[Cite as State v. Gitzinger, 2018-Ohio-4445.]




                              IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
                                 SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                     MONTGOMERY COUNTY

 STATE OF OHIO                                        :
                                                      :
          Plaintiff-Appellee                          :   Appellate Case No. 27893
                                                      :
 v.                                                   :   Trial Court Case No. 2017-CR-1973
                                                      :
 CRAIG M. GITZINGER                                   :   (Criminal Appeal from
                                                      :   Common Pleas Court)
          Defendant-Appellant                         :
                                                      :

                                                 ...........

                                                OPINION

                           Rendered on the 2nd day of November, 2018.

                                                 ...........

MATHIAS H. HECK, JR., by MICHAEL P. ALLEN, Atty. Reg. No. 0095826, Assistant
Prosecuting Attorney, Montgomery County Prosecutor’s Office, Appellate Division,
Montgomery County Courts Building, 301 W. Third Street, 5th Floor, Dayton, Ohio 45422
      Attorney for Plaintiff-Appellee

KRISTIN L. ARNOLD, Atty. Reg. No. 0088794, 120 W. Second Street, Suite 1717, Liberty
Tower, Dayton, Ohio 45402
      Attorney for Defendant-Appellant

                                                .............



DONOVAN, J.
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       {¶ 1} Defendant-Appellant Craig Gitzinger appeals his conviction for two counts of

Trafficking in Marijuana (Vicinity of a School or Juvenile) pursuant to R.C. 2925.03,

felonies of the fourth degree. Gitzinger was convicted on his no contest pleas, and he

filed a timely notice of appeal with this court on February 9, 2018.

       {¶ 2} While the charges were pending in the trial court, Gitzinger filed a motion to

suppress any and all statements obtained in contradiction of his rights under the Ohio

and U.S. Constitutions. Specifically as relevant to this appeal, Gitzinger claims his

statements were not voluntary and were the result of coercive police tactics. After a

hearing, his motion to suppress was overruled. Gitzinger’s appeal is now properly before

this court.

       {¶ 3} The record establishes that on June 5, 2017, Brookville Police Detective Mike

Swigart met with a confidential informant, who told him that he had purchased marijuana

at Gitzinger’s home in Brookville, Ohio. (Tr. 6-7.) Detective Swigart instructed the

confidential informant to arrange a second purchase of marijuana from the same

residence. (Id.) The informant arranged the purchase and returned to the home, wearing

a microphone provided by the police. (Id.) The informant set up and completed a second

purchase of marijuana for $90. (Id.) Detective Swigart then obtained a search warrant for

Gitzinger’s residence. (Tr. 7.)

       {¶ 4} On June 22, 2017, after executing the search warrant, Detective Swigart took

Gitzinger and his 16-year-old son into custody. Upon arrival at the police station, Gitzinger

was placed in a holding cell, while his son was interviewed by Detective Swigart. The

interview of Gitzinger’s son took place in Detective Swigart’s office. Upon completion of
                                                                                        -3-


the interview with the juvenile, Detective Swigart brought Gitzinger from the holding cell

to his office. Gitzinger was presented with a Miranda waiver form by Detective Swigart.

Detective Swigart read the form, and Gitzinger indicated he understood; Swigart then had

Gitzinger initial next to each right and read aloud the final section of the waiver form.

Gitzinger signed the form and agreed to speak to Detective Swigart.

      {¶ 5} During the interview, which was recorded by audio and video through a

security system in Detective Swigart’s office, Gitzinger indicated that he did not want to

go to jail. The recording system in Detective Swigart’s office malfunctioned for three

minutes, and a portion of the conversation was not recorded. Although Gitzinger later

testified that, during this gap, Detective Swigart promised him he would only receive

probation based on his criminal history, Detective Swigart testified that no such promise

was made. After learning about the malfunction of the video system during a pretrial

conference with the prosecutor, Detective Swigart contacted his supervisor, who

attempted to fix the camera system. Several measures were taken to check and fix the

system, however it continued to malfunction intermittently.

      {¶ 6} On July 14, 2017, Gitzinger was indicted on two counts of trafficking in

marijuana. Gitzinger filed a motion to suppress his statements, and a hearing was held

on December 27, 2017. On January 4, 2018, the court rendered an oral decision denying

Gitzinger’s motion in its entirety. On January 9, 2018, Gitzinger entered no contest pleas

to both counts and was found guilty. On February 6, 2018 Gitzinger was sentenced to

community control on both counts.

      {¶ 7} Gitzinger’s first assignment of error is as follows:

      APPELLANT’S STATEMENTS MADE DURING INTERROGATION WERE
                                                                                        -4-


       INVOLUNTARY BASED ON COERCIVE POLICE TACTICS.

       {¶ 8} In his first assignment of error, Gitzinger asserts that under the totality of

the circumstances, it is clear that statements he made during interrogation by Detective

Swigart were involuntary due to coercive police tactics and a promise of probation. The

State responds by suggesting that no promise of probation was made by Detective

Swigart, and Gitzinger’s will was not overborne by any purported distress he incurred

knowing his 16-year-old son was likewise subject to interrogation.

       {¶ 9} “Appellate review of a motion to suppress presents a mixed question of law

and fact. When considering a motion to suppress, the trial court assumes the role of trier

of fact and is therefore in the best position to resolve factual questions and evaluate the

credibility of witnesses.” State v. Burnside, 100 Ohio St.3d 152, 2003-Ohio-5372, 797

N.E.2d 71, ¶ 8. An appellate court must “accept the trial court’s factual findings as long

as they are supported by competent, credible evidence.” State v. Belton, 149 Ohio St.3d

165, 2016-Ohio-1581, 74 N.E.3d 319, ¶ 100. “[T]he appellate court must then

independently determine, without deference to the conclusion of the trial court, whether

the facts satisfy the applicable legal standard.” Burnside at ¶ 8.

       {¶ 10} “A suspect’s decision to waive his Fifth Amendment privilege is made

voluntarily absent evidence that his will was overborne and his capacity for self-

determination was critically impaired because of coercive police conduct.” State v. Dailey,

53 Ohio St.3d 88, 559 N.E.2d 459 (1990), paragraph two of the syllabus. Statements

made after a voluntary waiver of rights are “presumed to be voluntary.” State v. Kelly, 2d

Dist. Greene No. 2004-CA-20, 2005-Ohio-305, ¶ 31.

       {¶ 11} “Whether a statement was made voluntarily and whether an individual
                                                                                         -5-

knowingly, voluntarily, and intelligently waived his or her Miranda rights are distinct

issues.” State v. Lovato, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 25683, 2014-Ohio-2311, ¶ 30.

Generally, statements made to police after a knowing, intelligent, and voluntary waiver of

an individual’s Miranda rights are presumed voluntary. Id. at ¶ 31. However, “[t]he Miranda

presumption applies to the conditions inherent in custodial interrogation that compel the

suspect to confess. It does not extend to any actual coercion police might engage in, and

the Due Process Clause continues to require an inquiry separate from custody

considerations and compliance with Miranda regarding whether a suspect’s will was

overborne by the circumstances surrounding his confession.” State v. Porter, 178 Ohio

App.3d 304, 2008-Ohio-4627, 897 N.E.2d 1149, ¶ 14 (2d Dist.). Therefore, “[r]egardless

of whether Miranda warnings were required and given, a defendant’s statement may have

been given involuntarily and thus be subject to exclusion.” State v. Kelly, 2d Dist. Greene

No. 2004-CA-20, 2005-Ohio-305, ¶ 11.

       {¶ 12} When making a determination regarding whether a valid waiver has

occurred, we must “consider the totality of the circumstances, including the age, mentality,

and prior criminal experience of the accused; the length, intensity, and frequency of

interrogation; the existence of physical deprivation or mistreatment; and the existence of

threat or inducement.” State v. Edwards, 49 Ohio St.2d 31, 358 N.E.2d 1051 (1976),

paragraph two of the syllabus, overruled on other grounds, 438 U.S. 911, 98 S.Ct. 3147,

57 L.Ed.2d 1155 (1978).

       {¶ 13} A court may find coercion when law enforcement officers “persuad[e] or

deceiv[e] the accused, with false promises or information, into relinquishing rights and

responding to questions.” Id. at 39. However, “the presence of promises does not as a
                                                                                          -6-

matter of law, render a confession involuntary.” Id. at 41. Officers may discuss the

advantages of telling the truth, advise suspects that cooperation will be considered, or

even suggest that a court may be lenient with a truthful defendant. Id.; see also State v.

Belton, 149 Ohio St.3d 165, 2016-Ohio-1581, 74 N.E.3d 319, ¶ 111.

       {¶ 14} “ ‘The line to be drawn between permissible police conduct and conduct

deemed to induce or tend to induce an involuntary statement does not depend upon the

bare language of inducement but rather upon the nature of the benefit to be derived by a

defendant if he speaks the truth, as represented by the police. * * *’ ” (Citations omitted).

State v. Jackson, 2d Dist. Greene No. 02CA0001, 2002-Ohio-4680, ¶ 28.

       {¶ 15} We determined in Jackson “ ‘that false promises made by police to a

criminal suspect that he can obtain lenient treatment in exchange for waiving his Fifth

Amendment privilege so undermines the suspect’s capacity for self-determination that his

election to waive the right and incriminate himself in criminal conduct is fatally impaired.

His resulting waiver and statement are thus involuntary for Fifth Amendment purposes.

* * * The simple result is that officers must avoid such promises, which are not proper

tools of investigation.’ ” (Citations omitted). Id. at ¶ 40.

       {¶ 16} Conversely, a police officer’s assurances that a defendant’s cooperation will

be considered, or that a confession will be helpful, do not invalidate an otherwise legal

confession. State v. Stringham, 2d Dist. Miami No. 2002-CA-9, 2003-Ohio-1100, ¶ 16.

“[A] mere suggestion that cooperation may result in more lenient treatment is neither

misleading nor unduly coercive, as people ‘convicted of criminal offenses generally are

dealt with more leniently when they have cooperated with the authorities.’ ” Id., quoting

State v. Farley, 2d Dist. Miami No. 2002-CA-2, 2002-Ohio-6192, ¶ 44. (Other citation
                                                                                             -7-


omitted.) “Likewise, an investigator’s offer to ‘help’ if a defendant confesses is not

improper.” Id., citing State v. Chase, 55 Ohio St.2d 237, 247, 378 N.E.2d 1064 (1978).

(Other citation omitted.) Furthermore, “[a]dmonitions to tell the truth, coupled with a

benefit that flows naturally from being truthful, are not coercive in nature.” (Citation

omitted.) Porter, 178 Ohio App.3d 304, 2008-Ohio-4627, 897 N.E.2d 1149, at ¶ 34.

Accord State v. Tullis, 2d Dist. Greene No. 2012-CA-59, 2013-Ohio-3051, ¶ 22.

       {¶ 17} Initially we note we have reviewed the video recording and cannot say that

the trial court’s conclusions of fact are undermined by the video. Although a critical few

minutes of the video are lost, the trial court rejected Gitzinger’s testimony and chose to

believe Detective Swigart’s assertion that he did not promise probation or act in a coercive

manner. (Tr. p. 37:16.) “The factual findings of the trial court are given great deference.”

State v. Hopfer, 112 Ohio App.3d 521, 548, 679 N.E.2d 321 (2d Dist.1996).

       {¶ 18} The trial court, as finder of fact, found that Gitzinger knowingly, intelligently,

and voluntarily waived his constitutional rights. The trial court also found that there were

no threats, promises or coercive tactics engaged in by Detective Swigart during the

interview process. With respect to the issue of Detective Swigart bringing up Gitzinger’s

prior criminal history, the trial court noted “ ‘[w]hen the benefit pointed out by the police to

a suspect is merely that which flows naturally from a truthful and honest course of

conduct, we can perceive nothing improper in such police activity.’ ” (Tr. p. 71, citing

State v. Jackson, 2d Dist. Greene No. 02CA0001, 2002-Ohio-4680, ¶ 29.) Further, as

noted by the trial court, the video establishes the conversation between Detective Swigart

and Gitzinger was calm and conversational. Accordingly, this first assignment of error is

overruled.
                                                                                      -8-


      {¶ 19} Gitzinger’s second assignment of error is as follows:

      APPELLANT’S         TRIAL     COUNSEL        PROVIDED          INEFFECTIVE

      ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL FOR FAILING TO CALL POLICE

      INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY EMPLOYEE AS A WITNESS AT

      SUPPRESSION HEARING.

      Gitzinger asserts that his trial attorney was ineffective for not calling a police

department information technology employee, Major Tom Simon, to testify regarding the

malfunctioning video recording equipment. The State counters that even though Major

Simon or another IT specialist may have been able to provide a more technical and

specific explanation for the malfunctioning equipment, Gitzinger cannot establish what

the additional testimony may have established and/or how it would have changed the

outcome of the motion to suppress. As indicated above, notably, the trial court rejected

Gitzinger’s testimony regarding a “promise,” finding instead that Detective Swigart was

credible and made no such “promise.”

      {¶ 20} To prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, a defendant must

show both deficient performance and resulting prejudice. Strickland v. Washington, 466

U.S. 668, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984). To demonstrate deficiency, a defendant

must show that his counsel’s representation fell below an objective standard of

reasonableness. Strickland at 688; State v. Bradley, 42 Ohio St.3d 136, 538 N.E.2d 373

(1989), paragraph two of the syllabus. But there are “countless ways to provide effective

assistance of counsel in any given case” and, for that reason, “judicial scrutiny of

counsel’s performance must be highly deferential.” Strickland at 689; Bradley at 142.

“Because of the difficulties inherent in making the evaluation, a court must indulge a
                                                                                         -9-


strong presumption that counsel’s conduct falls within the wide range of reasonable

processional assistance * * *.” Id. A court, therefore, “should recognize that counsel is

strongly presumed to have rendered adequate assistance and made all significant

decisions in the exercise of reasonable professional judgment.” Strickland at 690.

Hindsight is not permitted to distort the assessment of what was reasonable in light of

counsel’s own perspective at the time. State v. Cook, 65 Ohio St.3d 516, 524-525, 605

N.E.2d 70 (1992), citing Strickland at 687-689.

       {¶ 21} Additionally,   even   assuming     that   counsel’s    performance     were

professionally unreasonable, an error by counsel does not warrant setting aside a criminal

conviction if the error had no effect on the judgment. To warrant reversal, the defendant

“must show that there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional

errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different. A reasonable probability is

a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.” Bradley at 142;

Strickland at 694. In other words, a court making the prejudice inquiry must find that the

defendant has met his burden of showing that it is reasonably likely that the jury’s verdict

would have been different absent counsel’s alleged errors. Bradley at 143, citing

Strickland at 695-696. “The likelihood of a different result must be substantial, not just

conceivable.” Harrington v. Richter, 562 U.S. 86, 111-112, 131 S.Ct. 770, 178 L.Ed.2d

624 (2011).

       {¶ 22} As noted by the State, Gitzinger “has presented no evidence that calling

[such] witness [IT employees] would have made any difference.” State v. Jones, 2d Dist.

Miami No. 2016-CA-22, 2018-Ohio-673, ¶ 57. Furthermore, a decision not to call

witnesses is generally a trial tactic which should not be questioned, absent a showing of
                                                                                       -10-


prejudice. This is especially true “in the absence of any showing that testimony of such a

suggested witness would have assisted the defense.” (Internal citation omitted.) State v.

Maxwell, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 13966, 1993 WL 39385 (October 7, 1993).

      {¶ 23} We cannot find that counsel’s performance was deficient, resulting in

prejudice. Thus, Gitzinger’s second assignment of error is overruled.

      {¶ 24} Having found no merit to both assignments of error, Gitzinger’s convictions

are affirmed.

                                    .............

FROELICH, J. and HALL, J., concur.




Copies sent to:

Mathias H. Heck
Michael P. Allen
Kristin L. Arnold
Hon. Erik R. Blaine
