                          This opinion will be unpublished and
                          may not be cited except as provided by
                          Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2014).

                               STATE OF MINNESOTA
                               IN COURT OF APPEALS
                                     A15-1871

                                    State of Minnesota,
                                        Respondent,

                                            vs.

                                 Terrance Paul DeRoche,
                                       Appellant.

                                 Filed October 11, 2016
                                        Affirmed
                                    Toussaint, Judge
                                 Dissenting, Ross, Judge

                                Scott County District Court
                                 File No. 70-CR-14-8041

Lori Swanson, Attorney General, St. Paul, Minnesota; and

Ronald Hocevar, Scott County Attorney, Todd P. Zettler, Nelson L. Rhodus, Assistant
County Attorneys, Shakopee, Minnesota (for respondent)

John A. Price III, Lakeville, Minnesota (for appellant)

         Considered and decided by Ross, Presiding Judge; Connolly, Judge; and Toussaint,

Judge.





 Retired judge of the Minnesota Court of Appeals, serving by appointment pursuant to
Minn. Const. art. VI, § 10.
                         UNPUBLISHED OPINION

TOUSSAINT, Judge

       On appeal from his driving-while-impaired (DWI) convictions, appellant Terrance

Paul DeRoche argues that the district court erred in denying his pretrial suppression motion

because the officer’s stop of appellant’s vehicle was not supported by a reasonable,

articulable suspicion of criminal activity.       Because the district court did not err in

concluding that the police officer had a reasonable, articulable suspicion to stop appellant’s

vehicle, we affirm.

                                      DECISION

       Appellate courts review de novo a district court’s determination of reasonable

suspicion as it relates to an investigatory stop. In re Welfare of G.M., 560 N.W.2d 687,

690 (Minn. 1997). A district court’s findings of fact will not be set aside unless they are

clearly erroneous. State v. Gauster, 752 N.W.2d 496, 502 (Minn. 2008).

       The United States and Minnesota Constitutions protect against “unreasonable

searches and seizures.” U.S. Const. amend. IV; Minn. Const. art. I, § 10. “A search

conducted without a warrant issued upon probable cause is generally unreasonable.” State

v. Flowers, 734 N.W.2d 239, 248 (Minn. 2007). The Fourth Amendment prohibits law

enforcement from searching an individual without a warrant, subject only to a few

established exceptions. State v. Varnado, 582 N.W.2d 886, 889 (Minn. 1998). One

exception to the warrant requirement is an investigatory stop, or Terry stop, which allows

law enforcement to temporarily detain a suspect if an officer has a reasonable, articulable

suspicion of criminal activity. State v. Diede, 795 N.W.2d 836, 842 (Minn. 2011) (citing


                                              2
Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 88 S. Ct. 1868 (1968)). The reasonable-suspicion standard is

not high, Diede, 795 N.W.2d at 843, and “an actual violation is not necessary.” State v.

Haataja, 611 N.W.2d 353, 354 (Minn. App. 2000) (quotation omitted), review denied

(Minn. July 25, 2000). “[An] officer must be able to articulate at [an] omnibus hearing that

he or she had a particularized and objective basis for suspecting the seized person of

criminal activity.” State v. Cripps, 533 N.W.2d 388, 391 (Minn. 1995).

       Recently, the Minnesota Supreme Court decided State v. Morse, which involved a

traffic stop after a driver made a wide turn and subsequently drifted within a traffic lane.

878 N.W.2d 499, 500 (Minn. 2016). While there was a question as to whether the driver

in Morse violated a traffic law, law enforcement stopped him on a suspicion of DWI based

on his driving behavior, the time of day, and his location near bars. Id. While Morse is

factually different from this case, it is the supreme court’s pronouncements that are

important: “A trained police officer is entitled to draw inferences on the basis of all of the

circumstances[,] . . . inferences and deductions that might well elude an untrained person.”

Id. at 502 (quoting State v. Johnson, 444 N.W.2d 824, 826 (Minn. 1989)) (quotation marks

omitted). After analyzing the totality of the circumstances, and giving deference to the

officer’s inferences and deductions made based on the officer’s training, the supreme court

concluded that the officer had a reasonable, articulable suspicion to stop the vehicle based

on Morse’s suspicious driving behavior. Id. at 502–03.

       Likewise, here, after examining the totality of the circumstances, and giving

deference to the officer’s inferences and deductions, we conclude that the stop of

appellant’s vehicle was valid. The district court, while recognizing this is a close case,


                                              3
credited the officer’s testimony that appellant’s conduct was “unusual and suspicious, in

light of the ongoing concerns about theft activity in the area.” The officer observed

appellant driving his vehicle in the early morning hours on a frontage road in a commercial

area near a trailer dealership. The officer was aware that the trailer dealership had been

burglarized in the past one or two months, and other commercial properties in the area had

experienced thefts. The officer observed appellant drive from the frontage road onto a

private driveway, 10–15 feet past a sign reading “Private Property. No Trespassing.” The

vacant property, which occasionally hosts a flea market, is adjacent to the trailer dealership.

Appellant’s vehicle sat in the driveway for one to two minutes. The area was dark and

unlit. When the officer approached in a marked squad to investigate, appellant backed out

of the private drive to turn around, and the officer stopped appellant. Based on these

circumstances and rational inferences drawn from them, an officer could reasonably

suspect appellant of committing property crimes of nearby businesses. This reasonable

suspicion justified the officer’s stop of appellant’s vehicle.

       Furthermore, this court has upheld investigatory stops on similar or more minimal

facts and circumstances. For example, in Olmscheid v. Comm’r of Pub. Safety, this court

concluded that a stop was valid when in the early morning hours police stopped a driver

leaving a dead-end frontage road that provided access to closed businesses. 412 N.W.2d

41, 42 (Minn. App. 1987), review denied (Minn. Nov. 6, 1987). In Olmscheid, the officer

suspected the driver of property theft because there was a history of theft at a car dealership,

which extended along the dead-end frontage road. Id. This court reasoned that the officer’s

knowledge of the previous thefts at the car dealership and “the presence of the vehicle in


                                               4
the early morning hours in a commercial area with no residences on a road that does not

connect to another roadway provide an objective and particularized basis for [the officer’s]

suspicion of criminal activity.” Id. at 43. In Thomeczek v. Comm’r of Pub. Safety, this

court concluded that there was sufficient reasonable suspicion of criminal activity when a

driver was legally parked on a street with the vehicle’s lights on and motor running in an

area of residential development, where some homes were unoccupied or being built. 364

N.W.2d 471, 472 (Minn. App. 1985).

       Appellant argues that Olmscheid and Thomeczek are distinguishable because they

involved commercial businesses and residential homes susceptible to theft and burglary,

while appellant was on a vacant property where there was nothing to steal or vandalize.

But appellant’s argument ignores the officer’s testimony that there were “ongoing issues”

with theft in the area, that the nearby trailer business experienced thefts, and that other

businesses on the frontage road had scrap metal and other items stolen.

       Appellant also argues that unlike Olmscheid, in which the officer encountered the

vehicle on a dead-end road not knowing how or when it arrived there, the officer here

observed appellant before he drove onto the private drive. While this fact may indicate

that appellant was lost, an officer of reasonable caution could draw another inference: that

appellant’s driving behavior at that time of day and at that location was suspicious and

indicative of someone who may be involved in property crimes. Furthermore, as the

district court noted, the officer found appellant’s driving suspicious, “in light of the

ongoing concerns about theft activity in the area.” Based on the facts and circumstances

available to the officer at the time of the stop, which included recent property crimes in the


                                              5
area, this is the type of inference an officer is entitled to draw, and that might well elude

an untrained person unfamiliar with the area.

       Appellant’s argument that he was stopped for merely being present in a high-crime

area and for appearing lost is unavailing because the officer testified that he found

appellant’s actions suspicious because appellant’s vehicle sat for one to two minutes on

vacant property marked private, and because appellant began to turn around when the

officer approached the vehicle. These are facts in addition to the fact that appellant was in

an area that had recently experienced thefts. Thus, appellant was not stopped merely for

being present in a high-crime area.

       In sum, based on the totality of the circumstances and the permissible inferences

made by law enforcement, the stop here was supported by a reasonable suspicion that

appellant had been or was in the process of committing property crimes in the area. Thus,

the district court did not err in denying appellant’s pretrial suppression motion.

       Affirmed.




                                              6
ROSS, Judge (dissenting)

       Reasonable suspicion is a low standard. But it is a standard of some degree. If

driving briefly just onto a vacant lot somewhere near a different lot where a theft

occurred “maybe a month or two” earlier allows police to force a stop for a police

investigation, then the standard is virtually meaningless. I respectfully dissent because we

must distinguish between a mere “hunch” (undeveloped, vague speculation), which can

never justify a police stop, and reasonable, articulable suspicion that a crime has occurred

or is about to occur, which does justify a police stop. This is a pure-hunch case.

       Terrance DeRoche drove his car eastbound on a dark frontage road and continued

straight, barely and momentarily entering a driveway of a completely vacant lot as the

road he was on cornered 90 degrees left, and then he backed out onto the road to begin

heading north. That is the entire story of DeRoche’s conduct. The majority says this story

demonstrates reasonable suspicion for police to stop the car because, some unknown

number of weeks earlier, somebody stole something from a different lot. The majority

says this allowed the police officer to “reasonably suspect [the driver] of committing

property crimes of nearby businesses” even though the officer never suggested that he

suspected any such thing or that he associated the car with the previous theft.

       I highlight a concern over the state’s representation that the car “stopped and sat

for approximately one to two minutes,” because this exaggerates the officer’s testimony

and the documentary evidence. The officer testified that he first saw DeRoche’s car while

the officer was traveling east on County Road 2 and DeRoche’s car was moving east on

the parallel frontage road. He said that “as soon as [he] turned onto the frontage road


                                            D-1
[from County Road 2] the suspect vehicle started to back out [of the vacant lot and] onto

the frontage road” and was “facing north, toward County Road 2.” The officer testified

that DeRoche’s car had “stopped and sat there” on the lot only as long as it took the

officer to reach the frontage road. The testimony suggested that DeRoche had already

backed onto the frontage road and faced north. He never said exactly how long it took for

him to reach DeRoche from the point he first saw him, but when asked, he said only,

“maybe a minute. . . . Maybe two minutes, at the most.” (Emphasis added.)

       The district court accepted as evidence a Google Map of the area. Although the

printed map was not included in the file, we have access to Google Maps, and the map

shows that County Road 2 parallels the frontage road only for approximately 0.3 miles, or

1,584 feet, before it reaches the entrance to the vacant lot. The officer said the speed limit

on the road is 30 miles per hour. Assuming he first saw DeRoche’s car at the earliest

possible moment at the outermost end of the frontage road and the two cars were on pace

with the speed limit of 30 miles per hour (or 44 feet per second), DeRoche covered the

entire distance to the lot in at most just 36 seconds. That’s when the officer turned onto

the frontage road and immediately saw that DeRoche was already backing out of the lot

and onto the road, facing north. In other words, the officer’s testimony and the

documentary evidence establish that DeRoche’s car could not have possibly “stopped and

sat” on the lot for any more than a brief moment, not two minutes or even one minute.

This evidence informs us what the officer meant by “maybe a minute.” (Emphasis

added.)




                                            D-2
      The result here should follow two early pure-hunch cases. The first is Reid v.

Georgia, where the United States Supreme Court reversed the Georgia Court of Appeals

because police had acted on a hunch rather than a reasonable suspicion. 448 U.S. 438,

441–42, 100 S. Ct. 2752, 2754 (1980). A drug enforcement officer stopped a man outside

an airport terminal supposing that the man was carrying drugs. Id. at 440, 100 S. Ct. at

2754. The officer inferred from the way the man walked through the airport that he was

trying to hide the fact that he was traveling with a companion and carrying drugs. Id. at

439, 441, 100 S. Ct. at 2753–54. The Court described the officer’s theory as a mere

“inchoate and unparticularized suspicion or ‘hunch’” rather than reasonable suspicion of

a crime. Id. at 441, 100 S. Ct. at 2754 (quoting Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 27, 88 S. Ct.

1868, 1883 (1968)). The Reid case actually had more substance than this one; there at

least the officer tried to fashion a theory as to how the defendant’s behavior might

suggest that he was engaged in a crime. By contrast neither the arresting officer, nor the

district court, nor even the majority today offers any theory as to how pulling barely onto

a vacant lot’s entrance and then returning to the road implies that the driver may have

been involved in “committing property crimes of nearby businesses.”

      The second case is State v. Harris, 590 N.W.2d 90 (Minn. 1999). Police had

observed Harris and another man scope out a Greyhound bus depot before boarding a

bus, leading officers to suppose that the men were drug couriers and to board the bus and

gain their permission to look in their bags. Harris, 590 N.W.2d at 95. This court believed

that the officers reasonably suspected drug transportation based on the following detailed

circumstances and their inculpatory inferences:


                                           D-3
              [The first officer] initially became suspicious when he
              observed appellant walking into the bus depot, looking from
              left to right. Furthermore, appellant was not carrying any
              luggage. This behavior was inconsistent with other
              passengers who did not suspiciously look around the bus
              depot after exiting the bus. [The officer] reported this
              suspicious behavior to [another officer] who also observed
              appellant conducting some type of “counter-surveillance.”
              Specifically, appellant and his companion were looking
              around at everyone and everything in the bus depot. They did
              not use the phone; they did not meet any acquaintances; and
              they re-boarded the bus after appellant made eye contact with
              [the officer]. Based on his experience with the narcotics team,
              [one of the officers] recognized this type of behavior as being
              consistent with narcotics trafficking.

State v. Harris, 572 N.W.2d 333, 337–38 (Minn. App. 1997), aff’d on other grounds, 590

N.W.2d 90 (Minn. 1999). The supreme court disagreed. It noticed that this court

overlooked (like the majority today overlooks) the fact that the suspects’ behavior was

quite consistent with noncriminal activity. Harris, 590 N.W.2d at 100–01. It reversed this

court’s reasonable-suspicion holding and determined that the officers “were acting on a

mere hunch that Harris was transporting a controlled substance” and therefore lacked

reasonable suspicion that he actually was transporting drugs. Id. at 101.

       The officers in both those cases had far more to be suspicious about than the

officer here. And in those cases the United States and Minnesota Supreme Courts marked

the distinction between a speculative hunch and an articulable suspicion, rejecting the

lower courts’ conclusions that reasonable suspicion existed.

       The majority now relies chiefly but mistakenly on a principle that the state

supreme court previously adopted from the United States Supreme Court and recently

repeated: “[A] trained police officer is entitled to draw inferences on the basis of all of


                                            D-4
the circumstances[, including] inferences and deductions that might well elude an

untrained person.” State v. Morse, 878 N.W.2d 499, 502 (Minn. 2016) (quoting State v.

Johnson, 444 N.W.2d 824, 826 (Minn. 1989) (quoting United States v. Cortez, 449 U.S.

411, 418, 101 S. Ct. 690, 695 (1981))). That principle does not apply here.

       While a trained police officer surely is “entitled” to draw inferences and

deductions that might elude an untrained person, this entitlement is of course not relevant

when the officer never presents any inferences or deductions whatsoever. Indeed, when

the state supreme court adopted the maxim in its 1989 Johnson case, it did so expressly

distinguishing a 1977 Johnson case that, like this case, involved an officer who did not

articulate any relationship linking the supposedly suspicious conduct to the suspected

crime. Johnson, 444 N.W.2d at 827. The supreme court said, “Th[is] case is thus

distinguishable from State v. Johnson, 257 N.W.2d 308 (Minn. 1977), where, although

there was some indication in the record that the officer may have observed what might be

termed ‘an evasive maneuver’ by the driver, the officer was totally unable to articulate at

the omnibus hearing why he became suspicious of the vehicle.” Johnson, 444 N.W.2d at

827. This analysis teaches that we can never rely on an officer’s unique training and

experience to find reasonable suspicion when the officer failed to “articulate at the

omnibus hearing why he became suspicious.” Id. (emphasis added).

       The majority wrongly says that it is “giving deference to the officer’s inferences

and deductions” here because the officer made no inferences or deductions. The

prosecutor never asked him to, and he never “articulate[d] . . . why he became suspicious

of the vehicle.” Id. We do not know what crime, if any, the officer suspected. He could


                                           D-5
not have testified about his suspicion more vaguely, saying only this: “It was suspicious

and out of the ordinary.” Why was it “suspicious?” What was “out of the ordinary” about

continuing straight onto a driveway (from a road that turned sharply left), pausing only

momentarily, and then returning to the road?

       The officer never suggested it, but the majority opines that this conduct was

suspicious because of a prior business theft. The prosecutor never asked the officer to say

what he was suspicious about; he instead asked vaguely only whether there had been

“any activity in that area” that he was “made aware of as a police officer.” The officer

said, “No, not in that area there.” The prosecutor pressed further and the officer then said

that, weeks earlier, someone had stolen propane tanks and car batteries from a business

down the road from the lot where the stop occurred. What would lead an officer to

reasonably suppose that, by pulling a car just onto a vacant lot for “maybe a minute . . .

two minutes, at the most,” the driver likely was involved in the theft of propane and

batteries from some different lot “maybe a month or two prior” to that? Would he reason

that the propane-tank bandit had run out of propane and was planning another heist? Does

his law-enforcement experience inform him that a burglar intending to steal propane

would park that far away and lug his stolen full tanks across one or two business lots

back to his car? These extrapolations arise from the officer’s unique training? We have

no explanation from the officer, the district court does not suggest any rationale, and the

majority provides only the conclusory (and factually inaccurate) declaration that the

officer actually drew “inferences and deductions” that led him to “reasonably suspect [the

driver] of committing property crimes of nearby businesses.” If the suspicion that links


                                            D-6
DeRoche’s momentary stop to “property crimes” on a different lot months earlier is truly

reasonable, why does no one who advocates the connection try to explain it?

       The majority states that “this court has upheld investigatory stops on similar or

[fewer] facts and circumstances,” citing two cases. But neither cited case was issued after

the supreme court in State v. Harris applied the no-mere-hunch distinction or after its

1989 Johnson opinion that explained what happens when an officer fails to “articulate at

the omnibus hearing why he became suspicious.” Johnson, 444 N.W.2d at 827.

       I add that I do not agree that the cited case of Olmscheid v. Commissioner of

Public Safety was weaker on suspicion than this case. 412 N.W.2d 41, 42 (Minn. App.

1987), review denied (Minn. Nov. 6, 1987). In Olmscheid, the testifying officer did not

state, as the officer here stated, merely that the car was “suspicious.” Id. The officer said

why the car was suspicious. Id. He explained that he was patrolling in the area because of

the thefts. Id. He explained the relationship between the road where he stopped the car

and the car dealership with the history of burglary. Id. And he explained that the dead-

end road serviced only a closed recycling facility, a closed storage facility, and the closed

car dealership. Id. It is not much of a connection, but unlike this case, the officer actually

explained his suspicion in connection to the circumstances.

       I agree that Thomeczek v. Commissioner of Public Safety, 364 N.W.2d 471 (Minn.

App. 1985), likely involved as minimal a showing of suspicion as occurred in this case.

The brevity of Thomeczek’s factual description and analysis makes it impossible to know.

But it does not matter; neither Thomeczek nor Olmscheid helps the holding today because

both cases predate the supreme court’s clear application of the no-hunch rule in Harris


                                            D-7
