                                                                                        01/28/2019
               IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                          AT KNOXVILLE
                               October 16, 2018 Session

       H GROUP CONSTRUCTION, LLC v. CITY OF LAFOLLETTE

                Appeal from the Circuit Court for Campbell County
                       No. 15554    John D. McAfee, Judge



                            No. E2018-00478-COA-R9-CV


The unsucessful bidder for certain municipal construction projects filed this action
against the municipality, alleging, inter alia, that the municipality had violated its own
competitive bidding ordinances and engaged in unlawful restraint of trade. The trial
court granted summary judgment in favor of the municipality with regard to all claims
except the bidder’s claim for damages for violation of the municipal ordinances and
common law restraint of trade. In this interlocutory appeal, we have been asked to
determine whether a cause of action exists against a governmental entity for common law
restraint of trade and whether a bidder has a private right of action for damages against
the municipality for alleged violations of municipal bidding ordinances. We determine
that the municipality maintains sovereign immunity concerning any purported claim of
common law restraint of trade. We further determine that because a petition for writ of
certiorari would be the sole method of review of the City’s contract award, unsuccessful
bidders are not authorized to bring a private cause of action for monetary damages for an
alleged violation of the municipality’s competitive bidding ordinances. Accordingly, we
reverse the trial court’s denial of the municipality’s motion for summary judgment and
remand this matter to the trial court for entry of summary judgment in favor of the
municipality.

      Tenn. R. App. P. 9 Interlocutory Appeal; Judgment of the Circuit Court
                             Reversed; Case Remanded

THOMAS R. FRIERSON, II, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which D. MICHAEL
SWINEY, C.J., and CHARLES D. SUSANO, JR., J., joined.

Benjamin K. Lauderback and Brian R. Bibb, Knoxville, Tennessee, for the appellant,
City of LaFollette.

David H. Dunaway, LaFollette, Tennessee, for the appellee, H Group Construction, LLC.
                                       OPINION

                         I. Factual and Procedural Background

       H Group Construction, LLC (“HGC”) filed a complaint in the Campbell County
Circuit Court (“trial court”) on October 22, 2013, against the City of LaFollette (the
“City”). HGC averred that in September 2012, the City had solicited and received bids
for construction and roofing projects for certain buildings owned by the City. HGC
submitted one bid for the entire project “based on information otherwise provided by [the
City] through its agents, servants, and employees.” According to HGC, it had ultimately
submitted the lowest total bid. HGC asserted that after advertising the projects for bid as
a “package,” the City subsequently decided to solicit separate bids for each of the three
building projects rather than accepting HGC’s bid.

        HGC claimed that when the projects were separately rebid, the City awarded two
of the three projects to Dixie Roofing, Inc. (“Dixie”), despite the fact that “agents,
servants, and/or employees of [Dixie] had previously been employed as the construction
manager for these projects.” For the third project, involving the City Hall building, HGC
purportedly submitted a bid of $312,964.80 while Dixie submitted a bid of $467,013.46.
According to HGC, the project was awarded to Dixie even though HGC had submitted a
significantly lower bid. HGC thus asserted in its complaint that the City and Dixie had
entered into “an arrangement, contract, agreement, or a combination of arrangement
between them with a view to lessen or which tends to lessen full and free competition in
the State of Tennessee . . . in violation of T.C.A. Section 47-25-101 and T.C.A. Section
47-25-102.” HGC averred, inter alia, that the City’s actions constituted an illegal
restraint of trade and breach of contract. HGC also claimed that the City had violated the
Tennessee Consumer Protection Act (“TCPA”), the City’s charter, and Tennessee’s
Municipal Purchasing Law. HGC sought a declaratory judgment and an award of
damages.

      On May 13, 2014, HGC amended its complaint to add specific allegations
concerning purported unfair and deceptive practices employed by the City in violation of
the TCPA. HGC also added assertions concerning the specific ordinances that it alleged
had been violated by the City. HGC further instituted a claim for punitive damages
pursuant to the TCPA.

      The City subsequently filed an answer, denying all allegations of liability. The
City asserted several affirmative defenses, including applicability of the Tennessee
Governmental Tort Liability Act. Thereafter, on November 2, 2016, HGC filed a third
amended complaint, which contained additional allegations regarding the alleged
                                            2
unlawful actions taken by the City concerning the bids. The City again filed an answer
denying HGC’s allegations of wrongdoing.

       On August 31, 2017, the City filed a motion for summary judgment, positing that
there were no genuine disputes of material fact and that the City was entitled to judgment
as a matter of law. The City argued that no private right of action existed for monetary
damages for violation of Tennessee’s Municipal Purchasing Law or the City’s municipal
ordinances. The City similarly argued that no cause of action existed in Tennessee
against a governmental entity for common law restraint of trade. The City further
contended that the parties did not have a contract, such that there could be no breach of
contract, and that no promises were made or breached by the City. Finally, the City
asserted governmental immunity as a defense.1 The City attached to the motion an
affidavit from the former City Administrator, Jimmy Jeffries, as well as minutes from
various LaFollette City Council meetings. The City also attached a statement of
undisputed material facts.

        On December 8, 2017, HGC filed a response to the City’s summary judgment
motion, as well as a response to the statement of undisputed material facts. The trial
court conducted a hearing on the motion on December 14, 2017. On January 18, 2018,
the trial court entered an order granting the motion in part and denying it in part. The
court noted that HGC’s remaining claims consisted of: (1) common law restraint of
trade, (2) violations of the municipal purchasing statutes, (3) violations of the City’s
competitive bidding and purchasing ordinances, (4) breach of contract, (5) promissory
estoppel, and (6) a request for equitable or declaratory relief.2

       By its order, the trial court granted summary judgment in favor of the City with
regard to HGC’s claims of promissory estoppel, breach of contract, equitable or
declaratory relief, and violations of Tennessee’s Municipal Purchasing Law. The court
denied summary judgment, however, concerning HGC’s claims of common law restraint
of trade and violation of the City’s own ordinances related to the competitive bidding
process. The court specifically found that “common law restraint of trade is a viable
claim that can be raised against governmental entities in the State of Tennessee.” The
court further found:

1
  In its memorandum submitted in support of the motion for summary judgment, the City also claimed
that HGC had performed a previous roofing job for the City and that its work had been “irresponsible and
unprofessional.” The City thus argued that it had no obligation to accept HGC’s bid, even it if
represented the lowest price, because HGC was viewed as an “unreliable” contractor that did not comply
with the project specifications.
2
  The parties do not dispute that the trial court had previously dismissed some of HGC’s original claims
although no order of dismissal appears in the appellate record.
                                                   3
       [T]he [City’s] arguments that governmental entities cannot be sued under
       the common law for violations of restraint of trade are without merit. This
       Court acknowledges it has previously dismissed [HGC’s] Tennessee Trade
       Practices Act claim against the [City] at an earlier stage of this litigation.
       However, this Court now holds that governmental entities in the State of
       Tennessee can be sued for restraint of trade violations under the common
       law and that, accordingly, [HGC’s] lawsuit under that theory may proceed
       forward. The Court further finds that the veil of immunity does not extend
       itself to cover governmental entities for violations of restraint of trade
       under the common law. This Court further finds that even though the
       bidding process was for roofing services and not goods, a cause of action
       exists in Tennessee for a restraint of trade of services under a common law
       theory of restraint of trade.

       The trial court also found that a “private cause of action exists to allow [HGC] to
proceed in its claim against the City for the City’s purported violations of its own
competitive bidding ordinances.” The court rejected the City’s argument that the
appropriate remedy would be a petition for a writ of certiorari review. The court
therefore directed that the remaining claims would proceed to trial, “that being whether
the [City] restrained trade under common law principles against [HGC] and/or whether
the [City] committed an actionable offense against [HGC] by violating its own
competitive bidding purchasing ordinances and whether a remedy exists for [HGC] to
recover under such a claim.”

        On February 13, 2018, following entry of the trial court’s order denying summary
judgment with regard to certain claims, the City filed a motion seeking permission to file
an interlocutory appeal with this Court. The trial court granted permission for an
interlocutory appeal by order dated March 9, 2018, certifying the issues for appeal as
those listed below. This Court similarly granted permission for an interlocutory appeal
on May 17, 2018.

                                   II. Issues Presented

       As this Court has previously explained, “[f]or interlocutory appeals, the only
issues that can be raised are those certified in the trial court’s order granting permission
to seek an interlocutory appeal and in the appellate court’s order granting the
interlocutory appeal.” Heatherly v. Merrimack Mut. Fire Ins. Co., 43 S.W.3d 911, 914
(Tenn. Ct. App. 2000). Therefore, this appeal presents the following issues for our
review, as certified by the trial court:



                                             4
      1.     Whether a cause of action for the common law tort of restraint of
             trade exists against a governmental entity in Tennessee, and if so,
             whether that cause of action can be maintained against a
             governmental entity in a case dealing with the provision of services
             rather than goods.

      2.     Whether the ordinances governing competitive bidding for the City
             of LaFollette authorize unsuccessful bidders to bring a private right
             of action for money damages for violation of their terms and/or
             whether a petition for a writ of certiorari review is the sole remedy.

                                III. Standard of Review

        The grant or denial of a motion for summary judgment is a matter of law;
therefore, our standard of review is de novo with no presumption of correctness. See Rye
v. Women’s Care Ctr. of Memphis, MPLLC, 477 S.W.3d 235, 250 (Tenn. 2015); Dick
Broad. Co., Inc. of Tenn. v. Oak Ridge FM, Inc., 395 S.W.3d 653, 671 (Tenn. 2013)
(citing Kinsler v. Berkline, LLC, 320 S.W.3d 796, 799 (Tenn. 2010)). As such, this Court
must “make a fresh determination of whether the requirements of Rule 56 of the
Tennessee Rules of Civil Procedure have been satisfied.” Rye, 477 S.W.3d at 250. As
our Supreme Court has explained concerning the requirements for a movant to prevail on
a motion for summary judgment pursuant to Tennessee Rule of Civil Procedure 56:

      We reiterate that a moving party seeking summary judgment by attacking
      the nonmoving party’s evidence must do more than make a conclusory
      assertion that summary judgment is appropriate on this basis. Rather,
      Tennessee Rule 56.03 requires the moving party to support its motion with
      “a separate concise statement of material facts as to which the moving party
      contends there is no genuine issue for trial.” Tenn. R. Civ. P. 56.03. “Each
      fact is to be set forth in a separate, numbered paragraph and supported by a
      specific citation to the record.” Id. When such a motion is made, any party
      opposing summary judgment must file a response to each fact set forth by
      the movant in the manner provided in Tennessee Rule 56.03. “[W]hen a
      motion for summary judgment is made [and] . . . supported as provided in
      [Tennessee Rule 56],” to survive summary judgment, the nonmoving party
      “may not rest upon the mere allegations or denials of [its] pleading,” but
      must respond, and by affidavits or one of the other means provided in
      Tennessee Rule 56, “set forth specific facts” at the summary judgment
      stage “showing that there is a genuine issue for trial.” Tenn. R. Civ. P.
      56.06. The nonmoving party “must do more than simply show that there is
      some metaphysical doubt as to the material facts.” Matsushita Elec. Indus.
                                           5
       Co., 475 U.S. at 586, 106 S. Ct. 1348. The nonmoving party must
       demonstrate the existence of specific facts in the record which could lead a
       rational trier of fact to find in favor of the nonmoving party. If a summary
       judgment motion is filed before adequate time for discovery has been
       provided, the nonmoving party may seek a continuance to engage in
       additional discovery as provided in Tennessee Rule 56.07. However, after
       adequate time for discovery has been provided, summary judgment should
       be granted if the nonmoving party’s evidence at the summary judgment
       stage is insufficient to establish the existence of a genuine issue of material
       fact for trial. Tenn. R. Civ. P. 56.04, 56.06. The focus is on the evidence
       the nonmoving party comes forward with at the summary judgment stage,
       not on hypothetical evidence that theoretically could be adduced, despite
       the passage of discovery deadlines, at a future trial.

Rye, 477 S.W.3d at 264-65 (emphasis in original). Pursuant to Tennessee Rule of Civil
Procedure 56.04, the trial court must “state the legal grounds upon which the court denies
or grants the motion” for summary judgment, and our Supreme Court has instructed that
the trial court must state these grounds “before it invites or requests the prevailing party
to draft a proposed order.” See Smith v. UHS of Lakeside, Inc., 439 S.W.3d 303, 316
(Tenn. 2014).

                          IV. Common Law Restraint of Trade

       The City argues that the trial court erred by denying its motion for summary
judgment concerning HGC’s claim of common law restraint of trade. The City asserts
that Tennessee does not recognize such a claim. HGC posits that a cause of action for
common law restraint of trade does exist and that Tennessee has recognized this type of
claim for over one hundred years. Without making a determination regarding whether a
cause of action for common law restraint of trade exists in Tennessee, we determine the
dispositive issue to be whether the City maintains sovereign immunity from such a claim
in any event.

       The first question certified by the trial court asks whether a “cause of action for
the common law tort of restraint of trade exists against a governmental entity in
Tennessee” (emphasis added). Governmental entities in Tennessee possess sovereign
immunity from suit except “in such manner and in such courts as the Legislature may by
law direct.” See Tenn. Const. art. I, § 17; see also Davidson v. Lewis Bros. Bakery, 227
S.W.3d 17, 19 (Tenn. 2007); Metro. Gov’t of Nashville & Davidson Cty. v. Allen, 415
S.W.2d 632, 635 (Tenn. 1967).



                                             6
       The trial court found that “the veil of immunity does not extend itself to cover
governmental entities for violations of restraint of trade under the common law.” We
respectfully disagree. As this Court has previously explained:

             The doctrine of sovereign immunity has been part of the common
      law of Tennessee for well over a century and provides that suit may not be
      brought against a governmental entity unless that governmental entity has
      consented to be sued. Hawks v. City of Westmoreland, 960 S.W.2d 10, 14
      (Tenn. 1997) (citing Lucius v. City of Memphis, 925 S.W.2d 522, 525
      (Tenn. 1996)). The doctrine originated in feudal notions of the divine right
      of kings, as the king “‘was at the very pinnacle of the power structure and
      was answerable to no court[.]’” Id. (quoting Cooper v. Rutherford County,
      531 S.W.2d 783, 786 (Tenn. 1975) (Henry, J., dissenting)). The
      longstanding rule of sovereign immunity is embodied in the Tennessee
      Constitution, which provides, “Suits may be brought against the State in
      such manner and in such courts as the Legislature may by law direct.”
      Tenn. Const., Art. I, § 17. In addition, Tennessee Code Annotated section
      20-13-102(a) provides, “No court in the state shall have any power,
      jurisdiction or authority to entertain any suit against the state . . . with a
      view to reach the state, its treasury, funds or property, and all such suits
      shall be dismissed[.]” In the context of sovereign immunity, “‘[t]he State’
      includes ‘the departments, commissions, boards, institutions and
      municipalities of the State.’” Davidson v. Lewis Bros. Bakery, 227 S.W.3d
      17, 19 (Tenn. 2007) (quoting Metro. Gov’t of Nashville & Davidson County
      v. Allen, 220 Tenn. 222, 415 S.W.2d 632, 635 (Tenn. 1967)) (emphasis
      added).

              “Under both the common law doctrine and the constitutional
      provision, ‘governmental entities may prescribe the terms and conditions
      under which they consent to be sued, . . . including when, in what forum,
      and in what manner suit may be brought.’” Sneed v. City of Red Bank,
      Tenn., 459 S.W.3d 17, 23 (Tenn. 2014) (quoting Cruse v. City of Columbia,
      922 S.W.2d 492, 495 (Tenn. 1996)). Our state constitution specifically
      empowers the legislature—not the judiciary—to waive the protections of
      sovereign immunity. Hughes v. Metro. Gov’t of Nashville & Davidson
      Cnty., 340 S.W.3d 352, 360 (Tenn. 2011); Mullins v. State, 320 S.W.3d
      273, 283 (Tenn. 2010). “The General Assembly undoubtedly has control
      over the ‘manner . . . and courts’ in which suits against governmental
      entities may be pursued.” Estate of Bell v. Shelby Cnty. Health Care Corp.,
      318 S.W.3d 823, 837 (Tenn. 2010).


                                            7
             The “traditional construction” of Tennessee’s constitutional
      provision regarding sovereign immunity “is that suits cannot be brought
      against the State unless explicitly authorized by statute.” Colonial Pipeline
      Co. v. Morgan, 263 S.W.3d 827, 849 (Tenn. 2008) (emphasis added). In
      other words, “‘legislation authorizing suits against the state must provide
      for the state’s consent in ‘plain, clear, and unmistakable’ terms.’” Mullins,
      320 S.W.3d at 283 (quoting Northland Ins. Co. v. State, 33 S.W.3d 727,
      731 (Tenn. 2000)). Courts will not find a waiver of sovereign immunity
      “‘unless there is a statute clearly and unmistakably disclosing an intent
      upon the part of the Legislature to permit such litigation.’” Davidson, 227
      S.W.3d at 19 (quoting Scates v. Bd. of Comm’rs of Union City, 196 Tenn.
      274, 265 S.W.2d 563, 565 (1954)).

Bratcher v. Hubler, 508 S.W.3d 206, 208-09 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2015).

      One example of such a statute is the Governmental Tort Liability Act (“GTLA”),
which was codified in 1973 and governs tort claims against cities and other local
government agencies, providing for specific circumstances when sovereign immunity is
removed. See Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 29-20-201 to -408 (2012 & Supp. 2018); Lucius v.
City of Memphis, 925 S.W.2d 522, 525 (Tenn. 1996). As our Supreme Court has
previously explained:

      The GTLA reaffirms, and actually extends, the doctrine of local
      governmental immunity by abolishing the common law distinction between
      governmental and proprietary functions. The relevant portion of the GTLA
      broadly declares:

             Except as may be otherwise provided in this chapter, all
             governmental entities shall be immune from suit for any
             injury which may result from the activities of such
             governmental entities wherein such governmental entities are
             engaged in the exercise and discharge of any of their
             functions, governmental or proprietary.

      Tenn. Code Ann. § 29-20-201(a) (2012). The GTLA then removes
      governmental immunity in limited circumstances for certain enumerated
      injuries. Id. § 29-20-202(a) (immunity removed for injuries resulting from
      the negligent operation of a motor vehicle or other equipment by an
      employee in the scope of employment); id. § 29-20-203(a) (immunity
      removed for injuries caused by a defective, unsafe, or dangerous condition
      on a public roadway or sidewalk); id. § 29-20-204(a) (immunity removed
                                           8
       for injuries caused by dangerous or defective conditions associated with
       public structures or improvements); id. § 29-20-205 (immunity removed for
       injuries caused by the negligence of governmental employees with certain
       exceptions); see also Lucius, 925 S.W.2d at 525 (discussing the GTLA
       generally); Cruse, 922 S.W.2d at 496 (same).

Sneed v. City of Red Bank, 459 S.W.3d 17, 25 (Tenn. 2014) (other internal citations
omitted).

       Notably, the GTLA does not remove governmental immunity for claims based on
common law restraint of trade. In fact, this Court has been unable to locate any statutory
provision that removes sovereign immunity for such a claim. Therefore, in the absence
of a legislative enactment “clearly and unmistakably disclosing an intent upon the part of
the Legislature to permit such litigation,” sovereign immunity remains. Bratcher, 508
S.W.3d at 208-09 (quoting Davidson, 227 S.W.3d at 19).

       HGC contends that sovereign immunity does not shield the City from liability in
this matter because “statutes and ordinances requiring competitive bidding impose upon
the government an implied obligation to consider all bids honestly and fairly as a matter
of contract law, not as a matter of tort law.” We disagree with HGC’s contention.
HGC’s purported claim of common law restraint of trade, if such a cause of action exists,
would sound in tort rather than contract law because by asserting such a claim, HGC
sought damages for the breach of a duty independent of any contract between the parties.
As this Court has previously explained:

             Tort is defined as a private or civil wrong or injury; a wrong
       independent of contract; a violation of a duty imposed by general law or
       otherwise upon all persons occupying the relation to each other involved in
       a given transaction; a violation of some duty owing to plaintiff, and
       generally such duty must arise by operation of law and not by mere
       agreement of the parties. Black’s Law Dictionary, Fourth Edition, p. 1660.

              Since a tort is defined as a civil wrong independent of contract, it
       may be accurately stated that all civil wrongs are either contractual or
       tortious.

Burris v. Hosp. Corp. of Am., 773 S.W.2d 932, 935 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1989).

       One of the many claims asserted by HGC in this action was a breach of contract
claim. The trial court properly granted summary judgment to the City concerning HGC’s
breach of contract claim based upon its finding that the parties herein did not have a valid
                                             9
contract that could be breached. We agree with the trial court’s determination that no
contract existed between the parties and therefore conclude that any claim based in
contract law has been properly addressed. HGC cannot revive such a claim by
attempting to frame its purported claim of common law restraint of trade as a matter of
“contract law.”

        The City retains sovereign immunity against tort claims for which immunity has
not been removed by the legislature. Accordingly, we reverse the trial court’s denial of
summary judgment in favor of the City concerning any purported claim of common law
restraint of trade.

           V. Private Cause of Action for Violation of City Ordinances

       The trial court found that a private cause of action existed that would allow HGC
to sue the City, seeking damages for violations of the City’s own competitive bidding
ordinances. In its January 18, 2018 order, the trial court stated in pertinent part:

              The Court further finds that a private cause of action exists to allow
       [HGC] to proceed in its claim against the City for the City’s purported
       violations of its own competitive bidding ordinances. While the Court
       withholds ruling on whether those ordinances actually were violated or
       whether they establish a remedy for [HGC] due to a violation of those same
       ordinances, the Court does find that a private right of action exists for an
       aggrieved bidder who did not receive a bid if the City’s competitive bidding
       ordinances were violated. This Court finds that the [City’s] argument that
       the appropriate remedy available to [HGC] for a failure of the City to
       follow its own ordinances would be a petition for writ of certiorari review
       is unavailing. This Court holds and finds that while a petition for writ of
       certiorari review may be an adequate remedy, a bidder may also sue a
       governmental entity in the State of Tennessee for damages under a separate
       and private cause of action due to a city’s failure to follow its ordinances.

The City argues that no such private cause of action exists and that the only review of the
City’s decision available to HGC would be by writ of certiorari. Upon our careful review
of this issue, we agree with the City.

      As this Court has previously explained with regard to the question of whether
municipal ordinances create a private right of action for damages:




                                            10
The Court can find no better analysis than that provided by U.S. District
Court Judge Bernice Donald, who considered the same issue and wrote the
following:

              Under Tennessee law, when a plaintiff asserts an
      injury that involves an alleged statutory violation, it is
      incumbent upon the court to determine whether the statute in
      question provides the plaintiff with a cause of action. Petty v.
      Daimler/Chrysler Corp., 91 S.W.3d 765, 768 (Tenn. Ct. App.
      2002). In other words, the mere fact that a statute has been
      allegedly violated and some person harmed, does not
      automatically give rise to a private cause of action for
      monetary relief in favor of that person. Local 3-689, Oil,
      Chemical & Atomic Int’l Union v. Martin Marietta Energy
      Sys., 77 F.3d 131, 136 (6th Cir. 1996). In construing the
      statutory section at issue, the Court is “not privileged to create
      [a private right of action] under the guise of liberal
      interpretation of the statute.” Premium Finance Corp. of Am.
      v. Crump Ins. Serv. of Memphis, Inc., 978 S.W.2d 91, 93
      (Tenn. 1998). Rather, it is the legislative body that has the
      authority to create legal rights and interests and no right of
      action can be brought until there is legislative authority for
      that right of action. Id.; Hogan v. McDaniel, 204 Tenn. 235,
      319 S.W.2d 221, 225 (Tenn. 1958). As a result, the burden of
      proving the existence of a private right of action lies with the
      plaintiff. Premium Finance, 978 S.W.2d at 93 (citing Ergon,
      Inc. v. Amoco Oil Co., 966 F. Supp. 577, 585 (W.D. Tenn.
      1997)).

             Relying on Ergon, this Court noted recently that
      Tennessee courts have utilized the standard set forth by the
      United States Supreme Court to determine whether a statute
      implies a private right of action. Matthews v. Storgion, 335 F.
      Supp. 2d 878, 890 (W.D. Tenn. 2004). In that case, the Court
      observed that “[t]he touchstone of the analysis is legislative
      intent: whether the legislature intended in passing the statute
      to provide a private right of action.” Id. (quoting Ergon, 966
      F. Supp. at 583). The factors to consider include whether “1)
      the plaintiff is a member of the class intended to benefit from
      the statute, 2) there is any indication of a legislative intent to
      create a private right of action under the statute, and 3) a
                                     11
private cause of action is consistent with the underlying
purposes of the legislation.” Id.

       Under the above test, the court must first look to the
language of the statutory section for guidance. Id. (citing
Ergon, 966 F. Supp. at 584). As stated by the Court in Ergon,
“unless the legislative intent to create a private right of action
‘can be inferred from the language of the statute, the statutory
structure, or some other source, the essential predicate for
implication of a private remedy simply does not exist.’”
Ergon, 966 F. Supp. at 584 (quoting Thompson v. Thompson,
484 U.S. 174, 179, 108 S. Ct. 513, 98 L. Ed. 2d 512, (1988)).
In the present case, neither the Charter nor the City Ordinance
provisions at issue explicitly provide for a private cause of
action for individual monetary relief or retroactive
promotions for an alleged violation of these provisions.
There is no enforcement mechanism specifically set forth in §
250.1 of the Charter or § 9-3 of the City Ordinances. See
Premium Finance, 978 S.W.2d 93 (finding no private right of
action, in part, where the statute at issue imposed a specific,
mandatory duty but provided no enforcement mechanism for
the duty).

       Additionally, the respective Articles in which these
sections exist do not provide for any method of enforcing the
provisions § 250.1 of the Charter or § 9-3 of the City
Ordinances. See Charter, Art. 34; Memphis Code of
Ordinances, Art. 9. Finally, there is nothing explicit or
implicit in either provision that indicates any intent to provide
a private right of action for monetary relief or retroactive
promotions to enforce these provisions. Cf. Pratt v. Smart
Corp., 968 S.W.2d 868, 872-73 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1997)
(finding that the Medical Records Act authorized a private
cause of action by reason of the fact that it allowed for
recovery of “actual damages” for willful or reckless
violations). Thus, the language of the Charter and City
Ordinance provisions does not support a private right of
action for monetary relief or retroactive promotions.

       Accordingly, although the Court has found Defendant
to be in violation of the City Charter and Ordinances in its
                               12
                administration of the 2000 process, the Court finds that the
                remedies Plaintiffs seek are unavailable under the city laws.

        Johnson v. City of Memphis, Nos. 00-2608 DP, 04-2017 DP, 04-2013 DA,
        2006 WL 3827481, at *17-18 (W.D. Tenn. Dec. 28, 2006).

Gillespie v. City of Memphis, No. W2007-01786-COA-R3-CV, 2008 WL 2331027, at *9-
11 (Tenn. Ct. App. June 5, 2008).

        The ordinances at issue herein provide a procedure for the solicitation and
acceptance of competitive bids for the City’s purchase of goods and services.3 The
ordinances further provide guidelines for the City’s determination of the “lowest
responsible bidder,” which include consideration of the bidder’s experience and the
“quality of performance of previous contracts or services.” The ordinances do not
explicitly provide for a private cause of action for individual monetary damages, and no
legislative intent to create such a cause of action can be inferred from the language used.
See id. at *10. Furthermore, although the ordinances impose a duty on the City to solicit
and consider competitive bids according to the provided guidelines, the ordinances
provide no enforcement mechanism for that duty. See id. We accordingly conclude that
the municipal ordinances at issue do not provide HGC with a private right of action for
monetary damages for an alleged violation of the ordinances’ provisions.

        The City argues that HGC’s sole remedy for any alleged violation of the
competitive bidding ordinances was via a writ of certiorari. The issue of whether a writ
of certiorari is the exclusive remedy for an allegation of violation of competitive bidding
ordinances has been previously addressed by this Court in Duracap Asphalt Paving Co.
Inc. v. City of Oak Ridge, No. E2017-02414-COA-R3-CV, 2018 WL 4236501, at *3
(Tenn. Ct. App. Sept. 6, 2018), wherein this Court explained:

               The appropriate mechanism to challenge the action of a
        governmental board or body depends on the nature of the function that is at
        issue. The essential question posed is “whether the inferior tribunal, board
        or officer exercised a legislative or an administrative function.” McCallen
        v. City of Memphis, 786 S.W.2d 633, 638 (Tenn. 1990) (citing Fallin v.
        Knox Cnty. Bd. of Comm’rs, 656 S.W.2d 338, 341 (Tenn. 1983)). As this
3
  Although the full texts of the ordinances do not appear in the record, they have been submitted to this
Court as an appendix to the City’s brief, and the City has asked this Court to take judicial notice thereof.
HGC made no objection to our consideration of the ordinances in its responsive brief and, in fact, also
attached a copy of the purchasing ordinances. Accordingly, this Court may take judicial knowledge of
and review such duly enacted ordinances. See Tenn. R. Evid. 202(b)(3); Davis Grp. (MC), Inc. v. Metro.
Gov’t of Nashville & Davidson Cty., 912 S.W.2d 178, 181 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1995).

                                                    13
       Court has explained, “[i]n the former case, an action for declaratory
       judgment is appropriate, while in the latter case, a petition for common law
       writ of certiorari is the proper method by which to challenge an
       administrative decision.” Kiger v. Nixon, 1996 WL 512031, at *5 (Tenn.
       Ct. App. Sept. 11, 1996) (citing McCallen, 786 S.W.2d at 639).
       Distinguishing a legislative action from an administrative action[FN] can be
       done by focusing on whether the action taken makes new law or executes
       one already in existence. McCallen, 786 S.W.2d at 639 (citation omitted).
       “In order to qualify as an administrative, judicial, or quasi-judicial act, the
       discretionary authority of the government body must be exercised within
       existing standards and guidelines.” Id.
              [FN]
                  The term “administrative” is frequently used interchangeably in
       case law with “judicial” or “quasi-judicial.” McCallen, 786 S.W.2d at 638
       (citation omitted).

        In Duracap, the plaintiff asphalt company had filed suit against the City of Oak
Ridge following the plaintiff’s unsuccessful bid on a street resurfacing project. See
Duracap, 2018 WL 4236501, at *1. The plaintiff sought declaratory relief, damages, and
certiorari review. Id. The trial court treated the plaintiff’s complaint as a petition for
common law writ of certiorari, determining that such was the proper method for review
of the city’s decision concerning the bid award. Id. at *2. The trial court accordingly
dismissed all other claims invoking the original jurisdiction of the court as being
improperly joined to the petition for writ of certiorari. Id. The Duracap trial court
subsequently dismissed the petition for writ of certiorari due to the plaintiff’s failure to
comply with the statutory and constitutional verification requirements concerning a writ
of certiorari. Id.

       On appeal to this Court, the Duracap plaintiff asserted that the trial court had erred
by dismissing the plaintiff’s claims for declaratory and equitable relief upon concluding
that the only relief for any alleged violations of the city’s competitive bidding ordinances
would be through a common law writ of certiorari. Id. This Court determined that
because the decision to award the project had been made “within the confines of existing
law in light of pre-defined standards” (the city’s municipal code) and therefore executed
law already in existence, the decision was properly characterized as administrative or
quasi-judicial rather than legislative.4 Id. at *4. As such, this Court determined that
“common law certiorari was the proper vehicle for review.” Id. at *8. The Duracap
Court affirmed the trial court’s dismissal of the plaintiff’s additional claims. Id.


4
 As previously explained, a legislative action is one that “makes new law.” See Duracap, 2018 WL
4236501, at *3.
                                              14
        In the case at bar, it is undisputed that the City had a municipal code in place that
defined the standards by which bids would be submitted, reviewed, and accepted. In fact,
HGC relies upon the existence of the City’s competitive bidding ordinances for its
contention that a private right of action exists for an alleged violation thereof. The
difficulty with HGC’s claim, however, is that because the City’s decision was made
“within the confines of existing law in light of pre-defined standards” (the City’s
ordinances concerning competitive bidding) and therefore executed law already in
existence, the decision must be properly characterized as administrative or quasi-judicial
rather than legislative. See Duracap, 2018 WL 4236501, at *4. As such, pursuant to this
Court’s decision in Duracap, as well as previous decisions, a common law writ of
certiorari is the only method of review of such a decision. See id. at *8; Johnson v.
Metro. Gov’t for Nashville Davidson Cty., 54 S.W.3d 772, 774 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2001)
(explaining that the common law writ of certiorari “is the only mechanism by which a
court may review” administrative decisions); Anderson v. Metro. Dev. & Hous. Agency,
No. M2012-01789-COA-R3-CV, 2013 WL 3941079, at *5 (Tenn. Ct. App. July 26,
2013) (determining that a common law writ of certiorari was the only method to
“adjudicate claims brought by parties aggrieved by the orders or judgments of public
bodies.”). See also State v. Farris, No. W2017-00438-COA-R3-CV, 2018 WL 1225746,
at *8 (Tenn. Ct. App. Mar. 9, 2018), perm. app. denied (Tenn. July 19, 2018) (“[W]hen a
board is performing an administrative or quasi-judicial function, review under the
common law writ of certiorari is appropriate.”).

       HGC relies on this Court’s decision in Browning-Ferris Indus. of Tenn., Inc. v.
City of Oak Ridge, 644 S.W.2d 400, 402 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1982), for its assertion that a
private right of action exists against a governmental entity for an alleged violation of its
competitive bidding ordinances. However, as this Court explained in Duracap:

       [W]e have no quarrel with the holding in [Browning-Ferris] that an
       aggrieved low bidder had standing to sue the City for its failure to comply
       with competitive bidding requirements. However, we would note that the
       Browning-Ferris court did not contemplate the propriety, or lack thereof, of
       review by writ of certiorari, as both the Anderson and Duckworth decisions
       acknowledge. See Duckworth Pathology Grp., Inc. [v. Reg’l Med. Center
       at Memphis], [No. W2012-02607-COA-R3-CV,] 2014 WL 1514602, at *7
       [(Tenn. Ct. App. Apr. 17, 2014)] (noting that the issue before this Court in
       Browning-Ferris was “limited to standing, and there was no discussion of
       subject matter jurisdiction or the possibility of proceeding via a petition for
       certiorari”); Anderson, 2013 WL 3941079, at *4 n.2 (“Our opinion in
       Browning-Ferris contains no indication that the question of jurisdiction was
       ever raised at any point in the course of that litigation.”). Certainly,
       therefore, Browning-Ferris does not stand for the proposition that
                                             15
       challenges to this particular municipality’s competitive bid processes must
       be pursued by declaratory judgment as opposed to through a writ of
       certiorari. That particular question was not specifically entertained.

Duracap, 2018 WL 4236501, at *4. We agree with the Duracap Court’s analysis and
conclude that the Browning-Ferris decision, although providing that an unsuccessful
bidder had standing to sue the City for its alleged failure to comply with competitive
bidding requirements, “did not contemplate the propriety, or lack thereof, of review by
writ of certiorari.” See id.; see also Duckworth Pathology Grp., Inc. v. Reg’l Med. Ctr. at
Memphis, No. W2012-02607-COA-R3-CV, 2014 WL 1514602, at *7 (Tenn. Ct. App.
Apr. 17, 2014); Anderson, 2013 WL 3941079, at *4 n.2.

        HGC also relies on this Court’s opinion in Metropolitan Air Research Testing
Authority, Inc. v. Metropolitan Government of Nashville & Davidson County, 842
S.W.2d 611, 617-18 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1992), wherein this Court similarly explained that
an unsuccessful bidder would have standing to bring an action against a city for an
alleged violation of the city’s competitive bidding requirements. In Metropolitan Air, the
plaintiff was an unsuccessful bidder for a contract for the city’s vehicle inspection
program. Id. at 614. The bidder filed suit against the city, asserting that the contract
award should be set aside because the successful bidder’s proposal did not meet the bid
specifications and because the city’s selection process violated the Sunshine Law. Id.
The trial court dismissed the bidder’s claims, and the bidder appealed. Id.

        On appeal in Metropolitan Air, this Court held that the bidder had standing to
assert both a Sunshine Law claim and also a claim based on the alleged violation of the
city’s competitive bidding requirements. Id. at 615. With regard to the claim alleging a
violation of the city’s competitive bidding ordinances, this Court explained:

               For many years, the courts held that unsuccessful bidders did not
       have standing to challenge the award of a public contract because they had
       no right to contract with the government. That view is now giving way to a
       growing number of decisions permitting suits for declaratory or equitable
       relief by prospective or disappointed bidders who have been aggrieved by a
       refusal to award a public contract to the lowest responsible qualified bidder.

Id. at 616 (internal citations omitted). This Court further elucidated:

       [A]n increasing number of courts recognize that unsuccessful bidders have
       standing to vindicate the public’s interest in competitive bidding. However,
       in the absence of a statute, an unsuccessful bidder’s standing extends only


                                             16
        to equitable or declaratory relief to ensure enforcement of required
        competitive bidding procedures.

Id. at 617 (internal citations omitted) (emphasis added). We accordingly conclude that
although this Court in Metropolitan Air, as in Browning-Ferris, did not analyze the
specific question of whether the sole remedy for an alleged violation of the city’s bidding
ordinances was via common law writ of certiorari,5 the Metropolitan Air Court did
clearly indicate that in the absence of a statute, an unsuccessful bidder’s standing extends
only to “equitable or declaratory relief to ensure enforcement of required competitive
bidding procedures.” See id.

       In the instant matter, the trial court dismissed HGC’s claim for equitable or
declaratory relief, finding such claim to be non-justiciable because no equitable or
declaratory relief was available to HGC. The propriety of that action is not before us for
interlocutory review. The issue presented to this Court is “whether the ordinances
governing competitive bidding for the City authorize unsuccessful bidders to bring a
private right of action for money damages for violation of their terms and/or whether a
petition for a writ of certiorari review is the sole remedy.” In accordance with the
precedent analyzed above, we determine that unsuccessful bidders are not authorized by
the municipal ordinances to bring a private cause of action for monetary damages for an
alleged violation of the City’s competitive bidding ordinances and that a petition for writ
of certiorari is the sole method of review of such an alleged violation. We therefore
reverse the trial court’s denial of summary judgment to the City on this issue.

                                            VI. Conclusion

       For the foregoing reasons, we reverse the trial court’s denial of the City’s
summary judgment motion. We remand this matter to the trial court for entry of
summary judgment in favor of the City concerning HGC’s claims. Costs on appeal are
taxed to the appellee, H Group Construction, LLC.

                                                          ________________________________
                                                          THOMAS R. FRIERSON, II, JUDGE

5
  The action in Metropolitan Air was filed on August 8, 1990, following the city’s award of the contract to
another bidder on June 26, 1990. See Metro. Air, 842 S.W.2d at 615. Therefore, the action was filed
within sixty days as required for a writ of certiorari. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 27-9-102 (2017). However,
the opinion does not indicate whether writ of certiorari review was sought. See generally Metro. Air, 842
S.W.2d at 613-21; Duckworth, 2014 WL 1514602, at *6 (“Throughout [Metropolitan Air], however, there
was no mention of petitions for certiorari or whether such a petition would be an appropriate way of
challenging the award of a public contract.”). This Court ultimately affirmed the trial court’s dismissal of
the bidder’s claims because the bid submitted by the bidder was not in accordance with the city’s
specifications. See Metro. Air, 842 S.W.2d at 621.
                                                    17
