             IN THE SUPREME COURT OF MISSISSIPPI

                     NO. 2009-CA-01314-SCT

M. CURTISS MCKEE AND ANN CRAFT MCKEE

v.

BOWERS WINDOW & DOOR COMPANY, INC.
AND WEATHER SHIELD MANUFACTURING,
INC.

DATE OF JUDGMENT:             07/01/2009
TRIAL JUDGE:                  HON. MARCUS D. GORDON
COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED:    MADISON COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANTS:     DENNIS L. HORN
                              SHIRLEY PAYNE
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEES:      J. WADE SWEAT
                              MARISA CAMPBELL ATKINSON
                              TIMOTHY DALE CRAWLEY
                              MITZI LEASHA GEORGE
NATURE OF THE CASE:           CIVIL - PROPERTY DAMAGE
DISPOSITION:                  AFFIRMED - 04/21/2011
MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:
MANDATE ISSUED:

                     CONSOLIDATED WITH

                     NO. 2009-CA-01315-SCT

M. CURTISS MCKEE AND ANN CRAFT MCKEE

v.

WEATHER SHIELD MANUFACTURING, INC.
AND BOWERS WINDOW & DOOR COMPANY,
INC.

DATE OF JUDGMENT:             08/06/2009
TRIAL JUDGE:                  HON. MARCUS D. GORDON
COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED:    MADISON COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANTS:                 DENNIS L. HORN
                                          SHIRLEY PAYNE
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEES:                  TIMOTHY DALE CRAWLEY
                                          MITZI LEASHA GEORGE
                                          J. WADE SWEAT
                                          MARISA CAMPBELL ATKINSON
NATURE OF THE CASE:                       CIVIL - PROPERTY DAMAGE
DISPOSITION:                              AFFIRMED - 04/21/2011
MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:
MANDATE ISSUED:

      EN BANC.

      RANDOLPH, JUSTICE, FOR THE COURT:

¶1.   In 1998, the McKees entered into a home-construction contact with Ellington Homes,

Inc. (“Ellington Homes”). Thereafter, the president of Ellington Homes instructed the

McKees to look at windows at Bowers Window & Door Co., Inc. (“Bowers Window”). At

Bowers Window, a salesman showed the McKees various types of windows. Ann McKee

told him that she preferred wooden windows. The salesman cautioned the McKees that

wooden windows would need to be maintained because “wood rots . . . .” Ultimately, the

McKees selected wooden windows designed and manufactured by Weather Shield

Manufacturing, Inc. (“Weather Shield”).

¶2.   The windows were installed by either Ellington Homes or its subcontractors, with no

involvement by either Bowers Window or Weather Shield. In August 1999, the McKees

moved into their new, lakefront home. Soon thereafter, the McKees experienced a multitude

of problems related to construction, including leaking windows. By the spring of 2002, the

wooden windows were rotting.         Subsequently, the home underwent a significant

reconstruction to remedy its various problems.



                                            2
¶3.   In September 2002, the McKees filed suit against Ellington Homes,1 Weather Shield,

and Bowers Window. While acknowledging that the home had multiple problems which did

not pertain to either Weather Shield or Bowers Window, the McKees alleged that the

window manufacturer and the window seller were liable because the wooden windows were

“a defective product in that they have leaked ever since they were placed in the house.”

After the circuit court entered a pretrial order excluding expert testimony by the McKees’

designated expert regarding the defectiveness of the windows, both Weather Shield and

Bowers Window filed “Motions for Summary Judgment.” Following separate hearings, the

circuit court granted summary judgment in favor of Weather Shield and Bowers Window.

                                         FACTS

¶4.   On August 28, 1998, the McKees entered into a home-construction contract with

Ellington Homes. Thereafter, according to Ann McKee, the sole proprietor of a realty

company, the McKees were instructed by James R. Ellington, the president of Ellington

Homes, “to go and look at windows at Bowers [Window].” The deposition testimony of Ann

McKee provided that the salesman at Bowers Window, Mark McKee (no relation), did not

recommend particular windows, but instead “just discussed different windows and . . .

window surface . . . .” Mark McKee showed the McKees various types of windows,

including vinyl, metal, and wooden windows. According to Ann McKee, “I probably said

that we had come from a house that had wood windows, and I liked wood windows.”

(Emphasis added.) This was corroborated by the deposition testimony of Curtiss McKee,




      1
          The McKees have since entered into a settlement with Ellington Homes.

                                            3
which provided that “I think Ann said that she liked wood, that the metal wasn’t as pretty.”

According to Ann McKee, the salesman responded “that if we wanted wood, we’d have to

maintain them because wood rots, and . . . I remember saying, ‘Yes, we’ve had wood

windows, and we maintain them.’” While Ann McKee could not recall how the specific

windows were selected, Curtiss McKee stated that the McKees were informed by Mark

McKee that the Weather Shield windows which were selected were “top of the line.”

¶5.    The wooden windows were designed and manufactured by Weather Shield and, in

December 1998 and January 1999, were delivered to Bowers Window.2 Later, the windows

were transported to the construction site where, according to Ann McKee, they were “safely

stored out of the weather in the house garage.” The installation of the windows was

performed by either Ellington Homes or one of its subcontractors, with no involvement by

either Weather Shield or Bowers Window. The McKees were not present when the windows

were installed.

¶6.    On or about August 20, 1999, the McKees began residing in the lakefront home.

According to Ann McKee, following “the first really heavy rain, we had water that went from

the window near Curtiss’s desk area . . . . We were standing in water.” Over the next several

months, the McKees claimed that the windows had leaked whenever it rained, and that

Ellington Homes repeatedly had sent employees to inspect the windows. According to Ann

McKee, Ellington initially believed the problem was the caulking and the rubber seals, then

finally informed the McKees that he had no further solutions.

       2
        No evidence was adduced that Bowers Window altered or modified the windows in
any fashion. Bowers Window also offered evidence that it was not involved in the assembly
of the windows ordered by the McKees.

                                             4
¶7.    In the spring of 2002, the McKees contacted Bill Birdsong, Jr., to view their home and

determine if it needed to be painted or pressure-washed. Birdsong observed the trim and

fascia, and noticed that the windows were rotting “along the bottom, along the stool, the

window sill on the outside, and about four or five inches up on each side . . . .” Birdsong did

not “tear the windows open” to see if there was any moisture barrier around them or inspect

whether the windows were properly installed and sealed and/or caulked. Birdsong did not

even attempt to open any of the windows.

¶8.    Birdsong did not proceed with painting the home and “[l]eft them to decide what to

do.” Subsequently, the home underwent major reconstruction, which, according to Curtiss

McKee, cost $528,000. Residential builder Jeb Stewart was involved in the reconstruction,

and provided deposition testimony that it included “demo[ing] the house, and tak[ing] the

EIFS[ 3 ] off the outside of the house, and go[ing] back with real stucco and replac[ing] the

windows,[4 ] and redo[ing] the interior where the damage was.” According to Stewart,

“almost every” wooden window “was rotten.” 5 Stewart further stated that there was no

waterproofing around any of the windows, no moisture barrier placed above some windows,

and that some windows were installed using “[p]oor framing technique.” 6


       3
           Exterior Insulation and Finishing System, a synthetic stucco.
       4
           The wooden windows were replaced with metal-clad windows.
       5
          Stewart could not determine if the windows had been painted within six months of
initial installation. Had this not occurred, Stewart stated that rot was a natural consequence.
No evidence was offered that the windows had been painted.
       6
        Similarly, Curtiss McKee stated that carpenters informed him during the
reconstruction “that the flashing was inadequate or was not there . . . , that the windows were
not installed correctly.”

                                               5
¶9.    Additionally, the home of the McKees’ next-door neighbors (one of whom was Ann

McKee’s cousin) was also constructed by Ellington Homes. According to the McKees, that

home had “similar . . . leaking, intruding water[,]” and “just . . . multiple problems . . . .” The

McKees further stated that they did not believe the windows used in that home were

manufactured by Weather Shield.

¶10.   In their Complaint, the McKees acknowledged that their home had numerous

problems which did not implicate either Weather Shield or Bowers Window.7 Count Two

of the Complaint stated that the windows manufactured by Weather Shield and purchased

from Bowers Window were “a defective product in that they have leaked ever since they

were placed in the house.” (Emphasis added.) Count Three of the Complaint provided that




       7
        Count One of the Complaint provided that Ellington Homes had failed to construct
the home “in a workmanlike manner fit for habitation . . . .” Specifically, the McKees
alleged that:

       the area surrounding multiple windows placed in the back of the house has
       constantly leaked rainwater into the house, causing damage both to the frame
       around the windows inside and outside of the house and the walls and
       baseboards of the house; the baseboards under the windows have rotted; the
       frames surrounding the windows are beginning to rot; these windows include
       large “picture” type windows and the [McKees] fear that with the frame
       around the windows rotting that the windows may fall, causing bodily injury;
       the floor leading to the upstairs bedroom slopes; the return air chases were not
       properly sealed; the stone veneer on the front of the house was laid without
       any allowance for seepage of moisture in the stone wall cavity; the roof leaks;
       the master vanity marble top has cracked; the security system has failed; the
       EIFS in place, Dryvit Outsulation, was improperly installed, inter alia, with
       improper sealant or no sealing and/or improper flashing or no flashing along,
       and/or over and/or around the windows, fascia boards, stone roof line, planter
       box, rear wall, doors, and brick mold; the automatic electronic shutters are
       broken and the house must have mold remediation because of moisture
       intrusion due to improper construction.

                                                6
the defendants were “jointly and severally liable for the leaking into the house and the

damage caused thereby to the house structure[,]” which included reference to defects

“proximately caused” by “the defective windows manufactured by [Weather Shield] and sold

by [Bowers Window].”

¶11.   On April 3, 2007, the McKees filed their “Designation of Experts.” Regarding the

defectiveness of the windows, the McKees designated Birdsong as their expert. Thereafter,

Weather Shield filed a “Motion In Limine to Conduct Daubert[8 ] Hearing and Exclude

Expert Opinion Testimony of Bill Birdsong,” which was joined by Bowers Window.

Following hearing, the circuit judge concluded that, while Birdsong “would be qualified as

a lay person to give an opinion[,]” it would be “very difficult to find that . . . the decisions

of [Kumho Tire Co. v. Carmichael, 526 U.S. 137, 119 S. Ct. 1167, 143 L. Ed. 2d 238

(1999)], [Miss. Transp. Comm’n v. McLemore, 863 So. 2d 31 (Miss. 2003)], . . . would

qualify him under the facts of this case and with his testimony to give testimony as an

expert.” The circuit court then entered an “Order Granting Motion to Exclude Expert

Witness Testimony of William Birdsong.”

¶12.   Subsequently, Bowers Window filed a “Motion for Summary Judgment” which

maintained that the McKees could not establish “the necessary elements to prove the wooden

windows purchased from Bowers [Window] were defective[,]” or “meet their burden of




       8
       See Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharms., Inc., 509 U.S. 579, 113 S. Ct. 2786, 125 L.
Ed. 2d 469 (1993).

                                               7
proof with regard to their negligence claims . . . .” 9 Following hearing, the circuit court

granted Bowers Window’s “Motion for Summary Judgment.”

¶13.   Next, Weather Shield filed a “Motion for Summary Judgment” which maintained that

the McKees had failed to establish that the windows had been “designed in a defective

manner” when they had left Weather Shield’s control, or that “the ‘failure’ is anything more

than an inherent characteristic of that product – the fact that wood rots.” Following hearing,

the circuit court entered an “Order Granting Weather Shield Manufacturing, Inc.’s Motion

for Summary Judgment.”

¶14.   Subsequently, the McKees timely filed “Notice of Appeal” regarding the “Order

Granting Motion to Exclude Expert Witness Testimony of William Birdsong,” the “Order

Granting Bowers Window and Door Co., Inc.’s Motion for Summary Judgment,” and the

“Order Granting Weather Shield Manufacturing, Inc.’s Motion for Summary Judgment.”

This Court consolidated the appeal of those rulings.

                                          ISSUES

¶15.   This Court will consider:

       (1) Whether the circuit court abused its discretion in excluding Bill Birdsong
       from providing expert testimony.
       (2) Whether the circuit court erred in granting summary judgment in favor of
       Weather Shield and Bowers Window.




       9
      However, this Court notes that an examination of the McKees’ “Second
Supplemental and Amended Complaint” reveals no claims of negligence against Bowers
Window.

                                              8
                                         ANALYSIS

       I.     Whether the circuit court abused its discretion in excluding Bill
              Birdsong from providing expert testimony.

¶16.   “[T]he admission of expert testimony is within the sound discretion of the trial judge.

. . . Therefore, the decision of a trial judge will stand ‘unless we conclude that the discretion

was arbitrary and clearly erroneous, amounting to an abuse of discretion.’” Kilhullen v.

Kansas City S. Ry., 8 So. 3d 168, 172 (Miss. 2009) (quoting McLemore, 863 So. 2d at 34).

See also Moss v. Batesville Casket Co., Inc., 935 So. 2d 393, 404 (Miss. 2006) (citing

Tunica County v. Matthews, 926 So. 2d 209, 216 (Miss. 2006)) (“[a]s the trial court operates

as the gatekeeper as to the admissibility of expert testimony, we examine the trial court’s

decision under an abuse of discretion standard of review”).

¶17.   Mississippi Rule of Evidence 702 states that:

       [i]f scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge will assist the trier of
       fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue, a witness
       qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education,
       may testify thereto in the form of an opinion or otherwise, if (1) the testimony
       is based upon sufficient facts or data, (2) the testimony is the product of
       reliable principles and methods, and (3) the witness has applied the principles
       and methods reliably to the facts of the case.

Miss. R. Evid. 702. “This rule makes it necessary for a trial court to apply a two-pronged

inquiry when evaluating the admissibility of expert testimony: (1) is the witness qualified,

and (2) is the testimony relevant and reliable?” Watts v. Radiator Specialty Co., 990 So. 2d

143, 146 (Miss. 2008) (citing McLemore, 863 So. 2d at 35).

¶18.   Regarding qualifications, “a witness need not be a specialist in any particular

profession to testify as an expert. . . . The scope of the witness’s knowledge and experience,



                                               9
and not any artificial classification, governs the question of admissibility.” Univ. of Miss.

Med. Ctr. v. Pounders, 970 So. 2d 141, 146 (Miss. 2007) (citations omitted). See also

Calvetti v. Antcliff, 346 F. Supp. 2d 92, 110-11 (D.D.C. 2004) (quoting Lohrenz v.

Donnelly, 223 F. Supp. 2d 25, 35-36 (D.D.C. 2002)) (“An individual may be deemed an

expert based on ‘intense practical experience’ in the particular field.”); Cain v. Mid-South

Pump Co., 458 So. 2d 1048, 1050 (Miss. 1984) (“[F]ormal education is not the only means

of becoming an expert in a field. A witness may qualify to give an expert opinion through

his experience only.”). As to relevance, Mississippi Rule of Evidence 401 “favors admission

of the evidence if it has any probative value[,]” 10 and “[t]he threshold for admissibility of

relevant evidence is not great.” Investor Res. Servs., Inc. v. Cato, 15 So. 3d 412, 417 (Miss.

2009) (quoting McLemore, 863 So. 2d at 40). Finally, in its gate-keeping role, the trial court

must also “examine the reliability” of the expert’s opinion. Janssen Pharmaceutica, Inc.

v. Bailey, 878 So. 2d 31, 60 (Miss. 2004). “In evaluating reliability, the court’s ‘focus . . .

must be solely on principles and methodology, not on the conclusions that they generate.’

Daubert, 509 U.S. at 595 . . . . Expert testimony admitted at trial must be based on scientific

methods and procedures, not on unsupported speculation or subjective belief.” Hubbard v.

McDonald’s Corp., 41 So. 3d 670, 675 (Miss. 2010) (emphasis added). See also Gulf South

Pipeline, Co. v. Pitre, 35 So. 3d 494, 499 (Miss. 2010) (“[M]erely speculative expert

opinions should not be admitted.”); Edmonds v. State, 955 So. 2d 787, 792 (Miss. 2007)




       10
         “‘Relevant evidence’ means evidence having any tendency to make the existence
of any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action more probable or less
probable than it would be without the evidence.” Miss. R. Evid. 401.

                                              10
(“[A] court should not give . . . an expert carte blanche to proffer any opinion he chooses.”);

McLemore, 863 So. 2d at 37 (quoting Kumho Tire, 526 U.S. at 157) (“[N]either Daubert nor

the Federal Rules of Evidence requires that a court ‘admit opinion evidence that is connected

to existing data only by the ipse dixit of the expert,’ as self-proclaimed accuracy by an expert

[is] an insufficient measure of reliability.”).

¶19.   Regarding the defectiveness of the windows, the McKees designated Birdsong, a

“home building contractor[,]” who was:

       expected to testify that the wooden windows in the McKees’ house, which
       windows are on a lake, were not appropriate for a location with that much
       moisture and humidity. Those wooden windows did not meet the standard in
       the industry for that location and caused rot and damage to the McKees’ house.
       . . . [Birdsong] is also expected to testify that appropriate windows would not
       have rotted within two years.[11 ]

¶20.   At his deposition, Birdsong stated that he had twenty-four years of experience as a

general contractor in the metro Jackson area. Birdsong acknowledged that he had never

worked for a window manufacturer or window seller; had no special education, training, or

experience specific to windows; had no professional resume or curriculum vitae; and had




       11
         As to the windows, the McKees also designated John Noble of the Madison County
Permit Department who, along with Birdsong, was “expected to testify that the lower large
windows in the den of the house should have been of tempered glass because the Madison
County . . . building code required that . . . in 1999 . . . .” Birdsong’s deposition testimony
provided that he was “almost positive” that the windows did not meet those applicable
building code standards. Yet both Birdsong and Stewart also stated that this safety issue had
no relevance to water intrusion, and there was no indication that any of the windows had
shattered. As the McKees’ suit against Weather Shield and Bowers Window is predicated
upon product liability, this Court concludes that the untempered-glass issue is without merit.
See Miss. Code Ann. § 11-1-63(a)(iii) (Rev. 2002) ([C]laimant must prove by a
preponderance of the evidence that “[t]he defective and unreasonably dangerous condition
of the product proximately caused the damages for which recovery is sought.”).

                                                  11
never previously testified as an expert witness in any capacity.         Moreover, Birdsong

conceded that, although he had been retained by the McKees, he had prepared no notes or

written reports regarding his one-time, exterior observations of the McKees’ windows and

that, in formulating his opinions, he had reviewed no documents from other experts or

sources, such as books, magazines, treatises, articles, or other publications.

¶21.   According to Birdsong, the “bulk of the problem” with the windows was water

intrusion, as “water came through the bottom seal of the window, the sash, and probably, I

assume that it went from there to in behind the stucco . . . .” (Emphasis added.) Yet

Birdsong admittedly made only a one-time, exterior inspection of the windows in the spring

of 2002, in which he did not check for underlying moisture barriers or proper sealing and/or

caulking. Birdsong also did not know if the wooden windows rotted because they “didn’t

get painted or primed or what happened . . . .” Instead, Birdsong opined that finger-jointed,12

exterior, wooden windows “ought to be illegal” in central Mississippi, as even if they were

properly primed and painted, “it’s all going to rot.” 13 With that said, Birdsong acknowledged

that many Mississippi homes have such wooden windows; that wooden windows

manufactured by Anderson, Pella, and Marvin are sold in Mississippi; and that he knew of

no industry standard or building code which prohibited the use of wooden windows. Yet

according to Birdsong, such windows “[d]on’t meet my standard” for residential construction

“[a]nywhere in Mississippi” based upon “Birdsong common sense[,]” and that metal or vinyl


       12
         According to Stewart, “finger-joint” means “instead of taking a solid piece of stock,
they’ll make a board out of scraps, and they’ll finger-joint it together and glue it.”
       13
          According to Birdsong, he would install wooden windows only if the owners “were
just hell bent on having them.”

                                              12
windows would not have rotted within two years. (Emphasis added.) But Birdsong added

that he had never published his personal standard regarding the use of wooden windows in

Mississippi and was aware of no other general contractor who had adopted his personal

standard.

¶22.    Thereafter, Weather Shield filed a “Motion In Limine to Conduct Daubert Hearing

and Exclude Expert Opinion Testimony of Bill Birdsong,” which Bowers Window joined.

At the motion hearing, Birdsong testified that he had previously installed, repaired, or

replaced “thousands” of windows, and that he had built or manufactured “under a hundred”

windows. According to Birdsong, during his 2002 exterior observation of the McKees’

home, he noticed rot in “more than ten and less than fifty” windows. Regarding the

underlying problem, Birdsong “couldn’t say whether it was the priming or whether it was not

flashed or . . . what, other than it just deteriorated and when it leaked from the bottom, it

leaked right onto the house.” But Birdsong further stated that finger-jointed, exterior,

wooden windows were “as cheap as you can get”14 and were unsuitable for the McKees’

home given its proximity to the lake and its general geographic location in central

Mississippi. Birdsong estimated that “ninety percent of finger-joint exterior windows that

I’ve looked at over twenty-four years have had problems[,]” and reasserted that “the only

time I would [install finger-jointed, exterior, wooden windows] is if . . . the homeowner

themselves said this is what I want.” Yet Birdsong again acknowledged that finger-jointed,




        14
             Birdsong conceded that he did not know the price of the windows in the McKees’
home.

                                              13
exterior, wooden windows have “been accepted” in the industry and that such windows have

been used in thousands of Mississippi homes.

¶23.   The circuit judge summarized Birdsong’s testimony as follows, “he was involved with

construction, evaluation of homes of all values, . . . and he finally . . . gave an opinion that

the . . . finger-joint window should be outlawed and not allowed although . . . it is still in

use.” Based thereon, the circuit judge concluded that, while Birdsong “would be qualified

as a lay person to give an opinion[,]” it would be “very difficult to find that . . . the decisions

of [Kumho Tire, 526 U.S. at 137], [McLemore, 863 So. 2d at 31], . . . would qualify him

under the facts of this case and with his testimony to give testimony as an expert.” 15 The

circuit court then entered an “Order Granting Motion to Exclude Expert Witness Testimony

of William Birdsong.”

¶24.   In evaluating the admissibility of Birdsong’s proposed expert testimony, this Court

finds a myriad of problems at each level of the analysis. Without question, “[a] witness may

qualify to give an expert opinion through his experience only.” Cain, 458 So. 2d at 1050.

See also Miss. R. Evid. 702 (a witness may be “qualified as an expert by . . . experience . .

. .”); Cain, 458 So. 2d at 1050 (“[A] water well driller with 23 years of experience would

qualify as an expert in the field and should be able to estimate how much it costs to replace



       15
            In so ruling, the circuit judge added that:

       [a] judge has a difficult time separating his own personal beliefs and
       knowledge from the evidence of a case oftentimes. . . . I, as a . . . property
       owner, have an opinion myself about the . . . effectiveness of wooden
       window[s] and . . . I’m familiar with finger-joints. . . . [M]any homes today are
       still standing with wooden windows – with finger-joints, perhaps my home
       may be one of those, it was built several years ago.

                                                 14
a water well pump or motor.”); Ford Motor Co. v. Dees, 223 So. 2d 638, 641 (Miss. 1969)

(“part owner and manager of a large automotive repair shop” with thirty years of experience

qualified “to testify as an expert on the construction and working of the steering mechanism

of a pickup truck and also the manner in which the cab was bolted to the chassis”); Ford

Motor Co. v. Cockrell, 211 So. 2d 833, 838 (Miss. 1968) (truck mechanic with thirty-five

years of experience and “eight mechanics in his employ” deemed “qualified as an expert

witness” in a truck accident case). Here, Birdsong’s twenty-four years of experience as a

general contractor likely would have qualified him as an expert in the broad field of general

contracting. But Birdsong was not offered as an expert in that general field, but rather in the

specific field of window manufacture and design, assessing the purported defectiveness of

the subject windows. With respect to windows, while Birdsong’s experience as a general

contractor included installation, repair, and replacement, along with the manufacture of

“under a hundred” windows, even he acknowledged that he had no special education,

training, or experience specific to windows, and he had never worked for a window

manufacturer or seller.       Based thereon, this Court finds this case fundamentally

distinguishable from those cases in which a witness was qualified as an expert by experience.

See Cain, 458 So. 2d at 1050; Dees, 223 So. 2d at 641; Cockrell, 211 So. 2d at 838.

Furthermore, the limited nature of Birdsong’s one-time, exterior observation of the windows

in the spring of 2002, see supra ¶ 21, calls into question his specific qualifications to testify

as either a layperson or expert regarding the defectiveness of those windows. The circuit

court determined that Birdsong’s lack of experience and/or credentials in the field of window

manufacture and design did not sufficiently qualify Birdsong to provide expert testimony.

                                               15
Based on the record before us, we cannot conclude that the learned circuit judge abused his

discretion in excluding Birdsong’s opinion. See Kilhullen, 8 So. 3d at 172. But even

assuming arguendo that Birdsong was qualified, his testimony lacked both sufficient

relevance and reliability.

¶25.   Regarding relevance, Birdsong’s testimony was predicated upon his one-time, exterior

observation of the windows in the spring of 2002. In that observation, Birdsong did not

check for underlying moisture barriers or proper sealing and/or caulking. See supra ¶ 21.

Therefore, Birdsong can offer evidence only that the windows rotted. But the “fact that is

of consequence to the determination of the action” is not that the windows rotted (that fact

is not in dispute), but the source of the rot. Miss. R. Evid. 401. This Court fails to see what

evidence Birdsong can present that aids that inquiry.

¶26.   As to reliability, Birdsong opined that the windows were defective, as finger-jointed,

exterior, wooden windows should be “illegal” in central Mississippi. In formulating this

opinion, Birdsong admittedly reviewed no outside sources and could cite no industry

standards or building codes in support thereof.         In fact, Birdsong acknowledged that

thousands of homes in Mississippi have wooden windows.16 Yet, in Birdsong’s own words,

his opinion was based upon “my standard” and “Birdsong common sense.” As such, this

Court summarily concludes that this is nothing more than “unsupported speculation or

subjective belief,” lacking any semblance of an underlying “reliable principl[e] and




       16
            Additionally, Stewart, a residential builder involved in the removal of the subject
windows, provided deposition testimony that the use of wooden windows is common and
that they generally are not defective.

                                               16
metho[d].” Hubbard, 41 So. 3d at 675; Miss. R. Evid. 702. As Weather Shield argues,

Birdsong effectively utilized “no methodology, much less a scientifically recognized one[.]”

Therefore, even assuming arguendo that the circuit court abused its discretion on the

qualification issue, which it did not, the application of relevance and reliability principles

also would call for the exclusion of Birdsong’s expert testimony.

       II.    Whether the circuit court erred in granting summary judgment in
              favor of Weather Shield and Bowers Window.

¶27.   “This Court’s well-established standard of review for a trial court’s grant or denial of

summary judgment is de novo.” Covington County Sch. Dist. v. Magee, 29 So. 3d 1, 3-4

(Miss. 2010) (citations omitted). According to this Court:

       [s]ummary judgment is appropriate where “the pleadings, depositions, answers
       to interrogatories and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any,
       show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact[17 ] and that the
       moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” Miss. R. Civ. P.
       56(c). “The moving party has the burden of demonstrating that no genuine
       issue of material fact(s) exists, and the non-moving party must be given the
       benefit of the doubt concerning the existence of a material fact.” [Waggoner
       v. Williamson, 8 So. 3d 147, 152-53 (Miss. 2009)].

Magee, 29 So. 3d at 4. However, “[t]he party opposing the motion must be diligent and may

not rest upon allegations or denials in the pleadings but must set forth specific facts showing

there are indeed genuine issues for trial.” Williams v. Bennett, 921 So. 2d 1269, 1272 (Miss.

2006) (citations omitted).




       17
         “A fact is material if it ‘tends to resolve any of the issues properly raised by the
parties.’” Moss, 935 So. 2d at 398 (quoting Palmer v. Anderson Infirmary Benevolent
Ass’n, 656 So. 2d 790, 794 (Miss. 1995)).

                                              17
(A) Weather Shield

¶28.   When Weather Shield filed a “Motion for Summary Judgment,” it maintained that the

“only claim” against it was “one of ‘defective design’.” (Emphasis added.) According to

Weather Shield:

       even if there exists evidence of the “failure” of the product, there is no
       evidence that the product left the control of the manufacturer in a defectively-
       designed manner, or that the “failure” is anything more than an inherent
       characteristic of that product – the fact that wood rots. This is true,
       particularly where, as here, according to all evidence adduced in discovery .
       . . , these wooden windows were not properly primed, caulked or flashed at the
       time they were installed by [Ellington Homes] and/or [its] retained sub-
       contractors.

Weather Shield further noted that Birdsong, whose expert testimony had been excluded, “was

the only witness offered by the [McKees] who would have submitted any evidence that the

subject windows were defective and that such defect was the cause of any of the [McKees’]

damages.”

¶29.   At the motion hearing, the circuit judge asked counsel for the McKees, “how would

you ever prove your products liability case without an expert?” Counsel for the McKees

responded that “[t]here’s an issue about the composition of that wood and the fact that it

rotted in two years as Weather Shield alleged it would if it’s completely untreated.” 18



       18
          Counsel for the McKees was alluding to a statement of undisputed fact from
Weather Shield Manufacturing, Inc. v. PPG Industries, Inc., 1998 WL 469913 (W.D. Wis.
1998), that “[u]ntreated wood products can fail due to decay within two to ten years
depending upon geography, wood species, and other factors.” Id. at *1. But a review of the
underlying facts in PPG Industries reveals it is altogether inapplicable to this case. There,
Weather Shield filed suit against PPG Industries for breach of warranty, negligence, and
misrepresentation, alleging that PPG Industries had, beginning in 1984, sold them a
“defective wood preservative [PILT] which caused its windows to rot prematurely.” Id. The
critical, undisputed fact for purposes of the present case is that, in 1994, Weather Shield

                                             18
According to counsel for the McKees, Weather Shield had not “come forward and indicated

with any proof whatsoever that these windows were adequately treated.” The circuit court

rejected the McKees’ argument and entered an “Order Granting Weather Shield

Manufacturing, Inc.’s Motion for Summary Judgment.”

(1) Product liability 19

¶30.   “In 1993, the Mississippi legislature promulgated the Products Liability Act and

codified what had formerly been common law strict liability. . . . Since that time products

liability claims have been specifically governed by statute . . . .” Williams, 921 So. 2d at

1273 (citation omitted). As stated in Williams:

       the legislature has codified the requirements unique to a design defect claim
       and laid out an explicit blueprint for claimants to prove when advancing such
       a claim. When claimants do not fulfill their statutory obligation, they leave the
       courts no choice but to dismiss their claims because they fail to offer a key
       element of proof requisite to the court’s determination of whether the claimant
       has advanced a valid claim under the statute.



“discontinued its use of PILT.” Id. at *2. The subject windows in this case were not ordered
until December 1998 and January 1999, and the McKees fail to present any evidence that
their windows had been treated with PILT. Accordingly, this Court finds the purported
significance of PPG Industries to be a “red herring.”
       19
          On appeal, the McKees additionally contend that Weather Shield breached the
implied warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose, and habitability. But
in their initial and amended Complaints, the McKees’ lone allegation against Weather Shield
was that the windows used in their home were “a defective product in that they have leaked
ever since they were placed in the house.” As the McKees’ implied-warranty claims against
Weather Shield are presented for the first time on appeal, this Court concludes that they are
procedurally barred. See West v. West, 891 So. 2d 203, 214 (Miss. 2004) (quoting Crowe
v. Smith, 603 So. 2d 301, 305 (Miss. 1992)) (“In Mississippi, ‘an appellant is not entitled to
raise a new issue on appeal, since to do so prevents the trial court from having an opportunity
to address the alleged error.’”); Shaw v. Shaw, 603 So. 2d 287, 292 (Miss. 1992) (“One of
the most fundamental and long-established rules of law in Mississippi is that the [appellate
court] will not review matters on appeal that were not raised at the trial court level.”).

                                              19
Id. at 1277.

¶31.   In a product liability suit, “proof of injury alone is insufficient, and . . . more is needed

to satisfy the [claimant’s] burden.” Forbes v. Gen. Motors Corp., 935 So. 2d 869, 880

(Miss. 2006) (citing Creel v. Gen. Motors Corp., 233 So. 2d 105, 109 (Miss. 1970)). See

also Coleman v. Danek Med., Inc., 43 F. Supp. 2d 637, 646 (S.D. Miss. 1999) (quoting

Cather v. Catheter Tech. Corp., 753 F. Supp. 634, 638-39 (S.D. Miss. 1991)) (“Mere proof

of damage following the use of a product is not sufficient to establish liability.”). In order

for the McKees’ design-defect claim to survive Weather Shield’s “Motion for Summary

Judgment,” they must establish that, when the windows left Weather Shield’s control, there

are genuine issues of material fact regarding whether the windows were (1) “designed in a

defective manner;” (2) which rendered them “unreasonably dangerous” to the McKees; (3)

that the “defective and unreasonably dangerous condition . . . proximately caused” the

McKees’ damages; (4) that the damages were not caused by an “inherent characteristic” of

the wooden windows which “cannot be eliminated without substantially compromising the

product’s usefulness or desirability” and which an “ordinary person” would recognize; (5)

that Weather Shield knew or should have known of the “danger that caused the damage;” and

(6) that “there existed a feasible design alternative that would have to a reasonable

probability prevented the harm” without also “impairing the utility, usefulness, practicality

or desirability of” the windows. Miss. Code Ann. § 11-1-63(a), (b), & (f) (Rev. 2002).

¶32.   Relying upon PPG Industries, the McKees contend that “[s]ince the . . . windows

rotted within two (2) years, Weather Shield is admitting that it sold what amounted to

untreated, unprotected wood that was destined to rot within two years.” At a minimum, the

                                                20
McKees assert that there exists a “material issue of fact as to whether the window companies

had chosen to palm off on the homeowners the company’s old, defective windows that had

remained in their inventory from the time [of] the PILT seasoned windows that had failed in

innumerable homes . . . .”

¶33.   Weather Shield responds that PPG Industries is a “red herring” and that the “sole

support” for the McKees’ “defective design theory was Bill Birdsong’s personal opinion that

no one in Mississippi ought to have wooden residential windows.” Weather Shield asserts

that this was insufficient to satisfy the McKees’ design-defect burden of proof, because

Birdsong was “unable to testify as to whether the windows were defective when they left

Weather Shield, whether they were defective when they left Bowers [Window], or whether

they were defective at all.” Furthermore, Weather Shield maintains that the McKees failed

to present evidence “that any alleged defect proximately caused the damage” to their home.

Finally, Weather Shield contends that an “inherent characteristic” of wood is that it rots, and

such “cannot be eliminated without substantially compromising the product’s usefulness or

desirability.”

¶34.   This Court finds that the McKees offer only “[m]ere proof of damage following the

use of” the Weather Shield windows. Coleman, 43 F. Supp. 2d at 646 (quoting Cather, 753

F. Supp. at 638-39). The fact that their windows leaked and rotted is insufficient for this

design-defect claim to survive Weather Shield’s “Motion for Summary Judgment.” This is

particularly true since Birdsong performed only a single, exterior observation of the windows

in the spring of 2002, in which he failed to check for underlying moisture barriers or proper

sealing and/or caulking; Stewart provided deposition testimony that there was no

                                              21
waterproofing around any of the windows, no moisture barrier above some windows, and

“[p]oor framing technique” in the window installation; it is unclear whether the windows

were painted within six months of installation, as required to prevent rotting; and the home

of the McKees’ next-door neighbors, constructed by Ellington Homes, also experienced

leaking windows, but did not have Weather Shield windows.20

¶35.   Regarding the McKees’ argument on the alleged use of improperly treated “PILT

seasoned windows,” this Court finds an absence of “specific facts showing there are indeed

genuine issues for trial.” Williams, 921 So. 2d at 1272. A nonmoving party “must do more

than simply show that there is some metaphysical doubt as to the material facts[,]” which the

McKees have failed to do. Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co., Ltd. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475

U.S. 574, 586, 106 S. Ct. 1348, 1356, 89 L. Ed. 2d 538 (1986).

¶36.   In sum, even giving the McKees “the benefit of the doubt concerning the existence

of a material fact[,]” this Court concludes that summary judgment was properly entered in

favor of Weather Shield. Magee, 29 So. 3d at 4.

(B) Bowers Window

¶37.   In its “Motion for Summary Judgment,” Bowers Window maintained that the McKees

could not “prove the necessary elements to prove the wooden windows purchased from

Bowers [Window] were defective[,]” or “meet their burden of proof with regard to their

negligence claims . . . .” At the motion hearing, counsel for Bowers Window argued that



       20
         This Court further adds that we have previously affirmed a trial court’s finding that
“one of the inherent characteric[s] of wood is that it rots[,]” and that the McKees offered no
evidence of a “feasible design alternative.” Moss, 935 So. 2d at 405 (emphasis in original);
Miss. Code Ann. § 11-1-63(f)(ii) (Rev. 2002).

                                             22
“[w]hen it boils down to it, we sold them some wood windows. [Ann] McKee talked about

that she had had wood windows before, and she liked them . . . and . . . that’s what it comes

down to.” In granting Bowers Window’s “Motion for Summary Judgment,” the circuit judge

focused upon Mississippi Code Sections 11-1-63(a)(i)(3) and (f)(i) & (ii), then stated:

       [a]ll of us who are adult owners of . . . frame homes with windows would
       recognize that the great majority of the homes in this state have wooden
       windows. The [McKees] should have known that in the location of their home
       near a lake near the water would be more susceptible to rot and deterioration
       than a home located somewhere else; yet they chose the site of their home.
       The [McKees] . . . failed to show a material matter to be developed. . . . I fail
       to see how I can be advised of a defective product, and with advice of that
       defect, turn around and say that I want it anyway, and then later on say I’m
       entitled to damages because of that defect.

(Emphasis added.)

(1) Product liability

¶38.   Applying the analysis in supra ¶¶ 34-36, as to Bowers Window, and adding that no

proof was adduced that Bowers Window “exercised substantial control over . . . the design,

testing, manufacture, packaging or labeling of the product that caused the harm[,] . . . altered

or modified the product,” or “had actual or constructive knowledge of the defective condition

of the product at the time [it] supplied the product[,]” this Court concludes that summary

judgment was properly entered in favor of Bowers Window on the McKees’ product-liability

claims. Miss. Code Ann. § 11-1-63(h) (Rev. 2002).




                                              23
(2) Negligence21

¶39.   The McKees’ negligence claim required that they prove, by a preponderance of the

evidence, “(1) duty, (2) breach of that duty, (3) nexus, causation or proximate cause, and (4)

damages.” Moss, 935 So. 2d at 406 (citing May v. V.F.W. Post 2539, 577 So. 2d 372, 375

(Miss. 1991)).

¶40.   According to the McKees, “[f]or these windows to have rotted within a two year time

frame, there was negligence involved.” Bowers Window responds that it “did not have

anything to do with the actual construction of [the McKees’] house[,]” and “[t]he mere act

of selling windows chosen by the [McKees] is not an act of negligence.[22 ] As admitted by

[Birdsong], . . . wooden windows were sold throughout Mississippi.” In sum, Bowers

Window contends that the McKees “raise lots of questions about the windows but never have

presented credible evidence to support their claims or create an issue for a jury.”

¶41.   This Court finds that the McKees’ negligence claim “fail[s] to present any new

discussion or claim that does not relate back to the . . . products liability claim which ha[s]

previously been determined to be legally insufficient to survive summary judgment.” Moss,

935 So. 2d at 406. Thus, this Court concludes that summary judgment was properly entered

in favor of Bowers Window on the McKees’ negligence claim.




       21
        This Court addresses this claim because it was addressed by Bowers Window. But
see supra note 9.
       22
        According to Bowers Window, the McKees can “cite no support for th[e] general
statement” that the seller of windows must have been negligent if the windows rotted within
two years.

                                              24
(3) Warranties

¶42.   The Mississippi Products Liability Act “does not abrogate a statutory cause of action

for breach of implied warranty as grounds for recovery[,]” or, for that matter, any warranty

claims. Bennett v. Madakasira, 821 So. 2d 794, 808 (Miss. 2002) (citing Miss. Code Ann.

§§ 11-1-63 [(Rev. 2002)], 75-2-715 [(Rev. 2002)]), abrogated on other grounds by Hutzel

v. City of Jackson, 33 So. 3d 1116 (Miss. 2010). Moreover, the implied warranties of

merchantability for an ordinary purpose or fitness for a particular purpose may not be

contractually waived “in a sale to a consumer . . . of consumer goods . . . .” Miss. Code Ann.

§ 11-7-18 (Rev. 2002). See also Miss. Code Ann. § 75-2-719(4) (Rev. 2002) (“[A]ny

limitation of remedies which would deprive the buyer of a remedy to which he may be

entitled for breach of an implied warranty of merchantability or fitness for a particular

purpose shall be prohibited.”). However, “[i]n Mississippi, ‘an appellant is not entitled to

raise a new issue on appeal, since to do so prevents the trial court from having an opportunity

to address the alleged error.’” West, 891 So. 2d at 214 (quoting Crowe, 603 So. 2d at 305).

See also Shaw, 603 So. 2d at 292 (“One of the most fundamental and long-established rules

of law in Mississippi is that the [appellate court] will not review matters on appeal that were

not raised at the trial court level.”).

¶43.   In this case, the McKees never, over the course of filing three complaints, pleaded

claims for breach of implied or express warranty against Bowers Window. This critical fact

fundamentally distinguishes this case from the warranty decisions relied upon by the

McKees. See Duett Landforming, Inc. v. Belzoni Tractor Co., Inc., 34 So. 3d 603, 605

(Miss. Ct. App. 2009) (suit against manufacturer and seller of tractors for breach of implied

                                              25
warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose); Parker v. Thornton, 596

So. 2d 854, 855-56 (Miss. 1992) (homeowners’ suit against building contractor alleging

“breach of express and implied warranties of merchantability[,] . . . fitness[,]” and

habitability); North River Homes, Inc. v. Bosarge, 594 So. 2d 1153, 1158-59 (Miss. 1992)

(complaint “alleged that the defendants breached various warranties – express, implied, and

fitness[,]” and the trial judge instructed the jury “on the theories of breach of implied

warranty of merchantability and fitness . . . .”). On this basis, this Court concludes that the

McKees’ warranty claims against Bowers Window are procedurally barred. See West, 891

So. 2d at 214; Shaw, 603 So. 2d at 292.

                                      CONCLUSION

¶44.   Based upon this analysis, this Court affirms the Circuit Court of Madison County’s

“Order Granting Motion to Exclude Expert Witness Testimony of William Birdsong;” “Order

Granting Bowers Window and Door Co., Inc.’s Motion for Summary Judgment;” and “Order

Granting Weather Shield Manufacturing, Inc.’s Motion for Summary Judgment.”

¶45.   AFFIRMED.

    WALLER, C.J., CARLSON AND DICKINSON, P.JJ., LAMAR, KITCHENS,
CHANDLER, PIERCE AND KING, JJ., CONCUR.




                                              26
