                IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF FEDERAL CLAIMS
                          OFFICE OF SPECIAL MASTERS
                                    No. 99-0855V
                               (Filed: May 16, 2013)
                               TO BE PUBLISHED1

****************************
BRIAN FRANKLIN and ANDREA             *
FRANKLIN, as legal representatives of *
Scott P. Franklin, a minor,           *
                                      *
                       Petitioners,   *                               Vaccine Act Entitlement;
               v.                     *                               Causation-in-fact;
                                      *                               Vaccination/Encephalopathy
                                      *                               Causation Issue;
                                      *                               Vaccination/Autism
SECRETARY OF HEALTH                   *                               Causation Issue.
AND HUMAN SERVICES,                   *
                                      *
                       Respondent.    *
                                      *
****************************

Gregory Kincaid and Allen Coon, Olathe, Kansas, for Petitioners.
Vincent Matanoski, Lynn Ricciardella, and Heather Pearlman, Washington, DC, for Respondent.

                                            DECISION

HASTINGS, Special Master.

       This is an action in which the Petitioners, Brian and Andrea Franklin, seek an award
under the National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program (hereinafter “the Program” 2), on

1
  Because I have designated this document to be published, this document will be made available
to the public unless petitioner files, within fourteen days, an objection to the disclosure of any
material in this decision that would constitute “medical files and similar files the disclosure of
which would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of privacy.” See 42 U.S.C. § 300aa-
12(d)(4)(B); Vaccine Rule 18(b).
2
  The applicable statutory provisions defining the Program are found at 42 U.S.C. §300aa-10 et
seq. (2006). Hereinafter, for ease of citation, all “§“references will be to 42 U.S.C. (2006). I will
also sometimes refer to the Act of Congress that created the Program as the “Vaccine Act.”

                                                  1
account of an ongoing severe neurodevelopmental disorder in their son, Scott, that has been
characterized as an Autism Spectrum Disorder (“ASD”). For the reasons set forth below, I
conclude that the Petitioners are not entitled to an award on Scott’s behalf.

                                                     I

                THE APPLICABLE STATUTORY SCHEME AND CASE LAW

        Under the National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program, compensation awards are
made to individuals who have suffered injuries after receiving vaccines. In general, to gain an
award, a petitioner must make a number of factual demonstrations, including showing that an
individual received a vaccination covered by the statute; received it in the United States; suffered
a serious, long-lasting injury; and has received no previous award or settlement on account of the
injury. Finally--and the key question in most cases under the Program--the petitioner must also
establish a causal link between the vaccination and the injury. In some cases, the petitioner may
simply demonstrate the occurrence of what has been called a “Table Injury.” That is, it may be
shown that the vaccine recipient suffered an injury of the type enumerated in the “Vaccine Injury
Table,” corresponding to the vaccination in question, within an applicable time period following
the vaccination also specified in the Table. If so, the Table Injury is presumed to have been
caused by the vaccination, and the petitioner is automatically entitled to compensation, unless it
is affirmatively shown that the injury was caused by some factor other than the vaccination.
(§300aa-13(a)(1)(A); § 300aa-11(c)(1)(C)(i); § 300aa-14(a); § 300aa-13(a)(1)(B).)

         In other cases, however, the vaccine recipient may have suffered an injury not of the type
covered in the Vaccine Injury Table. In such instances, an alternative means exists to
demonstrate entitlement to a Program award. That is, the petitioner may gain an award by
showing that the recipient’s injury was “caused-in-fact” by the vaccination in question. (§ 300aa-
13(a)(1)(A); § 300aa- 11(c)(1)(C)(ii).) In such a situation, of course, the presumptions available
under the Vaccine Injury Table are inoperative. The burden is on the petitioner to introduce
evidence demonstrating that the vaccination actually caused the injury in question. (Althen v.
HHS, 418 F.3d 1274, 1278 (Fed. Cir. 2005); Hines v. HHS, 940 F.2d 1518, 1525 (Fed. Cir.
1991).) The showing of “causation-in-fact” must satisfy the “preponderance of the evidence”
standard, the same standard ordinarily used in tort litigation. (§ 300aa 13(a)(1)(A); see also
Althen, 418 F.3d at 1278; Hines, 940 F.2d at 1525.) Under that standard, the petitioner must
show that it is “more probable than not” that the vaccination was the cause of the injury. (Althen,
418 F.3d at 1279.) The petitioner need not show that the vaccination was the sole cause or even
the predominant cause of the injury or condition, but must demonstrate that the vaccination was
at least a “substantial factor” in causing the condition, and was a “but for” cause. (Shyface v.
HHS, 165 F.3d 1344, 1352 (Fed. Cir. 1999).) Thus, the petitioner must supply “proof of a logical
sequence of cause and effect showing that the vaccination was the reason for the injury;” the
logical sequence must be supported by “reputable medical or scientific explanation, i.e., evidence
in the form of scientific studies or expert medical testimony.” (Althen, 418 F.3d at 1278; Grant v.
HHS, 956 F.2d 1144, 1148 (Fed. Cir. 1992).)

        The Althen court also provided additional discussion of the “causation-in-fact” standard,
as follows:

                                                 2
       Concisely stated, Althen’s burden is to show by preponderant evidence that the
       vaccination brought about her injury by providing: (1) a medical theory causally
       connecting the vaccination and the injury; (2) a logical sequence of cause and
       effect showing that the vaccination was the reason for the injury; and (3) a
       showing of a proximate temporal relationship between vaccination and injury. If
       Althen satisfies this burden, she is “entitled to recover unless the [government]
       shows, also by a preponderance of evidence, that the injury was in fact caused by
       factors unrelated to the vaccine.”

(Althen, 418 F.3d at 1278 (citations omitted).) The Althen court noted that a petitioner need not
necessarily supply evidence from medical literature supporting the petitioner’s causation
contention, so long as the petitioner supplies the medical opinion of an expert. (Id. at 1279-80.)
The court also indicated that, in finding causation, a Program fact-finder may rely upon
“circumstantial evidence,” which the court found to be consistent with the “system created by
Congress, in which close calls regarding causation are resolved in favor of injured claimants.”
(Id. at 1280.)

        Since Althen, the Federal Circuit has addressed the causation-in-fact standard in several
additional rulings, which have affirmed the applicability of the Althen test, and afforded further
instruction for resolving causation-in-fact issues. In Capizzano v. HHS, 440 F.3d 1317, 1326
(Fed. Cir. 2006), the court cautioned Program fact-finders against narrowly construing the
second element of the Althen test, confirming that circumstantial evidence and medical opinion,
sometimes in the form of notations of treating physicians in the vaccinee’s medical records, may
in a particular case be sufficient to satisfy that second element of the Althen test. Both Pafford v.
HHS, 451 F.3d 1352, 1355 (Fed. Cir. 2006), and Walther v. HHS, 485 F.3d 1146, 1150 (Fed. Cir.
2007), discussed the issue of which party bears the burden of ruling out potential non-vaccine
causes. DeBazan v. HHS, 539 F.3d 1347 (Fed. Cir. 2008), concerned an issue of what evidence
the special master may consider in deciding the initial question of whether the petitioner has met
her causation burden.

         Another important aspect of the causation-in-fact case law under the Program concerns
the factors that a special master should consider in evaluating the reliability of expert testimony
and other scientific evidence relating to causation issues. In Daubert v. Merrell Dow
Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 509 U.S. 579 (1993), the Supreme Court listed certain factors that federal
trial courts should utilize in evaluating proposed expert testimony concerning scientific issues. In
Terran v. HHS, 195 F.3d 1302, 1316 (Fed. Cir. 1999), the Federal Circuit ruled that it is
appropriate for special masters to utilize Daubert’s factors as a framework for evaluating the
reliability of causation in- fact theories presented in Program cases. One of the factors listed in
Daubert is whether the scientific theory “has been subjected to peer review and publication.”
(509 U.S. at 593.) The Court noted that while publication does not “necessarily” correlate with
reliability, since in some instances new theories will not yet have been published, nevertheless
“submission to the scrutiny of the scientific community is a component of ‘good science,’” so
that the “fact of publication (or lack thereof) in a peer reviewed journal thus will be a relevant,
though not dispositive, consideration in assessing the scientific validity” of a theory. (Id. at 593-
94.)

                                                  3
                                                      II

                             FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

    A. Facts

         Petitioners’ son, Scott Franklin, was born on July 2, 1995, and released from the hospital
on July 3, 1995. (Ex. 1, pp. 2-3.) On July 8, 1995, Scott was returned to the hospital due to a
high bilirubin level in order to undergo incubator light treatment, but was subsequently released
as a well-baby. (Id. 3) The records of Scott’s visits to his pediatrician during his first 15 months
of life appear to indicate generally normal health and development. (Ex. 3, pp. 9-17.)

        On October 7, 1996, at age 15 months, Scott received two immunizations--a measles,
mumps, and rubella (“MMR”) inoculation, and a “Tetramune” 4 inoculation, at Dr. Seibel’s
office. (Ex. 3.2, p. 1.) Scott returned to Dr. Seibel ten days later, on October 17, 1996. (Ex. 3.4,
p. 1.) The pediatrician’s notes concerning that visit indicate that Scott was “pulling at his ears,”
was “fussy,” had “loose stools,” and had “low grade,” apparently meaning a slight fever. (Id.)
The notes made by Scott’s mother concerning the same visit indicate that Scott was exhibiting
symptoms including, “appetite/diarrhea/tired/fever/grouchy/gassy/yellow/red spots.” (Ex. 46, p.
7.) Dr. Seibel concluded from the symptoms that Scott was “teething.” (Ex. 3.4, p. 1.)

        On July 16, 1997, during a two-year well-child visit to Dr. Seibel, the notation indicates
that Scott had previously spoken, but was now not speaking. (Ex. 3.5, p. 1.) According to the
record of that visit, Scott was not taking any medications, had no illness, and had not had any
reactions to his immunizations. (Id.) It was recommended that Scott’s parents contact Dr. Seibel
if improvement in speech did not occur in the following two to three months. (Id.)

       Scott visited Dr. Seibel on May 2, 1998, when it was noted that he was only saying two
words, “does not establish eye contact,” and “appears to ‘tune [Dr.Seibel] out.’” At that visit,
Scott was diagnosed with speech delay. (Ex. 3.5, p. 6.)

         Potential developmental delay was addressed at Scott’s three-year well-child examination
on August 11, 1998. (Ex. 3.5, p 7.) Scott’s mother expressed concerns about Scott’s continued
minimal speech, as well as difficulties in interacting with others and self-stimulating behavior.
(Id. at 8.) Dr. Seibel made a referral for an assessment of Scott’s possible developmental delay
and autism. (Id.)
3
  Petitioners filed Exhibits 1 through 6.1 with the petition, and additional exhibits on several
occasions thereafter. Respondent filed exhibits labeled from A to CC at various times. “Ex.”
references will be to those exhibits. “Tr.” references will be to the pages of the transcript of the
evidentiary hearing held on November 30, 2011.
4
 Tetramune is a combined immunization against diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, and haemophilus
influenza type B (“Hib”). Dorland’s Illustrated Medical Dictionary (31st ed. 2007), p. 1931.


                                                  4
        Scott was examined by Dr. Aftab Qadir, at the Arnold Palmer Hospital on September 9,
1998. (Ex. 5.1, p. 6.) There, his parents reported that Scott “just quit talking” before his sister
was born, about one year previously. (Id.) The remainder of the history was similar to that given
to Dr. Seibel during the visit of August 10, 1998, although Mrs. Franklin added that her father
and brother had “some of the same qualities as her son.” (Id.) The physician’s impression was
“Pervasive developmental disorder NOS” and “Speech and Language Disorder.” (Id. at 7.)

        Dr. John McReynolds evaluated Scott’s symptoms on October 20, 1998, and concluded
that he suffered from “pervasive developmental disorder and severe language disorder,” but
declined to identify a cause. (Ex. 31, p. 3.)

        On November 12, 1998, Scott was seen by Dr. Michael Pollack for an initial visit at the
Neurology Clinic of the Nemours Children’s Clinic. (Ex. 3.5, pp. 55-56.) The diagnostic
impression was “autistic disorder.” (Id. at 56.) Follow-up visits to Nemours Children’s Clinic
were made on January 6, January 22, and March 1, 1999, in which Scott was evaluated in the
divisions of Genetics and Metabolism, as well as Gastroenterology. (Ex. 3.5, pp. 49-54.) No
specific genetic or metabolic cause for Scott’s disorder was identified. (Id.)

       On January 13, 1999, Scott was evaluated by Dr. Jeff Bradstreet. (Ex. 6, p. 1.)
Dr. Bradstreet’s diagnosis was “autism.” (Id. at 3.) Dr. Cornelia Franz assessed Scott’s condition
on February 6, 2001, and identified it as “autism.” (Ex. 28, p. 3.)

        The medical records, in general, further indicate that Scott has continued to suffer, since
that time, from a severe developmental disorder, which has consistently been labeled as “autism”
or as a disorder falling within the autism spectrum. 5

B.     Procedural History

        The Petitioners, Andrea and Brian Franklin, filed their Program petition on October 1,
1999, alleging that Scott’s severe developmental disorder was caused by his MMR vaccination
of October 7, 1996. Proceedings were delayed for several years at Petitioners’ request, to give
them time to assemble and file medical records and expert reports. During 1999 to 2002,
Petitioners filed several expert reports of Dr. Jeff Bradstreet and Dr. John Menkes. (Exs. 6.1, 22,
23, 26.) Respondent filed “Rule 4 reports” indicating the view that compensation of the case was
not appropriate. (ECF No. 47; ECF No. 50.) Respondent also filed several expert reports,
opposing Petitioners’ claim. (Exs. A, C, E, G, K.)
5
 “Autism spectrum disorder” is a general classification which includes five different specific
disorders: Autistic Disorder, Childhood Disintegrative Disorder, Asperger’s Syndrome, Rett
Syndrome, and Pervasive Developmental Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS). King
v. HHS, No. 03-584V, 2009 WL 892296 at *5 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Feb. 12, 2010). The term
“autism” is often utilized to encompass all of the five types of disorders falling within the autism
spectrum. (Id.) Scott’s own disorder has been characterized as “autistic disorder” (Ex. 3.5 at pp.
55-56); as PDD-NOS (Ex. 5.1, p. 3); or simply as “autism” (Ex. 6, p. 3), all of which labels
indicate that Scott’s disorder falls within the general category known as “autism” or “autism
spectrum disorder.”

                                                 5
        From 2003 until January 15, 2008, there was no activity in the case, again at the
Petitioners’ request, as the Petitioners chose to await the outcome of the Omnibus Autism
Proceeding (“OAP”) test cases. The Omnibus Autism Proceeding was a general proceeding
under the Program in which attorneys representing about 5,000 different Program petitioners
worked together in an attempt to demonstrate that certain types of vaccines, including the MMR
vaccine, can cause the neurodevelopmental disorder known as “autism.” 6

        On January 15, 2008, Petitioners were ordered to file all medical records relating to
Scott’s illness, as well as a statement addressing whether they wanted to continue, or await the
outcome of the OAP. (ECF No. 69.) On February 19, 2008, Petitioners filed a “Statement of
Compliance,” indicating that they had filed all relevant medical records. (ECF No. 70.)

        On June 4, 2008, Petitioners filed an Amendment to their petition, raising an “alternative”
allegation that if Scott’s developmental disorder was not initially caused by his MMR
vaccination, it was significantly aggravated by that vaccination. (ECF No. 75.)

        On February 12, 2009, three special masters separately issued decisions in the first three
“test cases” in the OAP: Cedillo v. HHS, No. 98-916V, 2009 WL 331968 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr.
Feb. 12, 2009); Snyder v. HHS, No. 01-162V, 2009 WL 332044 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Feb. 12,
2009); and Hazlehurst v. HHS, No. 03-654V, 2009 WL 332306 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Feb. 12,
2009). All three decisions determined that the evidence failed to demonstrate any general causal
connection between the MMR vaccine and the development of autism spectrum disorders. These
decisions were each subsequently affirmed, on appeal, by three different judges of the U.S. Court
of Federal Claims. Hazlehurst v. HHS, 88 Fed. Cl. 473 (2009); Snyder v. HHS, 88 Fed. Cl. 706
(2009); Cedillo v. HHS, 89 Fed. Cl. 158 (2009). Subsequently, the two cases that were appealed
to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, Cedillo and Hazlehurst, were again
affirmed. Cedillo v. HHS, 617 F.3d 1328 (Fed. Cir. 2010); Hazlehurst v. HHS, 604 F.3d 1343
(Fed. Cir. 2010). (The Snyder case was not appealed to the Federal Circuit.)

       In March 2010, the same three special masters issued three more opinions in three more
OAP “test cases,” this time rejecting the second causation theory presented in the OAP, that
thimerosal-containing vaccines can cause autism. King v. HHS, No. 03-584V, 2010 WL 892296
(Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Mar. 12, 2010); Mead v. HHS, No. 03-215V, 2010 WL 892248 (Fed. Cl.
Spec. Mstr. Mar. 12, 2010); Dwyer v. HHS, No. 03-1202V, 2010 WL 892250 (Fed. Cl. Spec.
Mstr. Mar. 12, 2010). None of those decisions were appealed.

        The Petitioners in this case, after the first three OAP test case decisions were issued,
informed the court that they now wished to proceed with their claim, and would be filing a new
expert opinion in support. On April 26, 2010, Petitioners filed an expert medical report from
Dr. J. Ivan Lopez. (Pet. Ex. 38.) Shortly thereafter, Petitioners filed a supplemental expert report
from Dr. Lopez, as well as an affidavit from Cornelia Franz, M.D. (Pet. Exs. 39, 42.)
Respondent filed responsive expert reports from Dr. Neal Halsey and Dr. Max Wiznitzer. (Resp.

6
 For further discussion of the OAP, see Cedillo v. HHS, No. 98-916V, 2009 WL 331968 (Fed.
Cl. Spec. Mstr. Feb. 12, 2009), at *8-11.

                                                 6
Exs. P, Q.) Petitioners filed another supplemental expert report from Dr. Lopez on February 17,
2011. (Pet. Ex. 43.)

         After Petitioners and Respondent filed their expert reports in 2010 and 2011, I conducted
an evidentiary hearing on November 30, 2011. At that hearing, Petitioners relied solely on the
testimony of Dr. Lopez, while Respondent presented oral testimony from Drs. Wiznitzer and
Halsey. At the hearing, I requested that the parties file post-hearing briefs. Petitioners’ post-
hearing brief was filed on April 30, 2012, and Respondent’s post-hearing brief was filed on
July 3, 2012. On August 16, 2012, Petitioners’ counsel informed the court that he did not intend
to file a post-hearing reply brief. Thus, the case is now ripe for a ruling concerning the issue of
“entitlement,” i.e., whether Petitioners have demonstrated that they are entitled to a Program
award on Scott’s behalf.

                                                III

                                   ISSUE TO BE DECIDED

        In this case, Petitioners seek a Program award, contending that the developmental
disorder from which Scott suffers was “caused-in-fact” by an “encephalopathy” resulting from
one of the vaccinations that he received on October 7, 1996. After careful consideration, I
conclude that Petitioners have failed to demonstrate causation. 7

       Petitioners’ theory of the case, as presented at the evidentiary hearing and in their post-
hearing brief, may be briefly summarized as follows. Petitioners contend that Scott’s condition
of severe developmental delay, described above at pp. 4-5, should not be considered an autism
spectrum disorder (“ASD”). Petitioners contend that Scott’s condition, instead, was caused by
an “encephalopathy” (brain injury) resulting from one of the vaccinations that he received on
October 7, 1996. (See “Petitioners’ Post Trial Memorandum” filed on April 30, 2012, at pp. 17-
21.)

       Respondent disagrees, contending that Petitioners have failed to meet the burden of
proving causation. Respondent argues that Scott’s clinical history, in the days after the
vaccinations in question, is inconsistent with the “encephalopathy” that Petitioners allege.
Respondent’s experts believe that Scott has a typical case of ASD, which has nothing to do with
any vaccinations.




7
  Petitioners have the burden of demonstrating the facts necessary for entitlement to an award by
a “preponderance of the evidence.” 300aa-13(a)(1)(A). Under that standard, the existence of a
fact must be shown to be “more probable than its nonexistence.” In re Winship, 397 U.S. 358,
371 (1970) (Harlan, J., concurring).

                                                 7
       After carefully considering all of the evidence in the record, I must reject Petitioners’
     8
claim that Scott’s severe neurodevelopmental condition, which has been characterized as an
ASD, was caused by one of his vaccinations.

                                                IV

     SUMMARY OF EXPERT WITNESSES’ QUALIFICATIONS AND OPINIONS

       In this case, each side relies upon the expert reports and hearing testimony of medical
experts. At this point, I will briefly summarize both the qualifications and the opinions of those
expert witnesses.

A.       Petitioners’ experts

1.       Dr. J. Ivan Lopez

        Dr. J. Ivan Lopez attended La Salle University School of Medicine from 1977 to 1982.
(Ex. 44. at 9.) He completed his residency in orthopedic surgery in Mexico City between 1984
and 1988. (Id. at 3.) He completed his pediatric residency at the University of South Alabama
Department of Pediatrics from 1992 to 1993, followed by his neurology residency, at the
University of South Alabama, from 1993 to 1997. (Id. at 2.) From 1997 to 2003, Dr. Lopez
worked in private practice in both Florida and Georgia. (Id.) He became an Assistant Clinical
Professor of Pediatrics at Mercer University School of Medicine in 2002, and then an Associate
Professor of Neurology at the University of South Alabama in 2003, where he continued to work
in various capacities until 2009. During the time of his testimony in this case, Dr. Lopez was an
Associate Professor of Neurology and Pediatrics at the University of Alabama in Birmingham.
(Id.; Tr. 69.) He is board-certified by the American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology, with a
special qualification in Child Neurology. (Ex. 44, p. 13.)

       Dr. Lopez filed an expert report in this case on April 26, 2010, Exhibit 38; a
supplemental report, on October 12, 2010, Exhibit 42; and an additional supplemental report on
February 17, 2011, Exhibit 43. Dr. Lopez also testified at the evidentiary hearing in Orlando,
Florida, on November 30, 2011.

2.       Dr. Cornelia Franz

        Dr. Franz is a board-certified pediatrician, in practice for 25 years in Orlando, Florida.
(Ex. 39 at 1.) She attended Wake Forest University as an undergraduate, and subsequently
received her medical degree from Bowman Gray School of Medicine in Winston-Salem, North
Carolina. (Id.) She completed her pediatric internship in Lexington, Kentucky. (Id.) Following
her internship, she did a fellowship in Adolescent Medicine at Cincinnati Children’s Hospital.
(Id.) Dr. Franz was the founder of The Franz Center in Orlando, Florida, wherein she conducts a

8
 Petitioners’ claim in this case is solely a “causation-in-fact” claim. They do not argue that Scott
suffered a “Table Injury” encephalopathy, as that injury is defined in the applicable regulations.
(See, e.g., “Petitioners’ Post Trial Memorandum,” filed on April 30, 2012.)

                                                 8
practice which specializes in general pediatrics. (Id.) She routinely provides vaccines to patients
as part of pediatric care, and has privileges at the Arnold Palmer Hospital for Children and
Women in Orlando. (Id.)

3.     Summary of opinions of Petitioners’ experts

         Petitioners ultimately relied most heavily on the opinion of Dr. Lopez, who was the only
expert that they presented at the evidentiary hearing. In his three written expert reports (Exs. 38,
42, 43), and in his hearing testimony (Tr. 68-133, 273-281), Dr. Lopez opined that one of the
vaccinations that Scott received on October 7, 1996, caused him to suffer an “encephalopathy”--
i.e., a brain injury--which encephalopathy caused Scott’s subsequent developmental disorder.

       In his third written report, Dr. Lopez proposed a mechanism by which the vaccination
caused the brain injury, a process known as “molecular mimicry.” (Ex. 43, p. 1.) In this process,
he explained, some portion of the vaccine “closely resembles the molecular structure of the
myelin sheath of the neurons, thereby confusing the immune system of the individual.” (Id.) In
other words, because of this resemblance, the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks the
neurons, which are a component of the brain, in what is known as an “autoimmune” process.
Dr. Lopez also described this process as a “post-vaccination encephalomyelitis,” meaning a
swelling of the myelin sheath of the brain, due to the misguided attack by the immune system.
(Ex. 38, p. 2.)

       In further explanation, Dr. Lopez opined that Scott’s developmental disorder, while it
does include symptoms similar to those of autism, should not be characterized as “autism.”
Dr. Lopez opined that if a cause is known for a disorder such as Scott’s, that disorder is thereby
disqualified from the category of autism. (Ex. 42, p. 1; Ex. 43, p. 1.)

        Petitioners also rely, secondarily, on the opinion of Dr. Franz, who has been Scott’s
treating pediatrician. 9 Dr. Franz did not testify at the evidentiary hearing, but supplied an
affidavit, which stated that “[b]ased on my 25 years of experience as a pediatrician, and after
reviewing the photographs and DVD footage supplied to me, it is my opinion that Scott Patrick
Franklin* * * was developing normally and meeting appropriate milestones for his age at 11
months. He thereafter suffered some form of neurologic injury, which resulted in loss of
language and regression in behavior and most likely permanent injury to his brain.” (Ex. 39,
9
 As noted above, soon after they filed their petition, Petitioners filed written reports of two other
experts, Dr. James Jeffrey Bradstreet and Dr. John Menkes. (Exs. 6.1, 21, 22, 23, 26.) However,
as also noted, they then chose not to pursue their case to a ruling at that time, but chose instead to
wait for the outcome of the Omnibus Autism Proceeding. After the publication of the autism
“test case” opinions described above (see p. 6), petitioners elected not to rely upon the opinions
of Dr. Bradstreet and Dr. Menkes, but to instead rely solely upon the opinions of Drs. Lopez and
Franz. (See, e.g., Tr. 153.) Accordingly, I have not analyzed the opinions of Dr. Bradstreet and
Dr. Menkes in this Decision. However, I note that I have read the reports of Drs. Bradstreet and
Menkes, and have found them to be unpersuasive. Moreover, I found those opinions to be
persuasively refuted by the experts reports of Drs. Wiznitzer and Halsey filed by Respondent,
particularly Exs. C and E.


                                                  9
p. 2.) Dr. Franz added that Scott’s neurodevelopmental disorder “would be consistent with an
encephalopathic reaction to vaccination,” and that “more likely than not his neurological damage
was caused by encephalopathy after vaccination.” (Id.)




B.     Respondent’s experts

       Respondent has relied primarily on the expert reports and testimony of two experts, Drs.
Wiznitzer and Halsey. 10

1.     Dr. Max Wiznitzer

       Dr. Max Wiznitzer is a pediatric neurologist with an active clinical and research practice,
who has diagnosed and treated thousands of children with ASDs. (Tr. 208-10, 213; see also Ex
BB.) Dr. Wiznitzer received a B.S. in Medical Education in 1975 from Northwestern University.
(Ex. D at 1.) He received his M.D. from Northwestern University in 1977. (Id.) Dr. Wiznitzer
completed his residency in pediatrics at the Children’s Hospital Medical Center of Cincinnati
from 1977 through 1980, and thereafter completed his fellowship in developmental disorders at
the Cincinnati Center for Developmental Disorders in 1981. (Id.)

        Dr. Wiznitzer is board-certified in pediatrics, pediatric neurology, and
neurodevelopmental disabilities. (Tr. 204.) He is an Associate Professor of Pediatrics,
Neurology and International Health at Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine,
and a staff child neurologist at the Rainbow Babies and Children’s Hospital in Cleveland, Ohio.
(Tr. 202-03.) Dr. Wiznitzer is a member of the American Academy of Neurology, the American
Academy of Pediatrics (“AAP”), and the Child Neurology Society. (Tr. 204, 206.) He sits on the
AAP’s Executive Committee for the Council on Children with Disabilities, and is the neurology
representative to the Autism Subcommittee of the AAP. (Tr. 210-11.) He has also extensively
researched and published articles and papers on autism. (Tr. 212-13; see also Ex. BB.)

2.     Dr. Neal Halsey

        Dr. Halsey received a B.S. in Zoology from the University of Wisconsin in 1967. He
then received his M.D. from the University of Wisconsin in 1971. (Ex. F at 1.) In 1972, Dr.
Halsey completed an internship at the Children’s Hospital, Denver, Colorado. (Id.) He was then a
General Medical Officer of the Indian Health Service at the U.S. Public Health Service Hospital
in Fort Yates, North Dakota, from 1973 to 1974. (Id.; Tr. 158.) Dr. Halsey completed his
residency at the University of Colorado Medical Center from 1974 to 1975. (Ex. F at 2.)
10
  Respondent also filed expert reports of Drs. John MacDonald and John Sever. However, those
reports primarily were devoted to refuting the petitioners’ early expert reports of Drs. Bradstreet
and Menkes. Accordingly, while I have read the reports of Drs. MacDonald and Sever, they
have not played any role in my resolution of this case.

                                                10
         Additionally, Dr. Halsey has served as a professor at Tulane University from 1980
through 1985, in both the Department of Pediatrics and the Department of Tropical Medicine.
(Id. at 2.) Dr. Halsey also has served at The Johns Hopkins University, School of Hygiene and
Public Health, from 1985 to present, and works primarily in the International Health Department,
with a primary office in the Institute for Vaccine Safety. (Ex. F at 2; Tr. 159-60.) Dr. Halsey has
also served in many medical organizations and written many publications regarding
immunization. (See generally Ex. F; Tr. 162.)

       Dr. Halsey is board-certified in pediatrics and in pediatric infectious diseases. (Tr. 158.)
During Dr. Halsey’s time at the Indian Health Service, he dealt with a measles epidemic and
conducted an investigation about the measles vaccine and its ability to protect against disease.
(Tr. 159.)

        Additionally, Dr. Halsey has written over 200 peer-reviewed publications on vaccine-
preventable diseases and immunizations, has authored or co-authored over 40 book chapters
pertaining to immunizations, and has been a reviewer or editor for dozens of journals. (Tr. 162-
63.) Dr. Halsey has served on advisory committees for the American Academy of Pediatrics,
particularly the Committee for Infectious Diseases, which he chaired for four years. (Tr. at 162.)
He has also served ten years in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s Advisory
Committee for Immunization Practices. (Tr. 162.) Furthermore, Dr. Halsey served seven years
on the World Health Organization’s Research and Development Committee for the expanded
program on immunization. (Tr. 161-62.)

3.     Summary of opinions of Respondent’s experts

         Respondent’s experts strongly disagree with Dr. Lopez’ assertion that any of Scott’s
vaccinations caused, or have had any effect on, his ongoing developmental disorder. In response
to Dr. Lopez’ argument that Scott does not have autism, Dr. Wiznitzer testified that Dr. Lopez
“is totally wrong” in his definition and understanding of autism. (Tr. 226-27.) Dr. Wiznitzer
testified that, contrary to Dr. Lopez’ testimony, autism is not a “murky” or a “vague” term. (Tr.
226.) Rather, “[a]utism is a well-defined entity. We know what it is.” (Tr. 226.) Dr. Wiznitzer
agrees with Scott’s treating physicians, who opined that Scott has an ASD, and explained that
Dr. Lopez is simply wrong in his contention that for an individual to be considered autistic, the
cause of the disorder must be unknown. (Tr. 227, 243.)

        Further, both Dr. Wiznitzer and Dr. Halsey strongly disagreed with Dr. Lopez’ opinion
that Scott suffered an encephalopathy in the ten days after his vaccinations of October 7, 1996.
Both discussed Scott’s symptoms that were reported during Scott’s return visit on October 17,
1996, and opined that such symptoms did not indicate that Scott was suffering from an
encephalopathic process at that time. (Ex. P, p. 1; Ex. Q, p. 3; Tr. 167-71, 240-42, 283-85.)




                                                 11
                                                  V

     RESPONDENT’S EXPERTS WERE FAR MORE PERSUASIVE IN GENERAL

        For all of the reasons set forth in this section and the sections of this Decision below, I
conclude that Petitioners have failed to demonstrate that it is “more probable than not” that
Scott’s vaccinations of October 7, 1996, played any role in causing or aggravating his severe
neurodevelopmental disorder. And the first of the reasons for this conclusion is simply that I
found Respondent’s primary experts, Drs. Wiznitzer and Halsey, to be far more persuasive than
the experts upon whom Petitioners relied, Drs. Lopez and Franz.

A. Qualifications

        In this regard, I start with the qualifications of the opposing experts relative to the issues
raised by Petitioners’ claim. In short, the credentials of Respondent’s experts are vastly superior.
Scott is a child who has been given a diagnosis within the autism spectrum by several of his
treating physicians, and as a part of his opinion in this case Dr. Lopez argues that such autism
diagnosis is not a proper diagnosis for Scott. However, Dr. Wiznitzer disputes that part of
Dr. Lopez’s opinion, and, with regards to the topic of autism, Dr. Wiznitzer is far more qualified
than Dr. Lopez.

        Dr. Wiznitzer regularly diagnoses and treats autism as a major part of his everyday
clinical practice. (Tr. 209, 218.) He has participated with national committees in designing
protocols for the screening and diagnosis of autism. (Tr. 211.) He has participated in developing
protocols for treating autism as well. (Tr. 212.) He has participated in major research projects
concerning autism. (Tr. 212-13.) And he has published articles about autism. (Tr. 213.)

        In contrast to Dr. Wiznitzer, Dr. Lopez acknowledged that in his clinical practice, he does
not treat autism, nor diagnose autism. (Tr. 134, 145.) He has never been involved in studies of
autism. (Tr. 143.) He has published no articles about autism. (Tr. 144.)

        In a similar fashion, Dr. Halsey is far more qualified than Dr. Lopez in terms of
knowledge of the causation of disease by the measles vaccine and other vaccines. Dr. Halsey is
board-certified in the area of pediatric infectious disease. (Tr. 158.) In a long and distinguished
career, he has served in many medical organizations concerning vaccinations. (See generally Ex.
F; Tr. 162.) He has served as the director of the Institute of Vaccine Safety at the Johns Hopkins
Hospital. (Tr. 160.) He served for ten years on the Committee on Infectious Disease of the
American Academy of Pediatrics, including four years as its chair. (Tr. 162.) He served for
seven years on the immunization committee of the World Health Organization. (Tr. 161-62.) He
has written more than 200 peer-reviewed publications concerning immunizations and vaccine-
preventable diseases, has authored or co-authored over 40 book chapters pertaining to
immunizations, and has been a reviewer or editor for dozens of medical journals. (Tr. 162-63.)

       In contrast to Dr. Halsey, Dr. Lopez claimed no special experience concerning vaccines,
vaccine-preventable diseases, or vaccine-safety issues. He acknowledged that he has never



                                                  12
studied the measles vaccine, and has published no written material concerning vaccines. (Tr.
143-144.)

B. General deficiencies in Dr. Lopez’ testimony

        But even more importantly than the vast gap in qualifications, between Dr. Lopez and
Respondent’s primary experts, was the even greater gap in the experts’ ability to explain their
opinions. The written reports and hearing testimony of both Drs. Wiznitzer and Halsey seemed
to me to be coherent and logical. In contrast, the written reports of Dr. Lopez were short and not
well explained, while his hearing testimony was often poorly explained, self-contradictory, and
less than logical.

        In fact, throughout his participation in the case, I often had difficulty understanding
exactly what the opinion of Dr. Lopez was, much less his reasoning for that opinion. For
example, Dr. Lopez began his first expert report by quoting a one-paragraph description of a
well-known condition that was often seen after infection with the wild measles virus, commonly
known as “measles encephalitis” or “measles encephalopathy.” (See Ex. 38, p. 1, first
paragraph. 11) That caused me, Respondent’s experts, and apparently even Petitioners’ own
attorney (see, e.g., Tr. 81-82, 93) to believe that Dr. Lopez was identifying Scott’s MMR
vaccination, particularly the measles vaccine, as the culprit in Scott’s disorder, and was opining
that Scott had suffered from a form of “measles encephalopathy” or “measles encephalitis.” 12
Then, during his hearing testimony on direct exam, Dr. Lopez again referred to the same
description of “measles encephalopathy” with which he had begun his first expert report (Tr. 81,
line 19, to Tr. 82, line 2), and testified explicitly that such description did fit the description of
Scott’s case set forth in Scott’s medical records. (Tr. 82, lines 7-11.) Again, this testimony of
Dr. Lopez made it appear that he was opining that Scott suffered from the well-recognized
condition of “measles encephalopathy” or “measles encephalitis.”

        However, Dr. Halsey, the renowned measles expert, then testified that while “measles
encephalitis” was well-recognized as occurring after infection by the measles virus, and
occasionally after exposure to the measles vaccine, in contrast, Scott’s symptoms, as described in
his visit 10 days after his vaccinations in question, were nothing like the well-recognized
“measles encephalitis” condition. (Tr. 167-71.)

       In response, Dr. Lopez changed or clarified his testimony in a fairly drastic way.
Suddenly, he now “agreed with Dr. Halsey that Scott didn’t have measles encephalitis.” (Tr.
274.) Dr. Lopez added that he “didn’t recall” saying that Scott had “measles encephalitis” (id. at
11
  That paragraph turns out to have been mostly a direct quote from an article by Dr. Menkes,
which appears at Ex. 22a, p. 681, in this case. However, in his Ex. 38 Dr. Lopez neither used
quotation marks nor indicated where the material was from.
12
  In both his Ex. 38 (p. 1) and during his hearing testimony, Dr. Lopez quoted from the Menkes
textbook excerpt, in which this well recognized post-measles condition is described as
“encephalopathy” (see Tr. 81, line 19). However, as Dr. Halsey testified, this condition is more
often called “measles encephalitis.” (Tr. 169-72, 177.)


                                                  13
line 19), and seemed to suggest that if he had so stated, his statement had been a “mistake” (id. at
line 20). Dr. Lopez then appeared to opine that Scott had suffered a different type of
encephalopathic reaction to a vaccination, with much less drastic symptoms than those of classic
“measles encephalitis.” (Tr. 274-79.)

         Dr. Lopez also “clarified” at the hearing, under cross-examination, another crucial point
that was far from clear in his written reports. He explained that it was not necessarily the
measles vaccine that caused Scott’s condition, but could have been any of the seven separate
vaccines that Scott received on October 7, 1996. (Tr. 104.) (As noted above, Scott received the
measles, mumps, and rubella vaccinations, as part of the MMR inoculation, and also the
diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, and haemophilus influenza type B vaccinations, as the four
components of the Tetramune immunization.) This testimony again undermined Dr. Lopez’
reliability as an expert, because he had begun his first expert report with a quotation that seemed
to attribute Scott’s condition to a measles vaccination, and then specifically indicated in his
direct examination that Scott suffered from “measles encephalopathy.” (Tr. 93, lines 18-21.) In
other words, Dr. Lopez’ apparent ambivalence as to whether he was pointing specifically to the
measles vaccine, or generally to any of the seven vaccines, cast doubt on his reliability.

       There were other glaring flaws and self-contradictions in Dr. Lopez’ reports and hearing
testimony that diminished his persuasiveness as an expert. For example, in his first expert report,
Dr. Lopez stated that there was evidence that Scott was suffering from a condition known as
subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (“SSPE”). (Ex. 38, p. 2.) But then, in his second report,
Dr. Lopez discarded that allegation, admitting that Scott did not suffer from SSPE. (Ex. 42,
p. 1.)

       Similarly, Dr. Lopez opined in his second written report that Scott was suffering from an
“ongoing and persistent autoimmune process.” (Ex. 42, p. 1, part (c).) Yet, in his hearing
testimony, he changed his opinion on that point as well, stating that Scott was not suffering from
an ongoing autoimmune process. (Tr. 101.)

        There were other major discrepancies in Dr. Lopez’ logic that made him seem, in the
final analysis, to be very unpersuasive. Two of those flaws will be described at length in the next
two sections of this Decision. First, Dr. Lopez insisted that Scott’s condition should not be
labeled “autism,” for a very strange reason, despite the fact that Scott’s treating physicians have
consistently diagnosed him with autism. (See part VI of this Decision below.) Second,
Dr. Lopez’ entire opinion is dependent on a description of symptoms that Scott displayed about
10 days after his vaccinations in question, when in fact such symptoms, as actually described in
the medical records, seem to be very minor ones. (See part VII of this Decision below.) Again,
Dr. Lopez’ analysis of these symptoms seemed illogical on its face, even before being
thoroughly refuted by respondent’s more qualified experts.

       In contrast to the vagueness, ambivalence, self-contradiction, and illogic of Dr. Lopez’
testimony, the testimony of Drs. Wiznitzer and Halsey was coherent, consistent, and logical
throughout.




                                                 14
        To be sure, I do not conclude that Dr. Lopez was intentionally being less than candid and
honest. Nor do I have any reason to doubt that Dr. Lopez is a competent clinical practitioner in
his field. My conclusion is simply that, in general, the presentations of Drs. Wiznitzer and
Halsey in this case were far more persuasive than that of Dr. Lopez. 13

                                                VI

          DR. LOPEZ WAS UNPERSUASIVE IN ARGUING THAT AUTISM IS
                  NOT AN ACCURATE DIAGNOSIS FOR SCOTT

        As noted above, a key part of Dr. Lopez’ opinion in this case is that he believes that
Scott’s neurodevelopmental disorder should not be considered to be within the autism spectrum.
Dr. Lopez has opined that if one can identify a cause for a neurodevelopmental disorder, which
he believes that he has for Scott’s disorder (i.e., a vaccination cause), then such disorder should
not be considered to be autism. (E.g., Ex. 42, p. 1; Ex. 43, p. 1.)

        However, based upon the record of this case, I conclude that Dr. Lopez is simply wrong
on this point.

        First, as explained above (pp. 10-12), Dr. Wiznitzer is far better qualified than Dr. Lopez
to opine concerning the topic of autism. And Dr. Wiznitzer testified persuasively that Dr. Lopez
is “totally wrong” in his understanding of autism. (Tr. 226.) Dr. Wiznitzer testified that
Dr. Lopez was incorrect to state that if a specific cause can be identified, then the disorder is
thereby not autism. (Tr. 227.) Dr. Wiznitzer listed several types of autism for which specific
causes are known. (Id.) Dr. Wiznitzer testified that autism is clearly the correct diagnosis for
Scott. (Ex. P, p. 1; Tr. 243.)

        Further, Scott’s medical records show that his own treating physicians have consistently
identified Scott as having a disorder within the autism spectrum. For example, on November 12,
1998, Scott was given the diagnosis of “autistic disorder” by Dr. Michael Pollack. (Ex. 3.5, p.
56.) On September 9, 1998, Dr. Aftab Qadir noted that Scott has “pervasive developmental
13
  I have found two instances in which other special masters of this court have commented on the
opinions offered by Dr. Lopez in Vaccine Act cases. In Banks v. HHS, 2007 WL 2296047, at
*13 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. July 20, 2007), Special Master Abell relied upon the opinion of
Dr. Lopez, finding him to be “personally and professionally credible.”

On the other hand, a vaccine-causation opinion by Dr. Lopez was recently rejected emphatically
by Special Master Vowell in Henderson v. HHS, No. 09-616V, 2012 WL 5194060 (Fed. Cl.
Spec. Mstr. Sept. 28, 2012). In that case, as in this one, Dr. Lopez opined that a
neurodevelopmental disorder, which had been described as “autism,” should not be considered to
be autism because Dr. Lopez considered it to have been vaccine-caused. Special Master Vowell
rejected that opinion as incorrect, just as I do in this case. (2012 WL 594060 at *13, and fn. 49.)
Referring to Dr. Lopez’ causation opinion in the Henderson case in general, Special Master
Vowell stated that a “better example of both circular and post hoc, ergo propter hoc reasoning
would be difficult to find.” (Id. at *3.)


                                                 15
disorder NOS,” another diagnosis within the autism spectrum. 14 (Ex. 5.1, p. 3--see also fn. 5
above.) On January 13, 1999, Dr. Jeff Bradstreet stated that Scott’s disorder was “autism.” (Ex.
6, p. 3.) Dr. Cornelia Franz also diagnosed Scott’s condition as “autism.” (Ex. 28, pp. 1-3.)

       In short, the record of this case indicates that Dr. Lopez is quite wrong in this part of his
opinion. Contrary to the opinion of Dr. Lopez, Scott clearly does suffer, tragically, from a
disorder within the autism spectrum.

                                                 VII

             THE EVIDENCE DOES NOT SUPPORT A CONCLUSION THAT
                 SCOTT’S SYMPTOMS OF OCTOBER 17, 1996, WERE
                     INDICATIVE OF AN ENCEPHALOPATHY

        As explained above, the second major component of Dr. Lopez’ opinion in this case is his
interpretation of the symptoms that Scott experienced about 10 days after his vaccinations on
October 7, 1996. As noted, Scott returned to Dr. Seibel ten days later, on October 17, 1996, and
the physician’s notes concerning the visit indicate that Scott was “pulling at his ears,” was
“fussy,” had “loose stools,” and had “low grade,” apparently meaning a slight fever. (Ex. 3.4,
p. 1.) The notes made by Scott’s mother concerning the same visit indicate that Scott was
exhibiting symptoms including, “appetite/diarrhea/tired/fever/grouchy/gassy/yellow-red spots.”
(Ex. 46, p. 7.) Dr. Lopez has interpreted those symptoms to indicate that Scott was suffering at
that time from an “encephalopathy”--i.e., a brain injury--caused by a misguided reaction of his
immune system to one of the seven vaccines that Scott received on October 7. (Exs. 38, 42, 43;
Tr. 72-73.) However, consideration of the entire record makes me conclude that Dr. Lopez is
quite mistaken in his interpretation of those symptoms. There are two major reasons for this
conclusion.

         First, Scott’s treating pediatrician at the time, Dr. Siebel, noted those symptoms, but was
apparently not alarmed at all by them. The pediatrician clearly did not conclude from those
symptoms that Scott was undergoing an encephalopathy, since he did not send Scott to a hospital
or to a specialist. Based on those symptoms, the treating pediatrician concluded instead that
Scott was “teething.” (Ex. 3.4, p. 1.) It is quite dubious that Dr. Lopez’ re-interpretation, years
later, of the written notations concerning Scott’s symptoms, would be more reliable than the
assessment of the pediatrician who actually examined Scott at the time.

       Further, Dr. Seibel specifically noted on July 16, 1997, 10 months after the shots in
question, that Scott had not suffered any “immunization reaction.” (Ex. 3.5 at 1.)



14
  In their post-hearing brief, petitioners point out that one of Scott’s physicians, Dr. Qadir,
diagnosed him not with “autism” but with “Pervasive Developmental Disorder--NOS”). (Brief
at p. 7, para. 33; Ex. 5.1, p. 3.) However, “Pervasive Developmental Disorder Not Otherwise
Specified,” also known as “PDD-NOS,” in fact, is one of the disorders included within the
autism spectrum. See, e.g., Tr. 262-63; King v. HHS, No. 03-584V, 2010 WL 892296 at *5 (Fed.
Cl. Spec. Mstr. Feb. 12, 2010).

                                                 16
        Second, Respondent’s experts were quite persuasive in their opinions that Dr. Lopez’
interpretation of Scott’s symptoms was grossly mistaken. Dr. Halsey testified strongly in this
regard. (Tr. 167-76.) Dr. Halsey noted that the pediatrician’s notation that Scott “drinks well,”
in the notes of the October 17 visit (Ex. 3.4, p. 1), contradicts Dr. Lopez’ conclusion that Scott
was suffering from an encephalopathy at that time. (Tr. 168.) Dr. Halsey summarized that
Dr. Lopez’ interpretation of Scott’s symptoms “just doesn’t make sense; it doesn’t meet
anybody’s case definition for encephalopathy.” (Tr. 167.) Dr. Halsey explained that an infant’s
symptoms would have to be much more severe to justify a conclusion that the child was
undergoing an encephalopathy. (Tr. 168, 170, 171, 200-201.)

        Dr. Wiznitzer also testified that the symptoms in Scott’s records do not justify Dr. Lopez’
inference of an encephalopathy. (Tr. 240-42.) Dr. Wiznitzer, like Dr. Halsey, pointed to the
notation that Scott was drinking well at the time, as indicative that Scott was not
encephalopathic. (Tr. 241.) Dr. Wiznitzer explained that the pediatric records did not indicate
any impairment of Scott’s consciousness or significant change in his mental status. (Tr. 240-41.)
He opined that if Scott were actually undergoing an encephalopathy, the pediatrician would have
recognized it. (Tr. 241.) And he also noted that if Scott had suffered a post-vaccination
encephalopathy, that would have appeared on Scott’s MRI as damage to the gray matter of his
brain, which it did not. (Tr. 231-32.)

         In this regard, I also note that Dr. Lopez’ testimony on this point changed significantly
during the evidentiary hearing. As explained above (p. 13), after the measles expert, Dr. Halsey,
testified that Scott’s symptoms on October 17 could not possibly justify a diagnosis of the well-
recognized condition of “measles encephalitis,” Dr. Lopez then seemed to opine that Scott had a
different type of reaction to a vaccination, with much less drastic symptoms than those of classic
“measles encephalitis.” (Tr. 274-79.) However, Dr. Halsey then testified in rebuttal that he also
disagreed with Dr. Lopez’ new theory that Scott experienced not classic “measles encephalitis,”
but some type of lesser encephalopathic reaction that could have been caused by any of the seven
vaccines that Scott received on October 7, 1996. (Tr. 282-86.) Dr. Halsey, with his extensive
background in the field of vaccines and vaccine safety issues, testified that he knew of no
evidence whatsoever to support the Dr. Lopez’ theory that one of the vaccines that Scott received
could have caused an encephalopathy that began with Scott’s very mild symptoms of
October 17, 1996, but went on to result in Scott’s severe permanent neurodevelopmental
disorder. (Tr. 283-285.) Dr. Halsey testified that Dr. Lopez’ proposed scenario is neither
plausible nor reasonable. (Tr. 285, 289-90.) 15

        In short, based on the record as a whole I must reject the essence of Dr. Lopez’ opinion,
that based upon the symptoms that Scott experienced about October 17, 1996, he suffered a
vaccine-caused encephalopathy that also caused his permanent, severe neurodevelopmental
disorder. That theory of Dr. Lopez seems extremely unlikely on its face, because it is based
15
  Petitioners asserted in their post-hearing brief that Dr. Halsey “conceded” that it would be
“plausible” that a vaccine “might” cause an encephalopathy “that occurred within a few days of
vaccination.” (Post-Trial Memo, p. 11, para. 59; see Tr. 284-85.) But Dr. Halsey then went on
specifically to explain that there was no reason to suppose that the type of mild symptoms
displayed by Scott about October 17, 1996, were evidence of an encephalopathy. (Tr. 285, 289-
90.)

                                                17
upon such mild reported symptoms. That theory is also contradicted by the diagnosis of
“teething” made by Scott’s own treating pediatrician on October 17. (Ex. 3.4, p. 1.) And,
finally, Dr. Lopez’ theory was convincingly refuted by two well-credentialed experts,
Drs. Halsey and Wiznitzer. I reject Dr. Lopez’ theory.

                                                 VIII

            DR. FRANZ’ OPINION DOES NOT CHANGE MY CONCLUSION

        As previously noted, Petitioners rely not only upon the expert opinion of Dr. Lopez, but
also upon the opinion of Dr. Cornelia Franz, who was Scott’s treating pediatrician. Dr. Franz did
not testify at the evidentiary hearing. Instead, she supplied an affidavit, which stated that
“[b]ased on my 25 years of experience as a pediatrician, and after reviewing the photographs and
DVD footage supplied to me, it is my opinion that Scott Patrick Franklin * * * was developing
normally and meeting appropriate milestones for his age at 11 months. He thereafter suffered
some form of neurologic injury, which resulted in loss of language and regression in behavior
and most likely permanent injury to his brain.” (Pet. Ex. 39 at 2.) Dr. Franz added that Scott’s
neurodevelopmental disorder “would be consistent with an encephalopathic reaction to
vaccination,” and that “more likely than not his neurological damage was caused by
encephalopathy after vaccination.” (Id.)

        Dr. Franz is a board-certified pediatrician with over 25 years of practice, and has treated
Scott herself. (Ex. 39, p. 1.) Accordingly, I greatly respect her opinion, and have given it
careful consideration. 16 However, in my final analysis, I find that Dr. Franz’ opinion is strongly
outweighed by the rest of the evidence in the record concerning the causation issue, particularly
the testimony of Drs. Halsey and Wiznitzer.

        In this regard, I note that not only did Dr. Franz not testify, but she also did not set forth
in her written opinion any detailed explanation concerning why she believes that Scott’s
neurodevelopmental disorder was vaccine-caused. (See Ex. 39.)

        In support of her opinion, Dr. Franz gave the following explanation in her affidavit. She
noted that she compared photographs of Scott taken in July of 1996, to photos taken on
December 25, 1996. (Ex. 39, p. 1, paras. 5-6.) She also compared videos of Scott taken in
March and June of 1996 with videos taken in May of 1997. (Id. at pp. 2-3, para. 7.) Dr. Franz
explained that while the July 1996 photos and May/June 1996 videos show a normal child, the
December 1996 photos and May 1997 videos show a neurologically-damaged child. (Id. at pp.
16
  In Capizzano v. HHS, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit stressed that “medical
records and medical opinion testimony are favored in vaccine cases, as treating physicians are
likely to be in the best position to determine whether “a logical sequence of cause and effect
shows that the vaccination was the reasons for the injury.’” 440 F. 3d 1317, 1326 (Fed. Cir.
2006) (emphasis added, citation omitted). Similarly, in several cases, judges of this court have,
in resolving the Vaccine Act causation issues, relied heavily upon the statements of treating
physicians contained in the vaccinee’s medical records. See, e.g., Zatuchni v. HHS, 69 Fed. Cl.
612, 623 (2006); Kelley v. HHS, 68 Fed. Cl. 84, 100 (2005).


                                                  18
2-3, paras. 6, 8.) From that difference in the photos and videos, Dr. Franz concluded that Scott
must have “suffered some form of neurologic injury” in the meantime. (Id. at p. 2, para. 9.) She
added that such injury “would be consistent with an encephalopathic reaction to vaccination.”
(Id.)

        Dr. Franz, however, did not explain why she believes that the neurological change or
injury to Scott was caused by a vaccination. She did not explain which vaccine she thought
might have caused the injury, nor by what mechanism any vaccine might have caused the injury,
nor why she thinks any of the vaccines in question are capable of causing the type of severe
neurodevelopmental disorder from which Scott suffers. Given these deficiencies in her affidavit,
I cannot conclude that she made a persuasive causation argument.

        Moreover, I must give Dr. Franz’ opinion far less weight than the opinions of
Drs. Wiznitzer and Halsey, who not only wrote detailed reports refuting Dr. Franz’ causation
conclusion, but were willing to testify in order to explain their views at length, and were able to
do so in a highly persuasive manner.

       Dr. Wiznitzer also specifically addressed Dr. Franz’ affidavit in his hearing testimony,
convincingly pointing out the flaws in Dr. Franz’ approach to the case. (Tr. 244-45, 261-62.) As
an expert in diagnosing autism--in contrast, there is no evidence that Dr. Franz has any special
experience concerning autism--Dr. Wiznitzer disagreed with the way in which Dr. Franz used
photographs to come to a conclusion about Scott. (Tr. 244-45, 258-59.) Dr. Wiznitzer also
addressed what seems to be the reasoning implied in Dr. Franz’ affidavit--i.e., that because Scott
seemed normal, then later seemed autistic, he must have suffered a neurological injury in the
meantime. (Ex. 39, p. 2, para. 9.) Dr. Wiznitzer explained why that is faulty reasoning, and his
explanation was persuasive. (Tr. 261-62.)

        In short, while I respect the opinion of Dr. Franz’, I found that it was strongly outweighed
by all of the contrary evidence in this case.

                                                 IX

                     “SIGNIFICANT AGGRAVATION” SUGGESTION

        In their “Amendment to Petition” filed on June 4, 2008, Petitioners stated an “alternative”
position in the case, namely that “in the alternative, if any disease process [already] existed [in
Scott] at the time of vaccination, the vaccination itself was of substantial significant aggravation
of such condition.” However, Petitioners since then have argued only that one of Scott’s October
1996 vaccinations originally caused his neurodevelopmental disorder, and have not argued
“significant aggravation” as an alternative claim.

        Moreover, I find no substantial evidence of “aggravation” in the record. Petitioners
clearly have failed to demonstrate that Scott’s disorder, be it labeled autism or otherwise, was
aggravated by any vaccination.




                                                 19
                                                  X

                     PETITIONERS’ CASE FAILS THE ALTHEN TEST

       As noted above, in its ruling in Althen, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit
discussed the Acausation-in-fact@ issue in Vaccine Act cases. The court stated as follows:

       Concisely stated, Althen=s burden is to show by preponderant evidence that the
       vaccination brought about her injury by providing: (1) a medical theory causally
       connecting the vaccination and the injury; (2) a logical sequence of cause and
       effect showing that the vaccination was the reason for the injury; and (3) a
       showing of a proximate temporal relationship between vaccination and injury. If
       Althen satisfies this burden, she is Aentitled to recover unless the [government]
       shows, also by a preponderance of evidence, that the injury was in fact caused by
       factors unrelated to the vaccine.@

Althen, 418 F.3d 1274, 1278 (Fed. Cir. 2005) (citations omitted). In the pages above, of course, I
have already set forth in detail my analysis in rejecting Petitioners’ Acausation-in-fact@ theory in
this case. In this part of my Decision, then, I will briefly explain how that analysis fits
specifically within the three parts of the Althen test, enumerated in the first sentence of the Althen
excerpt set forth above. The short answer is that I find that Petitioners’ theory in this case clearly
does not satisfy any of the parts of the Althen test.

A. Relationship between Althen Prongs 1 and 2

        One interpretative issue with the Althen test concerns the relationship between the first
two elements of that test. The first two prongs of the Althen test, as noted above, are that the
petitioners must provide A(1) a medical theory causally connecting the vaccination and the
injury,@ and A(2) a logical sequence of cause and effect showing that the vaccination was the
reason for the injury.@ Initially, it is not absolutely clear how the two prongs differ from each
other. That is, on their faces, each of the two prongs seems to require a demonstration of a
Acausal@ connection between Athe vaccination@ and Athe injury.@ However, a number of Program
opinions have concluded that these first two elements reflect the analytical distinction that has
been described as the Acan cause@ vs. Adid cause@ distinction. That is, in many Program opinions
issued prior to Althen involving Acausation-in-fact@ issues, special masters or judges stated that a
petitioner must demonstrate (1) that the type of vaccination in question can cause the type of
injury in question, and also (2) that the particular vaccination received by the specific vaccinee
did cause the vaccinee=s own injury. See, e.g., Kuperus v. HHS, 2003 WL 22912885, at *8 (Fed.
Cl. Spec. Mstr. Oct. 23, 2003); Helms v. HHS, 2002 WL 31441212, at *18 n.42 (Fed. Cl. Spec.
Mstr. Aug. 8, 2002). Thus, a number of judges and special masters of this court have concluded
that Prong 1 of Althen is the Acan cause@ requirement, and Prong 2 of Althen is the Adid cause@
requirement. See, e.g., Doe 11 v. HHS, 83 Fed. Cl. 157, 172-73 (2008); Nussman v. HHS, 83
Fed. Cl. 111, 117 (2008); Banks v. HHS, 2007 WL 2296047, at *24 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr.
July 20, 2007); Zeller v. HHS, 2008 WL 3845155, at *25 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. July 30, 2008).
And, most importantly, the Federal Circuit confirmed that interpretation in Pafford, ruling
explicitly that the Acan it?/did it?@ test, used by the special master in that case, was equivalent to


                                                 20
the first two prongs of the Althen test. Pafford v. HHS, 451 F.3d at 1352, 1355-56 (Fed. Cir.
2006). Thus, interpreting the first two prongs of Althen as specified in Pafford, under Prong 1 of
Althen a petitioner must demonstrate that the type of vaccination in question can cause the type
of condition in question; and under Prong 2 of Althen that petitioner must then demonstrate that
the particular vaccination did cause the particular condition of the vaccinee in question.

        Moreover, there can be no doubt whatsoever that the Althen test ultimately requires that,
as an overall matter, a petitioner must demonstrate that it is Amore probable than not@ that the
particular vaccine was a substantial contributing factor in causing the particular injury in
question. That is clear from the statute itself, which states that the elements of a petitioner=s case
must be established by a Apreponderance of the evidence.@ (' 300aa-13(a)(1)(A).) And, whatever
is the precise meaning of Prongs 1 and 2 of Althen, in this case the overall evidence falls far short
of demonstrating that it is Amore probable than not@ that any of the vaccines that Scott received
contributed to the causation of Scott’s tragic neurodevelopmental disorder.

B. Petitioners have failed to establish Prong 1 of Althen in this case

        As explained above, under Prong 1 of Althen a petitioner must provide a medical theory
demonstrating that the type of vaccine in question can cause the type of condition in question. In
this case, however, the Petitioners have failed to show that any of the vaccines that Scott
received on October 7, 1996, can cause the type of injury from which Scott actually suffers--i.e.,
an autism spectrum disorder.

       To be sure, the evidence in the case confirms that the wild measles virus can cause a well-
recognized condition known as “measles encephalitis” or “measles encephalopathy.” And some
experts have suggested that the attenuated (weakened) form of the measles virus contained in the
measles vaccine might also be capable of causing “measles encephalitis,” though that suggestion
is unproven. (E.g., Tr. 170-71.) However, in this case Petitioners’ own expert Dr. Lopez
eventually conceded that Scott did not have “measles encephalitis.” (Tr. 274.)

       Thus, the Petitioners’ burden in this case under Althen’s Prong 1 would be to show that
one of Scott’s vaccines can cause the type of neurodevelopmental disorder from which Scott
actually suffers--i.e., autism. This they have clearly failed to do. As explained above, neither
Dr. Lopez nor Dr. Franz even asserted, much less demonstrated, that any of the vaccines Scott
received can cause autism. Accordingly, in this case Petitioners have clearly failed to
demonstrate Prong 1 of Althen.

C. Petitioners have failed to establish Prong 2 of Althen in this case

        Under Prong 2, the Petitioner would need to show that it is “more probable than not” that
one of Scott’s vaccinations did cause Scott’s own severe neurodevelopmental disorder. But this
they have failed to do, for all the reasons detailed at pp. 11-19, above. Thus, Petitioners have
also failed to establish Prong 2 of Althen in this case.

D. Prong 3 of the Althen test



                                                 21
        Since I have explained why Petitioners have failed to satisfy either of the first two prongs
of Althen, I need not discuss why Petitioners’ case also fails to satisfy the third prong.

E. This is not a close case

        As noted above, in Althen the Federal Circuit indicated that the Vaccine Act involves a
“system created by Congress, in which close calls regarding causation are resolved in favor of
injured claimants.” (418 F. 3d at 1280.) Accordingly, I note here that this case ultimately is not
a close case. For all the reasons set forth above, I found that Dr. Lopez’ theory was not at all
persuasive, while Respondent’s experts were far more persuasive.


                                                XI

            ISSUE OF OAP “GENERAL EVIDENCE,” EXHIBITS Z AND AA

        As explained above, Scott has been diagnosed as suffering from the neurodevelopmental
disorder known as “autism.” For that reason, Petitioners chose, as described above, to delay the
resolution of their case for several years, to await the outcome of the Omnibus Autism
Proceeding (OAP). As further described, when the outcome of the OAP test cases was
unfavorable to the vaccine-causation theories, the Petitioners in this case then chose to rely upon
the opinions of Drs. Lopez and Franz. In response, Respondent filed the expert reports of Drs.
Wiznitzer and Halsey, as described, but also sought permission to file certain additional evidence
from the OAP test cases into the record of this case. Specifically, on August 30, 2011,
Respondent filed excerpts of OAP hearing testimony given by two of respondent’s experts,
Dr. Diane Griffin and Dr. Brian Ward. (Exs. Z, AA.) The issue of whether such excerpts were
appropriate to be considered in this case was discussed at length during several status
conferences. (See, e.g., my Orders dated March 28, July 5, August 17, and October 27, 2011.) I
permitted the filing of those two exhibits, over Petitioners’ written objection filed on October 3,
2011, because those two experts had testified concerning the potential effects of the measles
virus and measles vaccine on the human brain, and Dr. Lopez’ theory appeared, at that time, to
be that the measles portion of Scott’s MMR vaccination caused his neurodevelopmental disorder
by damaging his brain.

        In permitting the filing of those two exhibits, however, I stressed during the status
conferences that I was not making a final ruling as to whether I would actually utilize those two
exhibits in deciding the case. That would depend on the evidence that was to be presented at the
evidentiary hearing on November 30, 2011, and whether the evidence in the two exhibits proved
to be relevant to Dr. Lopez’ theory as presented at the evidentiary hearing. I further stressed that
we would revisit the issue of the relevance of the two exhibits at the conclusion of the
evidentiary hearing, and, if necessary, in the parties’ post-hearing briefs. 17

        Ultimately, however, I concluded that the two exhibits in question were not relevant to
the Petitioners’ theory, as finally clarified by Dr. Lopez during the November 30 hearing. Those

17
 I note that the evidentiary hearing was originally scheduled for two days, November 30 and
December 1, 2011, but actually was finished by the close of the first day.

                                                22
exhibits, therefore, played no role whatsoever in my resolution of this case. Once I heard
Dr. Lopez’ clarification of this theory during the November 30 hearing, and the refutation of that
theory by Respondent’s experts during that hearing, I concluded that there was no relevance to
the two exhibits, because, as explained above, Dr. Lopez clarified that his theory was not related
specifically to the measles vaccine.

       Similarly, no expert for either side referred to Exs. Z and AA during the evidentiary
hearing, and in the post-hearing briefs of both parties, no references were made to Exs. Z and
AA.

        Accordingly, I did not review Exs. Z and AA in the course of resolving this case. Those
exhibits played no role in my analysis of this case, which was based solely on the presentations
of the experts upon whom the parties did rely--i.e., Drs. Lopez, Franz, Halsey, and Wiznitzer. 18

                                                XII

                           PETITIONERS’ OTHER ARGUMENTS

       I also briefly address several points raised by Petitioners in their post-hearing brief, filed
on April 30, 2012.

A. “Objective confirmation” argument

        For example, Petitioners note, correctly, that no “objective confirmation” is required to
establish proof of vaccine-causation. (Brief at 22.) However, I have not required any such
“objective confirmation.” I have required Petitioners only to demonstrate that it is “more
probable than not” that Scott has a vaccine-caused injury--but they have failed, by far, to do so.

B. “Alternative cause” argument

        Petitioners also seem to argue that Respondent failed to pinpoint a cause, other than the
vaccines, for Scott’s tragic disorder. However, the identification of a cause was never
Respondent’s burden. Petitioners never came close to fulfilling their burden of establishing a
prima facie case of causation under the Althen test, so the burden never shifted to Respondent to
point to an alternative cause.

C. Banks opinion

       Petitioners, in addition, discussed at length the case of Banks v. HHS, 2007 WL 2296047,
2007 U.S. Claims Lexis 254 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. July 20, 2007.) The Banks opinion is, indeed,
an interesting one, but in the final analysis it is so different from this case that it offers no
substantial assistance to Petitioners’ case here.



18
  In other words, I resolved this case solely upon the record of this case, without reference to any
evidence from the OAP record.

                                                 23
        To be sure, in Banks, the same Dr. Lopez was the primary expert witness for the
petitioners, and the special master, based in part upon Dr. Lopez’ testimony, did conclude that an
infant’s severe neurodevelopmental disorder, which appears to have been a form of autism, was
caused by an MMR inoculation. But the facts of that case were far different from those here.
For example, in Banks, the infant experienced a significant seizure, a clear sign of brain
malfunction, 16 days after the MMR inoculation. (2007 WL 2296047 at *2.) In this case, in
contrast, Scott exhibited only the very minor symptoms described above, about 10 days post-
inoculation, which were diagnosed by his pediatrician merely as evidence of “teething.”

        As another example, the Banks infant had a brain scan done on the day after the above-
mentioned seizure, only 17 days post-vaccination, and on that scan positive evidence of a
demyelinating process was found. (Id. at 3.) In this case, in contrast, there exists no such
clearcut evidence of brain malfunction in the period soon after inoculation. Further, in Banks,
the special master found that the infant’s autism was the result of a specific neurologic condition
known as “ADEM” (id. at *15), and the Respondent’s expert in that case acknowledged that it
was “biologically plausible” that the measles vaccine could trigger ADEM (id. at 13). No
similar circumstances exist in this case.

        In short, the Banks case involved facts far different from this case. And Dr. Lopez’
causation theory offered in Banks appears to have differed greatly from his theory offered in this
case. Further, in Banks, the special master was not presented with the expert testimony of Drs.
Wiznitzer and Halsey, which I found to be so persuasive in this case. Accordingly, while I find
the Banks opinion to be interesting, and I respect the special master who issued it, I do not find
that the Banks opinion offers any substantial support for the very different causation theory
advanced by Dr. Lopez under the far different facts of this case.

D. Hannah Poling case

       Petitioners also point to a Vaccine Act case involving a child named Hannah Poling, in
which Hannah’s family received a Program award on her behalf. (Brief at 25-28; see also fn. 1,
p. 11 of that Brief.) Petitioners argue that Scott’s case is similar to the Poling case. This
argument, however, is also without merit.

        First, Petitioners, rather strangely, do not cite to any opinion or decision, published or
otherwise, in the Poling case. They did not attempt to file into the record of this case any
documents from the Poling case, or about Hannah Poling. They do not cite to any part of the
record of this case in which any of their experts discussed or commented on the Poling case.
Petitioners’ counsel, rather, simply asserts, without saying why, that “the facts of the Poling case
are probably familiar to all with any association to the vaccine court.” (Brief at 25.)

        Petitioners go on to describe certain facts that they assert to be facts of the Poling case.
(Id. at 25-26.) They even place quotation marks around a phrase that allegedly describes
Hannah’s diagnosis, without saying what they are “quoting” from. (Id. at 26.) Petitioners argue
that the facts of this case and the Poling case are similar to each other, and therefore I should
make an award on Scott’s behalf.



                                                24
       Petitioners’ argument in this regard must be rejected, for many reasons. First, it is highly
inappropriate as a matter of law that, after the evidentiary record in this Franklin case was
closed, Petitioners should simply allege facts about another case, without stating where they
obtained those alleged facts. I must reject this argument for that reason alone.

       Further, a public document relating to that Poling case does in fact exist, which is a
published opinion relating to a procedural issue in that case--Poling v. HHS, No. 02-1466V, 2008
WL 1883059 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. April 10, 2008). 19 That published opinion does not set forth
in any detail the facts of the Poling case, but it does briefly explain that compensation was
awarded in Poling because the Respondent conceded that the facts of that case demonstrated that
a vaccination “significantly aggravated an underlying mitochondrial disorder” in Hannah. (Id. at
*1.)

        Thus, from the only published opinion that sheds any light at all on the Poling case, the
only facts that we know make it clear that the Poling case was, in fact, far different from this
case--i.e., Hannah Poling had an “underlying mitochondrial disorder.” Such a disorder is not
alleged in Scott’s case. Further, we know that the special master in Poling did not make a
finding that a vaccine aggravated Hannah’s disorder, but rather the Respondent conceded the
case, for reasons unexplained.

         Therefore, in my view, the Petitioners’ argument in this case concerning the Poling case
is late, completely unsupported, and offers no support at all for the contention that Scott Franklin
has suffered a vaccine-caused injury.

E. Arguments concerning Dr. Wiznitzer

       Petitioners further complain that Dr. Wiznitzer, while clearly an expert on autism, is
“biased” in that he has frequently testified for the Respondent in Vaccine Act cases, but has
never testified for a petitioner in an actual Vaccine Act hearing. (Brief at 28.) Dr. Wiznitzer
explained, however, that in a number of cases he was asked to support the Respondent’s position
in a Vaccine Act case, but could not do so. (Tr. 215-16.) He has also supported vaccine-
causation cases of a number of his own patients. (Tr. 214-15.) To be sure, Dr. Wiznitzer clearly
does not agree with those who believe that a substantial number of cases of autism in this
country have been caused by vaccinations. However, I have found that, in each case in which he
has testified before me, Dr. Wiznitzer closely examined the facts of the case, used his
considerable medical expertise to analyze those facts, and presented his honest opinion
concerning the case. I do not find that he has been a “biased” witness in this or any other case.

        Finally, Petitioners’ brief also argues, without any citation whatsoever to the record in
this case, that Dr. Wiznitzer erred concerning the issue of “eye contact” by Scott. (Brief at 29.)
Without citation to the record, I have not located this allegedly mistaken testimony. In any
event, based on the overall record of this case, I find that Dr. Wiznitzer was a very
knowledgeable and persuasive witness, far more persuasive than Petitioners’ witnesses.
19
  I also found another published opinion from that same Poling case, but that relates only to an
attorneys’ fees award. See Poling v. HHS, No. 02-1466V, 2011 WL 678559 (Fed. Cl. Spec.
Mstr. Jan. 28, 2011).

                                                25
                                               XIII

                                         CONCLUSION

        The record of this case demonstrates plainly that Scott Franklin and his family have been
through a tragic medical ordeal. They are certainly deserving of great sympathy. Congress,
however, designed the Program to compensate only the individuals whose injuries or deaths can
be linked causally, either by a Table Injury presumption or “causation-in-fact” evidence, to a
listed vaccine. In this case, as described above, no such link has been demonstrated.
Accordingly, I conclude that the Petitioners in this case are not entitled to a Program award. 20


                                                     /s/ George L. Hastings, Jr.
                                                         George L. Hastings, Jr.
                                                         Special Master




20
  In the absence of a timely-filed motion for review of this Decision, the Clerk of the Court shall
enter judgment accordingly.

                                                26
