                                                 Supreme Court

                                                 No. 2013-246-C.A.
                                                 (P1/04-3386A)


     State                    :

      v.                      :

James Oliveira.               :




NOTICE: This opinion is subject to formal revision before
publication in the Rhode Island Reporter. Readers are requested to
notify the Opinion Analyst, Supreme Court of Rhode Island,
250 Benefit Street, Providence, Rhode Island 02903, at Telephone
222-3258 of any typographical or other formal errors in order that
corrections may be made before the opinion is published.
                                                                  Supreme Court

                                                                  No. 2013-246-C.A.
                                                                  (P1/04-3386A)


                   State                      :

                     v.                       :

              James Oliveira.                 :


                  Present: Suttell, C.J., Goldberg, Flaherty, and Robinson, JJ.

                                         OPINION

       Justice Goldberg, for the Court.           The defendant, James Oliveira (defendant or

Oliveira), appeals from a Superior Court judgment of conviction on one count of first-degree

child molestation. Oliveira raises two issues on appeal. First, he claims that the forty-five-

month delay between the return of the record to the Superior Court after this Court vacated the

conviction from Oliveira’s first trial and the commencement of his retrial violated his right to a

speedy trial. Second, he contends that the trial justice abused his discretion in admitting hearsay

evidence. For the reasons set forth below, we affirm the judgment.

                                        Facts and Travel

       In August 2004, Oliveira was living with his daughter, Barbara, her boyfriend, Richard,

and their two young sons (defendant’s grandsons), six-year-old Phillip and one-year-old Thomas,

in a two-bedroom apartment in Pawtucket, Rhode Island.1 Oliveira, Phillip, and Thomas all

shared one of the two bedrooms; Thomas slept in a crib, while Phillip and defendant shared a

bed. On the evening of August 11, 2004, Barbara and Richard went grocery shopping, leaving



1
 To afford the complainant a measure of privacy, we use fictitious names to identify him and his
immediate family.
                                               -1-
Phillip and Thomas in Oliveira’s care. Shortly after young Phillip went to bed that evening but

before he fell asleep, Oliveira came into the bed and began rubbing Phillip’s upper thigh.

Oliveira then pulled down Phillip’s pajama bottoms, and, according to Phillip, he inserted his

finger into Phillip’s anus. When Phillip told Oliveira to stop because it hurt, defendant complied.

Phillip pulled up his underwear and eventually fell asleep.

       The next morning, Phillip awoke to the same disturbing touch. He once again told

Oliveira to stop, and defendant did so; defendant got out of bed and left for work. Phillip

testified that he went into the kitchen to wipe himself with paper towels because his anus felt

“weird.” Richard observed Phillip’s activity and notified Barbara about it. A concerned Barbara

summoned Phillip to her room and inquired about his behavior. Phillip responded that he felt

like he needed to go to the bathroom, but the bathroom was occupied. Barbara explained to

Phillip that this was inappropriate behavior and told him to return to his room. About fifteen to

twenty minutes later, Barbara remained perplexed by Phillip’s unusual behavior that morning,

and she went to his room to speak with him. In response to questioning from his mother, Phillip

disclosed that Oliveira had inserted his thumb into Phillip’s anus. Barbara called the Pawtucket

Police Department.

       When then-Pawtucket Police Det. John McIlmail (Det. McIlmail) arrived at the

apartment, Barbara explained Phillip’s disclosure to her that morning. With police officers

present, Barbara called Oliveira at work and persuaded him to return to the apartment. Before

Oliveira returned and at Det. McIlmail’s urging, Barbara took Phillip to Hasbro Children’s

Hospital (Hasbro) for an examination.       Oliveira was intercepted by Det. McIlmail and a

uniformed officer in the parking lot of the apartment complex; Oliveira then accompanied the

officers to the police station. After advising Oliveira of his Miranda rights at the station, Det.



                                               -2-
McIlmail began questioning defendant about Phillip’s allegations. Although he initially denied

any impropriety, Oliveira eventually admitted—both orally and in a subsequent written

statement—that he inserted his finger into Phillip’s anus.

         Meanwhile, at Hasbro, Dr. Christine Barron (Dr. Barron), the clinical director for the

Child Protection Program at the hospital, met with Barbara and Phillip. After speaking with

Barbara, Dr. Barron ordered a forensic-evidence examination for this six-year-old, which

included a rectal swab and a rectal smear. Subsequent testing by the Rhode Island Department

of Health revealed the presence of seminal fluid in the rectal samples that matched Oliveira’s

DNA profile. Approximately one month after the events of August 11-12, 2004, in a letter to

Barbara, Oliveira expressed remorse for his actions and for hurting his daughter and her family.

This letter was later admitted into evidence at defendant’s trial.

         Oliveira was indicted on two counts of first-degree child molestation, in violation of G.L.

1956 §§ 11-37-8.1 and 11-37-8.2. He was convicted by a jury on count 1.2 This Court vacated

that conviction, concluding that Oliveira’s Sixth Amendment right to counsel was violated by the

admission at trial of a statement he made during questioning by an agent of the state after his

right to counsel had attached. State v. Oliveira, 961 A.2d 299, 309, 311, 319 (R.I. 2008)

(Oliveira I). However, we rejected Oliveira’s contentions that (1) the trial justice abused his

discretion in allowing Barbara to testify about Phillip’s disclosures to her; and (2) he had been

denied the right to a speedy trial. Id. at 316, 319. We remanded for a new trial, id. at 319, and

the record was returned to the Superior Court on January 20, 2009.3



2
    The jury found Oliveira not guilty on count 2.
3
  Although the Supreme Court docket sheet for State v. Oliveira, 961 A.2d 299 (R.I. 2008)
(Oliveira I), indicates that the record was returned to the Superior Court on January 20, 2009, the
Superior Court docket sheet reflects that the record was returned on February 3, 2009. Resolving
                                                -3-
       Because the travel of this case as it relates to the speedy-trial issue is factually driven and

complex, we recite in detail the events that transpired after January 20, 2009. On March 12,

2009, during a hearing on Oliveira’s motion to reduce bail, at which Oliveira was represented by

Assistant Public Defender John P. Cotoia (Cotoia)—who also represented defendant in the first

trial—the state indicated that it could be ready to commence defendant’s retrial as early as May

2009. On April 8, 2009, Cotoia filed a motion for a speedy trial on Oliveira’s behalf. However,

as of May 21, 2009, the date the speedy-trial motion was heard, the defense was not ready for

trial. Cotoia made it clear that he filed the motion solely to appease his client; he informed the

hearing justice that he was not ready for trial and would not be ready until the fall of 2009, at the

earliest. Cotoia explained:

                       “My client requested a motion for a speedy trial. I did so at
               his request. I indicated to Mr. Oliveira and indicated to [the
               prosecutor] that the case, if it does go to trial, which it probably
               will again, I will not be ready until sometime in the fall. I indicated
               to Mr. Oliveira that proviso. I indicated to him that if he wants to
               push it quicker, I’m unable to do so. I just needed to put that on
               the record. He indicated to me he does want me to represent him
               since I represented him at the first trial. I don’t want the issue to
               develop down the line as to when the exact dates will be for --
               when I will be ready.”

The Superior Court hearing justice4 then inquired of Oliveira whether he was “comfortable

slowing this down a little bit so [Cotoia] can adequately investigate.” Oliveira responded, “Yes,

sir, as long as it does not continue like the last time.” The hearing justice aptly captured the


this discrepancy in Oliveira’s favor, we assume for the purposes of our analysis that the Supreme
Court docket sheet accurately reflects the record return date.
4
  To distinguish between the several Superior Court justices and magistrate judges who presided
over the hearings relating to Oliveira’s several pretrial motions and the Superior Court justice
who presided over defendant’s retrial, we refer to each judicial officer who presided over the
relevant pretrial hearings as “the hearing justice” and the justice who presided over Oliveira’s
retrial as “the trial justice.”


                                                -4-
dilemma caused by defendant’s premature speedy-trial motion: “The [c]ourt is certainly inclined

to move this along but let’s not go so fast as to overlook some things that need to be looked at.”

The hearing justice therefore denied Oliveira’s speedy-trial motion without prejudice. The

speedy-trial motion never was renewed. It was not until September 22, 2009 that Cotoia moved

for discovery of evidence relating to DNA testing. The state provided the information on

April 12, 2010.

       On June 7, 2010, Oliveira filed a bevy of pro se motions, several of which asserted a

violation of defendant’s constitutional right to a speedy trial. During the hearing on these

motions on July 6, 2010, Cotoia set forth the reasons why he was not ready to proceed to trial on

this case. According to Cotoia, since he last spoke with Oliveira in April 2010, all of his time

was occupied by two capital cases that had recently been resolved in Superior Court. Cotoia

further proffered that, as was the case in May 2009, his current caseload was staggering,

consisting of between ninety and one hundred cases. He indicated his belief that, during the

hearing on Oliveira’s speedy-trial motion, “there was an agreement [with his client] not to go

forward [at] that time.”    Nonetheless, Cotoia assured Oliveira and the hearing justice that

Oliveira’s case was now his “top priority.” He also explained why his pretrial efforts relating to

the DNA evidence against defendant, which he averred were somewhat time-consuming, were in

Oliveira’s best interest. Cotoia represented that he would likely be ready for trial in October

2010. For its part, the state represented that it was ready for trial as of the date of the hearing.

The hearing justice suggested to Oliveira that it would not be in his best interest to proceed to

trial until his attorney was fully prepared. The hearing justice also noted the additional time that

would be required to bring a new attorney up to speed on Oliveira’s case. In response to

Oliveira’s concerns that he was unable to reach Cotoia, the hearing justice explained that Cotoia



                                               -5-
was in court each morning until the afternoon and that, because this case was now Cotoia’s top

priority, communication between Oliveira and Cotoia likely would be more frequent. The

motions were passed, and the case was scheduled for a trial calendar call in October 2010. The

hearing justice emphasized to Oliveira the importance of filing his motions through his appointed

counsel.

          Undaunted, less than a month later, Oliveira filed another batch of pro se motions on

August 5, 2010, which included a motion that sought to discharge Cotoia and obtain new

counsel. A hearing was held on September 10, 2010, but Cotoia was unable to attend; another

attorney from the Office of the Public Defender appeared in his stead. The hearing justice was

reluctant to decide the motion in Cotoia’s absence and therefore deferred ruling on Oliveira’s

motion and directed counsel to instruct Cotoia to meet with his client.5 The hearing justice also

informed Oliveira that his case was still on the trial calendar for October 2010.

          A three-month period elapsed when, on December 21, 2010, Oliveira filed a pro se

motion seeking recusal of the hearing justice who presided over the September 10, 2010 hearing

because of his failure to consider defendant’s pro se motions.6          A hearing was held on this

motion on January 31, 2011.7 Cotoia again was not in attendance, but he requested, through his

proxy, a one-week continuance so that he could file a motion relating to Oliveira’s case.



5
 Although the docket indicates that the motion was denied at the hearing, the transcript of the
hearing does not appear so decisive. In any event, it is clear that the motion to discharge Cotoia
was not granted.
6
    In that motion, Oliveira stated that he had filed a disciplinary complaint against Cotoia.
7
  Meanwhile, on January 26, 2011, Oliveira filed a petition for writ of habeas corpus in federal
court alleging violation of his right to a speedy trial. His habeas petition was dismissed because
his speedy-trial claim was unexhausted for habeas purposes. See Oliveira v. Wall, C.A. No. 11-
024 ML, 2011 WL 2415343, at *2 (D.R.I. May 12, 2011), report & recommendation adopted,
2011 WL 2415342 (D.R.I. June 13, 2011).
                                                  -6-
Because the hearing justice saw no merit to Oliveira’s pro se recusal motion, it was denied. A

little over one week later, on February 11, 2011, Cotoia moved to withdraw. The motion was

granted on February 16, 2011; a new attorney, Steven T. Morrissey (Morrissey), entered his

appearance the next day. At no point in his representation did Morrissey move for a speedy trial,

nor did he move to dismiss the indictment for violation of defendant’s right to a speedy trial.

The defendant does not appear to challenge the period of delay from the date that Morrissey

entered his appearance to the commencement of his retrial on October 23, 2012.

       At defendant’s retrial, the state presented the testimony of several witnesses, including

Phillip, who was then fifteen years old, Barbara, Det. McIlmail, and Dr. Barron. Phillip told the

jury that, before the August 2004 sexual abuse, he had a good relationship with his grandfather.

He also testified about Oliveira’s conduct and, without objection, what he disclosed to his

mother. In addition, the state also elicited, over defendant’s objection, testimony from Barbara,

Det. McIlmail, and Dr. Barron about Phillip’s disclosures to his mother on August 12, 2004.

       Because Oliveira claims on appeal that the trial justice abused his discretion in admitting

that evidence, we recount the relevant testimony in some detail. Barbara testified that, when she

first spoke to Phillip after he wiped himself in the kitchen, he looked “nervous” and “afraid” and

was acting “standoffish” and “not typical.”     Barbara also testified that, when she went to

Phillip’s room fifteen to twenty minutes later, “he was just so quiet,” which was not normal. She

then testified as follows:

               “I just went up to him and I said, you know, [Phillip], something is
               -- I don’t think with your behind, you have to tell mom, you know
               something hurts, or, you know if something is going on, anything,
               if anyone is touching you, you have to tell mom anything no matter
               what it is; you are not going to be in trouble. You know, mommy
               is not going to be mad at you but if you, if anything is going on
               with your bum you have to tell me.”



                                              -7-
When Barbara was asked what Phillip said in response, defendant objected on hearsay grounds.

The trial justice overruled the objection at a sidebar conference, explaining that, because Barbara

had described Phillip as nervous, afraid, standoffish, and not acting normally, Phillip’s statement

qualified as an excited utterance. See Rule 803(2) of the Rhode Island Rules of Evidence.

Barbara then testified that, after Phillip first expressed concern that Barbara was “going to be

mad at grandpa,” he told her that Oliveira rubbed Phillip’s leg, pulled down Phillip’s underwear,

and inserted his thumb into Phillip’s anus.

          Phillip’s disclosure to Barbara was also recounted by Det. McIlmail and Dr. Barron.

Detective McIlmail testified, over defendant’s objection, that, through conversations with

Barbara and the responding officer, he learned that “[Phillip] had disclosed to his mother that in

the prior evening his grandfather James Oliveira had been in bed with him, rubbed his leg,

pull[ed] his underpants down[,] and inserted his finger into his anus.” He also testified, again

over defendant’s objection, that Barbara informed him that Phillip complained of pain to her.

Finally, Dr. Barron testified, over defendant’s objection, as follows:

                  “The mother reported to me that [Phillip] had been baby-sat the
                  night before by his grandfather. That, he had gone to the bathroom
                  in the morning after she found him curled up like a ball under his
                  covers, got up, went and used the bathroom, came down to the
                  kitchen and actually pulled down his pants and underwear and was
                  attempting to wipe his bottom with [a] paper towel. She asked him
                  what he was doing and he disclosed sexual abuse by his
                  grandfather that occurred the night before.”

          The jury found Oliveira guilty of first-degree child molestation, and the trial justice

sentenced him to life imprisonment.8 Oliveira timely appealed.




8
    Oliveira is a recidivist child molester.
                                                -8-
                                              Analysis

                                            Speedy Trial

       Oliveira’s principal contention on appeal is that the forty-five-month delay between the

return of the record to the Superior Court after Oliveira I and the commencement of his retrial

violated his right to a speedy trial. We review this claim de novo. See Oliveira I, 961 A.2d at

317. Under the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution and article 1, section 10 of

the Rhode Island Constitution, a criminal defendant is entitled to a speedy trial. See Bido v.

State, 56 A.3d 104, 111 (R.I. 2012). “The speedy-trial right is ‘amorphous,’ ‘slippery,’ and

‘necessarily relative,’” and “[i]t is ‘consistent with delays and depend[ent] upon circumstances.’”

Vermont v. Brillon, 556 U.S. 81, 89 (2009) (quoting Barker v. Wingo, 407 U.S. 514, 522

(1972)). In assessing a speedy-trial claim, this Court employs the familiar four-factor framework

set forth by the United States Supreme Court in Barker: “(1) the length of the delay, (2) the

reason for delay, (3) the defendant’s assertion of his [or her] rights, and (4) the prejudice to the

accused.” Bido, 56 A.3d at 111 (quoting State v. Crocker, 767 A.2d 88, 91 (R.I. 2001)). We

consider all four factors, with no single one accorded dispositive weight. Id. The governing

framework “necessarily compels courts to approach speedy[-]trial cases on an ad hoc basis.”

Brillon, 556 U.S. at 91 (quoting Barker, 407 U.S. at 530).

                                       1.   Length of Delay

       The first factor—the length of delay—serves a gatekeeping function, separating cases

involving delay that is lengthy enough to be considered “presumptively prejudicial,” for which

review of the remaining Barker factors is necessary, from those involving a shorter period of

delay, for which no further analysis is needed. Bido, 56 A.3d at 111. As the state concedes, the

forty-five-month delay in this case qualifies as “presumptively prejudicial” under our precedent.



                                                -9-
See id. (“[T]he line that demarks the ‘presumptively prejudicial’ boundary may be drawn at

twelve months.” (quoting State v. Powers, 643 A.2d 827, 831 (R.I. 1994))).                 Therefore,

consideration of the remaining factors is required. We pause to note, however, that, although the

delay in this case is “presumptively prejudicial,” “[t]he passage of time, standing alone, does not

justify a holding that the guarantee to a speedy trial has been violated.” Powers, 643 A.2d at 833

(quoting State v. Rollins, 113 R.I. 280, 284, 320 A.2d 103, 106 (1974)).

                                       2.   Reason for Delay

       The second factor—the reason for the delay—calls for an assessment of the relative

“culpability of the parties in causing the delay.” Bido, 56 A.3d at 112 (quoting State v. Austin,

731 A.2d 678, 684 (R.I. 1999)); see also Brillon, 556 U.S. at 90 (“[I]n applying Barker, we have

asked ‘whether the government or the criminal defendant is more to blame for th[e] delay.’”

(quoting Doggett v. United States, 505 U.S. 647, 651 (1992))). Because “pretrial delay is often

both inevitable and wholly justifiable,” Bido, 56 A.3d at 112 (quoting Doggett, 505 U.S. at 656),

different weights are assigned to different reasons in the ad hoc speedy-trial analysis, see Barker,

407 U.S. at 531. Intentional delay undertaken to gain an advantage over the defendant weighs

heavily against the state, while the state can be blameless for delay that might be occasioned by a

valid reason. See Bido, 56 A.3d at 112. Delay caused by the state’s negligence lies in the

middle of the culpability spectrum; and, “[a]lthough negligence is obviously to be weighed more

lightly than a deliberate intent to harm the accused’s defense, it still falls on the wrong side of the

divide between acceptable and unacceptable reasons for delaying a criminal prosecution once it

has begun.” Id. (quoting Doggett, 505 U.S. at 657). At the same time, delay caused by the

defense, whether the result of action or inaction, is attributable to the defendant in the speedy-

trial analysis. See Brillon, 556 U.S. at 90; Bido, 56 A.3d at 112. In performing this analysis, we



                                                - 10 -
are mindful that we are not assessing blame on the state’s defense bar or court-appointed

counsel; nonetheless, a speedy-trial analysis requires us to allocate the reasons for the delay to

one side or the other.

       It is an inescapable conclusion that the controlling reason for the delay during Cotoia’s

tenure in this case—from the time the record was returned to the Superior Court on January 20,

2009 until February 17, 2011, when Morrissey entered his appearance for Oliveira—was that the

defense was not ready for trial. At the outset, we note the absence of any transcripts or a

developed evidentiary record that may have shed more light on the reasons for delay. Apart

from two instances when the prosecutor was unavailable, two instances when Cotoia was

unavailable, and one instance, in November 2009, when the case was continued for

“consideration of disposition,” the docket reflects that the case was continued, in open court, on

several occasions “pending further investigation”; no explanation for these continuances is given,

nor has a transcript been provided. However, there is no mystery behind the dearth of record

evidence: Neither of Oliveira’s defense counsel pressed a speedy-trial motion at any time, and no

effort was made to develop an evidentiary record. Additionally, certain critical facts about the

reasons for the delay emerge from the limited record in this case: Cotoia was not ready for trial at

any point after the remand in early 2009 until he withdrew as counsel in February 2011, and the

state was ready for trial for much of this time period. As early as March 2009, the state

represented that it could be ready for trial in two months’ time. When Cotoia suggested in May

2009 that he might be ready for trial in the fall of 2009, the state indicated that it had no

objection to a fall trial date. The record is unclear concerning the precise point in time at which

the state was ready for trial, but it is clear that, at least by the July 2010 hearing on Oliveira’s

first round of pro se filings, the state was ready to proceed.



                                                - 11 -
       Although this Court cautioned in Powers, 643 A.2d at 831—a case involving a delay of

nearly eleven years—that “[t]he state is ‘not entitled to sit back and rely on its pro forma notice

of readiness [for trial],’” but “owe[s] the additional duty of monitoring the case and pressing the

court for a reasonably prompt trial,” id. at 832 (quoting United States v. Vispi, 545 F.2d 328, 334

(2nd Cir. 1976)), it is clear that the state in this case was not resting on pro forma notices of

readiness, but expressed genuine concern about the danger of commencing trial before defense

counsel was ready. In May 2009, when the hearing justice articulated his concern that Oliveira’s

desire for a prompt trial might result in an unprepared defense attorney proceeding to trial, the

state indicated it had no objection to a trial in the fall of 2009. In July 2010, after another

hearing justice once again advised Oliveira that it would be in his best interest to not proceed to

trial before his attorney was prepared, the state once again expressed concern about rushing

Cotoia and indicated that it stood ready for trial whenever Cotoia was ready. There is no

suggestion in this record that the state’s representations of readiness for trial were in any way

disingenuous.

       In marked contrast to the state’s timely and unwavering readiness for trial, Cotoia

remained unprepared for trial for much (and perhaps the entirety) of the period between January

2009 and February 2011. At the May 2009 hearing on the speedy-trial motion that Cotoia filed,

he explained that he would not be ready for trial until the fall of 2009. However, he did not

move for discovery of the DNA evidence until late September 2009. By July 2010, Cotoia was

still not ready for trial, and he indicated then that he could not be ready until October 2010.9



9
  In explaining why he would not be ready for trial until October 2010, Cotoia explained that
July was “a difficult time of year” because he was court excused the following week and for the
last week in July and the first week in August. Cotoia indicated that he would visit his client
when he returned from his vacation.


                                              - 12 -
Critically, there is no indication that Cotoia was prepared for trial when he moved to withdraw in

February 2011. Therefore, although the record does not indicate the precise reason that any of

the several continuances were granted, Cotoia’s unpreparedness, when juxtaposed with the

state’s early readiness for trial, leaves little doubt that Cotoia’s failure to prepare for trial

precluded a speedier disposition of the charges pending against Oliveira.             This delay is

attributable to Oliveira in the speedy-trial analysis. See Brillon, 556 U.S. at 92 (“An assigned

counsel’s failure ‘to move the case forward’ does not warrant attribution of delay to the State.”);

id. at 94 (“[D]elays caused by defense counsel are properly attributed to the defendant, even

where counsel is assigned.”).10

       Before this Court, Oliveira seeks to disassociate himself from his defense attorney and

strenuously challenges the suggestion by the state that he is responsible for delays caused by

Cotoia. To support his position, he relies on the following passage from Oliveira I, 961 A.2d at

318: “[T]he defendant bears responsibility for defense counsel’s scheduling conflicts and

requests for continuances when the defendant never moves to substitute counsel or dismiss the

indictment prior to trial, and each continuance is granted in accordance with the legitimate needs

of competent counsel.” He contends that, after the remand, he did precisely what this Court

faulted him for not doing in Oliveira I, such that the delay cannot be attributed to him. We reject

this contention.

       For starters, during the May 2009 hearing on the speedy-trial motion that Cotoia filed,

Oliveira agreed to allow Cotoia time to adequately prepare for the retrial. It appears that the first

action taken by Oliveira to indicate that he was no longer comfortable with Cotoia’s trial-

10
   Oliveira does not contend—and there is no evidentiary basis for the position—that Cotoia’s
failure to prepare for trial stemmed “from a systemic ‘breakdown in the public defender
system.’” Vermont v. Brillon, 556 U.S. 81, 94 (2009) (quoting State v. Brillon, 955 A.2d 1108,
1111 (Vt. 2008), rev’d, 556 U.S. 81 (2009)).
                                               - 13 -
preparation efforts occurred in June 2010, when he launched his first salvo of pro se motions,

some of which purported to assert that he had been denied his right to a speedy trial. Thus, a

period of seventeen months of the forty-five months complained of is properly attributed to

Oliveira because the delay was caused by his attorney, who was not ready for trial. See Brillon,

556 U.S. at 92, 94.

       Secondly, when Oliveira filed his June 2010 pro se motions, he was still represented by

Cotoia. At this point, scheduling matters rested with defense counsel, and Oliveira was bound by

those decisions. A decision of the United States Supreme Court in an analogous context is

instructive on this point. In New York v. Hill, 528 U.S. 110, 111-12 (2000), a case involving the

period in which a criminal defendant must be tried pursuant to the Interstate Agreement on

Detainers (IAD), the clock began to run when the defendant requested disposition of the charges

pending against him. Before the period had run, defense counsel agreed to a trial date beyond

the time constraints in the IAD. See id. at 112-13. The defendant argued that the failure to

commence his trial within the requisite time period necessitated dismissal of the indictment. See

id. at 113. The Supreme Court rejected this contention, holding that the defendant had waived

any argument as to the exclusion of the period between when his counsel agreed on the trial date

and the commencement of his trial because “[s]cheduling matters are plainly among those for

which agreement by counsel generally controls.” Id. at 115. The Hill Court explained that “only

counsel is in a position to assess the benefit or detriment of [a particular period of] delay to the

defendant’s case. Likewise, only counsel is in a position to assess whether the defense would

even be prepared to proceed any earlier.” Id.

       Similarly, we flatly reject the argument that Oliveira is not responsible for delay caused

by Cotoia because he filed pro se motions asserting his speedy-trial rights at the same time that



                                                - 14 -
his lawyer was not ready for trial. A defendant may not divorce himself from delay caused by

his counsel by demanding a prompt trial through unauthorized pro se motions while

simultaneously retaining the benefits of representation by counsel in other facets of the case. As

we explained in State v. Austin, 462 A.2d 359, 362 (R.I. 1983), in the course of attributing

delays caused by defense counsel to the defendant for speedy-trial purposes, “when an attorney-

client relationship exists, the client may not pick and choose which of his attorney’s actions shall

bind him.” In this case, it is undisputed that an attorney-client relationship existed between

Oliveira and Cotoia at the time he filed his pro se speedy-trial motions in June 2010 and that his

attorney was not prepared for trial at the time he filed these motions. Cotoia explained at the

hearing on those motions that he had recently been engaged in two capital cases and,

consequently, was not prepared for trial in Oliveira’s case. Cotoia indicated that he would not be

prepared for trial until October 2010, and only he was “in a position to assess whether the

defense would even be prepared to proceed any earlier.” Hill, 528 U.S. at 115. Upon learning of

Cotoia’s status, Oliveira did not move for appointment of new counsel, and the hearing justice

continued the matter in accordance with Cotoia’s legitimate pretrial preparation needs. See

Oliveira I, 961 A.2d at 318. Because Oliveira was bound by his defense counsel’s decisions on

scheduling matters, see Hill, 528 U.S. at 115, this delay is properly attributed to Oliveira in the

speedy-trial analysis, at least until he filed his motion to discharge counsel and for appointment

of new counsel in August 2010, see Brillon, 556 U.S. at 92, 94.

       After almost nineteen months had elapsed since the record was returned to the Superior

Court, Oliveira launched his second salvo of pro se motions, including a motion to discharge

counsel and for appointment of new counsel. In due course, a hearing was scheduled on this

motion in September 2010; Cotoia was not present, and the hearing justice was reluctant to



                                               - 15 -
decide the motion without first hearing from Cotoia. The hearing justice therefore deferred

ruling on the motion and directed that Cotoia meet with his client. The case remained scheduled

for trial on the October 2010 trial calendar. The hearing justice’s reluctance to decide the motion

without the benefit of Cotoia’s input was eminently reasonable, and he wisely elected to defer

ruling on the motion “until [he was] able to get to the bottom of this.”

          The next activity reflected in the docket is a filing on December 21, 2010 in which

Oliveira moved to recuse the hearing justice for failure to take up his pro se motions. More time

elapsed because of this filing.      Oliveira twice appeared in court on this motion: once on

January 24, 2011, when the motion was continued, “pending further investigation,” and once

again on January 31, 2011 for a hearing on the motion.11 On the latter date, Cotoia was absent

once again, but he requested a one-week continuance in which to file a motion in Oliveira’s

case.12 On February 11, 2011, Cotoia filed a motion to withdraw. That motion was granted, and

Morrissey entered his appearance on February 17, 2011.

          Although more than six months elapsed between the filing of Oliveira’s motion to

discharge Cotoia and his eventual withdrawal from the case, the state bears little, if any,

responsibility for that period of delay. Hearings were held in a reasonably prompt fashion on

both the motion for new counsel and the motion to recuse the hearing justice. Cotoia was not

available, and the decisions of two hearing justices to allow Cotoia to weigh in on both motions

were not unreasonable. Much of the six-month delay between August 5, 2010 and February 17,

2011 was the more than three months between the hearing on Oliveira’s motion for new counsel

on September 10, 2010 and the filing of the motion to recuse on December 21, 2010. The record

11
  Considering the time of year when Oliveira filed his motion, the lag time between the filing of
the motion and its consideration by the hearing justice was not unreasonable.
12
     The hearing justice denied the motion to recuse as meritless.
                                                 - 16 -
is silent as to what, if anything, transpired during this three-month window.            There is no

indication that the state was not ready for trial, as it had been since at least July 2010. Although

in the typical speedy-trial case an unexplained period of delay could be attributed to the state, we

are reluctant to do so where defendant failed to develop a record showing periods of delays that

truly are unexplainable and his counsel did not appear in court with his client after July 6, 2010

until he withdrew in February 2011.

          Finally, an additional twenty months elapsed between Morrissey’s entry of appearance

and the commencement of trial. We readily acknowledge that this is a lengthy period of time

and a cause for concern. However, save for including this time period in the calculation of the

total period of delay, Oliveira does not appear to attack—or in any way address—the delay

occurring during Morrissey’s tenure. Because Morrissey elected not to assert Oliveira’s speedy-

trial rights, there is no indication in the record that Morrissey was ready for trial during this time.

He was, however, busy protecting his client’s right to a fair trial as an experienced defense

attorney and respected member of the bar. The docket reveals that Morrissey filed numerous

motions on Oliveira’s behalf during this time. He filed a motion for further discovery on

February 28, 2011; the state provided its response to this motion on March 22, 2011. The case

was then continued, “pending further investigation,” on three occasions before it was passed for

trial on November 17, 2011; the trial date was vacated the next day.13 In mid-December 2011,

Morrissey filed a pretrial motion to suppress and a motion in limine. After December 2011, the

docket reflects no activity until July 25, 2012, when the case again was passed for trial.

Oliveira’s trial began in October 2012.




13
     We have not been provided with an explanation for this action.


                                                - 17 -
       Significantly, Morrissey stated on the record before trial that he had been engaged in plea

negotiations of unspecified duration, and defendant conceded at oral argument before this Court

that plea negotiations occurred in this case. Although little can be gleaned from the information

in the docket, it appears that Morrissey was preparing for trial at least until December 2011,

when he filed the motion to suppress and a motion in limine. Cf. State v. Delahunt, 121 R.I. 565,

575, 401 A.2d 1261, 1267 (1979) (remarking, when commenting on the defendant’s motion to

suppress identification testimony that was filed after the defendant filed two motions for speedy

trial, that the “[f]ailure to complete such a basic step in trial preparation suggests that [the]

defendant was not ready for trial during most of the period between indictment and trial[;] [t]hus,

such procrastination dilutes the vitality of [the] defendant’s prior motions concerning speedy-

trial rights”). At the same time, there is no indication that the state was not ready for trial during

the twenty-month period from February 2011 to October 2012; indeed, the record indicates that

the state was ready in July 2010, and there is no evidence that the state ever wavered in its

readiness for trial.14 At least some of the twenty months that transpired during Morrissey’s

tenure as defense counsel are properly attributed to Oliveira. See Brillon, 556 U.S. at 92, 94.

       In sum, although we do not embrace the delay in this case with approval, we nonetheless

conclude that much of it was caused by Cotoia’s unpreparedness, and at least some of the delay

that occurred during Morrissey’s tenure—which Oliveira does not appear to challenge—arose

from his reasonable trial-preparation and plea-negotiation efforts. The delay caused by Cotoia

and Morrissey is attributable to Oliveira. The state was ready for trial during much of that time

period. Therefore, in the course of determining who is “more to blame,” Brillon, 556 U.S. at 90




14
  The two instances in which the case was continued because the prosecutor was unavailable
occurred in January and May 2010.
                                                - 18 -
(quoting Doggett, 505 U.S. at 651), we must conclude that Oliveira bears the brunt of the

responsibility for the delay. Therefore, the second Barker factor weighs against him.

                                    3. Assertion of the Right

       When assessing the third Barker factor—a defendant’s assertion of the right to a speedy

trial—we search the record “for actions sufficiently aggressive to constitute the equivalent of

‘banging on the courthouse doors.’” Bido, 56 A.3d at 114 (quoting Crocker, 767 A.2d at 94).

Oliveira asserts that his “vigorous” efforts in this regard require that the third Barker factor be

“weigh[ed] heavily in his favor.” We disagree.

       At the outset, we note that Oliveira’s first “assertion” of his speedy-trial right—the

motion filed by Cotoia in April 2009—is entitled to no weight in the analysis. At the hearing on

this motion, Cotoia explained that he had filed the motion solely to accommodate Oliveira’s

request and that he was not ready for trial and would not be ready until the fall of 2009. A

premature speedy-trial motion filed long before defendant is ready for trial does not constitute

sufficient assertion of the right to a speedy trial. It is a nullity. See State v. Perez, 882 A.2d 574,

592 (R.I. 2005) (noting, in the course of weighing the third Barker factor against the defendant,

that the defendant conceded “that he was unprepared to proceed to trial” at the time that the

speedy-trial motion was filed); cf. Delahunt, 121 R.I. at 575, 401 A.2d at 1267 (holding that two

motions for speedy trial did not constitute sufficient assertion of the right where the motions

were followed by a motion to suppress identification testimony); Ramsdell v. Langlois, 100 R.I.

468, 473, 217 A.2d 83, 86 (1966) (“It would seem that appellant is not entitled to blow both hot

and cold—to seek dismissal based upon delay in trial, on the one hand; while at the same time,

requesting and insisting upon further continuance or postponement of the trial.” (quoting State v.

Thompson, 232 P.2d 87, 92 (Wash. 1951))). Moreover, at the same hearing, Oliveira acquiesced



                                                - 19 -
in the delay necessary to allow Cotoia to prepare for trial; when asked by the hearing justice

whether he was “comfortable slowing this down a little bit so [Cotoia] can adequately

investigate,” Oliveira agreed, although his acquiescence was somewhat qualified in nature.

Therefore, not only was the April 2009 speedy-trial motion filed before Cotoia was ready for

trial, both Cotoia and Oliveira effectively abandoned the motion during the hearing on May 21,

2009. Because the premature motion properly was denied, it does not approach a sufficiently

aggressive assertion of Oliveira’s right to a speedy trial.

       The pro se motions that Oliveira filed in June 2010 that purport to assert his speedy-trial

rights come no closer to banging on the courthouse doors. For one thing, the hearing justice

appropriately passed those motions because they were filed while Oliveira was represented by

counsel.   Cf. United States v. Long, 597 F.3d 720, 729 (5th Cir. 2010) (holding that the

defendant waived his right to dismissal under the Speedy Trial Act, even though he filed a pro se

motion to dismiss, because he was represented by counsel, and the trial judge properly struck the

pro se motion). A criminal defendant has no right to “hybrid representation,” whereby some

tasks are performed by counsel and others by the defendant on a pro se basis. See State v.

Brown, 549 A.2d 1373, 1379 (R.I. 1988) (“A criminal defendant cannot claim his right to

counsel and assert the right to represent himself in the same trial.”).

       Moreover, even if we were to address Oliveira’s pro se motions, such filings would not

constitute sufficient assertion of Oliveira’s right to a speedy trial. Even more problematic than

the seventeen-month delay in the assertion of the right, the series of pro se motions that Oliveira

filed in June and August 2010 hardly were limited to his speedy-trial rights. Oliveira also filed

motions seeking relief ranging from expungement of dismissed or acquitted charges, to

reconsideration of bail, to production of various items of evidence. By bundling a wide variety



                                                - 20 -
of pro se filings, Oliveira clouded the focus of the relief he sought, and this, in turn, diminished

the force of the assertion of his rights. See Ramsdell, 100 R.I. at 472, 217 A.2d at 86 (“[W]hile

the court was awaiting a report of the psychiatric evaluation ordered at [petitioner’s] request,

petitioner simultaneously questioned the indictment, requested information to assist him in the

preparation for trial, and demanded a speedy trial. The inconsistencies which inhered in the

various requests and demands belatedly made by petitioner gave clear warrant to the trial justice

to conclude that petitioner intended that action on his demand for a trial be deferred until after a

disposition was made of the other matters.”).

         Additionally, it is significant that Morrissey did not seek to dismiss the indictment on

speedy-trial grounds (or otherwise assert those rights) from the time he entered his appearance in

February 2011 to the commencement of defendant’s retrial in October 2012. Similarly, after his

pro se motions relating to his speedy-trial rights were denied in July 2010, there is no indication

that Oliveira again asserted those rights in the more than two years that elapsed before his

retrial.15   The failure to reiterate a speedy-trial demand for more than two years does not

constitute sufficient assertion of the right. Cf. State v. Hernandez, 641 A.2d 62, 68 (R.I. 1994)

(“Hernandez asserted her constitutional right once in the two-year period. This assertion

occurred very early in the proceedings, in fact one month after the information was filed. She

15
   In reaching this conclusion, we do not overlook Oliveira’s premature pro se habeas petition
that he filed in federal court in January 2011. However, assuming, without deciding, that the
pretrial filing of a habeas petition in federal court by a defendant awaiting trial on state charges
can even constitute an assertion of the right to a speedy trial under Barker’s third factor, this
ineffectual filing is entitled to scant weight in the analysis in this case because Morrissey’s
subsequent actions, including the filing of several pretrial motions, indicate that the defense was
not ready for trial in January 2011. See Hakeem v. Beyer, 990 F.2d 750, 765 (3d Cir. 1993)
(“[W]e think the weight to be given Hakeem’s December petition in the federal court is reduced
by his apparent unreadiness to proceed to trial at any of the times he asserted the right. Where,
through contrary actions, a defendant evidences an unwillingness to commence with the trial
requested, the request carries minimal weight.”); see also State v. Delahunt, 121 R.I. 565, 575,
401 A.2d 1261, 1267 (1979).
                                                - 21 -
did not bring her motion to dismiss until the first day of trial, some twenty-two months after first

asserting her right. We believe Hernandez could have been more aggressive in asserting her

right. The record reflects that she only ‘tapped lightly’ on the courthouse doors.”); Austin, 462

A.2d at 363 (“The facts that [the] defendant never made a written demand and that over three

years elapsed between [the] defendant’s initial oral request for a speedy trial and any further

demands clearly demonstrate a lack of effort on [the] defendant’s part in asserting his right.”).

       For these reasons, we conclude that the third Barker factor does not weigh in Oliveira’s

favor. “The lack of aggressive demand for a speedy trial does not alone constitute a waiver, but

it is an important factor that militates against [the] defendant’s position, particularly when [the]

defendant is at least partially responsible for the delay.” Austin, 462 A.2d at 363.

                                          4.   Prejudice

       Finally, this Court turns to the fourth Barker factor: prejudice to the defendant. A

defendant’s right to a speedy trial seeks to combat three general types of prejudice: “oppressive

pretrial incarceration, anxiety and concern of the defendant, and impairment of the ability to

present a defense.” Bido, 56 A.3d at 115 (quoting Oliveira I, 961 A.2d at 319). Of the three,

prejudice arising from the impairment of the ability to present a defense is the most concerning

“because the inability of a defendant adequately to prepare his case skews the fairness of the

entire system.” Id. (quoting Oliveira I, 961 A.2d at 319). Although marshaling “affirmative

proof of particularized prejudice” would strengthen a defendant’s speedy-trial argument, such an

undertaking “‘is not essential to every speedy[-]trial claim’ ‘because excessive delay

presumptively compromises the reliability of a trial in ways that neither party can prove or, for

that matter, identify.’” Id. (quoting Doggett, 505 U.S. at 655).




                                               - 22 -
       In this case, Oliveira does not contend—nor is there any suggestion in the record—that

the delay impaired his ability to present a defense. Indeed, defendant conceded in his reply brief

that the evidence adduced at defendant’s retrial was the same evidence admitted during his first

trial, with the lone exclusion of the evidence that this Court deemed to be improperly admitted in

Oliveira I. Although Oliveira claims to have suffered the other two types of prejudice identified

in Barker, we are not persuaded. First, with respect to anxiety and concern resulting from the

delay, Oliveira asserts, without any evidentiary support, that the delay “[u]ndoubtedly * * *

caused him enormous anxiety and emotional strain” and “had to have been * * * extremely

frustrating and stressful.” But “[m]ere allegations of mental trauma without more are insufficient

to prove prejudice.” Austin, 731 A.2d at 685. Because there was no motion to dismiss filed or

heard in this case, Oliveira failed to develop a sufficient evidentiary record on this type of

prejudice.    Finally, even though Oliveira remained incarcerated awaiting retrial, this

circumstance does not weigh heavily in his favor. See Oliveira I, 961 A.2d at 319 (“[T]o the

extent that incarceration disrupts one’s freedom, employment, and familial associations, * * *

this disruption merely constitutes a prejudice inherent in being held while awaiting trial and is

insufficient alone to satisfy the fourth and final Barker factor.” (quoting Perez, 882 A.2d at

592)). Therefore, the fourth Barker factor does not weigh in Oliveira’s favor.

                                               ***

       In sum, although the delay of forty-five months in this case was “presumptively

prejudicial,” triggering a full-fledged Barker analysis, the remaining speedy-trial factors weigh

against Oliveira. The primary reasons for the delay—Cotoia’s unpreparedness for trial and

Morrissey’s   reasonable   trial-preparation   efforts—are   properly attributed    to   Oliveira.

Additionally, because (1) both attorneys failed to assert defendant’s speedy-trial rights,



                                               - 23 -
(2) Oliveira acquiesced in the first seventeen months of the delay caused by Cotoia, and

(3) neither Morrissey nor Oliveira asserted Oliveira’s speedy-trial rights in the period after

Morrissey entered his appearance, we are of the opinion that Oliveira failed to assert his right to

a speedy trial with sufficient persistence. Finally, apart from the prejudice inherent in pretrial

incarceration, Oliveira has failed to demonstrate prejudice. Under these circumstances, we are

satisfied that Oliveira’s right to a speedy trial was not violated.

                                               Hearsay

         Oliveira also claims that the trial justice abused his discretion in admitting hearsay

evidence during the testimony of Barbara, Det. McIlmail, and Dr. Barron.              Because the

determination of whether a statement qualifies for admission under an exception to the hearsay

rule is a matter “within the sound discretion of the trial justice,” this Court will affirm such a

determination “unless clearly erroneous.”        Oliveira I, 961 A.2d at 314 (quoting State v.

Bergevine, 942 A.2d 974, 978 (R.I. 2008)); see also State v. Pompey, 934 A.2d 210, 215 (R.I.

2007).

         It is hornbook law that hearsay evidence amounting to an out-of-court statement “offered

in evidence to prove the truth of the matter asserted,” Rule 801(c) of the Rhode Island Rules of

Evidence, is generally inadmissible, unless a recognized exception applies, see Rule 802 of the

Rhode Island Rules of Evidence. Another foundational premise is that an out-of-court statement

that is not offered for the truth of the matter asserted but for some other purpose—such as to

show notice or the effect of the statement upon the listener—is not hearsay. See State v.

Diefenderfer, 970 A.2d 12, 32 (R.I. 2009); State v. Crow, 871 A.2d 930, 936 (R.I. 2005).

         Detective McIlmail began his testimony by explaining how he became involved in this

case. He testified that, upon arriving at Barbara’s apartment, he spoke with Barbara and the



                                                 - 24 -
officer on scene in order to familiarize himself with the case. He was then asked the following

question: “And upon speaking with [Barbara] and the officer on scene what did you learn with

regards to the allegations?” The defendant objected, and the trial justice overruled the objection

and told Det. McIlmail, “You can answer that as to what [you] learned.” Detective McIlmail

answered: “[Phillip] had disclosed to his mother that in the prior evening his grandfather James

Oliveira had been in bed with him, rubbed his leg, pull[ed] his underpants down and inserted his

finger into his anus.” Detective McIlmail then described his next steps after learning of

Oliveira’s actions, including ordering photographs of the crime scene, requesting Barbara to

convince Oliveira to return to the apartment, and suggesting that Barbara take Phillip to Hasbro

for examination. When Det. McIlmail was asked why he suggested that Phillip be taken to

Hasbro, the following exchange took place:

               “A.      Because he complained of pain to his behind as well as the
                        way he was acting, his demeanor and his lack of verbal
                        communication, I was concerned that he had been sexually
                        molested and I wanted him physically examined.
               “Q.      Now you say that he was complaining in the period that
                        you spent with the family including [Phillip], was he
                        complaining about discomfort or pain in your presence?
               “A.      He told his mother that he was experiencing pain.”

Defense counsel’s objection to this exchange was overruled.

       On appeal, Oliveira contends that this testimony from Det. McIlmail contained

inadmissible hearsay.     However, our review of the entirety of Det. McIlmail’s testimony

convinces us that his testimony regarding Phillip’s disclosure that he was experiencing pain was

not offered to prove the truth of the matter asserted. Rather, the purpose of that testimony was to

explain why Det. McIlmail urged Barbara to take the child to Hasbro. Accordingly, the out-of-

court statement embedded within this portion of Det. McIlmail’s testimony was not hearsay, and

the trial justice did not abuse his discretion in overruling Oliveira’s objection.

                                                - 25 -
       The same cannot be said for Det. McIlmail’s testimony about what he learned after

speaking with Barbara and the officer on scene. His answer to this question related Phillip’s out-

of-court statement that Oliveira had inserted his finger into Phillip’s anus, and a non-hearsay

purpose of this testimony is not apparent from the record.         Therefore, this testimony was

inadmissible hearsay. However, this error does not warrant reversal of Oliveira’s conviction.

Even without this evidence, the state had overwhelming evidence of Oliveira’s guilt, including:

Phillip’s testimony about Oliveira’s actions and that he relayed defendant’s actions to his

mother; Oliveira’s written and oral confession to police; the letter he sent to Barbara apologizing

for his conduct; and, most critically, evidence that Oliveira’s seminal fluid was found in Phillip’s

anus. Under these circumstances, any error in admission of Det. McIlmail’s testimony was

harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. See State v. Momplaisir, 815 A.2d 65, 70 (R.I. 2003)

(“[T]he admission of hearsay evidence is not prejudicial when the evidence is merely cumulative

and when [the defendant’s] guilt is sufficiently established by proper evidence.” (quoting In re

Andrey G., 796 A.2d 452, 457 (R.I. 2002))).

       Oliveira’s contention that the trial justice abused his discretion in ruling that Phillip’s

statement to his mother concerning what Oliveira did qualified as an excited utterance, such that

Barbara was permitted to relate that statement to the jury, fares no better. Under Rule 803(2),

excited utterances are “statement[s] relating to a startling event or condition made while the

declarant was under the stress of excitement caused by the event or condition.” “The test [under

this exception] is whether, from a consideration of all the facts, the declarant ‘was still laboring

under the stress of excitement caused by the event when he or she made the statement at issue.’”

Oliveira I, 961 A.2d at 315 (quoting State v. Morales, 895 A.2d 114, 120 (R.I. 2006)); see also

Pompey, 934 A.2d at 215. Although the length of time between the occurrence of the event and



                                               - 26 -
the utterance of the statement is one factor in the analysis, “the ‘statement need not be strictly

contemporaneous with the startling event to qualify as spontaneous,’” so long as it was “made

while the declarant was still laboring under the stress of the event.” Momplaisir, 815 A.2d at 70

(quoting State v. Mendez, 788 A.2d 1145, 1147 (R.I. 2002)). Moreover, “in cases of sexual

assault[,] the time requirement is less demanding, especially when the victim is a child of tender

years.” Oliveira I, 961 A.2d at 315. Additionally, the question of “[w]hether a statement was in

response to an inquiry is a factor in determining spontaneity, but does not render the excited-

utterance exception inapplicable.” Id.

       After a careful review of the evidence, we cannot say that the trial justice abused his

discretion on this score.16 Barbara testified that, at the time Phillip confided in her, he appeared

“nervous” and “afraid” and was acting “standoffish” and abnormally quiet.17 Additionally, six-

year-old Phillip’s disclosure on the morning of August 12, 2004 followed relatively closely on

the heels of this child’s traumatic encounter with his grandfather—approximately twelve hours

after the August 11, 2004 digital penetration, and even less time after Oliveira’s second assault

the next morning.      See Morales, 895 A.2d at 116-17, 119-21 (affirming trial justice’s

determination that statements made by seven-year-old-sexual-assault victim to her aunt and

mother the morning after the crime occurred qualified for admission under the excited-utterance

exception). Further, the mere fact that the statement was in response to questioning does not

foreclose a finding of spontaneity; and, given Phillip’s relationship with Oliveira and his concern

16
  The state argues that, because this Court upheld the admission of Barbara’s testimony about
what Phillip told her during defendant’s first trial in Oliveira I, consideration of defendant’s
challenge to this aspect of Barbara’s testimony at his retrial is foreclosed by principles of res
judicata. Because we affirm the trial justice on the merits, we need not—and, therefore, do not—
address this argument.
17
  Additionally, Phillip testified that, when he disclosed Oliveira’s actions to his mother, he was
crying and “excited to see her” because he “needed to tell her what happened.”
                                               - 27 -
that Barbara would be mad at defendant, the trial justice did not act unreasonably in concluding

that Phillip’s disclosure was spontaneous and made while he was still laboring under the stress of

the events of the prior night and that morning. See Oliveira I, 961 A.2d at 316.

       Finally, we turn to Oliveira’s claim of evidentiary error with respect to Dr. Barron’s

testimony. Doctor Barron testified that, in accordance with her protocol of obtaining a history

from a caretaker, she interviewed Barbara when Phillip and his mother arrived at Hasbro. The

following exchange then occurred:

               “Q.     Is that [interview] for [the] purpose of medical diagnosis
                       and treatment?
               “A.     Yes, it is.
               “Q.     Now with regard to medical diagnosis and treatment of
                       [Phillip] at this point in time, what specifically did
                       [Barbara] tell you with regard to that particular area?”
                       (Emphasis added.)

The defendant objected to this question, and the trial justice overruled the objection. Doctor

Barron answered that Barbara reported to her that Phillip “disclosed [to his mother] sexual abuse

by his grandfather that occurred the night before.”18 Thus, although the question did not call for

hearsay, the answer included the identity of the alleged perpetrator.

       On appeal, Oliveira complains that this portion of Dr. Barron’s testimony strayed from

the confines of what is permissible under the medical-diagnosis-and-treatment-hearsay



18
   In addition to the above-quoted passage of her answer, Dr. Barron also testified that Barbara
“found [Phillip] curled up like a ball under his covers.” Oliveira argues on appeal that this
testimony was both incompatible with Barbara’s testimony and unfairly prejudicial. However,
Oliveira did not move to strike Dr. Barron’s answer or otherwise apprise the trial justice of this
issue. Additionally, it is clear from the context of the general objection that was lodged to the
question that preceded this answer that defendant was objecting on hearsay grounds. Therefore,
Oliveira failed to preserve any argument other than his hearsay objection to this answer. See
State v. Ucero, 450 A.2d 809, 815 (R.I. 1982) (“When at trial the introduction of evidence is
objected to for a specific reason, other grounds for objection are waived and may not be raised
for the first time on appeal.”).


                                               - 28 -
exception.19 See Rule 803(4). Even assuming, without deciding, that the trial justice abused his

discretion in overruling Oliveira’s objection, any error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt

because of the overwhelming other evidence of the defendant’s guilt.

                                               Conclusion

       Because we are of the opinion that the defendant’s speedy-trial and evidentiary

contentions are devoid of merit, we affirm the judgment of the Superior Court. The papers in

this case may be remanded to the Superior Court.



       Justice Indeglia did not participate.




19
   The state claims that Oliveira failed to preserve the issue. Because the question called only for
what Barbara told Dr. Barron “with regard to medical diagnosis and treatment of [Phillip],” the
argument goes, the trial justice appropriately overruled the objection. See Rule 803(4) of the
Rhode Island Rules of Evidence. According to the state, by failing to move to strike Dr.
Barron’s answer, request a cautionary instruction, or move for a mistrial, Oliveira failed to
preserve any issue with respect to Dr. Barron’s answer. The state may well be correct that,
where a litigant unsuccessfully objects to an unobjectionable question and the witness’s answer
contains inadmissible evidence, it is incumbent on the litigant to also move to strike the
inadmissible answer and that, in these circumstances, the objection to the unobjectionable
question does not extend to the answer. See State v. Keller, 844 P.2d 195, 201 (Or. 1993); see
also Gould v. Day, 94 U.S. (4 Otto) 405, 414 (1876). We need not address this issue in the
context of this case.
                                                 - 29 -
                            RHODE ISLAND SUPREME COURT CLERK’S OFFICE

                                 Clerk’s Office Order/Opinion Cover Sheet




TITLE OF CASE:        State v. James Oliveira.

CASE NO:              No. 2013-246-C.A.
                      (P1/04-3386A)

COURT:                Supreme Court

DATE OPINION FILED: December 4, 2015

JUSTICES:             Suttell, C.J., Goldberg, Flaherty, and Robinson, JJ.

WRITTEN BY:           Associate Justice Maureen McKenna Goldberg

SOURCE OF APPEAL:     Providence County Superior Court

JUDGE FROM LOWER COURT:

                      Associate Justice Daniel A. Procaccini

ATTORNEYS ON APPEAL:

                      For State: Jane M. McSoley
                                 Department of Attorney General

                      For Defendant: Catherine Gibran
                                     Office of the Public Defender
