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                               Appellate Court                             Date: 2019.01.24
                                                                           14:45:30 -06'00'



                   People v. Brown, 2018 IL App (4th) 160288



Appellate Court    THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v.
Caption            CHARLES J. BROWN, Defendant-Appellant.



District & No.     Fourth District
                   Docket No. 4-16-0288


Filed              September 25, 2018
Rehearing denied   October 29, 2018



Decision Under     Appeal from the Circuit Court of Champaign County, No.
Review             11-CF-1658; the Hon. Thomas J. Difanis, Judge, presiding.



Judgment           Affirmed.


Counsel on         James E. Chadd, Patricia Mysza, and Bradley Jarka, of State Appellate
Appeal             Defender’s Office, of Chicago, for appellant.

                   Julia Rietz, State’s Attorney, of Urbana (Patrick Delfino, David J.
                   Robinson, and James Ryan Williams, of State’s Attorneys Appellate
                   Prosecutor’s Office, of counsel), for the People.



Panel              PRESIDING JUSTICE HARRIS delivered the judgment of the court,
                   with opinion.
                   Justices Knecht and Cavanagh concurred in the judgment and opinion.
                                             OPINION

¶1       Following a jury trial, defendant, Charles J. Brown, was convicted of two counts of home
     invasion (720 ILCS 5/12-11(a)(3) (West 2010)) and sentenced to two concurrent 35-year
     prison terms. On direct appeal, this court vacated one of defendant’s convictions and sentences
     pursuant to the one-act, one-crime doctrine but otherwise affirmed the trial court’s judgment.
     People v. Brown, 2014 IL App (4th) 120692-U. In June 2014, defendant filed a postconviction
     petition, which advanced to the second stage of postconviction proceedings. At the second
     stage, the State filed a motion to dismiss. The trial court partially denied that motion and
     allowed the matter to advance to a third-stage evidentiary hearing on certain issues. Ultimately,
     the matter was transferred to another judge, who sua sponte revisited the State’s motion to
     dismiss and then dismissed defendant’s postconviction petition in its entirety. Defendant
     appeals, arguing the successor judge erred in sua sponte dismissing his petition. We affirm.

¶2                                       I. BACKGROUND
¶3       On September 26, 2011, two armed and masked intruders entered the home of Lillie Seals,
     located at 1106 West Eureka Street in Champaign, Illinois, while she and her three children
     were present, and began making various demands. Seals’s boyfriend, Dejwan Green,
     subsequently entered the residence and shot at the two intruders, who then fled the scene.
     Shortly following the incident, police officers learned that defendant and another individual,
     Mario Dorsey, had separately been taken to a local hospital for gunshot wounds. While
     hospitalized, defendant was twice interviewed by the police. The record reflects he reported
     that he had been shot following a dice game at the Eureka Street residence by an individual
     who was upset about losing money. According to defendant, he jumped out a bedroom window
     of the residence, crawled to the street, and called his son to pick him up and take him to the
     hospital. On October 7, 2011, the State charged defendant with two counts of home invasion
     while armed with a firearm (720 ILCS 5/12-11(a)(3) (West 2010)).
¶4       On January 24, 2012, defendant filed a motion to suppress statements he made to the police
     while hospitalized on October 3 and 5, 2011. He argued his statements were (1) made during
     custodial police interrogations and without the benefit of Miranda warnings (Miranda v.
     Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966)) and (2) involuntary because he was hospitalized, recovering
     from surgery, and under the influence of medication.
¶5       On March 15, 2012, a hearing on defendant’s motion was conducted before Judge Harry E.
     Clem. The State presented the testimony of Donald Shepard, a detective for the Champaign
     Police Department. Shepard stated he investigated the reported home invasion at Seals’s
     residence and, on October 3 and 5, 2011, spoke with defendant at the hospital. According to
     Shepard, defendant provided similar statements on both dates but only defendant’s second
     statement was recorded. He asserted he spoke with medical personnel prior to conversing with
     defendant on both dates but was never advised that defendant was not in a condition to be
     interviewed.
¶6       On October 3, 2011, Shepard spoke with defendant at approximately 2:30 p.m. for 30 to 45
     minutes. He testified defendant was in his hospital bed and recovering from his injuries. No
     charges had been filed against him at that time, and Shepard denied that the hospital had been
     directed to hold defendant for the police department. Shepard testified defendant was not
     handcuffed or restrained. He also did not tell defendant that he was under arrest or that he was

                                                 -2-
     not free to leave. When speaking with defendant, Shepard denied noticing anything unusual.
     He stated that, although defendant “was obviously recovering and in some pain,” he seemed
     “very aware of what was going on around him,” spoke coherently, recognized Shepard from
     previous contacts, provided information that matched information his girlfriend had previously
     reported to Shepard, and telephoned his girlfriend so that she could get in contact with his son.
     According to Shepard, defendant did not appear drowsy or have slurred speech. Shepard
     testified he did not notice anything that caused him to believe defendant was under the effects
     of drugs or medication. Additionally, defendant never indicated that he did not want to talk to
     Shepard.
¶7       Shepard testified he returned to the hospital to speak with defendant on October 5, 2011, at
     around 4 p.m. for approximately 30 minutes. Another detective accompanied him to
     defendant’s hospital room. Shepard denied ever telling defendant that he was under arrest or
     that he was not free to leave. Shepard also testified defendant was not handcuffed or restrained.
     He did not read defendant his Miranda warnings, stating that, in his mind, defendant was not in
     custody at that time. Shepard testified he obtained permission from defendant to record his
     statement. Again, he asserted that defendant’s ability to communicate did not appear to be
     affected by medication or drugs. Shepard denied that defendant appeared sleepy or that he fell
     asleep during their conversation. According to Shepard, defendant never indicated that he did
     not want to talk. On October 6, 2011, defendant was released from the hospital and taken into
     police custody.
¶8       On cross-examination, Shepard testified that, following his October 5 interview with
     defendant, he informed desk personnel at the hospital to notify him of defendant’s release
     because Shepard was planning to arrest him. He did not inform defendant that he was going to
     be arrested until October 6, 2011. Shepard stated he was aware that defendant had suffered
     gunshot wounds, undergone surgery, and that he had been intubated on October 3. Shepard
     acknowledged that he did not know what medications defendant was on at the time of their
     interviews. He also acknowledged that he did not ask medical personnel what medications
     defendant was taking or the effect that such medication would have on defendant’s cognitive
     abilities. However, Shepard asserted he did ask if defendant was “coherent and able to be
     interviewed, in a condition where [Shepard] could talk to him.” According to Shepard, medical
     personnel informed him that “yes, [defendant was] coherent” and that defendant knew where
     he was and what was going on. Additionally, Shepard testified that during their interview on
     October 5, defendant got out of bed and “walked across the room to the bathroom.”
¶9       Defendant testified he was admitted to the hospital on September 26, 2011, and was
     suffering from gunshot wounds. He underwent surgery and was given medication to help him
     sleep and for pain. According to defendant, his pain medications included morphine, fentanyl,
     and OxyContin. Defendant testified his medications were administered both orally and
     intravenously, and he was on pain medication during his entire hospital stay. He stated he was
     hooked up to a “medication machine” and could push a button every 10 minutes to receive pain
     medication. Defendant asserted he did not recall everything that happened during his first few
     days in the hospital and had no recollection of his October 3 interaction with Shepard. He did
     recall Shepard’s October 5 visit and stated he was still in pain and hooked up to machines.
     Defendant asserted he felt sleepy and told Shepard he did not want to speak to him. He testified
     he was “in and out” of consciousness while Shepard questioned him. Further, defendant denied



                                                 -3-
       that he exited his hospital bed on October 5 as asserted by Shepard, stating he “couldn’t walk”
       and “couldn’t get out of the bed.”
¶ 10       On cross-examination, defendant testified that he did recall portions of Shepard’s October
       3 visit. Specifically, he remembered that Shepard told him they were “going to talk about old
       times” and that his son telephoned while Shepard was present. Defendant testified he did not
       recall making the statements on October 3 that were attributed to him by Shepard.
¶ 11       Following the parties’ arguments, Judge Clem denied defendant’s motion to suppress.
       Initially, he found defendant’s statements were not made during the course of a custodial
       interrogation. Further, he found Shepard’s testimony more credible than defendant’s regarding
       whether defendant was coherent and responsive when Shepard interviewed him. In setting
       forth his decision, Judge Clem noted as follows: “[T]here is no medical testimony presented
       here as to the [effects] of any of the medication. The defendant understands it to have been pain
       medication, but many people take pain medication for a variety of different reasons and the
       [effects] of it are something that is subject to testimony by somebody who is, in fact, versed in
       such matters which we did not hear today.”
¶ 12       Prior to trial, defendant also raised pro se claims that his court-appointed attorney was
       providing ineffective assistance. He requested a change in counsel, alleging, in part, that his
       counsel failed to “file certain case laws” or “read certain things” to the trial court in connection
       with his motion to suppress. Following a hearing, the court denied defendant’s motion.
¶ 13       In May 2012, defendant’s jury trial was conducted with Judge Clem presiding. The State’s
       evidence showed that, on September 26, 2011, Seals resided in a house located at 1106 West
       Eureka Street in Champaign. That evening, she was home with her three children—two sons,
       ages 15 and 8, and a daughter, age 1—when two masked and armed intruders entered the home
       and began making various demands. Seals testified and described the intruders as black men,
       wearing hoodies, jeans, and ski masks. She stated the intruders pushed her and her sons into a
       bedroom and onto the floor. Upon request, Seals was permitted to retrieve her daughter from
       another room. She testified she was accompanied by one of the intruders at gunpoint. She then
       heard multiple gunshots and hid in a closet with her daughter. Seals testified she heard a
       window break and, once it became quiet, she returned to the bedroom her sons had been in and
       noticed that the window was open. She stated a window in her own bedroom had been broken.
¶ 14       Seals’s 15-year-old son, Dominic, provided testimony that was substantially similar to that
       provided by Seals. He stated that, after the shooting started, he “hopped out the [bedroom]
       window” and ran to a neighbor’s house to call police while his little brother hid in the closet.
       Dominic testified he made two 9-1-1 calls. Recordings of the calls were played for the jury.
¶ 15       Dejwan Green testified he was in a relationship with Seals and spent time at her home. On
       the evening of September 26, 2011, he went to Seals’s residence and noticed the dog “barking
       like crazy.” He also observed that the back door was open and heard screaming and pleading.
       Green testified he retrieved his gun from the garage and “eased” his way into the house. Inside,
       he heard unfamiliar male voices and observed two men in dark colored clothing holding guns
       against Seals and the children. Green stated he fired shots at the men, and one of the men
       returned fire. Green retreated to the kitchen to “regroup” and heard glass breaking. He stated he
       observed the intruders “jumping out the window.” Following the shooting, Green went to a
       friend’s house and sold his gun. He acknowledged that he was a convicted felon and not
       allowed to possess a firearm.


                                                    -4-
¶ 16       Tina Gordon testified for the State that, in September 2011, she and defendant were dating.
       On September 26, 2011, she was at a birthday party with defendant’s son, Devin Lindsey,
       when Lindsey received a telephone call from defendant. In response to that call, Gordon and
       Lindsey went to the 1100 block of West Eureka Street in Champaign and observed defendant
       hurt and “laying by some bushes” in the front yard of a residence located at 1108 West Eureka
       Street, which evidence showed was next door to Seals’s home. Gordon stated she and Lindsey
       took defendant to the emergency room for treatment, reporting that he was a gunshot victim.
¶ 17       Shepard testified he investigated the alleged home invasion at 1106 West Eureka Street on
       September 26, 2011. That evening, he responded to Seals’s residence and then Carle Hospital,
       stating he learned that two people with gunshot wounds had been taken there. Shepard
       identified those two individuals as defendant and Mario Dorsey. When he arrived at the
       hospital, defendant was in surgery. Shepard testified he subsequently interviewed defendant on
       two occasions, one of which was an interview on October 5, 2011, that was recorded. Both the
       recording and a transcript of the recording were admitted into evidence over defendant’s
       objection. The recording was played at trial and the jury was given copies of the transcript.
¶ 18       Shepard further testified that he returned to Seals’s residence on September 29, 2011, to
       look for evidence in both her yard and in neighboring yards. He stated he walked around the
       residence located at 1108 West Eureka Street, Seals’s next-door neighbor. In small bushes at
       the front of that residence, Shepard found a stocking hat or mask. The State’s evidence showed
       that swabs of the mouth area of the mask were taken at the Illinois State Police Forensic
       Science Laboratory in Springfield, Illinois. Dana Pitchford, a forensic scientist specializing in
       forensic biology and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) analysis, extracted DNA from the swabs.
       She found a mixture of DNA profiles from a swabbing of the inside of the mouth area of the
       mask and stated she “could pull out a major contributor.” Pitchford compared the DNA
       profiles from the mask with defendant’s DNA profile and determined “the major contributor
       profile [was] consistent with the DNA profile from [defendant].” She further testified as
       follows: “The probability of th[at] [DNA] profile appearing in the population is approximately
       one in 4.9 sextillion African Americans, one in 650 sextillion Caucasians[,] or one in 490
       sextillion Southwest Hispanic individuals.”
¶ 19       The State additionally presented testimony from police officers regarding bullet holes,
       shell casings, and projectiles found in Seals’s residence. Defendant presented no witnesses and
       chose not to testify. At the conclusion of the trial, the jury found defendant guilty of both
       counts of home invasion. On June 25, 2012, the trial court sentenced defendant to two
       concurrent 35-year prison terms.
¶ 20       Defendant filed a direct appeal, arguing (1) his two convictions for home invasion violated
       the one-act, one-crime doctrine because they were both based on a single entry into the
       dwelling of another and (2) the trial court erred by failing to revisit his pretrial
       ineffective-assistance claims after his trial. On March 6, 2014, this court issued a decision
       agreeing with defendant’s first contention and vacating one of his two convictions and 35-year
       prison sentences. Brown, 2014 IL App (4th) 120692-U, ¶ 30. We otherwise affirmed the trial
       court’s judgment but remanded for the issuance of an amended sentencing judgment. Id.
¶ 21       On June 9, 2014, defendant filed a pro se postconviction petition. The trial court, Judge
       Clem presiding, permitted defendant’s petition to proceed to the second stage of
       postconviction proceedings and appointed counsel to represent defendant. An amended
       postconviction petition was filed with the aid of appointed counsel, which the State moved to

                                                   -5-
       dismiss. However, before the amended petition could be addressed, defendant moved to have
       his appointed counsel discharged and alternate counsel appointed. Ultimately, Judge Clem
       granted that motion and alternative counsel was appointed.
¶ 22       On July 29, 2015, defendant, with the aid of his newly appointed postconviction counsel,
       filed the amended petition for postconviction relief that is at issue on appeal. Defendant argued
       (1) the trial court erred in denying his motion to suppress because he had been subjected to a
       custodial interrogation without the benefit of Miranda warnings, (2) his trial counsel provided
       ineffective assistance, (3) his appellate counsel provided ineffective assistance of counsel, and
       (4) the trial court improperly imposed a more severe sentence on remand after one of his
       convictions and sentences had been vacated. With respect to his claim of ineffective assistance
       of trial counsel, defendant first argued, in part, that his counsel’s performance was deficient
       during the suppression hearing for failing to present medical testimony regarding the effect of
       pain medication he was taking during his hospitalization. He alleged that his counsel’s asserted
       basis for not presenting such testimony was that defendant’s medical records described him as
       “alert and oriented.” Defendant maintained, however, that it was error for his counsel to rely on
       a layman’s understanding of such terms because “[a] notation of alert and oriented in medical
       terminology may be significantly different from what a layperson would understand it to
       mean.”
¶ 23       Second, defendant argued his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to confront Shepard
       with a contradiction between his testimony at the suppression hearing and defendant’s medical
       records. In particular, he asserted that Shepard testified the “decision to arrest” defendant was
       not made until after his second interaction with defendant on October 5, 2011, while the
       medical records show Shepard instructed hospital personnel on October 3, 2011, that
       defendant would be arrested upon his release. Defendant maintained the discrepancy was
       relevant to the issue of Shepard’s credibility and “the totality of the circumstances alleged in
       creating a custodial interrogation.” Finally, he argued he suffered prejudice as a result of his
       counsel’s ineffective assistance.
¶ 24       Defendant attached various documents to his amended postconviction petition, including
       medical records from his September 26 to October 6, 2011, hospitalization and the affidavits of
       his trial counsel, Gordon, and himself. Defendant’s medical records show he was given pain
       medications while hospitalized, including fentanyl, oxycodone, and Robaxin, but that he was
       consistently described as “alert and oriented.” On October 1, 2011, defendant was noted as
       being on a “continuous fentanyl PCA” that allowed him to press a button for a dose of the
       medication every 10 minutes. That date, he was described as “alert and oriented X4” and
       having clear speech and the ability to follow commands. Defendant also verbalized an
       “understanding [of his] plan of care and [the] orders in place.”
¶ 25       On October 2, 2011, defendant was described as alert and oriented and “following
       commands.” Defendant reported pain and a continuous dose fentanyl PCA remained available
       to him. Records reflect defendant was “observed pushing button for pain control.” On October
       3, 2011, defendant was noted as “alert and oriented x4.” Records reflect defendant “ambulated
       in unit today with [nonslip] socks on.” Defendant reported pain with activity but denied “pain
       at rest.” His PCA “settings” were decreased and “[o]ral pain [medication was] added.”
       Additionally, a note was made that Shepard arrived at the hospital and talked with defendant
       and that “[patient] is to go to [j]ail upon discharge.” Additional notes reflect that defendant’s


                                                   -6-
       girlfriend was “banned” from seeing defendant “due to inappropriate behavior” and that
       defendant inquired with medical staff about a crime victim’s application form.
¶ 26        On October 4, 2011, defendant was described as “alert and oriented x 3.” For pain,
       defendant was given oxycodone, which he could take every four hours. It was also noted that
       defendant had a “high potency fentanyl PCA in place as well.” Records state that “PCA use”
       was explained to defendant and he verbalized his understanding. Defendant also made a
       request that a letter verifying his hospitalization be faxed to the circuit clerk’s office because he
       had a court appearance the following day. On October 5, 2011, defendant was described as
       “oriented x4.” He reported pain and was given oral pain medications of oxycodone and
       Robaxin. Defendant was also noted as being “[u]p to bathroom independently.” On October 6,
       2011, defendant was, again, described as “oriented x4.”
¶ 27        As stated, attachments to defendant’s amended postconviction petition also included the
       affidavits of his trial counsel, Anthony Ortega, Gordon, and himself. The record shows Ortega
       averred that he did not call any hospital personnel to testify during defendant’s suppression
       hearing “because the medical records consistently indicated that [defendant] was oriented in
       all spheres” and he “did not think that calling hospital staff would be helpful.” Gordon asserted
       that she was defendant’s girlfriend in 2011 and, although she was not present during Shepard’s
       interviews with defendant, she visited defendant in the hospital on both October 3 and 5, 2011.
       According to Gordon, defendant was “heavily medicated on both days,” was groggy and “very
       sleepy,” and could not carry on full conversations. Defendant averred that his testimony at the
       suppression hearing was true. He asserted he was in pain and on medication when interviewed
       by Shepard. Defendant maintained that he did not agree to speak with Shepard and did “not
       recall much.” He also asserted he had been “sleepy and incoherent,” and he did not feel free to
       leave the room. According to defendant, he “could not have gotten out of bed.”
¶ 28        On August 19, 2015, the State filed a motion to dismiss defendant’s amended petition,
       arguing it was “substantially insufficient at law.” With respect to Ortega’s alleged
       ineffectiveness at the suppression hearing, the State argued, in part, that the medical records
       appended to defendant’s motion actually bolstered Shepard’s testimony, “showing [d]efendant
       was oriented and able to manage his affairs at the time of the interviews.” Further, it noted that
       defendant had failed to offer any affidavits or other documentation from a medical expert to
       show how the medication he was on affected him or to support his contention that the term
       “ [‘]oriented[’] should be taken at anything other than face value.”
¶ 29        On November 12, 2015, a hearing was conducted before Judge Clem on defendant’s
       amended postconviction petition and the State’s motion to dismiss. Following the parties’
       arguments, Judge Clem partially granted and partially denied the State’s motion. In particular,
       Judge Clem denied the motion with respect to defendant’s claim of Ortega’s ineffectiveness at
       the suppression hearing. On December 3, 2015, the State filed an answer to defendant’s
       amended postconviction petition.
¶ 30        Thereafter, Judge Thomas J. Difanis began presiding over the case. On March 21, 2016,
       Judge Difanis conducted a hearing on the matter and informed the parties that he intended to
       “revisit the motion to dismiss.” On April 13, 2016, the parties appeared before Judge Difanis
       and presented arguments relative to defendant’s amended postconviction petition and the
       State’s motion to dismiss. Following the parties’ arguments Judge Difanis dismissed
       defendant’s petition, stating as follows:


                                                     -7-
             “Well, it’s this court’s opinion, based upon the [postconviction] petition that was filed,
             despite the fact that it’s taken us down this road, that petition is insufficient. It’s
             patently without merit. The issues have been addressed by the Appellate court. It’s a
             res judicata, and I will order that the [postconviction] petition is dismissed.”
¶ 31      This appeal followed.

¶ 32                                           II. ANALYSIS
¶ 33       On appeal, defendant challenges the trial court’s second-stage dismissal of his amended
       postconviction petition. Specifically, he argues Judge Difanis lacked authority to sua sponte
       revisit the State’s motion to dismiss where the State elected to answer the defendant’s petition
       rather than seek reconsideration of Judge Clem’s partial denial of its motion to dismiss.
       Alternatively, defendant contends that Judge Difanis exceeded any authority he had to revisit
       the State’s motion because (1) Judge Clem’s previous ruling was not clearly erroneous and did
       not result in a manifest injustice and (2) Judge Difanis did not give careful consideration to
       Judge Clem’s previous decision. Finally, defendant contends Judge Difanis erred in dismissing
       his amended postconviction petition at the second stage because his claim that his trial counsel
       provided ineffective assistance during the suppression hearing made a substantial showing of a
       constitutional violation.
¶ 34       The Post-Conviction Hearing Act (Act) (725 ILCS 5/122-1 to 122-7 (West 2012))
       “provides a three-stage process for the adjudication of postconviction petitions.” People v.
       Harris, 224 Ill. 2d 115, 125, 862 N.E.2d 960, 967 (2007). “At the first stage of postconviction
       proceedings, the circuit court reviews the petition and may summarily dismiss it if the court
       determines it is ‘frivolous or is patently without merit.’ ” People v. Perkins, 229 Ill. 2d 34, 42,
       890 N.E.2d 398, 402 (2007) (quoting 725 ILCS 5/122-2.1(a)(2) (West 2002)). “A
       postconviction petition is frivolous or patently without merit when its allegations, taken as true
       and liberally construed, fail to present the gist of a constitutional claim.” Harris, 224 Ill. 2d at
       126.
¶ 35       Pursuant to section 122-2 of the Act (725 ILCS 5/122-2 (West 2012)), a postconviction
       petition “shall have attached thereto affidavits, records, or other evidence supporting its
       allegations or shall state why the same are not attached.” “The failure to comply with section
       122-2 is fatal and by itself justifies the petition’s summary dismissal.” Harris, 224 Ill. 2d at
       126.
¶ 36       When a postconviction petition is not dismissed at the first stage, it advances to the second
       stage where counsel may be appointed and the State may file a responsive pleading. Id. “If at
       the second stage a substantial showing of a constitutional violation is established, the petition
       proceeds to the third stage for an evidentiary hearing.” Id.
                “The second stage of postconviction review tests the legal sufficiency of the petition.
                Unless the petitioner’s allegations are affirmatively refuted by the record, they are
                taken as true, and the question is whether those allegations establish or ‘show’ a
                constitutional violation. In other words, the ‘substantial showing’ of a constitutional
                violation that must be made at the second stage [citation] is a measure of the legal
                sufficiency of the petition’s well-pled allegations of a constitutional violation, which if
                proven at an evidentiary hearing, would entitle petitioner to relief.” (Emphasis
                omitted.) People v. Domagala, 2013 IL 113688, ¶ 35, 987 N.E.2d 767.


                                                    -8-
       The second-stage dismissal of a postconviction petition is subject to de novo review. People v.
       Pendleton, 223 Ill. 2d 458, 473, 861 N.E.2d 999, 1008 (2006).
¶ 37        As stated, defendant first argues that Judge Difanis lacked authority to dismiss his
       amended postconviction petition because the State filed an answer to the petition rather than a
       motion to reconsider the denial of its motion to dismiss. We disagree.
¶ 38        “A court has the inherent authority to reconsider and correct its rulings, and this power
       extends to interlocutory rulings as well as to final judgments.” Stevens v. Village of Oak Brook,
       2013 IL App (2d) 120456, ¶ 37, 990 N.E.2d 802 (citing People v. Mink, 141 Ill. 2d 163, 171,
       565 N.E.2d 975 (1990)). “[I]t is of no consequence that the original order was entered by
       another circuit judge.” People v. DeJesus, 127 Ill. 2d 486, 494, 537 N.E.2d 800, 804 (1989).
       Additionally, “a court is within its discretion to change its ruling and may even sua sponte
       reconsider a prior ruling.” National Union Fire Insurance Co. of Pittsburgh, PA v. DiMucci,
       2015 IL App (1st) 122725, ¶ 57, 34 N.E.3d 1023.
¶ 39        Defendant acknowledges a circuit court’s authority to reconsider past rulings but maintains
       such authority is “wholly irrelevant” to his argument and circumstances. He contends that
       “[b]y filing an answer, the State foreclosed any reconsideration of the legal sufficiency of [his
       petition].” To support his contention, defendant primarily relies on the Third District’s
       decision in People v. Thompson, 2016 IL App (3d) 140586, 70 N.E.3d 655. There, the trial
       court advanced a defendant’s postconviction petition to the second stage of proceedings and
       appointed counsel, who filed an amended petition. Id. ¶ 20. The court directed the State to file
       a responsive pleading and the State elected to file an answer rather than a motion to dismiss. Id.
       The trial court ultimately dismissed the defendant’s petition without conducting a third-stage
       evidentiary hearing, which the Third District held was reversible error. Id.
¶ 40        We find Thompson is distinguishable. Notably, unlike Thompson, the State in this case did
       file a motion to dismiss defendant’s postconviction petition, arguing that he failed to make a
       substantial showing of a constitutional violation. The trial court ruled on that motion, partially
       granting and partially denying it, and the matter was scheduled for an evidentiary hearing.
       Before the hearing could be held, the court, on its own motion, elected to reconsider its
       previous ruling. Contrary to defendant’s assertion, we find the trial court’s inherent authority
       to reconsider its prior rulings is directly applicable to this case. Because the State moved to
       dismiss the petition and that motion was ruled upon, the court could reconsider that ruling and
       correct it. As indicated, that authority was inherent and not derived from or foreclosed by any
       State action or inaction. Thompson is inapplicable as it does not address the issue presented by
       the facts of this case.
¶ 41        Defendant alternatively argues that, even if Judge Difanis had authority to reconsider
       Judge Clem’s original ruling on the State’s motion to dismiss, Judge Difanis acted outside of
       his authority. He maintains that it is “generally improper for a *** judge to review a prior
       decision in the same case that has already been made by a predecessor *** judge” and there is
       only “a limited exception” for “when the predecessor judge’s ruling was clearly erroneous and
       the successor judge carefully considered the prior decision before revisiting it.” Defendant
       contends Judge Clem’s ruling in the instant case was not clearly erroneous and that Judge
       Difanis failed to give it careful consideration. We disagree that reversible error occurred.
¶ 42        In Balciunas v. Duff, 94 Ill. 2d 176, 185, 446 N.E.2d 242, 246 (1983), the supreme court
       held that “an interlocutory order may be reviewed, modified[,] or vacated at any time before
       final judgment, and it is of no consequence that the original order was entered by another

                                                   -9-
       circuit judge.” See also People v. Johnson, 2017 IL 120310, ¶ 33, 77 N.E.3d 615 (finding a
       predecessor judge’s ruling regarding the timeliness of a defendant’s postconviction petition
       was an interlocutory order that a successor judge had the power to review and reconsider).
       Further, the court favorably cited its previous decision in Towns v. Yellow Cab Co., 73 Ill. 2d
       113, 121, 382 N.E.2d 1217, 1220 (1978), wherein it held as follows:
                “ ‘While prior rulings should be vacated or amended only after careful consideration,
                especially if there is evidence of “judge shopping” on behalf of one who has obtained
                an adverse ruling, a court is not bound by an order of a previous judge [citation] and has
                the power to correct orders which it considers to be erroneous.’ ” Balciunas, 94 Ill. 2d
                at 186 (quoting Towns, 73 Ill. 2d at 121).
¶ 43       The supreme court went on to hold that “considerable restraint in reversing or modifying
       previous rulings” should be exercised in the context of prior discovery rulings, which involve
       the exercise of discretion by the trial court. Id. at 187-88. It elaborated as follows:
                “Accordingly, once the court has exercised its discretion, that ruling should not be
                reversed by another member of the court simply because there is disagreement on the
                manner in which that discretion was exercised. Rather, a successor judge, before whom
                the case has been assigned, should revise or modify previous discovery rulings only if
                there is a change of circumstances or additional facts which warrant such action. Such a
                rule minimizes the potential for ‘judge shopping’ and preserves the orderly and
                efficient functioning of the judicial system. We note, too, that our holding is in accord
                with the general rule in the Federal courts, which recognizes the power of a Federal
                district judge to revise or modify a ruling by another judge in the same case, but
                requires a compelling reason for such action.” Id. at 188.
¶ 44       From this authority, it is clear that a successor judge has the power to correct orders which
       he or she considers to be erroneous, but the successor judge should exercise careful
       consideration, particularly when the case involves evidence of judge shopping. Additionally,
       more stringent rules apply in the context of rulings that involve the exercise of discretion.
¶ 45       Here, the record contains no evidence or allegations of judge shopping and Judge Clem’s
       prior ruling was not one that involved the exercise of discretion. People v. Coleman, 183 Ill. 2d
       366, 387, 701 N.E.2d 1063, 1074 (1998) (“The decision to dismiss a [postconviction] petition
       does not require a true exercise of discretion by the circuit court.”). Further, although
       defendant maintains Judge Difanis failed to give Judge Clem’s prior ruling careful
       consideration, we find that the record amply supports his ultimate determination that Judge
       Clem’s partial denial of the State’s motion to dismiss was erroneous. Additionally, we may
       affirm Judge Difanis’s second-stage dismissal of defendant’s petition on any basis supported
       by the record. People v. Davis, 382 Ill. App. 3d 701, 706, 889 N.E.2d 622, 628 (2008) (stating
       the trial court’s dismissal of a postconviction petition may be affirmed “on any basis shown by
       the record, even if that basis was rejected by the trial court”). On appeal, defendant argues only
       that Judge Clem’s partial denial of the State’s motion to dismiss was correct because his
       petition made a substantial showing that his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to
       introduce medical records and medical testimony at the hearing on his motion to suppress. For
       the reasons that follow, we disagree and find defendant’s petition was insufficient to make
       such a showing.
¶ 46       Ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claims are governed by the standard set forth in
       Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984). Domagala, 2013 IL 113688, ¶ 36. To prevail

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       on such a claim, “a defendant must show that counsel’s performance was objectively
       unreasonable under prevailing professional norms and that there is a ‘reasonable probability
       that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been
       different.’ ” Id. (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694). “[A] ‘reasonable probability’ is defined
       as a showing sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome, rendering the result unreliable
       or fundamentally unfair.” People v. Patterson, 2014 IL 115102, ¶ 81, 25 N.E.3d 526. “When
       reviewing a ruling on a motion to suppress, overcoming the prejudice prong requires the
       defendant to show a reasonable probability both that: (1) the suppression motion would have
       been granted; and (2) the trial outcome would have been different if the evidence had been
       suppressed.” (Emphases in original.) Id. In this instance, defendant’s petition did not make a
       showing of either deficient performance or prejudice.
¶ 47       First, decisions as to which witnesses to call or what evidence to present are viewed as
       matters of trial strategy and “generally immune from claims of ineffective assistance of
       counsel.” People v. West, 187 Ill. 2d 418, 432, 719 N.E.2d 664, 673 (1999). “The only
       exception to this [general] rule is when counsel’s chosen trial strategy is so unsound that
       counsel entirely fails to conduct any meaningful adversarial testing.” (Internal quotation marks
       omitted.) Id. at 432-33.
¶ 48       Here, Ortega’s affidavit, attached to defendant’s postconviction petition, establishes that
       he chose not to present medical records or testimony “because the medical records consistently
       indicated that [defendant] was oriented in all spheres” and he “did not think that calling
       hospital staff would be helpful.” The medical records attached to defendant’s petition show
       that, although defendant was on pain medication, he was continuously described as being alert
       and/or oriented. They also reflect that defendant effectively communicated with hospital staff
       regarding both medical and legal matters. Ultimately, the medical records support Shepard’s
       testimony at the suppression hearing and the record does not reflect that Ortega’s strategy was
       unsound.
¶ 49       Defendant argues that Ortega should not have relied on his laymen’s interpretation of the
       medical records. Rather, he should have investigated further by interviewing medical
       personnel and presenting their testimony at the suppression hearing. However, we note
       defendant neglected to attach the affidavits of any medical personnel or other evidence to his
       petition that would support an alternate interpretation of those records. Again, the Act requires
       that a petition “shall have attached thereto affidavits, records, or other evidence supporting its
       allegations or shall state why the same are not attached.” 725 ILCS 5/122-2 (West 2012); see
       also People v. Guest, 166 Ill. 2d 381, 402, 655 N.E.2d 873, 883 (1995) (“To support a claim of
       failure to investigate and call witnesses, a defendant must introduce affidavits from those
       individuals who would have testified. Without affidavits, this court cannot determine whether
       these witnesses could have provided any information or testimony favorable to defendant.”).
       As a result, we have only defendant’s bare, unsupported assertion that the medication he was
       on adversely affected his ability to communicate and make decisions. The mere fact that
       defendant was medicated does not warrant a finding that his statements to Shepard were
       unknowing or involuntary, particularly where the medical records indicate otherwise.
¶ 50       Defendant also argues that Ortega should have introduced his medical records to attack
       Shepard’s credibility. He notes that the records reflect Shepard notified the hospital of
       defendant’s impending arrest on October 3, 2011, rather than on October 5, 2011, as Shepard
       testified at the suppression hearing. However, again, we can find no deficient performance.

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       While defendant accurately points out a discrepancy between Shepard’s testimony and the
       medical records, the medical records otherwise support Shepard’s testimony that defendant
       was coherent and had the ability to effectively and appropriately communicate. Additionally,
       we note that to the extent defendant argues such evidence would support the Miranda claim he
       presented at the suppression hearing, we must disagree because there is no allegation that
       defendant was made aware of Shepard’s intent to arrest him. See People v. Braggs, 209 Ill. 2d
       492, 506-07, 810 N.E.2d 472, 482 (2003) (stating “it is generally irrelevant that the
       interrogating officer subjectively viewed the individual under questioning as a suspect” unless
       the officer’s beliefs are “conveyed by word or deed to the individual being questioned”).
¶ 51       Second, defendant’s allegations also fail to show prejudice. Initially, we find no reasonable
       probability that the result of the suppression hearing would have been different if defendant’s
       medical records had been introduced. Those records show defendant was given pain
       medication while hospitalized but fail to indicate that the medication adversely impacted his
       ability to communicate or make decisions. Rather, as discussed, defendant’s medical records
       support Shepard’s testimony that defendant was coherent and aware of what was going on
       around him. Defendant’s claim that medical testimony may have benefited his case was not
       properly pled, as he failed to attach any supporting affidavits or evidence to support such a
       claim to his petition. Additionally, we note the medical records also contradict defendant’s
       testimony regarding his physical condition. At the suppression hearing, Shepard testified that
       defendant got out of bed and walked to the bathroom during their second interaction on
       October 5. Although defendant testified that was not true and he had been unable to get out of
       bed, defendant’s medical records reflect he was, in fact, independently using the bathroom on
       that date. Thus, the medical evidence that was presented with defendant’s petition was more
       harmful than helpful to his claims at the suppression hearing.
¶ 52       We also agree with the State’s contention that, even if the motion to suppress had been
       granted, there is no reasonable probability that the outcome of defendant’s trial would have
       been different. The State’s evidence showed that two armed and masked intruders entered
       Seals’s home and made demands. Green shot at the intruders who fled. Around the time of the
       home invasion, defendant’s girlfriend and son found him lying in the yard of Seals’s next-door
       neighbor near some bushes. Defendant had gunshot wounds and was taken to the hospital.
       When police searched the next-door neighbor’s yard, they found a mask in the neighbor’s
       bushes that contained a DNA profile that was consistent with defendant’s DNA profile. Thus,
       the State presented substantial circumstantial evidence of defendant’s guilt. Similar to
       defendant’s statement to Shepard, which placed defendant at Seals’s Eureka Street residence
       on the night of the offense, the State’s evidence placed defendant in the next-door neighbor’s
       yard, injured with gunshot wounds. Additionally, the State presented DNA evidence linking
       defendant to the offense. Accordingly, we find Judge Difanis correctly dismissed defendant’s
       amended postconviction petition.

¶ 53                                       III. CONCLUSION
¶ 54      For the reasons stated, we affirm the trial court’s judgment. As part of our judgment, we
       award the State $75 as costs of this appeal. 55 ILCS 5/4-2002(a) (West 2016).

¶ 55      Affirmed.


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