Filed 8/3/18
                        CERTIFIED FOR PARTIAL PUBLICATION*

               IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                   FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                         DIVISION FOUR


DAVID LACAGNINA,
        Plaintiff and Appellant,                 A147559

        v.                                       (San Mateo County
COMPREHEND SYSTEMS, INC. et al.                  Super. Ct. No. CIV 528251)
        Defendants and Respondents.


        After a 10-day trial, a jury ruled in favor of appellant David Lacagnina on his
claims for fraud, breach of contract, and breach of the covenant of good faith and fair
dealing against respondents Comprehend Systems, Inc. (Comprehend) and its two
cofounders, Richard Morrison and Jud Gardner. From June 1, 2012 to November 20,
2013, when he was terminated, Lacagnina worked for Comprehend as vice president of
business development. The gist of Lacgnina’s claims was that he was fraudulently
induced to enter into an employment agreement with Comprehend by false
representations made to him by Morrison and Gardner. The jury rendered a special
verdict and awarded Lacagnina a total of $556,446 in damages, including $226,446 in
damages for fraud and $75,000 for emotional distress. However, the trial court granted
respondents’ motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict on the fraud claim on the
ground that Lacagnina was not damaged by the alleged fraud, and entered an amended
judgment against respondents in the amount of $255,000. Lacagnina now appeals from




        *
         Pursuant to California Rules of Court, rules 8.1105(b) and 8.1110, this opinion is
certified for publication with the exception of part III.A.


                                                 1
that judgment, and from the trial court’s order granting respondents’ motion for nonsuit.
We will reverse the judgment in part and affirm in part.
       In the published portion of this opinion, we reject Lacagnina’s contention that an
employee who recovers a judgment against an employee for lost compensation has
suffered a “theft” of “labor” for which he or she is entitled to recover treble damages and
attorneys’ fees under Penal Code Section 496, subdivision (c).
                                I. STATEMENT OF FACTS
       “Because this is an appeal from a judgment notwithstanding the verdict, we state
the facts in the light most favorable to the verdict.” (Flanagan v. Flanagan (2002)
27 Cal.4th 766, 769.) Likewise, “[i]n reviewing a grant of nonsuit, we are ‘guided by the
same rule requiring evaluation of the evidence in the light most favorable to the plaintiff.’
[Citation].” (Nally v. Grace Community Church (1988) 47 Cal.3d 278, 291.)
       A. Background
       In 2010, Richard Morrison and Jud Gardner founded a new company called
Comprehend Systems (Comprehend). They were in the process of developing a software
product, Comprehend Clinical, that would assist pharmaceutical companies and others in
managing and tracking data from clinical drug trials. Morrison and Gardner, both
software engineers, had limited capital and no background in sales.
       Around the same time, in 2010, Lacagnina also started a new company, e-Clinical
Agency (e-Clinical). E-Clinical was designed to sell multiple software products from
multiple vendors for use by small and medium-sized pharmaceutical companies in
clinical drug trials. Lacagnina had over 30 years of business experience, including
starting several companies, and considerable sales experience. His plan was to build e-
Clinical as his last start-up venture, and retire after four or five years on the “reoccurring
revenue stream” that would pay a commission each time a product he sold was used.
       As part of his work with e-Clinical, Lacagnina became familiar with Comprehend
and its product, which he believed could be a “game changer” in the industry. Initially,
Lacagnina and Morrison reached an oral agreement that e-Clinical would receive a
60 percent commission on any sale of Comprehend’s product that Lacagnina could secure


                                                  2
before the end of the year. In February 2012, that oral agreement was replaced with a
written sales referral agreement for a one-year term in which e-Clinical agreed to sell
Comprehend’s product in exchange for a 30 percent commission.
       At the time the agreement was entered into, Comprehend had not closed any sales
of its product and did not have a single “referenceable” customer (that is, a company that
could credibly vouch for it in marketing to other prospective customers or discussions
with potential venture capital investors). Further, at the time, Comprehend had only
limited seed money, and it was hoping to secure an “angel” investor to secure the
financing it needed. Morrison asked Lacagnina to speak with one such investor, Life
Science Angel Network, which invested in Comprehend shortly after meeting with
Lacagnina.
       B. Lacagnina Is Employed by Comprehend
       In May 2012, just as Lacagnina’s 18 months of work at e-Clinical building sales
relationships in the pharmaceutical industry was “starting to get some traction,” Morrison
asked Lacagnina to leave e-Clinical and come to work full time for Comprehend.
Lacagnina believed in Comprehend’s product, but he had a number of concerns that he
wanted addressed, and that he discussed with Morrison. In particular, Lacagnina made
clear to Morrison that at “at my age I only wanted to work four or five years,” which had
been his plan at e-Clinical. Morrison told Lacagnina that because of Comprehend’s
limited funds, he could only afford to pay him $50,000, plus stock options and benefits.
Lacagnina was told that once the company got its initial customers and funding, he would
be brought up to a compensation package with a base salary of $150,000 and would
receive additional stock options. Lacagnina asserted that he “was led to believe this was
a partnership going forward” and that he believed he would be “treated as a partner.”
       In an email dated May 31, 2012, entitled “My understanding of your offer,”
Morrison forwarded comments to Lacagnina on his employment offer, stating, “Please
take a look at them and let me know what you think, and I’ll resend the offer letter.” In
the email, Morrison proposed two options for Lacagnina’s compensation, a $50,000 non-
recoverable draw plus 20 percent commission, or a straight $50,000 base salary with


                                                3
15 percent commission. Under the heading “Commission,” the email stated, “You will
currently receive commission on all accounts. However, we are going to bring on
additional salespeople, at which point we will split up some accounts based on
everybody’s strengths/connections. You will obviously be involved in all of these
decisions, and help us figure out how best to navigate.” Under “Building the team,”
Morrison said, “I cannot promise you anything regarding your management position as
we grow. Like I said on the phone, you and I are going to start building the sales team
and developing a repeatable sales process. I will do my best to make sure that you get to
go in whatever direction you’re interested in, whether that’s developing new markets or
managing a group of salespeople. I can promise won’t [sic] be any surprises and that we
very much look to decide using objective metrics about what’s best for the company.”
Lacagnina relied on the statements in the offer letter in accepting employment with
Comprehend.
       The next day, June 1, 2012,1 Lacagnina signed a written employment agreement
with Comprehend by which he became director of business development, reporting to
Morrison. It stated that he would receive a base salary of $50,000, plus a 20 percent
commission “on the customer sales for which you are responsible.” It stated further, “It
is expected that you will be involved in all Company sales up until the time when we hire
other salespeople, at which point you wouldn’t receive commission for their sales. Any
such commission payment shall be deemed earned upon booking by the Company . . . .”
It also stated, “we will recommend to the Board that you be granted an option under the
Company’s 2012 Stock Plan . . . to purchase 90,000 shares of Common Stock,” vesting
over four years, with 25 percent vesting on the first anniversary of Lacagnina’s start date
and 1/48th of the total shares vesting each month thereafter, subject to his being
employed and in good standing on each such vesting date.2 The agreement purported to



       1
           Lacagnina asserts incorrectly that the agreement was dated June 20, 2012.
       2
       Lacagnina actually received only 50,000 options. Morrison acknowledged that
was a mistake. Although the mistake was discovered in June 2013, when the company

                                                 4
reserve Comprehend’s right to “modify job titles, duties, salaries, and benefits from time
to time as it deems necessary,” and stated, “your employment with the Company is for no
specified period and constitutes at will employment.”3 It also contained an integration
clause: “This letter, along with the agreement referred to two paragraphs above, set forth
the terms of your employment with the Company and supersedes any prior
representations or agreements, whether written or oral, or whenever made.”
           C. Lacagnina’s Tenure with Comprehend
           For the next year, Lacagnina worked to promote and sell Comprehend’s product to
his former e-Clinical contacts (such as Knopp Biosciences, LLC and Boston Scientific),
as well as to develop new accounts (with companies such as Atlantic Research Group and
Versartis). He also transferred (“exported”) prospective customers’ contact and other
information from e-Clinical’s Salesforce.com database into Comprehend’s database for
its use.
           Through Lacagnina’s efforts, Comprehend secured its first sales, and one of
Lacagnina’s former e-Clinical contacts, Knopp Biosciences, became Comprehend’s first
referenceable customer, providing it with a case study describing how Comprehend’s
product had addressed a problem it was having and asserting, “Comprehend was worth its
weight in gold.” Later, Knopp and other companies that Lacagnina was cultivating
agreed, at Lacagnina’s request, to speak with venture capital firms, such as Sequoia
Capital, to generate “Series A” investment interest in Comprehend’s product.
Lacagnina’s efforts were successful, and in mid-2013, Sequoia agreed to invest
$5.5 million in Comprehend—an amount that was subsequently increased.
           In late May or early June 2013, following Sequoia’s commitment, Lacagnina met
with Morrison and Gardner for his annual review and a discussion of his compensation.

was doing its due diligence for the Series A financing, Morrison could not recall
informing Lacagnina of the oversight.
           3
         Lacagnina understood that without the at-will provision, it would have been
harder for Morrison and Gardner to attract new investors. When he saw the provision, he
told Morrison that “I would never sign this agreement if I didn’t know you guys were in
control and if I didn’t trust you and if you weren’t treating me like a partner.”


                                                   5
In his review, Lacagnina gave Morrison and Gardner a list of things he felt that he had
accomplished, and asked them if they disagreed; they did not, and said, “We love what
you’re doing. Just keep doing what you’re doing.” Neither said anything negative in his
review. In a June 10, 2013 follow-up email, Lacagnina wrote to them, “I’m happy you
guys like what I’m doing and enjoying working with me, the feeling is mutual.” He
summarized in writing what he believed his contributions to the company had been to
date. In response, Morrison wrote back, “We definitely enjoy working with you, and
want to make sure that you’re compensated properly and continue to be a core part of
Comprehend as we grow the company to be everything we know it can be!”
      Shortly thereafter, on or about June 19, 2013, Lacagnina met with Morrison and
Gardner to discuss the terms of an amended employment agreement, which Lacagnina
was told by Morrison he would have to sign to ensure the Sequoia deal closed. During
that discussion, Lacagnina was told he would continue to receive a 20 percent
commission on all sales up to $2 million. In addition, Morrison and Gardner assured
Lacagnina that the investment third parties had made in his company, e-Clinical, would
be repaid, and it was agreed the repayment would be for $250,000 (rather than the full
investment amount of $300,000).
      However, the written amended offer letter did not contain the terms Lacagnina
expected and believed had been agreed to. With respect to commission payments, it
stated that commissions would be deemed earned on “each customer contract that you are
responsible for closing,” “as determined by [Comprehend] in its sole discretion,” and
upon the customer making a payment to Comprehend for the sale, among numerous other
conditions, including that Lacagnina must be “an employee of [Comprehend] actively at
work and performing to [Comprehend’s] satisfaction on the date a commission is
determined to be earned.” None of those conditions had been discussed in the parties’
negotiations. In Lacagnina’s view, the preconditions to earning a commission were
“egregious” because satisfying them was “not possible at the position that Comprehend
was in.” Further, the amended offer letter made no mention of repayment of the
$250,000 e-Clinical investment, instead increasing the maximum level of sales on which


                                                6
Lacagnina could earn a 20 percent commission rate from $2 million to $2,250,000, and it
terminated the sales referral agreement between Comprehend and e-Clinical. Lacagnina
was concerned about the latter change, as he was not in a position to give up e-Clinical’s
agreement with Comprehend.
       Concerned about the changes that Morrison and Gardner had made, Lacagnina
called Morrison and told him he wanted to have the amended offer letter reviewed by a
lawyer. Morrison told him there was no time for such a review because the closing on
the financing was scheduled for the next day. However, Morrison told him, “You got to
trust me. We’ll revisit this.” Gardner similarly told him not to worry. Relying on those
assurances, Lacagnina signed the amended offer letter on June 21, 2013.
       D. A New Sales Executive Is Hired and Lacagnina Is Terminated
       In August 2013, without Lacagnina’s knowledge or input—and despite the prior
assurance that he would “obviously be involved” in hiring “additional salespeople”—
Comprehend extended an offer of employment to Lee Black, a personal friend of
Morrison’s, as Vice President of Sales. Morrison did not tell Lacagnina of his intention
to hire Black, and Lacagnina was not involved in the decision to hire him or in any
discussion about how compensation would be divided between Black and Lacagnina.
Black began working at Comprehend in September 2013. One month later, in October
2013, Lacagnina was directed to “transition” his accounts to Black, thereby depriving
Lacagnina of the ability to earn commissions on sales. Lacagnina resisted the directive
because he was concerned that he would lose the sales opportunities those contacts
represented, and with them any way of earning a commission on any sales. At the time,
there were accounts that were closing or on the verge of closing.
       One month later, on November 20, 2013, Lacagnina was abruptly terminated.
Neither Morrison nor Gardner informed Lacagnina, orally or in writing, that they had
discussed terminating him as early as June 2013. Nor did they “follow the letter . . . of
the employee handbook,” which called for the company to follow a policy of progressive
employee discipline, beginning with an oral reprimand, followed by a written reprimand,
suspension, and finally termination. In a meeting, Morrison told Lacagnina, “This is your


                                                 7
last day today.” When Lacagnina asked why, Morrison responded, “Because you’re not
technical enough.” Gardner said, “You just don’t fit our profile.” They did not provide
him with any other reason. Morrison gave Lacagnina a file with a check in it, saying,
“this is all we owe you.” He requested that Lacagnina sign a separation agreement,
which he declined to do.
       Lacagnina was “shocked” and “devastated” by the unexpected termination. After
the Thanksgiving holiday, he was so depressed that he went to see a doctor, who
prescribed him medication for depression and anxiety. At the time of trial, Lacagnina
still had not recovered, financially or emotionally, from being terminated.
                              II. PROCEDURAL HISTORY
       A. Lacagnina’s Complaint
       On April 29, 2014, Lacagnina filed a complaint for damages against Comprehend,
Morrison, and Gardner, asserting claims for fraud, violation of Penal Code section 496,
subdivision (a), breach of contract, breach of the covenant of good faith and fair dealing,
promissory estoppel, quantum meruit, age discrimination under the Fair Employment and
Housing Act, intentional and negligent interference with prospective economic relations,
and reformation of contract. The gist of Lacagnina’s fraud claim was that as a result of
defendants’ fraudulent representation, he “never received full compensation, or the
opportunity to obtain full compensation, for his work as represented by Defendants.” He
claimed to have suffered lost wages and benefits in excess of $2.25 million, plus benefits
and stock options. He also sought to recover damages for “extreme anguish, humiliation,
and emotional distress” exceeding $500,000.4
       B. Comprehend’s Motion for Summary Judgment



       4
         Lacagnina later was granted leave to file an amended complaint making certain
minor corrections and changes, which was filed on July 9, 2015. During trial, Lacagnina
sought leave to file a second amended complaint amending his claim for breach of
contract to allege that Comprehend had failed to issue 40,000 shares of promised stock
options. (See footnote 2, supra.) That motion was granted and the second amended
complaint was deemed filed.


                                                 8
       Defendants moved for summary judgment or, in the alternative, for summary
adjudication of issues as to the entire complaint. As to Lacagnina’s fraud claim,
defendants contended that the purported misrepresentations were not actionable fraud and
were not justifiably relied upon by Lacagnina, who was bound by the terms of his at-will
employment agreement with Comprehend. In response, Lacagnina argued that
defendants had engaged in promissory fraud by, among other things, concealing their
intent to employ him at Comprehend no longer than it took to attract enough customers to
obtain needed financing, and then to replace him with Black. Defendants did not assert
that if fraud was established, Lacagnina could not prove that he suffered any harm. As to
the Penal Code claim, Lacagnina asserted that “the theft at issue was Morrison’s theft of
Lacagnina’s contacts, industry knowledge, and other trade secrets, developed when
Lacagnina was a re-seller with [e-Clinical]. Based on the false pretenses described in
Section A above, Lacagnina had to transfer the data contained in his Salesforce.com
account and convert it for Comprehend’s use, even after it had terminated Lacagnina.”
       The trial court denied the motion in its entirety, finding that “there are triable
issues of material fact for every cause of action.” As to the fraud cause of action, the
court ruled, “There are questions of fact for the trier of fact to decide, including whether
the statements by Defendants were lies, or material omissions, whether Plaintiff relied
upon them, and whether the reliance was justified.” As to the claim for violation of the
Penal Code, the trial court found that triable issues of fact remained unresolved, including
whether Lacagnina voluntarily turned over his contacts to defendants or was required to
do so and whether defendants used false pretenses to obtain those contacts and the data in
Lacagnina’s Salesforce.com account.




                                                  9
       C. Comprehend’s Motion for Nonsuit
       A ten-day jury trial commenced on July 20, 2015. Following the close of
evidence, Comprehend brought a motion for nonsuit on Lacagnina’s claims for fraud,
violation of the Penal Code, breach of contract, quantum meruit, age discrimination, and
intentional and negligent interference with prospective advantage.5
       Comprehend’s motion for nonsuit as to the fraud claim was based on the assertion
that Lacagnina had “admitted during his trial testimony that his reliance on the alleged
promise to revisit the amended offer letter was not, in fact, reasonable.” The trial court,
observing that Comprehend’s argument was based on a portion of testimony taken out of
context, found there was sufficient evidence to submit the claim to the jury, and denied
the motion.6
       As to Lacagnina’s claim under the Penal Code, Comprehend asserted that “there
certainly hasn’t been any evidence offered during trial that anybody stole anything from
anybody.” In response, Lacagnina asserted—apparently for the first time—the theory
that “the fraudulent obtaining of labor would be theft of labor by false pretense” within
the meaning of Penal Code, section 484. Asserting that section 496, subdivision (a)
permits the recovery of treble damages for receiving stolen property, Lacagnina’s counsel
contended that “the way the two code sections [Penal Code, sections 484 and 496,
subdivision (a)] work is that one person—and, in this case, it would be Richard
Morrison—obtained labor by false pretense, and another person—and, in this case,
Comprehend since Comprehend is considered a person under the law—received it.” The
trial court, finding that “there’s no evidence to support this at all,” granted the motion for
nonsuit.7

       5
        Although Comprehend apparently filed a written motion, the parties have not
included it in the record on appeal.
       6
        The trial court also denied Comprehend’s motion for nonsuit as to the claim for
breach of contract.
       7
         The trial court also granted Comprehend’s motion for nonsuit on the cause of
action for age discrimination. Lacagnina’s claim for specific performance of an alleged
promise to issue stock options was rejected by the court on the ground that it was already

                                                 10
       D. The Jury’s Verdict
       After deliberating for two days, the jury found in favor of Lacagnina on each of
the three claims on the special verdict form. First, the jury found Lacagnina proved that
defendants “made a false representation or concealment on which he reasonably relied
that harmed him.” Second, it found Lacagnina proved that Comprehend “breached a
contract to compensate him with salary, commissions and/or stock options.” Third, it
found Lacagnina proved that Comprehend “breached an implied covenant of good faith
and fair dealing by failing to compensate him with certain commissions and/or stock
options.”
       The jury awarded Lacagnina economic damages due to fraud and deceit in the
amount of $226,446; economic damages due to breach of contract in the amount of
$5,000, specifying this amount included 40,000 stock options; economic damages due to
breach of the covenant of good faith and fair dealing in the amount of $250,000; and
emotional distress damages in the amount of $75,000, for a total of $556,446. The jury
unanimously found that Lacagnina failed to prove that any of the defendants “acted with
malice, oppression, despicable conduct or fraud with regard to any of the above conduct,”
thus defeating the predicate for an award of punitive damages.8
       E. Comprehend’s Motion for Judgment Notwithstanding the Verdict
       Comprehend brought a motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict (JNOV)
asserting, among other things, that Lacagnina “failed to produce substantial evidence that
there was actionable fraud by Defendants.” In particular, Comprehend claimed that
Lacagnina had “unequivocally admitted that his reliance on the purported
misrepresentations was not reasonable.” Comprehend asserted that Lacagnina’s

included in the jury’s award of damages. Lacagnina has not challenged either of these
rulings here. Lacagnina voluntarily dismissed his claims for intentional and negligent
interference with prospective advantage and quantum meruit.
       8
         As the trial court belatedly observed, the special verdict form approved by the
parties incorrectly asked the jury to determine whether Lacagnina had proven the
predicate for an award of punitive damages by a preponderance of the evidence, rather
than by clear and convincing evidence.


                                                11
purported failure to produce substantial evidence of fraud also mandated setting aside the
jury’s award of emotional distress damages. Comprehend did not assert that there was no
substantial evidence that Lacagnina had suffered compensable harm.
       At the hearing on the motion, Comprehend argued principally that because
Lacagnina was always an at-will employee who was entitled to commissions only on
sales that he closed, he was not harmed by entering into the amended offer letter. The
trial court observed that “there was contradictory testimony about whether the statements
[made by Morrison and Gardner] were false or not . . . . and I’m not going to substitute
my judgment, nor can I in this motion, for what the jury perceived.” Asked to identify
the harm Lacagnina had suffered from the alleged misrepresentations, his counsel
asserted, “had Mr. Lacagnina known the true facts, he would not have signed the
amended offer letter.” He also asserted that Lacagnina had changed his position by
leaving his position with e-Clinical and joining Comprehend, thereby foregoing larger
commissions that he would have earned at e-Clinical.
       The trial court found that “whether there was an intentional misrepresentation or
whether there was concealment, I don’t find any harm — substantial harm at all.”
Accordingly, it granted the motion for JNOV as to the fraud claim. The court, however,
denied the motion for JNOV on the breach of contract and breach of the covenant of good
faith and fair dealing claims, reasoning that “this soundly rests with[in] the province of
the jury, and I’m not going to disturb this portion of the judgment . . . .”
       The court thereafter entered an amended judgment in Lacagnina’s favor in the
amount of $255,000. This timely appeal followed.
                                     III.    DISCUSSION
       A. The Trial Court Erred in Granting JNOV as to the Fraud Claim.
       Lacagnina contends that the trial court erred in granting JNOV on the fraud claim
on the ground that he suffered no harm, asserting that the jury verdict in his favor was
supported by substantial evidence. We agree.
       Our resolution of this issue is largely determined by the applicable standard of
review. “In contrast to ruling on a motion for new trial, ruling on a defendant’s motion


                                                  12
for judgment notwithstanding the verdict, the trial court may not weigh the evidence or
judge the credibility of witnesses. [Citation.] All reasonable inferences must be drawn in
favor of the plaintiff and conflicting evidence is to be disregarded. [Citation.] ‘A party is
entitled to judgment notwithstanding the verdict only if there is no substantial evidence to
support the verdict and the evidence compels a judgment for the moving party as a matter
of law.’ [Citation.] On review, we apply the substantial evidence test to the jury’s
verdict, ignoring the judgment of the court and reading the record in the light most
advantageous to the plaintiff.” (McCoy v. Pacific Maritime Assn. (2013)
216 Cal.App.4th 283, 299; accord, Flanagan v. Flanagan, supra, 27 Cal.4th at p. 769;
Hansen v. Sunnyside Products, Inc. (1997) 55 Cal.App.4th 1497, 1510.)
       Here, viewing the facts in the light most favorable to the jury’s verdict, there was
substantial evidence from which the jury could have found that Lacagnina was harmed as
a result of misrepresentations or concealment by respondents. In particular, the jury
could have found that Lacagnina was induced to join and remain at Comprehend, and to
execute the amended offer letter, by respondents’ representations that he would be fairly
compensated for sales for which he was responsible, and that they would “revisit” the
terms of that letter, which stated that Lacagnina would not be entitled to commissions
unless he remained employed by Comprehend. It could also have found, as Lacagnina
argued, that respondents had a concealed plan to replace Lacagnina with Black, at which
point he was compelled to “transition” his accounts to Black, thereby depriving him of
the opportunity to earn commissions on sales to those customers, and was then summarily
terminated.
       Significantly, Lacagnina’s theory was supported at trial by the testimony of
Comprehend’s own damages expert, Charles Mahla, Ph.D. Mahla was retained by
Comprehend “to perform a calculation of potential commissions due to Mr. Lacagnina.”
Mahla testified that if the jury found the conditions of the amended offer letter
unenforceable, Lacagnina would be entitled to receive $101,465 in commissions on sales
attributable, in whole or in part, to his efforts, for which Comprehend received payment
following his termination. In his testimony, Morrison conceded that Lacagnina, in fact,


                                                13
was responsible for those sales in varying degrees, ranging from 25 to 100 percent.9
Analyzing the same evidence, Lacagnina’s expert, Nora Ostofe, opined that Lacagnina
should receive $317,439 in lost commissions (exclusive of prejudgment interest)
attributable to the sales at issue, based on Lacagnina’s testimony regarding the accounts
he secured and for which he was responsible. Significantly, the jury’s award of $226,446
in fraud damages fell almost exactly in the middle of the damages range presented by the
parties’ experts.
       Thus, there was substantial evidence from which the jury could have found that
Comprehend engaged in actionable fraud or concealment resulting in harm to Lacagnina,
and for which it awarded damages, and the trial court therefore erred in granting JNOV as
to the fraud verdict. Comprehend’s defense of the trial court’s ruling that Lacagnina did
not suffer compensable harm, which comprises a single paragraph devoid of any citation
to any authority or to the record, including its own expert’s testimony, does not warrant a
different conclusion.
       Comprehend also argues that there was no evidence of misrepresentation or
concealment or of reasonable reliance. However, Comprehend’s one-sided discussion of
the evidence on those issues is inconsistent with the controlling standard of review, which
requires us to draw all inferences in favor of the jury’s verdict. As the trial court found in
denying Comprehend’s motion for JNOV on those grounds, there was evidence from
which the jury could have reasonably reached a different conclusion. Indeed, as the
single case Comprehend cites in its brief makes clear, “ ‘ “Except in the rare case where
the undisputed facts leave no room for a reasonable difference of opinion, the question of
whether a plaintiff’s reliance is reasonable is a question of fact.” ’ ” (Manderville
v. PCG&S Group, Inc. (2007) 146 Cal.App.4th 1486, 1498–1499, italics added, quoting
Alliance Mortgage Co. v. Rothwell (1995) 10 Cal.4th 1226, 1239.)

       9
          Remarkably, Comprehend’s brief does not mention that testimony or its expert’s
concession. A contention raised in appellant’s brief to which respondent makes no reply
in its brief will be deemed submitted on appellant’s brief. (Alameda County Management
Employees v. Superior Court (2011) 195 Cal.App.4th 325, 338–339.)


                                                 14
       Finally, Comprehend repeats its position below that the parties’ written
agreements, including the integration clauses in the offer letters, barred Lacagnina from
any recovery. The law, however, is to the contrary. The answer to the question “whether
an employer who induces an employee to enter into an employment contract by
intentionally promising compensation terms the employer never intended to honor may,
as a matter of law, avoid tort liability for fraudulent inducement of contract because the
contract contains an ‘at-will’ provision that allows the employer to fire the employee at
any time for any reason” is, “of course, no.” (Agosta v. Astor (2004) 120 Cal.App.4th
596, 599.) Indeed, the availability of remedies for such fraudulent inducement in the
employment law context is well established. (See, e.g., Lazar v. Superior Court (1996)
12 Cal.4th 631, 638–639, 648–649 [former employee who alleged that employer falsely
and intentionally represented to him that he would be employed as long as he performed
his job, that he would receive significant increases in salary, and that employer was
strong financially, stated cause of action for fraudulent inducement of employment
contract]; Moncada v. West Coast Quartz Corp. (2013) 221 Cal.App.4th 768, 775–777
[former employees who alleged that defendants concealed the fact that they wanted
plaintiffs to remain employed to make the company more attractive to potential buyers,
and only intended to give plaintiffs a nominal or no bonus for remaining employed, stated
a cause of action for misrepresentation-concealment]; Marketing West, Inc. v. Sanyo
Fisher (USA) Corp. (1992) 6 Cal.App.4th 603, 612-613 [reversing summary judgment
for employer based on fully integrated written employment agreements unequivocally
providing for termination without cause where plaintiffs, former sales representatives,
alleged that employer had fraudulently concealed its plan to terminate them].)10




       10
          Comprehend does not challenge the jury’s award of $75,000 in emotional
distress damages or respond to Lacagnina’s argument that if the court reinstates the fraud
award, the emotional distress award also must be reinstated. Accordingly, respondents
have forfeited any separate challenge to that award.


                                                15
       B. The Penal Code Claim Lacks Merit.
       Lacagnina appeals from the trial court’s nonsuit on his cause of action under Penal
Code, section 496.11 Lacagnina makes the novel claim that he is entitled to recover treble
damages and attorneys’ fees under that statute, which makes it a crime to receive stolen
property, because Comprehend and its executives engaged in the “theft” or “receipt” of
“stolen property,” in the form of his labor. We are not persuaded.
       “ ‘A motion for nonsuit allows a defendant to test the sufficiency of the plaintiff’s
evidence before presenting his or her case. Because a successful nonsuit motion
precludes submission of plaintiff’s case to the jury, courts grant motions for nonsuit only
under very limited circumstances.’ [Citation.] ‘A defendant is entitled to a nonsuit if the
trial court determines that, as a matter of law, the evidence presented by plaintiff is
insufficient to permit a jury to find in his favor. [Citation.]’ [Citation].” (Welco
Electronics, Inc. v. Mora (2014) 223 Cal.App.4th 202, 208.) Where “motions for nonsuit
raise issues of law [citation], we review the rulings on those motions de novo, employing
the same standard which governs the trial court [citation].” (Saunders v. Taylor (1996)
42 Cal.App.4th 1538, 1541–1542.) Here, the trial court’s ruling on Comprehend’s
motion for nonsuit raises an issue of statutory interpretation on undisputed facts, which
we review de novo. (People v. Prunty (2015) 62 Cal.4th 59, 71; People v. Martinez
(2014) 226 Cal.App.4th 1169, 1181.)
       Section 496, subdivision (a) makes buying or receiving “any property that has
been stolen or that has been obtained in any manner constituting theft or extortion,
knowing the property to be so stolen or obtained,” a criminal offense punishable by
imprisonment.12 Subdivision (c) provides, “Any person who has been injured by a

       11
            All statutory references in this section are to the Penal Code.
       12
            Section 496, subdivision (a) provides in pertinent part:
       Every person who buys or receives any property that has been stolen or that has
       been obtained in any manner constituting theft or extortion, knowing the property
       to be so stolen or obtained, or who conceals, sells, withholds, or aids in
       concealing, selling, or withholding any property from the owner, knowing the
       property to be so stolen or obtained, shall be punished by imprisonment in a

                                                   16
violation of subdivision (a) or (b) may bring an action for three times the amount of
actual damages, if any, sustained by the plaintiff, costs of suit, and reasonable attorneys’
fees.”13
       Lacagnina’s argument is twofold. First, he points out that Bell v. Feibush (2013)
212 Cal.App.4th 1041 (Bell) held that a criminal conviction under section 496,
subdivision (a), is not a prerequisite to recovery of treble damages under section 496,
subdivision (c). Second, he asserts that his labor was taken by “fraudulent
representation” or “false … pretense” within the meaning of a second statute, section
484, which defines theft, and therefore (he claims) falls within the definition of “property
which may be obtained in a manner constituting theft” under section 496, subdivision (a).
Thus, Lacagnina contends, he is entitled to treble damages and attorneys’ fees for the
“theft” of his “labor” by Comprehend. While we agree with the trial court that
Lacagnina’s novel theory is “creativ[e]”, we find it inconsistent with the plain language
and structure of the Penal Code, the legislative purpose, and the likely consequences of
Lacagnina’s interpretation. (See People v. Prunty, supra, 62 Cal.4th at p. 76, fn. 4 [in
interpreting statute, court focuses on “the statutory language, the legislative purpose, and
the likely consequences of a particular interpretation”].
       We start, as we must, with the plain statutory language. Lacagnina contends that
section 496 “contains a civil remedy for, among other things, ‘theft’ of ‘labor’ procured
by misrepresentation or false pretense.” But it does not. Section 496, which bears the




       county jail for not more than one year, or imprisonment pursuant to subdivision
       (h) of Section 1170. However, if the value of the property does not exceed nine
       hundred fifty dollars ($950), the offense shall be a misdemeanor, punishable only
       by imprisonment in a county jail not exceeding one year . . . .
       13
          Subdivision (b) makes it a crime for swap meet vendors and other persons
whose principal business is dealing in, or collecting, merchandise or personal property, to
buy or receive stolen property under specified circumstances. Like subdivision (a), it
applies to “property . . . that has been stolen or obtained in any manner constituting theft
or extortion.”


                                                 17
heading “Receiving stolen property,”14 makes no reference to labor. Rather, it is limited
by its terms to the purchase or receipt of “any property that has been stolen or that has
been obtained in any manner constituting theft or extortion, knowing the property to be
so stolen or obtained . . . .” (§ 496, subd. (a), italics added; see also id., subd. (b) [same]).
But the crux of the issue is that labor is not “property” as that term is used in the Penal
Code. “[T]he Penal Code defines property to include ‘both real and personal property’
and further defines personal property to include ‘money, goods, chattels, things in action,
and evidences of debt.’ (§ 7, pars. (10), (12).)” (People v. Gonzales (2017) 2 Cal.5th
858, 871.) The statutory definition makes no reference to labor or other services. Nor is
there any indication of any intent to use the term “property” in section 496 more broadly
than the definition of the same term already provided by the Penal Code. “ ‘ “[W]hen the
Legislature uses a term of art, a court construing that use must assume that the
Legislature was aware of the ramifications of its choice of language.” ’ [Citation.]”
(Ibid.)
          Nor does Lacagnina’s reliance on section 484 help him. That statute provides the
following broad definition of theft: “Every person who shall feloniously steal, take, carry,
lead, or drive away the personal property of another, or who shall fraudulently
appropriate property which has been entrusted to him or her, or who shall knowingly and
designedly, by any false or fraudulent representation or pretense, defraud any other
person of money, labor or real or personal property, . . . , is guilty of theft.” (§ 484, subd.
(a), italics added.) The italicized language appears in a clause codifying the common law
crime of theft by false pretense, which includes defrauding another person of labor by
false or fraudulent representation. (See People v. Williams (2013) 57 Cal.4th 776, 784–
788; Bell, supra, 212 Cal.App.4th at p. 1048.) However, section 484 defines theft, not


          14
          “ ‘The policy sought to be implemented [by a statute] should be respected
[citation], and to this end, titles of acts, headnotes, and chapter and section headings may
properly be considered in determining legislative intent’ [citation].” (People
v. Romanowski (2017) 2 Cal.5th 903, 913, quoting Bowland v. Municipal Court (1976)
18 Cal.3d 479, 489.)


                                                   18
property; that labor may be the object of a “theft” does not transform it into “stolen
property.”
       Indeed, we find it significant that while section 484 refers to labor, section 496
does not. The difference in language between the two statutes, which are found in the
same statutory scheme, is further evidence that the Legislature did not intend “property”
as that term is used in section 496 to include “labor”; otherwise, it would not have used
different terms in the two statutes. “ ‘ We examine the statutory language in the context
in which it appears, and adopt the construction that best harmonizes the statute internally
and with related statutes. [Citations.]’ [Citations.]” (People v. Whitmer (2014) 230
Cal.App.4th 906, 917.) Both our Supreme Court and the High Court “have cautioned
against reading into a statute language it does not contain or elements that do not appear
on its face. [Citations]. This caution is especially pertinent when the legislative body has
shown it knows how to add the element in express terms when it wishes to do so.”
(Martinez v. Regents of the University of California (2010) 50 Cal.4th 1277, 1295.) The
Legislature showed in section 484 that it knows how to refer to “labor” as an object of
“theft” when it wishes to do so, but it did not use that term in section 496. It follows that
labor does not constitute “stolen property” within the meaning of that statute.
       To be sure, courts have observed that “ ‘[a]nything that could be the subject of a
theft can also be property under section 496.’ ” (Bell v. Feibush, supra, 212 Cal.App.4th
at p. 1049 (Bell).) However, that broad dictum does not assist Lacagnina, since in Bell,
“Feibush was found liable for fraud, i.e., for the fraudulent acquisition of property
(money) from its owner (Bell).” (Ibid.) Lacagnina does not cite any reported case, nor
have we been able to identify one, in which a court has deemed labor or services a form
of “property” that can be stolen, as distinct from personal property, whether tangible or
intangible. (Cf. People v. Kozlowski (2002) 96 Cal.App.4th 853, 864–869 [Personal
Identification Number (PIN) code used to access bank automatic teller machines is
intangible personal property capable of being extorted]; People v. Gopal (1985)
171 Cal.App.3d 524, 541 [copy of stolen trade secrets]; People v. Norwood (1972)
26 Cal.App.3d 148, 157 [county warrant]; see also People v. Kunkin (1973) 9 Cal.3d 245,


                                                 19
249 [assuming, without deciding, that Attorney General personnel roster listing names,
home addresses, and home telephone numbers of undercover narcotics agents was
“property” within the meaning and intended scope of section 496].)
       Even if section 496 could apply to the theft of labor, Lacagnina’s theory of
recovery is flawed. While a criminal conviction of section 496 may not be a prerequisite
to recovery of treble damages, the underlying conduct still must constitute a violation of
that statute. “[T]o sustain a conviction for receiving stolen property, the prosecution
must prove (1) the property was stolen; (2) the defendant knew the property was stolen;
and, (3) the defendant had possession of the stolen property.” (People v. Land (1994)
30 Cal.App.4th 220, 223; see also CALCRIM No. 1750.) Here, several essential
elements of a claim under section 496 were not met. First, in plain English, the
“property” in question (Lacagnina’s labor) was not “stolen”; rather, he received a
contractually agreed-upon salary, and had a dispute with his employer about the amount
of commissions and other compensation due him on termination.
       Second, Lacagnina’s labor was not “stolen” at the time Comprehend allegedly
defrauded him out of the disputed compensation. Section 496, subdivision (a) refers to
“property that has been stolen or that has been obtained in any manner constituting
theft.” (§ 496, subd. (a), italics added.) “Which is to say, when the property in question
comes into the defendant’s hands, it must already have the character of having been
stolen.” (Grouse River Outfitters Ltd v. NetSuite, Inc. (N.D. Cal. Oct. 12, 2016)
2016 WL 5930273 at *14 (Grouse River) [dismissing § 496, subd. (c) claim with
prejudice].)15 But Lacagnina’s entitlement to the lost commissions that the jury
apparently awarded as damages16 did not arise until Comprehend completed sales to the



       15
         Unreported federal court cases may be cited in California as persuasive
authority. (Yvanova v. New Century Mortgage Corp. (2016) 62 Cal.4th 919, 940.)
       16
        We agree with Lacagnina that it is reasonable to infer that the jury calculated the
fraud damages “as the commission income due on the accounts for which Mr. Lacagnina
was responsible, and which Comprehend failed to pay despite its prior assurances.”


                                                20
relevant customers, which necessarily was after he had exerted efforts to obtain those
sales.
         Third and finally, an essential element of a section 496 violation is the defendant’s
knowledge that the property was stolen. Whatever it may mean to say that an employer
“know[s]” that an employee’s labor is “stolen,” we doubt that a dispute over unpaid
commissions and other compensation qualifies. (Grouse River, supra, 2016 WL 5930273
at *16.) In short, while we reinstate the jury’s award of damages for fraud, “[t]he plain
language of § 496(a) prevents [plaintiff] from leveraging that alleged fraud into a
damages-trebling § 496(a) violation.” (Id. at *15.)
         For these reasons, we find no ambiguity in the statutory language, and therefore no
need to consult its legislative history. (See Delaney v. Superior Court (1990) 50 Cal.3d
785, 798 [if statutory language is clear and unambiguous, no need to resort to indicia of
the intent of the Legislature].) We nevertheless have scrutinized the legislative history,
which does not support Lacagnina’s position. Senate Bill No. 1068 (1972 Reg. Sess.),
which ultimately created section 496, subdivision (c), “ ‘was introduced at the request of
the California Trucking Association, with the goal of eliminating markets for stolen
property, in order to substantially reduce the incentive to hijack cargo from common
carriers.’ ” (Bell, supra, 212 Cal.App.4th at p. 1047, quoting Citizens of Humanity, LLC
v. Costco Wholesale Corp. (2009) 171 Cal.App.4th 1, 17–18, disapproved on another
ground in Kwikset Corp. v. Superior Court (2011) 51 Cal.4th 310, 337.) When
introduced, the bill provided for a civil action by any public carrier injured by the
knowing purchase, receipt, concealment, or withholding of stolen property, but it was
subsequently amended to expand the class of potential plaintiffs to include any person
injured by a violation of section 496. (Bell at p. 1047.) Bell concluded the legislative
history showed that “the Legislature believed the deterrent effect of criminal sanctions
was not enough to reduce thefts. The means to reduce thefts, the Legislature concluded,
was to dry up the market for stolen goods by permitting treble damage recovery by ‘any
person’ injured by the knowing purchase, receipt, concealment, or withholding of
property stolen or obtained by theft.” (Ibid.; accord, Citizens of Humanity, supra,


                                                  21
171 Cal.App.4th at p. 18 [“Penal Code section 496, as amended, has as its goal the
elimination of markets for stolen merchandise by allowing those injured by the sale of
knowingly stolen merchandise to recover damages”]. It is difficult to fathom, to say the
least, how imposing treble damages in an employment dispute over unpaid sales
commissions could advance the legislative purpose to “dry up the market for stolen
goods.” Moreover, we note that to the extent that the statutory treble damages provision
was intended to deter misconduct, the punitive damages claim that Lacagnina asserted—
unsuccessfully—served the same function.
       Finally, we note that significant adverse consequences would likely follow from
Lacagnina’s proposed interpretation of the statute. (See Harris v. Capital Growth
Investors XIV (1991) 52 Cal.3d 1142, 1165 [“When uncertainty arises in a question of
statutory interpretation, consideration must be given to the consequences that will flow
from a particular interpretation”].) If every plaintiff in an employment or contract dispute
could also seek treble damages and attorneys’ fees on the ground that the defendant
received “stolen property,” such claims would become the rule rather than the exception,
parties would more frequently assert claims for “theft” in run-of-the-mill commercial
disputes, and cases would be harder to settle. We cannot believe the Legislature
contemplated, much less intended, those consequences when it enacted section 496,
subdivision (c). (See Corley v. San Bernardino County Fire Protection District (2018)
21 Cal.App.5th 390, 397 [in interpreting a statute, “ ‘ “ ‘ “[w]e must select the
construction that comports most closely with the apparent intent of the Legislature, with a
view to promoting rather than defeating the general purpose of the statute, and avoid an
interpretation that would lead to absurd consequences.” ’ ” ’ ”].)
                                      IV.DISPOSITION
       The order granting Comprehend’s motion for nonsuit as to the claim under Penal
Code section 496 is affirmed. The order granting the JNOV motion is reversed and
remanded with directions to the trial court to deny the motion and enter a corrected
judgment for Lacagnina. The parties shall bear their own costs on appeal.



                                                22
                                                   _________________________
                                                   Schulman, J.*


We concur:


_________________________
Streeter, Acting P.J.


_________________________
Reardon, J.




*Judge of the Superior Court of California, City and County of San Francisco, assigned
by the Chief Justice pursuant to article VI, section 6 of the California Constitution.
Lacagnina v. Comprehend Systems, Inc. (A147559)


                                                  23
Trial Court:              San Mateo County Superior Court

Trial Judge:              Hon. Steven L. Dylina

Counsel for Appellant:    Steven F. Henry

Counsel for Respondent:   Gordon & Rees, Don Willenburg, Michael A.
                          Laurenson




                               24
