[Cite as Miller v. Miller, 2019-Ohio-1886.]


                 Court of Appeals of Ohio
                                EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                   COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA


                               JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION
                                       No. 107319


                              CODY A. MILLER, ET AL.
                                                       PLAINTIFFS-APPELLEES

                                                 vs.

                                        DAVID MILLER
                                                       DEFENDANT-APPELLEE

                   [Appeal by Karen Michael, Proposed Intervenor-Appellant]




                                              JUDGMENT:
                                               AFFIRMED


                                      Civil Appeal from the
                             Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas
                                    Case No. CV-15-854301

        BEFORE: Sheehan, J., Boyle, P.J., and Headen, J.

        RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: May 16, 2019
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT

Edgar H. Boles
Dinn, Hochman & Potter, L.L.C.
5910 Landerbrook Drive, Suite 200
Cleveland, OH 44124


ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEES

For Cody A. Miller and RAM Sensors, Inc.

Scott J. Orille
Susan M. White
Weston Hurd, L.L.P.
1301 East 9th Street, Suite 1900
Cleveland, OH 44114


For David Miller

David Miller, pro se
650 Station Boulevard, Suite 419
Aurora, IL 60504




MICHELLE J. SHEEHAN, J.:
       {¶1} Proposed intervenor-appellant Karen Michael (“Karen”), f.k.a. Karen

Miller, appeals from the trial court’s denial of her motion to intervene and motion to

vacate judgment in Cuyahoga C.P. No. CV-15-854301, an action involving

plaintiffs-appellees Cody Miller (“Cody”) and RAM Sensors, Inc. (“RAM Sensors”) and

defendant-appellee David Miller (“David”).   For the reasons that follow, we affirm the

trial court.

                          I.   Procedural and Factual History

       {¶2} Cody is the son of defendant-appellee David Miller and proposed

intervenor-appellant Karen Michael.   Cody’s grandfather (David’s father) gifted Cody

and David each 50 percent of the shares of RAM Sensors’ stock in 2009, when Cody was

15 years old. David was the director and president of RAM Sensors at that time.

                                A. Divorce Proceedings

       {¶3} In November 2013, Karen filed a complaint for divorce against David.

Karen and David entered into a separation agreement that was adopted by the court on

January 12, 2015.   The separation agreement provided for spousal support in the amount

of $15,000 per month for 20 years, terminating December 2034.      The agreement also

provided that upon completion of the current spousal support, David was required to pay

Karen additional support of six quarterly payments totaling $450,000. A term of the

separation agreement provided that Karen relinquishes all rights and interest she may

have to the assets and income of RAM except that David shall secure his spousal support

obligations by executing a cognovit note and stock pledge to secure his payments. The
separation agreement further provided that David shall not encumber, transfer, assign,

pledge, or otherwise alienate his interest in RAM without Karen’s prior written consent.

Section 2(E) of the separation agreement provides:

       E.        Business    Interests

                 [David] has an interest in * * * Ram Sensors, Inc. in consideration of

       the terms of this Agreement and the specific terms set forth hereinbelow,

       [Karen] relinquishes all right title and interest she may have to the assets

       and income of both entities except that [David] shall secure his obligations

       by assigning to [Karen] his interest in Ram Sensors, Inc. to secure the

       payments due to [Karen]. [David] shall execute a Cognovit Note and stock

       pledge to secure the payments and he shall not encumber, transfer, assign,

       pledge or otherwise alienate his interest in Ram Sensors, Inc. without

       [Karen’s] prior written authorization until he has satisfied his obligations

       herein.

Finally, the domestic relations January 12, 2015 order provides that the domestic relations

court “shall retain jurisdiction to effectuate the terms of the September Agreement,

including the collection of spousal support due to plaintiff from defendant.”

       {¶4} David executed a cognovit note for the $450,000, which was secured by a

stock pledge agreement on January 22, 2015.          The pledge agreement provided that as

security for payment of the $450,000 to Karen under the note, David pledged all of the

equity interest he held in RAM Sensors, which was 50 percent of RAM Sensors’ stock.
The pledge agreement further provided that as long as David is not in default for the

principal amount owed in the cognovit note of $450,000, David “shall have the right to

exercise all rights, powers and privileges” as the owner of the RAM stock. Only if

David fails to pay the principal of the $450,000 owed per the cognovit note can Karen

have the right to (a) cause David’s ownership interest in the RAM stock to be registered

in her name, or (b) sell David’s interest in the RAM stock at a public or private sale.

       {¶5} After executing the stock pledge agreement, Karen recorded a UCC financing

statement on September 23, 2016, with the Ohio Secretary of State, which provided as

follows:

       Pursuant to the terms of a certain agreement between the Debtor [David

       Miller] and Secured Party [Karen Miller] entitled “Pledge Agreement,”

       dated January 22, 2015, the security interest described herein is the first

       position lien on all of Debtor’s right, title, and interest in and to Debtor’s

       equity interest in RAM Sensors, an Ohio Subchapter S corporation,

       including all classes of stock whether certificated or uncertificated.

       {¶6} According to Cody, during divorce proceedings between his parents, his

mother informed him that David had stolen funds from Cody’s Vanguard account, which

included distributions to Cody from RAM Sensors, and David was deliberately

mismanaging and attempting to destroy RAM Sensors so that he would not have any

assets with which to pay Karen spousal support. Karen urged Cody to file a lawsuit

against David.
                                 B. Trial Court Action

      {¶7} On November 13, 2015, when Cody was 22 years old, he and RAM Sensors

filed a verified complaint for money damages, declaratory relief, and injunctive relief

against David in this underlying action. Specifically, the complaint alleged that (1) as an

officer, director, and shareholder of RAM Sensors, David breached his fiduciary

obligations by misappropriating funds belonging to Cody and RAM Sensors, competing

with RAM Sensors, dissipating and committing waste of RAM Sensors’ assets, and

failing to disclose to Cody the records and financial statements of RAM Sensors despite

repeated demands; (2) David exercised dominion and control over funds belonging to

Cody and RAM Sensors, which amounted to theft and conversion from Cody’s Vanguard

accounts as well as distributions made by RAM Sensors to Cody; (3) David exercised

dominion and control over funds belonging to RAM Sensors and its shareholders, which

included Cody, for personal use and amounted to theft and conversion; and (4) David’s

use of his position and control over the accounts of RAM Sensors and Cody constituted

unjust enrichment.    The complaint also sought declaratory judgment regarding the

parties’ rights, obligations, and ownership interests in RAM Sensors and an injunction,

prohibiting David from maintaining possession of funds belonging to RAM Sensors,

writing checks on the company’s accounts, or otherwise exercising any control over any

of RAM Sensors’ funds or taking any action that would impair the value of RAM

Sensors.
      {¶8} In February 2016, the trial court granted a temporary restraining order,

removing David from control of RAM Sensors. Thereafter, the parties consented to a

preliminary injunction.   Because David failed to answer or otherwise defend the action,

in January 2017, the plaintiffs-appellees filed a motion for default judgment against

David to recover damages allegedly sustained as a result of David’s theft from Cody and

RAM Sensors. Based upon a forensic audit performed by Stephen Nelder, a certified

fraud examiner, Cody and RAM Sensors sought total compensatory damages against

David in favor of Cody in the amount of $2,874,437.56 and in favor of RAM Sensors in

the amount of $3,554,891.00, plus attorney fees and costs. Subsequent to the filing of the

motion for default judgment, David began settlement discussions with Cody and RAM

Sensors.

                             C. Outstanding Spousal Support

      {¶9} According to Karen, David was in default of his current support obligation

in excess of $100,000. In January 2017, Karen and David purportedly entered into a

second agreed judgment entry in the divorce case, which provided that David pay Karen

spousal support, attorney fees, and travel expenses in the amount of $119,907.18. Under

this agreement, David was also required to execute any documents “necessary to secure

funds and/or payment as to subject spousal support obligation owed to [Karen], including

* * * assignment of [David’s] interest in any and all corporate distributions from RAM

Sensors, a new promissory note, cognovit note, and stock pledge agreement” concerning

David’s 50 percent of RAM Sensors’ stock. Karen maintains that this second agreement
secured the current support obligations. Both Cody and David deny Karen’s claim, and

there is no evidence in the record that the parties executed any new documents

establishing the alleged new lien on the current support obligation.

                           D. Trial Court Settlement Agreement

       {¶10} As a result of settlement negotiations between Cody, RAM Sensors, and

David, on April 13, 2017, the parties entered into a settlement agreement wherein David

consented to judgment in the case, the judgment being stayed, and the judgment being

deemed satisfied upon the surrender of David’s stock in RAM Sensors to Cody and the

payment of certain life insurance proceeds to be received by David.      The settlement

agreement stated, in part, that David is the true and lawful owner of David’s 50 percent

stock and he has not sold, transferred, or otherwise encumbered the stock “except

pursuant to the certain stock pledge agreement provided in favor of * * * Karen.”

Adopting the settlement agreement, the court granted a permanent injunction in favor of

Cody and RAM Sensors, entered judgment in favor of Cody for $2,874,437.56, and

ordered David to surrender and convey to Cody all of his interest in RAM Sensors as

partial satisfaction of the judgment.
                          E. Domestic Relations Court Filings

      {¶11} On May 4, 2017, Karen filed a “motion to transfer [David’s] 50% corporate

stock * * *” and a motion for declaratory judgment in the domestic relations court, asking

for the court (1) to find that David had assigned his interest in his 50 percent RAM

Sensors stock to Karen at the time of the divorce and the stock pledge agreement remains

in full force and effect, (2) to find that David’s transfer of stock to Cody in partial

satisfaction of the judgment in the general division common pleas case was an illegal

transfer, and (3) to effectuate the transfer of his stock to Karen due to his wrongful

transfer and his failure to pay current spousal support. Cody filed a motion to intervene

in the domestic relations case to file a motion to dismiss, arguing that Karen’s motion was

not properly before the court because Karen’s interest in RAM Sensors stock is a lien to

secure the debt David will owe in 2034, and if David misses a current support obligation,

the 2034 support obligation does not immediately become due and owing. Cody further

argued that Karen cannot foreclose on the RAM Sensors stock because Cody is owner of

all RAM Sensors stock, yet he was not a party to Karen’s domestic relations action.

      {¶12} After Karen filed the motions in domestic relations court, counsel for Cody

and RAM Sensors engaged Karen in settlement negotiations. Cody maintained that he

received David’s stock in partial satisfaction of the judgment against David subject to

Karen’s lien.   He stated that he fully intended to protect and preserve his mother’s lien

and that the transfer of David’s stock to Cody was expressly made subject to Karen’s
stock pledge agreement.     According to Karen, because none of the purported settlement

offers duplicated Karen’s rights under the divorce decree, settlement negotiations failed.

       {¶13} On February 23, 2018, Karen voluntarily dismissed (withdrew) her domestic

relations motions, and on March 21, 2018, nearly one year after the final agreed judgment

in the underlying matter in the general division court, Karen filed a motion to intervene

and motion to vacate the agreed judgment entry in the underlying action.         Cody and

RAM Sensors opposed Karen’s motion.           On May 17, 2018, the trial court denied

Karen’s motion to intervene, finding the motion untimely. The court also concluded that

it had subject matter jurisdiction over the plaintiffs’ claims and, therefore, the agreed

judgment entry was not void.     Karen then filed a separate motion to vacate, which the

court also denied.

       {¶14} Karen now appeals the trial court’s denial of her motion to intervene and

motion to vacate judgment, assigning two errors for our review: (1) the trial court erred

when it denied her motion to intervene and abused its discretion regarding the timeliness

factor; and (2) the trial court erred when it denied her motion to vacate the April 13, 2017

agreed judgment entry.
                                  II.    Law and Analysis

       {¶15} In her first assignment of error, Karen contends that the trial court erred in

denying her motion to intervene as a matter of right under Civ.R. 24(A) because (1) the

court gave no factual basis for denying intervention and not vacating the void judgment;

and (2) she was a necessary and indispensable party under Civ.R. 19(A)(2), and the

failure to join her in the action resulted in the trial court lacking subject matter

jurisdiction, thus rendering the judgment void ab initio. She further argues that because

she was a necessary and indispensable party, the trial court improperly considered the

timeliness of her motion.   Karen contends in her second assignment of error that because

the agreed judgment was void, the court lacked subject matter jurisdiction and therefore

should have granted her motion to vacate.      Because Karen’s arguments are interrelated,

we will address the assignments of error together.

                                        A. Intervention

       {¶16} Within her first assignment of error, Karen takes issue with the trial court’s

failure to provide a “factual basis” for its judgment denying her intervention and failing to

vacate the judgment as void. We note initially that Civ.R. 24 does not require the trial

court to make findings of fact or conclusions of law.     Rimmer v. Citifinancial, 8th Dist.

Cuyahoga No. 106337, 2018-Ohio-2845, ¶ 18. And “[i]n the absence of such language,

we presume the trial court issued its judgment upon thorough consideration of Civ.R. 24

and the relevant facts supporting the [appellant’s motion] to intervene.”                 Id.
Furthermore, we find in this case that the trial court’s entry did indeed include an

explanation supporting its ruling, stating:

       Non-party Karen Michael failed to timely intervene pursuant to Civ.R. 24.

       This lawsuit was initially filed on 11/13/2015, and the parties entered into

       an agreed judgment entry on 4/13/2017. Ms. Michael filed her motion to

       intervene on 3/21/2018. Per Ms. Michael’s affidavit and Cody Miller’s

       affidavit, Ms. Michael knew of this lawsuit from the date of filing and had

       knowledge of the consent judgment entry prior to it being filed.          Ms.

       Michael chose to challenge the conveyance of stock in her divorce action,

       rather than intervening in the present case. All other parties would be

       substantially prejudiced due to Ms. Michael’s failure to timely intervene.

       Further, the court finds that it did not lack subject matter jurisdiction over

       Plaintiffs’ claims.   Therefore, the agreed judgment entry is not void ab

       initio.

(Emphasis added.)     We therefore find no error where the trial court did not provide

further explanation for its decision. See Likover v. Cleveland, 60 Ohio App.2d 154, 159,

396 N.E.2d 491 (8th Dist.1978) (finding no error in the trial court’s failure to supplement

its denial of a motion to intervene with a written opinion).

       {¶17} Turning to the underlying merits of the appeal, we review a trial court’s

ruling on an application to intervene for an abuse of discretion. State ex rel. Merrill v.

Ohio Dept. of Natural Resources, 130 Ohio St.3d 30, 2011-Ohio-4612, 955 N.E.2d 935.
       {¶18} Civ.R. 24(A) provides when a party may intervene as a matter of right:

       Upon timely application anyone shall be permitted to intervene in an action

       * * * when the applicant claims an interest relating to the property or

       transaction that is the subject of the action and the applicant is so situated

       that the disposition of the action may as a practical matter impair or impede

       the applicant’s ability to protect that interest, unless the applicant’s interest

       is adequately represented by the existing parties.

       {¶19} Courts liberally construe this rule in favor of      intervention. State ex rel.

Watkins v. Eighth Dist. Court of Appeals, 82 Ohio St.3d 532, 534, 1998-Ohio-190, 696

N.E.2d 1079; Assn. of Cleveland Firefighters, Local 93 I.A.F.F. v. Cleveland,

2018-Ohio-2049, 113 N.E.3d 1007, ¶ 29 (8th Dist.). However, “the putative intervenor

still bears the burden of establishing the right to intervene.”   Grove Court Condominium

Unit Owners’ Assn. v. Hartman, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 94910, 2011-Ohio-218, ¶ 14.

       {¶20} A party seeking intervention of right must show (1) the application is timely,

(2) the intervenor claims an interest relating to the subject of the action, (3) the intervenor

is so situated that the disposition of the action may as a practical matter impair or impede

his or her ability to protect that interest, and (4) the existing parties do not adequately

represent his interest. Rimmer, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 106337, 2018-Ohio-2845, at ¶

22; Widder & Widder v. Kutnick, 113 Ohio App.3d 616, 624, 681 N.E.2d 977 (8th

Dist.1996). The failure to establish “‘any one of the elements set forth in Civ.R. 24(A)
will result in denial of the right to intervene.’”   Rimmer at ¶ 23, quoting Fairview Gen.

Hosp. v. Fletcher, 69 Ohio App.3d 827, 831, 591 N.E.2d 1312 (10th Dist.1990).

       {¶21} When reviewing a motion to intervene, the trial court must initially consider

whether the individual seeking intervention made a timely application. State ex rel.

First New Shiloh Baptist Church v. Meagher, 82 Ohio St.3d 501, 503, 696 N.E.2d 1058

(1998). And the timeliness of an application to intervene is a matter within the sound

discretion of the trial court.    Id.; Assn. of Cleveland Firefighters, Local 93 I.A.F.F. at ¶

42.

       {¶22} The timeliness of a motion to intervene is dependent upon the facts and

circumstances of the case.       Meagher at 503. In determining timeliness, courts consider

(1) the point to which the suit had progressed, (2) the purpose for which intervention is

sought, (3) the length of time preceding the application during which the proposed

intervenor knew or reasonably should have known of his or her interest in the case, (4)

the prejudice to the original parties due to the proposed intervenor’s failure after he or she

knew or reasonably should have known of his or her interest in the case to apply promptly

for intervention, and (5) the existence of unusual circumstances militating against or in

favor of intervention. Id.

       {¶23} Generally, courts will not permit a party to intervene in a matter once the

court enters final judgment.       “‘Intervention after final judgment has been entered is

unusual and ordinarily will not be granted.’”     Hartman at ¶ 22, quoting Meagher at 504;

Likover, 60 Ohio App.2d at 159, 396 N.E.2d 491 (stating that intervention after judgment
is entered, “is quite unusual and seldom granted”); Smoyer v. Smoyer, 6th Dist. Wood No.

WD-84-9, 1984 Ohio App. LEXIS 10125, 8 (June 29, 1984) (stating that Civ.R. 24 is

applied less liberally after judgment, thus resulting in a “heavy burden” on the proposed

intervenor).   Intervention, however, may be permitted “when the intervenor has no other

alternative remedy and intervention is the only way to protect the intervenor’s rights.”

Hartman, citing Owens v. Wright, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 64031, 1993 Ohio App. LEXIS

832 (Feb. 18, 1993). Nevertheless, the determination of whether a Civ.R. 24 motion to

intervene is timely ultimately depends on the facts and circumstances of the case.

Meagher at 503.

       {¶24} Upon review of the record, and in consideration of the timeliness factors, we

find the trial court did not abuse its discretion when it found that Karen’s motion to

intervene was untimely.

       {¶25} Here, the record shows that Karen filed her motion to intervene after final

judgment had been entered in the matter. Cody filed the complaint against David on

November 13, 2015, and the trial court entered final judgment on April 13, 2017. Then

on March 21, 2018, nearly one year after final judgment, Karen filed her motion to

intervene.

       {¶26} The record also shows that Karen had knowledge of the lawsuit well before

the court entered final judgment. In his affidavit attached to his opposition to Karen’s

motion to intervene, Cody stated that Karen advised him that David had been stealing

funds from his Vanguard brokerage account, which were distributions to Cody from
RAM Sensors, and mismanaging the company in order to avoid paying Karen spousal

support. According to Cody, Karen urged him to file the lawsuit to recover the stolen

funds, referred Cody to his present attorney, and provided Cody and his counsel with

financial documents supporting the lawsuit. Karen does not dispute this knowledge.

       {¶27} Furthermore, the record demonstrates that Karen had knowledge of the

proposed settlement agreement with David prior to final judgment.        In an email dated

March 22, 2017, three weeks before final judgment was entered, Cody forwarded to

Karen “proposed settlement documents.”      The proposed settlement agreement provided,

in part, as follows:

       1. Judgment Entry. David Miller shall consent to a judgment being
       entered against him and in favor of Mr. Cody Miller in the principal amount
       of $2,874,437.56 plus interest at the statutory rate[]. * * *

       2. Settlement Amount. David Miller shall convey to Cody Miller the
       following consideration, all of which collectively shall be the “Settlement
       Amount,” subject to the representations and warranties set forth in this
       Agreement:

              2.1 David Miller shall, contemporaneous with the execution
              of this Agreement and consistent with the Representations and
              Warranties set forth herein, convey to Mr. Cody Miller all of
              David Miller’s stocks, rights, title, and ownership interests in
              and to RAM Sensors. * * *

       3. David Miller’s Representations & Warranties. David Miller hereby
       represents and warrants as follows:

              3.1 David Miller is the true and lawful owner of the RAM

              Sensors stock, that he has not sold, transferred, assigned,

              conveyed, mortgaged, pledged or otherwise hypothecated or
             encumbered the RAM [Sensors] stock except pursuant to the

             certain stock pledge agreement provided in favor of Ms.

             Karen Michaels * * *.

      {¶28} Karen maintains, however, that none of the documents filed in the

underlying action referenced David’s stock or Cody’s claim to the stock until the agreed

judgment entry was filed on April 13, 2017, and therefore, she had no knowledge that

David’s stock would be used for partial satisfaction of the judgment in this action until

final judgment was entered.    Even if this were true, rather than filing her motion to

intervene in the underlying action upon learning of the final judgment, she opted to file

motions in the domestic relations division, including a motion to transfer David’s RAM

Sensors stock to her and a motion for declaratory judgment concerning the stock.

      {¶29} The record further demonstrates that for the next several months while

Karen’s motions in domestic relations court remained pending, rather than attempting to

intervene in the underlying matter, she entertained settlement negotiations with Cody and

RAM Sensors. Cody explained that he was aware of the lien his mother had on David’s

share of stock and he agreed to take David’s 50 percent share subject to his mother’s lien

because he wished to protect and preserve his mother’s lien.   Karen concluded, however,

that the various settlement proposals were “complicated schemes” and Cody, David, and

RAM Sensors were colluding to prevent her from receiving her spousal support and the

“security of David Miller’s RAM stock.”             The negotiations therefore failed.

Thereafter, on February 23, 2018, Karen dismissed (withdrew) her motions in the
domestic relations court and sought to intervene in the underlying action. By the time

Karen had sought intervention, however, the case had been concluded for nearly one year.



           {¶30} Karen’s actions here demonstrate that she filed her motion to intervene

nearly one year after final judgment, and she knew or had reason to know of her interest

in the action prior to final judgment and certainly well before March 2018, when she

ultimately sought intervention. Moreover, the record shows that intervention was not

the only remedy available to protect her interest in the RAM Sensors stock.                 An

alternative remedy was available to Karen in domestic relations court, and Karen indeed

availed herself of that remedy when she filed her motion to transfer David’s RAM

Sensors stock and a motion for declaratory judgment concerning the stock less than one

month after final judgment in the underlying action.       And where a motion to intervene is

filed after judgment is entered, yet the proposed intervenor has alternative remedies

available to him or her, the trial court does not abuse its discretion in denying the motion

to intervene. Likover, 60 Ohio App.2d at 159, 396 N.E.2d 491.

           {¶31} Additionally, the purpose for which Karen sought intervention is not

compelling.       Karen contends that intervention is necessary in order to protect her interest

in David’s 50 percent RAM Sensors stock. She argues that David’s share of the stock is

security for David’s spousal support obligations — both current and future — and the

conveyance of David’s interest in the stock as partial satisfaction of the judgment was

illegal.     She also argues that this interest made her a necessary party to the action.
       {¶32} Karen’s interest in David’s share of the RAM Sensors stock, however, is a

lien that becomes due in the future; it is not a present interest in ownership of the stock.

As part of the divorce settlement, David agreed to pay Karen $450,000 in additional

support beginning December 2034.      He then executed a cognovit note in the amount of

$450,000 and secured it with a lien on his share of RAM Sensors stock, which was

perfected by a stock pledge agreement and recorded with the Ohio Secretary of State.

And the record shows that the transfer of David’s 50 percent share to Cody was made

subject to Karen’s interest.    Karen’s interest in the stock, as a secured creditor, is

therefore preserved.   The evidence does not support Karen’s argument that documents

were executed entitling her to immediate transfer of David’s stock for satisfaction of

David’s current support indebtedness, i.e., a new stock agreement, cognovit note, or UCC

statement.

       {¶33} Finally, we consider the prejudice to the parties.    Generally, where courts

review intervention of right, “greater consideration may be given to the possible prejudice

to the intervenor as against the delay or prejudice to the original parties in adjudicating

their rights and liabilities.” Krancevic v. McPherson, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 84511,

2004-Ohio-6915, ¶ 8, citing       Likover, 60 Ohio App.2d at 159, 396 N.E.2d 491.

However, in this case, final judgment had been entered for nearly one year when Karen

filed her motion to intervene, the original parties to the underlying action had reached a

settlement, David consented to judgment and conveyed his interest in the stock to Cody

subject to Karen’s lien, and Cody and RAM Sensors had filed tax returns showing Cody
as the sole shareholder of the company.            Moreover, Karen sought to vacate the

judgment, interject several new issues, including a declaratory judgment action and

request for the appointment of a receiver, and add new parties.       Karen’s actions would

therefore cause significant prejudice to the existing parties. See Hartman, 8th Dist.

Cuyahoga No. 94910, 2011-Ohio-218, at ¶ 23.

       {¶34} In light of the above, we cannot say that the trial court’s decision was “‘so

palpably and grossly violative of fact or logic that it evidences not the exercise of will but

the perversity of will, not the exercise of judgment but the defiance of judgment, not the

exercise of reason but instead passion or bias.’” Assn. of Cleveland Firefighters, Local 93

I.A.F.F., 2018-Ohio-2049, 113 N.E.3d 1007, at ¶ 44, quoting Nakoff v. Fairview Gen.

Hosp., 75 Ohio St.3d 254, 256, 662 N.E.2d 1 (1996) (explaining what constitutes an

abuse of discretion).   The trial court, therefore, did not abuse its discretion in finding

Karen’s motion to intervene untimely.

                                    B.   Necessary Party

       {¶35} To the extent Karen claims that her interest in David’s stock made her a

necessary party to the action, we find no merit. Civ.R. 19(A) governs joinder of persons

“needed for just adjudication” and provides that

       [a] person * * * shall be joined as a party in the action if * * * (2) he claims

       an interest relating to the subject of the action and is so situated that the

       disposition of the action in his absence may (a) as a practical matter impair

       or impede his ability to protect that interest or * * * (3) he has an interest
         relating to the subject of the action as an assignor, assignee, subrogor, or

         subrogee.

Civ.R. 19(A)(2) and (3).

         {¶36} The underlying action is a complaint for money damages, declaratory relief,

and injunctive relief against David for David’s theft or misappropriation of funds

belonging to Cody and RAM Sensors. Karen’s purported interest in the action is that of

a lienholder — she has a lien on David’s share of RAM Sensors stock that was

transferred to Cody in partial satisfaction of the money judgment. Karen’s interest in the

stock becomes due in 2034, and the record establishes, through the settlement agreement

and Cody’s affidavit, that Cody takes David’s stock subject to the lien created by the

stock pledge agreement between Karen and David.         The underlying action did not seek

to foreclose or extinguish Karen’s lien.       And Karen fails to demonstrate how the

disposition of the underlying action in her absence may impair or impede her ability to

protect this interest.

         {¶37} Therefore, under Civ.R. 19(A), we cannot find that Karen’s participation “is

necessary for a full or just adjudication of the claims in the underlying action.” Atkinson

v. Austria, 2d Dist. Greene No. 89-CA-4, 1989 Ohio App. LEXIS 4349, 5 (Nov. 20,

1989).     Consequently, Karen’s claim that the parties’ failure to join her as a necessary

party in the underlying action rendered the timeliness of her motion to intervene irrelevant

and resulted in a void judgment is without merit.

          C. Shareholder Derivative Action and Uniform Transfer to Minors Act
       {¶38} Karen contends that the agreed final judgment is voidable because Cody’s

claim did not comply with Civ.R. 23.1, the shareholder derivative action rule.

       {¶39} In a shareholder derivative action, a shareholder brings an action under

Civ.R. 23.1 on behalf of the corporation for injuries sustained by wrongs done to a

corporation.    Boedeker v. Rogers, 140 Ohio App.3d 11, 21, 746 N.E.2d 625 (8th

Dist.2000).    The claim initiated by the shareholder against directors or third parties “‘is

not his own but the corporation’s,’” and although the corporation is named a defendant,

“‘it is the real party in interest, the [shareholder] being at best the nominal plaintiff. * * *

The heart of the action is the corporate claim.’” Miller v. Gen. Motors Corp., 8th Dist.

Cuyahoga No. 55200, 1989 Ohio App. LEXIS 1099, 12-13 (Mar. 30, 1989), quoting Ross

v. Bernhart, 396 U.S. 531, 538-539, 90 S.Ct. 733, 24 L.Ed.2d 729 (1970).                   And

Civ.R. 23.1 requires that “the complaint shall [in a shareholder derivative action] be

verified and shall allege that the plaintiff was a shareholder at the time of the transaction

of which he complains or that his share thereafter devolved on him by operation of law.”

Thus, where an individual is not a shareholder, he or she lacks standing to bring a

shareholder derivative action.     See Bikkani v. Lee, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 89312,

2008-Ohio-3130, ¶ 33.

       {¶40} Here, as previously discussed, we determined that Karen’s purported interest

in RAM Sensors stock is that of a lienholder. She was not a shareholder of RAM

Sensors at the time of the filing of the complaint against David in the underlying action.
Karen therefore lacks standing to attack the judgment relating to Cody’s claim under

Civ.R. 23.1.

      {¶41} Karen also claims that the probate court had exclusive jurisdiction over the

claims asserted by Cody regarding his Vanguard funds and his share of RAM Sensors

stock, thus resulting in the trial court’s lack of subject matter jurisdiction in the

underlying action.   Karen argues that because the funds at issue in this case were

originally gifted to Cody pursuant to the Uniform Transfer to Minors Act (“UTMA”),

Cody should have filed a claim against the custodian of the UTMA property in probate

court, citing R.C. 5814.01 et seq.        Karen alleges that C. Joann Miller, Cody’s

grandmother, is the custodian.

      {¶42} Under R.C. 5814.03, “a gift or transfer to a minor child made pursuant to the

Transfers to Minors Act is irrevocable and conveys to the minor indefeasibly vested legal

title to the property.”   Wojanowski v. Wojanowski, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 99751,

2014-Ohio-697, ¶ 26; LCP Holding Co. v. Taylor, 158 Ohio App.3d 546,

2004-Ohio-5324, 817 N.E.2d 439, ¶ 55 (11th Dist.) (concerning transfer of stock to a

minor child).   These funds, or accounts, are the sole property of the minor child in which

the parents of the child “‘have absolutely no property interest.’” Hyder v. Hyder, 9th

Dist. Wayne No. 06CA0014, 2006-Ohio-5285, ¶ 9, quoting Ramus v. Ramus, 8th Dist.

Cuyahoga No. 34965, 1976 Ohio App. LEXIS 7431, 7-8 (Aug. 19, 1976). And under

the UTMA, any changes to a custodial account held on behalf of a minor, must be made
by a probate court.        Brown v. Brown, 12th Dist. Madison No. CA2008-08-021,

2009-Ohio-2204, ¶ 50.

          {¶43} Here, presuming Cody did in fact receive the relevant Vanguard funds and

RAM Sensors stock as a gift or transfer through the UTMA, Karen has no interest in the

funds or stock. Nor is Karen the alleged custodian of the funds. She therefore has no

interest in any assets gifted under the UTMA and lacks standing to object to Cody’s

claims concerning any purported “custodial property.”

                                       III. Conclusion

          {¶44} The trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying proposed

intervenor-appellant Karen’s motions to intervene and vacate judgment in the underlying

action.     Karen’s motion to intervene is untimely: she filed her motion to intervene

nearly one year after final judgment, after she had availed herself of an alternative remedy

and voluntarily dismissed that action; she knew about the complaint in the underlying

action being filed and she knew or had reason to know of the settlement agreement

between Cody, David, and RAM Sensors before final judgment was entered; her interest

as a lienholder is not impaired; and the prejudice to the existing parties in vacating

judgment is substantial. Additionally, Karen has not demonstrated that her participation

is necessary for adjudication of the underlying action or that the final judgment is void.

Further, Karen lacks standing to raise claims concerning Cody’s shareholder-derivative

action or any purported custodial property under the UTMA.

          {¶45} Karen’s assignments of error are overruled.
       {¶46} Judgment affirmed.

       It is ordered that appellee recover of appellant costs herein taxed.

       The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

       It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this court directing the common

pleas court to carry this judgment into execution.

       A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27 of

the Rules of Appellate Procedure.



_______________________________________
MICHELLE J. SHEEHAN, JUDGE

MARY J. BOYLE, P.J., and
RAYMOND C. HEADEN, J., CONCUR
