                       COURT OF APPEALS
                        SECOND DISTRICT OF TEXAS
                             FORT WORTH

                            NO. 02-13-00037-CV


FRONTIER COMMUNICATIONS                                       APPELLANT
NORTHWEST, INC.

                                     V.

D.R. HORTON, INC.; D.R. HORTON                                APPELLEES
LOS ANGELES HOLDING
COMPANY, INC.; WESTERN
PACIFIC HOUSING, INC.; SSHI,
LLC; AND D.R. HORTON, INC. -
PORTLAND


                                  ----------

         FROM THE 236TH DISTRICT COURT OF TARRANT COUNTY
                   TRIAL COURT NO. 236-253829-11

                                  ----------

                       MEMORANDUM OPINION 1

                                  ----------

     This dispute involves commissions paid by a telephone-and-broadband-

communications provider to a homebuilder under a contract.   The trial court

     1
      See Tex. R. App. P. 47.4.
granted summary judgment for the homebuilder, Appellees D.R. Horton, Inc.,

D.R. Horton Los Angeles Holding Company, Inc., Western Pacific Housing, Inc.,

SSHI LLC, and D.R. Horton, Inc.-Portland (collectively, DRH), on Appellant

Frontier Communications Northwest Inc. (FCN)’s breach-of-contract, tort, and

attorneys’ fees claims. 2 FCN appeals the trial court’s summary judgment on its

breach-of-contract claim, complaining in its first issue that the trial court erred by

determining that it lacked standing to sue DRH. 3

      We review a summary judgment de novo. Travelers Ins. Co. v. Joachim,

315 S.W.3d 860, 862 (Tex. 2010). We consider the evidence presented in the

light most favorable to the nonmovant, crediting evidence favorable to the

nonmovant if reasonable jurors could, and disregarding evidence contrary to the

nonmovant unless reasonable jurors could not. Mann Frankfort Stein & Lipp

Advisors, Inc. v. Fielding, 289 S.W.3d 844, 848 (Tex. 2009). We indulge every

reasonable inference and resolve any doubts in the nonmovant’s favor. 20801,

Inc. v. Parker, 249 S.W.3d 392, 399 (Tex. 2008).



      2
       The trial court also denied FCN’s claim for declaratory relief as to the
recovery of any amounts DRH had already received under the contract but
granted the claim to the extent that DRH would be precluded from recovering
from FCN on any unpaid request for payment of commissions submitted under
the contract.
      3
       FCN’s remaining issues pertain to the breach-of-contract claim, DRH’s
affirmative defenses, and FCN’s objections to the affidavit testimony of Gina
White, one of DRH’s witnesses. FCN does not appeal the trial court’s summary
judgment on its tort claims.


                                          2
      As one of the grounds in its summary judgment motion, DRH argued that

FCN had no standing because FCN was not a party to the contract, the contract

could not be assigned to it, it was an unauthorized assignee of Verizon, and the

assignment FCN relied upon was unenforceable. 4            Standing, a necessary

component of subject-matter jurisdiction, is a constitutional prerequisite to

maintaining suit. Tex. Ass’n of Bus. v. Tex. Air Control Bd., 852 S.W.2d 440,

444–45 (Tex. 1993).     Whether a party has standing to pursue a claim is a

question of law reviewed de novo. See Mayhew v. Town of Sunnyvale, 964

S.W.2d 922, 928 (Tex. 1998), cert. denied, 526 U.S. 1144 (1999). To establish

standing to assert a breach of contract cause of action, a party must prove its

privity to the agreement or that it is a third-party beneficiary or assignee. Maddox

v. Vantage Energy, LLC, 361 S.W.3d 752, 756–57 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2012,

pet. denied); Rolen v. LVNV Funding, LLC, No. 02-09-00304-CV, 2010 WL

1633402, at *2 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Apr. 22, 2010, no pet.) (mem. op.); see

also Gulf Ins. Co. v. Burns Motors, Inc., 22 S.W.3d 417, 420 (Tex. 2000) (stating

that the assignee stands in its assignor’s shoes and may assert only those rights


      4
       In its original and subsequent pleadings, FCN alleged that it had acquired
the contract as a successor-in-interest and mentions assignment. In response to
DRH’s summary judgment motion, FCN stated that it was renamed and claimed
that no assignment was necessary but also that Verizon transferred the breach-
of-contract cause of action to it. FCN also claimed in its motion for partial
summary judgment that no assignment was necessary because it was a party to
the contract. In its response to FCN’s motion for partial summary judgment, DRH
stated that “the efforts to assign the claims to [FCN] are invalid and
unenforceable and . . . [FCN’s] claims fail on that basis alone.”


                                         3
that the assignor could assert). As the contract includes a choice-of-law clause

establishing that it “shall be interpreted and governed by the laws of the state

where the Property is situated,” and the property at issue here is situated in

Oregon and Washington, we must construe the contract under the law in these

jurisdictions.

       The primary objective in contract interpretation in both states is

determining the drafter’s intent. Wilkinson v. Chiwawa Cmties. Ass’n, 327 P.3d

614, 619 (Wash. 2014); see also James v. Clackamas Cnty., 299 P.3d 526, 532

(Or. 2013) (“In interpreting a contract, we seek to implement the intent of the

parties to the contract by considering the contract terms in their context.”). Under

Washington law, extrinsic evidence is used to illuminate what was written, but

evidence that would vary, contradict, or modify the written word or show an

intention independent of the instrument will not be considered. Wilkinson, 327

P.3d at 619; Berg v. Hudesman, 801 P.2d 222, 229 (Wash. 1990) (“We now hold

that extrinsic evidence is admissible as to the entire circumstances under which

the contract was made, as an aid in ascertaining the parties’ intent.”).

Additionally, “[i]n discerning the parties’ intent, subsequent conduct of the

contracting parties may be of aid, and the reasonableness of the parties’

respective interpretations may also be a factor in interpreting a written contract.”

Berg, 801 P.2d at 229.

       Under Oregon law, in contrast, other evidence of the parties’ intent is not

considered unless a provision of the contract is ambiguous.         Williams v. RJ


                                         4
Reynolds Tobacco Co., 271 P.3d 103, 109 (Or. 2011). That is, in Oregon, the

court first examines the text of the disputed provision in the context of the

document as a whole; if the provision is clear, the analysis ends. Yogman v.

Parrott, 937 P.2d 1019, 1021 (Or. 1997). If the provision is ambiguous, then the

court examines extrinsic evidence of the contracting parties’ intent, including the

parties’ practical construction of the agreement. Id. at 1022. If the meaning of

the contractual provision remains ambiguous, the court then relies on appropriate

maxims of construction. Id.

      We must determine whether the contract identifies FCN as a party. See,

e.g., Sherwood Park Bus. Ctr., LLC v. Taggart, No. CO85540CV; A150753, 2014

WL 6693829, at *10 (Or. Ct. App. Nov. 26, 2014) (noting that the operating

agreement listed as parties the original members and any other persons admitted

as members under the agreement’s terms); Brummett v. Wash.’s Lottery, 288

P.3d 48, 55 (Wash. Ct. App. 2012, review denied) (holding that appellant could

not assert a contract claim “because he was neither a party to the contract nor an

intended third party beneficiary”). 5



      5
        DRH argues that FCN was an incidental beneficiary and therefore not
entitled to directly enforce the contract under either Oregon or Washington law.
We do not reach this argument because FCN did not plead that it was a third-
party beneficiary; in its live pleading, FCN claimed that it was a successor-in-
interest, and in its response to DRH’s motion for summary judgment, FCN
argued that it had standing as a party to the contract and because Verizon had
assigned its breach-of-contract cause of action to FCN through an assignment
and assumption agreement.


                                        5
     The contract provides:

           This Contract for Marketing of Services (the “Contract”) is
     made and entered into as of January 8, 2008 (the “Effective Date”),
     by and between Verizon Services Corp., having an office for the
     purposes of this Agreement at One Verizon Way, Basking Ridge,
     New Jersey 07920 on behalf of its affiliated service provider
     companies listed in Exhibit A (collectively referred to as the
     “Company” or “Verizon”) and D.R. Horton Los Angeles Holding
     Company, Inc., having its principal office at 2280 Wardlow Circle,
     Suite 100, Corona, CA 92880 (the “Developer”).

            WHEREAS, Company, through its affiliated operating
     companies listed in Exhibit “A,” desires to market, and provide
     certain local exchange and long distance residential telephone
     services, high-speed Internet access where available, and video
     services (the “Services”), that it offers to its residential telephone
     customers within the service area of the Covered Properties (defined
     below); and

              WHEREAS, Developer owns or controls, by option to
     purchase or otherwise, subdivision projects listed in Exhibit C (the
     “Covered Property” or “Covered Properties”) in the territories served
     by the Company and desires to make the Covered Properties
     available to the Company to construct its telecommunications
     facilities for the purpose of serving occupants of single family
     residences, and condominiums, townhomes and multiple dwelling
     units (“Residents”); and

           WHEREAS, Company wishes to secure Developer’s
     cooperation in the marketing of the Services to buyers (the
     “Buyers[”] or “Residents”) of single family homes, condominiums or
     town homes (“Home” or “Homes”) constructed by Developer at
     Developer’s Covered Properties under the terms contained herein[];

           NOW THEREFORE, Company and Developer (singular the
     “Party”, collectively the “Parties”) agree as follows . . . . [Emphasis
     added.]

     Verizon Northwest Inc. was listed in Exhibit A, entitled “Verizon Telephone

Companies,” along with Verizon Services Corp. and fifteen other entities. FCN



                                       6
produced evidence that its previous name had been Verizon Northwest Inc., and

the trial court took judicial notice of this evidence. Therefore, we must consider

the rest of the contract’s terms to determine whether Verizon Service Corp.’s

entering the contract “on behalf of” the affiliated service provider companies and

making a collective reference to them in the contract’s preamble made the

individual affiliated service companies parties to the agreement.

      Section 2, “Covered Properties,” states that the properties covered by the

agreement

      shall be identified from time to time during the Contract Term
      through the completion of a separate Covered Property addendum,
      a sample of which is set forth as “Exhibit C,” for each property. The
      inclusion of each property is subject to mutual agreement between
      Developer and Company prior to inclusion as a Covered
      Property. . . . Developer shall not include lots within subdivisions
      that are not within the Company’s franchise service area. Company
      may also exclude a property if there are pre-existing contractual
      obligations under a marketing agreement with another party, such as
      a master planned community developer.[6] [Emphasis added.]

      Section 4, entitled, “Company’s Obligations,” covers services, technology,

marketing program, and commission payments. Section 4.1 states,

             Company will provide the Services to the Residents in
      accordance with the telecommunications technology that is available
      to the Residents from the Company Central Office (“CO”) that serves
      the Residents of each Covered Property. Any new Company
      Services developed and approved by Company for payment of
      commissions, which become available to Residents from the CO
      during the Contract Term hereof, will then become a part of the

      6
       Section 1 addresses the contract’s duration. Section 3 pertains to DRH’s
duty to act exclusively “on behalf of Company” regarding placement of marketing
materials at each Covered Property.


                                        7
      Services hereunder. All Services provided to the Property shall be in
      accordance with all applicable laws, regulations and tariffs.
      Company will provide the sales personnel and processes through its
      established call centers to adequately support the timely and
      effective signup of Residents for the Services when and as
      requested by Residents.

             ....

             Company shall be solely responsible for billing the Residents
      for the Services. . . . [Emphasis added.]

      Section 4.2, “Marketing Program,” states that “Company will implement, at

its sole cost,” the marketing program and “will provide Developer’s staff with

appropriate promotional material(s). . . .” It further states,

              Training requirements and procedures, if any, for Developer’s
      staff and all marketing and promotional plans, schedules and
      activities shall be determined by Company, with input from
      Developer, and subject to Developer’s reasonable approval.
      Company shall not provide promotional materials or train
      Developer’s staff, nor shall Developer request such materials, until
      the Parties have signed this Contract. [Emphasis added.]

      Section 4.3, “Commission Payments,” states, “Company” will pay a one-

time commission payment of $225 per “Home passed” at each Covered Property.

“To initiate the Commission Payments, Developer will submit to the Company, by

the 10th day of each month, a summary report (the “Closed Homes Report”). . . .

Remittance of the Commission Payments by the Company . . . will be made

within thirty (30) days following receipt of the Closed Homes Report . . . .”

      Section 5 covers the developer’s obligations, including that it “permit

employees, agents, or contractors of Company” reasonable access to each

Covered Property to market services, a right of access that would survive the


                                           8
contract “for as long as Company owns telecommunications facilities and

equipment on the Covered Property or so long as this Contract is not

terminated.” It provides, “Company is, and shall continue to be, the sole and

exclusive owner of said telecommunications facilities.” Section 5.2 requires the

developer to provide “to Company a summary list of property addresses for each

Covered Property, in the form of the Property Address List, attached as Exhibit

F.”

      Section 6 covers “Terms and Conditions,” including the attorneys’ fees,

governing law, force majeure, and limitations of liability clauses. Section 6.1

provides in pertinent part here that “either party shall have the right to assign this

Agreement to an affiliate without consent.”       [Emphasis added.]      Section 6.8,

“Indemnification,” provides,

      Each Party agrees to indemnify, defend, and hold harmless the
      other Party (including its officers, directors, principals, assigns,
      successors, affiliates, agents, and employees) from and against any
      and all liability, loss, damage, claim or expense . . . incurred by the
      other Party in connection with: (a) any claim, demand, or suit for
      damages, injunction or other relief to the extent it is caused by or
      results from the negligence, gross negligence, or intentional
      misconduct (including, without limitation, breach or nonperformance
      of this or any contract) of the indemnifying party (including any of its
      agents, or subcontractors); and (b) any actual or alleged
      infringement of any third party’s trade secrets, trademark, copyright,
      patent or other intellectual property rights by the indemnifying Party
      . . . . [Emphasis added.]

Section 6.10 provides that each “Party” agrees to maintain as a minimum at all

times during the contract term commercial general liability insurance with




                                          9
minimum limits of $1,000,000 per occurrence for bodily injury or death and

property damage liability.

      Section 6.11 provides that “Company” shall not be liable to the developer

for interruption of service and “Company’s” liability, if any, to residents that are its

customers “will be governed exclusively in the case of regulated services by

Company’s applicable tariffs filed with the appropriate state regulatory agency, or

in the case of non-regulated services by the applicable contract with the

Resident.”

      Section 6.14, “Notices and Payments,” states that delivery of all notices,

demands, and invoices for payments should be sent to Verizon Enhanced

Communities at a Virginia address, “Payments Attention: Contract Manager,”

with a verizon.com email address. All other notices were to be sent to Verizon

Enhanced Communities at the same Basking Ridge, New Jersey address listed

in the contract’s preamble, with a verizon.com email address.

      Section 6.15, “Publicity/Trademark Licenses,” provides that “Neither Party

may use the other Party’s name, trademarks, trade names or the name of any

affiliate or subsidiary of the other . . . without such other’s prior written consent.”

[Emphasis added.]

      Section 6.16, “Regulatory Approvals,” includes the following:

            All regulated services are provided in accordance with
      applicable laws, tariffs and regulations, and this Contract shall at all
      times be construed to be consistent with those laws, tariffs and
      regulations. In the event this Contract or any of the provisions
      herein, or the operations contemplated, are found by Company to be


                                          10
      inconsistent with or contrary to any such law, tariff or regulation, that
      law, tariff or regulation shall be deemed to control and, if
      commercially practicable, this Contract shall be regarded as
      modified accordingly, and shall continue in full force and effect as so
      modified. If such modified Contract is not commercially practicable
      in the opinion of either Party in its sole discretion, the Parties agree
      to meet promptly and discuss any necessary amendments or
      modifications to this Contract. If the parties are unable to agree on
      necessary amendments or modifications in order to comply with the
      law, tariff or regulation, then either Party may terminate this Contract
      by giving ninety (90) days written notice to the other Party.

             Developer acknowledges that the Company is regulated by
      the Federal Communications Commission and appropriate state
      public service commissions. In the event of a change in the laws,
      rules, regulations or tariffs applicable to the Company’s services
      under this Contract, which change results in a conflict with any of the
      terms, covenants and conditions of this Contract, such laws, rules,
      regulations and tariffs shall control.

Section 6.19 provides that the contract, “including any and all appendices

hereto,” constitutes the entire agreement. The contract was signed by a Verizon

Services Corp. sales director and a D.R. Horton Los Angeles Holding Company,

Inc. vice president.

      As stated above, Exhibit A, “Verizon Telephone Companies,” lists Verizon

Northwest Inc., in addition to Verizon Services Corp., Verizon California Inc.,

Verizon Delaware Inc., Verizon Southwest Inc., Verizon Maryland Inc., Verizon

New England Inc., Verizon New Jersey Inc., Verizon New York Inc., Verizon

North Inc., Verizon Online, Verizon Pennsylvania Inc., Verizon South Inc.,

Verizon Washington, DC Inc., Verizon West Coast Inc., Verizon West Virginia

Inc., and Verizon Virginia Inc.

      Exhibit C, describing “Covered Property,” states in its first paragraph:


                                         11
      WHEREAS Verizon Services Corp. (“Company”) and D.R. Horton
      Los Angeles Holding Company, Inc. (“Developer”) have entered into
      a CONTRACT FOR MARKETING OF SERVICES to buyers (the
      “Buyers” or “Residents”) of single family homes, condominiums or
      town homes (“Home” or “Homes”), constructed by Developer or
      Developer’s builders (the “Builders”) (the “Contract”) previously
      executed as of January 8, 2008. [Emphasis added.]

Exhibit D sets out the marketing program. Exhibits E and F set out the format for

the closed home report and property address list. Exhibit G sets out residential

wiring specifications.

      Taken as a whole, based on its plain language under either Washington or

Oregon law, it is apparent that the contract’s overall intent was for Verizon

Services Corp. to enter the agreement as “Company” on behalf of its affiliated

service provider companies, retaining the authority to coordinate and control the

company’s marketing materials, overall interactions with DRH, and payment of

invoices, not to make each of the “Verizon Telephone Companies” listed in

Exhibit A into a separate party to the contract.

      Under Washington law, this interpretation is supported by the parties’

conduct after the contract’s formation. See Wilkinson, 327 P.3d at 619; Berg,

801 P.2d at 229.     FCN attached to its motion for partial summary judgment

DRH’s responses to interrogatories, which included DRH’s admission that it

received checks from Verizon on December 18, 2009 ($236,250), January 21,

2010 ($153,225), and March 18, 2010 ($482,850).        DRH attached copies of

these checks to its motion for summary judgment, which show that the checks

were written by “Verizon Services Corp.”


                                         12
FCN also attached excerpts of Gina White’s deposition, in which White explained

that she had to print an address list and “submit it to Verizon on their form for

submission” to process DRH’s requests for commissions; she did not mention

sending any forms to any of the affiliates, and the record does not contain any

such documentation involving the affiliates. 7

      On January 20, 2011, Verizon sent DRH a letter regarding the January 8,

2008 contract (referred to as “the Agreement” in the letter), stating,

      On July 1, 2010, Verizon Communications Inc. (“Verizon”), the
      ultimate parent corporation to the entity that is a party to the
      Agreement, transferred to Frontier Northwest Inc. (“Frontier
      Northwest”), then a subsidiary of Verizon, but now a subsidiary of
      Frontier Communications Corporation (“Frontier”), its local exchange
      business in Oregon and Washington as well as certain assets,
      liabilities and contracts as they relate to services in Oregon and
      Washington (the “Transferred Service Territories”), herein referred to
      as the “Transaction[.]”

             Verizon has withdrawn its authority as a local exchange carrier
      in Transferred Service Territories.       Frontier Northwest is the
      authorized local exchange carrier in the Transferred Service
      Territories and Verizon local exchange carriers no longer have
      regulatory authority to provide local exchange services in the
      Transferred Service Territories.

             Under the Agreement Verizon or its affiliate agreed to provide
      certain services and/or products in the Transferred Service
      Territories (“Services”) as well as in at least one other state not
      involved in the Transaction.


      7
       White submitted her information to Andrea Werker at Verizon. Werker
worked for Verizon as a contract manager until July 2010, when she started
working for Frontier. Werker’s emails to White from Verizon include her title as
“Verizon Enhanced Communities Contract Management,” with a verizon.com
email address.


                                         13
       In connection with the Transaction, Verizon desires to assign
to Frontier Northwest all of its rights and obligations in respect of the
Services provided in the Transferred Service Territories only.
Verizon will continue to provide the Services on the terms and
conditions set forth in the Agreement in all other states covered by
the Agreement, excluding the Transferred Service Territories.

        Verizon requests that your organization consent to the partial
assignment of the Agreement in respect of the Transferred Service
Territories to Frontier Northwest. Your consent means that you
agree that the assigned portion of Agreement services in the
Transferred Service Territories will continue in force and effect in
accordance with its rates, terms and conditions, to be retroactively
effective as of July 1, 2010, between your organization and an
affiliate of Frontier. The unassigned portion of the Agreement for
services in all locations other than the Transferred Service
Territories will continue in force and effect in accordance with its
rates, terms and conditions between your organization and Verizon
or its affiliate.

     We would appreciate your execution and return of these
documents to the address below no later than February 11, 2011.

      ....

              CONSENT FOR PARTIAL ASSIGNMENT

The undersigned as an authorized representative of D.R. HORTON
LOS ANGELES HOLDING COMPANY, INC. hereby consents to
Verizon’s partial assignment of the Agreement in respect of Services
provided in the Transferred Service Territories only, to Frontier
Northwest Inc., as described herein to be retroactively effective July
1, 2010.[8] [Emphasis added.]


8
On May 26, 2011, Verizon sent DRH another letter, stating,

The transaction between Verizon and Frontier closed on July 1,
2010.

A review of our records indicates that Verizon has not received your
company’s response to the attached letter [a copy of the January 20,
2011 letter] requesting consent for contract assignment. We would

                                   14
       None of the evidence attached by either party shows any separate

interactions between DRH and Verizon Northwest Inc. Applying the law of either

Oregon or Washington, we reach the same conclusion—Verizon Northwest Inc.

was not, by itself, a party to the agreement. We overrule this portion of FCN’s

first issue and turn to its remaining argument that it had standing because

Verizon assigned the breach-of-contract cause of action to it.

       FCN included the January 2011 assignment and assumption agreement

between Verizon and “Frontier Northwest, Inc., a Washington corporation” in its

summary judgment evidence.        FCN relies on this document to support its

argument that the breach-of-contract cause of action was assigned to it, even if

the anti-assignment clause in the contract itself would otherwise have prevented

its standing. 9



       appreciate your execution and return of the attached letter no later
       than June 17, 2011.

       We will be attempting to contact you to answer any questions you
       may have, or you may contact the Verizon representative outlined in
       the attached letter.

       Thank you for your timely response.

David T. Morice, a D.R. Horton, Inc. vice president and legal counsel for it and its
subsidiaries, stated in his affidavit, which sponsored the letters, that no one on
behalf of any D.R. Horton entity signed the consent for partial assignment.
       9
      The anti-assignment clause in section 6.1 of the January 8, 2008 contract
between Verizon and DRH provided, in pertinent part,

       Except as provided above [regarding DRH’s ability to assign its
       rights and obligations to a third-party purchaser that was not a DRH

                                        15
      The first clause of the assignment and assumption agreement provides,

      (i) Effective as of the consummation of the Merger on July 1, 2010,
      Assignor hereby bargains, sells, grants, assigns, transfers, conveys
      and delivers unto Assignee, and its successors and assigns, forever,
      all of Assignor’s right, title and interest in and to the Agreements set
      forth on Exhibit A hereto, but only to the extent that such right, title
      and interest is applicable to the Territory (the “Assigned
      Agreements”) TO HAVE AND TO HOLD such Assigned Agreements
      with all appurtenances thereto, for their use forever and (ii) in full
      consideration for the Assigned Agreements, Assignee shall assume
      the rights and obligations of Assignor pursuant to the Assigned
      Agreements.

The agreement provides that it is governed by and construed in accordance with

New York law. Exhibit A refers to the January 8, 2008 contract between Verizon

and DRH.

      An assignment is simply a transfer of some right or interest. 1 Lincoln Fin.

Co. v. Am. Fam. Life Assur. Co. of Columbus, No. 02-12-00516-CV, 2014 WL

4938001, at *4 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Oct. 2, 2014, no pet.) (mem. op.). When

an assignee holds a contractually valid assignment, that assignee steps into the

shoes of the assignor and may assert those rights that the assignor could assert.

Id. However, to recover on an assigned cause of action, the party claiming the



      affiliate or to a subsequent owner all or a portion of a particular
      covered property], neither party shall assign or sublicense its interest
      in this Agreement without the express prior written consent of the
      other party, except that either party shall have the right to assign this
      Agreement to an affiliate without consent. [Emphasis added.]

We note that per this provision’s plain language, if Verizon Services Corp. had
assigned the contract to Verizon Northwest Inc. before the merger, it would not
have needed DRH’s consent to the assignment.


                                         16
assigned right must prove not only that a cause of action existed that was

capable of assignment but also that the cause was in fact assigned to the party

seeking recovery. Geis v. Colina Del Rio, LP, 362 S.W.3d 100, 117 (Tex. App.—

San Antonio 2011, pet. denied) (op. on reh’g).

      Here, Verizon attempted to assign its interest in the agreement with DRH

to FCN but actually assigned it to “Frontier Northwest, Inc., a Washington

corporation.” At FCN’s request, the trial court took judicial notice that it had

changed its name from Verizon Northwest Inc. to Frontier Communications

Northwest Inc., and in its appellate brief, FCN concedes that there is another

Washington corporation with the name Frontier Northwest, Inc. and that the

existence of this other company required Frontier’s parent entity to rename

Verizon Northwest Inc. to Frontier Communications Northwest Inc.             FCN

nonetheless argues in its reply brief that New York law, which governs the

assignment and assumption agreement, disregards misnomers, resulting in a

valid assignment of the breach of contract action to it despite the plain language

purporting to assign everything in the DRH-Verizon contract to “Frontier

Northwest Inc., a Washington corporation.”

      While the assignment agreement is governed by New York law as to

disputes between the assignor and assignee, we review its validity under Texas

law for purposes of standing to bring suit here against a nonsignatory to the




                                       17
assignment contract. 10 FCN proved through the attachment of the assignment

agreement that all rights in the DRH-Verizon contract had been assigned to a

third party that was not FCN, which was insufficient to show that FCN had

standing to bring suit on the January 8, 2008 contract. 11 Therefore, we overrule

the remainder of FCN’s first issue, affirm the trial court’s judgment, and do not

reach the remainder of FCN’s issues. See Tex. R. App. P. 47.1.



                                                   /s/ Bob McCoy

                                                   BOB MCCOY
                                                   JUSTICE

PANEL: DAUPHINOT, MCCOY, AND GABRIEL, JJ.

DELIVERED: December 31, 2014




      10
         In contrast, the validity of the anti-assignment clause would be governed
by Washington and Oregon law. Because FCN argues that a cause of action for
breach of contract, not the contract itself, was assigned, we need not consider
the anti-assignment clause’s validity.
      11
        In a footnote in the fact statement of its appellate brief, FCN states that
Verizon Services Corp. acted as an agent of Verizon Northwest Inc. in entering
the January 8, 2008 contract, but nothing in the record shows that Verizon
Services Corp. was subject to its affiliate’s control, and FCN did not brief this
argument. See Tex. R. App. P. 38.1(i); see also Eads v. Borman, 277 P.3d 503,
508 (Or. 2012) (stating that an agency relationship results from the
“manifestation of consent by one person to another that the other shall act on
behalf and subject to his control, and consent by the other so to act.”); Moss v.
Vadman, 463 P.2d 159, 164 (Wash. 1969) (“We have repeatedly held that a
prerequisite of an agency is control of the agent by the principal.”).


                                        18
