                  REVISED March 30, 2001


         IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                  FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT



                       No. 99-41023



BETTY THOMPSON; DONALD THOMPSON,

                                      Plaintiffs-Appellees,

     versus


UPSHUR COUNTY, TX; ET AL,

                                      Defendants.


R.D. CROSS, Individually
and in his official capacity
as Sheriff of Upshur County, TX;
PAULA WHORTON, Individually and
in her official capacity as
Jailer, Upshur County;
ROBERT CROMLEY, Individually and
in his official capacity as
Lieutenant, Upshur County Jail,

                                      Defendants-Appellants.

                    –-----------------

              Consolidated with No. 99-41024

                    ------------------

BETTY THOMPSON; DONALD THOMPSON,

                                      Plaintiffs-Appellees,

     versus

UPSHUR COUNTY, TX; ET AL,
                                                 Defendants,

     EUGENE TEFTELLER, Individually
     and in his official capacity
     as Sheriff, Marion County, TX;

                                                 Defendant-Appellant.




            Appeal from the United States District Court
                  for the Eastern District of Texas

                               March 15, 2001

Before GARWOOD, HIGGINBOTHAM and STEWART, Circuit Judges.

GARWOOD, Circuit Judge:

     In this 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and state law suit for damages

arising from the death of Michael Thompson (Thompson), a pretrial

detainee in the respective jails of Upshur County, Texas, and

Marion    County,   Texas,    defendants-appellants       Eugene   Tefteller

(Tefteller), formerly Sheriff of Marion County, R.D. Cross (Cross),

Sheriff of Upshur County, and Paula Whorton (Whorton), an Upshur

County jailer, appeal the district court’s denial of their motions

for summary judgment based on qualified immunity. We reverse as to

Tefteller and Cross, but affirm as to Whorton.

                      Facts and Proceedings Below

     At   approximately      4:35   p.m.   on   Monday,   August   25,   1997,

Thompson, unmarried and about thirty-three years old, was arrested

in Upshur County, Texas for D.W.I.          A breathalyzer test indicated

his blood alcohol level was 0.348%.         Because Upshur County’s jails


                                      2
were overcrowded, Thompson, on August 26, after having spent the

night of August 25 in the Upshur County jail where charges were

lodged against him, was transferred by Upshur County to the Marion

County jail pursuant to a pre-existing general agreement between

the two counties.    He arrived at Marion County jail on Tuesday,

August 26 at 9:55 p.m.1

     Thompson does not appear to have been in special distress

until the early morning hours of Thursday, August 28, when he began

suffering from delirium tremens (DTs).2           Thompson was shaking,

sweating profusely, and hallucinating.     Specifically, Thompson saw

snakes coming out of the walls, requested a screwdriver so he could

build a house, and believed he was at a barbecue in Gladewater,

Texas.    Upon becoming aware that Thompson might be in need of

medical   assistance,   Marion   County   Chief    Jailer   Linda   Bolick

(Bolick) called for an ambulance at 10:47 a.m.              The Emergency

     1
      We take judicial notice that Marion county is located in rural
East Texas and has a population of approximately 11,000; its county seat
and largest town is Jefferson, with a population of approximately 2,000.
Upshur County partially adjoins Marion County, has a population of about
35,000 and its county seat and largest town is Gilmer, which has some
5,000 inhabitants.
     2
      “Delirium tremens, or the ‘DTs,’ affects roughly 5 percent of
alcoholics in the withdrawal stage and about 30 percent of
sufferers of rum fits. It generally makes its appearance within
three to five days after drinking has ceased. The standard signs
of delirium tremens include agitation, fever, sweating, tachycardia
and tremor. Patients become so disoriented that they do not know
what time it is or where they are. They suffer such confusion that
memory lapses block out both recent events and those long past.
Vivid visual hallucinations are also common.”         9 Attorneys’
Textbook of Medicine P 59A.22(2) (Gray & Gordy, eds., 3rd ed.
2000).

                                   3
Medical Technicians (EMTs) confirmed Thompson was experiencing DTs,

warned him that injuries and death could result therefrom, told him

that he should go to the hospital and urged him to do so.      Thompson

explained that he had experienced DTs before and that if he could

consume three beers he would be fine.         Despite the efforts of

Bolick and the EMTs to convince Thompson to go to the hospital, he

refused at least twice. Bolick conferred with the EMTs and all

believed that Thompson had the capacity to make the decision.

Bolick told the EMTs that to force Thompson to submit to health

care against his will would violate his constitutional rights. The

EMTs believed that because Thompson was conscious, they could not

force him to be transported to the hospital.        Thompson signed a

refusal of medical treatment form, and nothing in the record

suggests he was forced to do so.       Plaintiffs-appellees Betty and

Donald Thompson (Michael’s parents) contend that Thompson was not

competent to refuse medical treatment. There is some evidence that

Marion County sheriff Tefteller had some generally contemporaneous

awareness of these developments as they occurred.3

     3
      In a disclosure to plaintiffs, Marion County and Tefteller stated
that sheriff Tefteller would testify that he had helped Thompson drink
some liquids, that Thompson appeared competent to make medical
decisions, and that Thompson told him that he had previously experienced
DTs but had never sought medical treatment therefor. As a result of
this evidence, plaintiffs allege not only supervisory liability, but
also that Tefteller was personally deliberately indifferent to
Thompson’s medical needs by not taking charge of the situation and
forcing Thompson to be transported to the hospital. In the same vein,
plaintiffs complain that Tefteller did not seek (or train his employees
to seek) an alternative decision-maker for pre-trial detainees who
incompetently refuse medical treatment.

                                   4
      Jailer Bolick then made arrangements to transfer Thompson back

to Upshur County because its jail, unlike that of Marion County,

had a detoxification cell that would facilitate the observation and

care of Thompson.      Less than two hours elapsed between the EMTs’

visit and Thompson’s departure for the Upshur County jail at about

12:30 p.m.      During the forty-five minute trip to the Upshur County

jail, Thompson appears to have had a lucid conversation with Upshur

County Deputy Decuir, driver of the Upshur County vehicle which

took Thompson back to Upshur County.

      Upon his return to the Upshur County Jail, Thompson was placed

in a special “detox” cell.         Defendant jailer Sgt. Whorton began

work that Thursday, August 28, at 3:00 p.m.                   She was aware that

Thompson was suffering from DTs and had refused medical treatment

in Marion County.     She began an observation log on Thompson at 5:00

p.m. and claims to have called a hospital from which she received

medical advice concerning Thompson’s care.              The advice was to keep

Thompson in a dark, quiet area, to try to keep him calm, and to

call back if he started convulsing or seizing.                Plaintiffs dispute

that any advice was obtained, and submitted an affidavit from

Bonita Fincher, the Nurse Supervisor at East Texas Medical Center.

Ms.   Fincher    declared   that   the       hospital   has    a   policy   of   not

providing medical advice over the telephone and that Chevaughn

Shaw, the nurse who spoke with Whorton, was aware of this policy.4

      4
      In her affidavit, Ms. Fincher implies (but does not expressly
state) that Ms. Shaw assured her that no medical advice was given to

                                         5
     Thompson’s condition worsened into the evening.            He began to

collide with objects in his cell, sometimes falling and striking

his head against the window, floor or concrete bench of his cell.

Whorton was aware of this and noticed what she thought was blood

flowing from Thompson’s ears.          After Thompson was placed in a

straight jacket, Whorton entered the cell and cleaned his wounds.

She noted that the blood had not come from his ears, but rather

from a small cut on the back of his head.            Additional mattresses

were placed in the cell for Thompson’s protection, but he was not

fitted with a helmet, which, as Whorton knew, was kept available

for such a purpose.    After this, Thompson appeared to calm down.

     Whorton’s shift ended at 11:00 p.m.        Jailers Bishop and Bean

relieved her.   Whorton discussed Thompson’s condition with them.

In her affidavit, Bishop stated that: 1) Whorton told her and Bean

to leave Thompson alone unless he was going to bleed to death; 2)

Whorton told her and Bean that “we don’t take inmates to the

hospital unless    they’re   dying”;    3)   after    Bishop   asked   if   an

ambulance should be called for Thompson, Whorton responded that she

had already contacted the emergency room and that there was nothing



Sgt. Whorton (Fincher says Shaw stated “she knew the policy and told
Sgt. Whorton to either come to the emergency room or call the Health
First number for advice”). Fincher’s testimony is clearly hearsay
insofar as it attempts to substantively evidence what Shaw actually said
to Whorton. Nevertheless, the magistrate found that the absence of
advice could be proven at trial, and as will be discussed infra, we do
not have jurisdiction to now review that finding. Therefore, for
purposes of their interlocutory appeal we assume that Sgt. Whorton did
not obtain any medical advice from Ms. Shaw.

                                   6
that could be done for Thompson, that he just had to “sleep it

off”; 4) Whorton informed Bishop and Bean that Thompson would soon

be transferred to Huntsville, and thus wouldn’t be their problem

for much longer; 5) Whorton commanded Bishop and Bean not to summon

medical help for Thompson without calling her at home, i.e. that

Whorton was to make that decision; 6) after Whorton departed,

Bishop and Bean considered calling an ambulance for Thompson, but

did not do so because they were afraid to “go over Sgt. Whorton’s

head”; and 7) Bishop and Bean considered calling Whorton at home to

obtain permission to call an ambulance for Thompson, but they did

not do so because Whorton had instructed them not to bother her at

home unless Thompson was dying.

     Thompson accepted water or orange juice two times during the

early hours of Friday, August 29, 1997.       At about 7:10 a.m.,

Thompson appeared to have a thirty-second seizure.   A few minutes

after the seizure ended, Thompson stopped breathing.    Paramedics

were summoned at 7:21 a.m.   Thompson was pronounced dead at 9:10

a.m. at East Texas Medical Center.    An autopsy revealed the cause

of death to be the result of delirium tremens.

     On July 16, 1998, plaintiffs-appellees Betty Thompson and

Donald Thompson filed this action against Upshur County, Upshur

County sheriff R.D. Cross, Upshur County jailer Sgt. Paula Whorton,

Upshur County jailer Lt. Robert Cromley, Marion County, and Marion

County sheriff Eugene Tefteller, asserting claims under 42 U.S.C.

§ 1983, the Texas Survival and Wrongful Death Statute, TEX. CIV.

                                  7
PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 71.021 and the Texas Tort Claims Act, TEX.

CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 101.001 et seq., for the failure of

defendants to provide reasonable medical care to their son, Michael

Thompson, which resulted in Michael’s death.5

     All defendants eventually moved for summary judgment based

solely on the issue of qualified immunity.6 The parties consented

to trial by magistrate McKee and on January 21, 1999, the case was

transferred to him.     In separate orders, dated August 16 and 20,

1999,    Magistrate   McKee   denied       the   motion   to   strike   certain

affidavits tendered by plaintiffs and all motions for summary

judgment (except Cromley’s, which was not considered).

     In his order concerning Tefteller, the magistrate found that

there were several “fact issues” that precluded granting summary

judgment based on qualified immunity: 1) whether Thompson was

capable of determining if he required medical attention; 2) whether


     5
      Section 1983 liability for Cross is based entirely on supervisory
liability. Section 1983 liability for Whorton is premised only upon her
direct interaction with Thompson and other jailers. As mentioned (see
note 3, supra), section 1983 liability for Tefteller is premised upon
both supervisory liability and his own individual involvement with
Thompson.
     6
      Tefteller moved for summary judgment on January 20, 1999.
Cross and Whorton so moved on February 4, 1999. Cromley also moved
for summary judgment, but not until May 20, 1999. Lt. Cromley’s
motion for summary judgment was not resolved with the others.
Thus, notwithstanding that his name appeared with Cross’s and
Whorton’s on the notice of interlocutory appeal to this court, it
appears that Lt. Cromley has not appealed to this Court.
     Marion and Upshur Counties joined in the motions for summary
judgment on the ground of sovereign immunity. The counties have
not appealed to this Court.

                                       8
a reasonably diligent attempt to locate a surrogate decision-maker

was made; 3) whether Tefteller could have required Thompson to

receive medical attention against his will; 4) whether Tefteller

had a duty to require Thompson to receive medical attention; 5) if

Tefteller could have forced Thompson to receive medical attention,

whether   the   decision    not    to       do   so   amounts   to   deliberate

indifference to Thompson’s right to reasonable medical care; 6)

whether Tefteller failed to properly supervise or train his staff;

7) whether the alleged lack of supervision or training caused the

alleged violation of Thompson’s rights; and 8) whether Tefteller’s

alleged   failure   to   supervise      or   train    constituted    deliberate

indifference to Thompson’s right to reasonable medical care.

     Similarly, in his order regarding Cross and Whorton, the

Magistrate ruled that the following “fact issues”                    prevented

qualified immunity from protecting Cross and Whorton: 1) whether

Thompson was capable of determining his medical needs; 2) whether

Whorton received medical advice from a nurse at East Texas Medical

Center as to Thompson’s care; 3) whether Cross failed to properly

supervise or train his staff; 4) whether the alleged lack of

supervision or training caused the alleged violation of Thompson’s

rights; and 5) whether Cross’s alleged failure to supervise or

train amounted to deliberate indifference to Thompson’s right to

reasonable medical care.

                                  Discussion



                                        9
I.     Jurisdiction

       The denial of a motion for summary judgment based on qualified

immunity is immediately appealable notwithstanding that such denial

was premised upon the existence of “[m]aterial issues of fact”.

Behrens v.      Pelletier,    116    S.Ct.     834,   842   (1996);   Colston     v.

Barnhart,      146   F.3d   282,    284   (5th   Cir.   1998).        On   such   an

interlocutory appeal, this Court does not have jurisdiction to

review the district court’s finding that particular factual issues

are “genuine,” that is that the summary judgment evidence would

support a particular finding of fact.             Behrens, 116 S.Ct. at 842;

Johnson v. Jones, 115 S.Ct. 2151, 2159 (1995); Colston, 146 F.3d at

284.       However, this Court does have jurisdiction to review the

magistrate’s determination that certain facts (or factual disputes)

are “material” to the issue of qualified immunity.                         White v.

Balderama, 153 F.3d 237, 240 (5th Cir. 1998); Colston, 146 F.3d at

284-85. The scope of clearly established law and the objective

reasonableness of those acts of the defendant that the district

court found the plaintiff could prove at trial are legal issues we

review de novo.         Johnson, 115 S.Ct. at 2156, 59; Williams v.

Bramer, 180 F.3d 699, 703 (5th Cir. 1999); Balderama, 153 F.3d at

242; Colston, 146 F.3d at 285 n.2.7

       7
      See also, e.g., Hare v. City of Corinth, Ms., 135 F.3d 320 at 328
(5th Cir. 1998) (Hare III) (“objective reasonableness is a question of
law for the court”); Pierce v. Smith, 117 F.3d 866, 871 (5th Cir. 1997)
(“[T]o the extent that the relevant discrete, historic facts are
undisputed . . . the question of the objective reasonableness of the

                                          10
      Ideally, the district court’s order denying summary judgment

based on qualified immunity explains what facts the plaintiff may

be able to prove at trial, i.e. what particular facts the court

assumed in denying summary judgment urged on the basis of qualified

immunity. This facilitates appellate review by allowing this Court

to focus on the aforementioned purely legal issues.            When, as is

true to some extent here, the court below fails to do this and,

instead, denies the motion simply because “fact issues” remain,

this Court has two choices.         We can either scour the record and

determine what facts the plaintiff may be able to prove at trial

and proceed to resolve the legal issues, or remand so that the

trial court can clarify the order.           Behrens, 116 S.Ct, at 842;

Johnson, 115 S.Ct. at 2159; Glenn v. City of Tyler, 2001 WL 102270,

*3 (5th Cir. February 22, 2001); Wagner v. Bay City, Texas, 227

F.3d 316, 320 (5th Cir. 2000); Mendenhall v. Riser, 213 F.3d 226,

230 (5th Cir. 2000); Balderama, 153 F.3d at 242; Colston, 146 F.3d

at 285-86 & nn. 2-3.        We do not believe remand is necessary here.

II.   Standard for Entitlement to Qualified Immunity

      The   doctrine   of    qualified    immunity   serves   to   shield   a

government official from civil liability for damages based upon the

performance of discretionary functions if the official’s acts were



defendant’s conduct–i.e., whether at the time and under the
circumstances all reasonable officials would have realized the
particular challenged conduct violated the constitutional provision sued
on–is . . . a question of law”).

                                     11
objectively reasonable in light of then clearly established law.

Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 102 S.Ct. 2727, 2738 (1982).

     As we said in Pierce v. Smith, 117 F.3d 866, 871-72 (5th Cir.

1997):

     “Where, as here, a section 1983 defendant pleads
     qualified immunity and shows he is a governmental
     official whose position involves the exercise of
     discretion, the plaintiff then has the burden ‘to rebut
     this defense by establishing that the official’s
     allegedly wrongful conduct violated clearly established
     law.’ Salas v. Carpenter, 980 F.2d 299, 306 (5th Cir.
     1992). We do ‘not require that an official demonstrate
     that he did not violate clearly established federal
     rights;   our  precedent   places   that  burden   upon
     plaintiffs.’ Id.”

     The first step in the qualified immunity analysis is to

determine whether the plaintiff has alleged the violation of a

clearly established federal constitutional (or federal statutory)

right.   Hare v. City of Corinth, 135 F.3d 320, 325 (5th Cir. 1998)

(Hare III); Pierce, 117 F.3d at 872.       If the plaintiff does so, the

Court    must   then   assess   whether   the   defendant’s   conduct   was

objectively reasonable in light of clearly established law.             Hare

III, 135 F.3d at 326; Pierce, 117 F.3d at 872.          Unlike the first

step, the step two inquiry applies the law that was clearly

established at the time of the alleged violation.         To ensure that

qualified immunity serves its intended purpose, it is of paramount

import, during step two, to define “clearly established law” at the

proper level of generality. Anderson v. Creighton, 107 S.Ct. 3034,

3039 (1987); Petta v. Rivera, 143 F.3d 895, 899 (5th Cir. 1998);


                                     12
Pierce, 117 F.3d at 872.

       “Clearly established” means that the “contours of the right

must   be   sufficiently      clear      that   a    reasonable     official      would

understand that what he is doing violates that right.”                        Anderson,

107 S.Ct. at 3039.       The defendant’s acts are held to be objectively

reasonable unless all reasonable officials in the defendant’s

circumstances would have then known that the defendant’s conduct

violated the United States Constitution or the federal statute as

alleged by the plaintiff.           Id. at 3040; Malley v. Briggs, 106 S.Ct.

1092, 1096 (1986); Pierce, 117 F.3d at 871. The “defendant’s

circumstances” includes facts know to the defendant.                           However,

because     qualified     immunity       turns       only   upon        the   objective

reasonableness of the defendant’s acts, a particular defendant’s

subjective state of mind has no bearing on whether that defendant

is entitled to qualified immunity.               Anderson, 107 S.Ct. at 3040;

Pierce,     117   F.3d   at   871    n.5.       An   official      is    eligible    for

qualified     immunity    even      if    the    official    violated         another’s

constitutional rights. Goodson v. City of Corpus Christi, 202 F.3d

730, 736 (5th Cir. 2000); Pierce, 117 F.3d at 872.



III. Constitutional Right to Reasonable Medical Care

       Plaintiffs correctly observe that pretrial detainees have a

constitutional      right,     under      the    Due   Process      Clause      of   the

Fourteenth Amendment, not to have their serious medical needs met

                                          13
with    deliberate    indifference      on   the   part    of    the   confining

officials.     Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97, 103 (1976); Hare v.

City of Corinth, 74 F.3d 633, 636 (5th Cir. 1996) (en banc) (Hare

II); Lancaster v. Monroe County, 116 F.3d 1419, 1426 (11th Cir.

1997); Colle v. Brazos County, Texas, 981 F.2d 237 (5th Cir. 1993);

Fielder v. Bosshard, 590 F.2d 105, 107 (5th Cir. 1979). Lancaster,

Colle and Fielder establish that delirium tremens is a serious

medical need.

       In Fielder, a request by the prisoner’s mother to the jailer

that he receive medical attention for delirium tremens was followed

by a request from the prisoner himself.            Fielder 590 F.2d at 108.

These requests were ignored, the jailers stating that they thought

the prisoner was “faking.”        Id.    This evidence was sufficient to

support the jury’s verdict for the plaintiff.              Id.

       Colle   reversed    the   district     court’s      dismissal      of   the

plaintiff’s complaint and held that the plaintiff properly alleged

a constitutional violation by asserting that the sheriff: 1)

staffed the jail with persons who did not have the authority to

transfer a detainee to the hospital; and 2) had a policy of failing

to monitor the serious health needs of detainees.                Colle, 981 F.2d

at   245.      The   sheriff’s   jailers     failed   to   call     for   medical

assistance as the condition of an inmate they knew to be suffering

from delirium tremens worsened.          Id. at 240.

       Lancaster reversed the district court’s grant of summary

                                        14
judgment based on defendants’ entitlement to qualified immunity and

held that either a “total failure” to provide or an exacerbating

delay in providing life saving medical treatment to a detainee

suffering from DTs was a violation of constitutional rights.

Lancaster, 116 F.3d at 1425-28.       The court cited Fielder for the

proposition that DTs was recognized as a serious medical need.        Id.

at 1426.      Lancaster established that ignoring the dangers of

alcohol withdrawal and waiting for a “manifest emergency” before

summoning medical help constituted deliberate indifference.8          The

facts    in   Lancaster   were   particularly   egregious   because   the

detainee’s wife and father had informed a jailer and the sheriff

that the detainee was a chronic alcoholic, would suffer DTs, and

would need immediate help if he had a seizure.

     Plaintiffs rely most heavily upon Weaver v. Tipton County,

Tennessee, 41 F.Supp.2d 779, 782 (W.D. Tenn. 1999).         In Weaver, a

prisoner who had a history of seizures and alcohol withdrawal

appeared to have a seizure and was told he was going to be taken to

the hospital.    The prisoner stated that he was fine and that a trip

to the hospital was unnecessary.      The next day a psychologist told

the jailer the prisoner needed to be taken to the emergency room.


     8
      Id. The Lancaster court appears to have melded or confused
deliberate indifference (the standard for § 1983 liability) with
objective reasonableness (the standard for entitlement to qualified
immunity). In this circuit, the concepts, though related, are distinct.
Hare III, 135 F.3d at 327-38. Nevertheless, we believe Lancaster
supports the proposition that delaying medical treatment for a detainee
suffering from DTs until a crisis occurs is objectively unreasonable.

                                    15
The prisoner was never taken to the emergency room and was never

again offered a trip to the hospital.           He died six days after

entering the jail, four days after initially refusing a trip to the

hospital.   The jailers moved for summary judgment solely on the

basis of qualified immunity.     The district court denied the motion

because it concluded that, in the Sixth Circuit, when a plaintiff

alleges deliberate indifference to a prisoner’s needs, the defense

of qualified immunity is precluded.          Id. at 785.       The district

court noted its disagreement with the Sixth Circuit’s construction

of Farmer v. Brennan, 114 S.Ct. 1970 (1994), in this respect, and

likewise indicated its agreement with the Fifth Circuit’s opinion

in Hare III, which held that the defense of qualified immunity is

not precluded by a deliberate indifference claim.               Weaver, 41

F.Supp.2d at 785 n.5.

     Plaintiffs’ reliance upon Weaver is misplaced.             Weaver, in

obedience   to   its   understanding    of   Sixth   Circuit   law,   merely

concluded that an allegation of deliberate indifference precluded

the defense of qualified immunity without reference to whether the

conduct of the defendant was objectively reasonable, contrary to

the law of this circuit.     Moreover, Weaver is not only a decision

of a district court outside of this circuit, and not a decision of

this Court, but it was handed down almost eighteen months after

Thompson died, and cannot be considered part of any body of law

that was then clearly established.


                                   16
IV.   Standards for Section 1983 Liability

      A.   Individual

      Deliberate indifference in the context of an episodic failure

to provide reasonable medical care to a pretrial detainee means

that: 1) the official was aware of facts from which an inference of

substantial risk of serious harm could be drawn; 2) the official

actually drew that inference; and 3) the official’s response

indicates the official subjectively intended that harm occur. Hare

II, 74 F.3d at 643, 649-50.          However, deliberate indifference

cannot be inferred merely from a negligent or even a grossly

negligent response to a substantial risk of serious harm.          Id. at

645, 49.

      B.   Supervisory

      “Under section 1983, supervisory officials are not liable for

the actions of subordinates on any theory of vicarious liability.”

Thompkins v. Belt, 828 F.2d 298, 303 (5th Cir. 1987).           A sheriff

not personally involved in the acts that deprived the plaintiff of

his constitutional rights is liable under section 1983 if: 1) the

sheriff failed to train or supervise the officers involved; 2)

there is   a   causal   connection   between   the   alleged   failure   to

supervise or train and the alleged violation of the plaintiff’s

rights; and 3) the failure to train or supervise constituted

deliberate indifference to the plaintiff’s constitutional rights.

Smith v. Brenoettsy, 158 F.3d 908, 911-12 (5th Cir. 1998); Doe v.


                                     17
Taylor Independent School District, 15 F.3d 443, 452-54 & nn.7-8

(5th Cir. 1994) (en banc) (adopting the City of Canton v. Harris,

109 S.Ct. 1197, 1205 n.10 (1989), standard of municipal liability

for supervisory liability, thus omitting gross negligence from the

Hinshaw test); Hinshaw v. Doffer, 785 F.2d 1260, 1263 (5th Cir.

1986).

     Proof of more than a single instance of the lack of training

or supervision causing a violation of constitutional rights is

normally required before such lack of training or supervision

constitutes deliberate indifference.     Snyder v. Trepagnier, 142

F.3d 791, 798-99 (5th Cir. 1998); Belt, 828 F.2d at 304-305.    The

plaintiff must generally demonstrate at least a pattern of similar

violations.   Snyder, 142 F.3d at 798.   Furthermore, the inadequacy

of training must be obvious and obviously likely to result in a

constitutional violation.   City of Canton, 109 S.Ct. at 1205 n.10

(1989); Snyder v. Trepagnier, 142 F.3d at 799.    Standing alone, an

expert’s opinion is generally not enough to establish deliberate

indifference.   Id.

V.   Qualified Immunity Standard Applied Here

     A.   Allegation of a Constitutional Violation

     Plaintiffs allege that Tefteller and Whorton were deliberately

indifferent to the serious health needs of Thompson and that

Tefteller and Cross promulgated or failed to promulgate policies

that manifest their deliberate indifference toward the serious


                                 18
medical needs of their detainees.                Plaintiffs have satisfied their

burden to allege, at a high level of generality, a constitutional

violation.        It remains whether defendants’ acts were objectively

reasonable in light of clearly established law.

       B.     Objective Reasonableness of Defendant’s Acts

       At the outset, we highlight the importance of appreciating the

difference        between    the   objective       reasonableness     standard    for

qualified immunity set forth in Part II, supra, and the subjective

deliberate indifference standard for section 1983 liability set

forth in Part IV, supra.           These standards are often confused.            See

Hare III, 135 F.3d at 327-28.              Examples of behavior that does (and

does   not)    constitute        deliberate      indifference   are    relevant    in

assessing the scope of clearly established law and, therefore, are

relevant     in    determining         whether   the   defendants’    actions    were

objectively reasonable. Id. However, when the defendant moves for

summary judgment based on qualified immunity, it is the plaintiff’s

burden to demonstrate that all reasonable officials similarly

situated would have then known that the alleged acts of the

defendants violated the United States Constitution.                    Pierce, 117

F.3d at 872.        That is different from the burden of establishing a

genuine     issue    as     to   the    defendant’s    deliberately    indifferent

subjective state of mind.

       When assessing the scope of clearly established law for step

two, it is necessary to articulate the asserted constitutional


                                            19
right more specifically.

           1.      Sheriff Tefteller

     In his order denying Tefteller’s motion for summary judgment,

the Magistrate identified several issues of fact deemed to be

genuine respecting Tefteller’s ultimate section 1983 liability.

However, many of the “fact issues” relevant to qualified immunity

involved questions of law, e.g., whether Tefteller had a duty under

then current law to force Thompson to undergo medical treatment.

The section of the order devoted to the objective reasonableness of

Tefteller’s actions is very short and ends with the statement that

“fact issues exist as to the objective reasonableness of Sheriff

Tefteller’s acts and/or omissions . . . .”                  The order identifies

various   assertions       of   the   parties       but   does    not    specifically

identify what particular facts the magistrate assumed to be both

genuinely disputed and material in that respect.                         Nor does the

magistrate      actually    find      that     Tefteller’s       actions    were   not

objectively     reasonable,      merely      that   unspecified         “fact   issues”

existed in that respect.         Tefteller challenges the materiality of

the “fact issues”, including Thompson’s competence, and urges that

his undisputed actions were objectively reasonable in light of

clearly established law.

     As to the scope of clearly established law, the question is

whether an unmarried adult, under no guardianship or finding of

incompetency, who is a pretrial detainee at the jail of a small

rural county, holding him on transfer from and as accommodation to

                                          20
a larger neighboring county where he is charged and was arrested

for    DWI,    and    who    while    at   the    smaller   county       jail    becomes

delusional and hallucinatory from DTs, has a clearly established

constitutional right to have his jailers at the smaller county

either force him to submit to medical care for his DTs against his

clearly communicated refusal to do so, or make reasonable efforts

to    locate   a     substitute       decision    maker,    in    lieu   of     promptly

returning him to the custody of the larger county’s jail from which

he was transferred and which has detoxification facilities the

smaller county’s jail lacks.

       As explained in Part III, supra, clearly established law

prevents a jailer from responding to a serious medical need with

deliberate indifference.             However, neither Fielder, Lancaster, nor

Colle clearly established that any jailer–much less one whose

status respecting the inmate is analogous to that of the Marion

County jail respecting Thompson--must either force a conscious,

incompetent,         but    clearly    refusing    inmate    to    undergo      medical

treatment or seek a surrogate decision-maker for the same.9


       9
        As we stated in Pierce, 117 F.3d at 882:

       “We . . . recognize that the egregiousness and outrageousness
       of certain conduct may suffice to obviously locate it within
       the area proscribed by a more general constitutional rule:
       ‘there has never been a section 1983 case accusing welfare
       officials of selling foster children into slavery; it does
       not follow that if such a case arose, the officials would be
       immune from damages liability . . .’ K.H. Through Murphy [v.
       Morgan, 914 F.2d 846] at 851 [7th Cir. 1990]. But the same
       common sense which informs this teaching likewise prevents

                                           21
     Neither is there any statutory duty to impose medical care or

locate a surrogate in these or similar circumstances.

     TEX. HEALTH & SAFETY CODE ANN. § 313.004 (West 2000) requires a

reasonably diligent search for a surrogate only for adult patients

in hospitals or nursing homes who are “comatose, incapacitated, or

otherwise mentally or physically incapable of communication....”

     TEX. HEALTH & SAFETY CODE ANN. § 551.041 (West 2000) applies to

mental   institutions    and   requires   consent   of   three   licensed

physicians before medical care is imposed.

     Notwithstanding that clearly established law does not require

the imposition of medical care or the location of a surrogate

decision-maker, this Court must still query whether Tefteller’s

actions were objectively reasonable in light of that law that was

then clearly established.

     The materiality of Thompson’s competence when he refused

treatment is disputed.    In addition, the plaintiffs claim Thompson


     its expansion to the point of rendering qualified immunity
     an insignificant aberration or infringing on the settled
     doctrine that ‘[i]t is not enough, to justify denying
     immunity, that liability in a particular constellation of
     facts could have been, or even that it was, predicted from
     existing rules and decisions. . . . Liability in that
     particular set [of facts] must have been established at the
     time the defendant acted.’ Id. As the en banc Eleventh
     Circuit stated in Lassiter [v. Alabama A&M University, 28
     F.3d 1146 (11th Cir. 1994)]: ‘For qualified immunity to be
     surrendered, pre-existing law must dictate, that is, truly
     compel (not just suggest or allow or raise a question about),
     the conclusion for every like-situated, reasonable government
     agent that what defendant is doing violates federal law in
     the circumstances.’ Id. at 1150.”

                                   22
was forced to sign the release form, but there is no evidence of

that and the magistrate did not identify that as a genuine issue of

fact.

       Viewing the facts most favorably to the plaintiffs, Thompson

was disoriented and experienced hallucinations throughout Thursday

morning but was able to and did clearly communicate refusals when

repeatedly invited to be transported to the hospital.                 Thompson

also signed a voluntary refusal of treatment form.                 While these

facts support a finding that Thompson was generally incompetent

Thursday morning, the undisputed facts of clearly communicated

refusal to consent and signing of the treatment form cannot be

ignored       when     considering      the    objective   reasonableness     of

Tefteller’s policies and personal involvement with Thompson.                 Put

another way, it would be improper to consider only the fact of

Thompson’s incompetence and not what Thompson actually said and

did.

       Unless        all   reasonable     sheriffs    would     recognize    the

unconstitutionality of failing to instruct their staffs to impose

medical care or locate a surrogate decision-maker in situations

where the adult detainee is disoriented and hallucinating from DTs

but repeatedly and clearly communicates refusal of medical care and

signs     a   form     refusing   treatment,      Tefteller’s    actions    were

objectively reasonable, particularly given the prompt action to

return Thompson to Upshur County.               Given the absence of even a

single case constitutionally requiring the imposition of medical

                                          23
care or location of a surrogate in this or any similar context, it

cannot be said that all reasonable sheriffs would recognize the

unconstitutionality of Tefteller’s supervisory or personal acts or

omissions.10

     Because neither of the rights Thompson asserts were clearly

established at the time of his death, chief jailer Bolick’s actions

were objectively reasonable.    At virtually the first sign of a

serious threat to Thompson’s health, she summoned an ambulance and

shortly thereafter transferred Thompson to a jail that she believed

would provide closer supervision. Clearly established law required

no more.    This confirms that Tefteller’s acts in training and

supervising his staff were objectively reasonable and that sheriff

Tefteller’s personal involvement with Thompson was objectively



     10
      Tefteller relies upon two United States Supreme Court
decisions, Cruzan v. Director of Missouri Department of Health, 497
U.S. 261 (1990), and Bowen v. American Hospital Association, 476
U.S. 610 (1986), for the proposition that he was required by law to
honor Thompson’s request not to be given medical treatment.
     There is no question that a competent person has a “liberty
interest...in refusing unwanted medical treatment.” Cruzan, 497
U.S. at 262.      But here, plaintiffs claim Thompson was not
competent. Cruzan does nothing more than allow a state to require
clear and convincing evidence that the decisions of the surrogate
decision-maker are consistent with the desires of the incompetent
patient. In Cruzan the surrogate demanded that food and hydration
be withheld.
     Tefteller’s actions were objectively reasonable because under
all the circumstances here clearly established constitutional law
did not require him to impose medical care or locate a surrogate,
not merely because of the absence of informed consent. Again, in
reaching this conclusion it is necessary to look beyond the assumed
actual incompetence of Thompson and consider what he actually said
and did as well as the other circumstances.

                                24
reasonable.11   Thus, based on his own acts and the acts of his

staff, Sheriff Tefteller is entitled to qualified immunity.

           2.   Sheriff Cross

     The magistrate’s order denying sheriff Cross’s and Sgt. Whorton’s

motion for summary judgment suffers from infirmities similar to those

in his order denying sheriff Tefteller’s motion.

     Plaintiffs do not allege that sheriff Cross was personally aware

of Thompson’s situation until after he died.     Thus, the issue as to

sheriff Cross’s claim of qualified immunity is whether his policies were

objectively reasonable in light of then clearly established law.

Plaintiffs do not assert that Cross had a policy of ignoring or failing

to monitor the medical needs of detainees. Plaintiffs allege that Cross

failed to provide medical training to his staff, including failure to

inform jailers of the serious health risks posed by DTs. Plaintiffs

point to Sgt. Whorton’s admissions in her deposition that she had no

medical training and was not aware that DTs was a serious medical need

that could result in death.

     Fielder and Lancaster establish that DTs is a serious medical need

and Colle denied qualified immunity when policies were in place that

prevented serious medical needs (in Colle, DTs) from being met. These

cases do not clearly establish that sheriffs must provide medical



     11
       Sheriff Tefteller is also entitled to qualified immunity in his
capacity as Marion County policymaker for the same reasons that sheriff
Cross is entitled to qualified immunity in his capacity as Upshur County
policymaker, as discussed infra.

                                  25
training on the dangers posed by DTs, only that they not have policies

in place that preclude serious medical needs, like DTs, from being met.

Plaintiffs have not identified any policies promulgated by sheriff Cross

(or by Tefteller) that would deny or even impede the prompt provision

of medical care to a detainee in distress.        Plaintiffs have not

identified any law that requires a sheriff or police chief to educate

his staff on the dangers of DTs or any of Cross’s (or Tefteller’s)

policies that would impair the provision of timely medical assistance

to inmates suffering DTs.

     We note in this connection that there is no evidence that inmates

in either Upshur County or Marion County had ever previously suffered

adverse serious health problems which the jail personnel handled

inappropriately.    Nor is there any evidence that either jail had

previously had any inmates who suffered adverse consequences from the

delay or failure of jail personnel to furnish or procure medical

treatment for DTs or the like or from the failure of jail personnel to

recognize either the potential seriousness of an inmate’s DTs or that

an inmate, though able to adequately communicate refusal of medical

treatment, was incompetent to so refuse. Nor is there any evidence of

the extent or frequency either in Texas generally or in the nation as

a whole of instances in which jail inmates suffered any serious adverse

consequences from the failure of jail personnel to recognize the

potential dangerousness of an inmate’s DTs or that an inmate with DTs

though able to adequately communicate refusal of medical treatment was

incompetent to do so, or in which the failure to train jail personnel

                                  26
respecting the medical seriousness of DTs was seriously harmful to

inmates. In these circumstances, and given the lack of precedent on the

matter, we conclude that not all reasonable sheriffs situated similarly

to either sheriff Cross or sheriff Tefteller would realize that the

United States Constitution required them to have their jail personnel

medically trained respecting the likely medical seriousness of an inmate

suffering from DTs and the need to have such an inmate promptly receive

medical care or respecting the inability of such an inmate to legally

or competently refuse medical treatment despite being able to adequately

communicate such refusal. The failure of the sheriffs to furnish such

training cannot reasonably be analogized to welfare officials selling

foster children into slavery (see note 9, supra), at least not so long

as the doctrine of qualified immunity is to retain any significance

beyond the strictly aberrational or symbolic.

     Sheriff Cross’s challenged actions and inaction in promulgating

policies has not been shown to be other than objectively reasonable, and

Cross is entitled to qualified immunity.

     While the issues of qualified immunity and deliberate indifference

are separate and distinct, we note that, as a matter of law, plaintiffs

could not succeed in showing that sheriff Cross, in his role as Upshur

county policymaker, was deliberately indifferent to the serious medical

needs of Thompson.      Our precedent makes clear that deliberate

indifference on the part of a policymaker cannot generally be shown

from a single violation of constitutional rights or expert testimony.



                                  27
Snyder v. Trepagnier, 142 F.3d 791, 798-99 (5th Cir. 1998). As noted

above, no more than the single incident made the basis of this suit has

been shown here.

           3.   Sgt. Whorton

     Clearly established law forbids a significantly exacerbating delay

or a denial of medical care to a detainee suffering from DTs.

Therefore, for her conduct to be objectively reasonable, Sgt. Whorton’s

acts must not have resulted in either.     Whorton was aware that: 1)

Thompson’s blood alcohol level was over 0.3% when he was arrested; 2)

Thompson was hallucinating and, at times, speaking incoherently; 3)

Thompson was injuring himself in his cell; and 4) Thompson was

experiencing DTs. She responded to this situation in a variety of ways:

1) close observation of Thompson; 2) placing Thompson in a straight

jacket (but without the helmet kept available for that sort of

situation); 3) dressing a wound on Thompson’s head; 4) placing

mattresses in Thompson’s cell; 5) calling the hospital to ask for

medical advice, though we must assume for purposes of this interlocutory

appeal that no medical advice was obtained; and 6) instructing jailer

Bishop not to summon medical help for Thompson unless she was contacted

and not to contact her unless Thompson was dying.

     None of these responses involved arranging for professional medical

assistance for Thompson’s serious medical need—DTs. In fact, jailer

Bishop’s affidavit indicates that Whorton’s instructions prevented her

from summoning medical help after Whorton’s shift ended. We believe



                                  28
that in light of clearly established law, all reasonable jailers would

have recognized the constitutional obligation to summon medical

assistance well before Thompson died, at least on the magistrate judge’s

assumption that Whorton did not receive the advice she claimed to have.

Further, again at least on the same assumption, we believe that all

reasonable jailers would have recognized the constitutional obligation

not to instruct her subordinates not to disturb her at home or summon

an ambulance unless a detainee was on the verge of death.       To that

extent the law was clearly established.       We do not believe that

Thompson’s refusal of medical care in Marion County could be reasonably

understood to absolve Whorton of her constitutional duty to summon

professional medical assistance several hours later or justifies her

imposition of the verge of death standard for the provision of

professional medical assistance. Accepting, as we now must, the facts

which the magistrate deemed genuinely in dispute, we cannot find error

in the denial of Whorton’s motion for summary judgment on the basis of

qualified immunity.

     Of course, this does not mean that Whorton in fact acted with

deliberate indifference. Whorton may have subjectively intended that

Thompson be harmed (deliberate indifference) or she may have negligently

(or grossly negligently) believed that his DTs was not a serious medical

need then calling for other response on her part.         The issue of

Whorton’s state of mind is for the trier of fact, assuming (as we must

on this interlocutory appeal, though not on appeal after an adverse



                                  29
final judgment) that a jury could find the facts respecting Whorton as

the magistrate judge assumed.

VI.   Plaintiffs’ Texas Tort Claims Act Claim

      Sheriff Tefteller does not address the magistrate’s denial of his

motion for summary judgment on plaintiffs’ Texas Tort Claims Act claim.

Thus, we cannot disturb the magistrate’s disposition of that motion.

However, the district court would be within its discretion to dismiss,

without prejudice, the remaining claims against sheriff Tefteller

because the section 1983 claim that provided the basis of federal

jurisdiction must be dismissed with prejudice.12

                              Conclusion

      Sheriffs Tefteller and Cross are entitled to qualified immunity

because their conduct has not been shown to be other than objectively

reasonable in light of clearly established law. Sgt. Whorton has not,

given the assumptions we must make on this interlocutory appeal,

demonstrated error in the denial of her motion for summary judgment.

Accordingly, we REVERSE the magistrate’s denials of sheriff Tefteller’s

and sheriff Cross’s motions for summary judgment based on qualified

immunity. We AFFIRM the magistrate’s denial of Sgt. Whorton’s motion

for summary judgment based on qualified immunity.

               AFFIRMED in part, and REVERSED in part




      12
      This would also apply to Cross. The magistrate judge has not
ruled on the defense motions respecting the state law claims against
Cross and Whorton, so they are not before us.

                                  30
