                                 IN THE
                         TENTH COURT OF APPEALS

                                No. 10-17-00104-CR

JEREMY DEASHUN BROWN JR.,
                                                            Appellant
v.

THE STATE OF TEXAS,
                                                            Appellee



                           From the 82nd District Court
                               Falls County, Texas
                              Trial Court No. 9569


                          MEMORANDUM OPINION


      In one issue, appellant, Jeremy Brown Jr., challenges the sufficiency of the evidence

supporting his conviction for theft of cattle in an amount less than $100,000, a third-

degree felony. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 31.03(e)(5)(A) (West Supp. 2017). Because we

conclude that the evidence is insufficient to support appellant’s conviction, we reverse

the judgment of the trial court and render a judgment of acquittal.
                                      I.      BACKGROUND

       Here, appellant was charged by indictment with the offense of theft of cattle in an

amount less than $100,000. See id. Appellant pleaded “not guilty,” and this matter

proceeded to trial. The jury ultimately found appellant guilty of the charged offense. The

trial court assessed punishment at ten years’ incarceration in the Institutional Division of

the Texas Department of Criminal Justice, suspended the sentence, and placed appellant

on community supervision for ten years with a $2,500 fine. The trial court also certified

appellant’s right of appeal, and this appeal followed.

                             II.     SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE

       In his sole issue on appeal, appellant contends that the evidence supporting his

conviction is insufficient. Specifically, appellant argues that the record shows that the

offense of theft of cattle was completed hours before he was purportedly involved; as a

result, the record does not establish that he was a party to the charged offense.

A.     Applicable Law

       In Lucio v. State, 351 S.W.3d 878, 894 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011), the Texas Court of

Criminal Appeals expressed our standard of review of a sufficiency issue as follows:

       In determining whether the evidence is legally sufficient to support a
       conviction, a reviewing court must consider all of the evidence in the light
       most favorable to the verdict and determine whether, based on that
       evidence and reasonable inferences therefrom, a rational fact finder could
       have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.
       Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 318-19, 99 S. Ct. 2781, 61 L. Ed. 2d 560 (1979);
       Hooper v. State, 214 S.W.3d 9, 13 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). This “familiar
       standard gives full play to the responsibility of the trier of fact fairly to
Brown v. State                                                                               Page 2
       resolve conflicts in the testimony, to weigh the evidence, and to draw
       reasonable inferences from basic facts to ultimate facts.” Jackson, 443 U.S. at
       319. “Each fact need not point directly and independently to the guilt of
       the appellant, as long as the cumulative force of all the incriminating
       circumstances is sufficient to support the conviction.” Hooper, 214 S.W.3d
       at 13.

Id.

       Our review of "all of the evidence" includes evidence that was properly and

improperly admitted. Conner v. State, 67 S.W.3d 192, 197 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001). And if

the record supports conflicting inferences, we must presume that the factfinder resolved

the conflicts in favor of the prosecution and therefore defer to that determination. Jackson,

443 U.S. at 326, 99 S. Ct. at 2793. Furthermore, direct and circumstantial evidence are

treated equally:    “Circumstantial evidence is as probative as direct evidence in

establishing the guilt of an actor, and circumstantial evidence alone can be sufficient to

establish guilt.” Hooper, 214 S.W.3d at 13. Finally, it is well established that the factfinder

is entitled to judge the credibility of the witnesses and can choose to believe all, some, or

none of the testimony presented by the parties. Chambers v. State, 805 S.W.2d 459, 461

(Tex. Crim. App. 1991).

       The sufficiency of the evidence is measured by reference to the elements of the

offense as defined by a hypothetically correct jury charge for the case. Malik v. State, 953

S.W.2d 234, 240 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997). A hypothetically-correct jury charge does four

things: (1) accurately sets out the law; (2) is authorized by the indictment; (3) does not

unnecessarily increase the State’s burden of proof or unnecessarily restrict the State’s
Brown v. State                                                                           Page 3
theories of liability; and (4) adequately describes the particular offense for which the

defendant was tried. Id.

       To prove the offense of theft, the State must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that

a person “unlawfully appropriate[d] property with the intent to deprive the owner of the

property.” TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 31.03(a); see Torres v. State, 466 S.W.3d 329, 334 (Tex.

App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2015, no pet.). “An appropriation of property is unlawful if

it is without the owner’s effective consent.” Torres, 466 S.W.3d at 334 (citing TEX. PENAL

CODE ANN. § 31.03(b)(1)). Moreover, “[a]ppropriate” means “to acquire or otherwise

exercise control over property other than real property.” TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. §

31.01(4)(B) (West Supp. 2018); see Hawkins v. State, 214 S.W.3d 668, 670 (Tex. App.—Waco

2007, no pet.).

       Here, the jury was provided an instruction on the law of parties. According to the

law of parties, each party to an offense may be charged with the commission of the

offense. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 7.01(b) (West 2011). A person is a party to an offense if

“acting with intent to promote or assist the commission of the offense, he solicits,

encourages, directs, aids, or attempts to aid the other person to commit the offense.” Id.

§ 7.02(a)(2) (West 2011). When a party is not the “primary actor,” the State must prove

conduct constituting an offense plus an act by the defendant along with the intent to

promote or assist such conduct. Beier v. State, 687 S.W.2d 2, 3 (Tex. Crim. App. 1985).

Evidence may be deemed sufficient to sustain a conviction under the law of parties if the


Brown v. State                                                                      Page 4
evidence shows that the defendant was physically present at the commission of the

offense and encouraged the commission of the offense either by words or other

agreement. Miller v. State, 83 S.W.3d 308, 313-14 (Tex. App.—Austin 2002, pet. ref’d)

(citing Urtado v. State, 605 S.W.2d 907, 911 (Tex. Crim. App. 1980); Tarpley v. State, 565

S.W.2d 525, 529 (Tex. Crim. App. 1978)). Circumstantial evidence may suffice to show

that a person is a party to the offense. Id. (citing Wygal v. State, 555 S.W.2d 465, 469 (Tex.

Crim. App. 1977)).

       While mere presence at the scene, or even flight, is not enough to sustain a

conviction, such facts may be considered in determining whether a person was a party to

the offense. Id. at 314 (citing Valdez v. State, 623 S.W.2d 317, 321 (Tex. Crim. App. 1981)

(op. on reh’g); Guillory v. State, 877 S.W.2d 71, 74 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1994,

pet. ref’d)). Moreover, in determining whether a person participated in an offense as a

party, the factfinder may examine the events occurring before, during, and after the

commission of the offense and may rely on actions of the person that show an

understanding and common design to commit the offense. See Ransom v. State, 920

S.W.2d 288, 302 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996) (op. on reh’g); Cordova v. State, 698 S.W.2d 107,

111 (Tex. Crim. App. 1985); see also Frank v. State, 183 S.W.3d 63, 72 (Tex. App.—Fort

Worth 2005, pet. ref’d).




Brown v. State                                                                          Page 5
B.      Discussion

        In the instant case, the record evidence details an attempt to steal cattle from Henry

Kelly. Andre Houston testified that he was leaving from a rodeo in Centerville, Texas,

on March 27, 2015. While “head[ing] back down Highway 7 to Highway 6 to go to

Stephenville,” Andre saw “some cows on the left-hand side on County Road 245.” Andre

pulled over and closed the gate where Kelly kept his cattle.1 Andre then called “a buddy

of mine” to “tell him about what [he] had going on, that [he] had penned some cows up.”

After speaking with his buddy, Andre learned that appellant’s father, Jeremy Brown Sr.,

also known as J.D., wanted some cows. Andre later testified that when he shut the gate,

he intended to come back and steal Kelly’s cattle so that he could sell the cattle to J.D.

        Later that night, Andre called his friend Allen “Noonie” Pickney Jr., who lived

four houses down from Andre in Houston, Texas. According to Noonie, Andre stated

that he needed help “with some horses.” Andre also informed Noonie that appellant’s

father, J.D., would pick up Noonie outside his house. J.D. arrived in a black, flatbed

pickup truck. Inside the pickup truck was J.D., appellant, and another person that

Noonie did not recognize. The group then traveled to a Shell gas station to meet Andre.

At the time of the meeting, Andre was driving a white Dodge 2500 pickup truck with




        1  Kelly testified that the cattle were not in a normal location when Andre closed the gate. Kelly
also denied placing the cattle in the pen area on the date in question and noted that he left the gate open so
the cattle could come and go because there was no water source in the area where Andre penned up the
cattle.

Brown v. State                                                                                         Page 6
dually wheels. Noonie recalled seeing J.D. and appellant talking to Andre at the Shell

gas station.

       Subsequently, the group, now in two pickup trucks, drove from the Houston area

toward Marlin, Texas. Along the way, Andre stopped at a dance hall in Spring, Texas, so

that he could steal a pickup truck. The guy that Noonie did not recognize drove the stolen

pickup truck toward Marlin; however, this vehicle was pulled over by law enforcement

due to “smoking because of the brakes.” Neither the mysterious driver nor the stolen

pickup truck had any further involvement in this matter. Nevertheless, Andre’s group,

which did not include appellant, later stopped at a hotel and stole a dirt bike off of

someone’s trailer. Throughout the journey from Houston to the scene of the cattle

rustling, Andre called J.D. numerous times to discuss plans.

       The two groups eventually met up in Marlin.           It was at this time that the

individuals decided to steal a livestock trailer from the Marlin High School FFA. Andre

testified that appellant and Noonie assisted in the stealing of the livestock trailer. While

appellant and Noonie were hooking up the livestock trailer to Andre’s pickup truck,

Andre and J.D. moved the stolen dirt bike onto J.D.’s flatbed. After doing so, the groups

drove down Highway 7 until they reached Kelly’s property.

       Andre recalled the following regarding their arrival at Kelly’s property:

       We pull out—we pull out here to where the pen is. This is the chute. Over
       here is the access county road. This is Highway 7. I pull up here, trying to
       back the trailer up to the gate right here (indicates). Noonie gets out and
       tries to get the cows up into the smaller chute. This is a loading pen right
Brown v. State                                                                        Page 7
        here (indicates). But I have some bigger pens, and that’s where I penned
        the cows up.

                 ...

        And the trailer goes over more over this way. And I thought I was backing
        up to this. Then I pulled up and tried to do it again, go over this way, and
        that’s when I called Jeremy Brown [J.D.] and told him I need somebody to
        come and back up the trailer. And then he said he was going to send his
        son [appellant]. Then he pulls off and goes down there to turn around, and
        that’s when a Ford truck pulls up.

        Clay Little, the driver of the Ford pickup truck, stated that he was driving by the

area to check on cattle that may have escaped the fences. Little testified that he saw a

black, Dodge pickup truck with dirt bike on the truck’s flatbed driving slowly on the

shoulder of Highway 7. He then saw a white, Dodge pickup truck with a Gooseneck

Marlin High School FFA trailer hooked up to it in the ditch trying to back up. Little pulled

up to the white, Dodge pickup truck to see what was going on; however, after seeing the

lights from Little’s pickup truck, Andre disconnected the trailer, got into the truck, and

sped away, leaving Noonie behind.

        Noonie ran and hid in a tree for a little while.2 Later, he walked along the highway

until he came to a house. The homeowner allowed Noonie to make a couple of telephone

calls. Noonie acknowledged that he called Andre, J.D., and appellant to come pick him




        2Initially, Noonie crouched behind some bushes while holding a lit flashlight. Little rolled down
his window and shouted, “I can still see you.” Noonie then jumped the fence, ran away, and hid in a tree.

Brown v. State                                                                                    Page 8
up; however, law enforcement apprehended Noonie before Andre, J.D., or appellant

could.

         Law enforcement eventually arrived and secured the scene. The abandoned

Marlin High School FFA trailer obstructed the roadway, causing traffic to back up on

Highway 7. J.D., appellant, and Andre, now all riding together in J.D.’s pickup truck,

returned to the scene of the crime and drove quickly along the shoulder of the highway

to bypass the traffic. Due to J.D.’s poor attempt at remaining inconspicuous, Little

recognized J.D.’s pickup truck as it drove along the shoulder of the highway.

         On appeal, appellant argues that the evidence supporting his conviction for theft

of cattle is insufficient because the theft was complete when Andre “closed the gate on

the cattle, containing them in an area.” We agree.

         A theft is complete when all the elements have occurred. Anderson v. State, 322

S.W.3d 401, 408 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2010, pet. ref’d) (citing Barnes v. State,

824 S.W.2d 560, 562 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991), overruled on other grounds by Proctor v. State,

967 S.W.2d 840, 842 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998)). As noted above, a theft occurs when (1)

property is (2) unlawfully appropriated (3) by someone (4) with intent to deprive the

owner of that property. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 31.03. Moreover, theft is not a

continuing offense, meaning it does not continue as long as the actor retains control of

the stolen property. Anderson, 322 S.W.3d at 408 (citing Barnes, 824 S.W.2d at 562; Cupit

v. State, 122 S.W.3d 243, 246 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2003, pet. ref’d)).


Brown v. State                                                                       Page 9
Additionally, this Court has noted that “asportation—the act of carrying away or

removing property—is not an element of statutory theft.” Hawkins, 214 S.W.3d at 670.

       Here, Andre went onto Kelly’s property and closed the gate to pen up the cattle;

at this point, Andre exercised control over and, thus, appropriated the cattle. See id.; see

also id. § 31.01(4); Hawkins, 214 S.W.3d at 670. Moreover, Kelly’s testimony that the cattle

were not in a normal location when Andre penned them up further demonstrates the

appropriation, although it is not necessary for the property to be removed any distance

to constitute a taking. See Baker v. State, 511 S.W.2d 272, 272 (Tex. Crim. App. 1974)

(“[R]emoval of the property from the premises is not necessary for commission of the

offense of theft. Removal of the object from its customary location is sufficient to show

such reduction of control or manual possession as is required.”); but see Hawkins, 214

S.W.3d at 670 (noting that asportation—the act of carrying away or removing property—

is not an element of statutory theft) (citing Barnes v. State, 513 S.W.2d 850, 851 (Tex. Crim.

App. 1974); Jarrott v. State, 108 Tex. Crim. 427, 1 S.W.2d 619, 621 (1927); Prim v. State, 32

Tex. 157, 157 (1869); Harris v. State, 29 Tex. Ct. App. 101, 14 S.W. 390, 391 (1890)).

       Additionally, Andre testified that when he closed the gate, he intended to steal, or

otherwise deprive Kelly of, the cattle. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 31.03(a); see also

Hawkins, 214 S.W.3d at 670. Accordingly, we conclude that Andre’s act of closing the gate

to pen up Kelly’s cattle satisfied all of the elements of theft. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. §

31.03(a). And because theft is not a continuing offense, we further conclude that the theft


Brown v. State                                                                           Page 10
of Kelly’s cattle was completed when Andre penned up the cattle. See Barnes, 824 S.W.2d

at 562; Barrera v. State, 163 Tex. Crim. 132, 137, 289 S.W.2d 285, 288 (1956) (“It was

immaterial that the cattle were removed from and returned to the owner’s pasture.

Having placed his ear mark on all of the stolen cattle and his brand upon some of them,

theft of the cattle was complete.”); see also Anderson, 322 S.W.3d at 408; Cupit, 122 S.W.3d

at 246. This is important with regard to the subsequent acts taken by appellant and others

in the attempt to transport the stolen cattle from Kelly’s property.

        Acts committed after the offense is completed cannot make appellant a party to

the offense. See Morrison v. State, 608 S.W.2d 233, 235 (Tex. Crim. App. 1980) (“Acts

committed after the robbery was completed could not make appellant a party to the

offense. The circumstances must prove some culpable act before or during the robbery.”

(internal citation omitted)); Pesina v. State, 949 S.W.2d 374, 383 (Tex. App.—San Antonio

1997, no pet. (“One’s acts committed after the offense is completed cannot make him a

party to the offense. Standing alone, proof that an accused assisted the primary actor

after the commission of the offense is insufficient, although the accused’s conduct may

constitute the independent offense of hindering apprehension or prosecution.” (internal

citations omitted))3; see also United States v. Figueroa-Cartagena, 612 F.3d 69, 75 (1st Cir.



        3 We also note that the Legislature eliminated the old classification of accessory after the fact and
replaced it with section 38.05, which created a separate crime of “hindering apprehension or prosecution.”
See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 38.05 (West 2016); Navarro v. State, 863 S.W.2d 191, 201 (Tex. App.—Austin
1993, pet. ref’d); see also Sanchez v. State, 2005 Tex. App. LEXIS 5084, at *11 (Tex. App.—Austin June 30, 2005,
no pet.).

Brown v. State                                                                                         Page 11
2010), cert. denied, 131 S. Ct. 2930, 180 L. Ed. 2d 227 (2011) (noting that “an individual

who arrives on the scene after the offense conduct has ended cannot be held liable as an

aider and abettor”). Therefore, because the unlawful appropriation of Kelly’s cattle was

completed when Andre penned up the cattle, appellant cannot be convicted under a

hypothetically-correct jury charge in this case, as the conviction cannot stand as being

authorized by the indictment. See Sanchez v. State, 376 S.W.3d 767, 772 (Tex. Crim. App.

2012); see also Malik, 953 S.W.2d at 239.

       Accordingly, even viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the jury’s

verdict, we conclude that the jury could not have rationally found appellant guilty of the

charged offense in this case; as such, we hold that the evidence is insufficient to

demonstrate that appellant was a party to the theft of cattle. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN.

§§ 7.01(b), 7.02(a)(2), 31.03; Morrison, 608 S.W.2d at 235; Barrera, 163 Tex. Crim. at 137, 289

S.W.2d at 288; Hawkins, 214 S.W.3d at 670; Pesina, 949 S.W.2d at 383. We therefore sustain

appellant’s sole issue on appeal.

                                      III.   CONCLUSION

       If we find the evidence insufficient, as is the case here, then a judgment of acquittal

must be rendered. See Tibbs v. Florida, 457 U.S. 31, 41, 102 S. Ct. 2211, 2218, 72 L. Ed. 2d

652 (1982); see also Skillern v. State, 355 S.W.3d 262, 270 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.

2011, pet. ref’d) (citing Roberson v. State, 80 S.W.3d 730, 742 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st

Dist.] 2002, pet. ref’d)). Given that we have sustained appellant’s sufficiency challenge,


Brown v. State                                                                         Page 12
we hereby reverse the judgment of conviction and render a judgment of acquittal. See

Tibbs, 457 U.S. at 41, 102 S. Ct. at 2218; see also Skillern, 355 S.W.3d at 270; Roberson, 80

S.W.3d at 742.




                                                  AL SCOGGINS
                                                  Justice

Before Chief Justice Gray,
       Justice Davis, and
       Justice Scoggins
(Chief Justice Gray concurring with a note)*
Reversed and rendered
Opinion delivered and filed November 7, 2018
Do not publish
[CR25]

*(Chief Justice Gray concurs in the Court’s judgment of acquittal of the offense as
charged. A separate opinion will not issue. He notes, however, that the offense charged
included “appropriation” only under Texas Penal Code Section 31.03(b)(1) and not
section 31.03(b)(2). Moreover, even if the defendant had been indicted under 31.03(b)(2),
the evidence appears to support, at best, attempted theft as the evidence to support an
appropriation under Texas Penal Code 31.01(4) by the defendant is weak, even under the
law of parties.)




Brown v. State                                                                        Page 13
