Filed 2/26/14 Shalchi v. Brothers CA2/1
                  NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
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or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.


              IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                     SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                  DIVISION ONE


MASOUD SAIED SHALCHI                                                 B245289
         Plaintiff and Respondent,
                                                                     (Los Angeles County
    v.                                                                Super. Ct. No. SC099986)
KAMYAR KEN BROTHERS,
         Defendant and Appellant.

         APPEAL from an order of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County. Linda K.
Lefkowitz, Judge. Reversed.
         Law Office of Bruce Benjamin, Bruce Benjamin, Defendant and Appellant.
         Joseph West, for Plaintiff and Respondent.




                                ___________________________________
       A seller of real property failed to make statutorily mandated disclosures
regarding—in fact affirmatively misrepresented—the condition of the property on a
statutory transfer disclosure statement. However, the seller also disclosed to the buyer’s
agent the true state of the property. After a court trial, judgment was entered in favor of
the buyer in the amount of $100,000. On appeal, the seller contends: (1) his failure to
disclose did not cause the buyer’s damages because the buyer’s agent was aware of the
true condition of the property, which knowledge must be imputed to the buyer under
general principles of agency law; and (2) the damages award was unsupported by
substantial evidence. We agree with the first contention and find the second to be moot.
Accordingly, we reverse.
                                     BACKGROUND
       Appellant Kamyar Ken Brothers sold a three-unit residential building in the City
of Santa Monica to respondent Masoud Shalchi in 2005. Brothers was represented in the
transaction by Ms. Shahla Shafii, a realtor with Remax on the Boulevard (Remax), a real
estate broker. Shalchi was represented in the transaction by Ms. Shahla Kamrani, also a
Remax real estate agent. Both Shalchi and Brothers testified they were unsophisticated in
real estate and did not participate meaningfully in the transaction, leaving the particulars
to their respective agents. Shalchi and Brothers never spoke to each other until sometime
in 2008, and never met personally until the day of trial in January 2012.
       On July 23, 2005, Shalchi made an offer of $1,200,000 on the property. On July
27, Brothers counteroffered $1,250,000. Included in the counteroffer was the following
notation: “All permits and work completed. Delivered at close of escrow.”
       On August 8, 2005, Brothers executed a written transfer disclosure statement
mandated by Civil Code section 1102.31 detailing whether Brothers was aware of certain


       1
         Civil Code section 1102.3 requires a transferor of real property to deliver to a
prospective transferee a written statement, in accordance with the legislatively mandated
form provided in Civil Code section 1102.6, detailing whether the transferor is aware of
certain legislatively enumerated defects associated with the property.

                                              2
legislatively enumerated defects associated with the property. In the statement, Brothers
stated he was unaware of: Any “[r]oom additions, structural modifications, or other
alterations or repairs made without necessary permits”; [r]oom additions, structural
modifications, or other alterations or repairs not in compliance with building codes”; or
“[a]ny notices of abatement or citations against the property.” This representation was
false. Brothers and Shafii had both been notified by the City of Santa Monica that there
was unpermitted construction on the property.
       Although he had signed and initialed the transfer disclosure statement, Brothers
testified he had no personal knowledge about the state of the property, had provided none
of the disclosure information, and did not read the statement before signing it. He
testified Kamrani, Shalchi’s agent, had filled out the form, presented it to him, and told
him where to initial and sign. Shafii corroborated this sequence of events, testifying she
had asked Kamrani to present the transfer disclosure statement to Brothers because she
was out of town. Kamrani denied filling out Brothers’s disclosure statement.
       Kamrani testified she presented Brothers’s transfer disclosure statement to
Shalchi. She read it to him line by line, and he retained a copy. Shalchi denied this.
       Shafii testified she later notified Kamrani of the unpermitted construction and
created an amendment to the purchase agreement rectifying Brothers’s
misrepresentations. Kamrani corroborated the existence of such a document, but neither
broker was able to produce it at trial, and the court found it did not exist.
       Before close of escrow, Kamrani, Shafii and Shalchi met at Shalchi’s restaurant to
discuss the transaction, particularly the state of unpermitted construction on the property.
Kamrani and Shafii testified they disclosed to Shalchi at that time that there was some
unpermitted and improper construction on the property that would not be remediated
before the close of escrow, and Shalchi said he would complete the work himself.
Shalchi admitted the meeting took place but denied that disclosures were made or he
agreed to complete to remedy the property defects. The trial court ultimately discounted
most of the agents’ testimony, finding it to be of dubious veracity.

                                               3
       Escrow closed on September 30, 2006.
       In January 2006, the City of Santa Monica sent Shalchi a compliance order stating
the property had been inspected in December 2004 and was found to be in violation of
the city’s municipal code due to several unpermitted and improper modifications and
deficiencies. The order indicated conversion of one or more units on the property lacked
permits, construction on one or more units was improper, and at least one of the units
lacked an electrical meter. In July 2006, Shalchi received a “final notice” from the City
of Santa Monica stating he potentially faced penalties in the amount of $2,500 to $4,999
for each day he failed to remediate the alleged deficiencies.
       In 2008, Shalchi sued Brothers and Remax, asserting causes of action for fraud,
breach of fiduciary duty, negligence, and violation of Civil Code section 1102 et seq., the
                            2
real estate disclosure laws. Kamrani and Shafii were never parties, and Remax was
dismissed before trial. Shalchi alleged Brothers and the Remax agents knew of but failed
to disclose to him the property’s permit and construction defects. He alleged he would
have negotiated a lower price for the property had he known the defects existed, and one
tenant refused to pay more than half the agreed rent due to the defects.
       At a court trial, Brothers admitted he knew about the property defects before the
sale and failed to make disclosures required by section 1102 et seq., but argued his failure
to do so did not cause Shalchi’s damages because Kamrani, Shalchi’s agent in the
transaction, knew of the property defects, and her knowledge must be imputed to Shalchi
as a matter of law. Brothers also denied that Shalchi’s damages amounted to $100,000.
       After Shalchi rested and Brothers had presented some evidence, Shalchi’s counsel
requested permission to recall Lisa King, an experienced real estate and mortgage broker
and financial planner who previously testified about a seller’s disclosure responsibilities
under section 1102. Brothers’s counsel offered no objection. King testified the purchase
price of real property such as the one at issue is generally discounted from 150 to 200

       2
           Undesignated statutory references will be to the Civil Code.

                                              4
percent of the estimated cost of expected necessary repairs. She estimated the value of
Brothers’s property was worth between $100,000 and $150,000 less than it would have
been had the defects been remediated by the seller.
       The trial court rejected Brothers’s theory that Kamrani’s knowledge of the
property defects must be imputed to Shalchi, finding an exception to the doctrine of
imputed knowledge existed because it was in “the interest of [Kamrani] to consummate
                                                                       3
the sale of the involved property for purposes of [her] own profit.”
       The court nevertheless ruled against Shalchi on his cause of action for fraud,
finding Brothers could not be held liable because he did not personally know that false
disclosures had been made on the transfer disclosure statement, but instead relied on
Shafii, who knowingly created the statement.4 Shalchi does not appeal this ruling.




       3
       Shalchi does not argue on appeal that an exception to the doctrine of imputed
knowledge exists where a real estate agent stands to profit from a sale.
       4
          But see section 1572: “Actual fraud . . . consists in any of the following acts,
committed by a party to the contract, or with his connivance, with intent . . . to induce
[another party thereto] to enter into the contract: [¶] 1. The suggestion, as a fact, of that
which is not true, by one who does not believe it to be true; [¶] 2. The positive
assertion, in a manner not warranted by the information of the person making it, of that
which is not true, though he believes it to be true; [¶] 3. The suppression of that which
is true, by one having knowledge or belief of the fact.” (See also Lingsch v. Savage
(1963) 213 Cal.App.2d 729, 736 [real property seller’s failure to disclose constitutes
actual fraud].)

      See also section 1573: “Constructive fraud consists: [¶] 1. In any breach of duty
which, without an actually fraudulent intent, gains an advantage to the person in fault . . .
by misleading another to his prejudice . . . .”

       See also section 2338 (a principal liable is for an agent’s willful omissions) and
Ach v. Finkelstein (1968) 264 Cal.App.2d 667, 677 (where an agent procures a sale of
property by means of fraud, the seller is liable even though innocent of personally
participating in the fraud).

                                              5
         However, the court found Shalchi was damaged by Brothers’s negligent failure to
make statutory disclosures, and awarded him $100,000. Judgment was entered
accordingly on Shalchi’s statutory cause of action, which Brothers now appeals.
                                        DISCUSSION
1. Shalchi’s Reliance on Brothers’s Section 1102 Disclosure
         Brothers contends his breach of statutory duties to make real estate transfer
discloses did not cause Shalchi’s damages because Kamrani, Shalchi’s agent, knew of the
defects at issue, and her knowledge must be imputed to Shalchi as a matter of law. We
agree.
         A transferor of real estate must deliver to the prospective transferee, prior to
transfer of title, a written statement set forth in a statutorily prescribed “transfer
disclosure form” attesting to whether the seller is aware of certain legislatively
enumerated defects (§ 1102.3), including “[r]oom additions, structural modifications, or
other alterations or repairs” either “made without necessary permits” or “not in
compliance with building codes,” and any “notices of abatement or citations against the
property” (§ 1102.6 [providing the disclosure form to be used]). A transferor of real
property who “negligently violates or fails to perform any duty prescribed by” section
1102 et seq. “shall be liable in the amount of actual damages suffered by a transferee.”
              5
(§ 1102.13.)
         Brothers indicated on the section 1102.6 transfer disclosure statement that he was
unaware of any “[r]oom additions, structural modifications, or other alterations or repairs
made without necessary permits”; [r]oom additions, structural modifications, or other
alterations or repairs not in compliance with building codes”; or “[a]ny notices of


         5
         A seller also has a common law duty to disclose defects materially affecting the
market value of real property when the seller is aware of the defects and knows the buyer
is ignorant of them and would not discover them in the exercise of reasonable diligence.
(Shapiro v. Sutherland (1998) 64 Cal.App.4th 1534, 1544.) “A breach of this duty of
disclosure will give rise to a cause of action for both rescission and damages.” (Ibid.)

                                                6
abatement or citations against the property.” This representation was false, as he had
received notice from the City of Santa Monica that there were unpermitted and improper
modifications to the property.
         To establish he suffered damages as a result of Brothers’s misrepresentation or
omission Shalchi must show he justifiably relied on Brothers’s statements or silence.
“Reliance exists when the misrepresentation or nondisclosure was an immediate cause of
the plaintiff’s conduct which altered his or her legal relations, and when without such
misrepresentation or nondisclosure he or she would not, in all reasonable probability,
have entered into the contract or other transaction.” (Alliance Mortgage Co. v. Rothwell
(1995) 10 Cal.4th 1226, 1239; Mirkin v. Wasserman (1993) 5 Cal.4th 1082, 1093 [“One
need only prove that, had the omitted information been disclosed, one would have been
aware of it and behaved differently.”].) “[T]he issue is whether the person who claims
reliance was justified in believing the representation in the light of his own knowledge
and experience.” (Gray v. Don Miller & Associates, Inc. (1984) 35 Cal.3d 498, 503.)
“[T]he plaintiff must have been unaware of the fact and would not have acted as he did if
he had known of the concealed or suppressed fact.” (Marketing West, Inc. v. Sanyo
Fisher (USA) Corp. (1992) 6 Cal.App.4th 603, 613.)
         Whether Shalchi reasonably relied on Brothers’s section 1102 disclosure is a
question of fact for the finder of fact, “‘and may be decided as a matter of law only if the
facts permit reasonable minds to come to just one conclusion.’ [Citation.]” (Grisham v.
Philip Morris U.S.A., Inc. (2007) 40 Cal.4th 623, 637-638.) Substantial evidence must be
reasonable, credible, and of ponderable legal significance. We resolve conflicts in the
evidence in favor of the respondent and draw in favor of the judgment all reasonable
inferences. (Kuhn v. Department of General Services (1994) 22 Cal.App.4th 1627, 1632-
1633.)
         Here, Shalchi could not justifiably rely on Brothers’s statements to the effect that
no unpermitted construction existed on the property because Kamrani, his agent, knew of
the nondisclosed defects, which knowledge is imputed to Shalchi.

                                               7
       As a general rule, “both principal and agent are deemed to have notice of whatever
either has notice of, and ought, in good faith and the exercise of ordinary care and
diligence, to communicate to the other.” (§ 2332.) Therefore, “notice to an agent in
course of a transaction is constructive notice to the principal, and it will not avail the
latter to show that the agent failed to communicate to him what he was told.” (Watson v.
Sutro (1890) 86 Cal. 500, 523.) “This constructive notice, when it exists, is irrebuttable.
It is not merely prima facie evidence, for then it could be rebutted. It is conclusive
against the truth of the fact . . . .” (Ibid.) The justification for the rule of imputation is
that a principal’s agent links the principal to the external world for the purpose of taking
action, including the acquisition of material facts. (Rest.3d Agency, § 5.03.) “An agent
also has a duty, unless otherwise agreed, to use reasonable effort to transmit material
facts to the principal . . . .” (Ibid.; § 2079.16.) “A principal’s right to control an agent
enables the principal to consider whether and how best to monitor agents to ensure
compliance with these duties. . . . [¶] Imputation creates incentives for a principal to
choose agents carefully and to use care in delegating functions to them. Additionally,
imputation encourages a principal to develop effective procedures for the transmission of
material facts, while discouraging practices that isolate the principal or coagents from
facts known to an agent.” (Rest.3d Agency, § 5.03.)
       The trial court found Kamrani possessed information that falsified Brothers’s
section 1102 disclosure. When asked at trial about a notation in Brothers’s counteroffer
that stated, “All permits and work completed. Delivered at close of escrow,” Kamrani
testified she knew the statement was false, and that permit and construction issues would
not be resolved before escrow closed. Although on cross-examination Kamrani testified
she did not know of any property defect when she delivered Brothers’s section 1102
disclosure statement to Shalchi, the trial court disbelieved the exculpatory portions of her
testimony and found she “provid[ed] a disclosure form [she] knew was in error.” We
must therefore accept as established that Kamrani knew Brothers’s section 1102
disclosure was false.

                                                8
        Kamrani’s knowledge is imputed to Shalchi, and put him on inquiry notice to
discover the true state of affairs. “Every person who has actual notice of circumstances
sufficient to put a prudent man upon inquiry as to a particular fact, has constructive notice
of the fact itself in all cases in which, by prosecuting such inquiry, he might have learned
such fact.” (§ 19.)
        Shalchi had actual knowledge, imputed from his agent, that Brothers’s
representations regarding nonpermitted construction on the property were false. He was
obligated to inquire as to whether there was in fact unpermitted construction on the
property. By operation of law, he is charged with constructive notice of the fruit of that
inquiry: there was, in fact, unpermitted construction. He thus could not reasonably rely
on Brothers’s transfer disclosure statement, and was damaged not by Brothers’s
misrepresentations therein but by his decision to go forward with the transaction despite
them.
        The judgment in favor of Shalchi must therefore be reversed.
2. Damages
        Brothers contends no evidence supported the $100,000 damages award. Given the
above discussion, this issue is moot.
                                        DISPOSITION
        The judgment is reversed. Appellant is to recover his costs on appeal.
        NOT TO BE PUBLISHED.


                                                         CHANEY, J.
We concur:

                                                                      *
              ROTHSCHILD, Acting P. J.                   MILLER, J.



        *
          Judge of the Los Angeles Superior Court, assigned by the Chief Justice pursuant
to article VI, section 6 of the California Constitution.
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