                         IN THE NEBRASKA COURT OF APPEALS

               MEMORANDUM OPINION AND JUDGMENT ON APPEAL
                        (Memorandum Web Opinion)

              COMMERCIAL CONTRACTORS EQUIP. V. LOWER PLATTE NORTH NRD


  NOTICE: THIS OPINION IS NOT DESIGNATED FOR PERMANENT PUBLICATION
 AND MAY NOT BE CITED EXCEPT AS PROVIDED BY NEB. CT. R. APP. P. § 2-102(E).


     COMMERCIAL CONTRACTORS EQUIPMENT, INC., A NEBRASKA CORPORATION, APPELLEE,
                                                V.

       LOWER PLATTE NORTH NATURAL RESOURCES DISTRICT, A POLITICAL SUBDIVISION
                       OF THE STATE OF NEBRASKA, APPELLANT.



                              Filed May 26, 2015.    No. A-14-260.


       Appeal from the District Court for Saunders County: MARY C. GILBRIDE, Judge. Affirmed.
       Jovan W. Lausterer, of Bromm, Lindahl, Freeman-Caddy & Lausterer, for appellant.
       David Geier for appellee.



       IRWIN, RIEDMANN, and BISHOP, Judges.
       IRWIN, Judge.
                                      I. INTRODUCTION
        Lower Platte North Natural Resources District (NRD), a political subdivision of the State
of Nebraska, appeals an order of the district court for Saunders County, Nebraska, in this contract
action concerning a contract between NRD and Commercial Contractors Equipment, Inc.
(Commercial), a Nebraska Corporation. On appeal, NRD challenges the district court’s
determination that NRD was required to comply with a claims procedure set forth in its contract
with Commercial, the court’s determination that it did not comply with the claims procedure, and
the court’s determination that Commercial was entitled to payment under the contract. We find no
merit to NRD’s assertions regarding the claims and liquidated damages provisions in the contract,
and we decline to address NRD’s assertions regarding Commercial’s completion of the work
because NRD failed to argue that assertion in its brief. We affirm.



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                                        II. BACKGROUND
         This case arises out of a contract entered into between Commercial and NRD for the
construction of a dam in Saunders County, Nebraska. Commercial was to construct the dam for
NRD. The contract provided that Commercial would receive in excess of $12,500,000 for
completion of the project.
         The contract provided for substantial completion in July 2010 and final completion in
August 2010. Testimony adduced at trial indicated that an inspection in June 2010 resulted in a
list of items that needed to be completed to satisfy substantial completion, and Commercial’s
President testified that those items were all completed by the end of August 2010. Other testimony
indicated that the work of construction of the dam was completed in December 2010. There was
testimony adduced throughout trial about documents and paperwork that may or may not have
been completed in support of Commercial’s application for final payment under the contract.
         The contract between Commercial and NRD included a liquidated damages provision,
under which NRD had a right to liquidated damages in the amount of $1,000 per day.
         In December 2011, Commercial filed a complaint seeking payment of $300,000 that NRD
had not yet paid under the contract. Commercial alleged that it had completed the contracted work,
that NRD had taken possession and control of the dam, and that NRD had refused to pay the
$300,000 balance due under the contract. NRD filed an answer and a counterclaim, alleging its
right to liquidated damages.
         After a trial, the district court concluded that Commercial had completed all work required
under the contract and was entitled to the $300,000 unpaid balance. The court concluded that
NRD’s claim for liquidated damages was subject to a contract provision requiring notice of claims
under the contract to be filed with a project engineer (Engineer) and that NRD had failed to timely
comply with the notice provision in the contract. As such, the court concluded that NRD was not
entitled to enforcement of its right to liquidated damages. This appeal followed.
                                 III. ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR
        On appeal, NRD has assigned four errors, which we consolidate for discussion to three.
First, NRD asserts that the district court erred in finding that the claims procedure set forth in the
contract applied to NRD’s claim for liquidated damages. Second, NRD asserts that the court erred
in finding that NRD failed to comply with the claims procedure. Third, NRD asserts that the court
erred in finding that Commercial had completed required services under the contract and is entitled
to payment.
                                          IV. ANALYSIS
        The issues presented for resolution in this case concern the interpretation and application
of various provisions in the contract between the parties. While that contract is more than 350
pages in length, the issues on appeal primarily concern the meaning and application of a handful
of provisions that the parties have agreed are the crux of the case. Those provisions are set forth
as necessary below.
        The meaning of a contract is a question of law, in connection with which an appellate court
has an obligation to reach its conclusions independently of the determinations made by the court



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below. Kercher v. Bd. Of Regents of University of Nebraska, 290 Neb. 428, 860 N.W.2d 398
(2015).
        In interpreting a contract, a court must first determine, as a matter of law, whether the
contract is ambiguous. Gibbons Ranches, L.L.C. v. Bailey, 289 Neb. 949, 857 N.W.2d 808 (2015).
A contract is ambiguous when a word, phrase, or provision in the contract has, or is susceptible of,
at least two reasonable but conflicting interpretations or meanings. Gibbons Ranches, L.L.C. v.
Bailey, 289 Neb. 949, 857 N.W.2d 808 (2015).
        When the terms of a contract are clear, a court may not resort to rules of construction, and
the terms are to be accorded their plain and ordinary meaning as an ordinary or reasonable person
would understand them. Kercher v. Bd. Of Regents of University of Nebraska, 290 Neb. 428, 860
N.W.2d 398 (2015); Gibbons Ranches, L.L.C. v. Bailey, 289 Neb. 949, 857 N.W.2d 808 (2015).
A contract must receive a reasonable construction and must be construed as a whole, and if
possible, effect must be given to every part of the contract. Kercher v. Bd. Of Regents of University
of Nebraska, 290 Neb. 428, 860 N.W.2d 398 (2015).
                              1. APPLICATION OF CLAIMS PROCEDURE
         First, NRD asserts that the district court erred in finding that the claims procedure set forth
in its contract with Commercial applied to NRD’s claim for liquidated damages. NRD argues that
the plain language of the contract indicates that a claim for liquidated damages was not subject to
the claims procedure set forth in the contract. We disagree.
         In Harmon Cable Communications of Nebraska Ltd. Partnership v. Scope Cable
Television, Inc., 237 Neb. 871, 468 N.W.2d 350 (1991), the Nebraska Supreme Court discussed
contractual conditions, their significance, and the difference between a condition and a promise.
In that case, the Court noted that a contractual condition has been defined as an operative fact on
which some particular legal relation depends and as an event, not certain to occur, which must
occur, unless its non-occurrence is excused, before performance under a contract becomes due. Id.
As a general rule, a condition must be exactly fulfilled before liability can arise on the contract.
Id. Performance of a duty subject to a condition cannot become due unless the condition occurs or
its non-occurrence is excused and unless it has been excused, the non-occurrence of a condition
discharges the duty. Id. See, also, Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 225 at 165 (1981).
         In Harmon Cable Communications of Nebraska Ltd. Partnership v. Scope Cable
Television, Inc., supra, the Court was called upon to determine whether a purchaser was entitled
to recover damages or whether the right to damages was foreclosed by the purchaser’s failure to
comply with notification provisions in an indemnification provision in a contract. The Court noted
that if the notice requirements were deemed to be a condition to the sellers’ liability,
noncompliance with the notice requirements would discharge the sellers’ liability for damages.
Noting that it is often difficult to determine whether language is intended to create a condition or
a promise, the Court noted that terms such as “if,” “provided that,” “when,” “after,” “as soon as,”
“subject to,” “on condition that,” or some similar phrase are evidence that performance of a
contractual provision is a condition. Id.
         In the present case, it is not difficult to determine that submitting a claim to the Engineer
in compliance with Paragraph 10.05 of the contract was intended to create a condition to
enforceability of a right under the contract because the parties did not use any language requiring


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interpretation. The parties specified, in plain and unambiguous language, that written notice of a
claim “shall” be delivered to the Engineer and the other party in no event later than 30 days after
the start of the event giving rise to a claim and that a decision by the Engineer “shall be required
as a condition precedent to any exercise by [either party] of any rights or remedies either may
otherwise have under the Contract.” The parties specifically used the language “condition
precedent,” leaving no doubt that the parties intended compliance with the claims procedure to be
a condition to exercising rights or remedies under the contract.
        The liquidated damages provision in this case is a provision that creates in NRD a right to
the remedy of liquidated damages for Commercial’s failure to achieve the completion deadlines in
the contract. The liquidated damages provision is clearly a provision setting forth a right and a
remedy under the contract. NRD’s desire to enforce that right and receive that remedy, to receive
those liquidated damages for Commercial’s failure to complete work by the substantial completion
deadline or the final deadline, was a desire to exercise the right created by the liquidated damages
provision. The plain and unambiguous language of the contract specified that exercising rights and
remedies under the contract required compliance with the claims procedure as a condition
precedent to relief.
        NRD argues on appeal that it was not required to comply with the claims procedure to
secure liquidated damages because Paragraph 14.07(3)(C) in the contract provided that “[t]hirty
days after the presentation to [NRD] of the Application for Payment and accompanying
documentation, the amount recommended by Engineer, less any sum [NRD] is entitled to set-off
against Engineer’s recommendation, including but not limited to liquidated damages will become
due and will be paid by [NRD] to [Commercial].” Brief for Appellant at 8. That provision,
however, does not excuse compliance with the claim provision of the contract. Rather, the plain
language of the provisions, when read together, indicates that NRD has a right to file a claim
seeking liquidated damages and that the final amount due to Commercial under the contract would
be the contract amount approved by the Engineer less amounts by which NRD might be entitled
to reduce the approved amount as a result of a valid claim, including liquidated damages.
        But the right to reduce the amount due by liquidated damages still required compliance
with the claims procedure set forth in the contract. Paragraph 1.01 in the contract set forth defined
terms and their respective meanings for purposes of this contract. That paragraph specifically
defined the term “Claim” to mean “[a] demand or assertion by [either party] seeking an adjustment
of Contract Price or Contract Times, or both, or other relief with respect to the terms of the
Contract. That paragraph also specifically defined “Contract Price” to mean “[t]he moneys payable
by [NRD] to [Commercial] for completion of the Work in accordance with the Contract
documents.” A plain reading of these provisions in the contract makes it clear that NRD’s demand
or assertion that the amount it owed to Commercial should be adjusted in accordance with the
terms of the liquidated damages provision of the contract was a claim.
        Paragraph 10.05, the claims provision in the contract, specifically provided that “All
claims, except those waived pursuant to Paragraph 14.09, shall be referred to the Engineer for
decision.” Paragraph 14.09 in the contract deals with the parties’ waiver of claims as a result of
the making and acceptance of final payment. The language in Paragraph 10.05 demonstrates the
parties’ ability and intent to except from the claims procedure claims that the parties wished to



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waive. There was no similar provision included to except from the mandatory claims provision a
claim for liquidated damages.
        As a result, we find no error in the district court’s determination that NRD’s request for
liquidated damages was a right or remedy under the contract and that the claims provision applied
to the claim for liquidated damages.
                             2. SATISFACTION OF CLAIMS PROCEDURE
         Next, NRD asserts that the district court erred in finding that the claims procedure set forth
in its contract with Commercial was not complied with. NRD argues that the plain language of the
contract indicates that the time for filing its claim for liquidated damages should not have begun
until an application for final payment was submitted. We disagree.
         The claims provision in the contract in this case provides that “[w]ritten notice stating the
general nature of each Claim, shall be delivered by the claimant to Engineer and the other party to
the Contract promptly (but in no event later than 30 days) after the start of the event giving rise
thereto.”
         In First Nat. Bank of Omaha v. Acceptance Ins. Companies, Inc., 12 Neb. App. 353, 675
N.W.2d 689 (2004), this court was called to determine whether a party to a contract lost its right
to present a claim by failing to comply with a provision in the contract requiring notice of claims
prior to a particular date. We concluded that the language used in the contract indicated that the
parties intended notice of claims to be a condition to the right to seek relief for such claims, and
we held that failure to comply with the notice provision resulted in the party losing its right to
advance the claim.
         In this case, the plain language of the contract required NRD to deliver written notice of its
claim for liquidated damages no later than 30 days after the start of the event giving rise thereto.
The right to liquidated damages was based on Commercial’s failure to meet substantial completion
and final completion deadlines, so the start of the event giving rise to a claim for liquidated
damages was the passing of those deadlines without the work being completed. In other words,
the 30 day clock for NRD to file written notice of its claims for liquidated damages began to run
as soon as Commercial failed to meet those deadlines.
         There is no dispute presented in the evidence, the briefing, or the arguments in this case
that NRD did not file written notice of its claims for liquidated damages within 30 days of
Commercial’s failure to meet the deadlines. The substantial completion deadline was in July 2010
and the final completion deadline was in August 2010, and there is no dispute that NRD did not
file written notice of its claims for liquidated damages with the Engineer until June 2011, several
months past the 30 day deadline.
         Rather, NRD argues that if the claim for liquidated damages was subject to the claims
provision, as we have concluded that it was, the clock should not begin to run until a final payment
application was approved by the Engineer and presented to NRD for consideration. NRD argues
that it would be illogical to require it to submit a claim for liquidated damages within 30 days of
the completion deadline being missed because the work might still be ongoing at that time and
NRD would be unable to determine the amount of its claim.
         We disagree. Paragraph 10.05 plainly and unambiguously requires written notice of the
claim within 30 days of “the start of the event giving rise thereto.” The event giving rise to NRD’s


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claim for liquidated damages, as discussed above, was Commercial’s failure to meet the deadlines
set forth in the contract. The “start of [that] event” was the missing of the deadline, not a later
completion of the work and application for final payment.
        Paragraph 10.05 also requires the party filing notice of a claim to provide notice of the
amount or extent of the claim and supporting data within 60 days after the start of the event “unless
Engineer allows additional time for claimant to submit additional or more accurate data in support
of such Claim.” The plain and unambiguous language of Paragraph 10.05 would allow the
Engineer to excuse NRD submitting the amount or extent of its claim for liquidated damages and
supporting data if the work was not actually completed within 60 days of the deadlines. NRD’s
argument that it is illogical to conclude that “the start of the event” giving rise to its claim means
the start of the period of time after Commercial missed the deadline has no merit.
        As a result, we find no error in the district court’s determination that NRD’s request for
liquidated damages was not filed in compliance with the claims provision.
                                     3. COMPLETION OF WORK
        Finally, NRD assigns as error that the district court erred in finding that Commercial
completed all services required under the terms of the contract and is entitled to payment. NRD
has not, however, presented any argument in its brief concerning this assigned error and,
accordingly, we decline to further address it.
        An alleged error must be both specifically assigned and specifically argued in the brief of
the party asserting the error to be considered by an appellate court. State v. Cook, 290 Neb. 381,
860 N.W.2d 408 (2015); Gray v. Kenney, 22 Neb. App. 739, 860 N.W.2d 214 (2015); In re
Guardianship of Forster, 22 Neb. App. 478, 856 N.W.2d 134 (2014). When an assigned error is
not argued in the argument section of the brief, the appellate court may decline to address it. See
State v. Cook, supra; In re Guardianship of Forster, supra.
                                        V. CONCLUSION
        We find no merit to NRD’s assertions concerning the claims and liquidated damages
provisions in the contract. We decline to address NRD’s assignment of error concerning
Commercial’s completion of the work because NRD did not argue that assignment of error in its
brief. We affirm.
                                                                                AFFIRMED.




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