                                                               FILED
Pursuant to Ind.Appellate Rule 65(D), this
Memorandum Decision shall not be
regarded as precedent or cited before any                   Feb 14 2012, 9:23 am
court except for the purpose of
establishing the defense of res judicata,
                                                                    CLERK
collateral estoppel, or the law of the case.                      of the supreme court,
                                                                  court of appeals and
                                                                         tax court




ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT:                        ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE:

CYNTHIA PHILLIPS SMITH                         ROBERT J. HENKE
Lafayette, Indiana                             DCS Central Administration
                                               Indianapolis, Indiana

                                               CRAIG JONES
                                               DCS Tippecanoe County Office
                                               Lafayette, Indiana


                              IN THE
                    COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

IN RE THE TERMINATION OF THE                   )
PARENT-CHILD RELATIONSHIP OF:                  )
                                               )
B.T. (Minor Child)                             )
                                               )
       AND                                     )
                                               )
J. T. (Mother),                                )
                                               )
       Appellant-Respondent,                   )
                                               )
              vs.                              )     No. 79A02-1107-JT-665
                                               )
THE INDIANA DEPARTMENT OF                      )
CHILD SERVICES,                                )
                                               )
       Appellee-Petitioner.                    )
                    APPEAL FROM THE TIPPECANOE SUPERIOR COURT
                             The Honorable Loretta Rush, Judge
                          The Honorable Faith Graham, Magistrate
                               Cause No. 79D03-1104-JT-29


                                             February 14, 2012

                 MEMORANDUM DECISION – NOT FOR PUBLICATION

RILEY, Judge

                                       STATEMENT OF THE CASE

           Appellant-Respondent, J.T. (Mother), appeals the trial court’s termination of her

parental rights to her minor child, B.T.1

           We affirm.

                                                     ISSUES

           Mother raises three issues on appeal, which we consolidate and restate as the

following two issues:

           (1) Whether the State presented sufficient evidence to conclude that the conditions

               that led to B.T.’s removal from the home would not be remedied; and

           (2) Whether termination of Mother’s parental rights was in B.T.’s best interests.

                               FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

           Mother and Father have been married since February 14, 2008 and are the parents

of B.T., born January 31, 2010. Mother, Father, and B.T. were living with Mother’s


1
    Although the trial court also terminated Father’s parental rights to B.T., he is not a party to this appeal.

                                                         2
parents on May 20, 2010, when the Indiana Department of Child Services (DCS)

received a report that their residence was not clean. On May 21, 2010, DCS Family Case

Manager Paige Heath (FCM Heath) assessed the residence and found that it was below

minimum standards. She requested that the family clean it and gave them the weekend to

do so. On May 25, 2010, FCM Heath returned and found that the family had cleaned the

main living area of the home, the kitchen, and the dining area, but that Mother and

Father’s room still had many safety concerns for a young child, such as wires lying on the

floor and wobbly bookcases.

       That same week, on May 26, 2010, DCS became aware of a report of domestic

violence between the parents. The report stated that on May 24, 2010, Father had choked

Mother and thrown her to the ground in their residence. According to the report, Father

had left the residence after choking Mother and prior to the arrival of law enforcement,

but had commented before he left that he would shoot the next officer that stopped him.

As a result of this altercation, Mother spent the night in a domestic violence shelter. The

next night, she moved to Father’s parents’ house to live there with Father and B.T.

       On May 31, 2010, DCS received another report, indicating that Mother had

recanted her statement concerning the May 24 domestic violence. Mother’s revised story

was that an argument had occurred, but that there had not been any violence between her

and Father. Instead, she alleged that her sister had run into the bedroom during the

argument, choked Mother, and hit B.T.’s head on a dresser. Mother explained that she

had lied about the domestic violence out of anger towards Father. She also told law

                                            3
enforcement that B.T. had been acting listless and had not been sleeping well since

hitting her head on the dresser.     Law enforcement dispatched an ambulance to the

parents’ home and transferred B.T. to the emergency room, where doctors found her to be

alert and responsive, without any observable marks or injuries.

       On June 3, 2010, DCS investigators visited Mother and Father at Father’s parents’

apartment and found that the apartment was cluttered with many of the same items that

had cluttered their previous residence. During the visit, Mother responded to questions

about the May 24 domestic incident, as well as a previous incident in 2008 in which law

enforcement had been dispatched to Mother and Father’s residence in response to a

domestic violence complaint. Mother denied that there had been any domestic violence

in the 2008 incident and told DCS that the investigating officer had forced Mother, as

well as Father’s daughter from a previous marriage, to make false statements implicating

Father in domestic violence.

       After this investigation, DCS took custody of B.T. and filed a petition alleging that

B.T. was a child in need of services (CHINS). On July 27, 2010, the trial court held a

factfinding hearing on the petition and on July 29, 2010, the trial court found B.T. to be a

CHINS. On August 17, 2010, the trial court entered a parental participation decree, in

which it ordered Mother and Father to participate in parent/bonding assessments,

psychological assessments, home-based case management services, visitation, couples

counseling as recommended by a therapist, and anger management courses, among other

services.

                                             4
          Pursuant to the trial court’s Order, Mother and Father underwent psychological

evaluations. Doctors Theresa Slayton (Dr. Slayton) and Jeff Vanderwater-Piercy (Dr.

Vanderwater-Piercy) examined Father and concluded that he “present[ed] with a

psychotic disorder marked by delusional beliefs of a persecutory and somewhat grandiose

nature.      There also appear[ed] to be a history of recurring depression and

mania/hypomania. The clinical picture [was] further complicated by social anxiety, panic

attacks, attention-defecits, and hyperactivity.” (Petitioner’s Exh. 6). As a result of this

diagnosis, Doctors Slayton and Vanderwater-Piercy found that Father was a “very poor

candidate for any significant behavior change.” (Petitioner’s Exh. 6). Doctors Slayton

and Vanderwater-Piercy also examined Mother and found that she suffered from post-

traumatic stress resulting from abuse by her father in her childhood, as well as anxiety

and stress-related seizures. The Doctors recommended that Mother and Father engage in

marital therapy in order to improve their conflict resolution skills and to monitor for

domestic violence.

          As part of their court-ordered services, Mother and Father worked with Stacia

Schluttenhofer (Schluttenhofer), a home-based family specialist, who handled the

parents’ visitations with B.T. During their meetings with Schluttenhofer, Mother and

Father initially denied any allegations of domestic violence. However, on October 21,

2010, Mother and Father disclosed two years of domestic violence to Schluttenhofer and

admitted that they had been involved in a physical altercation earlier that day. Mother

and Father also disclosed that on October 10, 2010, Father had slapped Mother for

                                             5
spending time with someone in their apartment complex that he did not approve of.

Mother showed Schluttenhofer a picture of her cheek that she had allegedly taken on

October 10. Schluttenhofer noticed that in the picture Mother’s cheek was red. As a

result of this conversation, Schluttenhofer took Mother to a domestic violence shelter

after she returned B.T. to her foster placement that day.         Father also approached

Schluttenhofer and asked her what services were provided to male victims of domestic

violence, but Schluttenhofer did not have an answer for him and advised him to contact

law enforcement for resources.

       Schluttenhofer later learned that Mother left the domestic violence shelter within

two days in order to return to Father. Also, within one week of their disclosures to

Schluttenhofer, both Mother and Father recanted their stories. Schluttenhofer continued

to work with Mother, but Mother frequently cancelled her appointments or failed to show

up. Starting in December 2010, Mother ceased requesting any case management, and her

last session with Schluttenhofer was in January 2011. According to Schluttenhofer,

Mother still has unresolved issues with domestic violence.

       Case Manager Julie Williams initially provided case management services in

B.T.’s case and also discussed domestic violence concerns with Mother. When Father

was not present during one meeting, Mother disclosed that there had been domestic

violence in their household but that she “initially said it happened and then got scared and

retracted her statement, but that it did happen.” (Transcript p. 124). Later, when the

parents were together, they were both adamant that they had not been violent towards

                                             6
each other. Williams subsequently attempted to arrange anger management counseling

for Mother and Father. Mother completed the program, but Father refused to sign the

consent forms and never participated.

       Mother and Father also had several incidents with respect to their visitations with

B.T. According to Williams, “they were constantly late,” and Father completely missed

many case management sessions. As a result, the decision was made in August of 2010

to discharge Mother and Father from services.

       In August of 2010, DCS family case manager, Kristin Meadows (FCM Meadows),

became the case manager for B.T.’s case. She referred Mother to a domestic violence

program at a YWCA, but Mother failed to complete the program. Meadows also met

with Mother and Father and discussed domestic violence. Both parents denied that there

was any violence in their relationship and told Meadows that they did not even fight or

argue. Under Meadows’ direction, Father participated in one session of Non-Violent

Alternatives, a counseling program intended to address relationship conflict. However,

he failed to return.

       In her visitation reports, Meadows noted that she was concerned by Father’s

interactions with B.T. Namely, Father frequently played inappropriate music and did not

communicate or interact with B.T. in a way that was age-appropriate. He also let B.T.

play with items that were not toys and that could pose a safety risk for B.T. According to

Meadows, Father had an inability to remain focused on B.T. during an entire visit. In one

of her reports, Meadows wrote: “Every visit [Father] brings in several bags with a

                                            7
laptop, speakers, and other equipment that is not needed during the visit. He often sets

these devices up first before attending and visiting with [B.T.]. On almost every visit log

the concern is [Father] being distracted with his gadgets.” (Petitioner’s Exh. 3).

          On April 14, 2011, DCS filed a petition to terminate their parental rights to B.T.,

alleging that there was a reasonable probability that the conditions that led to B.T.’s

removal would not be remedied. On May 26, 2011, the trial court held a hearing on the

petition and on June 21, 2011, the trial court terminated Mother and Father’s parental

rights.

          Mother now appeals. Additional facts will be provided as necessary.

                               DISCUSSION AND DECISION

          On appeal, Mother argues that the evidence was insufficient to support the

termination of her parental rights to her minor child, B.T., because DCS did not prove

that the conditions that led to B.T.’s removal from the home would not be remedied. In

support of this contention, she argues that she had remedied many of the conditions that

had concerned DCS when it filed its CHINS petition—she lived in a clean home, had

full-time employment, and had completed therapy.           In addition, she argues that the

services DCS provided failed to address her special needs because even though DCS

knew she had below average intellectual functioning and that she and Father had issues

with domestic violence, DCS never provided any services to help her with either issue.

Mother asserts that she could have remedied the conditions that led to B.T.’s removal if

she had received the proper treatment.

                                               8
       We recognize that the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

protects the traditional right of parents to establish a home and raise their children. In re

J.S.O., 938 N.E.2d 271, 274 (Ind. Ct. App. 2010). A parent’s interest in the care,

custody, and control of his or her children is arguably one of the oldest of our

fundamental liberty interests. Id. However, the trial court must subordinate the interests

of the parents to those of the children when evaluating the circumstances surrounding a

termination of a parent-child relationship. In re J.H., 911 N.E.2d 69, 73 (Ind. Ct. App.

2009), trans. denied. Parental rights may therefore be terminated when the parents are

unable or unwilling to meet their parental responsibilities. Id.

       In reviewing termination proceedings on appeal, this court must not reweigh the

evidence nor assess the credibility of the witnesses. Id. We consider only the evidence

that supports the trial court’s decision and the reasonable inferences drawn therefrom. Id.

Where, as here, the trial court has entered findings of fact and conclusions of law, we

apply a two-tiered standard of review. Id. First, we determine whether the evidence

supports the findings, and second, whether the findings support the conclusions of law.

Id. In deference to the trial court’s position to assess the evidence, we set aside the trial

court’s findings and judgment terminating the parent-child relationship only if they are

clearly erroneous. Id.

       In order to terminate Mother’s parental rights, DCS was required to prove by clear

and convincing evidence:

              (B) that one of the following [was] true:

                                             9
                     (i) There [was] a reasonable probability that the conditions
                     that resulted in the child’s removal or the reasons for
                     placement outside the home of the parents [would] not be
                     remedied.
                     (ii) There [was] a reasonable probability that the continuation
                     of the parent-child relationship [posed] a threat to the well-
                     being of the child.
                     (iii) The child [had], on two (2) separate occasions, been
                     adjudicated [] in need of services[.]
              (C) that termination [was] in the best interests of the child.

Ind. Code § 31-35-2-4(b)(2)(B), -(C); Bester v. Lake Cnty. Office of Family and

Children,839 N.E.2d 143, 148 (Ind. 2005). Clear and convincing evidence as a standard

of proof requires the existence of a fact to “be highly probable.” Hardy v. Hardy, 910

N.E.2d 851, 859 (Ind. Ct. App. 2009). It need not reveal that “the continued custody of

the parent[] is wholly inadequate for the child’s very survival.” Bester, 839 N.E.2d at

148 (quoting Egly v. Blackford Cnty. Dep’t of Pub. Welfare, 592 N.E.2d 1232, 1233 (Ind.

1992)).   Rather, it is sufficient to show that the child’s emotional and physical

development are threatened by the parent’s custody. Id.

                                 I. Remedy of Conditions

       Based on our review of the record, we cannot agree with Mother that there was

insufficient evidence that the conditions that led to B.T.’s removal would not be

remedied. When determining whether there is a reasonable probability that a parent will

not remedy the conditions justifying a child’s removal from the home, the trial court must

judge a parent’s fitness to care for his or her child at the time of the termination hearing.

Rowlett v. Vanderburgh Cnty. Office of Family and Children, 841 N.E.2d 615, 621 (Ind.

Ct. App. 2006). The trial court must evaluate the parent’s habitual patterns of conduct to
                                           10
determine whether there is a substantial probability of future neglect or deprivation of the

child. C.T. v. Marion Cnty. Dept. of Child Services, 896 N.E.2d 571, 578 (Ind. Ct. App.

2008), trans. denied. DCS is not required to rule out all possibilities of change; rather, it

need only establish “that there is a reasonable probability that the parent’s behavior will

not change.” Id. (quoting In re Kay L., 867 N.E.2d 236, 242 (Ind. Ct. App. 2007)).

       Here, the trial court found that:

       16. Multiple services were provided to the parents over several months to
       address these instability, domestic violence, and mental health concerns.
       The services were modified to meet the special needs of the parents.
       Father’s progress in services was minimal at best. Father required
       significant intervention and constant redirection during services and
       visitations. Mother displayed a greater ability to participate and make
       progress in services. However, Mother’s participation in case management
       waned over the last three (3) months and her case management was
       ultimately discontinued to an “as-requested” basis due to lack of
       attendance. Mother has missed several visitations and/or case management
       sessions since September 2010. Although some minimal progress was
       made regarding financial and housing stability, the domestic violence and
       mental health concerns remain unresolved.

       *      *      *

       18. Mother remains unable or unwilling to address the safety risks posed by
       Father. Father’s lack of parenting skills requires Mother to assume most of
       the parenting responsibilities. During joint visits, Mother often encourages
       Father’s negative behaviors and appears to agree with his choices. Father
       often ignores or refuses Mother’s requests. Although Mother has basic
       parenting skills and made some progress in managing her anxiety, she made
       no meaningful progress regarding her domestic violence relationship with
       Father. Mother’s therapist, case manager, and other service providers
       discussed with Mother the ramifications of remaining in a violent
       relationship with Father, especially given his mental health issues. Mother
       was introduced to services to assist single parents with financial concerns in
       separating from an abusive relationship. However, Mother never followed
       through with those services and chose to remain in the relationship. The
       parents have a dysfunctional relationship involving recurring domestic
                                             11
       violence. The parents have been unable or unwilling to successfully
       address their relationship issues in order to provide a plan to safely care for
       the child.

(Appellant’s App. p. 12). Mother does not dispute these findings, other than to argue that

the record is “replete with generalizations and not specific facts.” (Appellant’s Br. p. 9).

We disagree and note that the record includes extensive reports regarding Mother’s

visitations, as well as psychological evaluations. Each of these documents contains

precise facts supporting the trial court’s findings. As Mother has not been more specific

in her argument, we cannot address it in more detail, and we find that there was sufficient

evidence to support the trial court’s findings. In addition, we conclude that the trial

court’s determination that Mother and Father had not provided a plan to safely care for

their child or address their issues with domestic violence in turn sufficiently supports the

trial court’s legal conclusion that there was a reasonable probability that the conditions

that led to B.T.’s removal would not be remedied.

       In response to Mother’s second argument—that she was not provided with

sufficient services—we note that “the provision of family services is not a requisite

element of our parental rights termination statute. A failure to provide services, or the

provision of services in an allegedly discriminatory manner, does not serve as a basis on

which to directly attack a termination order as contrary to law.” In re E.E., 736 N.E.2d

791, 796 (Ind. Ct. App. 2000). As DCS was not required to provide services to Mother at

all, we conclude that Mother’s argument that she did not receive enough services does

not have merit. Moreover, multiple service providers discussed the ramifications of

                                             12
domestic violence with Mother. On two different occasions Mother spent the night at a

domestic violence shelter only to return to Father within one or two days. Also, the trial

court ordered Mother to complete a domestic violence education program at a YWCA,

which she did not do. Based on Mother’s lack of progress in confronting her issues with

domestic violence, we conclude that the trial court did not err in finding that there was a

reasonable probability that the conditions that led to B.T.’s removal would not be

remedied.2

                                   II. Best Interests of the Child

        Next, Mother argues that it was not in B.T.’s best interests for the trial court to

terminate Mother’s parental rights because she is clearly bonded with B.T. and loves her

very much. In addition, Mother notes that she attended all of B.T.’s medical and dental

appointments, participated in regular visitation with B.T., and had very positive

interactions and visitations with B.T.

        In determining what is in the best interests of a child, the trial court is required to

look beyond the factors identified by DCS to the totality of the evidence. In re T.F., 743

N.E.2d 766, 776 (Ind. Ct. App. 2001). In doing so, the trial court must subordinate the

interests of the parents to those of the child involved. Id. In analyzing a child’s best

interests, we recognize that permanency is a central consideration. In re G.Y., 904


2
  The State was only required to prove that the conditions that led to B.T.’s removal would not be
remedied or that Mother was a threat to B.T.’s well-being. See Ind. Code § 31-35-2-4(b)(2)(B). As we
have already addressed the issue of whether the conditions that led to B.T.’s removal will be remedied,
we will not address the issue of whether Mother was a threat to B.T.’s well-being.

                                                   13
N.E.2d 1257, 1265 (Ind. 2009). The trial court need not wait until a child is irreversibly

influenced such that their physical, mental, and social growth is permanently impaired

before terminating the parent-child relationship. In re T.F., 743 N.E.2d at 776.

       We acknowledge that there is evidence in the record that Mother had very positive

visitations with B.T. and was very bonded to B.T. However, we note that in spite of

Mother’s positive visitations and love for B.T., she has been unable to provide a safe

environment for B.T. as she has not addressed the domestic violence between herself and

Father. Accordingly, we find that the trial court did not err in concluding that termination

of Mother’s parental rights was in B.T.’s best interests.

                                      CONCLUSION

       Based on the foregoing, we conclude that (1) the DCS provided sufficient

evidence that the conditions that led to B.T.’s removal from the home would not be

remedied; and (2) the trial court did not err in concluding that termination of Mother’s

parental rights to B.T., was in the minor child’s best interests.

       Affirmed.

FRIEDLANDER, J. and MATHIAS, J. concur




                                              14
