          United States Court of Appeals
                     For the First Circuit


No. 19-1620

                   CRISTIAN JOSUE DIAZ ORTIZ,

                           Petitioner,

                               v.

                         WILLIAM P. BARR,
                 UNITED STATES ATTORNEY GENERAL,

                           Respondent.


               PETITION FOR REVIEW OF AN ORDER OF
                THE BOARD OF IMMIGRATION APPEALS


                             Before

                      Howard, Chief Judge,
                Lynch and Lipez, Circuit Judges.


     Kristin M. Beale, with whom Ellen Scordino, Gemma Seidita,
and Cooley LLP were on brief, for petitioner.
     Timothy Bo Stanton, Trial Attorney, Office of Immigration
Litigation, with whom Joseph H. Hunt, Assistant Attorney General,
Civil Division, and Paul Fiorino, Senior Litigation Counsel, were
on brief, for respondent.


                          May 15, 2020
            LYNCH, Circuit Judge.             Cristian Josue Diaz Ortiz, a

native of El Salvador, seeks review of a Board of Immigration

Appeals   (BIA)    decision     affirming     an   Immigration     Judge's   (IJ)

denial of his claims for asylum, withholding of removal, and

protection under Article 3 of the United Nations Convention Against

Torture (CAT).     See 8 U.S.C. §§ 1158, 1231(b)(3); Pub. L. No. 105–

277, § 2242, 112 Stat. 2681 (1998).

            The IJ found that Diaz Ortiz did not meet his burden to

show eligibility for any of the grounds for relief he sought and

ordered Diaz Ortiz removed.        The IJ found that Diaz Ortiz was not

credible and gave several reasons, including inconsistencies in

his testimony and contradiction of his testimony through other

evidence.

            This lack of credibility finding was based in part on

field   reports,     gathered    by   Boston-area      law   enforcement      and

summarized in a government database, that concerned Diaz Ortiz's

association   with    alleged    MS-13   gang      members   and   contradicted

aspects of his testimony.        In part, the finding was also based on

an inconsistency in his testimony.              That inconsistency undercut

his attempt to give an innocent reason to his possession of a

padlock and chain, which the government says are weapons used by

MS-13 gang members.       His response to the IJ's request that he

explain the inconsistency was itself not credible.                 The IJ noted

a lack of corroborative evidence.


                                      - 2 -
             The BIA affirmed the IJ's decision in a careful opinion.

After this court denied a stay of removal, Diaz Ortiz was removed.

The parties agree the petition is not moot.             See Leitao v. Reno,

311 F.3d 453, 456 (1st Cir. 2002).

             Diaz Ortiz argues that the IJ's adverse credibility

determination was not supported by substantial evidence. He argues

that   introduction     of   law   enforcement     gang   database     records

violated his due process rights, and that his testimony was not

inconsistent.       From this, he argues that the finding that he had

not met his burden was error.          He also argues that the IJ applied

the wrong legal standard to his withholding of removal and CAT

claims.   Because all of these arguments lack merit, we deny his

petition for review.

                                        I.

             On July 21, 2015, Diaz Ortiz, then sixteen years old,

entered the United States near Rio Grande City, Texas. Immigration

officials quickly arrested him, initiated removal proceedings

against him, and released him into the custody of his uncle, who

lived in East Boston, an area within the City of Boston.                 Diaz

Ortiz started living in East Boston in August 2015.

             Throughout 2017 and 2018, while Diaz Ortiz lived in East

Boston, he had eleven interactions with law enforcement that were

documented     in   field    reports    gathered   by   the   Boston    Police

Department and the Boston School Police Department and compiled by


                                       - 3 -
the Boston Regional Intelligence Center ("BRIC") in the BRIC Gang

Assessment Database.   The interactions included four occasions

between March 2017 and May 2018 of police finding Diaz Ortiz with

marijuana, both alone and with others; four occasions between

September 2017 and June 2018 of police observing Diaz Ortiz with

people identified as members of the MS-13 gang, including one

member for whom police had information there was an active arrest

warrant; one occasion on June 1, 2018, of police observing Diaz

Ortiz outside a "known hangout" for MS-13 members; one occasion on

June 21, 2018, of police observing Diaz Ortiz trespassing with

four others; and one occasion on August 1, 2018, when Diaz Ortiz

was with two others identified as MS-13 gang members and, on

questioning, told officers he had a metal chain and pad lock for

his bicycle in his bag, though he had no bicycle with him.    The

government asserts that MS-13 gang members frequently use a metal

chain and lock as a weapon.      Police seized the items.     The

observations included that Diaz Ortiz frequented areas known for

MS-13 gang activity.

          On August 20, 2018, Homeland Security Investigations

("HSI") and Enforcement and Removal Operations ("ERO") arrested

Diaz Ortiz in East Boston along with two MS-13 gang members as

part of an MS-13 gang arrest operation.      On August 21, 2018,

because of Diaz Ortiz's earlier law enforcement interactions, HSI

labeled Diaz Ortiz "a VERIFIED and ACTIVE member of the MS-13 gang


                              - 4 -
in the Boston metro area."           After his arrest, Immigration and

Customs Enforcement ("ICE") detained Diaz Ortiz under 8 U.S.C.

§ 1226(a), which provides that "an alien may be arrested and

detained pending a decision on whether the alien is to be removed

from the United States."1

             On October 1, 2018, Diaz Ortiz filed an application for

asylum, withholding of removal, and CAT protection.              He alleged

that in El Salvador in 2015 the MS-13 gang had attacked him and

threatened    his   life   because   he   was   a   practicing   evangelical

Christian and that he feared the gang would kill him if he returned

to El Salvador.

             On December 4, 2018, at the merits hearing on his asylum

application, Diaz Ortiz testified with an interpreter's help as

follows.     He is an evangelical Christian, attended church "three

or four times a week" while in El Salvador, but only a few times



     1    On December 18, 2018, Diaz Ortiz filed a petition for
writ of habeas corpus under 28 U.S.C. § 2241 in the United States
District Court for the District of Massachusetts. He argued that
his detention was unlawful because the government improperly
placed the burden on him to prove that he was eligible for release
on bond.   On January 29, 2019, the court granted the writ and
ordered the government to hold a second custody redetermination
hearing at which that burden was placed on the government. Diaz
Ortiz v. Tompkins, No. 18-12600-PBS, 2019 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 14155,
at *5 (D. Mass. Jan. 29, 2019). At Diaz Ortiz's second hearing,
a different immigration judge again declined to release him. See
Diaz Ortiz v. Smith, 384 F. Supp. 3d 140, 142 (D. Mass. 2019).
Diaz Ortiz then moved to enforce the district court's earlier
order, arguing that his second hearing was also flawed, but the
court denied that motion. Id. at 145.


                                     - 5 -
while in the United States, and he served in El Salvador as a

"youth leader" in his faith.      In El Salvador, MS-13 gang members

often approached him on his way to school to ask him to join the

gang, and he refused.     On one occasion in 2015, gang members beat

him, robbed him, and threatened to kill him if he did not leave

his Christian beliefs to join the gang. He did not produce medical

records of any injury.      Diaz Ortiz also testified that a person

cannot be both an evangelical Christian and a member of MS-13,

that he would not join a gang, and that he was opposed to gangs

because of his faith.

             Diaz Ortiz also testified MS-13 gang members murdered

his aunt in El Salvador.    He said he feared that MS-13 gang members

would kill him if he returned to El Salvador.

             When asked about his time in Boston, Diaz Ortiz testified

that he had attended church in Boston "a few times" but not very

often.   When the IJ asked him what his method of transportation in

Boston was, Diaz Ortiz responded that he took the train.       The IJ

clarified: "Always?"      Diaz Ortiz responded: "Yes.    Well, when I

lived in, in my house where I lived in, in East Boston, I didn't

because it was close, but when I lived in Boston, I, I had to use

the train."     The IJ asked again: "So, you never traveled anywhere

except by train, correct?"     Diaz Ortiz responded: "Yes, yes, only

in train."




                                 - 6 -
           The    government   later    asked      Diaz    Ortiz   about   the

occasion, after he had been frequently seen with MS-13 members, on

which the police found a metal chain and pad lock on him while he

was with two gang members (and no bicycle).               He was asked: "And

you told the officer that it was a chain and lock that you use for

your bicycle."      Diaz Ortiz responded: "Yes, several times they

stopped me."     The government then asked: "Why did you tell the

police that you had the chain and the padlock for a bicycle, yet

you told the Court today that you only traveled around by train?"

Diaz Ortiz responded: "Well, when I lived in East Boston, of

course, I had the bicycle there to go around and, and do things

around there, but when I lived in Boston and I took the train, I

couldn't bring the bike anymore."

           On    cross-examination     of   Diaz   Ortiz,    the   government

sought to introduce the field reports from the BRIC Gang Assessment

Database, described earlier.     Diaz Ortiz objected through counsel,

arguing that the evidence was "not reliable and fundamentally

unfair."    He argued that the reports contained mistakes and

inconsistencies and did not comply with 28 C.F.R. Part 23.             He did

not ask that the officers who summarized the data or the officers

who made the observations be called to testify or be made available

for cross-examination.     The IJ overruled the objection.

           As to the evidence from the BRIC Gang Assessment Database

of his five interactions with MS-13 members in Boston over the


                                 - 7 -
period from March 2017 to August 2018, Diaz Ortiz testified that

he did not know that the other people he was with were MS-13

members or that the areas he had been in were known for gang

activity, but he did not otherwise contest the observations as

inaccurate.

             An expert on conditions in El Salvador also testified at

the hearing for Diaz Ortiz, saying that MS-13 members in El

Salvador target evangelical Christians because the gang views them

as competition for recruitment. Diaz Ortiz supplemented his asylum

application with supporting documentation, including a personal

declaration; declarations from his mother and his pastor in El

Salvador; his aunt's death certificate; an affidavit from Thomas

Nolan,   a    Boston    University     professor       who   criticized    the

reliability of the information in the BRIC Gang Assessment Database

about Diaz Ortiz's interactions with gang members; and others.

Diaz Ortiz also submitted further briefing about the BRIC Gang

Assessment Database evidence, arguing that the IJ should "give

minimal weight" to the reports because they were "uncorroborated

hearsay" and that many of the behaviors described in the reports

are "innocuous."

             On   December   19,   2018,    the   IJ   denied   Diaz   Ortiz's

application in a written nine-page opinion.              As to the finding

that Diaz Ortiz was not credible, the IJ found that his claim that

he was not an MS-13 gang member was contradicted by "the plethora


                                    - 8 -
of evidence . . . in the record" about his associations with MS-

13 gang members.    The IJ highlighted Diaz Ortiz's testimony that

the lock and chain were for his bicycle, noting that Diaz Ortiz

had said he only used the train for transportation and did not

ever mention using a bicycle.     On that point, the IJ concluded

that he was "unpersuaded by [Diaz Ortiz's] explanation" for the

discrepancy.   The IJ stated: "Given the significant evidence that

[Diaz Ortiz] is a MS-13 gang member, the Court casts great doubt

on whether [Diaz Ortiz] is actually an evangelical Christian,"

which was the basis of his asylum claim, but the IJ made no finding

on this point.     The IJ also noted that he assigned Diaz Ortiz's

supporting declarations from family members "limited weight as the

authors are not present for cross-examination."

           The IJ found that Diaz Ortiz had not established past

persecution based on a protected ground or proven that he had a

well-founded fear of future persecution based on a protected

ground.   The IJ also stated as a matter of its discretion:

           Even if [Diaz Ortiz] was statutorily eligible
           for asylum, . . . the Court would deny his
           application as a matter of discretion.       8
           C.F.R. § 1208.14(a). DHS has filed numerous
           documents stating that [Diaz Ortiz] is
           affiliated with a gang or a member of such.
           He has been stopped by the police several
           times, and on at least one occasion, he was
           found with a lock and chain, a weapon
           frequently used by local gang members.     His
           gang affiliations are also well-documented by
           local law enforcement agencies. Because gang
           affiliation is an incredibly dangerous factor,


                               - 9 -
           the Court finds that it is a serious negative
           inequity that is not offset by [Diaz Ortiz's]
           limited positive equities.

Finally, the IJ found that Diaz Ortiz had not established that it

was more likely than not that he would be tortured in El Salvador

by or with the acquiescence of a government official.

           Diaz Ortiz appealed the IJ's decision to the BIA, arguing

that the IJ's credibility finding was clearly erroneous because it

was not based on the record as a whole and mischaracterized Diaz

Ortiz's testimony.     He also argued that the IJ's reliance on the

police documentation in the BRIC Gang Assessment Database of his

interactions   with   gang    members   was   fundamentally   unfair   and

violated his due process rights.          He argued that the reports

contained "numerous indications of [their] lack of reliability and

trustworthiness."     He referred to Prof. Nolan's affidavit, which

argued that the database did not comply with 28 C.F.R. Part 23 and

that none of its entries provided evidence of reasonable suspicion

of criminal activity.    He did not argue that the events documented

in the database did not occur.       From this, Diaz Ortiz argued that

the IJ's conclusion that he was not entitled to asylum was error.

           The BIA dismissed Diaz Ortiz's appeal on June 5, 2019.

Its decision found that the IJ's credibility finding was not

clearly   erroneous   given    the   contradictions   in   Diaz   Ortiz's

testimony and the contradictions between his testimony and the

BRIC Gang Assessment Database evidence.        The BIA stated:


                                 - 10 -
           When pressed, [Diaz Ortiz] explained that he
           was not a gang member, and he did not know
           that the people he associated with were gang
           members or that the areas they spent time in
           together were frequented by the gang. He also
           explained that the lock and chain found on his
           person were for his bike. The [IJ] did not
           find these explanations to be reasonable.
           [Diaz Ortiz] had multiple contacts with law
           enforcement when he associated with known gang
           members in areas frequented by the gang, and
           [Diaz Ortiz] admitted that he previously
           testified that he "did not use any other means
           of transportation other than a train" in
           Boston.    Considering the totality of the
           circumstances, we will affirm the [IJ's]
           adverse credibility finding because it is not
           clearly erroneous.

(footnotes and citations omitted).        The BIA also held that, even

if Diaz Ortiz's explanations were plausible, the IJ's conclusions

were also plausible and so could not be clearly erroneous.

           The BIA found Diaz Ortiz's objection to the BRIC Gang

Assessment Database evidence was "not borne out by the record"

because   the   "reports   consistently   indicate   that   [Diaz   Ortiz]

associated with known MS-13 gang members in areas of Boston

frequented by the gang and carried gang-related weapons."           The BIA

also explained its rejection of Prof. Nolan's criticism of the

gang evidence, stating:

           [T]he professor does not explain why [Diaz
           Ortiz's] associations with known MS-13 gang
           members in areas frequented by the gang, along
           with the fact that gang-related weapons were
           found on his person, do not give rise to a
           reasonable suspicion. Significantly, counsel
           has not presented evidence that [Diaz Ortiz]




                                 - 11 -
             has been removed from the Boston police's
             database because his inclusion was unlawful.

(citation omitted).

             The BIA also held that, to the extent that Diaz Ortiz's

supporting materials were consistent with his testimony, those

materials still failed to rehabilitate the inconsistencies in his

testimony.     It analyzed each declaration in turn, stating:

             [Diaz Ortiz's] declaration, which claims that
             he could not join MS-13 because he is a
             Christian, is not consistent with other
             evidence in the record. In addition, although
             the affidavit from [Diaz Ortiz's] pastor
             states that the respondent left El Salvador
             "to escape the gangs' threats and attempts to
             recruit him," it does not corroborate in any
             detail [Diaz Ortiz's] testimony that he was
             physically assaulted by MS-13.     The aunt's
             death certificate and evidence that [Diaz
             Ortiz]   once   participated    in   Christian
             activities    and     distributed    religious
             literature with his family and church also do
             not corroborate that [Diaz Ortiz] was beaten
             or threatened by members of MS-13 in El
             Salvador. [Diaz Ortiz] conceded that he does
             not appear in the undated photographs in the
             record, which he claims depict his family's
             Christian bookstore in El Salvador. Finally,
             although the affidavit from [Diaz Ortiz's]
             mother states that [he] was "attacked" by the
             gangs because he was going to church, we agree
             with the [IJ] that this evidence, which is
             from an interested person, is insufficient to
             rehabilitate [Diaz Ortiz's] testimony.

(citations omitted).     The BIA affirmed the IJ's finding that the

record did not establish that Diaz Ortiz would be tortured in El

Salvador, noting that "the single beating [Diaz Ortiz] allegedly




                                - 12 -
experienced         in    El     Salvador     . . .     did      not     require    medical

attention."

                                              II.

              "We        must    uphold     the     BIA's     decision         'unless    any

reasonable adjudicator would be compelled to conclude to the

contrary.'"         Silva v. Gonzales, 463 F.3d 68, 72 (1st Cir. 2006)

(quoting      8     U.S.C.       § 1252(b)(4)(B)).            We       review    "[f]actual

findings,     including          credibility        determinations . . . under           the

familiar substantial evidence standard."                         Rivas-Mira v. Holder,

556 F.3d 1, 4 (1st Cir. 2009).                "In other words, findings of fact

will   stand       as     long    as   they       are   'supported        by    reasonable,

substantial, and probative evidence on the record considered as a

whole.'"      Jianli Chen v. Holder, 703 F.3d 17, 21 (1st Cir. 2012)

(quoting INS v. Elias-Zacarias, 502 U.S. 478, 481 (1992)).                           Where,

as here, "the BIA adopts and affirms the IJ's ruling but also

examines some of the IJ's conclusions, this Court reviews both the

BIA's and IJ's opinions."              Perlera–Sola v. Holder, 699 F.3d 572,

576 (1st Cir. 2012) (citing Matovu v. Holder, 577 F.3d 383, 386

(1st Cir. 2009)).

              To    be     eligible    for    asylum,       an    applicant      must    show

"persecution or a well-founded fear of persecution on account of

race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social

group,   or       political      opinion."          8   U.S.C.     § 1101(a)(42).          An

applicant's testimony alone can meet this burden, but if the agency


                                            - 13 -
finds that the testimony is not truthful, "that determination

strips the testimony of probative force and permits the agency to

. . . discount it."        Segran v. Mukasey, 511 F.3d 1, 5 (1st Cir.

2007).    The REAL ID Act permits the IJ to consider inconsistencies

in   an   applicant's   statements    "without     regard   to   whether   an

inconsistency . . . goes to the heart of the applicant's claim."

8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(B)(iii).

            Diaz   Ortiz     argues   that   the     adverse     credibility

determination was based on a single inconsistency that was not, in

fact, inconsistent, and that the use of the BRIC Gang Assessment

Database evidence violated his due process rights.             From this, he

asserts the adverse credibility finding is unsupported.               He is

wrong for several reasons. We first note that the IJ was permitted

to disbelieve Diaz Ortiz's testimony about his modes of transport

and the padlock and chain.        We then affirm the BIA's conclusion

that the admission of the BRIC Gang Assessment Database evidence

was not an error and most certainly not a due process violation.

            Diaz Ortiz argues the lack of credibility finding turned

on the inconsistency in his explanation for why he had in his

possession a metal chain and pad lock, known MS-13 weapons, while

he was observed with MS-13 members and he had no bicycle with him.

Diaz-Ortiz argues his statements were not inconsistent.2             As the


      2   Although Diaz Ortiz also argues that the IJ did not
"provide[] an opportunity to explain the perceived inconsistence,"


                                  - 14 -
BIA held, the IJ was not compelled to find Diaz Ortiz's statements

were not inconsistent.     Given that both of the indicia used by

each of the IJ and the BIA as to lack of credibility were properly

considered, we do not reach the government's argument that the

metal chain and pad lock inconsistency alone supports the IJ's

lack of credibility finding.

            Diaz Ortiz next argues that the BRIC Gang Assessment

Database evidence was collected in violation of 28 C.F.R. Part 23,

which requires that an interjurisdictional intelligence system

like BRIC

            shall    collect    and   maintain    criminal
            intelligence    information   concerning    an
            individual only if there is reasonable
            suspicion that the individual is involved in
            criminal   conduct    or  activity   and   the
            information is relevant to that criminal
            conduct or activity.

28 C.F.R. § 23.20(a).    He argues that the field reports offered at

his asylum hearing do not support reasonable suspicion of criminal

activity.    Diaz Ortiz further points to minor inconsistencies in

the field reports. He argues that it was "unclear" that each field

report was created by a person with authority to submit reports to

the database.


this claim is not supported by the record. He was asked about the
inconsistency.   Diaz Ortiz's counsel was free to return to the
topic on redirect and did in fact ask him why he had a bike lock
but not a bicycle. Diaz Ortiz explained that a friend had asked
to borrow his bicycle and that police had previously seen him with
the lock and chain while he also had his bicycle with him.


                               - 15 -
             We reject Diaz Ortiz's challenge to the BIA's upholding

of the admission of the BRIC Gang Assessment Database evidence,

under any standard of review.         Diaz Ortiz did not argue to the IJ

the information in the field reports was not accurate, or that the

persons he was seen with were not in fact MS-13 members.          Rather,

he denied knowledge that the other people seen with him were MS-

13 members, but produced no evidence to support that testimony.3

He also did not ask that the government produce testimony to

support the assertions in the database that the other people he

was observed with were MS-13 members.

             Further, we agree with the BIA's conclusion that there

was no violation of 28 C.F.R. Part 23.4        The regulations set forth

requirements for federal funding for certain state and local law

enforcement operations, including criminal intelligence systems.

See 28 C.F.R. § 23.3 ("These policy standards are applicable to

all criminal intelligence systems operating through support under

the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 . . . .");

see   also   34   U.S.C.   § 10723    (authorizing   federal   grants   for



      3   He also did not argue to the IJ that the officers whose
reports appear in the evidence should have been required to appear
at his hearing, either to authenticate the documents or to testify
to their contents.
      4   Prof. Nolan's declaration, which focuses on the
database's compliance with 28 C.F.R. Part 23, does not challenge
the basic facts of the interactions documented in the field
reports.


                                     - 16 -
"[p]rograms to assist State and local criminal justice agencies to

develop, establish, and maintain intelligence-focused policing

strategies and related information sharing").                           The regulatory

prohibition is meant to cabin the information contained in the

database, at the risk of losing federal funding.                          See 28 C.F.R.

§ 23.40 (establishing "specialized monitoring and audit" to ensure

state       and   local    agencies'       regulatory          compliance).           These

regulations are not a rule about admissibility or an exclusionary

rule.        Diaz Ortiz at no time has offered any authority that

prohibits the use in immigration proceedings of field reports

gathered in a Part 23 database that does not comply with those

regulations.         Nor at any time has he offered any authority for the

more       general   proposition      that      such    police    field    reports       are

inadmissible in immigration proceedings.

               Apart    from    these    failings,       the     argument       fails    for

another      reason.      "Strict       rules    of    evidence    do     not    apply    in

immigration proceedings," and "[i]t is normally enough if the IJ

reasonably finds a proffered piece of evidence to be reliable and

its use to be fundamentally fair."                    Jianli Chen, 703 F.3d at 23.

As the BIA held, the IJ reasonably determined these reports were

sufficiently         reliable   and     there    was     nothing    unfair       in   their

admission.5       The reports, which document Diaz Ortiz's increasingly


       5  Because the Federal Rules of Evidence do not apply in
asylum proceedings, Yongo v. INS, 355 F.3d 27, 30 (1st Cir. 2004),


                                         - 17 -
frequent associations with MS-13 gang members, leading to the

discovery by police of his possession of a padlock and chain, were

highly material to the claimed bases for his asylum eligibility.

Given Diaz Ortiz's assertions in his testimony that he would never

join a gang because of his religious beliefs, the field reports of

his associations are clearly relevant to his credibility.

              The   dissent's     attack   on   the   BRIC     Gang   Assessment

Database evidence is misleading and irrelevant.                The IJ found that

Diaz Ortiz's testimony lacked credibility because it contained

contradictions.      Among the contradictions was that Diaz Ortiz was

carrying a bike chain and lock but was inconsistent about whether

he used a bicycle for transportation.             When found with the bike

chain and lock, Diaz Ortiz was in the company of two MS-13 members.

The dissent argues that the fact of Diaz Ortiz's possession of a

bike chain and lock arose only from the BRIC Gang Assessment

Database evidence, which it would reject as unreliable.                 But the

dissent's basis for finding that evidence unreliable focuses on

the   means    by   which   the    database     tracks   and    documents   gang

affiliations.       These are irrelevant to and do not undermine the

testimonial inconsistency.           Diaz Ortiz never denied carrying a

bike chain and lock or submitted any evidence to the contrary.                We

review an IJ's evidentiary decisions only for abuse of discretion.


we do not reach the question of whether these reports would have
been admissible under those rules.


                                     - 18 -
See Davis v. Lynch, 802 F.3d 168, 177 (1st Cir. 2015).                      It was not

an abuse of discretion for the IJ to admit the evidence that Diaz

Ortiz carried a bike chain and lock or to find Diaz Ortiz's

testimony contradictory on that basis.                 Nor does the use of that

evidence come anywhere close to a due process issue.

            Because the dissent's further discussion of the BRIC

Gang Assessment Database evidence is irrelevant to this finding,

we do not address the merits of the dissent's objection to the

database.    It is irrelevant to the outcome of the case given the

standards of review which govern this court.                  There is no need for

us to engage in a response pointing out the many inaccuracies and

weaknesses     in    the     dissent's         discussion     and    its     resulting

conclusion that any consideration of the database evidence by the

IJ was a violation of due process.

            Diaz     Ortiz       also     argues     that    the    BIA    incorrectly

concluded that the record evidence beyond Diaz Ortiz's testimony

did   not   corroborate          his    asylum     claim.     Not    so.      The   BIA

specifically       noted     that       Diaz   Ortiz's      declaration     was     "not

consistent with other evidence in the record," namely the gang

evidence. It also noted that each of Diaz Ortiz's other supporting

materials was insufficient: the affidavit from Diaz Ortiz's pastor

did not corroborate his persecution; his mother's affidavit had

limited value because she was an interested party and because she

did   not   testify;       and    his     aunt's    death    certificate      did    not


                                          - 19 -
demonstrate a threat to Diaz Ortiz himself.          These findings were

supported by substantial evidence.        Because Diaz Ortiz has not met

his burden for asylum, he cannot prevail on the higher burden for

withholding of removal.       See Li Sheng Wu v. Holder, 737 F.3d 829,

832 & n.1 (1st Cir. 2013).

              Finally, Diaz Ortiz argues that the BIA applied the wrong

legal standards in its analysis of his CAT claim by adding a

requirement that he would be tortured because of his faith.           Even

if, dubitante, that were true, any such error would be harmless.

The IJ found that Diaz Ortiz had "not adduced sufficient evidence

to establish that, if he returned to El Salvador, it is more likely

than    not   members   of   the   Salvadoran   government   will   engage,

instigate, consent, or acquiesce, in his torture."           The BIA then

held:

              We will likewise affirm the [IJ's] decision to
              deny [Diaz Ortiz's] application for [CAT]
              protection. Upon de novo review, we conclude
              that   the   single   beating   he   allegedly
              experienced in El Salvador, which did not
              require medical attention, along with the
              gang's alleged threats do not rise to the
              level of past torture. . . . As noted,
              moreover, the documentary record does not
              independently establish that it is more likely
              than not that the respondent will be tortured
              in El Salvador by the gangs based on his
              Christian faith.      Finally, it has been
              approximately 5 years since he was allegedly
              harmed in El Salvador.




                                    - 20 -
(citations omitted).   For these reasons, Diaz Ortiz's petition for

review is denied.



                    -Dissenting Opinion Follows-




                               - 21 -
          LIPEZ, Circuit Judge, dissenting.         At the core of the

IJ's and BIA's rejection of Diaz's petition for relief is an

adverse credibility determination based on a "Gang Assessment

Database" so seriously flawed that reliance upon it by the IJ and

BIA violated Diaz's due process rights.      Hence, I would grant the

petition for review and remand for new agency proceedings.            I

therefore respectfully dissent.

                                  I.

          The   package   of   Gang    Assessment   Database   documents

introduced by the government at Diaz's merits hearing opens with

a Department of Homeland Security (DHS) memorandum by HSI Special

Agent Sean Connolly6 featuring this provocative subject line:

"Verified MS-13 Gang Affiliation of Cristian Josue DIAZ ORTIZ aka

Christian DIAZ-ORTIZ."    The memo goes on to state the following:

          On August 20, 2018, Cristian Josue DIAZ ORTIZ
          was arrested with two other MS-13 gang members
          by Enforcement and Removal Operations (ERO)
          and Homeland Security Investigations (HSI)7 as
          part of an MS-13 gang arrest operation in East
          Boston, Massachusetts.

     6 I will refer to the gang-related documents, i.e., the DHS
memorandum and its supporting documents, collectively as the "gang
package."
     7 ERO and HSI are both branches of Immigration and Customs
Enforcement (ICE).    Who We Are, U.S. Immigration and Customs
Enforcement, https://www.ice.gov/about (last updated Jan. 8,
2020). ERO "manages all aspects of the immigration enforcement
process" and specifically "target[s] public safety threats,"
including "gang members," for "identification and arrest." Id.
HSI investigates "cross-border criminal activity," including
"transnational gang activity." Id.


                                - 22 -
Homeland   Security   Investigations   Boston
Intelligence has determined Cristian Josue
DIAZ ORTIZ to be a Risk to Public Safety as a
VERIFIED and ACTIVE member of the MS-13 gang
in the Boston metro area.

The Mara Salvatrucha (MS-13) gang is a large
transnational   criminal   organization   with
thousands of members and associates throughout
the United States. The MS-13 gang is among
the most violent transnational street gangs in
the United States, specializing in crimes of
violence including murder, attempted murder,
violent armed assaults, firearms offenses,
weapons related crimes, drug distribution,
intimidation and robbery.     In Massachusetts
MS-13 operates in a number of communities
including: Boston, Chelsea, East Boston,
Somerville,   Everett,    Revere,   Lynn   and
Nantucket.

1.     Cristian Josue DIAZ ORTIZ has been
verified as an MS-13 gang member by the Boston
Police    Department   (BPD)/Boston   Regional
Intelligence Center (BRIC). (See the attached
BPD/BRIC MS-13 Gang Member Verification:
"CHRISTIAN DIAZ-ORTIZ".)

2. Cristian Josue DIAZ ORTIZ has documented
associations with MS-13 gang members by the
Boston Police Department and Boston School
Police Department (BSPD). (See the attached
BPD & BSPD incident/field interview reports
and gang intelligence bulletins.)

3.    Cristian Josue DIAZ ORTIZ has been
documented carrying common MS-13 gang related
weapons by the Boston Police Department (See
the attached BPD incident/field interview
reports.)

4.    Cristian Josue DIAZ ORTIZ has been
documented frequenting areas notorious for MS-
13 gang activity by the Boston Police
Department.   These areas are 104 Bennington
St. and the East Boston Airport Park/Stadium


                   - 23 -
           in East Boston, Massachusetts which are both
           known for MS-13 gang activity including recent
           firearms arrests and a homicide.     (See the
           attached BPD incident/field interview reports
           and MS-13 gang intelligence bulletins.)

           This memorandum offers a damning portrayal of Diaz.       His

active participation in a vicious gang like MS-13 would rightfully

doom any request for relief from removal.     Hence, the reliability

of the report labeling Diaz an active MS-13 gang member is critical

to a fair proceeding.       But the record reveals that the DHS

documents relied upon by the IJ and BIA to determine that Diaz was

a gang member are so unreliable that they do not support the

provocative characterization of him in the gang package.

           The Department of Homeland Security is the final link in

a chain of reporting that begins with police officers in Boston

conducting stops called "field interrogation observations" -- FIOs

for short.    FIOs are "interaction[s] in which a police officer

identifies an individual and finds out that person's business for

being in a particular area."     Commonwealth v. Warren, 58 N.E.3d

333, 337 n.5 (Mass. 2016) (quoting Commonwealth v. Lyles, 905

N.E.2d 1106, 1108 n.6 (Mass. 2009)). These "consensual encounters"

are   considered   "constitutionally   insignificant,   and   a   police

officer may initiate such an encounter without any information

indicating that the individual has been or is presently engaged in

criminal activity."    Commonwealth v. Narcisse, 927 N.E.2d 439, 443




                               - 24 -
(Mass. 2010).      The officer then documents the FIO.8          If the subject

of the FIO is a suspected gang member, the officer submits the

documentation to the Boston Regional Intelligence Center (BRIC)

for entry into Boston's Gang Assessment Database.                See Rule 335 -

Gang       Assessment   Database,   Boston       Police   Department   Rules   and

Procedures, 4 (March 23, 2017), https://bpdnews.com/rules-and-

procedures       (follow    "RULE   335      -    GANG    ASSESSMENT   DATABASE"

hyperlink).       BRIC, which maintains the database, is "a unit of the

Boston Police Department that gathers and analyzes intelligence."

Shannon Dooling, Here's What We Know About Boston Police's Gang

Database, WBUR News (July 26, 2019), https://www.wbur.org/news/

2019/07/26/boston-police-gang-database-immigration.9                    DHS    and

other agencies can then access the intelligence stored in the

database.       See id.




       8
       FIOs are documented in various ways.        Some FIOs are
documented in actual police reports ("Field Interview Reports," as
the Boston Police Department titles them), while others are
described only in "gang intelligence bulletins," single-page
documents that look like PowerPoint slides. Each bulletin consists
of a one-sentence description of an FIO, along with photos of the
individuals who are the subject of the bulletin captioned with
their names, addresses, and birth dates.

       9
       The government did not provide the IJ with information about
this chain of reporting when it submitted the gang package at
Diaz's merits hearing, and I have therefore drawn this background
from publicly available sources. Diaz, however, did explain in a
supplemental brief to the IJ that the Boston Police Department
uses a point system to classify people as gang members, see infra,
and emphasized that the system has been the subject of criticism.


                                     - 25 -
          The Boston Police Department uses a point system to

identify suspected gang members.     See Rule 335 - Gang Assessment

Database, at 2-3.      The Department has a non-exhaustive list of

"conduct that could result in an individual's verification for

entry into the Gang Assessment Database."     Id. at 2.   The conduct

is assigned a point value.    Id. at 3.   For example, having a gang-

related tattoo and being the victim of gang violence are each worth

eight points.    Id.    Also included in the list is "Contact with

Known Gang Member/Associate (FIO)," which is worth "2 points per

interaction."    Id.   A person who accrues six points is labeled a

gang associate, and a person who accrues ten points is deemed a

gang member.    Id. at 2.

          BRIC generates a "Gang Member Verification Report" for

individuals who have been entered into the database. Diaz's report

identifies him as a primary, active, and "verified" member of MS-

13 and indicates that he has accrued "21 points."     All twenty-one

points resulted from his contacts with "known" gang members or

associates. The Gang Member Verification Report shows that sixteen

of the points were assigned for eight instances of "Contact with

Known Gang Members/Associates."     The remaining five points were

assigned for one incident, described in a Boston School Police

"Intelligence Report," that is listed under "Information Developed

During Investigation and/or Surveillance."         The corresponding

report, however, simply documents that Diaz was seen with young


                                - 26 -
men who were suspected MS-13 members.    It is unclear why he was

assigned five points for that interaction, rather than two.

          Thus, Diaz was assigned points for nine FIOs.   There are

sixteen reports and bulletins involving Diaz in the Gang Assessment

Database, but some FIOs are documented by both a police report and

a gang intelligence bulletin. There is, however, one Boston School

Police bulletin in the database for which Diaz was not assigned

any points.

          These are the nine encounters for which Diaz was assigned

points.

          -— March 8, 2017 (2 points10): Diaz was smoking marijuana

in an alleyway with another Hispanic teenager.11   Diaz also had a

small amount of marijuana on his person, a civil offense in

Massachusetts.   See Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 94C, § 32L (effective July

28, 2017).12




     10This police report does not designate Diaz's companion as
an "MS-13 Gang Member," as later reports do, but Diaz was
nevertheless assigned points for the FIO.

     11The Field Interview Reports identify the individuals with
whom Diaz associated as Hispanic. All references to individuals'
ethnicities are drawn from the law enforcement documents being
described.

     12 At that time, possession of one ounce or less of marijuana
was a civil offense. See Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 94C, § 32L (effective
Dec. 4, 2008 to July 27, 2017). The triggering amount increased
to two ounces or less on July 28, 2017. See Mass. Gen. Laws ch.
94C, § 32L (effective July 28, 2017).



                              - 27 -
             -— September 13, 2017 (2 points): Diaz was smoking

marijuana on the front steps of a building with another Hispanic

teenager, who is identified in the police report as a "known MS-

13 gang member."

             -— November 28, 2017 (5 points):    Boston School Police

officers saw a student wearing a "full face mask" and spoke with

the student, whom they identified as a member of MS-13.          That

student then walked up to a group of other teenage boys, including

Diaz, and "met with" them.

             -— April 3, 2018 (2 points): Diaz and another Hispanic

teenager were found skipping school and smoking marijuana in a

park.     The police report states that the two teenagers were "known

to the officer as verified MS-13 gang members"13 and had a "history

of carrying weapons," but none of the prior reports in the gang

package mention Diaz carrying a weapon.         The officer did a pat

frisk of the two teens and found an aluminum baseball bat in the

right pant leg of Diaz's companion, which the officer confiscated.

The teens were warned about smoking marijuana in a park and

released.




     13 Prior to this FIO, Diaz had only accrued nine points --
enough to be considered a gang "associate" using the BPD's point
system, but not a gang "member," as the police report represents.
See Rule 335 - Gang Assessment Database, at 2.


                                 - 28 -
          -— May 28, 2018 (2 points): Diaz was "loitering" with

three other Hispanic teenagers whom the officer conducting the FIO

"knew" to be MS-13 members.

          -— June 1, 2018 (4 points assigned for two FIOs): (1)

Diaz was seen with a group of teenagers in front of a building

where one member of the group lived, which officers noted was "a

known hangout and address" for MS-13 members; and (2) Diaz was

stopped with two other teenagers, one of whom officers believed

had a warrant out for his arrest, but when the officers ran their

names there were no outstanding warrants.

          -— June 21, 2018 (2 points): Diaz was sitting on the

track benches of the East Boston Stadium after hours with four

other teenagers, three of whom were "verified" MS-13 "associates."

Officers told them to leave.   A notation on the report made by HSI

Special Agent Connolly observes that the East Boston Stadium is

"notorious for MS-13 gang activity."

          -— August 1, 2018 (2 points): Officers stopped Diaz and

two other Hispanic teenagers as they were walking out of a park.

Diaz was wearing a backpack and told the officers that he had a

metal chain with a padlock in it that he used for his bicycle.   A

notation made by Special Agent Connolly on a gang intelligence

bulletin about the encounter comments that "MS-13 gang members

commonly carry large metal chains with locks to be used in gang

related assaults."   The officers confiscated the chain and padlock


                               - 29 -
and released the three teenagers.     Nothing in the gang package

suggests that Diaz ever used the bike chain and lock as a weapon.

                               II.

          In advance of his merits hearing, Diaz submitted to the

immigration court his asylum application and supporting evidence,

including an affidavit by criminal justice professor and former

Boston Police Officer Thomas Nolan.   Professor Nolan's credentials

as an expert witness are extensive.    He served as an officer in

the Boston Police Department for twenty-seven years and as a

lieutenant for nine years.   Since leaving the Department, he has

taught criminal justice courses at six colleges and universities

and written an academic book on policing issues, see Thomas Nolan,

Perilous Policing: Criminal Justice in Marginalized Communities

(2019), as well as numerous articles and essays on the subject.

Professor Nolan concludes that Diaz "should not have been listed

as a verified gang member" in the BRIC Gang Assessment Database

because the "intelligence" about Diaz does not comply with federal

regulations governing shared criminal intelligence databases in

the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR).     See generally 28 C.F.R.

Part 23. The regulations are implicated, Professor Nolan explains,

because the Gang Assessment Database "is an interjurisdictional

shared database that [is] accessible to other agencies," like DHS.

          Part 23 of the Code's Title 28 was originally adopted in

1980 to ensure that the operation of criminal intelligence systems


                             - 30 -
was not undertaken "in violation of the privacy and constitutional

rights of individuals," Criminal Intelligence Systems Operating

Policies, 45 Fed. Reg. 40,156, 40,156 (June 13, 1980), a purpose

that has remained unchanged, see 28 C.F.R. § 23.1. The regulations

provide    that   entities      that      operate     "interjurisdictional

intelligence system[s]," see id. § 23.3(b)(5), like BRIC, "shall

collect and maintain criminal intelligence information concerning

an individual only if there is reasonable suspicion that the

individual is involved in criminal conduct or activity and the

information is relevant to that criminal conduct or activity,"

id. § 23.20(a).   Such entities

           shall not collect or maintain criminal
           intelligence information about the political,
           religious or social views, associations, or
           activities of any individual or any group
            . . . unless such information directly
           relates to criminal conduct or activity and
           there is reasonable suspicion that the subject
           of the information is or may be involved in
           criminal conduct or activity.

Id. § 23.20(b).

           Professor Nolan emphasizes that Diaz faced no criminal

charges for any of the incidents documented in the Boston gang

database and that "there was no direct relation between these

encounters and any reasonable suspicion of [Diaz's] involvement in

criminal   activity."        Thus,     Professor    Nolan   concludes,   the

information   about   Diaz    "should    not   be   contained   within   the

database" and is "not reliable."


                                     - 31 -
            Drawing on Professor Nolan's critiques, and arguing that

the gang package was also unreliable because it contained mistakes

and inconsistencies, Diaz objected to its introduction at his

merits    hearing,    characterizing   the   evidence   as   fundamentally

unfair.   The IJ overruled Diaz's objection without explanation and

admitted the gang package.       After the hearing, but before the IJ

rendered a decision, Diaz submitted a supplemental brief focused

specifically on the gang package and reiterating the arguments he

made at the hearing.       He also described the point system used by

the Boston Police Department and argued that it "can criminalize

normal teenage behaviors such as associating with others of the

same ethnicity."      And he included in his brief a two-and-a-half-

page   chart   detailing   the   inconsistencies   throughout    the   gang

package -- for example, he flagged that the April 3, 2018, police

report mentions his "history of carrying weapons" but that no prior

entries describe him carrying weapons.          Diaz therefore asked the

IJ not to consider the gang package or, if the IJ did consider it,

to give it "minimal weight" in analyzing his application for

relief.

            Without     addressing     Diaz's    arguments     about    the

unreliability of the gang package, the IJ found that Diaz was "not

credible pertaining to his gang membership," and remarked that

Diaz "alleges that he is not an MS-13 gang member, despite the




                                  - 32 -
plethora of evidence found within" the gang package.        The IJ

continued by explaining that,

          [t]roublingly, the Respondent stated that a
          Christian cannot be a member of MS-13;
          however, the evidence indicates that he likely
          is a MS-13 member.     Given the significant
          evidence that the Respondent is a MS-13 gang
          member, the Court casts great doubt on whether
          the Respondent is actually an [E]vangelical
          Christian.

Thus, the IJ used the gang package to find that Diaz's asserted

Christian faith was not credible.

          Then, relying on the adverse credibility determination,

the IJ found that Diaz had not met his burden to prove statutory

eligibility for asylum.   The IJ also found that Diaz did not merit

a favorable exercise of discretion because of his gang membership,

and that he did not qualify for withholding of removal or relief

under the Convention Against Torture.

          In his subsequent appeal to the BIA, Diaz argued that

the IJ violated his due process rights by relying on the gang

package to conclude that he was not credible on the question of

his gang membership.   Looking at the totality of the evidence, the

BIA concluded that the adverse credibility determination of the IJ

was not clearly erroneous.   In so ruling, the BIA dispatched in a

lengthy footnote Diaz's legal argument that it was fundamentally

unfair, and thus a due process violation, for the IJ to rely on

the gang package to undermine his credibility.



                                - 33 -
             Specifically, the BIA rejected as "not borne out by the

record" Diaz's assertion of inconsistencies in the gang package.

Rather, the BIA stated, the reports "consistently indicate that

the respondent associated with known MS-13 gang members in areas

of Boston frequented by the gang and carried gang-related weapons."

The BIA noted Professor Nolan's critique of the gang package,

including his assertion that including Diaz in the gang database

violates     federal      regulations   because       the     database    does    not

identify the information giving "rise to a reasonable suspicion

that   the   respondent       participated     in    criminal     activity."       In

response, without identifying any criminal activity by Diaz, the

BIA    observed    that     "the   professor      does    not   explain     why   the

respondent's associations with known MS-13 gang members in areas

frequented by the gang, along with the fact that gang-related

weapons were found on his person, do not give rise to a reasonable

suspicion."

             However,     the   BIA   did   not     address     Professor    Nolan's

critique that the "known MS-13 members" with whom Diaz was seen

associating might themselves have been identified as such based on

the same problematic foundation.             Nor does the BIA explain why,

absent   evidence      of   specific    criminal      activity     by    Diaz,    his

inclusion in the gang database was consistent with the federal

regulations       governing     the   collection         of   intelligence     data.

Finally, the BIA deemed significant that "counsel has not presented


                                      - 34 -
evidence that the respondent has been removed from the Boston

police's database because his inclusion was unlawful."

                                III.

          Although "the 'Federal Rules of Evidence do not apply in

[DHS] proceedings[,] . . . the less rigid constraints of due

process impose outer limits based upon considerations of fairness

and reliability.'"   Toribio-Chavez v. Holder, 611 F.3d 57, 66 (1st

Cir. 2010) (first alteration in original) (quoting Yongo v. I.N.S.,

355 F.3d 27, 30 (1st Cir. 2004)).       The purpose of due process in

"the realm of factfinding[] is to minimize the risk of erroneous

decisions," and "the quantum and quality of the process due in a

particular situation" varies as needed to advance the objective of

accurate decision-making.   Greenholtz v. Inmates of Neb. Penal &

Corr. Complex, 442 U.S. 1, 13 (1979).

          At a minimum, the government must give "a person in

jeopardy of serious loss . . . notice of the case against him and

opportunity to meet it."    Mathews v. Eldridge, 424 U.S. 319, 348

(1976) (quoting Joint Anti-Fascist Refugee Comm. v. McGrath, 341

U.S. 123, 171-72 (1951) (Frankfurter, J., concurring)). But "[t]he

opportunity to provide reasons . . . why proposed action should

not be taken" is meaningless if the decisionmaker dismisses those

reasons out of hand, Cleveland Bd. of Educ. v. Loudermill, 470

U.S. 532, 546 (1985), and the risk to accurate decision-making is




                               - 35 -
especially    acute    when   the   disregarded      challenge   goes   to   the

reliability of core facts.

             To prevail on a due process claim in the immigration

context, a petitioner "must show that a procedural error led to

fundamental unfairness as well as actual prejudice."             Conde Cuatzo

v. Lynch, 796 F.3d 153, 156 (1st Cir. 2015).               Diaz asserts that

the agency's uncritical reliance on the gang package, despite the

obvious flaws demonstrated by Professor Nolan's report and Diaz's

own forceful challenge to the evidence in his post-hearing brief,

was both fundamentally unfair and prejudicial.

A.   Fundamental Unfairness

             Unmistakably, the IJ and BIA both gave the gang package,

and in particular the conclusion that Diaz is an "active" member

of MS-13, dispositive weight.            We previously have rejected a

challenge to the agency's reliance on similar reports, noting that

"[n]othing in the record compels us to find that the police and

other government reports were so obviously unreliable as to render

the agency's reliance on them an abuse of the agency's wide

discretion."     Miranda-Bojorquez v. Barr, 937 F.3d 1, 7 (1st Cir.

2019); see also Arias-Minaya v. Holder, 779 F.3d 49, 54 (1st Cir.

2015)   ("[I]t    is   settled      beyond    hope   of   contradiction      that

. . . immigration courts may consider police reports even when

they rest largely on hearsay.").         Although we noted that limits on

the use of such materials exist, we observed that "those limits


                                     - 36 -
are generally satisfied as long as the trier first determines that

the report is reliable and that its use would not be fundamentally

unfair."     Arias-Minaya, 937 F.3d at 54.

             Here, Diaz submitted abundant evidence to bolster his

objections to the gang package, yet the IJ and BIA gave that

evidence barely a glance.              When the gang package is closely

scrutinized in the context of the full record -- as it must be,

with the stakes so high -- it does not support the conclusion that

Diaz was an "active" member of MS-13 with reliable information

that    meets   the     regulatory     standard   for    collecting    criminal

intelligence.         The finding of gang involvement is flawed in

multiple respects.

             First,     Diaz's   reported   conduct     does   not   support    an

inference that he was involved in criminal activity at all, let

alone the kinds of violent crimes for which MS-13 is infamous.14

Diaz was entered into the Gang Assessment Database based on the

points he accrued from interactions with purported MS-13 members,

not    for   engaging    in   gang-related      criminal   activity    himself.

Indeed, all of the information about Diaz that appears in the

database was gathered during FIOs, encounters that police officers

may    initiate   "without       any    information     indicating    that     the


       14
        Presumably, the arrest of Diaz by ERO and HSI in August
2018 was based solely on Diaz's supposed status as a gang member,
not criminal activity, as no criminal conduct is noted anywhere in
the DHS memorandum reporting the arrest. See supra Section I.


                                       - 37 -
individual has been or is presently engaged in criminal activity."

Narcisse, 927 N.E.2d at 443.   The regulations in 28 C.F.R. Part 23

plainly prohibit entities like BRIC from collecting "criminal

intelligence information" about an individual unless "there is

reasonable suspicion that the individual is involved in criminal

conduct or activity."     28 C.F.R. § 23.20(a) (emphasis added).

Simply associating with people who may be engaged in criminal

activity is not enough.    Thus, the data about Diaz in the BRIC

Gang Assessment Database does not meet the standard for "criminal

intelligence information," as Professor Nolan concludes, and it

should never have been submitted to the database.

          My colleagues correctly point out that those regulations

"are not a rule about admissibility or an exclusionary rule."    But

that observation misses the point.      Diaz does not argue that the

regulations categorically preclude IJs from admitting and relying

on BRIC Gang Assessment Database documents.       Rather, he argues

that, in this case, the gang package does not reliably establish

that he is a gang member, in part because it fails to comply with

the regulations.

          Remarkably, in rejecting Professor Nolan's opinion about

the unreliability of the gang database information, the BIA found

it significant that Diaz's counsel had not presented evidence that

Diaz's name had been "removed from the Boston police's database

because his inclusion was unlawful."     It was error for the BIA to


                               - 38 -
presume that Diaz could have taken such a step.                    There is no

mechanism through which a person can challenge his designation as

a gang member and inclusion in the BRIC Gang Assessment Database.15

See Yawu Miller, Are There Really 160 Gangs in Boston?, Bay State

Banner         (July       30,    2019),     https://www.baystatebanner.com/

2019/07/30/are-there-really-160-gangs-in-boston/.                  Recognizing

the lack of any such procedure, the government now suggests on

appeal that Diaz should have brought suit under 42 U.S.C. § 1983

to have his name removed from the database.            It is absurd, however,

to place the onus on a respondent in removal proceedings to bring

a slow, costly, burdensome federal civil lawsuit to challenge his

wrongful inclusion in a law enforcement database.                The fact that

Diaz did not pursue that course to get his name removed from the

database does not make the information in the database reliable.

                   Second, there is no explanation in this record of the

basis        for    the   point   system   employed   by   the   Boston   Police

Department.           Diaz specifically raised the disconnect between the

points assessed and actual gang affiliation.               Yet the IJ and BIA

accepted the point system uncritically, even though it is unclear

how the Department determined what point values should attach to

what conduct, or what point threshold is reasonable to reliably


        15
        In contrast, California requires local law enforcement
agencies to notify individuals whose names are included in its
gang database, CalGang, of the process through which they can
contest that designation. Cal. Penal Code § 186.34(c)(1)-(2).


                                       - 39 -
establish   gang   membership.    See     Rule   335   -   Gang   Assessment

Database, at 2-3.    Indeed, scholarly critiques of gang databases

that employ similar point systems have recognized their tendency

to cast too wide a net.          See, e.g., Kevin Lapp, Databasing

Delinquency, 67 Hastings L.J. 195, 210 (2015) ("The broad criteria

for inclusion in gang databases, and the discretion afforded to

law enforcement in deciding whom to include, make it difficult for

young people living in gang-heavy communities to avoid qualifying

criteria."); K. Babe Howell, Fear Itself: The Impact of Allegations

of Gang Affiliation on Pre-Trial Detention, 23 St. Thomas L. Rev.

620, 649 (2011) (remarking that the criteria for inclusion in gang

databases are generally "almost entirely unrelated to criminal

conduct or even to active participation in gang activities" and

create "the potential for false positives"); Joshua D. Wright, The

Constitutional Failure of Gang Databases, 2 Stan. J. C.R. & C.L.

115, 125 (2005) ("The subjective criteria used to document gang

members . . . reinforce the suspicion that databases, even if

properly managed and administered, are excessively over inclusive

and overstate minority participation rates.").

            In addition, as this case illustrates, the point system

is applied in a haphazard manner.         Diaz was assigned points for

most, but not all, of his documented interactions with purported

MS-13 members.     When he was assigned points, he was not always

assigned the same number per interaction. Although he was assigned


                                 - 40 -
two points for "contact" with alleged gang members or associates

on   most       occasions,     he    was     assigned     five        points   for     one

"Intelligence Report" submitted by the Boston School Police.

              Furthermore, the people with whom Diaz interacted were

likely "verified" as gang members using the same problematic point

system.     As Professor Nolan points out in his affidavit, "it is

unclear from the information provided by the Gang Assessment

Database how any other named individuals were verified as members

of   MS-13.        Given    the   problems     with    [Diaz's]        inclusion      as   a

'verified member,' it is possible that these individuals also

should not have been included."

              In    rejecting     Diaz's     due    process     challenge,      the    BIA

ignored this basic problem with the government's evidence and

discredited        Professor      Nolan's    views     simply    because       Diaz    had

"associated with known MS-13 gang members" in areas frequented by

gang members and possessed "gang-related weapons," i.e., a bike

chain and lock. In other words, while acknowledging that Professor

Nolan     had      raised    serious       doubts     about     the     gang   reports'

reliability, the BIA responded to those concerns in circular

fashion -- relying on the questionable data about Diaz's peers to

deflect the criticism of the questionable data about Diaz.

              Most troubling of all, Professor Nolan's critique of the

Boston Police Department's point system highlights its potential

for criminalizing ordinary behaviors of minority youth, such as


                                       - 41 -
spending time with peers of the same ethnicity. The system creates

a self-perpetuating cycle that is devastating in its application

in immigration proceedings.     Individuals are assigned points based

on their associations, which leads to their classification as a

gang member, which results in heightened police attention to their

activities, additional observations of their associations, and the

assignment of additional points.          Although Diaz was never seen

engaging in the kinds of violent crime for which MS-13 is notorious

-- or any criminal activity, for that matter -- he was labeled an

MS-13 gang member based solely on associations with his peers in

the East Boston community where he lived.       It is just such guilt-

by-association -- developed through "violation of the privacy and

constitutional   rights    of   individuals"    --    that   the   federal

regulations   governing    criminal   intelligence       gathering    were

designed to prevent.       See supra Section II (quoting Criminal

Intelligence Systems Operating Policies, 45 Fed. Reg. 40,156,

40,156 (June 13, 1980)).

          Put simply, Diaz was denied relief from removal based on

quintessential teenage behavior -- hanging out with friends, who

unsurprisingly were also young Hispanic men.         The record lacks any

evidence that those social encounters were linked to criminal

activity that would have been a proper basis for recording them,

and any explanation by the government as to why the point system

is nevertheless a reliable means of determining gang membership.


                                 - 42 -
The flaws in the gang package, which Diaz brought to the attention

of the IJ and BIA, cast serious doubt upon the accuracy of Diaz's

classification as a gang member.      The IJ's and BIA's uncritical

reliance upon that evidence denied Diaz an "accurate determination

of the matters before the court," Heller v. Doe by Doe, 509 U.S.

312, 332 (1993), and rendered the agency proceedings fundamentally

unfair.

B.   Prejudice

           In the context of an immigration appeal, "a 'due process

claim cannot succeed without prejudice; without prejudice, any

error that occurred would be harmless.'"    Toribio-Chavez, 611 F.3d

at 66 (quoting Hossain v. Ashcroft, 381 F.3d 29, 32 (1st Cir.

2004)).    Prejudice is established "when it is shown that an

abridgement of due process is likely to have affected the outcome

of the proceedings."     Pulisir v. Mukasey, 524 F.3d 302, 311 (1st

Cir. 2008).

           The IJ relied on the gang package to find that Diaz was

"not credible pertaining to his gang membership" and that he likely

was a member of MS-13.     The IJ then expressed "great doubt" as to

whether Diaz is an Evangelical Christian, the basis upon which he

claimed asylum, because of his gang membership.     In doing so, the

IJ gave the gang package dispositive weight in assessing Diaz's

credibility.     Based on that adverse credibility determination, the

IJ discounted Diaz's testimony about the harm he had experienced


                                - 43 -
in   El     Salvador,   found   that   Diaz   had   not   demonstrated   past

persecution on account of a statutorily protected ground (his

religion), and found that Diaz failed to establish that he had an

objectively reasonable fear of future persecution.               The IJ also

concluded that, even if Diaz was statutorily eligible for asylum,

he would have denied Diaz's application on discretionary grounds

because of Diaz's gang affiliation.           In short, the gang package

permeated every aspect of the IJ's decision denying Diaz's asylum

claim.

              My colleagues suggest that, apart from the gang package,

the IJ properly relied on two inconsistencies in Diaz's testimony

when making the adverse credibility determination and, thus, the

IJ was entitled to discount Diaz's testimony on that basis.               But

a    line    of   questioning    that    supposedly       produced   a   major

inconsistency in Diaz's testimony was anchored in the flawed gang

package -- that is, the IJ's questions about how Diaz traveled

around Boston undoubtedly stemmed from the police report that

Diaz's backpack held a bike lock and chain, items that authorities

say are used as weapons by MS-13 members.                  More importantly,

however, closer examination reveals that Diaz's testimony was

consistent and the IJ erred in finding otherwise.

              After Diaz's attorney finished her direct examination,

the IJ posed a series of questions to Diaz that included the

subject of his transportation:


                                   - 44 -
          how do you get from one place to the other?
          JUDGE TO MR. DIAZ-ORTIZ:
               What is your method of transportation,
          meaning
          MR. DIAZ-ORTIZ TO JUDGE:
               What do you mean, what do you mean? I
          don't understand the question.
          JUDGE TO MR. DIAZ-ORTIZ:
               When you, when you travel in your
          community, what transportation do you use?
          MR. DIAZ-ORTIZ TO JUDGE:
               Train.
          JUDGE TO MR. DIAZ-ORTIZ:
               Always?
          MR. DIAZ-ORTIZ TO JUDGE:
               Yes. Well, when I lived in, in my house
          where I lived in, in East Boston, I didn't
          because it was close, but when I lived in
          Boston, I, I had to use the train.
          JUDGE TO MR. DIAZ-ORTIZ:
               Do you have a car?
          MR. DIAZ-ORTIZ TO JUDGE:
               No.

Diaz required the assistance of a Spanish interpreter at his

hearing, and it is clear that he was confused by this line of

questioning.   The IJ then concluded with a leading question: "So,

you never traveled anywhere except by train, correct?"       Diaz

responded in the affirmative.

          On cross-examination, after the government introduced

the gang package, the DHS attorney asked Diaz why he told the

police that he had the chain and padlock for his bicycle when he

had told the IJ that he only traveled by train.   Diaz responded,

in line with his prior testimony: "Well, when I lived in East

Boston, of course, I had the bicycle there to go around and, and

do things around there, but when I lived in Boston and I took the


                                - 45 -
train, I couldn't bring the bike anymore." The IJ then interrupted

the DHS attorney's next question to press Diaz on the issue:

          JUDGE TO MR. DIAZ-ORTIZ:
                Do you remember that I specifically asked
          you whether you used any other means of
          transportation, yes or no?
          MR. DIAZ-ORTIZ TO JUDGE:
                Oh, yes, yes, I remember when you said
          that.
          JUDGE TO MR. DIAZ-ORTIZ:
                And you told the Court that you did not
          use any other means of transportation other
          than a train? Is that correct?
          MR. DIAZ-ORTIZ TO [DHS ATTORNEY]:
                [Not translated].
          JUDGE TO MR. DIAZ-ORTIZ:
                No, I didn't ask for a reason why.
          MR. DIAZ-ORTIZ TO JUDGE:
                Yes, you said that, but --
          JUDGE TO MR. DIAZ-ORTIZ:
                I'm just asking you what you told the
          court.
          JUDGE TO [DHS ATTORNEY]:
                Next question.

Diaz's statement that the train was his only mode of transportation

was in response to a leading question by the IJ.    In contrast, his

responses to open-ended questions posed by both the IJ and the DHS

attorney were consistent -- he traveled by train when he lived in

Boston, but he did not need the train when he lived in East Boston.

And, as Diaz points out in his brief, he was living in East Boston

when he was found with the bike chain and lock.16




     16 The Field Interview Report documenting the FIO where the
police recovered the bike chain and lock from Diaz lists Diaz's
home address, with the zip code 02128 -- an East Boston zip code.
Look     Up    a     Zip    Code,     U.S.    Postal     Service,


                              - 46 -
          Another inconsistency identified by the IJ concerned

Diaz's religion.   The IJ found that Diaz varied in his testimony

as to whether his family's store in El Salvador -- which sold

religious objects -- was owned by him or other family members.

The IJ observed: "At first during his testimony, [Diaz] stated

that he owned a store that sold Christian paraphernalia.   However,

he later revisited this fact and stated that the store actually

belonged to his family."   The IJ's statement is patently wrong.

The hearing transcript reveals that, to the extent there was

inconsistency, it resulted from the IJ's confused and confusing

questioning.

          When Diaz first mentioned the store, he testified that

he worked with his parents when he lived in El Salvador and that

"we did have a store" that sold Bibles and other merchandise.    He

never said that the store belonged to him.   After Diaz's attorney

concluded her questioning on that topic, the IJ posed several

additional questions:

          JUDGE TO MR. DIAZ-ORTIZ:
               Mr. Diaz, the photographs that you were
          presented earlier, are those photographs of
          your store on the street?
          MR. DIAZ-ORTIZ TO JUDGE:
               Yes, of course, that's my mother and
          father's store.
          JUDGE TO MR. DIAZ-ORTIZ:
               My question is, are those pictures of the
          store that you said was yours in El Salvador?

https://m.usps.com/m/ZipLookupAction (click "Search for a City by
ZIP Code," then type "02128" in the text box and click "Search").


                              - 47 -
            MR. DIAZ-ORTIZ TO JUDGE:
                  Yes, they are, yes.
            . . .
            JUDGE TO MR. DIAZ-ORTIZ:
                  So, these are pictures of the store that
            belongs to your mother and your father,
            correct? It's not a picture of --
            MR. DIAZ-ORTIZ TO JUDGE:
                  Yes, yes, they are.
            JUDGE TO MR. DIAZ-ORTIZ:
                  -- a store that belongs to you, correct?
            MR. DIAZ-ORTIZ TO JUDGE:
                  No, not, not to me. It's the family's, it
            belongs to the family.

(emphasis added).        The IJ misinterpreted Diaz's prior testimony,

in which he consistently reported that the store belonged to his

family. Notably, the BIA explicitly did not rely on this purported

inconsistency     when    it   upheld     the   IJ's    adverse     credibility

determination.      Inexplicably, however, the majority does rely on

it, concluding that "both of the indicia used by each of the IJ

and the BIA as to lack of credibility were properly considered."

Like the IJ, my colleagues are plainly wrong.

            In   sum,    neither     inconsistency     identified   by   the   IJ

independently     supports     the    adverse   credibility    determination.

Moreover,    that       credibility      determination      was     inescapably

controlled by the gang package, and credibility was the express

basis upon which the IJ denied Diaz's application for asylum.

Thus, it is not reasonably debatable that the IJ's reliance on the

fundamentally unfair gang package prejudiced Diaz.




                                      - 48 -
                                          IV.

            MS-13 is a Central American gang originally created by

Salvadorans in Los Angeles that now operates primarily in the

"northern      triangle"    countries:          El     Salvador,       Guatemala,         and

Honduras.      Clare Ribando Seelke, Cong. Research Serv., RL34112,

Gangs     in     Central        America         1-4        (2016),      available          at

https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL34112.pdf.                      MS-13     also      recruits

members   in     the   United    States.             See    id.   at    3.        There    is

unquestionably     a    need    for   federal         and    state     law   enforcement

authorities to monitor and control the activities of MS-13 and

other gangs that engage in criminal activity in this country.                             But

that need does not justify intelligence gathering by police that

treats the mere proximity of any young Hispanic man to his peers

-- even those suspected to be gang members -- as gang-related

activity.      That inferential leap crosses the line from legitimate

monitoring to racial profiling.

            This is not a theoretical concern.                    A 2015 report on the

Boston    Police       Department's       field        interrogation         observation

practices      "revealed    racially      disparate          treatment       of   minority

persons in BPD FIO activity." Jeffrey Fagan, et al., Final Report:

An Analysis of Race and Ethnicity Patterns in Boston Police

Department Field Interrogation, Observation, Frisk, and/or Search

Reports     20    (2015),       available        at        https://s3.amazonaws.com/

s3.documentcloud.org/documents/2158964/full-boston-police-


                                      - 49 -
analysis-on-race-and-ethnicity.pdf.                    Indeed, data released by the

Boston    Police       Department       last     year     shows     that   nearly    all

individuals tracked in the BRIC gang database are "young black and

Latino men."         Philip Marcelo, Inside the Boston Police Gang Database,

WGBH      News         (July      30,         2019),      https://www.wgbh.org/news/

local-news/2019/07/30/inside-the-boston-police-gang-database.                        The

2015 report found that "at least some of the racial disparity in FIO

encounters" can be attributed to "intense police attention to gang

members by Boston Police, including reputed gang members who may

have had no criminal history."                   Fagan et al., at 12 (emphasis

added).         Notwithstanding         the    importance      of    addressing     gang

activity, it is simply unacceptable for aggressive policing to

single    out       racial    minorities,      subjecting     them    to   unfair   and

unreliable law enforcement practices.

            The 2015 report on the Boston Police Department's FIO

practices was not presented to the IJ during Diaz's merits hearing,

and, accordingly, it has no bearing on whether the IJ and BIA

committed       a     legal    error     by     crediting      the    gang    package.

Nonetheless, the report highlights the fundamental unfairness in

the ready acceptance by the IJ and the BIA of the ostensibly

damning evidence in the gang package.                      "The function of legal

process, as that concept is embodied in the Constitution, and in

the realm of factfinding, is to minimize the risk of erroneous

decisions."          Greenholtz, 442 U.S. at 13.              By accepting at face


                                         - 50 -
value the gang package's identification of Diaz as a gang member,

despite   compelling    evidence    revealing   that   finding's   flimsy

foundation, the agency neglected its obligation "to guard against

the risk of erroneous deprivation."         Allen v. Illinois, 478 U.S.

364, 374 (1986). That cursory acceptance of such facially powerful

evidence to deny relief in immigration proceedings is the epitome

of fundamental unfairness, and the resulting high likelihood of

error is the essence of a due process violation.

           Hence, we should vacate the BIA's ruling and remand this

case for renewed consideration of Diaz's application on the basis

of reliable evidence.    I respectfully dissent.




                                   - 51 -
