                              UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                              FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

 INDAH WILSON,

                         Plaintiff,
                                                      Civil Action No. 16-2241 (BAH)
                         v.
                                                      Chief Judge Beryl A. Howell
 ON THE RISE ENTERPRISES, LLC, et al.,

                         Defendants.

                                      MEMORANDUM OPINION

       Plaintiff Indah Wilson alleges that she has worked for over ten years at the restaurant

Oohhs & Aahhs (“Restaurant”) in Washington, D.C., without ever being paid a wage. Compl. ¶¶

1, 7, 15, ECF No. 1. The plaintiff brings claims for minimum and overtime wages under the Fair

Labor Standards Act (“FLSA”), 29 U.S.C. § 201 et seq. and the D.C. Wage Payment Act

(“WPA”), D.C. Code § 32-1301 et seq., and common law fraud against her alleged employers,

defendants On the Rise Enterprises, LLC (“OTR”), Oji. A. Abbott, and Dominique R. Brooks.

Id. ¶¶ 25–44, 66–74. Alternatively, the plaintiff seeks a declaration that she is entitled to a fifty

percent stake in the Restaurant, an injunction requiring the defendants to convey her such stake,

and an accounting of all of the Restaurant’s revenues and expenses since its opening. Id. ¶¶ 45–

65. Pending before the Court are the defendants’ motions to dismiss on grounds that the

plaintiff’s claims are time-barred or otherwise not cognizable. See Abbott & OTR’s Mot.

Dismiss, ECF No. 8. Defendant Brooks also asserts that he is not properly a defendant to this

action. Brooks’s Mot. Dismiss (“Brooks’s Mot.”), ECF No. 16; Brooks’ Mem. Supp. Mot.

(“Brooks’ Mem.”) at 2–3, ECF No. 16–1. For the reasons set out below, the defendants’ motions

to dismiss are denied in part and granted in part, without prejudice.

I.     BACKGROUND
                                                  1
           The plaintiff, a Maryland resident, alleges that she “founded the Restaurant along with

her boyfriend, Defendant Oji Abbott,” Compl. ¶¶ 1, 2, and then worked at the Restaurant for

over ten years without receiving a paycheck, in the belief that she “was an owner of a fifty

percent (50%) interest in the Restaurant,” id. ¶¶ 2, 7, 46. The complaint provides few details

about the plaintiff’s background, such as her level of education or restaurant-related skills, but

she alleges that she “frequently and usually” worked in excess of fifty hours per week while

“manag[ing] the day-to-day operations” and “marketing” at the Restaurant. Id. ¶¶ 8, 50, 68. The

plaintiff further alleges that “[d]ue in significant part to [plaintiff’s] efforts to promote the

Restaurant,” id. ¶ 1, she helped the Restaurant to grow in “popularity and success,” id. ¶ 10, and

earn media exposure in the Washington Post, Washingtonian Magazine, and Food Network’s

“Diners, Drive-Ins and Dives,” id. ¶ 1. By contrast to the plaintiff’s role, “Abbott’s role in the

Restaurant allowed him to exercise dominion and control over the business records and

organization and structure of the Restaurant.” Id. ¶ 68.

           Abbott allegedly incorporated Oohhs & Aahhs, Inc. in 2003 “to obtain permits and

licenses for the Restaurant.” Id. ¶ 5. “Abbott did not inform [the plaintiff] of his use of this

entity and did not disclose [to her] the details of the entity . . . .” Id. The plaintiff “did not ask to

inspect the initial paperwork establishing the Restaurant or its ownership” due to “her trust in

[Abbott] and her unfamiliarity with the business and legal aspects of establishing a restaurant.”

Id. ¶ 4.

           On or about May 3, 2012, “after the Restaurant had been operating for nearly a decade,”

Abbott and his “family member,” defendant Brooks, established OTR, without the plaintiff’s

knowledge, to “own and operate the Restaurant.” Id. ¶¶ 3, 6. Although Brooks allegedly

provided “start-up money” for the Restaurant, he has played no “active role” in the Restaurant’s



                                                    2
operation, as he was imprisoned shortly after the Restaurant opened. Id. ¶¶ 3, 11. The

defendants “did not include [the plaintiff] in the [LLC’s] organizational documentation.” Id. ¶ 6.

At all relevant times, the defendants “maintained exclusive control over the financial and

business records of the Restaurant.” Id. ¶ 54.

         Over the course of the plaintiff’s employment, Abbott repeatedly represented to the

plaintiff and held out to the public that the plaintiff owned a fifty percent stake in the Restaurant.

Id. ¶¶ 47, 51. Abbott also represented to the plaintiff “that he would ‘take care of her’” and “pay

for her modest living expenses with proceeds from the Restaurant.” Id. ¶ 7. Placing “her trust in

Abbott,” the plaintiff worked at the Restaurant without pay for years, believing all the while that

“she was, in fact, the owner of fifty-percent of the Restaurant.” Id. Unbeknownst to the

plaintiff, however, Abbott “concealed the existence of” and “surreptitiously redirected”

Restaurant profits from the plaintiff to himself and Brooks. Id. ¶ 10.

         The plaintiff’s personal relationship with Abbott “began to erode” in late 2014, at which

time the plaintiff sought from Abbott an accounting of the Restaurant’s financial information “to

ascertain her exact ownership interest in the Restaurant.” Id. ¶ 12. Abbott responded that the

plaintiff “was ‘owed nothing’” and “would ‘get nothing.’” Id. ¶ 13. Abbott “suddenly stop[ped]

paying any of [the plaintiff’s] living expenses” and told the plaintiff “that she would now be

responsible for [making] mortgage” payments “on the home in which [the two] had lived since

2005.” Id. ¶ 14. Having never received payment for her work at the Restaurant, the plaintiff

“had no savings to cover her expenses.” Id. The plaintiff continues to work at the Restaurant,

yet “Abbott still fails and refuses to pay [her] proper wages for her time.” Id. ¶ 15.1


1
         The defendants posit that “[i]t strains credulity” to suppose that the plaintiff continued to work without pay
at the Restaurant for three additional years after her romantic relationship with Abbott ended and she learned that
she held no equity interest in the Restaurant. Abbott & OTR’s Mem. Supp. Mot. Dismiss (“Abbott’s Mem.”) at 3,
ECF No. 12. To the contrary, in the face of the defendants’ alleged fraudulent concealment, the plaintiff may

                                                           3
         The plaintiff filed the Complaint in November 2016, approximately two years after

allegedly being first informed by Abbott that she held no ownership interest in the Restaurant.

The Complaint asserts seven claims under two alternative theories: if the plaintiff was an

employee, despite Abbott’s statements to her and others that plaintiff held a half-ownership

interest in the Restaurant, she is owed minimum and overtime wages under the FLSA and the

WPA, id. ¶¶ 25–74, both of which statutes authorize the payment of liquidated damages in the

amount of double or quadruple the amount of unpaid wages. See 29 U.S.C. § 216(b); D.C. Code

§ 32-1308(a)(1)(A)(ii). Thus, Counts I and II seek accrued minimum and overtime wages,

respectively, under the FLSA, Compl. ¶¶ 25–37, and Count III seeks accrued wages under the

WPA, id. ¶¶ 38–44.

         Alternatively, if the defendants have defrauded the plaintiff of the half-ownership interest

in the Restaurant, which interest she believed she held based upon Abbott’s oral promises,

statements to others, and conduct, she seeks declaratory, injunctive, and accounting relief. Id. ¶¶

25–74. Specifically, Count IV seeks a declaration that the plaintiff “is an equitable owner of a

fifty-percent share of the Restaurant and/or LLC, and any other relief deemed appropriate by the

Court.” Id. ¶ 52. Count V seeks an injunction compelling the defendants “to convey fifty-

percent ownership of the Restaurant and/or LLC to [the plaintiff]” as well as “such other and

further relief as may be just and equitable.” Id. ¶ 58. Count VI seeks an accounting of “all

revenue and expenses of the Restaurant from 2003 through current . . . fully and completely



plausibly have maintained her presence at the restaurant to monitor and protect any interest to which she believes
she is entitled in the Restaurant. Indeed, the complaint expresses that the plaintiff “is fearful” that the defendants
“may attempt to divert assets, alter or destroy the business records of the Restaurant, or otherwise attempt to conceal
the value of Wilson’s ownership interest.” Compl. ¶ 65; see also id. ¶ 55. In any event, whether the plaintiff
continued to work at the restaurant since 2014 is a quintessential dispute of fact for which resolution is inappropriate
at the motion to dismiss stage. See Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007); see also Neitzke v.
Williams, 490 U.S. 319, 327 (1989) (“Rule 12(b)(6) does not countenance . . . dismissals based on a judge’s
disbelief of a complaint’s factual allegations.”).

                                                           4
account[ing] for all disbursements of any sums from the revenue of the Restaurant, including

cash disbursements, from 2003 through current,” as well as entry of judgment against the

defendants “in the amount found to be due to [the plaintiff] on such accounting” and “such other

and further relief as may be just and equitable.” Id. ¶ 65. Finally, Count VII seeks damages,

under a theory of common law fraud, “in the amount of the value of fifty-percent interest in the

Restaurant in compensatory damages; punitive damages to be determined at trial, plus interest

and costs,” and “such other and further relief as may be just and equitable.” Id. ¶ 74.

        All three defendants seek dismissal of all claims against them. Abbott & OTR’s Mot.

Dismiss; Abbott & OTR’s Mem. Supp. Mot. Dismiss (“Abbott’s Mem.”), ECF No. 12; Brooks’

Mot.; Brooks’ Mem. at 2–3.2

II.     LEGAL STANDARD

        A district court must dismiss a complaint that “fail[s] to state a claim upon which relief

can be granted.” FED. R. CIV. P. 12(b)(6). “To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must

contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its

face.’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550

U.S. 544, 570 (2007)). In ruling on a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim, the court

accepts as true “all the [factual] allegations in the complaint . . . (even if doubtful in fact)” that

“raise a right to relief above the speculative level.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555. “When there are

well-pleaded factual allegations, a court should assume their veracity and then determine

whether they plausibly give rise to an entitlement to relief.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 679.




2
        The defendants’ memoranda largely mirror one another, save for Brooks’ argument that he is not a proper
defendant, and are collectively referenced as “Defs.’ Mem.” unless otherwise noted, with all pincites referring to
Abbott and OTR’s memorandum.

                                                         5
       Fraud claims are subject to a heightened pleading standard. See FED. R. CIV. P. 9(b). “In

alleging fraud . . . a party must state with particularity the circumstances constituting fraud,”

though “conditions of a person’s mind may be alleged generally.” Id. To satisfy Rule 9(b), a

plaintiff must “set[] forth in sufficient detail the time, place, and manner” of the alleged

fraudulent scheme, so as “to guarantee all defendants sufficient information to allow for

preparation of a response.” United States ex rel. Heath v. AT&T, Inc., 791 F.3d 112, 123 (D.C.

Cir. 2015) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Such information often includes

“specific fraudulent statements, who made the statements, what was said, when or where these

statements were made, and how or why the alleged statements were fraudulent.” Brink v. Cont’l

Ins. Co., 787 F.3d 1120, 1127 (D.C. Cir. 2015) (citation omitted). “[A]lthough Rule 9(b) does

not require plaintiffs to allege every fact pertaining to every instance of fraud when a scheme

spans several years, defendants must be able to defend against the charge and not just deny that

they have done anything wrong.” United States ex rel. Williams v. Martin-Baker Aircraft Co.,

389 F.3d 1251, 1259 (D.C. Cir. 2004) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).

       A defendant may raise a statute of limitations defense “in a pre-answer motion under . . .

Rule[] 12(b).” Smith-Haynie v. District of Columbia, 155 F.3d 575, 577 (D.C. Cir. 1998). The

D.C. Circuit, however, has cautioned that “courts should hesitate to dismiss a complaint on

statute of limitations grounds based solely on the face of the complaint.” Firestone v. Firestone,

76 F.3d 1205, 1209 (D.C. Cir. 1996). “Because statute of limitations issues often depend on

contested questions of fact, dismissal is appropriate only if the complaint on its face is

conclusively time-barred.” Bregman v. Perles, 747 F.3d 873, 875 (D.C. Cir. 2014) (alteration

omitted) (quoting de Csepel v. Republic of Hungary, 714 F.3d 591, 603 (D.C. Cir. 2013)). “A

court should dismiss with prejudice only if it determines the plaintiff ‘could not possibly cure the



                                                  6
deficiency’ by alleging new or additional facts.” United States ex rel. Shea v. Cellco P’ship, 863

F.3d 923, 936 (D.C. Cir. 2017) (quoting Firestone, 76 F.3d at 1209).

III.   DISCUSSION

       The defendants seek to dismiss each of the plaintiff’s counts on grounds that (1) the

plaintiff’s FLSA and WPA claims, in Counts I through III, are barred by statutes of limitations,

Defs.’ Mem. at 2–4; (2) the WPA claim in Count III is not cognizable because this local statute

governs only “when an employer must pay,” not “what an employer must pay,” and requires only

that “when there is a dispute over the amount owed,” the employer “pay the undisputed amount,”

id. at 5; (3) the claims for declaratory, injunctive, and accounting relief, in Counts IV through VI,

are mere remedies to which the plaintiff is entitled only by prevailing on an independent claim,

id. at 6–9; and (4) the fraud claim, in Count VII, is not plead with the particularity required by

Rule 9(b) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, id. at 10–13. Brooks also argues that the

plaintiff’s claims against him should be dismissed because the plaintiff has failed to allege facts

that, if believed, establish his liability as an employer. Brooks’ Mem. at 2–3.

       For the reasons that follow, the plaintiff has pleaded valid claims for minimum and

overtime wages under FLSA and the WPA (Counts One through Three), but has not adequately

pleaded claims for fraud, or for declaratory, injunctive, or accounting relief (Counts Four through

Seven). Accordingly, Counts Four through Seven are dismissed without prejudice, and the

defendants’ motions to dismiss are denied in all other respects.

       A. The Plaintiff’s FLSA Claims Are Not Time-Barred.

       The plaintiff brings claims under the FLSA for unpaid minimum and overtime wages that

she alleges accrued over the course of her decade-long employment at the Restaurant. See

Compl. ¶¶ 25–37. Given that the factual allegations in the complaint are assumed to be true, the



                                                  7
defendants do not now dispute that the plaintiff was entitled to, and that they failed to pay her,

such wages. Instead, the defendants contend that FLSA’s statute of limitations bars any claim

for unpaid wages the plaintiff might have. Defs.’ Mem. at 3–4. The plaintiff contends that the

FLSA’s statute of limitations was tolled by the defendants’ willfully concealing their violations

and causing the plaintiff to believe that she held a fifty percent equity interest in the Restaurant,

making her exempt from coverage of the FLSA. See 29 U.S.C. § 213(a)(1) (exempting from

coverage of FLSA’s minimum wage provisions “any employee employed in a bona fide

executive, administrative, or professional capacity”); 29 C.F.R. § 541.101 (defining the term

“employee employed in a bona fide executive capacity” to include “any employee who owns at

least a bona fide 20–percent equity interest in the enterprise in which the employee is employed,

. . . and who is actively engaged in its management”). Under the FLSA, the plaintiff’s argument

is persuasive at this early stage of the case, and therefore, as explained more fully below, the

plaintiff’s FLSA claims are not time-barred. 3

         The FLSA requires an employer to pay to each employee within the Act’s scope a

minimum wage of $7.25 an hour, subject to certain exceptions. 29 U.S.C. § 206(a)(1)(C).4 In

addition, an employer is required to pay an employee wages for work in excess of forty hours per

week, “at a rate not less than one and one-half times the regular rate at which [s]he is employed.”

Id. § 207(a)(1). Any action under the FLSA “to enforce any cause of action for unpaid minimum



3
         The plaintiff also argues that “the lulling doctrine” and “discovery rule” toll FLSA’s statute of limitations
as well. Pl.’s Opp’n Defs.’ Mot. Dismiss (“Pl.’s Opp’n”) at 6, ECF No. 11-1. These doctrines, discussed further
infra Part III.B, are similar in substance to the equitable tolling doctrine under the FLSA.
4
         Between July 24, 2008 and July 24, 2009, the minimum wage was $6.55 an hour; between July 24, 2007
and July 24, 2008, the minimum wage was $5.85 an hour. 29 U.S.C. § 206(a)(1)(A)-(B). At all relevant times prior
to July 24, 2007, the minimum wage was $5.15 an hour. Minimum Wage Increase Act of 1996, Pub. L. No. 104-
188, § 2104(b), 110 Stat. 1928, 1928–29 (1996) (amended 2007). FLSA’s wage provisions apply to an employee
“who in any workweek is engaged in commerce or in the production of goods for commerce, or is employed in an
enterprise engaged in commerce or in the production of goods for commerce.” 29 U.S.C. § 206(a). The defendants
do not dispute that FLSA covered and covers the plaintiff.

                                                          8
wages” or “unpaid overtime compensation” must “be commenced within two years after the

cause of action accrued, . . . except that a cause of action arising out of a willful violation may be

commenced within three years after the cause of action accrued.” Id. § 255(a). A violation of

the FLSA is “willful” if “the employer either knew or showed reckless disregard for the matter of

whether its conduct was prohibited by the statute.” Rhea Lana, Inc. v. Dep’t of Labor, 824 F.3d

1023, 1031 (D.C. Cir. 2016) (quoting McLaughlin v. Richland Shoe Co., 486 U.S. 128, 133

(1988)).

       “Read into every federal statute of limitations,” however, “is the equitable doctrine that in

case of defendant’s fraud or deliberate concealment of material facts relating to his wrongdoing,

time does not begin to run until plaintiff discovers, or by reasonable diligence could have

discovered, the basis of the lawsuit.” Fitzgerald v. Seamans, 553 F.2d 220, 228 (D.C. Cir. 1977).

“[F]raudulent concealment tolls a statute of limitations when (1) there has been ‘deliberate

concealment’ of (2) ‘material facts’ relating to the alleged wrongdoing and (3) the wronged party

does not know of those facts and could not have discovered them through ‘reasonable

diligence.’” Int’l Ass’n of Machinists & Aerospace Workers, AFL-CIO, Dist. Lodge 64 v. NLRB

(“Aerospace Workers”), 130 F.3d 1083, 1087 (D.C. Cir. 1997). A court grants equitable tolling

“in extraordinary and carefully circumscribed circumstances, . . . such as where despite all due

diligence [a plaintiff] is unable to obtain vital information bearing on the existence of her claim.”

Norman v. United States, 467 F.3d 773, 776 (D.C. Cir. 2006) (alteration in original) (internal

quotation marks and citation omitted). This may occur “where the complainant has been induced

or tricked by his adversary’s misconduct into allowing the filing deadline to pass.” Id. (internal

quotation marks omitted); see also Am. Pipe & Constr. Co. v. Utah, 414 U.S. 538, 559 (1974)

(“[I]n cases where the plaintiff has refrained from commencing suit during the period of



                                                  9
limitation because of inducement by the defendant, or because of fraudulent concealment, this

Court has not hesitated to find the statutory period tolled or suspended by the conduct of the

defendant.” (internal citations omitted)).

       The defendants do not dispute that the plaintiff is an “employee” within the FLSA’s

meaning, that the plaintiff was entitled to minimum and overtime wages, or even that they failed

to pay the plaintiff such wages. The defendants assert only that the FLSA’s statute of limitations

prevents the plaintiff from bringing an action to collect the wages due to her. See Defs.’ Mem. at

2–4. The plaintiff alleges that she has worked at the Restaurant since 2003, frequently working

over 50 hours per week, but was never paid for her labor. Compl. ¶¶ 5, 7–8, 15. Despite

representing to the plaintiff and indicating publicly that the plaintiff held a fifty percent

ownership stake in the Restaurant, id. ¶¶ 6, 47, 49–52, Abbott apparently did not include the

plaintiff’s name in the Restaurant’s organizational documentation, id. ¶¶ 5–6. Not until the end

of 2014, when the plaintiff ended her romantic relationship with Abbott and sought an

accounting of the Restaurant’s revenues and expenses, did Abbott inform the plaintiff that she

held no ownership stake in the Restaurant. Id. ¶ 12.

       Whether the plaintiff co-owned, or was led to believe she co-owned, the Restaurant is

material to the defendants’ FLSA violations, as one who reasonably believed she held equity in

the Restaurant would have no reason to inquire as to why she did not receive wages. See

Aerospace Workers, 130 F.3d at 1087. The plaintiff certainly could have done more over the

years she worked at the Restaurant to demand inspection of the organizational documents to

ensure and confirm that the ownership interest she expected and says she was promised, was

formally realized, but that is not the test. Instead, whether the plaintiff exercised reasonable

diligence turns on consideration of the circumstances. Veltri v. Bldg. Serv. 32B-J Pension Fund,



                                                  10
393 F.3d 318, 323 (2d Cir. 2004) (“Where defendant is responsible for concealing the existence

of plaintiff’s cause of action, . . . [t]he relevant question is not the intention underlying

defendants’ conduct, but rather whether a reasonable plaintiff in the circumstances would have

been aware of the existence of a cause of action.”); Bills v. Clark, 628 F.3d 1092, 1101 (9th Cir.

2010) (reversing dismissal of prisoner’s habeas petition as untimely for district court’s failure to

conduct “the overall assessment of the totality of circumstances that goes into the equitable

determination” of tolling the limitations period).

        Here, the plaintiff has alleged that by tricking or deceiving her, Abbott prevented her

from learning of her FLSA cause of action within the statutory period, warranting equitable

tolling of the limitation period to prevent inequity. In assessing the reasonable diligence of the

plaintiff, the pertinent circumstances are that: (1) the plaintiff relied on the promises and

statements of Abbott expressed over a period of years to both the plaintiff and to others, that she

co-owned the Restaurant; (2) as her boyfriend, with whom she resided, the plaintiff relied on

Abbott’s trustworthiness; (3) in the operation of the Restaurant, Abbott “maintained exclusive

control over the financial and business records,” Compl. ¶ 54, to such extent that he refused to

provide the plaintiff with an accounting, id. ¶ 13; and (4) the plaintiff first learned that she did

not have half-ownership of the Restaurant “toward the end of 2014,” id. ¶ 12. These allegations

adequately explain that the plaintiff’s failure to bring her FLSA claims within the period allowed

by the statute of limitations was due not to the plaintiff’s lack of “diligence,” but to the

defendants having “induced or tricked” her “into allowing the filing deadline to pass.” Norman,

467 F.3d at 776.

        That the plaintiff knew, at all times, she was not receiving wages—a fact the defendants

emphasize, see Abbott’s Reply Pl.’s Opp’n at 2–3, ECF No. 13—is beside the point. The



                                                   11
material fact that the defendants concealed from the plaintiff was not that she did not receive

wages, but that she, as an employee rather than a half owner, was entitled to such wages.

FLSA’s statute of limitations thus does not bar the plaintiff’s minimum and overtime wage

claims.5

         B. The Plaintiff Has Pleaded Cognizable WPA Claims.

         The plaintiff brings claims in Count III under the WPA, which authorizes “civil

action[s]” to recover “payment of any back wages unlawfully withheld,” “[l]iquidated damages

equal to treble the amount of unpaid wages,” “[s]tatutory penalties,” and “[s]uch legal or

equitable relief as may be appropriate.” D.C. Code § 32-1308(a)(1)(A).6 The defendants seek

dismissal of the plaintiff’s WPA claims on the grounds that (1) the WPA cognizes claims

regarding only when wages must be paid, not the amount of wages due; and (2) the plaintiff’s

claims are time-barred. Defs.’ Mem. at 3–5. For the reasons that follow, each of these

arguments fail.

                   1. The WPA Cognizes Minimum and Overtime Wage Claims.

         The WPA requires that “[a]n employer shall pay all wages earned to his or her employees

on regular paydays designated in advance.” D.C. Code § 32-1302. As discussed above, the

defendants do not dispute that the plaintiff “earned,” id., wages, but argue that the WPA merely

“governs the timing of wage payments,” while a separate statute, the D.C. Minimum Wage Act



5
          The defendants urge that the Court decline to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over the plaintiff’s District
of Columbia wage and common law claims should the plaintiff’s FLSA claims be dismissed. Defs.’ Mem. at 13–15;
see Shekoyan v. Sibley Int’l, 409 F.3d 414, 423 (D.C. Cir. 2005) (noting that Court “may choose to retain
jurisdiction over, or dismiss, pendent state law claims after federal claims are dismissed” (citing 28 U.S.C. §
1367(c)(3))). Since dismissal of the plaintiff’s FLSA claim is denied, the Court retains jurisdiction over the
plaintiff’s pendant D.C. law claims.
6
          The WPA defines “wages” as “all monetary compensation after lawful deductions, owed by an employer,
whether the amount owed is determined on a time, task, piece, commission, or other basis of calculation,” including
a “[b]onus,” “[c]omission,” “[f]ringe benefit[] paid in cash,” “[o]vertime premium,” and “[o]ther renumeration
promised or owed.” D.C. Code § 32-1301(3).

                                                          12
(“MWA”), D.C. Code § 32-1001 et seq., “provides the exclusive remedy for a plaintiff who

alleges a right to be paid minimum wages and overtime wages under D.C. law.” Defs.’ Mem. at

4–5. The defendants cite, with minimal discussion, Escobar Iraheta v. Magic Meals, Inc., which

determined that “[t]he [MWA] governs what an employer must pay, whereas [the WPA]

governs when an employer must pay.” 201 F. Supp. 3d 172, 174 (D.D.C. 2016) (Collyer, J.)

(emphasis in original), vacated sub nom. Iraheta v. Magic Meals, Inc., No. 15-cv-1121 (RMC),

2017 WL 1086625 (D.D.C. Feb. 22, 2017).7 “Just as the plaintiff in [Escobar] Iraheta

complained about the amount he was (not) paid,” the defendants argue, the plaintiff’s “complaint

is about the amount she was (not) paid.” Defs.’ Mem. at 5.

        By its own terms, however, the WPA provides that an employer “shall pay all wages

earned . . . on regular paydays designated in advance.” D.C. Code § 32-1302 (emphasis added).

As other Judges on this Court have recognized, the WPA’s broad language governs not only the

timing of wage payments, but also the amount of wages that must be paid. See, e.g., Akinsinde v.

Not-For-Profit Hosp. Corp., 216 F. Supp. 3d 33, 43 (D.D.C. 2016) (Mehta, J.) (“[T]he crux of

Plaintiff’s claim is that she routinely was not paid for the break-time hours that she worked . . . .

[S]he sufficiently pleaded a violation of the [WPA].”); Ayala v. Tito Contractors, Inc., 82 F.

Supp. 3d 279, 287 (D.D.C. 2015) (Boasberg, J.) (“[A]lleg[ations] . . . that Defendants . . .

paid nothing at all to two Plaintiffs for certain hours worked . . . [are] the type of claim[s] that

the [WPA], by its plain terms, was intended to remedy.”); Ventura v. Bebo Foods, Inc., 738 F.

Supp. 2d 1, 6 (D.D.C. 2010) (Lamberth, C.J.) (concluding that a defendant was liable for

“violations of [the WPA’s] wage and overtime provisions”). That the WPA governs when wages



7
         The Escobar Iraheta parties ultimately settled, and the Court’s memorandum opinion was vacated pursuant
to an order granting the parties’ consent motion to vacate. Order, Iraheta,, 2017 WL 1086625, at *1. Moreover, as
discussed further infra, other Judges on this Court have reached contrary constructions of D.C. Code § 32-1302.

                                                       13
must be paid does not mean that the statute does not also govern what wages must be paid. After

all, an employer fails to pay “all wages earned,” D.C. Code § 32-1302, by failing to pay either by

the required date or the full amount due.8

        Likewise, whether a claim under the MWA also might lie against the defendants simply

has no bearing on whether the plaintiff has a claim under the WPA.9

        In the alternative, even accepting the defendants’ erroneous contention that the WPA

governs only timing of wages, the plaintiff pleads a valid WPA claim. The plaintiff’s allegation

that the defendants never paid her wages due, see Compl. ¶ 7, logically and necessarily

encompasses an allegation that the defendants did not pay her wages due “on regular paydays

designated in advance.” D.C. Code § 32-1302.

        The plaintiff’s WPA claim in Count III thus is cognizable.

                  2. The Plaintiff’s WPA Claim Is Not Time-Barred.

        The defendants also argue that “any claim for wages that [the plaintiff] may have that

predates November 11, 2013 is absolutely time-barred under” the WPA. Defs.’ Mem. at 4.



8
          To bolster their interpretation of the WPA, the defendants cite D.C. Code § 32-1304 as “expressly
provid[ing] that when there is a dispute over the amount owed, the employer is required only to pay the undisputed
amount to comply with the Act.” Defs.’ Mem. at 5. The defendants’ interpretation of the cited WPA provision is
incorrect. This provision, as clarified in a 2015 amendment, directs an employer, who has a “bona fide dispute
concerning the amount of wages due” to “give written notice to the employee of the amount of wages which he
concedes to be due, and shall pay such amount, without condition,” within the appropriate period, and further makes
plain that “acceptance by the employee of any payment” of wages conceded to be due “shall not constitute a release
as to the balance of h[er] claim.” D.C. Code § 32-1304, amended by D.C. Law 20-157, § 2(c), 61 D.C. Reg. 10157
(Feb. 26, 2015); see also D.C. Law 20-157, § 2(c) (amending § 32-1304); Letter from Vincent C. Gray, Mayor of
the Dist. of Columbia, to the Hon. Phil Mendelson, Chairman, Council of the Dist. of Columbia at 4 (Dec. 2, 2014),
http://lims.dccouncil.us/Download/31673/B20-0790-Mayor-s-Letter-regarding-Legislative-Meeting1.pdf (describing
the proposed WPA amendment as largely clarifying). Thus, contrary to the defendants’ wishful interpretation that
this provision somehow relieves an employer of the obligation to pay statutorily required wages, WPA’s current
language plainly holds an employer on the hook for unpaid wages legally due, regardless of whether the employer
admits those wages are owed.
9
          The plaintiff requests, “[i]n the event the Court grants Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss,” that she “be
permitted an opportunity to amend the Complaint in order to cure any deficiencies in the pleading.” Pl.’s Opp’n at
19. Although the plaintiff has pleaded a cognizable claim under the WPA, the plaintiff may seek leave to amend her
complaint to add claims under the MWA. See FED. R. CIV. P. 15(a)(2).

                                                        14
WPA claims “must be commenced within 3 years after the cause of action accrued, or of the last

occurrence if the violation is continuous, or the cause of action shall be forever barred.” D.C.

Code § 32-1308(c)(1). “This period is tolled,” however, “[d]uring any period that the employer

fails to provide the complainant with actual or constructive notice of the employee’s rights.” Id.

§ 32-1308(c)(2)(B). In addition to the statutory tolling provision, D.C. law also recognizes two

tolling doctrines of general applicability: (1) the “lulling doctrine,” by which “affirmative acts

employed by a party to fraudulently conceal either the existence of a claim or facts forming the

basis of a cause of action toll the running of limitations periods,” Daniels v. Potomac Elec.

Power Co., 100 A.3d 139, 142 (D.C. 2014) (citations omitted), and (2) the “discovery rule,”

which “prevent[s] the accrual of a cause of action before an individual can reasonably be

expected to discover that he has a basis for legal redress,” East v. Graphic Arts Indus. Joint

Pension Tr., 718 A.2d 153, 157 (D.C. 1998) (citation omitted).

       Dismissal of a claim on statute of limitation grounds “is appropriate only if the complaint

on its face is conclusively time-barred.” Bregman, 747 F.3d at 875 (quoting de Csepel, 714 F.3d

at 603). This is not the case here for at least two reasons. First, the plaintiff alleges a continuous

WPA violation that persists to the present day. See Compl. ¶¶ 7, 15. Accepting these factual

allegations as true, the plaintiff necessarily brought her suit within three years of the allegedly

WPA-violating conduct’s “last occurrence.” D.C. Code § 32-1308(c)(1). Second, even if the

WPA’s three-year statute of limitations for non-continuous violations applied, the defendants’

conduct tolled the statute of limitations under the WPA itself by “fail[ing] to provide the

[plaintiff] with actual or constructive notice of [her] rights,” for essentially the same reasons that

such conduct equitably tolled FLSA’s statute of limitations, the lulling doctrine, and the




                                                  15
discovery rule. See D.C. Code § 32-1308(c)(2)(B); Daniels, 100 A.3d at 142; East, 718 A.2d at

157.

       Accordingly, the WPA’s statute of limitations does not bar the plaintiff’s WPA claim.

       C. The Plaintiff Has Failed To Plead Fraud With Adequate Particularity.

       The defendants seek dismissal of the plaintiff’s claims for common law fraud on the

ground that her complaint does not satisfy Rule 9(b)’s pleading standard for fraud claims. Defs.’

Mem. at 10–13. Rule 9(b) requires a plaintiff “alleging fraud” to “state with particularity the

circumstances constituting fraud.” FED. R. CIV. P. 9(b). While the plaintiff has generally alleged

that Abbott made “representations that he would ‘take care of her,’” Compl. ¶¶ 7, 9, and “[o]n

numerous occasions,” id. ¶ 67, “represented to [plaintiff] and others that [plaintiff] was indeed an

owner of the Restaurant,” id. ¶¶ 47, 60, 67; see also id. ¶¶ 49, 52, 54, these factual allegations

nonetheless lack the specificity required under Rule 9(b).

       Under District of Columbia law, “[t]he essential elements of common law fraud are: (1) a

false representation (2) in reference to material fact, (3) made with knowledge of its falsity, (4)

with the intent to deceive, and (5) action is taken in reliance upon the representation.” Va. Acad.

of Clinical Psychologists v. Grp. Hospitalization & Med. Servs., Inc., 878 A.2d 1226, 1233 (D.C.

2005) (quoting Atraqchi v. GUMC Unified Billing Servs., 788 A.2d 559, 563 (D.C. 2002));

accord McMullen v. Synchrony Bank, 164 F. Supp. 3d 77, 95 (D.D.C. 2016) (Boasberg, J.)

(same). “Fraud is never presumed and must be particularly pleaded.” Va. Acad., 878 A.2d at

1233 (quoting Atraqchi, 788 A.2d at 563); see also FED. R. CIV. P. 9(b).

       The plaintiff’s fraud allegations do not satisfy Rule 9(b). While the plaintiff generally

alleges that Abbott made “representations that he would ‘take care of her,’” Compl. ¶¶ 7, 9, and

“[o]n numerous occasions,” id. ¶ 67, “represented to [plaintiff] and others that [plaintiff] was



                                                 16
indeed an owner of the Restaurant,” id. ¶¶ 47, 60, 67; see also id. ¶¶ 49, 52, 54, 62, these factual

allegations nonetheless lack specificity with respect to the particular times these representations

were made or how, with any level of detail, Abbott phrased these representations. The plaintiff

also asserts that the defendants “authorized [the plaintiff] to exercise control over the Restaurant

and act as an owner,” id. ¶¶ 48, 61, but provides no details about the manner of such

authorization, the type of control the plaintiff was allowed to exercise, or the particular actions

the plaintiff was allowed to take. The plaintiff’s complaint is replete with these sort of

threadbare, conclusory allegations. See, e.g., id. ¶ 49 (“[The defendants] retained the benefit of

[the plaintiff’s] own belief and her representations to the public and representations by [the

defendants] that [the plaintiff] was indeed an owner of the Restaurant.”); id. ¶ 50 (“Both [the

defendants’] actions reflected [the plaintiff’s] ownership interest in the Restaurant, as [the

plaintiff] believed she was an owner of the Restaurant, managed the day-to-day operations of the

Restaurant, exercised control over many aspects of the Restaurant, and acted as an owner of the

Restaurant by furthering the Restaurant’s business. . . .”). The plaintiff “has not provided even

approximate dates of when fraudulent statements were made to her nor the specific nature of the

assurances” the defendants allegedly made regarding the plaintiff’s equity in the Restaurant.

Carter v. Bank of Am., N.A., 888 F. Supp. 2d 1, 14 (D.D.C. 2012) (Howell, C.J.). The plaintiff’s

allegations lack sufficient detail about “who made the statements, what was said, when or where

these statements were made, and how or why the alleged statements were fraudulent,” Brink, 787

F.3d at 1127 (citation omitted), and thus do not satisfy Rule 9(b)’s pleading standard.10




10
         Dismissal of the plaintiff’s fraud claim is not inconsistent with allowing the plaintiff’s FLSA and WPA
claims, which rest on the same factual allegations, to proceed, as Rule 9(b) requires a plaintiff to “state with
particularity the circumstances constituting fraud,” FED. R. CIV. P. 9(b), while Rule 8(a)(2) merely requires
“[f]actual allegations” that “raise a right to relief above the speculative level.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555.

                                                        17
        A district court may dismiss a fraud claim without prejudice where “[t]he sparse and

conclusory nature of the allegations supporting the fraud claim make it impossible to determine

whether granting leave to amend would be futile.” Malek v. Flagstar Bank, 70 F. Supp. 3d 23,

31 n.5 (D.D.C. 2014) (Howell, C.J.). Given the possibility that the plaintiff can amend her

complaint to allege sufficient factual detail to satisfy Rule 9(b), the plaintiff’s fraud claim is

dismissed without prejudice. The plaintiff may file an amended complaint pleading fraud with

greater particularity. See FED. R. CIV. P. 15(a)(2) (directing that “[t]he court should freely give

leave [to amend pleadings] when justice so requires.”).

        D. The Plaintiff Has Failed To Plead Facts Establishing That She Is Entitled To
           Declaratory, Injunctive, or Accounting Relief In The Form Of An Ownership
           Stake In The Restaurant.

        The defendants argue that the plaintiff’s claims for a declaratory, injunctive, and

accounting relief must be dismissed because the plaintiff has failed to allege facts establishing

her entitlement to such remedies. The plaintiff seeks declaratory, injunctive, and accounting

relief entitling her to a fifty percent ownership stake in the restaurant. Compl. ¶¶ 45–65.

Specifically, the plaintiff seeks a declaration that she holds a fifty percent equity stake in the

restaurant, an injunction requiring the defendants to convey to her such stake, and an accounting

of all of the restaurant’s revenue and expenses from 2003 through the present, as well as entry of

judgment against the defendants in the amount due to the plaintiff. Id.

        Declaratory judgments, injunctions, and accountings are not freestanding causes of

action, but remedies that a plaintiff may obtain only upon prevailing on some independent claim.

See C&E Servs., Inc. of Washington v. D.C. Water & Sewer Auth., 310 F.3d 197, 201 (D.C. Cir.

2002) (“[T]he Declaratory Judgment Act is not an independent source of federal jurisdiction.

Rather, the availability of declaratory relief presupposes the existence of a judicially remediable

right.” (alterations, internal quotation marks and citations omitted)); accord Goryoka v. Quicken
                                                  18
Loan, Inc., 519 F. App’x 926, 929 (6th Cir. 2013) (“[I]njunctive relief . . . [is a] remed[y] and . . .

not [a] separate cause[] of action.”); Johnson v. Mao, 174 F. Supp. 3d 500, 524 (D.D.C. 2016)

(Contreras, J.) (same); Haynes v. Navy Fed. Credit Union, 52 F. Supp. 3d 1, 10 (D.D.C. 2014)

(Kollar-Kotelly, J.) (“[A]n accounting . . . is only appropriate, if at all, after liability has been

determined.” (citation omitted)); Bates v. Nw. Human Servs., Inc., 466 F. Supp. 2d 69, 103

(D.D.C. 2006) (Walton, J.) (“[Accounting] relief may be obtained at the close of a litigation in

actions arising out of a tort where there is an allegation of fraud, especially when there is an

additional ground for jurisdiction, such as the existence of a fiduciary relationship.” (internal

quotation marks and citation omitted)).

         The plaintiff’s prayers for declaratory, injunctive, and accounting relief each fail because

the plaintiff’s factual allegations, even if accepted as true, do not “plausibly give rise to an

entitlement to [the forms of] relief” she seeks. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 679. The plaintiff recounts the

facts underlying her FLSA, WPA, and fraud claims, but identifies no legal authority by which

the defendants’ conduct entitles her to an ownership interest in the Restaurant or created any

fiduciary relationship between the defendants and the plaintiff.11 Indeed, the plaintiff’s lack of

equity in the Restaurant is essential for her to prevail on her FLSA, WPA, and fraud claims, as

the way that the defendants induced the plaintiff to work for years without pay was by causing




11
          The plaintiff cites Myers Industries, Inc. v. Schoeller Arca Systems, Inc., 171 F. Supp. 3d 107 (S.D.N.Y.
2016), for the proposition that “[w]here a count for declaratory judgment is not duplicative or subsumed by other
counts in the complaint, a count for declaratory judgment may be brought in a separate count.” Pl.’s Opp’n at 14.
The plaintiff misreads Myers Industries, which involved causes of action pursuant to a “patent license agreement
and asset purchase agreement.” 171 F. Supp. 3d at 122. Myers Industries observed that whether “a declaratory
judgment action [] duplicates an available coercive action” is one of several prudential factors that a court considers
in exercising “broad discretion” over whether “to exercise jurisdiction over the declaratory judgment action” only
after the court determines that “an actual controversy sufficient to invoke the court’s subject matter jurisdiction”
exists. Id. Myers Industries does not dispense with the requirement that a plaintiff must have some independent
claim against a defendant to obtain a declaratory judgment.

                                                          19
her falsely to believe that she held equity in the Restaurant, and thus was not subject to those

employee protection laws.

       For these reasons, the plaintiff has failed plausibly to plead an entitlement to declaratory,

injunctive, or accounting relief, and so those counts must be dismissed, without prejudice.

       E. Defendant Brooks Must Be Dismissed.

       Defendant Brooks asserts that he is not properly joined as a defendant in this action, as

the “[p]laintiff has failed to allege any facts as to Defendant Brooks upon which his liability

could be based.” Brooks’ Mem. at 2–3. As the fraud and associated relief claims in Counts IV

though VII have already been dismissed, without prejudice, as to all defendants, the only claims

remaining against Brooks are the overtime and wage claims in Counts I through III. As to these

claims, the complaint alleges that, although “Brooks had no active role in the operation of the

Restaurant,” Compl. ¶ 11, he provided “start-up money for the Restaurant,” received, upon

information and belief, “surreptitiously redirected [] profits” from the Restaurant, and “is a

member of the LLC,” id. ¶¶ 3, 6, 10. The plaintiff states in the complaint that she “does not

know the extent of [Brooks’s] purported ownership interest in the Restaurant.” Id. ¶ 11.

       The FLSA defines the key term “employer” for coverage under the statute to “include[]

any person acting directly or indirectly in the interest of an employer in relation to an employee.”

29 U.S.C. § 203(d). The FLSA definitions, though described as “generally unhelpful,” Henthorn

v. Dep’t of Navy, 29 F.3d 682, 684 (D.C. Cir. 1994), must be construed broadly to effectuate

the remedial purposes of the statute, see Morrison v. Int'l Programs Consortium, Inc., 253 F.3d

5, 10 (D.C. Cir. 2001).

       The Supreme Court has provided guidance “to fill the gap in the statutory text” by

looking to “the conventional master-servant relationship as understood by common-law agency



                                                 20
doctrine,” Clackamas Gastroenterology Assocs., P.C. v. Wells, 538 U.S. 440, 444–45 (2003)

(quoting Nationwide Mut. Ins. Co. v. Darden, 503 U.S. 318, 322–23 (1992)), and examining the

“economic reality” of the relationship between the putative employee and employer, Tony &

Susan Alamo Found. v. Sec’y of Labor, 471 U.S. 290, 301 (1985) (“The test of employment

under the [FLSA] is one of ‘economic reality.’”); Goldberg v. Whitaker House Coop., Inc., 366

U.S. 28, 33 (1961) (noting that “‘economic reality’ rather than ‘technical concepts’ is to be the

test of employment”). The over-arching inquiry is whether the defendant is “the kind of person

that the common law would consider an employer.” Wells, 538 U.S. at 445 n.5. This inquiry

involves consideration of various factors, which the D.C. Circuit has enumerated to include: “(1)

the degree of control exercised by the employer over the workers, (2) the workers’ opportunity

for profit or loss and their investment in the business, (3) the degree of skill and independent

initiative required to perform the work, (4) the permanence or duration of the working

relationship and (5) the extent to which the work is an integral part of the employer’s business.”

Morrison, 253 F.3d at 11.

       The Complaint is silent regarding these “economic reality test” factors and simply

contains no allegations establishing Brooks’ status as an “employer” under the FLSA based upon

any alleged degree of control he exercised over employees. Certainly, a corporate officer with

an ownership interest may qualify as an employer, jointly and severally liable under the FLSA

for unpaid wages, but only “as long as the officer acts, or has the power to act, on behalf of the

corporation vis-à-vis its employees.” Wilson v. Hunam Inn, Inc., 126 F. Supp. 3d 1, 6 (D.D.C.

2015); see also Donovan v. Agnew, 712 F.2d 1509, 1511 (1st Cir. 1983); Del Villar v. Flynn

Architectural Finishes, Inc., 664 F. Supp. 2d 94, 96–97 (D.D.C. 2009) (denying motion to

dismiss individual defendant, who claimed not to “have the power to hire and fire, control work



                                                 21
schedules and supervise employees, determine pay rates or maintain employment records,” since

this defendant was owner of company employing plaintiff and fired him). In other words, an

ownership interest in a company or partnership, “while not dispositive of employer status under

the FLSA, certainly raises a plausible inference that the individual possessed the requisite

‘operational control’ over the covered entity” but only when the complaint also alleges that the

owners supervised the employee’s “working conditions and controlled her schedule and wages . .

. [and] had the ability to hire and fire the corporation’s employees and to set their wages and

schedules.” Wilson, 126 F. Supp. 3d at 6.

       In this case, the complaint provides only bare-bones allegations about the defendant

Brooks’ equity interest in the Restaurant and expressly states that he had “no active role” in the

Restaurant’s operations. These allegations are simply insufficient to sustain an FLSA claim

against Brooks as an “employer.” At the same time, given the complaint’s allegations that the

defendants have declined the plaintiff’s requests for an accounting and have maintained

exclusive control over all the business records, see Compl. ¶¶ 63, 64, the claims against Brooks

are dismissed without prejudice.

IV.    CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, the defendants’ motion to dismiss are DENIED in part and

GRANTED in part. The defendants’ motions are granted as to the claims for common law fraud

and for declaratory relief, injunctive, and accounting relief, in Counts IV through VII, which

counts are dismissed without prejudice, and as to all claims against Brooks, but denied in all

other respects. The plaintiff and remaining defendants Abbott and OTR shall, in accordance

with the Court’s Standing Order ¶ 3, ECF No. 20, file jointly a Meet and Confer Report, by April




                                                22
14, 2018, with a proposed schedule to govern further proceedings in this case. An appropriate

Order accompanies this Memorandum Opinion.

Date: March 31, 2018

                                                   __________________________
                                                   BERYL A. HOWELL
                                                   Chief Judge




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