                IN THE SUPREME COURT OF NORTH CAROLINA

                                        No. 197A19

                                 Filed 28 February 2020

 IN THE MATTER OF: S.E., S.A., J.A., V.W.



       Appeal pursuant to N.C.G.S. § 7B-1001(a1)(1) from an order entered on 7

March 2019 by Judge Wesley W. Barkley in District Court, Burke County. This

matter was calendared for argument in the Supreme Court on 5 February 2020 but

determined on the record and briefs without oral argument pursuant to Rule 30(f) of

the North Carolina Rules of Appellate Procedure.


       N. Elise Putnam for petitioner-appellee Burke County Department of Social
       Services.

       Womble Bond Dickinson (US) LLP, by John E. Pueschel and Patricia I. Heyen,
       for respondent-appellee guardian ad litem.

       Anné C. Wright for respondent-appellant mother.


       HUDSON, Justice


       Respondent-mother appeals from an order entered by the trial court

terminating her parental rights to her children, S.E. (Sara), S.A. (Shanna), J.A.

(Jacob), and V.W. (Vera).1 After careful consideration of respondent-mother’s



       1 The minor children will be referred to throughout this opinion as “Sara,” “Shanna,”
“Jacob,” and “Vera,” which are pseudonyms used to protect the children’s identities and for
ease of reading. The children also had an older sibling who was part of the underlying abuse,
neglect, and dependency case but turned eighteen years old prior to the termination of
parental rights case.
                               IN RE S.E., S.A., J.A., and V.W.

                                      Opinion of the Court



challenges to the trial court’s jurisdiction and conclusion that grounds exist to

terminate her parental rights on the basis of her willful failure to pay a reasonable

portion of the cost of care for the children during their placement in DHHS custody,

we affirm the trial court’s order.

      On 26 June 2016, the Burke County Department of Social Services (“DSS”)

obtained non-secure custody of Sara, Shanna, Jacob, and Vera, and filed a petition

alleging they were abused, neglected, and dependent juveniles. DSS had received a

report alleging Jerry A. had been physically assaulting the children.2 At the time of

the filing the children were respectively, twelve, nine, eight, and two years old. DSS

interviews with the children uncovered specific and repeated instances of physical

abuse of the children and regular instances of domestic violence between respondent-

mother and Mr. A. Shanna also disclosed numerous instances of sexual abuse by Mr.

A., of which she had informed respondent-mother and an aunt. Respondent-mother

was questioned about the sexual abuse and initially denied knowing about it, but she

subsequently admitted Shanna had told her about the abuse. DSS also learned

respondent-mother and the children had been involved in a child protective services

case in Oklahoma. Respondent-mother had temporarily left Mr. A., which led to the

closure of the Oklahoma case. She then moved to North Carolina with the children,

where she reconciled with Mr. A.




      2   Jerry A. is the biological father of Shanna and Jacob.

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                                   Opinion of the Court



      After multiple continuances due to DSS’s difficulty serving the children’s

fathers, the trial court conducted a hearing on the petition on 23 March 2017 and

entered its adjudication order on 18 April 2017. Respondent-mother and Mr. A.

stipulated to the relevant facts and allegations in the petition, and the court found

them to be true. The court found Mr. A. had physically abused Shanna, Jacob, and

respondent-mother; and he had sexually abused Shanna on multiple occasions.

Respondent-mother knew about the physical and sexual abuse of the children and

failed to protect them. Respondent-mother had been convicted of intentional child

abuse inflicting serious injury on 2 November 2016. She was sentenced to a

suspended term of 38 to 58 months imprisonment and placed on supervised probation

for 24 months. Mr. A. had been convicted of first-degree statutory rape on 13 February

2017. He was sentenced to an active term of 221 to 326 months imprisonment. The

court adjudicated all the children to be abused, neglected, and dependent juveniles.

Disposition was continued, but the trial court kept custody of the children with DSS

and suspended visitation with their parents.

      The trial court entered its dispositional order on 1 June 2017. The court found

aggravated circumstances existed in that a parent sexually abused a child in the

home while the other children were home and the respondent-mother allowed the

abuse to occur. Reunification efforts were initially found not to be in the best interests

of the children except for Vera, whose biological father had been located. DSS was in

the process of completing a home-study under the Interstate Compact on the


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                                  Opinion of the Court



Placement of Children (“ICPC”) on Vera’s father’s home to see if he would be an

appropriate placement for her. The court continued custody of the children with DSS

and directed DSS to provide respondent-mother with one two-hour visitation with the

children, after which she was to have no further contact with them. DSS was also

directed to identify and inform respondent-mother of programs that would assist her

with the issues she was facing. The primary permanent plan for Vera was identified

as reunification with her father, with a secondary plan of guardianship. The primary

permanent plan for Sara, Shanna, and Jacob was identified as adoption, with a

secondary plan of guardianship.

      The trial court conducted four permanency planning hearings from 18 May

2017 to 9 August 2018. Respondent mother offered an out-of-state relative as a

possible placement for the children, which required DSS to request and obtain a home

study under the ICPC. In its orders from the first three hearings, the court

consistently found the children may benefit by being adopted, but they were not free

to be adopted due to the outstanding home studies of their relatives and Vera’s father.

By the fourth hearing, however, the trial court found the ICPC home studies for

Vera’s father and respondent’s relatives indicated their homes were not appropriate

placements for the children. In its permanency planning order entered from the 9

August 2018 hearing, the trial court set the primary permanent plan for Vera as

adoption and the secondary permanent plan as reunification with her father. The




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                                    Opinion of the Court



primary and secondary plans for Sara, Shanna, and Jacob remained adoption and

guardianship.

       DSS filed a petition to terminate parental rights to the children on 27

September 2018. As to respondent-mother, DSS alleged grounds existed to terminate

her parental rights on the bases of abuse, neglect, willfully leaving the children in

foster care for more than 12 months without making reasonable progress to correct

the conditions that led to their removal, willfully failing to pay a reasonable portion

of the cost of care for the children during their placement in DHHS custody, and for

committing a felony assault resulting in serious bodily injury to a child residing in

the home. See N.C.G.S. § 7B-1111(a)(1)–(3), (8) (2017). After a hearing on 7 February

2019, the trial court entered an order on 7 March 2019, terminating respondent-

mother’s parental rights to the children.3 The court concluded grounds existed to

terminate respondent-mother’s parental rights on the bases of neglect, willfully

leaving the children in foster care for more than 12 months without making

reasonable progress to correct the conditions that led to their removal, and willfully

failing to pay a reasonable portion of the cost of care for the children during their

placement in DSS custody.4 The court further concluded terminating respondent-




       3 Mr. A. relinquished his parental rights to Shanna and Jacob on 18 October 2018.
The trial court’s order also terminated the parental rights of the fathers of Sara and Vera.
None of the fathers are parties to this appeal.
       4 At the hearing, DSS elected not to proceed on N.C.G.S. § 7B-1111(a)(8).



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                                    Opinion of the Court



mother’s parental rights was in the children’s best interests. Respondent-mother

appeals.

       Respondent-mother first argues the trial court’s order as to Sara is void for

lack of subject matter jurisdiction and must be vacated.5 Respondent-mother

contends the court lacked subject matter jurisdiction over Sara’s underlying juvenile

case, because it failed to meet the requirements of the Uniform Child Custody

Jurisdiction Enforcement Act (“UCCJEA”). See N.C.G.S. §§ 50A-201–204 (2017). She

argues an allegation in the initial juvenile abuse, neglect, and dependency petition

that one of the children reported child protective services in Oklahoma took the

children out of her home put the trial court on notice there was a prior Oklahoma

custody determination involving the children, which required the trial court to

contact the Oklahoma court to determine if that court would cede jurisdiction to the

North Carolina trial court. Respondent-mother’s arguments are misplaced.

       “The existence of subject matter jurisdiction is a matter of law and cannot be

conferred upon a court by consent. Consequently, a court’s lack of subject matter

jurisdiction is not waivable and can be raised at any time.” In re K.J.L., 363 N.C. 343,

345–46, 677 S.E.2d 835, 837 (2009) (citations and quotation marks omitted).

Nonetheless,

               “where the trial court has acted in a matter, every


       5Respondent-mother only challenges the trial court’s subject matter jurisdiction over
the juvenile case involving Sara and concedes the court had jurisdiction over the cases
involving the other children.

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                                  Opinion of the Court



             presumption not inconsistent with the record will be
             indulged in favor of jurisdiction . . . .” Nothing else
             appearing, we apply “the prima facie presumption of
             rightful jurisdiction which arises from the fact that a court
             of general jurisdiction has acted in the matter.” As a result,
             “[t]he burden is on the party asserting want of jurisdiction
             to show such want.”

In re N.T., 368 N.C. 705, 707, 782 S.E.2d 502, 503–04 (2016) (first quoting Cheape v.

Town of Chapel Hill, 320 N.C. 549, 557, 359 S.E.2d 792, 797 (1987) then quoting

Williamson v. Spivey, 224 N.C. 311, 313, 30 S.E.2d 46, 47 (1944)).

      The UCCJEA applies to proceedings in which child custody is at issue,

including those involving juvenile abuse, neglect, dependency and termination of

parental rights; and a trial court must comply with its provisions to obtain

jurisdiction in such cases. See N.C.G.S. §§ 50A-102(4), -201(a)–(b) (2017). Generally,

North Carolina courts have jurisdiction to make a child custody determination if

North Carolina is the home state of the child. N.C.G.S. § 50A-201(a)(1). “ ‘Home state’

means the state in which a child lived with a parent or a person acting as a parent

for at least six consecutive months immediately before the commencement of a child-

custody proceeding.” N.C.G.S. § 50A-102(7) (2017). If a court of another state has

home state jurisdiction, North Carolina courts do not have jurisdiction unless one of

several statutory exceptions applies. See N.C.G.S. § 50A-201(a)(2)–(4).

      Respondent-mother contends the allegations in the initial juvenile petition

established that a prior child-custody determination had been made as to Sara in




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                                       Opinion of the Court



Oklahoma6, and the trial court failed to take the requisite action under the UCCJEA

to obtain jurisdiction over her case. Respondent-mother, however, relies on

allegations and inferences to support her argument and has not met her burden of

showing the trial court lacked jurisdiction over Sara’s case. She neglects to mention

the finding of fact made by the trial court in its initial adjudication order, wherein

the court found only Shanna was removed from respondent-mother’s custody by child

protective services in Oklahoma. Furthermore, the respondent-mother stipulated to

the court that the child protective services matter in Oklahoma had been closed, a

fact she had a duty to disclose pursuant to N.C.G.S. § 50A-209(a) (2017). Given these

stipulations and other record facts, it was reasonable for the trial court to infer that

Oklahoma did not have continuing jurisdiction under the UCCJEA.

          Sara had lived with respondent-mother in North Carolina during the six

months immediately preceding the filing of the juvenile petition, and North Carolina

was her home state. The record before us establishes the trial court thus had “home

state” jurisdiction under the UCCJEA to make an initial child-custody determination

regarding Sara. See N.C.G.S. § 50A-201(a)(1). The trial court’s orders granting DSS

custody of Sara are not void for lack of subject matter jurisdiction, and DSS had

standing to file the petition to terminate respondent-mother’s parental rights to Sara

pursuant to N.C.G.S. § 7B-1103(a)(3).



          6   Oklahoma has also adopted the UCCJEA. See Okla. Stat. tit. 43 §§ 551-101–402
(2019).

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                                   Opinion of the Court



      We next address respondent-mother’s argument that the trial court erred in

concluding grounds exist to terminate her parental rights due to her willful failure to

pay a reasonable portion of the cost of care for the children although physically and

financially able to do so, pursuant to N.C.G.S. § 7B-1111(a)(3). Respondent-mother

concedes she paid nothing toward the cost of care for her children and could have

done so but argues her failure to pay was not willful. She contends she did not know

she could pay towards the cost of care for her children, did not know how to pay

towards the cost, and could not reasonably have been expected to do so. We disagree.

      Termination of parental rights under the North Carolina Juvenile Code

involves a two-stage process—an adjudicatory stage and a dispositional stage.

N.C.G.S. §§ 7B-1109, -1110 (2017). “At the adjudicatory stage, the petitioner bears

the burden of proving by ‘clear, cogent, and convincing evidence’ the existence of one

or more grounds for termination under section 7B-1111(a) of the General Statutes.”

In re A.U.D., 832 S.E.2d 698, 700 (N.C. 2019) (quoting N.C.G.S. § 7B-1109(f) (2017)).

“If a trial court finds one or more grounds to terminate parental rights under N.C.G.S.

§ 7B-1111(a), it then proceeds to the dispositional stage,” id., where it “determines

whether terminating the parent’s rights is in the juvenile’s best interest.” N.C.G.S. §

7B-1110(a) (2017).

      At the time DSS filed its petition, a court could terminate parental rights upon

finding that:

                The juvenile has been placed in the custody of a county


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                                    Opinion of the Court



              department of social services . . . and the parent has for a
              continuous period of six months immediately preceding the
              filing of the petition or motion willfully failed to pay a
              reasonable portion of the cost of care for the juvenile
              although physically and financially able to do so.

N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7B-1111(a)(3) (Supp. 2018). The cost of care “refers to the amount

it costs the Department of Social Services to care for the child, namely, foster care.”

In re Montgomery, 311 N.C. 101, 113, 316 S.E.2d 246, 254 (1984). “A parent is

required to pay that portion of the cost of foster care for the child that is fair, just and

equitable based upon the parent’s ability or means to pay.” In re Clark, 303 N.C. 592,

604, 281 S.E.2d 47, 55 (1981).

       Respondent-mother’s argument that she did not know she had to pay a

reasonable portion of the cost of care for her children or how to do so is fundamentally

without merit. The absence of a court order, notice, or knowledge of a requirement to

pay support is not a defense to a parent’s obligation to pay reasonable costs, because

parents have an inherent duty to support their children. See In re T.D.P., 164 N.C.

App. 287, 289, 595 S.E.2d 735, 737 (2004) (citing In re Wright, 64 N.C. App. 135, 139,

306 S.E.2d 825, 827 (1983) (“Very early in our jurisprudence, it was recognized that

there could be no law if knowledge of it was the test of its application. Too, that

respondent did not know that fatherhood carries with it financial duties does not

excuse his failings as a parent; it compounds them.”)), aff’d per curiam, 359 N.C. 405,

610 S.E.2d 199 (2005); see also In re Biggers, 50 N.C. App. 332, 339, 274 S.E.2d 236,

241 (1981) (holding “[a]ll parents have the duty to support their children within their


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                                    Opinion of the Court



means . . . .”). Given her inherent duty to support her children, respondent cannot

hide behind a cloak of ignorance to assert her failure to pay a reasonable portion of

the cost of care for her children was not willful. Moreover, respondent-mother was on

notice of her failure to pay something towards the cost of care for her children, as

shown by the trial court’s repeated findings in each of its permanency planning orders

that none of the respondent-parents were paying child support.

      In support of this ground to terminate respondent’s parental rights, the trial

court found:

               42.    The respondent mother is an able bodied person
               capable of gainful employment and is capable of paying a
               sum greater than zero per month toward the support of the
               minor children during the six months prior to the filing of
               the petition to terminate her parental rights. The
               respondent is employed . . . and has been for over one year
               prior to the date of this hearing and earning at least $600
               to $700 per week.

               43.    During the six months prior to the filing of the
               petition to terminate parental rights, a period of time from
               March 27, 2018 through September 27, 2018, the
               respondent mother paid zero toward the support of the
               minor children.

               44.    A reasonable portion of the cost of care for the minor
               children for the respondent mother to have paid during the
               six months prior to the filing of the petition to terminate
               said respondent’s parental rights would have been an
               amount greater than zero per child per month.

Apart from her argument that she had no knowledge she was required to pay a

reasonable portion of the cost of care for her children or how to do so, which we have



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                                  Opinion of the Court



rejected, respondent-mother does not challenge the evidentiary basis for these

findings of fact. These findings are supported by clear, cogent, and convincing

evidence and are binding on appeal. In re T.N.H., 372 N.C. 403, 407, 831 S.E.2d 54,

58 (2019) (citing Koufman v. Koufman, 330 N.C. 93, 97, 408 S.E.2d 729, 731 (1991)).

We hold that the findings in this case fully support the trial court’s conclusion that

grounds exist to terminate respondent-mother’s parental rights based upon her

willful failure to pay a reasonable portion of the cost of care for the children during

their placement in DHHS custody pursuant to N.C.G.S. § 7B-1111(a)(3). The trial

court’s conclusion that one ground existed to terminate parental rights “is sufficient

in and of itself to support termination of [respondent-mother’s] parental rights[,]” In

re T.N.H., 372 N.C. at 413, 831 S.E.2d at 62, and we need not address her arguments

challenging the remaining grounds. Respondent-mother does not challenge the trial

court’s conclusion that termination of her parental rights is in the children’s best

interests. Accordingly, we affirm the trial court’s order terminating respondent-

mother’s parental rights to Sara, Shanna, Jacob, and Vera.

      AFFIRMED.




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