UNPUBLISHED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.                                                                     No. 98-4244

INTHA NOI CHANTHAVONG,
Defendant-Appellant.

Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Middle District of North Carolina, at Durham.
N. Carlton Tilley, Jr., District Judge.
(CR-97-211)

Argued: March 5, 1999

Decided: September 8, 1999

Before TRAXLER and KING, Circuit Judges, and
LEE, United States District Judge for the
Eastern District of Virginia, sitting by designation.

_________________________________________________________________

Vacated and remanded by unpublished per curiam opinion.

_________________________________________________________________

COUNSEL

ARGUED: Bruce Alan Lee, Greensboro, North Carolina, for Appel-
lant. Robert Michael Hamilton, Assistant United States Attorney,
Greensboro, North Carolina, for Appellee. ON BRIEF: Walter C.
Holton, Jr., United States Attorney, Greensboro, North Carolina, for
Appellee.

_________________________________________________________________
Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit. See
Local Rule 36(c).

_________________________________________________________________

OPINION

PER CURIAM:

Intha Noi Chanthavong ("Chanthavong") appeals his November
1997 conviction and March 1998 sentence to a term of 87 months in
the Middle District of North Carolina for possession with intent to
distribute methamphetamine. He contends on appeal that the district
court erred in denying his motion to suppress certain evidence. We
vacate the district court's denial of the motion to suppress the evi-
dence found in a locked safe in Chanthavong's closet and remand this
case to the district court for two findings: (1) whether Chanthavong's
consent to search his room extended to a locked safe in the closet of
that room; and (2) whether the police officers would have obtained a
search warrant for the safe had they not obtained the combination
from Chanthavong.

I.

Officer Kevin Chandler ("Officer Chandler") of the Greensboro
Police Department arrested an individual who later became a confi-
dential informant. The informant gave Officer Chandler information
about different people in Greensboro who were allegedly selling nar-
cotics. Officer Chandler testified during the suppression hearing that
he found the informant to be reliable based on statements he made
about a female subject selling drugs in the northern area of Greens-
boro. Although Officer Chandler learned from the informant the name
of the subject,1 how she operated, and the times at which she would
sell drugs, he did not surveil her activities to determine whether the
informant was reliable. Officer Chandler did, however, conduct water
and sewer checks, and make FBI, local, and state histories to confirm
some of the information he received from the informant.
_________________________________________________________________
1 On cross-examination at the suppression hearing, defense counsel
asked Officer Chandler the name of the female subject and he could not
recall her name.

                    2
On or about July 20, 1997, the informant provided information to
Officer Chandler that a subject known as "Noi"2 was selling mari-
juana and cocaine in the High Point Road area of Greensboro, North
Carolina. The informant also told the police that"Noi" drove a white
Mazda MPV and a black Acura Legend. Additionally, a Crime Stop-
pers caller advised the police that there was a man living on May-
wood Street who operated a white Mazda MPV and sold drugs in the
High Point Road area. The police corroborated these tips through sur-
veillance of Maywood Street. The police checked the tag of the
Mazda and learned that it was registered to Phommy Chanthavong at
2009 Maywood Street, which is also Defendant/Appellant
Chanthavong's address. During the surveillance, the police noted that
people stopped at the house for short periods of time and then left in
a manner consistent with narcotics trafficking.

On August 21, 1997, the informant notified police that "Noi"
would be making a drug delivery in the area of Amber and Fairfax
Road to a person in a gray Buick Park Avenue car at about 10 p.m.
The person Chanthavong was scheduled to meet was the informant.
Nearing 10 p.m., Chanthavong arrived at the above location and the
police stopped his vehicle, a green Mitsubishi Galant. Officer Allen
asked Chanthavong to exit the vehicle. After Chanthavong stepped
out of the car, Officer Allen asked Chanthavong whether he had any
narcotics on his person. According to Officer Allen, Chanthavong
replied in the affirmative and said they were in his waistband. Officer
Allen felt for the drugs and retrieved them from Chanthavong's waist-
band in the crotch area. Officer Allen placed Chanthavong under
arrest and asked him if there were any other narcotics on his person
or in the car. Chanthavong replied no. During a pat down search,
Officer Allen found $957 on Chanthavong's person. He also looked
inside the vehicle and found a black ledger with a small bag of mari-
juana and two small bags of powder cocaine. Officer Allen testified
that he had consent to search the car because when Chanthavong said
there were no drugs in the car, he told the officer he could "look
inside the vehicle, if [he] wanted to." (J.A. at 78).

After Officer Allen had made the arrest of Chanthavong, Officer
Chandler arrived on the scene. He asked Chanthavong where he lived
_________________________________________________________________
2 "Noi" was later determined to be Defendant/Appellant Chanthavong.

                    3
and Chanthavong gave the 2009 Maywood Street address. Officer
Chandler asked if there were any drugs there and Chanthavong
replied in the negative. Officer Chandler asked if he could search the
home and Chanthavong said yes. At the suppression hearing,
Chanthavong denied that he gave his consent for the search of the res-
idence.

After the police took Chanthavong to the police station, they
advised him of his Miranda rights and "booked" him. Chanthavong
stated that he wanted a lawyer. While Chanthavong was being trans-
ported to the police station, several officers went to the Maywood
Street residence to conduct a search. With the aid of an interpreter,
the officers received permission from Chanthavong's parents to
search Chanthavong's room. Sergeant Crotts and Officers Dodd and
Swaringen conducted the search of Chanthavong's room. They found
marijuana, several packages of cocaine, and a small (2-3' x 4') safe
covered with a blanket which smelled of marijuana. Sergeant Crotts
called Officer Chandler about the safe. Officer Chandler asked
Chanthavong the combination to the safe and he gave it to the officer.
Officer Chandler relayed the combination to Sergeant Crotts who
opened the safe and found several large packages of marijuana, a
package of powder cocaine, and a package of methamphetamines. He
also found two weapons and some jewelry in the safe. Sergeant Crotts
testified that if he had been unable to determine the combination to
the safe, he would have opened it through use of force. (J.A. at 95).

On September 29, 1997, Chanthavong was indicted on a single-
count indictment for possession with intent to distribute in excess of
50 grams of cocaine base. On October 27, 1997, Chanthavong was
indicted on a superseding indictment charging him with possession
with intent to distribute 394 grams of methamphetamine. On October
23, 1997, Chanthavong filed a motion to suppress and he filed an
amended motion to suppress the next day. Judge Tilley of the Middle
District of North Carolina at Durham conducted the suppression hear-
ing on November 5, 1997. Judge Tilley denied the motion to suppress.
On November 17, 1997, pursuant to a written plea agreement wherein
Chanthavong reserved the right to appeal the adverse ruling on his
suppression motion, he pled guilty to the charge in the superseding
indictment--possession with the intent to distribute 394 grams of
methamphetamine. On March 17, 1998, Chanthavong was sentenced

                    4
to a term of 87 months. Chanthavong filed a timely notice of appeal
on March 24, 1998.

II.

Upon hearing Chanthavong's motion to suppress, the district court
made several findings of fact and denied the motion. The district court
found that the officers had probable cause to arrest Chanthavong
under Draper v. United States, 358 U.S. 307 (1958), based on infor-
mation from a reliable informant. The district court also held that the
officers had probable cause to search the house because their surveil-
lance had indicated activity there consistent with drug sales. Accept-
ing the officers' testimony of what took place during the stop and
arrest, the district court found that Chanthavong voluntarily gave
informed consent to search his room. The district court noted that
Chanthavong is bright, intelligent, articulate and that it was obvious
he was no "newcomer to the law." (J.A. at 158). The district court fur-
ther found that Chanthavong's mother, through the interpreter, gave
consent for the officers to search the room.

With regard to Chanthavong's statement at the police station about
the combination of the safe, the district court decided to suppress the
statement because Chanthavong had been advised of his Miranda
rights and had requested an attorney. The district court refused to sup-
press the evidence from the safe, however, on the grounds that it
would have been discovered inevitably due to the strong odor of mari-
juana emanating from the safe. The district court found that the offi-
cers had probable cause to procure a warrant to search the safe and
that perhaps they had consent to open it by any means necessary. The
district court declined to make that finding, though, because it was
already admissible based on the inevitable discovery doctrine.

The primary issue on appeal is whether the motion to suppress was
denied in error, premised on the argument that the search of
Chanthavong's person, vehicle, residence, and safe were improper.

III.

Chanthavong's argument on appeal centers on the contention that
the police did not have probable cause to arrest him and that there was

                    5
no reasonable suspicion to stop him because Officer Chandler did not
determine whether the informant was reliable before arresting
Chanthavong. Thus, Chanthavong asserts that the fruits of the search
of his person, vehicle, and residence should have been suppressed.
With respect to the evidence found in the safe, Chanthavong claims
that it should have been suppressed because he had invoked his right
to counsel and all interrogation, including the question about the com-
bination to the safe, should have ceased. Chanthavong also argues that
the inevitable discovery doctrine should not have been applied in this
case.

The standard of review for legal conclusions is de novo and factual
findings are upheld unless clearly erroneous. United States v. Rusher,
966 F.2d 868, 873 (4th Cir. 1992).

A.

An anonymous tip, corroborated by independent police investiga-
tion may result in probable cause for a warrantless arrest. Illinois v.
Gates, 462 U.S. 213, 243-44 (1983); United States v. Porter, 738 F.2d
622, 625 (4th Cir. 1984); see also United States v. Miller, 925 F.2d
695, 699 (4th Cir. 1991); United States v. Perrin, 45 F.3d 869, 871-
73 (4th Cir. 1995). The corroboration of the tip may occur in the sur-
veillance of the subject just prior to arrest rather than through several
instances of observing the subject. See, e.g. , United States v. Sinclair,
983 F.2d 598 (4th Cir. 1993); United States v. McNatt, 931 F.2d 251
(4th Cir. 1991). In both Sinclair and McNatt, this Court held that
when the police observed a suspect matching the description and per-
forming the acts that an informant advised them of prior to the event,
there was probable cause to arrest. In McNatt , the trial judge ques-
tioned the agent about the reliability of information the informant had
provided previously. 931 F.2d at 254. The agent corroborated many
details of the informant's information and thus found that the infor-
mation was reliable. Id. The district court held that the officers acted
on probable cause. Id.

The same result is warranted here. Viewing the totality of the cir-
cumstances confronting the officers, the informant's tips, which were
substantially corroborated, established probable cause to arrest the
defendant without a warrant. During the suppression hearing, Officer

                     6
Chandler testified that he found the informant's information trustwor-
thy because previously the informant had given him verifiable infor-
mation about a female subject who sold drugs and about the drug
operation on Maywood Street. Both tips proved to be reliable. The
informant's prior information proved to be reliable and was a suffi-
cient basis for Officer Chandler to rely on the informant's tips. See
Draper v. United States, 358 U.S. 307, 313 (1958) (finding that the
officer had verified every facet of the informant's tips except one and
had reasonable grounds to believe the unverified information would
likewise be true); Sinclair, 983 F.2d at 602 (upholding probable cause
where suspects matched in at least four particulars the description the
officer received from the informant); McNatt, 931 F.2d at 254
(upholding probable cause where officer confirmed two tips and had
a statement from an informant about a cocaine sale). Officer Allen
had probable cause to stop Chanthavong based on the tips from the
informant, the Crime Stoppers' tip, the ensuing surveillance of
Chanthavong's street, and his observation of Chanthavong arriving at
the location of the planned drug transaction with the informant.

The district court found that Chanthavong consented to the search
of his person, his car, and his residence. Whether Chanthavong volun-
tarily consented to the searches is a factual question which the Court
reviews for clear error. United States v. Lattimore, 87 F.3d 647, 650
(4th Cir. 1996). The denial of the motion to suppress is not reversible
unless the factual findings are clearly erroneous. Chanthavong has not
demonstrated that the findings are error.

A police officer may conduct a search of an area without a warrant
and without probable cause if the person in control of the area volun-
tarily consents to a search. Schneckloth v. Bustamonte, 412 U.S. 218,
219 (1973). To determine whether consent is voluntary, the Court
must consider the totality of the circumstances. Id. at 227; Lattimore,
87 F.3d at 650. Appropriate factors to consider include the age, matu-
rity, education, intelligence, and experience of the accused as well as
the conditions under which the consent was given, such as the offi-
cer's conduct, the number of officers present, and the duration, loca-
tion, and time of the encounter. See Lattimore , 87 F.3d at 650.

The record supports the district court's finding that Chanthavong
voluntarily consented to the search of his car and residence. As the

                    7
district court found, Chanthavong is "bright, intelligent, articulate, . . .
and no newcomer to the law." (J.A. at 158). At the time of the arrest,
Chanthavong was nineteen years old and had taken classes at the
Guilford Technical Community College. Nothing in the record indi-
cates that Chanthavong's consent was involuntary or that the environ-
ment was coercive or intimidating. In fact, Chanthavong volunteered
that he had drugs on his person and told the officer he could "look
inside the vehicle, if [he] wanted to." (J.A. at 78).

The Court therefore concludes that the district court did not err in
finding that Chanthavong voluntarily consented to the search of his
car and his room. The Court holds that any evidence found therein,
except for the contents of the locked safe, are therefore admissible. As
a result, the Court affirms the district court's denial of the motion to
suppress as to that evidence.

B.

The district court found that the search of the safe was unlawful
due to the fact that the officers obtained the combination for the safe
by questioning Chanthavong without counsel present after
Chanthavong had invoked his right to have an attorney present.
Despite the inadmissible statement, the district court held that the
contents of the safe inevitably would have been discovered based on
finding that there was a strong odor of marijuana emanating from the
safe and that the officers had probable cause to procure a warrant to
search the safe, and perhaps consent to search the safe.

Without more, the district court's finding that the officers had
probable cause to procure a warrant to search the safe is not a suffi-
cient basis on which to invoke the inevitable discovery doctrine.
Because the district court failed to make a finding on the scope of
Chanthavong's consent to search his room, in particular whether the
consent included the locked safe, and on whether the police officers
would have procured a search warrant for the safe had they not ille-
gally obtained the combination from Chanthavong, we vacate the
denial of the motion to suppress as to the evidence found in the
locked safe and remand for the aforementioned findings.

Under the inevitable discovery doctrine, information obtained by
unlawful means is nonetheless admissible if the government can

                     8
establish by a preponderance of evidence that the information ulti-
mately or inevitably would have been discovered by lawful means.
Nix v. Williams, 467 U.S. 431 (1984). The inevitable discovery doc-
trine is an exception to the exclusionary rule. The rationale behind the
exception is that where evidence inevitably would have been discov-
ered by lawful means, the exclusionary rule should not be applied
because the goal of deterrence is so attenuated. Id. at 444. The fact
that makes the discovery inevitable must "arise from circumstances
other than those disclosed by the illegal search itself." United States
v. Thomas, 955 F.2d 207, 211 (4th Cir. 1992) (deciding not to apply
the inevitable discovery doctrine where only the illegal search itself
led to the discovery of the stolen bank money).

Chanthavong argues that the district court erred in admitting the
contents of the safe under the inevitable discovery doctrine because
the doctrine may be invoked only in circumstances wherein the offi-
cers would have discovered the evidence by other lawful means.
Chanthavong argues that under United States v. Allen, 159 F.3d 832
(4th Cir. 1998),3 the mere fact that the officers have probable cause
to get a search warrant, without more, does not support use of the
inevitable discovery exception. Chanthavong claims that Sergeant
Crotts' testimony that he would have broken the safe open had he not
learned the combination shows unlawful rather than lawful means.
Chanthavong contends that the officer would not have sought a search
warrant because he did not indicate as such during his testimony.

In Allen, a panel of this Court reviewed the inevitable discovery
doctrine and discussed its application. The facts of the case involved
a defendant who was arrested for possession of marijuana and crack
cocaine. 159 F.3d at 834. During a stop in Greensboro, North Caro-
lina, a police officer asked the defendant, who had been traveling by
bus, if he would permit the officer to search his knapsack. Id. Accord-
ing to the officer, the defendant consented to the search. Id. When
asked, he told the officer that he did not have any other bags on the
bus. Id. In the knapsack, the officer found a clear plastic bag with a
substance later identified as marijuana. Id. The defendant tried to
_________________________________________________________________
3 Allen was decided after the district judge in the instant case made his
ruling on the motion to suppress.

                    9
leave the bus, but he was arrested, handcuffed, and given his Miranda
warnings. Id. at 835.

The officers questioned other passengers and identified the owners
of all the bags on the bus except for one--a large black duffel bag.
Id. The officer treated the bag as abandoned, searched it, and found
a package of crack cocaine and a train ticket belonging to Anthony
Washington. Id. The defendant had given that name to another officer
there, but later denied ownership of the duffel bag or the knapsack.
Id.

The defendant moved to suppress evidence obtained from the
search of the duffel bag and statements made to the police about that
evidence after the arrest. Id. at 834. The district court denied the
motion to suppress, concluding that the cocaine in the duffel bag inev-
itably would have been lawfully discovered. Id . at 838. The district
court based this conclusion on the officers' testimony that they would
not have left an unattended, unidentified bag on the bus and that the
drug detection dog was available at the bus terminal for purposes of
assistance if necessary. Id. The district court held that there was
ample evidence that the officers would have discovered the crack
cocaine through the use of the drug detection dog despite the findings
that the officers did not have consent to search the baggage and that
there was no abandonment of the baggage before the search. Id.

On de novo review, this Court held that the district court erred in
denying the motion to suppress. Id. at 843. The Court concluded that
the cocaine inside a duffel bag found on a bus would not have been
discovered inevitably without an illegal search where the officer
could have used a drug detection dog to establish probable cause, but
did not. Id. at 840. The Court held that the district court's inevitable
discovery holding was flatly inconsistent with the court's abandon-
ment findings. Id. at 840. The district court found no evidence that the
defendant was asked if he had any other baggage on the bus besides
the backpack that officers searched with the defendant's consent and
in which they found contraband. Id. Yet, the district court credited the
officer's testimony that if the defendant had not made the statement
to her that he had no other bags, she would have run a drug detection
dog over the unclaimed duffel bag. Id. The Court found that it was
impossible to conclude that the officer inevitably would have used a

                    10
drug detection dog if the defendant had not disclaimed ownership of
any other bags when it was uncontroverted that, in fact, she did not
call for a drug detection dog and the district court found no evidence
that the defendant disclaimed ownership of other bags. Id.

In discussing the inevitable discovery doctrine, the Court ruled that
the "existence of probable cause for a warrant, in and of itself and
without any evidence that the police would have acted to obtain a
warrant, does not trigger the inevitable discovery doctrine any more
than probable cause, in and of itself, renders a warrantless search
valid." Id. at 841. The Court explained that the inevitable discovery
doctrine may apply where additional routine or factually established
investigative steps would inevitably lead to discovery of the evidence
without undertaking any search. Id.4 The Court also noted that the
inevitable discovery doctrine may apply where "the facts indicate
another search inevitably would have occurred and would inevitably
have uncovered the evidence, and that search falls within an excep-
tion to the warrant requirement." Id."[W]hen evidence could not have
been discovered without a subsequent search, and no exception to the
warrant requirement applies, and no warrant has been obtained, and
nothing demonstrates that the police would have obtained a warrant
absent the illegal search, the inevitable discovery doctrine has no
place." Id. at 841.

After correctly finding that Chanthavong's statement providing the
combination was inadmissible because it was obtained through ques-
tioning without counsel present after Chanthavong had invoked his
right to counsel, the district court refused to suppress the contents of
the safe and held them admissible under the inevitable discovery doc-
trine. The district court found that the contents of the safe would inev-
itably have been discovered based on findings that: (1) there was a
_________________________________________________________________
4 The Court pointed to United States v. Melgar, 139 F.3d 1005 (4th Cir.
1998), as a decision which exemplified this situation. In Melgar, the
Court held the admission of the defendant's statements harmless error.
Id. at 1016 n.3. The Court acknowledged that the defendant revealed his
illegal alien status during illegal interrogation without counsel present,
but held that the government inevitably would have discovered the
defendant's status by running a routine computer check on a false identi-
fication card that had been lawfully obtained before interrogation. Id.

                    11
strong odor of marijuana emanating from the safe; and (2) the officers
had probable cause to procure a warrant to search the safe. The dis-
trict court declined to make a finding about whether the officers had
consent to open the safe by any means necessary.

The district court did not make sufficient findings to apply the
inevitable discovery doctrine to this case. To employ the inevitable
discovery exception, the government must establish by a preponder-
ance of the evidence that the information ultimately or inevitably
would have been discovered by lawful means. Nix , 467 U.S. at 461.
Here, the government did not show that the contents of the safe would
have been discovered by lawful means. The contents of the safe could
not have been discovered without a subsequent search. Thus, to apply
the inevitable discovery doctrine, the district court had to find that the
subsequent search of the safe was lawful. Allen discussed several
ways to demonstrate that the search was lawful, including: (1) finding
an exception to the warrant requirement such as an inventory search
or search incident to arrest; (2) finding that additional routine or fac-
tually established investigative steps would inevitably lead to discov-
ery of the evidence without a search; or (3) finding that the discovery
of the evidence was inevitable due to a subsequent search that
required a warrant and that the police had probable cause to obtain a
warrant but failed to do so, if there is evidence that the police would
have obtained the necessary warrant absent the illegal search. Allen,
159 F.3d at 841.

The district court did not premise its application of the inevitable
discovery doctrine on the consent exception to the warrant require-
ment. Although the district court found that Chanthavong voluntarily
consented to a search of his car and room, the district court did not
find specifically that Chanthavong's consent to search his room
extended to the locked safe therein.5 The district court specifically
stated that it did not have to make a finding about whether the police
officers had consent to open the safe by any means whatever. (J.A.
at 160). To the contrary, the district court needs to make a specific
_________________________________________________________________
5 But see United States v. Wager , 165 F.3d 913, No. 97-4499, 1998 WL
789182 (4th Cir. Nov. 13, 1998) (unpublished disposition) (affirming the
finding that Wager voluntarily consented to search of the room and the
wall safe).

                     12
finding about the scope of Chanthavong's consent in order to deter-
mine if the consent to search exception to the warrant requirement
applies and correspondingly, to determine whether the inevitable dis-
covery doctrine applies to validate the unlawful search of the safe.6
See Allen, 159 F.3d at 841 ("The doctrine also may apply where the
facts indicate another search inevitably would have occurred and
would inevitably have uncovered the evidence, and that search falls
within an exception to the warrant requirement.").

The district court made no finding that additional routine or factu-
ally established investigative steps would inevitably lead to discovery
of the evidence without a search.

Third and finally, the government produced no evidence that the
police would have obtained the necessary warrant absent the illegal
search of the safe. Officer Crotts testified that if Chanthavong had not
given him the combination to the safe, the officers would have opened
it by force. Officer Crotts did not state whether he would have
attempted to obtain a search warrant for the safe. The officers did not
obtain a warrant to search the safe and used the combination illegally
obtained from Chanthavong. Thus, there is no evidence demonstrating
that the police would have obtained a warrant absent the illegal
search. The district court premised its application of the inevitable
discovery doctrine on the finding that the police officers had probable
cause to search the safe. The inevitable discovery doctrine does not
apply where the police officers had probable cause to conduct a
search but simply failed to obtain a warrant. If such evidence were
admitted notwithstanding the unexcused failure to obtain a warrant,
simply because there was probable cause, then there would never be
any reason for officers to seek a warrant. See United States v. Mejia,
69 F.3d 309, 320 (9th Cir. 1995). As stated in Allen, the "inevitable
discovery doctrine cannot rescue evidence obtained via an unlawful
search simply because probable cause existed to obtain a warrant
when the government presents no evidence that the police would have
obtained a warrant. Any other rule would emasculate the Fourth
_________________________________________________________________
6 Because Allen was decided after the district judge denied the motion
to suppress, he did not have the benefit of the Allen opinion to determine
exactly what findings needed to be made to apply the inevitable discov-
ery doctrine to this case.

                    13
Amendment." Allen, 159 F.3d at 842. What makes a discovery inevi-
table is not probable cause alone; it is probable cause plus a chain of
events that would have led to a warrant or another justification inde-
pendent of the search. United States v. Brown , 64 F.3d 1083, 1085
(7th Cir. 1995).

The Court recognizes that at some point the police officers were
going to determine what was in the safe, especially since there was
an odor of marijuana and drugs had already been found on
Chanthavong, in his car, and in other parts of his room and closet.
However, this supports the conclusion that the police officers had
probable cause to obtain a warrant to search the safe. That is just not
sufficient under Allen. The district court must make a finding about
whether an exception to the warrant requirement applies and whether
the police officer would have obtained a warrant. Neither of those
conclusions were made in this case. The district court did not decide
whether the consent to search specifically applied to the locked safe
or whether the police officers would have obtained a warrant. Thus,
under Allen, the district court must make those findings before apply-
ing the inevitable discovery doctrine to admit the evidence illegally
obtained from the locked safe.

IV.

In sum, the district court properly found that the police officers had
probable cause to stop and arrest Chanthavong based on the infor-
mant's tips. However, the district court may not use the inevitable dis-
covery doctrine to admit the contents of the safe without making the
requisite findings under Allen. To that extent, we vacate the district
court's denial of the motion to suppress and remand the case for find-
ings consistent with this opinion. In all other respects, the Court
upholds the district court's denial of the motion to suppress.

VACATED AND REMANDED

                    14
