                               STATE OF VERMONT

SUPERIOR COURT                                        ENVIRONMENTAL DIVISION
                                                          Docket No. 252-10-08 Vtec

                                                                 }
In re Sheffield Wind Project                                     }
 Amended Individual Stormwater Permit (No. 5535-INDC.A)          }
       (Appeal of Brouha et al.)                                 }
                                                                 }

                                 Decision and Order

      Appellants Carol Brouha, Paul Brouha, Greg Bryant, Don Gregory, the King

George School, Linda Lavalle, Robert Tuthill, and David Zimmerman initially appealed1

in October 2008 from a decision of the Vermont Agency of Natural Resources (ANR)

issuing individual stormwater discharge permit No. 5535-INDC, covering the

construction of the Sheffield Wind Project (the Project) in Sheffield, Vermont. The

permit underwent an amendment before the ANR, and, in late May of 2009, Appellants

filed a notice of appeal from the amended individual stormwater discharge permit (No.

5535-INDC.A) for the same project.     The parties agreed that the amended permit

superseded the original one, and that it would be most efficient to incorporate the

appeal of the amended permit in the ongoing case.

      Appellants are represented by Jared M. Margolis Esq., and Stephanie J. Kaplan,

Esq.; Appellee-Applicants Signal Wind Energy, LLC and Vermont Wind, LLC (referred

to as in the singular as “Applicant” or “Vermont Wind”)2 are represented by Ronald A.

Shems, Esq., Andrew N. Raubvogel, Esq., Geoffrey H. Hand, Esq., and Elizabeth H.

Catlin, Esq. The Vermont Agency of Natural Resources (ANR) is represented by Judith

1
  In addition, Jane Rollins was an appellant who later withdrew.
2 The amended permit lists only Vermont Wind, LLC as the “Principal Permittee” and

does not show a co-permittee; however Appellee-Applicants did not withdraw or
dismiss Signal Wind Energy, LLC from this proceeding.
                                          1
L. Dillon, Esq.



       The Court issued two decisions on the parties’ motions for summary judgment,

and on other pending motions, on September 29, 2009 and October 19, 2009,

substantially narrowing the issues for trial.3   On October 13, 2009, Appellants filed a

more specific statement that further narrowed the issues in Questions 1 and 2 of the

Statement of Questions. Thirteen days of trial were held in this matter before Merideth

Wright, Environmental Judge. During trial, Question 4 of the Statement of Questions

was also resolved, as the parties recognized that no portion of the area proposed to be

disturbed by the project was located at an elevation over 2500 feet above sea level. In

addition, during trial the parties resolved Question 11 of the Statement of Questions by

agreeing to a revision to Part III.A.10 of the Project’s Permit4 and Erosion Prevention

and Sediment Control (EPSC)5 Plan to state as follows:


3
    The September 29, 2009 Summary Judgment Decision discussed the discrepancies
between the initial statement of questions and the statement of questions filed in June
2009 regarding the amended permit, and established a consolidated statement of
questions remaining after that decision. The numbering used in the present decision
refers to the question numbers used in that consolidated Statement of Questions.
4 The Permit at issue in this appeal (Vermont Wind Ex. 1), incorporates by reference an

EPSC Plan narrative prepared by VHB Pioneer (also found in VW Ex. 1), and associated
EPSC Plan sheets 5C-116 through 123 and detail sheets 5C-601 through 603 prepared by
James W. Sewall Co. (VW Ex. 2 and 2a). The Court notes that the part and section
numbers referred to in this revision and in the other conditions proposed by Vermont
Wind appear in the Permit document itself (Ex.1), rather than in the Plan narrative or
Plan sheets, although Vermont Wind’s memoranda refer to the revisions as being to the
EPSC Plan. Also see n. 8 at p. 8 below.
5 Several acronyms are used throughout the evidence and the parties’ memoranda and

other materials associated with this case and are provided here for the reader’s
assistance:
BMPs: Best Management Practices
EPSC: Erosion Prevention and Sediment Control
NPDES: National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
                                            2
      When site conditions between April 15 and May 15 are similar to winter
      conditions—such as snow cover, frozen ground, or saturated soils—
      within the areas of planned earth disturbance, the appropriate winter
      restrictions on page 3.19 of the 2006 Vermont Standards and Specifications
      for Erosion Prevention and Sediment Control selected by the [On-Site Plan
      Coordinator] OSPC shall be applied to the portions of the site that are
      experiencing those conditions.
Thus, as of the close of trial, Questions 1, 2, 3, and 7 remained to be addressed in the

appeal.

      After trial, the parties were given the opportunity to submit written memoranda

and requests for findings.   Upon consideration of the evidence and of the written

memoranda and requests for findings filed by the parties, the Court finds and

concludes as follows.



      Vermont Wind, LLC proposes to construct and operate a wind electrical

generating facility (the Project) on property on Granby Mountain and Libby Hill in

Sheffield, Vermont, near the headwaters of small6 unnamed tributaries of Calendar

Brook, Nation Brook, Annis Brook, Willoughby Brook, and Clark Brook.

      The Project consists of an array of sixteen wind turbines, each located on a

concrete pad, along a 16-foot-wide access roadway.         The project also includes a

permanent meteorological tower, which appears on the project plans and narrative but

was not specifically at issue during trial. During construction, the access roadways will

be constructed to the 25-foot width necessary for crane access for the equipment used to

erect the wind turbine structures; at the conclusion of the need for crane access, the

Project’s permanent roadways will be reduced to the 16-foot width by seeding and

mulching the areas outside that width.


OSPC: On-Site Plan Coordinator
VWQS: Vermont Water Quality Standards
6 Many of these small streams are under one foot in width on the Project property.


                                           3
       An electrical substation and a small operations and maintenance building are

also proposed as part of the Project. They are located on the lower portion of the

property, on either side of the project access road, near the public roadway. Electricity

will be conducted by underground and above-ground transmission lines from the

turbines down to the electrical substation. The Project is located adjacent to and will tie

into an existing VELCO electrical transmission line. In the amended permit application

now before the Court, the Project’s path or layout was altered from that presented in the

original permit application to decrease the total area of disturbed land, to minimize the

need to work on steep slopes and erodible soils, and to reduce impacts on wetlands and

streams.

       The overall property on which the Project is located consists of approximately

three thousand acres leased from Meadowsend Timberlands, some of which has been

logged in the past. The Project will follow the path of existing logging roads and use

existing cleared areas to the greatest extent possible without adversely affecting

wetlands or streams on the Project property. Additional logging by Meadowsend is

anticipated to occur on approximately 500 acres of the overall project property over the

next five years.

       Approximately 83.2 acres of the Project property is located within the flagged

limits of construction. Within that limits-of-construction area, approximately 65.6 acres

of the project property actually is proposed to be disturbed during construction of the

project, including construction of the Project’s associated permanent and temporary

stormwater management features. All the features are capable of being constructed in

lifts or stages to avoid equipment intruding beyond the required limits.

       The project is proposed to be constructed in a sequence of segments or work

areas, not to exceed 7 acres of earth disturbance at any one time, working generally

upwards along the project roadways from the lowest elevation to the highest, so that

areas of disturbed earth are stabilized as the project progresses. Exhibit 48 shows the
                                            4
relative sizes of the different work areas, and the potential for sequencing the

construction in that manner. The project therefore has the characteristics of a linear

project, as that term is used in the construction field, in that areas that are worked on

earlier are completed and stabilized as new areas are opened up, progressing along the

Project roadways. The more rapidly that construction can progress through a linear

project, the less time any one area of the project remains disturbed but unstabilized,

thereby minimizing the risk of erosion.

      The Project required a variety of permits and approvals not at issue in the

present appeal. With regard to the regulation of stormwater discharge from the Project,

it required two permits. The Project required one NPDES stormwater permit governing

the discharge of stormwater from impervious surfaces created by the project after it is

fully constructed, sometimes referred to as its Operational stormwater discharge

permit.   The Operational stormwater permit for the project was approved without

appeal, and became final. The Project required another NPDES stormwater permit

governing erosion prevention and sediment control due to the flow of stormwater over

disturbed earth surfaces during construction; that is the permit at issue in this appeal,

sometimes referred to as its Construction stormwater discharge permit. Vermont Wind

proposes to install all of the permanent stormwater management systems approved in

the final Operational stormwater permit for each disturbed area, prior to disturbance of

the area to be served by those systems, so that those systems would function as

supplemental features to control sediment and prevent erosion during the construction

of the Project, together with additional temporary erosion prevention and sediment

control measures. As a linear project, the pre-construction and construction elements of

the Project’s erosion prevention and sediment control plans are combined and

considered together.

      As described in testimony and in Part 2 of the Vermont Standards and

Specifications for Erosion Prevention and Sediment Control (Vermont Standards and
                                           5
Specifications) (VW Ex. 3, 2.4–2.8) construction projects pose the risk of exposing large

areas of disturbed soil to erosion from rain and stormwater runoff during storm events.

Erosion occurs at far greater rates to exposed soils at construction sites than it does to

soils that are stabilized by vegetation.        Eroded sediment can be transported by

stormwater into streams and wetlands, reducing water quality and damaging the

habitats of fish and other aquatic organisms.

       Construction projects therefore must develop an erosion prevention and

sediment control plan to minimize the amount of sediment that erodes during the

construction of the project (erosion prevention) and to control the transport of any

eroded sediment so that it does not damage water quality (sediment control).

Depending on certain risk factors laid out in the Vermont Standards and Specifications,

a project may be eligible to be considered under the Construction General Permit, or

may be required to obtain an individual stormwater discharge permit covering its

construction activities. Appendix A of the application form contains the risk evaluation

protocol, which analyzes whether a project will involve steep slopes, highly erodible

soils, the area of disturbed earth exposed at any one time, the length of time disturbed

earth will be exposed before temporary or final stabilization, whether earth disturbance

will occur upslope of streams, and whether stormwater will pass through at least 50 feet

of established vegetated buffer before entering a receiving water.        Based on this

assessment, the Sheffield Wind Project was not eligible to be considered under the

Construction General Permit, but instead required an individual stormwater discharge

permit for its construction activities.

       Logging and other clearing of vegetation on the Project property, necessary to

clear the proposed construction areas of trees and smaller vegetation, up to but not

including the stage of digging up any stumps or roots of the cut trees and vegetation

(“grubbing and stumping”), is covered by the Agency of Natural Resources Department

of Environmental Conservation’s Acceptable Management Practices for Maintaining
                                            6
Water Quality on Logging Jobs, sometimes referred to as the AMPs. Such logging is not

governed by the Vermont Standards and Specifications for Erosion Prevention and

Sediment Control (Vermont Standards and Specifications) and the NPDES permitting

program applicable to stormwater runoff during construction; rather, those programs

are triggered by earth disturbance, that is, disturbance of the soil surface.          This

distinction is recognized by Note 2 of the General Notes and Construction

Specifications on Sheet 5C-601 of the EPSC Plan, which states that all vegetation

clearing is to be conducted in accordance with the AMPs and applicable permits.7

However, some confusion has been imported into the EPSC Plan by the fact that the

Construction Sequence and Phasing Notes, also on Sheet 5C-601 of the EPSC Plan,

describes Phase 1 of the overall project as “Clearing of Vegetation” without

distinguishing those aspects of logging and vegetation removal that do not involve

earth disturbance from those that do, such as Phase I, Note 7 involving “stumps to be

removed” and chipped on site.        Although Vermont Wind has proposed to add a

condition to Part II.A.6 of the EPSC Plan (or of the Permit, see n. 8 at p. 8 below)

clarifying that the “[c]ontractor shall install all required sediment control devices within

a given work area prior to disturbance of earth within that work area” and that “[e]arth

disturbance includes stumping and grubbing of cleared areas,” the same note should

appear on Sheet 5C-601 of the EPSC Plan.          That is, the “Erosion Control During

Construction” notes requiring that the “contractor shall install all erosion control

devices prior to the disturbance of any work area” must state that the requirement

applies to the earth disturbance involved in removing stumps, that is, to “grubbing and

stumping.”

       In addition to proposing compliance with the amended permit as issued by the


7 All references to the EPSC Plan sheets are to the edition of the Plan shown in Vermont
Wind Exhibit 2a, unless reference to the earlier Exhibit 2 Plan is necessary to discuss an
issue in this appeal.
                                             7
ANR and with the proposed EPSC Plan, Applicants propose to comply with five

additional conditions, presented here in the order in which they would appear in the

Permit.8 First, to clarify the sequence of sediment pond and sediment trap construction,

Applicants propose that the following requirement be added to Part II.A.4 of the EPSC

Plan (or of the Permit, see n. 8):

       The Permittee shall assure [that] construction of sedimentation ponds and
       sediment traps, where proposed on the site, is completed prior to upslope
       disturbance of areas [for which] these features are [designed] to provide
       large area sediment control in accordance with the 2006 Vermont
       Standards and Specifications for Erosion Prevention and Sediment
       Control.
Second, to clarify the sequence and placement of silt fence installation, Applicants

propose that the following requirement be amended or added as Part II.A.5 of the EPSC

Plan (or of the Permit, see n. 8):

       [The Permittee shall assure that,] prior to earth disturbance within any
       area of the site located within 100 feet upslope of a stream or wetland, silt
       fence shall be installed in accordance with the [2006] Vermont Standards
       and Specifications for Erosion Prevention and Sediment Control, and
       [Plan] Sheet 5C-602, Detail H of the EPSC Plan, at an appropriate distance
       downslope from disturbed areas and upslope from such waters.
Third, to clarify the sequence of sediment control device installation within each work

area, and to clarify that the term “earth disturbance” includes “stumping and grubbing”

of cleared areas, Applicants propose that the following requirement be amended or

added as Part II.A.6 of the EPSC Plan (or of the Permit, see n. 8):


8  Vermont Wind’s Finding ¶ 134, which contains these proposed additional conditions,
refers to them as being added to a specific “Part” of the “Project EPSC Plan.” Also see
n. 4 at p. 2 above. However, it is the Permit, rather than the Plan sheets or narrative,
that contains the numbered “Parts”; in addition, some of the subsection numbering
even in the Permit (VW Ex.1) does not appear to match with the numbering proposed
for the additional conditions. This decision notes the discrepancies, and requires
Vermont Wind to provide a conformed copy of these permit conditions with the
appropriate numbering.
                                             8
       Contractor shall install all required sediment control devices within a
       given work area prior to disturbance of earth within that work area. Earth
       disturbance includes stumping and grubbing of cleared areas.
Fourth, as discussed above, to resolve Question 11 of the Statement of Questions

according to the parties’ stipulation, Applicants propose to add or revise Part III.A.10 of

the EPSC Plan (or of the Permit, see n. 8) to state as follows:

       When site conditions between April 15 and May 15 are similar to winter
       conditions—such as snow cover, frozen ground, or saturated soils—
       within the areas of planned earth disturbance, the appropriate winter
       restrictions on page 3.19 of the 2006 Vermont Standards and Specifications
       for Erosion Prevention and Sediment Control selected by the [On-Site Plan
       Coordinator] shall be applied to the portions of the site that are
       experiencing those conditions.
Finally, to correct an error in the orientation of sedimentation basin 62P due to the

omission of depictions of a tributary of Calendar Brook on Sheet 5C-121 of the EPSC

Plan (Exh. 2a), Applicants propose to revise that sheet and add the following

requirement as Part II.A.7 of the EPSC Plan (or of the Permit, see n. 8), as follows:

       The location or orientation of sedimentation basin 62P, shown as “62P” on
       Sheet 5C-121 of the EPSC Plan (Exh. 2a) shall be modified [rotated] to
       maximize the area of undisturbed forested buffer between the area of
       earth disturbance and the adjacent Calendar Brook tributary. This
       modification [shall] be implemented as a plan substitution, documented
       by the [On-Site Plan Coordinator] on the appropriate [ANR Department of
       Environmental Conservation] (DEC) form available for DEC review [as a
       field adjustment pursuant to Part II.F.4 of the Permit.]


       Even though stormwater discharges and process wastewater discharges both fall

within the NPDES program, the two types of discharges have different characteristics

and must therefore be regulated differently. Stormwater discharges are precipitation-

driven and episodic, and therefore variable in nature, unlike the type of steady-state

process wastewater discharge from an industrial process or municipal wastewater

treatment plant. That is, stormwater is characterized by natural variability in flow

                                              9
amount, and physical and chemical characteristics, such as turbidity, temperature, and

pH, independent of the effect of the regulated project. Moreover, numerical limits on

pollutants from process wastewater discharges are monitored in the receiving stream

during low-flow conditions, whereas by definition stormwater discharges occur during

storms, that is, during higher flow conditions in the receiving streams, when it is

difficult to assess what their effect will be on the receiving stream after the storm is

over.

        As explained by EPA in its 1996 guidance on storm water regulations, the
        difficulty of applying numeric effluent limits to storm water discharge
        stems from the fact that such limits are derived from methodologies
        designed primarily to calculate water quality impacts from “process
        wastewater discharges which occur at predictable rates with predictable
        pollutant loadings under low flow conditions in receiving waters.” By
        contrast, storm water discharge is highly variable both as to flow and
        pollutant type and concentration, and storm water permits are issued on a
        system-wide basis, thus rendering it largely incompatible with numeric
        effluent calculation methodologies.
In re City of Irving, Tex., Mun. Separate Storm Sewer System, 10 E.A.D. 111, n.13 (U.S.

E.P.A. Environmental Appeals Board, 2001) (citations omitted).

        Because stormwater discharges are so highly variable, the standard for their

control is to apply a suite of best management practices or techniques (BMPs) tailored to

the particular topography of the project and circumstances of the receiving waters,

rather than to measure physical or chemical water quality during the storm event.

        [T]he highly variable conditions associated with stormwater discharges—
        including the intensity and duration of rainfall, the fluctuation of
        pollutants, and the varying property uses and space limitations within the
        sub-watersheds—make the application of a numeric [water quality-based
        effluent limitation] or [technology-based effluent limitation] standard
        complex and nearly unfeasible. Fortunately, EPA regulations, guidance
        and persuasive case law provide a simplified approach for regulating
        stormwater through NPDES permits: the use of “best management
        practices” (“BMPs”).


                                           10
In re: Stormwater NPDES Petition, No. 14-1-07 Vtec, slip op. at 17 (Vt. Envtl. Ct. Aug.

28, 2008) (Durkin, J.) (citing 40 C.F.R. § 122.44(k)(2)).

       It is extremely important to understand that the EPSC Plan does not only consist

of the physical erosion prevention and sediment control features that will be

constructed or installed on the site and are shown on the Plan sheets (the BMPs whose

specifications are found in Parts 4 and 5 of the Vermont Standards and Specifications).

Equally, the EPSC Plan also consists of the supervision, inspections, monitoring, and

response practices, protocols or methodologies, also considered to be BMPs, which are

administered on the site by the On-Site Plan Coordinator and the EPSC Specialist, with

oversight by ANR personnel.

       The On-Site Plan Coordinator will be supervised by Josh Bagnato, who has

environmental compliance authority within the Permittee to take action to stop or

modify construction activities, as will the On-Site Plan Coordinator as required by the

Permit. Mr. Bagnato will be on site several days per week during construction and the

On-Site Plan Coordinator or designee will be on the site on a daily basis during active

construction, as required by the Permit. In addition, VHB-Pioneer will be the ESPC

Specialist, in the person of Krista Reinhart and supervised by Jeff Nelson, both of whom

are knowledgeable about the EPSC requirements for the project and were responsible

for development of the EPSC Plan. Contractors for the Project are required to meet with

the Project personnel and ANR personnel, to be briefed on all the requirements

pertaining to the Project, prior to commencement of construction.

       The suite of structural BMPs for the Project include eighteen features, shown in

details on Sheets 5C-601 through 5C-603 of the EPSC Plan.           Each of these BMPs

functions to prevent the erosion of disturbed earth surfaces or to convey runoff so that

sediment can be detained or settle out in an appropriate pond or other feature. The

details are associated with alphabetic symbols used on Plan Sheets 5C-117 through 123

to show the location of the structural BMP features.
                                               11
        These symbols were shown as “typical” features on the version of the Plan sheets

in evidence as VW Ex. 2; some have been drawn out to scale on the version of the Plan

sheets in evidence as VW Ex. 2a. It is customary practice in the EPSC field to show the

location of features as “typicals.” With the exception of the volumes to be used for the

wet ponds (sediment ponds), which are found in the Operational stormwater permit

and plans; all the information necessary to construct or install the actual feature at a

given location is found in the instructions and construction notes for the particular

detail, found on the EPSC Plan sheets 5C-601 through 603, together with the Standards

and Specifications for that particular detail in Parts 4 and 5 of the Vermont Standards

and Specifications.

        The non-structural BMPs describe an iterative process of inspection of the

functioning of the BMPs during construction, monitoring of turbidity in runoff flowing

from the site9 and modifying or amending BMPs and the Plan as necessary to achieve

the required erosion protection and sediment control. Any minor field changes or more

significant modifications to the BMPs or the Plan must be at least reported to the ANR

and, depending on their significance, receive ANR approval. The non-structural BMPs

are designed to maintain control, in real time, of the stormwater discharges from the

site.




9   The action level of 25 NTU in stormwater runoff from the site is an extremely
protective level, as the VWQS in a stream under base flow conditions is a yearly
average of 10 NTU. The Permit requires the OSPC to inspect runoff during or as soon
as possible after a rainfall event, and, if there is visibly discolored stormwater, to inspect
and maintain the (structural) BMPs and to sample the runoff as it leaves the
construction site. If the runoff exceeds an instantaneous reading of 25 NTU, the OSPC
must evaluate the need for, and install, supplemental structural BMPs necessary to
correct the runoff as soon as practicable.
                                             12
Question 3 of the Statement of Questions

      Question 3 of the Statement of Questions asks whether “the baseline studies and

identification of existing uses” required by the anti-degradation policy in § 1-03 of the

Vermont Water Quality Standards (VWQS) must be done before the Permit can issue.

      In the Decision and Order issued on September 29, 2009, the Court determined

that the presumption of compliance found in the applicable statute, 10 V.S.A. 1264(g)(1)

applies in the present case, and specifically that it applies to the anti-degradation

requirements embodied in § 1-03 of the VWQS, and that therefore

      in this appeal the Appellants bear the burden of rebutting the
      presumption that compliance with the permit will ensure that all VWQS
      standards have been met, including the anti-degradation policy’s
      requirements that existing uses and water quality of the receiving waters
      will be maintained and protected.
Decision on Summary Judgment, at 11 (filed Sept. 29, 2009) (citing 10 V.S.A. § 1264(g),

(h); Re: CCCH Stormwater Discharge Permits, Permit Nos. WQ-02-11, WQ-03-05, WQ-

03-06, & WQ-03-07, Findings of Fact, Concl. of Law, & Order, at 40, n.10 (Vt. Water Res.

Bd. Oct. 4, 2004). The Court went on to explain, in footnote 8, that, assuming that the

Vermont Standards and Specifications establish the BMPs for construction permits,

consistency with the Vermont Standards and Specifications for construction-phase

permits creates the statutory presumption of compliance with all VWQS. Therefore, the

Court ruled that the rebuttable presumption establishes that the BMPs in place in the

permit will achieve the requirements of § 1-03(C), but that Appellants could come

forward with evidence at trial to rebut the presumption. However, the Court also

required that:

       [a]n agreed or otherwise established benchmark of the existing uses and
      existing quality of the receiving waters is necessary against which to
      measure that evidence. Such a benchmark is also necessary to determine
      during the life of the permit whether the requirements of the permit and
      the anti-degradation policy are being met. See Amended Permit, § J.


                                           13
Decision on Summary Judgment, at 12 (filed Sept. 29, 2009).

      It is important to note that the Court did not find the benchmark to be necessary

in order to set any standards in the permit or to require any monitoring in the Project’s

receiving waters during construction. Because stormwater discharges are intermittent,

precipitation-driven events characterized by high flow conditions, they must be

managed by applying BMPs rather than by monitoring the concentrations of pollutants

in the receiving waters. The numerical water quality standards are designed to monitor

concentrations of pollutants in base flow conditions, when they are least diluted, not

during storm events.

      Instead, the Court found the benchmark to be necessary to establish what are the

existing uses and the existing quality of the receiving waters. That is, on the one hand,

VWQS § 1-03(B) requires that existing uses of all waters be maintained and protected,

whether the waters are impaired or unimpaired. On the other hand, for waters “the

existing quality of which exceeds any applicable water quality criteria,” § 1-03(C)(1)

requires them to be managed “to maintain and protect the higher water quality and

minimize risk to existing and designated uses.”10

      The parties did not agree on a benchmark to establish the existing uses or the

existing quality of the waters potentially affected by the project.       Accordingly, in

October 2009 Applicant had a water quality study (the Benchmark Study) performed by

environmental professionals on the receiving waters potentially affected by the project.

This study sampled the chemistry and physical characteristics of the receiving waters

during a precipitation/storm event and during base flow conditions, on two separate

days in October 2009. In October of 2009, the study also sampled the macroinvertebrate

10
   Section 1-03(C)(2) also allows a “limited reduction in the existing higher quality of
such waters,” under certain circumstances, but not so far as to jeopardize the
maintenance of “the level of water quality necessary to maintain and protect all existing
uses as well as applicable water quality criteria” required to be maintained “in all cases”
by the final sentence of § 1-03(C)(1).
                                            14
aquatic biota of the streams, and characterized the streams’ aquatic habitat. The study

also considered macroinvertebrate sampling performed in October of 2006 during the

planning stage of the Project.

       The Agency of Natural Resources has characterized the natural or ‘reference’

conditions of Vermont streams, through many site-specific field studies over the past

twenty-five years, resulting in the “Biocriteria for Fish and Macroinvertebrate

Assemblages in Vermont Wadeable Streams and Rivers” (Biocriteria). The Biocriteria

reflect the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of the reference conditions,

including the assemblages of typical macroinvertebrate communities residing in the

reference condition streams. Prior to the development of the Biocriteria, water quality

could only be assessed by measuring certain physical and chemical parameters of the

water, such as phosphorus, pH, dissolved oxygen, or turbidity (suspended solids),

which function as surrogates for whether the water quality is sufficiently good to

support various aquatic biota such as macroinvertebrates and fish. The Biocriteria now

allow a more direct measurement of the health of aquatic biota and their habitat in

streams, by establishing the expected assemblages of macroinvertebrates and, to some

extent, the fish, to be found in the reference waters minimally influenced by human

activity.

       The reference conditions in the Biocriteria establish the “attainable chemical,

physical, and biological conditions for specific water body types against which the

condition of waters of similar water body type [may be] evaluated.”            Biocriteria,

Implementation Phase at 2. Of the four different water body types reflected in the

Biocriteria: small high-gradient streams, medium high-gradient streams, warmwater

moderate gradient streams and rivers, and slow winding streams, the streams that are

the receiving waters on the Project property are small high-gradient streams. The

Biocriteria contain reference conditions for three macroinvertebrate community stream

categories, one of which is the category of small high-gradient streams. The Vermont
                                            15
Water Quality Standards categorize waters of the state by class and management type.

The receiving waters on the Project property fall within Class B, and Water

Management Type 2–3.        The Biocriteria contain the expected departures from the

reference conditions for each class and water management type.

      The Benchmark Study revealed that the receiving waters on the Project property

are consistent with the macroinvertebrate Biocriteria for small high-gradient Class B 2–3

streams.11 The related physical and chemical sampling were consistent with the same

level of quality. The Benchmark Study assumed all existing uses for the receiving

waters, including as habitat for brook trout, as claimed by Appellants and any other

party, and analyzed their present status as supported by the existing water quality.

      The Benchmark Study is therefore adequate to establish the existing uses and

existing water quality for the receiving waters on the Project property. The assemblages

of macroinvertebrates for small high-gradient Class B2–3 streams found in the

Biocriteria provide the benchmark for the receiving waters on the Project property.

      The September 29, 2009 Summary Judgment Decision ruled as to Question 7(b)

of the Statement of Questions that material facts are in dispute as to whether any more

stringent requirements are necessary to meet the requirements of the VWQS.

Appellants were given the opportunity to present evidence at trial as to whether any

more stringent requirement is necessary to meet any specific standard in the VWQS.

Appellants continue to propose additional conditions; Appellants’ proposed additional

conditions 1 and 2 are here addressed in connection with Question 3.

      Appellants’ first proposed additional condition seeks a full year of baseline

monitoring to reflect year-round conditions in the streams before construction could

11
   A single exception was found at one sampling station (AN-1 on Annis Brook) at base
flow, which yielded an “indeterminate” rating because the ‘density’ value was near the
threshold value. Further analysis of the chemical and physical properties at that station
shows that it meets all applicable VWQS, has favorable habitat conditions, and
therefore conforms to the VWQS for Class B2–3 waters.
                                           16
begin. Because the Baseline Study characterized the project streams, by use of the

Biocriteria, as falling within a certain stream type, management category, and

macroinvertebrate community, the Biocriteria for that category of stream can be used

as the benchmark. A year of monitoring would not add relevant data and has not been

shown to be necessary to achieve or maintain water quality in those streams.

Appellants’ first proposed additional condition therefore is not appropriate to be

included in this construction stormwater permit.

      Appellants’ second proposed additional condition seeks continuous in-stream

monitoring of turbidity, pH, temperature and water flow during the entire construction

period, together with fish sampling by multiple-pass electrofishing methods to provide

population estimates and information on relative brook trout ages.        This proposed

condition misunderstands the nature of construction stormwater permitting.           The

purpose of the conditions in a stormwater permit applicable to the construction period

is to prevent or minimize erosion of the exposed soil from the site and to control the

migration of any eroded sediment so that it does not violate the VWQS in the receiving

waters. The BMPs, if correctly chosen and properly implemented, will have this result.

Such in-stream monitoring during storm events, and fish sampling of the brook trout

population, might yield interesting scientific information, if the sampling could be done

without harm to the fish population, but it is not related to erosion prevention and

sediment control and has not been shown to be necessary to achieve or maintain water

quality in the project streams. Appellants’ second proposed additional condition

therefore also is not appropriate to be included in this construction stormwater permit.



Questions 1 and 2 of the Statement of Questions

      Appellants narrowed the issues in Questions 1 and 2 by a more specific

statement dated October 9, 2009 and filed with the Court on October 13, 2009.

      Question 1 addresses the Project’s compliance with the general statutory water
                                           17
policy in 10 V.S.A. § 1250.12 To the extent that it is even possible for a proposed project

to be said to “comply” (or not) with a general, hortatory policy statement, Appellants

did not present evidence that could support a conclusion that the EPSC Plan and Permit

before the Court violates or is inconsistent with this policy. Judgment as a matter of law

is therefore granted to Appellee-Applicants on Question 1 of the Statement of

Questions.

      Question 2 of the Statement of Questions, as narrowed by Appellants’ October

13, 2009 filing, raises questions of the Project’s compliance with certain subsections of

the Vermont Water Quality Standards. As the Project enjoys a rebuttable presumption

that the BMPs in the EPSC Plan and Permit, if properly implemented, will cause the

construction of the project to comply with the VWQS, the issue here is whether the

evidence presented by Appellants successfully overcame that presumption.

      Three of the listed VWQS, like § 1250 of the statute, simply present state policy,

respectively, for water quality (VWQS § 1-02.A), riparian areas (VWQS § 1-02.C) and

hydrology (VWQS § 1-02.E). To the extent that these statements have any regulatory

effect, Appellants’ evidence did not show that the Project would violate or be

inconsistent with these policies, and did not in any event overcome the rebuttable

presumption of compliance.

      The VWQS governing hydrology, VWQS § 3.01.C, is not applicable to this

construction stormwater permit, as the construction itself, as distinct from the Project,

has no effect on the hydrology of the area. If permanent features of the project have any

effect on the hydrology of the area, they were dealt with in the Operational stormwater

permit, which is final and not at issue in this appeal. For example, the wet ponds that

12
    The other statutory section raised in Question 1, § 1264(e)(1), allowing ANR to
impose additional conditions in a permit, is simply a statement of the ANR’s authority.
The question of whether any additional conditions should be imposed is addressed as
appropriate in connection with the other specific questions remaining in the Statement
of Questions.
                                            18
also serve a sediment control function during construction may be used as detention

ponds to detain and slowly release stormwater during the operation of the Project, to

minimize the Project’s effect on area hydrology, but that effect was analyzed and

became final in the approval of the Operational stormwater permit.

      Appellants’ evidence simply did not overcome the rebuttable presumption of the

Project’s compliance with any of the remaining VWQS addressed in the more specific

statement of Question 2.      Although it is Appellants’ burden to overcome the

presumption, and not Applicants’ responsibility to bolster it, Applicants’ Benchmark

Study, discussed above regarding Question 3 of the Statement of Questions, provided

evidence that the existing water quality meets the physical, chemical, and biological

standards or indices, and support the full range of existing uses and aquatic biota,

referenced in the VWQS.

      Appellants did present testimony that a wholesale breach and failure of a

sediment basin, if it were to occur, could have the potential to adversely affect the

VWQS for turbidity, temperature, or pH, but did not show either that such failure was

likely, if the BMPs are properly implemented and maintained, or that such a failure

could reasonably result in any specific exceedance of the VWQS in any specific

receiving water.



Question 7(a) of the Statement of Questions

      Question 7 originally presented two separate issues, which the Court and the

parties have dealt with separately and have referred to as Questions 7(a) and 7(b).

Question 7(a) asks whether the Applicants’ Erosion Prevention and Sediment Control

Plan (EPSC Plan) complies with specific sections of the Vermont Standards and

Specifications for Erosion Prevention and Sediment Control (Vermont Standards and




                                          19
Specifications). The original section remaining for trial was in Part 313, Step 4, ¶3 at

page 3.8 of the Vermont Standards and Specifications: whether the EPSC Plan provides

for prompt stabilization of disturbed areas.14

       As a basically linear project, the Project is anticipated to proceed along the

roadways, divided into work areas generally defined by their associated structural

EPSC measures such as sedimentation basins and the berms and drainage swales

conducting water to the basins. The structural EPSC measures will be installed prior to

disturbance of upslope areas drained by those features, which is the appropriate

phasing plan for a project of this nature. Part II.H.2 of the Permit limits the maximum

area of earth disturbance at any time to 7 acres, so that it is in the interest of the project

developers to finish and stabilize the trailing edge of the project so as to be able to open

additional areas of earth disturbance at the leading edge of the project.

       Part II.H.3 of the Permit requires that all areas of earth disturbance must be

stabilized within 14 days of initial disturbance, and on a daily basis thereafter.


13
   In fact, Part 3 of the Vermont Standards and Specifications simply provides guidance
for preparing EPSC plans; § 3.1 characterizes Part 3 as “a recommended approach to
EPSC development,” except for the minimum requirements in § 3.3. Section 3.3 by its
terms is only applicable to those projects that are eligible for coverage under the
Construction General Permit. It does not provide requirements applicable to individual
construction stormwater permits, as such individual permits must be tailored to the
particular site and will be individually reviewed and approved by the ANR. Parts 4
and 5 of the Vermont Standards and Specifications, on the other hand, function as a
handbook for the proper design and installation of erosion control features (Part 4) and
sediment control features (Part 5) and are applicable to an individual permit. In
addition, Note 3 of the General Notes on Sheet 5C-601 makes it clear that the project
must comply with the Vermont Standards and Specifications.
14  Applicants argue that Appellants failed to respond to Requests to Admit that the
EPSC Plan complies with all relevant sections of the Vermont Standards and
Specifications, and that they should therefore be precluded from addressing the
‘prompt stabilization’ issue that they had raised in the original statement of questions.
However, the Court will reach the ‘prompt stabilization’ question based on the parties’
expectations that it was reserved for trial.
                                             20
However, this 14-day period represents an outside limit of the period before

stabilization, because specific notes on Sheet 5C-601, and specific requirements of

certain EPSC details, require stabilization immediately upon completion of the EPSC

feature or project structure. For example, Note 4 of Phase 2B, involving construction of

the permanent stormwater management systems, requires stabilization once final

grades are achieved. Similar requirements pertain to Note 8 of Phase 2C, Note 12 of

Phase 2D, and Note 19 of Phase 2E. The following specific erosion control features also

require prompt or immediate stabilization: Level Lip Ditch Turnout (Detail D); Rock

Sandwich (Detail E) and Culvert Apron (Detail I). In addition, the notes on Sheet 5C-

601 governing erosion control during construction require stabilization of all disturbed

areas not to be paved or rip rapped, and require immediate stabilization of slopes

greater than 3:1. Most importantly, General Note 3 on Sheet 5C-601 of the EPSC Plan

requires compliance with the Vermont Standards and Specifications. The specifications,

for example, for Sediment Basins, at page 5.44, require that the embankment and

emergency spillway be stabilized “immediately following construction” and “[i]n no

case shall the embankment remain unstabilized for more than seven (7) days.” Thus,

the berms, embankments and steeper slopes, as shown on Sheet 5C-603 without specific

notes, will be immediately stabilized pursuant to the specific requirements in Parts 4

and 5 of the Vermont Standards and Specifications.          In addition, during winter

conditions, the notes on Sheet 5C-601 require areas of disturbed soil must be stabilized

at the end of each work day unless no storm is forecast for the following work day.

      Beyond the specific requirements for prompt or immediate stabilization, under

the Permit, the On-Site Plan Coordinator and the EPSC Specialist, as well as the ANR

staff, have authority to stop construction activities if necessary to comply with the Plan

and the Permit, as well as to require areas to be stabilized temporarily if repair or

modification of necessary BMPs is impracticable before an anticipated storm event.

      Appellants propose an alternative condition restricting the area of concurrent
                                           21
disturbance to 2 acres, and requiring stabilization within 7 days. However, they have

not shown that the additional restriction is “necessary to achieve compliance” with the

VWQS. 10 V.S.A. § 1264(e)(1).

      Accordingly, the EPSC Plan and Permit provide for prompt stabilization, and the

7-acre disturbed area, 14-day stabilization limits, with the additional specific

stabilization requirements for various specific features, represent an appropriate

balance between progressing with construction and managing areas of disturbed earth

to prevent erosion and control the transport of sediment.



Supplemental Statement of Questions

      Appellants moved during trial to supplement their Statement of Questions to

raise additional issues as to VW Exhibit 2a’s compliance with Part 3 of the Vermont

Standards and Specifications, arguing that such issues could not have been raised

earlier based on their analysis of the former version of the EPSC Plan, VW Exhibit 2.

The Court at trial denied any supplemental questions based on features that were

unchanged in Exhibit 2a compared to Exhibit 2. The Court left for the parties’ post-trial

memoranda the question of whether Exhibit 2a is different from Exhibit 2.

      Exhibit 2a simply represents a different graphic depiction of the information that

was already contained in the application materials, the Permit and the EPSC Plan

(Exhibits 1 and 2). That is, Exhibit 2a shows some of the features that were only shown

as typical symbols on Exhibit 2 drawn out or graded out to scale. All the information

that was necessary to Exhibit 2a was available in the earlier materials, although the link

to the information from the Operational stormwater permit was not made as clear as it

could have been in Exhibit 2. In particular, Detail R of Exhibit 2, on Sheet 5C-603, refers

the reader to “a table shown on this page” for the dimensions of each sediment basin,

that is, the volume of the basins. Without that information, it would not have been

possible to grade out the sediment basins on the plans. Although no table is in fact
                                            22
shown on Sheet 5C-603, that information was intended to be drawn from the

Operational stormwater permit that had become final. Note 3 of the Phase 2B notes on

sheet 5C-601 of both Exhibit 2 and Exhibit 2a, governing Construction of Permanent

Stormwater Management Systems, states clearly that, for those features, “grading [is] to

be conducted in accordance with permitted (GP 3-9015) permanent stormwater

management design.” This note provides the necessary information as to where to find

the basin dimensions in both Exhibit 2 and Exhibit 2a; the misleading reference to a

non-existent table has been removed from Detail R on Sheet 5C-603 of Exhibit 2a.

      Moreover, none of the supplemental issues under Part 3 of the Standards and

Specifications relate to any of the differences between Exhibit 2 and Exhibit 2a. Further,

Part 3 of the Standards and Specifications, see n. 13, above, simply provides guidance

and contains no mandatory provisions for EPSC plans for individual construction

stormwater permits. In any event, the EPSC Plan and all its details comply with the

Vermont Standards and Specifications, recognizing that Parts 4 and 5 provide the

Standards and Specifications for the specific BMPs.

      Accordingly, Appellants’ sixth proposed additional condition, to provide a full

set of amended plans, fully graded out, is unnecessary.



Question 7(b) of the Statement of Questions

      Question 7(b) asks whether, even if the EPSC Plan does meet the Vermont

Standards and Specifications, more stringent requirements should be imposed to meet

the VWQS. Appellants were given the opportunity to present evidence at trial directed

at the merits of whether any more stringent requirement is necessary to meet any

specific standard in the VWQS.

      Appellants    propose    seven   additional     conditions.   Appellants’   proposed

additional conditions 1 and 2 have been addressed in connection with Question 3,

above; Appellants’ proposed additional condition 5 has been addressed in connection
                                           23
with the discussion of “prompt stabilization” in Question 7(a), above; Appellants’

proposed additional condition 6 has been addressed in connection with the discussion

of the differences between VW Ex. 2 and 2(a) above. Appellants’ proposed additional

conditions 3, 4, and 7 are addressed here.

       Appellants’ third proposed additional condition seeks a full-time EPSC specialist

or OSPC to be hired by ANR rather than by the Permittee, and to be overseen by the

Environmental Court. On summary judgment the Court ruled that such a condition

was not required as a matter of law, but allowed Appellants the opportunity to show at

trial why such a condition should be required. Appellants did not present evidence to

show that the supervision, inspection, monitoring and reporting scheme established in

the Permit and EPSC Plan would result in any violations of the VWQS. The Permit

provides for ANR inspection and monitoring as well as the oversight provided by the

On-Site Plan Coordinator and the EPSC Specialist.            In addition, the ANR has

independent inspection and investigation authority under 10 V.S.A. § 8005.

       Appellants’ fourth proposed additional condition seeks a bond to cover the

remedial costs of any BMP failure.        Although on summary judgment the Court

determined that the statute does not provide for such a bond, it left open the

opportunity for Appellants to show at trial why such a condition should be required as

“necessary to achieve compliance” with the VWQS.            10 V.S.A. § 1264(e)(1).     As

Appellants did not show that installation of the structural BMPs, application of the non-

structural BMPs, and the iterative inspection, monitoring, and response methodology

required by the Permit would fail to achieve compliance with the VWQS, they did not

show the need for a bond to achieve compliance with the VWQS.

       Appellants’ seventh proposed additional condition is that a fifty-foot buffer be

required to be provided along all streams and wetland boundaries. First, Criterion H in

Part II of the detailed risk evaluation that resulted in this project’s being classified as

requiring an individual permit (found in Appendix A to the project narrative in VW
                                             24
Ex. 1) asks whether stormwater leaving the construction site will pass through at least

50 feet of established vegetated buffer before entering a receiving water. This criterion

shows that higher risk projects requiring individual construction stormwater permits

may have less than a fifty-foot buffer to receiving waters.

       The project is designed to have a buffer of at least fifty feet to streams, except

where stream crossings are necessary or where portions of the existing logging road are

already located closer than that distance to streams.         In any event, the Vermont

Standards and Specifications do not require a buffer of any specific width either to

streams or to wetlands. As described in the EPSC project narrative, the delineated

wetlands on the site that are proposed to be affected by the project are all Class 3, not

subject to state regulation under the Vermont Wetland Rules, and only approximately

0.09 of an acres of such wetlands are anticipated to be affected. Further, the protection

of wetlands on the site is addressed in the federal Army Corps of Engineers permit and

not by the Vermont Agency of Natural Resources.               Although a fifty-foot-buffer

condition could be imposed if necessary to achieve compliance with the VWQS,

Appellants did not show that such a buffer was necessary for that purpose in the

limited areas that are not already designed to have that extent of a buffer (or more).




       Accordingly, based on the foregoing, it is hereby ORDERED and ADJUDGED

that amended individual stormwater discharge permit No. 5535-INDC.A is hereby

GRANTED as issued by the Vermont ANR, based on the narrative incorporated in VW

Ex. 1 and the plans submitted as VW Ex. 2a in the present proceeding, and with the

following additional conditions or revisions:




                                            25
1.     The following language shall be added as Part II.A.4 of the Permit (see n. 8,

above), and as a note in the EPSC Plan, to clarify the sequence of sediment pond and

sediment trap construction:

       The Permittee shall assure that construction of sedimentation ponds and
       sediment traps, where proposed on the site, is completed prior to upslope
       disturbance of areas for which these features are designed to provide large
       area sediment control in accordance with the 2006 Vermont Standards and
       Specifications for Erosion Prevention and Sediment Control.


2.     The following language shall be added as Part II.A.5 of the Permit (see n. 8,

above), and as a note in the EPSC Plan, to clarify the sequence and placement of silt

fence installation:

       The Permittee shall assure that, prior to earth disturbance within any area
       of the site located within 100 feet upslope of a stream or wetland, silt fence
       shall be installed in accordance with the 2006 Vermont Standards and
       Specifications for Erosion Prevention and Sediment Control, and Plan
       Sheet 5C-602, Detail H of the EPSC Plan, at an appropriate distance
       downslope from disturbed areas and upslope from such waters.


3.     The following language shall be added as Part II.A.6 of the Permit (see n. 8,

above), and as a note on Sheet 5C-601 of the EPSC Plan, to clarify the sequence of

sediment control device installation within each work area, and to clarify that the term

“earth disturbance” includes “stumping and grubbing” of cleared areas:

       Contractor shall install all required sediment control devices within a
       given work area prior to disturbance of earth within that work area. Earth
       disturbance includes stumping and grubbing of cleared areas.




                                            26
4.     Part III.A.10 of the Permit (see n. 8, above), shall be added or revised, per the

parties’ stipulation, and an equivalent note shall be added to the Winter Conditions

section on Sheet 5C-601 of the EPSC Plan, to state as follows:

       When site conditions between April 15 and May 15 are similar to winter
       conditions—such as snow cover, frozen ground, or saturated soils—
       within the areas of planned earth disturbance, the appropriate winter
       restrictions on page 3.19 of the 2006 Vermont Standards and Specifications
       for Erosion Prevention and Sediment Control selected by the On-Site Plan
       Coordinator shall be applied to the portions of the site that are
       experiencing those conditions.


5.     To correct an error in the orientation of sedimentation basin 62P on Sheet 5C-121

of the EPSC Plan (Ex. 2a) the following requirement shall be added as Part II.A.7 of the

Permit (see n. 8, above), as follows:

       The location or orientation of sedimentation basin 62P, shown as “62P” on
       Sheet 5C-121 of the EPSC Plan (Ex. 2a) shall be modified (rotated) to
       maximize the area of undisturbed forested buffer between the area of
       earth disturbance and the adjacent Calendar Brook tributary. This
       modification shall be implemented as a plan substitution, documented by
       the On-Site Plan Coordinator on the appropriate ANR Department of
       Environmental Conservation (DEC) form available for DEC review as a
       field adjustment pursuant to Part II.F.4 of the Permit.


6.     At any pre-construction meeting the EPSC Specialist, the On-Site Plan

Coordinator, all personnel employed by Vermont Wind on the project, and any

contractors working on any segment of the project shall be made aware of the need to

comply fully with the Permit, the EPSC Plan, the requirements of the Vermont

Standards and Specifications for Erosion Prevention and Sediment Control, and the

Vermont Water Quality Standards.




                                            27
       Appellee-Applicants shall prepare a clean conformed copy of the Permit and

EPSC Plan as approved by this decision, reflecting all the changes or clarifications,

whether proposed by Vermont Wind or agreed by the parties, as imposed by the Court,

including all necessary detail sheets and any incorporated-by-reference tables or other

documents from the operational stormwater permit. On or before September 10, 2010, a

copy approved as to form by the parties shall be filed with the court for the issuance of

the judgment order in this appeal, and a copy shall be provided to the ANR for it to

complete any ministerial tasks necessary to maintain an approved copy of the Permit

and EPSC Plan in its permit files.




       Done at Berlin, Vermont, this 26th day of August, 2010.




                     _________________________________________________
                           Merideth Wright
                           Environmental Judge




                                           28
