[Cite as Deutsche Bank Natl. Co. v. Caldwell, 2014-Ohio-2982.]


                 Court of Appeals of Ohio
                               EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                  COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA



                              JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION
                                      No. 100594



             DEUTSCHE BANK NATIONAL COMPANY
                                                           PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE

                                                     vs.

                      ROBERT A. CALDWELL, ET AL.
                                                           DEFENDANTS-APPELLANTS




                                           JUDGMENT:
                                            AFFIRMED


                                     Civil Appeal from the
                            Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas
                                   Case No. CV-09-697845


        BEFORE: Celebrezze, J., Boyle, A.J., and Stewart, J.

        RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: July 3, 2014
FOR APPELLANTS

Robert Caldwell, pro se
Frances Caldwell, pro se
10618 Drexel Avenue
Cleveland, Ohio 44108


ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE

Gregory A. Stout
3962 Red Bank Road
Cincinnati, Ohio 45227
FRANK D. CELEBREZZE, JR., J.:

       {¶1} Appellants, Robert A. and Frances Caldwell, pro se, bring the instant appeal

challenging the foreclosure and sale of real property brought by Deutsche Bank National

Company as Trustee for the Certificateholders of Morgan Stanley ABS Capital I Inc.,

Trust Certificates, Series 2004-NC2 (“Deutsche Bank”). In this third appeal from a

foreclosure action, appellants assert that the trial court erred in proceeding where

Deutsche Bank did not have standing to foreclose, there was no proper appraisal of the

property subject to foreclosure prior to the court-ordered sale, and the journal entry issued

in this case is not a final, appealable order. After a thorough review of the record and

law, we affirm.

                             I. Factual and Procedural History

       {¶2} Appellants obtained a mortgage for the purchase of a home located in

Cleveland, Ohio, from People’s Choice Home Loans, Inc. (“People’s Choice”) on April

9, 2004. The mortgage listed Mortgage Electronic Registration Systems, Inc. (“MERS”)

as nominee for People’s Choice. Later, the real estate was transferred by deed from

appellants to Oasis Properties and Investment, L.L.C. on June 7, 2007, but the mortgage

remained unsatisfied.1 An arrears in payments had become significant and, on July 7,

2009, Deutsche Bank filed a complaint seeking reformation of the mortgage and


          Appellants individually no longer own the premises because it was transferred to a company
       1


they purport to own, but they remain liable for the mortgage, so questions of the unauthorized practice
of law are not implicated here.
foreclosure. Attached to the complaint were copies of the mortgage and note as well as

an undated allonge of the note from People’s Choice to “Deutsche Bank National

Company as Trustee fro [sic] the Certificate-holders of Morgan Stanley ABS Capital I

Inc., Trust 2004-NC2, Mortgage Pass-Through Certificates, Series 2004-NC2.” The

mortgage was also assigned to Deutsche Bank prior to the foreclosure action. Appellants

retained counsel and answered the complaint. The case was referred to a magistrate for

hearing.

      {¶3} On October 20, 2009, Deutsche Bank filed motions for default and summary

judgment. Appellants moved for additional time to respond and to extend the time for

discovery after Deutsche Bank was granted additional time to respond to appellants’

discovery requests. On August 9, 2010, the trial court ruled that Deutsche Bank had

standing to sue because it demonstrated that it was the holder of the note and mortgage

when it filed suit, and its motion for summary judgment was granted. However, the

court took issue with copies of the attached note where certain portions of important

provisions were obscured by labels. The court also required that a final judicial report be

filed. That same day, and before these documents were filed, appellants filed a notice of

appeal. The appeal was dismissed by this court for lack of a final, appealable order on

September 23, 2010.

      {¶4} After the case was reinstated to the trial court’s active docket, the required

documents were submitted, and the case was again assigned to a magistrate for decision.

The magistrate issued its decision on November 5, 2010, granting foreclosure. No
objections were filed by the time the trial court issued its decision adopting the

magistrate’s decision on December 2, 2010. That same day, appellants filed objections

to the decision.2 On December 30, 2010, appellants filed a second notice of appeal in

this court.

       {¶5} This court again dismissed the appeal for lack of a final, appealable order on

September 9, 2011, because the journal entry did not properly set forth the decision of the

trial court. In a much more detailed and thorough judgment entry, the trial court adopted

the magistrate’s decision on December 2, 2011. Appellants did not file an appeal from

this judgment. Instead, they filed a motion for relief from judgment on December 21,

2011. This was combined with untimely objections to the magistrate’s decision.

       {¶6} A hearing was held before a magistrate on January 20, 2012, on the motion.

The magistrate issued a lengthy and well-reasoned decision and opinion denying the

motion for relief from judgment on January 24, 2012. It first addressed appellants’

standing argument outside the Civ.R. 60(B) requirements because if Deutsche Bank

lacked standing, the trial court had an inherent authority to vacate its own void order.

The magistrate found that the bank was the holder of the note endorsed to it and was

assigned the mortgage prior to filing suit. The magistrate then rejected appellants’ other

arguments under the Civ.R. 60(B) test for relief from judgment.

       {¶7} Appellants sought additional time to file objections to the magistrate’s

decision regarding their motion for relief from judgment and also filed a motion seeking


           These were later stricken by the court on January 20, 2011, as untimely.
       2
to stop the sale of the property and to file objections to the magistrate’s decision granting

summary judgment. On February 9, 2012, the trial court granted appellants’ motion in

part. It ruled that any confirmation of sale would be stayed pending appellants’ filing

objections to the magistrate’s decision for relief from judgment and gave appellants until

March 16, 2012, to file objections.

       {¶8} In the meantime, three appraisers were appointed to value the property, and it

was scheduled for sheriff’s sale. Appellants filed objections to the magistrate’s decision

on March 5, 2012. They also filed a motion to stay the pending sale, which the trial court

partially granted.    The court again ordered that the sale would proceed, but that

confirmation would be stayed until the court ruled on appellants’ motion for relief from

judgment. Appellants filed a motion to cancel the sale raising a new argument that no

interior examination of the house had taken place during the appraisals and restating

arguments previously raised in other motions that were denied by the court. They also

filed a writ of prohibition with this court seeking to forestall the sale.

       {¶9} On March 15, 2012, Deutsche Bank asked to cancel the sale so that it could

comply with United States Department of Treasury regulations that were enacted under

the Home Affordable Modification Program.              The bank also filed a response to

appellants’ objections to the magistrate’s decision.         The trial court considered the

arguments of both sides and overruled appellants’ objections on April 25, 2012.

Appellants did not appeal from the decision denying their motion for relief from

judgment.
       {¶10} A new order of sale with direction for reappraisal was issued on July 12,

2012, and a sale date was scheduled for September 4, 2012. Appellants filed the same

motion asking to cancel the sale with some minor corrections. The court followed its

prior holding regarding the issue and ruled that the sale would go forward, but

confirmation would be stayed. The property was sold on September 4, 2012.

       {¶11} After several motions to stay the sheriff’s sale were denied, a hearing was

conducted before the magistrate on November 30, 2012, on appellants’ motion to cancel

the order of sale. The magistrate recommended denial of appellants’ motion and issued a

decision on December 10, 2012. The magistrate found that the appraisers did not view

the interior of the home, but that this failure had no material impact on appellants. The

magistrate also recommended a stay of the sheriff’s sale for 60 days to give the parties

time to arrange a possible short sale. The trial court gave appellants until January 25,

2013, to file objections, which appellants did on that date. The court finally overruled

appellants’ objections on October 4, 2013, and adopted the magistrate’s decision with one

modification. The court rejected the 60-day stay on the confirmation of sale because the

parties had several months to work out a short sale while the motion was under

consideration. A confirmation of sale was issued by the trial court the same day.

       {¶12} Appellants then filed a notice of appeal on November 4, 2013, assigning

three errors for review:

       I. The trial court erred in denying appellants’ motion to stay foreclosure
       sale on several grounds including the lack of standing to bring the
       foreclosure action, the denial of a requested reappraisal and an interior
appraisal as required by state law, and a loan modification as previously
requested to appellees.

II. The trial court erred in overruling appellants’ objections and adopting
the magistrate’s decision denying appellants’ motion to cancel order of sale
on several grounds including the lack of standing to bring the foreclosure
action, the denial of a requested reappraisal and an interior appraisal as
required by state law, and a loan modification as previously requested to
appellees, and the magistrate’s decision is against the manifest weight of the
evidence and the trial court erred in granting summary judgment for
appellees.

III. The trial court erred in initially granting the motion not to confirm sale
but denying the relief requested including a reappraisal, a loan modification
and an interior appraisal and then confirming the order of sale on several
grounds including the denial of appellants’ requested reappraisal and an
interior appraisal required by state law, and a loan modification as
previously requested to appellees, and where the confirmation of sale is not
a final appealable order where the case docket has no journal entry of either
the purchase price for the foreclosure sale or the alleged buyer and a trial
court speaks through its journal entries.
                                   II. Law and Analysis

                                   A. Standard of Review

       {¶13} A trial court has discretion to confirm or refuse to confirm a judicial sale.

Ohio Savs. Bank v. Ambrose, 56 Ohio St.3d 53, 563 N.E.2d 1388 (1990). “If the court,

after examining the proceedings taken by the officers, finds the sale was made in

conformance with R.C. 2329.01 to 2329.61, inclusive, it shall confirm the sale.” Id. at

55, citing R.C. 2329.31. “While the statute speaks in mandatory terms, it has long been

recognized that the trial court has discretion to grant or deny confirmation.”               Id.

Therefore, the court’s determination will not be reversed absent an abuse of that

discretion. 3 Such abuse is connoted by an arbitrary, unreasonable, or unconscionable

decision. Blakemore v. Blakemore, 5 Ohio St.3d 217, 450 N.E.2d 1140 (1983).

                                        B. Standing

       {¶14} Appellants, in all three assigned errors, argue that Deutsche Bank lacked

standing to seek foreclosure. The issue of standing was previously litigated twice below.

 The final, appealable decisions finding that Deutsche Bank had standing were not

appealed to this court, and therefore the argument is barred by res judicata. This is

because Ohio “jurisprudence requires a party to directly appeal an adverse ruling against

him when he has raised an issue in the trial court and had a full and fair opportunity to

litigate the matter.” Chem. Bank, N.A. v. Krawczyk, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 98263,


         Appellants also claim the trial court’s decision is against the manifest weight of the
       3


evidence. That is not the proper standard of review for a confirmation of sale. Therefore, these
elements of their appeal will not be addressed.
2013-Ohio-3614, ¶ 26. While standing is one of a class of issues that can be raised at any

time, the issue was actually litigated below. “The often quoted phrase that ‘the issue of

standing can be raised at anytime’ does not equate to ‘the issue of standing can be raised

many times’ or multiple times.” Krawczyk at ¶ 29. But see id. at ¶ 47 (Boyle, J.,

concurring in judgment only).        The doctrine of res judicata involves both claim

preclusion and issue preclusion. Grava v. Parkman Twp., 73 Ohio St.3d 379, 381, 653

N.E.2d 226 (1995). Here, the issue was previously litigated to a determination, which

became the law of the case when it was left unchallenged. Allowing reargument of

issues to which no appeal was taken from the decisions determining standing is an

attempted end run around codified procedures designed for the efficient administration of

cases and casts doubt on the validity of the judgment.           A contrary holding would

establish a cloud on the chain of title of any deed in foreclosure.

       {¶15} The Ohio Supreme Court has determined that standing is to be determined at

the outset of a foreclosure case, and it is jurisdictional in nature. Fed. Home Loan Mtge.

Corp. v. Schwartzwald, 134 Ohio St.3d 13, 2012-Ohio-5017, 979 N.E.2d 1214.

However,

       [t]he term “jurisdiction” is also used when referring to a court’s exercise of
       its jurisdiction over a particular case. See State v. Parker, 95 Ohio St.3d
       524, 2002-Ohio-2833, 769 N.E.2d 846, ¶ 20 (Cook, J., dissenting); State v.
       Swiger (1998), 125 Ohio App.3d 456, 462, 708 N.E.2d 1033. “‘The third
       category of jurisdiction [i.e., jurisdiction over the particular case]
       encompasses the trial court’s authority to determine a specific case within
       that class of cases that is within its subject matter jurisdiction. It is only
       when the trial court lacks subject matter jurisdiction that its judgment is
       void; lack of jurisdiction over the particular case merely renders the
       judgment voidable.’” Parker at ¶ 22 (Cook, J., dissenting), quoting
       Swiger, 125 Ohio App.3d at 462, 708 N.E.2d 1033.

Pratts v. Hurley, 102 Ohio St.3d 81, 2004-Ohio-1980, 806 N.E.2d 992, ¶ 12.

       {¶16} A voidable judgment may not be attacked at any time. The present case is

further removed from recent cases where standing was raised in a motion for relief from

judgment after foreclosure was granted4 because appellants are raising the issue in an

appeal from an order confirming sale. Appellants could have appealed from the trial

court’s December 2, 2011 final order granting summary judgment, which overruled

appellants’ standing arguments, or from the court’s April 25, 2012 entry denying

appellants’ motion for relief from judgment. Neither was appealed to this court.

       {¶17} In Third Fed. Sav. & Loan Assn. of Cleveland v. Rains, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga

No. 98592, 2012-Ohio-5708, this court cited approvingly a decision of the Ninth District

that rejected arguments unrelated to the confirmation of sale in an appeal from a

confirmation of sale order where no appeal from the grant of summary judgment for

foreclosure was taken. Citifinancial v. Haller-Lynch, 9th Dist. Lorain No. 06CA008893,

2006-Ohio-6908, ¶ 5. There, the Ninth District stated:

       Arguments related to the mortgage “relate to the order of foreclosure and
       not to the order confirming the sheriff’s sale.” Federal Home Loan Mortg.
       Corp. v. McDaniel (Aug. 2, 1995), 9th Dist. No. 17142, 1995 Ohio App.
       LEXIS 3203. In Federal Home, we found that “[b]ecause [appellant] did
       not timely appeal the foreclosure order, any issues concerning the mortgage
       have been waived and those issues may not be raised in an appeal from an

         See Chem. Bank, N.A. v. Krawczyk, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 98263, 2013-Ohio-3614;
       4


Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. v. Perkins, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 13AP-318, 2014-Ohio-1459; Am. Sav.
Bank, F.S.B. v. Pertuset, 4th Dist. Scioto No. 13CA3564, 2014-Ohio-1290.
       order confirming the sheriff’s sale.” 1995 Ohio App. LEXIS 3203, at *5.
       Only issues related to the trial court’s decision to confirm a sheriff’s sale
       may be brought in an appeal from a confirmation order. Id.

Id. at ¶ 6. See also Chase Home Fin., L.L.C. v. Lindenmayer, 5th Dist. Licking No.

13-CA-66, 2014-Ohio-1041, ¶ 8.

       {¶18} Here, appellants have only appealed from the October 7, 2013 order

confirming the sale. The only arguments properly before this court are those related to

the procedures employed in the sale and whether the court abused its discretion in

confirming the sale.    Id.   The remainder of the arguments raised by appellants are

barred.

                                     C. Final Order

       {¶19} At its foundation, the doctrine of res judicata requires a final order of the

court to preclude relitigation of issues that have or could have been raised in a prior

proceeding. A final order is also a prerequisite to appellate review. Appellants argue, as

part of their third assignment of error, that the trial court’s order confirming sale was not

a final, appealable order. However, all the arguments raised in their brief relate to the

order adopting the magistrate’s decision granting summary judgment. They claim that

this is not a final, appealable order because it simply reads, “ORDER ADOPTING

MAGISTRATE’S DECISION. OSJ NOTICE ISSUED.” Appellants fail to recognize

the incorporated lengthy four-page opinion setting forth the trial court’s independent

analysis that defines the rights and obligations of the parties. To constitute a final,

appealable order, “‘the trial court must * * * enter its own independent judgment
disposing of the matters at issue between the parties, such that the parties need not resort

to any other document to ascertain the extent to which their rights and obligations have

been determined.’” Burns v. Morgan, 165 Ohio App.3d 694, 2006-Ohio-1213, 847

N.E.2d 1288 (4th Dist.), quoting Yahraus v. Circleville, 4th Dist. Pickaway No. 00CA04,

2000 Ohio App. LEXIS 6315 (Dec. 15, 2000). The order satisfies the requirements for a

final judgment entry in a foreclosure action in these respects. Therefore, it constitutes a

final, appealable order.

                                       D. Appraisal

       {¶20} In all three assignments of error, appellants claim that the trial court erred in

denying or granting various motions based on appraisals that failed to include an interior

view of the premises.

       {¶21} Appraisals of property subject to a court-ordered sheriff sale are governed

by R.C. 2329.17. As it relates to the arguments in this case, this statute requires that

three appraisers be appointed and that they base their estimate of valuation “upon actual

view” of the premises.

       {¶22} Here, the magistrate and the trial court found that appraisers had not actually

entered the subject property to inspect it as part of their appraisals. This failure, however,

only requires vacation of the sale and reappraisal when a party is able to show prejudice.

Fifth Third Mtge. Co. v. Wizzard, 12th Dist. Butler No. CA2013-03-046, 2014-Ohio-73.

The Twelfth District summarized the requirement well in Wizzard:

       Although the statute provides that appraisers value the property “upon
       actual view,” appraisals are often made without actually entering the
       premises. Courts have held that an appraiser’s failure to enter the premises
       does not require a sheriffs sale to be set aside. * * * [A] defendant who
       claims that an appraiser failed to comply with the “upon actual view”
       requirement of R.C. 2329.17 must also establish they were prejudiced by
       the value that the appraiser placed on the property. Specifically, a
       defendant must adduce evidence that the appraisal was grossly inaccurate
       and that the home would have sold for more if the appraisal value had been
       higher.

Id. at ¶ 15-16.

       {¶23} Appellants claim that a failure to view the interior is per se a statutory

violation that requires reversal. However, the statute only requires “actual view.” This

language is open to interpretation, and several Ohio courts of appeals have adopted a

common sense approach to this requirement. “[A]n appraiser’s failure to examine the

interior will constitute reversible error only where the interior condition so impacts the

value established based on an exterior examination that the complaining party can

demonstrate prejudicial effect.”     Arch Bay Holdings, L.L.C. v. Brown, 2d Dist.

Montgomery No. 25564, 2013-Ohio-5453, ¶ 13. See also Wizzard; Citimortgage, Inc. v.

Hoge, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 98597, 2013-Ohio-698.            It is appellants’ burden to

demonstrate that an interior view of the premises would have some material impact on the

appraised value. Id.

       {¶24} Appellants cite to Huntington Natl. Bank v. Burch, 157 Ohio App.3d 71,

2004-Ohio-2046, 809 N.E.2d 55 (2d Dist.) in support of their argument. There, the

Second District held that where the interior condition of the house had a significant

impact on the appraised value, the trial court erred in confirming the sale when an interior

view was not done.      However, in that case, the home that was the subject of the
foreclosure was extensively infested with mold. An exterior inspection alone resulted in

appraisals that did not take this condition into account. The appraisers testified that, had

they known about the significant mold issue, the appraised values would have been much

lower. This is a concrete example of where the interior of the house would have an

impact on the value.

       {¶25} At the hearing held on appellants’ motion where they argued that the

appraisals were invalid, Frances Caldwell testified that she did not live at the home, but

she would have to have let any appraisers inside to view the home, and no one contacted

her to do that. After inquiry from the magistrate, Frances offered nothing that would

substantiate that an interior view of the property would have changed the appraised value.

In their motions, the only evidence appellants cited was the taxable value as determined

by Cuyahoga County.       An unauthenticated document purported to be a county tax

appraisal was mentioned by Frances, but no testimony established its authenticity or why

the document would be self-authenticating. Further, this document did not specify when

the appraisal was conducted, and appellants did not offer any supporting evidence of how

the appraisal was timely. Real property is assessed every six years with adjustments

every three years if required. R.C. 5715.33. Finally, an appraised value for foreclosure

purposes takes into account the forced nature of the sale. This is, in part, the reason

foreclosure sales are not a reliable indicator of the true value of real property. See

Cincinnati School Dist. Bd. of Edn. v. Hamilton Cty. Bd. of Revision, 127 Ohio St.3d 63,

2010-Ohio-4907, 936 N.E.2d 489.
                                       III. Conclusion

         {¶26} Appellants failed to appeal from the decision granting foreclosure or from

the denial of their motion for relief from judgment; both of which raised the standing

issue.    Any argument going to the propriety of the decree of foreclosure, including

standing, is barred. Appellants are before this court appealing from the confirmation of

sale. The only issue properly asserted is whether an interior investigation of the premises

was required before sale. Appellants failed to demonstrate that prejudice resulted from a

failure of the appraisers to view the interior of the home. Therefore, appellants’ three

assignments of error are overruled.

         {¶27} Judgment affirmed.

         It is ordered that appellee recover from appellants costs herein taxed.

         The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

         It is ordered that a special mandate be sent to said court to carry this judgment into

execution.

         A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27 of

the Rules of Appellate Procedure.



FRANK D. CELEBREZZE, JR., JUDGE

MARY J. BOYLE, A.J., and
MELODY J. STEWART, J., CONCUR
