

   
   
   
   U.S. v. Bertie



IN THE CASE OF
UNITED STATES, Appellee
v.
Kurt M. BERTIE, Specialist
U.S. Army, Appellant
 
No. 98-0232
Crim. App. No. 9600846
 
United States Court of Appeals for
the Armed Forces
Argued December 16, 1998
Decided July 15, 1999
SULLIVAN, J., delivered the opinion
of the Court, in which COX, C.J., and CRAWFORD, GIERKE, and EFFRON, JJ.,
joined. GIERKE, J., filed a concurring opinion.

Counsel
For Appellant: Captain Angelines
McCaffrey (argued); Colonel John T. Phelps II, Lieutenant Colonel
Adele H. Odegard, and Captain Paul Fiorino (on brief).
For Appellee: Captain Marcella
Edwards-Burden (argued); Colonel Russell S. Estey, Lieutenant Colonel
Eugene R. Milhizer, and Major Lyle D. Jentzer (on brief).
Military Judges: Denise K. Vowell
and Larry R. Dean
 
 

THIS OPINION
IS SUBJECT TO EDITORIAL CORRECTION BEFORE PUBLICATION.
 
 

Judge SULLIVAN delivered the opinion of
the Court.
In the Spring of 1996, appellant was
tried by a general court-martial consisting of officer and enlisted members
at Fort Drum, New York. Contrary to his pleas, he was found guilty of assault
with a dangerous weapon in violation of Article 128, Uniform Code of Military
Justice, 10 USC § 928. On May 8, 1996, he was sentenced to a dishonorable
discharge, confinement for 6 months, forfeiture of all pay and allowances,
and reduction to Private E-1. On September 27, 1996, the convening authority
approved the sentence. The Court of Criminal Appeals subsequently affirmed
the findings and sentence in an unpublished decision dated October 28,
1997.
On June 11, 1998, this Court granted
review of the following issue personally asserted by appellant pursuant
to United States v. Grostefon, 12 MJ 431 (CMA 1982):



WHETHER THE CONVENING AUTHORITY STACKED
THE COURT-MARTIAL WITH SENIOR OFFICERS AND NCOS.



We hold that the record of trial does
not show that court-martial stacking occurred or reasonably appeared to
occur in this case. See United States v. Nixon, 33 MJ 433,
434-35 (CMA 1991). Accordingly, we affirm.
The charges against appellant arose
out of an incident in which he used a knife while fighting another soldier.
The victim suffered a knife wound which began at the bridge of his nose
and continued down to the left side of his cheek. The members of appellants
court-martial found him guilty of assault with a dangerous weapon. The
composition of this court-martial panel is the subject of the present appeal.
The record shows that court-martial
nominees were requested and provided in all grades down to private first
class. Originally, the convening authority detailed a panel consisting
of one colonel, one lieutenant colonel, three majors, one command sergeant
major, two first sergeants, and two master sergeants to try appellant.
Trial defense counsel moved in limine to have this panel
withdrawn because of selective exclusion of junior officer and enlisted
members, and he requested a more representative panel be appointed in its
place. In his pretrial motion, entitled "Motion for Appropriate Relief
(Withdraw Charges, Court-Ordered Panel Member Selection Process, Selection
of a Court-Martial Panel Representing a Cross-Section of the Fort Drum
Military Community)," trial defense counsel asserted that the court-martial
panel was improperly selected on the basis of rank, or at least appeared
to be improperly selected on this basis. In arguing his position to the
military judge, defense counsel stated: "[T]here is no smoking gun in this
case. Actions speak louder than words. In this case, the actions are that
there are no panel member[s] lower than the rank of Major on this panel,
as far as officers." (Emphasis added.)
After introducing evidence concerning
prior convening orders and the statistical makeup by grade and rank of
soldiers at Fort Drum, defense counsel continued his argument:



You will have an opportunity to look
at the documents, and no First Lieutenant and no Second Lieutenant was
selected. No Warrant Officer of any grade up to the grade of CW5 was selected.
No panel member was selected to be an alternate or a primary court member
who was below the rank of E7 in the enlisted grades. There were nominees
given to the Commanding General throughout which were fairly representative
of the--well, not completely representative number-wise, but there were
individuals from each different grade category. But, the Commanding
General himself chose to pick senior individuals on his panels. Whether--so,
theres no smoking gun. What we have is the end product. And, it appears
from looking at that, that certainly, rank is the ultimate criteria he
has used. Now, there are CW5s and CW4s and CW3s and CW2s who have years
and years of experience, and of whom may certainly have the Article 25
criteria, and meet the Article 25 criteria better than some of the selectees.
There are Sergeants and Staff Sergeants who have years and years and years
of experience in the Army; Sergeants who have been in and out of the Army
and came back into the Army later in life. So, by limiting the selection
process, the end result--it presents the--certainly, the appearance
that the panel is stacked--that the panel is hand-picked, and that the
only voices that are going to be heard back in the deliberation room are
career officers and noncommissioned officers who, most likely, are going
to mirror--or, are more likely, according to--from looking at it from the
average persons perspective--looking at it from Specialist Berties perspective,
are much more likely to mirror the views of the Commanding General than
individuals selected through the cross-section--a fair representation of
the Fort Drum community. So, because of that, thats the distinction.
There is no smoking gun in this case, and were not saying that there is.
Were asking the court to look at the end result. And, its clear that
the end result--that this is an impermissible--that rank has been used
as an impermissible basis for selection of panel members at Fort Drum.



(Emphasis added.)
The military judge denied the motion.
He then entertained any challenges against the members by either side.
He granted the defenses sole challenge for cause against one of the first
sergeants. Additionally, the defense peremptorily challenged one of the
majors. The Government did not challenge any member for cause; nor did
it use its peremptory challenge. Thus, the court-martial panel that tried
appellant finally consisted of one colonel, one lieutenant colonel, two
majors, one command sergeant major, one first sergeant, and two master
sergeants.

____ ____ ____
Before this Court, appellant, an E-4,
argues that he was denied a fair trial because his convening authority
"systematically excluded lower ranking soldiers" from his court-martial
panel in violation of Article 25.1
Final Brief at 2. He notes that the court-martial panel detailed to sit
in his case contained no junior officers (0-1 to 0-2), no warrant officers
(WO-1 to WO-5), and no junior enlisted persons (E-4 to E-7). He further
notes statistics presented at trial that showed that, "since these standing
panels were adopted [around a year], no general court-martial tried at
Fort Drum has included a company grade officer, warrant officer, or enlisted
soldier below the rank of sergeant first class." Id. at 6. Relying
on this Courts decision in United States v. Nixon, supra,
he concludes that it is "abundantly obvious" that the convening authority
impermissibly relied on rank to select his court-martial panel in violation
of Article 25. Id. at 5.
Article 25(d)(2) provides that the
convening authority must detail as members those who, "in his opinion,
are best qualified for the duty by reason of age, education, training,
experience, length of service, and judicial temperament." This procedure
is substantially different from civilian jury selection practice. See
Guy Glazier, He Called For His Pipe, And He Called For His Bowl, And
He Called For His Members ThreeSelection Of Military Juries By The Sovereign:
Impediment To Military Justice, 157 Mil.L.Rev. 1, 34-37 (1998) (discussion
of state and federal jury selection practices). Our case law, however,
makes clear that the intent or purpose of the convening authority in executing
this procedure is an essential factor in determining compliance with Article
25. See, e.g., United States v. Daigle, 1 MJ 139,
141 (CMA 1975) (observing a "fixed policy" to exclude certain members);
United States v. McClain, 22 MJ 124, 130-31 (CMA 1986) (focusing
on intent rather than impact of convening authority selection action);
cf. United States v. Upshaw, 49 MJ 111, 113 (1998); United
States v. Lewis, 46 MJ 338, 340-41 (1997).
More particularly, we have generally
recognized that, "[i]n courts-martial, an accused is not entitled to a
panel that represents a cross-section of the eligible military population."
Lewis, supra at 341. However, we have also held that deliberate
and systematic exclusion of lower grades and ranks from court-martial
panels is not permissible. See Nixon, 33 MJ at 434-35; United
States v. Hilow, 32 MJ 439 (CMA 1991); United States v. McClain
and United States v. Daigle, both supra; United States
v. Greene, 20 USCMA 232, 43 CMR 72 (1970); United States v. Crawford,
15 USCMA 31, 35 CMR 3 (1964). This prohibition does not apply, of course,
when the excluded members are junior in rank or grade to the accused. See
Art. 25(d)(1). Moreover, we have also held that a convening authority may
not, in an individual case, purposefully stack a panel with members
of senior grades or ranks to achieve a desired result. See generally
Lewis, supra at 342.
The lynchpin of appellants particular
claim of court-stacking is that the composition of his court-martial panel
and other panels within his command created a presumption that improper
considerations of grade and rank were purposefully utilized by the convening
authority. No precedent from this Court has been cited which recognizes
such a presumption of irregularity. Cf. United States v. Mark,
47 MJ 99, 101 (1997). Moreover, United States v. Smith, 37 MJ 773,
776-77 (ACMR 1993), a Court of Military Review case heavily relied on by
defense counsel at trial, created no presumption on this basis. In that
case, evidence was admitted showing a handwritten directive from the convening
authority to the staff judge advocate (SJA) strongly suggesting selection
based on rank. Accordingly, we are not inclined to recognize the presumption
urged by appellant,2
and his particular court-stacking claim can be denied on this basis alone.
See Upshaw, 49 MJ at 113 (court-stacking claim not raised
where only systematic inclusion or exclusion shown).
Of course, it can be argued that the
make-up of a particular panel or of several panels over time might circumstantially
suggest an impermissible intent on the part of the convening authority.
See Lewis, 46 MJ at 342; United States v. Loving,
41 MJ 213, 286-87 (1994). However, a statistical showing supporting such
an argument must be relevant, and other evidence in the record must be
considered to determine whether an intent to stack the court actually existed.
See Nixon, supra at 435. The military judge must consider
all this evidence in deciding what a convening authoritys motive was in
a particular case. Id. (deference to factfinding of actual intent
is appropriate).
Here, there was other evidence that
the convening authority intended to comply with the particular statutory
criteria of Article 25. It was shown that the acting SJA specifically advised
the convening authority as follows:



When convening a court-martial, you
are required to detail such members of the Armed Forces as, in your opinion,
are best qualified for duty by reason of age, education, training, experience,
length of service, and judicial temperament (Art. 25(d)(2), UCMJ). Neither
rank, race, gender, duty position, or any other factor may be used
for the deliberate or systematic exclusion of qualified persons for court-martial
membership.
 



(Emphasis added.) Additionally, Brigadier
General Burnette, who had replaced the previous convening authority, acknowledged
in a written memorandum that he used Article 25 in selecting the members.
Cf. United States v. White, 48 MJ 251, 260 (Sullivan, J.,
concurring in the result) (noting memorandum of convening authority articulating
his compliance with Article 25). Finally, appellant has proffered no rebuttal
evidence which contradicts the Governments showing that the convening
authority acted properly in his detailing actions in this case. See
Upshaw, supra at 113. In these circumstances, we have held
that such a record does not persuasively establish a court-stacking claim.
Nixon, supra at 435.3
Finally, appellant also made an appearance-of-court-stacking
claim at the trial court below but has not actively pursued it on this
appeal. See generally United States v. Hedges, 11
USCMA 642, 644-46, 29 CMR 458, 460-62 (1960) (Latimer, J., concurring).
Long ago in Greene, 20 USCMA at 238, 43 CMR at 78, this Court held
that reasonable doubt concerning the use of improper panel selection criteria
would not be tolerated in the military justice system. This appearance-of-impropriety-type
holding was echoed by then-Chief Judge Everett, writing for a unanimous
Court in United States v. Nixon, supra, and we reaffirm it
today. See Upshaw, supra at 113 (court-stacking claim
treated as unlawful command influence issue). Nevertheless, in view of
the extensive hearing held by the trial judge on this question and the
ample evidence of lawful conduct on the part of appellants convening authority,
we further conclude that no such doubt exists in this case. See
generally United States v. Gerlich, 45 MJ 309, 313 (1996),
citing with approval United States v. Hagen, 25 MJ 78, 86-88 (CMA
1987) (Sullivan, J., concurring, joined by Everett, C.J., and Cox, J.).
The decision of the United States Army
Court of Criminal Appeals is affirmed.4
FOOTNOTES:
1 Article 25,
Uniform Code of Military Justice, 10 USC § 825, states in pertinent
part:



§ 825. Art.
25. Who may serve on courts-martial
(a) Any commissioned
officer on active duty is eligible . . . .
(b) Any warrant officer
on active duty is eligible . . . .
(c)(1) Any enlisted
member of an armed force on active duty who is not a member of the
same unit as the accused is eligible . . ., but he shall serve as a member
of a court only if, before the conclusion of a session called by the military
judge under section 839(a) of this title (article 39(a)) prior to trial
or, in the absence of such a session, before the court is assembled for
the trial of the accused, the accused personally has requested orally on
the record or in writing that enlisted members serve on it.

* * *
(d)(1) When it can be
avoided, no member of an armed force may be tried by a court-martial any
member of which is junior to him in rank or grade.
(2) When convening
a court-martial, the convening authority shall detail as members thereof
such members of the armed forces as, in his opinion, are best qualified
for the duty by reason of age, education, training, experience, length
of service, and judicial temperament. No member of an armed force is
eligible to serve as a member of a general or special court-martial when
he is the accuser or a witness for the prosecution or has acted as investigating
officer or as counsel in the same case.



(Emphasis added.)
2
We have recognized a presumption of prejudice once a question of court-stacking
has been properly raised in a particular case. See United States
v. Upshaw, 49 MJ 111, 113 (1998).
3
As noted above, Article 25 contemplates that a court-martial panel may
not be a representative cross-section of the military population. See
United States v. Smith, 27 MJ 242, 248 (CMA 1988). Accordingly,
that portion of the defenses trial request for a court-martial panel reflecting
a fair cross-section of the Fort Drum military community was also properly
denied.
4
Congress has passed legislation requiring the Secretary of Defense to study
the possible use of randomly-selected juries in the military and to send
it a report on that study by April 15, 1999. National Defense Authorization
Act for Fiscal Year 1999, Pub. L. No. 105-261, § 552, 112 Stat. 2013
(1998); see Upshaw, 49 MJ at 114 (Sullivan, J., concurring).
 
 
GIERKE, Judge (concurring):
The record reflects that officers of
all grades were considered and that officers down to and including the
grade of chief warrant officer 2 were detailed. A captain was detailed
but relieved when appellant requested enlisted members. Two warrant officers
were selected and then removed from the list for reasons not reflected
in the record.
With respect to enlisted members, the
record reflects that they were nominated in grades down to private first
class. Because appellant was a specialist (E-4), it was not improper to
exclude soldiers in grades private first class (E-3) and specialist (E-4)
from consideration. See RCM 912(f)(1)(K), Manual for Courts-Martial,
United States (1995 ed.);* see
also United States v. Upshaw, 49 MJ 111, 112 (1998). While no
soldiers in the grades of sergeant, staff sergeant, and sergeant first
class were detailed, the record is devoid of any evidence that they were
systematically excluded from consideration. See United States
v. White, 48 MJ 251, 254-55 (1998) (permissible to "look first at the
senior grades," so long as lower eligible grades not systematically excluded).
Based on this record, I am satisfied
that the issue of court-stacking was not raised. Accordingly, I concur.
FOOTNOTE:
* This provision is unchanged
in the 1998 edition of the Manual for Courts-Martial.

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