                                                                                      05/06/2019
               IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                           AT NASHVILLE
                         Assigned on Briefs March 1, 2019

        WAYNE HOLLOWAY, ET AL. v. TANASI SHORES OWNERS
                    ASSOCIATION, ET AL.

                 Appeal from the Chancery Court for Sumner County
        No. 2014-CV-107    Joe H. Thompson, Judge Sitting By Interchange


                           No. M2018-00932-COA-R3-CV


Wayne Holloway and Jerry Brewington (“Plaintiffs”) appeal the April 20, 2018 order of
the Chancery Court for Sumner County (“the Trial Court”) finding and holding, inter
alia, that Plaintiffs, not Tanasi Shores Owners Association and Timmons Property, Inc.
(“Defendants”), are responsible for maintenance and repair of decks connected to their
respective condominium units. We find and hold that Tenn. Code Ann. § 66-27-303
applies and that, pursuant to the declaration, decks and porches are part of the
condominium unit, not common areas, making Plaintiffs responsible for maintenance and
repair of the decks connected to their respective condominium units. We affirm the Trial
Court’s April 20, 2018 order.

 Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Chancery Court Affirmed
                                  Case Remanded

D. MICHAEL SWINEY, C.J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which FRANK G.
CLEMENT, JR., P.J.,M.S. and KENNY W. ARMSTRONG, J, joined.

Bruce N. Oldham, Gallatin, Tennessee, for the appellants, Wayne Holloway and Jerry
Brewington.

Karl M. Braun and Nathaniel T. Gorman, Nashville, Tennessee, for the appellees, Tanasi
Shores Owners Association and Timmons Property, Inc.
                                       OPINION

                                     Background

       Tanasi Shores condominium community was created in April of 1984 via a Master
Deed of Tanasi Shores Phase I (“Master Deed”) in accordance with Tenn. Code Ann. §
66-27-101, et seq. In pertinent part, the Master Deed provides: “Additionally, each
Family Unit has a two car garage, a deck and porch, and Building #2 will feature a small
courtyard.” In August of 1984, a second phase of Tanasi Shores was created via Master
Deed of Tanasi Shores, Phase II, which also contains the language “each Family Unit has
a two car garage, a deck and porch.” The Phase II Master Deed was incorporated into the
Master Deed of Tanasi Shores Phase I in September of 1990, by language stating, in
pertinent part: “The independent existence of the Phase II Master Deed shall hereby
terminate in accordance with Grantor’s original intent, so that the only remaining
effective Master Deed with respect to the entire Tanasi Shores development shall be the
Phase I Master Deed, as previously amended and as expanded by this instrument.”

       In 2006, the bylaws for Tanasi Shores were amended via a document titled Tanasi
Shores Owners Association Amendment to By-Laws and Restatement of Entire Bylaws
as Amended (“2006 Bylaws”), which provides, as pertinent: “Additionally, while
driveways, porches, decks, and appurtenances to a Unit shall remain ‘common areas’,
each Owner of a unit shall have an exclusive easement to use the driveways, porches,
decks and other similar appurtenances to his/her Unit for as long as his/her ownership is
retained.” The 2006 Bylaws defined decks as “wooden structures with floors attached to
Single Family Units used for outdoor activities whether they are screened or covered.”
Porches were defined as “the exposed aggregate or wooden area immediately
surrounding the Front Entrance to a Single Family Unit.”

       For many years both before and after the enactment of the 2006 Bylaws,
Defendants repaired and maintained the decks and porches of the Tanasi Shores
condominium units (“Units” or “Unit”). In 2012, however, Defendants reevaluated the
pertinent documents and determined that decks and porches were part of the Unit and that
the maintenance and repair of decks and porches was the responsibility of the Unit
owner. Upon a petition from the Unit owners, Defendants called a special meeting to
discuss the issue of deck and porch maintenance. Ultimately, Defendants maintained the
position that such maintenance and repairs were the responsibility of the Unit owner.

      In April of 2013, letters were sent to some Unit owners including Plaintiffs
informing them of work needed on their decks and advising them of their obligation to



                                           2
have the repair work performed. In July of 2014, Plaintiffs1 sued Defendants alleging
that the policy change requiring owners to maintain and repair the decks connected to
their respective condominium units violated the Master Deed and 2006 Bylaws.
Plaintiffs sought, among other things, compensatory damages for costs incurred in
repairing their respective decks.

       After a trial without a jury, the Trial Court entered its order on April 20, 2018
finding and holding, inter alia:

              The court notes that there is an apparent conflict between the 2006
       Bylaws, which provide that decks and porches are common areas to which
       unit owners have an exclusive easement, and the Master Deed, which
       provides that decks and porches are part of the Family Unit. The court
       finds that this conflict is governed by Section 303 of the Tennessee
       Condominium Act of 2008, which provides, in pertinent part, as follows:

               (a) All provisions of the declaration2 and bylaws are
               severable.
               ...
               (c) In the event of a conflict between the declaration and the
               bylaws, the declaration prevails except to the extent the
               declaration is inconsistent with part 2, this part and parts 4
               and 5 of this chapter.
               ...

       T.C.A. § 66-27-303. Although Tanasi Shores was created in 1984 in
       accordance with the Horizontal Property Act, certain sections of the
       Tennessee Condominium Act of 20083, including section 66-27-303, apply
       to condominiums created before January 1, 2009. T.C.A. § 66-27-202. If
       section 66-27-303 is applicable to Tanasi Shores, the Master Deed prevails
       over the 2006 By-Laws pursuant to the clear language of the statute.
       However, the statute also provides that while portions of the Condominium
       Act of 2008 apply to condominiums created before January 1, 2009, “those
       sections apply only with respect to events and circumstances occurring after
       January 1, 2009.” Id. This language raises the question of whether the

1
  Wayne Holloway filed the suit initially. Jerry Brewington was added as a party plaintiff later.
2
  A “declaration” means any instruments, however denominated, that create a condominium, and any
amendments to those instruments. T.C.A. § 66-27-203(11). In this case, the Master Deed created Tanasi
Shores and constitutes a declaration within the meaning of the 2008 Tennessee Condominium Act. See
T.C.A. §§ 66-27-102(10), 103.
3
  T.C.A. §§ 66-27-201 et seq.
                                                    3
      2006 Amendment to the By-Laws that created the conflict with the Master
      Deed, or the repairs required in 2013 to the Plaintiffs’ decks, constitute the
      “events and circumstances” referenced in the statute.

              The term “events and circumstances” is not defined in the statute or
      by case law. In interpreting statutory provisions, the court must “ascertain
      and give effect to legislative intent without unduly restricting or expanding
      the intended scope of the statute.” Parks v. Mun. League Risk Mgmt. Pool,
      974 S.W.2d 677, 679 (Tenn. 1998) (citation omitted). The court notes that
      if the Legislature had intended for amendments to the property’s governing
      documents to constitute the triggering event for inclusion in the statute, it
      certainly could have said so. The fact that it did not cannot be ignored.
      Therefore, the court finds that the required repairs to the Plaintiffs’ decks in
      2013 constitute “events and circumstances” within the meaning of the
      statute, making section T.C.A. §§ 66-27-202 and 303 applicable to this
      case. Accordingly, the Master Deed prevails.

              Having found that the Master Deed prevails over the conflicting
      language in the 2006 By-Laws, the court must now ascertain whether unit
      owners are responsible for the maintenance and repair of their decks under
      the Master Deed. The interpretation of a deed is a question of law. Hughes
      v. New Life Dev. Corp., 397 S.W.3d 453, 466 (Tenn. 2012) (citations
      omitted). The Tennessee Supreme Court has directed that in interpreting a
      deed, courts must primarily be concerned with ascertaining the intention of
      the grantor. Id. (citations omitted). The grantor’s intent is ascertained from
      the words of the deed as a whole and from the surrounding circumstances.
      Id. (citations omitted).

             As noted above, the Master Deed provides that “each Family Unit
      has a two car garage, a deck and porch,” and the “Common Area” in Tanasi
      Shores includes the parcel of land depicted on the Plat, “except those areas
      designated as Family Units.” (Trial Exhibit 1, Master Deed, ¶ Fifth (1) and
      (2)). This language clearly and unequivocally includes decks and porches
      as part of the Family Unit and excludes them as part of the Common Area.
      Because owners are obligated to perform maintenance and repair work
      within their own unit (Trial Ex. 1, 2006 By-Laws, Art. VI, § 3(a)), the court
      finds that the Plaintiffs are responsible for the maintenance and repair of
      their decks.

(footnotes in original but renumbered). Plaintiffs appeal the Trial Court’s April 20, 2018
order to this Court.
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                                        Discussion

       Although not stated exactly as such, Plaintiffs raise one issue on appeal: whether
the Trial Court erred in finding that the Master Deed controlled, not the 2006 Bylaws,
and that the Master Deed placed the responsibility for maintenance and repairs of decks
and porches on the Unit owners.

      The issue now before us on appeal concerns interpretation of a statute, specifically
Tenn. Code Ann. § 66-27-202 of the Tennessee Condominium Act of 2008. Our
Supreme Court has given guidance with regard to interpreting statutes stating:

      Statutory interpretation and the application of a statute to the facts of a case
      involve questions of law and are reviewed under a de novo standard of
      review with no presumption of correctness afforded to the trial court. Tenn.
      Dep’t of Corr. v. Pressley, 528 S.W.3d 506, 512 (Tenn. 2017); Arden v.
      Kozawa, 466 S.W.3d 758, 764 (Tenn. 2015). We thus independently
      review the relevant provisions of the Charter without any deference to the
      interpretations of the Commission or the trial court. See Pressley, 528
      S.W.3d at 512.

              The overriding purpose of a court in construing a statute is to
      ascertain and effectuate the legislative intent, without either expanding or
      contracting the statute’s intended scope. Ray v. Madison Cnty., Tenn., 536
      S.W.3d 824, 831 (Tenn. 2017); Pressley, 528 S.W.3d at 512. Legislative
      intent is first and foremost reflected in the language of the statute. Lee
      Medical, Inc. v. Beecher, 312 S.W.3d 515, 526 (Tenn. 2010). “We
      presume that the Legislature intended each word in a statute to have a
      specific purpose and meaning.” Arden, 466 S.W.3d at 764. The words
      used in a statute are to be given their natural and ordinary meaning, and,
      because “words are known by the company they keep,” we construe them
      in the context in which they appear and in light of the general purpose of
      the statute. Lee Medical, 312 S.W.3d at 526; Ray, 536 S.W.3d at 831. “We
      endeavor to construe statutes in a reasonable manner ‘which avoids
      statutory conflict and provides for harmonious operation of the laws.’ ”
      Ray, 536 S.W.3d at 831 (citation omitted). When a statute’s text is clear
      and unambiguous, we need look no further than the language of the statute
      itself. Lee Medical, 312 S.W.3d at 527. “We simply apply the plain
      meaning without complicating the task.” Pressley, 528 S.W.3d at 513.



                                             5
              When, however, the language of a statute is ambiguous, we resort to
      rules of statutory construction and external sources in order to ascertain and
      give effect to the legislative intent. Lee Medical, 312 S.W.3d at 527; Ray,
      536 S.W.3d at 832. These external sources may include the broader
      statutory scheme, the history and purpose of the legislation, public policy,
      historical facts preceding or contemporaneous with the enactment of the
      statute, and legislative history. Lee Medical, 312 S.W.3d at 527-28; Ray,
      536 S.W.3d at 831-32. The language of a statute is ambiguous when it is
      subject to differing interpretations which yield contrary results. In re
      Hogue, 286 S.W.3d 890, 894 (Tenn. 2009). “This proposition does not
      mean that an ambiguity exists merely because the parties proffer different
      interpretations of the statute. A party cannot create an ambiguity by
      presenting a nonsensical or clearly erroneous interpretation of a statute.”
      Powers v. State, 343 S.W.3d 36, 50 n.20 (Tenn. 2011).

Wallace v. Metro. Gov’t of Nashville and Davidson Cty., 546 S.W.3d 47, 52-53 (Tenn.
2018) (footnotes omitted).

       In pertinent part, Tenn. Code Ann. § 66-27-202 of the Tennessee Condominium
Act of 2008 provides:

      66-27-202. Applicability.

      (a) This part and parts 3-5 of this chapter apply to all condominiums
      created within this state after January 1, 2009. Sections 66-27-205 – 66-27-
      207; 66-27-303; 66-27-304; 66-27-402(a)(1)-(6) and (11)-(16); 66-27-411;
      66-27-414(g); 66-27-415; 66-27-417; part 5 of this chapter; and § 66-27-
      203, to the extent necessary in construing any of the sections listed in this
      subsection (a), apply to all condominiums created in this state before
      January 1, 2009; but those sections apply only with respect to events and
      circumstances occurring after January 1, 2009, and, with the exception of §
      66-27-414(g), do not invalidate or supersede existing provisions of the
      master deed, master lease, declaration, bylaws or plats of those
      condominiums existing on January 1, 2009.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 66-27-202(a) (2015). As pertinent to the case now before us on
appeal, Tenn. Code Ann. § 66-27-303 provides:

      (a) All provisions of the declaration and bylaws are severable.

                                          ***
                                            6
       (c) In the event of a conflict between the declaration and the bylaws, the
       declaration prevails except to the extent the declaration is inconsistent with
       part 2, this part and parts 4 and 5 of this chapter.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 66-27-303 (2015).

       As stated in Tenn. Code Ann. § 66-27-202(a), Tenn. Code Ann. § 66-27-303 will
apply to Tanasi Shores, which was created prior to January 1, 2009, only with respect to
the specific delineated sections and “only with respect to events and circumstances
occurring after January 1, 2009 . . . .” Tenn. Code Ann. § 66-27-202(a) (2015). As Tenn.
Code Ann. § 66-27-303 is one of the delineated sections, we must determine whether the
required repairs to decks in 2013 constituted events and circumstances that occurred after
January 1, 2009.

        We agree with the Trial Court that “events and circumstances” are not defined
within the statute. Nor is there any existing case law defining this phrase. We, thus,
must construe Tenn. Code Ann. § 66-27-202 giving the words “their natural and ordinary
meaning . . . in the context in which they appear and in light of the general purpose of the
statute.” Wallace, 546 S.W.3d at 52.

       Applying their natural and ordinary meaning to the words, an event or
circumstance is synonymous with an occurrence or something that happens or takes
place. In the case now before us on appeal, the event or circumstance that occurred is the
aging, weathering, or perhaps damage to the decks to an extent that necessitated that
repairs be made. These events and circumstances occurred after January 1, 2009. As
such, Tenn. Code Ann. § 66-27-303 will apply to the case now before us on appeal.

       We also agree with the Trial Court that there is conflict between the Master Deed
and the 2006 Bylaws with regard to the issue of whether decks and porches are part of the
Unit or are part of the common area. Pursuant to Tenn. Code Ann. § 66-27-303, the
declaration, in this case the Master Deed, will prevail. We, thus, must interpret the
Master Deed to determine whether decks and porches are part of the Unit or are common
areas.

       As our Supreme Court explained in Griffis v. Davidson County Metro. Gov’t:

       In construing a deed, our primary task is to ascertain the grantor’s intent
       from the words of the deed as a whole and from the surrounding
       circumstances. Collins v. Smithson, 585 S.W.2d 598, 603 (Tenn. 1979);
       Bennett v. Langham, 214 Tenn. 674, 383 S.W.2d 16, 18 (1964).
                                             7
       Interpretation of a deed is a question of law. Rodgers v. Burnett, 108 Tenn.
       173, 65 S.W. 408, 411 (1901); Mitchell v. Chance, 149 S.W.3d 40, 45
       (Tenn. Ct. App. 2004).

Griffis v. Davidson County Metro. Gov’t, 164 S.W.3d 267, 274 (Tenn. 2005). “In
construing the language in a written instrument, ‘the words expressing the party’s
intention should be given the usual, natural and ordinary meaning.’ ” Cellco P’ship d/b/a
Verizon Wireless v. Shelby County, 172 S.W.3d 574, 587 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2005) (quoting
Ballard v. N. Am. Life & Cas. Co., 667 S.W.2d 79, 82 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1983) ). “Any
reference to subsequently executed instruments in order to glean the grantor’s intent at
the time of conveyancing was in error.” Id. at 590 (discussing the requirements for
establishment of an easement by implication).

       As discussed above, the Master Deed provides: “Additionally, each Family Unit
has a two car garage, a deck and porch, and Building #2 will feature a small courtyard.”
Giving the words their natural and ordinary meaning, each Unit includes a garage, deck,
and porch. Plaintiffs argue in their brief on appeal that the language “Building #2 will
feature a small courtyard” and the fact that Building #2 contains multiple Units indicates
that the intent of the entire sentence is to delineate all of the named items as common
areas since a courtyard shared by multiple Unit owners must be a common area and
cannot be privately owned. Plaintiffs, however, have missed the fact that the language
concerning the courtyard is different from the language concerning garages, decks, and
porches. The language in the Master Deed states that each Unit “has” a garage, deck, and
porch, indicating ownership of these items. The language with regard to the courtyard
states that Building #2 “will feature” a courtyard. Thus, the owners of the Units in
Building #2 do not have or own a courtyard. Rather, they share rights to use a courtyard,
which is a feature of Building #2.

       The Master Deed indicates the grantor’s intent that each Unit include a garage,
deck, and porch. As decks and porches are part of the Unit pursuant to the Master Deed,
we find and hold, as did the Trial Court, that Plaintiffs were responsible for the repairs to
their decks in 2013.

                                        Conclusion

       The judgment of the Trial Court is affirmed, and this cause is remanded to the
Trial Court for collection of the costs below. The costs on appeal are assessed against the
appellants, Wayne Holloway and Jerry Brewington.

                                          __________________________________
                                          D. MICHAEL SWINEY, CHIEF JUDGE
                                             8
