               NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                          File Name: 14a0801n.06

                                      Case No. 14-5193

                         UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                              FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                                                                 FILED
                                                                            Oct 23, 2014
MILAN EXPRESS CO., INC.,                             )                 DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
                                                     )
       Plaintiff-Appellee,                           )
                                                     )        ON APPEAL FROM THE
v.                                                   )        UNITED STATES DISTRICT
                                                     )        COURT FOR THE WESTERN
APPLIED UNDERWRITERS CAPTIVE RISK                    )        DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE
ASSURANCE COMPANY, INC.,                             )
                                                     )
       Defendant-Appellant.                          )                 OPINION
                                                     )



BEFORE: McKEAGUE and GRIFFIN, Circuit Judges; and POLSTER, District Judge.

       McKEAGUE, Circuit Judge. This action stems from a broken contractual relationship.

Plaintiff Milan Express Co., Inc. (“Milan”), a Tennessee corporation seeking workers’

compensation insurance coverage, entered into a Reinsurance Participation Agreement

(“Agreement”) with defendant Applied Underwriters Captive Risk Assurance Company, Inc.

(“Applied Underwriters”). Applied Underwriters is organized under the laws of the British

Virgin Islands and has its principal place of business in Omaha, Nebraska. During the three-year

term of the Agreement, a dispute arose regarding payment of premiums and fees.            When

negotiations between the parties failed, Milan commenced this action in federal court based on


       
         The Honorable Dan Aaron Polster, United States District Judge for the Northern District
of Ohio, sitting by designation.
Case No. 14-5193
Milan Express Co. v. Applied Underwriters Captive Risk Assurance Co.

the parties’ diversity of citizenship, filing a seven-count complaint asserting claims for

declaratory relief, reformation of the contract, fraudulent and negligent misrepresentation, breach

of contract, and punitive damages.

       The Agreement includes an arbitration clause requiring all disputes arising under the

Agreement to be resolved informally without resort to litigation. Any dispute not amicably

settled is subject to binding arbitration under the provisions of the American Arbitration

Association in the British Virgin Islands or some other location agreed to by the parties. Hence,

the filing of the complaint was followed closely by Milan’s motion to stop arbitration. Milan

contended that the arbitration clause is unenforceable under Nebraska law, which governs

construction of the Agreement. Applied Underwriters responded with its own motion to compel

arbitration, asking the district court to dismiss the complaint under Federal Rule of Civil

Procedure 12(b)(6). In case the court were to grant Milan’s motion to stop arbitration, Applied

Underwriters also moved the court, in the alternative, to transfer venue to the District of

Nebraska, in accordance with the Agreement’s forum-selection clause.

       The district court addressed all three motions in one order. The court denied Allied

Underwriters’ motions to compel arbitration and transfer venue, and granted Milan’s motion to

stop arbitration. The court concluded that (a) the question of arbitrability was for the court to

resolve; (b) the arbitration clause is unenforceable under Nebraska law; and (c) the convenience

of the parties and witnesses and the interests of justice weighed against transferring venue.

Allied Underwriters timely appealed this interlocutory ruling under 28 U.S.C. § 1292(a)(1) as a

grant of injunctive relief. See Fazio v. Lehman v. Bros., Inc., 340 F.3d 386, 392 (6th Cir. 2003)

(interlocutory order refusing to compel arbitration appealable under 9 U.S.C. § 16(a)(1)); Buffler

v. Electronic Computer Programming Inst., Inc., 466 F.2d 694, 699 (6th Cir. 1972) (order


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Milan Express Co. v. Applied Underwriters Captive Risk Assurance Co.

enjoining arbitration appealable under 28 U.S.C. § 1292(a)(1)). Allied Underwriters contends

that unless the arbitration clause itself is challenged as invalid, the question of arbitrability is for

the arbitrator, not the court, to decide. Because we agree with Allied Underwriters on this point,

we vacate the district court’s order and remand for further proceedings not inconsistent with this

opinion.

                                                   I

       The parties agree that a court’s ruling stopping or compelling arbitration is subject to de

novo review. See Johnson Associates Corp. v. HL Operating Corp., 680 F.3d 713, 716 (6th Cir.

2012); Fazio, 340 F.3d at 392. There is no dispute that the Agreement includes an arbitration

clause whereby the parties agreed to submit all disputes regarding execution, construction,

enforceability, and breach of the Agreement to arbitration under the rules of the American

Arbitration Association. Nor is there any dispute that some, if not all, of Milan’s claims facially

come within the scope of the ¶ 13 dispute resolution provisions.

       The Agreement expressly provides that it “shall be exclusively governed by and

construed in accordance with the laws of Nebraska.” Under Nebraska law, a provision in a

written contract to submit any controversy to arbitration is valid and enforceable, Neb. Rev. Stat.

§ 25-2602.01(b), except when the written contract is an agreement relating to an insurance policy

other than a contract between insurance companies, Neb. Rev. Stat. §25-2602.01(f)(4). The

district court held that because the instant Agreement relates to an insurance policy and is not a

contract between insurance companies, the arbitration clause in the Agreement is rendered

unenforceable by this Nebraska statute.

       In so ruling, the district court rejected Applied Underwriters’ argument that even this

“gateway” arbitrability question was a matter the parties agreed to submit to the arbitrator for


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Case No. 14-5193
Milan Express Co. v. Applied Underwriters Captive Risk Assurance Co.

decision. The court held arbitrability was within the court’s province because the language of

the Agreement does not amount to sufficiently “‘clear and unmistakable’ evidence that

contracting parties intended an arbitrator (rather than a court) to resolve questions of

arbitrability.” R. 55, Order at 13, Page ID 784 (quoting Solvay Pharms., Inc. v. Duramed

Pharms., Inc., 442 F.3d 471, 477 (6th Cir. 2006)). In this the court erred.

       The district court did not explain what is not “clear and unmistakable” in the following

language:

              It is the express intention of the parties to resolve any disputes arising
       under this Agreement without resort to litigation . . .

              Any dispute or controversy that is not resolved informally . . . shall be
       fully determined in the British Virgin Islands under the provisions of the
       American Arbitration Association.

               All disputes between the parties relating in any way to (1) the execution
       and delivery, construction or enforceability of this Agreement, (2) the
       management or operations of the Company, or (3) any other breach or claimed
       breach of this Agreement or the transactions contemplated herein shall be settled
       amicably by good faith discussion among all of the parties hereto, and, failing
       such amicable settlement, finally determined exclusively by binding arbitration in
       accordance with the procedures provided herein. The reference to this arbitration
       clause in any specific provision of this Agreement is for emphasis only, and is not
       intended to limit the scope, extent or intent of this arbitration clause, or to mean
       that any other provision of this Agreement shall not be fully subject to the terms
       of this arbitration clause. All disputes arising with respect to any provision of this
       Agreement shall be fully subject to the terms of the arbitration clause.

               The arbitration clause shall survive the termination of this Agreement and
       be deemed to be an obligation of the parties which is independent of, and without
       regard to, the validity of this Agreement.

R. 1-4, Agreement at ¶ 13, Page ID 43–45 (emphasis added).

       According to this language, the parties mutually and comprehensively agreed to resolve

any and all Agreement-related disputes, including questions of enforceability, without resort to

litigation, through informal settlement negotiations and, barring settlement, exclusively through


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Milan Express Co. v. Applied Underwriters Captive Risk Assurance Co.

binding arbitration.    As Applied Underwriters has argued, this language is not unlike the

language at issue in Rent-A-Center, West, Inc. v. Jackson, 561 U.S. 63, 67–70 (2010), that was

deemed to satisfy the “clear and unmistakable” requirement. The requirement is an “interpretive

rule” pertaining to the parties’ manifestation of intent, designed to facilitate enforcement of

arbitration agreements, like other contracts, according to their terms. Id. at 67–68, 70 n.1.

       In this case, the district court did not identify what it found to be ambiguous about the

parties’ manifest intent to submit all disputes, including disputes regarding the enforceability of

any provision, exclusively to arbitration. Although Applied Underwriters cited Rent-A-Center

and argued the point below—both in support of its motion to compel arbitration and its

objections to the magistrate judge’s “report and recommendation”—the district court’s opinion is

devoid of reference to Rent-A-Center. This oversight contributed to the district court’s erroneous

determination that arbitrability was for the court to decide in the first instance.

       Conversely, we conclude, in reliance on Rent-A-Center, and on de novo review of the

clear and unambiguous language of the Agreement, that the parties manifestly intended to submit

the threshold question of arbitrability to the arbitrator. This agreement, too, is enforceable like

any other contract in accordance with its terms. See Nitro-Lift Technologies, L.L.C. v. Howard,

133 S.Ct. 500, 503 (2012) (reaffirming that apart from attacks on the “validity” of the arbitration

clause itself, which are subject to court determination, “judicial hostility towards arbitration”

must give way to the parties’ express agreement to arbitrate contractual disputes); Teamsters

Local Union 480 v. United Parcel Service, Inc., 748 F.3d 281, 288–89 (6th Cir. 2014)

(recognizing that the presumption in favor of arbitration extends even to attacks on the validity

of the contract as a whole and that only questions going to the “formation” of the arbitration




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Case No. 14-5193
Milan Express Co. v. Applied Underwriters Captive Risk Assurance Co.

clause itself—i.e., whether the parties ever agreed to the arbitration clause in the first place—are

for the courts to decide).

        Milan’s opposition is not persuasive. Milan attempts unsuccessfully to distinguish the

language of Agreement ¶ 13 from the language addressed in Rent-A-Center, which provided:

“[t]he Arbitrator . . . shall have exclusive authority to resolve any dispute relating to the

. . . enforceability . . . of this Agreement including, but not limited to any claim that all or any

part of this Agreement is void or voidable.” Rent-A-Center, 561 U.S. at 68. Comparing this

language to Agreement ¶ 13, we discern no material difference. Milan contends the Rent-A-

Center language is distinguishable because it appears in an underlying contract that is itself an

arbitration agreement. The Supreme Court addressed and summarily rejected this very argument

in Rent-A-Center.     Id. at 72 (“In this case, the underlying contract is itself an arbitration

agreement. But that makes no difference.”). Rent-A-Center thus defeats Milan’s position.

        Milan’s reliance on other authorities is no more helpful. In Crossville Medical Oncology,

P.C. v. Glenwood Systems, LLC, 485 F. App’x 821 (6th Cir. 2012), for instance, we held that a

party had not clearly and unmistakably agreed to submit the question of arbitrability to the

arbitrator.    However, that party, a counterclaim defendant, was not a party to the subject

arbitration agreement and had, early in the arbitration proceedings, lodged his objection,

asserting that he was not a proper party to the arbitration and did not agree to arbitration of the

claims against him. Here, in contrast, Milan undeniably entered into a written contract that

contains Milan’s express agreement to submit all disputes arising under the contract to

arbitration.

        In still other cases cited by Milan, presenting language similar to that addressed in Rent-

A-Center, the courts applied the teaching of Rent-A-Center and enforced the agreements as


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Milan Express Co. v. Applied Underwriters Captive Risk Assurance Co.

sufficiently “clear and unmistakable.” See, e.g., Dean v. Draughons Junior College, Inc., 2012

WL 3308370 at *4–5 (M.D. Tenn.); Muhammad v. Advanced Servs., Inc., 2010 WL 3853230 at

*3–5 (W.D. Tenn.). Milan’s efforts to avoid the consequences of its own commitment find little

support in the case law. Accordingly, we hold that the Agreement is sufficiently clear and

unambiguously manifests the parties’ agreement to submit the question of arbitrability to

arbitration.

        There is a second caveat, however. A court must first resolve any challenge to the

validity of an arbitration agreement before it may order compliance with the agreement. Rent-A-

Center, 561 U.S. at 70–71. That is, any challenge to the validity of the arbitration agreement

specifically—on “such grounds as exist at law or in equity for revocation of any contract,” such

as, for instance, that it is unconscionable or was induced by fraud—must be resolved by the court

before ordering compliance with the arbitration agreement. Id.; see also Fazio, 340 F.3d at 393

(the court has the duty—in the face of a challenge based on forgery, unconscionability, or lack of

consideration—to ensure a valid agreement to arbitrate exists).

        Milan has not asserted such a challenge to the validity of the arbitrability agreement,

specifically (or the Agreement as a whole), on grounds that would warrant revocation. Rather,

Milan’s challenge, to the arbitration clause as a whole, is limited to the argument that it is

unenforceable under Nebraska law. Milan may be right about this, but enforceability is a

question the parties expressly agreed to submit to arbitration, an agreement Milan has not

challenged on fraud or unconscionability grounds. It follows that the claims asserted in Milan’s

complaint are, per the parties’ express agreement, subject to resolution exclusively by settlement

negotiation and binding arbitration, not by litigation. We thus conclude that the district court

erred when it granted Milan’s motion to stop arbitration.


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Case No. 14-5193
Milan Express Co. v. Applied Underwriters Captive Risk Assurance Co.

                                                 II

         The question remains whether Applied Underwriters is entitled to an order compelling

arbitration. “Contracts to arbitrate are not to be avoided by allowing one party to ignore the

contract and resort to the courts.” Southland Corp. v. Keating, 465 U.S. 1, 7 (1984). “Such a

course could lead to prolonged litigation, one of the very risks the parties, by contracting for

arbitration, sought to eliminate.” Id. Where the parties have agreed to arbitrate in a particular

forum, only a district court in that forum has jurisdiction to compel arbitration. See Inland Bulk

Transfer Co. v. Cummins Engine Co., 332 F.3d 1007, 1018 (6th Cir. 2003) (citing Mgmt.

Recruiters Int’l, Inc. v. Bloor, 129 F.3d 851, 854 (6th Cir. 1997)). Here, the parties expressly

provided in the Agreement that arbitration proceedings shall be conducted in the British Virgin

Islands or at some other location agreed to by the parties.

         The district court thus lacked authority to specifically enforce the arbitration clause. It

had two options.      Insofar as the claims asserted stem from “disputes arising under the

Agreement,” and are therefore subject to arbitration, the court could have dismissed Milan’s

complaint without prejudice. We have approved this approach in several cases. See, e.g., Green

v. Ameritech Corp., 200 F.3d 967, 973 (6th Cir. 2000); Bowie v. Clear Your Debt, LLC, 2012

WL 892607 at *5–6 (N.D. Ohio), aff’d, 523 F. App’x 315 (6th Cir. 2013); Nestle Waters North

America, Inc. v. Bollman, 2006 WL 3690804 at *6 (W.D. Mich.), aff’d, 505 F.3d 498 (6th Cir.

2007).

         Arguably, however, Milan’s Count IV and V claims—for fraudulent and negligent

misrepresentation—do not “arise under the Agreement.”            Though these claims stem from

communications relating to the Agreement, they sound in tort and are arguably not subject to

arbitration. Rather than dismissing the complaint in its entirety, the district court could have


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Milan Express Co. v. Applied Underwriters Captive Risk Assurance Co.

decided to stay proceedings pending completion of arbitration on the arbitrable claims. See

Inland Bulk, 332 F.3d at 1018. However, the suitability of each of these options has neither been

fully briefed by the parties nor specifically addressed by the district court. As we vacate the

district court’s order and remand for further proceedings, we direct the district court to take up

afresh the question of how best to move forward, in collaboration with the parties, and with the

benefit of our ruling in Part I above.

                                                 III

       Applied Underwriters also challenges the district court’s denial of the motion to transfer

venue under 28 U.S.C. § 1404(a). The district court denied the motion to transfer only after

granting Milan’s motion to stop arbitration. The district court’s venue ruling was thus premised

on its determination that the arbitration clause was not enforceable under Nebraska law and that

Milan’s claims were subject to adjudication by the court. Evaluating the convenience of the

parties and witnesses, as well as the interest of justice, the court refused to disturb Milan’s choice

of venue. The court acknowledged the Agreement’s forum-selection clause, whereby the parties

agreed that any dispute not subject to the dispute resolution provisions would be resolved

exclusively by the courts of Nebraska. But the court held the forum-selection clause was not

entitled to dispositive consideration.

       This, Applied Underwriters argues, was error, citing Atlantic Marine Construction Co. v.

U.S. District Court for the Western District of Texas, 134 S. Ct. 568 (2013). In Atlantic Marine,

the Court held that a forum-selection clause changes the calculus and should be given controlling

weight in all but the most exceptional cases. Id. at 581. The Atlantic Marine decision was

issued seven weeks prior to the district court’s venue ruling. It was neither cited by the parties




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nor referred to in the district court’s opinion. The clarification afforded in Atlantic Marine

undeniably impugns the integrity of the district court’s analysis.

          We find it unnecessary, however, to address the merits of the venue ruling. The motion

to transfer venue was filed in the alternative, in the event the district court granted Milan’s

motion to stop arbitration.     Our ruling today, vacating the district court’s order stopping

arbitration, and remanding for further proceedings—on whether Milan’s complaint should be

dismissed in its entirety without prejudice or whether proceedings should be stayed pending

completion of arbitration—effectively moots the transfer-of-venue issue.        Moreover, it is

doubtful that we may exercise pendent appellate jurisdiction to review the venue ruling anyway.

See Turi v. Main Street Adoption Services, LLP, 633 F.3d 496, 501–03 (6th Cir. 2011)

(concluding that related venue ruling was not so “inextricably intertwined” with properly

reviewable arbitrability ruling as to justify exercise of pendent appellate jurisdiction over the

venue ruling). We therefore refrain from addressing the merits of the district court’s venue

ruling.

                                                IV

          Accordingly, we VACATE the district court’s order granting Milan’s motion to stop

arbitration, and REMAND the case for further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.




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