                    In The
              Court of Appeals
Sixth Appellate District of Texas at Texarkana


                  No. 06-14-00185-CR



       VINCENT MONROW FRIEMEL, Appellant

                           V.

           THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee



          On Appeal from the 4th District Court
                 Rusk County, Texas
              Trial Court No. CR14-192




      Before Morriss, C.J., Moseley and Burgess, JJ.
              Opinion by Justice Burgess
                                               OPINION
        Vincent Monrow Friemel pled guilty to evading arrest using a motor vehicle, a third degree

felony, and pled “true” to the allegation that in committing the offense, he used or exhibited a

deadly weapon, namely, a motor vehicle. The trial court accepted Friemel’s guilty plea and his

jury waiver and, after a punishment hearing, sentenced Friemel to nine years’ confinement in the

Texas Department of Criminal Justice Correctional Institutions Division. In this appeal, Friemel

asserts that the trial court erred in not admonishing him regarding the consequences of a deadly-

weapon finding,1 thereby rendering his plea involuntary. We find no error in the trial court’s

admonitions and affirm the judgment of the trial court.

I.      Background

        The charges against Friemel arose from his attempt to avoid arrest on March 25, 2014. On

that day, Texas Department of Public Safety Trooper Ricardo Fabbiani was travelling north on

Loop 571 in Rusk County. He observed the vehicle driven by Friemel approaching him with its

right turn signal activated. When Friemel turned left onto County Road 203, Fabbiani followed

him and activated his overhead lights and siren. Friemel fled, accelerating to speeds of eighty

miles per hour on the two-lane county road. As Fabbiani pursued him, Friemel tossed a loaded

shotgun out of his vehicle which, after bouncing on the pavement, hit and shattered Fabbiani’s

windshield. Shortly thereafter, Fabbiani slid off the road and hit a mailbox and fence because of



1
 Friemel complains of two consequences that resulted from the finding that a deadly weapon was used or exhibited
during the commission of a felony. First, the finding eliminated Friemel’s eligibility for judge-ordered community
supervision. See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 42.12, § 3g(a)(2) (West Supp. 2014). Second, the finding extended
Friemel’s eligibility for parole until he has actually served one-half of his sentence. See TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. §
508.145(d) (West Supp. 2014).

                                                        2
his limited visibility, and Friemel escaped. After losing Fabbiani, Friemel pulled into a parking

lot where he and his passenger fabricated a story and hid the contraband in their possession. They

then drove to another parking lot and called the police. After Fabbiani arrived, Friemel was

arrested and charged with multiple offenses.

       On September 15, 2014, Friemel executed a document waiving his right to be tried by a

jury, waiving his right to confront and examine witnesses, and entering his plea of guilty to the

crime of evading arrest with a motor vehicle. He also acknowledged receiving the admonitions

required by Article 26.13(a) of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure from the trial court. See

TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 26.13(a) (West Supp. 2014). The written admonitions identified

the range of punishment for the charged offense as confinement “for any term of not more than 10

years nor less than 2 years” and indicated that “a fine may be imposed not to exceed $10,000.”

Immediately below the range of punishment, the admonitions contained a paragraph advising that

“[i]f community supervision is granted, the Court shall determine the terms and conditions of

community supervision . . . .”

       The trial court also orally inquired whether Friemel understood that the range of

punishment was confinement for “not more than ten years or less than two years and a fine not to

exceed $10,000.” Friemel affirmed his understanding of the applicable range of punishment. The

trial court never mentioned community supervision, but confirmed that Friemel understood that he

was pleading guilty without an agreement regarding punishment and that, in the hearing to

determine his punishment, the trial court would have the entirety of the applicable punishment

range available to it. The trial court confirmed that Friemel understood he had a right to be tried

                                                3
by a jury and that he understood the State’s burden of proof should he elect a jury trial. Then, after

confirming that no one had forced, threatened, or coerced Friemel or promised him anything in

exchange for his plea, the trial court accepted Friemel’s guilty plea.

       The State then asked the trial court to make sure that the guilty plea would “satisfy the

deadly weapon allegation in the indictment.” After Friemel’s counsel advised that Friemel was

“pleading guilty to the indictment,” the trial court asked Friemel if he understood that the

indictment included “an allegation that the manner and means of the intended use is capable of

causing death or serious bodily injury with an automobile . . . ?” Friemel indicated that he

understood and affirmed that he was “pleading true and guilty to that, also.” The trial court then

adjudicated him guilty of evading arrest with a motor vehicle and found that a deadly weapon was

used in committing the offense. Approximately one month later, the punishment hearing was held,

and the trial court affirmed its guilt adjudication and deadly-weapon finding and sentenced Friemel

to nine years’ confinement. When asked whether he had anything to say as to why the sentence

should not be imposed against him, Friemel responded, “No, sir.”

II.    There is No Requirement to Admonish a Defendant on the Consequences of a Deadly-
       Weapon Finding

       Friemel argues in this Court that since the trial court failed to admonish him of the

consequences of a deadly-weapon finding, his guilty plea was rendered involuntary. Friemel posits

that under Boykin v. Alabama, 395 U.S. 238 (1969), the record must show that he possessed “a full

understanding of what the plea connotes and of its consequence” before this Court can find that

his plea was voluntary. See id. at 244. Although not completely clear, Friemel also appears to

argue that the trial court was required by Article 26.13(a)(1) of the Texas Code of Criminal
                                                  4
Procedure to admonish him regarding the legal principles articulated in Boykin. See TEX. CODE

CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 26.13(a)(1). The State, on the other hand, argues that Article 26.13 sets

forth the mandatory admonitions and that only the range of punishment admonition was required,

which does not include a parole admonition. The State argues that the record shows Friemel

received the required admonitions and that this constitutes a prima facie showing that his guilty

plea was voluntary. See Martinez v. State, 981 S.W.2d 195, 197 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998).

Assuming the State is correct, the burden would then shift to Friemel to show that his plea was not

voluntary. See id. We will first address the claim under Article 26.13(a)(1).

       A.      Article 26.13

       Friemel argues that Article 26.13 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure requires a trial

judge to admonish a defendant regarding the effect a deadly-weapon finding would have on his

eligibility for parole and community supervision. Article 26.13 states that before “accepting a plea

of guilty or a plea of nolo contendere, the court shall admonish the defendant of: (1) the range of

the punishment attached to the offense.” TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. art. 26.13(a)(1). On its face,

Article 26.13 does not require the trial court to admonish the defendant regarding the effects of

any plea on eligibility for community supervision or for release on parole. Friemel cites no

authority, and we have found no authority, holding that Article 26.13 requires trial courts to

admonish defendants on the effects a deadly-weapon finding could have on eligibility for

community supervision and/or parole.

       Moreover, the policy reasons underlying Article 26.13’s admonitions do not support

Friemel’s argument. Texas courts have recognized that the admonitions required by Article 26.13

                                                 5
are “intended to facilitate the entry of adequately informed pleas of guilty or nolo contendere.”

Davison v. State, 405 S.W.3d 682, 687 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013). In other words, the point of

admonishing a defendant is to ensure that he understands the charges against him and the

consequences of his plea, and one of the consequences of his guilty plea is that he may suffer being

sentenced to confinement within a certain range of years. Thus, Article 26.13 exists to ensure a

defendant understands the amount of confinement he faces by going forward with his guilty plea.

Accordingly, as this Court has previously recognized, when a defendant is admonished on the

original, unenhanced, lesser punishment range and then receives a sentence under the enhanced

punishment range, “‘[t]he risk . . . is that the defendant was induced to plead guilty by an

understatement of the seriousness of the offense and having done so, was harmed by being

punished more severely than the trial court held out as the maximum he or she could receive.’”

Seagraves v. State, 342 S.W.3d 176, 181 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2011, no pet.) (quoting 43

George E. Dix & Robert O. Dawson, Texas Practice: Criminal Practice & Procedure § 40.22

(2011)).

       Yet, a deadly-weapon finding does not affect the length of the defendant’s sentence, only

how much of that sentence he will actually serve before he can apply for parole. Consequently, a

deadly-weapon admonition is not necessary under Article 26.13 to protect a defendant from being

“‘induced to plead guilty by an understatement of the seriousness of the offense’” and “‘being

punished more severely than the trial court held out as the maximum he or she could receive.’” Id.

(quoting 43 George E. Dix & Robert O. Dawson, Texas Practice: Criminal Practice & Procedure

§ 40.22 (2011)).

                                                 6
       Likewise, while community supervision involves either the suspension of the imposition

of a sentence or the deferral of an adjudication of guilt, see TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art.

42.12, § 2(2) (West Supp. 2014); TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 508.001(6) (West 2012), neither the

imposition of community supervision nor the defendant’s eligibility for it affects the range of

punishment that the defendant may suffer. Moreover, where it is not an agreed sentencing

recommendation as part of a plea bargain, a defendant has no right to community supervision. See

Leonard v. State, 385 S.W.3d 570, 576 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012) (noting that “defendants are not

entitled to community supervision as a matter of right”). Therefore, the fact that a deadly-weapon

finding may render a defendant ineligible for community supervision, see TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC.

ANN. art. 42.12 § 3g(a)(2), does not affect the length of his sentence, only whether he can ask the

court to suspend the sentence or defer adjudication of the offense. Because he never had a right to

receive community supervision in the first place, there is no risk that Friemel was induced into

pleading guilty by a false expectation of community supervision.

       In addition, as Friemel acknowledges, substantial compliance with Article 26.13 by the

trial court “is sufficient, unless the defendant affirmatively shows that he was not aware of the

consequences of his plea and that he was misled or harmed by the admonishment of the court.”

TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 26.13(c) (West Supp. 2014); see Martinez, 981 S.W.2d at 197;

Seagraves, 342 S.W.3d at 181. Here, Friemel was charged with evading arrest using a motor

vehicle, a third degree felony. Both the written and oral admonitions of the trial court advised him

that the range of punishment was confinement for “not more than 10 years or less than 2 years”

and “a fine not to exceed $10,000,” which is the correct range of punishment for a third degree

                                                 7
felony. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 12.34 (West 2011). The actual sentence imposed was within

this range. Therefore, we find that the trial court substantially complied with Article 26.13(a)(1)

and that Friemel was properly admonished.

         The finding that Friemel was properly admonished creates a prima facie showing that his

guilty plea was knowing and voluntary. Martinez, 981 S.W.2d at 197. Although he may still

pursue a claim that his plea was involuntary, the burden shifts to Friemel to show that he did not

fully understand the consequences of his plea and that he was misled or harmed by the admonition.

Id. The record demonstrates that Friemel failed to meet that burden.2 Friemel points us only to

his testimony during the punishment hearing in which he testified in support of his application for

community supervision.           However, he does not contend that he had a plea agreement for

community supervision. Rather, he testified that he was asking the trial court to put him on

community supervision. Further, he testified that nobody forced, threatened, or coerced him or

promised him anything to plead guilty. He also acknowledged that he understood the range of

punishment and that the trial court had the entire range of punishment available to it. Therefore,

we find that Friemel has neither rebutted the prima facie showing that his plea was voluntary, nor




2
 Citing Burnett v. State, 88 S.W.3d 633, 638 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002), Friemel argues that we are to review the entire
record to determine whether he was aware of the consequences of his plea or whether he was misled or harmed by the
court’s admonition. However, in Burnett, the trial court “wholly failed to admonish appellant regarding the applicable
range of punishment.” Id. at 637. In such a case, we conduct a harm analysis under Rule 44.2(b) of the Texas Rules
of Appellate Procedure, under which neither the defendant nor the State has the burden to show harm or harmlessness.
Burnett, 88 S.W.3d at 638; TEX. R. APP. P. 44.2(b). Where, as here, the trial court has duly admonished the defendant,
Article 26.13(c) requires the defendant to “affirmatively show[] that he was not aware of the consequences of his plea
and that he was misled or harmed by the admonishment of the court.” TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 26.13(c);
Martinez, 981 S.W.2d at 197.

                                                          8
shown that he was harmed or misled by the trial court’s admonitions. See Thomas v. State, 2

S.W.3d 640, 642 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1999, no pet.).

       B.      Boykin and Due Process

       Friemel next argues that the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the

United States Constitution required the trial court to admonish him of the effect of a deadly-

weapon finding on his eligibility for parole or community supervision and that, in the absence of

that admonition, his right to due process was violated, thereby rendering his plea involuntary under

Boykin. That case, however, involved a guilty plea by a defendant who was not admonished and

who never addressed the trial court (making it difficult to ascertain whether his plea was knowingly

and voluntarily entered). Boykin, 395 U.S. at 240. In such a case, the guilty plea was held to be

involuntary since the record failed to “disclose that the defendant voluntarily and understandingly

entered his pleas of guilty.” Id. at 244. Boykin, however, did not specifically state what the record

must disclose to satisfy due process, “except to say generally that state courts should make sure

that a guilty-pleading defendant ‘has a full understanding of what the plea connotes and of its

consequence.’” Aguirre-Mata v. State, 125 S.W.3d 473, 475 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003) (quoting

Boykin, 395 U.S. at 244).

       As Friemel points out, the Court of Criminal Appeals has stated,

       Boykin operates like a rule of default: Unless the appellate record discloses that a
       defendant entered his guilty plea “voluntarily and understandingly[,]” a reviewing
       court must presume that he did not, and rule accordingly. Boykin, 395 U.S. at 244.
       . . . [W]e regard the rule of Boykin to be in the nature of a systemic requirement,
       imposing a duty on the trial court to make the record demonstrate the knowing and
       voluntary quality of a guilty plea.


                                                 9
Davison, 405 S.W.3d at 690. So, on one end of the spectrum, Article 26.13 establishes a rebuttable

presumption that the defendant entered a knowing and voluntary plea when the record clearly

reveals that the trial court properly admonished the defendant as to the consequences of his plea.

Boykin, on the other hand, operates at the other end of that spectrum and essentially creates the

opposite, inversely proportional presumption:                      namely, Boykin establishes a rebuttable

presumption that the defendant did not enter a knowing and voluntary plea when the record is

“devoid of any indication that the defendant possessed ‘a full understanding of what the plea

connotes and of its consequences.’” Id. (quoting Boykin, 395 U.S. at 244). Therefore, we must

examine the record and determine whether there is any indication that Friemel fully understood

what his plea involved and the consequences of that plea. Id. at 691–92.

            In addition to the written and oral admonitions previously discussed, Friemel signed the

following documents: Admonitions of the Court, Statements and Waivers of the Defendant,

Certification and Agreement of the Attorneys, and Order of the Court. These documents contained

written admonitions regarding the rights of trial by jury and confrontation, which were both

addressed by Boykin. Friemel waived both of these rights. In addition, the trial court orally

admonished him that he did not have to plead guilty, that he was presumed innocent, and that he

did not have to prove his innocence. The United States Supreme Court has upheld the validity of

a guilty plea that was preceded by far fewer admonitions than those given in this case. See Brady

v. United States, 397 U.S. 742, 743–44 n.2 (1970).3 The record, then, is not completely silent as

to whether he understood the consequences of his plea.


3
    In Brady, the trial court gave the following admonitions to the defendant:
                                                            10
         Yet, Friemel does not argue that he received no admonitions as in Boykin, only that what

he did receive was insufficient. The question, then, is whether, under Boykin, the record must also

disclose that Friemel understood the consequences of a deadly-weapon finding to avoid triggering

Boykin’s presumption that his plea was involuntary. See Davison, 405 S.W.3d at 692. Again,

Friemel cites, and we have found, no authority to support this proposition.

         Moreover, in Aguirre-Mata, the Court of Criminal Appeals noted, “Boykin clearly did not

hold that due process requires the equivalent of the Article 26.13(a) admonishments or an

admonishment on the range of punishment.”4 Aguirre-Mata, 125 S.W.3d at 475. The court went

on to point out that

         the Supreme Court in McCarthy v. United States, which was decided during the
         same term as Boykin, expressly stated that the admonishments in the federal




         ‘THE COURT: You understand that in [pleading guilty] you are admitting and confessing the truth
         of the charge contained in the indictment and that you enter a plea of guilty voluntarily, without
         persuasion, coercion of any kind? Is that right?

         ‘DEFENDANT BRADY: Yes, your Honor.

         ‘THE COURT: And you do do that?

         ‘DEFENDANT BRADY: Yes, I do.

         ‘THE COURT: You plead guilty to the charge?

         ‘DEFENDANT BRADY: Yes, I do.’

Brady, 397 U.S. at 743–44 n.2.
4
 The court also noted that “[w]e have found no Supreme Court case holding that due process requires a trial court to
admonish a guilty-pleading defendant on the range of punishment or holding that a trial court’s failure to admonish a
guilty-pleading defendant on the range of punishment renders the guilty plea invalid.” Aguirre-Mata, 125 S.W.3d at
475 n.7; see also Davison, 405 S.W.3d at 692.

                                                         11
        equivalent[5] of Article 26.13(a) have “not been held to be constitutionally
        mandated” and that these admonishments are “designed to assist the district judge
        in making the constitutionally required determination that the guilty plea was truly
        voluntary.” See McCarthy v. United States, 394 U.S. 459, 89 S.Ct. 1166, 1170–71,
        22 L.Ed.2d 418 (1969). No subsequent Supreme Court decision has held that these
        admonishments are “constitutionally mandated.”

Id. at 475–76. Since neither the United States Supreme Court nor the Court of Criminal Appeals

has held that a defendant must be admonished regarding the range of punishment in order to satisfy

due process, we see no basis for holding that due process requires the defendant to be admonished

regarding the additional consequences of a deadly-weapon finding on his eligibility for community

supervision and release on parole. Therefore, the Boykin presumption does not apply to Friemel’s

plea.

        Consequently, we find that neither Article 26.13 nor due process required the trial court to

admonish Friemel on the consequences of a deadly-weapon finding. Accordingly, the trial court

did not err in failing to do so. We overrule Friemel’s first point of error.

III.    The Trial Court Did Not Assess Attorney Fees Against Friemel

        Friemel also complains of a document signed and filed by the trial court determining that

he is indigent and that the cost of legal services provided to him through trial was $600.00.

Although the document is titled “Order,” it does not order Friemel to pay any attorney fees.6

Friemel fears, however, that the trial court may enter a “future ex parte nunc pro tunc assessment



5
 See FED. R. CRIM. P. 11. Although the current version of Rule 11 provides that the trial court inform the defendant
of “any maximum possible penalty, including imprisonment, fine, and term of supervised release,” the version in
effect at the time of the McCarthy decision did not contain this provision. FED. R. CRIM. P. 11(b)(1)(H).
6
 The operative portion of the order states, “THEREFORE, the Court ORDERS the defendant to pay $_______ as
court costs.”
                                                        12
of attorney fees.” Citing Cates v. State, 402 S.W.3d 250, 251–52 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013), Friemel

argues that a trial court may not assess court-appointed attorney fees against an indigent defendant

unless there is proof and a finding that the defendant is no longer indigent.

        We agree that if the trial court had assessed court-appointed attorney fees against Friemel

without a determination that he was able to re-pay those costs, the trial court would have erred.

See Cates, 402 S.W.3d at 251–52. However, no such assessment was made in this case. At most,

the order merely determines the cost of the legal services provided to Friemel. It contains neither

a determination that Friemel is able to repay any of that amount nor an assessment of those fees

against Friemel. Further, the Nunc Pro Tunc Judgment of Conviction entered by the trial court

four weeks after the signing of this order assesses $249.00 in court costs against Friemel. Friemel

does not contend, and there is no evidence in the appellate record to support the contention, that

this assessment of costs includes any court-appointed attorney fees. Since Friemel has not shown

any error on the part of the trial court, we overrule this point of error.

        We affirm the judgment of the trial court.




                                                Ralph K. Burgess
                                                Justice

Date Submitted:         April 7, 2015
Date Decided:           June 9, 2015

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