                                                                FILED
                                                                 SEP 02 2015
 1
                                                             SUSAN M. SPRAUL, CLERK
                                                               U.S. BKCY. APP. PANEL
 2                                                             OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT


 3                  UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY APPELLATE PANEL
 4                            OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT
 5   In re:                        )     BAP No.     CC-14-1342-KiBrD
                                   )
 6   TONY PHAM and LINDSIE KIM     )     Bk. No.     SA 12-18847-CB
     PHAM,                         )
 7                                 )     Adv. No.    SA 12-01619-CB
                    Debtors.       )
 8                                 )
                                   )
 9   TONY PHAM; LINDSIE KIM PHAM; )
     JONATHAN T. NGUYEN,           )
10                                 )
                    Appellants,    )
11                                 )
     v.                            )     O P I N I O N
12                                 )
     JEFFREY I. GOLDEN, Chapter 7 )
13   Trustee,                      )
                                   )
14                  Appellee.      )
     ______________________________)
15
16                  Argued and Submitted on July 23, 2015,
                            at Pasadena, California
17
                           Filed - September 2, 2015
18
               Appeal from the United States Bankruptcy Court
19                 for the Central District of California
20       Honorable Catherine E. Bauer, Bankruptcy Judge, Presiding
21
22   Appearances:    Appellants Tony Pham, Lindsie Kim Pham and Jonathan
                     T. Nguyen did not appear at oral argument; Ashley
23                   McDow of Baker & Hostetler LLP argued for appellee
                     Jeffrey I. Golden, Chapter 7 Trustee.
24
25   Before:         KIRSCHER, BRANDT1 and DUNN, Bankruptcy Judges.
26
27
          1
             Hon. Philip H. Brandt, Bankruptcy Judge for the Western
28   District of Washington, sitting by designation.
 1   KIRSCHER, Bankruptcy Judge:
 2
 3           Tony and Lindsie Kim Pham (“Debtors”) and their attorney,
 4   Jonathan T. Nguyen (“Nguyen”) (collectively, “Appellants”), appeal
 5   an order compelling Debtors to appear for depositions and to
 6   produce certain documents and sanctioning Appellants for the
 7   chapter 72 trustee’s expenses incurred in bringing the motion to
 8   compel under Local Bankruptcy Rules (“LBR”) 1001-1(f), 7026-1(c)
 9   and 9011-3.3
10           Debtors have already produced the required documents and have
11   been deposed.      The $17,515 sanction for attorney’s fees has been
12   paid.       Appellants challenge only the sanctions award.    Because the
13   bankruptcy court could not rely on these local rules to sanction
14   Appellants, we VACATE and REMAND.
15                  I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
16           Jeffrey I. Golden (“Trustee”) was appointed chapter 7 trustee
17   in Debtors’ case.      He scheduled and held at least 15 continued
18   § 341(a) meetings of creditors to interview Debtors and to review
19   documents.
20           The Trustee filed an adversary complaint against two
21
22
             2
             Unless specified otherwise, all chapter, code and rule
23   references are to the Bankruptcy Code, 11 U.S.C. §§ 101-1532, and
     the Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure, Rules 1001-9037. All
24   “Civil Rule” references are to Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.
25           3
             The local rules referenced are the Local Bankruptcy Rules
     for the U.S. Bankruptcy Court for the Central District of
26   California. We note that the bankruptcy court amended its local
     rules effective January 5, 2015; however, in reviewing the public
27   notice associated with the revisions, we conclude that the
     bankruptcy court did not amend the three local rules discussed
28   herein.

                                         -2-
 1   individuals, Phat The Bui (“Bui”) and Thuan Tran (“Tran”).4      The
 2   Trustee alleged that Mrs. Pham had fraudulently transferred four
 3   condominium units approximately sixteen months prior to the
 4   petition date — three units to Bui and one to Tran.    Debtors
 5   disclosed the transfers to Bui in their statement of financial
 6   affairs; they did not disclose the transfer to Tran.    The Trustee
 7   sought to avoid and recover the transferred property under the
 8   Code and California law.   Nguyen, who has practiced law for
 9   twenty-one years, represented defendants Bui and Tran.   Debtors
10   were not named as defendants and have never been parties to that
11   action.
12   A.   Events leading to the Trustee’s motion to compel
13        The Trustee issued subpoenas to Debtors pursuant to Civil
14   Rule 45, commanding them to appear for depositions and to produce
15   documents.   Nguyen accepted service of the subpoenas on behalf of
16   Debtors via email.   Debtors did not object to the subpoenas.
17        Just prior to this, the Trustee’s counsel Michael Delaney
18   (“Delaney”) emailed Nguyen regarding dates for Debtors to be
19   deposed.   Ultimately, Delaney scheduled Mrs. and Mr. Pham’s
20   depositions for March 17 and March 19, 2014, respectively.     On
21   March 17, Nguyen and Mrs. Pham arrived at Delaney’s office prior
22   to the scheduled 10:00 a.m. start time.   The attorney intending to
23   conduct Mrs. Pham’s deposition, Ashley McDow (“McDow”), was not
24   there and neither were the court reporter or the Vietnamese
25   interpreter.   McDow arrived at 10:45 a.m. and asked Nguyen and
26   Mrs. Pham to wait for the interpreter, who was running late.      The
27
          4
             Golden, Trustee, v. Bui, Case No. SA 12:bk-18847-CB, Adv.
28   Pro. No. SA 12-ap-01619-CB (Bankr. C.D. Cal.).

                                     -3-
 1   court reporter arrived at 11:45 a.m.    Around noon, when the
 2   interpreter had still not arrived, McDow offered to take Mrs.
 3   Pham’s deposition on March 19 at 1:00 p.m. at Nguyen’s office and
 4   credit her the two hours she and Nguyen were left waiting.
 5           McDow took Mrs. Pham’s deposition as planned on March 19
 6   between 1:13 p.m. and 6:00 p.m.    McDow and Delaney arrived around
 7   1:00 p.m. without enough copies of certain documents, so Nguyen
 8   offered to let Delaney use his office’s copier, at no charge, to
 9   make the necessary copies, approximately 180 pages.    Nguyen said
10   that at 4:00 p.m. Delaney and McDow unilaterally took a 20-25
11   minute lunch break while he, Mrs. Pham, the court reporter and the
12   interpreter waited.    At this point, the stories diverge.   Nguyen
13   claims he told McDow during normal breaks and again at 5:30 p.m.
14   that he had to leave promptly at 6:00 p.m.    McDow contends that at
15   6:00 p.m. Nguyen prematurely terminated Mrs. Pham’s deposition
16   without ever advising her of his intent to do so.    McDow believed
17   she had 55 minutes remaining of her allowed time to depose Mrs.
18   Pham, after deducting time for breaks.
19           According to the deposition transcript, at 5:54 p.m. Nguyen
20   stated for the record that he had told McDow during the last
21   recess he had to leave at 6:00 p.m. to pick up his son from soccer
22   practice.    McDow stated that Nguyen had just told her for the
23   first time five minutes before of his need to leave by 6:00 p.m.
24   Nguyen then indicated that he would speak to McDow later about
25   when she could complete her last hour of deposition with Mrs.
26   Pham.    McDow proceeded for the next six minutes with questions to
27   Mrs. Pham.    At 6:00 p.m., Nguyen announced he was leaving.    While
28   McDow tried to ask Nguyen about scheduling the last hour, he

                                       -4-
 1   walked off.
 2        As for Mr. Pham, Nguyen contended that he told McDow on March
 3   17 that Mr. Pham would not be appearing for his deposition or
 4   producing documents on March 19, because he had recently suffered
 5   a stroke.   He also gave McDow a copy of a doctor’s note.   McDow
 6   contended that she did not learn of Mr. Pham’s nonappearance until
 7   Nguyen handed her the doctor’s note, which was illegible except
 8   for Mr. Pham’s name and the word “stroke.”
 9        A series of emails between counsel ensued.   On March 21,
10   Delaney emailed Nguyen inquiring about when Mrs. Pham’s deposition
11   could be completed.   Delaney warned that if he heard nothing from
12   Nguyen by 2:00 p.m. March 25, he would file a motion to compel.
13   Not hearing from Nguyen, Delaney sent a second email on March 25
14   at 5:27 p.m., stating his intention to prepare a motion to compel
15   Debtors’ depositions, as the doctor’s note failed to provide any
16   justification for denying the Trustee’s right to depose Mr. Pham.
17   Delaney requested that counsel meet and confer by April 1 to
18   resolve any discovery disputes, citing LBR 7026-1(c)(2).
19        Nguyen responded to Delaney’s email on March 26, indicating
20   that he was not presenting Mrs. Pham for further deposition based
21   on the March 17 incident and the events that occurred on March 19.
22        On April 15, another attorney for the Trustee, Yulia Fradkin
23   (“Fradkin”), emailed Nguyen reminding him that he had failed to
24   meet and confer with the Trustee’s counsel by April 1 to discuss
25   Mrs. Pham’s last hour of deposition pursuant to LBR 7026-1(c)(2).
26   Fradkin warned that if Nguyen did not provide a date and time to
27   meet and confer within the next two days, they would proceed with
28   preparing a joint stipulation of any remaining discovery disputes.

                                     -5-
 1   If their issues could not be resolved, Fradkin warned they would
 2   file a motion to compel the remainder of Mrs. Pham’s deposition.
 3   Fradkin requested further information about Mr. Pham’s medical
 4   condition and inquired whether or not he would be appearing for
 5   deposition.
 6        On April 18, Fradkin sent Nguyen another email regarding his
 7   apparent refusal to meet and confer about Debtors’ depositions.
 8   Fradkin warned that if Nguyen did not provide information for the
 9   joint stipulation of remaining discovery disputes by April 21, the
10   Trustee’s counsel would file a motion to compel Debtors’
11   depositions.   Fradkin advised Nguyen they would seek sanctions
12   under LBR 1001-1(f), 7026-1(c)(4), 9011-3 and 9020-1.
13        Nguyen responded to Fradkin’s April 18 email, stating that he
14   had already met and conferred with McDow and then again with
15   Delaney.
16   B.   The motion to compel
17        1.    The Trustee’s motion
18        Shortly thereafter, the Trustee moved for an order:   (1)
19   compelling Debtors to attend depositions and to produce documents;
20   and (2) awarding attorney’s fees and costs jointly and severally
21   against Appellants (“Motion to Compel”).5   Overall, the Trustee
22   blamed Nguyen for the “intentional and purposeful interference in
23   discovery,” which the Trustee alleged severely disadvantaged his
24
25        5
             The Trustee reiterated some discovery issues he had
     recently with Nguyen and defendants Bui and Tran. In that case,
26   the Trustee prevailed on a motion to compel Bui and Tran to
     produce documents. The Trustee stated that he was now moving for
27   attorney’s fees and costs resulting from Bui’s, Tran’s and
     Nguyen’s “obtrusive behavior leading to the prior motion to
28   compel.”

                                       -6-
 1   efforts to void the fraudulent transfers.    He questioned Mrs.
 2   Pham’s need for an interpreter, considering that she had lived in
 3   the U.S. for 30 years, attended high school and college here, and
 4   had never requested an interpreter at any of the § 341(a)
 5   meetings.   The Trustee contended that Nguyen, as part of a delay
 6   tactic, had repeatedly interfered in Mrs. Pham’s deposition,
 7   contradicting the interpreter and “correcting” his interpretation
 8   of certain questions and answers.     Besides the remaining 55
 9   minutes, the Trustee argued he was entitled to an additional two
10   hours of deposition time with Mrs. Pham due to Nguyen’s
11   interference.6
12        As for Mr. Pham, the Trustee contended that other than the
13   doctor’s note, which he argued was insufficient to excuse Mr.
14   Pham’s nonappearance, Nguyen provided no reason why Mr. Pham could
15   not appear for deposition or produce the subpoenaed documents.
16   The Trustee argued that if Mr. Pham wanted relief from the
17   subpoena, he had to move to quash it.    Absent such relief, argued
18   the Trustee, he was entitled to depose Mr. Pham for seven hours
19   per Civil Rule 30.7
20        In his request for sanctions, the Trustee contended
21
          6
22           In reviewing the deposition transcript, which the Trustee
     failed to produce until his reply, we counted an insignificant
23   number of times where Nguyen tried to clarify or correct a
     question/answer, mainly because no equivalent word existed in
24   Vietnamese for the English word McDow was using or the interpreter
     had used terminology different from McDow’s. Nguyen’s alleged
25   “interference” does not appear to have consisted of more than a
     few minutes total.
26        7
             The Trustee contended that Debtors had also refused to
27   produce documents pursuant to the subpoena duces tecum, including
     readily-available bank statements and tax returns. Appellants
28   contended that Mrs. Pham had nothing left in her custody and
     possession that she had not already produced at § 341(a) meetings
     and/or at her deposition.

                                     -7-
 1   Appellants’ bad faith conduct had cost the estate approximately
 2   $12,000.   In particular, the Trustee contended that Nguyen had
 3   refused to meet and confer and to provide information for the
 4   joint discovery stipulation as required by LBR 7026-1(c)(3).    The
 5   Trustee argued that LBR 1001-1(f), 7026-1(c)(4) and 9011-3 all
 6   provided for imposing sanctions on “counsel or a party” for
 7   failing to comply with the local rules, to cooperate in discovery
 8   procedures or to provide information necessary to prepare the
 9   joint discovery stipulation.
10        2.    Appellants’ opposition
11        Appellants opposed the Motion to Compel, countering that it
12   was the Trustee’s counsel who failed to show good faith efforts to
13   resolve any discovery disputes.     Nguyen contended that on March 19
14   he believed the Trustee’s counsel was no longer interested in
15   taking Mr. Pham’s deposition because:    (1) he had explained to
16   counsel that Mr. Pham was bed-ridden due to a recent stroke and
17   gave McDow a copy of the doctor’s note; (2) during the multiple
18   § 341(a) meetings Mr. Pham recalled little or had no knowledge of
19   the facts at issue in the fraudulent transfer proceeding; and (3)
20   McDow failed to say anything on March 17 about rescheduling Mr.
21   Pham’s deposition to March 19 when she knowingly scheduled Mrs.
22   Pham for the same date.   Further, counsel had not contacted Nguyen
23   about Mr. Pham’s deposition until March 25, after the discovery
24   deadline; the deposition was never re-noticed.
25        Appellants noted that the Trustee’s moving papers failed to
26   provide any evidence showing Nguyen’s alleged “interference” with
27   Mrs. Pham’s deposition, namely, any excerpts of the transcript or
28   any statements in counsels’ declarations.    Appellants refuted the


                                       -8-
 1   Trustee’s accusation that Mrs. Pham was “faking” her need for an
 2   interpreter.
 3        Appellants argued that sanctions were not appropriate because
 4   a series of mistakes were made by the Trustee’s counsel; the March
 5   17 and 19 depositions were carelessly managed and counsel appeared
 6   to be either disorganized and reckless or engaging in
 7   gamesmanship.   Appellants argued that Debtors were the ones
 8   entitled to sanctions against the Trustee and his counsel and
 9   requested $8,450 for expenses incurred to oppose the Motion to
10   Compel.
11        3.     The Trustee’s reply
12        In reply, the Trustee argued that Nguyen had not complied
13   with LBR 7026-1 as contended; he had not met and conferred with
14   counsel to resolve any discovery disputes.    The Trustee disputed
15   any contention that Mr. Pham’s deposition was taken off calendar
16   based on the doctor’s note, which the Trustee maintained provided
17   no excuse for his nonattendance.    The Trustee further argued that
18   Debtors had not complied with the subpoena duces tecum as they
19   contended; they had never provided the requested bank statements
20   and tax returns, which may or may not have been in their custody
21   or possession but certainly were under their control.
22        In conclusion, the Trustee argued he was entitled to
23   reasonable expenses incurred in bringing the Motion to Compel
24   under Civil Rule 37(a)(5)(A).     The Trustee stated that he would
25   file a declaration contemporaneously with the lodging of the
26   proposed order showing his expenses to ensure that all were
27   included.
28


                                       -9-
 1   C.   The bankruptcy court’s ruling on the Motion to Compel
 2        At the hearing on the Motion to Compel, the bankruptcy court
 3   stated several times that:   Debtors were the parties “being
 4   sued[;]” they had an obligation to disclose everything to the
 5   Trustee and were required to answer the Trustee’s questions no
 6   matter how long it took; and they risked having a judgment entered
 7   against them if they did not cooperate and give the Trustee what
 8   he needed.   See Hr’g Tr. (June 3, 2014) at 8:8-10; 8:14-15; 11:13-
 9   15; 25:13-16; 28:15-19; 38:15-20; 39:9-13.    After ordering Debtors
10   to appear for depositions and to produce the requested documents,
11   the bankruptcy court ruled on the sanctions request.   The
12   following is the extent of its oral ruling:
13        THE COURT: I’m awarding attorney’s fees because we
          shouldn’t be here. . . . You needed to do what the rule
14        said you had to do before we had to come here to court.
15        . . . .
16        THE COURT: You didn’t do what you were supposed to do and
          that as a lawyer is not forgivable at this point. You
17        should know better. You are — have a state Bar card. You
          are supposed to do what you’re supposed to do as a lawyer
18        and you were supposed to do many things that you didn’t do
          before coming here today.
19
          So I’m going to go ahead and grant on #14.00 [the Motion
20        to Compel] [] attendance, the production of documents and
          the awarding of attorney’s fees.
21
22   Id. at 42:16-17; 43:3-5; 43:11-19.
23        The Trustee submitted a proposed order for the Motion to
24   Compel, which stated that Appellants were ordered to pay the
25   Trustee “the sum of $__ . . . as a sanction for abusive conduct in
26   the course of discovery pursuant to Local Bankruptcy Rules 1001-
27   1(f), 7026-1(c), and 9011-3[.]”    In support, Delaney submitted a
28   declaration setting forth the total amount of the Trustee’s fees


                                       -10-
 1   associated with preparing and prosecuting the Motion to Compel —
 2   $17,515.    Delaney expressly waived any right to costs.
 3        Appellants objected to the proposed order, arguing that the
 4   Trustee’s increased attorney’s fee request of $17,515 was not
 5   presented until after the hearing, which denied their due process
 6   rights.    Appellants further contended that awarding the sanction
 7   of attorney’s fees was contrary to the Panel’s recent decision in
 8   Stipp v. CML-NV One, LLC (In re Plise), 506 B.R. 870 (9th Cir. BAP
 9   2014), which Appellants contended held that a court may not order
10   a nonparty to pay sanctions for discovery violations under Civil
11   Rule 37.
12        In reply, the Trustee disputed any violation of Appellants
13   due process rights; he had stated in the Motion to Compel that he
14   would seek payment of all fees and costs relating to preparing and
15   prosecuting the Motion to Compel, including any future fees and
16   expenses.    Further, argued the Trustee, Appellants were given
17   ample opportunity at the hearing to present their arguments on the
18   matter.    The Trustee also disputed the applicability of Plise,
19   noting that the bankruptcy court awarded sanctions under LBR 1001-
20   1(f), 7026-1(c)(4) and 9011-3, not Civil Rule 37.
21        Making minor changes to the proposed order, the bankruptcy
22   court entered its order granting the Motion to Compel (“Compel
23   Order”).    Appellants were ordered to pay the Trustee $17,515 “as a
24   sanction for abusive conduct in the course of discovery pursuant
25   to Local Bankruptcy Rules 1001-1(f), 7026-1(c), and 9011-3[.]”
26                              II. JURISDICTION
27        The bankruptcy court had jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. §§ 1334
28   and 157(b)(2)(A).   As to the portion of the Compel Order awarding


                                      -11-
 1   sanctions, the order is sufficiently final for immediate appeal.
 2   In re Plise, 506 B.R. at 876 (citing Pennwalt Corp. v. Durand-
 3   Wayland, Inc., 708 F.2d 492, 494 n.3 (9th Cir. 1983)(orders
 4   imposing sanctions on nonparties for failure to comply with
 5   discovery are considered final for purposes of appeal)).   Out of
 6   an abundance of caution, however, we granted Appellants leave to
 7   appeal the Compel Order.   Therefore, we have jurisdiction under 28
 8   U.S.C. § 158.
 9                                III. ISSUE
10        Did the bankruptcy court abuse its discretion when it imposed
11   the sanction of attorney’s fees against Appellants for discovery
12   abuse under LBR 1001-1(f), 7026-1(c) and 9011-3?
13                         IV. STANDARDS OF REVIEW
14        The imposition of discovery sanctions is reviewed for abuse
15   of discretion.   In re Plise, 506 B.R. at 876 (citing Freeman v.
16   San Diego Ass’n of Realtors, 322 F.3d 1133, 1156 (9th Cir. 2003)).
17   A bankruptcy court abuses its discretion if it applies the wrong
18   legal standard, misapplies the correct legal standard, or if its
19   factual findings are clearly erroneous.    TrafficSchool.com, Inc.
20   v. Edriver Inc., 653 F.3d 820, 832 (9th Cir. 2011).
21        The validity of a local court rule is a question of law
22   reviewed de novo.   Steinacher v. Rojas (In re Steinacher), 283
23   B.R. 768, 771-72 (9th Cir. BAP 2002)(citing Jones v. Hill (In re
24   Hill), 811 F.2d 484, 485-86 (9th Cir. 1987)).
25                              V. DISCUSSION
26       The bankruptcy court abused its discretion in sanctioning
           Appellants under LBR 1001-1(f), 7026-1(c) and 9011-3.
27
28        During the hearing on the Motion to Compel, the bankruptcy


                                     -12-
 1   court stated repeatedly that Debtors are debtors in bankruptcy and
 2   subject to duties to disclose certain information to their
 3   appointed trustee.   See § 521.    We do not question this important
 4   statutory obligation imposed on debtors.    However, the court also
 5   stated repeatedly that Debtors were “being sued.”    In this
 6   adversary proceeding, the Trustee did not sue the Debtors; they
 7   were nonparty witnesses.   Also, the Trustee was not operating
 8   under Rule 2004 to obtain their examination or the production of
 9   documents.   In these circumstances, Debtors were entitled to the
10   protections provided them as nonparty witnesses under the Federal
11   Rules of Civil Procedure and the Bankruptcy Rules, particularly
12   Civil Rule 45 and Rule 9016 (incorporating Civil Rule 45), which
13   were cited in the issued subpeonas.
14        Further, we fail to see how Nguyen, an attorney for a
15   nonparty, would be subject to complying with a “meeting of
16   counsel,” a “joint discovery stipulation” or any other aspect of
17   discovery by the Trustee under Civil Rule 26 or LBR 7026-1(c).
18        Appellants argue that the bankruptcy court erred by failing
19   to apply the proper procedure afforded nonparties when imposing
20   sanctions for noncompliance with a subpoena under Civil Rule 45.
21   Specifically, Appellants argue that the procedure followed here
22   conflicts with our holding in Plise.     There, a creditor of the
23   debtor served a nonparty witness with a subpoena compelling him to
24   appear for a Rule 2004 examination and to produce documents.     In
25   re Plise, 506 B.R. at 872-73.     The nonparty witness timely served
26   his written objections to the subpoena duces tecum on the creditor
27   and later moved for a protective order.    Id. at 873-74.   In
28   response, the creditor filed a countermotion to compel and


                                       -13-
 1   requested attorney’s fees.   Id. at 874-75.   The bankruptcy court
 2   denied the nonparty’s motion for protective order, granted the
 3   creditor’s countermotion to compel and awarded the creditor
 4   $10,000 for its attorney’s fees incurred in bringing the
 5   countermotion to compel pursuant to Civil Rule 37(a)(5).    Id. at
 6   876.
 7          We reversed, holding that the sanction of attorney’s fees
 8   could not be imposed on a nonparty witness for noncompliance with
 9   a subpoena duces tecum under Civil Rule 37 (incorporated by Rule
10   7037); rather, Civil Rule 45 is the sole basis for enforcing a
11   nonparty’s noncompliance with a subpoena duces tecum.   Id. at 877-
12   79.    See also Civil Rule 34(c), incorporated by Rule 7034, which
13   provides that motions to compel a nonparty to produce documents
14   are governed by Civil Rule 45.   Under Civil Rule 45, the nonparty
15   must first be subject to an order compelling discovery and then
16   fail to comply with that order before the court can invoke its
17   contempt powers and impose a sanction of attorney’s fees.   Id.
18   See also Pennwalt Corp., 708 F.2d at 494.
19          Our holding in Plise is narrower than Appellants contend.
20   First, to receive the procedural protections of Civil Rule 45, the
21   nonparty witness must timely object to a subpoena duces tecum,
22   either by serving written objections to the requesting party or by
23   a motion to quash.   In re Plise, 506 B.R. at 879.   See also
24   Pennwalt Corp., 708 F.2d at 494 n.5 (once the subpoenaed party
25   objects, the protections of Civil Rule 45(d) come into play and
26   the party seeking discovery must obtain a court order directing
27   compliance).   Debtors did not serve any written objections on the
28   Trustee regarding production of the requested documents or file a


                                      -14-
 1   motion to quash.
 2        Next, for a subpoenaed nonparty’s failure to attend a
 3   deposition, Civil Rule 37(a)(5) authorizes an award of expenses,
 4   including attorney’s fees, incurred for a motion to compel the
 5   nonparty’s attendance.   Pennwalt Corp., 708 F.2d at 494 n.4 (Civil
 6   Rule 37 sanctions apply to motions to compel nonparties to attend
 7   depositions); Civil Rule 37(a)(5)(A) (expressly referencing a
 8   “party or deponent” and stating that the sanction of attorney’s
 9   fees may be imposed on the party, the deponent, the attorney
10   advising the party or deponent whose conduct necessitated the
11   motion to compel, or both).   See also Civil Rule 30(d)(2),
12   incorporated by Rule 7030, which provides that the court may
13   impose a sanction of reasonable attorney’s fees incurred by any
14   party on a “person” who impedes, delays or frustrates the fair
15   examination of a deponent; and Civil Rule 30(d)(3)(C), which
16   provides that any such sanction is governed by Civil Rule
17   37(a)(5).    In this case, much of the conflict stemmed from
18   securing Debtors’ appearance for depositions and Nguyen’s alleged
19   interference with Mrs. Pham’s deposition.
20        Debtors and Nguyen could have been sanctioned for attorney’s
21   fees under Civil Rule 37(a)(5) for any failure to comply with the
22   subpoenas.   The bankruptcy court, however, did not impose
23   sanctions under Civil Rule 37(a)(5), but rather relied on three
24   local rules to impose them.   We conclude that none of these local
25   rules support the sanction of attorney’s fees in this context.    We
26   review them in reverse order.
27
28


                                      -15-
 1   A.   The bankruptcy court could not rely on LBR 9011-3.
 2        LBR 9011-3(a) — Violation of Rules8 — provides that violation
 3   of the Rules or the LBR may subject the offending party or counsel
 4   to penalties, including the monetary sanction of attorney’s fees
 5   and costs payable to opposing counsel.    In other words, this rule
 6   allows the bankruptcy court to impose sanctions for any infraction
 7   of a local or federal bankruptcy rule.    However, Rule 9011
 8   (incorporating Civil Rule 11), expressly prohibits the use of this
 9   rule to sanction violations respecting “disclosure and discovery
10   requests, responses, objections, and motions that are subject to
11   the provisions of Rules 7026 through 7037.”    See Rule 9011(d).
12        In adopting the Code, Congress delegated to the Supreme Court
13   the power to make and enforce general bankruptcy rules.   28 U.S.C.
14   § 2071.    Pursuant to this authority, the Supreme Court promulgated
15   Rule 9029,9 which authorizes district courts, or bankruptcy courts
16
17        8
             Violation of Rules. The violation of, or failure to
18   conform to, the [Fed. R. Bankr. P] or these rules may subject the
     offending party or counsel to penalties, including monetary
19   sanctions, the imposition of costs and attorneys’ fees payable to
     opposing counsel, and/or dismissal of the case or proceeding.
20        9
               Rule 9029(a) provides, in relevant part:
21
          (1) Each district court acting by a majority of its district
22        judges may make and amend rules governing practice and
          procedure in all cases and proceedings within the district
23        court’s bankruptcy jurisdiction which are consistent with —
          but not duplicative of — Acts of Congress and these rules and
24        which do not prohibit or limit the use of the Official Forms.
          Rule 83 F.R.Civ.P. governs the procedure for making local
25        rules. A district court may authorize the bankruptcy judges
          of the district, subject to any limitation or condition it
26        may prescribe and the requirements of [Rule] 83 F.R.Civ.P.,
          to make and amend rules of practice and procedure which are
27        consistent with — but not duplicative of — Acts of Congress
          and these rules and which do not prohibit or limit the use of
28        the Official Forms. Local rules shall conform to any uniform
          numbering system prescribed by the Judicial Conference of the
          United States.

                                      -16-
 1   with authority from the district courts, to adopt their own local
 2   bankruptcy rules.   In re Steinacher, 283 B.R. at 772.        Under Rule
 3   9029, however, this power is strictly limited.        Sigma Micro Corp.
 4   v. Healthcentral.com (In re Healthcentral.com), 504 F.3d 775, 784
 5   (9th Cir. 2007)(citing 10 COLLIER   ON   BANKRUPTCY ¶ 9029.01[1](Alan N.
 6   Resnick & Henry J. Sommer, eds., 15th ed. rev. 2006)).         A local
 7   rule of bankruptcy procedure cannot be applied in a manner that
 8   conflicts with the federal rules; it must be consistent with the
 9   Code, the Rules and the Civil Rules.        Anwar v. Johnson, 720 F.3d
10   1183, 1189 (9th Cir. 2013); In re Steinacher, 283 B.R. at 772.
11   Local bankruptcy rules may not “enlarge, abridge, or modify any
12   substantive right.”   Anwar, 720 F.3d at 1189 (citing Sunahara v.
13   Burchard (In re Sunahara), 326 B.R. 768, 782 (9th Cir. BAP 2005)).
14   Any local rule that is inconsistent with the Acts of Congress and
15   the Rules must be held invalid.     In re Healthcentral.com, 504 F.3d
16   at 784; In re Sunahara, 326 B.R. at 783.
17        To the extent LBR 9011-3 conflicts with Rule 9011 in
18   authorizing sanctions for discovery violations, it is invalid.           If
19   LBR 9011-3 is not intended to be used to support a sanction for
20   attorney’s fees respecting discovery abuse, clearly the bankruptcy
21   court abused its discretion in applying it in this context to
22   Appellants.   Either way, LBR 9011-3 cannot support the sanction.
23   B.   The bankruptcy court could not rely on LBR 7026-1(c).
24        LBR 7026-1(c), specifically (c)(4)10 — Cooperation of Counsel;
25
26        10
             Cooperation of Counsel; Sanctions. The failure of any
27   counsel either to cooperate in this procedure, to attend the
     meeting of counsel, or to provide the moving party the information
28   necessary to prepare the stipulation required by this rule within
     7 days of the meeting of counsel will result in the imposition of
     sanctions, including the sanctions authorized by [Rule] 7037 and
     LBR 9011-3.

                                       -17-
 1   Sanctions — allows the bankruptcy court to impose sanctions on
 2   counsel who fail to cooperate in disclosure or discovery, to
 3   attend the meeting of counsel or to provide the moving party the
 4   information necessary to prepare the stipulation required by LBR
 5   7026-1.   For awarding the sanction of attorney’s fees, LBR 7026-
 6   1(c)(4) relies, in part, on the sanction authority authorized by
 7   LBR 9011-3, which we have determined conflicts with Rule 9001's
 8   express prohibition of sanctions relating to discovery abuse.
 9        As noted above, we fail to see how the requirements of LBR
10   7026-1 apply to counsel for a nonparty.      However, even if they do,
11   two problems exist.   First, the attorney’s fees were imposed
12   jointly and severally on Nguyen and Debtors; LBR 7026-1(c)(4)
13   expressly applies only to counsel.       Second, and more importantly,
14   no such sanction is authorized by Rule 7026 (incorporating Civil
15   Rule 26).   Civil Rule 26 — the rule governing discovery generally
16   — expressly provides that Civil Rule 37(a)(5) governs the award of
17   expenses in connection with requests for protective orders and/or
18   successful oppositions thereto.    See Civil Rule 26(c)(3).
19        Civil Rule 26 does not provide for the imposition of
20   sanctions except in one circumstance — improper certification in
21   signing disclosure and discovery requests, responses and
22   objections.   See Civil Rule 26(g)(3).      Improper certification was
23   not an issue here.    Thus, because Rule 7026 does not expressly
24   provide for sanctions for discovery abuse, in particular
25   attorney’s fees with respect to a motion for a protective order,
26   opposition thereto, or a motion to compel, neither can LBR 7026-1.
27   To the extent LBR 7026-1(c)(4) is inconsistent with Rule 7026, it
28   is invalid and cannot support the sanction of attorney’s fees.



                                       -18-
 1   C.   The bankruptcy court could not rely on LBR 1001-1(f).
 2        LBR 1001-1(f)11 is a “catch all” rule providing for the
 3   sanction of attorney’s fees for the failure of “counsel or of a
 4   party” to comply with the LBRs, the Civil Rules or the Rules, or
 5   with any order of the bankruptcy court.   Rule 1001, the rule from
 6   which LBR 1001-1(f) is derived, provides for the scope of the
 7   Rules and Bankruptcy Forms and states that the Rules and Forms
 8   govern procedure in bankruptcy cases.   Rule 1001 does not
 9   expressly authorize sanctions for violating other federal rules.
10   Therefore, LBR 1001-1(f) is inconsistent with Rule 1001 in that it
11   grants the court sanction authority not provided for in Rule 1001.
12   Thus, it is invalid, and the bankruptcy court could not rely on
13   this local rule to sanction Appellants.
14        In summary, the bankruptcy court abused its discretion when
15   it imposed the sanction of attorney’s fees against Appellants for
16   alleged discovery abuse under LBR 1001-1(f), 7026-1(c) and 9011-3.
17   Although the court could have sanctioned Appellants under Rule
18   7037, and we can affirm on any basis supported by the record, the
19   insufficient findings made by the bankruptcy court prevent us from
20   doing so.   We are particularly concerned about the court’s
21   erroneous assumptions that may have caused it to err in awarding
22   sanctions in the first place:   that Debtors were parties to the
23   adversary proceeding; and that because they are debtors they are
24   not entitled to the protections afforded nonparties in discovery
25   under the Rules.
26        The Motion to Compel was a contested motion under Rule 9014
27
          11
28           Sanctions for Noncompliance with Rules. The failure of
     counsel or of a party to comply with these Local Bankruptcy Rules,
     with the F.R.Civ.P. or the [Fed. R. Bankr. P.], or with any order
     of the court may be grounds for the imposition of sanctions.

                                     -19-
 1   and subject to Civil Rule 52(a) (incorporated by Rule 7052), which
 2   requires the bankruptcy court to find facts specifically and state
 3   its conclusions of law separately.     First Yorkshire Holdings, Inc.
 4   v. Pacifica L 22 (In re First Yorkshire Holdings, Inc.), 470 B.R.
 5   864, 870 (9th Cir. BAP 2012).   The bankruptcy court’s findings,
 6   made at the hearing, merely state that Nguyen (not Debtors) failed
 7   to comply with discovery, namely, LBR 7026-1.    We conclude that
 8   LBR 7026-1, as promulgated, imposes obligations, such as “meet and
 9   confer” and “joint discovery stipulation” on parties but not on
10   nonparties.   Further, the Compel Order provides no findings of
11   fact to support the court’s decision to sanction Appellants for
12   “abusive conduct in the course of discovery.”
13                              VI. CONCLUSION
14        Accordingly, because the bankruptcy court applied incorrect
15   standards of law and failed to make the necessary findings
16   required under Rule 7052 for us to affirm under Rule 37, we VACATE
17   and REMAND the Compel Order for further proceedings consistent
18   with this opinion.12
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
          12
28           Because we are vacating and remanding the Compel Order, we
     need not address Appellants’ argument that they were denied due
     process because the Trustee failed to present his fees evidence
     until after the bankruptcy court had already awarded them.

                                     -20-
