                                        PUBLISHED

                     UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                         FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT


                                        No. 18-2347


MATTHEW A. COPLEY; JOLINDA M. COPLEY,

                   Debtors - Appellees,

             v.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                   Defendant - Appellant,

             and

USBC-RICHMOND (UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY COURT)

                   Party-in-Interest.


Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia, at
Richmond. M. Hannah Lauck, District Judge. (3:16-cv-00207-MHL)


Submitted: March 17, 2020                                     Decided: May 12, 2020


Before KEENAN, WYNN, and RICHARDSON, Circuit Judges.


Vacated and remanded by published opinion. Judge Keenan wrote the opinion, in which
Judge Wynn and Judge Richardson concurred.


Richard E. Zuckerman, Principal Deputy Assistant Attorney General, Bruce R. Ellisen,
Bethany B. Hauser, Tax Division, UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE,
Washington, D.C.; G. Zachary Terwilliger, United States Attorney, OFFICE OF THE
UNITED STATES ATTORNEY, Alexandria, Virginia, for Appellant. Martin C. Conway,
CONWAY LAW GROUP PC, Woodbridge, Virginia, for Appellees.




                                      2
BARBARA MILANO KEENAN, Circuit Judge:

       This case requires us to resolve a conflict between the federal tax offset program

(the offset program) and the bankruptcy code. Under the offset program, the Secretary of

the Treasury has the discretion to set-off “any” tax overpayment against a taxpayer’s

preexisting tax liabilities.   26 U.S.C. § 6402(a).    And, with limited exceptions not

applicable here, the bankruptcy code provides that exempt property cannot be used to

satisfy “any” of the bankruptcy debtor’s prepetition debts. 11 U.S.C. § 522(c). We must

determine which of these statutory directives controls when a bankruptcy debtor claims, as

exempt property, a tax overpayment that the government seeks to set-off under the offset

program. This question is one of first impression in this circuit and has divided the

bankruptcy courts.

       In the present case, both the district court and the bankruptcy court resolved the

statutory conflict in favor of the bankruptcy debtors, Matthew and Jolinda Copley (the

Copleys), who filed for bankruptcy in 2014 and claimed their 2013 tax overpayment as

exempt property. The bankruptcy court recognized that the government had a statutory

right to offset the Copleys’ tax overpayment, and further recognized that the bankruptcy

code preserves creditors’ set-off rights under a separate provision, 11 U.S.C. § 553(a).

Nevertheless, the court determined that the Copleys’ interest in their tax overpayment

became part of the bankruptcy estate when they filed their petition, and that the Copleys’

right to exempt the overpayment under Section 522(c) “supersedes the setoff rights of the

United States [preserved] under § 553.” The bankruptcy court thus ordered the government

to remit payment to the Copleys, and the district court affirmed.

                                             3
       Upon our review, we agree that the Copleys’ interest in their tax overpayment

became part of the bankruptcy estate. However, based on the plain language of the various

statutes, particularly the plain language of 11 U.S.C. § 553(a), we conclude that the

government’s right to offset the Copleys’ tax overpayment under 26 U.S.C. § 6402(a)

cannot be subordinated or otherwise affected by the Copleys’ attempts to claim the

overpayment as exempt property. Accordingly, we vacate the district court’s judgment

and remand for further proceedings consistent with the principles expressed in this opinion.



                                             I.

           The relevant facts are not in dispute. On May 29, 2014, the Copleys filed a

bankruptcy petition under Chapter 7 of the bankruptcy code. In their petition, the Copleys

listed the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) as a priority creditor, and identified preexisting

tax debt in the amount of $13,547.10. The Copleys claimed, as property exempt from

collection, their tax overpayment from the most recent fiscal year, 2013, in which their

withholdings exceeded their tax liability by $3,208.00.        The Copleys claimed this

exemption pursuant to Virginia Code § 34-4, which permits a bankruptcy debtor to claim

protection for “money and debts due the householder not exceeding $5,000 in value.” 1 The

government did not object to the Copleys’ claim.

       On June 6, 2014, after purportedly securing their interest in the tax overpayment in

accordance with Virginia law, the Copleys filed their 2013 tax returns. Consistent with


       1
        The bankruptcy code expressly allows a bankruptcy debtor to exempt property as
allowed by applicable state law. 11 U.S.C. § 522(b).
                                             4
their bankruptcy filing, the Copleys reported a joint tax liability of $7,054 and a total of

$10,262 in withholdings, reflecting a tax overpayment of $3,208. In response, the IRS

confirmed the amount of their overpayment but did not send the Copleys a refund. Instead,

the IRS explained that it had “exercised [its] discretion under 11 U.S.C. § 6402 to setoff

[the Copleys’] tax overpayment for the 2013 tax year” against their preexisting tax

liabilities. The Copleys countered by filing an amended complaint in bankruptcy court,

seeking to compel the government to remit the overpayment to them.

       As noted above, the bankruptcy court determined that the Copleys’ interest in their

tax overpayment was property of the bankruptcy estate and, once claimed as exempt

property, could not be subject to set-off by the government under the offset program. After

the district court affirmed the bankruptcy court’s judgment, the government filed the

present appeal.



                                             II.

       In reviewing the judgment of a district court sitting in review of a bankruptcy court,

we apply the same standard of review that was applied by the district court. Three Sisters

Partners, LLC v. Harden (In re Shangra-La, Inc.), 167 F.3d 843, 847 (4th Cir. 1999). That

is, we review the bankruptcy court’s legal conclusions de novo, its factual findings for clear

error, and any discretionary decisions for abuse of discretion. 2 Stancill v. Harford Sands


       2
         The district court appears to have erred in reviewing the bankruptcy court’s self-
identified “conclusions of law” under an abuse of discretion standard. However, the district
court also recognized the principle that a court “necessarily abuses its discretion when it

                                              5
Inc. (In re Harford Sands Inc.), 372 F.3d 637, 639 (4th Cir. 2004); Meyer Med. Physicians

Grp., Ltd. v. Health Care Serv. Corp., 385 F.3d 1039, 1041 (7th Cir. 2004).

       The government challenges two legal conclusions made by the bankruptcy court

and the district court: (1) that the Copleys’ 2013 tax overpayment became part of their

bankruptcy estate when they filed for bankruptcy; and (2) that the Copleys’ right to exempt

the tax overpayment supersedes the government’s right to offset the overpayment against

their preexisting tax debt. We address the government’s arguments in turn.


                                             A.

       We begin with the government’s contention that the Copleys’ 2013 tax overpayment

never became part of the bankruptcy estate and, thus, could not have been exempted under

the dual provisions of Virginia Code § 34-4 and 11 U.S.C. § 522(b)(1). See Owen v. Owen,

500 U.S. 305, 308 (1991) (“No property can be exempted (and thereby

immunized) . . . unless it first falls within the bankruptcy estate.”). According to the

government, a taxpayer can only have a property interest in a tax refund, not a tax

overpayment, and the taxpayer can only have an interest in a refund if the overpayment

exceeds preexisting tax liabilities. Because the Copleys’ overpayment did not exceed their

preexisting tax liabilities, the government asserts that their interest in a refund was

valueless and, therefore, did not become part of the bankruptcy estate. We disagree.




makes an error of law,” and thus effectively conducted a de novo analysis of the legal issues
presented in this appeal. United States v. Srivastava, 540 F.3d 277, 287 (4th Cir. 2008).
                                             6
       The scope of a bankruptcy estate is expansive. It “consists of all the interests in

property, legal and equitable, possessed by the debtor at the time of filing, as well as those

interests recovered or recoverable through transfer and lien avoidance provisions.” Owen,

500 U.S. at 308. The bankruptcy estate also encompasses a “debtor’s right to bring a legal

claim.” Vieira v. Anderson (In re Beach First Nat’l Bancshares, Inc.), 702 F.3d 772, 776

(4th Cir. 2012).

       Given this broad scope, we agree with the bankruptcy court that the uncontested

sequence of events in this case compel the conclusion that the Copleys’ interest in their

2013 tax overpayment became part of the bankruptcy estate. A set-off of a bankruptcy

debtor’s claim is not accomplished “until three steps have been taken: (i) a decision to

effectuate a setoff, (ii) some action accomplishing the setoff, and (iii) a recording of the

setoff.” Citizens Bank of Md. v. Strumpf, 516 U.S. 16, 19 (1995). It is undisputed that at

the time the Copleys filed their bankruptcy petition, the government had not taken any of

these steps.

       The fact that the Copleys’ interest in their overpayment remained subject to possible

setoff at the time of their bankruptcy filing did not remove the overpayment from the

bankruptcy estate. The “defense of setoff” preserved in the bankruptcy code is precisely

that, a defense. Id. at 20. It allows a creditor with a valid claim against a bankruptcy debtor

to assert the value of that claim as a defense to a demand to pay a separate debt owed to

the debtor. Id.; see also 11 U.S.C. § 542(b). Thus, unless and until a defense of set-off is

successfully exercised, the debtor’s own claim against the creditor remains valid and



                                              7
cannot be considered valueless. And, if the creditor’s claim against the debtor is disallowed

or the right of offset is otherwise not asserted, the debtor will recover fully. 3

       Moreover, nothing in the bankruptcy code indicates that property interests subject

to setoff are excluded from the bankruptcy estate. To the contrary, the offset provisions of

the bankruptcy code suggest that such debt is part of the estate. The language of 11 U.S.C.

§ 542(b) is particularly instructive. Section 542(b) provides that any “entity that owes a

debt that is property of the estate . . . shall pay such debt to . . . the trustee, except to the

extent that such debt may be offset under section 553 of this title against a claim against

the debtor.” 11 U.S.C. § 542(b) (emphasis added). The phrase “such debt” in this

provision has only one possible antecedent: “debt that is property of the estate.” Id. By its

terms, therefore, Section 542 effectively indicates that “debt [that] may be offset,”

generally speaking, “is property of the estate.” Id.

       Our conclusion is not affected by the Fifth Circuit’s decision in IRS v. Luongo (In

re Luongo), 259 F.3d 323 (5th Cir. 2001), on which the government primarily relies. 4

There, it was undisputed that the bankruptcy debtor did not attempt to claim her tax

overpayment as exempt property until after the IRS had exercised its right of offset. Id. at


       3
          We also note that nothing in the offset program requires that the government
exercise its right of offset. See 26 U.S.C. 6402(a). If the IRS had not elected to offset the
Copleys’ overpayment in this case, there is no dispute that the Copleys would have been
entitled to the full amount of their 2013 overpayment as exempt property.
       4
         The government also relies on the Ninth Circuit’s decision in Gould v. United
States (In re Gould), 603 F.3d 1100 (9th Cir. 2010). However, the Ninth Circuit’s decision
in Gould consists of a one-paragraph order summarily adopting the conclusions of a
bankruptcy appellate panel, and contains no independent analysis, lessening the decision’s
persuasive value.
                                               8
335. In that context, the Fifth Circuit reasoned that “the tax refund did not become property

of the estate.” Id. We do not dispute that conclusion. Had the IRS properly effectuated a

setoff of the Copleys’ overpayment before the Copleys sought to exempt the overpayment

through bankruptcy, it would have been impossible for any interest in the overpayment to

“properly be exempted.” Id. But that hypothetical circumstance is not before us and, thus,

Luongo is inapposite. Accordingly, we hold that the Copleys’ interest in their 2013 tax

overpayment became part of the bankruptcy estate when they filed their bankruptcy

petition. 5

                                             B.

        We next consider whether the IRS’s right to offset the Copleys’ overpayment under

26 U.S.C. § 6402 supersedes the Copleys’ right to exempt the overpayment under

11 U.S.C. § 522. Based on the plain language of the governing statutes, we conclude that

the government’s right to offset the Copleys’ overpayment prevails.

        As with any case involving statutory interpretation, we begin our analysis with the

text of the governing statutes. Desert Palace, Inc. v. Costa, 539 U.S. 90, 98 (2003). Only

when statutory text is ambiguous do we consider “other indicia of congressional intent such

as the legislative history.” See Lee v. Norfolk S. Ry. Co., 802 F.3d 626, 631 (4th Cir. 2015)

(citation omitted). Thus, if “the language at issue has a plain and unambiguous meaning



        5
        On this point, we recognize that our analysis diverges from that summarily adopted
by the Ninth Circuit in Gould, 603 F.3d 1100. However, we agree with the Ninth Circuit’s
ultimate conclusion that the government’s right of offset withstands a taxpayer’s attempt
to exempt an overpayment. See Gould v. United States (In re Gould), 401 B.R. 415, 427-
28 (B.A.P. 9th Cir. 2009), aff’d, 603 F.3d 1100 (9th Cir. 2010).
                                             9
with regard to the particular dispute,” our interpretive inquiry ends. Robinson v. Shell Oil

Co., 519 U.S. 337, 340 (1997); see also Desert Palace, 539 U.S. at 98. When statutory

language is plain, our job “is to enforce [that language] according to its terms.” Lamie v.

U.S. Tr., 540 U.S. 526, 534 (2004) (quoting Hartford Underwriters Ins. Co. v. Union

Planters Bank, N.A., 530 U.S. 1, 6 (2000)).

           This appeal requires us to apply these principles to the language of three

interrelated statutory provisions, 26 U.S.C. § 6402(a), 11 U.S.C. § 522(c), and 11 U.S.C.

§ 553(a). On the surface, a potential conflict appears to exist between 11 U.S.C. § 522(c),

which protects property claimed as exempt in bankruptcy from being used to satisfy “any”

prepetition debts, and 26 U.S.C. § 6402(a), which allows the IRS to offset “any

overpayment” against a taxpayer’s preexisting tax liabilities. However, we conclude that

the plain language of 11 U.S.C. § 553(a) resolves this apparent conflict. Section 553(a)

provides:

       Except as otherwise provided in this section and in sections 362 and 363 of
       this title, this title does not affect any right of a creditor to offset a mutual
       debt owing by such creditor to the debtor that arose before the
       commencement of the case under this title against a claim of such creditor
       against the debtor that arose before the commencement of the case . . . .

11 U.S.C. § 553(a) (emphasis added). By its plain and unambiguous terms, Section 553

provides that no provision of Title 11 “affect[s]” a creditor’s right to offset a mutual,

prepetition debt with a bankruptcy debtor. 6




       6
         Although there are several express exceptions listed within 11 U.S.C. § 553(a),
none is relevant to this appeal.
                                               10
       The very broad scope of Section 553(a) necessarily includes the property exemption

provisions contained in 11 U.S.C. § 522(c). Although Section 522(c) generally provides

that exempt property cannot be used to satisfy prepetition debt, that provision, as a part of

Title 11, must be read in conjunction with the unambiguous language of Section 553(a).

As a result, we must interpret Section 522(c) in a way that does not “affect” the “right of a

creditor to offset a mutual debt.” 11 U.S.C. § 553(a). A contrary construction, permitting

Section 522(c) to subordinate the government’s offset rights, would violate that statutory

directive.

       Of course, it remains true that Section 553(a) creates no right of offset on its own.

As we long have held, the statute merely preserves whatever right of offset a creditor may

possess outside the federal bankruptcy code. Durham v. SMI Indus. Corp., 882 F.2d 881,

883 (4th Cir. 1989). For that reason, to determine whether a creditor’s attempt to offset a

certain debt is valid, a court must look to the source of the creditor’s offset right.

       In the present case, the source of the IRS’s right of offset is 26 U.S.C. § 6402(a), a

provision that also is unambiguous. 7 Without qualification, Section 6402(a) provides that

“[i]n the case of any overpayment,” the IRS may set-off “the amount of such overpayment

. . . against any liability in respect of an internal revenue tax on the part of the person who



       7
          We think that the bankruptcy court failed to appreciate the significance of the fact
that the source of the government’s right of offset in this case is a federal statute. The court
thus improperly relied on the Virginia common law principle that “a creditor may not
exercise a right of setoff against exempt property.” Addison v. U.S. Dep’t of Agric. (In re
Addison), 533 B.R. 520, 536 (Bankr. W.D. Va. 2015). Whatever import that rule may have
when a creditor’s right of offset is grounded in Virginia law, it does not govern or affect
our interpretation of 26 U.S.C. § 6402(a). See U.S. Const. art. VI, cl. 2.
                                              11
made the overpayment.” (emphasis added). Notably, the statute’s reference to “any

overpayment” does not provide any exception for overpayments made by a taxpayer who

later declares bankruptcy. Id. Moreover, for the reasons already explained, the plain text

of 11 U.S.C. § 553(a) prevents us from reading an implicit exception into the offset statute

based on the language of 11 U.S.C. § 522(c). For these reasons, we conclude that Section

6402(a) authorized the IRS to offset the Copleys’ tax overpayment in this case,

notwithstanding the Copleys’ attempt to claim the property as exempt.

       Although our conclusion is compelled by the plain language of 26 U.S.C. § 6402(a)

and 11 U.S.C. § 553(a), we also explain why various arguments advanced by the Copleys

are unavailing. In particular, we address the Copleys’ reliance on: (1) the purpose of the

bankruptcy code and the law of exemptions, which they identify as giving debtors a “fresh

start”; (2) the need to avoid nullification of 11 U.S.C. § 522; and (3) the “permissive”

nature of 11 U.S.C. § 553(a).

       First, we disagree that the purposes of the bankruptcy code require ruling in favor

of the Copleys in this case. While providing debtors with a “fresh start” is one of the

purposes of the bankruptcy code, it is not the only purpose. As our sister circuits have

noted, the bankruptcy code also serves the purpose of “ensur[ing] fair payment to

creditors.” Fustolo v. 50 Thomas Patton Drive, LLC, 816 F.3d 1, 6 (1st Cir. 2016) (citation

omitted); see also Rupp v. United Sec. Bank (In re Kunz), 489 F.3d 1072, 1074-75 (10th

Cir. 2007) (“One of the purposes of bankruptcy law is to provide fair remedies to

creditors[.]”). The bankruptcy code’s preservation of the “defense of offset” serves this

additional purpose, by “avoiding the absurdity of making A pay B when B owes A.”

                                            12
Strumpf, 516 U.S. at 18, 20 (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). Thus, the

purposes of the bankruptcy code do not require a debtor’s right of exemption to supersede

a creditor’s right of offset. 8

       Second, we disagree with the Copleys’ suggestion that prioritizing a debtor’s right

to exempt property is necessary to avoid rendering Section 522(c) a nullity. In general, we

recognize that conflicting statutory provisions should be construed, when possible, to give

effect to each. Conn. Nat’l Bank v. Germain, 503 U.S. 249, 253 (1992); see also Ricci v.

DeStefano, 557 U.S. 557, 580 (2009). However, that interpretive canon is not applicable

here. While preservation of the government’s right of offset recognizes an additional

exception to the application of 11 U.S.C. § 522(c), this result does not render Section 522(c)

“wholly superfluous,” or a “dead-letter” bereft of other application. Germain, 503 U.S. at

253; Ricci, 557 U.S. at 580 (quoting United States v. Atl. Research Corp., 551 U.S. 128,

137 (2007)).

       Finally, the Copleys advance the argument that bankruptcy courts retain discretion

to disallow a creditor’s attempt to impose a setoff under Section 553(a). Again, we disagree

that this rationale is applicable here. Although bankruptcy courts historically have had

discretion to disallow a setoff, see Cumberland Glass Mfg. Co. v. De Witt, 237 U.S. 447,

454-55 (1915), that discretion always has been limited. See N.J. Nat’l Bank v. Gutterman


       8
         In any event, preserving a creditor’s offset rights does not deny bankruptcy debtors
a “fresh start.” The right of offset preserved by the bankruptcy code does not provide
creditors with any right to pursue collection from the debtor, before or after bankruptcy.
See 11 U.S.C. § 553(a). The right of offset simply provides a creditor with a defense to
efforts by the bankruptcy estate to collect a mutual debt in circumstances when the debtor
also owes money to the creditor. 11 U.S.C. § 542(b); see also Strumpf, 516 U.S. at 20.
                                             13
(In re Applied Logic Corp.), 576 F.2d 952, 957 (2d Cir. 1978) (“The rule allowing

setoff . . . is not one that courts are free to ignore when they think application would be

‘unjust.’”). Indeed, a court’s discretion to disallow a setoff generally is confined to those

circumstances when the validity of the right of setoff can be questioned under other law

outside the bankruptcy code. See 5 Collier on Bankruptcy ¶ 553.02[3] (16th ed. 2020)

(“[A] right of setoff should be recognized in bankruptcy unless the right is invalid in the

first instance under applicable nonbankruptcy law, or unless it is otherwise proscribed by

some express provision of the Code.”). That discretion does not permit bankruptcy courts

to disregard the plain language of 26 U.S.C. § 6402(a) and 11 U.S.C. § 553(a).

       In sum, we conclude that the plain language of 26 U.S.C. § 6402(a) and 11 U.S.C.

§ 553(a) dictates that the government’s right of offset was not affected by the Copleys’

attempt to claim their tax overpayment as exempt property in this case. 9 Thus, we hold

that the district court erred in affirming the bankruptcy court’s judgment requiring the IRS

to remit the overpayment to the Copleys.



                                             III.

       For these reasons, we vacate the district court’s judgment and remand the case to

the district court for additional proceedings consistent with this opinion.



       9
          We also reject the Copleys’ reliance on the legislative history of 11 U.S.C. § 522.
Because the legislative history contains no discussion of set-off rights, we agree with the
district court that it is “inconclusive” at best, and “does not compel favoring one provision
over the other.”

                                             14
                                                         VACATED AND REMANDED. *




      *
         This opinion is published without oral argument pursuant to this Court’s Standing
Order 20-01, www.ca4.uscourts.gov/docs/pdfs/amendedstandingorder20-01.pdf (amended
Apr. 7, 2020).
                                           15
