                        This opinion will be unpublished and
                        may not be cited except as provided by
                        Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2014).

                              STATE OF MINNESOTA
                              IN COURT OF APPEALS
                                    A14-1841

                  In re the Marriage of: Christine J. Curtis, petitioner,
                                       Appellant,

                                            vs.

                                   Gregory M. Curtis,
                                      Respondent.

                                  Filed June 22, 2015
                                       Affirmed
                                   Connolly, Judge
                                Dissenting, Kirk, Judge

                             Brown County District Court
                               File No. 08-FA-12-933


Andrew M. Tatge, Abbie S. Olson, Gislason & Hunter, LLP, Mankato, Minnesota (for
appellant)

Roger H. Hippert, Nierengarten & Hippert, Ltd., New Ulm, Minnesota (for respondent)


      Considered and decided by Connolly, Presiding Judge; Kirk, Judge; and

Stoneburner, Judge.





 Retired judge of the Minnesota Court of Appeals, serving by appointment pursuant to
Minn. Const. art. VI, § 10.
                         UNPUBLISHED OPINION

CONNOLLY, Judge

       Appellant challenges the denial of a spousal-maintenance award, arguing that the

district court abused its discretion by attributing an excessive amount of income to her

and requiring her to liquidate her property award to meet her expenses. Because we see

no abuse of discretion in the district court’s decision, we affirm.

                                          FACTS

       Appellant Christine Curtis and respondent Gregory Curtis were married in 1990.

Their daughter is now emancipated; their son is 16. During the marriage respondent

worked as a dentist; he also managed the parties’ investments.

       The parties separated in 2012 or 2013. The issue of spousal maintenance was tried

to the district court. The dissolution judgment awarded the homestead and investments

totaling $2,209,399, or 57% of the marital estate, to appellant, and the remaining 43% to

respondent. The judgment provided in relevant part that, by reallocating the investments

appellant was awarded from growth funds to income-producing funds, appellant could

meet her reasonable monthly expenses and denied spousal maintenance for that reason.

Appellant argues that requiring her to reallocate the investments to produce income to

meet her expenses was an abuse of discretion.

                                      DECISION

       A district court’s decision on spousal maintenance is reviewed for an abuse of

discretion.   Dobrin v. Dobrin, 569 N.W.2d 199, 202 (Minn. 1997).          An abuse of



                                              2
discretion occurs if findings of fact are unsupported by the record or the law is

improperly applied. Id.

      Factors to be considered in awarding maintenance include “the financial resources

of the party seeking maintenance, including marital property apportioned to the party, and

the party’s ability to meet needs independently . . . .” Minn. Stat. § 518.552, subd. 2(a)

(2014). This statute “requires the courts to consider financial resources, which include

income generated by liquid assets.” Fink v. Fink, 366 N.W.2d 340, 342 (Minn. App.

1985). Appellant provides no support for her view that the district court cannot consider

the full income potential of investments awarded to a spouse in determining the spouse’s

need for spousal maintenance.

      The district court found that:

                    78. [Appellant’s] most substantial asset available for
             investment is an Ameritrade account valued at $2,038,492.25.
                    79. [Appellant’s] total funds available for investment
             are $2,209,399.22.
                    ....
                    84. As a result of [respondent’s] growth-focused
             investment strategy, the Ameritrade account is returning just
             1.7 percent annually.
                    85. . . . [Respondent’s financial expert] testified
             regarding income that [appellant] could expect to earn from
             the Ameritrade account if the funds were invested in a
             combination of two (2) mutual funds.
                    86. [Respondent’s expert] testified that $2,100,000
             invested in these funds in 1993, with $6,100 withdrawn per
             month, would now be worth $4,419,686.
                    87. [Respondent’s expert] also presented a scenario
             showing that] $2,100,000 invested in 1993 with monthly
             withdrawals of $9,300, increasing by 3 percent annually,
             would have a present value of $2,180,062, roughly the
             original investment. This is an average annual return of 6.89
             [percent], including capital gains.

                                            3
                     ....
                     89. . . . The rates of return in [respondent’s expert’s]
              three (3) scenarios ranged from 6.98 to 7.13 percent.
                     90. The Court finds [respondent’s expert’s] testimony
              credible and persuasive.
                     ....
                     94.    The Court [also] finds [appellant’s expert’s]
              testimony credible; however, he was not asked to, and did
              not, suggest methods to obtain the highest reasonable rate of
              return on [appellant’s] investment assets.
                     95. A reasonable return on [appellant’s] available
              investment assets is 7 percent.

Appellant does not refute these findings, including the finding that her expert did not

provide any evidence to rebut respondent’s expert’s views on the possible rate of return if

the assets were reallocated to mutual funds.

       Appellant argues now, as she argued in her motion to amend, that the district

court’s use of what her investment income could be, instead of what it now is, was

contrary to law because she cannot be required to “liquidate her assets” or “invade the

principal of [her] investments.” See Bury v. Bury, 416 N.W.2d 133, 138 (Minn. App.

1987) (spouse cannot be required to liquidate assets); Lee v. Lee, 775 N.W.2d 631, 640

n.10 (Minn. 2009) (spouse cannot be required to invade principal). The district court

addressed appellant’s argument in its memorandum when it denied her motion.

              [T]he assets awarded to [appellant], specifically her
              investments, can be shifted to different investments that will
              provide a higher yield and less growth. This is not an
              invasion of assets; it is a reallocation that takes into account
              the changed circumstances of the investor. The value of
              [appellant’s] principal will not be reduced on a monthly basis
              to pay for ongoing expenses. Rather, [appellant] will have
              the same principal (with some tax consequences associated
              with the reallocation of assets) after the reallocation as before.
              [Her] theory is that any change in investment is an invasion of

                                               4
              the assets awarded to her. Under this theory, [she] could
              leave the investments in accounts where they are producing
              just 1.7 percent in income, rather than reinvest them in a
              manner that will allow her to earn a 7 percent yield, and
              expect [respondent] to make up the difference indefinitely. 1

We agree.

       Appellant relies on Lyon v. Lyon, 439 N.W.2d 18, 22 n.2 (Minn. 1989) for the

proposition that a district court’s finding is clearly erroneous if it could be “construed as

determining that the wife would have to invade her estate.” But appellant’s reliance is

misplaced: Lyon reversed a maintenance award on the ground that the husband “should

not have to pay permanent spousal maintenance because the wife’s income from her

share of the marital property is more than adequate for her to maintain the standard of

living she had achieved in the marriage.” Lyon, 439 N.W.2d at 21-22. Although the wife

was unemployable, she was found able to meet her needs independently because she

received $185,000 annually from stocks and other assets and could receive an additional

$32,000 from a profit-sharing account and IRAs to meet her annual needs of $78,000. Id.

Therefore, she was not entitled to maintenance, regardless of the husband’s ability to pay.

Id. The district court’s decision here cannot be construed as requiring appellant to invade

her property award to meet her expenses.




1
  The dissent states that the tax consequence of reallocating the assets would be
significant. However, the discussion of respondent’s expert’s three scenarios in
appellant’s brief does not mention tax consequences, and the district court was within its
discretion in not considering the tax consequences to be dispositive. See Maurer v.
Maurer, 623 N.W.2d 604, 608 (Minn. 2001) (noting that whether to consider the tax
consequences of a property distribution lies within the district court’s discretion).
                                             5
       Appellant also argues that the denial of spousal maintenance deprives her “of the

benefits of the stipulated equitable property settlement.” But the property settlement

gave appellant 57% of the marital assets, of which 79% was liquid assets, because she

could not support herself by her earnings and would need income from investments;

respondent, who could support himself by his earnings, received the greater part of the

parties’ real property, which would not yield income. The parties’ stipulation did not

confer to a right to keep investments as they were at the time of the dissolution, and

respondent testified that, over the years, his investment strategies had changed depending

on the parties’ situation. Respondent’s financial expert testified that he had been retained

to see “what can we do with a sum like [$2,100,000] in today’s economic environment

[so] as to get income out of it”; respondent’s attorney testified that appellant had been

awarded liquid assets so she could “support herself without the need to receive income

from [respondent].”

       Appellant’s attorney’s objection to testimony about appellant’s potential

investment income was overruled on the ground that appellant’s financial expert had

previously testified about what appellant would receive “on the assumption that the

[$2,038,492 Ameritrade] account would be liquidated.” Thus, experts for both parties

realized that appellant’s liquid assets would need to be reinvested to produce more

income. Awarding an obligee spouse greater investment income to decrease the need for

maintenance has been recognized as an appropriate strategy. See, e.g., Fink, 366 N.W.2d

at 343 (noting that “[t]he trial court might, alternatively, have made a disproportionate

property settlement in [the obligee spouse’s] favor so that her support would have come

                                             6
more substantially from investment income . . . [which] in turn may potentially create

less cash flow problems for [the obligor spouse]”).

       Finally, appellant argues that the district court abused its discretion by relying on

respondent’s expert’s testimony. The district court found that testimony to be “credible

and persuasive,” and this court defers to district court credibility determinations. Sefkow

v. Sefkow, 427 N.W.2d 203, 210 (Minn. 1988).2 Respondent’s expert pointed out that

risk is inherent in any investment and the successful recent performance of the funds he

recommended could not be guaranteed. Appellant provides no basis for overriding the

district court’s finding that respondent’s expert’s testimony was credible, and that finding

is supported by the record and is not an abuse of discretion. See Dobrin, 569 N.W.2d at

202 (holding that abuse of discretion occurs if findings of fact are unsupported by the

record).

       Finally, appellant relies on Flynn v. Flynn, 402 N.W.2d 111 (Minn. App. 1987),

review denied (Minn. Nov. 24, 1987) for the proposition that, while a district court “may

rely on expert testimony regarding the likelihood of various contingencies, it cannot rely

on speculation and conjecture.” But the expert in Flynn valued one spouse’s interest in

his law firm on the supposition that, although the spouse had “repeatedly stated he ha[d]

no plans to withdraw from the law firm and [was] likely to remain until retirement,” he

would nevertheless withdraw from the firm. Flynn, 402 N.W.2d at 117. The district


2
  The district court also found appellant’s expert’s testimony credible, but noted that,
unlike respondent’s expert, appellant’s expert “was not asked to, and did not, suggest
methods to obtain the highest reasonable rate of return on [appellant’s] investment
assets.”
                                             7
court’s decision not to adopt the expert’s valuation was affirmed because “[the expert’s]

forecast [was] speculative and based on conjecture.” Id. Here, respondent’s expert’s

forecasts did not contradict any expressed intention of either party.

       The district court did not abuse its discretion in finding that appellant’s

investments would yield sufficient income to meet her needs and denying her spousal

maintenance.

       Affirmed.




                                             8
KIRK, Judge (dissenting)

       I respectfully dissent. In a long-term, high-asset, high-cash flow marriage, where

one of the parties stays home by agreement of the parties, the failure to fairly and

equitably divide both the marital estate and the ongoing cash flow diminishes the value of

the stay-at-home party’s contribution to the family partnership. I would conclude that the

district court abused its discretion by denying spousal maintenance (maintenance) to

appellant (wife) and would reverse and remand for further proceedings.

       The district court erred in two ways. First, it failed to properly establish the pre-

dissolution marital standard of living. Second, it required wife to invade principal and

change investment assets that she received in the distribution of the marital estate to meet

her living expenses.

       It is important to place this case in context. Wife and respondent (husband)

married in 1990, shortly after graduating from the University of Minnesota with

respective degrees in fashion merchandising and dentistry. In 1995, after the birth of

their first child, they both agreed that wife would stay at home full time to cultivate their

most precious assets, their children, while husband would develop the family’s financial

assets. Now, 23 years later, this partnership produced two lovely children and became an

economic juggernaut that created a $5 million marital estate and an ongoing cash flow of

$642,213 per year ($53,518 per month).

       The district court abused its discretion in concluding that wife has sufficient

financial resources to meet her reasonable needs in light of the high standard of living

established during the marriage. See Minn. Stat. § 518.552, subd. 1(a) (2014). That

                                            D-1
conclusion ignores that part of the standard of living focused on the accumulation of

savings and wealth, including such things as the development of the Ameritrade growth

account, and the purchase of a lake home and vacation home. See Johnson v. Johnson,

No. C4-87-2163, 1988 WL 36735, at *2 (Minn. App. Apr. 26, 1988) (“Nevertheless, we

believe that a couple’s standard of living may well include the pleasure of saving rather

than being profligate.”).1 Their standard of living also allowed them to generously

provide for the present and future needs of their children, including educational accounts

totaling more than a half of a million dollars. See Chamberlain v. Chamberlain, 615

N.W.2d 405, 410-12 (Minn. App. 2000) (affirming award of permanent maintenance

based in large part upon the long-standing affluent standard of living established during

the parties’ marriage, despite the fact that it was beyond the parties’ means, noting that

the maintenance statute requires consideration of the marital standard of living), review

denied (Minn. Oct. 25, 2000).

       Based upon the parties’ 2012 federal and state tax returns, the most recent

available in the record, they had after-tax income of approximately $35,832 per month.

This figure accurately reflects the high standard of living that this couple enjoyed during

their marriage. But the district court never made findings establishing the parties’ high

standard of living during the marriage. The findings on wife’s reasonable needs were

based on the frugal post-separation expenses of a disadvantaged spouse. Her expenses of



1
 I find this unpublished case to be persuasive. See Dynamic Air, Inc. v. Bloch, 502
N.W.2d 796, 800 (Minn. App. 1993) (holding that unpublished cases from the Minnesota
Court of Appeals can be of persuasive value).
                                           D-2
$7,768 per month, as found by the district court, were about 22% of the parties’ after-tax

income during the marriage. This certainly does not reflect their true standard of living.

       In reaching its conclusion that, due to the divorce, wife should change her

investment strategy from high-growth to income-producing, the district court found that

the parties initially concentrated on growing a “nest egg” that could be drawn on in future

years, which have now arrived. Counsel for husband argued that this account was a rainy

day fund, but, if, as suggested by counsel, this dissolution proceeding has created a major

thunderstorm, why is it only raining at wife’s house? At husband’s house located in the

same neighborhood in the same small town, the sun is shining brightly. Husband, who

chose this investment strategy for the parties during the marriage, testified that it was set

up for growth “through thick and thin.” The district court’s decision allows husband to

continue to focus on preserving and growing the assets that he was awarded in the

dissolution judgment while also solely benefiting from his significant earning capacity

that he developed during the marriage.

       The district court’s plan for wife’s marital assets improperly requires invasion of

wife’s property award and makes some unrealistic conclusions about her future potential

income from a forced change in investment strategy. The plan assumes that wife’s assets

can consistently return seven percent if moved to “higher-yielding investments.”

Minnesota appellate courts have held that a spouse may not be required to liquidate assets

or invade the principal of the property in order to meet living expenses. See Lyon v.

Lyon, 439 N.W.2d 18, 22 n.2 (Minn. 1989) (stating that, to the extent the district court’s

finding that wife’s share of the marital estate would produce substantial income could be

                                            D-3
construed as a determination that the wife would have to invade her estate, it was clearly

erroneous); Lee v. Lee, 775 N.W.2d 631, 640 n.10 (Minn. 2009) (“[W]hen considering

the property awarded to a spouse seeking maintenance, we have looked at the income

generated from that property, and not required the obligee spouse to invade the principal

of the property to pay living expenses”); Bury v. Bury, 416 N.W.2d 133, 138 (Minn. App.

1987) (holding wife should not be required to place herself at risk by liquidating her

assets in order to meet her expenses). Liquidation of wife’s Ameritrade account results in

a $154,527 tax bill, which is a direct invasion of principal and improperly changes the

parties’ stipulated equitable distribution of property.     Conversion of one type of

investment account into another also changes the nature of the asset, which is analogous

to invading the principal or liquidating the investment.2

       The district court should have concluded that wife satisfied the requirement of the

first part of the maintenance statute, Minn. Stat. § 518.552, subd. 1 (2014), the

establishment of reasonable needs to meet the parties’ high standard of living, and then

reached the second part of the statute, which requires the court to consider “all relevant

factors.” Id., subd. 2 (2014). The second part of the statute enumerates several factors

that take into account a stay-at-home parent’s contribution during the marriage, including

the length of the marriage, the parent’s “length of absence from employment and the

extent to which any education, skills, or experience have become outmoded and earning

capacity has become permanently diminished,” “the loss of earnings, seniority, retirement


2
  Conversion of wife’s assets also requires abandonment of the investment strategy
husband thought best for the family.
                                            D-4
benefits, and other employment opportunities forgone by the spouse seeking spousal

maintenance,” and “the contribution of a spouse as a homemaker or in furtherance of the

other party’s employment or business.” Id., subd. 2(d), (e), (h).

        The district court’s reasoning implicitly relies on its finding that wife and husband

received 57 percent and 43 percent of the parties’ marital property, respectively.

However, the parties’ stipulation contains no such calculation, indicating, only, that the

division of marital property was fair and equitable. True values may be different than

those stated in the stipulation, for various reasons. For example, certain assets carry tax

consequences if liquidated, which may diminish stated value. Intangible assets, such as

goodwill and patient counts, were not included in the valuation of husband’s dental

practice and the attorneys acknowledged during oral argument that the value of the dental

practice would have been substantially higher had intangible assets been included. The

parties may have undervalued their real properties in order to avoid the creation of a

public document that could result in increased assessed property values and higher tax

liabilities.

        In this case, wife gets her home, while husband receives his home as well as the

commercial building, the lake home, and the vacation property located in Myrtle Beach,

South Carolina. Although an equitable property division does not necessarily require

equal distribution, some language indicating an unequal distribution would be necessary

to conclude that wife received a greater share of the parties’ assets. See Minn. Stat.

§ 518.58, subd. 1 (2014) (requiring the district court to make findings “on all relevant

factors” supporting its just and equitable division of marital property). Even assuming

                                             D-5
that the property distribution was unequal, there is no indication that any additional

property awarded to wife was in lieu of maintenance. Without such conditioning

language in the parties’ stipulation, the only proper conclusion is that the parties reached

a fair and equitable division of marital property.

       In this economy, it is doubtful that wife could find a secure investment earning

income of seven percent on a consistent basis. The current return on most traditionally

safe investments, such as insurance-backed bank accounts and U.S. Treasury securities, is

very little, in many cases less than one percent. Indeed, in calculating annual rates of

return in the seven percent range, husband’s expert included capital gains. Requiring use

of capital gains to finance wife’s expenses constitutes another invasion of principal.

Husband’s expert also testified that there are “conservative” “investments out there that

get you to that 5 and 6 percent dividend yield,” but acknowledged that he did not know

wife’s risk tolerance, long-term goals, or her life expectancy.

       Wife’s attorney did not present expert testimony on the financial impact of

converting her high-growth account to more income-producing assets. Instead, he relied

on the long-standing precedent prohibiting liquidation of a marital asset to meet post-

dissolution expenses. Given the law in this area, this strategy was not unreasonable.

However, in the various maintenance scenarios presented to the district court, wife’s

expert presented a hypothetical where the account could be liquidated and re-invested in

safe funds that may return 3% rather than the 1.75% being earned by the growth account.

       Both parties cite Lyon in support of their positions. That case differs from this

case in several ways. First, the husband and wife in Lyon were approximately ten years

                                            D-6
older than the husband and wife in this case, putting them much closer to retirement age.

439 N.W.2d at 19-20. Therefore, it was more appropriate to expect the parties to focus

their investments on producing income, as they were approaching the stage of their lives

when the husband would no longer be working. Here, husband will likely work an

additional 12 or more years before retiring.

       Second, the marital landscape has evolved quickly and dramatically in the 26

years since the supreme court decided Lyon. For example, it is now more common for

either a man or a woman to be a stay-at-home parent, and, more recently, the right to

marry was extended to same-sex couples who had been denied that right in the past. Mr.

and Mrs. George Lyon were married in 1955, a time when there was no conscious

decision or choice between a married couple as to who stayed at home and no belief that

the wife was sacrificing a career in return for shouldering the responsibility of the

development and wellbeing of their children and family. See id. The law must be nimble

in adapting to the changing dynamic of the marital partnership in our rapidly evolving

society.

       Third, the share of marital assets received by the wife in Lyon was $3.6 million in

1987, which would be over $7.3 million in 2013 dollars.3 See id. at 22. The assets as

held were producing income of over $200,000 per year (over $410,000 in 2013 dollars),

more than adequate to pay her expenses and maintain her high marital standard of living,

and she was not expected to invade principal to pay taxes or to change the way in which


3
   BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR,
http://www.bls.gov/data/inflation_calculator.htm (last visited June 11, 2015).
                                           D-7
her assets were held. See id. at 21-22. In 1987, when their dissolution judgment was

entered, extremely safe investments could return income of seven percent with no need to

rely upon the Wall Street Casino.4 See id. at 20. Here, even husband’s expert, upon

whom the district court relied, indicated that past performance of mutual funds is no

guarantee of future results, and he implied that his plan would fail if there were a major

financial market downturn, which occurred as recently as 2007 to 2009. In considering

the past performance of particular accounts over the last 20 years, the expert ignores the

reality that other accounts did not perform similarly during the same time period, and that

the income produced by these accounts may fluctuate year to year. Anyone with the

benefit of hindsight could come up with a winning investment account or two over the

past 20 years. This is much too speculative. “A court cannot order a spouse to invade

her assets to meet her needs, . . . neither can it require [wife] to change the nature of these

assets in order to produce income to meet her needs.” Schneider v. Nicholls, No. C5-91-

832, 1991 WL 245229, at *3 (Minn. App. Nov. 26, 1991).5

       When they began this union, wife said, “I will stay at home for the good of our

children and family,” and husband said, “I’ll take care of the money.” The contribution

of one spouse should not outweigh the contribution of the other when the goal is a

balanced and well-functioning family.




4
  According to the Federal Reserve, the average 6-month CD was earning 7.01% in 1987,
versus .27% in 2013. See http://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/h15/data.htm.
5
  I find this unpublished case to be persuasive. See Dynamic Air, 502 N.W.2d at 800.
                                             D-8
       Many might say, “What is the problem? Her share of a five-million dollar marital

estate leaves her a millionaire.” However, that ignores the reality that husband’s share of

the marital assets also leaves him a millionaire, while affording him all of the cash flow

created by the combined efforts of this couple during the marriage. When asked how this

could be fair during oral argument, husband’s counsel suggested that his client’s

contribution by going to work every day was more valuable than wife’s contribution as a

stay-at-home parent.    Recognizing that this was not a winning strategy, he quickly

conceded that perhaps this was not the best answer. After all, the most precious assets

cultivated and developed during this marriage were their children, who were by

agreement primarily wife’s responsibility. The children will provide both parties love,

pride and happiness, not only now, but also into the future.

       The favorable financial position that was built during the marriage was, by

agreement, husband’s responsibility. Yet, only the marital estate, which was fairly and

equitably divided by agreement of the parties, is shared in the judgment. Every last cent

of the ongoing $642,213 per year cash flow goes to husband, who told the district court

he was willing and able to pay maintenance.6




6
  Although Minnesota has yet to recognize increased earning capacity as a marital asset,
it is a relevant factor in determining a maintenance award. See Davey v. Davey, 415
N.W.2d 84, 88 (Minn. App. 1987); Minn. Stat. § 518.552, subd. 2(h) (2014) (describing
“the contribution of a spouse as a homemaker or in furtherance of the other party’s
employment or business” as a relevant factor). This is especially pertinent to this case
where it appears that husband’s dental practice, a marital asset, was significantly
undervalued by omitting the value of its intangible assets.
                                           D-9
       I might affirm the district court, deferring to its discretion, if at a minimum, it

carefully considered the factors outlined in Minn. Stat. § 518.552, subd. 2, and awarded

temporary maintenance to wife of at least $10,000 per month for 11 years, which is less

than one-half the term of the marriage (this is the amount that husband was paying wife

by agreement pending the maintenance decision). This would give her gross monthly

income of approximately $14,313, or about $11,113 after federal and state taxes, 7 and

allow her some ability to continue to grow her wealth, leave a legacy for her children,

and, if she chooses, give back through charitable contributions. It would also protect her

from a significant market downturn, since maintenance could be modified during this 11-

year period.8

       In contrast, after paying wife $10,000 per month, husband would still have

approximately $29,000 in after-tax cash flow per month.9          Since the district court

indicated his claimed monthly expenses of approximately $10,900 were “artificially

high,” this is hardly unfair to him. More importantly, this would provide some fairness to

wife and allow her to count on a more secure and comfortable retirement. Husband

continues to easily enjoy the high standard of living established during the marriage,

including his residence, the lake home, the vacation property, and the dental practice,

7
  Including investment income earning $35,674, assuming a 1.75% yield, and earned
yearly income of $16,078.40 imputed by the district court, and maintenance.
8
  The district court failed to even retain jurisdiction over maintenance as suggested by the
supreme court in Lyon, in case this court-created investment plan does not produce the
income expected by the district court. 439 N.W.2d at 23.
9
  Notably, maintenance is tax deductible for the obligor. Husband’s post-dissolution
monthly after-tax cash flow is extrapolated from the 2012 federal and state tax returns.
See 26 U.S.C. § 215 (2014). Husband’s reduced income tax liability due to paying
monthly maintenance of $10,000 would be approximately $4,945.
                                           D-10
along with its furnishing, fixtures and equipment. He also has the ability to continue to

invest at a high level. With $10,000 per month in maintenance, wife will have at least

some of the trappings of their former marital lifestyle and a more secure financial future.

Unlike many dissolution cases, there is sufficient income available here to allow both

parties to maintain their very high standard of living. Even temporary maintenance of

$10,000 per month for 11 years might seem unfair, since the record would support

permanent maintenance in a much higher monthly amount.

       The parties agreed that they fairly and equitably divided their marital assets, which

were created during their 23-year marital partnership. But the cash flow of $642,213 a

year was also a product of this supposedly equal marital partnership. Yet after 11 years,

which is less than half of the length of the marriage, husband will receive over

$7,000,000 from this cash flow while wife receives nothing. It is troubling that after

giving up her opportunity to have a meaningful career, the district court suggests that

wife should secure a full-time, minimum wage job in Sleepy Eye. This is in stark

contrast to the affluent lifestyle that wife enjoyed during the 23-year marriage. Any

parent familiar with the unpredictability of Minnesota law in recognizing the

contributions of the stay-at-home parent and the sacrifices associated with surrendering a

career should be hesitant in abandoning a career for the good of the family.

       It was error to fail to fully appreciate the parties’ high standard of living and to

require wife to change the nature of the assets that she was awarded. This resolution




                                           D-11
greatly devalues the contribution of an equal partner who stayed at home by agreement of

the parties.

       Therefore, I would reverse and remand for a fair award of maintenance.10




10
   Because this opinion is unpublished, there will be continued uncertainty about a
difficult and inconsistently applied area of the law. Lyon, which is over a quarter-century
old, is the last precedent involving the question of whether to award maintenance in a
high-asset, high-income dissolution. Moreover, in that opinion, Justice Simonett
described the case as an “anomaly,” due to the exceptionally large marital estate. Id. at
22. If the majority is correct in holding that a court may expect a party to change an
investment asset, causing an immediate $154,527 loss in principal, in the hope that more
earnings will be realized, this opinion should be published. I can find no precedent on
point, and the majority’s decision both directly opposes another unpublished opinion of
this court, Levinson v. Levinson, No. C5-99-1772, 2000 WL 890443 (Minn. App. July 3,
2000), and is at odds with published caselaw referenced earlier in this dissent, making the
holding of this case uncertain in application because the opinion is unpublished. In the
future, attorneys may be reluctant, if not resistant, to enter into agreements that partially
settle the parties’ financial issues because of the unintended and unanticipated
consequences to other outstanding issues in the case. This type of situation makes it
difficult for an attorney to confidently advise a client.
                                           D-12
