                                                          [DO NOT PUBLISH]


              IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                    FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT         FILED
                     ________________________ U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                                                          ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                                                              July 18, 2005
                            No. 05-10308
                                                           THOMAS K. KAHN
                        Non-Argument Calendar                   CLERK
                      ________________________

                         BIA Nos. A95-240-781
                                  A95-240-782
                                  A95-240-783


HUMBERTO MONTEALEGRE-LOPEZ,
MARIA VICTORIA ALZATE-DIAZ, et. al.,
                                                             Petitioners,

     versus

U.S. ATTORNEY GENERAL,
                                                             Respondent.
                     _________________________

                   Petition for Review of a Decision of
                    the Board of Immigration Appeals
                     _________________________

                             (July 18, 2005)

Before TJOFLAT, HULL and WILSON, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:
       Humberto Montealegre-Lopez (“Montealegre”), his wife, Maria Victoria

Alzate-Diaz, and their son, Juan Pablo Montealegre-Alzate (collectively,

“Petitioners”) are natives and citizens of Colombia, S.A. They were admitted into

the United States as nonimmigrant visitors for pleasure on October 7, 1999, and

were authorized to remain in the United States for a temporary period of time not

to exceed April 6, 2000. They nonetheless remained in this country without

authorization beyond that date.

       On April 30, 2002, the Immigration and Naturalization Service (“INS”)

commenced removal proceedings, alleging that Petitioners had remained in the

United States longer than permitted in violation of section 237(a)(1)(B) of the

Immigration and Nationality Act (“INA”), 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(1)(B). At an initial

hearing before an Immigration Judge (“IJ”) on August 2, 2002, Petitioners

conceded removability, and requested relief from removal in the forms of asylum,

withholding of removal under the INA, and protection under the Convention

Against Torture (“CAT”).1 The IJ made a preliminary finding that Petitioners

were ineligible for asylum, due to the untimely filing of their application, but said

he would consider any evidence they might produce—showing changed



       1
         Montealegre is the lead petitioner for purposes of asylum; his wife and child are
beneficiaries of his asylum application.

                                                2
conditions in Colombia or extraordinary circumstances—to excuse the

untimeliness. The IJ therefore continued the hearing for that purpose.

       On August 14, 2003, the hearing resumed. The IJ began the hearing by

noting that the application for asylum was untimely. The IJ then stated that he

would consider Montealegre’s application for withholding of removal and CAT

protection.2 Despite the IJ’s denial of Petitioner’s asylum application,

Montealegre presented evidence, including his own testimony, in support of the

application. After the hearing was over, Montealegre submitted a “Memorandum

in Support of a Determination of the Existence of an Exception to the One Year

Filing Requirement” (for asylum), in which he asserted that “changed conditions”

and “changed circumstances” excused his untimeliness. The excuse was

specifically that he applied for asylum within a reasonable time after learning of

the requirements of the asylum process. This belated discovery, he contended,

constituted “changed conditions.” Attached to the memorandum were articles that

arguably supported his position.

       The removal hearing concluded on October 16, 2003. The IJ adhered to his

earlier decision that the asylum application was untimely. He held alternatively



       2
          Because they were not “derivative,” the IJ would not consider Montealegre’s wife and
son eligible for withholding of removal or CAT relief.

                                               3
that the evidence Montealegre adduced was insufficient to warrant granting

Petitioners asylum. The IJ also denied Montealegre’s application for withholding

under the INA and CAT.

       Montealegre appealed the IJ’s decision to the Board of Immigration Appeals

(“BIA”). The BIA adopted and affirmed the IJ’s decisions, concluding that

Montealegre failed to meet his burden of (1) showing changed circumstances or

extraordinary circumstances to excuse the untimeliness of Petitioners’ asylum

application and (2) satisfying the requirements for withholding of removal or CAT

protection.3 Petitioners thereafter filed this petition for review.4

                                              I.

       Petitioners contend that the BIA erred in finding that they failed to

demonstrate changed or extraordinary circumstances that excused the untimeliness

of their asylum application. They argue that they filed the application in 2002,

shortly after discovering the existence of the asylum procedures and filing

deadlines. They submit that the drafters of the one-year filing requirement



       3
         The BIA also denied Montealegre’s motion to remand the case to the IJ for the
consideration of further evidence. This ruling is not challenged here.
       4
          Because these immigration proceedings commenced after April 1, 1997, the permanent
rules of the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996, Pub. L. No.
104-208, 110 Stat. 3009 (1996) (“IIRIRA”), govern our review.


                                               4
anticipated that aliens would be notified of the asylum process and the one-year

deadline.

      An alien may apply for asylum if he “demonstrates by clear and convincing

evidence that the application has been filed within 1 year after the date of the

alien’s arrival in the United States.” INA § 208(a)(2)(B), 8 U.S.C.

§ 1158(a)(2)(B). However,

      [a]n application for asylum of an alien may be considered . . . if the
      alien demonstrates to the satisfaction of the Attorney General either
      the existence of changed circumstances which materially affect the
      applicant’s eligibility for asylum or extraordinary circumstances
      relating to the delay in filing an application within the period
      specified . . . .

INA § 208(a)(2)(D), 8 U.S.C. § 1158(a)(2)(D). Nevertheless, “no court shall have

jurisdiction to review any determination of the Attorney General under section

1158(a)(2).” Mendoza v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 327 F.3d 1283, 1287 (11th Cir. 2003)

(quoting INA § 208(a)(3), 8 U.S.C. § 1158(a)(3)). Section § 1158(a)(3)

consequently divests us of jurisdiction to review “a decision regarding whether an

alien complied with the one-year time limit or established extraordinary

circumstances that would excuse his untimely filing.” Mendoza, 327 F.3d at 1287

(citing Fahim v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 278 F.3d 1216, 1217-18 (11th Cir. 2002)).




                                          5
      Because the instant application was untimely, we lack jurisdiction to

consider Petitioners’ challenge to the BIA’s denial of asylum. That portion of the

petition for review is therefore dismissed. INA § 208(a)(2)(B), 8 U.S.C.

§ 1158(a)(2)(B); See Mendoza, 327 F.3d at 1287. We nevertheless consider

Montealegre’s challenge to the denial of withholding of removal. See Mendoza,

327 F.3d at 1287.

                                         II.

      Montealegre says that his removal should be withheld because he presented

documentary and testimonial evidence showing that he suffered past persecution

and has a well-founded fear of future persecution on the basis of his political

opinion. That evidence showed that he was approached at his print shop by

members of the guerilla group, the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia

(“FARC”), ordered to help the FARC by printing certain materials, and told to

cease his support of political groups. When he refused to do so, the FARC

threatened him because of his political opinion, specifically, his pro-democracy

and anti-guerilla beliefs. This evidence, he submits, established that he was

persecuted on account of his imputed political opinion. Furthermore, the evidence

compels the conclusion that the threats he received were directly related to his

refusal to comply with the FARC’s demands. Moreover, he could not avoid the

                                          6
persecution by relocating, because the threat of persecution exists on a

countrywide basis. Montealegre takes issue with the IJ and BIA’s conclusion that

he failed to meet his burden of establishing that it was more likely than not that he

would be persecuted upon returning to Colombia. He maintains (1) that he was

targeted by the FARC because of his refusal to print counterfeit money and

because of his support of his local political organization, and (2) that because the

FARC had persecuted him in the past, and the record indicates that the FARC’s

power was far-reaching and that he would be targeted on a countrywide basis, it

should be assumed that if he returned to Colombia, it is more likely than not that

he will be persecuted on account of his imputed political opinion.

      “We review only the [BIA’s] decision, except to the extent that it expressly

adopts the IJ’s opinion.” Al Najjar v. Ashcroft, 257 F.3d 1262, 1284 (11th Cir.

2001). Insofar as the BIA adopts the IJ’s reasoning, as occurred in the present

case, we review the IJ’s decision as if it were the BIA’s. Id. To the extent that the

IJ’s decision was based upon a legal determination, we review the IJ’s decision de

novo. Mohammed v. Ashcroft, 261 F.3d 1244, 1247-48 (11th Cir. 2001). We

review the IJ’s factual determinations under the substantial evidence standard, and

“must affirm the [IJ’s] decision if it is supported by reasonable, substantial, and

probative evidence on the record considered as a whole.” Al Najjar, 257 F.3d at

                                          7
1283-84; see also INA § 242(b)(4)(B), 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4)(B)) (“administrative

findings of fact are conclusive unless any reasonable adjudicator would be

compelled to conclude to the contrary”). To reverse the IJ’s decision, we must

conclude that the record not only supports such a conclusion, but compels it. INS

v. Elias-Zacarias, 502 U.S. 478, 481 n.1, 112 S.Ct. 812, 815 n.1, 117 L.Ed.2d 38

(1992).

      In a withholding of removal claim, an alien shall not be removed to a

country if his life or freedom would be threatened on account of race, religion,

nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion. INA

§ 241(b)(3), 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3). The alien must show that it is “more likely

than not that [he] will be persecuted or tortured upon being returned to [his]

country.” Sepulveda v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 401 F.3d 1226, 1232 (11th Cir. 2005),

superseding 378 F.3d 1260 (11th Cir. 2004).

      Although the INA does not define persecution, courts have generally held

that persecution is “punishment or the infliction of harm for political, religious, or

other reasons that this country does not recognize as legitimate.” See, e.g. Tamas-

Mercea v. Reno, 222 F.3d 417, 424 (7th Cir. 2000). “[P]ersecution encompasses

more than threats to life or freedom; non-life threatening violence and physical

abuse also fall within this category.” Id. Mere harassment is not persecution;

                                          8
moreover, persecution requires “more than a few isolated incidents of verbal

harassment or intimidation.” Sepulveda,401 F.3d at 1231; see also Nelson v. INS,

232 F.3d 258, 263 (1st Cir. 2000) (persecution “must rise above unpleasantness,

harassment, and even basic suffering”). Furthermore, “[i]t is not enough [that the

alien] show that [he] was or will be persecuted or tortured due to [his] refusal to

cooperate with the guerillas.” Sanchez v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 392 F.3d 434, 438

(11th Cir. 2004).

      The applicant also must establish a causal connection between his political

opinion and the feared persecution, presenting “specific, detailed facts showing a

good reason to fear that he will be singled out for persecution on account of such

an opinion.” Al Najjar, 257 F.3d at 1287 (quotation marks and citations omitted).

“Where an applicant is unable to meet the ‘well-founded fear’ standard for asylum,

he is generally precluded from qualifying for either asylum or withholding of

deportation.” Id. at 1292-93.

      In the case at hand, substantial evidence supports the IJ and BIA’s decision

that Montealegre was not entitled to withholding of removal under the INA. First,

there is no evidence in the record that he was persecuted when he was in Colombia

such that it could reasonably be said that he would face persecution or torture if he

returned to Colombia. The threatening telephone calls and letters that he and his

                                          9
relatives received did not constitute persecution because, as we have noted above,

a few isolated incidents of verbal harassment or intimidation does not rise to the

level of persecution. See Sepulveda, 401 F.3d at 1231.

      Even if Montealegre had demonstrated that he suffered persecution, he has

not shown a causal connection between his political opinion and the feared

persecution; he has failed to present “specific, detailed facts showing a good

reason to fear that he will be singled out for persecution on account of [his

political] opinion.” Al Najjar, 257 F.3d at 1287 (quotation marks and citations

omitted). He says that the persecution began when he refused to print materials

for the FARC. All this means is that the guerillas harassed him and his family

because they refused to cooperate, which is not enough to establish that they were

harassed on account of their political opinion. See Elias-Zacarias, 502 U.S.

at 482-83, 112 S.Ct. at 815-16; Sanchez, 392 F.3d at 438.

      In sum, substantial evidence supports the IJ and BIA’s finding that

Montealegre failed to establish that he suffered past persecution or had a

well-founded fear of future persecution on account of his political activities. 8

C.F.R. § 208.13(b)(1), (2); see Al Najjar, 257 F.3d at 1287. Because he did not

meet the standard for asylum, he could not meet the higher burden of proof for

withholding of removal. See Al Najjar, 257 F.3d at 1292-93.

      PETITION DISMISSED, IN PART, DENIED, IN PART.

                                         10
