[Cite as State v. Goss, 2012-Ohio-1951.]


                 Court of Appeals of Ohio
                                EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                   COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA


                               JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION
                                       No. 97348


                                       STATE OF OHIO
                                                      PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE

                                                vs.

                                       DOUGLAS GOSS
                                                      DEFENDANT-APPELLANT




                                           JUDGMENT:
                                            AFFIRMED



                                     Criminal Appeal from the
                              Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas
                                       Case No. CR-547141

        BEFORE:            Boyle, P.J., Sweeney, J., and Keough, J.

        RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED:                       May 3, 2012
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ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT

Robert L. Tobik
Cuyahoga County Public Defender

BY: David M. King
        Erika B. Cunliffe
Assistant Public Defenders
310 Lakeside Avenue
Suite 200
Cleveland, Ohio 44113


ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE

William D. Mason
Cuyahoga County Prosecutor

BY: Margaret A. Troia
Assistant County Prosecutor
Justice Center - 9th Floor
1200 Ontario Street
Cleveland, Ohio 44113

Amey L. Tucker
Gittel Chaiko
Assistant County Prosecutors
9300 Quincy Avenue - 4th Floor
Cleveland, Ohio 44106
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MARY J. BOYLE, P.J.:

        {¶1} Defendant-appellant, Douglas Goss, appeals his conviction for burglary,

claiming that it was against the manifest weight of the evidence. Finding no merit to his

appeal, we affirm.

        {¶2} Goss was indicted on three counts — burglary, vandalism, and possession

of criminal tools.   He pleaded not guilty, and the case proceeded to a bench trial.   After

the state rested, the trial court granted Goss’s Crim.R. 29 motion with respect to

vandalism, and the state dismissed the possession of criminal tools charge. After Goss

rested, the trial court found him guilty of burglary and sentenced him to one year in

prison. It also notified him that he would be subject to three years of postrelease control.

 It is from this judgment that Goss appeals.

                                        Bench Trial

        {¶3} The state presented two witnesses,       Kimberly Morris and Officer Timothy

Ward.    Morris called the police after she heard noises in her father’s building when she

was visiting it on a Sunday morning in February 2011. When Officer Ward arrived, he

also heard the noises, which he said sounded like metal “knocking and banging.”

Officer Ward entered the basement of the building and found Goss there.       Officer Ward
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testified that he “searched the building further to see if there was anyone else,” but he did

not see anyone else.

        {¶4} Morris testified that her father owned the building. The first floor of the

building, which contained two storefronts, had been boarded up many years before the

burglary.    Morris’s father used the first floor for storage.   The second floor, however,

contained two apartments, one of which had still been occupied as recently as October

2010.    Morris said her cousin had lived in one of the apartments until that time.

Morris’s cousin still received mail at the property, and had left several belongings there,

including a bedroom set, a bicycle, and some clothing.      Morris explained that her father

intended to rent the apartment that her cousin had lived in once her cousin had removed

all of her belongings and they repaired some things.

        {¶5} Morris testified that she stopped by the property at least once a week to

check on it.    She had been there the day before the burglary and removed a ladder that

someone had placed in the back to get into the basement. She said that her sister stops

by frequently and her cousin stops by several times a week to get her mail.

        {¶6} Morris testified that the heat to the building had been turned off when her

cousin moved out, but said that they never turned off the electricity. Two days prior to

discovering Goss in the building, however, someone had removed the electrical wires to

the house.

        {¶7} Goss testified on his own behalf.         Goss testified that he went to the
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building to help his friend who was “squatting” there. Goss said he helped his friend

place milk crates near the basement so that he could enter it.    Goss testified that his

friend had a mattress and candles in the basement.       Goss agreed that he did not

immediately tell the police about his friend. Goss said that he did not intend to steal

anything or do any damage to the building.

                            Manifest Weight of the Evidence

      {¶8} In his sole assignment of error, Goss argues that his burglary conviction was

against the manifest weight of the evidence.

      {¶9} In reviewing a claim challenging the manifest weight of the evidence,

      [t]he question to be answered is whether there is substantial evidence upon
      which a jury could reasonably conclude that all the elements have been
      proved beyond a reasonable doubt. In conducting this review, we must
      examine the entire record, weigh the evidence and all reasonable inferences,
      consider the credibility of the witnesses, and determine whether the jury
      clearly lost its way and created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that
      the conviction must be reversed and a new trial ordered. (Internal quotes
      and citations omitted.)        State v. Leonard, 104 Ohio St.3d 54,
      2004-Ohio-6235, 818 N.E.2d 229, ¶ 81.

      {¶10} Goss was convicted of R.C. 2911.12(A)(3), which provides that

      No person, by force, stealth, or deception, shall * * * [t]respass in an
      occupied structure or in a separately secured or separately occupied portion
      of an occupied structure, with purpose to commit in the structure or
      separately secured or separately occupied portion of the structure any
      criminal offense.

      {¶11} “Occupied structure” is defined in part as

      any house, building, * * * or other structure, * * * or any portion thereof,
      [that] is maintained as a permanent or temporary dwelling, even though it is
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       temporarily unoccupied and whether or not any person is actually present.
       R.C. 2901.01(C).

       {¶12} In State v. Green, 18 Ohio App.3d 69, 480 N.E.2d 1128 (10th Dist.1984),

the defendant was convicted of burglary.    He argued that the state failed to prove that the

home was an occupied structure.     The owner of the home had moved out three months

prior to the burglary, but returned to the house regularly to remove articles he had left

there and to clean it and make repairs.   The Green court stated:

               It is obvious that the General Assembly, in adopting the definition of
       “occupied structure” found in R.C. 2909.01, intended to broaden the
       concept of the offense of burglary from one of an offense against the
       security of habitation, to one concerned with the serious risk of harm
       created by the actual or likely presence of a person in a structure of any
       nature. In that context, it is noteworthy that the General Assembly utilized
       the word “maintained” in division (A), as opposed to “occupied,” although
       it did use that latter word in division (B), which deals with structures other
       than dwellings. We believe that the distinction between “maintained” and
       “occupied” is significant, in the sense that the former alludes more to the
       character or type of use for which the dwelling is intended to be subjected,
       whereas the latter is more closely related to the actual use to which the
       structure is presently being subjected.

              Thus, a structure which is dedicated and intended for
                    residential use, and which is not presently
                    occupied as a person’s habitation, but, which
                    has neither been permanently abandoned nor
                    vacant for a prolonged period of time, can be
                    regarded as a structure “maintained” as a
                    dwelling within the meaning of division (A).
                    In this context, then, division (A) includes a
                    dwelling whose usual occupant is absent on
                    prolonged vacation, a dwelling whose usual
                    occupant is receiving long-term care in a
                    nursing home, a summer cottage, or a residential
                    rental unit which is temporarily vacant. In all
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                     these examples, even though the dwelling is not
                     being presently occupied as a place of
                     habitation, that situation is temporary, and
                     persons are likely to be present from time to
                     time to look after the property — to help
                     “maintain” its character as a dwelling. Id. at
                     71-72.

       {¶13} In State v. Turner, 8th Dist. No. 86916, 2006-Ohio-4098, this court found

that a foreclosed home that the owner had vacated was an “occupied structure.”       The

home went into foreclosure and the owner left sometime in the summer of 2004.          In

January 2005, the defendant broke into the home.         Relying on Green, this court

explained:

               As noted by the trial court, testimony at trial revealed that the
       Berkshire Road home was a residential home on a residential street.
       Although the home was in foreclosure, and the record title holder was not
       living at the home, there is no evidence that the property had been
       permanently abandoned. Instead, testimony revealed that the property was
       under the control of HUD, and that Michaelson, Connor & Boul was
       actively managing the property for HUD. In addition, Mr. Middleton-Bey
       testified that both he and other neighbors looked after the house and mowed
       the grass. Therefore, the testimony at trial was replete with evidence that
       the residence had not been permanently abandoned, and that neighbors were
       monitoring the property. As such, the structure could qualify as an
       occupied structure. Id. at ¶ 20.

       {¶14} Goss does not challenge this law, or claim that the state failed to present

sufficient evidence to prove the elements of burglary beyond a reasonable doubt.     Goss

contends, however, that the trial court judge, as the trier of fact, lost his way when he

determined that Goss entered the building with a criminal intent, and when he found the

building to be an occupied structure.
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       {¶15} In challenging the manifest weight of the evidence regarding these two

elements of burglary, Goss questions the credibility of Officer Ward and Morris. He

claims Officer Ward’s testimony that he searched the entire building “far fetched” and

thus, “it was quite plausible that another individual was on the property that day.” And

he asserts that Morris’s testimony “defies logic,” contending that the photos that were

admitted into evidence “depict a property where it is unlikely that anyone could live

[there], let alone recently.”

       {¶16} This court, however, is mindful that the weight of the evidence and the

credibility of witnesses are matters primarily for the trier of fact, and a reviewing court

must not reverse a verdict where the trier of fact could reasonably conclude from

substantial evidence that the state has proven the offense beyond a reasonable doubt.

State v. DeHass, 10 Ohio St.2d 230, 227 N.E.2d 212 (1967), paragraphs one and two of

the syllabus.   The question is whether a new trial is mandated.   A new trial is mandated

only in the “exceptional case in which the evidence weighs heavily against a conviction.”

 State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 387, 678 N.E.2d 541 (1997). We do not find

this to be the exceptional case.

       {¶17} We further conclude that the trial court did not lose its way regarding Goss’s

criminal intent to enter the building. From the facts of this case, it can be inferred that

Goss’s purpose in trespassing in the Morris building was to commit a theft offense or a

felony.   Circumstantial evidence has the same value as direct evidence. State v. Nicely,
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39 Ohio St.3d 147, 151, 529 N.E.2d 1236 (1988).                 Circumstantial evidence was

presented that Goss entered the basement of the building by placing milk crates where a

basement door used to exist so that he could climb down into it.            Moreover, Officer

Ward and Morris heard a lot of noise, metallic banging and knocking, creating a

reasonable inference that pipes were being removed from the building.            The property

had already been vandalized many times.        In State v. Flowers, 16 Ohio App.3d 313, 315,

475 N.E.2d 790 (10th Dist.1984), the court stated, “[T]here is a reasonable inference that

one who forcibly enters a dwelling * * * does so with the intent to commit a theft offense

in the absence of circumstances giving rise to a different inference.”      In this case, it was

reasonable for the trial court judge to infer that Goss broke into the building to commit a

theft offense, especially considering the metallic banging that Officer Ward and Morris

heard.

         {¶18} Goss’s sole assignment of error is overruled.

         {¶19} Judgment affirmed.

         It is ordered that appellee recover of appellant costs herein taxed.

         The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

         It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this court directing the common

pleas court to carry this judgment into execution. The defendant’s conviction having

been affirmed, any bail pending appeal is terminated.        Case remanded to the trial court

for execution of sentence.
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      A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27 of

the Rules of Appellate Procedure.




MARY J. BOYLE, PRESIDING JUDGE

JAMES J. SWEENEY, J., and
KATHLEEN ANN KEOUGH, J., CONCUR
