                           UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                           FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

NEWAY ALEMAYEHU,                                :
                                                :
       Plaintiff,                               :       Civil Action No.:      16-0596 (RC)
                                                :
       v.                                       :       Re Document No.:       5
                                                :
BELAY ABERE, et al.,                            :
                                                :
       Defendants.                              :

                                 MEMORANDUM OPINION

        GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART DEFENDANT’S MOTION TO DISMISS

                                     I. INTRODUCTION

       Plaintiff Neway Alemayehu brings this action alleging that three individuals, Belay

Abere, Bekalu Bayabile, and Iyossias Tilahun (collectively, “Defendants”), worked together to

defraud Mr. Alemayehu out of his $460,000 investment in a restaurant enterprise currently

known as Amsterdam Café and Lounge. See generally Compl., ECF No. 1. Mr. Tilahun,

proceeding pro se, has moved to dismiss Mr. Alemayehu’s complaint under Federal Rule of

Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). See Def.’s Mot. Dismiss at 1, ECF No. 5. Because the Court concludes

that Mr. Alemayehu has failed to state a claim upon which relief can be granted for his

promissory estoppel and quantum meruit causes of action, the Court will grant Mr. Tilahun’s

motion to dismiss as to those claims. Because, however, the Court also determines that

Mr. Alemayehu has properly alleged his remaining claims, the Court will deny Mr. Tilahun’s

motion to dismiss as to Mr. Alemayehu’s remaining claims.
                                       II. BACKGROUND

       According to the complaint, Mr. Bayabile and Mr. Abere approached Mr. Alemayehu

about investing in a restaurant enterprise in April 2015. 1 Compl. ¶ 7. A written agreement,

signed by Mr. Abere, described the terms of the investment: Mr. Abere would transfer a building

lease and liquor license to BelayAbere Enterprises, LLC (“the LLC”); Mr. Abere and

Mr. Bayabile would be 5 percent and 15 percent shareholders in the LLC, respectively;

Mr. Alemayehu would be the majority shareholder (owning the remaining 80 percent) of the

LLC; and Mr. Alemayehu would serve as the executive manager of both the LLC and the

restaurant. Id. Mr. Abere also made oral assurances reinforcing these terms. See id.

       Based on these written agreement and oral assurances, Mr. Alemayehu decided to

proceed with investing in the restaurant. Id. Mr. Alemayehu thus began contributing funds to “(a)

pay back rents that [Mr.] Abere owed the landlord, along with taxes and insurance; (b) pay all

legal fees to get the lease and liquor license transferred to the LLC; (c) finish the renovation of

the restaurant; (d) replace the HVAC and water heater systems; (e) purchase and install new

kitchen equipment; (f) install security and fire alarm systems; and (g) furnish the restaurant with

tables, chairs, bar stools, a liquor/wine inventory, and a computerized cash register system.” Id.

¶ 9. Mr. Alemayhu paid for “substantial construction work” that was “performed over the course

of more than three months.” Id. ¶ 8.

       But Mr. Alemayehu soon encountered difficulties. The landlord for the restaurant’s

building refused to allow Mr. Abere to assign the building lease to the LLC. Id. ¶ 10. Because of


       1
          At the motion to dismiss stage, the Court accepts the plaintiff’s factual allegations as
true. See United States v. Philip Morris, Inc., 116 F. Supp. 2d 131, 135 (D.D.C. 2000) (first
citing Ramirez de Arellano v. Weinberger, 745 F.2d 1500, 1506 (D.C. Cir. 1984), vacated on
other grounds, 471 U.S. 1113 (1985); and then citing Shear v. Nat’l Rifle Ass’n of Am., 606 F.2d
1251, 1253 (D.C. Cir. 1979)).


                                                  2
Mr. Abere’s “history of being dishonest, not paying rent, and disappearing on [the landlord] for

months at a time,” the landlord wanted Mr. Abere to be personally liable for the rent. Id.

Mr. Alemayehu, however, worked with the LLC’s attorneys in an effort to persuade the landlord

to allow assignment of the building lease to the LLC. Id. Mr. Alemayehu also attempted to

transfer the liquor license to the LLC, in accordance with the written agreement and oral

assurances he had received. Id.

       During this time, however, Mr. Abere left the United States without informing

Mr. Alemayehu, traveling to East Africa. Id. Mr. Abere remained abroad for nearly three months,

and was “hardly reachable” during this time. Id. Mr. Alemayehu eventually received, however,

assurance from Mr. Abere that he would return to the United States shortly, and that he would

reach out to the landlord’s attorney to arrange assignment of the lease. Id. With this assurance,

Mr. Alemayehu continued to supply funds for the restaurant’s rent, tax, and insurance. Id.

       After Mr. Abere’s return to the United States, he informed Mr. Alemayehu and the LLC

attorneys that, curiously, the landlord would only assign the lease to the LLC if the landlord was

“presented with an LLC operating agreement which showed [Mr.] Abere as the only member.”

Id. ¶ 11. Mr. Abere requested, therefore, that Mr. Alemayehu be temporarily removed from the

LLC membership documents. Id. Although “[n]either [Mr. Alemayehu] nor the LLC attorneys

believed this to be an acceptable outcome, . . . the attorneys made the temporary changes until

the assignment was accomplished.” Id. The amended operating agreement listed both

Mr. Alemayehu and Mr. Abere as “manager[s].” Id.

       As a result of these issues with the lease and license transfers, the LLC attorneys

eventually recommended a new plan for the restaurant, which they suggested was the “only

realistic way forward.” Id. ¶ 12. First, “the lease, liquor license[,] and business license,” would




                                                  3
remain “under [Mr.] Abere’s name.” Id. Mr. Abere would also “sign a binding agreement with

the LLC that made the LLC the managing company until [Mr.] Abere regained the landlord’s

trust and obtained her permission to transfer the lease, liquor license[,] and business license to

the LLC.” Id. Mr. Alemayehu, meanwhile, “would be the executive manager, have daily access

to financial records, be able to participate in major corporate decisions, and secure the power of

attorney from [Mr.] Abere.” Id.

       In accordance with this plan, in October 2015, the liquor license was subsequently

transferred to Mr. Abere. Id. ¶ 13. But Mr. Abere once again left the United States “without

completing the management agreement, without giving the power of attorney to

[Mr. Alemayehu], and without resolving an ongoing disagreement with [Mr. Alemayehu]

regarding the financial aspect of the management agreement.” Id. Despite these issues, the

restaurant opened and began operating around this time. Id.

       A few months later, Mr. Abere returned to the United States. Id. ¶ 14. Shortly afterwards,

Mr. Abere “argued that his superior liability protection and experience required that he take over

the management and operation of the business.” Id. Mr. Abere assured Mr. Alemayehu that this

takeover would be temporary. Id. Mr. Alemayehu eventually relented as he believed this course

of action “to be beneficial . . . as long as [the] management was performed in an inclusive,

collaborative way.” Id. But later, when Mr. Alemayehu requested that Mr. Abere complete the

management agreement and sign the power of attorney, Mr. Abere delayed because “he needed

legal advice.” Id. ¶ 15. Mr. Abere eventually refused to sign the power of attorney, id., and also

refused to sign the “management agreement . . . that would have made [Mr. Alemayehu] the on-

site executive manager consistent with the executive operation rights,” id. ¶ 19.




                                                  4
       Sometime during these events, Mr. Abere hired Mr. Tilahun, who had previously worked

only as a consultant for the restaurant, as the “general manager” of the restaurant with “major

authority in terms of running the restaurant enterprise.” Id. ¶ 16. Mr. Alemayehu expressed to

Mr. Abere that Mr. Tilahun was unqualified to serve as general manager, and “need[ed] to be

replaced by a more experienced manager.” Id. ¶ 17. Mr. Tilahun reportedly “had very little

people-to-people skills, and as a result the company had very bad restaurant reviews from

customers.” Id.

       In addition, Mr. Tilahun presented several other issues for the restaurant. See id. First,

Mr. Tilahun “is a foreign national who does not possess the necessary authorization to work in

the United States” and his hiring “thus exposed the restaurant enterprise senior executives . . . to

potential liability in case of an Immigration Customs Enforcement investigation, which could

result in closure and loss of [Mr. Alemayehu’s] investment.” Id. ¶ 16. Second, because of his

immigration status, Mr. Tilahun could not apply to serve as “an [Alcoholic] Beverage

Commission (ABC) Licensed manager,” and therefore the restaurant operated without a licensed

manager “which is against [the District of Columbia Alcoholic Beverage Regulation

Administration’s] basic rules.” Id. ¶ 17.

       Mr. Tilahun, however, assisted Mr. Abere in undermining Mr. Alemayehu’s position in

both the LLC and the restaurant. See id. ¶¶ 16–18. Mr. Tilahun followed Mr. Abere’s

instructions to keep Mr. Alemayehu “in the dark about [the restaurant’s] operations.” Id. ¶ 16.

Mr. Tilahun was allegedly “promised a salary and commission structure as a reward” for doing

so. Id. ¶ 17. Mr. Tilahun also reportedly had a “long history of securing financial assistance from

[Mr.] Abere.” Id. That assistance, which apparently “included some of [Mr. Alemayehu’s]

funds,” allowed Mr. Tilahun “to acquire a Mercedes Benz for his own use and enjoyment.” Id.




                                                  5
Mr. Tilahun also “maliciously interfere[d] with the contractual agreements” made regarding

Mr. Alemayehu’s involvement in the restaurant. Id. ¶ 20. Specifically, Mr. Tilahun “began

informing restaurant employees not to take any orders from [Mr. Alemayehu].” Id. Mr. Tilahun

told the employees “that he work[ed] for [Mr.] Abere and [Mr.] Bayabile,” which “created an

impression among the employees that [Mr. Alemayehu] did not have any control or decision

making authority.” Id. Mr. Tilahun reportedly also “badmouth[ed] [Mr. Alemayehu] to all

restaurant employees, blaming [Mr. Alemayehu] to cover up [Mr.] Abere’s poor management

and planning decisions.” Id.

       Likewise, Mr. Bayabile, the third LLC shareholder, also appeared to work against

Mr. Alemayehu. Mr. Bayabile followed Mr. Abere’s instructions to “keep [Mr. Alemayehu] in

the dark as to the financial operations of the restaurant enterprise.” Id. ¶ 18. Mr. Bayabile thus

“continued to work against [Mr. Alemayehu’s] interest by totally aligning himself with

[Mr.] Abere.” Id. ¶ 20.

       Despite the restaurant’s rough start, see id. ¶ 17, starting in December 2015, Defendants

“were able to realize the turnaround of the restaurant business,” id. ¶ 20. Soon afterwards,

however, Mr. Abere “changed the bank account of the merchant services to his personal account,

without letting [Mr. Alemayehu] know about that change.” Id. ¶ 19. Mr. Alemayehu believes that

Mr. Abere forged Mr. Alemayehu’s signature to do so. See id. Mr. Abere has “refused to share

financial statements and financial operations data with [Mr. Alemayehu]” and has “avoided all

communication[s], discussions, and [Mr. Alameyhu’s] request[s] for explanation.” Id. Therefore,

Mr. Alemayehu claims he “knows nothing about the financial status of the business,” despite his

status as an investor in the restaurant and as the majority shareholder in the LLC. Id.




                                                  6
        In February 2016, Defendants “delay[ed] in making timely rent payments” for the

restaurant’s building, and as a result received complaints from the landlord. Id. ¶ 22. These rent

payments were delayed even though Defendants had previously “solicited additional funding

from [Mr. Alemayehu]” to make “overdue rent payments.” Id. To make these delinquent rent

payments, Mr. Alemayehu contributed an additional $12,200 from his personal account, in

addition to his initial investment. See id.

        Ultimately, Mr. Abere “has continued, up through the filing of this lawsuit, to strengthen

his control of the business, its operation and planning, all designed to totally remove

[Mr. Alemayehu] from any involvement or managerial oversight responsibilities for the

restaurant enterprise,” id. ¶ 18, and “has tried to make it appear that he is the legitimate sole

owner of the business,” id. ¶ 19. Under Mr. Abere’s supervision, all three Defendants “have

made numerous executive decisions,” including “financial planning and spending, employee

hiring and recruiting, making deals with event hosts and other vendors including subleasing the

business to another vendor” without Mr. Alemayehu’s involvement. Id. ¶ 21. According to

Mr. Alemayehu, he “would never had committed to funding the restaurant if he had known” that

Mr. Abere would refuse to abide by the prior written agreement and oral assurances. Id. ¶ 19.

Mr. Alemayehu states that he “has every reason to believe [Mr.] Abere never intended that the

lease and licenses would be transferred to the LLC,” and thus “believes that [the] purposes of the

[prior written] agreement are not achievable.” Id. ¶ 23. Mr. Alemayehu claims that he has been

unsuccessful in “secur[ing] repayment of his over $460,000 investment” and thus filed this

action. Id.

        In his complaint, Mr. Alemayehu asserts six causes of action. See id. ¶¶ 24–48. Against

all three Defendants, Mr. Alemayehu alleges unjust enrichment (Count II), promissory estoppel




                                                  7
(Count III), and quantum meruit (Count V). See id. ¶¶ 26–32, 37–41. Against Mr. Tilahun

individually, Mr. Alemayehu alleges intentional interference with a contractual relationship

(Count VI). See id. ¶¶ 42–48. Finally, Mr. Alemayehu requests from the Court an accounting

(Count I) and constructive trust (Count IV). See id. ¶¶ 24–25, 33–36. Mr. Tilahun, proceeding

pro se, has filed a motion to dismiss under Federal Rule of Procedure 12(b)(6), arguing that

Mr. Alemayehu has failed to state a claim against Mr. Tilahun upon which relief can be granted.

See Def.’s Mot. Dismiss at 1. Mr. Tilahun has not filed a reply brief in response to

Mr. Alemayehu’s opposition. Cf. D.D.C. Civ. R. 7(d) (“Within seven days after service of the

memorandum in opposition the moving party may serve and file a reply memorandum.”). Thus,

Mr. Tilahun’s motion is ripe for adjudication.


                                     III. LEGAL STANDARD

        The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure require that a complaint contain “a short and plain

statement of the claim” in order to give the defendant fair notice of the claim and the grounds

upon which it rests. Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2); accord Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 93 (2007)

(per curiam). A motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6) does not test a plaintiff’s ultimate

likelihood of success on the merits; rather, it tests whether a plaintiff has properly stated a claim.

See Scheuer v. Rhodes, 416 U.S. 232, 236 (1974). A court considering such a motion presumes

that the complaint’s factual allegations are true and construes them liberally in the plaintiff’s

favor. See, e.g., Philip Morris, 116 F. Supp. 2d at 135. It is not necessary for the plaintiff to plead

all elements of her prima facie case in the complaint. See Swierkiewicz v. Sorema N.A., 534 U.S.

506, 511–14 (2002); Bryant v. Pepco, 730 F. Supp. 2d 25, 28–29 (D.D.C. 2010).

        Nevertheless, “[t]o survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient

factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’” Ashcroft


                                                   8
v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570

(2007)). This means that a plaintiff’s factual allegations “must be enough to raise a right to relief

above the speculative level, on the assumption that all the allegations in the complaint are true

(even if doubtful in fact).” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555–56 (citations omitted). “Threadbare recitals

of the elements of a cause of action, supported by mere conclusory statements,” are therefore

insufficient to withstand a motion to dismiss. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678. A court need not accept a

plaintiff’s legal conclusions as true, see id., nor must a court presume the veracity of the legal

conclusions that are couched as factual allegations. See Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555.


                                        IV. DISCUSSION

       Mr. Tilahun makes the same general argument under Rule 12(b)(6) for each of

Mr. Alemayehu’s claims: that Mr. Alemayehu’s complaint “fails [to] allege facts sufficient to

support the material elements of [Mr. Alamayehu’s] alleged causes [of] action against

[Mr.] Tilahun.” Def.’s Mem. P. & A. Supp. Mot. Dismiss at 2, ECF No. 5 [hereinafter Def.’s

Mem.]. Specifically, Mr. Tilahun asserts that, for Counts I through V, Mr. Alemayehu has failed

to make factual allegations against Mr. Tilahun specifically, and thus those causes of action

should be dismissed as to Mr. Tilahun. See id. at 2–5. 2 Mr. Tilahun further argues that for Count


       2
          Mr. Tilahun repeatedly emphasizes that his name is not mentioned in the allegations
relating to these counts. See, e.g., Def.’s Mem. at 2 (“What is missing from the allegation
contained in Count I . . . is the name of [Mr.] Tilahun.”); id. at 4 (“[W]hat is missing is the name
of [Mr.] Tilahun in the allegations.”). The Court acknowledges that many of the paragraphs of
Mr. Alemayehu’s complaint alleging each count fail to mention Mr. Tilahun by name. See, e.g.,
Compl. ¶ 25 (failing to mention Mr. Tilahun in Mr. Alemayehu’s accounting claim); Compl. ¶¶
27–28 (failing to mention Mr. Tilahun in Mr. Alemayehu’s unjust enrichment claim). But
Mr. Alemayehu’s oversight here merely amounts to inartful drafting. The Court notes that
Mr. Alemayehu repeats and re-alleges his paragraphs at the beginning of each of these counts.
See Compl. ¶¶ 24, 26, 29, 33, 37, 42. More importantly, however, “courts must consider the
complaint in its entirety . . . when ruling on Rule 12(b)(6) motions to dismiss.” Tellabs, Inc. v.
Makor Issues & Rights, Ltd., 551 U.S. 308, 322 (2007) (emphasis added). Therefore, the Court


                                                  9
VI, which was only alleged against Mr. Tilahun, Mr. Alemayehu has failed to make factual

allegations supporting the necessary elements for that cause of action. See id. at 5–8. In his

opposition to Mr. Tilahun’s motion, Mr. Alemayehu argues that he has made “an abundance of

factual allegations . . . against [Mr.] Tilahun” and thus Mr. Tilahun’s motion should be denied.

Pl.’s Opp’n Def.’s Mot. Dismiss at 1, ECF No. 7 [hereinafter Pl.’s Opp’n].

       The Court must determine whether Mr. Alemayehu’s well-pleaded facts are “enough to

raise a right to relief” against Mr. Tilahun “above the speculative level,” Twombly, 550 U.S. at

555–56, as to each of Mr. Alemayehu’s claims. Accordingly, the Court will first address the

counts alleged against all three Defendants (Counts II, III, and V), then address the count alleged

against Mr. Tilahun individually (Count VI), and finally address Mr. Alemayehu’s requests for

specific remedies (Counts I and IV).

                               A. Unjust Enrichment (Count II)

       Mr. Alemayehu asserts a claim of unjust enrichment against all three Defendants. See

Compl. ¶¶ 26–28. “Under D.C. law, unjust enrichment occurs when: (1) the plaintiff conferred a

benefit on the defendant; (2) the defendant retains the benefit; and (3) under the circumstances,

the defendant’s retention of the benefit is unjust.” Campbell v. Nat’l Union Fire Ins. Co. of

Pittsburgh, PA, 130 F. Supp. 3d 236, 255 (D.D.C. 2015) (brackets and internal quotation marks

omitted) (quoting Fort Lincoln Civic Ass’n, Inc. v. Fort Lincoln New Town Corp., 944 A.2d

1055, 1076 (D.C. 2008)).

       In his motion to dismiss, Mr. Tilahun claims that Mr. Alemayehu has failed to allege

facts showing “how [Mr.] Tilahun was unjustly enriched from the breach.” Def.’s Mem. at 3.




will assess Mr. Alemayehu’s allegations from his complaint, taken as a whole, to determine
whether he has properly stated a claim.


                                                 10
The Court notes that Mr. Alamayehu’s complaint contains numerous suggestions that

Mr. Tilahun helped unjustly enrich Mr. Abere, rather than Mr. Tilahun himself. See, e.g., Compl.

¶ 17 (“[Mr. Abere] clearly wanted [Mr.] Tilahun to continue being his right hand man to achieve

his ambition of being unjustly enriched . . . .”); id. ¶ 28 (“Because [Mr.] Abere now has an

ongoing and successful restaurant and event business courtesy of [Mr. Alemayehu’s]

investment . . . , [Mr.] Abere has been unjustly enriched in an amount not less than $460,000.”).

Because unjust enrichment requires that the plaintiff “confer[] a benefit on the defendant,”

Campbell, 130 F. Supp. 3d at 255 (emphasis added) (quoting Fort Lincoln, 944 A.2d at 1076),

these allegations are insufficient to support an unjust enrichment claim against Mr. Tilahun.

       But Mr. Alamayehu also alleges that he conferred a benefit on Mr. Tilahun and that

Mr. Tilahun retained that benefit. See Compl. ¶ 17 (alleging that Mr. Tilahun was promised and

received “some of [Mr. Alemayehu’s] funds” which were used “to acquire a Mercedes Benz”);

id. ¶ 45 (alleging that Mr. Tilahun “receive[d] a substantial salary and commission-based

compensation once [Mr. Alemayehu] was removed from his managerial duties”). 3

Mr. Alemayehu also adequately alleges that Mr. Tilahun’s retention of these benefits was unjust.

See id. ¶ 23 (stating that Mr. Alemayehu “no longer has any control over the success of the

venture or the safety of his investment,” and cannot “secure repayment of [that] investment”);

see also Lozinsky v. Georgia Res. Mgmt., LLC, 734 F. Supp. 2d 150, 156 (D.D.C. 2010) (holding

that where a defendant “accepted and used [a plaintiff’s] money under the guise of an



       3
         Although these allegations suggest that Mr. Tilahun may have received these benefits
from Mr. Abere, not Mr. Alemayehu directly, courts in this District have held that benefits
indirectly conferred on a defendant can support an unjust enrichment claim. See, e.g., JSC
Transmashholding v. Miller, 70 F. Supp. 3d 516, 523 n.5 (D.D.C. 2014) (holding that payments
conveyed to a defendant through a third-party intermediary can support an unjust enrichment
claim); see also Campbell, 130 F. Supp. 3d at 256–57 (collecting cases).


                                                11
investment, but provided [the plaintiff] with nothing in return[,] . . . it would be unjust for [the

defendant] to retain [the plaintiff’s] investment”). Therefore, Mr. Alemayehu has properly stated

a cause of action for unjust enrichment against Mr. Tilahun, and the Court will deny

Mr. Tilahun’s request to dismiss this claim.

                               B. Promissory Estoppel (Count III)

       Mr. Alemayehu’s third cause of action alleges promissory estoppel against all three

Defendants. See Compl. ¶¶ 29–32. Specifically, Mr. Alemayehu alleges that “[t]he assurances

and promises made by Defendant to [Mr. Alemayehu] were reasonable under the circumstances,

so that an ordinary investor would rely on the representations made by Defendant.” Id. ¶ 32.

Mr. Alemayehu states that he “did rely on those representations much to his financial detriment.”

Id.

       “To factually allege promissory estoppel, a plaintiff must establish (1) the existence of a

promise, (2) that the promise reasonably induced reliance on it, and (3) that the promisee relied

on the promise to his detriment.” Osseiran v. Int’l Fin. Corp., 498 F. Supp. 2d 139, 147 (D.D.C.

2007), aff’d, 552 F.3d 836 (D.C. Cir. 2009) (citing Daisley v. Riggs Bank, 372 F. Supp. 2d 61, 71

(D.D.C. 2005)). A promise “must be definite, as reliance on an indefinite promise is not

reasonable.” In re U.S. Office Prods. Co. Sec. Litig., 251 F. Supp. 2d 77, 97 (D.D.C. 2003)

(citations omitted). The promise must also have “definite terms on which the promisor would

expect the promisee to rely,” although the promise “need not be as specific and definite as a

contract.” Id. (citing Bender v. Design Store Corp., 404 A.2d 194, 196 (D.C. 1979)).

       Here, Mr. Tilahun argues that Mr. Alemayehu “does not allege that [Mr.] Tilahun made

any promises to convince [Mr. Alemayehu] to make [his] investment.” Def.’s Mem. at 3. The

Court agrees. See Woodruff v. Nat’l Op. Research Ctr., 505 F. Supp. 2d 138, 143 n.3 (D.D.C.




                                                  12
2007) (“To establish a promissory estoppel claim, the plaintiff must show that the defendant

made a promise . . . .” (emphasis added)). Mr. Tilahun correctly notes that it is unclear which of

the Defendants Mr. Alemayehu refers to in the portions of his complaint alleging promissory

estoppel. See Def.’s Mem. at 3. As Mr. Tilahun suggests, from the “general wording and the

preceding paragraphs,” these allegations appear to refer to Mr. Abere, not to Mr. Tilahun. Id.

Indeed, the complaint alleges that Mr. Tilahun was hired after Mr. Alemayehu made his initial

investment, see Compl. ¶ 16, strongly suggesting that Mr. Tilahun could not have made promises

that induced Mr. Alemayehu to invest.

       The Court acknowledges that Mr. Alemayehu’s complaint does suggest more generally

that Defendants made “false and misleading promises” to Mr. Alemayehu. See Pl.’s Opp’n at 5.

But Mr. Alemayehu does not provide any detail for what those promises entail. See Compl. at 3.

This lack of detail is insufficient to establish the definite promise required for a promissory

estoppel claim. See In re U.S. Office Prods., 251 F. Supp. 2d at 97 (holding that vague and

indefinite terms are insufficient to state a claim for promissory estoppel); see also Iqbal, 556

U.S. at 678 (“Threadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported by mere

conclusory statements, do not suffice.”). Therefore, the Court will dismiss Mr. Alemayehu’s

promissory estoppel claim against Mr. Tilahun. 4

                                 C. Quantum Meruit (Count V)

       Mr. Alemayehu also seeks to recover in quantum meruit against all three Defendants. See

Compl. ¶¶ 37–41. He claims that he “has invested not less than $460,000” and “approximately

1,280 hours in bringing the business to [an] operational level.” Id. ¶¶ 38–39. Mr. Alemayehu


       4
        Because the Court concludes that Mr. Alemayehu has failed to allege that Mr. Tilahun
made an adequately definite promise, the Court cannot determine whether Mr. Alemayehu’s
detrimental reliance on that promise was reasonable. See Osseiran, 498 F. Supp. 2d at 147.


                                                 13
alleges that “[i]t was only because” of these investments “that the restaurant was able to begin

and continue operations and become today a very successful business endeavor.” Id. ¶ 40. Under

D.C. law, to state a claim for quantum meruit, a plaintiff must establish: (1) “valuable services

rendered by the plaintiff”; (2) “for the person from whom recovery is sought”; (3) “which

services were accepted and enjoyed by that person”; and (4) “under circumstances which

reasonably notified the person that the plaintiff, in performing such services, expected to be

paid.” Providence Hosp. v. Dorsey, 634 A.2d 1216, 1218 n.8 (D.C. 1993). 5

       Mr. Tilahun, however, argues that he is a “mere employee of the restaurant[,] . . . not a

co-owner of the business[,] and thus does not have any stake in the business and cannot be held

liable for [quantum meruit].” Def.’s Mem. at 5. In other words, Mr. Tilahun seems to claim that

he did not “accept[] and enjoy[]” the services rendered by Mr. Alemayehu. Providence Hosp.,

634 A.2d at 1218 n.8. Mr. Alemayehu, however, notes that he has alleged that Mr. Tilahun

“received a substantial salary and commission-based compensation for his work,” and received

“financial assistance from [Mr.] Abere,” which included “some of [Mr. Alemayehu’s] funds.”

Pl.’s Opp’n at 8–9. Mr. Tilamun certainly could not have enjoyed these benefits if “[i]t was only

because” of Mr. Alemayehu’s services (i.e., the investment of his time and money) “that the

restaurant was able to . . . become today a very successful business endeavor.” Compl. ¶ 40.




       5
          Historically, courts have referred to both quantum meruit and unjust enrichment
interchangeably. See generally Restatement (Third) of Restitution and Unjust Enrichment § 31
cmt. e (Am. Law Inst. 2011). D.C. law, however, considers quantum meruit distinct from unjust
enrichment. See United States ex rel. Modern Elec., Inc. v. Ideal Elec. Sec. Co., 81 F.3d 240,
246–47 (D.C. Cir. 1996). Quantum meruit “rests on a contract implied in fact, that is, a contract
inferred from the conduct of the parties.” Id. at 246. Unjust enrichment, on the other hand, “rests
on a contract implied in law, that is, on the principle of quasi-contract,” and “is possible in the
absence of any contract, actual or implied in fact.” Id. at 247.


                                                14
       Mr. Alemayehu, however, does not allege that Mr. Tilamun directly benefited from

Mr. Alemayehu’s services. It is unclear whether D.C. law allows recovery in quantum meruit for

services indirectly received, as it does for a claim of unjust enrichment. See supra note 3. The

Court, however, need not determine whether indirect receipt is sufficient because

Mr. Alemayehu’s claim for quantum meruit against Mr. Tilahun is deficient for another reason:

the complaint fails to allege that Mr. Tilahun knew or should have known that Mr. Alemayehu

expected to be paid by Mr. Tilahun in return for Mr. Alemayehu’s services. See Providence

Hosp., 634 A.2d at 1218 n.8 (requiring “circumstances which reasonably notified the person that

the plaintiff, in performing such services, expected to be paid”); see also Boyd v. Farrin, 958 F.

Supp. 2d 232, 241 (D.D.C. 2013) (dismissing a quantum meruit claim that “fail[ed] to allege

with specificity facts establishing that defendants knew [the plaintiff] expected to be paid”).

       Unlike Mr. Alemayehu’s unjust enrichment claim, see supra Part IV.A, a quantum meruit

claim requires that the Court infer a contract “from the conduct of the parties.” United States ex

rel. Modern Elec., Inc. v. Ideal Elec. Sec. Co., 81 F.3d 240, 246 (D.C. Cir. 1996).

Mr. Alemayehu makes no allegations establishing that Mr. Tilahun should have known that

Mr. Alemayehu expected to be paid—a requirement for the Court to infer such an implied

contract. See Boyd, 958 F. Supp. 2d at 241. The Court will therefore dismiss Mr. Alemayehu’s

claim of quantum meruit against Mr. Tilamun.

                  D. Interference with Contractual Relationship (Count VI)

       Against Mr. Tilahun individually, Mr. Alemayehu further asserts a claim of “intentional

malicious interference with a contractual relationship.” See Compl. ¶¶ 42–48. Mr. Alamayehu

alleges that Mr. Tilahun “maliciously interfere[d] with [Mr. Alemayehu’s] contractual

relationship with [Mr.] Abere and [Mr.] Bayabile,” id. ¶¶ 46, 47, and as a result, Mr. Alemayehu




                                                 15
“has been damaged,” id. ¶ 48. Under D.C. law, a claim of tortious interference with contract

requires: (1) “the existence of a contract”; (2) “knowledge of the contract by the defendant”; (3)

“the defendant’s intentional procurement of the contract’s breach”; and (4) “damages resulting

from that breach.” Patton Boggs, LLP v. Chevron Corp., 791 F. Supp. 2d 13, 20 (D.D.C. 2011),

aff’d, 683 F.3d 397 (D.C. Cir. 2012) (citing Murray v. Wells Fargo Home Mortg., 953 A.2d 308,

325 (D.C. 2008)).

       Mr. Tilamun contends that Mr. Alemayehu’s interference claim should be dismissed for

two reasons. See Def.’s Mem. at 5–8. First, Mr. Tilamun claims the complaint “fails to . . . show

any interference by [Mr.] Tilahun in the contractual relationship.” Id. at 5. Mr. Tilahun points to

the third element, which requires that the alleged intereference have “‘induced’ or caused a

breach or termination.” Id. at 6. Mr. Tilahun claims there are no allegations “that [he] induced or

somehow made [Mr.] Abere or/and [Mr.] Bayabile . . . breach the contractual relationship with

[Mr. Alemayehu] or interfered with the contractual relationship causing [Mr.] Abere or/and

[Mr.] Bayabile to fail to honor their contractual relationship with [Mr. Alemayehu].” Id. at 7. On

the contrary, Mr. Tilahun claims that the complaint actually alleges that “[Mr.] Abere and

[Mr.] Bayabile induced Mr. Tilahun to allegedly interfere in the contractual relationship.” Id.

Second, Mr. Tilahun claims that the complaint fails to allege “that there [were] resulting

damages due to the alleged interference.” Id. at 5. Mr. Tilahun claims that Mr. Alemayehu’s

damages “must be demonstrated with reasonable certainty.” Id. at 7–8. Mr. Tilahun claims that

Mr. Alemayehu’s requested damages are improperly speculative, and include prospective

damages, which Mr. Tilahun claims is improper. See id. at 7.

       In his opposition, Mr. Alemayehu points to portions of the complaint that he claims

adequately allege his interference claim. See Pl.’s Opp’n at 10–11. The Court agrees that these




                                                16
allegations are sufficient to state a cognizable interference claim. The complaint alleges that

Mr. Tilahun “marginaliz[ed] [Mr. Alemayehu] from any decision making in restaurant

operations,” Compl. ¶ 4; that Mr. Tilahun kept Mr. Alemayehu “in the dark about those

operations,” id. ¶ 16; and that Mr. Tilahun participated in “numerous executive decisions without

informing or engaging [Mr. Alemayehu] in [the] discussions,” id. ¶ 21. Taken with

Mr. Alemayehu’s other allegations—allegations that a contract existed between Mr. Alemayehu,

Mr. Abere, and Mr. Bayabile, see id. ¶ 43, and that Mr. Tilahun knew about the contract, see id.

¶ 44—the complaint plausibly states an interference claim.

        Mr. Tilahun’s argument that he cannot be liable for the interference because he “is a mere

employee” who “worked under the direction[ ] and supervision of” the other Defendants is not

persuasive. See Def.’s Mem. at 7. In fact, Mr. Tilahun’s acknowledgement of the allegation that

he was induced by Mr. Abere and Mr. Bayabile to interfere with the contractual relationship, see

id. at 7; accord Compl. ¶ 45, actually undermines Mr. Tilahun’s contention that the complaint

made no allegations regarding his interference, see Def.’s Mem. at 7. Even if Mr. Tilahun’s

interference of the contractual relationship was induced by Mr. Abere and Mr. Bayabile, the fact

remains that the complaint adequately alleges that Mr. Tilahun engaged in that interference. See

id. Mr. Alemayehu need not show that Mr. Tilahun interfered with his fellow Defendants’ ability

to maintain a contractual relationship; rather, Mr. Alemayehu need only show that Mr. Tilahun

interfered with the contractual relationship. See Park v. Hyatt Corp., 436 F. Supp. 2d 60, 64–65

(D.D.C. 2006) (holding that a defendant can be liable for interference by affecting not only a

third-party’s ability to maintain a contract, but also a plaintiff’s ability to maintain a contract).

        As to damages, Mr. Alemayehu also adequately pleads that he was injured by

Mr. Tilahun’s alleged interference. See Compl. ¶ 17 (alleging that Mr. Tilahun received “some of




                                                  17
[Mr. Alemayehu’s] funds”); id. ¶ 48 (alleging that Mr. Alemayehu now “has nothing to show for

his $460,000 investment”). Mr. Tilamun’s assertion that Mr. Alemayehu’s damages calculation

is speculative and prospective is inconsequential. At this juncture, Mr. Alemayehu is not required

to make a precise damages calculation. See NCB Mgmt. Servs., Inc. v. FDIC, 843 F. Supp. 2d 62,

70 (D.D.C. 2012) (holding that “[a]t [the pleadings] stage,” a plaintiff “need not plead with

particularity damages that would typically be expected to flow from its claims”). And if

Mr. Alemayehu prevails in his interference claim, he is entitled to all damages flowing from

Mr. Tilahun’s interference—even if those damages are prospective in nature. See Restatement

(Second) of Torts § 774A (Am. Law. Inst. 1979) (stating that damages for interference include

“the pecuniary loss of the benefits of the contract”; “consequential losses for which the

interference is a legal cause”; and “emotional distress or actual harm to reputation, if they are

reasonably to be expected to result”); see also Nat’l R.R. Passenger Corp. v. Veolia Transp.

Servs., Inc., 592 F. Supp. 2d 86, 100 (D.D.C. 2009) (applying the Restatement’s approach).

Because Mr. Alemayehu has properly alleged the elements of a claim of tortious interference

with contract against Mr. Tilahun, the Court will deny Mr. Tilahun’s request to dismiss this

claim.

                                     E. Accounting (Count I)

         In his complaint, Mr. Alemayehu notes that he has “repeatedly sought information on the

business accounts details” but “has been rebuffed by Defendant in all of these efforts.” Compl. ¶

25. He thus requests an order from the Court to “secure a complete accounting from Defendant.”

Id. Mr. Alemayehu pleads this cause of action against all three Defendants. See id. ¶¶ 24–25.

         “An accounting is ‘a detailed statement of the debits and credits between parties arising

out of a contract or a fiduciary relation.’” Bates v. Nw. Human Servs., Inc., 466 F. Supp. 2d 69,




                                                 18
103 (D.D.C. 2006) (quoting Union Nat’l Life Ins. Co. v. Crosby, 870 So. 2d 1175, 1178 n.2

(Miss. 2004)); see also Haynes v. Navy Fed. Credit Union, 825 F. Supp. 2d 285, 293 (D.D.C.

2011). An accounting may be appropriate “when a plaintiff is unable ‘to determine how much, if

any, money is due him from another.’” Bates, 466 F. Supp. 2d at 103 (quoting Bradshaw v.

Thompson, 454 F.2d 75, 79 (6th Cir. 1972)).

       Here, Mr. Tilahun claims that “there is no factual allegation against” him regarding this

claim. Def.’s Mem. at 2. “Besides the inclusion of [Mr. Tilahun’s] name,” the complaint “does

not contain any factual allegation that [Mr.] Tilahun played any role . . . in hindering

[Mr. Alemayehu’s] access to the accounting documents.” Id. But as Mr. Alemayehu emphasizes

in his opposition, he has made many factual allegations as to Mr. Tilahun’s role in obscuring the

financial information that Mr. Alemayehu seeks. See Pl.’s Opp’n at 2–3. Mr. Alemayehu alleges

that Mr. Tilahun was told to “keep [Mr. Alemayehu] in the dark about [restaurant] operations” in

return for “a salary and commission structure.” Compl. ¶¶ 16, 17. Mr. Tilahun also participated

in “numerous executive decisions,” including “financial planning and spending,” id. ¶ 21, and

refused to “provid[e] financial information to [Mr. Alemayehu] upon request,” id. ¶ 46.

       Although it remains to be seen whether Mr. Alemayehu is entitled to what admittedly is

“an extraordinary remedy,” Bates, 466 F. Supp. 2d at 103 (citation and internal quotation marks

omitted), Mr. Alemayehu has plead “enough facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its

face. Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570; see Bates, 466 F. Supp. 2d at 103–04 (holding that allegations

that the defendants “ma[de] it impossible for the plaintiffs to determine what funds were

received, spent, and remain” were sufficient to state a claim for accounting (alteration omitted)). 6


       6
        The Court notes that, in order to justify this extraordinary equitable remedy, Mr.
Alemayehu must also be “able to show ‘that the remedy at law is inadequate.’” Bates, 466 F.
Supp. 2d at 103 (citing 1 Am. Jur. 2d Accounts and Accounting § 59 (2006)).


                                                 19
Therefore, the Court will deny Mr. Tilahun’s request to dismiss Mr. Alemayehu’s request for

accounting.

                                F. Constructive Trust (Count IV)

       Finally, Count IV of Mr. Alemayehu’s complaint alleges that because “[Mr. Alemayehu]

needs a mechanism to ensure that his $460,000 investment will be returned to him in the short

term,” he “needs the imposition of a constructive trust on the operations of the restaurant.”

Compl. ¶ 36. Mr. Tilahun argues that Mr. Alemayehu’s request for a constructive trust should be

dismissed because “[a]ll allegations contained in this claim relate to [Mr.] Abere” and not

Mr. Tilahun. Def.’s Mem. at 4.

       “[A] constructive trust,” however, “is not an independent cause of action.” Macharia v.

United States, 238 F. Supp. 2d 13, 31 (D.D.C. 2002), aff’d, 334 F.3d 61 (D.C. Cir. 2003).

Instead, “[a] constructive trust is a remedy that a court devises after litigation to redress the

injustice that would otherwise occur when one person has fraudulently or wrongfully obtained

the property of another.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted) (first quoting United States v.

BCCI Holdings, 46 F.3d 1185, 1190 (D.C.Cir.1995), and then quoting United States v. Taylor,

867 F.2d 700, 703 (D.C. Cir. 1989)); see also Ross v. Hacienda Co-op., Inc., 686 A.2d 186, 191

(D.C. 1996) (“The imposition of a constructive trust is an equitable remedy.”).

       Because a constructive trust is not an independent cause of action, the Court will dismiss

Count IV. Nonetheless, the Court will construe the request for a constructive trust as a request

for injunctive relief. The Court takes no position on whether this remedy would be appropriate

in this case. Because the Court cannot determine whether any or all Defendants are liable to Mr.

Alemayehu, it would be premature to resolve any questions related to remedies at this time. See

Hickey v. Scott, 738 F. Supp. 2d 55, 61 (D.D.C. 2010) (finding that a constructive trust is a




                                                  20
remedy and declining to determine whether imposing a constructive trust would be appropriate

before the end of litigation).


                                     V. CONCLUSION

        For the foregoing reasons, Mr. Tilahun’s Motion to Dismiss is GRANTED IN PART

and DENIED IN PART. An order consistent with this Memorandum Opinion is separately and

contemporaneously issued.


Dated: August 3, 2016                                          RUDOLPH CONTRERAS
                                                               United States District Judge




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