                   United States Court of Appeals
                            FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
           __________

           No. 02-3530
           ___________

United States of America,             *
                                      *
           Appellee,                  *
                                      *
      v.                              *
                                      *
Juan C. Munoz, also known as Charlie, *
                                      *
           Appellant.                 *
           __________
                                             Appeals from the United States
           No. 02-3571                       District Court for the
           ___________                       Northern District of Iowa.

United States of America,             *
                                      *
           Appellee,                  *
                                      *
     v.                               *
                                      *
Humberto Munoz Rodriguez, also        *
known as Alexander Araiza, also known *
as Ramon Munoz, also known as Beto, *
                                      *
           Appellant.                 *
                                 ___________

                             Submitted: March 11, 2003

                                 Filed: April 3, 2003
                                  ___________
Before WOLLMAN, RICHARD S. ARNOLD, and MURPHY, Circuit Judges.
                         ___________

WOLLMAN, Circuit Judge.

        A jury convicted Juan Carlos Munoz (Munoz) and Humberto Munoz
Rodriguez (Rodriguez) of conspiring to distribute and to possess with intent to
distribute, within 1000 feet of a playground or schoolyard, 500 grams or more of a
mixture containing methamphetamine and a mixture containing cocaine, in violation
of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841 (a)(1), (b)(1)(A),(C), 860(a). The district court1 sentenced
Munoz to 240 months in prison and Rodriguez to 120 months in prison.

       Munoz and Rodriguez appeal, contending that the district court erred in
denying their motions for judgment of acquittal, or, in the alternative, for a new trial,
as the evidence presented was insufficient to support their convictions. Munoz also
argues that the district court erred in calculating the drug quantities involved.
Rodriguez argues that the district court erred by admitting the videotape of his post-
Miranda statement into evidence. We affirm.

                                  I. BACKGROUND

       “We state the facts in the light most favorable to the jury’s verdict.” United
States v. Washington, 318 F.3d 845, 850 (8th Cir. 2003). Police officers arrested
Larry Rederick while investigating drug trafficking in Iowa, Nebraska, and South
Dakota. Police obtained a search warrant for his storage unit in Sioux Falls, South
Dakota, from which they seized one half pound of methamphetamine. Shortly
thereafter, Rederick began to cooperate with police, providing them with a
description of his drug supplier, whom police later identified as Guillermo Jaramillo,


      1
      The Honorable Joseph Bataillon, United States District Judge for the District
of Nebraska sitting by designation.

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and the supplier’s cellular telephone number. Special Agent Hummel contacted
Jaramillo, who gave Agent Hummel the telephone number of a contact in South Sioux
City, Nebraska, later identified as Munoz.

       Investigators obtained a wiretap for Munoz’s phone to listen to calls that were
related to the investigation. After learning that Munoz had switched phones,
investigators obtained a wiretap for the second phone, which was registered to
Alexander Araiza, a pseudonym used by Rodriguez. Using surveillance, officers
identified both Munoz and Rodriguez speaking on both of the telephones. Officers
then monitored Munoz and Rodriguez in different locations, including their
temporary residence at 923 First Avenue, Trailer 27, South Sioux City, Nebraska,
which was less than three hundred feet from a children’s park.

      Investigators maintained the wiretap from December 2000 until January 2001.
During this time, police heard and recorded numerous conversations in which both
Munoz and Rodriguez discussed drug transactions. In one conversation between
Munoz and Jaramillo, Munoz stated that he was selling approximately five to six
pounds (2.26-2.72 kilograms) of methamphetamine and two kilograms of cocaine per
week. Coded conversations between Rodriguez and Salvador Martinez detailed
transactions in “soda” (cocaine) and “cd’s” (crank or methamphetamine). During one
such conversation, Rodriguez and Martinez arranged to meet at a bakery. Police
monitored the meeting and subsequently arrested Martinez, seizing from him a small
quantity of amphetamine. Officers also observed Munoz and Rodriguez meeting
with recognized drug suppliers, including Rosario Placensia and Jaramillo.

       Police officers intercepted several telephone calls between Munoz and
Rodriguez and Shaun Stevens indicating that Munoz and Rodriguez supplied Stevens
with cocaine and methamphetamine. On January 18, 2001, officers intercepted phone
calls that led them to believe that a delivery would be made to Stevens’s residence
that day. Officers began surveillance of Stevens’s apartment. Officers saw

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Rodriguez enter the apartment, followed shortly thereafter by Munoz. Police
executed a search warrant for the apartment. During the search, police seized cellular
telephones from Munoz and Rodriguez, which were the telephones that had been the
subjects of the wiretaps. Police also seized less than one pound of marijuana and two
eight-balls of cocaine. Munoz and Rodriguez were arrested.

       Outside of the apartment building, Agents Hansen and Boone informed
Rodriguez why they were there and that he was under arrest. They then read his
Miranda rights to him and asked if he would be willing to speak with them.
Rodriguez consented and was taken to the Sioux City Police Department, where he
was interviewed. During the interview, which was recorded, Rodriguez admitted to
having sold methamphetamine to Salvador Martinez three times and to purchasing
methamphetamine from Placensia. An edited version of the videotape was shown at
trial.

                     II. SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE

       Munoz and Rodriguez argue that the district court erred by denying their
respective motions for judgment of acquittal and for a new trial. In considering a
district court’s denial of a defendant’s motion for judgment of acquittal, we view “the
evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict and accept as established all
reasonable inferences supporting the verdict.” United States v. Barrios-Perez, 317
F.3d 777, 779 (8th Cir. 2003) (citing United States v. Harmon, 194 F.3d 890, 892 (8th
Cir. 1999) (citation omitted)). We will uphold the convictions unless “no reasonable
jury could have found the defendant[s] guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.” Id.
(quotations omitted).

      To convict Munoz and Rodriguez of conspiracy, the government was required
to prove beyond a reasonable doubt (1) that a conspiracy with an illegal purpose
existed, (2) that Munoz and Rodriguez knew of the conspiracy, and (3) that they

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knowingly joined and participated in the conspiracy. Washington, 318 F.3d at 852
(citing United States v. Ruiz-Estrada, 312 F.3d 398, 402 (8th Cir. 2002)). A
conspiracy may consist of a tacit or implicit understanding rather than an explicit or
express agreement. United States v. Crossland, 301 F.3d 907, 913 (8th Cir. 2002)
(citing United States v. Pintar, 630 F.2d 1270, 1275 (8th Cir. 1980)). Further, the
government was also required to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that Munoz and
Rodriguez were conspirators, Washington, 318 F.3d at 853 (citing United States v.
DeLuna, 763 F.2d 897, 924 (8th Cir. 1995)), and that they exhibited “some element
of cooperation beyond mere knowledge of the existence of the conspiracy,”
Crossland, 301 F.3d at 913 (citing United States v. Duckworth, 945 F.2d 1052, 1053
(8th Cir. 1991)).

       We agree with the district court that the evidence supported Munoz’s and
Rodriguez’s convictions. The government introduced extensive documentary
evidence at trial, including numerous tape-recorded phone calls in which Munoz and
Rodriguez arranged drug transactions. Testimony by Jaramillo, a co-conspirator, also
evidenced Munoz’s participation in the conspiracy. Although Jaramillo testified that
Rodriguez never distributed controlled substances for him, Rodriguez admitted
independently to having sold methamphetamine. Because the cumulative evidence
“point[s] in the direction of a concrete, interlocked interest beyond the consummation
of the individual buy-sell deals . . . , we will not disturb the conclusion reached by the
finder of fact that . . . the association” constituted a conspiracy. Washington, 318
F.3d at 852 (citing United States v. Clay, 37 F.3d 338, 341 (7th Cir. 1994)).
Accordingly, we conclude that the evidence amply supports the jury’s verdict.

       We review the district court’s denial of a motion for a new trial for abuse of
discretion. United States v. Zuazo, 243 F.3d 428, 431 (8th Cir. 2001); United States
v. Cunningham, 133 F.3d 1070, 1075 (8th Cir. 1998). Unlike its review of a motion
of acquittal, a district court, in deciding a motion for a new trial, “need not view the
evidence in a light most favorable to the government, but may instead weigh the

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evidence and evaluate the credibility of witnesses.” United States v. Brown, 956 F.2d
782, 786 (8th Cir. 1992) (citations omitted). The district court, thus, “should grant
a new trial ‘only if the evidence weighs heavily enough against the verdict that a
miscarriage of justice may have occurred.’” Id. (citing United States v. Lanier, 838
F.2d 281, 284-85 (8th Cir. 1988)). In light of the substantial evidence supporting the
verdicts, we conclude that the district court did not abuse its discretion in denying
Munoz and Rodriguez new trials.

                III. DETERMINATION OF DRUG QUANTITIES

       When sentencing a defendant who has been found guilty by a jury of drug
conspiracy in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841 and 846, the sentencing judge must
determine the kind and quantity of “‘controlled substances’ for which [the] defendant
should be held accountable.” Edwards v. United States, 523 U.S. 511, 513-14 (1998)
(citations omitted); United States v. Gallardo-Marquez, 253 F.3d 1121, 1124 (8th Cir.
2001) (citing United States v. Aguayo-Delgado, 220 F.3d 926, 932-33 (8th Cir. 2000)
(holding that, after Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466 (2000), a district court may
make the determination as to drug quantity unless the quantity found increases the
sentence beyond the statutory maximum)). The district court’s determination of drug
quantity is a factual finding, which we review for clear error. Id.; United States v.
Hiveley, 61 F.3d 1358, 1362 (8th Cir. 1995) (citing United States v. Sleet, 893 F.2d
947, 949 (8th Cir. 1990)).

      Munoz argues that the district court erred in determining the drug quantities
attributable to him. He contends that the evidence presented was not credible and
was insufficient to support the court’s finding that he conspired to distribute or to
possess with the intent to distribute 500 grams or more of methamphetamine. The
district court adopted the Presentence Report (PSR), which Munoz had challenged
only generally by a comprehensive assertion of innocence. Munoz did not object to
the specific factual statements contained within the PSR. We have held that “unless

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a defendant objects to specific factual allegations contained in the PSR, a district
court may accept the facts as true for purposes of sentencing.” United States v.
Young, 272 F.3d 1052, 1055 (8th Cir. 2001) (citing United States v. Moser, 168 F.3d
1130, 1132 (8th Cir. 1999) (citations omitted)). We need not determine whether
Munoz preserved this issue for appeal, however, as his argument fails in any event.
The jury found beyond a reasonable doubt that Munoz was responsible for 500 grams
or more of methamphetamine, and the district court did not err in adopting that
finding.

              IV. ADMISSION OF VIDEOTAPE INTO EVIDENCE

        Rodriguez argues that the district court wrongly admitted the videotape
recording of his post-Miranda statement into evidence. We review the district court’s
decision to admit evidence for abuse of discretion. United States v. Franks, 939 F.2d
600, 602 (8th Cir. 1991). In United States v. McMillan, 508 F.2d 101, 104 (8th Cir.
1974), we enumerated seven foundational requirements that must be satisfied for a
tape to be admitted into evidence. See also United States v. Calderin-Rodriguez, 244
F.3d 977, 986 (8th Cir. 2001). Notwithstanding that these requirements were
satisfied, Rodriguez contends that the tape should not have been admitted because it
was of poor quality. Because the quality of the recording did not call into question
its trustworthiness, and because the evidence indicates that the recording was audible
and intelligible, we conclude that the district court did not abuse its discretion in
admitting it into evidence. See United States v. Le, 272 F.3d 530, 532 (8th Cir. 2001)
(citing United States v. Martinez, 951 F.2d 887, 888 (8th Cir. 1991)).

      The judgment is affirmed.




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A true copy.

      Attest:

         CLERK, U.S. COURT OF APPEALS, EIGHTH CIRCUIT.




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