              Case: 16-16487    Date Filed: 07/12/2017   Page: 1 of 4


                                                             [DO NOT PUBLISH]


               IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                        FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                          ________________________

                                No. 16-16487
                            Non-Argument Calendar
                          ________________________

                     D.C. Docket Nos. 1:16-cv-21978-KMM,
                            1:11-cr-20678-KMM-2


MONTAVIS MIDDLETON,

                                                               Petitioner-Appellant,

                                      versus

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                                                             Respondent-Appellee.

                          ________________________

                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                       for the Southern District of Florida
                         ________________________

                                  (July 12, 2017)

Before MARCUS, MARTIN, and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

      Montavis Middleton, a federal prisoner, appeals the district court’s denial of

his 28 U.S.C. § 2255 motion to vacate his total 321-month imprisonment sentence,
              Case: 16-16487    Date Filed: 07/12/2017    Page: 2 of 4


which was imposed after a guilty plea to 10 counts: 1 count of conspiracy to

commit Hobbs Act robbery, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1951(a); 7 counts of Hobbs

Act robbery, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1951(a); and 2 counts of possessing a

firearm in furtherance of a crime of violence in connection with the Hobbs Act

robberies, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c). He argues on appeal that he is

innocent of his two convictions under § 924(c) because the predicate conviction for

both counts, Hobbs Act robbery, is no longer a crime of violence after the holding

in Johnson v. United States, 135 S. Ct. 2551 (2015). He also argues that he is no

longer a career offender under the Sentencing Guidelines because Hobbs Act

robbery is not a crime of violence under U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2(a), and he does not have

two prior convictions for crimes of violence under § 4B1.2(a).

                                         I.

      Obtaining a certificate of appealability (“COA”) is a jurisdictional

prerequisite to appellate review. Miller-El v. Cockrell, 537 U.S. 322, 335-36

(2003). To obtain a COA, a movant must make a substantial showing of the denial

of a constitutional right. 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(2); Spencer v. United States, 773

F.3d 1132, 1138 (11th Cir. 2014) (en banc). On exceptional occasions, we may

expand a COA sua sponte to include issues that reasonable jurists would find

debatable. See Mays v. United States, 817 F.3d 728, 733 (11th Cir. 2016).




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      The COA in this case authorized an appeal only with regard to the sole issue

the district court addressed and concluded could be debatable among reasonable

jurists: whether the residual clause in the Sentencing Guidelines is void for

vagueness. See Miller-El, 537 U.S. at 335-36. Middleton did not apply to expand

the COA, and we decline to sua sponte expand the COA, because this is not an

exceptional case where expansion is warranted. See Mays, 817 F.3d at 733;

Spencer, 773 F.3d at 1138. Therefore, Middleton’s argument that he is innocent of

his two convictions under § 924(c) is outside the scope of the COA, and we will

not address the merits of it.

                                         II.

      When reviewing the district court’s denial of a motion to vacate, we review

legal issues de novo and findings of fact for clear error. Lynn v. United States, 365

F.3d 1225, 1232 (11th Cir. 2004). In Beckles v. United States, the Supreme Court

held that the advisory Sentencing Guidelines are not subject to a vagueness

challenge under the Due Process Clause, such that the residual clause in the career

offender guideline, U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2(a), is not void for vagueness. 137 S. Ct. 886

(2017).

      Reviewing Middleton’s argument de novo, Beckles forecloses it. See Lynn,

365 F.3d at 1232. The Sentencing Guidelines are not subject to a vagueness

challenge under the Due Process Clause and were not affected by the holding in


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Johnson. See Beckles, 137 S. Ct. at 897. Therefore, Middleton’s convictions are

still crimes of violence under the career offender guideline, and the district court

properly denied his § 2255 motion as to this issue.

      AFFIRMED.




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