                                  Illinois Official Reports

                                          Appellate Court



                             People v. Contreras, 2014 IL App (1st) 131889



Appellate Court              THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellant, v.
Caption                      JOSE CONTRERAS, Defendant-Appellee.


District & No.               First District, Third Division
                             Docket No. 1-13-1889


Filed                        November 19, 2014


Held                         The trial court’s order quashing defendant’s arrest and suppressing the
(Note: This syllabus         evidence obtained in a warrantless search of the vehicle he was driving
constitutes no part of the   was reversed and the cause was remanded for further proceedings,
opinion of the court but     since the police had probable cause to conduct a warrantless search of
has been prepared by the     the vehicle after it was stopped on a public street for a minor traffic
Reporter of Decisions        violation, the observation that the occupants were not wearing seat
for the convenience of       belts, and that probable cause was based on information the officers
the reader.)                 obtained from an informant that the vehicle had an illegal secret
                             compartment that was used by the occupants to deliver narcotics;
                             therefore, no warrant was necessary to search the vehicle at the scene
                             of the stop, and the officers’ decision to take the vehicle to a nearby
                             police station to avoid the busy intersection where the stop occurred
                             and go to a location where the search could be conducted safely was
                             reasonable, regardless of the delay in conducting the search and the
                             fact that they did not know the specific contents of the bag they saw
                             being placed somewhere in the backseat area of the car.



Decision Under               Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, No. 12-CR-2029; the
Review                       Hon. Nicholas Ford, Judge, presiding.



Judgment                     Reversed and remanded.
     Counsel on               Anita M. Alvarez, State’s Attorney, of Chicago (Alan J. Spellberg,
     Appeal                   Tasha-Marie Kelly, and Gina DiVito, Assistant State’s Attorneys, of
                              counsel), for the People.

                              Marvin Bloom, of Chicago, for appellee.



     Panel                    JUSTICE MASON delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
                              Presiding Justice Pucinski and Justice Hyman concurred in the
                              judgment and opinion.

                                               OPINION

¶1         The State appeals the trial court’s order granting defendant Jose Contreras’ motion to
       quash his arrest and suppress evidence recovered from a warrantless search of a vehicle he
       was driving. Following a traffic stop, police believed probable cause existed that the vehicle
       contained a secret compartment in violation of section 12-612 of the Illinois Vehicle Code
       (625 ILCS 5/12-612 (West 2010)) and relocated the vehicle to a police station where the
       vehicle was searched, revealing a secret compartment containing heroin, cocaine, firearms
       and a large sum of currency. The State claims police had probable cause to search the vehicle
       without a warrant on the public street where the vehicle was stopped and that probable cause
       continued to exist after the vehicle was relocated to a police station. We agree and, therefore,
       reverse and remand for further proceedings.

¶2                                           BACKGROUND
¶3         On December 29, 2011, Contreras was arrested on 2 counts of possession of a controlled
       substance with intent to deliver and 10 counts of unlawful use or possession of a weapon by a
       felon. Contreras filed a motion to quash arrest and suppress evidence relating to the search of
       a 1998 gold Cadillac Catera he was driving on December 29, 2011, asserting the stop, arrest
       and subsequent search of the vehicle were conducted without a warrant or probable cause in
       violation of his constitutional rights. In response, the State asserted the search of the vehicle
       at the police station was supported by the probable cause the officers developed at the scene,
       which indicated that the vehicle contained an illegal “car trap.” The following evidence was
       adduced at the hearing on Contreras’ motion.
¶4         Contreras’ arrest resulted from investigative tips provided by George Kasp after he was
       arrested for delivering heroin to an informant. Kasp was a target of an investigation known as
       “Operation Triple Threat” conducted jointly by the gang investigations unit of the Chicago
       police department and the federal Drug Enforcement Administration. Prior to Kasp’s arrest,
       Contreras was not a target of that investigation and he was unknown to the investigating
       officers. Chicago police officers George Lopez, Daniel DeLopez, Edmund Zablocki, and Joe
       Wagner and Sergeant Matthew Cline participated in “Operation Triple Threat.” As part of the
       investigation, police arranged for an informant to purchase heroin from Kasp at a restaurant
       located in the 2900 block of West Chicago Avenue. After Kasp sold the heroin, he was


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       arrested at approximately 2:50 p.m., along with his codefendant, Dionicoiso Garcia. Both
       men were then transported to the Homan Square station, which is the location of the Chicago
       police department’s organized crime bureau.
¶5         During questioning by Officer Zablocki, Kasp told him he wanted to cooperate. Sergeant
       Cline was also present for the first part of Kasp’s interview. Using a Nextel telephone,
       Officer Zablocki relayed the information Kasp told him during the interview, almost
       instantaneously, to Officers DeLopez, Lopez and Wagner and, after he left, Sergeant Cline.
       In fact, everyone on the investigative team either broadcasted or received information on the
       Nextel devices.
¶6         During questioning, Kasp identified “Jose” as his heroin supplier and stated that earlier in
       the day, Jose and “Pedro” brought heroin to his house, located at 2243 West Grand Avenue
       in Chicago. Kasp either did not recall or did not know Jose’s and Pedro’s surnames. The men
       arrived at Kasp’s house in a gold Cadillac, and Kasp opened a back gate allowing the vehicle
       to park in the back of his house. Kasp observed Pedro remove a brown paper bag from a
       hidden compartment in the rear of the vehicle and the men then entered Kasp’s house. Once
       inside, Jose handed Kasp the brown paper bag, which contained heroin, and Kasp placed it
       on a butcher block cabinet in his kitchen.
¶7         Kasp indicated that additional narcotics were inside his house, as well as two handguns
       and approximately $23,000. One gun was located in a black bag on the rear porch of his
       house and one was on a stool next to a butcher block cabinet inside his house. Approximately
       150 grams of heroin were inside the brown paper bag located on top of the butcher block,
       which was the amount of heroin remaining after Kasp delivered 200 grams to the informant.
       The brown paper bag was the same bag Jose and Pedro used to deliver the heroin to him.
¶8         Kasp verbally consented to a search of his house. He also provided the officers with keys
       to his house and instructed them how to enter his house through the front door. Sergeant
       Cline took the keys and went to Kasp’s house to assist with surveillance awaiting word that
       Kasp provided written consent to the search. Kasp signed the consent to search form at 3:27
       p.m.
¶9         Kasp informed Officer Zablocki that Jose and Pedro might still be inside his house and
       the gold Cadillac might still be parked there. During the interview, Kasp received numerous
       telephone calls from Jose on his cell phone and Garcia received telephone calls from the
       same number. Jose made the telephone calls before leaving Kasp’s house.
¶ 10       A short time later, Officer Wagner verified the gold Cadillac was still parked behind
       Kasp’s house in a carport. Officer Wagner communicated the vehicle’s license plate on the
       Nextel to the other officers.
¶ 11       Officer DeLopez was also conducting surveillance of Kasp’s house and he communicated
       his observations to the other officers involved in the investigation. He began his on-foot
       surveillance of the house approximately 20 to 30 minutes after Kasp’s arrest and he was the
       officer closest to Kasp’s house. Officer DeLopez went to the rear of the house, where he also
       saw a gold Cadillac parked in the carport. Officer DeLopez then relayed via Nextel that he
       saw two Hispanic males leave the back of Kasp’s house. He observed one man carrying a
       brown paper bag when he walked out of Kasp’s house; that individual then proceeded to sit
       in the front driver’s side seat of the gold Cadillac. The other man opened the gate so the
       vehicle could be backed out into the alley. When vehicle was out of the carport, Officer
       DeLopez saw the driver still holding the brown paper bag. Once the car was in the alley, the

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       other man closed the gate and got in the vehicle’s front passenger seat. Officer DeLopez
       noted the vehicle’s license plate and reported it to the team. It was determined that the
       vehicle was registered to Miguel Garcia.
¶ 12       The vehicle then proceeded westbound through the alley. After the vehicle was far
       enough away where Officer DeLopez thought his point of surveillance would not be
       revealed, Officer Lopez drove to that location in an unmarked police vehicle and picked
       DeLopez up.
¶ 13       After driving down the alley to observe the gold Cadillac at the back of Kasp’s house,
       Officer Wagner set up surveillance in the alley one block west of Kasp’s house, but still had
       a view of the alley behind Kasp’s house. Officer Wagner saw the gold Cadillac travel
       westbound down the alley and stop at the mouth of the alley at approximately 3:55 p.m.
       Officer Wagner had a face-to-face view of the driver after the vehicle stopped. Officer
       Wagner relayed over the Nextel that after the vehicle stopped, he saw a brown paper bag in
       the driver’s hand; the driver then turned his body right reaching into the backseat area of the
       vehicle. Officer Wagner saw the armrest of the backseat go down and when the driver turned
       around, the brown paper bag was no longer in his hand. The vehicle then traveled
       southbound down Oakley Boulevard out of his view. Officer Wagner considered the driver’s
       movements significant because Officer Zablocki had communicated that a car trap or secret
       compartment may be located near the vehicle’s backseat.
¶ 14       After relocating to the vicinity of Kasp’s house to assist in the surveillance, Sergeant
       Cline parked his vehicle on Oakley. He saw the gold Cadillac immediately after it turned
       onto Oakley and began following it. Sergeant Cline still followed the vehicle as it turned onto
       Western Avenue. As the vehicle turned onto Western, Sergeant Cline observed neither the
       vehicle’s driver nor passenger wearing a seat belt and decided the vehicle should be pulled
       over for further investigation. At approximately 4 p.m., Sergeant Cline instructed Officers
       Lopez and DeLopez to stop the gold Cadillac. Sergeant Cline never lost sight of the vehicle
       before the officers stopped it and he did not see a brown bag thrown or dropped out of the
       vehicle. After Sergeant Cline determined the officers were safe and the vehicle’s occupants
       were cooperating, he relocated to Kasp’s house to assist in surveillance of the house.
¶ 15       At approximately 3:55 p.m., Officers Lopez and DeLopez were in the vicinity of 210
       North Western Avenue in Chicago. Following Sergeant Cline’s orders, they conducted a
       traffic stop of the gold Cadillac because its occupants were not wearing seat belts. The
       officers, however, did not issue a ticket for the seat belt violation. As Officer Lopez walked
       toward the gold Cadillac, he looked inside the vehicle for his safety. He did not see a brown
       paper bag anywhere on the backseat or floorboard and the floorboard had no holes. From
       Officer Zablocki’s communications, he knew Kasp stated the vehicle contained a car trap.
       Officer Lopez was familiar with car traps, and because he had been advised the driver
       appeared to place the brown paper bag in the rear of the vehicle and no brown paper bag was
       seen anywhere on the backseat, he believed the car trap was in the rear of the vehicle.
¶ 16       Officer Lopez proceeded to speak to the vehicle’s occupants, who identified themselves
       as Jose Contreras and Pedro Martinez. Contreras was driving the car. Contreras was unable to
       provide proof of insurance. Officer Lopez asked Contreras who owned the vehicle and
       Contreras responded, “a friend,” but could not give the friend’s name. Officer Lopez asked
       the men if they knew Miguel Garcia, the vehicle’s registered owner, and they both responded
       no.

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¶ 17       While Officer Lopez spoke to Contreras, Officer DeLopez stayed at the vehicle’s
       passenger’s side rear door. Officer DeLopez looked inside the vehicle, but did not see
       anything in the backseat resembling the brown paper bag he previously saw Contreras
       carrying. During the time he and Officer Lopez followed the gold Cadillac, they did not
       observe anything thrown from the vehicle.
¶ 18       After the officers conducted the traffic stop, Officer Lopez ordered Contreras and
       Martinez to exit the vehicle and they were placed in handcuffs. The officers did not have an
       arrest warrant and they did not attempt to obtain a search warrant. While the vehicle was on
       the street and Contreras was detained, Officer DeLopez entered the vehicle and briefly
       looked inside, but did not see any contraband or car traps.
¶ 19       As the traffic stop was unfolding, Officers Lopez and DeLopez informed Sergeant Cline
       what was occurring. Because it was dark outside and the vehicle was stopped near the busy
       intersection of Western Avenue and Lake Street, Sergeant Cline felt it was in everyone’s best
       interest and safety to relocate the vehicle as well as its occupants to Homan Square rather
       than bring a narcotics dog to the scene. Accordingly, Sergeant Cline ordered the gold
       Cadillac to be relocated to Homan Square, which was approximately a five-minute drive
       from where the vehicle was pulled over.
¶ 20       Within five minutes of the traffic stop, Officer Lopez drove Contreras and Martinez to
       Homan Square. Pursuant to Sergeant Cline’s order, but without Contreras’ permission or a
       warrant, Officer DeLopez drove the vehicle to Homan Square.
¶ 21       When Contreras and Martinez arrived at Homan Square, they were placed in an interview
       room. After the gold Cadillac arrived at Homan Square, the canine unit was called to do a
       “sniff” of the vehicle, which was conducted at approximately 5:30 p.m. When the canine
       positively identified contraband, Sergeant Cline instructed Officers Lopez and DeLopez to
       enter the vehicle and conduct a search. Officer Lopez noticed a car trap in the rear of the
       vehicle. The officers circumvented the vehicle’s electronics and opened the car trap. Inside
       the trap, the officers found a brown paper bag containing heroin, which Officer DeLopez
       recognized as the bag he earlier saw in Contreras’ possession, along with additional cocaine,
       four firearms and $21,000. No search warrant was obtained for the canine “sniff” or the
       actual search of the vehicle.
¶ 22       After the Cadillac was stopped and Contreras was at Homan Square, a search was also
       performed of Kasp’s home at 4:06 p.m. During the search, officers recovered $15,000 from
       behind a refrigerator, cannabis and some “mushrooms.” Neither the $23,000 Kasp mentioned
       nor the brown paper bag containing the heroin was recovered.
¶ 23       On January 28, 2013, the trial court found that probable cause to search the vehicle
       existed predicated on the information provided by Kasp, but found officers should have
       obtained a search warrant to conduct the vehicle search at Homan Square and prior to
       opening the car trap because exigent circumstances no longer existed. On February 7, 2013,
       the State filed a motion to reconsider, which the trial court denied. The State filed a
       certificate of substantial impairment and timely appealed.

¶ 24                                          ANALYSIS
¶ 25      The State appeals the trial court’s order granting Contreras’ motion to suppress claiming
       once probable cause existed after the vehicle was pulled over, no warrant was necessary to


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       conduct a search regardless of whether the search was performed at the scene or at the police
       station. In response, Contreras contends that no probable cause existed to search the vehicle
       either at the scene or at the police station.
¶ 26       In reviewing a trial court’s ruling on a motion to suppress, the trial court’s findings of
       fact are given great deference and this court will reverse those findings only if they are
       against the manifest weight of the evidence. People v. Cregan, 2014 IL 113600, ¶ 22. A
       decision is against the manifest weight of the evidence “only when an opposite conclusion is
       apparent or when the findings appear to be unreasonable, arbitrary, or not based on the
       evidence.” People v. Clark, 2014 IL App (1st) 130222, ¶ 26. We review de novo the trial
       court’s legal ruling regarding the suppression of evidence. Cregan, 2014 IL 113600, ¶ 22.
¶ 27       The fourth amendment to the United States Constitution protects individuals “ ‘against
       unreasonable searches and seizures *** and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause
       *** and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be
       seized.’ ” People v. James, 163 Ill. 2d 302, 311 (1994) (quoting U.S. Const., amend. IV). The
       protections provided by the fourth amendment are applied to states through the fourteenth
       amendment. James, 163 Ill. 2d at 311. Those constitutional safeguards protect against
       unreasonable warrantless searches. People v. Stout, 106 Ill. 2d 77, 86 (1985).
¶ 28       A recognized exception to the fourth amendment’s warrant requirement is the
       “automobile exception,” which is based on the understanding that automobiles may be
       readily driven away often rendering it impossible for officers to obtain warrants for their
       search. Id. Under the automobile exception, police officers may search a vehicle without a
       warrant where probable cause exists to believe the automobile contains evidence of criminal
       activity subject to seizure. James, 163 Ill. 2d at 312. Stopping an automobile for a minor
       traffic violation does not justify a search of the detainee’s person or vehicle; instead, the
       officer must reasonably believe he is confronting a situation more serious than a routine
       traffic violation. People v. Jones, 215 Ill. 2d 261, 271 (2005). The reasonableness of a police
       officer’s conduct must be judged based on his responsibility to prevent crime and apprehend
       criminals. Stout, 106 Ill. 2d at 86-87. After an officer is in possession of facts sufficient to
       support probable cause to believe that a vehicle contains contraband, the vehicle may be
       searched without a warrant and the search area includes any interior compartment of the
       vehicle that might reasonably contain the contraband. People v. DeLuna, 334 Ill. App. 3d 1,
       17 (2002); see also United States v. Ross, 456 U.S. 798, 806 (1982); United States v. Johns,
       469 U.S. 478, 484 (1985).
¶ 29       Probable cause is a nontechnical concept, not readily reduced to a neat set of legal rules;
       rather, it is a fluid construct dependent upon the assessment of probabilities in a particular
       factual context. Jones, 215 Ill. 2d at 274. The underlying principle of probable cause is the
       reasonable belief of guilt. Id. In reviewing whether probable cause for a search existed, a
       court examines the events leading up to the search or seizure viewed from the standpoint of
       an objectively reasonable law enforcement officer. Id.
¶ 30       Here, the evidence adduced at the hearing on the motion to suppress demonstrates
       probable cause existed to search the vehicle when the officers pulled the vehicle over after
       observing its occupants were not wearing seat belts. While Kasp was not a prior police
       informant and only provided information after his arrest, the information Kasp provided to
       investigative authorities was independently corroborated and verified by the police. Kasp
       advised the police that: (1) a gold Cadillac was parked behind his house in the carport;

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       (2) men named “Jose” and “Pedro” were likely still inside his house; (3) “Jose” gave Kasp
       heroin in a brown paper bag; (4) the gold Cadillac contained a car trap; (5) “Pedro” retrieved
       the brown paper bag from the vehicle’s car trap; and (6) weapons and additional drugs were
       located in his house.
¶ 31       Officers independently corroborated the following information provided by Kasp: (1)
       Officers DeLopez and Wagner confirmed the presence of a gold Cadillac at Kasp’s house;
       (2) Officer DeLopez saw two men leave through the back entranceway of Kasp’s house who
       later identified themselves as “Jose” and “Pedro”; (3) Officer DeLopez saw Contreras and
       Martinez enter the gold Cadillac parked behind Kasp’s house; (4) both Officers DeLopez and
       Wagner saw Contreras holding a brown paper bag at two different locations near Kasp’s
       house; (5) Officer Wagner saw Contreras reach toward the vehicle’s backseat holding a
       brown paper bag, but turn around no longer holding the bag; (6) while Sergeant Cline and
       Officers Lopez and DeLopez followed the gold Cadillac, they did not observe a brown paper
       bag being discarded from the vehicle; and (7) Officers Lopez and DeLopez did not see a
       brown paper bag in the vehicle after it was stopped on the street. Moreover, based on his
       experience with car traps, Officer Lopez believed an illegal car trap was located at the back
       of the vehicle given that the brown paper bag was not visible after looking inside the vehicle.
       Particularly significant was Kasp’s statement that Contreras and Martinez supplied him with
       heroin in a brown paper bag on the day of arrest and additional heroin in a brown paper bag
       was still in his house after he left to meet the informant. Officer DeLopez later saw Contreras
       leave Kasp’s house holding a brown paper bag.
¶ 32       Based on the totality of those historical facts and viewed from the standpoint of an
       objectively reasonable law enforcement officer, we agree with the trial court that the officers
       had a reasonable belief amounting to probable cause the vehicle contained an illegal car trap
       concealing criminal activity. Consequently, no warrant was necessary to search the gold
       Cadillac while it was on the street after the officers stopped it for a minor traffic violation.
       Moreover, the warrantless search would properly have comprised not only the vehicle itself,
       but any interior compartment. DeLuna, 334 Ill. App. 3d at 17.
¶ 33       When the traffic stop occurred at 210 North Western Avenue, the vehicle was located
       near the busy intersection of Lake and Western and it was dark outside. Sergeant Cline
       decided conducting a search at the scene was impractical and unsafe given the belief the
       vehicle contained contraband in a concealed area. Importantly, Kasp also conveyed two guns
       were located inside his house and both Contreras and Martinez were previously seen leaving
       his house. We conclude Sergeant Cline’s decision to relocate the vehicle a short distance
       away to Homan Square to facilitate a safe and thorough search of the vehicle was reasonable.
¶ 34       Contreras’ arguments claiming the absence of probable cause are not persuasive, namely,
       that officers did not know the contents of the brown paper bag, Kasp did not state additional
       contraband or drugs were located inside the gold Cadillac and an initial search of the vehicle
       at the scene did not reveal contraband. Contrary to Contreras’ position, the officers had a
       reasonable belief the brown paper bag’s contents included contraband. Kasp identified
       Contreras as his regular heroin supplier, he delivered heroin to Kasp in a brown paper bag on
       that day, the brown paper bag remained inside his house after Kasp left to deliver the heroin
       to the informant and Kasp observed Martinez retrieve the brown paper bag from a car trap in
       the gold Cadillac. Further, officers observed Contreras exit Kasp’s house in possession of a
       brown paper bag and also observed him placing that bag in the rear of the Cadillac. Finally,

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       once the car was stopped, the paper bag was not visible in the rear of the vehicle.
       Collectively, these facts support a finding of probable cause, even if the officers did not
       know the specific contents of the brown paper bag because it was reasonable to believe the
       bag contained narcotics.
¶ 35       Having concluded probable cause for the vehicle’s search existed at the scene, we must
       next determine whether the relocation of the vehicle necessitated a warrant prior to the search
       at the station. Contreras argues after the vehicle was driven to the police station, exigent
       circumstances no longer existed and the officers were required to obtain a warrant to further
       search the vehicle after the canine reacted positively to contraband. We disagree.
¶ 36       We find this court’s decision in People v. Parker, 354 Ill. App. 3d 40 (2004), instructive.
       In Parker, police officers pulled a minivan over because it lacked a front license plate. Id. at
       42. During the stop, an officer observed a panel on the dashboard move from an open to a
       closed position indicating to the officer the possible presence of an illegal false or secret
       compartment hidden in the dashboard. Id. at 43. The officer arrested the minivan’s occupants
       for operating a vehicle with an illegal secret compartment and the officer performed a
       custodial search of the individuals at the scene revealing small bags of green leafy substance
       believed to be cannabis on both individuals. Id. at 44. The occupants and minivan were
       transported to the police station where a police expert examined the minivan and discovered
       contraband in secret compartments. Id. This court rejected the defendant’s argument that the
       warrantless dismantling of the vehicle at the police station was improper, reasoning that once
       officers possessed probable cause to conduct a warrantless search of a vehicle, the delay in
       searching the vehicle until it was moved to a police station did not diminish the justification
       for the search. Id. at 46. The court further elaborated, “ ‘probable cause that develops at the
       scene still obtains at the station house.’ ” Id. (quoting People v. Beil, 110 Ill. App. 3d 291,
       294 (1982), and citing Michigan v. Thomas, 458 U.S. 259, 261 (1982), and Florida v.
       Meyers, 466 U.S. 380, 382 (1984)); see also People v. Wolsk, 118 Ill. App. 3d 112, 120
       (1983) (police may conduct a warrantless search of a vehicle transported to a police garage
       because the justification for a warrantless search does not vanish once the vehicle has been
       immobilized. (citing Thomas, 458 U.S. at 261-62)).
¶ 37       Similarly, here, the warrantless search of the vehicle at the police station was justified.
       We see no reason to depart from Parker’s holding, which relied upon the leading cases of
       Thomas, 458 U.S. at 261 (reiterating probable cause supporting a warrantless search when a
       vehicle is stopped does not vanish after it has been impounded and is in police custody), and
       Meyers, 466 U.S. at 382 (recognizing Thomas is controlling law even for a search that was
       conducted eight hours after the vehicle was impounded). We agree with Parker’s reasoning
       that a delay in searching a vehicle until it is relocated to a police station does not diminish the
       original justification for the warrantless search.
¶ 38       During oral argument, Contreras’ counsel relied heavily on Illinois v. Caballes, 543 U.S.
       405 (2005), and United States v. Place, 462 U.S. 696 (1983), as support for the contention
       that transporting the vehicle to Homan Square to conduct the “sniff” unlawfully extended the
       duration of the stop, but such reliance is misplaced. Although Caballes and Place support the
       general proposition that the duration of an investigative detention may not be unreasonably
       prolonged to conduct a “sniff,” those cases are distinguishable because, unlike here, the
       officers did not have probable cause to conduct a “sniff.” Caballes, 543 U.S. at 407-08;
       Place, 462 U.S. at 709. Under the facts of this case, United States v. Johns, 469 U.S. 478,

                                                    -8-
       482 (1985), is dispositive because the officers in that case had probable cause to believe that
       a vehicle and packages in the back of the vehicle, which were emanating a distinct order of
       marijuana, contained contraband. The Johns court upheld a warrantless search of the
       packages conducted three days after the packages were removed from the vehicle
       recognizing “[t]here is no requirement that the warrantless search of a vehicle occur
       contemporaneously with its lawful seizure.” Id. at 484. The Johns court extended the
       precedent involving searches of impounded vehicles to the search of the seized packages. Id.
       at 487-88. Thus, contrary to Contreras’ position, the holding in Johns is not limited only to
       the search of packages. Applying Johns here, the officers were not required to conduct a
       “sniff” before the vehicle was transported to Homan Square and the length of time that
       elapsed from the initial stop to the “sniff” does not render the later search unreasonable
       because there was probable cause for the “sniff.”
¶ 39        As previously stated, factors supporting probable cause arose at the scene when the gold
       Cadillac was pulled over and the probable cause developed at the scene further supported the
       warrantless search at the police station. Parker, 354 Ill. App. 3d at 46; see also People v.
       Walls, 87 Ill. App. 3d 256, 264 (1980) (and cases cited therein) (recognizing warrantless
       searches may be properly conducted either at the scene or later at the police station). The trial
       court granted Contreras’ motion because it believed the absence of exigent circumstances
       required the officers to obtain a warrant before searching the vehicle at the police station. But
       once probable cause for a search is established, exigent circumstances need not exist to
       conduct a warrantless search nor must a search be performed contemporaneously with the
       lawful seizure of a vehicle. Johns, 469 U.S. at 484; see also Maryland v. Dyson, 527 U.S.
       465, 467 (1999) (interpreting the “automobile exception” to require a separate finding of
       exigency in addition to a finding of probable cause is contrary to the holdings reached in
       Ross, 456 U.S. 798, and Pennsylvania v. Labron, 518 U.S. 938 (1996)). Consequently, the
       trial court erred in granting Contreras’ motion to suppress because a warrant was not
       necessary to search the vehicle at the police station.
¶ 40        Given our conclusion, we need not address the State’s alternative argument that the
       search was justified as an inventory search of an impounded vehicle, an issue the State failed
       to raise in the trial court. See People v. Haywood, 407 Ill. App. 3d 540, 617 (2011) (when
       appealing the trial court’s order granting a motion to suppress, the State forfeits the right to
       raise an issue on appeal by failing to first raise the issue in the trial court).

¶ 41                                        CONCLUSION
¶ 42       For the foregoing reasons, the trial court’s order granting Contreras’ motion to quash
       arrest and suppress evidence is reversed and the matter is remanded for further proceedings.

¶ 43      Reversed and remanded.




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