                IN THE SUPREME COURT, STATE OF WYOMING

                                        2017 WY 50

                                                         APRIL TERM, A.D. 2017

                                                                  May 10, 2017

JASON MICHAEL JOHNSON,

Appellant
(Respondent),

v.                                                   S-16-0177

BRETTENY MARIE CALKINS,

Appellee
(Petitioner).


                    Appeal from the District Court of Natrona County
                        The Honorable Daniel L. Forgey, Judge

Representing Father:
      Timothy C. Cotton of Cotton Legal, Casper, Wyoming.

Representing Appellee:
      Richard H. Peek, Casper, Wyoming.

Before BURKE, C.J., and HILL, DAVIS, FOX, and KAUTZ, JJ.




NOTICE: This opinion is subject to formal revision before publication in Pacific Reporter Third.
Readers are requested to notify the Clerk of the Supreme Court, Supreme Court Building,
Cheyenne, Wyoming 82002, of typographical or other formal errors so correction may be made
before final publication in the permanent volume.
KAUTZ, Justice.

[¶1] Jason Michael Johnson (Father) appeals the district court’s order terminating his
parental rights pursuant to Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 14-2-309(a)(i) and (iv) (LexisNexis 2015).
He claims the evidence presented at trial was insufficient to establish grounds for
termination under that statute by clear and convincing evidence. He also claims that the
district court should have required Bretteny Marie Calkins (Mother) to pursue remedies
other than termination of parental rights. We affirm.

                                         ISSUES

[¶2]   Father presents the following issues:

              1. Whether the district court erred in terminating the parental
                 rights of the non-custodial parent, [Father], under
                 Wyoming Statute § 14-2-309(a)(i) because there was
                 insufficient evidence of no contact and support; and the
                 evidence established the custodial parent interfered with
                 the non-custodial parent’s attempts to communicate with
                 the minor child.

              2. Whether sufficient evidence was presented to support the
                 Natrona County District Court’s decision to terminate
                 [Father’s] parental rights under § 14-2-309(a)(iv) when
                 the evidence established the non-custodial parent made
                 successful and substantive efforts to become and be a fit
                 and responsible parent.

              3. Whether the district court erred by failing to consider
                 whether less intrusive or restrictive methods of protecting
                 the child were employed and exhausted before terminating
                 [Father’s] parental rights.

                                         FACTS

[¶3] Father and Mother had a child in February 2006. On March 11, 2015, Mother
filed an action seeking to terminate Father’s parental rights under § 14-2-309(a)(i) and
(iv). The district court appointed an attorney to represent Father, and held a bench trial
on January 28, 2016 and March 29, 2016. Father participated in the trial by telephone
because he was incarcerated.



                                               1
[¶4] The parties lived together in Mother’s home from 2005 to 2006. Father left the
home in the fall of 2006, about six months after the parties’ son, KSJ, was born. Father
saw his son approximately once a month over an unknown period after the parties
separated in 2006. This contact was not a typical visitation, and was not directed toward
a relationship with KSJ. Instead, Father asked Mother “can I come over” and did not
spend time with KSJ. Father would “eat or use the computer, shower, sometimes sleep . .
. and then when he left, he would say bye and hug him.”

[¶5] After the parties separated, Mother obtained a child support order which required
Father to pay $286.00 per month in child support. Father made no child support
payments until 2010, as indicated below.

[¶6] Also after the parties separated, Father developed a relationship with Rose Rocco.
In 2009, while Ms. Rocco was pregnant, Father struck her, breaking her jaw in two
places. He pled guilty to aggravated assault, and on January 5, 2010, was sentenced to a
term of 18 to 48 months in the Wyoming State Penitentiary.

[¶7] After Father went to the Penitentiary, the district court modified his child support
order, reducing the child support obligation to $50.00 per month. While in prison, Father
made eleven child support payments ranging from $23.76 to $41.57.

[¶8] Father was incarcerated on the aggravated assault charge from June 2009 to May
2011, first in the county jail and then in prison. During that time he did not see or request
any visits with KSJ. He sent letters to Mother, but the focus of those letters was toward
Mother, and only “vaguely” referenced KSJ. There is no evidence that Father sent cards,
letters, or any other communication to KSJ while he was incarcerated.

[¶9] In May 2011, Father was transferred from prison to CAC (a halfway house) in
Casper. He remained there until December 15, 2011. During his first three months at
CAC, Father visited weekly with Mother and KSJ, for about an hour at a time. As
before, Father’s focus was primarily on Mother during those visits. Mother’s testimony
about the visits was that Father was more interested in talking with her than in visiting
with KSJ.

[¶10] Father worked for Applebee’s while at CAC. Applebee’s withheld child support
from Father’s pay and submitted it directly to the state child support authority from
August 2011 through January 6, 2012. Shortly after Father was released from CAC, he
was terminated from his job at Applebee’s. Father made no other child support payments
until after this termination case went to trial.

[¶11] After his release from CAC in late 2011, Father never visited or requested any
contact or communication with KSJ. Father did, however, have some contact with
Mother on three occasions. In February 2012, Father came to Mother’s residence at

                                             2
11:30 p.m. and said he needed a place to stay because his girlfriend had kicked him out.
Although Father had completed a substance abuse program in prison, he now appeared to
be under the influence of drugs, and had needle tracks on his arms. Mother refused
Father’s request for a place to stay. KSJ was sleeping during this event.

[¶12] In March 2012, Father broke into Mother’s home and stole a laptop computer and
about $40 from KSJ’s piggy bank. Mother reported the crime, but it went unsolved until
Father admitted the act while in federal prison in April 2014.

[¶13] In June 2012, Father followed Mother, who was with KSJ and some friends, to a
park. He called Mother’s name, and she responded that he should stay away. Father did
not address KSJ or request any contact with him. Father made no other attempts to
contact Mother or KSJ after leaving CAC, until the communications referenced below.

[¶14] On September 10, 2012, Father was charged with the federal crime of a felon in
possession of a firearm. Those charges related to an incident occurring in July 2012. He
was sentenced to the Florence Federal Correctional Institution, arriving there on March 3,
2013. His release from federal custody was scheduled for April 16, 2017.

[¶15] Father had a job while in the federal penitentiary. He earned $60.00 or $65.00 per
month, although he sometimes earned less or was temporarily unable to work. The
federal prison required Father to make a housing payment of $25.00 per quarter (3
months) from his prison income, and he also used his income to purchase personal items
and make phone calls. His inmate account showed an average daily balance of $25.32
from January 1, 2015 through September 14, 2015. Father made no payments toward
child support while in federal prison, until the single payment made near the end of trial,
mentioned below.

[¶16] Father wrote a letter to Mother on April 7, 2014, from federal prison. In that letter
he admitted that he committed the burglary at her residence in 2012, and attempted to
rekindle a relationship with Mother. He stated “I’m not asking you to let me talk to
(KSJ), I’m asking you to let me talk to you”.

[¶17] Mother’s email address was added to Father’s federal prison inmate email account
designating her as a recipient of email for KSJ. On December 26, 2014, Father sent
Mother an email. The email was directed to Mother, not to KSJ, and sought to restore a
relationship with Mother. Father expressed that, in addition to restarting a relationship
with Mother, he wanted to be “close to” KSJ and that he loved and missed both Mother
and KSJ. Mother did not respond to the email. Father claims that at some point Mother
blocked him from sending emails to her email address, but Mother denies doing so.

[¶18] Mother filed her Petition seeking termination of Father’s parental rights on March
11, 2015. On April 4, 2015, Father sent another email to Mother. In this email Father

                                            3
asserted that KSJ had a close relationship with him. Father sent handwritten letters
addressed to Mother on July 7, 2015 and August 10, 2015. Mother did not accept the
letters, but instead had them returned to Father. Father sent “not very many” letters
addressed to KSJ, all written after this case was filed, but Mother returned them to Father.
Father did not send letters to KSJ from federal prison before Mother filed this case.

[¶19] As of December 28, 2015, Father had not paid any child support for over four
years and was $8,120.39 in arrears. In March 2016, Father made a $25.00 payment
toward child support from federal prison.

                               STANDARD OF REVIEW

[¶20] Father challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to establish the statutory
requirements for termination of his parental rights. “In a sufficiency of the evidence
review, we give considerable deference to the district court’s determination because it has
the advantage of observing the demeanor of the witnesses.” AJJ v. State (In re KMJ),
2010 WY 142, ¶ 20, 242 P.3d 968, 972 (Wyo. 2010)

              We apply our traditional principles of evidentiary review
              when a party challenges the sufficiency of the evidence
              supporting termination. BA v. Laramie County Dep’t of
              Family Servs., 2007 WY 128, ¶ 7, 163 P.3d 844, 847 (Wyo.
              2007); CDB v. DJE, 2005 WY 102, ¶ 4, 118 P.3d 439, 440
              (Wyo. 2005); BSC v. Natrona County Dep’t of Family Servs.,
              2004 WY 167, ¶ 11, 102 P.3d 890, 894 (Wyo. 2004). We
              examine the evidence in the light most favorable to the party
              prevailing below, assuming all favorable evidence to be true
              while discounting conflicting evidence presented by the
              unsuccessful party. MN v. State, Dep’t of Family Servs., 2003
              WY 135, ¶ 5, 78 P.3d 232, 234 (Wyo. 2003). This Court then
              reviews the supporting evidence to ascertain if it clearly and
              convincingly satisfies the statutory elements required to
              support termination. EBH v. Hot Springs Dep’t of Family
              Servs., 2001 WY 100, ¶ 14, 33 P.3d 172, 178 (Wyo. 2001).
              Evidence is clear and convincing if it would persuade a trier
              of fact that the truth of the contention is highly probable. LP
              v. Natrona County Dep’t of Public Assistance and Social
              Servs., 679 P.2d 976, 982 (Wyo.1984). This Court may
              examine all of the properly admissible evidence in the record,
              but we do not reweigh the evidence. Street v. Street, 2009
              WY 85, ¶ 9, 211 P.3d 495, 498 (Wyo. 2009). In applying our
              standard of review, we keep in mind that the right to associate
              with one's family is fundamental and strictly scrutinize

                                             4
             petitions to terminate parental rights. RLA v. State of Wyo.,
             Dep’t of Family Servs., 2009 WY 109, ¶ 13, 215 P.3d 266,
             268 (Wyo. 2009).

JLW v. CAB (In re WDW), 2010 WY 9, ¶ 17, 224 P.3d 14, 19 (Wyo. 2010). Father
disagrees with some of the evidence presented by Mother and asserts that his own version
of some facts is correct. For example, he asserts that Mother blocked his ability to send
her emails and that he sent more letters from prison than were entered into evidence.
Mother disputed those assertions. The standard of review requires us to rely on the
evidence most favorable to Mother and discount conflicting evidence presented by
Father.

[¶21] Father also contends that the district court should have required Mother to take
some other approach, such as seeking child support enforcement or arranging supervised
visitation, before seeking termination. This is an issue of whether the applicable statutes
should be construed to require such steps before seeking termination of parental rights.
Statutory interpretation raises a question of law, which we review de novo. RAA v. AW,
2016 WY 117, ¶ 11, 384 P.3d 1156, 1159 (Wyo. 2016).

                                     DISCUSSION

      Sufficiency of the Evidence

[¶22] The district court found that clear and convincing evidence established the
statutory grounds for termination of Father’s parental rights to KSJ under § 14-2-309
(a)(i) and (iv). That statute provides as follows:

             § 14–2–309. Grounds for termination of parent-child
             relationship; clear and convincing evidence.

             (a) The parent-child legal relationship may be terminated if
             any one (1) or more of the following facts is established by
             clear and convincing evidence:

                (i) The child has been left in the care of another person
             without provision for the child’s support and without
             communication from the absent parent for a period of at least
             one (1) year. In making the above determination, the court
             may disregard occasional contributions, or incidental contacts
             and communications. For purposes of this paragraph, a court
             order of custody shall not preclude a finding that a child has
             been left in the care of another person.
             ....

                                            5
                  (iv) The parent is incarcerated due to the conviction of a
              felony and a showing that the parent is unfit to have the
              custody and control of the child.

[¶23] Although the district court found clear and convincing evidence to support
termination under both subsections (a)(i) and (iv), it is unnecessary for us to consider
each of them if the record supports the district court’s findings on either basis for
termination.

              The statutory bases for termination of parental rights are
              separate and independent. MDW v. Hot Springs County Dep’t
              of Family Servs. (In re SRJ), 2009 WY 94, ¶ 10, 212 P.3d
              611, 614 (Wyo. 2009). “Proof of any one of those [bases] by
              clear and convincing evidence supports the termination of
              parental rights.” Id; see also JD and SE v. Wyoming Dept. of
              Family Servs., 2009 WY 78, ¶ 12, 208 P.3d 1323, 1327
              (Wyo. 2009). We may affirm if there is sufficient evidence to
              support termination under any of the grounds enumerated in
              Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 14–2–309.

DMM v. State, Dep’t of Family Servs. (In re ZMETS, ZCJS, ZPMS, and ZKMS), 2012
WY 68, ¶ 18, 276 P.3d 392, 397 (Wyo. 2012). In this case it is sufficient to consider only
the evidence in the record relating to § 14-2-309(a)(i). That statute requires clear and
convincing proof of three elements: (1) the child has been left in the care of another
person for a period of at least one (1) year; (2) the absent parent made no provision for
support of the child for at least that same year; and (3) the child was without
communication from the absent parent for a period of at least one (1) year.

[¶24] Each of these statutory requirements is based on the existence of a condition “for a
period of at least one (1) year.” Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 14-2-311(a)(iv) (LexisNexis 2015)
requires a petitioner seeking termination of parental rights to list the grounds upon which
the petition is based. In this case, then, the petition had to allege that the child was left in
the care of another person, and there was no provision for support and no communication
from the absent parent for at least one year before the petition was filed. The relevant
one year period is the year prior to March 2015, when Mother filed this case.

[¶25] We now look to the record to determine if each of the three requirements of § 14-
2-309(a)(i) were established by clear and convincing evidence, keeping in mind the
applicable standard of review. The evidence at trial indisputably indicated that Father left
KSJ in the care of Mother for far more than one year before March 2015. The evidence
establishes that KSJ was left in the care of Mother for nearly all of KSJ’s life—nine years
at the time the petition to terminate was filed. Some of those years occurred when Father

                                               6
was incarcerated, and some occurred when he was not. The record certainly contains
clear and convincing evidence that Father left KSJ in the care of another person for a
period of at least one year.

[¶26] The evidence at trial also showed that Father made no provision for KSJ’s support
for more than a year before this case was filed. Before Mother filed this case in March
2015, Father had not paid any child support for over three years. His last payment was
made through his employer, Applebee’s, in early January 2012.

[¶27] Father attempts to excuse his non-payment by arguing that he did not understand
how to make support payments from federal prison. He argues that “once he figured out
how he could reasonably and feasibly provide support, (Father) sent a support payment
from the federal prison in March 2016.” Father offers no valid explanation of why he
failed to pay any child support at all after leaving the halfway house in December 2011,
until he was again incarcerated in July 2012. Although he arrived in federal prison in
early March 2013, he claims he had not “figured out” how to make child support
payments from prison for over three years, until after his termination case went to trial.
During those three years, Father was earning a wage in prison, although small, and was
regularly making financial transactions for his own benefit. The record contains clear
and convincing evidence that for four years before Mother brought this case Father failed
to make provision for KSJ’s support.

[¶28] Father claims that Mother failed to establish by clear and convincing evidence that
KSJ was without communication from Father for a period of at least one (1) year. He
asserts that he wrote an email and letters to KSJ, and that Father attempted to contact KSJ
but was thwarted by Mother.

[¶29] The evidence most favorable to Mother indicates that during the three years before
Mother filed this case, the only events which could potentially be considered as
communication or contact by Father toward KSJ occurred: (1) in February 2012 when
Father came to Mother’s residence at 11:30 p.m. under the influence of a controlled
substance looking for a place to stay; (2) in June 2012 when Father followed Mother, KSJ
and others to a park, and attempted to contact Mother; (3) on April 7, 2014, when Father
wrote a letter to Mother; and (4) on December 26, 2014, when Father wrote an email to
Mother. Each of these events is insufficient to constitute contact or communication from
Father to his son as anticipated by § 14-2-309(a)(i).

[¶30] Section 14-2-309(a)(i) directs that the district court may disregard “incidental”
contact and communication when determining whether this requirement for termination
has been proven. “[T]he ordinary and obvious meaning of ‘incidental’ as used in the
statute is a casual minor occurrence that is insignificant and of little consequence”. RAA,
¶ 17, 384 P.3d at 1160, quoting Matter of Adoption of McMullen, 236 Kan. 348, 691 P.2d


                                            7
17, 20 (1984). Contact or communication may be “incidental” whether it is intentional,
or simply something that occurs by happenstance. Id.

[¶31] The potential contacts listed above were certainly incidental, if they were contacts
with KSJ at all. None of those contacts were directed to KSJ, but rather were addressed
specifically to Mother. Consistent with Father’s prior communications, these contacts
revolved around an effort to form some sort of a relationship with Mother. The first two
events, in March and June 2012, were not directed toward KSJ at all, but were attempts to
contact Mother. Two years later, in April 2014, Father wrote a letter addressed only to
Mother. In that letter he confessed to burglarizing her house, and specifically indicated
he was not requesting communication with KSJ. Then Father sent an email to Mother,
not KSJ, in December 2014. The information in it concerned Father’s future plans to
move to Wisconsin and wondered about Mother’s reaction. Although this email
mentioned that Father loves his son, it was not a communication toward KSJ. Any
contact with KSJ from this email was certainly incidental. These four events over nearly
three years cannot, even with a stretch of the imagination, be appropriately characterized
as contact or communication by Father toward KSJ.

[¶32] The evidence showed that Father sent an email to Mother in April 2015, and wrote
two letters to Mother from the federal penitentiary, one in July 2015 and one in August
2015. He also sent “not very many” letters addressed to KSJ after Mother initiated this
case. Father had not contacted or sent communication directly to KSJ for over four years.
Then, after being served with notice that Mother was seeking to terminate his parental
rights, Father sent some letters to KSJ which Mother returned, unopened.
Communication, or attempted communication, occurring after an action to terminate
parental rights is filed is not effective to defeat application of § 14-2-309(a)(i). If it were,
a parent could fail to communicate with his or her child for years, as happened here, and
then avoid responsibility for that extended period of non-communication by writing a
letter. The statute requires clear and convincing evidence of no communication or
contact with the child for a year or more before the action to terminate parental rights is
filed. Attempted communication after the case is filed is irrelevant.

[¶33] Furthermore, the few attempts at communication by Father after March 2015,
were “incidental” and the district court appropriately disregarded them. Although some
of those attempts at communication with KSJ were intentional, when they are viewed in
the context of years without any contact or communication whatsoever, they were
insignificant and of little importance.

[¶34] The evidence, when viewed most favorably for Mother, shows that Father directed
virtually no communication toward KSJ from the end of 2011 until after this case was
filed in March, 2015.



                                               8
[¶35] Father insists that Mother interfered with his efforts to contact his son. The record
simply contains no persuasive evidence to support this assertion. There was no evidence
of even a single specific time when Father requested visitation with KSJ and was denied.
Although once Father followed and was rebuffed by Mother, that event was not a request
to communicate or visit with KSJ. There was no tangible evidence of birthday cards,
gifts, letters, or other communication that Father sent to KSJ but were returned.
Although Father testified that he believed Mother had blocked his email access to KSJ,
Mother testified otherwise. Father failed to present any support for this claim other than
his unsupported opinion. To the contrary, the evidence shows that Father sent emails to
Mother both before and after Mother filed this case.

[¶36] The record contains clear and convincing evidence supporting the district court’s
decision on § 14-2-309(a)(i). The evidence most favorable to Mother clearly and
convincingly shows that Father left KSJ in the care of another without provision for his
support and simply did not attempt to contact or communicate with his son for far more
than one year before this case was filed.

      Requirement of Other Efforts Before Termination

[¶37] Father argues that the relevant statutes required Mother to “have pursued and
exhausted less intrusive or restrictive method[s] of protecting the child and pursuing
support before resorting to termination.” He argues that this Court should reverse the
district court’s decision because “the mother could have sought, but did not seek, a
custody or other order from the Court imposing restrictions and conditions on the
exercise of visitation such as supervision, drug and alcohol testing for sobriety, etc.”

[¶38] Father bases this argument on a concurring opinion issued in RW v. State, 766
P.2d, 555, 558 (Wyo. 1989). RW involved a termination of parental rights obtained by
the State under § 14-2-309(a)(iv). RW is distinguishable from this case because here the
State of Wyoming is not the petitioner for termination, and because the analysis above is
based on § 14-2-309(a)(i), not on (a)(iv). Furthermore, the concurring opinion relied
upon by Father is based on the requirements of § 14-2-309(a)(iii), not (a)(i) nor (a)(iv).

[¶39] In RW, the parents asserted that “the State had a burden to prove termination was
the least intrusive means to accomplish the State’s interest in protecting KW.” RW, 766
P.2d at 556. This assertion was based on cases where termination of parental rights
occurred under § 14-2-309(a)(iii). Id. That statute permits termination of parental rights
when

             [t]he child has been abused or neglected by the parent and
             reasonable efforts by an authorized agency or mental health
             professional have been unsuccessful in rehabilitating the
             family or the family has refused rehabilitative treatment, and

                                            9
              it is shown that the child’s health and safety would be
              seriously jeopardized by remaining with or returning to the
              parent.

Obviously, § 14-2-309(a)(iii) requires the State to take certain actions in an effort to
rehabilitate a family or protect a child before termination may occur on this basis.

[¶40] The primary opinion in RW recognized that § 14-2-309(a)(iv) contains no such
language. It stated “That statute is clear on its face. We need not employ rules of
statutory construction, for it is clear that the State has no burden to demonstrate the
unavailability of means less intrusive than termination.” RW, 766 P.2d at 557. The same
statement applies here. Both subsections (a)(i) and (iv) of § 14-2-309 are clear on their
faces. Neither requires a petitioner to pursue lesser options before seeking termination of
parental rights.

[¶41] The concurring opinion in RW found some similarity between the requirements of
§ 14-2-309(a)(iii) that reasonable efforts be made to rehabilitate before termination and
the requirement of (a)(iv) that clear and convincing evidence show a parent is “unfit.”
Nothing in the primary opinion in RW nor the concurring opinion found any such
requirement in § 14-2-309(a)(i). As indicated above, clear and convincing evidence in
this case supported termination of Father’s parental rights under § 14-2-309(a)(i). This
statute does not require that the petitioner pursue lesser options before seeking
termination.

[¶42] This Court considered whether some other rehabilitative efforts are required
before termination of parental rights may occur under subsections other than (a)(iii) in
SLJ v. Dep’t of Family Servs. (In Re SJJ), 2005 WY 3, ¶ 32, 104 P.3d 74, 83 (Wyo.
2005). The SLJ court unanimously rejected such an argument, holding that based on the
plain language of the statute, other efforts are required before termination only under
subsection (a)(iii). It held that the other subsections of § 14-2-309(a) do not require such
rehabilitation efforts. Id. We reaffirm that holding.

[¶43] Father’s argument that Mother should be required to take “lesser” steps before
seeking termination of Father’s parental rights is an effort to transfer Father’s parental
responsibilities to support and communicate with his child to Mother. Rather than
fulfilling his parental responsibility to support and communicate during the four years
prior to the termination action, Father asks us to excuse his failures by requiring Mother
to somehow force Father to pay support or communicate. Section 14-2-309(a)(i) contains
no such requirement. The legislature established the statutory requirements found in §
14-2-309(a)(i), and it is not appropriate for this Court to add to those requirements.




                                            10
[¶44] The plain language in § 14-2-309(a)(i) does not require a petitioner to attempt
other approaches to solving child support or non-contact issues before seeking
termination of parental rights.

[¶45] Affirmed.




                                         11
