                 United States Court of Appeals
                              For the Eighth Circuit
                         ___________________________

                                 No. 18-2976
                         ___________________________

                              United States of America

                         lllllllllllllllllllllPlaintiff - Appellee

                                            v.

                                   Gabriel Sherrod

                        lllllllllllllllllllllDefendant - Appellant
                                        ____________

                      Appeal from United States District Court
                 for the Western District of Missouri - Kansas City
                                  ____________

                              Submitted: June 13, 2019
                                Filed: July 17, 2020
                                   ____________

Before GRUENDER, STRAS, and KOBES, Circuit Judges.
                           ____________

KOBES, Circuit Judge.

      Gabriel Sherrod challenges his conviction for being a felon in possession of a
firearm and his 120 month sentence. He argues that police officers obtained evidence
in violation of the Fourth Amendment’s knock-and-announce rule and that his sentence
is procedurally and substantively defective. We hold that the common law knock-and-
announce rule does not apply when officers enter an open door and that the officers’
conduct was reasonable under the Fourth Amendment. Since we also find no error in
Sherrod’s sentence, we affirm.

                                           I.

      On the evening of September 17, 2016, Sherrod’s mother-in-law called Kansas
City police and requested a welfare check on her grandchildren, who lived with
Sherrod. She spoke with Officer Timothy Trost, who discovered Sherrod had an active
felony arrest warrant. Sherrod’s mother-in-law confirmed that Sherrod matched the
warrant’s description.

       Officer Trost and two other officers tried to do the welfare check soon after
8 p.m., but all three were diverted to another call. Once that call was done, three more
officers accompanied Officer Trost and the two original officers to Sherrod’s
residence. The six officers arrived around 10 p.m. and parked down the block from
Sherrod’s house. When they approached, a child, later identified as Sherrod’s son, was
taking out the trash. Officer Trost asked him if Sherrod was home. Without
answering, the child immediately turned and walked toward the house. Officer Trost
and two officers followed him to the front door, and three officers went to the back of
the house.

       Sherrod’s son was unsure whether the officers followed him toward the home,
but he “had a good feeling that they probably [did].” Suppression Hr’g Tr., D. Ct. Dkt.
49 at 74:22–75:3. He went into the house and left the door open. Officer Trost, in
uniform, then stepped into the house and calmly said Sherrod’s name. Sherrod stood
up and fled. As Officer Trost gave chase and alerted the other officers, he noticed a
cache of weapons near the entryway. The officers covering the back of the house
arrested Sherrod outside.


                                          -2-
       With Sherrod in custody, Officer Trost returned to the front door to seize the
guns. He then noticed another handgun by the couch, syringes filled with black liquid,
a spoon with brown residue on it, and a scale. Officer Trost and the other officers then
conducted a protective sweep of the home and located an additional firearm above a
door frame. All items were in plain view.

      Sherrod was charged with one count of being a felon in possession of a firearm.
He moved to suppress the guns seized from his home, alleging that law enforcement
violated the Fourth Amendment because they forced open his front door without first
knocking and announcing their presence. The district court1 denied this motion,
finding that the front door was open and that the officers’ entry into the home was
reasonable. The court concluded that the officers “were not required to knock and
announce their presence before entering the open door of the residence.” D. Ct. Dkt.
56 at 8–9.

      Sherrod was convicted at a bench trial after he stipulated to each element of the
offense. His presentence investigation report assigned him a total offense level of 34,
which included a two-level enhancement for obstruction of justice, and a criminal
history category of V. The Guidelines recommended a sentence between 235 and
293 months, and the court sentenced him to the statutory maximum of 120 months.
See 18 U.S.C. §§ 922(g)(1), 924(a)(2). Sherrod timely appealed the denial of his
motion to suppress and his sentence.




      1
      The Honorable Roseann A. Ketchmark, United States District Judge for the
Western District of Missouri, adopting the report and recommendations of the
Honorable Sarah W. Hays, United States Magistrate Judge for the Western District of
Missouri.

                                          -3-
                                            II.

       “A mixed standard of review applies to the denial of a motion to suppress
evidence. We review the district court’s findings of fact under the clearly erroneous
standard, and the ultimate conclusion of whether the Fourth Amendment was violated
is subject to de novo review.” United States v. Williams, 777 F.3d 1013, 1015 (8th
Cir. 2015). We affirm the district court’s decision “unless it is unsupported by
substantial evidence, based on an erroneous interpretation of applicable law, or, based
on the entire record, it is clear a mistake was made.” United States v. Braden, 844
F.3d 794, 799 (8th Cir. 2016) (citation omitted).

                                           A.

      Sherrod first claims the district court clearly erred when it found that “the child
walked in without attempting to close the door.” The court discounted the testimony
of Sherrod, his son, and his ex-wife, Amy, who each testified that as the door was
closing, an officer kicked it open, making a loud noise. D. Ct. Dkt. 56 at 3; id. at n.6.
The court noted that Officer Trost’s audio recorder picked up only the “faint creaking
of door hinges,” id.; id. at 8 n.15, and that the “audio does not support the testimony
of [Sherrod’s son], Amy Sherrod, or defendant Sherrod,” id. Given the audio
recording, which neither party suggests the court inaccurately described, we cannot say
this was clear error.

      Sherrod also claims that Officer Trost’s post-incident statement that he “ke[pt]
the door from closing” shows that the door was not left open. Sherrod Br. 19–20. The
court acknowledged the statement but credited Officer Trost’s testimony that he had
used a poor choice of words and concluded “that the door to the residence was already
open when the officers entered the residence.” Id. (citing D. Ct. Dkt. 41, 66:17–25);
id. at 5. On appeal, rather than pointing us to evidence that the court’s factual findings
are clearly erroneous, Sherrod asks us to overturn the court’s credibility determinations,

                                           -4-
which are “virtually unreviewable on appeal.” United States v. Coleman, 909 F.3d
925, 929 (8th Cir. 2018) (citation omitted).

                                           B.

       Sherrod next argues that the guns should be suppressed because Officer Trost
violated the knock-and-announce rule before entering through the open door. Though
we agree with Sherrod that the knock-and-announce rule generally “plays a part in
Fourth Amendment reasonableness determinations,” United States v. Mendoza, 281
F.3d 712, 716 (8th Cir. 2002) (citation omitted), we hold it does not apply when
officers enter a home through an open door.

       In evaluating the Fourth Amendment’s protection against unreasonable searches
and seizures, the Supreme Court has “looked to the traditional protections against
unreasonable searches and seizures afforded by the common law at the time of the
framing.” Wilson v. Arkansas, 514 U.S. 927, 931 (1995). The Court observed that
even though the common law “protected a man’s house as ‘his castle of defense and
asylum,’” id. (quoting 3 W. Blackstone, Commentaries * 288), it has been long
recognized that “‘when the King is party, the sheriff (if the doors be not open) may
break the party’s house, either to arrest him, or to do the execution of the King’s
process, if otherwise he cannot enter,’” id. (quoting Semayne’s Case, 77 Eng. Rep.
194, 195 (K.B. 1603)). But the ability to break open a door is limited by “an
important qualification” namely that “‘before he breaks it, he ought to signify the cause
of his coming, and to make request to open doors.’” Wilson, 514 U.S. at 931 (quoting
Semayne’s Case, 77 Eng. Rep. at 195–96). Thus, the Court had “no doubt that the
reasonableness of a search of a dwelling may depend in part on whether law
enforcement officers announced their presence and authority prior to entering.” Id.

      Semayne’s Case also says that “[i]n all cases when the door is open the sheriff
may enter the house, and do execut[e] at the suit of any subject, either of the body, or

                                           -5-
of the goods.” 77 Eng. Rep. at 197 (emphasis added). So, at common law the knock-
and-announce rule hinged on whether the sheriff or bailiff confronted an open or
closed door. See id.; Hodges v. Marks, 79 Eng. Rep. 414, 415 (K.B. 1615) (upholding
an arrest after a bailiff entered a home through an open door and seized the arrestee);
see also Steagald v. United States, 451 U.S. 204, 217 n.11 (1981) (observing at the
common law “an open outer door was apparently regarded as the equivalent of a
consent of the occupant for the constable to enter the home and conduct a search.”).
The Fourth Amendment does not require officers to knock and announce their presence
before entering an open door.

        The knock-and-announce rule’s limited application to closed but not open doors
makes sense in light of the rule’s underlying purposes. The rule protects individuals
from harm that may flow from an unannounced forced entry, protects property by
allowing individuals to comply with commands, and also protects “those elements of
privacy and dignity that can be destroyed by a sudden entrance.” Hudson v. Michigan,
547 U.S. 586, 594 (2006); see also Mendoza, 281 F.3d at 717 (same). A closed door
stands between officers and a home’s occupants in a way that an open door obviously
does not. Where a door is open officer and occupant each have increased visibility into
and out of a home. This increased visibility not only eliminates a potential forced
entry, it may also provide notice of an impending interaction—especially if officers are
in uniform. And when a door is open this “especially private sphere” is exposed to any
passerby. See Florida v. Jardines, 569 U.S. 1, 14 (2013) (Kagan, J., concurring).
Requiring officers to adhere to the knock-and-announce rule when facing an open door
would “force[] [officers] to comply with formalistic rules when the circumstances
direct otherwise.” Mendoza, 281 F.3d at 717.

      Even though the knock-and-announce rule does not apply here, Officer Trost’s
conduct does not escape Fourth Amendment scrutiny. “The Fourth Amendment says
nothing specific about formalities in exercising a warrant’s authorization.” United
States v. Banks, 540 U.S. 31 (2003). Instead its “touchstone is reasonableness . . . .

                                          -6-
measured in objective terms by examining the totality of the circumstances.” Ohio v.
Robinette, 519 U.S. 33, 34 (1996) (citation omitted). Our job is to assess
reasonableness case by case. Banks, 540 U.S. at 35–36.

      Officer Trost entered Sherrod’s home with a felony arrest warrant and a
reasonable belief he was present, so we need only assess whether his entry was
reasonable. See Payton v. New York, 445 U.S. 573, 602–03 (1980). Officer Trost and
his fellow officers first encountered a child outside the house. When asked if his father
was home, Sherrod’s son turned toward the home, leading the district court to conclude
that Officer Trost and the other officers then “had reason to believe” that Sherrod’s son
“was leading the officers to him.” D. Ct. Dkt. 64 at 5. In uniform with his gun
holstered, Officer Trost entered through the open door and in “a calm collected voice”
said “Gabriel?” Id. at 3. Immediately, Officer Trost saw Sherrod stand up from a
nearby couch and run toward the back of the house. On these facts, we conclude that
a uniformed Officer Trost acted reasonably by following Sherrod’s son through the
open front door and immediately and calmly calling out Sherrod’s name. Cf. Mendoza,
281 F.3d at 717 (finding officers reasonably entered an open door and provided the
apartment’s occupants notice when they were “conspicuously dressed in police riot
gear” and shouted police).

                                           III.

       Sherrod also challenges his sentence. First, he argues that the district court
procedurally erred when it overruled his objection to an obstruction of justice
enhancement. Second, he argues that his sentence was substantively unreasonable
because the court failed to consider the need to avoid unwarranted sentencing
disparities. Neither argument has merit.

      “We review the district court’s construction and application of the sentencing
guidelines de novo, and we review its factual findings regarding enhancements for

                                           -7-
clear error.” United States v. Cordy, 560 F.3d 808, 817 (8th Cir. 2009). “A defendant
is subject to an [obstruction of justice] enhancement under U.S.S.G. § 3C1.1 if he
testifies falsely under oath in regard to a material matter and does so willfully rather
than out of confusion or mistake.” United States v. Nichols, 416 F.3d 811, 821 (8th
Cir. 2005). “Before imposing an enhancement under § 3C1.1, the district court must
review the evidence and make independent findings necessary to establish a willful
impediment to, or obstruction of, justice.” United States v. Boesen, 541 F.3d 838, 851
(8th Cir. 2006) (citation omitted).2

      Sherrod’s PSR recommended that the court apply the obstruction enhancement
for his deceptive testimony that the front door was kicked open. The magistrate judge
listened to the audio recording of the entry into the home and concluded that it
contradicted Sherrod’s testimony. The district court noted that it recalled the
suppression hearing transcript and then overruled Sherrod’s objection, determining that
he was deceptive during his testimony. The testimony was not “the result of confusion,
mistake, or faulty memory,” see United States v. Simms, 285 F.3d 1098, 1102 (8th Cir.
2002), so we find no error in applying the enhancement.

      Next, we review Sherrod’s claim that his 120-month sentence is substantively
unreasonable due to sentencing disparities “under an abuse-of-discretion standard.”
United States v. Feemster, 572 F.3d 455, 461 (8th Cir. 2009) (en banc). A district
court abuses its discretion when it “(1) fails to consider a relevant factor that should
have received significant weight; (2) gives significant weight to an improper or
irrelevant factor; or (3) considers only the appropriate factors but in weighing those
factors commits a clear error of judgment.” Id. (cleaned up).




      2
        On appeal, Sherrod does not allege that the district court failed to make a
willfulness finding to support the enhancement’s application.

                                          -8-
       The district court considered a variety of factors at sentencing. It found that the
PSR’s discussion of Sherrod’s offense overlooked that at least one firearm was within
reach of Sherrod’s children and that he had also exposed his children to “horrific
dangers.” Sent. Tr. 60:21–22. It noted that Sherrod has an “extensive criminal
history,” id. at 59:12, and that he had previously received leniency in four prior cases.
And finally, the court felt that it needed to protect the public from Sherrod due to his
involvement with drugs and firearms. The court did not abuse its discretion by
sentencing Sherrod to the statutory maximum penalty of 120 months in prison when
the Guidelines recommended he serve between 235 and 293 months in prison.

                                           IV.

       The district court’s denial of the motion to suppress and Sherrod’s sentence
are affirmed.
                         ______________________________




                                           -9-
