                                                                 NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                            FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                                 _____________

                                      No. 16-3834
                                     _____________

                                  RICHARD DUNCAN,

                                                   Appellant

                                             v.

                            OMNI INSURANCE COMPANY
                                   _____________

                     On Appeal from the United States District Court
                        for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
                                (D.C. No. 2-16-cv-01489)
                         District Judge: Hon. Harvey Bartle, III
                                    ______________

                      Submitted Under Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a)
                                 September 14, 2017
                                  ______________

            Before: VANASKIE, RENDELL, and FUENTES, Circuit Judges

                               (Filed: December 14, 2017)
                                    ______________

                                        OPINION *
                                     ______________

VANASKIE, Circuit Judge.



       *
        This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7
does not constitute binding precedent.
       In this appeal from a District Court order enforcing a coverage exclusion in an

automobile insurance policy, the car-accident victim, Appellant Richard Duncan, argues

that public policies underlying Pennsylvania’s Vehicle Code require us to decline to

enforce the exclusion. He urges that the exclusion at issue—barring coverage for injuries

caused by an unlicensed driver—undermines Pennsylvania’s goal of ensuring that car-

accident victims can collect on their judgments. But even if it does, other Pennsylvania

policies, e.g., cost-containment and road safety, cut the opposite way, and our Court is ill-

suited to balance these competing priorities. That role belongs to the Pennsylvania

General Assembly. Accordingly, we will affirm the District Court’s ruling that Appellant

is not entitled to recover based on the insurance policy’s exclusion for unlicensed drivers,

and we will deny Appellant’s request that we certify this issue to the Supreme Court of

Pennsylvania.

                                             I.

       On October 8, 2012, a car plowed into a Philadelphia public-transit bus on which

Duncan was riding. The car was owned by Shamerka Renee Lamar, who had insured the

car through Appellee Omni Insurance Company. But Lamar was not the driver—Chris

Aaron, who had no driver’s license, was behind the wheel.

        Omni disclaimed coverage for injuries sustained by Duncan in the accident

because Aaron lacked a driver’s license and Lamar’s insurance policy contained an

exclusion for just such a circumstance. The exclusion stated:

       A.     We do not provide Liability Coverage for any insured

              ...

                                             2
                16.    For bodily injury or property damage resulting from the
                       ownership, maintenance or use of any vehicle when driven by
                       an individual who:

                       c.     Does not have a valid driver’s license; or

                       d.     Has a suspended or revoked driver’s license.

(App. 142.)

          After the accident, Duncan sued both Lamar and Aaron in Pennsylvania state court

and was awarded a $28,000 judgment through court-directed arbitration. Duncan

obtained from the vehicle owner and named insured, Lamar, an assignment of all rights

against Omni. Duncan then sued Omni, again in state court, pleading two Pennsylvania

bad-faith claims, see 42 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann. § 8371, and requesting damages in excess of

$50,000. Omni removed the case to the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of

Pennsylvania on the basis of diversity jurisdiction. (Omni contended that Duncan’s

damages request would exceed $75,000.) Omni moved for summary judgment and won.

Duncan moved for reconsideration and lost. Duncan then filed this appeal from both

orders.

                                              II.

          Removal to the District Court was appropriate under 28 U.S.C. § 1441, and the

District Court had diversity jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1332. We have jurisdiction

over Duncan’s appeal from the final order of the District Court under 28 U.S.C. § 1291.




                                               3
Our review of the grant of summary judgment is plenary. 1 See Gilles v. Davis, 427 F.3d

197, 203 (3d Cir. 2005).

                                             III.

       Duncan’s appeal depends on his argument that Omni’s unlicensed-driver

exclusion should not be enforced because it violates Pennsylvania public policy.

       Insurance policies are contracts subject to the principles of contract interpretation.

401 Fourth St., Inc. v. Investors Ins. Grp., 879 A.2d 166, 171 (Pa. 2005). “When the

language of [an insurance] policy is clear and unambiguous,” a court must typically give

effect to that language. Id. One exception is when a contract’s terms conflict with

“public policy.” Burstein v. Prudential Prop. and Cas. Ins. Co., 809 A.2d 204, 207 (Pa.

2002). Wary of the “vague” and “formless” nature of public policy arguments,

Pennsylvania takes a “circumspect posture” toward such arguments and requires the

public policy on which a litigant relies to be “clearly expressed”: the policy must be

capable of being “ascertained by reference to the laws and legal precedents,” or plainly

identifiable by “long government practice or statutory enactments” or “obvious ethical or

moral standards.” Id. (quoting Eichelman v. Nationwide Ins. Co., 771 A.2d 1006, 1008

(Pa. 1998)). If these reliable indicators do not show that the supposed public policy is

“clearly expressed,” then “the Court should not assume to declare [the] contract[]

. . . contrary to public policy,” and should rather “be content to await legislative action.”

Id. Similarly, when a case presents two or more policy interests in competition, one


       1
        Duncan has not challenged the District Court’s denial of his reconsideration
motion, and we therefore will not consider that ruling.
                                              4
counseling in favor of a contract’s enforcement and the other against, a court may not

hold the contract unenforceable on public-policy grounds, because the Pennsylvania

Supreme Court has “consistently held” that “it is not . . . [for the] Court to weigh

competing policy interests; rather that task is best suited for the legislature.” Williams v.

GEICO Gov’t Emps. Ins. Co., 32 A.3d 1195, 1204 (Pa. 2011).

       Here, Duncan rests his public-policy argument on two sections of Pennsylvania’s

Vehicle Code, and his view regarding their undergirding policy goals. The first section is

Pennsylvania’s Motor Vehicle Responsibility Law, which requires every car-registrant to

obtain car insurance for their vehicle. 75 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann. § 1786. The second

section, located in the Vehicle Code’s “Licensing of Drivers” chapter, states that a car

owner is “jointly and severally liable” for any damages caused by the negligence of an

unlicensed driver to whom the owner has lent his or her vehicle. Id. § 1574.

       Duncan urges that these sections together support the remedial purposes behind

the Vehicle Code: by requiring car owners to buy insurance, and then holding those

owners liable for the negligence of the unlicensed drivers to whom the owners lend their

cars, victims of tortfeasors without driver’s licenses are ensured compensation through

the car owner’s insurance. In other words, Duncan sees the law as intending to protect

victims just like him, since his tortfeasor lacked a license yet drove a car that was insured.

From this, Duncan argues that Omni’s exclusion—excluding coverage for liability

stemming from accidents caused by an unlicensed driver—violates Pennsylvania’s public

policy because it undermines the statutory scheme and its remedial purposes.



                                              5
       To be sure, Duncan is correct about remedial purposes—one of the core goals of

Pennsylvania’s Motor Vehicle Responsibility Law is to provide tort victims with

compensation for their injuries. See Williams, 32 A.3d at 1210 (Saylor, J., concurring)

(emphasizing the “core remedial objectives” of the State’s Vehicle Code); id. at 1210-11

(Baer, J., concurring) (same); id. at 1212 (Todd, J., concurring) (same). But there are

also other policy goals behind the Vehicle Code’s insurance and driver’s license

requirements: the insurance provisions are motivated at least in part by the goal of cost

containment, id. at 1203-04 (majority opinion), and the licensing requirements can

reasonably be attributed at least in part to goals of road safety, see 75 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann.

§ 1501(a) (prohibiting individuals from driving without a license). Here, even if the

remedial goals could be viewed as “clearly expressed” and weigh in Duncan’s favor, the

goals of cost containment and road safety appear to cut in the opposite direction, in

support of court enforcement of Omni’s policy exclusion: if the law were to prohibit the

company from excluding from its policies any liability for accidents caused by unlicensed

drivers, the cost of insurance would go up, and car owners would have one fewer

disincentive to lending their car to unlicensed friends and family, perhaps making roads a

bit less safe.

       Of course, Duncan may be right that any slight increase in cost or decrease in

safety would be well worth the price of furthering Pennsylvania’s remedial goals, but it is

not for us to say which side in this policy debate weighs most heavily. Given that we

may not enter this thicket, we also may not declare Omni’s exclusion contrary to public

policy. Thus, Omni’s unlicensed-driver exclusion applies.

                                              6
                                              IV.

       In the alternative, Duncan requests that we certify his question about the

enforceability of Omni’s unlicensed-driver exclusion to the Pennsylvania Supreme Court.

We may certify questions of state law to the state’s highest court if and when the state has

promulgated procedures to permit the certification. 3d Cir. L.A.R. 110.1 (2011).

Pennsylvania permits certification when

              there are special and important reasons therefor, including, but
              not limited to, any of the following:

              (1) The question of law is one of first impression and is of such
              substantial public importance as to require prompt and definite
              resolution by this Court;

              (2) The question of law is one with respect to which there are
              conflicting decisions in other courts; or

              (3) The question of law concerns an unsettled issue of the
              constitutionality, construction, or application of a statute of this
              Commonwealth.

Pa. R. App. P. 3341.

       Here, Duncan’s question is one of first impression, but there are no directly

conflicting decisions. Moreover, he has not shown that the issue presented is of such

substantial public importance as to warrant certification to the Commonwealth’s highest

court. Indeed, all indications suggest the Pennsylvania Supreme Court would arrive at

the same conclusion we have, because it has made plain that in instances where it is

asked to weigh the competing policy interests undergirding the state’s insurance laws, it

defers to the legislature. Williams, 32 A.3d at 1203-04. This case is just such an

instance. Further supporting our conclusion is the Pennsylvania Supreme Court’s recent

                                               7
summary denial of an appeal in a case involving a broader policy exclusion that

effectively limited coverage to the named insured and barred coverage even for a

permissive driver. Byoung Suk An v. Victoria Fire and Ca. Co., 113 A.3d 1283, 1291-92

(Pa. Super. Co.), appeal denied, 634 Pa. 739 (2015). This suggests that the Court would

similarly not accept certification in this case. Accordingly, Duncan’s motion to certify

the issue to the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania will be denied. 2

                                            V.

       We will affirm, and deny Appellant Richard Duncan’s motion to certify a question

to the Pennsylvania Supreme Court.




       2
         To be sure, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court has held at least one policy
exclusion unenforceable as against public policy, but that case, unlike this one, involved a
straightforward application of one well-defined policy, that insurance-policy exclusions
should not render policy coverage “illusory.” Heller v. Pa. League of Cities and
Municipalities, 32 A.3d 1213, 1223 (Pa. 2011). The same cannot be said for Duncan’s
case.
                                             8
