                      IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

                                      No. 16-0635
                                  Filed July 27, 2016


IN THE INTEREST OF C.O.,
Minor Child,

J.T., Father,
       Appellant.

E.A., Mother,
       Appellant.
________________________________________________________________

          Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Cerro Gordo County, Annette L.

Boehlje, District Associate Judge.



          A father and mother appeal separately from the order terminating their

parental rights. AFFIRMED ON BOTH APPEALS.



          Michael J. Moeller of Sorensen Law Office, Clear Lake, for appellant

father.

          Maury J. Noonan of Pappajohn, Shriver, Eide & Nielsen, P.C., Mason City,

for appellant mother.

          Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Janet L. Hoffman, Assistant

Attorney General, for appellee State.

          Crystal L. Ely of North Iowa Youth Law Center, Mason City, attorney and

guardian ad litem for minor child.



          Considered by Potterfield, P.J., and Mullins and McDonald, JJ.
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MULLINS, Judge.

         A father and mother appeal separately from the juvenile court’s order

terminating their parental rights to their child, C.O., born in January 2014. Both

parents argue the State failed to prove the statutory grounds for termination by

clear and convincing evidence and termination is not in the child’s best interests.

The parents also both assert they share a bond with the child that weighs against

termination and the juvenile court should have granted each of them an

additional six months to work toward reunification. The father further contends

the court erred in denying his application for placement, home study, and

background checks for his relative who was interested in serving as a permanent

placement for the child. We affirm on both appeals.

         I.     Background Facts and Proceedings

         The family became involved with the Iowa Department of Human Services

(DHS) in April 2015, due to a founded child abuse assessment for lack of

supervision after a drug task force raided the parents’ home and found marijuana

and methamphetamine accessible to the children.1 The child, along with two of

her half-siblings, was removed from the home in June 2015 because of the

parents’ substance abuse, domestic violence, and mental health concerns. The

child was placed in family foster care with her half-brother.          She was later

adjudicated a child in need of assistance (CINA).

         On March 24, 2016, four days before the termination hearing, the father

filed an application for placement, home study, and background checks for

placement of C.O. with the father’s first cousin who had approached the father

1
    Criminal charges stemming from the raid were subsequently dismissed.
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approximately two weeks before the termination hearing, stating she and her

husband were unable to have children of their own, they had completed classes

to become foster parents, and they were ready, willing, and able to be a long-

term, permanent placement option for C.O.

      The juvenile court denied the father’s application and terminated the

father’s parental rights pursuant to Iowa Code section 232.116(1)(e) and (h)

(2015).      The court also terminated the mother’s parental rights pursuant to

section 232.116(1)(h). The father and mother separately appeal.

      II.       Standard of Review

      We review termination-of-parental-rights proceedings de novo.          In re

M.W., 876 N.W.2d 212, 219 (Iowa 2016). “We are not bound by the juvenile

court’s findings of fact, but we do give them weight, especially in assessing the

credibility of witnesses.” Id. (quoting In re A.M., 843 N.W.2d 100, 110 (Iowa

2014)). Our primary consideration is the best interests of the child. See In re

J.E., 723 N.W.2d 793, 798 (Iowa 2006).

      III.      Analysis

      “Our review of termination of parental rights under Iowa Code chapter 232

is a three-step analysis.”    In re M.W., 876 N.W.2d at 219.       First, we must

determine whether the State established the statutory grounds for termination by

clear and convincing evidence. See Iowa Code § 232.116(1); In re M.W., 876

N.W.2d at 219.         Second, if the State established statutory grounds for

termination, we consider whether termination is in the child’s best interests under

section 232.116(2). See In re M.W., 876 N.W.2d at 219–20. Finally, we consider
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whether any exceptions under section 232.116(3) weigh against termination.

See id. at 220.

             A.     Statutory Grounds

      Both parents argue the State failed to prove the statutory grounds for

termination by clear and convincing evidence. The State argues neither parent

preserved error on this issue. We apply our standard error-preservation rules to

termination-of-parental-rights cases. See In re A.B., 815 N.W.2d 764, 773 (Iowa

2012). At the termination hearing, the mother requested the child be returned to

her care and, alternatively, that she be granted a six-month extension to

demonstrate her ability to have the child returned to her. Thus, the mother has

preserved error for our review. With regard to the father, at the termination

hearing, the father requested only that he should receive an additional six

months to participate in services and work toward reunification with C.O.

Consequently, the father has not preserved error on this issue. See id.; see also

Lamasters v. State, 821 N.W.2d 856, 862 (Iowa 2012) (“It is a fundamental

doctrine of appellate review that issues must ordinarily be both raised and

decided by the district court before we will decide them on appeal.” (quoting

Meier v. Senecaut, 641 N.W.2d 532, 537 (Iowa 2002))). We examine the merits

of the issue only with regard to the mother.

      We will uphold an order terminating parental rights when there is clear and

convincing evidence of the statutory grounds for termination. In re D.W., 791

N.W.2d 703, 706 (Iowa 2010). Evidence is clear and convincing “when there are

no ‘serious or substantial doubts as to the correctness [of] conclusions of law
                                        5

drawn from the evidence.’” In re M.W., at 219 (alteration in original) (citation

omitted).

      Under Iowa Code section 232.116(1)(h), the court may terminate parental

rights if the court finds the State has proved by clear and convincing evidence the

child (1) is three years old or younger; (2) has been adjudicated CINA; (3) has

been removed from the physical custody of the parent for at least six of the last

twelve months, or the last six consecutive months and any trial period at home

has been less than thirty days; and (4) cannot be returned to the custody of the

parent at the time of the termination hearing. The mother does not dispute the

first three elements; rather, she argues the State failed to prove the final

element—whether the child could be returned to her custody at the time of the

termination hearing.

      We recognize the mother has made limited progress. She attended and

completed inpatient substance abuse treatment in July 2015 and also

participated in mental health treatment off and on throughout the case, including

attending some couples counseling with the father. She has also maintained

employment throughout the case.          At one point, she was engaging in

unsupervised visits with C.O. However, the mother relapsed and tested positive

for methamphetamine as late as January and February 2016; she also admitted

she had missed over half of her scheduled drug screenings. At the time of the

termination hearing, the mother did not have stable housing and was living with

her nineteen-year-old daughter after having nowhere else to go. Furthermore,

the parents’ relationship continued to be a concern throughout the case. Both

parents acknowledged their relationship was unhealthy and they should not be
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together, although the father later denied that their relationship had involved

domestic violence. The juvenile court noted the mother regularly lied to DHS

about her relationship with the father, and, as recent as January 2016, the

parents had engaged in a physical altercation followed by sexual contact. At the

time of the termination hearing, both parents claimed they were no longer

together; however, the record indicates neither parent had addressed the

domestic-violence concerns that led to the child’s removal and adjudication.

      Upon our de novo review, we conclude C.O. could not be returned to the

mother’s care and custody at the time of the termination hearing. Accordingly,

we agree with the juvenile court’s conclusion the State proved the grounds for

termination under Iowa Code section 232.116(1)(h) by clear and convincing

evidence.

             B.     Best Interests

      The parents next contend termination of their parental rights was not in the

child’s best interests under Iowa Code section 232.116(2). Even if a statutory

ground for termination is met under section 232.116(1), a decision to terminate

must still be in the best interests of the child under section 232.116(2). In re

M.W., 876 N.W.2d at 224.

      We have thoroughly reviewed the record before us “giv[ing] primary

consideration to the child’s safety, to the best placement for furthering the long-

term nurturing and growth of the child, and to the physical, mental, and emotional

condition and needs of the child.” Iowa Code § 232.116(2). “Insight for the

determination of the child’s long-range best interests can be gleaned from

‘evidence of the parent’s past performance for that performance may be
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indicative of the quality of the future care that parent is capable of providing.’” In

re A.B., 815 N.W.2d at 778 (citation omitted).

       As discussed above, although the mother has made some progress, she

continues to struggle with the same issues that led to the child’s removal and

adjudication—substance abuse, domestic violence, instability, and mental health.

The father has also continued to struggle with these issues.          He completed

multiple substance abuse evaluations during the case, all of which recommended

treatment, but refused to participate in treatment. At the time of the hearing, the

father requested more time so that he could complete the recommended

inpatient treatment he had finally scheduled for the following month. He admitted

he was still using illegal substances at the time of the termination hearing. He

was not employed and did not have stable housing. For several months leading

up to the termination hearing, the father did not participate in services or have

visitation with C.O. The record shows the parents both acknowledged what they

needed to do in order to regain custody of their child but failed to do so.

       “It is well-settled law that we cannot deprive a child of permanency after

the State has proved a ground for termination under section 232.116(1) by

hoping someday a parent will learn to be a parent and be able to provide a stable

home for the child.” Id. at 777 (quoting In re P.L., 778 N.W.2d 33, 41 (Iowa

2010)). “It is simply not in the best interests of children to continue to keep them

in temporary foster homes while the natural parents get their lives together.” Id.

at 778 (citation omitted). We cannot ask this young child to continuously wait for

her parents to become stable. See In re D.W., 791 N.W.2d at 707. “Time is a

critical element,” and parents simply “cannot wait until the eve of termination,
                                         8


after the statutory time periods for reunification have expired, to begin to express

an interest in parenting.” In re C.B., 611 N.W.2d 489, 495 (Iowa 2000). “[A]t

some point, the rights and needs of the child[] rise above the rights and needs of

the parent[s].” In re C.S., 776 N.W.2d 297, 300 (Iowa Ct. App. 2009). Upon our

de novo review, we find termination of the parents’ parental rights is in the child’s

best interests.

              C.     Exceptions to Termination

       “Once we have established that the termination of parental rights is in the

[child’s] best interests, the last step of our analysis is to determine whether any

exceptions in section 232.116(3) apply to preclude the termination.” In re M.W.,

876 N.W.2d at 225. Both parents assert an exception under section 232.116(3)

applies because they have a strong bond with their child.           See Iowa Code

§ 232.116(3)(c) (providing a court may decide not to terminate a parent’s

parental rights if “[t]here is clear and convincing evidence that the termination

would be detrimental to the child at the time due to the closeness of the parent-

child relationship.”).   “‘The factors weighing against termination in section

232.116(3) are permissive, not mandatory,’ and the court may use its discretion,

‘based on the unique circumstances of each case and the best interests of the

child, whether to apply the factors in this section to save the parent-child

relationship.’” In re A.M., 843 N.W.2d at 113 (citation omitted).

       With regard to the father, the juvenile court determined he had not seen

the child for several months prior to the termination hearing and it was unclear

whether they shared a bond such that termination would be detrimental to C.O.
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As to the mother, the court acknowledged she shared a bond with C.O. but

concluded termination would not be detrimental to the child. The court explained:

              Certainly [C.O.] will mourn for her mother if termination is
       ordered. If the bond is left intact, however, this case is likely to turn
       out similar to [C.O.]’s older siblings, who are angry at [the mother]
       for the way their growing-up years were handled with [the mother]
       engaging in drug use, domestic violence and instability.
       Essentially, [C.O.] will repeat what her siblings have gone through
       and caused them pain, stress, grief and anger.

“Our statutory termination provisions are preventative as well as remedial. Their

goal is to prevent probable harm to the child; they do not require delay until after

the harm has happened.”        In re T.A.L., 505 N.W.2d 480, 483 (Iowa 1993)

(citation omitted). We do not need to wait for C.O. to suffer the same harm

suffered by her siblings. C.O. has a strong bond with her foster parents and an

especially strong bond with her half-brother, who is also placed with the foster

parents. We do not find this permissive factor weighs against termination of the

parents’ parental rights.

              D.     Additional Six Months

       The parents also argue the juvenile court should have granted them an

additional six months to work toward reunification with their child. In order to

extend a child’s placement for an additional six months, the juvenile court must

find the need for removal will no longer exist at the end of the six-month period.

See Iowa Code § 232.104(2)(b).

       The law requires a “full measure of patience with troubled parents who

attempt to remedy a lack of parenting skills,” but this patience has been built into

the statutory scheme of chapter 232. In re C.B., 611 N.W.2d at 494 (citation

omitted). There is nothing in the record to indicate the circumstances would be
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such that the need for removal would no longer exist at the end of six months.

See Iowa Code § 232.104(2)(b).       Accordingly, we affirm the juvenile court’s

denial of the parents’ requests for an additional six months.

               E.    Father’s Application for Relative Placement

       The juvenile court noted the father’s request for placement, home study,

and background checks with regard to the father’s cousin and her husband

occurred only on the eve of termination and denied the application because the

child was thriving in her placement with her half-brother, with whom she shared a

strong sibling bond. We agree with the juvenile court that placement of the child

with her half-brother—the most constant and stable family member in her life—is

in the child’s best interests and affirm the juvenile court’s denial of the father’s

application.

       AFFIRMED ON BOTH APPEALS.
