Reversed and Remanded and Majority and Dissenting Opinions filed April
25, 2013.




                                     In The

                    Fourteenth Court of Appeals

                             NO. 14-10-01127-CV


             NEW DELIVERANCE CHURCH, INC., Appellant

                                       V.
   ADAM MILLER AND HOUSSIERE, DURANT & HOUSSIERE, LLP,
                        Appellees


                   On Appeal from the 189th District Court
                            Harris County, Texas
                     Trial Court Cause No. 2004-70043A


                     MAJORITY OPINION

      New Deliverance Church, Inc. (“the Church”) appeals from a summary
judgment in favor of Adam Miller and Houssiere, Durant & Houssiere, LLP
(“Houssiere”) (collectively, “appellees”). We reverse and remand.
                                     I. BACKGROUND

       In 2004, an explosion occurred at a chemical plant owned by HRD
Corporation d/b/a Marcus Oil & Chemical (“HRD”). Numerous litigants filed suit
against HRD in cause number 2004-70043 (“the Original Suit”), including the
Church and its pastor, Janice Caslin. As discussed in more detail below, the parties
dispute whether appellees (who are an attorney and a law firm)1 and the Church
entered into an engagement agreement relative to this litigation.

       At the time of the explosion, the Church had granted a deed of trust on its
property to Church Mortgage and Loan Corporation (“CMLC”) to secure a
promissory note. CMLC intervened in the Original Suit, alleging the Church had
assigned its interest in the litigation to CMLC.

       On February 20, 2007, Caslin and HRD attended mediation. During the
mediation, Caslin and HRD signed a handwritten “Rule 11 & Settlement
Agreement” (“the Rule 11 Agreement”) whereby Caslin ostensibly settled the
Church’s claims against HRD for $300,000.2 Although CMLC was not a party to
the Rule 11 Agreement, the agreement expresses that it is “[s]ubject to [CMLC’s]
approval” and “Plaintiff and [CMLC] shall execute full releases and dismiss all
claims with prejudice on or before payment.”

           The Church filed a motion to vacate the Rule 11 Agreement, claiming its
counsel (i.e., appellees) misrepresented the nature of the settlement and pressured
Caslin to sign the agreement. Additionally, at some point, the Church alleged

       1
         According to appellees, the Church initially signed a retention agreement with Miller,
who then referred the Church to Houssiere. For simplicity, we will use the term “appellees,”
even when an act was performed by Miller or Houssiere individually, unless it is necessary to
distinguish the parties.
       2
         Additionally, Caslin and HRD signed a handwritten agreement whereby Caslin settled
her individual claims against HRD.

                                              2
HRD coerced and defrauded the Church into signing the Rule 11 Agreement.
Appellees filed a motion to withdraw as counsel for the Church, which the trial
court granted. Appellees intervened in the Original Suit, seeking attorney’s fees
from the Church. Since that time, the Church has been represented by several
different attorneys and has also attempted to represent itself through various
Church members.

      HRD filed a traditional and no-evidence motion for summary judgment in
which it challenged the Church’s grounds for vacating the Rule 11 Agreement and
argued the agreement should be enforced. On May 7, 2010, the trial court granted
HRD’s motion.

      Shortly thereafter, appellees filed a traditional motion for summary
judgment, arguing that, pursuant to their engagement agreement with the Church,
the Church owed them a 40% contingency fee (as well as other costs and expenses)
of the $300,000 settlement enforced by the trial court in its May 7 summary
judgment.    The Church filed a response to appellees’ motion for summary
judgment, a motion to strike appellees’ plea in intervention, and an original answer
to appellees’ plea in intervention. Appellees filed a motion to strike all three of the
Church’s pleadings, contending the pleadings were filed by an attorney who does
not represent the Church and the summary-judgment response was untimely.

      On July 6, 2010, the trial court granted appellees’ motion and struck the
Church’s pleadings. The trial court also granted appellees’ motion for summary
judgment, ordering the Church to pay appellees $139,540.80 in attorney’s fees.
Appellees filed a motion to sever claims between them and the Church from the
Original Suit. On August 16, 2010, the trial court granted appellees’ motion and
transferred the claims to cause number 2004-70043A (“the Severed Suit”). HRD is



                                          3
not a party to the Severed Suit. The severance effected a final judgment in the
Severed Suit.

                           II. SUMMARY JUDGMENT

      In three issues, the Church challenges the summary judgments entered in
favor of HRD and appellees.

A. Standard of Review

      We review a summary judgment de novo.           Valence Operating Co. v.
Dorsett, 164 S.W.3d 656, 661 (Tex. 2005).        A party moving for traditional
summary judgment must establish there is no genuine issue of material fact and it
is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. See Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(c); Provident
Life & Accident Ins. Co. v. Knott, 128 S.W.3d 211, 215–16 (Tex. 2003). If the
movant establishes a right to summary judgment, the burden shifts to the non-
movant to present evidence raising a material fact issue. See M.D. Anderson Hosp.
& Tumor Inst. v. Willrich, 28 S.W.3d 22, 23 (Tex. 2000); Centeq Realty, Inc. v.
Siegler, 899 S.W.2d 195, 197 (Tex. 1995).

B. Issues Pertaining to HRD

      In its first and second issues, the Church contends the trial court erred by
granting HRD’s traditional and no-evidence motion for summary judgment,
concluding the Rule 11 Agreement was valid and enforceable.          However, as
explained above, HRD is not a party to the Severed Suit.        Furthermore, the
summary judgment in favor of HRD remains an interlocutory order in the Original
Suit. Accordingly, we may not consider the propriety of the trial court’s summary
judgment in favor of HRD. We overrule the Church’s first and second issues.




                                        4
C. Issue Pertaining to Appellees

       We begin by addressing the procedural issue of whether the Church was
required to file a motion to strike appellees’ intervention before the Church could
challenge the merits of appellees’ claim for contingency fees. As stated above,
appellees joined the lawsuit by filing a plea in intervention. Under Texas Rule of
Civil Procedure 60, “Any party may intervene by filing a pleading, subject to being
stricken out by the court for sufficient cause on the motion of any party.” Tex. R.
Civ. P. 60. The rule authorizes a party with a justiciable interest in a pending suit
to intervene in the suit as a matter of right. In re Union Carbide Corp., 273
S.W.3d 152, 154–55 (Tex. 2008) (per curiam). The parties to the pending case
may protect themselves from the intervention by filing a motion to strike. Id. at
155.   If any party to the pending suit moves to strike the intervention, the
intervenors have the burden to show a justiciable interest in the pending suit. Id.

       The Church filed a motion to strike appellees’ plea in intervention, but the
trial court struck the Church’s motion. Accordingly, the Church may not argue
appellees improperly intervened because they lack a justiciable interest in the
lawsuit. Bryant v. United Shortline Inc. Assur. Servs., N.A., 972 S.W.2d 26, 31
(Tex. 1998). However, a party’s failure to challenge the intervenor’s justiciable
interest in the suit does not mean the intervenor automatically prevails; the
intervenor still bears the burden of proving its claims as any other party. See, e.g.,
Robnett v. Kirklin Law Firm, 178 S.W.3d 45, 49 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.]
2005, no pet.) (“In moving for summary judgment under rule 166a(a) on its
intervention claim, the firm had the burden to prove that it was entitled to judgment
by establishing each element of its claim or defense as a matter of law.”); Inter-
Cont’l Corp. v. Moody, 411 S.W.2d 578, 589 (Tex. Civ. App.—Houston [1st Dist.]
1967, writ. ref’d n.r.e.) (“[When an] intervention should not be stricken[, ] . . .there

                                           5
should be a hearing on the merits, under appropriate pleadings, which could, of
course, encompass a decision of the intervenor’s rights by way of a motion for
summary judgment.”). Thus, although the Church’s motion to strike appellees’
plea in intervention was itself stricken, appellees still have the burden to prove
their claim, which they chose to do via a traditional motion for summary judgment.

      In its third issue, the Church contends the trial court erred by granting
summary judgment in favor of appellees on their claim against the Church for
attorney’s fees. In their motion for summary judgment, appellees argued the
Church owed them, as a contingency fee, 40% of the settlement amount approved
and enforced by the trial court when it granted HRD’s motion for summary
judgment.

      Appellees’ claim for contingent fees is based on a document entitled,
“Power of Attorney and Engagement Agreement” (“the Engagement Agreement”),
which appellees attached to their plea in intervention and motion for summary
judgment.     The Engagement Agreement contains the following pertinent
contingent fees provision:

      2.01 In consideration of the services rendered and to be rendered to
      the Client by the Attorneys, Client does hereby assign, grant and
      convey to the Attorneys the following present undivided interest in the
      Client’s Claims for and as a reasonable contingent fee for the
      Attorneys’ services, which fees shall be calculated upon the Total Net
      Recovery (as hereinafter defined) as follows:
      ...
      40% If settled at any time AFTER SUIT HAS BEEN FILED BUT
      PRIOR TO THE ENTRY OF A JUDGMENT BASED ON A JURY
      OR NON-JURY VERDICT.

      The Church contends on appeal that the Engagement Agreement establishes
Caslin signed the agreement solely as “Janice F. Caslin,” which is “representative

                                        6
of her individual capacity alone.” According to the Church, “There is no reference
to Janice Caslin executing the agreement in a representative capacity for or in
behalf of New Deliverance Church nor is there any indication giving note to
whether Janice Caslin was acting with actual or apparent authority.” The form
used for the Engagement Agreement has a signature block for the “CLIENT” with
lines for “Signature,” “Name Printed,” “Client’s Address,” and “Client’s Social
Security No[.]”

      Appellees respond that “[t]he contract entered into between Appellant and
Appellees clearly and unambiguously identified the parties to the contract as
including Appellant, New Deliverance Church.” Appellees assert, “Signed by
Janice Caslin, as the Pastor, President, CEO and Representative of New
Deliverance Church, she had authority to bind New Deliverance Church to the
contractual terms.” According to appellees, the absence of a reference to “New
Deliverance Church” in the signature block does not create an ambiguity “[g]iven
the contract’s clear identification of the parties to it as including New Deliverance
Church.”

      The following statements appear on the front page of the Engagement
Agreement:

      This Agreement . . . is made by and between Janice Caslin / New
      Deliverance (whether one or more) hereinafter defined and referred to
      as “Client” and [Miller.]
      ...
      The Client hereby retains and employs the Attorneys to pursue and
      collect any and all claims [and damages] . . . sustained by the Client
      on or about 12-5, 2004 related to New Deliverance Church & Janice
      Caslin. The Claims are against [HRD.] For the purposes of this
      Agreement, the term “Client” shall mean and include all persons or
      other entities for whom the individual signing this Agreement is
      acting for in the capacity of an agent (by power of attorney or

                                         7
         otherwise), executor, administrator, guardian of the person, guardian
         of the estate, conservator, or next friend of any minor or person who is
         NCM.

(italicized terms handwritten on the Engagement Agreement). Caslin wrote her
initials “JC” at the bottom of each page of the Engagement Agreement except the
final page. On the final page, Caslin signed “Janice F. Caslin” on the signature
line for “CLIENT.” Nothing is written on the lines for “Name Printed,” “Client’s
Address,” and “Client’s Social Security No[.]” Nothing on the signature page or in
any other provision of the Engagement Agreement indicates what Caslin’s
relationship was to the Church or that she signed on behalf of the Church in a
representative capacity.

         The summary-judgment record also includes a document entitled,
“Arrangement for a Division of Fees Between Lawyers,” which presumably
memorialized Miller’s referral of clients to Houssiere. This agreement does not
mention the Church and was signed only by Caslin in what appears to be her
individual capacity.

         A court may determine as a matter of law whether an agency relationship
exists by reviewing the agreement between the parties. Wright Group Architects-
Planners, P.L.L.C. v. Pierce, 343 S.W.3d 196, 201 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2011, no
pet.).    When it is apparent from the entire agreement that an officer of a
corporation signed the contract on behalf of the corporation, it is the corporation’s
contract. See Kourosh Hemyari v. Stephens, 355 S.W.3d 623, 628 (Tex. 2011)
(“Anyone looking at the deed of trust, and noting that the grantor was ‘Gary Ben
Stephens, General Partner of Stephens Group, L.P., and Stephens Group II, L.P.,’
would readily assume that Stephens likewise signed that same document in that
same capacity, and that the omission of the partnership designation from the
signature line was a harmless mistake.”); Pierce, 343 S.W.3d at 201–02 (holding
                                            8
signator signed contract as representative of entity because it was clear he had a
connection to the entity and was signing on its behalf).

      Additionally, we recognize this is not just any contract; it is a fee agreement
between an attorney and a client. Particular considerations apply in this context.
Lawyers must be clear in identifying the parties to the fee agreements they draft
and present to clients. See Anglo-Dutch Petroleum Int’l, Inc. v. Greenberg Peden,
P.C., 352 S.W.3d 445, 450 (Tex. 2011). “Because a lawyer’s fiduciary duty to a
client covers contract negotiations between them, such contracts are closely
scrutinized.” Id. “Part of the lawyer’s duty is to inform the client of all material
facts.”   Id.   “And so that this responsibility is not a mere and meaningless
formality, the lawyer must be clear.” Id. “Clarity in fee agreements is certainly
important to clients.” Id. “Only reasonable clarity is required, not perfection; not
every dispute over the contract’s meaning must be resolved against the lawyer.”
Id. at 451. “But the object is that the client be informed, and thus whether the
lawyer has been reasonably clear must be determined from the client’s
perspective.” Id.

      It is not clear from the four corners of the Engagement Agreement whether
Caslin signed on behalf of the Church or only on behalf of herself individually. No
language indicating a representative capacity appears by Caslin’s signature. Cf. id.
at 452 (determining that, viewed from client’s perspective, lawyer’s signature on
attorney-client fee agreement in a signature block which listed law firm’s name
above lawyer’s signature reasonably indicated client was contracting with law firm
rather than contracting with the lawyer individually). The Engagement Agreement
references the “Client’s Social Security No[.]”; this language suggests
representation of an individual rather than the Church, which does not have a
social security number. Viewed from the client’s perspective, as required under

                                          9
Anglo-Dutch, the fee agreement drafted by appellees is not clear as to whether
Caslin signed in her individual capacity and thus does not conclusively establish
appellees’ claim for contingency fees.

      In addition to arguing on appeal that the Engagement Agreement
conclusively established their right to attorney’s fees, appellees advance several
reasons the Church is precluded from contending it was not a party to the
Engagement Agreement. First, appellees argue the Church did not file a verified
denial of Caslin’s agency. Under Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 93(7), a defendant
is required to file a verified denial if he denies “execution by himself or by his
authority of any instrument in writing, upon which any pleading is founded, in
whole or in part and charged to have been executed by him or by his authority.”
Tex. R. Civ. P. 93(7).

      In their plea in intervention, appellees attach and incorporate the
Engagement Agreement. As noted above, this attorney-client fee agreement does
not clearly identify whether client Caslin signed in an individual capacity, in her
capacity as a representative of the church, or in both capacities. In their plea in
intervention, appellees allege they are entitled to 40% of the Church’s settlement
but do not specify their basis for this allegation. This basis could be based on the
contention someone executed the Engagement Agreement on behalf of the Church
or the contention the Church ratified the agreement; appellees argue both bases on
appeal.

      Additionally, we recognize some courts of appeals have held Rule 93(7)
does not mandate a verified denial when the plaintiff does not allege that the
defendant executed the subject contract. See Barnwell v. Fox & Jacobs Constr.
Co., 469 S.W.2d 199, 205 (Tex. Civ. App.—Dallas 1971, no writ) (“An
examination of [plaintiff’s] pleadings, however, reveals that nowhere therein is it

                                         10
alleged that the invoice, or invoices, charged to be the contract between the parties,
was executed by [defendant]. Since there were no allegations as provided for in
[Rule 93(h), predecessor of Rule 93(7)] it necessarily follows that there was no
necessity for verified denial.”); Woods v. P. B. S. Motor Co., 288 S.W.2d 557,
557 (Tex. Civ. App.—Texarkana 1956, no writ) (“Appellee did not specifically
allege that the contracts sued upon were in writing or that they were executed by
the appellant.   Therefore, it was not necessary to deny the execution of the
instruments under oath as required by Rule 93.”); see also Nelson v. Enriquez, 373
S.W.2d 566, 568–69 (Tex. Civ. App.—Eastland 1963, no writ) (“After considering
the allegations in appellee’s petition and the contract attached thereto, we have
concluded it was not necessary for appellants to deny under oath the matters set
forth.”).

        Accordingly, under the specific circumstances of this dispute over an
attorney-client agreement, we determine Rule 93(7) does not mandate a verified
denial. We do not address other circumstances not presented by the facts of this
case.

        Appellees also argue the Church waived any contention with respect to the
capacity in which Caslin signed because the Church did not plead ambiguity. We
reject this contention because a determination regarding the identities of the parties
to the Engagement Agreement is appropriate regardless of whether the Church
pleaded ambiguity.     See Sage St. Assocs. v. Northdale Constr. Co., 863 S.W.2d
438, 444–45 (Tex. 1993); Watkins v. The Krist Law Firm, P.C., No. 14–02–00291–
CV, 2003 WL 21786173, at *3–5 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Aug. 5, 2003,
pet. dism’d) (mem. op.); City of Bunker Hill Vill. v. Mem’l Vills. Water Auth., 809
S.W.2d 309, 310–11 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1991, no writ).



                                         11
      Next, appellees contend the Church judicially admitted it retained appellees
by stating in pleadings that it had terminated appellees. Appellees also note Caslin
averred in an affidavit that appellees represented her and the Church in February
2007. Appellees did not mention these purported admissions in their motion for
summary judgment.       Furthermore, even if we consider these statements and
construe them as judicial admissions, they are merely evidence that appellees
represented the Church at some point but do not establish the Church was a party
to the Engagement Agreement.

      Appellees argue evidence in the record (but not attached to their motion for
summary judgment nor referenced therein) proves the Church ratified the
Engagement Agreement. However, because appellees did not raise ratification in
their motion for summary judgment, we will not consider it on appeal.           See
Wasserberg v. 84 Lumber Co., L.P., No. 14-10-00136-CV, 2011 WL 3447493, at
*4 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Aug. 9. 2011, no pet.) (mem. op.).

      Finally, appellees argue the trial court could have considered their motion
for summary judgment unopposed because the trial court struck the Church’s
response to the motion. In support, appellees cite rule 3.3.2 of the Harris County
District Courts RULES of the CIVIL TRIAL DIVISION: “Failure to file a
response may be considered a representation of no opposition.” However, a local
rule may not conflict with the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure and cannot be used
to decide the merits of a claim. Valls v. Johanson & Fairless, L.L.P., 314 S.W.3d
624, 629 n.5 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2010, no pet.). We cannot apply
rule 3.3.2 in such a fashion as to trump Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 166a(c),
which obligates the traditional summary-judgment movant to prove his entitlement
to summary judgment. Id.



                                        12
      Accordingly, the trial court erred by granting summary judgment because
appellees failed to conclusively establish that they and the Church entered into the
Engagement Agreement.3 We sustain the Church’s third issue.

      We reverse the trial court’s judgment and remand for further proceedings
consistent with this opinion.




                                         /s/     John Donovan
                                                 Justice



Panel consists of Justices Boyce, McCally, and Donovan.                    (McCally, J.,
dissenting).




      3
         Because we conclude appellees did not conclusively establish Caslin signed the
Engagement Agreement on behalf of the Church, we need not consider appellees’ argument that
Caslin had actual and apparent authority to sign the agreement as the Church’s agent.

                                            13
