                                         COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA


            Present: Chief Judge Felton, Judges Elder and Petty
PUBLISHED


            Argued at Richmond, Virginia


            CEPHAS LEON BLUNT
                                                                                      OPINION BY
            v.     Record No. 0766-12-2                                           JUDGE LARRY G. ELDER
                                                                                      APRIL 23, 2013
            COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA


                            FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF RICHMOND
                                          Bradley B. Cavedo, Judge

                           Joan J. Burroughs, Assistant Public Defender (Office of the Public
                           Defender, on briefs), for appellant.

                           Katherine Quinlan Adelfio, Assistant Attorney General (Kenneth T.
                           Cuccinelli, II, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.


                   Cephas Leon Blunt (appellant) was convicted on his pleas of guilty for possessing

            cocaine in violation of Code § 18.2-250 and driving after having been adjudicated a habitual

            offender, a second or subsequent offense, in violation of Code § 46.2-357. On appeal, he

            challenges the punishment imposed for those convictions, contending the trial court violated his

            Fourteenth Amendment due process right to confront his accusers at sentencing.1 He argues the

            more stringent test set out in the recent decision in Henderson v. Commonwealth, 59 Va. App.

            641, 722 S.E.2d 275 (2012) (en banc), aff’d, 285 Va. 318, 736 S.E.2d 901 (2013), applies rather

            than the “broad[er] rule of inclusion” previously recognized in Moses v. Commonwealth, 27

            Va. App. 293, 302, 498 S.E.2d 451, 456 (1998). We hold Moses remains applicable to an

            assertion of confrontation rights at sentencing. Applying Moses to the facts of this case, we


                   1
                      Appellant also raised a Sixth Amendment confrontation claim on brief, but he withdrew
            this claim at oral argument, conceding that he did not present it to the trial court. Appellant also
            does not challenge the convictions underlying these sentences.
conclude the trial court’s admission of the challenged evidence at sentencing did not violate

appellant’s Fourteenth Amendment due process rights. Thus, we affirm the challenged

sentences.

                                       I. BACKGROUND

       Appellant was indicted for driving after having been declared a habitual offender and

possessing cocaine, and he pled guilty to both offenses. Sentencing was originally scheduled for

April 19, 2011, but was continued to May 23, 2011. Officer Kenneth Custer was in court on

April 19, 2011, although it was not clear whether he was there for appellant’s sentencing or for

some unrelated matter. At sentencing on May 23, 2011, the Commonwealth sought to introduce

testimony from Officer Custer that appellant had been involved in a sale of crack cocaine on

April 21, 2011, about three months after entering his guilty pleas for the instant offenses and a

mere two days after the April 19 date for which his sentencing hearing was originally scheduled.

       Officer Custer testified that on April 21, 2011, he and other officers were using a

confidential informant to “conduct[] a buy-walk operation at the intersection of 24th and O

Street.” When Officer Custer testified that appellant was involved in the transaction, appellant

objected “on foundation grounds and hearsay,” noting the confidential informant was not in court

and that the testimony was “a total surprise to us.” The trial court overruled the objection, and

Officer Custer described the transaction as follows:

               The confidential informant walked up to . . . the intersection of
               24th and O Street, . . . right next to 903 North 24th Street . . .
               where – [appellant’s] grandmother lives. The confidential
               informant met up with an individual [and] inquir[ed] about
               purchasing crack cocaine. The individual then took the
               [informant’s] money, walked over to [appellant], made the inquiry
               to him. [Appellant] replied, if you know him, you deal with him.
               [Appellant] then walked into either 903 or 905 [24th Street], we
               could not verify which, came back a very short time later, made a
               hand-to-hand transaction with the third party in which the
               individual that the CI made initial contact with handed over the

                                                -2-
               illegal narcotic, a clear plastic baggy corner believed to be crack
               cocaine.

Officer Custer indicated he was “familiar with [appellant]” prior to April 21, and when asked to

describe their prior contacts, Custer answered as follows without mentioning appellant:

               In that same intersection block area, we’ve had numerous upon
               numerous complaints about the 900 block of 24th Street [near O]
               as well as 24th and M . . . . The complaints were so . . .
               numerous[,] . . . [i]t actually grabbed the media’s attention. The
               residents of Union Hill actually started to campaign on twitter. . . .
               [T]here was a news campaign for approximately about a month-
               and-a-half referencing the drug activity going on at 24th and O as
               well as 24th and M. . . . [T]hat, again, grabbed our attention,
               which the chief of police actually . . . did a walkthrough with some
               of the residents, police officers during that time which actually
               quieted both areas down for approximately one week.

Appellant again objected, but the trial court again overruled the objection, noting appellant

“[could] cross-examine.”

       Following a continuance due to appellant’s claim of surprise, appellant moved the court

to reconsider its admission of Officer Custer’s testimony in the sentencing phase. Appellant

cited the just-released panel decision in Henderson v. Commonwealth, 58 Va. App. 363, 710

S.E.2d 482 (2011), as holding that the Fourteenth Amendment due process right to confrontation

applies to testimonial hearsay in non-trial proceedings affecting an accused’s liberty interest. He

relied on the definition of testimonial hearsay set out in the seminal Sixth Amendment

Confrontation Clause case of Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36, 124 S. Ct. 1354, 158

L. Ed. 2d 177 (2004), in support of his argument that the out-of-court statements of the

confidential informant, introduced through Officer Custer, were improperly admitted under the

Fourteenth Amendment.2 He argued further that Henderson required the trial court to balance

the Commonwealth’s interest in denying confrontation against appellant’s right to exercise it.


       2
         Appellant did not raise a Sixth Amendment Confrontation Clause argument in the trial
court and concedes no such argument is before this Court in this appeal. See supra footnote 1.
                                             -3-
Based on this argument, the court agreed to reconsider whether Officer Custer’s testimony

should have been admitted at sentencing.

       After issuance of the en banc decision in Henderson, 59 Va. App. 641, 722 S.E.2d 275,

which reached a result opposite that taken by the panel, the Commonwealth argued Henderson

dealt with a probation violation and did not apply to sentencing proceedings, in which the Court

has held that evidence of unadjudicated criminal activity may be considered. It relied on the

pre-Crawford decision of Moses, 27 Va. App. at 303, 498 S.E.2d at 456, in which the Court held

the Confrontation Clause does not apply to sentencing proceedings and “that inclusion of

information under Code § 19.2-299(C) from confidential informants does not violate the Fifth,

Sixth or Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution.” It noted further the reliance

of the Court in Moses on the reliability of the confidential informant’s report and argued the

information in appellant’s case was proved “even more reliable” due to Officer Custer’s ability

to corroborate some of it.

       When the sentencing hearing resumed on March 27, 2012, it was agreed appellant would

first cross-examine Officer Custer and that the parties would then argue appellant’s motion to

reconsider the admissibility of his testimony. During that cross-examination, Officer Custer

testified the informant first began cooperating with police after being “charged with drugs”

several months to a year prior to the transaction involving appellant. However, at the time of the

controlled purchase involving appellant, the man did not have any outstanding charges pending

and was, instead, “a paid informant.” Custer did not know whether the informant was “a known

drug dealer” and knew nothing about his criminal record, such as whether he had any prior

convictions or was on probation.

       Custer testified that prior to the instant transaction involving appellant, Custer had never

worked directly with the informant and had merely “spoken to him on a prior debrief which

                                               -4-
[had] led to an arrest,” an operation headed by someone other than Custer. Custer explained that

Officer Brian Taylor “was using the informant on the day of the buy-walk” in which appellant

was involved and that the informant was “actually Officer Verbena’s informant.” Custer

explained that he was merely part of “the ID team and close cover” for the operation. Custer

testified that Detective Taylor or another officer who was with him conducted the search of the

informant prior to the controlled transaction. Custer testified that the informant is “always

searched” “thoroughly” before and after a “buy-walk[].”

       Custer testified that officers made a video recording of the event but that, for reasons not

clear from the record, the expected audio recording was unavailable. Officer Custer did not

witness the events firsthand. He gained his knowledge from watching the video the day the

events occurred and speaking to the informant and “a [police] tech who was listening to the

conversations” as they transpired. Custer said what the informant told him was consistent with

what he saw in the video, and Custer identified appellant as having appeared in the video. Custer

admitted the video was not good “as far as [showing] hand-to-hand transactions” and that “you

never can see [appellant’s] hands in the video.” However, Custer emphasized “[i]t’s a good

recording as far as” confirming that “[appellant] was there along with another individual.”

       Following additional argument, the trial court ruled the testimony of Officer Custer was

“sufficiently reliable” for it to be admissible as evidence of an unadjudicated prior bad act and

indicated that what weight it should be given was a question for the trial court as the fact finder.

On the conviction for driving after having been declared a habitual offender, a second or

subsequent offense, the trial court sentenced appellant to three years with two years suspended,

leaving him with the mandatory minimum of one year of active time. On the conviction for




                                                -5-
possessing cocaine, the trial court imposed a “midpoint” sentence of five years, with three years

six months suspended.3

                                           II. ANALYSIS

       “On appellate review, ordinarily, ‘the determination of the admissibility of relevant

evidence is within the sound discretion of the trial court subject to the test of abuse of that

discretion.’” Henderson, 285 Va. at 329, 736 S.E.2d at 907 (quoting Beck v. Commonwealth,

253 Va. 373, 384-85, 484 S.E.2d 898, 905 (1997)). However, in determining “whether a

defendant’s [Fourteenth Amendment] due process rights [have been] violated by the admission

of evidence,” a de novo standard of review applies. See id.

             A. DUE PROCESS CONFRONTATION RIGHTS AT SENTENCING

       In Moses, we considered the right to confront one’s accusers in a sentencing proceeding

under both the Sixth Amendment’s Confrontation Clause and the Fourteenth Amendment’s Due

Process Clause. 27 Va. App. at 300-03, 498 S.E.2d at 455-56. We held that the Sixth

Amendment right of confrontation was “‘a trial right’” and, thus, that it did not apply in

“post-trial sentencing proceedings.” Id. at 300-01, 498 S.E.2d at 455 (emphasis added) (quoting

Ritchie v. Pennsylvania, 480 U.S. 39, 52, 107 S. Ct. 989, 998-99, 94 L. Ed. 2d 40, 54 (1987));

see Henderson, 285 Va. at 325, 736 S.E.2d at 905 (reaffirming that “the Sixth Amendment right

of confrontation applies only in criminal trials” (emphasis added)); Harper v. Commonwealth,

54 Va. App. 21, 22, 675 S.E.2d 841, 842 (2009) (holding that “though Crawford substantially

changed the way courts must analyze claims under the [Sixth Amendment] Confrontation

Clause, neither Crawford nor its progeny have expanded the applicable scope of the [Sixth


       3
         Appellant also had a suspended sentence of four years three months for a previous
conviction of cocaine possession. The trial court found he violated the terms and conditions of
that suspended sentence but said “I’m not going to revoke any of your suspended time.” It also
“remove[d] [appellant] from probation on that case.” The outcome of this related probation
revocation proceeding is not before this Court on appeal.
                                               -6-
Amendment] right of confrontation to sentencing hearings” and reaffirming that Moses governs

the admissibility of hearsay at sentencing). We explained further that “[t]he United States

Supreme Court has employed the [Fourteenth Amendment’s] Due Process Clause to define what

information is available during sentencing hearings.” Moses, 27 Va. App. at 301, 498 S.E.2d at

455; see Henderson, 59 Va. App. at 648, 722 S.E.2d at 279 (holding the scope of a defendant’s

confrontation rights under the Sixth Amendment’s Confrontation Clause and the Fourteenth

Amendment’s Due Process Clause are “not . . . congruent”).

       Outlining the contours of that due process right, we held a court may “use a presentence

report containing hearsay and evidence of unadjudicated crimes without offending the due

process guarantee” and that “‘most of the information now relied upon by judges to guide them

in the intelligent imposition of sentences would be unavailable if information were restricted to

that given in open court by witnesses subject to cross-examination.’” Moses, 27 Va. App. at

301, 498 S.E.2d at 455 (quoting Williams v. New York, 337 U.S. 241, 250, 69 S. Ct. 1079, 1084,

93 L. Ed. 1337, 1343 (1949)). We recited a more detailed list of the types of information upon

which a court may rely at sentencing, including “prior juvenile adjudications, dismissed juvenile

charges and pending charges, charges for which the accused has been indicted, but not convicted,

offenses for which the defendant has been convicted, but not sentenced, convictions on appeal,

and evidence of unadjudicated criminal activity.” Id. at 302, 498 S.E.2d at 455-56 (quoting

Thomas v. Commonwealth, 18 Va. App. 656, 659, 446 S.E.2d 469, 471 (1994) (en banc)); see

Code § 19.2-299(A), (C) (requiring that a presentence report for certain felony drug offenses

“include any known association of the defendant with illicit drug operations” and giving “the

accused . . . the right to cross-examine the investigating officer as to any matter contained [in the

presentence report] and to present any additional facts bearing upon the matter”); Moses, 27

Va. App. at 303, 498 S.E.2d at 456 (holding inclusion in a presentence report “of information

                                                -7-
under Code § 19.2-299 from confidential informants does not violate the Fifth, Sixth or

Fourteenth Amendments”). Finally, we noted that “[t]his broad rule of inclusion is tempered by

the requirement that the information bear some indicia of reliability.” Id. at 302, 498 S.E.2d at

456 (citing Alger v. Commonwealth, 19 Va. App. 252, 258, 450 S.E.2d 765, 768 (1994)).

       Appellant urges application of the more stringent balancing test for admissibility

enunciated recently in Henderson. However, Henderson expressly applies only to probation

revocation proceedings. Henderson, 285 Va. at 321, 736 S.E.2d at 903. The Supreme Court of

Virginia, in deciding Henderson, simply did not address sentencing proceedings.

       The contours of the Fourteenth Amendment due process right applicable to probation

revocation proceedings, set out by this Court and approved by the Virginia Supreme Court in

Henderson, are derived from two United States Supreme Court decisions. In the first, Morrissey

v. Brewer, 408 U.S. 471, 92 S. Ct. 2593, 33 L. Ed. 2d 484 (1972), the Court applied certain

Fourteenth Amendment due process rights, including a “limited” right of confrontation, to a

parole revocation proceeding. See Henderson, 285 Va. at 325-27, 736 S.E.2d at 905-06

(discussing the origins of the Fourteenth Amendment right). In this context, the Court held a

defendant has “‘the right to confront and cross-examine adverse witnesses . . . unless the hearing

officer specifically finds good cause for not allowing confrontation.’” Id. at 326, 736 S.E.2d at

905 (quoting Morrissey, 408 U.S. at 489, 92 S. Ct. at 2604, 33 L. Ed. 2d at 499).

“[E]mphasiz[ing]” the “narrow [nature of the] inquiry,” the Court held “there is no thought to

equate this . . . stage of parole revocation to a criminal prosecution in any sense” and indicated

“the process should be flexible enough to consider evidence including letters, affidavits, and

other material that would not be admissible in an adversary criminal trial.” Morrissey, 408 U.S.

at 489, 92 S. Ct. at 2604, 33 L. Ed. 2d at 499. In the second of these decisions, Gagnon v.

Scarpelli, 411 U.S. 778, 93 S. Ct. 1756, 36 L. Ed. 2d 656 (1973), the Court extended Morrissey’s

                                                -8-
due process protections to proceedings involving the revocation of probation. See Henderson,

285 Va. at 325, 736 S.E.2d at 905.

       The United States Supreme Court had already decided Morrissey and Gagnon when we

addressed, in Moses, the impact of the Fourteenth Amendment’s Due Process Clause on

sentencing proceedings, and nothing in the controlling case law of this Court, the Virginia

Supreme Court, or the United States Supreme Court indicates a defendant has a Fourteenth

Amendment due process right to confront witnesses against him at sentencing. Although a

probation or parole revocation proceeding is not a trial at which “the ‘full panoply’ of

constitutional rights” applies, Henderson, 285 Va. at 325, 736 S.E.2d at 905 (quoting Morrissey,

408 U.S. at 480, 92 S. Ct. at 2600, 33 L. Ed. 2d at 494), such a proceeding nevertheless requires

an assessment of wrongdoing like in the guilt phase of a trial and, thus, is more akin to a trial

than a sentencing proceeding is. Therefore, it remains appropriate that the lesser standard of

“some indicia of reliability” recognized in Moses is the standard applicable at sentencing.

                 B. APPLICATION OF MOSES RELIABILITY PRINCIPLES

       We hold the hearsay evidence at issue here met the lower reliability threshold required

for admissibility of hearsay in a sentencing proceeding. Moses, which appellant points out

involved seven or eight informants said to be “reliable” by law enforcement personnel, did not

purport to set the floor for the level of reliability required for admitting evidence of

unadjudicated criminal conduct at sentencing. 27 Va. App. at 297-98, 498 S.E.2d at 453-54.

Further, Moses involved an additional layer of hearsay not present here, because the law

enforcement personnel who received the informants’ statements did not testify at defendant

Moses’s trial; instead, one or more officers made hearsay statements to the probation officer,

who in turn prepared the addendum containing the hearsay statements the informants had made




                                                 -9-
to the officers.4 Id. We affirmed the admission of the addendum to the presentence report based

on the trial court’s finding that the information from the confidential informants was “reliable

due to corroboration from other sources and its particularity,” but we did not examine that

evidence in any detail. Id. at 302, 498 S.E.2d at 456.

       Wolfe v. Commonwealth, 37 Va. App. 136, 554 S.E.2d 695 (2001), relied upon by the

Commonwealth to support admission of the challenged evidence, involved both a single witness

and multiple levels of hearsay.5 In Wolfe, the defendant’s co-worker told a sheriff’s department

employee that the defendant had threatened him by holding a box cutter to his throat. Id. at 139,

142-43, 554 S.E.2d at 697, 698. At sentencing, the Commonwealth offered this evidence

through a probation officer who spoke to the sheriff’s department employee who performed the

investigation; the probation officer did not speak personally to the victim or any witnesses. Id.

We noted “[t]he probation officer reported that the victim had not pressed charges because he

was frightened” but that “Wolfe was fired after this incident,” and we concluded “[t]hese

circumstances provide[d] the requisite ‘indicia of reliability.’” Id. at 143, 554 S.E.2d at 698.

       In appellant’s case, the indicia of reliability were at least as strong as in Moses and

Wolfe. Here, Officer Kenneth Custer testified at sentencing, explaining that he participated as

part of “the ID team and close cover” in the “buy-walk operation” which used the confidential

informant. Custer testified the informant would have been thoroughly searched immediately

before and after the controlled transaction to be sure he had no contraband in his possession and


       4
         The trial court gave the defendant in Moses the opportunity to subpoena and
cross-examine the officers who gathered the information contained in the report, but the
defendant declined that offer. Moses, 27 Va. App. at 298, 498 S.E.2d at 454.
       5
         In Wolfe, the defendant challenged the admission of three unrelated episodes of prior
violent or threatening conduct. 37 Va. App. at 142-43, 554 S.E.2d at 698-99. We focus on the
one incident considered by the Commonwealth, on brief, to be “[m]ost pertinent to the instant
case.”

                                               - 10 -
that the informant returned from the transaction with a clear plastic baggy corner of what was

believed to be crack cocaine. Although Officer Custer was unable to observe the drug

transaction live, he watched a video recording of it the same day it occurred. When he

discovered that audio expected to accompany the video was unavailable, he spoke to “a [police]

tech who was listening to the conversations” as they transpired and obtained the technician’s

verbal report of those conversations.6 Officer Custer also spoke personally to the informant.

       Although Officer Custer was not familiar with the informant’s record,7 he knew the

informant had previously worked with a different police officer and was receiving a small

payment for his participation in the buy-walk operation rather than working for a reduction in

any pending charges. Further, Custer testified that the information he received from the

informant was consistent with what he saw on the video and heard from the police technician

who monitored the conversations on the audio feed. Thus, the record contains evidence

corroborating the informant’s statements to Officer Custer.

       The fact that neither appellant’s hands nor the hands of the third party from whom the

informant said he received the drugs were visible in the video as they conducted the transaction

did not render the evidence of the unadjudicated act insufficiently reliable to support their

admission. Officer Custer’s testimony expressly confirmed that the informant, the third party,


       6
         Appellant had the opportunity to cross-examine Officer Custer concerning what he
learned from the police audio technician, but he did not do so. Appellant also posed no specific
objection at trial to the admission of Officer Custer’s testimony based on the technician’s report.
Finally, on brief on appeal, appellant does not challenge the admissibility of this evidence and, in
fact, makes no mention of it. We therefore conclude this unchallenged evidence is available on
appeal for purposes of corroborating the challenged information from the informant.
       7
           The informant was not available for cross-examination, but the Commonwealth, at
appellant’s request, later furnished the trial court with a copy of the informant’s record. Thus,
the trial court knew when it sentenced appellant that the informant had prior convictions for
“[h]abitual offender, possession of a controlled substance and possession with intent to
distribute,” as well as convictions for two misdemeanors involving lying, cheating or stealing.

                                               - 11 -
and appellant all appeared in the video and that the informant returned with drugs. Officer

Custer also testified the audio technician’s report of what transpired corroborated the informant’s

report. We therefore hold, under the totality of the circumstances, that the challenged evidence

met the “requirement that the information [from the non-testifying informant] bear some indicia

of reliability.” Moses, 27 Va. App. at 302, 498 S.E.2d at 456 (emphasis added).

        To the extent appellant contends Officer Custer’s reliability was suspect because “[he]

was a police officer and thereby had an adversarial relationship with [appellant], an alleged drug

dealer,” the reliability of Officer Custer is irrelevant to the admissibility issue because Officer

Custer testified live at sentencing and was available for cross-examination. Appellant’s

arguments concerning the reliability of Officer Custer’s testimony and his statements about what

the informant said go to the weight of the evidence rather than to its admissibility. See Code

§ 19.2-299(A) (providing that when a sentencing court receives a presentence report, “the

accused . . . shall . . . be given the right to cross-examine the investigating officer as to any

matter contained therein and to present any additional facts bearing upon the matter”).

                                                  II.

        Thus, we hold appellant’s Fourteenth Amendment claim lacks merit, and we affirm the

challenged sentences.

                                                                                             Affirmed.




                                                 - 12 -
