     Notice: This opinion is subject to correction before publication in the PACIFIC REPORTER.
     Readers are requested to bring errors to the attention of the Clerk of the Appellate Courts,
     303 K Street, Anchorage, Alaska 99501, phone (907) 264-0608, fax (907) 264-0878, email
     corrections@akcourts.us.



              THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF ALASKA

TRACY HARRELL, personal                       )
representative of the Estate of               )        Supreme Court No. S-16320
WINNIE SUE WILLIS, and TRACY                  )
HARRELL and CINDY KLOXIN,                     )        Superior Court No. 1KE-15-00267 CI
Individually,                                 )
                                              )        OPINION
                     Appellants,              )
                                              )        No. 7197 – September 8, 2017
             v.                               )
                                              )
BRIAN CALVIN,                                 )
                                              )
                     Appellee.                )
                                              )

             Appeal from the Superior Court of the State of Alaska, First
             Judicial District, Ketchikan, Trevor Stephens, Judge.

             Appearances: Michael A. Stepovich and Sandra K. Rolfe,
             Stepovich & Vacura Law Office, Fairbanks, for Appellants.
             Daniel T. Quinn and C. Cody Tirpak, Richmond & Quinn,
             Anchorage, for Appellee.

             Before: Stowers, Chief Justice, Winfree, Maassen, Bolger,
             and Carney, Justices.

             MAASSEN, Justice.
I.     INTRODUCTION
               A woman died in a house fire. Her two adult children, having concluded
that the cause of the fire was a neighbor’s electric fish smoker, brought suit both on
behalf of their mother’s estate and as individuals, asserting claims for wrongful death and
negligent infliction of emotional distress. The superior court concluded that their suit
was barred by two-year statutes of limitations and granted summary judgment for the
neighbor. The court also awarded the neighbor attorney’s fees under Alaska Civil
Rule 82 and entered judgment jointly and severally against the estate and the two
individuals.
               The plaintiffs appeal. They argue that the superior court erred in granting
summary judgment because the statutes of limitations were tolled by the “discovery
rule.” They also argue that the court abused its discretion in assessing attorney’s fees
against them as individuals and in making them jointly and severally liable for the
judgment. We conclude, however, that the superior court properly applied the statutes
of limitations and that it did not abuse its discretion in its attorney’s fees award. We
therefore affirm the judgment.
II.    FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS
       A.      Facts
               Two families shared a duplex in Ketchikan. In the upper unit lived Brian
Calvin with his wife and child; in the lower unit lived Tracy Harrell with her husband,
Klyn Kloxin, and her mother, Winnie Sue Willis. On July 11, 2013, the duplex was
destroyed by fire, and Willis was killed.
               The South Tongass Volunteer Fire Department and the Alaska State
Troopers responded to the fire and found Calvin, Klyn Kloxin, and Cindy Kloxin,
Willis’s other daughter, at the scene. Klyn Kloxin told investigators he had smelled fish

                                            -2-                                      7197

smoking the night before “and assumed that Mr. Calvin was smoking fish,” and Calvin
confirmed that he had been operating his smoker. According to Calvin, he finished at
10:30 p.m., unplugged the smoker, removed the trays, “and as far as he knew everything
was done.” He told the Troopers that when he left for work at approximately five
o’clock the next morning nothing was “out of the ordinary.”
              Robert Plumb, the State Deputy Fire Marshall, noted that the most severe
fire damage was in the upper northwest side of the duplex. In the same corner of the
building he found the remains of a Big Chief fish smoker in a pile of debris. Plumb
interviewed Harrell, Calvin, and Klyn Kloxin on July 12, the day after the fire. Klyn
repeated that he had smelled smoking fish the evening of July 10 and again the morning
of July 11. Calvin again confirmed that he had smoked fish on his deck on the evening
of July 10 but saw nothing amiss when he left for work the next morning. Klyn told
another investigator, also on July 12, that “the upstairs neighbor [Calvin] had previously
dumped ashes from the smoker on the ground outside” but he was not sure if this
happened on July 10.
              Besides the smoker, the investigators continued to actively consider several
different causes, including an electrical fire originating near the roof or in the laundry
room, a discarded cigarette, and “the possibility that someone intentionally set this fire.”
In January 2014 Harrell received a copy of Plumb’s official report, which included
Calvin’s fish smoker as one of the fire’s potential causes. In February Harrell was
appointed personal representative of Willis’s estate and retained a lawyer, who in turn
retained a private fire investigator in June. The investigator concluded in October that
it was “more probable th[a]n not” that “the fire originated on the second floor exterior
deck” and that Calvin’s “Big Chief smoker” was the cause.



                                            -3-                                       7197

      B.     Proceedings
             Harrell and Cindy Kloxin1 filed a complaint in superior court on July 20,
2015, two years and nine days after the fire. Harrell brought survival and wrongful death
claims on behalf of her mother’s estate,2 and she and Kloxin brought individual claims
for negligent infliction of emotional distress. The complaint alleged that “Brian Calvin
was negligent in the use and operation of his Big Chief Smoker” and “[a]s a result of his
negligence a fire started,” which was “the direct and proximate cause of Winnie Sue
Willis’[s] death.”
             Calvin raised a statute of limitations defense and moved for summary
judgment on that ground. Harrell and Kloxin argued in response that the statute of
limitations was tolled by the discovery rule and that “there [were] genuine issues of
material fact as to when . . . [they] had sufficient information to alert a reasonable
person” to a potential cause of action.
             The superior court concluded that a “two year statute of limitations . . .
applie[d] to” all of Harrell’s and Kloxin’s claims. It rejected the argument that the
limitations period was tolled under the discovery rule, relying on evidence that Harrell
and Kloxin knew by July 12, 2013, the day after the fire, that Willis had died in the fire
and that Calvin’s fish smoker “was under active consideration as a possible cause” of the
fire. According to the superior court, these facts would have put a reasonable person on


      1
             For clarity we refer to Cindy Kloxin hereafter as “Kloxin”; we refer to
Harrell’s husband as “Klyn.”
      2
              Under AS 09.55.570, the decedent’s personal representative has a cause of
action for pre-death pain and suffering. N. Slope Borough v. Brower, 215 P.3d 308, 312
(Alaska 2009). Under AS 09.55.580, the decedent’s personal representative may recover
damages for wrongful death for the benefit of the decedent’s dependents, if there are any,
and otherwise for the benefit of the estate.
                                           -4-                                      7197

“inquiry notice” of a potential cause of action. The court accordingly granted summary
judgment to Calvin.
             Calvin moved for attorney’s fees under Rule 82(b)(2) as the prevailing
party. The court granted Calvin’s motion and also ordered that Harrell, Kloxin, and the
estate be jointly and severally liable for the attorney’s fees award.
             Harrell, Kloxin, and the estate appeal, arguing that the superior court erred
in its ruling on the statutes of limitations and abused its discretion in its award of
attorney’s fees.
III.   STANDARDS OF REVIEW
             We review a grant of summary judgment de novo.3 “When reviewing a
grant of summary judgment, our duty is to determine whether there was a genuine issue
of material fact and whether the moving party was entitled to judgment on the law
applicable to the established facts.”4 “Ordinarily, summary judgment is an inappropriate
means of ascertaining when a statute of limitation commences.”5 “Where, however,
there exist uncontroverted facts that determine when a reasonable person should have
been on inquiry notice ‘we can resolve the question as a matter of law.’ ”6




       3
            Hurn v. Greenway, 293 P.3d 480, 483 (Alaska 2013) (citing State v.
Sandsness, 72 P.3d 299, 301 (Alaska 2003)).
       4
            Palmer v. Borg-Warner Corp., 818 P.2d 632, 634 (Alaska 1990) (citing
Mine Safety Appliances Co. v. Stiles, 756 P.2d 288, 291 (Alaska 1988); Zeman v.
Lufthansa German Airlines, 699 P.2d 1274, 1280 (Alaska 1985)).
       5
            Id. (citing Mine Safety, 756 P.2d at 292; Russell v. Municipality of
Anchorage, 743 P.2d 372, 375-76 & n.11 (Alaska 1987)).
       6
             Id. (quoting Mine Safety, 756 P.2d at 292).
                                           -5-                                      7197

               “The superior court’s decision to award attorney’s fees is reviewed for
abuse of discretion and is overturned only where the award is manifestly unreasonable.”7
IV.	     DISCUSSION
         A.	   The Superior Court Did Nor Err In Its Application Of The Statutes Of
               Limitations.
               Statutes of limitations are “found and approved [of] in all systems of
enlightened jurisprudence.”8 Their purposes are to encourage plaintiffs to promptly
investigate and file civil suits9 and to afford defendants “the right to be free of stale
claims” after “time . . . prevail[s] over the right to prosecute them.”10 As properly
applied, statutes of limitations thus “protect defendants and the courts from” litigation
“in which the search for truth may be seriously impaired by the loss of evidence, whether
by death or disappearance of witnesses, fading memories, disappearance of documents,
or otherwise.”11




         7
            Williams v. GEICO Cas. Co., 301 P.3d 1220, 1229 (Alaska 2013) (citing
DeNardo v. Cutler, 167 P.3d 674, 677-78 (Alaska 2007)).
         8
            United States v. Kubrick, 444 U.S. 111, 117 (1979) (quoting Wood v.
Carpenter, 101 U.S. 135, 139 (1879)).
         9
               Haakanson v. Wakefield Seafoods, Inc., 600 P.2d 1087, 1090 (Alaska
1979).
         10
            Kubrick, 444 U.S. at 117 (quoting Order of R.R. Telegraphers v. Ry.
Express Agency, 321 U.S. 342, 349 (1944)).
         11
             Id. (citing United States v. Marion, 404 U.S. 307, 322 n.14 (1971); Burnett
v. N.Y. Cent. R.R. Co., 380 U.S. 424, 428 (1965); Chase Sec. Corp. v. Donaldson,
325 U.S. 304, 314 (1945); Mo., Kan., & Tex. Ry. Co. v. Harriman Bros., 227 U.S. 657,
672 (1913); Bell v. Morrison, 26 U.S. (1 Pet.) 351, 360 (1828)).
                                           -6-	                                    7197

             We have adopted a multi-part test to determine when a statute of limitations
begins to run and whether its running can be tolled.12 It begins to run in all cases when
a cause of action “accrues.”13 “[A] cause of action accrues when a person discovers, or
reasonably should have discovered, the existence of all the elements of the cause of
action.”14 A person reasonably should know of a cause of action when she is put on
“inquiry notice,” that is, when she “has sufficient information to prompt an inquiry into
the cause of action.”15
             Some injuries, like air crashes, do not generally occur absent negligence or
wrongful conduct; in such cases the plaintiff has “an affirmative duty” at the time of
injury “to investigate all potential causes of action before the statute of limitations
expires.”16 But if a plaintiff “makes a reasonable inquiry” within the limitations period
and that inquiry “does not reveal the elements of the cause of action” in time for the
plaintiff to sue, then “the limitations period is tolled until a reasonable person [would]



      12
            See John’s Heating Serv. v. Lamb (John’s Heating II), 129 P.3d 919, 923­
24 (Alaska 2006).
      13
              See, e.g., AS 09.10.070 (stating that certain claims may not be brought
“unless the action is commenced within two years of the accrual of the cause of action”).
      14
              John’s Heating II, 129 P.3d at 923 (citing Cameron v. State, Alaska Power
Auth., Inc., 822 P.2d 1362, 1366 (Alaska 1991)).
      15
               Id. (citing Cameron, 822 P.2d at 1366); see also Gefre v. Davis Wright
Tremaine, LLP, 306 P.3d 1264, 1275 (Alaska 2013) (“[T]he inquiry-notice date, rather
than the actual-notice date, is generally the date from which the statutory period begins
to run.” (citing Waage v. Cutter Biological Div. of Miles Labs., Inc., 926 P.2d 1145, 1148
(Alaska 1996); Cameron, 822 P.2d at 1366)).
      16
              Palmer v. Borg-Warner Corp., 818 P.2d 632, 634 (Alaska 1990) (emphasis
in original) (citing Mine Safety Appliances Co. v. Stiles, 756 P.2d 288, 292 (Alaska
1988)).
                                           -7-                                      7197

discover[] actual knowledge of” her claim, or “would again be prompted” to
investigate.17
                 Applying these principles to this case, we agree with the superior court’s
conclusion that the complaint was not timely filed. Harrell and Kloxin were on inquiry
notice of their cause of action at least by July 12, 2013 — the day after the fire.18
                 Harrell and Kloxin agree that the limitations period governing their
wrongful death claim is two years,19 and they do not take issue with the superior court’s
conclusion that their remaining claims were also subject to a two-year limitations
period.20 The superior court did not identify the date on which it believed these
limitations periods began to run, but it concluded that it must have been before July 20,
2013. The court found that Harrell and Kloxin “had enough information” before this
date “to alert a reasonable person in [their] position that [they] had a potential cause of
action . . . and that [their] injuries may be connected to Mr. Calvin’s conduct.” It listed
a number of undisputed facts to support this conclusion: there was a fire, and the


       17
            John’s Heating II, 129 P.3d at 924 (quoting John’s Heating Serv. v. Lamb
(John’s Heating I), 46 P.3d 1024, 1031-32 (Alaska 2002)).
       18
              We recognize that the inquiry notice analysis may apply differently to two
plaintiffs with differing levels of access to the relevant information. But Harrell and
Kloxin do not argue that the superior court erred in attributing the same knowledge to
both of them, so we likewise treat them together.
       19
             AS 09.55.580(a), “Action for wrongful death,” provides in relevant part:
“The action shall be commenced within two years after the death.”
       20
              Under AS 09.10.070(a)(2), “a person may not bring an action . . . for
personal injury or death . . . unless the action is commenced within two years of the
accrual of the cause of action.” See Maness v. Gordon, 325 P.3d 522, 525 n.11 (Alaska
2014) (explaining that AS 09.10.070(a) applies to “an emotional distress claim”); Estate
of Thompson v. Mercedes-Benz, Inc., 514 P.2d 1269, 1272 n.8 (Alaska 1973) (noting
applicability of AS 09.10.070 to survival claim).
                                             -8-                                        7197

potential causes of any fire include negligence and arson; a “limited number of people”
had “regular access” to the duplex, and Calvin was among that number; Harrell knew
Calvin had been smoking fish the night before the fire; and Harrell knew from her
discussions with fire investigators on July 12, including information provided by herself
and her husband, that Calvin’s smoker was “under active consideration” as a cause of the
fire. A two-year period that began on July 12, 2013, expired on July 12, 2015, and the
complaint filed on July 20 was time-barred.
              Harrell and Kloxin argue that the superior court misapplied the discovery
rule. They contend that “[o]ne of the essential elements of a cause of action is the
identity of the tortfeasor,” and that they did not have enough information to suspect
Calvin until after July 20, 2013. As noted above, the superior court identified a number
of undisputed facts that contradict this argument, including their own contemporary
knowledge, relayed to the authorities, about Calvin’s fish-smoking activities. But in any
event, under the discovery rule a plaintiff need not have actual knowledge of any element
of her cause of action for the limitations period to run; she need only have enough
information to prompt a reasonable person to investigate further.21 As we have said
before, “the inquiry notice date, rather than the date when the inquiry should have
produced knowledge of the elements of the cause of action, [is] the date from which the
statutory period” runs.22


      21
            John’s Heating II, 129 P.3d at 923-24 (quoting Cameron v. State, Alaska
Power Auth., Inc., 822 P.2d 1362, 1366 (Alaska 1991)).
      22
              Cameron, 822 P.2d at 1366. Determining the date of inquiry notice often
“requires a ‘fact-intensive’ analysis.” Reasner v. State, Dep’t of Health & Soc. Servs.,
Office of Children’s Servs., 394 P.3d 610, 614 (Alaska 2017) (quoting Ranes & Shine,
LLC v. MacDonald Miller Alaska, Inc., 355 P.3d 503, 509 (Alaska 2015)). “We have
therefore cautioned that summary judgment should only be used to resolve the time at
                                                                          (continued...)
                                           -9-                                     7197

              The only exception to this general rule applies when a plaintiff makes a
reasonable inquiry but still fails to acquire enough information “within the statutory
period at a point where there remains a reasonable time within which to file suit.”23 In
such cases the limitations period may run from a later “actual notice” date instead.24 But
Harrell and Kloxin do not allege that they failed to discover the elements of their cause
of action within the statutory period; indeed, they admit that in October 2014, roughly
a year and three months after the fire, Harrell received a private fire investigator’s report
concluding that “the cause of the fire was [Calvin’s] Big Chief smoker.” At that point
there were at least nine months remaining in the two-year limitations period for Harrell
and Kloxin to prepare and file their lawsuit; they have not attempted to explain why this
was not a “reasonable time” under the circumstances. Since they acquired not just
inquiry notice but actual notice within the limitations period while “a reasonable time
[remained] within which to file suit,” the superior court properly declined to use the
“actual notice” exception to extend the limitations period.
              Harrell and Kloxin argue that even under “[t]he inquiry notice” rule, as
properly applied, the superior court erred because they were not on inquiry notice until
July 29, 2013, when Harrell and her husband received a letter from Allstate informing


       22
         (...continued)
which a statute of limitations commences when ‘there exist uncontroverted facts that
determine when a reasonable person should have’ begun an inquiry to protect her rights.”
Id. (quoting Palmer v. Borg-Warner Corp., 818 P.2d 632, 634 (Alaska 1990)). And we
have reversed summary judgment on statute of limitations grounds where there was “a
genuine factual dispute” regarding the date of inquiry notice. Id. But there is no such
factual dispute here — uncontroverted evidence shows that Harrell and Kloxin knew or
should have known of their claims against Calvin on or before July 12, 2013.
       23
              Cameron, 822 P.2d at 1367.
       24
              Id.
                                            -10-                                       7197

them of the existence of a claim against its insured, Carl Thompson, the building’s
owner. According to Harrell and Kloxin, this was the “first possible indication that
someone may have been negligent.” But the letter does not discuss the fire or its cause,
and it provides no factual basis for owner liability; it merely informs the reader that a
claim has been filed and identifies the adjuster who is handling the claim. It does
nothing to dilute the inquiry notice Harrell and Kloxin already had about their potential
claims against Calvin based on his use of the fish smoker.
              To reiterate the principal facts relevant to that notice: Harrell and Kloxin
knew on July 11, 2013, that there had been a fire and that it had caused Willis’s death.
They knew that Calvin had been smoking fish on his upstairs deck the night before.
They claim they had no reason yet to suspect he was negligent, but on July 12, the day
after the fire, both Harrell and her husband, in interviews with the fire chief and the fire
marshal, discussed at length Calvin’s fish smoker in the context of the fire and its
possible causes. The fire marshal noted in his report that Klyn Kloxin, Harrell’s
husband, “had smelled an odor he associated with fish smoking” the evening before the
fire and that he “faintly smelled the same odor in the morning.” The fire chief noted that
he discussed with Klyn the location of the fish smoker, Calvin’s “ash disposal process,”
the “storage area below where the smoker would have been located,” and the smell of
fish smoking the night before the fire. He noted that Harrell told him she had once seen
“ash in a striped pattern on the ground” below the smoker “like it had fallen though
cracks of the porch.”25

       25
              In addition to the content of these post-fire interviews, Calvin directs our
attention to an article about the fire in the July 16, 2013 print edition of the Ketchikan
Daily News, headlined “Smoker might be fire’s cause” and reporting that the deputy fire
marshal believed the “Big Chief electric smoker” to be one of two “likely sources” of the
fire. The article did not factor into the superior court’s decision because the court found
                                                                              (continued...)
                                           -11-                                       7197

              What Harrell and Kloxin knew about the circumstances of the fire on
July 12, 2013, as recorded in Harrell’s and her husband’s conversations with the fire
marshal and the fire chief, was enough to focus a reasonable person’s attention on
Calvin’s fish smoker as a possible cause of the fire and on the possibility that Calvin was
negligent. On these undisputed facts we must conclude that the superior court did not
err. Because Harrell and Kloxin were on inquiry notice of a possible claim against
Calvin by at least July 12, 2013, their complaint — filed over two years later — was not
timely under the applicable statutes of limitations.
       B.	    The Superior Court Did Not Abuse Its Discretion When It Determined
              That The Individual Plaintiffs Were Jointly And Severally Liable For
              Attorney’s Fees.
              The second issue on appeal concerns the superior court’s award of
attorney’s fees. The court awarded fees jointly and severally against the individual
plaintiffs and Willis’s estate, which Harrell and Kloxin claim was error in two respects.
First, they argue that the court erred in assessing fees against the individuals because they
could not be liable for the estate’s fees and “the substance of their individual claims
[was] never litigated.” Second, they argue that joint and several liability is the exception,
not the rule, and that in imposing such liability in this case the court failed to properly
weigh the fact that the individual claims were merely secondary to the estate’s claim.
We conclude, however, that the superior court did not abuse its discretion.




       25
        (...continued)
no evidence that Harrell or Kloxin had actually seen it. We put no weight on the article
because the evidence on which the court did rely was sufficient to support its decision.
                                            -12-	                                      7197

              1.	      The superior court did not abuse its discretion in awarding fees
                       against the individual plaintiffs.
              The representatives and statutory beneficiaries of a decedent’s estate are
liable for costs and fees only if they litigate in a personal rather than “representative”
capacity.26 Here, Harrell sued on behalf of the estate for “injuries and suffering sustained
by . . . Willis” before her death. But Harrell and Kloxin also brought claims individually
for negligent infliction of emotional distress.
              Harrell and Kloxin argue that these claims did not make them parties in
their individual capacities because the success of their emotional distress claims
depended on the success of the estate’s wrongful death claim, which they characterize
as the “main” claim. They contend that “[t]here is no independent right to recover for
bystander emotional distress; rather, the claim [depends on] success of the main claim
for breach of duty.”
              We have held, however, that negligent infliction of emotional distress is a
“personal” rather than a “derivative” cause of action.27 “Unlike claims for loss of
consortium, claims for emotional distress concern injuries that the claimants have
suffered directly, rather than derivative injuries” based solely on injury to another.28
Because Harrell and Kloxin brought their emotional distress claims in their personal
capacities, they may be held liable for costs and fees.29




       26	
              Zaverl v. Hanley, 64 P.3d 809, 822 & n.45 (Alaska 2003).
       27
             State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v. Lawrence, 26 P.3d 1074, 1079 (Alaska
2001); see also Allstate Ins. Co. v. Teel, 100 P.3d 2, 5 (Alaska 2004).
       28
              Lawrence, 26 P.3d at 1079.
       29
              See Zaverl, 64 P.3d at 822.
                                            -13-	                                     7197

              Harrell and Kloxin further argue that “[a] review of [Calvin’s] billing
records . . . shows that all of [counsel’s] time was expended in defending against the
main claim [regarding the] statute of limitations.” This seems correct. But the same
limitations period applies to all Harrell’s and Kloxin’s claims, including their individual
claims for negligent infliction of emotional distress.30 Calvin’s counsel relied on a single
legal theory — that the plaintiffs were on “inquiry notice” before July 20, 2013 — to
defend against all the claims. It was not unreasonable for the superior court to attribute
counsel’s efforts equally to the estate and individual claims.
              We conclude that the superior court did not abuse its discretion in awarding
attorney’s fees against the individual plaintiffs.
              2.	    The superior court did not abuse its discretion in awarding fees
                     jointly and severally.
              Harrell and Kloxin also argue that the superior court erred in awarding fees
jointly and severally rather than apportioning fees among the three plaintiffs — the two
individuals and the estate. Whether to award joint and several fees is “within the trial
court’s discretion,”31 and we have affirmed joint and several fee awards where multiple
plaintiffs “united” and “alleg[ed] the same cause of action,”32 or where “the same issue
was involved in each claim.”33

       30
              See AS 09.10.070(a)(2) (“[A] person may not bring an action . . . for
personal injury or death . . . unless the action is commenced within two years of accrual
of the cause of action.”); AS 09.55.580(a) (“The action shall be commenced within two
years after the death . . . .”).
       31
             In re Soldotna Air Crash Litig., 835 P.2d 1215, 1223 (Alaska 1992) (citing
Stepanov v. Gavrilovich, 594 P.2d 30, 36 (Alaska 1979)).
       32
              Stepanov, 594 P.2d at 36.
       33
              Hughes v. Foster Wheeler Co., 932 P.2d 784, 792 (Alaska 1997) (quoting
                                                                       (continued...)
                                           -14-	                                      7197

             Harrell and Kloxin argue that the parties’ motion practice before the
superior court in this case, and the court’s decision on summary judgment, “had nothing
at all to do with the substance or validity of the individual claims.” While this is a
correct statement of fact, as an argument against a fee award it is unavailing. The
superior court did not reach the “substance or validity” of any claim because it granted
summary judgment on statute of limitations grounds. The same limitations period
applied to all claims, and Calvin’s motion work in the superior court thus addressed both
the estate’s and the individuals’ claims. Calvin’s defense to all these claims involved
“the same issue”: namely, whether the plaintiffs were on inquiry notice of a possible
claim against Calvin before July 20, 2013.
             We will reverse an award of attorney’s fees only if the award is manifestly
unreasonable.34 We conclude that the award of joint and several liability was reasonable
because Calvin’s single dispositive defense applied to the entire litigation. We therefore
affirm the superior court’s fee award.
V.    CONCLUSION
             The judgment of the superior court is AFFIRMED.




      33
       (...continued)
Moses v. McGarvey, 614 P.2d 1363, 1367 n.5 (Alaska 1980)).
      34
            Williams v. GEICO Cas. Co., 301 P.3d 1220, 1229 (Alaska 2013) (citing
DeNardo v. Cutler, 167 P.3d 674, 677-78 (Alaska 2007)).
                                          -15-                                      7197

