                                                             [DO NOT PUBLISH]

               IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                        FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT            FILED
                          ________________________ U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                                                             ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                                No. 08-16910                  OCTOBER 29, 2009
                            Non-Argument Calendar             THOMAS K. KAHN
                          ________________________                CLERK


                      D. C. Docket No. 08-20680-CR-FAM

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                                                                  Plaintiff-Appellee,

                                      versus

MIGUEL ANGEL PEREZ,

                                                             Defendant-Appellant.
                          ________________________

                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                       for the Southern District of Florida
                         _________________________

                                (October 29, 2009)

Before TJOFLAT, EDMONDSON and MARCUS, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

      Miguel Angel Perez appeals from his convictions and sentences imposed for

bank robbery, 18 U.S.C. § 2113(a), (“Count 1”); attempted armed bank robbery, 18

U.S.C. § 2113(a) and (d), (“Count 2”); and using, carrying, or possessing a firearm
in relation to or in furtherance of a crime of violence, 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(a),

(“Count 3”). On appeal, Perez argues that: (1) the evidence was insufficient to

support his convictions for Counts 2 and 3; (2) the district court erred by enhancing

his offense levels for Counts 1 and 2 for obstruction of justice under U.S.S.G. §

3C1.1; and (3) the district court erred by increasing his offense level for Count 1

for making a death threat under U.S.S.G. § 2B3.1(b)(2)(F). After careful review,

we vacate and remand in part, and affirm in part.

      “We review the sufficiency of the evidence presented at trial de novo.”

United States v. LeCroy, 441 F.3d 914, 924 (11th Cir. 2006). “The evidence is

viewed in the light most favorable to the government, with all inferences and

credibility choices drawn in the government’s favor.” Id. We review a district

court’s determination that a defendant obstructed justice for clear error when

credibility is at issue. United States v. Banks, 347 F.3d 1266, 1269 (11th Cir.

2003). Where the defendant’s credibility is not disputed, we review de novo the

district court’s application of the obstruction-of-justice enhancement. Id.     “We

review a district court’s application and interpretation of the sentencing guidelines

de novo.” United States Murphy, 306 F.3d 1087, 1089 (11th Cir. 2002).

      Where a defendant failed to clearly articulate an objection to his sentence in

the district court, however, he has waived the objection for purposes of appeal.



                                          2
United States v. Jones, 899 F.2d 1097, 1103 (11th Cir. 1990), overruled on other

grounds, United States v. Morrill, 984 F.2d 1136, 1137 (11th Cir. 1993) (en banc).

Where a defendant has waived his objection, we will review for plain error. United

States v. Hansley, 54 F.3d 709, 715 (11th Cir. 1995). Plain error occurs where (1)

there is an error; (2) that is plain or obvious; (3) affected the defendant’s

substantial rights; and (4) “seriously affected the fairness, integrity or public

reputation of the judicial proceedings.” United States v. Williams, 527 F.3d 1235,

1240 (11th Cir. 2008) (quotation and alteration omitted). In order for an error to be

obvious for purposes of plain error review, “it must be plain under controlling

precedent or in view of the unequivocally clear words of a statute or rule.” United

States v. Lett, 483 F.3d 782, 790 (11th Cir. 2007).

      First, we reject Perez’s claim that the evidence was insufficient to sustain his

convictions. Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 2113(a) and (d), a defendant is subject to a

25-year sentence if he attempts to commit bank robbery and, “in attempting to

commit” the robbery, assaults any person or places any person’s life in jeopardy by

the use of a dangerous weapon. In order to support a conviction for an attempt to

commit a crime, the government must prove that the defendant had the specific

intent to commit the crime and “took actions that constituted a substantial step

toward the commission of [the] crime.” United States v. Yost, 479 F.3d 815, 819



                                          3
(11th Cir. 2007) (quotation and alteration omitted) (discussing conviction under 18

U.S.C. § 2422(b)).

      Under 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A), “any person who, during and in relation to

any crime of violence . . . uses or carries a firearm, or who, in furtherance of any

such crime, possesses a firearm, shall . . . be sentenced to a term of imprisonment

of not less than 5 years.” 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A)(i). “The government need only

show either that [a defendant] used or carried the firearm during and in relation to

the . . . crime, not both.” United States v. Timmons, 283 F.3d 1246, 1250 (11th

Cir. 2002). The word “carry,” as used in § 924(c), means “convey,” whether on

the defendant’s person or in a vehicle. Id. (citing Muscarello v. United States, 524

U.S. 125, 128 (1998)). The phrase “during and in relation to” means that the

firearm “must have some purpose or effect with respect to the . . . crime; its

presence or involvement cannot be the result of accident or coincidence.” Id. at

1251 (quotation omitted). “The gun at least must facilitate, or have the potential of

facilitating, the . . . offense.” Id. (internal quotation and bracket omitted).

      When weighing sufficiency of the evidence, “[i]t is not necessary that the

evidence exclude every reasonable hypothesis of innocence or be wholly

inconsistent with every conclusion except that of guilt, provided a reasonable trier




                                            4
of fact could find that the evidence establishes guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.”

United States v. Young, 906 F.2d 615, 618 (11th Cir. 1990).

      Here, the evidence is sufficient to support Perez’s conviction for Count 2,

which charged him with an attempt to commit bank robbery by assaulting a person

or placing her life in jeopardy on July 8. As the record shows, a police officer

testified at trial that after the attempted robbery, the police found at Publix a loaded

gun and two notes generally stating, “I have a gun and will use it if something goes

wrong.” During trial, Perez admitted that: (1) the gun found at Publix belonged to

him; (2) when he entered the bank on July 8, he paused to write a note and

attempted to show the note to the bank teller; and (3) he hid at least one threatening

note at Publix after the attempted robbery.       He further admitted that, when he

approached the bank teller’s station on July 8, he stood there with the note he had

written in one of his hands and with his bag next to him on the counter. Based on

this evidence, a juror could reasonably conclude that Perez carried a loaded gun

with him when he entered the bank on July 8, and that he was prepared to hand the

teller a note threatening to use a gun if she did not give him money. Id. Because a

juror could reasonably have found that Perez entered the bank with a loaded gun

and threatening note, a juror also reasonably could have found that Perez

specifically intended to assault someone or place their lives in danger by use of a



                                           5
weapon, and that he took a substantial step towards committing this offense. Yost,

479 F.3d at 819. This is especially true since we have held that a defendant’s use

of a gun during a bank robbery places other individuals’ lives in danger. United

States v. Tutt, 704 F.2d 1567, 1568 (11th Cir. 1983). Thus, the evidence was

sufficient to support Perez’s conviction for Count 2. Young, 906 F.2d at 618.

      The evidence was also sufficient to support his conviction for Count 3,

which charged him with carrying, possessing, or using a firearm in relation to or in

furtherance of the attempted bank robbery on July 8. While Perez testified that he

retrieved his gun from his truck after he left the bank, the jury was entitled to

conclude that this testimony was false. See United States v. Brown, 53 F.3d 312,

314-15 (11th Cir. 1995) (holding that where a defendant chooses to testify in his

own defense, the jury is entitled to conclude that the opposite of the defendant’s

testimony is true). In addition, a bank employee testified that she followed Perez

from the bank and into Publix, and she did not see or hear him enter a vehicle.

This evidence, in conjunction with Perez’s concession that the gun found at Publix

belonged to him, was sufficient to permit a reasonable juror to conclude that he

possessed or carried a gun when he attempted to rob the bank on July 8. Young,

906 F.2d at 618. Moreover, Perez attempted to hand the teller a note stating that he

would use the gun if he did not receive money. A reasonable juror therefore could



                                         6
have concluded that Perez’s gun related to or furthered his offense because its

presence ensured that the teller would give him money. Id. Accordingly, the

evidence was sufficient to sustain Perez’s conviction for Count 3. Id.1

       Next, while we are unpersuaded by Perez’s claim that the district court

clearly erred by imposing an obstruction-of-justice enhancement under U.S.S.G. §

3C1.1 for Count 2, we agree with Perez that the district court’s obstruction-of-

justice enhancement constituted plain error as to Count 1.2                 Under U.S.S.G. §

3C1.1, a district court may impose a two-level enhancement if it finds that the

defendant obstructed justice by, among other things, committing perjury. U.S.S.G.

§ 3C1.1, comment. (n.4(b)). We have explained that:

       The district court must make an independent factual finding that the
       defendant gave perjured testimony on a material matter in order to
       apply the enhancement. It is preferable that the district court make
       specific findings as to each instance of obstruction by identifying the
       materially false statements individually. It is sufficient, however, that



       1
         Perez’s claim that the government was required to prove that he used, possessed, and
carried a firearm in relation to and in furtherance of a crime of violence lacks merit because
under our precedent, the government was required to prove only that he used, carried, or
possessed a gun in relation to or in furtherance of the crime. See United States v. Cornillie, 92
F.3d 1108, 1110 (11th Cir. 1996) (“Where the language of a statute proscribes several means by
which the defendant might have committed a violation, the government may plead the offense
conjunctively and satisfy its burden of proof by any one of the means.”).
       2
          Because Perez failed to clearly articulate his objection to receiving an obstruction-of-
justice enhancement for Count 1 before the district court, we review this issue for plain error.
Jones, 899 F.2d at 1102-03; Hansley, 54 F.3d at 715. However, Perez properly preserved his
objection to receiving the enhancement for Count 2, which turns on his credibility, so we review
this issue for clear error. Banks, 347 F.3d at 1269.

                                                 7
      the district court makes a general finding of obstruction of justice that
      encompasses all of the factual predicates of perjury.

United States v. Vallejo, 297 F.3d 1154, 1168 (11th Cir. 2002) (quotation and

citations omitted). Thus, we have affirmed a district court’s decision to impose the

enhancement where the court adopted the PSI’s finding that the defendant’s

statement contradicted the testimony of other witnesses, and the record supported

this conclusion. United States v. Ellisor, 522 F.3d 1255, 1276-77 (11th Cir. 2008).

      For purposes of § 3C1.1, a matter is “material” where, “if believed, [it]

would tend to influence or affect the issue under determination.”           U.S.S.G.

§ 3C1.1, comment. (n.6); Ellisor, 522 F.3d at 1276 n.33.        The commentary to

§ 3C1.1 explains that the “provision is not intended to punish a defendant for the

exercise of a constitutional right.” U.S.S.G. § 3C1.1 comment. (n.2). Where a

defendant denies his guilt under oath in a manner that constitutes perjury, however,

the enhancement is appropriate. Id. A defendant commits perjury where he “gives

false testimony concerning a material matter with the willful intent to provide false

testimony, rather than as a result of confusion, mistake, or faulty memory.” United

States v. Dunnigan, 507 U.S. 87, 94 (1993).

      Here, the district court plainly erred in imposing an obstruction-of-justice

enhancement for Count 1 because it failed to make findings in support of its

decision to impose the enhancement. Vallejo, 297 F.3d at 1168. Although the

                                          8
court specifically found that Perez committed perjury when he testified that he

retrieved his gun from his truck immediately before he entered Publix on July 8,

this finding was not relevant to the June 4 robbery charged in Count 1. Instead of

making a specific finding for Count 1, the court generally stated that it found that

Perez should receive an enhancement for obstruction of justice as to this count.

However, this finding was not supported by the record because, at both the plea

colloquy and trial, Perez never made any statement indicating whether he carried a

gun on June 4, and was never even asked whether he carried a gun on June 4.

Dunnigan, 507 U.S. at 94. Nor was the district court’s general finding that Perez

obstructed justice in connection with Count 1 supported by factual findings set

forth in the PSI. See Ellisor, 522 F.3d at 1276-77. In sum, the district court erred

by failing to make “an independent factual finding that the defendant gave perjured

testimony on a material matter,” or “a general finding of obstruction of justice that

encompasses all of the factual predicates of perjury.” Vallejo, 297 F.3d 1168. And

because our controlling precedent requires a district court to make these findings in

support of an obstruction-of-justice enhancement, this error was plain. Id.; Lett,

483 F.3d at 790.

      Further, the error affected Perez’s substantial rights. If the district court had

not imposed an obstruction-of-justice enhancement as to Count 1, Perez’s total



                                          9
combined offense level would have been 26 instead of 28. A total offense level of

26, combined with Perez’s criminal history category of I, would have resulted in a

guideline range of 63 to 78 months’ imprisonment, whereas Perez’s offense level

of 28 yielded a guideline range of 78 to 97 months’ imprisonment. See U.S.S.G.,

Ch. 5, Pt. A.       Because the district court found that a sentence within Perez’s

guideline range was appropriate, the maximum sentence Perez would have

received for Groups 1 and 2, absent the district court’s error, was 78 months’

imprisonment. See id. After adding the 60-month consecutive sentence for Count

3, Perez would have received a maximum total imprisonment term of 138 months’

imprisonment -- 18 fewer months than the 156-month sentence he received.

Finally, this error seriously affected the fairness, integrity, and reputation of

judicial proceedings, especially in light of the court’s stated intention to sentence

Perez within his guideline range. See United States v. Bennett, 472 F.3d 825, 834

(11th Cir. 2006) (holding that a district court’s miscalculation of a defendant’s total

offense level may, depending on the district court’s stated intention, affect the

fairness of judicial proceedings for purposes of plain error review). Accordingly,

we vacate and remand as to the obstruction-of-justice enhancement for Count 1 so

that the district court may make further findings.3


       3
          Contrary to the government’s argument, it is unclear from the district court’s statement
-- that Perez’s refusal to admit that he carried a gun was inconsistent with telling the truth -- if

                                                 10
       Our review of the record also indicates, however, that the court did not

clearly err by imposing an obstruction-of-justice enhancement for Count 2. As the

record shows, the court supported the enhancement with its specific finding that

Perez committed perjury when he testified that he did not carry a gun when he

entered the bank on July 8. The court explained that, while Perez testified that he

retrieved the gun from his truck after he left the bank, this testimony was

contradicted by testimony offered by other witnesses. This finding was supported

by the record because the bank employee testified that she followed Perez from the

bank to Publix and did not see or hear him enter a vehicle. The district court

therefore did not clearly err in finding that Perez committed perjury in connection

with Count 2 and, as a result, did not err by imposing an enhancement for

obstruction of justice as to Count 2. U.S.S.G. § 3C1.1, comment. (n.4(b)).

       Lastly, we reject Perez’s claim that the district court erred by increasing

Perez’s offense level for making a death threat during the course of the bank

robbery.     Under the guidelines, a district court should increase a defendant’s



the court made this finding as to only Count 2 or both Count 1 and Count 2. As the record
shows, there was no evidence that Perez indicated, or was asked, whether he carried a gun during
the first robbery, which was charged in Count 1, and there was no evidence that Perez had
carried a gun during the first robbery -- indeed, earlier in the hearing, the district court described
Perez’s crimes as “rob[bing] the same the bank twice, . . . the second time with a firearm.”
(Emphasis added). Thus, it is not clear when, or whether, Perez made a false statement that
contradicted any factual finding by the court that he carried a gun during the first robbery.
Dunnigan, 507 U.S. at 94.

                                                 11
offense level by two levels “if a threat of death was made” during the offense.

U.S.S.G. § 2B3.1(b)(2)(F). The increase may apply even where the defendant does

not expressly state his intent to kill the victim. Id., comment. (n.6). The standard

for determining whether a death threat increase should apply is whether a

reasonable person who was the victim of the offense would fear death. Murphy,

306 F.3d at 1089.

      Here, Perez engaged in conduct that would have caused a reasonable person

to fear death within the meaning of § 2B3.1(b)(2)(F). Like the defendant in

Murphy, Perez did not expressly threaten to kill an individual, but handed a bank

teller a note demanding money and stating that he had a gun. 306 F.3d at 1089.

While Perez argues that he should not have received an increase for making a death

threat because the bank teller did not completely read his note or testify that she

feared death, these facts are irrelevant because Murphy held that the relevant

question is whether the defendant’s acts would have caused a reasonable person to

fear death. Id. We thus affirm the district court’s finding that Perez was subject to

a two-level increase under § 2B3.1(b)(2)(F).

      VACATED AND REMANDED IN PART; AFFIRMED IN PART.




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