
377 Mich. 57 (1966)
138 N.W.2d 759
KEENAN
v.
COUNTY OF MIDLAND.
Calendar No. 60, Docket No. 50,573.
Supreme Court of Michigan.
Decided January 5, 1966.
*60 Cicinelli, Mossner, Majoros & Harrigan (Peter F. Cicinelli and Eugene D. Mossner, of counsel), for plaintiff.
Stanton, Taylor, McGraw & Collison (John Davidson, of counsel), for defendant county.
ADAMS, J.
This lawsuit results from the drowning of a 5-year-old child. Death occurred in July, 1960, at a swimming beach in Midland county. For purposes of decision on motion for summary judgment,[1] the beach was acknowledged to have been operated by the county of Midland. Defendant was granted a summary judgment, the trial court reasoning that, under prior decisions of this Court, the county of Midland was engaged in a governmental function. The court also reasoned that since the alleged tort occurred prior to decision of this Court in Williams v. City of Detroit, 364 Mich 231, the rule of governmental immunity, if abrogated by that case, was nevertheless a bar to a claimed cause of action which arose prior to September 22, 1961.
On March 1, 1965, one day before oral argument in this case, in Myers v. Genesee County Auditor, 375 Mich 1, this Court, with seven members sitting, by reversing and remanding for trial, decided by a clear majority of those participating to abrogate the rule of governmental immunity as to counties, thus overruling Lewis v. Genesee County, 370 Mich 110, and also held that said abrogation was applicable to "pending and future cases."
Inasmuch as this case was pending at the time of decision in Myers, the application of the rule of governmental immunity is no longer valid. The case is remanded to the trial court for vacation of the order granting summary judgment as to defendant *61 county of Midland and for such further proceedings as may be appropriate.
Myers abolished (until the effective date, July 1, 1965, of PA 1964, No 170) the defense of governmental immunity as to all political subdivisions of government not theretofore abolished. The State and its agencies, including school districts, remained immune from tort liability. McDowell v. State Highway Commissioner, 365 Mich 268; Sayers v. School District No. 1, Fractional, 366 Mich 217. The problem now, and as of July 1, 1965, is governed by the provisions of PA 1964, No 170 (CL 1948, § 691.1401 et seq. [Stat Ann 1965 Cum Supp § 3.996(101) et seq.]). Our decision here does not affect the provisions of article 7, § 6, of the Constitution of 1963.
No costs.
T.M. KAVANAGH, C.J., and SMITH and O'HARA, JJ., concurred with ADAMS, J.
SOURIS, J. (concurring in reversal).
Once again, as in Myers v. Genesee County Auditor (1965), 375 Mich 1, 12, 13, I cast my vote to overrule Lewis v. Genesee County (1963), 370 Mich 110. I join also in vacating the summary judgment entered in defendant's favor in this case of Keenan and in remanding the cause for trial.
While five of the seven participating Justices in Myers joined in our decision to reverse and remand the trial judge's decision in Myers, only four of us planted our decision upon abrogation of the rule of governmental immunity as applied to tort actions against counties, Mr. Justice BLACK having concurred only in the result of Mr. Justice O'HARA'S opinion. The question becomes, then, whether the decision of the four Justices out of seven participating in Myers, to abrogate the rule of county immunity *62 to tort actions, carries precedential weight for other like cases including the case at bar. There is apparent authority in Michigan that it does, that a decision of a majority of participating Justices, even when made by less than a majority of the full Court, shall be regarded thereafter as of precedential force under the doctrine of stare decisis. Dolph v. Norton (1909), 158 Mich 417. While I acknowledge that the Dolph Case can be read, as it appears to have been in Scott v. Sullivan (1911), 164 Mich 467, in support of adding the weight of stare decisis to a decision of four out of seven participating Justices of an eight-member Court, I do not believe that such a reading survives careful analysis.
In Dolph v. Norton the question arose whether decision in that case was controlled by the Court's prior decision in Weller v. Wheelock (1908), 155 Mich 698. The Weller Case was first submitted to the Court on January 10, 1908. Before decision therein, Mr. Justice CARPENTER resigned from the Court on September 15, 1908, and his replacement, Mr. Justice BROOKE, was not elected until November, 1908. 154 Mich iii. In the meantime, on October 8, 1908, Weller v. Wheelock was reargued to the Court, then consisting only of seven Justices. The Court's decision in Weller was announced on November 30, 1908. It was by a four-to-three division of the Court, a Court which consisted only of seven Justices at the time the case was reargued in October. In the following year, in Boughner v. Bay City (1909), 156 Mich 193, doubt was cast by the Court upon the precedential weight to be given its earlier decision in Weller, the decision in that case having received the approval of less than five Justices. 156 Mich 198, 199.
Then, in Dolph v. Norton, seven of the eight Justices participating in Dolph signed an opinion conceding *63 the weight of stare decisis to Weller v. Wheelock in the following language (p 422):
"All of the Justices, there being at the time but seven, participated in the decision of Weller v. Wheelock. I find no good ground for declaring that in such a case the decision of a majority shall not be received as stare decisis, as establishing the law, not only for the particular case but for other like cases. There remains, of course, the right and the duty to overrule decisions found to be erroneous."
This quoted statement followed a short discussion by the Court of its then current practice, sanctioned by statute (PA 1903, No 250), of sitting for the transaction of business in panels of five Justices and of calling for resubmission of cases to the full Court whenever the five Justices to whom the case originally was submitted were unable to agree, the stated practice resulting (p 422) "in expediting the business of the Court and in securing, what is desirable, the concurring opinion of a majority of the Judges."
Thus, the majority's decision in Dolph v. Norton, insofar as here pertinent, stands for no more than this: When a decision is reached by a majority of the Justices of the Court, as the Court is constituted at the time the case is submitted for decision, that decision thereafter is to be considered of precedential weight as to the issues decided by such majority. Arguably, Dolph v. Norton could be read to mean that a decision made by a majority of participating Justices, whether a majority of the full Court or not, is of precedential weight by virtue of the doctrine of stare decisis, as appears to have been the reading of Dolph v. Norton by the Court in Scott v. Sullivan (1911), 164 Mich 467. But, for the reasons stated, I do not believe such a reading survives careful analysis of the majority's opinion in Dolph v. Norton.
*64 Furthermore, the objectives sought to be achieved by the doctrine of stare decisis  stability of law and its concomitant predictability  are far more certain of achievement when a majority of the full Court commits itself to a statement of law binding on all other courts in the State and subject to change thereafter only upon further action by a majority of the full Court, by the people themselves by constitutional amendment, or, in some cases, by legislative action. On those relatively few occasions when less than a majority of the full Court agrees upon the rationale for decision, it seems desirable to me to leave any question of law not resolved by a majority of the Court open for our Court of Appeals and our trial courts to decide as a matter of first impression, the discussions of the issue in our divisive opinions providing, hopefully, intellectual stimulus to our bench and bar in the lower courts. Similarly, new trial and appellate court decisions on different but similar facts involving the same issue, when appealed to this Court, would provide our membership another opportunity for contemplation of the issue and, hopefully, for ultimate majority accord in its resolution. That process, it seems to me, conforms with our common-law tradition whereby the body of judicial law is developed on a case-by-case basis and whereby no issue is resolved for the future until a court's majority reaches accord and only so long as that court's majority maintains that accord.
The foregoing views considered, I agree with Justice BLACK that while a majority of this eight-member Court joined to reach decisional accord in Myers v. Genesee County Auditor (1965), 375 Mich 1, a majority of this Court, as distinguished from a majority of the participating Justices, did not agree upon a rationale for decision and, therefore, our decision in Myers cannot be regarded as of precedential force in this case of Keenan.
*65 Nor am I able to agree that the Court now can give to Myers, ex post facto, that precedential force which it did not achieve when we announced our decision in Myers in March of 1965. The effect of our decision and opinions in this case of Keenan, as I understand them, is, therefore, that, while only a minority of the Justices would regard Lewis as having been overruled as of March of 1965, a majority (T.M. KAVANAGH, C.J., and SOURIS, SMITH, O'HARA, and ADAMS, JJ.) agrees that Lewis is overruled at least as of our decision today. The significance of this distinction lies in the fact that, in addition to all pending cases, only those claims against counties for negligent injury which arose after the commencement of the three-year statutory[1] limitational period preceding our decision today and prior to July 1, 1965, the effective date of PA 1964, No 170,[2] rather than those which arose within the three-year period prior to our decision in Myers, in March of 1965, will be freed from the common-law defense of county immunity to actions for negligent injury, which defense we abrogate today by overruling Lewis.
BLACK, J. (dissenting).
When this case of Keenan came up for discussion on March 2d, following oral submission that day, the writer suggested that the bootless nature of stalemated Myers v. Genesee County Auditor, 375 Mich 1 (signed and released the day before submission of Keenan) called for an order to rehear Myers, on motion of the Court, prior to resumption of more divisive writing for Keenan. The suggestion was followed up, during the April *66 session, by a formal motion for entry of such an order. A majority of the Justices did not agree, however, and so trifarious Myers confronts the Court as some yet unknown majority tries now to find some recordable reason for some result of Keenan's case.
It is high time that the profession be informed as to how and why these occasional aberrations of the Court to occur. When two or more discordant opinions for one case are proposed, a minority and sometimes a majority of our members have no idea, and can get no information, respecting the signature intention of other members of the Court. The Court by long tradition proceeds to play  on opinion day  a sort of showdown poker game. No one knows, as the separate opinions are passed around our conference table for signature, what cause or principle is due to prevail and what cause or principle is due to fail. And when the respective signatures are totted up and the signed opinions are sent in to the clerk, those opinions regularly (Myers is an example) leave members of the profession wondering whether they or members of the Court have become lightheaded. As for the result, it stands, inexorable as death and taxes, unless a rehearing is ordered.
Look at Myers. Of the Court's participating membership[1] two Justices (O'HARA and T.M. KAVANAGH) voted for extension of the Williams rule[2] of nonimmunity "to all political subdivisions," not including, however, "The State, its departments, commissions, boards, institutions, arms, or agencies." No other Justice supported that. Two more Justices (SOURIS and ADAMS), finding themselves unable to "subscribe his [Justice O'HARA'S] opinion because of the different views we take of the recent *67 decisions of this Court herein cited," joined "in the result reached by Justice O'HARA," saying that the "result" was "to overrule Lewis v. Genesee County (1963), 370 Mich 110." No other Justice supported that. Two more Justices (DETHMERS and KELLY) dissented unreservedly. The seventh participant was the writer. He concurred in the result, that only, of Justice O'HARA'S opinion. That result  there could be not other result of the mountain's mighty groan in labor  was vacation of a summary judgment entered for the defendant county and remand of the case "for further proceedings."[3]
For want of concurrence of more than two Justices on any controlling point of law, Myers decided the above result only. As said in Huron Land Co. v. Davison, 131 Mich 86, 88, of Wait v. Baldwin, 60 Mich 622:
"Two Justices concurred in the result only, but whether they questioned this point or some other is not shown. Such opinions are not conclusive, unless the opinions show in what points the justices concur, and on what they dissent. It is evident that upon some points of the opinion the justices were evenly divided. We do not, therefore, feel bound by this language of the opinion.";[4]
and later in Groening v. McCambridge, 282 Mich 135, 140, of Wright v. Wright,[5] 99 Mich 170 (23 LRA 196):
"This language is not authority because it was concurred in by only two Justices and not by a majority *68 of the Court. Buhler v. Trombly, 139 Mich 557, 568; Westbrook v. Elder, 264 Mich 138."
The true rule, which I, at least, mean to follow, appears in 20 Am Jur 2d, Courts, § 195, pp 530, 531:
"A decision by an equally divided court does not establish a precedent required to be followed under the stare decisis doctrine. And where the members of the court unanimously or by majority vote reach a decision but cannot, even by a majority, agree on the reasoning therefor, no point of law is established by the decision and it cannot be a precedent covered by the stare decisis rule."
Myers should be reheard, rewritten, and decided anew prior to decision of the present case. Since that is stubbornly out of the question now, I allude in support of affirmance to two events of significance which have occurred since Myers was decided and the present case was submitted. Both point up the developing need for prospective effect of a rule of law the judiciary has decided to make effective in the place and stead of an existing and concededly settled rule of law; the situation being one where a specific litigant or class of litigants has relied upon the former rule as such litigant or class has gone about its pertinent legal affairs,[6] or, of equal consequence, has relied upon a correspondingly settled rule of law as such litigant or class has gone about prosecuting or defending its rights in our trial courts.
The first of these events was the enactment, and effect as of July 1, 1965, of PA 1964, No 170 (CL *69 1948, § 691.1401 et seq. [Stat Ann 1965 Cum Supp § 3.996(101) et seq.]). The title of the act reads:
"An act to make uniform the liability of municipal corporations, political subdivisions, and the State, its agencies and departments, when engaged in a governmental function, for injuries to property and persons caused by negligence; to define and limit such liability; to define and limit the liability of the State when engaged in a proprietary function; to authorize the purchase of liability insurance to protect against loss arising out of such liability; to provide for defending certain claims made against public officers and paying damages sought or awarded against them; and to repeal certain acts and parts of acts."
The second is the United States Supreme Court's opinion of Linkletter v. Walker (June 7, 1965), 381 US 618 (85 S Ct 1731, 14 L ed 2d 601), removing all doubt that it is eminently better, when a decision to overrule is agreed upon, that such overrulement be made effective prospectively.
Williams v. City of Detroit, 364 Mich 231, accomplished much that all of us may have overlooked since decision thereof in 1961. That case literally drove the legislature to act with respect to the injustice of unlimited and unrestricted governmental immunity from tort liability, and thus was Dean Allan F. Smith's moving plea for legislative action fulfilled at long last. That plea, written in 1949 (48 Mich L Rev 41), was quoted at length in Williams, supra, at 284, 285. Dean Smith's conclusion is quoted again for emphasis of the postulate that, the legislature having acted comprehensively in this field of State policy and State lawmaking, both Myers and Keenan should be governed by the law as it stood prior to the effective date of said Act No 170:
"Adequate reformation can be achieved only by legislation. Legislation, like an efficient incinerator, *70 can destroy completely the effect of the decisions which now perpetuate the doctrine of immunity. It must be legislation which will shift the basic approach to the problem; instead of having a general governmental immunity with certain exceptions, a general governmental responsibility with limited exceptions is needed. Those exceptions are to be determined not by reference to an outmoded dogma that `The king can do no wrong,' but by reference to social interests which will be served by granting immunity."
Since the Court is unwilling to reconsider our valueless writings for the Myers Case, prior to decision of this case, I vote to affirm the circuit court's judgment of no cause as entered in favor of the defendant county of Midland.
DETHMERS, J. (dissenting).
For reasons stated in my dissenting opinion in Myers v. Genesee County Auditor, 375 Mich 1, I also dissent here and favor affirmance of the summary judgment for defendant entered in the court below.
KELLY, J., concurred with DETHMERS, J.
NOTES
[1]  See GCR 1963, 117.  REPORTER.
[1]  The limitational period applicable in this case of Keenan is found in CLS 1956, § 609.13 (Stat Ann 1959 Cum Supp § 27.605). See, currently, CLS 1961, § 600.5805 (Stat Ann 1962 Rev § 27A.5805).
[2]  CL 1948, § 691.1401 et seq. (Stat Ann 1965 Cum Supp § 3.996 [101] et seq.).
[1]  Justice SMITH did not participate in the Myers Case, 375 Mich 1, 13.  REPORTER.
[2]  Williams v. City of Detroit, 364 Mich 231.  REPORTER.
[3]  (December 10, 1965): The Myers Case has not as yet been tried. It remains pending in the Genesee circuit and is open to rehearing here without affecting any vested right or action taken in reliance upon our act of vacating the mentioned summary judgment.
[4]  The Michigan Supreme Court was then composed of only 4 Justices.  REPORTER.
[5]  In Wright v. Wright, the 5-member Michigan Supreme Court was divided as follows: LONG, J., was joined by McGRATH, C.J.; GRANT, J., wrote a separate concurring opinion; while HOOKER, J., dissented in an opinion signed by MONTGOMERY, J.  REPORTER.
[6]  See quotation and comment (Williams v. City of Detroit, 364 Mich at 280, 281, 282) of and with respect to the paper Justice ADAMS, then Attorney General of Michigan, wrote in 1960 for the Michigan School Board Journal. The subject was insurance against tort liability of governmental units, whether public funds could be expended to acquire it, and the necessity for reliance upon the immunity defense (Michigan School Board Journal [vol 6, Nos 7, 8] September and October, 1960).
