                       Illinois Official Reports

                               Appellate Court



                   Carlson v. Fish, 2015 IL App (1st) 140526



Appellate Court   WILLIAM CARLSON and WILLIS CAPITAL, LLC, Plaintiffs-
Caption           Appellants, v. DAVID J. FISH and THE FISH LAW FIRM, P.C.,
                  SHAWN M. COLLINS and THE COLLINS LAW FIRM, P.C.,
                  Defendants-Appellees.


District & No.    First District, Third Division
                  Docket No. 1-14-0526


Filed             April 22, 2015


Decision Under    Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, No. 13-L-7719; the
Review            Hon. Sanjay Tailor, Judge, presiding.



Judgment          Affirmed.



Counsel on        Thomas C. Cronin, Leland W. Hutchinson, Jr., and Daniel J. Kelley,
Appeal            all of Cronin & Co., Ltd., for appellants.

                  John J. Duffy, Karen Kies DeGrand, and Michael J. Borree, all of
                  Donohue Brown Mathewson & Smyth, LLC and Patrick M. Collins,
                  of Perkins Coie, LLP, both of Chicago, for appellees.



Panel             JUSTICE HYMAN delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
                  Presiding Justice Pucinski and Justice Lavin concurred in the
                  judgment and opinion.
                                             OPINION

¶1       The application of a statute of limitations, especially in legal malpractice claims, can be
     tricky and technical, and, as this case shows, deadly to those who fail to adequately anticipate
     its possibility. Plaintiff William Carlson sued his attorneys, David J. Fish and Shawn M.
     Collins, and their respective law firms, alleging legal malpractice in their representation of
     Carlson in a dispute with his former partners in an options trading firm. The underlying dispute
     was resolved through mediation and resulted in a settlement agreement in which Carlson
     agreed to sell his share of the firm to his former partners for $17.5 million. Not long after,
     Carlson came to believe his former partners may have defrauded him into accepting far less for
     his share of the firm than it was worth and began to investigate whether he might be able to sue
     his former partners for fraud.
¶2       In the course of Carlson’s investigation, which included consultations with defendants and
     other law firms, as well as mediation and accounting firms, Carlson was advised that
     defendants’ representation in his dispute with his former partners may have been substandard.
     On November 18, 2010, two years and nine months after the mediation and two years and two
     months after he began to investigate his fraud claims, Carlson sued defendants for legal
     malpractice seeking damages in excess of $20 million.
¶3       Defendants filed a motion to dismiss on statute of limitations grounds. While the motion
     was pending, Carlson voluntarily dismissed the complaint. Carlson refiled the one-count
     complaint and defendants again filed a motion to dismiss arguing that Carlson’s complaint was
     barred by the applicable two-year statute of limitations for legal malpractice actions under
     section 13-214.3(b) of the Illinois Code of Civil Procedure (Code) (735 ILCS 5/13-214.3(b)
     (West 2012)). The circuit court granted the motion, finding that Carlson knew of his injury and
     had identified his former partners as the wrongful cause more than two years before he filed his
     complaint against defendants. Carlson contends the trial court erred because (i) no evidence
     indicated he knew or should have known more than two years before filing his complaint that
     his former partners had wrongfully caused him injury, and (ii) he timely filed the complaint as
     he did not know he had a legal malpractice claim until another law firm informed him of it.
     Alternatively, Carlson contends defendants engaged in fraudulent concealment by failing to
     disclose that he might have a negligence claim against them, triggering a five-year statute of
     limitation under section 13-215 of the Code (735 ILCS 5/13-215 (West 2012)).
¶4       We affirm. Carlson’s pleadings, including his response brief and affidavit, as well as his
     email correspondence with defendants, establish that he knew more than two years before he
     filed his complaint that he had been wrongfully injured by his former partners, which
     sufficiently triggered the statute of limitations on his legal malpractice claim against
     defendants. Further, Carlson fails to make a claim of fraudulent concealment to assert a
     five-year statute of limitations.

¶5                                          BACKGROUND
¶6       In 2002, William Carlson, with two partners, Owen O’Neill and Thomas Hutchinson,
     founded Belvedere Trading, LLC, an options trading company. (Carlson owned his interest in
     Belvedere through Willis Capital, LLC, a wholly owned limited liability company that is also a
     plaintiff in this case. Both will be referred to collectively as “Carlson.”) Carlson was the sole
     managing member and held about a 62% membership interest; O’Neill held about a 25%

                                                 -2-
       interest and Hutchinson held the remaining 13% interest. By 2004, O’Neill and Hutchinson
       were managing members and owned an equal 33.3% interest along with Carlson. Between
       2004 and 2006, Carlson took a break from actively trading with the firm, and the partners
       revised their operating agreement to reflect Carlson’s absence, including a redistribution of
       company profits in favor of the active trading partners, O’Neill and Hutchinson.
¶7          In 2006, a few months after Carlson returned to active trading for Belvedere, he had a
       falling out with O’Neill and Hutchinson over numerous issues, including profit distribution
       and management. Carlson retained Shawn Collins and David Fish of the Collins Law Firm to
       represent him in the dispute. (David Fish later formed the Fish Law Firm while continuing to
       represent Carlson. Defendants will be collectively referred to as “Collins.”) In 2007, Collins,
       on Carlson’s behalf, filed a request for arbitration with the Chicago Board of Options
       Exchange. Collins also filed a complaint for injunctive relief in the Cook County circuit court,
       seeking to dissolve Belvedere and compel it to buy his interest for fair value under section
       35-60 of the Illinois Limited Liability Company Act (805 ILCS 180/35-60 (West 2012)).
¶8          In February 2008, Carlson, Hutchinson, and O’Neill agreed to mediate their dispute. The
       partners agreed that the mediation would be principals only, would be nonbinding, and would
       be supervised by mediator Douglas Gerrard. Carlson did not obtain an independent appraisal
       of his interest in Belvedere before the mediation, but in an email to Collins, he estimated that
       by the end of 2009, the company could be sold for $100 million. The mediation, held on
       February 13, 2008, resulted in Carlson agreeing to sell his interest in Belvedere for $17.5
       million. The three owners signed a document that day delineating the terms of the sale, which
       were memorialized in a settlement agreement signed on March 6, 2008.
¶9          About six months after the mediated settlement, Carlson began communicating with
       defendants about his dissatisfaction with the amount he had received for his interest.
       Beginning in September 2008, Carlson sent numerous email messages to Shawn Collins
       expressing his frustration and his belief that his former partners had tricked him into taking less
       money than he should have and may have engaged in fraud. In a September 18, 2008 email
       message to Collins, Carlson wrote:
                “This email shows I thought I needed [$20 million] about my capital account *** I just
                wasn’t comfortable yet without having gone over the numbers enough. You see, the
                mediation was to be filled with tricks referencing all sorts of stuff over the 9 month
                period filled with distractions (2 guys versus 1 guy) *** I had to defend my case against
                ghosts. [Mediator] Gerrard was confused by the excess of numbers they were
                distracting him with *** and wasn’t asking me much when I was in the room alone
                after their 90 minute session.
                    The bottom line is: their ploy was to confuse before the *** mediation. They sent a
                bunch of emails on Sunday and Monday regarding options inventory and
                confidentiality. *** Delay and distract. Thus, I didn’t review and rehearse the numbers
                with you guys enough (there is no one else familiar with the case I could review the
                numbers with) ***.”
¶ 10        In a reply sent later that day, Shawn Collins told Carlson he had made a good deal, stating,
       “Whenever you are tempted to beat yourself up for not getting a better deal at mediation,
       remember that it could have very easily been MUCH worse.”
¶ 11        Carlson sent Shawn Collins and David Fish an email on October 9, 2008, inquiring about
       “any legal options” he might have pertaining to his settlement and any possible appeals

                                                    -3-
       process. After acknowledging that he was not coerced or forced to sign the agreement, Carlson
       expressed regret at having “sold my founding stake in an explosive business” and recounting
       his numerous conversations with his accountant who “asked how this happened.”
¶ 12       Shawn Collins responded by email advising Carlson that, as they had already discussed,
       the settlement could be set aside if procured by fraud and asking Carlson for any information
       along that line, “i.e., something important about the company that was known to your partners
       pre-settlement, but not to you.” He also noted that having had several conversations with
       Carlson about “your displeasure with the settlement, *** I’m not sure that I have anything
       more to add.”
¶ 13       In an email dated November 4, 2008, Carlson informed Shawn Collins he had consulted
       with three different law firms, two mediation firms, and one accounting firm about the
       settlement. He also inquired whether he had any recourse based on new information he learned
       about his former partners’ conduct before the mediation. On November 11, 2008, Carlson
       emailed Shawn Collins questioning whether certain provisions in the settlement agreement
       precluded him from bringing a fraud case against his former partners even if they had made
       false representations during the mediation. And, in a November 13, 2008 email exchange,
       Carlson and Shawn Collins discussed how to go forward with a fraud case. Carlson stated, “We
       need a plan” and presented some “thoughts/reflections *** to get us in the right direction.” In
       response, Shawn Collins presented issues that would need to be addressed if Carlson opted to
       pursue a fraud claim against his former partners, including determining contingency fee. He
       further stated:
               “I don’t know if a ‘fraud’ case can be brought in a court, as opposed to arbitration. I’ll
               look into it as soon as I am sure that you want to go forward, and go forward with me.
               On that note, you’ve referenced a couple of times recently the possibility of you
               working with another lawyer, perhaps in addition to me, or otherwise. You need to do
               what you feel is best for you, Bill. If you want to work with another lawyer, you should.
               No hard feelings. I’d like to be the one to help you, if there is anything legally to be
               done here. But only you can decide whether you want to go forward, and with whom.”
¶ 14       That same day, Carlson responded, stating:
               “I think you’re a great man. I think you’re a great attorney. But, this Arbitration
               arrangement has cost our side millions. I can’t begin to count what *** and how much
               that mediation cost. How am I expected to live with 2 dumb-ass 25 yr olds standing in
               my trading spots and using the technology from the company I founded. How about
               dealing with the deception that has gone on for a long time. No sharing of development
               info is a huge deal *** and something I stressed from the start.
                   How is someone like me supposed to tolerate my life being given away. No
               technology, wrong buyout amount, no spots. Game over. Cavalier Mediator.
               Sickening. Maybe a fair fight when I’m ready to go *** instead of the slow drain over 8
               months that is sure to affect one’s judgment. What resulted is not easy to swallow.”
¶ 15       Carlson also suggested that if Collins represented him, he might need co-counsel with
       experience in the areas, stating, “This may have helped us in Round 1.”
¶ 16       On November 19, 2008, as part of his ongoing investigation, Carlson met with attorneys
       from the law firm of Drinker, Biddle & Reath, LLP. Carlson contends that while discussing a
       possible fraud claim against his former partners he was first made aware of a possible claim


                                                   -4-
       against Collins when the Drinker lawyers raised questions about whether Collins’ legal
       services in connection with the settlement agreement had been substandard.
¶ 17       On November 18, 2010, just less than two years following his meeting with the Drinker
       lawyers, Carlson filed his initial legal malpractice complaint against Collins. After Collins
       filed a motion to dismiss on statute of limitations grounds, Carlson voluntarily dismissed the
       complaint. Carlson refiled the complaint on July 5, 2013, alleging, in part, that defendants
       breached their professional duties by: (1) failing to obtain an independent appraisal of
       Belvedere’s value before the mediation session; (2) permitting him to attend the mediation
       session without an attorney present; (3) advising him to sign the settlement agreement without
       any changes; and (4) failing to protect him from a fraud that his former partners were
       perpetuating.
¶ 18       On August 28, 2013, defendants filed a motion to dismiss under section 2-619(a)(5) of the
       Code (735 ILCS 5/2-619(a)(5) (West 2012)), arguing that Carlson’s complaint was barred by
       the applicable two-year statute of limitations for legal malpractice actions. 735 ILCS
       5/13-214.3(b) (West 2012). Carlson filed a memorandum in opposition to the motion to
       dismiss and attached an affidavit stating that in September and October 2008, he began to
       “consider how [he] had been defrauded by his former partners.” His affidavit further stated that
       by November 4, 2008, he was “building a case for fraud against my former partners,” on
       November 11, 2008, he shared with Collins his “continued ideas about going forward” with the
       fraud case against his former partners, and on November 13, 2008, he told Collins that his
       former partners’ conduct “amounts to nothing less than ‘[c]heating–this whole thing is the
       biggest lie I’ve ever witnessed.’ ” Carlson also averred that he was not aware of any potential
       malpractice case against defendants until his November 19, 2008 meeting with the Drinker
       lawyers.
¶ 19       After a hearing, the trial court granted defendants’ motion to dismiss with prejudice,
       finding that the cause of action accrued when Carlson knew he had been injured, which was no
       later than September 2008 and had identified his former partners as the cause, which was no
       later than November 12 or 13, 2008. Because Carlson’s complaint was filed on November 18,
       2010, more than two years after it had accrued, the circuit court found it was time-barred under
       section 13-214.3(b) of the Code (735 ILCS 5/13-214.3(b) (West 2012)).

¶ 20                                            ANALYSIS
¶ 21                                       Statute of Limitations
¶ 22       Carlson first contends the circuit court erred in dismissing his legal malpractice complaint
       on statute of limitations grounds. Section 2-619(a) of the Code allows for the involuntary
       dismissal of an action that “was not commenced within the time limited by law.” 735 ILCS
       5/2-619(a)(5) (West 2012). Whether a cause of action was properly dismissed under section
       2-619(a)(5) of the Code based on the statute of limitations is a matter we review de novo.
       Ferguson v. City of Chicago, 213 Ill. 2d 94, 99 (2004).
¶ 23       Section 13-214.3(b) of the Code states that an action for legal malpractice must be filed
       within two years “from the time the person bringing the action knew or reasonably should have
       known of the injury for which damages are sought.” 735 ILCS 5/13-214.3(b) (West 2012).
       This statute of limitations incorporates the discovery rule, “which delays commencement of
       the statute of limitations until the plaintiff knows or reasonably should have known of the
       injury and that it may have been wrongfully caused.” Dancor International, Ltd. v. Friedman,

                                                  -5-
       Goldberg & Mintz, 288 Ill. App. 3d 666, 672 (1997). Significantly, actual knowledge of the
       alleged malpractice is not a necessary condition to trigger the running of the statute of
       limitations. SK Partners I, LP v. Metro Consultants, Inc., 408 Ill. App. 3d 127, 130 (2011)
       (“under the discovery rule, a statute of limitations may run despite the lack of actual
       knowledge of negligent conduct” (emphasis in original)). A statute of limitations begins to run
       when the purportedly injured party “has a reasonable belief that the injury was caused by
       wrongful conduct, thereby creating an obligation to inquire further on that issue.” Dancor, 288
       Ill. App. 3d at 673. Knowledge that an injury has been wrongfully caused “does not mean
       knowledge of a specific defendant’s negligent conduct or knowledge of the existence of a
       cause of action.” (Emphasis and internal quotation marks omitted.) Castello v. Kalis, 352 Ill.
       App. 3d 736, 744 (2004). A person knows or reasonably should know an injury is “wrongfully
       caused” when he or she possesses sufficient information concerning an injury and its cause to
       put a reasonable person on inquiry to determine whether actionable conduct is involved.
       Hoffman v. Orthopedic Systems, Inc., 327 Ill. App. 3d 1004, 1011 (2002). The law is well
       settled that once a party knows or reasonably should know both of his injury and that it was
       wrongfully caused, “the burden is upon the injured person to inquire further as to the existence
       of a cause of action.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Castello, 352 Ill. App. 3d at 745. “For
       purposes of a legal malpractice action, a client is not considered to be injured unless and until
       he [or she] has suffered a loss for which he [or she] may seek monetary damages.” Northern
       Illinois Emergency Physicians v. Landau, Omahana & Kopka, Ltd., 216 Ill. 2d 294, 306
       (2005).
¶ 24        Carlson asserts that beginning in September 2008, he suspected that his former partners
       had procured the settlement agreement through fraud and commenced an investigation that
       extended until November 2008. He contends, however, that suspicion does not trigger the
       statute of limitations and he did “know or have reason to know” that he had been injured or that
       his injury had been wrongfully caused until November 19, 2008, when he met with attorneys
       from Drinker, Biddle & Reath. Carlson relies on LaManna v. G.D. Searle & Co., 204 Ill. App.
       3d 211 (1990), and Young v. McKiegue, 303 Ill. App. 3d 380 (1999), to support his argument
       that the discovery rule was not triggered while he was investigating whether he had a claim
       against his former partners.
¶ 25        In LaManna, the plaintiff alleged she became infertile because of an infection caused by
       defendant’s contraceptive device. In reversing the trial court’s summary judgment order in
       defendant’s favor, the trial court held the statute of limitations begins to run at the point when
       the party reasonably should have known that an injury was wrongfully caused and not when a
       party is suspicious or attempts to discover whether the injury is wrongfully caused. LaManna,
       204 Ill. App. 3d at 218.
¶ 26        Carlson contends that, as in LaManna, he only suspected that his injury was wrongly
       caused and was still in the process of investigating possible fraud by his former partners up
       until his meeting with the Drinker lawyers on November 19, 2008. We disagree with Carlson’s
       contention. First, LaManna is distinguishable and does not support Carlson’s argument. In
       LaManna, the plaintiff was not investigating to determine what the wrongful cause of her
       injury was, but whether she was injured and whether there was any wrongful cause at all. It
       was possible the plaintiff was not infertile, as one doctor told her or that her infertility was
       caused by something other than the contraceptive device. Conversely, Carlson believed not
       long after entering the settlement agreement that his partners may have engaged in fraud


                                                   -6-
       during the negotiation and that any injury he suffered, namely the difference between what he
       received for his share of the company and what that share was worth, directly resulted from the
       alleged fraud. Moreover, contrary to Carlson’s assertions, the LaManna court did not deviate
       from precedent regarding the discovery rule. LaManna, 204 Ill. App. 3d at 218.
¶ 27       Similarly, Young v. McKiegue, 303 Ill. App. 3d 380 (1999), fails to support Carlson’s
       argument because there the statute of limitations was tolled while the plaintiff investigated
       whether her injury–her husband’s death in the hospital–was wrongfully caused. Until two
       medical experts reviewed her husband’s medical records and determined that the physicians
       caring for her husband had deviated from the standard of care, she did not know or have reason
       to know that her injury was wrongfully caused. Id. at 389.
¶ 28       Defendants maintain that Carlson made several judicial admissions showing that he knew
       he had been wrongfully injured more than two years before he filed his legal malpractice
       complaint. They also assert that email correspondence between Carlson and Collins starting in
       September 2008 supports a finding that Carlson failed to satisfy the statute of limitations.
¶ 29       As to judicial admissions, defendants point to Carlson’s statement in his response brief to
       the motion to dismiss that before November 19, 2008, he “may well have believed that
       Belvedere cheated him as part of the settlement.” Further, in an affidavit attached to that brief,
       Carlson stated that on November 11, 2008, he told defendants he was “thinking about a fraud
       case” against his former partners and on November 13, 2008, told them that his former
       partners’ conduct at the mediation amounted to nothing less than “cheating.” Lastly,
       defendants point out that during oral argument on the motion to dismiss, the trial judge asked
       the following question of Carlson’s attorney:
                   “THE COURT: Your position is that although the plaintiff knew of his injury, let’s
               say, as late as November 13th, and also knew on that date that his injury had wrongfully
               been caused because his former partners had defrauded him, the cause of action as to
               his lawyers would not have accrued on that date because he did not know his injuries
               were wrongfully caused also by his lawyers. Would that be a fair characterization of
               your position?
                   CARLSON’S ATTORNEY: I think that’s fair. What I am saying is the cause of
               action did not accrue because he was–the cause of action against his lawyers did not
               accrue because the standard in Jackson, Jordan, Mitsias, elsewhere, is that, as Mitsias
               says, there has to be some awareness of some possible fault on the part of the defendant
               in question. *** Awareness of misconduct of the lawyers.”
¶ 30       Defendants contend these statements constitute judicial admissions that preclude Carlson
       from now arguing that he did not know until November 19, 2008 that he had been wrongfully
       injured.
¶ 31       Judicial admissions are formal admissions in the pleadings that have the effect of
       withdrawing a fact from issue and dispensing wholly with the need for proof of the fact.
       Konstant Products, Inc. v. Liberty Mutual Fire Insurance Co., 401 Ill. App. 3d 83, 86 (2010).
       For a statement to constitute a judicial admission, it must be clear, unequivocal, and uniquely
       within the party’s personal knowledge. Williams Nationalease, Ltd. v. Motter, 271 Ill. App. 3d
       594, 597 (1995). The statement also must be an intentional statement relating “to concrete facts
       and not an inference or unclear summary.” Serrano v. Rotman, 406 Ill. App. 3d 900, 907
       (2011). Evidentiary admissions can be controverted or explained by the party, while judicial


                                                   -7-
       admissions cannot be controverted or explained. Pryor v. American Central Transport, Inc.,
       260 Ill. App. 3d 76, 85 (1994).
¶ 32       We agree with Collins that Carlson’s statements in his response brief and his attached
       affidavit constitute admissions that he knew before November 19, 2008, that he had been
       wrongfully injured by his former partners. Carlson explicitly stated in his response brief that
       before November 19, 2008, he “may well have believed that Belvedere cheated him as part of
       the settlement.” Further, as noted, in his affidavit, Carlson stated that in September and
       October 2008, he began to “consider how [he] had been defrauded by his former partners” and
       by November 11, 2008, was “thinking about a fraud case” against his former partners.
¶ 33       This finding is further supported by the email exchange between Carlson and defendants
       beginning in September 2008, in which Carlson expressed his dissatisfaction with the results
       of the mediation and raised concerns that his former partners had engaged in fraud to induce
       him into signing the settlement agreement. In his September 18, 2008 email to Shawn Collins,
       Carlson stated that his former partners’ “ploy was to confuse” and to “delay and distract” and
       that they were trying to confuse the mediator with an excess of numbers. He continued to
       investigate through October and by November 4, 2008, was building a case for fraud against
       his former partners. By November 13, 2008, Carlson had concluded that his former partners’
       conduct amounted to “no less than cheating” and solicited ideas from Collins about a plan for
       going forward with a fraud case. Although Carlson asserts that it was not until the November
       19, 2008 meeting with the Drinker lawyers that he knew he had been wrongfully injured, it is
       evident he knew weeks, if not months, in advance of that date.
¶ 34       Carlson contends, however, that even if he knew or should have known before November
       19, 2008, that he had been injured by his former partners, his legal malpractice claim was
       timely because he did not know until he met with the Drinker lawyers that defendants were at
       least partly responsible for his injuries. For support, Carlson cites Mitsias v. I-Flow Corp.,
       2011 IL App (1st) 101126, and Hochbaum v. Casiano, 292 Ill. App. 3d 589 (1997). In Mitsias,
       following shoulder surgery, the plaintiff experienced severe shoulder pain and was diagnosed
       with chondrolysis, a condition that causes destruction of cartilage. Mitsias, 2011 IL App (1st)
       101126, ¶ 6. The plaintiff sued the surgeon and the hospital where the surgery occurred,
       alleging medical malpractice. Id. ¶ 7. Later, during the deposition of one of her physicians, the
       plaintiff learned six years after her surgery that research had uncovered a link between the pain
       pump used during her surgery and cartilage destruction. Id. ¶ 8. Plaintiff voluntarily dismissed
       her complaint and refiled, adding product liability claims against the pain pump manufacturer.
       Id. ¶ 10. The trial court granted the product liability defendants’ motions to dismiss plaintiff’s
       complaint as untimely, finding that the statute of limitations on the medical malpractice claim
       and the products liability claim commenced at the same time, when plaintiff knew she had
       been injured and that the injury had been wrongfully caused. Id. ¶ 14.
¶ 35       The appellate court reversed, finding that the plaintiff had not slumbered on her rights
       because “there is no question that plaintiff could not have known of any potential products
       liability cause of action against the pain pump manufacturers while the causal link between her
       injury and the pain pump used upon her was not scientifically discoverable. As has been
       discussed, our supreme court has expressed concern that plaintiffs should not be “ ‘held to a
       standard of knowing the inherently unknowable.’ ” Id. ¶ 29 (quoting Nolan v. Johns-Manville
       Asbestos, 85 Ill. 2d 161, 171 (1981)).


                                                   -8-
¶ 36        In Hochbaum, also cited by Carlson, the plaintiff brought a medical malpractice action
       against her treating physicians and a products liability action against Prozac manufacturers
       seeking damages for personal injuries she sustained when she attempted suicide while being
       treated with Prozac. Hochbaum, 292 Ill. App. 3d at 591. The trial court granted summary
       judgment in defendants’ favor because plaintiff’s complaint was not filed within the two-year
       limitations period applicable to medical malpractice and products liability actions. Id. at 593.
       The appellate court reversed, finding that the plaintiff did not learn about a possible connection
       between Prozac and suicidal behavior until she heard about it in the news media 18 months
       after her suicide attempt. Id. at 595.
¶ 37        Carlson argues that as in Mitsias and Hochbaum, his knowledge that he had a fraud claim
       against his former partners did not mean he knew that he also had a separate legal malpractice
       claim against his former lawyers. Further, because he is not a lawyer he contends he was not
       equipped to discern that his lawyers may have committed malpractice until he obtained
       independent legal advice from the Drinker lawyers.
¶ 38        We disagree. First, unlike in Mitsias and Hochbaum, where the claims were unknown until
       uncovered by scientific research or a news report, Carlson’s claim for legal malpractice against
       his lawyers was not “unknowable.” While investigating whether his former partners had
       engaged in fraud during mediation, he could certainly have tried to determine whether his legal
       representation in that proceeding was substandard. Indeed, that is what he eventually did, when
       he met with the Drinker lawyers. The fact that he waited until November 19, 2008, to have that
       meeting does not mean that day initiated his cause of action against Collins. Further, the trail of
       emails between Carlson and defendants shows that Carlson was not happy with his attorneys’
       representation in the mediation before his meeting with the Drinker lawyers. For instance,
       Carlson’s November 13, 2008, email message to Collins suggesting that co-counsel with
       experience in the options market might have been helpful during the mediation is evidence that
       by that date, Carlson knew that defendants may have failed to provide adequate legal
       representation. Unlike the injury in Mitsias, which was scientifically unknowable, Carlson’s
       claim against defendants was knowable and known by Carlson before November 18, 2008.
¶ 39        More importantly, as stated already, knowledge that an injury has been wrongfully caused
       “does not mean knowledge of a specific defendant’s negligent conduct or knowledge of the
       existence of a cause of action.” (Emphasis and internal quotation marks omitted.) Castello, 352
       Ill. App. 3d at 744. Carlson knew that he had been wrongfully injured no later than November
       13, 2008, and thus even though he may not yet have known that defendants’ representation was
       partly responsible and that their conduct gave rise to a legal malpractice cause of action, the
       statute of limitations commenced because Carlson did have knowledge that he was injured and
       that his injury was wrongfully caused. In short, Carlson’s identification of one wrongful cause
       of his injuries initiates his limitations period as to all other causes, particularly when, as here,
       he claims his partners engaged in fraud and the defendants failed to protect him from fraud,
       those claims are inseparable.
¶ 40        Blue Water Partners, Inc. v. Mason, 2012 IL App (1st) 102165, is illustrative. In Blue
       Water, the plaintiffs sued their former partners alleging, among other claims, wrongful
       diversion of business opportunities and breach of promise. Id. ¶ 16. In short, the plaintiffs
       alleged that their business partners improperly formed a company to directly compete with the
       company plaintiff and defendants had formed earlier. Id. ¶ 17. The trial court ruled in
       defendants’ favor, finding that plaintiffs extinguished their claims against defendants when

                                                    -9-
       both parties signed a series of documents releasing the other from all claims. Id. ¶ 18. Plaintiffs
       then sued their attorneys alleging they committed legal malpractice by assisting defendants in
       creating the competing company. Id. ¶ 23. The trial court found that the legal malpractice
       claim was time-barred because at the time plaintiffs signed the release they knew or should
       have known that defendants engaged in purportedly wrongful conduct by helping plaintiffs’
       former partners incorporate the competing company. Id. ¶ 32. In affirming the trial court, the
       appellate court held that the limitations period on plaintiff’s claim against his lawyer
       commenced at the same time as his claim against his former partner because the two claims
       were inseparable. Id. ¶ 67.
¶ 41       Carlson’s knowledge of a wrongful cause of his injury, even in if he had only identified his
       former partners’ fraud as that cause, rather than defendants’ failure to protect him from that
       fraud, commenced the two year statute of limitations. Because that date occurred no later than
       September 13, 2008 (and more likely even sooner), Carlson’s complaint, filed on November
       18, 2010, was not timely. Thus, the trial court did not err in granting defendants’ motion to
       dismiss.

¶ 42                                        Fraudulent Concealment
¶ 43        Carlson contends, for the first time, that defendants fraudulently concealed that their own
       legal malpractice may have contributed to Carlson’s injuries, triggering a five-year statute of
       limitations under section 13-215 of the Code. 735 ILCS 5/13-215 (West 2012). As a
       preliminary matter, we address defendants’ contention that Carlson has waived this issue by
       failing to properly plead it in his complaint or raise it in his response to defendants’ motion to
       dismiss. This court has consistently held that issues not raised before the circuit court are
       forfeited and cannot be raised for the first time on appeal. See Eagan v. Chicago Transit
       Authority, 158 Ill. 2d 527, 534 (1994). Although Carlson did not raise the fraudulent
       concealment issue in his complaint or in his response to defendants’ motion to dismiss, during
       the hearing on defendants’ motion to dismiss, Carlson’s lawyer did argue that defendants had
       “lulled” Carlson by telling him he made a good settlement, which precluded him from knowing
       he might have a claim of legal malpractice. Thus, we will address the issue.
¶ 44        Under the fraudulent concealment doctrine, the statute of limitations will be tolled if the
       plaintiff pleads and proves that fraud prevented discovery of a cause of action. Clay v. Kuhl,
       189 Ill. 2d 603, 613 (2000). If the fraudulent concealment doctrine applies, a plaintiff can
       commence her suit at any time within five years after she discovers she has a cause of action.
       735 ILCS 5/13-215 (West 2012). As a general matter, one alleging fraudulent concealment
       must “ ‘show affirmative acts by the fiduciary designed to prevent the discovery of the
       action.’ ” Clay, 189 Ill. 2d at 613 (quoting Hagney v. Lopeman, 147 Ill. 2d 458, 463 (1992)). In
       other words, a claimant must show “affirmative acts or representations [by a defendant] that
       are calculated to lull or induce a claimant into delaying filing his [or her] claim or to prevent a
       claimant from discovering his [or her] claim.” Barratt v. Goldberg, 296 Ill. App. 3d 252, 257
       (1998). But there is a widely recognized exception to this rule in cases where the existence of a
       fiduciary relationship is plainly established. DeLuna v. Burciaga, 223 Ill. 2d 49, 76 (2006)
       (citing Crowell v. Bilandic, 81 Ill. 2d 422, 428 (1980)). “[A] fiduciary who is silent, and thus
       fails to fulfill his duty to disclose material facts concerning the existence of a cause of action,
       has fraudulently concealed that action, even without affirmative acts or representations.”


                                                   - 10 -
       (Emphasis omitted.) Id. at 77. Our supreme court has recognized that an attorney-client
       relationship constitutes a fiduciary relationship. Id. (and cases cited there).
¶ 45       Carlson asserts that instead of advising him that he might have a claim of legal malpractice
       against them for failing to protect him from his former partners’ fraudulent conduct,
       defendants reassured him that the settlement agreement was good under the circumstances and
       could have been much worse. Carlson also argues defendants failed to advise him of their
       conflict of interest and the possibility that their representation might be materially limited by
       their personal interests. Carlson’s reliance on DeLuna for the proposition that defendants had a
       duty to affirmatively advise him to pursue a legal malpractice action against them is misplaced.
       In DeLuna, the plaintiffs alleged that their attorney misled them by telling them that their
       underlying medical malpractice case was going well when it had, in fact, been dismissed, and
       failed to disclose material facts bearing on the procedural status of the case. DeLuna, 223 Ill.
       2d at 79-80. Moreover, the plaintiffs alleged that they could not speak English and that they
       relied in good faith on their attorney’s reassurances. Id. at 80-81. Carlson fails to cite a case
       holding that a lawyer has an affirmative obligation to advise a client to sue the attorney for
       legal malpractice.
¶ 46       We also reject Carlson’s contention that he was “lulled” by defendants into thinking that
       his only option was a fraud case against his former partners. Carlson consulted with three law
       firms, two mediation firms, and an accounting firm between September and November 2008,
       and was not solely reliant on defendants and their advice in determining how to remedy his
       injury. And when Carlson informed Collins he was leaning toward filing a claim of fraud
       against his former partners, Collins advised Carlson that if he wanted to work with another
       lawyer, he should. Thus, absent evidence of fraudulent concealment, a five-year statute of
       limitations does not apply.

¶ 47                                       CONCLUSION
¶ 48      Because Carlson failed to timely file his legal malpractice complaint, we affirm the circuit
       court’s order granting defendants’ motion to dismiss with prejudice.

¶ 49      Affirmed.




                                                  - 11 -
