                                    In The
                               Court of Appeals
                      Seventh District of Texas at Amarillo

                            Nos. 07-13-00207-CR, 07-13-00208-CR


                       WHITNEY NICOLE CARTER, APPELLANT

                                              V.

                           THE STATE OF TEXAS, APPELLEE
                         ____________________________________

                         TONY DARELL JOHNSON, APPELLANT

                                              V.

                           THE STATE OF TEXAS, APPELLEE

                            On Appeal from the 100th District Court
                                    Carson County, Texas
                Trial Court Nos. 5052, 5053; Honorable Stuart Messer, Presiding

                                       April 27, 2015

                                         OPINION
                 Before QUINN, C.J., and CAMPBELL and HANCOCK, JJ.


      Appellants Tony Darell Johnson and Whitney Nicole Carter were indicted for

money laundering.1       The cases were consolidated for trial and appellants were

convicted by a jury.     The trial court assessed punishment for each at two years’

      1
          TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 34.02(a)(1) (West 2011).
confinement in a state jail facility.   Johnson and Carter each present three issues,

including a challenge of the trial court’s order denying suppression of evidence found

through a Department of Public Safety trooper’s warrantless search of two cell phones.

Finding the trial court abused its discretion by failing to suppress the challenged cell

phone evidence, and the constitutional error was not harmless, we will reverse the

judgments and remand the cases for further proceedings.


                                        Background


       At about 9:30 p.m. on October 24, 2011, Johnson was driving westbound in his

mother’s automobile on Interstate 40 in Carson County, Texas. Carter and Johnson

were recently married and she was the only passenger.          A DPS trooper observed

Johnson commit traffic violations,2 and conducted a traffic stop.


       At the vehicle, the trooper detected an “overwhelming” odor of air freshener. 3 He

saw multiple food and drink containers inside the vehicle along with containers of

energy drink. During conversations with appellants, he noted the quietness of Carter’s

voice and her lack of eye contact, her apparent nervousness, Johnson’s complaints of

extreme fatigue from extended driving, the inaccuracy of the criminal history Johnson

provided, and discrepancies in appellants’ stories. Based on these facts, the trooper

concluded reasonable suspicion existed to prolong the detention.          After Johnson

refused consent to search the vehicle, the trooper requested a canine unit.


       2
        Johnson was driving in the left-hand lane while not passing and the vehicle had
a defective license plate light.
       3
       Photographs depicted an air freshener hanging from the rear-view mirror, two
more hanging from the car’s rear console, “multiple” fresheners in a rear door pocket
and “more” fresheners in the rear floorboard.

                                             2
       Some thirty minutes later, the canine unit arrived and a drug dog conducted a

free-air sniff around the vehicle.    After the dog alerted to the vehicle the trooper

searched the vehicle, and found six bundles of United States currency totaling $13,925.

Five were located inside a bag within a soft-sided cooler on the rear seat of the vehicle

and a sixth was found in Carter’s purse. In a bag found in the passenger compartment,

the trooper discovered a small amount of marijuana “shake” or residue. The trooper

also found a vacuum sealer machine and bags in the trunk. He placed Johnson and

Carter in handcuffs.


       The trooper then transported appellants and their vehicle to the DPS precinct

barn in Panhandle, Texas, where the search of the vehicle continued. The trooper

summoned a DPS agent to handle the currency and investigate the money laundering

offense.   During the search, the trooper found two cell phones in the vehicle’s

passenger compartment.        He then conducted a warrantless search of the data

contained in the phones.        Lacking equipment to download this information, he

photographed about one hundred text messages and photographs he found on the

phones.


       Appellants were each indicted on the charge of money laundering. Each filed a

pre-trial motion seeking suppression of the evidence seized. Following an evidentiary

hearing, the trial court denied the motions by written orders.


       At trial, over objections, the State offered photographs made by the trooper of

text messages and photographs as well as a video recording discovered among the

data contained in the cell phones.




                                             3
      Also over objection, the State offered the testimony of an officer with a North

Carolina sheriff’s department. He testified that in December 2011, some five weeks

after their Carson County arrest, appellants were stopped for traffic violations and then

arrested for possession of marijuana with intent to distribute. According to the officer,

he found a small piece of a vacuum sealed bag containing marijuana in Carter’s purse.

While searching appellants’ vehicle, he discovered a “lunch tote bag” containing “a large

vacuum sealed bag containing marijuana.” When the large bag was opened, the officer

noticed it held six smaller vacuum sealed bags of marijuana. A North Carolina state trial

court suppressed this evidence. At the time of appellants’ trial in Carson County, the

North Carolina order granting suppression of evidence remained on appeal.


      During testimony at the guilt-innocence phase of trial, Carter explained the cash

the trooper discovered was the proceeds from her settlement of a personal injury

lawsuit and wedding gifts from family.


      Johnson and Carter were found guilty of the charged offense and sentenced as

noted. This appeal followed.


                                         Analysis


Johnson’s Sufficiency Challenge


      By his third issue, Johnson argues the evidence was insufficient to sustain his

conviction for the offense of money laundering.


      In a sufficiency review, we examine the evidence to determine whether any

rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the offense beyond a

reasonable doubt. Brooks v. State, 323 S.W.3d 893, 895 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010) (citing

                                            4
Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 99 S. Ct. 2781, 61 L. Ed. 2d 560 (1979));

Vodochodsky v. State, 158 S.W.3d 502, 509 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005). We review all the

evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict and assume the trier of fact resolved

conflicts in the testimony, weighed the evidence, and drew reasonable inferences in a

manner that supports the verdict. Rollerson v. State, 227 S.W.3d 718, 724 (Tex. Crim.

App. 2007).   Our consideration of all the evidence includes any evidence that was

improperly admitted. Clayton v. State, 235 S.W.3d 772, 778 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007).

Sufficiency of the evidence is measured by the elements of the offense as defined by

the hypothetically correct jury charge. Malik v. State, 953 S.W.2d 234, 240 (Tex. Crim.

App. 1997). The hypothetically correct jury charge “sets out the law, is authorized by

the indictment, does not unnecessarily increase the State's burden of proof or

unnecessarily restrict the State's theories of liability, and adequately describes the

particular offense for which the defendant was tried.” Id.


      Penal Code section 34.02(a)(1) provides that a person commits an offense if the

person knowingly acquires or maintains an interest in, receives, conceals, possesses,

transfers, or transports the proceeds of criminal activity.   TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. §

34.02(a)(1) (West 2011).       “Criminal activity” means any offense, including any

preparatory offense, classified as a felony under the laws of Texas or the United States

or punishable by confinement for more than one year under the laws of another state.

TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 34.01(1) (West Supp. 2014).


      Viewing all the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, the jury was

authorized to believe appellants, whether on their honeymoon or not, were driving long

distances in an effort to quickly cross the country from North Carolina to California. It


                                            5
could also have disbelieved their explanation that the large amount of cash their vehicle

contained was the proceeds of Carter’s personal injury settlement and wedding gifts,

particularly given the manner in which it was bundled and the couple’s efforts to mask

odors. Likewise the jury could have believed the substantial body of documentary and

testimonial cell phone evidence showed appellants were engaged in marijuana

trafficking.   Buttressing this proof was evidence that mere weeks after the Carson

County stop appellants were found in North Carolina in possession of vacuum-sealed

bags of marijuana.


       Johnson argues disposition of the present case should be guided by our decision

in Deschenes v. State, 253 S.W.3d 374 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2008, pet refused).

According to Johnson, as in Deschenes, the evidence tending to establish a nexus

between money and illegal drug activity amounts to mere conjecture. In Deschenes,

during a consensual roadside search of the defendant’s vehicle a trooper discovered

over $17,000 cash in a bag in the vehicle’s trunk. Id. at 377. A drug dog later alerted to

the bag containing the money and an empty suitcase also in the trunk.            Id.   The

defendant was convicted of money laundering. On appeal, the State argued its best

single piece of evidence was the trooper’s “expert” testimony that “[a] lot of the

proceeds from the drugs that are shipped to the east come back westbound to either

the originator who sent the drugs or someone that’s going to purchase narcotics or

weapons or whatever the contraband may be.”          Id. at 381.   To establish a nexus

between the money and criminal activity the State pointed to some twenty-two drug

courier characteristics. Id. at 382-85. But this was insufficient to establish beyond a

reasonable doubt a nexus between the money and criminal activity. Id. at 385. Unlike



                                            6
Deschenes, the evidence here includes the substantial body of cell phone evidence

pointing to appellants as trafficking in marijuana along with evidence gained from the

North Carolina traffic stop showing knowledge and a common plan. Deschenes is thus

to be distinguished from the present case, and does not control its disposition.


       When all the evidence is viewed in the light most favorable to the verdict a

rational trier of fact could have determined beyond a reasonable doubt that appellants

knowingly concealed, possessed, transferred, or transported the proceeds of criminal

activity; that is, from the sale of marijuana, and the value of the funds was $1,500 or

more but less than $20,000. Johnson’s third issue is overruled.


Warrantless Search of Cell Phones


       Through their second and first issues respectively, Carter and Johnson challenge

the trial court’s failure to suppress evidence obtained by the trooper’s warrantless

search of the cell phones.


       We review a trial court's ruling on a motion to suppress evidence for an abuse of

discretion. Carmouche v. State, 10 S.W.3d 323, 327 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000). In so

doing, we give “almost total deference to [the] trial court's determination of the historical

facts that the record supports especially when the trial court's fact findings are based on

an evaluation of credibility and demeanor.” Fienen v. State, 390 S.W.3d 328, 335 (Tex.

Crim. App. 2012) (quoting Guzman v. State, 955 S.W.2d 85, 89 (Tex. Crim. App.

1997)). We view the record evidence and all reasonable inferences therefrom in the

light most favorable to the trial court’s ruling. State v. Garcia-Cantu, 253 S.W.3d 236,

241 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008) (party prevailing in trial court is afforded “strongest



                                             7
legitimate view of the evidence and all reasonable inferences”). We review de novo

questions of law and mixed questions of law and fact that do not depend on evaluation

of credibility and demeanor. Fienen, 390 S.W.3d at 335 (citing Montanez v. State, 195

S.W.3d 101, 106 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006)). When, as here, no findings of fact were

requested nor filed, we review the evidence in the light most favorable to the trial court’s

ruling and assume the trial court made implicit findings of fact supported by the record.

See State v. Ross, 32 S.W.3d 853, 855 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000).


       In the trial court and on appeal, the State contends the trooper properly reviewed

the data on the cell phones as a search incident to appellants’ lawful arrest.         See

Chimel v. California, 395 U.S. 752, 763, 89 S. Ct. 2034, 23 L. Ed. 2d 685 (1969)

(explaining when an arrest is made “[t]here is ample justification, therefore, for a search

of the arrestee’s person and the area ‘within his immediate control’—construing that

phrase to mean the area from within which he might gain possession of a weapon or

destructible evidence”); United States v. Finley, 477 F.3d 250, 259-60 (5th Cir. 2007)

(citing United States v. Robinson, 414 U.S. 218, 235, 94 S. Ct. 467, 38 L. Ed. 2d 427

(1973)).   A search incident to arrest is authorized because officers need to seize

weapons and dangerous objects which might be used to assault an officer and to

prevent the loss or destruction of evidence. State v. Granville, 423 S.W.3d 399, 410

(Tex. Crim. App. 2014) (citing Robinson, 414 U.S. at 224-26).4



       4
         Although it is not the basis for our disposition of the appeal, the record leaves
significant doubt whether search of appellants’ cell phones is properly considered
incident to their arrest. As noted, the phones were discovered and searched after
appellants and their vehicle were taken to the DPS barn, and while appellants were
securely in custody. It is undisputed appellants were handcuffed beside the road after
the cash was found in their vehicle, and Johnson was given Miranda warnings. It also is
undisputed that at the time Johnson was handcuffed, the trooper told Johnson, in

                                             8
       In its opinion in Riley v. California, however, issued after trial and briefing in these

cases, the United States Supreme Court determined that the search incident to arrest

exception to the warrant requirement does not extend to a search of data on a lawfully

seized cell phone. Riley v. California, 134 S. Ct. 2473, 2485, 2493, 189 L. Ed. 2d 430

(2014) (“a warrant is generally required before such a search, even when a cell phone is

seized incident to arrest”).5



___________________________
Carter’s presence, that he was under arrest at that time, for money laundering. The
trooper’s written report states “[b]oth subjects were placed under arrest” at the roadside.
The trooper’s trial testimony is consistent with his report, that appellants were arrested
at the roadside stop before the cell phones were found and searched. There was
testimony from officers at the motion to suppress hearing to the effect that appellants
were arrested after their cell phones were searched. “A search is incident to arrest only
if it is ‘substantially contemporaneous’ with the arrest and is confined to the area within
the immediate control of the arrestee.” Granville, 423 S.W.3d at 410 (citing Vale v.
Louisiana, 399 U.S. 30, 33, 90 S. Ct. 1969, 26 L. Ed. 2d 409 (1970)). This means
generally a search incident to arrest is not justifiable if the “‘search is remote in time or
place from the arrest’ . . . or no exigency exists.” Id. (citing United States v. Chadwick,
433 U.S. 1, 15, 97 S. Ct. 2476, 53 L. Ed. 2d 538 (1977)). Despite the hearing
testimony, we think the undisputed evidence might well establish that appellants, as a
matter of law, were subjected to a custodial arrest when they were handcuffed on the
roadside and transported to the DPS barn, well before their phones were searched.
See, e.g., Lewis v. State, 412 S.W.3d 794, 800 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2013, no pet.)
(citing Moore v. State, 55 S.W.3d 652, 656 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2001, no pet.))
(discussing factors to determine whether detention has evolved into custodial arrest).
We assume, however, for purposes of this opinion that appellants were arrested at the
DPS barn.
       5
        Because Riley was decided while this case was pending on direct appeal, it
governs our disposition of the constitutional issue. Davis v. United States, 131 S. Ct.
2419, 2426, 180 L. Ed. 2d 285 (2011) (newly announced rules of constitutional criminal
procedure must apply retroactively to all cases, state or federal, pending on direct
review or not yet final, with no exception) (internal quotations omitted); United States v.
Spears 31 F. Supp. 3d 869 (N.D. Tex. 2014); Bowman v. State, No. 05-13-01741-CR,
No. 05-13-01742-CR, No. 05-13-01743-CR, 2015 Tex. App. LEXIS 1196 (Tex. App.—
Dallas Feb. 5, 2015, n.p.h.) (mem. op., not designated for publication) (both holding
Riley applies retroactively).


                                              9
      It remains true that the exigencies of a situation may justify a warrantless search

of a particular cell phone. Id. at 2494. For example, “the need to prevent the imminent

destruction of evidence in individual cases, to pursue a fleeing suspect, and to assist

persons who are seriously injured or are threatened with imminent injury” might, in a

specific situation, authorize the warrantless search of a cell phone. Id. (quoting

Chadwick, 433 U.S. at 15, n.9) (“if officers have reason to believe that luggage contains

some immediately dangerous instrumentality, such as explosives, it would be foolhardy

to transport it to the station house without opening the luggage”). However, “unlike the

search incident to arrest exception, the exigent circumstances exception requires a

court to examine whether an emergency justified a warrantless search in each particular

case.” Id.


      The DPS agent testified to the risk that a cell phone could be wiped clean of data

by remote action.6 The Court in Riley addressed the risk of “remote wiping” and the

similar risk of data encryption. Riley, 134 S. Ct. at 2486. It noted the Court had “been

given little reason to believe that either problem is prevalent.”   Id.   And the Court

addressed means by which such risks can be minimized by law enforcement officers.

Id. at 2487. Finally, the Court said that “[t]o the extent that law enforcement still has

specific concerns about the potential loss of evidence in a particular case, there remain

more targeted ways to address those concerns.” Id. The Court noted that in a truly

“‘now or never’ situation, -- for example, circumstances suggesting that a defendant’s

phone will be the target of an imminent remote-wipe attempt,” the exigent circumstance

      6
         He told the court, “In our technological world, cell phones can be remotely
accessed and basically, what we say, wiped. They can be cleaned of all their memory.
Anything that was on them can be erased off of them. So it’s pertinent that you check
them at the time of arrest.”

                                           10
exception may permit a warrantless search, or measures to prevent the phone from

locking. Id. at 2487-88 (citing Missouri v. McNeely, 133 S. Ct. 1552, 185 L. Ed. 2d 696

(2013) and Illinois v. McArthur, 531 U. S. 326, 121 S. Ct. 946, 148 L. Ed. 2d 838

(2001)).


      In the trial court the State argued search of appellants’ cell phone was justified on

typical incident-to-arrest grounds, officer safety and preservation of evidence.      The

agent’s testimony related to the risk of remote wiping did not suggest that troopers on

this occasion were presented with a truly “now or never” situation, and the State does

not argue on appeal that the search was justified by exigent circumstances. We agree

the record does not contain evidence of the type of truly exigent circumstances the

Court recognized in Riley.


      We conclude, based on Riley, that appellants are correct the search of their

phones cannot be justified as a search incident to their arrest and, being conducted

without exigency or warrant, violated appellants’ Fourth Amendment rights.


      The State relies heavily on the Fifth Circuit’s opinion in Finley, 477 F.3d at 259-

60, in which the court, prior to Riley, upheld search of a cell phone incident to arrest.

And, although the parties do not address the subject of good-faith reliance in their

briefing, we have considered the possibility7 that, before the issuance of the Riley

opinion, law enforcement might have relied in good faith on case law like Finley. We

need not dwell on the possibility in this case, however, because appellants’ motions to

suppress asserted the troopers’ conduct “violated” Article 38.23 of the Texas Code of

      7
         See McClintock v. State, 444 S.W.3d 15, 20-21 (Tex. Crim. App. 2014)
(remanding appeal to court of appeals for consideration of good-faith exception to
exclusionary rule, even though issue was not briefed on direct appeal).

                                           11
Criminal Procedure as well as the Fourth Amendment. Article 38.23(a) provides in part,

“No evidence obtained by an officer or other person in violation of any provisions of the

Constitution or laws of the State of Texas, or of the Constitution or laws of the United

States of America, shall be admitted in evidence against the accused on the trial of any

criminal case.” TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 38.23(a) (West 2005). The only good

faith exception to the function of this rule is when an officer “acting in objective good

faith” relies on a warrant issued by a magistrate based on probable cause. TEX. CODE

CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 38.23(b) (West 2005). Of course here a warrant was not involved.

Because Article 38.23 permits no exception for good-faith reliance on case law,

exclusion of the evidence acquired from appellants’ cell phones was required under

Texas law in any event.      See Douds v. State, 434 S.W.3d 842, 861 (Tex. App.—

Houston [14th Dist.] 2014, pet. granted) (citing Wehrenberg v. State, 416 S.W.3d 458,

473 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013)); State v. Jackson, 435 S.W.3d 819, 831 (Tex. App.—

Eastland 2014, pet. granted) (“an officer’s good faith reliance on the law or existing

precedent is not recognized as an exception to the Texas exclusionary rule”).


       Harmless Error Review


              Admission of like evidence without objection


       The State argues that should we find the trial court abused its discretion by failing

to suppress the challenged evidence, any error was harmless because the breadth of

appellants’ motions did not reach opinion testimony based on data drawn from the cell

phones, and appellants failed to specifically object to such opinion testimony at trial.




                                             12
      According to the State, certain testimony was outside the scope of appellants’

motions and “contains a summary and a conclusion about the same evidence of which

[appellants are] complaining.”   The State cites the trooper’s testimony that the text

messages “appeared to be text messages about narcotics transactions,” and his

testimony that photographs found on the cell phones “were photographs of basically

road signs, and photographs of marijuana.” The State also refers to the DPS agent’s

opinion testimony that, based on his review of the text messages and photographs,

appellants’ line of work was dealing in marijuana.


      In relevant part, appellants’ motions to suppress provided:

      The products of the illegal searches and seizures are the “fruit of a
      poisonous tree” and as evidence must be suppressed. Such fruits include
      but are not limited to: The taking of two (2) cell phones that stored
      information or otherwise were used in the distribution of computerized text
      file; also, the contents of or access to e-mails, passwords, notes, logs,
      calendars, photos, call logs, contact lists, texts, or any and all other
      information gained, gleaned, or learned from either of the phones or both
      the phones. . . .

      Therefore, Defendant requests that the following matters be suppressed at
      trial of this cause:

      All wire, oral, or electronic communications intercepted in connection with
      this case and any and all evidence derived from said communications.

      At trial, the State developed a substantial body of evidence concerning data

contained in the two cell phones through the testimony of the trooper and the agent.

Documentary evidence admitted on the State’s offer included sixty-four 81/2-by-11 color

photographs of text messages and photographs the trooper found on the two phones.

In the reporter’s record, twenty pages of the agent’s testimony concerned his

interpretation of the meaning of text messages and identification of cell phone

                                           13
photographs.    The agent testified “upwards of 80” text messages and “20 to 30”

photographs dealing with narcotics transactions were found on the two phones.


       A trial court’s erroneous admission of evidence will not require reversal when

other such evidence was received without objection, either before or after the

complained-of ruling. Leday v. State, 983 S.W.2d 713, 718 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998). But

“it is settled that when a pre-trial motion to suppress evidence is overruled, the accused

need not subsequently object to the admission of the same evidence at trial in order to

preserve error.” Fuller v. State, 827 S.W.2d 919, 930 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992). “[A]

complaint is not preserved for appeal unless it was made to the trial court ‘by a timely

request, objection or motion’ that ‘stated the grounds for the ruling that the complaining

party sought from the trial court with sufficient specificity to make the trial court aware of

the complaint, unless the specific grounds were apparent from the context.’” Resendez

v. State, 306 S.W.3d 308, 312 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009) (quoting TEX. R. APP. P.

33.1(a)(1)(A)); see TEX. R. EVID. 103(a)(1). To determine whether error was sufficiently

preserved, we consider the context of the complaint. Resendez, 306 S.W.3d at 313.

This means we look to the motion to suppress and the record of the suppression

hearing to determine whether the complaint was apparent from the context. See id. at

314-16.


       The State apparently does not disagree that the bulk of testimonial and

documentary evidence concerning data discovered on the cell phones was sufficiently

challenged through appellants’ motions and their hearing and that further objection at

trial was not required for preservation of the complaint.        Yet it draws a distinction




                                             14
between the quoted opinions and other opinions State witnesses gave based on the cell

phone data. We see no basis, or authority, for such a distinction.


       After review of the motion and the record of the court’s hearing, we find that the

trial court was sufficiently notified that appellants challenged all evidence discovered by

the trooper in his search of the two phones. This included all, and not just most, of the

opinions of the trooper and the agent based on their consideration of the data.


              Constitutional Error under Appellate Rule 44.2(a)


       We apply the harmless error standard of appellate rule 44.2(a) to assess the

harm resulting from a trial court’s erroneous denial of a motion to suppress and

subsequent admission of evidence obtained in violation of the Fourth Amendment. TEX.

R. APP. P. 44.2(a); Snowden v. State, 353 S.W.3d 815, 817-18, 822 (Tex. Crim. App.

2011); Thompson v. State, No. 01-12-00271-CR, 2013 Tex. App. LEXIS 12326, at *8-9

(Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Oct. 3, 2013, pet. refused) (mem. op., not designated

for publication). We consider four non-exclusive factors: (1) the nature of the error, (2)

the degree of its emphasis by the State, (3) the probable implications of the error, and

(4) the weight it was likely assigned by the jury during deliberations. Snowden, 353

S.W.3d at 822. “At bottom, an analysis for whether a particular constitutional error is

harmless should take into account any and every circumstance apparent in the record

that logically informs an appellate determination whether ‘beyond a reasonable doubt [a

particular] error did not contribute to the conviction or punishment.’” Id. (quoting TEX. R.

APP. P. 44.2(a)).




                                            15
       According to Johnson and Carter, at the time of the Carson County traffic stop

they were on their honeymoon. Beginning with voir dire the prosecutor presented a

theme built on appellants’ honeymoon.           He asked panel members what items they

would likely take on a “dream honeymoon.” He gave them choices of a passport,

swimsuit, work cell phone, and a camera. None of the panel members chose their work

cell phone. During opening statement, the prosecutor told the jury the cell phones were

appellants’ work phones because they were on a business venture, traveling to

California to buy more marijuana.


       Of the ninety-three State’s exhibits admitted at trial, sixty-four were the 81/2-by-11

color photographs of text messages and photographs from the phones. Another State’s

exhibit was a video recording of marijuana taken from one of the phones. Twenty

pages of the reporter’s record concerned the agent’s interpretation of text messages

and identification of cell phone photographs. The trooper testified in an illegal drug or

money laundering investigation it is “fairly common to find evidence of criminal activity

on the cell phones, either in text messages or in pictures.” Frequently, he added,

“there’s pictures of the actual narcotics prior to the stop.”         In short, the record

demonstrates the products of the trooper’s warrantless search assumed a major

evidentiary place in the State’s trial proof.


       The prosecutor continued the honeymoon theme in closing argument.                 He

classified appellants’ possession of the cell phones on their honeymoon as “the most

important part about this case.” He argued a person takes a work cell phone on a

honeymoon if it’s a business venture.            And, pointing to the text messages and




                                                16
photographs, he argued appellants had their cell phones with them because appellants

were traffickers.


       Aside from the cell phone evidence, overwhelming evidence of appellants’ guilt is

not shown by this record. The cell phone evidence was significant in quantity and

substance. Its admission undergirded the State’s argument that appellants were on a

business trip and their business was making money from trafficking. It constituted a

large quantity of tangible proof of suspicious conduct, conduct lacking any legitimate

excuse or explanation. And it was substantially supportive of a jury finding that when

the trooper stopped appellants, they knowingly possessed or were transporting

proceeds from the illegal sale of marijuana.


       On this record it is not possible for us to say beyond a reasonable doubt that the

cell phone evidence did not contribute to appellants’ convictions. We sustain Carter’s

second issue and Johnson’s first issue.


       Johnson presented one rendition issue which we have overruled.             Carter

presented none. Therefore, our review of appellants’ remaining issues is unnecessary

to the final disposition of this appeal. TEX. R. APP. P. 47.1.


                                        Conclusion


       Having sustained Carter’s second issue and Johnson’s first issue, we reverse the

trial court’s judgments of conviction and remand the cases to that court for proceedings

consistent with this opinion.


                                                  James T. Campbell
                                                      Justice
Publish.

                                             17
