                                                                      FILED 

                                                                  OCTOBER 16,2014 

                                                               In the Office of the Clerk of Court 

                                                             W A State Court of Appeals, Division III 





           IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON 

                              DIVISION THREE 


STATE OF WASHINGTON,                        )
                                            )         No. 32293-9-III
                    Respondent,             )
                                            )
      v.                                    )
                                            )
SHAWN ERIN MULLEN,                          )         UNPUBLISHED OPINION
                                            )
                    Appellant.              )

      FEARING, J.     A jury found Shawn Mullen guilty offirst degree burglary and first

degree robbery for entering the home ofLeonard Dewitt, assaulting him, and taking a

$100 bill from him. On appeal, Mullen contends the trial court abused its discretion

when it concluded that the burglary and robbery were not the same criminal conduct for

purposes ofcalculating his offender score. We disagree and affirm Mullen's sentence.

                                        FACTS

      Shawn Mullen and his victim, Leonard (Lenny) Dewitt, were not close friends, but

knew each other and shared mutual friends. Dewitt did not own a car and so Mullen

occasionally provided Dewitt rides, including to and from a casino. Mullen also loaned

Dewitt money.
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l   No. 32293-9-II1
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    State v. Mullen

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           On December 12,2011, Lenny Dewitt, Shawn Mullen, and Mullen's girl friend,

    Alexis McGregor, went to a casino. Since he lacked cash, Dewitt asked Mullen to loan

    him money. Mullen lent Dewitt between $30 and $50.

           Shawn Mullen testified at trial that Lenny Dewitt owed him $1,000 total, and that

    Dewitt failed to return sunglasses he borrowed from Mullen. According to Mullen,

    Dewitt repeatedly promised to satisfY the debt, but never did. Mullen also believed that

    Dewitt had stolen electronics from him.

           About 6:00 p.m. on December 16, 2011, Shawn Mullen decided to go to Lenny

    Dewitt's home to "get [his] money back." RP at 313. Mullen invited Alexis McGregor

    and Albert Huniu to join him. He told the two he wanted to collect his money. Mullen

    barely knew Huniu but wanted to bring "a big guy to intimidate [Dewitt] a little bit." RP

    at 332. The three went to Dewitt's home, knocked on the front, but there was no

    response. They left to return later that night.

           Lenny Dewitt arrived home after 11 :00 p.m. with a friend, Kevin O'Connor.

    Dewitt and O'Connor entered the home through the garage, because the front door was

    broken. Dewitt expected his boyfriend, Michael Haan, home any minute, so he left the

    garage door open and a light on. Both Dewitt and O'Connor needed to use the restroom.

    O'Connor used the only downstairs bathroom; Dewitt used an upstairs bathroom.

           Meanwhile Shawn Mullen, Alexis McGregor, and Albert Huniu returned to Lenny
                                                                                                I
    Dewitt's home. McGregor sat in Mullen's truck and played a game on her cell phone.          t
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No. 32293-9-111
State v. Mullen


Mullen and Huniu entered Lenny Dewitt's home through the open garage. Huniu carried

a golf club. Mullen testified that he instructed Huniu to not use violence and that the golf

club was unnecessary.

        From the upstairs, Lenny Dewitt heard two voices in his home. Dewitt recognized

one of the voices as Shawn Mullen's tone, but did not recognize the other. Dewitt ran

downstairs to discover Mullen and Albert Huniu. Dewitt was not expecting Mullen and

had never met Huniu. Dewitt described Huniu as "a big, stocky-type guy, you know,

medium height, just really big and stocky," and "[t]hat he was kind of angry." RP at 91.

Mullen was also upset.

        Shawn Mullen talked about a PlayStation 3. Then Albert Huniu repeatedly beat

Lenny Dewitt with the golf club. Dewitt tried to escape the assault by shielding himself

with furniture, but Huniu persisted in striking him. Dewitt tried to run outside. Mullen

blocked his way. Dewitt handed Mullen two $100 bills, after which Huniu ended his

attack. Mullen spoke of property stolen from his house and then punched Dewitt in the

face.

        Lenny Dewitt ran upstairs into his office and locked the door. Shawn Mullen

pursued him upstairs. According to Mullen, Dewitt went upstairs to collect and then

return Mullen's property. Mullen pounded on the office door. Dewitt told Mullen, "I'm

calling 911" which he did. RP at 133. Mullen left.

        From the truck, Alexis McGregor saw Albert Huniu leave Lenny Dewitt's home

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No. 32293-9-III
State v. Mullen


and walk down the street with the golf club. Shawn Mullen exited the house and entered

the truck. When McGregor asked what happened, Mullen replied "[n Jot to worry about

it." RP at 53. McGregor then saw Dewitt, with blood dripping from his nose, standing in

front of the truck. Mullen drove down the street and picked up Huniu. Huniu entered the

truck, without the golf club. Mullen told McGregor that "Albert got a little carried

away." RP at 61.

        From his driveway, Lenny Dewitt reported Shawn Mullen's license plate number

to a 911 operator. About 15 minutes later, police pulled Shawn Mullen over. Mullen

told police that he was tired of Dewitt robbing him and that whatever Dewitt said was a

lie. Police arrested Mullen, found two $100 bills in Mullen's pocket and a golf club in

bushes near Dewitt's home.

                                        PROCEDURE 


        The State charged Shawn Mullen with first degree burglary and first degree 


robbery, with deadly weapon enhancements for both counts. The charges proceeded to a 


jury trial.

        The trial court instructed the jury on first degree burglary:

               A person commits the crime of burglary in the first degree when he
        or she enters or remains unlawfully in a building with intent to commit a
        crime against a person or property therein, and if, in entering or while in the
        building or in immediate flight therefrom, that person or an accomplice in
        the crime assaults any person.




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I!   No. 32293-9-III
     State v. Mullen
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I                    To convict the defendant of the crime of burglary in the first degree,
I            each of the following elements of the crime must be proved beyond a

I
           reasonable doubt: 

                     (1) That on or about the 16th day of December, 2011, the defendant
             entered or remained unlawfully in a building;

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                     (2) That the entering or remaining was with intent to commit a crime
             against a person or property therein;
I                    (3) That in so entering or while in the building or in immediate flight
I            from the building the defendant or an accomplice in the crime charged
             assaulted a person, and
I                    (4) That any of these acts occurred in the State of Washington.
                     If you find from the evidence that each of these elements has been
I            proved beyond a reasonable doubt, then it will be your duty to return a
             verdict of guilty.
I                    On the other hand, if, after weighing all of the evidence, you have a
             reasonable doubt as to anyone of these elements, then it will be your duty
             to return a verdict of not guilty.

     Clerk'Papers (CP) at 76-77 (emphasis added). The burglary instruction did not specifY

     the other crime intended to be committed by Mullen when entering Lenny Dewitt's

     home.

             For first degree robbery, the trial court instructed the jury:

                   A person commits the crime of robbery in the first degree when in
             the commission of a robbery he or she inflicts bodily injury.

                    To convict the defendant of the crime of robbery in the first degree,
             each of the following six elements of the crime must be proved beyond a
             reasonable doubt:
                    (1) That on or about the 16th day of December, 2011 the defendant
             or an accomplice unlawfully took personal property from the person or in
             the presence of another;
                    (2) That the defendant or accomplice intended to commit theft of the
             property;




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No. 32293-9-111
State v. Mullen


                (3) That the taking was against the person's will by the defendant or
        accomplice's use or threatened use of immediate force, violence or fear of
        injury to that person;
                (4) That the force or fear was used by the defendant or accomplice to
        obtain or retain possession of the property or to prevent or overcome
        resistance to the taking;
                (5) That in the commission of these acts the defendant or an
        accomplice inflicted bodily injury; and
                (6) That any ofthese acts occurred in the State of Washington.
                If you find from the evidence that each of these elements have been
        proved beyond a reasonable doubt, then it will be your duty to return a
        verdict of guilty.
                On the other hand, if, after weighing all the evidence, you have a
        reasonable doubt as to anyone of these elements, then it will be your duty
        to return a verdict of not gUilty.



        The jury found Mullen guilty of both counts. By special verdict, the jury also

found for each count that Mullen was "armed with a deadly weapon." CP at 101-02.

        At sentencing, Shawn Mullen argued that the burglary and robbery should

constitute the same criminal conduct for purposes of sentencing. Friends and family also

wrote to the trial court requesting leniency, pointing to Mullen's strong work ethic and

dedication to his son.

        The trial court concluded that the burglary and robbery were not the same criminal

conduct for purposes of calculating Mullen's offender score under RCW 9.94A.589. The

trial court calculated Shawn Mullen's offender score as three based on a 2003 conviction

for unlawful possession of a controlled substance and the two convictions at issue in this

case.

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No. 32293-9-II1
State v. Mullen


       Under RCW 9A.52.050, the burglary anti-merger statute, "a trial judge [has]

discretion to punish a burglary separately, even where the burglary and another crime

encompassed the same criminal conduct." State v. Knight, 176 Wn. App. 936, 962, 309

P.3d 776 (2013), review denied, 179 Wn.2d 1021,318 P.3d 279 (2014). Because it

concluded that Mullen's burglary and robbery were not the same criminal conduct, the

trial court did not review whether to apply the anti-merger statute.

       Based on the offender score of three, the trial court sentenced Shawn Mullen to 41

months confinement for first degree burglary and 53 months for first degree robbery.

The trial court added 24 months to each crime as a deadly weapon enhancement for a

total of65 months for burglary and 77 months for robbery. The court ordered Mullen's

sentences to run concurrently for a total of 77 months' confinement.

                                 LA W AND ANALYSIS

                                  Same Criminal Conduct

       Shawn Mullen contends that his convictions for first degree burglary and first

degree robbery constitute the "same criminal conduct" for purposes of calculating his

offender score under RCW 9.94A.589. '''Atrial court's determination of what

constitutes the same criminal conduct for purposes of calculating an offender score will

not be reversed absent an abuse of discretion or misapplication of the law. '" State v. Tili,

139 Wn.2d 107,122,985 P.2d 365 (1999) (quoting State v. Walden, 69 Wn. App. 183,

188, 847 P.2d 956 (1993». "A trial court abuses its discretion when its decision is

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No. 32293~9~III
State v. Mullen


manifestly unreasonable or based on untenable grounds or reasons." State v. Mehrabian,

175 Wn. App. 678, 710, 308 PJd 660, review denied, 178 Wn.2d 1022,312 P.3d 650

(2013).

       RCW 9.94A.589(1)(a) provides:

       Except as provided in (b) or (c) of this subsection, whenever a person is to
       be sentenced for two or more current offenses, the sentence range for each
       current offense shall be determined by using all other current and prior
       convictions as if they were prior convictions for the purpose of the offender
       score: PROVIDED, That if the court enters a finding that some or all of the
       current offenses encompass the same criminal conduct then those current
       offenses shall be counted as one crime. Sentences imposed under this
       subsection shall be served concurrently. Consecutive sentences may only
       be imposed under the exceptional sentence provisions ofRCW 9.94A.535.
       "Same criminal conduct," as used in this subsection, means two or more
       crimes that require the same criminal intent, are committed at the same time
       and place, and involve the same victim.

(Emphasis added.) "If anyone of these elements is missing, the sentencing court must

count the offenses separately in calculating the offender score." Knight, 176 Wn. App. at

959.

       Shawn Mullen committed the burglary and robbery at the same time and place and

against the same victim. At issue is whether Mullen's convictions required the same

criminal intent for purposes ofRCW 9.94A.589(l)(a).

       "In order to determine whether two crimes share the same criminal intent, courts

look at whether the defendant's intent, viewed objectively, changed from one crime to the

next and whether commission of one crime furthered the other." State v. Bickle, 153 Wn.


                                            8

No. 32293-9-111
State v. Mullen


App. 222, 229-30, 222 P.3d 113 (2009). "Intent, in this context, is not the particular

mens rea element of the particular crime, but rather is the offender's objective criminal

purpose in committing the crime." State v. Adame, 56 Wn. App. 803, 811, 785 P.2d 1144

(1990). "To determine whether a defendant's intent changed, we analyze whether crimes

are sequential or continuous." Mehrabian, 175 Wn. App. at 711. "When a defendant

'ha[s] the time and opportunity to pause, reflect, and either cease his criminal activity or

proceed to commit a further criminal act,' the crimes are sequential and not the same

criminal conduct." Mehrabian, 175 Wn. App. at 711 (quoting State v. Grantham, 84 Wn.

App. 854, 859, 932 P.2d 657 (1997».

       RCW 9.94A.589 affords a trial court discretion. The trial court could have

concluded that Shawn Mullen's convictions for burglary and robbery expressed a

singular criminal purpose-namely, to bully Lenny Dewitt into returning Mullen's

property and satisfying debts. Mullen testified he went to Dewitt's home in order to get

his money. He admitted that he brought Albert Huniu along to intimidate Dewitt.

Mullen unlawfully entered Dewitt's home in order to retrieve what he perceived to be his;

in this way, Mullen's burglary furthered the robbery. During the assault, Mullen twice

mentioned property Dewitt purportedly stole from him. Thus, a trial court could

conclude the evidence showed continuous criminal conduct.

      The opposite conclusion is equally plausible. Shawn Mullen completed the crime

of burglary when he entered Lenny Dewitt's home with the intent to intimidate him.

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No. 32293-9-III
State v. Mullen


Dewitt ran downstairs. Mullen spoke about a PlayStation 3, after which Albert Huniu

beat Dewitt with a golf club. Dewitt shielded himself with a piece of furniture and then

tried to run outside. At this point, Mullen had not yet assaulted Dewitt. Mullen could

have allowed Dewitt to escape outside with his message of intimidation already

delivered. But instead, Mullen blocked Dewitt from leaving and punched Dewitt in the

face. Only after Mullen punched Dewitt did Dewitt give Mullen one or two $100 bills,

completing the robbery. Mullen committed burglary, with an underlying assault by

intimidation. Then, Mullen committed robbery, punching Dewitt into surrendering his

property. Thus, the trial court could conclude the evidence showed sequential criminal

activity and intent.

       The trial court's refusal to exercise its discretion in a manner favoring Shawn

Mullen does not constitute an abuse of that discretion. The court's application ofRCW

9.94A.S89 was reasonable and tenable. The trial court did not misapply the law.

                         Statement ofAdditional Grounds (SAG)

       In his SAG, Shawn Mullen contends that the State deliberately misled the court

when it paraphrased Lenny Dewitt's testimony at Mullen's sentencing hearing. He does

not argue any basis for relief, however. There is no cognizable issue for this court to

address.

                                     CONCLUSION

       We affirm Shawn Mullen's sentence.

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No. 32293-9-II1
State v. Mullen


      A majority of the panel has determined this opinion will not be printed in the

Washington Appellate Reports, but it will be filed for public record pursuant to

RCW 2.06.040.



                                                       Fearing, .

WE CONCUR: 





      Lawrence-Be




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