                                                                                 FILED
                                                                     United States Court of Appeals
                      UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                         Tenth Circuit

                             FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT                          March 2, 2018
                         _________________________________
                                                                         Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                                             Clerk of Court
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

      Plaintiff - Appellee,

v.                                                         No. 17-1199
                                                 (D.C. Nos. 1:16-CV-01044-RM &
GARY SNISKY,                                          1:13-CR-00473-RM-1)
                                                             (D. Colo.)
      Defendant - Appellant.
                      _________________________________

            ORDER DENYING CERTIFICATE OF APPEALABILITY*
                   _________________________________

Before MORITZ, BALDOCK, and KELLY, Circuit Judges.
                  _________________________________

      Petitioner Gary Snisky, a federal prisoner proceeding pro se, seeks a certificate

of appealability (COA) to appeal the district court’s denial of his 28 U.S.C. § 2255

motion. He also seeks leave to proceed in forma pauperis (IFP). Exercising

jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 2253(a), we deny his request for a COA, deny his IFP

motion, and dismiss this matter.

                                   BACKGROUND

      Snisky was indicted on thirteen counts of mail fraud under 18 U.S.C. § 1341

and five counts of money laundering under 18 U.S.C. § 1957 in connection with an


      *
         This order is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the
case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its
persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
allegedly fraudulent investment scheme. He ultimately pled guilty to one count of

mail fraud and one count of money laundering pursuant to a plea agreement in which

he stipulated, among other things, that he had lied and made misrepresentations to

investors and was subject to various sentence enhancements under the U.S.

Sentencing Guidelines based on the amount of the loss and other stipulated facts. In

the plea agreement, he also agreed not to contest these enhancements. With one

exception not relevant here, the presentence report (PSR) agreed with the stipulated

sentencing enhancements and determined that Snisky’s advisory sentencing range

under the Guidelines was 78 to 97 months. The district court adopted the findings of

the PSR, sentenced Snisky to 84 months in prison, and ordered restitution in the

amount stipulated in the plea agreement. Snisky filed a direct appeal in this court,

which was later dismissed on his motion.

      Snisky filed a § 2255 motion to vacate, set aside or correct his conviction and

sentence, claiming ineffective assistance of counsel. In a thorough 20-page order, the

district court examined Snisky’s claims under the two-part standard stated in

Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984), and concluded the record

conclusively showed he was not entitled to relief. It therefore denied Snisky’s

motion and his request for an evidentiary hearing and also denied a COA on its

decision. The district court denied Snisky’s subsequent motion for leave to proceed

IFP on appeal.

      Snisky now requests a COA in order to contest the district court’s decision and

also asks that we allow him to proceed IFP in this appeal.

                                           2
                                      DISCUSSION

         To appeal the district court’s denial of § 2255 relief, Snisky must obtain a

COA. 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(1)(B). We may issue a COA “only if the applicant has

made a substantial showing of the denial of a constitutional right.” Id. § 2253(c)(2).

This standard requires him to demonstrate “that reasonable jurists could debate

whether (or, for that matter, agree that) the petition should have been resolved in a

different manner or that the issues presented were adequate to deserve

encouragement to proceed further.” Slack v. McDaniel, 529 U.S. 473, 484 (2000)

(internal quotation marks omitted). In determining whether Snisky has met this

standard, we do not engage in a “full consideration of the factual or legal bases

adduced in support of the claims” but rather “an overview of the claims . . . and a

general assessment of their merits.” Miller-El v. Cockrell, 537 U.S. 322, 336 (2003).

         In his application for COA, Snisky contends the district court erred in rejecting

his claims of ineffective assistance of counsel in connection with his guilty plea and

sentencing1 and that it abused its discretion in denying these claims without an

evidentiary hearing. We examine each contention in turn under the COA standard.

Because Snisky is proceeding pro se, we review his COA application liberally but do

not act as his advocate. See Yang v. Archuleta, 525 F.3d 925, 927 n.1 (10th Cir.

2008).


         1
         Snisky also asserted in the district court that his counsel rendered ineffective
assistance in failing to challenge alleged government misconduct, but he does not
dispute the court’s denial of this claim in his application for COA.

                                             3
       A.     Ineffective Assistance of Counsel Claims

       The Sixth Amendment provides criminal defendants with the right to effective

assistance of counsel. See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 685-86. To establish that he was

deprived of this right, a defendant must show “both that his counsel’s performance

‘fell below an objective standard of reasonableness’ and that ‘the deficient

performance prejudiced the defense.’” Byrd v. Workman, 645 F.3d 1159, 1167

(10th Cir. 2011) (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687-88). To meet the first prong of

this test, a defendant “must identify the acts or omissions of counsel that are alleged

not to have been the result of reasonable professional judgment.” Strickland,

466 U.S. at 690. The court must then determine “whether, in light of all of the

circumstances, the identified acts or omissions were outside the wide range of

professionally competent assistance,” id., applying a “highly deferential” standard

that reflects the “strong presumption that counsel’s conduct falls within the wide

range of reasonable professional assistance,” id. at 689; see Hooks v. Workman,

689 F.3d 1148, 1187 (10th Cir. 2012) (“[C]ounsel is strongly presumed to have

rendered adequate assistance and made all significant decisions in the exercise of

reasonable professional judgment.” (internal quotation marks omitted)). To establish

prejudice as required by Strickland’s second prong, a defendant cannot rely on

speculation, but instead must show “that there is a reasonable probability that, but for

counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been

different.” Strickland, 466 U.S at 694. An insufficient showing under either prong

of the Strickland test is dispositive. Id. at 697.

                                             4
             1.     Guilty plea

      Snisky claimed in the district court and now in this court that he received

ineffective assistance of counsel in connection with the government’s plea offer

because his counsel (1) did not understand the relevant law and failed to properly

investigate the case; (2) did not explain the government’s burden in proving his

fraudulent intent and the sentencing factors, (3) failed to present evidence disputing

his intent and the sentencing factors to the government during plea negotiations;

(4) advised him not to challenge the government’s loss calculation because it would

cause the government to withdraw its downward adjustment for acceptance of

responsibility; and (5) coerced Snisky to accept the plea agreement by falsely

promising that he would provide mitigating evidence at sentencing and object to what

Snisky now claims are inaccuracies in the plea agreement’s stipulated facts. Snisky

also asserted he would not have accepted the plea agreement if defense counsel had

not assured him that the stipulated facts were disputed and would be further argued.

      The district court found Snisky failed to demonstrate his counsel’s

performance was outside the range of professionally competent assistance because

these assertions were conclusory, see United States v. Fisher, 38 F.3d 1144, 1147

(10th Cir. 1994), not supported by evidence refuting the fraudulent intent and other

facts to which he stipulated,2 and also were contrary to his representations in the plea



      2
       Snisky suggests in his application that he submitted affidavits and other
documentation to the district court in support of his motion, but in fact he submitted
                                                                             (continued)
                                           5
agreement, in his Statement in Advance of Guilty Plea, and at the change of plea

hearing. In particular, during the plea hearing, Snisky, a college graduate, affirmed

under oath that he had read and reviewed the stipulated facts in the plea agreement

with counsel and admitted that these facts were true. He also averred that he had

agreed not to dispute the sentencing factors reported in the plea agreement and that

he understood the charges against him, had reviewed the elements of the charged

offenses with counsel, and understood the government’s burden to prove each

element beyond a reasonable doubt. He also affirmed that he had read and

understood the Statement in Advance of Guilty Plea, which reports that the only

promises made to induce him to plead guilty were those set out in the plea agreement.

Finally, Snisky affirmed at the hearing that he was satisfied with his counsel and the

representation and advice he had received.

       Such “‘[s]olemn declarations in open court carry a strong presumption of verity.

The subsequent presentation of conclusory allegations unsupported by specifics is subject

to summary dismissal, as are contentions that in the face of the record are wholly

incredible.’” Lasiter v. Thomas, 89 F.3d 699, 702 (10th Cir. 1996) (quoting Blackledge

v. Allison, 431 U.S. 63, 74 (1977)); see United States v. Silva, 430 F.3d 1096, 1099-100

(10th Cir. 2005) (relying on plea agreement and plea colloquy to deny COA on

ineffective assistance of counsel claim). Based on Snisky’s declarations at the plea

hearing and our review of the rest of the record on appeal, we conclude that reasonable

only three exhibits, none of which refute the stipulated facts to which he agreed in
the plea agreement.

                                            6
jurists could not debate the district court’s denial of Snisky’s claim of ineffective

assistance of counsel relating to his guilty plea.3

              2.     Sentencing

       We also conclude that reasonable jurists would not debate the district court’s

denial of Snisky’s ineffective assistance claim regarding his counsel’s performance at

sentencing. In his application for COA, Snisky argues, as he did in the district court,

that his defense counsel provided ineffective assistance at this phase of his

proceedings because he failed to contest the loss calculation and other sentencing

factors reported in the PSR and adopted by the district court in sentencing. Counsel’s

failure to dispute the loss calculation and other sentencing factors is not objectively

unreasonable, however, when Snisky stipulated to these facts and sentencing

enhancements in the plea agreement and affirmed at the plea hearing that he

understood and agreed to them. Cf. Emery v. Johnson, 139 F.3d 191, 198 (5th Cir.

1997) (rejecting an ineffective counsel claim for failure to object to testimony


       3
         In his application for COA, Snisky also argues for the first time that he
received ineffective assistance in connection with his plea because counsel failed to
explain adequately the plea agreement’s “ambiguous language” and the “comparative
benefits of the plea offer relative to proceeding to trial.” Appl. at 5, 15. Snisky also
apparently blames his counsel for the government not making a plea offer until
30 days before trial and then giving him only 8 days to consider it. See id. at 13. We
need not address these arguments because Snisky “has not provided a reason to
deviate from the general rule that we do not address arguments presented for the first
time on appeal.” United States v. Moya, 676 F.3d 1211, 1213 (10th Cir. 2012)
(internal quotation marks omitted). Nonetheless, we note that reasonable jurists
would agree that these assertions are conclusory and hence are not sufficient to
overcome the presumption that his counsel’s performance was objectively
reasonable.

                                              7
because “failure to assert a meritless objection cannot be grounds for a finding of

deficient performance”).

       Snisky further claims that his counsel’s performance at sentencing was

constitutionally deficient because he failed to provide any mitigating facts, object to

the government witness’ testimony, or argue for a lower sentence. These assertions

are conclusory and are also contradicted by the record, which shows that Snisky’s

counsel filed objections to the PSR before the sentencing hearing, objected to the

government witness’ testimony and cross-examined him at the hearing, and argued at

length in a written motion and at the hearing that mitigating factors warranted

probation or a sentence well below the advisory guideline range. Snisky also failed

to show in the district court that there was a reasonable probability that but for his

counsel’s allegedly deficient performance he would have received a lower sentence,

as required to meet Strickland’s prejudice requirement. See United States v.

Washington, 619 F.3d 1252, 1262 (10th Cir. 2010) (stating standard for

demonstrating prejudice for ineffective performance at sentencing); Byrd, 645 F.3d

at 1168 (noting “mere speculation” is insufficient to show prejudice under

Strickland). The district court’s conclusion that Snisky did not establish ineffective

assistance of counsel at sentencing is therefore not debatable.

       B.     Denial of Evidentiary Hearing

       Snisky also seeks to appeal the district court’s denial of his request for an

evidentiary hearing. The district court based its decision on its findings that Snisky failed

to demonstrate any material disputed factual issues and that the record conclusively

                                              8
showed he was not entitled to relief on any of his claims. This decision is reviewed for

abuse of discretion. See United States v. Moya¸ 676 F.3d 1211, 1214 (10th Cir. 2012).

Given the record below, reasonable jurists would agree the district court did not

abuse its discretion in denying an evidentiary hearing. See, e.g., Anderson v. Att’y

Gen. of Kan., 425 F.3d 853, 860 (10th Cir. 2005) (stating evidentiary hearing not

necessary when “[t]he record refutes the claim of ineffective assistance”); Hooks v.

Workman, 606 F.3d 715, 731 (10th Cir. 2010) (affirming denial of evidentiary

hearing because “the general and conclusory nature of the allegations in [the

petitioner’s request] fully support the district court’s decision to deny that request”);

United States v. Gonzalez, 596 F.3d 1228, 1244 (10th Cir. 2010) (denying request for

COA on failure to conduct evidentiary hearing because “there were no relevant,

disputed issues of fact that needed to be resolved”).

                                    CONCLUSION

      Because no reasonable jurist would debate the district court’s decision, we

deny a COA and dismiss the appeal. We also deny Snisky’s IFP motion because he

failed to demonstrate “a reasoned, nonfrivolous argument on the law and facts in

support of the issues raised on appeal.” Silva, 430 F.3d at 1100 (internal quotation

marks omitted).


                                             Entered for the Court


                                             Nancy L. Moritz
                                             Circuit Judge


                                            9
