   Case: 15-10212   Document: 00513392403    Page: 1   Date Filed: 02/23/2016




         IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                  FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT
                                                                United States Court of Appeals
                                                                         Fifth Circuit

                                                                       FILED
                              No. 15-10212                      February 23, 2016
                                                                  Lyle W. Cayce
DONALD CUBA,                                                           Clerk

                                       Plaintiff–Appellee,
versus
JULIA PYLANT, DONALD PYLANT, AND LESLIE PYLANT,
                                       Defendants–Appellants.

                             * * * * * * *


                              No. 15-10213


JULIA PYLANT,
                                       Plaintiff–Appellant,
versus
DONALD CUBA,
                                       Defendant–Appellee.




              Appeals from the United States District Court
                   for the Northern District of Texas
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                                      No. 15-10212
                                      No. 15-10213

Before SMITH, WIENER, and GRAVES, Circuit Judges.
JERRY E. SMITH, Circuit Judge:

       These consolidated appeals stem from two parallel suits between Donald
Cuba, an individual accused (but later acquitted) of rape, and Julia Pylant
(“Julia”), his purported victim. In No. 15-10212, Cuba sued Julia and her par-
ents Donald and Leslie Pylant (collectively “the Pylants”) for malicious prose-
cution, defamation, and tortious interference with contractual relations. In
No. 15-10213, Julia sued Cuba for assault and battery and intentional inflic-
tion of emotional distress (“IIED”), and Cuba counterclaimed with causes of
action substantially identical to those in his suit. In both suits, the Pylants
moved to dismiss Cuba’s claims under the Texas Citizens’ Participation Act
(“TCPA”) (Texas’s anti-SLAPP 1 statute).

       The district court failed to issue a ruling on the dismissal motions within
the TCPA’s time limits. In its eventual rulings on the dismissal motions in
both cases, the court concluded that because it had not ruled by the deadline,
the motions had already been denied by operation of law, as specified by the
statute. It therefore denied the motions as moot. The Pylants took an inter-
locutory appeal in both cases. We vacate and remand.

                                             I.
       Julia Pylant and Donald Cuba were students at Southern Methodist
University (“SMU”). On February 13, 2012, Julia told SMU authorities that
Cuba had sexually assaulted her a few days earlier. An SMU disciplinary
board held a hearing on March 27 and two days later found that Cuba was


       1  “SLAPP” is the commonly used acronym for a strategic lawsuit against public
participation—abuse of defamation and similar causes of action to chill the defendant’s par-
ticipation in public controversies.
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“responsible” for violating university prohibitions on irresponsible conduct,
sexual misconduct, and sexual assault. But after Cuba appealed to the univer-
sity’s disciplinary body, the charges were dismissed on the grounds that there
were prejudicial procedural irregularities and that the evidence in the initial
hearing was not sufficient to support the findings.

        In response to the dismissal, Julia’s parents wrote to SMU President
Gerald Turner on August 7, asking him to reverse the disciplinary board’s dis-
missal and send the matter back for further consideration; Turner agreed to
that request and notified the Pylants on August 17 that he was reinstating the
disciplinary charges and submitting them for further consideration. At about
that time, Cuba was informed that there would be a new round of hearings.

        Julia testified before a state grand jury on September 4. The grand jury
issued an indictment two days later charging Cuba with rape. Cuba took a
medical leave of absence from SMU on September 17, putting the university
disciplinary processes on hold. He was acquitted in a state-court trial in May
2013.

        On September 12, 2013, Cuba sued the Pylants. His amended complaint
of December 8, the operative pleading in these appeals, asserted claims for
malicious prosecution, defamation, and tortious interference with contract,
stemming from statements made by the Pylants to SMU and the prosecuting
authorities. SMU held another disciplinary hearing on September 18 at which
Cuba was found “not responsible” for the disciplinary violations.

        In January 2014, Julia sued Cuba for assault and battery and IIED;
Cuba asserted counterclaims identical to those in his own suit—malicious




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prosecution, defamation, and tortious interference—as well as IIED. 2

       In both cases, the Pylants moved to dismiss Cuba’s claims and counter-
claims on various grounds, including Rule 12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil
Procedure and, as relevant in this appeal, the TCPA. The elder Pylants filed
their initial TCPA motions in Cuba’s suit on October 8, 2013; Julia filed her
initial TCPA motion on November 18.                  On November 20, counsel for the
Pylants filed a letter with the court, asking it to take the TCPA’s scheduling
rules into consideration.          That letter outlined the relevant deadlines and
requested a timely hearing and decision. 3 Cuba filed an amended pleading, so
the Pylants filed a new round of TCPA motions on December 30. In the
Pylants’ suit, Julia filed her TCPA motion on March 7, 2014.

       The district court did not schedule a hearing or rule on the TCPA motions
within the state statutory deadlines. But when it did eventually rule—on
March 6, 2015—it held that the motions were moot because they had already
been denied by operation of law. 4 The court reasoned that, to the extent it was
permitting the motion to be brought under the TCPA at all, it was also bound


       2   The IIED claim is not at issue in these appeals.
       3  As explained in greater detail below, the TCPA sets out an accelerated timetable for
consideration of motions to dismiss. A court must quickly set a hearing on the motion (a
maximum of 90 days after the motion is filed, unless the court allows discovery on the
motion—which it did not do here), see TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 27.004 (West
2013), and render a decision on the motion within 30 days of that hearing, see id. § 27.005.
If it fails to do so, the motion is deemed denied by operation of law, and the moving party
may appeal. Id. § 27.008(a).
       4 The district court did not specify the date on which it believed the motions had
become moot. It did say, however, that the ruling had not been issued within 30 days of a
hearing scheduled on the last possible day—in other words, 120 days after the motions were
filed. The 120-day number comes from adding the 90-day deadline for setting a hearing after
the motion is filed and served (the longest deadline for setting a hearing—120 days—would
not apply because there was no TCPA discovery permitted) and the 30-day deadline for decid-
ing the motion after the hearing. Although the TCPA motions were filed on different days in
the parallel cases, the difference in the dates is not material.
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by the TCPA’s timing requirement. Because it had not scheduled a hearing or
ruled on the motion―and under Texas caselaw the court has no discretion to
extend the deadline―it held that it was bound to reject the motions as moot
because the state procedural deadlines had run. 5

                                              II.
       As a general matter, this court has jurisdiction over an interlocutory
appeal from an order denying a TCPA motion to dismiss. NCDR, L.L.C. v.
Mauze & Bagby, P.L.L.C., 745 F.3d 742, 748 (5th Cir. 2014). Cuba urges, how-
ever, that we lack jurisdiction over these appeals because the Pylants did not
timely appeal. Cuba reasons that the 30-day clock to file a notice of appeal
under Rule 4 of the Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure started to run when
the TCPA motions to dismiss were denied by operation of law under the state
statute: 120 days after they were filed. Thus, by Cuba’s account, these appeals
became time-barred 150 days after the TCPA motions were filed—meaning
that the appeals has been untimely since the summer of 2014.

       The Pylants contend, to the contrary, that NCDR stands for the propo-
sition that the TCPA’s scheduling rules are not binding in federal court.
Therefore, the Pylants claim, their appeals are timely because the TCPA
motion was not denied until the district court formally rejected it and they
timely filed a notice of appeal thereafter. In the alternative, the Pylants aver
that because the court never held a hearing on the TCPA motion, the 30-day



       5Specifically, the court, in a twenty-four-page order, granted in part, denied in part,
and found moot in part the motion to dismiss. It granted the motion to the extent that it
sought dismissal of the defamation claims based on Julia’s March 2012 reports as barred by
the one-year statute of limitations and her grand jury and trial testimony as absolutely privi-
leged. The court found the motion to dismiss moot the extent it relied on the TCPA. It other-
wise denied the motion.
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countdown for a decision never began.

       To decide whether the appeals are timely, we first review the TCPA
framework, which we assume—without deciding—controls as state substan-
tive law in these diversity suits. 6 Second, we review the parties’ positions. We
ultimately agree with the Pylants’ alternative argument, viz., that, under the
TCPA framework, the 30-day deadline before a motion is deemed denied by
operation of law runs only from the date of the hearing on the motion. But,
because no such hearing was held in these cases, the TCPA motion was not
denied by operation of law. The operative date from which the 30-day clock
under Rule 4 ran was March 6, 2015, the date of the order denying the motion,
so the appeals are timely.

                                              A.
       “The purpose of the TCPA is ‘to encourage and safeguard the constitu-
tional rights of persons to petition, speak freely, associate freely, and otherwise
participate in government to the maximum extent permitted by law and, at the
same time, protect the rights of a person to file meritorious lawsuits for demon-
strable injury.’” NCDR, 745 F.3d at 746 (quoting TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE



       6 This court held, under the materially similar Louisiana anti-SLAPP statute, that a
federal-court defendant may bring a motion to dismiss. See Henry v. Lake Charles Am. Press,
L.L.C., 566 F.3d 164, 169 (5th Cir. 2009). The Henry court reasoned that even though the
Louisiana anti-SLAPP statute was built around a procedural device—a special motion to
dismiss—it nonetheless applied in federal court under the Erie doctrine because it was func-
tionally substantive. Id. But Henry does not resolve an important subsidiary question that
these appeals raise but that the parties fail to address: whether, under the Erie doctrine, the
array of state procedural rules surrounding anti-SLAPP motions to dismiss (viz. discovery
stays, accelerated timetables for decision, and the like) follow the core anti-SLAPP motion to
dismiss into federal court. Neither party contends that this matter should be resolved on
Erie grounds by ruling that the Texas-law timing deadlines are state procedural law inap-
plicable in federal court. Therefore, we assume, without deciding, that the state procedural
rules—including the deadline for issuing a decision before it is denied by operation of law—
do in fact apply in federal court.
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ANN. § 27.002 (West 2013)). “To achieve this, the TCPA provides a means for
a defendant, early in the lawsuit, to seek dismissal of certain claims in the
lawsuit. If a legal action is based on, relates to, or is in response to a party's
exercise of the right of free speech, right to petition, or right of association, that
party may file a motion to dismiss the legal action.” Id. (citations omitted).

       The TCPA fleshes out this dismissal mechanism in a variety of ways. It
provides that the filing of a TCPA dismissal motion stops discovery in the
action until the court has ruled, save for limited discovery relevant to the
motion. TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. §§ 27.003(c), 27.006(b) (West 2011).
The statute further provides for an accelerated timetable for resolving the
asserted TCPA defense: The court must set a hearing on the motion within
60 days of service (90 or 120 days in certain exceptional cases involving crowd-
ed dockets, good cause, or TCPA-related discovery), id. § 27.004, and the court
must rule on the motion within 30 days after the hearing, id. § 27.005. If it
fails to do that, the motion is deemed denied by operation of law, and the defen-
dant may appeal. Id. § 27.008(a). Courts have no discretion to extend the time
to issue a decision—an out-of-time ruling is a legal nullity. 7

       Applying these rules as it understood them, the district court held that
the motion had been denied by operation of law 120 days after it was filed, so
any ruling on the motion was a nullity. If the court was correct, these appeals
are untimely: The 30-day Rule 4 clock would have started running in the
summer of 2014, far before the appeals were initiated.




       7See Jain v. Cambridge Petroleum Grp., Inc., 395 S.W.3d 394, 396 (Tex. App.—Dallas
2013, no pet.) (“The trial court’s signing the order denying the motion after it was already
denied by operation of law is legally of no effect because the motion to dismiss was already
denied.”).
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                                             B.
      The Pylants advance two basic reasons why the appeals are timely. The
first is that NCDR dictates that the state-law timetable under the TCPA has
no effect in federal court. The second is that the 30-day deadline under Section
27.008(a) never started to run, because the court failed to hold the required
motion hearing from which the deadline runs.

      The Pylants’ first theory, regarding the NCDR decision, has three inter-
related sub-arguments. None is persuasive.

      First, the Pylants assert that “regardless of why or when the District
Court denied the Motions, this Court has jurisdiction to review the denial of
the Motions despite the state court deadlines.” For that they rely on NCDR’s
declaration, 745 F.3d at 750, that “[t]o be sure, state law does not control the
question of whether appellate review is available in federal court.” But that
quotation is from the portion of the opinion discussing whether a denial of a
TCPA motion is subject to federal interlocutory review under the collateral-
order doctrine, see id., and has nothing to do with the question here. The court
made the above-quoted statement in the context of a discussion in its Cohen
collateral-order-doctrine 8 analysis of the evidentiary force of the fact that the
Texas statute did provide for interlocutory review. The court decided that the
availability of interlocutory review suggested that the anti-SLAPP statute was
designed to confer a right to immunity from trial on those whom it protected
and thus should be subject to interlocutory review. Id. at 750–51.

      A more contextually accurate rendering of the quoted language, then,
would be this:        “To be sure, state law [governing the availability of an



      8   See Cohen v. Beneficial Indus. Loan Corp., 337 U.S. 541, 546–47 (1949).
                                              8
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interlocutory appeal] does not control the question of whether [interlocutory]
appellate review is available in federal court [under the Cohen collateral re-
view doctrine].” The quotation is hardly support for the proposition that the
Pylants appear to be advancing, i.e., that appellate review would be available
here even if the state-law deemed denial had indeed taken place, and had
taken place at a time more than thirty days before the Pylants appealed.
Nowhere does NCDR suggest, much less hold, that the deemed state-law
denial would not be the order from which the appellate clock would run.

       Second, the Pylants point to language in NCDR describing and quoting
the TCPA accelerated-appeals provision. The language in question is from Sec-
tion 27.008 and provides that “[a]n appellate court shall expedite an appeal or
other writ, whether interlocutory or not, from a trial court order on a motion
to dismiss a legal action under Section 27.003 or from a trial court’s failure to
rule on that motion in the time prescribed by Section 27.005.” The Pylants cite
that language to support their notion that NCDR held that the clock for an
appeal “run[s] from either the order denying the Anti-SLAPP or from an
express failure to rule.”

       The language the Pylants quote does not support their contention and
does nothing more than instruct a court to expedite appeals from both explicit
and deemed denials of motions brought under the statute. It has nothing to do
with when the clock starts running on an appeal. Second, NCDR says nothing
like what the Pylants are urging. Indeed, even though the appellees in that
case advanced an untimeliness argument in their brief along precisely the lines
at issue here, 9 the court’s only discussion of the portion of the brief in which



       9I.e., the notice of appeal was filed only after the district court denied the motion,
which decision was issued outside of the maximum time to set a hearing plus the maximum
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that timeliness argument was advanced was in its decision that all arguments
regarding conflicts between the Federal Rules and the TCPA were waived.
NCDR, 745 F.3d at 752–53.

       That is to say, the court did not address the timeliness argument that
was raised in the brief. There is nothing in NCDR to support the Pylants’
contention that the appellate clock starts running from the later of an order
denying the motion or a failure to rule that operates as a deemed denial of the
motion. If the TCPA’s timing provisions apply in this case, and if those provi-
sions do in fact dictate that the motion here was deemed denied by the failure
to rule timely on it, the only logical time under Section 27.008 for the appellate
clock to run would be from the date of the deemed denial. 10

       Third, the Pylants reference the docket of the NCDR case. They correctly
note that that court entertained an appeal from a merits denial of a TCPA
motion announced more than 120 days after the motion was filed. But the
court in no way addressed the timeliness issue. The only discussion of the
section of the brief in which the timeliness argument was discussed was the
waiver discussion referenced above (and indeed the court does not appear to
make any direct reference to the timeliness issue itself). That the court passed
over a potential jurisdictional problem does not support the Pylants’ argument.
There is no such thing as a precedential sub silentio jurisdictional holding:
“When a potential jurisdictional defect is neither noted nor discussed in a fed-
eral decision, the decision does not stand for the proposition that no defect
existed.” Ariz. Christian Sch. Tuition Org. v. Winn, 563 U.S. 125, 144 (2011).


time to rule.
       10 As noted above, the Texas cases are clear that an order entered after a deemed
denial is a legal nullity for timeliness-of-appeal purposes. Accordingly, there is nothing in an
out-of-time order from which the appellate clock could run. See Jain, 395 S.W.3d at 396.
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Thus, the mere fact that the court in NCDR did not address the issue at hand,
despite the fact that it was arguably present there, does not say anything
regarding the timeliness of these appeals.

      The Pylants’ second contention is the most persuasive of the three. They
properly identify the key weakness in the district court’s reasoning: that the
court failed to schedule a hearing on the motion. But as required under the
statute, the clock for denial of a TCPA motion by operation of law runs from
the date of the hearing. Section 27.004 has clear, mandatory language and is
worth studying in full:
   (a) A hearing on a motion under Section 27.003 must be set not later
   than the 60th day after the date of service of the motion unless the
   docket conditions of the court require a later hearing, upon a showing
   of good cause, or by agreement of the parties, but in no event shall the
   hearing occur more than 90 days after service of the motion un-
   der Section 27.003, except as provided by Subsection (c).
   (b) In the event that the court cannot hold a hearing in the time
   required by Subsection (a), the court may take judicial notice that the
   court’s docket conditions required a hearing at a later date, but in no
   event shall the hearing occur more than 90 days after service of the
   motion under Section 27.003, except as provided by Subsection (c).
   (c) If the court allows discovery under Section 27.006(b), the court may
   extend the hearing date to allow discovery under that subsection, but
   in no event shall the hearing occur more than 120 days after the service
   of the motion under Section 27.003.
TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 27.004 (West 2013) (emphasis added).
And the thirty-day clock for a ruling runs from “the date of the hearing on the
motion.” Id. § 27.005(a). The denial-by-operation-of-law provision is similarly
pegged to the date of the hearing: “If a court does not rule on a motion to
dismiss under Section 27.003 in the time prescribed by Section 27.005, the
motion is considered to have been denied by operation of law and the moving
party may appeal.”
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       There is nothing in the statute that contemplates the failure to schedule
a hearing. Given that the deadline for ruling on the motion before it is deemed
denied is explicitly pegged to the date of the hearing and that no hearing
occurred, a straightforward reading of the statute indicates that the motion
was never deemed denied by operation of law. And the statute, as just quoted
above, has no language contemplating a denial by operation of law if there has
been no hearing. Therefore, the motion could not have been denied by opera-
tion of law, given that the only statutory basis for a deemed denial is explicitly
based on the clock’s running from a hearing. 11

       Cuba’s briefing on the timeliness issue rests entirely on the district
court’s justification: No hearing was held within even the longest timeframe
permitted under the statute, and no decision issued within thirty days of the
last day that the hearing could have been held. Therefore, Cuba says, all of
the TCPA motions were denied by operation of law long before the ruling, and
the time for appeal ran from the dates of those denials, rendering this appeal
untimely. But Cuba never addresses the Pylants’ second argument or the fact
that the statute links denial by operation of law to the date of the hearing. As
we have explained, the failure to schedule a hearing means that the Sec-
tion 27.008(a) clock never started running.

       The district court’s determination that the motion was denied by opera-
tion of law, 120 days after filing, is error. The TCPA motions were not ruled



       11 This textual conclusion also has the advantage of being the fair result: It would be
inequitable to deny to the Pylants their right to be heard on their TCPA motion by ignoring
Section 27.004 while simultaneously summarily rejecting their arguments by enforcing Sec-
tion 27.008(a)’s denial-by-operation-of-law provision. That inequity would be compounded by
the fact that the court was on notice of the statutory provisions: The Pylants filed a letter
brief explaining the TCPA framework for the court to take into account in addressing their
TCPA motions.
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on until the court denied them in its March 6, 2015, order. This appeal was
noticed well within the thirty-day Rule 4 time frame. Therefore, the appeal is
timely, and this court has jurisdiction. We therefore turn to the merits of the
Pylants’ TCPA motion to dismiss.

                                            III.
       Because the motion to dismiss presents purely legal issues that were
extensively briefed in the district court and would be subject to de novo review
on appeal, we need not remand the TCPA issues. 12 First, we review the anal-
ysis that a court is to perform under the TCPA. Second, we determine whether
the TCPA applies to the conduct and claims at issue here. Because the TCPA
does apply, the third portion of our analysis looks to each of Cuba’s claims to
decide whether it survives the motion to dismiss. We conclude that the motion
should be denied as to the malicious-prosecution claim, granted in part and
denied in part as to the defamation claim, and granted as to the tortious-
interference-with-contract claim.

                                             A.
       The TCPA sets out a two-step inquiry when a party moves to dismiss.
The movant has the initial burden to show, by a preponderance of evidence,
that the activity that forms the base of the claim against him is protected by
the statute—that is to say, that the suit arises from the movant’s exercise of
his right to free speech, association, or petition. If he meets that burden, the
trial court must dismiss unless the party opposing dismissal can point to “clear
and specific evidence” that establishes a prima facie case for each essential



       12See Barrie v. Intervoice-Brite, Inc., 397 F.3d 249, 263 (5th Cir.) modified on other
grounds on denial of reh’g, 409 F.3d 653 (5th Cir. 2005).
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element of his claim. See In re Lipsky, 460 S.W.3d 579, 586–87 (Tex. 2015)
(explaining the two-step inquiry). The “clear and specific evidence” require-
ment, however, as interpreted by Texas courts, is more like a pleading require-
ment than a summary-judgment standard. The TCPA section on “Evidence”
provides that “[i]n determining whether a legal action should be dismissed
under this chapter, the court shall consider the pleadings and supporting and
opposing affidavits stating the facts on which the liability or defense is based.”
TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 27.006 (West 2011). And the Texas cases
inform that a litigant’s evidentiary burden in a TCPA motion may be satisfied
by either detailed pleading or supporting affidavits: A party need not provide
“evidence” in the traditional sense if the pleadings are sufficiently clear. 13

                                              B.
       The TCPA applies to these claims. As the Pylants posit and Cuba largely
concedes, all of the acts that the Pylants are being sued for—statements to the
Dallas County law enforcement authorities and to SMU officials—are exercises
of the right to petition as defined under the statute.

       Section 27.001(4) provides that the right to petition covers communica-
tions “in or pertaining to” judicial proceedings and proceedings “in or before a
managing board of an educational or eleemosynary institution supported




       13 See Serafine v. Blunt, 466 S.W.3d 352, 360 (Tex. App.—Austin 2015, no pet.) (stating
that “[t]he Act does not require Serafine to present testimony or other evidence to satisfy her
evidentiary burden,” and citing cases saying that pleadings are “evidence” under the statute);
see also Lipsky, 460 S.W.3d at 590–91 (“Because the Act requires more, mere notice
pleading—that is, general allegations that merely recite the elements of a cause of action—
will not suffice. Instead, a plaintiff must provide enough detail to show the factual basis for
its claim. In a defamation case that implicates the TCPA, pleadings and evidence that estab-
lishes the facts of when, where, and what was said, the defamatory nature of the statements,
and how they damaged the plaintiff should be sufficient to resist a TCPA motion to dismiss.”).
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directly or indirectly from public revenue.” 14 Communications “reasonably
likely to encourage consideration or review of an issue by a legislative, exec-
utive, judicial, or other governmental body” also come within the statutory
definition of the right to petition. Though Cuba contends that the statements
and actions by the Pylants that form the basis of the suit are not “free speech”
as defined in the statute, his only response to the Pylants’ argument that all
of their statements and actions at issue were an exercise of the right to petition
is his claim that the Pylant parents’ letter to the president of SMU is not cov-
ered by that portion of the statute because there was not a live “proceeding”
when the letter was sent.

      Cuba therefore concedes that all other statements and actions directed
to SMU and the Dallas County authorities were exercises of the right to peti-
tion. And Cuba’s notion that the letter to the SMU president is unprotected
because there was no live proceeding when the letter was sent is fundamen-
tally unpersuasive: The letter plainly “pertains to” the proceeding, which is all
that is needed under the statute. Indeed, it was a request to reverse a decision
rendered in the proceeding―a request that convinced the president to reverse
the decision and reinstate the “charges” against Cuba. The letter is therefore
a protected communication under the TCPA.                    Because Cuba concedes the
Pylants’ position that the vast majority of their statements at issue were exer-
cises of the protected right to petition, and because Cuba’s only response fails,
the Pylants have satisfied their initial burden under the TCPA.

                                               C.
      The burden shifts to Cuba, whose claims should be dismissed unless he



      14   It is uncontroverted that SMU is directly and indirectly supported with public funds.
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can show each essential element by clear and specific evidence in the form of
pleadings or affidavits. His claims of malicious prosecution and defamation
are pleaded in sufficient detail to survive this step. On the defamation claim,
however, the Pylants have established an affirmative defense as to certain of
the communications: They are covered by absolute privilege because they oc-
curred during or in contemplation of a judicial proceeding. Cuba’s tortious-
interference claim does not survive the motion to dismiss: Because he does not
specify in any meaningful detail the content of his contract with SMU or what
provisions he alleges were violated or impeded by the Pylants’ purported
interference, he has failed to make out an essential element of that claim.

                                       1.
      The elements of malicious prosecution are that (1) a criminal prosecution
was commenced against the plaintiff; (2) the defendant initiated or procured
that prosecution; (3) the prosecution terminated in the plaintiff’s favor; (4) he
was innocent of the charges; (5) the defendant lacked probable cause to initiate
the prosecution; (6) the defendant acted with malice; and (7) the plaintiff suf-
fered damages. Kroger Tex. Ltd. P’ship v. Suberu, 216 S.W.3d 788, 792 n.3
(Tex. 2006). The Pylants maintain that Cuba failed to present sufficient evi-
dence of probable cause, malice, and damages.

      The Pylants’ theory on probable cause relies on Texas cases that they
characterize as establishing a relatively narrow definition of lack of probable
cause: “The probable cause element ‘asks whether a reasonable person would
believe that a crime had been committed given the facts as the complainant
honestly and reasonably believed them to be before the criminal proceedings
were instituted.’” Id. at 792–93 (quoting Richey v. Brookshire Grocery Co., 952
S.W.2d 515, 517 (Tex. 1997)). “Courts must presume that the defendant acted

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                                 No. 15-10212
                                 No. 15-10213

reasonably and had probable cause to initiate criminal proceedings.”          Id.
at 793. And indeed, “[e]ven a failure to fully and fairly disclose all material
information or knowingly providing false information to the prosecutor will not
defeat a complainant’s probable cause but are instead relevant to issues of mal-
ice and causation.” Lesher v. Coyel, 435 S.W.3d 423, 428 (Tex. App.—Dallas
2014, pet. denied). But the complainant must reasonably believe, on the basis
of the facts as he subjectively understands them, that the person accused did
in fact commit the crime. Id.

      The Pylants misrepresent the nature of Cuba’s allegations. Cuba does
not contend that Julia had a good-faith misunderstanding as to the nature of
their sexual encounter and reasonably erred in reporting it as a rape based on
a sincere belief that she had not consented to sex. Cuba instead alleges that
Julia had entirely consensual sex with him, later fabricated “baseless and
knowingly false allegations” of rape, and then knowingly and maliciously
induced the authorities to institute criminal proceedings in which she “falsely
and intentionally testified” that Cuba had raped her. Although we do not pass
on the accuracy of Cuba’s accusations at this stage of the litigation, the alle-
gations in his pleadings—which count as “evidence” for purpose of assessing a
TCPA motion to dismiss—are unquestionably sufficient to make out a prima
facie case that Julia lacked probable cause. Cuba avers that Julia subjectively
did not believe that Cuba raped her but nonetheless accused him. That is pre-
cisely the sort of “lack of probable cause” that is required for a successful
malicious-prosecution action.

      The Pylants then urge that Cuba failed to show sufficient evidence of
malice, reasoning that Texas law provides that a finding of malice must be
based on evidence of prior animus or bad relations. Cuba responds that all he

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                                    No. 15-10212
                                    No. 15-10213

had to show was malice under its ordinary legal definition and that he had no
obligation to make some special showing of preexisting bad relations.

      Cuba has the better of the argument, and his allegations support a deter-
mination that he has borne his burden of presenting a clear and specific factual
basis. First, the Pylants’ assertion that the evidence must show preexisting
bad relations or animus does not accurately reflect Texas law. Their citation
to Rico v. L-3 Communications Corp., 420 S.W.3d 431, 440 (Tex. App.—Dallas
2014, no pet.), does not support the proposition that malice can be shown only
by evidence of prior bad relations; rather, that is only presented as one way in
which malice can be shown. Id. Rico and the two cases it relies on for the
malice requirement contemplate other modes of demonstrating malice. 15 And
second, the Pylants admit that factors such as a complainant’s lying to the
police can go to malice—fatally undercutting their position. Cuba’s allegations
on this front are fairly specific. He alleges that Julia lied to the police, to the
district attorney’s office, and on the witness stand before the grand jury and at
trial and that she did so knowingly and willfully in each instance. Those alle-
gations are sufficient to satisfy Cuba’s burden.

      Finally, the Pylants claim that Cuba failed to put on evidence of dam-
ages. But that contention turns entirely on the proposition that Cuba was
required to prove up damages at this early stage of the case instead of merely
providing a clear explanation of the factual basis of the claim. The Pylants’
argument is therefore a nonstarter, because Cuba’s pleadings describe several
specific ways in which the malicious prosecution allegedly injured him. Cuba
lists, among other damage, reputational harm, emotional and physical



      15See Kroger, 216 S.W.3d at 794–95; Smith v. Sneed, 938 S.W.2d 181, 184 (Tex. App.—
Austin 1997, no writ).
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                                       No. 15-10212
                                       No. 15-10213

distress, inability to continue his education at SMU during the disciplinary
proceedings, and costs of defending the criminal action. Those are sufficient
for him to bear his burden. Because Cuba has provided clear, specific allega-
tions that exhaustively outline the factual basis of his malicious-prosecution
complaint, he has borne his burden on that claim, thereby surviving the motion
to dismiss.

                                                  2.
       A claim for defamation under Texas law has three elements: The defen-
dant (1) published a statement; (2) that was defamatory concerning the defen-
dant; (3) while acting with actual malice (if the plaintiff was a public official or
figure) or with negligence (if the plaintiff was a private individual) regarding
the truth of the statement. WFAA-TV, Inc. v. McLemore, 978 S.W.2d 568, 571
(Tex. 1998). The Pylants do not challenge the sufficiency of Cuba’s allegations
or evidentiary proffers. Instead, they aver that they have shown each element
of two separate defenses by a preponderance of evidence. 16 They maintain that
they have affirmative defenses of limitations and absolute privilege that
together bar all of Cuba’s claims.

       We conclude that the Pylants have established a limitations defense as
to the statements Julia made to the SMU disciplinary board in March 2012 but
that the Pylants have not met their burden to show that the limitations defense
applies to any other defamatory statement. The Pylants have established the
defense of absolute privilege as to the statements that they made to police and



       16See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 27.005(d) (West 2013) (stating in relevant
part that “the court shall dismiss a legal action against the moving party if the moving party
establishes by a preponderance of the evidence each essential element of a valid defense to
the nonmovant’s claim”).
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                                        No. 15-10212
                                        No. 15-10213

prosecutorial authorities in the course of the criminal investigation that
resulted from Julia’s initial police report. But the Pylants have not borne their
burden as to the absolute-privilege defense regarding Julia’s initial police
report and any prior statements. Finally, the Pylants have not met their bur-
den to make out an absolute-privilege defense for any statements to SMU.

       First, the Pylants say that all statements made before September 12,
2012, are barred by the one-year statute of limitations on a Texas defamation
action. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 16.002. The district court
partially considered that position in the context of the Pylants’ motions to dis-
miss under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). 17 It concluded that Julia’s
statements at the March 2012 disciplinary hearing were barred by limitations
but that the Pylants had failed to bear their burden on any other claims.

       Because the district court pondered this argument only in a Rule 12(b)(6)
posture, it did not consider any materials outside the pleadings. We nonethe-
less agree with its core conclusion, because the only evidence at issue here—
Cuba’s affidavit, which the Pylants cite—supports Cuba’s position that the dis-
covery rule preserves the majority of his claims. The Pylants’ theory is based
on the facts that Cuba sued on September 12, 2013, but admitted (in a declar-
ation attached to his opposition to the motion to dismiss) to having learned, on
February 14, 2012, of the basic fact that Julia had accused him of raping her.
Further, Cuba participated in a March 27, 2012, hearing at which Julia
recounted her allegations to SMU authorities.

       Cuba invokes the discovery rule, 18 pointing out that, in the same


       17   Neither party has appealed the rulings on the Rule 12(b)(6) motions.
       18   See Newsom v. Brod, 89 S.W.3d 732, 736 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2002,
no pet.).
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                                 No. 15-10212
                                 No. 15-10213

declaration that contains those admissions, he denied having learned of, or
having had any opportunity to access, information regarding the Pylants’
communications to SMU—the Pylant parents’ letter to its president—until
April 15, 2013, when he received copies of the communications in discovery in
the criminal proceeding. Unless the Pylants’ evidence is sufficient to rebut
Cuba’s invocation of the discovery rule, that rule would toll the running of
limitations for the majority of his defamation claims.

      The Pylants have adduced no such countervailing evidence. The only
thing they point to in support of their limitations theory—Cuba’s declaration—
indicates that in fact he did not discover the defamatory statements by the
Pylants to SMU until April 2013, well within the limitations period for a Sep-
tember 2013 lawsuit. The district court was correct to conclude that the limi-
tations defense protects the statements that Pylant made to the SMU hearing
board in March 2012, because Cuba admits to having been present to hear
those remarks made. But the Pylants point to no evidence to suggest that Cuba
was aware, before September 2012, of any of the other defamatory statements
to SMU or the Dallas County authorities—and Cuba affirmatively declared
that he was not aware of them. Thus, although the court correctly concluded
that the March 2012 statements are barred by limitations, we reject the
Pylants’ invitation to expand on that finding. The Pylants failed to put on
sufficient evidence that Cuba’s invocation of the discovery rule was ineffective.

      The Pylants also posit that, even if there is no limitations bar, their
statements to SMU and police are protected by absolute privilege. That doc-
trine provides absolute immunity from defamation suits based on testimonial
statements made in the course of judicial proceedings (and particular state-
ments preliminary to such proceedings) and to testimonial statements made in

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                                      No. 15-10212
                                      No. 15-10213

the course of “quasi-judicial” proceedings. See Shell Oil Co. v. Writt, 464
S.W.3d 650, 654 (Tex. 2015). The Pylants insist that they are entitled to im-
munity for all statements in this litigation. The district court, in deciding the
Rule 12(b)(6) motion, held that absolute privilege bars liability for any state-
ments that Julia made to the grand jury or at trial, and Cuba did not appeal
that holding.

       The Pylants advance two sets of arguments for why the district court did
not go far enough in adopting their privilege claims. First, citing Thomas v.
Bracey, 940 S.W.2d 340, 343 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1997, no writ), they
theorize that the Texas cases extend absolute privilege to all statements made
“in contemplation of and preliminary to” judicial proceedings. They say this
rule is sufficient to shield all of Julia’s communications with the police and
district attorney’s office.

       Cuba responds that reporting a crime to law enforcement receives only
the protection of a conditional privilege that is waived if, for example, the ac-
cuser acts in malicious bad faith (as Cuba alleges here). Cuba cites several
Texas cases for the proposition that unsolicited communications regarding al-
leged wrongful acts by an accuser to a law enforcement officer receive only such
a conditional privilege. 19 “Whether an alleged defamatory matter is related to
a proposed or existing judicial proceeding is a question of law to be determined
by the court. All doubt should be resolved in favor of the communication’s
relation to the proceeding.” Id.



       19 See Vista Chevrolet, Inc. v. Barron, 698 S.W.2d 435, 437 (Tex. App.―Corpus Christi
1985, no writ); Zarate v. Cortinas, 553 S.W.2d 652, 655 (Tex. Civ. App.―Corpus Christi 1977,
no writ); accord Thomas, 940 S.W.2d at 343 (noting, in the same case that the Pylants cite
for their absolute-immunity argument, that accusations of wrongdoing to police get only con-
ditional immunity, and citing Vista Chevrolet and Zarate).
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                                   No. 15-10212
                                   No. 15-10213

      Texas law makes a distinction between straightforward reporting of al-
leged crimes and (once an investigation begins and a judicial proceeding is con-
templated) statements made to investigators as a cooperating witness or made
in pretrial proceedings. The rule is, therefore, that an initial communication
to police regarding alleged wrongdoing receives only a conditional privilege
that is waived if the communication was made maliciously to defame or to pro-
cure a wrongful prosecution. Once the police or prosecuting authority begins
an investigation and solicits further statements, the absolute privilege obtains
and shields subsequent statements, even if malicious and false.

      The decision in Shell Oil Co. v. Writt, 464 S.W.3d 650 (Tex. 2015), as that
court’s most recent and detailed discussion of the requirements for invoking
absolute privilege for pretrial statements, supports this understanding. The
facts were as follows:
         Shell . . . received an inquiry from the Department of Justice
      (DOJ) regarding possible violations of the Foreign Corrupt Prac-
      tices Act by one of its contractors. Shell met with the DOJ, agreed
      to perform an internal investigation and report the results to the
      DOJ, and then did so. Robert Writt, who was employed by Shell
      until his employment was terminated following the investigation,
      sued Shell for wrongful termination and for defamation. Writt’s
      defamation claim was based on Shell’s furnishing the DOJ its re-
      port that contained allegedly defamatory statements about him.
      Shell asserted that it was absolutely privileged to provide the re-
      port to the DOJ and moved for summary judgment.
Id. at 651.

      Relying on Vista Chevrolet and Zarate, the court of appeals had held that
the statement to DOJ was only conditionally privileged. Shell maintained that
its report was absolutely privileged because it was made in the course of an
investigation and was actively solicited by DOJ rather than being the sort of
unsolicited report of alleged wrongdoing that was at issue in the earlier Texas
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                                      No. 15-10212
                                      No. 15-10213

cases. The Texas Supreme Court agreed. Id. at 657. Although the court’s
reasoning turned to some extent on the fact that Shell was essentially under
threat of indictment if it did not cooperate, id. at 657, 658–59, that discussion
is important primarily as evidence that there was indeed a contemplated judi-
cial proceeding to which the statements to the DOJ pertained. The operative
reasoning is that Shell got absolute immunity for its statements to the DOJ
because they were made in the course of an ongoing investigation in which
Shell was a cooperating witness. That distinguished the case from the Vista
Chevrolet/Zarate line of cases, in which the courts had determined that unsoli-
cited statements to police or other investigators were not absolutely privileged.

      Applying these principles to statements made to police and prosecutors,
we conclude that Julia’s initial reports are not absolutely privileged, but later
statements to police and prosecuting authorities by Julia and her parents, in
the course of a bona fide investigation in contemplation of filing charges, are
absolutely privileged. Thus, the Pylants have made out a valid affirmative de-
fense to the defamation claim on the ground of absolute privilege to the extent
that those claims turn on statements made in the course of the investigation,
despite the fact that the defense does not apply to Julia’s initial contact with
police. That initial contact enjoys only conditional immunity, which does not
suffice to support dismissal in the face of detailed allegations of knowing and
malicious fabrication of defamatory accusations.

      The Pylants next urge that all of their statements to SMU are absolutely
privileged because the SMU process was “quasi-judicial” and therefore subject
to the privilege rules that obtain for the police investigation and criminal
proceeding. The Pylants cite a bevy of cases 20 for the proposition that quasi-


      20   See Senior Care Res., Inc. v. OAC Senior Living, LLC, 442 S.W.3d 504, 518 (Tex.
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                                      No. 15-10212
                                      No. 15-10213

judicial proceedings are subject to an absolute privilege for testimonial state-
ments made therein.

       But none of those cases establishes immunity for a statement in a “quasi-
judicial” proceeding in a private institution that does not have any law enforce-
ment or law interpreting authority. Those decisions are limited to statements
made in governmental administrative procedures that bear the trappings of
adversarial litigation. 21

       The Pylants argue that the SMU procedures were quasi-judicial, within
the meaning of that term in the immunity context, because they involved a
board with the power to investigate and redress grievances. But nowhere do
the Pylants cite authority for the proposition that a private institution’s
“adjudication” of a dispute invokes immunity. Their statements to SMU are
not shielded by absolute privilege.

                                             3.
       The elements of tortious interference with contract are (1) a contract
subject to interference; (2) a willful and intentional act of interference (3) that
was a proximate cause of the plaintiff’s damages; and (4) actual damage. Texas



App.—Dallas 2014, no pet.); Perdue, Brackett, Flores, Utt & Burns v. Linebarger, Goggan,
Blair, Sampson, & Meeks, LLP, 291 S.W.3d 448, 451 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2009, no pet.);
Hernandez v. Hayes, 931 S.W.2d 648, 649 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1996, writ denied); Gal-
legos v. Escalon, 993 S.W.2d 442, 426 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 1999, no pet.); Lane v. Port
Terminal R.R. Ass’n, 821 S.W.2d 623, 625 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1991, writ
denied).
       21  See Senior Care, 442 S.W.3d at 508–09 (procedures in the Texas Department of
Aging and Disability Services for increasing reimbursable Medicaid allocations); Perdue,
291 S.W.2d at 450–51 (dispute on city council between tax-collection firms during delibera-
tions for awarding contract); Hernandez, 931 S.W.2d at 649 (public school board’s grievance-
process hearing); Gallegos, 993 S.W.2d at 423–24 (school board meeting to investigate use of
district’s credit card); Lane, 821 S.W.2d at 624 (proceeding before board of adjustment under
federal railway labor statute).
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                                  No. 15-10212
                                  No. 15-10213

Beef Cattle Co. v. Green, 921 S.W.2d 203, 210 (Tex. 1996). “For a plaintiff to
maintain a tortious interference claim, it must produce some evidence that the
defendant knowingly induced one of the contracting parties to breach its obli-
gations under a contract.” All Am. Tel., Inc. v. USLD Commc’ns, Inc., 291
S.W.3d 518, 532 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2009, pet. denied). Although it does
not appear that an actual breach must occur, the defendant must have intend-
ed to induce a breach (even if unsuccessful), thereby making performance more
difficult in some way that injured the plaintiff. See Fluor Enters., Inc. v. Conex
Int’l Corp., 273 S.W.3d 426, 443 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 2008, pet. denied).

      The Pylants assert that Cuba failed to identify evidence regarding
(1) any provision of his contract with SMU that they induced SMU to breach;
(2) any causal connection between the Pylants’ statements and the purported
breach; and (3) any cognizable damage. The Pylants maintain that Cuba’s fail-
ure to identify any particular provision with which they interfered is fatal.
They correctly point out that Cuba does not show or allege that SMU took
actions inconsistent with its contractual duties. And indeed, Cuba affirma-
tively alleged that he withdrew from SMU for medical reasons. The Pylants
further urge that, to the extent that Cuba did not identify any breached pro-
vision, their statements could not have been the cause of the breach (which did
not occur, they suggest) and that therefore there could be no legally traceable
damages. See id.

      Cuba responds that he alleged the existence of a contract with SMU to
confer a degree in exchange for tuition and completion of coursework. He also
claimed that the Pylants’ statements were designed to cause SMU to expel him,
thus interfering with that contract. He further posits that despite the fact that,
although one proximate cause of his departure was his medical condition, the

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                                   No. 15-10212
                                   No. 15-10213

Pylants’ interference was an additional proximate cause.

        The Pylants have the better of the argument for the plain reason that
Cuba does not provide any “clear and specific” description, evidence, or allega-
tions regarding the details of the allegedly interfered-with contract. Without
such details, it is impossible to indulge a reasonable inference that the Pylants’
statements had any interfering effect on the contract. Cuba’s bare allegation
that he had a contract that was in some sense impeded by the Pylants’ actions
is not sufficient to bear his burden to provide a highly detailed and specific
account (or evidence allowing the court to flesh out a highly specific account)
of the alleged interference.

        It is not evident from Cuba’s pleadings or brief which, if any, provisions
of the purported contract the Pylants intended to induce SMU to breach. For
example, it is not clear which, if any, obligations SMU had if it reasonably
believed that Cuba might have committed a crime or violated student-conduct
rules. The reason why that is not obvious is that Cuba points to no evidence of
the school’s obligations. Absent such evidence or specific pleadings, Cuba has
not borne his burden, under the TCPA, to make out a prima facie case for each
element of his claim.

                                        IV.
        For the foregoing reasons, on remand the Pylants’ TCPA motions to dis-
miss should be granted in part and denied in part. We VACATE the orders
from which these interlocutory appeals are taken, and we REMAND for further
proceedings as needed. We place no limit on the matters that the district court
may address or decide on remand, and we give no indication of how it should
rule.



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                                         No. 15-10212
                                         No. 15-10213


JAMES E. GRAVES, JR., Circuit Judge, dissenting.
       The majority opinion, like others before it, assumes that the Texas
Citizen Participation Act (TCPA) “do[es] in fact apply in federal court.” See,
e.g., Culbertson v. Lykos, 790 F.3d 608, 631 (5th Cir. 2015) (“We have not
specifically held that the TCPA applies in federal court; at most we have
assumed without deciding its applicability.”). But, since the panel is applying
the TCPA to Cuba’s claims, we should begin by invoking Erie to determine
whether we have the authority to do so. Because I conclude that the TCPA is
not applicable in federal court, I respectfully dissent. 1
                                             I.
       Federal courts sitting in diversity apply state substantive law rather
than federal common law. Erie R.R. Co. v. Tompkins, 304 U.S. 64, 78 (1938).
In other words, federal courts apply state common law but federal procedural
rules. Gasperini v. Ctr. for Humanities, Inc., 518 U.S. 415, 427 (1995); Hanna
v. Plumer, 380 U.S. 460, 468 (1965); Foradori v. Harris, 523 F.3d 477, 486 (5th
Cir. 2008).
       We apply a multi-step inquiry when performing an Erie analysis.
Hanna, 380 U.S. at 461-62. First, it must be determined whether the statute
is procedural or substantive. State procedural statutes may not be applied in
federal courts. Erie, 304 U.S. at 78. State substantive rules must be applied,
but before doing so, we move to the second step to decide whether the state law



       1 Our sister circuits that have considered this issue have split, with some deciding
that federal courts may apply Anti-SLAPP statutes, Godin v. Schencks, 629 F.3d 79 (1st Cir.
2010); United States ex rel. Newsham v. Lockheed Missiles & Space Co., Inc., 190 F.3d 963
(9th Cir. 1999), and others deciding that we may not, Abbas v. Foreign Policy Grp., LLC, 783
F.3d 1328 (D.C. Cir. 2015); Makaeff v. Trump Univ., LLC, 715 F.3d 254, 272 (9th Cir. 2013)
(Kozinski, J. concurring) (calling into question the Ninth Circuit’s holding in Newsham).
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                                     No. 15-10212
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conflicts with federal procedural rules; if so, then the federal rule applies. All
Plaintiffs v. All Defendants, 645 F.3d 329, 333 (5th Cir. 2011). If, however, the
rule does not conflict with federal procedural rules, then we “wade into the
murky waters of Erie itself” and determine whether application of the statute
serves Erie’s twin aims of “discouragement of forum-shopping and avoidance
of inequitable administration of the laws.” Id. at 333-36. In short, “we should
not apply a state law or rule if (1) a Federal Rule of Civil Procedure ‘answer[s]
the same question’ as the state law or rule and (2) the Federal Rule does not
violate the Rules Enabling Act.” Abbas v. Foreign Policy Grp., LLC, 783 F.3d
1328, 1333 (D.C. Cir. 2015) (quoting Shady Grove Orthopedic Assocs., P.A. v.
Allstate Ins. Co., 559 U.S. 393, 398 (2010)).
                                       II.
      Applying an Erie analysis, I conclude that the TCPA is procedural and
must be ignored. The TCPA is codified in the Texas Civil Practice and
Remedies Code, provides for a pre-trial motion to dismiss claims subject to its
coverage, establishes time limits for consideration of such motions to dismiss,
grants a right to appeal a denial of the motion, and authorizes the award of
attorneys’ fees if a claim is dismissed. This creates no substantive rule of Texas
law; rather, the TCPA is clearly a procedural mechanism for speedy dismissal
of a meritless lawsuit that infringes on certain constitutional protections. See,
e.g., Abbas, 783 F.3d at 1333. Because the TCPA is procedural, I would follow
Erie’s command and apply the federal rules.
                                       III.
                                       A.
      Assuming, however, that the TCPA is substantive, then it still must yield
to federal law because it directly conflicts with the Federal Rules of Civil

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                                    No. 15-10212
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Procedure. To survive a TCPA motion to dismiss, plaintiffs must provide “clear
and specific evidence” for each element of a prima facie case. TEX. CIV. PRAC.
& REM. CODE § 27.005(c). This mandate requires evidence that is
“unambiguous, sure, or free from doubt,” “explicit or relating to a particular
named thing,” and that “support[s] a rational inference that the allegation of
fact is true.” In re Lipsky, 460 S.W.3d 579, 590 (Tex. 2015). This may be done
through examination of the pleadings, supporting and opposing affidavits, and
if granted by motion, limited discovery. TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 27.006.
Although there is no precise definition of clear and specific evidence, the Texas
Supreme Court has made clear that it lies somewhere between Texas’s
pleading standard and the evidentiary standard necessary to prevail at trial.
In re Lipsky, 460 S.W. 2d at 591.
      This obviously conflicts with Rule 12. To overcome a Rule 12(b)(6) motion
to dismiss, a plaintiff must allege facts sufficient to state a claim that is
plausible on its face. Lexington Ins. Co. v. S.H.R.M. Catering Servs., Inc., 567
F.3d 182, 184 (5th Cir. 2009). “[A] well-pleaded complaint may proceed even if
it strikes a savvy judge that actual proof of those facts is improbable, and that
a recovery is very remote and unlikely.” Leal v. McHugh, 731 F.3d 405, 413 (5th
Cir. 2013) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 556 (2007))
(emphasis added). This is a clear conflict with the TCPA’s requirement that
the evidence be “unambiguous, sure, or free from doubt.” Additionally, courts
need not, when applying Rule 12, determine if the evidence supports a rational
inference that the allegations are true. Instead, courts must accept all well-
pleaded facts as true and view them in the light most favorable to the plaintiff.
Gines v. D.R. Horton, Inc., 699 F.3d 812, 816 (5th Cir. 2012). Most importantly,
Rule 12 assesses the sufficiency of a claim prior to discovery. Yet, the TCPA

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                                   No. 15-10212
                                   No. 15-10213


allows for “specified and limited discovery relevant to the motion.” TEX. CIV.
PRAC. & REM. CODE § 27.006.
       The TCPA similarly conflicts with Rule 56. Rule 56 permits summary
judgment “if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any
material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” FED.
R. CIV. P. 56(a). The TCPA, however, requires more than a determination that
there are no disputed facts that would allow the court to decide the claims as
a matter of law; it requires evidence showing the allegations are in fact true.
Moreover, Rule 56 places the initial burden on the moving party and then
shifts the burden to the nonmoving party to show that there is a dispute that
merits trial. Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323 (1986); Davis v. Fort
Bend Cnty., 765 F.3d 480, 484 (5th Cir. 2014). In contrast, the TCPA does not
require the moving party to proffer reasons why the claims should be
dismissed. Instead, it requires the moving party to show that the plaintiff’s
claims arise from the defendant’s exercise of a protected right within the
statute’s coverage, after which the burden is placed on the non-moving party
to show that their claims should proceed. TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE §
27.005(b).
       There is no doubt that the TCPA directly conflicts with the “integrated
program of pre-trial . . . [federal] procedures designed to ensure the just,
speedy, and inexpensive determination of every action and proceeding.”
Makaeff v. Trump Univ., LLC, 715 F.3d 254, 274 (9th Cir. 2013) (Kozinski, C.J.
concurring) (internal quotations and citations omitted). Therefore, the TCPA
may not be applied as long as Rules 12 and 56 do not violate the Rules Enabling
Act.



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                                      No. 15-10212
                                      No. 15-10213


                                        B.
      The Rules Enabling Act authorized the Supreme Court “to promulgate
rules of procedure subject to its review, but with the limitation that those rules
shall not abridge, enlarge or modify any substantive right.” Shady Grove, 559
U.S. at 407 (internal quotations and citations omitted) (plurality opinion of
Scalia, J.). To be valid, these rules must truly regulate ‘“the judicial process for
enforcing rights and duties recognized by substantive law and for justly
administering remedy and redress for disregard or infraction of them.’” Id.
(quoting Sibbach v. Wilson & Co., 312 U.S. 1, 14 (1941)). Therefore, a federal
procedural rule is lawful as long as it governs the process by which substantive
rights are enforced. Id.
      There is no doubt that Rules 12 and 56 are properly promulgated under
the Rules Enabling Act. Both rules present mechanisms for dismissing claims
prior to trial. I see no reason to depart from the sound conclusions of every
federal court that has considered this question and determined that Rules 12
and 56 are valid procedural rules. See, e.g., Shady Grove, 559 U.S. at 404;
Abbas, 783 F.3d at 1337.
                                        IV.
      In sum, the TCPA is procedural and we may not apply it when sitting in
diversity. Even if, however, it could be said that the TCPA is substantive, then
there is no doubt that it must yield to the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure
because it directly conflicts with the pre-trial dismissal mechanisms of Rules
12 and 56.
      I respectfully dissent.




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