        IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                          AT JACKSON
                                October 4, 2016 Session

      STATE OF TENNESSEE v. CHRISTOPHER DOUGLAS SMITH

                  Appeal from the Circuit Court for Carroll County
                    No. 15-CR-78       Donald E. Parish, Judge
                     ___________________________________

              No. W2015-01826-CCA-R10-CD - Filed March 14, 2017
                    ___________________________________

CAMILLE R. MCMULLEN, J., dissenting.

        I must respectfully dissent from the majority in this case. This court granted the
State’s request for extraordinary review pursuant to Rule 10 of the Tennessee Rules of
Appellate Procedure. In this Rule 10 appeal, we permitted review of the following
certified question: “Did the trial court abuse its discretion in excluding the evidence
seized from the defendant after a warrantless arrest that was supported by probable
cause?” In reversing the trial court, the majority relies on information from the
confidential informant contained in the search warrant in support of the Defendant’s
warrantless arrest. In my view, the majority has recast the certified question to whether
the confidential informant’s tip provided sufficient probable cause to arrest the
Defendant, which was not addressed by the trial court. In fact, at the suppression
hearing, the trial court specifically inquired whether the defense was challenging the
search warrant, to which defense counsel replied, “not at this time.” Therefore, I do not
believe this issue is properly before this court. Even if it was, the confidential
informant’s reliability was minimally established, and his basis of knowledge was
unsatisfactory. There was nothing in the record that established how the confidential
informant knew that the Defendant had drugs on his person. In order to remedy this
deficiency, the officer did not independently observe any criminal activity to corroborate
the confidential informant’s information prior to the Defendant’s arrest. See State v.
Bridges, 963 S.W.2d 487, 491-92 (Tenn. 1997). Here, the officer observed the Defendant
leaning into the window of a car talking to two people, one of whom was “known for
drugs.” There was nothing in the record to establish that this individual had a criminal
record, and this court has repeatedly struck down affiliation with suspected criminals as a
basis for an officer’s reasonable suspicion for a stop. See Tenn. Const. art. I, § 7
(requiring “particular[ized]” evidence with respect to “named” individuals); State v.
Richards, 286 S.W.3d 873, 880 (Tenn. 2009) (noting that probable cause does not attach
to groups); T.C.A. § 40-6-103 (providing that probable cause requires information
“naming or describing the person . . . to be searched”).

        I also disagree that the drugs seized from the Defendant’s pocket would have been
admissible pursuant to the inevitable discovery rule. There is no question in my mind
that this Defendant was unlawfully detained. The officer candidly admitted that when he
saw the Defendant standing in the parking lot, the officer immediately approached the
Defendant and handcuffed him. The officer told the Defendant that he was not under
arrest, but the Defendant was not free to leave. The officer patted down the Defendant
and did not feel anything consistent with a weapon. Prior to handcuffing the Defendant,
the officer had not observed the Defendant engaged in any criminal activity whatsoever.
The officer left the Defendant in handcuffs with other officers and expanded his
investigation to a nearby store, where the Defendant’s girlfriend was located. The
girlfriend then provided the officers with probable cause to support her arrest, because
she admitted possession of the drugs found in her purse and her car. In my view, whether
the evidence found on the Defendant’s person would have been inevitably discovered is
untenable, because, had the Defendant not been unlawfully detained, there is absolutely
nothing that would have prevented him from simply walking away after the initial search
by the police. For these reasons, I would have affirmed the decision of the trial court,
which suppressed only the contraband recovered from the Defendant’s person.



                                                  _______________________________
                                                   CAMILLE R. McMULLEN, JUDGE
