Filed 6/27/13 Veley v. Campbell CA2/6
                   NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
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             IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                    SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                   DIVISION SIX


SUSAN E. VELEY,                                                                 2d Civil No. B236526
                                                                             (Super. Ct. No. CV090246)
  Plaintiff and Appellant and Cross                                           (San Luis Obispo County)
Respondent

v.

FRED DOUGLAS CAMPBELL, et. al,

  Defendants and Respondents and Cross
Appellants. .




         This matter concerns a dispute between neighbors over a prescriptive easement
and the destruction of pecan trees. Susan E. Veley appeals from a judgment following
a court trial. Veley contends that the trial court erroneously granted a prescriptive
easement to Fred D. Campbell and Betty C. Campbell, husband and wife. The
prescriptive easement permits the Campbells and their lessees to use a road that runs
across Veley's property.
         The Campbells cross-appeal from the judgment. They contend that the trial
court erroneously concluded that Veley was not liable for her former husband's act of
cutting down pecan trees on the Campbells' property. The Campbells argue that
Veley's former husband was her agent acting within the scope of his authority.
         We affirm the judgment in its entirety.
                                      Veley's Appeal
                           Factual and Procedural Background
          Veley and the Campbells own adjoining parcels in San Luis Obispo County.
Veley purchased parcel 4 in 2006. The Campbells purchased parcels 5 and A in 1976
and 1977. A road, hereafter "the disputed road," "proceeds more or less along the
boundary between Parcels 4 and 5, sometimes being located entirely on Parcel 4, and
other times entirely on Parcel 5. [It] continues past the driveway to the Veley
residence on Parcel 4, and thereafter is completely located on Parcel 5." The road
"proceeds for several miles to a hilltop" on the Campbells' property, where "several
cell phone companies" have leased space "for maintaining their relay towers" (cell
sites).
          The Campbells continuously maintained the disputed road by sharing expenses
with involved property owners. In 1995 they spent approximately $19,000 to repave
the road, install culverts, and make "it a full all-weather road." In 2006 the disputed
road was officially named "Campbell Lane" following a public hearing.
          The Campbells leased "the bulk of [their] property for grazing." From 1976 to
about 2004, tenants Tony and John Silva used the disputed road "for access for their
farm trucks."
          For about 20 years the Campbells had tenants living in two mobile homes on
parcel A. The tenants used the disputed road for access. From 1976 to 1980 the
Campbells' son lived in one of the mobile homes and used the disputed road.
          In 1995 the Campbells started leasing cell sites to cell phone companies. All of
the sites are on parcel 5. The first lessee was Cellular One. Its lease started January 1,
1995. The lessees used the disputed road to access the cell sites. The disputed road
approached the cell sites from the south. A northern road was also available, but the
disputed road was "preferred" because it was actively maintained, had "lower slopes,"
and was an "all-weather, all-year road." The northern road was "compromised by
weather."


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       The Campbells never asked for permission to use the disputed road. Betty
Campbell testified: "We didn't have permission. It was our right to use the road." Pat
O'Brian, who sold parcel 5 to the Campbells, "told us this was our road to use."
Before they bought parcel 5, the Campbells "were given three different tours of the
property. In each case, [the disputed road] was the access point that [they] used."
       No one objected to the Campbells' use of the disputed road until approximately
August 2008 when Veley objected. Where the road enters her property, she erected a
gate and a "No Trespassing Sign."
       Cellular One accessed its cell site via the disputed road from January 1995 until
Veley stopped it from using the road in 2008. Cellular One used the disputed road 8 to
10 times each year. Since 2008, Cellular One has used the northern road.
       From about 1977 to November 2000, Virginia Sevra owned parcel 4 (Veley's
property) and lived there. During this period, she saw the Campbells and their
"renters" use the disputed road. They never asked Sevra for permission to use the
road, and she never objected to their using it. Sevra was aware of cell sites on the
Campbells' property.
       In April 2009 the Campbells filed an action against Veley to quiet title to a
prescriptive easement over the disputed road. Veley filed a cross-complaint against
the Campbells and the lessees of cell sites on the Campbells' property. Except for
Cellular One, all of the lessees settled with Veley, and the cross-complaint against
them was dismissed.
       After a court trial, judgment was entered granting the Campbells a prescriptive
easement over the disputed road. The easement "includes vehicular access for the
Campbells themselves, their guests and lessees." The easement, however, is restricted
as to cell phone companies. The judgment provides: "The Campbells have the right to
designate, on a yearly basis, up to three cell phone companies as coming within the
scope of their easement. The usage by more than three such companies . . . would be
unreasonable and is therefore not permissible. The Campbells may change the
designees each year." Notice of the designated cell phone companies must be given to

                                            3
Veley or her successor in interest. On Veley's cross-complaint, judgment was entered
in favor of the Campbells and Cellular One.
                               Sufficiency of the Evidence
       " [A] party seeking to establish a prescriptive easement has the burden of proof
by clear and convincing evidence. [Citation.] The higher standard of proof
demonstrates there is no policy favoring the establishment of prescriptive easements."
(Grant v. Ratliff (2008) 164 Cal.App.4th 1304, 1310.)
       "The elements necessary to establish a prescriptive easement are well settled.
The party claiming such an easement must show use of the property which has been
open, notorious, continuous and adverse for an uninterrupted period of five years.
[Citations.] Whether the elements of prescription are established is a question of fact
for the trial court [citation], and the findings of the court will not be disturbed where
there is substantial evidence to support them." (Warsaw v. Chicago Metallic Ceilings,
Inc. (1984) 35 Cal.3d 564, 570.) There is no presumption "that the open, notorious
and continuous use of [another's] land was adverse." (Grant v. Ratliff, supra, 164
Cal.App.4th at p. 1306.)
       "The substantial evidence standard of review involves two steps. ' First, one
must resolve all explicit conflicts in the evidence in favor of the respondent and
presume in favor of the judgment all reasonable inferences. [Citation.] Second, one
must determine whether the evidence thus marshaled is substantial.' . . . '[T]he power
of an appellate court begins and ends with the determination as to whether, on the
entire record, there is substantial evidence, contradicted or uncontradicted, which will
support the determination, and when two or more inferences can reasonably be
deduced from the facts, a reviewing court is without power to substitute its deductions
for those of the trial court.' " (People v. Ortiz (2012) 208 Cal.App.4th 1354, 1363.)
       Veley claims that the evidence is insufficient because it shows that, instead of
being adverse, "the use of The Disputed Road by the occupiers of Parcel[s] 5 and A
was permissive and nothing more than a neighborly accommodation." We disagree.
"That [the Campbells'] use of the road was under claim of right is substantiated by the

                                             4
evidence since [the Campbells] testified they believed they had a . . . right to use the
road, they never asked permission, . . . used the road openly, and were never given
permission [to use the road]." (Applegate v. Ota (1983) 146 Cal.App.3d 702, 710.)
Furthermore, Virginia Sevra, a prior owner of Veley's property from about 1977 to
November 2000, testified that the Campbells and their "renters" had used the disputed
road, but they had never asked her for permission. According to Sevra, the vehicles on
the road included "automobiles, pickup trucks, stock trailers, [and] horse trailers."
       Grant v. Ratliff, supra, 164 Cal.App.4th 1304, is distinguishable. There, the
trial court concluded that the use of a road by the sons of the road's owner did not
establish an easement by prescription because the use "was for the accommodation of
family members rather than under a claim of right." (Id., at p. 1307.) In affirming the
judgment, this court reasoned: "[T]he [plaintiffs] cite no evidence that the relationship
between [the landowner] and his sons was anything other than a normal father and son
relationship. It is true . . . that related parties do not always accommodate each other.
But there is no reason to believe that is the case here. The trial court's conclusion that
the sons' use of the road was not adverse but was a matter of family accommodation is
reasonable. Indeed, under the circumstances, it is the only reasonable conclusion."
(Id., at p. 1310.)
       Unlike the sons in Ratliff, the Campbells and their lessees were not members of
Sevra's family. Furthermore, unlike the trial court in Ratliff, the trial court here ruled
in favor of the parties seeking to establish an easement by prescription. "We must
therefore view the evidence in the light most favorable to the [Campbells], giving
[them] the benefit of every reasonable inference . . . ." (Jessup Farms v.
Baldwin (1983) 33 Cal.3d 639, 660.) Applying this standard of review, we conclude
that substantial evidence supports the finding that the use of the disputed road by the
Campbells and their lessees was adverse and not merely a neighborly accommodation.
                                     Five Year Period
       Veley claims that the evidence is insufficient to show continuous use of the
disputed road for an uninterrupted period of five years. " 'The actual use required

                                             5
depends on the nature of the easement. It need not be used every day during the
prescriptive period. The use is sufficient if it occurs on those occasions when it is
necessary for the convenience of the user.' [Citation.] 'If a right of way over another's
land has been used for more than five years, it is not necessary, to make good such use,
that the claimant has used it every day. He uses it every day, or once in every week, or
twice a month, as his needs require. He is not required to go over it when he does not
need it, to make his use of the way continuous. The claimant is required to make such
reasonable use of the way as his needs require.' [Citation.]" (Fogerty v. State of
California (1986) 187 Cal.App.3d 224, 239.)
         Substantial evidence supports the trial court's finding of continuous use of the
disputed road for an uninterrupted period of five years. The Campbells' farming
tenants, the Silvas, used the disputed road from 1976 to about 2004 "for access for
their farm trucks." From 1976 to 1980 the Campbells' son used the disputed road to
access a mobile home in which he was living. Thereafter, for about 20 years the
Campbells' tenants in two mobile homes used the disputed road. Finally, from 1995
until August 2008 the cell phone companies used the disputed road to service their cell
sites.
                            Tenant Origination of Adverse Use
         Veley contends that the evidence is insufficient to establish a prescriptive
easement as to the use by the cell phone companies "because the disputed road was not
expressly or impliedly included in the cell company leases." Veley relies on Murray v.
Fuller (1947) 82 Cal.App.2d 400. There, the appellate court stated: "[I]t is well-settled
that a tenant cannot originate adverse user in his landlord's favor, when his lease does
not expressly or impliedly include the easement [citations omitted] . . . ." (Id., at
p. 406, italics added.) The omitted citations include only federal and out-of-state
cases.




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       The appellate court's statement is dicta and therefore "is not authority upon
which we can rely. [Citations.]"1 (Mattco Forge, Inc. v. Arthur Young & Co. (1997)
52 Cal.App.4th 820, 850, fn. omitted.) The appellate court concluded that, because
"[t]he evidence was sufficient to show an implied agreement with plaintiffs' several
tenants" allowing them to use a driveway, "the use by the tenants would inure to the
benefit of the landlords." (Murray v. Fuller, supra, 82 Cal.App.2d 406-407.) The
court was not presented with and made no decision concerning the situation where the
lease does not expressly or impliedly include the adverse use. " ' "An appellate
decision is not authority for everything said in the court's opinion but only 'for the
points actually involved and actually decided.' " [Citation.]' [Citation.]" (Areso v.
CarMax, Inc. (2011) 195 Cal.App.4th 996, 1006.) In any event, the dicta is
inapplicable here because the cell phone companies did not originate the adverse use
of the disputed road. Furthermore, it is reasonable to infer that the leases with the cell
phone companies impliedly included the right to use the disputed road. Fred Campbell
testified that, before signing the lease with Cellular One, the company's agents visited
the cell site "many times," "primarily through the [disputed road]." Campbell
"point[ed] out [to the agents that] there was another access [the northern road] in case
of an emergency . . . . But the preferred route is the southern route [via the disputed
road]." Campbell also testified that, before signing leases with the other cell phone
companies, he "would escort their engineers and contractors through the various routes
to the site," i.e., both the disputed road and the northern road.
                      Argument that Prescriptive Easement Is Too
                        Vague and Uncertain To Be Enforceable


1
  A leading treatise on California property law states: "While one case [Murray v.
Fuller, supra, 82 Cal.App.2d at p. 406] stated, in dicta, that a tenant cannot originate
the adverse use unless the easement is expressly or impliedly included within the lease,
at least two cases have held that a prescriptive right was established even though the
use was originated by the tenant without the particular use being included within the
terms of the lease." (6 Miller & Starr Cal. Real Estate (3d ed. 2011) § 15:38, pp. 146-
147.)
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         Veley argues that "the terms of the prescriptive easement giving the Campbells
the right to designate three random cell companies to use the road on an annual basis
so long as written notice is given to [her] or her successors in interest is too vague and
uncertain." But these terms are plain and unambiguous on their face. Veley
propounds numerous hypothetical situations where the terms allegedly would create
uncertainty. We need not and do not consider these hypothetical uncertainties because
their underlying facts are not before us. If uncertainties arise in the future, the trial
court will be able to deal with them. In its judgment the court reserved "jurisdiction to
intervene, if necessary, in future confrontations regarding the use of [the disputed
road]."
                               The Campbells' Cross-Appeal
                            Factual and Procedural Background
         In April 2010 the Campbells amended their complaint to add a cause of action
seeking damages for Veley's alleged destruction of pecan trees located on the
Campbells' property. Six trees were cut down on April 2, 2010, almost one year after
the filing of the original complaint.
         At trial Veley's former husband, Loren Veley (Loren),2 testified as follows: He
cut down the pecan trees under the mistaken belief that they were on Veley's property.
Veley did not tell him to cut down the trees. "She didn't say anything about the trees."
Loren was helping his son "clean up the road that goes up the hill to [Veley's] house."
The son lived in the house with his mother, Veley. On the road "there were a lot of
large broken limbs and dry, cracked branches everywhere." Loren decided that "it
seemed best to go ahead and cut the trees down because they were kind of a hazard
with everything laying in the road."
         Veley testified that, because of "torrential winds," branches had broken off the
pecan trees and had fallen onto the road. Veley asked Loren to clean up the road "so
we could get up to the house."


2
    At the time of trial, Veley and Loren had been divorced for at least 20 years.
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       In its statement of decision, the trial court declared: "The Campbells have not
carried their burden of proving by a preponderance of the evidence that Veley is
responsible for cutting down the pecan trees. The evidence shows that . . . [Loren]
trespassed upon . . . Parcel 5 and cut down six pecan trees. . . . The Court is persuaded
that [Veley] did not authorize the cutting, and is therefore not legally responsible for
the acts of her ex-husband."
                        Argument that Loren Was Veley's Agent
                        Acting Within the Scope of His Authority
       The Campbells claim: "As a matter of law, Veley's son and ex-husband were
her agents acting within the scope of their agency when they destroyed the trees.
Therefore, Veley is liable under the doctrine of respondeat superior." The Campbells
acknowledge that "Veley instructed her ex-husband to help clear broken branches that
had fallen from the trees onto the road during a storm." They further acknowledge that
Loren, "on his own, decided to cut down [six] pecan trees."
       "A principal cannot be held [liable] when an actual agent acts beyond the scope
of his actual or ostensible authority. [Citations.]" (Van't Rood v. County of Santa
Clara (2003) 113 Cal.App.4th 549, 573.) "The question of whether an agent acted on
behalf of a principal is a question of fact, and on appeal, we review the trial court's
decision to determine whether there is substantial evidence, uncontradicted or
contradicted, to support it. [Citations.]" (Seneca Ins. Co. v. County of Orange (2004)
117 Cal.App.4th 611, 618.)
       Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the judgment, the trial court
reasonably concluded that Loren's act of cutting down the pecan trees exceeded the
scope of his authority. Veley testified that she had asked him to clean up the road "so
we could get up to the house."
       Citing Rodgers v. Kemper Construction Co. (1975) 50 Cal.App.3d 608, the
Campbells argue that Veley should be held responsible under the "rationale that the
employer's liability should extend beyond his actual or possible control over the
employees to include risks inherent in or created by the enterprise because he, rather

                                             9
than the innocent injured party, is best able to spread the risk through prices, rates or
liability insurance. [Citations.]" (Id., at p. 618.) This rationale "is grounded upon 'a
deeply rooted sentiment that a business enterprise cannot justly disclaim responsibility
for accidents which may fairly be said to be characteristic of its activities.'
[Citations.]" (Ibid.) But Loren was not Veley's employee, and the clearing of
branches from the road to Veley's home did not relate to the activities of a business
enterprise. In any event, it is reasonable to infer that Veley's instructions to remove
the branches from the road did not involve a foreseeable risk that the recipient of these
instructions would not only remove the branches, but would also cut down the trees
from which the branches had fallen. (See Ibid ["One way to determine whether a risk
is inherent in, or created by, an enterprise is to ask whether the actual occurrence was a
generally foreseeable consequence of the activity"].)
                                        Disposition
              The judgment is affirmed. The parties shall bear their own costs on
appeal.
              NOT TO BE PUBLISHED.


                                                           YEGAN, J.

We concur:


              GILBERT, P.J.


              PERREN, J.




                                             10
                Charles E. Crandall, Judge


        Superior Court County of San Luis Obispo


           ______________________________




Niel S. Tardiff, for Appellant.


John F. Hodges, for Respondent.




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