[Cite as JDH Mgt. Group, L.L.C. v. Pierce, 2018-Ohio-706.]



                                    IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

                           TWELFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT OF OHIO

                                           WARREN COUNTY




JDH MANAGEMENT GROUP, LLC,                             :
                                                             CASE NO. CA2017-07-100
        Plaintiff-Appellant,                           :
                                                                  OPINION
                                                       :           2/26/2018
   - vs -
                                                       :

GREGORY W. PIERCE, et al.,                             :

        Defendants-Appellees.                          :



         CIVIL APPEAL FROM WARREN COUNTY COURT OF COMMON PLEAS
                            Case No. 17CV894158



Robbins, Kelly, Patterson & Tucker, James M. Kelly, Richard O. Hamilton, Jr., and Jarrod
M. Mohler, 7 West Seventh Street, Suite 1400, Cincinnati, Ohio 45202, for plaintiff-appellant

Jacobs, Kleinman, Seibel & McNally, L.P.A., Mark J. Byrne, The Cincinnati Club Building,
Suite 905, 30 Garfield Place, Cincinnati, Ohio 45202, for defendants-appellees



        M. POWELL, J.

        {¶ 1} Plaintiff-appellant, JDH Management Group, LLC ("JDH"), appeals a decision

of the Warren County Court of Common Pleas denying its motion for judgment on the

pleadings, or in the alternative, to stay the proceedings and compel arbitration.

        {¶ 2} In February 2014, defendants-appellees, Gregory and Debra Pierce,

contracted with JDH to build a residence for them in Liberty Township, Ohio ("Construction
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Contract"). Pursuant to the Construction Contract, the total cost of construction of the

residence was $1,783,415.         The Construction Contract incorporated a Customer

Information Sheet which set forth the various allowances for specific items included within

the contract price. The Customer Information Sheet further provided that the contract price

was subject to change based upon the Pierces' actual expenditures in relation to the various

allowances stated in the Customer Information Sheet. Upon completion of the work and

factoring in actual expenditures and prior payments, the Pierces owed JDH a final payment

of $319,150.69, to be paid at closing. Pursuant to the Construction Contract, the Pierces

were not permitted to occupy the home until JDH had been paid in full.

       {¶ 3} In November 2014, the Pierces advised JDH that they were unable to make

the final payment due at closing. In a follow-up email, the Pierces inquired if they could pay

the balance upon the sale of their current residence and whether JDH could "work

something out." On December 11, 2014, JDH offered to accept monthly payments on a

reduced balance of $270,189.55 and sent the Pierces a Repayment Agreement and a

mortgage memorializing such offer. On December 13, 2014, the Pierces offered to pay a

further reduced balance of $249,189.55 and sent JDH a signed Repayment Agreement for

that amount and a signed, un-notarized mortgage for $249,598.55. JDH accepted the

Pierces' counteroffer. Consequently, pursuant to the Repayment Agreement, the Pierces

were to pay JDH $249,598.55 at 10 percent per annum interest and $1,200 per month for

the use of the residence. The entire unpaid balance was payable by February 1, 2015. The

Pierces anticipated paying JDH in full with the sale proceeds of their current residence.

       {¶ 4} The Pierces made a $1,200 payment for their use of the residence in

December 2014. However, they made no further payments and did not pay the balance on

or before February 1, 2015, as provided in the Repayment Agreement. The Pierces advised

JDH they would pay the remaining balance of $255,289.55 by March 14, 2015, but failed to

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do so.

         {¶ 5} On January 17, 2017, JDH filed a complaint against the Pierces for breach of

the Repayment Agreement. The Pierces answered and alleged six counterclaims: (1)

breach of the Construction Contract, (2) negligence, (3) breach of warranty, (4) fraud in the

inducement and performance of the Construction Contract, (5) performance of the

Construction Contract in violation of R.C. Chapter 4722, and (6) fraud in the inducement of

the Repayment Agreement.

         {¶ 6} JDH filed a reply to the Pierces' counterclaims and moved for judgment on the

pleadings, or in the alternative, to stay the counterclaims pending arbitration. Specifically,

JDH argued it was entitled to judgment on the Pierces' counterclaims because the

Repayment Agreement superseded the Construction Contract. Alternatively, JDH argued

the counterclaims were to be stayed pending mandatory arbitration pursuant to Article 15

of the Construction Contract.

         {¶ 7} Article 15 of the Construction Contract provides that "any Claim arising from

or relating to this Agreement or the breach thereof is subject to good faith negotiation, and

if not resolved within 60 days, is subject to arbitration at the request of either party." Article

15 further provides that "[a]ny Claim arising out of this Agreement shall be commenced

with[in] one (1) year from JDH's last date of Work on the Project." JDH's motion stated that

its last date of work on the project was October 23, 2014.

         {¶ 8} On June 6, 2017, the trial court denied JDH's motion for judgment on the

pleadings, rejecting JDH's claim that the Repayment Agreement superseded the

Construction Contract because "[t]here [was] nothing in the Repayment Agreement

indicating the parties' desire or intent to disregard the Construction Contract." The trial court

further denied JDH's motion to stay the counterclaims pending arbitration. The trial court

found that although the Repayment Agreement did not have an arbitration clause, the

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Repayment Agreement and Construction Contract were "clearly linked," in that "[w]ithout

the Construction Contract, there would be no Repayment Agreement to enforce."

Consequently, the trial court found that JDH waived its right to arbitration under the

Construction Contract when it filed suit to enforce the Repayment Agreement.

       {¶ 9} JDH now appeals, raising two assignments of error that will be considered in

reverse order.

       {¶ 10} Assignment of Error No. 2:

       {¶ 11} THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN DENYING JDH'S MOTION FOR JUDGMENT

ON THE PLEADINGS.

       {¶ 12} JDH argues the trial court erred by denying its motion for judgment on the

pleadings because the Repayment Agreement is a valid novation of the Construction

Contract and thus, the Repayment Agreement replaced the Construction Contract. JDH

further argues the trial court erred in failing to dismiss the Pierces' counterclaims related to

the Construction Contract because they were not brought within one year of JDH's last date

of work as required under Article 15 of the Construction Contract. Finally, JDH argues the

trial court erred in failing to dismiss the counterclaim for fraudulent inducement of the

Repayment Agreement because the Repayment Agreement ultimately entered into was the

Pierces' counteroffer that JDH accepted, and not JDH's initial offer.

       {¶ 13} A trial court's decision on a Civ.R. 12(C) motion for judgment on the pleadings

is reviewed by an appellate court de novo. Golden v. Milford Exempted Village School Bd.

of Edn., 12th Dist. Clermont No. CA2008-10-097, 2009-Ohio-3418, ¶ 6. Pursuant to Civ.R.

12(C), a judgment on the pleadings is appropriate if the court finds that the plaintiff can

prove no set of facts in support of his claim that would entitle him to relief. In ruling on the

Civ.R. 12(C) motion, the court construes as true all the material allegations in the complaint,

with all reasonable inferences to be drawn therefrom, in favor of the nonmoving party.

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Corporex Dev. & Constr. Mgt., Inc. v. Shook, Inc., 106 Ohio St.3d 412, 2005-Ohio-5409, ¶

2. Civ.R. 12(C) motions are specifically for resolving questions of law. Whaley v. Franklin

Cty. Bd. of Commrs., 92 Ohio St.3d 574, 581 (2001). "The determination of a motion for

judgment on the pleadings is limited solely to the allegations in the pleadings and any

writings attached to the pleadings." Golden at ¶ 6.

       {¶ 14} A novation occurs "where a previous valid obligation is extinguished by a new

valid contract, accomplished by the substitution of parties or of the undertaking, with the

consent of all the parties, and based on valid consideration." Moneywatch Cos. v. Wilbers,

106 Ohio App.3d 122, 125 (12th Dist.1995). "In order to effect a valid novation, all parties

to the original contract must clearly and definitely intend the second agreement to be a

novation and intend to completely disregard the original contract obligation." Id. A novation

can never be presumed. Id. Thus, the party asserting a novation defense has the burden

of proof. Huntington Natl. Bank v. D&G Ents., Inc., 7th Dist. Mahoning No. 12 MA 15, 2013-

Ohio-1117, ¶ 22.

       {¶ 15} We find that the Repayment Agreement is not a novation of the Construction

Contract. There is no clear and definite evidence that the Pierces intended the Repayment

Agreement to be a novation and that they intended to completely disregard JDH's

obligations under the Construction Contract. The Repayment Agreement simply modified

the repayment terms of the contract price set forth in the Construction Contract and does

not demonstrate an intention by the parties to substitute or discharge the parties of their

obligations under the Construction Contract. Federal Land Bank of Louisville v. Taggart,

31 Ohio St.3d 8, 14 (1987) (reamortization agreement which merely reschedules a debt

does not constitute a novation).      "Mere modification of a contract will not suffice in

establishing novation. Anything that still remains in effect of the original obligation prevents

novation unless the contrary is particularly expressed or shown by the evidence."

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                                                                    Warren CA2017-07-100

(Emphasis sic.) D&G Ents. at ¶ 27; Taggart. The Repayment Agreement neither expressly

creates a novation nor implicitly extinguishes the parties' obligations under the Construction

Contract. The trial court, therefore, properly rejected JDH's defense of novation.

       {¶ 16} JDH next argues the trial court erred in failing to dismiss the Pierces' six

counterclaims.    Counts 1 through 5 of the Pierces' counterclaims arise from the

Construction Contract. Count 6 alleged two separate claims of fraud in the inducement of

the Repayment Agreement, to wit, JDH committed fraud by intentionally omitting the

amortization schedule from the Repayment Agreement and by falsely representing the

amount due under the Construction Contract.

       {¶ 17} As it did in its motion for judgment on the pleadings, JDH argues the Pierces'

counterclaims related to the Construction Contract must be dismissed because they were

not brought within one year of JDH's last date of work as required under Article 15 of the

Construction Contract. Likewise, as it did in its motion, JDH further argues that even if the

Repayment Agreement omitted the amortization schedule, the Pierces' counterclaim for

fraudulent inducement of the Repayment Agreement must be dismissed because the

Repayment Agreement ultimately entered into was the Pierces' counteroffer that JDH

accepted, and not JDH's initial offer. Thus, the omitted amortization schedule would have

been inapplicable because the Pierces counteroffered for a further reduced amount which

necessarily would have changed the amortization schedule.

       {¶ 18} We decline to address JDH's foregoing arguments. It is rudimentary that

questions neither raised nor passed upon by the trial court will not be ruled upon by this

court. In re Adoption of McDermitt, 63 Ohio St.2d 301, 307 (1980); Wiethe v. Beaty, 12th

Dist. Warren No. CA99-09-111, 2000 Ohio App. LEXIS 5404, *14 (Nov. 20, 2000). The trial

court denied JDH's motion for judgment on the pleadings solely on the ground the

Repayment Agreement was not a novation of the Construction Contract. By so ruling, the

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trial court thus held that the rights and obligations under the Construction Contract

continued even after the Repayment Agreement. However, the trial court never ruled upon

the issues above.1 We therefore decline to address these issues as they were not decided

by the trial court.

        {¶ 19} JDH's second assignment of error is overruled.

        {¶ 20} Assignment of Error No. 1:

        {¶ 21} THE TRIAL COURT ABUSED ITS DISCRETION WHEN IT DENIED JDH'S

MOTION TO STAY THE PIERCES' COUNTERCLAIMS PENDING ARBITRATION.

        {¶ 22} JDH argues the trial court abused its discretion in denying its motion to stay

Counts 1 through 5 of the Pierces' counterclaims pending arbitration. JDH asserts the trial

court erred in finding that JDH waived arbitration under Article 15 of the Construction

Contract by filing suit to enforce the Repayment Agreement.

        {¶ 23} Appellate courts generally review a trial court's decision granting or denying

a motion to stay proceedings pending arbitration under an abuse-of-discretion standard.

Northland Ins. Co. v. Palm Harbor Homes, Inc., 12th Dist. Clinton No. CA2006-07-021,

2007-Ohio-1655, ¶ 7. Likewise, a trial court's determination that the right to arbitrate has

been waived is reviewed on appeal under an abuse-of-discretion standard. Patrick v. Dixie

Imports, Inc., 12th Dist. Butler No. CA2017-05-063, 2017-Ohio-9093, ¶ 20.

        {¶ 24} Arbitration is a favored method of dispute resolution in the law. Northland at

¶ 8, citing Williams v. Aetna Fin. Co., 83 Ohio St.3d 464, 471 (1998). The strong public

policy in favor of arbitration is codified in R.C. Chapter 2711, Ohio's Arbitration Act, which

requires a court to stay an action if it involves an issue covered by an arbitration agreement.



1. We note that although the Pierces alleged two separate claims of fraud in Count 6 of their counterclaims,
the issue of whether JDH committed fraud in the inducement of the Repayment Agreement by falsely
representing the amount due under the Construction Contract, was not argued below. JDH does not raise
the issue in its brief.
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Northland at ¶ 8, citing ABM Farms, Inc. v. Woods, 81 Ohio St.3d 498, 500 (1998). A party

to a contract to arbitrate generally waives that right when it files a lawsuit rather than

requesting arbitration. Land v. J.D. Byrider, Inc., 12th Dist. Butler No. CA2006-02-038,

2007-Ohio-1222, ¶ 8, citing Mills v. Jaguar-Cleveland Motors, Inc., 69 Ohio App.2d 111 (8th

Dist.1980), syllabus.2 However, a waiver of the right to arbitrate will not be inferred lightly.

Land at ¶ 10.

        {¶ 25} The trial court held that JDH waived its right to arbitration under the

Construction Contract by filing suit to enforce the Repayment Agreement. The trial court

reasoned that but for the Construction Contract, there would be no Repayment

Agreement. Thus, the two documents were clearly linked and Article 15 of the Construction

Contract necessarily applied to JDH's lawsuit against the Pierces. That is, because the

Repayment Agreement was solely related to amounts due JDH under the Construction

Contract, JDH's claim under the Repayment Agreement was essentially one for breach of

the Construction Contract and was therefore a waiver of its right to arbitrate claims made

under the Construction Contract.

        {¶ 26} We find the trial court erred in finding JDH waived its right to arbitrate by filing

suit to enforce the Repayment Agreement. While there would be no Repayment Agreement

but for the Construction Contract, we find that the Repayment Agreement is a promissory

note, and thus, a separate, enforceable contract. Fisk Alloy Wire, Inc. v. Hemsath, 6th Dist.

Lucas No. L-05-1097, 2005-Ohio-7007.

        {¶ 27} A promissory note is simply an instrument that evidences an agreement to



2. "Later cases have interpreted Mills to mean that whether a party files a lawsuit, rather than request
arbitration, is part of the totality of the circumstances a court should consider and not the determinative factor
regarding waiver." Craver v. Tomsic, Delaware C.P. No. 13CVH03 0207, 2013 Ohio Misc. LEXIS 3950, *18-
19 (Oct. 23, 2013), citing Milling Away, L.L.C. v. Infinity Retail Environments, Inc., 9th Dist. Summit No. 24168,
2008-Ohio-4691, and Household Realty Corp. v. Rutherford, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 20183, 2004-Ohio-
2422. In other words, filing a lawsuit is not a per se waiver of the right to arbitrate. Craver at *18.
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pay a monetary obligation. Bank of Am. v. Smith, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-130306, 2014-

Ohio-2845, ¶ 10. When a party fails to make payment on the note, that party has breached

the terms of that agreement. Id. "It is axiomatic that a promissory note, even though its

execution may be a condition of another contract, constitutes a separate enforceable

contract." Fisk at ¶ 40.

       {¶ 28} In Fisk, Fisk contracted with Thermotech to build a furnace. Subsequently,

Thermotech informed Fisk it was financially unable to complete the furnace because it had

spent Fisk's payments on other operating expenses. The parties entered into a restated

agreement. The restated agreement was incorporated into the parties' original contract and

provided that Fisk would pay directly for materials, which payments would be credited

against the purchase price. The restated agreement further provided that any sums

advanced by Fisk in excess of the maximum purchase price were to be repaid to Fisk with

promissory notes. Costs overruns resulted and Fisk ultimately advanced the sum of

$57,196.51 in excess of the contract price in order for the furnace to be

completed. Consequently, Thermotech issued two promissory notes to Fisk to cover Fisk's

payments in excess of the contract price. However, Thermotech defaulted on the

promissory notes and Fisk sued the company, seeking the unpaid balance of the

notes. The trial court granted judgment in favor of Fisk.

       {¶ 29} On appeal, Thermotech argued that Fisk's action to enforce the promissory

notes was barred by the limitations clause of the original contract, which stated: "Any action

for the breach of contract arising from this proposal must commence within one year after

discovery, but in no event longer than two years after Preliminary Acceptance by

[Fisk]."   Specifically, Thermotech asserted that because the original contract was

incorporated into the restated agreement and execution of the promissory notes was a

condition of the restated agreement, the limitations clause applied to and barred Fisk's

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action to recover sums due under the promissory notes. The Sixth Appellate District

rejected the argument as follows:

             It is axiomatic that a promissory note, even though its execution
             may be a condition of another contract, constitutes a separate
             enforceable contract. The limitations clause * * * only applies to
             actions for breach of contract arising from "this" proposal – prior
             to the restated agreement, "this" could only refer to the original
             agreement for appellants to build a furnace for Fisk and for Fisk
             to pay for it. To the extent that the original agreement was
             incorporated into the restated agreement, "this" could very well
             refer either only to the original agreement or to the entire
             restated agreement. However, we need not solve the ambiguity
             presented by the referential term because the promissory notes
             constitute a separate contract, even though their creation was a
             condition of the contract. Fisk's action to enforce the promissory
             notes arises independently of the restated agreement, and it is
             not within the purview of the limitations clause. * * * Fisk seeks
             to enforce the separate promise to pay contained in the
             promissory notes.

(Citations omitted.) Fisk, 2005-Ohio-7007 at ¶ 40.

      {¶ 30} The same is true here. The Repayment Agreement is nothing more than a

promissory note evidencing an agreement to pay a monetary obligation and is, therefore,

separate and independent of the Construction Contract. Id.; Smith, 2014-Ohio-2845 at ¶

10. Just as the limitations clause contained in the original contract did not apply to the

enforcement of the promissory notes in Fisk, the arbitration provision of the Construction

Contract does not apply to the enforcement of the Repayment Agreement herein. JDH's

action to enforce the Repayment Agreement arises independently of the Construction

Contract and is not within the purview of the arbitration clause of Article 15 of the

Construction Contract. Consequently, JDH did not waive its right to demand arbitration of

the Pierces' counterclaims under the Construction Contract when it filed suit for breach of

the Repayment Agreement, and the trial court's finding otherwise was unreasonable and

an abuse of discretion. See AAAA Enterprises, Inc. v. River Place Community Urban

Redevelopment Corp., 50 Ohio St.3d 157, 161 (1990) (most instances of abuse of discretion

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result in decisions that are simply unreasonable rather than unconscionable or arbitrary).

      {¶ 31} JDH's first assignment of error is sustained.

      {¶ 32} Judgment affirmed in part and reversed in part and cause remanded for

further proceedings consistent with this opinion.


      RINGLAND, P.J., and PIPER, J., concur.




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