                                                                                                 Filed
                                                                                           Washington State
                                                                                           Court of Appeals
                                                                                            Division Two

                                                                                          September 27, 2016




       IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

                                          DIVISION II
    STATE OF WASHINGTON,                                              No. 47973-7-II

                                 Respondent,

              v.

    E.A.S.†                                                     UNPUBLISHED OPINION

                                 Appellant.

         LEE, J. — E.A.S. appeals the trial court’s order imposing restitution against E.A.S. for the

victim’s substantial injuries after E.A.S. was convicted of fourth degree assault. We hold that the

trial court abused its discretion by imposing restitution for the victim’s injuries in the absence of a

causal connection between E.A.S.’s conviction and the victim’s injuries, and reverse the trial

court’s restitution order.




†
  Because the appellant was adjudicated as a juvenile, we find it appropriate to provide some
confidentiality in this case. Accordingly, it is hereby ordered that initials shall be used in the case
caption and in the body of the opinion when identifying the appellant and any juvenile witnesses.
RAP 3.4.
No. 47973-7-II


                                                FACTS

          This case stems from two fights between high school students. The victim, T.O., agreed

to the first fight with Q.R.1 at T.O.’s home. E.A.S. and other high school students were present

during that fight. Q.R. repeatedly punched T.O. in the face and knocked T.O. down at least twice.

After the last knock down, Q.R. walked away with the other students, including E.A.S.

          T.O. stood up and told Q.R. to come back so that T.O. could talk to him. At that point,

E.A.S. approached T.O. T.O. told E.A.S. that he did not want to fight, but E.A.S. began hitting

him. 2 VRP at 197. T.O. was “groggy” and “dizzy” from his fight with Q.R., and struggled to

defend himself against E.A.S.’s punches. 2 Verbatim Report of Proceedings (VRP) at 197. After

that fight, Q.R., E.A.S., and the other students left T.O.’s house. T.O.’s mother returned home

soon after and called the police.

          The State charged E.A.S. with second degree assault.2 At the bench trial, T.O. testified

that E.A.S. punched him and he hit his head on a brick wall. T.O. also testified that he was unable

to see, but he felt his body being punched and kicked. He blacked out and lost consciousness. He

testified that he suffered a concussion and a “through-and-through cut to his lip” as a result of

being assaulted by E.A.S. Clerk’s Papers (CP) at 11.

          The trial court found that T.O.’s testimony was not supported by the evidence and was not

credible. The trial court also found that “[n]o testimony was presented that proved [E.A.S.]

inflicted [T.O.’s] injur[ies]” and that the State “failed to prove that the reckless infliction of



1
    Q.R. is neither a party to this appeal nor was he charged as a co-defendant.
2
    RCW 9A.36.021(1)(a).



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No. 47973-7-II


substantial bodily harm was caused by [E.A.S.] and not [T.O.] himself.” CP at 12. As a result,

the trial court found E.A.S. guilty of fourth degree assault.3

          The trial court sentenced E.A.S. to six months’ community supervision. The trial court

reminded the parties that the State did not prove that E.A.S. “caused the Assault 2 level of injuries.”

4 VRP at 426. But the trial court found that “injuries are injuries” and imposed “[j]oint and

several” restitution in the full amount of T.O.’s medical expenses relating to his injuries.4 E.A.S.

appeals the restitution order.

                                               ANALYSIS

          E.A.S. argues that the trial court lacked the authority to impose restitution because the State

failed to establish a causal relationship between E.A.S.’s crime and T.O.’s injuries. We agree.

A.        LEGAL PRINCIPLES

          An order of restitution is reviewed for abuse of discretion. State v. S.T., 139 Wn. App. 915,

918, 163 P.3d 796 (2007).          An abuse of discretion occurs when the order is manifestly

unreasonable, or exercised on untenable grounds, or for untenable reasons. S.T., 139 Wn. App. at

918. The court has discretion to determine the amount, terms, and conditions of restitution. RCW

13.40.190(1)(d).

          Restitution is allowed only for losses that are causally connected to the crime. State v.

Kinneman, 155 Wn.2d 272, 286, 119 P.3d 350 (2005). “Restitution may not be based on acts

connected with the crime charged, when those acts are not part of the charge.” State v. Harrington,



3
    E.A.S. was charged with a co-defendant, but the trial court acquitted the co-defendant.
4
 The trial court imposed restitution in the amount of $4,183.93. The record does not show with
whom E.A.S. was held joint and severally liable for the restitution imposed.


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No. 47973-7-II


56 Wn. App. 176, 179, 782 P.2d 1101 (1989); see State v. Woods, 90 Wn. App. 904, 907, 953 P.2d

834 (quoting State v. Blair, 56 Wn. App. 209, 214-15, 783 P.2d 102 (1989)) (“A restitution order

must be based on the existence of a causal relationship between the crime charged and proven and

the victim’s damages.”), review denied, 136 Wn.2d 1021 (1998); State v. Ashley, 40 Wn. App.

877, 879, 700 P.2d 1207 (1985) (“Since there was no injury or loss as a result of the crime for

which Ashley was charged and convicted, there can be no restitution.”). “A sufficient causal

connection exists if, ‘but for the criminal acts of the defendant, the victim would not have suffered

the damages for which restitution is sought.’”       S.T., 139 Wn. App. at 919 (quoting State v.

Landrum, 66 Wn. App. 791, 799, 832 P.2d 1359 (1992)).

B.     NO CAUSAL CONNECTION BETWEEN CONVICTION AND INJURIES ESTABLISHED

       The State argues that E.A.S. was an active participant in the assault that caused T.O.’s

injuries, and therefore, E.A.S. is liable for related restitution. However, the trial court expressly

found that the State failed to prove that T.O.’s injuries were caused by E.A.S. Thus, because the

State did not prove that E.A.S. inflicted T.O.’s injuries, as necessary to support second degree

assault, the trial court found E.A.S. not guilty of second degree assault. Instead, the trial court

found E.A.S. guilty of fourth degree assault, which does not require the State to prove that E.A.S.

caused any physical injury.

       Despite expressly finding that the State failed to prove E.A.S. inflicted T.O.’s injuries, the

trial court imposed restitution against E.A.S. to compensate T.O. for his injuries. In doing so, the

trial court abused its discretion because T.O.’s injuries were not causally connected to E.A.S.’s




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No. 47973-7-II


conviction. Kinneman, 155 Wn.2d at 286. Accordingly, we reverse the trial court’s restitution

order.

         A majority of the panel having determined that this opinion will not be printed in the

Washington Appellate Reports, but will be filed for public record in accordance with RCW 2.06.040,

it is so ordered.



                                                                       Lee, J.
 We concur:



                    Johanson, J.




                    Bjorgen, C.J.




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