        IN THE DISTRICT COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF FLORIDA
                              FIFTH DISTRICT

                                                 NOT FINAL UNTIL TIME EXPIRES TO
                                                 FILE MOTION FOR REHEARING AND
                                                 DISPOSITION THEREOF IF FILED


TIMOTHY EUGENE BURNETT,
          Appellant,

v.                                                      Case No. 5D16-2615

STATE OF FLORIDA,

             Appellee.

________________________________/

Opinion filed May 4, 2018

Appeal from the Circuit Court
for Orange County,
Renee A. Roche, Judge.

James S. Purdy, Public Defender, and
Kevin R. Holtz, Assistant Public Defender,
Daytona Beach, for Appellant.

Pamela Jo Bondi, Attorney General,
Tallahassee, and Lori N. Hagan, Assistant
Attorney General, Daytona Beach, for
Appellee.


EISNAUGLE, J.

      Appellant, Timothy Eugene Burnett, appeals his judgments and sentences in two

cases, contending that the trial court erred in denying his dispositive motions to suppress
a firearm discovered during a Terry1 stop and frisk. We agree and reverse, concluding

that the officer did not have reasonable suspicion of illegal activity to justify a Terry stop.

                          The Terry Stop and Arrest in this Case

       Appellant was arrested for possession of a firearm by a convicted felon while he

was still on probation for a prior offense, and as a result, was charged with both a new

law violation and a violation of his probation. Prior to entering a plea in both cases,

Appellant moved to suppress the firearm, arguing that the arresting officer did not have

reasonable suspicion to conduct a Terry stop.

       The trial court held an evidentiary hearing where the arresting officer testified that

a restaurant employee called in a tip that a customer appeared to have a gun in his

waistband, but the employee “didn’t know exactly what it was.” The employee did not

actually see a firearm, nor does the record indicate that Appellant removed or displayed

a firearm in any way.

       The officer responded and identified Appellant in the parking lot as the individual

described by the employee. While Appellant was on his phone and standing next to his

car, the officer approached and observed a “bulge” in Appellant’s clothing. Believing the

bulge to be a concealed firearm, the officer “began to pat [Appellant] down, at which point

[Appellant] moved away and tensed up.”

       Upon conducting the pat-down, the officer immediately knew that the bulge was a

firearm, but only determined that Appellant was a felon after the stop and frisk was

completed. Likewise, the officer did not know if Appellant had a concealed weapons




       1   Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968).


                                               2
permit before conducting the Terry stop, and conceded that he did not observe any illegal

conduct. The trial court denied Appellant’s motions, and this appeal follows.

                                  Standard of Review

      “[A] trial court’s ruling on a motion to suppress comes to the appellate court clothed

with a presumption of correctness.” Pagan v. State, 830 So. 2d 792, 806 (Fla. 2002).

The trial court’s factual findings “will be upheld if supported by competent, substantial

evidence, while the court’s legal determinations are reviewed de novo.” Vangansbeke v.

State, 223 So. 3d 384, 386 (Fla. 5th DCA 2017).

       The Fourth Amendment: Terry and Suspicion of a Concealed Firearm

      The Fourth Amendment guarantees the right of the people to be free from

unreasonable searches and seizures. Amend. IV, U.S. Const.; see Terry, 392 U.S. at 8.

When evaluating the reasonableness of a stop and frisk, as occurred in this case, we

apply the two-pronged test adopted by the United States Supreme Court in Terry. Terry,

392 U.S. at 15, 30–31.

      First, Terry established that, in order to conduct an investigatory stop consistent

with the Fourth Amendment, law enforcement must have a reasonable suspicion that

“criminal activity may be afoot.” Id. at 30; see also Saturnino-Boudet v. State, 682 So. 2d

188, 191 (Fla. 3d DCA 1996) (“A Terry stop is permissible if the detention is temporary

and reasonable under the circumstances and only if the police officer has a wellfounded

suspicion that the individual detained has committed, is committing, or is about to commit

a crime.” (citing Terry, 392 U.S. at 30; Reynolds v. State, 592 So. 2d 1082 (Fla. 1992))).

Reasonable suspicion must be based on “specific and articulable facts” and not on

“inchoate” “unparticularized suspicion” or mere “hunch.” Terry, 392 U.S. at 21, 27; see




                                            3
Price v. State, 120 So. 3d 198, 200 (Fla. 5th DCA 2013). The required “reasonable

suspicion of criminal activity may result from viewing exclusively legal activity, but it

depends upon the totality of the circumstances.” Regalado v. State, 25 So. 3d 600, 604

(Fla. 4th DCA 2009).

       “Second, to proceed from a stop to a frisk, the police officer must reasonably

suspect that the person stopped is armed and dangerous.” Arizona v. Johnson, 555 U.S.

323, 326–27 (2009); see Terry, 392 U.S. at 30–31.

       Appellant asserts that the stop and frisk in this case was constitutionally invalid

under Terry’s first prong. Specifically, he argues that carrying a concealed firearm is not

sufficient, without more, to justify a Terry stop, relying on the fourth district’s decision in

Regalado and the second district’s decision in Slydell v. State, 43 Fla. L. Weekly D594

(Fla. 2d DCA Mar. 14, 2018). We agree.

       In Regalado, the court held that concealed possession of a firearm alone does not

give rise to reasonable suspicion of criminal activity. 25 So. 3d at 606. In that case, the

state argued that officers may conduct a valid Terry stop where they observe, without

more, a bulge in the defendant’s clothing resembling a gun. Id. at 604. In rejecting the

state’s argument, the court reasoned:

              Possession of a gun is not illegal in Florida. Even if it is
              concealed, it is not illegal if the carrier has obtained a
              concealed weapons permit. Although the officer observed a
              bulge in [the defendant’s] waistband, which in his experience
              looked like a gun, no facts and circumstances were presented
              to show that [the defendant’s] carrying of a concealed weapon
              was without a permit and thus illegal.




                                              4
     REVERSED and REMANDED.

PALMER and WALLIS, JJ., concur.




                                  8
       In Mackey, the Florida Supreme Court considered whether a police officer had

reasonable suspicion to conduct a Terry stop based on a belief that the defendant was

carrying a concealed firearm. While on patrol in an area known for illegal firearms and

narcotics, the officer in that case observed a bulge in the defendant’s pocket with "a piece

of the handle sticking out." 124 So. 3d at 179. Based on that observation and his training

and experience, the officer identified the object as a firearm. Id. The officer approached

the defendant and asked if he had anything on him, and the defendant said “no.” Id.

Knowing that was a lie, the officer patted the defendant down, retrieved the firearm, and

arrested him for illegally carrying a concealed firearm. Id.

       The defendant moved to suppress the evidence, arguing, in part, that the officer

lacked a reasonable suspicion to conduct a Terry stop. Id. at 179–80. After the trial court

denied his motion to suppress, he pled guilty and appealed the denial of his motion. Id.

at 180. The third district affirmed, holding the officer’s suspicion that the defendant was

carrying a concealed firearm was by itself sufficient to justify a Terry stop and frisk, and

certified conflict with Regalado. Id. at 181.

       On review, the supreme court affirmed but disagreed with the third district’s

reasoning. Rather than basing its decision on the defendant carrying a concealed firearm,

the court instead considered the totality of the circumstances, and explained:

               When the person blatantly lied to the police officer here about
               possession of a firearm while he was in a geographic area
               well known for illegal narcotics and firearms with the weapon
               in view, we conclude that the officer had a reasonable,
               articulable suspicion that the person may have been
               engaged in illegal activity, and this brief detention to further
               investigate whether a crime was being committed is
               constitutionally valid.




                                                6
Id. at 184. Thus, contrary to the State’s argument, Mackey supports the proposition that,

consistent with Regalado and Slydell, something more than suspicion of a concealed

firearm is required to validate a Terry stop.

                      The Constitutionality of the Stop in this Case

       In this case, the tipster did not see Appellant brandish or improperly display the

firearm. Likewise, the arresting officer conceded that he did not see any illegal or

threatening activity and did not know Appellant was a convicted felon. Appellant was not

prowling or casing an establishment as in Terry. Unlike in Mackey, he did not lie to the

investigating officer, and there is no record evidence that the stop occurred in a high-

crime area known for drugs or illegal weapons. See Mackey, 124 So. 3d at 184–85. The

officer here did not testify that Appellant fled or otherwise acted suspiciously upon seeing

law enforcement. In fact, the State cites to no evidence in the record, and we have found

none, that the tipster or officer observed any furtive behavior at all.

       Although we acknowledge that a Terry stop can be based upon an observation of

entirely legal activity,2 there must be something about the circumstances, when

considered in total, that reasonably raises a suspicion that a crime has been or is being

committed. Indeed, reasonable suspicion could be based on the totality of any number

of factual circumstances too numerous to catalog here. However, there is no such

evidence in this record. Thus, given the law in Florida, and consistent with Mackey,

Regalado, and Slydell, we hold that possession of a concealed firearm, without more,

does not justify a Terry stop. We therefore reverse and remand with instructions for the

trial court to vacate Appellant's convictions and sentences and reinstate his probation.



       2   Regalado, 25 So. 3d at 604.


                                                7
        IN THE DISTRICT COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF FLORIDA
                              FIFTH DISTRICT

                                                 NOT FINAL UNTIL TIME EXPIRES TO
                                                 FILE MOTION FOR REHEARING AND
                                                 DISPOSITION THEREOF IF FILED


TIMOTHY EUGENE BURNETT,
          Appellant,

v.                                                      Case No. 5D16-2615

STATE OF FLORIDA,

             Appellee.

________________________________/

Opinion filed May 4, 2018

Appeal from the Circuit Court
for Orange County,
Renee A. Roche, Judge.

James S. Purdy, Public Defender, and
Kevin R. Holtz, Assistant Public Defender,
Daytona Beach, for Appellant.

Pamela Jo Bondi, Attorney General,
Tallahassee, and Lori N. Hagan, Assistant
Attorney General, Daytona Beach, for
Appellee.


EISNAUGLE, J.

      Appellant, Timothy Eugene Burnett, appeals his judgments and sentences in two

cases, contending that the trial court erred in denying his dispositive motions to suppress
