 1       IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO

 2 Opinion Number: _______________

 3 Filing Date: December 27, 2017

 4 NO. A-1-CA-35253

 5 COMMUNITIES FOR CLEAN WATER,

 6        Appellant,

 7 v.

 8 NEW MEXICO WATER QUALITY
 9 CONTROL COMMISSION,

10        Appellee,

11 and

12 NEW MEXICO ENVIRONMENT
13 DEPARTMENT and LOS ALAMOS
14 NATIONAL SECURITY, LLC.,

15        Intervenors.

16 ADMINISTRATIVE APPEAL FROM THE NEW MEXICO WATER
17 QUALITY CONTROL COMMISSION
18 Jeffrey N. Holappa, Hearing Officer
 1   New Mexico Environmental Law Center
 2   Jaimie Park
 3   Jonathan Block
 4   Eric Jantz
 5   Douglas Meiklejohn
 6   Santa Fe, NM

 7 for Appellant

 8   New Mexico Water Quality Control Commission
 9   Special Assistant Attorney General
10   Christopher Atencio, Assistant General Counsel
11   Albuquerque, NM

12 for Appellee

13   New Mexico Environment Department
14   Special Assistant Attorney General
15   John Verheul, Assistant General Counsel
16   Albuquerque, NM

17 for Intervenor N.M. Environment Department

18   Montgomery & Andrews, P.A.
19   Louis W. Rose
20   Kari E. Olson
21   Santa Fe, NM

22 Office of Laboratory Counsel
23 Los Alamos National Laboratory
24 Timothy A. Dolan

25 for Intervenor Los Alamos National Security, LLC
 1                                       OPINION

 2 VARGAS, Judge.

 3   {1}   Communities for Clean Water (CCW) describes itself as a growing network of

 4 organizations whose mission is to ensure that “community waters which receive

 5 adverse impacts from [Los Alamos National Labs], its current operations and its

 6 legacy waste, are kept safe for drinking, agriculture, sacred ceremonies, and a

 7 sustainable future.” CCW appeals from the final order of the Water Quality Control

 8 Commission (WQCC) sustaining the decision of the New Mexico Environment

 9 Department (NMED) to deny CCW’s request for a public hearing on the water

10 discharge permit application of the United States Department of Energy (DOE) and

11 Los Alamos National Security, LLC (LANS) (collectively, DOE/LANS). Specifically,

12 the parties disagree as to whether NMED has discretion to deny its request for a

13 public hearing, and if so, whether CCW established a substantial public interest in the

14 permit application, mandating a public hearing under the Water Quality Act (the

15 Act), NMSA 1978, §§ 74-6-1 to -17 (1967, as amended through 2013), and its

16 corresponding regulations. We hold that while NMED has limited discretion to grant

17 or deny a public hearing, the WQCC lacked substantial evidence to support its

18 decision to sustain NMED’s denial of CCW’s request for a public hearing. We

19 reverse.
 1 BACKGROUND

 2   {2}   In December 2011, DOE/LANS applied for a discharge permit with the Ground

 3 Water Quality Bureau (Bureau) of NMED. Following an amendment in January 2014,

 4 the application became “administratively complete” under 20.6.2.3108 NMAC in

 5 December 2014. NMED issued a draft permit and proposed approval on January 22,

 6 2015. In response to the proposed approval, DOE/LANS submitted comments on the

 7 draft permit and requested a hearing, expressing a hope that any concerns could be

 8 “resolved in advance of a public hearing” in which case it intended to “immediately

 9 withdraw the hearing request.”

10   {3}   CCW submitted its comments and requested a public hearing on March 2,

11 2015. On April 15, 2015, CCW, NMED, and DOE/LANS met to discuss the permit,

12 after which CCW again requested a public hearing and submitted further comments.

13   {4}   In May 2015, the Bureau issued a final draft of the permit. DOE/LANS

14 submitted additional comments on the final draft. In response to the final draft of the

15 permit, CCW again submitted substantive comments to the Bureau and submitted its

16 third request for a public hearing in June 2015.

17   {5}   Upon receipt of CCW’s third request, the Bureau sent a memorandum to its

18 Water Protection Division on July 8, 2015, recommending that CCW’s requests for

19 a public hearing be denied. The next day, DOE/LANS withdrew its request for public



                                              2
 1 hearing. Two weeks later, NMED informed CCW by letter dated July 24, 2015, that

 2 its request for a hearing was denied. NMED explained that the secretary of NMED

 3 (secretary) had denied the request for a public hearing because the permit, as drafted,

 4 already contemplated community involvement and was in the public interest, stating:

 5         It is the opinion of the Department that NMED has drafted a Discharge
 6         Permit that provides transparency and opportunity for community
 7         involvement at an unprecedented level. The proposed activity by LANL
 8         is intended to address historic impacts to groundwater and protect water
 9         resources and communities, and issuance of this Discharge Permit is in
10         the public interest.

11 Three weeks later, on July 27, 2015, NMED issued the permit.

12   {6}   CCW appealed the denial of its public hearing request and approval of the

13 permit to the WQCC. Following a hearing on CCW’s appeal, the WQCC sustained

14 NMED’s decision to deny CCW’s request for a public hearing in a nine-to-two vote.

15 The WQCC issued a final order pursuant to Section 74-6-5(Q) and 20.1.3.16(F)(3)

16 NMAC, setting out its findings of fact and conclusions of law. It is CCW’s appeal of

17 the WQCC’s decision that we now consider.

18 STANDARD OF REVIEW

19   {7}   A decision of the WQCC will not be disturbed by this Court unless it acts in

20 a manner that is: “(1) arbitrary, capricious or an abuse of discretion; (2) not

21 supported by substantial evidence in the record; or (3) otherwise not in accordance

22 with law.” Section 74-6-7(B). “A ruling that is not in accordance with law should be


                                              3
 1 reversed if the agency unreasonably or unlawfully misinterprets or misapplies the

 2 law.” N.M. Mining Ass’n v. N.M. Water Quality Control Comm’n, 2007-NMCA-010,

 3 ¶ 11, 141 N.M. 41, 150 P.3d 991 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).

 4 However, in considering whether the WQCC’s actions were in accordance with the

 5 law, we note that interpretation of a statute is a matter of law that this Court reviews

 6 de novo, and we are not bound by NMED’s or WQCC’s interpretation of the relevant

 7 statutes. See id. (citing Rio Grande Chapter of the Sierra Club v. N.M. Mining

 8 Comm’n, 2003-NMSC-005, ¶ 17, 133 N.M. 97, 61 P.3d 806).

 9 DISCUSSION

10   {8}   Initially, we note that our review does not include a review of the merits of the

11 permit. Instead, we limit our review to the procedures employed by NMED to grant

12 the permit and whether they were implemented in accordance with the applicable

13 statutes and regulations.

14   {9}   The parties’ arguments focus on the discretion of the secretary to deny a

15 request for a public hearing on a draft permit under the Act and its promulgated

16 regulations. While Section 74-6-5(G) (the statute) appears on its face to provide for

17 a public hearing, stating, “[n]o ruling shall be made on any application for a permit

18 without opportunity for a public hearing at which all interested persons shall be given

19 a reasonable chance to submit evidence, data, views or arguments orally or in writing



                                               4
 1 and to examine witnesses testifying at the hearing,” 20.6.2.3108(K) NMAC (the

 2 regulation) promulgated to effectuate the statute appears to limit the availability of

 3 a hearing to instances where a hearing is requested and the secretary finds a

 4 substantial public interest in the permit application. The regulation states,

 5          Requests for a hearing shall be in writing and shall set forth the reasons
 6          why a hearing should be held. A public hearing shall be held if the
 7          secretary determines there is substantial public interest.

 8 20.6.2.3108(K) NMAC; see also 20.6.2.7(PP) NMAC (identifying the regulation’s

 9 references to “the secretary” as references to the secretary of NMED).

10 The Act and WQCC Regulations

11   {10}   In its passage of the Act, the Legislature gave the WQCC, as New Mexico’s

12 water pollution control agency, the responsibility of creating and implementing

13 regulations aimed at preventing water pollution. See § 74-6-1; § 74-6-3; § 74-6-4. The

14 Act requires the WQCC to adopt regulations governing the application for, public

15 notice of, and the granting of, water quality permits. See § 74-6-5(D) (“After

16 regulations have been adopted for a particular industry, permits for facilities in that

17 industry shall be subject to conditions contained in the regulations.”); Section 74-6-

18 5(F) (“The commission shall by regulation develop procedures that ensure that the

19 public . . . shall receive notice of each application for issuance, renewal or

20 modification of a permit.”); Section 74-6-5(J) (granting the commission authority to



                                               5
 1 impose conditions upon permits by regulation). Utilizing these powers, the WQCC

 2 promulgated regulations governing the NMED’s duties to provide notice of permit

 3 applications to the public and established the circumstances under which members

 4 of the public are entitled to a public hearing on a permit application. See 20.6.2.3108

 5 NMAC (setting out public notice and participation requirements). Specifically, the

 6 regulations promulgated by the WQCC provide for a public hearing on a permit

 7 application only after receipt of a written request setting out the reasons a hearing

 8 should be held and a determination by the secretary that a substantial public interest

 9 exists. See 20.6.2.3108(K) NMAC.

10   {11}   The regulations promulgated by the WQCC provide that once the two

11 regulatory prerequisites to a public hearing are satisfied, the hearing on a proposed

12 discharge permit is intended to be conducted as a “fair and impartial adjudication of

13 issues” in front of a hearing officer, who is tasked with assuring that “the facts are

14 fully elicited[.]” 20.6.2.3110(E) NMAC. During a public hearing, the permit applicant

15 presents testimony and undergoes examination in order to “prov[e] the facts relied

16 upon . . . justify the proposed discharge plan, . . . and meet[] the requirements of the

17 regulations[.]” 20.6.2.3110(G)(1) NMAC. All technical witnesses—both supporting

18 or opposing issuance of the permit—then present testimony and are subject to

19 examination, after which the general public may testify, and the permit applicant may



                                              6
 1 present rebuttal testimony. See 20.6.2.3110(G)(2)-(4) NMAC. During the hearing,

 2 “all persons shall be given a reasonable chance to submit data, views or arguments

 3 orally or in writing and to examine witnesses testifying at the hearing.”

 4 20.6.2.3110(F) NMAC. “[T]he hearing officer may allow proposed findings of fact

 5 and conclusions of law and closing argument.” 20.6.2.3110(I) NMAC. The hearing

 6 officer must then issue a report, which is available for public inspection, and

 7 presented to the secretary, who then issues a decision on the matter. See

 8 20.6.2.3110(K), (L) NMAC.

 9   {12}   Once those proceedings have concluded, a person who participated in the

10 permitting action and is adversely affected by the grant, denial, termination, or

11 modification of a permit may file a petition for review before the WQCC. See

12 § 74-6-5(N), (O). Upon receipt of a timely written petition that details the issues to

13 be raised and relief sought, the WQCC must hold a review proceeding. See § 74-6-

14 5(O), (P). The WQCC is required to give public “notice of the date, time and place

15 for the review” proceeding. Section 74-6-5(P). If, prior to the review proceeding, “a

16 party shows to the satisfaction of the [WQCC] that there was no reasonable

17 opportunity to submit comment or evidence on an issue being challenged,” the

18 WQCC is required to order that NMED take additional comment or evidence. Section

19 74-5-6(R). As part of review proceedings, the WQCC reviews the record compiled



                                             7
 1 before NMED, including the transcript of any public hearing, and must allow “any

 2 party to submit arguments.” Section 74-6-5(Q). The WQCC then enters findings of

 3 fact and conclusions of law sustaining, modifying, or reversing NMED’s actions,

 4 “[b]ased on [its] review of the evidence, the arguments of the parties and

 5 recommendations of the hearing officer[.]” Section 74-6-5(Q).

 6 Opportunity for a Public Hearing

 7   {13}   The parties agree that the statute precludes NMED from ruling on a permit

 8 application until interested parties are given an “opportunity for a public hearing[.]”

 9 Section 74-6-5(G). They disagree, however, on the meaning of the phrase

10 “opportunity for a public hearing.” Specifically, the parties disagree as to whether

11 the opportunity for a public hearing mandates a hearing or gives the secretary

12 discretion to deny a request for a public hearing.

13   {14}   When construing a statute, “a reviewing court’s central concern is to determine

14 and give effect to the intent of the [L]egislature.” Public Serv. Co. of N.M. v. N.M.

15 Pub. Util. Comm’n, 1999-NMSC-040, ¶ 18, 128 N.M. 309, 992 P.2d 860 (internal

16 quotation marks and citation omitted). Courts traditionally follow three canons of

17 construction. First, “[t]he plain language of a statute is the primary indicator of

18 legislative intent.” Id. (internal quotation marks and citation omitted); DeMichele v.

19 N.M. Taxation & Revenue Dep’t, 2015-NMCA-095, ¶ 14, 356 P.3d 523 (“The plain



                                               8
 1 meaning rule presumes that the words in a statutory provision have been used

 2 according to their plain, natural, and usual signification and import, and the courts are

 3 not at liberty to disregard the plain meaning of words in order to search for some

 4 other conjectured intent.” (omission, internal quotation marks, and citation omitted)).

 5 Second, words carry their ordinary meaning unless it is clear the Legislature meant

 6 otherwise. See id. Third, we do not read into a statute language that is not there,

 7 “especially when it makes sense as it is written.” Id. (internal quotation marks and

 8 citation omitted). We must construe the entire statute so that all provisions are

 9 considered in relation to one another. See Starko, Inc. v. N.M. Human Servs. Dep’t,

10 2014-NMSC-033, ¶ 35, 333 P.3d 947; N.M. Mining Ass’n, 2007-NMCA-010, ¶ 12.

11 Furthermore, regulations in the New Mexico Administrative Code are interpreted

12 using the same rules applied in statutory interpretation. Carrillo v. My Way Holdings,

13 LLC, 2017-NMCA-024, ¶ 22, 389 P.3d 1087. Finally, while rules, regulations, and

14 standards enacted by an agency are presumed valid if they are reasonably consistent

15 with the authorizing statutes, id., “the administrative agency’s discretion may not

16 justify altering, modifying, or extending the reach of a law created by the

17 Legislature.” State ex rel. Stapleton v. Skandera, 2015-NMCA-044, ¶ 8, 346 P.3d

18 1191 (alterations, internal quotation marks, and citation omitted).




                                               9
 1 The Secretary Has Discretion to Hold a Hearing Under Section 74-6-5

 2   {15}   The provisions of the Act evidence the Legislature’s intent to include the

 3 public in the permit application, issuance, and implementation process. The Act is

 4 replete with opportunities for public participation, evidencing the Legislature’s intent

 5 that the public actively participate in protecting New Mexico’s ground and surface

 6 water from pollution. See § 74-6-5 (calling for public notice and public participation

 7 throughout the permitting process); Section 74-6-6(A) (requiring a public hearing

 8 prior to the adoption, amendment, or repeal of regulations and water quality

 9 standards); Section 74-6-4(H) (requiring a public hearing prior to granting variance);

10 Section 74-6-15(A) (making records, reports, and information obtained by the WQCC

11 or NMED pursuant to the Act “generally available to the public”); Section 74-6-

12 10(G) (allowing for a public hearing in compliance order context). It is with this

13 legislative intent to provide for robust public participation throughout the permitting

14 process in mind, that we interpret the language of Section 74-6-5(G). See State ex rel.

15 Helman v. Gallegos, 1994-NMSC-023, ¶ 23, 117 N.M. 346, 871 P.2d 1352 (stating

16 that statutes should be interpreted to achieve the Legislature’s purpose).

17   {16}   The language of the statute provides no clues as to the Legislature’s intended

18 meaning of the phrase, “opportunity for a public hearing.” Rather than consider the

19 meaning of the term “opportunity for a public hearing,” in isolation, however, we



                                              10
 1 consider the statute in its entirety. See State ex rel. People’s Bank & Tr. Co. of Las

 2 Vegas v. York, 1918-NMSC-118, ¶ 6, 24 N.M. 643, 175 P. 769 (“In the construction

 3 of a statute, in order to determine the true intention of the Legislature, the particular

 4 clauses and phrases should not be studied as detached and isolated expressions, but

 5 the whole and every part of the statute must be considered in fixing the meaning of

 6 any of its parts.” (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)).

 7   {17}   CCW argues that the WQCC and NMED incorrectly interpreted the regulation

 8 in such a way that the regulation conflicts with the statute. Specifically, CCW argues

 9 that, under the statute, the secretary has no discretion to refuse a request for public

10 hearing on a discharge permit application and NMED’s denial of its hearing request

11 was not in accordance with the law. Alternatively, CCW argues that if NMED had

12 discretion to refuse a public hearing request, that discretion is limited to

13 circumstances where there was no substantial public interest, which CCW claims was

14 not the case in this instance. In response, LANS and the WQCC argue that the

15 discretion given to the secretary in 20.6.2.3108(K) NMAC does not conflict with

16 Section 74-6-5(G) because requiring an “opportunity for a public hearing” is not a

17 guarantee that a hearing will take place and that the regulation’s substantial public

18 interest standard was properly applied in denying CCW’s request.




                                              11
 1   {18}   While CCW contends that a public hearing is mandatory under the plain

 2 meaning of the statute, LANS argues that “opportunity” connotes possibility, rather

 3 than certainty. Further, the WQCC points out that while other sections of the Act use

 4 words like “shall” to evidence the Legislature’s clear intent that a public hearing is

 5 mandatory, Section 74-6-5(G) contains no such compulsory language. Instead, the

 6 WQCC contends Section 74-6-5(G) places the decision of whether to hold a hearing

 7 within NMED’s discretion. Measuring Section 74-6-5(G)’s language against

 8 language used elsewhere in the Act, we agree with the WQCC that the Legislature’s

 9 plain language indicates an intent to grant some degree of discretion as to whether to

10 hold a public hearing. Indeed, elsewhere in the Act, the Legislature makes absolutely

11 clear that a hearing is required, specifying that the WQCC “shall conduct a public

12 hearing” within a certain time frame after receiving a request. See § 74-6-10(G); see

13 also § 74-6-5(P) (stating the WQCC “shall consider the petition within ninety days

14 after receipt of the petition”). By comparison, the Legislature’s election to provide an

15 “opportunity” for a hearing, rather than a mandate, suggests that a hearing is not

16 always required.

17   {19}   LANS points to similar provisions within the Federal Clean Water Act and

18 accompanying Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulations and urges us to

19 follow federal law when interpreting our statute and the accompanying regulation.



                                              12
 1 Just as the Act requires that interested persons be given an “opportunity for a public

 2 hearing,” Section 74-6-5(G), the Federal Clean Water Act provides that “the

 3 Administrator may, after opportunity for public hearing issue a permit for the

 4 discharge of any pollutant[.]” 33 U.S.C. §1342(a)(1) (2012). The companion federal

 5 regulation provides that the “Director shall hold a public hearing whenever he or she

 6 finds, on the basis of requests, a significant degree of public interest in a draft

 7 permit[.]” 40 C.F.R. §124.12(a)(1) (2012); see also 40 C.F.R. 124.2(a) (2012)

 8 (defining “Director” as the regional administrator of an EPA regional office, chief

 9 administrative officer of a state agency, or tribal director).

10   {20}   The United States Supreme Court interpreted the Federal Clean Water Act’s

11 requirement for an “opportunity for public hearing” and its accompanying EPA

12 regulations in Costle v. Pacific Legal Foundation, 445 U.S. 198 (1980). In Costle, the

13 Supreme Court considered whether the Federal Clean Water Act required the EPA to

14 conduct a hearing before modifying a permit to extend its expiration date when notice

15 of the proposed modification was given, but no one submitted comments or requested

16 a hearing. Costle, 445 U.S. at 213. The EPA issued a final determination extending

17 the expiration date of the permit without holding a hearing, Costle, 445 U.S. at 205-

18 209, arguing that it was “entitled to condition the availability of a public

19 hearing . . . on the filing of a proper request.” Id. at 213. The Court explained that the



                                               13
 1 relevant regulations “were designed to implement the statutory command that permits

 2 be issued after opportunity for public hearing[,]” id. at 214 (internal quotation marks

 3 and citation omitted), and noted that it had previously held that “a similar statutory

 4 requirement that an ‘opportunity’ for a hearing be provided may be keyed to a request

 5 for a hearing.” Id. (citing Nat’l Indep. Coal Operators’ Ass’n v. Kleppe, 423 U.S. 388,

 6 398-99 (1976). Balancing the fact that a rule requiring hearings on all agency

 7 permitting actions, “would raise serious questions about the EPA’s ability to

 8 administer the [permit] program[,]” Costle, 445 U.S. at 215, with the clear legislative

 9 history of “congressional desire that the public have input in decisions concerning the

10 elimination of water pollution[,]” id., the Court held “that the regulations the EPA has

11 promulgated to implement this congressional policy are fully consistent with the

12 legislative purpose, and are valid.” Costle, 445 U.S. at 216.

13   {21}   The Court also expressed disagreement with the lower court’s interpretation of

14 the statute that, according to the Court, rendered the EPA regulation “essentially

15 meaningless” by requiring the EPA to prove the material facts of the action,

16 notwithstanding that they were not subject to dispute. Costle, 445 U.S. at 214.

17 Instead, the Court pointed with approval, to past decisions in which similar agency

18 rules “required an applicant who seeks a hearing to meet a threshold burden of

19 tendering evidence suggesting the need for a hearing.” Id. (citing Weinberger v.



                                              14
 1 Hynson, Westcott & Dunning, Inc., 412 U.S. 609, 620 (1973)). In Weinberger, the

 2 United States Supreme Court considered similar language found in the Federal Food,

 3 Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FDCA) related to the withdrawal of a new drug application

 4 (NDA). The FDCA “requires [the] FDA to give ‘due notice and opportunity for

 5 hearing to the applicant’ before it can withdraw its approval of an NDA.”

 6 Weinberger, 412 U.S. at 620 (emphasis added) (internal quotation marks and citation

 7 omitted). In furtherance of its obligation to provide notice and an opportunity for

 8 hearing on NDAs, the FDA promulgated regulations related to the instances in which

 9 an opportunity for a hearing would be provided under the FDCA. Weinberger, 412

10 U.S. at 620-21. To be entitled to a hearing, according to the FDA regulations,

11 applicants must meet a threshold showing that includes evidence that, on its face,

12 meets the statutory standards, as particularized by the regulations. Weinberger, 412

13 U.S. at 620. Noting that applicants have “full and precise notice of the evidence they

14 must present to sustain their NDA’s,” the Court held that the regulations were

15 “unexceptionable on any statutory or constitutional ground.” Weinberger, 412 U.S.

16 at 622. The Court, quoting from Federal Power Commission v. Texaco, 377 U.S. 33,

17 39 (1964), noted, “[T]he statutory requirement for a hearing . . . does not preclude the

18 Commission from particularizing statutory standards through the rulemaking process




                                              15
 1 and barring at the threshold those who neither measure up to them nor show reasons

 2 why in the public interest the rule should be waived.” Weinberger, 412 U.S. at 620.

 3   {22}   After examining the plain language of the statute in relationship to the rest of

 4 the Act and considering the United States Supreme Court’s interpretation of similar

 5 language, we are persuaded that the Legislature intended to confer limited discretion

 6 on the secretary to determine whether a hearing should be held on a permit

 7 application under the Act. We now consider the scope of that discretion.

 8 Scope of Secretary’s Discretion

 9   {23}   The regulation contains two threshold requirements that must be satisfied

10 before a party is entitled to a public hearing on a permit application. First, a party

11 must submit a request in writing, setting forth the reasons a hearing should be held.

12 20.6.2.3108(K) NMAC. We note that the parties have voiced no quarrel with the

13 regulatory requirement that a request for hearing must be written and must set out the

14 reason why the hearing should be held, and we hold that the plain language of the

15 statute does not preclude the secretary from requiring that a party submit such a

16 written request. See Costle, 445 U.S. at 214 (acknowledging that a party’s opportunity

17 for public hearing “may be keyed to a request for a hearing”).

18   {24}   The regulation further requires that, before a party is entitled to a public

19 hearing, the secretary must determine there is a substantial public interest in the



                                               16
 1 matters that are the subject of the permit application. 20.6.2.3108(K) NMAC. The

 2 WQCC issued conclusions of law as part of its final order, concluding that the

 3 secretary had properly considered the public interest in denying CCW’s request for

 4 a hearing on the permit. We now consider whether those conclusions were supported

 5 by substantial evidence.

 6   {25}   The regulation fails to define “substantial public interest” and fails to set out

 7 any particularized standards the secretary should consider in deciding whether a party

 8 requesting a hearing has satisfied this requirement. See Weinberger, 412 U.S. at 620

 9 (citing Texaco, 377 U.S. at 39). Both CCW and NMED argue that a determination of

10 substantial public interest is a substantive, or qualitative, inquiry. CCW argues that

11 the WQCC abused its discretion in upholding the secretary’s denial of its hearing

12 request because the secretary’s decision that there was no substantial public interest

13 in the permit is not supported by substantial evidence in the record. Pointing to

14 Republican Party of New Mexico v. New Mexico Taxation & Revenue Department,

15 2012-NMSC-026, ¶ 10, 283 P.3d 853 (stating “substantial public interest,” as an issue

16 of “public importance”), CCW contends that something is of substantial public

17 interest when the issues raised are substantive, are of considerable size, weight, and

18 importance, address the “essentials of the matter at issue,” and are real and tangible.

19 Both LANS and the WQCC argue that CCW failed to demonstrate a substantial



                                               17
 1 public interest, and the secretary therefore acted within his discretion to deny CCW’s

 2 request for public hearing. NMED suggests that the reference to “substantial”

 3 encompasses the “quality of the concerns that are raised” while “public” refers to

 4 anyone “not part of the government.” We need not determine the meaning of

 5 substantial public interest or define what factors make up a substantial public interest

 6 determination under the regulation because we hold the factors cited by the WQCC

 7 to uphold the secretary’s denial of a hearing have no bearing on any such analysis and

 8 that the WQCC’s decision to affirm the secretary’s denial of CCW’s hearing request

 9 was not supported by substantial evidence.

10 WQCC’s Decision

11   {26}   In denying CCW’s request for a hearing on the permit, the WQCC took note

12 of three factors. First, the WQCC noted that the issues for public hearing were raised

13 by a “sole participant whose concerns had been repeatedly addressed by the Bureau,

14 DOE and LANS throughout the permitting process.” Second, the WQCC commented

15 that the permit “will allow DOE to begin to remediate [a] contaminated groundwater

16 plume within the boundaries of LANL [, and d]elaying the remediation of

17 contaminated groundwater could therefore be harmful to both public health and the

18 environment.” Finally, the WQCC pointed out that CCW “never challenged the merits

19 of [the permit].” Based on these three factors, WQCC determined that, “[t]he totality



                                              18
 1 of the evidence contained in the record sufficiently supports the conclusion that the

 2 [s]ecretary properly determined any remaining concerns of that sole participant failed

 3 to rise to the level of substantial public interest.” We address each of these factors in

 4 turn.

 5   {27}   With regard to WQCC’s finding that CCW was a sole participant whose

 6 concerns were addressed, our concern is two-fold. We initially question the relevance

 7 of WQCC’s characterization of CCW’s request as a challenge by a “sole participant”

 8 in light of the parties’ agreement that “substantial public interest” is a qualitative

 9 analysis, not a quantitative one. However, even if “substantial public interest” were

10 to be a quantitative analysis, the WQCC’s characterization of CCW as a “sole

11 participant” seems contrary to its acknowledgment that CCW is a coalition of six

12 organizations, including Concerned Citizens for Nuclear Safety, Amigos Bravos,

13 Honor our Pueblo Existence, the New Mexico Acequia Association, the Partnership

14 for Earth Spirituality, and Tewa Women United. As such, WQCC’s finding of a “sole

15 participant” is not supported by the evidence.

16   {28}   Further, the WQCC’s rationale that the request for hearing was made by a

17 participant, “whose concerns had been repeatedly addressed by the Bureau, DOE and

18 LANS,” lends little support to its conclusion that CCW failed to show a substantial

19 public interest in light of the legislative intent in favor of broad public participation



                                              19
 1 in the permitting process. In its final order, the WQCC reasoned that the Bureau’s

 2 “substantive responses” to CCW’s concerns were effective in diminishing the level

 3 of public interest in the permit application. NMED’s ability to provide substantive

 4 responses to CCW’s concerns stands completely separate from a consideration of

 5 whether those concerns demonstrated a substantial public interest. Indeed, nothing

 6 in the statute or regulations suggests that NMED may ameliorate concerns regarding

 7 a permit through private meetings in lieu of a properly requested public hearing,

 8 particularly if a party has demonstrated a substantial public interest.

 9   {29}   Through its three requests for public hearing, CCW raised procedural and

10 substantive issues involving the permit application, including the calculation and

11 application of discharge limits, the basis for treatment standards, soil sampling

12 requirements, the use and impact of radioactive materials, and the definition and

13 implementation of “work plans.” CCW’s requests for public hearing, rather than state

14 general objections or concerns, present detailed articulations of reasons that CCW

15 was dissatisfied with specific language and calculations in, and omissions from the

16 permit. The issues raised in CCW’s requests were substantial enough to warrant a

17 meeting on April 15, 2015, between CCW, NMED, and DOE/LANS, during which

18 the parties discussed concerns with and alterations to the permit, and after which, the

19 Bureau issued a revised draft permit. There is no recording or transcript of the



                                             20
 1 meeting in the record, and it does not appear that the general public was given notice

 2 of this meeting or an opportunity to participate.

 3   {30}   The WQCC’s conclusion that CCW’s concerns were substantial enough to

 4 justify a private meeting among the parties and revisions to the draft permit but not

 5 enough to require a public hearing, is unpersuasive. A review of the public hearing

 6 standards, as set forth in the statute and regulations, quickly reveals that a private

 7 meeting is not equivalent to a public hearing. The public hearing is a persuasive

 8 proceeding, imposing the burden of persuasion upon the permit applicant. The public

 9 hearing provides opponents to a permit application an opportunity to present contrary

10 evidence and testimony, to cross-examine expert witnesses, to present their own

11 expert testimony, to argue their objections to the permit, and to obtain a decision

12 based on the evidence. Public hearings are intended to give the public an opportunity

13 to challenge a permit application and create a record to appeal an adverse decision.

14 See § 74-6-5(O)-(Q). As review proceedings are based exclusively on the record and

15 arguments made at the public hearing, a party having shown the existence of a

16 substantial public interest in the permit application is dependent upon the public

17 hearing to make its record in support of any necessary appeal. See id.

18   {31}   A private meeting followed by written responses to concerns where an

19 opponent has no opportunity to cross-examine witnesses, present its own experts and



                                             21
 1 make a record for appeal is not a substitute for a public hearing. Such closed-door

 2 proceedings are not only insufficient to satisfy established standards for public

 3 hearings, but are contrary to the legislative intent behind a statute that favors public

 4 participation in the permitting process. In light of the foregoing, the WQCC’s

 5 reasoning—suggesting that NMED’s response expunged the substantial public

 6 interest that may have existed prior to the response—is unpersuasive. We conclude

 7 the WQCC lacked substantial evidence to support its conclusion that CCW failed to

 8 show a substantial public interest because its concerns were addressed elsewhere

 9 throughout the permitting process.

10   {32}   The WQCC’s second factor in denying CCW’s hearing request—that the delay

11 caused by requiring a public hearing could be harmful to public health and the

12 environment—also fails to support its decision to uphold the secretary’s denial of

13 CCW’s hearing request for lack of substantial public interest. Indeed, to deny a public

14 hearing because the public health and environment issues are so grave and immediate

15 weighs in favor of the existence of a substantial public interest. If anything, this factor

16 supports a conclusion that the public interest in the permit would be heightened,

17 rather than lessened, mandating the hearing under the regulation.

18   {33}   WQCC’s final factor in upholding the secretary’s denial of CCW’s request for

19 hearing was that CCW’s failure to challenge the permit on its merits constituted a



                                               22
 1 waiver of its right to complain that it had wrongfully been denied a public hearing.

 2 On appeal, NMED argues that CCW waived its right to challenge the secretary’s

 3 denial of public hearing for two reasons. First, relying on the WQCC’s conclusion,

 4 NMED contends CCW waived its right to appeal the hearing denial because it failed

 5 to challenge the permit on its merits. We note, however, that CCW did make

 6 substantive challenges to the permit in its requests for public hearing. Without the

 7 opportunity to present witnesses and cross-examine the applicant’s witnesses at a

 8 public hearing, however, any attempt to challenge the permit on its merits is of little

 9 value, as such a challenge is limited to the review of the record created at the public

10 hearing. See § 74-6-5(Q). Absent a public hearing, any challenge to the merits of the

11 permit could not be fully developed and is useless.

12   {34}   Second, NMED claims that CCW forfeited its opportunity to object on the

13 grounds that it was denied the chance to develop a record because it did not avail

14 itself of the “safety valve” built into Section 74-6-5(R) that allows the WQCC to send

15 a permit back to NMED for “additional comment or evidence.” Id. Nothing in the

16 language of the statute, however, sets forth such a requirement. Absent language to

17 suggest that the Legislature intended such a result, we decline to adopt such a

18 prohibitive approach or to make pursuit of that review mandatory. See Pub. Serv. Co.




                                             23
 1 of N.M., 1999-NMSC-040, ¶ 18 (acknowledging that we do not read into a statute

 2 language which is not there, especially if it makes sense as written).

 3   {35}   The WQCC’s three stated factors for sustaining NMED’s denial of CCW’s

 4 request for a public hearing fail to include an evaluation of factors relevant to a

 5 substantial public interest. By contrast, CCW set out detailed explanations about its

 6 relevant concerns with the permit, all of which were in the record before the WQCC.

 7 We therefore conclude that the WQCC acted contrary to the evidence and thereby

 8 acted arbitrarily and capriciously when it sustained the secretary’s denial of CCW’s

 9 request for a public hearing.

10   {36}   The WQCC makes one final argument, contending that its interpretation, and

11 therefore implementation, of the statute and regulations should be entitled to

12 deference. We disagree. The scientific complexities of discharge permits may lie

13 outside this Court’s expertise, obligating deference to the agency’s expertise in the

14 creation of and justification for those standards. The protection of the adversarial

15 process by which those complexities are presented, challenged, and implemented,

16 however, is well within this Court’s charge. See Rio Grande Chapter of the Sierra

17 Club, 2003-NMSC-005, ¶ 17 (declining to defer to the commission on matters of

18 law).




                                            24
 1 CONCLUSION

 2   {37}   We reverse the WQCC’s decision sustaining NMED’s denial of CCW’s request

 3 for public hearing, and we remand for further proceedings consistent with this

 4 opinion.

 5   {38}   IT IS SO ORDERED.


 6                                        _______________________________
 7                                        JULIE J. VARGAS, Judge
 8 I CONCUR:


 9 _________________________________
10 JONATHAN B. SUTIN, Judge


11 HENRY M. BOHNHOFF, Judge (specially concurring).




                                           25
 1 BOHNHOFF, Judge (specially concurring).

 2   {39}   I concur in reversing the Commission’s decision. However, I reach that result

 3 on different grounds than those articulated by the majority.

 4   {40}   Section 74-6-5(G), provides: “No ruling shall be made on any application for

 5 a permit without opportunity for a public hearing at which all interested persons shall

 6 be given a reasonable chance to submit evidence, data, views or arguments orally or

 7 in writing and to examine witnesses testifying at the hearing.” The decisive question

 8 is whether, so long as a hearing is requested by an interested person, Section 74-6-

 9 5(G) allows the secretary to exercise any discretion in deciding whether to hold one.

10 I conclude that it does not. As used in the statute, “opportunity for a public hearing”

11 means that a hearing request is a predicate or precondition to requiring the secretary

12 to hold a hearing, but it does not authorize the secretary to exercise any discretion to

13 not hold a hearing for any other reason. (While the secretary may have discretion to

14 choose to hold a hearing even in the absence of a request—a question we need not

15 resolve—it would not be accurate to state that he or she has discretion in granting a

16 hearing where one is requested, because he or she has no choice in the matter.).

17   {41}   The primary consideration in construing the statute is the plain meaning of

18 “opportunity for a public hearing.” See Cummings v. X-Ray Assocs. of N.M., P.C.,

19 1996-NMSC-035, ¶ 44, 121 N.M. 821, 918 P.2d 1321 (“Our understanding of



                                              26
 1 legislative intent is based primarily on the language of the statute, and we will first

 2 consider and apply the plain meaning of such language.”). Webster’s Third Int’l

 3 Dictionary (3d ed. 1976) defines “opportunity” as “a combination of circumstances,

 4 time, and place suitable or favorable for a particular activity or action” or “an

 5 advantageous circumstance or combination of circumstances[.]” It distinguishes

 6 “opportunity” from “chance” and in that context explains that “ ‘opportunity’

 7 indicates a combination of circumstances facilitating a certain action or inviting a

 8 certain decision[.]” Webster’s Third Int’l Dictionary, supra. While Intervenor LANS

 9 suggests that “opportunity” means that there is only a chance: i.e., a possibility, of a

10 hearing, this construction misconstrues the word. The more reasonable construction

11 of “opportunity” as used in Section 74-6-5(G) is that a hearing will be held so long

12 as an interested party requests one. That is, the only “favorable circumstance” or

13 predicate to holding a hearing is the interested party’s request.

14   {42}   As discussed by the majority, such a construction also is consistent with the

15 overall legislative intent or goal of encouraging public participation in permitting

16 decisions.

17   {43}   “Whenever possible, we must read different legislative enactments as

18 harmonious instead of as contradicting one another. . . . Statutes which relate to the

19 same class of things are considered to be in pari materia[.]” State v. Tafoya, 2010-



                                              27
 1 NMSC-019, ¶ 10, 148 N.M. 391, 237 P.3d 693 (alterations, first omission, internal

 2 quotation marks, and citations omitted). Carefully read, the other statutes that address

 3 public hearings in connection with water quality regulation matters do not suggest

 4 that “opportunity for a public hearing” as that term is used in Section 74-6-5(G)

 5 grants the secretary discretion to deny a hearing if one is requested. First, Section 74-

 6 6-5(P) does not appear to contemplate a “hearing” at all, as opposed to a meeting of

 7 the Commission—presumably the only or at least usual way it acts—at which a

 8 petition to review a permitting decision will be considered. See id. (“If a timely

 9 petition for review is made, the commission shall consider the petition[.] . . . The

10 commission shall notify the petitioner . . . by certified mail of the date, time and place

11 of the review.”). Second, Section 74-6-4(H) mandates a hearing on any application

12 for a variance. See id. (“[The commission] may grant an individual variance from any

13 regulation[.] . . . The commission shall adopt regulations specifying the procedure

14 under which variances may be sought, which regulations shall provide for the holding

15 of a public hearing before any variance may be granted[.]”). But this can be

16 understood to mean simply that the Legislature deems variances of sufficient

17 importance to require a hearing even absent a request for one. Without more, it does

18 not support the conclusion that the different wording of Section 74-6-5(G) connotes

19 anything more than that the grant of a hearing on a permit application is conditioned



                                               28
 1 on a request. Third, Section 74-6-6(B) provides that “[a]ny person may petition in

 2 writing to have the commission adopt, amend or repeal a regulation or water quality

 3 standard. The commission shall determine whether to hold a hearing within ninety

 4 days of submission of the petition.” This language suggests that, if the Legislature

 5 intends to give an agency discretion in granting a hearing, it will so state expressly.

 6 Fourth, the structure and syntax of Section 74-6-10(G), would appear to be dictated

 7 by the need to make clear that a compliance order will always become final unless a

 8 request is made, as well as by the intent to afford the subject of the order an

 9 opportunity to be heard. See id. (“Any compliance order issued by a constituent

10 agency pursuant to this section [regarding compliance orders] shall become final

11 unless, no later than thirty days after the compliance order is served, any person

12 named in the compliance order submits a written request to the commission for a

13 public hearing. The commission shall conduct a public hearing within ninety days

14 after receipt of a request.”). A water quality permit is different—a permit is not

15 automatically granted or denied if a hearing request is not made—which explains the

16 different wording of Section 74-6-5(G). Thus, one cannot infer, on the basis of the

17 difference in the language of Section 74-6-5(G) as opposed to that found in these

18 other provisions, an intent to give the secretary discretion to deny a request for a

19 permit hearing.



                                             29
 1   {44}   The remaining argument for construing Section 74-6-5(G) to give the secretary

 2 discretion to grant or deny a request for a permit hearing is that such discretion is

 3 authorized by federal law. See Costle, 445 U.S. at 202-03 (construing federal Clean

 4 Water Act); Weinberger, 412 U.S. at 620 (construing federal Food, Drug, and

 5 Cosmetic Act); Federal Power Comm’n, 377 U.S. at 40. That proposition assumes

 6 that our Legislature considered these federal models when it enacted Section

 7 74-6-5(G) in 1973; however, we have no information to that effect.

 8   {45}   Based on the foregoing, I interpret “opportunity for a public hearing” to mean

 9 that one will be held if an interested person requests one. For that reason I concur in

10 reversing the WQCC’s decision.

11                                                 ______________________________
12                                                 HENRY M. BOHNHOFF, Judge




                                              30
