            If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
                 revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.




                         STATE OF MICHIGAN

                          COURT OF APPEALS



PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,                                  UNPUBLISHED
                                                                  June 11, 2019
              Plaintiff-Appellee,

v                                                                 No. 341463
                                                                  Berrien Circuit Court
RYAN MATTHEW KRESTEL,                                             LC No. 2017-015171-FH

              Defendant-Appellant.


Before: BECKERING, P.J., and SERVITTO and STEPHENS, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

        Defendant, Ryan Matthew Krestel, appeals as of right his jury trial convictions of
manufacturing a controlled substance in violation of MCL 333.7401(2)(d)(iii) (amount of
marijuana less than 5 kilograms or fewer than 20 plants), and maintaining a drug house, in
violation of MCL 333.7405(1)(d). The trial court sentenced defendant to concurrent terms of 15
days in jail and 24 months of probation. We affirm.

        In November of 2016, the Michigan State Police executed a search warrant at a home
located on Spring Creek Road in Galien Township. The home was leased in the name of R.J.
Serata, whom defendant states is his uncle. There was no one at the home when they executed
the warrant. Police seized 32 marijuana plants from the unlocked basement of the home, 55
ounces of marijuana from the kitchen freezer, 20 ounces of marijuana from a bedroom cabinet,
and 31 plants from a locked barn on the property. When one of the officers went back to the
home a week later to serve paperwork on the homeowner/renter, a truck with an Illinois license
plate was in the driveway and defendant was coming out of the front door of the house.
Defendant advised the he was a medical marijuana patient and was also a caregiver to five other
patients. Although defendant provided valid medical marijuana registry cards to the officer, he
was charged with one count of manufacturing a controlled substance and maintaining a drug
house.
        Defendant moved for dismissal or, alternatively, an evidentiary hearing with respect to
whether he was immune from prosecution under the Michigan Medical Marihuana Act
(MMMA),1 MCL 333.26421 et seq. He additionally brought a motion to dismiss the charges
against him, asserting he was entitled to assert a defense under the MMMA. At the conclusion
of an evidentiary hearing, the trial court ruled that defendant did not establish entitlement to
immunity under MCL 333.26424 (§ 4 of the MMMA) because he was a resident of Illinois,
rather than Michigan, and that defendant was further not entitled to an affirmative defense under
MCL 333.26428 (§ 8 of the MMMA). The trial court also ordered that defense counsel was to
pay $500 in sanctions for failing to make reasonable inquiry of defendant’s residency and then,
after the evidence established defendant’s Illinois residency, continuing to attempt to advance a
claim that he knew or should have known was false.

        Defendant, thereafter, moved to disqualify the trial judge based on his assertion that the
court demonstrated a strong bias against marijuana, medical marijuana, individuals who move to
Michigan to participate in Michigan’s medical marijuana program, defendant, and defense
counsel. The motion was denied. This Court rejected defendant’s emergency application for
leave to appeal the order denying his motion. People v Krestel, unpublished order of the Court
of Appeals issued August 22, 2017 (Docket No. 339332). Defendant proceeded to a jury trial, at
the conclusion of which he was convicted, as stated above.

       On appeal, defendant first argues that the trial court erred by rejecting defendant’s § 4
claim for immunity under the MMMA. We disagree.

       There are “two sections of the MMMA that provide separate protections from
prosecution for offenses involving marijuana.” People v Kolanek, 491 Mich 382, 394; 817
NW2d 528 (2012). Our Supreme Court explained in Kolanek that § 4, codified at MCL
333.26424, grants individuals possessing registry identification cards “broad immunity from
criminal prosecution, civil penalties, and disciplinary actions . . . .” Id. at 394-395.
Comparatively, § 8, codified at MCL 333.26428, “provides an affirmative defense to charges
involving marijuana for its medical use . . . .” Id. at 396.

        Under the MMMA, it is a defendant’s burden to prove § 4 immunity by a preponderance
of the evidence. People v Hartwick, 498 Mich 192, 217; 870 NW2d 37 (2015). We review the
trial court’s ruling on a motion to dismiss for abuse of discretion and will not set aside the trial
court’s factual findings unless we find them clearly erroneous, i.e., we hold a definite and firm
conviction that the trial court made a mistake. See People v Bylsma, 493 Mich 17, 26; 825
NW2d 543 (2012). A trial court necessarily abuses its discretion when it makes an error of law.
People v Tackman, 319 Mich App 460, 469; 901 NW2d 638 (2017) (quotation marks and
citation omitted).



1
  “Although the statutory provisions at issue refer to ‘marihuana’ and ‘usable marihuana,’ by
convention this Court uses the more common spelling ‘marijuana’ in its opinions.” People v
Carruthers, 301 Mich App 590, 593 n 1; 837 NW2d 16 (2013) (quotation marks and citation
omitted).


                                                -2-
        Defendant argues that the trial court clearly erred when it held that defendant was not a
resident of Michigan and, therefore, could not validly assert immunity or a defense under the
MMMA. Citing People v Jones, 301 Mich App 566, 578-579; 837 NW2d 7 (2013), the trial
court reasoned that defendant could not validly assert either § 4 immunity or a § 8 defense
because he was not a resident of this state. Notably, Jones referred only to § 4 immunity when it
held that “Michigan residency is a prerequisite to the issuance and valid possession of a registry
identification card.” See Jones, 301 Mich App at 578-579. Because one needs to be a Michigan
resident in order to legally obtain a registry card, it necessarily follows, as this Court held in
Jones, that one must be a Michigan resident in order to assert § 4 immunity, which requires that
the individual validly possess a registry identification card. This finding is consistent with the
MMMA.

       MCL 333.26426 provides:

       (a) The department shall issue registry identification cards to qualifying patients
       who submit the following, in accordance with the department’s rules:

       (1) A written certification;

       (2) Application or renewal fee;

       (3) Name, address, and date of birth of the qualifying patient, except that if the
       applicant is homeless, no address is required;

       (4) Name, address, and telephone number of the qualifying patient’s physician;

       (5) Name, address, and date of birth of the qualifying patient’s primary caregiver,
       if any;

       (6) Proof of Michigan residency. For the purposes of this subdivision, a person
       shall be considered to have proved legal residency in this state if any of the
       following apply:

       (i) The person provides a copy of a valid, lawfully obtained Michigan driver
       license issued under the Michigan vehicle code, 1949 PA 300, MCL 257.1 to
       257.923, or an official state personal identification card issued under 1972 PA
       222, MCL 28.291 to 28.300.

       (ii) The person provides a copy of a valid Michigan voter registration.

Thus, in order to obtain a patient registry identification card, an individual must provide proof of
Michigan residency in the form of a Michigan driver’s license, or an official state personal
identification card, or a valid Michigan voter registration. While a person may be homeless and
still obtain a registry identification card under the language of the statute, that person must still
present one of the specified proofs of Michigan residency in order to obtain the card. Moreover,
if one presents a copy of a Michigan driver’s license, a Michigan identification card or a
Michigan voter registration as proof of residency, the forms of identification must be valid and
lawfully obtained. MCL 333.26426(a)(6)(i) (emphasis added).

                                                -3-
        Here, based upon the evidence presented to the trial court and considering the forms of
proofs accepted to establish Michigan residency, we cannot conclude that the trial court clearly
erred in finding that defendant was not a Michigan resident. Defendant testified that he moved
from Illinois to Michigan around March or April of 2014 and resided for the first year at a Creek
Drive residence in New Buffalo, Michigan. He testified that he applied for a Michigan medical
marijuana registry card “a couple of weeks” after he moved.

        While defendant applied for and obtained a Michigan driver’s license on March 14, 2014,
that Michigan driver’s license was cancelled the same day due to it being a nonresidential
address. Admittedly, the licensing issue is confusing due to defendant presenting to the trial
court a Michigan driver’s license in his name issued March 14, 2014, and containing a New
Buffalo address in Michigan, and bearing a sticker on the back of the license dated October 27,
2015, changing his address to 717 St. Joseph Drive, Suite 107 in St. Joseph, Michigan. That
address was in actuality not a suite, but a post office box located at a UPS store in St. Joseph,
some 25 or more miles from defendant’s claimed New Buffalo home. It would appear, then, that
defendant was permitted to change his address on his Michigan driver’s license after it had been
cancelled. However, a police officer testified at the evidentiary hearing that they must rely on
LIEN records for licensing information and that the Secretary of State documents show that
defendant’s Michigan license was cancelled on March 14, 2014, for a nonresidential address.
Additionally, Illinois licensing records show that defendant was issued a renewed driver’s
license in the state of Illinois on July 6, 2015.

        Defendant testified that he resided at the New Buffalo address for a year, and then moved
to a house rented by his uncle on Spring Creek Road in Galien Township in 2015, where he still
resided.2 He testified that he had a verbal agreement with his uncle to pay rent, but produced no
records to show that he did pay rent or any other bills at the Spring Creek Road address.
Defendant testified that he now had a Michigan driver’s license with the Spring Creek Road
address on it, but admitted that he did not obtain the license until after his November 2017 arrest
in this matter.

         Defendant confirmed that he drove a 2003 Ford pickup truck with an Illinois-issued
license plate. He renewed that Illinois plate on July 7, 2016, using his parents’ Illinois address.
That vehicle, along with defendant, was at the Spring Creek Road residence when police
returned to it approximately one week after the search warrant had been executed. Defendant
testified that he now had a Michigan license plate on that vehicle, but admitted that the license
plate had been obtained after his arrest.

       A police officer testified at the evidentiary hearing that when he made contact with
defendant at the Spring Creek Road address, he asked defendant where he lived or stayed.
Defendant initially provided him the post office box address. The officer testified that he told
defendant that was a post office box and asked again where he actually lived. Defendant told the


2
 Interestingly, defendant listed the post office box as his address when he signed the February
14, 2017 advice of rights form in this matter, but listed the Spring Creek Road address on his bail
bond form.


                                                -4-
officer that he “sometimes” lived at the Spring Creek Road address and seemed hesitant to
provide any information as to his actual residence.

        Further evidence produced at the evidentiary hearing indicating that defendant was a
resident of Illinois included a checkbook bearing defendant’s name and an Illinois address,
current bank and credit cards issued to defendant by an Illinois bank, and a voter registration
card from Illinois in defendant’s name. And, while defendant testified that everything he owned
was located at the Spring Creek home rented by his uncle and that his uncle resided at the home
as well, only one of the two bedrooms in the home apparently contained clothing and other items
that would indicate its regular use as a bedroom.

         The trial court is charged with making the factual decision of whether a defendant
seeking immunity under § 4 or a defense under § 8 possessed a valid registry identification card
at the time of the charged offense. Our Supreme Court has held that, for purposes of a § 4
immunity hearing, the trial court acts “as both the finder of fact and arbiter of law.” See
Hartwick, 498 Mich at 214. “To determine whether a defendant is entitled to § 4 immunity, a
trial court must make factual determinations, including whether the defendant has a valid registry
identification card and whether he or she complied with the volume, storage, and medical use
limitations.” People v Manuel, 319 Mich App 291, 299; 901 NW2d 118 (2017) (quotation marks
and citation omitted). To determine whether defendant had a valid registry identification card,
the trial court must necessarily determine whether defendant had proven his Michigan residency.
In this case, the trial court made a finding of fact based on credible evidence that defendant was
not a resident of the State of Michigan and had acted fraudulently. Defendant presented no
contrary evidence other than his own conclusory testimony, which the trial court found
incredible. In fact, the trial court stated at the evidentiary hearing that defendant “was perhaps
one of the least credible witnesses I’ve seen in 13 years on the bench.” We defer to the trial
court’s superior ability to view the evidence and gauge the credibility of witnesses. See People v
Galloway, 259 Mich App 634, 638; 675 NW2d 883 (2003).

        A valid, legally obtained Michigan driver’s license, or a Michigan personal identification
card, or a valid Michigan voter registration card are the methods through which to establish
patient residency under MCL 333.26426(a)(6)(i). It can be concluded from the evidence
presented that defendant did not have a valid and lawfully obtained Michigan driver’s license (or
a valid Michigan personal identification card, or a valid Michigan voter registration card) and
that he was not a Michigan resident under that section. He could thus not assert § 4 immunity as
a marijuana patient.

     Notably, Michigan residency is not specified as a requirement for primary caregivers.
MCL 333.26426(d) states:

       The department shall issue a registry identification card to the primary caregiver,
       if any, who is named in a qualifying patient’s approved application; provided that
       each qualifying patient can have no more than 1 primary caregiver, and a primary
       caregiver may assist no more than 5 qualifying patients with their medical use of
       marihuana.



                                               -5-
However, in Jones, the court made no distinction, for residency requirement purposes, between
patients and caregivers. The defendant in that case had a patient registry card as well as registry
cards indicating she was a primary caregiver for other patients, but the Court found that she was
not entitled to § 4 immunity at all. While at the time Jones was decided, there was no proof of
Michigan residency requirement contained in MCL 333.26426, the Jones Court indicated that the
subsequent change to MCL 333.26426 requiring proof of Michigan residency to obtain a registry
identification card did not affect its analysis. Id. at 577 n 6. In its analysis, the Jones Court
looked to the language in the MMMA referring to Michigan citizens (MCL 333.264229(c)) and a
provision regarding medical use of marijuana by visitors to Michigan (MCL 333.26423(p)),
indicating that if the MMMA were read not to require Michigan residency, there would be no
need to make these references. Id. at 578-579. These cited references in the MMMA remain.
We are therefore bound by the Jones Court analysis and its ultimate holding that it “affirm[s] the
trial court’s conclusion that Michigan residency is a prerequisite to valid possession of a registry
identification card.” Id. at 579.

        Based upon the evidence and controlling case law, we are not convinced that the trial
court’s determination defendant was not a Michigan resident and thus not entitled to § 4
immunity as a patient or caregiver was in clear error. The fact that defendant possessed a patient
registry card and caregiver identification cards makes no difference.

        In Tackman, 319 Mich App at 463, defendant Tackman was issued a registry
identification card in October of 2011 and became a caregiver sometime before September of
2014. In May of 2014, Tackman was convicted of a felony but was permitted, under his
probationary terms, to continue to be a caregiver until August of 2014. Id. at 464. In September
of 2014, Tackman was found to have a marijuana “grow” operation in his garage, possessing 21
marijuana plants and 81.1 grams of marijuana. He was thus charged with delivery or
manufacture of marijuana and maintaining a drug house, among other things. Id. at 465-466.
The trial court dismissed the charges against Tackman based upon § 4 of the MMMA, finding
that Tackman possessed a caregiver card under the MMMA and the amount of marijuana found
was within the statutory limits. Id. at 468. On appeal, this Court reversed the trial court’s
decision. We stated:

       It is undisputed that [] Tackman [] had been convicted of a felony before the
       September 2014 search[] of [his] home[]. For that reason, [he was not] eligible
       for § 4(b) caregiver immunity. That is necessarily so because MCL 333.26423(k)
       of the MMMA in part defines a “primary caregiver” or “caregiver” as one who
       “has not been convicted of any felony within the past 10 years and has never been
       convicted of a felony involving illegal drugs . . . .” [] Tackman [did not] meet that
       definition. Id. at 470.

This Court further found that Tackman was not eligible for patient immunity, because he
possessed an amount of marijuana in excess of what was statutorily allowed for a patient. Id.
The Tackman Court held that because definition of “caregiver” specifically restricts that status to
persons who have not been convicted of any felony within the past 10 years, whether Tackman
possessed a valid, unrevoked caregiver card at the time of his actions and conviction was
irrelevant. “Accordingly, Tackman’s May 2014 conviction deprived him of caregiver status in
connection with the September 2014 search of his home and the criminal proceedings that

                                                -6-
followed.” Id. at 471-472. Similarly, here, § 4 immunity is restricted to Michigan residents and
because defendant did not establish Michigan residency through a valid, lawfully obtained
means, he could not be a qualified patient or primary caregiver and was not entitled to assert
either such status.

         This does not end our inquiry, however, because defendant has additionally argued that
the trial court erred in rejecting his § 8 affirmative defense under the MMMA. “[T]he language
of § 8 permits those individuals who are not registered cardholding patients to assert the § 8
affirmative defense.” Kolanek, 491 Mich at 398. § 8 provides an affirmative defense to
“patients” or “a person” generally. Id. § 4 and § 8 are thus “separate and distinct protections and
require different showings . . . .” Id. at 401. Moreover, § 4 and § 8 are mutually exclusive, and a
defendant is not required to establish the elements of § 4 in order to avail himself of the § 8
affirmative defense. Id. at 403.

       § 8 provides, in relevant part:

       (a) Except as provided in section 7(b),1 a patient and a patient’s primary
       caregiver, if any, may assert the medical purpose for using marihuana as a defense
       to any prosecution involving marihuana, and this defense shall be presumed valid
       where the evidence shows that:

       (1) A physician has stated that, in the physician’s professional opinion, after
       having completed a full assessment of the patient’s medical history and current
       medical condition made in the course of a bona fide physician-patient
       relationship, the patient is likely to receive therapeutic or palliative benefit from
       the medical use of marihuana to treat or alleviate the patient’s serious or
       debilitating medical condition or symptoms of the patient’s serious or debilitating
       medical condition;

       (2) The patient and the patient’s primary caregiver, if any, were collectively in
       possession of a quantity of marihuana that was not more than was reasonably
       necessary to ensure the uninterrupted availability of marihuana for the purpose of
       treating or alleviating the patient’s serious or debilitating medical condition or
       symptoms of the patient’s serious or debilitating medical condition; and

       (3) The patient and the patient’s primary caregiver, if any, were engaged in the
       acquisition, possession, cultivation, manufacture, use, delivery, transfer, or
       transportation of marihuana or paraphernalia relating to the use of marihuana to
       treat or alleviate the patient’s serious or debilitating medical condition or
       symptoms of the patient’s serious or debilitating medical condition.

       (b) A person may assert the medical purpose for using marihuana in a motion to
       dismiss, and the charges shall be dismissed following an evidentiary hearing
       where the person shows the elements listed in subsection (a). [MCL 333.26428]

“Alternatively, if a defendant establishes a prima facie case for this affirmative defense . . . but
material questions of fact exist, then dismissal of the charges is not appropriate and the defense
must be submitted to the jury.” Kolanek, 491 Mich at 412. The trial judge “must preclude from
                                                -7-
the jury’s consideration evidence that is legally insufficient to support the § 8 defense” if no
reasonable juror could conclude that defendant satisfied the elements constituting the defense.
Id.

        We see nothing in the statutory text of § 8 necessarily purporting to limit the availability
of an affirmative defense solely to Michigan residents. However, we need not decide whether
any residency requirement is applicable to a § 8 affirmative defense in this case because, without
respect to residency, we are satisfied that defendant is unable to satisfy the requirements for
validly asserting the defense.

        At the evidentiary hearing, defendant was unable to present prima facie evidence that the
quantity of marijuana he possessed “was not more than was reasonably necessary to ensure the
uninterrupted availability” of marijuana for himself and those for whom he assisted as primary
caretaker. MCL 333.26428(a)(2). In Hartwick, our Supreme Court rejected an argument that the
specific volume limitations applicable to § 4 apply to determining reasonableness under § 8. See
Hartwick, 498 Mich at 233-234. Our Supreme Court explained:

               A patient seeking to assert a § 8 affirmative defense may have to testify
       about whether a specific amount of marijuana alleviated the debilitating medical
       condition and if not, what adjustments were made to the consumption rate and the
       amount of marijuana consumed to determine an appropriate quantity. Once the
       patient establishes the amount of usable marijuana needed to treat the patient’s
       debilitating medical condition, determining whether the patient possessed “a
       quantity of marihuana that was not more than was reasonably necessary to ensure
       [its] uninterrupted availability” also depends on how the patient obtains marijuana
       and the reliability of this source. This would necessitate some examination of the
       patient/caregiver relationship.

              The same analysis applies to primary caregivers seeking to present a
       defense under § 8. Primary caregivers must establish the amount of usable
       marijuana needed to treat their patients’ debilitating medical conditions and then
       how many marijuana plants the primary caregiver needs to grow in order ensure
       “uninterrupted availability” for the caregiver’s patients. This likely would include
       testimony regarding how much usable marijuana each patient required and how
       many marijuana plants and how much usable marijuana the primary caregiver
       needed in order to ensure each patient the “uninterrupted availability” of
       marijuana. [Id. at 234-235.]

       Here, the trial court found, and the evidence supported, that defendant possessed
approximately 65 usable ounces of marijuana, as well as 63 marijuana plants. The trial court
accepted defendant’s testimony that he and his patients would need one to two ounces of
marijuana every two weeks (for a high-end total of six ounces per week) even though a law
enforcement officer testified that this amount, in his experience, was likely excessive. The trial
court determined that the 65 ounces of usable marijuana possessed by defendant was far in
excess of a reasonable quantity. We agree.



                                                -8-
       Defendant’s testimony failed to undertake any searching review of the amount of
marijuana needed to individually treat his five patients’ debilitating medical conditions and to
determine how many marijuana plants were necessary to maintain “uninterrupted availability.”
At most, defendant spoke in generalities and none of his patients appeared to testify. In his brief
on appeal, defendant makes no attempt to point to any testimony setting forth the reasonableness
of the quantity of marijuana possessed in relation to “how much usable marijuana the primary
caregiver needed in order to ensure each patient” an uninterrupted supply. See id. at 235
(emphasis added). Therefore, we hold that the trial court properly rejected defendant’s assertion
of a § 8 defense because no reasonable juror, on this evidence, could have concluded that the
amount of marijuana defendant possessed was reasonable in relation to the medical needs of
defendant and his patients.

      Finally, defendant argues that he did not receive a fair trial. He asserts a variety of
grounds, none of which merit relief.

        First, defendant maintains that he was denied due process and a fair proceeding because
the chief circuit court judge, who reviewed the trial judge’s denial of defendant’s motion for
disqualification, did not allow an opportunity for briefing or oral argument and decided the
matter without the benefit of a transcript of the denial of defendant’s motion. 3 Because the chief
judge’s review in this case was de novo, the resulting decision was the product of an independent
judicial view of defendant’s motion and no error is attributable to the chief judge’s asserted
inability to review the trial court judge’s initial impressions or decision-making process.
Similarly, this Court has held that the inability to present oral argument is, at worst, harmless
error because courts “decide cases without oral argument on a routine basis” and, under the court
rules, briefs filed in the circuit court “should contain all of the arguments, issues, facts and law
necessary for a proper resolution of the case.” See Westland v Kodlowski, 298 Mich App 647,
662; 828 NW2d 67 (2012), reversed in part on other grounds 495 Mich 871 (2013).

        Next, defendant argues the substantive merits of his disqualification motion, principally
arguing that the trial judge showed a bias toward marijuana or marijuana users.
“Disqualification pursuant to the Due Process Clause is only required ‘in the most extreme
cases.’ ” In re MKK, 286 Mich App 546, 567; 781 NW2d 132 (2009), quoting Cain v Dep’t of
Corrections, 451 Mich 470, 498; 548 NW2d 210 (1996).

               Under MCR 2.003(C)(1)(a), a judge must be disqualified from hearing a
       case in which he or she cannot act impartially or is biased against a party.
       “[J]udicial rulings, in and of themselves, almost never constitute a valid basis for
       a motion alleging bias, unless the judicial opinion displays a ‘deep-seated
       favoritism or antagonism that would make fair judgment impossible and
       overcomes a heavy presumption of judicial impartiality.’ ” Armstrong v Ypsilanti
       Charter Twp, 248 Mich App 573, 597; 640 NW2d 321 (2001), quoting Cain, 451


3
  Where a judge denies a motion asserting the judge is disqualified from hearing a case, MCR
2.003(D)(3)(a)(i) allows the defendant to request that the challenged judge “refer the motion to
the chief judge, who shall decide the motion de novo.”


                                                -9-
       Mich at 496 (quotation marks and citation omitted). In fact, “a trial judge’s
       remarks made during trial, which are critical of or hostile to counsel, the parties,
       or their cases, ordinarily do not establish disqualifying bias.” In re MKK, 286
       Mich App at 567. Under MCR 2.003(C)(1)(b), the test for determining whether
       there is an appearance of impropriety is “ ‘whether the conduct would create in
       reasonable minds a perception that the judge’s ability to carry out judicial
       responsibilities with integrity, impartiality and competence is impaired.’ ” People
       v Aceval, 486 Mich 887, 889; 781 NW2d 779 (2010) (statement by HATHAWAY,
       J., quoting Caperton [v Massey, 556 US 868, 888; 129 S Ct 2252; 173 L Ed 2d
       1208 (2009)]. [Kern v Kern-Koskela, 320 Mich App 212, 231-232; 905 NW2d
       453 (2017).]

Although defendant is able to point to several statements disparaging marijuana evidently made
by the trial judge during sentencings of other defendants, he provides no foundation for the
contexts or circumstances of these cherry-picked statements. In any event, this Court has held
that “[a] generalized hostility toward a class of claimants does not present disqualifying bias.”
MKK, 286 Mich App at 566. Similarly, defendant argues that the trial judge interrupted defense
counsel repeatedly. However, defense counsel fails to note that, at the very inception of the first
day of the motion hearing, the trial judge remarked, after defense counsel interrupted him, that in
the trial judge’s experience, defense counsel has “a terrible habit” of interrupting the court that
he should try to avoid. None of these alleged sources of bias overcome the presumption of
impartiality by rising to the level of undermining, or appearing to undermine, the trial judge’s
integrity, impartiality and competence. Kern-Koskela, 320 Mich App at 231-232.

        Defendant also argues that the prosecution did not provide defense counsel with
documentation evidencing that defendant maintained his residence in Illinois, thereby violating
defendant’s constitutional rights. This argument also fails. Defendant had no general
constitutional right to discovery, and due process requires only that the prosecution “disclose
evidence in its possession that is exculpatory and material,” not evidence that is potentially
incriminating. See People v Jackson, 292 Mich App 583, 590-591; 808 NW2d 541 (2011),
citing Brady v Maryland, 373 US 83, 87; 83 S Ct 1194; 10 L Ed 2d 215 (1963). Again, the only
items defendant sought related to his alleged residency, evidence that was within defendant’s
own knowledge or ability to obtain and was not exculpatory in nature.

       Next, defendant claims error because the trial court did not agree to a continuance after
defense counsel informed it that defendant’s medical doctor recently underwent shoulder surgery
and was unable to appear at the scheduled motion hearing. Again, we find no merit in this
contention. We review a trial court’s ruling on a defendant’s request for an adjournment or
continuance for an abuse of discretion. People v Snider, 239 Mich App 393, 421; 608 NW2d
502 (2000).

        “A motion for adjournment must be based on good cause.” People v Coy, 258 Mich App
1, 18; 669 NW2d 831 (2003). MCR 2.503(C), which governs the granting of adjournments on
the basis of the unavailability of a witness or evidence, provides:

              (1) A motion to adjourn a proceeding because of the unavailability of a
       witness or evidence must be made as soon as possible after ascertaining the facts.

                                               -10-
               (2) An adjournment may be granted on the ground of unavailability of a
       witness or evidence only if the court finds that the evidence is material and that
       diligent efforts have been made to produce the witness or evidence.

Accordingly, in light of MCR 2.503, this Court has opined that

       to invoke the trial court’s discretion to grant a continuance or adjournment, a
       defendant must show both good cause and diligence. People v Taylor, 159 Mich
       App 468, 489; 406 NW2d 859 (1987). “Good cause” factors include “whether
       defendant (1) asserted a constitutional right, (2) had a legitimate reason for
       asserting the right, (3) had been negligent, and (4) had requested previous
       adjournments.” People v Lawton, 196 Mich App 341, 348; 492 NW2d 810
       (1992). Even with good cause and due diligence, the trial court’s denial of a
       request for an adjournment or continuance is not grounds for reversal unless the
       defendant demonstrates prejudice as a result of the abuse of discretion. Snider,
       239 Mich App at 421-422. [Coy, 258 Mich App at 18-19.]

        In this case, defendant did not take diligent steps to produce the medical doctor. Defense
counsel admitted that he learned of the doctor’s surgery “relatively recently,” without stating
exactly when. We also note that the trial court held a case conference just a few weeks prior to
the evidentiary hearing. Defendant did not promptly inform the prosecution or the trial court
about the potential absence of defendant’s witness, despite this period of time and the ample
opportunity to do so. Accordingly, defense counsel’s request for an adjournment was not “made
as soon as possible after ascertaining the facts,” as required by MCR 2.503(C)(1). We also note
that defense counsel did not attempt to subpoena the witness, although it was his right to do so.
See MCR 2.506. Had defense counsel subpoenaed him, the doctor could have asserted the
impossibility of his attendance due to medical reasons, at which point the trial court would have
been in a position to conduct a special hearing on the issue of his attendance or simply adjourn
the hearing to another date. See MCR 2.506(C)(3). We also note that defense counsel could
provide no assurances to the trial court when, or if, the witness would appear. Given defendant’s
lack of diligence, we conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying
defendant’s request for an adjournment.

        We also uphold the trial court’s imposition of a $500 sanction against defense counsel for
failing to conduct a reasonable inquiry as to his client’s residency. We review defendant’s claim
on this issue for clear error. See In re Costs & Attorney Fees, 250 Mich App 89, 94; 645 NW2d
697 (2002). “MCR 2.114(D)[4] imposes various requirements of good faith and reasonable
inquiry upon the signatories of legal pleadings.” People v Herrera (On Remand), 204 Mich App
333, 337; 514 NW2d 543 (1994). The court rule expressly permits the imposition of sanctions
against attorneys who fail to comply with these requirements in criminal cases. Id. at 337-338.
More specifically,


4
  We note that MCR 2.114 was repealed effective September 1, 2018. The existing language
transferred to MCR 1.109. MCR 2.114 remained in effect at the time the trial court imposed
sanctions.


                                              -11-
       [t]he frivolous-claim-or-defense provisions of the Michigan Court Rules . . .
       “impose an affirmative duty on each attorney to conduct a reasonable inquiry into
       the factual and legal viability of a pleading before it is signed.” Attorney General
       v Harkins, 257 Mich App 564, 576; 669 NW2d 296 (2003). The reasonableness
       of the attorney’s inquiry is determined by an objective standard, not the attorney’s
       subjective good faith. Id. The purpose of imposing sanctions for asserting a
       frivolous action or defense is to deter parties and their attorneys from filing
       documents or asserting claims or defenses that have not been sufficiently
       investigated and researched or that are intended to serve an improper purpose.
       BJ’s & Sons Constr Co, Inc v Van Sickle, 266 Mich App 400, 405; 700 NW2d
       432 (2005) (quotation marks and citation omitted). A court must determine
       whether a claim or defense is frivolous on the basis of the circumstances at the
       time it was asserted. Robert A. Hansen Family Trust v. FGH Indus, LLC, 279
       Mich App 468, 486; 760 NW2d 526 (2008). [Meisner Law Group PC v Weston
       Downs Condo Ass’n, 321 Mich App 702, 731-732; 909 NW2d 890 (2017).]

        During the first day of the two-day evidentiary hearing, defense counsel repeatedly
complained that the prosecution had not provided him with notice that it possessed documentary
records reflecting that defendant lived in Illinois and not in Michigan. In response, the trial court
stated that, “[i]n doing [his] research and preparation for this motion, [defense counsel] could
have very easily requested, potentially, false and fraudulent documents filed by [his] client.”
After hearing defendant’s testimony, the trial court remarked that defendant “was perhaps one of
the least credible witnesses” the trial court had seen over 13 years on the bench, and specifically
asked defense counsel whether he wished to proceed and whether defense counsel still
maintained that the motion was in good faith. The trial court warned that it intended to sanction
defense counsel if the “absurd” evidence continued. The trial court also noted that defense
counsel had “demonstrated a history in this court of filing baseless, groundless pleadings,” which
increased the cost of litigation and caused unnecessary delay.

        On these facts, we conclude that the trial court did not clearly err in concluding that
defendant’s asserted defenses were frivolous. Defense counsel, before signing the motion, was
subject to an affirmative duty to conduct a reasonable inquiry into the factual and legal viability
of the purported defense. Despite this affirmative obligation, defense counsel essentially
admitted that he undertook no investigation and simply maintained that his client told him that he
lived in Michigan. Defense counsel did not state whether he undertook any investigation, let
alone a reasonable inquiry under the circumstances. Other than defendant’s own testimony,
which the court found completely lacking in credibility, the defense did not present any other
witness or documentary evidence supporting a claim of residency or, for that matter, the other
necessary elements supporting the asserted defenses.5


5
  There was no explanation for why defense counsel was so unprepared to refute the
prosecution’s strategy of focusing on defendant’s residency, which was a key component of
questioning during defendant’s preliminary examination. The prosecutor even advanced this
exact argument in support of binding over the charges.


                                                -12-
        In his final argument, defendant contends that the prosecutor violated a promise not to
mention the MMMA during closing arguments at the jury trial when the prosecutor stated that
“[t]here’s been no testimony or evidence that this was somehow a legal grow operation.” We
disagree. First, defendant is unable to point to any such promise in the record. Moreover, as the
prosecution correctly points out, our Supreme Court has held that a prosecutor “may observe that
the evidence against the defendant is ‘uncontroverted’ or ‘undisputed.’ ” People v Fields, 450
Mich 94, 115; 538 NW2d 356 (1995). Assuming, as defense counsel asserted at trial, that the
prosecutor’s comment had the effect of suggesting that defendant carried any burden of proof,
the creation of such an inference would be error. However, we do not read the comment as
creating any such inference and, even if it did, the trial court specifically instructed the jury to
follow only the trial court’s instructions on the applicable law. This Court presumes that the jury
followed this instruction, further curing any possible error stemming from the prosecutor’s
statement. See People v Abraham, 256 Mich App 265, 279; 662 NW2d 836 (2003).

       Affirmed.



                                                             /s/ Jane M. Beckering
                                                             /s/ Deborah A. Servitto
                                                             /s/ Cynthia Diane Stephens




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