                    IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

                                  No. 14-0469
                             Filed August 19, 2015

TAMMIE ACKELSON,
    Plaintiff-Appellee,

vs.

MANLEY TOYS LTD. and
TOY QUEST, LTD.,
     Defendants-Appellants.
____________________________________

ROBIN DRAKE and HEATHER MILLER,
     Plaintiffs-Appellees,

vs.

MANLEY TOYS LTD. and
TOY QUEST, LTD.,
     Defendants-Appellants.
________________________________________________________________

      Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Warren County, David L.

Christensen, Judge.



      Foreign entity defendants appeal from the district court order requiring

their attorneys in an Iowa lawsuit to accept service for the entities. AFFIRMED.



      David H. Luginbill and Lindsay A. Vaught of Ahlers & Cooney, P.C., Des

Moines, for appellants.

      Thomas A. Newkirk, Jill M. Zwagerman, and Bryan P. O’Neill of Newkirk

Zwagerman, P.L.C., Des Moines, for appellees.

      Heard by Tabor, P.J., and Bower and McDonald, JJ.
                                          2



MCDONALD, J.

        This case presents the question of whether the district court had the

authority to order Iowa counsel to accept service on behalf of two foreign entities

sued in the State of Iowa. Based on the unique circumstances presented in this

case, we answer the question in the affirmative.

                                          I.

        In 2010, the plaintiffs sued their Iowa employers, Manley Toy Direct,

L.L.C., and Toy Network, L.L.C., and related companies for alleged violations of

the Iowa Civil Rights Act, Iowa Code chapter 216 (2009). Additional related-

entity defendants were added in two amendments, including Manley Toys

Limited and Toy Quest, Ltd. (collectively, hereinafter “Entity Defendants”). The

record reflects the Entity Defendants are Chinese companies located in Hong

Kong.    The Entity Defendants do not have a domestic agent for service of

process in Iowa or the United States.

        The Convention on Service Abroad of Judicial and Extrajudicial

Documents in Civil and Commercial Matters, 20 U.S.T. 361, 1969 WL 97765

(Nov. 15, 1965) [1969] (hereinafter “Hague Convention”), is an international

treaty governing the service of judicial or extrajudicial documents abroad for

countries acceding to the treaty.       See 20 U.S.T. at 362 (stating the Hague

Convention “shall apply in all cases, in civil or commercial matters, where there is

occasion to transmit a judicial or extrajudicial document for service abroad”). The

United States ratified the treaty in 1969.      The People’s Republic of China

acceded to the treaty in 1991. By declaration, the People’s Republic of China
                                           3



made the Hague Convention applicable to Special Administrative Region of Hong

Kong effective July 1, 1997, upon China’s resumption of sovereignty over the

same pursuant to the Joint Declaration of the Government of the People’s

Republic of China and the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain

and Northern Ireland on the Question of Hong Kong signed on 19 December

1984.

        Pursuant to the Hague Convention, the plaintiffs served the Entity

Defendants through the Central Receiving Authority in Hong Kong. A bailiff’s

assistant of the High Court of Hong Kong returned affidavits of service on the

companies. The affirmations noted the bailiff’s assistant went to the address

provided and, according to the bailiff’s assistant:

        On arrival at the aforesaid address, I found that it was operating by
        two companies namely Manley Toys Limited and Toy Quest
        Limited, of which a female staff member, Ms. Lo Ming informed me
        that the aforesaid address was the registered office of the said
        party for service. Therefore, I effect service of the aforesaid judicial
        documents by leaving the same at the registered office of the party
        for service.

        In June 2013, local counsel for entities related to the Entity Defendants

filed their application to withdraw as counsel, citing Iowa Rule of Professional

Conduct 32:1.16(a)(1) (providing an attorney may withdraw when continued

representation “will result in violation of the Iowa Rules of Professional Conduct”).

The application to withdraw was granted.

        Subsequently, different local counsel appeared in this suit and moved to

dismiss or quash service. Submitted with the motions were affidavits in which

the Entity Defendants denied having an employee, staff member, or agent

named Lo Ming and which denied effective service. The district court quashed
                                            4



the service on the foreign defendants based largely in part on a similar ruling

made in related litigation involving substantially similar issues and defendant

parties in the United States District Court for the Southern District of Iowa. The

Entity Defendants state this court may take judicial notice of the related federal

suit. Documents from that suit were made part of this record.

       After the district court granted the Entity Defendants’ motion to quash

service, the plaintiffs filed a motion for leave to amend their petition and motion to

serve the Entity Defendants in Iowa through their local attorneys. In support of

the motion, Ackelson provided a declaration from an employee of a company

related to the Entity Defendants stating he was instructed on how to avoid

service of process. The plaintiffs also provided email from Brian Dubinsky, a

principal or owner of the several related entities. The email demonstrated that in

the past the related companies fabricated documents for the purpose of evading

service or evading liability in lawsuits.

       Following a hearing, the district court granted the motion to amend the

petition and the motion to serve the Entity Defendants through their local

attorneys in Iowa. The district court determined the Hague Convention did not

preclude service on Iowa counsel:

             This Court finds convincing the rationale of Brown[1] and
       Volkswagenwerk[2] that merely being a signatory to the Hague
       Service Convention does not compel the conclusion that the Hague
       Service Convention applies. This is consistent with the Iowa
       Supreme Court’s decision in Estate of Vischering.[3] Unlike the


1
  Brown v. China Integrated Energy, Inc., 285 F.R.D. 560, 564 (C.D. Cal. 2012).
2
  Volkswagenwerk Aktiengesellshaft v. Schlunk, 486 U.S. 694 (1988).
3
  In re Estate of Graf Droste Zu Vischering, 782 N.W.2d 141 (Iowa 2010).
                                         5



       service at issue in Estate of Vischering, the proposed service here
       would take place in Iowa, not Hong Kong or Germany (as was the
       service in Estate of Vischering). Because service would not take
       place abroad, the Court finds that the Hague Service Convention
       would not apply to service on [the Chinese corporations’] Iowa
       counsel.

The district court further determined it could order local counsel to accept service

on behalf of the Entity Defendants pursuant to Iowa Rule of Civil Procedure

1.305(14). The court also determined such service did not violate the Entity

Defendants’ right to due process. The district court’s ruling was the same as the

federal court decision in the related case.      The Entity Defendants filed an

application for interlocutory appeal, which the supreme court granted.          The

supreme court then transferred the appeal to this court.

                                         II.

       The defendants first contend the district court’s order requiring local

counsel to accept service violates the Hague Convention.           Specifically, the

defendants contend the plain language of the Hague Convention requires the

transmission of documents abroad for service of process. We review the district

court’s interpretation of the treaty for correction of errors at law. See Iowa R.

App. P. 6.907; see In re Estate of Graf Droste Zu Vischering, 782 N.W.2d 141,

144 (Iowa 2010) (interpreting the Hauge Convention); see also L.F. Noll, Inc. v.

Eviglo, 816 N.W.2d 391, 393 (Iowa 2012) (interpreting statute concerning

service).

       We conclude the defendants’ argument is without merit.            The plain

language of the treaty does not require that a foreign defendant be served with

process abroad: “The present Convention shall apply in all cases, in civil or
                                        6



commercial matters, where there is occasion to transmit a judicial or extrajudicial

document for service abroad.” Volkswagenwerk Aktiengesellshaft v. Schlunk,

486 U.S. 694, 699 (1988), Hague Convention, 20 U.S.T. at 362. Instead, the

plain language of the treaty provides only that it shall control the manner of

service of judicial or extrajudicial documents on those occasions such documents

are transmitted abroad. Two controlling cases reach the same conclusion.

      In Volkswagenwerk, the plaintiff served in the United States the American

subsidiary of a German company, which, under Illinois law, was the company’s

agent for service of process. See 486 U.S. at 696. The Supreme Court was

faced with the question whether such service “is compatible with” the Hague

Convention. See id. The Court explained “[b]y virtue of the Supremacy Clause,

. . . the Convention pre-empts inconsistent methods of service prescribed by

state law in all cases to which it applies.” Id. The Convention “does not specify

the circumstances in which there is ‘occasion to transmit’ a complaint ‘for service

abroad.’” Id. at 700. The Court reasoned that because the Hague Convention

does not prescribe a standard for determining the sufficiency of notice, courts

“almost necessarily must refer to the internal law of the forum state.” Id. The

Court further reasoned that “[w]here service on a domestic agent is valid and

complete under both state law and the Due Process Clause, our inquiry ends and

the Convention has no further implications.” Id. at 707. Noting due process

“does not require an official transmittal of documents abroad every time there is

service on a foreign national,” the court concluded “this case does not present an

occasion to transmit a judicial document for service abroad within the meaning of
                                        7



Article I. Therefore the Hague Service Convention does not apply, and service is

proper.” Id. at 708.

       In In re Estate of Clemens Graf Droste Zu Vischering, 782 N.W.2d 141

(Iowa 2010), former tenants of a commercial office building owned by the

decedent, Clemens, sought to reopen his estate.       782 N.W.2d at 142.     The

district court scheduled a hearing on the application and directed a copy of the

scheduling order and application to reopen the estate be served in Germany on

the sole beneficiary of the estate. The plaintiffs attempted personal and mail

service in Germany. Id. at 143, 147. The executor moved to quash service,

alleging the service was defective because it did not comply with the Hague

Convention. In denying the motion, the district court held service did not need to

comply with the Hague Convention because neither Iowa Rule of Civil Procedure

1.305 nor Rule 1.306 required the transmittal of documents abroad.            Our

supreme court reversed, explaining, “While the internal law of the forum state

may determine whether serving notice on a defendant must be accomplished

through personal service abroad, once the court orders documents to be

transmitted abroad, the provisions of the Convention apply.” Id. at 146 (citing

Volkswagenwerk, 486 U.S. at 700).

       We conclude the district court did not err in concluding the Hague

Convention was inapplicable to the service of process in Iowa on the Entity

Defendants’ counsel. The Convention only governs the manner of service of

process of judicial or extrajudicial documents transmitted abroad.     Here, the

district court ordered local counsel to accept service of process in Iowa and not
                                              8



Hong Kong. The Hague Convention is thus inapplicable. See, e.g., Brown v.

China Integrated Energy, Inc., 285 F.R.D. 560, 564 (C.D. Cal. 2012) (“If valid

service occurs in the United States . . . , the Convention is not implicated

regardless of the location of the party.”).

                                          III.

       For service on domestic counsel to be valid, the law of the forum state

must allow such service. See Vischering, 782 N.W.2d at 145. “Iowa Rule of Civil

Procedure 1.305 outlines acceptable forms of personal service of original notice

under Iowa law.” Id. Iowa Rule of Civil Procedure 1.306 allows for alternative

methods of service for business entities domiciled outside Iowa. See Iowa R.

Civ. P. 1.306 (“Service may be made on any such corporation, individual,

personal representative, partnership or association as provided in Rule 1.305

within or without the state or, if such service cannot be so made, in any manner

consistent with due process of law prescribed by order of the court in which the

action is brought.”). Here, the district court ordered counsel to accept service

pursuant to Rule 1.305(14). That is a catch-all provision that provides if “service

cannot be made by any of the methods provided by this rule, any defendant may

be served as provided by court order, consistent with due process of law.” Prior

to ordering service under this rule, the district court must find service could not

have been made under any method provided in Rule 1.305. See In re Marriage

of Meyer, 285 N.W.2d 10, 11-12 (Iowa 1979). In addition, the alternative method

of service must also comply with due process. See Volkswagenwerk, 486 U.S.

at 707; Mullane v. Cent. Hanover Bank & Trust Co., 339 U.S. 306, 314 (1950).
                                         9



       The defendants argue the district court erred in ordering counsel to accept

service of the original notice pursuant to Rule 1.305(14) because the plaintiffs

could have served the defendants some other way. Specifically, Rule 1.305(6)

provides personal service can be made on an entity “by serving any present or

acting or last known officer thereof, or any general or managing agent, or any

agent or person now authorized by appointment or by law to receive service of

original notice, or on the general partner of a partnership.”         The plaintiffs

attempted service pursuant to Rule 1.305(6) by transmitting the original notice

and petition abroad pursuant to the Hague Convention, but the district court

quashed the service. The Entity Defendants contend the plaintiffs were required

to continue to attempt service pursuant to Rule 1.305(6) because it is possible

service abroad may work at some point.

       We conclude the district court did not abuse its discretion in ordering the

Entity Defendants’ counsel to accept service under the limited circumstances

presented here. The Entity Defendants have no domestic agents or subsidiaries,

either in Iowa or in other states, to accept service. The plaintiffs transmitted the

original notice abroad in accord with the Hague Convention, but the Entity

Defendants successfully quashed the service.          While we agree with the

defendants that there is a metaphysical possibility the defendants could be

served pursuant to Rule 1.305(6) through repeated attempts, Rule 1.305(14)

does not require the plaintiffs to engage in futile efforts ad infinitum merely

because there is some metaphysical possibility the plaintiffs might be able to

serve the defendants.      The reality is the plaintiffs already have exerted
                                         10



substantial effort and money to serve documents in compliance with Rule

1.305(6) and the Hague Convention. They have also spent a significant amount

of time doing the same.      Continued efforts at serving the Entity Defendants’

agent or agents in Hong Kong appear futile in light of the evidence that the Entity

Defendants, their related companies, and the interrelated management of these

companies are engaged in corporate entity three-card monte for the sole purpose

of evading service of process and evading potential liability for their conduct.

There is sufficient evidence that service of process “cannot” be made pursuant to

Rule 1.305 except for the catchall provision set forth in Rule 1.305(14).

       Service on the Entity Defendants’ counsel must still afford the defendants

due process. See Mullane, 339 U.S. at 314. The test is whether the service of

process was “reasonably calculated under all the circumstances to apprise

interested parties of the pendency of the action and afford them an opportunity to

present their objections.” Brown, 285 F.R.D. at 565. “Due process does not

require that the individuals served on behalf of foreign defendants have

represented them or been authorized to accept service on their behalf. Instead,

‘[t]he reasonableness and hence the constitutional validity of any chosen method

may be defended on the ground that it is in itself reasonably certain to inform

those affected.’” Id. at 565-66 (citations omitted).

       We conclude ordering counsel to accept service of process afforded the

defendants due process.      There is no doubt local counsel are in direct and

substantial contact with their attorneys such that serving notice on the attorneys

would provide the Entity Defendants with “notice reasonably calculated, under all
                                         11



the circumstances, to appraise interested parties of the pendency of the action

and afford them an opportunity to present their objections.” Mullane, 339 U.S. at

314. The principals and owners of the related companies are largely the same.

As found by the district court in the related federal case, “There is no dispute that

many, if not all, of the defendant corporations are closely related, and that many

of the same individuals are involved in their ownership and daily management.

. . . It also is clear that the corporations use many of the same employment

forms and documents, transfer employees back and forth, and perform both

activities in a lackadaisical fashion.”       Having counsel accept service will

undoubtedly provide the defendants with notice of this suit and provide them with

an opportunity to defendant against the suit.

       Several other considerations support the conclusion that the Entity

Defendants have been provided with sufficient process. The mere existence of

the federal suit in the Southern District of Iowa, involving substantially the same

evidence and parties, makes it unlikely that the defendants were unaware of this

suit. It also makes it unlikely that ordering counsel to accept service will place an

unexpected and additional burden on the Entity Defendants’ management and

staff. Second, as noted by the district court, “it [was] undeniable that service

through Defendants’ Iowa-based counsel would serve the dual purpose of

avoiding unnecessary costs and greatly expediting this litigation.” Third, nothing

in our opinion is meant in any way to address issues related to personal

jurisdiction over the Entity Defendants. We address only the very limited issue of
                                        12



whether the method of serving process ordered in this case was permissible

under Iowa law. We conclude it was.

                                        IV.

      For the foregoing reasons, we conclude the order directing counsel for the

defendants to accept service was not erroneous or an abuse of discretion. We

remand this matter for further proceedings. We do not retain jurisdiction.

      AFFIRMED AND REMANDED.
