This opinion is subject to administrative correction before final disposition.




                                Before
                   HUTCHISON, TANG, and LAWRENCE,
                       Appellate Military Judges

                           _________________________

                         Michael J. BROWN
               First Sergeant (E-8), U.S. Marine Corps
                             Petitioner

                                        v.

                             UNITED STATES
                               Respondent

                               No. 201900050

                             Decided: 27 June 2019.

 Review of Petition for Extraordinary Relief in the Nature of a Writ of
 Mandamus and Writ of Prohibition. Military Judge: Lieutenant
 Colonel Roger E. Mattioli, USMC. Sentence adjudged 5 March 2018 by
 a special court-martial convened at Marine Corps Base Quantico,
 Virginia, consisting of officer and enlisted members: reduction to E-7. 1

 For Appellant: Lieutenant Michael W. Wester, JAGC, USN.

 For Appellee: Major Kelli A. Oneil, USMC; Captain Luke Huisenga,
 USMC.

 Senior Judge HUTCHISON delivered the opinion of the Court, in
 which Senior Judge TANG joined. Judge LAWRENCE filed a separate
 dissenting opinion.

                           _________________________



 1   The convening authority has not yet taken action on the sentence.
                       Brown v. United States, No. 201900050


                    PUBLISHED OPINION OF THE COURT

                              _________________________

HUTCHISON, Senior Judge:
     Following his conviction at special court-martial, but prior to the conven-
ing authority’s action, the petitioner seeks extraordinary relief from this
court in the nature of a writ of mandamus or a writ of prohibition. Specifical-
ly, the petitioner requests that we remove the military judge or grant a mis-
trial. Alternatively, the petitioner requests that we “appoint a special master
to investigate allegations of unlawful command influence.” 2 We granted the
petitioner’s request to stay his court-martial proceedings and directed the pe-
titioner to specifically brief whether this court had jurisdiction to entertain
his extraordinary writ. 3 Having considered the petitioner’s prayer for relief,
his brief on the jurisdictional question, and the government’s response, we
conclude that we have jurisdiction to entertain the petitioner’s writ, but that
the petitioner has not demonstrated a clear and indisputable right to the re-
lief requested. Accordingly, the petition is denied.

                                   I. BACKGROUND

    A panel of officer and enlisted members sitting as a special court-martial
convicted the petitioner of abusive sexual contact and disorderly conduct and
sentenced him to be reduced to paygrade E-7. Prior to acting on the sentence,
the convening authority granted the petitioner’s request to convene a post-
trial hearing pursuant to Article 39(a), Uniform Code of Military Justice
(UCMJ), 10 U.S.C. § 839(a) (2012), to address legal errors raised by the peti-
tioner in his clemency request. Specifically, the convening authority directed
the military judge to address: (1) whether he properly declined to provide a
mistake of fact instruction; (2) whether he properly prohibited the petitioner
from presenting evidence of the petitioner’s character for truthfulness; and
(3) whether he properly prohibited the petitioner from rehabilitating a wit-
ness’ character for truthfulness.
    At the Article 39(a), UCMJ, hearing the petitioner moved to disqualify the
military judge for bias or the appearance of bias. In support of his motion, the
petitioner conducted a voir dire of the military judge and called the court re-



   2   Petition for Extraordinary Relief of 28 Feb 19 at 3-4.
   3   See NMCCA Order of 6 Mar 19.




                                             2
                    Brown v. United States, No. 201900050


porter to testify that the judge seemed antagonistic towards petitioner’s
counsel. The military judge denied the motion to recuse and further denied
oral argument on the issues certified by the convening authority. Instead, the
military judge stated he would review the entire record, including the briefs
of the parties, to address the issues. Before the military judge ruled, the peti-
tion filed his extraordinary writ with our court.

                                II. DISCUSSION

A. Jurisdiction
    The All Writs Act states that “all courts established by Act of Congress
may issue all writs necessary or appropriate in aid of their respective juris-
dictions and agreeable to the usages and principles of law.” 28 U.S.C. 1651(a).
See also United States v. Denedo, 556 U.S. 904, 911 (2009); RULE FOR
COURTS-MARTIAL (R.C.M.) 1203(b), Discussion, MANUAL FOR COURTS-
MARTIAL, UNITED STATES (2016 ed.). “[M]ilitary courts, like Article III tribu-
nals, are empowered to issue extraordinary writs under the All Writs Act.”
LRM v. Kastenberg, 72 M.J. 364, 367 (C.A.A.F. 2013) (quoting Denedo, 556
U.S. at 911) (alteration in original). However, the All Writs Act does not serve
as “an independent grant of jurisdiction, nor does it expand [our] existing
statutory jurisdiction.” Id. (citing Clinton v. Goldsmith, 526 U.S. 529, 534-35
(1999)). Thus, in order to grant the petitioner’s prayer for relief, the All Writs
Act requires that the requested writ be “in aid of the issuing court’s jurisdic-
tion.” Goldsmith, 526 U.S. at 534 (emphasis added).
    “The courts of criminal appeals are courts of limited jurisdiction, defined
entirely by statute.” United States v. Arness, 74 M.J. 441, 442 (C.A.A.F.
2015). Our limited jurisdiction—relevant to the petitioner’s writ—is defined
by two statutes, Articles 66 and 69, UCMJ. Article 66(b)(1), UCMJ, requires
this court to review the record in each trial “in which the sentence, as ap-
proved, extends to death, dismissal of a commissioned officer, cadet, or mid-
shipman, dishonorable or bad-conduct discharge, or confinement for one year
or more.”
    Those cases tried at general court-martial receiving a sentence not meet-
ing the minimum requirements for mandatory review under Article 66,
UCMJ, “shall be examined in the office of the Judge Advocate General.” Arti-
cle 69(a). However, those cases not reviewed by this court pursuant to Article
66, UCMJ, or by the Judge Advocate General (JAG) pursuant to Article 69(a),
UCMJ, can still be reviewed, “upon application of the accused” to the JAG for
inter alia, “error prejudicial to the substantial rights of the accused.” Article
69(b).




                                        3
                    Brown v. United States, No. 201900050


   Once a case is subject to review by the JAG—whether through automatic
review pursuant to Article 69(a), UCMJ, or upon application of the accused
pursuant to Article 69(b), UCMJ—the JAG may refer the case to the court of
criminal appeals (CCA). Specifically, Article 69(d), UCMJ, provides that the
CCA may review, under Article 66, UCMJ:
       (1) any court-martial case which
              (A) is subject to action by the Judge Advocate General
       under [§ 869], and
              (B) is sent to the Court of Criminal Appeals by order of
       the Judge Advocate General; and
       (2) any action taken by the Judge Advocate General under this
       section in such case.
    In Arness, the Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces (CAAF) explained
that Article 69(d) does not grant a CCA the authority to review “every case
which is subject to action by the [JAG] pursuant to Article 69. Instead, it
grants the CCA authority to review any action taken by the [JAG] . . . that
the [JAG] elects to refer to the CCA.” 74 M.J. at 443. Thus, referral by the
JAG to the CCA is “a statutory prerequisite” for a CCA’s review. Id. Applying
this reading of Article 69(d), UCMJ, the CAAF rejected Arness’ Petition for
writ of error coram nobis. Lieutenant Colonel Arness had been convicted at
general court-martial of several specifications of absenting himself without
authority, false official statements, and conduct unbecoming an officer. He
was sentenced to 11 months’ confinement and a reprimand. The Air Force
JAG completed review under Article 69(a) and “determined that the findings
and sentence were supported in law, and elected not to send the case to the
CCA for review under Article 69(d).” Id. at 442. Since the JAG did not refer
the case to the CCA, the CAAF held that “[c]onsideration of extraordinary
relief [was] not ‘in aid’ of the CCA’s jurisdiction, because the CCA had none in
the first place.” Id. at 443.
    Here, the petitioner was sentenced to only a reduction in grade at a spe-
cial court-martial. As a result, he is not entitled to a mandatory review by
this court pursuant to Article 66, UCMJ, nor to review by the JAG pursuant
to Article 69(a), UCMJ. Rather, the petitioner is entitled to a review by a
judge advocate pursuant to Article 64, UCMJ, and may seek review from the
JAG, pursuant to Article 69(b), UCMJ. But because the case is not yet final,
the petitioner has not yet had the opportunity to seek review by the JAG, and
the JAG, of course, has not yet had the opportunity to refer the case to our
court pursuant to Article 69(d). In this regard, the appellant’s case is distinct
from Arness. The question is whether this distinction makes any difference
when it comes to our jurisdiction. We conclude that it does.


                                       4
                    Brown v. United States, No. 201900050


    The CAAF’s holding in Arness dealt specifically with a writ of error coram
nobis. As the Supreme Court made clear in Denedo, an “application for the
writ [of error coram nobis] is properly viewed as a belated extension of the
original proceeding during which the error allegedly transpired.” Denedo, 556
U.S. at 913. Since the Air Force JAG never referred Arness’ case to the CCA,
the CCA never had jurisdiction of Arness’ case. Thus, Arness simply stands
for the unsurprising proposition that a CCA may not extend jurisdiction it
never had.
    The petitioner is not seeking a writ of error coram nobis, but rather a writ
of mandamus or prohibition. As a result, he does not rely on an “extension of
the original proceeding” for jurisdiction. Denedo, 556 U.S. at 913. Rather, our
jurisdiction to entertain the petitioner’s writ is found in the doctrine of poten-
tial jurisdiction. See FTC v. Dean Foods Co., 384 U.S. 597, 603 (1966) (finding
that the power to issue writs “extends to the potential jurisdiction of the ap-
pellate court where an appeal is not then pending but may be later perfect-
ed”). The CAAF did not address potential jurisdiction in Arness.
    In Howell v. United States, 75 M.J. 386 (C.A.A.F. 2016)—decided after
Arness—the CAAF held that we had jurisdiction under the All Writs Act to
hear a government writ of prohibition even though the convening authority
had not yet approved the adjudged sentence. The CAAF explained that “the
doctrine of potential jurisdiction allows appellate courts to issue opinions in
matters that may reach the actual jurisdiction of the court.” Howell, 75 M.J.
at 397 n.4 (citing Dean Foods Co., 384 U.S. at 603) (emphasis added). There
are, of course, obvious differences between Howell and the petitioner’s case.
Howell’s adjudged, but not yet approved, sentence included a dishonorable
discharge and nine years’ confinement, thus qualifying for direct review by
our court under Article 66, UCMJ. See also Seeto v. Levy, No. 2016-15, 2017
CCA LEXIS 136, at *4 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 22 Feb. 2017) (unpub. op.) (“Given
Petitioner’s adjudged sentence is within this court’s jurisdictional mandate
under Article 66, UCMJ, and may be referred for direct review, we find the
writs submitted in this case are ‘in aid of’ our jurisdiction under the All Writs
Act.”). The petitioner’s sentence included only a reduction in grade, and as
mentioned previously, triggers neither automatic review by our court nor the
JAG.
    Further, while the convening authority has directed that the military
judge answer the legal errors raised by the petitioner in his clemency request,
nothing the military judge does, and nothing the convening authority can do
at this stage of the proceedings, will bring the petitioner’s sentence within
the ambit of our Article 66, UCMJ, jurisdiction. Rather, the only way for this
court to gain jurisdiction over the petitioner’s case is for the JAG to refer the
case to our court pursuant to Article 69(d), UCMJ.



                                        5
                     Brown v. United States, No. 201900050


    But we do not think these differences extinguish our potential jurisdiction
here. First, like the petitioner’s prayer for relief, the government’s writ in
Howell was a writ of prohibition, not a writ of error coram nobis that would
require us to extend jurisdiction we have never had. Second, and more im-
portantly, the CAAF, citing Supreme Court precedent, explained that our po-
tential jurisdiction exists where “matters . . . may reach the actual jurisdic-
tion” of our court. Howell, 75 M.J. at 397 n.4 (emphasis added). Simply put,
the petitioner’s case may yet reach our court. That was not the case in Arness.
That there are still prerequisites—application by the petitioner and referral
by the JAG—that must be satisfied before we have “actual jurisdiction” does
not matter and did not matter to the CAAF in Howell.
    In Howell, although the adjudged sentence would have triggered automat-
ic review by our court pursuant to Article 66, UCMJ, the CA had not yet ap-
proved the findings or the sentence. See Howell, 75 M.J. at 389. Our court’s
jurisdiction under Article 66(b), UCMJ, is based on the sentence “as ap-
proved” by the CA. 10 U.S.C. § 866(b) (1996). Based on the date of Howell’s
offenses, the CA had the “clear unfettered discretion . . . to modify the find-
ings and sentence.” 4 United States v. Nerad, 69 M.J. 138, 145 (C.A.A.F. 2010).
Therefore, in order for this court to have had actual jurisdiction over Howell’s
case, the CA would have had to approve a sentence triggering our review,
which he may or may not have done in the exercise of his “command preroga-
tive.” Id.; see also Article 60(c)(1), UCMJ (2006). This prerequisite is not un-
like the prerequisite for our actual jurisdiction in the petitioner’s case. In
both instances, the matters “may reach the actual jurisdiction of the court.”
Howell, 75 M.J. at 390 n.4 (emphasis added).
    We are also guided by the CAAF’s decision in Hasan v. Gross, 71 M.J. 416
(C.A.A.F. 2012). There, the CAAF granted the petitioner’s writ of manda-
mus—filed prior to the start of his trial—and removed the military judge “on
the basis of the appearance of bias.” Id. at 417. The court did not discuss ju-
risdiction in their opinion, but later explained their basis for finding jurisdic-


   4  See Article 60(c)(1), UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 860(c)(1) (2013) (“The authority under
this section to modify the findings and sentence of a court-martial is a matter of
command prerogative involving the sole discretion of the convening authority.”). The
National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2014, Pub. L. No. 113-66, 127
Stat. 672 (2013), amended Article 60(c)(4), UCMJ, and restricted the CA’s authority
to modify sentences for all but the most minor offenses committed on or after 24 June
2014. Specifically, the changes to Article 60(c)(4), UCMJ, prohibit CAs from “disap-
prov[ing], commut[ing], or suspend[ing] in whole or in part an adjudged sentence of
confinement for more than six months or a sentence of dismissal, dishonorable dis-
charge, or bad conduct discharge” unless certain exceptions exist.




                                         6
                    Brown v. United States, No. 201900050


tion was premised on the fact that the “harm alleged by the petitioner—that
the military judge was biased—had the potential to directly affect the find-
ings and sentence.” Ctr. for Constitutional Rights v. United States, 72 M.J.
126, 129 (C.A.A.F. 2013). In Ctr. for Constitutional Rights, the petitioner
sought public access to documents filed in a high-profile court-martial. Id. at
127. The CAAF rejected the petitioner’s potential jurisdiction claims, distin-
guishing it from Hasan, because the court was being asked “to adjudicate
what amounts to a civil action, maintained by persons who are strangers to
the court-martial” that had “no bearing on any findings and sentence that
may eventually be adjudged by the court-martial.” Id. at 129. Thus, a “writ
petition may be ‘in aid of’ a court’s jurisdiction even on interlocutory matters
where no finding or sentence has been entered in the court-martial.” Kasten-
berg, 72 M.J. at 368 (citations omitted). “To establish subject-matter jurisdic-
tion, the harm alleged must have had ‘the potential to directly affect the find-
ings and sentence.’” Id. (quoting Ctr. for Constitutional Rights, 72 M.J. at
129).
    Here, the harm alleged—a biased military judge—is the same harm al-
leged in Hasan, and has the potential to directly affect the findings and sen-
tence. The fact that the court-martial has arrived at findings and a sentence
does not change this analysis. Pursuant to R.C.M. 1102, the CA directed a
post-trial Article 39(a) session “to reconsider . . . trial ruling[s] that substan-
tially affect[ ] the legal sufficiency of any findings of guilty or the sentence.”
R.C.M. 1102(b)(2). If the military judge were to reconsider those rulings for
which the CA specifically directed the post-trial Article 39(a) session, the
findings and sentence could be affected.
   Because the petitioner’s case may still reach this court, and the alleged
harm has the potential to directly affect the findings and sentence, we con-
clude we have potential jurisdiction to entertain the petitioner’s writ.

B. Merits of Petitioner’s Writ

   1. Standard of review
    A writ of mandamus is “a drastic instrument which should be invoked on-
ly in truly extraordinary situations.” United States v. Labella, 15 M.J. 228,
229 (C.M.A. 1983) (citations omitted). The writ has traditionally been used
“to confine an inferior court to a lawful exercise of its prescribed jurisdiction
or to compel it to exercise its authority when it is its duty to do so.” Roche v.
Evaporated Milk Association, 319 U.S. 21, 26 (1943). Only exceptional cir-
cumstances amounting to a “clear abuse of discretion or usurpation of judicial
power” justify the invocation of the writ. Bankers Life & Casualty Co. v. Hol-
land, 346 U.S. 379, 383 (1953) (citation and internal quotation marks omit-
ted). Therefore, to prevail, a petitioner seeking an extraordinary writ must


                                        7
                       Brown v. United States, No. 201900050


show that: “(1) there is no other adequate means to attain relief; (2) the right
to issuance of the writ is clear and indisputable; and (3) the issuance of the
writ is appropriate under the circumstances.” Hasan, 71 M.J. at 418 (citing
Cheney v. United States Dist. Court for D.C., 542 U.S. 367, 380-81 (2004)).
    As an initial matter, we note that in addition to asking this court for a
writ of mandamus disqualifying the military judge, the petitioner also seeks
relief for the substantive issues he raised in clemency and which are current-
ly pending before the military judge in the post-trial Article 39(a) session. In
addition, the petitioner claims that unlawful command influence infected the
post-trial proceedings after a senior Marine charged with supervising the tri-
al counsel sent a letter to the defense counsel’s reporting senior cautioning
him on the defense counsel’s “word choice.” 5
    These issues are currently before the military judge and may also be re-
viewed during the normal course of review. As we discussed above, we recog-
nize that given the petitioner’s adjudged sentence, appellate review may not
necessarily include review by our court. However, we disagree with the peti-
tioner’s assertion that his sentence “precludes the opportunity of direct ap-
peal” and that he must “rely on hope alone of obtaining relief through the col-
lateral appeal process via Article 69.” 6 Neither the mandatory review by a
Judge Advocate in Article 64, UCMJ, nor the petitioner’s application for re-
view by the JAG pursuant to Article 69(b), UCMJ, are collateral reviews. Ra-
ther, they form the statutory scheme of direct court-martial review created by
Congress and signed into law by the President. The petitioner can receive the
relief he requests through this process. 7 That review pursuant to Article 64,
UCMJ, or Article 69(b), UCMJ, may not be the review the petitioner wants
and might not lead to review by our court does not mean that the petitioner
has “no other adequate means to attain relief.” Hasan, 71 M.J. at 48. There-
fore, we limit our discussion to the petitioner’s request that we disqualify the
military judge.




   5   Petition for Extraordinary Relief of 28 Feb 19 at 70.
   6   Id. at 44.
   7  See Article 64(c)(1)(A), UCMJ (providing that the CA “may disapprove or ap-
prove the findings or sentence, in whole or in part” upon recommendation of correc-
tive action by a Judge Advocate); Article 69(b), UCMJ (“The findings or sentence, or
both, . . . may be modified or set aside, in whole or in part, by the Judge Advocate
General on the ground of . . . error prejudicial to the substantial rights of the ac-
cused.”).




                                            8
                    Brown v. United States, No. 201900050


   2. Disqualification of the military judge
    A military “accused has a constitutional right to an impartial judge.”
United States v. Martinez, 70 M.J. 154, 157 (C.A.A.F. 2011) (citation omitted).
R.C.M. 902 “divides the grounds for disqualification into two categories—
specific circumstances connoting actual bias and the appearance of bias.”
United States v. Quintanilla, 56 M.J. 37, 44-45 (C.A.A.F. 2001). R.C.M. 902(b)
lists five specific circumstances requiring disqualification, only one of which
is arguably pertinent to the petitioner’s case. R.C.M. 902(b)(1), requires dis-
qualification “[w]here the military judge has a personal bias or prejudice con-
cerning a party or personal knowledge of disputed evidentiary facts.” (em-
phasis added).
    R.C.M. 902(a) governs the appearance of bias and directs that “a military
judge shall disqualify himself or herself in any proceeding in which that mili-
tary judge’s impartiality might reasonably be questioned.” We use an objec-
tive standard to identify the appearance of bias: “[a]ny conduct that would
lead a reasonable [person] knowing all the circumstances to the conclusion
that the judge’s impartiality might reasonably be questioned.” Hasan, 71
M.J. at 418 (first alteration in original) (citation omitted). Recusal of the mili-
tary judge based on the appearance of bias “promote[s] public confidence in
the integrity of the judicial process.” Liljeberg v. Health Servs. Acquisition
Corp., 486 U.S. 847, 858 n.7 (1988). “[W]hat matters is not the reality of bias
or prejudice but its appearance.” Liteky v. United States, 510 U.S. 540, 548
(1994).
    The petitioner alleges that the military judge exhibited actual bias, or in
the alternative, the appearance of bias based on a perceived disparity in rul-
ing on objections between the defense and the government; on the military
judge’s demeanor during the trial; and on the military judge’s evidentiary
and instructional rulings adverse to the defense. In support of his argument
the petitioner compiled a statistical breakdown of objections sustained and
overruled by the military judge and provided examples of the military judge
interrupting the defense counsel. During the post-trial Article 39(a) session,
the petitioner’s defense counsel submitted four affidavits and called two wit-
nesses. This evidence, argues the petitioner, showed that the military judge
appeared to dislike the petitioner’s defense counsel, was visibly frustrated
with the defense counsel, and rolled his eyes and spoke to the defense counsel
in a harsh tone. In short, the petitioner’s allegations of bias are all centered
on the military judge’s rulings on objections, instructions, and evidentiary
motions, as well as his interaction with his defense team, during the trial.
   “There is a strong presumption that a judge is impartial, and a party
seeking to demonstrate bias must overcome a high hurdle, particularly when
the alleged bias involves actions taken in conjunction with judicial proceed-


                                        9
                    Brown v. United States, No. 201900050


ings.” Quintanilla, 56 M.J. at 44. “[R]emarks, comments, or rulings of a judge
do not constitute bias or partiality, ‘unless they display a deep-seated favorit-
ism or antagonism that would make fair judgment impossible.’ ” Id. (quoting
Liteky, 510 U.S. at 555). In Liteky, the Supreme Court explained that “judi-
cial rulings alone almost never constitute a valid basis for a bias or partiality
motion.” Liteky, 510 U.S. at 555. Rather, “only in the rarest circumstances”
would a military judge’s rulings “evidence the degree of favoritism or antago-
nism required” when no extrajudicial evidence of bias is involved. Id. Moreo-
ver, “judicial remarks during the course of a trial that are critical or disap-
proving of, or even hostile to, counsel, the parties, or their cases, ordinarily do
not support a bias or partiality challenge.” Id. Simply put, “expressions of
impatience, dissatisfaction, annoyance, and even anger, that are within the
bounds of what imperfect men and women . . . sometimes display” do not es-
tablish bias or partiality. Id. at 555-56.
    Because the petitioner’s allegations of bias focus solely on the military
judge’s actions during the court-martial, and he has otherwise failed to rebut
the strong presumption that the military judge is impartial, we find neither
actual bias nor the appearance of bias. As a result, we conclude the petitioner
has failed to demonstrate a clear and indisputable right to the writ and deny
his petition.

                               III. CONCLUSION

    The petition for extraordinary relief in the nature of a writ of prohibition
or a writ of mandamus is DENIED and the STAY IS LIFTED.
   Senior Judge TANG concurs.

LAWRENCE, Judge (dissenting):
    Fundamentally, as an Article I court, our jurisdiction is limited to the
powers conferred by statute and “we may not act unless Congress has given
us the authority to do so.” Loving v. United States, 62 M.J. 235, 239-40
(C.A.A.F. 2005). Here, the adjudication of a sub-jurisdictional sentence fore-
closes our direct means of review and, absent discretionary action of the
Judge Advocate General (JAG) to send the matter for our review, we will
never have jurisdiction over the matter. Any consideration of the merits of
this petition necessarily relies upon improper expansion of our jurisdiction
beyond statutory grant, thereby functioning as an advisory opinion. There-
fore, I cannot join in any part of the majority opinion and respectfully offer
my dissent.
   The path to both our actual and potential jurisdiction is through Article
66(b), UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 866(b) (2012), where the JAG “shall refer to a Court


                                        10
                    Brown v. United States, No. 201900050


of Criminal Appeals [(CCA)]” those cases that enjoy jurisdiction as defined by
the statute. Art. 66, UCMJ (emphasis added). Critically different is Article
69, UCMJ, where the JAG may send the case for our review of matters of law.
    The simple and unambiguous language of the statute cannot be over-
looked—the Judge Advocate General has absolute discretion to act on a case
with a sentence below the jurisdictional limit of this court (a sub-juris-
dictional case). First, the JAG may simply identify, sua sponte, “newly discov-
ered evidence, fraud on the court, lack of jurisdiction over the accused or the
offense, error prejudicial to the substantial rights of the accused, or the ap-
propriateness of the sentence.” Art. 69(b), UCMJ. Most cases of this nature,
however, arise by way of application to the JAG by a petitioner using these
same grounds to pray for relief. Once in receipt of such an application, the
JAG alone has statutory authority to review and decide whether to take ap-
propriate action by (1) denying the application, (2) setting aside the findings
or sentence, (3) ordering a rehearing, (4) dismissing the charges, or
(5) sending it to the CCA for Article 66, UCMJ, review. Art. 66(c) and (d),
UCMJ. Here, the majority opinion has recognized our limited jurisdiction,
but, without explanation, dispensed with the central role of the JAG by con-
sidering the merits of a sub-jurisdictional matter not sent to us by the JAG.
    We have no authority to decide this case. By doing so, we usurp the pow-
ers Congress specifically vested in the JAG to consider sub-jurisdictional ap-
plications and determine whether they may be resolved through other means
under his discretion or are appropriate to be sent for CCA review. Far from
this being “in aid of” our jurisdiction under the All Writs Act, 28 U.S.C.
1651(a), the majority has created jurisdiction where there is none and sought
to resolve the merits of the petition. This we cannot do.
    Cited by the majority to support the doctrine of potential jurisdiction, the
Supreme Court in FTC v. Dean Foods Co. noted that “where a case is within
the appellate jurisdiction of the higher court a writ . . . may issue in aid of the
appellate jurisdiction.” 384 U.S. 597, 603 (1966) (quoting McClellan v. Car-
land, 217 U.S. 268, 280 (1910)) (alteration in original) (emphasis added). The
Court went on to cite other cases in which an injunction was appropriate to
preserve the court’s jurisdiction pending other administrative actions or other
review required under statute. Id. at 604-05. (The Court noted that, absent
injunctive relief, undoing a merger and effectively restoring the competitive
marketplace would be impossible should courts of appeals not step in prior to
irreparable harm having been suffered.) The Court said that “[i]t would stul-
tify congressional purpose to say that the [Federal Trade] Commission did
not have the incidental power to ask the courts of appeals to exercise their
authority derived from the All Writs Act.” Id. at 606.




                                        11
                   Brown v. United States, No. 201900050


    Here, the majority advances a position that is directly at odds with both
the language and clear intent of our jurisdictional statute. In enacting Article
69, UCMJ, the Congress specifically conferred upon the JAG—not the CCA—
authority to consider alleged errors in a case with a sub-jurisdictional sen-
tence. In doing so, Congress made abundantly clear that there would be an
intermediary and indispensable step before we might ever consider such a
matter. Unlike in Dean Foods Co., no harm whatsoever would be suffered by
this petitioner should the process play out as expressed in statute. Only our
stay of proceedings below to consider this petition has interrupted completion
of the Article 39(a), UCMJ, session and action by the convening authority
(CA). Nonetheless, the majority opinion would have us gain—that is, manu-
facture—potential jurisdiction by circumventing the express authority of the
JAG with the boldness to presume his discretionary action in Article 66(d),
UCMJ.
    Because this special court-martial had the authority to adjudge a sen-
tence within the appellate jurisdiction of this court, prior to the moment this
sub-jurisdictional sentence was announced, we had potential jurisdiction.
However, the moment the trial court adjudged the sentence it did, we no
longer had potential jurisdiction. I recognize and agree with the line of cases
cited in the majority opinion in which the Court of Appeals for the Armed
Forces (CAAF) has recognized the application of the doctrine of potential ju-
risdiction as it relates to Article 66, UCMJ. See Howell v. United States, 75
M.J. 386 (C.A.A.F. 2016) (vacating military judge’s ruling directing the CA to
provide Article 13, UCMJ, sentencing credit in the CA’s action); LRM v.
Kastenberg, 72 M.J. 364 (C.A.A.F. 2013) (granting pre-trial motion allowing
special victims’ counsel to be heard on factual matters); Hasan v. Gross, 71
M.J. 416 (C.A.A.F. 2012) (granting pre-trial removal of the military judge for
bias, inter alia, ordering the forcible shaving of Hasan). The common theme
running through each of these cases is that—whether the case was in its in-
fancy, in pre-trial motions, or after the close of courtroom proceedings while
awaiting CA’s action—they all had Article 66, UCMJ, qualifying punish-
ments in play. However, what we once had jurisdiction over does not continue
indefinitely. Clinton v. Goldsmith, 526 U.S. 529, 536 (1999) (explaining that
there is no source of continuing jurisdiction over actions that a military ap-
pellate court had at one time the power to review).
    The majority is unnecessarily transfixed by the argument that the
CAAF’s decision in United States v. Arness, 74 M.J. 441 (C.A.A.F. 2015), is
inapplicable to this case, while Howell v. United States, 75 M.J. 386 (C.A.A.F.
2016), does apply, based upon the manner of writ employed in each case.
Simply put, Arness is a case in which the CAAF recognized the JAG’s defined
role under Article 69, UCMJ, to provide the appellate review for a sub-juris-
dictional case and rejected the ability of CCAs to seize extraordinary writ


                                      12
                         Brown v. United States, No. 201900050


jurisdiction and entertain the petition. On the other hand, Howell had re-
ceived a sentence that would—unless reduced below the jurisdictional
threshold by the relatively unfettered powers the CA had at that time—
mandate the JAG’s referral to the CCA under Article 66, UCMJ. At its core,
at the time of that petition, this court in Howell had a clear and unimpeded
path to eventually hearing the matter. That is not the case here.
    In Arness, the CAAF considered and explicitly “repudiate[d] the expansive
approach taken” in a line of cases that “entertain[ed] petitions for extraordi-
nary relief where the sentence was less than that required for review before
the service courts.” Arness, 74 M.J. at 443. The majority here argues similar-
ly to the Air Force Court of Criminal Appeals in Arness when they averred
they had jurisdiction “because the [JAG] could have sent the case to the CCA
for review.” Id. at 442 (emphasis added). 1 However, as in Arness, the analysis
here is also very straightforward as the JAG’s action in referring a sub-
jurisdictional case to the CCA is indeed a statutory prerequisite for our re-
view. Id. at 443. Further, as emphasized in the concurring opinion in Arness,
“if [the JAG’s] actions were subject to CCA review without referral to the
CCA by the [JAG], then we would expect to have seen multiple cases involv-
ing such exercise of jurisdiction.” Id. at 446 (Baker, J., concurring).
    The majority’s expansive view of the doctrine of potential jurisdiction is
erroneous. 2 In order to apply the doctrine of potential jurisdiction, there logi-
cally must be a path to this court’s jurisdiction that is not exclusively reliant
upon favorable consideration of matters by the JAG and his certification to
this court for review.
    Nonetheless, the majority suggests that the “prerequisites” of the CA not
taking action to disapprove a jurisdictionally-qualifying sentence and the
JAG reviewing and affirmatively deciding to send a matter to the CCA are on
equal footing. No such parallel was drawn in Howell to reject the CAAF’s de-
cision in Arness—note that Arness was not cited, much less questioned or dis-




      1   “Simply put, the petitioner’s case may yet reach our court.” Majority Opinion at
*6.
      While not cited by the majority opinion as consistent with the position they es-
      2

pouse, in light of the CAAF’s later holding in Arness, I doubt the continued validity of
this court’s opinion in United States v. Booker, 72 M.J. 787 (N-M. Ct. Crim. App.
2013) as concerns application of Article 69, UCMJ. Although the vast majority of that
opinion should remain intact as applied to this court’s jurisdiction in Articles 62 and
66, UCMJ, any discussion of our ability to claim jurisdiction independent of JAG re-
ferral under Article 69(d), UCMJ, has equally been “repudiate[d]” by Arness.




                                              13
                      Brown v. United States, No. 201900050


tinguished in Howell—and it is not valid to suggest these “prerequisites” are
on par with one another or unimportant.
    Lastly, the majority here fails to provide any rational link between the
most technical—and inconsequential—effect upon the findings and sentence
in the conclusion of the Article 39(a), UCMJ, and how that allows this court
to bypass the JAG. Granted, the military judge in the post-trial Article 39(a),
UCMJ, session may reconsider his rulings, and the “findings and sentence
could be affected.” 3 While that is indeed a possible outcome of the hearing,
there remains no approach by which the sub-jurisdictional sentence an-
nounced by the members panel could be escalated by the military judge to
gain our jurisdiction. The majority opinion recognizes as much in stating that
         nothing the military judge does, and nothing the convening au-
         thority can do at this stage of the proceedings, will bring the
         petitioner’s sentence within the ambit of our Article 66, UCMJ,
         jurisdiction. Rather, the only way for this court to gain jurisdic-
         tion over the petitioner’s case is for the JAG to refer the case to
         our court pursuant to Article 69(d), UCMJ. 4
I am at a loss how that allows this court to claim jurisdiction in a sub-
jurisdictional case that completely ignores the JAG’s indispensable role.
    Potential jurisdiction applies to a host of cases in which the process with
respect to the findings or sentence is yet incomplete. Effectively, an unlimited
range of options may play out in these cases, allowing us to consider that
there is potential for our jurisdiction under Article 66, UCMJ. We necessarily
take action to preserve—aid—our ability to continue the development of what
is then an open-ended question. That is not the case here and in other cases
where the announced sentence was definitively and forever below our direct
statutory threshold. We do little to discourage piecemeal litigation, we in-
crease delay, and we effectively provide an advisory opinion when we consid-
er the merits in a matter such as this, which is one or more steps premature
or may never ripen at all, absent independent action by the JAG. We also all
but invite an accused with a sub-jurisdictional sentence to completely bypass




   3   Majority Opinion at *7.
   4   Id. at *5.




                                         14
                     Brown v. United States, No. 201900050


the statutory review scheme set out in Articles 64, 69(a), and 69(b), UCMJ,
by immediately petitioning this court for extraordinary relief. 5
     Proper application of the statute and the doctrine of potential jurisdiction
preserves those petitions for extraordinary relief brought by petitioners prior
to announcement of a sub-jurisdictional sentence, where potential appellate
jurisdiction still exists. Because the petitioner’s adjudged sentence does not—
and cannot—qualify for automatic review by our court pursuant to Article 66,
UCMJ, and because the petitioner has not submitted an application to the
JAG for consideration, much less the petition sent to this court pursuant to
Article 69(d), UCMJ, we have no authority to presume the JAG’s action and
create jurisdiction where we have none. Consequently, I would deny the writ
on jurisdictional grounds alone without offering any consideration of the mer-
its.

                                  FOR THE COURT:




                                  RODGER A. DREW, JR.
                                  Clerk of Court




   5  We would equally be inviting an accused whose sub-jurisdictional case was re-
ferred to trial on or after 1 January 2019, to bypass the new statutory review scheme
set out in Article 69(d), UCMJ (2019).




                                         15
