FOR PUBLICATION
                                                         FILED
                                                       Mar 30 2012, 9:37 am


                                                              CLERK
                                                            of the supreme court,
                                                            court of appeals and
                                                                   tax court




ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT:                      ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE:

SUZY ST. JOHN                                GREGORY F. ZOELLER
Marion County Public Defender                Attorney General of Indiana

                                             KARL M. SCHARNBERG
                                             Deputy Attorney General
                                             Indianapolis, Indiana




                             IN THE
                   COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

CAROLYN BOSS,                                )
                                             )
      Appellant-Defendant,                   )
                                             )
             vs.                             )      No. 49A05-1106-CR-320
                                             )
STATE OF INDIANA,                            )
                                             )
      Appellee-Plaintiff.                    )


                   APPEAL FROM THE MARION SUPERIOR COURT
                        The Honorable Linda E. Brown, Judge
                         Cause No. 49F10-0812-CM-276473


                                   March 30, 2012

                             OPINION – FOR PUBLICATION

DARDEN, Judge
                                 STATEMENT OF THE CASE

          Carolyn Boss appeals her convictions and sentence following a bench trial for six

counts of class A misdemeanor failure to restrain a dog1 and six counts of class B

misdemeanor harboring a non-immunized dog.2

          We affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand.

                                            ISSUES

          1.      Whether there is sufficient evidence to support Boss‟s
                  convictions.

          2.      Whether Boss‟s convictions constitute double jeopardy.

          3.      Whether Boss‟s sentence is inappropriate pursuant to Indiana
                  Appellate Rule 7(B).

          4.      Whether Boss‟s one-year consecutive sentences are unconstitutional.

                                             FACTS


          On November 3, 2008, three dogs surrounded Carole Bales as she walked in an

alley near her home. Bales recognized the dogs as those kept by Boss, who lived across

the street from Bales.

          One of the dogs clamped down on Bales‟s arm and began shaking her by the arm

before pulling her down to the ground. Another dog bit Bales‟s leg and “started shaking”




1
    Ind. Code § 15-20-1-4.
2
    I.C. § 35-46-3-1.

                                                2
it while the third dog “started nipping [her] up and down [her] body.” (Tr. 12). The dogs

then “started dragging [Bales] down the alley.” (Tr. 12).

      Thomas Wimberly responded to Bales‟s cries for help. When he got to the alley,

he saw the dogs “gnawing on” Bales. (Tr. 28). As Wimberly attempted to get the dogs

away from Bales, two of the dogs bit his arms and knocked him to the ground. A passer-

by alerted Boss to the attack. Boss called the dogs off of Bales and Wimberly and took

them back to her yard.

      Deborah Dobbins, an animal control officer with Indianapolis Animal Control &

Care, responded to the scene. She observed two of the dogs in a fenced area at the side of

Boss‟s house. A forty-two-inch-high chain-link fence surrounded the area. Dobbins,

however, observed that the fence was “dilapidated,” with gaps at the bottom of the fence

under which a dog could crawl. (Tr. 58). The third dog was loosely secured by its collar

to a tree in the unfenced backyard. Dobbins observed that the collar was “way too loose

for that dog” because it “slipped right off the dog‟s head . . . .” (Tr. 59). Dobbins

observed blood on all three dogs.

      Boss informed Dobbins that the dogs belonged to her son and that she was caring

for them because he was incarcerated. Dobbins did not find any rabies tags on the dogs,

and Boss could not provide any vaccination records. Boss signed a Surrender of Owner‟s

Animal, whereby she certified that she was the owner of the dogs and voluntarily

surrendering the dogs to Animal Control & Care.



                                            3
       The dog bites caused extensive injuries to Bales, including permanent damage to

the nerves in her arm. Bales‟s injuries required a two-week stay in the hospital followed

by extensive physical therapy. Bales also suffered several bite wounds to her legs as well

as scratches to her torso. Wimberly‟s injuries to his arm required a hospital stay of six

weeks, followed by several weeks of physical therapy.            Wimberly also suffered

permanent damage to his arm. In addition, Wimberly suffered several less severe bites to

his arms.

       On December 8, 2008, the State charged Boss with six counts of class A

misdemeanor failure to restrain a dog and six counts of class B misdemeanor harboring a

non-immunized dog. The trial court held a bench trial on June 22, 2011, after which it

found Boss guilty as charged.

       The trial court held a sentencing hearing on June 24, 2011. The trial court found

Boss‟s lack of criminal history and that she voluntarily surrendered the dogs to be

mitigating circumstances. The trial court found the nature and circumstances of the crime

to be an aggravating circumstance.        Finding that the aggravator outweighed the

mitigators, the trial court sentenced Boss to concurrent sentences of one year on Counts

1, 2, 3, 5, and 6. The trial court further sentenced Boss to one year on Count 4, to be

served consecutive to the sentence on Count 1, to be served in county jail. The trial court

then sentenced Boss to concurrent sentences of 180 days on the remaining counts, with

168 days on each count suspended to probation. Thus, Boss received an aggregate

sentence of two years, followed by 168 days of probation.

                                            4
                                       DECISION

1. Sufficiency of the Evidence

      Boss asserts that the evidence is insufficient to support her convictions for failing

to restrain her dogs and harboring non-immunized dogs.

      When reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence to support a conviction,
      appellate courts must consider only the probative evidence and reasonable
      inferences supporting the verdict. It is the fact-finder‟s role, not that of
      appellate courts, to assess witness credibility and weigh the evidence to
      determine whether it is sufficient to support a conviction. To preserve this
      structure, when appellate courts are confronted with conflicting evidence,
      they must consider it most favorably to the trial court‟s ruling. Appellate
      courts affirm the conviction unless no reasonable fact-finder could find the
      elements of the crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt. It is therefore not
      necessary that the evidence overcome every reasonable hypothesis of
      innocence. The evidence is sufficient if an inference may reasonably be
      drawn from it to support the verdict.

Drane v. State, 867 N.E.2d 144, 146-47 (Ind. 2007) (quotations and citations omitted).

      a. Failure to restrain

      Boss argues that the evidence was insufficient to establish that she failed to take

reasonable steps to restrain her dogs. Indiana Code section 15-20-1-4 provides that the

owner of a dog commits a class C misdemeanor if:

              (1) the owner recklessly, knowingly, or intentionally fails to take
             reasonable steps to restrain the dog;

             (2) the dog enters property other than the property of the dog‟s
             owner; and

             (3) as the result of the owner‟s failure to restrain the dog, the dog
             bites or attacks another person without provocation, resulting in
             bodily injury to the other person.


                                            5
The offense is a class A misdemeanor if it results in serious bodily injury to a person.

               “In interpreting statutes, we do not interpret a statute that is facially
       clear and unambiguous. Rather, we give the statute its plain and clear
       meaning.” “[I]f a statute is ambiguous, we seek to ascertain and give effect
       to the legislature‟s intent.” “The best evidence of legislative intent is the
       language of the statute itself, and all words must be given their plain and
       ordinary meaning unless otherwise indicated by statute.” “[P]enal statutes
       must be strictly construed against the State, but a statute should not be
       overly narrowed so as to exclude cases fairly covered by it and should be
       interpreted so as to give efficient operation to the expressed intent of the
       legislature.” “Also, we assume that the language in a statute was used
       intentionally and that every word should be given effect and meaning.”
       “We seek to give a statute practical application by construing it in a way
       favoring public convenience and avoiding absurdity, hardship, and
       injustice.”

Buchanan v. State, 956 N.E.2d 124, 128-29 (Ind. Ct. App. 2011) (internal citations

omitted).

       “Reasonable”     is   defined    as    “not    extreme    or    excessive[.]”       See

http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/reasonable (last visited Feb. 23, 2011). In

Plesha v. Edmonds ex rel. Edmonds, 717 N.E.2d 981, 987 (Ind. Ct. App. 1999), trans.

denied, this court construed the meaning of “restraint,” as used in a city ordinance

requiring owners to keep their dogs restrained.         Looking at the plain and ordinary

meaning, the court determined the terms “restraint” and “restrained” import active control

and prevention of conduct rather than mere containment. See id. (citing BLACK‟S LAW

DICTIONARY at 1214 (6th ed. 1991) (confinement or holding back from action);

AMERICAN HERITAGE DICTIONARY at 1438 (3d ed. 1992) (to hold back or keep in check;

control)). We find the use of the term “restrain” in Indiana Code section 15-20-1-4 to be


                                              6
analogous to that addressed in Plesha. Accordingly, we interpret Indiana Code section

15-20-1-4 as requiring an owner of a dog to take practical and sensible steps to control

his or her dog to prevent the dog from going onto the property of another.

       Here, the evidence shows that Boss kept two of the dogs in a fenced area.

Dobbins, however, testified that the fence had obvious gaps through which the dogs

could escape. The evidence further shows that Boss kept the third dog in her unfenced

backyard, with only a loose collar through which his head easily slipped. Given the

evidence, the trial court could reasonably infer that Boss failed to take reasonable steps to

restrain the dogs.

       b. Harboring a non-immunized dog

       Boss further asserts that the evidence was insufficient to establish that she

harbored a non-immunized dog. Boss maintains that it was the State‟s burden to prove

that the dogs were not immunized. She also maintains that the State failed to present

evidence that she knew the dogs were not immunized.

       Indiana Code section 35-46-3-1 provides that a “person who knowingly or

intentionally harbors a dog that is over the age of six (6) months and not immunized

against rabies commits harboring a non-immunized dog.” The offense is a class B

misdemeanor “if the dog causes bodily injury by biting a person.” I.C. § 35-46-3-1.

Indiana Administrative Code section 1-5-2 requires owners to vaccinate their dogs

against rabies.      Pursuant to Indiana Administrative Code section 1-5-1, upon

administering a rabies vaccination, the veterinarian must provide the owner with a

                                             7
completed rabies vaccination certificate and a rabies vaccination identification tag, both

of which the owner is required to keep.

          In this case, the State presented evidence that Boss could provide neither tags nor

certificates of rabies vaccination for the dogs. Thus, the trier-of-fact could reasonably

infer that the dogs had not been immunized.

          In the alternative, Boss argues that the State failed to prove that she knew the dogs

had not been immunized. “A person engages in conduct „knowingly‟ if, when he engages

in the conduct, he is aware of a high probability that he is doing so.” I.C. § 35-41-2-2.

“„Because such a finding requires one to resort to inferential reasoning to ascertain the

defendant‟s mental state, the appellate courts must look to all the surrounding

circumstances of a case to determine if a guilty verdict is proper.‟” Scruggs v. State, 883

N.E.2d 189, 191 (Ind. Ct. App. 2008) (quoting McMichael v. State, 471 N.E.2d 726, 731

(Ind. Ct. App. 1984), trans. denied), trans. denied.

          Here, the State presented evidence that Boss cared for the dogs3 and that she did

not have proof that they had been vaccinated. Accordingly, the trial court could infer that

Boss was aware of a high probability that the dogs had not been immunized.

          We find that the State presented sufficient evidence from which the trial court

could infer that Boss harbored non-immunized dogs.                       Boss is asking this Court to

reweigh the evidence, which we will not do.




3
    Boss admittedly “assumed the role of owner to [the] three dogs . . . .” Boss‟s Br. at 5.
                                                       8
2. Double Jeopardy

      Boss next asserts that her convictions violate Indiana‟s prohibition against double

jeopardy. Specifically, she contends that she was subjected to double jeopardy “when her

convictions for harboring a non-immunized dog were elevated to a [c]lass B

misdemeanor on the same type of bodily injury elevating her convictions for failure to

restrain a dog to a [c]lass A misdemeanor.” Boss‟s Br. at 21.

      Pursuant to Article 1, Section 14 of the Indiana Constitution, “[n]o person shall be

put in jeopardy twice for the same offense.”

      [T]wo offenses are the “same offense” in violation of the Indiana Double
      Jeopardy Clause if, with respect to either the statutory elements of the
      challenged crimes or the actual evidence used to convict, the essential
      elements of one challenged offense also establish the essential elements of
      another challenged offense.

Lee v. State, 892 N.E.2d 1231, 1233 (Ind. 2008) (quoting Richardson v. State, 717 N.E.2d

32, 49 (Ind. 1999)).    “In addition, categories of double jeopardy based on rules of

statutory construction and common law prohibit multiple convictions or punishments for

the same crime.” Porter v. State, 935 N.E.2d 1228, 1232 (Ind. Ct. App. 2010). These

categories bar “„[c]onviction and punishment for an enhancement of a crime where the

enhancement is imposed for the very same behavior or harm as another crime for which

the defendant has been convicted and punished.‟” Id. (quoting Guyton v. State, 771

N.E.2d 1141, 1143 (Ind. 2002)). We consider the evidence, charging information, final

jury instructions and arguments of counsel in determining what facts the trier-of-fact used



                                               9
to establish each element of an offense. Ramon v. State, 888 N.E.2d 244, 253 (Ind. Ct.

App. 2008).

      Failure to restrain a dog is a class A misdemeanor when it results in serious bodily

injury. “Serious bodily injury” means a bodily injury that, inter alia, causes serious

permanent disfigurement, extreme pain or “permanent or protracted loss or impairment of

the function of a bodily member or organ[.]”        I.C. § 35-41-1-25.     Knowingly or

intentionally harboring a non-immunized dog is a class C infraction.        The offense,

however, is elevated to a class B misdemeanor if “the dog causes bodily injury by biting

a person.     I.C. § 35-46-3-1.   “„Bodily injury‟ means any impairment of physical

condition, including physical pain.” I.C. § 35-41-1-4.

      In Counts 1 through 6, the State alleged that Boss committed failure to restrain a

dog as a class A misdemeanor based upon “bite wound(s) and[/]or laceration(s) resulting

in extreme pain and/or serious permanent disfigurement and/or permanent or protracted

loss or impairment of the function of a bodily member or organ” to Wimberly and Bales.

(App. 36-41) (emphasis omitted). In Counts 7 through 12, the State alleged that Boss

committed harboring a non-immunized dog as a class B misdemeanor based upon “bite

wound(s) and/or lacerations” to Wimberly and Bales. (App. 42-44(B)).

      The evidence introduced at trial indicates that both Wimberly and Bales suffered

permanent injuries to their arms, including nerve damage and loss of function, due to the

dog bites. The evidence introduced at trial also indicates that Wimberly and Bales each

suffered numerous other bites.

                                           10
       Although the State presented evidence of multiple wounds to Wimberly and Bales,

it presented no actual evidence to prove bodily injury from Boss‟s separate conduct of

harboring a non-immunized dog. From the evidence presented, we find that Boss has

demonstrated a reasonable possibility that the evidentiary facts used by the trier-of-fact to

elevate her convictions for harboring non-immunized dogs also were used to enhance her

convictions for failure to restrain a dog. See Richardson v. State, 717 N.E.2d 32, 54 (Ind.

1999). Therefore, the enhancements for both offenses cannot stand. Accordingly, we

remand with directions to vacate Boss‟s convictions and sentences for harboring a non-

immunized dog as class B misdemeanors and enter a determination that Boss committed

harboring a non-immunized dog as class C infractions.

3. Inappropriate Sentence

       Boss asserts that her sentence is inappropriate. She argues that “it should be

revised to a term served on home detention in accord with the prosecutor‟s original

recommendation.” Boss‟s Br. at 8.

       We may revise a sentence if it is inappropriate in light of the nature of the offense

and the character of the offender. Ind. Appellate Rule 7(B). It is the defendant‟s burden

to “„persuade the appellate court that his or her sentence has met th[e] inappropriateness

standard of review.‟” Anglemyer v. State, 868 N.E.2d 482, 494 (Ind. 2007), clarified on

reh’g, 875 N.E.2d 218 (Ind. 2007) (quoting Childress v. State, 848 N.E.2d 1073, 1080

(Ind. 2006)).



                                             11
          In determining whether a sentence is inappropriate, the advisory sentence “is the

starting point the Legislature has selected as an appropriate sentence for the crime

committed.” Childress, 848 N.E.2d at 1081. Indiana Code section 35-50-3-2 provides

that “[a] person who commits a Class A misdemeanor shall be imprisoned for a fixed

term of not more than one (1) year[.]”4

                 The location where a sentence is to be served is an appropriate focus
          for application of our review and revise authority. . . . Nonetheless, we
          note that it will be quite difficult for a defendant to prevail on a claim that
          the placement of his sentence is inappropriate. This is because the question
          under Appellate Rule 7(B) is not whether another sentence is more
          appropriate; rather, the question is whether the sentence imposed is
          inappropriate. A defendant challenging the placement of a sentence must
          convince us that the given placement is itself inappropriate. As a practical
          matter, trial courts know the feasibility of alternative placements in
          particular counties or communities. For example, a court is aware of the
          availability, costs, and entrance requirements of community corrections
          placements in a specific locale.

King v. State, 894 N.E.2d 265, 267-68 (Ind. Ct. App. 2008) (internal citations omitted).

          As to Boss‟s character, it appears that her criminal history consists only of a

conviction for driving with a suspended license.5 She also expressed remorse during the

sentencing hearing. Moreover, the victims stated that they did not want anything bad to

happen to Boss, and the State recommended home detention. While we acknowledge the

victims‟ statements as well as the State‟s recommendation, and Boss‟s character



4
  We do not address the concurrent sentences imposed on Counts 7 through 12 as we hereby vacate those
sentences.
5
    The record does not include a pre-sentence investigation report.

                                                     12
notwithstanding, it is the nature of the offenses that is critical to our review of her

sentence.

      As to Boss‟s offense, her failure to adequately restrain three dogs resulted in

catastrophic injuries to two people. Furthermore, the testimony presented indicates that

this was not the first occasion Boss‟s dogs ran loose. In light of these factors, we find

that Boss‟s sentence of one year in jail for each count of failure to restrain a dog is

appropriate.

4. Consecutive Sentences

      Boss further asserts that her two one-year consecutive sentences violate the

Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution and Article 1, Section 23 of the

Indiana Constitution because “she is not eligible to benefit from the consecutive

sentencing limitations of Indiana Code [section] 35-50-1-2.” Boss‟s Br. at 29. She

maintains that her total sentence for the six class A misdemeanor convictions should not

have exceeded one and one-half years, the advisory sentence for a class D felony. See

I.C. § 35-50-2-7.

      Indiana Code section 35-50-1-2(c) provides, in pertinent part, as follows:

      except for crimes of violence, the total of the consecutive terms of
      imprisonment . . . to which the defendant is sentenced for felony
      convictions arising out of an episode of criminal conduct shall not exceed
      the advisory sentence for a felony which is one (1) class of felony higher
      than the most serious of the felonies for which the person has been
      convicted.

(Emphasis added).


                                           13
       In Dunn v. State, 900 N.E.2d 1291, 1292 (Ind. Ct. App. 2009), this court held that

“[t]he clear and unambiguous language of Indiana Code section 35-50-1-2(c) requires the

defendant to be sentenced for felony convictions in order to fall within its purview[.]”

Finding that Dunn had only misdemeanor convictions and failed to cite “other statutory,

constitutional, or common law restrictions on consecutive sentences for misdemeanor

offenses,” this court affirmed Dunn‟s sentence.

       Again, Boss asserts a constitutional basis for reversing her sentence. We note,

however, that this court is not permitted to address a constitutional issue when we can

base our decision on any other statutory or common-law basis.          Wright v. State, 668

N.E.2d 224, 226 n.4 (citing Bayh v. Sonnenburg, 573 N.E.2d 398, 402 (Ind.1991), cert.

denied, 502 U.S. 1094 (1992)).

       We recognize that Boss‟s convictions arose out of a single criminal episode.

Nonetheless, Boss‟s failure to restrain her dogs resulted in serious injuries to two separate

victims. Given that a single act resulted in separate harms to separate people, we cannot

say that Boss is entitled to a limit on her sentence pursuant to Indiana Code section 35-

50-1-2. See, e.g., Vance v. State, 860 N.E.2d 617, 620 (Ind. Ct. App. 2007) (finding no

error in the imposition of consecutive sentences on the defendant‟s misdemeanor

convictions where a single act resulted in separate harms).

       Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded with instructions.

BAKER, J., and BAILEY, J., concur.



                                             14
