                              NOT FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                                    File Name: 11a0347n.06                            FILED

                                          No. 10-3326                            May 23, 2011
                                                                           LEONARD GREEN, Clerk
                              UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                   FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT


FIDEL EUFRACIO ESCOBAR-LOPEZ,

                Petitioner,
                                                           On Petition for Review of an Order of
                                                           the Board of Immigration Appeals
       v.
                                                           OPINION
ERIC H. HOLDER, Jr.,
Attorney General,

                Respondent.


BEFORE: MARTIN and SUTTON, Circuit Judges; and GRAHAM, Senior District Judge.*

       GRAHAM, Senior District Judge. Petitioner Fidel Eufracio Escobar-Lopez (“Mr. Escobar-

Lopez”) seeks review of a final order of the Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA” or “Board”)

affirming the decision of the Immigration Judge denying Mr. Escobar-Lopez’s application for

withholding of removal. Mr. Escobar-Lopez argues that the BIA erred when it affirmed the

Immigration Judge’s decision because the Immigration Judge should have notified him, prior to the

Immigration Judge’s oral decision, of the particular parts of his testimony that needed to be

corroborated.

                                      I. BACKGROUND



       *
         The Honorable James L. Graham, United States Senior District Judge for the Southern
District of Ohio, sitting by designation.

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       Mr. Escobar-Lopez is a native and citizen of Guatemala. According to his testimony, in

1990, he was hired as a teacher by the Guatemalan National Adult Literacy Organization

(“CONALFA”). CONALFA is the government entity responsible for the coordination of literacy

programs in Guatemala. Illiteracy rates in Guatemala are high, particularly in rural areas and among

indigenous populations.

       Mr. Escobar-Lopez claims that as a result of his work, he was suspected of being a guerilla

or political activist for the “Union del Centro Nacional.” Consequently, he was detained, beaten, and

threatened on three separate occasions by Guatemalan military personnel and on one occasion by a

civil patrol. After these incidents, he left Guatemala and came to the United States, where he arrived

on or about June 25, 1992. He claims that his parents received threats after he left Guatemala. Mr.

Escobar-Lopez claims he is afraid to return to Guatemala because he believes the military forces

there will “make him disappear” and he will “pay a high price for having escaped alive.”

       Mr. Escobar-Lopez arrived in Phoenix, Arizona on June 25, 1992 without having been

admitted or paroled after inspection by a Customs and Border Protection Officer. He initially spent

some time in California and then moved to Michigan in 1993. Removal proceedings against Mr.

Escobar-Lopez were initiated on February 8, 2007, with the filing of a Notice to Appear (“Notice”)

with the Immigration Court. Mr. Escobar-Lopez was charged with being subject to removal pursuant

to INA § 212(a)(6)(A)(i), 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(6)(A)(i), as an alien who is present in the United States

without having been admitted or paroled. Mr. Escobar- Lopez, through counsel, admitted to the

allegations in the Notice and conceded the charge of removability. He filed an application for

withholding of removal and relief under the United Nations Convention Against Torture (CAT) on

August 14, 2007. After he had been placed in removal proceedings, he conceded that he was not


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eligible for asylum because his application was filed more than one year after his arrival in the

United States. See 8 U.S.C. § 1158(a)(2)(B).

A. The Immigration Judge’s Decision

        Following the August 13, 2008 merits hearing, the Immigration Judge issued his oral

decision. The Immigration Judge did not find Mr. Escobar-Lopez to be credible and determined that

Mr. Escobar-Lopez failed to adequately corroborate his story either with evidence from his parents,

with whom he was still in contact, or with evidence from CONALFA, which was still in existence.

The Immigration Judge found that Mr. Escobar-Lopez failed to satisfy his burden of demonstrating

that he should be granted withholding of removal or CAT protection, but did, as a matter of

discretion, grant Mr. Escobar-Lopez the privilege of voluntary departure for a limited period of 28

days.

B. The BIA’s Decision

        Mr. Escobar-Lopez appealed the Immigration Judge’s decision to the BIA on August 26,

2008. On February 24, 2010, the BIA dismissed the appeal. The Board agreed with the Immigration

Judge’s finding that Mr. Escobar-Lopez failed to provide sufficient reasonably available

corroborating evidence. The Board noted that although Mr. Escobar-Lopez maintained contact with

his parents in Guatemala, he failed to submit any affidavits from them in support of his claim. In

addition, the Board noted that Mr. Escobar-Lopez failed to provide any corroborating evidence from

CONALFA, even though that organization was still in existence. Because the Board agreed with

the Immigration Judge’s finding that Mr. Escobar-Lopez failed to meet his burden of proof because

of his failure to provide corroboration for his claim, it did not address the Immigration Judge’s




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alternative finding that Mr. Escobar-Lopez was not credible. The Board further ordered that Mr.

Escobar-Lopez be permitted to voluntarily depart the United States within 28 days.

                                         II. ANALYSIS

A. Standard of Review

       This court generally has jurisdiction to review final orders of removal issued by the Board.

See 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a), (b). Questions of law are reviewed de novo, but the Immigration Judge’s and

the Board’s factual findings are reviewed under the substantial evidence standard. Khalili v. Holder,

557 F.3d 429, 435 (6th Cir. 2009); Urbina-Mejia v. Holder, 597 F.3d 360, 364 (6th Cir.

2010)(citations omitted). “We cannot reverse such findings simply because we would have decided

them differently.” Id. These findings “are conclusive unless any reasonable adjudicator would be

compelled to conclude to the contrary.” 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4)(B)).

       When the Board adopts the immigration judge’s reasoning and supplements the immigration

judge’s opinion, that opinion, as supplemented by the Board, becomes the basis for review. Zhao

v. Holder, 569 F.3d 238, 246 (6th Cir. 2009) (citations omitted). “[W]e review the Board’s decision

as the final agency decision on issues which the Board actually addressed and the immigration

judge’s decision as final on those issues on which the Board made no findings.” Urbina-Mejia, 597

F.3d at 364. Here, the BIA agreed with the Immigration Judge’s finding that Mr. Escobar-Lopez

failed to provide sufficient reasonably available corroborating evidence and declined to address the

Immigration Judge’s alternative finding that the respondent was not credible. Because we affirm the

decision of the BIA that Mr. Escobar-Lopez did not provide sufficient corroboration for his claim

of withholding of removal, we can assume, without deciding, that he was a credible witness.




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B. Burden of Proof for Withholding of Removal

        Mr. Escobar-Lopez requests withholding of removal under INA § 241(b)(3),1 which is

mandatory if the alien establishes that his “life or freedom would be threatened in [the proposed

country of removal] because of the alien’s race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular

social group, or political opinion.” 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3)(A); Pilica v. Ashcroft, 388 F.3d 941, 951

(6th Cir. 2004). “In order to be entitled to relief, an alien must establish that there is a clear

probability that he will be subject to persecution if forced to return to the country of removal.”

Pilica, 388 F.3d at 951. Thus, Mr. Escobar-Lopez must demonstrate there is a clear probability he

would be subject to persecution if he were to return to Guatemala “because of [his] race, religion,

nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion.” 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3)(A).

“To establish a clear probability, the applicant must demonstrate that ‘it is more likely than not’ that

he or she will be persecuted upon return.” Liti v. Gonzales, 411 F.3d 631, 641 (6th Cir.

2005)(quoting 8 C.F.R. § 1208.16(b)(2)).

C. Failure to Exhaust

        Before a federal court may assert jurisdiction over a final order of removal, the alien must

have exhausted all administrative remedies. 8 U.S.C. § 1252(d)(1). Mr. Escobar-Lopez argues that

under the REAL ID Act, the Immigration Judge should have notified him, prior to the Immigration

Judge’s oral decision, of the particular parts of his testimony that needed to be corroborated. The




        1
         Mr. Escobar-Lopez does not challenge the BIA’s determination that he had failed to
establish eligibility for withholding of removal under the CAT.

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United States argues that this claim was not properly presented to the BIA and therefore is not

subject to review by this court.

       The REAL ID Act of 2005, which is applicable to this case,2 has codified the standard for

corroborating evidence:

       Where the trier of fact determines that the applicant should provide evidence that
       corroborates otherwise credible testimony, such evidence must be provided unless
       the applicant does not have the evidence and cannot reasonably obtain the evidence.

See Pub. L. No. 109-13, Div. B, § 101(a)(3)(B)(ii), 119 Stat. 231, 303 (codified at 8 U.S.C. §

1158(b)(1)(B)(ii)).3 The Immigration Judge in this case found that Mr. Escobar-Lopez failed to

corroborate his evidence. Specifically, Mr. Escobar-Lopez did not corroborate that he was a member

of a particular social group, the CONALFA group, even though that group was still in existence and

even though he was still in contact with his parents who were aware of his problems in Guatemala.

Without sufficient evidence that Mr. Escobar-Lopez was a member of a particular social group, he

cannot meet his burden for withholding of removal.

       Mr. Escobar-Lopez did not raise the issue of lack of corroboration in either his notice of

appeal to the BIA or his appeal brief to the BIA. In his notice of appeal, Mr. Escobar-Lopez

provided a brief summary of the evidence and concluded that he “hereby appeals the remainder of


       2
        The REAL ID Act of 2005 amended the Immigration Nationality Act. The portion of the Act
that amended the burden of proof provisions for withholding of removal applications is applicable
to removal applications that are filed on or after May 11, 2005. Pub. L. No. 109-13, Div. B, §
101(h)(2), 119 Stat. 231, 305.
       3
          This provision of the REAL ID Act applies to petitions for both asylum and withholding of
removal. See 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3)(C) (“In determining whether an alien has demonstrated that the
alien’s life or freedom would be threatened for a reason described in subparagraph (A), the trier of
fact shall determine whether the alien has sustained the alien’s burden of proof, and shall make
credibility determinations, in the manner described in clauses (ii) and (iii) of section 1158(b)(1)(B)
of this title.”).

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the Immigration Judge’s decision and also [makes a] request for a stay of his voluntary departure

pending his appeal.” In his brief to the BIA, he notes that the REAL ID Act amendments pertaining

to corroboration and credibility apply to his case because his withholding of removal application was

filed after May 11, 2005. He does not argue, however, that the Immigration Judge improperly

required him to corroborate his claims. Instead, he summarizes his testimony and concludes he “is

credible and . . . testified consistently with his application.”

        “It is proper for an appellate court to consider waived all issues not raised in an appellant’s

briefs, even if the issue has been raised in the notice of appeal.” Ramani v. Ashcroft, 378 F.3d 554,

558 (6th Cir. 2004). Neither Mr. Escobar-Lopez’s notice of appeal to the BIA nor his appeal brief

to the BIA advanced his current argument that the Immigration Judge should have notified him, prior

the Immigration Judge’s oral decision, of the particular parts of his testimony that needed to be

corroborated. By failing to properly present this claim to the BIA, Mr. Escobar-Lopez failed to

exhaust his administrative remedies on this issue and this court has no jurisdiction to address it. 8

U.S.C. § 1252(d)(1) (a court may review a final order of removal only if the alien has exhausted all

administrative remedies available to him as of right); Ramani, 378 F.3d at 558, 559-60 (holding that

only claims properly presented to the BIA and considered on their merits can be reviewed by this

court in an immigration appeal). Therefore we affirm the BIA’s finding that Mr. Escobar-Lopez did

not provide sufficient corroboration for his claim of withholding of removal.

                                        III. CONCLUSION

        The petition for review of the Board of Immigration Appeals is DENIED.




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