                           NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
                                  File Name: 20a0072n.06

                                           No. 19-5105

                             UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                 FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

                                                         )                      FILED
 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                               )                Jan 31, 2020
                                                         )            DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
           Plaintiff-Appellant,                          )
                                                         )
                                                                ON APPEAL FROM THE
 v.                                                      )
                                                                UNITED STATES DISTRICT
                                                         )
                                                                COURT FOR THE WESTERN
 JOSHUA TUCKER,                                          )
                                                                DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE
                                                         )
           Defendant-Appellee.                           )
                                                         )



BEFORE:          GILMAN, McKEAGUE, and KETHLEDGE, Circuit Judges.

          KETHLEDGE, Circuit Judge. Joshua Tucker argues that the district court erred by denying

his motion to suppress evidence seized during a warrantless search of his house and by precluding

him from introducing the record of his felony conviction at trial. We reject his arguments and

affirm.

                                                 I.

          In 2016, Tucker pleaded guilty to aggravated burglary, a felony in Tennessee. He was

sentence to a three-year prison term, most of which was suspended. As part of his probation,

Tucker agreed to allow his case officer or any law enforcement officer to search his house “upon

request” and without a search warrant.
No. 19-5105, United States v. Tucker


       In early 2017, a DEA agent saw that Tucker’s phone number was among those called by a

suspected drug dealer. The agent told officers with McNairy County’s Narcotics Unit, including

officers Matt Rickman and Kim Holley, that they should put Tucker “on their radar.”

       Before long Tucker was arrested for a probation violation (the record does not specify what

the violation was). Tucker managed to post a $50,000 bond, even though he was apparently

unemployed at the time. Within two weeks he was arrested for another probation violation, but

that same day he posted a $75,000 bond. Rickman and Holley were suspicious about Tucker’s

source of funds, so they listened to his jailhouse calls. During one call, Tucker told his girlfriend

to pay the bail-bond company up to $7,500 in cash for the bonds.

       That same day, Rickman and Holley went to Tucker’s house to do a probation search.

Tucker was outside when they arrived. Rickman asked, “You’re on searchable probation, right?”

Tucker answered, “Yeah.” Rickman responded, “Well, we’re here to search.” The officers then

entered Tucker’s house, where they found two guns, a meth pipe, and a locked safe. Holley asked

Tucker and his girlfriend (who was also there) for the safe’s combination, but they claimed not to

know it.

       The officers left to get a search warrant for the safe; Tucker fled the scene. Rickman filled

out the warrant application, which recited the items found in Tucker’s house. Warrant in hand,

the officers returned to the house and opened the safe, wherein they found drugs and cash.

       Tucker was later arrested. A federal grand jury indicted him on the following offenses:

conspiracy to distribute methamphetamine in violation of 21 U.S.C § 841(a)(1); aiding and

abetting the distribution of methamphetamine, in violation of 21 U.S.C § 841(a)(1) and 18 U.S.C.

§ 2; distribution of methamphetamine in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1) and 846; being a felon

in possession of a firearm in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1); and possessing a firearm in


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No. 19-5105, United States v. Tucker


furtherance of a drug trafficking crime in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924 (c)(1)(A). Tucker pleaded

not guilty across the board.

       Before trial, Tucker moved to suppress the evidence seized during the search of his house.

He argued that, despite his status as a probationer, the search was unlawful because the officers

lacked reasonable suspicion to support it. The district court denied the motion.

       At trial, Tucker and the government stipulated to his felony conviction. Yet Tucker sought

to introduce a certified copy of that conviction, which would have informed the jury that he had

been convicted of aggravated burglary in particular. The district court sustained the government’s

objection to that evidence. The jury convicted Tucker on all counts, and the district court sentenced

him to 300 months in prison. This appeal followed.

                                                 II.

       Tucker argues that, despite his status as a probationer, the district court should have

suppressed the evidence seized during the warrantless search of his house. We review the district

court’s legal conclusions de novo and factual findings for clear error. United States v. Hinojosa,

606 F.3d 875, 880 (6th Cir. 2018). In doing so, we consider the evidence in the light most favorable

to the district court’s decision. See United States v. Freeman, 209 F.3d 464, 466 (6th Cir. 2000).

       The Fourth Amendment protects “[t]he right of the people to be secure in their persons,

houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures[.]” U.S. Const. amend. IV.

Generally stated, whether a search is reasonable depends “on the one hand, on the degree to which

it intrudes on the individual’s privacy and, on the other, the degree to which it is needed for the

promotion of legitimate governmental interests.” United States v. Knights, 534 U.S. 112, 119

(2001). Here, as in Knights, Tucker’s “status as a probationer subject to a search condition informs

both sides of that balance.” Id. Moreover, in United States v. Tessier, 814 F.3d 432, 433-34 (6th


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No. 19-5105, United States v. Tucker


Cir. 2016), we answered yes to the question “[w]hether, under the Fourth Amendment, a

probationer whose probation order contains a search condition may be subjected to a search in the

absence of reasonable suspicion.”

       Here, Tucker’s consent to warrantless searches as a condition of his probation

“significantly diminished [his] reasonable expectation of privacy.” Knights, 534 U.S. at 120.

Opposing that diminished interest is the state’s interest in preventing recidivism, see id., which for

two reasons is especially strong here. First, Tucker had recently been arrested twice in less than

two weeks for violations of his probation conditions—indeed violations serious enough to require

him to post bonds totaling $125,000. Second, Tucker was in fact able to post those bonds, despite

lacking any known legitimate source of income. That gave the officers reason to think he had an

illegitimate source of cash. On these facts, the government’s interest in preventing Tucker from

committing yet another probation violation outweighed his diminished interest in privacy—which

is to say the search was reasonable. See Tessier, 814 F.3d at 433.

       Tucker also challenges the district court’s exclusion at trial of a certified copy of his prior

felony conviction. We review the exclusion for an abuse of discretion. See United States v.

Cleveland, 907 F.3d 423, 435 (6th Cir. 2018). The parties had already stipulated that Tucker was

a felon for purposes of the felon-in-possession charge. Thus, the excluded evidence would have

done nothing more than inform the jury that Tucker’s prior conviction had been for aggravated

burglary under Tennessee law. That fact was plainly irrelevant to any element or defense relating

to the felon-in-possession charge or any other charge at trial. See generally Fed. R. Evid. 401.

Indeed, the court’s jury instructions would have told the jury to disregard that fact (and to consider

only the fact of Trucker’s felony) had the copy of his conviction been admitted. Nor do we see




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No. 19-5105, United States v. Tucker


any prejudice to Tucker resulting from the jury’s ignorance of his status as an aggravated burglar.

The district court did not abuse its discretion.

       The district court’s judgment is affirmed.




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