                                                                                         05/02/2019
        IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                         AT NASHVILLE
                          Assigned on Briefs March 20, 2019

            STATE OF TENNESSEE v. GEREMY PAUL MATHIS

                  Appeal from the Circuit Court for Coffee County
                       No. 40880 L. Craig Johnson, Judge
                     ___________________________________

                           No. M2018-01139-CCA-R3-CD
                       ___________________________________

A Coffee County jury convicted the Defendant, Geremy Paul Mathis, of felony failure to
appear, and the trial court sentenced him to three and a half years in confinement. On
appeal, the Defendant asserts that: (1) the trial court improperly admitted his prior
convictions; (2) the evidence is insufficient to support his conviction; and (3) the trial
court abused its discretion when sentencing him to serve three and a half years in
confinement. After review, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.

  Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Circuit Court Affirmed

ROBERT W. WEDEMEYER, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which J. ROSS DYER,
J., joined. NORMA MCGEE OGLE, J., concurring in results only.

Christopher R. Stanford, Manchester, Tennessee, for the appellant, Geremy Paul Mathis.

Herbert H. Slatery III, Attorney General and Reporter; Katherine C. Redding, Assistant
Attorney General; C. Craig Northcott, District Attorney General, for the appellee, State of
Tennessee.

                                       OPINION
                                        I. Facts

        This case arises from the Defendant’s failure to appear to a court summons related
to a felony offense. A Coffee County grand jury indicted the Defendant on felony failure
to appear based upon his absence from court on December 12, 2013. At trial, the parties
presented the following evidence: On December 1, 2013, Tullahoma Police Department
Officer George Dodson stopped a vehicle based upon a traffic violation. During the
course of the stop, Officer Dodson developed probable cause that the Defendant, the
passenger in the vehicle, was engaged in a separate felony crime. As a result, Officer
Dodson obtained a warrant that he served on the Defendant. At that time, he advised the
Defendant about his initial court date for the charge on December 12, 2013, and the bond.
The warrant was introduced into evidence.

       Kim Thomas, a General Sessions Circuit Court Clerk’s Office employee,
explained that employees from the Clerk’s office attend court and document who attends
based upon the court docket. These records are maintained by the Clerk’s Office. Based
on the court records, Ms. Thomas confirmed that the Defendant’s case was docketed for
December 12, 2013, but that the Defendant did not appear in court. As a result, the trial
court ordered “a forfeiture with no bond.”

      Neither Officer Dodson nor Ms. Thomas were in the courtroom on the day the
Defendant was alleged to have failed to appear to his court summons. Benjamin Fugerer,
employed by Freebird Bail Bonds, testified that he was present in court on December 12,
2013. Mr. Fugerer confirmed that the Defendant was his client. Freebird Bail Bonds had
posted the Defendant’s bond on December 1, 2013, for a felony charge. When Mr.
Fugerer posted the bond for the Defendant, he told the Defendant to be in court on
December 12, 2013, at 9:00 a.m. Mr. Fugerer was in the general sessions courtroom on
December 12 by 9:00 a.m. and present for the docket call. Mr. Fugerer testified that the
Defendant was not present during the docket call and, to his knowledge, did not appear at
any time in court on December 12, 2013. The trial court issued a forfeiture, and the
prosecutor instructed Mr. Fugerer to obtain a failure to appear warrant and serve the
Defendant.

       Mr. Furgerer obtained the warrant and found the Defendant at around 3:00 p.m. in
Tullahoma, “close to Dossett Apartments.” The Defendant told Mr. Furgerer that “he
was running late to court.” The Defendant offered no other explanation for his absence.
Mr. Furgerer transported the Defendant to jail. While at the jail, the Defendant told Mr.
Furgerer that he was concerned that his bond would be revoked if he had shown up in
court.

       During a jury out hearing, after the Defendant indicated that he would testify, the
State informed the trial court of its intent to use five prior felony convictions for
impeachment purposes and “to demonstrate [the Defendant] knows the court process and
that he knows to be in court and how that works, and . . . he’s not unfamiliar with the
system.” The State sought to use a 2005 Community Supervision for Life violation, a
2006 Sex Offender Registry violation, a 2011 Community Supervision for Life violation,
a 1994 rape conviction, and the felony case for which the Defendant failed to appear.
The Defendant asserted that the introduction of the convictions would unfairly prejudice
him. The trial court considered whether the probative value of the convictions
outweighed the prejudicial effect and found that the introduction of prior unnamed
felonies was admissible to show that the Defendant had prior court experience and was
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familiar with court proceedings. The trial court limited the State’s questions by ordering
the State to reference the offenses generally as felony offenses rather than the specific
offense such as rape.

        The Defendant testified that he spent the night at “Mandy’s house” “over by
Dossett” on the night before his court date. He got up at 7:15 a.m., called “his ride” and
began preparing to leave the house. On the way to the court house, the car “made some
loud noise” where “the dumpsters are between Tullahoma and Manchester.” The
Defendant said that he exited the car and found that “the front bumper had come up under
the car and was dragging at the bottom of the car.” The Defendant called the clerk’s
office to notify the court of the “car trouble.” According to the Defendant, the clerk told
the Defendant, “it was okay, to make sure [you] show up today.”

       The Defendant testified that he contacted a friend, Jerry Baker, to fix the car but
after waiting for an hour to an hour and a half for Mr. Baker to arrive, he “got back into
the car and drove to [Mr. Baker’s] house.” He knocked on Mr. Baker’s front door and
learned from Mr. Baker’s wife that he “was in bed still.” The Defendant said that he told
Mr. Baker he needed to be in court and had to have the car fixed. Mr. Baker told the
Defendant to go “in the garage” and fix it, so the Defendant used “zip ties” to “tie the
bumper up.”

       With the intention to still go to court, the Defendant returned to “Mandy’s house”
to clean up after working on the car. When he exited the bathroom, Mr. Fugerer was
there. The Defendant explained to Mr. Fugerer that he was late but on his way to court,
and Mr. Fugerer drove him to jail.

       On cross-examination, the Defendant testified that he knew about the December
12, 2013 court date and that he was to be in court at 9:00 a.m. He agreed that he was not
in court on that date. He stated that he did not know the name of the clerk he spoke to on
the phone about his delay due to car trouble. The Defendant confirmed that he was
familiar with the court system based upon felony convictions accrued over the past
twenty years. He confirmed the years he received each of five felony convictions.

       Based upon this evidence, the jury convicted the Defendant of felony failure to
appear. At a subsequent sentencing hearing, the State submitted the presentence report
and asked that the trial court sentence the Defendant as a Range II, multiple offender for
the Class E felony failure to appear conviction. The State noted that the presentence
report indicated that the Defendant had five prior felony convictions and seventeen
misdemeanor convictions, although only four of the prior felony convictions qualified as
a basis for sentencing the Defendant as a multiple offender. The State advised the trial
court that the Defendant had been arrested four times since the arrest for the failure to
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appear charge. Finally, the State argued that, based upon the Defendant’s criminal
history and failed attempts to serve alternative sentences, the trial court should sentence
the Defendant to serve four years in the Department of Correction.

       The Defendant conceded that he qualified as a Range II, multiple offender but
asked the trial court to consider, in mitigation, the Defendant’s difficult childhood, drug
use at a young age, the Defendant’s need for drug treatment, the Defendant’s minor
children, and that no one suffered serious bodily injury due to his criminal conduct in this
case. The Defendant also asserted that there was a reasonable excuse for his absence
from court and that the crime was committed under unusual circumstances that did not
exhibit a sustained attempt to violate the law. The Defendant requested an alternative
sentence involving drug treatment and supervised probation.

       In a written order, the trial court sentenced the Defendant to three and a half years
in confinement. The order stated that the trial court had considered the evidence
presented at the trial and at the sentencing hearing, the presentence report, the principles
of sentencing and arguments related to sentencing alternatives, the nature of the criminal
conduct, the mitigating and enhancement factors argued by the parties, statistical
information provided by the Administrative Office of the Courts, and the Defendant’s
potential for rehabilitation.

       The trial court found applicable: enhancement factor (1), the Defendant’s
extensive criminal history; enhancement factor (8), the Defendant’s failure to comply
with conditions of a sentence involving release in the community; and enhancement
factor (13), the Defendant was released on bail at the time he committed the failure to
appear. T.C.A. § 40-35-114. The trial court also found applicable: mitigating factor (1),
that the Defendant’s conduct did not cause or threaten serious bodily injury; and (13) the
Defendant’s troubled childhood that resulted in addiction problems. T.C.A. § 40-35-
113.

        The trial court, in denying an alternative sentence, considered the Defendant’s
lengthy criminal history, the Defendant’s lack of potential for rehabilitation, his past
failed attempts at probation conditions, and the risk of future criminal conduct was great.
Based upon these considerations, the trial court ordered the Defendant to serve three and
a half years in the Department of Correction. It is from this judgment that the Defendant
appeals.

                                       II. Analysis




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        On appeal, the Defendant asserts that: (1) the trial court improperly admitted his
prior convictions; (2) the evidence is insufficient to support his conviction; and (3) the
trial court abused its discretion when sentencing him to serve three and a half years in
confinement.

                           A. Admission of Prior Convictions

       The Defendant asserts that the trial court violated Tennessee Rule of Evidence
609(a), when he allowed the State to question him about five prior felony convictions.
The State responds that the State did not offer the prior convictions for impeachment
purposes, but to establish intent and absence of mistake by showing that the Defendant
was familiar with the court system and knew the importance of appearing for court. The
State asserts that, because the State did not use the prior conviction for impeachment
purposes, the trial court properly admitted the convictions pursuant Tennessee Rule of
Evidence 404(b). We agree with the State.

       Tennessee Rule of Evidence 609 provides that the credibility of a defendant may be
attacked by presenting evidence of prior convictions if certain conditions are met. In this
case, however, the record is clear that the State sought to show intent and absence of
mistake by showing the Defendant’s familiarity with the court system. As such, we agree
with the State that the applicable rule in this case is Tennessee Rule of Evidence 404(b).
Because the convictions were not used for impeachment purposes, Tennessee Rule of
Evidence 609 is not applicable, and the Defendant is not entitled to relief on that basis.

       Our review of the record reveals that the trial court complied with the
requirements of Tennessee Rule of Evidence 404(b) in admitting the convictions.
Relevant evidence is admissible unless “its probative value is substantially outweighed
by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading the jury, or by
considerations of undue delay, waste of time, or needless presentation of cumulative
evidence.” Tenn. R. Evid. 402, 403. Rule of Evidence 404 prohibits evidence of other
crimes, wrongs, or acts offered to show a character trait in order to prove that a defendant
acted in conformity with that character trait. Tenn. R. Evid. 404(b). The trial court may
admit the evidence for non-character purposes if four conditions are met:
       (1) The court upon request must hold a hearing outside the jury’s presence;

       (2) The court must determine that a material issue exists other than conduct
       conforming with a character trait and must upon request state on the record
       the material issue, the ruling, and the reasons for admitting the evidence;

       (3) The court must find proof of the other crime, wrong, or act to be clear
       and convincing; and
                                           -5-
       (4) The court must exclude the evidence if its probative value is outweighed
       by the danger of unfair prejudice.

Tenn. R. Evid. 404(b). If a trial court “substantially complies” with these requirements,
this court will review for an abuse of discretion. State v. McCary, 119 S.W.3d 226, 244
(Tenn.Crim.App.2003) (citing State v. DuBose, 953 S.W.2d 649, 652 (Tenn.1997)). If
the evidence sought to be admitted is relevant to an issue other than the accused’s
character, such as identity, motive, common scheme, intent, or rebuttal of accident or
mistake, it may be admitted for that purpose so long as the danger of unfair prejudice
does not outweigh the probative value. Tenn. R. Evid. 404(b), Advisory Comm’n Cmts.;
McCary, 119 S.W.3d at 243.

        In this case, the trial court held a hearing outside the presence of the jury where
both parties made arguments as to the admissibility of the Defendant’s five prior felony
convictions. The trial court found, on the record, that the material issue warranting
admission of the convictions was proving the required mens rea based upon the
Defendant’s prior court experience. Although the trial court did not specifically address
the State’s proof as to the prior convictions, it implicitly found the convictions submitted
by the State were valid convictions. The trial court found that the probative value of the
convictions outweighed the prejudicial effect and allowed the State to question the
Defendant about his prior convictions without naming the specific offense. The trial
court substantially complied with the requirements of Rule 404(b) and, therefore, we
review under an abuse of discretion standard. In our view, the trial court did not abuse its
discretion in admitting the convictions. The State is required to prove that the Defendant
acted “knowingly” as an element of the offense of failure to appear and the evidence
presented at trial regarding the Defendant’s mens rea was not so overwhelming as to
make the convictions “needless.” See Tenn. R. Evid 403. The Defendant is not entitled
to relief on this issue.

                             B. Sufficiency of the Evidence

       The Defendant argues that the evidence is insufficient to support his conviction.
Specifically, he contends that he presented evidence of his lack of transportation as a
reasonable excuse for his failure to appear, and the State failed to rebut this testimony.
The State responds that the evidence is more than sufficient to sustain his conviction. We
agree.

       When an accused challenges the sufficiency of the evidence, this Court’s standard
of review is whether, after considering the evidence in the light most favorable to the
State, “any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime
                                           -6-
beyond a reasonable doubt.” Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979); see Tenn. R.
App. P. 13(e); State v. Goodwin, 143 S.W.3d 771, 775 (Tenn. 2004) (citing State v. Reid,
91 S.W.3d 247, 276 (Tenn. 2002)). This standard applies to findings of guilt based upon
direct evidence, circumstantial evidence, or a combination of both direct and
circumstantial evidence. State v. Pendergrass, 13 S.W.3d 389, 392-93 (Tenn. Crim. App.
1999) (citing State v. Dykes, 803 S.W.2d 250, 253 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1990)). In the
absence of direct evidence, a criminal offense may be established exclusively by
circumstantial evidence. Duchac v. State, 505 S.W.2d 237, 241 (Tenn. 1973). “The jury
decides the weight to be given to circumstantial evidence, and ‘[t]he inferences to be
drawn from such evidence, and the extent to which the circumstances are consistent with
guilt and inconsistent with innocence, are questions primarily for the jury.’” State v.
Rice, 184 S.W.3d 646, 662 (Tenn. 2006) (quoting Marable v. State, 313 S.W.2d 451, 457
(Tenn. 1958)). “The standard of review [for sufficiency of the evidence] ‘is the same
whether the conviction is based upon direct or circumstantial evidence.’” State v.
Dorantes, 331 S.W.3d 370, 379 (Tenn. 2011) (quoting State v. Hanson, 279 S.W.3d 265,
275 (Tenn. 2009)).

       In determining the sufficiency of the evidence, this Court should not re-weigh or
reevaluate the evidence. State v. Matthews, 805 S.W.2d 776, 779 (Tenn. Crim. App.
1990). Nor may this Court substitute its inferences for those drawn by the trier of fact
from the evidence. State v. Buggs, 995 S.W.2d 102, 105 (Tenn. 1999) (citing Liakas v.
State, 286 S.W.2d 856, 859 (Tenn. 1956)). “Questions concerning the credibility of
witnesses, the weight and value to be given the evidence, as well as all factual issues
raised by the evidence are resolved by the trier of fact.” State v. Bland, 958 S.W.2d 651,
659 (Tenn. 1997). “A guilty verdict by the jury, approved by the trial judge, accredits the
testimony of the witnesses for the State and resolves all conflicts in favor of the theory of
the State.” State v. Grace, 493 S.W.2d 474, 476 (Tenn. 1973). The Tennessee Supreme
Court stated the rationale for this rule:

       This well-settled rule rests on a sound foundation. The trial judge and the
       jury see the witnesses face to face, hear their testimony and observe their
       demeanor on the stand. Thus the trial judge and jury are the primary
       instrumentality of justice to determine the weight and credibility to be
       given to the testimony of witnesses. In the trial forum alone is there human
       atmosphere and the totality of the evidence cannot be reproduced with a
       written record in this Court.

Bolin v. State, 405 S.W.2d 768, 771 (Tenn. 1966) (citing Carroll v. State, 370 S.W.2d
523, 527 (Tenn. 1963)). This Court must afford the State of Tennessee the “‘strongest
legitimate view of the evidence’” contained in the record, as well as “‘all reasonable and
legitimate inferences’” that may be drawn from the evidence. Goodwin, 143 S.W.3d at
                                          -7-
775 (quoting State v. Smith, 24 S.W.3d 274, 279 (Tenn. 2000)). Because a verdict of
guilt against a defendant removes the presumption of innocence and raises a presumption
of guilt, the convicted criminal defendant bears the burden of showing that the evidence
was legally insufficient to sustain a guilty verdict. State v. Carruthers, 35 S.W.3d 516,
557-58 (Tenn. 2000) (citations omitted).

       The Defendant was convicted of a violation of Tennessee Code Annotated section
39-16-609, which provides that “[i]t is unlawful for any person to knowingly fail to
appear as directed by a lawful authority if the person . . . [h]as been lawfully released
from custody, with or without bail, on condition of subsequent appearance at an official
proceeding . . . at a specified time or place[.]” T.C.A. § 39-16-609(a)(4) (2014). The
statute further provides: “It is a defense to prosecution under this section that . . . [t]he
person had a reasonable excuse for failure to appear at the specified time and place.” Id.
§ 39-16-609(b)(2).

        The evidence, considered in the light most favorable to the State, showed that the
Defendant was told by Officer Dodson and Mr. Fugerer about the December 12, 2013
court date. The Defendant testified that he knew he was to be in court on December 12,
2013, at 9:00 a.m. and that he was not present. The Defendant was released on bail on
condition of his appearance at the December 12, 2013 court appearance. The Defendant
testified about his absence from court due to the bumper of a borrowed car dragging the
pavement, his hour and half wait for Mr. Baker to repair the car before driving to Mr.
Baker’s house and repairing the car by himself. The jury heard this testimony as well as
Mr. Fugerer’s testimony that the Defendant made no mention of car difficulty when he
apprehended the Defendant at 3:00 p.m. in the afternoon. The Defendant only mentioned
that he was late. By its verdict, the jury concluded that the Defendant’s reason for not
appearing was not reasonable. All questions involving the credibility of witnesses, the
weight and value to be given the evidence, and all factual issues are resolved by the trier
of fact, not the appellate courts. See State v. Pappas, 754 S.W.2d 620, 623 (Tenn. Crim.
App. 1987).

       Accordingly, we conclude that a rationale jury could find, beyond a reasonable
doubt that the Defendant knowingly failed to appear at an official proceeding as directed
by a lawful authority when he was “lawfully released from custody, with or without bail,
on condition of subsequent appearance at an official proceeding . . . at a specified time or
place.” T.C.A. § 39-16-609(a)(4). The Defendant is not entitled to relief.

                                      C. Sentencing

       The Defendant asserts that his sentence is excessive in light of the circumstances
in this case and that the trial court did not give sufficient weight to the applicable
                                            -8-
mitigating factors or his request for drug rehabilitation. The State responds that the
Defendant has failed to establish the impropriety of his sentence.

       Appellate review of sentences is under the abuse of discretion standard with a
presumption of reasonableness. State v. Bise, 380 S.W.3d 682, 708 (2012); see also State
v. Caudle, 388 S.W.3d 273, 278-79 (Tenn. 2012). A finding of abuse of discretion
“‘reflects that the trial court’s logic and reasoning was improper when viewed in light of
the factual circumstances and relevant legal principles involved in a particular case.’”
State v. Shaffer, 45 S.W.3d 553, 555 (Tenn. 2001) (quoting State v. Moore, 6 S.W.3d
235, 242 (Tenn. 1999)).

       To find an abuse of discretion, the record must be void of any substantial evidence
that would support the trial court’s decision. Id.; State v. Grear, 568 S.W.2d 285, 286
(Tenn. 1978); State v. Delp, 614 S.W.2d 395, 398 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1980). In the
context of sentencing, as long as the trial court places the sentence within the appropriate
range and properly applies the purposes and principles of the Sentencing Act, this court
must presume the sentence to be reasonable. Bise, at 704-07. As the Bise Court stated,
“[a] sentence should be upheld so long as it is within the appropriate range and the record
demonstrates that the sentence is otherwise in compliance with the purposes and
principles listed by statute.” Id. at 708. We are also to recognize that the defendant bears
“the burden of showing that the sentence is improper.” State v. Ashby, 823 S.W.2d 166,
169 (Tenn. 1991).

        In determining the proper sentence, the trial court must consider: (1) the evidence,
if any, received at the trial and the sentencing hearing; (2) the presentence report; (3) the
principles of sentencing and arguments as to sentencing alternatives; (4) the nature and
characteristics of the criminal conduct involved; (5) evidence and information offered by
the parties on the mitigating and enhancement factors set out in Tennessee Code
Annotated sections 40-35-113 and -114; (6) any statistical information provided by the
administrative office of the courts as to sentencing practices for similar offenses in
Tennessee; and (7) any statement the defendant made in the defendant’s own behalf
about sentencing. See T.C.A. § 40-35-210 (2014); State v. Taylor, 63 S.W.3d 400, 411
(Tenn. Crim. App. 2001).

      In determining a specific sentence within a range of punishment, the trial court
should consider, but is not bound by, the following advisory guidelines:

       (1) The minimum sentence within the range of punishment is the sentence
       that should be imposed, because the general assembly set the minimum
       length of sentence for each felony class to reflect the relative seriousness of
       each criminal offense in the felony classifications; and
                                            -9-
       (2) The sentence length within the range should be adjusted, as appropriate,
       by the presence or absence of mitigating and enhancement factors set out in
       §§ 40-35-113 and 40-35-114.

T.C.A. § 40-35-210(c) (2014).

        Although the trial court should also consider enhancement and mitigating factors,
these factors are advisory only. See T.C.A. § 40-35-114 (2012); see also Bise, 380
S.W.3d at 699 n.33, 704; State v. Carter, 254 S.W.3d 335, 343 (Tenn. 2008). We note
that “a trial court’s weighing of various mitigating and enhancement factors [is] left to the
trial court’s sound discretion.” Carter, 254 S.W.3d at 345. In other words, “the trial
court is free to select any sentence within the applicable range so long as the length of the
sentence is ‘consistent with the purposes and principles of [the Sentencing Act].’” Id. at
343. A trial court’s “misapplication of an enhancement or mitigating factor does not
invalidate the sentence imposed unless the trial court wholly departed from the 1989 Act,
as amended in 2005.” Bise, 380 S.W.3d at 706. “[Appellate Courts are] bound by a trial
court’s decision as to the length of the sentence imposed so long as it is imposed in a
manner consistent with the purposes and principles set out in sections -102 and -103 of
the Sentencing Act.” Carter, 254 S.W.3d at 346.

       In determining the Defendant’s sentence the trial court considered the evidence
from trial and the sentencing hearing, the presentence report, the principles of sentencing
and arguments as to sentencing alternatives, the nature and characteristics of the criminal
conduct involved, argument related to mitigating and enhancement factors, and statistical
information provided by the Administrative Office of the Courts as to sentencing
practices for similar offenses in Tennessee. The trial court sentenced the Defendant as a
Range II, multiple offender for a Class E felony, failure to appear conviction. A Range II
sentence for a Class E felony is between two and four years. The trial court ordered a
sentence of three and a half years.

       The trial court found applicable enhancement factors (1), (8), and (13). The
Defendant does not contest the enhancement factors but argues that the trial court did not
give “sufficient weight to mitigating factors (1), that the conduct did not cause or threaten
serious bodily injury; and (13) the Defendant’s troubled childhood that resulted in
addiction problems. T.C.A. § 40-35-113.

      The record in this case shows that the trial court considered the principles and
purposes of sentencing and imposed a sentence within the applicable range. As to the
Defendant’s claim that the trial court did not give sufficient weight to mitigating factors,
as we stated above, the claim that a trial court improperly weighed the enhancement and
                                           - 10 -
mitigating factors is no longer a ground for appeal. Carter, 254 S.W.3d at 344. The
record evinces that the trial court considered and then stated on the record the
enhancement and mitigating factors considered and the reasons for imposing the
sentence. The trial court did not abuse its discretion by imposing the within range
sentence of three and a half years.

       The Defendant argues that the crime “did not involve severe or brutal
circumstances” and that the trial court did not give “any regard to his request for drug
rehabilitation.” Our review, however, showed that he trial court specifically considered
and applied mitigating factor (1), that the Defendant’s conduct did not cause serious
bodily injury. Likewise, the trial court specifically acknowledged the Defendant’s
difficult childhood and its contribution to his current drug issues, but it ordered
incarceration due to concern over the Defendant’s pattern of failed attempts at alternative
sentencing. The Defendant is not entitled to relief.

                                     III. Conclusion

     Based on the foregoing authorities and reasoning, we affirm the trial court’s
judgment.



                                             ____________________________________
                                                  ROBERT W. WEDEMEYER, JUDGE




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