J-S30005-20


NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

    COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA               :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                               :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                               :
                v.                             :
                                               :
                                               :
    RONALD KEITH HALL, JR.                     :
                                               :
                       Appellant               :   No. 1499 WDA 2019

        Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered August 29, 2019
      In the Court of Common Pleas of Fayette County Criminal Division at
                        No(s): CP-26-CR-0001719-2018


BEFORE:      MURRAY, J., McLAUGHLIN, J., and STEVENS, P.J.E.*

MEMORANDUM BY MURRAY, J.:                                 FILED JULY 30, 2020

        Ronald Keith Hall, Jr. (Appellant) appeals from the judgment of sentence

imposed following his convictions of possession with the intent to deliver a

controlled substance (PWID), possession of a controlled substance, and

driving with a suspended or revoked license.1 Upon review, we affirm.

        As a result of the delivery of controlled substances to a confidential

police informant (CI) on August 21, 2017, Appellant was charged with

conspiracy to deliver a controlled substance, PWID, conspiracy to possess a

controlled substance, possession of a controlled substance, and driving with a

suspended or revoked license. Appellant appeared for a jury trial on August

5, 2019. The trial court summarized the evidence presented at trial:
____________________________________________


*   Former Justice specially assigned to the Superior Court.

1 35 P.S. § 780-113(a)(30), 35 P.S. § 780-113(a)(16), and 75 Pa.C.S.A. §
1543(b)(1).
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            The Commonwealth first called Officer James Stevenson
     [(Officer Stevenson)], a patrolman with the City of Johnstown.
     Officer Stevenson testified that he had previously worked as a
     detective with the Fayette County Bureau of Investigations. His
     duties at that time included assisting with controlled witness buys,
     drug buys, and search warrants. . . .

           Regarding the incident in question, Officer Stevenson was
     asked by Officer Thomas Patton to assist with a controlled buy.
     Officer Patton was in contact with a [CI] and the controlled buy
     was to take place at Martin’s Plaza parking lot in Connellsville. The
     target of the controlled buy was Joseph Trillow [(Mr. Trillow)].
     Officer Stevenson was provided with a photograph of Mr. Trillow
     beforehand.

           Officer Stevenson arrived in an unmarked vehicle at Martin’s
     Plaza parking lot at around 6 PM on August 21, 2017. It was
     evening and the sun was setting but it was still light out. There
     was nothing obstructing Officer Stevenson’s view.          Officer
     Stevenson witnessed the [CI] arrive first, with Officer Patton
     behind them.

            About ten minutes later, the target vehicle arrived. It was
     a gold Ford Explorer with the windows down. Officer Stevenson
     saw a white male with a fluorescent highlighter-colored work vest.
     The Officer also saw Mr. Trillow in the passenger seat. As the Ford
     Explorer drove through the parking lot, it cut through the lot
     instead of driving up and down the aisles as it drove towards the
     [CI’s] vehicle.

           The Ford Explorer parked next to the [CI’s] vehicle. The
     [CI] exited their vehicle and went to the passenger’s side of the
     Explorer. After two or three minutes of conversation followed by
     an interaction, the [CI] got back in their own vehicle and both
     vehicles drove away. Officer Stevenson identified the driver of the
     Ford Explorer as [Appellant].

            The Commonwealth also called Officer Thomas Patton
     [(Officer Patton)], who is employed as a Detective Lieutenant with
     the City of Connellsville Police and a Detective with the Fayette
     County Bureau of Investigations. Officer Patton testified that he
     organized the controlled buy involving the [CI] on August 21,


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      2017. The arrangement was for the [CI] to buy a bundle of heroin
      from [Mr.] Trillow in the parking lot of Martin’s Plaza.

            The [CI] and their vehicle were searched prior to the
      transaction with Mr. Trillow. The [CI] was also given department
      funds to pay for the drugs.

             Officer Patton’s testimony of the controlled buy was similar
      to Officer Stevenson’s. After the controlled buy was over, the Ford
      Explorer drove diagonally across the parking lot towards the exit.
      Nobody got out of the Ford Explorer while it was [in] view of the
      Officers, and nobody in the Explorer conducted any other business
      at Martin’s Plaza at that time.

            After the Explorer left the parking lot, Officer Patton met
      with the [CI]. The informant handed Officer Patton ten stamp
      bags of heroin, which were sent to the State Police Crime Lab for
      testing. The informant did not have any money or any other drugs
      on them after the transaction.

           As a result of the controlled buy, Officer Patton filed criminal
      charges against [Appellant].

            The Commonwealth also called Stacy Cox to testify. Ms.
      Cox is employed as a Forensic Scientist at the State Police Crime
      Lab in Greensburg, Pennsylvania. Ms. Cox was admitted as an
      expert in the fields of forensic science and drug identification. Ms.
      Cox testified at trial that she tested the substances in the bag that
      the laboratory received in this case. Her conclusion was that the
      bag contained cocaine, a Schedule II controlled substance, and an
      opiate called U-47700, which is a Federal Regulations Schedule I
      controlled substance. . . .

             At the conclusion of the trial, the [j]ury found [Appellant]
      guilty of [d]elivery of a [c]ontrolled [s]ubstance and [p]ossession
      of a [c]ontrolled [s]ubstance. This [c]ourt found [Appellant] guilty
      of the summary offense of [d]riving with a [s]uspended or
      [r]evoked [l]icense.

Trial Court Opinion, 12/4/19, at 2-4 (footnote omitted).

      On August 29, 2019, the trial court sentenced Appellant to 60 days of

incarceration at his driving with a suspended or revoked license conviction, 12


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to 24 months of incarceration at his PWID conviction, and imposed no further

penalty for possession of a controlled substance. Appellant filed a timely post-

sentence motion, which the trial court denied on September 16, 2019. This

timely appeal followed. Both the trial court and Appellant have complied with

Pennsylvania Rule of Appellate Procedure 1925.

      Appellant presents three issues for review:

      [1.] WHETHER THE EVIDENCE WAS LEGALLY AND FACTUALLY
      SUFFICIENT TO PROVE THAT [APPELLANT] POSSESSED AN
      ILLEGAL SUBSTANCE.

      [2.] WHETHER THE EVIDENCE WAS LEGALLY AND FACTUALLY
      SUFFICIENT TO PROVE THAT [APPELLANT] POSSESSED AN
      ILLEGAL SUBSTANCE WITH THE INTENT TO DELIVER.

      [3.] WHETHER THE TRIAL COURT ABUSED ITS DISCRETION BY
      DENYING THE POST[-]SENTENCE MOTIONS OF [APPELLANT]
      WHEN THE JURY’S VERDICTS WERE AGAINST THE WEIGHT OF
      THE EVIDENCE.

Appellant’s Brief at 4.

      In his first two issues, Appellant challenges the sufficiency of the

evidence supporting his convictions for PWID and possession of a controlled

substance.    See Appellant’s Brief at 8-10.           Appellant argues that the

Commonwealth      failed   to   produce   sufficient   evidence   supporting   the

possession element of each crime. Specifically, Appellant’s argument rests on

the fact that he was the driver of the vehicle and did not participate in the

transaction. He avers that the “controlled buy was done by Mr. Trillow only

from the passenger side of the vehicle, Appellant contends that he was not




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involved, and there was insufficient evidence to prove that he [p]ossessed a

[c]ontrolled [s]ubstance.” Id. at 9.

      We begin by noting the relevant standard of review:

          The standard we apply in reviewing the sufficiency of the
      evidence is whether viewing all the evidence admitted at trial in
      the light most favorable to the verdict winner, there is sufficient
      evidence to enable the fact-finder to find every element of the
      crime beyond a reasonable doubt. In applying the above test, we
      may not weigh the evidence and substitute our judgment for [that
      of] the fact-finder. In addition, we note that the facts and
      circumstances established by the Commonwealth need not
      preclude every possibility of innocence. Any doubts regarding a
      defendant’s guilt may be resolved by the fact-finder unless the
      evidence is so weak and inconclusive that as a matter of law no
      probability of fact may be drawn from the combined
      circumstances. The Commonwealth may sustain its burden of
      proving every element of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt by
      means of wholly circumstantial evidence. Moreover, in applying
      the above test, the entire record must be evaluated and all
      evidence actually received must be considered. Finally, the trier
      of fact while passing upon the credibility of witnesses and the
      weight of the evidence produced, is free to believe all, part or none
      of the evidence.

Commonwealth v. Leaner, 202 A.3d 749, 768 (Pa. Super. 2019) (citation

omitted). To reiterate, the jury, as the trier of fact—while passing on the

credibility of the witnesses and the weight of the evidence—is free to believe

all, part, or none of the evidence. Commonwealth v. Melvin, 103 A.3d 1,

39 (Pa. Super. 2014) (citation omitted). In conducting review, the appellate

court may not weigh the evidence and substitute its judgment for the fact-

finder. Id. at 39-40.

      “To sustain a conviction for the crime of possession of a controlled



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substance, the Commonwealth must prove that [a]ppellant knowingly or

intentionally possessed a controlled substance without being properly

registered to do so under the Act.” Commonwealth v. Brown, 48 A.3d 426,

430 (Pa. Super. 2012) (citing 35 P.S. § 780-113(a)(16)).         “The crime of

[PWID] requires the Commonwealth to prove an additional element:             that

Appellant possessed the controlled substance with the intent to manufacture,

distribute, or deliver it.”   Brown, 48 A.3d at 430 (citing 35 P.S. § 780-

113(a)(30)).

      As to possession crimes, we have stated:

            The Crimes Code defines the term “possession” as “an act,
      within the meaning of this section, if the possessor knowingly
      procured or received the thing possessed or was aware of his
      control thereof for a sufficient period to have been able to
      terminate his possession.” 18 Pa.C.S.[A.] § 301(c).

             This Court has held that possession can be found by proving
      actual possession, constructive possession, or joint constructive
      possession. Where a defendant is not in actual possession of the
      prohibited items, the Commonwealth must establish that the
      defendant had constructive possession to support the conviction.
      Constructive possession is a legal fiction, a pragmatic construct to
      deal with the realities of criminal law enforcement. We have
      defined constructive possession as conscious dominion, meaning
      that the defendant has the power to control the contraband and
      the intent to exercise that control. To aid application, we have
      held that constructive possession may be established by the
      totality of the circumstances.

            It is well established that, as with any other element of a
      crime, constructive possession may be proven by circumstantial
      evidence. In other words, the Commonwealth must establish
      facts from which the trier of fact can reasonably infer that the
      defendant exercised dominion and control over the contraband at
      issue. . . . [A] defendant’s mere presence at a place where
      contraband is found or secreted is insufficient, standing alone, to

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      prove that he exercised dominion and control over those items.
      Thus, the location and proximity of an actor to the contraband
      alone is not conclusive of guilt. Rather, knowledge of the
      existence and location of the contraband is a necessary
      prerequisite to proving the defendant’s intent to control, and,
      thus, his constructive possession.

             If the only inference that the fact finder can make form the
      facts is a suspicion of possession, the Commonwealth has failed
      to prove constructive possession. It is well settled that facts
      giving rise to mere ‘association,’ ‘suspicion[,’] or ‘conjecture,’ will
      not make out a case of constructive possession.”

Commonwealth v. Parrish, 191 A.3d 31, 36-37 (Pa. Super. 2018) (some

citations omitted).

      In addressing Appellant’s sufficiency claims, the trial court explained:

             Here, the evidence at trial was that [Appellant] was driving
      the Ford Explorer, and that [Mr.] Trillow was a passenger in the
      vehicle. Mr. Trillow was the target of a controlled drug buy. Both
      [o]fficers testified that they had a clear view of [Appellant], and
      both identified him in court during the trial.

            [Appellant] drove the Explorer to the meeting place in
      Martin’s Plaza for the controlled buy. The Ford Explorer drove
      diagonally through the parking lot at Martin’s Plaza without driving
      up and down the aisles. The apparent eagerness with which the
      Explorer drove through the parking lot is evidence that the driver
      knew of the destination and what was to happen there. The
      Explorer then parked right next to the [CI’s] vehicle.

             [Appellant] never exited the Explorer during the transaction.
      After the transaction was over, neither [Appellant] nor Mr. Trillow
      had any other business in the Martin’s Plaza. This is further
      evidence that the driver of the Explorer came to Martin’s Plaza for
      one purpose alone—a drug transaction.

             Those facts support the conclusion that [Appellant], as the
      driver of the vehicle, knew about the drug transaction, chose to
      participate in the transaction, and therefore had constructive
      possession over the drugs in the vehicle. . . . [Appellant] may not
      have been holding the drugs or physically exchanging the drugs

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      with the [CI], but he still had constructive possession over the
      drugs as the driver of the vehicle and as a willing participant in
      the drug transaction. Further, as noted above, it is possible for
      two people to have joint constructive possession.

            The evidence presented at trial supports the finding that
      [Appellant] was in constructive possession of the drugs sold to the
      [CI].

Trial Court Opinion, 12/4/19, at 7-8.

      Upon review, we conclude the Commonwealth produced sufficient

evidence for the jury to reasonably infer that Appellant had constructive

possession of controlled substances while in his vehicle on August 21, 2017.

Officer Stevenson testified that while assisting with the controlled buy, he

witnessed Appellant drive a gold Ford Explorer with Mr. Trillow in the

passenger seat through the Martin’s Plaza parking lot. N.T., 8/5/19, at 20-

24. Officer Stevenson observed that Appellant “cut through the parking lot”

and went “straight to the [CI’s] vehicle.” Id. at 21. Officer Stevenson further

testified that at no time did Appellant or Mr. Trillow exit the Explorer, but he

did observe the CI exit their vehicle and approach the Explorer. Id. Officer

Stevenson testified that he witnessed a two-to-three minute interaction

between the CI and the occupants of the Explorer before the CI returned to

their vehicle and drove away. Id. at 22. Officer Stevenson testified that after

the interaction with the CI, Appellant drove the Explorer out of the parking

lot, making no other stops in the plaza. N.T., 8/5/19, at 23.

      Officer Patton testified that he organized a controlled buy on August 21,

2017, with Mr. Trillow as the target. Id. at 43. Mr. Trillow agreed to meet

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the CI in the Martin’s Plaza parking lot to buy heroin.        Id.   Immediately

preceding the transaction, Officer Patton searched both the CI and their

vehicle, and also provided the CI with money to make the purchase. Id. at

44-45.   The searches of the CI’s person and vehicle did not uncover any

controlled substance.    Id. at 45.

      Officer Patton testified that he then followed the CI to the Martin’s

parking lot, at no point losing sight of the CI’s vehicle. Id. at 46. After waiting

for some time in the parking lot, Officer Patton observed a gold Ford Explorer,

driven by Appellant with Mr. Trillow in the passenger seat, cut diagonally

through the parking lot.     Id. at 48.    Officer Patton further testified that

Appellant drove straight through the parking lot to where the CI’s truck was

parked. Id. Officer Patton did not witness Appellant or Mr. Trillow exit the

Explorer at any time, nor did he witness the Explorer make any other stops

while in the parking lot. Id.

      Officer Patton testified that once Appellant parked, the CI exited their

vehicle and approached the passenger’s side door of the Explorer.            N.T.,

8/5/19, at 49. The CI stood at the open window of the passenger side door

of the Explorer for a couple of minutes, with the CI “actually leaning into the

car,” and speaking with Mr. Trillow.      Id. at 49-50, 57. Eventually, the CI

returned to their vehicle, and Appellant exited the parking lot by again driving

diagonally across the lot to the exit. Id. at 50-51. Officer Patton testified

that he then followed the CI back to an agreed meeting location, again never


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losing visual contact with the informant’s vehicle. Id. at 51. Once at the

agreed upon location, the CI handed Officer Patton “ten stamp bags of heroin

that was marked diesel.” Id. at 51. The CI “and the vehicle were then again

searched and found to be free of all monies and contraband.” Id. Officer

Patton further testified that the contents of the stamp bags were eventually

tested and found to be a combination of cocaine and a Schedule I synthetic

opioid called “U447700.” Id. at 54.

      As stated above, we view the evidence in the light most favorable to the

Commonwealth as verdict winner, and give deference to the jury’s credibility

determinations as the finder of fact. Leaner, 202 A.3d at 768; Melvin, 103

A.3d at 39. We thus discern no reason to disturb the jury’s determination that

Appellant was guilty of PWID and possession of a controlled substance, where

the jury was presented with sufficient facts from which it could reasonably

infer that Appellant exercised dominion and control over the controlled

substances.   Parrish, 191 A.3d at 37.       Specifically, there was sufficient

evidence presented to the jury that Appellant knew controlled substances

were in his vehicle and intentionally controlled them by driving his vehicle to

meet with the CI. While Appellant argues that Mr. Trillow was in exclusive

possession of the contraband while in Appellant’s vehicle, the Commonwealth

presented sufficient evidence for the jury to conclude that, by the totality of

the circumstances, Appellant exercised constructive possession over the




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controlled substances. Appellant’s first two claims are therefore meritless.2

       Appellant’s final claim is that his possession convictions are against the

weight of the evidence.3 See Appellant’s Brief at 10-11. Appellant argues the

“verdicts in this case was [sic] indeed shocking because there was no evidence

as to where in the vehicle the drugs were[.]” Id. We have explained:

       Appellate review of a weight claim is a review of the exercise of
       discretion, not the underlying question of whether the verdict is
       against the weight of the evidence. Because the trial judge has
       had the opportunity to hear and see the evidence presented, an
       appellate court will give the gravest consideration to the findings
       and reasons advanced by the trial judge when reviewing a trial
       court’s determination that the verdict is against the weight of the
       evidence. One of the least assailable reasons for granting or
       denying a new trial is the lower court’s conviction that the verdict
       was or was not against the weight of the evidence and that a new
       trial should be granted in the interest of justice.

Commonwealth v. Clay, 64 A.3d 1049, 1055 (Pa. 2013) (citations omitted,

emphasis in original). To allow an appellant “to prevail on a challenge to the

weight of the evidence, the evidence must be so tenuous, vague and uncertain

that the verdict shocks the conscience of the court.”       Commonwealth v.



____________________________________________


2 Here, the jury found Appellant not guilty of conspiracy to commit PWID and
conspiracy to commit possession of a controlled substance, but convicted him
of the substantive crimes. See N.T., 8/5/19, at 83. While these verdicts
appear to be logically inconsistent, “in light of our enduring acceptance of
inconsistent verdicts in Pennsylvania,” we conclude that the acquittals are not
grounds for reversal of Appellant’s convictions. Commonwealth v. Moore,
103 A.3d 1240, 1250 (Pa. 2014).

3 Appellant preserved this issue in compliance with Pa.R.Crim.P. 607 by
raising it with the trial court in a post-sentence motion. Appellant’s Post-
Sentence Motion, 9/6/19, at 4.

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Talbert, 129 A.3d 536, 545 (Pa. Super. 2016) (citation omitted).

      The trial court explained:

            Here, the evidence presented at trial was that [Appellant]
      was driving the Ford Explorer the day in question. [Appellant]
      drove through a parking lot and parked next to a [CI]. At that
      time, a controlled drug purchase took place between the
      passenger of the Ford Explorer and the [CI]. The jury found that
      based on the evidence presented at trial, [Appellant] had
      constructive possession of the controlled substance and possessed
      the controlled substance with the intent to deliver it. This [c]ourt
      does not find the jury’s verdict so contrary to the evidence as to
      shock one’s sense of justice.

Trial Court Opinion, 12/4/19, at 10.

      Our review reveals that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in

denying Appellant’s weight claim. As noted above, the Commonwealth was

permitted to prove Appellant constructively possessed the controlled

substances through wholly circumstantial evidence. Parrish, 191 A.3d at 36-

37. In explaining its denial of Appellant’s motion challenging the weight of

the evidence, the trial court cites circumstantial evidence to support the jury’s

finding that Appellant constructively possessed controlled substances on

August 21, 2017 by transporting the controlled substances to a controlled buy

with a police informant. Trial Court Opinion, 12/4/19, at 10. As noted above,

the jury heard evidence that the CI and their vehicle were searched prior to

their interaction with Appellant and Mr. Trillow; after that interaction, the CI

produced ten stamp bags containing controlled substances. N.T., 8/5/19, at

45, 51.    Therefore, the trial court properly exercised its discretion in

concluding “[t]he evidence [was not] so tenuous, vague and uncertain,”

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Talbert, 129 A.3d at 545 (citation omitted), “as to shock one’s sense of

justice.” Trial Court Opinion, 12/4/19, at 10. Therefore, Appellant’s final claim

does not merit relief.

      For the forgoing reasons, Appellant’s appeal is without merit and we

affirm the judgment of sentence.

      Judgment of sentence affirmed.

Judgment Entered.




Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary



Date: 7/30/2020




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