FOR PUBLICATION

ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANTS:                                  ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE MAC
                                                           CONSTRUCTION AND EXCAVATING:
ELIJAH D. BACCUS
MARILYN L. WIDMAN                                          LESLIE C. SHIVELY
Allotta, Farley & Widman Co., LPA                          Shively & Associates, P.C.
Toledo, Ohio                                               Evansville, Indiana

                                                           ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE CITY OF
                                                           JEFFERSONVILLE ET AL.:

                                                           R. THOMAS LOWE
                                                           Corporation Counsel
                                                           City of Jeffersonville            FILED
                                                           Jeffersonville, Indiana        Aug 31 2012, 9:34 am

                                IN THE
                                                                                                  CLERK
                      COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA                                               of the supreme court,
                                                                                                court of appeals and
                                                                                                       tax court

PATRICIA J. BARROW and                            )
CHARLIE HANKA,                                    )
                                                  )
      Appellants-Plaintiffs,                      )
                                                  )
             vs.                                  )     No. 10A05-1112-PL-647
                                                  )
CITY OF JEFFERSONVILLE,                           )
JEFFERSONVILLE PLANNING AND ZONING )
DEPARTMENT, JEFFERSONVILLE BOARD OF )
ZONING APPEALS, JEFFERSONVILLE                    )
BUILDING COMMISSION, MAC                          )
CONSTRUCTION AND EXCAVATING, and                  )
INGRAM LAND CORP.,1                               )
                                                  )
      Appellees-Defendants.                       )
                    APPEAL FROM THE CLARK SUPERIOR COURT
                             The Honorable Jerry F. Jacobi, Judge
                        The Honorable Daniel Donahue, Senior Judge
                              Cause No. 10D02-1008-PL-1282
                                     August 31, 2012
                             OPINION - FOR PUBLICATION
KIRSCH, Judge

        1
          Ingram Land Corp. is not seeking relief on appeal and has not filed a brief as either appellant or
appellee. Pursuant to Indiana Appellate Rule 17(A), however, a party of record in the trial court is a party on
appeal.
       Patricia J. Barrow (“Barrow”) and Charlie Hanka (“Hanka”) (collectively, “the

Plaintiffs”) appeal the trial court’s order granting summary judgment in favor of City of

Jeffersonville (“the City”), Jeffersonville Planning and Zoning Department, Jeffersonville

Board of Zoning Appeals, Jeffersonville Building Commission, MAC Construction and

Excavating (“MAC”), and Ingram Land Corp. (collectively, “the Defendants”) on the

Plaintiffs’ complaint for declaratory judgment and mandatory injunction. The Plaintiffs raise

several issues on appeal, which we consolidate and restate as:

       I.     Whether the statute of limitations established in Indiana Code section
              34-11-2-6 is applicable to this case, specifically whether the Director of
              the City’s Planning and Zoning Department and the City’s Building
              Commissioner are public officers; and

       II.    Whether the Plaintiffs’ cause of action is barred by the statute of
              limitations.

       We affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand.

                        FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

       During the summer of 2005, Dan Marra (“Marra”), attorney for Liter’s Quarry

(“Liter’s”), contacted Chester Hicks (“Hicks”), who was the City’s Director of Planning and

Zoning (“the Director”) at the time, regarding a zoning interpretation on the parcel of land

located at 1415 Quarry Road, Jeffersonville, Indiana (“the Property”). Liter’s was the

leaseholder of the Property and sought a zoning interpretation to allow it to lease a section of

the Property to MAC for the operation of an asphalt plant. The Property was operated by

Liter’s as a quarry and had been designated as an I1 Business Park/ Light Industrial use under

the City’s Zoning Ordinance. In a letter to Marra dated July 14, 2005, Hicks stated that

“Article Ten of the Jeffersonville Zoning Ordinance permits the . . . Director to allow one

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nonconforming use to be equally appropriate or more appropriate to the zoning district than

the existing one.” Appellants’ App. at 28; Appellee MAC’s App. at 40. Hicks further stated

that he found the conversion of a part of the Property to an asphalt plant to be “a more

appropriate use in the I1 district because it would generate less noise, vibration, and debris

than a quarry operation.” Appellants’ App. at 28; Appellee MAC’s App. at 40. On August 4,

2005, an Improvement Location Permit (“ILP”) was issued for the Property and signed by

Russell Segraves (“Segraves”), the City’s Building Commissioner (“Commissioner”).

       The duties of Hicks as Director are set forth in the City’s Zoning Ordinance. Hicks

testified at his deposition that his duties and responsibilities included the administrative

function of interpreting the City’s Zoning Ordinance. Appellee MAC’s App. at 48. He also

testified that the Director performed all of the administrative functions of the City’s Planning

and Zoning Department. Id. at 50-53. Segraves testified at his deposition that the duties of

the Commissioner are set out in the City Ordinance 87-OR-53. Id. at 58-59. He further

testified that the Commissioner is the sole official in the City’s Building Commission

responsible for issuing permits and exercising his authority and that the Commission is not

governed by a board. Id. at 59-66.

       The Plaintiffs filed a complaint on August 16, 2010, requesting a declaratory

judgment action against the Defendants stating that the July 14, 2005 zoning interpretation

and the August 4, 2005 ILP were improperly issued and requesting a mandatory injunction

revoking both the zoning interpretation and the ILP. MAC filed an answer and motion for

judgment on the pleadings, arguing that the action was barred by the statute of limitations set

forth in Indiana Code section 34-11-2-6. The trial court held a hearing as to the motion for

                                               3
judgment on the pleadings, and after the hearing, the trial court determined that, before ruling

on the motion, it was necessary for a supplemental hearing to hear evidence as to whether

Hicks and Segraves were “public officers” for purposes of Indiana Code section 34-11-2-6.

On July 25, 2011, MAC filed a motion for summary judgment, again asserting that the

Plaintiffs’ claims were barred by the statute of limitations. The Plaintiffs filed a cross-

motion for summary judgment. On October 17, 2011, the trial court granted summary

judgment in favor of the Defendants, and on November 10, 2011, the trial court signed the

final order granting summary judgment. The Plaintiffs now appeal.

                             DISCUSSION AND DECISION

                                    Standard of Review

       On appeal from a grant of summary judgment, our standard of review is the same as

that of the trial court. Wilcox Mfg. Grp., Inc. v. Mktg. Servs. of Ind., Inc., 832 N.E.2d 559,

562 (Ind. Ct. App. 2005). We stand in the shoes of the trial court and apply a de novo

standard of review. Cox v. N. Ind. Pub. Serv. Co., 848 N.E.2d 690, 695 (Ind. Ct. App. 2006).

Our review of a summary judgment motion is limited to those materials designated to the trial

court. Ind. Trial Rule 56(H); Robson v. Tex. E. Corp., 833 N.E.2d 461, 466 (Ind. Ct. App.

2005), trans. denied. Summary judgment is appropriate only where the designated evidence

shows there are no genuine issues of material fact and the moving party is entitled to

judgment as a matter of law. T.R. 56(C). For summary judgment purposes, a fact is

“material” if it bears on the ultimate resolution of relevant issues. Wilcox Mfg., 832 N.E.2d

at 562. We view the pleadings and designated materials in the light most favorable to the

non-moving party. Id. Additionally, all facts and reasonable inferences from those facts are

                                               4
construed in favor of the nonmoving party. Troxel Equip. Co. v. Limberlost Bancshares, 833

N.E.2d 36, 40 (Ind. Ct. App. 2005), trans. denied.

       A trial court’s grant of summary judgment is clothed with a presumption of validity,

and the party who lost in the trial court has the burden of demonstrating that the grant of

summary judgment was erroneous. Cox, 848 N.E.2d at 695-96. Where a trial court enters

specific findings and conclusions, they offer insight into the rationale for the trial court’s

judgment and facilitate appellate review, but are not binding upon this court. Id. We will

affirm upon any theory or basis supported by the designated materials. Id. When a trial court

grants summary judgment, we carefully scrutinize that determination to ensure that a party

was not improperly prevented from having his or her day in court. Id.

                                   Statute of Limitations

       The statute of limitations at issue in the present case states:

       An action against:

       (A) a sheriff;

       (B) another public officer; or

       (C) the officer and the officer’s sureties on a public bond;

       growing out of a liability incurred by doing an act in an official capacity, or by
       the omission of an official duty, must be commenced within five (5) years after
       the cause of action accrues. However, an action may be commenced against
       the officer or the officer’s legal representatives, for money collected in an
       official capacity and not paid over, at any time within six (6) years after the
       cause of action accrues.

Ind. Code § 34-11-2-6.




                                               5
                 I. Whether Hicks and Segraves Were Public Officers

       The Plaintiffs argue that the trial court erred when it found Hicks and Segraves were

public officers protected by the statute of limitations contained in Indiana Code section 34-

11-2-6. They contend that Hicks and Segraves were not public officers because they did not

meet the necessary criteria to be considered a public officer in Indiana. The Plaintiffs assert

that the individual must serve in a position that is either elected or appointed, that such

position must have sovereign power prescribed by law not contract, and that the individual

must have taken an oath of office within thirty days of taking office. Because Hicks and

Segraves did not meet any of these criteria, the Plaintiffs claim that the statute of limitations

in Indiana Code section 34-11-2-6 does not apply to the facts of this case.

       This case presents an issue of first impression in Indiana as we have found no Indiana

authority defining public officer as it applies to Indiana Code section 34-11-2-6. Although

both sides cite to Indiana cases and statutes defining public officer, the cited authorities do

not specifically define the term public officer as it is used in Indiana Code section 34-11-2-6.

In Mosby v. Board of Commissioners of Vanderburgh County, 134 Ind. App. 175, 186

N.E.2d 18 (1962), this court held that a person appointed as a county park manager by the

county park board pursuant to statute, and who was required to execute a bond but who did

not take an oath, was not an officer but an employee whose three-year contract of

employment, which was given before his original contract had expired, was not void under

the Indiana rule that an appointment to fill a vacancy in an office is void if there is no

vacancy. 134 Ind. App. at 182, 186 N.E.2d at 22. In making such a determination, the court

stated that, “[g]enerally, one who holds an elective or appointive position for which public

                                               6
duties are prescribed by law is a ‘public officer.’” 134 Ind. App. at 179, 186 N.E.2d at 20.

Further, the court stated that “[t]he oath and bond, being merely incidents, and not

requirements, of public office, do not serve as absolute guides in determining the character of

a position . . . [but that] their absence is strong evidence, when considered with other

criterion, that the position is one of employment rather than public office.” 134 Ind. App. at

181, 186 N.E.2d at 21.

       Although not directly associated with Indiana Code section 34-11-2-6, many

definitions of public officer may be found in Indiana law. Under Indiana Code section 5-13-

4-21, which is applicable to Article 13, the Investment of Public Funds, public officer is

defined as:

       any person elected or appointed to any office of the state or any political
       subdivision. “Public officer” includes an officer of all boards, commissions,
       departments, institutions, and other bodies established by law to function as a
       part of the government of the state or political subdivision that are supported
       wholly or partly by appropriations of money made from the treasury of the
       state or political subdivision or that are supported wholly or partly by taxes or
       fees. “Public officer” does not include an officer of an independent body
       politic and corporate set up as an instrumentality of the state but not
       constituting a political subdivision.

Ind. Code § 5-13-4-21. In the context of defamation, Indiana courts have stated that the

designation of “public official” “applies at the very least to those among the hierarchy of

government employees who have, or appear to the public to have, substantial responsibility

for or control over the conduct of governmental affairs. Beeching v. Levee, 764 N.E.2d 669,

676 (Ind. Ct. App. 2002). Further, “[w]here a position in government has such apparent

importance that the public has an independent interest in the qualifications and performance

of the person who holds it, beyond the general public interest in the qualifications and

                                              7
performance of all government employees,” the defamation standards applicable to public

officials apply. Id.

       Additionally, although there is no state law defining public officer as it applies to

Indiana Code section 34-11-2-6, in Blake v. Katter, 693 F.2d 677 (1982), overruled on other

grounds, the Seventh Circuit, applying Indiana law, analyzed whether a state police officer

was a public officer under Indiana Code section 34-1-2-2(2), the predecessor to the statute at

issue here. In that case, the Seventh Circuit defined a public officer as “one who held an

office having special duties prescribed by law to serve a public purpose, and that those duties

were invested with ‘some of the functions pertinent to sovereignty.’” Blake, 693 F.2d at 680

(quoting Bottos v. Avakian, 477 F. Supp. 610, 614 (N.D. Ind. 1979)). Applying this

definition, the court found that a state police officer was a public officer.

       Taking all of these authorities into consideration, we believe that in order for an

individual to be a public officer under Indiana Code section 34-11-2-6, it must be determined

that the individual holds a position for which duties are prescribed by law to serve a public

purpose. We further conclude that the taking of an oath is not required to be a public officer,

but the fact that one has been taken is a strong indicator of the position being one of a public

officer. Having established a definition of public officer to be used when applying Indiana

Code section 34-11-2-6, we now proceed to apply the definition to the present case.

       Here, the evidence shows that both the position of Director and the position of

Commissioner were established by ordinance. The duties of Hicks as Director were set forth

in Article 11 of the City’s Zoning Ordinance, which stated that the Director “will have the

principal responsibility for administration and enforcement (or coordination of enforcement)

                                               8
of this Ordinance within the Plan Commission’s planning jurisdiction.” Appellee MAC’s

App. at 42-44. Hicks testified at his deposition that his duties and responsibilities included

the administrative function of interpreting the City’s Zoning Ordinance. Id. at 48. He also

testified that the Director performed all of the administrative functions of the City’s Planning

and Zoning Department. Id. at 50-53. Segraves testified at his deposition that City

Ordinance 87-OR-53 gives the authority for the Commissioner to perform his duties. Id. at

58-59.     The Ordinance stated, “[t]he . . . Commissioner and his duly authorized

representatives are hereby authorized and directed to administer and enforce all of the

provisions of this Code.” Id. at 45. He further testified that the Commissioner is the sole

official in his department responsible for issuing permits and exercising his authority and that

the department is not governed by a board. Id. at 59-66. We therefore conclude that, based

on the designated evidence, Hicks and Segraves, as Director and Commissioner respectively,

were public officers because both held positions for which duties are prescribed by law to

serve a public purpose. Further, although the evidence did not establish that either Hicks or

Segraves took an oath, this is of no moment based on the other evidence presented.

         Additionally, the Plaintiffs argue that liability cannot be imposed on either Hicks or

Segraves, and consequently, the statute of limitations under Indiana Code section 34-11-2-6

could not apply, because neither man was named individually in the complaint. The

allegations in the complaint were based upon actions of Hicks and Segraves taken in their

official capacity. Indiana Code section 34-11-2-6 applies to all actions involving a public

officer performing an act in an official capacity. Omitting the names of Hicks and Segraves

from the complaint does not change the nature and substance of the cause of action at hand.

                                               9
Our Supreme Court has stated that “‘it is the nature or substance of the cause of action, rather

than the form of the action, which determines the applicability of the statute of limitations.’”

Shideler v. Dwyer, 275 Ind. 270, 276, 417 N.E.2d 281, 285 (1981) (quoting Koehring Co. v.

Nat’l Automatic Tool Co., 257 F. Supp. 282, 292 (S.D. Ind. 1966)). Therefore, as the

Plaintiffs’ complaint is based upon the actions of Hicks and Segraves in their respective

official capacities as public officers, the absence of their names as individual parties has no

effect on the nature or substance of the Plaintiffs’ cause of action or relief sought.

       The Plaintiffs also contend that Segraves as Commissioner did not sign or authorize

the issuance of the ILP, and therefore the statute of limitations under Indiana Code section

34-11-2-6 is not applicable. However, in their complaint in paragraph 33(B), the Plaintiffs

stated that the City’s Building Commission “issued a permit for the construction and

operation of an asphalt plant on a quarry that already had a Legal Non-Conforming use under

[the City’s] Zoning Ordinance.” Appellants’ App. at 16. Additionally, in paragraph 38, they

stated that the Building Commission “issued an [ILP] for an I-2 use, i.e., the asphalt plant, in

an area zoned I-1, in violation of [Indiana Code section] 36-7-4-801.” Id. at 17. In his

deposition, Segraves testified that the terms Building Commission and Building

Commissioner were synonymous and that, if the Building Commission does something, he,

as Commissioner, is the one who actually does it. Appellee MAC’s App. at 59. The permit

issued on August 4, 2005 was attached to the complaint and contained Segraves’s signature

as Commissioner. Therefore, the Plaintiffs’ contention that Segraves, as Commissioner, did

not authorize or approve the ILP, is not supported by the evidence. The trial court did not err



                                              10
when it determined that Hicks and Segraves were public officers and that the statute of

limitations in Indiana Code section 34-11-2-6 was applicable to this case.

           II. Whether Cause of Action is Barred by Statute of Limitations

       The Plaintiffs argue that the trial court erred in granting summary judgment in favor of

the Defendants because the Plaintiffs’ cause of action was not barred by the five-year statute

of limitations under Indiana Code section 34-11-2-6. They contend that their cause of action

could not have accrued until they knew or, in the exercise of ordinary diligence, should have

known of the injury alleged. The Plaintiffs therefore assert that neither July 14, 2005, the

date of the letter from Hicks to Marra, nor August 4, 2005, the date the ILP was issued, can

be used as the date on which their cause of action accrued because they could not have

learned of these actions on those dates as they were not public occurrences. They claim that

the earliest date on which they could have learned of the construction of the asphalt plant was

November 30, 2005, the date of the public hearing regarding the Indiana Department of

Environmental Management (“IDEM”) permit, and as that is the proper date on which their

cause of action accrued, their complaint (filed on August 16, 2010) was filed within the

statute of limitations.

       Under Indiana Code section 34-11-2-6, an action against a public officer growing out

of liability incurred by doing an act in the public officer’s capacity must be commenced

within five years after the cause of action accrues. Statutes of limitation seek to provide

security against stale claims, which in turn promotes judicial efficiency and advances the

peace and welfare of society. Cooper Indus., LLC v. City of S. Bend, 899 N.E.2d 1274, 1279

(Ind. 2009). Under Indiana’s discovery rule, a cause of action accrues, and the statute of

                                              11
limitation begins to run, when a claimant knows or in exercise of ordinary diligence should

have known of the injury. Pflanz v. Foster, 888 N.E.2d 756, 759 (Ind. 2008). For an action

to accrue, it is not necessary that the full extent of the damage be known or even

ascertainable, but only that some ascertainable damage has occurred. Id. “‘The exercise of

reasonable diligence means simply that an injured party must act with some promptness

where the acts and circumstances of an injury would put a person of common knowledge and

experience on notice that some right of his has been invaded or that some claim against

another party might exist.’” Perryman v. Motorist Mut. Ins. Co., 846 N.E.2d 683, 689 (Ind.

Ct. App. 2006) (quoting Mitchell v. Holler, 429 S.E.2d 793, 795 (S.C. 1993)).

       Here, the complained of events, the zoning interpretation letter and the issuance of the

ILP, occurred on July 14, 2005 and August 4, 2005, respectively. The July 14 letter was

written by Hicks and addressed to Marra, the attorney representing Liter’s, and Hicks’s

decision regarding the zoning interpretation was not communicated to the public. The

Plaintiffs could not have learned of this letter on July 14, 2005 with the exercise of

reasonable diligence, and the statute of limitations did not begin to run on that date. The ILP

was issued on August 4, 2005, but the designated evidence does not establish that either

Segraves or the Commission notified the public of the issuance of this permit on that date.

Therefore, even with the exercise of reasonable diligence, the Plaintiffs could not have

discovered this action by Segraves on August 4, 2005.

       In addition to obtaining the zoning interpretation from Hicks and the ILP from

Segraves, MAC was also required to obtain a permit from IDEM in order to construct and

operate the asphalt plant. Although it is not clear from the evidence when it was issued, a

                                              12
“Notice of Public Hearing” regarding the IDEM permit set the date for such public hearing as

November 30, 2005. Appellee’s MAC App. at 170. Therefore, the Plaintiffs could have

discovered their complained of injury through the exercise of reasonable diligence as of the

date of November 30, 2005. We conclude that the earliest date on which the Plaintiffs could

have known of the injury on which they based their complaint was November 30, 2005,

which is the date upon which their cause of action accrued. The statute of limitations began

running on that date, and under Indiana Code section 34-11-2-6, their action was required to

be commenced within five years of that date. The Plaintiffs filed their complaint on August

16, 2010, which was within five years of the date on which the cause of action accrued.

Therefore, the Plaintiffs’ complaint was timely filed within the statute of limitations, and the

trial court erred in granting summary judgment in favor of the Defendants.

       Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded.

BAKER, J., and BROWN, J., concur.




                                              13
