                                                             FILED
                                                              DEC 02 2016
 1                          NOT FOR PUBLICATION
                                                          SUSAN M. SPRAUL, CLERK
                                                            U.S. BKCY. APP. PANEL
 2                                                          OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT

 3                  UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY APPELLATE PANEL
 4                            OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT
 5   In re:                        )       BAP No.     CC-15-1316-FDKi
                                   )
 6   BENJAMIN LEE TAYLOR and JANET )       Bk. No.     2:13-bk-35470-BR
     LOUISE TAYLOR,                )
 7                                 )       Adv. Pro. 2:14-ap-01163-BR
                    Debtors.       )
 8   _____________________________ )
                                   )
 9   BENJAMIN LEE TAYLOR,          )
                                   )
10                  Appellant,     )
                                   )
11   v.                            )       MEMORANDUM*
                                   )
12   KAREN GOOD, DBA Judgment      )
     Enforcement Bureau,           )
13                                 )
                    Appellee.      )
14   ______________________________)
15                  Argued and Submitted on November 17, 2016
                             at Pasadena, California
16
                            Filed – December 2, 2016
17
                 Appeal from the United States Bankruptcy Court
18                   for the Central District of California
19            Honorable Barry Russell, Bankruptcy Judge, Presiding
20
     Appearances:      Dennis Winters of Winters Law Firm argued for
21                     Appellant Benjamin Lee Taylor; Michael A. Wallin
                       of Slater Hersey and Lieberman LLP argued for
22                     Appellee Karen Good.
23
24
25
26        *
            This disposition is not appropriate for publication.
27   Although it may be cited for whatever persuasive value it may
     have, see Fed. R. App. P. 32.1, it has no precedential value, see
28   9th Cir. BAP Rule 8024-1.
 1   Before: FARIS, DUNN,** and KIRSCHER, Bankruptcy Judges.
 2                             INTRODUCTION
 3        Appellant and chapter 71 debtor Benjamin Lee Taylor appeals
 4   from the bankruptcy court’s denial of discharge under
 5   §§ 727(a)(2)(A), (2)(B), and (4)(A).   He argues that the court
 6   erred because the property that he allegedly concealed was not
 7   his property or estate property, and the omissions and
 8   misstatements relating to the property were not material.   We
 9   find no merit to Mr. Taylor’s arguments.    Accordingly, we AFFIRM.
10                          FACTUAL BACKGROUND
11        Mr. Taylor is the sole shareholder of a number of businesses
12   registered in the state of California: Taylor Concrete Pumping
13   Corporation (“TCP”), Taylor Transportation, Inc. (“TTI”), Ben
14   Taylor Concrete Co., Taylor Concrete Services, Inc., and Taylor
15   Concrete & Pumping (collectively, “Taylor Entities”).
16        Mr. Taylor maintained that TCP is a defunct corporation with
17   no assets that stopped doing business in 2013.   He later
18   testified that, as of January 2014, none of the Taylor Entities
19   was doing business.
20        Ms. Good is the assignee of two 2010 state court judgments
21   in excess of $430,000 against Mr. Taylor and TCP.   She initiated
22   collection actions in California state court, including
23
24        **
            The Honorable Randall L. Dunn, United States Bankruptcy
     Judge for the District of Oregon, sitting by designation.
25
          1
26          Unless specified otherwise, all chapter and section
     references are to the Bankruptcy Code, 11 U.S.C. §§ 101-1532, all
27   “Rule” references are to the Federal Rules of Bankruptcy
     Procedure, and all “Civil Rule” references are to the Federal
28   Rules of Civil Procedure.

                                     2
 1   conducting judgment debtor examinations.    During one of these
 2   examinations, she inquired about TTI.    Mr. Taylor testified that
 3   he had never heard of TTI and did not own it.    He also denied
 4   owning any other active business besides TCP.
 5        Mr. Taylor claimed that the recession severely damaged his
 6   business between 2007 and 2009 and that he could not pay
 7   creditors, including Ms. Good.    He and his wife, Janet Louise
 8   Taylor, filed their chapter 7 petition on October 18, 2013.     They
 9   represented that they only had $138 in cash on hand and $1 in a
10   checking account.   In their bankruptcy schedules, they disclosed
11   their ownership of TCP, but did not include any other information
12   concerning the Taylor Entities.
13        At a § 341(a) meeting of creditors on December 5, 2013,
14   Mr. Taylor testified that he did not have a personal bank account
15   and that he paid his bills by money order.    He was also asked
16   whether TTI had a Bank of America bank account.    Mr. Taylor
17   testified that TTI was dissolved and that it did not have a Bank
18   of America bank account.
19        Ms. Good then served a subpoena on Bank of America for
20   documents relating to accounts held in the name of TTI or TCP.
21   Bank of America responded by disclosing information pertaining to
22   an account held by TTI (the “TTI Account”), of which Mr. Taylor
23   is an authorized signer.   The account statements provided by Bank
24   of America showed thousands of dollars deposited and withdrawn
25   from the TTI Account each month.2
26
          2
27          For example, in the statement for October 2013 (the month
     in which the Taylors filed for bankruptcy), the ending balance
28                                                      (continued...)

                                       3
 1        On January 2, 2014, Mr. Taylor testified at a judgment
 2   debtor examination in the California superior court that he used
 3   the TTI Account to pay his personal bills.   He also acknowledged
 4   that he owned TTI and was its chief executive officer.
 5        Mr. Taylor also changed his prior testimony and stated at a
 6   Rule 2004 examination that the TTI Account belonged to TTI, but
 7   he used it as an account for TCP because creditors had liens on
 8   TCP’s bank accounts.   He also deposited into the TTI Account
 9   checks made to him personally and made withdrawals for both
10   business and personal expenses.
11        In March 2014, Ms. Good filed an adversary proceeding
12   against Mr. Taylor to determine nondischargeability of debt under
13   §§ 523(a)(4), (2)(A), and (6) and to deny discharge under
14   §§ 727(a)(2)(A), (2)(B), (3), (4)(A), and (5).3   In relevant
15   part, Ms. Good asserted that the Taylors were doing business and
16   collecting money under the name of TTI.   They opened the TTI
17   Account, which was not reported on their petition or schedules,
18   and used the TTI Account as a depository for checks written to
19   TCP, TTI, Taylor Concrete & Pumping, and Mr. Taylor.   She
20   estimated that the checks deposited in the name of TCP exceeded
21   $203,000 in 2012-13.   She said that the Taylors withdrew funds
22
          2
23         (...continued)
     was a paltry $364.24. However, the beginning balance was
24   $4,028.75, with deposits totaling $15,659.53 and withdrawals
     totaling $19,308.04. Withdrawals included payments to Kohl’s
25   Department Stores, DirecTV, Netflix, and Experian credit
26   reporting.
          3
27          The bankruptcy court later granted the Taylors’ motion to
     dismiss the entire complaint as to Mrs. Taylor and the
28   §§ 523(a)(4) and (2)(A) claims as to Mr. Taylor.

                                       4
 1   from the TTI Account to pay both personal and business expenses.
 2        At the trial of Ms. Good’s adversary proceeding, Mr. Taylor
 3   testified that, because of tax levies and liens attached to his
 4   personal bank account and TCP’s bank account, “I had no choice
 5   but to use the only account I had to deposit checks I received
 6   from my concrete work, the account in [TTI].       I did not do this
 7   to hide the money from Ms. Good.       I did it because it was the
 8   only account I had access to.”
 9        He additionally claimed that he did not make any false
10   statement at the § 341(a) meeting of creditors because he was
11   confused by Ms. Good’s questions regarding TTI and the TTI
12   Account.
13        At the conclusion of trial, the bankruptcy court said that
14   the concealment and false statements regarding the TTI Account
15   were sufficient to deny discharge under §§ 727(a)(2) and (a)(4),
16   and therefore it did not need to rule on the § 523 claims or the
17   remaining § 727 claims.
18        On September 1, 2015, the bankruptcy court issued the
19   following findings of fact:
20             3. In connection with his bankruptcy case,
          defendant intentionally and fraudulently concealed from
21        his schedules and made misstatements regarding a bank
          account held by Taylor Transportation, Inc. (“TTI”) at
22        Bank of America.
23             4. Defendant, with the intent to hinder, delay,
          and defraud his creditors, used the above bank account
24        held at Bank of America as a depository for checks and
          monies received by Taylor Concrete Pumping Corp., TTI,
25        and defendant. Defendant also used the funds from this
          bank account for his personal expenses while having
26        concealed its existence from his creditors by failing
          to disclose it in his bankruptcy petition.
27
28        Mr. Taylor timely filed his notice of appeal on

                                        5
 1   September 15, 2015.    Subsequently, the bankruptcy court entered
 2   an amended judgment on April 29, 2016 that included a Civil Rule
 3   54(b) certification.
 4                               JURISDICTION
 5        The bankruptcy court had jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C.
 6   §§ 1334 and 157(b)(2)(J).   We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C.
 7   § 158.
 8                                   ISSUE
 9        Whether the bankruptcy court erred in denying Mr. Taylor a
10   discharge pursuant to §§ 727(a)(2)(A), (2)(B), and (4)(A).
11                            STANDARDS OF REVIEW
12        In an action for denial of discharge, we review: (1) the
13   bankruptcy court’s determinations of the historical facts for
14   clear error; (2) its selection of the applicable legal rules
15   under § 727 de novo; and (3) its determinations of mixed
16   questions of law and fact de novo.      Searles v. Riley
17   (In re Searles), 317 B.R. 368, 373 (9th Cir. BAP 2004), aff’d,
18   212 F. App’x 589 (9th Cir. 2006).
19        De novo review is independent and gives no deference to the
20   trial court’s conclusion.   Roth v. Educ. Credit Mgmt. Agency
21   (In re Roth), 490 B.R. 908, 915 (9th Cir. BAP 2013).
22        A bankruptcy court clearly errs if its findings were
23   illogical, implausible, or “without support in inferences that
24   may be drawn from the facts in the record.”      United States v.
25   Hinkson, 585 F.3d 1247, 1262–63 & n.21 (9th Cir. 2009) (en banc).
26   Review for clear error is “significantly deferential,” and an
27   appellate court should not reverse unless it is left with “a
28   definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed.”

                                       6
 1   In re Roth, 490 B.R. at 915 (quoting Baker v. Mereshian
 2   (In re Mereshian), 200 B.R. 342, 345 (9th Cir. BAP 1996)).
 3                              DISCUSSION
 4   A.   The bankruptcy court properly denied discharge pursuant to
          § 727(a)(2).
 5
 6        Section 727(a)(2) provides that the bankruptcy court may
 7   deny a discharge if:
 8        (2) the debtor, with intent to hinder, delay, or
          defraud a creditor or an officer of the estate charged
 9        with custody of property under this title, has
          transferred, removed, destroyed, mutilated, or
10        concealed, or has permitted to be transferred, removed,
          destroyed, mutilated, or concealed –
11
               (A) property of the debtor, within one year before
12             the date of the filing of the petition; or
13             (B) property of the estate, after the date of the
               filing of the petition[.]
14
15   § 727(a)(2).
16        “A party seeking denial of discharge under § 727(a)(2) must
17   prove two things: ‘(1) a disposition of property, such as
18   transfer or concealment, and (2) a subjective intent on the
19   debtor’s part to hinder, delay or defraud a creditor through the
20   act [of] disposing of the property.’”   Retz v. Samson
21   (In re Retz), 606 F.3d 1189, 1200 (9th Cir. 2010) (quoting Hughes
22   v. Lawson (In re Lawson), 122 F.3d 1237, 1240 (9th Cir. 1997)).
23        1.   The bankruptcy court did not err in finding that
               Mr. Taylor transferred or concealed his property by
24             depositing his money in the TTI Account.
25        Mr. Taylor’s main argument is that the court erred in
26   finding that he concealed or lied about property of the estate,
27   because the TTI Account was not in his name, but rather belonged
28   to one of his companies, TTI.

                                     7
 1        “Most courts conclude that ‘property of the debtor’ under
 2   section 727 does not include property of a corporation the debtor
 3   controls, unless the court should pierce the corporate veil and
 4   disregard the corporate form.”   Kane v. Chu (In re Chu), 511 B.R.
 5   681, 685 (Bankr. D. Haw. 2014) (citations omitted).   The TTI
 6   Account, in and of itself, is not property of the debtor or the
 7   bankruptcy estate.
 8        But the salient question is not whether the TTI Account
 9   itself is in Mr. Taylor’s name, but whether the money flowing in
10   and out of the TTI Account was Mr. Taylor’s property and
11   therefore rightfully a part of his bankruptcy estate.   Ms. Good
12   proved at trial that Mr. Taylor used the undisclosed TTI Account
13   as his personal bank account.    Mr. Taylor confirmed that he used
14   the TTI Account to deposit checks written to him personally and
15   made withdrawals for personal expenses.   Mr. Taylor does not
16   dispute on appeal that the TTI Account contained his personal
17   funds and that he did not disclose the funds or the TTI Account.
18        Accordingly, the property at issue - a portion of the money
19   that passed through the TTI Account - belonged to Mr. Taylor.    We
20   find no error with the court’s conclusion that Mr. Taylor was
21   using the TTI Account to conceal and transfer his personal
22   funds.4
23
          4
24          None of the parties raise the issue of the timing of the
     transfer and concealment in satisfaction of the separate sub-
25   parts of §§ 727(a)(2). Nevertheless, the record is clear that
26   Mr. Taylor concealed his property both in the year prior to
     filing his chapter 7 petition (by not disclosing the TTI Account
27   so as to avoid creditors’ liens) and after the bankruptcy filing
     (by not including TTI or the TTI Account in his schedules and
28                                                      (continued...)

                                       8
 1        2.   The bankruptcy court did not err in finding that
               Mr. Taylor had a subjective intent to hinder or delay
 2             creditors.
 3        Second, we must consider whether the court erred in holding
 4   that Mr. Taylor had a subjective intent to hinder, delay, or
 5   defraud his creditors.5
 6        “A debtor’s intent need not be fraudulent to meet the
 7   requirements of § 727(a)(2).   Because the language of the statute
 8   is in the disjunctive it is sufficient if the debtor’s intent is
 9
10        4
           (...continued)
11   denying at the § 341(a) meeting that he was aware of the TTI
     Account). The record also reveals that Mr. Taylor admitted that
12   he deposited personal funds into the TTI Account and made
     withdrawals for personal and family expenses, although the timing
13   of those transactions is less clear. At a minimum, the bank
     statements provided by Ms. Good show that Mr. Taylor made
14   personal deposits and withdrawals for personal expenses during
15   the year prior to his bankruptcy filing, in satisfaction of
     § 727(a)(2)(A).
16
          5
            At the conclusion of the trial, the bankruptcy court
17   orally found that Mr. Taylor had an intent to hinder or delay his
     creditors and stated that it need not reach the question whether
18   he had an intent to defraud. However, in its subsequent written
19   findings (prepared by counsel), it stated that Mr. Taylor had
     “the intent to hinder, delay and defraud his creditors . . . .”
20   (Emphasis added.) We need not resolve this discrepancy. The
     court’s written order prevails over any oral findings. See
21   Rawson v. Calmar S.S. Corp., 304 F.2d 202, 206 (9th Cir. 1962)
     (stating that the court’s oral “comment is superseded by the
22
     findings of fact. The trial judge is not to be lashed to the
23   mast on his off-hand remarks in announcing decision prior to the
     presumably more carefully considered deliberate findings of
24   fact”).
25        Further, the statute is written in the disjunctive, and we
26   may affirm even without a finding of an intent to defraud. See
     In re Retz, 606 F.3d at 1200. It is clear that Mr. Taylor
27   intended to hinder and delay creditors, so we need not consider
     whether the bankruptcy court erred in finding that he also had an
28   intent to defraud.

                                      9
 1   to hinder or delay a creditor.       Furthermore, ‘lack of injury to
 2   creditors is irrelevant for purposes of denying a discharge in
 3   bankruptcy.’”       In re Retz, 606 F.3d at 1200 (internal citations
 4   omitted); see Wolkowitz v. Beverly (In re Beverly), 374 B.R. 221,
 5   242-43 (9th Cir. BAP 2007), aff’d in part, dismissed in part,
 6   551 F.3d 1092 (9th Cir. 2008) (“In other words, proof of mere
 7   intent to hinder or to delay may lead to denial of discharge.”).
 8          Whether a debtor intended to hinder, delay, or defraud a
 9   creditor is a question of fact reviewed for clear error.       Intent
10   may be inferred from surrounding circumstances6 or a course of
11   conduct.       In re Beverly, 374 B.R. at 243.
12          Mr. Taylor argues that he did not have any intent to hinder,
13   delay, or defraud any creditor.       However, he merely repeats or
14   rephrases variations of his argument that the property was not
15   his.       He fails to discuss intent or the circumstantial evidence
16   that supported a finding of intent.
17
            6
            Various factors, called “badges of fraud,” may constitute
18   circumstantial evidence of intent. In re Beverly, 374 B.R. at
19   243.

20          These factors, not all of which need be present,
            include (1) a close relationship between the transferor
21          and the transferee; (2) that the transfer was in
            anticipation of a pending suit; (3) that the transferor
22
            Debtor was insolvent or in poor financial condition at
23          the time; (4) that all or substantially all of the
            Debtor’s property was transferred; (5) that the
24          transfer so completely depleted the Debtor’s assets
            that the creditor has been hindered or delayed in
25          recovering any part of the judgment; and (6) that the
26          Debtor received inadequate consideration for the
            transfer.
27
     Emmett Valley Assocs. v. Woodfield (In re Woodfield), 978 F.2d
28   516, 518 (9th Cir. 1992).

                                         10
 1        Even though Mr. Taylor did not admit an intent to hinder or
 2   delay, the bankruptcy court could properly infer such intent from
 3   the surrounding circumstances and his course of conduct.     See
 4   In re Beverly, 374 B.R. at 243.    There was a close relationship
 5   between Mr. Taylor and his wholly-owned businesses; he personally
 6   was insolvent and deeply in debt; he did not disclose the TTI
 7   Account but transferred personal funds and funds of the Taylor
 8   Entities in and out of the TTI Account because his creditors were
 9   aware of and had liens against his accounts and the Taylor
10   Entities’ other accounts; he withdrew substantial sums of money
11   from the TTI Account for personal use; he denied knowledge of
12   TTI; he denied the existence of the TTI Account; and he only
13   admitted the existence of TTI and the TTI Account when confronted
14   by Ms. Good.   See In re Woodfield, 978 F.2d at 518-19 (finding
15   multiple badges of fraud, including “[t]he relationship between
16   the Debtors and the corporation could not have been closer; the
17   Debtors created and operated the transferee corporation.     The
18   transfer was admittedly made in anticipation of the bankruptcy
19   filing.   The partnership was admittedly in poor financial
20   condition at the time, having defaulted on several
21   obligations.”); Beauchamp v. Hoose (In re Beauchamp), 236 B.R.
22   727, 731-32 (9th Cir. BAP 1999), aff’d, 5 F. App’x 743 (9th Cir.
23   2001) (debtor concealed a bank account, and although he later
24   disclosed it, the concealment can be a ground for denial of
25   discharge).
26        The bankruptcy court could infer from these facts that
27   Mr. Taylor intended to hinder or delay his creditors from
28   discovering and seizing the funds in the TTI Account by

                                       11
 1   concealing TTI and, most importantly, the TTI Account.    The court
 2   found that Mr. Taylor, “with the intent to hinder, delay, and
 3   defraud his creditors, used the [TTI Account] as a depository for
 4   checks and monies received by [TCP, TTI], and defendant.
 5   Defendant also used the funds from this bank account for his
 6   personal expenses while having concealed its existence from his
 7   creditors by failing to disclose it in his bankruptcy petition.”
 8   Accordingly, based on the circumstantial evidence, the bankruptcy
 9   court did not err in finding that Mr. Taylor had a subjective
10   intent to hinder or delay creditors.
11        3.   Mr. Taylor’s misstatements are not shielded by any
               “litigation privilege.”
12
13        With respect to § 727(a)(2)(A), Mr. Taylor argues that
14   statements made during discovery cannot be used against him
15   pursuant to the Noerr-Pennington doctrine and “litigation
16   privilege.”   He contends that “[m]isrepresentations made during
17   discovery is not grounds for later action against parties” and
18   that “communications uttered or published in the courts or
19   judicial proceedings are absolutely privileged.”    These arguments
20   are frivolous.
21        The Noerr-Pennington doctrine relates to “[t]he First
22   Amendment aspect of antitrust law,” and “exempts bringing a
23   lawsuit - that is, petitioning a court - from antitrust
24   liability.”   Freeman v. Lasky, Haas & Cohler, 410 F.3d 1180, 1183
25   (9th Cir. 2005).   This is not an antitrust case.
26        The “litigation privilege” that Mr. Taylor cites is a
27   “privilege [that] is a bar to a defamation claim . . . .”
28   Lisowski v. Davis (In re Davis), 312 B.R. 681, 690 (Bankr. D.

                                     12
 1   Nev. 2004).    This is not a defamation case.
 2        To quote the bankruptcy court, “I hate to use the word
 3   frivolous but I guess it really fits.”    We agree and find this
 4   defense of Mr. Taylor’s false statements completely meritless.
 5   B.   The bankruptcy court properly denied discharge pursuant to
          § 727(a)(4)(A).
 6
 7        Section 727(a)(4)(A) provides that a court shall deny
 8   discharge if “(4) the debtor knowingly and fraudulently, in or in
 9   connection with the case . . . (A) made a false oath or
10   account[.]”    § 727(a)(4)(A).
11        “To prevail on this claim, a plaintiff must show, by a
12   preponderance of the evidence, that: ‘(1) the debtor made a false
13   oath in connection with the case; (2) the oath related to a
14   material fact; (3) the oath was made knowingly; and (4) the oath
15   was made fraudulently.’”    In re Retz, 606 F.3d at 1196 (quoting
16   Roberts v. Erhard (In re Roberts), 331 B.R. 876, 882 (9th Cir.
17   BAP 2005)).
18        Mr. Taylor challenges the bankruptcy court’s § 727(a)(4)(A)
19   determination on the basis that the misstatements were not
20   material.7    “A fact is material if it bears a relationship to the
21   debtor’s business transactions or estate, or concerns the
22   discovery of assets, business dealings, or the existence and
23   disposition of the debtor’s property.    An omission or
24
          7
            Mr. Taylor’s discussion of § 727(a)(4)(A) only addresses
25   the materiality of the false statements. Mr. Taylor waives any
26   other arguments with respect to § 727(a)(4)(A). See Christian
     Legal Soc. Chapter of Univ. of Cal. v. Wu, 626 F.3d 483, 487 (9th
27   Cir. 2010). He does not challenge the first, third, and fourth
     factors concerning the “false oath,” “knowing,” and “fraudulent”
28   requirements.

                                      13
 1   misstatement that detrimentally affects administration of the
 2   estate is material.”   Id. at 1198 (internal citations and
 3   quotation marks omitted).   “A false statement or omission may be
 4   material even if it does not cause direct financial prejudice to
 5   creditors.”   Fogal Legware of Switz., Inc. v. Wills
 6   (In re Wills), 243 B.R. 58, 63 (9th Cir. BAP 1999).
 7        Mr. Taylor argues that his misstatements were not material
 8   because the TTI Account was not his property.   While it is true
 9   that “omissions or misstatements concerning property that would
10   not be property of the estate may not meet the materiality
11   requirement of § 727(a)(4)(A)[,]” id., we have already rejected
12   this argument as it pertains to the TTI Account, because some of
13   the funds in the TTI Account were estate property.
14        Mr. Taylor also argues that the minimal amount in the TTI
15   Account renders his omissions and misstatements immaterial.    We
16   disagree.
17             In determining whether an omission is material,
          the issue is not merely the value of the omitted assets
18        or whether the omission was detrimental to creditors.
          Even if the debtor can show that the assets were of
19        little value or that a full and truthful answer would
          not have directly increased the estate assets, a
20        discharge may be denied if the omission adversely
          affects the trustee’s or creditors’ ability to discover
21        other assets or to fully investigate the debtor’s
          pre-bankruptcy dealing[s] and financial condition.
22
23   6 Collier on Bankruptcy ¶ 727.04[1][b] (Alan N. Resnick & Henry
24   J. Sommer, eds., 16th ed.); see In re Wills, 243 B.R. at 64 (“we
25   conclude that a statement or omission relating to an asset that
26   is of little value or that would not be property of the estate
27   can be material if it detrimentally affects the administration of
28   the estate”).   We may also consider materiality in the context of

                                     14
 1   “(1) matters relating to the extent and nature of the debtor’s
 2   assets; (2) inquiries relating to the debtor’s business
 3   transactions or estate; (3) matters relating to the discovery of
 4   assets; [and] (4) the history of the debtor’s financial
 5   transactions[.]”   In re Wills, 243 B.R. at 62 n.3.
 6        Mr. Taylor contends that his false statements were
 7   immaterial because the TTI Account only held $364.24 at the end
 8   of October 2013 and $251.58 at the end of December 2013.      But we
 9   cannot merely look at a snapshot of the TTI Account on a
10   particular date.   Rather, Ms. Good proved that hundreds of
11   thousands of dollars flowed in and out of the TTI Account in the
12   months preceding and following the Taylors’ bankruptcy filing.
13   While the ending balances for the months of October and December
14   2013 may have been minimal, the funds deposited into and
15   withdrawn from the TTI Account were not.
16        Furthermore, the flow of money in and out of the TTI Account
17   not only reveals concealed assets, but also shows that Mr. Taylor
18   was working and earning money.   By concealing the TTI Account and
19   the flow of his money, Mr. Taylor created a false impression
20   about his financial condition and the value of his business.
21   This information has a direct bearing on the administration of
22   the bankruptcy estate and affects the creditors’ and chapter 7
23   trustee’s investigation into and evaluation of his pre-bankruptcy
24   dealings and financial condition.     See id. at 63.   In this
25   respect as well, Mr. Taylor’s false statements were material.8
26
          8
27          Mr. Taylor cites a number of non-binding cases to support
     his argument that his false statements were immaterial. However,
28                                                      (continued...)

                                      15
 1        Mr. Taylor argues that his misstatements did not interfere
 2   with the administration of his estate.    While the chapter 7
 3   trustee apparently has not attempted to administer the TTI
 4   Account, Mr. Taylor’s false statements nevertheless hindered
 5   creditors and interfered with the administration of the estate.
 6   “The fundamental purpose of § 727(a)(4)(A) is to insure that the
 7   trustee and creditors have accurate information without having to
 8   conduct costly investigations.”    In re Retz, 606 F.3d at 1196
 9   (citation omitted); see Sergent v. Haverland (In re Haverland),
10   150 B.R. 768, 772 (Bankr. S.D. Cal. 1993) (“A trustee or creditor
11   should not be required to make a costly investigation, as in fact
12   the plaintiffs were forced to do, to uncover the existence of
13   property which the debtor knowingly fails to disclose.”).
14        Mr. Taylor concealed the existence of TTI in order to hide
15
          8
16         (...continued)
     these cases are readily distinguishable and do not help
17   Mr. Taylor’s position. See Merena v. Merena (In re Merena),
     413 B.R. 792, 817 (Bankr. D. Mont. 2009), aff’d, 2009 WL 4914650
18   (9th Cir. BAP Dec. 10, 2009) (finding the omission of lawsuits
19   immaterial, because, unlike the present case, they “do not
     concern business dealings or the existence and disposition of
20   [the debtor’s] property”); Olympic Coast Inv., Inc. v. Wright
     (In re Wright), 364 B.R. 51, 75 (Bankr. D. Mont. 2007), aff’d,
21   2008 WL 160828 (D. Mont. Jan. 16, 2008), aff’d, 340 F. App’x 422
     (9th Cir. 2009) (finding that the omission of business entities
22
     was not material because the businesses were all “defunct or
23   valueless” and there was no evidence that “the omitted assets had
     any value to the estate”); Sprague, Thall & Albert v. Woerner
24   (In re Woerner), 66 B.R. 964, 974 (Bankr. E.D. Pa. 1986) (holding
     that the debtor’s omissions concerning his personal bank account
25   were not material, where there was no evidence that funds were
26   going in or out of the account). These cases are not relevant to
     the present case, where Mr. Taylor was still earning money and
27   regularly caused substantial funds (including personal funds) to
     flow in and out of a concealed bank account in the name of a
28   concealed business entity.

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 1   the TTI Account.   At another time, he even denied that TTI had an
 2   account at Bank of America.    These false statements directly
 3   concerned the extent of Mr. Taylor’s assets, his business
 4   transactions, and the history of his financial transactions.
 5   They impeded the creditors and the orderly administration of the
 6   bankruptcy estate.    As such, the court did not err in finding
 7   that the omissions and false statements were material.
 8                                 CONCLUSION
 9        For the reasons set forth above, the bankruptcy court did
10   not err in denying Mr. Taylor discharge under §§ 727(a)(2)(A),
11   (2)(B), and (4)(A).    Therefore, we AFFIRM.
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28

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