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 1        IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO

 2 STATE OF NEW MEXICO,

 3          Plaintiff-Appellee,

 4 v.                                                           NO. 30,252

 5 REYNALDO JEREMY ENRIQUEZ,

 6          Defendant-Appellant.

 7 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF CURRY COUNTY
 8 Teddy L. Hartley, District Judge

 9   Gary K. King, Attorney General
10   Santa Fe, NM
11   M. Victoria Wilson, Assistant Attorney General
12   Albuquerque, NM

13 for Appellee

14 Jacqueline L. Cooper, Chief Public Defender
15 Nina Lalevic, Assistant Appellate Defender
16 Santa Fe, NM

17 for Appellant

18                                 MEMORANDUM OPINION

19 FRY, Judge.

20          Defendant was convicted by a jury on several crimes following a late night

21 residential burglary.        Defendant raises several issues on appeal, including the
 1 sufficiency of the evidence, a double jeopardy argument, prosecutorial misconduct,

 2 and sentencing-related arguments. We vacate the one-year firearm sentencing

 3 enhancement on Defendant’s conspiracy conviction. We also reverse the designation

 4 of Defendant’s convictions in Counts I through V as serious violent offenses, and we

 5 remand for the district court to consider and enter appropriate factual findings as to

 6 whether Defendant’s second degree kidnaping and aggravated assault convictions

 7 were serious violent offenses. We affirm on all other issues.

 8 BACKGROUND

 9        Defendant’s convictions stem from an incident that occurred in Clovis, New

10 Mexico. On the evening of July 28, 2008, Defendant was partying with a group of

11 individuals at the home of Delia Rodriguez. While there, Defendant and three other

12 individuals, including two minors we refer to as Mark and Oscar, formulated a plan

13 to burglarize a nearby residence where Justin Ford (Victim) was staying. It was

14 Defendant’s suggestion that the group rob a house and, specifically, the residence

15 where Victim was staying. Later that same night, Defendant and his three companions

16 left Delia’s residence and walked to Victim’s residence. Defendant kicked in the

17 door, and all four individuals entered the residence. Victim, who was sleeping on the

18 living room sofa, woke up during the break-in, and a struggle allegedly ensued

19 between Victim and the group members, including Defendant. Victim was struck


                                             2
 1 twice during the encounter before he was able to run out of the residence. While he

 2 was running through the front yard of the property, Defendant shot at him with a .380

 3 caliber semiautomatic pistol. Defendant and his companions then returned on foot to

 4 Delia’s home.

 5        Police officers were called to the area to investigate the fired shots and came

 6 upon Victim, who informed them of the alleged burglary. The officers also found

 7 Delia in an alleyway. After accompanying Delia back to her home, the officers

 8 entered her residence and discovered Defendant, Mark, and Oscar there. A search

 9 warrant was executed at Delia’s home, and Defendant was arrested for the burglary.

10 We relate additional facts regarding the foregoing as necessary in our discussion.

11        A jury convicted Defendant of kidnaping, aggravated burglary with a deadly

12 weapon, conspiracy to commit aggravated burglary with a deadly weapon, two counts

13 of aggravated assault with a deadly weapon, intimidation of a witness, and two counts

14 of contributing to the delinquency of a minor (CDM).           A firearm sentencing

15 enhancement was added to each conviction, and Defendant was sentenced to a total

16 term of incarceration of thirty-six-and-a-half years. The district court then suspended

17 six years of the sentence and imposed a term of five years supervised probation. This

18 appeal followed.

19 DISCUSSION


                                              3
 1        Defendant raises six issues on appeal.       He argues that:     (1) there was

 2 insufficient evidence to support his convictions for kidnaping and CDM; (2) the

 3 district court improperly applied firearm sentencing enhancements to his convictions

 4 for conspiracy and CDM; (3) the district court erred in designating five of his

 5 convictions as serious violent offenses; (4) his CDM convictions violate constitutional

 6 prohibitions against double jeopardy; (5) he was deprived of a fair trial due to

 7 prosecutorial misconduct during opening and closing statements; and (6) a

 8 probationary term was improperly included in the written judgment and sentence. We

 9 address each of these issues in turn.

10 I.     Sufficiency of the Evidence

11        Defendant contends that there was insufficient evidence to support his

12 convictions of kidnaping and CDM. With respect to the kidnaping conviction, he

13 argues that the State failed to present any evidence establishing that Defendant

14 “restrained or confined [Victim] in any way.” As for his two CDM convictions,

15 Defendant contends that the State failed to present sufficient evidence of his

16 culpability because it failed to show that he caused or encouraged the two minors,

17 Oscar and Mark, to commit criminal acts.

18        “The test for sufficiency of the evidence is whether substantial evidence of

19 either a direct or circumstantial nature exists to support a verdict of guilty beyond a


                                              4
 1 reasonable doubt with respect to every element essential to a conviction.” State v.

 2 Riley, 2010-NMSC-005, ¶ 12, 147 N.M. 557, 226 P.3d 656 (internal quotation marks

 3 and citation omitted). We view “the evidence in the light most favorable to the guilty

 4 verdict, indulging all reasonable inferences and resolving all conflicts in the evidence

 5 in favor of the verdict.” State v. Cunningham, 2000-NMSC-009, ¶ 26, 128 N.M. 711,

 6 998 P.2d 176. “We determine whether a rational fact[]finder could have found that

 7 each element of the crime was established beyond a reasonable doubt.” State v. Kent,

 8 2006-NMCA-134, ¶ 10, 140 N.M. 606, 145 P.3d 86. The sufficiency of the evidence

 9 is assessed against the jury instructions because they become the law of the case.

10 State v. Smith, 104 N.M. 729, 730, 726 P.2d 883, 884 (Ct. App. 1986).

11 Kidnaping Conviction

12        In order to convict Defendant of kidnaping, the jury was required to find

13 beyond a reasonable doubt that: (1) Defendant restrained or confined Victim by force

14 or intimidation; (2) Defendant intended to hold Victim against Victim’s will to inflict

15 death, physical injury, or a sexual offense on Victim; and (3) this occurred on or

16 between July 28 and July 29, 2008.

17        Defendant contends that the State failed to present evidence establishing that

18 he restrained or confined Victim. We disagree. As we observed in State v. Pisio,

19 “[t]he key to the restraint element in [kidnaping] is the point at which [the v]ictim’s


                                              5
 1 physical association with [the d]efendant was no longer voluntary.” 119 N.M. 252,

 2 260, 889 P.2d 860, 868 (Ct. App. 1994). In this case, Victim testified that during the

 3 break-in, one of the individuals ran up to him, put a gun to his face, and told two other

 4 individuals to “wrap [Victim] up in a sheet.” A rational jury could find that at the

 5 moment the gun was pointed at Victim, the restraint necessary for the kidnaping

 6 occurred because the association between Victim and the gunman was now clearly

 7 involuntary. In addition, Mark, one of Defendant’s companions that evening, testified

 8 at trial that Defendant had a firearm before they entered Victim’s home. Evidence

 9 was also presented at trial that Defendant shot at Victim with a firearm immediately

10 after Victim ran out of the residence. Because Defendant had the gun immediately

11 prior to the break-in and after Victim ran out of the residence minutes later, a jury

12 could reasonably infer from this evidence that Defendant was the individual inside the

13 residence who restrained Victim by pointing a gun at his face with the intent to hold

14 Victim against his will. Cf. State v. Foster, 1999-NMSC-007, ¶ 32, 126 N.M. 646,

15 974 P.2d 140 (noting that “[o]nce a defendant has restrained the victim with the

16 requisite intent to hold [the victim] . . . against [his] will, he has committed the crime

17 of [kidnaping], although the [kidnaping] continues throughout the course of the

18 defendant’s other crimes”) (alterations, internal quotation marks, and citation




                                               6
 1 omitted), abrogated on other grounds by Kersey v. Hatch, 2010-NMSC-020, 148

 2 N.M. 381, 237 P.2d 683.

 3        In addition, the jury was instructed on accessory liability—that Defendant could

 4 be found guilty of a crime that he himself did not do if he intended “that the crime [to]

 5 be committed; [t]he crime was committed; and [D]efendant helped, encouraged[,] or

 6 caused the crime to be committed.” Mark testified that after the group entered

 7 Victim’s residence, he blocked the front door to the residence to prevent Victim from

 8 leaving. He further testified that when Victim got up from the living room sofa, all

 9 of the group, including Defendant, “tried to stop him” and that some of them were

10 able to grab Victim to prevent him from leaving. Victim was also struck twice in the

11 process of trying to leave the residence, once with a firearm and the second time with

12 a wooden board used by Mark near the front door to stop Victim from leaving. A

13 rational jury could find based on the events inside the residence that the group acted

14 together to restrain Victim with the intent to hold him against his will. Based on the

15 foregoing, we hold that there was sufficient evidence to support Defendant’s

16 conviction for kidnaping under either a principal or an accessory theory.

17 CDM Convictions

18        Defendant also contends that there was insufficient evidence to support his two

19 convictions of CDM. To convict Defendant of CDM as to Mark, the jury was


                                               7
 1 required to find that (1) Defendant “encouraged or enlisted the help of Mark . . . in

 2 committing various criminal offenses”; (2) “[t]his caused or encouraged Mark . . . to

 3 conduct himself in a manner injurious to his morals or welfare”; (3) “Mark . . . was

 4 under the age of 18”; and (4) this occurred on or between July 28 and 29, 2008. A

 5 similar CDM instruction was given for Oscar.

 6        With respect to both minors, evidence was presented that Defendant made the

 7 initial suggestion that he and the minors burglarize Victim’s residence and that he

 8 formulated a plan for the burglary with both Oscar and Mark. Defendant also went

 9 with the minors to Victim’s residence and facilitated the burglary by kicking in the

10 door to Victim’s residence. It was reasonable for a jury to infer from these actions

11 that Defendant caused or encouraged the minors to act in a manner injurious to their

12 welfare or morals. See State v. Henderson, 116 N.M. 537, 539, 865 P.2d 1181, 1183

13 (1993) (noting that “encouraging conduct by a minor that is injurious to the health,

14 morals, or welfare of minors has long constituted the offense of CDM in New

15 Mexico”), overruled on other grounds by State v. Meadors, 121 N.M. 38, 908 P.2d

16 731 (1995). We therefore conclude that sufficient evidence was presented to support

17 the CDM convictions. See State v. Post, 109 N.M. 177, 181-82, 783 P.2d 487, 491-92

18 (Ct. App. 1989) (sufficient evidence of CDM where the defendant accompanied his




                                             8
 1 minor son to a high school, helped the son commit arson at the school, and took no

 2 action to stop his son).

 3 II.    Firearm Sentencing Enhancements

 4        Defendant argues that it was error for the district court to apply a firearm

 5 sentencing enhancement to his convictions for conspiracy and CDM. The State

 6 concedes, and we agree, that the district court erroneously imposed a firearm

 7 enhancement on Defendant’s conspiracy conviction. This Court previously held that

 8 a firearm sentencing enhancement does not apply to the initiatory offense of

 9 conspiracy. State v. Padilla, 118 N.M. 189, 193, 879 P.2d 1208, 1212 (Ct. App.

10 1994). We therefore vacate the one-year firearm enhancement on Defendant’s

11 conviction for conspiracy to commit aggravated burglary with a deadly weapon.

12        Defendant also argues that the district court erroneously added a firearm

13 sentencing enhancement to his CDM convictions. As we understand his argument on

14 appeal, Defendant contends that the firearm enhancements on these convictions were

15 improper because no firearm was used to commit the acts constituting CDM. We

16 interpret this as an argument challenging the sufficiency of the evidence to support the

17 enhancements.

18        The jury was instructed that if it found Defendant guilty of CDM, it “must

19 determine if the crimes were committed with the use of a firearm” and complete a


                                              9
 1 special verdict form indicating its finding. The jury completed special verdict forms

 2 indicating that a firearm was used in the commission of CDM as charged in Counts

 3 VII and VIII. There was evidence that Defendant had a firearm before the group

 4 entered Victim’s home, that he held the firearm while threatening Victim and asking

 5 his companions to tie Victim up in a bed sheet, and that he shot at Victim after Victim

 6 ran out of the house. Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the firearm

 7 enhancement verdicts, it was reasonable for the jury to infer that Defendant used a

 8 firearm to encourage or cause the minors to commit criminal offenses.

 9        To the extent Defendant argues that we should apply the reasoning in Padilla

10 to CDM, we are not convinced. Although Defendant contends that, like conspiracy,

11 no overt act is required for the commission of CDM, he provides no explanation or

12 authority, either in the language of the CDM statute or in case law, supporting his

13 proposition. And we are not persuaded that his single-sentence argument—that “the

14 gist of the crime is causing or encouraging delinquency of a child”—overcomes the

15 language of NMSA 1978, Section 30-6-3 (1990), which provides that CDM consists

16 of “committing any act or omitting the performance of any duty, which act or

17 omission causes or tends to cause or encourage the delinquency of any person under

18 the age of eighteen years.” (Emphasis added.) We therefore affirm the firearm

19 sentencing enhancements on Defendant’s CDM convictions.


                                             10
 1 III.   Serious Violent Offenses

 2        Defendant argues that the district court erred in designating five of his

 3 convictions as serious violent offenses pursuant to NMSA 1978, Section 33-2-34

 4 (2006), the Earned Meritorious Deductions Act (EMDA). We review a district court’s

 5 decision to designate a defendant as a violent offender under the EMDA for abuse of

 6 discretion. See State v. Lavone, 2011-NMCA-084, ¶ 5, 150 N.M. 473, 261 P.3d 1105.

 7        “The EMDA governs the eligibility for and award of good time credits in our

 8 state prisons.” State v. Tafoya, 2010-NMSC-019, ¶ 2, 148 N.M. 391, 237 P.3d 693.

 9 The EMDA designates certain crimes as serious violent offenses. Section 33-2-

10 34(L)(4). It also enumerates additional offenses that may be designated as serious

11 violent offenses at the discretion of the sentencing court. Section 33-2-34(L)(4)(o).

12 Under the provisions of the EMDA, a defendant is eligible to earn only four days a

13 month of credit against his time in prison, as opposed to thirty days a month, if the

14 crime of which he is convicted is designated as a serious violent offense. Section 33-

15 2-34(A)(1).

16        In the present case, the district court designated Defendant’s convictions for

17 second degree kidnaping (Count I), aggravated burglary with a deadly weapon (Count

18 II), conspiracy to commit aggravated burglary with a deadly weapon (Count III), and

19 two counts of aggravated assault with a deadly weapon (Counts IV and V) as serious


                                             11
 1 violent offenses in the written judgment and sentence. On appeal, Defendant

 2 maintains that the serious violent designation as to each of these counts was

 3 erroneous. We therefore review the district court’s application of the EMDA to each

 4 of these convictions.

 5 Aggravated Burglary (Count II) and Conspiracy to Commit Aggravated
 6 Burglary (Count III) Convictions

 7        The crimes of aggravated burglary with a deadly weapon and conspiracy to

 8 commit aggravated burglary are not designated as per se serious violent offenses

 9 under the EMDA. Section 33-2-34(L)(4). These offenses are also not enumerated as

10 crimes that may be designated as serious violent offenses at the discretion of the

11 sentencing court. Section 33-2-34(L)(4)(o). Our case law is clear that a “defendant’s

12 good time eligibility under the EMDA cannot be reduced for a crime that is not

13 enumerated in that statute.” State v. Loretto, 2006-NMCA-142, ¶ 9, 140 N.M. 705,

14 147 P.3d 1138; see, e.g., State v. McDonald, 2004-NMSC-033, ¶¶ 21, 23, 136 N.M.

15 417, 99 P.3d 667 (holding that a conspiracy conviction was not subject to earned

16 credit diminution because it is not enumerated as either a per se or a discretionary

17 serious violent offense). On appeal, the State concedes that these two crimes are not

18 enumerated in the EMDA and, thus, they cannot be punished as serious violent

19 offenses. We therefore vacate the district court’s designation of Counts II and III as




                                             12
 1 serious violent offenses and hold that these two convictions are not subject to earned

 2 credit diminution.

 3 Second Degree Kidnaping (Count I) and Aggravated Assault (Counts IV and V)
 4 Convictions

 5          Defendant argues that the district court erroneously designated his convictions

 6 for second degree kidnaping (Count I) and aggravated assault with a deadly weapon

 7 (Counts IV and V) as serious violent offenses. Defendant correctly notes that these

 8 two offenses may be construed as serious violent offenses at the discretion of the

 9 sentencing court pursuant to Section 32-2-34(L)(4)(o). However, he contends that the

10 district court failed to make the factual findings required in order for the court to

11 exercise its discretion to designate these offenses as serious violent offenses. We

12 agree.

13          A crime subject to discretionary designation may only be designated as a

14 serious violent offense if “the district court . . . determine[s] that the crime was

15 ‘committed in a physically violent manner either with an intent to do serious harm or

16 with recklessness in the face of knowledge that one’s acts are reasonably likely to

17 result in serious harm.’” State v. Solano, 2009-NMCA-098, ¶ 10, 146 N.M. 831, 215

18 P.3d 769 (quoting State v. Morales, 2002-NMCA-016, ¶ 16, 131 N.M. 530, 39 P.3d

19 747). In Morales, we held that the factual basis for this determination must be

20 articulated in appropriate supported findings by the sentencing court. 2002-NMCA-

                                              13
 1 016, ¶¶ 17-18. It is important for the district court to “make specific findings both to

 2 inform the defendant being sentenced of the factual basis on which his good time

 3 credit is being substantially reduced, and to permit meaningful and effective appellate

 4 review of the court’s designation.” Loretto, 2006-NMCA-142, ¶ 12. Thus, in order

 5 to affirm a court’s discretionary designation of a crime as a serious violent offense,

 6 we have consistently required the entry of appropriate factual findings consistent with

 7 the Morales standard. See, e.g., id. ¶¶ 11-12 (requiring particular factual findings that

 8 the crimes were committed in a physically violent manner with intent to do serious

 9 harm in order to support the designation of a discretionary crime as a serious violent

10 offense).

11        In the present case, aside from the legal conclusion that Defendant’s convictions

12 in Counts I through V were serious violent offenses, the written judgment and

13 sentence failed to include any factual findings to support the district court’s

14 determination. On appeal, the State concedes that the district court failed to state its

15 reasons for designating these convictions as serious violent offenses. It is not our role

16 to make the required findings for the first time on appeal. Id. ¶ 13. We therefore

17 reverse the district court’s designation of the convictions for second degree kidnaping

18 (Count I) and aggravated assault (Counts IV and V) as serious violent offenses and

19 remand for reconsideration of this issue and entry of appropriate factual findings. See


                                              14
 1 id. ¶¶ 19, 22 (reversing the designation of a CSCM conviction as a serious violent

 2 offense where there was “nothing in the record showing what the court relied on that

 3 would permit application of the Morales standard,” and remanding for reconsideration

 4 and entry of appropriate factual findings); see also State v. Scurry, 2007-NMCA-064,

 5 ¶ 1, 141 N.M. 591, 158 P.3d 1034 (reversing the discretionary designation of a crime

 6 as a serious violent offense due to insufficient factual findings and remanding for the

 7 district court “to ascertain if its determination can be supported by appropriate

 8 findings” consistent with Morales).

 9 IV.    Double Jeopardy

10        Defendant was charged with and convicted of two counts of CDM, with one

11 count based on Mark and the second count based on Oscar. With respect to both

12 minors, the CDM jury instructions stated that Defendant encouraged or enlisted the

13 help of the minor in committing various criminal offenses, that this caused or

14 encouraged the minor to conduct himself in a manner injurious to his morals or

15 welfare, that the minor was under the age of 18, and the incident occurred on or

16 between July 28 and 29, 2008.

17        On appeal, Defendant asserts that double jeopardy bars his two CDM

18 convictions. We review double jeopardy claims de novo. State v. Gallegos, 2011-

19 NMSC-027, ¶ 51, 149 N.M. 704, 254 P.3d 655. “However, where factual issues are


                                             15
 1 intertwined with the double jeopardy analysis, we review the trial court’s fact

 2 determinations under a deferential substantial evidence standard of review.” State v.

 3 Rodriguez, 2006-NMSC-018, ¶ 3, 139 N.M. 450, 134 P.3d 737. Thus, we do not

 4 reweigh the evidence or “substitute our judgment for that of the trial court, and all

 5 reasonable inferences supporting the fact findings will be accepted even if some

 6 evidence may have supported a contrary finding.” Id. (citation omitted).

 7        “The constitutional prohibition against double jeopardy protects against both

 8 successive prosecutions and multiple punishments for the same offense.” State v.

 9 Mora, 2003-NMCA-072, ¶ 17, 133 N.M. 746, 69 P.3d 256 (internal quotation marks

10 and citation omitted). Defendant asserts in the present case that his multiple

11 convictions under the CDM statute run afoul of the prohibition against double

12 jeopardy. We therefore apply a unit-of-prosecution analysis. See State v. Bernal,

13 2006-NMSC-050, ¶ 7, 140 N.M. 644, 146 P.3d 289 (explaining that “[m]ultiple

14 punishment problems can arise from both ‘double-description’ claims, in which a

15 single act results in multiple charges under different criminal statutes, and

16 ‘unit-of-prosecution’ claims, in which an individual is convicted of multiple violations

17 of the same criminal statute”).

18        For unit-of-prosecution cases, we apply the following two-step analysis:

19        First, we review the statutory language for guidance on the unit of
20        prosecution. If the statutory language spells out the unit of prosecution,

                                              16
 1        then we follow the language, and the unit-of-prosecution inquiry is
 2        complete. If the language is not clear, then we move to the second step,
 3        in which we determine whether a defendant’s acts are separated by
 4        sufficient “indicia of distinctness” to justify multiple punishments under
 5        the same statute. In examining the indicia of distinctness, courts may
 6        inquire as to the interests protected by the criminal statute, since the
 7        ultimate goal is to determine whether the legislature intended multiple
 8        punishments. If the acts are not sufficiently distinct, then the rule of
 9        lenity mandates an interpretation that the legislature did not intend
10        multiple punishments, and a defendant cannot be punished for multiple
11        crimes.

12 Gallegos, 2011-NMSC-027, ¶ 31 (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).

13 Accordingly, we first evaluate the language of New Mexico’s CDM statute, Section

14 30-6-3, to determine if it delineates the proper unit-of-prosecution.

15        Section 30-6-3 provides that CDM “consists of any person committing any act

16 or omitting the performance of any duty, which act or omission causes or tends to

17 cause or encourage the delinquency of any person under the age of eighteen years.”

18 This Court has previously examined Section 30-6-3 under the first step of a unit-of-

19 prosecution analysis and concluded that the legislature did not include any language

20 within the statute specifying the proper unit of prosecution. See State v. Barr, 1999-

21 NMCA-081, ¶ 17, 127 N.M. 504, 984 P.2d 185 (determining that although the statute

22 “appears to evince an intent to punish each act affecting each minor[, t]here is no

23 express statement by the legislature . . . as to the specific unit of prosecution”); see

24 also State v. Stone, 2008-NMCA-062, ¶ 20, 144 N.M. 78, 183 P.3d 963 (same).


                                              17
 1        Because the CDM statute fails to provide guidance as to the proper unit of

 2 prosecution, we therefore proceed with the second step of our double jeopardy

 3 analysis and consider whether Defendant’s acts were sufficiently distinct to warrant

 4 two counts of CDM. This requires us to apply the factors set out in Herron v. State,

 5 111 N.M. 357, 361, 805 P.2d 624, 628 (1991). See Stone, 2008-NMCA-062, ¶ 3

 6 (describing Herron and its adoption of a number of factors to aid in analyzing whether

 7 a defendant’s acts are distinct in the context of a unit-of-prosecution case). We

 8 analyze whether there are sufficient indicia of distinctness to separate the transaction

 9 into several acts by looking at: “(1) temporal proximity of the acts[,] (2) location of

10 the victim(s) during each act[,] (3) existence of an intervening event[,] (4) sequencing

11 of acts[,] (5) [the] defendant’s intent as evidenced by his conduct and utterances[,] and

12 (6) number of victims.” Barr, 1999-NMCA-081, ¶ 16. “[I]f the defendant commits

13 two discrete acts violative of the same statutory offense, but separated by sufficient

14 indicia of distinctness, then a court may impose separate, consecutive punishments for

15 each offense.” Swafford v. State, 112 N.M. 3, 13, 810 P.2d 1223, 1233 (1991).

16        Because application of the Herron factors is highly fact-dependent, Stone,

17 2008-NMCA-062, ¶ 3, we begin with a detailed factual recitation regarding the events

18 that led to Defendant’s convictions. The following facts consist almost entirely of the

19 trial testimony of Victim and Mark, one of the minors involved in the burglary. Mark


                                              18
 1 testified that he was a minor at the time and a member of a gang based in Clovis, New

 2 Mexico. In the late evening hours of July 28, 2008, Mark testified that he was with

 3 fellow gang members, including Defendant and another minor named Oscar, at the

 4 home of Delia Rodriguez. The group was smoking weed and/or drinking alcohol.

 5 While at Delia’s home, Defendant, Mark, Oscar, and another individual whom we

 6 refer to as Alex, began formulating a plan to “rob a house.” Mark testified that it was

 7 Defendant who made the initial suggestion that they rob a house and, specifically, the

 8 residence where Victim was staying. According to Mark, the group’s plan was to kick

 9 down the door of Victim’s residence and if there was “anything nice, to take it.”

10        All four individuals—Defendant, Alex, and the two minors, Mark and

11 Oscar—left Delia’s home later that evening to carry out the robbery. They walked

12 over to Victim’s residence. Once the group reached Victim’s residence, Defendant

13 kicked in the door. Mark positioned himself at the front door near the living room to

14 block the door in case Victim tried to leave while Defendant, Oscar, and Alex all went

15 into the back rooms of the residence. When Defendant and the two others returned

16 to the living room, Mark turned on the light in the living room and spotted Victim

17 sleeping on a sofa. Mark testified that Victim rose from the sofa and attempted to get

18 away, while all four group members “tried to stop him.” A struggle ensued as they

19 all “tried to grab” Victim, and Mark testified that he hit Victim in the head with a


                                             19
 1 wooden board as Victim ran out of the residence. Once Victim was in the front yard,

 2 Mark stated that Defendant shot at Victim. Victim ran away from the premises, and

 3 the group then went back on foot to Delia’s home to hide there.

 4        Victim testified that after the living room lights were turned on, one of the

 5 individuals ran up to him, put a gun to his face, and told two other individuals who

 6 were standing by the kitchen to “wrap [Victim] up in a sheet.” According to Victim,

 7 they did not attempt to do so because he was already on his feet at this point. He

 8 testified that they fought for a bit, that there was a struggle for the gun, and that he

 9 was struck twice during the encounter as he made it out of the residence.

10        Applying Herron to this case, we conclude that at least two discrete incidents

11 occurred in this case: (1) the acts at Delia’s home where the plan for the burglary was

12 formulated, and (2) those acts that occurred during the course of the actual burglary.

13 That is, Defendant’s specific actions with respect to the minors at Delia’s

14 home—suggesting the burglary and then helping to plan for it—were separated by

15 time and place from Defendant’s actions that took place later in the evening at

16 Victim’s residence—his walking to the residence with the minors, facilitating the

17 burglary by kicking in the door, and participating in the burglary. Thus, at least two

18 separate counts of CDM were permitted given these temporal and spatial differences

19 as well the distinct nature of Defendant’s actions with respect to the minors at each


                                              20
 1 location. See Barr, 1999-NMCA-081, ¶ 18 (determining that at least multiple separate

 2 counts of CDM were permitted where there were three discrete acts involving two

 3 burglaries and a road trip that were separated in time and space from each other); see

 4 also Bernal, 2006-NMSC-050, ¶ 16 (noting that time and space considerations help

 5 to determine distinctness).

 6        Moreover, there were multiple victims in this case, and we have previously

 7 stated that the presence of multiple victims is “the most salient distinctness factor

 8 which, as indicated in Herron, will likely give rise to multiple offenses.” See Barr,

 9 1999-NMCA-081, ¶ 18 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted); see also

10 Stone, 2008-NMCA-062, ¶ 22. In addition, there were distinct “objects and results”

11 from the activity at Delia’s home to that of Victim’s residence. Barr, 1999-NMCA-

12 081, ¶ 16. At Delia’s home, Defendant’s actions reflected an intent to encourage and

13 assist the minors in planning a residential burglary, whereas at Victim’s residence, the

14 objectives and results changed to include facilitating and participating with the minors

15 to commit other acts including kidnaping and assault during the burglary. Therefore,

16 we conclude that there were sufficient indicia of distinctness to justify the separate

17 counts of CDM in this case.

18        We also reject Defendant’s argument that we should apply State v. Cuevas to

19 this case and merge his CDM convictions. 94 N.M. 792, 617 P.2d 1307 (1980),


                                              21
 1 overruled on other grounds by State v. Pitts, 103 N.M. 778, 714 P.2d 582 (1986). In

 2 that case, a school teacher engaged in one act of drinking in front of twenty minors

 3 who were all passive witnesses. Cuevas, 94 N.M. at 792, 617 P.2d at 1307. Cuevas

 4 is distinguishable because it involved “one continuous act of CDM perpetrated at one

 5 place and at one time, with a uniform intent and effect in regard to the defendant’s

 6 conduct with all twenty minors.” Barr, 1999-NMCA-081, ¶ 21. The facts in this case

 7 are distinguishable. In addition to the presence of multiple victims, there were several

 8 indicia of distinctness present here. We therefore conclude that the multiple CDM

 9 convictions did not violate Defendant’s rights against double jeopardy.

10 V.     Prosecutorial Misconduct

11        Defendant argues that some of the prosecutor’s remarks during opening and

12 closing statements constituted misconduct that deprived him of a fair trial. Defendant

13 failed to object to the prosecutor’s remarks during opening statement and asks us to

14 review that claim for fundamental error. State v. Allen, 2000-NMSC-002, ¶ 95, 128

15 N.M. 482, 994 P.2d 728 (“When the trial court had no opportunity to rule on a claim

16 of prosecutorial misconduct because the defendant did not object in a timely manner,

17 we review the claim on appeal for fundamental error.”). However, Defendant did

18 raise an objection to the prosecutor’s remarks during closing argument and we

19 therefore review that claim under an abuse of discretion standard of review. Id.


                                              22
 1 (“When an issue of prosecutorial misconduct is preserved by a timely objection at

 2 trial, we review the trial court’s ruling on a claim under the deferential standard of

 3 ‘abuse of discretion’[.]” (citation omitted)).

 4 Opening Statement

 5        During opening statement, the prosecutor remarked that Defendant was “second

 6 in command in his gang.” Defendant argues that this statement was not supported by

 7 evidence at trial and was thus prosecutorial misconduct rising to the level of

 8 fundamental error. To qualify as fundamental error, the remarks must have been “so

 9 egregious” and have “had such a persuasive and prejudicial effect on the jury’s verdict

10 that the defendant was deprived of a fair trial.” Id. “As with any fundamental error

11 inquiry, we will upset a jury verdict only (1) when guilt is so doubtful as to shock the

12 conscience, or (2) when there has been an error in the process implicating the

13 fundamental integrity of the judicial process.” State v. Sosa, 2009-NMSC-056, ¶ 35,

14 147 N.M. 351, 223 P.3d 348.

15        Although we agree that the prosecutor’s remark concerning Defendant’s rank

16 in the gang was not supported by testimony elicited at trial, we conclude that the

17 remark did not rise to the level of fundamental error. The prosecutor did elicit

18 testimony, without objection from defense counsel, that Defendant was in fact a

19 member of a local Clovis gang as were the others who committed the burglary with


                                              23
 1 him. Moreover, after the prosecutor elicited testimony regarding Defendant’s gang

 2 membership, the prosecutor did attempt to question Mark regarding Defendant’s rank

 3 in the gang, but the line of questioning drew an objection from defense counsel.

 4 Viewing the prosecutor’s remark regarding Defendant’s rank in the gang in this

 5 context, there is nothing in the record suggesting that this brief remark was made in

 6 bad faith, nor was it so egregious that it deprived Defendant of a fair trial. Allen,

 7 2000-NMSC-002, ¶ 95 (“An isolated, minor impropriety ordinarily is not sufficient

 8 to warrant reversal, because a fair trial is not necessarily a perfect one[.]” (internal

 9 quotation marks and citation omitted)); see id. ¶ 105 (stating that “while it was a

10 mistake for the prosecutor to predict that a particular piece of evidence would be

11 presented to the jury when in fact it was not, . . . there is nothing indicating bad faith

12 on the part of the prosecutor” in its reference to such evidence (alteration, internal

13 quotation marks, and citation omitted)). Given the substantial evidence in the record

14 to support Defendant’s convictions, we conclude that the prosecutor’s remark did not

15 have such a persuasive and prejudicial effect that it deprived Defendant of a fair trial.

16 Closing Statement

17        Defendant also argues that the prosecutor made improper comments regarding

18 Defendant’s “currency” in the gang during closing argument. The district court

19 overruled defense counsel’s objection to these remarks. On appeal, Defendant


                                               24
 1 contends that these comments concerning gang culture were unfairly prejudicial and

 2 impacted the jury’s deliberations.

 3        Our Supreme Court has identified three factors that are key to the determination

 4 of appeals centered on improper comments during closing argument:

 5        (1) whether the statement invades some distinct constitutional protection;
 6        (2) whether the statement is isolated and brief, or repeated and pervasive;
 7        and (3) whether the statement is invited by the defense. In applying these
 8        factors, the statements must be evaluated objectively in the context of the
 9        prosecutor’s broader argument and the trial as a whole.

10 Sosa, 2009-NMSC-056, ¶ 26. “The trial court has broad discretion in controlling the

11 conduct and remedying the errors of counsel during trial” and “is in the best position

12 to evaluate the significance of any alleged prosecutorial errors.” State v. Duffy, 1998-

13 NMSC-014, ¶ 46, 126 N.M. 132, 967 P.2d 807.

14        We are unable to conclude that the “prosecutors’ comments materially altered

15 the trial or likely confused the jury by distorting the evidence, and thereby deprived

16 the accused of a fair trial.” Sosa, 2009-NMSC-056, ¶ 34. The prosecutor’s comments

17 did not invade any distinct constitutional protection of the sort our appellate courts

18 have previously found to constitute misconduct. See id. ¶¶ 27-28 (providing as

19 examples of misconduct a prosecutor’s reference to a defendant’s post-Miranda

20 silence and a defendant’s failure to consent to a search). The comments were also

21 relatively brief because they consumed only about two minutes of a thirty-minute


                                              25
 1 closing argument. And as we noted above, the comments came after testimony,

 2 elicited without objection, regarding Defendant’s membership in the gang. We cannot

 3 say that the district court abused its discretion by permitting the prosecutor to draw

 4 inferences regarding Defendant’s state of mind or motive for the burglary from this

 5 undisputed evidence. Cf. State v. Trujillo, 2002-NMSC-005, ¶¶ 57-58, 131 N.M. 709,

 6 42 P.3d 814 (after noting that evidence of gang membership is admissible to show

 7 “other important elements of the crime, such as motive or intent,” concluding that it

 8 was not error for the prosecutor to rely on undisputed evidence of the defendant’s

 9 gang membership to draw relevant inferences).

10        Defendant relies on State v. Torrez, 2009-NMSC-029, 146 N.M. 331, 210 P.3d

11 228, in arguing that the prosecutor’s remarks were highly prejudicial. That case does

12 not apply here for two reasons. First, the specific legal issue presented in Torrez was

13 the admission of expert testimony regarding gang-related law enforcement and gang

14 culture, a question not presented in this case. Id. ¶¶ 10-14. Second, and more

15 significant, no evidence was presented in Torrez that the defendant was a gang

16 member or that the alleged crime was gang-related. Id. ¶ 26. Thus, that case involved

17 a different factual scenario and legal issue than we are faced with in this case.

18        We conclude that the prosecutor’s remarks during closing argument did not

19 constitute misconduct that deprived Defendant of a fair trial. Sosa, 2009-NMSC-056,


                                             26
 1 ¶ 25 (“Only in the most exceptional circumstances should we, with the limited

 2 perspective of a written record, determine that all the safeguards at the trial level have

 3 failed.”).

 4 VI.     Probation Provision in Written Judgment and Sentence

 5        Defendant contends that the district court improperly included a term of

 6 probation in the written judgment and sentence when the court failed to mention

 7 probation in its oral ruling at the sentencing hearing. There is no merit to Defendant’s

 8 argument. Even assuming that the district court said something different at the

 9 sentencing hearing than what appeared in the written order, our case law is clear that

10 until a judgment is in writing, it is not a final, enforceable judgment. See State v. Diaz,

11 100 N.M. 524, 525, 673 P.2d 501, 502 (1983) (holding that a court is free to change

12 an orally pronounced sentence until a written judgment is filed); see also State v.

13 Vaughn, 2005-NMCA-076, ¶ 15, 137 N.M. 674, 114 P.3d 354 (stating that “[t]he

14 general rule in New Mexico is that an oral ruling by a trial court is not final and, with

15 only limited exceptions, it is not binding”). As Defendant himself acknowledges, the

16 district court had the authority to modify its oral ruling at any time before the entry

17 of the written judgment in this case. See Diaz, 100 N.M. at 525, 673 P.2d at 502. We

18 therefore conclude that the district court did not err in including a term of supervised

19 probation in the written judgment and sentence.


                                               27
 1 CONCLUSION

 2        We vacate the one-year firearm sentencing enhancement on Defendant’s

 3 conviction for conspiracy to commit aggravated burglary with a deadly weapon. We

 4 also reverse the district court’s designation of Defendant’s convictions in Counts I

 5 through V as serious violent offenses. We remand for the district court to consider

 6 whether Defendant’s convictions for second degree kidnaping (Count I) and

 7 aggravated assault with a deadly weapon (Counts IV and V) were serious violent

 8 offenses and, if necessary, to enter appropriate findings. We affirm on all other issues.

 9        IT IS SO ORDERED.




10
11                                          CYNTHIA A. FRY, Judge

12 WE CONCUR:



13
14 JAMES J. WECHSLER, Judge



15
16 MICHAEL E. VIGIL, Judge




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