Affirmed and Opinion filed June 19, 2012.




                                           In The

                           Fourteenth Court of Appeals
                                  ___________________

                                   NO. 14-06-00976-CV
                                  ___________________

                               LOUIS COGNATA, Appellant

                                             V.

                      DOWN HOLE INJECTION, INC., Appellee


                        On Appeal from the 127th District Court
                                Harris County, Texas
                          Trial Court Cause No. 2005-78272


                                       OPINION

       Louis Cognata appeals an order for sanctions entered against him in favor of Down
Hole Injection, Inc. (“DHI”). The order comes from a finding of pre-suit discovery abuse,
which arose out of proceedings involving two separate trial courts in different jurisdictions.
Finding no error, we affirm.

                                     BACKGROUND

        This appeal comes to us from a local court in Houston, but our story begins farther
north, in Nacogdoches, Texas. In October 2005, DHI filed a petition with the 145th District
Court of Nacogdoches County (the “Nacogdoches Court”) seeking a pre-suit deposition of
Cognata and his attorney, Charles Brown. The petition was filed pursuant to Rule 202 of
the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure, which allows a party to investigate a potential claim
before filing suit. The stated purpose of DHI’s petition was to investigate whether Cognata
and Brown had violated a confidentiality agreement and had engaged in other actions
adverse to DHI’s ownership rights in certain proprietary technology. Cognata filed a
response in which he objected to venue in Nacogdoches County and argued that the action
should have been brought in Harris County. The Nacogdoches Court granted DHI’s
petition and signed an order that Cognata be deposed at Brown’s office in Houston. The
order further indicated that the deposition was subject to a Notice of Deposition with
Subpoena Duces Tecum.

       When the deposition convened in December 2005, Cognata refused to answer
certain questions propounded by DHI. Cognata also failed to produce documents he was
instructed to provide pursuant to his subpoena. DHI addressed this noncompliance with a
motion to compel filed in the Nacogdoches Court. In that motion, DHI requested an order
that Cognata answer its certified questions and continue the deposition with the previously
requested documents. Cognata filed a response in February 2006 seeking a protective order
from the Nacogdoches Court allowing him to refuse to disclose his privileged trade secrets.

       Before the Nacogdoches Court could act, Cognata moved for sanctions against DHI
in the 127th District Court of Harris County (the “Houston Court”). The motion was filed
under an original cause number distinct from that used in the earlier proceedings. It alleged
that DHI had violated the rules of civil procedure and had caused Cognata to suffer undue
burden and expense. The Houston Court held a hearing in March 2006, where, for reasons
not entirely clear from the record, it also considered DHI’s motion to compel. The Houston
Court ordered Cognata’s deposition to continue at the Harris County Courthouse without
ruling on sanctions.



                                             2
       Before the deposition could recommence, Cognata filed a motion to dismiss without
prejudice in the Houston Court. In his motion, Cognata argued that DHI lacked the
capacity to file a Rule 202 petition because DHI had failed to pay its franchise tax and,
consequently, had forfeited its corporate privileges. The record does not reveal that
Cognata filed a similar motion with the Nacogdoches Court. Cognata’s motion prompted
DHI to file an amended petition with the Nacogdoches Court using the name Down Hole
Water Management, Inc. d/b/a Down Hole Injection (“Down Hole Water”). Down Hole
Water then filed a response to Cognata’s motion in the Houston Court, asserting that it was
a corporation in good standing and that it could substitute for DHI as the proper name of
the Rule 202 petitioner.

       On April 7, 2006, the Houston Court held a hearing to consider Cognata’s motion
for sanctions, motion to dismiss, and other objections relating to the deposition. The
Houston Court determined that the Nacogdoches Court would have to rule on whether
sanctions were warranted because of improper venue, as well as whether Cognata’s motion
to dismiss should be granted based on DHI’s lack of capacity. The Houston Court also
denied Cognata’s various objections and ordered his deposition to resume immediately.

       The deposition convened in the Harris County Courthouse outside the presence of
the trial judge. Shortly into the deposition, Cognata declined to answer questions about
DHI, claiming confusion about its identity. The parties decided to call the trial judge to the
bench, who then presided over the remainder of the proceedings. Cognata was asked again
about his affiliation with DHI and the date of his first introduction to the company. Brown
objected to the form of the question and remarked that several companies have been
established under the name “DHI.” The trial judge overruled the objection, instructed
Cognata to answer, and advised him to be forthcoming or to risk being held in contempt.
The court later recessed, and after observing that Cognata had failed to produce documents
requested by Down Hole Water, the trial judge signed an order that Cognata continue his
deposition at another date with the documents in hand.

                                              3
       The deposition resumed on April 19, 2006 at the Harris County Courthouse with the
trial judge presiding. One of the first issues the parties attempted to resolve was the
terminology to be used during the deposition. Counsel for Down Hole Water attempted to
reach an agreement that all references to “DHI” would relate to a specific engineering
company located in north Houston where Cognata allegedly had prior dealings. Cognata
would not cooperate, testifying, “I don’t know what DHI is. It’s very confusing to me.” The
trial judge interrupted, “Sir, figure it out real quick and answer the question, or you are
going to be staying with me overnight at this courthouse until we get these answers. Do I
sound like I have run out of patience with the foot dragging, stalling and obstructionism
that has gone with this?” Counsel for Down Hole Water asked once more, “When I say
DHI, what does that mean to you?” Cognata answered, “I need a moment to think.” The
trial judge determined that Cognata was willfully refusing to answer, held him in contempt,
and remanded him to the custody of the sheriff.

       Brown’s deposition followed immediately after Cognata’s removal. While Brown
was being deposed, Cognata expressed a willingness to cooperate. The trial judge allowed
Cognata’s deposition to continue, and when both depositions had finally concluded, the
judge suspended her order of confinement.

       In June 2006, Down Hole Water filed a motion for sanctions with the Houston
Court, arguing that Cognata and Brown had acted in bad faith during the discovery process.
Because of their intransigence, Down Hole Water claimed that it had incurred $20,375 in
attorney’s fees and $889.44 in other expenses. Down Hole Water sought sanctions in these
amounts, including an order that Cognata and Brown produce documents still not
provided. The Houston Court signed an interlocutory order imposing sanctions for an
amount to be determined after the document production was completed. When no further
documentation was ever produced, the Houston Court signed a final order for sanctions in
the amount requested by Down Hole Water.



                                            4
       Cognata filed a notice of appeal in October 2006. This Court stayed that appeal
based on Brown’s bankruptcy proceedings until November 2010, when the case was
finally reinstated. Around that same period, the Nacogdoches Court set a hearing to discuss
the original Rule 202 petition and to determine whether it should be dismissed for want of
prosecution. With the depositions already concluded, Down Hole Water decided to nonsuit
its petition in the Nacogdoches Court and pursue no further action. Cognata submitted his
briefing in this case following the signed order of dismissal.

                                        ANALYSIS

A.     The Effect of the Nonsuit

       In his first issue, Cognata challenges the jurisdictional viability of the order for
sanctions. His argument focuses on the effect of the nonsuit, which, he alleges, vitiated the
order for deposition entered by the Nacogdoches Court. Because that original order was
rendered a nullity and because the anticipated suit was never filed, Cognata contends that
there was no order requiring his compliance and, thus, no basis or jurisdiction for the
Houston Court to impose sanctions.

       Cognata relies on the principle that a nonsuit extinguishes a case or controversy
from the moment the motion is filed. See Univ. of Tex. Med. Branch at Galveston v. Estate
of Blackmon ex rel. Shultz, 195 S.W.3d 98, 100–01 (Tex. 2006) (per curiam); Hyundai
Motor Co. v. Alvarado, 892 S.W.2d 853, 854–55 (Tex. 1995) (per curiam). This reliance is
misplaced for at least two reasons. First, Down Hole Water moved to nonsuit the petition
filed in the Nacogdoches Court, not the action filed in the Houston Court, which was
initiated by Cognata, a separate party. At the time sanctions were imposed, the original
order for deposition was still extant in the Nacogdoches Court, and Cognata had taken no
action to challenge it by writ of mandamus. See In re Akzo Nobel Chem., Inc., 24 S.W.3d
919, 920 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 2000, orig. proceeding) (observing that mandamus was
the only appellate remedy to interlocutory claim that venue was improper in Rule 202
petition). Cognata cites no authority, and we are aware of none, holding that a nonsuit filed
                                             5
in one court retroactively strips the jurisdiction of a separate court to impose sanctions,
even when the sanctions relate to proceedings common to both.

       Second, even if the nonsuit were filed in the same cause and court that had imposed
sanctions, the rules of civil procedure make clear that a motion to nonsuit does not affect a
court’s authority to impose sanctions. Under Rule 162, which authorizes a dismissal or
nonsuit, “[a] dismissal . . . shall have no effect on any motion for sanctions, attorney’s fees
or other costs, pending at the time of dismissal, as determined by the court.” Tex. R. Civ. P.
162. The Houston Court imposed sanctions more than four years before Down Hole Water
elected to nonsuit its petition in the Nacogdoches Court. If the rules permit an order for
sanctions after a motion for nonsuit has been filed, we perceive no reason why a nonsuit
would undermine an order that is already final, especially one entered in a separate court.
See In re Bennett, 960 S.W.2d 35, 38, 40 (Tex. 1997) (per curiam) (disapproving of holding
that gave inordinate weight to a notice of nonsuit and deprived a court of the “inherent
power” to sanction the conduct of counsel).

B.     The Validity of the Deposition Order

       In his second issue, Cognata attacks the validity of the Nacogdoches Court’s order
for deposition. Cognata argues that the order was invalid because, at the time of its petition,
DHI was a dissolved corporation and lacked the capacity to bring an action in state court.
Cognata also contends that Down Hole Water’s amended petition was deficient because it
was unsworn.

       Cognata proffered evidence that DHI had forfeited its corporate privileges in
February 2001 because it had failed to pay its state franchise tax. The evidence also showed
that in March 2002 the Secretary of State carried out the forfeiture of DHI’s corporate
charter.

       Under the Texas Tax Code, a corporation without corporate privileges is “denied
the right to sue or defend in a court of this state.” See Tex. Tax Code Ann. § 171.252 (West

                                              6
2008). Despite such clear language, this statute has historically been limited to prohibit
delinquent corporations from bringing cross-actions, not from merely defending lawsuits.
See Mello v. A.M.F., Inc., 7 S.W.3d 329, 331 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 1999, pet. denied).
The restriction against bringing an action in state court functions as a revenue measure,
promoting the collection of state franchise taxes. G. Richard Goins Constr. Co. v. S.B.
McLaughlin Assocs., Inc., 930 S.W.2d 124, 128 (Tex. App.—Tyler 1996, writ denied). The
Tax Code contains other provisions, however, that enable dissolved corporations to have
their corporate privileges restored. See Tex. Tax Code Ann. §§ 171.312–.313. Under these
provisions, if a corporation pays its delinquent taxes, its disability is removed, and the
corporation may sue or defend any action, regardless of whether the cause arose before or
during the period of forfeiture. G. Richard Goins Constr., 930 S.W.2d at 128.

       A forfeiture of corporate privileges deprives a corporation of the capacity to sue, but
incapacity does not make a suit void. El T. Mexican Rests., Inc. v. Bacon, 921 S.W.2d 247,
249–50 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1995, writ denied). Incapacity must be challenged
with a verified plea or else it is waived. See Tex. R. Civ. P. 93(1); Lighthouse Church of
Cloverleaf v. Tex. Bank, 889 S.W.2d 595, 600 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1994, writ
denied). This rule favors abatement over dismissal and affords corporations an opportunity
to cure the defect by paying their delinquent taxes or requesting that their forfeiture be set
aside. See Lighthouse Church, 889 S.W.2d at 600 (“Resort to a motion for dismissal should
not be granted until the cause of action has been abated, the plaintiff has been given an
opportunity to cure the defect, and has failed to do so.”); Cont’l Contractors, Inc. v.
Thorup, 578 S.W.2d 864, 866 (Tex. Civ. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1979, no writ) (“A
plaintiff’s right to maintain the suit in the capacity in which he sues is properly raised by a
plea in abatement, not by a motion for dismissal.”).

       Cognata did not challenge DHI’s capacity with any filing in the Nacogdoches
Court, despite his instruction to do so from the Houston Court. Cognata’s motion in the
Houston Court was verified, but it was a motion to dismiss, not a motion to abate. Because

                                              7
Cognata did not properly raise a complaint about DHI’s capacity, he waived any defect
regarding DHI’s right to bring an action in state court. 1 See Lighthouse Church, 889
S.W.2d at 600.

        Cognata further complains that Down Hole Water’s amended petition was unsworn.
By rule, a petition under Rule 202 must be verified. Tex. R. Civ. P. 202.2(a). Cognata does
not clearly explain how the petition’s verification impacts the order for sanctions, which is
the ultimate focus of his appeal. From what we can discern, the briefing raises two distinct
arguments regarding this deficiency.

        At one point in his brief, Cognata argues that the deficient petition failed to create a
valid order for deposition. Based on our record, we cannot determine that the Nacogdoches
Court ever ruled on the amended petition or issued a revised order with the corrected name
of Down Hole Water. Because the only existing order for deposition was entered in favor
of DHI, Cognata argues that “[i]t was an abuse of discretion to sanction Appellant based on
an order authorizing discovery by an entity not authorized to initiate a lawsuit in Texas.”
This argument merely repeats Cognata’s complaint about DHI’s legal capacity, and as we
have already discussed, this complaint has been waived.

        In other parts of his brief, Cognata contends that the unsworn petition never
effectuated a valid name substitution. The rules of civil procedure provide that a private
corporation “may sue or be sued in its . . . assumed or common name for the purpose of
enforcing for or against it a substantive right, but on a motion by any party or on the court’s
own motion the true name may be substituted.” Tex. R. Civ. P. 28. Rule 28 does not
mandate the procedural method by which substitution may be accomplished, but the
supreme court has clarified that “the correct legal name may be substituted by filing either


        1
          In his reply brief, Cognata further argues that “[a]ny claim by a defunct corporation must be
brought within three years of dissolution or it is extinguished.” Cognata did not raise this argument in either
his motion to dismiss or his original briefing on the merits. Because this issue was raised for the first time in
a reply brief, we need not consider it. See Zurita v. Lombana, 322 S.W.3d 463, 477 (Tex. App.—Houston
[14th Dist.] 2010, pet. denied) (concluding that issue not raised until reply brief is waived).
                                                       8
a motion requesting substitution or a pleading that substitutes the correct legal name for the
assumed name.” Sixth RMA Partners, L.P. v. Sibley, 111 S.W.3d 46, 53 (Tex. 2003). A
party’s legal name must be corrected “at some point before judgment.” Chilkewitz v.
Hyson, 22 S.W.3d 825, 829 (Tex. 1999).

       Down Hole Water filed an amended petition with the Nacogdoches Court on April
4, 2006. Though unsworn, the petition was restyled with the corporation’s true legal name,
and it recited the same reasons for seeking a pre-suit deposition as the original petition. On
April 7, 2006, Down Hole Water filed a response to Cognata’s motion to dismiss in the
Houston Court. The response asserted that Down Hole Water had standing to pursue the
action raised in its amended petition; that it was currently in good standing with the Texas
Secretary of State; and that it had previously filed assumed name certificates, giving notice
that it was doing business as DHI. All subsequent motions, including the motion for
sanctions, were brought under the name of Down Hole Water.

       In Sixth RMA Partners, the supreme court determined that a partnership had
substituted for an assumed name with an improper supplemental pleading. Sixth RMA
Partners, 111 S.W.3d at 54. Despite this procedural mistake, the court held that the
improper pleading constituted only a defect in form, which was waived when the opposing
party failed to object in writing. Id. at 54–55; see Tex. R. Civ. P. 90 (“Every defect,
omission or fault in a pleading either of form or of substance, which is not specifically
pointed out by exception in writing and brought to the attention of the judge in the trial
court . . . before the judgment is signed, shall be deemed to have been waived by the party
seeking reversal on such account . . . .”).

       Cognata did not complain to the Houston Court about the defect in Down Hole
Water’s amended petition, or about any other defects that may have existed in its
subsequent pleadings. Moreover, Cognata did not complain at all to the Nacogdoches
Court about DHI’s incapacity to bring an action in state court. Therefore, even if there were


                                              9
a defect in Down Hole Water’s method of substitution, the complaint was waived, and the
substitution must be given effect. See Sixth RMA Partners, 111 S.W.3d at 55.

C.     Sanctioning the “Respondents”

       In his third issue, Cognata argues that the trial court erred by sanctioning him for
conduct involving another party.

       The trial court entered an order for sanctions against “Respondents” without making
any mention of joint and several liability. Cognata and Brown were respondents to the Rule
202 petition, and no one disputes that they are the same respondents referenced in the order
for sanctions. Cognata’s complaint focuses on the inclusive meaning of this term. He
believes that if the sanctions were intended to be imposed on him alone, then the order
would have named him expressly to the exclusion of Brown. Because the order sanctions a
plural “Respondents” instead, Cognata contends that “it was necessary for the Court to
determine the conduct of each party which was, in the opinion of the court, sanctionable
and to impose any sanctions based on the conduct of the specific party.” Cognata relies
largely on Bodnow Corp. v. City of Hondo, a case holding that a party cannot be made
liable for discovery expenses caused solely by another party’s misconduct. 721 S.W.2d
839, 840 (Tex. 1986) (per curiam).

       The trial court cited the following misconduct as the basis for imposing sanctions:
“Respondents failed to comply in the manner prescribed by the Texas Rules of Civil
Procedure by refusing to provide documents and deposition testimony after [having been]
ordered to do so . . . .” Even though Cognata is not referenced by name, this finding clearly
describes Cognata’s own conduct. The record reflects that it was Cognata, not Brown, who
refused to testify during the first deposition. Because of that noncompliance, the deposition
moved to the Houston Court, where, with the trial judge presiding, Cognata refused again
to be forthcoming in his testimony. The trial judge held Cognata in contempt, not his
attorney. Indeed, Brown’s deposition concluded without interruption that same day.
Although Cognata and Brown were both ordered to produce certain documentation, the
                                             10
record indicates that the documents were owned by Cognata, and that Brown would only
have copies by virtue of his being Cognata’s attorney.

       Cognata has not provided a single record citation showing that Brown engaged in
any conduct deserving of sanction. By contrast, the record is replete with examples that
Cognata personally violated the orders of both trial courts involved in this action. Contrary
to Cognata’s argument, there is no suggestion that Cognata has been sanctioned for actions
solely committed by another party. His complaint to that effect is therefore meritless.2

D.     The Excessiveness of the Sanctions

       In his fourth issue, Cognata complains that sanctions were excessive. We review a
trial court’s decision to impose sanctions for an abuse of discretion. See Clark v. Bres, 217
S.W.3d 501, 515 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2006, pet. denied). The test for abuse
of discretion is whether the trial court acted without reference to any guiding rules or
principles, or whether under the circumstances of the case, the trial court’s action was
arbitrary or unreasonable. Id. at 512–13.

       Sanctions must be appropriate and just. Am. Flood Research, Inc. v. Jones, 192
S.W.3d 581, 583 (Tex. 2006) (per curiam); see also Tex. R. Civ. P. 215.2. To determine
whether a trial court’s sanctions satisfy this standard, we apply a two-part test. First, we
ensure that a direct relationship exists between the improper conduct and the sanction
imposed; in other words, we examine whether punishment was imposed upon the true
offender and tailored to remedy any prejudice caused by the discovery abuse. Am. Flood
Research, 192 S.W.3d at 583. Second, we must make certain that the sanction is no more
severe than necessary to satisfy its legitimate purpose. Id.

       The trial court imposed sanctions in this case in the amount of Down Hole Water’s
attorney’s fees and expenses that were occasioned by Cognata’s delay, evasion, and


       2
          Brown has not appealed the trial court’s order, and we do not express any opinion on whether
sanctions were properly or improperly imposed against him.
                                                 11
obstruction. According to Down Hole Water’s motion, this amount included only those
fees and expenses in excess of what would have been expended had Cognata complied
with the deposition order and rules of discovery. Accordingly, there is a direct relationship
between the discovery abuse and the sanction imposed. See Hoefker v. Elgohary, 248
S.W.3d 326, 330 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2007, no pet.) (finding direct
relationship where evidence showed that sanctions corresponded with same amount of
attorney’s fees expended on discovery abuses).

       Proceeding to the second part of our analysis, Cognata contends that the sanctions
were excessive because they were entered after the depositions had concluded, at a time
when sanctions were unnecessary to secure compliance with any discovery order. This
argument ignores that sanctions can serve other legitimate purposes. As we have
previously recognized, the purposes of discovery sanctions are threefold: (1) to secure
compliance with the discovery rules; (2) to deter other litigants from similar misconduct;
and (3) to punish violators. Clark, 217 S.W.3d at 515 n.2. The sanctions here advance the
latter two purposes. The trial court observed that Cognata had “dragged his feet,” “stalled,”
and “obstructed” the proceedings. His delay tactics required the filing of a motion to
compel, caused a deposition to continue for several hearings over a span of five months,
and occupied the court’s own time when the deposition could have concluded privately.
The court obtained the desired deposition testimony only after holding Cognata in
contempt. From this history, it is clear that the trial court considered the availability of less
stringent sanctions. We cannot say that the trial court abused its discretion by concluding
that monetary sanctions were necessary to deter other litigants from similar schemes and to
punish Cognata for his willful refusal to comply with court orders. See, e.g., Clark, 217
S.W.3d at 515 (concluding that sanctions were appropriate and just for party’s abusive
conduct during the deposition); Chem. Exh. Indus., Inc. v. Vasquez, 709 S.W.2d 257, 260
(Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.]) (rejecting argument that sanctions should not have been
imposed because party “eventually complied with court orders although not necessarily in
a timely manner”), rev’d in part on other grounds, 721 S.W.2d 284 (Tex. 1986).
                                            12
E.     The Evidence in Support of Sanctions

       In his fifth issue, Cognata contends that the sanctions order is arbitrary because the
motion for sanctions was decided by submission, rather than by hearing, and because no
evidence was attached to the motion other than an attorney’s fees affidavit.

       A court may take judicial notice of its own records and prior pleadings, with or
without the request of a party. See Tex. R. Evid. 201(c); In re Estate of Clark, 198 S.W.3d
273, 275 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2006, pet. denied). In this case, the trial court signed a
Judgment of Contempt and Confinement Order after finding that Cognata had “the present
ability to answer the questions asked, . . . was instructed to answer by the Court,
and . . . failed to do so.” This order, which recites additional facts relating to Cognata’s
discovery abuse, including excerpts from the deposition testimony, was part of the trial
court’s records, and was included in Cognata’s response to the motion for sanctions. We
presume that the trial court took notice of its contempt order and considered it as evidence
when deciding whether Cognata had engaged in sanctionable conduct. See Lacy v. First
Nat’l Bank of Livingston, Tex., 809 S.W.2d 362, 367 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 1991, no
writ) (“The trial judge may properly take into consideration the file which is before him in
his court as well as the proceedings that are conducted in his presence. And the trial court
under these circumstances is presumed to have taken judicial notice.” (citations omitted)).
Accordingly, we reject Cognata’s complaint that there was no evidence for the trial court to
consider when deciding whether sanctions were warranted.

F.     The Attorney’s Fees Affidavit

       In his sixth issue, Cognata complains of the adequacy of the attorney’s fees
affidavit. That affidavit, submitted by counsel for Down Hole Water, contains the
following testimony:

              It is my opinion that attorney’s fees in the amount of $20,375 would
       be a reasonable fee for the services required to perform to complete [sic] the
       depositions of Respondents and directly related to Respondents’ failure to

                                             13
       comply with the Court’s previous orders allowing the Rule 202 depositions
       and related discovery.

               Further, based upon my review of the billing records in this file,
       Petitioner has incurred case-related expenses, including travel expenses,
       filing fees and copying expenses in the amount of $889.44 which should also
       be included in the award for sanctions and which are directly related to
       Respondents’ violations of Rule 215.

Counsel also attested that his assessment was based on the following factors: (1) the
novelty and difficulty of the issue involved, and the skill and experience required to
perform the services properly; (2) the time and labor expended; and (3) a rate of $250 per
hour, which is a customary and reasonable charge in the community for similar services.

       Cognata argues that the affidavit “fails to address the basic [Arthur Andersen]
criteria as applied to any alleged sanctionable conduct.” In Arthur Andersen, the supreme
court listed eight factors that a trial court should consider when determining the
reasonableness of attorney’s fees. See Arthur Andersen & Co. v. Perry Equip. Corp., 945
S.W.2d 812, 818 (Tex. 1997). The factors to which counsel attested appear on that list. See
id. Moreover, counsel attested that his services were “directly related” to overcoming
Cognata’s discovery abuses. This evidence of attorney’s fees does not run afoul of any
basic criteria discussed in Arthur Andersen.

       Cognata also argues that the affidavit contains no competent evidence to show that
the attorney’s fees were reasonable and necessary because counsel’s expert opinion is
conclusory. This argument is unpersuasive. “In cases in which the judgment is not one for
earned attorney’s fees, but rather a judgment imposing attorney’s fees as sanctions, it is not
invalid because a party fails to prove attorney’s fees.” Scott Bader, Inc. v. Sandstone
Prods., Inc., 248 S.W.3d 802, 815 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2008, no pet.); accord
Prize Energy Res., L.P. v. Cliff Hoskins, Inc., 345 S.W.3d 537, 575–76 (Tex. App.—San
Antonio 2011, no pet.). When attorney’s fees are assessed as sanctions, no proof of
reasonableness or necessity is required. Miller v. Armogida, 877 S.W.2d 361, 365 (Tex.
App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1994, writ denied); Allied Assocs., Inc. v. INA Cnty. Mut. Ins.
                                         14
Cos., 803 S.W.2d 799, 799 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1991, no writ); see also Cire
v. Cummings, 134 S.W.3d 835, 844 (Tex. 2004) (“A trial court can take judicial notice of
the usual and customary fees awarded as a discovery sanction.”); Brantley v. Etter, 677
S.W.2d 503, 504 (Tex. 1984) (per curiam) (disapproving of any inference that a
complaining party has a right to a jury trial to determine the amount of attorney’s fees as
sanctions, and concluding that the amount of such fees is solely within the discretion of the
trial court). Therefore, by challenging the evidentiary value of counsel’s affidavit to prove
whether the fees were reasonable and necessary, Cognata has not demonstrated that the
trial court abused its discretion by awarding attorney’s fees as sanctions. Scott Bader, Inc.,
248 S.W.3d at 817.

G.     Rule 202 Findings

       In his seventh issue, Cognata argues that the Houston Court erred by enforcing a
deposition order unsupported by mandatory findings of fact.

       Rule 202 specifies that a trial court may enter an order for a deposition to be taken,
but “only if” the court finds that (1) allowing the petitioner to take the requested deposition
may prevent a failure or delay of justice in an anticipated suit, or (2) the likely benefit of
allowing the petitioner to take the requested deposition to investigate a potential claim
outweighs the burden or expense of the procedure. Tex. R. Civ. P. 202.4(a). Under
controlling precedent, these findings are mandatory in most cases. See In re Does, 337
S.W.3d 862, 863–65 (Tex. 2011) (orig. proceeding) (per curiam) (holding that a court
could not order pre-suit discovery by the agreement of witnesses over the objection of
other interested parties without the required findings); see also Tex. R. Civ. P. 191.1
(observing that in some circumstances the parties may agree to modify the procedures and
limitations set forth in the rules pertaining to discovery).

       Cognata contends that there are no fact findings in support of the Nacogdoches
Court’s order granting the Rule 202 petition. Because of this “fatal defect,” Cognata


                                              15
believes that a sanctions order arising from the order for deposition must be reversed. We
reject Cognata’s argument for the following reasons.

        First, the Nacogdoches Court did make the required findings when it entered its
order for deposition, and the findings tracked the language of the statute.3 Thus, this case
presents a situation unlike that noted in Does. See Does, 337 S.W.3d at 864 (“The trial
court did not make either of these findings.”).

        Second, even if the Nacogdoches Court’s findings were erroneous or conclusory, as
Cognata has also suggested, Cognata has not cited any authority that would allow him to
collaterally attack the deposition order in this appeal.4 Mandamus is the proper vehicle to
challenge a Rule 202 order when the order seeks discovery from a party against whom suit
is anticipated. See Akzo, 24 S.W.3d at 920; Doe(s) v. Haddock, No. 2-06-402-CV, 2007
WL 940761, at *2 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Mar. 29, 2007, no pet.) (mem. op.). Even
though Cognata could have filed a petition for writ of mandamus in the Twelfth Court of
Appeals, the record does not reflect that he attempted to do so. Moreover, assuming there
were authority permitting a collateral attack, the focus of Cognata’s argument is not that
the Nacogdoches Court’s order is void for want of jurisdiction. Rather, Cognata’s
argument appears to be that the deposition order is deficient because the evidence is legally
insufficient to support the necessary findings of fact.5 Challenges to the sufficiency of a

        3
           The order states: “The court finds that allowing Petitioner to take the above requested depositions
will prevent a failure or delay of justice in an anticipated suit because Petitioner will thereby be able to
investigate the facts to verify that there are valid grounds for bringing the anticipated lawsuit. The Court
further finds that the likely benefit of allowing Petitioner to take the requested depositions to investigate an
anticipated suit outweighs the burden or expense of the procedure.”
        4
          We reject Cognata’s argument that this issue can be treated as a direct attack. See Browning v.
Prostok, 165 S.W.3d 336, 346 (Tex. 2005) (“A collateral attack is an attempt to avoid the binding force of a
judgment in a proceeding not instituted for the purpose of correcting, modifying, or vacating the judgment,
but in order to obtain some specific relief which the judgment currently stands as a bar against.”); see also
Davenport v. E. Tex. Ref. Co., 127 S.W.2d 312, 316 (Tex. Civ. App.—Texarkana 1939, writ ref’d)
(observing that rules against collateral attacks apply to protect interlocutory orders as well as final
judgments).
        5
         As Cognata writes in his brief, “The findings in the [Nacogdoches Court’s deposition order] are
wholly devoid of any fact findings which determine the specific factual basis which justify a Rule 202
                                                      16
judgment should not be brought by collateral attack. See Browning v. Prostok, 165 S.W.3d
336, 346 (Tex. 2005) (“Only a void judgment may be collaterally attacked. A judgment is
void only when it is apparent that the court rendering judgment had no jurisdiction of the
parties or property, no jurisdiction of the subject matter, no jurisdiction to enter the
particular judgment, or no capacity to attack.” (citations and internal quotations omitted));
cf. Willis v. State, 626 S.W.2d 500, 504 (Tex. Crim. App. 1979) (holding challenge to
sufficiency of evidence is impermissible collateral attack). Even if we were to entertain
Cognata’s challenge, we must note that the Nacogdoches Court conducted a hearing on
DHI’s original petition, but a transcript of that hearing has not been included in our record
on appeal. Thus, we have no means of assessing this complaint.

        Finally, although the proceedings in the Nacogdoches and Houston Courts are
inextricably connected, the sanctions order entered by the Houston Court is based on the
entire course of conduct in which Cognata engaged. This conduct included Cognata’s
willful violation of the Houston Court’s own orders, which were committed in the presence
of the trial judge. Cognata has not provided any authority that a deponent may disregard the
orders of a district court on the basis that the deponent believes the order of a different
court to be erroneous. We decline to hold that a deponent has any such privilege.

                                           CONCLUSION

        We overrule Cognata’s seven issues. The trial court’s order imposing sanctions is
therefore affirmed.


                                                 /s/     Adele Hedges
                                                         Chief Justice



Panel consists of Chief Justice Hedges and Justices Seymore and Brown.

deposition of Appellant. (This is consistent with a lack of evidentiary support in the record on which fact
findings could be based.)”
                                                    17
