Case: 19-1016    Document: 37     Page: 1   Filed: 03/03/2020




   United States Court of Appeals
       for the Federal Circuit
                  ______________________

                WALTER N. STRAND, III,
                   Plaintiff-Appellee

                             v.

                    UNITED STATES,
                   Defendant-Appellant
                  ______________________

                        2019-1016
                  ______________________

     Appeal from the United States Court of Federal Claims
 in No. 1:15-cv-00601-TCW, Judge Thomas C. Wheeler.
                  ______________________

                  Decided: March 3, 2020
                  ______________________

     LUCAS TAYLOR HANBACK, Rogers Joseph O'Donnell,
 Washington, DC, argued for plaintiff-appellee. Also repre-
 sented by JEFFERY M. CHIOW; NEIL H. O'DONNELL, San
 Francisco, CA.

     DANIEL KENNETH GREENE, Commercial Litigation
 Branch, Civil Division, United States Department of Jus-
 tice, Washington, DC, argued for defendant-appellant.
 Also represented by JOSEPH H. HUNT, ROBERT EDWARD
 KIRSCHMAN, JR., DOUGLAS K. MICKLE; STEPHEN ROBERT
 STEWART, Office of the Judge Advocate General, General
 Litigation Division, United States Department of the Navy,
 Washington, DC.
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 2                                  STRAND v. UNITED STATES




                   ______________________

     Before REYNA, HUGHES, and STOLL, Circuit Judges.
     Opinion for the court filed by Circuit Judge HUGHES.
      Dissenting opinion filed by Circuit Judge REYNA.
 HUGHES, Circuit Judge.
      The government appeals a decision of the United
 States Court of Federal Claims setting aside the Secretary
 of the Navy’s denial of Walter Strand’s request to correct
 his military service records. Against the recommendation
 of a records correction board, the Secretary denied Mr.
 Strand’s request for a six-month service credit to become
 eligible for military retirement benefits. Because the Sec-
 retary did not exceed his authority in rejecting the board’s
 recommendation and substantial evidence supports his de-
 cision, we reverse and thereby reinstate the Secretary’s de-
 cision to deny the correction.
                              I
      Mr. Strand served in the Navy for roughly nineteen
 and a half years until June 2009 when he was discharged
 under other than honorable conditions for firing a gun at
 his estranged wife and her companion. Mr. Strand was
 convicted in state court of three felonies: attempted mali-
 cious wounding, attempted unlawful wounding, and use of
 a firearm in the commission of a felony. He was sentenced
 to six years in prison, with three years suspended for good
 behavior. Since his release, Mr. Strand has sought various
 “corrections” to his naval service records, including a six-
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 STRAND v. UNITED STATES                                    3



 month credit so that he would have 20 years of service and
 be eligible for military retirement benefits. 1
                              A
      In 2014, the Board for Correction of Naval Records
 (BCNR or Board) recommended granting Mr. Strand’s re-
 quested correction. The Board weighed “the seriousness of
 [Mr. Strand’s] disciplinary infractions” against his “overall
 record of more than 19 years and six months of satisfactory
 service [including receiving numerous medals,] . . . . his
 good post service conduct[,] and his early release from civil
 confinement due to good behavior.” J.A. 32. Finding that
 he had “suffered long enough for his indiscretion,” the
 Board recommended correcting Mr. Strand’s record to re-
 flect 20 years of service. J.A. 32–33. That recommendation
 has now been twice considered—and twice rejected—by the
 Secretary of the Navy. 2
     First, in February 2015, the Secretary rejected the
 Board’s recommendation in a short, two-paragraph deci-
 sion. The Secretary’s decision generally referenced the se-
 riousness of Mr. Strand’s felony convictions, the Navy’s
 core values, its practice in similar cases, and Mr. Strand’s
 supposed “long-standing history of FAP [Family Advocacy
 Program] involvement and domestic violence issues.”



     1   As discussed below, 10 U.S.C. § 1552 authorizes
 corrections of military records when “necessary to correct
 an error or remove an injustice.”
     2   The Secretary has delegated authority to act on
 BCNR recommendations to the Assistant Secretary, Man-
 power and Reserve Affairs, SECNAVINST 5420.193 at 1–
 2 ¶ 3(b), who in turn delegated that authority to the Assis-
 tant General Counsel for Manpower and Reserve Affairs,
 Appellant’s Br. 4 n.1. Here, different Assistant General
 Counsels issued the two rejection decisions, but for clarity
 we refer to both as decisions of the Secretary.
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 4                                     STRAND v. UNITED STATES




 J.A. 25. Mr. Strand challenged this decision in the Court
 of Federal Claims, which reversed the Secretary’s 2015 de-
 cision as arbitrary and capricious and instructed the Navy
 to retire Mr. Strand. Strand v. United States (Strand I),
 127 Fed. Cl. 44, 51 (2016).
      On appeal, we agreed that the Secretary’s 2015 deci-
 sion was not supported by substantial evidence, but we re-
 versed and remanded to allow the Secretary an opportunity
 for further review. Strand v. United States (Strand II),
 706 F. App’x 996, 998, 1001 (Fed. Cir. 2017) (nonpreceden-
 tial). In Strand II, we found a lack of substantial evidence
 specifically because the Secretary’s statement that Mr.
 Strand had a history of FAP involvement and domestic vi-
 olence issues lacked record support. Id. at 1000. Recogniz-
 ing that the Secretary relied on “a combination of
 intertwined reasons,” at least one of which Mr. Strand had
 shown was not supported by substantial evidence, we re-
 manded because the Secretary had not yet considered
 whether the Board’s decision “should be upheld in the ab-
 sence of any evidence of a ‘long-standing history’ of FAP
 involvement.” Id.
      On remand following Strand II, the Secretary consid-
 ered the Board’s 2014 recommendation anew and in Janu-
 ary 2018—after inviting and receiving supplemental
 information from Mr. Strand—again rejected the recom-
 mendation. The Secretary this time issued a seven-page
 memorandum explaining the decision to deny the re-
 quested correction. The Secretary found that Mr. Strand’s
 overall periods of service and post-service conduct did not
 “overcome the seriousness of the misconduct that resulted
 in his civilian conviction,” and that the “passage of time . . .
 does not warrant overlooking the seriousness of the convic-
 tion that led to his discharge” and his resultant ineligibility
 for retirement. J.A. 283.
     The Secretary also noted that two early “counsel-
 ing/warning” entries added to Mr. Strand’s record in
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 STRAND v. UNITED STATES                                     5



 February 1992 and September 1993 gave him “clear and
 repeated notice” that he could be separated from service for
 disobeying military regulations and civilian laws. 3
 J.A. 118, 121, 283.
     The Secretary then described how Mr. Strand’s “his-
 tory of performance and conduct” did not align with each of
 the Navy’s core values—Honor, Courage, and Commit-
 ment. J.A. 283–85. Finally, the Secretary noted that Mr.
 Strand’s offenses were equivalent to a violation of Uniform
 Code of Military Justice Article 128 (Assault), which au-
 thorizes a maximum penalty of dishonorable discharge and
 confinement for eight years. Citing several military justice
 cases, the Secretary further noted that it was “very likely”
 Mr. Strand would have received a punitive discharge had
 he been prosecuted by the Navy, rather than civilian au-
 thorities. J.A. 285. The Secretary concluded:
    In sum, I commend Petitioner’s efforts to engage in
    rehabilitation following his conviction and incar-
    ceration, as well as his efforts to rebuild his life.
    However, I do not find that relief is warranted and
    that Petitioner should be granted credited time
    served for retirement when, in fact, the basis for his
    inability to retire was not an error or an injustice,
    but his own deliberate misconduct despite being on
    clear notice of the consequences of his actions. To


    3     It is unclear from the record whether the 1992 and
 1993 entries addressed the same underlying act(s) of mis-
 conduct. The parties take opposing stances, with Mr.
 Strand urging that the 1993 entry was merely a follow-up
 for the same misconduct that prompted the 1992 entry.
 Even assuming the Secretary erred in stating that Mr.
 Strand “again engaged in misconduct in 1993,” J.A. 283, we
 would find this error harmless. No matter the number of
 early instances of misconduct, the Secretary’s rejection de-
 cision is supported by substantial evidence.
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 6                                    STRAND v. UNITED STATES




     grant relief under the circumstances of this matter
     wholly ignores the high standards that the Navy
     expects our military members to demonstrate.
 J.A. 285–86. The Secretary also added that Mr. Strand had
 already received “appropriate relief” from another records
 review board that upgraded his service characterization
 from “Under Other Than Honorable Conditions” to “Gen-
 eral Under Honorable Conditions.” J.A. 52, 286. The Sec-
 retary found this partial relief—reflecting Mr. Strand’s
 “satisfactory service and post-incarceration efforts to re-
 build his life”—further reason to deny additional relief.
 J.A. 286.
                               B
     Mr. Strand filed a supplemental complaint in the Court
 of Federal Claims contesting the Secretary’s 2018 decision.
 On cross-motions for judgment upon the administrative
 record, the Court of Federal Claims again found the Secre-
 tary’s decision arbitrary and capricious. Strand v. United
 States (Strand III), 138 Fed. Cl. 633, 643 (2018). Specifi-
 cally, the trial court found it arbitrary and capricious for
 the Secretary to view Mr. Strand’s early counseling entries
 as providing notice of his obligation to comply with Navy
 core values that did not exist at the time of the 1992 entry; 4
 and for the Secretary to engage in “hypothetical forecast-
 ing” by “comparing Mr. Strand’s civil case to military cases
 that do not apply the same analysis.” Id. at 641. As to
 consideration of Mr. Strand’s 2009 convictions, the trial
 court determined that this Court, in Strand II, already
 “found that Mr. Strand’s conduct did not constitute sub-
 stantial evidence to support the Secretary’s decision.” Id.



     4    The government concedes that the Navy adopted
 its core values of Honor, Courage, and Commitment in late
 1992, after Mr. Strand received his 1992 counseling entry.
 Appellant’s Br. 9, 26.
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 STRAND v. UNITED STATES                                    7



 at 642 (citing Strand II, 706 F. App’x at 1000). Finally, the
 trial court faulted the Secretary for “fail[ing] to give any
 real consideration to Mr. Strand’s post-service conduct.”
 Id. at 643. The court concluded that, given these deficien-
 cies and the Board’s “thorough consideration of the evi-
 dence of record,” it could not uphold the Secretary’s
 “decision to overrule the Board.” Id. The trial court there-
 fore again directed the Navy to retire Mr. Strand with all
 appropriate back pay, benefits, and allowances. Id. at 643–
 44.
     The government now appeals. We have jurisdiction un-
 der 28 U.S.C. § 1295(a)(3).
                              II
     We review de novo the Court of Federal Claims’ deci-
 sion to grant or deny judgment on the administrative rec-
 ord. Roth v. United States, 378 F.3d 1371, 1381 (Fed. Cir.
 2004). In reviewing an adverse decision of a records cor-
 rection board, we apply the same standard of review that
 the Court of Federal Claims applied, without deference.
 See id. Here we are called to review not the action of a
 correction board, but action by the Secretary of the Navy to
 overrule that correction board. While the parties dispute
 the circumstances in which a service secretary may reject
 a board’s recommendation, they agree that the substantial-
 evidence standard generally applies here. That is, we must
 “determine whether the Secretary’s rejection of the Board
 recommendation was arbitrary or capricious, unsupported
 by substantial evidence, or otherwise contrary to the law.”
 Strickland v. United States, 423 F.3d 1335, 1343 (Fed. Cir.
 2005). Substantial evidence is “such relevant evidence as
 a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a
 conclusion.” Consol. Edison Co. of N.Y. v. NLRB, 305 U.S.
 197, 229 (1938).
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 8                                    STRAND v. UNITED STATES




                               A
     The statute establishing civilian military-records cor-
 rection boards, such as the BCNR, provides: “The Secre-
 tary of a military department may correct any military
 record of the Secretary’s department when the Secretary
 considers it necessary to correct an error or remove an in-
 justice.” 10 U.S.C. § 1552(a)(1). Except in circumstances
 not present here, “such corrections shall be made by the
 Secretary acting through boards of civilians of the execu-
 tive part of that military department.” Id. (emphasis
 added).
      Records correction boards were first authorized in 1946
 to “relieve Congress of the burden of considering private
 bills to correct alleged errors and injustices in the military
 system . . . .” Martinez v. United States, 333 F.3d 1295,
 1306–07 (Fed. Cir. 2003) (en banc). Concerned that service
 members returning to civilian life after World War II might
 be “handicapped by bad military records created without
 due process in the hurly-burly of the war,” and that career
 military officials “would not be much interested in effecting
 corrections,” Congress required the service secretaries to
 act “through boards of civilians.” Boyd v. United States,
 207 Ct. Cl. 1, 14 (1975) (Nichols, J., concurring).
     Under Naval Service regulations, the BCNR can take
 corrective action on behalf of the Secretary in many situa-
 tions. See 32 C.F.R. § 723.6(e)(1). But any petition that
 the Secretary or the BCNR Executive Director determines
 warrants Secretarial review is “reserved for decision” by
 the Secretary. Id. § 723.6(e)(2)(iii). In Mr. Strand’s case,
 BCNR Executive Director Robert O’Neill—a retired Navy
 JAG Corpsman—requested that the Secretary review the
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 STRAND v. UNITED STATES                                     9



 Board’s 2014 recommendation. 5 In cases designated for
 Secretarial review, the record of proceedings “will be for-
 warded to the Secretary who will direct such action as he
 or she determines to be appropriate . . . .” 32 C.F.R.
 § 723.7(a). “If the Secretary’s decision is to deny relief,
 such decision shall be in writing and, unless he or she ex-
 pressly adopts in whole or in part the findings, conclusions
 and recommendations of the Board, or a minority report,
 shall include a brief statement of the grounds for denial”
 satisfying 32 C.F.R. § 723.3(e)(4). 6 Id.
                               B
     This appeal raises the question of how much constraint
 a substantiated Board recommendation places on a Secre-
 tary’s discretion to deny record correction requests. Rely-
 ing on language in Strickland v. United States, 423 F.3d
 1335, 1340–41 (Fed. Cir. 2005), the government asserts


     5   Mr. O’Neill’s handwritten memo reads in full:

     Please prepare this decision for [Manpower and Re-
     serve Affairs] review. It is my opinion, based on
     the seriousness of the offense and the significant
     grant of relief, that [the Secretary] should review
     this case for decision.
 J.A. 35.

     6   Section 723.3(e)(4), in turn, requires that the “brief
 statement of the grounds for denial” include
     the reasons for the determination that relief should
     not be granted, including the applicant’s claims of
     constitutional, statutory and/or regulatory viola-
     tions that were rejected, together with all the es-
     sential facts upon which the denial is based,
     including, if applicable, factors required by regula-
     tion to be considered for determination of the char-
     acter of and reason for discharge.
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 10                                   STRAND v. UNITED STATES




 that the Secretary may reject a Board recommendation “on
 the basis of either explicitly stated policy reasons or evi-
 dence in the record.” Appellant’s Br. 19 (quoting Strick-
 land). In Strickland, we held that Board recommendations
 are not binding on the Secretary since “Congress clearly
 has delegated the final authority regarding any correction
 of military records to the Secretary, not the correction
 board.” 423 F.3d at 1340; see id. at 1337 (concluding that
 the “the trial court erred in interpreting § 1552(a) to man-
 date that the . . . Secretary cannot reject a Board recom-
 mendation”). We did not address the merits of whether the
 Secretary’s rejection was permissible in that instance, in-
 stead remanding for the trial court to “determine whether
 the Secretary’s rejection of the Board recommendation was
 arbitrary or capricious, unsupported by substantial evi-
 dence, or otherwise contrary to the law.” Id. at 1343. Thus,
 our observation that “[o]ther circuits too have held that the
 Secretary is authorized to reject a Board recommendation
 so long as he acts on the basis of either explicitly stated
 policy reasons or evidence in the record,” id. at 1341, did
 not adopt such a standard for future cases.
      For his part, Mr. Strand argues that, under precedent
 from our predecessor court, the Secretary may not alter a
 correction board’s recommendation unless the board’s find-
 ings are unsupported by the administrative record. Appel-
 lee’s Br. 14–17. In his view, rejecting a substantiated
 board recommendation amounts to ignoring the board, ra-
 ther than “acting through” it, as § 1552(a) requires. We
 acknowledge that strong language in some of our adopted
 precedent would seem to support Mr. Strand’s position.
 See, e.g., Proper v. United States, 154 F. Supp. 317, 326 (Ct.
 Cl. 1957) (rejecting the proposition that a secretary is “free
 to accept and act favorably on the [board’s] findings and
 recommendations, or to ignore them, as he [sees] fit” be-
 cause such an interpretation of § 1552 “makes the words
 ‘acting through boards of civilian officers or employees’
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 STRAND v. UNITED STATES                                    11



 superfluous” (quoting the predecessor to § 1552)); Weiss v.
 United States, 408 F.2d 416, 421 (Ct. Cl. 1969) (“The thrust
 of the Proper opinion is that a Secretary of a military de-
 partment cannot overrule the recommendations of a civil-
 ian correction board on the advice of a military officer
 unless the findings of the board are not justified by the rec-
 ord before it.” (emphasis added)).
      However, as the above-quoted language in Weiss sug-
 gests, the decisions on which Mr. Strand relies were ren-
 dered in the context of service secretaries being influenced
 by—or outright adopting—the opinions of military officers
 in rejecting otherwise substantiated board recommenda-
 tions. See Weiss, 408 F.2d at 420–21 (Navy Secretary re-
 jecting a BCNR recommendation in an opinion that JAG
 likely prepared for the Secretary’s signature); Hertzog v.
 United States, 167 Ct. Cl. 377, 385 (1964) (Army Secre-
 tary’s rejection decision was “induced and influenced” by
 general’s memorandum stating “I think the approval of
 this recommendation would be a very bad precedent”);
 Proper, 154 F. Supp. at 324–25 (Army Secretary merely
 signed an order attached to the oppositional memorandum
 of a retired general who was not a civilian employee of the
 Army).
      We have since held that Proper and Weiss “have no ap-
 plication” without military officer involvement. See Strick-
 land, 423 F.3d at 1341–42 (noting that in those cases—
 which “had as a precondition the involvement of a uni-
 formed military officer”—the Secretary “effectively de-
 ferred to a professional military officer over the reasonable
 decision of the Board”). We therefore find these cases in-
 applicable here. Although BCNR Executive Director
 O’Neill is a retired military officer, his memo requesting
 Secretarial review does not constitute undue officer influ-
 ence. Mr. O’Neill was a civilian employee of the Navy when
 he wrote the memo, cf. Proper, 154 F. Supp. at 325 (finding
 it “important” that the memo in question was “rendered by
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 12                                    STRAND v. UNITED STATES




 a military officer . . . , and not by a civilian employee” of the
 Army); and his memo merely states that the Secretary
 “should review this case for decision,” J.A. 35, without ad-
 vocating a particular outcome of that review.
      Indeed, in cases without military officer involvement,
 our predecessor court “ha[s] held that the Secretaries are
 free to . . . differ with the recommendations of [correction]
 boards where the evidence is susceptible to varying inter-
 pretations.” Sanders v. United States, 594 F.2d 804, 812
 (Ct. Cl. 1979) (citing Boyd v. United States, 207 Ct. Cl. 1,
 11 (1975)). In Boyd, the court upheld the Air Force Secre-
 tary’s rejection of a board recommendation, finding the
 board’s conclusion “d[id] not withstand the contrary analy-
 sis and conclusion made in good faith, within the law, and
 without arbitrariness or caprice by the Assistant Secre-
 tary.” 207 Ct. Cl. at 12–13. In so holding, the Boyd court
 applied the standard that courts “may reject the decision of
 a Secretary only if he has exercised his discretion arbitrar-
 ily, capriciously, in bad faith, contrary to substantial evi-
 dence, or where he has gone outside the board record, or
 fails to explain his actions, or violates applicable law or reg-
 ulations.” Id. at 8–9. We reaffirm that standard today.
     We hold that, where a military officer has not unduly
 influenced the secretary’s decision, a service secretary may
 reject the recommendation of a records correction board—
 even a recommendation supported by the administrative
 record—so long as the secretary’s rejection decision is not
 arbitrary or capricious, unsupported by substantial evi-
 dence, or otherwise contrary to the law. See Strickland,
 423 F.3d at 1343; Boyd, 207 Ct. Cl. at 8–9.
                                C
     The Secretary’s 2018 decision satisfies this standard.
 It must therefore be reinstated.
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 STRAND v. UNITED STATES                                  13



     The Secretary’s thorough consideration of the serious-
 ness of Mr. Strand’s criminal misconduct, alone, justifies
 his decision to deny the requested relief. The Secretary un-
 dertook a broad review of Mr. Strand’s record, but in our
 view the heavy weight he ascribed to Mr. Strand’s “cho[ice]
 to take a gun and attempt[] to cause his former wife and
 another individual substantial harm by discharging the
 weapon,” J.A. 284, fully supports denying him credit for six
 months of service he did not perform.
      The trial court misread our decision in Strand II when
 it stated that we “found that Mr. Strand’s conduct did not
 constitute substantial evidence” and that we had “rejected”
 his prior conviction as a justification for overruling the
 Board’s recommendation. See Strand III, 138 Fed. Cl. at
 642–43. We took no such position. In Strand II, we con-
 sidered an extremely brief Secretarial decision which gen-
 erally relied on four “intertwined reasons” to reject the
 Board’s recommendation. 706 F. App’x at 999–1000. Be-
 cause we found no record support for one of those reasons—
 the alleged FAP involvement and domestic violence is-
 sues—we remanded for the Secretary to consider whether
 the Board’s recommendation “should be upheld in the ab-
 sence of any evidence of a ‘long-standing history’ of FAP
 involvement and domestic violence issues.” Id. at 1000.
 We expressed no view on the hypothetical sufficiency of the
 other three reasons the Secretary mentioned in the 2015
 rejection—(1) the seriousness of Mr. Strand’s convictions;
 and (2) that granting relief would be inconsistent with the
 Navy’s core values and (3) its practice in similar cases—in
 the absence of the unsupported domestic violence reason.
 Id. The Secretary’s 2018 decision makes it abundantly
 clear that his decision remains the same even without evi-
 dence of FAP involvement or domestic violence issues. The
 trial     court’s     misinterpretation      of    Strand II
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 14                                   STRAND v. UNITED STATES




 notwithstanding, the Secretary remained free to rest his
 decision on the seriousness of Mr. Strand’s offenses. 7
     Mr. Strand objects that Naval Service regulations pro-
 hibit denying relief solely because the original discharge
 decision was correctly made, citing 32 C.F.R. § 723.3(e)(2). 8
 Even assuming § 723.3(e)(2) applies to decisions of the Sec-
 retary (and not only to Board consideration of initial appli-
 cations), and assuming Mr. Strand’s interpretation is
 correct, that regulation does not undermine the Secretary’s
 2018 decision. The Secretary did not reject the Board’s rec-
 ommendation simply because he thought the Navy’s 2009
 discharge decision was correct. Nowhere in the 2018


      7 In Strand II, the Secretary’s brief reference to Mr.
 Strand’s “serious felonies” was not enough for us to uphold
 his 2015 decision, given its simultaneous reference to un-
 supported domestic violence issues. J.A. 25.

      8   Section 723.3(e)(2) provides, in relevant part:
     The Board may deny an application in executive
     session if it determines that the evidence of record
     fails to demonstrate the existence of probable ma-
     terial error or injustice. The Board relies on a pre-
     sumption of regularity to support the official
     actions of public officers and, in the absence of sub-
     stantial evidence to the contrary, will presume that
     they have properly discharged their official duties.
     Applicants have the burden of overcoming this pre-
     sumption but the Board will not deny an applica-
     tion solely because the record was made by or at the
     direction of the President or the Secretary in connec-
     tion with proceedings other than proceedings of a
     board for the correction of military or naval rec-
     ords.
 32 C.F.R. § 723.3(e)(2) (emphasis added).
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 STRAND v. UNITED STATES                                      15



 rejection decision do we find discussion of the propriety of
 the original discharge. Rather, we find a full analysis of
 the seriousness of Mr. Strand’s conduct underlying the dis-
 charge. 9
                                D
     Beyond considering the seriousness of Mr. Strand’s
 conviction-related conduct, the Secretary’s seven-page
 memorandum also discussed several other reasons for
 denying the service-credit correction—more than satisfy-
 ing the requirement to provide a “brief statement of the
 grounds for denial.” See 32 C.F.R. §§ 723.3(e)(4), 723.7(a).
 Mr. Strand and the trial court take issue with various as-
 pects of the Secretary’s additional reasoning. But none of
 the identified issues brings the Secretary’s 2018 decision
 into the realm of arbitrary or unlawful agency action. 10



     9   At oral argument, Mr. Strand’s counsel seemed to
 suggest that § 723.3(e)(2) also prohibits relying solely on
 the seriousness of the conduct underlying the discharge.
 See Oral Argument at 19:40–20:00 (Q: “Are you saying that
 because he was administratively discharged from the . . .
 Navy because of this felony conviction and jail time, that
 they can’t further use that as a basis . . . for not giving him
 relief under the corrections board decision?        A: I’m say-
 ing it can’t be the sole basis, Your Honor.”) and 31:01–10
 (stating that under § 723.3(e)(2) the Secretary cannot rely
 on “the initial incident” as “the sole basis”), http://oralargu-
 ments.cafc.uscourts.gov/default.aspx?fl=2019-1016.mp3.
 We find nothing in the text of § 723.3(e)(2) prohibiting con-
 sideration of the seriousness of prior misconduct.

     10  Mr. Strand has moved to strike the government’s
 reply brief, arguing that it raises new issues not presented
 in the government’s opening brief, though addressed by the
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 16                                   STRAND v. UNITED STATES




     First, both the trial court and Mr. Strand, on appeal,
 ascribe error to the Secretary’s use of the Navy’s core val-
 ues to assess Mr. Strand’s request for relief. Mr. Strand
 objects both to the retroactive application of the core values
 to his 1992 conduct predating their establishment, and to
 the Secretary’s invocation of the core values in general to
 overrule the Board’s recommendation. Although the Navy
 admittedly had not adopted its core values of Honor, Cour-
 age, and Commitment when Mr. Strand received his 1992
 counseling entry, we see nothing arbitrary about analyzing
 his overall history of performance and conduct under the
 values existing at the time of the 2018 decision. While we
 agree that the 1992 counseling entry could not have pro-
 vided Mr. Strand notice to comply with not-yet existing
 standards, it still could—and did—warn him of the conse-
 quences of future misconduct. J.A. 121 (stating that failure
 to adhere to cited guidelines in the future “will make you
 eligible for administrative separation action”). Even leav-
 ing aside Mr. Strand’s early counseling entries, one does
 not need any degree of “notice” to know not to shoot at un-
 armed civilians.
     As we read the 2018 decision, the Secretary merely
 used the core values as a general framework to assess Mr.
 Strand’s request. Although Mr. Strand portends that al-
 lowing this core-values framework will provide the Secre-
 tary    unlimited    discretion    to  overrule    Board
 recommendations, we are unwilling to mandate that the
 Secretary take—or avoid—any particular analytical ap-
 proach in his review of Board recommendations. The


 trial court. We agree that the government forfeited the jus-
 ticiability and waiver arguments asserted in its reply brief,
 and we have not considered those arguments in resolving
 this appeal. Given that the government has prevailed on
 its other arguments, however, we deny Mr. Strand’s motion
 as moot.
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 STRAND v. UNITED STATES                                    17



 requirement that the Secretary’s rejection decision not be
 arbitrary or capricious, unsupported by substantial evi-
 dence, or contrary to the law will continue to provide ade-
 quate accountability.
     Likewise, the trial court and Mr. Strand read too much
 into the Secretary’s citation to military justice cases and
 observation that Mr. Strand likely would have received
 harsher punishment had he been prosecuted by military,
 rather than civil, authorities for the shooting. We disagree
 with the trial court that the Secretary “relie[d] upon” the
 cited cases or “use[d] these cases to justify” his decision.
 Strand III, 138 Fed. Cl. at 642. Rather, after a full analysis
 of how Mr. Strand’s illegal behavior did not align with the
 Navy’s core values, the Secretary briefly delved into mili-
 tary justice standards to emphasize that “the nature of
 [Mr. Strand’s] conduct leading to his civilian conviction
 cannot be overlooked.” J.A. 285. Far from denying Mr.
 Strand’s request just because he might have been punished
 more harshly in military court, the Secretary cited military
 sources simply to provide further points of comparison for
 assessing the nature and severity of Mr. Strand’s conduct.
     Finally, we reject the notion that the Secretary’s deci-
 sion should be reversed for insufficient consideration of Mr.
 Strand’s positive service record and post-service conduct.
 True, the Secretary’s 2018 decision makes little mention of
 the many medals, high performance marks, and promo-
 tions Mr. Strand received over the course of his career. But
 there is no requirement that the Secretary’s “brief state-
 ment” address every aspect of a petitioner’s record. See 32
 C.F.R. §§ 723.3(e)(4), 723.7(a). 11



     11 We note that the 2018 decision did acknowledge
 several positive aspects of Mr. Strand’s record. The
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 18                                   STRAND v. UNITED STATES




      The Secretary reviewed the same administrative rec-
 ord as the Board and drew a different, but still supported,
 conclusion from it. That the Secretary weighed certain as-
 pects of the record differently than did the Board does not
 mean that the Secretary’s conclusions were arbitrary or
 unsubstantiated. While the Board’s contrary conclusion
 may also be supported by substantial evidence, that con-
 clusion is not under review here. See Strickland, 423 F.3d
 at 1339 (“If . . . the Secretary disagrees with the Board and
 rejects its recommendation, . . . . the court reviews the de-
 cision on the basis of the Secretary’s written statement.”).
 “[W]hereas the Secretary in correcting a military record is
 to act through a board of civilians, as required by [§ 1552],
 he has . . . retained the authority to take such final action
 on board recommendations as he determines to be appro-
 priate.” Boyd, 207 Ct. Cl. at 8 (discussing an Air Force reg-
 ulation containing the same operative language as Navy
 regulation 32 C.F.R. § 723.7(a)). As we noted in Strickland,



 Secretary (1) noted Mr. Strand’s “satisfactory service, in-
 cluding various medals and personal awards” and his
 “‘good post service conduct and his early release from civil
 confinement due to good behavior,’” J.A. 281 (emphases in
 original) (quoting J.A. 32); (2) acknowledged the personal
 character references and personal statements showing Mr.
 Strand’s commitment to supporting his children and recon-
 ciliation with his ex-wife (while noting that no statement
 from Mr. Strand’s ex-wife appears among the many state-
 ments of support), J.A. 282; (3) “commend[ed]” Mr.
 Strand’s efforts toward post-conviction rehabilitation,
 J.A. 285; and (4) recognized that Mr. Strand had obtained
 an equitable upgrade of his service characterization, recog-
 nizing his “19.5 years of satisfactory service and post-incar-
 ceration efforts to rebuild his life”, J.A. 286.
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 STRAND v. UNITED STATES                                    19



 “‘[i]t is clear from the statute that the Secretary’s decision
 is a discretionary one.’” 423 F.3d at 1338 (alteration and
 emphasis in original) (quoting Boyd, 207 Ct. Cl. at 7). The
 Secretary properly exercised the discretion given to him by
 § 1552(a) in considering the Board’s reasoning and disa-
 greeing with its recommendation to grant additional relief
 to Mr. Strand.
                              III
     We have considered the parties’ remaining arguments
 and find them unpersuasive. The Secretary acted within
 his discretion in rejecting the recommendation of the
 Board. His 2018 rejection decision was supported by sub-
 stantial evidence and was not arbitrary, capricious, or con-
 trary to the law. We therefore reverse the judgment of the
 Court of Federal Claims.
                        REVERSED
     No costs.
Case: 19-1016    Document: 37      Page: 20   Filed: 03/03/2020




    United States Court of Appeals
        for the Federal Circuit
                   ______________________

                WALTER N. STRAND, III,
                   Plaintiff-Appellee

                              v.

                     UNITED STATES,
                    Defendant-Appellant
                   ______________________

                         2019-1016
                   ______________________

     Appeal from the United States Court of Federal Claims
 in No. 1:15-cv-00601-TCW, Judge Thomas C. Wheeler.
                  ______________________
 REYNA, Circuit Judge, dissenting.
     The majority upholds an agency decision that relies on
 an unsupported factual finding: that Mr. Strand “engaged
 in misconduct in 1993.” J.A. 283. Because that finding was
 an integral part of the Secretary’s decision, our law re-
 quires that we remand to the Secretary for further review.
 I respectfully dissent.
     The Secretary’s decision is based, at least in part, on
 two distinct events of misconduct: one in 1992, one in 1993.
 The Secretary found that “in 1992, [Mr. Strand] was coun-
 seled for abuse of alcohol, which resulted in disorderly con-
 duct, and he was issued non-judicial punishment for
 assault and disorderly conduct.” J.A. 283. The Secretary
 also found that Mr. Strand “again engaged in misconduct
 in 1993.” Id.
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 2                                  STRAND v. UNITED STATES




     The record supports the Secretary’s finding of miscon-
 duct in 1992. Two documents—a two-page “Court Memo-
 randum” and one-page of “Administrative Remarks”—
 show that Strand was involved in an alcohol-related inci-
 dent on February 27, 1992, and that Strand received non-
 judicial punishment for violating UCMJ Article 128 (as-
 sault) and Article 134 (disorderly conduct). J.A. 119–121.
 The administrative remarks identify the “deficiencies in
 [Strand’s] performance and/or conduct” as “abuse of alcohol
 which results [sic] in disorderly conduct.” J.A. 121.
     There is no similar evidence that would support the
 Secretary’s finding that Strand “again engaged in miscon-
 duct in 1993.” The Secretary cites one document in sup-
 port: a single page of “Administrative Remarks,” dated
 September 29, 1993. But the 1993 administrative remarks
 do not identify an act of misconduct that occurred in 1993.
 J.A. 118. Instead, the document identifies the “deficiencies
 in [Strand’s] performance and/or conduct” as:
     Violation of UCMJ Articles 128 (Assault) and 134
     (Disorderly conduct) as evidenced by CO’s NJP of
     27 February 1992 and documented in your service
     record on NAVPERS 1070/607 and NAVPERS
     1070/609.
 J.A. 118 (emphasis added). The 1993 administrative re-
 marks do not reference any other dates, incidents, or mis-
 conduct. Nor does the record contain any other evidence
 showing a 1993 act of misconduct or related punishment.
     The government admits that the record lacks support
 for the Secretary’s finding that Strand “again engaged in
 misconduct in 1993.” At oral argument, counsel for the
 government agreed that the Secretary had found two sep-
 arate acts of misconduct stemming from two separate
 events: “[t]he Secretary’s decision makes clear that the
 1992 nonjudicial punishment was one event and . . . what-
 ever the event was that resulted in the counseling entry in
 1993 was a separate event.” Oral Arg. at 1:45–2:13.
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 STRAND v. UNITED STATES                                     3



 Counsel for the government also recognized that the record
 contained no support for that finding.
     Q: The 1993 counseling is not the result of the 1992
     event?
     A: Correct.
     ...
     Q: What was the 1993 event?
     A: It’s unclear your Honor . . . the record does not
     describe the event.
 Id. at 2:55–3:05; 3:39–3:46. When pressed, counsel for the
 government simply said, “I would defer to the Secre-
 tary . . . I don’t have any reason to doubt the Secretary’s
 characterization of these being two separate incidents.” Id.
 at 7:34–8:05.
      The Secretary expressly relied on the illusory “miscon-
 duct in 1993” when it ruled against Mr. Strand. J.A. 283–
 285. For example, the Secretary concluded that Mr. Strand
 failed to “rehabilitate himself while in the Naval service”
 because “Strand again engaged in misconduct in 1993.”
 J.A. 283. The Secretary also found that Mr. Strand’s “con-
 viction for felony offenses, as well as his history of perfor-
 mance and conduct, does not align with the Navy [C]ore
 [V]alues.” Id. (emphasis added). Because the Secretary re-
 fers generally to Mr. Strand’s “misconduct” throughout its
 decision, it is impossible for this court to determine the ex-
 tent to which the Secretary’s error compromised the Secre-
 tary’s decision. See J.A. 284 (“This was not [Mr. Strand’s]
 first instance of misconduct leading to harm of others.”);
 J.A. 286 (“Petitioner’s misconduct is inconsistent with the
 Navy’s [C]ore [V]alues of honor, courage, and commitment
 and runs counter to granting relief.”).
     In a footnote, the majority sidesteps the Secretary’s un-
 supported finding of 1993 misconduct by characterizing the
 error as “harmless.” Slip op. at 5 n.3. The majority opines
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 4                                   STRAND v. UNITED STATES




 that “[n]o matter the number of early instances of miscon-
 duct, the Secretary’s rejection decision is supported by sub-
 stantial evidence.” Id. I disagree. We soundly rejected this
 reasoning in Strand II.
     In Strand II, we explained that the Secretary’s decision
 was based on “the sum of two facts in the record and two
 policy reasons”: (1) Mr. Strand’s history of domestic vio-
 lence issues; (2) the seriousness of Mr. Strand’s 2008 ac-
 tions; (3) the Navy’s Core Values; and (4) the Navy’s
 practice in similar cases. Strand v. United States, 706 F.
 App’x 996, 1000 (Fed. Cir. 2017) (“Strand II”). We con-
 cluded, however, that the Secretary’s finding that Mr.
 Strand had a history of domestic violence issues was not
 supported by substantial evidence. Id. In response, the
 government encouraged us to “uphold the Secretary’s deci-
 sion because it sets forth other policy rationales and evi-
 dence.” Id. But we rejected that argument, explaining:
     [B]ecause the Secretary relied on a combination of
     intertwined reasons, and Mr. Strand has shown
     that at least one of those reasons is not supported
     by substantial evidence, the record is not clear as
     to whether the Secretary would still reach the same
     conclusion.
     ...
     It is an established principle of administrative law
     that courts should not intrude upon the domain
     which Congress has exclusively entrusted to an ad-
     ministrative agency, and that a judicial judgment
     cannot be made to do service for an administrative
     judgment. Thus, the proper course, except in rare
     circumstances, is to remand to the agency for addi-
     tional investigation or explanation. Here, the Sec-
     retary has not yet considered whether the [Board’s]
     decision to grant Mr. Strand partial relief should
     be upheld in the absence of any evidence of a long-
     standing history of FAP involvement and domestic
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 STRAND v. UNITED STATES                                    5



     violence issues. We find no special circumstances
     that would support determining this question in
     the first instance. Therefore, this case must be re-
     manded back to the Secretary for further review of
     the [Board’s] decision.
 Id. (internal quotations omitted) (citing Gonzales v.
 Thomas, 547 U.S. 183, 186 (2006); INS v. Ventura, 537 U.S.
 12, 16 (2002); SEC v. Chenery Corp., 318 U.S. 80, 88
 (1943)).
     The majority theorizes that “the Secretary’s thorough
 consideration of the seriousness of Mr. Strand’s criminal
 misconduct, alone, justifies his decision to deny the re-
 quested relief.” Slip op. at 12–13 (explaining that the
 “heavy weight” the Secretary ascribed to Mr. Strand’s ac-
 tions in 2008 “fully supports denying him credit for six
 months of service he did not perform”). But the Secretary
 did not determine that Mr. Strand’s 2008 actions were
 alone sufficient to warrant rejecting the Board’s decision.
 To the contrary, the Secretary expressly stated that Mr.
 Strand’s “conviction for felony offenses, as well as his his-
 tory of performance and conduct,” does not align with the
 Navy Core Values. J.A. 283 (emphasis added).
     As in Strand II, the Secretary’s decision is based on an
 unsupported fact finding. The Secretary has not yet con-
 sidered whether it would uphold the Board’s decision in the
 absence of that finding. Nor has the majority identified
 any special circumstances that would permit this court to
 determine this question in the first instance. This case,
 therefore, must be returned to the Secretary for further re-
 view. Because the majority upholds the Secretary’s flawed
 decision, I dissent.
