                                                                      COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA

              Present: Judges Petty, O’Brien and AtLee
              Argued by teleconference
UNPUBLISHED




              COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA
                                                                                           MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY
              v.            Record No. 1832-15-2                                            JUDGE WILLIAM G. PETTY
                                                                                                MARCH 22, 2016
              SHARONDA MONIQUE GAITERS


                                            FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF RICHMOND
                                                       Fredrick B. Lowe, Judge Designate

                                           Elizabeth C. Kiernan, Assistant Attorney General (Mark R. Herring,
                                           Attorney General, on brief), for appellant.

                                           Dorian Dalton, Senior Assistant Public Defender, for appellee.


                            Pursuant to Code § 19.2-398, the Commonwealth appeals the trial court’s ruling granting

              Sharonda Monique Gaiters’s motion to suppress. Gaiters was indicted in the City of Richmond

              on March 12, 2015 for unlawfully selling, giving, or distributing a Schedule I or II controlled

              substance in violation of Code § 18.2-248. She was also indicted on August 3, 2015 for

              unlawfully possessing with the intent to manufacture, sell, give, or distribute oxycodone, a

              Schedule I or II controlled substance in violation of Code § 18.2-248. Gaiters made a pretrial

              motion to suppress, which the trial court granted on October 22, 2015.

                            On appeal, the Commonwealth presents four assignments of error:

                                           I. Gaiters failed to establish that she had a reasonable expectation
                                           of privacy in an empty SUV in a market’s parking lot; the circuit
                                           court erred in granting her motion to suppress.

                                           II. As the narcotics-detection dog’s alert provided probable cause
                                           to search the vehicle, the circuit court erred in granting Gaiters’s
                                           motion to suppress.

                                                                          
                            *
                                Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.
               III. As no officer by means of physical force or show of authority
               restrained Gaiters in any way, the circuit court erred in finding that
               a seizure occurred and in granting the motion to suppress.

               IV. Assuming that a seizure did occur, the circuit court erred in
               finding that Officer Neifeld lacked reasonable suspicion to believe
               Gaiters was distributing narcotics.

                                                 I.

       Because the parties are fully conversant with the record in this case and this

memorandum opinion carries no precedential value, we recite only those facts and incidents of

the proceedings as are necessary to the parties’ understanding of the disposition of this appeal.

       “On appeal of a ruling on a motion to suppress, we view the evidence in the light most

favorable to the prevailing party, here [Gaiters], granting to the evidence all reasonable

inferences deducible therefrom.” Cherry v. Commonwealth, 44 Va. App. 347, 356, 605 S.E.2d

297, 301 (2004).

                                                 II.

       We address the fourth assignment of error first. The trial court granted the motion to

suppress because it found that Gaiters was seized for Fourth Amendment purposes when the

police officer informed her he was going to have a drug dog walk around her car. The

Commonwealth contends that even “[a]ssuming that a seizure did occur, the circuit court erred in

finding that Officer Neifeld lacked reasonable suspicion to believe Gaiters was distributing

narcotics.” We agree.

       “‘Ultimate questions of reasonable suspicion and probable cause to make a warrantless

search’ involve questions of both law and fact and are reviewed de novo on appeal.” McGee v.

Commonwealth, 25 Va. App. 193, 197-98, 487 S.E.2d 259, 261 (1997) (en banc) (quoting

Ornelas v. United States, 517 U.S. 690, 691 (1996)). “In performing such analysis, we are bound



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by the trial court’s findings of historical fact unless ‘plainly wrong’ or without evidence to

support them.” Id. at 198, 487 S.E.2d at 261.

       For purposes of this appeal, we will assume without deciding that the trial court correctly

ruled that Gaiters was seized when Officer Neifeld told her that he was going to have a drug dog

sniff the car. The issue then becomes whether that seizure was constitutionally permissible.

       “Under Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968), and its progeny, a police officer ‘may

constitutionally conduct a brief, investigatory stop when the officer has a reasonable, articulable

suspicion that criminal activity is afoot.’” Beasley v. Commonwealth, 60 Va. App. 381, 395,

728 S.E.2d 499, 505 (2012) (quoting Bass v. Commonwealth, 259 Va. 470, 474-75, 525 S.E.2d

921, 923 (2000)).

       “Reasonable suspicion is simply suspicion that is reasonable. It is not something more

than suspicion. And it can hardly be called proof.” Mason v. Commonwealth, 64 Va. App. 292,

300, 767 S.E.2d 726, 731 (2015). “A ‘reasonable suspicion’ requires only ‘some minimal level

of objective justification’ for making such a stop.” Branham v. Commonwealth, 283 Va. 273,

280, 720 S.E.2d 74, 78 (2012) (quoting I.N.S. v. Delgado, 466 U.S. 210, 217 (1984)). “Although

a mere ‘hunch’ does not create reasonable suspicion, Terry, 392 U.S. at 27, the level of suspicion

the standard requires is ‘considerably less than proof of wrongdoing by a preponderance of the

evidence,’ and ‘obviously less’ than is necessary for probable cause, United States v. Sokolow,

490 U.S. 1, 7 (1989).” Navarette v. California, 134 S. Ct. 1683, 1687 (2014).

       “Whether an officer has a reasonable suspicion to justify such a detention is ‘based on an

assessment of the totality of the circumstances.’” Branham, 283 Va. at 280, 720 S.E.2d at 78

(quoting Harris v. Commonwealth, 276 Va. 689, 695, 668 S.E.2d 141, 145 (2008)). “That

assessment [also] ‘allows officers to draw on their own experience and specialized training to



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make inferences from and deductions about the cumulative information available to them.’” Id.

(quoting United States v. Arvizu, 534 U.S. 266, 273 (2002)).

              Reasonable suspicion can be “based on [an] officer’s personal observations” or “on

information supplied by another person.” Navarette, 134 S. Ct. at 1688. Here, Officer Neifeld’s

reasonable suspicion was based on both.

                                                               a. The Concerned Citizen’s Tip1

              “[A]n anonymous tip alone seldom demonstrates the informant’s basis of knowledge or

veracity.” Id. (quoting Alabama v. White, 496 U.S. 325, 329 (1990)). “To provide reasonable

suspicion, either the informant or the information given must exhibit ‘sufficient indicia of

reliability.’” Giles v. Commonwealth, 32 Va. App. 519, 523, 529 S.E.2d 327, 329 (2000)

(quoting White, 496 U.S. at 326-27). “In considering whether facts based on an anonymous tip

are sufficient to provide a police officer a reason to suspect criminal activity, the United States

Supreme Court has stated that ‘anonymous [information that has] been sufficiently corroborated

[may] furnish reasonable suspicion . . . [justifying an] investigative stop.’” Gregory v.

Commonwealth, 22 Va. App. 100, 106, 468 S.E.2d 117, 120 (1996) (alterations in original)

(quoting White, 496 U.S. at 331). “Applying Alabama v. White, we have held that although the

police do not have to verify every detail provided by an anonymous tipster, ‘significant aspects

of the informer’s information must be independently corroborated.’” Id. (quoting Bulatko v.

Commonwealth, 16 Va. App. 135, 137, 428 S.E.2d 306, 307 (1993)).

              “An accurate description of a subject’s readily observable location and appearance is of

course reliable in this limited sense: It will help the police correctly identify the person whom


                                                            
              1
         Officer Neifeld testified that he received a complaint from a concerned citizen about
narcotics distribution. For the purposes of this analysis we will treat this citizen complaint as an
anonymous tip, as the record does not indicate who the person was or how the complaint was
communicated to Officer Neifeld.
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the tipster means to accuse.” Florida v. J.L., 529 U.S. 266, 272 (2000). Reasonable suspicion,

however, additionally requires corroboration of the tip’s “assertion of illegality, not just in its

tendency to identify a determinate person.” Id.; see also Navarette, 134 S. Ct. at 1688-92

(holding that a 911 call from an eyewitness reporting a specific act of reckless driving provided

officers with reasonable suspicion to stop the reported truck because the call featured several

indicia of reliability, including the specificity of the tip, the eyewitness’ knowledge, the

contemporaneous nature of the call, the use of the 911 call system, and the fact that tip turned out

to be accurate).

        Nonetheless, not all anonymous tipsters are demanding of the same degree of scrutiny

when it comes to corroboration.

                Public-spirited citizens should be encouraged to furnish to the
                police information of crimes. Accordingly, we will not apply to
                citizen informers the same standard of reliability as is applicable
                when police act on tips from professional informers or those who
                seek immunity for themselves, whether such citizens are named, or
                as here, unnamed.

Guzewicz v. Commonwealth, 212 Va. 730, 735-36, 187 S.E.2d 144, 148 (1972) (citation

omitted). “The search for reliability of a citizen informer is essentially shifted from . . . personal

reliability, as in the case of police informers, to . . . ‘observational’ reliability.” Loveday v.

Wisconsin, 247 N.W.2d 116, 128 (Wisc. 1976) (quoting Wisconsin v. Knudson, 187 N.W.2d

321, 325-26 (Wisc. 1971)).

        Here, Officer Neifeld received an anonymous tip about narcotics distribution centered

around a two-toned SUV. The tip said that the seller was a female with orange-tipped

dreadlocks. In response to this information, Officer Neifeld drove by the parking lot and

observed a woman with orange-tipped dreadlocks and a two-toned SUV. Therefore, “significant

aspects of the [concerned citizen’s] information [were] independently corroborated,” Gregory, 22


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Va. App. at 106, 468 S.E.2d at 120 (quoting Bulatko, 16 Va. App. at 137, 428 S.E.2d at 307), by

Officer Neifeld.

                   b. Officer Neifeld’s Confirmation of the Substance of the Tip

       Officer Neifeld further corroborated the observational reliability of the concerned

citizen’s tip. After locating Gaiters in the parking lot, Officer Neifeld parked his car across the

street from the lot and watched Gaiters for an hour and a half. During that time, the officer saw

Gaiters interact with approximately five individuals. During each interaction, the individual

would arrive at the parking lot, either by car or on foot, and approach Gaiters. After the initial

contact, Gaiters would briefly climb into the SUV. She would then talk with the individual

again—either in front of the SUV, or in the individual’s car. After a short interaction, Gaiters

would walk away and the other individual would leave. Based upon Officer Neifeld’s

experience and training as an officer, he testified that he believed that Gaiters’s behavior was

consistent with drug distribution. Moreover, the interactions Officer Neifeld witnessed were

similar to controlled drug buys he had previously participated in at that same parking lot. This

testimony was relevant because a reasonable suspicion analysis “allows officers to draw on their

own experience and specialized training to make inferences from and deductions about the

cumulative information available to them.” Branham, 283 Va. at 280, 720 S.E.2d at 78 (quoting

Arvizu, 534 U.S. at 273).

       Officer Neifeld was therefore able to corroborate with his own observations the

concerned citizen’s claim that Gaiters was possibly dealing narcotics out of, or “based around,”

her two-toned SUV. This degree of independent corroboration provided Officer Neifeld’s tip

with even greater indicia of reliability than the tips described in White, Navarette, or J.L. Thus,

it was constitutionally permissible for Officer Neifeld to detain Gaiters while he investigated to



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either confirm or dispel his suspicion.2 Accordingly, the trial court erred in granting the motion

to suppress the evidence the officers found.

                                                               III.

              For the foregoing reason, we conclude that the trial court erred in ordering the

suppression of the evidence.3 Therefore, we reverse the ruling of the trial court and remand the

case for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

                                                                                 Reversed and remanded.




                                                            
              2
          We base our analysis upon the totality of the information available to the police officer
at the time the alleged seizure occurred. As a result, we need not address whether the
observations of the officer standing alone were sufficient to raise a reasonable suspicion of
criminal activity.
              3
         Because our disposition of Gaiters’s fourth assignment of error is dispositive, we need
not reach the remaining assignments of error. See Morris v. City of Va. Beach, 58 Va. App. 173,
180, 707 S.E.2d 479, 482 (2011) (noting this Court decides cases on “the best and narrowest
ground available” (quoting Armstead v. Commonwealth, 56 Va. App. 569, 576, 695 S.E.2d 561,
564 (2010))). 
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