                                COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA


Present: Judges Elder, Beales and Senior Judge Annunziata


WILLIAM H. KIRKENDALE
                                                                 MEMORANDUM OPINION *
v.      Record No. 1446-10-4                                         PER CURIAM
                                                                    MARCH 29, 2011
KRISTEN A. KIRKENDALE


                      FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF LOUDOUN COUNTY
                                  James H. Chamblin, Judge

                  (William H. Kirkendale, pro se, on brief).

                  (Kristen A. Kirkendale, pro se, on brief).


        William H. Kirkendale (husband) appeals a final decree of divorce. Husband argues that the

trial court erred by (1) not considering the testimony of the mother of Kristen A. Kirkendale (wife)

because it corroborated husband’s testimony and evidence regarding wife’s alcoholism;

(2) preserving wife’s Fifth Amendment assertions to questions asked at trial; (3) striking a question

and not allowing husband to fully answer a question regarding wife’s psychological services; (4) not

imputing income to wife and not considering that her alcoholism led to her loss of full-time

employment as a teacher; (5) not factoring in work-related childcare into the child support

calculation; (6) not considering husband’s ability to pay spousal support, especially in light of his

income and expense statement; (7) not considering the best interests of the children when

calculating child support and spousal support, as the rulings do not allow husband to maintain the

same standard of living for the children; (8) holding that the debt to wife’s sister was marital and

apportioning this debt equally between the parties; (9) holding husband solely responsible for the

debt arising from the business loan taken out in 2002; (10) holding that any issue not discussed and

        *
            Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.
ruled on by the trial court should be decided by mutual agreement of the parties; (11) not giving

husband a credit for the reduction of debt he paid since the final hearing; and (12) not awarding

attorney’s fees to husband. 1 Upon reviewing the record and briefs of the parties, we conclude that

this appeal is without merit. Accordingly, we summarily affirm the decision of the trial court.

See Rule 5A:27.

                                         BACKGROUND

       Husband and wife married on July 10, 1993, separated on August 28, 2008, and divorced

on April 16, 2010. The parties have three minor children. In December 2008, husband filed a

complaint for divorce, to which wife responded and filed a cross-complaint for divorce. On

October 21 and 22, 2009, the trial court heard evidence regarding the grounds for divorce,

custody and visitation, equitable distribution, spousal support, child support, and attorney’s fees.

The trial court issued a detailed, nineteen-page letter opinion on January 13, 2010. The trial

court granted husband a divorce based on living separate and apart for more than one year. The

trial court granted the parties joint legal custody of the children, with husband having primary

physical custody. After considering the factors in Code § 20-107.3, the trial court ruled that

“there should be an essentially equal division of the [liquid assets] and that all of the debt, except

for Mr. Kirkendale’s business and motorcycle loans, should be apportioned equally between the

parties.” Furthermore, the trial court ruled that husband did not meet his burden to prove that

wife was voluntarily underemployed; therefore, it declined to impute income to her. After

considering the factors in Code § 20-107.1, the trial court awarded wife spousal support in the

amount of $2,500 per month for three years and reserved her right to request spousal support,

upon a change of circumstances, after that time period, for seven years. Next, the trial court


       1
         Husband lists thirteen assignments of error in his opening brief; however, the twelfth
and thirteenth issue both concern the trial court’s refusal to award attorney’s fees to either party.

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considered child support and concluded that it did not have sufficient information to determine

the cost of the work-related childcare. As a result, wife’s child support obligation is $452 per

month. Lastly, the trial court declined to award attorney’s fees to either party.

       Husband filed a motion for reconsideration, which the trial court ultimately denied. The

trial court entered the divorce decree on April 16, 2010. Each party filed several post-trial

motions, and a final order regarding the distribution of personal property was entered on June 7,

2010. This appeal followed.

                                            ANALYSIS

                                     Wife’s Motion to Dismiss

       Wife included a motion to dismiss in her brief. She argues that husband’s appeal should be

dismissed for his failure to file an appendix pursuant to Rule 5A:25; however, this Court ruled on

January 27, 2011 that the appeal could proceed even though husband did not timely file an

appendix.2 Accordingly, we deny wife’s motion.

                                Issues 1, 2, 3, 6, and 10 - Rule 5A:18

       Husband failed to preserve issues 1, 2, 3, 6, and 10. “No ruling of the trial court . . . will

be considered as a basis for reversal unless the objection was stated together with the grounds

therefor at the time of the ruling, except for good cause shown or to enable the Court of Appeals

to attain the ends of justice.” 3 Rule 5A:18. We “will not consider an argument on appeal which


       2
         Initially, husband did not file an appendix with his opening brief. This Court issued a
show cause order, to which husband responded and filed a late appendix. Husband’s appendix
included the trial court’s letter opinion dated January 13, 2010, husband’s income and expense
statement dated October 20, 2009, two out of four pages of husband’s objections to the final
decree, and Exhibit A of the final decree regarding the parties’ debts.
       3
           Effective July 1, 2010, Rule 5A:18 was revised to state that “[n]o ruling of the trial
court . . . will be considered as a basis for reversal unless an objection was stated with reasonable
certainty at the time of the ruling . . . .” Because the proceedings below were completed prior to
this revision taking effect, we will rely on the language of Rule 5A:18 that was then in effect.

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was not presented to the trial court.” Ohree v. Commonwealth, 26 Va. App. 299, 308, 494

S.E.2d 484, 488 (1998). “The purpose of Rule 5A:18 is to allow the trial court to correct in the

trial court any error that is called to its attention.” Lee v. Lee, 12 Va. App. 512, 514, 404 S.E.2d

736, 737 (1991) (en banc). A pro se litigant appearing “is no less bound by the rules of

procedure and substantive law than a defendant represented by counsel.” Townes v.

Commonwealth, 234 Va. 307, 319, 362 S.E.2d 650, 657 (1987).

        Therefore, we will not consider these issues.

                               Issues 4, 5, 8, and 11 - Rule 5A:20(e)

        Husband did not comply with Rule 5A:20(e) because his opening brief does not contain

any principles of law, or citation to legal authorities, to fully develop his arguments for issues 4,

5, 8, and 11. Rule 5A:20(e) mandates that appellant’s opening brief include “[t]he standard of

review and the argument (including principles of law and authorities) relating to each assignment

of error.”

        Husband has the burden of showing that reversible error was committed. See Lutes v.

Alexander, 14 Va. App. 1075, 1077, 421 S.E.2d 857, 859 (1992). Unsupported assertions of

error “do not merit appellate consideration.” Buchanan v. Buchanan, 14 Va. App. 53, 56, 415

S.E.2d 237, 239 (1992). Furthermore this Court “will not search the record for errors in order to

interpret the appellant’s contention and correct deficiencies in a brief.” Id. Nor is it this Court’s

“function to comb through the record . . . in order to ferret-out for ourselves the validity of

[appellant’s] claims.” Fitzgerald v. Bass, 6 Va. App. 38, 56 n.7, 366 S.E.2d 615, 625 n.7 (1988)

(en banc). “Even pro se litigants must comply with the rules of court.” Francis v. Francis, 30

Va. App. 584, 591, 518 S.E.2d 842, 846 (1999).




See Fails v. Va. State Bar, 265 Va. 3, 5 n.1, 574 S.E.2d 530, 531 n.1 (2003) (applying the Rule
of Court in effect at the time of the proceedings below).
                                                -4-
       We find that husband’s failure to comply with Rule 5A:20(e) is significant, so we will not

consider issues 4, 5, 8, and 11. See Fadness v. Fadness, 52 Va. App. 833, 851, 667 S.E.2d 857,

866 (2008) (“If the parties believed that the circuit court erred, it was their duty to present that

error to us with legal authority to support their contention.”); Parks v. Parks, 52 Va. App. 663,

664, 666 S.E.2d 547, 548 (2008).

                                  Issues 7, 9, and 12 – Rule 5A:25

        Husband failed to provide us with the necessary documents in the appendix to consider

issues 7, 9, and 12. The appendix includes only two out of four pages of his objections to the

final decree, and issues 7, 9, and 12 were not listed in those two pages of objections.

Furthermore, the appendix did not contain husband’s motion for reconsideration, the order

denying his motion, and those portions of the transcript necessary for us to review husband’s

arguments. See Rule 5A:25.

               The appendix must include “any testimony and other incidents of
               the case germane to the questions presented,” Rule 5A:25(c)(3),
               and “exhibits necessary for an understanding of the case that can
               reasonably be reproduced,” Rule 5A:25(c)(6). “The appendix is a
               tool vital to the function of the appellate process in Virginia. . . .
               By requiring the inclusion of all parts of the record germane to the
               issues, the Rules promote the cause of plenary justice.” Thrasher
               v. Burlage, 219 Va. 1007, 1009-10, 254 S.E.2d 64, 66 (1979) (per
               curiam). Thus, the filing of an appendix that complies with the
               Rules, is “essential to an informed collegiate decision.” Id.

Patterson v. City of Richmond, 39 Va. App. 706, 717, 576 S.E.2d 759, 764-65 (2003).

       Husband failed to provide us with an adequate appendix to enable us to address his

assignments of error. Because the appendix filed in this case does not contain a part of the




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record that is essential to the resolution of the issues before us, we affirm the judgment of the

trial court. 4

                                          CONCLUSION

         For the foregoing reasons, the trial court’s ruling is summarily affirmed. Rule 5A:27.

                                                                                           Affirmed.




         4
        In addition to his failure to comply with Rule 5A:25, husband failed to comply with
Rule 5A:20(e) for these assignments of error, and this failure is significant. See Jay v.
Commonwealth, 275 Va. 510, 520, 659 S.E.2d 311, 317 (2008).

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