
268 U.S. 373 (1925)
RAY CONSOLIDATED COPPER COMPANY
v.
UNITED STATES.
No. 443.
Supreme Court of United States.
Argued January 13, 1925.
Decided May 25, 1925.
APPEAL FROM THE COURT OF CLAIMS.
*374 Mr. Arthur A. Ballantine, with whom Messrs. Carroll A. Wilson and George E. Cleary were on the brief, for appellant.
The Solicitor General, with whom Messrs. Robert P. Reeder and Fred K. Dyar, Special Assistants to the Attorney General, were on the brief, for the United States.
MR. JUSTICE BRANDEIS delivered the opinion of the Court.
The Revenue Act of 1918, February 24, 1919, c. 18, Title X, § 1000 (a) (1), 40 Stat. 1057, 1126, provides: "Every domestic corporation shall pay annually a special excise tax with respect to carrying on or doing business, equivalent to $1 for each $1000 of so much of the fair average value of its capital stock for the preceding year ending June 30 as is in excess of $5,000. In estimating the value of the capital stock the surplus and undivided *375 profits shall be included." How the value shall be determined is the main question for decision.
Ray Consolidated Copper Company, a domestic corporation engaged in the business of mining and smelting, has a capital stock of $15,771,790, divided into 1,577,179 shares of common stock of the par value of $10 each. Under the above provision, the company filed, on July 30, 1920, with the appropriate collector of internal revenue a return for the special tax for the year ending June 30. 1921, in which it reported that the fair average value of its capital stock for the preceding year was $34,803,608.99. The value so reported was arrived at by finding the average selling price of the stock on the New York Stock Exchange during the calendar year 1919 and multiplying the price so found  about $22 a share  by the number of shares outstanding. The stock is listed on the New York Stock Exchange; was traded in almost daily; and the aggregate number of shares so sold during the year equalled nearly one-third of the total stock outstanding. The Commissioner of Internal Revenue refused to accept the company's valuation; took into consideration for the purpose of estimating the value of the capital stock, among other things, the value of the mining property theretofore established in connection with other federal taxes; concluded that the fair value of the capital stock considered as a whole was not materially less than the net fair value of the assets; fixed the value of the capital stock higher than the company had reported; and exacted an additional tax. Refund being denied, this suit was brought in the Court of Claims to recover the additional amount paid. Before the trial the Commissioner refunded a part of the additional tax. As to the balance, that court upheld the assessment. 59 Ct. Cl. 686. The case is here on appeal under § 242 of the Judicial Code.
The Company insists that the term "fair average value of its capital stock" means fair average value of the aggregate *376 shares of its stock and not the value of the corporate assets; that the fair average value of the shares, based upon bona fide sales of the stock in reasonable volume, was correctly stated in its return; that the aggregate value of the shares so determined by the fair average selling price of the individual shares must be adopted as the single standard for determining the value of the capital stock; that such determination cannot lawfully be modified by any consideration of the value of the corporation's assets; that the Commissioner based his determination upon the net fair value of the assets; and that the additional tax was, therefore, illegally assessed.
The tax is a special excise imposed on the privilege of carrying on business in the form of a corporation. Congress might have measured the value of the privilege by the net income of the year, as in the corporation tax, Flint v. Stone-Tracy Co., 220 U.S. 108, 174; by the annual gross receipts, as in the sugar refiners' tax, Spreckels Sugar Refining Co. v. McClain, 192 U.S. 397; by the amount of capital employed, as in the bankers' tax, Fidelity Title & Trust Co. v. United States, 259 U.S. 304, 308; or by the fixed capitalization, as in the taxing acts of many states. It might have taken as the measure, the aggregate value of all of the outstanding shares of stock and have directed that their value be computed by multiplying the average selling price, during the year, of a single share by the total number of shares outstanding. Compare The Delaware Railroad Tax, 18 Wall. 206, 209, 231. But Congress did none of these things. It declared that the tax should be measured by the "fair average value of its [the corporation's] capital stock." In so doing, it used a term which has no fixed meaning in taxing statutes and it gave no directions for ascertaining such value, except that in "estimating" value "the surplus and undivided profits shall be included."
As the term capital stock has no fixed significance, it must be construed in a particular statute by reference to *377 the context, the nature and purpose of the statute, its history and other aids to construction. We think that, as here used, it means the entire potentiality of the corporation to profit by the exercise of its corporate franchise. Central Union Trust Co. v. Edwards, 287 Fed. 324, 328. As the method to be pursued in ascertaining the value is not prescribed, we think that it was left to the sound judgment and discretion of the Commissioner, subject only to the obligation to take into consideration every relevant fact. Compare Louisville & Nashville R.R. Co. v. Greene, 244 U.S. 522, 540.
The capital stock of a corporation, its net assets, and its shares of stock are entirely different things. Compare Farrington v. Tennessee, 95 U.S. 679, 686; Tennessee v. Whitworth, 117 U.S. 129, 136-137; Wright v. Georgia R.R. & Banking Co., 216 U.S. 420, 425; Des Moines National Bank v. Fairweather, 263 U.S. 103, 111. The value of one bears no fixed or necessary relation to the value of the other. The net fair value of the assets was clearly a relevant fact bearing upon the value of the capital stock. It does not appear that the Commissioner refused to consider the selling price of the shares or other factors. He may have given much consideration to the selling price of the shares, and have concluded that, under the conditions prevailing in the year 1920, the average price at which relatively small lots were sold on the Stock Exchange was not a fair indication of the value of the capital stock. We cannot say that he acted arbitrarily or abused his discretion in concluding that "the fair value of the capital stock considered as a whole is not materially less than the net fair value of the assets." Illinois Central R.R. Co. v. Greene, 244 U.S. 555, 562. In Hecht v. Malley, 265 U.S. 144, 162-3, where the provision here in question was upheld as applied to a voluntary association without a fixed or designated share capital, the Collector had assessed the tax by "taking the *378 fair value of the assets of the Association over its liabilities, and calling the difference its capital stock."
Affirmed.
MR. JUSTICE SUTHERLAND dissents.
