                                                               [DO NOT PUBLISH]


              IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                       FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                         ________________________                  FILED
                                                          U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                               No. 09-10556                 ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                                                              OCTOBER 23, 2009
                           Non-Argument Calendar
                                                             THOMAS K. KAHN
                         ________________________
                                                                  CLERK

                          Agency No. A097-903-347

CHRISTIAN PARRA-REINA,


                                                                       Petitioner,

                                     versus

U.S. ATTORNEY GENERAL,

                                                                     Respondent.


                         ________________________

                    Petition for Review of a Decision of the
                         Board of Immigration Appeals
                         _________________________

                               (October 23, 2009)

Before TJOFLAT, EDMONDSON and CARNES, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

     Christian Parra-Reina, a native and citizen of Colombia, seeks review of the
Board of Immigration Appeals’ decision affirming the Immigration Judge’s denial

of his application for asylum and withholding of removal under the Immigration

and Nationality Act (INA), 8 U.S.C. §§ 1158, 1231(b)(3), and relief under the

United Nations Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhumane, or

Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CAT), 8 C.F.R. § 208.16(c). Parra-Reina’s

real name is Christian Andres Tofino Morillo, and he fled to the United States

under an assumed name after receiving death threats from a paramilitary

organization known as the United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia (AUC).

      Parra-Reina testified before the IJ that he had been the victim of identity

theft perpetrated by AUC. AUC had used Parra-Reina’s real name to open bank

accounts and extort money from people. In 2003 Parra-Reina was arrested in

Colombia on charges of extortion. He defended himself from those charges based

on the fact that his fingerprints and handwriting samples did not match those used

to open the bank account. He was temporarily released from prison, and then he

and his mother received threatening phone calls. He testified that charges were

still pending against him in Colombia, and he feared that if he returned there, he

would be arrested and then killed by AUC members in prison.

      The IJ found Parra-Reina’s testimony credible. The IJ also found, however,

that Parra-Reina was not being targeted because of his political opinion or any

other immutable characteristic. Even though he claimed to have been witness to a
                                          2
crime, he admitted that he did not know anything about the crime or about who had

used his identity. The IJ also found that Parra-Reina failed to meet the

requirements for withholding of removal and CAT relief.

      In his appeal to the BIA, Parra-Reina contended that “the nexus of this case

is not so much membership in a particular group as a ‘witness to a crime,’ as it

would be as a ‘victim of a crime.’” He asserted that he had a fear of persecution on

account of political opinion, or in the alternative, imputed political opinion. The

BIA held that Parra-Reina had failed to establish a nexus between any persecution

and a protected ground, and it affirmed the IJ’s decision.

      “We review only the [BIA’s] decision, except to the extent that it expressly

adopts the IJ’s opinion.” Najjar v. Ashcroft, 257 F.3d 1262, 1284 (11th Cir.

2001). “Insofar as the [BIA] adopts the IJ’s reasoning, we will review the IJ’s

decision as well.” Id. We review de novo the BIA’s legal conclusions.

Mohammad v. Ashcroft, 261 F.3d 1244, 1247 (11th Cir. 2001). We review the

BIA and IJ’s factual findings under the “substantial evidence” test. Forgue v.

United States Att’y Gen., 401 F.3d 1282, 1286 (11th Cir. 2005). That test is

“highly deferential,” and we must affirm the BIA’s decision “if it is supported by

reasonable, substantial, and probative evidence on the record considered as a

whole.” Id. (quotation marks omitted).

      Parra-Reina contends that he is entitled to relief as a witness to a crime
                                          3
because: (1) being a witness is immutable and the crime was publicized and thus

socially visible; (2) the theft of his identity was a “paramilitary crime”; and (3) he

had information to exonerate himself and to implicate AUC. Parra-Reina did not

raise this “witness to a crime” argument before the BIA. In fact, he argued to the

BIA that his membership in a protected group was based on being a victim of a

crime rather than being a witness to one. Therefore, we lack subject matter

jurisdiction to review that argument. Amaya-Artunduaga v. United States Att’y

Gen., 463 F.3d 1247, 1250 (11th Cir. 2006) (holding that we lack jurisdiction to

consider claims raised in a petition unless the petitioner has exhausted his

administrative remedies by raising the claim on appeal before the BIA).

      As for Parra-Reina’s other grounds for seeking relief, being a victim of the

crime of identity theft does not make him a member of a particular social group.

Evidence that “merely shows a person has been the victim of criminal activity . . .

does not constitute evidence based on a statutorily protected ground.” Ruiz v.

United States Att’y Gen., 440 F.3d 1247, 1258 (11th Cir. 2006). Parra-Reina has

not shown that he was victimized because of his political opinion. Persecution on

account of political opinion must be on account of the victim’s political opinion,

not the persecutors’. Sanchez v. United States Att’y Gen., 392 F.3d 434, 437–38

(11th Cir. 2004). Evidence that AUC harassed Parra-Reina because he refused to

cooperate with them is not enough to qualify for relief under the INA. See id. at
                                           4
438. The BIA’s denial of asylum is supported by substantial evidence on the

record considered as a whole. See Forgue, 401 F.3d at 1286. Because Parra-Reina

“has failed to establish a claim of asylum on the merits, he necessarily fails to

establish eligibility for withholding of removal or protection under CAT.” Id. at

1288 n.4.

      PETITION DENIED.




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