                    IN THE SUPREME COURT OF MISSISSIPPI

                                NO. 2018-IA-01279-SCT

TAYLOR CONSTRUCTION COMPANY, INC.

v.

SUPERIOR MAT COMPANY, INC.


DATE OF JUDGMENT:                         08/21/2018
TRIAL JUDGE:                              HON. EDDIE H. BOWEN
TRIAL COURT ATTORNEYS:                    HERMAN M. HOLLENSED, JR.
                                          KRISTOPHER A. POWELL
                                          CRAIG N. ORR
COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED:                COVINGTON COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT:                   CRAIG N. ORR
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE:                    HERMAN M. HOLLENSED, JR.
NATURE OF THE CASE:                       CIVIL - CONTRACT
DISPOSITION:                              AFFIRMED - 04/16/2020
MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:
MANDATE ISSUED:

       EN BANC.

       RANDOLPH, CHIEF JUSTICE, FOR THE COURT:

¶1.    Taylor Construction Company, Inc., appeals the denial of its motion to transfer venue

under our Civil Procedure Rule 82(d). Superior Mat Company, Inc., filed suit against Taylor

Construction in the Circuit Court of Covington County alleging, inter alia, breach of

contract, open account, and bad-faith breach of contract. Taylor Construction filed a Rule

82(d) motion with its answer. The circuit court denied Taylor Construction’s motion. We

affirm because the record demonstrated credible evidence that substantial events or acts

occurred in Covington County.
                        FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

¶2.    Michael Montgomery, an employee of Taylor Construction working as a truck

dispatcher, called Superior to rent mats for Taylor Construction’s use.1 From June 9, 2017,

to June 27, 2017, Taylor employees drove to Superior’s location in Covington County and

picked up more than seven hundred mats.2

¶3.    Taylor Construction trucks returned the mats to Covington County on July 17, 2017.3

Superior alleged that several mats were in varying degrees of dirtiness or, in some cases,

damaged beyond repair. Taylor Construction paid Superior for the mats until Superior

additionally billed Taylor Construction for the mats it alleged Taylor Construction did not

return. Taylor Construction later stopped payment on all invoices from Superior.

¶4.    Superior filed suit against Taylor Construction in the Covington County Circuit Court,

alleging breach of contract, open account, quantum meruit, and bad-faith breach of contract.

Taylor Construction filed its answer along with a motion to transfer venue under Rule 82(d).

After hearing arguments, the circuit court denied Taylor Construction’s motion. Taylor

Construction now appeals.

                                STANDARD OF REVIEW



       1
        The mats each measure eight feet by sixteen feet long and encompass roughly 128
square feet. Each mat consists of three layers of laminated oak slats fixed together with steel
bolts and chains.
       2
        Of the 732 mats Taylor Construction rented, forty-four mats were taken possession
of at Morton Construction or at Pearl River Resort outside of Covington County.
       3
        Whether all the mats were actually returned is disputed by Superior. It claims that
Taylor Construction only returned 711 of the 732 mats.

                                              2
¶5.    Circuit courts’ rulings on motions for change of venue are reviewed under an abuse-

of-discretion standard. Ramsey v. Auburn Univ., 191 So. 3d 102, 108 (Miss. 2016) (citing

Janssen Pharmaceutica, Inc. v. Armond, 866 So. 2d 1092, 1097 (Miss. 2004)). If the factual

findings are supported by evidence and not manifestly wrong, they should be affirmed.

Ashmore v. Miss. Auth. on Educ. Television, 148 So. 3d 977, 981 (Miss. 2014) (citing

Pierce v. Heritage Props., Inc., 688 So. 2d 1385, 1388 (Miss. 1997)).

¶6.    A factual review “begin[s] with the well-pleaded allegations of the complaint” and

continues with any supplemental “affidavits or other evidence in cognizable form.” Weir v.

Mayze, 287 So. 3d 941, 944 (Miss. 2020) (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Flight

Line, Inc. v. Tanksley, 608 So. 2d 1149, 1155 (Miss. 1992)). The key is that the plaintiff

must “present some credible evidence supporting his or her choice of forum.” Id. (emphasis

added) (internal quotation mark omitted) (quoting Wilkerson v. Goss, 113 So. 3d 544, 557

(Miss. 2013)). If the plaintiff does this, then “the plaintiff’s choice of venue must be given

the benefit of reasonable doubt and ‘must be sustained unless in the end there is no credible

evidence supporting the factual basis for the claim of venue.’” Id. (emphasis added) (quoting

Flight Line, 608 So. 2d at 1155).

¶7.    The permissible venues for a plaintiff to select from are controlled by statute. See

Miss. Code Ann. § 11–11–3(1)(a)(i) (Rev. 2019).4 They are the county (1) “where the

defendant resides,” (2) “or, if a corporation, in the county of its principal place of business,”



       4
        There are often multiple venues that meet the requirements of the venue statute and
would be permissible selections by the plaintiff. See Med. Assurance Co. v. Myers, 956 So.
2d 213, 218 (Miss. 2007).

                                               3
(3) “or in the county where a substantial alleged act or omission occurred,” (4) “or where a

substantial event that caused the injury occurred.” Id.

                                         ANALYSIS

       The record establishes that the circuit court did not abuse its discretion
       by finding credible evidence that a substantial alleged act or omission
       occurred in Covington County.5

¶8.    The Covington County Circuit Court found that credible evidence existed to support

Superior’s venue selection of Covington County. Relying on Mississippi Code Section

11–11–3(1)(a)(i), “in the county where a substantial alleged act or omission occurred,” the

circuit court found that substantial acts occurred in Covington County. Id. Examining the

allegations in the complaint, exhibits to the complaint, the defendant’s answer, and the

affidavits presented by the parties, the record demonstrates that the circuit court did not abuse

its discretion.

¶9.    Our legislature has provided no definition of the word “substantial” as it appears in

our venue statute; we have also declined to clearly articulate one over a multitude of cases

concerning this statute. “[I]n the absence of a statutory definition of a phrase, it must be

given its common and ordinary meaning.” Buffington v. Miss. State Tax Comm’n, 43 So.

3d 450, 455 (Miss. 2010) (citing Tower Loan of Miss., Inc. v. Miss. State Tax Comm’n, 662

So. 2d 1077, 1083 (Miss. 1995)). In the past, members of this Court have resorted to such

compendia of knowledge as dictionaries, often the Merriam-Webster Dictionary, to

determine these common and ordinary meanings. See generally Rankin Cty. Bd. of



       5
        This issue is dispositive, so the Court refrains from addressing other issues.

                                               4
Supervisors v. Lakeland Income Props., LLC, 241 So. 3d 1279, 1289 (Miss. 2018) (“The

plain meaning of ‘compatible’ in the Merriam–Webster Dictionary is ‘capable of existing

together in harmony[.]’” (citing Compatible, Merriam–Webster Dictionary (2018))).

Merriam-Webster defines “substantial” as “consisting of or relating to substance; not

imaginary or illusory: real, true; important, essential.” Substantial, Merriam-Webster (2020),

https://www.merriam-webster. com/dictionary/substantial #learn-more.

¶10.   We have examined the notion of substantiality in our precedent concerning the

substantial evidence rule, stating that “[s]ubstantial evidence means something more than a

‘mere scintilla’ or suspicion.” Pub. Emps.’ Ret. Sys. v. Marquez, 774 So. 2d 421, 425 (Miss.

2000) (quoting Miss. Real Estate Comm’n v. Anding, 732 So. 2d 192, 196 (Miss. 1999)).

A substantial act or event is one that bears more than a mere incidental relationship to the

plaintiff’s cause of action. Myers, 956 So. 2d at 218–20 (stating that the location of a

mailbox where rejection notices were received was incidental to plaintiff’s cause of action);

see also Am. Home Prods. Corp. v. Sumlin, 942 So. 2d 766, 769–71 (Miss. 2006) (stating

that the location where a echocardiogram was taken that revealed injuries was incidental to

plaintiff’s cause of action).

¶11.   Substantiality is also often interpreted as a constraint designed to ensure that our

judicial system proceeds along basic equitable principles. Cottman Transmission Sys., Inc.

v. Martino, 36 F.3d 291, 294 (3d Cir. 1994) (“Substantiality is intended to preserve the

element of fairness so that a defendant is not haled into a remote district having no real

relationship to the dispute.”). In the case sub judice, the defendant was not being haled into



                                              5
a remote district. Jones County and Covington County are adjoining counties. Taylor

Construction was not haled into Covington County by Superior to establish venue but rather

voluntarily entered into Covington County to load and later return 688 of the 732 mats it

rented, which are central to the dispute.

¶12.   A substantial act then is one that bears a real relevance to the plaintiff’s claim. The

plaintiff’s burden to demonstrate credible evidence for a choice of venue is a burden to

demonstrate credible evidence of acts by the defendant in the chosen venue that have a real,

not incidental, relevance to the plaintiff’s claim. The complaint, the exhibits to the complaint,

the answer, and affidavits demonstrate credible evidence of multiple substantial acts and

occurrences in Covington County.

¶13.   Superior alleges that Michael Montgomery, a Taylor Construction employee,

contacted Tommy Delk, Superior’s sales representative, to discuss Taylor Construction’s

rental of mats from Superior. Delk informed Montgomery of Superior’s rental terms, and

Montgomery, on behalf of Taylor Construction, agreed to those terms.

¶14.   Taylor Construction then dispatched its trucks, operated by numerous employees, over

an eighteen-day period stretching from June 9, 2017, to June 27, 2017, to obtain and move

the vast majority of the mats from Superior’s facility in Covington County to sites determined

by Taylor Construction, allegedly in Lauderdale County. On June 9, 2017, Adam Kirk and

one “Matt H.” signed four receipts and bills of lading on behalf of Taylor Construction

acknowledging receipt of sixty-four mats on four separate occasions; these mats were loaded

onto Taylor Construction trucks and trailers in Covington County. Kirk also signed a rental



                                               6
acknowledgment and return agreement that contained a venue-selection provision that venue

for any dispute would be in Covington County. Taylor Construction has never disputed it

rented and returned mats to Covington County. Three days later, Kirk and two more Taylor

Construction employees named Drennan and Libby acknowledged receipt of forty-eight more

mats, which were loaded onto Taylor Construction’s trucks and trailers in Covington County.

The next day, Kirk acknowledged receipt of another forty-four mats, which were loaded onto

Taylor Construction’s trucks and trailers in Covington County. The day after that, Kirk

returned with Howard Chapman and Drennan and obtained and loaded forty-eight additional

mats onto Taylor Construction’s trucks and trailers in Covington County. Over the next two

days, Kirk, Drennan, and Jeremy Day acknowledged receipt of ninety-six more mats and

loaded them onto Taylor Construction’s trucks and trailers in Covington County. On June 19,

2017, Chapman, Drennan, and Day signed receipts for another eighty mats, which were

loaded onto Taylor Construction’s trucks/trailers in Covington County. On June 20, 2017,

Kirk, Day, Chapman, and Drennan acknowledged taking possession of 112 additional mats,

which were loaded onto multiple separate Taylor Construction trucks and trailers in

Covington County. On June 26, 2017, six Taylor Construction employees, William Eiland,

Drennan, Lyman Hodges, James Hinton, Dennis Wusskind, and Anthony Terry, signed

receipts for 192 more mats, which were loaded onto Taylor Construction trucks and trailers

in Covington County. The next day, Libby, Wusskind, and Hinton returned for forty-eight

additional mats to be loaded onto Taylor Construction trucks and trailers in Covington




                                            7
County. There are separate signed receipts and bills of lading for each load Taylor

Construction received.

¶15.   Taylor Construction acknowledges it paid invoices based on the receipts and bills of

lading signed by its truck-driver employees before it disputed Superior’s terms of rental.

Superior alleged that Taylor Construction eventually returned to Covington County only 711

of the 732 mats. Superior alleges seventy-two of these mats were allegedly no longer

merchantable, 266 had to be repaired before being put back into service, and 607 required

extensive cleaning before being put back into service.

¶16.   Superior and Taylor Construction’s affidavits confirm that many of Superior’s

allegations in the complaint are truthful. Taylor Construction proffered Michael

Montgomery’s affidavit, in which Montgomery verified that Taylor Construction took

possession of a majority of the mats in Covington County and returned the mats to Covington

County. Kyle Taylor, the president of Taylor Construction, did not dispute this in his

affidavit, and he confirmed the rental of the mats. Superior provided the affidavits of Leslie

Rutland and Tommy Delk. Both Rutland and Delk confirmed Montgomery’s statements

regarding the rental of the mats. Both affidavits confirmed that Taylor Construction took

possession of a majority of the mats in Covington County and returned mats in Covington

County.

¶17.   It was agreed that Taylor Construction would pick up and return the lion’s share of

mats in Covington County. The pickup and return of mats was a substantial act or omission

because the mats’ rental and return occurred in Covington County. The record provides



                                              8
credible evidence to establish that the circuit court did not abuse its discretion by denying the

motion to transfer venue.

                                       CONCLUSION

¶18.   Credible evidence exists in the record to support the circuit court’s determination that

the plaintiff’s choice of venue was appropriate; accordingly, the circuit court did not abuse

its discretion. We affirm the judgment of the circuit court.

¶19.   AFFIRMED.

    KITCHENS AND KING, P.JJ., COLEMAN, MAXWELL, BEAM,
CHAMBERLIN AND ISHEE, JJ., CONCUR. GRIFFIS, J., SPECIALLY CONCURS
WITH SEPARATE WRITTEN OPINION.

       GRIFFIS, JUSTICE, SPECIALLY CONCURRING:

¶20.   The issue before the Court is whether “a substantial alleged act or omission occurred”

in Covington County. Miss. Code Ann. §11–11–3(1)(a)(i) (Rev. 2019). This Court has yet

to arrive at a consistent, workable definition of the term “substantial” as used in the venue

statute.

¶21.   In Medical Assurance Co. of Mississippi v. Myers, this Court ruled,

               Finally, Dr. Myers argues that because he operated a clinic in Holmes
       County, a substantial injury-causing event occurred or accrued in Holmes
       County. However, under the amended statute, venue is no longer set by where
       a cause of action accrued. Even though Dr. Myers claims he was damaged
       when he experienced being uninsured in Holmes County (and in Humphreys,
       Washington, and Sunflower counties), this could be the result of substantial
       acts, omissions, or injury-causing events which occurred in Madison County
       alone. Following Dr. Myers’s logic, a plaintiff injured in an automobile
       accident in Madison County could establish venue in every county in which
       the plaintiff traveled simply by showing that, in each county, his or her injuries
       worsened.



                                               9
               The venue statute does not allow the “piling” of acts or events to
       establish venue. It specifically requires a substantial alleged act, omission, or
       injury-causing event to have happened in a particular jurisdiction in order for
       venue to be proper there. [T]he plaintiff filed suit against a pharmaceutical
       company for injuries sustained from taking Redux. The plaintiff obtained the
       prescription, filled it, and ingested the pills in Wayne County. However, she
       filed suit in Smith County because the echocardiogram revealing her injuries
       was performed there. Whether the test was properly performed was a major
       point of contention between the parties. Nevertheless, this Court held that
       venue was only proper in Wayne County, saying “the performance and
       interpretation of an echocardiogram, alone, is not sufficient so as to constitute
       a ‘substantial component’ of this claim. Likewise, any emotional distress or
       psychological pain resulting from the findings of an echocardiogram does not
       constitute a substantial component of the claim.” Thus, the performance of an
       echocardiogram or the place where the plaintiff experienced her injuries was
       not “substantial” enough to establish venue in a particular county. The same
       is true of the receipt of correspondence, the location of a single clinic in a
       multi-clinic operation, or the place where Dr. Myers “experienced” being
       uninsured.

Med. Assurance Co. of Miss. v. Myers, 956 So. 2d 213, 219-20 (Miss. 2007) (third, fifth, and

sixth emphasis added) (citations omitted). Thus, this Court ruled that the venue statute

“specifically requires a substantial alleged act, omission, or injury-causing event to have

happened in a particular jurisdiction in order for venue to be proper there.” Id. (emphasis

added).

¶22.   The majority attempts to define the word “substantial,” to include “consisting of or

relating to substance; not imaginary or illusory: real, true; important, essential.” Maj. Op.

¶ 9 (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Substantial, Merriam-Webster (2020),

https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/substantial#learn-more). This definition has

three parts and “real” is used in the context of “not imaginary or illusory: real, true . . . .”

Substantial, Merriam-Webster (2020),



                                              10
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/substantial#learn-more. The majority then

uses this definition to hold that

               A substantial act then is one that bears a real relevance to the
       plaintiff’s claim. The plaintiff’s burden to demonstrate credible evidence for
       a choice of venue is a burden to demonstrate credible evidence of acts by the
       defendant in the chosen venue that have a real, not incidental, relevance to the
       plaintiff’s claim. The complaint, the exhibits to the complaint, the answer, and
       affidavits demonstrate credible evidence of multiple substantial acts and
       occurrences in Covington County.

Maj. Op. ¶ 12 (emphasis added). The use of the terms “real” or “real, not incidental” do not

assist in the interpretation of “substantial” used in the venue statute.

¶23.   I prefer that we not use the term “real” in the consideration. It does not aid the

interpretation. At a minimum, the majority should consider the fact that Merriam-Webster

also defines “real” as “fundamental, essential.” Real, Merriam-Webster (2020),

https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/real.        The use of the terms “important,”

“essential,” or “fundamental” would actually assist in the interpretation of what is a

“substantial act” as used in the venue statute.

¶24.   Here, Superior sued Taylor for breach of the rental agreement. One condition of the

rental agreement required Taylor to return the mats in a reasonable condition. This term was

important and essential to the agreement. Superior alleges that Taylor did not return the mats

in a reasonable condition and, as a result, breached the rental agreement and is owed

substantial compensation for this breach. This condition was breached when Taylor returned

the mats. Therefore, I conclude that the breach of the agreement occurred in part in

Covington County and that the breach was “a substantial act” that occurred in Covington



                                              11
County because the breach was important, essential, and fundamental to the breach-of-

contract claim.

¶25.   I would affirm the circuit court.




                                           12
