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                                                        - 706 -
                                  Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                                          295 Nebraska R eports
                                         TRYON v. CITY OF NORTH PLATTE
                                               Cite as 295 Neb. 706




                              Donna Tryon and Ryan Sellers, appellants,
                                 v. City of North Platte, Nebraska,
                                           et al., appellees.
                                                    ___ N.W.2d ___

                                        Filed February 3, 2017.   No. S-15-1156.

                1.	 Motions to Dismiss: Appeal and Error. A district court’s grant of a
                     motion to dismiss is reviewed de novo.
                 2.	 ____: ____. When reviewing an order dismissing a complaint, the appel-
                     late court accepts as true all facts which are well pled and the proper and
                     reasonable inferences of law and fact which may be drawn therefrom,
                     but not the plaintiff’s conclusions.
                3.	 Motions to Dismiss: Pleadings. To prevail against a motion to dis-
                     miss for failure to state a claim, a plaintiff must allege sufficient facts,
                     accepted as true, to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.
                     In cases in which a plaintiff does not or cannot allege specific facts
                     showing a necessary element, the factual allegations, taken as true, are
                     nonetheless plausible if they suggest the existence of the element and
                     raise a reasonable expectation that discovery will reveal evidence of the
                     element or claim.
                4.	 Actions: Pleadings: Notice. Civil actions are controlled by a liberal
                     pleading regime; a party is only required to set forth a short and plain
                     statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief and
                     is not required to plead legal theories or cite appropriate statutes so long
                     as the pleading gives fair notice of the claims asserted.
                5.	 Actions: Pleadings. The rationale for a liberal notice pleading standard
                     in civil actions is that when a party has a valid claim, he or she should
                     recover on it regardless of a failure to perceive the true basis of the
                     claim at the pleading stage.
                6.	 ____: ____. A plaintiff’s allegations do not need to be set forth as a
                     separate claim in the complaint to sustain a cause of action.
                7.	 Motions to Dismiss. Even novel issues may be determined on a motion
                     to dismiss for failure to state a claim where the dispute is not as to the
                     underlying facts but as to the interpretation of the law.
                                  - 707 -
             Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                     295 Nebraska R eports
                    TRYON v. CITY OF NORTH PLATTE
                          Cite as 295 Neb. 706

 8.	 Motions to Dismiss: Records. As a general rule, important questions
     of novel impression should not be decided on a motion to dismiss when
     the underlying facts are unclear and development of the record will aid
     in resolving the legal issues.

  Appeal from the District Court for Lincoln County: Donald
E. Rowlands, Judge. Reversed and remanded for further
proceedings.
   J.L. Spray and Ryan K. McIntosh, of Mattson Ricketts Law
Firm, for appellants.
   Douglas L. Stack for appellee City of North Platte.
   David Pederson, of Pederson & Troshynski, for appel-
lees Trent Kleinow, Dr. James Smith, and Priority Medical
Transport, L.L.C.
  Heavican, C.J., Wright, Miller-Lerman, Stacy, K elch, and
Funke, JJ.
   Funke, J.
                       INTRODUCTION
   Donna Tryon and Ryan Sellers (collectively appellants)
appeal from a district court order dismissing with preju-
dice their amended complaint. Appellants seek to invalidate
a contract between the City of North Platte, Nebraska (North
Platte), and Priority Medical Transport, L.L.C., because North
Platte provided insufficient notice of its conflict of interest
with Priority Medical Transport before awarding the con-
tract. We conclude the court erred in dismissing appellants’
amended complaint, because it contains causes of action under
both Neb. Rev. Stat. § 84-1411 (Reissue 2014) of the Open
Meetings Act and Neb. Rev. Stat. § 49-14,102 (Cum. Supp.
2016) of the Nebraska Political Accountability and Disclosure
Act. Therefore, the court’s order dismissing appellants’
amended complaint is reversed, and the cause is remanded for
further proceedings.
                             - 708 -
           Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                   295 Nebraska R eports
                 TRYON v. CITY OF NORTH PLATTE
                       Cite as 295 Neb. 706

                              FACTS
   Priority Medical Transport is an ambulance company owned,
in two-thirds part, by two employees of the North Platte Fire
Department: Trent Kleinow—the assistant fire chief—and Dr.
James Smith—the medical director. (Priority Medical Transport,
Kleinow, and Smith are hereinafter collectively referred to as
“Priority Medical.”) In July 2015, Priority Medical applied for
a $500,000 grant from the North Platte Quality Growth Fund
(Quality Growth Fund). The Quality Growth Fund Citizens
Review Committee (CRC) reviews Quality Growth Fund appli-
cations and provides recommendations to the North Platte City
Council (City Council) on what Quality Growth Fund applica-
tions should be approved.
   The CRC met, ad hoc, to consider Priority Medical’s appli-
cation. Despite that the application was for a $500,000 grant,
the CRC provided a recommendation to the City Council to
provide Priority Medical a $350,000 loan. Priority Medical
did not revise or refile its application with the Quality Growth
Fund to reflect the changes. At its July 2015 meeting, the City
Council awarded Priority Medical the $350,000 loan contract.
   Appellants filed a complaint in August 2015 alleging that
both the CRC and the City Council violated § 49-14,102
by failing to award the contract through an open and pub-
lic process. Appellants alleged that both the CRC and the
City Council provided “bare legal notice” of their meetings.
However, appellants specifically contended that neither body
provided notice that the contract to be discussed concerned a
business owned by public employees. Appellants’ complaint
neither quoted nor attached the notices provided by the CRC
or the City Council.
   The court dismissed appellants’ complaint without prejudice
for failure to state a claim upon which relief could be granted,
but allowed them leave to file an amended complaint. The
court specifically instructed appellants to make paragraph 28
of their complaint more specific to allege how § 49-14,102(2)
was violated.
                                    - 709 -
               Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                       295 Nebraska R eports
                      TRYON v. CITY OF NORTH PLATTE
                            Cite as 295 Neb. 706

   In November 2015, appellants filed an amended complaint
that made substantive changes only to paragraph 28 and again
did not include the CRC or the City Council notices or their
language. In response, North Platte and Priority Medical
(hereinafter collectively appellees) both filed motions to dis-
miss, under Neb. Ct. R. Pldg. § 6-1112(b)(6), for failure to
state a claim upon which relief could be granted. Appellees
argued that appellants’ admission that North Platte provided
“bare legal notice” of the City Council meeting in paragraph
28 showed that North Platte complied with § 49-14,102’s
notice requirement for an open and public process as a matter
of law.
   The court dismissed the case with prejudice, explaining that
“Plaintiffs cannot amend their Complaint to state a cause of
action against any of the Defendants.” Appellants perfected a
timely appeal.

                 ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR
   Appellants assign, restated, that the court erred in (1) implic-
itly finding the process used and notice given by North Platte
in awarding the contract to Priority Medical was through an
“open and public process” under § 49-14,102, (2) granting the
motion to dismiss with prejudice, and (3) not allowing appel-
lants leave to amend their complaint.

                   STANDARD OF REVIEW
  [1] A district court’s grant of a motion to dismiss is reviewed
de novo.1

                         ANALYSIS
  [2] When reviewing an order dismissing a complaint, the
appellate court accepts as true all facts which are well pled
and the proper and reasonable inferences of law and fact

 1	
      First Neb. Ed. Credit Union v. U.S. Bancorp, 293 Neb. 308, 877 N.W.2d
      578 (2016), citing SID No. 1 v. Adamy, 289 Neb. 913, 858 N.W.2d 168
      (2015).
                                     - 710 -
                Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                        295 Nebraska R eports
                       TRYON v. CITY OF NORTH PLATTE
                             Cite as 295 Neb. 706

which may be drawn therefrom, but not the plaintiff’s conclu-
sions.2 Accordingly, for the purpose of reviewing the court’s
dismissal of the amended complaint, the facts that we have set
out in this opinion appear as alleged by appellants.
   [3] To prevail against a motion to dismiss for failure to state
a claim, a plaintiff must allege sufficient facts, accepted as true,
to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.3 In cases in
which a plaintiff does not or cannot allege specific facts show-
ing a necessary element, the factual allegations, taken as true,
are nonetheless plausible if they suggest the existence of the
element and raise a reasonable expectation that discovery will
reveal evidence of the element or claim.4
   [4,5] Nebraska is a notice pleading jurisdiction.5 Civil
actions are controlled by a liberal pleading regime.6 A party
is only required to set forth a short and plain statement of the
claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief.7 The party is
not required to plead legal theories or cite appropriate statutes
so long as the pleading gives fair notice of the claims asserted.8
The rationale for this liberal notice pleading standard is that
when a party has a valid claim, he or she should recover on it
regardless of a failure to perceive the true basis of the claim at
the pleading stage.9
   Appellants argue that the court erred in dismissing their
amended complaint, because they are entitled to relief under
both § 84-1411 and § 49-14,102.

 2	
      Id.
 3	
      Id.
 4	
      Id.
 5	
      deNourie & Yost Homes v. Frost, 289 Neb. 136, 854 N.W.2d 298 (2014).
 6	
      State v. Robertson, 294 Neb. 29, 881 N.W.2d 864 (2016), citing Davio v.
      Nebraska Dept. of Health & Human Servs., 280 Neb. 263, 786 N.W.2d
      655 (2010).
 7	
      Id.
 8	
      Id.
 9	
      Id.
                                     - 711 -
                Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                        295 Nebraska R eports
                       TRYON v. CITY OF NORTH PLATTE
                             Cite as 295 Neb. 706

             A ppellants Set Forth Sufficient Facts
                   for Claim Under § 84-1411
   Appellants contend that while they admitted “bare legal
notice” was provided under § 84-1411, they still have a plau-
sible cause of action that the description of Priority Medical’s
loan on the meeting agenda was not “sufficiently descriptive.”10
   Priority Medical points out that appellants did not refer
to § 84-1411 in their complaint or at the hearings before the
court; so, it argues that the court could not have erred in con-
cluding that appellants failed to state a cause of action under
the statute.
   [6] Priority Medical is correct in stating that appellants
failed to make any reference to § 84-1411 in their amended
complaint or at the hearing on the motion to dismiss before
the court. However, allegations do not need to be set forth
as a separate claim in the complaint to sustain a cause of
action.11 As stated above, fair notice that a claim exists, not
the authorizing statute or legal theory, is all that is required to
carry a valid claim at the pleading stage. Section 84-1411(1)
requires a public body to provide notice of the time and place
of its meeting and an agenda that is “sufficiently descrip-
tive to give the public reasonable notice of the matters to be
considered at the meeting.” Neb. Rev. Stat. § 84-1409(1)(a)
(Reissue 2014) defines public bodies as “(i) governing bod-
ies of all political subdivisions of the State of Nebraska [and]
(v) advisory committees of the bodies referred to in subdivi-
sion[] (i).”
   In their amended complaint, appellants made the following
allegations regarding the CRC and the City Council:
         4. Defendant North Platte (“North Platte”) is a city of
      the First Class in Lincoln County, Nebraska.
         ....

10	
      § 84-1411(1).
11	
      See deNourie & Yost Homes, supra note 5, citing Ashby v. State, 279 Neb.
      509, 779 N.W.2d 343 (2010). Cf. Spear T Ranch v. Knaub, 269 Neb. 177,
      691 N.W.2d 116 (2005).
                              - 712 -
           Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                   295 Nebraska R eports
                 TRYON v. CITY OF NORTH PLATTE
                       Cite as 295 Neb. 706

         14. The application was first heard by a group called
      [the] Quality Growth Fund [CRC].
         ....
         20. There is no publically available information on
      the . . . North Platte municipal website regarding the
      existence of the [CRC] despite its role in recommending
      who will receive favorable funding from the North Platte
      taxpayers. . . .
         ....
         27. At Quality Growth Fund Administrator[’s] request,
      the . . . City Council placed the Priority Medical loan [on]
      the . . . City Council agenda for its meeting . . . .
   As the governing body of North Platte, the City Council is
a public body. While appellants did not allege that the CRC is
a public body, appellees do not deny that status. Additionally,
CRC’s role to provide recommendations to the City Council
also supports a reasonable inference that it is an advisory com-
mittee of the City Council or, at a minimum, an expectation
that discovery will provide such evidence. Therefore, for the
purposes of the motion to dismiss, arguably both the CRC and
the City Council are public bodies that would be required to
provide notice under § 84-1411.
   Appellants also alleged the following facts about the notice
provided by the CRC and the City Council:
         15. Other than bare legal notice of the meeting of the
      Quality Growth Fund [CRC], no notice or publicity was
      ever provided that public employees were seeking funds
      from the Quality Growth Fund.
         ....
         28. Other than bare legal notice of the actual . . .
      City Council meeting itself, no notice or publicity was
      ever made that would give notice to the public that a
      business with which an individual who is also a public
      employee was seeking funds from the Quality Growth
      Fund prior.
Both of these allegations suggest that appellants, while admit-
ting that the other notice requirements of § 84-1411 were met,
                             - 713 -
           Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                   295 Nebraska R eports
                 TRYON v. CITY OF NORTH PLATTE
                       Cite as 295 Neb. 706

claim that the agenda items were not sufficiently descriptive
to provide notice that a contract containing a conflict of inter-
est would be discussed at the meetings. Because the amended
complaint focused on notice of public meetings, we believe
appellees had fair notice that the Open Meetings Act notice
requirements were also at issue.
   While setting out the appropriate statute and the allegations
regarding each element required therein would have been
helpful to appellees and the court, appellants’ failure to do so
does not defeat the presence of valid claims. While the actual
character of the CRC and the actual notice provided by the
CRC and the City Council will be essential to the resolution of
the case, the factual allegations suggest a reasonable expecta-
tion that discovery will reveal them.
   Therefore, because appellants have stated claims against the
CRC and the City Council under § 84-1411 which are plausible
on their face, the court erred in dismissing appellants’ com-
plaint with prejudice for failure to state a claim.
             A ppellants Set Forth Sufficient Facts
                  for Claim Under § 49-14,102
   Appellants also claim that North Platte did not award the
contract through an open and public process pursuant to
§ 49-14,102.
   Both appellants and appellees request that we interpret the
term “notice” in § 49-14,102(2)’s definition of an open and
public process. Appellants contend it should be interpreted
to require, at a minimum, that the public be informed of the
presence of a conflict of interest before a contract is awarded.
Appellees argue that the plain language requires only notice
of the meeting and that therefore, appellants’ admission of
“bare legal notice” on the face of their complaint provides an
affirm­ative defense precluding recovery.
   [7,8] We recognize that this court has not previously inter-
preted the term “notice” in § 49-14,102(2). Even novel issues
may be determined on a motion to dismiss where the dispute
is not as to the underlying facts but as to the interpretation of
                                     - 714 -
                Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                        295 Nebraska R eports
                       TRYON v. CITY OF NORTH PLATTE
                             Cite as 295 Neb. 706

the law.12 However, as a general rule, important questions of
novel impression should not be decided on a motion to dismiss
when the underlying facts are unclear and development of the
record will aid in resolving the legal issues.13 The Legislature
has not presented a mandatory definition of notice or the lan-
guage required to satisfy it. Accordingly, analysis of the suf-
ficiency of the notice will necessarily require an evaluation of
the actual notice provided. The absence of the actual notices
or the language thereof requires that we allow further develop-
ment of the record before construing the meaning of the statute.
   Instead, without interpreting § 49-14,102(2), we consider
whether appellants’ allegations may support a claim capable
of prevailing against a motion to dismiss. Section 49-14,102
includes the following language:
         (1) Except as otherwise provided by law, no . . . public
      employee . . . or business with which the individual is
      associated shall enter into a contract valued at two thou-
      sand dollars or more, in any one year, with a government
      body unless the contract is awarded through an open and
      public process.
         (2) For purposes of this section, an open and public
      process includes prior public notice and subsequent avail-
      ability for public inspection . . . of the proposals consid-
      ered and the contract awarded.
         ....
         (6) This section prohibits . . . public employees from
      engaging in certain activities under circumstances creat-
      ing a substantial conflict of interest. This section is not
      intended to penalize innocent persons, and a contract shall
      not be absolutely void by reason of this section.
   In their amended complaint, appellants alleged the fol-
lowing: North Platte is a city of the first class in Nebraska;

12	
      See Estate of Teague v. Crossroads Co-op Assn., 286 Neb. 1, 834 N.W.2d
      236 (2013), citing Madison v. American Home Products Corp., 358 S.C.
      449, 595 S.E.2d 493 (2004).
13	
      See Madison, supra note 12. See, also, Estate of Teague, supra note 12.
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           Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                   295 Nebraska R eports
                 TRYON v. CITY OF NORTH PLATTE
                       Cite as 295 Neb. 706

Kleinow and Smith are public employees; Priority Medical
Transport is a business with which Kleinow and Smith are
associated; the City Council awarded a contract to Priority
Medical; the contract awarded to Priority Medical was for
$350,000; and the contract was not awarded through an open
and public process, because the notice provided was insuf-
ficient. Accepting each of these allegations as true, appellants
have sufficiently alleged that the contract at issue falls under
§ 49-14,102 and that the City Council failed to comply with
the notice requirement of the statute.
   Additionally, Neb. Rev. Stat. § 49-1424 (Reissue 2010)
defines a government body as a “council . . . of one or more
political subdivisions.”
   At this stage, appellants’ admission that “bare legal notice”
of the meeting was provided does not preclude them from
recovery, because the statute does not explicitly say an open
and public process requires only notice of the meeting.
   Therefore, because appellants have stated a claim against
the City Council under § 49-14,102, the court erred in dismiss-
ing appellants’ complaint with prejudice for failure to state
a claim.
   Because our resolution of this assignment of error necessi-
tates that we reverse the court’s order and remand the cause for
further proceedings, we do not reach appellants’ third assign-
ment of error that the court should have granted them leave to
file a second amended complaint.
                         CONCLUSION
   Appellants’ amended complaint contains valid claims under
both § 84-1411 and § 49-14,102. Accordingly, the court erred
in dismissing appellants’ amended complaint for failure to state
a claim. Therefore, the court’s order dismissing appellants’
amended complaint is reversed, and the cause is remanded for
further proceedings.
	R eversed and remanded for
	                                 further proceedings.
   Cassel, J., not participating.
