            SUPREME COURT OF MISSOURI
                                     en banc

KELLY J. BLANCHETTE,                           )
                                               )
              Appellant,                       )
                                               )
v.                                             )      No. SC95053
                                               )
STEVEN M. BLANCHETTE,                          )
                                               )
             Respondent.                       )

        APPEAL FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF ST. LOUIS COUNTY
                  Honorable John N. Borbonus III, Judge

                           Opinion issued December 22, 2015

      Kelly Blanchette appeals from the circuit court's judgment in favor of her former

spouse, Steven Blanchette. The circuit court registered the couple's foreign judgment of

dissolution and two subsequent judgments modifying custody visitation and support, all

issued in West Virginia. The circuit court's judgment dismissed Kelly's motion to modify

custody in St. Louis County, Missouri, for lack of jurisdiction under the Uniform Child

Custody Jurisdiction and Enforcement Act (UCCJEA).         After opinion, the court of

appeals transferred this case to this Court pursuant to Rule 83.02. The circuit court's

judgment is affirmed.

                           Factual and Procedural History

      The parties were residents of West Virginia when they had a son in November

2003 and were married in March 2004. Steven filed a petition for dissolution in Berkeley
County, West Virginia, in February 2005. Shortly thereafter, and with the Berkeley

County Family Court's consent, Kelly, then pregnant, and Son moved to Missouri, and

the couple's daughter was born in St. Louis in July 2005.

      In January 2006, the parties appeared before the Berkeley County court in person

and by counsel and presented their settlement agreement, and related testimony as to all

issues, for the court's approval. Relevant here, the Berkeley County court found that

jurisdiction and venue were proper as to all matters contained in the petition (including

custody, visitation, and support of both children), that both parties resided in West

Virginia for more than a year preceding the filing of the dissolution petition, and that

there were two children born of the marriage. There is no evidence in the record to

suggest either party requested, or the court considered or contacted, St. Louis County as

an alternative or preferable forum. The Berkeley County court entered judgment of

dissolution, awarded Kelly "primary" physical custody of the children, and ordered

Steven to pay child support of $1,500 per month. In 2008, Steven filed a motion to

modify, seeking additional custodial time. At a hearing on that motion, Kelly appeared

by telephone and by counsel, and the Berkeley County court granted Steven's motion.

      In July 2013, after a custodial visit in West Virginia, Steven sent the children (then

eight and nine years old) back to Missouri via commercial airliner unaccompanied, over

Kelly's vehement protest. On September 6, 2013, Kelly filed in St. Louis County a

petition to register the West Virginia dissolution judgment and first modification,

combined with a motion to modify the existing parenting plan to require Steven to

accompany the children on air travel for visitations. Around the same time, Steven filed
in Berkeley County another motion to modify, seeking to increase his custodial time from

one week to six weeks in the summer. Kelly received notice of a hearing on that motion

on September 30, eight days before the scheduled date of the hearing. She did not

request a continuance and did not appear at the hearing in any manner. In October 2013,

the Berkeley County court granted Steven's motion, awarded him six consecutive

custodial weeks in the summer, and specified that Kelly could either allow the children to

fly unaccompanied or pay half the cost of the accompanying parent's airfare. The order

also reduced Steven's child support obligation to $947 per month to reflect the shift in

custodial time.

       Kelly asked the St. Louis County court not to register this latest West Virginia

modification but to grant her proposed modification instead. Steven responded with a

motion to dismiss for lack of jurisdiction under the UCCJEA. After extensive briefing

and argument, the circuit court issued its judgment registering all three West Virginia

judgments (i.e., the original dissolution decree and two subsequent modifications) and

dismissing Kelly's competing motion to modify for lack of jurisdiction because West

Virginia retained exclusive continuing jurisdiction. The circuit court explained:

       Subject matter jurisdiction exists only when a court has the right to proceed
       to determine the controversy at issue or grant the relief requested. Garcia-
       Huerta v. Garcia, 108 S.W.3d 684, 686 (Mo. Ct. App. 2003). The issue in
       this interstate child custody dispute is whether the Uniform Child Custody
       Jurisdiction Enforcement Act (UCCJEA), Mo. Rev. Stat. §§ 452.700 to
       452.930 (2013) et seq., confers jurisdiction upon this Missouri court to
       modify a West Virginia judgment as it relates to custody issues.

       The UCCJEA states in pertinent part:



                                              3
             Except as otherwise provided in section 452.755, a court of this state
             shall not modify a child custody determination made by a court of
             another state unless a court of this state has jurisdiction to make an
             initial determination under subdivision (1) or (2) of subsection 1 of
             section 452.740 and:

                    (1) The court of the other state determines it no longer has
                    exclusive continuing jurisdiction under section 452.745 or
                    that a court of this state would be a more convenient forum
                    under section 452.770; or

                    (2) A court of this state or a court of the other state
                    determines that neither the child, nor a parent, nor any person
                    acting as a parent presently resides in the other state.

      Mo. Rev. Stat. § 452.750 (2013).

      In this case, Petitioner does not assert the provisions of Mo. Rev. Stat.
      § 452.755 apply. Thus, for this Court to have jurisdiction to modify the
      West Virginia judgment as it relates to custody issues, the two-prong test
      set forth in Mo. Rev. Stat. § 452.750 (2013) must be satisfied. It is not.
      While this Court does have "jurisdiction to make an initial determination
      under subdivision (1) or (2) of subsection 1 of section 452.740," the West
      Virginia court has not "determine[d] it no longer has exclusive continuing
      jurisdiction under section 452.745" nor has the West Virginia court
      determined that "a court of this state would be a more convenient forum
      under section 452.770." Mo. Rev. Stat. § 452.750 (1) (2013). Further,
      neither this Court nor the West Virginia court has "determine[d] that neither
      the child, nor a parent, nor any person acting as a parent presently resides in
      the other state." Mo. Rev. Stat. § 452.750 (2) (2013). In fact, Petitioner
      concedes Respondent still resides in West Virginia. Accordingly, assuming
      Missouri continues to have jurisdiction to make an initial determination
      under subdivision (1) or (2) of subsection 1 of Mo. Rev. Stat. § 452.740,
      until such time as a West Virginia court determines it no longer has
      exclusive continuing jurisdiction under section 452.745, OR a West
      Virginia court determines Missouri would be a more convenient forum
      under section 452.770, OR Respondent no longer resides in West Virginia,
      this Court specifically lacks the jurisdiction necessary to modify the
      custody provisions of the West Virginia judgment.

      Kelly appeals and asserts the circuit court erred by: (1) registering the foreign

judgments as to Daughter because she has always resided in Missouri, so West Virginia

                                            4
lacked subject matter jurisdiction as to her custody, and (2) giving full faith and credit to

the second modification because Kelly did not receive adequate notice of the hearing.

                                   Standard of Review

       A circuit court's decision whether to register a foreign judgment is a legal

conclusion, so this Court's review is de novo. Peoples Bank v. Frazee, 318 S.W.3d

121, 127 (Mo. b a n c 2010). Whether Missouri has jurisdiction to determine custody

under the UCCJEA is also a legal question this Court reviews de novo. Id. The

circuit court's judgment will be affirmed unless there is no substantial evidence to support

it, it is against the weight of the evidence, or it erroneously declares or applies the law. 1

Murphy v. Carron, 536 S.W.2d 30, 32 (Mo. banc 1976).

       In a proceeding to register a foreign judgment, there is a strong presumption the

rendering court had jurisdiction and entered a valid judgment, and the party asserting the

invalidity of the foreign judgment has the burden of overcoming the presumption of

jurisdiction and validity. Peoples Bank, 318 S.W.3d at 127.

                              Kelly Has Standing to Appeal

       As a preliminary matter, Steven urges this Court to dismiss Kelly's appeal on the

theory that Kelly is not an "aggrieved" party under § 512.020 2 (governing who may

appeal and what may be appealed) because the circuit court granted the relief she sought


1
  Conflicting evidence will be reviewed in the light most favorable to the circuit court's
judgment. In re Adoption of C.M.B.R., 332 S.W.3d 793, 815 (Mo. banc 2011). This Court
defers to the circuit court's credibility assessments. Id. When the evidence supports two
reasonable but different inferences, this Court is obligated to defer to the circuit court's
assessment of the evidence. Id.
2
  Missouri statutory citations are to RSMo Supp. 2013, unless otherwise indicated.
                                              5
in her petition, namely registration of the West Virginia judgments. A party is not

aggrieved by, and cannot appeal, a judgment that grants all relief sought by the party, but

a party can appeal a judgment that grants only part of the relief sought. Smith v. City of

St. Louis, 395 S.W.3d 20, 27 (Mo. banc 2013). A party is aggrieved when, as an

immediate consequence, the judgment operates prejudicially and directly on her rights or

interests. Hertz Corp. v. State Tax Comm'n, 528 S.W.2d 952, 954 (Mo. banc 1975).

Kelly responds that the circuit court did not grant all the relief she sought; rather, she is

aggrieved by the circuit court's registration of the second modification, which she did not

request and the validity of which she challenges, and by its dismissal of her motion to

modify. Insofar as the circuit court did not grant all the relief sought, and because Kelly's

custodial rights are immediately and directly affected by the registration of custody

orders that she challenges as void, Kelly is sufficiently aggrieved to bring this appeal. 3

                          West Virginia's Jurisdiction as to Daughter

          Kelly contends the Berkeley County court lacked subject matter jurisdiction as to

Daughter because Missouri is Daughter's home state, making the West Virginia custody

orders void as to her. Typically, collateral attacks on final judgments are impermissible,

but this rule does not apply when the original judgment was void. La Presto v. La Presto,

285 S.W.2d 568, 570 (Mo. 1955). A judgment is void if the issuing court "did not have

jurisdiction over the parties, over the subject matter, or in some rare instances where due

process rights have been violated." In re Expungement of Arrest Records Related to

Brown v. State, 226 S.W.3d 147, 150 (Mo. banc 2007). Subject matter jurisdiction

3
    Steven's motion to dismiss is, therefore, overruled.
                                                   6
cannot be waived or conferred by consent of the parties. Hightower v. Myers, 304

S.W.3d 727, 733 (Mo. banc 2010). It can be raised "at anytime by any party or court,

even in a collateral or subsequent proceeding."      Id.   Consequently, despite Kelly's

participation in the dissolution and first modification proceedings in Berkeley County,

this Court will review the merits of her challenge to them now. Steven correctly notes

that, in light of J.C.W. ex rel. Webb v. Wyciskalla, 275 S.W.3d 249 (Mo. banc 2009),

Missouri courts interpret the UCCJEA jurisdictional provisions to dictate whether a

Missouri court has the statutory authority to grant relief in a particular matter, not

whether a Missouri court has subject matter jurisdiction. Hightower, 304 S.W.3d at 733.

Accordingly, if Kelly were challenging the subject matter jurisdiction of a Missouri court

in this case, her challenge would fail. See id. at 733–734. In West Virginia, however, no

such distinction exists, and the UCCJEA is interpreted to confer actual subject matter

jurisdiction. See In re K.R. and P.R., 735 S.E.2d 882, 888–89 (W. Va. 2012).

      In both West Virginia and Missouri, child custody jurisdiction (or authority) is

governed by the UCCJEA. Relevant to the Berkeley County court's jurisdiction in the

underlying case, West Virginia Code § 48-20-201 provides:

      (a) Except as otherwise provided in section 20-204 [temporary emergency
      jurisdiction], a court of this state has jurisdiction to make an initial child
      custody determination only if:

             (1) This state is the home state of the child on the date of the
             commencement of the proceeding, or was the home state of the child
             within six months before the commencement of the proceeding, and
             the child is absent from this state but a parent or person acting as a
             parent continues to live in this state;


                                            7
              (2) A court of another state does not have jurisdiction under
              subdivision (1) of this subsection, or a court of the home state of the
              child has declined to exercise jurisdiction on the ground that this
              state is the more appropriate forum under section 20-207
              [inconvenient forum] or 20-208 [jurisdiction declined by reason of
              conduct], and:

                     (A) The child and the child's parents, or the child and at least
                     one parent or a person acting as a parent, have a significant
                     connection with this state other than mere physical presence;
                     and

                     (B) Substantial evidence is available in this state concerning
                     the child's care, protection, training and personal
                     relationships;

              (3) All courts having jurisdiction under subdivision (1) and (2) of
              this subdivision have declined to exercise jurisdiction on the ground
              that a court of this state is the more appropriate forum to determine
              the custody of the child under section 20-207 or 20-208; or

              (4) No court of any other state would have jurisdiction under the
              criteria specified in subdivision (1), (2) or (3) of this subsection.

       (b) Subsection (a) of this section is the exclusive jurisdictional basis for
       making a child custody determination by a court of this state.

       (c) Physical presence of, or personal jurisdiction over, a party or a child is
       not necessary or sufficient to make a child custody determination. 4

A child's home state is defined as follows:

       "Home state" means the state in which a child lived with a parent or a
       person acting as a parent for at least six consecutive months immediately
       before the commencement of a child custody proceeding. In the case of a
       child less than six months of age, the term means the state in which the
       child lived from birth with any of the persons mentioned. A period of
       temporary absence of any of the mentioned persons is part of the period.

4
  Missouri's version of this section of the UCCJEA, codified in § 452.740, is substantively
identical.
                                              8
W. Va. Code § 48-20-102(g).

         Kelly argues the Berkeley County court lacked jurisdiction to determine custody

of Daughter because Daughter's home state is Missouri.             But jurisdiction under the

UCCJEA attaches when a custody proceeding commences, i.e., when the first pleading is

filed.   W. Va. Code § 48-20-102(e); see also In re K.R., 735 S.E.2d at 893 n.22

(recognizing that jurisdiction under the UCCJEA is determined at the time of the

commencement of a child custody proceeding). In this case, the first pleading was filed

when Steven submitted his dissolution petition to the Berkeley County court in February

2005. Clearly, the court acquired jurisdiction to determine custody of Son at that time.

Though neither party suggests the UCCJEA confers jurisdiction over fetuses (and courts

in sister states have held that it does not—see, e.g., Ark. Dep't of Human Servs. v. Cox, 82

S.W.3d 806, 812–13 (Ark. 2002)), logically any dissolution action involving minor

children must necessarily determine custody of all children of the marriage, including

those born after the initial filing. 5 Respecting this imperative, even accepting that the

present proceedings did not "commence" as to Daughter until her birth five months after

that initial filing, this Court nonetheless cannot construe the home state provisions of the

UCCJEA to prescribe the impractical result of bifurcation or transfer of the case midway

through litigation. The UCCJEA is intended to avoid jurisdictional competition and

5
  In West Virginia, a court must determine custody and support of a child with whom the mother
is pregnant during the pendency of the dissolution and when judgment is entered. See Mitchell v.
Mitchell, 517 S.E.2d 300, 305 n.8 (W. Va. 1999). Similarly, in Missouri, a petition must name
each child of the marriage and must state whether the wife is then pregnant (§ 452.310.2(5)), and
the resultant decree must resolve the issue of custody in order to be deemed a final judgment.
Glick v. Glick, 372 S.W.2d 912, 915 (Mo. 1963).

                                               9
conflict. Al-Hawarey v. Al-Hawarey, 388 S.W.3d 237, 245 (Mo. App. 2012). The home-

state basis for jurisdiction under the UCCJEA is simply inapplicable to Daughter given

the facts of this case.

         The second and third bases for UCCJEA jurisdiction may have required the

Missouri court to have declined jurisdiction on the ground that West Virginia was the

more appropriate forum. 6 Nevertheless, at the time of the initial dissolution, Missouri

never declined jurisdiction (or, rather, never ceded its authority to hear the case) because

Kelly never asked either court to consider until 2013 which forum was more appropriate.

See RSMo §§ 452.730, 452.735; W. Va. Code §§ 48-20-110, 48-20-112. Even if Kelly

had raised the issue immediately after Daughter's birth, the St. Louis County court

would have most likely declined jurisdiction because the parties' dissolution was already

pending in West Virginia. See § 452.765. Under the facts of this case, neither the

second nor third bases apply to defeat West Virginia's jurisdiction over the initial custody

determination as to Daughter during the parties' pending dissolution proceedings in

Berkeley County. By process of elimination, jurisdiction over Daughter's custody,

visitation, and support necessarily falls into the fourth category: no other state satisfied

the criteria for jurisdiction under the preceding alternatives.

          Both West Virginia and Missouri have enacted the policy of "one family, one

    court." See W. Va. Code § 51-2A-2; § 487.080, RSMo Noncum. Supp. 2014. The

    logical construction of the UCCJEA, as applied to these particular facts, means the

6
  A child's physical presence is neither necessary nor sufficient to make a child-custody
determination. W. Va. Code § 48-20-201(c); § 452.740.3, RSMo.

                                              10
 Berkeley County court of West Virginia had subject matter jurisdiction to determine

 custody of Daughter. Therefore, the West Virginia judgment of dissolution and both

 subsequent modifications were not void for lack of jurisdiction, and the St. Louis

 County court did not err in registering them in Missouri.

           Due Process Was Satisfied Concerning the Second Modification
                       and Full Faith and Credit is Required

       Kelly contends the St. Louis County circuit court should not have granted full faith

and credit to the Berkeley County court's second custody modification because she

received inadequate notice of the modification hearing. Under Article IV, § 1 of the

United States Constitution and 28 U.S.C. § 1738, Missouri is required to give full faith

and credit to judicial proceedings in other states unless there was: (1) lack of jurisdiction

over the subject matter; (2) failure to give due notice to the defendant; or (3) fraud in the

procurement of the judgment. In re Storment, 873 S.W.2d 227, 230 (Mo. banc 1994).

       Under the UCCJEA, persons living outside the forum state can be served in

accordance with the laws of either the forum state or the state where service is made.

W. Va. Code § 48-20-108(a); § 452.762.1, RSMo. Notice must be given in a manner

reasonably calculated to give actual notice. W. Va. Code § 48-20-108(a); § 452.762.1,

RSMo. Kelly argues she was entitled to 30 days' notice under both West Virginia and

Missouri rules of civil procedure, specifically W. Va. Rules Civ. Proc. Rule 4(f) and Mo.

Rule 55.25.     Steven counters that those rules only govern initial complaints and

responsive pleadings and do not apply to subsequent modification proceedings. He

asserts, rather, that eight days' notice is sufficient under the rules governing service on


                                             11
motion hearings, specifically W. Va. Rules Civ. Proc. Rule 6(d) (requiring seven days'

notice by personal service or nine days' notice by mail). 7

       But West Virginia's enactment of the UCCJEA does not contain this procedural

clarification, and this Court's own research has uncovered no clear directive on the

matter. 8 Absent a definitive statute or court rule prescribing a particular timeframe for

notice of custody modifications, West Virginia precedent instructs this Court to simply

follow the fundamental principle that due process requires reasonable notice and an

opportunity to be heard. See, e.g., Brittany S., 753 S.E.2d at 750. For that inquiry, notice

required by due process is fact-specific and will vary with the circumstances and

conditions presented. State v. Elliott, 225 S.W.3d 423, 424 (Mo. banc 2007).




7
  Missouri's version of the UCCJEA provides that service of any petition for modification "shall
be obtained and responsive pleadings may be filed as in any original proceeding." § 452.747.1,
RSMo. Respondents have 30 days after the date of service to file an answer. § 452.747.2,
RSMo.
8
  West Virginia divorce actions are commenced by the filing of a petition. W. Va. Family Court
Rule 9(a). Those involving children must be accompanied by a child support enforcement form.
Id. The summons must be served on the respondent within 20 days of the filing of the
petition. W. Va. Family Court Rule 9(b). The respondent has 20 days to file an answer.
W . V a . Family Court Rule 9(c); W. Va. Rules Civ. Proc. Rule 12. Respondents served outside
the state have 30 days to appear and defend or be deemed in default. W. Va. Rules Civ. Proc.
Rule 4(f). Motion hearings require seven days' notice by personal service or nine days' notice
by mail. W. Va. Rules Civ. Proc. Rule 6(d). Various versions of West Virginia's modification
statute (previously § 48-2-15 and now § 48-9-401) have required that custody modification
be requested by motion or petition. See Brittany S. v. Amos F., 753 S.E.2d 745, 751 n.12 (W. Va.
2012) (noting historical evolution of the statute's pleading requirement). West Virginia Family
Court Rule 50 currently requires a petition, and Family Court Rule 2l(a) requires a hearing to be
held within 45 days of the filing. But nothing in the foregoing identifies the applicable service
rule or prescribes a specific timeframe for modifications. Even the state judiciary's pro se court
forms fail to illuminate the matter: although the initial divorce answer instructions alert
respondents to the 20-day deadline, the modification packet contains no answer form and
identifies no notice period or deadline for a responsive pleading, stating only that the petition
must be served on the opposing party before the hearing can be scheduled.

                                               12
       Kelly was no stranger to the Berkeley County Family Court. She was a West

Virginia resident when the divorce action commenced, she appeared in person and by

counsel at the original hearing, and she appeared telephonically and by counsel in the

first modification. Kelly was previously served in accord with the rules of West Virginia

and had the opportunity to participate in the hearing telephonically or at the very least to

request a continuance. She did neither and elected not to appear at all. Additionally,

Kelly has not moved to set aside the second order of modification or appealed it in West

Virginia. Given these particular facts, this Court determines Kelly received reasonable

notice and an opportunity to be heard sufficient to satisfy due process.

                                    Conclusion

       Steven's motion to dismiss is overruled.        The circuit court did not err in

recognizing and registering the original judgment and both subsequent judgments

modifying custody, visitation and support; therefore, the judgment is affirmed.




                                                        Zel M. Fischer, Judge




All concur.




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