[Cite as State v. Polite, 2018-Ohio-1372.]


                                         COURT OF APPEALS
                                        STARK COUNTY, OHIO
                                     FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT



STATE OF OHIO                                      JUDGES:
                                                   Hon. John W. Wise, P. J.
        Plaintiff-Appellee                         Hon. Craig R. Baldwin, J.
                                                   Hon. Earle E. Wise, Jr., J.
-vs-
                                                   Case No. 2017 CA 00129
RANDY R. POLITE

        Defendant-Appellant                        OPINION




CHARACTER OF PROCEEDING:                        Criminal Appeal from the Court of Common
                                                Pleas, Case No. 2016 CR 02311(B)


JUDGMENT:                                       Affirmed



DATE OF JUDGMENT ENTRY:                         April 9, 2018



APPEARANCES:

For Plaintiff-Appellee                          For Defendant-Appellant

JOHN D. FERRERO                                 DENNIS DAY LAGER
PROSECUTING ATTORNEY                            1025 Chapel Ridge, NE
KATHLEEN O. TATARSKY                            Canton, Ohio 44714
ASSISTANT PROSECUTOR
110 Central Plaza South, Suite 510
Canton, Ohio 44702
Stark County, Case No. 2017 CA 00129                                                       2

Wise, P. J.

       {¶1}   Appellant Randy R. Polite appeals his conviction on one count of Trafficking

in Cocaine and one count of Possession of Cocaine following a jury trial in the Stark

County Court of Common Pleas.

       {¶2}   Appellee is the State of Ohio.

                                  STATEMENT OF THE FACTS

       {¶3}   On January 19, 2017, the Stark County Grand Jury indicted Appellant,

Randy Rashaud Polite, on one count of trafficking in cocaine, a violation of R.C.

§2925.03(A)(2), [F1]; one count of possession of cocaine, a violation of R.C.

§2925.11(A)(C), [F1]; one count of trafficking in heroin, a violation of R.C. §2925.03(A)(2),

[F3]; and, one count of possession of heroin, a violation of R.C. §2925.11(A)(C)(4), [F5].

The indictment alleged that Appellant either committed the crimes himself and/or aided

or abetted another in so doing.

       {¶4}   Appellant’s charges stemmed from investigation in December, 2016,

wherein the Special Investigation Unit of the Canton Police Department was conducting

surveillance on the Towne Manor Motel following reports that members of the Shorb Bloc

gang were selling drugs from certain units. (Bill of Particulars, Feb. 17, 2017). The

surveillance started the morning of December 8, 2016, and concentrated on three Units

at the motel – Units 84, 86 and 88. The police department had previously obtained a

search warrant from the Canton Municipal Court to allow them to search said units. (T. at

261-266)

       {¶5}   During their surveillance, heavy traffic was witnessed entering and leaving

Units 86 and 88. Two of their "targets" were seen leaving those units and going into Unit
Stark County, Case No. 2017 CA 00126                                                     3


100. The "targets" were in there a short time, came back out and went again to Unit 100.

The two "targets" were then seen leaving Unit 100 with Appellant. (T. at 175-177).

       {¶6}   Appellant got into a tan colored sedan "like a Grand Marquis." Officer

Joseph Bays, who was alerted to follow it in a marked cruiser, stopped the vehicle.

Appellant did not give Officer Bays his name and a subsequent search revealed that he

had no drugs or drug paraphernalia with him in the car. (T. at 194, 207).

       {¶7}   In the meantime, Detective Bryan Jeffries obtained a search warrant for Unit

100. Unit 100 was searched by members of the Special Investigations Unit including

Detective Mike Volpe. (T. at 212-222). In Unit 100, on top of the nightstand in plain view,

Det. Volpe saw a digital scale. The scale was collected as evidence and was found to

contain cocaine residue. In a drawer of the nightstand, Det. Volpe found a clear plastic

bag containing a chunk of hard white material which was later identified as 28.6 grams of

crack cocaine. The nightstand drawer also contained $120.00 in cash.

       {¶8}   At trial, Det. Volpe opined that the solid chunk of crack cocaine would be

broken into "stones" for resale. When broken up, individual rocks would be repackaged

in small plastic bags and sold. Depending on the size and quality of the "stone", it could

range from $10.00 to $100.00 per stone. (T. at 220-221).

       {¶9}   On a table in Unit 100, Det. Volpe also found two cell phones, an ashtray

with a blunt of marijuana, and a single-edged razor blade. Det. Volpe explained that the

razor blade would be used to break the solid chunk of crack cocaine into individual

"stones" in preparation for sale.

       {¶10} On the television stand, Det. Volpe observed a box of sandwich bags and

a clear mason jar containing a white substance. When Jay Spencer of the Stark County
Stark County, Case No. 2017 CA 00126                                                     4


Crime Lab tested the white substance in the mason jar, it was found to contain .26 grams

of crack cocaine residue. (T. at 238).

       {¶11} Unit 100 also contained two identification cards that did not contain

Appellant's name and a food stamp card with the name Terry Copeland. (T. at 270).

Detective Jeffries opined that in his experience, people often traded food stamps for

drugs. (T. at 274).

       {¶12} Additionally, the officers found a Go Pro and an Amazon Kindle in the room.

There was a receipt from Walmart for the Go Pro, and Appellant told Detective Jeffries

that he purchased it. (T. at 278-279).

       {¶13} When Appellant was arrested, he gave the address of the Towne Manor

Motel as his residence. (T. at 278).

       {¶14} During the course of the investigation, Detective Jeffries learned that

Appellant was registered as the renter of Unit 100, and that he had been occupying it for

about a month. (T. at 266-267). There were no suitcases or clothing in Unit 100.

       {¶15} A mixture of heroin and fentanyl was found in the globe of a bathroom light.

(T. at 193).

       {¶16} On June 7, 2017, a jury trial proceeded in this matter. The jury was allowed

to take notes and ask questions of the witnesses.

       {¶17} The State called five witnesses, including four members of the Canton

Police Department in the Special Investigations Unit, and Jay Spencer, a forensic expert

with the Stark County Crime Laboratory, who testified to the facts as set forth above.

       {¶18} Appellant called no witnesses and rested after his motion for judgment of

acquittal was denied.
Stark County, Case No. 2017 CA 00126                                                       5


       {¶19} After hearing the evidence and receiving instructions from the trial court, the

jury began its deliberations on the second day of the trial. The jury returned with verdicts

of guilty to the crimes of trafficking in cocaine and possession of cocaine and not guilty to

the crimes of trafficking in heroin and possession of heroin.

       {¶20} The trial court immediately proceeded to sentencing, imposing a mandatory

prison term of six years. The trial court merged the possession of cocaine conviction with

the conviction for trafficking in cocaine.

       {¶21} Appellant now appeals, raising the following errors for review:

                                   ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR

       {¶22} “I. DEFENDANT-APPELLANT'S RIGHT TO DUE PROCESS OF LAW WAS

VIOLATED BY ERROR PERVASIVE IN HIS TRIAL, WHICH AFFECTED THE

FRAMEWORK THEREOF AND WHICH DENIED DEFENDANT-APPELLANT HIS

RIGHT TO A FAIR AND IMPARTIAL TRIAL AS GUARANTEED BY THE SIXTH AND

FOURTEENTH AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES

AND BY ARTICLE I, SECTION 10 OF THE CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF OHIO.

       {¶23} “II. DEFENDANT-APPELLANT WAS PREJUDICED AND DENIED A FAIR

AND IMPARTIAL TRIAL AS CONSTITUTIONALLY GUARANTEED BY REASON OF

THE TRIAL COURT'S JURY INSTRUCTIONS, WHICH DEFINED THE CHARGED

OFFENSES IMPROPERLY AND WHICH INCLUDED INSTRUCTION ON OFFENSE

ELEMENTS WHICH ARE NOT PRESENT OR INCLUDED IN THE DENOMINATED

STATUTORY SECTIONS OF THE OHIO REVISED CODE UNDER WHICH

DEFENDANT-APPELLANT WAS CHARGED AND CONVICTED.
Stark County, Case No. 2017 CA 00126                                                        6


      {¶24} “III. THE VERDICT OF THE JURY IN THE CASE SUB JUDICE, FINDING

DEFENDANT-APPELLANT GUILTY OF THE CRIMES OF TRAFFICKING IN COCAINE,

IN VIOLATION OF R.C. 2925.03(A)(2)(C)( 4)(T), AND POSSESSION OF COCAINE, IN

VIOLATION OF R.C. 2925.LL(A)(C)(4)(E), IS AGAINST THE MANIFEST WEIGHT OF

THE EVIDENCE AND IS CONTRARY TO LAW.”

                                                 I.

      {¶25} In his first assignment of error, Appellant argues that the indictment was

defective and therefore amounted to structural error. We disagree.

      {¶26} Initially we note that Appellant failed to object to the alleged structural errors

at trial. We therefore review such under a plain error standard.

      {¶27} A plain-error analysis pursuant to Crim.R. 52(B) provides that “[p]lain errors

or defects affecting substantial rights may be noticed although they were not brought to

the attention of the court.” Notice of plain error is to be taken with the utmost caution,

under exceptional circumstances, and only to prevent a manifest miscarriage of justice.

State v. Granderson, 177 Ohio App.3d 424, 2008–Ohio–3757, 894 N.E.2d 1290 (5th

Dist.), ¶ 63, citing State v. Long, 53 Ohio St.2d 91, 372 N.E.2d 804 (1978), paragraph

three of the syllabus; State v. Cooperrider, 4 Ohio St.3d 226, 227, 448 N.E.2d 452 (1983).

      {¶28} In the instant case, Appellant argues that the addition of the aiding and

abetting language to the indictment resulted in charging him with an offense that does not

exist under Ohio law. Upon review, we find said argument unpersuasive.

      {¶29} In addressing this assignment of error we shall begin by examining R.C.

§2923.03, which provides:
Stark County, Case No. 2017 CA 00126                                                      7


              (A) No person, acting with the kind of culpability required for the

       commission of an offense, shall do any of the following

              ***

              (2) Aid or abet another in committing the offense .”

       {¶30} R.C. 2923.03(F) further states:

              Whoever violates this section is guilty in the commission of an

       offense, and shall be prosecuted and punished as if he were a principal

       offender. A charge of complicity may be stated in terms of this section, or in

       terms of the principal offense.

       {¶31} Here, Appellant was indicted for trafficking and possession of cocaine in

terms of the principal offenses and/or aiding or abetting another in so doing. By virtue of

R.C. §2923.03(F), appellant was on notice that evidence could be presented that he was

either a principal offender, or an aider and abettor. State v. Dotson (1987), 35 Ohio App.3d

135, 138, 520 N.E.2d 240, 244.

       {¶32} Even if the aiding and abetting language was not included in the indictment,

charging a defendant in an indictment as if he were a principal will sustain proof that he

acted as an aider and abettor of the principal. State v. Senzarino (C.P.1967), 10 Ohio

Misc. 241, 39 O.O.2d 383, 224 N.E.2d 389; State v. Smith (Mar. 25, 1988), Allen App.

No. 1–85–48, unreported, 1988 WL 32979.

       {¶33} Accordingly, the indictment in the case sub judice was legally sufficient in

describing the elements of the charged offense and we find no error, plain or otherwise.

       {¶34} Appellant’s first assignment of error is overruled.
Stark County, Case No. 2017 CA 00126                                                        8


                                                 II.

       {¶35} In his second assignment of error, Appellant further argues that jury

instructions in this matter were improper and erroneous and amounted to structural or

plain error. We disagree.

       {¶36} More specifically, Appellant argues that the trial court erred in instructing

the jury on both the principal offenses of trafficking and possession of cocaine and/or

aiding or abetting another in so doing.

       {¶37} Again, Appellant failed to object to the jury instructions at trial. We therefore

review this assignment of error under the plain error analysis.

       {¶38} Upon review, we again find that under Ohio law, “there is no distinction

between a defendant convicted of complicity or as a principal offender.” State v.

Alexander, 6th Dist. Wood No. WD–02–047, 2003-Ohio-6969, 2003 WL 22994222, ¶ 70.

The state need not even prove “[t]he identity of the principal * * * to establish the offense

of complicity by aiding and abetting.” In re T.K., 109 Ohio St.3d 512, 2006-Ohio-3056,

849 N.E.2d 286, paragraph one of the syllabus.

       {¶39} In State v. Perryman (1976), 49 Ohio St.2d 14, 358 N.E.2d 1040, vacated

in part on other grounds sub nom, Perryman v. Ohio (1978), 438 U.S. 911, 98 S.Ct. 3136,

57 L.Ed.2d 1156, the Ohio Supreme Court clarified Ohio's position on the issue of

complicity. The Court unequivocally approved of the practice of charging a jury regarding

aiding and abetting even if the defendant was charged in the indictment only as a

principal. Id. The court held that the indictment as principal performed the function of

giving legal notice of the charge to the defendant. Id. Therefore, if the facts at trial

reasonably supported the jury instruction on aiding and abetting, it is proper for the trial
Stark County, Case No. 2017 CA 00126                                                      9

judge to give that charge. Perryman, supra at 27, 28, 358 N.E.2d 1040.” State v. Payton

(April 19, 1990), 8th Dist. Nos. 58292, 58346.

       {¶40} R.C. §2923.03(F) adequately notifies defendants that the jury may be

instructed on complicity, even when the charge is drawn in terms of the principal offense.

See State v. Keenan (1998), 81 Ohio St.3d 133, 151, 689 N.E.2d 929, 946, citing Hill v.

Perini (C.A.6, 1986), 788 F.2d 406, 407-408. State v. Herring (2002), 94 Ohio St.3d 246,

251 762 N.E.2d 940, 949.

       {¶41} “[To] support a conviction for complicity by aiding and abetting pursuant to

R.C. 2923.03(A)(2), the evidence must show that the defendant supported, assisted,

encouraged, cooperated with, advised, or incited the principal in the commission of the

crime, and that the defendant shared the criminal intent of the principal.” State v. Johnson

(2001), 93 Ohio St.3d 240, 754 N.E.2d 796, syllabus.

       {¶42} Although the state need not establish the principal's identity, it must, at the

very least, prove that a principal committed the offense. State v. Perryman (1976), 49

Ohio St.2d 14, 358 N.E.2d 1040, paragraph four of the syllabus; State v. Hill (1994), 70

Ohio St.3d 25, 28, 635 N.E.2d 1248, 1251. However, the state does not need to prove

that the accomplice and principal had a specific plan to commit a crime. Johnson, 93 Ohio

St.3d at 245, 754 N.E.2d 796. The fact that the defendant shares the criminal intent of

the principal may be inferred from the circumstances surrounding the crime, which may

include the defendant's presence, companionship, and conduct before and after the

offense is committed. Id. at 245-246, 754 N.E.2d 796. This is a situation where

“[c]ircumstantial evidence and direct evidence inherently possess the same probative

value,” State v. Jenks (1991), 61 Ohio St.3d 259, 574 N.E.2d 492, paragraph one of the
Stark County, Case No. 2017 CA 00126                                                        10


syllabus, because “[t]he intent of an accused person dwells in his mind. Not being

ascertainable by the exercise of any or all of the senses, it can never be proved by the

direct testimony of a third person, and it need not be.” In re Washington, 81 Ohio St.3d

337, 340, 691 N.E.2d 285, 1998-Ohio-627, quoting State v. Huffman (1936), 131 Ohio St.

27, 1 N.E.2d 313, paragraph four of the syllabus.

       {¶43} Here, we find that evidence supported a finding that Appellant aided and/or

abetted in the trafficking and possession of cocaine charges. Cocaine was found in the

room belonging to Appellant and traces of cocaine were also found on the mason jar and

the digital scales found in the room.

       {¶44} Based on the foregoing, we find no error, plain or otherwise from the

instructions to the jury regarding aiding and abetting as well as the principal offenses.

       {¶45} Appellant’s second assignment of error is overruled.

                                                III.

       {¶46} In his third assignment of error, Appellant argues that his convictions were

against the manifest weight of the evidence and were contrary to law. We disagree.

       {¶47} On review for sufficiency, a reviewing court is to examine the evidence at

trial to determine whether such evidence, if believed, would support a conviction. State v.

Jenks, 61 Ohio St.3d 259, 574 N.E.2d 492 (1991). “The relevant inquiry is whether, after

viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact

could have found the essential elements of the crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt.”

Jenks at paragraph two of the syllabus, following Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 99

S.Ct. 2781, 61 L.Ed.2d 560 (1979).
Stark County, Case No. 2017 CA 00126                                                    11


       {¶48} On review for manifest weight, a reviewing court is to examine the entire

record, weigh the evidence and all reasonable inferences, consider the credibility of

witnesses and determine “whether in resolving conflicts in the evidence, the jury clearly

lost its way and created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that the conviction must

be reversed and a new trial ordered.” State v. Martin, 20 Ohio App.3d 172, 175, 485

N.E.2d 717 (1st Dist.1983). See also, State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 1997–

Ohio–52, 678 N.E.2d 541. The granting of a new trial “should be exercised only in the

exceptional case in which the evidence weighs heavily against the conviction.” Martin at

175.

       {¶49} We note the weight to be given to the evidence and the credibility of the

witnesses are issues for the trier of fact. State v. DeHass, 10 Ohio St.2d 230, 237 N.E.2d

212 (1967). The trier of fact “has the best opportunity to view the demeanor, attitude, and

credibility of each witness, something that does not translate well on the written page.”

Davis v. Flickinger, 77 Ohio St.3d 415, 418, 1997–Ohio–260, 674 N.E.2d 1159.

       {¶50} Appellant, in the case sub judice, was convicted of trafficking in cocaine in

violation of R.C. §2925.03(A)(2)(C)(4)(f) and possession of cocaine, in violation of R.C.

§2925.11(A)(C)(4)(e), which state, in relevant part:

       {¶51} R.C. §2925.03 Drug Trafficking

             (A) No person shall knowingly do any of the following:

             ***

             (2) Prepare for shipment, ship, transport, deliver, prepare for

       distribution, or distribute a controlled substance or a controlled substance

       analog, when the offender knows or has reasonable cause to believe that
Stark County, Case No. 2017 CA 00126                                                 12


       the controlled substance or a controlled substance analog is intended for

       sale or resale by the offender or another person.

              ***

       {¶52} R.C. §2925.11 Drug Possession

              (A) No person shall knowingly obtain, possess, or use a controlled

       substance or a controlled substance analog.

              ***.

       {¶53} We note the jury was instructed upon complicity on both the possession and

trafficking charge in addition to principal offender language.

       {¶54} Complicity is set forth in R.C. §2923.03 as follows:

              (A) No person, acting with the kind of culpability required for the

       commission of an offense, shall do any of the following:

              (1) Solicit or procure another to commit the offense;

              (2) Aid or abet another in committing the offense;

              ***

       {¶55} As explained by this court in State v. Butcher, 5th Dist. Stark No.

2016CA00207, 2017–Ohio–4154, ¶ 20–22:

              To support a conviction for complicity, the State must demonstrate

       the defendant supported, assisted, encouraged, cooperated with, advised,

       or incited the principal in the commission of the crime, and the defendant

       shared the criminal intent of the principal. State v. Johnson 93 Ohio St.3d

       240, 754 N.E.2d 796, 2001–Ohio–1336. Intent may be inferred from the

       circumstances surrounding the crime. Id. The fact that defendant did not
Stark County, Case No. 2017 CA 00126                                                     13


       articulate her intent will not allow her to escape responsibility for her clear

       actions of complicity by aiding and abetting in the commission of the crimes.

       Id.

       {¶56} Aiding and abetting may be shown by both direct and circumstantial

evidence, and participation may be inferred from presence, companionship, and conduct

before and after the offense is committed. State v. Cartellone (1981), 3 Ohio App.3d 145,

150, 3 OBR 163, 444 N.E.2d 68, citing State v. Pruett (1971), 28 Ohio App.2d 29, 34, 57

O.O.2d 38, 273 N.E.2d 884. Aiding and abetting may also be established by overt acts of

assistance such as driving a getaway car or serving as a lookout. Id. at 150, 3 OBR 163,

444 N.E.2d 68. See State v. Trocodaro (1973), 36 Ohio App.2d 1, 65 O.O.2d 1, 301

N.E.2d 898; State v. Lett, 2005–Ohio–1308, ¶¶ 27–29, 160 Ohio App. 3d 46, 52, 825

N.E.2d 1158, 1163.

       {¶57} Here, Appellant argues that the state failed to present evidence that he ever

touched, handled, owned, physically possessed, transferred or sold to another any

cocaine.

       {¶58} Possession can be either actual or constructive. Constructive possession

exists when a person knowingly exercises dominion and control over an object, even

though the object might not be within his immediate possession. State v. Hankerson

(1985), 70 Ohio St.2d 87, 434 N.E.2d 1362.

       {¶59} When viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution,

we find that sufficient evidence was presented to support Appellant's convictions. At trial,

evidence was presented that Appellant was the registered renter of Unit 100 of the Towne

Manor Motel. No clothing or suitcases were found in the room. Cocaine was found in a
Stark County, Case No. 2017 CA 00126                                                     14


plastic bag in a nightstand drawer in the unit. Traces of cocaine was found on a mason

jar and on a digital scale in the unit. A box of sandwich bags were found on the television

stand. Appellant was seen entering the unit with two other males who were targets in their

surveillance investigation. Appellant was the last to leave the unit, and no one else

entered prior to the search. (T. at 179, 225, 264, 266).

       {¶60} Additionally, evidence was presented that two identification cards and a

food stamp card which did not contain Appellant's name were found in Appellant's room.

Testimony was provided by Officer Jeffries that food stamps and identification cards were

often traded for drugs. (T. at 274, 277).

       {¶61} We note the weight to be given to the evidence and the credibility of the

witnesses are issues for the trier of fact. State v. Jamison, 49 Ohio St.3d 182, 552 N.E.2d

180 (1990). The trier of fact “has the best opportunity to view the demeanor, attitude, and

credibility of each witness, something that does not translate well on the written page.”

Davis v. Flickinger, 77 Ohio St.3d 415, 418, 674 N.E.2d 1159 (1997).

       {¶62} Also, circumstantial evidence is that which can be “inferred from reasonably

and justifiably connected facts.” State v. Fairbanks, 32 Ohio St.2d 34, 289 N.E.2d 352

(1972), paragraph five of the syllabus. “[C]ircumstantial evidence may be more certain,

satisfying and persuasive than direct evidence.” State v. Richey, 64 Ohio St.3d 353,

1992–Ohio–44, 595 N.E.2d 915. It is to be given the same weight and deference as direct

evidence. State v. Jenks, 61 Ohio St.3d 259, 574 N.E.2d 492 (1991).

       {¶63} Upon review, we find Appellant's convictions were supported by sufficient

evidence and are not against the manifest weight of the evidence. Any rational trier of fact

could have found the essential elements of trafficking and possession proven beyond a
Stark County, Case No. 2017 CA 00126                                                15


reasonable doubt. Nor is this the exceptional case in which the evidence weighs heavily

against a conviction.

       {¶64} Appellant’s third assignment of error is overruled.

       {¶65} For the reasons stated in the foregoing opinion, the judgment of the Court

of Common Pleas, Stark County, Ohio, is affirmed.


By: Wise, John, P. J.

Baldwin, J., and

Wise, Earle, J., concur.

JWW/d 0328
