[Cite as Jamison v. Stark Cty. Bd. of Commrs., 2014-Ohio-4906.]


                                       COURT OF APPEALS
                                      STARK COUNTY, OHIO
                                   FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                             JUDGES:
JESSICA L. JAMISON                                   :       Hon. W. Scott Gwin, P.J.
                                                     :       Hon. John W. Wise, J.
                        Plaintiff-Appellant          :       Hon. Craig R. Baldwin, J.
                                                     :
-vs-                                                 :
                                                     :       Case No. 2014CA00044
BOARD OF STARK COUNTY                                :
COMMISSIONERS, ET AL                                 :
                                                     :       OPINION
                  Defendants-Appellees




CHARACTER OF PROCEEDING:                                 Civil appeal from the Stark County Court of
                                                         Common Pleas, Case No. 2013CV01528



JUDGMENT:                                                Affirmed



DATE OF JUDGMENT ENTRY:                                  November 3, 2014

APPEARANCES:

For Plaintiff-Appellant                                  For Defendants-Appellees

DAVID SPALDING                                           RICHARD NICODEMO
157 Wilbur Drive N.E.                                    ROSS RHODES
North Canton, OH 44720                                   110 Central Plaza South, Suite 510
                                                         Canton, OH 44702
[Cite as Jamison v. Stark Cty. Bd. of Commrs., 2014-Ohio-4906.]


Gwin, P.J.

          {¶1}   Appellant appeals the September 24, 2013 judgment entry of the Stark

County Common Pleas Court granting appellees’ motions for summary judgment.

                                          Facts & Procedural History

          {¶2}   In February of 2013, appellant Jessica Jamison (“Jamison”) began doing

volunteer work at the Stark County Dog Pound in order to fulfill one of the requirements

for a class she was taking at Mount Union College.                On March 7, 2013, appellant

selected a pit bull being housed at the dog pound for a training exercise. Appellant was

bitten by the pit bull during a “clicker training” exercise.

          {¶3}   Appellant filed a complaint on June 6, 2013, alleging several causes of

action.     In Count I, appellant moves for declaratory judgment as to the liability of

appellee Stark County Board of Commissioners (“Board”) and Stark County Dog

Warden’s Department as to whether R.C. 955.28(B) imposes strict liability on the Board

and a finding that said statute does not contain an exception for governmental or

sovereign immunity. In Count II of appellant’s complaint, appellant seeks declaratory

judgment as to the strict liability of appellees Reagan Tetreault (“Tetreault”) and Jane

Doe pursuant to R.C. 955.28(B) as keepers and/or harborers of the pit bull at the time of

the incident.      In Count III, appellant alleges that the actions of the appellees in

permitting appellant to be exposed to the pit bull while performing her volunteer work at

the dog pound was in bad faith and constituted wanton and/or reckless conduct. In

Count IV, appellant asserts claims for personal and bodily injury based on principles of

common law negligence.
Stark County, Case No. 2014CA00044                                                       3


      {¶4}   The trial court granted a motion to dismiss by the Stark County Dog

Warden’s Department based upon the fact that the Stark County Board of

Commissioners, also a named party, was the proper party to the action. Appellees filed

a motion to dismiss Counts I, II, and III, which the trial court denied. On August 7, 2013,

appellant filed a motion for summary judgment and for declaratory judgment as to

Counts I and II of her complaint.      Appellant argued that there are no permissible

defenses to liability in R.C. 955.28(B) other than what is specifically provided in the

statute and thus sovereign immunity is not an exception to liability under R.C.

955.28(B). On August 14, 2013, the Board moved for summary judgment as to all

counts of the complaint and appellees Tetreault and Jane Doe moved for summary

judgment as to Counts I, II, and II of the complaint and partial summary judgment as to

Count IV, except as it relates to bad faith, wanton, or reckless conduct. Appellees

argued that R.C. 955.28(B) does not specifically impose liability on political subdivisions

or their employees and thus they are immune from liability as the running of the dog

pound is a governmental function.

      {¶5}   The trial court issued a judgment entry on September 24, 2013 and stated

that there is no dispute that the Board is a political subdivision for purposes of R.C.

2744.02 or that holding dogs at the Stark County Dog Pound is a governmental function

pursuant to R.C. 2744.02(A)(1).       The trial court found R.C. 955.28(B) does not

expressly impose liability on a political subdivision and thus the Board is immune from

liability. Further, with regards to the individual employees, that R.C. 955.28(B) does not

expressly impose liability on employees of a political subdivision to waive immunity

pursuant to R.C. 2744.03(A)(6)(c). The trial court found appellant’s argument as to the
Stark County, Case No. 2014CA00044                                                        4


strict liability of R.C. 955.28(B) to be without merit. The trial court found there was a

genuine issue of material fact with regard to whether Tetreault and Jane Doe acted with

malicious purpose, bad faith, or in a wanton or reckless manner. On February 10, 2014,

appellant filed a motion to dismiss Count III, bad faith and wanton and/or reckless

conduct, with prejudice. The trial court granted the motion to dismiss on February 12,

2014.    Appellant appeals the September 24, 2013 judgment entry and assigns the

following as error:

        {¶6}   “I.    THE   TRIAL    COURT      FAILED     TO    ADDRESS        APPELLANT’S

ARGUMENT THAT APPELLEES ARE STRICTLY LIABLE FOR MS. JAMISON’S

INJURIES UNDER R.C. 955.28 AND ADDITIONALLY FAILED TO ADDRESS THE

CONFLICT WHICH EXISTS BETWEEN R.C. 955.28 AND R.C. 2744.01 ET SEQ.,

PURSUANT TO THE UNCONTROVERTED FACTS OF THIS CASE.

        {¶7}   "II. THE TRIAL COURT FAILED TO RECOGNIZE THAT R.C. 955.28(B)

CONSTITUTES AN EXCEPTION TO SOVEREIGN IMMUNITY UNDER R.C.

2744.03(A)(6)(C), WITH REGARD TO EMPLOYEES OF A POLITICAL SUBDIVISION.”

                                         Summary Judgment

        {¶8}   Civ.R. 56 states, in pertinent part:

               Summary judgment shall be rendered forthwith if the

               pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, written

               admissions, affidavits, transcripts of evidence, and written

               stipulations of fact, if any, timely filed in the action, show that

               there is no genuine issue of material fact and that the

               moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. No
Stark County, Case No. 2014CA00044                                                     5


             evidence or stipulation may be considered except as stated

             in this rule. A summary judgment shall not be rendered

             unless it appears from the evidence or stipulation, and only

             from the evidence or stipulation, that reasonable minds can

             come to but one conclusion and that conclusion is adverse

             to the party against whom the motion for summary judgment

             is made, that party being entitled to have the evidence or

             stipulation construed mostly strongly in the party’s favor. A

             summary judgment, interlocutory in character, may be

             rendered on the issue of liability alone although there is a

             genuine issue as to the amount of damages.

      {¶9}   A trial court should not enter a summary judgment if it appears a material

fact is genuinely disputed, nor if, construing the allegations most favorably towards the

non-moving party, reasonable minds could draw different conclusions from the

undisputed facts. Hounshell v. Am. States Ins. Co., 67 Ohio St.2d 427, 424 N.E.2d 311

(1981). The court may not resolve any ambiguities in the evidence presented. Inland

Refuse Transfer Co. v. Browning-Ferris Inds. of Ohio, Inc., 15 Ohio St.3d 321, 474

N.E.2d 271 (1984). A fact is material if it affects the outcome of the case under the

applicable substantive law. Russell v. Interim Personnel, Inc., 135 Ohio App.3d 301,

733 N.E.2d 1186 (6th Dist. 1999).

      {¶10} When reviewing a trial court’s decision to grant summary judgment, an

appellate court applies the same standard used by the trial court.       Smiddy v. The

Wedding Party, Inc., 30 Ohio St.3d 35, 506 N.E.2d 212 (1987). This means we review
Stark County, Case No. 2014CA00044                                                     6

the matter de novo. Doe v. Shaffer, 90 Ohio St.3d 388, 2000-Ohio-186, 738 N.E.2d

1243.

        {¶11} The party moving for summary judgment bears the initial burden of

informing the trial court of the basis of the motion and identifying the portions of the

record which demonstrates absence of a genuine issue of fact on a material element of

the non-moving party’s claim. Drescher v. Burt, 75 Ohio St.3d 280, 662 N.E.2d 264

(1996). Once the moving party meets its initial burden, the burden shifts to the non-

moving party to set forth specific facts demonstrating a genuine issue of material fact

does exist. Id. The non-moving party may not rest upon the allegations and denials in

the pleadings, but instead must submit some evidentiary materials showing a genuine

dispute over material facts. Henkle v. Henkle, 75 Ohio App.3d 732, 600 N.E.2d 791

(12th Dist. 1991).

                                                  I.

        {¶12} Appellant first argues that the Board is strictly liable for her injuries

pursuant to R.C. 955.28(B). Specifically, that the immunity in R.C. 2744 applies to “acts

or omissions” of a political subdivision and since R.C. 955.28(B) is not based upon an

“act or omission” and instead is based upon strict liability, R.C. 2744 immunity is not

applicable. Appellant concludes that R.C. 2744 immunity applies only to negligent or

intentional acts, but not strict liability statutes. We disagree.

        {¶13} At common law, the keeper of a vicious dog could not be liable for

personal injury caused by the dog unless the keeper knew of the dog’s vicious

propensities. Beckett v. Warren, 124 Ohio St.3d 256, 2010-Ohio-4, 921 N.E.2d 624.

The strict liability statute of R.C. 955.28(B) “eliminated the necessity of pleading and
Stark County, Case No. 2014CA00044                                                           7

proving the keeper’s knowledge of the dog’s viciousness.” Id. Consequently, in an

action for damages under R.C. 955.28(B), the plaintiff must prove (1) ownership,

keepership, or harborship of the dog; (2) proximate cause; and (3) damages. Id. The

defendant’s knowledge of the dog’s viciousness and the defendant’s negligence in

keeping the dog are irrelevant in a statutory action.” Id.

       {¶14} R.C. 2744.02(A) provides that a political subdivision is “not liable in

damages in a civil action for injury * * * to person or property allegedly caused by any

act or omission of the political subdivision or an employee of the political subdivision in

connection with a governmental or proprietary function.”          In this case, there is no

dispute that the Board is a political subdivision or that the injury occurred in connection

with a governmental function of the dog pound. Further, strict liability is “liability that

does not depend on actual negligence or intent to harm, but that is based on the breach

of an absolute duty to make something safe.” Black’s Law Dictionary (9th ed. 2009).

Strict liability is also termed “liability without fault.” Sikora v. Wenzel, 88 Ohio St.3d 493,

2000-Ohio-406, 727 N.E.2d 1277.

       {¶15} The reference to an “act or omission” in R.C. 2744.02(A) does not

summarily exclude all strict liability statutes from the general grant of immunity in R.C.

2744. While strict liability removes the necessity of proving the act or omission was

negligent (i.e. fault) and, with regards to the dog bite statute, removes the necessity of

proving the defendant’s knowledge of a dog’s viciousness, it does not remove the

requirement that there must be an act or omission for liability to be imposed. As noted

above, to succeed under R.C. 955.28(B), a plaintiff must still prove that the defendant

kept, harbored, or owned the dog, which all constitute “actions.” Further, a plaintiff must
Stark County, Case No. 2014CA00044                                                        8


also prove that the dog proximately caused the injuries. Proximate cause is defined as

“some reasonable connection between the act or omission of the defendant and the

damage the plaintiff has suffered.” R.H. Macy & Co. Inc. v. Otis Elevator Co., 51 Ohio

St.3d 108, 554 N.E.2d 1313 (1990). Accordingly, appellant’s argument that there is no

“act” or “omission” as required for R.C. 2744 immunity due to the strict liability of R.C.

955.28(B) is not well-taken.

      {¶16} In her first assignment of error, appellant also argues that R.C. 2744 and

R.C. 955.28(B) cannot be reconciled and, when a conflict exists, the more specific

statute of R.C. 955.28(B) is controlling. We disagree.

      {¶17} “It is a well-settled rule of statutory interpretation that statutory provisions

be construed together and the Revised Code be read as an interrelated body of law.”

Summerville v. Forest Park, 128 Ohio St.3d 221, 2010-Ohio-6280, 943 N.E.2d 522.

R.C. 1.51 provides that when statutory provisions are in conflict, “they shall be

construed, if possible, so that effect is given to both.” When construing a statute, the

paramount concern is “the legislative intent in the statute’s enactment, and to discern

that intent, we read the words and phrases in context according to the rules of grammar

and common usage.” Wilson v. Kasichi, 134 Ohio St.3d 221, 2012-Ohio-5367, 981

N.E.2d 814.

      {¶18} R.C. 2744.02(A)(1) establishes a grant of general immunity to political

subdivisions and R.C. 955.28(B) imposes strict liability on an owner, keeper, or harborer

of a dog for an injury caused by the dog. On their face, utilizing the common usages of

the words and phrases in the two statutes, there is no conflict between R.C. 2744.02(A)

and R.C. 955.28(B). R.C. 2744.02(B)(5), also included in the Political Subdivision Tort
Stark County, Case No. 2014CA00044                                                         9


Liability Act, creates an exception to immunity “when civil liability is expressly imposed

upon the political subdivision by a section of the Revised Code.” Thus, only when a

statute imposing liability contains such an express imposition of liability on political

subdivisions is it the “more specific” statute on the question of liability. R.C. 955.28(B)

does not have any language expressly creating liability upon a political subdivision.

Perry v. City of East Cleveland, 11th Dist. Lake No. 95-L-111, 1996 WL 200558 (Feb.

16, 1996). Accordingly, the statutory provisions can be construed together and read as

an interrelated body of law, giving effect to both R.C. 2744 and R.C. 955.28.

       {¶19} Based on the foregoing, appellant’s first assignment of error is overruled.

                                                 II.

       {¶20} Appellant argues the trial court erred in failing to recognize that R.C.

955.28(B) constitutes an exception to sovereign immunity under R.C. 2744.03(A)(6)(c)

with regards to employees of a political subdivision. We disagree.

       {¶21} R.C. 2744.03(A)(6) provides immunity to an employee of a political

subdivision unless an exception found within R.C. 2744.03(A)(6)(a) through (c) applies.

R.C. 2744.03(A)(6)(c) provides that an employee may be liable if “[l]iability is expressly

imposed upon the employee by a section of the Revised Code.” This language is

identical to the language found in R.C. 2744.02(B)(5).

       {¶22} When interpreting statutes, we must give words their ordinary and natural

meaning unless a different interpretation appears in the statute. Layman v. Woo, 78

Ohio St.3d 485, 678 N.E.2d 1217 (1997). The ordinary meaning of the word “expressly”

is “in direct or unmistakable terms; in an express manner; explicitly, definitely, directly.”

Butler v. Jordan, 92 Ohio St.3d 354, 2001-Ohio-204, 750 N.E.2d 554, quoting Webster’s
Stark County, Case No. 2014CA00044                                                      10

Third New International Dictionary 803 (1986). A general imposition of liability is not

sufficient to impose liability pursuant to R.C. 2744.03(A)(6)(c). O’Toole v. Denihan, 118

Ohio St.3d 374, 889 N.E.2d 505 (2008). The Ohio Supreme Court has held that the

term “person” in a statute is too general to impose liability on an employee of a political

subdivision whereas a statute imposing liability on a “home” when “home” was defined

by the statute as specifically including homes run by the political subdivision and a

statute expressly imposing liability on specific, named, county employees (“school

teacher,” “school employee,” “school authority”) with regards to reporting child abuse

and neglect are sufficient to invoke the R.C. 2744.03(A)(6)(c) exception and impose

liability on the employees of the political subdivision. Id.; Cramer v. Auglaize Acres, 113

Ohio St.3d 266, 2007-Ohio-1946, 865 N.E.2d 9; Campbell v. Burton, 92 Ohio St.3d 336,

2001-Ohio-206, 750 N.E.2d 539.       Words which refer to an entire class which may

include employees of a political subdivision but do not expressly, explicitly, or directly

reference employees of a political subdivision are not sufficient to expressly impose

liability under R.C. 2744.03(A)(6)(c). Cramer v. Auglaize Acres, 113 Ohio St.3d 266,

2007-Ohio-1946, 865 N.E.2d 9; O’Toole v. Denihan, 118 Ohio St.3d 374, 889 N.E.2d

505 (2008).

      {¶23} In this case, R.C. 955.28(B) uses the words “keeper, owner, or harborer”

without any reference to political subdivisions or their employees as the terms “keeper,

owner, or harborer” are not defined anywhere in Revised Code Section 955, entitled

“Dogs”. There is no indication in the language of Revised Code Section 955.28 that the

General Assembly has abrogated the immunity provided to employees of a political

subdivision with an express imposition of liability.          R.C. 955.28(B) does not
Stark County, Case No. 2014CA00044                                                       11


unmistakably, explicitly, or definitely state that an employee of a political subdivision is

liable. Without any express imposition of liability, the R.C. 2744.03(A)(6)(c) exception is

not triggered and appellees Tetreault and Jane Doe are entitled to immunity. Further,

the primary case cited by appellant is factually distinguishable from the case at hand

dealing with the operation of a dog pound as it arose in the context of the handling of a

police K-9 dog at home with a deputy sheriff. Hicks v. Allen, 11th Dist. Ashtabula No.

2005-A-0002, 2007-Ohio-693.

       {¶24} Accordingly, appellant’s second assignment of error is overruled.

       {¶25} Based on the forgoing, appellant’s assignments of errors are overruled

and the September 24, 2013 judgment entry of the Stark County Common Pleas Court

is affirmed.

By Gwin, P.J.,

Wise, J., and

Baldwin, J., concur
