                           NOT FOR PUBLICATION

                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                              FILED
                           FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
                                                                              SEP 12 2018
                                                                          MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                            U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
KESSELE LIVINGSTON,                              No.   17-16563

              Plaintiff-Appellee,                D.C. No. 2:16-cv-03295-DLR

 v.
                                                 MEMORANDUM*
LAURI ESSLINGER; REBECCA
OHTON; TERESA PATTERSON,

              Defendants-Appellants.


                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                            for the District of Arizona
                   Douglas L. Rayes, District Judge, Presiding

                      Argued and Submitted August 16, 2018
                            San Francisco, California

Before: O’SCANNLAIN and BEA, Circuit Judges, and McLAUGHLIN,** District
Judge.

      Several Arizona Department of Child Safety caseworkers appeal the district

court’s denial of their motion to dismiss Kessele Livingston’s claims on the basis


      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
      **
             The Honorable Mary A. McLaughlin, United States District Judge for
the Eastern District of Pennsylvania, sitting by designation.
of qualified immunity. Because the facts are known to the parties, we repeat them

only as necessary to explain our decision.

       “Qualified immunity shields government officials from civil damages

liability unless the official violated a statutory or constitutional right that was

clearly established at the time of the challenged conduct.” Taylor v. Barkes, 135 S.

Ct. 2042, 2044 (2015) (per curiam) (internal quotation marks omitted). The

asserted “right must be sufficiently clear that every reasonable official would have

understood that what he is doing violates that right. . . . [E]xisting precedent must

have placed the statutory or constitutional question beyond debate.” Id. (internal

quotation marks omitted). Our inquiry is “fact-specific” and “highly

contextualized”; it “must be undertaken in light of the specific context of the case,

not as a broad general proposition.” Hamby v. Hammond, 821 F.3d 1085, 1091

(9th Cir. 2016) (internal quotation marks and emphasis omitted).

       The district court erred in rejecting the caseworkers’ claim for qualified

immunity, because Livingston has not alleged the violation of a constitutional right

that is clearly established.1




       1
         We conclude only that the rights Livingston asserts are not clearly
established and do not consider the underlying question of whether such rights
indeed exist. See Pearson v. Callahan, 555 U.S. 223, 236–37 (2009).
                                            2
                                           I

      First, the caseworkers had no clearly established duty to discover

Livingston’s actual age after he entered their care. At most, Livingston can show

that the State has a duty to provide children within its custody “reasonable safety

and minimally adequate care and treatment appropriate to the age and

circumstances of the child.” Lipscomb v. Simmons, 962 F.2d 1374, 1379 (9th Cir.

1992) (en banc). Even assuming arguendo that such duty implies some additional

duty to determine the age of a child held by the State, that is not the appropriate

question for our analysis. The Supreme Court has “repeatedly told courts . . . not

to define clearly established law at a high level of generality.” Ashcroft v. al-Kidd,

563 U.S. 731, 742 (2011). Livingston much be able to show, much more

specifically, that in the context of this case his caseworkers had a clearly

established duty to do more to discover his actual age. See Hamby, 821 F.3d at

1090–91 & n.3.

      Livingston has not identified a single case that opines on the State’s alleged

duty to determine the age of a child in its custody, let alone in circumstances

similar to these. The caseworkers are not the ones who incorrectly determined that

Livingston was born in 1994. Upon his entry into the United States, Livingston’s

own aunt asserted that he was born then, information which was then recorded on


                                           3
his official federal residency card and which was later relied upon by other State

officials. Whether or not the caseworkers had reason to question Livingston’s

purported age, he has identified no case that shows (or even suggests) they had a

constitutional obligation to investigate and somehow to disprove the age under

which he had been living for years.

                                          II

      Second, even if the caseworkers could be faulted for failing to determine

Livingston’s actual age, he has not identified any authority that clearly establishes

his alleged right to receive “restoration services” from them or to be held within

their care until he became an adult. Cf. DeShaney v. Winnebago Cty. Dep’t of

Soc’l Servs., 489 U.S. 189, 201 (1989) (a State may remove a child from its

protective custody so long as it “place[s] him in no worse position than that in

which he would have been had [the State] not acted at all”); Henry A. v. Willden,

678 F.3d 991, 1000 (9th Cir. 2012) (while in foster care, children have a right to

receive “the basic needs identified in DeShaney—food, clothing, shelter, medical

care, and reasonable safety”).

      REVERSED.




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