                                 RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                                      Pursuant to Sixth Circuit Rule 206
                                              File Name: 07a0198p.06

                        UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                         FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                           _________________


                                                        X
                                                         -
 DONALD H. MACDERMID, Individually and as
                                                         -
 Administrator of the Estate of NINA KAY
                                                         -
 MACDERMID,
                                   Plaintiff-Appellant, -
                                                             No. 06-5792

                                                         ,
                                                          >
           v.                                            -
                                                         -
                                                         -
                                                         -
 DISCOVER FINANCIAL SERVICES d/b/a DISCOVER

                                 Defendant-Appellee. -
 CHARGE CARD,
                                                         -
                                                        N
                          Appeal from the United States District Court
                       for the Middle District of Tennessee at Columbia.
                     No. 03-00111—E. Clifton Knowles, Magistrate Judge.
                                            Argued: April 20, 2007
                                     Decided and Filed: May 29, 2007
             Before: MERRITT and MARTIN, Circuit Judges; FORESTER, District Judge.*
                                              _________________
                                                    COUNSEL
ARGUED: William Kennerly Burger, BURGER, SISKIN, SCOTT & McFARLIN, Murfreesboro,
Tennessee, for Appellant. Scott D. Carey, BAKER, DONELSON, BEARMAN, CALDWELL &
BERKOWITZ, Nashville, Tennessee, for Appellee. ON BRIEF: William Kennerly Burger,
BURGER, SISKIN, SCOTT & McFARLIN, Murfreesboro, Tennessee, for Appellant. Scott D.
Carey, Mary Ann Miranda, BAKER, DONELSON, BEARMAN, CALDWELL & BERKOWITZ,
Nashville, Tennessee, for Appellee.
                                              _________________
                                                  OPINION
                                              _________________
       BOYCE F. MARTIN, JR., Circuit Judge. Donald MacDermid appeals from the magistrate
judge’s dismissal of his claims on the pleadings and at summary judgment. See MacDermid v.
Discover Fin. Servs., No. 1:03-0111, 2006 WL 1454743 (M.D. Tenn. May 12, 2006). Mr.
MacDermid alleges that his wife, who suffered from a severe form of bipolar disorder, committed

         *
          The Honorable Karl S. Forester, United States District Judge for the Eastern District of Kentucky, sitting by
designation.


                                                          1
No. 06-5792            MacDermid v. Discover Fin. Servs.                                            Page 2


suicide as a consequence of Discover Financial’s harassing of the couple over $15,000 worth of
purchases that she had made, but not paid for, on a Discover credit card. For the reasons discussed
below, we AFFIRM in part and REVERSE in part.
                                                    I
         The facts of this case were aptly set forth by the magistrate judge in his summary judgment
order:
                   In August 2002, Nina Kay MacDermid, using the “family computer” located
         upstairs in the home which she shared with her husband, Donald H. MacDermid,
         went on-line to the Discover Card web site and filled out an application requesting
         a credit card. She provided her personal information as well as personal information
         of her husband, like his Social Security number. She submitted the application for
         her husband as the primary card holder and herself as an authorized buyer.
                   Subsequently, Mrs. MacDermid went on-line again in August and then in
         September and applied for two more Discover cards in her husband’s name,
         providing Discover with his personal information and requesting that the cards be
         issued with him as the primary card holder and her as an authorized buyer. In order
         to be able to receive these credit cards from Discover without her husband’s
         knowledge, she obtained a post office box in Linville, Tennessee. These cards were
         subsequently issued to her and she was able to intercept them and use them without
         her husband’s knowledge.
                   Mrs. MacDermid made numerous purchases using her Discover cards. These
         purchases ranged from every day necessities such as gas and computer products to
         exotic cats.
                   Unbeknownst to Discover, Mrs. MacDermid had a long history of mental
         illness. She had been diagnosed in the early 1990s as having bipolar disease and
         being manic depressive. She underwent drug and alcohol counseling at Parthenon
         Pavilion (a Nashville psychiatric hospital) in the early 1990s. According to her
         husband, she continued to struggle with drug and alcohol problems into their
         marriage.
                   Mrs. MacDermid also had a history of manic spending sprees. She had
         previously run up credit card debt requiring her to file personal bankruptcy in the late
         1990s. After her discharge from bankruptcy, her husband, who had helped her by
         paying off some of her debts, forbade her from having any credit cards.
                   After her bankruptcy, Mrs. MacDermid was on a “cash only basis.” She was
         not working, and her husband would provide her with money for purchases which
         he felt were warranted. Hence, she surreptitiously obtained not only these three
         Discover cards, but also cards from American Express, Household Bank, and Chase,
         among others. According to Mr. MacDermid, his wife obtained all of these credit
         cards essentially the same way that she did the Discover cards (i.e., without his
         knowledge, and in his name, using his personal information).
                   On February 14, 2003, Mr. MacDermid intercepted checks which had been
         sent to his residence by Discover. Mr. MacDermid confronted his wife about these
         checks and she denied having any knowledge of them. He admits that he was angry.
         In his notes concerning the incident, Mr. MacDermid states that he had a “stressful
         confrontation” with his wife. He explained in his deposition that, “It was, you know
         . . . to my knowledge, I confronted her with it and that would be stressful to her, very
         stressful, under the circumstances.”
                   Two days later, Mr. MacDermid found his wife in bed “in a near death
         condition.” Mrs. MacDermid was admitted to Maury Regional Hospital on February
         16, 2003, where she remained for five days until her discharge on February 21, 2003.
No. 06-5792         MacDermid v. Discover Fin. Servs.                                             Page 3


      The medical records list her discharge diagnosis as “acute narcotic overdose” and
      “anoxic brain injury.” The records also indicate that she had “battled bipolar disease
      for about a decade.”
              Shortly after his wife was admitted to the hospital, Mr. MacDermid “went
      through [his wife’s] stuff” when he “got back home from the hospital.” He found a
      number of credit cards and statements showing that she was delinquent on a number
      of different credit cards. After Mr. MacDermid found these credit cards he
      “cancelled them.” He “called each one and cancelled them and wrote letters to each
      one.”
              On March 1, 2003, Mr. MacDermid wrote a letter to Discover Financial
      Services. . . . This letter states in pertinent part as follows:
              This is to confirm that the credit cards noted above, or any other
              credit instrument in my name to you, is not and has never been
              authorized nor requested by me. I was unaware of the cards, or you
              listing me as cardholder. I have not used them. I have not benefitted
              from it in any way, to the best of my knowledge.
      In this letter, Mr. MacDermid also states that “I have never signed any request,
      authorization to open, or authorization for anyone else to obtain or use your cards.”
      Mr. MacDermid does not dispute the fact that his wife obtained these Discover cards
      and purchased goods with them. He also admits that she was ultimately responsible
      for paying them.
              After Mrs. MacDermid was released from the hospital, she was under the
      care and supervision of psychiatrist Dr. John Koomen. On Wednesday, June 11,
      2003, two days before she committed suicide, she visited with Dr. Koomen.
      Sometime around that visit, she purchased a handgun. On June 13, 2003, Mrs.
      MacDermid used this newly-purchased handgun to commit suicide.
              Mrs. MacDermid hand wrote a note for her husband, which Mr. MacDermid
      found after she had killed herself. This note, which is undated, states as follows:
              Dear Don,
              The pressure just got the best of me. I got to where I could not even
              function any more. I am so sorry I let the house go, and everything,
              please forgive me. I really do love you, but I just cannot take this
              kind of pressure, and humiliation any longer. I am so sorry for all the
              worry I have caused you Don, I just wish we were back at the old
              church once again. I really do love you. I am so sorry to do this to us,
              but I am not me any more Don. I do not want to take your money
              either. We should have spent more time together, some vacations, and
              not all work. I stayed here by myself way too much. I feel like I am
              having a nervous breakdown. I keep the shakes all the time, and
              numbness all through my body and paranoid, that is no way to live.
              I will always love you, your wife Kay.
              Mr. MacDermid testified that he was shocked and surprised by his wife’s
      suicide. He testified that she did not act any differently in the weeks leading up to her
      suicide. Mr. MacDermid did notice that his wife was “perhaps a little more relaxed.”
      She did not have any conversation with him that, in hindsight, he thinks was out of
      character, or that indicated she was contemplating suicide or trying to say goodbye.
      Mr. MacDermid plainly admitted that “I didn’t see it coming. I’ll put it that way, in
      my own perspective.” Mr. MacDermid did not think that her friends or family
      foresaw that she was going to commit suicide. He testified that certainly if his wife’s
No. 06-5792         MacDermid v. Discover Fin. Servs.                                          Page 4


      mother thought that she would commit suicide, then her mother would have done
      something about it.
              Mr. MacDermid was not specifically warned by Dr. Koomen, his wife’s
      treating psychiatrist, that suicide was an imminent threat. Dr. Koomen did not tell
      Mr. MacDermid to take any specific precautionary measures to prevent his wife from
      taking her own life. Mr. MacDermid had a number of guns, including handguns, in
      the house, all of which were fully accessible to his wife. Dr. Koomen did not suggest
      to Mr. MacDermid that he should not have guns in the house.
              In addition, Mrs. MacDermid had full access to all of her medication and was
      administering all of her medication herself, even though she had been hospitalized
      in February for an “acute narcotic overdose.” Mr. MacDermid stated that he “wasn’t
      really looking for a suicide.” Mr. MacDermid further explained, “Nobody saw it
      coming to the extent that they would, you know, overtly do something about it,
      which would be saying, you know, Hey, you’re in danger. I didn’t see it. Nobody
      else did.”
              The last contact that Mr. MacDermid had with anyone from Discover was
      “probably a phone call . . . at least a week or two weeks prior to [the] suicide.”
      Although he was not positive, Mr. MacDermid thought that the last contact that
      either he or his wife had with Discover was some time in May 2003.
              Plaintiff has submitted the Affidavit of Dr. Koomen, which states in pertinent
      part as follows:
              As my attached hand-written notes indicate, Ms. MacDermid was
              primarily concerned by the recent allegation by a credit card creditor
              that she had been guilty of “credit card fraud.” That reference
              appears on pages one (1) and two (2) of the “Initial Psychiatric
              Assessment” conducted by me at the commencement of my
              evaluation and treatment of Ms. MacDermid [which is dated 3/6/03].
              During my initial interviews with Ms. MacDermid and in the ensuing
              weeks through April and May of 2003, Ms. MacDermid voiced
              apprehension over the allegations against her by the credit card
              company which was accusing her of credit card fraud. She was
              terrified at the prospect of going to jail and causing further
              embarrassment to her family, particularly her husband. While I did
              not discuss the specifics of the threats of jail with Ms. MacDermid,
              I note that she was preoccupied with the allegations of credit card
              fraud, and that it appeared to be the primary stressor which
              contributed to the deterioration of her emotional and mental condition
              in April and May of 2003. Subsequent to her selfinflicted gunshot
              death on June 13, 2003, it was reported to me by Mr. Don
              MacDermid, her husband, that she had just been threatened with
              immediate jailing by credit representatives of Discover Card, and that
              her fear and embarrassment related to the threat of incarceration
              appeared to be paramount in the voiced fears which led to her
              suicide.
                                                [. . .]
              Based upon my review of the psychiatric records of Nina Kay
              MacDermid, my personal involvement in her psychiatric care from
              March of 2003 through the date of her death in June 2003, and upon
              the history of the threat of immediate jailing by collection agents for
              Discover Card, it is my opinion that it is more probable than not,
              within reasonable medical certainty, that the significant precipitating
              factor in the causation of the death of Nina Kay MacDermid were the
No. 06-5792           MacDermid v. Discover Fin. Servs.                                        Page 5


               threats of criminal fraud prosecution and incarceration by the
               collection representatives. In the absence of the threats of arrest and
               incarceration, I believe that it is more probable than not, within
               reasonable medical certainty, that Ms. MacDermid could have
               maintained her rational thought processes, and the condition could
               have been stabilized, as it had many times in the past, through
               continued counseling and appropriate medication. My office
               provided appropriate care, supervision, and treatment to Nina Kay
               MacDermid throughout our relationship with Ms. MacDermid. All
               care provided by my office, and under my supervision, was consistent
               with the local standard of care in the Columbia, Maury County,
               Tennessee medical community.
MacDermid, 2006 WL 1454743, at *2-*5.
        On October 9, 2003, Mr. MacDermid filed the instant action in federal court, alleging:
(1) wrongful death, i.e., negligence on the part of Discover in causing Ms. MacDermid’s suicide;
(2) intentional infliction of emotional distress, based on Discover’s actions in attempting to collect
the debt purportedly owed it; (3) violation of the Tennessee Consumer Protection Act, Tenn. Code
Ann. § 47-18-101 et seq.; (4) fraud; (5) civil extortion; (6) violation of the federal Fair Debt
Collection Practices Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1692 et seq.; (7) credit defamation/libel; and (8) violation of
the federal Truth in Lending Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1601 et seq. The parties consented to have all
proceedings conducted by a magistrate judge.
        The above claims were largely dismissed by the magistrate judge upon Discover’s motion
to dismiss on the pleadings, but two claims were allowed to proceed to discovery: wrongful death
and credit defamation. The magistrate judge subsequently granted Discover’s motion for summary
judgment on these two remaining claims, thus disposing of the case. Mr. MacDermid now appeals
as follows: first, the 12(b)(6) dismissal in favor of Discover as to (a) intentional infliction of
emotional distress, (b) violation of the Tennessee Consumer Protection Act, (c) violation of the
federal Fair Debt Collection Practices Act, and (d) violation of the federal Truth in Lending Act; and
second, the summary judgment ruling in favor of Discover on his wrongful death claim.
                                                  II
       This Court reviews de novo both the 12(b)(6) and summary judgment rulings of the
magistrate judge. Adika v. Smith, 466 F.3d 503, 505 (6th Cir. 2006); Bennett v. City of Eastpointe,
410 F.3d 810, 817 (6th Cir. 2005).
         In reviewing a 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss, “a complaint should not be dismissed for failure
to state a claim unless it appears beyond doubt that the plaintiff can prove no set of facts in support
of his claim which would entitle him to relief.” Kottmyer v. Maas, 436 F.3d 684, 688 (6th Cir.2006)
(quoting Conley v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41, 45-46 (1957)). This Court “must accept all facts in the
complaint as true and construe the complaint liberally in favor of the plaintiff.” Adika, 466 F.3d at
505.
        In reviewing a summary judgment motion, “the facts and any inferences that can be drawn
from those facts[] must be viewed in the light most favorable to the non-moving party.” Bennett,
410 F.3d at 817 (citing Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 587
(1996)). Summary judgment is appropriate only “if the pleadings, depositions, answers to
interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no
genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter
of law.” Id. (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)).
No. 06-5792           MacDermid v. Discover Fin. Servs.                                           Page 6


                              A. Claims Dismissed on the Pleadings
(i) Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress
        Tennessee state courts recognize the tort of intentional infliction of emotional distress,
although they typically refer to this tort as “outrageous conduct.” See Bain v. Wells, 936 S.W.2d
618, 622 n.3 (Tenn. 1997) (“Intentional infliction of emotional distress and outrageous conduct are
not two separate torts, but are simply different names for the same cause of action.”). Regardless
of chosen moniker, however, the elements of the tort are clear: “(1) the conduct complained of must
be intentional or reckless; (2) the conduct must be so outrageous that it is not tolerated by civilized
society; and (3) the conduct complained of must result in serious mental injury.” Id.; see also
Medlin v. Allied Inv. Co., 398 S.W.2d 270, 274 (Tenn. 1966). Both parties agree that the second
element—i.e., whether or not Discover’s conduct was “so outrageous”—is primarily at issue in the
instant case.
        Mr. MacDermid argues that Discover’s conduct, as depicted in his complaint, was at least
sufficient to state a claim for outrageous conduct under Tennessee law. In particular, MacDermid
asserts that because Discover was on notice of his wife’s “fragile mental status,” the company
crossed the line between “excessive (but permissible) pressure tactics” and “outrageous conduct
which is intended to cause harm that is disproportionate to the creditor’s right to seek payment.”
Discover counters by noting that Tennessee courts “have been very reluctant to find that a creditor’s
objectionable collection methods constitute outrageous conduct.” This is especially true, argues
Discover, in situations where, as here, the creditor is actually owed the debt in question, and where
the debtor/decedent has actually committed credit card fraud by “unlawfully submitting” her
husband’s personal information over the internet to obtain the credit cards. The magistrate judge
sided with Discover.
        We cannot agree with this dismissal of the outrageous conduct claim at the 12(b)(6) stage.
While Discover is correct that it was actually owed the debt in question, we disagree with its
contention that Mrs. MacDermid was necessarily criminally liable for credit card fraud. As such,
Mr. MacDermid has at least stated a claim for outrageous conduct based on Discover’s threats of
criminal prosecution for failure to pay a purely civil debt. Mr. MacDermid’s amended complaint
states as follows:
       The conduct, threats and statements described herein as having been made by the
       Defendant were persistent and increasing in frequency throughout the spring of 2003
       and were made to both Plaintiff and decedent. As a direct and proximate result of
       the Defendant’s conduct, threats and statements as described herein, the decedent
       required psychiatric hospitalization only a few weeks before her untimely death on
       June 13, 2003. The Plaintiff will show that during telephone conversations with the
       Defendant’s collection agents throughout the Spring of 2003, and culminating in the
       time around the decedent’s death, the Plaintiff repeatedly warned the Defendant’s
       agents of the very severely debilitated mental and physical condition of the decedent
       and that the condition was caused by those collection efforts, specifically the implicit
       and, at times, explicit threat that decedent would be jailed if the subject debt was not
       quickly paid. During several of the above-referenced telephone calls, but at least
       several weeks or months prior to the decedent’s death, the Plaintiff warned
       Defendant’s agents that their continued collection efforts, including threats of
       criminal prosecution, would lead to the decedent’s death or would otherwise “kill”
       her because of the decedent’s debilitated mental and physical condition.
No. 06-5792           MacDermid v. Discover Fin. Servs.                                          Page 7


MacDermid also related in his complaint a telephone conversation that he had on April 9, 2003 with
Adonica Gilmore, a Discover employee. Because MacDermid had taped the conversation, he was
able to describe it in some detail in his complaint:
    •   that she [Adonica Gilmore] had checked with the local District Attorney’s office and
        had spoken with a lady named “Harriott” who had told her that, under the facts
        described above, Mr. MacDermid is legally liable for his wife’s charge card; and
    •   that she had filed a report with the Giles County Sheriff’s office; and
    •   that Harriott Barkly of the Giles County District Attorney’s office, advised her that
        because the MacDermids were married, and because Mr. MacDermid was aware of
        his wife’s problem, he “should keep a better eye on her” and should “keep her away
        from the internet”; and
    •   [that Adonica Gilmore stated about Mrs. MacDermid,] “I don’t think you want her
        going . . . well you know”; and
    •   that there was no need for him to talk to a lawyer, because, even though there was
        no signature, and it was procured on the Internet, Mrs. MacDermid’s application is
        binding on Mr. MacDermid, and he is definitely liable; and
    •   that [Adonica Gilmore stated], if the matter could not be resolved, “I’ll just call
        Harriott” . . . and have the authorities “take a little trip out to your house.”
(Emphasis added.)
        The Tennessee Supreme Court has stated that with respect to creditor-debtor interactions,
“[t]he general rule is that a creditor has a right to urge payment of a just debt, and to threaten to
resort to proper legal procedure to enforce the obligation. Hence, the creditor is not liable for a
mental or emotional disturbance, or for a bodily injury or illness, as a result of his mere attempt, by
reasonable means, to collect.” Moorhead v. J.C. Penney Co., 555 S.W.2d 713, 718 (Tenn. 1977)
(emphasis added). Nevertheless, “improper methods used to collect a debt may be the basis for the
maintenance of an action for a mental or emotional disturbance produced thereby, or for a bodily
injury or illness resulting from such mental or emotional disturbance, especially where the
circumstances attending the effort to collect the claim are such as to invoke the general rule that one
who wilfully or intentionally causes great emotional distress, without justification, is liable for such
injuries.” Id. (emphasis added).
         MacDermid leans heavily on Moorhead to argue that his claim should have survived
dismissal. In that case, a married couple maintained a charge account with defendant J.C. Penney
Company. 555 S.W.2d at 714. Upon returning a piece of merchandise, the couple was assured that
they would receive a credit in the sum of $16.78, and yet their next monthly statement included a
charge, not a credit, for $16.78. Id. The couple repeatedly called J.C. Penney to point out the error,
and yet they continued to receive, on an almost daily basis, threatening letters from Penney and from
Penney’s collection agency demanding payment. Id. at 714-15. In all, the couple received forty-two
threatening letters and numerous abusive phone calls, some threatening lawsuit and others falsely
impugning the husband’s financial reputation. Id. at 715. In finding that J.C. Penney’s conduct
constituted outrageous conduct, the Tennessee Supreme Court found particularly galling the fact that
the letters and phone calls had “continued long after defendant had acknowledged that its accounts
were in error and that plaintiffs owed it nothing.” Id. at 717. The court also “regarded as
significant” several other factors in the case: (1) the long duration of J.C. Penney’s conduct, which
was alleged to have persisted for over one year; (2) the volume of threatening letters; and (3) the
threats to “deliberately injure the plaintiff’s credit reputation” and “jeopardize their job security.”
Id. Much like in Moorhead, MacDermid argues that in this case “it is difficult to conceive of any
justification for a creditor’s threat to pursue the jailing of a mentally ill person if either she or her
husband failed to pay the debt.” Appellant’s Br. at 22.
No. 06-5792               MacDermid v. Discover Fin. Servs.                                                       Page 8


        The problem with MacDermid’s reliance on Moorhead, however, is that there the creditor
was clearly without justification in pursuing collection of the debt. In fact, there was no debt at all,
but rather a credit. In the instant case, in contrast, even Mr. MacDermid admits that Discover had
a right—at least initially—to pursue payment of the charges that Mrs. MacDermid had accrued. He
simply alleges that they went too far in their efforts, by threatening criminal penalties for a purely
civil debt, by threatening in the manner they did even when put on notice of Mrs. MacDermid’s
condition, and by holding him jointly liable for the debts even though he was wholly unaware of
what his wife had done. This places the instant case more squarely in the realm of cases in which
a defendant creditor or collection agency was either justified in collecting the debt or at least
appeared to have a reasonable excuse—such as a delay in the mails or a computer error in
bookkeeping—for why it continued to pursue collection of the debt. See, e.g., Potts v. First Peoples
Bank of Jefferson County, No. 03A01-9303-CV-00116, 1993 WL 276858 (Tenn. Ct. App. July 22,
1993) (unreported); Patterson v. Prof’l Adjustment Serv., Inc., 544 S.W.2d 617, 620-21 (Tenn. Ct.
App. 1976) (dismissing plaintiff’s outrageous complaint for failure to state a claim even though
defendant attempted to collect a small balance “through harassment, coercion, and intimidation”);
Medlin, 398 S.W.2d at 479-80 (dismissing plaintiff’s outrageous conduct complaint even though
mortgage lender mistakenly sent two notices of foreclosure and was “abusive and insulting” to
plaintiffs over the telephone).
        Although Moorhead does not provide MacDermid with the firm footing he might have
hoped, his claim has another, stronger leg to stand on. Namely, because his complaint alleges false
threats by Discover employees of criminal prosecution—i.e., words to the effect of, “if you don’t
pay up I’ll have the district attorney take a little trip to your house”—his case may be distinguished
from most of the Tennessee authorities regarding creditors’ attempts to collect a debt, justified or
unjustified. Discover maintains that criminal prosecution of Mrs. MacDermid was warranted
because “in his Complaint, Plaintiff admits that Decedent committed credit card fraud by unlawfully
submitting Plaintiff’s personal information to obtain the credit cards from Discover via the internet.”
Appellee’s Br. at 22. Yet a wife’s submission of her husband’s name and social security number
to obtain a credit card (which appears to have been all that was required in this instance), even if she
does so without his permission, does not necessarily constitute fraud. It would seem that something
beyond the pleadings is required for Discover to show that Mrs. MacDermid had in fact committed
fraud against the company—for example, via a copy of the on-line application and an explanation
of the material misrepresentations contained therein. Alternatively, if Discover is somehow alleging
that Mrs. MacDermid committed fraud on her husband as opposed to the company, then we do not
see how Discover could reasonably suggest to Mr. MacDermid that criminal fraud charges would
be pursued   against Mrs. MacDermid on his behalf, unless of course he had consented to such
action.1
         To be sure, Tennessee’s outrageous conduct standard, as in many states, is a formidable one.
“To qualify as outrageous, conduct must be ‘so outrageous in character, and so extreme in degree,
as to go beyond all bounds of decency, and to be regarded as atrocious, and utterly [i]ntolerable in
a civilized community.’” Doe 1 v. Roman Catholic Diocese of Nashville, 154 S.W.3d 22, 39 (Tenn.
2005) (quoting Medlin, 398 S.W.2d at 274). “[T]he outrageousness requirement is an ‘exacting


         1
           At oral argument, counsel for Mr. MacDermid vociferously denied having admitted that Mrs. MacDermid’s
application for a credit card over the internet, using her husband as co-obligor, was a criminal offense. We side with
the Appellant on this issue, and find Discover’s suggestion—both in its brief and at oral argument—that Mrs.
MacDermid was per se criminally liable for credit card fraud to be not only premature given the 12(b)(6) stage of the
proceedings, but also quite likely erroneous. It is our understanding from the limited record on this point that at most,
Mr. MacDermid called Discover when he initially found out about what his wife had done, at which point he was asked
if he wanted to pursue a fraud allegation (e.g., by filling out the proper affidavit), and he then specifically declined to
pursue such action. See Joint App’x at 451-53 (containing copies of the affidavit that Discover sent to Mr. MacDermid,
but that he never filled out at all, let alone signed).
No. 06-5792           MacDermid v. Discover Fin. Servs.                                       Page 9


standard’ which provides the primary ‘safeguard’ against fraudulent and trivial claims.” Id. (quoting
Miller v. Willbanks, 8 S.W.3d 607, 614 (Tenn. 1999)). Nevertheless, given the allegations in Mr.
MacDermid’s complaint, and given the fact that we must construe them liberally and in a light
favorable to the plaintiff, we reverse the magistrate judge’s 12(b)(6) dismissal of MacDermid’s
outrageous conduct claims and remand for further proceedings.
(ii) Violation of the Tennessee Consumer Protection Act
        The Tennessee Consumer Protection Act (“TCPA”), Tenn. Code Ann. § 47-18-101 et seq.,
serves in part “[t]o protect consumers and legitimate business enterprises from those who engage
in unfair or deceptive acts or practices in the conduct of any trade or commerce in part or wholly
within [Tennessee].” Messer Griesheim Indus. v. Cryotech of Kingsport, Inc., 45 S.W.3d 588, 609
(Tenn. Ct. App. 2001) (quoting Tenn. Code Ann. § 47-18-102(2)). In his complaint, Mr.
MacDermid asserted that Discover’s “practice of soliciting, and processing, purported binding credit
applications by the Internet, with no mechanism for obtaining a signature of all purported obligors,”
causes “confusion and deception to the consumer” and is an “inherently deceptive practice” in
violation of Tennessee law. In its motion to dismiss, Discover countered that its application method
is expressly permitted by the Tennessee Uniform Electronic Transactions Act, Tenn. Code Ann.
§ 47-10-101 et seq., and the federal Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act,
15 U.S.C. § 7001 et seq. Because the TCPA does not apply to “[a]cts or transactions required or
specifically authorized under the laws administered by, or rules and regulations promulgated by, any
regulatory bodies or officers acting under the authority of this state or of the United States,” Tenn.
Code Ann. § 47-18-11(a)(1), Discover reasoned that it should not apply to a case where, as here, the
company’s internet application process expressly complied with both state and federal law.

        On appeal, Mr. MacDermid does little to rebut Discover’s argument as to this claim. Indeed,
nothing on the face of his complaint suggests that Discover’s internet application process ran afoul
of the state and federal laws governing such transactions. His conclusory allegation that the
application process is “inherently deceptive” is not enough to survive 12(b)(6) dismissal. See
Mezibov v. Allen, 411 F.3d 712, 716 (6th Cir. 2005) (“[C]onclusory allegations or legal conclusions
masquerading as factual conclusions will not suffice to prevent a motion to dismiss.”). MacDermid
also appears to insert in his brief a different allegation from that appearing in his complaint —
namely, that it was not merely Discover’s deceptive conduct, but also its threatening conduct, that
violated the TCPA. Regardless of the merits of this new argument, however, it comes too late.
MacDermid cannot at this stage in the litigation add new allegations to his complaint, especially
when he has not properly sought leave to amend the complaint as to this particular allegation. See,
e.g., Harvey v. Great Seneca Fin. Corp., 453 F.3d 324, 328 (6th Cir. 2006) (“The appropriate
method for adding new factual allegations to a complaint is not via an appellate brief, but by filing
an amended complaint.”).
       We therefore affirm magistrate judge’s 12(b)(6) dismissal of MacDermid’s TCPA claim.
(iii) Violation of the Federal Truth in Lending Act
        The federal Truth in Lending Act (“TILA”) aims to “assure a meaningful disclosure of credit
terms so that the consumer will be able to compare more readily the various credit terms available
to him and avoid the uninformed use of credit, and to protect the consumer against inaccurate and
unfair credit billing and credit card practices.” 15 U.S.C. § 1601(a). MacDermid alleges in his
complaint that Discover’s “efforts to impose civil liability” on him, as well as its “statement[s] to
merchants and other persons affirming the validity of the debt,” violated TILA because he “never
signed, or reviewed, any application which contained the federally mandated disclosures.” The
magistrate judge quickly dismissed this TILA claim because MacDermid “aver[red] that he did not
No. 06-5792               MacDermid v. Discover Fin. Servs.                                                    Page 10


apply for, accept, authorize, or utilize the credit card.” Mag. J. Op., 9/20/2004, at 23. Accordingly,
the judge reasoned, he was not properly a “consumer” under TILA—and thus unable to avail himself
of any private cause of action under TILA—because he was not party to the credit transaction.
        MacDermid now maintains that because he was treated by Discover as a “debtor” on the
basis of his wife’s credit card action, he must therefore also be a “consumer” under TILA and
afforded all of its protections. Even if MacDermid is correct, however, his argument asks too much,
and he provides not a single case to support it. To be sure, TILA requires credit card providers to
disclose information—such as terms and conditions, fees, and annual percentage rates—to the
“person to whom the credit is to be extended.” 15 U.S.C. § 1637(a) (emphasis added). These
disclosures must be made at various times: at the point of application or solicitation for the credit
card, 15 U.S.C. § 1637(c); at the point of account opening, 15 U.S.C. § 1637(a); at the end-point of
each billing cycle, 15 U.S.C. § 1637(b); and at the point of card renewal, 15 U.S.C. § 1637(d).
        Although it appears from the record that the on-line application listed Mr. MacDermid as the
primary cardholder and Mrs. MacDermid as an authorized buyer, Joint App’x at 503, the exact
contours of their contractual obligations to Discover (whether individually or as a couple) remain
somewhat unclear to us, at least at this stage in the proceedings. Regardless of the exact scenario,
however, nothing in TILA would seem to require a credit card company to investigate the legitimacy
of an address provided in an application, especially where the two people listed on the application
are presumed—and in this case, indeed are—members of the same household. We cannot expect
Discover to have known that Mrs. MacDermid had schemed, unbeknownst to her husband, to create
a post-office box to which the credit card (and disclosures) were to be sent. Mr. MacDermid
certainly makes no allegation that the proper disclosures were not sent to this post-office box. He
simply alleges that Discover violated TILA because he did not personally receive the proper
disclosures. Unfortunately, this argument—that Discover violated TILA       because it could not divine
his actual address—finds no support in any law that we can discover.2
          We therefore affirm the magistrate judge’s 12(b)(6) dismissal of Mr. MacDermid’s TILA
claim.3




          2
          This is not to deny that credit card providers’ current practice of issuing cards through on-line applications
may well be overly aggressive, and their efforts to screen out “risky” applicants overly lax. Indeed, given Mrs.
MacDermid’s poor credit history—she had recently emerged from personal bankruptcy, see MacDermid Aff., 2/28/2006,
at 1—she would likely have been unable to be approved for a credit card without putting her husband’s name on the
application. While Mr. MacDermid may well be justifiably angered by the predatory practices of many credit card
providers, however, his anger in this case cannot be properly addressed (or assuaged) via a Truth in Lending Act claim.
          3
            Discover further notes that even if MacDermid could properly state a claim against it under the TILA, this
claim would be time-barred. See also Mag. J. Op., 9/20/2004 at 23 n.7. The TILA provides for a one-year statute of
limitations. 15 U.S.C. § 1640(e) (“Any action under this section may be brought in any United States district court, or
in any other court of competent jurisdiction, within one year from the date of the occurrence of the violation.”). Mrs.
MacDermid actually obtained the Discover credit cards in August and September of 2002. If this is the date from which
the one-year clock is to start ticking, then it would appear that the TILA claims, filed on October 9, 2003, are time-
barred. On the other hand, Mr. MacDermid’s TILA claim is premised on the notion that he could not have been aware
that he had not received the proper disclosures until such time as he found out about his wife’s deception. This does not
appear to have occurred until February 14, 2003, when he intercepted checks sent to his residence by Discover, and after
confronting to his wife began to figure out what she had done. Joint App’x at 505. And using this later date to start the
limitations clock, Mr. MacDermid’s claim would clearly not be time-barred. However, because the statute-of-limitations
issue is not particularly well-developed (the magistrate judge relegated it to a footnote, Discover mentions it in an
“assuming arguendo” paragraph at the end of its TILA argument section, and MacDermid says nothing about it at all)
nor is it necessary in our resolution of the TILA claim, we decline to decide it.
No. 06-5792               MacDermid v. Discover Fin. Servs.                                                     Page 11


(iv) Violation of the Federal Fair Debt Collection Practices Act
        The purpose of the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (“FDCPA”) is “to eliminate abusive
debt collection practices by debt collectors.” 15 U.S.C. § 1692(e). The term “debt collector” has
a particular meaning, however: it refers only to persons attempting to collect debts due “another.”
See id. § 1692(a)(6) (“The term ‘debt collector’ means any person who . . . regularly collects or
attempts to collect, directly or indirectly, debts owed or due or asserted to be owed or due another.”);
see also Stafford v. Cross Country Bank, 262 F. Supp. 2d 776, 794 (W.D. Ky. 2003) (considering
it “well-settled” that “a creditor is not a debt collector for the purposes of the FDCPA and creditors
are not subject to the FDCPA when collecting their accounts”).
        Based on the FDCPA definition, Discover is clearly not a “debt collector”; rather, it is the
very party to whom the debt is due. On appeal, Mr. MacDermid asserts that his FDCPA claim
should at least be allowed to proceed to discovery so that the “exact structure and relationship” of
the Discover “representatives” may be determined. This argument strikes us as logically incoherent.
Even if discovery were to reveal that the persons alleged to have engaged in “outrageous conduct”
in the collection of the MacDermids’ debt were not Discover employees, but rather employees of
some third-party collection company, that would not change the fact that neither Discover nor its
employees are “debt collectors” under the FDCPA. MacDermid could theoretically maintain an
FDCPA action against these yet unnamed third-party collectors, but any FDCPA action against
Discover would still be properly dismissed. (And MacDermid should probably be careful what he
wishes for: after all, if it were determined that Discover’s employees were not in fact on the other
end of the phone line, then most of his more colorable claims—such as wrongful death and
intentional infliction of emotional distress—would not be against Discover, but against the third-
party collector. MacDermid’s only hope against Discover on these facts would then be on a theory
of respondeat superior liability.)
         We therefore affirm the magistrate judge’s 12(b)(6) dismissal of MacDermid’s FDCPA
claim.
              B. Claims Dismissed on Summary Judgment (Wrongful Death Claim)
        Mr. MacDermid’s wrongful death claim was premised on a theory of negligence.4 In its
motion for summary judgment as to this claim, Discover argued not only that it owed no duty of care
to Mrs. MacDermid, but more importantly, that Mrs. MacDermid’s suicide constituted an
“intervening cause” serving to cut off any reasonably foreseeable link between Discover’s actions
and her untimely death. Discover supported its motion with excerpts and exhibits from the
deposition of Mr. MacDermid, and with Mrs. MacDermid’s medical records. Mr. MacDermid
challenged Discover’s “intervening cause” defense, relying largely on case law and the
affidavit—excerpted in the facts section above—of  Dr. John Koomen, Mrs. MacDermid’s treating
psychiatrist in the months preceding her death.5

         4
          See MacDermid, 2006 WL 1454743, at *6 n.4 (“While Plaintiff never specifically mentions ‘negligence’ in
his Complaint, he clearly seeks to recover for the wrongful death of his wife. Because Plaintiff never avers in his
Complaint that Defendant intentionally killed decedent, his wrongful death claim must be based upon a theory of
negligence. Plaintiff’s Response to the instant Motion for Summary Judgment . . . does not dispute the fact that this
claim is based upon negligence.”).
         5
           Interestingly, Dr. Koomen first began seeing Mrs. MacDermid on March 3, 2003, i.e., soon after the credit
card problems were revealed. Koomen Aff., 2/28/2006, at 1. However, nothing in the record explains why Dr. Koomen
began seeing her at this time, even though she had been in continuous counseling with other doctors prior to the
precipitating event. MacDermid Aff., 2/28/2006, at 1. This is not to cast doubt on Dr. Koomen’s affidavit or his
professional skills, and there may well be a perfectly good explanation for the change in therapists. Nevertheless,
without the testimony of the prior therapists, it is difficult to get a handle on Mrs. MacDermid’s “baseline” mental state.
No. 06-5792           MacDermid v. Discover Fin. Servs.                                       Page 12


        In Tennessee, “[o]ne of the rules of law that will relieve a negligent actor from liability is
the doctrine of independent intervening cause.” Rains v. Bend of the River, 124 S.W.3d 580, 593
(Tenn. Ct. App. 2003). This doctrine is “premised on the concept that the independent intervening
cause breaks the chain of legal causation between the original negligent actor’s conduct and the
eventual injury.” Id. And as the Rains court noted, foreseeability is the touchstone of the
independent intervening cause inquiry, because “no person is expected to protect against harms from
events that he or she cannot reasonably anticipate or foresee or which are so unlikely to occur that
the risk, although recognizable, would commonly be disregarded.” Id. This renders the inquiry one
of proximate cause, which is nothing more than a fancy word by which courts establish, often
through simple common sense, a “boundary of legal liability.” Kilpatrick v. Bryant, 868 S.W.2d
594, 598 (Tenn. 1993); see also White v. Lawrence, 975 S.W.2d 525, 529 (Tenn. 1998) (noting that
proximate cause determinations are “based on considerations of logic, common sense, policy,
precedent and our more or less inadequately expressed ideas of what justice demands or of what is
administratively possible and convenient” (internal quotations omitted)).
         Tennessee courts have also “consistently recognized” that suicide properly constitutes an
independent intervening cause in most wrongful death actions. Rains, 124 S.W.3d at 593 (collecting
cases). There are three exceptions to this general rule, however: (1) where defendant’s negligence
causes “delirium” or “insanity” that results in self-destructive acts; (2) where defendant is the
decedent’s custodian, and defendant knows or has reason to know that the decedent might engage
in self-destructive acts; (3) where defendant and decedent have a legally recognized “special
relationship,” such as a physician-patient relationship, and defendant knows or has reason to know
that the decedent might engage in self-destructive acts. Id. at 593-94. Here, nothing on the record
indicates that Discover and Mrs. MacDermid had either a “custodial” or a “special” relationship;
rather, the two were engaged in nothing more than a routine business transaction. Mr. MacDermid
concedes as much, and thus his arguments necessarily focus on the first exception listed above.
These arguments were unavailing before the magistrate judge, who reasoned as follows:
       There is simply no medical proof in this case to show that Defendant’s conduct
       caused a delirium or insanity in decedent. Dr. Koomen’s Affidavit says nothing
       about “delirium,” or “insanity.” Despite Plaintiff’s statement to the contrary, there
       is simply nothing in Dr. Koomen’s Affidavit to support the proposition that
       Defendant’s threats of prosecution and jail “caused a significant deterioration in
       [Plaintiff’s] rational thought process.” Likewise, there is nothing in Dr. Koomen’s
       Affidavit showing that decedent was rendered “bereft of reason.”
MacDermid, 2006 WL 1454743, at *7 (brackets in original). The magistrate judge further noted that
“there is absolutely no expert medical proof that decedent’s suicide was a reasonably foreseeable
result of any act or omission of Defendant.” Id. at *9.
         The magistrate judge reached the correct result in granting summary judgment in favor of
Discover. The delirium/insanity exception to the general rule in Tennessee that suicide constitutes
an independent intervening cause in a wrongful death action appears to be extremely limited in
application — so limited, in fact, that Mr. MacDermid is unable to cite to a single case in which this
particular exception was applied in a plaintiff’s favor. To the contrary, all of the relevant Tennessee
cases appear to cut in favor of defendants. As the Supreme Court of Tennessee has stated: “The
best use that can be made of the authorities on proximate cause is merely to furnish illustrations of
situations which judicious men upon careful consideration have adjudged to be on one side of the
line or the other.” Lancaster v. Montesi, 390 S.W.2d 217, 221 (Tenn. 1965) (internal citations and
quotation marks omitted). Based on these illustrations, we cannot conclude that Mr. MacDermid’s
wrongful death action should survive summary judgment.
No. 06-5792           MacDermid v. Discover Fin. Servs.                                       Page 13


        In Lancaster itself, for example, defendant Montesi was alleged to have caused the suicide
of Margaret Lancaster by “dominating and controlling” her to her ultimate breaking point. Id. at
219. Lancaster was married to another man but was having an affair with Montesi, who allegedly
inflicted on her punishment “of the most sadistic type”: in particular, Montesi allegedly broke her
leg, burned her with a cigarette, and beat her repeatedly to the point of bruising and discoloration
all over her body. Id. Whenever Lancaster attempted to escape from Montesi’s control, such as by
fleeing to another state, he would track her down and forcibly bring her back to his home. Id. It was
even alleged that on one of these occasions in which she was being “reeled in” by Montesi she
attempted to commit suicide by jumping from the moving car in which they were traveling. Thus,
it would seem under the facts as alleged, that Montesi was clearly on notice of Lancaster’s intention
to commit suicide if he persisted in treating her as he did. Id. (noting that Lancaster had “called a
mutual friend, and in the presence of the defendant, related the abuse imposed upon her, and stated
that she was going to ‘end it all’”). Nevertheless, Montesi persisted to the point where Lancaster
took her life by jumping of the Memphis-Arkansas bridge. Id. Immediately prior to taking this
action, Lancaster left a note saying: “Ma Ma, I’m sorry. Louis [Montesi] has beat me enough.” Id.
The Supreme Court of Tennessee dismissed the Lancaster family’s wrongful death action against
Montesi, noting that “[a]lthough it is alleged that she was ‘bereft of reason,’ it cannot be said that
she did not know and understand the nature of her act.” Id. at 222. The court further held that “if
the suicide is during a lucid interval, when [s]he is in full command of [her] faculties but [her] life
has become unendurable to [her], it is agreed that [her] voluntary choice is an abnormal thing, which
supersedes the defendant’s liability.” Id. (quoting Prosser on Torts § 49 (1955 ed.)).
        The distinction drawn in Lancaster, harsh as it may appear, followed from an earlier
Tennessee Supreme Court opinion which held that a defendant, who falsely and mistakenly accused
an eighteen-year old boy “of good standing and reputation” of breaking into his house and stealing
money from him, was not liable for causing the boy to hang himself. Jones v. Stewart, 191 S.W.2d
439, 439 (Tenn. 1946). The court held: “An act of suicide resulting from a moderately intelligent
power of choice, even though the choice is determined by a disordered mind, should be deemed a
new and independent, efficient cause of the death that immediately ensues.” Id. at 440 (quoting
Daniels v. New York, New Haven & Hartford R.R. Co., 67 N.E. 424, 426 (Mass. 1903)) (emphasis
added).
         Lest anyone think that Tennessee’s proximate cause analysis in suicide cases has softened
significantly over time, both Lancaster and Jones were cited with approval in Potts v. First Peoples
Bank of Jefferson County, No. 03A01-9303-CV-00116, 1993 WL 276858 (Tenn. Ct. App. July 22,
1993) (unreported). Potts, interestingly enough, involved facts quite similar to those in the instant
case. Potts was the executrix of the estate of Ruel Reese, who committed suicide after learning that
his daughter had forged his signature to draw money from his bank account and enter into various
loan transactions and refinancings with him as guarantor. Id. at *1. The amount of money involved
was approximately $5,000 in checks and $17,000 in loans. Id. After Reese’s daughter became
delinquent in her loan payments by eight or nine months, the bank instituted collection proceedings
against Reese because he was guarantor of the loan. Id. The bank allegedly told him that they
would “take his house” if he did not make good on the debt. Id. Upon learning of the money he
owed and of his daughter’s deception, Reese became depressed and, although he sought
psychological help, ultimately committed suicide about a year later. Id. In granting summary
judgment in favor of the bank upon Potts’s action for wrongful death, the Tennessee Court of
Appeals held that “the record shows Mr. Reese understood the nature of his act of suicide and his
act resulted from a moderately intelligent power of choice.” Id. at *3 (emphasis added); see also
id. (“Dr. Engum, Mrs. Potts’s expert, testified there was no question that Mr. Reese intended to end
his life and he understood what would be the result of shooting himself.”).
       If the facts of Potts, Jones, and especially Lancaster (the physical abuse case) do not fit the
delirium/insanity exception to the independent-intervening-cause rule, then neither do the facts in
No. 06-5792              MacDermid v. Discover Fin. Servs.                                                  Page 14


the instant case. Particularly in light of the cogency of Mrs. MacDermid’s suicide letter, the
apparent lucidity of her consultation with Dr. Koomen, and the fact that even her husband did not
suspect that she would be driven to suicide, we would be straining to conclude that Mrs.
MacDermid’s suicide did not result from a “moderately intelligent power of choice” as construed
under Tennessee law, even taking into account her documented bipolar disorder condition. Even
if this panel were to disagree with the parsimonious way in which Tennessee law cuts off liability
in suicide cases, it is not our place to depart from Tennessee precedent in a case applying state
substantive law. Accordingly, the magistrate judge’s grant of summary judgment in favor of
Discover is affirmed.
                                                         III
         For all of the reasons stated above, we AFFIRM in part and REVERSE in part the
decision of the magistrate judge below. We REMAND the intentional infliction of emotional
distress claim for further proceedings. We note that our reversal is predicated on a simple alleged
fact: 6that Discover threatened criminal prosecution, without a proper basis, to collect a purely civil
debt. Our ruling should therefore not be read as an indictment of credit card companies’ lending
practices in general. It may well be true that credit card applications—and in particular, on-line
credit card applications—are too lightly regulated. For example, maybe it should be more difficult
for an applicant to subject a co-signator to substantial debt liability (as appears to have happened
here) without express authorization from the co-signator. As the system currently stands, all that
is required is an internet connection and knowledge of the co-signator’s name, social security
number, and address. Likewise, maybe it should take more than just the click of a mouse for an
individual who has recently emerged from personal bankruptcy, and who has a mental disorder that
manifests itself in bouts of excessive spending on exotic pussycats, to be able to obtain a credit card
in the first place. But as potentially troublesome as we might find some of these practices, they do
not, in this case, constitute grounds for legal liability against Discover.




         6
          We recognize, however, that this is not the only theory MacDermid is entitled to pursue during discovery.
Under the notice pleading standard, MacDermid has broadly claimed that Discover’s actions constituted outrageous
conduct, and our ruling today allows him to pursue this claim further without necessarily limiting it to the threat of
criminal prosecution. (In his complaint, for example, MacDermid also alleges that Discover’s conduct was outrageous
under Tennessee law because the company continued to employ harassing techniques against his wife to collect the debt
even after he advised it of her history of mental illness.)
