                                                           [DO NOT PUBLISH]


               IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                       FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                         ________________________                 FILED
                                                         U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                                No. 09-12240               ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                                                            DECEMBER 17, 2009
                            Non-Argument Calendar
                                                            THOMAS K. KAHN
                          ________________________
                                                                 CLERK

                      D. C. Docket No. 05-00256-CR-W-S

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                                                                 Plaintiff-Appellee,

                                     versus

GREGORY JAMES SHIVER,

                                                           Defendant-Appellant.
                          ________________________

                  Appeal from the United States District Court
                      for the Middle District of Alabama
                        _________________________

                              (December 17, 2009)

Before TJOFLAT, MARCUS and WILSON, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

      Gregory James Shiver appeals from his 120-month sentence, imposed after a

jury found him guilty of possession of child pornography in interstate or foreign

commerce, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2252A(a)(5)(B). On appeal, Shiver argues
that: (1) the district court abused its discretion, under 18 U.S.C. § 3584(a), by

ordering that his sentence run consecutively to any future state sentence imposed;

and (2) his sentence is unreasonable. After careful review, we affirm.

      The imposition of consecutive sentences, rather than concurrent sentences, is

an issue of law subject to plenary review. United States v. Ballard, 6 F.3d 1502,

1505 (11th Cir. 1993). We review the ultimate sentence a district court imposes

for “reasonableness,” which “merely asks whether the trial court abused its

discretion.” United States v. Pugh, 515 F.3d 1179, 1189 (11th Cir. 2008) (quoting

Rita v. United States, 551 U.S. 338, 351 (2007)).

      First, we are unpersuaded that the district court abused its discretion by

ordering that his sentence run consecutively to any future state sentence.        In

Ballard, we spoke on the germane issue of “whether a district court is authorized to

make a federal sentence consecutive to a state sentence not yet imposed for

pending state charges.”    6 F.3d at 1503.    Upon review of our precedent and

analysis of the principle of dual sovereignty, we concluded that the district court

did have such authority. See id. at 1507-10. In United States v. Andrews, 330

F.3d 1305, 1307 (11th Cir. 2003), we reaffirmed “Ballard’s clear holding that a

court does have the authority to impose a consecutive sentence to an unimposed,

future sentence.” “Ballard clearly concludes that a district court need not concern



                                         2
itself with whether a state sentence has already been imposed when determining

whether to make the federal sentence consecutive or concurrent with the state

sentence.” Id. (citing Ballard, 6 F.3d at 1504-10). We acknowledged the circuit

split on the question of whether a sentencing court has the authority to impose a

consecutive sentence to an unimposed, future sentence, and said that we have

“already determined on which side of the debate the Eleventh Circuit falls.” Id. at

1306-07 (holding that district courts do have the authority to impose consecutive

sentences to unimposed, future state sentences).

      Notwithstanding Shiver’s arguments that our decisions in Andrews and

Ballard were wrongly decided, we have rejected the argument that a district court

violates § 3584(a) or encroaches on a state court’s sentencing authority when it

imposes a federal sentence to be served consecutive to an unimposed future

sentence. See Ballard, 6 F.3d at 1510; Andrews, 330 F.3d at 1307. Further, our

decisions in Ballard and Andrews are binding precedent unless or until our Court

sitting en banc or the Supreme Court reverses them. Cargill v. Turpin, 120 F.3d

1366, 1386 (1997). Because neither court has done so, Shiver’s claim must fail.

      We likewise find no merit to Shiver’s claim that his sentence is procedurally

and substantively unreasonable.    In reviewing sentences for reasonableness, we

perform two steps. Pugh, 515 F.3d at 1190. First, we must “‘ensure that the



                                         3
district court committed no significant procedural error, such as failing to calculate

(or improperly calculating) the Guidelines range, treating the Guidelines as

mandatory, failing to consider the § 3553(a) factors, selecting a sentence based on

clearly erroneous facts, or failing to adequately explain the chosen sentence --

including an explanation for any deviation from the Guidelines range.’”                          Id.

(quoting Gall v. United States, 552 U.S. 38, 51 (2007)).1 If we conclude that the

district court did not procedurally err, we must consider the “‘substantive

reasonableness of the sentence imposed under an abuse-of-discretion standard,’”

based on the “‘totality of the circumstances.’” Id. (quoting Gall, 552 U.S. at 51).

“[T]he party who challenges the sentence bears the burden of establishing that the

sentence is unreasonable in the light of both the record and the factors in section

3553(a).”     United States v. Thomas, 446 F.3d 1348, 1351 (11th Cir. 2006)

(quotation and brackets omitted).

       “The sentencing guidelines make clear that where a guidelines range falls . .

. below a mandatory minimum sentence, the court must follow the mandatory



       1
           The § 3553(a) factors include: (1) the nature and circumstances of the offense and the
history and characteristics of the defendant; (2) the need for the sentence imposed to reflect the
seriousness of the offense, to promote respect for the law, and to provide just punishment for the
offense; (3) the need for the sentence imposed to afford adequate deterrence; (4) the need to protect
the public; (5) the need to provide the defendant with educational or vocational training or medical
care; (6) the kinds of sentences available; (7) the Sentencing Guidelines range; (8) the pertinent
policy statements of the Sentencing Commission; (9) the need to avoid unwanted sentencing
disparities; and (10) the need to provide restitution to victims. 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a).

                                                 4
statutory minimum sentence.” United States v. Clark, 274 F.3d 1325, 1328 (11th

Cir. 2001); U.S.S.G. § 5G1.1. The only two circumstances under which a court

can depart below a statutorily mandatory minimum sentences is when the

government files a motion to recognize the defendant’s “substantial assistance” in

the investigation or prosecution of another person or when the defendant falls

within the provisions of the “safety valve” described in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(f).

United States v. Simpson, 228 F.3d 1294, 1304 (2000).

      In this case, the district court lacked the discretion to sentence Shiver to a

sentence any lower than 120 months, the statutorily mandated minimum sentence

for his offense.   Clark, 274 F.3d at 1328; U.S.S.G. § 5G1.1; 18 U.S.C. §

2252A(a)(5)(B) and (b)(2). Neither of the two exceptions detailed in Simpson

apply here. Simpson, 228 F.3d at 1304. Because the district court gave Shiver the

lowest possible sentence, he cannot show that his sentence was procedurally or

substantively unreasonable.

      AFFIRMED.




                                         5
