           In the United States Court of Federal Claims
                                         No. 12-125C
                                     (Filed: June 5, 2014)


                                             )
JAMES H. WOLLMAN,                            )
                                             )      10 U.S.C. §1201; Military Disability
                        Plaintiff,           )      Retirement; Existed Prior to Service,
                                             )      “EPTS”; Presumption of Incurrence
v.                                           )      and Aggravation; 28 U.S.C. §
                                             )      1491(a)(2)
THE UNITED STATES,                           )
                                             )
                        Defendant.           )
                                             )

Jason Ellis Perry, Cheshire, CT, for plaintiff.

Michael D. Snyder, Civil Division, United States Department of Justice, Washington,
DC, with whom was Robert E. Kirschman, Jr., Director, Steven J. Gillingham, Assistant
Director, for defendant.

                                         OPINION

FIRESTONE, Judge.

         Pending before the court are the parties’ cross-motions for judgment on the

administrative record regarding James H. Wollman’s (“Mr. Wollman” or “plaintiff”)

entitlement to disability retirement compensation and benefits under 10 U.S.C. § 1201

(2012), 1 following a remand in 2013. 2 Mr. Wollman claims that under the various


1
  In general, § 1201 provides that a member of the armed services may be entitled to disability
benefits if, inter alia, the member is found unfit for duty due to an injury or disease that was
incurred or aggravated in the line of duty.
2
    See Wollman v. United States, 108 Fed. Cl. 656 (2013).
regulations governing military disability determinations, he should have received a

disability retirement after the Army diagnosed him in 2005 as suffering from Ankylosing

Spondylitis (“AS” or “Ankylosing Spondylitis”) 3 and determined that the back pain he

suffered due to AS made him medically unfit for continued military service. The Army

discharged Mr. Wollman without disability retirement benefits in 2006.

       The government initially argued before this court that Mr. Wollman was not

entitled to a disability retirement because AS is “hereditary in nature” and Mr. Wollman

failed to rebut the resulting regulatory presumptions that his condition (1) was incurred

prior to his entry into service and (2) was not permanently aggravated by that service.

See Def.’s Cross-Mot. J. 28-29, ECF No. 11 (June 21, 2012); Def.’s Reply 4 n.3, ECF

No. 18 (Aug. 31, 2012). 4 Under the subject regulations, if Mr. Wollman’s illness is not

hereditary in nature, the government would have had the burden of rebutting the opposite

presumptions: namely, that his disease was incurred in the line of duty and that his




3
  Ankylosing Spondylitis is “a form of degenerative joint disease that affects the spine. It is a
systemic illness of unknown etiology, affecting young persons predominantly, and producing
pain and stiffness as a result of inflammation of the sacroiliac, intervertebral, and costovertebral
joints . . . .” Dorland’s Illustrated Medical Dictionary 1754 (32d ed. 2012). AS typically
presents as low back pain of insidious onset. See Remand Administrative Record (“RAR”) 26.
4
 A service member is not entitled to the presumption that a medical condition discovered after
entering active duty was incurred in the line of duty or service-aggravated in instances of
congenital, hereditary, or genetic diseases. See Department of Defense Instruction (“DoDI”)
1332.38 (November 1996) ¶¶ E3.P4.5.2.2, E3.P4.5.2.3; Army Regulation (“Army Reg.”) 635–40
(September 1990) ¶¶ 3–2(a)(2), B–10(c).


                                                  2
military service caused any permanent worsening of the disease. 5 See Wollman, 108

Fed. Cl. at 659-62 (discussing application of regulatory presumptions).

         On February 6, 2013, the court remanded the case to the Army Physical Disability

Review Board (“APDRB” or “the board”) 6 to determine whether the Army had properly

applied the relevant presumptions concerning service-incurrence and aggravation.

Although AS is associated with a “genetic predisposition,” the court found that the record

did not establish that AS is a hereditary disease as the government had argued. Because

the Army had placed the burden of proving service aggravation on Mr. Wollman, which

would have been proper only if AS is a hereditary disease, the court could not determine

whether the APDRB had properly adjudicated Mr. Wollman’s claim. See Wollman, 108

Fed. Cl. at 672 n.39, 673.

         The court ordered the APDRB, on remand, to (1) determine whether AS could

properly be characterized as a congenital, hereditary, or genetic disease (as the

government had argued), and (2) if the disease could not be so characterized, to

determine whether the Army had met its burden of demonstrating that Mr. Wollman’s AS

existed prior to service (“EPTS”) 7 and that any permanent worsening 8 of his disease was

5
  Except for congenital, hereditary, or genetic conditions, active duty soldiers are generally
entitled to the rebuttable presumptions that (1) medical conditions discovered after entering
active duty were incurred in the line of duty, and (2) any additional disability or aggravation of
that or some other medical condition was in the line of duty and therefore potentially
compensable. See DoDI 1332.38 ¶ E3.P4.5.2.2; Army Reg. 635–40 ¶¶ 3–2(a)(1)–(3).
6
 Like the Army Board of Corrections for Military Records, the APDRB was established
pursuant to 10 U.S.C. §§ 1552, 1554, and possesses the same powers as those exercised by the
boards whose decisions it reviews. See 32 C.F.R. § 581.1(a) (2013).
7
    Army Reg. 600–8–4’s glossary defines EPTS as follows:


                                                 3
not caused by military service (i.e., that any aggravation was due to the natural

progression of his disease). The court also required the APDRB to address the

overwhelming evidence in the record that showed that, prior to 2005, Mr. Wollman’s

military and civilian physicians had repeatedly ruled out AS as the cause of his back pain;

as well as the fact that plaintiff had repeatedly passed his physical fitness tests through at

least 2002. The court also instructed the APDRB to provide Mr. Wollman with an

opportunity to respond to its findings before making any final determination.

       On September 4, 2013, the APDRB—without providing Mr. Wollman with any

opportunity to respond to its findings—rendered a second decision denying his claim for

disability benefits. In the September 4 decision, the board did not address the issues

identified in the remand order. Instead, the APDRB—for the first time—asserted that

Mr. Wollman had actually been found unfit due to a symptom of AS: “chronic back

pain.” Without addressing the cause of Mr. Wollman’s back pain or evidence suggesting


       Any injury, disease, or illness, to include the underlying causative condition,
       which was sustained or contracted prior to the present period of [Active Duty] or
       authorized training, or had its inception between prior and present periods of
       [Active Duty] or training is considered to have existed prior to service. A medical
       condition may in fact be present or developing for [some time] prior to the point
       when it is either diagnosed or manifests symptoms. Consequently, the time at
       which a medical condition “exists” or is “incurred” is not dependent on the date of
       diagnosis or when the condition becomes symptomatic. (Examples of some
       conditions which may be pre-existing are slow-growing cancers, heart disease,
       diabetes, or mental conditions, which can all be present well before they manifest
       themselves by becoming symptomatic.)

See Army Reg. 600–8–4 (April 2004) at 27.
8
  DoDI 1332.38 defines “Service Aggravation” as “[t]he permanent worsening of a pre-[s]ervice
medical condition over and above the natural progression of the condition caused by trauma or
the nature of [m]ilitary [s]ervice.”


                                               4
that he contracted AS during his military service, the APDRB concluded that plaintiff

was not entitled to compensation because he had suffered from back pain prior to

entering military service. The board also asserted that there was no evidence that

plaintiff’s military service had permanently aggravated this pain. The board’s decision

was approved by the Assistant Secretary of the Army for Manpower and Reserve Affairs

on September 18, 2013. The cross-motions presently before the court address whether

the Army’s decision following remand was arbitrary, capricious, unsupported by

substantial evidence, or contrary to law.

       For the reasons that follow, plaintiff’s motion for judgment on the administrative

record is GRANTED, and the government’s cross-motion for judgment on the

administrative record is DENIED.

I.     BACKGROUND 9

       The court’s prior opinion presented a detailed review of the facts surrounding

plaintiff’s medical history and disability processing, including the military’s extensive

findings regarding Mr. Wollman’s AS. Wollman, 108 Fed. Cl. at 662-70. In the interest

of judicial economy, the court repeats only that which is necessary to resolve the motions

before the court.

           a. Mr. Wollman’s service and medical history

       Mr. Wollman enlisted in the Reserve Officer Training Corps (“ROTC”) program

on August 23, 1993, and was commissioned into the United States Army on May 8, 1998.
9
  This background statement of facts is taken largely from the court’s prior opinion and the
administrative record (“AR”) associated with that opinion. Citations to the RAR refer solely to
the administrative record prepared following the APDRB’s remand decision.


                                               5
Plaintiff served on active duty in the Field Artillery and was deployed to Iraq from May

6, 2003 until June 10, 2004. Mr. Wollman claims that he suffered from several

gastrointestinal infections while serving in Iraq, which were followed by a severe

worsening of his back pain. 10 RAR 178. After attaining the rank of captain, Mr.

Wollman was discharged on February 24, 2006. Wollman, 108 Fed. Cl. at 662.

         Mr. Wollman fractured his pelvis as a child, and suffered from lower back pain

both before and after he entered active duty in 1998. Id. at 662-70; RAR 219. Between

November 1994 and January 2005, plaintiff received numerous medical examinations

from civilian and military physicians in an effort to identify the source of this pain and, in

some cases, to determine whether he suffered from AS. Many of these examinations

involved the analysis of X-rays, computed tomography scans (“CT scans”), and magnetic

resonance imaging (“MRI”) of plaintiff’s back, and most (if not all) of his treating

physicians were fully aware that he was predisposed to AS given his HLA-B27

positivity. 11 Notwithstanding these examinations, Mr. Wollman never received an AS

diagnosis prior to 2005. In fact, several of his physicians expressly ruled out an AS

diagnosis after examining medical imaging of his spine and/or hips. 12




10
   The Army has been unable to locate the medical records from Mr. Wollman’s tour in Iraq. As
a result, there is no record evidence that either confirms or undermines Mr. Wollman’s testimony
concerning his health in Iraq.
11
   As explained in Wollman, plaintiff tested positive for the HLA-B27 antigen in early 1995.
108 Fed. Cl. at 662 n.13. The HLA-B27 antigen is strongly associated with the development of
arthritic processes and indicates increased susceptibility to AS. Id. at 663 n.16.
12
     The following is a chronology of Mr. Wollman’s examinations:

                                                6
•   On November 15, 1994, Mr. Wollman’s civilian physician indicated that Mr. Wollman
    had fallen at the age of 5 and injured his pelvis. The physician, after reviewing an X-ray,
    stated that he saw signs of a previously healed hip fracture. AR 152.
•   On January 5, 1995, Mr. Wollman’s civilian physician “reviewed his LS spine films
    again” and concluded that it would be “difficult to make the diagnosis of [A]nkylosing
    [S]pondylitis.” AR 153.
•   On March 9, 1995, a civilian physician wrote “X-rays brought in by the patient showed a
    pelvis [X]-ray. Difficult to interpret the SI joints on this film. They were not well-placed
    on the film. Hips look unremarkable. Lumbosacral spine did not show any signs of
    squaring or characteristic changes of [A]nkylosing [S]pondylitis.” AR 158.
•   On March 17, 1995, Mr. Wollman received a military “fitness for duty” evaluation, in
    which the military physician acknowledged the potential for Ankylosing Spondylitis, but
    concluded that the lack of objective findings and frequent complaints could be better
    explained as “poor exercise tolerance.” AR 160-62. Mr. Wollman was subsequently
    determined to be “medically qualified” and permitted to continue participation in ROTC.
    AR 163-64.
•   On June 12, 1996, Mr. Wollman received a military entry physical examination in which
    he was described as a “normal healthy male” and his upper extremities and spine were
    listed as normal. AR 338.
•   In April 2000 and again in January 2001, a military medical facility took X-rays of Mr.
    Wollman’s back and concluded “the vertebral body heights and intervertebral disc spaces
    are well preserved. There is no evidence of fracture or dislocation. The alignment is
    normal. The visualized portions of the abdomen and pelvis are unremarkable.” AR 245-
    46.
•   On May 15, 2001, the military performed a CT scan of Mr. Wollman’s back. The
    radiologist identified a “mild diffuse disc bulge at L4-5,” but found no other radiographic
    abnormalities. AR 242.
•   On October 3, 2001, the military performed another X-ray of Mr. Wollman’s back for the
    specific purpose of identifying any changes seen with Ankylosing Spondylitis. The
    physician concluded that “[t]here is no evidence of bambooing of the lumbar spine or
    changes suggestive of [A]nkylosing [S]pondylitis presently.” AR 244.
•   On October 29, 2001, Mr. Wollman underwent an MRI exam at a civilian medical
    facility. The radiologist identified a “tiny central protrusion at L5/S1” and concluded that
    Mr. Wollman had mild spondylosis. AR 241. Spondylosis is a general term for
    “degenerative spinal changes due to osteoarthritis.” See Dorland’s Illustrated Medical
    Dictionary 1754 (32d ed. 2012).
•   On January 10, 2005, Mr. Wollman received an X-ray from a military medical facility.
    The radiologist’s found “erosions and subchondral sclerosis . . . arising from the
    sacroiliac joints,” and concluded that Mr. Wollman was suffering from sacroiliitis. AR
    243. The physician, apparently erroneously, indicated that Mr. Wollman had previously
    been diagnosed with AS.

                                             7
       On June 10, 2005, Mr. Wollman received a permanent medical profile from the

Army that indicated that he was no longer physically able to perform certain functional

activities (e.g., wear body armor, receive live immunizations, or carry a 45-pound pack).

RAR 338. Over the next two months he underwent further medical evaluation, including

a rheumatology consultation on July 19, 2005 in which Mr. Wollman—for the first

time—received a diagnosis of “Ankylosing Spondylitis manifested by HLA B27

positivity, bilateral Sacroiliitis . . . .” RAR 321-27; see Wollman, 108 Fed. Cl. at 662-63.

This diagnosis was based upon Mr. Wollman’s medical history, prior laboratory data and

imaging studies, as well as a physical exam by the military rheumatologist. 13 Mr.

Wollman’s Medical Evaluation Board (“MEB”) was conducted the following day. The

board concluded that Mr. Wollman suffered from AS, that the condition existed prior to

service (i.e., was EPTS), and that his AS had been permanently aggravated by service.

Mr. Wollman concurred in the result of his MEB, and his matter was forwarded to a PEB.

          b. Mr. Wollman’s disability processing

       On October 7, 2005, Mr. Wollman’s Formal PEB met and concluded that Mr.

Wollman was unfit for military service and recommended that he be separated from the

service without disability benefits. In the form used to document the PEB’s decision, the

PEB assigned plaintiff’s disability the Veterans Administration Schedule for Rating


13
  The rheumatologist erroneously stated that Mr. Wollman received a waiver for his back pain at
the time of entry onto active duty. Wollman, 108 Fed. Cl. at 663 n.15. In fact, Mr. Wollman’s
entry physical described him as a “normal healthy male,” and specifically listed both his upper
extremities and spine as being normal. AR 338-39. The division surgeon from Mr. Wollman’s
unit would later seek, unsuccessfully, to have plaintiff’s Physical Evaluation Board (“PEB”)
withdrawn because of the potential prejudice caused by the waiver statement. Id. at 667-68.


                                              8
Disabilities (“VASRD”) code of “5240,” which corresponds to Ankylosing Spondylitis.

In the section of the form used to describe the disability, the PEB stated as follows:

       Chronic [b]ack [p]ain first noted while undergoing ROTC evaluation. The
       Soldier received a waiver [ 14] for the back discomfort as he was suspected
       in 1995 of having Ankylosing Spondylitis, which is the current unfitting
       diagnosis. There is no history of trauma/injury while on active duty. . . .
       There is no evidence of permanent service aggravation. (MEB Dx)[. 15]

       The PEB has reviewed the medical evidence of record and concludes that
       there is sufficient evidence to substantiate an EPTS (existed prior to
       service) condition for which you are now unfit. Your condition has not
       been permanently aggravated by service but is the result of natural
       progression.

AR 237 (emphasis added). Thus, while accepting that Mr. Wollman had AS, the PEB

concluded—contrary to the MEB’s earlier finding—that Mr. Wollman’s AS had not been

aggravated by service. Notably, the PEB did not address the fact that in October 2001—

prior to his deployment to Iraq and reported gastrointestinal infections—Mr. Wollman’s

physicians expressly concluded that he was not suffering from AS. Plaintiff did not

concur with the PEB’s findings.

       Plaintiff subsequently embarked on various unsuccessful attempts to overturn the

Formal PEB’s decision, including appealing to other Army review boards and enlisting

the support of one of his United States Senators. See Wollman, 108 Fed. Cl. at 664-70.

Following a March 9, 2007 APDRB opinion, which affirmed that Mr. Wollman’s

disability was EPTS and was not service-aggravated, plaintiff timely filed suit in this

14
  As noted above, it is undisputed that the PEB’s notation was erroneous because Mr. Wollman
had not received an entry waiver for any medical condition.
15
 The court understands the phrase, “MEB Dx” as referring to the earlier MEB’s diagnosis that
Mr. Wollman’s condition had been permanently aggravated by his military service.


                                              9
court on February 23, 2012. Plaintiff’s complaint asserted, inter alia, that the PEB’s

conclusion that his AS was EPTS had been tainted by the MEB’s erroneous statement

that he had received an entry waiver for AS when he entered the service, and that the

Army had failed to apply the proper regulatory presumptions concerning service-

incurrence and service-aggravation.

       As discussed above, on February 6, 2013 this court issued an opinion that

remanded the case back to the APDRB in order to determine whether—and on what

basis—the Army had determined that AS constituted a congenital, hereditary, or genetic

disease (as the government argued in support of the APDRB’s first decision). The court

concluded that without this information, it was not possible to assess whether the agency

properly adjudicated Mr. Wollman’s claim. The court incorporated the regulatory

provisions relevant to the case in its directions to the APDRB:

       On remand, the APDRB must determine whether AS can be properly
       characterized as a congenital, hereditary, or genetic disease and, if so, the
       basis for that conclusion. If the APDRB concludes that “genetic
       predisposition” or “susceptibility” is not synonymous with a genetic
       disease, then the APDRB will need to carry its burden of showing that Mr.
       Wollman’s AS was EPTS and that any worsening of his disease was not
       due to military service. Should this analysis prove necessary, the board
       should also address (1) the undisputed fact that the plaintiff continued to
       pass his Army Physical Fitness Tests until at least October 24, 2002; and
       (2) that the plaintiff’s military physicians concluded that Mr. Wollman’s X-
       ray, CT, and MRI results did not indicate that he had contracted AS until
       January 2005. In addition, Mr. Wollman should be provided an opportunity
       to respond to the board’s findings. To the extent that the APDRB primarily
       relies on “accepted medical principles” to reach its conclusions, the board
       should provide the sources or principles relied upon to Mr. Wollman prior
       to rendering a final decision.

Id. at 673-74.



                                            10
             c. The APDRB’s decision on remand

       On September 4, 2013, the APDRB issued an opinion in which it claimed to

“affirm” the PEB’s decision that Mr. Wollman’s unfitting medical condition was not

compensable because it was EPTS and had not been aggravated by his military service.

See RAR 3-15. As noted above, in reaching this conclusion, the APDRB did not address

whether AS is a congenital, hereditary, or genetic disease, which would have triggered

certain presumptions. Rather, and as explained in greater detail below, the board (1)

described Mr. Wollman’s unfitting condition as “chronic back pain,” (2) concluded that

Mr. Wollman’s “chronic back pain” existed prior to service, and (3) determined that Mr.

Wollman’s “chronic back pain” was not permanently aggravated as a result of his

military service.

                    i. APDRB’s findings as to the etiology of AS

       The APDRB did not address whether AS was a congenital, hereditary, or genetic

disease. Instead, the APDRB observed:

       It is clear in Court documents that the etiology of AS is of prime concern.
       Because the etiology of AS was not a finding or decision of the board under
       review . . . the APDRB finds no Army or Government position with which
       to concur or non-concur.

       ...

       The APDRB finds nothing in the record to indicate that the applicant
       inherited anything other than the susceptibility to AS and finds no previous
       PEB or [United States Army Physical Disability Agency (“USAPDA”)]
       finding to the contrary.

Id. at 14.




                                            11
                 ii. APDRB’s re-characterization of Mr. Wollman’s unfitting
                     medical condition

       Despite conceding that “[t]he only condition referred to the PEB by the Medical

Evaluation Board . . . as having failed to meet retention standards was Ankylosing

Spondylitis,” id. at 8, the APDRB elected to re-label his disability as “chronic back pain.”

The board reasoned:

       [i]n reality, Ankylosing Spondylitis per se does not fail retention standards.
       Apparently the condition that failed retention standards because it rendered
       the Soldier incapable of performing the duties of his [Military Occupational
       Specialty (“MOS”)] was back pain (secondary to Ankylosing Spondylitis).

       ...

       [T]he PEB determined that the unfitting condition was chronic back pain
       acknowledging that the current unfitting diagnosis was Ankylosing
       Spondylitis. . . . The APDRB concurs with the PEB finding.

Id. Recognizing that the PEB had, in fact, assigned Mr. Wollman the VASRD code

associated with Ankylosing Spondylitis, the APDRB explained:

       There are a host of codes that could have been used for back pain of other
       etiologies but in this case the back pain was attributed to AS and the
       specific code for AS is 5240. The APDRB concurred that the applicant was
       unfit due to chronic back pain and that the appropriate VASRD code was
       5240, Ankylosing Spondylitis.

RAR 9.

                iii. APDRB’s conclusion that Mr. Wollman’s unfitting condition
                     was EPTS and not permanently aggravated by service

       Without citing to any accepted medical principles or requesting additional medical

evidence or opinion, the APDRB asserted that the evidence was “overwhelming” that his




                                            12
back pain was the same back pain as he suffered prior to entering active duty. Id. at 14.

In reaching this conclusion, the board acknowledged

        that back pain is not rare and [Mr. Wollman] could have had back pain in
        1995 that was not in any way related to the back pain for which he was
        separated in 2006. There was considerable evidence, however, that the
        applicant’s unfitting condition, i.e. chronic back pain, existed prior to
        service and that that back pain was eventually discovered to be secondary
        to AS.

Id. at 9-10. The only evidentiary basis for the board’s conclusion that plaintiff’s 1995

and 2005 back pain were the same was (1) the fact that plaintiff reported suffering from

some degree of back pain from at least 1995 through at least 2005, and (2) the fact that

Mr. Wollman did not contest the MEB’s initial finding that his AS existed prior to service

and was service-aggravated. See id. at 9-11. Specifically, the APDRB noted:

        in [a] sworn statement in 2007 . . . [Mr. Wollman] reported that for the next
        4 years his pain stayed the same. That is, the pain he had in 1995 he still
        had in 1999. The pain that existed prior to service was continuous and
        unchanged after entry on active service. . . . The pain currently under
        assessment had been going on for 7-8 years. The pain currently being
        discussed was first noted in ROTC in 1995. The APDRB determined that
        the history is clear that this was not a new pain and that it existed prior to
        service. The MEB determined that the condition that now failed to meet
        retention standards existed prior to service and the applicant concurred.[ 16]
        The APDRB concurs with the PEB determination that [Mr. Wollman’s]
        unfitting condition existed prior to service.

Id. at 11. 17

16
  As explained in the court’s prior opinion, at no point after the PEB’s decision to overturn the
MEB’s finding of service-aggravation has plaintiff ever conceded that his disease was EPTS.
See Wollman, 108 Fed. Cl. at 665 n.24.
17
  The court notes that the board suggested in passing—without expressly finding—that Mr.
Wollman’s AS might have pre-dated his entry onto active duty. This suggestion was based on a
portion of a rheumatologist’s report dated January 23, 2007, which stated that Mr. Wollman did
not have AS until he began to suffer from back pain in 2002. RAR 10 (citing AR 115).


                                                13
         After acknowledging that there “is no objective information available that speaks

to the applicant’s current condition,” the APDRB concluded that Mr. Wollman’s back

pain was not permanently aggravated by his military service. Id. In so finding, the board

emphasized that Mr. Wollman’s symptoms appeared to lessen when he ceased wearing

body armor and began taking medication, including Vioxx and Enbrel. The board also

noted that certain X-ray changes that had previously confirmed the presence of sacroiliitis

were not apparent in later X-rays. Id. at 11-14.

             d. Finalization of the APDRB’s decision and the instant motions

         Without allowing plaintiff an opportunity to comment on the APDRB’s findings,

the board forwarded its decision to the Assistant Secretary of the Army for Manpower

and Reserve Affairs (“Assistant Secretary”), who approved the decision on September

18, 2013. 18 On October 25, 2013, counsel for the government represented to this court

that “the board’s decision adequately addresses the Court’s instructions on remand and . .

. the decision is legally and factually sound.” Joint Status Report, ECF No. 39 (Oct. 25,


18
     The decision memorandum summarized the Assistant Secretary’s findings as follows:

         Mr. Wollman was unfit for continued service due to back pain. This back pain
         was noted prior to his entry in the Army by physicians at Fort Sill and by the
         United States Army Cadet Command Surgeon. Although eventually found to be
         secondary to a disease known as Ankylosing Spondylitis, which is not itself per se
         unfitting, and for which a susceptibility may be inherited, Mr. Wollman’s pre-
         existing back pain became unfitting, but was not permanently aggravated by his
         military service. While wear of Individual Body Armor exacerbated his back
         pain, the evidence tended to show that Mr. Wollman responded well to treatment,
         any increase in pain was temporary, and he was able to resume normal activities.
         Accordingly, Mr. Wollman was not entitled to disability separation pay or
         disability retirement as his unfitting condition was not compensable.

RAR 1.


                                                14
2013). Following a joint status conference, the court set a briefing schedule for the

parties’ cross-motions for judgment on the administrative record.

       On February 3, 2014—approximately one month after plaintiff filed its motion for

judgment on the administrative record—the government moved for a voluntary remand

back to the APDRB. Def.’s Mot. to Remand, ECF No. 49. In that motion, the

government acknowledged that “the board did not explicitly state the rationale for all of

its findings.” Id. at 3. The motion suggested that remand was appropriate because the

APDRB may have failed to make a finding as to the etiology of AS, address appropriate

evidence concerning the time and origin of Mr. Wollman’s disease, or provide Mr.

Wollman with an opportunity to respond to its findings—all of which had been expressly

required by the court’s remand instructions. Id. In light of the government’s prior

representations concerning the sufficiency of the APDRB’s decision, coupled with the

prejudice to plaintiff, the court denied the government’s motion. Order, ECF No. 50.

Briefing was completed on April 1, 2014, and oral argument was held on May 22, 2014.

II. DISCUSSION

          a. The relevant statutory and regulatory framework

       Chapter 61 of Title 10 provides that a member of the armed services may be

entitled to disability benefits if, inter alia, the member incurs or aggravates a physical

disability in the line of duty. See 10 U.S.C. § 1201. Conversely, a service member who

is discharged due to a medical condition that was EPTS and was not permanently

aggravated by service is not entitled to disability compensation. The procedures for

making such determinations are laid out in several complementary Department of


                                              15
Defense and Army regulations. See Wollman, 108 Fed. Cl. at 659-62 (reviewing DoDI

1332.38, Army Reg. 635–40, Army Reg. 600–8–4, and Army Reg. 40–501 (February

2005)). As explained at length in the court’s prior opinion, these regulations establish a

set of rebuttable presumptions concerning service-incurrence and service-aggravation, the

application of which can turn on the etiology of the disease. Id.; see also Emenaker v.

Peake, 551 F.3d 1332, 1339 n.2 (Fed. Cir. 2008) (citing Reese v. United States, 180 Ct.

Cl. 932 (1967) and Siegel v. United States, 148 Ct. Cl. 420 (1960) as providing guidance

for application of similar regulatory presumptions concerning service-incurrence and

aggravation).

       In general, service members are presumed to have been in sound physical and

mental condition upon entering active duty, except for (1) medical defects and physical

disabilities noted and recorded at the time of entrance, or (2) diseases that are hereditary,

congenital, or genetic. As this court previously explained:

       DoDI 1332.38 and Army Reg. 635–40 entitle Mr. Wollman to the
       presumption that his AS was incurred in the line of duty if (1) his AS was
       neither noted nor recorded at the time he entered active duty; and (2) AS is
       not a congenital, hereditary, or genetic disorder. If both conditions are
       satisfied, then the government bears the burden of showing by a
       preponderance of the evidence that Mr. Wollman’s AS was EPTS. This
       evidence must be based on accepted medical principles,[ 19] but need not be
       confirmed by specific reference to Mr. Wollman’s medical records.
       However, should the government rely primarily on accepted medical

19
  Accepted medical principles are defined as “[f]undamental deductions, consistent with medical
facts[,] that are so reasonable and logical as to create a virtual certainty that they are correct.”
DoDI 1332.38 ¶ E2.1.1. See also Army Reg. 635–40 at 79-80 (glossary defining “Accepted
Medical Principles” as “[f]undamental deductions that are consistent with medical facts. They
are accepted for treating and practice in current major text-books and publications”). This
evidentiary showing “differs from personal opinion, speculation, or conjecture.” Army Reg.
635–40 ¶ 3–2(a)(5).


                                                16
       principles to reach the conclusion that Mr. Wollman’s AS was EPTS, then
       those principles must be cited and must show “consistent and universal”
       agreement among medical authorities as to the (1) cause and (2) time of
       origin of AS.

Wollman, 108 Fed. Cl. at 661 (internal citations omitted). Thus, because Mr. Wollman

was not diagnosed with AS prior to entering service, as long as AS is not a congenital,

hereditary, or genetic disease, the government bears the burden of rebutting the

presumption of service-incurrence, which requires demonstrating by preponderant

evidence that under accepted medical principles, it was “virtually certain” that his disease

existed prior to service. 20

       Even if the government establishes that Mr. Wollman’s AS existed prior to his

entering active service, he is generally entitled to a rebuttable presumption that any

additional disability or aggravation of his AS was in the line of duty and therefore

potentially compensable. See DoDI 1332.38 ¶ E3.P4.5.2; Army Reg. 635–40 ¶ 3–2(a)(3).

This presumption is not available, however, in the case of congenital, hereditary, or

genetic diseases, and can be rebutted. As this court previously explained:

       [T]he government can rebut the presumption [of service aggravation] by
       making a specific finding that a preponderance of the competent medical
       evidence establishes that any aggravation of Mr. Wollman’s AS was due to
       the natural progression of the disease. This showing can be made by
       reference to well-established medical principles alone, and need not
       specifically refer to Mr. Wollman’s medical records.[ 21] By contrast, if AS
20
  The court notes that the Federal Circuit has not squarely addressed the line between “personal
opinion” and “accepted medical principles” in the context of the regulations applicable to the
case at bar.
21
  See DoDI 1332.38 ¶ E3.P4.5.2.3 (presumption “may only be overcome by competent medical
evidence establishing by a preponderance of the evidence that the disease was clearly neither
incurred nor aggravated while serving on active duty. . . . Such medical evidence must be based
on well-established medical principles, as distinguished from personal medical opinion alone”).


                                               17
       is a congenital, hereditary, or genetic disease, then Mr. Wollman bears the
       burden of showing, with clear documentary evidence, that his condition
       was service aggravated beyond its natural progression or that he was
       permitted to continue on active duty after his AS was diagnosed or should
       have been diagnosed.

Wollman, 108 Fed. Cl. at 661-62. Thus, as long as AS is not a congenital, hereditary, or

genetic disease, any aggravation of Mr. Wollman’s AS would presumptively be due to

his military service. To rebut this presumption, the Army would need to cite to either

accepted medical principles or evidence in Mr. Wollman’s medical files that demonstrate

that the aggravation was actually due to the natural progression of AS. See id.; DoDI

1332.38 ¶ E3.P4.5.2.2; Army Reg. 635–40 ¶ 3–2(a)(3).

          b. Standard of review

       When reviewing a motion for judgment on the administrative record under Rule

52.1(c) of the Rules of the United States Court of Federal Claims (“RCFC”), the court

makes factual findings based on record evidence “as if it were conducting a trial on the

record.” See Bannum, Inc. v. United States, 404 F.3d 1346, 1357 (Fed. Cir. 2005).

Therefore, unlike a motion for summary judgment, the existence of a disputed material

fact does not preclude the court from reaching a decision. Id. at 1355. Should the

administrative record be silent as to some disputed facts, the court may still render

judgment if the agency provided an adequate discussion of the bases of its decision. See

Rebosky v. United States, 60 Fed. Cl. 305, 311-13 (2004).

       It is well-established that the military is afforded substantial deference in

adjudicating disability claims. Heisig v. United States, 719 F.2d 1153, 1156 (Fed. Cir.

1983). The court’s task is limited to determining whether the board’s decision was


                                             18
arbitrary, capricious, unsupported by substantial evidence, or contrary to law. Cameron

v. United States, 550 F. App’x 867, 872 (Fed. Cir. 2013); Barnick v. United States, 591

F.3d 1372, 1377 (Fed. Cir. 2010).

       Notwithstanding this deferential standard of review, however, the Army is still

“bound to follow its own procedural regulations [once] it chooses to implement some.”

Murphy v. United States, 993 F.2d 871, 873 (Fed. Cir. 1993); Cameron, 550 F. App’x at

873. Additionally, the Army’s decisions must be supported with “such relevant evidence

as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion.” Crawford v.

Dep’t of the Army, 718 F.3d 1361, 1365 (Fed. Cir. 2013) (quoting Consol. Edison Co. v.

NLRB, 305 U.S. 197, 229 (1938)).

          c. The APDRB’s decision to re-label Mr. Wollman’s unfitting condition
             as “back pain” was arbitrary, capricious, and not supported by
             substantial evidence

       Plaintiff contends that the APDRB’s decision to ignore Mr. Wollman’s AS on

remand did not comply with the court’s order and was per se arbitrary and capricious.

Plaintiff also argues that, as a matter of law, the government waived its right to change

the nature of the diagnosis by failing to raise “chronic back pain” as the unfitting

condition prior to the remand. In response, the government argues that the APDRB was

not bound by its prior findings and was therefore free on remand to ignore Mr.

Wollman’s prior AS diagnoses and the grounds for denying him disability benefits.

       As explained below, the court concludes that the APDRB’s decision to ignore Mr.

Wollman’s prior AS diagnoses and instead find that his unfitting condition was “chronic

back pain” was arbitrary, capricious, and unsupported by substantial evidence. Because


                                             19
the APDRB did not support this new determination with a rational explanation that was

supported by record evidence, the board’s decision must be set aside.

                 i. The APDRB’s decision to re-label Mr. Wollman’s unfitting
                    condition as “back pain” lacked a rational basis

      The first question that the court must resolve is whether there was a rational basis

for the APDRB’s decision to re-characterize the medical disability that caused Mr.

Wollman not to meet the necessary retention standards. Prior to the APDRB’s remand

decision, the MEB, Informal PEB, Formal PEB, and USAPDA issued decisions agreeing

that Mr. Wollman was unfit for continued military service due to the back pain caused by

his AS—decisions that the APDRB previously affirmed. On remand, however, the

APDRB decided to ignore these decisions by finding Mr. Wollman’s unfitting condition

was “chronic back pain” without regard to his AS. According to the board, “[a]pparently

the condition that failed retention standards because it rendered [Mr. Wollman] incapable

of performing the duties of his MOS was back pain (secondary to Ankylosing

Spondylitis).” RAR 8. The APDRB explained that the cause of his back pain was not

relevant because Ankylosing Spondylitis “per se does not fail retention standards.” Id.

        The court recognizes the APDRB’s right to make a new causation determination

if it is supported by the evidence. However, the APDRB does not have the right to

ignore—without meaningful discussion—the Army’s previously undisputed medical

findings and conclusions regarding the cause of the back pain. Indeed, a military board’s

decision to reverse a previous finding by a disability evaluation board must be explained.

See Istivan v. United States, 689 F.2d 1034, 1039 (Ct. Cl. 1982) (Army Board for



                                            20
Correction of Military Records’ failure to address unexplained change in service

member’s disability rating was arbitrary and capricious); Craft v. United States, 544 F.2d

468, 474 (Ct. Cl. 1976) (per curiam) (where a military corrections board “suddenly, and

without explaining its reasons, reverse[s] a decision by a Physical Evaluation Board . . .

[s]uch a determination . . . cannot be sustained”); see also 32 C.F.R. § 581.1(c) (reversal

of prior disability determination requires complete written findings). To allow a board to

completely ignore a previously recognized cause of an unfitting medical condition puts

military service members at risk of losing their disability retirements simply because their

unfitting medical conditions happen to share a symptom(s) with other medical conditions

that the member suffered from prior to entering service. 22

       Because the APDRB did not dispute that Mr. Wollman has Ankylosing

Spondylitis, the board was not free to simply ignore that diagnosis by relabeling his

unfitting condition as “chronic back pain.” Put another way, while the APDRB was free

to find another cause for Mr. Wollman’s back pain that was supported by the evidence,

the board was not free to simply substitute a symptom of Mr. Wollman’s illness for the

cause. The cause of Mr. Wollman’s back pain is at the crux of his disability entitlement,

and the fact that AS does not cause a soldier to “per se” fail retention standards is not a

reason to ignore that diagnosed cause. Moreover, under DoDI 1332.38, a diagnosis of

Ankylosing Spondylitis requires referral for military disability evaluation. DoDI 1332.38


22
   For example, it would be improper to deny a disability retirement to a service member who
was rendered medically unfit due to a traumatic brain injury that was incurred in the line of duty
solely because that member happened to suffer from headaches both prior to entering service and
after the head injury.


                                               21
¶ E4.4.1.2.2.1. A referral presumably is required because AS can cause back pain and

other debilitating symptoms that fail to meet retention standards. Thus, Mr. Wollman’s

AS diagnosis required that he be entered into the Army’s disability evaluation system,

assessed for fitness for continued active duty, and potentially be evaluated for a disability

retirement. Accordingly, the court finds that the APDRB’s conclusion that it could

ignore Mr. Wollman’s AS on the grounds that it is not a “per se” unfitting medical

condition was arbitrary and capricious and thus not rational.

                 ii. The APDRB’s September 2013 decision is not supported by
                     substantial evidence

       The APDRB’s decision to re-characterize Mr. Wollman’s unfitting condition as

“chronic back pain”—and thus EPTS—is also contrary to the evidence in the record. For

the court to uphold the APDRB, the court would need to find that Mr. Wollman’s

unfitting back pain at discharge is the same back pain he had before he joined the service

and thus, as the APDRB contends, his AS diagnosis was irrelevant. The record evidence

simply does not support such a finding.

       Contrary to the board’s conclusory statements that there was “overwhelming” and

“considerable” evidence supporting its conclusions, there is almost nothing in the record

to link Mr. Wollman’s early back pain with the back pain he was found to have in 2005

in connection with his AS. The chronology set forth in footnote 12 lays out in detail the

numerous times doctors expressly ruled out AS as the cause of Mr. Wollman’s back pain

before 2005—after he reportedly suffered from several gastrointestinal infections. The

only record evidence that the board cites for such a finding is the fact that in 2007, Mr.



                                             22
Wollman stated that the pain he suffered from in 1995 “stayed the same” until 1999.

However, this finding has no medical merit and does not constitute an accepted medical

principle.

       There is no question that Mr. Wollman had back pain for many years. The record

establishes, however, that his back pain was attributable to a variety of causes, which

may include the fractured pelvis he suffered as a child. In addition, as discussed above,

the record evidence establishes that Mr. Wollman was tested repeatedly for AS but was

not diagnosed with AS until 2005. Importantly, the record further establishes that despite

his periodic bouts of back pain, Mr. Wollman was not found unfit for service until after

he received the AS diagnosis. Prior to that time he was able to serve. Given this record,

the APDRB’s conclusion that Mr. Wollman’s back pain in 1993 was the same back pain

he suffered in 2005 is simply contrary to the evidence in the record. Therefore, the court

finds that the APDRB’s conclusion that Mr. Wollman’s chronic back pain was the same

from 1993 to 2005 is not supported by substantial evidence.

             d. The government has failed to rebut the presumption that Mr.
                Wollman’s AS was incurred in the line of duty

       Because Mr. Wollman was discharged due to back pain associated with his AS

and the APDRB did not dispute that AS is not a congenital, hereditary, or genetic disease,

RAR 13-14 (“The APDRB finds nothing in the record to indicate that the applicant

inherited anything other than the susceptibility to AS and finds no previous PEB or

USAPDA finding to the contrary”), Mr. Wollman is entitled to the presumptions that his

AS was incurred in the line of duty and that any permanent worsening of the disease was



                                            23
caused by his military service. Indeed, the government concedes as much. Def.’s Cross-

Mot. J. 4., ECF No. 51.

       The government also does not dispute that the board did not identify any evidence

in the record to overcome the presumptions favoring Mr. Wollman with regard to his AS-

related back pain being service-related. Because the APDRB on remand elected not to

address—and thus failed to rebut—the presumptions of service-incurrence and service-

aggravation, the court is required, in accordance with Army regulations, to presume that

Mr. Wollman’s AS was incurred in the line of duty and that, to the extent that he is rated

for a disability, entitled to receive a disability retirement based on his rating. 23

III.   CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, plaintiff’s motion for judgment on the administrative

record is GRANTED, and the government’s cross-motion is DENIED. The court

ORDERS the parties to file a joint status report no later than June 30, 2014, regarding

the next steps the government will be taking to rate Mr. Wollman and ultimately

determine his disability entitlement, if any.

       IT IS SO ORDERED.


                                                              s/Nancy B. Firestone
                                                              NANCY B. FIRESTONE
                                                              Judge


23
  In this connection, this is not a case in which the “court simply cannot evaluate the challenged
agency action on the basis of the record . . . .” Fla. Power & Light Co. v. Lorion, 470 U.S. 729,
744 (1985). Because the APDRB on remand elected not to introduce any evidence to overcome
the presumptions of service-incurrence and aggravation, a second remand is not necessary or
appropriate.


                                                24
