                                                                      FILED
                                                           United States Court of Appeals
                                                                   Tenth Circuit

                                                                 March 23, 2009
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                               Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                           FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT                   Clerk of Court



    UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

               Plaintiff-Appellee,
                                                        No. 08-8050
    v.                                        (D.C. No. 2:08-CR-00006-ABJ-1)
                                                          (D. Wyo.)
    LEONARD GEORGE PAGE,

               Defendant-Appellant.


                           ORDER AND JUDGMENT *


Before McCONNELL, McKAY, and GORSUCH, Circuit Judges.



         Leonard George Page, known as “Georgie,” was charged by indictment

with two criminal counts: (1) one count of conspiracy “to possess with intent to

distribute, and to distribute, transdermal patches containing a mixture or

substance containing a detectable amount of Fentanyl, a Schedule II controlled

substance, the use of which resulted in the death of Stephanie Buckert[,]” in



*
       After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously to grant the parties’ request for a decision on the briefs without oral
argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(f); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore
ordered submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding
precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and
collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent
with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 846 and 841(a)(1) and (b)(1)(C), Aplt. App. at 7-8; and

(2) one count of “distribut[ing] a transdermal patch containing a mixture or

substance containing a detectable amount of Fentanyl, a Schedule II controlled

substance, the use of which resulted in the death of Stephanie Buckert[,]” in

violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1) and (b)(1)(C), Aplt. App. at 8. At the end of

a three-day jury trial, Mr. Page was found guilty of conspiracy in count one but

was acquitted of distribution in count two. Id. at 10, 19, 440-41. Later, he was

sentenced to life imprisonment, as well as required to pay a special assessment,

and fine. Id. at 11, 15. Mr. Page now appeals from his conviction, arguing that

the evidence was insufficient to support the guilty verdict on the conspiracy

charge. We must disagree, and so affirm.

                                       ***

      In the late night hours of November 9, 2007, into the early morning hours

of November 10, 2007, police officers and emergency medical services responded

to an emergency medical call at Mr. Page’s residence in Rock Springs, Wyoming.

Aplt. App. at 281-83. They found Mr. Page and his wife attempting to perform

CPR on the victim, Stephanie Buckert. Id. at 45, 283-84. After police and

medical personnel also attempted to restart Ms. Buckert’s heart, she was

transported to the hospital, where she was pronounced dead on arrival at

approximately 1:30 a.m. Id. at 45, 166, 284. A forensic pathologist, John Carver,




                                         -2-
M.D., determined after an autopsy that she died from acute fentanyl toxicity—“a

very high level of fentanyl[,]” an opiate drug. Id. at 238, 240, 257. 1

      Eric Conn testified that Stephanie Buckert was his common-law wife, id.

at 112-13, although they were renting separate living quarters until they could get

back on their feet and get their own place in another state, id. at 121-23, 150-52.

Mr. Conn said that he worked for Mr. Page at a lawn care company when he and

Ms. Buckert lived in Rock Springs. Id. at 111. He stated that Ms. Buckert called

him to pick her up on the afternoon of November 8, when he had been doing lawn

care work all day with Mr. Page, his wife, Belinda, and their son, Scott. Id.

at 118, 120, 161. They got off work in the mid-afternoon. Id. at 118. Mr. Conn

drove Mr. Page in the latter’s pickup truck to pick Ms. Buckert up at the

residence where she rented a room. Id. at 121, 124. While in the truck,

Ms. Buckert asked if Mr. Page had any pain medication or narcotics, and

“Georgie had said, you know, sure[,]” id. at 119, 124-125, and “let’s go down to

Christy’s[,]” id. at 125. They went to the Saddle Lite Motel, Room Number 11,

where Mr. Page’s sister, Christy Harlow, was staying. Id. at 119. Mr. Conn said

that when he, Ms. Buckert, and Mr. Page arrived there, Mr. Conn saw other


1
  Apparently, fentanyl is a group of prescription pain killers significantly more
potent than morphine and having the same biological effect of heroin, “‘with the
exception that the fentanyls may be hundreds of times more potent.’” United
States v. King, 516 F.3d 425, 426 n.1 (6th Cir. 2008) (quoting U.S. Drug
Enforcement Administration website,
http://www.usdoj.gov/dea/concern/fentanyl.html).

                                          -3-
people already in the “economy-size” motel room—Christy and Warren Harlow,

and a friend of Christy’s, Lisa Mondragon. Id. at 88, 127.

      Mr. Conn testified that Mr. Page asked his sister where to get pain

medications. Id. at 128. Mr. Conn saw Christy Harlow make some calls on her

cellphone. Id. at 129. Mr. Page also borrowed her phone to make a couple of

calls, and then told Ms. Buckert it would be $60. Id. at 128-29. Ms. Buckert

handed $60 cash directly to Mr. Page for the drugs. Id. Mr. Conn and

Ms. Buckert left the motel briefly, then went back to Room Number 11. Id.

at 119. Mr. Conn saw through the open doorway that “there was a folded, . . .

square piece of paper or square package that was laying on the bed.” Id.

Ms. Buckert went into the room, picked up the package, and put it in her purse,

and then she, Mr. Conn, and Mr. Page left in Mr. Page’s truck to go to Mr. Page’s

residence. Id. at 119, 131. On the way there, Mr. Page told Ms. Buckert that

when she took the patch out of its packaging, she could heat it up with a hair

dryer to make it release the medication at a faster rate. Id. at 132. Mr. Conn

asked Ms. Buckert what it was, and she said it was “a morphine-based fentanyl

patch.” Id. at 132-33. Mr. Conn and Ms. Buckert stopped at Mr. Page’s

residence for about a half an hour, and then Mr. Conn took Ms. Buckert back to

her residence, and then went on a work-related errand. Id. at 119, 133-34. After

that, he dropped the truck off either at Mr. Page’s house or at the motel. Id.

at 134-35.

                                         -4-
       Later in the evening of November 8, around 10 p.m., Ms. Buckert walked to

Mr. Conn’s residence, and they stayed up until about 1 a.m. Id. at 135-37. The

next day, November 9, Ms. Buckert continued to sleep through the morning. Id.

at 138. Mr. Conn watched her because she was sick with a “kind of lung

bronchial infection” and had been to the hospital about that earlier in the week.

Id. at 137, 139. She also had a prescription for Lortabs and Valium and used

those drugs every day—sometimes taking more than the prescribed dosage, which

left her “out of it[.]” Id. at 169, 175. Mr. Conn periodically checked on her, and

noticed that she was going back and forth between being hot and cold. Id. at 139.

Mr. Page came to the residence at about 10 a.m. to find out why Mr. Conn had not

shown up for work, and Mr. Conn told him he was keeping an eye on

Ms. Buckert. Id. at 140. Mr. Conn asked Mr. Page whether the drug Mr. Page

had given her could be mixed with the other medication she was taking. Id.

at 140-41. Mr. Conn said that Mr. Page touched his lips to her forehead to check

for a fever and said he thought she was okay. Id. at 141-42. Mr. Page left shortly

after that. Id. at 142.

       Mr. Conn said that Ms. Buckert’s friend, Tina Clark, came by sometime

between 11 a.m. and 1 p.m. and noticed that Ms. Buckert was pale. Id. at 142,

145. Mr. Conn asked Ms. Clark if she knew anything about “this patch thing that

[Ms. Buckert] had gotten from Georgie[.]” Id. at 143. Ms. Clark saw that

Ms. Buckert was sweating, so she and Mr. Conn took the blankets off of her,

                                         -5-
pulled her shirt off, and found the patch on her skin under her left breast. Id.

That was the first time that Mr. Conn actually knew that Ms. Buckert had put the

patch on—he did not see it the night before because he and Ms. Buckert had

“passed out with our clothes on[.]” Id. at 146. Ms. Clark took the patch off

Ms. Buckert and handed it to Mr. Conn. Id. at 143. He wrapped the patch with

medical tape onto a plastic package of guitar strings because Ms. Buckert had told

him it contained three days’ worth of medication as long as it was kept wrapped,

and then he threw it into a cabinet. Id. at 143, 174. Ms. Clark wanted to wake

Ms. Buckert up, but Mr. Conn wanted to let her rest because she was sick. Id.

at 144. Ms. Clark left. Id.

       At about 1 or 1:30 p.m.—about an hour to an hour and a half after

Ms. Clark left—Mr. Conn became concerned because Ms. Clark had been

concerned and because Ms. Buckert had been sleeping for about eleven hours at

that point. Id. at 144, 147-48. He tried to wake Ms. Buckert up and, after a little

while, was able to wake her up. Id. at 144. She was responsive and answered his

questions. Id. at 148. She asked where her patch was, and he told her. Id. She

said that she had a bad headache and did not feel good and wanted to go back to

sleep. Id. at 144. He said that “[s]he took a couple bites of some food, took a

couple of puffs off a cigarette[,] . . . took a couple Valiums and went back to

sleep[.]” Id.




                                          -6-
       After Ms. Buckert went back to sleep, Mr. Conn continued to check on her

every twenty to thirty minutes. Id. at 148. Three friends of hers came by in the

early evening, between 5 and 7 p.m, to buy methamphetamines from her. Id.

at 149-51. He said he could get some for them, took their money, and left the

residence, asking them to keep an eye on Ms. Buckert. Id. at 149-52. Outside,

he saw one of his neighbors, Kurt Norman, and also asked him to keep an eye on

the residence and Ms. Buckert. Id. at 152. He left on foot. Id. at 153.

       Later in the evening, when Mr. Conn was at Mr. Page’s house, Mr. Conn

received a call from Mr. Norman, telling him that Ms. Buckert did not look good

and Mr. Conn should come home. Id. at 156. Mr. Conn took Mr. Page’s truck

and drove home. Id. He said that when he got there “everybody was freaking out

saying, you know, she’s really cold and, you know, I think she’s passed away, she

doesn’t look good.” Id. He confirmed that she was breathing “very low” and

checked that she had a heartbeat, although it was “really slow.” Id. He and one

of Ms. Buckert’s friends loaded her into Mr. Page’s truck, and Mr. Conn called

Mr. Page to tell him they needed to take her to the hospital. Id. Mr. Page’s wife,

Belinda, answered the phone and told him that Ms. Buckert and Mr. Page had

some of the same medical conditions, so Mr. Conn should bring Ms. Buckert to

their house. Id. Mr. Conn did not take Ms. Buckert directly to the hospital

because he did not want her to get into trouble for taking illegal drugs. Id. at 157,

160.

                                          -7-
      Mr. Conn drove Ms. Buckert to Mr. Page’s house, and he and Mr. Page

carried her from the truck into the house and put her on the couch. Id. at 156-57.

Mrs. Page put some water on Ms. Buckert’s lips and tongue, and Ms. Buckert

responded by moving her tongue and opening her eyes, which were rolling. Id.

at 157, 162. Mr. Page and his wife said that Ms. Buckert might have overdosed,

but that she would be fine. Id. at 157. Mr. Page and Mr. Conn both gave

Ms. Buckert “mouth-to-mouth” because she was not breathing well. Id. at 162.

Mr. Conn left sometime between 11 p.m. and 1 a.m. to try to find glycerin pills

and oxygen to help her breathing. Id. at 157-58, 163. He could not find any and

called Mr. Page’s house from the truck, only to be told that Ms. Buckert had been

taken to the hospital by ambulance and the police were at Mr. Page’s house. Id.

at 158. The Pages’ son, Scott, had called 911. Id. at 158-59.

      Mr. Conn said that he went to Mr. Page’s house and told a police officer

there that Ms. Buckert had taken Lortabs, Valium, and a “morphine patch thing.”

Id. at 165. He then went by his residence to pick up the patch and, when he

arrived at the hospital, gave it to the same police officer, who was also at the

hospital by that time. Id. at 165-66. Officer Jason Wright testified that Mr. Conn

spoke to him at Mr. Page’s house about the patch and later gave it to him at the

hospital. Id. at 287-88. Detective David A. Thompson testified that the patch,

still taped to the package of guitar strings, was sent to the crime lab, id. at 40-44,




                                           -8-
and Ella Kubicz, Ph.D., a chemist at the crime lab, testified that she tested the

patch and found it to contain fentanyl, id. at 269, 272-75.

      Lisa Mondragon substantially corroborated Mr. Conn’s testimony about the

drug transaction at the Saddle Lite Motel on November 7, 2007. She said that she

saw Ms. Buckert at the motel that day. Id. at 86-90. The other people there were

Christy and Warren Harlow, Mr. Page, and Eric Conn. Id. at 90-91.

Ms. Mondragon said that Ms. Buckert told Mr. Page that she would leave him the

money, she threw $60 on the bed (a $50 bill and a $10 bill), and she and

Mr. Conn left the motel. Id. at 93-94. Mr. Page picked up the money, putting

$50 back on the bed and $10 in his pocket. Id. at 95. About five minutes later, a

lady came into the room through the open door and handed Mr. Page a foiled

envelope, he handed her the $50, they had a brief discussion about maintenance

on her apartment, and then she left. Id. at 95-97. Mr. Page put the package on

the bed. Id. at 98. A few minutes later, Ms. Buckert and Mr. Conn returned. Id.

at 99-100. Ms. Buckert picked the package up off the bed while Mr. Conn waited

at the door, said “thanks” to Mr. Page, and she and Mr. Conn left. Id.

Ms. Mondragon later learned that the “lady” was Jhalia Hopkins. Id. at 104-05.

      Jhalia Hopkins, Mr. Page’s co-defendant, testified that she moved to Rock

Springs in 2005 to live with her mother. Id. at 211-12. She said that her mother

died in September 2007 from cancer, the treatment of which included several pain

medications—in particular, fentanyl transdermal patches. Id. at 212-13.

                                          -9-
Ms. Hopkins testified that on November 7, 2007, she received a call from Christy

Harlow, asking her to bring a fentanyl patch to the motel. Id. at 214-15.

Ms. Hopkins said that she and her mother had sold these patches to Mrs. Harlow

before. Id. at 215. Ms. Hopkins immediately went to Room 11 at the Saddle Lite

Motel. Id. at 215-16. When she arrived, she saw Mr. Page, Christy and Warren

Harlow, Lisa Mondragon, Eric Conn, Stephanie Buckert, and another woman she

could not identify. Id. at 216-18. Ms. Hopkins spoke briefly with Mr. Page and

Warren Harlow about a job for her fiance and maintenance on her apartment, but

she made eye contact with Christy Harlow, who said, “Come on[,]” and they went

into the bathroom. Id. at 218-20. Mrs. Harlow gave Ms. Hopkins $60 (three $20

bills), and Ms. Hopkins gave Mrs. Harlow the patch and left. Id. at 219, 222-23.

On one or two prior occasions when she had sold fentanyl patches to Mrs. Harlow

and Mr. Page was present, Ms. Hopkins gave Mrs. Harlow the patch, who then

gave it to Mr. Page. Id. at 220-21. Other fentanyl patches like the one she sold to

Christy Harlow on November 7, 2007, were found when police later searched

Ms. Hopkins’ residence. Id. at 221.

      Mr. Page also testified. He said that he had two prior felony convictions,

id. at 316-17, and that he had illegally used fentanyl patches before, for the pain

from his several medical conditions, id. at 319-20. He admitted that he was in his

sister’s motel room, Room 11 at the Saddle Lite Motel, on “the date in

question[,]” November 7, 2007. Id. at 321, 323. He admitted that he and

                                         -10-
Mr. Conn had been doing lawn care work together that day and that they drove

together in his truck to pick up Ms. Buckert on the way to the motel. Id.

at 323-25. He said that they saw her in a brown truck, talking with some man he

did not know. Id. at 324-25. They stopped, and Mr. Conn talked to Ms. Buckert,

but Mr. Page claimed that Ms. Buckert continued on with the man in the brown

truck, while he and Mr. Conn drove to the motel. Id. at 324-25. Mr. Page said

that he got out at the motel, but Mr. Conn left again to find Ms. Buckert. Id.

at 325-26. Mr. Page said that Christy and Warren Harlow were in the motel room

with Lisa Mondragon when he first arrived, and Mr. Conn and Ms. Buckert

arrived a few minutes later. Id. at 326-27. He said that Mr. Conn had been

asking him for two or three days if he could get Mr. Conn some pain medication,

and asked him again at the motel room. Id. at 327-28. Mr. Page told Mr. Conn

that he did not have any. Id. He said that he did not know what else happened

because he had gotten four Valiums from Ms. Buckert when they saw her earlier,

and he passed out on the bed. Id. at 329. He stated that he woke up later and saw

Jhalia Hopkins in the room, but he denied talking to her. Id. at 329-30. He said,

however, that he “thought at one point . . . that there was a patch on the bed.” Id.

at 330. He denied ever distributing a fentanyl patch to anybody, including on

November 7, 2007, at the Saddle Lite Motel, and denied leaving the room with a

$10 bill in his pocket. Id. at 331-32.




                                         -11-
      After the close of all of the evidence and closing arguments, the jury

returned a verdict of guilty on Count One of the indictment: “conspiracy to

possess with intent to distribute and to distribute fentanyl[.]” Aplt. App. at 440;

see also id. at 7-8. In a special interrogatory to Count One, the jury found proof

beyond a reasonable doubt that the use of the fentanyl transdermal patch resulted

in the death of Stephanie Buckert, and that the patch that resulted in her death

was distributed to her during and in furtherance of the conspiracy. Id. at 440-41.

The jury found Mr. Page not guilty on Count Two of the indictment: “distribution

of fentanyl[.]” Id. at 441, see also id. at 8.

                                          ***

      Before us, Mr. Page does not challenge the sufficiency of the evidence as it

relates to the jury’s finding that the victim, Stephanie Buckert, died from acute

fentanyl toxicity, and we need not review that finding. Rather, Mr. Page contends

that there is insufficient evidence in the record to show that there was an

agreement between himself, Ms. Hopkins, and some other person to possess, with

intent to distribute, the fentanyl patch that resulted in the death of Stephanie

Buckert. Aplt. Opening Br. at 7. He argues that, of all the witnesses, the

testimony of Jhalia Hopkins was “[t]he most reliable” because her “truthful

testimony was a condition of her plea agreement.” Id. He points out that

Ms. Hopkins testified that she saw Mr. Page at his sister’s motel room, but said

that her drug transaction was with Christy Harlow, not Mr. Page. Id. at 8. He

                                           -12-
argues that “[a]t best, all a reasonable jury could have concluded beyond a

reasonable doubt, in light of all the other testimony, . . . , is that Mr. Page knew

that his sister . . . could provide the drugs Ms. Buckert . . . wanted and that money

changed hands.” Id. at 9; see also Aplt. Reply Br. at 1 (“At most, what the

Government proved at trial, . . ., was that Page put a willing buyer in contact with

a willing seller.”).

       In this, as in all cases, “[w]e review the record for sufficiency of the

evidence de novo.” United States v. Wilson, 107 F.3d 774, 778 (10th Cir. 1997).

Our review is “highly deferential.” United States v. Bowen, 527 F.3d 1065, 1076

(10th Cir. 2008) (quotation omitted). “[T]he relevant question is whether, after

viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational

trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a

reasonable doubt.” Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979). “[W]e

evaluate the sufficiency of the evidence by considering the collective inferences

to be drawn from the evidence as a whole.” United States v. Johnson, 130 F.3d

1420, 1428 (10th Cir. 1997) (quotations and alteration omitted). “An appellate

court may not decide the credibility of witnesses as that is the exclusive task of

the fact trier.” United States v. Youngpeter, 986 F.2d 349, 352 (10th Cir. 1993).

If there is conflicting testimony, “it is for the jury to decide which witnesses to

believe and which not.” Id. at 352-53. In addition, we need not consider whether

the jury acted rationally in convicting Mr. Page on one count while acquitting him

                                          -13-
on another. United States v. Hill, 971 F.2d 1461, 1469 (10th Cir. 1992). Our

review is limited to determining “whether the evidence adduced at trial could

support any rational determination of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.” Id.

(quoting United States v. Powell, 469 U.S. 57, 67 (1984)). This review is

“independent of the jury’s determination that the evidence on another count was

insufficient.” Id. (quoting Powell, 469 U.S. at 67) (emphasis in Hill omitted).

      “To find a defendant guilty of conspiracy in violation of 21 U.S.C.

§§ 841(a)(1) and 846, the jury must find, beyond a reasonable doubt, (1) an

agreement with another person to violate the law, (2) knowledge of the essential

objectives of the conspiracy, (3) knowing and voluntary involvement, and

(4) interdependence among the alleged conspirators.” United States v. Carter,

130 F.3d 1432, 1439 (10th Cir. 1997). “It is permissible for the jury to infer an

agreement constituting a conspiracy from the acts of the parties and other

circumstantial evidence indicating concert of action for the accomplishment of a

common purpose.” Id. (quotation omitted). “[A] defendant need not have

knowledge of all the details or all the members of the conspiracy and may play

only a minor role.” United States v. Savaiano, 843 F.2d 1280, 1294 (10th Cir.

1988). “A defendant’s activities are interdependent if they facilitated the

endeavors of other alleged conspirators or facilitated the venture as a whole.”

United States v. Ivy, 83 F.3d 1266, 1286 (10th Cir. 1996) (quotation omitted).




                                        -14-
            Factors the jury, or a court reviewing a jury’s verdict, may
      consider in drawing the inference of a conspiracy include, but are not
      limited to: (1) a defendant’s presence at the crime scene; (2) a
      defendant’s association with co-conspirators; (3) evidence of
      conflicting stories; (4) active attempts to divert officers’ attention
      from a stopped vehicle; (5) participation in drug transactions; or
      (6) knowledge of and control over drugs. . . . Any single factor,
      standing alone, may be insufficient to support an inference of
      conspiracy. . . . A direct correlation exists, however, between the
      number of circumstantial facts and the existence of a conspiracy.

United States v. Delgado-Uribe, 363 F.3d 1077, 1083 (10th Cir. 2004).

      In light of these principles, the evidence was clearly sufficient to support

Mr. Page’s conspiracy conviction, and Mr. Page’s selective presentation of the

evidence in his briefs on appeal is unavailing. It is not the province of this court

to compare the credibility of Jhalia Hopkins to that of any other witness, and it is

apparent that the jury credited the testimony of Eric Conn and Lisa Mondragon

and did not believe Ms. Hopkins to the extent that her story conflicted with theirs.

      To summarize: Mr. Conn testified that Ms. Buckert asked Mr. Page if he

had any pain medication, and Mr. Page answered in the affirmative and

immediately took her to Christy Harlow’s motel room to get drugs. Mr. Conn

said that both Mrs. Harlow and Mr. Page made phone calls in response to the

request for drugs, and Mr. Page told Ms. Buckert the price. Mr. Conn said that he

and Ms. Buckert left the motel only briefly and that, by the time they returned,

there was a square package on the bed. Mr. Conn said that Ms. Buckert paid Mr.

Page for the drugs. Mr. Conn also said that Ms. Buckert identified the drugs as a


                                         -15-
fentanyl patch and that he later gave the patch to the police. A chemist from the

crime lab testified that the patch was a fentanyl patch, and a forensic pathologist

testified that fentanyl was the cause of Ms. Buckert’s death. Ms. Mondragon

substantially corroborated Mr. Conn’s version of the drug transaction and

Mr. Page’s role in it, testifying that Ms. Buckert paid Mr. Page $60 and Mr. Page

pocketed $10. Jhalia Hopkins’ testimony confirmed that she took a fentanyl patch

to the motel within a few minutes of a call from Christy Harlow. It is irrelevant

that Ms. Hopkins said that Ms. Buckert paid Mrs. Harlow, not Mr. Page, and that

she paid with $20 bills, not a $50 bill and a $10 bill, because the jury was free to

decide which witness to believe.

      Based on the evidence presented at trial, a rational factfinder could

reasonably have inferred that Mr. Page knowingly and voluntarily participated in

a conspiracy to possess fentanyl with intent to distribute. It was not necessary for

the government to produce direct evidence of an agreement between Mr. Page and

Jhalia Hopkins to violate the law (and not necessary to show an agreement

between three persons, as Mr. Page argues). It is sufficient that the circumstantial

evidence of the actions of Mr. Page and Jhalia Hopkins indicates “concert of

action for the accomplishment of a common purpose.” See Carter, 130 F.3d

at 1439 (quotation omitted). On the record before us, the jury was plainly free to




                                         -16-
reach such a conclusion in this case.

                                                                       Affirmed.




                                               Entered for the Court



                                               Neil M. Gorsuch
                                               Circuit Judge




                                        -17-
