                          NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
                                  File Name: 15a0586n.06

                                               No. 14-4097


                             UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                  FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                                                                                  FILED
JUDY MAE FILLINGER,                  )                                                     Aug 17, 2015
                                     )                                                 DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
    Plaintiff-Appellant,             )
                                     )
v.                                   )
                                                                        ON APPEAL FROM THE
                                     )
                                                                        UNITED STATES DISTRICT
LERNER SAMPSON & ROTHFUSS; MORGAN )
                                                                        COURT FOR THE
STANLEY CREDIT CORPORATION; HSBC     )
                                                                        NORTHERN DISTRICT OF
BANK USA, NA; CENLAR FEDERAL SAVINGS )
                                                                        OHIO
BANK,                                )
                                     )
    Defendants-Appellees.            )




BEFORE:         BATCHELDER and STRANCH, Circuit Judges; HOOD, District Judge*

          ALICE M. BATCHELDER, Circuit Judge. In 2013, Judy Mae Fillinger brought

multiple claims under the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (“FDCPA”) against four defendants

for conduct that occurred in 2008 through 2010. Although admitting that her claims were

facially barred by the FDCPA’s one-year statute of limitations, she argued that the statute should

be equitably tolled because the four defendants fraudulently concealed the existence of a

creditor. The four defendants filed a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss, which the district court

granted. Because we hold that Fillinger has not adequately pleaded fraudulent concealment even

if we were to recognize equitable tolling under the FDCPA, we AFFIRM the dismissal of her

claims.

*
 The Honorable Denise Page Hood, United States District Judge for the Eastern District of Michigan, sitting by
designation.
No. 14-4097
Fillinger v. Lerner, Sampson & Rothfuss, et al.

                                                  I.

         Because this case is before us on a Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) motion to

dismiss, we accept the well-pleaded facts in Fillinger’s complaint as true. In 2003, Fillinger

signed a note and executed a mortgage to refinance her principal residence.               That year,

unbeknownst to Fillinger, the mortgagee sold the note to a Sequoia Mortgage trust (“the Trust”)

whose trustee was HSBC Bank USA, NA (“HSBC”). Then, in August 2008 Fillinger received a

letter from Cenlar Federal Savings Bank (“Cenlar”) notifying her that she was in default of her

July 2008 payment. One month later, she received another letter from Cenlar notifying her that

she had defaulted on her obligations under the note and mortgage. Both letters were written on

the stationery masthead of Morgan Stanley Credit Corporation (“Morgan Stanley”) and were sent

from Cenlar as “the duly appointed and authorized loan sub-servicer for Morgan Stanley Credit

Corporation.”

         It was not until December 2008, however, that the mortgage was assigned to Morgan

Stanley. And it was only in July 2009 that Cenlar requested the note and the note was endorsed

to Morgan Stanley. Lerner Sampson & Rothfuss (“LSR”), on behalf of Morgan Stanley, then

filed a foreclosure suit against Fillinger in Ohio state court. Fillinger pleaded that an entity other

than Morgan Stanley held the debt, but the trial court rejected her argument. The court granted

judgment to Morgan Stanley and executed the mortgage by sheriff’s sale. In December 2012,

Morgan Stanley assigned its bid in the sheriff’s sale to the Trust. This was the “first reliable

information Fillinger had of the identity of the FDCPA creditor, the Trust.”

         Now armed with the knowledge that her suspicions had been correct and the Trust, not

Morgan Stanley, had been the creditor of the debt at the time of her default in September 2008,

Fillinger brought suit in federal district court under the FDCPA against HSBC, Cenlar, Morgan



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Fillinger v. Lerner, Sampson & Rothfuss, et al.

Stanley, and LSR. She contended that because the Trust owned the debt at the time of default, it

was the creditor of the debt under 15 U.S.C. § 1692a(4). And Morgan Stanley was a debt

collector under 15 U.S.C. §§ 1692a(4) and 1692a(6) because the debt was then assigned to

Morgan Stanley and Morgan Stanley attempted to collect the debt. Similarly, because Cenlar

sent letters to Fillinger on behalf of Morgan Stanley and LSR initiated the lawsuit against

Fillinger on behalf of Morgan Stanley—both actions taking place after the default—they were

debt collectors pursuant to 15 U.S.C. § 1692a(6). Finally, she argued that HSBC was a debt

collector because it used the name of Morgan Stanley rather than its own to collect on the debt,

pursuant to “a frequent practice of the mortgage industry wherein the creditor tries to collect on

its note and mortgage without revealing itself as creditor by having the servicer or servicer’s

banking affiliate collect as if the creditor.” She then argued that each entity’s actions violated

two provisions of the FDCPA: (1) by failing to inform her “within five days after the initial

communication” of the name of the creditor to whom the debt was owed pursuant to 15 U.S.C. §

1692g(a)(2), and (2) by taking or threatening to take “nonjudicial action to effect dispossession

or disablement of property” through various actions prior to and including the foreclosure action

pursuant to 15 U.S.C. § 1692f(6). She also alleged that Cenlar violated 15 U.S.C. § 1692(14) by

using Morgan Stanley stationery.

         Although Fillinger admitted in her complaint that the one-year FDCPA statute of

limitations facially barred her claims, she contended that fraudulent concealment of the Trust’s

creditor role equitably tolled the statute. It was only when the sheriff’s sale confirmed the

Trust’s existence in 2012, she argued, that she knew that the four defendants had been debt

collectors—not creditors themselves—and thus might have run afoul of the FDCPA. Once she




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Fillinger v. Lerner, Sampson & Rothfuss, et al.

discovered she had a cause of action, she timely filed a suit four months after the sheriff’s sale,

well within the statute of limitations if the statute were tolled.

         Raising the defenses of statute of limitations and res judicata, and arguing failure to state

a claim, the four defendants filed motions to dismiss pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure

12(b)(6). The district court granted the motions to dismiss, holding that Fillinger had failed to

state a claim. Fillinger timely appealed.

                                                  II.

         We review de novo the district court’s order granting a Federal Rule of Civil Procedure

12(b)(6) motion to dismiss.           D’Ambrosio v. Marino, 747 F.3d 378, 383 (6th Cir. 2014).

Although the district court noted the time-bar issue but did not rule on that ground, “[w]e may

affirm the district court’s dismissal of a plaintiff’s claims on any grounds, including grounds not

relied upon by the district court.” Hensley Mfg. v. ProPride Inc., 579 F.3d 603, 609 (6th Cir.

2009). Convinced that Fillinger’s claims are time barred, we affirm on that ground.

         The FDCPA has a one-year statute of limitations. See 15 U.S.C. § 1692k(d). The statute

runs “from the date on which the violation occurs.” Id. Facially, Fillinger’s claims fall outside

of the one-year limitations period. Her claims under § 1692g(a)(2) are tied to the “initial

communications,” meaning that the statute would have begun to run five days after the letters

had been sent and the defendants had not followed up with information on the creditor—

sometime in 2008. Similarly, her claims under § 1692f(6) were premised on actions preceding

and including the filing of the foreclosure suit, which took place on September 16, 2010. See

Morgan Stanley Credit Corp. v. Fillinger, 979 N.E.2d 362, 364–65 (Ohio Ct. App. 2012). Any

viable complaints under this section thus would have been untimely in September 2011.




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No. 14-4097
Fillinger v. Lerner, Sampson & Rothfuss, et al.

Because Fillinger did not file her lawsuit until 2013, both categories of claims are facially

untimely.

         Fillinger argues, however, that the statute of limitations “was equitably tolled by the

fraudulent concealment of the party defendants.” “The general rule is that we will not extend the

statute of limitations by even a single day.” Ruth v. Unifund CCR Partners, 604 F.3d 908, 910

(internal quotation marks omitted). Although some courts allow equitable tolling of the FDCPA

statute of limitations, see Magnum v. Action Collection Serv., Inc., 575 F.3d 935, 939–41 (9th

Cir. 2009), we have specifically left for another day the question of whether the FDCPA permits

equitable tolling, Ruth, 604 F.3d at 914. We find no reason to answer that question today,

because even if we were to allow equitable tolling of the FDCPA statute of limitations, Fillinger

has not adequately pleaded fraudulent concealment.

         “The doctrine of fraudulent concealment allows equitable tolling of the statute of

limitations where 1) the defendant concealed the underlying conduct, 2) the plaintiff was

prevented from discovering the cause of action by that concealment, and 3) the plaintiff

exercised due diligence to discover the cause of action.” Huntsman v. Perry Local Sch. Bd. of

Educ., 379 F. App’x 456, 461 (6th Cir. 2010) (citing Pinney Dock & Transp. Co. v. Penn Cent.

Corp., 838 F.2d 1445, 1465 (6th Cir. 1988)).            Fillinger’s complaint fails at the first step.

Although she uses the term “fraudulent concealment,” that alone is not enough because, when

alleging fraud, “a party must state with particularity the circumstances constituting” the fraud.

Fed. R. Civ. P. 9(b). Nor are her accusations of each party’s failing to inform her of the identity

of the creditor enough. “Concealment by mere silence is not enough. There must be some trick

or contrivance intended to exclude suspicion and prevent inquiry.” Pinney Dock, 838 F.2d at

1467 (internal quotation marks omitted). Fillinger cannot plead fraudulent concealment on the



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Fillinger v. Lerner, Sampson & Rothfuss, et al.

theory that the four defendants kept silent about the existence of the creditor. In reality, the only

reference that goes beyond “mere silence” is a passing mention that Morgan Stanley “actively

conceal[ed] the interest of the Trust from the inquiries of Plaintiff.” “To plead fraud with

particularity, the plaintiff must allege (1) the time, place, and content of the alleged

misrepresentation, (2) the fraudulent scheme, (3) the defendant’s fraudulent intent, and (4) the

resulting injury.”      Chesbrough v. VPA, P.C., 655 F.3d 461, 467 (6th Cir. 2011) (internal

quotation marks omitted). Fillinger’s conclusory reference to active concealment does not meet

this standard.1

         In sum, even assuming that the FDCPA statute of limitations allows equitable tolling,

Fillinger’s claims would still be time barred because she did not plead fraudulent concealment

with particularity. Without fraudulent concealment, she is not entitled to equitable tolling, and

her claims were untimely. Because her claims are time barred, dismissal of her complaint was

appropriate.

                                                        III.

         For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the district court’s order granting the 12(b)(6)

motion to dismiss.




1
 The only allegation of her complaint that could possibly be interpreted as “active concealment” concerns an entirely
different trust. She pleaded that during the foreclosure action she had contended that “a Redwood Trust rather than
Morgan Stanley held the debt” but that she was “unsuccessful” in identifying the Redwood Trust as the owner of the
note and mortgage despite repeated attempts. The Trust that she now contends was the FDCPA creditor was a
Sequoia Mortgage trust, and thus any “concealment” of the Redwood Trust would be irrelevant to her FDCPA
claims.

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