Filed 1/17/14 Klahn v. Kimco Realty Corp. CA4/1
                      NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
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                         COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                       DIVISION ONE

                                                STATE OF CALIFORNIA



DANIEL P. KLAHN, SR.,                                               D063214

         Plaintiff and Appellant,

         v.                                                         (Super. Ct. No. 37-2012-00053737-
                                                                                          CU-BT-NC)
KIMCO REALTY CORPORATION et al.,

         Defendants and Respondents.



         APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of San Diego County, Thomas P.

Nugent, Judge. Affirmed.



         Daniel P. Klahn, Sr., in propria persona, for the Plaintiff and Appellant.

         Blackmar, Principe & Schmelter and Gerry C. Schmelter, Matthew A. Law for

Defendants and Respondents.



         Daniel P. Klahn, Sr. appeals from a judgment of dismissal after the trial court

sustained a demurrer to his complaint without leave to amend. Respondents Kimco
Realty Corporation (Kimco), a management company for El Camino North Shopping

Center in Oceanside, California and Louise Chappins (collectively respondents), the

shopping center's property manager, demurrered on grounds Klahn lacked standing to sue

because the real party in interest was a defunct limited liability corporation. Respondents

further argued Klahn did not allege sufficient facts to state causes of action for intentional

interference with contract, negligence based on a contractual breach, intentional infliction

of emotional distress, and unfair business practices (Bus. & Prof. Code, § 17200 et seq.).

       On appeal, Klahn does not address the merits of the trial court's judgment or

cogently explain why his complaint suffices to state proper causes of action. Nor does

Klahn comply with the California Rules of Court applicable to the substance and form of

his briefs. We conclude Klahn has abandoned his appellate contentions, to the extent

they are ascertainable, and he has not overcome the legal presumption in favor of the

judgment's correctness. We therefore affirm.

                      FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

       In May 2012, Klahn filed a verified complaint in his capacity as "President and

100 [percent] shareholder for WG Companies, LLC (now disbanded) which owned a

Quiznos Franchise." Klahn alleged causes of action for tortious interference with

contract; negligence; res ipsa loquitur, intentional infliction of emotional distress and

unfair business practice. Klahn alleged as to all causes of action that Chappins refused

his requests to install various promotional materials including a banner, helium balloons

and directional signs on his premises to advertise his Quiznos franchise's July 2010 grand



                                              2
opening. Klahn alleged Chappins yelled at the individuals Klahn had hired to direct the

public to his restaurant that day.

       Klahn further alleged that from July 2010 to December 2010, Chappins "engaged

in a pattern of harassment towards [him] by failing to provide any reasonable level of

management service, denying attempts for [him] to promote, advertise and operate his

business . . . [and Chappins] destroyed multiple signs, banners and engaged in behavior

inconsistent with [Kimco's] mission statement." He added, "Ms. Chappins continually

told me the City did not allow such flags and banners." According to the complaint,

Quiznos' corporate management required Klahn to purchase promotional materials that

Chappins and the shopping center ultimately barred him from putting up on his business.

Klahn alleged he lost sales due to Chappins's conduct, and therefore closed his franchise

in approximately December 2010. Klahn also alleged that Kimco, as Chappins's

employer, was vicariously liable for her conduct.

       Klahn attached four documents to his complaint: (1) Klahn's lease application

submitted to Kimco; (2) an executed "Acknowledgement, Agreement and Release Form"

of the franchise agreement between Klahn and QFA Royalties, LLC (some capitalization

omitted); (3) a permit for provision of music at the grand opening that Klahn signed as

President of WG Companies, LLC, dba Quiznos, and entered into with PK II El Camino

North, LP, which owns El Camino North; and (4) Klahn's September 2010 letter of

complaint that he sent to Kimco's vice president regarding Chappins's uncooperative

conduct.



                                            3
       Respondents demurred to the complaint on grounds previously set forth, and

attached to their demurrer a request for judicial notice of a document showing that at least

by June 2012, WG Companies, LLC's status as a California business entity had been

canceled.

       Klahn opposed the demurrer, claiming he had alleged sufficient facts in the

complaint to support each cause of action. He claimed he had standing to prosecute the

lawsuit because WG Companies, LLC was not a proper party to the rental agreement, as

he had signed all of the documents using his name. Specifically, Klahn argued he did not

"seek to recover on behalf of [WG Companies, LLC;] all the investment, documentation

and ownership is in [his name] and personally guaranteed by [him] and was never

correctly executed in the entity name of WG Companies, LLC." Klahn asserted that the

basis of his negligence claim was Chappins's "distain [sic] for him" and Kimco's

unresponsiveness to his complaints. He added that his volume of sales declined in part

because he had spent too much time trying to counter Chappins's interference instead of

building his business. Klahn based his emotional distress claim on the "hours spent

trying to resolve the harassment [and] failure by Kimco to respond and every other

intentional act by Chappins and Kimco." With no citation to the record or legal authority,

he assertedly based his negligence claim on "an implied duty through landlord-tenant

relationship and not obligations under a contract between the parties in this complaint."

Klahn did not explain in his opposition whether or how his complaint could be amended.

       The court granted respondents' request for judicial notice that WG Companies,

LLC was defunct and sustained the demurrer without leave to amend on the grounds

                                             4
stated above. It entered judgment in favor of respondents. Klahn filed the present

appeal.

                                           DISCUSSION

                              I. Forfeiture of Appellate Contentions

       We first address respondents' contention Klahn forfeited his appellate claims by

failing to support them with record citations, and by not adequately addressing his

standing to pursue this litigation in light of the fact that the defunct WG Companies,

LLC, and not Klahn, is the real party in interest.

       The general rules of appellate practice apply to our review of a judgment

following a demurrer that has been sustained without leave to amend. (See Keyes v.

Bowen (2010) 189 Cal.App.4th 647, 655.) The burden is on the appellant to follow the

California Rules of Court by (among other things) supporting all appellate arguments

with legal analysis and appropriate citations to the material facts in the record (Cal. Rules

of Court, rule 8.204(a)(1)(C)), and show exactly how the error caused a miscarriage of

justice (Cal. Rules of Court, rule 8.204(a)(2)(C); Cal. Const., art. VI, § 13). If the

appellant fails to comply with these rules, the contentions are forfeited. (Cal. Rules of

Court, rule 8.204(a)(1)(B) & (e); City of Lincoln v. Barringer (2002) 102 Cal.App.4th

1211, 1239-1240.)

       The discussion portion of Klahn's brief is divided into three sections. The first

section purports to address the standard of review, but Klahn does not discuss that topic.

Rather, he merely asserts he had standing to bring the lawsuit, and adds two case

citations, without explaining the proposition for which he cites them. The second section

                                              5
is titled, "The Elements of The Action," but Klahn does not set forth the elements of any

cause of action pleaded in his complaint. He instead states the legal principle that the

same act may constitute a breach of contract and a tort and the plaintiff may elect to sue

in tort; but he fails to apply that principle to the facts here. In that section, he also makes

the bald assertion: "The emotional and physical injuries sustained were directly caused

by the Tortfeasor (Respondents) and were a dereliction of duty owed to [Klahn] as a

tenant in the center. During the period of June 1, 2010[,] to December 20, 2010[,]

Klahn's weekly sales fell by approximately 63 [percent] with the loss of advertising and

visibility within the center and was a proximate cause of a substantial decline of the

weekly sales." He follows this assertion with a string of case citations, but no

explanation of the cases or their relevance here. In the third section, Klahn contends the

trial judge "overstepped his authority by requesting [Klahn] be removed from the motion

hearing [telephonic] call without cause."1

       As a foundational matter, Klahn's opening brief, like his complaint, fails to

properly identify the contractual relationship, if any, between Klahn and WG Companies,

LLC on the one hand, and Kimco and PK II El Camino North, LP on the other. That



        1      Klahn's failure to include a copy of the transcript of the hearing with the
record on appeal inhibits our ability to evaluate this claim, which we therefore regard as
forfeited. The appellant's burden on appeal requires "more than simply stating a bare
assertion that the judgment, or part of it, is erroneous and leaving it to the appellate court
to figure out why; it is not the appellate court's role to construct theories or arguments
that would undermine the judgment and defeat the presumption of correctness."
(Eisenberg et al., Cal. Practice Guide: Civil Appeals and Writs (The Rutter Group 2013)
¶ 8:17.1, pp. 8-5 to 8-6, citing Niko v. Foreman (2006) 144 Cal.App.4th 344, 368.)

                                               6
information is necessary for purposes of ascertaining the existence of privity of contract

between Klahn and respondents, and tort liability on the part of respondents.

Specifically, Klahn claims in his opening brief that the franchise agreement required him

to post certain promotional materials at his business, and he seems to identify that

franchise agreement as the applicable contract; however, it is unclear how respondents'

conduct can fairly be construed as interference with Klahn's franchise agreement, as

opposed to interference, if at all, with his separate lease agreement.

       Respondents purport to clarify the matter in their reply brief: "The facts of this

case are hard to discern from the record presented to this Court. However, for clarity's

sake, they are as follows. PK II El Camino North LP is the owner and landlord of a

shopping center in Oceanside, California. In or about 2010, PK II El Camino North LP

entered into a lease agreement with Restaurant Realty LLC to lease a portion of the

shopping center for a Quizno's franchise. Somehow, WG Companies[,] LLC ended up in

possession of the leased premises as owner and operator of the Quizno's franchise, and

vacated the premises in January 2011." Respondents also point out the deficiency in

Klahn's pleadings: "As specifically alleged by [Klahn], the parties to the relationship that

are fundamentally at issue in his complaint are WG Companies[,] LLC, Restaurant

Realty[,] LLC and PK II El Camino North LP. . . . None of these entities is a party to

this action. Instead, [Klahn] inexplicably sued [Kimco], a completely distinct legal

entity, and Chappins, its employee."

       Because Klahn's opening brief does not contain proper citations to the appellate

record to support his assertions of fact, procedure and law, we consider his appellate

                                              7
contentions forfeited.2 (Nwosu v. Uba (2004) 122 Cal.App.4th 1229, 1247; City of

Lincoln v. Barringer, supra, 102 Cal.App.4th at p. 1239; Guthrey v. State of California

(1998) 63 Cal.App.4th 1108, 1115-1116; Mansell v. Board of Administration (1994) 30

Cal.App.4th 539, 545-546 [if appellant's brief does not contain legal argument with

citation of authorities on points made, court need not furnish argument or search record

for support for appellant's contentions but may treat them as forfeited without addressing

them].)

       Although Klahn is self-represented, we note that lack of legal counsel does not

entitle an appellant to special treatment. (Harding v. Collazo (1986) 177 Cal.App.3d

1044, 1055; Doran v. Dreyer (1956) 143 Cal.App.2d 289, 290.) A self-represented

litigant is held to the same restrictive rules of procedure as an attorney. (Nelson v. Gaunt

(1981) 125 Cal.App.3d 623, 638-639.) "A doctrine generally requiring or permitting

exceptional treatment of parties who represent themselves would lead to a quagmire in

the trial courts, and would be unfair to the other parties to litigation." (Rappleyea v.

Campbell (1994) 8 Cal.4th 975, 985.)

       In light of the confusing allegations in the complaint regarding the threshold

questions of which is the applicable contract and who are the proper respondents in this

case, we conclude the trial court did not err in sustaining the demurrer. Moreover, as we

discuss below, granting Klahn leave to amend his complaint on this point would not cure

other defects in his complaint.


2       Klahn uses a citation system that apparently refers to the superior court record; but
it does not correspond to the appellate record. He did not file a reply brief.
                                              8
                    II. Klahn's Causes of Action Also Fail on the Merits

       Even evaluating Klahn's causes of action on the merits, they fail. A fundamental

rule of appellate review is that an appealed judgment is presumed to be correct and "error

must be affirmatively shown." (Denham v. Superior Court (1970) 2 Cal.3d 557, 564.)

The appellant has the burden of overcoming the presumption of correctness. (In re S.C.

(2006) 138 Cal.App.4th 396, 408.)

A. Derivative Lawsuits

       A threshold question in this case concerns who is the real party in interest

and therefore entitled to recover in this lawsuit. In Schuster v. Gardner (2005) 127

Cal.App.4th 305, this court reiterated the applicable law regarding shareholder actions:

"Shareholders may bring two types of actions, 'a direct action filed by the shareholder

individually (or on behalf of a class of shareholders to which he or she belongs) for injury

to his or her interest as a shareholder,' or a 'derivative action filed on behalf of the

corporation for injury to the corporation for which it has failed or refused to sue.'

[Citation.] 'The two actions are mutually exclusive: i.e., the right of action and recovery

belongs either to the shareholders (direct action) or to the corporation (derivative

action).' [Citation.] When the claim is derivative, the 'shareholder is merely a nominal

plaintiff . . . . Even though the corporation is joined as a nominal defendant . . . , it is the

real party in interest to which any recovery usually belongs.' " (Id. at pp. 312-313.) We

also repeated the criteria for determining whether a lawsuit is a derivative action: "An

action is derivative if ' "the gravamen of the complaint is injury to the corporation, or to

the whole body of its stock or property without any severance of distribution among

                                                9
individual holders, or if it seeks to recover assets for the corporation or to prevent the

dissipation of its assets." ' " (Id. at p. 313.)

       Here, the complaint alleges injuries to WG Companies, LLC, which is defunct.

Moreover, the contract to provide music for the franchise's grand opening states the

contracting parties were Quiznos and PK II El Camino North, LP. Klahn signed the

contract in his capacity of President of WG Companies, LLC, dba Quiznos. It therefore

follows that the defunct WG Companies, LLC, and not Klahn, is the real party in interest,

and the one to whom any recovery would belong.

B. Intentional Interference with Contract Claim

       To prevail on a cause of action for intentional interference with contractual

relations, a plaintiff must plead and prove: "(1) the existence of a valid contract between

the plaintiff and a third party; (2) the defendant's knowledge of that contract; (3) the

defendant's intentional acts designed to induce a breach or disruption of the contractual

relationship; (4) actual breach or disruption of the contractual relationship; and (5)

resulting damage." (Reeves v. Hanlon (2004) 33 Cal.4th 1140, 1148.)

       Even if Klahn's evidence is accepted and every inference is indulged in the light

most favorable to him as the plaintiff, his complaint still lacks the essential elements of

this particular claim because there is no allegation either directly or implicitly suggesting

respondents acted with the intent to induce a breach of Klahn's contracts. To the

contrary, Klahn alleges in his complaint that respondents, in opposing his promotional

signs, had refused to grant him any exception under the master lease. He also alleged that

Chappins expressed that Klahn's signs violated municipal requirements. The only

                                                   10
reasonable inference to draw from those claims is that respondents' conduct was guided

by considerations unrelated to any intent to induce a breach of Klahn's contracts.

Moreover, Klahn's allegations are insufficient to show Chappins knew that her actions

were substantially certain to result in interference with Klahn's contract with a third party.

The court did not err by sustaining the demurrer as to this cause of action.

C. Negligence Cause of Action

        Klahn contends he has alleged sufficient facts to make out a case for tort damages

as opposed to contractual damages. However, he has not properly alleged which duty

respondents owed him or how they breached it. The California Supreme Court has

described "several instances where tort damages were permitted in contract cases. 'Tort

damages have been permitted in contract cases where a breach of duty directly causes

physical injury [citation]; for breach of the covenant of good faith and fair dealing in

insurance contracts [citation]; for wrongful discharge in violation of fundamental public

policy [citation]; or where the contract was fraudulently induced. . . .' [Citation.] '[I]n

each of these cases, the duty that gives rise to tort liability is either completely

independent of the contract or arises from conduct which is both intentional and intended

to harm.' " (Robinson Helicopter Co., Inc. v. Dana Corp. (2004) 34 Cal.4th 979, 989-

990.)

        Here, Klahn has not set forth allegations establishing any of these possible theories

on which tort damages could be recovered. Accordingly, the court did not err in

sustaining the demurrer as to this cause of action.



                                              11
D. Res Ipsa Loquitur

       In his complaint, Klahn purported to plead a cause of action for res ipsa loquitur,

but he does not address it in his opening brief. We deem the matter abandoned. "When

an appellant fails to raise a point, or asserts it but fails to support it with reasoned

argument and citations to authority, we treat the point as waived." (Badie v. Bank of

America (1998) 67 Cal.App.4th 779, 784-785.) In any event, res ipsa loquitur is "a rule

of evidence allowing an inference of negligence from proven facts. [Citations.] It is

based on a theory of 'probability' where there is no direct evidence of defendant's

conduct, [citations], permitting a common sense inference of negligence from the

happening of the accident. [Citations.] The rule thus assists plaintiffs in negligence cases

in regard to the production of evidence. [¶] The applicability of the doctrine depends on

whether it can be said the accident was probably the result of negligence by someone and

defendant was probably the person who was responsible. [Citations.] In the absence of

such probabilities, there is no basis for an inference of negligence serving to take the

place of evidence of some specific negligent act or omission." (Gicking v. Kimberlin

(1985) 170 Cal.App.3d 73, 75.) Here, in light of the fact Klahn specifically identifies

respondents as causing his claimed harm, he has provided no basis for application of the

doctrine of res ipsa loquitur.

E. Cause of Action for Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress

       In its substantive entirety, Klahn's allegation of intentional infliction of emotional

distress in his complaint states: "Chappins abused her position which gave her the power

to damage [his] interest; she acted intentionally and unreasonably with the recognition

                                               12
that the acts are likely to result in illness through mental stress and through a special

relationship of Landlord/Tenant. . . . The defendant acted with intent to inflict injury and

the realization that the injury was substantially certain to result from her conduct. . . .

This defendant directed the acts at [Klahn] by not acting in the same manner towards

other tenants in the same center. Several exception [sic] were granted, but [Klahn] was

not given or offered any such exceptions and instead was harassed and acted upon in an

outrageous and intended manner."

       The elements of a prima facie case for the tort of intentional infliction of

emotional distress were summarized in Cervantez v. J. C. Penny Co. (1979) 24 Cal.3d

579, 593: "(1) extreme and outrageous conduct by the defendant with the intention of

causing, or reckless disregard of the probability of causing, emotional distress; (2) the

plaintiff's suffering severe or extreme emotional distress; and (3) actual and proximate

causation of the emotional distress by the defendant's outrageous conduct. [Citations.]

'Whether treated as an element of the prima facie case or as a matter of defense, it must

also appear that the defendants' conduct was unprivileged.' [Citations.] Conduct to be

outrageous must be so extreme as to exceed all bounds of that usually tolerated in a

civilized community." The tort calls for intentional, or at least reckless conduct—

conduct intended to inflict injury or engaged in with the realization that injury will result.

(See Spackman v. Good (1966) 245 Cal.App.2d 518, 530; Davidson v. City of

Westminster (1982) 32 Cal.3d 197, 209.) Klahn has not alleged any conduct by

respondents that was so outrageous as to satisfy the elements of a cause of action for



                                              13
emotional distress; therefore, the court did not err by sustaining the demurrer on this

cause of action.

F. Unfair Business Practices Cause of Action

       In order to state a claim for unfair business practices, Klahn must allege that

respondents committed a business act or practice that is fraudulent, unlawful, or unfair.

(See Buller v. Sutter Health (2008) 160 Cal.App.4th 981, 986.) In light of our conclusion

Klahn's complaint failed to allege sufficient facts to support his other causes of action, his

derivative claim of unfair business practices necessarily fails because he has not pleaded

any separate unfair, fraudulent, or unlawful practice. (Price v. Starbucks Corp. (2011)

192 Cal.App.4th 1136, 1147.)

              III. Klahn Failed to Prove an Ability to Amend his Complaint

       In considering whether Klahn has carried the burden of showing that he can

amend his complaint to cure any defects, we note that he must show "in what manner" he

can amend his complaint "and how that amendment will change the legal effect" of his

pleading. (Goodman v. Kennedy (1976) 18 Cal.3d 335, 349.) "[L]eave to amend should

not be granted where . . . amendment would be futile." (Vaillette v. Fireman's Fund Ins.

Co. (1993) 18 Cal.App.4th 680, 685.) On appeal, Klahn makes no argument regarding

how he can amend his complaint. The closest he comes to doing so is in the conclusion

section of his opening brief: "[I]f not for the fact that Defense Counsel submitting

incorrect and biased evidence that Klahn did not have standing to file this claim because

he represented a limited liability corporation, when in fact, his LLC was never a party to

the lease or tenancy of the space in the Shopping Center, El Camino North, and the judge

                                             14
accepting this evidence without giving the appellant opportunity to argue and present

facts to the contrary, [Klahn] may have argued successfully and won his right to a trial by

jury or at the very least given the opportunity [sic] to amend his claim. The judge should

have considered the written opposition to the demurrer or given [Klahn] a chance to

amend complaint or argue orally his opposition."

       Those conclusory remarks fail to satisfy Klahn's burden to show he can amend his

complaint to state a viable cause of action. Moreover, because we have concluded that

his causes of action fail as a matter of law, it follows that the trial court did not err in

declining to grant him leave to amend his complaint. (Accord, Hamilton v. Greenwich

Investors XXVI, LLC (2011) 195 Cal.App.4th 1602, 1615.)



                                            DISPOSITION

       The judgment is affirmed. Respondents Kimco Realty Corporation and Louise

Chappins are awarded costs on appeal.



                                                                                 O'ROURKE, J.

WE CONCUR:


NARES, Acting P. J.


McINTYRE, J.




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