                                        2014 IL 116362



                                  IN THE
                             SUPREME COURT
                                    OF
                           THE STATE OF ILLINOIS



                                     (Docket No. 116362)

        MORTON S. GOLDFINE et al., Appellees, v. BARACK, FERRAZZANO,
                KIRSCHBAUM & PERLMAN et al., Appellants.


                                Opinion filed October 2, 2014.



        JUSTICE KILBRIDE delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.

        Chief Justice Garman and Justices Freeman, Thomas, Karmeier, Burke, and Theis
     concurred in the judgment and opinion.



                                              OPINION

¶1       At issue in this appeal is the application of the civil remedies provisions of section
     13(A) of the Illinois Securities Law of 1953 (Illinois Securities Law) (815 ILCS 5/1 et
     seq. (West 2010)) in calculating damages in a legal malpractice action.

¶2       Plaintiffs, Morton and Adrienne Goldfine, brought a legal malpractice action
     against defendant law firm, Barack, Ferrazzano, Kirschbaum & Perlman, and several
     of the firm’s partners, to recover damages as a result of defendants’ failure to preserve
     their Illinois Securities Law cause of action against an investment firm.

¶3        The circuit court of Cook County ruled in plaintiffs’ favor and awarded damages
     for plaintiffs’ Illinois Securities Law claim losses. The appellate court affirmed the trial
     court’s findings in favor of plaintiffs. However, the appellate court determined that the
     trial court failed to apply the correct mathematical formula to calculate plaintiffs’
     Illinois Securities Law claim damages. The appellate court also determined the trial
     court’s attorney fee award was based on its incorrect damage calculation. Accordingly,
     the appellate court reversed the trial court’s award of damages and attorney fees and
     remanded the case to the trial court for a recalculation of damages and attorney fees.
     2013 IL App (1st) 111779.

¶4      We allowed defendants’ petition for leave to appeal. Ill. S. Ct. R. 315 (eff. July 1,
     2013). We now affirm in part and reverse in part and remand to the trial court.



¶5                                    BACKGROUND

¶6       Plaintiffs’ malpractice claim against defendants is predicated on an underlying
     cause of action against Shearson Lehman Brothers Holding, Inc. (Shearson), and other
     individuals and firms (Shearson defendants) for violations of the Illinois Securities
     Law. That cause of action arose from plaintiffs’ purchases of First Capital Holdings
     (FCH) stock through Shearson’s broker, Michael Steinberg, who was the office
     manager of Shearson’s Peoria, Illinois, office, and a close personal friend of the
     plaintiffs. Plaintiffs purchased FCH stock between 1987 and 1990.

¶7        FCH filed for bankruptcy in 1991, and plaintiffs’ FCH stock became worthless.
     That same year, plaintiffs retained defendant law firm to represent them in claims
     arising from their purchases of the FCH stock. When plaintiffs retained defendant law
     firm, they had a viable claim against the Shearson defendants for rescission under the
     Illinois Securities Law. Defendants, however, failed to preserve plaintiffs’ cause of
     action under the Illinois Securities Law by failing to serve the required rescission
     notice.

¶8       In 1992, plaintiffs hired new counsel to pursue their claims against the Shearson
     defendants. Plaintiffs’ complaint included their Illinois Securities Law claim, but that
     claim was dismissed by the circuit court as time-barred.

¶9        In 1994, plaintiffs filed a malpractice action against the defendant law firm and
     several of its partners to recover damages plaintiffs would have recovered under the
     Illinois Securities Law if defendants had properly preserved plaintiffs’ claim. In 1996,
     plaintiffs moved to transfer the malpractice action to the circuit court’s commercial
     calendar. Defendants agreed not to oppose the transfer only if plaintiffs agreed to
     stipulate that the trial of plaintiffs’ malpractice claim would take place only after all
     claims in the underlying Steinberg case were tried or otherwise resolved. Accordingly,

                                             -2-
       a stipulated order was entered delaying the malpractice trial until resolution of the
       underlying Steinberg case.

¶ 10       In 1999, plaintiffs’ remaining claims in the underlying Steinberg case were
       dismissed by the circuit court. The appellate court affirmed the dismissal of the Illinois
       Securities Law claim as untimely, but reversed and remanded to the trial court
       plaintiffs’ claims against the Shearson defendants for common law fraud and violation
       of the Illinois Consumer Fraud and Deceptive Business Practices Act (Consumer Fraud
       Act) (815 ILCS 505/1 et seq. (West 2004)). Goldfine v. Steinberg, No. 1-00-1004
       (2004) (unpublished order under Supreme Court Rule 23). In 2007, plaintiffs settled
       those claims for $3.2 million.

¶ 11       After reaching settlement in the underlying Steinberg case, the legal malpractice
       case proceeded to a bench trial that lasted over eight weeks. On July 12, 2010, the trial
       court found that defendant law firm breached its duties to plaintiffs by failing to
       preserve plaintiffs’ Illinois Securities Law claim and that the loss of that claim was
       caused by defendant law firm’s negligent conduct. The trial court ruled that plaintiffs’
       damages would be calculated according to the following formula: plaintiffs’ $3.2
       million settlement would be deducted from the total they paid for their 11 stock
       purchases, and then 10% interest would be calculated on the remaining amount based
       on the various dates of the stock purchases. The trial court ordered the parties to
       calculate the exact amount to enter in a judgment order, ordered plaintiffs to prepare the
       judgment order, and gave plaintiffs leave to file a petition for attorney fees.

¶ 12        On May 24, 2011, the trial court entered its judgment, adopting the securities
       purchase price and interest calculation proposed by defendants. Specifically, the trial
       court took the sum of $4,506,602.05, representing the total of plaintiffs’ 11 stock
       purchases in 1988, 1989, and 1990, and deducted the 2007 Steinberg settlement of $3.2
       million. Because the stocks were purchased on 11 different dates, the trial court applied
       a “proportionate reduction of $3,200,000.00 (71.00693%)” to each purchase to obtain a
       “net” purchase price for each of the 11 stock purchases. The total sum of those net
       purchase prices was $1,306,602.29. Using the net purchase price for each of the 11
       purchases and the corresponding date of sale for each purchase, the trial court then
       calculated a 10% annual interest award, through May 24, 2011, of $2,785,149.19, for a
       total award of $4,091,752.19. The trial court also awarded plaintiffs attorney fees of
       40% of the total award, or $1,636,700.80, and $207,167.28 in costs and expenses. The
       trial court entered a judgment totaling $5,935,610.10.


                                               -3-
¶ 13       Plaintiffs appealed, arguing that the trial court failed to calculate their statutory
       damages according to the mathematical formula in section 13(A) of the Illinois
       Securities Law. Plaintiffs also argued that the trial court erred in failing to award
       reasonable attorney fees, expenses and costs.

¶ 14       Defendants cross-appealed, arguing that the award of interest, attorney fees and
       costs should be reversed because the fee-shifting and interest provisions of section
       13(A) of the Illinois Securities Law are punitive and coercive and, thus, fall within the
       category of damages barred by statute in legal malpractice actions. Defendants also
       argued that the trial court erred in finding that plaintiffs proved their underlying Illinois
       Securities Law claim.

¶ 15       The appellate court affirmed the circuit court’s findings that plaintiffs proved their
       underlying Illinois Securities Law claim and legal malpractice action. The appellate
       court also affirmed the circuit court’s award of plaintiffs’ costs and expenses. The
       appellate court, however, determined that the circuit court failed to apply the correct
       mathematical formula to calculate plaintiffs’ damages under the Illinois Securities
       Law. Specifically, the appellate court held there was no basis for the trial court to
       deduct the $3.2 million settlement from the purchase prices before calculating interest.
       Additionally, the appellate court held that the trial court’s attorney fees award was
       incorrect based on a percentage of its erroneous damage calculation. Accordingly, the
       appellate court reversed the circuit court’s award of damages and attorney fees and
       remanded the case to the trial court to recalculate plaintiffs’ damages, to determine a
       reasonable amount of attorney fees based on the correct calculation of damages, and to
       award plaintiffs attorney fees and costs incident to the appeal.

¶ 16       We allowed defendants’ petition for leave to appeal. Ill. S. Ct. R. 315 (eff. July 1,
       2013). We allowed the Chicago Bar Association and the Illinois State Bar Association
       to file a joint amicus brief. We also allowed the Illinois Secretary of State, Securities
       Department, and the Illinois Trial Lawyers’ Association to file amicus briefs. Ill. S. Ct.
       R. 345 (eff. Sept. 20, 2010).



¶ 17                                        ANALYSIS

¶ 18      This case turns on the proper calculation of plaintiffs’ damages in a legal
       malpractice action. Specifically, the issue is whether the lower courts erroneously
       compensated plaintiffs for the civil remedies they would have recovered in their

                                                 -4-
       underlying Illinois Securities Law claim but for defendants’ legal malpractice. Those
       presumed damages included plaintiffs’ loss of investment, plus statutory interest on
       their lost investments, attorney fees, and costs.

¶ 19       Defendants argue that the Illinois Securities Law does not authorize imposing those
       damages on negligent lawyers and that its civil remedies apply only to those who
       actually violate the Illinois Securities Law. Defendants further contend that the civil
       remedies provided by section 13(A) of the Illinois Securities Law constitute punitive
       damages and are, thus, barred in legal malpractice actions. If this court determines that
       the civil remedies of section 13(A) of the Illinois Securities Law are applicable to
       calculate plaintiffs’ total damages in this legal malpractice action, both parties dispute
       the lower courts’ calculation of damages. We first address whether the lower courts
       properly applied the civil remedies provisions of section 13(A) of the Illinois Securities
       Law to calculate plaintiffs’ damages in this legal malpractice case.

¶ 20       The applicability of the civil remedies provisions of section 13(A) of the Illinois
       Securities Law (815 ILCS 5/13(A) (West 2010)) in calculating damages in a legal
       malpractice action is the focus of this appeal. We review de novo this question of law.
       See Kankakee County Board of Review v. Property Tax Appeal Board, 226 Ill. 2d 36,
       51 (2007). This appeal also presents a question of statutory interpretation, subject to de
       novo review. People v. Davison, 233 Ill. 2d 30, 40 (2009).

¶ 21       This court’s primary objective in interpreting a statute is to ascertain and give effect
       to the intent of the legislature. Solon v. Midwest Medical Records Ass’n, 236 Ill. 2d
       433, 440 (2010). The most reliable indication of the legislature’s intent is the language
       of the statute, given its plain and ordinary meaning. Solon, 236 Ill. 2d at 440. “[W]hen
       the language of the statute is clear, it must be applied as written without resort to aids or
       tools of interpretation.” DeLuna v. Burciaga, 223 Ill. 2d 49, 59 (2006). We begin by
       reviewing the relevant provisions of the Illinois Securities Law.

¶ 22      Section 13 of the Illinois Securities Law provides for private and other civil
       remedies. Section 13(A) provides the civil remedies relevant to this appeal:

                   “§ 13. Private and other civil remedies; securities.

                   A. Every sale of a security made in violation of the provisions of this Act
               shall be voidable at the election of the purchaser exercised as provided in
               subsection B of this Section; and the issuer, controlling person, underwriter,
               dealer or other person by or on behalf of whom said sale was made, and each

                                                 -5-
              underwriter, dealer or salesperson who shall have participated or aided in any
              way in making the sale, and in case the issuer, controlling person, underwriter
              or dealer is a corporation or unincorporated association or organization, each of
              its officers and directors (or persons performing similar functions) who shall
              have participated or aided in making the sale, shall be jointly and severally
              liable to the purchaser as follows:

                      (1) for the full amount paid, together with interest from the date of
                  payment for the securities sold at the rate of the interest or dividend
                  stipulated in the securities sold (or if no rate is stipulated, then at the rate of
                  10% per annum) less any income or other amounts received by the
                  purchaser on the securities, upon offer to tender to the seller or tender into
                  court of the securities sold or, where the securities were not received, of any
                  contract made in respect of the sale; or

                      (2) if the purchaser no longer owns the securities, for the amounts set
                  forth in clause (1) of this subsection A less any amounts received by the
                  purchaser for or on account of the disposition of the securities.

                  If the purchaser shall prevail in any action brought to enforce any of the
              remedies provided in this subsection, the court shall assess costs together with
              the reasonable fees and expenses of the purchaser’s attorney against the
              defendant. Any provision of this subsection A to the contrary notwithstanding,
              the civil remedies provided in this subsection A shall not be available against
              any person by reason of the failure to file with the Secretary of State, or on
              account of the content of, any report of sale provided for in subsection G or P of
              Section 4, paragraph (2) of subsection D of Sections 5 and 6, or paragraph (2) of
              subsection F of Section 7 of this Act.” 815 ILCS 5/13(A) (West 2010).

¶ 23       Defendants’ claim that section 13(A) civil remedies were not intended to be applied
       to negligent attorneys in a legal malpractice action because the Illinois Securities Law
       makes no provision for awarding such damages against negligent lawyers. Rather,
       defendants submit that section 13(A) civil remedies are applicable only to those who
       violate the Illinois Securities Law. Accordingly, defendants contend it was error for the
       lower courts to compensate plaintiffs for losses the plaintiffs would have recovered
       under section 13(A) in the underlying Steinberg case.

¶ 24      Illinois law on malpractice damages is well-established:

                                                -6-
                    “In order to recover damages in a legal malpractice action in Illinois, a
               plaintiff must establish what the result would have been in the underlying
               action which was improperly litigated by the plaintiff’s former attorney. See,
               e.g., Nika v. Danz, 199 Ill. App. 3d 296, 308 (1990) (malpractice plaintiff must
               litigate a ‘ “suit within a suit” ’ or ‘ “trial-within-a-trial” ’), quoting 2 R. Mallen
               & J. Smith, Legal Malpractice § 27.7, at 641 (3d ed. 1989). The basis of the
               legal malpractice claim is that the plaintiff would have been compensated for an
               injury caused by a third party, absent negligence on the part of the plaintiff’s
               attorney. Nika, 199 Ill. App. 3d at 308; Glass v. Pitler, 276 Ill. App. 3d 344, 349
               (1995). The injuries resulting from legal malpractice are not personal injuries
               but, instead, are pecuniary injuries to intangible property interests. Glass, 276
               Ill. App. 3d at 349, citing Gruse v. Belline, 138 Ill. App. 3d 689 (1985). The
               plaintiff must affirmatively prove that he suffered actual damages as a result of
               the attorney’s malpractice (Glass, 276 Ill. App. 3d at 349), and a plaintiff who
               obtains recovery in a malpractice suit can be ‘in no better position by bringing
               suit against the attorney than if the underlying action against the third-party
               tortfeasor had been successfully prosecuted’ (Bloome v. Wiseman, Shaikewitz,
               McGivern, Wahl, Flavin & Hesi, P.C., 279 Ill. App. 3d 469, 478 (1996)). Thus,
               a plaintiff’s damages in a malpractice suit are limited to the actual amount the
               plaintiff would have recovered had he been successful in the underlying case.”
               (Emphasis added.) Eastman v. Messner, 188 Ill. 2d 404, 411-12 (1999).

¶ 25       While it is true that the Illinois Securities Law makes no specific provision for
       imposing damages on negligent lawyers, we point out that defendants’ argument is
       premised on the misconception that the civil remedies provided under section 13(A) of
       the Illinois Securities Law are being applied directly to them. The damage award in this
       legal malpractice action compensates the plaintiffs for the actual amount the plaintiffs
       would have recovered had they been successful in the Illinois Securities Law claim in
       the underlying Steinberg case. Contrary to defendants’ assertion, the Illinois Securities
       Law is not being applied directly to defendants. Rather, section 13(A) of the Illinois
       Securities Law simply establishes plaintiffs’ actual damages resulting from
       defendants’ legal malpractice.

¶ 26       It is undisputed that defendants were found negligent for failing to preserve
       plaintiffs’ cause of action under the Illinois Securities Law. It is also undisputed that, as
       a result of defendants’ failure to preserve plaintiffs’ cause of action, plaintiffs were
       prevented from collecting civil remedies under section 13(A) of the Illinois Securities
       Law in the underlying Steinberg case. Plaintiffs suffered substantial losses that were
                                                  -7-
       directly and proximately caused by defendants’ negligence and constitute actual
       damages suffered by plaintiffs as a result of defendants’ legal malpractice. Defendants
       do not dispute that plaintiffs would have recovered the civil remedies under section
       13(A) had defendants not breached their duty and failed to preserve plaintiffs’ Illinois
       Securities Law claim. As a result, defendants are liable to plaintiffs for those losses that
       were directly caused by defendants’ legal negligence and constitute actual damages
       suffered by plaintiffs as a result of defendants’ legal malpractice. See Eastman, 188 Ill.
       2d at 411-12. Simply put, the civil remedies provided under section 13(A) of the
       Illinois Securities Law are merely the mechanism used to compute plaintiffs’ actual
       losses caused by defendants’ legal malpractice.

¶ 27       Defendants also assert they should not be held liable for plaintiffs’ lost interest
       under section 13(A) because it puts attorneys in the untenable position of having to
       wait helplessly on the sidelines as interest accumulates while the underlying case is
       being resolved. We note that it was defendants who insisted that plaintiffs agree to stay
       the legal malpractice action pending resolution of the Steinberg case. While plaintiffs’
       damages arguably could not be fully ascertained until the underlying Steinberg case
       was resolved, nothing prohibited defendants from attempting to settle the legal
       malpractice action with plaintiffs, particularly given the known risk of the extent of
       damages in this case based on plaintiffs’ significant investment loss. This court’s
       “responsibilities as a court of review do not extend to protecting a party from its own
       failed trial strategy” (Giese v. Phoenix Co. of Chicago, Inc., 159 Ill. 2d 507, 514-15
       (1994)). Nevertheless, defendants argue that compensation for plaintiffs’ lost section
       13(A) civil remedies constitute punitive damages that are barred in legal malpractice
       actions by section 2-1115 of the Code of Civil Procedure (Code) (735 ILCS 5/2-1115
       (West 2010)). Section 2-1115 of the Code provides:

                  “Punitive damages not recoverable in healing art and legal malpractice
              cases. In all cases, whether in tort, contract or otherwise, in which the plaintiff
              seeks damages by reason of legal, medical, hospital, or other healing art
              malpractice, no punitive, exemplary, vindictive or aggravated damages shall be
              allowed.” 735 ILCS 5/2-1115 (West 2010).

¶ 28       Whether the civil remedy provisions of section 13(A) of the Illinois Securities Law
       constitute punitive damages barred under section 2-1115 involves an issue of law that
       we review de novo. Kankakee County Board of Review, 226 Ill. 2d at 51. This court has
       determined that a statute is a “penalty” if it is “in the nature of punishment for the
       nonperformance of an act or for the performance of an unlawful act.” Hoffmann v.
                                                -8-
       Clark, 69 Ill. 2d 402, 429 (1977); see also M.H. Vestal Co. v. Robertson, 277 Ill. 425,
       428-29 (1917). Moreover, a penal statute requires the transgressor to pay a penalty
       without regard to proof of any actual monetary injury sustained. See Babcock v.
       Harrsch, 310 Ill. 413, 417 (1923).

¶ 29       Defendants argue that the civil remedies provisions of section 13(A) are coercive
       and punitive in nature because those remedies, as applied in a legal malpractice action,
       neither punish the actual wrongdoers nor compel compliance with securities laws.
       Defendants argue that the damages in this case are punitive, primarily because of the
       potential size of the damage award on remand. Defendants cite to Foreman v.
       Holsman, 10 Ill. 2d 551, 553-54 (1957), in support of their argument that section 13(A)
       civil remedies constitute punitive damages.

¶ 30       Foreman does not support defendants’ argument that section 13(A) civil remedies
       constitute punitive damages. While Foreman stated that the civil remedies provision of
       the Illinois Securities Law “is intended to afford an additional punishment for an
       offending party,” (Foreman, 10 Ill. 2d at 553-54) this court did not discuss the interest
       provision at issue in this case, nor did this court specifically examine whether section
       13(A) civil remedies constitute punitive damages or were intended to be remedial. In
       fact, this court has never before squarely addressed the issue of whether section 13(A)
       civil remedies constitute punitive damages. Similarly, none of the appellate court cases
       cited by defendants (Jacobs v. James, 215 Ill. App. 3d 499 (1991); Condux v. Neldon,
       83 Ill. App. 3d 575 (1980); Bain v. Financial Security Life Insurance Co., 53 Ill. App.
       3d 702 (1977); Gowdy v. Richter, 20 Ill. App. 3d 514 (1974)) support defendants’
       contention because none of those cases examined or held that section 13(A) civil
       remedies constitute punitive damages. We therefore examine whether the civil
       remedies of section 13(A) of the Illinois Securities Law constitute punitive or remedial
       damages as an issue of first impression before this court.

¶ 31       The law on analyzing whether statutory provisions are punitive or remedial is
       well-established. This court summarized Illinois law with respect to this issue in Landis
       v. Marc Realty, L.L.C., 235 Ill. 2d 1 (2009):

              “[A] statutory penalty must: (1) impose automatic liability for a violation of its
              terms; (2) set forth a predetermined amount of damages; and (3) impose
              damages without regard to the actual damages suffered by the plaintiff.”
              Landis, 235 Ill. 2d at 13 (citing McDonald’s Corp. v. Levine, 108 Ill. App. 3d
              732, 738 (1982), citing Hoffmann, 69 Ill. 2d at 429).

                                               -9-
¶ 32       A remedial statute, on the other hand, imposes liability for actual damages suffered
       by the plaintiff as a result of a violation of the statute. Landis, 235 Ill. 2d at 13. Liability
       under a remedial statute “ ‘is contingent upon damage being proven by the plaintiff.’ ”
       Landis, 235 Ill. 2d at 13 (quoting McDonald’s Corp. v. Levine, 108 Ill. App. 3d at 738,
       citing Vestal, 277 Ill. at 429-30).

¶ 33        Section 13(A) civil remedies include interest on the securities, attorney fees and
       costs. None of those remedies are imposed as a predetermined amount without regard
       to the actual damages suffered by the plaintiff. Rather, each of the section 13(A) civil
       remedies is a component of remedial damages intended to compensate plaintiffs who
       prove actual damages resulting from a violation of the Illinois Securities Law. The
       Illinois Securities Law contains no express provision for recovery of “punitive
       damages.” It is clear that the purpose of private civil remedies provided by the Illinois
       Securities Law is to compensate plaintiffs for their actual monetary losses. Section
       13(A) provides for return of the full amount paid for the securities, together with
       interest “at the rate of the interest or dividend stipulated in the securities sold (or if no
       rate is stipulated, then at the rate of 10% per annum).” The plain language of section
       13(A) indicates the rate is intended to be compensatory, not punitive. The controlling
       rate is the amount stated in the securities. Thus, the statute compensates the investor for
       the return on investment stated in the purchased securities. If no rate is stipulated, the
       default rate is 10%. The plain language of the statute indicates intent to compensate
       investors for their lost return and to make the investor whole. Accordingly, we hold that
       section 13(A) remedies do not constitute punitive damages prohibited by section
       2-1115 of the Code.

¶ 34       Defendants also rely on this court’s ruling in Tri-G, Inc. v. Burke, Bosselman &
       Weaver, 222 Ill. 2d 218 (2006), in arguing that section 13(A) civil remedies cannot be
       imposed on negligent lawyers. In Tri-G, the plaintiff brought a legal malpractice action
       against a law firm for failing to prosecute its lawsuit against a bank. The underlying
       lawsuit against the bank alleged breach of contract, common law fraud, and violation of
       the Consumer Fraud Act. The lawsuit was dismissed with prejudice after plaintiff’s
       counsel was not prepared to proceed when the case was called for trial. Plaintiff was
       awarded compensatory and lost punitive damages against the law firm in the legal
       malpractice action. This court held that lost punitive damages are not recoverable in a
       subsequent legal malpractice action under section 2-1115 of the Code. Tri-G, 222 Ill.
       2d at 267-68. We have already determined, however, that section 13(A) civil remedies
       are not punitive damages prohibited by section 2-1115 of the Code. Accordingly,
       Tri-G’s holding concerning punitive damages is inapplicable.
                                              - 10 -
¶ 35       Defendants also argue that section 13(A)’s civil remedy of statutory interest is
       prohibited under Tri-G. In Tri-G, this court rejected the plaintiff’s claim for
       postjudgment interest under section 2-1303 of the Code (735 ILCS 5/2-1303 (West
       2002)) recoverable on a “hypothetical” judgment in the underlying case absent the
       legal malpractice. Tri-G, 222 Ill. 2d at 258. This court recognized in Tri-G that the right
       to interest in an action at law:

               “ ‘does not emanate from the controversy, or from the judgment, or from
               anything of a judicial nature. *** The recovery of interest in this State, not
               contracted for, finds its only authority in the statute. It is purely statutory.’ ”
               Tri-G, 222 Ill. 2d at 256 (quoting Blakeslee’s Storage Warehouses, Inc. v. City
               of Chicago, 369 Ill. 480, 483 (1938)).

¶ 36       We acknowledged that an exception to this rule exists in equity, but since a legal
       malpractice action is an action at law, the exception is inapplicable. Tri-G, 222 Ill. 2d at
       257-58. Accordingly, in Tri-G, this court agreed with the appellate court’s holding that
       section 2-1303 postjudgment interest applies only to judgments recovered, and not to
       judgments that should have been recovered. Tri-G, 222 Ill. 2d at 256. We also
       determined that prejudgment interest is not available in legal malpractice cases. Tri-G,
       222 Ill. 2d at 258.

¶ 37       Tri-G is distinguishable on this point. This appeal does not involve interest on a
       hypothetical judgment. Section 13(A) does not involve prejudgment or postjudgment
       interest. Section 13(A) interest is not based on the amount of judgment. Rather, section
       13(A) interest is calculated based on the amount of the plaintiff’s investment in
       securities. The interest is a component of the remedial relief that plaintiffs would have
       recovered under the Illinois Securities Law if defendants had not negligently failed to
       preserve plaintiffs’ claim. Defendants do not dispute that plaintiffs would have
       recovered section 13(A) interest in the underlying cause of action.

¶ 38       Alternatively, defendants argue that this court should reverse the appellate court
       opinion because it ordered a grossly excessive award that is speculative and violates
       Eastman, 188 Ill. 2d 404, as well as state and federal due process guarantees.
       Defendants claim that the appellate court opinion violates Eastman because it awarded
       plaintiffs interest until final judgment in the malpractice case. In fact, defendants argue
       that plaintiffs should be barred from recovering any statutory interest because they
       failed to prove when they reasonably would have recovered on the underlying Illinois
       Securities Law claim.

                                                - 11 -
¶ 39       We agree with defendants that awarding statutory interest through the final date of
       judgment in the malpractice action violates Eastman because it awards plaintiffs
       damages beyond the date they would have recovered interest in the underlying action.
       See Eastman, 188 Ill. 2d at 412 (“a plaintiff’s damages in a malpractice suit are limited
       to the actual amount the plaintiff would have recovered had he been successful in the
       underlying case”). However, nothing in Eastman precludes plaintiffs from recovering
       the statutory interest they would have recovered in the underlying Steinberg action.

¶ 40       We reject defendants’ argument that plaintiffs should be barred from recovering
       any statutory interest because they failed to prove a date when they reasonably would
       have recovered on the underlying Illinois Securities Law claim. Defendants cite to
       Tri-G, 222 Ill. 2d at 254-55, to support their argument that a plaintiff is required to
       prove the date they would have recovered in the underlying action absent attorney
       malpractice. In Tri-G, the plaintiff sought prejudgment interest from the date the
       third-party tortfeasor committed the acts in the underlying case to the approximate date
       a verdict would have been entered against the third-party tortfeasor but for the
       attorney’s negligence. In Tri-G, this court did not examine or find that the plaintiff
       proved, or was required to prove, a hypothetical date when the plaintiff would have
       recovered in the underlying cause of action. In other words, Tri-G does not support
       defendant’s argument. Defendants cite to no authority holding that plaintiffs in a legal
       malpractice action must prove a hypothetical date when they reasonably would have
       recovered damages in an underlying cause of action that was barred due to the
       attorney’s negligence.

¶ 41       Defendants also argue that the appellate court opinion violates Eastman because it
       awarded interest on the $3.2 million plaintiffs recovered that did not constitute
       malpractice damages. We reject this argument. It is clear that plaintiffs would have
       received statutory interest on the entire amount they paid for the securities in the
       underlying Steinberg cause of action if defendants had preserved their Illinois
       Securities Law cause of action. Those losses constitute actual damages and do not,
       therefore, violate Eastman.

¶ 42       Defendants argue that if this court determines that awarding interest on the entire
       investment did not violate Eastman, awarding interest after June 21, 2007, the date the
       plaintiffs settled all claims in the Steinberg action, was erroneous. Defendants claim
       that any recovery of interest after June 21, 2007, exceeds what plaintiffs would have
       recovered in the underlying suit, and therefore violates Eastman. We agree with
       defendants on this point. As we have already held, awarding statutory interest through
                                              - 12 -
       the final date of judgment in the malpractice action violates Eastman because it awards
       plaintiffs damages beyond the date they would have recovered interest in the
       underlying Steinberg action. We reiterate, however, that nothing in Eastman precludes
       plaintiffs from recovering the statutory interest they would have recovered in the
       underlying Steinberg action. We will address this issue in greater detail in our analysis
       of the proper calculation of section 13(A) damages.

¶ 43       Defendants next contend that awarding statutory interest plus attorney fees is
       grossly excessive and violates the United States and Illinois Constitutions’ prohibitions
       against grossly excessive penalties in violation of due process of law. U.S. Const.,
       amend. XIV, § 1; Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, § 2. Defendants claim the Illinois Securities
       Law is unconstitutional as applied here. According to defendants, awarding statutory
       interest plus attorney fees in this case transforms an actual minimal loss into grossly
       excessive damages on lawyers “who were merely negligent.”

¶ 44       “The Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment prohibits a State from
       imposing a ‘grossly excessive’ punishment on a tortfeasor.” (Internal quotation marks
       omitted.) BMW of North America, Inc. v. Gore, 517 U.S. 559, 562 (1996). In BMW of
       North America, the United States Supreme Court set three guideposts for determining
       whether the punishment a State imposes on a tortfeasor under State law violates the
       U.S. Constitution: (1) the degree of reprehensibility of the defendant’s misconduct; (2)
       the disparity between the actual or potential harm suffered by the plaintiff and the
       punitive damages award; and (3) the difference between the punitive damages awarded
       and the civil penalties authorized or imposed in comparable cases. BMW of North
       America, 517 U.S. at 574-75.

¶ 45       In International Union of Operating Engineers, Local 150 v. Lowe Excavating Co.,
       225 Ill. 2d 456, 466-67 (2006), this court held that due process “prohibits the
       imposition of grossly excessive or arbitrary punishments on a tortfeasor.” This court
       adopted the Supreme Court’s framework in BMW of North America, recognizing that
       “ ‘the most important indicium of the reasonableness of a punitive damages award is
       the degree of reprehensibility of the defendant’s conduct.’ ” International Union of
       Operating Engineers, 225 Ill. 2d at 470 (quoting BMW of North America, 517 U.S. at
       575).

¶ 46       Defendants’ argument wrongly assumes the award of statutory interest under
       section 13(A) amounts to punitive damages. We have already rejected this argument.
       Defendants, however, argue that nothing in either the State or Federal Due Process

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       Clauses limits their reach to punitive damages. Defendants focus on the amount of a
       total potential award of both interest plus attorney fees in this case. Defendants argue
       this would amount to an excessive judgment. We disagree. The amount of statutory
       interest simply constitutes plaintiffs’ actual damages incurred on their loss of
       investment income on $4.5 million as a result of defendants’ negligence. The appellate
       court already determined the trial court must reconsider the attorney fee award on
       remand, and that amount has yet to be determined. We do not know what the trial court
       will determine is a reasonable attorney fee on remand, and that issue is beyond the
       scope of this appeal. However, as we address below, both lower courts erred in
       calculating the plaintiffs’ statutory interest damages. The result is neither grossly
       excessive, nor will a proper calculation of damages result in a windfall recovery to
       plaintiffs. Rather, a proper calculation of damages simply compensates plaintiffs for
       the damages they would have recovered from the third-party tortfeasor in the
       underlying action but for defendants’ negligence in failing to preserve plaintiffs’ cause
       of action.

¶ 47       Accordingly, we hold that the lower courts did not err as a matter of law in using the
       civil remedy provisions of section 13(A) of the Illinois Securities Law to measure
       plaintiffs’ damages in this legal malpractice action. We do, however, disagree with the
       lower courts’ calculation of plaintiffs’ damages. We now address the proper
       application of section 13(A) in calculating plaintiffs’ damages in this legal malpractice
       action.

¶ 48       The proper interpretation and application of the Illinois Securities Law is a question
       of law and, thus, we review the application of section 13(A) in measuring plaintiffs’
       damages de novo. Woods v. Cole, 181 Ill. 2d 512, 516 (1998). Again, the primary
       objective in interpreting a statute is to ascertain and give effect to the intent of the
       legislature, and the most reliable indication of legislative intent is the language of the
       statute, given its plain and ordinary meaning. Solon, 236 Ill. 2d at 440. “[W]hen the
       language of the statute is clear, it must be applied as written without resort to aids or
       tools of interpretation.” DeLuna, 223 Ill. 2d at 59.

¶ 49      Sections 13(A)(1) and (2) of the Illinois Securities Law provide the statutory
       damages as follows:

                  “(1) for the full amount paid, together with interest from the date of
              payment for the securities sold at the rate of the interest or dividend stipulated
              in the securities sold (or if no rate is stipulated, then at the rate of 10% per

                                               - 14 -
              annum) less any income or other amounts received by the purchaser on the
              securities, upon offer to tender to the seller or tender into court of the securities
              sold or, where the securities were not received, of any contract made in respect
              of the sale; or

                  (2) if the purchaser no longer owns the securities, for the amounts set forth
              in clause (1) of this subsection A less any amounts received by the purchaser for
              or on account of the disposition of the securities.” 815 ILCS 5/13(A)(1), (2)
              (West 2010).

¶ 50       Section 13(A) provides a straightforward method for calculating plaintiffs’
       damages for defendants’ failure to preserve their Illinois Securities Law claim.
       Plaintiffs would have recovered “the full amount paid, together with interest from the
       date of payment for the securities sold,” less “any amount received.” We find that the
       statute unambiguously requires the calculation of interest prior to deducting any
       amounts received by the purchaser of the securities. Accordingly, we affirm the
       appellate court’s determination that the trial court erroneously applied a proportionate
       reduction of the plaintiffs’ $3.2 million Steinberg settlement to each of the 11 securities
       purchases prior to calculating interest. The interest must be calculated by the trial court
       prior to deducting the $3.2 million settlement.

¶ 51       Defendants claim that plaintiffs should not be awarded interest on the $3.2 million
       settlement. However, defendants fail to recognize that plaintiffs lost the interest on
       their total securities investment when defendants failed to preserve their Illinois
       Securities Law claim. Any calculation of interest must include compensation for
       plaintiffs’ loss of interest on their entire $4.5 million investment.

¶ 52       The statute requires interest calculated “from the date of payment” for the
       securities. Under a plain reading of the statute, the trial court is required to calculate
       interest on each of the 11 securities from the date of purchase. The parties dispute
       whether the statutory interest should be calculated to the 2007 settlement date of the
       underlying Steinberg action, or to the 2011 date of the final judgment in the legal
       malpractice action. Plaintiffs further submit that interest should be calculated to the
       date of payment of the judgment. Under plaintiffs’ argument, interest presently
       continues to accumulate, some seven years beyond the date of the Steinberg settlement.
       Understandably, defendants conclude that awarding interest to the date of payment of
       the judgment would result in extraordinary legal malpractice damages. Defendants as
       well as the Chicago Bar Association and the Illinois State Bar Association as amici

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       present serious and compelling arguments of the consequences of imposing
       extraordinary liability on attorneys as well as the practical ramifications on the
       practicing bar. Given the disposition in this case, the plaintiffs’ ultimate recovery will
       compensate plaintiffs for the loss of their investment due to defendants’ negligence in
       failing to preserve plaintiffs’ Illinois Securities Law claim.

¶ 53       The appellate court determined that the trial court correctly calculated interest
       through the 2011 final judgment date in the legal malpractice action. As we have
       already indicated, calculating interest to the date of the final judgment in the legal
       malpractice action violates Eastman, 188 Ill. 2d 404. We hold that the interest should
       have been calculated to the date of the 2007 settlement of the Steinberg action. The
       measure of damages in the legal malpractice action is the amount the plaintiffs would
       have recovered in the underlying Steinberg action for their Illinois Securities Law
       claim. The entire Steinberg action was concluded in 2007. Plaintiffs could not have
       recovered interest on their Illinois Securities Law claim in the Steinberg action after the
       2007 settlement date. By calculating interest to 2011, the lower courts misapplied
       section 13(A).

¶ 54       Accordingly, on remand, the trial court must recalculate the interest on each of the
       securities to the date of the 2007 Steinberg settlement. The recalculation of interest
       should then be added to the full amount paid for all of the securities. Section 13(A)(2)
       then requires a deduction for any amount received by the purchaser on account of the
       disposition of the securities when the purchaser no longer owns the securities.
       Therefore, the trial court must deduct the plaintiffs’ $3.2 million settlement after
       recalculating the interest.

¶ 55       Plaintiffs requested cross-relief, arguing that the entire $3.2 million settlement
       should not be deducted from their damage award because they actually received only
       $1,657,000 of that settlement and they expended $1,543,000 in costs and attorney fees
       to obtain the $3.2 million settlement. In the underlying Steinberg cause of action, the
       plaintiffs and the Shearson defendants entered into a settlement agreement after
       plaintiffs’ Illinois Securities Law claim was dismissed with prejudice as time-barred.
       That dismissal was affirmed on appeal. Plaintiffs’ settlement in the underlying
       Steinberg action was not structured into an award of damages plus attorney fees and
       costs. Rather, plaintiffs’ settlement represented their agreement to settle all disputes
       and claims that could have been asserted. Plaintiffs agreed to a joint motion to obtain a
       dismissal with prejudice of the underlying lawsuit, with the parties “to bear their own
       costs and attorneys’ fees.” Plaintiffs’ expenditures for attorney fees and costs were
                                               - 16 -
       simply their cost of litigation pursuing their common law fraud and Consumer Fraud
       Act claims. Accordingly, under section 13(A), the entire $3.2 million settlement
       constitutes “other amounts received by the purchaser on the securities.” Section 13(A)
       makes no provision for the deduction of attorney fees or costs from those “other
       amounts received.” Thus, we reject plaintiff’s argument that the entire $3.2 million
       should not be deducted from their damage award.

¶ 56       The appellate court in this case also held that the trial court’s attorney fees award
       was based on a percentage of its incorrect damage calculation. The trial court awarded
       plaintiffs $1,636,700.80 in attorney fees, calculated by applying a 40% contingency fee
       to its erroneous Illinois Securities Law damage award calculation of $4,091,752.19.
       The appellate court noted that the trial court could base an attorney fee award on either
       a fair percentage of recovery, or the value of the time expended by counsel. The
       appellate court stated that it “would not assume that the trial court, which considered
       the connection between the fees sought and the amount of the award, would have
       awarded plaintiffs a 40% contingent fee of a much larger Illinois Securities Law
       damage award based on plaintiffs’ purchase price, plus 10% interest, less the $3.2
       million settlement.” Accordingly, the appellate court reversed the attorney fee award
       and remanded the case to the trial court to determine reasonable attorney fees based on
       the correct amount of plaintiffs’ Illinois Securities Law damages. The parties do not
       contest this part of the appellate court’s judgment. Thus, the award of attorney fees in
       this case is not at issue and not addressed in this opinion.

¶ 57       In sum, we hold that the lower courts failed to apply the correct mathematical
       formula to calculate plaintiffs’ statutory interest award for damages under section
       13(A) of the Illinois Securities Law. Accordingly, we remand this cause to the circuit
       court to calculate plaintiffs’ statutory interest damages on the full amount paid for each
       security from the date of purchase to the 2007 date of settlement in the Steinberg
       action, and then to deduct the plaintiffs’ $3.2 million recovery in the Steinberg action.
       The issue of attorney fees and costs are left for the trial court to resolve on remand.



¶ 58                                     CONCLUSION

¶ 59       For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the appellate court’s judgment in part and
       reverse in part, and remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.



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¶ 60   Affirmed in part and reversed in part.

¶ 61   Cause remanded with directions.




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