MEMORANDUM DECISION                                                                FILED
                                                                              Apr 12 2017, 10:39 am
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), this
Memorandum Decision shall not be regarded                                          CLERK
                                                                               Indiana Supreme Court
as precedent or cited before any court except                                     Court of Appeals
                                                                                    and Tax Court

for the purpose of establishing the defense of
res judicata, collateral estoppel, or the law of
the case.


ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT/FATHER                               ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Eric M. Oliver                                              Curtis T. Hill, Jr.
Oliver & Cline LLP                                          Attorney General of Indiana
Danville, Indiana
                                                            David E. Corey
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT/MOTHER                               Deputy Attorney General
                                                            Indianapolis, Indiana
Brian J. Johnson
Danville, Indiana




                                            IN THE
     COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

In re: Termination of the parent-                           April 12, 2017
child relationship of D.H.;                                 Court of Appeals Case No.
                                                            32A04-1611-JT-2489
J.R. and T.H.
                                                            Appeal from the Hendricks
Appellants,                                                 Superior Court
       v.                                                   The Honorable Karen M. Love,
                                                            Judge
Indiana Department of Child                                 Trial Court Cause No.
Services,                                                   32D03-1510-JT-9

Appellee.




  Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 32A04-1611-JT-2489 | April 12, 2017                Page 1 of 13
      Pyle, Judge.


                                        Statement of the Case
[1]   J.R. (“Mother”) and T.H. (“Father”) each appeal the termination of the parent-

      child relationship with their son, D.H. (“D.H.”), claiming that there is

      insufficient evidence to support the termination. Specifically, Mother argues

      that the Department of Child Services (“DCS”) failed to prove by clear and

      convincing evidence that: (1) there is a reasonable probability that the

      conditions that resulted in D.H.’s removal or the reasons for placement outside

      the home will not be remedied; and (2) a continuation of the parent-child

      relationship poses a threat to D.H.’s well-being. Both parents argue that DCS

      failed to prove that termination of the parent-child relationship is in D.H.’s best

      interests. Father also argues that DCS failed to prove that there is a satisfactory

      plan for the care and treatment of D.H. Concluding that there is sufficient

      evidence to support the termination of the parent-child relationship, we affirm

      the trial court’s judgment.


[2]   We affirm.


                                                      Issue
              The sole issue for our review is whether there is sufficient
              evidence to support the termination.




      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 32A04-1611-JT-2489 | April 12, 2017   Page 2 of 13
                                                      Facts
[3]   D.H. was born in October 2008. In 2010, Mother was convicted of domestic

      violence, apparently involving Father and occurring in the presence of D.H.

      Mother was incarcerated for one year. Father obtained legal custody of D.H.

      When Mother was released, she initially spent parenting time with D.H. but

      eventually lost contact with her son.


[4]   In May 2014, DCS received a report that Father was using heroin in front of

      D.H. and taking his son on “drug runs.” (Tr. Vol. II 51). DCS Family Case

      Manager Veronica Fritsch (“Case Manager Fritsch”) went to Father’s home

      and advised him that DCS had received a report that D.H. was being abused

      and neglected. Father refused to talk to the case manager. When she returned

      to Father’s apartment shortly thereafter with a court order, Father had moved.

      Case Manager Fritsch subsequently found Father living with his sister.


[5]   Father denied using drugs; however, multiple drug screens were positive for

      either cocaine, heroin, THC, or morphine. At a July 1, 2014 meeting, Father

      admitted that he had been using marijuana and cocaine for eighteen years and

      heroin for four months.


[6]   That same day, Case Manager Fritsch spoke with Mother, who said she had

      seen Father use drugs in the presence of D.H. Mother also admitted that she

      had not seen D.H. “for a long time.” (Tr. Vol. II 60). Mother submitted to a

      urine test that was positive for methamphetamine. Thereafter, Mother failed to

      maintain contact with DCS. On July 9, DCS removed D.H. from Father’s care

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 32A04-1611-JT-2489 | April 12, 2017   Page 3 of 13
      because of Father’s positive drug screens. DCS placed D.H. in foster care with

      family members.


[7]   Both parents subsequently admitted that D.H. was a Child in Need of Services

      (“CHINS”). The trial court ordered both parents to complete substance abuse

      evaluations, to follow all evaluation recommendations, to abstain from drug

      use, and to submit to random urine drug screens. Both parents were also

      ordered to maintain stable housing and to participate in supervised visitation

      with D.H.


[8]   In November 2014, Cummins Mental Health Center (“Cummins”) therapist

      Denetra Taylor assessed Father and recommended that he attend weekly

      individual therapy sessions to address his substance abuse. Father complied

      with the recommendation but, after he tested positive for lethal amounts of

      heroin and cocaine in early 2015, Father was referred to a detox program at

      Harbor Lights and an inpatient program at Tara Treatment Center (“Tara”).

      Father successfully completed both programs and was discharged from Tara in

      May 2015. Therapists at Tara recommended that Father participate in an

      intensive outpatient program. Father complied with the recommendation and

      began participating in an outpatient program at Willow Center. However,

      Father was unsuccessfully discharged from that program in June 2015 for

      noncompliance.


[9]   DCS referred Father back to Cummins in August 2015. During his second

      assessment at Cummins, Father disclosed that he was still using cocaine. The


      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 32A04-1611-JT-2489 | April 12, 2017   Page 4 of 13
       Cummins therapist recommended individual therapy to address Father’s

       substance abuse issues. Father complied with the recommendation, and based

       upon Father’s progress, DCS discussed allowing D.H. to attend a home visit

       with him. However, shortly thereafter, Father’s drug screen tested positive for

       cocaine, and he was discharged from the Cummins program after he stopped

       attending therapy sessions. Father failed to obtain stable housing and

       employment during the pendency of the CHINS proceeding.


[10]   Mother also failed to stop using drugs during the pendency of the CHINS

       proceedings. She completed an assessment at Cummins in January 2015 and

       was referred to individual therapy, which included substance abuse treatment.

       However, she was unsuccessfully discharged from the program in June 2015.

       She was later referred to Counseling Partners for home-based therapy and

       substance abuse treatment but was unsuccessfully discharged from that program

       as well. Mother participated in unsupervised visits with D.H. throughout 2015.

       During her final visit with D.H., Mother tested positive for methamphetamine

       and THC. Like Father, she failed to obtain stable housing and employment

       during the pendency of the CHINS proceeding.


[11]   DCS filed a petition to terminate both parents’ parental rights in October 2015.

       Testimony at the termination hearing revealed that D.H. had been in foster care

       with his paternal grandparents since July 2014 and had been participating in

       therapy twice a week since 2015. D.H.’s therapist explained that D.H. had

       been diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder, which may have resulted



       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 32A04-1611-JT-2489 | April 12, 2017   Page 5 of 13
       from D.H. witnessing domestic violence and substance abuse in his parents’

       home.


[12]   Also at the hearing, D.H.’s paternal grandparents testified that they planned to

       adopt D.H. Paternal grandfather specifically testified as follows: “This little

       boy is so precious. . . . He means the world to me and [my wife]. He’s an A

       plus student. He’s in the first grade. . . . He’s A plus. Brings home a blue

       ribbon. He’s proud of that. He loves homework.” (Tr. 171). D.H.’s

       grandfather also suggested the possibility of the trial court appointing him and

       his wife to be D.H.’s guardians rather than terminating the parents’ parental

       rights.


[13]   Family Case Manager Kristin Miller (“Case Manager Miller”) testified that

       DCS had filed the petition to terminate because both parents had a pattern of

       relapsing throughout the CHINS proceeding. In addition, neither parent had

       obtained stable housing or employment. According to Case Manager Miller,

       D.H. needed permanency and stability. Specifically, the case manager testified

       that:

                 [T]he biggest goal for [D.H.] at this point is permanency. With
                 that permanency comes an environment that would be free from
                 abuse or neglect. It would be stable . . . . The guardianship idea
                 really would keep [D.H.] in limbo. . . . Neither parent has really
                 had any sense of stability and permanency in their own lives and
                 then to expect them to be able to provide that for a seven-year-old
                 whose needs are constantly changing, he’s growing, he’s
                 extremely successful in school. He’s an A plus student. He is
                 thriving in the placement that he’s in right now.


       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 32A04-1611-JT-2489 | April 12, 2017   Page 6 of 13
       (Tr. Vol. II 94-95). She opined that both termination and foster parent adoption

       were in D.H.’s best interests.


[14]   Guardian Ad Litem (“GAL”) Ann Knotek (“GAL Knotek”), who was

       appointed in the CHINS proceeding, and GAL Suzanne Conger (“GAL

       Conger”), who was appointed in the termination proceeding, also both testified

       that termination and foster parent adoption were in D.H.’s best interests.

       Specifically, GAL Conger testified that D.H. would be harmed by his parents’

       patterns of relapse and adoption would provide him with permanency.

       According to GAL Conger, D.H. “deserve[d] not to be on the roller coaster of

       life that [M]other and [F]ather h[ad] been leading.” (Tr. Vol III 147).


[15]   In October 2016, the trial court issued a nineteen-page order terminating both

       parents’ parental rights. Each parent separately appeals the termination.


                                                    Decision
[16]   The traditional right of parents to establish a home and raise their children is

       protected by the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. In

       re J.W., Jr., 27 N.E.3d 1185, 1187-88 (Ind. Ct. App. 2015), trans. denied.

       However, a trial court must subordinate the interests of the parents to those of

       the child when evaluating the circumstances surrounding a termination. Id. at

       1188. Termination of the parent-child relationship is proper where a child’s

       emotional and physical development is threatened. Id. Although the right to

       raise one’s own child should not be terminated solely because there is a better



       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 32A04-1611-JT-2489 | April 12, 2017   Page 7 of 13
       home available for the child, parental rights may be terminated when a parent is

       unable or unwilling to meet his or her parental responsibilities. Id.


[17]   Before an involuntary termination of parental rights may occur, DCS is

       required to allege and prove, among other things:


               (B) that one (1) of the following is true:

                        (i) There is a reasonable probability that the conditions
                        that resulted in the child’s removal or the reasons for
                        placement outside the home of the parents will not be
                        remedied.

                        (ii) There is a reasonable probability that the continuation
                        of the parent-child relationship poses a threat to the well-
                        being of the child.

                        (iii) The child has, on two (2) separate occasions, been
                        adjudicated a child in need of services;

               (C) that termination is in the best interests of the child; and

               (D) that there is a satisfactory plan for the care and treatment of
               the child.

       IND. CODE § 31-35-2-4(b)(2). DCS must prove the alleged circumstances by

       clear and convincing evidence. K.T.K. v. Ind. Dep’t of Child Servs., 989 N.E.2d

       1225, 1230 (Ind. 2013).


[18]   When reviewing a termination of parental rights, this Court will not reweigh

       the evidence or judge the credibility of the witnesses. In re R.S., 56 N.E.3d 625,

       628 (Ind. 2016). We consider only the evidence and any reasonable inferences

       to be drawn therefrom that support the judgment and give due regard to the


       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 32A04-1611-JT-2489 | April 12, 2017   Page 8 of 13
       trial court’s opportunity to judge the credibility of the witnesses firsthand.

       K.T.K., 989 N.E.2d at 1229.


[19]   When the trial court’s judgment contains specific findings of fact and

       conclusions thereon, we apply a two-tiered standard of review. In re R.S., 56

       N.E.3d at 628. First, we determine whether the evidence supports the findings,

       and second, we determine whether the findings support the judgment. Id. We

       will set aside a trial court’s judgment terminating a parent-child relationship

       only if it is clearly erroneous. Id. Findings are clearly erroneous only when the

       record contains no facts or inferences to be drawn therefrom that support them.

       In re A.G., 6 N.E.3d 952, 957 (Ind. Ct. App. 2014). A judgment is clearly

       erroneous if the findings do not support the trial court’s conclusions or the

       conclusions do not support the judgment. Id.


[20]   As a preliminary matter, we note that Mother and Father challenge none of the

       trial court’s findings. As a result, they have waived any argument relating to

       whether these unchallenged findings are clearly erroneous. See McMaster v.

       McMaster, 681 N.E.2d 744, 747 (Ind. Ct. App. 1997) (explaining that

       unchallenged trial court findings were accepted as true). We now turn to the

       issues in this case.


[21]   Mother first argues that DCS failed to prove by clear and convincing evidence

       that: (1) there is a reasonable probability that the conditions that resulted in

       D.H.’s removal or the reasons for placement outside the home will not be

       remedied; and (2) a continuation of the parent-child relationship poses a threat


       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 32A04-1611-JT-2489 | April 12, 2017   Page 9 of 13
       to D.H.’s well-being. However, we note that INDIANA CODE § 31-35-2-

       4(b)(2)(B) is written in the disjunctive. Therefore, DCS is required to establish

       by clear and convincing evidence only one of the three requirements of

       subsection (B). In re A.K., 924 N.E.3d 212, 220 (Ind. Ct. App. 2010), trans.

       dismissed. We therefore discuss only whether there is a reasonable probability

       that the conditions that resulted in D.H.’s removal or the reasons for his

       placement outside the home will not be remedied.


[22]   In determining whether the conditions that resulted in a child’s removal or

       placement outside the home will not be remedied, we engage in a two-step

       analysis. In re E.M., 4 N.E.3d 636, 643 (Ind. 2014). We first identify the

       conditions that led to removal or placement outside the home and then

       determine whether there is a reasonable probability that those conditions will

       not be remedied. Id. The second step requires trial courts to judge a parent’s

       fitness at the time of the termination proceeding, taking into consideration

       evidence of changed conditions and balancing any recent improvements against

       habitual patterns of conduct to determine whether there is a substantial

       probability of future neglect or deprivation. Id. Habitual conduct may include

       parents’ prior criminal history, drug and alcohol abuse, history of neglect,

       failure to provide support, and a lack of adequate housing and employment.

       A.D.S. v. Ind. Dep’t of Child Servs., 987 N.E.2d 1150, 1157 (Ind. Ct. App. 2013),

       trans. denied. The trial court may also consider services offered to the parent by

       DCS and the parent’s response to those services as evidence of whether

       conditions will be remedied. Id. Requiring trial courts to give due regard to


       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 32A04-1611-JT-2489 | April 12, 2017   Page 10 of 13
       changed conditions does not preclude them from finding that a parent’s past

       behavior is the best predictor of her future behavior. E.M., 4 N.E.3d at 643.


[23]   Here, our review of the evidence reveals that D.H. was removed from Father

       because of Father’s drug use. D.H. could not be placed with Mother at that

       time because of her drug use. In addition, Mother lacked stable housing and

       employment. Although DCS offered Mother services and recommended

       individual therapy, which included substance abuse treatment, Mother

       continued to test positive for drugs. During her final visit with D.H., Mother

       tested positive for methamphetamine and THC. Mother also failed to obtain

       stable housing and employment. This evidence supports the trial court’s

       conclusion that there was a reasonable probability that the conditions that

       resulted in D.H.’s removal would not be remedied. We find no error.


[24]   Next, Mother and Father both argue that there is insufficient evidence that the

       termination was in D.H.’s best interests. In determining whether termination of

       parental rights is in the best interests of a child, the trial court is required to look

       at the totality of the evidence. In re D.D., 804 N.E.2d 258, 267 (Ind. Ct. App.

       2004), trans. denied. In so doing, the court must subordinate the interests of the

       parents to those of the child involved. Id. Termination of the parent-child

       relationship is proper where the child’s emotional and physical development is

       threatened. In re R.S., 774 N.E.2d 927, 930 (Ind. Ct. App. 2002), trans. denied.

       The trial court need not wait until the child is irreversibly harmed such that his

       physical, mental, and social development is permanently impaired before

       terminating the parent-child relationship. In addition, a child’s need for

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 32A04-1611-JT-2489 | April 12, 2017   Page 11 of 13
       permanency is a central consideration in determining the child’s best interests.

       In re G.Y., 904 N.E.2d 1257, 1265 (Ind. 2009). Further, the testimony of the

       service providers may support a finding that termination is in the child’s best

       interests. McBride v. Monroe Cnty. Office of Family and Children, 798 N.E.2d 185,

       203 (Ind. Ct. App. 2003).


[25]   Here, our review of the evidence reveals that Case Manager Miller, GAL

       Knotek, and GAL Conger all testified that termination was in D.H.’s best

       interests because he deserved stability and permanency. The testimony of these

       service providers, as well as the other evidence previously discussed, supports

       the trial court’s conclusion that termination was in D.H.’s best interests.


[26]   Last, Father argues that DCS does not have a satisfactory plan for D.H.’s care

       and treatment. This Court has previously explained that the plan for the care

       and treatment of the child need not be detailed, so long as it offers a general

       sense of the direction in which the child will be going after the parent-child

       relationship is terminated. In re L.B., 889 N.E.2d 326, 341 (Ind. Ct. App. 2008).

       Here, the DCS caseworker testified the plan for the care and treatment of D.H.

       is foster parent adoption. This is a satisfactory plan. See In re A.N.J., 690

       N.E.2d 716, 722 (Ind. Ct. App. 1997).1




       1
        Father’s argument that guardianship was an “equally satisfactory plan” is a request that we reweigh the
       evidence. (Father’s Amended Br. 9). This we cannot do. See R.S., 56 N.E.3d at 628.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 32A04-1611-JT-2489 | April 12, 2017          Page 12 of 13
[27]   We reverse a termination of parental rights “only upon a showing of ‘clear

       error’—that which leaves us with a definite and firm conviction that a mistake

       has been made.” Egly v. Blackford Cty. Dep't of Pub. Welfare, 592 N.E.2d 1232,

       1235 (Ind. 1992). We find no such error here and therefore affirm the trial

       court.


[28]   Affirmed.


       May, J., and Brown, J., concur.




       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 32A04-1611-JT-2489 | April 12, 2017   Page 13 of 13
