                        COURT OF APPEALS
                         SECOND DISTRICT OF TEXAS
                              FORT WORTH

                             NO. 02-14-00340-CR


JENELL MARIE DAVIS                                                  APPELLANT

                                       V.

THE STATE OF TEXAS                                                       STATE


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     FROM CRIMINAL DISTRICT COURT NO. 1 OF TARRANT COUNTY
                   TRIAL COURT NO. 1361671D

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                        MEMORANDUM OPINION1

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      A jury convicted Appellant Jenell Marie Davis of theft of property under

$1,500 with two prior convictions, found the enhancement allegations contained

in the indictment true, and assessed Davis’s punishment at twelve years’

confinement and a $1,000 fine. In two points, Davis challenges the sufficiency of




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       See Tex. R. App. P. 47.4.
the evidence to support her conviction and argues that her punishment was

improperly enhanced. We will affirm.

      In our due-process review of the sufficiency of the evidence to support a

conviction, we view all of the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict to

determine whether any rational trier of fact could have found the essential

elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S.

307, 319, 99 S. Ct. 2781, 2789 (1979); Dobbs v. State, 434 S.W.3d 166, 170

(Tex. Crim. App. 2014).

      A person commits theft if she unlawfully appropriates property with the

intent to deprive the owner of the property. Tex. Penal Code. Ann. § 31.03(a)

(West Supp. 2014).      Appropriation of property is unlawful if it is without the

owner’s effective consent. Id. § 31.03(b)(1). The offense is a state jail felony if

the value of the property stolen is less than $1,500 and the defendant has been

previously convicted two or more times of any grade of theft.                     Id.

§ 31.03(e)(4)(D).2 The requirement that the State prove at least two prior theft

convictions under section 31.03(e)(4)(D) is a jurisdictional element, and the State

must prove both the underlying theft and the two prior theft convictions. Barnes

v. State, 103 S.W.3d 494, 497 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2003, no pet.).

      2
       In 2015, the legislature amended section 31.03(e)(4)(D) by increasing the
amount of the value of the property stolen from $1,500 to $2,500. See Act of
May 27, 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., ch. 1251, § 10, sec. 31.03(e)(4)(D), 2015 Tex.
Sess. Law Serv. 4208, 4212 (West) (to be codified at Tex. Penal Code
§ 31.03(e)(4)(D)). The amended statute did not take effect until after this
proceeding had commenced. See id. §§ 30‒31.


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      Mohamad Khan testified that while working for Dillard’s as a loss

prevention officer on March 5, 2014, he observed Davis on a security camera

pick up numerous items of children’s clothing, put them in a bag, and exit the

store without paying for them. According to Khan, Davis—who did not have

permission to take the merchandise out of the store without paying for it—stole

twenty-one items that had a total value of approximately $650.

      Officer Aaron Scholl testified that while working as an off-duty police officer

for Dillard’s on March 5, 2014, he observed Davis on a security camera place

“loads” of children’s clothing inside a bag and then exit the store without paying

for the clothing. Officer Scholl, who went to intercept Davis, said that she ran

when he told her to stop and that he “[m]ore or less” tackled her.

      The trial court admitted video-surveillance evidence offered by the State

that depicted Davis stuffing a bag with children’s clothes and leaving the store

without first paying for the merchandise. The trial court also admitted evidence

that Davis had two prior theft convictions—one in 1992 and another in 2002.

      Davis argues that the evidence is insufficient to show that she intended to

unlawfully appropriate Dillard’s property because “the proof at trial demonstrated

that [she] had merely not yet paid for the items.” Proof of a culpable mental state

is almost always proved by circumstantial evidence. Hernandez v. State, 819

S.W.2d 806, 810 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991), cert. denied, 504 U.S. 974 (1992).

Thus, intent may be inferred from acts, words, and conduct of the accused. Id.

The evidence that Davis (i) put the merchandise in her bag, (ii) exited the store


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without paying for it, (iii) ran when Officer Scholl confronted her, and (iv) lacked

permission to remove the merchandise from the store without paying for it is

more than sufficient to demonstrate that she possessed the intent to unlawfully

appropriate the merchandise. We overrule her first point.

       Davis argues in her second point that her punishment was improperly

enhanced from that of a state jail felony to that of a second degree felony

because the “prior non[-]state jail felonies [used to enhance her punishment

under penal code section 12.425(b)] did not occur prior to the commission of the

instant offense.”

      Penal code section 12.425(b) provides as follows:

            If it is shown on the trial of a state jail felony punishable under
      Section 12.35(a) that the defendant has previously been finally
      convicted of two felonies other than a state jail felony punishable
      under Section 12.35(a), and the second previous felony conviction is
      for an offense that occurred subsequent to the first previous
      conviction having become final, on conviction the defendant shall be
      punished for a felony of the second degree.

Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 12.425(b) (West Supp. 2014). At the punishment phase,

and pursuant to section 12.425(b), the State offered, and the trial court admitted,

evidence that Davis had been convicted of robbery causing bodily injury in

February 1989 and October 1997. These convictions obviously occurred before

the March 2014 date of the underlying state jail felony offense, but Davis argues

that the State failed to comply with section 12.425(b) because the 1997

conviction that the State used to enhance her punishment at the punishment

phase did not occur before the 1992 conviction that the State used at the


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guilt/innocence phase to prove that she had committed a felony offense. In other

words, in reading section 12.425(b), Davis construes the language “[i]f it is shown

on the trial of a state jail felony” to refer not just to the date of the underlying

offense for which the defendant is on trial but also to the two theft offenses that

the State used at guilt/innocence to prove the commission of a felony. Nothing in

section 12.425(b)’s plain language supports such a broad construction.          See

Liverman v. State, Nos. PD-1595-14, PD-1596-14, 2015 WL 5579418, at *3 (Tex.

Crim. App. Sept. 23, 2015) (“In construing a statute, we give effect to the plain

meaning of its language, unless the statute is ambiguous or the plain meaning

would lead to absurd results that the legislature could not have possibly

intended.”); see also Carter v. State, No. 02-10-00503-CR, 2012 WL 254077, at

*3 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Jan. 26, 2012, pet. ref’d) (mem. op., not designated

for publication) (reasoning that “the dates of the jurisdictional priors, or offense-

enhancing convictions, used to enhance Appellant’s instant primary DWI offense

to a felony under section 49.09(b)(2) are not elements of that primary DWI

offense”). If the legislature had intended the instant offense referred to in section

12.425(b) to include prior theft convictions used for jurisdictional purposes during

guilt/innocence, then it easily could have said so, but it did not. Accordingly, we

overrule Davis’s second point and affirm the trial court’s judgment.



                                                    /s/ Bill Meier
                                                    BILL MEIER
                                                    JUSTICE


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PANEL: LIVINGSTON, C.J.; DAUPHINOT and MEIER, JJ.

DO NOT PUBLISH
Tex. R. App. P. 47.2(b)

DELIVERED: November 25, 2015




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