                                  In the
                             Court of Appeals
                     Second Appellate District of Texas
                              at Fort Worth
                             ___________________________
                                  No. 02-17-00410-CV
                             ___________________________

               ESTATE OF RANDALL CROSS STEGALL, DECEASED



                           On Appeal from Probate Court No. 1
                                  Tarrant County, Texas
                           Trial Court No. 2013-PR00717-2-1-A


                             Before Kerr, J., and Gonzalez, J.1
                           Memorandum Opinion by Justice Kerr


       1
         The Honorable Ruben Gonzalez, Judge of the 432nd District Court of Tarrant County,
sitting by assignment of the Chief Justice of the Texas Supreme Court pursuant to Section 74.003(h)
of the Government Code. See Tex. Gov’t Code Ann. § 74.003(h).

       Justice Mark T. Pittman was a member of the original panel but has since resigned.
Therefore, the two remaining justices decided the case. See Tex. R. App. P. 41.1(b).
                           MEMORANDUM OPINION

      When Priscilla Stegall’s husband died in 2013, she was appointed independent

executor of his estate. In that capacity, she sold her late husband’s law firm, which

included a title company, to the two attorneys who had been working at the firm

when he died. After the sale, Priscilla continued to work at the law firm as its office

manager and as an escrow officer. The firm’s new owners fired her several months

later, and she sued them, the law firm, and the attorneys who had represented her and

the estate in the sale of her late husband’s firm. The probate court granted summary

judgment against her on all claims and entered a take-nothing judgment. In five issues,

Priscilla challenges the probate court’s subject-matter jurisdiction and the propriety of

its summary-judgment rulings. We will reverse and remand in part and affirm in part.

                                         I.
                                     Background

      Priscilla was married to Randall Cross “Randy” Stegall, an attorney and the sole

manager and member of The Stegall Firm, PLLC. The Stegall Firm had offices in

Southlake and Flower Mound and operated both a law firm and a fee office for a title

company. Priscilla, a nonlawyer, worked for the Stegall Firm as its office manager and

as an escrow officer. According to her, most of the Stegall Firm’s revenue came from

the its title business. Attorneys Matthew Schultz and Dustin Kellar started working

for the Stegall Firm shortly before they became licensed in November 2012.




                                           2
      On February 27, 2013, Randy died unexpectedly. His will named Priscilla as the

estate’s executor and sole beneficiary. Tarrant County Probate Court Number Two

appointed Priscilla as the independent executor of Randy’s estate.

      On Randy’s death, his estate became the Stegall Firm’s sole member. But

because Priscilla is not an attorney, no ownership interest in the firm could pass to

her. In her independent-executor capacity, she approached Schultz and Kellar about

buying the Stegall Firm; they expressed interest, and the parties began discussing sale

terms and how the business would operate moving forward.

      The parties agreed on a purchase price of $50,000, plus all proceeds from the

planned sale of the firm’s Flower Mound office, in exchange for the estate’s

ownership interest in the Stegall Firm. But according to Priscilla, the firm was actually

valued at about $1,000,000 because of her pending closings, book of business,

experience, skill, and contacts. She claimed that an accountant advised her that it

would save her and the firm significant tax liability if part of the purchase price was

paid to her as salary for her continued employment. She thus intended to use an

employment agreement to “capture the value of the title business and firm.”

      During the sale negotiations, the parties discussed an employment agreement to

be entered into between Priscilla and the firm. Priscilla claims that in March 2013,

everyone agreed to a ten-year employment agreement, with Priscilla being a “silent

partner” receiving an annual salary of $150,000 plus a percentage of the monthly title

premiums and escrow fees.

                                           3
      In early May 2013, Priscilla hired Dustin Sparks, an attorney with Geary,

Porter, and Donovan, P.C., to represent her individually and as executor of Randy’s

estate in the sale of the Stegall Firm to Schultz and Kellar. Schultz and Kellar retained

their own counsel, Phil Ruais.

      Sparks and Ruais worked together to prepare the sale documents, and they

discussed a possible employment agreement for Priscilla. But as the May 28,

2013 closing date approached, 2 the employment agreement’s terms remained in flux,

and Priscilla claims that on closing day, the parties agreed to reduce the employment

agreement’s duration to a five-year term. The sale closed as scheduled, but Priscilla

and the firm—now known as Schultz and Kellar, PLLC (the SK Firm)—never signed

an employment agreement. Even so, Priscilla continued to work there.

      By September 2013, Priscilla was unhappy with the way Schultz and Kellar

were running the firm. Worried that she could be fired, Priscilla met with Sparks that

month regarding the employment agreement. Sparks advised her that because there

was no written employment agreement, she was free to work elsewhere, but Priscilla

decided to stay at the SK Firm.

      Six months later, in March 2014, the SK Firm fired Priscilla. A little over a year

later, Priscilla—in her individual capacity only—sued Schultz, Kellar, and the SK Firm


      2
        According to the parties, the Stegall Firm’s operating agreement required the
sale to close within 90 days of Randy’s death. The operating agreement is not in the
appellate record.


                                           4
(collectively, the SK Defendants) in Tarrant County District Court for claims arising

from her termination and from the sale of the Stegall Firm to Schultz and Kellar.

      The SK Defendants’ answer included a verified denial challenging Priscilla’s

ability to recover in her individual capacity and an affirmative defense challenging her

standing to sue. The SK Defendants also specially excepted to Priscilla’s pleadings,

and the district court ordered her to amend her petition to “set forth distinctively the

claims and damages [she was] asserting against Defendants in her individual capacity

and the claims and damages [she was] asserting against [them] as the Execut[or] of the

Estate of Randall Stegall.” In response, Priscilla amended her pleadings to assert

claims against the SK Defendants also in her capacity as executor of Randy’s estate:

breach of contract, fraudulent inducement, fraud, negligent misrepresentation, and

breach of informal fiduciary duty. Specifically, Priscilla-as-executor alleged that

Schultz and Kellar used the promise of an employment agreement to induce her to

sell the Stegall Firm to them for less than its fair market value and that the estate was

thus injured.

      The SK Firm then counterclaimed against Priscilla in her capacity as executor

for breach of contract and conversion, claiming that the estate had failed to deliver all

the assets that the SK Firm had purchased from the Stegall Firm. In June 2016, the

SK Defendants successfully moved to transfer the case to Tarrant County Probate

Court Number Two, the court in which Randy’s will was probated.



                                           5
       Meanwhile, in March 2016, Priscilla, individually, sued Sparks and the Geary

Porter firm (collectively, the GPD Defendants) in Dallas County District Court for

legal malpractice in representing her in the sale of the Stegall Firm. In July 2016,

Priscilla amended her petition to also sue the GPD Defendants in her estate-executor

capacity, claiming that they were also negligent in representing the estate in the sale.

Priscilla then successfully moved to transfer the legal-malpractice case from Dallas

County District Court to Tarrant County Probate Court Number Two and to

consolidate it with the case against the SK Defendants. Soon after, the presiding judge

of Tarrant County Probate Court Number Two recused herself on her own motion,

and the consolidated case was assigned to Tarrant County Probate Court Number

One.

       In December 2016, the SK Firm filed an amended pleading abandoning its

counterclaims against Priscilla in her capacity as executor. See Tex. R. Civ. P. 62, 65.

The following month, Priscilla amended her petition for the eighth time. Individually

and in her capacity as executor, she alleged (1) a breach-of-contract claim against the

SK Defendants; (2) claims against Schultz and Kellar for fraudulent inducement, fraud

by nondisclosure, fraud by partial disclosure, negligent misrepresentation, and breach

of informal fiduciary duty; and (3) a legal-malpractice claim against the GPD

Defendants.

       The GPD Defendants and the SK Defendants all moved for summary

judgment. The GPD Defendants moved for summary judgment on limitations,

                                           6
arguing that the two-year statute of limitations barred Priscilla’s legal-malpractice

claim because that claim accrued in either May or September 2013 but Priscilla did not

sue until March 2016, well after limitations had run. The SK Defendants moved for

summary judgment only on Priscilla’s breach-of-contract claim, arguing that there was

no valid and enforceable employment agreement because the parties never had a

meeting of the minds on its material terms and, alternatively, the alleged agreement

was unenforceable under the statute of frauds. The probate court granted both

motions without stating the grounds on which it relied for its rulings.

      Priscilla then amended her petition for the ninth time to seek a declaration that

she rather than the estate owned “all claims, property, assets[,] and anything of value

that was formerly owned by Randy Stegall or his Estate” and that “she individually is

the proper party to assert any and all claims that could have ever belonged to the

estate or Randy Stegall as the sole devisee of his Last Will and Testament.”

      After that last amendment, Schultz and Kellar moved for summary judgment

on Priscilla’s remaining claims: fraudulent inducement, fraud by nondisclosure, fraud

by partial disclosure, negligent misrepresentation, and breach of informal fiduciary

duty. With respect to the fraud-based and negligent-misrepresentation claims, Schultz

and Kellar argued that Priscilla unjustifiably relied on their representations. They also

argued that no informal fiduciary relationship existed. The trial court granted the

motion, found that Priscilla’s declaratory-judgment action was thereby moot, and

signed a final take-nothing judgment against her.

                                           7
      Priscilla has appealed and raises five issues: (1) the probate court lacked

jurisdiction over the case when it transferred the case from district court; (2) even if

the probate court had jurisdiction at the time of transfer, it lost jurisdiction when the

SK Firm nonsuited its claims against the estate; (3) the trial court erred by granting the

GPD Defendants’ summary-judgment motion on their limitations defense; (4) the

trial court erred by granting summary judgment for the SK Defendants on Priscilla’s

breach-of-contract claim; and (5) the trial court erred by granting summary judgment

for Schultz and Kellar on Priscilla’s remaining tort claims.

                                         II.
                                Appellate Jurisdiction

      Before we address Priscilla’s appellate complaints, we must consider our

jurisdiction. The GPD Defendants have moved to dismiss this appeal, arguing that we

lack jurisdiction because Priscilla’s notice of appeal was untimely filed. The GPD

Defendants contend that Priscilla’s appellate deadline ran from August 16, 2017—the

date the trial court signed an order granting Schultz and Kellar summary judgment on

Priscilla’s last remaining claims—because that order was a final judgment. Priscilla

responds that her deadlines started to run from August 29, 2017—the date the trial

court signed its final judgment—because that judgment modified the August 16 order.

See Tex. R. Civ. P. 329b(h).

      In its August 16, 2017 “Order Granting Defendant’s Motion for Partial

Summary Judgment on All Remaining Claims,” the trial court recited that it had


                                            8
reviewed “all timely filed pleadings, the Motion, Plaintiff’s Response, and the evidence

and arguments of counsel” and dismissed with prejudice the “remaining causes of

action for fraudulent inducement, fraud by nondisclosure and partial disclosure,

negligent misrepresentation[,] and breach of informal fiduciary duty.” The order

stated that “[t]his is a final judgment and disposes of all parties and all claims and is

appealable.” See In re Elizondo, 544 S.W.3d 824, 827–28 (Tex. 2018) (orig. proceeding)

(concluding that an order or judgment not following a trial on the merits is final if it

disposes of all pending claims and parties or if it clearly and unequivocally states that

it does).

       On August 29, 2017, the trial court signed a “Final Judgment.” In this order,

the trial court recited that it had granted the SK Defendants’ two summary-judgment

motions. The trial court also found that Priscilla’s only remaining claim, for a

declaratory-judgment, was moot because the trial court had dismissed her other claims

with prejudice. The trial court ordered a take-nothing judgment, and the judgment

closed by stating that “[t]his JUDGMENT is final, disposes of all claims and parties,

and is appealable” and by ordering execution to issue.

       A trial court retains plenary power to vacate, modify, correct, or reform its

judgment for 30 days after it signs the judgment. Tex. R. Civ. P. 329b(d). If the trial

court modifies, corrects, or reforms the judgment “in any respect” during that time,

“the time for appeal shall run from the time the modified, corrected, or reformed

judgment is signed.” Tex. R. Civ. P. 329b(h). “[A]ny change, whether or not material

                                           9
or substantial, made in a judgment while the trial court retains plenary power, operates

to delay the commencement of the appellate timetable until the date the modified,

corrected or reformed judgment is signed.” Check v. Mitchell, 758 S.W.2d 755,

756 (Tex. 1988); see Arkoma Basin Expl. Co. v. FMF Assocs. 1990-A, Ltd., 249 S.W.3d

380, 391 (Tex. 2008) (“Thus, appellate deadlines are restarted by an order that does

nothing more than change the docket number or deny all relief not expressly

granted.”); Lane Bank Equip. Co. v. Smith S. Equip., Inc., 10 S.W.3d 308, 313 (Tex. 2000)

(“[A]ny change made by the court under subpart (h) prior to losing jurisdiction, even a

clerical change, will restart the appellate timetable.”).

       The trial court’s August 29 judgment—signed during the trial court’s plenary

power—modified the August 16 judgment by expressly finding Priscilla’s declaratory-

judgment claim moot and dismissing it with prejudice, as well as by expressly entering

a take-nothing judgment and ordering execution to issue. See Tex. R. Civ. P. 329b(d).

The August 29 judgment thus restarted the appellate timetable. 3 See Tex. R. Civ. P.

329b(h); see also Tex. R. App. P. 4.3(a); Arkoma Basin Expl., 249 S.W.3d at 391; Lane

Bank Equip., 10 S.W.3d at 313; Check, 758 S.W.2d at 756. On September 27, 2017,

Priscilla timely moved for a new trial, see Tex. R. Civ. P. 329b(a), thereby extending



       3
        The only time Rule 329b(h) does not operate to reset the appellate timetable is
in a case “in which the face of the record reveals that the trial court entered the new
order for the sole purpose of extending the appellate timetable.” Mackie v. McKenzie,
890 S.W.2d 807, 808 (Tex. 1994) (emphasis added). From the face of this record, that
does not appear to be the case. See id.

                                             10
her deadline to file her notice of appeal to November 27, 2017, see Tex. R. App. P.

26.1(a)(1). Priscilla timely filed her notice of appeal on November 13, 2017. See id.

      Because Priscilla timely filed her notice of appeal, we hold that we have

jurisdiction over this appeal. See id. We therefore deny the GPD Defendants’ dismissal

motion.

                                       III.
                          The Probate Court’s Jurisdiction

      In her first and second issues, Priscilla argues that the probate court lacked

subject-matter jurisdiction when it transferred the SK Defendants’ case from district

court to itself and that even if the probate court had jurisdiction at the time of

transfer, it lost jurisdiction when the SK Firm nonsuited its breach-of-contract and

conversion claims against the estate.

A. The probate court’s transfer power

      In parts of her first two issues, Priscilla challenges the probate court’s

transferring her suit against the SK Defendants to itself.4

      1. Applicable law

      The SK Defendants moved to transfer venue from Tarrant County District

Court to Tarrant County Probate Court Number Two in accordance with Estates


      4
       On Priscilla’s motion, the probate court transferred her suit against the GPD
Defendants from Dallas County District Court to itself. Because she makes no
argument regarding whether venue was proper in the probate court as to those claims,
we do not address the issue.


                                           11
Code Section 34.001. See Tex. Est. Code. Ann. § 34.001. A transfer under this section

is “essentially a specialized form of venue transfer for matters relating to a probate

proceeding pending in a probate court.” In re Estate of Aguilar, 435 S.W.3d 831,

833 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2014, no pet.); see Gonzalez v. Reliant Energy, Inc.,

159 S.W.3d 615, 622 (Tex. 2005) (“The transfer of a case [under former Probate Code

Section 5B5] pertains to venue, not jurisdiction.”). Section 34.001 provides that a

statutory probate court 6 may transfer to itself from a district court (1) “a cause of

action related to a probate proceeding pending in the statutory probate court” or

(2) “a cause of action in which a personal representative of an estate pending in the

statutory probate court is a party.” 7 Tex. Est. Code. Ann. § 34.001(a). Priscilla

contends that the probate court improperly transferred the case under Section

34.001 because Randy’s estate was closed at the time the SK Defendants moved to

transfer the case, and thus there was neither a probate proceeding nor an estate


      5
       The legislature redesignated former Probate Code Section 5B as Estates Code
Section 34.001. See Act of May 2, 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., ch. 161, § 6.009, sec. 5B,
2013 Tex. Gen. Laws 623, 635–36 (current version at Tex. Est. Code Ann. § 34.001).
      6
        Tarrant County’s two probate courts are statutory probate courts. Tex. Gov’t
Code Ann. § 25.2221(c) (stating that Tarrant County’s two probate courts are
statutory probate courts); see Tex. Est. Code Ann. § 22.007(c) (stating that a “statutory
probate court” is a court created by statute and designated as a statutory probate court
under Government Code Chapter 25).
      7
        Section 34.001(a) also permits a statutory probate court to “consolidate the
transferred cause of action with the other proceedings in the statutory probate court
relating to that estate.” Tex. Est. Code. Ann. § 34.001(a).


                                           12
pending in the probate court. See In re John G. Kenedy Mem’l Found., 159 S.W.3d 133,

144 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi–Edinburg 2004, orig. proceeding) (determining that

“[t]he word ‘pending’ does not describe a closed estate” and concluding that an estate

must be pending to trigger a probate court’s transfer power under former Probate

Code Section 5B).

       2. Analysis

       A probate court’s jurisdiction attaches at the time the application for the

probate of a will is filed. In re Blankenship, 392 S.W.3d 249, 257 (Tex. App.—San

Antonio 2012, no pet.). Once the probate court’s jurisdiction attaches, it continues

until the estate is closed. Id.

       As noted, Priscilla filed an application to probate Randy’s will and was

appointed independent executor of his estate, which succeeded Randy as the Stegall

Firm’s sole member upon his death. Because Priscilla is not an attorney, she could not

own an interest in or share in the profits from the Stegall Firm. See generally Tex.

Disciplinary Rules Prof’l Conduct R. 5.04, reprinted in Tex. Gov’t Code Ann., tit. 2,

subtit. G, app. A (Tex. State Bar R. art. X, § 9). Randy’s will allowed Priscilla, as

executor, to sell estate property for the purpose of administering the estate. 8 See

generally Tex. Est. Code Ann. §§ 356.002 (“Power of Sale Authorized by Will”),


      As a practical matter, it appears that Priscilla, as a nonlawyer, had to sell the
       8

firm during the estate administration in order to distribute the value of Randy’s
ownership interest in the firm to herself as sole beneficiary of Randy’s estate.


                                          13
402.052 (“Sale of Estate Property Generally”). As part of her administration of the

estate, Priscilla, as executor, sold the firm to Schultz and Kellar.9 Cf. Tex. Disciplinary

Rules Prof’l Conduct R. 5.04(d) (“A lawyer shall not practice with or in the form of a

professional corporation or association authorized to practice law for a profit if . . . a

nonlawyer owns any interest therein, except that a fiduciary representative of the

estate of a lawyer may hold stock or interest of the lawyer for a reasonable time during

administration[.]”). Priscilla’s claims against the SK Defendants and the GPD

Defendants arise from her sale (in her capacity as the estate’s executor) of the Stegall

Firm to Schultz and Kellar.

       “Traditionally, independent estate administrations have not been formally

closed in Texas.” 2 Thomas M. Featherstone, Jr., et al., Texas Practice Guide Probate

§ 13:1 (2018–19 ed.), Westlaw (database updated Nov. 2018). The Estates Code,

however, allows an independent executor to formally close an estate by filing a closing

report or a notice to close the estate after

       [a]ll of the debts known to exist against the estate have been paid, or
       when they have been paid so far as the assets in the independent
       executor’s possession will permit, when there is no pending litigation,
       and when the independent executor has distributed to the distributees


       To effect the Stegall Firm’s ownership transfer to Schultz and Kellar, Priscilla
       9

signed an “Assignment and Redemption of Membership Interest” and a “First
Amendment to the Company Agreement of the The Stegall Firm, PLLC” in her
capacity as executor. The sale was seller-financed, and the Stegall Firm (as owned by
Schultz and Kellar) executed a secured purchase-price promissory note and a secured
revolving-line-of-credit note payable to Randy’s estate.


                                               14
      entitled to the estate all assets of the estate, if any, remaining after
      payment of debts . . . .

Tex. Est. Code Ann. § 405.004. But an independent executor is not required to close

the administration by filing a report or notice. See id. § 405.012. In the absence of a

formal estate closing, an independent administration is considered closed when all

debts and claims against the estate have been paid, the estate’s assets have been

distributed, and there is no need for further administration. See Blankenship,

392 S.W.3d at 257–58; In re Estate of Rowan, No. 05-06-00681-CV, 2007 WL 1634054,

at *3 (Tex. App.—Dallas June 7, 2007, no pet.) (mem. op.); Tex. Commerce Bank–Rio

Grande Valley, N.A. v. Correa, 28 S.W.3d 723, 729 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi–

Edinburg 2000, no pet.).

      Here, Priscilla never formally closed the estate, although while the SK

Defendants’ venue-transfer motion was pending, she filed a notice to close the estate

pursuant to Estates Code Section 405.006. See Tex. Est. Code Ann. § 405.006. But

that notice was ineffective, for a simple, statutory reason: there was litigation pending.

See id. § 405.004 (stating that an independent executor may file a notice to close the

estate “when there is no pending litigation”); In re Estate of Bean, 206 S.W.3d 749,

759 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2006, pet. denied) (holding that independent executor

could not formally close an administration by affidavit while litigation was pending).

      Priscilla also did not establish that the estate was otherwise closed. In the notice

to close the estate—filed after the SK Defendants moved to transfer venue—Priscilla



                                           15
(as executor) stated that all debts known to exist against the estate had been paid, or

had been paid to the extent permitted by the assets in her possession, and that all

remaining estate assets had been distributed to her as the sole beneficiary of Randy’s

estate. Even so, further estate administration was needed because estate-related issues

remained unresolved: (1) the claims arising from and during Priscilla’s administration

of the estate, and (2) whether Priscilla individually or Priscilla as executor had standing

and capacity to assert those claims. Accordingly, Randy’s estate was open and thus still

pending, which triggered the probate court’s power under Section 34.001 to transfer

the case to itself from district court.10 See Tex. Est. Code Ann. § 34.001(a); John G.

Kenedy Mem’l Found., 159 S.W.3d at 144.

       Because Priscilla’s and the SK Defendants’ suit involved a “cause of action in

which a personal representative of an estate pending in the statutory probate court is a

party,”11 the probate court’s transfer was proper.12 See Tex. Est. Code Ann.


      10
         Relying on Pugh v. Turner, 197 S.W.2d 822, 826 (Tex. 1946), Priscilla also
asserts that her husband’s estate closed as a matter of law one year after the probate
court approved the inventory, appraisement, and list of claims in mid-October 2013.
But the holding in Pugh “of a presumption that administration terminated at the
expiration of one year is inapplicable” because of the adoption of the Probate Code
(the Estates Code’s predecessor). Ford v. Roberts, 478 S.W.2d 129, 132 (Tex. App.—
Dallas 1972, writ ref’d n.r.e.).
      11
          When the SK Defendants moved to transfer venue to probate court,
Priscilla’s live pleading included claims in her capacity as executor. By the time the
probate court heard the venue-transfer motion, Priscilla had amended her petition
again, this time to assert claims in her individual capacity only and ostensibly in an
attempt to avoid transfer to the probate court. But at that time, the SK Firm’s
counterclaims against Priscilla in her capacity as executor remained pending, even

                                            16
§ 34.001(a); see also id. §§ 22.017 (defining “independent executor” to mean “the

personal representative of an estate”), 22.031 (defining “representative” and “personal

representative” to include independent executors).

B. The probate court’s subject-matter jurisdiction

      In the remaining parts of her first and second issues, Priscilla argues that the

probate court lacked subject-matter jurisdiction over the case and that the probate

court’s orders and final judgment are thus void.

      1. Standard of review and law regarding jurisdiction

      Whether a trial court has subject-matter jurisdiction is a legal question that we

review de novo. Tex. Dep’t of Parks & Wildlife v. Miranda, 133 S.W.3d 217, 226 (Tex.

2004) (op. on reh’g); Tex. Nat. Res. Conservation Comm’n v. IT–Davy, 74 S.W.3d 849,

855 (Tex. 2002). Subject-matter jurisdiction is “essential to a court’s power to decide a

case.” City of Houston v. Rhule, 417 S.W.3d 440, 442 (Tex. 2013) (quoting Bland I.S.D. v.

Blue, 34 S.W.3d 547, 553–54 (Tex. 2000)). Subject-matter jurisdiction is never

presumed; it cannot be waived or conferred by consent. See Dubai Petroleum Co. v. Kazi,

12 S.W.3d 71, 75–76 (Tex. 2000).

though the SK Firm would later abandon them. Some two months after the transfer,
Priscilla amended her petition against the SK Defendants to reassert claims in her
capacity as executor.
      12
         On Priscilla’s motion, the probate court consolidated her case against the SK
Defendants with her case against the GPD Defendants. See Tex. Est. Code Ann.
§ 34.001(a) (permitting a statutory probate court to “consolidate the transferred cause
of action with the other proceedings in the statutory probate court relating to that
estate”).

                                           17
      “Without jurisdiction the court cannot proceed at all in any cause; it may not

assume jurisdiction for the purpose of deciding the merits of the case.” Fin. Comm’n of

Tex. v. Norwood, 418 S.W.3d 566, 578 (Tex. 2013) (op. on reh’g) (quoting Sinochem Int’l

Co. v. Malay. Int’l Shipping Corp., 549 U.S. 422, 431, 127 S. Ct. 1184, 1191 (2007)). A

judgment is void if it was rendered by a court without subject-matter jurisdiction. In re

United Servs. Auto. Ass’n, 307 S.W.3d 299, 309 (Tex. 2010) (orig. proceeding). “[W]hen

one court has . . . exclusive jurisdiction over a matter, any order or judgment issued by

another court pertaining to the same matter is void.” In re CC & M Garza Ranches Ltd.

P’ship, 409 S.W.3d 106, 109 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2013, orig. proceeding)

(quoting Celestine v. Dep’t of Family & Protective Servs., 321 S.W.3d 222, 230 (Tex. App.—

Houston [1st Dist.] 2010, no pet.)).

      2. The statutory probate court’s jurisdiction

      “Probate courts are courts of limited jurisdiction.” Stauffer v. Nicholson,

438 S.W.3d 205, 213 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2014, no pet.). All probate proceedings must

be filed and heard in a court exercising original probate jurisdiction, and a court

exercising such jurisdiction also has jurisdiction over all matters related to the probate

proceeding as specified in Section 31.002 for that type of court. Tex. Est. Code Ann.

§ 32.001(a); see id. § 31.002 (listing types of matters related to probate proceedings,

which vary depending on whether the county has a statutory probate court, a county

court at law exercising probate jurisdiction, or neither). In a county like Tarrant that

has a statutory probate court, that court has original jurisdiction over probate

                                           18
proceedings. Id. § 32.002(c). Moreover, a statutory probate court has exclusive

jurisdiction over “all probate proceedings, regardless of whether contested or

uncontested.” Id. § 32.005(a). And any cause of action related to the probate

proceeding must be brought in a statutory probate court unless that court’s

jurisdiction is concurrent with a district court’s jurisdiction as provided by Section

32.007 or with the jurisdiction of any other court.13 Id.

       A “probate proceeding” includes “a matter or proceeding relating to a

decedent’s estate;” “the probate of a will, with or without administration of the

estate;” and “an application, petition, motion, or action regarding the probate of a will


        A statutory probate court has concurrent jurisdiction with the district court in:
       13



       (1) a personal injury, survival, or wrongful death action by or against a
       person in the person’s capacity as a personal representative;

       (2) an action by or against a trustee;

       (3) an action involving an inter vivos trust, testamentary trust, or
       charitable trust, including a charitable trust as defined by Section
       123.001, Property Code;

       (4) an action involving a personal representative of an estate in which
       each other party aligned with the personal representative is not an
       interested person in that estate;

       (5) an action against an agent or former agent under a power of attorney
       arising out of the agent’s performance of the duties of an agent; and

       (6) an action to determine the validity of a power of attorney or to
       determine an agent’s rights, powers, or duties under a power of attorney.

Id. § 32.007.


                                            19
or an estate administration.” Id. §§ 22.029, 31.001(1), (4); see id. § 22.012 (defining

“estate”). A “matter related to a probate proceeding” includes, among other things,

“any cause of action in which a personal representative of an estate pending in the

statutory probate court is a party in the representative’s capacity as personal

representative.” Id. § 31.002(c)(2).

        3. Analysis

        Here, the probate court had original jurisdiction over the administration of

Randy’s estate, see id. § 32.002(c), and thus had jurisdiction over “all matters related to

the probate proceeding.” Id. § 32.001(a). And as we determined above, Randy’s estate

was open and pending at the time the probate court transferred the SK Defendants’

case from district court to itself. A pending probate proceeding triggers a statutory

probate court’s exclusive subject-matter jurisdiction over any “cause of action related

to the probate proceeding” under Section 32.005. See Baker v. Baker, No. 02-18-00051-

CV, 2018 WL 4224843, at *1 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Sept. 6, 2018, no pet.) (mem.

op.).

        As noted, matters related to probate proceedings include “any cause of action

in which a personal representative of an estate pending in the statutory probate court

is a party in the representative’s capacity as personal representative.” Tex. Est. Code

Ann. § 31.002(c)(2). Because Priscilla is a party to the suits against the SK Defendants

and the GPD Defendants in her capacity as executor, those suits are “related to a

probate proceeding.” Id. The SK Firm’s abandonment of its counterclaims against the

                                            20
estate after the transfer to probate court did not affect the probate court’s jurisdiction.

We therefore hold that the probate court had subject-matter jurisdiction over the case

and its orders and final judgment are not void.14 See id. §§ 32.001(a), .005(a).

       We overrule Priscilla’s first and second issues.

                                       IV.
                           Amended Pleadings and Waiver

       Before we address Priscilla’s issues challenging the probate court’s summary-

judgment rulings, we must determine whether she waived error by filing amended

pleadings abandoning some of her claims after the probate court granted summary

judgment against her on those claims. The SK Defendants and the GPD Defendants

both point out that after the trial court granted summary judgment on Priscilla’s

claims for legal malpractice and breach of contract, she amended her pleadings to

remove those claims. They argue that by doing so, she has waived any putative error

regarding the trial court’s granting summary judgment on these claims. See Kinney v.

Palmer, No. 04-07-00091-CV, 2008 WL 2515696, at *3 (Tex. App.—San Antonio June

25, 2008, no pet.) (mem. op.) (“[B]y amending their pleading and eliminating the

DTPA, negligent misrepresentation, and fraud references, the Kinneys abandoned

those claims and have waived any error concerning the trial court’s action in granting


       14
         When a district court and probate court have concurrent subject-matter
jurisdiction over a cause of action “the issue is one of dominant jurisdiction.” See In re
Puig, 351 S.W.3d 301, 305 (Tex. 2011) (orig. proceeding). Priscilla made no argument
in the trial court nor does she argue on appeal that the district court had dominant
jurisdiction. Thus, we do not address the issue.

                                            21
Palmer’s motion for partial summary judgment as to these claims.”); see also Tex. R.

Civ. P. 65.

       As a general rule, filing an amended petition that does not include a particular

cause of action effectively nonsuits or voluntarily dismisses the omitted claim when

the pleading is filed, and no hearing is necessary to effect the nonsuit. FKM P’ship, Ltd.

v. Bd. of Regents of Univ. of Houston Sys., 255 S.W.3d 619, 632 (Tex. 2008). Abandoning a

cause of action in an amended pleading waives any error by the trial court regarding

the abandoned cause of action. Lopez v. Crest Gateway, LP, No. 02-17-00429-CV,

2018 WL 5832124, at *2 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Nov. 8, 2018, no pet.) (mem. op.).

       But the supreme court has recognized “possible circumstances” that create an

exception to this general rule: statements in the amended pleading indicating that the

pleader intended to reserve her rights with respect to the omitted claims. See FKM

P’Ship, 255 S.W.3d at 633 (citing Ortiz v. Collins, 203 S.W.3d 414, 421 n.4 (Tex. App.—

Houston [14th Dist.] 2006, no pet.) (reasoning that plaintiff who stated in his

amended pleading that he did not waive and expressly reserved “his right to pursue or

re-assert either in [the trial] court and/or on appeal” the causes of action previously

dismissed by the trial court and not pleaded in the amended pleading did not abandon

his previous claims)). If the pleading expressly indicates no intent to waive any rights

associated with omitted causes of action, the pleader has not waived error regarding

those claims. See Spellmann v. Love, 534 S.W.3d 685, 691 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi–

Edinburg 2017, pet. denied).

                                           22
      Here, in her amended pleading omitting her breach-of-contract and legal-

malpractice claims, Priscilla stated, “Claims and parties have been removed from this

pleading based on dismissal orders signed by the Court so that the live pleading will

reflect the current parties and issues and for no other purpose. No claims or rights

that might exist are being wa[i]ved.” We conclude that this language clearly

demonstrated Priscilla’s intent to not abandon her claims for breach of contract and

legal malpractice. See Ortiz, 203 S.W.3d at 421 n.4. Accordingly, we hold that she has

not waived any alleged error by the trial court regarding these causes of action, and we

can thus reach the merits of the trial court’s summary-judgment rulings. See Spellman,

534 S.W.3d at 691 (citing Ortiz, 203 S.W.3d at 421 n.4).

                                     V.
            Summary Judgment in Favor of the GPD Defendants and
               the SK Defendants on Their Affirmative Defenses

      In her third issue, Priscilla complains that the trial court erred by granting

summary judgment in favor of the GPD Defendants on their limitations affirmative

defense. In part of her fourth issue, she argues that the trial court erred by granting

summary judgment in favor of the SK Defendants on their statute-of-frauds defense

to her breach-of-contract claim.

A. Standard of review

      Limitations and statute of frauds are affirmative defenses. Tex. R. Civ. P. 94. A

defendant is entitled to summary judgment on an affirmative defense by conclusively

proving all elements of that defense. Frost Nat’l Bank v. Fernandez, 315 S.W.3d 494,

                                          23
508–09 (Tex. 2010); see Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(b), (c). To accomplish this, the defendant

must present summary-judgment evidence that conclusively establishes each element

of the affirmative defense. See Chau v. Riddle, 254 S.W.3d 453, 455 (Tex. 2008).

      We review a summary judgment de novo. Travelers Ins. v. Joachim, 315 S.W.3d

860, 862 (Tex. 2010). We consider the evidence presented in the light most favorable

to the nonmovant, crediting evidence favorable to the nonmovant if reasonable jurors

could, and disregarding evidence contrary to the nonmovant unless reasonable jurors

could not. Mann Frankfort Stein & Lipp Advisors, Inc. v. Fielding, 289 S.W.3d 844,

848 (Tex. 2009). We indulge every reasonable inference and resolve any doubts in the

nonmovant’s favor. 20801, Inc. v. Parker, 249 S.W.3d 392, 399 (Tex. 2008).

B. Limitations (GPD Defendants)

      Priscilla sued the GPD Defendants for legal malpractice, claiming that they

were negligent in their legal representation of her individually and as estate executor in

the sale of the Stegall Firm to Schultz and Kellar because the GPD Defendants failed

to ensure that she had a written employment agreement and failed to advise her on

the ramifications of not having such an agreement. Priscilla contended that the GPD

Defendants’ negligence resulted in “the loss of a majority of the value in the [f]irm

and business being sold” and the loss of the value of the employment agreement. The

GPD Defendants moved for summary judgment on limitations.

      Legal-malpractice claims are governed by a two-year statute of limitations. See

Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 16.003(a); Willis v. Maverick, 760 S.W.2d 642,

                                           24
644 (Tex. 1988). Limitations begin to run when the claim accrues, see Tex. Civ. Prac.

& Rem. Code Ann. § 16.003(a), and a claim “accrues” when the claimant sustains a

legal injury or, in cases governed by the discovery rule, when the claimant discovers or

should have discovered the facts establishing the elements of a cause of action. See

Hughes v. Mahaney & Higgins, 821 S.W.2d 154, 156 (Tex. 1991).

      The point at which a cause of action accrues is a legal question. Etan Indus., Inc.

v. Lehmann, 359 S.W.3d 620, 623 (Tex. 2011). A cause of action accrues “when a

wrongful act causes some legal injury, even if the fact of injury is not discovered until

later, and even if all resulting damages have not yet occurred.” S.V. v. R.V.,

933 S.W.2d 1, 4 (Tex. 1996). “A person suffers legal injury from faulty professional

advice when the advice is taken.” Murphy v. Campbell, 964 S.W.2d 265, 270 (Tex. 1997).

But in legal-malpractice claims, the discovery rule defers the accrual of a claim until

the client knows, or should have known through reasonable care and diligence, the

facts establishing the elements of her cause of action. See Willis, 760 S.W.2d at 646.

The client need not know the specific nature of each wrongful act that may have

caused the injury for her claim to accrue under the discovery rule. See KPMG Peat

Marwick v. Harrison Cty. Hous. Fin. Corp., 988 S.W.2d 746, 749 (Tex. 1999). Nor does

the client need to know the full extent of her damages before limitations begin to run.

See Murphy, 964 S.W.2d at 273. Rather, a cause of action accrues under the discovery

rule when the client discovers or, in the exercise of reasonable diligence, should

discover the “nature of [her] injury.” Childs v. Haussecker, 974 S.W.2d 31, 40 (Tex.

                                           25
1998). “[D]iscovering the ‘nature of the injury’ requires knowledge of the wrongful act

and the resulting injury.” Id. Thus, the discovery rule defers accrual of a claim only

until the client discovers, or should have discovered through reasonable diligence, the

injury and that it was likely caused by the wrongful acts of another. See id.

       Here, the GPD Defendants argued in their summary-judgment motion that

limitations barred Priscilla’s legal-malpractice claim because that claim accrued in

either late May 2013 (when the Stegall Firm was sold to Schultz and Kellar without

Priscilla’s having an employment agreement) or, at the very latest, September

2013 (when Sparks and Priscilla met to discuss her not having an employment

agreement), but she did not sue the GPD Defendants until March 14, 2016, well after

the two-year limitations period had expired. Priscilla countered that her claim did not

accrue under either the legal-injury rule or the discovery rule until she was fired on

March 21, 2014, because only then did she suffer any financial injury.

       Financial injury, however, is not necessarily the same as legal injury, and any

legal injury that Priscilla incurred (in any capacity) as a result of the GPD Defendants’

alleged legal malpractice occurred at the end of May 2013 when she sold the Stegall

Firm without the benefit of a written employment agreement. See Belt v. Oppenheimer,

Blend, Harrison & Tate, Inc., 192 S.W.3d 780, 785–86 (Tex. 2006) (concluding that

legal-malpractice claim involving estate planning accrued when estate-planning

attorney negligently drafted will, not when the estate suffered the negative

consequences of that act); Murphy, 964 S.W.2d at 270 (“A person suffers legal injury

                                            26
from faulty professional advice when the advice is taken.”). But because the discovery

rule applies to legal-practice cases and Priscilla raised it, the SK Defendants had the

burden to prove that Priscilla knew or should have known the facts establishing her

legal-malpractice claim more than two years before she sued the SK Defendants on

March 14, 2016. See KPMG Peat Marwick, 988 S.W.2d at 748 (holding a defendant

moving for summary judgment on limitations must negate the discovery rule “if it

applies and has been pleaded or otherwise raised”).

      According to Priscilla’s summary-judgment evidence, she explained to Sparks

that an employment agreement that would guarantee her employment for a specified

term of years and give her some level of management control was an essential part of

the sale, and she and Sparks had numerous discussions about the employment

agreement and its terms leading up to the sale of the Stegall Firm in late May 2013.

Priscilla knew that she did not have a written employment agreement when the sale

closed. After the sale, Sparks drafted an employment agreement and sent it to Priscilla

for review and approval. But the employment agreement was never finalized or

executed.

      The GPD Defendants argued that, at the latest, Priscilla knew or should have

known the facts establishing her legal-malpractice claim at her meeting with Sparks on

September 9, 2013. During that meeting, Priscilla “vented” to Sparks about Schultz

and Kellar’s management decisions and the changes they had made to the firm. Sparks

told her that because she did not have an employment agreement, she could leave the

                                          27
firm and seek employment elsewhere. At the time of that meeting, Priscilla knew she

could be fired. She instructed Sparks not to send the draft employment agreement to

Schultz and Kellar because she “did not believe they would sign it” and because “it

contained terms that were never discussed or agreed to that [she] also did not want to

sign.” Priscilla realized that “[t]here was no point in having [Sparks] try to negotiate a

term employment agreement . . . as [she] had no leverage at that point to not sell them

the Firm.” Because she “had greatly reduced leverage in the transaction,” Priscilla

understood in September 2013 that “there was no way that [she] could go back and

get the shared management that [she] had discussed with Schultz and Kellar into a

written agreement.”

      By the September 2013 meeting, then, Priscilla knew the nature of her injury.

But Priscilla claims that she did not know she had a claim for legal malpractice until

suffering financial loss when she was fired in March 2014. Under the discovery rule,

however, “[o]nce a claimant learns of a wrongful injury, the statute of limitations

begins to run even if the claimant does not yet know ‘the specific cause of the injury;

the party responsible for it; the full extent of it; or the chances of avoiding it.’” Exxon

Corp. v. Emerald Oil & Gas Co., 348 S.W.3d 194, 207 (Tex. 2011) (op. on reh’g)

(quoting PPG Indus., Inc. v. JMB/Houston Ctrs. Partners Ltd. P’ship, 146 S.W.3d 79, 93–

94 (Tex. 2004)). In discovery-rule cases, “a cause of action accrues when the plaintiff

knows or reasonably should know that he has been legally injured by the alleged

wrong, however slightly.” Murphy, 964 S.W.2d at 273 (emphasis added). “The fact that

                                            28
the plaintiff’s actual damages may not be fully known until much later does not affect

the determination of the accrual date for alleged . . . legal malpractice.” Id.

       Here, construing the summary-judgment evidence in Priscilla’s favor, we

conclude that the GPD Defendants conclusively established that by September

2013 (at the latest) Priscilla knew the facts establishing the elements of her legal-

malpractice claim. Because she did not sue the GPD Defendants until over two years

later, her legal-malpractice claim was barred by limitations. We therefore overrule

Priscilla’s third issue.

C. Statute of frauds (SK Defendants)

       Priscilla claimed that as part of the sale to Schultz and Kellar in late May 2013,

they agreed that the SK Firm would employ her for five years. Priscilla further claimed

that the SK Defendants breached this agreement when they fired her in March 2014.

As noted, the SK Defendants moved for summary judgment on Priscilla’s breach-of-

contract claim, arguing that the alleged agreement to employ Priscilla for five years

was unenforceable because it was subject to the statute of frauds and was not in

writing or signed by the parties. Priscilla countered that the employment agreement

was enforceable despite the statute of frauds because she partially performed.

       The statute of frauds is an affirmative defense to breach of contract. See Tex.

Bus. & Com. Code Ann. § 26.01(a); Tex. R. Civ. P. 94; Duradril, L.L.C. v. Dynomax

Drilling Tools, Inc., 516 S.W.3d 147, 158 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2017, no

pet.). A contract that cannot be performed within one year of its making falls within

                                             29
the statute of frauds. See Tex. Bus. & Com. Code Ann. § 26.01(b)(6). Such a contract

is enforceable against a party only if it is in writing and is signed by that party. See id.

§ 26.01(a). Thus, an agreement for employment for more than one year comes within

the statute of frauds and must be in writing and signed by the defendant to be

enforceable. See Timmons v. Scarbrough, Medlin & Assocs., Inc., No. 05-05-00235-CV,

2005 WL 3436706, at *1 (Tex. App.—Dallas Dec. 15, 2005, no pet.) (mem. op.);

C.S.C.S. v. Carter, 129 S.W.3d 584, 590 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2003, no pet.).

       As the party pleading the statute of frauds, the SK Defendants bore the initial

burden of establishing the defense’s applicability. See Dynegy, Inc. v. Yates, 422 S.W.3d

638, 641 (Tex. 2013). Because the SK Defendants met their burden15—which Priscilla

does not dispute—the burden shifted to her to establish an exception taking the oral

employment agreement out of the statute of frauds. See id. In this regard, Priscilla

argues that “Texas law requires [the contract’s] enforcement in equity” because she

“performed her obligations under the agreement.”

       Partial performance is indeed an exception to the statute of frauds. See Exxon

Corp. v. Breezevale Ltd., 82 S.W.3d 429, 439 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2002, pets. denied).

Under this exception, a contract that has been partially performed but that does not


        Whether a contract comes within the statute of frauds is a legal question that
       15

we review de novo. Dynegy, 422 S.W.3d at 642. Here, the alleged five-year employment
agreement is subject to the statute of frauds and is thus unenforceable because it is
not in writing and signed by the SK Defendants. See Tex. Bus. & Com. Code Ann.
§ 26.01(a), (b)(6).


                                            30
satisfy the statute of frauds may be enforced in equity if denial of enforcement would

amount to virtual fraud. Id. The partial performance must be “unequivocally

referable” to the agreement and corroborative of the fact that a contract actually was

made. Id. That is, the acts “must be such as could have been done with no other

design than to fulfill the particular agreement sought to be enforced; otherwise they

do not tend to prove the existence of the parol agreement relied upon by the

plaintiff.” Id. at 439–40. “If the evidence establishes that the party who performed the

act that is alleged to be partial performance could have done so for some reason other

than to fulfill obligations under the oral contract, the exception is unavailable.” Nat’l

Prop. Holdings, L.P. v. Westergren, 453 S.W.3d 419, 426–27 (Tex. 2015).

      Priscilla contends that she partially performed the employment agreement in

several ways: by training Schultz and Kellar in the title business, by closing deals, by

connecting them with referral sources and contacts, and by acting in the role of

branch manager and silent partner. This claimed “partial performance” consisted of

her rendering services to the firm—services for which Priscilla was indisputably

compensated during the ten months she was employed there after the sale to Schultz

and Kellar. “[A] salary compensates for services rendered; if a person received

payment for his services, those services will not act as an exception to the statute of

frauds.” Holloway v. Dekkers, 380 S.W.3d 315, 324 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2012, no pet.);

see Timmons, 2005 WL 3436706, at *2 (“Rendition of services for which a person

receives a monthly salary is insufficient to take an agreement outside of the statute of

                                           31
frauds because the rendition of services is fully explained by the salary.”). Accordingly,

the services Priscilla provided and was paid for do not overcome the statute-of-frauds

defense.

      Priscilla also contends that she partially performed the employment agreement

by signing over the company and by funding the firm’s operating costs. But Priscilla

does not contend—nor is there any evidence—that these actions were “unequivocally

referable” to the employment agreement. That is, there is no evidence that Priscilla

took these actions “with no other design than to fulfill” the employment agreement.

Exxon, 82 S.W.3d at 439–40.

      Because Priscilla failed to prove the partial-performance exception to the

statute of frauds, the trial court properly granted summary judgment on her breach-

of-contract claim based on the SK Defendants’ statute-of-frauds defense. 16 We thus

overrule her fourth issue.




      16
        As noted, the trial court’s order granting summary judgment for the SK
Defendants did not specify the grounds for its ruling. The SK Defendants also moved
for summary judgment on Priscilla’s breach-of-contract claim on the ground that the
employment agreement was unenforceable because the parties never had a meeting of
the minds regarding its material terms. But we do not address this ground because we
have concluded that the trial court properly granted summary judgment based on the
SK Defendants’ statute-of-frauds defense. See Provident Life & Acc. Ins. Co. v. Knott,
128 S.W.3d 211, 216 (Tex. 2003) (stating that if the “trial court’s order does not
specify the grounds for its summary judgment, [an appellate court] must affirm the
summary judgment if any of the theories presented to the trial court and preserved for
appellate review are meritorious”); see also Tex. R. App. P. 47.1.


                                           32
                                       VI.
                Summary Judgment in Favor of the SK Defendants
                       on Priscilla’s Remaining Claims

       In her fifth issue, Priscilla argues that the trial court erred by granting summary

judgment in favor of Schultz and Kellar on her claims for fraudulent inducement,

fraud by nondisclosure, fraud by partial disclosure, and negligent misrepresentation. 17

A. Standard of review

       We have already set out the standard of review for a summary judgment. Here

we add only the reminder that a defendant that conclusively negates at least one

essential element of a plaintiff’s cause of action is entitled to summary judgment on

that claim. Frost Nat’l Bank, 315 S.W.3d at 508; see Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(b), (c).

B. Priscilla’s claims for fraudulent inducement, fraud, and negligent
   misrepresentation

       According to Priscilla’s pleadings, “[t]he parties all agreed and it was anticipated

that after Schultz and Kellar were owners, a written employment agreement would be


       17
         Although Priscilla’s fifth issue generally challenges the granting of summary
judgment on “all [her] remaining claims” against Schultz and Kellar, she has not
presented any argument within that issue challenging the propriety of the summary
judgment on her breach-of-fiduciary-duty claim. As a result, we will not address the
propriety of the summary judgment on this claim. See Shellnut v. Wells Fargo Bank,
N.A., No. 02-15-00204-CV, 2017 WL 1538166, at *3 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Apr.
27, 2017, pet. denied) (mem. op.); see also LeBlanc v. Riley, No. 02-08-00234-CV,
2009 WL 885953, at *3 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Apr. 2, 2009, no pet.) (mem. op.)
(noting that although a general issue challenging summary judgment is permissible,
“to preserve error on a particular cause of action on which the trial court granted
summary judgment, an appellant must still present argument and legal authority
related to that particular claim”).


                                            33
entered into reflecting the estimated value [she] had placed on the Stegall Firm with

her continued involvement totaling at least $750,000.00 to be paid to [her] over five

years through guaranteed wages plus bonuses.”18 Even though the parties never

executed a written agreement, Schultz and Kellar continued to pay her the agreed-

upon amounts until they fired her.

      In support of her fraudulent-inducement claim, Priscilla alleged that, “in

conjunction with” the sale of the Stegall Firm, Schultz and Kellar falsely represented

to her that they would employ her for five years at a certain salary, plus pay her a

percentage of the monthly title premiums and escrow fees. Priscilla further claimed

that Schultz and Kellar intended for her, individually and as executor, to rely on those

representations and that those representations induced her, as executor, to sell the

firm to them “with very favorable terms regarding owner financing” and a reduced

purchase price. Priscilla claimed that she, individually and as executor, relied on these

representations regarding the employment agreement when she sold the firm to

Schultz and Kellar.

      Similar to her claim for fraudulent inducement related to her sale of the firm,

Priscilla’s claims for fraud and negligent misrepresentation relate to the

representations Schultz and Kellar made during the sale negotiations. In support of

      18
        Specifically, Priscilla claims that the $50,000 purchase price was well-below
the firm’s fair market value, which she estimates was about $1,000,000, and that the
$750,000 in salary and bonuses she expected to receive under the five-year
employment agreement was intended to compensate her for the firm’s actual value.


                                           34
her fraud claims, Priscilla asserted that while she was negotiating the sale of the firm

for both her and the estate’s benefit, Schultz and Kellar failed to disclose or only

partially disclosed their intentions regarding their agreement to continue to employ

her after the sale and their belief that, without a signed employment agreement, they

could change the terms of her employment or terminate her after they purchased the

firm. Similarly, in support of her negligent-misrepresentation claim, she alleged that

Schultz and Kellar supplied false information—namely their promise to employ her

after the sale—to her (both individually and as executor) during the sale negotiations.

C. Applicable law

       To prevail on her claims for fraudulent inducement, fraud, and negligent

misrepresentation, Priscilla must prove (among other things) that she actually and

justifiably relied on Schultz’s and Kellar’s representations. See, e.g., Anderson v. Durant,

550 S.W.3d 605, 614 (Tex. 2018) (stating that fraudulent inducement is a “species of

common-law fraud that shares the same basic elements” and “arises only in the

context of a contract”); Grant Thornton LLP v. Prospect High Income Fund, 314 S.W.3d

913, 923 & n.15 (Tex. 2010) (op. on reh’g) (stating that fraud and negligent

misrepresentation require a showing of actual and justifiable reliance); Schlumberger

Tech. Corp. v. Swanson, 959 S.W.2d 171, 181 (Tex. 1997) (stating that fraud by

nondisclosure is a subcategory of fraud and that because reliance is an element of

fraud, it is likewise an element of fraud by nondisclosure). Justifiable reliance usually

presents a fact question for a jury to decide. Barrow-Shaver Res. Co. v. Carrizo Oil & Gas,

                                            35
Inc., No. 17-0332, 2019 WL 2668317, at *19 (Tex. June 28, 2019) (citing JPMorgan

Chase Bank, N.A. v. Orca Assets G.P., L.L.C., 546 S.W.3d 648, 654 (Tex. 2018)).

       “In measuring justifiability, we must inquire whether, ‘given a fraud plaintiff’s

individual characteristics, abilities, and appreciation of facts and circumstances at or

before the time of the alleged fraud[,] it is extremely unlikely that there is actual

reliance on the plaintiff’s part.’” Grant Thornton, 314 S.W.3d at 923 (quoting Haralson v.

E.F. Hutton Grp., Inc., 919 F.2d 1014, 1026 (5th Cir. 1990)). Justifiable reliance can “be

negated as a matter of law when circumstances exist under which reliance cannot be

justified.” Orca Assets, 546 S.W.3d at 654. “To determine whether, as a matter of law,

justifiable reliance has been negated, we must consider the contract and the nature of

the parties’ relationship.” Barrow-Shaver Res., 2019 WL 2668317, at *19. Reliance on an

oral representation that is directly contradicted by the express, unambiguous terms of

a written agreement between the parties is not justified as a matter of law. See Orca

Assets, 546 S.W.3d at 658, 660 n.2. “Red flags” that indicate reliance is unwarranted

can also negate justifiable reliance as matter of law. See id. at 655, 660 n.2.

D. The summary-judgment evidence

       Schultz and Kellar claim that when Priscilla sold them the firm, “there was no

agreement as to the terms of an employment agreement between the Firm and

Priscilla.” In their summary-judgment motion, they argued that Priscilla’s reliance on

their attorney’s representations was not justifiable and that her reliance on her own

attorney’s representations could not form the basis for her fraud claims against

                                             36
Schultz and Kellar. But Priscilla did not rely solely on the attorneys’ representations.

According to her, she also relied on representations made by Schultz and Kellar in the

months leading up to the closing.

      At the time of Randy’s death in February 2013, most of the Stegall Firm’s

revenue was generated through its title business. After Randy died, Priscilla had

multiple options regarding the Stegall Firm: (1) close the firm and sell the firm’s assets

and use of the rented location and take her book of business and staff to another title

company; (2) sell the firm on the open market to another attorney for cash or on a

note and stay on as an employee; or (3) close the law firm and convert the business to

a direct title operation. But because of the emotional impact of losing her husband

and business partner, she decided that it would be best for her to stay with the firm

and for the firm to continue to operate as it had before Randy’s death. To that end,

she approached Schultz and Kellar about buying it.

      Over the next few months, Priscilla, Schultz, and Kellar discussed the firm’s

operations after the sale. They agreed that Priscilla would operate the title business,

Schultz and Kellar would run the legal side of the firm, and Priscilla would train

Schultz and Kellar in the title business. An accountant advised Priscilla that it would

be beneficial from a tax perspective both to her and to Schultz and Kellar if the value

of the title business—which included Priscilla’s value, the value and continued earning

potential of the staff, and the value of any pending closings—was paid through salary

and bonus to Priscilla rather than through a “straight sale.” Based on this advice,

                                           37
Priscilla told Schultz and Kellar that she “wanted a 10 year guarantee of $150,000 per

year” and “wanted to be treated as a silent partner.” She justified her demand by

pointing out her “ownership and ability to take the whole [title] business where [she]

wanted.” Schultz and Kellar met privately, and a few days later, Schultz told Priscilla

that he and Kellar “were both on board with everything” and suggested that Priscilla

“be paid on a percentage of the office production in addition to the salary.” Priscilla

agreed, and in early March 2013, she “moved forward under this agreement and with

this understanding and would not have moved forward toward this goal with [Schultz

and Kellar] if they had not agreed to the salary, 10 years[,] and that [she] would be

treated as a third partner.”

       In the months between Randy’s death and the sale, Priscilla continued to work

at the firm with Schultz and Kellar. By mid-May, Priscilla and Schultz and Kellar had

hired lawyers (Sparks and Ruais, respectively) to represent them in the sale. Sparks

drafted the sale documents in accordance with the principal terms the parties had

negotiated before they retained counsel. Sparks and Ruais negotiated some of the

finer terms of the sale and discussed the terms of Priscilla’s employment agreement.

According to Sparks, the employment agreement “was always something that was

contemplated and was important [to all the] parties at some point during the

negotiations.”

       Days before the closing, Priscilla learned that Schultz and Kellar wanted to

change the length of her guaranteed employment from ten years to either five or

                                          38
seven years. She met with Schultz, who told her that both he and Kellar were

“nervous” about the ten-year term. Priscilla later met with Schultz and Kellar

together, and the parties agreed to “the 150K and percentages and all that remained

was the number of years.”

      According to Priscilla, on the day of the sale (May 29, 2013), she was informed

that Schultz and Kellar wanted a five-year contract with a ten-year extension option.

Priscilla also alleged that she, Schultz, and Kellar met that day and agreed to a five-

year term with an extension option. Later that day, Priscilla sold the firm to Schultz

and Kellar for $50,000; the sale was seller-financed with a $50,000 promissory note

and included a $100,000 line of credit, both of which were payable to Priscilla as

executor and secured by the firm’s assets.

      The parties did not sign an employment agreement at closing. According to

Sparks, he had not drafted an employment agreement to be executed at closing

because the parties were still negotiating in the days leading up to the closing, but they

insisted on closing as scheduled. Sparks “understood that an employment agreement

would be prepared later, on terms discussed between [Priscilla] and the Buyers.”

      Priscilla knew that when she sold the firm to Schultz and Kellar, she did not

have a written employment agreement with them. But at that time, she believed that

what she and Schultz and Kellar “had agreed to regarding [her] salary, length of

years[,] and bonus structure would be turned into a simple employment agreement



                                             39
after Schultz and Kellar were owners.” She based her decision to sell the firm to them

on their promise to employ her for at least five years.

      Two days after the sale, Priscilla asked Sparks if he had a draft employment

agreement for her to review. A week later, Sparks emailed Priscilla to ask “one more

time” if she could provide him the information that he needed to finalize the draft of

her employment agreement. On June 13, 2013, Sparks sent Priscilla a draft

employment agreement; she did not respond to Sparks until July 9. She wanted to

meet with him regarding the employment agreement, but he was out of the office and

could not meet until later that month. Priscilla “got busy” in July and August with

work and family matters, so she and Sparks were unable to meet until September 9.

By that time, Priscilla was unhappy with Schultz and Kellar’s management of the firm

and wanted to leave. She did not tell Sparks to send over the employment agreement

that he had prepared because she “did not believe [Schultz and Kellar] would sign it”

and because “it contained terms that were never discussed or agreed to that [she] also

did not want to sign.” Priscilla also felt that “[t]here was no point in having [Sparks]

try to negotiate a term employment agreement . . . as [she] had no leverage at that

point to not sell them the Firm.”

      Priscilla admits that she sold the firm to Schultz and Kellar without a written

employment agreement in place. But she maintains that at the time of the sale, Schultz

and Kellar had agreed to employ her for five years, paying her $150,000 annually plus

the agreed-upon bonuses.

                                           40
E. Analysis

       In their summary-judgment motion, Schultz and Kellar assert that Priscilla’s

reliance, if any, was unjustified as matter of law because (1) she could not justifiably

rely on representations from their attorney; (2) she knew that any employment

agreement would be in writing; (3) she sold them the firm without a written

employment agreement; (4) she decided not to present Schultz and Kellar with a

proposed written employment agreement; and (5) she knew the parties never

contemplated an oral employment agreement.

       Viewing the evidence in Priscilla’s favor—as we must—and because we

measure “justifiability” given Priscilla’s “individual characteristics, abilities, and

appreciation of facts and circumstances at or before the time of the alleged fraud,” see Grant

Thornton, 314 S.W.3d at 923 (emphasis added), Schultz and Kellar did not prove lack

of justifiable reliance as a matter of law. There were no “red flags” to indicate that

Priscilla’s reliance was unwarranted, nor were Schultz’s and Kellar’s oral

representations directly contradicted by the express, unambiguous terms of a written

contract.19 See Orca Assets, 546 S.W.3d at 655, 658. According to Priscilla, leading up to



        On appeal, Schultz and Kellar point to the security agreement’s merger clause,
       19

which states:

       This Agreement and all documents and instruments executed in
       connection therewith or herewith, supersede any and all other
       agreements, either oral or in writing, between the parties hereto with
       respect to the subject matter hereof and contain all of the covenants and

                                             41
and at the time of the sale’s closing, she relied on Schultz’s and Kellar’s

representations regarding a promise of continued employment. The fact that Priscilla

realized after the sale that she lacked the leverage to force them to execute a written

employment agreement does not establish—as a matter of law—a lack of justifiable

reliance leading up to the sale of the Stegall Firm to Schultz and Kellar. Accordingly,

we sustain Priscilla’s final issue.20

                                           VII.
                                        Conclusion

       Having sustained Priscilla’s fifth issue, we reverse the trial court’s judgment on

her claims for fraudulent inducement, fraud by nondisclosure, fraud by partial

disclosure, and negligent misrepresentation and remand those claims to the trial court.

Because the trial court’s dismissal of her declaratory-judgment claim as moot was


       agreements between the parties with respect to the subject matter
       hereof.

Because Schultz and Kellar did not raise the merger clause as a summary-judgment
ground, we decline to address what effect, if any, it has on whether Priscilla’s reliance
was justified. See State Farm Lloyds v. Page, 315 S.W.3d 525, 532 (Tex. 2010) (stating
that a “[s]ummary judgment may not be affirmed on appeal on a ground not
presented to the trial court in the motion”); Fortune Prod. Co. v. Conoco, Inc., 52 S.W.3d
671, 681 (Tex. 2000) (concluding that merger-clause defense not raised in the trial
court is unpreserved for appellate review).
       20
         Whether Priscilla or the estate owns these claims and whether she in her
individual capacity could assert them was never determined by the trial court because
the trial court dismissed as moot her declaratory-judgment action when it granted
summary judgment against Priscilla on all her claims. We thus do not address these
issues and leave them for the trial court to determine on remand.


                                            42
based, in part, on its granting summary judgment on her fraud-based and negligent-

misrepresentation claims, we reverse the trial court’s dismissal and remand her

declaratory-judgment claim as well. Having overruled Priscilla’s first four issues, we

affirm the remainder of the trial court’s judgment.



                                                      /s/ Elizabeth Kerr
                                                      Elizabeth Kerr
                                                      Justice

Delivered: November 21, 2019




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