                              UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                              FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA


 MUNSEE DELAWARE INDIAN NATION
 and WILLIAM LITTLE SOLDIER,

                Plaintiffs,

        v.
                                                           Civil Action No. 16-2388 (RDM)
 R. LEE FLEMMING, Director, Office of
 Federal Acknowledgment, Bureau of Indian
 Affairs, Department of the Interior, et al.,

                 Defendants.


                                  MEMORANDUM OPINION

       On December 7, 2016, this Court ordered Plaintiffs to show cause on or before January 9,

2017, why their action should not be dismissed without prejudice for failure to prosecute

pursuant to Rule 4(m) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. See Dkt. 16 at 3. The Court

noted that to avoid dismissal, Plaintiffs were required to serve Defendants in accordance with

Rules 4(a), 4(c), and 4(i) within ninety days of filing the complaint. See id.; see also Fed. R. Civ.

P. 4(m). Ninety days elapsed on December 15, 2016. Id. On Plaintiffs’ motion for additional

time, the Court extended the deadline to respond to this initial show cause order to February 23,

2017. See Minute Order (January 18, 2017).

       Plaintiffs replied on January 23, 2017, but failed to address the defects in service that had

previously been identified by this Court. See Dkt. 18. Plaintiff William Little Soldier did file a

document stating that he had sent a “copy of the . . . COMPLAINT” by “Federal Express

Registered Delivery” to the Director of the Bureau of Indian Affairs and the Director of the

Bureau of Indian Affair’s Office of Acknowledgement. Dkt. 18 at 11. In a second show cause
order on May 17, 2017, however, the Court explained that Plaintiffs’ attempt at service was not

“in conformity with Rules 4(a), 4(c), or 4(i), as the Court’s prior order required.” Dkt. 19 at 1.

Because deficiencies in service remained, the Court ordered the Plaintiffs to show cause on or

before June 16, 2017, “why this action should not be dismissed without prejudice for failure to

prosecute pursuant to Rule 4(m).” Id. at 2. Furthermore, Plaintiffs were to “demonstrate

whether ‘good cause’ exist[ed] for their failure timely to effect service, and whether equitable

factors support[ed] granting them an extension of time to do so.” Id.

       Plaintiffs suggest that they have satisfied the requirements of Rule 4(c)(2), arguing that

use of Federal Express constitutes service by a non-party, and that they have satisfied the

requirements of Rule 4(i), arguing that Federal Express constitutes a private “mail” service. See

Dkt. 21. But, even if Plaintiffs were correct about both of these contentions, cf. Ilaw v. Dep’t of

Justice, 309 F.R.D. 101, 105 (D.D.C. 2015) (describing as an open question circumstances in

which use of Federal Express can constitute proper service), it remains clear that they have failed

to effect service in the prescribed manner. As Rule 4(i) provides, a plaintiff seeking to sue an

agency of the United States must serve a designated recipient within the office of the “United

States attorney for the district where the action is brought,” “the Attorney General of the United

States at Washington, D.C.,” and the agency named in the suit. Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(i); see also

Koerner v. United States, 246 F.R.D. 45, 48 (D.D.C. 2007). Here, Plaintiffs have only attempted

to serve the Director of the Bureau of Indian Affairs and the Director of the Office of

Acknowledgment. Dkt. 18 at 11. They have not attempted to serve the U.S. Attorney, the

Attorney General, or the Department of the Interior.

       Plaintiffs have also failed to identify “good cause” for the failure to effect service in

compliance with Rule 4(i), because “[g]ood cause exists when some outside factor[,] rather than



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inadvertence or negligence, prevented service.” Mann v. Castiel, 681 F.3d 368, 374 (D.C. Cir.

2012) (emphasis added) (alteration, citation, and internal quotation marks omitted). Without

proof of good cause, the Court may consider equitable factors and either dismiss the case or

extend the time for effecting service. See id. at 375−76. “[D]ismissal of a case pursuant to Rule

4(m) is appropriate when the plaintiff’s failure to effect proper service is the result of

inadvertence, oversight, or neglect, and dismissal leaves the plaintiff in the same position as if

the action had never been filed.” Id. at 376 (citations and internal quotation marks omitted).

        Service is now nearly a year overdue. The Court has extended Plaintiffs’ deadline by

which to effect service three times. The continued failure to comply with the requirements of

Rule 4(i) can be attributed solely to the “inadvertence, oversight, or neglect” of the Plaintiffs.

See Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(m). Such a dismissal “leaves the [Plaintiffs] in the same position as if the

action had never been filed.” Id.

        The Court will, accordingly, DISMISS this action without prejudice. A separate order

will issue.



                                                       /s/ Randolph D. Moss
                                                       RANDOLPH D. MOSS
                                                       United States District Judge


Date: November 9, 2017




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