                                  United States Court of Appeals,

                                          Eleventh Circuit.

                                            No. 97-2576.

                     Thomas Harrison PROVENZANO, Petitioner-Appellant,

                                                  v.

   Harry K. SINGLETARY, Jr., Secretary, Florida Department of Corrections, Respondent-
Appellee.

                                            Aug. 6, 1998.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida. (No. 93-523-CIV-
ORL-18), G. Kendall Sharp, Judge.

Before EDMONDSON, COX and CARNES, Circuit Judges.

       CARNES, Circuit Judge:

       Thomas H. Provenzano, a Florida death row inmate, appeals from the district court's denial

of his 28 U.S.C. § 2254 petition for habeas relief from his murder conviction and death sentence.

The facts relevant to the crime and the evidence at trial are set out in the Florida Supreme Court's

decision affirming the conviction and sentence on direct appeal. See Provenzano v. State, 497 So.2d

1177, 1179-85 (Fla.1986). On April 20, 1987, the Supreme Court denied certiorari, 481 U.S. 1024,

107 S.Ct. 1912, 95 L.Ed.2d 518, thus ending the direct review process.

       Provenzano's initial state collateral relief motion, filed under Florida Rule of Criminal

Procedure 3.850, was denied by the state trial court. The Florida Supreme Court affirmed that denial

while at the same time denying a state habeas corpus petition, which in Florida is filed directly with

the state supreme court. See Provenzano v. Dugger, 561 So.2d 541 (Fla.1990). In its opinion

denying relief on that occasion, the Florida Supreme Court ordered the state attorney to disclose

certain portions of his file to Provenzano, and it granted Provenzano permission to file a second state
collateral motion should any Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83, 83 S.Ct. 1194, 10 L.Ed.2d 215 (1963),

claims arise from the disclosed materials. See 561 So.2d at 549. Some did, but Provenzano's second

or supplemental state collateral motion raising them was denied by the state trial court, and the

Florida Supreme Court again affirmed the denial of relief. See Provenzano v. State, 616 So.2d 428

(Fla.1993).

       Having run out of state court remedial options, Provenzano filed a 28 U.S.C. § 2254 petition

in the district court on June 30, 1993.1 That court, like the state collateral courts, saw no need for

an evidentiary hearing and concluded that Provenzano was not entitled to any relief. The district

court did issue a detailed opinion thoroughly analyzing each of the many claims Provenzano raised.

See Provenzano v. Singletary, 3 F.Supp.2d 1353 (M.D.Fla.1997)(manuscript opinion). Because the

district court's treatment of many of the claims leaves us with little or nothing to add, we will rely

upon it to dispose of most of the claims Provenzano presses on appeal.

                               CLAIMS PRESSED ON APPEAL

        The claims that Provenzano contends the district court should have granted relief on, or at



   1
    Provenzano's counsel in the district court, who were attorneys with the Office of Capital
Collateral Representative, filed a 335-page habeas petition which included much legal argument
and extensive quotations from the record and various documents. We have previously warned
that such a prolix filing, resembling a treatise more than a petition, is not consistent with the
requirements of Rule 2(c) of the Rules Governing Section 2254 Cases in the United States
District Court, and is subject to being struck. "Attorneys who cannot discipline themselves to
write concisely are not effective advocates, and they do a disservice not only to the courts but
also to their clients." Spaziano v. Singletary, 36 F.3d 1028, 1031 n. 2 (11th Cir.1994), cert.
denied, 513 U.S. 1115, 115 S.Ct. 911, 130 L.Ed.2d 793 (1995); accord, Buenoano v. Singletary,
74 F.3d 1078, 1081 n. 1 (11th Cir.1996) ("The petition in this case reads as if it were both
petition and brief.... This practice, which has become common, is not contemplated either by the
habeas rules or the civil rules and makes it difficult for courts to identify discrete claims in a
petition. We expressly disapprove the practice."); Kennedy v. Herring, 54 F.3d 678, 681—82 n.
1 (11th Cir.1995). In fairness to Provenzano's counsel in this appeal, we note that she was not
one of the attorneys who represented him so poorly by filing such a lengthy petition in the
district court.
least should have conducted an evidentiary hearing about, are listed below. In order to facilitate

cross-reference to the district court's opinion, we have inserted a parenthetical reference to the

number each claim has in that opinion where that number is different from the one used for it in this

opinion.

I. The Change of Venue Claims (I in the district court opinion)

II. Guilt Phase Ineffective Assistance of Counsel (I—V and IX(1) in the district court opinion)2

III. Penalty Phase Ineffective Assistance of Counsel (VII and IX in the district court opinion)3

IV. Prosecutorial Misconduct (XII in the district court opinion)

V. The Ake v. Oklahoma Claim (VII in the district court opinion)

VI. The Adversarial Testing Claim (VI in the district court opinion)

VII. The Aggravating Circumstances Claim (XVII in the district court opinion)

VIII. Competency to Stand Trial (VIII in the district court opinion)

IX. Ineffective Assistance of Appellate Counsel (XVIII in the district court opinion)

X. The Mitigating Circumstances Jury Instruction Claim (XV in the district court opinion)


   2
    In the district court, among the ineffective assistance issues Provenzano raised were some
relating to the separation of the jury between the guilt and sentence stages. He claimed counsel
was ineffective for failing to object to the separation instructions as inadequate and for failing to
request that the judge question the jurors in depth when they returned for the penalty stage.
However, he did not raise in the district court the claim that counsel were ineffective for failing
to object to the separation itself. That claim appears for the first time in Provenzano's briefs to
this Court. Because he did not raise the claim below, we do not consider it. See, e.g., Walker v.
Jones, 10 F.3d 1569, 1572 (11th Cir.1994); Allen v. Alabama, 728 F.2d 1384, 1387 (11th
Cir.1984).
   3
     Of the guilt stage ineffective assistance claims Provenzano asserted in the district court, see
Provenzano v. Singletary, 3 F.Supp.2d at 1362-72, he has not argued in this Court the ones
relating to: difficulty in securing counsel; waiver of attorney-client privilege regarding the
testimony of two State's witnesses; and Provenzano not testifying at the guilt stage.
Accordingly, those contentions are waived. See, e.g., Marek v. Singletary, 62 F.3d 1295, 1298 n.
2 (11th Cir.1995) ("Issues not clearly raised in the briefs are considered abandoned."); Love v.
Deal, 5 F.3d 1406, 1407 n. 1 (11th Cir.1993).
XI. The Mitigating Circumstances Findings Claim (XIII in the district court opinion)

XII. The Caldwell v. Mississippi Claim (XIV in the district court opinion)

                                           DISCUSSION

       We affirm on the basis of the district court's opinion, without further comment, its denial of

relief on the following claims as previously enumerated (using our numbers for the claims, not the

numbers used in the district court): Claims II, IV, VI, VIII, IX, X, and XI.

       We supplement the district court's discussion of the remaining claims as follows:

                                   The Change of Venue Claims

       Provenzano claims that the failure of the trial court to grant a change of venue because of

pretrial publicity violated his Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, Eighth, and Fourteenth Amendment rights.

However, it is undisputed that after the trial judge stated he was inclined to grant a change of venue

if one were properly requested, defense counsel deliberately chose for strategic reasons not to

request that the venue be changed. Accordingly, as the Florida Supreme Court and the district court

concluded, the claim that the trial court should have granted a change of venue was procedurally

defaulted. See, Provenzano v. State, 497 So.2d at 1181; Provenzano v. Singletary, 3 F.Supp.2d at

1360-63.

        The only cause Provenzano put forward for the procedural default is his related claim that

trial counsel was ineffective for failing to move for a change of venue. Both the Florida Supreme

Court, see 561 So.2d at 544-45, and the district court, see Provenzano v. Singletary, 3 F.Supp.2d at

1362-64, rejected that ineffective assistance claim. We agree with their reasoning and conclusion

that counsel's failure to request a change of venue was not outside the wide range of reasonable
professional assistance, but we add to their discussion.4

        Inquiries into strategic or tactical decisions challenged as ineffective assistance of counsel

involve both a factual and a legal component. The question of whether an attorney's actions were

actually the product of a tactical or strategic decision is an issue of fact, and a state court's decision

concerning that issue is presumptively correct. By contrast, the question of whether the strategic

or tactical decision is reasonable enough to fall within the wide range of professional competence

is an issue of law not one of fact, so we decide it de novo. See Jackson v. Herring, 42 F.3d 1350,

1367 (11th Cir.1995); Horton v. Zant, 941 F.2d 1449, 1462 (11th Cir.1991); Bundy v. Wainwright,

808 F.2d 1410, 1419 (11th Cir.1987).

        As to the factual component, in this case the Florida Supreme Court found that trial counsel

made a deliberate tactical decision not to obtain a change of venue. See Provenzano v. State, 561

So.2d at 544-45. More specifically, it found the following facts concerning that decision:

        The venue issue came up early in the case when trial counsel stated on the record that he had
        been advised that any change of venue would involve a trial in St. Augustine and that he
        preferred the trial to be held in Orlando. He felt that a juror's knowledge of the case would
        not necessarily be an impediment, since an insanity defense would be presented and he
        believed an Orlando jury would be more receptive to such a defense than a more
        conservative one in St. Augustine.

Id. at 544. It is true that those fact findings were not based upon sworn testimony given at a hearing

but were instead drawn from defense counsel's statements on the record when the issue came up at


   4
    We note the district court's statement that "it is unlikely that a change of venue would have
been granted since there [were] no undue difficulties in selecting an impartial jury," Provenzano
v. Singletary, 3 F.Supp.2d at 1363-64, is partially incorrect. Regardless of whether there were
undue difficulties in selecting a jury, the trial judge did state that he was inclined to grant a
change of venue if one was requested. Of course, it is a different matter whether there is a
reasonable probability of a different result had a change of venue been sought and obtained. We
seriously doubt that there is, but we see no reason to decide that question, which is the prejudice
prong of the ineffectiveness inquiry. See Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 697, 104 S.Ct.
2052, 2069, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984) (if a petitioner fails to establish one prong of the
ineffectiveness inquiry the court need not reach the other).
trial. That matters not, because deference is owed to state appellate court findings based upon

statements in the trial record even when those statements were not made under oath. See, e.g.,

Parker v. Dugger, 498 U.S. 308, 320, 111 S.Ct. 731, 739, 112 L.Ed.2d 812 (1991) (deference must

be given to state appellate court's fact finding as to what the trial judge's ambiguous order meant);

Wainwright v. Goode, 464 U.S. 78, 85, 104 S.Ct. 378, 382, 78 L.Ed.2d 187 (1983) (same); King v.

Strickland, 714 F.2d 1481, 1489, 1494 (11th Cir.1983) (state appellate court's finding from the trial

record that counsel was prepared to try all the charges on the trial date entitled to presumption of

correctness) vacated 467 U.S. 1211, 104 S.Ct. 2651, 81 L.Ed.2d 358 (1984), reinstated upon

remand, 748 F.2d 1462 (11th Cir.1984).

        Provenzano does not contend that his trial counsel's decision to forego a change of venue

was not a strategic or tactical one. He concedes as much, saying that: "it is the reasonableness of

the tactic or strategy that is the issue, not whether one exists." Provenzano's Reply Brief at 3.

Provenzano contends the district court erred in failing to grant him an evidentiary hearing on the

reasonableness of his counsel's strategic decision not to request a change of venue. He did not get

an evidentiary hearing in state court either. In support of his argument that an evidentiary hearing

should have been held, Provenzano points to an affidavit he proffered from Joseph W. DuRocher

who had served as Public Defender for Orange County since 1981.5 DuRocher's affidavit, in its

entirety, states as follows:

               1. My name is Joseph W. DuRocher. I have practiced law in Florida since 1967 and
        have had extensive experience with the criminal justice system since that time.


   5
     Mr. DuRocher did not represent Provenzano at trial or on appeal, because the entire Orange
County Public Defender's Office recused itself. The basis of the recusal was personal knowledge
and association with the court officials whom Provenzano shot. Private outside counsel from
another county were appointed to represent Provenzano at trial, and a different public defender's
office represented him on appeal. An outside prosecutor and judge were also brought in for the
trial.
              2. I was elected Public Defender of Orange County in 1980 and took office in 1981.
       Presently, I am serving my third term as Public Defender.

              3. I was familiar with the considerable pretrial publicity in the case of State of
       Florida v. Thomas Provenzano in 1984. This was a very high profile case, and it received
       extensive attention from both the written and broadcast news media.

               4. In my opinion, this case presented a textbook example of a case in which pretrial
       publicity had so pervaded the Orlando community that any first-year lawyer would have
       questioned venue. I was surprised to learn that no motion to change venue was pursued in
       this case, particularly when the defense was one of insanity.

              5. Orlando is a very conservative community. In the more than two decades that I
       have been involved with the criminal justice system, I have never seen an insanity defense
       succeed in a capital case in Orlando. In fact, I believe no insanity defense in a capital case
       has prevailed in over a generation.

              6. I am acquainted with Jack Edmund and Dan Brawley, the defense attorneys in the
       Provenzano case. Neither attorney contacted me for any opinion regarding the issues of
       venue or insanity.

There are several reasons why this affidavit does not entitle Provenzano to an evidentiary hearing.

       First, the affidavit is conspicuous for what it does not say. For example, although it describes

Orlando as a very conservative community, it does not negate the possibility that St. Augustine is

even more conservative. While the affidavit says that Mr. DuRocher has never seen an insanity

defense succeed in a capital case in Orlando, it does not say that one has ever succeeded in St.

Augustine either. As to whether an insanity defense had prevailed in over a generation, insanity was

the only defense that Provenzano had after he shot three people in front of a courthouse full of

witnesses. The DuRocher affidavit establishes at most that its author would have sought a change

of venue, but when scrutinized it does not actually say even that much. The affidavit says that "any

first-year lawyer would have questioned venue," and that it's author was "surprised to learn that no

motion to change venue was pursued in this case," but it does not say that he definitely would have

insisted on a change of venue had he been representing Provenzano at trial.

       Even if the affidavit had said that its author would have insisted on a change of venue, it
would establish only that two attorneys disagreed about trial strategy, which is hardly surprising.

After all, "[t]here are countless ways to provide effective assistance in any given case," and "[e]ven

the best criminal defense attorneys would not defend a particular client in the same way." Strickland

v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 689, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 2065, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984); accord, e.g.,

Waters v. Thomas, 46 F.3d 1506, 1522 (11th Cir.1995) (en banc) ("Three different defense attorneys

might have defended Waters three different ways, and all of them might have defended him

differently from the way the members of this Court would have, but it does not follow that any

counsel who takes an approach we would not have chosen is guilty of rendering ineffective

assistance."). In order to show that an attorney's strategic choice was unreasonable, a petitioner must

establish that no competent counsel would have made such a choice. See, e.g., White v. Singletary,

972 F.2d 1218, 1221 (11th Cir.1992) (defendant must establish "that the approach taken by defense

counsel would have been used by no professionally competent counsel"); Harich v. Dugger, 844

F.2d 1464, 1470-71 (11th Cir.1988) (same). Even if accepted as gospel, the affidavit does not do

that.

        There is another more fundamental reason why Provenzano is not entitled to an evidentiary

hearing on the reasonableness of his counsel's decision to forego a change of venue, regardless of

any affidavit he may have proffered. Our Jackson, Horton, and Bundy decisions establish that the

reasonableness of a strategic choice is a question of law to be decided by the court, not a matter

subject to factual inquiry and evidentiary proof. Accordingly, it would not matter if a petitioner

could assemble affidavits from a dozen attorneys swearing that the strategy used at his trial was

unreasonable. The question is not one to be decided by plebiscite, by affidavits, by deposition, or

by live testimony. It is a question of law to be decided by the state courts, by the district court, and

by this Court, each in its own turn.
       We have no doubt that the Florida courts and the district court were correct in concluding

that the strategic choice Provenzano's trial attorney made not to pursue a change of venue was well

within the broad boundaries of reasonableness staked out by decisional law in this area. We reached

the same decision in Weeks v. Jones, 26 F.3d 1030, 1046 n. 13 (11th Cir.1994), in which the

petitioner challenged his trial counsel's decision not to have the case moved from a county in which

there had been considerable pretrial publicity, because counsel thought that the petitioner still had

the best chance for acquittal in that county. We said, "this is the type of tactical decision that the

Supreme Court has recognized that a criminal defendant's counsel may elect as a reasonable choice

considering all of the circumstances and has cautioned courts against questioning." Id. The Supreme

Court and this Court have said that strategic choices are "virtually unchallengeable." See, e.g.,

Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. at 690, 104 S.Ct. at 2066; Waters v. Thomas, 46 F.3d 1506,

1522 (11th Cir.1995).

       Our strong reluctance to second guess strategic decisions is even greater where those

decisions were made by experienced criminal defense counsel. See Spaziano v. Singletary, 36 F.3d

1028, 1040 (11th Cir.1994) ("[T]he more experienced an attorney is, the more likely it is that his

decision to rely on his own experience and judgment in rejecting a defense without substantial

investigation was reasonable under the circumstances.") (quoting Gates v. Zant, 863 F.2d 1492, 1498

(11th Cir.1989)). At the time of Provenzano's trial, one of his two counsel had tried eighty-seven

criminal cases and had been lead counsel in nine capital cases. The other attorney had tried even

more criminal cases in general and capital cases in particular, had been practicing twenty years, and

had earned the reputation in the Bar and community as a leading criminal defense attorney. Clearly,

these two experienced criminal defense attorneys knew what they were doing; their decisions were

informed by years of experience with juries in capital and non-capital cases. We will not second
guess their considered decision about whether Provenzano stood a better chance, however slim it

may have been, with a jury in Orlando than with a jury in St. Augustine. As we said in Spaziano,

36 F.3d at 1039, cases in which habeas petitioners can properly prevail on the ground of ineffective

assistance of counsel are few and far between, and cases in which deliberate strategic decisions have

been found to constitute ineffective assistance are even fewer and farther between. This is not one

of those rare cases.

                       Effective Assistance of Counsel at the Penalty Phase

       The Florida Supreme Court analyzed and rejected Provenzano's penalty stage ineffective

assistance claim, see Provenzano v. State, 561 So.2d at 545-46, as did the district court, see

Provenzano v. Singletary, 3 F.Supp.2d 1353, 1374-76, 1388-91 (M.D.Fla.1997). The relevant facts

are set out well in those opinions. We add to their discussions the observation that our decision in

Waters v. Thomas, 46 F.3d 1506 (11th Cir.1995) (en banc), is closely on point.

        In Waters, as in this case, counsel presented mental state expert witnesses at the guilt stage

in support of a not guilty by reason of insanity plea; much of the testimony of those witnesses at the

guilt stage was relevant to mitigating circumstances; and counsel chose not to recall them and

attempt to elicit additional mitigating circumstance evidence from them at the sentence hearing. See

id. at 1512-13. Rejecting the contention that effective assistance required counsel to recall expert

witnesses at the penalty stage in such circumstances, we noted in Waters that which witnesses to call

"is the epitome of a strategic decision, and it is one that we will seldom, if ever, second guess," and

we held that a reasonable lawyer could decide to leave well enough alone and not subject to another

round of cross-examination witnesses from whom he had already obtained during the guilt stage

substantial evidence of serious mental problems. See id. at 1512. Exactly the same is true here.

         In this case, Provenzano has brought forth a report from another mental state expert
indicating that additional mitigating circumstance evidence could have been put before the jury. See

id. We noted in Waters that it is "a common practice" to file affidavits from witnesses who say they

could have provided additional mitigating circumstance evidence, but "the existence of such

affidavits, artfully drafted though they be, usually proves little of significance." See id. at 1513. We

reiterated in that decision what we had said more than once before: "The mere fact that other

witnesses might have been available or that other testimony might have been elicited from those who

testified is not a sufficient ground to prove ineffectiveness of counsel." Id. at 1514, quoting Atkins

v. Singletary, 965 F.2d 952, 960 (11th Cir.1992); Foster v. Dugger, 823 F.2d 402, 406 (11th

Cir.1987).

        In this case, Provenzano's experienced criminal defense attorneys retained investigators,

interviewed myriad witnesses including family members, examined medical records, and assembled

background information about their client. They forwarded that information to the mental state

experts they obtained. See Provenzano v. Singletary, 3 F.Supp.2d at 1375-76. At trial, they

presented two mental state experts, who were well versed in Provenzano's background and behavior,

and who testified to his serious mental problems, giving their opinion that he was insane at the time

of the crime. See id., 3 F.Supp.2d at 1375-76, 1388-90. Counsel used that expert testimony

skillfully in arguments to the jury at the penalty stage. See id., 3 F.Supp.2d at 1388-90.

        Provenzano's counsel also used his sister as a guilt stage witness on the insanity issue. She

testified in depth about her brother's life and problems. At the penalty stage, counsel called a

detective who testified about Provenzano's paranoid behavior, and also about Provenzano having

told officers about explosives in his apartment because he did not want them to get hurt. They also

called Provenzano himself as a witness in his own behalf at penalty stage, and it appears from the

record that he testified for about two hours. See Waters v. Thomas, 46 F.3d at 1519 (recognizing
that skilled defense counsel sometimes put a capital defendant on the stand to "humanize" him,

because "it may be more difficult for a jury to condemn to death a man who has sat on the stand a

few feet from them, looked them in the eyes, and talked to them."). Provenzano received effective

assistance of counsel at the penalty stage.

                                     The Ake v. Oklahoma Claim

        To the district court's discussion of the Ake v. Oklahoma, 470 U.S. 68, 105 S.Ct. 1087, 84

L.Ed.2d 53 (1985), claim, we add that this Circuit's leading decision on Ake, which is Clisby v.

Jones, 960 F.2d 925 (11th Cir.1992) (en banc), forecloses Provenzano's claim that the mental health

assistance he received violated the Ake rule. Clisby holds that Ake is a due process doctrine, see 960

F.2d at 928-29, which requires the petitioner in all but the most unusual circumstances to show that

he requested from the trial court something in the way of mental health expert assistance that the

trial court refused to give him. See id. at 934 ("Petitioner's claim of a due process violation collapses

as soon as one seeks to identify the trial court's ruling that purportedly rendered petitioner's trial

fundamentally unfair.") Provenzano was given all that he requested from the trial court in the way

of expert witnesses on the mental health issues.

        We did speculate in Clisby that under certain limited circumstances due process might

require the trial court to intervene to ensure that a defendant receives the assistance of a competent

mental health expert, but we held that there was no indication the examination of the psychiatrist

in that case was anything less than adequate. See id. at 934 n. 12. The mental health experts who

examined Provenzano and testified on his behalf at trial were fully competent. Moreover, the

assistance they rendered Provenzano, see Provenzano v. Singletary, 3 F.Supp.2d at 1369-70, 1375-

76, 1388-90, far exceeded what Clisby held was adequate in that case, see 960 F.2d at 930-33. There

was no Ake violation.
                              The Aggravating Circumstances Claim

        To the district court's discussion of Provenzano's aggravating circumstances claim, see

Provenzano v. Singletary, 3 F.Supp.2d at 1394-96, we add this brief note: Insofar as Provenzano

contends that his advisory jury received insufficient narrowing instructions, that claim is foreclosed

by the Teague v. Lane, 489 U.S. 288, 109 S.Ct. 1060, 103 L.Ed.2d 334 (1989), nonretroactivity

doctrine. See Lambrix v. Singletary, 520 U.S. 518, 117 S.Ct. 1517, 137 L.Ed.2d 771 (1997); Davis

v. Singletary, 119 F.3d 1471, 1477-78 (11th Cir.1997).

                                 The Caldwell v. Mississippi Claim

       The district court held that Provenzano's Caldwell v. Mississippi, 472 U.S. 320, 105 S.Ct.

2633, 86 L.Ed.2d 231 (1985), claim is not procedurally barred but is devoid of merit. See

Provenzano v. Singletary, 3 F.Supp.2d at 1378-84. The State contends that the claim is procedurally

barred, and that may be so. However, we need not resolve the procedural bar issue, because we

agree with the district court that Provenzano's Caldwell claim is meritless. See Smith v. Dugger, 840

F.2d 787, 791 (11th Cir.1988).

       Since the district court released its opinion, we have issued our decision in Davis v.

Singletary, 119 F.3d 1471 (11th Cir.1997). In Davis, at 1481-82, we held that our decisions in Mann

v. Dugger, 844 F.2d 1446 (11th Cir.1988), and Harich v. Dugger, 844 F.2d 1464 (11th Cir.1988)

(en banc), had to be read in light of the Supreme Court's subsequent decisions in Romano v.

Oklahoma, 512 U.S. 1, 114 S.Ct. 2004, 129 L.Ed.2d 1 (1994), and Dugger v. Adams, 489 U.S. 401,

109 S.Ct. 1211, 103 L.Ed.2d 435 (1989). Doing that, we concluded that there can be no Caldwell

violation unless the jury is affirmatively misled regarding its role in the sentencing process. See 119

F.3d at 1482. Moreover, we held in Davis that in deciding a Caldwell claim questionable remarks

and comments must be considered in the context of the entire trial. See id. Having done so in this
case, we conclude that the district court was correct when it decided that there was no Caldwell

violation.

                                       CONCLUSION

       The district court's denial of habeas relief is AFFIRMED.
