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                 SUPREME COURT OF ARKANSAS
                                       No.   CR-16-413

                                                 Opinion Delivered: June   8, 2017
AARON MICHAEL LEWIS
                                APPELLANT

V.                                               APPEAL FROM THE PULASKI
                                                 COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
STATE OF ARKANSAS                                [NO. 60CR-14-3928]
                                   APPELLEE
                                                 HONORABLE HERBERT THOMAS
                                                 WRIGHT, JUDGE


                                                 AFFIRMED ON DIRECT APPEAL;
                                                 DISMISSED ON CROSS-APPEAL.


                               JOHN DAN KEMP, Chief Justice


        Appellant Aaron Michael Lewis1 appeals an order of the Pulaski County Circuit

 Court convicting him of capital murder and kidnapping and sentencing him as a habitual

 offender to terms of life imprisonment without parole and life, respectively. For reversal,

 Lewis argues that the circuit court erred in denying his motions to suppress on five separate

 grounds. The State filed a cross-appeal alleging that the circuit court erred in granting

 Lewis’s motion to suppress evidence seized pursuant to two search warrants. We affirm the

 circuit court’s denial of his motions to suppress, and we dismiss the cross-appeal.




 1
        The record and the briefs contain pleadings in which Lewis’s name is spelled “Aaron”
 and “Arron.” In the judgment and commitment order, his name is spelled “Aaron,” which
 is how it will be spelled in this opinion.
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                                           I. Facts

       On September 25, 2014, Carl Carter reported that his wife, Beverly (“Carter”), a

real estate agent, was missing. He stated that Carter had planned to show a house in Scott,

but when she had not returned home by 9:00 that evening, he became worried and drove

to the Scott residence. There, he saw Carter’s vehicle in the driveway and discovered that

she had left her purse inside the car. Officers from the Pulaski County Sheriff’s Department

were dispatched to the Scott residence, but they did not find Carter.

       Crystal Lowery, Lewis’s wife, testified that she and Lewis had devised a scheme

whereby they planned to target a victim who was married, who worked alone, and who

allegedly had $100,000 from whom they would seek a ransom. Lewis and Lowery found

Carter’s Facebook page online, discovered that she was a real estate agent, and believed that

she was a “rich broker.” They called Carter, identified themselves as Crystal and Steve

Adams, and asked Carter to show them a home in a remote location. Posing as Steve Adams,

Lewis met Carter at the Scott residence while Lowery went to work. Lowery testified that

Lewis later texted her a picture of Carter, who was bound with green tape in the trunk of

Lewis’s car. Lowery stated that Lewis planned to take Carter to his place of employment, a

concrete plant in Cabot, but that “he didn’t feel secure in leaving her there.” When Lowery

came home, she learned that Lewis had locked Carter in the bedroom. Lewis explained that

he had Carter’s debit-card PIN but that her purse was still at the Scott location. Lewis asked

Lowery to “keep an eye on [Carter]” while he retrieved her purse. When he returned,

Lewis told Lowery that “the cops were already there at the house” and that the plan had

changed. According to Lowery, Lewis left with Carter, killed her, and left her body near

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the cement plant. The next morning, Lewis and Lowery purchased a shovel and buried

Carter’s body in a shallow grave at the cement-plant site. Dr. Charles Kokes of the Arkansas

State Crime Lab testified that Carter’s cause of death was asphyxia due to an external-airway

obstruction from a duct-tape mask on her face.

       Carter’s phone records indicated that she had placed a call to an unidentified cell-

phone number that was returned to TextMe, Inc., a company that assigns phone numbers

and provides smartphone users with free text and voice messaging. Pursuant to an exigent-

circumstances request, TextMe provided a report to the Pulaski County Sheriff’s Office

stating that the unidentified number on Carter’s phone belonged to Lowery, who lived in

Jacksonville.

       On September 28, 2014, Lieutenant Mark Swaggerty conducted surveillance on

Lowery’s home, where he observed Lewis get into a black Ford Fusion and drive away.

Both Lewis and the vehicle matched a description of a person and a car seen at the Scott

residence when Carter was present. Lieutenant Swaggerty followed Lewis for approximately

three miles. As Lewis drove around a curve, he lost control of the vehicle and crashed into

a ditch. Lewis’s car landed on the passenger side in a concrete culvert. The lieutenant

approached Lewis, who told the officer that he needed to go to the hospital. Emergency

personnel arrived and examined Lewis. When Lewis was inside the ambulance, Lieutenant

Swaggerty asked for his telephone number. Lewis responded with a number that was one

digit off from the number that was connected to the text messages received by the victim

via the TextMe app. When the lieutenant asked Lewis a second time, he gave the correct

number. The lieutenant then seized Lewis’s phone. According to Swaggerty, Lewis had

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not been taken into custody at that time. EMTs transported Lewis to the hospital, but he

left the hospital during testing that day without notifying any medical staff. Police

subsequently apprehended Lewis on September 29, 2014.

       Officers returned to the scene of the accident, overturned the vehicle, performed an

inventory search of the interior passenger area, and completed a vehicle-search report.

Sergeant Shane Hastings signed the report, which indicated that the trunk had not been

“opened or inventoried.” The investigators surrendered the vehicle to a tow service, which

transported the vehicle to the Pulaski County Sheriff’s Office where it was locked and

secured. Officers obtained a search warrant and found numerous items, including hair fiber,

in the trunk of Lewis’s car.

       Police officers arrested Lewis, who gave two custodial statements. Before trial, Lewis

filed four motions to suppress. First, Lewis filed a motion to suppress his custodial statements

made to officers of the Pulaski County Sheriff’s Department. In his motion, he alleged that

his arrest was illegal and that any statements made to police were the fruits of an illegal arrest.

Second, Lewis filed a motion to suppress the physical evidence from his vehicle, alleging

that officers had illegally detained him and conducted a search and seizure of him and his

property. Third, he filed a motion to suppress evidence “based on [the] overreaching use of

[a] prosecutor’s subpoena power,” stating that, “[i]n the course of the investigation,

prosecutor subpoenas were sent to multiple companies, including AT&T and Google.” In

his motion, Lewis claimed that these subpoenas should have been suppressed because they

were issued “for the law enforcement investigation and not for the prosecutor’s

investigation.” Finally, Lewis filed a motion to suppress a voice recording of the victim on

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his cell phone based on the Arkansas Constitution, United States v. Patane, 542 U.S. 630

(2004), and the Arkansas Rules of Criminal Procedure. The State responded that the circuit

court properly denied each of these motions to suppress.

       The circuit court entered an order granting inter alia Lewis’s motion to suppress on

his first statement, which he made after he invoked his right to counsel, as the product of

an illegal interrogation. The circuit court admitted the voice recording on Lewis’s phone

and the phone itself that the officer seized after Lewis’s car accident. The circuit court denied

Lewis’s motion to suppress his second statement, finding that he had reinitiated contact with

law enforcement, and admitted certain items found in Lewis’s car pursuant to the on-site

inventory search but suppressed other items based on an overbroad warrant. The circuit

court found that Lewis lacked standing to challenge the prosecutor subpoenas.

       Lewis’s case proceeded to trial. A Pulaski County jury found Lewis guilty of capital

murder and kidnapping and sentenced him to life without parole on the murder charge and

a life sentence on the kidnapping charge. Lewis timely filed his notice of appeal. The

circuit court filed an amended sentencing order. The State filed its notice of cross-appeal.

                                     II. Motions to Suppress

                                        A. Cell Phone

       For the first point on appeal, Lewis argues that the circuit court erred in admitting

Lewis’s cell phone. Specifically, Lewis contends that the police officer illegally seized

Lewis’s phone as the product of an illegal encounter and that it should have been suppressed

pursuant to Rule 2.2 of the Arkansas Rules of Criminal Procedure. The State responds that

the circuit court correctly found that the police officer encounter was proper under Rule

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2.2 and that the phone was properly seized under Rule 10.2 of the Arkansas Rules of

Criminal Procedure.

       Police-citizen encounters have been classified into three categories. The first category

is contemplated by Rule 2.2 of the Arkansas Rules of Criminal Procedure. The authority

for a police officer to act in a nonseizure encounter is recognized in Rule 2.2(a), which

provides,

              A law enforcement officer may request any person to furnish information or
       otherwise cooperate in the investigation or prevention of crime. The officer may
       request the person to respond to questions, to appear at a police station, or to comply
       with any other reasonable request.

This type of nonseizure encounter occurs when an officer merely approaches an individual

on a street and asks if he is willing to answer some questions. Thompson v. State, 303 Ark.

407, 797 S.W.2d 450 (1990). This encounter is consensual and does not constitute a seizure.

Scott v. State, 347 Ark. 767, 67 S.W.3d 567 (2002). A seizure of a person occurs when an

officer, by means of physical force or show of authority, has in some way restrained the

liberty of a citizen. Id., 67 S.W.3d 567. The initially consensual encounter is transformed

into a seizure when, considering all the circumstances, a reasonable person would believe

that he is not free to leave. Id., 67 S.W.3d 567. The second category is contemplated by

Rule 3.1 of the Arkansas Rules of Criminal Procedure. Thompson, 303 Ark. 407, 797

S.W.2d 450. This second type of encounter occurs when the officer justifiably restrains an

individual for a short period of time because the officer has a reasonable, articulable suspicion

that the person has committed or is about to commit a crime. Thompson, 303 Ark. 407, 797

S.W.2d 450. The final category is the full-scale arrest, which must be based on probable

cause. Scott, 347 Ark. 767, 67 S.W.3d 567.
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       A nonseizure encounter pursuant to Rule 2.2 is permissible “only if the information

or cooperation sought is in aid of an investigation or the prevention of a particular crime.”

Stewart v. State, 332 Ark. 138, 146, 964 S.W.2d 793, 797 (1998). This court has stated that

the approach of a citizen pursuant to a police officer’s investigative law-enforcement

function must be reasonable under the existent circumstances and requires a weighing of

the government’s interest for the intrusion against the individual’s right to privacy and

personal freedom. Baxter v. State, 274 Ark. 539, 626 S.W.2d 935 (1982). To be considered

are the manner and intensity of the interference, the gravity of the crime involved, and the

circumstances attending the encounter. Id., 626 S.W.2d 935.

       Lewis cites State v. McFadden, 327 Ark. 16, 938 S.W.2d 797 (1997), in support of his

argument to reverse the circuit court’s ruling. In McFadden, this court affirmed the circuit

court’s grant of the defendant’s motion to suppress, holding that the officer’s pursuit with

blue lights flashing, a stop of the defendant’s vehicle, and a request for the defendant to

accompany the officer to another person’s home “went far beyond the sort of encounter

authorized by Rule 2.2; it became a seizure such that a reasonable person in that situation

would not have believed he was free to leave.” McFadden, 327 Ark. at 23, 938 S.W.2d at

800. We concluded that “this was not a situation where the officer merely approached two

men on a public street and asked if they would provide information.” Id., 938 S.W.2d at

800; cf. Thompson v. State, 303 Ark. at 410, 797 S.W.2d at 452 (affirming circuit court’s

denial of suppression motion under Rule 2.2 because no seizure took place when the officer

did not restrain the liberty of the driver or show authority by exhibiting a weapon or

ordering the driver out of the vehicle).

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       Lewis’s reliance on McFadden is misplaced because the nonseizure encounter was

permissible under Rule 2.2. Here, the circuit court denied Lewis’s motion to suppress,

ruled that the officer’s questioning was proper under Rule 2.2, and found that the cell phone

had been properly seized pursuant Rule 10.2. Specifically, the circuit court provided the

following rationale as the basis for its ruling:

       Swaggerty was not approaching a random individual standing on a street corner “in
       the wrong place at the wrong time.” There was a specific investigation going on in
       which the defendant was considered a person of interest. Furthermore, the defendant
       had been involved in a vehicle accident, and to suggest that the lieutenant’s approach
       of the defendant, injured and climbing out of an upended vehicle, was analogous to
       stopping and requesting information of someone standing on the street is
       unconvincing. . . . Knowing that an individual matching the defendant’s description
       was seen in a vehicle matching the defendant’s near the victim’s vehicle around the
       time of her disappearance, Swaggerty also had reasonable suspicion to think that
       questioning the defendant might assist in the investigation or prevention of crime.
       . . . The facts known to Swaggerty in the present case, combined with the absence
       of a custodial seizure or stop of the defendant, and the defendant’s non-coerced
       volunteering of a phone number known to the investigators distinguishes it from any
       case cited by the defendant. . . . Once Swaggerty had initiated law contact and
       questioning of the defendant under Rule 2.2, his seizure of the defendant’s phone
       was proper under Arkansas Rule of Criminal Procedure 10.2, which states that
       “evidence of other information except privileged information concerning the
       commission of a criminal offense or other violation of law” are subject to seizure.

       We agree with the circuit court’s ruling. Swaggerty knew that Carter had been

missing for three days. He knew that Lewis and his car matched the description of the man

and vehicle seen at the home where Carter had disappeared. He also knew that the TextMe

account had been registered to Lowery. After Lewis was involved in the car accident, the

lieutenant approached him to determine whether he needed medical assistance and to

inquire about his cell phone. The lieutenant’s request that Lewis respond to questions about

Carter’s disappearance comports with the requirements of Rule 2.2. Thus, we hold that the

circuit court properly denied his motion to suppress.
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                                    B. Voice Recording

       For the second point on appeal, Lewis argues that the circuit court abused its

discretion in admitting into evidence a recording of Carter’s voice on his cell phone that

Lewis played for law enforcement during his first custodial statement. Lewis contends that

the circuit court mistakenly relied on United States v. Patane, 542 U.S. 630 (2004), in denying

his motion to suppress the recorded statement and urges this court to reject the Supreme

Court’s holding in Patane as inconsistent with article 2 of the Arkansas Constitution, which

provides for the right against self-incrimination and for the right to counsel.

       The following facts are relevant to this court’s analysis. The circuit court suppressed

Lewis’s first statement and found that Lewis had invoked his right to counsel before making

his statement to police. During that statement, the officers provided Lewis with his cell

phone that had been seized. To the interrogating officers, Lewis stated,

       I’m gonna show you something. Show you something while you’re sitting right
       there and while he’s on the other side. Well, actually, I’ll let you listen to something.
       Then, as soon as I let you listen to it, then you’ll know that I’m serious, and I said
       that you’re running out of time.

Lewis then played a recording of Carter’s voice that was saved onto his cell phone. During

the recording, the victim stated,

              Carl, it’s Beverly. I just want to let you know I’m okay. I haven’t been hurt.
       Just do what he says, and please don’t call the police. If you call the police, it could
       be bad. I just want you to know I love you very much.

The circuit court suppressed Lewis’s custodial statement, and Lewis later filed a motion to

suppress the phone recording. Subsequently, the circuit court ruled that the recording would

remain admissible. In its January 5, 2016 order, the circuit court stated,


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       A previous order . . . suppressed various statements made by the defendant . . .
       because the defendant had been questioned after he had expressed a desire to have
       an attorney present. The order did not suppress a statement allegedly made by the
       victim in the case, Beverly Carter, which the defendant had recorded on a cell phone
       and played to the investigators during the interrogation. The court reasoned, in light
       of United States v. Patane, 542 U.S. 630 (2004), that introduction of the recording,
       though a result of illegal questioning, did not violate the defendant’s Miranda rights.
       The recording of the victim was not testimonial, so under Patane, the court found
       that it violated neither his right to have an attorney present during interrogation nor
       the U.S. Constitution’s right against self-incrimination. . . .
                The defendant first asks the court to find that the recording should be
       suppressed under the Arkansas Constitution, which also guarantees in Article 2 the
       right to counsel and a protection against self-incrimination. The court is well aware
       that the federal constitution provides a baseline of rights which no state may violate,
       and the states may grant rights greater than that of the federal. But the defense
       provides no authority to show that the Arkansas Constitution, in offering parallel
       protection, grants rights beyond those expressed in the federal constitution.
                The defense next argues that the United States Supreme Court wrongly
       decided Patane and that this court should not “extend” its ruling to an interpretation
       of the Arkansas Constitution. The court will not entertain this argument. The
       defense, again, has offered no authority to show that the Arkansas Constitution grants
       its citizens greater rights than the federal [constitution] such that Patane would not
       apply. The existence of parallel rights in the Arkansas Constitution does not give the
       court authority to second-guess U.S. Supreme Court precedent.
                Finally, the defense asks that the court suppress the recording under Arkansas
       Rule of Criminal Procedure 16.2. The court finds that its previous ruling will stand
       and the recording will remain admissible.

       With these relevant facts in mind, we turn to the applicable law.               The Self-

Incrimination Clause of the U.S. Constitution provides that “[n]o person . . . shall be

compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself[,]” see U.S. Const. amend. V,

and the Arkansas Constitution provides that “nor shall any person be compelled, in any

criminal case, to be a witness against himself[.]” Ark. Const. art. 2, § 8. Because the language

of the federal and state constitutions is virtually identical, and because this court has not been

provided any reason why it should interpret the provisions differently, this court will

construe our constitution in the same way as the federal constitution. See, e.g., Wilson v.

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City of Pine Bluff, 278 Ark. 65, 643 S.W.2d 569 (1982) (observing that when the language

of the federal and state constitutions is identical, as in the instance of the confrontation

clause, the due process clause, and several others, and there is no reason to construe our

constitution other than in the same way as the federal constitution has been construed, this

court considers a federal question, not a state one).

       In the case at bar, the circuit court relied on the holding of Patane, 542 U.S. 630, in

denying Lewis’s motion to suppress the recorded statement. The Eighth Circuit succinctly

discussed the Supreme Court’s holding in Patane:

       In Patane, the defendant was lawfully arrested for violating a restraining order. Id. at
       635, 124 S.Ct. 2620. After his arrest, a police officer attempted to read the defendant
       his Miranda rights, but was interrupted. Id. Responding to a question by the police
       officer, the defendant admitted there was a firearm in his bedroom. Id. The police
       officer seized the firearm. Id. The Court held that although the defendant’s statement
       about the location of the gun must be suppressed, the gun itself was admissible. Id.
       at 642, 124 S.Ct. 2620. In so doing, the Court announced a rule that the lack of a
       Miranda warning does not justify the suppression of the physical evidence seized
       pursuant to a search warrant derived from a voluntary “un-warned” statement. Id.

United States v. Villa-Gonzalez, 623 F.3d 526, 534–35 (8th Cir. 2010). Because the Arkansas

constitution mirrors the federal constitution, and because this court has not been provided

any reason why it should interpret the provisions differently, this court adopts the holding

in Patane. In this instance, we conclude that the recording of the victim was not a

testimonial statement made by Lewis and was admissible into evidence. Thus, we hold that

the circuit court properly denied Lewis’s motion to suppress the recorded statement.

                                        C. Subpoenas

       For the third point on appeal, Lewis argues that the circuit court erred in denying

his motion to suppress certain evidence obtained through prosecutorial subpoenas. Those

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subpoenas were used to obtain call logs associated with the TextMe number that Lewis had

used to contact Carter. The State contends that the circuit court did not err in denying the

motion to suppress because Lewis lacked standing to challenge the subpoenas.

       The relevant facts are contained in the circuit court’s December 9, 2015 order

denying Lewis’s motion to suppress. Investigator Jeff Allison of the Pulaski County Sheriff’s

Department—Criminal Investigative Division testified at the omnibus hearing that, after

Carter’s disappearance had been reported, the officers made an exigent-circumstance request

to AT&T to procure her cell phone and SMS data records. Once the investigators had access

to those records, they noticed that the victim recently had been in frequent contact—via

phone calls and text messages—with a New York area code and phone number. Having

access to the victim’s Apple iCloud account, they noticed that this phone number was one

of the few in her call history that was not identified by an associate of the victim. The

investigators discovered that this same phone number had been written on an envelope in

the victim’s car. One of the investigators called the number and discovered that it was a

“spoof number” associated with a Google app called TextMe. With the aid of the

prosecutors, the investigators made an exigent-circumstance request to Google to obtain the

call log of the TextMe number. They determined that the phone number was created by

Lowery’s account. Lewis moved to suppress records obtained from “multiple companies,

including AT&T and Google,” through a prosecutor’s subpoena, and the circuit court

denied his motion.

       Prosecuting attorneys have an affirmative duty to investigate crime. Gulley v. State,

2012 Ark. 368, 423 S.W.3d 569. The prosecutor’s power to subpoena must be used only

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for a prosecutor’s investigation. State v. Hamzy, 288 Ark. 561, 709 S.W.2d 397 (1986). The

police do not have the authority to issue subpoenas. Id., 709 S.W.2d 397. The prosecutor’s

power to subpoena must only be used as an investigatory tool and not as a tool for a police

investigation. Id., 709 S.W.2d 397. We will reverse a conviction when a prosecutor has

abused his or her subpoena power, and the appellant has been prejudiced. Anderson v. State,

357 Ark. 180, 163 S.W.3d 333 (2004).

       The circuit court, in support of its denial of Lewis’s motion to suppress, cited Hamzy,

288 Ark. 561, 709 S.W.2d 397, for the proposition that Lewis did not have standing to

challenge the subpoenas. In Hamzy, the police used a subpoena signed by a prosecutor to

obtain information from a telephone company. We declared that the information from the

telephone company had been unlawfully seized because that information, in turn, was used

to obtain warrants to search the defendants’ homes. We then concluded the defendants had

not suffered a Fourth Amendment violation because they had no standing to challenge the

search because they did not have an expectation of privacy in the records of a telephone

company. Id., 709 S.W.2d 397.

       We agree with the circuit court’s ruling to deny Lewis’s motion to suppress because

he did not have standing to challenge the subpoenas. Like the accused in Hamzy, Lewis

cannot complain that the subpoenas violated his constitutional rights because those

subpoenas were issued to third parties. For these reasons, we cannot say that the court erred

in denying Lewis’s motion to suppress.




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                                  D. Custodial Statement

       For the fourth point on appeal, Lewis contends that the circuit court erred in

admitting Lewis’s second custodial statement. Specifically, Lewis argues that the statement

should have been suppressed because it was the involuntary product of false promises by law

enforcement. The State responds that this argument is not preserved for appellate review,

and alternatively, that any error in admitting the statement was harmless.

       The relevant facts are that the circuit court suppressed Lewis’s first statement and

denied Lewis’s second statement because he reinitiated contact with law enforcement by

requesting to speak to a federal agent. After speaking with FBI Special Agent Steve

Burroughs, who assisted in interviewing Lewis, Lewis stated that he would “throw in the

towel” if he could be prosecuted in federal court. Burroughs stated that he would “take the

stuff” to the United States Attorney’s Office but that he could not guarantee that Lewis

would be prosecuted in federal court. Lewis stopped the interview and later stated, “I want

to talk to that FBI guy.” The officers returned with Lewis to the interview room, advised

Lewis that his Miranda rights were still valid, and Lewis indicated that he understood. After

some questioning, Lewis confessed that the victim’s body “was at Argos [the cement plant]

in a mixer” and requested an attorney.

       Lewis contended in his motion to suppress that “[a]ny statements taken during said

custodial interrogation were the result of . . . unauthorized promises of leniency by members

of the arresting police agency, and are therefore involuntary and inadmissible for any

purpose.” Subsequently, the circuit court ruled:

              The court finds that the introduction of any statements the defendant made
       after he invoked his right to counsel in the presence of Officer Roy would be a
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       violation of his right to an attorney under Edwards [v. Arizona, 451 U.S. 477 (1981)].
       The court finds further that the defendant’s yelling for the investigators to return was
       a voluntary re-initiation of communication with the investigators.
               The defense’s Motion to Suppress Statements During Interrogation is
       therefore granted with respect to any statements made between his invocation of his
       right to an attorney in the presence of Officer Roy and his re-initiation of contact
       with the investigators by “yelling” and requesting to speak to the FBI agent again.
       The Motion is denied with respect to any statements he made during interrogation
       after that re-initiation but before he said the word “lawyer” and the investigators
       ceased communications with him.

       We agree with the State’s contention that this argument is not preserved. When an

appellant has raised multiple arguments in his motion to suppress, we will refuse to reach

the merits of those arguments that were not specifically ruled on by the trial court in denying

the motion. See Eastin v. State, 370 Ark. 10, 257 S.W.3d 58 (2007). Even when an issue

was raised in a written motion to suppress, if it is not developed, either factually or legally,

during the hearing on the motion and the appellant fails to obtain a clear ruling on the issue,

the issue is not preserved. Id., 257 S.W.3d 58. Here, the circuit court did not rule specifically

on the issue of any alleged promises of leniency. Thus, the promise-of-leniency argument

advanced by Lewis is not preserved for appellate review. Accordingly, we hold that we are

precluded from addressing Lewis’s argument on this point.

                                   E. Search of Lewis’s Car

       For the final point on appeal, Lewis argues that the circuit court erred in admitting

certain items found in an inventory search of Lewis’s car. Lewis maintains that the police

officers lacked good cause to impound his vehicle and that the purpose of the inventory

search was to obtain evidence instead of to protect his property.

       Rule 12.6(b) of the Arkansas Rules of Criminal Procedure provides that “[a] vehicle

impounded in consequence of an arrest, or retained in official custody for other good cause,
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may be searched at such times and to such extent as is reasonably necessary for safekeeping

of the vehicle and its contents.” Police officers may conduct a warrantless inventory search

of a vehicle that is being impounded to protect an owner’s property while it is in the custody

of the police, to ensure against claims of lost, stolen, or vandalized property, and to guard

the police from danger. Thompson v. State, 333 Ark. 92, 966 S.W.2d 901 (1998). An

inventory search, however, may not be used by the police as a guise for general rummaging

for incriminating evidence. Id., 966 S.W.2d 901. Thus, the police may impound a vehicle

and inventory its contents only if the actions are taken in good faith and in accordance with

standard police procedures or policies. Id., 966 S.W.2d 901.

       Further, this court has upheld an inventory search on the basis that it was reasonably

necessary for safekeeping purposes because the vehicle was stopped or abandoned in a public

place. See, e.g., Asher v. State, 303 Ark. 202, 795 S.W.2d 350 (1990) (affirming inventory

search of vehicle when driver was removed from the accident scene in semiconscious state);

Cooper v. State, 297 Ark. 478, 763 S.W.2d 645 (1989) (affirming inventory search of vehicle

when narcotics suspect fled scene after attempting to shoot officer); Lipovich v. State, 265

Ark. 55, 576 S.W.2d 720 (1979) (affirming inventory search when the vehicle, reported as

stolen, was found abandoned and was a hazard on a public highway).

       In the case at bar, the circuit court found that “[a]s the investigators were left with

no option other than to tow the vehicle, that initial inventory done at the scene was,

therefore, legal. . . . Where a vehicle storage report has been completed at an accident scene

prior to towing, as was done here, those items [in the inventory search] are properly




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admitted as the result of an inventory search.” We agree with the circuit court’s ruling on

this issue.

          Here, Lewis had wrecked his vehicle and had been transported to the hospital. Under

these circumstances, the officers’ policies mandated the impoundment of the vehicle and an

inventory of its contents. It is permissible for an officer to impound and inventory a vehicle

when the driver is physically unable to drive the car and when leaving it on the side of the

road would create a safety hazard. Thompson, 333 Ark. 92, 966 S.W.2d 901. From an

objective standpoint, the officer had a legitimate reason to impound the vehicle and

inventory its contents. Further, the inventory search was conducted in accordance with the

officers’ established procedures. Thus, we hold that the inventory search was not an

“unreasonable search” under the Fourth Amendment, and we affirm the circuit court’s

ruling to deny Lewis’s motion to suppress.

                                    III. State’s Cross-Appeal

          On cross-appeal, the State argues that the circuit court erred in granting Lewis’s

motion to suppress certain evidence found at his residence and in his 2012 black Ford

Fusion. Lewis subsequently filed a motion to dismiss the State’s cross-appeal alleging that,

pursuant to Rule 60(b), the circuit court’s order was a nunc pro tunc order to correct the

clerical errors and should be dismissed as untimely. The State responded that the amended

sentencing order, dated March 30, 2016, was a final order, pursuant to Rule 3 of the

Arkansas Rules of Appellate Procedure–Criminal, from which it could pursue a cross-

appeal.




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       A circuit court has the power to correct clerical errors nunc pro tunc so that the

record speaks the truth. State v. Rowe, 374 Ark. 19, 285 S.W.3d 614 (2008). Pursuant to

Rule 60(b) of the Arkansas Rules of Civil Procedure, a circuit court may at any time correct

clerical mistakes in judgments, decrees, orders, or other parts of the record and errors therein

arising from oversight or omission. Cason v. State, 2016 Ark. 387, 502 S.W.3d 510 (per

curiam). A true clerical error is one that arises, not from an exercise of the court’s judicial

discretion but from a mistake on the part of its officers. Id., 502 S.W.3d 510.

       An appeal from a nunc pro tunc order may challenge only those corrections made in

the nunc pro tunc order; it may not challenge issues in the original order that could have

been appealed earlier. Francis v. Protective Life Ins. Co., 371 Ark. 285, 265 S.W.3d 117 (2007).

We have dismissed appeals as untimely when appellants, after the time for appealing from

the original order had expired, attempted to appeal issues not addressed in or corrected by

the nunc pro tunc order. Id., 265 S.W.3d 117.

       In this instance, the circuit court entered its sentencing order on January 26, 2016,

and entered an amended sentencing order on March 30, 2016, making several corrections

to the original January 2016 sentencing order. We conclude that the circuit court’s March

30, 2016 order was a nunc pro tunc order, and the State may not challenge issues in the

nunc pro tunc order that could have been appealed earlier. Under our precedent, we must

dismiss the State’s cross-appeal as untimely.




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                                  IV. Rule 4-3(i) Review

       In compliance with Arkansas Supreme Court Rule 4-3(i), the record has been

examined for all objections, motions, and requests made by either party that were decided

adversely to Lewis, and no prejudicial error has been found.

       Affirmed on direct appeal; dismissed on cross-appeal.

       HART, J., concurs.

       JOSEPHINE LINKER HART, Justice, concurring. I agree that the circuit court did

not err in refusing to suppress the voice recording on Lewis’s cell phone. However, I

believe that the majority’s reliance on United States v. Patane, 542 U.S. 630 (2004), is

misplaced. Furthermore, adopting as Arkansas law the Patane rationale given the facts in

this case is at least precipitous, if not unwise. The majority’s reasoning, i.e., the United

States Constitution and the Arkansas Constitution does not persuade. It is the job of the

Arkansas Supreme Court, and not the Supreme Court of the United States to interpret the

Arkansas Constitution.

       The factual predicate for Patane is not present here. The Patane court framed the

issue as, “In this case we must decide whether a failure to give a suspect the warnings

prescribed by Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966), requires suppression of the physical

fruits of the suspect’s unwarned but voluntary statements.” Following Patane’s arrest for

harassing his ex-girlfriend, but after his release on bond, he violated a restraining order

prohibiting him from contacting her. Id. at 633-34. Before the police went to Patane’s

residence to arrest him, they learned that Patane possessed a handgun. Id. One of the

officers began to advise Patane of his Miranda rights but got no further than the right to

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remain silent, when Patane interrupted, asserting that he knew his rights. Id. Subsequently,

in response to repeated direct questions about the location of the handgun, which overcame

his stated reluctance to reveal its location, Patane told the police it was located in his

bedroom and gave them permission to retrieve it. Id.

       Conversely, in the case before us, Lewis had twice been given his Miranda warnings.

In fact, Lewis had invoked his rights under Miranda to North Little Rock police officers,

though not to the Pulaski County deputies who also Mirandized him and were unaware

that Lewis had asserted his rights to the North Little Rock officers. While it is true that the

Pulaski County deputies questioned him, Lewis’s revelation about the voice recording was

not in response to a direct question. Lewis spontaneously told the deputies, “You want me

to show you what I’m talking about? Where’s my phone?” He then stated, “I’m gonna

show you something. Show you something while you’re sitting right there and while he’s

on the other side. Well, actually, I’ll let you listen to something. Then, as soon as I let you

listen to it, then you’ll know that I’m serious, and I said that you’re running out of time.”

The deputies complied with Lewis’s request and handed him his phone. Lewis then played

the voice recording,

       Carl, it’s Beverly. I just want to let you know I’m okay. I haven’t been hurt. Just do
       what he says, and please don’t call the police. If you call the police, it could be bad.
       Just want you to know I love you very much.

The deputies requested Lewis to play the recording a second time, but he refused.

       The factual disparity between Patane and the case before us is significant. Patane was

considered “unwarned,” while Lewis was warned twice. While both cases involved the

police ignoring the accused person’s stated intent not to respond to questions, Patane, under

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pressure, revealed the presence of the handgun in response to direct questioning, while

Lewis revealed the presence of the voice recording spontaneously. Accordingly, there is no

reason to try to fit the case before us into the Patane pigeon hole.

       When we review the denial of a motion to suppress evidence from a custodial

interrogation, we make an independent determination based on the totality of the

circumstances. Grillot v. State, 353 Ark. 294, 107 S.W.3d 136 (2003). In Landrum v. State,

326 Ark. 994, 936 S.W.2d 505 (1996), this court stated that the purpose of the exclusionary

rule is to deter police misconduct, and where there is no police misconduct, there is no

need to suppress evidence.

       As noted previously, Lewis himself directed the deputies to bring him his cell phone,

which had been lawfully seized. There is no indication that the deputies pressured Lewis

to play the recording, or that the deputies even knew it existed. A spontaneous statement,

regardless of the dictates of Miranda is not automatically rendered inadmissible. Stone v.

State, 321 Ark. 46, 900 S.W.2d 515 (1995). Spontaneous statements are not compelled or

coerced in any way that violates the Fifth Amendment’s privilege against self-incrimination.

Id. As this court noted in Stone, “[t]he Miranda Court itself recognized this rule of law when

it stated: ‘Volunteered statements of any kind are not barred by the Fifth Amendment and

their admissibility is not affected by our holding today.” Id. at 53, 900 S.W.2d at 519

(quoting Miranda, 384 U.S. at 478). Under our totality-of-the-circumstances review, it is

obvious that Lewis controlled the circumstances that resulted in him revealing the voice

recording—not the police. Accordingly, there was no police misconduct, and under

Landrum, there is no reason to suppress the voice recording.

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       The soundness of this reasoning is manifest. If this court were to hold that the circuit

court erred in failing to suppress the voice recording, it would grant every accused person

the power to prevent the State from using any evidence that had yet to be discovered by

simply invoking his or her Miranda rights and directing the police to its location.

       Because existing Arkansas Supreme Court precedent adequately addresses the

situation, it is unnecessary to adopt a new common-law rule affecting our rights under the

Arkansas Constitution. The question of whether the Patane rule is sound is not illuminated

by the facts and circumstances in the case before us. Accordingly, it is not proper to adopt

such a rule; it would be prudent to wait for a case in which the factual predicate more

closely mirrors Patane, before we make such a momentous decision.

       I concur.

       James Law Firm, by: William O. “Bill” James, Jr., for appellant.

       Leslie Rutledge, Att’y Gen., by: Kathryn Henry and Adam Jackson, Ass’t Attorneys

Gen., for appellee.




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