                             FOURTH DIVISION
                              BARNES, P. J.,
                        MCMILLIAN AND MERCIER, JJ.

                    NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be
                    physically received in our clerk’s office within ten
                    days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.
                                http://www.gaappeals.us/rules


                                                                    January 13, 2016


In the Court of Appeals of Georgia
 A15A1990. NORMAN et al. v. YEAGER.

      BARNES, Presiding Judge.

      Wesley Bernard Norman, Jr. and Rite Brokers Auto Sales, LLC appeal the trial

court’s order dismissing their complaint that sought the return of personal property

seized by the Sheriff of Coweta County. Because the seized property did not

constitute contraband per se and no statutory authority supported its continued

retention by the Sheriff, the trial court erred in dismissing the complaint and failing

to order the Sheriff to return the property. Accordingly, we reverse.

      The material facts are undisputed. Norman is one of the managing members of

Rite Brokers, a limited liability company that is the title owner of a 2003 Ford truck.

At the center of this case are three 100-gallon fuel tanks and a fuel pump that were

attached to, or contained in, the truck owned by Rite Brokers (collectively, the “fuel

equipment”).
      In December 2013, Norman was arrested and charged with criminal attempt to

commit theft by taking based on his alleged attempt to steal diesel fuel from a

business. In January 2014, Norman was charged with theft by taking for allegedly

stealing diesel fuel from a second business. Norman allegedly used the Ford truck and

fuel equipment in connection with the theft offenses, and the truck and equipment

were seized by the Coweta County Sheriff’s Office upon Norman’s arrest.

      In May 2014, while the criminal charges remained pending, Norman and Rite

Brokers demanded the return of the truck with the fuel equipment from the Sheriff

pursuant to OCGA § 17-5-50, contending that the truck was not contraband or the

subject of a forfeiture action, and that photographs or video recordings of the truck

would be an adequate substitute for the actual vehicle at trial. See OCGA § 17-5-50

(c).1 When the Sheriff refused to return the truck, Norman and Rite Brokers filed a

complaint in the Superior Court of Coweta County seeking the return of the seized

property. The Sheriff answered the complaint, denying that he was required to return



      1
         OCGA § 17-5-50 (c) provides: “Photographs, video tapes, or other
identification or analysis of the property involved, duly identified in writing by the
law enforcement officer originally taking custody of the property as accurately
representing such property, shall be admissible at trial in lieu of the original
property.”

                                          2
the truck. The Sheriff did not assert a counterclaim or file an independent forfeiture

action.

      In December 2014, Norman entered a plea of guilty under the First Offender

Act, OCGA § 42-8-60 et seq., to one count of theft by taking. The remaining counts

of the indictment were disposed of through entry of a nolle prosequi order. Norman

was sentenced to five years probation to be terminated upon the payment of

restitution. Norman paid the restitution in full on the date of the plea and was

discharged without an adjudication of guilt pursuant to OCGA § 42-8-62 (a) of the

First Offender Act.

      The Sheriff returned the Ford truck to Norman and Rite Brokers after Norman

pled guilty under the First Offender Act. However, before returning the truck, the

Sheriff removed the fuel equipment and refused to relinquish the equipment to

Norman and Rite Brokers.

      The trial court subsequently conducted a hearing on Norman and Rite Brokers’

complaint seeking return of the seized property. The parties stipulated to the material

facts and requested for the trial court to rule on whether the Sheriff had to return the

fuel equipment. The Sheriff did not rely upon a specific statute to justify retention of



                                           3
the fuel equipment, but instead argued more generally that the equipment could be

retained as contraband because it was a tool used in the commission of a crime.

      In its final order entered after the hearing, the trial court acknowledged that

“there is no clear statutory authority which addresses the present situation before the

Court when a criminal defendant seeks the return of fuel tanks and a pump which

were used to commit the crime of stealing fuel.” But the trial court concluded that the

fuel equipment was “personal property that was used by Norman in the commission

of the crime of stealing diesel fuel and [was], thus, contraband” that did not have to

be returned to Norman and Rite Brokers. Based on this conclusion, the trial court

dismissed Norman and Rite Brokers’ complaint for return of the seized property.

      On appeal, Norman and Rite Brokers contend that the trial court erred by

failing to require the Sheriff to return the seized fuel equipment once the criminal

prosecution against Norman had been concluded. The appellants argue, and the State

concedes, that there is no specific Georgia statute justifying the retention of the fuel

equipment by the Sheriff after the completion of the criminal prosecution. Because

the fuel equipment is not contraband per se and there is no statutory basis for

continued retention of the equipment, the appellants argue that the equipment must

be returned to its rightful owner, Rite Brokers. We agree with the appellants.

                                           4
      Following the conclusion of a criminal prosecution, personal property seized

for use as evidence at trial must be returned to its rightful owner, unless the property

constitutes contraband or is subject to forfeiture. See OCGA § 17-5-54 (a) (1), (d)

(2013);2 Baez v. State, 231 Ga. App. 375, 376 (500 SE2d 339) (1998). See also

      2
         OCGA § 17-5-54 (2013) provides in relevant part that
       (a) Except as provided in Code Sections 17-5-55 [which addresses,
       among other things, the disposition of evidence designated as dangerous
       or contraband by state or federal law] and 17-5-56 [which addresses the
       maintenance of evidence containing biological material] and subsections
       (d), (e), and (f) of this Code section, when a law enforcement agency
       assumes custody of any personal property which is the subject of a crime
       or has been abandoned or is otherwise seized, a disposition of such
       property shall be made in accordance with the provisions of this Code
       section. When a final verdict and judgment is entered finding a
       defendant guilty of the commission of a crime, any personal property
       used as evidence in the trial shall be returned to the rightful owner of the
       property within 30 days following the final judgment; provided,
       however, that if the judgment is appealed or if the defendant files a
       motion for a new trial and if photographs, videotapes, or other
       identification or analysis of the personal property will not be sufficient
       evidence for the appeal of the case or new trial of the case, such personal
       property shall be returned to the rightful owner within 30 days of the
       conclusion of the appeal or new trial, whichever occurs last. . . .
       (d) The provisions of this Code section shall not apply to personal
       property which is the subject of forfeiture proceedings as otherwise
       provided by law.
OCGA § 17-5-54 (a) (1), (d) (2013). OCGA § 17-5-54 was revised by the General
Assembly, effective July 1, 2015, but the revised statute does not apply in this case.
See OCGA § 17-5-54 (Supp. 2015); Ga. L. 2015, p. 693, § 4-1/HB 233 (“This Act
shall become effective on July 1, 2015, and shall apply to seizures of property for
forfeiture that occur on or after that date. Any such seizure that occurs before July 1,

                                           5
Chappell v. Stapleton, 58 Ga. App. 138 (198 SE 109) (1938); Padgett v. Sturgis, 6

Ga. App. 544 (65 SE 352) (1909). In determining whether the seized property

constitutes contraband, Georgia courts distinguish between contraband per se, which

is “inherently unlawful,” and “contraband which may ordinarily be used in a

beneficial and useful manner but which becomes unlawful under certain specific

circumstances set forth by law.” Balkcom v. Heptinstall, 152 Ga. App. 539, 540 (263

SE2d 275) (1979).

      A party has no right to the return of objects that are contraband per se, that is,

“property, the possession of which, without more, constitutes a crime.” One 1958

Plymouth Sedan v. Pennsylvania, 380 U.S. 693, 699 (85 SCt 1246, 14 LE2d 170)

(1965). See Windham v. Harmon, 50 Ga. App. 322 (1) (178 SE 160) (1935) (“The

courts will not sustain actions for the recovery of property the possession of which

is illegal.”). A quintessential example of contraband per se is cocaine, the possession

of which is unlawful under the Georgia Controlled Substances Act, OCGA § 16-13-

30 (a). One can “have no property rights” in objects that are contraband per se,

Blackmon v. Brotherhood Protective Order of Elks, 232 Ga. 671, 673 (1) (208 SE2d

483) (1974), and the return of this type of contraband to the purported owner would

2015, shall be governed by the statute in effect at the time of such seizure.”).

                                          6
“frustrate[] the express public policy against the possession of such objects.” One

1958 Plymouth Sedan, 380 U.S. at 699.

      A different rule applies where the mere possession of the seized personal

property is not itself illegal and the property in its ordinary use would be beneficial

and useful. In that context, the seized property must be returned to its rightful owner

after the conclusion of the criminal prosecution, unless a “statute . . . provides for its

condemnation or confiscation.” (Emphasis omitted.) Balkcom, 152 Ga. App. at 541,

quoting Chappell, 58 Ga. App. at 139. See Seaman v. State, 196 Ga. App. 634, 635

(396 SE2d 525) (1990) (owner was entitled to return of seized videocassette recorders

because the recorders were not contraband per se and no statute provided for their

condemnation or confiscation).3

      The fuel equipment at issue in the present case is not contraband per se. Fuel

tanks and fuel pumps, when used in the ordinary course of affairs, are legal to possess

and are beneficial and useful to society. Accordingly, Rite Brokers, as the undisputed

title owner of the fuel equipment, was entitled to the return of the equipment, unless

      3
        See also Helton v. Hunt, 330 F3d 242, 248 (4th Cir. 2003); Cooper v. City of
Greenwood, 904 F2d 302, 305 (5th Cir. 1990); United States v. Farrell, 606 F2d
1341, 1344-1346 (D.C. Cir. 1979); State v. Curran, 628 P2d 1198, 1203 (Or. 1981);
Mims Amusement Co. v. South Carolina Law Enforcement Div., 621 SE2d 344, 349
(S.C. 2005); State v. Driscoll, 964 A2d 1172, 1177 (Vt. 2008).

                                            7
a statute provided for its condemnation or confiscation. See Seaman, 196 Ga. App.

at 635; Balkcom, 152 Ga. App. at 541; Chappell, 58 Ga. App. at 139. “Forfeiture of

property is disfavored and the statutes permitting such are to be strictly construed and

limited.” Seaman, 196 Ga. App. at 635. And if there is any ambiguity as to whether

property is subject to forfeiture under a statute, the “statute must be strictly construed

against the State.” State v. Williams, 278 Ga. 447, 449 (603 SE2d 278) (2004).

      There is no statute authorizing the condemnation or confiscation of the fuel

equipment by the Sheriff’s Office under the circumstances of this case, as the Sheriff

concedes on appeal. No Georgia statute specifically addresses the forfeiture of fuel

equipment used in connection with a theft offense. And while Georgia more generally

criminalizes possession of tools “commonly used in the commission of burglary,

theft, or other crime with the intent to make use thereof in the commission of a

crime,” OCGA § 16-7-20 (a), the statute does not declare those tools to be contraband

or subject to condemnation or confiscation. Notably, when the General Assembly has

intended to declare certain objects as contraband subject to forfeiture, it has done so

explicitly.4 We must presume that the absence of similar language in OCGA § 16-7-

      4
        See, e.g., OCGA § 3-2-33 (b), (c) (alcoholic beverages on which tax or license
fee has not been paid); § 10-1-359.3 (b), (c) (property used to facilitate the theft of
regulated metal property); § 12-4-48 (e) (1) (illegally produced minerals); § 12-5-137

                                            8
20 was a “matter of considered choice” by the General Assembly. (Punctuation and

footnote omitted.) Gordon v. State, 316 Ga. App. 42, 46 (1) (a) (728 SE2d 720)

(2012). Accordingly, OCGA § 16-7-20 did not authorize the condemnation and

confiscation of the fuel equipment by the Sheriff.

      It is true that under Georgia’s Racketeering Influenced and Corrupt

Organizations Act (the “RICO Act”), OCGA § 16-14-1 et seq., “[a]ll property of

every kind used or intended for use in the course of, derived from, or realized through

a pattern of racketeering activity shall be subject to forfeiture to the state.” (Emphasis

supplied.) OCGA § 16-14-7 (a) (Supp. 2015).5 A “pattern of racketeering activity”

means engaging in at least two acts of racketeering activity, OCGA § 16-14-3 (4) (A)



(a) (equipment used by unlicensed well drillers); § 12-8-2 (c) (motor vehicles used
to unlawfully dump sewage); § 16-6-13.2 (b), (c) (motor vehicle used in pimping);
§ 16-12-32 (b) (gambling devices); § 16-12-83 (obscene materials); § 16-13-49 (b)
(property used in violation of the Georgia Controlled Substances Act); § 16-15-5 (b),
(c) (property used to facilitate street gang activity); § 16-16-2 (b) (c) (motor vehicles,
tools, and weapons used in the commission of a burglary, home invasion, or armed
robbery); § 25-10-6 (illegal fireworks); § 40-6-391.2 (a) (motor vehicle used by
habitual violator); § 48-11-9 (a) (1) (un-stamped cigars, cigarettes, and loose or
smokeless tobacco).
      5
        Although a prior version of the RICO Act was in effect at the time of the
seizure of the fuel equipment, see Ga. L. 2002, p. 532, § 4; Ga. L. 2015, p. 693, §
4-1/HB 233, we cite to the current version of the Act for ease of reference because
there were no substantive changes made to the Act affecting our analysis in this case.

                                            9
(Supp. 2015), and “‘racketeering activity’ is defined to mean the commission of a

crime in any of specified categories of offenses[,] . . . [which] are also known as the

predicate offenses.” Ali v. State, 328 Ga. App. 203, 207 (761 SE2d 601) (2014). See

OCGA § 16-14-3 (5). Felony theft by taking under OCGA § 16-8-2 is such a

predicate offense. See OCGA § 16-14-3 (5) (A) (xii). Here, however, the State did not

bring a RICO forfeiture action against the fuel equipment and has not alleged, or

sought to establish, that Norman engaged in a pattern of racketeering activity rather

than the single felony theft to which he pled guilty under the First Offender Act.

Consequently, the Sheriff could not rely upon the RICO Act as a basis for retaining

the fuel equipment under the circumstances of this case.

      Despite the absence of clear statutory authority, the trial court concluded that

the Sheriff could retain the fuel equipment. Relying upon three opinions of this Court,

the trial court reasoned that the State has the inherent authority to retain as contraband

any seized personal property used as a tool in the commission of a crime. See Baez,

231 Ga. App. 375; Gunter v. State, 182 Ga. App. 548 (356 SE2d 276) (1987);

LoGiudice v. State, 164 Ga. App. 709 (297 SE2d 499) (1982). But these three

opinions do not stand for such a broad proposition.



                                           10
      Gunter and LoGiudice both involved the disposition of firearms used in the

commission of a crime. See Gunter, 182 Ga. App. at 548-549; LoGiudice, 164 Ga.

App. at 711 (4). Notably, there is a specific Georgia statute declaring weapons used

in the commission of a crime to be contraband subject to forfeiture. See OCGA § 17-

5-51 (2015).6 Neither case therefore supports the trial court’s conclusion that the State

has the broad inherent authority to retain any property used as a tool in the

commission of a crime.

      In Baez, we held that the trial court properly found that guns and a digital scale

that had been seized during a criminal investigation did not have to be returned to the

defendant, where the defendant had testified in his criminal trial “that he had never

seen the guns before, that they were not in his truck, and that he did not know what


      6
        OCGA § 17-5-51 (Supp. 2015) provides:
      Any device which is used as a weapon in the commission of any crime
      against any person or any attempt to commit any crime against any
      person, any weapon the possession or carrying of which constitutes a
      crime or delinquent act, and any weapon for which a person has been
      convicted of violating Code Section 16-11-126 are declared to be
      contraband and shall be forfeited in accordance with the procedures set
      forth in Chapter 16 of Title 9, notwithstanding the time frames set forth
      in Code Section 9-16-7.
The version of the statute in effect at the time of Gunter and LoGuidice likewise
provided that weapons used in the commission of any crime against any person are
contraband subject to forfeiture. See Ga. L. 1977, p. 1131, § 1.

                                           11
the object (the scale) was.” 231 Ga. App. at 376. Our ruling with respect to the guns

and digital scale was narrowly based on the defendant’s denial of ownership of those

seized items, and thus has no bearing on the current case.

      We also held in Baez that the case would be remanded to the trial court for a

determination as to whether other personal items seized from a suitcase, including

documents, checks, and cassettes, were “contraband or subject to forfeiture,” or

instead had to be returned to the defendant. 231 Ga. App. at 376. But we did not

suggest that those items could be seized as contraband based simply on a finding by

the trial court that they were tools used in the commission of a crime.

      For these reasons, the trial court erred in relying upon Baez, Gunter, and

LoGiudice to find that the Sheriff had the broad inherent authority to retain the fuel

equipment as tools used in the commission of a crime. Rather, as previously

discussed, the Sheriff was required to point to specific statutory authority to justify

his retention of the fuel equipment, given that the equipment was not contraband per

se. See Seaman, 196 Ga. App. at 635; Balkcom, 152 Ga. App. at 541; Chappell, 58

Ga. App. at 139.7 Any other rule would be inconsistent with the principle emphasized

      7
        Some courts have recognized a narrow public policy exception to the general
rule that continued retention of the seized property must be authorized by statute,
where the party seeking return of the property voluntarily surrendered the property

                                          12
by our Supreme Court that “[f]orfeitures are not favored” and “should be enforced

only when within both [the] letter and spirit of the law.” Cisco v. State, 285 Ga. 656,

663 (3) (680 SE2d 831) (2009), quoting United States v. One 1936 Model Ford V-8

De Luxe Coach, 307 U.S. 219, 226 (59 SCt 861, 83 LEd 1249) (1939). Consequently,

given the absence of specific statutory authority justifying retention of the fuel

equipment, the trial court erred in dismissing the appellants’ complaint and in failing

to order the Sheriff to return the equipment.

      Judgment reversed. McMillian and Mercier, JJ., concur.




as part of his attempt to violate the law. See, e.g., Kardoh v. United States, 572 F3d
697, 700-702 (9th Cir. 2009); Mantilla v. United States, 302 F3d 182, 186-187 (3d
Cir. 2002); United States v. Smith, 659 F2d 97, 100 (8th Cir.1981); United States v.
Farrell, 606 F2d 1341, 1348-1350 (D.C. Cir. 1979). An example would be in the
circumstance where a defendant pays money to an undercover government agent for
narcotics and then later seeks to recover the money from the government. See, e.g.,
Farrell, 606 F2d at 1348-1350. In that context, some courts have reasoned that “it is
contrary to public policy to permit the courts to be used by the wrongdoer . . . to
obtain the property he voluntarily surrendered as part of his attempt to violate the
law.” Id. at 1350. We need not decide whether Georgia should adopt such a public
policy exception, given that it would have no application under the facts of this case.

                                          13
