          In the United States Court of Federal Claims
                                       No. 20-37C
                              (Filed: January 31, 2020)*
                *Opinion originally filed under seal on January 28, 2020


                                          )
 QUALITY CONTROL                          )
 INTERNATIONAL, LLC,                      )
                                          )      Bid Protest; Post-Award; Preliminary
                     Plaintiff,           )      Injunction
                                          )
                                          )
 v.
                                          )
                                          )
 THE UNITED STATES,                       )
                                          )
                     Defendant,           )
                                          )
 and,                                     )
                                          )
 PHOENIX MANAGEMENT, INC.,                )
                                          )
            Defendant-Intervenor.         )
                                          )


David A. Rose, Valdosta, GA, for plaintiff.
Kara M. Westercamp, Civil Division, United States Department of Justice, Washington,
D.C., with whom were Joseph H. Hunt, Assistant Attorney General, Robert E.
Kirschman, Jr., Director, Allison Kidd-Miller, Assistant Director, for defendant. Robert
Schlattman, Deputy General Counsel, General Services Administration, Denver, CO, of
counsel.
Johnathan M. Bailey, San Antonio, TX, for defendant-intervenor.
           OPINION AND ORDER DENYING PRELIMINARY INJUNCTION

FIRESTONE, Senior Judge.
       Pending before the court are the plaintiff’s, Quality Control International, LLC

(“QCI”), motions for a temporary restraining order (“TRO”) (ECF No. 2) and preliminary

injunction (ECF No. 3). QCI is the incumbent providing current maintenance services for

the General Service Administration (“GSA”) in Montana, and its contract is set to end on

January 31, 2020. The subsequent contract for these maintenance services was awarded

to Phoenix Management, Inc. (“PMI”) on August 28, 2019. QCI was notified about the

award on September 6, 2019. QCI protested the award in the Government Accountability

Office (“GAO”) on September 16, 2019, and the GAO denied QCI’s protest of the award

decision on December 20, 2019. On January 13, 2020, QCI filed a complaint in this

court. QCI seeks a preliminary injunction to enjoin the GSA from proceeding with work

awarded to PMI pending resolution of this action.

       QCI argues that it is entitled to preliminary injunctive relief because QCI is likely

to succeed on the merits by showing that but for the GSA’s misleading discussions

regarding QCI’s price during the procurement, QCI would have had a substantial chance

of being awarded the contract at issue. QCI further argues that QCI will suffer irreparable

harm from the costs to mobilize and demobilize equipment for the contract, and that the

balance of harms and public interest in awarding a lawful procurement weigh in favor of

granting preliminary relief.

       The defendant United States (the “government”) and PMI filed oppositions (ECF

Nos. 16, 17) to plaintiff’s motions. The government and PMI argue that QCI is unlikely

to succeed on the merits because, as the GAO found, GSA’s discussions regarding

pricing were consistent among offerors, accurate, and not misleading. The government

                                             2
and PMI further argue that QCI has not shown that it will suffer irreparable harm, and

neither the balance of the hardships nor the public interest weigh in favor of enjoining

GSA from obtaining its required services from PMI.

       For the reasons that follow, the court finds that QCI has not demonstrated that it is

likely to succeed on the merits, that it will suffer irreparable harm, or that the balance of

hardships or public interest weigh in favor of granting a preliminary injunction. The

plaintiff’s motion for a preliminary injunction is DENIED.1

I.     FACTUAL BACKGROUND

       The following facts are taken from the Administrative Record (“AR”) filed on

January 21, 2020 (ECF No. 20).

       On May 1, 2018, GSA issued a request for proposals No. 47PJ0018R0027

(“RFP”). AR 1. The RFP was a small business set-aside and sought proposals to provide

maintenance services for multiple GSA facilities in Montana. AR 1, 3. The RFP

contemplated an award of a fixed-price contract, AR 20, and included a base period of

one year and four one-year options, AR 3. In terms of evaluating offers, the RFP

explained that award was to be made on a best-value tradeoff basis, with non-price

factors, when combined, to be considered approximately equal to price. AR 220.

       Regarding price, the RFP stated that prices “will be evaluated for low price, price

reasonableness, price realism and balance.” AR 222. Further, the “sum of the pricing . . .




1
 Because the court has addressed QCI’s motion for a preliminary injunction prior to QCI’s
contract expiration, QCI’s motion for a TRO is DENIED AS MOOT.
                                              3
in the price proposal submitted by each offeror will be evaluated. Offerors whose prices

are unbalanced, unreasonable, or unrealistic, may be rejected as unacceptable.” Id.

       On June 6, 2018, QCI timely submitted its first price proposal. AR 224. QCI’s

proposed overall price was $6,009,580. AR 233. The GSA evaluated initial proposals. In

evaluating QCI’s price, GSA compared the overall price to the Internal Government

Estimate (“IGE”) of $7,398,875.37. AR 438. GSA stated that QCI’s “price appears to be

borderline unrealistic” and “[w]hen comparing the total costs between the IGE and

offeror pricing, QCI’s costs appear unrealistically low” because the proposed price was

“19% lower than the IGE and 16% lower than averaged offeror pricing.” AR 440; see AR

488 (Source Selection Evaluation Board Recommendation for first round offers stating

the same). The internal review further stated “[h]owever, QCI only has a few pricing

elements that appear potentially unrealistic.” AR 440.

       GSA decided to conduct discussions with the offerors. In conducting discussions

with QCI, GSA noted that several pricing factors were unreasonably or unrealistically

low. See AR 268. A letter was subsequently provided on June 10, 2018 to memorialize

the discussion. AR 266. In connection to QCI’s price, the letter stated:

          • The mechanical level of effort at Bozeman, Butte, and Missoula appear
            significantly low.
          • The mechanical labor costs at Bozeman, Butte, and Missoula appear
            significantly low.
          • The mechanical direct costs (costs other than self-performed labor) appear
            significantly low at Billings, Bozeman, Butte, and Missoula.
          • The offeror’s price of $6,009,580.00 does not appear realistic.
          • The price proposal fails to include pricing for an administrative support
            position.
          • The proposed markup rates, when combined, are significantly high.

                                             4
AR 268; see AR 440 (internal GSA review stating the same). The letter also provided that

“any items raised by the Government during the discussions must be addressed in writing

in QCI’s revised proposal.” AR 266.

       Following the first round of discussions, QCI and other offerors submitted revised

proposals. QCI’s revised proposed price was $7,461,340.00. AR 276. GSA evaluated the

revised proposals. AR 494. Regarding price, GSA evaluated whether QCI’s revised

proposal improved on the previously identified weaknesses. AR 532-33. Regarding

QCI’s overall price, GSA stated that “[t]he majority of the price proposal increase is due

to the increase level of effort for mechanical, grounds maintenance/snow removal and

custodial” and that “QCI’s proposal appears to have addressed our concerns about the

low level of total price.” AR 533. The only significant weakness remaining was QCI’s

markup rate. Id.; see AR 546 (Source Selection Evaluation Board Recommendation

stating the same); AR 552 (Source Selection Decision Document stating the same).

       GSA decided to conduct another round of discussions with six offerors, AR 548,

and a letter was subsequently provided on July 23, 2019 to memorialize those discussions

with QCI, AR 309. The letter stated:

           • QCI’s markup rates remain high.
           • QCI was also notified that it is not the Government’s intention to conduct
             another round of discussions so offerors should submit their most
             competitive offer.
AR 310.

       Following the final round of discussions, QCI and other offerors submitted final

revised proposals. QCI’s final proposed price was $7,247,080.00. AR 317. GSA

                                             5
evaluated the final revised proposals, AR 555, and determined that QCI’s final revised

price was consistent with the Government estimate and that the markup rates remained

high, AR 572. However, GSA concluded that the markup rates were “not a weakness”

despite raising GSA’s costs by $180,000. AR 597.

       The Source Selection Evaluation Board recommended that award should be made

to PMI with a final revised offer price of $7,138,087.25. AR 603. In comparison to QCI,

the recommendation stated “[a]fter consideration [PMI’s] strong staffing proposal, strong

management proposal, and demonstration of experience on large, complex projects (also

receiving favorable past performance), the Government is unable to justify paying a

premium of $108,992.75 for QCI’s lower technical proposal.” AR 606.

       Following review of the recommendation, the Contracting Officer (“CO”) selected

PMI. The CO stated that “the government is unable to justify paying any price premium

for any of the three offerors higher rating for experience/past performance when [PMI]

submitted better staffing and management plans, and . . . has demonstrated successful

performance on large, complex maintenance contracts.” AR 614.

       On September 6, 2019, QCI received a letter from the CO indicating that QCI’s

proposal had not been selected. AR 615. QCI was informed that the successful offeror,

PMI, was only slightly better on technical factors than QCI and QCI’s price was only

slightly higher than PMI’s price. Id.

       QCI subsequently filed a protest with the GAO. Compl. ¶ 15. The GAO denied

QCI’s protest on December 20, 2019. Id. ¶ 16. The GAO stated:



                                            6
              Based upon our review of the record, we find that the
              agency’s communications were not misleading or coercive.
              As described in detail above, the record demonstrates that,
              during discussions, the agency accurately raised its concerns
              regarding QCI’s proposed price, and then simply asked QCI
              to address issues the agency had identified with respect to
              QCI’s price proposal. For example, during the first round of
              discussions, the agency advised QCI that its overall price--
              and some of its price elements--were unrealistically low, and
              informed QCI that “any items raised by the [g]overnment
              during the discussions must be addressed in writing in QCI’s
              revised proposal.” AR, Tab 6, Confirmation of Discussions
              (First Round), at 1, 3. After receipt of this information, QCI
              raised its price in its first revised proposal, before electing to
              lower its price in its FRP. COS/MOL at 3, 6.
              First, QCI has not established that the information provided
              by the agency was inaccurate or communicated in bad faith.
              Additionally, QCI has not demonstrated that it was actually
              mandated, or required, to raise its price. Rather, the agency
              stated that the items discussed must be addressed, but not how
              they were to be addressed. The protester’s argument that it
              was coerced by the agency to raise its price is not supported
              by the record. Instead, the record shows that QCI was free to
              propose any price it wished, so long as the agency’s concerns
              were addressed in the revised proposal.
GAO Dec., B-417984 (ECF No. 12 at 4-5).2

       QCI filed the instant protest on January 13, 2020. On January 17, 2020, the court

held a status conference and set the case for expedited briefing for both the preliminary

injunction and the merits with the final merits briefs due March 12, 2020. The




2
 “Although not binding on this court, GAO opinions are properly used for information and
guidance, given the GAO’s experience and expertise.” Global Computer Enters., Inc. v. United
States, 88 Fed. Cl. 350, 412 (2009) (quotation omitted).


                                               7
Administrative Record was made available on January 21, 2020. QCI’s motion for

preliminary injunction was fully briefed on January 23, 2020. In light of the discussion at

the January 17, 2020 status conference, the court finds that oral argument is not

necessary.

II.    LEGAL STANDARDS
       The Tucker Act states that when reviewing bid protests the court may grant “any

relief the court considers proper . . . including declaratory and injunctive relief.” 28

U.S.C. § 1491(b)(2). A preliminary injunction is recognized as a “drastic and

extraordinary remedy that is not to be routinely granted.” Nat’l Steel Car. Ltd. v.

Canadian Pac. Ry. Ltd., 357 F.3d 1319, 1324 (Fed. Cir. 2004) (quotation omitted). In

order to obtain a preliminary injunction in the Federal Circuit, the movant must show:

“(1) likelihood of success on the merits, (2) irreparable harm absent immediate relief, (3)

the balance of interests weighing in favor of relief, and (4) that the injunction serves the

public interest.” Sumecht NA, Inc. v. United States, 923 F.3d 1340, 1345 (Fed. Cir. 2019)

(citation omitted). “[T]he party seeking the injunction must be able to demonstrate that it

has at least a fair chance of success on the merits for a preliminary injunction to be

appropriate.” Silfab Solar, Inc. v. United States, 892 F.3d 1340, 1345 (Fed. Cir. 2018)

(internal quotation marks and citation omitted).

III.   ANALYSIS

       A.     QCI Is Unlikely to Succeed On The Merits




                                              8
       QCI complaint brings forward one claim: that GSA failed to have equal,

meaningful, and detailed discussions. QCI alleges that the CO “misled” it regarding

pricing. Compl. ¶¶ 19-20. Specifically, QCI argues that GSA coerced QCI into raising its

prices by indicating that two of its “significant pricing elements were unrealistically low

and unreasonable” and that those deficiencies “could render QCI’s offer unacceptable.”

Pl.’s Reply at 3 (ECF No. 22).

       The government and PMI respond that QCI’s argument before the court is the

same as the one properly rejected by the GAO. Specifically, they argue that QCI provides

only a conclusory argument that GSA misled or coerced QCI. Def.’s Opp. at 6-8; PMI’s

Opp. at 13-14. To the extent that QCI claims that GSA misled QCI, the government

argues that GSA’s discussions were consistent with their reasoned judgment and the

available IGE for the project. See Def.’s Opp. at 7-8. To the extent that QCI argues that

GSA coerced QCI, the government and PMI contend that GSA’s statement that “all

mentioned deficiencies had to be addressed” is not a command and that QCI could have

kept its lower price and explained why it was not unreasonable. See Def.’s Opp. at 8;

PMI’s Opp. at 14-15.

       To obtain a preliminary injunction, QCI must show a likelihood of success on the

merits of its bid protest claim. In a bid protest, the court reviews an agency’s procurement

actions under the rational-basis standard established under the Administrative Procedure

Act, 5 U.S.C. § 706. See 28 U.S.C. § 1491(b)(4). As such, QCI must show GSA’s actions

were “arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with

law.” 5 U.S.C. § 706(2)(A); see Banknote Corp. of Am. v. United States, 365 F.3d 1345,

                                             9
1350-51 (Fed. Cir. 2004) (citing Advanced Data Concepts, Inc. v. United States, 216 F.3d

1054, 1057-58 (Fed. Cir. 2000). “The arbitrary and capricious standard applicable [in bid

protests] is highly deferential.” Advanced Data Concepts, 216 F.3d at 1058.

       Thus, QCI must show that GSA’s statements during discussions were arbitrary,

capricious, or an abuse of discretion because GSA either misled QCI or coerced QCI into

raising its price.3 “Discussions are misleading when a procuring agency issues incorrect,

confusing[,] or ambiguous communications that misdirect an offeror attempting to revise

its proposal.” CEdge Software Consultants, LLC v. United States, 117 Fed. Cl. 419, 434-

35 (2014) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Moreover, discussions are not

coercive where the record demonstrates that an offeror was free to make any adjustment

to its proposal, and voluntarily adjusted its proposal in response to an agency’s concerns.

See CSC Gov’t Sols. LLC v. United States, 129 Fed. Cl. 416, 439-40 (2016).

       Applying the above standards, the court agrees with the government and PMI that

QCI has not demonstrated a likelihood of success on the merits. QCI’s argument that




3
  FAR § 15.306(d) states that once an agency decides that discussions will be held, the agency is
generally required to conduct “meaningful” discussions with all responsible offerors that submit
proposals within the competitive range. The CO must at least indicate “deficiencies, significant
weaknesses, and adverse past performance information to which the offeror has not yet had an
opportunity to respond.” Id. § 15.306(d)(3). Additionally, the CO cannot “engage in conduct that
. . . [f]avors one offeror over another.” Id. § 15.306(e). However, an agency is not “obliged to
advise [an offeror] that its price was higher than those of its competitors. Lyon Shipyard, Inc. v.
United States, 113 Fed. Cl. 347, 356 (2013). See Standard Comms., Inc. v. United States, 101
Fed. Cl. 723, 740 (2011) (the meaningfulness requirement “does not mean that an agency must
spoon-feed an offeror as to each and every item that must be revised, added or otherwise
addressed to improve a proposal”) (quotation omitted).


                                                10
GSA either misled or coerced QCI lacks support. First, the court finds no record support

for QCI’s argument that GSA’s discussions were misleading. The record demonstrates

that GSA had concerns regarding QCI’s initial proposed price, and GSA articulated those

same concerns to QCI. AR 440, 488, 268. As the GAO determined, the concerns

conveyed to QCI were not inaccurate or made in bad faith. Moreover, QCI has not

shown that those concerns were arbitrary, capricious, or an abuse of discretion. Rather,

the record shows that GSA rationally based its pricing concerns by considering the

available IGE for the project and the average price proposed by other offerors. AR 440.

       In addition, QCI has not shown that GSA’s discussions were coercive. QCI argues

that GSA’s statement that QCI’s significant price deficiencies could render QCI’s offer

unacceptable was coercive. Compl. ¶¶ 13-14. Yet, the record demonstrates that GSA’s

statement was consistent with the RFP, which indicated that “[o]fferors whose prices are

unbalanced, unreasonable, or unrealistic, may be rejected as unacceptable.” AR 222. It

was not unreasonable for GSA to identify what it considered to be a significant weakness

and inform QCI as to how the weakness could be treated under the RFP.

       The court further agrees with PMI that GSA’s instruction to QCI to “address”

pricing concerns is not the equivalent to a mandate that QCI’s pricing be raised by a

particular amount. See PMI’s Opp. at 14. Rather, GSA identified what GSA considered to

be a significant weakness in QCI’s price and gave QCI the opportunity to address GSA’s

concerns. Far from coercion, the record shows that QCI was free to propose any price it

wished in its revised proposal. See AR 266. Indeed, the record shows that QCI elected to

lower its price in the final revised proposal. AR 276, 317. GSA did not know how QCI

                                            11
would address its price issue or what the final pricing would be by other offerors. Thus,

QCI has not shown that GSA’s discussions with QCI were coercive.

       B.     QCI Has Not Shown Irreparable Harm

       QCI alleges that absent preliminary injunctive relief, it will suffer irreparable harm

from a loss of potential profits and the inability to “further offset[] the substantial cost

already incurred to mobilize [under the existing contract] and the cost it will incur to

demobilize.” Pl.’s Mot. at 8-9 (ECF No. 4). In addition, QCI argues that it may lose

employees from its current contract, and if successful on the merits, QCI would have

difficulty rehiring those individuals. Pl.’s Reply at 4.

       The government and PMI argue that QCI’s allegation of potential lost profits,

mobilization costs, and risk of losing employees is insufficient to demonstrate irreparable

harm. Def.’s Opp. at 8-9; PMI’s Opp. at 7-8. In addition, the government argues that if

the court enjoins award to PMI, GSA “would be required to award a separate bridge

contract” but “QCI has no legitimate expectation of receiving any further sole-source or

bridge contracts during the pendency of this protest.” Def.’s Opp. at 9 (citing Bannum,

Inc. v. United States, 121 Fed. Cl. 543, 551 (2015) (“It appears that the predicate for

plaintiff’s argument is its sense of entitlement to a fourth bridge contract.”)).

       “To demonstrate an irreparable injury, a plaintiff must show that without a

preliminary injunction or TRO it will suffer irreparable harm before a decision can be

rendered on the merits.” Munilla Constr. Mgmt, LLC v. United States, 130 Fed. Cl. 131,

136 (2016) (quoting OAO Corp. v. United States, 49 Fed. Cl. 478, 480 (2001)). The court

finds that QCI has not done so here. First, as the government argues, QCI has no
                                              12
legitimate expectation of receiving an additional bridge contract during this protest. Even

with an injunction, therefore, it is not evident that QCI’s alleged irreparable injury will be

cured. Second, the “the loss of personnel by an incumbent contractor during a transition

period generally does not constitute irreparable injury.” Munilla, 130 Fed. Cl. at 137

(citing cases). Third, the mobilization and demobilization costs are also “the sorts of

things that any incumbent would experience upon the loss of a contract” and do not

constitute irreparable harm. CRAssociates, Inc. v. United States, 103 Fed. Cl. 23, 26

(2012).

       Finally, although “the lost opportunity to fairly compete for an award, and the

resulting lost profits, generally qualify as irreparable harm,” see Global Dynamics, LLC

v. United States, 138 Fed. Cl. 207, 209 (2018), QCI’s concerns about the loss of potential

profits are unpersuasive here because QCI waited twenty-three days after the GAO’s

decision to file its protest. As discussed above, the GAO denied QCI’s protest on

December 20, 2019, and QCI filed its complaint in this case on January 13, 2020.

Although QCI’s counsel argues that the delay is justified given the timing of the GAO’s

decision with the winter holidays, the court finds the length of the delay here undercuts

QCI’s argument, given that QCI was well aware that its already extended contract would

expire January 31, 2020. “Equity aids the vigilant, not those who slumber on their

rights.” Elmendorf Support Servs. Joint Venture v. United States, 105 Fed. Cl. 203, 210

(2012); see also Software Testing Sols., Inc. v. United States, 58 Fed. Cl. 533, 537 (2003).

Moreover, the “strength or weakness of [the protestor’s] merits arguments largely

determines the court’s view of irreparable injury.” Akal Sec., Inc. v. United States, 87

                                             13
Fed. Cl. 311, 319-20 (2009); see also Team Waste Gulf Coast, LLC v. United States, 135

Fed. Cl. 683, 693 (2018) (“Further, irreparable harm to plaintiff is not established

because the protestor has not shown likelihood of success on the merits.”). In this case,

as discussed above, QCI has failed to establish a likelihood of success on the merits. For

the forgoing reasons, the court finds that QCI has also failed to demonstrate irreparable

harm absent a preliminary injunction.

       C.     The Balance Of Hardships Weighs Against Preliminary Injunctive
              Relief

       Moreover, the court finds that any economic harm QCI would suffer is

outweighed by the harm to the government and PMI. “The court must balance the harm

plaintiff would suffer without preliminary relief against the harm that preliminary relief

would inflict on defendant and on defendant-intervenor.” Akal Sec., 87 Fed. Cl. at 320.

As the government argues, because QCI’s contract ends on January 31, 2020 and no

additional contract is in place, “GSA will need to scramble to obtain approval for and

execute a bridge contract during the duration of this protest” which would likely be at “an

unfavorable cost . . . as compared to PMI’s cost.” Def.’s Opp. at 9-10. In addition, PMI

argues that it will suffer the same harms QCI alleges if the motion for a preliminary

injunction is granted. PMI’s Opp. at 7. Finally, as noted above, the court has determined

that most of the economic harms alleged by QCI do not constitute irreparable harm, and

QCI’s delay weighs in favor of the government on the balance of hardships factor. See

Team Waste, 135 Fed. Cl. at 693. The court finds, therefore, that the balance of hardships

weighs against granting preliminary injunctive relief.

                                             14
       D.     The Public Interest Weighs Against Preliminary Injunctive Relief

       QCI argues that there is a strong public interest in having transparent and fair

procurements. QCI’s Reply at 5 (ECF No. 22). In this connection, QCI argues that

because it alleges an error “involving discussions (a sensitive topic),” the public interest

weighs in QCI’s favor. Id. at 6. The government and PMI respond that because QCI has

not presented a claim likely to succeed on the merits, QCI also has not shown that the

public interest is served by delaying the award to PMI. Def.’s Opp. at 10; PMI’s Opp. at

10-11. PMI further argues that there is a public interest in procurements “be[ing]

conducted without excessive judicial interference.” PMI’s Opp. at 11 (quotation omitted).

       The court agrees with the general proposition that the public interest is served by

ensuring that the government complies with procurement regulations. However, as

discussed above, QCI has not shown that it is likely to succeed on the merits of its

argument that GSA’s actions failed to conform with applicable procurement regulations.

See Wind Tower Trade Coal. v. United States, 741 F.3d 89, 101 (Fed. Cir. 2014)

(agreeing with the lower court that “no strong public interest was demonstrated” in that

case when the movant had failed to show likelihood of success on the merits). The court

also agrees with PMI that the public interest is better served by refraining from granting a

preliminary injunction absent a legally compelling reason. See State v. United States, 144

Fed. Cl. 263, 276-77 (2019) (noting that a “procuring agency should be able to conduct

procurements without excessive infringement up on the agency’s discretion”) (quotation

and citation omitted)). The court finds no legally compelling reason to enjoin award to

PMI at this juncture.
                                             15
IV.    CONCLUSION

       For the forgoing reasons, QCI has failed to demonstrate a likelihood of success on

the merits, irreparable harm, and that the balance hardships or public interest weigh in

favor of granting a preliminary injunction. As such, the QCI’s motion preliminary

injunction (ECF No. 3) is DENIED. Further, QCI’s motion for a TRO (ECF No. 2) is

DENIED AS MOOT.

        IT IS SO ORDERED.

                                                          s/Nancy B. Firestone
                                                          NANCY B. FIRESTONE
                                                          Senior Judge




                                            16
