                                  NOT FOR PUBLICATION
                                   File Name: 05a0940n.06
                                  Filed: November 30, 2005

                                          NO. 04-2204

                          UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                               FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

       Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.                                                   ON APPEAL FROM THE
                                                     UNITED STATES DISTRICT
TROY TUGEN,                                          COURT FOR THE EASTERN
                                                     DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN
       Defendant-Appellant.

___________________________________/

BEFORE: KEITH, SUHRHEINRICH, and CLAY, Circuit Judges.

       SUHRHEINRICH, J., Defendant-Appellant Troy Tugen appeals the order of the district

court sentencing him to a term of imprisonment of twenty-four months for violating conditions of

his supervised release. For the reasons that follow, we AFFIRM.

                                                I.

       Troy Tugen pleaded guilty to transporting an undocumented alien within the United States

by means of a motorized vehicle, in violation of 8 U.S.C. § 1324. He was sentenced to a thirty-

month term of imprisonment, to be followed by a three-year term of supervised release with a

special condition that he participate in a drug-treatment program, along with an assessment of $100

and a fine of $1500.

       Less than six months after his term of supervised release began, the district court issued a
warrant for Tugen’s arrest for three alleged violations of the conditions of his supervised release.1

Tugen admitted to the violations before the district court. Although both defense and government

counsel recommended some form of drug treatment as part of his sentence, the district court

sentenced Tugen to the maximum twenty-four-month term of imprisonment without so

recommending. Tugen timely appealed to this Court.

                                                  II.

       The sole issue before this Court is whether the district court erred in sentencing Tugen to a

term of imprisonment of twenty-four months upon revocation of his supervised release. More

specifically, Tugen argues (1) that the district court failed to consider the factors set forth in 18

U.S.C. § 3553, and (2) that the sentence was plainly unreasonable.

       Since Tugen did not object to his sentence at the hearing, this Court will review the district

court’s sentencing determination for plain error. Fed. R. Crim. P. 52(b); United States v. Johnson,

403 F.3d 813, 815 (6th Cir. 2005). Plain error review is permissive and requires an error that is both

plain and affects substantial rights. United States v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725, 732 (1993); Johnson, 403

F.3d at 815. Also, this Court “must . . . determine whether the forfeited error ‘seriously affect[s] the

fairness, integrity or public reputation of judicial proceedings’ before it may exercise its discretion

to correct the error.” Johnson v. United States, 520 U.S. 461, 469-70 (1977) (quoting United States

v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725, 736 (1993)) (alteration in original). A sentence of imprisonment upon

revocation of supervised release will be affirmed, provided the district court’s decision reflects


       1
         Tugen was alleged to have violated the following conditions of his supervised release: (1)
“the defendant shall refrain from any unlawful use of a controlled substance”; (2) “the defendant
shall not leave the judicial district without permission of the court or the probation officer”; and (3)
“the defendant shall report to the probation officer and shall submit a truthful and complete written
report within the first five days of each month.”

                                                  -2-
consideration of the relevant statutory factors and is not plainly unreasonable. United States v.

McClellan, 164 F.3d 308, 309 (6th Cir. 1999); United States v. Washington, 147 F.3d 490, 491 (6th

Cir. 1998). Other courts have concluded that, in light of the Supreme Court’s decision in United

States v. Booker, 125 S. Ct. 738 (2005), the proper standard of review in supervised release

revocation cases is “reasonableness.” See United States v. Fleming, 397 F.3d 95, 99 (2d Cir. 2005);

United States v. Cotton, 399 F.3d 913, 916 (8th Cir. 2005); United States v. Tedford, 405 F.3d 1159,

1161 (10th Cir. 2005); United States v. Turner, 133 F. App’x 711, 715 (11th Cir. 2005)

(unpublished). In dicta in Johnson, however, this Court questioned the Second Circuit’s reasoning

and appeared to favor adherence to the pre-Booker “plainly unreasonable” standard of review. See

Johnson, 403 F.3d 816-17 (“[The Second Circuit’s interpretation of Booker] fails to account for the

fact that Booker left sections 3742(a), 3742(b), and 3742(f) on the books, and it fails to account for

the fact that (at least as far as our Circuit is concerned) our cases have relied upon both sections

3742(a)(4) and 3742(e)(4) in applying a ‘plainly unreasonable’ standard.”). But whether Booker

compels a “reasonableness” standard rather than a “plainly unreasonable” standard need not be

decided today. See also United States v. Kirby, 418 F.3d 621, 625 n.3 (6th Cir. 2005) (declining to

decide Booker’s effect on the proper standard of review in the context of resentencing upon

revocation of supervised release); Johnson, 403 F.3d at 817 (same). This Court would affirm the

district court’s decision under either standard.

        The district court is required to consider the relevant policy statements of the U.S.

Sentencing Guidelines before imposing sentence for revocation of supervised release.2 McClellan,


        2
           The policy statements are merely advisory and not mandatory. McClellan, 164 F.3d at 310.
As a result, there is no Booker issue in this case. See Booker, 125 S. Ct. at 764 (noting that “without
. . . the provision that makes ‘the relevant sentencing rules . . . mandatory . . . ’ the statute” avoids

                                                   -3-
164 F.3d at 310. The requirement is satisfied when the district court’s consideration is merely

implicit. See id. The district court must also consider the relevant statutory factors found in 18

U.S.C. § 3553(a). 18 U.S.C. § 3583(e)(3). Those factors include “the nature and circumstances of

the offense and the history and characteristics of the defendant,” § 3553(a)(1), “adequate deterrence

to criminal conduct,” § 3553(a)(2)(B), “protect[ion of] the public,” § 3553(a)(2)(C), and

“provid[ing] the defendant with needed . . . medical care . . . or other correctional treatment in the

most effective manner,” § 3553(a)(2)(D). Here again, “[the] ‘court need not engage in ritualistic

incantation in order to establish consideration of a legal issue.’” Washington, 147 F.3d at 491

(quoting United States v. Davis, 53 F.3d 638, 642 (4th Cir. 1995)). Instead, “[t]he statute’s mandate

is . . . satisfied if . . . the district court’s explanation of the sentence makes it clear that it considered

the required factors.” Id.

           Review of the record in this case makes clear that the district court committed no error, much

less plain error. Indeed, the record shows the district court fulfilled its statutory obligations in

considering both the policy statements of the Sentencing Guidelines and the relevant statutory

factors.

                                                     A.

           The district court considered the policy statements of the Sentencing Guidelines. Tugen’s

probation officer included a letter with her petition to the district court for a warrant for Tugen’s

arrest. In it she applied the policy statements of the Sentencing Guidelines and correctly identified

Tugen’s criminal history category (V), his violation (Grade B), and the corresponding range of

imprisonment (18-24 months). The district court itself also noted that “twenty-four months . . .



Sixth Amendment implications (quoting id. at 749-50)).

                                                     -4-
[was] the maximum.”3 These items demonstrate that the district court considered and correctly

applied the policy statements of the Sentencing Guidelines and thus did not commit plain error.

                                                    B.

        The district court considered the relevant statutory factors. The district court noted initially

the nature and circumstances of the offense and the need to protect the public. The court said that,

by taking his employer’s truck to another jurisdiction and going missing for thirty-six hours on

account of illicit drug use, Tugen “endangered the lives of other people [and] endangered

somebody’s business.” (J.A. 28.)

        The court then noted Tugen’s history of drug abuse and crime and alluded to the need to

deter criminal conduct:

        There are a lot of people who are addicted to drugs that don’t do the same kind of
        criminal activity that [Tugen] does . . . .
                        . . . He knows that he had a drug problem, but he’s not willing to deal
               with it unless he gets some kind of break, and every time he does, he doesn’t
               actually deal with it.

(Id.)

        Finally, the court addressed Tugen’s need for drug rehabilitation and what the court believed

to be the most effective means of treatment:

                In this matter, there’s no question [Tugen] has a drug problem. . . . He shows
        total disregard towards others, and only with regards to his own drug problem.
                ....
                        I think he hasn’t reached bottom. . . .


        3
         The statutory maximum term of imprisonment under the statute was the same as the
maximum under the Sentencing Guidelines. However, the language of the statute is “2 years,” 18
U.S.C. § 3583(e)(3), while the language of the policy statements of the Sentencing Guidelines is
“18-24 months,” U.S. Sentencing Guidelines Manual § 7B1.4(a), p.s. (2004). Thus, it appears from
the district court’s use of “twenty-four months” that the court was referring to the Sentencing
Guidelines rather than the statute.

                                              -5-
                        ....
                        I am not going to recommend a drug treatment program. If he wants
                to get the drug treatment program then he’ll have to do it on his own. It’s
                time he starts taking some initiative for his own actions. He’ll have to work
                the system, figure out how to do it, seek counseling, seek whatever he has to
                do to do so.

(J.A. 28-29.)

       The district court’s statements clearly demonstrate its consideration of the relevant statutory

factors. Thus, we conclude that the district court did not commit plain error.

                                                 C.

       The only remaining inquiry is whether the sentence imposed by the district court was plainly

unreasonable.4 The district court determined that a twenty-four-month term of imprisonment was

in Tugen’s and society’s best interests. Such a sentence is hardly unreasonable in light of Tugen’s

history of drug abuse and related criminal behavior. Moreover, the sentence was within the relevant

range suggested by the policy statements of the Sentencing Guidelines. See Washington, 147 F.3d

at 491-92 (affirming a sentence that exceeded the maximum recommended by the policy statements

of the Sentencing Guidelines where the district court justified the sentence using language similar

to language used by the district court in this case). Therefore, we conclude that Tugen’s sentence

was not plainly unreasonable.

                                                III.

       For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.



       4
         Tugen contends that his sentence was plainly unreasonable because, inter alia, the district
court declined to adopt the recommendation of the government that Tugen be sent to a facility that
offers an intensive drug-treatment class. This argument is unpersuasive, as, even in the context of
certain plea bargains, “the prosecution’s role in sentencing is strictly advisory.” United States v.
Garcia, 78 F.3d 1457, 1462 (10th Cir. 1996); see Fed. R. Crim. P. 11(c)(1)(B).

                                                 -6-
