                  IN THE SUPREME COURT OF TENNESSEE
                             AT KNOXVILLE
                                   May 9, 2012 Session

                STATE OF TENNESSEE v. SUSAN RENEE BISE

              Appeal by Permission from the Court of Criminal Appeals
                         Circuit Court for Greene County
                    No. 09CR353      John F. Dugger, Jr., Judge


               No. E2011-00005-SC-R11-CD - Filed September 26, 2012


Following a burglary in Greene County, the defendant was charged with two counts of
aggravated burglary and two counts of theft of property. At the conclusion of the trial, the
jury returned verdicts of guilt for one count of facilitation of aggravated burglary and for two
counts of theft of property. After finding the presence of one enhancement factor, the trial
court imposed concurrent three-year sentences for each offense. The Court of Criminal
Appeals found that the enhancement factor did not apply and reduced each of the sentences
to two years. Because we find that a sentence imposed by a trial court should be upheld so
long as it is within the appropriate sentencing range and is otherwise in compliance with the
purposes and principles of the sentencing statute, we reverse the sentence modification by
the Court of Criminal Appeals and, upon review under an abuse of discretion standard with
a presumption of reasonableness, reinstate the sentence imposed by the trial court.

     Tenn. R. App. P. 11; Judgment of the Court of Criminal Appeals Reversed

G ARY R. W ADE, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which C ORNELIA A. C LARK, C.J.,
J ANICE M. H OLDER, W ILLIAM C. K OCH, J R., and S HARON G. L EE, JJ., joined.

Robert E. Cooper, Jr., Attorney General and Reporter; William E. Young, Solicitor General;
Amy L. Tarkington, Deputy Attorney General; C. Berkeley Bell, District Attorney General;
and J. Chalmers Thompson, Assistant District Attorney General, for the appellant, the State
of Tennessee.

Jonathan D. Cooper, Knoxville, Tennessee (on appeal before the Supreme Court) and
Charles C. Harrison, Jr., Pigeon Forge, Tennessee (at trial and on appeal before the Court of
Criminal Appeals) for the appellee, Susan Renee Bise.
                                       OPINION
                            Facts and Procedural History
      In September of 2008, a burglary took place at the Greene County residence of James
McElroy. A number of items were stolen. During the course of the investigation, the Greene
County Sheriff’s Department (the “Sheriff’s Department”) received information that Susan
Renee Bise (the “Defendant”) was involved in the crime. She was eventually charged with
two counts of aggravated burglary and two counts of theft.

        At trial, McElroy testified that his work required travel for “about six to nine months
out of the year” and that he spent an equal amount of time at his Greene County residence
and his residence in Virginia. He described his Greene County residence, which was located
on a mountain top and surrounded by foliage, as “a dream house,” and estimated that it was
“probably eighty percent complete” at the time of the burglary. Because the residence was
still under construction, he kept “a lot of tools” on the premises and had secured the metal
gate at the driveway entrance to the property with a “double chain padlock.” McElroy was
out of town when the burglary took place. Upon his return, he discovered his gate lying in
the driveway. Four-by-four posts on either side of the gate had been snapped off near ground
level. As he entered the basement, McElroy noticed that there were a number of items
missing. He then found a pile of his tools upstairs that “looked like they had been gathered
to be loaded.” After contacting the Sheriff’s Department, McElroy provided the
investigating officer with a list of the missing items, which amounted to approximately
$7,500 in value. Because several of the stolen items, including a table saw, ladders, “a
fifteen foot pole saw,” and an air compressor, were quite large, McElroy believed that more
than one trip would have been required for their removal.

       On February 13, 2009, James Gammons discovered a saw, vise, drill press, and table
saw on the side of a road. He placed the items in his vehicle, returned them to his residence,
and contacted the Sheriff’s Department. Afterward, McElroy identified the items as among
those taken from his home and, upon inspection, determined that only one of the items, the
saw, was usable.

       Chad Warner testified at the Defendant’s trial on behalf of the State.1 He first
acknowledged that in February of 2009, some five months after the burglary, he had
assaulted the Defendant and her son, Jason Jr., and had been criminally charged as a result.
He also acknowledged that he had asked the Defendant and her son to drop the charges
against him and, when they refused, he informed Detective James Randolph that the


        1
          At the time of the Defendant’s trial, Warner was serving a sentence for submitting a false police
report. Warner had been involved in a car accident and had informed the authorities that he was not driving
at the time of the accident, when in fact he was.

                                                   -2-
Defendant, her husband, Jason Bise, Sr., and her son, Jason Jr., had tried “to sell [him] some
stolen goods,” including chain saws, a table saw, a motorcycle, and a television. According
to Warner, the Bises had driven “over a gate” and gained possession of the items with the
help of “a Mexican named Domingo.”

       Detective Randolph, who was assigned to investigate the burglary at the McElroy
residence, initially was unable to locate the stolen items. When informed by Warner that the
Bises had attempted to sell him stolen items, he went to the residence of Jason Jr. and found
a motorcycle matching the description provided by Warner in his earlier statement. After
providing Miranda warnings, Detective Randolph questioned Jason Jr. and learned that the
Defendant and an individual of Mexican descent may have been involved in the burglary.

        On March 25, 2009, Detective Randolph met with the Defendant, who agreed to
submit to questioning. In her statement to the detective, she admitted that in September of
2008, her son, Jason Jr., had driven over a driveway gate in order to gain access to a
residence and that she sat in the truck while Jason Jr. and Hosea Hernandez entered the house
and “took a bunch of stuff.” The Defendant told Detective Randolph that when they
returned, she informed them that she “didn’t want anything to do with this” and that after
they got more beer, she “passed out, and Jason and [Hernandez] went back to the house . . .
and took some more stuff.” In her statement, the Defendant also admitted that some of the
stolen items were still in her root cellar several months after the burglary, when the assault
by Warner took place. She informed the detective that after the assault, she instructed her
son to get rid of the stolen items “and he took them down on Pate’s Hill Road and set them
out along the road.” The Defendant also told Detective Randolph that approximately one
month after the burglary, her husband and Hernandez brought a motorcycle to her residence,
claiming that Hernandez had purchased it. The Defendant further stated that later, when
Hernandez was deported, he gave the motorcycle to Jason Jr.

        The Defendant, who testified in her own defense, recalled that on the day of the
burglary she went swimming with her son and Hernandez, and that in the ensuing forty-five
minutes to an hour, she and the two men consumed a twelve-pack of beer. She claimed that
afterward, Hernandez asked Jason Jr. to “take him to [a particular] address to pick up his
personal belongings.” The Defendant maintained that although she had asked her son not
to drive because of his drinking, he did so anyway, taking her and Hernandez to the site of
the burglary. The Defendant testified that just before Jason Jr. drove over the gate, she
warned him not to do so and asked to be taken home. She claimed that she remained inside
the truck while Jason Jr. and Hernandez entered the residence and loaded the stolen items
into the truck. She recalled that after they returned to her residence, Jason Jr. and Hernandez
placed the stolen items in her root cellar while she went inside and passed out. Consistent
with her earlier statement to Detective Randolph, the Defendant denied going back to the

                                              -3-
McElroy residence a second time, claiming that she slept while Jason Jr. and Hernandez
returned and “took more stuff.” The Defendant testified that when she discovered the items
did not belong to Hernandez, she told her son to get rid of them.

        The Defendant further explained that she became acquainted with Warner because he
had worked for her family’s construction business. She stated that she and Jason Jr. pressed
charges against Warner after he assaulted them and that she refused to drop the assault
charges because she had “about lost [her] son” as a result of the incident. The Defendant
denied ever speaking with Warner about either taking the items from the McElroy residence
or trying to sell him the items. She further contended that the items described by Warner
could have been tools her family owned in their construction business. While admitting that
she told her son to get rid of the stolen items soon after the incident with Warner, the
Defendant denied that it had anything to do with the possibility that Warner might talk to the
police.

       The jury found the Defendant guilty of facilitation2 of aggravated burglary3 as a lesser-
included offense in count one, and theft of property valued at one thousand dollars or more
but less than ten thousand dollars4 in counts two and four. She was found not guilty of
aggravated burglary in count three.



        2
          See Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-11-403(a) (2010) (“A person is criminally responsible for the facilitation
of a felony, if, knowing that another intends to commit a specific felony, . . . the person knowingly furnishes
substantial assistance in the commission of the felony.”).
        3
           Aggravated burglary is defined as “burglary of a habitation as defined in §§ 39-14-401 and
39-14-402.” Id. § 39-14-403(a). Section 39-14-401(1)(A) defines a “habitation” as “any structure, including
buildings, module units, mobile homes, trailers, and tents, which is designed or adapted for the overnight
accommodation of persons.” Section 39-14-402(a) defines “burglary” as occurring when a person, without
the effective consent of the property owner,

        (1) Enters a building other than a habitation (or any portion thereof) not open to the public,
        with intent to commit a felony, theft or assault;
        (2) Remains concealed, with the intent to commit a felony, theft or assault, in a building;
        (3) Enters a building and commits or attempts to commit a felony, theft or assault; or
        (4) Enters any freight or passenger car, automobile, truck, trailer, boat, airplane or other
        motor vehicle with intent to commit a felony, theft or assault or commits or attempts to
        commit a felony, theft or assault.
        4
          See id. § 39-14-103(a) (“A person commits theft of property if, with intent to deprive the owner
of property, the person knowingly obtains or exercises control over the property without the owner’s
effective consent.”), -105(3) (classifying theft of property as a Class D felony “if the value of the property
or services obtained is one thousand dollars ($1,000) or more but less than ten thousand dollars ($10,000)”).

                                                     -4-
        As a Range I offender, the Defendant qualified for a sentence between two and four
years on each offense. Id. § 40-35-112(a)(4). At the sentencing hearing, Detective Mike
Fincher testified that burglaries were a particular problem in Greene County and that the
Sheriff’s Department had worked almost four hundred burglary cases over a one-year period.
During that time, one residential burglary involved a seventeen-year-old burglar who was
shot and killed by the homeowner. None of the other burglaries investigated during that
time, however, had resulted in death. McElroy also testified at the sentencing hearing,
confirming that the stolen items had an approximate value of $7,500 and that the cost to
repair the damage to his gate and his residence was between $500 and $700. Because he had
lost his “sense of safety” at the residence, he had installed an alarm, a video monitoring
system, and safety bollards at the gate to the driveway at a cost in excess of $7,000.

        At the conclusion of the sentencing hearing, the trial court found that there were no
mitigating factors and only one applicable enhancement factor—that the Defendant had no
hesitation about committing a crime when the risk to human life was high. See id.
§ 40-35-114(10). The trial court, while recalling two specific incidents which had resulted
in death and severe injury to burglars of residences, observed that “when you’re messing with
people’s homes, there is a great risk of someone getting hurt or killed,” pointing out that even
though the Defendant had remained in the car, the homeowner could have arrived at any
time, thereby placing everyone involved at risk. While observing that the Defendant, who
was thirty-eight years old at the time of sentencing, should have provided her son with
guidance, the trial court found that she instead was drinking to excess with him and involving
herself in criminal behavior “off the scale.” The trial court expressed particular
dissatisfaction with the fact that the Defendant had allowed her son to store stolen property
at her house for five months and disposed of the items only after the altercation with Warner.
Because some four hundred burglaries had already been committed in Greene County during
the course of the year, the trial court gave “great weight” to the need for deterring others
likely to commit similar offenses, see id. § 40-35-103(1)(B), emphasized the amount of
danger associated with residential burglaries, and imposed an effective three-year sentence,5
concluding that confinement was necessary to avoid depreciating the seriousness of the
offenses.

       The Defendant appealed, arguing that the evidence was insufficient to support her
convictions for theft; that the jury had returned inconsistent verdicts; and that the trial court
had erred by applying the enhancement factor. The Court of Criminal Appeals, holding that
the evidence was sufficient and that any inconsistency in the jury verdicts was no basis for


        5
         The Defendant was sentenced to three years for the facilitation of aggravated burglary conviction
and three years for each of the theft convictions, which were to be served concurrently for an effective
sentence of three years.

                                                   -5-
relief, affirmed the convictions, but modified the sentences to two years each because the
trial court had based the greater sentences upon potential rather than demonstrated danger.
As noted by the court, at the time of the burglary, the victim was not home; he lived there
only twenty-five percent of the year; there was no evidence that the Defendant or her
accomplices had weapons; and although the victim returned with a gun, it was not clear as
to when the burglary took place in relation to the victim’s return. State v. Bise, No. E2011-
00005-CCA-R3-CD, 2011 WL 4090792, at *9 (Tenn. Crim. App. Sept. 15, 2011). Although
all three of the panel of judges agreed that the trial court had erroneously applied the single
enhancement factor, Bise, 2011 WL 4090792, at *9; see also id. (Woodall, J., concurring in
part & dissenting in part); id. at *12 (Williams, J., concurring in results only), Judge Thomas
Woodall dissented as to the sentence modification, id. at *9, writing that the implication by
the majority “that [a] . . . sentence . . . cannot be increased above the minimum unless the
trial court finds applicable an enhancement factor . . . obviously violates Blakely[ v.
Washington, 542 U.S. 296 (2004)].” Bise, 2011 WL 4090792, at *11.

        While conceding that the trial court misapplied the single enhancement factor, the
State filed an application for permission to appeal, contending that a sentence otherwise in
compliance with the statutory scheme and properly within the applicable range should be
upheld, notwithstanding the erroneous finding.

                                            Analysis
         The State argues that the majority opinion, if upheld, would imply that no sentence
other than the minimum can be imposed by a trial judge absent a finding of a statutory
enhancement factor, an interpretation that would violate the United States Supreme Court’s
ruling in Blakely and its progeny. Based on the broad discretionary authority afforded trial
courts by the 2005 amendments to Tennessee’s Criminal Sentencing Reform Act of 1989,
the State asserts that sentences within the appropriate statutory range should be upheld unless
“a trial court wholly fails to follow Tennessee’s sentencing regime.” Because the trial court
in this instance “specifically considered the purposes and principles of sentencing,” the State
submits that the original three-year sentences should be upheld.

        While acknowledging that the 2005 amendments afforded trial courts more discretion
as to sentencing, the Defendant asserts that the presumption of correctness of a sentence fails
in the event of a misapplication of an enhancement or mitigating factor and, in consequence,
requires de novo appellate review. The Defendant argues that under the de novo standard
of review, appellate courts “may re-weigh the properly applied factors and sentencing
principles and independently assess whether the sentence is appropriate or should be
modified.” The Defendant further contends that the Court of Criminal Appeals’ lead
opinion, which independently assessed the propriety of the sentences, correctly addressed the
statutory principles in assessing the minimum two-year sentences.

                                              -6-
          I. Development of Sentencing Law on the State and Federal Levels
       In order to appropriately frame our analysis of the issue before us, we have found it
helpful to conduct a comprehensive review of the development of sentencing in Tennessee
and the manner in which it has been shaped by the recent decisions of the United States
Supreme Court.

                      A. Criminal Sentencing Reform Act of 1982
        For much of our history, sentencing has been indeterminate in nature and has fallen
within the province of judges and parole boards; as a result, “there was little for appellate or
supreme courts to oversee” during the first 200 years of the criminal law. John F. Pfaff, The
Future of Appellate Sentencing Review: Booker in the States, 93 Marq. L. Rev. 683, 687
(2009) [hereinafter Pfaff, 93 Marq. L. Rev.]. Beginning in the 1970s, a majority of the states
began to modify their sentencing laws in a variety of ways. Id. Tennessee’s Criminal
Sentencing Reform Act of 1982 (“1982 Act”), which implemented sentencing ranges, see
Act of Apr. 28, 1982, ch. 868, 1982 Tenn. Pub. Acts 556, 561-62 (codified at Tenn. Code
Ann. § 40-35-109(a)–(f) (1982) (repealed)), and determinate sentences, serves as an example
of this reform. See id. at 570 (codified at Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-211 (felonies), -302
(misdemeanors) (1982) (repealed)); see also David L. Raybin, The Blakely Fix: New
Tennessee Law Restores Judicial Discretion in Criminal Sentencing, 41 Tenn. B.J. 14, 19
(2005) [hereinafter Raybin, 41 Tenn. B.J.]. The 1982 Act contained a list of purposes 6 and
a number of different sentencing considerations, or principles,7 which were to be considered


        6
            The purposes were as follows:

        (1) [To p]unish a defendant by assuring the imposition of a sentence he deserves in relation
        to the seriousness of his offense;
        (2) [To a]ssure the fair and consistent treatment of all defendants by eliminating unjustified
        disparity in sentences, providing fair warning of the nature of sentence to be imposed, and
        establishing fair procedures for the imposition of sentences; and
        (3) [To p]revent crime and promote respect for law by:
                 (A) Providing an effective deterrent to others likely to commit similar offenses;
                 (B) Restraining defendants with a long history of criminal conduct; and
                 (C) Encouraging rehabilitation by promoting correctional programs that elicit the
                 voluntary cooperation and participation of defendants.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-102 (1982) (repealed).
        7
          Tennessee’s Criminal Sentencing Reform Act, as enacted in 1982, revised in 1989, and in its
current form, includes several sentencing “considerations” in Tennessee Code Annotated section 40-35-103.
This section also refers to the considerations as “principles.” In other sections of the Act, see, e.g., id. §
40-35-210(d) (2010); id. § 40-35-210(b)(3) (1982) (repealed), and in our previous opinions discussing the
Act, see, e.g., State v. Carter, 254 S.W.3d 335, 343 (Tenn. 2008); State v. Ashby, 823 S.W.2d 166, 169
                                                                                               (continued...)

                                                     -7-
by the trial court. There were no presumptive sentences under the 1982 Act, which allowed
trial courts to “exercise guided discretion within the terms of the Act” and to impose
sentences “on a case-by-case basis.” State v. Moss, 727 S.W.2d 229, 238 (Tenn. 1986).
Following the sentencing hearing, the trial court was to “first determine the appropriate range
of sentence,” Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-210(a) (1982) (repealed),8 and to then “determine the
specific sentence and the appropriate combination of sentencing alternatives” by considering:

        (1)    The evidence, if any, received at the trial and the sentencing hearing;
        (2)    The pre-sentence report;
        (3)    The principles of sentencing and arguments as to sentencing
        alternatives;
        (4)    The nature and characteristics of the criminal conduct involved;

        7
          (...continued)
(Tenn. 1991), the term “principles” and the phrase “purposes and principles” are used as encompassing
references to the purposes set out in section 40-35-102 and the considerations set out in section 40-35-103.
In an effort to ensure consistency and clarity, this opinion will refer to the sentencing purposes in section 40-
35-102 as “purposes,” the sentencing considerations in section 40-35-103 as “principles,” and the purposes
and considerations together as “purposes and principles.”

        Under the 1982 Act, the principles were as follows:

        (1) Sentences involving confinement should be based on the following considerations:
                 (A) Confinement is necessary to protect society by restraining a defendant who has
                 a long history of criminal conduct;
                 (B) Confinement is necessary to avoid deprecating the seriousness of the offense
                 or confinement is particularly suited to provide an effective deterrence to others
                 likely to commit similar offenses; or
                 (C) Measures less restrictive than confinement have frequently or recently been
                 applied unsuccessfully to the defendant.
        (2) The sentence imposed should be no greater than that deserved for the offense committed.
        (3) Inequalities in sentences that are unrelated to a purpose of this chapter should be
        avoided.
        (4) The sentence imposed should be the least severe measure necessary to achieve the
        purposes for which the sentence is imposed.
        (5) The potential or lack of potential for the rehabilitation or treatment of the defendant
        should be considered in determining the sentence alternative or length of term to be
        imposed. The length of a term of probation may reflect the length of a treatment or
        rehabilitation program in which participation is a condition of the sentence.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-103 (1982) (repealed).
        8
          In determining the appropriate range, the trial court was required to consider the defendant’s status
as either a persistent offender, an especially aggravated offender, or an especially mitigated offender. See
id. §§ 40-35-106 to -108.

                                                      -8-
        (5)    Evidence and information offered by the parties on the mitigating and
        enhancement factors9 . . . ; and
        (6)    Any statement the defendant wishe[d] to make in his own behalf about
        sentencing.

Id. § 40-35-210(b). Trial courts were required to “place on the record either orally or in
writing [their] findings of fact and reasons” for imposing the sentence. Id. § 40-35-210(c).

        Under the 1982 Act, a defendant was allowed to “appeal from the length, range, or
the manner of service of the sentence imposed,” as well as from “the imposition of
consecutive sentences.” Id. § 40-35-402(a). The defendant’s appeal could be based upon
either or both of the following grounds: “(1) [t]he sentence was not imposed in accordance
with th[e 1982 Act]; or (2) [t]he mitigating and enhancement factors were not weighed
properly, and the sentence [wa]s excessive under the principles of [the 1982 Act].” Id.
§ 40-35-402(b). If the State wished to appeal, it could only do so based upon its
disagreement with the sentencing range or manner of service, id. § 40-35-403(a), or on the
grounds that the trial court utilized the wrong range; improperly determined that the
defendant was not a persistent offender “and/or that the offense was not an especially
aggravated [one]”; granted all or partial probation; ordered some or all sentences to run
concurrently; or “improperly found the defendant to be an especially mitigated offender.”
Id. § 40-35-403(b)(1)–(4).

       In its original form, the 1982 Act did not specify a standard of review on appeal.
Later, however, the Act was amended to require appellate courts to “conduct a de novo
review on the record, . . . without a presumption that the determinations made by the court
from which the appeal is taken are correct.” Act of Dec. 11, 1985, ch. 5, § 31, 1985 Tenn.
Pub. Acts 22, 34 (codified at Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-402(d) (Supp. 1986) (repealed)); see
also Moss, 727 S.W.2d at 238-39 (quoting Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-402(d) (Supp. 1986)
(repealed)).10



        9
            See id. §§ 40-35-110, -111.
        10
           If the appeal was by the defendant, the appellate court was authorized to dismiss the appeal;
“[a]ffirm, reduce, vacate, or set aside the sentence imposed”; “[r]emand the case or direct the entry of an
appropriate sentence or order”; or “[d]irect any further proceedings appropriate or required under the
circumstances.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-402(c) (1982) (repealed). If the appeal was by the State, the
appellate court could affirm, vacate, set aside, or reduce the sentence or remand, but it could not “increase
the specific length of the sentence by the trial court if the sentence was imposed within the proper range and
if the defendant was properly sentenced as an especially aggravated offender or a persistent offender or
both.” Id. § 40-35-403(c).

                                                     -9-
                        B. Criminal Sentencing Reform Act of 1989
        Under the 1982 Act, “[s]entencing practices became totally disparate because [it] was
enacted without the benefit of prison population projections and other tools to assess the
impact of such a major sentencing alteration.” Raybin, 41 Tenn. B.J. at 19. “Within a few
years [Tennessee] prisons were filled to capacity,” causing the governor “to call the General
Assembly into Special Session in 1985 to solve the . . . problem.” Id. at 20. In consequence,
the Tennessee Sentencing Commission, a creation of the General Assembly, drafted the
Criminal Sentencing Reform Act of 1989 (“1989 Act”). Id. The 1989 Act “create[d] a
matrix by which convicted criminal defendants [were] sentenced based upon the seriousness
of the crime committed and the number of prior convictions the defendant ha[d].” Carter,
254 S.W.3d at 342. Similar to the 1982 Act, the 1989 Act listed its purposes, see Tenn. Code
Ann. § 40-35-102 (1990), and specifically recognized “that state prison capacities and the
funds to build and maintain them are limited.” Id. § 40-35-102(5). First priority for prison
space was reserved for those defendants “committing the most severe offenses, possessing
criminal histories evincing a clear disregard for the laws and morals of society, and evincing
failure of past efforts at rehabilitation.” Id. A defendant who did not meet these criteria and
was an especially mitigated offender or standard offender “convicted of a Class C, D or E
felony” was “presumed to be a favorable candidate for alternative sentencing options in the
absence of evidence to the contrary.” Id. § 40-35-102(6). Similarly, trial courts were
instructed to implement the purposes of the 1989 Act by applying sentencing principles, see
id. § 40-35-103, that were almost identical to those in the 1982 Act, merely adding a
provision encouraging trial judges “to use alternatives to incarceration that include
requirements of reparation, victim compensation and/or community service.” Id.
§ 40-35-103(6).11

      The 1989 Act classified felonies for sentencing purposes into five categories, see id.
§ 40-35-110(a)(1)–(5),12 and placed each defendant into one of five categories: standard
offender,13 multiple offender,14 persistent offender,15 career offender,16 or especially mitigated



       11
            The 1989 Act also included a list of sentencing alternatives. See id. § 40-35-104.
       12
           The 1989 Act also placed misdemeanor offenses into three categories.                  See id.
§ 40-35-110(c)(1)–(3).
       13
            Id. § 40-35-105.
       14
            Id. § 40-35-106.
       15
            Id. § 40-35-107.
       16
            Id. § 40-35-108.

                                                    -10-
offender,17 which depended on, among other things, the number of prior convictions. This
finding related to the range in which a defendant would be sentenced. Sentencing ranges
were classified as “Range I,” “Range II,” and “Range III,” with corresponding ranges for all
five classes of felonies. See id. § 40-35-112.

        As under the 1982 Act, the 1989 Act first required the trial court to determine the
appropriate sentencing range, id. § 40-35-210(a), and then directed it to consider the factors
articulated in Tennessee Code Annotated section 40-35-210(b), which remained unchanged
from the 1982 Act. Importantly, the 1989 Act set a presumptive sentence for the various
classes of felonies: if enhancement18 or mitigating19 factors were not present, the presumptive
sentence for Class B, C, D, and E felonies was the minimum in the applicable range. Absent
enhancement or mitigating factors, the presumptive sentence for Class A felonies was the
midpoint in the applicable range. Id. § 40-35-210(c) (Supp. 2001).20 If enhancement but not
mitigating factors were present, the trial court could set the sentence for a Class B, C, D, or
E felony “above the minimum in that range but still within the range.” Id. § 40-35-210(d)
(Supp. 2001). If the same was true for a Class A felony, the trial court was required to “set
the sentence at or above the midpoint of the range”; if, however, there were mitigating but
no enhancement factors, the trial court was required to “set the sentence at or below the
midpoint of the range.” Id.21 If enhancement and mitigating factors were present for
purposes of a Class B, C, D, or E felony, the trial court was required to “start at the minimum
sentence in the range, enhance the sentence within the range as appropriate for the
enhancement factors, then reduce the sentence within the range as appropriate for the
mitigating factors.” Id. § 40-35-210(e) (Supp. 2001). If the same was true for a Class A
felony, the court was required to “start at the midpoint of the range, enhance the sentence
within the range as appropriate for the enhancement factors, and then reduce the sentence
within the range as appropriate for the mitigating factors.” Id.22 As previously provided




        17
             Id. § 40-35-109.
        18
             See id. § 40-35-114.
        19
             See id. § 40-35-113.
        20
        As originally enacted, the 1989 Act merely provided that “[t]he presumptive sentence shall be the
minimum sentence in the range if there are no enhancement or mitigating factors.” Id. § 40-35-210(c) (1990).
        21
          As originally enacted, there was no distinction made between Class A felonies and the other
classes. See id. § 40-35-210(d) (1990).
        22
          As originally enacted, there was no distinction made between Class A felonies and the other
classes. See id. § 40-35-210(e) (1990).

                                                   -11-
under the 1982 Act, the 1989 Act required the trial court to place its reasons for imposing the
sentence on the record. See id. § 40-35-210(f).

       Under the 1989 Act, a defendant could appeal “the length, range or the manner of
service of the sentence” as well as the imposition of consecutive sentences. Id.
§ 40-35-401(a). The statutory grounds for the defendant’s appeal were: (1) that the sentence
was not imposed in accordance with the Act; and/or (2) that the trial court improperly
weighed the enhancement and mitigating factors “and the sentence [wa]s excessive under the
sentencing [principles].” Id. § 40-35-401(b)(1)–(2). The State was authorized to appeal “the
length, range or manner of the service of the sentence” as well as the imposition of
concurrent sentences. Id. § 40-35-402(a). The statutory grounds for a State appeal were as
follows: (1) the defendant was sentenced within the wrong range; (2) part or all of the
sentence was on probation; (3) part or all of the sentences ran concurrently; (4) the trial court
erroneously found the defendant to be an especially mitigated offender; or (5) the court
improperly weighed the enhancement and mitigating factors. Id. § 40-35-402(b)(1)–(5).

        The 1989 Act provided for “a de novo [appellate] review on the record” but further
required that “[s]uch review shall be conducted with a presumption that the determinations
made by the court from which the appeal is taken are correct.” Id. §§ 40-35-401(d) , -402(d).
In Ashby, 823 S.W.2d at 169, this Court held that “the presumption of correctness which
accompanies the trial court’s action is conditioned upon the affirmative showing in the record
that the trial court considered the sentencing principles and all relevant facts and
circumstances.” When the trial court failed to articulate the basis for its decision, the
presumption was negated and appellate review was “de novo upon the record.” State v.
Jones, 883 S.W.2d 597, 600 (Tenn. 1994). The presumption of correctness also failed when
trial courts considered “inappropriate mitigating and/or enhancement factors or otherwise
fail[ed] to follow the [terms of the] Sentencing Act.” Carter, 254 S.W.3d at 345.

                       C. Apprendi, Its Progeny, and Their Effect
        Beginning in 2000, the United States Supreme Court released a series of opinions that
fundamentally altered the sentencing landscape at both the federal and state levels.23 See
State v. Gomez, 163 S.W.3d 632, 662 (Tenn. 2005) (“Gomez I”) (Anderson, J., concurring
in part and dissenting in part) (observing that the United States Supreme Court’s sentencing


        23
           In Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466 (2000), the Court noted that the answer to the issue raised
in that case “was foreshadowed by . . . Jones v. United States, 526 U.S. 227 (1999),” in which the Court,
interpreting federal law, “noted that ‘under the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment and the notice
and jury trial guarantees of the Sixth Amendment, any fact (other than prior conviction) that increases the
maximum penalty for a crime must be charged in an indictment, submitted to a jury, and proven beyond a
reasonable doubt.’” Apprendi, 530 U.S. at 476 (quoting Jones, 526 U.S. at 243 n.6).

                                                    -12-
decisions represented major changes); Pfaff, 93 Marq. L. Rev. at 683 (describing the Court’s
cases as dismantling the states’ efforts to effectuate sentencing reform). In Apprendi, 530
U.S. at 469, the defendant pled guilty to two counts of possession of a firearm under New
Jersey law, which provided for a sentence of between five and ten years. Id. at 468. A
separate statute authorized trial judges to enhance the sentence if, by a preponderance of the
evidence, the defendant was found to have “‘acted with a purpose to intimidate an individual
or group of individuals because of race, color, gender, handicap, religion, sexual orientation
or ethnicity.’” Id. at 469 (quoting N.J. Stat. Ann. § 2C:44-3(e) (West Supp. 2000)). Pursuant
to this statute, the trial judge increased the defendant’s sentence on one count to twelve years.
Apprendi, 530 U.S. at 471. The Supreme Court held that “[o]ther than the fact of a prior
conviction,” the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment requires that a jury find
beyond a reasonable doubt “any fact that increases the penalty for a crime beyond the
prescribed statutory maximum.” Id. at 490. Accordingly, the statute authorizing the trial
judge to enhance the sentence was found to be unconstitutional, as it represented “an
unacceptable departure from the jury tradition that is an indispensable part of our criminal
justice system.” Id. at 497.

        Initially, the scope of the Court’s ruling in Apprendi was unclear. See, e.g., Gomez
I, 163 S.W.3d at 663 (Anderson, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part) (observing that
the Court’s subsequent plurality opinion in Harris v. United States, 536 U.S. 545 (2002),
seemed to “indicate[] that Apprendi only applied when a judge found facts used to sentence
a defendant above the range for the crime of which he had been convicted”). The import of
the Apprendi ruling was clarified, however, by the landmark decisions in Blakely, 542 U.S.
at 296, and United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220 (2005).24 In Blakely, the defendant pled
guilty to second degree kidnapping involving domestic violence and use of a firearm under
Washington state law, which carried a “‘standard range’ of 49 to 53 months.” 542 U.S. at
299 (quoting Wash. Rev. Code Ann. § 9.94A.320 (2000)). Washington’s sentencing
provisions, however, allowed trial judges to impose a higher sentence if “‘substantial and
compelling reasons justif[ied] an exceptional sentence.’” Id. (quoting Wash. Rev. Code Ann.
§ 9.94A.120(2)). Based on the circumstances of the kidnapping, the trial judge determined


        24
           Shortly before Blakely and Booker, however, the Court decided Ring v. Arizona, 536 U.S. 584,
588 (2002), where it re-examined Arizona’s capital sentencing scheme in which “the trial judge, sitting alone,
determine[d] the presence or absence of the aggravating factors required . . . for imposition of the death
penalty.” Previously, in Walton v. Arizona, 497 U.S. 639 (1990), the Court had determined that this statutory
scheme did not violate the Sixth Amendment “because the additional facts found by the judge qualified as
sentencing considerations, not as ‘elements of the offense of capital murder.’” Ring, 536 U.S. at 588
(quoting Walton, 497 U.S. at 649). In Ring, the Court overruled Walton to the extent that it was inconsistent
with its recent decision in Apprendi, concluding that “[c]apital defendants, no less than noncapital
defendants, . . . are entitled to a jury determination of any fact on which the legislature conditions an increase
in their maximum punishment.” Id.

                                                      -13-
that an exceptional sentence of 90 months was appropriate, which was “37 months beyond
the standard maximum.” Id. at 300. On appeal, the defendant argued that Washington’s
mode of imposing exceptional sentences violated his “right to have a jury determine beyond
a reasonable doubt all facts legally essential to his sentence.” Id. at 301. Applying its
holding in Apprendi, the Court agreed, observing that the facts supporting the trial court’s
findings “were neither admitted by [the defendant] nor found by a jury.” Id. at 303. The
Court further observed that “[w]hen a judge inflicts punishment that the jury’s verdict alone
does not allow, the jury has not found all the facts which the law makes essential to the
punishment, and the judge exceeds his proper authority.” Id. at 304 (citation omitted)
(internal quotation marks omitted). Because the defendant’s sentence was “more than three
years beyond what the law allowed for the crime to which he confessed,” based upon a
factual finding by the trial judge rather than by the jury, the sentence was reversed. Id. at
313-14.

        The Booker decision included two majority opinions. The “merits” majority, written
by Justice Stevens,25 addressed whether application of the Federal Sentencing Guidelines (the
“Guidelines”) violated the Sixth Amendment. Booker, 543 U.S. at 226. The Court’s
decision addressed the constitutionality of an increase in the sentences of Freddie J. Booker
and Duncan Fanfan above the “base sentence.” See id. at 227-29.26 The Guidelines
permitted a departure from the mandated sentencing range where the trial judge found “‘that
there exists an aggravating or mitigating circumstance of a kind, or to a degree, not
adequately taken into consideration by the Sentencing Commission in formulating the
[G]uidelines that should result in a sentence different from that described.’” Id. at 234
(quoting 18 U.S.C. § 3553(b)(1) (2000 & Supp. IV)). The merits majority found “no
distinction of constitutional significance between the . . . Guidelines and the Washington
procedures at issue” in Blakely, as, under either scheme, “the relevant sentencing rules are
mandatory and impose binding requirements on all sentencing judges.” Booker, 543 U.S.
at 233. The merits majority, therefore, reaffirmed the rule established in Apprendi and found
that the Guidelines violated constitutional mandates. Id. at 244.




        25
         Justice Stevens was joined by Justices Scalia, Souter, Thomas, and Ginsburg. These same justices
also made up the majority in Apprendi.
        26
           While the trial judge in Booker’s case chose to enhance his sentence based on the Guidelines, id.
at 227, the trial judge in Fanfan’s declined to enhance his sentence based upon the Court’s ruling in Blakely.
Id. at 228-29.

                                                    -14-
       The “remedial” opinion in Booker, a majority ruling authored by Justice Breyer,27
addressed the question of whether the Guidelines as a whole were inapplicable in light of the
merits majority’s holding or whether certain provisions could be excised. Id. at 245. Two
sections of the Guidelines were held invalid. The first stricken provision was that making
the Guidelines mandatory:

       [T]he court shall impose a sentence of the kind, and within the range, referred
       to in [the Guidelines] unless the court finds that there exists an aggravating or
       mitigating circumstance of a kind, or to a degree, not adequately taken into
       consideration by the Sentencing Commission in formulating the [G]uidelines
       that should result in a sentence different from that described.

18 U.S.C. § 3553(b)(1) (2000 & Supp. IV) (emphasis added). The remedial majority also
struck a second provision, 18 U.S.C. § 3742(e) (2000 & Supp. IV), which articulated
“standards of review on appeal, including de novo review of departures from the applicable
Guidelines range.” Booker, 543 U.S. at 259. This section of the Guidelines required
appellate courts to determine whether “the sentence depart[ed] from the applicable
[G]uideline[s] range based on a factor that . . . [was] not authorized under section 3553(b),”
18 U.S.C. § 3742(e)(3)(B)(ii), and further set out the following additional requirements:

       The court of appeals shall give due regard to the opportunity of the district
       court to judge the credibility of the witnesses, and shall accept the findings of
       fact of the district court unless they are clearly erroneous and, except with
       respect to determinations [that the district court failed to provide the written
       statement of reasons as required by section 3553(c) or that the sentence departs
       from the applicable Guidelines range based on a factor that, in pertinent part,
       is not authorized under section 3553(b)], shall give due deference to the
       district court’s application of the [G]uidelines to the facts. With respect to
       determinations [that the district court failed to provide the written statement
       of reasons as required by section 3553(c) or that the sentence departs from the
       applicable Guidelines range based on a factor that, in pertinent part, is not
       authorized under section 3553(b)], the court of appeals shall review de novo
       the district court’s application of the [G]uidelines to the facts.

Id. § 3742(e) (emphasis added). The remedial majority determined that excision of this
provision was necessary because it contained “critical cross-references” to the provision
rendering the Guidelines mandatory. Booker, 543 U.S. at 260. Despite excising the


       27
            The remedial opinion was joined by Chief Justice Rehnquist and Justices O’Connor, Kennedy, and
Ginsburg.

                                                   -15-
applicable scope of review, the Court found that the standard of “reasonableness” was
implicit in the review process—a “standard consistent with appellate sentencing practice
during the last two decades.” Id. at 261-62.28

             D. The 2005 Amendments to Tennessee’s Sentencing Statutes
        Following Blakely and Booker, Governor Phil Bredesen charged a Task Force with
drafting legislation that would address any constitutional problems with Tennessee’s
sentencing laws in light of the United States Supreme Court’s rulings. Raybin, 41 Tenn. B.J.
at 14.29 The General Assembly subsequently amended the 1989 Act in an effort to bring our
sentencing scheme into compliance with the constitutional interpretations in those cases.
See, e.g., Hearing on S.B. 2249 Before the S. Comm. on the Judiciary, 2005 Leg., 104th Gen.
Assemb. (Tenn. 2005) (statement of Sen. Joe Haynes); Hearing on H.B. 2262 Before the H.
Comm. on Fin. Ways & Means, 2005 Leg., 104th Gen. Assemb. (Tenn. 2005) (statement of
Rep. Joe Fowlkes) (noting that the bill would change Tennessee’s sentencing laws to comply
“with the Blakely case, and about two or three other cases that have been decided since that
time”); see also Act of June 7, 2005, ch. 353, 2005 Tenn. Pub. Acts 788 (codified at Tenn.
Code Ann. § 40-35-210 (2006)).30

       Prior to the effective date of these amendments, however, this Court decided Gomez
I, 163 S.W.3d at 632, which addressed the constitutionality of the pre-2005 sentencing
scheme. In Gomez I, the defendants asserted and the State agreed that the imposition of
maximum sentences based upon the trial court’s finding of enhancement factors was in
contravention of the ruling in Blakely. 163 S.W.3d at 654. Nevertheless, this Court upheld
the sentences. Id. at 661. While acknowledging that “Blakely itself include[d] language
which c[ould] be broadly construed” as supportive of the defendants’ position, id. at 658, this
Court found that the opinion “drew a constitutionally significant distinction between judicial
factfinding in a ‘determinate’ sentencing scheme and judicial factfinding in an
‘indeterminate’ sentencing scheme,” id. at 656, and read Booker as “instruct[ing] . . . that the
Sixth Amendment is not implicated by a sentencing procedure which uses non-binding,
advisory enhancement factors to inform and to guide the judge’s selection of an appropriate
sentence in the statutory range authorized by the jury’s verdict.” Id. at 657. The Court found
that the 1989 Act “afford[ed] judges discretion to select an appropriate sentence within a
predetermined statutory range” but did not give judges the “authority to impose a sentence
outside the statutory range.” Id. at 659. “Significantly,” the Court noted, “no provision in

        28
          Before 2003, the Court noted that appellate review of sentencing, as defined by statute, looked to
whether the sentence was “unreasonable.” Id. at 261.
        29
             Mr. Raybin was an advisor on the Governor’s Task Force. Id.
        30
             The details of the 2005 amendments are discussed infra.

                                                    -16-
the . . . Act mandate[d] an increase in a defendant’s sentence upon the finding of an
enhancement factor.” Id. at 658. Because the “relevant constitutional inquiry [was] not
whether a judge exercise[d] sentencing discretion by finding facts, but rather whether the
judge’s finding of a fact mandate[d] an increased sentence,” this Court concluded that the
1989 Act did not implicate the Sixth Amendment concerns as articulated in Apprendi,
Blakely, and Booker. Id. at 661.31

        Two months after Gomez I was decided, the General Assembly passed the 2005
amendments to Tennessee’s sentencing statutes. As under the 1982 and 1989 Acts, the 2005
amendments required trial courts, when determining the sentence and “the appropriate
combination of sentencing alternatives that shall be imposed on the defendant,” to consider
the following:

        (1) The evidence, if any, received at the trial and the sentencing hearing;
        (2) The presentence report;
        (3) The principles of sentencing and arguments as to sentencing alternatives;
        (4) The nature and characteristics of the criminal conduct involved;
        (5) Evidence and information offered by the parties on the mitigating and
        enhancement factors set out in §§ 40-35-113 and 40-35-114;32


        31
           Justice Anderson, in partial dissent joined by Justice Birch, would have ruled that the 1989 Act
“d[id] not pass constitutional muster under Apprendi, Blakely, and Booker.” Id. at 667 (Anderson, J.,
concurring in part and dissenting in part). In their view, the applicable sentencing schemes in both Blakely
and Booker mandated that “the sentencing judge was not free to impose a sentence anywhere within the
statutory range,” but instead specified a “‘base’ or ‘standard’ range as the starting point,” and then either
required (per the federal Guidelines addressed in Booker) or allowed (per the Washington statute addressed
in Blakely) the judge, upon the finding of aggravating factors, to increase the sentence beyond the standard
range. Id. at 664. Justices Anderson and Birch read Blakely to hold that, under the Apprendi standard, “the
base range or standard range” was the applicable statutory maximum for Sixth Amendment purposes, i.e.,
“‘the maximum [the judge] may impose without any additional facts.’” Id. (quoting Blakely, 542 U.S. at
303-04). Although noting that Blakely, and particularly Booker, reaffirmed and reiterated that it was not
constitutionally impermissible for a sentencing judge to use facts not found by the jury to sentence a
defendant “within the appropriate range,” id. at 665, the partial dissent observed that the majority had
ignored the fact that Tennessee’s sentencing scheme set a presumptive sentence for each felony class within
each range, comparable to the “base range of the federal Guidelines and the standard range” in Washington’s
statute. Id. at 665-66. In light of the fact that the Washington statute struck down in Blakely was “effectively
the same” as Tennessee’s Act, in that “[i]t mandated a ‘standard range’ based upon the jury’s verdict and
then permitted, but did not require, a judge to enhance the defendant’s sentence in response to judicially-
determined enhancement factors,” Justices Anderson and Birch would have held our sentencing scheme
unconstitutional. Id. at 667.
        32
             The enhancement factors were also rendered completely advisory by the 2005 amendments. See
                                                                                           (continued...)

                                                     -17-
        (6) Any statistical information provided by the administrative office of the
        courts as to sentencing practices for similar offenses in Tennessee; and
        (7) Any statement the defendant wishes to make in the defendant’s own behalf
        about sentencing.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-210(b) (2010). The only significant addition to these factors was
subsection (6), which one commentator observed was meant “[t]o avoid ‘sentence creep’ . . .
[and was] designed to assist trial and appellate judges in assessing sentences in individual
cases,” which would “alert [them] to local jurisdictions that drastically deviate from the
norm.” Raybin, 41 Tenn. B.J. at 20.

       Most significantly, however, the 2005 amendments “remove[d] the prior rule, that
absent an enhancement factor, a judge may not impose a sentence that exceeds the
presumptive sentence at the bottom of the range (or in the middle of the range for Class A
felonies)” and instead allowed “the judge [to] sentence anywhere within the appropriate
range.” Id. at 16. Accordingly, Tennessee Code Annotated section 40-35-210 was amended
to provide as follows:

        (c) The court shall impose a sentence within the range of punishment,
        determined by whether the defendant is a mitigated, standard, persistent, career
        or repeat violent offender. In imposing a specific sentence within the range of
        punishment, the court shall consider, but is not bound by, the following
        advisory sentencing guidelines:
        (1) The minimum sentence within the range of punishment is the sentence that
        should be imposed, because the general assembly set the minimum length of
        sentence for each felony class to reflect the relative seriousness of each
        criminal offense in the felony classifications; and
        (2) The sentence length within the range should be adjusted, as appropriate, by
        the presence or absence of mitigating and enhancement factors set out in
        §§ 40-35-113 and 40-35-114.
        (d) The sentence length within the range should be consistent with the
        purposes and principles of this chapter.




        32
          (...continued)
Act of June 7, 2005, ch. 353, § 5, 2005 Tenn. Pub. Acts 788, 789 (codified at Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-114
(2006) (stating that “[i]f appropriate for the offense and if not themselves an essential element of the offense,
the court shall consider, but is not bound by, the following advisory factors in determining whether to
enhance a defendant’s sentence”) (emphasis added)).

                                                      -18-
Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-210(c)–(d) (2010) (emphasis added). Reflecting the General
Assembly’s intent to bring our sentencing scheme into compliance with Blakely and Booker,
this amendment to section 40-35-210 rendered advisory the minimum sentence and the
enhancement and mitigating factors that might be considered in the imposition of a sentence
within the appropriate sentencing range, thereby eliminating the “presumptive sentence”
under the 1989 Act.33 Raybin, 41 Tenn. B.J. at 16; see also Carter, 254 S.W.3d at 343.
Nevertheless, trial courts were still required under the 2005 amendments to “place on the
record, either orally or in writing, what enhancement or mitigating factors were considered,
if any, as well as the reasons for the sentence, in order to ensure fair and consistent
sentencing.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-210(e) (2010).

        In addition, the 2005 amendments no longer allowed for an appeal to be taken based
on a trial court’s improper weighing of enhancement and mitigating factors. Provisions were
added, however, allowing an appeal to be taken by the defendant on the basis that the
sentence was either “not imposed in accordance with this chapter”; “excessive under” the
purposes or principles of sentencing in Tennessee Code Annotated sections 40-35-102 and
-210; or “inconsistent with” the sentencing purposes and principles at sections 40-35-102 and
-103. Id. § 40-35-401(b)(1)–(3). An appeal by the State could be taken if, in pertinent part,
the sentence was “inconsistent with” the purposes and principles articulated in sections 40-
35-102 and -103. See id. § 40-35-402(b)(7). Whether a sentence was appealed by a
defendant, see id. § 40-35-401(d), or the State, see id. § 40-35-402(d), the 1989 Act, as
amended, continued to provide for de novo appellate review “with a presumption that the
determinations made by the court from which the appeal is taken are correct.” Id.
§§ 40-35-401(d), -402(d).

      Two years after the passage of the 2005 amendments, the United States Supreme
Court explicitly approved Tennessee’s statutory changes as constitutionally sound. See
Cunningham v. California, 549 U.S. 270, 294 n.18 (2007). At the same time, the high Court


        33
           The 2005 amendments did not, however, make our sentencing ranges advisory. Raybin, 41 Tenn.
B.J. at 16 (“The new legislation makes no changes to the existing sentencing ranges of punishment that are
determined by the number and types of prior convictions. What has changed is the manner of fixing the
length of sentence within the range.”); see also Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-210(c) (2010) (“The court shall
impose a sentence within the range of punishment, determined by whether the defendant is a mitigated,
standard, persistent, career or repeat violent offender.” (Emphasis added)). In this regard, our 2005
amendments differ from the Guidelines and Booker, which allow federal district courts to impose sentences
outside of the applicable Guidelines range. We emphasize that our 2005 amendments rendered advisory only
“the minimum sentence within the range of punishment” and “the sentence length within the range” as
adjusted by any applicable enhancement and mitigating factors. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-210(c)(1)–(2)
(2010) (emphasis added). The statutory sentencing ranges and the purposes and principles of sentencing
remain mandatory. See id. § 40-35-210(a), (b)(3), (c).

                                                  -19-
vacated and remanded the ruling in Gomez I.34 See Gomez v. Tennessee, 549 U.S. 1190
(2007). On remand, this Court “conclude[d] that the [1989] Act failed to satisfy the Sixth
Amendment insofar as it allowed a presumptive sentence to be enhanced based on judicially
determined facts.” State v. Gomez, 239 S.W.3d 733, 740 (Tenn. 2007) (“Gomez II”).

                                    E. Recent Decisions
       While addressing the constitutionality of the 1989 Act, Gomez II focused on the
presumptive sentence and enhancement factors applied by the trial court, rather than the
appellate standard of review.35 Since the passage of the 2005 amendments, this Court has
not had the opportunity to specifically address the effect of Apprendi and its progeny on our
form of appellate review, as retained by the 1989 Act. Initially, however, three of our
decisions since 2007 provide insight.

       In Carter, this Court addressed the question of “how the 2005 revisions to the
Criminal Sentencing Reform Act of 1989 impact the method of imposing a sentence.” 254
S.W.3d at 337. After Carter was convicted of vehicular homicide, the State introduced proof
demonstrating that he qualified as a Range III persistent offender, which established a
sentencing range of ten to fifteen years. Id. at 340-41. In mitigation, Carter presented
evidence from the victim’s mother “in which she asked the court to probate the . . . sentence
and also offered several letters from other family members asking for leniency.” Id. at 340.


        34
           Cunningham addressed the constitutionality of California’s determinate sentencing law under
which a trial judge could increase the presumptive sentence—in the defendant’s case, the middle term of
twelve years—if he or she found one or more aggravating factors by a preponderance of the evidence. Id.
at 275. The trial judge found several aggravating factors and sentenced the defendant to the upper term of
sixteen years. Id. at 275-76. The Court found that “the middle term prescribed in California’s statutes, not
the upper term, [was] the relevant statutory maximum,” and the only means by which a trial judge could
increase a defendant’s sentence beyond this term was to find one or more aggravating circumstances that
were not “[a]n element of the charged offense, essential to a jury’s determination of guilt, or admitted in a
defendant’s guilty plea.” Id. at 288 (citation omitted). The Court concluded, therefore, that the facts
permitting the imposition of an upper-term sentence under California’s statutes, which were found by the
judge, rather than the jury, violated the Sixth Amendment. Id. at 293.
        35
           See Gomez II, 239 S.W.3d at 737 (applying plain error review, consistent with the finding in
Gomez I that the defendants failed to preserve their constitutional claim for plenary appellate review).
Because Gomez II was heard on remand from the Supreme Court, our standard of appellate review under the
2005 amendments was not at issue. As noted above, however, the remedial opinion in Booker found
constitutional conflicts not only in the provision making the federal Guidelines mandatory, but also in the
provision articulating the “standards of review on appeal, including de novo review of departures from the
applicable Guidelines range.” Booker, 543 U.S. at 259. Continuing to expound upon its holdings in
Apprendi, Ring, Blakely, and Booker, the Supreme Court specifically addressed the appropriate standard of
appellate review in Rita v. United States, 551 U.S. 338 (2007), and Gall v. United States, 552 U.S. 38 (2007).
We discuss these cases infra in more detail, after surveying the relevant cases from our own state.

                                                    -20-
The trial court determined that a sentence of “ten years, time served, probated” was
appropriate. Id. at 341. On appeal, the Court of Criminal Appeals modified the sentence to
fifteen years, the maximum permitted in the range, which precluded the grant of probation.
Id. at 342.

        This Court reinstated the ten-year sentence as set by the trial court and ordered that
the sentence be served in the Department of Correction. Id. We observed that the post-2005
version of the Act “no longer impose[d] a presumptive sentence,” but instead allowed the
trial court the discretion “to select any sentence within the applicable range so long as the
length of the sentence [wa]s ‘consistent with the purposes and principles of [the Sentencing
Act].’” Id. at 343 (quoting Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-210(d) (2006)). We noted that neither
a defendant nor the State, under the amended Act, could appeal a sentence on the grounds
that the trial court had not properly weighed the enhancement and mitigating factors. Id. at
344. We further noted that the Act still provided for a de novo review “‘on the record of the
issues . . . conducted with a presumption’” that the trial court was correct, id. (quoting Tenn.
Code Ann. § 40-35-401(d) (2006)):

       [T]he presumption of correctness “is conditioned upon the affirmative showing
       in the record that the trial court considered the sentencing principles and all
       relevant facts and circumstances.” If, however, the trial court applies
       inappropriate mitigating and/or enhancement factors or otherwise fails to
       follow the Sentencing Act, the presumption of correctness fails. In that event,
       “our review is simply de novo.”

Id. at 344-45 (citations omitted).

         We pointed out in Carter that the Court of Criminal Appeals’ ruling that the trial court
“failed to appropriately adjust the sentence length due to the presence of enhancement factors
and . . . based the sentence on a mitigating factor not supported by the proof . . . indicate[d]
that the court disagreed with the trial court’s weighing of the various enhancement and
mitigating factors before it.” Id. at 345 (internal quotation marks omitted). We noted,
however, that this “disagreement [wa]s not grounds for reversal under the revised Sentencing
Act,” id., and concluded that if a sentence is consistent with the purposes and principles of
the Act, appellate courts “do not have the authority [to increase a defendant’s sentence] upon
the basis of a trial court’s ‘fail[ure] to appropriately adjust’ a sentence in light of applicable,
but merely advisory, mitigating or enhancement factors.” Id. at 346. We then emphasized
that because these factors were rendered advisory by the 2005 amendments, the trial courts
have been afforded broader discretion in sentencing determinations:




                                               -21-
        Thus, even if a trial court recognizes and enunciates several applicable
        enhancement factors, it does not abuse its discretion if it does not increase the
        sentence beyond the minimum on the basis of those factors. Similarly, if the
        trial court recognizes and enunciates several applicable mitigating factors, it
        does not abuse its discretion if it does not reduce the sentence from the
        maximum on the basis of those factors. The appellate courts are therefore left
        with a narrower set of circumstances in which they might find that a trial court
        has abused its discretion in setting the length of a defendant’s sentence.

Id. at 345-46 (emphasis added). Although we expressed discomfort with the trial court’s
imposition of the minimum sentence, we found that “the trial court did not go so far astray
under the 2005 expansion of discretion as to render the sentence reversible.” Id.36

       Our next case touching on the subject of appellate review was State v. Banks, 271
S.W.3d 90, 145 (Tenn. 2008). In this capital case involving multiple crimes and multiple
issues on appeal, Banks challenged twenty-five-year sentences imposed by the trial court for
attempted first degree murder and especially aggravated robbery. Id. Addressing the
propriety of the length of these sentences, we stated that “[w]hen reviewing a sentence, an
appellate court must review the record de novo and must presume that the determinations
made by the court from which the appeal is taken—in this case the Court of Criminal
Appeals—are correct.” Id. More importantly, however, and in recognition of the increased
discretion given to trial courts as a result of the 2005 amendments, this Court upheld the
sentences despite the fact that the trial court had erroneously relied upon two enhancement
factors. Id. at 147. Because “the trial court considered and weighed all the matters that
[Tennessee Code Annotated section] 40-35-210 required it to consider and [because] the four
remaining enhancement factors more than adequately support[ed] the trial court’s
discretionary decision to impose twenty-five[-]year sentences for the[] two crimes,” the
sentences were upheld. Id.

       Most recently, in State v. Cross, 362 S.W.3d 512, 517 (Tenn. 2012), the defendant
was convicted of evading arrest while creating a risk to others, reckless endangerment with
a deadly weapon, driving on a revoked license, and speeding. Cross contended that the trial

        36
           We held, however, that the presumption of correctness did not apply to the trial court’s decision
to place the defendant on probation because “[a]pparently, the trial court gave no consideration to the
previous unsuccessful attempts to rehabilitate the [d]efendant through measures less restrictive than
confinement, a significant factor in th[e] case because the [d]efendant was on release status from multiple
prior felony sentences when he committed the instant offenses.” Id. at 348. Upon applying a de novo
standard of review, we determined that the defendant had failed to “carr[y] his burden of establishing his
suitability for probation and ha[d] not established that the suspension of his sentence serve[d] the ends of
justice or the best interest of the public.” Id.

                                                   -22-
court had inappropriately determined that he “‘had no hesitation about committing a crime
when the risk to human life was high.’” Id. at 527 (quoting Tenn. Code Ann.
§ 40-35-114(10) (2010)). We held that “[e]ven if this enhancement factor should not have
been considered, the sentences imposed by the trial court were not excessive,” and made the
following further observation:

                While the precise metes and bounds of appellate review under the
       current increased trial court discretion structure have not yet been fully
       defined, some markers are fairly clear. An improper consideration of an
       enhancement factor or factors will not necessarily invalidate the sentence when
       a trial court imposes a sentence after considering and weighing the principles
       and purposes of sentencing set forth in [Tennessee Code Annotated
       section] 40-35-210. To the contrary, when a trial court has sentenced in
       accordance with these principles and another enhancement factor or factors
       adequately support the trial court’s decision, the reviewing court will leave the
       decision entrusted to the discretion of the trial court undisturbed.

Id. at 529 (emphasis added). Because the trial court had “emphasized a variety of
considerations beyond the enhancement factors which [were] consistent with the principles
and policies of sentencing” and had “also placed appropriately significant weight on two
other [applicable] enhancement factors,” we held that “[t]hese considerations more than
adequately justif[ied] the trial court’s sentencing decision.” Id. at 529-30.

       Several points can be gleaned from these three decisions. First, we have consistently
recognized that the 2005 amendments significantly increased a trial court’s discretionary
authority in imposing sentences. See, e.g., Carter, 254 S.W.3d at 344 (observing that “the
2005 revision[s] . . . increase[] the amount of discretion a trial court exercises when imposing
a sentencing term”). Second, even when we have found a misapplication of enhancement
factors or have otherwise expressed disagreement with the sentence, we have upheld the
exercise of discretion by the trial courts unless they have “departed so far from the
Sentencing Act” or “go[ne] so far astray under the 2005 expansion of discretion as to render
the sentence reversible.” Id. at 346; see also Cross, 362 S.W.3d at 529-30. Finally, we have
held that the “improper consideration of an enhancement factor . . . will not necessarily
invalidate the sentence.” Cross, 362 S.W.3d at 529.

        Our rulings since 2007 parallel the efforts of the federal courts to develop an
appropriate standard of appellate review. Since its ruling in Cunningham, the United States
Supreme Court has primarily directed its attention to the remedial opinion in Booker—that
is, the mode by which appellate courts review sentencing decisions under the federal
Guidelines. The rationale of these opinions is instructive. For example, in Rita v. United

                                              -23-
States, 551 U.S. 338, 341 (2007), the question presented was whether appellate courts could
presume that a sentence imposed within a properly calculated range was reasonable. In that
case, a defendant was convicted of perjury, id. at 342, and sentenced by the trial court “at the
bottom of the Guidelines range.” Id. at 345. On appeal, the defendant sought a downward
departure contending that his sentence was “unreasonable.” Id. The Fourth Circuit Court
of Appeals concluded that “a sentence imposed within the properly calculated Guidelines
range . . . is presumptively reasonable” and upheld his sentence. Id. at 345-46 (internal
quotation marks omitted). The Supreme Court agreed, holding that the “presumption of
reasonableness [applies] to a . . . sentence that reflects a proper application of the Sentencing
Guidelines,” id. at 347, and noting that “the presumption reflects the fact that, by the time an
appeals court is considering a within-Guidelines sentence on review, both the sentencing
judge and the Sentencing Commission will have reached the same conclusion as to the proper
sentence in the particular case.” Id. The Court further observed that such a presumption
“simply recognizes the real-world circumstance that when the judge’s discretionary decision
accords with the [Sentencing] Commission’s view of the appropriate application of [federal
sentencing purposes] in the mine run of cases, it is probable that the sentence is reasonable.”
Id. at 350-51.

        In Rita, the Court also addressed whether the district court had properly analyzed the
relevant sentencing factors and, more specifically, whether the judge had adequately
“‘state[d] in open court the reasons for [his] imposition of the particular sentence’” as
required by statute. Id. at 356 (quoting 18 U.S.C. § 3553(c) (2000 & Supp. IV)). While
describing the judge’s statement as “brief” and suggesting that typically a sentencing judge
“should set forth enough to satisfy the appellate court that he has considered the parties’
arguments and has a reasoned basis for exercising his own legal decisionmaking authority,”
the Court ruled that a district “judge decid[ing] simply to apply the Guidelines to a particular
case . . . will not necessarily require lengthy explanation.” Id. at 356-57. Although the
defendant had argued for a sentence less than the recommended Guidelines sentence based
on his poor health, his “fear of retaliation in prison, and [his] military record,” the Court
found the record “clear” that these factors had been considered by the judge and that the
Fourth Circuit properly concluded that the sentence imposed by the district court was not
unreasonable. Id. at 358.

       Later, in Gall v. United States, 552 U.S. 38 (2007), the United States Supreme Court
elaborated on the nature of appellate review in the federal system:

              Regardless of whether the sentence imposed is inside or outside the
       Guidelines range, the appellate court must review the sentence under an abuse-
       of-discretion standard. It must first ensure that the district court committed no
       significant procedural error, such as failing to calculate (or improperly

                                              -24-
        calculating) the Guidelines range, treating the Guidelines as mandatory, failing
        to consider the § 3553(a) factors, selecting a sentence based on clearly
        erroneous facts, or failing to adequately explain the chosen
        sentence—including an explanation for any deviation from the Guidelines
        range. Assuming that the district court’s sentencing decision is procedurally
        sound, the appellate court should then consider the substantive reasonableness
        of the sentence imposed under an abuse-of-discretion standard.37

Gall, 552 U.S. at 51 (emphasis added). In applying this abuse of discretion standard, the
Supreme Court instructed the federal appellate courts to consider “the totality of the
circumstances, including the extent of any variance from the Guidelines range.” Id. While
the appellate courts could “consider the extent of the deviation” from the Guidelines range,
the high Court cautioned that the district court’s decision “that the § 3553(a) factors, on a
whole, justif[ied] the extent of the variance” was entitled to deference. Id. The Court
reiterated its holding in Rita that for sentences within the Guidelines range, appellate courts
“may, but [are] not required to, apply a presumption of reasonableness.” Id. (citing Rita, 551
U.S. at 347). The Court then reversed the ruling of the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals
because it had “engaged in an analysis that more closely resembled de novo review of the
facts presented and determined that, in its view, the degree of variance [from the sentence
suggested by the Guidelines] was not warranted.” Id. at 57.38


        37
           Justice Scalia, writing separately in Rita, would have held that this “reasonableness review cannot
contain a substantive component at all,” 551 U.S. at 370 (Scalia, J., concurring in part and concurring in the
judgment), based upon his belief “that there will inevitably be some constitutional violations under a system
of substantive reasonableness review, because there will be some sentences that will be upheld as reasonable
only because of the existence of judge-found facts.” Id. at 374. Instead, Justice Scalia would have “limit[ed]
reasonableness review to the sentencing procedures mandated by statute.” Id. at 381. This would allow an
appellate court to “reverse a district court that: appears not to have considered § 3553(a); considers
impermissible factors; selects a sentence based on clearly erroneous facts; or does not comply with
§ 3553(c)’s requirement for a statement of reasons.” Id. at 382.
        38
           Also decided that same term was Kimbrough v. United States, 552 U.S. 85, 90 (2007), in which
the Court dealt with the disparity between the Guidelines’ suggested sentences for crack and powder cocaine
offenses. As noted by the Court, under the Guidelines, “a drug trafficker dealing in crack cocaine is subject
to the same sentence as one dealing in 100 times more powder cocaine.” Id. at 91. The Fourth Circuit held
that the district court’s sentence, which was outside the range suggested by the Guidelines, was “per se
unreasonable [because] it [wa]s based on a disagreement with the sentencing disparity for crack and powder
cocaine offenses.” Id. at 93 (internal quotation marks omitted). The Court reversed, concluding that “under
Booker, the cocaine Guidelines, like all other Guidelines, are advisory only,” and that although “[a] district
judge must include the Guidelines range in the array of factors warranting consideration,” he or she “may
determine . . . that, in the particular case, a within-Guidelines sentence is ‘greater than necessary’ to serve
the objective of sentencing.” Id. at 91 (quoting 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) (2000 & Supp. V)). Accordingly, the
                                                                                                 (continued...)

                                                     -25-
        While Rita and Gall addressed the effect of Booker’s remedial opinion on appellate
review under the federal Guidelines, Tennessee’s General Assembly, according to at least
one authority, elected to “Booker-ize” its own sentencing statutes;39 that is, it chose to make
Tennessee’s minimum sentences and enhancement and mitigating factors advisory only,
adopting an approach similar to that taken by the Supreme Court in Booker as to the federal
Guidelines. Thus, the Supreme Court’s reasoning in these cases, while providing no bright
line rule,40 lends some guidance in addressing the issue in the case before us.

        38
         (...continued)
Court found that the district court’s original sentence was “reasonable” in light of the considerations
contained in § 3553(a). Id. at 110-11.

         In Spears v. United States, 555 U.S. 261 (2009) (per curiam), the Court reiterated its ruling in
Kimbrough. There, the district court deviated from the Guidelines’ “100:1 ratio between powder cocaine
and crack cocaine quantities” for purposes of sentencing, finding that adherence to this ratio would yield an
excessive sentence. Id. at 261-62. Instead, the district court chose to sentence the defendant to the statutory
mandatory minimum. Id. at 262. The Eighth Circuit, after having its initial reversal of the sentence vacated
and remanded in light of the Court’s decision in Kimbrough, id. at 262-63, again reversed and remanded for
resentencing, holding that the district court could “not categorically reject the ratio set forth by the
Guidelines.” Id. at 263 (internal quotation marks omitted). The Court yet again reversed, finding that the
Eighth Circuit’s holding conflicted with Kimbrough, which it found to undoubtedly hold “that with respect
to the crack cocaine Guidelines, a categorical disagreement with and variance from the Guidelines is not
suspect.” Id. at 264.
        39
             Pfaff, 93 Marq. L. Rev. at 685-86.
        40
           Some scholars have been critical of the Court’s foray into this area. See, e.g., Frank O. Bowman,
III, Debacle: How the Supreme Court Has Mangled American Sentencing Law and How It Might Yet Be
Mended, 77 U. Chi. L. Rev. 367, 460 (2010) (observing that the “tangle of rules and exceptions [articulated
by the Supreme Court’s sentencing cases] is obviously neither simple nor . . . logical”); Pfaff, 93 Marq. L.
Rev. at 715 (“In Booker, the Supreme Court awkwardly attempted to restore the substantive appellate review
of criminal sentences after effectively destroying such review less than a year earlier in Blakely. The result
is confusing and contradictory, since the Court attempted this restoration while simultaneously upholding
its decision in Blakely.”). But see Amy Barons-Evans & Kate Stith, Booker Rules, 160 U. Pa. L. Rev. 1631,
1672 (2010) (arguing that “Booker has been transformative simply by permitting the courts to communicate
with the [U.S. Sentencing] Commission (and with each other) in a transparent and effective manner,”
resulting in the “revis[ion of] a number of [G]uidelines” and “persuad[ing] Congress to revise its own
unsound policies”).

        Similarly, there are disagreements among the various justices as to what, in fact, post-Booker
appellate review entails. Compare Rita, 551 U.S. at 365 (Stevens, J., concurring) (disagreeing with Justice
Scalia’s position based on his belief that “purely procedural review . . . is inconsistent with our remedial
opinion in Booker, which plainly contemplated that reasonableness review would contain a substantive
component”), with id. at 368 (Scalia, J., concurring in part and concurring in the judgment) (disagreeing that
reasonableness review was substantive in nature, but was instead procedural), and id. at 391 (Souter, J.,
                                                                                                (continued...)

                                                     -26-
        We begin by observing that this Court has continued in recent years to recognize our
pre-2005 standard of appellate review, which conditions the presumption of correctness
afforded the trial court’s sentencing decision on “the affirmative showing in the record that
[it] considered the sentencing principles and all relevant facts and circumstances.” Ashby,
823 S.W.2d at 169. Although nothing in the statute requires that the presumption of
correctness be conditional, if trial courts fail altogether to place on the record any reason for
a particular sentence, the appellate courts would be forced to conduct a de novo review.41
Mere inadequacy in the articulation of the reasons for imposing a particular sentence,
however, should not negate the presumption. As the Supreme Court noted in Rita, while
“[t]he sentencing judge should set forth enough to satisfy the appellate court that he has
considered the parties’ arguments and has a reasoned basis for exercising his own legal
decisionmaking authority,” there is no requirement that such reasoning be particularly
lengthy or detailed. 551 U.S. at 356-57. Accordingly, while a trial court’s less
comprehensive findings may require appellate courts to more carefully review the record,
sentences should be upheld so long as the statutory purposes and principles, along with any
applicable enhancement and mitigating factors, have been properly addressed.

       In addition, since the 2005 amendments, we have often recited language that the
presumption of correctness fails when a trial court applies inappropriate enhancement or
mitigating factors. See, e.g., Carter, 254 S.W.3d at 345. For several reasons, that is no


        40
          (...continued)
dissenting) (stating that he would “reject the presumption of reasonableness adopted in this case” because
“[o]nly if sentencing decisions are reviewed according to the same standard of reasonableness whether or
not they fall within the Guidelines range will district courts be assured that the entire sentencing range set
by statute is available to them”).
        41
            And while we are not faced with a set of circumstances in which no reasons were given in the
record, we note that the trial court is in a superior position to impose an appropriate sentence and articulate
the reasons for doing so. While we have the statutory authority to modify the sentence, see Tenn. Code Ann.
§§ 40-35-401(c)(2), -402(c) (2010), the more appropriate course of action under such circumstances may be
to remand to the trial court. See id. §§ 40-35-401(c)(3), -402(c). For example, in State v. Dailey, No.
M2007-02548-CCA-R3-CD, 2008 WL 3343004, at *4 (Tenn. Crim. App. Aug. 11, 2008), the Court of
Criminal Appeals observed that “the trial court did not place on the record, either orally or in writing, what
specific findings it made when sentencing the defendant” and remanded the case for a new sentencing
hearing because the appellate court was “unable to conduct a proper de novo review.” Although our holding
today replaces the presumption of correctness and de novo standard of review with a presumption of
reasonableness and abuse of discretion standard, we continue to agree that appellate courts cannot properly
review a sentence if the trial court fails to articulate in the record its reasons for imposing the sentence.
Therefore it is critical that trial courts adhere to the statutory requirement set forth in Tennessee Code
Annotated section 40-35-210(e): “When the court imposes a sentence, it shall place on the record, either
orally or in writing, what enhancement or mitigating factors were considered, if any, as well as the reasons
for the sentence, in order to ensure fair and consistent sentencing.” (Emphasis added).

                                                     -27-
longer the case. First, as indicated previously, nothing in the 1989 Act requires that the
presumption be conditional. Second, mere disagreement with the trial court’s weighing of
the properly assigned enhancement and mitigating factors is no longer a ground for appeal.
Third, the 2005 amendments rendered advisory the manner in which the trial court selects
a sentence within the appropriate range, allowing the trial court to be guided by—but not
bound by—any applicable enhancement or mitigating factors when adjusting the length of
a sentence.

        Moreover, the lead opinion of the Court of Criminal Appeals, in this instance, after
properly recognizing the misapplication of the single enhancement factor, determined that
only a minimum sentence could be imposed. Bise, 2011 WL 4090792, at *9. That holding
would serve to establish by case law that which cannot be done by statute. That is, to hold
that only the minimum sentence may be imposed absent a finding by the trial judge of an
enhancement factor would, in our view, violate the ruling in Blakely. See Bise, 2011 WL
4090792, at *11 (Woodall, J., concurring) (arguing that “the majority, by implication, is
holding that the defendant’s sentence in this case cannot be increased above the minimum
unless the trial court finds applicable an enhancement factor that is not a prior conviction”
which, “[i]n effect, . . . obviously violates Blakely”); cf. Pfaff, 93 Marq. L. Rev. at 694 (“To
reverse [a sentence] because . . . the trial court relied on an improper aggravator would imply
that the guidelines are not wholly voluntary . . . and thus would trigger Blakely’s concerns
about jury rights.”).

        We hold, therefore, that a trial court’s misapplication of an enhancement or mitigating
factor does not invalidate the sentence imposed unless the trial court wholly departed from
the 1989 Act, as amended in 2005. So long as there are other reasons consistent with the
purposes and principles of sentencing, as provided by statute, a sentence imposed by the trial
court within the appropriate range should be upheld. In consequence, the Sentencing
Commission Comment to Tennessee Code Annotated section 40-35-210, which provides that
“[t]he court must begin the sentencing determination at the statutory minimum which is
called the ‘presumptive sentence’ under subsection (c) [and i]f there are no enhancement or
mitigating factors, then the court must impose the minimum sentence within the appropriate
range,” is in conflict with Blakely and the 2005 amendments and should, therefore, be
disregarded.

       In light of this holding, we think it is now appropriate to address the question we have
previously left unresolved by defining “the precise metes and bounds of appellate review
under the current increased trial court discretion structure.” Cross, 362 S.W.3d at 529.
Although our decisions in Carter and Banks recited the statutory standard as de novo with
a presumption of correctness, we upheld each of the defendant’s sentences by recognizing
the broad discretion afforded trial courts by the 2005 amendments. See Banks, 271 S.W.3d

                                              -28-
at 147; Carter, 254 S.W.3d at 344, 346. Later, in Cross, we explicitly recognized the lack of
clarity in the scope of appellate review post-2005. 362 S.W.3d at 529. The confusion may
be attributable to the fact that the 2005 amendments did not address the de novo standard of
review, which the United States Supreme Court has abrogated in favor of a reasonableness
standard. See, e.g., Booker, 543 U.S. at 261 (observing that in light of its decision to make
the Guidelines advisory, “the reasons for [the de novo standard of review]—to make
Guidelines sentencing even more mandatory than it had been—ha[d] ceased to be relevant”).
Furthermore, application of a purely de novo standard of review is inconsistent with the
recent holdings of the Supreme Court, which have explicitly rejected de novo review in the
context of sentencing. See, e.g., Gall, 552 U.S. at 56 (noting that “[a]lthough the Court of
Appeals correctly stated that the appropriate standard of review was abuse of discretion, it
engaged in an analysis that more closely resembled de novo review of the facts presented and
determined that, in its view, the degree of variance [from the Guidelines] was not
warranted”). In our view, Carter marked the beginning of this Court’s recognition that
sentences should be reviewed under an abuse of discretion standard. In Banks and Cross, we
also afforded greater deference to the sentences imposed by the trial court. Thus, although
the statutory language continues to describe appellate review as de novo with a presumption
of correctness, our recent decisions have more closely resembled an abuse of discretion
standard. We hold, therefore, that because the General Assembly, in an effort to bring the
1989 Act into compliance with Apprendi, Blakely, and Booker, made advisory the minimum
sentence that should be imposed and the enhancement and mitigating factors that might be
considered, the 2005 amendments also effectively abrogated the de novo standard of
appellate review. So as to comport with the holdings in Booker, Rita, and Gall, today we
adopt an abuse of discretion standard of review, granting a presumption of reasonableness
to within-range sentencing decisions that reflect a proper application of the purposes and
principles of our Sentencing Act.

        Our conclusion that a presumption of reasonableness should be afforded to a sentence
within the appropriate statutory range is further supported by the standard of appellate review
in effect at the time juries imposed sentences. See, e.g., Carroll v. State, 370 S.W.2d 523,
531 (Tenn. 1963) (“The punishment imposed, though severe, was authorized by law. Where
the punishment imposed by the jury was within the limits allowed by the law, it cannot be
said that their verdict indicated passion, prejudice or caprice upon their part.”); Johnson v.
State, 598 S.W.2d 803, 806 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1979) (“Finally, we find no merit to the
defendants’ attack on the sentences assessed by the jury. The punishment in each instance
is fully supported by the evidence and falls with[in] the range authorized by statute, and
therefore cannot be considered ‘excessive.’”). Thus, our decision today not only brings the
1989 Act, as amended in 2005, into compliance with the recent decisions of the United States
Supreme Court, it also is consistent with our long-standing deference to the sentence imposed
in the trial court.

                                             -29-
        The presumption of reasonableness applies to the sentence imposed by the trial court.
Previously, we have stated that in our review of a sentence, our Court of Criminal Appeals
is entitled to a presumption of correctness. See Banks, 271 S.W.3d at 145. The literal
language of the statute supports this construction. See Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 40-35-401(d),
-402(d) (stating that “[t]he review shall be conducted with a presumption that the
determinations made by the court from which the appeal is taken are correct”). Read in
context, however, we believe that the statute contemplates the application of the presumption
to the determinations made by the trial court. First, the 1989 Act, as amended, primarily
addresses the role of trial courts in the imposition of sentences. Second, the provisions
governing appellate review state that the defendant or the State “may appeal from the length,
range or the manner of service of the sentence imposed by the sentencing court,” Tenn. Code
Ann. § 40-35-401(a) (emphasis added); see also id. § 40-35-402(a), implying that any
appellate review is of the decision of the court that actually imposes the sentence. Finally,
the 2005 amendments served to increase the discretionary authority of trial courts in
sentencing. In other areas of law in which a trial court is afforded wide discretion, review
is of the propriety of the decision by the trial court, not that of the intermediate appellate
court. See, e.g., State v. Williamson, 368 S.W.3d 468, 473 (Tenn. 2012) (observing that a
trial court’s findings of fact during a suppression hearing are binding on this Court unless the
evidence preponderates against them); cf. Mitchell v. Fayetteville Pub. Utils., 368 S.W.3d
442, 447 (Tenn. 2012) (reviewing the trial court’s findings of fact “de novo upon the record
. . . accompanied by a presumption of the correctness of the finding” (internal quotation
marks omitted)). We hold, therefore, that the presumption of reasonableness—which we
adopt to replace the presumption of correctness—is more properly applied to the sentence
imposed by the trial court.

       In summary, the 2005 amendments to the 1989 Act were intended to bring our
sentencing scheme in line with the decisions of the United States Supreme Court in this area.
Accordingly, when the 2005 amendments vested the trial court with broad discretionary
authority in the imposition of sentences, de novo appellate review and the “presumption of
correctness” ceased to be relevant. Instead, sentences imposed by the trial court within the
appropriate statutory range are to be reviewed under an abuse of discretion standard with a
“presumption of reasonableness.”

                                       II. The Sentences
        As we apply these principles to the sentences at issue, we first observe that the Court
of Criminal Appeals properly ruled that the evidence does not support the single
enhancement factor applied by the trial court. When imposing the sentences, however, the
trial court did give consideration to the contents of the pre-sentence report. The Defendant
had a prior conviction for public intoxication. The trial court expressed particular concern
that the Defendant’s intoxication played a role in her convictions on each of the three counts

                                             -30-
and that she had failed to provide her son with appropriate parental guidance during the
episode that led to the convictions. Furthermore, the trial court gave consideration to the fact
that the Defendant had knowingly allowed stolen goods to be stored in her home for an
extended period of time. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-102. While observing that the
Defendant might be amenable to rehabilitation, the trial court expressed the need for
deterrence of crimes of this nature. The State submitted proof of an unusually high number
of burglaries in Greene County. See id. § 40-35-102(3)(A); cf. State v. Hooper, 29 S.W.3d
1, 10 (Tenn. 2000) (holding that this Court “will presume that a trial court’s decision to
incarcerate a defendant based on a need for deterrence is correct so long as any reasonable
person looking at the entire record could conclude that (1) a need to deter similar crimes is
present in the particular community, jurisdiction, or in the state as a whole, and (2)
incarceration of the defendant may rationally serve as a deterrent to others similarly situated
and likely to commit similar crimes”).42 Here, there was specific testimony at the sentencing
hearing that four hundred burglaries had been committed in Greene County in the previous
year alone. The trial court also noted that the Defendant had allowed her son to store the
stolen items in her home for many months. This Court has previously noted that trial courts,
“familiar with their locale and having seen the evidence and the defendant, as well as
possessing the benefit of experience in sentencing matters, should retain that discretion
necessary to achieve all of the purposes of the [Sentencing] Act.” Moss, 727 S.W.2d at
237.43 Because these qualify as sound reasons for the imposition of three-year sentences, the


        42
            In Hooper, we articulated five non-exclusive factors to guide the trial court in the decision of
whether to impose incarceration based on a need for deterrence: (1) “[w]hether other incidents of the charged
offense are increasingly present in the community, jurisdiction, or in the state as a whole”; (2) “[w]hether
the defendant’s crime was the result of intentional, knowing, or reckless conduct or was otherwise motivated
by a desire to profit or gain from the criminal behavior”; (3) “[w]hether the defendant’s crime and conviction
ha[d] received substantial publicity beyond that normally expected in the typical case”; (4) “[w]hether the
defendant was a member of a criminal enterprise, or substantially encouraged or assisted others in achieving
the criminal objective”; and (5) “[w]hether the defendant ha[d] previously engaged in criminal conduct of
the same type as the offense in question, irrespective of whether such conduct resulted in previous arrests
or convictions.” Id. at 10-12. We noted, however, that the trial court “need not find . . . all of these factors”
prior to ordering incarceration and, further, that the trial court could rely on other factors so long as they were
supported “by at least some proof” and were noted specifically in the record. Id. at 12.
        43
             Similarly, the Supreme Court has observed as follows:

        The judge sees and hears the evidence, makes credibility determinations, has full knowledge
        of the facts and gains insights not conveyed by the record. The sentencing judge has access
        to, and greater familiarity with, the individual case and the individual defendant before him
        than the . . . appeals court. Moreover, [d]istrict courts have an institutional advantage over
        appellate courts in making these sorts of determinations, especially as they see so many
        more Guidelines sentences than appellate courts do.
                                                                                                 (continued...)

                                                       -31-
presumption of reasonableness prevails and we do not find that the trial court abused its
sound discretion by imposing these within-range sentences.

                                           Conclusion
        We hold that a trial court’s misapplication of an enhancement or mitigating factor
does not remove the presumption of reasonableness from its sentencing decision. A sentence
should be upheld so long as it is within the appropriate range and the record demonstrates
that the sentence is otherwise in compliance with the purposes and principles listed by
statute. Notwithstanding the trial court’s reliance on an erroneous enhancement factor, we
hold that its imposition of three-year sentences was supported by the reasons articulated in
the record. We therefore reverse the Court of Criminal Appeals and reinstate the sentence
of the trial court. It appearing that the Defendant is indigent, costs are adjudged against the
State.




                                                          _____________________________
                                                          GARY R. WADE, JUSTICE




        43
             (...continued)

Gall, 552 U.S. at 51-52 (citations omitted) (internal quotation marks omitted).

                                                   -32-
