                                                              NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                            FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                                 ___________

                                      No. 11-1790
                                      ___________

                           UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

                                            v.

                                 KEBRUM TEKLU,
                                           Appellant
                              _______________________

                    On Appeal from the United States District Court
                       for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
                        D.C. Criminal No. 2-09-cr-00060-005
                            (Honorable Berle M. Schiller)
                                  ______________

                    Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
                                  November 16 2012

              Before: SCIRICA, FISHER, and JORDAN, Circuit Judges.

                                (Filed: February 7, 2013)

                                  _________________

                              OPINION OF THE COURT
                                 _________________

SCIRICA, Circuit Judge.

      Kebrum Teklu appeals his judgment of conviction and sentence arising from a

conspiracy to commit Hobbs Act robbery (18 U.S.C. § 1951(a)). Teklu contends the

government breached its plea agreement by failing to fulfill a purported oral promise.


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We will affirm.

                                            I.

      In October 2008, Teklu was indicted on seven counts arising from a string of

armed robberies in the Philadelphia region: one count of conspiracy to commit Hobbs

Act robbery (18 U.S.C. § 1951(a)) (Count 1); three counts of Hobbs Act robbery

(18 U.S.C. § 1951(a)) (Counts 4, 14, and 16); and three counts of carrying a firearm

during a violent crime (18 U.S.C. § 924(c)) (Counts 5, 15, and 17). Teklu was

unemployed when the robberies were committed, but had previously worked at Delancey

Street Bagels—one of the targeted businesses.

      Pursuant to a written plea agreement, Teklu pled guilty to all of the charges

against him except one gun charge—Count 17. In exchange for his guilty plea, the

government agreed to move to dismiss the remaining gun charge at Teklu’s sentencing if

he cooperated in the prosecution of his coconspirators. An integration clause limited the

terms of Teklu’s plea to those in the written agreement. The integration clause also

required that subsequent promises be embodied in a writing signed by both parties in

order to be considered part of Teklu’s plea agreement. At his change of plea hearing,

Teklu confirmed the terms of the written plea agreement.

      Teklu then testified against Devon Brinkley, one of his coconspirators. However,

during the Brinkley trial, the government misstated the terms of Teklu’s plea agreement.

Instead of explaining that it had promised to drop one gun charge (Count 17) in exchange

for Teklu’s testimony, the government incorrectly stated that it had promised to drop two

gun charges in exchange for Teklu’s testimony:

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       Q: And pursuant to th[e written plea] agreement is it true that at the time of
       sentencing the Government may decide to drop two of the gun charges that
       are currently pending against you?
       A: Yes.

By agreeing with the government’s misstatement, Teklu’s testimony at the Brinkley trial

contradicts his earlier acknowledgment that the government would drop only one gun

charge in exchange for his cooperation.

       Despite his testimony against Brinkley, the government did not move to dismiss

Count 17—let alone two gun charges—at Teklu’s sentencing. Teklu failed to object to

this apparent breach of the plea agreement. The district court imposed a sentence of 180

months’ imprisonment on Counts 1, 4, 5, 14, 15, and 16, but significantly did not impose

a sentence on Count 17.

                                             II.

       The district court had jurisdiction under 18 U.S.C. § 3231. We have jurisdiction

under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. Given Teklu’s failure to object at sentencing, we review for

plain error. United States v. Dahmen, 675 F.3d 244, 248 (3d Cir. 2012) (citing Puckett v.

United States, 556 U.S. 129, 135 (2009)), abrogating United States v. Rivera, 357 F.3d

290 (3d Cir. 2004).

       In order to prevail on plain error review, a defendant must show: (1) there was an

error or defect below (i.e., “some sort of ‘[d]eviation from a legal rule’”) that was not

“intentionally relinquished or abandoned”; (2) the error is “clear or obvious, rather than

subject to reasonable dispute”; and (3) the error “‘affected the outcome of the district

court proceedings.’” Puckett, 556 U.S. at 135 (alteration in original) (quoting United


                                              3
States v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725, 732-34 (1993)). If these three requirements are met, we

have discretion to remedy the error if it “‘seriously affect[s] the fairness, integrity or

public reputation of judicial proceedings.’” Id. (alteration in original) (quoting Olano,

507 U.S. at 736).

       With respect to the first step of the plain error analysis, we must determine

whether the government breached the plea agreement. Here, we look to contract-law

standards to determine whether the government’s conduct was inconsistent with the

defendant’s reasonable understanding of the agreement when he pled guilty. United

States v. Badaracco, 954 F.2d 928, 939 (3d Cir. 1992) (citing Santobello v. New York,

404 U.S. 257, 262 (1971)).

                                              III.

       On appeal, Teklu contends the government breached the plea agreement by failing

to drop two gun charges. 1 This contention rests on two assumptions. First, it assumes the

plea agreement is not limited to the terms of the written plea agreement, but includes the

government’s misstatement at the Brinkley trial. Second, it assumes this misstatement

constitutes a binding oral promise by the government to drop two gun charges in

exchange for Teklu’s testimony against Brinkley.

       The government argues that Teklu’s plea agreement is limited to the terms of the

written plea agreement executed prior to the Brinkley trial. In addition, the government

argues that its failure to move to dismiss Count 17 does not constitute a breach of the


1
  Nowhere does Teklu contend the government breached the plea agreement solely by
failing to move to dismiss Count 17.
                                               4
written plea agreement because the court did not impose a sentence on this count. 2 In

other words, Teklu received the benefit of the plea agreement.

                                            IV.

       Arguably, the government breached the terms of the written plea agreement by

failing to move to dismiss Count 17 at Teklu’s sentencing, but this does not constitute

plain error because it did not affect the outcome of the proceedings.

       Even if the government’s misstatement at the Brinkley trial could be interpreted as

a promise to drop two gun charges, Teklu could not reasonably have understood this

purported oral promise to be part of his plea agreement because it did not conform to the

integration clause in the written plea agreement (i.e., it was not embodied in a writing

signed by both parties). Thus, the government could not have breached the plea

agreement by failing to drop two gun charges. See United States v. Ramos, 971 F. Supp.

199, 208-09 (E.D. Pa. 1997) (concluding that a written plea agreement’s integration

clause precluded a theory of breach based on a broken oral promise); see also

Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 213 cmt. c (1981) (“Where the parties have adopted

a writing as a complete and exclusive statement of the terms of the agreement, even

consistent additional terms are superseded.”).

       The government acknowledges that Teklu cooperated in the prosecution of his

coconspirators. It does not explain why it failed to move to dismiss Count 17 at

sentencing. See Santobello, 404 U.S. at 262 (stating that when a prosecutor makes a


2
 The government does not explain why it failed to move to dismiss Count 17 at Teklu’s
sentencing.
                                             5
promise in a plea agreement, he must keep it); United States v. Miller, 565 F.2d 1273,

1274 (3d Cir. 1977) (“[T]he Government must adhere strictly to the terms of the bargains

it strikes with defendants.”). Nevertheless, this apparent breach does not constitute plain

error because it did not “affect[] the outcome of the district court proceedings” since no

sentence was imposed on Count 17. Puckett, 556 U.S. at 135 (citation omitted) (internal

quotation marks omitted). Consequently, there is no need to consider whether the error

“seriously affect[ed] the fairness, integrity or public reputation of judicial proceedings.”

Id. (citation omitted) (internal quotation marks omitted).

                                             V.

       For the foregoing reasons, we will affirm the judgment of conviction and sentence.




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