J-A25034-18


NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

 MATHEW CALABRO,                          :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                          :        PENNSYLVANIA
                    Appellant             :
                                          :
                                          :
              v.                          :
                                          :
                                          :
 JON SOCOLOFSKY                           :   No. 945 EDA 2018


                Appeal from the Order Entered, March 5, 2018,
            in the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County,
                     Civil Division at No(s): 171000244.


BEFORE: PANELLA, J., DUBOW, J., and KUNSELMAN, J.

MEMORANDUM BY KUNSELMAN, J.:                      FILED JANUARY 22, 2019

      Mathew Calabro appeals from the trial court’s order sustaining Jon

Socolofsky’s preliminary objection and dismissing Calabro’s complaint for lack

of personal jurisdiction.   Upon review, we affirm.

      The relevant facts as summarized by the trial court are set forth below.

      [Calabro] and [Socolofsky] were both involved with the asset
      management firm Delaware Investments. [Calabro] was Chief
      Compliance Officer of Delaware Investments’ Optimum Fund Trust
      (“Optimum”). Optimum is organized as a Delaware trust with
      offices in Philadelphia. [Calabro] resided in Pennsylvania during
      his time at Delaware Investments.

      [Socolofsky] served as an independent Trustee of Optimum.
      [Socolofsky] resides in Wisconsin and has allegedly attended at
      least fifty quarterly meetings in Philadelphia since 2003. When in
      Philadephia [Socolofsky] allegedly conducts his trustee business
      at Optimum’s Philadelphia offices. [Socolofsky] allegedly earned
      $100,000 in fiscal year 2017 for his services to Optimum.

      [Calabro] and [Socolofsky] had a poor relationship at Optimum.
      According to the Complaint, [Socolofsky] held a personal animus
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      against [Calabro] and complained to [Calabro’s] supervisor about
      [Calabro’s] work performance. To eliminate the aggravation
      arising from [Socolofsky’s] behavior, in March, 2015, Delaware
      reassigned [Calabro] to a different fund known as the Macquarie
      Collective Funds. Around May, 2015, [Calabro] received an
      unscheduled raise and an increase in his annual performance
      bonus.

      Around that time, [Calabro] was recruited by another investment
      company, Northern Trust Investments (“Northern Trust”), a
      Delaware corporation doing business in Chicago, Illinois. In
      August, 2015, [Calabro] resigned his position at Macquarie
      Collective Funds and agreed to join Northern Trust as a
      compliance Manager. [Calabro] relocated from Pennsylvania to
      Illinois and commenced employment at Northern Trust on
      September 30, 2015. [Calabro’s] supervisor at Northern Trust
      allegedly said he was a great hire.

      However, in October, 2015, [Calabro] met with a member of
      Northern Trust’s legal team who told [Calabro] that someone
      affiliated with Optimum had informed Northern Trust that
      [Calabro] had been removed from Optimum because of poor work
      performance. On October 26, 2015, Northern Trust terminated
      Calabro because he had failed to disclose his role with Optimum
      on his resume or at any time during the interview process.
      [Calabro] now alleges, and [Socolofsky] admits, that [Socolofsky]
      placed the call that led to [Calabro’s] termination from Northern
      Trust.

Trial Court Opinion, 6/13/18 at 1-3. (footnotes omitted).

      Calabro filed a lawsuit against Socolofsky in Philadelphia County,

Pennsylvania, claiming that Socolofsky intentionally interfered with his

employment relationship with Northern Trust, and seeking damages from him.

Socolofsky filed preliminary objections to the complaint, contending, in

relevant part, that the trial court lacked personal jurisdiction over him because

he was domiciled in Wisconsin, and none of the relevant acts occurred in




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Pennsylvania.1 The trial court concluded that it had neither general personal

jurisdiction nor specific personal jurisdiction over Socolofsky. Consequently,

by order dated March 5, 2018, the trial court sustained Socolofsky’s

preliminary objection and dismissed Calabro’s complaint.

       Calabro timely filed his notice of appeal on March 23, 2018.         Both

Calabro and the trial court complied with Pa.R.A.P. 1925. Calabro raises two

issues on appeal:

       1. Did the trial court err in concluding that it lacked specific
          personal jurisdiction over Socolofsky notwithstanding the fact
          that Calabro’s claims arise out of Socolofsky’s substantial
          business contacts with the Comonwealth of Pennsylvania?

       2. Did the trial court err in concluding that Calabro was not a
          Pennsylvania resident and citizen of the Commonwealth of
          Pennsylvania at the time that Socolofsky interfered with
          Calabro’s employment, thereby erroneously concluding that
          Socolofsky’s intentional conduct was not directed at a resident
          of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania?

See Calabro’s Brief at 3-4.

       Our standard of review in an appeal from an order granting preliminary

objections challenging the exercise of in personam jurisdiction is as follows:



____________________________________________


1  Socolofsky also filed a preliminary objection in the nature of a demurrer
claiming that Pennsylvania does not recognize a cause of action for intentional
interference of an at-will employment relationship. However, because the trial
court determined that it lacked personal jurisdiction, it did not rule on the
demurrer. Although Socolofsky argued this issue in the event that we
concluded that the trial court had personal jurisdiction over Socolofsky, it was
not properly raised as an issue on appeal, and therefore, we do not address
it.


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      In determining whether the trial court properly sustained
      preliminary objections, the appellate court must examine the
      averments in the complaint, together with the documents and
      exhibits attached thereto, in order to evaluate the sufficiency of
      the facts averred. When sustaining the trial court's ruling will
      result in the denial of a claim or a dismissal of suit, preliminary
      objections will be sustained only where the case is free and clear
      of doubt, and this Court will reverse the trial court's decision
      regarding preliminary objections only where there has been an
      error of law or an abuse of discretion.

      Moreover, when deciding a motion to dismiss for lack of personal
      jurisdiction[,] the court must consider the evidence in the light
      most favorable to the non-moving party. This Court will reverse
      the trial court's decision regarding preliminary objections only
      where there has been an error of law or an abuse of discretion.
      Once the moving party supports its objections to personal
      jurisdiction, the burden of proving personal jurisdiction is upon the
      party asserting it.

Sulkava v. Glaston Finland Oy, 54 A.3d 884, 889 (Pa. Super. 2012), appeal

denied, 75 A.3d 1282 (Pa. 2013) (citations omitted). Courts must resolve the

question of personal jurisdiction based on the circumstances of each particular

case. Burger King Corp. v. Rudzewicz, 471 U.S. 462 (1985).

      In his first issue on appeal, Calabro challenges the trial court’s

conclusion that it lacked specific personal jurisdiction over Socolofsky.

Calabro contends that Socolofsky engaged in three of the activities set forth

in 42 Pa.C.S.A. section 5322(a), Pennsylvania’s long-arm statute governing

specific jurisdiction and permitting the trial court to exercise personal

jurisdiction over Socolofsky:     1) the doing business provision, section

5322(a)(1); 2) the tort provision, section 5322(a)(4), and 3) the trust




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provision, section 5322(a)(7).2 Calabro’s Brief at 19-22. Additionally, Calabro

claims that his cause of action for tortious interference arose out of

Socolofsky’s Pennsylvania related activities, as required under 42 Pa.C.S.A.
____________________________________________


2   42 Pa.C.S.A. section 5322 provides in pertinent part:

         a) General rule.--A tribunal of this Commonwealth may exercise
        personal jurisdiction over a person (or the personal representative
        of a deceased individual who would be subject to jurisdiction under
        this subsection if not deceased) who acts directly or by an agent,
        as to a cause of action or other matter arising from such person:

           (1) Transacting any business in this Commonwealth.
           Without excluding other acts which may constitute
           transacting business in this Commonwealth, any of the
           following shall constitute transacting business for the
           purpose of this paragraph:

           (i) The doing by any person in this Commonwealth of a
           series of similar acts for the purpose of thereby realizing
           pecuniary benefit or otherwise accomplishing an object.

           (ii) The doing of a single act in this Commonwealth for the
           purpose of thereby realizing pecuniary benefit or otherwise
           accomplishing an object with the intention of initiating a
           series of such acts.
                                       ***
            (4) Causing harm or tortious injury in this Commonwealth
           by an act or omission outside this Commonwealth.
                                        ***
            (7) Accepting election or appointment or exercising powers
           under the authority of this Commonwealth as a:
                                          ***
              (iii) Trustee or other fiduciary.




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section 5322(c), because he was a paid trustee for Delaware Investments with

offices in Philadelphia and traveled there for quarterly meetings, at one of

which Calabro was allegedly removed from his position with Optimum.3

Calabro’s Brief at 19-22.

        The trial court found that Socolofsky did not engage in any of the

activities as claimed by Calabro to establish personal jurisdiction over

Socolofsky. Trial Court Opinion, 6/13/18 at 4.     Consequently, the trial court

concluded that it did not have personal jurisdiction over Socolofsky, sustained

Socolofsky’s preliminary objection, and dismissed Calabro’s complaint. See

id. at 8.

        After a thorough review of the record, the briefs of the parties, the

applicable law, and the opinion of the Honorable Patricia A. McInerney, we

agree with the trial court that it did not have personal jurisdiction over

Socolofsky. The trial court opinion comprehensively analyzes the applicability

of sections 5322(a)(1) and 5322(a)(7) to the particular circumstances of this

case. Thus, thus we adopt Judge McInerney’s opinion as our own, and further



____________________________________________


3   42 Pa.C.S.A. section 5322(c) provides in pertinent part:

        When jurisdiction over a person is based solely upon this section,
        only a cause of action or other matter arising from acts
        enumerated in subsection (a) . . . may be asserted against him.




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discussion of Calabro’s first issue in relation to these sections of the long-arm

statute is not necessary.4

       Judge McInerney also considered the applicability of section 5322(a)(4)

to the particular circumstances of this case. However, because the trial court’s

determination regarding the applicability of section 5322(a)(4) was based in

part on Calabro’s second appellate issue regarding his residency, and the trial

court did not address it separately, we briefly expound upon the trial court’s

analysis of section 5322(a)(4) in connection with the issue of Calabro’s

residency.

       In his second issue on appeal, Calabro claims that the trial court erred

in concluding that he was not a resident of Pennsylvania at the time of

Socolofsky’s alleged tortious interference, and therefore, Socolofsky caused

no injury or harm in Pennsylvania to confer jurisdiction under section

5322(a)(4). Calabro’s Brief at 22-23. According to Calabro, the evidence of

record regarding his residency was set forth in his supporting affidavit to his

preliminary objections which showed that he was a Pennsylvania resident at

all times. Id. at 15. Viewing this in a light most favorable to Calabro as the

trial court is required to do, the trial court should have found that he was a

Pennsylvania resident.         Thus, because he was a resident of Pennyslvania,

Calabro    contends     that    Socolofsky’s     tortious   conduct   was   aimed   at
____________________________________________


4The parties are directed to attach a copy of the trial court’s opinion in the
event of further proceedings.



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J-A25034-18



Pennsylvania, thereby conferring jurisdiction over Socolofsky in Pennsylvania.

Id. We disagree.

         The trial court found that Socolofsky did not cause harm or injury in

Pennsylvania under section 5233(a)(4). In part, the trial court based this

conclusion on the fact that, Calabro relocated to Illinois for his new

employment at Northern Trust, and then moved back to Pennsylvania after he

was terminated. See Trial Court Opinion, 6/13/18 at 6-7.         In reaching this

conclusion, the trial court relied upon an opinion from the Illinois court where

Calabro sought pre-suit discovery in this matter. The Illinois court relied upon

Calabro’s averment in his petition for pre-suit discovery and determined that

Calabro had relocated to Illinois. Socolofsky attached this opinion to his reply

brief.    Id.   This specifically contradicts the affidavit Calabro submitted in

response to Socolofsky’s preliminary objections, where Calabro averred that

he had been a Pennsylvania resident since 2011. He further averred that he

had not established residence or citizenship in Illinois. At all times, he claimed

that he and his family continued to maintain their home and residency in

Pennsylvania.

         Generally, when considering preliminary objections, a trial court is

required to admit as true all material facts set forth in the pleadings as well

as all inferences reasonably deducible therefrom. Schemberg v. Smicherko,

85 A.3d 1071 (Pa. Super. 2014). However, “[w]hen a defendant challenges

the court's assertion of personal jurisdiction, that defendant bears the burden

of supporting such objections to jurisdiction by presenting evidence.” De

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Lage Landen Servs., Inc. v. Urban P'ship, LLC, 903 A.2d 586, 590 (2006)

(emphasis added). Thus, where the issue of personal jurisdiction is raised, it

is contemplated that affidavits or other evidence will be presented.           Id.

Consequently, it was appropriate for the trial court to consider the Illinois court

documents as evidence.

      The evidence of record regarding Calabro’s residency conflicts. Although

the trial court is required, when deciding a motion to dismiss for lack of

personal jurisdiction, to consider the evidence in the light most favorable to

the non-moving party, as Calabro argued, “[w]here there is an issue of fact,

the court may not reach a determination based upon its view of the

controverted facts, but must resolve the dispute by receiving evidence thereon

through interrogatories, depositions or an evidentiary hearing.”        Nutrition

Management Servs. v. Hinchcliff, 926 A.2d 531, 535 (Pa. Super. 2007);

see also De Lage Landen Servs., Inc., 903 A.2d at 590. This was not done.

      However, Calabro’s residency alone is not determinative of personal

jurisdiction over Socolofsky. “Merely alleging that a non-resident committed

an act or omission in another jurisdiction that caused harm to a Pennsylvania

resident is insufficient.” Nutrition Management Servs., 926 A.2d at 539.

Thus, even if the trial court had taken evidence as required, and determined

that Calabro was a Pennsylvania resident as he claims, the conclusion that the

trial court did not have personal jurisdiction over Socolofsky would remain

unchanged.




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       For intentional torts, such as the one alleged here, courts have applied

the “effects test” established by Calder v. Jones, 465 U.S. 83 (1984), to

determine whether there is personal jurisdiction. See IMO Indus., Inc. v.

Keikert AG, 155 F.3d 254 (3d Cir. 1998); Element Fin. Corp. v. ComQi,

Inc., 52 F. Supp. 3d 739, 748 (E.D. Pa. 2014).5               The Calder effects test

requires the plaintiff to show that:

       (1) the defendant committed an intentional tort; (2) the plaintiff
       felt the brunt of the harm in the forum state such that the forum
       can be said to be the focal point of the harm suffered by the
       plaintiff as a result of the tort; and (3) the defendant expressly
       aimed his tortious conduct at the forum state such that the forum
       can be said to be the focal point of the tortious activity.

IMO Indus., Inc. at 265-266. To satisfy the third prong of this test, a plaintiff

must show that “the defendant knew that the plaintiff would suffer the brunt

of the harm caused by the tortious conduct in the forum, and point to specific

activity indicating that the defendant expressly aimed its tortious conduct at

the forum.” Id. at 266.

       The trial court applied this test to conclude that it could not exercise

personal jurisdiction over Socolofsky under section 5322(a)(4) given the

particular circumstances of this case.             Applying this test, the trial court

correctly concluded that “Pennsylvania was not the target of the intentionally

tortious activity, nor was it the focal point of the harm suffered by plaintiff.”
____________________________________________


5 We note “decisions of the federal district courts . . . are not binding on
Pennsylvania courts. . . .” Kubik v. Route 252, Inc., 762 A.2d 1119, 1124
(Pa. Super. 2000) (citation omitted). Nevertheless, these decisions are
persuasive authority and helpful in our review of the issue presented.

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Trial Court Opinion, 6/13/18 at 6.      Rather, the activities were directed to

Illinois: the state where Calabro started his new employment; the state where

his new employer was located; the state to which Socolofsky made the phone

call betraying Calabro; and the state where Calabro was terminated.

Therefore, considering all of the relevant circumstances, we agree with the

trial court’s analysis of the applicability of section 5322(a)(4) to the particular

circumstances of this case, and its conclusion that it lacked personal

jurisdiction over Socolofsky.

      Order affirmed.

       Judgment Entered.




Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary



Date: 1/22/19




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