Present: Lemons, C.J., Goodwyn, Mims, McClanahan, and Powell, JJ., and Lacy and Millette,
S.JJ.

MARK O’HARA WRIGHT

v. Record No. 150181                                  OPINION BY SENIOR JUSTICE
                                                          ELIZABETH B. LACY
COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA                                     August 18, 2016


                       FROM THE COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA


       In this appeal, Mark O’Hara Wright challenges his convictions by a Rockingham County

jury on the charges of felony malicious bodily injury by means of a caustic substance in violation

of Code § 18.2-52, felony assault and battery of a law enforcement officer in violation of Code §

18.2-57, obstruction of justice in violation of Code § 18.2-460, and grand larceny from the

person in violation of Code § 18.2-95. ∗

                                 FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS

       Garrett Atkins worked at a Martin’s grocery store in Harrisonburg, Virginia as an asset

protection store detective. On March 25, 2012, he was dressed in a “hoodie” and jeans when he

saw Mark Wright and Robert Wright leave the beer aisle in the store, each carrying a case of

beer and some deli sandwiches. They left the store without paying for the merchandise. Atkins

followed the two men into the parking lot and identified himself as a Martin’s employee. Atkins

asked Robert, who was standing on the passenger side of a green Dodge Caravan van, for the

receipt for the items. Robert said he had a receipt but did not offer it to Atkins. Atkins then took

the case of beer from Robert. At that point, Robert’s 15 year-old stepson got out of the van, took



       ∗
         Wright was also convicted of petit larceny in violation of Code § 18.2-96 and
contributing to the delinquency of a minor in violation of Code § 18.2-371. Those convictions
are not at issue in this appeal.
a “fighting stance” and threatened Atkins. Robert took the beer back from Atkins. Mark, who

was on the other side of the van, said “let’s go, let’s just go, let’s go.” Atkins stepped forward

and saw Mark Wright throw the case of beer he was holding into the van. Robert also threw his

case of beer into the van. The three men got into the van and drove off. Atkins then wrote down

the van’s license plate number, as well as the make and model of the van. Soon after, he called

the police.

       Deputy Christopher Greathead of the Rockingham County Sheriff’s Department

contacted the registered owner of the Dodge Caravan and learned that he had sold the van to his

brother who lived at 1732 Boyers Road “out of” Harrisonburg. When Greathead arrived at that

address at 7:00 p.m. he saw a green Dodge Caravan, with the license plates removed, parked

south of the residence in the grass. A woman and teenaged boy were walking from the van to the

rear of the residence. Deputy Greathead knocked on a back door of the residence, which was a

basement door, but received no answer. He also knocked on the front door and rang the

doorbell, but received no response. He returned to his patrol car to report his findings to the

Harrisonburg Police Department when a male and female arrived in a car. While talking with

them, a woman came out of the house. She said she must have been sleeping and did not hear

the doorbell or Greathead’s knocking. Greathead asked her if someone was in the basement.

The woman and the other two individuals said that no one should be in the basement but that

Mark Wright stayed there from time to time. At that point, Greathead received word that a

warrant had been issued based on the vehicle’s location at the house. Deputy Greathead, along

with an officer from the Harrisonburg Police Department who had arrived, watched the perimeter

of the property to make sure that no one else “came or went.”




                                                  2
       While waiting for the officers to arrive with the search warrant, one of the women

stepped out of the house and said someone was crying in the basement. Soon afterward, the

woman and the teenager, whom Deputy Greathead had seen enter the house from the backyard,

came out of the front door and asked if the police had “gassed” the house. Deputy Greathead

replied that he had no reason to gas the house and asked to come inside. He was given

permission to enter the house and once inside, he noticed a strong odor “like chlorine” which

caused a burning sensation to the eyes and coughing. He told the two women and the teenager to

leave the house for their safety. Deputy Greathead returned to his patrol car, advised dispatch of

the chlorine odor at the residence and retrieved a gas mask from his car. He obtained consent to

go back into the house where he heard some “coughing and commotion” in the basement.

       Wearing the gas mask, Deputy Greathead went down the hallway, announced his

presence and asked if anyone was there. He did not receive a reply. He proceeded down the

basement steps, repeated his inquiry and heard a male voice say “what are you doing here, get

out.” Greathead, with his patrol light on, proceeded around a series of corners in the basement

reaching a small room where he confronted Robert Wright. Robert was standing approximately

12 feet in front of Greathead to his left. Robert raised his hands in response to Greathead’s

command. He was holding a beer bottle in his left hand and his right hand was empty.

Greathead directed Robert to put down the beer bottle and to get down on the ground. Robert

moved toward Greathead until he reached a water heater about “a couple of feet” in front of

Greathead. Greathead testified that as Robert set the beer bottle on the water heater, he dropped

his left arm, which was partly hidden from Greathead’s view, in one continuous motion. Within

“a second or two” after he set the beer bottle down, Greathead testified that Robert was “looking

at me and I was still yelling commands” when a reddish-orange cloud came floating toward him



                                                 3
from Robert’s direction. According to Greathead, the cloud probably originated “right beside”

Robert – “It just came from the area behind the water heater and [was] floating my way.” As the

cloud reached Greathead, his arms, the area around his gas mask, his neck, and forehead began

burning. The substance, later determined to be a bear deterrent, also reached his eyes.

Greathead left the basement room. Although Greathead and another officer reentered the house,

the fumes were overwhelming and the officers ultimately had to retreat. At that point, other city

and county law enforcement personnel along with a SWAT team surrounded the house and

attempted to negotiate with Robert. About two hours after Greathead was exposed to the bear

deterrent, the police broke a window in the basement and entered the basement where they found

Robert and Mark Wright. They were placed in custody. No other persons were found in the

basement or other rooms in the house. Mark and Robert were physically placed on the ground

and arrested.

       Mark Wright was indicted for felony malicious bodily injury by means of a caustic

substance, robbery as a principal in the second degree, assault and battery of a law enforcement

officer, obstruction of justice by threats or force, contributing to the delinquency of a minor and

petit larceny. Prior to submission of the case to the jury, the Commonwealth offered an

instruction adding to the definition of robbery “a lesser included charge [of] grand larceny from

the person.” Wright objected saying that the evidence did not support any intimidation or threat

of bodily harm to the victim, Garrett Atkins. The trial court overruled Wright’s objection. The

jury convicted Wright of all the charges except robbery, finding him guilty instead of grand

larceny from the person. The trial court denied Wright’s motions arguing to strike the evidence

and to set aside the jury verdict on all charges except for his conviction of petit larceny.




                                                  4
       Wright appealed to the Court of Appeals, challenging his conviction of grand larceny

from the person because it was not a lesser-included offense of any offenses with which he had

been charged and because the evidence was insufficient to convict him of that offense and, as

relevant here, the other charges. The Court of Appeals, in a per curiam order, held that by

operation of Rule 5A:18, Wright had waived his challenge to the conviction of grand larceny

from the person because it was not a lesser-included offense of the charged offenses, noting that

he had not raised that issue at trial. Wright v. Commonwealth, Record No. 0585-13-3 (December

6, 2013). The Court refused to consider the issue under the “ends of justice” or “good cause”

exception to that rule. Wright v. Commonwealth, Record No. 0585-13-3 (February 20, 2014). In

an unpublished memorandum opinion, a three-judge panel of the Court of Appeals also refused

to consider Wright’s argument that the evidence was insufficient to sustain the grand larceny of

the person conviction because there was no evidence of the value of the items Wright was

charged with taking. Wright v. Commonwealth, Record No. 0585-13-3, 2014 Va. App. LEXIS

376, at *3, n.1 (Nov. 18, 2014). This argument, the Court concluded, was not raised by an

assignment of error and therefore, under Rule 5A:12(c), would not be considered. Id. The Court

also noted that Rule 5A:12(c) does not contain any exceptions for “the ends of justice” or “good

cause.” Id. The Court concluded that the evidence was sufficient to sustain all convictions and

affirmed the judgment of the trial court.

       We awarded Wright an appeal limited to five assignments of error.

                                              DISCUSSION

                                     I.      Lesser-Included Offense

       In his first assignment of error, Wright asserts that the Court of Appeals erred in holding

that the trial court did not err by violating his due process rights when it entered judgment on the



                                                 5
jury verdict finding Wright guilty of grand larceny from the person when Wright was not

charged with that crime and it is not a lesser-included offense of any of the crimes with which

Wright was charged. As recited above, although Wright raised this issue as an assignment of

error in the Court of Appeals, the Court of Appeals refused to consider this assignment of error,

applying Rule 5A:18. The Court of Appeals, in an unpublished order, also denied Wright’s

motion for review by a three-judge panel of that Court seeking application of the “ends of

justice” exception to Rule 5A:18. The first assignment of error raised by Wright here, therefore,

does not address the Court of Appeal’s application of Rule 5A:18 or its refusal to apply the “ends

of justice” exception to that rule.

        Rule 5:17(c)(iii) provides that “an assignment of error that does not address the findings

or rulings in the trial court or other tribunal from which an appeal is taken, . . . is not sufficient.”

Accordingly, Rule 5:17(c)(iii) precludes us from considering the first assignment of error.

                                  II.     Sufficiency of Evidence of Value

        Wright’s second assignment of error charges that:

                The Court of Appeals erred when it affirmed Appellant’s
        conviction for grand larceny from a person because there was no evidence
        establishing the value of the item(s) taken from the person of the Martin’s
        employee, and Appellant preserved this argument in the Court of Appeals.

This assignment of error can be read in two ways – the first, that the Court of Appeals erred in

holding that there was sufficient evidence of the value of the items Mark Wright allegedly took

to support the grand larceny conviction. As discussed above, the Court of Appeals did not

address the substance of the argument relating to the value of the items. The Court of Appeals

applied Rule 5A:12(c) and refused to consider the issue because it was not included in an

assignment of error. Under this reading, Rule 5:17(c)(iii) precludes us from considering the

second assignment of error because it does not address the ruling of the Court of Appeals.

                                                    6
       An alternative way to read Wright’s second assignment of error is that the Court of

Appeals erred in affirming the grand larceny from the person conviction because, contrary to the

ruling of the Court of Appeals applying Rule 5A:12(c), Wright had sufficiently raised the issue

of value in the assignment of error filed in the Court of Appeals and that the evidence of value

was insufficient. In his argument on the assignment of error here, Wright asserts that his

assignment of error in the Court of Appeals was sufficient because his argument under that

assignment included a paragraph asserting that, although there was evidence of the approximate

total value of the items taken from the Martin’s store, there was no evidence of the value of the

items he took or that Robert took. This reading of the assignment of error requires us to

determine if the Court of Appeals erred in its application of Rule 5A:12(c).

       The assignment of error at issue in the Court of Appeals stated:

                The trial court erred when it denied Appellant’s motion to set
        aside the verdict and held the evidence sufficient to support Appellant’s
        conviction for grand larceny from a person because there was no
        evidence showing that appellant participated in any way, or was aware of,
        the larceny from a person committed by another individual.

This assignment of error specifically identifies the reason Wright asserts that the trial court erred

in affirming the conviction of grand larceny from a person; to wit, that there was no evidence

showing that Wright participated in, or was aware of, the larceny committed by Robert. It does

not suggest that the appellant is relying on additional or other grounds for reversal of the trial

court’s ruling. Accordingly, we do not find error in the Court of Appeals’ decision not to take

notice of Wright’s argument regarding evidence of the value of the items taken pursuant to Rule

5A:12(c).

       Wright asks us to consider the issue raised by his second assignment of error under the

“ends of justice” exception to Rule 5:25. We decline to do so. The “ends of justice” exception



                                                  7
in Rule 5:25 does not apply to all circumstances of procedural infirmity. It applies in instances

in which a contemporaneous objection was not raised. The procedural infirmity here is not a

matter of contemporaneous objection under Rule 5:25, and accordingly, the “good cause

exception” is unavailable.

            III.    Felony Malicious Bodily Injury by Means of a Caustic Substance

       In his next assignment of error, Wright argues that the Court of Appeals erred in holding

the evidence was sufficient to support his conviction for felony malicious bodily injury by means

of a caustic substance, in violation of Code § 18.2-52, because there was no evidence showing he

participated in, or was present at, the assault Robert committed. Wright argues here, as he did in

the trial court and the Court of Appeals, that the evidence was insufficient to find guilt based on

Deputy Greathead’s testimony that he saw only Robert in the basement at the time the bear

deterrent was released and that Robert, in one fluid motion, set the beer bottle on the water heater

and dropped his left arm, which was partly hidden from Greathead’s view. It was then that the

reddish-orange cloud came toward Greathead and caused him injury. Deputy Greathead could

not say whether Mark was “upstairs” in the house at that time because he had not conducted “a

sweep” of the upstairs before he went into the basement. Rather, Greathead testified that the

only time he saw Mark was “not until the end” of the incident, approximately two hours after he

had been exposed to the bear deterrent, and Wright also asserts that the evidence that the SWAT

team found him in the basement when they entered the basement does not support an inference

that Wright was in the basement two hours earlier when the bear deterrent was released. Wright

contends the Commonwealth therefore failed to prove, beyond a reasonable doubt, that he was

present in the basement and participated in Robert’s assault against Greathead as a principal in

the first or second degree.


                                                 8
       The Court of Appeals concluded that although there was no “direct” evidence to indicate

Mark Wright was in the basement at the time of the crimes against Deputy Greathead, there was

“ample circumstantial evidence . . . from which the jury could draw a reasonable inference that

Wright was in the basement of the house and was an active participant in the crimes for which he

was convicted.” Wright, 2014 Va. App. LEXIS 376, at *8 (unpublished). The Court of Appeals

opined that the jury could have inferred that the reason Deputy Greathead did not see Mark

Wright at the time the substance was released was because the room was dark, his attention was

on Robert and the caustic agent was released “while Robert’s hands were raised.” Id. The Court

of Appeals reasoned that the jury could have reasonably inferred Mark was hiding behind the

water heater and released the caustic substance. Based on this review, the Court of Appeals

affirmed Wright’s convictions, holding the evidence was sufficient to support the jury's verdict

that “Wright caused felony malicious bodily injury to Deputy Greathead by means of a caustic

substance.” Id. at *10. We disagree.

       When we review the sufficiency of circumstantial evidence necessary to sustain a

conviction we have said that:

               If the proof relied upon by the Commonwealth is wholly
       circumstantial, . . . then to establish guilt beyond a reasonable doubt all
       necessary circumstances proved must be consistent with guilt and
       inconsistent with innocence. They must overcome the presumption of
       innocence and exclude all reasonable conclusions inconsistent with that of
       guilt. To accomplish that, the chain of necessary circumstances must be
       unbroken and the evidence as a whole must satisfy the guarded judgment
       that both the corpus delicti and the criminal agency of the accused have
       been proved to the exclusion of any other rational hypothesis and to a
       moral certainty.

LaPrade v. Commonwealth, 191 Va. 410, 418, 61 S.E.2d 313, 316 (1950); see also

Commonwealth v. Smith, 259 Va. 780, 782, 529 S.E.2d 78, 79 (2000) (“[W]here a fact is equally

susceptible of two interpretations one of which is consistent with the innocence of the accused,


                                                9
[the trier of fact] cannot arbitrarily adopt that interpretation which incriminates [the accused].”)

(quoting Burton v. Commonwealth, 108 Va. 892, 899, 62 S.E. 376, 379 (1908)). Further,

evidence that raises no more than a suspicion of guilt “no matter how strong, is insufficient to

sustain a criminal conviction.” Stover v. Commonwealth, 222 Va. 618, 624, 283 S.E.2d 194, 197

(1981).

          Applying these well-established principles to the evidence here, viewed in the light most

favorable to the Commonwealth, we cannot say that the Commonwealth established, beyond a

reasonable doubt, Mark Wright’s guilt of felony malicious bodily injury by means of a caustic

substance. Code § 18.2-52. The lynchpin of the Court of Appeals’ conclusion is that Mark

Wright must have released the bear deterrent, even though Deputy Greathead did not see Mark in

the basement at that time, because if the caustic cloud appeared “while Robert’s hands were

raised” someone else – namely, Mark – must have released the deterrent. Deputy Greathead’s

testimony, however, does not support the inference relied upon by the Court of Appeals.

          Deputy Greathead testified that when he first saw Robert he instructed him to raise his

hands. Robert complied. But in describing Robert’s actions at the time the bear deterrent was

released, Deputy Greathead stated that Robert made one fluid motion to set down his beer and

that the cloud appeared, right beside Robert, while part of Robert’s arm was out of his sight.

Although the Commonwealth argued at trial and on appeal that both of Robert’s hands were

raised, neither of the two witnesses who testified that they were present at the event, Deputy

Greathead and Robert, stated that both of Robert’s hands were raised at the time the bear

deterrent was released. Therefore, the evidence contradicts, rather than supports, the inference

relied upon by the Court of Appeals that Mark was hiding behind the water heater and released

the bear deterrent “while Robert’s hands were raised.” Accordingly, the evidence does not



                                                  10
overcome the presumption of innocence and exclude all reasonable conclusions inconsistent with

Mark’s guilt. Similarly, Deputy Greathead’s testimony that he could not say whether Mark was

upstairs in the house at the time the bear deterrent was released because he had not conducted “a

sweep” of the upstairs before he went into the basement does not overcome the presumption that

Mark is innocent of releasing the bear deterrent because it does not place Mark in the basement

at that time. Thus, it does not exclude all reasonable conclusions inconsistent with that of his

guilt.

         Last, any inference that Mark was in the basement and released the bear deterrent, based

on his presence in the basement two hours later when the police entered the residence and took

Mark and Robert into custody, is not based on an unbroken chain of necessary circumstances

such that the whole of the evidence satisfies Mark’s guilt to the exclusion of any other rational

hypothesis and to a moral certainty. It is equally rational that Mark could have been in another

room in the compartmentalized basement or a room upstairs when the bear deterrent was

released. Therefore, the evidence that Mark was present in the basement two hours after Deputy

Greathead was exposed to the bear deterrent is equally as susceptible to a finding consistent with

his innocence as it is to a finding of guilt, and the jury could not “arbitrarily adopt that

interpretation which incriminates [the accused].” Burton, 108 Va. at 899, 62 S.E. at 379. A

finding of guilt based on this evidence is nothing more than improper suspicion and accordingly

is insufficient to sustain a criminal conviction. Stover, 222 Va. at 624, 283 S.E.2d at 197.

         The Commonwealth also argues that the evidence was sufficient to convict Mark of this

offense as a principal in the second degree because the evidence showed he acted in concert with

and in support of his brother, Robert, from the time they committed the petit larceny at the




                                                  11
Martin’s grocery store to the time they both had to be physically restrained when the SWAT

team entered the basement.

       We disagree. This evidence proves only that Mark was present in the basement over two

hours after the officer was exposed to the bear deterrent. Moreover, the record does not

demonstrate that Mark was “present and shown to have procured, encouraged, countenanced or

approved commission of the crime [and that he shared] the criminal intent of the actual

perpetrator or [was] guilty of some overt act.” Hall v. Commonwealth, 225 Va. 533, 536, 303

S.E.2d 903, 904 (1983). Therefore, we cannot say that the Commonwealth alternatively proved

Mark’s guilt of this offense as a principal in the second degree beyond a reasonable doubt.

       Accordingly, we conclude the Commonwealth’s evidence was insufficient to support

Mark’s conviction for felony malicious bodily injury by means of a caustic substance, in

violation of Code § 18.2-52, and we will reverse the judgment of the Court of Appeals affirming

Wright’s conviction for that felony.

          IV.    Assault and Battery of a Law Enforcement Officer and Obstruction of Justice

       In his final assignments of error, Wright asserts that the evidence was insufficient to

support his convictions for assault and battery of a law enforcement officer and obstruction of

justice. The Court of Appeals’ sole rationale for affirming these two convictions was that the

evidence was sufficient to support the conclusion that Mark deployed the bear deterrent that

injured Deputy Greathead and that act also supported the charges that Wright assaulted and

battered a law enforcement officer and that the deployment of “gas as a weapon . . . constituted

the use of force in an attempt to impede the police.” Wright, 2014 Va. App. LEXIS 376, at *10

(unpublished). Because we have held that the evidence was insufficient to support Wright’s

conviction for felony malicious bodily injury to Deputy Greathead by use of a caustic substance,


                                                12
as either a principal in the first or second degree, the rationale used by the Court of Appeals to

affirm Wright’s convictions for assault and battery of a law enforcement officer and obstruction

of justice is no longer valid. Accordingly, we will reverse that part of the judgment of the Court

of Appeals affirming those convictions.

                                          CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, we will affirm the judgment of the Court of Appeals sustaining

Wright’s conviction for larceny from the person. We will also reverse the judgment of the Court

of Appeals affirming Wright’s convictions of felony malicious bodily injury by use of a caustic

substance, assault and battery of a law enforcement officer and obstruction of justice, vacate

those convictions and enter final judgment thereon because the evidence on which those

convictions are based is insufficient.


                                                                              Affirmed in part,
                                                                              reversed in part,
                                                                              and final judgment.



JUSTICE McCLANAHAN, concurring in part and dissenting in part.

       I concur in that part of the majority’s holding in which it affirms the Court of Appeals’

judgment sustaining Wright’s conviction for larceny from the person. I disagree, however, with

the majority’s holding that the evidence was insufficient to support Wright’s convictions of

felony malicious bodily injury by use of a caustic substance, assault and battery of a law

enforcement officer, and obstruction of justice. I would affirm the judgment of the Court of

Appeals upholding those convictions for the reasons stated in its opinion, Wright v.




                                                 13
Commonwealth, Record No. 0585-13-3, 2014 Va. App. LEXIS 376, at *8-10 (Nov. 18, 2014)

(unpublished). *




       *
         I do not believe Deputy Christopher Greathead’s testimony established that both of
Robert’s hands were in the air and entirely visible to Deputy Greathead when the gas was
released. And it is not clear to me that the Court of Appeals believed otherwise – the opinion
does not suggest that only Wright could have released the gas. Regardless of whether one or
both of Robert’s hands were visible to Deputy Greathead when the gas was released, I agree with
the Court of Appeals that “[t]here was ample circumstantial evidence . . . from which the jury
could draw a reasonable inference that Wright was in the basement of the house and was an
active participant in the crimes for which he was convicted.” Id. at *8.

                                              14
