[Cite as State v. Thornton, 2015-Ohio-5209.]


                                   IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

                               ELEVENTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                     PORTAGE COUNTY, OHIO


STATE OF OHIO,                                  :         OPINION

                 Plaintiff-Appellee,            :
                                                          CASE NO. 2014-P-0054
        - vs -                                  :

JOSEPH E. THORNTON,                             :

                 Defendant-Appellant.           :


Criminal Appeal from the Portage County Court of Common Pleas, Case No. 2014 CR
0012.

Judgment: Affirmed.


Victor V. Vigluicci, Portage County Prosecutor, and Pamela J. Holder, Assistant
Prosecutor, 241 South Chestnut Street, Ravenna, OH 44266 (For Plaintiff-Appellee).

Paul M. Grant, 209 South Main Street, Eighth Floor, Suite 3, Akron, OH 44308 (For
Defendant-Appellant).



CYNTHIA WESTCOTT RICE, J.


        {¶1}     This appeal is from the sentencing judgment in a criminal action before the

Portage County Court of Common Pleas. After an eight-day jury trial, appellant, Joseph

E. Thornton, was convicted of murder, a three-year firearm specification accompanying

the murder charge, and tampering with evidence. Under his sole assignment, appellant

contends that the trial court erred in requiring his trial counsel to choose between a jury

instruction on self-defense or an instruction on the lesser-included offense of voluntary
manslaughter. For the reasons that follow, the record supports the conclusion that the

trial court’s jury instructions were consistent with the submitted evidence.

       {¶2}   Throughout the entire underlying proceeding, appellant never disputed the

fact that he shot and killed his nephew, Jason Canan, on December 25, 2013. Jason

was the thirty-eight-year-old son of appellant’s sister, Sharon Canan.

       {¶3}   Following Jason’s divorce, he and appellant resided together for over six

years. After their first mobile home/trailer was destroyed in a fire, Jason’s parents used

the insurance proceeds to purchase a new trailer, which was located in a mobile home

park in Windham Township, Portage County, Ohio. Title to the new residence was in

Sharon’s name. During the final year of their arrangement, Jason was not employed on

a consistent basis. Thus, appellant had been paying the majority of the bills associated

with their residence.

       {¶4}   As of the date of the incident, appellant and his present girlfriend, Debra

Davis, were planning to find a home of their own within thirty days. Therefore, appellant

had informed Jason that he would be moving out relatively soon.

       {¶5}   Although the date of the incident was Christmas Day, Jason had to work a

twelve-hour shift that day cleaning a local factory. As a result, he left the trailer for work

at approximately 6:00 a.m. Appellant planned to spend part of the day at his sister’s

home, where he would be able to have dinner with his adult son, Josh, and his family.

       {¶6}   Appellant only stayed at the family gathering until approximately 2:30 p.m.,

when Josh gave him a ride back to the trailer. Before going to the trailer, Josh stopped

at a local convenience store, where appellant bought a case of beer.             Once Josh

dropped him off, appellant spent the remainder of the afternoon alone inside the trailer.




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However, he did continue to communicate with his girlfriend, Debra, and his other son,

Noah, via text messages. In one of his messages to Noah, appellant said: “‘Yeah, I’ve

had a hard time not breaking Jason’s face. He thinks he’s a bad ass. He doesn’t know

what bad ass is.’” Later in the afternoon, appellant fell asleep in his bedroom.

       {¶7}     Jason completed his shift at 7:00 p.m., and hitched a ride back home

with one of his brothers. Like appellant, while en route to the trailer, Jason stopped and

bought beer with his brother.

       {¶8}    Upon entering the trailer, Jason called back to appellant’s bedroom to see

if he was still awake. When appellant responded that he was not asleep, Jason walked

back to the bedroom, and the two men began to discuss the various events of the day.

As their conversation progressed to other topics, the discussion became heated, and

Jason began to make derogatory statements about appellant and one of his sons.

When the conversation ended, Jason left the bedroom and began to walk rapidly toward

the kitchen.

       {¶9}    Moments after Jason exited the bedroom, appellant grabbed his .357

magnum revolver that he kept near his bed and began to follow Jason down the hallway

toward the living room. As appellant entered the living room, he saw that Jason was

already standing in the kitchen, beside the countertop that was directly adjacent to the

refrigerator. Appellant also saw a butcher knife that was laying on the countertop next

to Jason’s hand.

       {¶10} Over the next few moments, appellant fired his gun twice. The first shot

went through the back wall of the kitchen. This bullet ricocheted through the trailer to

Jason’s back bedroom, where it was recovered from a closet. The second shot went




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through the back of Jason’s skull, killing him instantly.

       {¶11} In the minutes immediately after the shooting, appellant did not try to call

9-1-1. Instead, he texted his girlfriend and told her what had just occurred. At first, the

girlfriend indicated that she thought appellant was joking. When appellant was able to

convince her that he was telling the truth, she asked if she should call 9-1-1. Appellant

said “no” to that request, but eventually agreed to allow her to call Jason’s parents.

Upon receiving the girlfriend’s call, Jason’s father called appellant directly to confirm the

news. The father then contacted the authorities.

       {¶12} When Jason’s body was originally found by the responding police, it was

sitting against the kitchen counter near the refrigerator. Furthermore, one of his hands

was holding a knife. However, during his subsequent interrogation, appellant admitted

to the police that he placed the knife in Jason’s hand after he was dead. The ensuing

autopsy of the body also demonstrated that the barrel of appellant’s revolver was very

near the back of Jason’s head when the second shot was fired.

       {¶13} After the police concluded their investigation, a three-count indictment was

returned against appellant, charging him with murder under R.C. 2903.02(A), tampering

with evidence under R.C. 2921.12(A), and obstructing justice under R.C. 2921.32. The

murder count also contained a specification that appellant used a firearm to facilitate the

offense.

       {¶14} At trial, appellant testified on his own behalf. In regard to the statements

Jason made during their argument, appellant quoted Jason as saying: (1) appellant and

his family were “losers” who had grown up in the “projects” of Windham; (2) he wished

that appellant’s son had died while serving in Iraq; and (3) he should “kick” appellant out




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of the trailer immediately. Appellant also stated that, as Jason was exiting the bedroom,

he threatened appellant’s life. According to appellant, these statements made him mad

and fearful at the same time. As to the shooting itself, appellant testified that when he

first saw the butcher knife on the countertop, he thought that Jason had his hand on the

knife. In addition, he stated that he was approximately ten to fifteen feet from Jason

when he fired the first shot, and that Jason was turning and moving toward him at that

time.

        {¶15} At the close of the evidence, defense counsel moved for jury instructions

on self-defense and the lesser included offense of voluntary manslaughter. In relation

to the self-defense request, counsel also moved that the instruction expressly state that

there is no duty to retreat inside a person’s home prior to using lethal force against a co-

inhabitant. In discussing the issue, the trial court first indicated that it believed that the

evidence only supported an instruction on voluntary manslaughter. The trial court also

stated that, in its opinion, instructions on both self-defense and voluntary manslaughter

would be logically inconsistent under the facts. As a result, the trial court ultimately held

that counsel had to choose between the two instructions. Counsel chose the instruction

on voluntary manslaughter.

        {¶16} The charge of obstructing justice was dismissed at the close of the state’s

case. Therefore, the matter went to the jury on the counts of murder with a firearm

specification and tampering with evidence. After the jury returned guilty verdicts on all

three issues, the trial court sentenced appellant to a life sentence with parole eligibility

after fifteen years on the murder charge and a consecutive three-year term on the

firearm specification. The trial court imposed a concurrent term of thirty months on the




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charge of tampering with evidence.

       {¶17} In appealing his conviction, appellant has raised one assignment of error

for review:

       {¶18} “The trial court committed prejudicial error by denying appellant’s motion

to charge the jury in the alternative with the instruction for self-defense and thereby

violating appellant’s Fourth and Fourteenth Amendment rights and Article I, Section 14

of the Ohio Constitution.”

       {¶19} In challenging the trial court’s decision to deny his request to instruct the

jury on self-defense, appellant has asserted two basic arguments. First, he submits that

the trial court erred in concluding that it was not permissible to assert self-defense as an

alternative theory when the jury would also be instructed on the lesser-included offense

of voluntary manslaughter. Second, he argues that the trial court’s proposed instruction

on self-defense was error because the court did not intend to tell the jury that appellant

did not have a duty to retreat in his own residence.

       {¶20} Upon reviewing the record, this court holds that it is unnecessary to decide

either of the foregoing arguments in the context of this appeal. Specifically, we hold that

appellant’s own trial testimony was not sufficient to warrant a jury instruction regarding

self-defense.

       {¶21} “Under Ohio law, self-defense is an affirmative defense that legally

excuses criminal conduct. State v. Edwards, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-110773, 2013-

Ohio-239, ¶5, citing State v. Poole, 33 Ohio St.2d 18, 19 (1973). The accused bears

the burden of going forward with evidence of an affirmative defense and the burden of

proving the defense by a preponderance of the evidence. R.C. 2901.05(A). Id.” State




                                             6
v. Eichelbrenner, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-110431, 2013-Ohio-1194, ¶19.

       {¶22} As a general proposition, a trial court is obligated to give a requested jury

instruction when: (1) it provides a correct statement of the pertinent law; (2) it is relevant

to the facts of the case; and (3) it is not otherwise included in the general charge to the

jury. State v. Imondi, 11th Dist. Lake No. 2014-L-019, 2015-Ohio-2605, ¶17, quoting

State v. Mitchell, 11th Dist. Lake No. 2001-L-042, 2003-Ohio-190, ¶10. On appeal, in

deciding whether a self-defense instruction was justified, an appellate court must

determine “‘whether the defendant has introduced sufficient evidence which, if believed,

would raise a question in the minds of reasonable men concerning the existence of

such issue.’” Id., at ¶18, quoting State v. Melchior, 56 Ohio St.2d 15 (1978), paragraph

one of the syllabus.      Under this standard, evidence which merely raises simple

speculation or possible doubt is not sufficient to justify instructing the jury. State v.

Frasca, 11th Dist. Trumbull No. 2011-T-0108, 2012-Ohio-3746, ¶26, quoting Melchior,

56 Ohio St.2d at 20. A trial court’s ruling as to the use of a proposed jury instruction will

not be reversed on appeal unless an abuse of discretion has occurred. Id. at ¶24.

       {¶23} To establish self-defense, a defendant must satisfy three elements: (1)

that he was not at fault in creating the situation; (2) that he had a bona fide belief of

imminent danger and his only means of escape from the danger was through the use of

sufficient force; and (3) that he did not violate any duty to retreat or avoid the danger.

Id. at ¶25, quoting State v. Kovacic, 11th Dist. Lake No. 2010-L-065, 2012-Ohio-219,

¶22. “Furthermore, to justify the use of deadly force, the record must demonstrate that

the defendant had a bona fide belief that he was in imminent danger of death or great

bodily harm, that his only recourse was to use force, and that he did not violate any duty




                                              7
to retreat or avoid the danger.” Eichelbrenner, 2013-Ohio-1194, at ¶22, citing State v.

Robbins, 58 Ohio St.2d 74 (1979), paragraph two of the syllabus.

       {¶24} In this case, the record shows that appellant’s testimony was not sufficient

to satisfy the first element of self-defense; i.e., his own description of the events shows

that he was responsible for causing his confrontation with Jason to escalate. According

to him, after Jason threatened to kill him and hurriedly left the bedroom, appellant did

not merely grab his revolver and then wait in the bedroom to see if Jason was going to

act on his threat. Instead, he grabbed his firearm and followed Jason down the hallway

and into the living room. To this extent, even if appellant’s entire version of the events

is believed, it was his actions that caused the confrontation to become more serious.

Furthermore, when appellant saw Jason standing beside the knife, he did not make any

attempt to talk to Jason and calm him down. Instead, he immediately fired the first shot

at Jason.

       {¶25} In relation to the “blame” element for self-defense, it has been held that a

defendant cannot invoke the defense as a means to become the aggressor before the

actual affray has begun. State v. Perez, 7th Dist. Mahoning No. 09 MA 30, 2010-Ohio-

3168, ¶17. Here, although it was Jason who made the first threat, he had not taken any

step to escalate the situation. Rather, it was appellant who grabbed his gun and chased

after Jason. Thus, as the aggressor once Jason had left his bedroom, appellant was to

blame for changing the situation from a verbal altercation to a physical confrontation.

       {¶26} In addition, our review of the trial transcript indicates that, during his direct

testimony, appellant never explained what transpired when he fired the second shot.

However, the issue was raised during cross-examination. As part of its case, the state




                                              8
played videotapes of interviews appellant had with police officials following his arrest.

During appellant’s cross-examination, the state then played excerpts from the interviews

and gave appellant an opportunity to explain any inconsistencies. After the playing of

one such excerpt, the following exchange occurred:

      {¶27} “Q. So, you tell Sheriff Doak it looked like he was going to turn to sprint

and go towards the sliding glass doors right before you shot him. That’s what you told

Sheriff Doak.

      {¶28} “A. (No response.)

      {¶29} “Q. Agreed?

      {¶30} “A. Yes.

      {¶31} “Q. Is that what he told him? And then, Sheriff Doak, sort of in surprise,

says to you - - I believe his words were, ‘That didn’t cause you to hesitate when you see

him try and flee you?’ And you say, ‘No. No, it didn’t.’ So you had no hesitation.

Jason’s trying to escape you, correct?

      {¶32} “A. I thought he might be.”

      {¶33} Pursuant to this testimony, Jason did not pick up the knife and attempt to

attack appellant. Rather, he turned toward the sliding doors in an attempt to escape the

trailer. Under these facts, appellant was clearly acting as the aggressor. At best, this

testimony could only be interpreted to show that appellant was acting under a sudden fit

of rage, thereby supporting an instruction on voluntary manslaughter.

      {¶34} To prove self-defense, a defendant is required to satisfy each of the three

elements. Frasca, 2012-Ohio-3746, at ¶25. Therefore, since appellant’s trial testimony

was not sufficient to establish the “blame” element of the defense, the other elements




                                           9
need not be addressed. Considered as a whole, appellant’s own testimony could only

be interpreted to show that it was his aggression that led to Jason’s death. Accordingly,

appellant was not entitled to a jury instruction on self-defense.

       {¶35} In light of the foregoing analysis, any error the trial court may have made

in its proposed self-defense instruction is moot. Similarly, it is not necessary to decide

whether there can be instances in which instructions on voluntary manslaughter and

self-defense can be given in the same case. Appellant’s sole assignment of error is not

well-taken. The judgment of the Portage County Court of Common Pleas is affirmed.


DIANE V. GRENDELL, J., concurs,

COLLEEN MARY O’TOOLE, J., dissents with a Dissenting Opinion.

                               _______________________


COLLEEN MARY O’TOOLE, J., dissents with a Dissenting Opinion.


       {¶36} I respectfully dissent. Appellant contends the trial court erred in requiring

his trial counsel to choose between a jury instruction on self-defense or an instruction

on the lesser-included offense of voluntary manslaughter.           The majority holds it is

unnecessary to decide appellant’s arguments in the context of this appeal because his

trial testimony was not sufficient to warrant a jury instruction regarding self-defense.

The majority asserts appellant’s testimony could only be interpreted to show that it was

his aggression that led to Jason’s death. For the reasons stated, I disagree.

       {¶37} “‘The decision to issue a particular jury instruction rests within the sound

discretion of the trial court.’ State v. Huckabee, 11th Dist. Geauga No. 99-G-2252, 2001

Ohio App. LEXIS 1122, *18 (Mar. 9, 2001). Absent an abuse of discretion this court will



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not reverse the trial court’s decision to provide the jury with a specific instruction. Id.”

State v. Yates, 11th Dist. Ashtabula No. 2014-A-0044, 2015-Ohio-3087, ¶59.

Regarding this standard, the term “abuse of discretion” is one of art, connoting judgment

exercised by a court which neither comports with reason, nor the record. State v.

Ferranto, 112 Ohio St. 667, 676-678 (1925). An abuse of discretion may be found when

the trial court “applies the wrong legal standard, misapplies the correct legal standard,

or relies on clearly erroneous findings of fact.” Thomas v. Cleveland, 176 Ohio App.3d

401, 2008-Ohio-1720, ¶15 (8th Dist.)

       {¶38} “‘Requested jury instructions should be given if they are (1) correct

statements of the applicable law, (2) relevant to the facts of the case, and (3) not

included in the general charge to the jury.’ State v. Mitchell, 11th Dist. Lake No. 2001-L-

042, 2003-Ohio-190, at ¶10, citing State v. DeRose, 11th Dist. Lake No. 2000-L-076,

2002-Ohio-4357, at ¶33, quoting State v. Edwards, 11th Dist. Lake No. 2001-L-005,

2002-Ohio-3359, at ¶20.” State v. Imondi, 11th Dist. Lake No. 2014-L-019, 2015-Ohio-

2605, ¶17.

       {¶39} “‘To establish a claim of self-defense, an accused must demonstrate the

following: (1) he was not at fault in creating the situation giving rise to the affray; (2) he

had a bona fide belief that he was in imminent danger of bodily harm; and (3) he did not

violate any duty to retreat or avoid the danger. State v. Melchior (1978), 56 Ohio St.2d

15, 20-21 * * * (* * *).” State v. Johnson, 11th Dist. Lake No. 2005-L-103, 2006-Ohio-

2380, ¶19, quoting State v. Mogul, 11th Dist. Trumbull Nos. 97-T-0018 and 97-T-0067,

1998 Ohio App. LEXIS 2186, *8 (May 15, 1998).




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       {¶40} With regard to self-defense, “‘[t]here is no duty to retreat from one’s

home.’” State v. Cassano, 96 Ohio St.3d 94, 2002-Ohio-3751, ¶73, quoting State v.

Williford, 49 Ohio St.3d 247, paragraph two of the syllabus (1990); State v. Peacock, 40

Ohio St. 333 (1883). “In Ohio, [because] one is not required to retreat from one’s own

home when attacked by an intruder; similarly one should not be required to retreat when

attacked by a cohabitant in order to claim self-defense.” State v. Thomas, 77 Ohio

St.3d 323, 327 (1997). This court has held that “[i]t was error for the trial court to fail to

give the Peacock rule instruction on the ‘duty to retreat’ element of self-defense.” State

v. Marsh, 71 Ohio App.3d 64, 69 (11th Dist.1990).

       {¶41} In this case, appellant and Jason were uncle and nephew, respectively,

and lived together in a trailer. Because appellant and Jason were residents of the same

dwelling where the incident took place, the castle doctrine presumption does not apply.

See R.C. 2901.09(B) and 2901.05(B)(2)(a). Thus, appellant had the burden to prove

the elements of self-defense.      See State v. Montgomery, 12th Dist. Clermont No.

CA2015-03-028, 2015-Ohio-4652, ¶13.

       {¶42} On Christmas 2013, appellant fatally shot Jason inside the trailer.

Appellant was arrested and charged with murder, tampering with evidence, and

obstructing justice. The matter proceeded to a jury trial where appellant took the stand

in his own defense.

       {¶43} Appellant testified regarding Jason’s prior hostility toward him which

included instances of a physical, violent nature. On the night of the incident at issue,

appellant indicated that Jason had been drinking, became very angry, and focused his

anger on appellant. Jason was yelling at appellant in a very agitated manner that he




                                             12
was going to kill him. Appellant was afraid that Jason was going to kill him. Appellant

saw Jason in the kitchen with a knife. They were about 10 feet away from each other.

Appellant fired two gunshots. The first shot went through a wall. Jason moved toward

appellant. Appellant fired a second shot which instantly killed Jason. Appellant then

texted Debra, his girlfriend, telling her what had happened.

      {¶44} At the close of the evidence, appellant moved the trial court to instruct the

jury that there is no duty to retreat from one’s own home with respect to a claim of self-

defense. The court denied appellant’s request. Appellant also sought to have the jury

instructed on the alternative theories of voluntary manslaughter and self-defense. The

court denied that request as well. The court required appellant to choose between an

incomplete instruction for self-defense or voluntary manslaughter. Appellant chose the

instruction on voluntary manslaughter. The jury found appellant guilty of murder and

tampering with evidence. The obstructing justice charge was dismissed.

      {¶45} Based on the facts presented, I agree with appellant that the trial court

erred in refusing to not give the requested jury instructions. Defense counsel was left

with the precarious decision of choosing an incomplete jury instruction on self-defense

or choosing an instruction on voluntary manslaughter, which appellant had not argued

throughout the case. The trial court erroneously based its decision that the two jury

instructions were “mutually exclusive.” See State v. Garltic, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No.

90128, 2008-Ohio-4575, ¶22 (“Requesting instructions on both an inferior degree

offense * * * and self-defense is permissible. While courts have deemed it reasonable

trial strategy for defense counsel to elect one theory over the other, the alternative




                                           13
claims are not mutually exclusive and the trial court must instruct a jury on both if the

defense requests it and the evidence warrants it.”)

       {¶46} I believe the evidence in this case warranted jury instructions on both self-

defense and voluntary manslaughter. The trial court’s refusal to so instruct the jury

denied appellant of his right to due process. Accordingly, I respectfully dissent.




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