FOR PUBLICATION
                                                        FILED
                                                     May 25 2012, 8:52 am


                                                            CLERK
                                                          of the supreme court,
                                                          court of appeals and
                                                                 tax court




ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT:                    ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEES:

JOHN E. BIRK                                D. TIMOTHY BORN
JAMES E. STOLTZ                             SHAWN M. SULLIVAN
Birk & Birk                                 Terrell, Baugh, Salmon & Born, LLP
Jasper, Indiana                             Evansville, Indiana

                             IN THE
                   COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
MARK GASSER,                                )
                                            )
     Appellant-Plaintiff,                   )
                                            )
             vs.                            )     No. 19A05-1108-PL-419
                                            )
LESA B. DOWNING, AUTO-OWNERS                )
INSURANCE COMPANY, and PROPERTY             )
OWNERS INSURANCE COMPANY,                   )
                                            )
     Appellees-Defendants.                  )


                   APPEAL FROM THE DUBOIS SUPERIOR COURT
                       The Honorable William E. Weikert, Judge
                           Cause No. 19C01-0908-PL-344

                                   May 25, 2012

                            OPINION – FOR PUBLICATION



MAY, Judge
        Mark Gasser was injured in an automobile accident while a friend was driving him to

a golf course. He sued Auto-Owners Insurance Co. for underinsured motorist coverage,

claiming the car in which he was a passenger was a temporary substitute for his own vehicle.

The trial court granted Auto-Owners’ motion for summary judgment and denied Gasser’s.

We affirm.1

                           FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

        On December 27, 2008, Gasser was scheduled to meet three friends for a Saturday

morning tee time. As he prepared to leave home, he discovered the battery was dead in his

Toyota pickup truck. That was the only vehicle available to him because the antique cars at

his residence were not running and his girlfriend was driving his GMC Yukon. He did not

call his girlfriend because he did not know where she was or how long it might take her to

return. Instead, he called one of the people in his golfing party, Rex Kamman, and asked

Kamman to pick him up. Gasser and Kamman were on the way to the golf course, with

Kamman driving, when Kamman’s car was involved in a collision.

        Gasser’s business, Huntingburg Machine Works (“HMW”), owned Gasser’s truck and

other vehicles, and Auto-Owners insured them. The HMW policy applies “to an automobile

you do not2 own which is temporarily used as a substitute for your automobile. Your


1
 We heard oral argument April 26, 2012, in Mount Vernon, Indiana as part of the Posey Circuit Court’s Law
Day observance. We thank the court for its hospitality and commend counsel on the quality of their advocacy.
2
 In its Statement of Facts, Auto-Owners quotes this provision, but leaves out the words “do not.” (Br. of
Appellees at 9.)

                                                     2
automobile must be out of use because of breakdown, repair, servicing, loss or destruction.”

(App. at 172) (footnote added). “Substitute” is not defined.

                             DISCUSSION AND DECISION

       When reviewing a summary judgment, we apply the same standard as does the trial

court. Lacy-McKinney v. Taylor Bean & Whitaker Mortg. Corp., 937 N.E.2d 853, 858 (Ind.

Ct. App. 2010). Summary judgment is appropriate if the pleadings and evidence demonstrate

there are no genuine issues of material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a

matter of law. Id.; Ind. Trial Rule 56(C). We construe the pleadings, affidavits, and

designated evidence in the light most favorable to the non-moving party, and the moving

party has the burden of demonstrating the absence of a genuine issue of material fact. Lacy-

McKinney, 937 N.E.2d at 858-59. Because a summary judgment comes to us clothed with a

presumption of validity, the appellant must persuade us that error occurred. Id. at 859. If the

judgment can be sustained on any theory or basis in the record, we must affirm. Id. Still, we

must carefully review a summary judgment to ensure a party was not improperly denied his

or her day in court. Id.

       Interpretation of an insurance policy, as with other contracts, is primarily a question of

law for the court, even if the policy contains an ambiguity needing resolution. Tate v. Secura

Ins., 587 N.E.2d 665, 668 (Ind. 1992). It is only where a contract is ambiguous and its

interpretation requires extrinsic evidence that the fact finder must determine the facts on

which the contract rests. Id. If policy language is clear and unambiguous, it should be given

                                               3
its plain and ordinary meaning. Id. If there is an ambiguity, the policy should be interpreted

most favorably to the insured. Id. “It should be construed to further the policy’s basic

purpose of indemnity.” Id.

        Policy terms are interpreted from the perspective of an ordinary policyholder of

average intelligence. Westfield Cos. v. Knapp, 804 N.E.2d 1270, 1273-74 (Ind. Ct. App.

2004), reh’g denied, trans. denied. If reasonably intelligent persons may honestly differ as to

the meaning of the policy language, the policy is ambiguous. Id. Terms in a contract are

given their usual and common meaning unless, from the contract, it can be determined some

other meaning was intended. Id.

        Kamman’s car was not a “temporary substitute” for purposes of the Auto Owners

policy because it was being used as a favor or friendly accommodation, not to fulfill a legal

or contractual obligation Gasser had.3

        In Deadwiler v. Chicago Motor Club Ins. Co., 603 N.E.2d 1365 (Ind. Ct. App. 1992),

trans. denied, we addressed when a vehicle is a “temporary substitute.” There, a policy

provision defined “your covered auto” as: “Any auto or trailer you do not own while used as

a temporary substitute for any other vehicle described in this definition which is out of

normal use” because of breakdown or repair. Id. at 1366 n.1. Deadwiler addressed this

question as one of first impression in Indiana, and it does not appear our courts have


3
 As we find the Kamman’s vehicle was not a temporary substitute because Gasser had no legal or contractual
obligation, we need not address Auto-Owners’ alternative argument Gasser, as a mere passenger, was not
“using” Kamman’s vehicle.
                                                    4
addressed it at any length since.

       In Deadwiler we noted “[t]he well recognized intent of a ‘temporary substitute’ clause

is not to narrow the coverage of an insurance policy, but to provide the insured with

continuous coverage for one operating vehicle on one policy.” Id. at 1367. We reviewed

authorities from various jurisdictions including a line of decisions flowing from Tanner v.

Pennsylvania Threshermen & F.M.C. Ins. Co., 226 F.2d 498 (6th Cir. 1955). The Tanner

court found a substitute vehicle was one that was “in the possession or under the control of

the insured to the same extent and effect as the disabled car of the insured would have been

except for its disablement.” Id. at 500. We followed Tanner.

       In Tanner, brothers Mike and Louis owned separate cafes in the same city. Mike’s

car, which was covered by insurance, was in the shop for repairs. Louis helped Mike get his

car to the shop and took Mike back to his cafe. On arriving there, Mike realized that he did

not have any beef at his cafe. He asked Louis to go to his cafe and bring back some beef.

Louis agreed. He went home to pick up his wife and children, then headed for his cafe to

pick up the beef. On his way, he was involved in an auto accident.

       Louis tried to obtain coverage under Mike’s insurance policy on the premise Louis’s

car was a temporary substitute vehicle. The district court found it was not, because Louis’s

errand was “in the nature of a friendly or brotherly accommodation,” id., and the Sixth

Circuit affirmed.



                                             5
       We noted in Deadwiler that courts applying the Tanner rule have required that for a

vehicle to be a “temporary substitute,” it must be under the control of the insured, or the

insured’s designee. 603 N.E.2d at 1369. To “designate” has been defined as “to indicate,

select, appoint, nominate or set apart for a purpose or duty, as to designate an officer for a

command.” Id. (quoting Black’s Law Dictionary at 402 (5th ed. 1979)). “Designation in the

present context necessarily implies the existence of a duty or obligation owed by designator.”

Id. (emphasis added).

       In Deadwiler, Gena Deadwiler was asked by her mother to check on Gena’s sister.

Her mother’s car was insured by Chicago Motor Club, and Gena’s car was not insured. On

her way back from checking on her sister, Gena’s car was involved in an accident. Gena

claimed her car was a “temporary substitute vehicle” covered under her mother’s policy. We

determined it was not: “Dorothy had neither possession nor control over Gena’s car.

Dorothy requested that Gena check on her sister. No designation occurred. Therefore, the

car was not entitled to temporary substitute status.” Id.

       We noted, in the context of the Deadwiler facts, “a prior undertaking on the part of the

insured has been noted as a key factor in differentiating those cases in which a car is found to

be a temporary substitute, from those cases in which the car is found not to be a temporary

substitute.” Id. at 1368. We characterized such a prior undertaking as one to “fulfill a

previous legal or contractual obligation” of the insured. Id. at 1369.



                                               6
       In reaching that decision, we examined a number of decisions from other jurisdictions.

In Babineaux v. Lavergne, 321 So.2d 401 (La. Ct. App. 1975), an employer asked an

employee to deliver paychecks for the employer because the employer’s car had broken

down. The employee took on the task “strictly as a personal favor.” Id. at 404. Therefore,

the employee’s car was not a “temporary substitute” for the employer’s vehicle when the

employee was involved in a car accident while driving to a relative’s house before delivering

the checks.

       Similarly, in Carnes v. Schram, 440 N.W.2d 451 (Neb. 1989), a truck used to pick up

hogs for Schram was not a temporary substitute vehicle entitled to coverage under Schram’s

policy. The “legal and contractual compulsion regarding the use of the vehicles in [decisions

finding a vehicle was a temporary substitute] is replaced in the instant case by a simple act of

courteous reciprocity.” Id. at 456.

       There was, by contrast, a legal or contractual undertaking in Roberts v. Gonzalez, 495

F.Supp. 1310 (D. V.I. 1980). Caribbean Airlines was scheduled to fly passengers between

San Juan and Saint Thomas.         Its plane malfunctioned, so Caribbean transferred the

passengers to a Conquest Airways flight. The Conquest plane crashed, and the district court

found the Conquest plane was a temporary substitute for a Caribbean plane. It distinguished

Tanner based on the fact the errand in Tanner “was a spur of the moment accommodation; it

was not to fulfill any prior undertaking of the insured’s.” Id. at 1321.



                                               7
       Similarly, in Fulton v. Woodford, 498 P.2d 564 (Ariz. Ct. App. 1972), Sanner

contracted with Conway to provide trucks for the delivery of dirt. Conway hired Fulton to

provide additional trucks, and Fulton in turn hired Patterson for even more trucks. Patterson

was involved in an accident. The court found Patterson’s truck was a temporary substitute

for trucks owned by Fulton, such that Fulton’s policy covered Patterson’s truck. The Fulton

court distinguished Tanner because “the errand performed [in Tanner] was no more than a

brotherly accommodation and was not for the purpose of fulfilling a prior undertaking of his

brother.” Id. at 570.

       Applying those cases to the facts in Deadwiler, we determined Gena’s actions could

be better characterized as a favor to her mother than as fulfillment of a prior contractual or

legal obligation her mother owed:

       While Dorothy may have felt some moral or maternal obligation to check on
       the welfare of her daughter, her obligation did not rise to the level of the
       contractual obligations present in Lumbermens, Roberts, or Fulton. Gena’s
       checking on her sister did not fulfill a previous legal or contractual obligation
       which her mother owed, it constituted a favor to her mother, and nothing more.

603 N.E.2d at 1369.

       Gasser’s ride to the golf course similarly is best described as a “favor” by Kamman,

and not a “fulfillment of a prior contractual or legal obligation.” Auto-Owners therefore was

entitled to summary judgment, and we affirm.

       Affirmed.

BAKER, J., and BAILEY, J., concur.

                                              8
