                                          COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA


            Present: Judges Alston, Chafin and Senior Judge Haley
            Argued at Fredericksburg, Virginia
PUBLISHED




            CHOON POONG LEE
                                                                                  OPINION BY
            v.     Record No. 1897-16-4                                    JUDGE JAMES W. HALEY, JR.
                                                                              DECEMBER 19, 2017
            COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA


                                 FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF FAIRFAX COUNTY
                                            Penney S. Azcarate, Judge

                           Charles J. Swedish (Sloan & Swedish, on brief), for appellant.

                           Stephen L. Forster, Assistant Attorney General (Mark R. Herring,
                           Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.


                   Choon Poong Lee, appellant, was convicted by a jury of statutory burglary, in violation

            of Code § 18.2-91.1 Code § 18.2-91 provides, in pertinent part, that “[i]f any person . . . [in the

            daytime breaks and enters . . . a dwelling house, as prohibited in Code] § 18.2-90 with intent to

            commit larceny . . . he shall be guilty of statutory burglary . . . .” The legislature imposes an

            enhanced penalty “if the person was armed with a deadly weapon at the time of such entry.”

            Code § 18.2-91. Appellant concedes he was guilty of breaking and entering the dwelling, but

            contends the evidence was not sufficient to prove he was armed with a deadly weapon at the time

            of entry. The issue here for resolution is whether a not per se deadly weapon may be defined as

            a deadly weapon based upon its possessor’s intent and subsequent use as a deadly weapon. We

            conclude it can be so defined. For the reasons that follow, we affirm.



                   1
                     Appellant was also convicted of attempted rape, animate or inanimate object sexual
            penetration, and robbery. On appeal, appellant challenges only the breaking and entering while
            armed with a deadly weapon conviction.
                                        BACKGROUND

       “Applying principles of appellate review, we recite the facts in the light most favorable to

the prevailing party below, the Commonwealth.” Jones v. Commonwealth, 279 Va. 295, 298,

687 S.E.2d 738, 739 (2010). So viewed, the evidence adduced at trial established that appellant

knew the victim and her family from church and he previously worked with the victim’s

husband. Appellant had helped the family move into their residence.

       On September 23, 2015, the victim was home alone during the daytime while her

children were at school and her husband was at work. Late that morning, appellant parked his

truck near the victim’s home and walked to the back of the home. A neighbor’s security camera

recorded appellant sitting in his truck and the victim’s car parked in the driveway. The video

showed appellant walking to the victim’s home, wearing gloves, sunglasses, and a hat.

Appellant found an open window to the basement and used a screwdriver to pry open the screen.

Appellant went upstairs to where the victim was watching television. Appellant pointed the

screwdriver at the victim and demanded money. Appellant approached the victim, putting the

screwdriver to her neck and cutting her with it, and he again demanded money. Appellant

removed the victim’s clothing and touched her breasts and genital area. Appellant attempted to

have intercourse with her. The victim testified she feared appellant “was going to kill” her, so

she told appellant she would give him money from her purse. Appellant stopped assaulting the

victim and followed her to a bedroom. The victim gave him her wallet, which contained

approximately $2,000 in currency. Appellant left the home, and the victim immediately called

her husband. The victim testified that she did not recognize the man in her home because his

face was covered and she could see only his eyes.

       Later that same day, Detective Brian Beyerson stopped appellant’s truck, which matched

the vehicle in the security video. Beyerson transported appellant to police headquarters for

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questioning. Detective Matthew Horn conducted the interrogation. Officer Young Lee, no

relation to appellant, assisted Horn with translating the conversation as appellant primarily spoke

Korean. The FBI later produced an official verbatim translation that was admitted into evidence

at trial. Appellant initially lied, but eventually admitted he went to the victim’s home. He said

his intent was to get money because he owed his brother-in-law $3,000. Appellant stated he

pried open the screen to the open window with the screwdriver to get into the home. Appellant

told Horn that he covered his face with a towel that he found inside the home by the window.

Appellant told Horn he did not know anyone was in the home. Appellant stated that when he

went upstairs he was surprised to see the victim watching television. Horn asked appellant why

he had the screwdriver. Appellant responded, “Ah, it was just to make [her] threaten . . . I didn’t

know but, when you open the window . . . the window was opened, so I couldn’t open it with

hands.”2

                                           ANALYSIS

       Appellant admits he committed a breaking and entering, in the daytime, of a dwelling

house. He argues, however, that the enhanced penalty for being armed with a deadly weapon

does not apply because a screwdriver is not a per se deadly weapon and, for purposes of the

burglary, he used the screwdriver only as a burglarious tool. Appellant asserts his actions with

the screwdriver, inside the home, were not relevant to classify the screwdriver as a deadly

weapon because the burglary was complete once he entered the home.

       Appellant concedes he used the screwdriver in a deadly manner after the burglary was

complete. This concession is consistent with the law on non per se deadly weapons being

classified as deadly. See Pannill v. Commonwealth, 185 Va. 244, 253-54, 38 S.E.2d 457, 462


       2
         The legend to the FBI’s translation indicated words in italics were spoken in English,
non-italicized words were spoken in Korean, and the use of brackets was “to denote linguist
comments and other editorial.”
                                               -3-
(1946) (“[A] weapon may not be per se deadly, yet the vicious and cruel use of it may be the

determinative factor in pronouncing it deadly,” including a “steel screw driver.”).

       The dispositive question, then, is whether there was sufficient evidence to prove the

screwdriver could be defined as deadly at the time appellant used it in the commission of the

burglary. Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, as we must,

“[w]e will reverse a conviction based on a sufficiency challenge only if the trial court’s judgment

is plainly wrong or without evidence to support it.” Smith v. Commonwealth, 61 Va. App. 690,

692, 739 S.E.2d 280, 281 (2013).

       It was the Commonwealth’s burden to prove that the screwdriver was deadly at the time

of commission of the burglary. Pritchett v. Commonwealth, 219 Va. 927, 929, 252 S.E.2d 352,

353 (1979) (“Generally, unless a weapon is per se a deadly one, the fact finder should determine

whether it, and the manner of its use, place it in that category, and the burden of showing these

things is upon the Commonwealth.” (emphasis added)).

               “As a general rule, a litigant is entitled to introduce all competent,
               material, and relevant evidence tending to prove or disprove any
               material issue raised, unless the evidence violates a specific rule of
               admissibility.”. . . “Evidence is relevant if it has any logical
               tendency, however slight, to establish a fact at issue in the case.”
               “Evidence is material if it relates to a matter properly at issue.”

Calhoun v. Commonwealth, 35 Va. App. 506, 509, 546 S.E.2d 239, 241 (2001) (quoting Peeples

v. Commonwealth, 28 Va. App. 360, 365, 504 S.E.2d 870, 873 (1998), rev’d on other grounds,

30 Va. App. 626, 519 S.E.2d 382 (1999) (en banc)). Appellant asserts the evidence of his use of

the screwdriver was not relevant to determine whether the screwdriver was deadly upon entry.

       Our jurisprudence advises that an object’s manner of use is relevant to establish that an

object was a deadly weapon. Pannill, 185 Va. at 253-54, 38 S.E.2d at 462; Pritchett, 219 Va. at

929, 252 S.E.2d at 353. Further,



                                                -4-
               Burglary laws are based primarily upon a recognition of the
               dangers to personal safety created by the usual burglary
               situation - the danger that the intruder will harm the occupants in
               attempting to perpetrate the intended crime or to escape and the
               danger that the occupants will in anger or panic react violently to
               the invasion, thereby inviting more violence. The laws are
               primarily designed, not to deter the trespass and the intended
               crime, which are prohibited by other laws, so much as to forestall
               the germination of a situation dangerous to personal safety.

Rashad v. Commonwealth, 50 Va. App. 528, 540, 651 S.E.2d 407, 413-14 (2007) (analyzing

whether statute prohibiting the use of a firearm in the commission of burglary applied to all

forms of burglary) (quoting Rash v. Commonwealth, 9 Va. App. 22, 25-26, 383 S.E.2d 749, 751

(1989)). By enhancing the penalty for breaking and entering while armed with a deadly weapon,

it is clear the legislature intended to protect the occupants of the dwelling by discouraging

burglars from taking deadly instruments into the dwelling. It follows, therefore, that the manner

of an object’s use inside the dwelling is relevant to prove the material issue of whether the

burglar intended to use an object as a weapon and whether it could be deadly.

       What the burglar contemplated, or intended, also is relevant to the inquiry in categorizing

an object as a deadly weapon. Evidence of a person’s intent can be proven by the person’s

conduct and statements “after the events that constitute the charged crime.” Simon v.

Commonwealth, 58 Va. App. 194, 206, 708 S.E.2d 245, 251 (2011) (emphasis added).

Therefore, the Court concludes that a burglar’s actions and statements once inside the dwelling

are relevant to prove that a not per se deadly weapon was in fact intended to be used as a deadly

weapon.3




       3
         Other states appear to have looked to actions within the dwelling to support convictions
of armed burglary. See State v. Norris, 2016-Ohio-1526, ⁋⁋ 19-20 (Ct. App.) (screwdriver
pointed at victim in fraternity house was deadly weapon to support finding of aggravated
burglary); State v. Candelaria, 6363 P.2d 883, 884 (N.M. Ct. App. 1981) (screwdriver held to
victim’s throat inside the home was deadly weapon to support finding aggravated burglary).
                                               -5-
       Finding that the Court can consider appellant’s actions before and after the burglary, we

address that evidence. The evidence supported a finding that appellant intended to use the

screwdriver for the dual purpose of a burglarious tool and a weapon. The evidence demonstrated

appellant knew someone was home, as indicated by the car in the driveway and the fact that

appellant concealed his identity by covering his face with a towel after entering the dwelling.

Further, appellant kept the screwdriver in his hand, for ready use, as he went through the

dwelling, rather than leaving it by the window, or otherwise securing it, once he made entry into

the dwelling. After his arrest, when asked why he had the screwdriver, appellant immediately

replied, “Ah, it was just to make [her] threaten . . .” and to get in through the window. Appellant

conceded he used the screwdriver as a deadly weapon once he was in the dwelling. Taken in its

entirety, the evidence supports the reasonable conclusion that appellant intended to arm himself

with a deadly weapon in the commission of the burglary and in fact used it as a deadly weapon.

Accordingly, the conviction for breaking and entering a dwelling house in the daytime while

armed with a deadly weapon is affirmed.

                                                                                         Affirmed.




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