              In the United States Court of Federal Claims
                                         No. 12-527 C

                                    (Filed January 3, 2017)1

 * * * * * * * * * * * * *                *
  RQ SQUARED, LLC,                        *
                                          *   Implied-in-Fact Contract Claim; Second
                       Plaintiff,         *   RCFC 56(d) Request; Mere Speculation
                                          *   as to the Existence of Additional
              v.                          *   Undiscovered Relevant Facts; No
                                          *   Genuine Issues of Material Fact.
 THE UNITED STATES,                       *
                                          *
                       Defendant.         *
 * * * * * * * * * * * * *                *

       Christopher F. Regan, Washington, DC, for plaintiff.

      David M. Kerr, with whom were Benjamin C. Mizer, Principal Deputy
Assistant Attorney General, Robert E. Kirschman, Jr., Director, Steven J.
Gillingham, Assistant Director, United States Department of Justice, Washington,
DC, for defendant.
                        ___________________________

                                OPINION AND ORDER
                             ___________________________

BUSH, Senior Judge.

       This matter is before the court on defendant’s renewed motion for summary

       1
         / This opinion was issued under seal on December 14, 2016. Pursuant to ¶ 3 of the
ordering language, the parties were invited to identify proprietary material subject to deletion on
the basis that the material was protected/privileged. No redactions were proposed by the parties.
Thus, the sealed and public versions of this opinion are identical, except for the publication date
and this footnote.
judgment, relying on Rule 56 of the Rules of the United States Court of Federal
Claims (RCFC). The motion has been fully briefed, and oral argument, upon
plaintiff’s request, was held on November 3, 2016. Although plaintiff again asks
that the court deny the government summary judgment on the claims set forth in
the complaint, or, in the alternative, that the court defer ruling on summary
judgment so that plaintiff may conduct additional discovery pursuant to RCFC
56(d), neither request has merit. For the reasons described below, defendant’s
renewed motion for summary judgment is granted.

                                 BACKGROUND

I.    Procedural Posture

      This a suit founded on an alleged implied-in-fact contract. RQ Squared,
LLC (RQ2), a technology company, asserts that the United States Postal Service
(Postal Service or USPS) entered into negotiations with RQ2 regarding a potential
business relationship between the two entities. According to the complaint, the
negotiations faltered and some time later proprietary information belonging to
RQ2 – information that had been revealed to the Postal Service – was improperly
used by the Postal Service and disclosed to other businesses such as United Parcel
Service (UPS), to the profit of both the Postal Service and UPS. In plaintiff’s
view, the Postal Service breached its implied-in-fact contract with RQ2 by
disclosing and/or misappropriating proprietary information.

       RQ2 claims to have invented a “dual label system” so that a consumer could
ship a product back to a retailer via either the Postal Service or a private carrier.
Compl. ¶¶ 13-15, 23. Plaintiff alleges that its dual label system was later used by
UPS for its Flexible Access program and, subsequently, by Federal Express
(FedEx) for its SmartPost program. The government contends that no proprietary
information obtained from RQ2 was used or disclosed by the Postal Service. The
basic dispute has proceeded, in various iterations, in a suit brought in the United
States District Court for the Western District of Missouri, and in two suits before
this court.

     A full recitation of background facts is given in the court’s prior opinion
which denied the government’s motion for judgment on the pleadings and first
motion for summary judgment. See RQ Squared, LLC v. United States, 119 Fed.

                                          2
Cl. 751 (2015) (RQ Squared I). The court noted at that time that plaintiff’s claims
narrowly escaped dismissal on plausibility grounds. Id. at 761. The court also
observed that the government had made a strong case for summary judgment in its
favor and that dismissal of the complaint was forestalled only by plaintiff’s request
for discovery under RCFC 56(d). Id. at 761 & n.5.

       The court deferred ruling on the government’s initial summary judgment
motion. However, the court made it clear that discovery in this case under RCFC
56(d) would not be permitted for the “‘far-ranging and questionable topics’”
requested by plaintiff, but rather would be targeted and limited to the material
issue that might prevent summary judgment. Id. at 761-62 (citation omitted). The
topic of discovery was limited to

             whether UPS already possessed the concept and
             technology for its dual label system that became Flexible
             Access, before RQ2 allegedly shared its [dual label
             system] concept and technology with USPS.

Id. at 762. In other words, RQ2 would be allowed discovery on the issue of
whether UPS possessed a dual label system before RQ2 allegedly disclosed its
dual label system to the Postal Service, and whether the Postal Service provided
UPS with any proprietary information obtained from RQ2.

       In an attempt to avoid discovery disputes, the court provided further
clarification of the limited scope of discovery:

             [D]iscovery will be limited to the topics covered by
             [UPS marketing director] Ms. Shepherd West’s
             declaration that are material to the Government’s
             pending motion for summary judgment, namely (1) the
             personnel at UPS and the U.S. Postal Service (USPS)
             who dealt with one another in developing the UPS
             Flexible Access program, (2) the nature of any materials
             and information provided to UPS by USPS in developing
             the Flexible Access program (either before or after
             2005), and (3) the technology o[n] which UPS relied in
             developing the Flexible Access program (including any

                                          3
             “dual” labels that UPS had in use prior to approximately
             2005).

Order of Mar. 30, 2015, at 2-3 (quoting Jt. Proposed Limited Discovery Schedule
of Mar. 19, 2015, at 3). By means of a deposition of Ms. Shepherd West and
related discovery, RQ2 was given the opportunity to explore facts relevant to the
government’s assertion that UPS independently developed Flexible Access and in
no way relied on proprietary information disclosed to the Postal Service by RQ2.

       The court also dealt with another issue in its limited discovery order.
Defendant, at the outset of limited discovery, requested that the court require
plaintiff to better define its claim:

             Defendant . . . believes that, under the circumstances of
             this matter, fairness and judicial economy demand that
             plaintiff be required to disclose basic information about
             its claim, so that the Government and UPS can better
             ensure that the information provided in response to
             plaintiff’s discovery requests addresses the claims in the
             litigation. Specifically, the Court should require plaintiff
             to disclose in writing precisely what aspects and features
             of its alleged “dual label system” plaintiff believes that
             USPS used impermissibly in its parcel return programs
             with UPS and Federal Express, and plaintiff’s basis for
             believing so. To date, plaintiff has remained vague
             about its claim, shifting from focusing on an allegedly
             “novel” idea for dual mailing labels, Compl. ¶ 13, to
             arguing that USPS must have impermissibly used aspects
             of plaintiff’s “back end” technology in developing its
             parcel return programs with other companies.
             [Christopher] Grubb Decl. ¶ 30. As a matter of fairness,
             defendant should receive notice of the features that
             plaintiff claims were allegedly copied impermissibly.
             Moreover, requiring such a disclosure would benefit
             judicial economy and the limited discovery process by
             permitting the Government and UPS to address the
             relevant issues in their discovery responses. Therefore,

                                          4
               we request that the Court order plaintiff to disclose in
               writing, by April 20, 2015, what aspects and features of
               its alleged “dual label system” plaintiff believes that
               USPS used impermissibly in its parcel return programs
               with UPS and Federal Express, and plaintiff’s basis for
               believing that USPS did so.

Jt. Proposed Schedule of Mar. 19, 2015, at 3-4. Plaintiff objected to defendant’s
request and the court permitted limited discovery to proceed without the clarifying
disclosure from plaintiff requested by defendant. Order of Mar. 30, 2015, at 2.

      It is important to note, however, that the court’s limited discovery order set
no limits on the scope of the government’s renewed motion for summary judgment
that would follow limited discovery; indeed, the court embraced the parties’
requested pronouncement as to the impact of limited discovery on this case:

               Nothing in this [Limited Discovery] Scheduling Order
               shall operate as a waiver of any rights or arguments that
               either party may have, including the right to object to the
               discovery requests propounded by Plaintiff. Nor shall
               anything in this Scheduling Order be construed to shift
               any burdens of proof or persuasion.

Id. at 4. Further, as plaintiff conceded, “[d]efendant’s next opportunity to test the
sufficiency of the claims [in the complaint] will come at the summary judgment
stage, after the parties complete the limited discovery that the Court has ordered.”
Jt. Proposed Schedule of Mar. 19, 2015, at 5. In other words, no action by the
court or the parties limited the government’s arguments in its renewed motion for
summary judgment to the limited discovery topics announced in RQ Squared I or
the court’s Limited Discovery Scheduling Order of Mar. 30, 2015.2

       2
         / Plaintiff’s contentions to the contrary find no support in the court’s orders and opinion
text cited by plaintiff. See Pl.’s Opp. at 5-6, 16 & n.9. Further, the caselaw cited by plaintiff
does not address the procedural circumstances of this case. See Yeager’s Fuel, Inc. v. Pa. Power
& Light Co., 22 F.3d 1260, 1273 (3d Cir. 1994) (finding unfair surprise to the non-movants
stemming from an argument raised for the first time in the movant’s summary judgment reply
brief); J.F. Feeser, Inc. v. Serv-A-Portion, Inc., 909 F.2d 1524, 1542 n.18 (3d Cir. 1990) (finding
                                                                                        (continued...)

                                                  5
       Despite the guidance provided to the parties, discovery disputes were not
entirely avoided. Early this year, after approximately ten months of discovery, the
parties disagreed as to whether all relevant, limited discovery was complete, or
whether “additional limited discovery [wa]s necessary.” Pl.’s Br. of Feb. 18,
2016, at 2. The court encouraged the parties to achieve a compromise on this
issue, and also opined that any dispute over the need for additional discovery was
a question best resolved once the government’s renewed motion for summary
judgment brought a sharper focus on the information that had been obtained
through the limited discovery ordered by the court. See Order of Feb. 29, 2016, at
4. Plaintiff accepted the court’s guidance and reserved its request for additional
discovery for its opposition to the government’s renewed motion for summary
judgment. See Pl.’s Status Report of Mar. 18, 2016, at 1.

       Thus, there are two principal questions to be resolved by the court at this
time. First, has the government demonstrated that there are no genuine issues of
material fact and that the government is entitled to summary judgment on
plaintiff’s claims? Second, has plaintiff shown the need for additional discovery
under RCFC 56(d)? The court reviews the factual background of this dispute
below, although familiarity with RQ Squared I is presumed.

II.    Factual Background3

      RQ2 is a technology company based in Saint Joseph, Missouri. In 2001,
one of its business ventures facilitated the return of cell phones to the seller via
FedEx. Compl. ¶ 10; Tamara Grubb Decl. ¶¶ 3-4. Through this activity RQ2
developed a “web-based program and software” that enabled consumers to print
FedEx labels for their product return packages. Compl. ¶ 10.



       2
         (...continued)
unfair surprise to the non-movant when the district court ruled on claim elements other than
those addressed in a summary judgment motion). The court has found no authority limiting the
scope of a subsequent summary judgment motion to the scope of limited discovery conducted
under Rule 56(d), and plaintiff has presented none.
       3
         / The undisputed facts recounted here are taken from the complaint and other filings
submitted by the parties. Citations to the page numbers of the exhibits attached by the parties to
their briefs only include the last three digits of the page numbers.

                                                 6
       In 2003, the Postal Service launched Parcel Return Service (PRS) as an
experiment; PRS allows a customer to return merchandise to a retailer by affixing
a label provided by the retailer, thus permitting both the Postal Service and a
private carrier to participate in the transportation of the item back to the retailer.
By 2005, only one company, Newgistics, was approved as a PRS provider with the
Postal Service, and the Postal Service was seeking additional PRS providers. RQ2
applied to become a PRS provider in 2005-06, proposing that RQ2 become the
intermediary for the Postal Service and FedEx for consumer-to-business product
returns. Ultimately, negotiations ceased between RQ2 and the Postal Service and
RQ2 did not become a PRS provider.

       UPS became a PRS provider in early 2009, with its Flexible Access
program, and FedEx also became a PRS provider later that year with its SmartPost
program. In June 2009, RQ2’s attorney contacted the Postal Service and claimed
that the Postal Service had disclosed and misappropriated RQ2’s proprietary
information for the benefit of the Postal Service and its PRS providers. This
subject matter is now the third lawsuit brought by RQ2 that attempts to recover
damages based on its theory that the Postal Service disclosed and misappropriated
RQ2’s proprietary information to PRS providers UPS and FedEx.4

                                        DISCUSSION

I.     Standard of Review for Summary Judgment

       “[S]ummary judgment is a salutary method of disposition designed to secure
the just, speedy and inexpensive determination of every action.” Sweats Fashions,
Inc. v. Pannill Knitting Co., 833 F.2d 1560, 1562 (Fed. Cir. 1987) (internal
quotations and citations omitted). The party moving for summary judgment will


       4
        / Here, the primary focus of this dispute is on UPS’s Flexible Access PRS program, both
because UPS became a PRS provider before FedEx, and, because it was the announcement of the
launch of Flexible Access that triggered RQ2’s claim alleging the Postal Service’s disclosure and
misappropriation of RQ2’s proprietary technology. See Compl. ¶¶ 73-83; id. Ex. 1 Enc. 1, at 3;
Tamara Grubb Decl. ¶¶ 17-19; id. Ex. A, at 6. To the extent that RQ2 possessed a novel concept
and technology, the key question is whether UPS’s Flexible Access, the first alleged instance of
misappropriation, was developed independently of RQ2’s technology, or not. Although FedEx’s
SmartPost is also alleged to be an example of misappropriated technology, its later arrival in the
marketplace does not raise the same issue of novelty.

                                                7
prevail “if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material
fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” RCFC 56(a). A
genuine issue of material fact is one that could “affect the outcome” of the
litigation. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986). “[A]ll
evidence must be viewed in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party, and
all reasonable factual inferences should be drawn in favor of the nonmoving
party.” Dairyland Power Coop. v. United States, 16 F.3d 1197, 1202 (Fed. Cir.
1994) (citations omitted).

        “The moving party . . . need not produce evidence showing the absence of a
genuine issue of material fact but rather may discharge its burden by showing the
court that there is an absence of evidence to support the nonmoving party’s case.”
Id. (citing Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 325 (1986)). A summary
judgment motion is properly granted against a party who fails to make a showing
sufficient to establish the existence of an essential element to that party’s case and
for which that party bears the burden of proof at trial. Celotex, 477 U.S. at 324.
As the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit has held:

             [T]hough summary judgment may be a lethal weapon . . .
             capable of overkill, the threat of summary judgment is
             often beneficial, forcing movant and non-movant alike to
             establish what facts, if any, are material and disputed.
             General assertions of fact issues, general denials, and
             conclusory statements are insufficient to shoulder the
             non-movant’s burden. Thus, where a non-movant has
             failed to establish specific fact issues in response to a
             Rule 56 motion, he cannot later be heard to attack the
             judgment on the basis of matters that, had he but raised
             them earlier, might have precluded its grant.

Chem. Eng’g Corp. v. Essef Indus., Inc., 795 F.2d 1565, 1571 (Fed. Cir. 1986)
(Chemical Engineering) (citations and internal quotations omitted).

      The United States Supreme Court has instructed that “the mere existence of
some alleged factual dispute between the parties will not defeat an otherwise
properly supported motion for summary judgment; the requirement is that there be
no genuine issue of material fact.” Anderson, 477 U.S. at 247-48. A nonmovant

                                          8
will not defeat a motion for summary judgment “unless there is sufficient evidence
favoring the nonmoving party for a jury to return a verdict for that party.” Id. at
249 (citation omitted). “A nonmoving party’s failure of proof concerning the
existence of an element essential to its case on which the nonmoving party will
bear the burden of proof at trial necessarily renders all other facts immaterial and
entitles the moving party to summary judgment as a matter of law.” Dairyland, 16
F.3d at 1202 (citing Celotex, 477 U.S. at 323).

II.   Standard of Review for Requests for Discovery Under RCFC 56(d)

     Rule 56(d) governs discovery afforded to a party opposing a summary
judgment motion:

            When Facts Are Unavailable to the Nonmovant. If a
            nonmovant shows by affidavit or declaration that, for
            specified reasons, it cannot present facts essential to
            justify its opposition, the court may:
            (1) defer considering the motion or deny it;
            (2) allow time to obtain affidavits or declarations or to
            take discovery; or
            (3) issue any other appropriate order.

RCFC 56(d). The nonmovant will generally be given a chance to conduct
discovery that is reasonably directed to obtaining facts essential to its case.
Opryland USA Inc. v. Great Am. Music Show, Inc., 970 F.2d 847, 852 (Fed. Cir.
1992) (citations omitted); see Dunkin’ Donuts of Am., Inc. v. Metallurgical
Exoproducts Corp., 840 F.2d 917, 919 (Fed. Cir. 1988) (vacating a grant of
summary judgment because no opportunity for the discovery of pertinent facts was
afforded the nonmovant). If a continuance is granted under this rule, the court
must ensure that the nonmovant has “adequate time for discovery.” Dunkin’
Donuts, 840 F.2d at 919 (citing Celotex, 477 U.S. at 322-23).

       The opportunity provided by RCFC 56(d) to conduct discovery while
resisting summary judgment is not unlimited, however. Rule 56(d) “provides for
comparatively limited discovery for the purpose of showing facts sufficient to
withstand a summary judgment motion.” First Nat’l Bank of Ariz. v. Cities Serv.
Co., 391 U.S. 253, 265 (1968). The nonmoving party will not be allowed to

                                         9
conduct discovery that has no chance of leading to the denial of summary
judgment for the movant. See Simmons Oil Corp. v. Tesoro Petroleum Corp., 86
F.3d 1138, 1144 (Fed. Cir. 1996) (stating that a court may deny a motion for
additional discovery if “‘there is no reason to believe that [the discovery
requested] will lead to the denial of a pending motion for summary judgment’”
(citing Pac. Serv. Stations Co. v. Mobil Oil Corp., 689 F.2d 1055, 1066 (Temp.
Emer. Ct. App. 1982))).

       In other words, discovery under this rule should be limited to the legal
issues upon which the resolution of a motion for summary judgment will turn.
E.g., Chevron U.S.A. Inc. v. United States, 72 Fed. Cl. 817, 819 (2006). “Rule
56(d), moreover, may not be used to defeat a motion for summary judgment when
there is ‘mere speculation’ of evidence not yet discovered.” Morales v.
Humphrey, 309 F.R.D. 44, 48 (D.D.C. 2015) (citations omitted); see also, e.g.,
Serdarevic v. Advanced Med. Optics, Inc., 532 F.3d 1352, 1364 (Fed. Cir. 2008)
(noting that a nonmovant’s mere hope of developing further evidence is
inadequate reason to grant discovery under Rule 56(d)). “It is not enough simply
to assert, à la Wilkins Micawber, that ‘something will turn up.’” Simmons Oil, 86
F.3d at 1144.

III.   Analysis of the Government’s Renewed Rule 56 Motion

       A.    RQ2’s Claim

      RQ2’s complaint sets forth a claim for breach of an implied-in-fact contract
between the Postal Service and RQ2. The nature of the breach is unauthorized
disclosure and unauthorized use by the Postal Service of RQ2’s proprietary
information. The proprietary information at issue in this suit is vaguely defined,
however, at best.

       Based on plaintiff’s allegations of fact, the alleged “trade secret” that RQ2
disclosed to the Postal Service, Compl. ¶ 7, might be the concept and design of a
dual bar code mailing label; i.e., one bar code for the Postal Service’s scanning
and tracking purposes and another for a private carrier’s scanning and tracking
purposes, id. ¶ 13. It is also possible that plaintiff is alleging that Flexible Access
and SmartPost misappropriated RQ2’s system design and related technology for
“sorting, receiving and delivery mechanisms.” Id. ¶ 79. It is impossible, however,

                                          10
to discern from the complaint, plaintiff’s supporting declarations and/or plaintiff’s
summary judgment briefing exactly what proprietary information might have been
misappropriated and replicated in Flexible Access and SmartPost.

       B.      Two Independent Grounds Exist for Granting the Government’s
               Renewed Motion for Summary Judgment

               1.      UPS Possessed Dual Label Technology Before RQ2
                       Disclosed Its Dual Label System to the Postal Service and
                       There Is No Evidence that the Postal Service Gave Any of
                       RQ2’s Proprietary Information to UPS

       As this court framed the inquiry for the limited, targeted discovery granted
plaintiff last year,

               the dispositive issue accurately highlighted by the
               government is whether UPS already possessed the
               concept and technology for its dual label system that
               became Flexible Access, before RQ2 allegedly shared its
               concept and technology with USPS.

RQ Squared I, 119 Fed. Cl. at 762. There is no dispute that UPS possessed and
deployed dual bar code mailing label technology at least by 2004, before RQ2
allegedly disclosed dual label concepts and technology to the Postal Service. See,
e.g., Def.’s Exs. 6, 11. These labels permitted UPS and the Postal Service to
collaboratively ship and deliver parcels destined for rural areas. Def.’s Ex. 11, at
893. Thus, in the court’s view, however vehemently RQ2 may argue that its dual
label system was novel, the concept and technology of dual label delivery systems
pre-date any alleged disclosure of RQ2’s technology to the Postal Service.5

       5
         / Plaintiff’s observation that there is a “curious” similarity between the use of “LL
Bean” on the sample label provided by RQ2 to the Postal Service and the use of “LL Bean” in the
sample label on an undated Flexible Access poster, Pl.’s Mot. at 23 n.19, is not sufficient to
create a genuine issue of material fact. As stated in defendant’s reply brief, Def.’s Reply at 6 n.2,
UPS used “J.C. Penney,” not LL Bean, as the retailer listed on its sample Flexible Access
shipping label, Def.’s Ex. 6, at 602-03, and later recruited LL Bean as a PRS retailer, Def.’s Ex.
8, at 624. The court notes, too, that RQ2’s sample mailing label had the wrong address for LL
                                                                                        (continued...)

                                                 11
       As for other aspects of RQ2’s dual label system that are vaguely alleged to
have been replicated in Flexible Access, above and beyond the dual bar code
mailing label itself, the court finds no genuine issue of material fact as to the
independent development of Flexible Access by UPS. Each of the aspects of
Flexible Access that plaintiff attributes to RQ2’s dual label system – dual entry
capability (consumer drop-off can be at either the Postal Service or UPS); data
collection specific to the parcels; and systems for the tracking, sorting, receiving
and delivery of parcels – are explained and supported by the record evidence of
the independent development of Flexible Access by UPS in 2008-09. The court
briefly summarizes the substantial and uncontroverted evidence that UPS
developed Flexible Access without recourse to RQ2’s concepts or technology that
were allegedly, according to plaintiff, provided to UPS by the Postal Service.

       As defendant observes, meeting notes from 2008 show that the Postal
Service proposed single entry, via Postal Service channels, for the PRS
collaboration that would become Flexible Access. Def.’s Ex. 1, at 592. The only
reasonable conclusion to be derived from the evidence supplied by the parties is
that UPS countered with a proposal that both UPS and the Postal Service could
accept packages from consumers for return to the retailer (thereby increasing
UPS’s opportunities for greater profit from the PRS collaboration). See Def.’s Ex.
8, at 603; Ex. 9, at 505. Dual entry capability, on this record, after according all
reasonable inferences to plaintiff, was not a misappropriated RQ2 concept but the
natural outgrowth of UPS’s efforts to maximize its profits from PRS. See
Shepherd West Depo., at 305-06 (“It was UPS that developed this label and . . . the
Flexible Access program.”).

       As for data collection from package labels and other logistical technology,
there is no indication that UPS obtained RQ2’s “back end” technology from the
Postal Service. Rather, UPS employed existing technologies from its UPS Basic
delivery system (a program which also involved collaborative delivery with the
Postal Service), with further development of technology specific to the PRS
context. See, e.g., Shepherd West Decl. ¶¶ 7, 12; Shepherd West Depo., at 206-08,
277-80, 364-72. According to Ms. Shepherd West, Flexible Access used very


       5
        (...continued)
Bean, Pl.’s Ex. 34, at 3, whereas the Flexible Access poster has the correct address, Pl.’s Ex. 35,
at 1. The use of “LL Bean” on an undated poster for Flexible Access is unremarkable.

                                                12
similar technology to UPS Basic, enhanced by additional data fields and
technology derived from PRS specifications set forth in Postal Service guidance
documents. Shepherd West Depo., at 367, 370-74. The testimony of Ms.
Shepherd West is supported by internal UPS documents which chronicle the
independent development of Flexible Access. E.g., Def.’s Ex. 3, at 609; Ex. 4, at
484; Ex. 5, at 149; Ex. 8, at 619, 622; Ex. 9, at 506; Ex. 10, at 837; Ex. 11, at 900,
905-07; Ex. 12, at 157-58; Ex. 16, at 783-84. Other documents proffered by
plaintiff also confirm this narrative. E.g., Pl.’s Ex. 4, at 960; Ex. 15, at 992; Ex.
22, at 648; Ex. 23, at 491; Ex. 33, at 182-83; Ex. 36, at 104-05, 113; Ex. 37, at
776-78. Thus, there is no reasonable inference that UPS misappropriated RQ2’s
back end technology because the evidence of UPS’s independent development of
the technology supporting Flexible Access is overwhelming and uncontroverted.

       It is important to note that Ms. Shepherd West’s 2013 declaration, the
excerpts of her 2015 deposition cited by the parties, and the documents produced
at plaintiff’s request by UPS and the Postal Service all show that UPS did not use
RQ2’s proprietary information in developing Flexible Access. Plaintiff has not
identified a single piece of evidence that supports its theory of misappropriated
concepts and technology. Plaintiff’s claims in this suit are without evidentiary
foundation, despite the discovery afforded plaintiff under RCFC 56(d).

      The court must reject plaintiff’s bald speculation that the Postal Service
disclosed RQ2’s proprietary information to UPS, because the evidence cannot be
construed to support that speculation. First, the extensive negotiations between
UPS and the Postal Service regarding Flexible Access are clearly shown to have
taken place in 2008 and 2009, and those well-documented negotiations show that
UPS adapted its own dual label system (UPS Basic) to create its PRS proposal that
ultimately became Flexible Access.

       Second, the Postal Service, as documented by the record of its PRS
programs with Newgistics, UPS and FedEx, attempted in all instances to prioritize
single entry capability (through Postal Service channels), rather than dual entry
capability (drop-off at either USPS or the private carrier). E.g., Def.’s Ex. 1, at
592; Ex. 5, at 139; Ex. 7, at 452; Ex. 9, at 505; Ex. 10, at 858; Ex. 15, at 568; Ex.
17, at 304; Ex. 18, at 929. It is counter-intuitive, to say the least, and totally
unsupported by any record evidence, to speculate that the Postal Service would
have disclosed to UPS an allegedly novel and misappropriated “Dual Entry

                                          13
Capability” concept, Pl.’s Opp. at 1 n.1, that would decrease the Postal Service’s
revenue stream from Flexible Access.6 The Postal Service would have no
motivation to advocate for a dual entry system which would allow UPS to compete
with the Postal Service for the first mile (consumer drop-off) portion of PRS
transportation.

       Third, the dual label system proposed to the Postal Service by RQ2, as much
as can be discerned from the complaint and other filings, differed significantly
from Flexible Access and SmartPost. For example, RQ2’s dual label system
offered not only dual entry capability but also dual delivery capability, see Compl.
¶ 17; Def.’s Mot. at 19 n.10, whereas Flexible Access and SmartPost rely solely on
the private carrier for the “last mile” of delivery to the retailer. The court notes,
too, that RQ2 offered a three-entity partnership for its dual label system, which
involved RQ2, FedEx and the Postal Service, whereas UPS offered a two-entity
partnership for Flexible Access, involving just UPS and the Postal Service.7

       Finally, Flexible Access and UPS Basic both employed Electronic Data
Interchange (EDI) to share information regarding shipments between UPS and the
Postal Service, whereas there is no mention of EDI in any of RQ2’s descriptions of
its dual label system. Def.’s Mot. at 24; Shepherd West Depo., at 172-73, 366-67;
Pl.’s Ex. 40, at 220-21. Based on these significant differences, to the extent that
RQ2 may have submitted proprietary information to the Postal Service, the record
does not support plaintiff’s allegation that the dual label system proposed by RQ2
was replicated in Flexible Access. The court agrees with the government’s
contentions that there is no evidence that Flexible Access replicated RQ2’s dual
label system, and that plaintiff has failed to meet its burden to identify a genuine
issue of material fact that would preclude the entry of summary judgment and
dismissal of this case. See, e.g., Dairyland, 16 F.3d at 1202 (“A nonmoving
party’s failure of proof concerning the existence of an element essential to its case
on which the nonmoving party will bear the burden of proof at trial necessarily
renders all other facts immaterial and entitles the moving party to summary

       6
        / As defendant’s counsel noted at oral argument, PRS makes more money for the Postal
Service if consumers predominantly choose the Postal Service as the drop-off point for returning
merchandise to retailers. Oral Argument Recording, at 11:13 AM.
       7
       / Newgistics and FedEx, like UPS, also appear to rely on a two-entity model for the PRS
program. See Def.’s Exs. 15, 17.

                                               14
judgment as a matter of law.”).

       The court reaches its conclusion despite plaintiff’s efforts to cast doubt
upon the record evidence and to convince the court that the “game-changing” dual
label system developed by RQ2 was necessarily responsible for the success of
Flexible Access and SmartPost. The court examines the principal contentions of
plaintiff below.8 It is perhaps important to note, at the outset, that plaintiff has not
explained why Postal Service employees would have been motivated to
misappropriate RQ2’s proprietary information and deliver such information to
UPS.9 The information produced from the discovery afforded RQ2 has done
nothing to dispel the implausibility of the claims set forth in the complaint.
Indeed, the discovery afforded RQ2 confirms the absence of material facts that
would support a judgment for RQ2 in this lawsuit.

                      a.     The “Not UPS Basic in Reverse” Argument

       Before RQ2’s concept and technology were allegedly disclosed to the Postal
Service, UPS and the Postal Service collaborated on a delivery program known as
UPS Basic, a program in existence at least by 2004. UPS Basic, for rural
deliveries, involved a first leg of transportation performed by UPS, with the last
leg performed by the Postal Service. UPS’s Flexible Access, on the other hand,
involves a first leg of transportation by either the Postal Service or UPS, with the
last leg performed by UPS.

       Plaintiff insists that UPS’s Flexible Access is not UPS Basic in reverse, and
concludes, erroneously, that UPS could not have developed Flexible Access from
UPS Basic without RQ2’s proprietary information. Pl.’s Mot. at 18-29. Plaintiff
argues that the differences between Flexible Access and UPS Basic create a
genuine issue of material fact as to the origins and development of Flexible
Access. See, e.g., id. at 29 (“Flexible Access is to [UPS] Basic as an iPhone is to a
rotary phone.”) (emphasis removed). The court cannot agree.

       8
       / The court has considered each of plaintiff’s arguments in this regard and finds them to
be unpersuasive.
       9
        / The record contains evidence that the Postal Service informed UPS that the Postal
Service could not disclose confidential information regarding competitors in the PRS program to
UPS. Pl.’s Ex. 22, at 650.

                                               15
       The record evidence clearly shows that UPS often referenced the technology
used in UPS Basic as a key part of the development of Flexible Access, and that,
at least in UPS internal communications, the Flexible Access PRS initiative was
sometimes thought of as a program much like “UPS Basic in reverse.” See Def.’s
Ex. 1, at 591; Ex. 9, at 505. The fact that UPS Basic and Flexible Access, as
implemented, are not identical and instead exhibit significant differences does not
discredit the uncontroverted record evidence that UPS independently developed
Flexible Access. The differences between Flexible Access and UPS Basic, on this
record, do not support a reasonable inference that the Postal Service
misappropriated RQ2’s proprietary information or that UPS’s Flexible Access was
developed using RQ2’s proprietary information. Instead, the only reasonable
inference is that UPS’s Flexible Access program was built on a foundation
provided by UPS Basic’s technology, not on RQ2’s technology.

                   b.     The “UPS-USPS Discussions in 2006” Argument

       In an attempt to link the alleged disclosure of RQ2’s proprietary information
to the Postal Service in 2005-06 to UPS’s development of Flexible Access,
plaintiff argues that “discussions” between UPS and the Postal Service in 2006
cast doubt upon the substantial and uncontroverted evidence that UPS developed
Flexible Access independently in 2008-09. Indeed, plaintiff asserts that “UPS
documents that RQ2 uncovered during discovery prove that UPS and the Postal
Service began discussing the program that became Flexible Access in 2006 –
exactly the timeframe that supports RQ2’s claim.” Pl.’s Opp. at 19 (emphasis
added); see also id. (stating that “Ms. Shepherd West conceded [in her deposition]
that she was aware that these 2006 discussions had occurred”). The court notes, at
the outset, that plaintiff uses these UPS-USPS “discussions” for two purposes: (1)
to attempt to discredit the chronology of the development of Flexible Access
provided by Ms. Shepherd West in her 2013 declaration; and, (2) to fuel the
entirely speculative inference that the Postal Service delivered novel ideas and
technology to UPS in 2006 that had recently been acquired and misappropriated
from RQ2.

       The court has scoured the record for evidence of UPS-USPS “discussions”
in 2006 and finds none. Instead, there is mention of a 2006 UPS investigation of
the PRS initiative at the Postal Service which, to all appearances, was abandoned
as not fruitful because of profitability concerns. E.g., Pl.’s Ex. 23, at 485-86. To

                                         16
the extent that plaintiff argues that the 2006 UPS investigation of the PRS
initiative at the Postal Service involved UPS-USPS discussions, that is mere
unfounded speculation on plaintiff’s part. To the extent that plaintiff further
argues that the Postal Service transferred misappropriated technology to UPS
during discussions held in 2006, that is also mere speculation ungrounded in any
evidence before the court. Finally, to the extent that plaintiff argues that the Postal
Service disclosed RQ2’s proprietary information to UPS in discussions held in
2006, and that this proprietary information remained dormant for two years, until,
with absolutely no paper trail, RQ2’s proprietary information became fodder for
the development of Flexible Access at UPS in 2008-09, this, too, is mere
speculation with no evidentiary foundation.

      The UPS investigation of PRS in 2006 neither discredits Ms. Shepherd
West’s declaration nor supports a fair inference that plaintiff’s claims in this suit
have substance. Viewed in a light most favorable to plaintiff and affording all
favorable inferences to plaintiff with respect to the evidence before the court, UPS
actions in 2006 provide no evidence which would support judgment in plaintiff’s
favor. RQ2 has not identified a genuine issue of material fact in this regard which
prevents summary judgment in favor of the government.

                    c.    The “Other Postal Service Actors” Argument

        Plaintiff’s last significant argument resisting summary judgment alleges that
Mr. John Gullo or Ms. Krista Finazzo could have been the Postal Service
employee who disclosed RQ2’s proprietary information to UPS. Plaintiff relies on
email and meeting records that identify Mr. Gullo and Ms. Finazzo as persons who
dealt with PRS proposals from both RQ2 and UPS. Plaintiff uses this evidence,
first, to attack the credibility of a Postal Service declarant, Mr. James P. Cochrane,
who stated that he was the only Postal Service employee involved in PRS
discussions with RQ2 as well as PRS discussions with UPS or FedEx. See
Cochrane Decl. ¶¶ 11-12 (stating first that “to the best of my knowledge I am the
only USPS employee who worked both with RQ Squared and with either UPS or
FedEx,” and then describing himself as “the only individual who was involved in
both sets of discussions”). Second, plaintiff also alleges that there is a genuine
issue of material fact as to what Mr. Gullo and Ms. Finazzo might have done with
RQ2’s proprietary information.



                                          17
       The court notes, at the outset, that the government’s renewed motion for
summary judgment does not cite to or rely on Mr. Cochrane’s declaration. Thus,
although one of Mr. Cochrane’s statements in that declaration may be inaccurate
(or accurate in one paragraph but inaccurate in the following paragraph), any
infirm statement in Mr. Cochrane’s declaration is not a fact that the government
advances as material to its dispositive motion. Instead, the government relies on a
great number of documents, along with Ms. Shepherd West’s declaration and
deposition testimony, which show that Flexible Access was derived independently
of any misappropriation of RQ2’s proprietary information that was allegedly in the
possession of the Postal Service. Def.’s Facts ¶¶ 13-50. Thus, the accuracy of Mr.
Cochrane’s declaration is of no consequence in the resolution of defendant’s
motion, and any inaccuracy in that declaration is insufficient to establish a genuine
issue of material fact which might preclude summary judgment for defendant.

       The court turns next to plaintiff’s speculation as to what Mr. Gullo and Ms.
Finazzo might have done with proprietary information disclosed by RQ2.
Viewing the record evidence in the light most favorable to plaintiff, the court
agrees with plaintiff that Mr. Gullo and Ms. Finazzo cannot be excluded as
potential sources for a disclosure of RQ2’s proprietary information to UPS. The
court must agree with the government, however, that the limited contact between
Mr. Gullo and Ms. Finazzo and UPS does “not contradict the record evidence that
shows that the dual label concept and capability were in use prior to both [RQ2’s
dual label system and UPS’s Flexible Access] and th[at] [Flexible Access’s
technology] did not come from RQ2.” Def.’s Reply at 5. Indeed, defendant
cogently explains why the limited contact between Mr. Gullo and Ms. Finazzo and
UPS during the development of Flexible Access provides absolutely no support
for plaintiff’s allegation that Flexible Access is founded on RQ2’s proprietary
information. Id. at 10-11.

       The record shows that neither Mr. Gullo nor Ms. Finazzo played a key role
in the early development of Flexible Access. Id. at 10. Mr. Gullo, after attending
two initial meetings with UPS, was not part of the email correspondence which
evidences PRS negotiations between UPS and the Postal Service in 2008-09. Id.
Ms. Finazzo’s role in the development of Flexible Access was limited to approval
of Flexible Access’s mailing label in 2009 – there is no evidence that she met or
corresponded with anyone at UPS in either 2008 or 2009. Id. at 11; Pl.’s Ex. 28.
Plaintiff has established no evidentiary connection between Mr. Gullo or Ms.

                                         18
Finazzo and a disclosure of RQ2’s proprietary information, or a connection
between proprietary features of RQ2’s dual label system and similar features of
Flexible Access. In essence, plaintiff posits collusion between the Postal Service
and UPS where there is not a shred of evidence to support plaintiff’s speculative
theory of disclosure and misappropriation of RQ2’s “trade secret.” Plaintiff has,
again, failed to identify a genuine issue of material fact which would prevent the
entry of summary judgment in the government’s favor.

             2.    Plaintiff Fails to Identify a Genuine Issue of Material Fact
                   Regarding the Replication of RQ2’s Proprietary
                   Information in Flexible Access

       As the government points out in its opening brief, plaintiff has failed to
specifically identify the proprietary information that was allegedly divulged by
RQ2 to the Postal Service:

             First, at a very basic level, RQ2 has never provided
             evidence showing that it transmitted copies of software
             or similar technology underlying RQ2’s proposal to the
             Postal Service. The record thus lacks information
             establishing what allegedly proprietary “back end”
             technology RQ2 claims to have disclosed to USPS
             beyond the information in the PRS applications attached
             to its complaint, as well as to whom at USPS the
             technology was allegedly disclosed. The lack of this
             basic information eliminates the duty and breach
             elements of its claim. RQ2’s claim was initially
             premised on the notion that the overall concept of a “dual
             label” was novel and proprietary -- but that is clearly not
             true. Compare Compl. ¶ 13 with, e.g., Shepherd West
             Decl. ¶¶ 8-10. If RQ2 is going to rely on claims that
             subsequent parcel returns programs relied on its “back
             end” technology, it needs to establish at a prima facie
             level that it even transmitted such technology to the
             Postal Service.

Def.’s Mot. at 23-24. Plaintiff’s only response to this argument is that RQ2, to

                                         19
resist summary judgment, need not identify its proprietary technology with any
specificity because of the limited scope of the discovery ordered by the court last
year. Pl.’s Opp. at 15 (stating that “the single dispositive issue to be resolved at
this time is whether ‘UPS already had a like concept and technology before RQ2 is
said to have disclosed its system to USPS’” (quoting RQ Squared I, 119 Fed. Cl. at
761)); see also id. at 5 (stating that “the overall merit of RQ2’s claims is not at
issue” in the government’s motion for summary judgment); Oral Argument
Recording, at 11:25-26 AM. According to plaintiff, the only issue ripe at this time
is the novelty of RQ2’s dual label system in 2005-06. Pl.’s Opp. at 15. As noted
above, however, the government was not constrained in the scope of its summary
judgment arguments by the scope of limited discovery ordered by this court under
RCFC 56(d).10

       Plaintiff was plainly put on notice that its claim for breach of an implied-in-
fact contract not to disclose proprietary information was subject to dismissal for
lack of evidence as to the specific nature of the “software or similar technology”
allegedly provided to the Postal Service and later allegedly misappropriated by
UPS for Flexible Access. Def.’s Mot. at 23. Plaintiff cannot argue, on this record,
that plaintiff has set forth the specifics of RQ2’s “proprietary logistical and
tracking software,” Compl. ¶ 23, that was allegedly provided to the Postal Service
in 2005-06. This is a fundamental failure of plaintiff to meet its burden as the
nonmovant resisting summary judgment. See, e.g., Chemical Engineering, 795
F.2d at 1571 (“[W]here a non-movant has failed to establish specific fact issues in
response to a Rule 56 motion, he cannot later be heard to attack the judgment on
the basis of matters that, had he but raised them earlier, might have precluded its
grant.”).

       Plaintiff has repeatedly asserted that there are genuine issues of material fact
as to the development of Flexible Access and the alleged misappropriation of
RQ2’s proprietary information. The inquiry into misappropriation of proprietary
information necessarily depends on a comparison of RQ2’s dual label system and
UPS’s Flexible Access. Through discovery, extensive information as to the
technology of Flexible Access has been disclosed to plaintiff. See, e.g., Pl.’s Exs.
36, 38, 40. Plaintiff has not provided sufficient details, however, of the
technological foundation of RQ2’s dual label system to support a claim that


      10
           / See supra note 2 and accompanying text.

                                               20
Flexible Access replicates any technology provided by RQ2 to the Postal
Service.11 Without such information which is, by definition, within plaintiff’s
control, plaintiff cannot point to a single genuine issue of material fact as to the
misappropriation of its “proprietary logistical and tracking software.” Compl. ¶ 23.
The court must agree with defendant that summary judgment is warranted on
plaintiff’s claims for this reason alone.

       Furthermore, even if the court agreed with plaintiff that the scope of
discovery ordered by the court somehow narrowed subsequent summary judgment
proceedings, a proposition which the court rejects, the government would still be
entitled to summary judgment. Here, even plaintiff concedes that the issue that is
ripe before the court is the novelty, in 2005-06, of RQ2’s dual label system. See
Pl.’s Opp. at 3 (describing the issue ripe for decision on summary judgment as the
question of whether “RQ2’s ‘concept and technology’ were not novel because they
were already possessed by UPS”). That formulation of the dispositive issue in this
case requires an examination of RQ2’s concept and technology, an examination
which plaintiff frustrates by failing to identify, with any specificity, its proprietary
technology. Plaintiff cannot point to a genuine issue of material fact as to its
misappropriation claim because RQ2’s arguments rely on vague generalities,
instead of specifics, as to the comparative novelty of its technology. See, e.g.,
Chemical Engineering, 795 F.2d at 1571 (“General assertions of fact issues,
general denials, and conclusory statements are insufficient to shoulder the
non-movant’s burden.”). Thus, even under the ripeness framework proposed by
plaintiff, there are no genuine issues of material fact and the government is
entitled to summary judgment as a matter of law.

       11
          / Although the complaint advances a claim for the misappropriation of RQ2’s
proprietary technology, the exact nature of RQ2’s “trade secret” remains elusive. Defendant
observed at oral argument that RQ2’s “Dual Entry Capability” idea, even if this were now
proposed as the foundation of the claims set forth in the complaint, does not exhibit the
characteristics of a trade secret because it is an obvious idea. Oral Argument Recording, at 11:12
AM. The court notes that plaintiff has not argued that RQ2’s “Dual Entry Capability” concept,
alone, is cognizable as a trade secret. See, e.g., Pl.’s Opp. at 7 (“RQ2 filed this lawsuit on
August 21, 2012, claiming that the United States had breached its contractual obligations by
misappropriating RQ2’s proprietary Dual Entry System technology.”). Because plaintiff has
failed to identify a cognizable “trade secret” disclosed by RQ2 to the Postal Service with any
specificity, plaintiff’s burden as the nonmovant on summary judgment has not been met. See,
e.g., Chemical Engineering, 795 F.2d at 1571 (noting the nonmovant’s duty to “establish specific
fact issues in response to a Rule 56 motion”).

                                               21
        The technology underlying plaintiff’s claim remains undefined, although
that technology is asserted to be a key part of plaintiff’s claim. Cf. Oral Argument
Recording, at 11:33 AM (plaintiff’s counsel stating that the question before the
court is whether RQ2 had “the technology that would allow the consumer to make
a choice about where to enter that [parcel into the PRS program] and have those
bar codes communicate that information with both carriers”) (emphasis added);
id., at 11:48 AM (plaintiff’s counsel stating that “this is not just about labels, this
is about the back-end technology associated with that”) (emphasis added); id.
(plaintiff’s counsel asserting that the basis of RQ2’s claim is “the technology
behind the label”) (emphasis added). Because plaintiff has failed to identify the
specific technology allegedly misappropriated by the Postal Service, there is no
genuine issue of material fact in dispute and the government is entitled to
summary judgment on the claims set forth in the complaint.

IV.   Analysis of Plaintiff’s Rule 56(d) Request for Additional Discovery

       In the alternative, plaintiff requests additional discovery under RCFC 56(d).
This is plaintiff’s second request under that rule, following approximately a year
of the limited, targeted discovery activities previously granted plaintiff. To the
extent that plaintiff argues that it has discovered “key inaccuracies in the
Government’s story” of the development of Flexible Access, Pl.’s Opp. at 30, the
court finds that the independent development of Flexible Access by UPS is fully
and accurately documented in the record evidence before the court. To the extent
that plaintiff alleges that the paucity of emails and other documents pre-dating
2009 undermines the documentary evidence of the genesis of Flexible Access in
2008-09, id. at 30-32, plaintiff’s purely speculative hope that incriminating
documents might exist is not enough to support additional discovery under RCFC
56(d). See, e.g., Serdarevic, 532 F.3d at 1364 (noting that a nonmovant’s mere
hope of developing further evidence is inadequate reason to grant discovery under
Rule 56(d)). At oral argument, plaintiff’s counsel suggested that additional
discovery would be appropriate if the court has any doubt as to whether the
government had met its burden on summary judgment. Oral Argument Recording,
at 11:26-27 AM. The court has no such doubt, and therefore denies plaintiff’s
request for additional discovery under RCFC 56(d).12


      12
           / If plaintiff had framed its request for additional discovery as a motion to compel
                                                                                         (continued...)

                                                   22
                                     CONCLUSION

       For these reasons, it is hereby ORDERED that:

       (1)    Defendant’s Renewed Motion for Summary Judgment, filed April 26,
              2016, is GRANTED;

       (2)    The Clerk’s Office is directed to ENTER final judgment in favor of
              defendant DISMISSING the complaint, with prejudice;

       (3)    On or before December 29, 2016, counsel for the parties shall
              CONFER and FILE with the Clerk’s Office a redacted copy of this
              opinion, with any material deemed proprietary marked out and
              enclosed in brackets, so that a copy of the opinion can then be
              prepared and made available in the public record of this matter; and,

       (4)    Each party shall bear its own costs.

                                                   /s/Lynn J. Bush
                                                   LYNN J. BUSH
                                                   Senior Judge




       12
          (...continued)
discovery, the resolution of such a motion would have required extensive briefing covering the
same ground as the summary judgment briefing reviewed here. Plaintiff’s request for additional
discovery, in the form of a motion to compel, would necessarily have been denied as unwarranted
for the same reasons that its Rule 56(d) request is denied here.

                                              23
