                                                                            FILED
                           NOT FOR PUBLICATION
                                                                             APR 15 2019
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                       MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                          U.S. COURT OF APPEALS


                           FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                        No. 17-50197

              Plaintiff-Appellee,                D.C. No.
                                                 2:16-cr-00196-SVW-1
 v.

NERSES NICK BRONSOZIAN,                          MEMORANDUM*

              Defendant-Appellant.


                    Appeal from the United States District Court
                        for the Central District of California
                    Stephen V. Wilson, District Judge, Presiding

                            Submitted April 10, 2019**
                               Pasadena, California

Before: GRABER and BYBEE, Circuit Judges, and HARPOOL,*** District Judge.




      *
        This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
      **
        The panel unanimously concludes that this case is suitable for decision
without oral argument. Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).
      ***
        The Honorable M. Douglas Harpool, United States District Judge for the
Western District of Missouri, sitting by designation.
      A jury found Defendant Nerses Nick Bronsozian guilty of possessing an

unregistered firearm in violation of 26 U.S.C. § 5861(d). He timely appeals his

conviction, and we affirm.

      1. Defendant argues that:

      (a) Congress lacks the constitutional authority to punish the possession of an

unregistered machine gun because § 5861(d) "is punitive in nature and it generates

no tax revenue";

      (b) the statute violates the Due Process Clause because Defendant cannot be

punished for possessing a machine gun that was impossible for him to register; and

      (c) 18 U.S.C. § 922(o), which bans the possession of all machine guns,

implicitly repealed § 5861(d).

      We rejected all of those claims in Hunter v. United States, 73 F.3d 260 (9th

Cir. 1996) (per curiam). As a three-judge panel, we may depart from Hunter only

if it is clearly irreconcilable with a later Supreme Court or en banc decision. Miller

v. Gammie, 335 F.3d 889, 892–93 (9th Cir. 2003) (en banc). Defendant argues

that Hunter is fatally undermined by National Federation of Independent Business

v. Sebelius ("NFIB"), 567 U.S. 519 (2012), at least with respect to his first

argument. We disagree.




                                          2
      NFIB characterized the "penalty" in the Patient Protection and Affordable

Care Act ("ACA") as a "tax" and, from that premise, reasoned that the ACA

permissibly exercised Congress’s taxing power. Id. at 561–63. By contrast, here,

Congress expressly delegated the taxing power. Moreover, Hunter addressed

(among other issues) whether § 5861(d), which was enacted in aid of a firearms tax

provision, remained constitutional in light of the federal agency’s decision to deny

the licensing and registration applications that would have triggered the taxable

event. NFIB did not address that issue in any way, even indirectly. Finally, NFIB

emphasized that it was not making new law, but merely applying longstanding

principles to decide whether a "penalty" was really a "tax." Id. at 565–66.

      2. Defendant next argues that the government withheld material exculpatory

evidence in violation of Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83 (1963). The claimed

violation pertains to statements that a Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and

Explosives ("ATF") agent made to prosecutors in a different case, concerning the

violence of the Vagos gang. On de novo review, United States v. Antonakeas, 255

F.3d 714, 725 (9th Cir. 2001), we hold that Defendant suffered no prejudice, which

is a necessary element for his claim to succeed, Strickler v. Greene, 527 U.S. 263,

282 (1999).




                                          3
      The only disputed issue at trial was whether Defendant knew that the firearm

he sold to the ATF agent was, in fact, a fully automatic machine gun. The violence

of the Vagos gang was relevant only to the extent that it could explain away

Defendant’s own recorded statements about the machine gun’s fully automatic

characteristics. To support his theory that he said the firearm was fully automatic

to satisfy an intimidating person, rather than to describe what he actually knew, he

had to show his own knowledge about the gang. The agent’s knowledge was, at

best, marginally relevant. And there already was extensive evidence offered at trial

to show the Vagos gang’s violent tendencies. See Benn v. Lambert, 283 F.3d

1040, 1053 (9th Cir. 2002) ("Evidence is deemed prejudicial, or material, only if it

undermines confidence in the outcome of the trial.").

      3. Finally, Defendant argues that the ATF agent’s testimony was false, thus

violating the principles of Napue v. Illinois, 360 U.S. 264, 269 (1959). We have

carefully reviewed the record and conclude that the testimony complained of was

neither false nor incongruent with testimony offered in a different case. See

Jackson v. Brown, 513 F.3d 1057, 1075 (9th Cir. 2008) ("Napue applies whenever

a prosecution ‘knew or should have known that the testimony was false.’" (quoting

Hayes v. Brown, 399 F.3d 972, 984 (9th Cir. 2005) (en banc))).

      AFFIRMED.


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