                 In the Missouri Court of Appeals
                         Eastern District
                                     DIVISION ONE

STATE OF MISSOURI,                            )      No. ED101944
                                              )
       Respondent,                            )      Appeal from the Circuit Court of
                                              )      Warren County
vs.                                           )
                                              )
JAMES W. LEWIS,                               )      Hon. Wesley Dalton
                                              )
       Appellant.                             )      FILED: April 28, 2015

                                        OPINION

       James Lewis appeals the trial court’s judgment after a jury convicted him of

second-degree robbery and resisting arrest. We affirm the judgment of Lewis’s

convictions and sentences and remand the case with instructions to the trial court to

correct nunc pro tunc a clerical error in the written judgment.

                                       Background

       At 10:30 p.m. on April 6, 2014, Lee Ann Wise was standing at her car in a

grocery store parking lot when Lewis approached her from behind, stole her purse, and

ran away. Police Officer Houston heard the dispatch and was in the area. He soon spotted

Lewis and attempted to stop him. Lewis fled and was apprehended by a cyclist until

Houston caught up. Lewis continued to resist arrest as Houston attempted to secure him

in handcuffs. Wise’s purse was later recovered nearby.
       The State charged Lewis with second-degree robbery and resisting arrest. At trial,

Wise testified that Lewis “bumped” her shoulder and “yanked” her purse away from her.

Another witness testified that he “nudged” her. A third witness testified that there was a

“slight” struggle. Houston testified that Lewis had outstanding warrants. During closing

arguments, defense counsel suggested that Lewis might have fled from Houston due to

those warrants and not the robbery. In rebuttal argument, the State disclosed that the

warrants were traffic-related, though that fact wasn’t in evidence.

       The jury found Lewis guilty of both counts. The trial court sentenced him as a

prior and persistent offender to consecutive prison terms of 30 years for robbery and 7

years for resisting arrest. On appeal, Lewis asserts that the trial court erred by: (1)

denying his motion for acquittal, because the evidence was insufficient to establish that

he used physical force, an element of robbery, and (2) failing to declare a mistrial or give

a curative instruction after the State’s disclosure about Lewis’s warrants.

       As a clerical matter, the trial court’s written judgment omitted its factual finding,

supported by the record, that Lewis was not only a prior offender but also a persistent

offender. The State requests correction of the written judgment nunc pro tunc to

accurately reflect Lewis’s status as a prior and persistent offender.

                                          Analysis

       Physical Force

       First, Lewis contends that the evidence was insufficient to prove that he used

physical force. Our review is limited to “whether, after viewing the evidence in a light

most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential

elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” State v. Bateman, 318 S.W.3d 681,




                                              2
687 (Mo. 2010). The Court does not act as a super juror with veto powers but gives great

deference to the trier of fact, accepting as true all evidence and inferences favorable to the

state and disregarding those to the contrary. Id.

       “A person commits the crime of robbery in the second degree when he forcibly

steals property.” §569.030. A person forcibly steals when he:

       Uses or threatens the immediate use of physical force upon another person
       for the purpose of (a) preventing or overcoming resistance to the taking of
       the property or to the retention thereof immediately after the taking or (b)
       compelling the owner of such property or another person to deliver up the
       property or to engage in other conduct which aids in the commission of
       the theft.

§569.010(1). Applicable precedent illustrates the fact-specific nature of the inquiry. In

State v. Adams, the Supreme Court of Missouri explained, “snatching a valuable article

from another is robbery where force is exercised in overcoming the resistance of the

person robbed or in detaching the article taken where it is fastened to the clothing or

person of the victim, but where the article is merely snatched from the hand of another

the offense is stealing and not robbery.”

       In State v. Tivis, 884 S.W.2d 28 (Mo. App. W.D. 1994), the defendant yanked a

purse from the victim’s shoulder by the strap, but there was no threat or use of force, no

struggle, and no touching or injury, so the evidence was insufficient to support a robbery

charge. In State v. Henderson, 310 S.W.3d 307 (Mo. App. S.D. 2010), the defendant

reached across a counter at a convenience store and grabbed cash from the register

drawer. Although the defendant brushed the clerk’s arm as he reached, such contact was

deemed de minimus and incidental to the money snatch and not sufficient to constitute

physical force under the statute. Id. at 309.




                                                3
       By contrast, in State v. Butler, 719 S.W.2d 35 (Mo. App. E.D. 1986), the

defendant grabbed a woman’s purse by the strap around her arm such that her finger was

hurt. Similarly in State v. Rice, 937 S.W.2d 296 (Mo. App. E.D. 1996), the defendant

“jerked” a purse from a woman’s shoulder with enough force to break the strap and cause

pain to the shoulder. In State v. Jolly, 820 S.W.2d 734 (Mo. App. E.D. 1991), the

defendant and victim had a “tug of war” over a bank deposit bag, and the victim’s

fingernail was ripped off in the struggle. In State v. Childs, 257 S.W.3d 655 (Mo. App.

W.D. 2008), the parties “tussled” over car keys. In these cases, the facts supported a

finding of force.

       In sum, where there was no physical contact, no struggle, and no injury, courts

have found the evidence insufficient to support a robbery conviction. Childs, 257 S.W.3d

at 660. But where one or more of those circumstances is present, a jury reasonably could

find a use of force. Here, the jury heard the testimony of three witnesses. The victim,

Wise, testified:

       A: I had my hand on my purse and the subject walked up behind me and
       bumped me in the shoulder a little bit, reached over in front of me,
       grabbed my purse, and just took off running. … My purse was in the child
       seat of the [grocery] cart. I had my hand on it because I was about to pick
       it up and put it into my car.

       Q: So there wasn’t a struggle over the purse like a tug of war?

       A: I did have my hand on the purse and he did yank it out of my hand, but
       it happened so fast.

Witness Garza-Peña was in the parking lot and saw the entire incident. She testified:

       A: The gentleman came, nudged her, took the purse, and ran around the
       corner.

Witness Steigman was in the parking lot and heard Wise yell for help. She testified:



                                            4
       A: I turned around and I saw this guy. Her purse was on her arm and she
       was going like this and the guy was trying to go the other way and push it
       off her arm, slide it off her arm, which obviously he did and he took off
       running.

       Q: Was there a prolonged struggle over the purse where they were yanking
       back and forth like a tug of war?

       A: Slightly, slightly, but he got it - he got away with it pretty quickly.

       Lewis argues that the single yank was insufficient force, as held in Tivis, where

no physical contact or struggle occurred. Here, however, there was also a bump to Wise’s

shoulder. Lewis then argues that the bump was de minimus contact as in Henderson. But,

in Henderson, the defendant removed cash from the register and not directly from the

clerk’s hand, so there was no physical contact or yank, and there was no struggle. Here,

by contrast, the features of Tivis and Henderson are compounded. The bump to Wise’s

shoulder not only came from behind but also was combined with a slight struggle and

yank of the purse from Wise’s person. Viewing the witnesses’ testimony in the light most

favorable to the verdict and mindful that our standard of review demands great deference

to the fact finder, we conclude that the evidence was sufficient for the jury to find that

Lewis used enough force to prevent or overcome Wise’s resistance as contemplated in

§569.010(1). Point denied.

       Closing Argument

       In closing arguments, defense counsel theorized that Lewis attempted to evade

Houston and avoid arrest because of his outstanding warrants and not in connection with

the robbery. The State rebutted that theory by revealing that Lewis’s warrants were

merely traffic-related (implying that they didn’t justify Lewis’s flight), though that

particular fact was not in evidence. For his second point, Lewis submits that the trial



                                              5
court erred by failing to declare a mistrial or give a curative instruction sua sponte in light

of the State’s disclosure.

        “The State has wide latitude in closing arguments, but closing arguments must

not go beyond the evidence presented; courts should exclude “statements that

misrepresent the evidence or the law, introduce irrelevant prejudicial matters, or

otherwise tend to confuse the jury.” State v. Deck, 303 S.W.3d 527, 543 (Mo. 2010).

However, a “prosecutor may retaliate to an issue raised by the defense even if the

prosecutor's comment would be improper.” State v. Sanchez, 186 S.W.3d 260, 265 (Mo.

2006). Such was the case here. The State’s argument specifically responded to counsel’s

suggestion that Lewis fled only because of his outstanding warrants and not the robbery.

       Moreover, defense counsel didn’t object to the argument, so this point isn’t

properly preserved, as Lewis concedes. In reviewing for plain error under Rule 30.20,

first we determine whether a clear and obvious error occurred; if so, then we examine

whether manifest injustice or a miscarriage of justice resulted. State v. White, 247

S.W.3d 557, 561 (Mo. App. E.D. 2007). “Plain error relief is rarely appropriate for

claims involving closing arguments because the decision to object is often a matter of

trial strategy.” Deck, 303 S.W.3d at 541. “Closing arguments must be examined in the

context of the entire record.” Id. “Under plain error review, a conviction will be reversed

for improper closing argument only when it is established that the argument had a

decisive effect on the outcome of the trial and amounts to manifest injustice.” Id. “The

burden to prove decisive effect is on the appellant.” Id.

       Lewis has not carried that burden here. Viewing the entire record, there was

ample evidence identifying Lewis as the perpetrator. We see no reasonable probability




                                              6
that the outcome of the trial would have differed if only the jury hadn’t known of the

precise nature of Lewis’s outstanding warrants. Point denied.

                                       Conclusion

       The evidence of physical force was sufficient to support the robbery conviction,

and the State’s closing argument did not result in manifest injustice. We affirm the trial

court’s judgment of conviction and sentence. We remand the case with instructions to

the trial court to correct nunc pro tunc its written judgment to reflect its finding that

Lewis was both a prior offender and a persistent offender. See State v. Carroll, 207

S.W.3d 140 (Mo. App. E.D. 2006) (affirming and remanding with instructions to enter

amended judgment nunc pro tunc to correct defendant’s prior and persistent status).




                                     _______________________________
                                     CLIFFORD H. AHRENS, Judge

Lawrence E. Mooney, P.J., concurs.
Lisa Van Amburg, J., dissents in separate opinion.




                                            7
                      In the Missouri Court of Appeals
                              Eastern District
                                         DIVISION ONE

STATE OF MISSOURI,                            )       No. ED101944
                                              )
        Plaintiff/Respondent,                 )       Appeal from the Circuit Court of
                                              )       Warren County
vs.                                           )
                                              )       Honorable Wesley Dalton
JAMES W. LEWIS,                               )
                                              )       Filed: April 28, 2015
        Respondent/Appellant.                 )


                                             DISSENT

        I respectfully dissent. The majority fairly lays out the trial evidence and testimony, which

in my opinion, does not support a verdict of robbery in the second degree. Victim testified that

Lewis snatched the purse from her hand without a struggle, threat or use of force, and without

injury. Specifically, she testified that she had her hand on her purse, which was inside her

shopping cart, when Lewis “bumped [her] in the shoulder a little bit, reached over in front of

[her], grabbed [her] purse, and just took off running.” When asked whether there was a struggle,

the victim answered only that she “did have [her] hand on the purse and he did yank it out of

[her] hand [in one yank] . . . .”


        On these facts, I find controlling the cases of State v. Adams, 406 S.W.2d 608 (Mo.

1966), State v. Tivis, 884 S.W.2d 28 (Mo. App. W.D. 1994), and State v. Henderson, 310

S.W.3d 307 (Mo. App. S.D. 2010). As the majority concedes, Adams and Tivis stand for the
proposition that yanking or snatching an article from a victim’s hand or shoulder, in the absence

of a struggle, threat of force or injury, is insufficient to prove forcible stealing. See Adams, 406

S.W.2d at 610; Tivis, 884 S.W.2d at 30. The majority finds relevance, however, in the fact that

in the process of grabbing her purse from her hand, Lewis bumped Victim from behind. The

majority concludes that such contact, together with another witnesses’ testimony of a “slight,

slight” struggle, was sufficient to prove that Lewis forcibly stole the victim’s purse. I disagree.


       As to Lewis “bumping” the victim while reaching to grab the purse, I believe Henderson

controls. In Henderson a defendant’s action in “brushing” a clerk’s arm while reaching for

money from the cash register was held to be de minimis “contact incidental to the money snatch .

. . .” 310 S.W.3d at 309. The majority argues Henderson is distinguishable because the bumping

was from behind and he took the purse from her hand. I find no authority for this distinction.


       Victim testified that Lewis “bumped” into her back in the process of reaching for her

purse. Witness Garza-Peña testified that Lewis “nudged” Victim, took the purse and ran.

Regardless of whether such contact is characterized as a bump or nudge, the testimony of Victim

and Garza-Peña establishes only that this contact was fleeting, and “incidental” to Lewis’s effort

to grab the purse. Witness Steigman claimed that she saw the purse on Victim’s arm (not in the

shopping cart,) and she saw Lewis “trying to go the other way and push it off her arm, slide it off

her arm, which obviously he did and he took off running.” When asked directly whether there

was “a prolonged struggle over the purse where they were yanking back and forth like a tug of

war?” Steigman ambiguously replied “slightly, slightly, but he got it – he got away with it pretty

quickly.”
       Applying the reasoning of Adams and Tivis, there is insufficient evidence here of forcible

stealing, regardless of whether Lewis yanked the purse from Victim’s hand, arm, or shopping

cart, or “slid” it off her arm. Victim’s testimony is clear and unambiguous, and does not support

a finding of force, while Steigman’s and Garza-Pena’s testimony is wholly unclear as to whether

there was more than de minimis contact. In the context of the State’s evidence, therefore, even

when viewed in the light most favorable to the verdict, the record fails to support the conclusion

that Lewis used physical force in snatching Victim’s purse.


       I would therefore reverse the robbery conviction and remand for trial on a lesser offense

of stealing. See Patterson v. State, 110 S.W.3d 896, 901 (Mo. App. W.D. 2003) (“A lesser-

included offense of second degree robbery is stealing.”).



                                                     _________________________________
                                                     Lisa S. Van Amburg, Judge
