233 F.3d 619 (D.C. Cir. 2000)
United States of America, Appelleev.Tony Angelo Mason, Appellant
No. 00-3004
United States Court of Appeals  FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA CIRCUIT
Argued November 13, 2000Decided December 15, 2000

Appeal from the United States District Court  for the District of Columbia  (No. 99cr00162-01)
Edward H. Rippey, appointed by the court, argued the  cause for appellant.  With him on the briefs was Mark H.  Lynch.
Kenneth W. Cowgill, Assistant U.S. Attorney, argued the  cause for appellee.  With him on the brief were Wilma A.  Lewis, U.S. Attorney, John R. Fisher, Mary-Patrice Brown  and John D. Crabb, Jr., Assistant U.S. Attorneys.
Before:  Edwards, Chief Judge, Williams and Tatel,  Circuit Judges.
Opinion for the Court filed by Chief Judge Edwards.
Edwards, Chief Judge:


1
Tony Angelo Mason appeals his  conviction under 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1) (1994).  During his  trial, Mason testified that he found a gun in a paper bag near  a school while he was working as a delivery truck driver.  He  claimed that he took possession of the gun only to keep it out  of the reach of the young children at the school, fully intending to give the weapon to a police officer whom he expected to  see later that day on his truck delivery route.  A law enforcement officer discovered the gun in Mason's possession, however, before Mason acted on his own to relinquish possession. Mason was then arrested and subsequently indicted for a  violation of § 922(g)(1), which makes it unlawful for any  person who has been convicted of a crime punishable by  imprisonment for a term exceeding one year to possess a  firearm or ammunition.


2
At the conclusion of his trial, Mason asked the District  Court to instruct the jury that "innocent possession" was a  defense to the crime charged under § 922(g)(1).  The trial  judge denied the request, instructing the jury instead that  "well meaning possession" was not a defense to the  § 922(g)(1) charge.  The trial judge instructed the jury that,  so long as he "knowingly possessed" the gun, it did not  matter why Mason had the weapon in his possession.  The  jury then returned a verdict of guilty and Mason was subsequently sentenced to 77 months in federal prison.


3
Mason's principal argument on appeal is that the District  Court erred in refusing to give an "innocent possession"  instruction.  The Government concedes that, in certain circumstances, innocent possession may be a defense to a  charge under § 922(g)(1).  The Government argues, however,  that such a defense could not succeed on the record in this  case.


4
We agree that, in appropriate circumstances, a defense of  innocent possession may be asserted in a criminal prosecution that rests on a charged violation of § 922(g)(1).  We also  find that, in the instant case, the District Court erred in  refusing to give an innocent possession instruction.  Accordingly, we hereby reverse the judgment of the District Court  and remand the case for a new trial.

I. Background

5
On April 13, 1999, the day of his arrest, Mason was driving  a truck and delivering drinking water for his employer, Snow  Valley.  Mason testified that, after making a delivery to a  housing development at 69 L Place, N.W., Washington, D.C.,  and as he was returning to his truck, he came upon a brown  paper bag on the ground and found a gun with ammunition in  it.  Trial Transcript at 19 (Aug. 27, 1999) [hereinafter "Tr.  8/27"].  He picked up the bag and took it with him to his  truck.  He then took the gun out of the bag, tucked the  weapon into the side of his weight belt, and put the ammunition in his pocket.  Tr. 8/27 at 19.  Mason testified further  that he picked up the gun "because it was in an area where  there is the school there and there were a lot of children  outside."  Tr. 8/27 at 20.  According to Mason, he proceeded  to the Library of Congress, which was his next water delivery  stop, where he intended to turn over the gun to a Library of  Congress police officer he knew.  Tr. 8/27 at 20-21.


6
Bobby Henson, a uniformed Library of Congress police  officer, was stationed at the entrance gate adjoining a loading  dock in the Library of Congress building when Mason drove  his Snow Valley truck into the loading dock area.  Having  seen Mason before, but not being able to recall Mason's  name, Officer Henson testified that he motioned for Mason to  stop so that he could record his name in the log.  Trial  Transcript at 10 (Aug. 26, 1999) [hereinafter "Tr. 8/26"].  Mason testified that he thought the officer was waving him  on, so he did not stop.  Tr. 8/27 at 22.  After parking his  truck and unloading several bottles of water, Mason continued on towards the dock master's desk, where he signed in  before entering the Library of Congress.  Tr. 8/27 at 25.


7
Officer Patrick J. Curtis, Jr., who was stationed at a metal  detector approximately ten to fifteen feet away from the dock  master's desk, testified that Mason walked by him on his way  to the dock master's desk.  Tr. 8/26 at 27-28, 31.  When  Mason leaned over the desk to sign in, Officer Curtis observed what he believed to be the butt of a handgun protruding from Mason's waistband.  Tr. 8/26 at 32.  Officer Curtis  then approached Mason, visually confirmed that Mason was  carrying a gun, and then ordered Mason to put his hands on  the table in front of him.  Officer Curtis detained Mason at  gun point and removed the gun from Mason's waistband.  Tr.  8/26 at 34.  Mason was subsequently arrested.


8
On May 13, 1999, a federal grand jury indicted Mason on  one count of unlawful possession of a firearm and ammunition  by a person convicted of a crime punishable by imprisonment  for a term exceeding one year, in violation of 18 U.S.C.  § 922(g)(1).  See Indictment, United States v. Mason, Crim.  No. 99-0162 (D.D.C. May 13, 1999), reprinted in Appellant's  Appendix ("App.") at 4.  A superceding indictment was filed  on August 24, 1999.  See Superceding Indictment, Mason,  Crim. No. 99-0162 (D.D.C. Aug. 24, 1999), reprinted in App.  at 10.


9
During Mason's trial on the § 922(g)(1) charge, the prosecutor asked the trial judge to preclude the defense from  trying to introduce evidence that Mason was justified in  possessing the gun.  Tr. 8/26 at 116.  The prosecutor argued  that, pursuant to authorities such as United States v. Perrin,  45 F.3d 869 (4th Cir. 1995), the so-called "justification" defense to a felon-in-possession charge under § 922(g)(1) is  available only when (1) the felon or someone else was under  an unlawful and present threat of death or serious bodily  injury;  (2) the felon did not recklessly place himself in the  situation where he would be forced to engage in criminal  conduct;  (3) the felon had no reasonable legal alternative that  would avoid both the criminal conduct and the threatened  death or injury;  and (4) there was a direct causal relationship  between the criminal act and the avoidance of the threatened  harm.  Id. at 873-74.  Defense counsel objected on two  grounds:  first, counsel argued that the Government's motion was premature, because Mason had yet to present any evidence;  second, counsel asserted that Mason intended to rely  on an "innocent possession" defense, not the "justification"  defense.  Tr. 8/26 at 116-17.  In asserting the innocent  possession defense, Mason's counsel directed the District  Court's attention to Criminal Jury Instructions, District of  Columbia, No. 4.71(B) (4th ed. 1993) ("Redbook"), and to D.C.  Court of Appeals decisions, such as Carey v. United States,  377 A.2d 40, 42-44 (D.C. 1977), and Hines v. United States,  326 A.2d 247, 248 (D.C. 1974), and unspecified federal circuit  opinions, purporting to apply the innocent possession standard.  Tr. 8/26 at 117, 119-20.


10
The District Court denied the Government's motion to  preclude the "justification" defense, finding the motion premature.  Tr. 8/26 at 122.  On the following day of trial,  Mason then testified, as noted above, that he possessed the  weapon with innocent and good purpose.  At the conclusion of  the trial, Mason's counsel made an oral and a written request  for an instruction on the defense of innocent possession.  The  proposed instruction was as follows:


11
Mr. Mason would be not guilty of the offense charged here if he lacked any criminal purpose in possessing the weapon and/or ammunition and he possessed the weapon in an affirmative effort to aid social policy for example: 1) to protect the finder or others from harm, 2) to turn it over to the police, or 3) to otherwise secure it.


12
Mr. Mason's Additional Proposed Jury Instructions, reprinted  in App. at 48.  The District Court rejected the innocent  possession instruction.  Instead, over the objection of defense  counsel, the trial judge instructed the jury as follows:


13
If you find that the defendant knowingly possessed the gun or ammunition, then the reason the defendant may have had for possessing them is not relevant to your consideration of the evidence.  Well meaning possession is not a defense to the charge in this case.


14
Tr. 8/27 at 103.


15
The jury returned a guilty verdict against Mason.  The  District Court then sentenced Mason to 77 months in federal  prison, followed by three years of supervised release.  See  Judgment, Mason, Crim. No. 99-0162 (D.D.C. Dec. 28, 1999),  reprinted in App. at 52-53.  Mason's sentence represented a  two-level reduction in the adjusted offense level pursuant to  United States Sentencing Guideline S 5K2.0.  See United States v. Mason, 90  F. Supp. 2d 1, 1 (D.D.C. 1999).


16
Mason now appeals his conviction, challenging the District  Court's failure to give an innocent possession instruction to  the jury.  He seeks reversal of the District Court's judgment  and remand for a new trial.

II. Analysis

17
Both the Government and the defendant agree that there is  a "justification" defense to a felon's possession of a gun in  violation of § 922(g)(1).  See, e.g., United States v. Dodd, 225  F.3d 340 (3d Cir. 2000);  United States v. Deleveaux, 205 F.3d  1292 (11th Cir.), cert. denied, 120 S. Ct. 2724 (2000);  United States v. Gomez, 92 F.3d 770 (9th Cir. 1996);  Perrin, 45 F.3d  869.  The present case, however, does not implicate the  justification defense, because there was no evidence of an  imminent threat of death or bodily injury to Mason or others. See Deleveaux, 205 F.3d at 1297.  The parties do not disagree  over this point.  Rather, the issue here is whether there is a  distinct innocent possession defense, i.e., apart from the  justification defense, to a felon-in-possession charge under  § 922(g)(1), and, if so, how it should be defined.


18
At oral argument, Government counsel forthrightly conceded that, although narrow, there must be an innocent  possession defense to a § 922(g)(1) charge.  We agree.  Indeed, we cannot imagine otherwise.  It is true that some  courts have emphasized that no criminal intent is required to  establish guilt under § 922(g)(1).  See, e.g., Deleveaux, 205  F.3d at 1298 (stating that under § 922(g)(1) "[t]he prosecution  need show only that the defendant consciously possessed  what he knew to be a firearm").  Nonetheless, as the Government here recognized, to completely reject the possibility of an innocent possession defense is to say that a felon-inpossession always will be guilty once he knowingly possesses  a weapon, without regard to how or why he came into  possession or for how long possession was retained.  Thus,  for example, if Mason did indeed innocently pick up a bag  containing a gun (not knowing what was in the bag), he would  be guilty the moment he was seen holding the bag knowing of  its contents, even if he had every intention of relinquishing  possession immediately.  There is nothing to indicate that  Congress intended such a harsh and absurd result and Government counsel acknowledged that § 922(g)(1) should not be  read this broadly.


19
The real problem in this case is not whether there is an  innocent possession defense, but, rather, how to define it. This is no mean feat.  Although Congress may not have  meant to produce absurd results in enacting § 922(g)(1),  there is no doubt that the criminal proscription is strict. Nonetheless, as both parties here agree, certain carefully  confined extenuating circumstances may preclude a conviction  under § 922(g)(1) based on mere knowing possession.


20
Some of our sister circuits appear to have recognized an  innocent possession defense;  however, we can find no case in  which a circuit has squarely applied the innocent possession  defense to a § 922(g)(1) charge, where the elements of a  justification defense are not present.  See United States v.  Ali, 63 F.3d 710, 716 n.7 (8th Cir. 1995) (declining to address  whether the defense was available because defense counsel  failed to seek a proper instruction on the innocent possession  theory, but noting that its case law did not foreclose such a  defense);  United States v. Elder, 16 F.3d 733, 738 (7th Cir.  1994) (concluding that although the innocent possession defense presented a "novel issue," it need not decide the issue  because the evidence did not support the defense);  cf. United  States v. Wolak, 923 F.2d 1193, 1198 (6th Cir. 1991) (recognizing an "innocent possession defense," though the defense in  that case is more properly considered a "justification defense"  as life and limb were arguably at stake).


21
There are reported state court judgments, however, that  have allowed an innocent possession defense to a weapons  possession charge.  See, e.g., Bieder v. United States, 707  A.2d 781, 783-84 (D.C. 1998) (acknowledging innocent possession defense to charge of carrying a pistol without a license); People v. Hurtado, 54 Cal. Rptr. 2d 853, 858 (1996) (stating  that the momentary possession for disposal defense, initially  established for the possession of controlled substances, extends to possession of a firearm by a felon offenses);  People  v. Williams, 409 N.E.2d 1372, 1373 (N.Y. 1980) (recognizing  innocent possession defense to a charge of criminal weapons  possession).  See also  Redbook, Instruction No. 4.71(B) (4th  ed. 1993) ("The defendant would be not guilty of the offense  charged here if s/he lacked any criminal purpose in carrying  or possessing the weapon [ammunition] and s/he [intended to  take it as soon and as directly as possible to law enforcement].");  Criminal Jury Instructions, New York, No. 9.65  (1983) ("A person who recently finds a weapon and thus  possesses it temporarily, with no intention to retain it, but  with the intention of promptly turning it over to a lawful  authority, is not guilty of unlawful possession.  Such possession, if temporary, is lawful.").  Some of the statutes at issue  in the state court decisions are not felon-in-possession statutes.  Nevertheless, the rationale underlying these decisions  seems to apply equally to § 922(g)(1).


22
There are two general requirements that must be satisfied  in order for a defendant to successfully invoke the innocent  possession defense.  The record must reveal that (1) the  firearm was attained innocently and held with no illicit purpose and (2) possession of the firearm was transitory--i.e., in  light of the circumstances presented, there is a good basis to  find that the defendant took adequate measures to rid himself  of possession of the firearm as promptly as reasonably possible.  In particular, "a defendant's actions must demonstrate  both that he had the intent to turn the weapon over to the  police and that he was pursuing such an intent with immediacy and through a reasonable course of conduct."  Logan v.  United States, 402 A.2d 822, 827 (D.C. 1979).  When these


23
requirements are met, possession is "excused and justified as  stemming from an affirmative effort to aid and enhance social  policy underlying law enforcement."  Hines v. United States,  326 A.2d 247, 248 (D.C. 1974).


24
The innocent possession defense may arise in a range of  factual scenarios, including cases like the instant one in which  the defendant's claims of innocent possession, lack of illicit  purpose, and transitory possession are plausible, albeit debatable.  Such cases are for the jury to decide.  There are some  easy cases on either end of the spectrum, however.


25
For example, suppose there was undisputed and credible  evidence that a defendant left his truck locked to make a  delivery and, upon returning, found that the truck had been  broken into and a gun left on the driver's seat.  Suppose  further that, surprised by his discovery, the defendant picks  up the gun, removes the ammunition, and then immediately  calls "911" to seek police assistance.  When the police arrive,  the defendant is found holding the gun and ammunition,  which he turns over to the officers.  Surely, with such a  record, a judgment of acquittal would be in order.


26
On the other hand, suppose that, upon finding the firearm,  the hypothetical defendant promptly hides the gun and ammunition in his truck.  Assume further that the defendant  finishes his deliveries and says nothing to anyone about the  gun or ammunition.  Then, at the end of his work day, the  defendant puts the gun and ammunition in his jacket pocket  and takes them to his home, purportedly to consider what to  do with them.  The gun and ammunition remain in the  defendant's possession overnight.  The firearm is accidentally  discovered the next day when a police officer sees the gun fall  out of the defendant's jacket pocket.  In such a case, there  would be no plausible innocent possession defense, because  the defendant could not show transitory possession.  In other  words, there would be no basis whatsoever to find that the  defendant took adequate measures to rid himself of possession of the firearm as promptly as reasonably possible.  In  such a case, a trial judge should reject a request for an  innocent possession instruction.


27
The innocent possession defense to a § 922(g)(1) charge is  necessarily narrow.  Thus, it does not offend the statute's  goal of keeping guns out of the hands of convicted felons. See Barrett v. United States, 423 U.S. 212, 218 (1976) (noting  that the purposebehind the statute is to "keep firearms away  from the persons Congress classified as potentially irresponsible and dangerous").  On this score, it is important to recall  that "it is the retention of [a firearm], rather than the brief  possession for disposal ... , which poses the danger which is  criminalized" by felon-in-possession statutes.  Hurtado, 54  Cal. Rptr. 2d at 858.  With this in mind, it is easy to  understand why the innocent possession defense--which focuses precisely on how the defendant came into possession of  the gun, the length of time of possession, and the manner in  which the defendant acts to rid himself of possession--is fully  consistent with the legislative purpose underlying § 922(g)(1).


28
The instant case presents a close call.  The asserted facts  indicate that Mason's possession of the gun and ammunition  was innocent and that he harbored no illicit purpose;  there is  a question, however, as to whether Mason took the necessary  steps to dispose of the gun with immediacy and through a  reasonable course of conduct.  On balance, we find that  Mason established an adequate record to warrant submission  of an innocent possession instruction to the jury.  See Joy v.  Bell Helicopter Textron, Inc., 999 F.2d 549, 556 (D.C. Cir.  1993) ("It is well established that '[a] defendant is entitled to  an instruction on a defense theory if it has a basis in the law  and in the record.' ") (quoting Hasbrouck v. Texaco, Inc., 842  F.2d 1034, 1044 (9th Cir. 1987), aff'd, 496 U.S. 543 (1990)).


29
The testimony reflects that, once Mason found the weapon,  he drove directly to deliver the weapon to an officer he knew  who was only 10 minutes away;  and he apparently made no  attempt to hide the gun, which was seen sticking out of his  belt.  The Government, however, argues that Mason "did not  embark upon a course of conduct reasonably calculated to  result in the surrender of the pistol to police with immediacy," see Appellee's Brief at 30, because Mason (1) did not call  the police, even though he had a cellular telephone, and (2) did not surrender the weapon to the first police officer that he  saw.  This is precisely the kind of dispute that should be  submitted to a jury.  On remand, following a new trial, it will  be up to the jury to assess the evidence and to determine  whether, in light of the circumstances presented, Mason took  adequate measures to rid himself of possession of the firearm  as promptly as reasonably possible.

III. Conclusion

30
Because the District Court erred as a matter of law in not  instructing the jury on Mason's innocent possession defense,  Mason's conviction is reversed and the case is remanded for a  new trial.

