MEMORANDUM DECISION
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D),
this Memorandum Decision shall not be                                      FILED
regarded as precedent or cited before any                              Dec 11 2019, 9:27 am
court except for the purpose of establishing                               CLERK
the defense of res judicata, collateral                                Indiana Supreme Court
                                                                          Court of Appeals
estoppel, or the law of the case.                                           and Tax Court




ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT                                   ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Kyle K. Dugger                                           Curtis T. Hill, Jr.
Bloomington, Indiana                                     Attorney General of Indiana
                                                         Katherine A. Cornelius
                                                         Deputy Attorney General
                                                         Indianapolis, Indiana



                                           IN THE
    COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

In the Matter of:                                        December 11, 2019

N. P. (Minor Child)                                      Court of Appeals Case No.
                                                         19A-JC-1706
And
                                                         Appeal from the Monroe Circuit
J. O. (Father),                                          Court
Appellant-Respondent,                                    The Honorable Holly M. Harvey,
                                                         Judge
        v.                                               Trial Court Cause No.
                                                         53C06-1902-JC-99
The Indiana Department of
Child Services,
Appellee-Petitioner.



Riley, Judge.


Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-JC-1706 | December 11, 2019              Page 1 of 17
                                 STATEMENT OF THE CASE
[1]   Appellant-Respondent, J.O. (Father), appeals the trial court’s Order declaring

      his minor child, N.P. (Child), to be a Child in Need of Services (CHINS) but

      returning Child to Father’s care.


[2]   We affirm.


                                                     ISSUE
[3]   Father presents two issues on appeal, which we consolidate and restate as the

      following single issue: Whether the trial court’s findings and conclusions that

      Child is an in-home CHINS were clearly erroneous.


                       FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
[4]   Prior to February 18, 2019, both Mother1 and Father abused opioids and had

      sought treatment at Transitions in Bloomington, Indiana. Father received daily

      doses of Suboxone. Father and Mother are both learning disabled. Child was

      born on February 18, 2019. Although Mother had other children, this was

      Father’s first child.


[5]   After Child’s birth, the nurse attending to the family provided Father with

      education on how to properly feed and hold the newborn. In the nurse’s

      experience, most parents were able to learn these skills after being told once or



      1
        The trial court found Child to be a CHINS as to Mother and Father. Mother does not participate in this
      appeal. We will confine our analysis as much as possible to the facts and issues which concern Father,
      although the trial court entered many of the same findings and conclusions as to both parents.

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-JC-1706 | December 11, 2019              Page 2 of 17
      twice. Despite repeatedly providing Father with this information, the nurse

      observed Father feeding Child too frequently, holding Child’s bottle at too

      acute an angle such that Child could not breathe properly, and holding Child

      such that his head was not adequately supported. On February 20, 2019, the

      Department of Child Services (DCS) received a report of possible neglect due to

      Mother’s drug use and Mother and Father’s inability to properly care for Child.

      DCS Family Case Manager Hannah Nunn (FCM Nunn) investigated. FCM

      Nunn interviewed Mother and Father in the hospital, and both denied active

      drug use. FCM Nunn drug tested Mother and Father and, after the test, offered

      them substance abuse treatment, therapy, and home-based case management

      services. Mother and Father declined the offered services. Although FCM

      Nunn had developed a safety plan for Child with Mother and Father’s input,

      based on their refusal of services and what FCM Nunn had observed, FCM

      Nunn was concerned that the safety plan for Child would not be followed.


[6]   FCM Nunn determined that Child should be detained to ensure his safety.

      When FCM Nunn re-entered the hospital room to inform Mother and Father

      that Child would be detained, Mother was holding Child. Upon learning that

      Child was to be detained, Father removed Child from Mother’s arms and held

      Child with one arm while using the other arm to attempt to keep FCM Nunn

      and the police officers escorting her from removing Child. Father cursed FCM

      Nunn and the officers and yelled at them to “get out.” (Transcript p. 27).

      Father did not have full control of Child’s body, and he again allowed Child’s




      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-JC-1706 | December 11, 2019   Page 3 of 17
      head to be unsupported while this incident occurred. Child was eventually

      safely detained and was placed outside of Father and Mother’s care.


[7]   On February 22, 2019, DCS filed a petition, alleging Child to be a CHINS

      based on its allegations that Child’s


              physical or mental condition is seriously impaired or seriously
              endangered as a result of the inability, refusal, or neglect of
              [Child’s] parent . . . to supply [Child] with necessary food,
              clothing, shelter, medical care, education, or supervision[.]


      (Appellant’s App. Vol. II, p. 19). DCS more specifically alleged that Father

      was currently on Suboxone treatment and had engaged in the physically

      aggressive incident at the hospital while holding Child; Father had failed to

      demonstrate that he could meet Child’s basic needs, as he overfed and

      improperly fed Child, did not know how to properly hold Child, did not know

      how to secure Child in his car seat, and was not successful in receiving

      parenting instructions despite repetition of instruction; and Father had a prior

      substantiated allegation of sexual abuse of a child in 2014. DCS provided

      Father supervised visitation with Child for two hours at a time, twice a week.

      Father was to be drug tested by DCS as he continued treatment through

      Transitions. DCS provided Father with home-based counseling to work on

      parenting skills and completing an application for “BDDS”. 2 (Tr. p. 87).




      2
        Although the precise nature of BDDS is unclear from the record, it appears to be a long-term service
      provider for those with disabilities.

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-JC-1706 | December 11, 2019                Page 4 of 17
[8]   On April 17, 2019, the trial court began a two-day hearing on the CHINS

      petition. Father had been consistently exercising supervised parenting time and

      came adequately prepared. None of the service providers who testified at the

      hearing had concerns that Father did not know how to feed and hold Child or

      put Child in his car seat. On the Monday preceding the CHINS hearing, DCS

      had moved supervised parenting time from a public facility to Father and

      Mother’s home. The parenting-time supervisor testified that, if Father were to

      receive more parenting-time with Child, it would be beneficial for him to

      receive more services to work on his parenting skills. Father had participated in

      two sessions totaling under two hours of parenting education classes. The

      home-based case manager assigned to Child testified that one of the goals for

      Father was to increase the amount of parenting education he was receiving.


[9]   Father’s home-based counselor provided the following updates on Father’s

      progress in services. Father had not provided a sample for four of the eight

      DCS requested drug screens, even though he was aware that a missed screen

      was presumed to be positive for illegal substances. Father had missed the last

      two sessions in April with his home-based counselor, who felt that progress was

      challenging if interrupted by missed sessions. Father’s home-based counselor

      had worked with Father to complete his BDDS application, but the application

      could not be completed until Father selected a new primary care physician,

      which Father had not yet done because he had missed his last two sessions.

      The home-based counselor was working with Father on budgeting and

      accessing community resources. Father and Mother had decided not to seek


      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-JC-1706 | December 11, 2019   Page 5 of 17
       employment in the hope that Child would be returned to them. Father and

       Mother received disability benefits but spent most of their income before mid-

       month and were forced to access community food resources. Father’s home-

       based counselor felt that Father would benefit from continued services to work

       on goals.


[10]   Father admitted at the CHINS hearings that he had last abused prescription

       medication in December of 2018 and that he was being actively treated at

       Transitions at the time of this last use. Father felt that the parenting education

       services he was undertaking through DCS were helpful and that he would

       continue to learn from them. Father asked the trial court for an “in-home

       CHINS.” (Tr. p. 134). The Court Appointed Special Advocate (CASA)

       assigned to Child testified that Father continued to need assistance caring for

       his young son, the current services offered to him appeared to be assisting him,

       and that the CASA saw no reason “not to continue those services.” (Tr. p.

       141).


[11]   On May 28, 2019, the trial court issued its Order declaring Child to be an in-

       home CHINS. The trial court found that Father had initially demonstrated a

       lack of ability to properly feed and hold Child and that he had engaged in the

       physically aggressive incident in the hospital while holding Child. The trial

       court entered the following relevant findings:


               a. On 2/20/19, [Father] stated he is currently on a Suboxone
               treatment program through Bloomington Transitions. This



       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-JC-1706 | December 11, 2019   Page 6 of 17
        treatment was initiated after the [] parties’ involvement in other
        DCS cases.


        ****


        h. [Father] initially denied services from DCS at the hospital.


        i. [Father] demonstrate[s] an inability to retain information
        pertaining to the care and safety of [Child] in the short term that
        has only improved with the provision of services, as observed by
        the visit supervisor and home[-]based case managers. [Father]
        require[s] additional training, education, and assistance in
        budgeting, time management and parent education to ensure
        [Child’s] safety in their care. These demonstrated inabilities to
        provide adequate care, along with [Father’s] substantiated prior
        drug use and current treatment for the same, seriously endangers
        [Child’s] physical or mental condition.


        j. [Child] needs care that [Father has] not yet demonstrated an
        independent ability to provide.


        ****


        o. [Father’s] previous denial of services and lack of insight on the
        need for additional training and guidance, in addition to the
        likely denial of treatment without court order demonstrates [sic]
        that services necessary for [Child’s] care are unlikely to be
        provided or accepted without the coercive intervention of the
        [c]ourt.


(Appellant’s App. Vol. II, pp. 36, 37). The trial court found that it was in

Child’s best interests to place Child back in Mother and Father’s home but that

“continued DCS wardship is needed to ensure that both parents maintain

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-JC-1706 | December 11, 2019   Page 7 of 17
       sobriety, receive necessary mental health care and home based services to

       ensure the safety of [Child.]” (Appellant’s App. Vol. II, p. 38). The trial court

       also entered a number of findings regarding Father’s participation in substance

       abuse treatment, his demonstration of love and affection for Child, his ability to

       learn parenting skills “with guidance,” the lack of ongoing concerns regarding

       Father’s ability to feed and hold Child, and the appropriateness of Father’s

       home for Child. The trial court concluded that


               [a]dditional home based care management is required to improve
               [Father’s] ability to maintain [his] budget and time management
               skills necessary to fully care for a child, in absence of other
               disability services that may ultimately take the place of DCS
               services.


       (Appellant’s App. Vol. II, p. 38).


[12]   On June 18, 2019, the trial court held a dispositional hearing after which it

       entered an order directing that Child should remain in-home with supervision

       by DCS to ensure that Child had a home free from substance abuse and neglect.

       The trial court also ordered that participation by Father in a plan for the care of

       Child was necessary to ensure Child’s safety.


[13]   Father now appeals. Additional facts will be provided as necessary.




       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-JC-1706 | December 11, 2019   Page 8 of 17
                               DISCUSSION AND DECISION
                                             I. Standard of Review

[14]   Father challenges the evidence supporting the trial court’s findings of fact and

       conclusions of law that Child is a CHINS. Our standard of review of a trial

       court’s CHINS determination is well-settled: we do not reweigh the evidence or

       judge witness credibility. In re S.D., 2 N.E.3d 1283, 1286 (Ind. 2014). We

       consider only the evidence which supports the trial court’s decision and the

       reasonable inferences to be drawn from that evidence. Id. at 1287. In addition,

       where, as here, the trial court has entered findings of fact and conclusions of

       law, we exercise a two-tiered review. Matter of K.P.G., 99 N.E.3d 677, 681 (Ind.

       Ct. App. 2018), trans. denied. First, we consider whether the evidence supports

       the findings, and, second, we determine whether the findings support the

       judgment. Id. We will reverse a trial court’s CHINS determination only if it is

       clearly erroneous and a review of the record leaves us firmly convinced that a

       mistake was made. Id. A CHINS determination is clearly erroneous “if the

       record facts do not support the findings or if it applies the wrong legal standard

       to properly found facts.” Yanoff v. Muncy, 688 N.E.2d 1259, 1262 (Ind. 1997)

       (internal quotation marks omitted). DCS was required to prove that Child was

       a CHINS by a preponderance of the evidence. See Ind. Code § 31-34-12-3.


                                               II. Findings of Fact

[15]   Father asserts that DCS did not prove various factual allegations contained in

       the CHINS petition, which we will address as challenges to the evidence

       supporting the factual findings entered by the trial court. Because Mother is not

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-JC-1706 | December 11, 2019   Page 9 of 17
       a party to this appeal, we will not address Father’s claims pertaining to her,

       such as his argument that DCS failed to prove that Mother had tested positive

       for methamphetamine, amphetamines and cannabinoids. Father asserts that he

       “challenges every finding the trial court entered in its order.” (Appellant’s Br.

       12). We agree with DCS that the majority of this argument is waived for failure

       to make a cogent argument. See Ind. Appellate Rule 46(A)(8)(a) (requiring that

       each argument advanced must be supported by citation to authority and the

       part of the Record on Appeal relied upon); see also N.C. v. Ind. Dep’t of Child

       Servs., 56 N.E.3d 65, 69 (Ind. Ct. App. 2016) (holding that a party waives issues

       that are not supported by cogent argument including citations to the record and

       to legal authority), trans. denied.


[16]   Father specifically challenges the trial court’s findings that he allowed Child’s

       head to “bobble around and drop,” that Child “spit up profusely” as a result of

       Father’s overfeeding, that he had a prior DCS history, and that he had

       “substantiated prior drug use and current treatment for the same[.]”

       (Appellant’s App. Vol. II, p. 37). These findings were supported, respectively,

       by testimony by FCM Nunn that she had witnessed Father leave Child’s head

       unsupported which allowed his head to bobble and drop, the attending nurse’s

       testimony that she had observed Child spit up abnormally large amounts which

       was a sign of overfeeding, a family case manager’s testimony that Father had a

       prior DCS substantiation in 2014, and Father’s admissions to FCM Nunn and

       at trial that he had abused prescription medication and was currently

       undergoing Suboxone treatment at Transitions. Because evidence in the record


       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-JC-1706 | December 11, 2019   Page 10 of 17
       supported these findings, we conclude that they were not clearly erroneous. See

       Yanoff, 688 N.E.2d at 1262.


[17]   Father also specifically challenges the evidence supporting the trial court’s

       findings regarding his alleged inability to place Child securely in his car seat

       and inability to use proper swaddling techniques. The trial court entered the

       following finding that mentioned car seat use and swaddling:


               d. [Father] received bedside training in regards to proper bottle
               feeding, swaddling, safe sleep and car seat procedures. When
               holding [Child], [Father] allowed his head to bobble around and
               drop. [Father was] not able to apply training information to
               caring for [Child] and could not repeat back information given to
               [him].


       (Appellant’s App. Vol. II, p. 37). FCM Nunn testified that Father received

       training by hospital staff on how to use Child’s car seat but that he was unable

       to place Child properly in the seat and had asked her to do it. Thus, the finding

       regarding the use of the car seat was also supported by the evidence and was not

       clearly erroneous. See Yanoff, 688 N.E.2d at 1262. However, we agree with

       Father that there is no evidence in the record regarding anyone instructing

       Father on swaddling or that it was an issue in this case whatsoever. Be that as

       it may, the trial court’s mention of swaddling was part of a larger finding that

       Father demonstrated an inability to retain instruction on Child’s care, a finding

       that was supported by other evidence that Father was initially unable to learn

       from instruction on feeding Child, holding Child, and car seat use. We

       conclude, therefore, that given the other findings supporting the judgment, this

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-JC-1706 | December 11, 2019   Page 11 of 17
       one unsupported aspect of the trial court’s finding does not undermine the trial

       court’s CHINS determination.


                                            III. Conclusions of Law

[18]   Father next challenges the trial court’s conclusions of law supporting its

       determination that Child is a CHINS. DCS sought to have Child adjudicated a

       CHINS under Indiana Code section 31-34-1-1, which provides as follows:


               A child is a child in need of services if before the child becomes
               eighteen (18) years of age:


               (1) the child’s physical or mental condition is seriously impaired
               or seriously endangered as a result of the inability, refusal, or
               neglect of the child’s parent, guardian, or custodian to supply the
               child with necessary food, clothing, shelter, medical care,
               education, or supervision . . . and


               (2) the child needs care, treatment, or rehabilitation that:


               (A) the child is not receiving; and


               (B) is unlikely to be provided or accepted without the coercive
               intervention of the court.


       Thus, an adjudication under this section “requires three basic elements: that the

       parent’s actions or inactions have seriously endangered the child, that the

       child’s needs are unmet, and (perhaps most critically) that those needs are

       unlikely to be met without State coercion.” In re S.D., 2 N.E.3d at 1287.

       Requiring that DCS show that a child’s needs are unlikely to be met without the


       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-JC-1706 | December 11, 2019   Page 12 of 17
       intervention of the court “guards against unwarranted State interference in

       family life, reserving that intrusion for families ‘where parents lack the ability to

       provide for their children,’ not merely where they ‘encounter difficulty in

       meeting a child’s needs.’” Id. (quoting Lake Cnty. Div. of Family & Children Servs.

       v. Charlton, 631 N.E.2d 526, 528 (Ind. Ct. App. 1994)). In rendering a CHINS

       determination, the trial court considers the family’s condition not just when the

       petition was filed, but also when the petition is heard. In re S.D., 2 N.E.3d at

       1290.


[19]   We begin by observing that at the CHINS fact-finding hearing, in response to a

       question from his counsel about what he would like the trial court to do in this

       case, Father responded, “I want to do an in-home CHINS.” (Tr. p. 134).

       Father also stated during his testimony that he had learned from the parenting

       education that he had received and that he felt that he would continue to learn

       from those services. The trial court granted Father’s request, finding Child to

       be a CHINS but returning Child to Father’s care prior to the June 18, 2019,

       dispositional hearing. Although we acknowledge that Father did not formally

       admit the allegations contained in the CHINS petition, we find that, under the

       circumstances of this case, the doctrine of invited error militates in favor of

       upholding the trial court’s conclusion that Child is a CHINS. See C.T. v. Marion

       Cnty. Dep’t of Child Servs., 896 N.E.2d 571, 588 (Ind. Ct. App. 2008) (holding

       that the doctrine of invited error provides that a party may not take advantage

       of an error that she commits or invites), trans. denied.




       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-JC-1706 | December 11, 2019   Page 13 of 17
[20]   We also find that, contrary to the arguments that Father now offers on appeal,

       sufficient evidence supported the trial court’s conclusions that at the time of the

       CHINS hearing, Child was endangered and the coercive intervention of the

       State was necessary to ensure Child’s proper care. The trial court ultimately

       concluded that “[Father’s] demonstrated inabilities to provide adequate care,

       along with [Father’s] substantiated prior drug use and current treatment for the

       same, seriously endangers [Child’s] physical or mental condition.” (Appellant’s

       App. Vol. II, p. 37). In support of this conclusion, the trial court found that

       Father had demonstrated an inability to retain parenting information that had

       only improved with supervised parenting time and home-based counseling,

       Father required additional services in budgeting and parenting to ensure Child’s

       safety, and Father had not yet demonstrated an independent ability to provide

       care for Child.


[21]   Although we agree with Father’s assertion that many of DCS’s initial concerns

       regarding Father’s ability to parent, primarily the holding and feeding of Child,

       had been addressed by the time of the CHINS hearing, we cannot conclude that

       the trial court’s conclusion that Child continued to be endangered at the time of

       the CHINS hearing was clearly erroneous. As Child grew, his needs would

       also change. Father was to be evaluated for his learning disability as part of the

       services offered to him after the CHINS determination. Father’s demonstrated

       inability to retain parenting information and his poor impulse control, as shown

       by his conduct when DCS attempted to remove Child, supported a conclusion

       that he required supervision and instruction to continue to parent Child


       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-JC-1706 | December 11, 2019   Page 14 of 17
       effectively and to ensure Child’s care. In addition, Father had elected not to

       pursue employment but was unable to budget his disability benefits

       appropriately to cover expenses, which placed his financial ability to provide for

       Child’s basic needs in jeopardy. Father had also missed four drug screens in the

       two months between the filing of the CHINS petition and the CHINS hearings.

       Because these missed screens were presumed to be positive, there was evidence

       to support an inference that Father’s drug use was ongoing, further endangering

       Child.


[22]   Father argues that the trial court’s conclusions were not supported by the

       evidence because he had participated in services, had addressed DCS’s

       concerns, he did not injure Child during the incident in the hospital in which he

       attempted to thwart removal, and he had demonstrated that he was caring and

       loving toward Child. However, these arguments merely invite us to consider

       evidence and inferences that do not support the trial court’s determination,

       which is contrary to our standard of review. See In re S.D., 2 N.E.3d at 1286.


[23]   We similarly find that the trial court’s conclusion that State intervention

       continued to be necessary was supported by the evidence. Father was only

       partially compliant on his substance abuse treatment, as he missed four of the

       eight screens offered to him before the CHINS hearings. Father had also

       missed his last two sessions with his home-based counselor, who felt that this

       inconsistency in attendance prevented progress. For example, Father had

       completed some of his BDDS application but had yet to select a primary care

       physician, a necessary last step to finish the application which had not taken

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-JC-1706 | December 11, 2019   Page 15 of 17
       place because Father had missed his last two sessions. Father’s home-based

       counselor opined at the CHINS hearing that Father continued to need the

       counselor’s involvement to work on goals. The parenting-time supervisor also

       expressed her opinion at the hearing that, if Father were to receive additional

       parenting time with Child, he would benefit from additional parenting

       education. Child’s CASA felt that continued State intervention was necessary

       for Father and beneficial to Child. Father himself stated during his testimony at

       the CHINS hearing that he had learned from the parenting education that he

       had received and that he felt that he would continue to learn from those

       services.


[24]   Father likens his case to In re D.J., 68 N.E.3d 574, 580-81 (Ind. 2017), in which

       our supreme court found insufficient evidence supporting the trial court’s

       conclusion that continued State intervention was necessary due to parents’

       progress in services and their demonstrated willingness to be compliant.

       However, we find that case to be readily distinguishable from the instant case

       because in In re D.J., the parents had satisfactorily completed all DCS-offered

       services by the time of the fact-finding hearing. Id. at 581. As set forth above,

       Father was not entirely compliant with either his substance abuse or his home-

       based services prior to the fact-finding hearings. In light of the fact that Father

       was not entirely compliant with his substance abuse and home-based services,

       the need for continued State intervention expressed by the home-based

       counselor, the parenting-time supervisor, and the CASA, and Father’s own

       statements, we conclude that there was evidence supporting the trial court’s


       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-JC-1706 | December 11, 2019   Page 16 of 17
       conclusion that continued State intervention was necessary, and, therefore, that

       conclusion was not clearly erroneous. See Yanoff, 688 N.E.2d at 1262.


                                             CONCLUSION
[25]   Based on the foregoing, we conclude that the trial court’s findings and

       conclusions that Child was an in-home CHINS were supported by the evidence

       and, therefore, were not clearly erroneous.


[26]   Affirmed.


[27]   Baker, J. and Brown, J. concur




       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-JC-1706 | December 11, 2019   Page 17 of 17
