                                                                                 FILED
                                                                     United States Court of Appeals
                      UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                         Tenth Circuit

                             FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT                        October 23, 2017
                         _________________________________
                                                                         Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                                             Clerk of Court
ALREE B. SWEAT III,

      Plaintiff - Appellant,

v.                                                         No. 17-2045
                                                (D.C. No. 2:15-CV-00440-MV-LF)
DET. MIKE RICKARDS; DET. JEFF                               (D. N.M.)
FERGUSEN; DEMING POLICE OFC.
Z. ZIGMON; JOHN DOE 2,

      Defendants - Appellees.
                      _________________________________

                             ORDER AND JUDGMENT*
                         _________________________________

Before LUCERO, O’BRIEN, and MORITZ, Circuit Judges.
                  _________________________________

      Proceeding pro se,1 New Mexico prisoner Alree Sweat III appeals the district

court’s order dismissing his 42 U.S.C. § 1983 civil rights complaint and denying his

motion to appoint counsel. We affirm.




      *
         After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously that oral argument wouldn’t materially assist in the determination of
this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore
ordered submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment isn’t binding
precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral
estoppel. But it may be cited for its persuasive value. See Fed. R. App. P. 32.1;
10th Cir. R. 32.1.
       1
         We liberally construe pro se pleadings. But we won’t act as Sweat’s
advocate. See James v. Wadas, 724 F.3d 1312, 1315 (10th Cir. 2013).
                                             I

       In August 2013, Detective Michael Rickards obtained a search warrant for

Sweat’s DNA while investigating several vehicle break-ins. Sweat refused to comply

with the search warrant, so Officer Zack Sigman arrested Sweat for evasion. Sigman

then brought Sweat to the Luna County Detention Center where Detective Jeff

Ferguson executed the search warrant. A New Mexico state court found Sweat guilty

on multiple counts of burglary of a vehicle. Sweat is currently serving the sentences

for those offenses in a New Mexico correctional facility.

       Sweat previously pursued two federal lawsuits stemming from the August

2013 arrest. In the first, he brought claims against Rickards, a Detective John Doe, an

Officer John Doe, and the judge who issued the search warrant. In the second, he

similarly brought claims against Rickards, a Detective John Doe, and the judge who

issued the search warrant. The district court dismissed the first suit for failure to state

a claim on which relief could be granted. And it dismissed the second suit as

duplicative of the first suit. Sweat didn’t appeal either dismissal. He then filed the

instant lawsuit against several defendants, including Rickards, Ferguson, and Sigman.

       The district court dismissed, ruling that Sweat’s complaint failed to state a

claim for relief. Specifically, it concluded that the doctrine of res judicata barred

Sweat’s claims against Rickards, Ferguson, and Sigman because Sweat named

Rickards in his first lawsuit and because the claims against Sigman and Ferguson

were identical to the claims Sweat brought against Officer John Doe and Detective

John Doe in that suit. The district court then dismissed the remaining state-law claims

                                             2
pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) and 28 U.S.C. § 1915, reasoning

that Sweat’s “conclusory listing of those causes of action [was] not sufficient to state

any claim for relief.” R., 221. Finally, the district court denied Sweat’s motion for

appointment of counsel. Sweat appeals.

                                            II

       To the extent Sweat appeals the district court’s order dismissing his claims, we

affirm. The district court premised that ruling on its conclusion that Sweat’s claims

are barred by the doctrine of res judicata. And although Sweat advances numerous

arguments on appeal, none of them “explain to us why [that conclusion] is wrong.”2

Nixon v. City and Cty. of Denver, 784 F.3d 1364, 1366, 1369–70 (10th Cir. 2015);

see also id. (affirming because appellant “utterly fail[ed] . . . to explain what was

wrong with the reasoning that the district court relied on in reaching its decision”).

       For the same reason, we also affirm the district court’s order denying Sweat’s

request for the appointment of counsel. The district court concluded that the

appointment of counsel wouldn’t “change the fact that [Sweat’s] contentions [were]

legally insufficient.” R., 212. And again, Sweat fails “to explain what was wrong”

with that approach. Nixon, 784 F.3d at 1370.




       2
        Sweat’s reply brief alleges for the first time that the district court incorrectly
applied the doctrine of res judicata. But “the general rule in this circuit is that a party
waives issues and arguments raised for the first time in a reply brief . . . .” M.D.
Mark, Inc. v. Kerr-McGee Corp., 565 F.3d 753, 768 n.7 (10th Cir. 2009).
                                             3
                                    *      *      *

       For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the district court’s order. We also grant

Sweat’s motion for leave to proceed without prepayment of costs or fees. But we

remind Sweat of his continuing obligation to make partial payments until the filing

fees are paid in full.



                                            Entered for the Court


                                            Nancy L. Moritz
                                            Circuit Judge




                                           4
17-2045, Sweat v. Rickards
O’BRIEN, J., concurring and dissenting.
       I join the Order and Judgment affirming the merits decisions made by the district

court. I dissent from the grant of leave to appeal without prepayment of fees (in forma

pauperis or ifp) and would impose a strike for bringing a frivolous appeal.

       The district judge denied Sweat’s request for leave to appeal without prepayment

of fees, see 28 U.S.C. § 1915(a), because his supporting affidavit failed to show he was

qualified for such relief. He reapplied to this Court and the majority of this panel has

permitted the appeal to proceed without prepayment of fees. I disagree. His affidavit

(filed in this appeal) is adequate to show his financial qualifications. That, alone, is

insufficient. In order to avoid prepayment of fees and costs his appeal may not be

frivolous. See DeBardeleben v. Quinlan, 937 F.2d 502, 505 (10th Cir. 1991) (to succeed

on a motion for leave to proceed on appeal without prepayment of fees, “an appellant

must show a financial inability to pay the required filing fees and the existence of a

reasoned, nonfrivolous argument on the law and facts in support of the issues raised on

appeal”) (emphasis added). But it is.

       The district judge issued two clear, comprehensive and cogent orders (attached)

dismissing Sweat’s claims for failure to state a claim. In his filings with this Court, he

offers no compelling or even arguably persuasive reason to believe the district judge

erred. See Neitzke v. Williams, 490 U.S. 319, 325 (1989) (an argument, like a complaint,

“is frivolous where it lacks an arguable basis either in law or in fact”).
       “The federal in forma pauperis statute, enacted in 1892 . . . ., is designed to ensure

that indigent litigants have meaningful access to the federal courts.” Id. at 324.

However, Congress also recognized “that a litigant whose filing fees and court costs are

assumed by the public, unlike a paying litigant, lacks an economic incentive to refrain

from filing frivolous, malicious, or repetitive lawsuits.” Id. Therefore, while we excuse

prepayment of fees to prevent forfeiture of potentially meritorious appeals because of a

person’s impecunious circumstances, frivolous appeals are not among those so excused

because, by definition, they are not potentially meritorious. They ought not be

encouraged. Sweat should be required to pay the filing fees prior to receiving a decision

on the merits.

       This frivolous appeal should amount to a strike under 28 U.S.C. § 1915(g)

(bringing a civil action or taking an appeal that is dismissed as frivolous, malicious or

fails to state a claim). See Jennings v. Natrona Cty. Det. Ctr. Med. Facility, 175 F.3d

775, 780 (10th Cir. 1999) (“If we dismiss as frivolous the appeal of an action the district

court dismissed under 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B), both dismissals count as strikes.”),

overruled on other grounds by Coleman v. Tollefson, --- U.S. ---, 135 S. Ct. 1759, 1763

(2015). He also incurred a strike when his complaint was dismissed by the district court

for failure to state a claim. Coleman, 135 S. Ct. at 1763 (“A prior dismissal on a

statutorily enumerated ground counts as a strike even if the dismissal is the subject of an

appeal.”). Finally, he has yet another strike for failure to state a claim. See Sweat v.

Perea, et al., No. CV-14-00034-LH/LAM. Were this frivolous appeal to count, he would

have three strikes. As it now stands he has at least two. Should he incur another strike he

                                              2
will be prohibited from bringing any civil action or taking an appeal in a civil case unless

he “is under imminent danger of serious physical injury.” 28 U.S.C. § 1915(g).




                                             3
           Case 2:15-cv-00440-MV-LF Document 12 Filed 02/24/16 Page 1 of 6



                         IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                           FOR THE DISTRICT OF NEW MEXICO


ALREE B. SWEAT III,

          Plaintiff,

     v.                                                           No. CIV 15-0440 MV/LF

STATE OF NEW MEXICO,
DET. MIKE RICKARDS (L645),
CITY OF LAS CRUCES,
CHIEF OF POLICE (JAIME MONTOYA),
DET. JEFF FERGUSEN,
CHIEF OF POLICE FOR DEMING (JOHN DOE),
DEMING POLICE OFC. Z. ZIGMON,
DIRECTOR OF LUNA COUNTY DETENTION
CENTER (JOHN OR JANE DOE),
LUNA COUNTY DETENTION CENTER BOOKING
OFFICER JOHN DOE 1 AND JOHN DOE 2,

          Defendants.


                            MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER

          This matter is before the Court, sua sponte under 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2) and rule 12(b)(6)

of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, on Plaintiff’s complaint. Plaintiff is incarcerated,

appears pro se, and has filed a Motion for Leave to Proceed Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915 (“IFP”).

Because the Court grants the IFP motion, the filing fee for this civil rights complaint is $350.00.

Under § 1915(b)(1), (2), Plaintiff must pay the full amount of the filing fee in installments. Based

on the information in Plaintiff’s filings, the Court will waive the initial partial payment pursuant to

§ 1915(b)(1). Also before the Court are Plaintiff’s motions for extensions of time to cure

deficiencies (Docs. 5, 8). The deficiencies have been cured, and these motions will be denied as

moot. For reasons set out below, the Court will dismiss certain of Plaintiff’s claims.

          The Court has the discretion to dismiss an in forma pauperis complaint sua sponte under
         Case 2:15-cv-00440-MV-LF Document 12 Filed 02/24/16 Page 2 of 6



§ 1915(e)(2) “at any time if . . . the action . . . is frivolous or malicious; [or] fails to state a claim on

which relief may be granted.” The Court also may dismiss a complaint sua sponte under rule

12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure for failure to state a claim if “it is ‘patently

obvious’ that the plaintiff could not prevail on the facts alleged, and allowing him an opportunity

to amend his complaint would be futile.” Hall v. Bellmon, 935 F.2d 1106, 1110 (10th Cir. 1991)

(quoting McKinney v. Oklahoma, Dep’t of Human Services, 925 F.2d 363, 365 (10th Cir. 1991)).

A plaintiff must allege “enough facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Bell

Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007). In reviewing Plaintiff’s pro se complaint,

the Court applies the same legal standards applicable to pleadings drafted by counsel but liberally

construes the allegations. See Northington v. Jackson, 973 F.2d 1518, 1520-21 (10th Cir. 1992).

        The complaint asserts that Defendants violated a number of Plaintiff’s federal and state

constitutional protections during his arrest, detention, and criminal prosecution for evading,

eluding, or obstructing an officer (service of process). According to the complaint, in August,

2013, Defendant Rickards filed the charges because Plaintiff refused to cooperate with a search

warrant to allow a buccal swab for DNA. At about the same time, Plaintiff was also indicted for

several acts of auto burglary. The New Mexico Corrections Department’s website indicates that

he is currently serving a sentence for burglary of a vehicle. See http://cd.nm.gov/ (last visited on

October 13, 2015).       On April 8, 2015, the district attorney filed a nolle prosequi on the

evading/obstructing charge.

        Plaintiff makes seven Claims in the complaint. In Claim I, he alleges that Defendant

Rickards, a Las Cruces (Dona Ana County) police officer, called Plaintiff on the telephone at

Plaintiff’s residence in Deming (Luna County) and, without advising him of his Miranda rights,

attempted to question him about auto burglaries. Plaintiff refused to talk to Defendant Rickards.

                                                     2
         Case 2:15-cv-00440-MV-LF Document 12 Filed 02/24/16 Page 3 of 6



This refusal became the basis of the evading/obstructing charge asserted in Claim II. Claim III is

based on the allegation that a magistrate judge issued a warrant on the “bogus” charge. Plaintiff

directs this claim against Defendant State of New Mexico for failing to properly train the

magistrate judge. Claim IV asserts that the police chiefs in both Las Cruces and Deming, and

other unspecified supervisory entities, are liable on the “bogus warrant” allegation for failing to

investigate the alleged incident and to properly train or supervise their subordinates. Plaintiff also

asserts in Claim IV that Defendant Rickards conspired with Officers Fergusen and Zigmon to

effect Plaintiff’s wrongful arrest.

       In Claim V, Plaintiff alleges that Defendant Zigmon took him to the Luna County

Detention Center, where Defendant John Doe (1) Booking Officer booked him and Defendant

John Doe (2) Booking Officer strip-searched him. He contends that the John or Jane Doe director

of the detention center failed to train or supervise his subordinates and illegally detained Plaintiff.

Claim VI asserts that Plaintiff was denied a fair trial, and his double jeopardy protections were

violated, as a result of defective warrant and grand jury target notices. The central allegation is

that he was illegally tried separately on the auto burglary charges instead of in one consolidated

proceeding. In Claim VII, Plaintiff asserts that he was wrongfully subjected to grand jury

proceedings, and subjected to malicious prosecution, as a result insufficient evidence and

Defendant Rickard’s perjury. As noted above, the prosecution filed a notice of nolle prosequi on

the evading/obstructing charge.

       No relief is available on the allegation in Claim I that Defendant Rickards attempted to

question Plaintiff without reading him his rights under Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966).

“The law in this circuit is clear . . . that the only remedy available for a Miranda violation is the

suppression of any incriminating statements.” Lewis v. Nelson, No. 96-3400, 1997 WL 291177,

                                                  3
        Case 2:15-cv-00440-MV-LF Document 12 Filed 02/24/16 Page 4 of 6



at **3 (10th Cir. June 2, 1997) (citing Bennet v. Passic, 545 F.2d 1260, 1263 (10th Cir. 1976)).

“No rational argument can be made in support of the notion that the failure to give Miranda

warnings subjects a police officer to liability under the Civil Rights Act.” Bennet, 545 F.2d at

1263; see also Lewis, 1997 WL 291177, at **3. The Miranda claim will be dismissed.

       In Claim III Plaintiff alleges that the State failed to train the magistrate judge who issued

the warrant “for [the] bogus charge.” He quotes certain laws but makes only conclusory claims

about the failure to train. Count [sic] IV Plaintiff alleges that the officers conspired to arrest and

detain Plaintiff. He also alleges, without factual support, that the chiefs of police in Las Cruces

and Deming failed to inquire about or prevent the arrest and detention of Plaintiff and failed to

train or supervise the officers involved. Plaintiff’s allegations against the supervisory Defendants

do not affirmatively link them to the various violations. See Butler v. City of Norman, 992 F.2d

1053, 1055 (10th Cir. 1993). To succeed on a complaint under § 1983, Plaintiff must allege some

personal involvement by Defendants in the constitutional violation. See Mitchell v. Maynard, 80

F.3d 1433, 1441 (10th Cir. 1996). A civil rights action against a state official may not be based

solely on a theory of respondeat superior liability for the actions of workers supervised by the

official. See id. The Court will dismiss Claim III and the failure to train claim in Count [sic] IV.

       In Count [sic] V, Plaintiff’s allegation that Defendant John Doe (1) booked him in to the

Luna County Detention Center fails to support a constitutional claim. “[A]bsent any objectively

apparent lack of a basis for a detention which should arouse suspicion, a jailer cannot be expected

to assume the mantle of a magistrate to determine the probable cause for an arrest.” Dry v. United

States, 235 F.3d 1249, 1259 (10th Cir. 2000) (internal quotation marks omitted) (citing Martinez v.

City of Los Angeles, 141 F.3d 1373, 1380 (9th Cir. 1998); Wood v. Worachek, 618 F.2d 1225, 1231

(7th Cir. 1980)). Plaintiff’s allegations of “bogus charges” and defective warrant do not an

                                                  4
            Case 2:15-cv-00440-MV-LF Document 12 Filed 02/24/16 Page 5 of 6



“objectively apparent lack of a basis for a detention,” Dry, 235 F.3d at 1259, and Plaintiff’s claim

against Defendant John Doe (1) in Count [sic] V will be dismissed. The failure-to-train claim

against Defendant Director of Luna County Detention Center (John Doe or Jane Doe) will be

dismissed for the reasons stated above as to Claim III and Count [sic] IV. Plaintiff will be

allowed a reasonable time to identify Defendant John Doe (2) on the strip-search claim in Count

[sic] V.

           In Count [sic] VI, Plaintiff alleges that he received four separate target notices, and four

separate grand jury proceedings were held on the charges against him. He also alleges that he was

tried twice, apparently as grounds for a double jeopardy claim. No Defendant is identified on this

claim, and Plaintiff will be allowed time to identify the individual(s) who subjected him to double

jeopardy. Last, Plaintiff provides no factual support for his claim against Defendant City of Las

Cruces. In the absence of allegations that “a municipal ‘policy or custom’ caused a plaintiff to be

deprived of a federal right,” Los Angeles County v. Humphries, 562 U.S. 29, 32-33 (2010),

Plaintiff’s claims against this Defendant will be dismissed.

           IT IS THEREFORE ORDERED that Plaintiff’s motions for extensions of time (Docs. 5, 8)

are DENIED as moot, his Motion for Leave to Proceed Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915 (Doc. 2) is

GRANTED, and the initial partial filing fee payment is WAIVED;

           IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Plaintiff make monthly installment payments of twenty

per cent (20%) of the preceding month’s income credited to Plaintiff’s account or show cause why

payment should be excused, and the Clerk is directed to provide Plaintiff with two copies of the

post-filing financial certificate;

           IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Plaintiff’s claims I, III, the supervisory claim in Count

[sic] IV, and the claim against John Doe (1) in Count [sic] V are DISMISSED; and Defendants

                                                    5
        Case 2:15-cv-00440-MV-LF Document 12 Filed 02/24/16 Page 6 of 6



State of New Mexico, City of Las Cruces, Chief of Police (Jaime Montoya), Chief of Police For

Deming (John Doe), Director of Luna County Detention Center (John or Jane Doe), and Luna

County Detention Center Booking Officer John Doe (1) are DISMISSED as parties to this action;

       IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that the Clerk is directed to issue notice and waiver of service

forms, with copies of the complaint and this Order, to Defendants Mike Rickards and Jeff

Ferguson, c/o Las Cruces Police Department, 217 E. Picacho, Las Cruces, NM 88001; and Z.

Zigmon, c/o Deming Police Department, 700 E. Pine St., Deming, NM 88030.



                                          ___________________________________
                                          UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE




                                             6
       Case 2:15-cv-00440-MV-LF Document 61 Filed 03/30/17 Page 1 of 16



                        IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                          FOR THE DISTRICT OF NEW MEXICO



ALREE B. SWEAT, III,

               Plaintiff,

vs.                                                  No. CV 15-00440 MV/LF

DET. MIKE RICKARDS,
DET. JEFF FERGUSEN, DEMING
POLICE OFC. Z. ZIGMON, and
JOHN DOE 2,

               Defendants.



                            MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER

       THIS MATTER is before the Court on the 1983 Prisoner Civil Rights Complaint filed

by Plaintiff Alree B. Sweat III (“Complaint”) (Doc. 1), the Motion to Dismiss for Failure to State

a Claim filed by Defendant Zack Sigmon (Doc. 22) and the Answer to the Complaint filed by

Defendants Michael Rickards and Jeffery Ferguson (Doc. 18). The Court will dismiss Plaintiff

Sweat’s Complaint for failure to state a claim on which relief can be granted.

                             Nature of the Case and Prior Proceedings

       This is a prisoner civil rights case brought by Plaintiff Alree B. Sweat III under 42 U.S.C.

§ 1983. Plaintiff Sweat is proceeding pro se and in forma pauperis. (Doc. 12 at 1). Sweat filed

his Prisoner’s Civil Rights Complaint (Doc. 1) (“Complaint”) on May 22, 2015. The Complaint

named the State of New Mexico, Det. Mike Rickards, City of Las Cruces, Chief of Police Jaime

Montoya, Det. Jeff Ferguson, Chief of Police for Deming (John Doe), Deming Police Ofc. Z.




                                                1
        Case 2:15-cv-00440-MV-LF Document 61 Filed 03/30/17 Page 2 of 16



Zigmon, Director of Luna County Detention Center (John or Jane Doe), Luna County Detention

Center Booking Officer John Doe (1) and John Doe (2). (Doc. 1).

       On February 24, 2016, the Court entered a sua sponte Memorandum Opinion and Order

under 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2) and Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). (Doc. 12). The Court’s Memorandum

Opinion and Order dismissed Plaintiff’s claims I, III, the supervisory claim in Count [sic] IV,

and the claim against John Doe (1) in Count [sic] V for failure to state a claim on which relief

can be granted. (Doc. 12 at 5). The Memorandum Opinion and Order also dismissed all claims

against the State of New Mexico, City of Las Cruces, Chief of Police (Jaime Montoya), Chief of

Police for Deming (John Doe), Director of Luna County Detention Center (John or Jane Doe),

and Luna County Detention Center Booking Officer John Doe (1). (Doc. 12 at 6). The Court’s

Order permitted the claims in Claim II, Count V as to John Doe (2), Count VI and Count VII to

proceed. The Court granted Sweat a reasonable time to identify Luna County Detention Center

Booking Officer John Doe (2) for purposes of Count V and to identify the individuals alleged to

have subjected him to double jeopardy for purposes of Count VI. The Court directed issuance of

notice and waiver of service forms to Defendants Mike Rickards, Jeff Ferguson and Z. Zigmon.

(Doc. 12 at 5, 6).

       Defendant Zack Sigmon, incorrectly identified in the Complaint as “Z. Zigmon,” entered

an appearance through counsel and filed a Motion to Dismiss under Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6)

based on claim or issue preclusion. (Doc. 22). Defendants Michael Rickards and Jeffrey

Ferguson also appeared and filed an Answer asserting the defense of failure to state a claim and

claim preclusion. (Doc. 18). Plaintiff Sweat has filed a Motion to Amend his Complaint to name

Luna County Detention Center Officer Chris Verduzco as a defendant in place of John Doe (2).




                                               2
       Case 2:15-cv-00440-MV-LF Document 61 Filed 03/30/17 Page 3 of 16



(Doc. 20). Also pending before the Court are Plaintiff Sweat’s Motion for Default Judgment

(Doc. 26) and Motion for Appointment of Counsel (Doc. 43).

                              Statement of Facts and Allegations

       In June of 2013, Plaintiff Alree B. Sweat III was notified that he was the target of a grand

jury investigation in Dona Ana County, New Mexico. Sweat was being investigated for multiple

crimes of burglary of a vehicle committed in Dona Ana County in April and May, 2013. (Doc. 1

at 32–37). The crimes were being investigated by Las Cruces Police Department Detective

Michael Rickards. (Doc. 1 at 30–31). During the course of his investigation, Detective Rickards

learned that possible DNA blood evidence had been recovered during preliminary investigation

of the auto burglaries. Detective Rickards sent the evidence to the New Mexico Department of

Public Safety Forensic Laboratories in Santa Fe for analysis and received a confirmation letter

from the New Mexico DNA Identification System that there was a confirmed offender match to

Plaintiff Sweat. (Doc. 1 at 30–31). On August 7, 2013, Rickards obtained a Search Warrant for

oral/buccal swabs from Sweat to send as a standard to the laboratory. The Search Warrant was

signed by Judge Conrad Perea. (Doc. 1 at 31).

       On August 8, 2013 Detective Rickards contacted Chris from Action Bail Bonds to ask for

assistance in arranging a meeting with Sweat. Chris provided him with Sweat’s telephone

number and address in Deming, New Mexico, and informed Detective Rickards that Sweat was

unwilling to cooperate. (Doc. 1 at 31). Detective Rickards contacted Sweat by telephone and

advised him of the Search Warrant. Sweat advised Rickards he would not comply. (Doc. 1 at 31).

Rickards then filed a Criminal Complaint in Dona Ana County Magistrate Court on August 9,

2013, charging Sweat with the crime of Resisting, Evading or Obstructing an Officer contrary to

Section 30-22-1(A) NMSA 1978. (Doc. 1 at 29). Rickards also filed a sworn Statement of Facts



                                                3
        Case 2:15-cv-00440-MV-LF Document 61 Filed 03/30/17 Page 4 of 16



in Support of Complaint setting out the facts to establish probable cause to believe that Sweat

committed the crime charged. A bench warrant was issued for Sweat’s arrest. (Doc. 1 at 30–31).

       On August 9, 2013, Sweat was arrested by Deming Police Officer Zack Sigmon in

Deming, Luna County, New Mexico. Officer Sigmon transported Sweat to the Luna County

Detention Center where he was detained until Detective Jeff Ferguson of the Las Cruces Police

Department arrived. While at the Luna County Detention Center, Sweat was booked, taken to a

room and asked to strip for a visual inspection, given a prison uniform, and escorted to get

bedding by officer John Doe (2) (now identified as Officer Chris Verduzco) prior to being placed

in a housing unit. (Docs. 1 at 7; 20-1 at 11–15). Detective Ferguson arrived at the Detention

Center, executed the Search Warrant, and obtained a DNA sample from Sweat. (Doc. 1 at 15).

       Sweat was later convicted on multiple counts of burglary of a vehicle and is serving

sentences in the New Mexico state correctional system. See State v. Sweat, Dona Ana County

cause nos. D 307-CR-201300452 and D-307-CR-201301165; see also State v. Sweat, 2016 WL

6562968 (Ct. App. N.M. 2016). A nolle prosequi was entered on the charge of Resisting,

Evading or Obstructing an Officer by the Dona Ana County District Attorney’s Office on April

8, 2014. (Doc. 1 at 38).

       Sweat has filed two previous actions arising out of the same operative facts. In Sweat v.

Judge Conrad Perea, No. CV 14-00034 LH/LAM, Sweat brought claims against Judge Perea,

who issued the search warrant, Detective Rickards (improperly named as Det. Mike Richards),

Det. John Doe of LCPD, and Deming Police Officer John Doe. The Court dismissed the claims

against Detective Rickards, Det. John Doe of LCPD, and Deming Police Officer John Doe for

failure to state a claim on which relief could be granted. See CV 14-00034 Doc. 19. Sweat filed

the same claims in No. CV 14-00227 MCA/WPL. The Court found that the claims in CV 14-



                                               4
        Case 2:15-cv-00440-MV-LF Document 61 Filed 03/30/17 Page 5 of 16



00227 were duplicative of the claims asserted in CV 14-00034 and dismissed them on that basis.

See CV 14-00227 Doc. 33. Sweat did not appeal the Court’s ruling in either case.

                              I. Plaintiff Sweat’s Pending Motions

       A. Motion for Default Judgment

       Plaintiff Sweat has filed a Motion for Default Judgment seeking entry of default against

Defendants Sigmon, Rickards, and Ferguson. (Doc. 26). Under Fed. R. Civ. P. 55, the Court may

enter a default only where the record shows that a defendant has failed to plead or otherwise

defend. The record in this case does not show that Defendants Sigmon, Rickards, and Ferguson

have failed to plead or otherwise defend. To the contrary, all three Defendants have appeared and

are defending this action. (Docs. 18, 22). The Court will deny the Motion for Default Judgment.

       B. Motion for Appointment of Counsel

       Also before the Court is Plaintiff Sweat’s Motion for Appointment of Counsel. (Doc. 43).

United States District Courts lack the authority to appoint counsel to represent indigent prisoners

in §1983 cases. Mallard v. United States Dist. Court, 490 U.S. 296, 298 (1989). In certain

exceptional circumstances, a court may request the voluntary assistance of counsel pursuant to

28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(1). In deciding whether to request voluntary assistance of counsel, the court

is to consider “the merits of the litigant’s claims, the nature of the factual issues raised in the

claims, the litigant’s ability to present his claims, and the complexity of the legal issues raised by

the claims.” Rucks v. Boergermann, 57 F.3d 978, 979 (10th Cir. 1995) (internal quotation marks

omitted).

       Ultimately, the burden is on the plaintiff “to convince the court that there is sufficient

merit to his claim to warrant [a request for voluntary assistance] of counsel.” Hill v. Smithkline

Beecham Corp., 393 F.3d 1111, 1115 (10th Cir. 2004) (internal quotation marks omitted).



                                                  5
         Case 2:15-cv-00440-MV-LF Document 61 Filed 03/30/17 Page 6 of 16



Plaintiff Sweat’s filings have adequately articulated the claims he seeks to prosecute. As set out,

below, the allegations of Plaintiff’s Complaint and the additional materials in the record fail to

state any claim for relief. Sweat’s Memorandum of Law in Support of Plaintiff’s Motion for

Appointment of Counsel (Doc. 41) does not convince the Court that any assistance by counsel

would change the fact that Plaintiff’s contentions are legally insufficient. The Court will deny the

Motion for Appointment of Counsel.

         C. Motion for Leave to File an Amended Complaint

         Sweat has filed a Motion for Leave to File an Amended Complaint. (Doc. 20). In his

Motion for Leave, Sweat seeks to substitute Officer Chris Verduzco for “John Doe (2).” As set

out in part II.B.iv, below, Sweat’s strip-search allegations against John Doe 2 do not state a

legally sufficient claim for relief and will be dismissed. Therefore, allowing Sweat to amend to

substitute Officer Verduzco would be futile. See Hall v. Bellmon, 935 F.2d 1106, 1109 (10th Cir.

1991).

         Sweat also seeks to amend to name Defendant Rickards as the individual who subjected

him to double jeopardy for purposes of Count VI of the Complaint. (Doc. 20 at 2). Count VI of

the Complaint asserts that Sweat was “tried twice” when the state court denied consolidation of

separate grand jury indictments for multiple offenses. (Doc. 1 at 18). Defendant Rickards,

however, is a police officer, not a prosecutor, and could not have prosecuted Sweat twice for the

same crime. Allowing Sweat to amend to assert a double jeopardy claim against Officer Rickards

would also be futile. The Court will deny Sweat’s Motion for Leave to File an Amended

Complaint. Hall, 935 F.2d 1109.




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                      II. Sweat’s Complaint Fails to State a Claim for Relief

        A. Standards for Failure to State a Claim

        Plaintiff Sweat is proceeding pro se and in forma pauperis. The Court may dismiss an in

forma pauperis complaint for failure to state a claim upon which relief may be granted under

either Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6) or 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B). Under Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6) the

Court must accept all well-pled factual allegations, but not conclusory, unsupported allegations,

and may not consider matters outside the pleading. Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S.

544, 555 (2007); Dunn v. White, 880 F.2d 1188, 1190 (10th Cir. 1989). The court may dismiss a

complaint under Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6) for failure to state a claim if “it is ‘patently obvious’

that the plaintiff could not prevail on the facts alleged.” Hall, 935 F.2d 1106, 1109 (10th Cir.

1991) (quoting McKinney v. Oklahoma Dep’t of Human Services, 925 F.2d 363, 365 (10th Cir.

1991)). A plaintiff must allege “enough facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its

face.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570. A claim should be dismissed where it is legally or factually

insufficient to state a plausible claim for relief. Id.

        Under § 1915(e)(2)(B) “the court shall dismiss the case at any time if the court

determines that the action is frivolous or malicious, or fails to state a claim on which relief may

be granted.” 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B)(i)-(ii). The authority granted by § 1915 permits the court

“the unusual power to pierce the veil of the complaint's factual allegations and dismiss those

claims whose factual contentions are clearly baseless.” Neitzke v. Williams, 490 U.S. 319, 327

(1989). See also Hall, 935 F.2d at 1109. “[T]he authority to ‘pierce the veil of the complaint's

factual allegations’ means that a court is not bound, as it usually is when making a determination

based solely on the pleadings, to accept without question the truth of the plaintiff's allegations.”

Denton v. Hernandez, 504 U.S. 25, 32 (1992). The court is not required to accept the truth of the



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plaintiff's allegations but, instead, may go beyond the pleadings and consider any other materials

filed by the parties, as well as court proceedings subject to judicial notice. Denton, 504 U.S. at

32–33.

         In reviewing a pro se complaint, the Court liberally construes the factual allegations. See

Northington v. Jackson, 973 F.2d 1518, 1520–21 (10th Cir. 1992). However, a pro se plaintiff’s

pleadings are judged by the same legal standards that apply to all litigants and a pro se plaintiff

must abide by the applicable rules of court. Ogden v. San Juan County, 32 F.3d 452, 455 (10th

Cir. 1994). The court is not obligated to craft legal theories for the plaintiff or to supply factual

allegations to support the plaintiff’s claims. Nor may the court assume the role of advocate for

the pro se litigant. Hall, 935 F.2d at 1110.

         In deciding whether to dismiss the complaint, in whole or in part, the court is to consider

whether to allow plaintiff an opportunity to amend the complaint. Pro se plaintiffs should be

given a reasonable opportunity to remedy defects in their pleadings. Reynoldson v. Shillinger,

907 F.2d 124, 126 (10th Cir. 1990). The opportunity to amend should be granted unless

amendment would be futile. Hall, 935 F.2d at 1109. An amendment is futile if the amended

claims would also be subject to immediate dismissal under the Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6) or §

1915(e)(2)(B) standards. Bradley v. Val-Mejias, 379 F.3d 892, 901 (10th Cir. 2004).

         B. Plaintiff’s Allegations are Barred by Res Judicata and Fail to State a Claim for
            Relief

         All three Defendants seek dismissal of Sweat’s claims based on res judicata. (Doc. 18,

22). The doctrine of res judicata encompasses two distinct barriers to repeat litigation: claim

preclusion and issue preclusion. See Baker by Thomas v. General Motors Corp., 522 U.S. 222,

233 n. 5 (1998). Claim preclusion bars a party from relitigating a claim or cause of action on

which final judgment has been rendered. See Restatement (Second) of Judgments § 24. A final


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judgment on the merits of an action precludes the parties or their privies from relitigating issues

that actually were or could have been raised in that action. Sil–Flo, Inc. v. SFHC, Inc., 917 F.2d

1507, 1520 (10th Cir. 1990).

        In contrast to claim preclusion, issue preclusion bars a party from relitigating an issue

once that party has suffered an adverse determination on the issue, even if the issue arises when

the party is pursuing or defending against a different claim. See Dodge v. Cotter Corp., 203 F.3d

1190, 1198 (10th Cir. 2000). “In general, issue preclusion applies when: (1) the issue previously

decided is identical with the one presented in the action in question, (2) the prior action has been

finally adjudicated on the merits, (3) the party against whom the doctrine is invoked was a party,

or in privity with a party, to the prior adjudication, and (4) the party against whom the doctrine is

raised had a full and fair opportunity to litigate the issue in the prior action.” Park Lake Res. Ltd.

Liab. v. U.S. Department Of Agriculture, 378 F.3d 1132, 1136 (10th Cir. 2004) (quoting Dodge,

203 F.3d at 1198); Murdock v. Ute Indian Tribe of Uintah and Ouray Reservation, 975 F.2d 683,

687 (10th Cir. 1992). “[W]hen an issue of ultimate fact has once been determined by a valid and

final judgment, that issue cannot again be litigated between the same parties in any future

lawsuit.” Ashe v. Swenson, 397 U.S. 436, 443 (1970).

        (i) Detective Mike Rickards:

        Claim II of the Complaint is directed exclusively against Defendant Rickards. Sweat

alleges that:

        “On August 9, 2013, Det. Mike Rickards did file a criminal complaint under
        penalty of perjury accusing Alree B. Sweat III of committing the crime of
        resisting, Evading or Obstruction of Justice in Dona Ana County, when Alree B.
        Sweat III was nowhere near Dona Ana County and was clearly residing in Luna
        County on August 8, 2013 during and after the call via telephone by Det. Mike
        Rickards.”




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(Doc. 1 at 10–11, Claim II). In Count VII, Sweat asserts that Detective Rickards committed the

crime of perjury by making a false statement under oath and the charge of Evading or

Obstruction of Justice was subsequently dismissed by a Nolle Prosequi issued by the State of

New Mexico. Sweat claims that this conduct violated Sweat’s constitutional rights and

constituted malicious prosecution under state law. (Doc. 1 at 20–21).

       Sweat contends that the statement by Rickards that the crime was committed in Dona

Ana County is a false statement under oath by a public officer and this false statement resulted in

an arrest without probable cause in violation of the Fourth Amendment and a denial of a fair trial

in violation of his due process rights.

       “On August 9, 2013 Det. Mike Rickards filed a criminal complaint under penalty
       of perjury. In the Complaint Statement of Facts in Support of Complaint line (7)
       Det. Mike Rickards clearly testifies he contacted Chris from Action Bail Bonds
       and obtained Mr. Sweat’s address in Deming, NM and Mr. Sweat’s phone
       number. Line (8). Det. Mike Rickards clearly testifies he contacted Mr. Sweat via
       telephone August 8, 2013 while Mr. Sweat was at his address at 1101 E. Maple
       St. in Deming, NM known as Luna County and not Dona Ana County.”

(Doc. 1 at 5, ¶ 3). Sweat’s allegations are without merit. At the time Sweat advised Rickards by

telephone that he would not comply with the search warrant, Rickards was in Dona Ana County

and the alleged crime of evading or obstructing occurred in Dona Ana County.

       Moreover, in case No. CV 14-00034, Plaintiff Sweat made the same claims of

unreasonable seizure based on an allegedly “bogus” warrant against Detective Rickards. The

Court concluded that probable cause for the arrest had been determined against Sweat when he

was bound over for trial in state court and that, absent a subsequent favorable termination of the

criminal proceedings on the merits, Sweat’s allegations did not state a claim for relief against

Detective Rickards. Although the criminal proceedings were ultimately dismissed, the dismissal

was based on Rickards’ failure to appear and testify, not on an adjudication of probable cause in



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favor of Sweat. (CV 14-00034 Doc. 19 at 3–4). Rickards has pled the defenses of claim

preclusion and failure to state a claim. (Doc. 18 at 6). The contentions by Sweat against

Detective Rickards have already been adjudicated adverse to Sweat and he may not relitigate

them again in this proceeding. Based on either claim preclusion or issue preclusion, Sweat’s

claims against Detective Rickards are barred. Sil–Flo, Inc., 917 F.2d at 1520; Ashe, 397 U.S. at

443.

       (ii) Deming Police Officer Zack Sigmon (incorrectly identified as “Z. Zigmon”):

       Sweat’s allegations against Deming Police Officer Sigmon are that, “on August 9, 2013

the Deming police department did arrest Alree B. Sweat II on Resisting, Evading or Obstruction

of Justice that Det. Mike Rickards filed in Dona Ana County . . . Deming Police Ofc. Z. Zigmon

did transport Alree B. Sweat II to Luna County Detention Center. (Doc. 1 at 14–15). In prior

litigation, Sweat raised the identical claims against “Deming Police Officer John Doe.” See

Sweat v. Judge Conrad Perea, et al., No. CV 14-00034 LH/LAM Doc. 19. The Court dismissed

the claims against “Deming Police Officer John Doe” with prejudice for failure to state a claim

for relief. (CV 14-00034 Doc. 19 at 3, 5).

       The claims and issues asserted against Deming Police Officer Sigmon are identical to the

claims presented against Deming Police Officer John Doe in the previous action. The prior

action has been finally adjudicated on the merits and a final judgment was entered. Sweat was

the Plaintiff in the prior adjudication, and Sweat had a full and fair opportunity to litigate the

issues in the prior action. Park Lake Res. Ltd. Liab., 378 F.3d at 1135–36. The claims against

Deming Police Officer Sigmon are similarly barred by claim or issue preclusion and fail to state

a claim for relief. Dodge, 203 F.3d at 1198; Sil–Flo, Inc., 917 F.2d at 1520; Ashe, 397 U.S. at

443. The Court will grant Defendant Sigmon’s Motion to Dismiss. The Court will also deny



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Defendant’s Sigmon’s Motion to Strike (Doc. 45) as moot in light of the Court’s dismissal of the

claims against him.

        (iii) Detective Jeff Ferguson:

        Sweat contends that Deming Police transported him “to the Deming police department to

wait for Det. Jeff Ferguson to arrive from Las Cruces to executed a search warrant that did not

contain the seal of the court, and the docket number of the case as directed by rule 1.004 NMRA

. . . Detective Ferguson executed a search warrant that was defective and not in compliance with

1.004 NMRA process.” (Doc. 1 at 14–15). Detective Ferguson raises claim preclusion and

failure to state a claim as defenses to this action. (Doc. 18 at 6).

        In CV 14-00034, Sweat asserted the same contention against “John Doe of LCPD.” See

CV 14-00034 Doc. 19). The Court dismissed the claims against “John Doe of LCPD”, holding

that “[n]o relief is available on these claims because, as stated in the complaint, each of these

actions was taken pursuant to a warrant issued by Defendant Judge Perea.” (CV 14-00034 Doc.

19 at 3). The only difference in the allegations in No. CV 14-00034 and this case are that

Plaintiff Sweat has now identified “John Doe of LCPD” as Detective Jeff Ferguson. The

adjudication of the claims and issues against “John Doe of LCPD” bar relitigation of those

claims against Detective Ferguson in this case. Park Lake Res. Ltd. Liab., 378 F.3d at 1135–36;

Dodge, 203 F.3d at 1198; Sil–Flo, Inc., 917 F.2d at 1520.

        (iv) John Doe (2):

        Last, for purposes of Count V, Sweat alleges:

        “Alree B. Sweat III was then dressed out by booking officer John Doe (2)
        In a room in the county jail and was asked to strip naked for a visual. John
        Doe (2) then escorted Alree B. Sweat III to get his bedding before placing
        Alree B. Sweat III into a housing unit. . .”

(Doc. 1 at 7).


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       “Booking Ofc. John Doe (2) did unlawfully conduct a strip search of Alree B.
       Sweat III totally naked before issuing the Luna County Detention Center
       uniform for detainees.”

(Doc. 1 at 16).

       Arrestees being booked into correctional facilities do have Fourth Amendment

constitutional rights to be free of unreasonable searches and seizures. However, not all strip

searches are unconstitutional. Foote v. Spiegel, 118 F.3d 1416, 1425 (10th Cir. 1997). A policy

or practice of strip searching all arrestees as part of the process of booking them into the general

population of a detention facility, even without reasonable suspicion to believe that they may be

concealing contraband, is constitutionally permissible. A practice impinging on an inmate's

constitutional rights will be upheld where it is “reasonably related to legitimate penological

interests.” Turner v. Safley, 482 U.S. 78, 89 (1987).

       The security concerns inherent in a situation where the arrestee will be placed in the

general prison population are obvious. Archuleta v. Wagner, 523 F.3d 1278, 1284 (10th Cir.

2008). Maintaining safety and order at detention centers is reasonably related to legitimate

penological interests and requires the expertise of correctional officials, who must have

substantial discretion to devise reasonable solutions to problems. Turner, 482 U.S. at 89.

Therefore, a strip search of an arrestee being booked into the correctional facility is

constitutionally permissible, at least where the strip search is no more intrusive than the one the

Supreme Court upheld in Bell v. Wolfish, 441 U.S. 520, 558 (1979). See Powell v. Barrett, 541

F.3d 1298 (11th Cir. 2008).

       The Supreme Court, in Bell v. Wolfish, upheld a rule requiring pretrial detainees in

federal correctional facilities “to expose their body cavities for visual inspection as a part of a

strip search conducted after every contact visit with a person from outside the institution[s],”


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deferring to the judgment of correctional officials that the inspections served not only to discover

but also to deter the smuggling of weapons, drugs, and other prohibited items. 441 U.S. at 558.

See also Block v. Rutherford, 468 U.S. 576, 586–587 (1984). “[C]orrectional officials must be

permitted to devise reasonable search policies to detect and deter the possession of contraband in

their facilities.” Florence v. Bd. of Chosen Freeholders of Cty. of Burlington, 566 U.S. 318, 328

(2012). See also Hudson v. Palmer, 468 U.S. 517, 522–523 (1984); Block, 486 U.S. at 584–585.

       The obvious security concerns inherent in a situation where the detainee will be placed in

the general prison population warrant searches of arrestees intermingled with general population

of a corrections facility. Archuleta, 523 F.3d at 1284. The rights of arrestees placed in custodial

housing with the general jail population are not violated by a policy or practice of strip searching

each one of them as part of the booking process, provided that the searches are no more intrusive

on privacy interests than those upheld in the Bell case, and the searches are not conducted in an

abusive manner. Bull v. City and County of San Francisco, 595 F.3d 964, 980–81 (9th Cir.

2010); Powell, 541 F. 3d at 1314.

       In this case, Sweat alleges no more than that, as part of the booking process, he was taken

to a room by one of the booking officers, John Doe (2), asked to take off his clothes and undergo

a visual inspection, and then given a facility uniform to put on before being placed in the general

facility population. Sweat does not allege that he was subjected to body cavity searches or that

the visual search was conducted in an unreasonably intrusive or abusive manner. Sweat’s

allegations against John Doe (2) do not state a Fourth Amendment claim for relief. Archuleta 523

F.3d at 1284; Bull, 595 F.3d at 980–88; Powell, 541 F.3d at 1314.

       (v) Sweat’s Remaining Double Jeopardy and State Law Clams:

       As set out, above, Sweat was granted a reasonable time to identify the individual that, in



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Count VI, he alleges subjected him to double jeopardy. The only individual he has identified is

Detective Rickards, who was not a prosecutor and could not have tried Sweat twice for the same

crime. Count VI does not state a claim for relief because Sweat has not identified any individual

that violated his constitutional rights by subjecting him to double jeopardy. Therefore, Count VI

will also be dismissed for failure to state a claim on which relief can be granted.

        Last, in his Complaint, Sweat claims the Defendants committed a long list of state law

violations, such as slander, fraud, kidnapping, and defamation, as well as constitutional

violations. (Doc. 1 at 9, ¶ 23). To the extent any state law claims were dismissed without

prejudice in his prior action and are not barred by the doctrine of res judicata, those claims are

also subject to dismissal under 28 U.S.C. § 1915 and Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). Sweat does not

make any separate factual allegations that would support any state claims. His mere conclusory

listing of those causes of action is not sufficient to state any claim for relief. Dunn, 880 F.2d at

1190.

        IT IS ORDERED that Plaintiff Sweat’s Motion to Amend Complaint (Doc. 20), Motion

for Default Judgment (Doc. 26), and Motion for Appointment of Counsel (Doc. 43) are

DENIED;

        IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Defendant Zack Sigmon’s Motion to Strike

Plaintiff’s Reply to Reply in Support of Defendant Sigmon’s Motion to Dismiss (Doc. 49) is

DENIED as moot; and

        LAST, IT IS ORDERED that the Motion to Dismiss under Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6) filed

by Defendant Zack Sigmon (Doc. 22) and Defendants Michael Rickards’ and Jeffrey Ferguson’s

defenses of failure to state a claim and claim preclusion (Doc. 18) are GRANTED and the 1983




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Prisoner Civil Rights Complaint filed by Plaintiff Alree B. Sweat III (“Complaint”) (Doc. 1) is

DISMISSED with prejudice.



                                                   ___________________________________
                                                   MARTHA VÁZQUEZ
                                                   UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE




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