
with the door open so as to avoid affecting the child. In the mother’s opinion, her
fighting with petitioner did not affect the then three-year old child.
       On November 8, 2011, petitioner told the social worker that he had completed a
domestic violence counseling program 15 years earlier, that he had learned to walk away
from a disagreement rather than fight physically, and that he had no problems with



1
 Both parents have problematic and intertwined histories with respect to their parenting.
Because the father is the sole petitioner here, we focus on his history, mentioning the
mother only as necessary to provide context.
2
  Only the substantial risk allegations were substantiated. Between December 10, 2009
and October 11, 2011, the family was referred to Child Welfare Services five other times;
each referral was either determined to be unfounded or the investigation was
inconclusive.

                                              2
alcohol. On November 22, he told the social worker he did not want to meet with her
again and left the room.
         The department filed a non-detained petition3 on January 5, 2012, alleging that due
to her parents’ substance abuse and domestic violence, the child fell within Welfare and
Institutions Code section 300, subdivision (b),4 which applies when a child “has suffered,
or there is a substantial risk that the child will suffer, serious physical harm or illness, as a
result of the failure or inability of his or her parent or guardian to adequately supervise or
protect the child, or the willful or negligent failure of the child’s parent or guardian to
adequately supervise or protect the child from the conduct of the custodian with whom
the child has been left, or by the willful or negligent failure of the parent or guardian to
provide the child with adequate food, clothing, shelter, or medical treatment, or by the
inability of the parent or guardian to provide regular care for the child due to the parent’s
or guardian’s mental illness, developmental disability, or substance abuse.” Shortly after
the non-detained petition was filed, petitioner was arrested on charges of possession for
sale and transportation of methamphetamine, being under the influence of a controlled
substance, and driving while unlicensed. When arrested, he admitted that he had been
selling methamphetamine for about two months.
         At the initial juvenile court hearing the court determined petitioner was the child’s
presumed father. On February 23, 2012, the department filed an amended petition,
together with a court order authorizing protective custody of the child. In the report
supporting the amended petition, another social worker stated that both parents smelled
strongly of alcohol at the initial hearing on the non-detained petition. Petitioner admitted
drinking alcohol prior to the hearing. At the earlier, non-detention hearing both parents
were ordered to stop driving the child because they lacked valid licenses, but they
subsequently had been observed driving with the minor in the car. The department

3
  A “non-detained petition” is a term of art for a petition alleging that the safety and
protection of a child requires judicial intervention, but that there is no immediate risk to
the child and detention is not required.
4
    All subsequent statutory references are to the Welfare and Institutions Code.

                                               3
arranged transportation for both parents to participate in substance abuse treatment, but
neither parent attended. Both parents admitted to violence occurring between them when
the child was present. On February 24, 2012, the department filed a second amended
petition, which the court sustained, as amended, on March 15, 2012. A disposition
hearing was set for April 19, 2012. Prior to the disposition hearing, on April 2, 2012,
petitioner was arrested for public intoxication.
       At the disposition hearing, the court declared the child a dependent of the court
due to the parents’ unaddressed substance abuse and domestic violence issues which
prevented them from providing adequately for the child’s safety, supervision and care.
The court also found by clear and convincing evidence that the department had made
reasonable efforts to prevent or eliminate the need to remove the child from the home, as
well as reasonable efforts to return the child to a safe home and finalize a permanent plan
for the child.
       The department’s report, prepared for the six-month review, indicated that
petitioner had submitted to drug testing when requested and his tests were negative. He
had enrolled in substance abuse treatment and was attending two groups per week. He
entered a residential treatment program after completing detoxification and remained in
the program to find appropriate housing and maintain his sobriety. However, petitioner’s
house manager reported that while the child was on an extended, unsupervised visit with
her parents, between September 15 and 23, 2012, petitioner resumed the use of alcohol
and methamphetamine. Petitioner and the mother, who had also relapsed, were evicted.
Because of the relapse and the parents’ failure to advise the department of their relapse
and eviction, the department recommended only supervised visitation with the child. The
department recognized the progress both parents had made in addressing their
“substantial substance abuse issues,” but found there was a continuing need “to address
their on-going substance abuse concerns and boundaries with family members as it
impacts their judgment and ability to parent [the child] appropriately.” It recommended
that reunification services be continued because there was a “substantial probability that
one or both of the parents will be able to reunify” with the child. The juvenile court

                                              4
found by clear and convincing evidence that reasonable services had been provided or
offered to the parents.
       The report submitted for the 12-month review hearing indicated that petitioner was
still struggling with sobriety. He and the mother had moved into the “Multiple
Assistance Center” in January 2013, but he tested positive for methamphetamine in early
February. He left the Multiple Assistance Center by the end of February and both parents
moved into the home of a sober, family friend. Nonetheless, petitioner continued in his
aftercare program, from which he graduated in March 2013. After graduation, he
participated in a drug education class. He also participated in weekly parenting groups.
When the parents moved to the Multiple Assistance Center they had unsupervised visits
with the child; however, after the mother tested positive for methamphetamine on
January 15, 2013, the visits were again supervised, either at the Multiple Assistance
Center or, after a further positive drug test, at the” Family Connection Center.” Since
mid-February both parents consistently attended scheduled visits and brought activities
and books to engage their child. During the visits the child hugged her parents and
appeared to be actively engaged with them. After reviewing the 12-month status report,
the juvenile court ordered continued reunification services to both parents and again
found, by clear and convincing evidence, that reasonable services had been provided.
       The department’s report prepared for the 18-month permanency review indicated
that petitioner relapsed after his graduation from aftercare; however, he had reengaged
with 12-step programs and was scheduled to enter the “Lee Brown Program.” The report
noted the love and positive attachment between the parents and the child. However, it
concluded, “The parents have experienced ongoing struggles and relapses with
methamphetamine and alcohol. The[y] have demonstrated [a] pattern of maintaining
sobriety for a month or two and then relapsing. Unfortunately, these relapses were during
times when [the child] was transitioning back into their care, and thus placed her at
serious risk of harm. Further the parents actions have had a detrimental emotional impact
on [the child].” The report recommended that the court terminate reunification services
to both parents and set a hearing pursuant to section 366.26. The court, however,

                                             5
declined to do so. It found that petitioner had made minimal progress towards alleviating
the problems that had necessitated the court’s intervention. Again, it found by clear and
convincing evidence that reasonable services had been provided or offered to the parents.
It ordered the department to provide continued reunification services to both parents and
set the matter for a 24-month status review hearing.
       The mother’s first overnight, unsupervised visit with the child after the 18-month
hearing was on December 6, 2013. The next day, the Eureka police responded to a report
that a woman, later identified as the mother, was stumbling and falling on her child; she
was found to have a blood alcohol content of .214 percent and was arrested for child
endangerment and being under the influence. When the police asked the child whether
she lived with her father, she replied that he lived in McKinleyville. She added that she
liked her father, but that he sometimes kicked her. Because he did not have a driver’s
license petitioner was unable to get to his daughter when the mother was arrested.
       After this incident, parental visits were restricted to visits under the supervision of
a substitute care provider. In January 2014, the substitute care provider reported the
parents were saying inappropriate things to the child and were making promises they
could not keep. The supervision of parental visits was then transferred to social workers
at the Family Connection Center. The department’s report, prepared for the 24-month
hearing, reiterated the parents’ temporary success in the program and repeated relapses.
It noted their “detrimental emotional impact on the child.” The report concluded that the
child “was removed on February 23, 2012 and the parents have inconsistently engaged
with their care plan. The parents experience ongoing struggles and relapses with
methamphetamine and alcohol. [The parents] love their daughter. [The child] states she
loves her parents and wants to live with them. Sadly, this cannot be recommended as the
maximum time for the provision of services has expired.” It then recommended that
services be terminated and a section 366.26 hearing be set.
       The child’s position, as expressed by her counsel, was more pointed. Based on the
visitation history she concluded that “the mere imposition of parenting duties on [both
mother and father] leads to substance abuse. Yet, each time overnight and extended

                                              6
unsupervised visitation occurred, the parents relapsed.” The child’s counsel noted that
the court granted petitioner extended services even though he was not engaged in a
substance abuse treatment program, which was, in counsel’s opinion, “an unprecedented
opportunity to achieve reunification.” She requested that petitioner be found to have
made no progress and that he failed to comply with the court ordered case plan.
       At the 24-month status review hearing on March 10, 2014, the juvenile court
initially focused on what it viewed as conflicting issues: I’m really conflicted in this case.
Because, on the one hand, it’s certainly not in the best interest of this child to go home to
dad’s. There are a lot of reasons why I think that would be detrimental at this stage, and I
don’t need to go through all of them at this moment. [¶] On the other hand, while he may
not have been legally entitled to services over the last six months, those were court-
ordered, rightly or wrongly, and without objection, I believe. And I don’t find evidence
that it’s not just reasonable efforts have been provided. I don’t find any efforts. If you
look at the report six months ago and the reasonable efforts, everything is the same in the
current report with the exception that they added one more, whatever that means,
consultation between the social worker and Safe Haven staff. Other than that, what has
the department done over the last six months? [¶] . . . [¶] What has the department done
as to dad? Mom isn’t really an issue . . . . But as to dad . . . What has the department
done and what is the evidence of what the department has done over the last six months?”
(Italics added.)
       County counsel responded that at the 24-month hearing, the department’s
reasonable efforts were not germane. He argued that petitioner had been in the system
for two years, knew what was expected of him, and that the social worker was available
to assist him if he had requested help. The court was skeptical, stating, “I don’t think
sitting back, saying we’re available for help, if you need help, pick up the phone and call
us, is reasonable services.” Concerned with the dilemma of concluding that it was not in
the child’s best interests to be returned to the father, but believing that the department had
not provided reasonable services between the 18-month and 24-month hearings, the court
ordered further briefing.

                                              7
       After receiving that briefing, the court held a hearing on April 10, 2014, at which
it terminated reunification services and set a section 366.26 hearing for August 4, 2014.
In doing so, it commented: “I would note that throughout this dependency action, until
this most recent date, the court has consistently made findings that reasonable services
have been provided. I note that there are not any extraordinary circumstances which
prevented the father from fully participating in and complying with the case plan. [¶] I
weigh the various interests and I exercise my discretion in that regard. It appears to me
that the likelihood of success or further reunification, if I were to continue the matter, is
nil. There is no chance that [the child] would be returned to the parents if I provided
some additional time for additional services.”
       In challenging the court’s order, petitioner argues that the court must find by clear
and convincing evidence that reasonable services were provided or offered to the parent
before setting a hearing pursuant to section 366.26. (§ 366.22, subd. (b).) Section
366.22, subdivision (a), which governs 18-month permanency review hearings, specifies
that the court may not order the setting of a section 366.26 hearing “unless there is clear
and convincing evidence that reasonable services have been provided or offered to the
parent or legal guardian” (§ 366.22. subd. (b)(3)). However, that limitation is not
contained in section 366.25, which governs the setting of a subsequent permanency
review hearing at 24 months. (§ 366.25, subd. (a)(1).) Rather, at the 24-month
subsequent permanency review hearing, the court must “determine whether reasonable
services have been offered or provided” (§ 366.25, subd. (a)(3)), but it is directed to set a
section 366.26 hearing “[i]f the child is not returned to a parent or legal guardian”
(§ 366.25, subd. (a)(3)). In reaching its determination the court is directed to consider the
parent’s efforts and progress as demonstrated by “the extent to which he or she avails
himself or herself of services provided.” (§ 366.25, subd. (a)(1).) Whether reasonable
services have been provided since the 18-month review is not dispositive.
       The department may be less actively involved in providing services after the 18-
month permanency hearing than was required previously. In deciding whether to
terminate parental rights, the court must assess not only the parent’s current parenting

                                               8
abilities, but also whether the parent is likely to sustain adequate parenting skills in the
future. (See In re Edward R. (1993) 12 Cal.App.4th 116, 126.) Therefore, it is
reasonable for the department to discontinue the initiation of supportive services in an
effort to determine whether the parent will be capable of obtaining necessary services
without supervision. Through and including the 18-month status review, the juvenile
court repeatedly concluded that reasonable services had been provided. Whether
reasonable services had been offered was questioned only at the 24-month hearing. Yet,
in assessing whether a parental relationship should be terminated, the initiative a parent
has shown in resolving problems is a relevant factor. (See, e.g., In re Sue E. v. Superior
Court (1997) 54 Cal.App.4th 399, 403 [concluding the parents “lacked the initiative to
take advantage of [the offered] services”]; In re Christina L. (1992) 3 Cal.App.4th 404,
417 [weighing mother’s “persistent refusal” to apply for voluntary services].) Here, the
department’s active provision of support services through the 18-month review and
thereafter making them available on demand was a reasonable means to evaluate whether
petitioner was capable of responsibly providing for the child’s care if she were returned
to his custody.
       Dependency law has two, sometimes conflicting, goals: (1) to provide the parents
of a child removed from parental care with assistance in resolving the problems that led
to the removal and (2) not requiring children who have been removed from parental care
to “spend their lives in the limbo of foster care.” (In re David H. (1995) 33 Cal.App.4th
368, 387-388.) At some point the latter goal becomes dispositive. Indeed, in David H.
the court held that a minimum period of 12 months of services need not be provided to
parents before their children may be permanently removed from their custody. Once a
court determines that intervention is necessary, the parties are to receive time-limited
protective and reunification services, and permanency planning at the earliest possible
stage for children who cannot safely live with their parents. (Id. at p. 388.) If a
significant amount of time has already passed and the parents have requested or acceded
to delays in adjudicating the dependency of their child, they may not object to the setting
of a section 366.26 hearing after an abbreviated period of reunification services. (Ibid.;

                                               9
see In re Barbara P. (1994) 30 Cal.App.4th 926, 933-934 [subsequent petition did not
require the court to order additional reunification services due to “state’s interest in
assuring that minors whose parents cannot provide them with a stable home have another
opportunity for such a home life within a reasonable time”]; Angela S. v. Superior Court
(1995) 36 Cal.App.4th 758, 763 [“Petitioner’s real problem was not a lack of services
available but a lack of initiative to consistently take advantage of the services that were
offered.”].)
       The child’s parents began receiving services in July 2008, and the child was
removed from her home in February 2012. On April 19, 2012, the juvenile court found
that the child faced substantial danger if returned home and ordered the department to
provide the parents with reunification services. The court terminated services on April
11, 2014, approximately five years and eight months after petitioner first received
therapeutic services following the child’s birth and two years after formal reunification
services were ordered.5 Although services were not actively offered after the 18-month
status hearing, the services that were provided over this lengthy period were nonetheless
entirely reasonable.
       At a 24-month review hearing, the juvenile court must order the return of a child
to the parent’s physical custody unless the court finds by a preponderance of the
evidence, that the child’s return would create a substantial risk of detriment to the child’s
safety, protection or physical or emotional well-being. (§ 366.25, subd. (a)(1).) In
reviewing the juvenile court’s detriment determination we apply a substantial evidence
test. (In re Yvonne W. (2008) 165 Cal.App.4th 1394, 1400-1401.) Here the evidence
summarized above amply supports the court’s finding that returning the child to
petitioner’s custody would pose a substantial risk of such detriment. Petitioner has had a
substance abuse problem since his teenage years. While he has made recurring efforts to
overcome these problems, the efforts have not been successful on a sustained basis. As


5
 These calculation do not include services petitioner states he received as far back as 15
years before the child’s birth.

                                              10
the department’s August 2013 report observed, petitioner and the mother both
“demonstrated [a] pattern of maintaining sobriety for a month or two and then relapsing.
Unfortunately these relapses were during times when the child was transitioning back
into their care, and thus placed her at serious risk of harm.” As of the 24-month status
review hearing petitioner was living in a family friend’s home and the child was not
living with her father. Petitioner had not obtained anger management counseling and had
decided not to enter the “Lee Brown Program” for substance abuse. Petitioner focused
his energies on working at Sun Valley Bulb Farm and his engagement with the
department was “limited.” In short, there was no evidence that petitioner had
successfully changed his pattern of cycling between sobriety and substance and domestic
abuse, or that he could withstand the stresses of parenting. He managed to stay sober
and hold a job when unburdened by the daily demands of parenting, but as of the 24-
month status hearing he was not yet capable of providing the child with a safe and secure
home. Although the evidence indicates that he surely loves his daughter, there is
substantial evidence that after having received reasonable services for an extended period
of time, petitioner was unable consistently to provide a nondetrimental environment for
the child and that returning her to his care and custody would be detrimental.




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                                       DISPOSITION
       The petition for extraordinary relief is denied on the merits. (See Cal. Const., art.
VI, § 14; Kowis v. Howard (1992) 3 Cal.4th 888, 894.) Because the permanency
planning hearing is set for August 4, 2014, our decision is immediately final as to this
court. (Cal. Rules of Court, rules 8.452(i), 8.490(2)(a).)




                                                  _________________________
                                                  Pollak, J.


We concur:


_________________________
McGuiness, P.J.


_________________________
Siggins, J.




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