                                        IN THE
                                TENTH COURT OF APPEALS

                                        No. 10-16-00154-CR

CHARLES DURGIN,
                                                                          Appellant
v.

THE STATE OF TEXAS,
                                                                          Appellee



                                 From the 443rd District Court
                                     Ellis County, Texas
                                   Trial Court No. 38213CR


                                 MEMORANDUM OPINION


        In one issue, appellant, Charles Durgin Jr., argues that his conviction for

aggravated assault with a deadly weapon should be reversed because his trial counsel

was ineffective. Because Durgin has not satisfied both prongs of the Strickland test, we

affirm.1 See Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687, 104 S. Ct. 2052, 2064, 80 L. Ed. 2d

674 (1984).


        1 As this is a memorandum opinion and the parties are familiar with the facts, we only recite those
facts necessary to the disposition of the case. See TEX. R. APP. P. 47.1, 47.4. However, we do note that Durgin
                           I.      INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL

        On appeal, Durgin contends that his trial counsel was deficient for failing to object

to: (1) a police officer’s purported misstatement of the law regarding “law of parties”; (2)

a police officer’s crime-scene-reconstruction testimony; and (3) the State’s closing

argument. Durgin also asserts that the combined prejudicial impact of these errors

supports a finding that his trial counsel was ineffective.

A.      Applicable Law

        To prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, an appellant must satisfy

a two-prong test. Id.; Thompson v. State, 9 S.W.3d 808, 812 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999). First,

appellant must show that counsel was so deficient as to deprive appellant of his Sixth

Amendment right to counsel. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687, 104 S. Ct. at 2064. Second,

appellant must show that the deficient representation was prejudicial and resulted in an

unfair trial. Id. To satisfy the first prong, appellant must show that his counsel's

representation was objectively unreasonable. Id.; Lopez v. State, 343 S.W.3d 137, 142 (Tex.

Crim. App. 2011). To satisfy the second prong, appellant must show that there is “a




was charged with aggravated assault with a deadly weapon based on a fight that occurred at a place known
as East Main Grocery, Virgil’s, or BG&W in Waxahachie, Ellis County, Texas, between Durgin and
Kinnorise Dickerson. As a result of the fight, Dickerson sustained several cuts, including a slash wound
on his face that extended from his mouth up to his cheek and bled profusely. Apparently, Durgin and
Dickerson got into a fight over a woman, Roberta Vega. At trial, Durgin advanced a theory that Vega cut
Dickerson with an eyebrow archer when she tried to break up the fight. Prosecutors asserted a different
theory: that Durgin slashed Dickerson in the face and other places with a paring knife that was missing
from a package of knives in Vega’s residence and that Vega had allegedly given to Durgin. Much of the
testimony at trial centered on who slashed Dickerson’s face and how.

Durgin v. State                                                                                  Page 2
reasonable probability that, but for counsel's unprofessional errors, the result of the

proceeding would have been different.” Thompson, 9 S.W.3d at 812. A reasonable

probability exists if it is enough to undermine the adversarial process and thus the

outcome of the trial. See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694, 104 S. Ct. at 2068; Mallett v. State, 65

S.W.3d 59, 62-63 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001). The appellate court looks to the totality of the

representation and the particular circumstances of each case in evaluating the

effectiveness of counsel. Thompson, 9 S.W.3d at 813. Our review is highly deferential and

presumes that counsel's actions fell within a wide range of reasonable professional

assistance. Mallett, 65 S.W.3d at 63; Thompson, 9 S.W.3d at 813.

        The right to “reasonably effective assistance of counsel” does not guarantee

errorless counsel or counsel whose competency is judged by perfect hindsight. Saylor v.

State, 660 S.W.2d 822, 824 (Tex. Crim. App. 1983). “Isolated instances in the record

reflecting errors of commission or omission do not cause counsel to become ineffective,

nor can ineffective assistance of counsel be established by isolating or separating out one

portion of the trial counsel's performance for examination.” Ex parte Welborn, 785 S.W.2d

391, 393 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990).         Appellant bears the burden of proving by a

preponderance of the evidence that counsel was ineffective, and an allegation of

ineffectiveness must be firmly founded in the record. Thompson, 9 S.W.3d at 813.

        Trial counsel should ordinarily be afforded an opportunity to explain his actions

before being denounced as ineffective. Rylander v. State, 101 S.W.3d 107, 111 (Tex. Crim.


Durgin v. State                                                                          Page 3
App. 2003). Specifically, when the record is silent regarding the reasons for counsel's

conduct, a finding that counsel was ineffective would require impermissible speculation

by the appellate court. Gamble v. State, 916 S.W.2d 92, 93 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.]

1996, no pet.). Therefore, absent specific explanations for counsel's decisions, a record on

direct appeal will rarely contain sufficient information to evaluate an ineffective

assistance claim. See Bone v. State, 77 S.W.3d 828, 833 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002). To warrant

reversal without affording counsel an opportunity to explain his actions, “the challenged

conduct must be ‘so outrageous that no competent attorney would have engaged in it.’”

Roberts v. State, 220 S.W.3d 521, 533 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007) (quoting Goodspeed v. State,

187 S.W.3d 390, 392 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005)).

B.      “Law of Parties” Testimony

        At the outset of our analysis of all of Durgin’s complaints, we note that the record

is silent as to trial counsel’s trial strategy; as such, we examine the challenged conduct to

determine if it is “‘so outrageous that no competent attorney would have engaged in it.’”

Roberts, 220 S.W.3d at 533 (quoting Goodspeed, 187 S.W.3d at 392). That said, in his first

sub-issue, Durgin asserts that his trial counsel was deficient for failing to object to the

following testimony from Corporal Josh Oliver of the Waxahachie Police Department

regarding the “law of parties”:

        Q [The Prosecutor]:         Let’s pretend that Roberta did stab him and
                                    made all those cuts. You’re familiar in the state
                                    of Texas with law of parties; is that correct?


Durgin v. State                                                                         Page 4
        A [Corporal Oliver]:        That’s correct.

        Q:                          That someone who aids, abets, encourages,
                                    directs in the commission of the crime is just as
                                    guilty?

        A:                          That’s correct.

        Q:                          So by that token, if they’re saying she’s the one
                                    that did it, she would be aiding him in the
                                    commission of that crime; is that correct?

        A:                          That’s correct.

        Q:                          And they would both be guilty, is that correct—

        A:                          That is correct.

        Q:                          —they are parties?

        In the above testimony, Corporal Oliver did not testify that Durgin was guilty as

a party; instead, Corporal Oliver merely agreed that, under the posed hypothetical, it was

possible that Durgin could be a party to the offense even if Vega was the person who had

actually cut Dickerson’s face, assuming that Durgin aided, abetted, encouraged, or

directed the commission of the offense. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 7.02(a)(2) (West

2011); see also Wooden v. State, 101 S.W.3d 542, 547-48 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2003, pet.

ref’d) (noting that, if the evidence shows that the defendant was present at the scene and

encouraged the commission of the offense by acts, words, or other agreement, the

evidence is sufficient to convict under the law of parties). Nevertheless, Corporal Oliver

correctly stated that it is possible for Durgin and Vega to be guilty of an offense as parties,


Durgin v. State                                                                          Page 5
even if Vega was the only one who cut Dickerson’s face. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. §

7.02(a)(2); see also Wooden, 101 S.W.3d at 547-48. Accordingly, Durgin has not made an

adequate showing that the trial court would have erred in overruling an objection to the

above-mentioned testimony provided by Corporal Oliver. See Ex parte Martinez, 330

S.W.3d 891, 901 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011) (“To successfully assert that trial counsel’s failure

to object amounted to ineffective assistance, the applicant must show that the trial judge

would have committed error in overruling such an objection.” (citing Ex parte White, 160

S.W.3d 46, 53 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004); Vaughn v. State, 931 S.W.2d 564, 566 (Tex. Crim.

App. 1996))).

        Furthermore, Durgin has failed to make an adequate showing that, but for trial

counsel’s purported error, the outcome of the proceeding would have been different. The

jury charge did not include an instruction on law of parties, and the law of parties was

not discussed during closing argument by either party. And when the jury asked a

question during deliberations regarding the law of parties, the trial court instructed the

jury that all the law applicable to the case was contained in the charge. Thus, the jury

was instructed that the law of parties did not apply to the case, and nothing in the record

suggests that the jury disregarded or was confused by these instructions. See Resendiz v.

State, 112 S.W.3d 541, 546 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003) (“We presume the jury follows the trial

court’s instructions.” (citing Colburn v. State, 966 S.W.2d 511, 520 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998)));

see also Williams v. State, 937 S.W.2d 479, 490 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996) (“[W]e assume that


Durgin v. State                                                                         Page 6
the jury would follow the instruction as given, and we will not reverse in the absence of

evidence that the jury was actually confused by the charge.”). We cannot say that Durgin

has satisfied either prong of the Strickland analysis with this complaint. See Strickland, 466

U.S. at 687, 104 S. Ct. at 2064; see also Thompson, 9 S.W.3d at 812.

C.      Crime-Scene-Reconstruction Testimony

        In his second sub-issue, Durgin asserts that his trial counsel was ineffective for

failing to object to “impermissible crime reconstruction testimony,” which refers to

Corporal Oliver’s viewing of the surveillance video of the incident and other evidence.

Durgin specifically complains that Corporal Oliver was not qualified as an expert and

that his lay opinion was not based on events that he personally observed. As such, his

testimony was impermissible, and trial counsel erred in failing to object to this testimony.

        With regard to the distinction between lay and expert witnesses, the Court of

Criminal Appeals has stated that:

        Both lay and expert witnesses can offer opinion testimony. Rule 701 covers
        the more traditional witness—one who “witnessed” or participated in the
        events about which he or she is testifying—while Rule 702 allows for a
        witness who was brought in as an expert to testify. A witness can testify in
        the form of an opinion under Rule 701 if the opinions or inferences are (a)
        rationally based on his or her perceptions and (b) helpful to the clear
        understanding of the testimony or the determination of a fact in issue. . . .
        Thus, the witness’s testimony can include opinions, belief, or inferences as
        long as they are drawn from his or her own experiences or observations.

                  ....

        When a witness who is capable of being qualified as an expert testifies
        regarding events which he or she personally perceived, the evidence may
Durgin v. State                                                                         Page 7
        be admissible as both Rule 701 opinion testimony and Rule 702 expert
        testimony. A person with specialized knowledge may testify about his or
        her own observations under Rule 701 and may also testify about the
        theories, facts and data used in his or her area of expertise under Rule
        702. . . . This court has never addressed the issue of whether someone with
        training and experience can testify as a lay witness but the Courts of
        Appeals have admitted such testimony as both lay and expert opinion. . . .
        Thus, although police officers have training and experience, they are not
        precluded from offering lay testimony regarding events which they have
        personally observed.

                  ....

        A distinct line cannot be drawn between lay opinion and expert testimony
        because all perceptions are evaluated based on experiences. However, as a
        general rule, observations which do not require significant expertise to
        interpret and which are not based on a scientific theory can be admitted as
        lay opinions if the requirements of Rule 701 are met. This is true even when
        the witness has experience or training. Additionally, even events not
        normally encountered by most people in everyday life do not necessarily
        require the testimony of an expert. The personal experience and knowledge
        of a lay witness may establish that he or she is capable, without qualification
        as an expert, of expressing an opinion on a subject outside the realm of
        common knowledge.

Osbourn v. State, 92 S.W.3d 531, 535-37 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002) (internal citations omitted).

        In his testimony, Corporal Oliver opined that, after viewing the surveillance video

of the incident and other physical evidence, he believed that Dickerson’s face was cut

when Durgin first punched him in the face. More specifically, Corporal Oliver noted: “I

think he [Durgin] was holding the paring knife in a way that when he punched him

[Dickerson], it cut his face open. . . . In my opinion[,] after reviewing the video and

knowing that it’s a paring knife that was most likely used there on the scene, I believe he

was holding it by the handle with the blade coming out of the bottom of his hand.”
Durgin v. State                                                                           Page 8
Corporal Oliver also testified that, based on his review of the surveillance video and his

training and experience, it appeared that Durgin did not punch Dickerson in a normal

fashion; rather, Durgin made a more slashing motion when hitting Dickerson’s face.

        It is this testimony that forms the basis of Durgin’s complaint that Corporal Oliver

was not offered as an expert witness; he did not possess any expertise to offer these

opinions; and he could not offer a lay opinion because he did not personally observe the

incident. We are not persuaded by Durgin’s contentions because Corporal Oliver was

testifying to his opinion based on the evidence he collected and viewed, including the

surveillance video that demonstrated what transpired during the incident. See id.; see also

Dinkins v. State, 894 S.W.2d 330, 347 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995) (“We held the extra-judicial

statements were not inadmissible hearsay because they were admitted not to prove the

truth of the matter asserted, but rather to explain how the defendant came to be a

suspect.”); Lee v. State, 29 S.W.3d 570, 577-78 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2000, no pet.) (“Police

officers may testify to explain how the investigation began and how the defendant

became a suspect.”).

        We therefore conclude that Durgin has failed to make an adequate showing that

the trial court would have erred in overruling an objection to the above-mentioned

testimony provided by Corporal Oliver. See Ex parte Martinez, 330 S.W.3d at 901; see also

Ex parte White, 160 S.W.3d at 53; Vaughn, 931 S.W.2d at 566. And like before, Durgin does

not show that, but for trial counsel’s purported error in failing to object to the crime-


Durgin v. State                                                                       Page 9
scene-reconstruction evidence, the outcome of the proceeding would have been different.

Therefore, we cannot say that Durgin has satisfied either prong of the Strickland analysis.

See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687, 104 S. Ct. at 2064; see also Thompson, 9 S.W.3d at 812.

D.      The State’s Closing Argument

        In his next sub-issue, Durgin complains about the following argument made by

the State during closing:

        Let’s be clear. She never confessed to an aggravated assault with a deadly
        weapon, did she? She said, “I must have accidently cut him at the time I
        was trying to stop the fight and so I went and, you know, Cab is here.” Let’s
        remember what was happening. Cab was doing what? Beating the crap
        out of Mr. Dickerson (sic), right? That’s what he is doing. But at that
        moment, she has the opportunity to get behind him, right, on the ground
        with this tool thing in her hand—

                  ....

        —and she has the opportunity to slice him. Accidentally.         I mean,
        “accidentally I went on the shoulder and I sliced him.” So it would have
        had to have gone like that (demonstrating).

              Do you think that tool would have caused this requiring 40 stitches?
        That doesn’t make any sense.

                  And then I said, “Just one time?”

                  “Just the one time, yes.”

              Okay. Then how does he get this, this, this, and how does the
        Defendant get cut on his arm, too? It’s not possible. What she says is
        impossible. And why would she lie? Oh, my God, she got arrested, right?
        We arrested her in court? Right. Let’s just see what happens. What’s the
        consequence, right?

                  So he gets not guilty, right, because the true person is here.
Durgin v. State                                                                            Page 10
               She then has her trial because now she’s going to go on trial. He then
        gets to testify at her trial. We can’t retry him. He gets to say, “I lied,” you
        know, to protect her. And then here we go. And no one is ever held
        responsible for slashing Mr. Dickerson’s face. That is not justice.

        Proper jury argument must encompass one of the following: (1) a summation of

the evidence presented at trial; (2) a reasonable deduction drawn from that evidence; (3)

an answer to the opposing counsel’s argument; or (4) a plea for law enforcement. Brown

v. State, 270 S.W.3d 564, 570 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008); Guidry v. State, 9 S.W.3d 133, 154 (Tex.

Crim. App. 1999). To determine whether a party’s argument properly falls within one of

these categories, we must consider the argument in light of the entire record. Sandoval v.

State, 52 S.W.3d 851, 857 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2001, pet. ref’d); see Brown, 270

S.W.3d at 570 (citing Allridge v. State, 762 S.W.2d 146, 155 (Tex. Crim. App. 1988)). “It is

the duty of trial counsel to confine their arguments to the record; reference to facts that

are neither in evidence nor inferable from the evidence is therefore improper.” Alejandro

v. State, 493 S.W.2d 230, 231 (Tex. Crim. App. 1973); see Brown, 270 S.W.3d at 570.

        The above closing argument constitutes a reasonable deduction from the evidence,

a plea for law enforcement, and a response to Durgin’s defensive theory at trial—that

Vega, not Durgin, was the one who slashed Dickerson’s face. In other words, the

prosecutor’s closing argument addressed Vega’s motive to lie to protect Durgin—her

boyfriend. Therefore, based on the foregoing, the trial court would not have abused its

discretion in overruling any objection trial counsel would have made based on this


Durgin v. State                                                                           Page 11
argument; accordingly, trial counsel cannot be determined to be ineffective for failing to

object to this argument. See Ex parte Martinez, 330 S.W.3d at 901; see also Ex parte White,

160 S.W.3d at 53; Vaughn, 931 S.W.2d at 566. As such, Durgin has not satisfied the first

prong of Strickland. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687, 104 S. Ct. at 2064. Moreover, we also note

that Durgin has not adequately explained on appeal how, but for trial counsel’s

purported error in failing to object to the prosecutor’s closing argument, there is a

reasonable probability that the outcome of the proceeding would have been different. See

Thompson, 9 S.W.3d at 812.

E.      The Combined Impact of the Purported Errors

        Finally, Durgin contends that the cumulative errors of counsel warrant reversal.

We disagree. The Court of Criminal Appeals has stated: “It is conceivable that a number

of errors may be found harmful in their cumulative effect.” Chamberlain v. State, 998

S.W.2d 230, 238 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999). But the Chamberlain Court continued that non-

errors may not, in their cumulative effect, cause error. Id. In our analysis of Durgin’s

complaints, we did not conclude that there was error; therefore, we cannot conclude that

Durgin was harmed by the cumulative effect of a number of non-errors. See id. Based on

the foregoing, we overrule Durgin’s sole issue on appeal.

                                     II.    CONCLUSION

        We affirm the judgment of the trial court.




Durgin v. State                                                                      Page 12
                                                AL SCOGGINS
                                                Justice

Before Chief Justice Gray,
       Justice Davis, and
       Justice Scoggins
(Chief Justice Gray concurring with a note)*
Affirmed
Opinion delivered and filed April 26, 2017
Do not publish
[CR25]

*(Chief Justice Gray concurs in the Court’s judgment to the extent it affirms the judgment
of the trial court. A separate opinion will not issue.)




Durgin v. State                                                                    Page 13
