                        IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

                                    No. 14-0078
                                Filed April 16, 2014

IN THE INTEREST OF I.S., N.S., and T.M.,
      Minor Children,

J.S., Father,
       Appellant,

T.M., Mother,
       Appellant.
________________________________________________________________

       Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Cerro Gordo County, Annette L.

Boehlje, District Associate Judge.



       A mother and father separately appeal the termination of their parental

rights to three children. AFFIRMED IN PART AND REVERSED IN PART ON

BOTH APPEALS.



       Maury J. Noonan of Pappajohn, Shriver, Eide & Nielsen, P.C., Mason City,

for appellant-father.

       Travis M. Armbrust of Brown, Kinsey, Funkhouser & Lander, P.L.C.,

Mason City, for appellant-mother.

       Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, Kathrine S. Miller-Todd, Assistant

Attorney General, Carlyle D. Dalen, County Attorney, and Nichole M. Benes,

Assistant County Attorney, for appellee.

       Mark Young, Mason City, guardian ad litem for minor children.

       Considered by Vogel, P.J., and Tabor and McDonald, JJ.
                                              2



TABOR, J.

       The juvenile court terminated the parental rights of Tasha and Joshua to

I.S. and T.M. under Iowa Code section 232.116(1)(f) (2013)1 and to N.S. under

section 232.116(1)(h).2 The court pointed to the children’s anxiety, anger, and

frustration and concluded only through cutting ties with their parents could they

stop worrying about being safe and start focusing on just being children. On

appeal, the parents argue the State failed to satisfy the statutory grounds for

termination. The parents also assert the State did not make reasonable efforts to

reunify the family. Finally, they contend termination was not in the best interests

of the children.

       In our de novo review, we find the services provided this family by the

Department of Human Services (DHS) met the test for reasonable efforts. Even

after receiving services, the parents are not presently able to resume care of their

children. Clear and convincing proof supports termination of parental rights with

respect to I.S. and N.S., and termination is in the children’s best interests.

Accordingly, we affirm the order terminating parental rights to those two children.



1
  The court may terminate the rights of a parent to a child if: (1) the child is four years of
age or older, (2) The child has been adjudicated a child in need of assistance pursuant
to section 232.96, (3) the child has been removed from the physical custody of the
child's parents for at least twelve of the last eighteen months, or for the last twelve
consecutive months and any trial period at home has been less than thirty days, and (4)
there is clear and convincing evidence that at the present time the child cannot be
returned to the custody of the child's parents as provided in section 232.102.
Iowa Code § 232.116(1)(f).
2
  The court may terminate the rights of a parent to a child if: (1) the child is three years
old or younger, (2) the child has been adjudicated a CINA under section 232.96, (3) the
child has been out of the parent's custody for at least six of the last twelve months or the
last six consecutive months, and (4) “[t]here is clear and convincing evidence that the
child cannot be returned to the custody of the child's parents as provided in section
232.102 at the present time.” Iowa Code § 232.116(1)(h).
                                             3



As for T.M., because he is not the biological or legal child of either Tasha or

Joshua, we find the juvenile court erred in including T.M. in the termination order.

Accordingly, we reverse the order as to that child.

I.     Background Facts and Proceedings

       I.S. (born in 2007), N.S. (born in 2010), and T.M. (born in 2009)3 came to

the attention of the Department of Human Services (DHS) in 2012 based on

reports the young children were left outside without supervision, as well as an

incident where Joshua threatened Tasha and her new paramour with a baseball

bat in the presence of T.M.          Both Tasha and Joshua were in foster care

themselves as children because they were abused and exhibited troubling

behaviors. As adults they continue to struggle with mental health challenges.

       On November 19, 2012, I.S., N.S., and T.M. were adjudicated as children

in need of assistance (CINA). At home with the parents, the children suffered

anxiety issues concerning their safety; they would fight and throw tantrums. On

November 26, 2012, the children were removed from the home due to concerns

about the mental health of the parents, possible domestic abuse, and the overall

safety of the children. After persistent coaching on better parenting practices

from the family safety, risk, and permanency (FSRP) provider, Tasha and

Joshua—who lived in separate homes—were able to move toward semi-

supervised and then unsupervised visitation with the children.




3
 T.M. is the biological child of Tasha’s sister Tara. Tara voluntarily placed her son in the
care of his maternal aunt and uncle, Tasha and Joshua, when he was just two days old.
We will discuss T.M.’s status later in this opinion.
                                        4



      But in March of 2013, the DHS moved the family back to semi-supervised

visits because the workers believed the parents had exercised poor judgment.

For instance, the parents allowed Tasha’s paramour to participate in visits

without DHS approval, and Tasha spanked T.M. in the locker room at the YMCA

because he had been banging the lockers shut.

      The State filed petitions to terminate parental rights on November 19,

2013. The juvenile court held a hearing on December 16 and 17, 2013. The

district court issued an order terminating the parental rights of Joshua and Tasha

as to their biological children, I.S. and N.S., on January 3, 2014. The order also

purported to terminate their rights as the “pseudo-mother” and “pseudo-father” of

T.M. The court found clear and convincing evidence the children could not be

returned home at the time of the hearing under Iowa Code section 232.116(1)(f)

and (h). Both Joshua and Tasha now appeal.

II.   Standard of Review

      The scope of review in termination cases is de novo. In re D.W., 791

N.W.2d 703, 706 (Iowa 2010). Clear and convincing evidence is needed to

establish the grounds for termination. In re J.E., 723 N.W.2d 793, 798 (Iowa

2006). Where there is clear and convincing evidence, there is no serious or

substantial doubt about the correctness of the conclusion drawn from the

evidence. In re D.D., 653 N.W.2d 359, 361 (Iowa 2002). The primary concern in

a termination proceeding is the best interests of the child. In re L.L., 459 N.W.2d

489, 493 (Iowa 1990). “We are not bound by the juvenile court’s findings of fact,
                                         5



but we do give them weight, especially in assessing the credibility of witnesses.”

D.W., 791 N.W.2d at 706.

III.   Analysis

       A.      Parental rights to T.M.

       Both parents challenge the termination of their rights with respect to T.M.

We agree termination was improper and should be reversed.            But we do so

because neither Tasha nor Joshua fits the definition of “parent” in the juvenile

justice chapter. “Parent” means “a biological or adoptive mother or father of a

child but does not include a mother or father whose parental rights have been

terminated.”     Iowa Code § 232.2(39).        “Termination of the parent-child

relationship” is defined as “the divestment by the court of the parent’s and child’s

privileges, duties, and powers with respect to each other.” Id. § 232.2(57).

       T.M. is the biological child of Tara, Tasha’s sister. In its January 3, 2014,

order, the district court acknowledged “[n]o legal paperwork was ever filed or

prepared to transfer parental rights to Tasha and Joshua.”           But the court

overlooked the lack of formalities, observing “the reality is that the family has

lived as though [T.M.] was adopted into it.” Living with a family “as though”

adopted into it, does not replace the procedures outlined in Iowa Code chapter

600. See In re Adoption of M.M.B., 376 N.W.2d 900, 902 (Iowa 1985) (“Adoption

is a creature of statute and was not known at common law.”). The care-taking

role assumed by Tasha and Joshua is not a parent-child relationship to which the

termination procedures apply.     “Our courts do not recognize legal rights or

obligations between a child and a person who is not the legal parent of the
                                           6



child . . . .” In re Marriage of Bethards, 526 N.W.2d 871, 875 (Iowa Ct. App.

1994) (Cady, J., dissenting). If no legal rights exist, they cannot be terminated.

       Our reversal of the termination of the “parental” relationship between T.M.

and his aunt and uncle does not disrupt T.M.’s current status in any way.4 He

remains adjudicated CINA, in family foster care, and eligible for adoption.

      B.      Parental Rights to I.S. and N.S.

       1.     Statutory basis for terminating mother’s rights

       Sections 232.116(1)(f) and (h) require proof the children cannot be

returned to the parents “at the present time” as provided in section 232.102. “At

the present time” means the time of the termination hearing. Section 232.102(9)

allows a child to be returned home only if evidence shows the child will not suffer

harm in the manner specified in section 232.2(6). The harms in section 232.2(6)

include a likelihood of abuse or neglect, a failure to exercise a reasonable degree

of care in supervision, or inadequate care due to mental capacity or condition.

       The juvenile court found:

              To return the children to their home at this time would
       subject the children to the following adjudicatory harms: mental
       health problems, continuing anger management problems,
       parenting skills deficiencies, lack of appropriate boundaries, and
       synthetic marijuana use by both parents within the last 3 months.

       In a well-written brief by her attorney, Tasha challenges these findings on

appeal. She points out that her parenting abilities have “progressed at a more



4
  On January 24, 2014, the juvenile court held a hearing on the State’s petition to
terminate the parental rights of T.M.’s biological mother, Tara, and his unknown father.
On February 4, 2014, the court terminated T.M.’s relationship with Tara and any
unknown father under Iowa Code section 232.116(1)(b). That order is not being
appealed here.
                                         7



rapid pace than usual.”      She claims the DHS has overblown some of the

perceived parenting deficiencies, for instance, faulting the parents for giving their

children candy and toy handcuffs during visitations.       Finally, she argues the

record lacked clear and convincing evidence that she was abusing illegal

substances.

       We acknowledge Tasha has made some progress during the case, but we

agree with the juvenile court that she continues to engage in the kind of poor

decision-making that makes reunification too great a risk for the children. At the

time of the termination hearing, Tasha was living with a paramour; she admitted

their relationship had been punctuated with domestic violence. At one point, a

break up in that relationship prompted Tasha to threaten suicide. Yet she did not

see the risk of violence in the home as impeding the return of her children.

Tasha’s failure to recognize the potential harm from exposure to such a volatile

situation is evidence the children cannot be returned to her custody. See In re

C.C. and S.N., 538 N.W.2d 664, 667 (Iowa Ct. App. 1995).

       The juvenile court was also rightly concerned about Tasha waiting for

several months after the CINA adjudication to seek mental health treatment.

Tasha has been diagnosed with borderline personality disorder, post traumatic

stress disorder, and borderline intellectual functioning. When she did speak to a

therapist, she mischaracterized events and blamed the removal for many of the

children’s problems.    On several occasions she would verbally attack DHS

employees for the family’s situation.     Despite receiving counseling and other
                                       8



services, Tasha continued to struggle with impulse control and reverted to

habitually angry responses.

       Tasha has exercised poor judgment when interacting with the children.

She and Joshua advised the children not to report certain incidents that occurred

during visits. She also told the children they had “two sets of rules”—one with

their natural parents and one with the foster family. The juvenile court credited

testimony from the FSRP worker that Tasha had, on occasion, slurred her

speech, seeming to be under the influence of an intoxicant, during telephone

conversations with her children:   “The kids didn’t know what to do because

Mommy couldn’t complete sentences.” Tasha also appeared to be lethargic and

unable to walk straight during an in-person visitation. Joshua told the worker he

suspected Tasha was using synthetic marijuana, as they had done so together

before the DHS opened its case. We defer to the district court’s fact finding on

this point.

       The FSRP worker testified Tasha worked hard to “get a handle on her

anger” but the worker believed a threat continued to exist that Tasha would lash

out at the children. The guardian ad litem noted in his report “the parents have

acted in ways that were concerning for the children’s safety.” Our review of the

record compels us to reach the same conclusion as case workers, the guardian

ad litem (GAL), and the juvenile court. See In re D.W., 791 N.W.2d at 707

(noting “service providers and guardian ad litem were unable to recommend

reunification”). Given Tasha’s history of mental instability and continued poor
                                         9



judgment, we agree she cannot presently offer a stable home for the children.

See In re K.F., 437 N.W.2d 559, 563 (Iowa 1989).

       2.     Statutory basis for terminating father’s rights

       The father also challenges the juvenile court’s finding the children could

not be presently returned to his care. He argues at the time of the termination

trial on December 16, 2013, “he had done all that was requested of him by the

State.” Joshua emphasizes he “was employed, receiving mental health services,

and living in a safe and appropriate home for the children.”

       We recognize Joshua has made great strides in his parenting abilities.

The GAL said, “Josh clearly loves his children and wants what is best for them.”

But neither the GAL nor the case workers felt comfortable recommending the

children be returned to his custody at the time of the termination hearing.

       Like Tasha, Joshua has a history of mental health problems. He has been

diagnosed with Tourette syndrome, intermittent explosive disorder, and

borderline intellectual functioning. His IQ test results were 74, which equates to

the mental age of someone slightly under twelve. While a parent’s intellectual

impairment is not sufficient on its own to justify termination, it may be considered

if it affects the children’s well being. In re A.M., __ N.W.2d __, 2014 WL 685401

(Iowa 2014) quoting In re D.W., 791 N.W.2d at 708.             Joshua struggles with

complex problem solving and thinking things through. For example, he quit his

job with CDI, a commercial painting company in Forest City (a steady, well-paid

position close to his family) to go “flip” repossessed HUD (department of housing

and urban development) homes, despite advice from DHS workers that the new
                                         10



venture would not live up to its promised return.       Only after more than four

months without any income did Joshua realize his miscalculation. See In re P.L.,

778 N.W.2d 33, 41 (Iowa 2010) (emphasizing that the father's “poor decision

making makes him unable to provide a safe and nurturing home for his child”).

       Joshua also struggles with anger, aggression, and poor judgment. The

children’s removal stemmed from Joshua’s threatening behavior toward Tasha

and her paramour. DHS workers testified he has yelled and acted aggressively

toward them in front of the children. Joshua also demonstrated his inability to

handle his frustration appropriately when he jumped out of a moving car when

fighting with Tasha on the way to a visitation with the children. The juvenile court

expressed concern the father did not seek anger management counseling until

June 2013, seven months after the children’s removal. The court also accepted

the testimony of the DHS worker who believed that Joshua was “under the

influence of something” at a visit in October 2013.

       The FSRP worker testified Joshua needed constant support to parent his

children effectively and could not provide a safe environment on his own at the

time of the termination hearing.    The juvenile court adopted that view, and we

agree the children could not be safely returned to the custody of their father.

Despite Joshua’s recent efforts to achieve stability, his parental rights to I.S. and

N.S. should be terminated.

       3.     Best interests of I.S. and N.S.

       Both parents argue termination does not serve the children’s best

interests. They claim ending the legal relationship would be detrimental because
                                         11



of their strong bond with the children. See Iowa Code § 232.116(3)(c) (allowing

court to forego termination if there is “clear and convincing evidence that the

termination would be detrimental to the child at the time due to the closeness of

the parent-child relationship”). We disagree.

       The juvenile court found the parent-child relationships to be “strained.”

I.S. suffers from extreme anxiety that is often exacerbated by seeing Tasha and

Joshua. Reports from his teachers indicate his behavior worsens after the visits.

His anxiety even causes the child to soil himself during and after the visits with

his parents. I.S. has said his parents “hit me,” “abandon me,” and “yell at me.”

He often asks the foster family to keep him safe.

       Tasha and Joshua call the children regularly at their foster home, but the

children are not eager to talk with them.       The foster parents often have to

convince the children to come to the phone.         We share the juvenile court’s

concerns about the parents’ mental health and stability.        As noted, the case

workers believed the parents both fairly recently interacted with their children

while under the influence.

       “Section 232.116(2) requires us to ‘give primary consideration to the

child's safety, to the best placement for furthering the long-term nurturing and

growth of the child, and to the physical, mental, and emotional condition and

needs of the child.’” P.L., 778 N.W.2d at 40. The children’s GAL stated it best:

“Based on the length of time the children have been out of parental care, and the

high needs of the children for discipline, structure, and permanency, I would

respectfully ask the court to grant the Petition for Termination.”
                                         12



       The children have been in the same foster care placement for the last

fifteen months. The children have bonded with the foster parents. The foster

parents offer the children a safe and loving home, provide for their needs, and

wish to adopt them. See Iowa Code § 232.116(2)(b)(1) (in determining best

interests, the court may consider a child’s integration into the foster family “to the

extent that the child's familial identity is with the foster family, and whether the

foster family is able and willing to permanently integrate the child into the foster

family”). The children deserve and need the stability and permanency they offer.

       4.      Reasonable efforts

       Both parents mention the “reasonable efforts” requirement in their

petitions on appeal. The mother specifically argues the DHS failed to provide her

with Parent-Child Interactive Therapy after she requested that service.          The

father contends he should have been allowed overnight visits and a trial home

placement with the children.

       The juvenile code requires the DHS to make “every reasonable effort to

return the child to child's home as quickly as possible consistent with the best

interests of the child.” Iowa Code § 232.102(7); In re C.B., 611 N.W.2d 489, 493

(Iowa 2000).    What constitutes reasonable services varies depending on the

requirements of the individual case. In re C.H., 652 N.W.2d 144, 147 (Iowa

2002). When a parent fails to identify a deficiency in services or to ask for

additional services, he or she may be precluded from later challenging the

adequacy of the services. Id. at 147 n. 4.
                                        13



       When we view the record as a whole, we find the services offered through

the DHS satisfied the requirement for reasonable efforts under the circumstances

of this case.

       Since the CINA proceedings in November 2012, the DHS has offered this

family the following programs: FSRP services, behavior health intervention

services, individual therapy, anger management guidance, drug testing,

psychological testing, medication management, community services, family

foster care, visitation safety planning, child protective service assessment, family

team meetings, transportation assistance, parent partners, substance abuse

assessment and treatment, and housing assistance. Both Tasha and Joshua

have benefited from these services throughout the course of these proceedings.

       The parents did request more visitations. But the DHS denied the request

because of the parents’ inability to follow the rules currently set out for

visitation—specifically: showing up late, returning late, and allowing unsafe

activity to occur.   As for Tasha’s request for specific interactive therapy, we

cannot find such a request for additional services in the record.        In fact, in

October 2013, Tasha threatened to walk away from services all together.

       For all of these reasons, we conclude the State proved by clear and

convincing evidence that the parental rights of Tasha and Joshua should be

terminated as to their natural children, I.S. and N.S.         The record shows

termination is in the children’s best interests. We reverse the termination order

as to T.M. for the reasons previously stated.

       AFFIRMED IN PART AND REVERSED IN PART ON BOTH APPEALS.
