[Cite as State v. Benvenuto, 2018-Ohio-2242.]




                      IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
                          THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT
                               ALLEN COUNTY




STATE OF OHIO,

        PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE,                              CASE NO. 1-17-39

        v.

JAMES A. BENVENUTO,                                      OPINION

        DEFENDANT-APPELLANT.




                  Appeal from Allen County Common Pleas Court
                           Trial Court No. CR 2016 0348

                                     Judgment Affirmed

                             Date of Decision: June 11, 2018




APPEARANCES:

        Dustin M. Blake for Appellant

        Jana E. Emerick for Appellee
Case No. 1-17-39


ZIMMERMAN, J.

       {¶1} Defendant-Appellant, James A. Benvenuto (“Appellant”), brings this

appeal from the Allen County Common Pleas Court, convicting him of: fifty-three

(53) counts of Trafficking in Marijuana, in violation of R.C. 2925.03(A)(1) &

2925.03(C)(3)(a), all felonies of the fifth (5th) degree; one (1) count of Trafficking

in Marijuana, a felony of the third (3rd) degree, in violation of R.C. 2925.03(A)(1)

& 2925.03(C)(3)(d); two (2) counts of Possession of Marijuana, in violation of R.C.

2925.11(A) & 2925.11(C)(3)(e), felonies of the second (2nd) degree; one (1) count

of Possession of Hashish, in violation of R.C. 2925.11(A) & 2925.11(C)(7)(d), a

felony of the third (3rd) degree; and one (1) count of Engaging in a Pattern of

Corrupt Activity, in violation of R.C. 2923.32(A)(1) & R.C. 2923.32(B)(1), a felony

of the first (1st) degree.

       {¶2} On appeal, Appellant asserts: 1) that the trial court erred in overruling

his motion to suppress the evidence seized without a warrant; 2) that the trial court

erred in overruling his motion to suppress the evidence seized through a defective

warrant; 3) that his Engaging in a Pattern of Corrupt Activity conviction was not

supported by sufficient evidence; 4) that the trial court erred when it failed to merge

two separate marijuana possession charges (as well as a trafficking charge) into a

single offense; and 5) that the trial court erred by sentencing Appellant to a 34-year

prison sentence. For the reasons that follow, we affirm the ruling of the trial court.


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                                  Factual Background

       {¶3} On August 9, 2016, investigators from the West Central Ohio Crime

Task Force (“WCOCTF”) were conducting surveillance on Vincent McKercher

(“McKercher”) in Allen County. (05/05/2017 Tr. at 8). McKercher had a history

of trafficking in marijuana. (Id. at 9). Investigators followed McKercher (in his

vehicle) from a barbershop in Lima, Ohio to a warehouse located at 519 N. Jackson

St. in Lima. (Id. at 11). Shortly thereafter, investigators observed McKercher’s

vehicle leaving the warehouse, with a second vehicle leaving the warehouse directly

behind it. (Id. at 15). The vehicles headed in different directions, so investigators

split up in order to follow both vehicles. (Id.). Shortly thereafter, and with the

assistance from local law enforcement, McKercher’s vehicle was stopped for a

window tint violation. (Id. at 99). After the stop and subsequent search of

McKercher’s vehicle, officers located a duffle bag in the trunk that contained

marijuana. (Id. at 100). During the search of McKercher’s vehicle, investigators

observed an unknown male in the vicinity watching the traffic stop while talking on

his cell phone. (Id. at 21-22).

       {¶4} While McKercher’s traffic stop and search was underway, investigators

and local law enforcement followed the second vehicle, a Chrysler 200, which left

the warehouse behind McKercher’s vehicle. (Id. at 18-19). Patrolman Amy

Glanemann (“Officer Glanemann”) of the Lima Police Department stopped the


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driver of the Chrysler 200 for failing to properly signal the intention to turn 100 feet

prior to an intersection. (Id. at 66). The Appellant was identified as the driver of

the Chrysler 200. (Id. at 67).

       {¶5} While other law enforcement officers were running Appellant’s license

information through LEADS, Officer Glanemann had her K-9 partner, Diego,

conduct a free air sniff of Appellant’s vehicle. (Id. at 69). Officer Glanemann

determined that Diego alerted to the presence of drugs at Appellant’s vehicle side

door. (Id.). As a result of the free air sniff, Appellant was removed from the vehicle.

(Id.). During the pat-down of Appellant, officers discovered $4,600 in cash and a

container containing various pills in his pants pockets. (Id. at 70). Officers learned

from an on-line application that Appellant’s pills were Hydrocodone, a Schedule II

narcotic. (Id.). The search of Appellant’s vehicle also revealed the presence of

packaging containing marijuana residue (marijuana “shake”) in the passenger

compartment. (Id. at 71). Investigators also discovered that Appellant’s vehicle

was a rental vehicle. (Id. at 52). Thus, investigators seized the vehicle. (Id.).

       {¶6} After seizing Appellant’s vehicle and while law enforcement officers

were driving it to the Allen County Sheriff’s Department for a more thorough

search, Appellant’s cell phone, which was left in the vehicle, rang multiple times.

(Id. at 22). Based on the collective behaviors of McKercher and Appellant, the large

quantity of marijuana found in McKercher’s vehicle, the suspicious individual in


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the area watching McKercher’s traffic stop, and Appellant’s cell phone ringing in

the rental vehicle, law enforcement officials decided to obtain a warrant to search

the warehouse located at 519 N. Jackson St. for drugs. (Id. at 20-21).

           {¶7} Investigators, with the assistance of local law enforcement, drove to the

warehouse to set up a perimeter around it until the warrant was secured. (Id. at 21).

However, while at the warehouse, law enforcement officials noticed that the

warehouse garage door was open and an unidentified white vehicle was in the

warehouse. (Id. at 22). Fearing that evidence in the warehouse was at risk of being

destroyed or removed, Investigator Trent Kunkleman (“Investigator Kunkleman”)

of the WCOCTF, knocked on the door of the building attached to the warehouse.

(Id. at 24). When a woman, later identified as Beth McElfresh (“McElfresh”),

answered and opened the door, Investigator Kunkleman noted the smell of raw

marijuana emanating from the residence. (Id.). Investigator Kunkleman asked

McElfresh if the residence was connected to the warehouse and McElfresh indicated

that it was. (Id.). Thereupon, Investigator Kunkleman, along with other law

enforcement officials, entered the residence to conduct a protective sweep of the

area to ensure that potential evidence was not destroyed.1 (Id. at 25). Officers then

conducted a protective sweep of the residence and the warehouse, noting that

marijuana was discovered in plain view in the residential portion of the property.



1
    The search was not conducted with the consent of Beth McElfresh or anyone else on the property.

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(Id. at 27). Further, Investigator Kunkleman testified that during the protective

sweep of the area, law enforcement did not open any drawers or check any enclosed

spaces unless the space was large enough to hide a human being. (Id.).

       {¶8} Once the initial sweep was finalized, law enforcement officers exited

the premises and completed the search warrant process for 519 N. Jackson St. (Id.

at 28). Upon submission of the search warrant, the reviewing judge determined

probable cause existed and issued the search warrant. (Id. at 29). Investigators then

returned to the warehouse with the warrant and searched the premises. (Id.). The

search resulted in the seizure of a number of drug-related items. (Id.). Investigators

also discovered a video tape security system that was utilized in the warehouse

portion of 519 N. Jackson St. (Id. at 29-30). Law enforcement subsequently

discovered that the system had recorded their protective sweep of the residence, as

well as the numerous (purported) transactions involving the sale of marijuana within

the warehouse. (Id. at 30).

                                Procedural History

       {¶9} On October 14, 2016, Appellant was indicted on fifty-three (53) counts

of Trafficking in Marijuana, in violation of R.C. 2925.03(A)(1) & R.C.

2925.03(C)(3)(a), all felonies of the fifth (5th) degree; one (1) count of Trafficking

in Marijuana with a specification for forfeiture of money in a drug case pursuant to

R.C. 2941.1417(A) and a specification for forfeiture of property pursuant to R.C.


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2941.1417(A), in violation of R.C. 2925.03(A)(1) & R.C. 2925.03(C)(3)(d), a

felony of the third (3rd) degree; two (2) counts of Possession of Marijuana with a

specification for forfeiture of money in a drug case pursuant to R.C. 2941.1417(A)

and a specification for forfeiture of property pursuant to R.C. 2941.1417(A), in

violation of R.C. 2925.11(A) & R.C. 2925.11(C)(3)(e), felonies of the second (2nd)

degree; one (1) count of Possession of Hashish with a specification for forfeiture of

money in a drug case pursuant to R.C. 2941.1417(A) and a specification for

forfeiture of property pursuant to R.C. 2941.1417(A), in violation of R.C.

2925.11(A) & 2925.11(C)(7)(d), a felony of the third (3rd) degree; and one (1) count

of Engaging in a Pattern of Corrupt Activity (“RICO”) with a specification for

forfeiture of money in a drug case pursuant to R.C. 2941.1417(A) and a

specification for forfeiture of property pursuant to R.C. 2941.1417(A), in violation

of R.C. 2923.32(A)(1) & 2923.32(B)(1), a felony of the first (1st) degree. (Doc.

No. 3). Appellant entered not guilty pleas to all charges.

       {¶10} On December 19, 2016, Appellant, through counsel, filed a motion to

suppress in the trial court. (Doc. No. 21). Appellant supplemented his motion to

suppress with a supporting memorandum on March 14, 2017. (Doc. No. 39).

       {¶11} On May 5, 2017, the trial court conducted a hearing on Appellant’s

motion to suppress. (05/05/2017 Tr.). Three witnesses testified for the State. (Id.).




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Thereafter, the trial court filed its judgment entry denying Appellant’s motion on

May 10, 2017. (Doc. No. 59).

       {¶12} On July 6, 2017, Appellant entered a negotiated plea of no contest to

all charges and specifications and was found guilty of all counts contained in the

indictment. (Doc. Nos. 67 & 68).

       {¶13} On August 21, 2017, Appellant’s sentencing hearing was held. (Doc.

No. 75). During the sentencing hearing, the State and counsel for Appellant advised

the trial court that merger was not an issue as to sentencing. (08/21/2017 Tr. at 18).

Thereafter, the trial court sentenced Appellant to the following terms of

imprisonment: twelve (12) months (each) for Counts 1-53; thirty-six (36) months

for Count 54; thirty-six (36) months (each) for Counts 55 & 56; thirty-six (36)

months for Count 57; and eleven (11) years in prison for the Engaging in a Pattern

of Corrupt Activity charge in Count 58. (Doc. No. 75). The trial court ordered that

the prison terms imposed in Counts 1-5 be served concurrently to each other; the

prison terms in Counts 6-10 be served concurrently to each other; the prison terms

in Counts 11-15 be served concurrently to each other; the prison terms in Counts

16-20 be served concurrently to each other; the prison terms in Counts 21-25 be

served concurrently to each other; the prison terms in Counts 26-30 be served

concurrently to each other; the prison terms in Counts 31-35 be served concurrently

to each other; the prison terms in Counts 36-40 be served concurrently to each other;


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the prison terms in Counts 41-45 be served concurrently to each other; the prison

terms in Counts 46-50 be served concurrently to each other; and the prison terms in

Counts 51-53 be served concurrently to each other, all pursuant to R.C. 2929.14(E).

(Id.). However, the trial court ordered that each group of concurrent sentences

would run consecutive to each other, and consecutive to the prison terms imposed

in Counts 54, 55, 56, 57, and 58. (Id.). In sum, the aggregate sentence of the trial

court was thirty-four (34) years in prison. (Id.).

       {¶14} In regards to the specifications for forfeiture of money in a drug case

and forfeiture of property set forth in Counts 54, 55, 56, 57, and 58, the trial court

ordered that $68,467.00 in U.S. currency along with Appellant’s interest in the real

property located at 519 N. Jackson St. in Lima, Ohio be forfeited. (Id.).

       {¶15} From this judgment entry Appellant appeals, presenting the following

assignments of error for our review:

                        ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. I

       THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN OVERRULING
       DEFENDANT’S MOTION TO SUPPRESS EVIDENCE
       SEIZED IN VIOLATION OF THE DEFENDANT’S
       CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS WHEN THE EVIDENCE
       DEMONSTRATED THAT OFFICERS WENT INSIDE A
       CONSTITUTIONALLY PROTECTED ABODE WITHOUT
       OBTAINING A WARRANT, WHICH WAS PER SE
       UNREASONABLE AND WAS NOT PERMITTED UNDER
       ANY LEGALLY RECOGNIZED EXCEPTION.




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                   ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. II

      THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN OVERRULING
      DEFENDANT’S MOTION TO SUPPRESS EVIDENCE
      SEIZED IN VIOLATION OF THE DEFENDANT’S
      CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS WHEN THE EVIDENCE
      DEMONSTRATED THE WARRANT WAS DEFECTIVE.

                   ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. III

      BENVENUTO’S     RICO   CONVICTION    WAS    NOT
      SUPPORTED BY SUFFICIENT EVIDENCE IN THE RECORD
      WHERE THE STATE REPRESENTED THAT THE
      PREDICATE OFFENSES STEMMED FROM THE SAME
      DATE, TIME, AND LOCATION CONSTITUTING A “SINGLE
      EVENT” AND NOT A “PATTERN OF CORRUPT ACTIVITY.”

                   ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. IV

      THE STATE ERRED WHEN IT CREATED TWO SEPARATE
      MARIJUANA POSSESSION CHARGES OUT OF THE
      SIMULTANEOUS POSSESSION OF THE SAME DRUG
      FOUND ON THE SAME DATE, TIME, AND LOCATION
      INSTEAD OF AGGREGATING THE AMOUNTS INTO A
      SINGLE OFFENSE. THE TRIAL COURT CONSEQUENTLY
      ERRED WHEN IT FAILED TO MERGE THE TWO
      CHARGES AS WELL AS [SIC] TRAFFICKING CHARGE
      INTO A SINGLE OFFENSE AND ENTERED A
      CONSECUTIVE PRISON SENTENCE ON THE CHARGES.

                   ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. V

      THE TRIAL COURT ERRED BY SENTENCING
      BENVENUTO TO A 34-YEAR PRISON SENTENCE
      STEMMING FROM MARIJUANA CHARGES CONTRARY
      TO THE SENTENCING STATUTES AND IN VIOLATION OF
      THE EIGHTH AMENDMENT PROHIBITION AGAINST
      CRUEL AND UNUSUAL PUNISHMENT.



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       {¶16} Due to the nature of Appellant’s assignments of error, we elect to

address the first and second assignments of error together, which are interrelated.

                Appellant’s First and Second Assignments of Error

       {¶17} Appellant argues in his first assignment of error that the trial court

erred in overruling his motion to suppress because the officers: did not have

probable cause to enter his home; did not have an objectively reasonable basis for

concluding that a loss or destruction of evidence was imminent; and because officers

illegally continued a warrantless search of his property after the investigation into

exigent circumstances had concluded.

       {¶18} In his second assignment of error, Appellant argues that illegally

obtained information was included in the affidavit to support a finding of probable

cause, and that without such information the issued search warrant lacked probable

cause. For the following reasons, we disagree.

                                 Standard of Review

       {¶19} “A review of the denial of a motion to suppress involves mixed

questions of law and fact.” State v. Lewis, 3rd Dist. Auglaize No. 2-16-13, 2017-

Ohio-996, 86 N.E.3d 974, ¶ 8 citing State v. Burnside, 100 Ohio St.3d 152, 2003-

Ohio-5372, 797 N.E.2d 71, ¶ 8. At a suppression hearing, the trial court assumes

the role of trier of fact, and as such, is in the best position to evaluate the evidence

and the credibility of witnesses. Id. “An appellate court must accept the trial court’s


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findings of facts if they are supported by competent, credible evidence.” Burnside,

100 Ohio St.3d 152, 2003-Ohio-5372, 797 N.E.2d 71, ¶ 8. “Accepting these facts

as true, the appellate court must then independently determine, without deference to

the conclusion of the trial court, whether the facts satisfy the applicable legal

standard.” Id.

                                     Analysis

       {¶20} Appellant argues that the trial court should have granted his motion to

suppress because officers impermissibly conducted a warrantless sweep of the real

property located at 519 North Jackson St in Lima, Ohio. The parties agree that

officers conducted a warrantless search of Appellant’s property without the consent

of the Appellant or any individual located inside the premises.

       {¶21} “The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution and Article

I, Section 14 of the Ohio Constitution protect individuals against unreasonable

searches and seizures by the government.” State v. Seaburn, 3rd Dist. Seneca No.

13-17-12, 2017-Ohio-711, ¶ 11. “It is a ‘basic principle of Fourth Amendment law

that searches and seizures inside a home without a warrant are presumptively

unreasonable.’” State v. Johnson, 187 Ohio App.3d 322, 2010-Ohio-1790, 931

N.E.2d 1162, ¶ 13 quoting Groh v. Ramirez, 540 U.S. 551, 559, 124 S.Ct. 1284

(2004). This presumption may be overcome in certain circumstances because “the

ultimate touchstone of the Fourth Amendment is ‘reasonableness.’” Kentucky v.


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Case No. 1-17-39


King, 563 U.S. 452, 459, 131 S.Ct. 1849 (2011) quoting Brigham City, Utah v.

Stuart, 547 U.S. 398, 403, 126 S.Ct. 1943 (2006).

       {¶22} However, “[i]t is well established that ‘exigent circumstances,’

including the need to prevent the destruction of evidence, permit police officers to

conduct an otherwise permissible search without first obtaining a warrant.” Id. at

455. This exception recognizes situations where the exigencies of [a] situation make

the needs of law enforcement so compelling that the warrantless search is

objectively reasonable under the Fourth Amendment. In order to satisfy the exigent

circumstances exception, law enforcement officers need probable cause plus exigent

circumstances. State v. Harris, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 84591, 2005-Ohio-399, ¶

32. Lastly, “[l]aw enforcement agents bear a heavy burden when attempting to

demonstrate exigent circumstances that might justify a warrantless entry.” Id.

       {¶23} In the case sub judice, the trial court determined the following

constituted exigent circumstances, based upon the evidence presented at the

suppression hearing: 1) law enforcement officers’ observation of McKercher

driving his vehicle in front of a warehouse on August 9, 2016, and shortly thereafter

driving out of a warehouse being followed by a second vehicle; 2) McKercher’s past

involvement in drug-related activities; 3) McKercher’s vehicle, and the vehicle

following him, drove in opposite directions upon leaving the warehouse; 4) officers

finding a duffel bag containing several marijuana-filled heat sealed bags in the trunk


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of McKercher’s vehicle after McKercher’s traffic stop and subsequent search; 5)

Investigator Brotherwood’s observation of an unknown male watching

McKercher’s traffic stop while on the phone; 6) Appellant’s elusive driving of the

Chrysler 200 (the second vehicle); 7) Appellant’s failure to properly signal his

intention to turn; 8) Patrolman Glanemann’s observation that Appellant was visibly

nervous; 9) Patrolman Glanemann’s testimony that she could smell the odor of

marijuana on Appellant or in his car; 10) the K-9’s indication of the presence of

narcotics in Appellant’s vehicle; 11) Patrolman Glanemann finding a container of

several different pills in Appellant’s pocket during the pat down search; 12) law

enforcement officers locating a small amount of marijuana residue in a heat-sealed

bag; 13) the bag in Appellant’s vehicle being similar to the heat sealed bags located

in McKercher’s vehicle; 14) Appellant’s phone ringing multiple times while law

enforcement officials drove his vehicle back to the sheriff’s department; 15)

officers’ observation that upon returning to 519 N. Jackson St., an unknown white

vehicle was driving around the warehouse; 16) upon Beth McElfresh opening the

door to the residential property, the smell of marijuana coming from the residence;

17) Beth McElfresh indicating that the residential portion of the property was

connected to the warehouse portion of the property; and 18) Investigator

Kunkleman’s testimony that he believed a protective sweep was necessary to

prevent the destruction of evidence. (Doc. No. 59).


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       {¶24} Furthermore, upon law enforcement officers entrance into the

residence to conduct a protective sweep, Investigator Kunkleman testified that there

was evidence of illegal drug activity, including “dabs” or extractions of THC in

plain view. (Id.). And during the sweep, the trial court found that law enforcement

officers did not open any drawers or cupboards because they were only searching

for individuals who could possibly destroy evidence. (Id.).

       {¶25} In our review of the record, including the transcript of the suppression

hearing, we find competent and credible evidence of exigent circumstances to

overcome the presumption of a warrantless entry into Appellant’s residence and

warehouse. Specifically, we find the testimony of Investigator Kunkleman to be

compelling that, based upon his training and experience, he had reason to believe

that evidence (i.e. marijuana and drug-related paraphernalia) would be destroyed or

transported by individuals located at the property to justify the protective sweep.

       {¶26} Thus, we find that the trial court did not err in denying Appellant’s

motion to suppress, as law enforcement entered the premises under the exigent

circumstances exception to the warrant requirement. Accordingly, the evidence

obtained by law enforcement officers during the protective sweep of Appellant’s

property was not unconstitutionally or illegally obtained, and we overrule

Appellant’s first and second assignments of error.




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                               Appellant’s Third Assignment of Error

           {¶27} In his third assignment of error, Appellant argues that his RICO

conviction (Count 58) following his plea of no contest was not supported by

sufficient evidence.              Specifically, Appellant asserts that because the State

represented to the trial court that the predicate offense stemmed from events that

occurred on the same date and at the same time, such failed to establish a pattern of

corrupt activity.2 For the reasons that follow, we disagree.

                                            Standard of Review

           {¶28} A “plea of no contest is not an admission of defendant’s guilt, but is

an admission of the truth of the facts alleged in the indictment * * *.” Crim.R.

11(B)(2). In felony cases, following a plea of “no contest,” the “prosecution does

not have the obligation to present evidence proving the defendant guilty beyond a

reasonable doubt.” State v. Thorpe, 9 Ohio App.3d 1, 2, 457 N.E.2d 912 (8th

Dist.1983). Rather, Crim.R. 11 permits a trial court to enter judgment only based

upon the facts as alleged in the indictment. State v. Burke, 3rd Dist. Union No. 14-

13-09, 2013-Ohio-4318, ¶ 6. “‘Where an indictment * * * contains sufficient

allegations to state a felony offense and the defendant pleads no contest, the court

must find the defendant guilty of the charged offense.’” Id. quoting State v. Bird,

81 Ohio St.3d 582, 1998-Ohio-606, 692 N.E.2d 1013.



2
    We note that Appellant did not challenge the sufficiency of the indictment in his merit brief.

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                                        Analysis

       {¶29} The trial court had authority under the criminal rules to determine

whether the facts alleged in the indictment were sufficient to support a conviction

on the offense charged. Here, the indictment, as it related to Appellant’s RICO

charge, stated, in its relevant part, as follows:

       Count 58: Engaging in a Pattern of Corrupt Activity – F1, [in violation
       of] §2923.32(A)(1), 2923.32(B)(1), Date of Offense: On or about
       1/1/2016 through 8/9/2016. The grand jurors, * * * further find that
       the Defendant(s), in the County of Allen, State of Ohio, unlawfully
       while employed by, or associated with, any enterprise did conduct or
       participate in, directly or indirectly, the affairs of the enterprise
       through a pattern of corrupt activity or the collection of an unlawful
       debt. * * *.

(Emphasis added.) (Doc. No. 3).

                 Engaging in a Pattern of Corrupt Activity (RICO)

       {¶30} “[T]he law in Ohio is that ‘if a defendant has engaged in two or more

acts constituting a predicate offense, he or she is engaging in a pattern of corrupt

activity and may be found guilty of a RICO violation.’” State v. Thomas, 3rd Dist.

Allen Nos. 1-11-25, 1-11-26, 2012-Ohio-5577, ¶ 47.

       {¶31} Under R.C. 2923.32(A)(1), Appellant’s RICO charge requires proof

of the following by the State:

       No person employed by, or associated with, any enterprise shall
       conduct or participate in, directly or indirectly, the affairs of the
       enterprise through a pattern of corrupt activity or the collection of an
       unlawful debt.


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R.C. 2923.32(A)(1). R.C. 2923.31(E) defines “[p]attern of corrupt activity” as:

       [T]wo or more incidents of corrupt activity, whether or not there has
       been a prior conviction, that are related to the affairs of the same
       enterprise, are not isolated, and are not so closely related to each other
       and connected in time and place that they constitute a single event.

(Emphasis added.) R.C. 2923.31(E). R.C. 2923.31 further states, in its pertinent
part:

       “Enterprise” includes any individual, sole proprietorship, partnership,
       limited partnership, corporation, trust, union, government agency, or
       other legal entity, or any organization, association, or group of persons
       associated in fact although not a legal entity. “Enterprise” includes
       illicit as well as licit enterprise.

R.C. 2923.31(C).

       {¶32} Appellant asserts that the trial court determined that the only predicate

offense establishing a “pattern of corrupt activity” were Counts 54-57, and since all

of those counts occurred on the same date, they cannot be “predicate offenses.”

Stated clearer, Appellant argues that one event does not constitute a continuous

course of conduct. We disagree.

       {¶33} Initially, we note that Appellant selectively recites facts contained in

the record. However, Appellant’s RICO charge clearly states that his corrupt

activity occurred from 1/1/2016 through 8/9/2016. (Doc. No. 3). Further, at the

change of plea hearing, the State advised the trial court as follows:

       Count Fifty-Eight, the Engaging in a Pattern of Corrupt Activity,
       the dates alleged there are from January 1st of 2016 through
       August 9th of 2016. That specifically is based upon our
       investigation that revealed starting back in January of 2016 this

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       defendant, in conjunction with other people, including two
       currently indicted co-defendants, began what can only be
       described as a drive-thru marijuana operation at 519 North
       Jackson here in Lima, Allen County, Ohio. More specifically, this
       defendant, along with others, was engaged, conducted, and
       directly participated, as well as indirectly participating, in the
       affairs of this enterprise whereby they sold, and repeatedly sold,
       marijuana.

(Emphasis added). (07/05/2017 Tr. at 27-28).

       {¶34} Here, we find that the allegations contained in the indictment

established a “pattern of corrupt activity.” These allegations were proven through

the State’s representations to the trial court at the plea hearing that the Appellant

operated a “marijuana drive thru” operation for at least six (6) months. It is not

required that Appellant be convicted of prior incidents of corrupt activity to

establish a “pattern of corrupt activity.” And, because the indictment contains

sufficient facts to establish a pattern of corrupt activity spanning across multiple

dates, the trial court was correct in finding Appellant guilty of the RICO charge set

forth in Count 58.

       {¶35} Nonetheless, Appellant relies upon State v. Cohen in support of his

assertion that the statement recited by the prosecutor to the trial court was factually

insufficient and therefore, the trial court should have refused to accept the

defendant’s no contest plea. See generally, State v. Cohen, 60 Ohio App.2d 182,

184, 396 N.E.2d 235 (1st Dist.1978) (finding that the “uncontroverted statement of

facts recited to the court below not only failed to include, but Absolutely [sic]

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negatived [sic] the existence of, an essential element of the offense charged in the

indictment.”) We find such reliance misplaced. Specifically, this Court in State v.

Mullen analyzed Cohen’s holding finding that Cohen required that the State’s

statement to the trial court absolutely negated a required element of the offense

charge. State v. Mullen, 191 Ohio App.3d 788, 2011-Ohio-37, 947 N.E.2d 762, ¶

19. See also, State v. Woolridge, 2nd Dist. Montgomery No. 1808, 2000 WL

1475699, *2 (holding that a trial court may not find a defendant guilty based on his

no contest plea if the State’s statement of facts absolutely negates the existence of

an essential element of the offense). Here, the State’s recitation of facts as to the

Appellant’s RICO charge, viewed in its entirety, does not “absolutely negate” any

essential element of the charge of Engaging in a Pattern of Corrupt Activity under

R.C. 2923.32(A)(1). Thus, we find Appellant’s argument without merit.

       {¶36} Accordingly, we overrule Appellant’s third assignment of error.

                     Appellant’s Fourth Assignment of Error

       {¶37} Initially we note that Appellant contends that the State erred by

charging the Appellant with two separate marijuana possession charges arising from

the “simultaneous possession” of the drug. However, as it is the prerogative of the

State to charge as it deems just, the trial court’s treatment of such charges becomes

the issue on appeal. Thus, under Appellant’s fourth assignment of error, we




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Case No. 1-17-39


determine the issue before us is whether or not the trial court erred by failing to

merge Counts 54, 55, and 56.

       {¶38} Directing our attention to the issue of merger, we find that the trial

court did not err when it declined to merge Appellant’s two counts of possession

and his one count of trafficking marijuana into a single offense.

                                Standard of Review

       {¶39} “‘A defendant bears the burden of proving that the offenses for which

he has been convicted and sentenced constitute allied offenses of similar import.’”

State v. Vanausdal, 3rd Dist. Shelby No. 17-16-06, 2016-Ohio-7735, ¶ 17, quoting

State v. Campbell, 12th Dist. Butler No. CA2014-06-137, 2015-Ohio-1409, ¶ 18,

citing State v. Luong, 12th Dist. Butler No. CA2011-06-110, 2012-Ohio-4520, ¶ 46.

Additionally, a reviewing court may look to the information contained in the record

to make its allied offense determination. Id. An appellate court then reviews de

novo the question of whether offenses are allied offenses of similar import. State v.

Potts, 2016-Ohio-5555, 69 N.E.3d 1227, ¶ 93 (3rd Dist.), citing State v. Stall, 3rd

Dist. Crawford No. 3-10-12, 2011-Ohio-5733, ¶ 15, citing State v. Brown, 3rd Dist.

Allen No. 1-10-31, 2011-Ohio-1461, ¶ 36.

                                      Analysis

       {¶40} The Double Jeopardy Clause of the Fifth Amendment of the United

States Constitution and applied to Ohio citizens through the Fourteenth Amendment


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Case No. 1-17-39


to the United States Constitution provides “that no person shall ‘be subject for the

same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb.’” State v. Ruff, 143 Ohio

St.3d 114, 2015-Ohio-995, 34 N.E.3d 892, ¶ 10 quoting U.S. Constitution,

Amendment V. Additionally, “[t]he Double Jeopardy Clause protects against three

abuses: (1) ‘a second prosecution for the same offense after acquittal,’ (2) ‘a second

prosecution for the same offense after conviction,’ and (3) ‘multiple punishments

for the same offense.’” Id., quoting North Carolina v. Pearce, 395 U.S. 711, 717,

89 S.Ct. 2072, (1969), overruled on other grounds, Alabama v. Smith, 490 U.S. 794,

109 S.Ct. 2201 (1989).

       {¶41} R.C. 2941.25, the codified version of the double jeopardy clause,

provides Ohio’s statutory requirements for multiple counts. It provides:

       (A) Where the same conduct by defendant can be construed to
       constitute two or more allied offenses of similar import, the
       indictment or information may contain counts for all such offenses,
       but the defendant may be convicted of only one.

       (B) Where the defendant's conduct constitutes two or more offenses
       of dissimilar import, or where his conduct results in two or more
       offenses of the same or similar kind committed separately or with a
       separate animus as to each, the indictment or information may contain
       counts for all such offenses, and the defendant may be convicted of
       all of them.

R.C. 2941.25.

       {¶42} In 2015, the Ohio Supreme Court set forth the following test regarding

allied offenses and merger:


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Case No. 1-17-39


       As a practical matter, when determining whether offenses are allied
       offenses of similar import within the meaning of R.C. 2941.25, courts
       must ask three questions when the defendant’s conduct supports
       multiple offenses: (1) Were the offenses dissimilar in import or
       significance? (2) Were they committed separately? and (3) Were they
       committed with separate animus or motivation? An affirmative
       answer to any of the above will permit separate convictions. The
       conduct, the animus, and the import must all be considered.

State v. Ruff, Id.

       {¶43} However, we are unable to conduct a merger analysis under Ruff, in

part because of the limited record before us. Furthermore, Appellant’s trial counsel

represented to the trial court that merger was not an issue in this case. (8/21/2017

Tr. at 18). Specifically, the following exchange occurred between Appellant’s trial

counsel and the trial court:

       The Court: Okay. I’ll give you the full opportunity to do that. I
       do want to make sure the record is clear that I did consider the
       issue of merger. Although convictions were entered when the no
       contest pleas were given back in July, it’s not a final entry until I
       do the sentencing. So, does the defense want to argue that any of
       these counts would merge under the case law or 2941.25?

       Appellant’s Trial Counsel: Not that I found, your Honor. It
       appears to me that each case is a separate and – well, either with
       the F-3’s, or the F-5’s are separate buys, I guess, your Honor, and
       then I think the Prosecutor made it clear on the record today what
       the F-3 differentiations were.

(Id. at 17-18). In response to Appellant’s trial court counsel’s statements, the State

made the following representation to the trial court:




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Case No. 1-17-39


       The Court: Does the State want to have anything? I know you
       mentioned merger already. Is there anything else you want to
       add?

       Prosecuting Attorney: Just that, your Honor, in light of the facts
       as were stated during the no contest plea, as well as the argument
       that I provided today, it’s the State’s position that none of these
       counts merge. * * * But, beyond that, we don’t believe any of the
       counts merge.

(Id. at 18). Finally, the trial court, when imposing Appellant’s sentence, ruled that

there was no merger on any of the counts. (Id. at 32).

       {¶44} Here, the limited record on appeal with regards to merger reveals that

the Appellant (through counsel) and the State agreed that merger was not an issue,

which the trial court accepted. As there was no hearing on the issue of merger based

on the representation of the parties, our de novo review of the record does not reveal

any error in trial court’s merger analysis.      Accordingly, we find no merit in

Appellant’s claim that the trial court’s failure to merge the offenses resulted in

reversible error. Appellant’s fourth assignment of error is overruled in its entirety.

                       Appellant’s Fifth Assignment of Error

       {¶45} Lastly, Appellant argues that his sentence was contrary to the

sentencing statutes and violated his Eighth Amendment rights. Appellant directs

this Court to the sentences received by his co-defendants to demonstrate that his

thirty-four (34) year prison sentence was grossly disproportionate to, and not




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Case No. 1-17-39


consistent with, sentences received by similar offenders. For the reasons that

follow, we disagree.

                                Standard of Review

       {¶46} R.C. 2953.08(G)(2), entitled “Appeals based on felony sentencing

guidelines” provides:

       The court hearing an appeal under division (A), (B), or (C) of this
       section shall review the record, including the findings underlying the
       sentence * * *. The appellate court may increase, reduce, or otherwise
       modify a sentence that is appealed under this section or may vacate
       the sentence and remand the matter to the sentencing court for
       resentencing. The appellate court’s standard for review is not whether
       the sentencing court abused its discretion. The appellate court may
       take any action authorized by this division if it clearly and
       convincingly finds either of the following:
            (a) That the record does not support the sentencing
                court’s findings under division (B) or (D) of section
                2929.13, division 2929.13(B)(2)(e) or (C)(4) of
                section 2929.14, or division (I) of section 2929.20 of
                the Revised Code, whichever, if any, is relevant;
            (b) That the sentence is otherwise contrary to law.

R.C. 2953.08(G)(2). “[A]ppellate courts must adhere to the plain language of R.C.

2953.08(G)(2).” State v. Marcum, 146 Ohio St.3d 516, 2016-Ohio-1002, 59 N.E.3d

1231, ¶ 7. An appellate court may only modify or vacate a sentence if it finds by

clear and convincing evidence that the record does not support the sentencing

court’s decision. Id. at ¶ 23. Clear and convincing evidence is that “‘which will

produce in the mind of the trier of facts a firm belief or conviction as to the facts

sought to be established.’” State v. Silknitter, 3rd Dist. Union No. 14-16-07, 2017-


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Case No. 1-17-39


Ohio-327, ¶ 7 quoting, Marcum, supra, quoting Cross v. Ledford, 161 Ohio St. 469,

120 N.E.2d 118 (1954), paragraph three of the syllabus. Clear and convincing

evidence is that measure or degree of proof which is more than a mere

“preponderance of the evidence,” but does not require the certainty of “beyond a

reasonable doubt.” Marcum, at ¶ 22 quoting Ledford.

                                      Analysis

       {¶47} Initially, we note that Appellant does not argue that the trial court

failed to make the appropriate sentencing findings. Instead, Appellant, in part,

disagrees with the trial court’s seriousness findings (under R.C. 2929.12), as well as

the trial court’s imposition of a thirty-four (34) year sentence for “what amounts to

a series of non-violent trafficking offenses for marijuana.” Furthermore, Appellant

contends that the trial court essentially sentenced him to a “life sentence” for

trafficking in marijuana due to his age (53 years old).

       {¶48} “The Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides:

‘Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and

unusual punishments inflicted.’” State v. Simpson, 11th Dist. Lake No. 2016-L-014,

2016-Ohio-7746, ¶ 26. This Amendment is applied to the states through the Due

Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Id.

       {¶49} “As a general rule, a sentence that falls within the terms of a valid

statute cannot amount to a cruel and unusual punishment.” Id. quoting McDougle


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Case No. 1-17-39


v. Maxwell, 1 Ohio St.2d 68, 69, 203 N.E.2d 334 (1964). “Instances of cruel and

unusual punishment are limited to those that would, under the circumstances, shock

any reasonable person and shock the sense of justice of the community.” State v.

Weitbrecht, 86 Ohio St.3d 368, 370 (1999) (citations omitted). In evaluating

whether a punishment is cruel and unusual, the U.S. Supreme Court instructs that

“a criminal sentence must be proportionate to the crime for which the defendant has

been convicted.” Solem v. Helm, 463 U.S. 277, 290 (1983).

      {¶50} When reviewing the record before us, the trial court made the

following sentencing findings on the record:

      Trial Court: But, with respect to all the counts, I’ll review the
      factors for sentencing purposes under 2929.12. I’ll find, again,
      that the offenses as a more serious fact, well, the offenses were
      committed as part of an organized criminal activity. Whether
      there were other individuals involved or not, I don’t know. But,
      it certainly was an organized criminal activity in the way it was
      set up and how the activity occurred over on Pine (sic) Street.

      It could be argued either way, I guess, on whether the defendant
      could expect that there would be physical harm caused to persons
      in committing these offenses. But, I’ll find that I don’t have any
      evidence that any persons were harmed. So, that’s a less serious
      fact.

      Recidivism factors weigh heavily in the Court’s consideration.
      The defendant does have a previous record, as has been outlined
      here in the Court and it’s in the P.S.I. I’m going to find that he
      hasn’t responded favorably to sanctions previously imposed. He
      hasn’t been rehabilitated to a satisfactory degree. Based upon the
      P.S.I and what’s been presented here today the defendant
      demonstrates a pattern of substance abuse that’s related to the
      offense.

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Case No. 1-17-39



      I’ll make a finding that the defendant doesn’t show any genuine
      remorse based upon everything that’s been presented here today.

      Again, there are a lot of felonies of the fifth degree in this case, but
      the most serious offenses, obviously, are not felonies of the fourth
      or fifth degree. So, 2929.13(B)(1)(a) does not require community
      control. The defendant has the prior felony record, anyways, and
      so it wouldn’t require community control, anyways.

      With consideration of the three counts that hold a presumption,
      I’m going to find that the presumption is not overcome with
      respect to those three counts. In weighing especially the
      recidivism factors showing recidivism to be more likely – oh, and
      I didn’t mention the ORAS score. As was pointed out, it was a
      twenty-six, which indicates a high risk of reoffending, for that’s
      worth. But, I’ll find that a community control sanction or a
      combination doesn’t adequately punish the defendant or protect
      the public from future crime. Weighing the factors showing
      recidivism I find that they are not outweighed by any factors
      showing a less likelihood at recidivism.

      I would also find the factor that I did find with regard to no
      physical harm to persons, well, that doesn’t outweigh the more
      serious of this being part of an organized criminal activity.

      So, I find that community control would be demeaning to the
      seriousness of the offenses.

      So, with those findings made the Court is going to find that a
      prison sentence is consistent with the purposes and principles of
      sentencing. The defendant is not, at this time, amenable to
      community control. I find that community control sanctions
      would be demeaning to the seriousness of the conduct and prison
      does not place an unnecessary burden on State governmental
      resources.

(8/21/2017 Tr. at 33-34).



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Case No. 1-17-39


       {¶51} We find that the record demonstrates that the trial court made the

seriousness findings pursuant to R.C. 2929.12(B)&(C). Specifically, the trial court

found that Appellant’s conduct was more serious because he committed the offense

for hire or as a part of an organized criminal activity. (Doc. No. 75). But, the trial

court also found that Appellant’s conduct was less serious because he did not cause

or expect to cause physical harm to any person or property. (Id.). While Appellant

asserts that the trial court should have credited him with one additional “less

serious” factor (under R.C. 2929.12(C)), we are not persuaded by Appellant’s

argument. “‘It is self-evident that the trial court is in the best position to make the

fact-intensive determinations required by the sentencing statutes.’”          State v.

McLemore, 136 Ohio App.3d 550, 554, 2000-Ohio-1619, 737 N.E.2d 125 quoting

State v. Martin, 136 Ohio App.3d 355, 361, 1999-Ohio-814, 736 N.E.2d 907. The

record before us reveals that the trial court was aware of Appellant’s “less serious”

factors (i.e. record of employment), but was unpersuaded in light of the existing

more serious ones. As such, since the trial court was in the best position to make

the sentencing determinations, we need not re-analyze the sentencing factors

further.

       {¶52} Next, Appellant argues that his thirty-four (34) year prison sentence

for being a “non-violent drug dealer” “shocks the conscious,” and directs us to




                                         -29-
Case No. 1-17-39


review the sentences received by his co-defendants and other drug dealers3 to

demonstrate that his sentence is disproportionate to his conduct. However, the goal

of felony sentencing pursuant to R.C. 2929.11(B) is to achieve ‘consistency’ not

‘uniformity.’ Simpson, 11th Dist. Lake No. 2016-L-014, 2016-Ohio-7746, ¶ 28. As

the court in Simpson noted, “‘[a] consistent sentence is not derived from a case-by-

case comparison.’” Id. quoting State v. Swiderski, 11th Dist. Lake No.2004–L–112,

2005–Ohio–6705, ¶ 58. “To the contrary, it is well established that consistency in

sentencing is accomplished by the trial court's application of the statutory

sentencing guidelines to each individual case.” Id. “Thus, in order to show a

sentence is inconsistent with sentences imposed on other offenders, a defendant

[Appellant] must show the trial court failed to properly consider the statutory

purposes and factors of felony sentencing.” Id.

           {¶53} Here, the trial court’s sentence was within the statutory range and the

aggregate term was far less than the maximum sentence that could have been

imposed. Moreover, the record reveals that the trial court properly considered the

statutory purposes and factors of felony sentencing.                 (See, Doc. No. 75).

Interestingly, Appellant concedes that it was his behavior (i.e. setting up a video

recording system that documented his repeated drug transactions) that resulted in

the bulk of his charges. (See, Br. of Appellant at 28).



3
    Appellant refers to drug dealers prison sentences, in general.

                                                       -30-
Case No. 1-17-39


         {¶54} While Appellant directs this Court to State v. Gwynne to support his

contention that his prison sentence “shocks the conscious,” we find several factual

distinctions that make Gwynne inapplicable. State v. Gwynne, 5th Dist. Delaware

No. 16 CAA 12 0056, 2017-Ohio-7570. Unlike the Appellant in Gwynne, Appellant

in the case sub judice was not a first-time felon and does not appear to take

responsibility for actions.4 Id. at ¶¶ 28, 30. Furthermore, Appellant received thirty-

four years in prison for convictions on fifty-eight (58) felony counts, while the

Appellant in Gwynne received sixty-five (65) years in prison for convictions on

thirty-one (31) felony counts and fifteen (15) misdemeanor counts. Id. at ¶¶ 28-29.

Thus, to us, Gwynne is distinguishable.

         {¶55} Accordingly, we find that the trial court did not err in the imposition

of Appellant’s prison sentence and did not fail to consider the statutory factors

required when imposing a prison sentence.                         We overrule Appellant’s fifth

assignment of error.




4
 Notably, Appellant continues to blame losing his biggest client as the catalyst for his behavior. (See, Br.
of Appellant at 27).

                                                    -31-
Case No. 1-17-39


                                    Conclusion

       {¶56} Having found no error prejudicial to Appellant herein in the particulars

assigned and argued, we overrule all of Appellant’s assignments of error.

Accordingly, the judgment of the Allen County Common Pleas Court is affirmed.

                                                                Judgment Affirmed

WILLAMOWSKI, P.J. and SHAW, J., concur.

/jlr




                                        -32-
