               REPORTED

IN THE COURT OF SPECIAL APPEALS

          OF MARYLAND


                No. 2451


        September Term, 2013

    _________________________


          JACOB BIRCHER

                   v.

      STATE OF MARYLAND

    _________________________


   Zarnoch,
   Wright,
   Nazarian,

                  JJ.

    _________________________

        Opinion by Nazarian, J.

    _________________________


       Filed: February 2, 2015
       Jacob Bircher appeals his conviction by a jury in the Circuit Court for Carroll

County of first-degree murder, attempted first-degree murder, and related offenses. He

raises three points of error on appeal: first, that a supplemental jury instruction improperly

introduced the concept of transferred intent into the case; second, that the trial court erred

in declining to instruct the jury about voluntary surrender; and third, that the evidence was

insufficient to convict him of any specific intent crimes because he was intoxicated. We

agree that the court erred in giving the jury a supplemental transferred intent instruction

after closing arguments, and we reverse his convictions for first-degree murder and

attempted first-degree murder. We affirm in all other respects, and remand for further

proceedings.

                                    I. BACKGROUND

       On July 13, 2012, a shooting outside the Cheers Lounge in Eldersburg left David

Garrett dead and Gary Hale with a gunshot wound in his arm. Often in a case like this, a

defendant chooses not to testify, leaving us to construct a story based on the tapestry woven

by witness testimony. In this case, however, Mr. Bircher did testify and did not dispute that

he was the shooter, so we tell the story from his perspective first.

               1.    Trial testimony

       Mr. Bircher grew up in Washington State, but moved to Maryland in spring of 2012

to be with his girlfriend, Lily Kerouac. He had the impression that the area he was moving

to with her was “not a good area,” and their apartment was run-down—he described it at

trial as “like a jail.” Although he had no experience with handguns, he decided to buy one
for protection. (Other than his car getting keyed on a few occasions, though, Mr. Bircher

never experienced any threats or danger while living in the neighborhood.)

       After they struggled to find work in Maryland, Ms. Kerouac told her parents that

she and Mr. Bircher were contemplating a return to Washington, a situation that left him

frustrated after moving all the way here. Because Ms. Kerouac attended school and

ultimately did find work, Mr. Bircher often found himself alone in their apartment, where

he experienced mounting loneliness and financial anxieties, and he began drinking.

       On the day of the shooting, Mr. Bircher “got bored” and started watching videos

about taking his gun apart. He also began drinking, and had consumed about six drinks at

home by late that afternoon. He and Ms. Kerouac had an argument when she came home

from work, so he left—making a fateful decision to take the gun with him—and drove

around town, as he often did after the two fought, in order to “cool off.” He stopped at

Cheers, and over the next several hours had several more drinks, spending much of his time

outside the front of the bar where people were hanging out and smoking. He admitted that

he was drunk and annoying the other customers.

       Mr. Bircher met Kristen Remmers and her friend Melinda Thurston inside the bar,

and the group began sharing drinks and talking. Mr. Bircher left the bar again for a

cigarette, and Mr. Hale came outside with Ms. Remmers. He remarked to her about Mr.

Bircher (who had only met Ms. Remmers that night, but with whom she admitted she had

been flirting) that “your little boyfriend is about to get his ass beat.” Mr. Bircher, ostensibly

fearing for his safety, went to his car; after realizing he left his credit card in the bar, though,

                                                 2
he decided to go reclaim it and took the gun with him. He testified at trial that as he headed

back to the bar, the group that included Ms. Remmers and Mr. Hale came toward him, and

he was scared that he “was going to get seriously beaten to death, maybe even die.” He

explained what happened next:

              I just reacted really fast and just like a split second decision and
              I pulled the gun out and I just started firing in between people.
              There is [sic] lots of different groups of people and I just aimed
              the gun in like an open area to the right of the main group. And
              tried to stay away from people that were over here and I just
              fired the gun as fast as I could to try to make as much noise as
              possible. Tried to scare everybody away from me so that I
              could just get away and go back to my car.

(Emphasis added.) He reiterated that his intention was “[j]ust to scare everybody away.”

After the shooting, Mr. Bircher became hysterical; he returned to Ms. Kerouac’s parents’

house and decided to remain there to “sober up,” and turned himself in to police the next

day.

       The State called a total of twenty-five witnesses in its case-in-chief. Mr. Hale

testified that he warned Ms. Remmers (within earshot of Mr. Bircher) to stay away from

Mr. Bircher, and heard the two of them yelling. He could tell Mr. Bircher was drunk, and

he lingered outside of Cheers drinking and trying to get cigarettes from other patrons. Mr.

Hale gave his impression of the shooting in a prior recorded statement, speculating that

“something must have happened” that caused Mr. Bircher to react as he did, but he saw

nothing that would have caused the shooting. He could not tell if Mr. Bircher was aiming

at anyone in particular, but he did not think so given that the shots came in rapid succession.


                                               3
       Ms. Remmers testified about meeting Mr. Bircher that night, sharing drinks, and

flirting with him. She saw Mr. Bircher taking people’s drinks inside the bar and watched

people become upset with him. As she left the bar later that evening, she heard popping

sounds, and saw Mr. Garrett get struck in the head. She said at trial she thought Mr. Bircher

was “F’d up on something” because of his slurred speech and the unusual appearance of

his eyes.

       Other witnesses corroborated Mr. Bircher’s annoying behavior at the bar and his

drunkenness (and indeed incomprehensibility), both of which seemed to foreshadow a

confrontation outside with a group (the group into which Mr. Bircher ultimately fired) of

about ten people. At least one witness testified that Mr. Bircher “was shooting aimlessly,”

and that although she could not tell if Mr. Bircher was directing the gun at anyone, she felt

that the gunfire simply hit whoever happened to be there. Another witness echoed this

sentiment, saying he was not sure “what or who the suspect was pointing the gun at,” and

yet another characterized Mr. Bircher as “kind of shooting wildly.”1

       The defense offered testimony about Mr. Bircher’s predisposition to depression and

alcohol abuse and his family history of mental illness. Mr. Bircher’s expert opined that he

suffered from six different mental disorders and that his illness was consistent with a belief

that he was in real danger under the circumstances, and that he effectively acted in self-




       1
        Also, Trooper James Lantz testified that he responded to the 911 calls from Cheers,
secured the scene, and found thirteen spent shell casings on the ground.
                                             4
defense. The State presented its own expert in rebuttal, who added a diagnosis of anti-social

personality to the mix and opined that Mr. Bircher was able to make intelligent decisions,

weigh the pros and cons before acting, and appreciate the consequences of his actions.

              2.     Closing arguments

       Mr. Bircher conceded that he was the gunman, but he and the State disagreed about

what he meant to accomplish as he pulled the trigger. During closing arguments, the parties

continued to spar over the question of intent. Making the case for first-degree murder, the

prosecutor argued that the act of pointing a gun and firing thirteen shots into a crowd

demonstrated a willful intent to kill:

              First Degree Murder. The elements of that charge are that the
              Defendant caused the death of David Garrett and that the
              killing was willful, deliberate and premeditated.

              Willful means that the Defendant actually intended to kill.
              Deliberate, the Defendant was conscious of the intent to kill.
              Premeditated, that the Defendant thought about the killing.
              That he had enough time to consider the decision whether or
              not to kill. And that the Defendant had enough time to weigh
              the reasons for and against the choice to kill . . . David Garrett
              [who] is the victim for that charge.

              And the evidence, the evidence in regards to the willful aspect
              of First Degree Murder. Well, quite simply the Defendant
              could have left the [gun] in his car. But he did not. Instead he
              walks from the bar to the far end of the parking lot, went to his
              car and we know he sat in his car for a moment and retrieved
              that Glock 23. That Glock 23 had the sight zeroed for accuracy.

              The Defendant said he took the Glock 23 because it gave him
              confidence and he concealed that Glock 23 in his [waistband]
              and/or his pocket prior to the killing. He did not walk up to the
              crowd so that they could see his gun. He had it concealed. And

                                              5
              when he pulled that gun out there was no hesitation in him
              pulling the trigger. He pointed at the people outside the bar.

                                            ***

              Evidence of premeditation. That Glock was fully loaded with
              ammunition. . . . There was nothing obstructing his line of fire.
              He had a clear and open shot. He did not hide behind a car or
              anything like that. He stood right out there in the open. He
              walked right up near the front door, where as you heard most
              people hang out. He immediately fired. There was no
              hesitation. He knew what he wanted to do.

                                            ***

              Evidence of the deliberate aspect of First Degree Murder. Well,
              the projectiles were recovered from the sand bucket and the
              frame of the door. And we know from testimony that that is the
              area where most of the people were standing. You have
              projectiles recovered from Mr. Hale and Mr. Garrett, the
              victims.

                                            ***

              Intent. Now, the jury instruction indicates that the Defendant’s
              intent may be shown by the surrounding circumstances. As you
              have heard no one can get into the Defendant’s mind on the
              day that this happened. So, what we look at, is we look at the
              surrounding circumstances. We look at the Defendant’s acts,
              the Defendant’s statements and the surrounding circumstances
              around this crime.

              In regards to the Defendant’s acts, he aimed and fired that 40
              caliber Glock 23 at the crowd of people. He fired the entire
              magazine. His intention was clear. And that was to kill.

(Emphasis added.) The defense, not surprisingly, painted an altogether different picture.

Counsel for Mr. Bircher argued that he lacked generally the intent to shoot anyone, and

lacked the specific intent to shoot Mr. Garrett:

                                              6
              Mr. David Garrett is truly, truly an innocent victim. Mr. Hale,
              we will talk about. Mr. Garrett did nothing except walk out the
              door. And when the State tells you that this was premeditated,
              deliberate with the specific intent to kill David Garrett, you do
              something for a reason. There was no reason that Mr. Bircher
              had to shoot at Mr. Garrett and he did not intend to shoot at
              Mr. Garrett and he did not intend to kill Mr. Garrett.

              And the evidence of the injuries to Mr. Garrett, on the right
              hand side, are consistent with him having walked out the side
              of the door and basically gotten caught in the volley.

(Emphasis added.)

       The defense returned later to the suggestion that if Mr. Bircher did not intend

specifically to kill Mr. Garrett, he could not be guilty of first-degree murder:

              First Degree, it is out of the picture. David Garrett walks out
              the door, as I said. There is no intent to kill David Garrett
              because David Garrett is a non-entity to Mr. Bircher. He is the
              wrong [guy] in the wrong place. And things happen too quickly
              for Mr. Bircher to be in anyway held accountable—I should
              not say held accountable—to have had the time and intent to
              kill Mr. Garrett.

(Emphasis added.) He followed up again with this idea at the end of his remarks, asking,

“Did he have no reason to have animosity to shoot David Garrett? If so, he could not have

intended premeditated and deliberated to kill him.”

       According to the State on appeal, “[t]he above statement is an incorrect statement

of law.” The State claims that it was not required to prove the identity of the defendant’s

victim, and it took that position on rebuttal in closing:

              And it was a good question [defense counsel] brought up. Who
              is the Defendant trying to kill outside of Cheers? From the
              State’s theory and the State’s belief and the evidence, he was

                                              7
              trying to kill everybody out there. You empty a clip into a crowd
              of people, you are trying to kill everybody in that kill zone and
              that [] is exactly what the Defendant did. And that is why the
              Defendant is guilty of First Degree Murder, Attempted First
              Degree Murder and all related charges.

(Emphasis added.)

              3.     The jury note and supplemental instruction

       The parties’ conflicting beliefs about what constitutes first-degree murder as a legal

matter led to confusion on the jury’s part. It submitted a note during deliberations: “We are

confused on the term ‘intent.’ Does it mean to kill a person or the specific person? Can you

please clarify. Thank you.” (Emphasis in original.)

       The State, conceding that it had not initially requested an instruction on transferred

intent, nevertheless asked that the court instruct the jury on transferred intent. Counsel for

Mr. Bircher objected, arguing that transferred intent had not been an issue in the case, and

to instruct the jury about it at that point would introduce a new theory of liability.

Specifically, counsel explained that the defense focused in closing on Mr. Bircher’s “lack

of animosity” toward Mr. Garrett, and that the defense strategy “would not have put the

emphasis on the lack of intent to kill David Garrett as a fact that was—the lack of motive

or reason to kill David Garrett in the same way that we did.” He clarified later that until

the State’s rebuttal, the defense was “operating . . . on the theory that there was an intent

to kill David Garrett and an attempted [sic] to kill Gary Hale, but not this shooting up and

killing anybody who happened to be in the territory kind of a theory.”



                                              8
       The court decided to give a supplemental instruction on transferred intent and gave

defense counsel the chance to supplement his closing argument. After he requested the

evening to prepare supplemental remarks (the colloquy with the court took place around

4:00 in the afternoon), the court asked the jury whether it preferred to deliberate without

an answer or break for the night. The jury sent a note back: “We are unable to proceed

without Supplemental Instructions. We have reached agreement on all counts but one.

Thank you. (We could reach agreement in just a few minutes with the Supplemental

Instructions.)” (Emphasis added.)

       The court instructed the jury the next morning:

              Defendant is charged with murder, with the murder of David
              Garrett. One element of this offense is the requirement of
              intent. Based on the Doctrine of Transferred Intent, intent is
              present if a person attempted to kill one person and as a result
              of that act accidentally or mistakenly killed another person,
              such as a bystander or a third person. Under the Doctrine of
              Transferred Intent the intent is transferred from the intended
              victim to the unintended victim.

              If after a full and fair consideration of all of the facts and
              circumstances in evidence, if the State proves beyond a
              reasonable doubt that the Defendant attempted to kill another
              person and as a result of that act instead accidentally or
              mistakenly killed David Garrett the Defendant is deemed to
              have intended to kill David Garrett.

Counsel for Mr. Bircher then offered additional argument after objecting to the

supplemental instruction altogether. Counsel claimed that Mr. Bircher had been irreparably

prejudiced by the instruction, and no argument could cure it.



                                             9
         4.     The verdict

         The jury found Mr. Bircher guilty of first-degree murder of David Garrett, attempted

first-degree murder and first- and second-degree assault of Gary Hale, use of a handgun in

the commission of a crime of violence and carrying a handgun with the intent to injure (as

to both Mr. Hale and Mr. Garrett), first- and second-degree assault of Gary Hale,

transportation of a handgun in a vehicle, and reckless endangerment.

                                       II. DISCUSSION

         The parties frame the main issue on appeal here 2 —the supplemental instruction

about transferred intent—in terms of whether a supplemental jury instruction was

appropriate, i.e., whether the instruction improperly injected a “new theory of culpability”

for the first time. That’s not quite the right question. The doctrine of transferred intent

wasn’t new in that it required a change in strategy on the part of the defense—it never

applied in the first place and never fit the State’s theory of the case. When the trial court

gave the supplemental instruction on transferred intent, it didn’t clarify matters for the jury,




2
    Mr. Bircher raises three issues total on appeal:

                1. Did the trial court abuse its discretion in giving a
                   supplemental instruction on transferred intent?
                2. Did the trial court abuse its discretion in failing to give
                   Appellant’s requested jury instruction on voluntary
                   surrender?
                3. Was the evidence legally sufficient to convict Appellant of
                   the specific intent crimes?
                                               10
but created a new source of confusion. That said, Mr. Bircher’s other challenges withstand

scrutiny.

       A.     The Trial Court Improperly Gave A Supplemental Instruction
              On Transferred Intent.

       Mr. Bircher contends that the trial court improperly allowed the supplemental

instruction, because it introduced a “‘new theory of culpability,’” (quoting Cruz v. State,

407 Md. 202, 222 (2009)), that Mr. Bircher’s counsel had not had a chance to address

during closing argument. He argues that the theory of transferred intent played no part in

the trial until after the jury note came in: “[I]t is clear from the record that the State never

attempted to set forth a theory based on transferred intent at any point in trial.”

       The State responds that introducing the doctrine of transferred intent did not

undercut Mr. Bircher’s ability to defend himself. According to the State, the jury “had

conflicting information regarding the requisite intent for first-degree murder,” so a

supplemental instruction was necessary: Mr. Bircher’s own counsel told the jury it must

find that he intended to kill David Garrett if he was to be convicted of first-degree murder,

and the State argued at trial that Mr. Bircher could be convicted of first-degree murder if

the jury found he intended to kill “all of the people outside Cheers, regardless of their

identity, and the confusion required clarification.”

       A trial court may issue supplemental instructions under Maryland Rule 4-325(a):

              The court shall give instructions to the jury at the conclusion
              of all the evidence and before closing arguments and may
              supplement them at a later time when appropriate. In its


                                              11
             discretion the court may also give opening and interim
             instructions.

(Emphasis added.) Subpart (c) of the Rule circumscribes the court’s authority:

             The court may, and at the request of any party shall, instruct
             the jury as to the applicable law and the extent to which the
             instructions are binding. The court may give its instructions
             orally or, with the consent of the parties, in writing instead of
             orally. The court need not grant a requested instruction if the
             matter is fairly covered by instructions actually given.

      We review the trial court’s decisions regarding jury instructions for abuse of

discretion. Crispino v. State, 417 Md. 31, 41 (2010); Brogden v. State, 384 Md. 631, 640-

41 (2005). The Court of Appeals explained in State v. Baby, 404 Md. 220 (2008), that a

supplemental instruction must clear up any potential confusion:

             In Lovell [v. State, 347 Md. 623 (1997)], we held that a trial court must
             respond to a question from a deliberating jury in a way that clarifies
             the confusion evidenced by the query when the question involves an
             issue central to the case. We concluded that the trial court abused its
             discretion in a capital case when it refused to provide further guidance
             on the term “youthful age” when youthful age was a statutory
             mitigating circumstance. Id. at 660. In reaching our holding, we cited
             Bollenbach v. United States, 326 U.S. 607, 612-13 (1946), in which
             Justice Frankfurter, writing for the Court, stated that when “a jury
             makes explicit its difficulties a trial judge should clear them away with
             concrete accuracy,” as well as to Price v. Glosson Motor Lines, Inc.,
             509 F.2d 1033, 1037 (4th Cir. 1975), for the proposition that when “a
             jury makes a specific difficulty known . . . and when the difficulty
             involved is an issue . . . central to the case . . . helpful response is
             mandatory.” Lovell, 347 Md. at 658-59.

Baby, 404 Md. at 263 (emphasis added).

      We see the problem differently than the parties do. The jury’s question actually

struck on a point of confusion that, oddly enough, no one had actually identified: whether

                                            12
someone who fires into a crowd of people, not aiming at anyone in particular, can be found

to have formed a specific intent to kill that would permit a jury to find him guilty of first-

degree murder.3 Although that question was not really argued below (and is not before us

now), that is the question that the trial court should have sought to clear up with a

supplemental instruction. The parties, looking at the supplemental instruction that the trial

judge actually gave, frame the argument around Cruz, in which, to be sure, the Court of

Appeals analyzed the rule that the trial court cannot instruct a jury on a “new theory of

culpability . . . after closing arguments [were] completed.” 407 Md. at 222. But a quick

look at Cruz demonstrates that this case falls nowhere within the rule.

       Mr. Cruz was charged with first-degree assault, and a victim testified that Mr. Cruz

approached him swinging a baseball bat; he jumped out of the way to avoid getting hit,

slipped on snow, and fell down, and then Mr. Cruz hit him with the baseball bat. Id. at 205.

Another witness testified on behalf of the defense, however, that the victim fell down

during the chase, and that Mr. Cruz did not hit him with the bat.




3
  It is not clear whether Mr. Bircher’s counsel was trying to argue during closing that the
jury must conclude Mr. Bircher intended to kill Mr. Garrett knowing that he was Mr.
Garrett, or that it must conclude Mr. Bircher intended to kill the individual who ended up
being Mr. Garrett by aiming specifically at him. We agree with the State that there is a third
scenario: when one shoots into a crowd with the “lack of focus on a specific victim,” see
State v. Mitchell, 894 So.2d 1240, 1249 (La. Ct. App. 2005), the question arises whether
that individual can be found guilty of a crime that has the specific intent to kill as one of
its elements. That is the question the jury really asked here, and the supplemental
instruction did not answer it. Counsel and this Court discussed the question at oral
argument, but it was not briefed or sharpened as a separate issue on appeal.
                                             13
       The court instructed the jury on second-degree assault, and the jury asked a question

during deliberations: “‘[I]s Y falling on a sidewalk & hitting head while being chased by a

bat by X, an assault by X on Y?’” Id. at 207. The court gave a second instruction defining

assault, but characterized the offense as an attempted battery—a different variety of

second-degree assault—rather than intentional second-degree assault. The jury ultimately

found Mr. Cruz guilty of second-degree assault. He appealed, arguing that the supplemental

instruction improperly instructed the jury on “the attempted battery version of assault,”

rather than the crime of second-degree assault that had been argued at trial. The Court of

Appeals agreed, explaining that injecting a different type of assault through a supplemental

instruction required that Mr. Cruz’s counsel to shift theories:

              Had [Mr.] Cruz known that the jury would be instructed on this assault
              theory, his counsel would likely not have hinged his defense on the
              contact element of battery and, instead, would have emphasized that
              [Mr.] Cruz never intended to bring about harmful physical contact
              when he grabbed the bat and chased [the victim.]

Id. at 221. Counsel had effectively conceded at trial that Cruz intentionally went after his

victim (just that he had then missed him), and likely would not have made that election if

the State had adopted attempted battery as its theory throughout. See Cruz, 407 Md. at 221.

       The cases that Cruz discussed all stood for the proposition that “trial courts ‘must

respond to a question from a deliberating jury in a way that clarifies the confusion

evidenced by the query when the question involves an issue central to the case.’” Id. at

210 (quoting Baby, 404 Md. at 263). By the same token, a supplemental instruction that

brings in “conceptually different theories,” id. at 213 (quoting United States v. Gaskins,

                                             14
849 F.2d 454, 458 (9th Cir. 1988)), causes prejudice because “‘a defendant must have an

adequate opportunity to argue his innocence under the [trial] court’s instructions in order

to be assured a fair trial.’” Id. at 214 (quoting United States v. Horton, 921 F.2d 540, 544

(4th Cir. 1990)).

       This case is a step removed from Cruz and its predecessors. Transferred intent was

not central to this case—it had no place at Mr. Bircher’s trial to begin with. It also doesn’t

quite fit Cruz’s admonition that “a supplemental instruction is not appropriate under Md.

Rule 4-325 if given in response to a question that has ‘absolutely nothing to do with the

case as presented to that jury.’” Id. at 211 (quoting Brogden, 384 Md. at 644 (emphasis

omitted)). The question had everything to do with the case, but the answer had nothing to

do with it. Instead, the instruction that the court read engrafted an altogether new, different,

and wholly inapplicable theory onto the State’s case.

       The doctrine of transferred intent transfers a defendant’s intent from an original

intended victim when the impact of the act befalls another, unexpected victim. See 12

M.L.E. Homicide § 7 (“[I]n transferred intent, the intended harm does not occur to the

intended victim, but occurs instead to a second unintended victim. The actual result is an

unintended, unanticipated consequence of intended harm.”). But Maryland cases have

required a specific victim at the outset—an intended target—at whom the defendant fires

and misses. See, e.g., Gladden v. State, 273 Md. 383, 405 (1974) (holding that transferred

intent “is the law of Maryland and that the mens rea of a defendant as to his intended victim

will carry over and affix his culpability” when it causes the death of another (emphasis

                                              15
added)); Pettigrew v. State, 175 Md. App. 296, 308 (2007) (stating that the doctrine of

transferred intent “applies when lethal force is directed toward an intended victim, but

misses its target and kills an unintended victim” (emphasis added)).

       Under the State’s theory of the case at trial, there was no originally intended victim.

The State did not argue that Mr. Bircher intended to hit a particular victim (so, for example,

he was not trying to kill Mr. Hale in a fit of jealousy, accidentally killing Mr. Garrett

instead), but instead described his intent in shooting in more diffuse terms: “This case is

about the Defendant shooting people outside the Cheers Bar in Eldersburg.” Counsel

referenced Mr. Bircher shooting “thirteen times at the crowd right outside the door. . .”

Finally, counsel argued that Mr. Bircher knew what would happen when he shot into the

crowd: “when his actions of taking a gun to a bar, putting it on his person, walking over to

a crowd of people, putting his arm out, pointing the gun at his human targets, firing thirteen

times, the natural and probable consequences of that action is he is going to kill someone

and almost killed someone.” The State never suggested that any fight between Mr. Hale

and Mr. Bircher precipitated the attack that might support a transferred intent theory. In

closing argument, counsel for the State reiterated that Mr. Bircher “pointed that Glock at

the human targets” (plural) at the bar.4




       4
         Although the State did argue that Mr. Bircher intended to kill Mr. Hale (with
respect to the attempted murder charges) and Mr. Garrett (with respect to the murder
charges), the prosecutor never argued that Mr. Bircher meant to kill these two individuals
as opposed to others who found themselves at the scene, just that “[h]e pointed at the people
outside of the bar.”
                                           16
       Interestingly, the State did raise briefly the suggestion of transferred intent in

opposing the motion for judgment at the end of its case. After arguing that Mr. Bircher

intended to kill “all of his human targets including David Garrett and Gary Hale[, e]veryone

standing by the door,” counsel for the State then said, “[s]o the State, in addition, even

under first degree murder, there is transferred intent, so even if he was aiming at Gary Hale,

and he hit David Garrett, the intent to kill Gary Hale would also transfer over to David

Garrett.” We see no suggestion in the record beyond that, however, nor has the State

pointed to any testimony or argument that came before the jury that brought transferred

intent into play.

       The supplemental instruction, then, is a square peg that never fit the round hole of

the State’s theory of the case, and the State concedes as much:

              Admittedly, the doctrine of transferred intent does not quite fit
              the facts of this case. The State was not arguing that Bircher
              specifically intended to kill John Doe, but killed David Garrett
              instead. The State was arguing that Bircher intended to kill
              everyone and anyone who had the misfortune of standing
              outside Cheers bar at that particular time, despite the fact that
              he did not know their exact identities.

(Emphasis added.)

       Whether the State meant to frame the case with a theory of transferred intent in

mind, the supplemental instruction on transferred intent did not fit the case the State in fact

tried. We cannot, therefore, agree with the State that an improper jury instruction about




                                              17
transferred intent cured an error or confusion on the part of the jury—to the contrary, the

supplemental instruction forced Mr. Bircher to respond after closing to an altogether new

theory of intent, and the fact that the jury resolved its impasse so quickly after the

supplemental instruction tells us that the instruction mattered to the jury’s decision.

       This conclusion leaves us to determine which convictions were affected by the

erroneous supplemental instruction. Mr. Bircher argues that we must reverse the

convictions for all the crimes of which he was found guilty that contain an element of

specific intent—i.e., murder and assault—because of the inevitable confusion that the

supplemental instruction caused. 5 The State counters that because the jury explained not

long after its first request for clarification that it had “reached agreement on all counts but

one,” we can infer that the jury had already agreed to convict Mr. Bircher on everything

except the first-degree murder count, and so the remaining convictions should stand.

       We decline the invitation to divine which charge remained unresolved in the jury’s

mind, even though the question the jury asked—“Does [intent] mean to kill a person or the

specific person?”—does seem to focus on the homicide charges (including, we think,

attempted murder). But even read most broadly, the supplemental instruction, and thus the




5
 Mr. Bircher’s counsel conceded (correctly) at oral argument that only the convictions
with respect to specific-intent crimes were affected by the instruction; thus, the handgun
charges and the reckless endangerment charge stand. See Williams v. State, 100 Md. App.
468, 501 (1994) (“It is undisputed that a specific intent to do harm is not part of the mens
rea of reckless endangerment.”)

                                              18
range of charges vulnerable to potential confusion, was limited by its very terms to the

homicide charges, beginning with the opening sentence:

              Defendant is charged with murder, with the murder of David
              Garrett. One element of this offense is the requirement of
              intent. Based on the Doctrine of Transferred Intent, intent is
              present if a person attempted to kill one person and as a result
              of that act accidentally or mistakenly killed another person,
              such as a bystander or a third person. Under the Doctrine of
              Transferred Intent the intent is transferred from the intended
              victim to the unintended victim.

              If after a full and fair consideration of all of the facts and
              circumstances in evidence, if the State proves beyond a
              reasonable doubt that the Defendant attempted to kill another
              person and as a result of that act instead accidentally or
              mistakenly killed David Garrett the Defendant is deemed to
              have intended to kill David Garrett.

       (Emphasis added).

Moreover, the doctrine of transferred intent could only have applied to the homicide

charges in any event. See Jones v. State, 213 Md. App. 208, 214 (2013), aff’d, 440 Md.

450 (2014) (citing Pettigrew, 175 Md. App. at 314-15). So because the supplemental

instruction bore only on the jury’s analysis of how and whether Mr. Bircher had formed a

specific intent to kill, we reverse the convictions for murder and attempted murder, and

hold that the instructional error did not affect the convictions for assault.

       B.     The Trial Court Did Not Err When It Declined To Instruct The
              Jury That Surrender May Be Considered Evidence Of Innocence.

       Mr. Bircher contends second that the trial court erred when it declined to instruct

the jury that a defendant’s decision to surrender voluntarily to police can constitute


                                              19
evidence of innocence.6 He complains that the trial court instead improperly gave a jury

instruction about flight immediately after the commission of a crime. 7 The State cites

Pierce v. State, 62 Md. App. 453 (1985), and counters that Mr. Bircher’s request was

adequately covered by the flight instruction. As the State sees it, evidence of voluntary

surrender is admitted “only as rebuttal to evidence of flight,” and did not require an

instruction on voluntary surrender as well. Because this issue could recur on remand, we

address it here.

         Maryland Rule 4-325(c) addresses how the court instructs the jury:

                The court may, and at the request of any party shall, instruct
                the jury as to the applicable law and the extent to which the


6
    Mr. Bircher requested the following instruction:

                A person’s decision to voluntarily surrender to law
                enforcement officials may be considered by you as evidence of
                innocence. Surrender under these circumstances may be
                considered by a variety of factors. You must decide if there is
                evidence of voluntary surrender and then you must decide
                whether the act of voluntary surrender shows a consciousness
                of innocence.
7
    The court instructed the jury:

                A person’s flight immediately after the commission of a crime
                or after being accused of committing a crime is not enough by
                itself to establish guilt. But it is a fact that may be considered
                by you as evidence of guilt. Flight under these circumstances
                may be motivated by a variety of factors, some of which are
                fully consistent with innocence. You must first decide whether
                there is evidence of flight. If you decide there is evidence of
                flight you must decide whether this flight shows a
                consciousness of guilt.
                                                  20
              instructions are binding. The court may give its instructions
              orally or, with the consent of the parties, in writing instead of
              orally. The court need not grant a requested instruction if the
              matter is fairly covered by instructions actually given.

Id. (emphasis added).

       We review a court’s decision about jury instructions for an abuse of discretion,

Atkins v. State, 421 Md. 434, 446 (2011), and “we will reverse the decision if we find that

the defendant’s rights were not adequately protected.” Cost v. State, 417 Md. 360, 368-69

(2010). The Court of Appeals explained in Atkins the reason behind the rule, and how far

a trial judge must go beyond the bounds, before a reviewing court will reverse a decision

about jury instructions:

              Judicial discretion is a composite of many things, among which
              are conclusions drawn from objective criteria; it means a sound
              judgment exercised with regard to what is right under the
              circumstances and without doing so arbitrarily or capriciously.
              Where the decision or order of the trial court is a matter of
              discretion it will not be disturbed on review except on a clear
              showing of abuse of discretion, that is, discretion manifestly
              unreasonable, or exercised on untenable grounds, or for
              untenable reasons.

Atkins, 421 Md. at 447 (quoting Gunning v. State, 347 Md. 332, 351 (1997)).

       The facts in Pierce were not all that different from the facts here. Ms. Pierce fatally

shot another guest at a party after a struggle. (She carried a handgun for protection after a

number of violent crimes took place in her neighborhood.) She fled the scene, but

voluntarily surrendered to police the next morning. 62 Md. App. at 456. The trial court

gave the State’s requested instruction that the jury could infer consciousness of guilt based


                                             21
on Ms. Pierce’s leaving the scene, but the court declined defense counsel’s request to

instruct the jury about her surrender. Id.

       We explained in Pierce that “[i]n the normal course of behavior, flight may reflect

an awareness of guilt. Thus, evidence of flight becomes relevant and admissible.” Id. On

the other hand, courts do not admit proof of voluntary surrender because “it is not viewed

as unexpected behavior in what appears to be a criminal incident.” Id. Evidence of

surrender becomes admissible to rebut testimony about flight. But the admissibility of this

evidence is different from the need for a jury instruction about it.

       We borrowed in Pierce from an Iowa case in which a defendant argued that a flight

instruction should have included language referring to the defendant’s voluntary return and

surrender in the jurisdiction. The Iowa Supreme Court disagreed:

              “[F]inally we believe the court’s instruction on flight was
              adequate; it was not necessary to add the language defendant
              proposed. Certainly evidence of defendant’s voluntary
              surrender might bear on the inference of guilt arising from
              evidence of flight. But the instruction as given accorded the
              defendant the opportunity to present the explanation he sought
              to urge upon the jury. This is all that is required.”

Pierce, 62 Md. App. at 457-58 (quoting State v. Haskins, 316 N.W.2d 679, 681 (Iowa

1982) (emphasis added)).

       Mr. Bircher argues that Pierce does not control—he claims that the flight instruction

contained no language to suggest that the jury could not consider flight as evidence of

consciousness of guilt “unless [it was] adequately explained,” and that such a caveat should

have been included as it was in Pierce. He also argues that the instruction here did not

                                             22
instruct the jury to consider evidence of flight “with all the other evidence in the case.”

This argument fails for two reasons. First, Mr. Bircher’s interpretation ignores the

deferential standard of review we afford the trial court in a situation like this one. Second,

Mr. Bircher actually got a better instruction here than the one in Pierce. Here, the court

informed the jury that it would have to find evidence of flight and then consciousness of

guilt and, as the State points out, “[d]efense counsel was free to argue that the jury should

not infer a consciousnesss of guilt from [Mr.] Bircher’s flight because that would be

inconsistent with his voluntary surrender the next morning.” We see no abuse of discretion

in the circuit court’s decision not to add a surrender instruction to the flight instruction it

gave.

        C.    Mr. Bircher Failed To Preserve His Sufficiency Claim.

        Mr. Bircher contends that the evidence was insufficient to convict him of first-

degree murder, attempted first-degree murder, and first-degree assault because these

crimes require that a defendant form the specific intent to commit them which, according

to Mr. Bircher, he could not form because he was too intoxicated. We must address the

sufficiency challenge, if only to find it waived, when we reverse or vacate and remand for

further proceedings because if we agree with appellant that the evidence was insufficient,

the Double Jeopardy Clause to the United States Constitution prohibits a retrial based on

the prosecution’s failure to present sufficient evidence the first time around. Winder v.

State, 362 Md. 275, 325 (2001) (citing Burks v. United States, 437 U.S. 1, 11 (1978));

Markham v. State, 189 Md. App. 140, 169 (2009) (“‘[W]hen a defendant’s conviction is

                                              23
reversed by an appellate court on the ground that the evidence is insufficient to sustain the

jury’s verdict, the Double Jeopardy Clause bars a retrial on the same charge.’” (quoting

Lockhart v. Nelson, 488 U.S. 33, 39 (1988))).

        In this case, we will not address the substance of the sufficiency argument because

Mr. Bircher failed to preserve it at trial. The State correctly points out that Mr. Bircher did

not, as required by Maryland Rule 4-324, move for judgment of acquittal on this ground.

The Rule requires that a defendant “shall state with particularity all reasons why the motion

should be granted.” Md. Rule 4-324(a); see also Starr v. State, 405 Md. 293, 302 (2008).

At the close of the State’s case, Mr. Bircher’s counsel moved for a judgment of acquittal.

But although counsel cited the State’s “failure to produce legally sufficient evidence,” there

was no argument that intoxication precluded Mr. Bircher from forming the intent to kill

anyone. The court denied this motion, as well as a similar motion made at the close of all

the evidence that simply incorporated the prior arguments. Mr. Bircher’s failure to raise

sufficiency at any point during two separate motions for judgment is fatal to his argument

here.

                                    CONVICTIONS    FOR    MURDER    AND
                                    ATTEMPTED      MURDER     REVERSED;
                                    JUDGMENT OF THE CIRCUIT COURT FOR
                                    CARROLL COUNTY AFFIRMED IN ALL
                                    OTHER RESPECTS, AND CASE REMANDED
                                    FOR FURTHER PROCEEDINGS CONSISTENT
                                    WITH THIS OPINION. COSTS TO BE SPLIT
                                    EVENLY BETWEEN THE PARTIES.




                                              24
