                              STATE OF MICHIGAN

                               COURT OF APPEALS



MICHAEL J. BEDFORD,                                                      FOR PUBLICATION
                                                                         November 22, 2016
                  Plaintiff-Appellant,                                   9:05 a.m.

v                                                                        No. 327372
                                                                         Kent Circuit Court
DEREK S. WITTE, JORDAN C. HOYER, and                                     LC No. 14-011752-CZ
LAW OFFICES OF JORDAN C. HOYER, PLLC,

                  Defendants-Appellees.


GARY STEWART, JR.,

                  Plaintiff-Appellant,

v                                                                        No. 327373
                                                                         Kent Circuit Court
DEREK S. WITTE, JORDAN C. HOYER, and                                     LC No. 14-011813-CZ
LAW OFFICES OF JORDAN C. HOYER, PLLC,

                  Defendants-Appellees.


Before: MURRAY, P.J., and SAWYER and METER, JJ.

METER, J.

        Plaintiffs Michael J. Bedford and Gary Stewart, Jr., appeal as of right an opinion and
order1 granting summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(8) to defendants Derek S. Witte,
Jordan C. Hoyer, and the Law Offices of Jordan C. Hoyer, PLLC. These appeals involve the
interpretation of the fair reporting privilege, codified at MCL 600.2911(3). We affirm in part,
reverse in part, and remand for further proceedings.




1
    Although plaintiffs filed separate complaints, the trial court issued a joint order.


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        In December 2013, defendants, acting on behalf of their clients—the plaintiffs in an
underlying collection action in Van Buren County—filed a complaint in the United States
District Court for the Western District of Michigan against Bedford, Stewart, and others.
Defendants alleged in that complaint that Bedford, Stewart,2 and others acted unethically during
the collection litigation.3 Defendants set forth eight causes of action, including a violation of the
Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act, 18 USC 1961 et seq.; malicious
prosecution; and tortious interference with a contract. On January 2, 2014, defendant Derek
Witte participated in an interview with a reporter for a local CBS affiliate. During that interview,
Witte allegedly stated that “we can say with certainty” that plaintiffs broke the law by
obstructing justice, committing bribery, and perpetrating mail and wire fraud. According to
plaintiffs, defendants then, on the website for their law firm, posted a copy of the federal
complaint and a link to the news interview.

        In December 2014, plaintiffs filed the defamation complaints that led to the present
appeals. Plaintiffs alleged that defendants knowingly and maliciously made false statements
about plaintiffs in the federal lawsuit and the interview and furthered their defamation by the
public postings on the law firm’s website. Ultimately, after various pleadings and arguments, the
trial court ruled that the absolute privilege for judicial proceedings applied to the filing of the
complaint and that defendants could not be held liable for this filing. The trial court additionally
concluded that MCL 600.2911(3) protected defendants from liability related to the interview and
the postings on the website and granted defendants’ motions for summary disposition under
MCR 2.116(C)(8).

        This Court reviews de novo issues of statutory interpretation and orders granting
summary disposition. Johnson v Recca, 492 Mich 169, 173; 821 NW2d 520 (2012); Dalley v
Dykema Gossett, PLLC, 287 Mich App 296, 304; 788 NW2d 679 (2010). Under MCR
2.116(C)(8), summary disposition is appropriate if “[t]he opposing party has failed to state a
claim upon which relief can be granted.” “When deciding a motion under (C)(8), this Court
accepts all well-pleaded factual allegations as true and construes them in the light most favorable
to the nonmoving party.” Dalley, 287 Mich App at 304-305. “Summary disposition on the basis
of subrule (C)(8) should be granted only when the claim is so clearly unenforceable as a matter
of law that no factual development could possibly justify a right of recovery.” Dalley, 287 at
305 (quotation marks and citation omitted).

        Moreover, this Court reviews de novo, as a question of law, whether there exists a
privilege that immunizes a defendant from liability for defamation. Northland Wheels Roller
Skating Ctr, Inc v Detroit Free Press, Inc, 213 Mich App 317, 324; 539 NW2d 744 (1995);
Couch v Schultz, 193 Mich App 292, 294; 483 NW2d 684 (1992).



2
    Stewart and Bedford will henceforth be referred to in this opinion as “plaintiffs.”
3
  Stewart served as a defense attorney in the collection action, and Bedford, who is the Van
Buren County prosecutor, filed various criminal charges against an agent and an attorney for the
plaintiffs in the collection action.


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        “The elements of a defamation claim are: (1) a false and defamatory statement
concerning the plaintiff, (2) an unprivileged communication to a third party, (3) fault amounting
at least to negligence on the part of the publisher, and (4) either actionability of the statement
irrespective of special harm (defamation per se) or the existence of special harm caused by the
publication.” Mitan v Campbell, 474 Mich 21, 24; 706 NW2d 420 (2005).

        Privilege can be used as a defense in a defamation action. Postill v Booth Newspapers,
Inc, 118 Mich App 608, 618; 325 NW2d 511 (1982). The defense of privilege is grounded in
public policy; in certain situations, the criticism uttered by the defendant is sufficiently important
to justify protecting such criticism notwithstanding the harm done to the person at whom the
criticism is directed. Dadd v Mount Hope Church, 486 Mich 857, 860; 780 NW2d 763 (2010).
“Statements made by judges, attorneys, and witnesses during the course of judicial proceedings
are absolutely privileged if they are relevant, material, or pertinent to the issue being tried.”
Oesterle v Wallace, 272 Mich App 260, 264; 725 NW2d 470 (2006). The purpose of absolute
immunity for attorneys under the judicial proceedings privilege is to promote the public policy of
allowing attorneys broad freedom to obtain justice for their clients. Id. at 265. The trial court
correctly ruled that the filing of the federal complaint was not actionable because of the judicial
proceedings privilege.4 See, generally, id. at 264.

        The next question is whether defendants could be held liable for posting the complaint on
the firm’s website. This action (and, for that matter, the interview and the posting of the link to
the interview) did not fall within the judicial proceedings privilege because they were not made
as part of the actual judicial proceedings but were extraneous and unnecessary to those
proceedings. See Timmis v Bennett, 352 Mich 355, 365; 89 NW2d 748 (1958). Defendants thus
rely on the fair reporting privilege. MCL 600.2911(3) states, in relevant part:

       Damages shall not be awarded in a libel action for the publication or broadcast of
       a fair and true report of matters of public record, a public and official proceeding,
       or of a governmental notice, announcement, written or recorded report or record
       generally available to the public, or act or action of a public body, or for a heading
       of the report which is a fair and true headnote of the report.[5]

        In order for a report to be privileged under this statute, the report must be “fair and true . .
. .” Id. In other words, the report must substantially represent the public record or other
pertinent matter. See Northland Wheels, 213 Mich App at 325. If any inaccuracy does not alter
the effect the literal truth would have on the recipient of the information, the pertinent standard
has been satisfied. Id. Clearly, the publishing of an exact copy of the complaint that initiated
judicial proceedings constitutes a “fair and true” report with respect to those proceedings.
Plaintiffs contend that defendants cannot avail themselves of the fair reporting privilege with


4
 It is not entirely clear whether plaintiffs are even challenging this aspect of the court’s opinion
and order. At any rate, the law clearly and definitively supports the trial court’s ruling.
5
 “Libel” as used in MCL 600.2911 includes “defamation by radio or television broadcast.”
MCL 600.2911(8).


                                                  -3-
regard to the posting of the complaint because (1) plaintiffs pleaded that defendants acted with
malice6 and (2) defendants were the creators of the posted document. However, “[w]e are bound
to ascertain and give effect to the Legislature’s intent, and the Legislature is presumed to have
intended the meaning it plainly expressed.” Id. “If the meaning of the statutory language is
clear, judicial construction is neither necessary nor permitted.” Id. MCL 600.2911(3) carves out
no exception for malice or for so-called “self-reporters.” See, generally, Book-Gilbert v
Greenleaf, 302 Mich App 538, 541; 840 NW2d 743 (2013) (a court may not read into statutes
language that the Legislature has seen fit to omit).7

        The cases plaintiffs cite for the proposition that malice can vitiate the fair reporting
privilege in MCL 600.2911(3) are simply not apposite. Indeed, plaintiff cites cases referring to a
“qualified privilege”8 under the statute or similar, prior statutes, but a closer look at these cases
reveals that they do not discuss malice. See McCracken v Evening News Ass’n, 3 Mich App 32,
39-40; 141 NW2d 694 (1966) (referring briefly to a “qualified privilege” but not discussing
malice and instead concluding that the reportage in question was substantially accurate and the
plaintiff had not shown proof of damages), Nabkey v Booth Newspapers, Inc, 140 Mich App 507,
514-515; 364 NW2d 363 (1985) (referring to a “qualified privilege” but not discussing malice
and instead emphasizing that the statute encompassed reports of “official proceedings” and
remanding for a determination regarding whether the reports in question should be characterized
as such), Rouch v Enquirer & News of Battle Creek, 427 Mich 157, 164 n 1, 164-173; 398 NW2d
245 (1986) (briefly referring to a “qualified privilege” but then going on simply to conclude that
the statements at issue did not relate to a “proceeding” encompassed by the statute),9 and Koniak
v Heritage Newspapers, Inc, 190 Mich App 516, 521-524; 476 NW2d 447 (1991), remanded 441
Mich 858 (1992) (mentioning a “qualified privilege” but not discussing malice and instead
discussing the “fair and true” standard). See also Kefgen v Davidson, 241 Mich App 611, 623 n
7; 617 NW2d 351 (2000) (analysis under MCL 600.2911(3) focuses on whether the reportage in
question was fair and true). Because “actual malice” (which, plaintiffs argue, is the applicable


6
 Plaintiffs attempt to define “malice” in various ways in their appellate briefs, at one point,
while discussing the issue, referring to whether a report is “free from . . . injustice.”
7
 We note that the Legislature used a “malice” standard in MCL 600.2911(6), which states: “An
action for libel or slander shall not be brought based upon a communication involving public
officials or public figures unless the claim is sustained by clear and convincing proof that the
defamatory falsehood was published with knowledge that it was false or with reckless disregard
of whether or not it was false.”
8
 In general, a “qualified privilege” is one that can be overcome by a showing of untruth and
malice. See Dadd, 486 Mich at 857 n 1.
9
 In their combined reply brief on appeal, plaintiffs cite this Court’s opinion in Rouch v Enquirer
& News of Battle Creek, 137 Mich App 39; 357 NW2d 794 (1984), aff’d and remanded 427
Mich 157 (1986). This Court in Rouch discussed the general meaning of a qualified privilege
but went on to conclude that the statutory privilege did not apply because “official proceedings”
were not at issue. Id. at 46-48. The case simply does not stand for the proposition for which
plaintiffs cite it.


                                                -4-
standard here) is defined as knowledge of falsity or recklessness regarding the issue of falsity,
see id. at 624, it only makes common sense that a “fair and true” report would not be subject to
an exception for malice, as plaintiffs contend. Indeed, this Court has referred to the
“qualification” connected to the statutory fair reporting privilege as the requirement “that the
report . . . be fair and true.” Stablein v Schuster, 183 Mich App 477, 482; 455 NW2d 315
(1990). The Court specifically stated, “The immunity is a qualified one, but defendant has met
the qualifications that the report must be fair and true.” Id.

       In rejecting plaintiffs’ various arguments concerning the posting of the complaint on the
firm’s website, we find highly instructive the case of Amway Corp v Procter & Gamble Co, 346
F3d 180 (CA 6, 2003). In Amway, id. at 183-184, similar to the present case, legal complaints
filed against the plaintiff were posted on a website and the plaintiff took issue with those
postings. The plaintiff argued, in part, that certain of the defendants could not avail themselves
of the privilege codified in MCL 600.2911(3) because they had created one of the complaints
and participated in publishing it on the website. Amway, 346 F3d at 185. The plaintiff also
argued that the conduct of certain of the defendants “was undertaken with a malicious and
manifest disregard for the rights of [the plaintiff].” Id. at 184. The court concluded that
“Michigan’s fair reporting privilege applies to the publication of the entire complaints on [the]
website, and no exception to the privilege applies to the . . . conduct complained of here.” Id. at
187. The court emphasized that “the plain language of the statute clearly direct[ed] [its]
decision,” subsequently stating:

       Generally speaking, a party’s publication of any actual court filing or statement
       made in a judicial proceeding is privileged because the public has a legitimate
       interest in accessing and viewing that type of information. [The plaintiff] brings
       suit for injuries claimed under a state-created tort, but the state has seen fit to
       codify a general privilege and not to except from it the kind of conduct alleged in
       this case. The state has not, contrary to [the plaintiff’s] arguments, limited that
       privilege in a way that exposes the [d]efendants to liability. [Id. at 187-188.]

        We agree with the Amway court that the plain language of the statute simply does not
provide an exception for cases involving malice (however plaintiffs try to define it) or self-
reporting. As such, the trial court correctly granted summary disposition to defendants with
regard to the act of posting the complaint on the law firm’s website.10




10
  As noted by the Amway panel, the case of Park v Detroit Free Press Co, 72 Mich 560; 40 NW
731 (1888), is clearly not applicable to a situation like that at issue here and in Amway because
“[c]ourt filings were not public records in Michigan when Park was decided more than one
hundred years ago.” Amway, 346 F3d at 188. Plaintiffs also place great reliance on Williams v
Detroit Bd of Ed, 523 F Supp 2d 602 (ED Mich, 2007), but Williams simply stands for the
proposition that, to avail oneself of the privilege in MCL 600.2911(3), one must actually report
the public record at issue and not simply create the record and supply it to another, who then
reports it. See Williams, 523 F Supp 2d at 607. The present case does not involve a dispute with


                                                -5-
        We now turn to the television interview and the posting of the link on the firm’s website.
Plaintiffs argue that the comments made by Witte during the television interview did not
constitute mere reportage on the federal lawsuit, but instead were “added” comments that are
expressly precluded from protection under MCL 600.2911(3). As discussed above, that statute
protects a person’s right to give a “fair and true report of matters of public record . . . .” Id. The
statute also provides:

       This privilege shall not apply to a libel which is contained in a matter added by a
       person concerned in the publication or contained in the report of anything said or
       done at the time and place of the public and official proceeding or governmental
       notice, announcement, written or recorded report or record generally available to
       the public, or act or action of a public body, which was not part of the public and
       official proceeding or governmental notice, announcement, written or recorded
       report or record generally available to the public, or act or action of a public body.
       [Id.]

As noted in Amway, 346 F3d at 187, “[t]he statute excepts from the privilege libels that are not a
part of the public and official proceeding or governmental notice, written record or record
generally available to the public.” Here, viewing the defamation complaint in the light most
favorable to plaintiffs, Witte’s comments did not merely summarize what was alleged—but not
yet adjudicated—in the federal complaint. He stated that “we can say with certainty” that
plaintiffs broke the law in various ways. Given the level of certainty expressed, we conclude that
his words did alter the effect the literal truth would have on the recipient of the information, and
thus the “fair and true” standard in MCL 600.2911(3) was not satisfied. Northland Wheels, 213
Mich App at 325. An expansion beyond the public record occurred. Amway, 346 F3d at 187.
Accordingly, defendants were not entitled to claim the fair reporting privilege with regard to the
television interview and the link on their website.11

        Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded for further proceedings consistent with
this opinion. We do not retain jurisdiction.



                                                              /s/ Christopher M. Murray
                                                              /s/ David H. Sawyer
                                                              /s/ Patrick M. Meter




regard to this proposition; indeed, plaintiffs do not argue that defendants were not the parties
responsible for “publishing” the statements at issue.
11
  We express no opinion regarding other defenses that might be available. We merely conclude
that the trial court erred in applying the fair reporting privilege to the interview and link.


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