                NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                           File Name: 12a0953n.06
                                                                                            FILED
                                            No. 10-1304
                                                                                       Aug 29, 2012
                           UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                       LEONARD GREEN, Clerk
                                FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT


NORMAN ALLEN,                                     )
                                                  )
       Petitioner-Appellant,                      )
                                                  )
v.                                                )    ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
                                                  )    STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE
SHIRLEE HARRY,                                    )    EASTERN DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN
                                                  )
       Respondent-Appellee.                       )
                                                  )

Before: GIBBONS, ROGERS and COOK, Circuit Judges.

       JULIA SMITH GIBBONS, Circuit Judge. Petitioner-appellant Norman Allen appeals

the dismissal of his 28 U.S.C. § 2254 petition for writ of habeas corpus seeking relief from both his

convictions and resulting sentences for second degree murder, felon in possession of a firearm, and

possession of a firearm during the commission of a felony. For the reasons that follow, we affirm

the judgment of the district court and deny Allen’s petition.

                                                  I.

                                                 A.

       Allen was charged with first degree murder, possession of a firearm during a felony, and

possession of a firearm by a felon. Allen waived his right to a trial by jury. A three-day bench trial

in Wayne County Circuit Court commenced on January 16, 2001, where the following facts were

introduced.


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        On March 23, 2000, at approximately 9:30 p.m., Detroit police officers responding to a call

arrived at 3242 Lothrop where they encountered Willie Lee Perry who told them that his friend had

just been shot. Officers found the body of an injured and unconscious male in the alley behind the

home. The victim was subsequently identified as Joe Louis Swanigan, who had been fatally shot in

the back. Other police officers who had also responded received permission to search the home.

The officers observed several spent .30 caliber shell casings on the front porch of the home. In the

basement of the home, the police found an empty Winchester .30 caliber carbine box. Further police

investigation failed to recover any fingerprints from the recovered shell casings; however, testing

confirmed that the spent casings were all fired from the same weapon.

        Perry testified that on March 23, 2000, he drove to the Lothrop house, picked up some

people, and left for Belle Isle. A woman who went by the name Monique rode along with Perry in

his Ford Explorer. After partying on Belle Isle, Monique and her cousin Sean accompanied Perry

to a store where Perry went inside to buy some juice. Perry left Monique and Sean in the Explorer

while he went into the store, and when he returned, his vehicle was gone. After finding himself

without his vehicle, Perry walked down the street to the location where he had seen the car of his

friend, Swanigan. Perry asked Swanigan to drive him over to Lothrop so that he could recover his

vehicle. After the two men arrived at the Lothrop house, Perry went onto the porch to ask for

Monique. Perry testified that while he was on the porch, a group of women exited the house,

including Monique. After Monique denied doing anything with his vehicle, Perry grabbed her and

pinned her up against the house. The women then began yelling at Perry and hitting him. Perry

testified that Allen came out of the house and hit him in the eye, causing Perry to fall down the stairs

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No. 10-1304

of the porch. After Perry extricated himself from the fight, while he was standing at the front of the

porch explaining that he was merely seeking to recover his keys and his vehicle, he saw Allen go into

the house and return four or five minutes later carrying a rifle. Perry testified that Allen “came out

the door with the rifle, went towards the center of the porch,” and said “What’s up?” and that Allen

then “fired some shots in the air.” Perry testified that when shots were fired, Swanigan was down

by the sidewalk alongside his car. When shots were fired, Perry ran between nearby houses but

testified that he heard Swanigan say “Look man, all I —all we wanted was my man’s keys back.”

Perry did not know to whom Swanigan was speaking. Perry then heard another voice say “That’s

all you want?” two times and then heard more gunshots. An injured Swanigan then came back to

the area where Perry was between the nearby houses and fell across the gate. Perry testified that the

second voice that he heard sounded like Allen.

       At trial, several of the witnesses testified that they had been intimidated by the police officers

who questioned them about the shooting.1 Allen’s counsel did not object to the introduction of the

witnesses’ prior statements made to police at trial. Kennyatta Morrow testified that the police

officers who questioned her on the night of the shooting were “hollering” at her and threatened to

“put [her] in juvenile” if she did not talk to them. Morrow stated that she was also scared of the




       1
         Gregory Patrick also testified that although he did not answer any questions posed by the
police, the police made him sign a statement by pushing his fingers back and applying pressure
behind his ears. However, Patrick testified at trial that he was not present at the Lothrop home on
the night of the murder, and there was no reference to the contents of his statement.

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Norman Allen v. Shirlee Harry
No. 10-1304

officers because “[t]hey was hitting on that girl Kay.”2 Morrow stated that she told the police

officers what she thought they wanted to hear but also testified that what she told the police officers

was a true statement of what occurred on the night of the shooting. She testified that Allen was

living at 3242 Lothrop and that he was often at the home. Morrow also acknowledged that in a prior

signed statement to police she had stated that Allen rented out the basement of the home. Morrow

testified that she was sitting in the dining room of the home listening to the radio and saw Allen go

into the basement, come back up from the basement, and walk towards the front door of the house

shortly before she heard shooting.

         Rosie Walker testified that she saw Allen upstairs in the house right before the shooting.

However, she also admitted to having signed a statement given to the police that stated that Allen

went into the basement, came back upstairs with a gun, and went onto the porch and started shooting.

Walker testified that she signed the statement because the police threatened to lock her up in jail and

take her keys and because she had heard the police “smacking up Sally.” Walker admitted that most

of the signed statement was true but denied that she saw Allen go into the basement and return with

a gun.

         Sallie Jackson testified at trial that she saw Allen come out of the house and join the group

beating up Perry. Jackson testified that she saw Allen leave the fight after a woman named Nikki

said “go get the gun” and that Allen returned about five minutes later with a gun which he then shot

into the air twice. Jackson then ran around the side of the house where she heard three more


         2
         Kay was a name used by Sallie Jackson (who is also referred to at times in the trial transcript
as Sallie Johnson), who was also at the Lothrop house on the night of the shooting.

                                                  -4-
Norman Allen v. Shirlee Harry
No. 10-1304

gunshots but could not see the shooter. Jackson also testified, however; that after Allen fired the gun

into the air she looked back after running away and hearing more gunshots and saw Allen holding

a gun. After the shooting stopped, Allen told Jackson to go into the house. When Allen came back

into the house she did not see him carrying a gun. She also testified that a Detroit police officer had

slapped her twice when she was brought in for questioning. Jackson stated that the mistreatment did

not cause her to change her statements or to say anything that was untrue.

        At the conclusion of the bench trial, the court found Allen guilty of second degree murder,

possession of a firearm during the commission of a felony, and possession of a firearm by a felon.

Allen was sentenced to twenty-four to forty-five years for the second degree murder conviction, two

to five years for the felon in possession of a firearm conviction, and a mandatory two years for the

possession of a firearm in the commission of a felony conviction.

                                                  B.

        Allen appealed his conviction to the Michigan Court of Appeals. Allen raised three claims

of error: denial of due process due to law enforcement’s intimidation of witnesses, which resulted

in the making of false statements that were used by the prosecution at trial; denial of a fair trial and

right to present a defense due to the trial court’s refusal to admit a letter written by the defendant

prior to trial, which was to be used as a prior consistent statement; and error due to the prosecutor’s

injection of evidence regarding the defendant’s decision to invoke his right to remain silent. Allen

then filed a motion for remand on the grounds that newly discovered evidence would likely cause

a different result at trial. The motion for remand was denied on June 3, 2002. On November 19,

2002, the Court of Appeals affirmed Allen’s convictions and sentence. People v. Allen, No. 233206,

                                                  -5-
Norman Allen v. Shirlee Harry
No. 10-1304

2002 WL 31934025 (Mich. Ct. App. Nov. 19, 2002) (per curiam). With regard to Allen’s due

process claim regarding witness intimidation by law enforcement and use of the witness statements

by the prosecution at trial, the Michigan Court of Appeals first found that the “issue was not

preserved for appeal” and accordingly evaluated the claim under the plain error rule set forth in

People v. Carines, 597 N.W.2d 130 (Mich. 1999), which requires that a defendant demonstrate that

the error was clear or obvious and “affected his substantial rights by prejudicing the outcome of the

proceedings.” Allen, 2002 WL 31934025, at *1. The court then stated:

                It is improper for a prosecutor or police to intimidate witnesses in or out of
       court. Here, the record reveals that while the police were interrogating a witness they
       “hollered” in her face and threatened to send her to a juvenile detention center if she
       did not talk. Another witness testified that she was slapped twice and that the police
       officers treated her very harshly and called her a “lying bi* * *.” Another witness
       testified that the police bent his fingers back and pushed on the pressure points
       behind his ears to get him to talk to the police.

                We clearly do not condone the way the witnesses were treated. However,
       defendant has failed to establish how the outcome of the proceedings was prejudiced
       by the way the witnesses were treated. . . . [A]ll three of these witnesses were able
       to take the stand and testify to their version of the events that occurred the evening
       in question. The record does not indicate that any of the witnesses seemed hesitant
       at trial to testify. Credibility of the witnesses is a matter for the trier of fact to
       ascertain.

               Moreover, other evidence corroborated the testimony of the witnesses.
       Defendant admitted to renting the basement and selling drugs out of the house. Two
       police officers found an empty Winchester .30 carbine box and suspected crack
       cocaine in the basement of the house. Additionally, two officers observed five spent
       .30 caliber shell casings on the front porch, and a lab report determined that all five
       spent shell casings were fired from the same weapon. Another witness testified that
       he saw defendant come out of the house with a rifle. Perry heard the victim say,
       “look man, all I-all we wanted was my man’s keys back,” and then heard a voice that
       sounded like defendant’s voice answer twice, “That’s all you want?” The witness
       then heard three more gunshots come from the house and further testified that the
       gunshots he heard sounded like the gunshots that defendant fired in the air.

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Norman Allen v. Shirlee Harry
No. 10-1304

       Moreover, the witness picked defendant out of a photographic line-up at the police
       station as the shooter.

               Circumstantial evidence and reasonable inferences arising from the evidence
       are sufficient to establish the elements of second-degree murder. Therefore,
       defendant was not denied his substantial rights because there was overwhelming
       evidence presented at trial to establish that defendant fired the shots that killed the
       victim.

Id. at *1–2 (internal citations and footnote omitted).

       Allen did not file a timely appeal of the Court of Appeals’s decision to the Michigan

Supreme Court. However, on January 10, 2003, Allen filed a pro per Delayed Application for Leave

to Appeal with the Michigan Supreme Court. Allen requested review of the same three claims raised

in his appeal to the Michigan Court of Appeals and raised an additional claim alleging that he was

denied his right to trial by jury because he was induced to waive his right to a jury trial based on

promises that a statement he made to police would not be introduced. The Michigan Supreme Court

denied Allen’s delayed application for leave to appeal on May 30, 2003, because it was not

persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed.

                                                 C.

       Allen subsequently pursued post-conviction relief in state court. He filed a motion for relief

from judgment with the Wayne County Circuit Court. The motion requested relief on the grounds

that Allen was denied his right to a fair trial because the prosecution improperly questioned him

regarding the credibility of other witnesses, trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance because he

failed to interview and subpoena certain witnesses, and appellate counsel rendered ineffective

assistance for failing to make raise the prior arguments, which provided the “good cause” necessary


                                                 -7-
Norman Allen v. Shirlee Harry
No. 10-1304

to excuse his failure to raise the issues in his prior appeal.3 The court denied the motion on January

31, 2006, finding that Allen failed to satisfy the “good cause” requirement of Michigan Court Rule

6.508(D)(3)(a).

        Allen then filed a delayed application for leave to appeal the denial of his motion for relief

from judgment with the Michigan Court of Appeals. The Court of Appeals denied the motion on

the grounds that Allen failed to establish his entitlement to relief under Michigan Court Rule

6.508(D). Allen then filed an application with the Michigan Supreme Court for leave to appeal the

Michigan Court of Appeals’s decision denying him leave to appeal. Allen raised three issues in his

application: (1) denial of due process and a fair trial due to the prosecution’s elicitation of comments

from Allen regarding the credibility of witnesses and the prosecution’s failure to list res gestae

witnesses, (2) denial of effective assistance of counsel due to trial counsel’s failure to investigate,

to call witnesses, and to object to trial errors,4 and (3) denial of effective assistance of appellate

counsel due to counsel’s failure to raise the above two claims regarding the prosecution’s elicitation

of comments on witness credibility and failure to list res gestae witnesses and the ineffective

assistance of trial counsel due to the failure to investigate, call witnesses, and object to errors at trial.


        3
        It appears that Allen’s motion for relief from judgment is not included in the record. The
record instead contains the trial court decision denying the motion and Allen’s description of the
motion, which was included with his delayed application for leave to appeal the order denying his
motion for relief from judgment.
        4
          The claim that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to object to trial errors was not
addressed in the trial court decision denying Allen’s motion for relief from judgment. It is unclear
if this claim was included in the motion, which as noted above does not appear to be part of the
record, or if it was first included in Allen’s delayed application for leave to appeal the denial of the
motion for relief from judgment.

                                                     -8-
Norman Allen v. Shirlee Harry
No. 10-1304

The Michigan Supreme Court denied his application on September 10, 2007.

                                                     D.

          After failing to obtain relief in state court, Allen filed a petition for a writ of habeas corpus

under 28 U.S.C. § 2254. Allen’s habeas petition presented four grounds for relief: (1) the denial of

due process and right to a fair trial due to misconduct by the police and prosecution relating to the

intimidation of witnesses and the use of the statements obtained as a result of the police intimidation

at trial, the failure of the prosecution to list res gestae witnesses, and the elicitation of Allen’s

comments on the credibility of witnesses (referred to by the district court as the “prosecutorial

misconduct claim”); (2) the denial of the due process right to present a defense; (3) the denial of

effective assistance of trial counsel; and (4) the denial of effective assistance of appellate counsel.

          The district court found that Allen had procedurally defaulted his prosecutorial misconduct

and ineffective assistance of trial counsel claims. The district court found the prosecutorial

misconduct claim defaulted because Allen failed to contemporaneously object to the misconduct at

trial. The ineffective assistance of trial counsel claim was procedurally defaulted because Allen did

not raise it on direct appeal but instead raised it for the first time in his motion for relief from

judgment. The district court noted that Allen argued that ineffective assistance of his appellate

counsel provided cause to excuse his procedural default. As a result, the district court considered

the merits of Allen’s claims because it found that the cause and prejudice analysis merged with an

analysis of the merits of the defaulted claims. The district court ultimately denied habeas relief.

          This court granted Allen’s application for a COA on February 4, 2011, as to the following

issues:

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Norman Allen v. Shirlee Harry
No. 10-1304

        a) whether Allen was deprived of a fair trial and due process because the police
        coerced statements from witnesses and the prosecution introduced the statements at
        trial; b) whether trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance by failing to object [to]
        the prosecution’s use of the coerced witness statements; c) whether appellate counsel
        rendered ineffective assistance by not raising the issues of whether Allen was
        deprived of due process through the introduction of the coerced witness statements5
        and of whether trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance by not objecting to the
        prosecution’s introduction of the coerced witness statements; and d) whether Allen
        procedurally defaulted the claims pertaining to the coerced statements and trial
        counsel’s failure to challenge them.

(CA6 docket, order of 2/4/2011, at 3.)

                                                   II.

        We review a district court’s dismissal of a habeas petition brought pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §

2254 de novo, but the district court’s factual findings are reviewed for clear error. Montgomery v.

Bobby, 654 F.3d 668, 676 (6th Cir. 2011) (en banc). “We review the district court’s procedural

default rulings de novo.” Jalowiec v. Bradshaw, 657 F.3d 293, 302 (6th Cir. 2011).

                                                   III.

                                                   A.

        Allen filed his habeas petition in December 2007, so the substantive and procedural

standards set forth in the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (“AEDPA”), which

became effective on April 24, 1996, govern this court’s review. See Allen v. Yukins, 366 F.3d 396,



        5
         This portion of the COA appears to have been granted in error. Allen’s appellate counsel
did raise the issue of whether Allen was deprived of due process through the introduction of the
witness statements in Allen’s direct appeal to the Michigan Court of Appeals. Further, in his brief
on appeal to this court, Allen focuses his argument regarding ineffective assistance of appellate
counsel on his appellate counsel’s failure to raise a claim based on (1) trial counsel’s failure to object
to the coerced witness statements and (2) trial counsel’s failure to call certain witnesses.

                                                  -10-
Norman Allen v. Shirlee Harry
No. 10-1304

399 (6th Cir. 2004) (citing Lindh v. Murphy, 521 U.S. 320, 336 (1997)). Under AEDPA, federal

habeas review of state court proceedings is limited. See, e.g., Lowe v. Swanson, 663 F.3d 258,

260–61 (6th Cir. 2011); Otte v. Houk, 654 F.3d 594, 600 (6th Cir. 2011).

        Federal habeas review of a petitioner’s federal claim may be foreclosed if the claim has been

procedurally defaulted. In general,

        [w]hen a “state prisoner has defaulted his federal claims in state court pursuant to an
        independent and adequate state procedural rule, federal habeas review of the claims
        is barred unless the prisoner can demonstrate cause for the default and actual
        prejudice . . . or demonstrate that failure to consider the claims will result in a
        fundamental miscarriage of justice.”

Hoffner v. Bradshaw, 622 F.3d 487, 495 (6th Cir. 2010) (quoting Coleman v. Thompson, 501 U.S.

722, 750 (1991)). “If a state has a procedural rule that prevented the state courts from hearing the

merits of a habeas petitioner’s claim, that claim is procedurally defaulted when 1) [the] petitioner

failed to comply with the rule, 2) the state actually enforced the rule against the petitioner, and 3) the

rule is an adequate and independent state ground foreclosing review of a federal constitutional

claim.” Taylor v. McKee, 649 F.3d 446, 450 (6th Cir. 2011) (internal quotation marks omitted). If

this court determines that “a state procedural rule was not complied with and that the rule was an

adequate and independent state ground, then the petitioner must demonstrate . . . that there was

‘cause’ for him to not follow the procedural rule and that he was actually prejudiced by the alleged

constitutional error.” Maupin v. Smith, 785 F.2d 135, 138 (6th Cir. 1986). A petitioner’s procedural

default may also be excused if the petitioner demonstrates that a fundamental miscarriage of justice

would result from a failure to consider the claims by demonstrating actual innocence. See Dretke

v. Haley, 541 U.S. 386, 388 (2004); Schlup v. Delo, 513 U.S. 298, 321–22 (1995).

                                                  -11-
Norman Allen v. Shirlee Harry
No. 10-1304

                                                  B.

        Allen admits that his “due process claim is procedurally defaulted because his trial counsel

failed to contemporaneously object” and that his ineffective assistance of trial counsel claim based

on trial counsel’s failure to object is also procedurally defaulted “because [it was] not presented to

the state courts and [is] likely barred under Michigan procedural rules.”6 Allen argues that review

of his due process claim is nonetheless proper because he is actually innocent. Allen also argues that

even if this court does not find sufficient evidence presented to find him actually innocent, his claims

may still be heard because he can establish cause and prejudice to excuse his default.

                                                   1.

        To establish actual innocence, a petitioner must demonstrate that “it is more likely than not

that no reasonable juror would have convicted him in light of the new evidence.” Schlup, 513 U.S.


       6
         The district court correctly determined that Allen’s due process claim regarding
prosecutorial misconduct was procedurally defaulted because Allen failed to object at trial, which
resulted in appellate review by the Michigan Court of Appeals under the “plain error” standard of
review pursuant to People v. Carines, 597 N.W.2d 130, 138–39 (Mich. 1999). Allen, 2002 WL
31934025, at *1. This court has found that the contemporaneous objection rule is firmly established
and regularly followed by Michigan state courts and that the rule serves as an adequate and
independent state ground. See Taylor v. McKee, 649 F.3d 446, 450–51 (6th Cir. 2011) (“Michigan’s
contemporaneous objection rule is both a well-established and normally enforced procedural rule.”).
Further, “a state appellate court’s plain-error review of a procedurally defaulted claim does not waive
the procedural default.” Awkal v. Mitchell, 613 F.3d 629, 648 (6th Cir. 2010) (en banc). The district
court also correctly found that Allen procedurally defaulted his ineffective assistance of trial counsel
claim because he failed to raise it on direct appeal and instead raised it in his motion for relief from
judgment, which the trial court denied pursuant to Michigan Court Rule 6.508(D)(3), and the
Michigan Court of Appeals and Michigan Supreme Court denied leave to appeal the denial, also
relying on Rule 6.508(D). The enforcement of Rule 6.508(D)(3) is an adequate and independent
state ground for procedural default purposes. See McFarland v. Yukins, 356 F.3d 688, 697–98 (6th
Cir. 2004).


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Norman Allen v. Shirlee Harry
No. 10-1304

at 327; see Souter v. Jones, 395 F.3d 577, 602 (6th Cir. 2005). “‘[A]ctual innocence’ means factual

innocence, not mere legal insufficiency.” Bousley v. United States, 523 U.S. 614, 623 (1998). To

demonstrate actual innocence to excuse his procedural default, a petitioner must come forward with

“new reliable evidence—whether it be exculpatory scientific evidence, trustworthy eyewitness

accounts, or critical physical evidence—that was not presented at trial.” Schlup, 513 U.S. at 324.

The reviewing court must consider the new evidence in light of “all the evidence, old and new,

incriminating and exculpatory, without regard to whether it would necessarily be admitted under

rules of admissibility that would govern at trial.” House v. Bell, 547 U.S. 518, 538 (2006) (internal

quotation marks omitted).

        In support of his claim of actual innocence, Allen argues that affidavits from Alma Morrow,

Kenneth Morrow, and Juantissa Hill are new, reliable evidence in the form of eyewitness accounts

that demonstrate that he is factually innocent. Allen submitted the three affidavits for the first time

in support of his motion for relief from judgment before the trial court. All three affidavits attest in

a sparse fashion that “Norman Allen, aka M.C. Noe or Noe was inside the house when the shooting

took place” and that the witnesses spoke with Allen’s attorney and told him that Allen did not

commit the charged crimes.

        Even if Allen’s proffered affidavits qualify as new evidence and raise a colorable claim of

actual innocence, that is insufficient to pass through the Schlup gateway. See Pudelski v. Wilson, 576

F.3d 595, 606 n.2 (6th Cir. 2009). The Supreme Court has explained that the Schlup standard

permits review only in the “extraordinary case.” House, 547 U.S. at 538 (internal quotation marks

omitted). Allen testified at trial that he was not outside at the time of the shooting, and Rosie Walker

                                                 -13-
Norman Allen v. Shirlee Harry
No. 10-1304

testified that she saw Allen upstairs in the house right before the shooting. The affidavits are thus

cumulative of the trial testimony that Allen was not outside at the time of the shooting. Further, the

affidavits must be considered alongside the more specific trial testimony of other eyewitnesses, who

testified that they saw Allen come up from the basement and go outside with a gun, saw Allen shoot

the gun in the air, and heard Allen yelling at Swanigan immediately before shots were fired.

Although additional testimony that Allen was inside the house might possibly cause jurors to

question the credibility of the witnesses who saw Allen outside the house with a gun, such evidence

would not compel a juror to credit only the testimony that placed Allen inside the house and discredit

the evidence that placed Allen outside with a gun at the time of the shooting. Further, the affidavits

are devoid of detail beyond asserting that Allen was inside the house during the shooting, and as

such, lack the necessary “probative force” to establish that they represent new, trustworthy

eyewitness accounts that may serve to buttress his claim. See Schlup, 513 U.S. at 327–28; Giles v.

Wolfenbarger, 239 F. App’x 145, 148 (noting that lack of evidence regarding an affidavit’s

authenticity, the affiant’s motivation, and circumstances of the affidavit’s execution provided further

support for treating a recanting affidavit with caution). As a result, it cannot be said that it is “that

it is more likely than not that no reasonable juror would have convicted [Allen] in the light of the

new evidence,” Schlup, 513 U.S. at 327, and Allen therefore cannot excuse the procedural default

of his constitutional claims by claiming actual innocence.

                                                   2.

        We next turn to Allen’s second argument for excuse of the procedural default of his claims.

In the absence of cause and prejudice we may not reach the merits of Allen’s defaulted claims.

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Norman Allen v. Shirlee Harry
No. 10-1304

Coleman, 501 U.S. at 750; Taylor, 649 F.3d at 451. Allen attempts to show cause and prejudice by

alleging ineffective assistance of trial counsel (for failing to object to the admission of the

statements of witnesses whom police mistreated) and ineffective assistance of appellate counsel (for

failing to raise trial counsel's ineffectiveness in not objecting to the witness statements). Even if the

state has waived part of its procedural default argument, we may raise the issue sua sponte. Palmer

v. Bagley, 330 F. App’x 92, 106 (6th Cir. 2009); White v. Mitchell, 431 F.3d 517, 524 (6th Cir.

2005). “An argument that ineffective assistance of counsel should excuse a procedural default is

treated differently than a free-standing claim of ineffective assistance of counsel.” Hall v. Vasbinder,

563 F.3d 222, 236 (6th Cir. 2009) (citing Ege v. Yukins, 485 F.3d 364, 379–80 n.7 (6th Cir. 2007)).

This is because “[t]he latter must meet the higher AEDPA standard of review, while the former need

not.” Id. at 237 (citing Joseph v. Coyle, 469 F.3d 441, 459 (6th Cir. 2006)).

        To establish ineffective assistance of counsel, Allen must demonstrate that his attorney’s

performance was deficient and that he was prejudiced by the deficient performance. Smith v.

Robbins, 528 U.S. 259, 285–86 (2000); Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984).

Deficient performance means that “counsel made errors so serious that counsel was not functioning

as the ‘counsel’ guaranteed the defendant by the Sixth Amendment” and that counsel’s

representation “fell below an objective standard of reasonableness. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687–88.

To demonstrate that appellate counsel’s performance was objectively unreasonable, Allen must show

that “a particular nonfrivolous issue was clearly stronger than issues that counsel did present.”

Robbins, 528 U.S. at 288. “The prejudice analysis for procedural default and the prejudice analysis

for the ineffective assistance of counsel argument are sufficiently similar to treat as the same in this

                                                  -15-
Norman Allen v. Shirlee Harry
No. 10-1304

context.” Hall, 563 F.3d at 237. Strickland prejudice is demonstrated by showing that “there is a

reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding

would have been different. A reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to undermine

confidence in the outcome.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694. The prejudice inquiry does not involve

a determination of “whether it is possible a reasonable doubt might have been established if counsel

acted differently.” Harrington v. Richter, 131 S. Ct. 770, 791 (2011). Instead, it requires a

determination of whether it is “‘reasonably likely’ the result would have been different,” and requires

the “likelihood of a different result . . . be substantial, not just conceivable.” Id. at 792.

        Because both prongs of the Strickland test must be satisfied to establish ineffective

assistance, if we find that Allen cannot establish either deficient performance or sufficient prejudice,

we need not address the other prong. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 697. Here, even if we assume that

Allen’s trial counsel rendered deficient performance by failing to object to the introduction of the

witnesses statements, Allen has failed to demonstrate “a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s

unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different.” Id. at 694.

        The Michigan Court of Appeals rejected Allen’s claim that he was denied a fair trial due to

the intimidation of witnesses. Allen, 2002 WL 31934025, at *2. However, the court made clear that

it “d[id] not condone the way the witnesses were treated.” Id. at *1. Despite its disapproval, the

Michigan court ultimately concluded that Allen “failed to establish how the outcome of the

proceedings was prejudiced by the way the witnesses were treated.” Id. “[A]ll three . . . witnesses

were able to take the stand and testify to their version of the events . . . [t]he record does not indicate

that any of the witnesses seemed hesitant . . . to testify.” Id. Further, the court found that “other

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Norman Allen v. Shirlee Harry
No. 10-1304

evidence corroborated the testimony of the witnesses,” and that “[c]ircumstantial evidence and

reasonable inferences arising from the evidence are sufficient to establish the elements of second

degree murder. Therefore, [Allen] was not denied his substantial rights because there was

overwhelming evidence presented at trial to establish that [Allen] fired the shots that killed the

victim.” Id. at *2.

       The plain error standard under Michigan law that the state appellate court applied is similar

to the standard for Strickland prejudice. The Michigan Court of Appeals explained that under the

plain error rule a defendant must show that the error “affected his substantial rights by prejudicing

the outcome of the proceedings.” Id. at *1 (citing Carines, 597 N.W.2d at 138). Correspondingly,

we agree with the Michigan Court of Appeals and find that prejudice sufficient to support a claim

of ineffective assistance of trial counsel cannot be established on this record.

       At trial, the witnesses were extensively questioned about their prior statements and the

circumstances surrounding their questioning by police. The witnesses were asked about and were

able to correct any discrepancies in their prior statements resulting from any intimidation by police.

The Michigan Court of Appeals found that the witnesses “were able to take the stand and testify to

their version of the events that occurred [on] the evening in question” and that “the record does not

indicate that any of the witnesses seemed hesitant at trial to testify.” Allen, 2002 WL 31934025, at

*1. The court noted that the trier of fact could then assess the credibility of the witnesses. Id. In

addition, the court found that other evidence corroborated the witnesses’ statements. Id. at *2. This

other evidence which the Michigan Court of Appeals described as “overwhelming,” id.,

independently provided support for the jury’s finding. Allen has not established prejudice because,

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No. 10-1304

even if we ignore the challenged statements, additional evidence presented at trial was sufficient to

support a finding that Allen was the shooter and therefore guilty of second degree murder. This

evidence included testimony that Allen resided in the basement of the Lothrop home where the .30

caliber carbine box was found and that spent .30 caliber shell casings—which police determined

were all fired from the same gun—were collected from the front porch of the Lothrop home. In

addition, Allen was seen coming out of the house holding a gun and then firing a gun in the air, and

he was heard speaking to Swanigan immediately before the fatal shots were fired. In light of the

record before us, we cannot conclude that there is a reasonable probability that a sustained objection

to the introduction of the challenged witnesses statements would have led to a different outcome at

trial. Allen was therefore not prejudiced by his defense counsel’s failure to object.

        Likewise, Allen cannot demonstrate ineffectiveness of his appellate counsel for failing to

raise the claim that his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to object at trial. Attorneys are not

required to raise every conceivable issue on appeal and it is “difficult” to demonstrate ineffective

assistance by appellate counsel due to a failure to raise a particular issue. See Robbins, 528 U.S. at

288; Jones v. Barnes, 463 U.S. 745, 751–54 (1983). Instead, appellate counsel should select the

most promising issues for review, and the presumption of effective assistance of counsel is only

overcome when the ignored issues are clearly stronger than the issues presented on appeal. Robbins,

528 U.S. at 288. Here, Allen’s appellate counsel raised several claims on direct appeal, including

Allen’s due process claim, which is based on the use of allegedly coerced statements. Given that

the “ignored issue” here—the ineffective assistance of trial counsel due to the failure to object to the

admission of coerced statements—relies on the underlying claim that appellate counsel did raise on

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appeal, Allen faces a difficult challenge in demonstrating that the ignored issue was stronger than

those presented on appeal. Further, even if we ignore the presumption of effectiveness, Allen cannot

demonstrate deficient performance or prejudice because the underlying claims are meritless. See

Hoffner, 622 F.3d at 509 (“Because we find none of the alleged underlying errors to be meritorious,

trial counsel was not ineffective for failing to object. Therefore, appellate counsel’s failure to raise

the ineffective assistance issue was not constitutionally deficient.”). Because Allen cannot

demonstrate the necessary prejudice under Strickland resulting from his trial counsel’s failure to

object to the challenged testimony, he cannot demonstrate the necessary prejudice resulting from his

appellate counsel’s failure to raise a claim that trial counsel was ineffective due to this same failure

to object. Therefore, Allen cannot demonstrate the ineffective assistance of appellate counsel

necessary to serve as cause to excuse Allen’s defaults. As a result, we conclude that Allen has

procedurally defaulted his constitutional claims and has failed to demonstrate the necessary cause

and prejudice required to allow us to reach the merits of the claims.

                                                  IV.

        For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the district court’s denial of Allen’s petition for writ of

habeas corpus.




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