                                       Slip Op. 18 - 57

     UNITED STATES COURT OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE

                                            :
HEZE HUAYI CHEMICAL CO., LTD. and           :
JUANCHENG KANGTAI CHEMICAL                  :
CO., LTD.,                                  :
                                            :
                     Plaintiff,             :
                                            :
                  v.                        : Before: R. Kenton Musgrave, Senior Judge
                                            :
UNITED STATES,                              : Court No. 17-00032
                                            :
                     Defendant,             :
                                            :
                 and                        :
                                            :
BIO-LAB, INC., CLEARON CORP., and           :
OCCIDENTAL CHEMICAL CORP.,                  :
                                            :
                     Defendant-Intervenors. :
                                            :

                                          OPINION

[Denying motion for judgment on 2014-2015 administrative review of chlorinated isocyanurates
from the People’s Republic of China.]

                                                                        Decided: May 22, 2018

       Gregory S. Menegaz, J. Kevin Horgan, Judith L. Holdsworth, and Alexandra H. Salzman,
deKieffer & Horgan, PLLC, of Washington, DC, for the plaintiffs.

       Sonia M. Orfield, Trial Attorney, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil Division, U.S.
Department of Justice, of Washington, DC, for the defendant. On the brief were Chad A. Readler,
Acting Assistant Attorney General, Jeanne E. Davidson, Director, and Patricia M. McCarthy,
Assistant Director. Of Counsel was Catherine Miller, Attorney, Office of the Chief Counsel for
Import Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce.

       James R. Cannon, Jr. and Nina R. Tandon, Cassidy Levy Kent (USA) LLP, of Washington,
DC, for the defendant-intervenors.
Court No. 17-00032                                                                            Page 2


               Musgrave, Senior Judge: The plaintiffs Heze Huayi Chemical Co., Ltd. (“Heze”) and

Juancheng Kangtai Chemical Co., Ltd. (“Kangtai”), producers and/or exporters of subject

merchandise, initiated this challenge to the 2014-2015 administrative review (“POR”) of the

antidumping duty (“AD”) order on chlorinated isocyanurates (“chlor-isos”) from the People’s

Republic of China (“PRC”). See Chlorinated Isocyanurates from the PRC, 82 Fed. Reg. 4852 (Jan.

17, 2017) (final results of 2014-2015 antidumping duty admin. review) (“Final Results”), PDoc 177,

and accompanying Issues and Decision Memorandum (“IDM”), PDoc 171; see also Initiation of

Antidumping and Countervailing Duty Administrative Reviews, 80 Fed. Reg. 45947 (Aug. 3, 2015).

On the record compiled by the International Trade Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce

(“Commerce” or “Department”), the plaintiffs invoke the court’s jurisdiction under 19 U.S.C.

§1516a(a)(2)(A)(i)(I) and (B)(iii), see 28 U.S.C. §1581(c), and move for judgment pursuant to

USCIT Rule 56.2. Their claim is that the agency erred in choosing Mexico as the surrogate country

upon which to value the factors of production (“FOPs”) for subject merchandise and in choosing

surrogate financial statements to base financial ratios. The defendant and defendant-intervenors1

argue for dismissal. The court agrees with the defendants, in view of the following.

                                            Background

               Commerce typically calculates the normal value (“NV”) of subject merchandise from

non-market economy “(NME”) producers/exporters using surrogate values (“SVs”) offered “in a

market economy country or countries considered to be appropriate by” Commerce. 19 U.S.C.

§1677b(c)(1). Under that scenario, Commerce must utilize, to the extent possible, the prices or costs


       1
         I.e., domestic industry representatives Bio-Lab, Inc., Clearon Corp., and Occidental
Chemical Corp. (together, “petitioners”).
Court No. 17-00032                                                                              Page 3


of factors of production (“FOPs”) in one or more market economies countries that are (a) “at a level

of economic development comparable to that of the [NME] country” and (b) “significant producers

of comparable merchandise.” 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(c)(4).

               The statute does not signal what constitutes a “comparable” level of economic

development, “comparable” merchandise, or the meaning of “significant”.                See 19 U.S.C.

§1677b(c)(4)(B). Pursuant to its reading of the statute, Commerce has avoided developing

regulatory definitions thereof, cf. 19 C.F.R. §§351.102 & 351.408, but for the first of the statutory

requirements its Office of Policy (“OP”) produces a short list of market economy countries at a level

of economic development “comparable” to the NME country (the PRC in this instance) in terms of

per capita gross national income (“GNI”) based on World Development Report data compiled by

the World Bank2 that is then disseminated to the parties for comment. E.g., Memorandum to

Interested Parties re: Request for Economic Development, Surrogate Country and SV Comments and

Information (Aug. 14, 2015), PDoc 8 (“OP List”).

               Commerce’s practice entails selecting the appropriate surrogate country based on the

availability and reliability of surrogate values (“SVs”) data for that country. In accordance with 19

U.S.C. § 1677(c)(1) and the “best available information” for valuing FOPs, Commerce’s practice

is to select, to the extent practicable, SVs that are product-specific, representative of a broad market

average, publicly available, tax exclusive, and contemporaneous with the period of review. There



       2
         See, e.g., Pure Magnesium from the PRC, 75 Fed. Reg. 80791 (Dec. 23, 2010) (final results
2008-09 antidumping duty admin. review) and accompanying I&D Memo at cmt. 4. Using per
capita GNI has been held a “consistent, transparent, and objective metric to identify and compare
a country's level of economic development” and “a reasonable interpretation of the statute.” Jiaxing
Brother Fastener Co. v. United States, 38 CIT ___, ___, 961 F. Supp. 2d 1323, 1329 (2014).
Court No. 17-00032                                                                              Page 4


is no hierarchy for applying the SV selection criteria; rather, Commerce must weigh available

information with respect to each input value and make a product-specific and case-specific decision

as to what is the “best” SV for each input. See, e.g., Jiangsu Jiasheng Photovoltaic Tech. Co., Ltd.

v. United States, 38 CIT ___, ___, 28 F. Supp. 3d 1317, 1336 (2014) (upholding Commerce’s

practice to “carefully consider the available evidence in light of the particular facts of each industry

when undertaking its analysis of valuing the FOPs on a case-by-case basis”). For that process, the

statute affords administrative discretion to examine various data sources for determining the best

available information. See 19 U.S.C. § 1677(c); see also Nation Ford Chem. Co. v. United States,

166 F.3d 1373, 1377 (Fed. Cir. 1999).

               Commerce considers all countries on the OP List to be at the same level of economic

development as the PRC and does not use GNI alone as the basis for its selection. It purports to

evaluate which of these countries is a significant producer of comparable merchandise in addition

to considering which countries have reliable data. E.g., Defendant’s Response to Plaintiffs’ Motion

for Judgment Upon the Agency Record (“Def’s Resp.”) at 10. For guidance on defining comparable

merchandise, Commerce will look to other sources such as its Policy Bulletin 04.1, NME Surrogate

Country Selection Process (Mar. 1, 2004) (“Policy Bulletin”).

               For this AD review segment, OP listed Bulgaria, Ecuador, Mexico, Romania, South

Africa, and Thailand as countries at the same level of economic development as the PRC based on

2014 per capita GNI. Commenting thereon, the respondents (plaintiffs hereat) provided Thai

surrogate values but argued that Thailand did not have a usable import value for chlorine and that

Commerce should follow its practice from the previous review of using the largest importer of
Court No. 17-00032                                                                            Page 5


chlorine among the listed economically comparable countries, which in this review was Mexico.

Letter from Heze and Kangtai re: SVs for the Preliminary Results (Dec. 17, 2015) (“Resps’ SV

Submission”), PDocs 60-70. See PDoc 60 at 2. The petitioners (intervenor-defendants hereat)

argued Mexico or Romania were appropriate as primary surrogates because those countries have

actual production of comparable merchandise as well as import values for the most major inputs used

in chlor-isos production, and also because the financial statements of Mexican and Romanian

companies have not previously encountered the documented difficulty in their usage as those of Thai

companies. Letter from Petitioners re: SV Data (Dec. 17, 2015) (“Pets’ SV Submission”), PDocs

71-82. See PDoc 71 at 2 n.2.

               The respondents then submitted rebuttal to the petitioners’ comments and also filed

final SVs and comments for the preliminary results. Letter from Heze and Kangtai re: Certain Chlor-

Isos from the PRC Rebuttal SVs for the Preliminary Results (Jan. 11, 2016) (“Resps’ SV Rebuttal

Submission”), CDoc73, PDocs 87-89, 95; Letter from Kangtai and Heze re: Certain Chlor-Isos from

the PRC, Final SV Submission and Pre-Preliminary Comments (June 6, 2016) (“Resps’ Final SV

Submission”), CDoc 155, PDocs 124-28. In those submissions the respondents argued Mexico is

neither a significant producer nor a net exporter of comparable merchandise and therefore Commerce

should select as the primary surrogate country either Thailand, because it has the highest quality of

data including two contemporaneous financial statements, or Romania, because it has data to value

all inputs and a reliable financial statement from a major chemical producer that produces

comparable merchandise. Resps’ Final SV Submission at 3-6.
Court No. 17-00032                                                                            Page 6


               For their part, the petitioners’ comments narrowed their argument to Mexico as the

primary surrogate country because it is economically comparable to the PRC, it is the only country

on the OP List that produces “substantial” quantities of chlor-isos, and Port Import/Export Reporting

Service (“PIERS”) data reflected that the Mexican company Aqua-Clor S.A. de C.V. (“Aqua-Clor”)

produced chlor-isos during the POR. See Letter from Petitioners re: Comments Concerning the

Preliminary Determination and Submission of Factual Information Regarding SVs (June 6, 2016)

(“Pets’ Prelim. & SV Cmts”), PDocs 129-138, at 3, Exs. 1-3; Letter from Petitioners re: Rebuttal to

Preliminary Determination Comments (June 11, 2016) (“Pets’ Rebuttal Comments”), CDocs156-57,

PDocs 140-41; Letter from Petitioners re: Additional Rebuttal to Preliminary Determination

Comments (June 16, 2016) (“Pets’ Add’l Rebuttal Cmts”), CDoc 158, PDoc 143.

               The respondents’ final comments argued that the statute and Commerce’s policy do

not establish a hierarchal preference for being a producer of identical merchandise over a producer

of comparable merchandise, thus urging Commerce to determine “at a minimum” that Thailand,

Romania, and Mexico are all significant producers of comparable merchandise and to rely on data

quality as the basis of its surrogate country selection. Letter from Kangtai and Heze re: Rebuttal

Final SVs and Rebuttal Pre-Preliminary Comments, dated June 16, 2016 (“Resps’ Rebuttal Final SV

Submission”), PDoc 142, at 2, 5.

               In due course, Commerce published its preliminary results. Chlor-Isos from the PRC,

81 Fed. Reg. 45128 (July 12, 2016) (prelim. results of antidumping duty admin. review 2014-2015)

(“Preliminary Results”), PDoc 146, and accompanying Preliminary Decision Memorandum (“PDM”)

at 5, PDoc 147. In prior reviews of the AD order, Commerce had found calcium hypochlorite and
Court No. 17-00032                                                                          Page 7


sodium hypochlorite comparable to subject merchandise because those compounds all share similar

physical characteristics, end uses, and production processes. See Chlor-Isos from the PRC, 80 Fed.

Reg. 4539 (Jan. 28, 2015) (final results of AD admin. review) and accompanying I&D Memo at cmt.

2. Adhering to that course, and pursuant to its policy of determining economic comparability and

suitable surrogate countries for analyzing comparable merchandise, Commerce found from the OP

List that Bulgaria, Ecuador, Romania, South Africa, and Thailand are significant producers of

calcium hypochlorite and sodium hypochlorite. PDM at 11; IDM at 4. Commerce noted that the

sixth country, Mexico, is a producer of both identical and comparable merchandise. Id. After

eliminating other countries from the list due to data quality considerations, Commerce narrowed the

possible choices to Mexico and Romania as the only two countries that provided usable surrogate

financial statements and surrogate values for chlorine and hydrogen, an important input and by-

product, respectively. Id.

               Because both Mexico and Romania were producers of comparable merchandise and

each had one usable financial statement, Commerce then looked to the Policy Bulletin for guidance

in selecting the primary surrogate country. See IDM at 20; Policy Bulletin. Such guidance led to

preliminarily determining Mexico as the best choice for the primary surrogate country, a decision

based in part on finding the data for the Mexican company CYDSA, S.A.B. de C.V. (“CYDSA”)

superior to those for the Romanian company Chimcomplex S.A. (“Chimcomplex”), with one

exception concerning less-contemporaneous labor data. PDM at 13; see also Memorandum to File,

re: Preliminary Results SV Memorandum, dated July 12, 2016 (“Prelim. SV Memo”), PDoc 148;

IDM at 7-10. The determination remained unchanged in the Final Results. IDM at 3-5, 7-10.
Court No. 17-00032                                                                           Page 8


                                            Discussion

                Commerce’s final determinations in proceedings such as this are to be sustained

unless they are “unsupported by substantial evidence on the record, or otherwise not in accordance

with law.” 19 U.S.C. §1516a(b)(1)(B)(i).

                                                 I

                The plaintiffs dispute that Mexico is a significant producer of comparable

merchandise. They argue Commerce failed to consider the statutory directive of determining a

producer of “comparable” merchandise by overweighting the fact that Mexico produces “identical”

merchandise, the volume of which they contend was insignificant in contrast to the far more

significant production of “comparable” merchandise in Romania. They claim Commerce’s decision

“narrowed the meaning of comparable merchandise to mean identical merchandise and completely

failed to actualize the significance of that production.” Pls.’ Rule 56.2 Mem. in Supp. of Mot. for

J. Upon the Agency Record (“Pls. Br.”) at 2.

                The statute does not speak directly to the meaning of “comparable”; therefore,

Commerce’s interpretation will govern if it is reasonable. See, e.g., United States v. Eurodif, 555

U.S. 305, 316 (2009). Commerce found Mexico to produce both “identical” and “comparable”

merchandise, and the Policy Bulletin, upon which Commerce relied, states that “[i]n all cases, if

identical merchandise is produced, the country qualifies as a producer of comparable merchandise”.

The defendant posits from this that “if the record contains a producer of identical merchandise, the

statutory requirement of comparable merchandise is satisfied.” Def’s Resp. at 10, citing 19 U.S.C.

§1677b(c)(4).
Court No. 17-00032                                                                            Page 9


               Although the plaintiff apparently attempts to drive a wedge between “identical” and

“comparable” merchandise in Commerce’s decision, it is obvious that production of identical

merchandise is production of “comparable” merchandise. Mid Continent Nail Corp. v. United

States, 34 CIT 512, 519, 712 F. Supp. 2d 1370, 1377 (2010). See also Dorbest Ltd. v. United States,

30 CIT 1671, 1682, 462 F. Supp. 2d 1262, 1273 (2006) (“Dorbest”) (“[c]omparable merchandise

is a broader category than the ‘such or similar’ merchandise comparison which is usually used in

antidumping investigations”), quoting S. Rep. No. 100-71 at 106 (1987). The crux of the plaintiffs’

argument, rather, is with respect to the statutory requirement that a “producer” (i.e., market economy

country) of such merchandise be “significant”. See 19 U.S.C. §1677b(c)(4)(B).

               In that regard, the plaintiffs contend that because Mexico is not a net exporter with

production of identical merchandise sufficient to influence or affect world trade, it is therefore an

insignificant producer of comparable merchandise. The defendant is correct, however, that the

ability to influence world trade is not a standard required by the statute, “it is only one of many

criteria the Department may use to determine whether a country is a significant producer.” IDM at

5. See also, e.g., H.R. Conf. Rep. 100-576 at 590, 1988 U.S.C.C.A.N. 1547, 1623 (“[t]he term

‘significant producer’ includes any country that is a significant net exporter and, if appropriate,

Commerce may use a significant net exporting country in valuing factors) (italics added).

               On the other hand, the plaintiffs’ contention indicates that they interpret Commerce’s

position to mean Commerce may consider the mere fact of production of identical merchandise as

“significant” in relation to production of comparable merchandise.3 And it is clear that Congress


       3
           See, e.g., Def’s Resp. at 12 (“Commerce determined that Mexico was the appropriate
                                                                                (continued...)
Court No. 17-00032                                                                              Page 10


intended “significant” to be interpreted with respect to quantitative measures of production, not

merely in terms of the degree of similarity of the surrogate product to the subject merchandise. See,

e.g., H.R. Conf. Rep. 100-576 at 591, 1988 U.S.C.C.A.N. at 1624 (“Commerce should seek to use,

if possible, data based on production of the same general class or kind of merchandise using similar

levels of technology and at similar levels of volume as the producers subject to investigation”). The

plaintiffs thus argue that the quantity of Mexican production of chlor-isos is uncertain, i.e., that even

assuming the 2,159 to 2,534 (cf. Pls’ Br. at 4 with id. at 5) tons of the product exported from Mexico

under Harmonized Tariff Schedule (“HTS”) item 2933.69.03 during the POR are all chlor-isos,4

Commerce still needs to articulate why “this small amount is a significant quantity” given that

Mexico is a net importer of that product. Pls’ Br. at 4-5.

                The court disagrees, as exportation is not the only indicium of the significance of

production on this record. See, e.g., PDM at 11 (citing: Petitioners’ SC Comments at 3-4 and Exh.


        3
          (...continued)
primary surrogate country because Mexico produced identical merchandise and the selection of
Mexico would not lead to factor valuation difficulties” and thus “Commerce stated that it was ‘not
required to consider parties’ arguments for comparable merchandise’”), quoting IDM at 20; see also
Policy Bulletin at 2 (“[i]n cases where identical merchandise is not produced, the team must
determine if other merchandise that is comparable is produced”) (italics added) & id. at 5 n.6 (“[i]f
considering a producer of identical merchandise leads to data difficulties, the operations team may
consider countries that produce a broader category of reasonably comparable merchandise”). In
other words, Commerce’s preference for identical merchandise over a broader category of similar
merchandise must “take second-seat if the use of identical goods leads to data selection problems.”
Dorbest, 30 CIT at 1682, 462 F. Supp. 2d at 1274.
        4
          HTS 2933.69.03 is a basket category that would include chlor-isos and other compounds
including an unfused triazine ring. See IDM at 2. The plaintiffs contend Commerce has not
historically relied upon this HTS item to determine significance of comparable merchandise but they
also acknowledge that the PIERS Mexican export data of record describe exports under the more
precise HTS item of 2933.69.03 as “trichloroisocyanuric acid.” Pls’ Br. at 4, referencing Pets’ Final
SVs (June 6, 2016) at Exs 3, PDocs 129-138.
Court No. 17-00032                                                                             Page 11


3, CDoc 64, PDoc 43; Pets’ Prelim & SV Cmts at 3 and Exs. 1-3, PDoc 129-138; Pets’ Rebuttal

Cmts at 2 & Exh. 1, CDoc 156-57, PDoc 140-41; Resps’ SC Cmts at 2-3, PDoc 50). Commerce

agreed that the petitioners’ submission of a certain affidavit and joint venture agreement

demonstrated significant Mexican production of chlor-isos by Aqua-Clor and corroborated

“extensive PIERS cross-border trade data” on shipments of subject merchandise on the record. IDM

at 4 (citing: Pets’ Rebuttal Cmts at 2 & Exh. 1; Pets’ Add’l Rebuttal Cmts at 3). The record also

included a publication from the International Trade Commission, which had found Mexico to be a

source of United States imports of chlor-isos in 2014, i.e., covering this POR. Id. at 5. Record data

also showed Mexican exports by truck and rail during the POR of about 3,019,331 kilograms of

identical merchandise. Pets’ Prelim & SV Cmts at 4, Ex. 1, PDoc 129. Commerce also explained

that the volume of Mexico’s exports “does not negate the fact that Mexico is a significant producer”

because its export volumes are driven by the fact that “Mexico is a larger consumer of comparable

merchandise than Romania.” IDM at 5. The foregoing substantiates Mexican production of

“comparable” merchandise as “significant.”

               The plaintiffs, however, emphasize that Romania’s 18,542 tons of “comparable”

merchandise exports of calcium or sodium hypochlorite under HTS 2828.90 and 2828.10 ranked it

as the 17th largest exporter and a net exporter at that, while Mexico’s exports of 750 tons ranked it

as 48th but still a net importer. In other words, Romanian exports represent “almost 2% of world

trade while Mexican exports represent only 0.07%”. Id. at 5 (chart omitted).5 This analysis, apart


       5
          The defendant here contends the plaintiff’s tabular analysis and its conclusion that Mexico
represents 0.07 percent net world exports on page 6 of their brief, is problematic in multiple respects:
(1) the chart includes only two of the relevant commodity codes, HTS 2828.90 and 2828.10, but not
                                                                                         (continued...)
Court No. 17-00032                                                                            Page 12


from the question of its accuracy (see note 5), is insufficient to undermine Commerce’s

determination on the “significance” of Mexico’s production in its own right. See supra.

               In the final analysis, Commerce has been delegated the task of finding relevant facts

from a given record, and it has the discretion to determine whether a given volume, value or quantity

is “significant” under the statute after “taking into account the entire record, including whatever

fairly detracts from the substantiality of th[at] evidence.” See Atlantic Sugar, Ltd. v. United States,

744 F.2d 1556, 1562 (Fed. Cir. 1984) (bracketing added). Accord Zhejiang DunAn Hetian Metal

Co. v. United States, 652 F.3d 1333, 1340 (Fed. Cir. 2011); Nippon Steel Corp. v. United States, 337

F.3d 1373, 1379 (Fed. Cir. 2003). Commerce determined that both Mexico and Romania “are at

a comparable level of economic development” pursuant to 19 U.S.C. §1677(c)(4); both are

significant producers of comparable . . . merchandise; and both have publicly available and reliable

data for all the identified inputs submitted by interested parties.” PDM at 12. Commerce’s

“evidentiary decisions are reviewed for abuse of discretion” while its “findings of fact are reviewed

for clear error”, NSK Ltd. v. United States, 510 F.3d 1375, 1379 (Fed. Cir. 2007), and this court

perceives neither in Commerce’s determination on the significance of Mexican production, which

is therefore supported by substantial evidence on the record and in accordance with law.


       5
          (...continued)
include 2933.69, the basket HTS code that includes identical merchandise, and therefore is not a
reasonable reflection of exports of identical merchandise; (2) the plaintiffs did not rely upon the
analysis reflected in that chart during the administrative process (see Respondents SC Comments,
Ex. 2 (including commodity code 2933.69, which is later omitted from their analysis), PDoc 50) and
thus argument relying upon this compilation of data to derive percentages for net world exports is
waived; and (3) even if the chart can establish that Mexico was not a significant net exporter, it
would also establish that Romania was not a significant net exporter. The plaintiff complains that
Romania exported 25 times as much as Mexico, is a net exporter, and had influence on world trade
unlike Mexico, but all of this is beside the point. See infra.
Court No. 17-00032                                                                           Page 13


                                                  II

               As mentioned, Commerce selected CYDSA’s financial statements (“FS”) for

calculating financial ratios. CYDSA is a producer of comparable merchandise, not identical

merchandise, but Commerce “has wide discretion in choosing among various surrogate sources,”

FMC Corp. v. United States, 27 CIT 240, 251 (2003), aff’d, 87 Fed. Appx. 753 (Fed. Cir. 2004).

“The data on which Commerce relies to value inputs must be the ‘best available information,’ but

there is no requirement that the data be perfect.” Home Meridian Int'l, Inc. v. United States, 772 F.

3d 1289, 1296 (Fed. Cir. 2014); see also Jiaxing Brother Fastener Co., Ltd. v. United States, 822

F. 3d 1289, 1301 (Fed. Cir. 2016) (“[t]hough the data may be imperfect, the administrative record

supports [Commerce’s] conclusion”); QVD Food Co., Ltd. v. United States, 658 F. 3d 1318, 1322

(Fed. Cir. 2011) (acknowledging that Commerce had made a reasonable choice given “imperfect

alternatives”). Commerce found Mexico to have better surrogate value data than Romania, noting

record evidence indicated that Mexico had surrogate values for all inputs with the exception of steam

coal while Romania had surrogate values for all inputs with the exception of steam, and that

Mexico’s labor data was not contemporaneous but Romania’s electricity and water were also not

contemporaneous. IDM at 11-13.

               Emphasizing here that Romania nonetheless fulfills all the surrogate country criteria,

the plaintiffs contend that the data of record for Romania do not suffer from the “grave” deficiencies

of the data for Mexican production. They first contend that the cost of developing “massive energy

plants” shown in CYDSA’s 2014 and 2015 financial statements is

       reflected in part in CYDSA’s astronomical SG&A expense 45.81% in 2015 and
       31.77% in 2014, while the more comparable Romanian and Thai chemical
Court No. 17-00032                                                                         Page 14


       companies’ ratios on the record ranged from 6.37% to 17.75% in 2014 and 2013 and
       2012, consistent with the range for this ratio assigned by the Department in recent
       segments (notably the Department relied on the 2013 ratios of Aditya Birla in POR9
       and the 2012 ratios of Aditya Birla in POR8). There is no reasonable explanation or
       expectation that the SG&A of the respondents would have doubled or tripled from
       one segment to the next.

Pls’ Reply at 6-7 (citation omitted).6 The plaintiffs complain that Commerce did not address this.

See also Pls’ Br. at 9-12.

               The defendant argues Commerce did address the development of CYDSA’s energy

division at both the preliminary and the final stages of the review. See PDM at 12-13; IDM at 9.

Commerce first found that the plaintiffs’ “argument[ ] stating that CYDSA production processes and

products dissimilar to those of respondents is not accurate and does not reflect the information on

the record.” IDM at 9. The plaintiffs allege CYDSA has three operating divisions, Pls’ Br. at 11-12,

but Commerce only found two operating segments in CYDSA’s financial statement: the Chemical

Products and Specialties segment that accounts for 96.5 percent of its total sales, and the Yarns

segment that accounts for the remaining sales. Id.

               Commerce also found CYDSA’s financial statement sufficient to value surrogate

ratios because its chlorine and caustic soda accounted for 45 percent of sales within CYDSA’s

Chemical Products and Specialties segment, representing 43.4 percent of CYDSA’s total sales. Id.

Consistent with prior determinations, Commerce explained that 45 percent is nearly double what



       6
          The plaintiffs further explain that CYDSA’s first electricity and steam cogeneration plant
began operating in early 2014 and during 2015 produced 380 million of kilowatts-hour of electricity
and 470,000 tons of steam. See CYDSA 2015 FS at 37, PDocs129-138; CYDSA 2014 FS at 41,
PDocs 124-128. During 2014 and 2015, CYDSA built a second cogeneration plant with the same
capacity. In 2015, the company also began construction on underground storage of hydrocarbons.
See CYDSA 2015 FS at 38-39, PDocs 129-138.
Court No. 17-00032                                                                           Page 15


Commerce determined to be sufficient to use the same financial statements to value a different

product in Hydrofluorocarbon Blends and Components Thereof from the PRC, 81 Fed. Reg. 42,314

(June 29, 2016) (final determ. of sales at less than fair value and final affirm. determ. of crit.

circum.), and accompanying I&D Memo at cmt. 30 (selecting CYDSA’s financial statement even

though refrigerants represented only 23.5 percent of CYDSA’s total sales in 2014). The court cannot

find fault in Commerce’s conclusion that, “given the absence of information regarding the income

generated by Chimcomplex for each product group, the Department has no way to evaluate whether

its sodium hypochlorite business represents a significant or primary product of the company.” IDM

at 10.

               The plaintiffs acknowledge that CYDSA did not have energy sales in 2014 but they

argue nonetheless that the chlorine and caustic soda data are distorted by CYDSA’s allegedly

“massive” energy division. Pls’ Br. at 12 (“[t]he fact that most of the sales were from the chemical

division simply does not mean that most of the costs of the company are connected to the chemical

division.”). Commerce, however, found the plaintiffs’ characterization of the energy division not

supported by the evidence. Specifically, Commerce explained that CYDSA’s 2015 statement

reflects “only one electricity co-generation plant operating at the end of 2015 and this plant was not

handling all of CYDSA’s electrical needs.” IDM at 9, citing CYDSA 2015 FS at 36. In addition,

Commerce found that CYDSA uses gas and electricity as key inputs in the production of chlorine

and caustic soda, further supporting the conclusion that CYDSA relies on outside purchases of

electricity to support its production processes. Specifically, Commerce found that these inputs were

subject to “price risk” because the Mexican public provider of electricity uses natural gas, which is
Court No. 17-00032                                                                              Page 16


“vulnerable to the volatility of the natural gas market.” Id., citing CYDSA Financial Statement at

81. Furthermore, the defendant-intervenors point out that they argued in their administrative case

brief, of which Commerce was presumptively aware, that the increase in administrative expenses

from 2013 to 2014 due to the start-up of the cogeneration plant had a minimal impact on the ratio

of administrative expenses to cost of sales (12.3% in 2014 versus 11.6% in 2013). Def-Int’s Resp.

at 16-17, referencing Pets’ SV Cmts (Dec. 17, 2015), PDoc 75, Ex. 16 at 72. They contend that “the

small change in the ratio from 2013 to 2014 does not establish that CYDSA’s 2014 (much less its

2015) financial results were distorted by the start-up of cogeneration.” Id. at 17. The court agrees.

                The plaintiffs assert nonetheless that the Romanian company Chimcomplex better

represents its own infrastructure and level of integration because Chimcomplex only produces

chemicals rather than two types of products like CYDSA. Pls’ Br. at 11, 14. Whether that is true,

the court may not “reweigh the evidence or . . . reconsider questions of fact anew”, Downhole Pipe

& Equip., L.P. v. United States, 776 F.3d 1369, 1377 (Fed. Cir. 2015), which is another way of

expressing that “as to matters . . . requiring expertise a court may [not] displace the [agency]’s choice

between two fairly conflicting views, even though the court would justifiably have made a different

choice had the matter been before it de novo.” Universal Camera Corp. v. NLRB, 340 U.S. 474, 488

(1951). Commerce reasoned that “[t]he information contained in Chimcomplex’s financial statement

does not indicate that it is any less integrated” because “information on the record from

Chimcomplex’s website shows that it has two major segments for inorganic and organic products,”

which is the same number of segments as CYDSA. IDM at 9.
Court No. 17-00032                                                                        Page 17


               Further, Commerce stated that within its seven product groups, Chimcomplex has 24

separate products, some of which were even more dissimilar than those products produced by

plaintiffs. Id. Taking into account these numerous products, Commerce found the number of

Chimcomplex’s product lines to be as varied as those of CYDSA. Id. at 10. Thus, Commerce found

both CYDSA and Chimcomplex to have two main operating segments that produce a number of

products that are dissimilar to their comparable product, sodium hypochlorite. Id. Given these

similarities between CYDSA’s and Chimcomplex’s statements and the lack of information as to

whether sodium hypochlorite was a significant product of Chimcomplex, id., after concluding that

levels of integration were not a meaningful factor because the respondents themselves “are vastly

different in their own levels of integration”, see id., pursuant to 19 U.S.C. § 1677(c)(1) Commerce

decided CYDSA’s financial statement was the best available information on the record because the

major chlor-iso product (sodium hypochlorite) is a significant product of CYDSA. The evidence of

record and logic support that conclusion notwithstanding the plaintiffs’ argument with respect to

“cogeneration” that it contends is supported by Commerce’s discussion of its intermediate input

methodology in Xanthan Gum from the PRC, 80 Fed. Reg. 29615 (May 22, 2015) (2013 new shipper

rev. results) and accompanying I&D Memo at 10-11. See Pls’ Reply at 8-9.

               The plaintiffs also contend the Mexican record is not superior with respect to other

inputs. Pls’ Br. at 18. Specifically, plaintiffs take issue with Commerce’s assessment of the input

values for steam, steam coal, labor, electricity, and water. Pls’ Br. at 18-21. See PDM at 11-13;

IDM at 11-13. Their primary concern here derives from the fact that both the Mexican and

Romanian records each have usable surrogate values for all but one input -- steam for Romania,
Court No. 17-00032                                                                           Page 18


steam coal for Mexico -- and that the latter is the important input for the plaintiffs’ chlor-isos

production because they use steam coal, not steam; and that the only respondent that uses steam,

Hebei Jiheng Chemical Co., Ltd. (“Jiheng”), did not challenge the determination to value its steam

based on Mexican data. Pls’ Br. at 18. They thus assert the Romanian record is superior because

its missing value, steam, is insignificant when compared to Mexico’s missing value, steam coal. Id.

               As an initial matter, it appears Commerce does not have a “practice of weighing the

quality of a particular surrogate value based solely on the number of shared inputs used by each

respondent.” IDM at 11. Commerce explained that “such a practice would penalize a more

integrated company” because they “consume more material and energy inputs.” Id. Moreover, the

reasonableness of Commerce’s analysis is not contingent on whether or not a particular party

challenges its decision, and the fact that the only respondent that used steam did not challenge the

determination is inapposite to the propriety of Commerce’s analysis for SVs: Commerce simply did

not find the fact that only one respondent uses steam sufficient to elevate the importance of steam

coal over steam. IDM at 11. When considering steam as an energy input, Commerce analyzed its

significance within Jiheng’s consumption of all its energy inputs. Id. at 12. Weighing these inputs,

Commerce found that electricity accounted for the largest portion of Jiheng’s energy costs, followed

by steam, and then slightly smaller amounts of steam coal. Id. Commerce concluded from this that

steam was at least as meaningful as steam coal to use as an SV in this case. Id. The court cannot

find fault in that conclusion.

               The plaintiffs also contend that the Romanian record is superior in terms of the

contemporaneity of its data because the electricity SV is one year old and its water SV is three years
Court No. 17-00032                                                                           Page 19


old, while Mexico’s labor SV is six years old. Pls’ Br. at 19. The plaintiffs agree with the defendant

that contemporaneity is only one of the factors that Commerce considers when choosing the best

available information to use as surrogate values, see IDM at 12, but they disagree that

contemporaneity is the only factor that differs among the surrogate values in question for labor,

electricity, and water. Specifically, the plaintiffs argue that the labor rate comes from a time when

the PRC was not considered economically comparable to Mexico, that adjusting for inflation would

not address any significant changes in the labor market that would change the price of labor

independent of normal inflation, and that it is “common” for water and electricity rates to remain

stable for stretches of time. Pls’ Br. at 19-20, referencing Pets’ SVs (Dec. 17, 2015), PDocs 71-82,

at Ex. 5 (Thai water rates in effect since 2012 at the time of this submission) & Ex. 12 (year 2008

versus year 2000 Mexican labor rate variations for several industries)

               Despite the plaintiffs’ preference to give more weight to the number of years out of

date, Commerce found that Mexico was superior to Romania in terms of contemporaneity because

“it had two more contemporaneous values for electricity and water, and only one less

contemporaneous value for labor.” Id. Commerce was able to adjust the labor value for Mexico

through its normal method of inflating the value for labor by “using the Consumer Price Index rate

for Mexico, as published by the International Monetary Fund . . . to account properly for inflation

or changes in the labor rate over this time period.” Id. at 12-13. See Changzhou Trina Solar Energy

Co., Ltd. v. United States, 41 CIT ___, ___, 255 F. Supp. 3d 1312, 1323 (2017) (noting that

Commerce adjusts data to contemporaneity where there are no contemporaneous data on the record).

Although the plaintiffs allege that Commerce’s adjustment is inadequate because of changes in
Court No. 17-00032                                                                            Page 20


Mexican labor rates between 2000 and 2008, Commerce determined that there was no record

evidence of any significant changes or events in Mexico to affect its labor rate during the time period

at issue. Id. Commerce therefore concluded that plaintiffs’ argument that the older Mexican labor

rate was to be less reliable was not supported by the record. Id.

               In view of the foregoing, the plaintiffs’ critiques of the Mexican record and CYDSA’s

financial statement do not persuade that Commerce’s choices were unreasonable and without

substantial support on the record. See Universal Camera Corp. v. NLRB, 340 U.S. 474, 488 (1951)

(“as to matters . . . requiring expertise a court may [not] displace the [agency]’s choice between two

fairly conflicting views, even though the court would justifiably have made a different choice had

the matter been before it de novo”).

                                             Conclusion

               Having considered the arguments presented, the court finds Commerce’s choice of

Mexico as the primary surrogate country and its conclusion that CYDSA’s financial statement was

suitable for calculating financial ratios both supported by substantial evidence on the record and in

accordance with law. The plaintiffs’ motion for judgment must therefore be, and hereby is, denied.

               So ordered.



                                               /s/ R. Kenton Musgrave
                                               R. Kenton Musgrave, Senior Judge

Dated: May 22, 2018
       New York, New York
