                       IN THE SUPREME COURT OF TENNESSEE
                                   AT JACKSON
                                HEARD AT MEMPHIS
                                       November 13, 2002 Session

             JESSICA DIANE TOMS v. JAMES ANTHONY TOMS, ET AL.

                          Appeal by Permission from the Court of Appeals
                                 Circuit Court for Shelby County
                         No. CT000085-00, Div. 9   James F. Russell, Judge



                        No. W2002-02245-SC-R10-CV - Filed January 7, 2003


This case is before the Court on an interlocutory appeal pursuant to Rule 10 of the Tennessee Rules
of Appellate Procedure.1 In this extraordinary appeal, Appellant asserts that the trial court erred in
granting temporary custody of her two children to their paternal grandparents during the pendency
of the underlying divorce action. Specifically, she claims that the trial court erred in failing to
conduct an evidentiary hearing and in considering only the guardian ad litem’s reports in making its
custody determination. Having carefully reviewed the issues raised by the parties, we hold that the
trial court erred in basing its decision to change custody solely upon the guardian ad litem’s reports.
Accordingly, we reverse the judgment of the trial court awarding custody to the grandparents and
remand the case for proceedings consistent with this opinion.

     Tenn. R. App. P. 10 Appeal by Permission; Judgment of the Trial Court Reversed;
                                     Case Remanded

JANICE M. HOLDER, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which FRANK F. DROWOTA , III, C.J.,
and E. RILEY ANDERSON, ADOLPHO A. BIRCH, JR., and WILLIAM M. BARKER, JJ., joined.

William T. Winchester, Memphis, Tennessee, for the appellant, Jessica Diane Toms.

Wendy S. Dabbous, Memphis, Tennessee, for the appellee, James Anthony Toms.

William M. Monroe, Memphis, Tennessee, for the intervenors-appellees, Gerald Williams and Robin
Williams.




         1
          This Court may grant an interlocutory appeal pursuant to Rule 10 of the Tennessee R ules of A ppe llate
Procedure when a lower court “so far depart[s] from the accepted and usual course of judicial proceedings as to require
immediate review.”
Barbaralette G. Davis, Christina A. Zawisza, Nancy Percer Kessler, and Webb A. Brewer, Memphis,
Tennessee, for the amicus curiae, Memphis Area Legal Services, Inc.

Marc E. Reisman, Memphis, Tennessee, for the guardian ad litem, Susan A. Hinsley.

                                                   OPINION

                                             Factual Background

        On February 4, 2000, Robin Williams (“Grandmother”) filed a dependency and neglect
petition in the Juvenile Court of Memphis and Shelby County. In her petition, Grandmother asserted
that her eight-month-old grandson, Chase Anthony Toms (“Chase”), was in need of the protection
and assistance of the Court because he was without proper guardianship. Specifically, Grandmother
claimed that her daughter-in-law, Jessica Diane Toms (“Mother”), failed to provide adequate care
and a stable home for Chase.

        On February 8, 2000, Mother filed a complaint for divorce from her husband, James Anthony
Toms (“Father”), in the Circuit Court of Shelby County. In her complaint, Mother sought custody
of Chase. Six days later, Grandmother and her husband (“Grandparents”) filed a motion to
intervene. Grandparents alleged that neither Mother nor Father was fit to have custody of Chase.
By its order dated February 25, 2000, the circuit court appointed Susan A. Hinsley as guardian ad
litem for Chase. On March 9, 2000, the juvenile court referee dismissed without prejudice
Grandmother’s dependency and neglect action for failure to prosecute the petition. The circuit court
granted Grandparents’ motion to intervene on March 14, 2000.

        Grandparents filed a complaint on March 31, 2000, seeking custody of Chase. In their
complaint, they alleged that Chase was not properly cared for while in the custody of Mother. In
support of their petition, they claimed that: 1) Chase was frequently sick as a result of being exposed
to numerous cats, ferrets, and reptiles as well as to cigarette smoke; 2) Mother had received
psychological treatment at two treatment facilities and had been hospitalized in a psychiatric unit as
a result of a suicide attempt; and 3) Father had been noncompliant as to his medication for bipolar
disorder and had failed to show a consistent pattern of stable behavior during Chase’s lifetime.2

        The guardian ad litem conducted an investigation and filed an interim report on May 2, 2000.
The investigation revealed that Chase had spent a significant part of his life in the care of
Grandparents. She recommended that Grandparents babysit Chase while Mother is working and that
a specific visitation schedule be implemented to give Chase needed stability and an opportunity to
bond with both parents. She also recommended that Mother limit Chase’s exposure to animals and
cigarette smoke.



        2
           In his response to Grandparents’ petition for immediate change of temporary custody, Father admitted that
these allegations were true and corre ct.

                                                        -2-
         Thereafter, the parties attempted to reconcile. A second child, Christopher Taylor Toms
(“Christopher”), was born on April 29, 2002. However, on August 1, 2002, Mother filed an
amended complaint for divorce. Grandparents again intervened. By its order dated August 12, 2002,
the trial court set a hearing for November 13, 2002.

        In a letter dated August 30, 2002, Grandparents informed Mother of their intent to file a
petition for immediate change of temporary custody and to request a second judge for an immediate
hearing.3 They filed their petition on September 3, 2002, reasserting the facts contained in their
March 31, 2000 complaint. The petition also alleged that Chase and Christopher were not receiving
proper medical attention. Grandparents reported that Mother failed to seek medical treatment for
infections Christopher had developed in his eyes and ears and failed to seek dental treatment for
Chase. They further alleged that Mother left Chase and Christopher alone with people of
questionable reputation to whom she was not related. Mother did not respond to Grandparents’
petition. Judge James F. Russell, sitting by interchange, entered an order on September 11, 2002,
setting the petition to be heard on September 13, 2002. Judge Russell also reappointed Susan A.
Hinsley as guardian ad litem for both Chase and Christopher.

        On the day of the hearing, the guardian ad litem presented a written report to Judge Russell
and to the parties. Mother’s counsel objected to the admission of any written report by the guardian
as hearsay.4 Judge Russell overruled the objection. No other proof was taken.

        After reviewing the guardian’s new report as well as the guardian’s interim report filed in
May 2000, Judge Russell held that a change in custody was in the children’s best interests. Judge
Russell ordered that the guardian’s reports be filed under seal. He instructed the parties to present
to the court a temporary parenting plan that incorporated the recommendations of the guardian. He
ordered that any dispute regarding the temporary parenting plan be presented to the guardian, who
would act as the final arbiter of the terms and conditions of the parenting plan. Finally, he ordered
the immediate transfer of Chase and Christopher to Grandparents and enjoined the parties from
interfering with their orderly and peaceful transfer.

      On September 18, 2002, Mother filed an application for extraordinary appeal to the
Tennessee Court of Appeals pursuant to Rule 10 of the Tennessee Rules of Appellate Procedure.



         3
             The judge to which the case was assigned was on vacation.

         4
            On a ppe al, Appellant has also asserted the following additional issues: 1) that the trial court denied her due
process when it awarded temporary custody of her two children to the paternal grandparents; 2) that Grandparents lacked
standing to intervene in the pending divorce action between Appellant and Appellee; 3) that Grandparents’ petition for
imme diate change of temporary custody failed to state a claim upon which relief could be granted; and 4) that the trial
court impro perly d elegated its authority to the guardian ad litem b y basing its custod y deter minatio n solely on the
guard ian’s reports and by designating the guardian as the final arbiter on issues of visitation. As these issues were not
raised in the trial court, we decline to add ress them o n app eal. See In re A dop tion of F emale Child , 42 S.W.3d 26, 31-32
(Tenn. 2001 ).

                                                             -3-
The Court of Appeals denied the application on October 7, 2002. Mother then filed an application
for extraordinary appeal in this Court. We granted the appeal.

                                               Analysis

                                    I. Subject Matter Jurisdiction

       Subject matter jurisdiction involves a court's power to adjudicate a particular controversy
brought before it. See Northland Ins. Co. v. State, 33 S.W.3d 727, 729 (Tenn. 2000). Appellate
courts must address the issue of subject matter jurisdiction even if the issue is not raised in the trial
court. See First Am. Trust Co. v. Franklin-Murray Dev. Co., L.P., 59 S.W.3d 135, 140-41 (Tenn.
Ct. App. 2001) (citing Manning v. Feidelson, 136 S.W.2d 510, 510-11 (Tenn. 1940)). Accordingly,
we will address Mother’s claim that the trial court lacked subject matter jurisdiction to consider
Grandparents’ request for custody even though this issue was first raised on appeal.

        Mother contends that Tennessee Code Annotated section 37-1-103(a) grants exclusive
original jurisdiction to the juvenile court over dependency and neglect proceedings. Because
Grandparents first filed their allegations concerning Mother’s lack of fitness in the juvenile court,
Mother asserts that the juvenile court has exclusive jurisdiction to decide this issue. We disagree.
We conclude that the juvenile court lost jurisdiction of the case upon the dismissal of the dependency
and neglect petition on March 9, 2000.

        Tennessee Code Annotated section 37-1-103(c) provides that when a juvenile court acquires
jurisdiction of a dependency and neglect petition, “such jurisdiction shall continue until the case has
been dismissed, or until the custody determination is transferred to another juvenile, circuit, chancery
or general sessions court exercising domestic relations jurisdiction . . . .” The juvenile court
dismissed Grandmother’s petition on March 9, 2000, at which time it lost jurisdiction. At that time,
the circuit court, which had jurisdiction over the pending divorce action, properly acquired
jurisdiction over Grandparents’ petition for immediate change of temporary custody.

                                    II. Guardian Ad Litem Reports

         Mother claims that the trial court erred in granting custody to Grandparents without an
evidentiary hearing and in reliance upon the written reports of the guardian ad litem. We conclude
that the guardian ad litem’s reports were hearsay and that the trial court erred in relying upon the
reports as the basis for its custody determination.

        Under the Tennessee Rules of Evidence, “hearsay” is defined as “a statement, other than one
made by the declarant while testifying at the trial or hearing, offered in evidence to prove the truth
of the matter asserted.” Tenn. R. Evid. 801. A guardian ad litem’s report constitutes hearsay under
this definition. The report is an out-of-court statement made by the guardian ad litem that normally
will be introduced for the truth of the statements contained in it. In this case, counsel objected to the
hearsay nature of the written reports. We hold that the objection should have been sustained.


                                                  -4-
         In lieu of the introduction of the written report, a guardian ad litem should testify at the trial
or hearing and be subject to cross-examination. Not all of a guardian’s interviews and observations
will be admissible. To be admissible, evidence must conform to the Tennessee Rules of Evidence.
If the evidence is hearsay, it will not be admissible unless it falls within an exception to the hearsay
rule. See Tenn. R. Evid. 802. For example, a guardian may testify concerning any admissions made
by the parties. See Tenn. R. Evid. 803. However, a guardian may not testify as to statements made
by witnesses who were interviewed in the course of the guardian’s investigation, unless the statement
does not meet the definition of hearsay or a hearsay exception governs the testimony. If the
substance of a non-party witness’ statements are sought to be introduced as evidence and those
statements constitute hearsay, the witness must testify at trial.

         Although a guardian ad litem’s report is not admissible evidence, we hold that such a report
may be reviewed by a trial court. To hold otherwise would effectively undermine the important role
played by a guardian ad litem. A guardian ad litem’s report is a tool to be used by the parties and
the court. The report may assist the parties by: 1) alerting the parties to the identity of potential
witnesses who may be interviewed; 2) highlighting the testimony, both favorable and unfavorable,
that may be presented at trial; and 3) providing a third party’s view of the facts of the case. In short,
it assists the parties in preparing for an evidentiary hearing. The report also may assist the trial court
by providing an overview of the evidence and by allowing the court to determine which of the issues
are contested.

        At least one other jurisdiction supports a view similar to the one we adopt in this case. In
Jorgensen v. Jorgensen, 231 N.W.2d 360, 363 (Neb. 1975), the Supreme Court of Nebraska reversed
a lower court’s custody determination that was based on the report of a guardian ad litem rather than
on the evidence in the record. The court stated that earlier cases had found that such reports are not
evidence. See id. (citing Dier v. Dier, 4 N.W.2d 731 (Neb. 1942)). Due process required that
witnesses, including a guardian ad litem, be subject to cross-examination. See id. In the present
case, the trial court considered the guardian ad litem’s reports as evidence. No other evidence was
presented, and the report was the sole basis for the court’s decision to grant Grandparents’ petition
for immediate change of temporary custody. Because no admissible evidence was presented at the
hearing, the trial court had no basis upon which to find a threat of substantial harm to the children’s
welfare.5 We conclude that the court’s exclusive reliance on the reports of the guardian ad litem in
granting Grandparents’ petition for immediate change of temporary custody was inappropriate.




         5
            In a contest between a parent and a non-parent, a parent cannot be deprived of the care and custody of a child
unless there has been a finding of substantial harm to the child. See Bond v. McKenzie (In re Adoption of Female Child),
896 S.W.2d 546, 548 (Tenn. 1995). Due process requires that a non-parent seeking custody of a child must show
substantial harm by clear and convincing evidence. See Hall v. Bookout, 87 S.W .3d 80, 86 (T enn. Ct. App. 2002);
Stokes v. Arnold, 27 S .W .3d 5 16, 5 20 (Tenn. Ct. A pp. 2 000 ). Only after this showing is made may a court engage in
a gene ral "b est interest of the child" ev aluation in making a d etermination o f custod y. See Bond , 896 S.W.2d at 548.

                                                           -5-
                                         III. Attorney’s Fees

       Mother seeks attorney’s fees from Grandparents under Tennessee Code Annotated section
36-5-103(c). This section provides that

               the spouse or other person to whom the custody of the child, or
               children, is awarded may recover from the other spouse reasonable
               attorney fees incurred . . . in regard to any suit or action concerning
               the adjudication of the custody or the change of custody of any child,
               or children, of the parties, both upon the original divorce hearing and
               at any subsequent hearing . . . .

Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-5-103(c) (2001). From this language, it is clear that the spouse to whom
custody is awarded may recover attorney’s fees from the other spouse. It is also clear that a third
person to whom custody is awarded may recover attorney’s fees. In this case, however, the spouse
having custody is seeking to recover attorney’s fees from a third party intervenor seeking custody.
We conclude that the statutory language supports such an award of attorney’s fees.

        Grandparents were made parties to the divorce action as a result of their request to intervene.
The trial court awarded Grandparents temporary custody of the children. Had Grandparents
prevailed in this Court, they would have been entitled to recover attorney’s fees from Mother, Father,
or both under Tennessee Code Annotated section 36-5-103(c). See D v. K, 917 S.W.2d 682, 686
(Tenn. Ct. App. 1995) (construing Tennessee Code Annotated section 36-5-103(c) to allow for fees
on appeal). We conclude that parties to whom attorney’s fees may be awarded pursuant to this
statute may also have attorney’s fees awarded against them when their petition is unsuccessful.

                                             Conclusion

       We hold that the trial court erred in relying upon the reports of the guardian ad litem as its
sole basis for granting Grandparents’ petition for immediate change of temporary custody.
Therefore, we reverse the trial court’s award of temporary custody to Grandparents. The case is
remanded to the trial court for proceedings consistent with this opinion and for an assessment of
attorney’s fees. Costs on appeal are taxed to Grandparents, Robin Williams and Gerald Williams,
for which execution may issue if necessary.


                                                       ____________________________________
                                                       JANICE M. HOLDER, JUSTICE




                                                 -6-
