[Cite as Stojkoski v. Main 271 S., L.L.C., 2011-Ohio-2117.]


STATE OF OHIO                     )                           IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
                                  )ss:                        NINTH JUDICIAL DISTRICT
COUNTY OF SUMMIT                  )

GORAN STOJKOSKI                                               C.A. No.   25407

        Appellee

        v.                                                    APPEAL FROM JUDGMENT
                                                              ENTERED IN THE
MAIN 271 SOUTH, LLC                                           COURT OF COMMON PLEAS
                                                              COUNTY OF SUMMIT, OHIO
        Appellant                                             CASE No.   CV 2009 09 6564

                                 DECISION AND JOURNAL ENTRY

Dated: May 4, 2011



        WHITMORE, Judge.

        {¶1}     Defendant-Appellant, Main 271 South, LLC (“Main 271 South”), appeals from

the denial of its motion to vacate the cognovit judgment entered in favor of Plaintiff-Appellee,

Goran Stojkoski, in the Summit County Court of Common Pleas. This Court affirms.

                                                              I

        {¶2}     On April 28, 2008, Stojkoski and Main 271 South entered into a cognovit

promissory note in the amount of $170,000, which was secured by a mortgage on the real

property located at 271 South Main Street in Akron, Ohio. Main 271 South defaulted on the

note, and on September 3, 2009, Stojkoski filed a complaint seeking to recover $162,371.67, plus

interest. At the same time, an answer confessing judgment was filed on behalf of Main 271

South, through a warrant of attorney, pursuant to the terms of the note. The trial court entered

judgment in Stojkoski’s favor on September 9, 2009.
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       {¶3}    On February 18, 2010, Main 271 South filed a motion to vacate the cognovit

judgment, arguing that the amount due on the note should have been offset by the amount

Stojkoski recovered when he later sold certain equipment, assets, and inventory that were located

on the property. The president of Main 271 South, Edmond Jaber, executed an affidavit in

support of its motion in which he attested to several transactions that had occurred between he

and Stojkoski, all of which related to the real property located at 271 South Main Street. Based

on these transactions, he alleged that he had a valid defense based in an offset to the judgment,

and further, that he had a compulsory counterclaim to assert for replevin, conversion, and/or civil

theft against Stojkoski. Stojkoski filed a memorandum in opposition, in which he included his

own affidavit in support of the memorandum. The trial court declined to hold a hearing and on

April 23, 2010, denied Main 271 South’s motion to vacate. Main 271 South now appeals,

asserting one assignment of error for our review.

                                       Assignment of Error

       “THE TRIAL COURT COMMITTED ERROR BY DENYING APPELLANT’S
       MOTION TO VACATE COGNOVIT JUDGMENT PURSUANT TO RULE
       60(B) OF THE OHIO RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE SINCE THE
       APPELLANT’S MOTION WAS TIMELY RAISED AND THE APPELLANT
       ESTABLISHED A MERITORIOUS DEFENSE.”

       {¶4}    In its sole assignment of error, Main 271 South argues that the trial court erred in

denying its motion to vacate the cognovit judgment awarded in favor of Stojkoski because it

presented a meritorious defense, namely, that it was entitled to a credit against the amount due on

the note based on Stojkoski’s decision to sell certain assets to a third party. We disagree.

       {¶5}    The decision to grant or deny a motion for relief from judgment pursuant to

Civ.R. 60(B) lies in the sound discretion of the trial court and will not be disturbed absent an

abuse of that discretion. Strack v. Pelton (1994), 70 Ohio St.3d 172, 174. An abuse of discretion
                                                 3


means that the trial court was unreasonable, arbitrary, or unconscionable in its ruling. Blakemore

v. Blakemore (1983), 5 Ohio St.3d 217, 219. Civ.R. 60(B) states, in relevant part,

       “To prevail on a motion brought under Civ.R. 60(B), the movant must
       demonstrate that: (1) the party has a meritorious defense or claim to present if
       relief is granted; (2) the party is entitled to relief under one of the grounds stated
       in Civ.R. 60(B)(1) through (5); and (3) the motion is made within a reasonable
       time[.]” GTE Automatic Electric, Inc. v. ARC Industries, Inc. (1976), 47 Ohio
       St.2d 146, paragraph two of the syllabus.

The three-part test set forth in GTE Automatic is a conjunctive one, therefore, the moving party’s

failure to satisfy any of these three requirements will result in a denial of the motion. Brown-

Graves Co. v. Caprice Homes, Inc. (Mar. 6, 2002), 9th Dist. No. 20689, at *3, citing Rose

Chevrolet, Inc. v. Adams (1988), 36 Ohio St.3d 17, 20. Because “special circumstances are

presented when a judgment is entered on a cognovit note[,] *** collateral attacks upon such

judgments traditionally have been freely permitted.”        Meyers v. McGuire (1992), 80 Ohio

App.3d 644, 646. Consequently, a movant seeking to vacate a cognovit judgment faces a less

demanding burden of proof. Cook Family Invests. v. Billings, 9th Dist. Nos. 05CA008689 &

05CA008691, 2006-Ohio-764, at ¶11. If the motion for relief was timely filed, the movant need

only demonstrate “[t]he existence of a valid defense to all or part of a claim” in order to obtain

relief. Id., quoting Davidson v. Hayes (1990), 69 Ohio App.3d 28, 31. Accord Meyers, 80 Ohio

App.3d at 646 (noting that “[t]he prevailing view is that relief from a judgment taken upon a

cognovit note *** is warranted by authority of Civ.R. 60(B)(5) when the movant (1) establishes

a meritorious defense, (2) in a timely application”). Aside from asserting that the obligation has

been satisfied, “a meritorious defense is one that goes to the integrity and validity of the creation

of the debt or note, the state of the underlying debt at the time of confession of judgment, or the

procedure utilized in the confession of judgment on the note.” First Nat. Bank of Pandora v.

Freed, 3d Dist. No. 5-03-36, 2004-Ohio-3554, at ¶10. Neither party disputes that Main 271
                                                 4


South’s motion was timely filed, thus, the only dispute between the parties is whether Main 271

South can avail itself to any type of meritorious defense.

       {¶6}    Main 271 South’s sole argument on appeal is that the cognovit judgment amount

entered against it should be reduced by the value of the equipment, assets and inventory

Stojkoski later sold from the property. It does not take issue with the manner in which the note

was created or the process through which Stojkoski sought judgment, nor does it claim that the

underlying debt obligation has been satisfied. See, e.g., BancOhio Nat. Bank v. Schiesswohl

(1988), 51 Ohio App.3d 130, 131-32 (reversing the denial of appellant’s motion to vacate based

on his assertion that the judgment had been satisfied by the repossession of the collateral);

Brown-Graves Co., at *3 (reversing the denial of appellant’s 60(B) motion because the cognovit

note was ambiguous with respect to the imposition of an interest rate). Instead, Main 271 South

argues that a party asserts a meritorious defense when it “makes allegations that the amount due

pursuant to a cognovit note is not correct” as it does in this case. Main 271 South considers such

a claim to be an attack against the validity of the underlying note, which would favor vacating

the judgment entered against it. See Freed at ¶10. Main 271 South cites to Lykins Oil Co. v.

Pritchard, 1st Dist. No. C-050982, 2006-Ohio-5262, in support for its assertion.

       {¶7}    In Lykins, two travel plaza owners entered into a cognovit note with a gasoline

supplier whereby they personally guaranteed all payments due under the supply contract between

the gasoline supplier and the travel plaza. Lykins at ¶4-6. Under the terms of the note, the

owners did not agree to any set amount of indebtedness, but rather, secured “the performance of

[the travel plaza].” Id. at ¶6. Lykins sought judgment on the note against the owners for nearly

$800,000 based on a combination of the travel plaza’s unpaid balance, branding costs, attorney

fees, and over $500,000 in “lost profits” (an amount attested to by Lykins in its affidavit, but
                                                  5


unsupported by any calculation). Id. at ¶15. The trial court denied the owners’ motion to vacate,

but the First District reversed. In doing so, the court noted that under the terms of the parties’

agreement, the travel plaza owners “were never on notice about the maximum extent of their

liability” and “did not guaranty their liability for a sum certain.” Id. at ¶16. In turn, “their

liability was open-ended” and “under [such] circumstances, *** even a defense of payment

would fail when applied to the open-ended liability of the [travel plaza owners].” Id. Based on

these facts, the First District concluded the travel owners had presented a meritorious defense by

attacking the validity and the amount of the judgment rendered against them. Id. at ¶18.

       {¶8}    The facts of this case, however, are quite different from those in Lykins. Here, the

terms of the note state that Main 271 South “promise[d] to pay on demand to *** Stojkoski ***

the principal sum of ONE HUNDRED SEVENTY THOUSAND DOLLARS ($170,000)

together with interest at the rate of Eight per cent (8%) per annum.” It further states that the note

“is secured by [] a mortgage to [Stojkoski] on real property owned by [Main 271 South], having

an address at 271 South Main Street, Akron, Ohio.” Consistent with the statutory requirement

for recovering on a cognovit note, the note also states, in capitalized and underlined print, that

judgment could be taken against Main 271 South “regardless of any claims that [it] may have

against the creditor whether for returned goods, faulty goods, failure on his part to comply with

the agreement, or any other cause.” Based on the terms set forth above, it is evident that the

indebtedness was definite and specific, and did not leave Main 271 South subject to any open-

ended liability, as was the case in Lykins. Instead, the agreement between the parties clearly

stated a principal balance, the property secured by the note, and the ability of Stojkoski to

recover under the note for any cause, including non-payment. Based on these distinctions, we do

not consider Lykins authoritative on the facts of this case.
                                                  6


       {¶9}    Main 271 South does not dispute that it is in default, nor does it challenge the

principal balance based on past payments it has made to Stojkoski. It merely asserts that, under

the term of a separate asset purchase agreement it entered into with Stojkoski, the amount due

under the cognovit judgment should be reduced. Many courts, including this one, however, have

stated that “[a] counterclaim or set-off, *** is not a meritorious defense to a cognovit judgment.”

Shuford v. Owens, 10th Dist. No. 07AP-1068, 2008-Ohio-6220, at ¶20. Accord Bulkley v.

Greene (1918), 98 Ohio St. 55, paragraphs one and three of the syllabus; Sapp v. Azar (1977), 53

Ohio App.2d 277, 280; Kistner v. Cameo Countertops, Inc., 6th Dist No. L-04-1128, 2005-Ohio-

1883, at ¶6; First Merit Bank, N .A. v. NEBS Fin. Servs. Inc., 8th Dist. No. 87632, 2006-Ohio-

5260, ¶14-15. Much like the facts of this case, in Shuford, after judgment was entered against

the Owens on a cognovit note, they sought to have the judgment vacated. The Owens argued

that Shuford had agreed to offset the $10,000 debt they owed to her based on litigation Mr.

Owens had later conducted on Shuford’s behalf, for which his legal fees totaled $18,000. The

trial court denied the Owens’s motion to vacate, and the Tenth District affirmed, explaining that:

       “[A] counterclaim or set-off is, in effect, a claim that would reduce or satisfy the
       amount due on the note; and relief from cognovit judgment is granted only to the
       defendant who has a defense to the action. While a set-off or counterclaim does
       not constitute a valid defense to a cognovit judgment, a judgment debtor retains
       the right to prosecute a counterclaim in a separate action.” (Internal citations and
       quotations omitted.) Shuford at ¶20.

The court went on to note that Mr. Owens’s “alleged defense of a set-off, based upon an

unrelated legal action, cannot be used as a meritorious defense to the cognovit judgment because

it does not go to the ‘integrity and validity’ of the cognovit note itself.” Id. at ¶21, quoting Freed

at ¶10. Likewise, Main 271 South’s alleged right to set-off based on the disposition of assets

unrelated to the real property secured by the terms of the note must also fail, as it does not affect
                                                 7


the integrity or validity of the underlying note between it and Stojkoski. Shuford at ¶21; Freed at

¶10.

       {¶10} To the extent Main 271 South points to other agreements it alleges are related to

the property and its inventory, equipment, and assets, our review of those agreements indicates

that, of the three transactions alleged to have any bearing on the amount due under the cognovit

judgment, two of them are asset purchase agreements entered into between Javikr, Inc. and Noha

Naim, Inc., neither of whom is a party to the note at issue in this case, nor are they named parties

to this cause of action. We acknowledge that Stojkoski signed both agreements as an officer of

Javikr, Inc. and that Jaber signed as an officer of Noha Naim, Inc., but fail to see how that affects

the promissory note entered into between Stojkoski, individually, and Main 271 South, a separate

legal entity, or how the contents of those agreements could constitute a meritorious defense to

Stojkoski’s complaint. The third transaction is a lease entered into by Main 271 South, as the

lessor, and Goran Investments Inc. and Stojkoski, as the lessees. Much like the terms of the

promissory note between Stojkoski and Main 271 South, there is no reference in the lease

agreement as to the ownership of the equipment, assets and inventory that were located on the

property, much less any means by which Main 271 South could challenge the validity and

integrity of the promissory note based on the terms of the parties’ lease. Thus, Main 271 South

has failed to present any meritorious defense in its motion to vacate.

       {¶11} Based on the foregoing analysis, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in

denying Main 271 South’s motion to vacate. Accordingly, Main 271 South’s sole assignment of

error is overruled.
                                                 8


                                                III

       {¶12} Main 271 South’s sole assignment of error is overruled. The judgment of the

Summit County Court of Common Pleas is affirmed.

                                                                              Judgment affirmed.




       There were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

       We order that a special mandate issue out of this Court, directing the Court of Common

Pleas, County of Summit, State of Ohio, to carry this judgment into execution. A certified copy

of this journal entry shall constitute the mandate, pursuant to App.R. 27.

       Immediately upon the filing hereof, this document shall constitute the journal entry of

judgment, and it shall be file stamped by the Clerk of the Court of Appeals at which time the

period for review shall begin to run. App.R. 22(E). The Clerk of the Court of Appeals is

instructed to mail a notice of entry of this judgment to the parties and to make a notation of the

mailing in the docket, pursuant to App.R. 30.

       Costs taxed to Appellant.


                                                      BETH WHITMORE
                                                      FOR THE COURT

BELFANCE, P. J.
CONCURS IN JUDGMENT ONLY


DICKINSON, J.
CONCURS, SAYING:

       {¶13} I concur in the majority’s judgment and most of its opinion. While I acknowledge

that the Ohio Supreme Court has written that an abuse of discretion standard applies to the
                                                 9


review of a ruling on a motion for relief from judgment, in practice, both the Supreme Court and

this Court have applied a de novo standard: “In order for a party to prevail on a motion for relief

from judgment under Civ.R. 60(B), the movant must demonstrate the following. . . . These

requirements are independent and in the conjunctive; thus the test is not fulfilled if any one of the

requirements is not met.” Strack v. Pelton, 70 Ohio St. 3d 172, 174 (1994); see Buckingham,

Doolittle & Burroughs LLP v. Healthcare Imaging Solutions LLC, 9th Dist. No. 24699, 2010-

Ohio-418, at ¶10. In this case, Main 271 South failed to satisfy the three-part GTE Automatic

test and, therefore, as a matter of law, was not entitled to relief under Rule 60(B) of the Ohio

Rules of Civil Procedure.



APPEARANCES:

JOHN C. COLLINS, and RACHEL K. BOOHER HAGENBUSH, Attorneys at Law, for
Appellant.

JOHN J. RAMBACHER, and MICHAEL J. KAHLENBERG, Attorneys at Law, for Appellee.

ROBERT EDELSTEIN, Attorney at Law, for Appellee.
