            REPORTED

IN THE COURT OF SPECIAL APPEALS

          OF MARYLAND

               No. 693


       September Term, 2013




           IN RE JOY D.




    Eyler, Deborah S.,
    Graeff,
    Thieme, Raymond G., Jr.
       (Retired, Specially Assigned),

                 JJ.


        Opinion by Graeff, J.


       Filed: January 29, 2014
       Crystal D., appellant, appeals from an order of the Circuit Court for Baltimore City,

sitting as a juvenile court, granting the motion of the Baltimore City Department of Social

Services (“BCDSS”) to waive its obligation to continue to make reasonable efforts to reunify

Ms. D. with her daughter, Joy D.1 On appeal, Ms. D. presents the following question for our

review, which we have rephrased, as follows:

       When a local department of social services files a motion to waive reasonable
       efforts to reunify a parent and child pursuant to Md. Code (2013 Repl. Vol.)
       § 3-812 of the Courts & Judicial Proceedings Article (“CJP”), is the court
       required to grant the motion when it finds that the parent has had his or her
       parental rights to other children involuntarily terminated?

       For the reasons set forth below, we shall affirm the judgment of the circuit court.

                  FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

       Ms. D. has a long history with BCDSS and the court system, involving each of her

five children: Joshua, born June 19, 1991; India, born July 7, 1996; Linda, born July 21,

1999; Malachi, born June 11, 2007; and, Joy, born September 21, 2002. We previously set

forth the background of Ms. D.’s involvement with BCDSS in In re Malachi D. and Joy D.,

No. 3006, Sept. Term, 2010 (filed Sept. 20, 2011), an appeal involving the dismissal of

children in need of assistance petitions (“CINA”)2 pertaining to Malachi and Joy.



       1
        The order eliminated the Baltimore City Department of Social Services’ obligation
to provide reasonable efforts to reunify Ms. D. with another child, Malachi D., but Ms. D.
did not appeal the order with respect to Malachi.
       2
         A child in need of assistance is “a child who requires court intervention because: (1)
[t]he child has been abused, has been neglected, has a developmental disability, or has a
mental disorder; and (2) [t]he child’s parents, guardian, or custodian are unable or unwilling
to give proper care and attention to the child and the child’s needs.” Md. Code (2013 Repl.
                                                                                  (continued...)
       On June 18, 1998, Ms. D. brought Joshua to Johns Hopkins Hospital and requested

that he be evaluated and hospitalized. When the hospital staff informed her that Joshua did

not require hospitalization, Ms. D. became so upset that the police were called, and she

subsequently was hospitalized for psychiatric treatment.

       On August 6, 1998, with Ms. D.’s consent, the Circuit Court for Baltimore City found

Joshua and India to be CINA and removed them from Ms. D.’s custody. The children were

placed with their maternal grandparents. Ms. D. previously had expressed a desire to place

the children for adoption, and she had only “sporadic” contact with Joshua after the

placement. Joshua, who has since turned 21 years old, was never reunified with Ms. D.

       Ms. D.’s parental rights with respect to India and Linda, who was found to be CINA

on October 1, 1999, were terminated on November 6, 2003, after a contested hearing.3 Prior

to the termination of Ms. D.’s parental rights to India and Linda, Dr. Dale L. Peterson

diagnosed Ms. D. with borderline personality disorder, a “chronic and severe” condition that

results in “‘very, very fractured’” interpersonal relationships and “‘inappropriate displays of

anger and affective instability,’ including ‘sudden fits of rage.’” Dr. Peterson opined that

Ms. D.’s disorder made it “‘highly unlikely that she could provide an environment of




       2
        (...continued)
Vol.) § 3-801(f) of the Courts and Judicial Proceedings Article (“CJP”).
       3
        This Court affirmed the termination of parental rights for both children in an
unreported opinion, In re Adoption/Guardianship of India S. and Linda B., No. 2032, Sept.
Term, 2003 (Nov. 29, 2004).
adequate safety and emotional stability for her children.’” Her “unpredictability also affected

her willingness to parent, and . . . at times, she wanted to waive her parental rights.’”

       In 2000, Ms. D. met Elliott D. He was abusive and forced her into sexual activity.

Despite the abuse, Ms. D. married Elliott D. in 2002 when she was pregnant with Joy.

Ms. D. believed that, by being married to Elliott D., it would be less likely that BCDSS

would remove Joy from her care, as it had with her other children. Ms. D. and Elliott D.

never lived together, and he contributed very little to Joy’s care.4

       In June 2006, when Joy was three years old, Ms. D. took her to the emergency room

at Johns Hopkins Hospital after Joy had fallen and injured her lip. While Ms. D. was

registering Joy, she became hysterical and verbally abusive to Joy and the registration

coordinator. A social worker who witnessed the incident took Ms. D. to a separate room.

Once Ms. D. calmed down, she reported that she was a victim of domestic violence, and the

incident with the registration process had triggered feelings “of everyone treating her like she

was nothing.” Joy appeared to have “some fear of her mother.” Hospital staff provided

Ms. D. with a number of referrals for support services, including the House of Ruth, BCDSS

Adult and Family Support Unit, and Turnaround, a program that assists families and children

who have witnessed violent acts. Ms. D., however, never enrolled Joy in mental health

services.




       4
        Elliott D., Joy’s father, has said that he is unable or unwilling to provide care for Joy.
He is not a party to this appeal.

                                               -2-
       Joy’s first contact with BCDSS was in 2007. On May 29, 2007, BCDSS filed a

Petition with Request for Shelter Care with regard to Joy. Shortly after Malachi’s birth, on

July 17, 2007, BCDSS initiated shelter care proceedings for him, as well. The juvenile court

authorized Joy’s placement in shelter care, but it denied the initial request for shelter care for

Malachi, ordering instead that Ms. D. ensure that Malachi receive “‘all necessary medical

care’” and cooperate with BCDSS and hospital staff. On October 5, 2007, the petitions were

dismissed without prejudice at the request of BCDSS, following Ms. D.’s compliance with

the court’s orders.

       On March 13, 2009, while at a local hospital, Ms. D. was observed hitting twenty-one-

month-old Malachi on his back. Someone contacted the police, and a child protective

services report was filed. BCDSS concluded that there was no neglect, but based on Ms. D’s

statement to a social worker at the hospital that she was overwhelmed with the care of her

children, BCDSS placed both Joy and Malachi in shelter care. At the shelter care hearing on

March 16, 2009, the court ordered that Joy be kept in shelter care. The court denied shelter

care for Malachi, but it issued an order controlling conduct, which specified that Ms. D. not

use physical discipline against Malachi and permit announced and unannounced visits by

BCDSS and the child’s counsel. Joy subsequently was returned to Ms. D.’s custody, but the

order controlling conduct was continued.

       On July 13, 2009, a BCDSS social worker made a visit to Ms. D.’s home. While the

social worker interviewed Joy, Ms. D. became very upset and stated, in front of Joy, that Joy



                                               -3-
was “‘an evil devil.’” Based on Ms. D.’s statement and conduct, the children’s counsel filed

a motion for immediate review of the children’s CINA petitions. Prior to that hearing, on

August 31, 2009, BCDSS placed Joy and Malachi in the home of Charlene and Herbert K.,

after Ms. D. requested psychiatric hospitalization of Joy. On September 1, 2009, the juvenile

court ordered that Joy and Malachi be placed in shelter care. Joy adjusted well to Mr. and

Ms. K.’s home, bonded with the family, and improved in all areas of development.

       During a supervised visit in April 2010, after Joy referred to her foster mother as her

mother, Ms. D. became verbally aggressive and threatened to kill the BCDSS family

preservation worker, Chante Hoke-King. Joy was frightened and cried uncontrollably. The

police had to be called to escort Joy, Malachi, and the foster parent away from the building.

       In May 2010, BCDSS developed a service agreement for Ms. D., offering mental

health services and parenting classes, to try to work toward reunification. Ms. D. denied

having mental health issues and declined both individual therapy and family counseling. She

also missed many scheduled visits with the children. Ms. D.’s desire to have Joy return home

was “inconsistent and when positive conditioned on evil spirits being out of Joy.” Ms. D.

referred to Joy as a “demon of hell,” whom she did not “really like,” and she stated that Joy

needs to be “out [of] my house” and “should be with her bipolar and abusive father instead

and drive him crazy.” She also sent approximately 2,000 e-mails to Ms. Hoke-King,

protesting BCDSS’ involvement in her life.




                                             -4-
       In July 2010, an adjudicatory hearing was held. The Master recommended dismissal

of Malachi’s petition and sustained certain allegations in Joy’s petition.         The Master

recommended finding that Ms. D. had acted in ways that had caused Joy emotional harm, and

she had been aggressive toward BCDSS workers, threatening to kill one of them in front of

Joy. On October 20, 2010, the Master recommended that Joy be found a CINA and

committed to BCDSS. Ms. D. filed exceptions in Joy’s case. On January 21, 2011, after a

de novo hearing, the court dismissed the CINA petitions, and Joy and Malachi were returned

to the care and custody of Ms. D.5

       On June 25, 2011, while the appeal was pending in this Court, Joy called 911 and

reported that she was being abused; she requested BCDSS involvement. Joy told the

responding police officers that her mother had hit her on her bottom.6

       After the police left, Ms. D. took Joy to the emergency room at Johns Hopkins

Hospital. She reported that Joy’s alleged behavior was unmanageable, and she did not want

Joy home with her. She stated that Joy needed to be returned to foster care because Ms. D.

could not manage Joy’s behavioral problems.            Joy also reported to social worker

Kathleen Orr that she wanted to return to her previous foster family. Even when she was


       5
        As indicated, on September 20, 2011, we vacated the judgment and remanded the
matter for further proceedings. The circuit court consolidated the 2009 petitions and the
2011 petitions.
       6
         Ms. D. subsequently sent an e-mail to BCDSS social worker, Diana Wade stating
that her boyfriend, Henry E., had “threatened Joy sexually on 6/25/11,” and Joy had reported
to her “multiple times her fear that he will sexually abuse her.” Ms. D. also stated that Mr. E.
had expressed an interest in “pimping [Joy] out.”

                                              -5-
informed that she might not be able to return to her previous foster family, she persisted in

her desire to return to foster care.

       After extensive discussion with hospital staff, Ms. D. determined that she would be

able to safely manage Joy until Monday with the help of her fiancé, Henry E., who agreed

to stay in the home and help her until Monday morning. Ms. D. did not report to hospital

staff Joy’s concerns about potential sexual abuse by Mr. E.

       On June 28, 2011, Ms. D. again took Joy to the emergency room at Johns Hopkins

Hospital and requested an emergency psychiatric evaluation. The hospital did not admit Joy.

On June 29, 2011, Ms. D. took Joy to University of Maryland and reported that Joy required

an emergency psychiatric evaluation for her “bad behavior.” When Ms. D. was informed that

Joy would not be admitted, she became violent and verbally abusive. In an effort to calm

Ms. D., the treatment team agreed to have Joy transferred to a pediatric clinic for evaluation.

Ms. D.’s aggressive behavior continued, however, and she threatened a social worker.

       During the interview with a social worker, Ms. D. repeatedly called Joy a “liar” and

a “horrible child” and loudly denigrated Joy in Joy’s presence. Ms. D. became increasingly

agitated and began making delusional statements. Joy and Malachi sat very close to one

another on one chair, and Joy appeared to make herself as small as possible, getting closer

and closer to Malachi, indicating in a soft voice, “I don’t like when mommy gets angry like

this.” The social worker concluded that Ms. D. needed a psychiatric evaluation in light of

her “observed paranoid and irrational behavior,” and that Joy “was not safe with her mother



                                              -6-
exhibiting these behaviors.” BCDSS removed Joy, and on June 30, 2011, the juvenile court

ordered the continuation of Joy’s placement in shelter care. BCDSS was able to place Joy

back into the K.’s home. Joy has never returned to Ms. D.’s home.

       On June 25, 2011, Diana Wade7 was assigned to work with the D. family. Initially,

Ms. D. acknowledged Ms. Wade’s efforts and reported that she had a good rapport with her.

Ms. D. still insisted that Joy was a liar and the “major problem [in] the case.” She persisted

in her belief that Joy was the “devil’s child,” and that the devil uses Joy. She thought that

Joy needed an exorcism, stating that she wanted Joy returned to her only if Joy was “assessed

for possible possession.”

       On July 26, 2011, Ms. D. contacted BCDSS. She was extremely anxious and

overwhelmed. A family preservation worker, Ravital Shalev, met with Ms. D. for a home

safety assessment. Ms. D. reported that she was overwhelmed by Malachi and his emotional

needs. She stated that she was extremely frustrated, and she asked that Malachi be removed

from her care. Ms. D. was offered family preservation services, as well as mental health,

parenting, counseling and financial assistance services, but she “wanted none of it.” The

following day, BCDSS filed a petition for shelter care, and Malachi was removed from the




       7
        Ms. Wade is sometimes referred to in the record as Ms. Wade-Williams. For
purposes of consistency, we shall refer to her as “Ms. Wade.”

                                             -7-
home. Malachi was placed in the same home as Joy, first with the K.’s, and then later with

Ms. W.8

       In May 2012, a forensic psychiatrist, Ronald Means, completed psychiatric

evaluations of Ms. D., Joy, and Malachi. Dr. Means concluded that Ms. D. has “signs of

mania with severe irritability and seemingly erratic behavior.” She also has problems with

anxiety and appeared “severely paranoid” at times. Dr. Means diagnosed Ms. D. with

Borderline Personality Disorder, which is a “pervasive pattern of instability of interpersonal

relationships, self-image, and emotions.”

       Dr. Means found Joy to be well-adjusted despite her disrupted childhood. Joy advised

Dr. Means that her foster home was a “better, safer, nicer environment.” With respect to

visitation, Joy stated that she “sometimes” enjoyed seeing her mother, but she did not want

to live with her and would rather be adopted and communicate with Ms. D. through letters

or e-mail. In describing Ms. D.’s emotional responses, Joy stated: “One time she’ll love you,

and another time, she’ll hate you. She yells and screams.”

       LaShaunna Lipscomb, a therapist at Neighbor to Family, told Dr. Means that Joy had

done very well since being in foster care. She indicated that Joy “walks on eggshells” during

supervised visitation with Ms. D., and that Ms. D. is “very volatile” and “no one knows what

sets her off.”



       8
         On October 19, 2012, Joy and Malachi were placed with Ms. W., Malachi’s paternal
aunt. Joy and Malachi have different fathers. For Joy, Ms. W. is a foster placement. Ms. W.
is a licensed therapeutic foster provider through Arrow Project.

                                             -8-
       Dr. Means concluded that Ms. D.’s personality disorder had “severely affected her

functioning throughout the years,” and it had impacted her ability to parent her children. He

stated that it was “particularly problematic that she remains ambivalent about whether she

wants Joy to return to her care and only wants to accept her back under conditions that are

unrealistic,” such as having an exorcism and assessment for possession. Dr. Means opined

that Ms. D. needed prolonged individual therapy and medications in order to “begin to

demonstrate stability,” but he noted that Ms. D. was “not invested in mental health treatment

and does not believe in mental illness.” Ms. D. also had “no insight into her level of

dysfunction and does not intend to participate in ongoing treatment.” He concluded that

Ms. D.’s “ability to provide nurturance, supervision and adequate care for her children will

continue to be significantly impacted by her severe personality disorder.”

       In July 2012, the juvenile court held adjudicatory and disposition hearings for Joy and

Malachi. The court conducted an in camera interview of Joy and Malachi, and found that,

although they loved Ms. D., they both were “visibly afraid of Mother’s anger and mood shifts

and both wish to remain in the care of Ms. K.” The court found Joy to be a CINA and

committed her to the custody of BCDSS. It found that BCDSS had made reasonable efforts

to reunify Joy with Ms. D. by facilitating weekly visitations, making referrals, offering

service agreements, maintaining contact with Ms. D., placing the children together, and

ensuring the children’s needs were met. Ms. D., however, had been uncooperative at times,

and she had failed to appear for scheduled meetings, refused to allow BCDSS caseworkers



                                             -9-
to enter her home, failed to regularly visit with Joy, and failed to follow through with

aftercare services for Joy. The court noted that Ms. D. had demonstrated “fits of rage,” and

had not been amenable to treatment for her mental health disorders because she did not

believe that there was “such thing as mental illness.”         The permanency plan was

reunification.

       On April 18, 2013, the court held a permanency planning review hearing. There was

testimony regarding attempts to get counseling for Ms. D. She had been referred to Hebron

House, a psychological therapeutic house providing counseling services, but Hebron House

indicated that they could not help Ms. D. Ms. D. next sought mental health counseling at

APEX, an outpatient mental health center, but it withdrew from services because of the

“distraction of Mother’s constant e-mails.” Ms. D. indicated that she would not participate

with BCDSS family involvement meetings.

       Ms. D. had completed anger management classes and parenting classes. She had

maintained contact with BCDSS through letter and by e-mail, as well as during her weekly

visits with the children. Ms. D.’s supervised visits were “generally going well.” Ms. Wade

described one visitation, however, on February 26, 2013, when Ms. D. tried to give Malachi

a time out for not wanting to look at a video. Malachi responded: “Don’t kill me.” On

another visit, Malachi was kicking and screaming because there was no computer mouse.

Ms. D. became agitated and threatened to call the police. When Malachi continued to kick

and cry, Ms. D. became increasingly agitated and displayed rage in front of the children.



                                            -10-
Ms. D. accused Ms. Wade of abusing her. Following the visit, Malachi had to be placed in

respite care for two days. The court found that, although Ms. D. had completed anger

management classes, these events showed that she had not overcome her severe mood swings

and mental health disorder.

      At the conclusion of the hearing, the court found, in pertinent part, as follows:

      Mother has previously indicated that she was overwhelmed by parenting [the
      children] when they were last removed – and Mother’s testimony today
      indicates that she was similarly overwhelmed on 4/9/2013. The continued
      cycle of Mother’s erratic and sometimes cycling rage behavior (leveled at
      various points at everyone involved in these proceedings – and even to [the
      children]) is imminently dangerous to the emotional safety of the [children] –
      [Malachi’s] two days of respite care and previously regressive behaviors after
      visiting with Mother are strong and persuasive of this continuing risk to [the
      children’s] safety raised by this record and recent events.

      Mother has continued to devote considerable efforts to challenge her mental
      health diagnosis and indeed the existence of any mental health illness.
      Regardless of differences of opinion on the underlying issues, the [c]ourt
      continues in its finding that the emotional injury of Mother’s cycling rage
      behavior, while perhaps improved in some small measure, remains at a level
      which is a real and serious threat to the emotional health and mental health of
      [the children]. Joy and Malachi deserve and need the stability of parenting that
      meets their emotional and developmental needs.

      While Mother loves [the children] and has made significant efforts to comply
      with the court’s orders and BCDSS service agreements; unfortunately, those
      efforts, both reasonable by BCDSS and those by Mother, have not made
      Mother closer to the ability to parent [the children] than Mother was when [the
      children] were last removed upon Mother’s admission that she was
      overwhelmed.

                                           ***
      It would be contrary to [the children’s] welfare to return to the care of their
      Mother today: Mother’s [erratic] and sometimes explosive rage is emotionally


                                            -11-
       injurious to [the children] and the most recent occurr[e]nce of that behavior on
       4/9/2013 establishes that Mother’s mental health issues have not resolved to
       a point where [the children] can or should be in their best interest and [safety]
       be placed in Mother’s care. The [c]ourt is also persuaded that [Joy] does not
       [presently] wish to return to Mother’s care.

       After finding that BCDSS had made reasonable efforts to achieve the permanency

plan of reunification, the court changed the permanency plan to a concurrent plan of

reunification and relative placement for custody and guardianship. It set the next hearing for

July 9, 2013.

       In May 2013, Ms. D. became unwilling to continue to work with Ms. Wade. She sent

a series of e-mails to Ms. Wade stating that she was “eliminating” her from the case and from

supervising visits. She accused Ms. Wade of lying and “false reporting,” and she advised

Ms. Wade not to contact her unless it was an emergency. She also accused Ms. Wade of

making her physically ill, and she stated that she would file a police report against Ms. Wade

if she received any certified mail from her. Ms. D. also threatened to “press criminal charges

for harassment and assault.”

       On May 9, 2013, BCDSS filed a motion to waive the requirement that it continue to

make reasonable efforts to reunify Joy and Malachi with Ms. D. The motion noted that Joy

had been out of Ms. D’s care continuously since June 30, 2011, Ms. D. had a long history of

not being able to provide for her children, and on November 6, 2003, the court had

involuntarily terminated her parental rights to Linda and India.9 BCDSS asserted that it had



       9
           A copy of the 2003 Order was attached to the motion.

                                             -12-
not sought a waiver previously because it was attempting to give Ms. D. another opportunity

to address the reasons for the children’s placement in BCDSS’s care, and in deference to the

court’s decision to continue a plan of reunification. Ms. D., however, had demonstrated

repeatedly that she had no understanding of her untreatable condition, which was “immune

to intervention.” BCDSS asserted that, in addition to the authority provided by statute, it was

in the children’s best interest that efforts for reunification cease, noting that Ms. D.’s

condition had not improved since 1998. Accordingly, BCDSS requested that the court waive

the requirement that it make reasonable efforts at reunification, and it requested a

permanency planning hearing.

       Ms. D. did not file a written response. Joy, through counsel, joined in BCDSS’s

request. She attached as exhibits Ms. D.’s e-mails indicating that she no longer would work

with Ms. Wade, which Joy noted would make it “virtually impossible” and “futile” “for

BCDSS to continue to engage her in efforts toward reunification.”

       On May 30, 2013, the court heard argument on the motion. BCDSS presented

evidence that Ms. D.’s parental rights to two of her children had been terminated, and this

was the third CINA petition involving Joy and Malachi. Indeed, it asserted, this was the 40th

hearing for Joy, who had been in the care of BCDSS for two years, and “[a]t this point there

is nothing else that we can do for this parent and we’re asking you to waive reasonable

efforts based on the statute.”




                                             -13-
       Counsel for Joy noted that the court’s April 18 order stated that Ms. D. still had

“erratic and explosive rage,” which was a danger to the children, and Ms. D. was “no closer

to the ability to care for the children than she had been when the children were last removed.”

She also referred to the e-mails from Ms. D., indicating that Ms. D. was “no longer allowing

the [BCDSS] to work with her” and was “going to do her bonding with the children in some

way that didn’t include the workers or supervised visitation.” On that basis, counsel stated

that she did not believe that BCDSS could continue to make reasonable efforts to reunify

Ms. D. with Joy, and Joy’s progression toward permanency should not be further delayed.

       Ms. D.’s counsel did not refute any of these arguments. She argued only that Ms. D.

was frustrated because BCDSS had changed the location of her visits with Joy and Malachi

after the court ordered that the visits remain the same.

       Counsel for BCDSS responded that visits had been held in many locations, including

a library that had barred Ms. D., and there was no requirement regarding where visits were

to take place. He argued that Ms. D.’s social workers had “bent over backwards” for her, but

she was no closer to reunification than she was when the children initially were sheltered.

He stated that there was nothing else that BCDSS could do for the family.

       Counsel then stated that it was a “mandatory waiver per reading of the statute.” After

the court asked: “What’s the mandatory part?” the following ensued:

       [COUNSEL FOR BCDSS]: “If the [c]ourt finds by clear and convincing
       evidence that any of” – this is Section (d).

       THE COURT: All right.

                                             -14-
       [COUNSEL FOR BCDSS]: “That any of the circumstances specified in
       Subsection (b) of this section exists, the [c]ourt shall waive the requirement
       that reasonable efforts be made to reunify the child –”

       THE COURT: All right.

       [COUNSEL FOR BCDSS]: “– with the child’s parent or guardian.” Thank
       you.

       THE COURT: All right. All right. Motion’s granted.

       This appeal followed.10

                                 STANDARD OF REVIEW

       Maryland appellate courts review child custody cases under three “different but

interrelated” standards of review. In re Adoption/Guardianship of Cadence B., 417 Md. 146,

155 (2010). First, we review factual findings under the clearly erroneous standard. Id.

Second, we review purely legal questions de novo, requiring further proceedings except in

cases of harmless error. Id. Finally, we review “the ultimate conclusion of the [juvenile




       10
          An order waiving the requirement to make reasonable efforts to reunify a parent
with his or her child is appealable pursuant to CJP § 12-303(3)(x), which provides that a
party may appeal from an interlocutory order that “[d]epriv[es] a parent . . . of the care and
custody of his child, or chang[es] the terms of such an order.” To be appealable within this
statutory exception, an order must adversely affect the parent’s rights. In re Joseph N., 407
Md. 278, 288 (2009). See In re: Karl H. and Anthony H., 394 Md. 402, 430 (2006) (If an
order changes an antecedent custody order in a way that “could deprive a parent of the
fundamental right to care and custody of his or her child, whether immediately or in the
future, the order is an appealable interlocutory order.”); In re Damon M., 362 Md. 429, 438
(2001) (holding that despite their interlocutory nature, court orders regarding permanency
plans are immediately appealable). Waiving a department’s obligation to make reasonable
efforts at reunification adversely affects the parent’s right to the care and custody of his or
her child.

                                             -15-
court] founded upon sound legal principles and based upon factual findings that are not

clearly erroneous” for a “clear abuse of discretion.” Id. (quoting In re Yve S., 373 Md. 551,

586 (2003)).

                                        DISCUSSION

       When a child is removed from his or her parent’s care and custody and placed in foster

care, a department of social services has a statutory obligation to make reasonable efforts to

reunify the child with the parent. In re Joseph N., 407 Md. 278, 291-92 (2009).11 The

statutory scheme presumes that, “unless there are compelling circumstances to the contrary,

the plan should be to work toward reunification, as it is presumed that it is in the best interest

of a child to be returned to his or her natural parent.” In re Yve S., 373 Md. at 582.

       At issue in this case is the circuit court’s application of CJP § 3-812 in waiving the

requirement that BCDSS make efforts to reunify Joy with Ms. D. That statute provides that

a department of social services “may ask the court to find that reasonable efforts to reunify



       11
            In that regard, Md. Code (2012) § 5-525(e) of the Family Law Article provides:

           (e) Reasonable efforts. — (1) Unless a court orders that reasonable efforts
       are not required under § 3-812 of the Courts Article or § 5-323 of this title,
       reasonable efforts shall be made to preserve and reunify families:
                   (I) prior to the placement of a child in an out-of-home placement,
       to prevent or eliminate the need for removing the child from the child's home;
       and
                   (ii) to make it possible for a child to safely return to the child’s
       home.
               (2) In determining the reasonable efforts to be made and in making the
       reasonable efforts described under paragraph (1) of this subsection, the child’s
       safety and health shall be the primary concern.

                                               -16-
a child with the child’s parent or guardian are not required” if the department concludes that

the parent has:

          (1) Subjected the child to:
              (i) Chronic abuse;
              (ii) Chronic and life-threatening neglect;
              (iii) Sexual abuse; or
              (iv) Torture;
          (2) Been convicted, in any state or any court of the United States, of:
              (i) A crime of violence against:
                   1. A minor offspring of the parent or guardian;
                   2. The child; or
                   3. Another parent or guardian of the child; or
              (ii) Aiding or abetting, conspiring, or soliciting to commit a crime
       described in item (i) of this item; or
          (3) Involuntarily lost parental rights of a sibling of a child.

CJP § 3-812(b) (emphasis added).

       When the local department makes a request to waive the obligation to provide

reasonable efforts for reunification, CJP § 3-812(d) sets forth the action to be taken by the

court. It provides:

       If the court finds by clear and convincing evidence that any of the
       circumstances specified in subsection (b) of this section exists, the court shall
       waive the requirement that reasonable efforts be made to reunify the child with
       the child’s parent or guardian.

(Emphasis added).12

       12
            CJP § 3-812(e) provides:

           (e) Permanent placement of child. — If the court finds that reasonable
       efforts are not required, the local department shall:
               (1) Request that a permanency planning hearing be held in accordance
       with § 3-823 of this subtitle within 30 days after the court makes the finding;
                                                                                 (continued...)

                                             -17-
       Ms. D. contends that the court erred in granting the motion by BCDSS to waive the

requirement that it provide reunification services to her. She asserts that, pursuant to CJP

§ 3-812, the court must exercise discretion in waiving the right to reunification services, but

the court here believed that it was required to grant the motion and did not exercise this

discretion. Although she acknowledges that the statute uses the word “shall,” she asserts that

interpreting the statute as mandating a waiver of reasonable efforts where a parent has had

a prior involuntary termination of parental rights would “nullify the court’s obligation to

consider what is in the child’s best interests,” and it would violate the parent’s fundamental

constitutional right to raise his or her children free from undue and unwarranted interference

on the part of the State.

       She further argues that, even if the record could be construed to suggest that the court

did exercise discretion, it abused its discretion. This is so, she asserts, based on its finding

at the previous review hearing that Ms. D. was in “substantial, if not total, compliance with

her court-ordered services,” noting that the existence of remaining “problems was not a

sufficient basis to waive reasonable efforts.”

       BCDSS contends that, pursuant to the plain language of CJP § 3-812(d), the court is

required to grant a local department’s motion to waive the obligation to make reasonable



       12
         (...continued)
       and
                (2) Make reasonable efforts to place the child in a timely manner in
       accordance with the permanency plan and complete the steps necessary to
       finalize the permanent placement of the child.

                                              -18-
efforts to reunify a parent and a child when the court finds the existence of one of the

circumstances in § 3-812(d), such as the involuntary loss of parental rights of a sibling child.

It asserts that the legislative history, and the statutory purpose, i.e., to prevent children from

languishing in foster care for years while local departments continue to make efforts to

achieve reunification with hopelessly dysfunctional families, confirms this construction of

CJP § 3-812. Alternatively, BCDSS asserts that, even if the court was required to exercise

discretion, it properly did so, because there was overwhelming evidence to support the ruling,

particularly Ms. D.’s repeated failures to address the root causes of Joy’s placement in foster

care, her history of uncontrollable rages, and her refusal to cooperate with services.

       With respect to Ms. D.’s constitutional challenge, BCDSS argues that Ms. D. has

waived this argument because she did not raise it below. In any event, it argues, a mandatory

grant of a motion to waive the obligation to make reasonable efforts to reunify a parent with

his or her child does not violate Ms. D.’s fundamental constitutional rights.

       Joy also contends that the court properly waived the obligation of BCDSS to continue

to provide reunification services to Ms. D. She asserts that the court had ample evidence

before it to support a waiver of reasonable efforts.         Joy argues that where, as here,

reunification services would be futile and the child’s best interests require a realistic

permanency plan, the local department is not required to continue to offer services.

                                                I.

                               Application of CJP § 3-812(d)



                                               -19-
       The first question we must address is the meaning of the language in § 3-812(d),

which requires that, upon a finding of the existence of a statutory waiver condition, the court

“shall waive the requirement” of reasonable efforts toward reunification. Specifically, we

must determine whether § 3-812(d) creates a mandatory obligation on the court to grant a

local department’s request to waive the obligation to make reasonable efforts to reunify a

parent and a child when the court finds that one of the statutory waiver conditions exist.

       In making that determination, we apply well-settled principles of statutory

interpretation:

       In statutory interpretation, our primary goal is always to discern the legislative
       purpose, the ends to be accomplished, or the evils to be remedied by a
       particular provision, be it statutory, constitutional or part of the Rules. We
       begin our analysis by first looking to the normal, plain meaning of the
       language of the statute, reading the statute as a whole to ensure that no word,
       clause, sentence or phrase is rendered surplusage, superfluous, meaningless or
       nugatory. If the language of the statute is clear and unambiguous, we need not
       look beyond the statute's provisions and our analysis ends. If, however, the
       language is subject to more than one interpretation, it is ambiguous, and we
       endeavor to resolve that ambiguity by looking to the statute's legislative
       history, case law, statutory purpose, as well as the structure of the statute.
       When the statute is part of a larger statutory scheme, it is axiomatic that the
       language of a provision is not interpreted in isolation; rather, we analyze the
       statutory scheme as a whole considering the purpose, aim, or policy of the
       enacting body, and attempt to harmonize provisions dealing with the same
       subject so that each may be given effect.

State v. Phillips, 210 Md. App. 239, 259-60 (2013) (quoting Lowery v. State, 430 Md. 477,

490 (2013)).

       In light of these principles, we start by looking to the language of the Act itself, which

provides that, upon certain conditions, the court “shall waive” the obligation to provide

                                              -20-
reunification efforts.13 The use of the word “shall” is significant; it “ordinarily indicates a

mandatory intent, unless the context of the statute indicates otherwise.” Burch v. State, 358

Md. 278, 284 (2000). Accord Perez v. State, 420 Md. 57, 63 (2011) (“‘When the Legislature

commands that something be done, using words such as “shall” or “must” rather than “may”

or “should,” the obligation to comply with the statute or rule is mandatory.’”) (quoting State

v. Green, 367 Md. 61, 82 (2001)); Miller v. City of Annapolis Historic Preservation Comm’n,

200 Md. App. 612, 639-40 (2011) (Shall requires a particular course of action, and

accordingly, it is mandatory.). Thus, pursuant to the plain language of the statute, upon a

finding, by clear and convincing evidence, that the parent has involuntarily lost his or her

rights to a sibling of the child, a court has a mandatory obligation to grant a motion filed by

the local department to waive the obligation to continue to make reasonable efforts for

reunification.14


       13
         These conditions include a motion filed by a local department requesting a waiver,
and a finding by the court, by clear and convincing evidence, that one of the circumstances
specified in CJP § 3-812(b) exists. Appellant does not dispute that these conditions were
shown in this case. Indeed, she admits in her Brief in this Court that “[t]here was no dispute
that on November 6, 2003, the Circuit Court for Baltimore City terminated the parental rights
of Ms. D. to two daughters, India S.-B. and Linda B.”
       14
          This construction of the statute does not mean that a parent who has involuntarily
lost parental rights to a child will not receive reasonable efforts for reunification in the event
of a subsequent CINA proceeding of a sibling. Pursuant to the statute, the local department
is not required to request discontinuation of reasonable efforts for reunification. Rather, the
statute provides that the local department “may ask the court to find that reasonable efforts
to reunify a child with the child’s parent or guardian are not required.” CJP § 3-812(b)
(emphasis added). Thus, as in this case, despite the existence of a statutory waiver condition,
the department can choose not to file a motion unless it is convinced that reasonable efforts
                                                                                     (continued...)

                                               -21-
       The legislative history of CJP § 3-812(d) supports the interpretation that the statute

imposes a mandatory obligation on the court. In In re James G., 178 Md. App. 543 (2008),

we reviewed in depth the background regarding the “reasonable efforts” requirement, and

the significant changes made to federal law in 1997 based on concerns that children were

lingering in foster homes for too long because agencies were “‘engaged in excessive efforts

to ‘repair hopelessly dysfunctional families’” and were “‘being reunited with parents when

it was not safe to do so in the name of reasonable efforts.’” Id. at 575-76 (quoting Kathleen

S. Bean, Reasonable Efforts: What State Courts Think, 36 U. Tol. L. Rev. 321, 326 (2005)).

The 1997 changes to federal law included a requirement that states, in order to receive

federal subsidies, must provide for the waiver of the requirement that local departments make

reasonable efforts to reunify the child with the parent under specified circumstances. See 42

U.S.C. § 671(a)(15)(D), Adoption and Safe Families Act of 1997 (“AFSA”).

       In 1998, in response to the AFSA waiver requirements, the General Assembly passed

House Bill 1093, which initially was codified at CJP § 3-812.1. See 1998 Md. Laws, ch. 539.

With respect to the court’s obligation to waive the reasonable efforts requirement upon

request, the initial bill contained the language “shall,” which was amended by the House

Judiciary Committee to “may,” but was changed again by the Conference Committee. The

explanation for the change was to strike “the language in the [amended House] Bill that

would have made it discretionary for a court to grant a waiver of the local department’s

       14
         (...continued)
for reunification are futile.

                                            -22-
obligation to provide reunification services if aggravated circumstances exist, and substitute[]

language making it mandatory for a court to grant a waiver of these obligations under those

circumstances.” Conference Committee Report to HB 1093 at 1-2. In 2001, CJP § 3-812.1

was re-enacted as CJP § 3-812(d), with no change regarding the mandatory language. 2001

Md. Laws, ch. 415. The legislature’s intent in this regard is clear.

       Accordingly, we hold, pursuant to the plain language of the statue, as well as the

legislative history, that the language of CJP § 3-812(d) is mandatory.            When a local

department requests the court to waive its obligation to continue reunification efforts, and

the court finds, by clear and convincing evidence, that one of the statutory waiver conditions

exists, including that the parent involuntarily lost parental rights to a sibling child, the court

is required to grant the motion. The circuit court did not err in granting the motion to waive

the obligation of BCDSS in this case.

                                               II.

                                  Constitutional Challenge

       As indicated, Ms. D. contends that, if § 3-812 is construed, as we have held, to be a

mandatory requirement that the court waive the obligation for reasonable efforts for

reunification, then the statute is unconstitutional. As BCDSS and Joy point out, however,

Ms. D. did not raise a constitutional argument before the circuit court. Accordingly, we

decline to address such a challenge now. See Md. Rule 8-131(a). In Hall v. State, 22 Md.




                                               -23-
App. 240, 245-46 (1974), we explained the significance of the lack of preservation regarding

a constitutional claim:

       On matters of such import and significance as constitutional questions, we
       cannot overstress the necessity of preserving the issue below. . . . “[N]othing
       is better settled than the rule that the question as to the constitutionality of a
       statute will not be considered on appeal when not properly raised and decided
       by the lower court.”

(Quoting Vuitch v. State, 10 Md. App. 389, 398 (1970)). Accord Seat Pleasant Baptist

Church Bd. of Tr. v. Long, 114 Md. App. 660, 677-78 (1997) (constitutionality of a statute

will not be considered on appeal when not raised below).




                                                     JUDGMENT AFFIRMED. COSTS TO
                                                     BE PAID BY APPELLANT.




                                              -24-
