              IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF KANSAS

                                          No. 112,260

                                    STATE OF KANSAS,
                                        Appellee,

                                              v.

                                   JASON HACHMEISTER,
                                        Appellant.


                               SYLLABUS BY THE COURT

1.
       As a general rule, issues not raised before the district court cannot be raised on
appeal.


2.
       A reviewing court must determine the sufficiency of a search warrant affidavit
from the four corners of the affidavit.


3.
       Search warrants and their supporting affidavits are presumed valid, and one
attacking their validity carries the burden of persuasion.


4.
       Lifetime postrelease registration for sex offenders mandated by the Kansas
Offender Registration Act, K.S.A. 22-4901 et seq., does not constitute punishment for
purposes of applying provisions of the United States Constitution or § 9 of the Kansas
Constitution Bill of Rights.

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        Review of the judgment of the Court of Appeals in an unpublished opinion filed December 4,
2015. Appeal from Shawnee District Court; EVELYN Z. WILSON, judge. Opinion filed June 16, 2017.
Judgment of the Court of Appeals affirming the district court is affirmed on the issues subject to our
review. Judgment of the district court is affirmed.


        Gerald E. Wells, of Jerry Wells Attorney-at-Law, of Lawrence, argued the cause, and Peter
Maharry, of Kansas Appellate Defender Office, was on the brief for appellant.


        Jodi E. Litfin, deputy district attorney, argued the cause, and Michael F. Kagay, district attorney,
Chadwick J. Taylor, former district attorney, and Derek Schmidt, attorney general, were with her on the
briefs for appellee.


The opinion of the court was delivered by


        BILES, J.: A jury convicted Jason Hachmeister of 105 counts of sexual
exploitation of a child after police discovered child pornography on his computer while
investigating the homicide of Hachmeister's mother. On petition for review from a
decision by a panel of the Court of Appeals, we consider two claims of error: (1) whether
the evidence from Hachmeister's computer should have been suppressed because it was
not properly within the scope of various search warrants issued during the homicide
investigation; and (2) whether the district court violated Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530
U.S. 466, 120 S. Ct. 2348, 147 L. Ed. 2d 435 (2000), when it made a factual finding that
the victims were under 14 years old, which was a predicate finding required for ordering
Hachmeister to register as a sex offender. We affirm.


                            FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND


        In September 2011, Topeka police began investigating the death of Hachmeister's
mother, whose body was found at her home where Hachmeister also lived. The police
obtained six search warrants as the inquiry unfolded. The first five were for the homicide
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investigation and the sixth was to search Hachmeister's computers for child pornography.
Officers recovered more than 100 pornographic images of children, most of whom
appeared prepubescent. Hachmeister unsuccessfully moved to suppress the photographs.


       The jury convicted Hachmeister of 105 of the 108 counts of sexual exploitation on
which the State tried him. The district court sentenced him to 86 months in prison. And
after finding the images depicted victims 14 years old and under, the court ordered
Hachmeister to submit to lifetime offender registration under the Kansas Offender
Registration Act, K.S.A. 22-4901 et seq.


       Hachmeister timely appealed, raising multiple issues including whether the district
court erred refusing to suppress the images recovered from his computers and whether
the registration requirement violates Apprendi because it was imposed based on a factual
finding not submitted to a jury and proved beyond a reasonable doubt. A Court of
Appeals panel affirmed. State v. Hachmeister, No. 112,260, 2015 WL 8175905, at *1
(Kan. App. 2015) (unpublished decision). We granted review of the panel's disposition of
the suppression and Apprendi questions. Jurisdiction is proper. See K.S.A. 60-2101(b)
("[A]ny decision of the court of appeals shall be subject to review by the supreme
court.").


       It should be noted Hachmeister was convicted for the first-degree murder of his
mother in a separate criminal proceeding, which is presently on appeal. See State v.
Hachmeister, No. 114,796. His murder case is not part of this appeal.


                 NO ERROR AS TO THE CHALLENGED SEARCH WARRANTS


       Investigating officers secured six search warrants during their months-long
investigation. Four warrants are relevant to this appeal. Using the identifying labels for
                                              3
the warrants adopted by the panel, the four relevant warrants and the searches or seizures
pursuant to each that Hachmeister argues were illegal are: (1) SW-A, the seizure of a
Gateway laptop; (2) SW-D, the seizure of a Lenovo laptop; (3) SW-E, the search of the
Lenovo laptop; and (4) SW-F, the searches of both the Gateway and Lenovo laptops,
resulting in the discovery of the pornographic images. We must consider these along with
the district court's handling of three separate motions to suppress. This requires a more
comprehensive factual recitation, including a chronological summary of each of the six
warrants involved in this case.


The search warrants

       SW-A: September 10, 2011


       The affidavit supporting SW-A stated that Hachmeister had called 911 around
4:05 p.m. to report that he found his mother Sheila "deceased lying on the floor with a
blood pool around the head and twine or small rope around her neck and a cut or gash on
[her] forehead." He told police he last saw his mother the day before around 10:45 p.m.
He said he left the house at approximately 11:30 a.m. the day of her death to run errands
and heard her "moving around up stairs but did not physically see her." He also told
police she had "been talking with a couple of gentlemen via her lap top computer."
Relying on these statements, investigators secured SW-A, which authorized them to
search Sheila's home and to seize her body and "any blood evidence, occupancy
documents, any trace evidence, and bloody clothing, and cell phone(s), computers, twine
or small rope." (Emphasis added.)




                                             4
       SW-B: September 10, 2011


       The affidavit supporting SW-B contained substantially the same statements but
added, "AMR roll[ed] the victim over to check for signs of life . . . [and noticed] the
victim was in full rigor but that does not occur until approximately twelve hours after
death." The affidavit noted this was inconsistent with the timeline established by
Hachmeister's earlier statements, so the affiant concluded, "Hachmeister is not telling the
full truth about what has occurred to his mother and where he had been while driving his
car earlier today." SW-B permitted the police to search Hachmeister and Sheila's cars for
"[a]ny blood evidence, ownership documents, any trace evidence, any bloody clothing,
twine or small rope."


       SW-C: September 12, 2011


       The affidavit supporting SW-C included substantially the same recitations as SW-
A and B but added that while executing SW-A, the police seized two Gateway
computers: a laptop owned by Hachmeister and a desktop that "could either be the
victim's computer or used by both victim and son Jason." The affidavit further noted
Hachmeister claimed the desktop belonged to him and had been removed from the
basement but could not explain why it had been removed. SW-C authorized police to
search both Gateway computers, another laptop, an external hard drive, and three flash
drives for "[a]ny and all digital evidence including but not limited to email, internet
searches, written documents, online chat, images."


       SW-D: December 6, 2011


       A few months later, investigators requested the fourth warrant (SW-D). The
affidavit supporting SW-D contained largely the same statements as the first three but
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added new facts further implicating Hachmeister in his mother's murder. The affidavit
stated in pertinent part:


               "Throughout the duration of this investigation, JASON HACHMEISTER has
       become the suspect in his mothers' [sic] death. He has been caught changing his story . . .
       and . . . failed a Polygraph. Detectives have interviewed people who have had
       conversations with JASON in public business. JASON has bragged to them how he killed
       his mother and the Police think he is a 'stone cold killer[.'] While telling these people this,
       he would also say he was just kidding. . . .


               "SHEILA had another son, [AARON] HACHMEISTER who is a Police Office
       [sic] with Lawrence Kansas. I have been in contact with him throughout this
       investigation. He advised me he is the executor of his mothers' [sic] . . . life insurance
       policy and informed them that JASON was the suspect in his mothers' [sic] death and told
       them not to pay out any money until the Police rule out JASON as a suspect . . . .


               "The Topeka Capitol Journal received an anonymous letter post marked
       November 12, 2011. The anonymous person who wrote this letter claimed responsibility
       for the death of SHEILA . . . . The letter states that the suspect took a computer, cash and
       a purse; this information was not released to the public. The letter also states that after he
       killed her he took a shower in her room to get the blood off of him. This envelope was
       post marked from the Kansas City Area and had a commemorative MARK TWAIN
       stamp on it. The letter also advised he learned how to make a 'bump key' . . . .
       Instructions on how to make and use a 'bump key' can be found on the internet. . . .
       AARON [told the police] JASON was in Kansas City a few days prior to the post mark
       on the envelope. . . .


               "On November 15, 2011 Crime Stoppers received an anonymous tip about this
       homicide. . . . The tip was that two men from Kansas City were the killers and that the
       victims' [sic] sons were not the suspects. . . .




                                                          6
              "Both of these leads were received days after AARON told JASON that he would
      not get paid until the Police ruled him out as a suspect. . . . It is my belief that JASON
      sent both of these leads in an attempt to turn our attention to someone else so he can get
      the insurance money."


      SW-D authorized a search of Sheila's home and Hachmeister's vehicle for such
items as blood samples, DNA swabs, stationary matching the received letter, stamps
matching the one on the letter, CSI photographs, computers and data storage devices, and
handwritten documents.

      SW-E: December 13, 2011


      The affidavit supporting SW-E contained substantially the same facts as SW-D but
added that police had seized Hachmeister's Lenovo laptop while executing SW-D. SW-E
authorized a search of the Lenovo laptop for evidence of Sheila's murder, financial
documents concerning reimbursement for the mother's death, IP addresses, evidence on
crime scene staging, personal documents containing a description of the crime scene or
murder, and evidence of any storage facilities Hachmeister had access to.


      SW-F: January 4, 2012


      Again, the supporting affidavit SW-F included largely the same facts as the
previous affidavits, adding that while executing SW-E, detectives


      "conduct[ed] a search of the internet history files as extracted using a forensic tool, they
      looked under searches for the requested terms. When a filter was applied to just locate
      general user-created search terms to look for terms related to the murder investigation
      . . . , the search results showed user-entered search terms that were indicative of child
      pornography. Terms such as preteen and childlove were located. Although noted, they


                                                    7
       did not believe that the current warrant covered the location of child pornography graphic
       and movie files."


       SW-F authorized police to search Hachmeister's Gateway and Lenovo laptops for
evidence of child pornography, including internet searches, images, videos, files,
communications, peer to peer software, and related searches. From this warrant, police
discovered 177 images of children involved in sexually explicit activity on the Gateway
laptop, which had been seized from Sheila's home pursuant to SW-A.


The motions to suppress


       Hachmeister filed three motions to suppress. The first challenged only warrants
SW-D and SW-F and was denied after a hearing. The second was a pro se motion also
challenging only warrants SW-D and SW-F. This motion was never heard by the court.
But at a pretrial hearing the court asked Hachmeister's attorney to review the motion to
determine if it was "appropriate for further prosecution." The court gave him eight days
to file "something . . . address[ing] . . . [issues] that were raised by . . . Hachmeister." The
attorney did not object to this deadline. Seven days after the deadline and five days before
trial, the court held a hearing on another matter during which the attorney asked for an
additional one or two days to file a third motion to suppress. The court granted this
request.


       On the first day of jury trial, Hachmeister filed his third motion to suppress,
challenging all the warrants except SW-B. The district court noted the motion was filed
"at the very, very last minute" and denied it as untimely, noting it had not yet reviewed
the motion. The court characterized the motion as a request for reconsideration and
informed the parties that despite its ruling it would review the motion and advise the
parties if it changed its mind.

                                                   8
       No further discussion of evidence suppression occurred until the State moved to
introduce 108 pornographic images into evidence at trial. At that time, Hachmeister
objected arguing the evidence was obtained as "a result of an illegal search and seizure."
The court responded, "Your objection is noted for the record. My ruling is the same.
Your objection is overruled." The court admitted the images.

Preservation


       Hachmeister only challenged warrants SW-D and SW-F in his first two motions to
suppress. While, as we have noted, the third motion challenged all warrants except SW-
B, for reasons that are unclear the Court of Appeals construed it as also failing to
challenge SW-C and SW-E. Based on this reading, the panel held Hachmeister failed to
preserve any challenge to those warrants. Hachmeister, 2015 WL 8175905, at *3.
Clearly, the panel erred in this regard, but there is another problem preventing appellate
consideration of Hachmeister's challenges to SW-A, SW-C, and SW-E.


       As the Court of Appeals correctly observed, the third motion to suppress was
denied by the district court as untimely. It further noted Hachmeister offered no legal
argument as to why that ruling was unreasonable or an abuse of discretion. 2015 WL
8175905, at *3. On review, Hachmeister maintains the panel erred by not construing the
district court's decision as a ruling on the merits. Hachmeister offers no legal support for
his position.


       The district court made clear why it was denying the third motion, by stating:
"And so my ruling, at this time, the motion is untimely and it has already been
considered, the request for reconsideration is therefore denied. We will not reconsider it."




                                              9
It continued,


       "After I read it, if I change my mind and decide that perhaps it is something that needs to
       be taken up, then I would advise counsel of the same, but this—this bridge was crossed
       almost a year ago and things have happened. We are literally at the—past the 11th hour
       before trial, so we're going to go ahead."


       It is obvious the district court considered the third motion as a motion to
reconsider its ruling on the first motion, which dealt exclusively with warrants SW-D and
SW-F. As to the other warrants addressed for the first time in the motion, the court
deemed the challenges untimely. Nothing in the record indicates the district court ever
abandoned this view or ruled on the merits of the challenges to SW-A, SW-C, and SW-E.


       Without a ruling from the district court on the merits, any substantive challenges
to warrants SW-A, SW-C, and SW-E on appeal are not preserved. As a rule, issues not
raised before the trial court cannot be raised on appeal. State v. Kelly, 298 Kan. 965, 971,
318 P.3d 987 (2014); see Rule 6.02(a)(5) (2017 Kan. S. Ct. R. 35).


SW-D and SW-F


       Despite some warrant mislabeling in Hachmeister's brief, it is clear his underlying
challenge concerns SW-D, which he then contends tainted SW-F. Hachmeister argues
SW-D lacked probable cause.


       Standard of review


       Generally, when reviewing a district court's denial of a motion to suppress,
appellate courts use a bifurcated standard: the district court's factual findings are

                                                    10
reviewed under a substantial competent evidence standard and the legal conclusions
drawn from those findings are assessed de novo. State v. Powell, 299 Kan. 690, Syl. ¶ 3,
325 P.3d 1162 (2014). When material facts underlying defendant's claim are not disputed,
"the issue is a question of law over which an appellate court has unlimited review." 299
Kan. at 700. But a more deferential standard is appropriate when reviewing a warrant
application for probable cause.


      When deciding whether an affidavit supplies probable cause for a search warrant,


              "[a] judge . . . considers the totality of the circumstances presented and makes 'a
      practical, common-sense decision whether a crime has been or is being committed and
      whether there is a fair probability that contraband or evidence of a crime will be found in
      a particular place.'" State v. Mullen, 304 Kan. 347, 353, 371 P.3d 905 (2016) (quoting
      State v. Hicks, 282 Kan. 599, 613-14, 147 P.3d 1076 [2006]).


We have explained that,


              "'When an affidavit in support of an application for search warrant is challenged,
      the task of the reviewing court is to ensure that the issuing magistrate had a substantial
      basis for concluding probable cause existed. This standard is inherently deferential. It
      does not demand that the reviewing court determine whether, as a matter of law, probable
      cause existed; rather, the standard translates to whether the affidavit provided a
      substantial basis for the magistrate's determination that there is a fair probability that
      evidence will be found in the place to be searched. Because the reviewing court is able to
      evaluate the necessarily undisputed content of an affidavit as well as the issuing
      magistrate, the reviewing court may perform its own evaluation of the affidavit's
      sufficiency under this deferential standard.'" (Emphasis added.) Mullen, 304 Kan. at 353
      (quoting Hicks, 282 Kan. 599, Syl. ¶ 2).




                                                    11
       Accordingly, a reviewing court determines the sufficiency of a search warrant
affidavit from the four corners of the affidavit itself. See State v. Malm, 37 Kan. App. 2d
532, 543, 154 P.3d 1154 (2007). "[W]arrants and their supporting affidavits are
interpreted in a commonsense rather than a hypertechnical fashion so as not to discourage
police officers from submitting their evidence to a judicial officer before acting." State v.
Ames, 222 Kan. 88, Syl. ¶ 2, 563 P.2d 1034 (1977). "Search warrants and their supporting
affidavits are presumed valid, and one attacking their validity carries the burden of
persuasion." Ames, 222 Kan. 88, Syl. ¶ 2.


       Discussion


       SW-D authorized a search of Sheila's home and Hachmeister's vehicle for various
items including computers and data storage devices. During the search, the police seized
the Lenovo laptop. Hachmeister argues the affidavit in support of SW-D lacked probable
cause because it contained "no information about what evidence of criminal activity
related to the murder is expected to be on the computers" and did not indicate the
computer was "used . . . in some manner to facilitate the murder."


       But the affidavit did contain sufficient facts implicating Hachmeister as a suspect
in Sheila's death, including:


    Hachmeister changed his story as to what happened and failed a polygraph.
    He bragged to people how he killed his mother and told them the police think he
       was a "stone cold killer."
    His brother, Aaron, told Hachmeister that he asked mother's life insurance
       company to delay paying out Sheila's insurance benefits until the police ruled out
       Hachmeister as a suspect in Sheila's death.


                                             12
    A local newspaper received an anonymous letter postmarked from Kansas City on
        November 12—two days after the conversation between Aaron and
        Hachmeister—claiming responsibility for the murder. The letter contained some
        information unknown to the public. Aaron told the police that Hachmeister was in
        Kansas City shortly before the letter was postmarked.
    Another local newspaper received an anonymous tip on November 15 stating that
        two men from Kansas City murdered Sheila. The tip further informed that the
        victim's sons were not the suspects.


        As the panel stated, the evidence of the anonymous letter and tip might have been
found on his computer or digital data storage devices. Hachmeister, 2015 WL 8175905,
at *5. Accordingly, we hold that the facts averred in support of SW-D provided a
substantial basis for the district court to conclude there was a fair probability evidence
related to Sheila's murder might have been found on a computer within the possession of
Hachmeister. Because SW-D was supported by probable cause, it did not taint warrant
SW-F.


                             NO VALID APPRENDI CHALLENGE


        Hachmeister argues the district court violated his rights under Apprendi v. New
Jersey, 530 U.S. 466, 120 S. Ct. 2348, 147 L. Ed. 2d 435 (2000), by increasing the
duration of his duty to register under the Kansas Offender Registration Act, K.S.A. 22-
4901 et seq., based on the court's factual finding that several victims in his sexual
exploitation of a child convictions were under 14 years old. This argument fails because
lifetime sex offender registration is not punishment, so it falls outside the scope of
Apprendi.




                                               13
       This court recently held lifetime sex offender registration does not constitute
"punishment for purposes of applying the United States Constitution" and therefore could
not violate the Eighth Amendment's prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment or
§ 9 of the Kansas Constitution Bill of Rights. State v. Petersen-Beard, 304 Kan. 192, 377
P.3d 1127 (2016). In doing so, the court noted it derived this holding from caselaw
addressing whether offender registration was punishment for the purposes of the Ex Post
Facto Clause, but declared "there exists no analytical distinction between or among the
different constitutional contexts in which the question of punishment versus a civil
regulatory scheme can arise." 304 Kan. at 196. The defendant in Petersen-Beard
challenged lifetime registration under the same version of KORA from which
Hachmeister's lifetime registration requirement arises. See 304 Kan. at 208.


       Because lifetime registration requirement is not "punishment" for constitutional
purposes, it is not a "penalty" subject to Apprendi's protections. See State v. Charles, 304
Kan. 158, 178-79, 372 P.3d 1109 (2016) (determining whether Apprendi applied in
offender registration context by assessing whether registration requirement "qualifie[d] as
punishment under the Due Process Clause"); Petersen-Beard, 304 Kan. at 196 ("[I]f
KORA's lifetime sex offender registration requirement is punishment for either ex post
facto or double jeopardy purposes, it must necessarily also be punishment for Eighth
Amendment purposes. The reverse would likewise be true.").


       Accordingly, the finding that Hachmeister's victims were under 14 years of age
did not expose him to an increased penalty within the meaning of Apprendi. There was no
constitutional violation when that fact was found by the court, rather than by a jury.


       Affirmed.




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                                            ***


        BEIER, J., dissenting: Consistent with my votes in State v. Buser, 304 Kan. 181,
371 P.3d 886 (2016), State v. Redmond, 304 Kan. 283, 371 P.3d 900 (2016), and Doe v.
Thompson, 304 Kan. 291, 373 P.3d 750 (2016), which dealt with the Ex Post Facto
Clause, and in State v. Peterson-Beard, 304 Kan. 192, 377 P.3d 1127 (2016), which dealt
with the Eighth Amendment and Section 9 of the Kansas Constitution Bill of Rights, I
respectfully dissent from the majority's holding that lifetime sex offender registration is
not punishment. As a result, Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466, 120 S. Ct. 2348, 147
L. Ed. 2d 435 (2000), applies. The offender registration requirement could not be
imposed on the defendant on the basis of a fact found by the district judge rather than the
jury.


        ROSEN and JOHNSON, JJ., join in the foregoing dissenting opinion.




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