     Case: 18-10931   Document: 00515187893        Page: 1   Date Filed: 11/05/2019




        IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                 FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT
                                                                United States Court of Appeals
                                                                         Fifth Circuit

                                                                       FILED
                                    No. 18-10931                November 5, 2019
                                                                  Lyle W. Cayce
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION,                                    Clerk


             Plaintiff - Appellee

v.

TEAM RESOURCES INCORPORATED; FOSSIL ENERGY CORPORATION;
KEVIN A. BOYLES,

             Defendants - Appellants




                Appeals from the United States District Court
                     for the Northern District of Texas


Before KING, HIGGINSON, and DUNCAN, Circuit Judges.
STUART KYLE DUNCAN, Circuit Judge:
      The Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) filed an enforcement
action against Kevin Boyles and two companies he created, Team Resources
and Fossil Energy, because it believed Boyles was scamming investors. While
the case was pending, the Supreme Court decided Kokesh v. SEC, in which it
held that disgorgement in SEC proceedings is a “penalty” under 28 U.S.C.
§ 2462 and therefore subject to a five-year statute of limitations. 137 S. Ct.
1635, 1643 (2017). We must decide whether Kokesh necessarily overruled our
established precedent recognizing district courts’ authority to order
disgorgement in SEC enforcement proceedings. See, e.g., SEC v. Blatt, 583 F.2d
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1325, 1335 (5th Cir. 1978). It did not. We recognize that the Supreme Court
has recently agreed to review a Ninth Circuit decision addressing whether
district courts have disgorgement authority after Kokesh. See SEC v. Liu, 754
F. App’x 505 (9th Cir. 2018) (unpublished), cert. granted sub nom. Liu v. SEC,
--- S. Ct. ---, 2019 WL 5659111 (U.S. Nov. 1, 2019) (No. 18-1501). Nonetheless,
“we have traditionally held that even when the Supreme Court has granted
certiorari in a relevant case, we will continue to follow binding precedent.”
United States v. Islas-Saucedo, 903 F.3d 512, 521 (5th Cir. 2018) (citing Wicker
v. McCotter, 798 F.2d 155, 158 (5th Cir. 1986)). We therefore affirm the district
court’s disgorgement order as well as its other decisions challenged here.
                                        I.
      The SEC alleged the following facts to which Boyles, Team Resources,
and Fossil Energy (collectively, “Appellants”) stipulated for the limited purpose
of the disgorgement order under review here. In 2008 Boyles formed Team
Resources Incorporated to be the managing general partner for multiple oil
and gas limited partnerships. Boyles used Team Resources to buy oil and gas
leases, which he then placed in limited partnerships managed by Team
Resources. Through various limited partnerships managed by both Team
Resources and Fossil Energy (a company Boyles created later), Boyles raised
money from 475 investors to the tune of $33 million. Boyles and his
salespeople—none of whom was registered as a securities broker as required
by law—promised sky-high returns on investment.
      Things did not work out that way. The oil and gas leases were not
commercially viable—a fact the SEC alleges Boyles knew beforehand.
Investment returns were bad or non-existent. Yet Boyles painted a positive
picture for investors instead of disclosing the dismal reality. All the while, the
salespeople collected commissions ranging from 15% to 25% (a detail not
disclosed to investors). In the end, the investors lost all or most of their money.
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      The SEC then sued Boyle, Team Resources, and Fossil Energy. 1
Settlement was almost instantaneous. Appellants neither admitted nor denied
the allegations of the complaint but agreed that the court would enter a
permanent injunction against them enjoining any future violations of
securities laws. Appellants also agreed “that the Court shall order
disgorgement of ill-gotten gains, with prejudgment interest thereon.” The
agreements provided that “[i]n connection with the Commission’s motion for
disgorgement and/or civil penalties, the parties may take discovery, including
discovery from appropriate non-parties.” The district court entered the
agreements, required Appellants to “pay disgorgement of ill-gotten gains,” and
stated that it would determine the amounts of that disgorgement “upon motion
of the Commission.”
      In February 2017, the SEC moved for remedies and final judgment,
asking for disgorgement in the amount of $30,494,037. Appellants responded
that the five-year statute of limitations in 28 U.S.C. § 2462 barred the SEC
from seeking the disgorgement amount it requested. They also contended that
the SEC’s disgorgement calculation failed to account for legitimate business
expenses and generally failed to distinguish lawfully obtained funds from those
that were ill-gotten.
      While the SEC’s motion was pending, the Supreme Court held in Kokesh
v. SEC that disgorgement in SEC enforcement proceedings is a “penalty” under
§ 2462 and therefore subject to a five-year statute of limitations. 137 S. Ct. at
1643. In response, the SEC amended its motion in this case and reduced the
amount of disgorgement sought to $15,508,280 to reflect the five-year limit.
Appellants again attacked the disgorgement amount, but this time they also
argued that, after Kokesh, district courts no longer have authority to order


      1   The complaint also named other defendants, but they are not parties to this appeal.
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disgorgement in SEC proceedings. Appellants also stated that they would
“contend at a hearing” that various expenses must be deducted from the
disgorgement amount and asserted that they “should have an opportunity in
discovery, in advance of a hearing,” to test the SEC’s calculation. Appellants
did not, however, actually move for a hearing, and one was never held.
      The district court granted the SEC’s motion in part. Appellants were
ordered to disgorge $15,508,280. Noting that Kokesh itself had expressly stated
that “[n]othing in [its] opinion should be interpreted as an opinion on whether
courts possess authority to order disgorgement in SEC enforcement
proceedings,” 137 S. Ct. at 1642 n.3, the district court rejected Appellants’
argument that it could not order disgorgement. It also rejected Appellants’
challenges to the amount of disgorgement and declined to deduct any money
as a legitimate business expense because the “overwhelming weight of
authority hold[s] that securities law violators may not offset their
disgorgement liability with business expenses.” SEC v. Kahlon, 873 F.3d 500,
509 (5th Cir. 2017) (per curiam) (alteration in original) (quoting SEC v. United
Energy Partners, Inc., 88 F. App’x 744, 746 (5th Cir. 2004)). This appeal
followed. We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291.
                                       II.
      Whether the district court had authority to order disgorgement is a legal
question reviewed de novo. SEC v. AMX Int’l, Inc., 7 F.3d 71, 73 (5th Cir. 1993).
We review the court’s decision to order disgorgement for abuse of discretion.
Kahlon, 873 F.3d at 504. An abuse of discretion standard also applies to the
court’s decision not to order discovery or hold an evidentiary hearing. United
States ex rel. Taylor-Vick v. Smith, 513 F.3d 228, 232 (5th Cir. 2008); Leedo
Cabinetry v. James Sales & Distrib., Inc., 157 F.3d 410, 414 (5th Cir. 1998).




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                                       III.
      Appellants argue that, by finding disgorgement a “penalty” under § 2462,
Kokesh necessarily also decided that disgorgement is not an equitable remedy
courts may impose in SEC enforcement proceedings. We disagree. Kokesh itself
expressly declined to address that question, and so our precedent upholding
district court authority to order disgorgement controls. Appellants’ argument
that the district court abused its discretion by not ordering discovery or holding
a hearing on disgorgement also fails because the district court implemented
the terms of the parties’ settlement agreement and Appellants failed to request
a hearing or initiate any discovery.
                                       A.
      In Kokesh v. SEC, the Supreme Court held that disgorgement constitutes
a “penalty” for purposes of 28 U.S.C. § 2462 and that disgorgement actions
must therefore commence within five years of the accrual of the cause of action.
137 S. Ct. at 1639. The defendant in Kokesh was accused of misappropriating
nearly $35 million from various companies between 1995 and 2009. Id. at 1641.
A jury found the defendant violated applicable securities laws. Id. The district
court recognized that § 2462’s limitations period barred any penalties for
misappropriation more than five years before the SEC filed its complaint, but
held that § 2462 did not apply because disgorgement is not a “penalty” under
the statute. Id. The Tenth Circuit affirmed.
      In reversing the Tenth Circuit, the Supreme Court cited its decision in
Huntington v. Attrill, 146 U.S. 657 (1892), which defined “penalty” as a
“punishment, whether corporal or pecuniary, imposed and enforced by the
State, for a crime or offen[s]e against its laws.” Kokesh, 137 S. Ct. at 1642
(alteration in original). Applying that definition, the Court reasoned that
disgorgement is ordered by courts for violations committed against the United


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States and that it is imposed for punitive purposes. Id. at 1643. Thus, the Court
concluded, disgorgement qualifies as a “penalty” under § 2462.
      Yet Kokesh cabined its own reach: “Nothing in this opinion,” the Court
stated, “should be interpreted as an opinion on whether courts possess
authority to order disgorgement in SEC enforcement proceedings or on
whether courts have properly applied disgorgement principles in this context.”
Id. at 1642 n.3. “The sole question presented in this case,” the Court continued,
“is whether disgorgement, as applied in SEC enforcement actions, is subject to
§ 2462’s limitations period.” Id. (emphasis added).
      Despite this clear statement, Appellants contend that Kokesh implicitly
did what it explicitly said it did not do. The thrust of their argument is that
Kokesh, by deciding that disgorgement constitutes a penalty under § 2462,
necessarily decided that disgorgement is no longer an equitable remedy. Since
“[f]ederal courts are courts of limited jurisdiction[,]” and only have “power
authorized by Constitution and statute,” Kokkonen v. Guardian Life Ins. Co. of
America, 511 U.S. 375, 378 (1994), the authority to order a disgorgement
penalty must come from a statutory source. Yet the statutes governing civil
enforcement actions do not explicitly authorize disgorgement even though they
authorize civil monetary penalties. See 15 U.S.C. §§ 77t(d); 78u(d)(3). And the
Penny Stock Reform Act, which does authorize disgorgement, only does so for
administrative proceedings. See 15 U.S.C. § 77h-1(e); see also id. § 78u-2(e).
Thus, Appellants contend, the district court lacked authority to order
disgorgement in this civil enforcement action.
      We are not persuaded Kokesh decided that much. Kokesh decided only
the issue before it—“whether § 2462 applies to claims for disgorgement
imposed as a sanction for violating a federal securities law.” 137 S. Ct. at 1639.
The Court’s discussion, while examining whether disgorgement is properly
classified as a “penalty” in the context of that single statute, did not purport to
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decide that disgorgement can never be classified as equitable in any context.
To the contrary, Kokesh expressly disavowed that it was addressing “whether
courts possess authority to order disgorgement in SEC enforcement
proceedings.” 137 S. Ct. at 1642 n.3. 2 We are thus not convinced that Kokesh
quietly revolutionized SEC enforcement proceedings while at the same time
explicitly stating it was not doing so. Our conclusion mirrors those reached by
our sister circuits when facing this issue. See SEC v. de Maison, --- F. App’x --
-, 2019 WL 4127328 (2d Cir. Aug. 30, 2019) (unpublished); Liu, 754 F. App’x
505. 3 Furthermore, our circuit’s rule of orderliness prohibits one panel from
overturning a previous panel’s decision “absent an intervening change in the
law, such as by a statutory amendment, or the Supreme Court, or our en banc
court.” Mercado v. Lynch, 823 F.3d 276, 279 (5th Cir. 2016) (quoting Jacobs v.
Nat’l Drug Intelligence Ctr., 548 F.3d 375, 378 (5th Cir. 2008)) (italics in
original). Supreme Court decisions do not overturn inferior-court decisions
with a wink and a nudge. Even if a Supreme Court decision bears on an issue,
“the . . . decision must be more than merely illuminating” and must
“unequivocally direct[ ]” the overruling of the prior decision. Martin v.
Medtronic, Inc., 254 F.3d 573, 577 (5th Cir. 2001) (quoting United States v.




       2 Appellants assert that the relevant footnote in Kokesh “is . . . reasonably understood
to be the Supreme Court’s recognition that it was only tasked with deciding whether
disgorgement in securities-enforcement actions was a civil penalty, and that it would, as it
often does, save for another day a question not then before it.” Pet. Br. at 21–22. We agree.
But that only underscores the point that Kokesh does not unequivocally overturn district
courts’ authority to order disgorgement in SEC enforcement cases. Appellants further assert
that “[t]here would be no logical reason for the Supreme Court’s comment if it believed that
courts have been properly applying the disgorgement penalty.” Id. (emphasis in original). We
disagree. The fact that Appellants cite Kokesh for the proposition that courts lack authority
to order disgorgement illustrates exactly why the Supreme Court included footnote 3.
Moreover, the footnote does not state that the Court doubts that district courts lack authority;
it states only that the Court was not deciding the question.
       3   As already noted, the Supreme Court granted certiorari in Liu on November 1, 2019.
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Zuniga-Salinas, 945 F.2d 1302, 1306 (5th Cir. 1991)). Anything less does not
authorize panel to overrule panel. Id.
        Kokesh may be “illuminating” on a court’s authority to order
disgorgement in this setting, but it does not “unequivocally” direct us to
overrule our prior cases upholding that authority. 4 Since at least 1978 we have
recognized that a “trial court act[s] properly within its equitable powers in
ordering [a defendant] to disgorge the profits that he obtained by fraud.” Blatt,
583 F.2d at 1335. Numerous other cases have proceeded on the assumption
that such authority exists. See, e.g., Kahlon, 873 F.3d at 509; AMX, Int’l., 7
F.3d 71; SEC v. Huffman, 996 F.2d 800 (5th Cir. 1993). In short, the principle
that district courts may order disgorgement in SEC enforcement proceedings
is well established in our circuit. We are therefore bound, as a panel, to follow
that precedent absent an intervening change in the law. Mercado, 823 F.3d at
279.
        In sum, we hold that Kokesh did not unequivocally abrogate our circuit
precedent that the district court was authorized to order disgorgement against
Appellants in this case. 5




        4True, during the Kokesh oral argument some members of the Supreme Court
questioned the source of courts’ authority to order disgorgement in civil enforcement
proceedings. See, e.g., Oral Argument at 5:00, Kokesh v. SEC, 137 S. Ct. 1635 (2017) (No. 16-
529), https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/audio/2016/16-529. And one scholar has
argued that Kokesh “cast considerable doubt on the validity of the seemingly well-established
disgorgement sanction.” Stephen M. Bainbridge, Kokesh Footnote Three Notwithstanding:
The Future of the Disgorgement Penalty in SEC Cases, 56 Wash. U. J.L. & Pol’y 17 (2018).
But neither oral argument questions nor academic literature constitutes an intervening
change in the law that would liberate this panel from its obligation to follow circuit precedent.
        5Because we conclude that Appellants’ argument is foreclosed by binding circuit
precedent, we need not consider whether the language of the consent agreements in this case
prohibits Appellants from challenging the fact of disgorgement. See de Maison, --- F. App’x -
--, 2019 WL 4127328, at *1 n.1.
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                                        B.
      Appellants next argue that even if the district court had authority to
order disgorgement, we should still reverse because the district court (1) did
not afford Appellants discovery to which they were entitled under the consent
agreements and (2) did not hold an evidentiary hearing on the appropriate
amount of disgorgement. Appellants also attack the disgorgement amount
itself, contending they are entitled to deduct legitimate business expenses. We
disagree with these contentions.
      First, the district court did not deprive Appellants of discovery. The court
entered the parties’ settlement agreements, in which they agreed that “[i]n
connection with the [SEC]’s motion for disgorgement and/or civil penalties, the
parties may take discovery, including discovery from appropriate non-parties.”
This was the opposite of “denying” Appellants discovery. By ratifying the
settlement agreements, the court authorized the discovery to which the parties
agreed. Appellants, however, failed to follow through by seeking any discovery.
In opposing the SEC’s amended motion for final judgment, Appellants stated
that they should “have an opportunity in discovery, in advance of a hearing, to
test” the SEC’s disgorgement calculation. But from October 5, 2017 to June 4,
2018 (the period between the SEC’s amended motion for final judgment and
the district court’s entry of final judgment), Appellants made no attempt to
seek the discovery they claimed they wanted.
      Appellants cite no authority establishing that a district court abuses its
discretion in this situation. Discovery in civil litigation is litigant-driven;
courts are not required to prod parties into conducting discovery if they do not
move the process forward themselves. Cf. Burns v. Thiokol Chem. Corp., 483
F.2d 300, 304 (5th Cir. 1973) (“The discovery provisions of the Federal Rules of
Civil Procedure allow the parties to develop fully and crystalize concise factual
issues for trial.”) (emphasis added); Shelak v. White Motor Co., 581 F.2d 1155,
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1159 (5th Cir. 1978) (“The rules [governing discovery] are designed to narrow
and clarify the issues and to give the parties mutual knowledge of all relevant
facts.”) (emphasis added). Moreover, a “district court’s decisions in overseeing
the discovery process are entitled to great deference on appeal.” United States
v. Mora, 994 F.2d 1129, 1138 (5th Cir. 1993). Appellants chose not to pursue
discovery when it was available and now ask that we overturn the district court
judgment because of their inaction. We decline to do so.
      Moreover, it is unclear what discovery could have produced here.
Appellants assert they wanted discovery showing the SEC’s disgorgement
estimate was inaccurate because it failed to consider Appellants’ legitimate
expenses. But as the SEC points out, any information that could have been
used to rebut the estimate—e.g., records of any business expenditures—would
have already been in Appellants’ possession. For this additional reason, we
cannot say that the district court abused its discretion by ruling on the SEC’s
motion without ordering discovery to take place beforehand.
      For similar reasons, the district court did not abuse its discretion by
ruling on the SEC’s remedies motion without holding an evidentiary hearing.
The parties’ agreements may have contemplated the possibility of a hearing,
but they did not require one. And the parties agreed that the district court
could resolve issues in the SEC’s disgorgement motion “on the basis of
affidavits, declarations, excerpts of sworn deposition or investigative
testimony, and documentary evidence.” So the court’s decision to rule on the
SEC’s motion without first holding a hearing could not have violated
Appellants’ rights under the settlement agreements because those agreements
did not create a right to a hearing. At best, the agreements established only
the possibility of a hearing.
      Further, Appellants never moved for a hearing in the nearly eight-month
period between the SEC’s amended remedies motion and the court’s order. In
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opposing the SEC’s amended motion, Appellants stated that they should “have
an opportunity in discovery, in advance of a hearing, to test” the disgorgement
calculation. But that is not a motion for a hearing. And though Appellants also
stated in the same opposition that “a hearing to establish the critical causal
connection and refute directly the SEC’s conclusory assertions will be
necessary,” that is also not a formal request for a hearing. The district court
thus never denied a request for a hearing because a request was never made.
And Appellants agreed that the district court could decide the disgorgement
amount based on, among other things, documentary evidence. That is exactly
what happened.
      Appellants’ reliance on our sister circuit’s decision in SEC v. Smyth, 420
F.3d 1225 (11th Cir. 2005), is misplaced. In Smyth, the defendant requested a
hearing, but the district court denied the motion. Id. at 1230. Here, Appellants
never moved for a hearing, so Smyth does not help them. See SEC v.
Aerokinetic Energy Corp., 444 F. App’x 382, 385 (11th Cir. 2011) (unpublished)
(holding evidentiary hearing not required when not requested and when
district court “[decided] the issues raised in the [SEC’s] motion on the basis of
affidavits, declarations, excerpts of sworn deposition or investigative
testimony, and documentary evidence”). We therefore conclude that the
district court did not abuse its discretion by ruling on the SEC’s motion without
holding an evidentiary hearing.
      We further conclude that the district court did not abuse its discretion in
determining the amount of disgorgement in this case. As we recently observed,
“the overwhelming weight of authority holds that securities law violators may
not offset their disgorgement liability with business expenses.” Kahlon, 873
F.3d at 509 (cleaned up); see also SEC v. JT Wallenbrock & Assocs., 440 F.3d
1109, 1115 (9th Cir. 2006) (“[I]t would be unjust to permit the defendants to
offset against the investor dollars they received the expenses of running the
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very business they created to defraud those investors into giving the
defendants the money in the first place.”).
      AFFIRMED




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