                                                                              FILED
                            NOT FOR PUBLICATION
                                                                               MAY 8 2020
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                         MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                            U.S. COURT OF APPEALS


                            FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT


PRAEPITCHA SMATSORABUDH,                         No. 19-70238

              Petitioner,                        Agency No. A208-843-988

 v.
                                                 MEMORANDUM*
WILLIAM P. BARR, Attorney General,

              Respondent.


                     On Petition for Review of an Order of the
                         Board of Immigration Appeals

                       Argued and Submitted April 14, 2020
                            San Francisco, California

Before: PAEZ and CLIFTON, Circuit Judges, and HARPOOL,** District Judge.

      Praepitcha Smatsorabudh, a native and citizen of Thailand, petitions for

review of the decision of the Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) dismissing

her appeal of the Immigration Judge’s (“IJ”) decision denying her application for

withholding of removal and protection under the Convention Against Torture

      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
      **
            The Honorable M. Douglas Harpool, United States District Judge for
the Western District of Missouri, sitting by designation.
(“CAT”). Smatsorabudh argues that the BIA failed to apply the correct standards in

concluding that her conviction for wire fraud under 18 U.S.C. § 1343 was a

particularly serious crime making her ineligible for withholding of removal. She

also argues that substantial evidence does not support the BIA’s denial of

protection under CAT and that the agency failed to review all of the relevant

evidence. We disagree with each claim and accordingly deny the petition for

review.

      The protection of withholding of removal is not granted to aliens who have

been convicted of particularly serious crimes. 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3)(B)(ii). “[A]

crime is particularly serious if the nature of the conviction, the underlying facts and

circumstances and the sentence imposed justify the presumption that the convicted

immigrant is a danger to the community.” Delgado v. Holder, 648 F.3d 1095, 1107

(9th Cir. 2011). While particularly serious crimes often involve physical harm to

another person, this is not always the case, and this court has previously upheld a

BIA decision which concluded that mail fraud was a particularly serious crime. See

Arbid v. Holder, 700 F.3d 379 (9th Cir. 2012).

      Here, the BIA provided a reasoned explanation of its conclusion that

Smatsorabudh’s fraud offense constituted a particularly serious crime. The BIA

noted that Smatsorabudh had “devised and engaged in a sophisticated fraudulent


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scheme for over a year; it required importation of counterfeit goods in at least 32

separate shipments; [she] traveled to 12 different states to avoid detection; the loss

to the department store victims was over $403,000.00; [she] was ordered to pay

restitution in the same amount of the victims' losses; and she was sentenced to 30

months' imprisonment.” This case-specific analysis, along with the incorporated

reasoning of the IJ, provides sufficient information to infer that the BIA concluded

that Smatsorabudh was a danger to the community. Thus, the BIA did not abuse its

discretion in concluding that Smatsorabudh was guilty of a particularly serious

crime and ineligible for withholding of removal.

      The BIA also did not err in denying Smatsorabudh’s application for

protection under CAT. “A petitioner seeking CAT relief must show

that it is more likely than not that [s]he will be tortured upon removal, and that the

torture will be inflicted at the instigation of, or with the consent or acquiescence of,

the government.” Arteaga v. Mukasey, 511 F.3d 940, 948 (9th Cir. 2007).

Smatsorabudh has not demonstrated that she would be tortured either by a

government actor or with the tacit consent of the Thai government. Instead, the

record demonstrates that she has not seen her ex-boyfriend, whom she fears may

torture her, since 2010, and that she has voluntarily returned to Thailand on two

occasions since moving to the United States without incident of torture.


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Additionally, while the record demonstrates prior police apathy to her reports of

abuse and stalking, these incidents do not establish that the police would breach

their legal obligation to prevent torture in the future. See 8 C.F.R. § 208.18(a)(7).

      Finally, the BIA did not err in concluding that the IJ adequately considered

all evidence in making the CAT determination. When making such a

determination, the IJ must consider “all evidence relevant to the possibility of

future torture.” 8 C.F.R. § 208.16(c)(3). There is no indication that the IJ failed to

consider all of the evidence. Therefore, the IJ’s general statement that she had

considered all relevant evidence was sufficient. See Cole v. Holder, 659 F.3d 762,

771–72 (9th Cir. 2011).

      PETITION DENIED.




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                                                                          FILED
Smatsorabudh v. Barr, 19-70238                                             MAY 8 2020
                                                                       MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
PAEZ, Circuit Judge, concurring in part and dissenting in part:         U.S. COURT OF APPEALS



      Although I agree with the majority’s denial of the claim for CAT relief, I

disagree that the agency considered all relevant factors when it concluded that

Smatsorabudh was ineligible for withholding of removal based on the particularly

serious crime bar. 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3)(B)(ii). On that basis, I respectfully

dissent.

      Our case law has created some confusion in the determination of whether a

conviction qualifies as a particular serious crime under § 1231(b)(3)(B)(ii). On

one hand, we have upheld the agency’s interpretation that it need not make a

“separate determination of dangerousness focusing on the likelihood of future

serious misconduct” by the applicant. Gomez-Sanchez v. Sessions, 892 F.3d 985,

991 (9th Cir. 2018) (quoting Ramirez–Ramos v. I.N.S., 814 F.2d 1394, 1397 (9th

Cir. 1987)). And yet, we have also held that a crime is particularly serious “if the

nature of the conviction, the underlying facts and circumstances[,] and the sentence

imposed justify the presumption that the convicted immigrant is a danger to the

community.” Id. (quoting Alphonsus v. Holder, 705 F.3d 1031, 1041 (9th Cir.

2013)) (emphasis and alteration in original). Properly construed, our caselaw

requires the agency consider dangerousness, “as the sine qua non of a particularly

serious crime,” Alphonsus, 705 F.3d at 1039, even if it need not make a separate

                                          1
finding as to future dangerousness, Ramirez–Ramos, 814 F.2d at 1397. See also

Matter of Carballe, 19 I. & N. Dec. 357, 360 (BIA 1986) (“The phrase ‘danger to

the community’ is an aid to defining a ‘particularly serious crime,’ not a mandate

that administrative agencies or the courts determine whether an alien will become a

recidivist.”).

       As our cases also reveal, we look for the agency’s explicit consideration of

dangerousness. In Arbid v. Holder, cited by the majority and agency here, the IJ

specifically determined that, based on the nature and circumstances of the

petitioner’s conviction for wire fraud, the petitioner “certainly would be a danger

to the community.” 700 F.3d 379, 385 (9th Cir. 2012). Likewise, in Anaya-Ortiz

v. Holder, the IJ carefully explained why the petitioner’s conviction for “driving

under the influence of alcohol and personally inflicting great bodily injury”

constituted a danger. 594 F.3d 673, 679–80 (9th Cir. 2010). And when the agency

has not clearly considered an applicant’s danger to the community, we have

vacated the agency’s decision. See Alphonsus, 705 F.3d at 1043–47 (remanding

where agency considered only whether the applicant’s conviction for resisting

arrest was a “crime against the orderly pursuit of justice”). Here, as the majority

acknowledges, neither the BIA nor the IJ expressly considered Smatsorabudh’s

dangerousness. In fact, neither decision even mentions the word “danger.”




                                          2
      The need for clear consideration of danger is particularly important here.

Smatsorabudh’s conviction for wire fraud is not one that either we or the agency

have construed as “inherently dangerous.” Cf. Avendano-Hernandez v. Lynch, 800

F.3d 1072, 1078 (9th Cir. 2015) (upholding agency’s determination that conviction

for driving under the influence and causing bodily injury was an “inherently

dangerous activity”); Gomez-Sanchez, 892 F.3d at 989 (assault with a deadly

weapon “inherently dangerous”). Nor was Smatsorabudh’s conviction for a “crime

against persons,” which “are more likely to be categorized as ‘particularly serious

crimes.’” Konou v. Holder, 750 F.3d 1120, 1127 (9th Cir. 2014) (citation omitted).

Thus, there is no reason here to demand less than a clear explanation from the

agency as to why the nature and circumstances of Smatsorabudh’s conviction

“justify the presumption that [she] is a danger to the community.” Gomez-

Sanchez, 892 F.3d at 991.

      It is not our decision to make in the first instance whether Smatsorabudh’s

involvement in a fraudulent handbag scheme makes her a danger to the

community—it is the agency’s. Unconvinced that the agency considered that

question, I would vacate and remand for further proceedings.




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