                          STATE OF MICHIGAN

                           COURT OF APPEALS



RUDOLPHO G. RODRIQUEZ, d/b/a NONSTOP                               UNPUBLISHED
FIREWORKS,                                                         February 9, 2016

               Plaintiff-Appellant,

v                                                                  No. 324444
                                                                   Eaton Circuit Court
TOWNSHIP OF DELTA,                                                 LC No. 13-000738-CZ

               Defendant-Appellee.


Before: O’CONNELL, P.J., and OWENS and BECKERING, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

        Plaintiff, Rudolpho G. Rodriquez, appeals as of right the trial court’s grant of summary
disposition to defendant, Delta Township (the Township), under MCR 2.116(C)(10) (no genuine
issue of material fact). The trial court determined that an ordinance regulating vendors’ hours
did not conflict with a state statute that prohibits localities from regulating firework sales. We
affirm.

                                I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND

       Rodriquez operates tents that sell fireworks out of leased spaces. On June 8, 2013, the
Township issued Rodriquez a permit to sell fireworks. The Township informed Rodriquez that
he could not sell fireworks between 9:00 p.m. and 9:00 a.m. pursuant to an ordinance regulating
vendor hours:

       Vending, soliciting or peddling, as defined herein, is prohibited at a private
       residence prior to 9:00 a.m. and after 9:00 p.m., and shall not be conducted on
       property zoned commercial, office or industrial under township ordinance after
       9:00 p.m. and prior to 9:00 a.m. [Delta Twp Ordinances, § 42-4(c).]

       On June 19, 2013, Rodriquez filed his complaint in this action, alleging in part that the
ordinance conflicted with a statute that prohibits localities from regulating firework sales:

       Except as provided in this act, a local unit of government shall not enact or
       enforce an ordinance, code, or regulation pertaining to or in any manner
       regulating the sale, display, storage, transportation, or distribution of fireworks
       regulated under this act. [MCL 28.457(1).]

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The trial court granted summary disposition to the Township, concluding that the statute did not
preempt the ordinance. Rodriquez now appeals.

                                         II. ANALYSIS

        This Court reviews de novo the trial court’s decision on a motion for summary
disposition. Johnson v Recca, 492 Mich 169, 173; 821 NW2d 520 (2012). Whether a statute
preempts an ordinance is a question of law, which this Court also reviews de novo. Ter Beek v
Wyoming, 297 Mich App 446, 452; 823 NW2d 864 (2012). A state statute preempts an
ordinance when the ordinance either (1) directly conflicts with the statute or (2) the statute
completely occupies the field that the ordinance regulates. McNeil v Charlevoix Co, 275 Mich
App 686, 697; 741 NW2d 27 (2007).

        First, Rodriquez contends that Ordinance § 42-4(c) and MCL 28.457(1) directly conflict.
We disagree. A statute and an ordinance directly conflict when the ordinance permits what the
statute prohibits, or when the ordinance prohibits what the statute permits. McNeil, 275 Mich
App at 697. For direct preemption to exist, the conflicting provisions must address the same
subject. See Frens Orchards, Inc v Dayton Twp Bd, 253 Mich App 129, 137; 654 NW2d 346
(2002). In this case, Ordinance § 42-4(c) does not address fireworks, and MCL 28.457(1) does
not address hours of operation. Neither expressly prohibits what the other expressly permits.
We conclude that the ordinance and statute do not directly conflict.

        Second, Rodriquez contends that MCL 28.457(1) preempts the entire field of regulations
involving fireworks. Specifically, Rodriquez contends that the words “any manner” in the
statute means that no ordinance may even incidentally affect the sale of fireworks. The
Township contends that Ordinance § 42-4(c) does not fall within the field of fireworks
regulation. We agree with the Township.

        One way in which a statute preempts an entire field is when the statute expressly states
that the state’s authority in the area of law is exclusive. People v Llewellyn, 401 Mich 314, 322;
257 NW2d 902 (1977). However, a municipality is not prohibited from enacting ordinances
outside the field of regulation, even if the ordinance incidentally affects the regulated field. See
Id. at 330-331 (stating that a prohibition on adult entertainment would only be incidentally
related to the prohibited state field of obscenity).

        In focusing solely on the phrase “any manner,” Rodriquez ignores a pertinent rule of
statutory construction. This Court reads the provisions of statutes “reasonably and in context,”
and reads subsections of cohesive statutory provisions together. Robinson v Lansing, 486 Mich
1, 15; 782 NW2d 171 (2010). MCL 28.457(1) prohibits the Township from enacting or
enforcing “an ordinance . . . pertaining to or in any manner regulating the sale, display, storage,
transportation, or distribution of fireworks . . . .” When used in this manner, the word “of”
indicates that the word that follows is a component or part of the previous word or phrases.
Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed). The use of the word “of” in this statute
indicates that the ordinance in question must “pertain to” or be related in some manner to
fireworks. Ordinance § 42-4(c) does not pertain to the sale of fireworks—it pertains to hours that
vendors can operate. Unlike the firearm ordinance at issue in Mich Coalition for Responsible
Gun Owners v Ferndale, 256 Mich App 401; 662 NW2d 864 (2003), the local ordinance does

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not concern the statute’s subject matter at all. We conclude that the ordinance does not address a
subject matter prohibited by the field of preemption specified in the statute.

       We affirm.

                                                            /s/ Peter D. O’Connell
                                                            /s/ Donald S. Owens
                                                            /s/ Jane M. Beckering




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