        IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                         AT NASHVILLE
                            Assigned on Briefs May 13, 2015

           CHRISTOPHER M. MIMMS v. STATE OF TENNESSEE

                Appeal from the Circuit Court for Montgomery County
                      No. 40901172     Michael R. Jones, Judge


                 No. M2014-01616-CCA-R3-PC – Filed June 29, 2015


The petitioner, Christopher M. Mimms, appeals the denial of his petition for post-
conviction relief from his Montgomery County Circuit Court jury convictions of the sale
of .5 grams or more of cocaine and the sale of .5 grams or more of cocaine within a drug-
free school zone, claiming that he was denied the effective assistance of counsel.
Discerning no error, we affirm.

             Tenn. R. App. P. 3; Judgment of the Circuit Court Affirmed

JAMES CURWOOD WITT, JR., J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which ROBERT L.
HOLLOWAY, JR., and ROBERT H. MONTGOMERY, JR., JJ., joined.

James Kevin Cartwright, Clarksville, Tennessee, for the appellant, Christopher M.
Mimms.

Herbert H. Slatery III, Attorney General and Reporter; Andrew C. Coulam, Assistant
Attorney General; John W. Carney, District Attorney General; and Helen Young,
Assistant District Attorney General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.

                                         OPINION

               A Montgomery County Circuit Court jury convicted the petitioner, who had
originally been charged with eight drug-related offenses, of two counts of the sale of .5
grams or more of cocaine, one of which occurred within a drug-free school zone. The
State dismissed one of the counts prior to trial, and the jury failed to return verdicts on the
remaining counts. See State v. Christopher M. Mimms, No. M2011-02712-CCA-R3-CD,
slip op. at 2 (Tenn. Crim. App., Nashville, Feb. 8, 2013), perm. app. denied (Tenn. June
12, 2013). The evidence adduced at the petitioner‟s trial, with respect to the conviction
offenses (counts one and five of the indictment), established that the petitioner engaged in
two controlled cocaine transactions with a confidential informant and that one of those
transactions occurred in the parking lot of a convenience store that was less than 1,000
feet from Norman Smith Elementary School. See id., slip op. at 3, 5, 6. On direct appeal,
the petitioner challenged the sufficiency of the evidence supporting the jury‟s finding that
the second offense occurred in a drug-free school zone, the instructions provided to the
jury, and the introduction of certain testimony. See id., slip op. at 1. We deemed the
evidence sufficient to support both of the petitioner‟s convictions and concluded that the
petitioner had waived his challenges to the jury instructions “by failing to include a
complete copy of the transcript of the jury instructions and verdict forms, and by failing
to make a contemporaneous objection at trial.” Id., slip op. at 10. We also concluded
that the petitioner had waived his evidentiary challenge by failing to lodge a
contemporaneous objection. See id., slip op. at 11-12.

               On September 20, 2013, the petitioner filed a petition for post-conviction
relief, alleging that he had been deprived of the effective assistance of counsel at trial and
on appeal.

               At the July 17, 2014 evidentiary hearing, the petitioner testified that on the
Friday before his trial began, his trial counsel contacted him to advise him that a plea
offer had been made by the State. He said that he went to trial counsel‟s office to sign the
agreement, which provided for a 10-year sentence to be served on probation, but that, at
some point, “the deal went off.” He explained, “I don‟t know what happened, but . . .
[counsel] told me the deal was offered, and I told her I wanted that deal, and before I
know it she told me they are going to set a trial date Monday.” The petitioner claimed
that counsel told him that the plea offer had been rescinded because “the informer was
going to testify Monday.” He said that he was unaware of any other offers from the
State. The petitioner acknowledged his signature on a form indicating that he had
rejected the State‟s 10-year offer, but he maintained that he did not intend to reject the
offer and that he signed the form without reading it.

              When asked by the State during cross-examination whether he recalled
being in court when the prosecutor stated in front of him “that the State had offered eight
years probated, that [the petitioner] had turned it down,” the petitioner replied, “I don‟t
get no recall on that.” The petitioner also could not recall that the State announced that
the reason for the lenient plea offer was that the confidential informant was absent from
the state. The petitioner also did not recall the prosecutor‟s statement that the offer would
be withdrawn. When asked what he thought counsel should have done differently, the
petitioner responded, “She could have held it back against me.” The petitioner denied
that he had rebuffed the State‟s offer and had “fussed at [trial counsel] for calling,
because [he was] trying to have breakfast with [his] lady.” Instead, the petitioner insisted
that he wanted to accept the plea offer.

                                             -2-
              Trial counsel testified that she was appointed to represent the petitioner in
October 2010 and that the two met “[u]pwards of 20” times before his March 2011 trial.
She recalled that the State offered a sentence of eight years with one year to serve in
exchange for the petitioner‟s plea of guilty and that she recommended that the petitioner
accept the agreement. She said that the petitioner rejected that offer, and the State next
made an offer that involved a fully-suspended sentence of 10 years. The petitioner
rejected that offer as well, which caused her great concern. She said that she had the
petitioner sign documents memorializing his rejection of the offers and that she had her
legal secretary witness the petitioner‟s signature on each occasion. She said that she had
the petitioner sign the documents because she “anticipated having a post[-]conviction
proceeding if we went to trial.” She said that the petitioner was not cooperative with her
during the time that she represented him.

               At the conclusion of the hearing, the post-conviction court took the case
under advisement. The court denied relief via written order, concluding that the
petitioner had failed to establish his claims by clear and convincing evidence. The court
specifically accredited trial counsel‟s testimony that she informed the petitioner of the
terms of the plea offer from the State and, relying on its own memory of the trial
proceedings, noted that trial counsel “very carefully advised the [petitioner] of the
possible consequences of a trial jury versus the offers from the [S]tate” and that “[t]he
[p]etitioner „rolled the dice‟ that the confidential informant either would not appear or
would be helpful to him.” The court concluded that its instructions to the jury regarding
the lesser included offense of casual exchange were proper and that the failure to include
that charge on the verdict form for one count was harmless because “the jury found the
defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt of sale of cocaine.” Additionally, the court
observed that the absence of a casual exchange option in the verdict form would have
been beyond counsel‟s control because it was the “court‟s custom not to provide counsel
at trial with a copy of the verdict form. The first time either would know about the
verdict form would be when it is read to the jury.”

               In this timely appeal, the petitioner reiterates his claims that counsel
performed deficiently by failing to preserve for appeal his claim that the trial court erred
with regard to the jury instructions on casual exchange as a lesser included offense of the
sale of cocaine and by failing to ensure that the direct appeal record was adequate for
review of that claim. He claims that the trial court‟s failure to adequately convey to the
jury that casual exchange was a lesser included offense for each count charging the sale
of cocaine, coupled with the inconsistent wording of the written jury instructions, made it
unclear that casual exchange was actually a lesser included offense of each count
charging the sale of cocaine. He argues that the trial court‟s error was compounded on
count five of the indictment because the verdict form for that count did not include casual
exchange among the conviction choices available to the jury. The State argues that the
                                            -3-
petitioner is not entitled to relief because he failed to establish that it was reasonably
probable that the result of the direct appeal would have been different had counsel
appropriately preserved the jury instruction issue for review.

              We view the petitioner‟s claim with a few well-settled principles in mind.
Post-conviction relief is available only “when the conviction or sentence is void or
voidable because of the abridgement of any right guaranteed by the Constitution of
Tennessee or the Constitution of the United States.” T.C.A. § 40-30-103 (2006). A post-
conviction petitioner bears the burden of proving his or her factual allegations by clear
and convincing evidence. Id. § 40-30-110(f). On appeal, the appellate court accords to
the post-conviction court‟s findings of fact the weight of a jury verdict, and these findings
are conclusive on appeal unless the evidence preponderates against them. Henley v.
State, 960 S.W.2d 572, 578-79 (Tenn. 1997); Bates v. State, 973 S.W.2d 615, 631 (Tenn.
Crim. App. 1997). By contrast, the post-conviction court‟s conclusions of law receive no
deference or presumption of correctness on appeal. Fields v. State, 40 S.W.3d 450, 453
(Tenn. 2001).

               Before a petitioner will be granted post-conviction relief based upon a
claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, the record must affirmatively establish, via
facts clearly and convincingly established by the petitioner, that “the advice given, or the
services rendered by the attorney, are [not] within the range of competence demanded of
attorneys in criminal cases,” see Baxter v. Rose, 523 S.W.2d 930, 936 (Tenn. 1975), and
that counsel‟s deficient performance “actually had an adverse effect on the defense,”
Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 693 (1984). In other words, the petitioner “must
show that there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel‟s unprofessional errors,
the result of the proceeding would have been different. A reasonable probability is a
probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at
694. Should the petitioner fail to establish either deficient performance or prejudice, he is
not entitled to relief. Id. at 697; Goad v. State, 938 S.W.2d 363, 370 (Tenn. 1996).
Indeed, “[i]f it is easier to dispose of an ineffectiveness claim on the ground of lack of
sufficient prejudice, . . . that course should be followed.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 697.

              When reviewing a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, we will not
grant the petitioner the benefit of hindsight, second-guess a reasonably based trial
strategy, or provide relief on the basis of a sound, but unsuccessful, tactical decision
made during the course of the proceedings. Adkins v. State, 911 S.W.2d 334, 347 (Tenn.
Crim. App. 1994). Such deference to the tactical decisions of counsel, however, applies
only if the choices are made after adequate preparation for the case. Cooper v. State, 847
S.W.2d 521, 528 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1992).

              Claims of ineffective assistance of counsel are mixed questions of law and
                                             -4-
fact. Lane v. State, 316 S.W.3d 555, 562 (Tenn. 2010); State v. Honeycutt, 54 S.W.3d
762, 766-67 (Tenn. 2001); State v. Burns, 6 S.W.3d 453, 461 (Tenn. 1999). When
reviewing the application of law to the trial court‟s factual findings, our review is de
novo, and the trial court‟s conclusions of law are given no presumption of correctness.
Fields, 40 S.W.3d at 457-58; see also State v. England, 19 S.W.3d 762, 766 (Tenn.
2000).

              The petitioner did not present any live testimony and did not ask trial
counsel about the issue during her testimony. Instead, the petitioner elected to rely upon
the trial record, a copy of the written jury instructions, and the argument of post-
conviction counsel.

               On direct appeal, the petitioner alleged “that the trial court erred by failing
to instruct the jury on lesser included offenses with respect to both counts,” claiming
“that simple possession is a lesser included offense of the sale and delivery of crack
cocaine, and that the evidence supported an instruction on this score because he testified
at trial that he and the confidential informant were close friends who had a history of
sharing drugs.” Christopher M. Mimms, slip op. at 10. The petitioner alleged that the
trial court provided the instruction on simple possession only on the first of six counts of
the sale or delivery of cocaine and verbally reminded the jury that simple possession was
a lesser included offense of all six counts but did not include that instruction in the
written instructions provided to the jury. On direct appeal, this court concluded that the
petitioner waived plenary review of his “issue by failing to include a complete copy of
the transcript of the jury instructions and verdict forms, and by failing to make a
contemporaneous objection at trial.” Id. We declined to examine the issue for plain error
because the appellate record did “not clearly establish what happened in the trial court.”
Id.

              Again, we are somewhat hampered in our review of the petitioner‟s claim
because of the state of the record. Despite knowing that the record did not adequately
convey what had happened in the trial court, the petitioner submitted only that portion of
the transcript of the jury instructions that details the trial court‟s explanation of the
verdict form and the court‟s handling of a question from the jury during its deliberations.
The petitioner also supplemented the record with the type-written instructions provided
by the trial court, which, pursuant to Rule 30 of the Tennessee Rules of Criminal
Procedure,1 were taken into the jury room during deliberations. Examining these items
together, we get a view of what occurred in the trial court.
       1
           That rule provides:

                 In the trial of all felonies--except where pleas of guilty have been
                 entered--every word of the judge‟s instructions shall be reduced to
                                                 -5-
             A bit of background is necessary to place the petitioner‟s claim in the
proper context. The petitioner was charged via an eight-count indictment with:

                two counts of selling more than 0.5 grams of cocaine in
                violation of Tennessee Code Annotated section 39-17-417
                [counts one and three], two counts of delivering more than
                0.5 grams of cocaine in violation of Tennessee Code
                Annotated section 39-17-417 [counts two and four], one
                count of selling more than 0.5 grams of cocaine within a
                school zone in violation of Tennessee Code Annotated
                section 39-17-417 (as enhanced by Tennessee Code
                Annotated 39-17-432) [count five], one count of delivering
                more than 0.5 grams of cocaine within a school zone in
                violation of Tennessee Code Annotated section 39-17-417 (as
                enhanced by Tennessee Code Annotated 39-17-432) [count
                six], one count of possession of more than 0.5 grams of
                cocaine in violation of Tennessee Code Annotated section 39-
                17-417 [count seven], and one count of possession of drug
                paraphernalia in violation of Tennessee Code Annotated
                section 39-17-425 [count eight].

Christopher M. Mimms, slip op. at 2. Prior to trial, the State dismissed count eight, and
the case proceeded to trial on the remaining counts. The jury returned verdicts of guilty
only on count one, which charged the sale of .5 grams or more of cocaine, and count five,
which charged the sale of .5 grams or more of cocaine within a drug-free school zone.
With regard to count one, Michael Vincent, who had been working as a confidential
informant, testified that he used $150 that he obtained from the Clarksville Police
Department to purchase crack cocaine from the defendant on April 1, 2009. Id. Mr.
Vincent was fitted with audio recording equipment, and the audio recording of the drug
transaction was entered into evidence and played for the jury. With regard to count five,
Mr. Vincent testified that he used $150 obtained from the Clarksville Police Department
to purchase crack cocaine from the defendant and that the transaction occurred in the


                writing before being given to the jury. The written charge shall be read
                to the jury and taken to the jury room by the jury when it retires to
                deliberate. The jury shall have possession of the written charge during
                its deliberations. After the jury‟s deliberations have concluded, the
                written charge shall be returned to the judge and filed with the record,
                but it need not be copied in the minutes.

Tenn. R. Crim. P. 30(b).
                                                  -6-
parking lot of a convenience store. Id., slip op. at 3. That transaction was also audio
recorded, and the recording was admitted into evidence and played for the jury.

              Although the transcript of the bulk of the jury instructions was not included
in the record in this appeal, the written instructions were included. Those instructions
provide the following statements with regard to the lesser included offense of casual
exchange:

                      The defendant, Christopher Mimms, is charged in
              Counts One and Three of the indictment with the crime of
              sale of cocaine.

                     . . . Counts One, Two, Three and Four necessarily
              include the lesser offense of casual exchange.

                     The defendant is charged in Count Five of the
              indictment with the crime of Sale of Cocaine In a School
              Zone. Count Five necessarily includes the lesser offense of
              Sale of Cocaine not in a School Zone and Casual Exchange.

                     ....

                     The charges of sale or delivery of a controlled
              substance are alternative charges as only one event is alleged
              to have occurred.

                     ....

              LESSER INCLUDED OFFENSES IN COUNTS 1, 2, 3 &
                                  4
                          CASUAL EXCHANGE

                    Any person who commits the offense of casual
              exchange is guilty of a crime.

              COUNT 5: LESSER INCLUDED OFFENSES;
                  ....

                                CASUAL EXCHANGE

                     ....
                                            -7-
        “Sale” or “sale” means a bargained-for offer and
acceptance and an actual or constructive transfer or delivery
of the substance.

       ....

       It may be inferred from circumstances indicating a
casual exchange among individuals of a small amount of
controlled substances that the controlled substances so
exchanged were exchanged not with the purpose of selling or
otherwise dispensing them.         You are instructed that
“exchange” means to part with, give, or transfer a substance
in consideration of something received as an equivalent.
“Casual” means without design. The term “casual exchange”
does not exclude a transaction in which money is involved.

       ....

        In deciding the guilt of the defendant, you shall first
consider the offense charged in the indictment. If you find
the defendant guilty of that offense beyond a reasonable
doubt, you shall return a verdict of guilty for that offense. If
you unanimously find the defendant not guilty of that offense,
or have a reasonable doubt of the defendant‟s guilt of that
offense, you shall then proceed to consider whether or not the
defendant is guilty of the next lesser included offense in order
from greatest to least within that count. You shall not
proceed to consider any lesser-included offense until you
have first made a unanimous determination that the defendant
is not guilty of the immediately-preceding greater offense or
you unanimously have a reasonable doubt of the defendant‟s
guilt of that offense. . . .

      If you find the defendant guilty of sale of cocaine, then
you will not consider the alternative charge of delivery.

       ....




                              -8-
                     You will be provided with a form for all possible
              verdicts in this case. Your foreperson will complete and sign
              the appropriate verdict.

The verdict forms that were executed by the jury were also included as a supplement to
the appellate record. The verdict form for count one provides that the jury should
“[s]elect only one” from a list that includes two choices: guilty of the sale of cocaine and
not guilty of the sale of cocaine. The verdict form also instructs the jury that, should they
“find the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt in count 1,” they should “then go to
count three.” The verdict form for count one does not include casual exchange among
the choices available to the jury. Similarly, the verdict form for count five provides that
the jury should “[s]elect only one” from a list of three choices: guilty of the sale of
cocaine in a school zone, guilty of the sale of cocaine not in a school zone, and not guilty
of the sale of cocaine. The count five verdict form also instructs the jury to “go to count
7” if they “find the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt in count 5.” The verdict
form for count five does not include casual exchange as a lesser included offense.

               Following the reading of the general charge, the trial court provided the
jury an explanation of the verdict forms. The transcript of that explanation includes the
trial court‟s attempt to differentiate the alternative counts of the sale and delivery of
cocaine related to each controlled buy. In this regard, the trial court instructed the jury
that it should not consider or render a verdict on those counts charging delivery of
cocaine if it concluded beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant was guilty of the
alternative charge of the sale of cocaine. The court also instructed the jury: “If you will
remember, I charged you earlier that delivery and sale are alternative charges; therefore, I
have only put the casual exchange under the delivery part, but it would apply in counts
one and two, together.” With regard to counts three and four, upon which the jury did not
reach a verdict, the court stated: “Those are alternative charges and you will consider the
casual exchange under count four.” With regard to counts five and six, the court
instructed: “Again, you will consider the casual exchange under Count Six of the
alternative charges of five and six.” After the jury was excused to deliberate, the court
asked the parties if they had “any correction – additions or deletions to the instructions as
read.” Neither party objected.

               After it had deliberated for some time, the jury sent the following statement
to the trial court: “„The jury needs a better explanation of casual exchange.‟” The trial
court provided the following response: “„The Court‟s response is as follows: The Court
is unable to provide any explanation that is not contained in the original instructions.‟”

              Although the written jury instructions clearly provided that casual exchange
was a lesser included offense of counts one through four and although that offense was
                                             -9-
listed explicitly as a lesser included offense of count five, the verdict forms and the trial
court‟s explanation of those verdict forms indicated that casual exchange was a lesser
included offense of only those counts charging the delivery of cocaine. The confusion
attendant to the verdict forms and the trial court‟s explanation of the forms is evidenced
by the jury‟s request for a “better explanation of casual exchange.” In our view, the
verdict forms and the trial court‟s erroneous explanation of how the jury should consider
the offenses had the effect of removing casual exchange from the jury‟s consideration on
counts one and five. Thus the case, posturally, equates to one where the trial court failed
to provide an instruction on a lesser included offense.

              Although the post-conviction court noted that trial counsel would not have
been able to object to the verdict forms because she was not privy to them, the record
indicates that she was privy to the erroneous explanation of the offenses that
accompanied the verdict forms and that she failed to object when invited to do so.
Additionally, counsel raised the issue in the motion for new trial but failed to adequately
preserve the issue for appellate review. These failures amounted to deficient
performance. Thus, our next task is to determine whether counsel‟s deficient
performance prejudiced the petitioner. To make this determination, we must consider
whether the result of the petitioner‟s direct appeal would have been different had the
issue of the trial court‟s erroneous handling of the lesser included offense instructions
been properly preserved. To make this determination, we analyze the case as we would
one wherein the trial court had failed to provide an instruction on a lesser included
offense.

              “„Whether a particular instruction regarding a lesser-included offense
should have been given is a mixed question of law and fact,‟ which we review de novo
with no presumption of correctness.” State v. Fayne, 451 S.W.3d 362, 368 (Tenn. 2014)
(quoting State v. Banks, 271 S.W.3d 90, 124 (Tenn. 2008)).

              We begin by observing that casual exchange is a lesser included offense of
the sale of cocaine because all of the elements of the lesser offense are included in the
greater offense. See, e.g., State v. Edward P. Harris, No. 01C01-9810-CR-00392, slip
op. at 4 (Tenn. Crim. App., Nashville, Jan. 13, 2000) (“[I]t is at least arguable that the
statutory elements of casual exchange are included within the statutory elements of sale
of cocaine.”).2 Additionally, we conclude that the evidence supported the giving of an
instruction on casual exchange because the defendant testified at trial that he and the

        2
           Code section 40-18-110, which provides a statutory definition of the term lesser included
offense, is not applicable here because the offenses in this case occurred before the effective date of the
2009 amendment that added the definition. See T.C.A. § 40-18-110(f)(1) (“An offense is a lesser
included offense if . . . [a]ll of its statutory elements are included within the statutory elements of the
offense charged.”)
                                                   -10-
confidential informant “shared a number of mutual friends,” “that they used to go over to
each other‟s houses frequently,” that “they drank together and smoked crack cocaine
together,” and “that he provided crack cocaine to the” confidential informant “on
occasion” and the informant “provided crack cocaine to him on occasion, because they
were „smoking partners.‟” See State v. Brown, 311 S.W.3d 422, 431 (Tenn. 2010)
(stating that reviewing court must “determine 1) „whether any evidence exists that
reasonable minds could accept as to the lesser-included offense‟ and 2) whether „the
evidence ... is legally sufficient to support a conviction for the lesser-included offense.‟”
(citation omitted)). Consequently, the trial court‟s failure to clearly instruct the jury that
casual exchange was a lesser included offense of the sale of cocaine as charged in counts
one and five was error.

               “When a lesser-included offense instruction is improperly omitted, . . . the
harmless error inquiry is the same as for other constitutional errors: whether it appears
beyond a reasonable doubt that the error did not affect the outcome of the trial.” State v.
Allen, 69 S.W.3d 181, 191 (Tenn. 2002). “In making this determination, a reviewing
court should conduct a thorough examination of the record, including the evidence
presented at trial, the defendant‟s theory of defense, and the verdict returned by the jury.”
Id. “When an appellate court undertakes a harmless error analysis its purpose is to
ascertain the actual basis for the jury‟s verdict . . . , and [t]he crucial consideration is what
impact the error may reasonably be taken to have had on the jury‟s decision-making.”
State v. Rodriguez, 254 S.W.3d 361, 372 (Tenn. 2008). “„Whether sufficient evidence
supports a conviction of the charged offense does not affect the trial court‟s duty to
instruct on the lesser offense if evidence also supports a finding of guilt on the lesser
offense.‟” Brown, 311 S.W.3d at 434 (Tenn. 2010) (quoting State v. Burns, 6 S.W.3d
453, 472 (Tenn. 1999)). Ultimately, we must “decide „whether a reasonable jury would
have convicted the defendant of the lesser-included offense instead of the charged
offense.‟” Banks, 271 S.W.3d at 126 (quoting State v. Richmond, 90 S.W.3d 648, 662
(Tenn. 2002)) (emphasis in Richmond). “If no reasonable jury would have convicted the
defendant of the uncharged lesser-included offense rather than the offense for which the
defendant was convicted, then the failure to charge is harmless beyond a reasonable
doubt.” Banks, 271 S.W.3d at 126 (citing State v. Locke, 90 S.W.3d 663, 675 (Tenn.
2002)).

              Here, the evidence adduced at the petitioner‟s trial relative to count one
established that the confidential informant participated in a recorded telephone call with
the petitioner during which the informant arranged to purchase $150 worth of crack
cocaine from the petitioner, and the men “agreed to meet at a Minit Mart on Crossland
Avenue in Clarksville, Tennessee.” Christopher Mimms, slip op. at 2. Prior to the
transaction, the informant “was outfitted with a recording device, and his vehicle was
searched by police to ensure that it contained no existing contraband.” Id. The petitioner
                                              -11-
changed the location of the transaction at the last minute “to a Chinese buffet.” The
informant went to the appointed location, and “the [petitioner] came out of the restaurant
after several minutes,” and the transaction took place inside the informant‟s car. Id. The
informant testified that “he „handed [the petitioner] the money and he handed me the
product.‟” Id. Following the transaction, the informant returned to the police station,
where he gave the cocaine to the police and submitted to a second search of his vehicle
and his person. The proof relative to count five established “that on April 9, 2009, [the
informant] called the [petitioner] again at the behest [the police] and requested to
purchase another $150 worth of crack cocaine,” “that, once again, [the informant] was
searched and outfitted with a recording device,” and “that on this occasion, he actually
met with the [petitioner] at „the store,‟ where he got into the [petitioner‟s] vehicle and
they completed the exchange.” Id., slip op. at 3. The informant used marked cash to
make each of the controlled purchases of cocaine. The informant identified the voices on
the audio recordings of the telephone calls and the drug transactions as belonging to him
and the petitioner. The State also introduced “numerous photographs that were taken by
police surveillance units during the drug transactions.” Id. Following the petitioner‟s
arrest, officers searched his car and found “a baggie containing a white crystalline rock-
like substance that field-tested positive for cocaine.” A search of the petitioner‟s wallet
uncovered “a ten dollar bill matching the serial number of a ten dollar bill that they had
photocopied before the drug transaction” that formed the basis of count five. Tennessee
Bureau of Investigation testing established that the substance exchanged on April 1,
2009, was .6 grams of cocaine base, that the substance exchanged on April 9, 2009, was
.5 grams of cocaine base, and that the substance found in the petitioner‟s car following
his arrest was 4.8 grams of cocaine base. Id., slip op. at 5-6.

              We conclude, based upon this evidence, that no reasonable jury would have
convicted the petitioner of casual exchange in counts one and five. Although an
exchange of money does not preclude a conviction of casual exchange, the exchange of
such a substantial amount of money in exchange for a substantial amount of crack
cocaine arranged in advance overwhelmingly supports the conclusion that the petitioner
sold the cocaine to the informant. Because no reasonable jury presented with this
evidence would have convicted the petitioner of casual exchange, the trial court‟s
erroneous handling of the instructions charging casual exchange as a lesser included
offense of the sale of cocaine was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.

              Because we have determined that the jury instruction error in this case was
harmless beyond a reasonable doubt, we conclude that counsel‟s deficient performance in
failing to object to the jury instructions and failing to preserve properly the issue for
appellate review did not prejudice the petitioner and, in consequence, does not support a
finding of ineffective assistance of counsel.

                                           -12-
              Accordingly, we affirm the judgment of the post-conviction court denying
post-conviction relief.


                                       _________________________________
                                       JAMES CURWOOD WITT, JR., JUDGE




                                         -13-
