                                                              FILED
                                                  United States Court of Appeals
                     UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS       Tenth Circuit

                            FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT                       January 31, 2013

                                                                      Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                                          Clerk of Court
CHARLES SHIRLEY,

             Petitioner-Appellant,

v.                                                         No. 12-1394
                                                  (D.C. No. 1:12-CV-02011-LTB)
JOHN DAVIS, Warden of Buena Vista                            (D. Colo.)
C.F.,

             Respondent-Appellee.


           ORDER DENYING CERTIFICATE OF APPEALABILITY*


Before O’BRIEN, EBEL and TYMKOVICH, Circuit Judges.


      Petitioner Charles Shirley seeks a certificate of appealability (COA) to obtain

review of a district court order dismissing his most recent habeas application. The

district court dismissed the application as an unauthorized second or successive

application that it lacked jurisdiction to hear under 28 U.S.C. § 2244(b)(3). We may

grant a COA only if reasonable jurists could debate whether (1) the district court’s

jurisdictional ruling was correct and (2) the allegations in the habeas application are

sufficient to state a valid constitutional claim. See Slack v. McDaniel, 529 U.S. 473,


*
       This order is not binding precedent except under the doctrines of law of the
case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its
persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
484 (2000). Because Mr. Shirley cannot satisfy these requirements, we deny him a

COA and dismiss this appeal.

      Mr. Shirley pleaded guilty in 2003 to one count of sexual assault on a child in

violation of Colo. Rev. Stat. § 18-3-405(1), and one count of sexual assault in

violation of Colo. Rev. Stat. § 18-3-402(1)(d). The Colorado Court of Appeals later

vacated the conviction for sexual assault on a child. On the remaining sexual assault

conviction, he was sentenced to a term of six years to life in the Department of

Corrections, to be followed by mandatory parole of ten years to life.

      In 2011, he filed a 28 U.S.C. § 2241 application for habeas corpus in the

District of Colorado in which he challenged his sentence pursuant to the Colorado

Sex Offender Lifetime Supervision Act of 1998 (SOLSA), Colo. Rev. Stat.

§ 18-1.3-1001 – 1012. Shirley v. Davis, No. 11-cv-01596-BNB (filed June 17, 2011).

After ordering Mr. Shirley to re-file his § 2241 application as a habeas application

under 28 U.S.C. § 2254, the district court denied the § 2254 application, reasoning

that it was barred by the one-year limitation period established in 28 U.S.C.

§ 2244(d)(1) for such applications. Order of Dismissal, Shirley v. Davis,

No. 11-cv-01596-BNB (Nov. 3, 2011). Mr. Shirley did not appeal from the

dismissal.

      On August 27, 2012, Mr. Shirley filed the present application, again seeking a

writ of habeas corpus pursuant to § 2241. The district court again construed his

filing as an application for habeas corpus relief under § 2254, and dismissed it as an


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unauthorized second or successive application. Mr. Shirley appeals from this

dismissal.

      If the district court correctly construed Mr. Shirley’s current petition as one

containing only § 2254 claims, we must deny him a COA. He lacked authorization to

present his second or successive claims in a § 2254 application. See 28 U.S.C.

§ 2244(b).1 Having reviewed Mr. Shirley’s combined opening brief and application

for a COA, along with the record, however, we believe reasonable jurists could

debate whether the application presents only § 2254 claims.

      A petition under § 2254 challenges the validity of the petitioner’s conviction

and sentence, whereas a § 2241 petition attacks the execution of his sentence.

Montez v. McKinna, 208 F.3d 862, 865 (10th Cir. 2000).2 In practice, it can be very




1
        Although the district court dismissed his previous petition as untimely and did
not reach the merits of his claims, the dismissal of a § 2254 petition as time-barred is
a decision on the merits for purposes of determining whether a subsequent petition is
second or successive. See Plaut v. Spendthrift Farm, Inc., 514 U.S. 211, 228 (1995)
(“The rules of finality, both statutory and judge made, treat a dismissal on statute-of-
limitations grounds the same way they treat a dismissal for failure to state a claim,
for failure to prove substantive liability, or for failure to prosecute: as a judgment on
the merits.”); Murphy v. Klein Tools, Inc., 935 F.2d 1127, 1128-29 (10th Cir. 1991)
(holding that “a dismissal on limitations grounds is a judgment on the merits”);
see also Quezada v. Smith, 624 F.3d 514, 519-20 (2d Cir. 2010) (“We hold that
dismissal of a § 2254 petition for failure to comply with the one-year statute of
limitations constitutes an adjudication on the merits that renders future petitions
under § 2254 challenging the same conviction ‘second or successive’ petitions under
§ 2244(b).” (internal quotation marks omitted)).
2
      But see Ochoa v. Workman, 669 F.3d 1130, 1148 (10th Cir. 2012) (Hartz, J.,
concurring) (questioning, in light of recent Supreme Court cases, continued validity
                                                                          (continued)
                                          -3-
difficult to make this distinction. See id. (“[I]t is difficult to tell whether the instant

action is properly brought under § 2254 as a challenge to the validity of [the

petitioner’s] conviction and sentence or pursuant to § 2241 as an attack on the

execution of his sentence.”). But it is a distinction relevant to this case. Although a

state habeas petitioner requires authorization from this court under 28 U.S.C.

§ 2244(b) to proceed with § 2254 claims—an authorization Mr. Shirley does not

have—such an authorization is not required for § 2241 claims. See Stanko v. Davis,

617 F.3d 1262, 1269 n.5 (10th Cir. 2010).

       Mr. Shirley’s petition is not a model of clarity, but it appears to raise at least

some claims that fall under § 2241. Basically, he is complaining about a clerical

error made in his amended mittimus.3 The amended mittimus, issued in 2007,

contains the following statement about Mr. Shirley’s sentence for sexual assault:

“PROB 6YRS TO LIFE, PLUS PAROLE 10YRS TO LIFE.” R., at 13.

       Mr. Shirley’s problem lies with the four-letter designation “PROB.” He

argues that this designation incorrectly suggests that he was initially sentenced to

probation, then had his probation revoked before being sentenced to the Department




of principle that claims involving execution of sentence should be pursued under
§ 2241 rather than § 2254), cert denied, 133 S. Ct. 321 (2012).
3
       A mittimus is “a warrant ordering a jailer to detain a person until ordered
otherwise.” Bryan A. Garner, A Dictionary of Modern Legal Usage 569 (2d ed.
1995).


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of Corrections for six years to life, to be followed by mandatory parole for ten years

to life. See id. at 9.

       The state court judge evidently agreed with Mr. Shirley that there was an error

in the mittimus. He issued another amended mittimus, omitting the “PROB”

designation. This amended mittimus was dated July 25, 2011, nunc pro tunc to

January 9, 2008. Id. at 14.

       One might think that Mr. Shirley’s problem was solved by the entry of the

second amended mittimus. The state court thought so. When Mr. Shirley sought a

state-court writ of habeas corpus after the second amended mittimus was entered, the

court denied it and denied him permission to amend his application, saying:

       It makes no difference in [Mr. Shirley’s] sentence whether the original
       mittimus incorrectly stated that he had been placed on probation. The
       fact remains that he was lawfully sentenced to an upper limit of life in
       the department of corrections and has not shown that he is being
       illegally detained.

Id. at 18.

       Mr. Shirley does not agree with this reasoning. He continues to press his

argument, citing various provisions of the United States Constitution, that he is being

illegally held in custody. Some of his claims appear to attack his sentence itself. In

his application for a COA, for example, he argues that “the trial Judge made a

mistake [by sentencing him] to a term of 6 yrs to life, and could only sente[]nce him,

to a term of 2 to 6 yrs, and 10 yrs to life mandatory parole.” COA App., at 3. This

claim attacks the imposition of sentence, is a § 2254 claim, and is second or


                                         -5-
successive. We therefore deny a COA as to this claim, and as to any other claims

attacking the sentence imposed on Mr. Shirley that his petition could be construed to

raise.

         Mr. Shirley also raised claims, however, that appear to sound in § 2241.4 He

suggests that if his sentence is interpreted correctly, he should have already been

placed on parole. But it is not enough to show that it is debatable whether this claim

arises under § 2241. Mr. Shirley must also show that his allegations are sufficient to

state a valid constitutional claim. See Slack, 529 U.S. at 484. In making this

determination, we will “take a quick look at the face of the complaint to determine

whether the petitioner has facially alleged the denial of a constitutional right.”

Paredes v. Atherton, 224 F.3d 1160, 1161 (10th Cir. 2000) (internal quotation marks

and brackets omitted).

         The petition fails this simple test. According to Mr. Shirley, his continued

incarceration violates the legislative intent of Colorado’s SOLSA, which was to have

sexual offenders like him serve a relatively brief sentence of incarceration, then be

placed on lifetime supervised parole. See Vensor v. People, 151 P.3d 1274, 1278

(Colo. 2007) (“The appended declaration of purpose makes clear the legislature’s

intent to provide for treatment and extended supervision, rather than to punish sex


4
       He requires a COA to proceed on these claims as well. See Montez, 208 F.3d
at 867-69 (holding that state prisoners proceeding under § 2241 must obtain a COA
to appeal).



                                           -6-
offenders with terms of incarceration longer than those of other felons of the same

class.”). But also according to the Colorado Supreme Court, a class four felony sex

offender like Mr. Shirley can be sentenced to an upper term of his natural life. See

id. at 1279 (“[T]he ambiguous language of section 18–1.3–1004(1)(a) must be

construed to require an indeterminate sentence for the class two, three, and four

felony sex offenses to which it applies, consisting of an upper term of the sex

offender’s natural life and a lower term of a definite number of years[.]” (emphasis

added)).

      The only argument cognizable under § 2241 here that we can discern from the

petition involves when Mr. Shirley is entitled to be paroled from his indeterminate

six-year-to-life sentence to begin serving his ten-year-to-life term of parole. But this

dispute does not entitle Mr. Shirley to a COA. He has no federal constitutional right

to parole. Greenholtz v. Inmates of Neb. Penal & Corr. Complex, 442 U.S. 1, 7

(1979). Also, because Colorado’s parole scheme for sexual offenders is

discretionary, he does not have a constitutionally protected liberty interest in parole.

Vensor, 151 P.3d at 1276 (“On completion of the minimum period of incarceration

specified in the sex offender’s indeterminate sentence, less any credits earned by him,

the Act assigns discretion to the parole board to release him to an indeterminate term

of parole of at least ten years for a class four felony, or twenty years for a class two

or three felony, and a maximum of the remainder of the sex offender’s natural life.”

(emphasis added)). In sum, even if some of Mr. Shirley’s claims are brought under


                                           -7-
§ 2241, our “quick look” shows that they fail to allege the denial of a federal

constitutional right. We must therefore deny him a COA as to these claims as well.

      For the foregoing reasons, we deny Mr. Shirley’s application for a COA, and

dismiss this appeal.


                                                Entered for the Court



                                                ELISABETH A. SHUMAKER, Clerk




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