                                Illinois Official Reports

                                       Appellate Court



                  Bjorkstam v. MPC Products Corp., 2014 IL App (1st) 133710



Appellate Court           ULRIKA BJORKSTAM and JOSEPH DANIEL DRAY,
Caption                   Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. MPC PRODUCTS CORPORATION, d/b/a
                          Woodward MPC, a Corporation, and WOODWARD, INC., a
                          Corporation, Defendants-Appellees.


District & No.            First District, Fourth Division
                          Docket No. 1-13-3710


Filed                     November 13, 2014


Held                       In an action for the injuries plaintiffs suffered as bystanders during a
(Note: This syllabus plane crash in Mexico City based on the claim that the crash was
constitutes no part of the caused by faulty parts, including a part manufactured by defendants,
opinion of the court but the trial court properly dismissed the complaint plaintiffs refiled in
has been prepared by the Illinois after their initial Illinois complaint was dismissed for forum
Reporter of Decisions non conveniens based on the trial court’s finding that a Texas court
for the convenience of was a more convenient forum and the complaint plaintiffs filed in the
the reader.)               Texas court was dismissed for want of prosecution on the ground that
                           plaintiffs failed to exercise diligence in serving defendants with the
                           Texas suit, since plaintiffs violated Supreme Court Rule 187(c)(2) and
                           the Illinois trial court’s order dismissing their initial suit when they
                           failed to formally serve defendants with the Texas suit, neither
                           defendants’ obligation to accept service under Rule 187 nor the
                           Illinois court’s first dismissal order was triggered and plaintiffs were
                           not entitled to reinstate their complaint in Illinois.



Decision Under            Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, No. 13-L-007339; the
Review                    Hon. Jeffrey Lawrence, Judge, presiding.

Judgment                  Affirmed.
     Counsel on                Floyd A. Wisner, of Wisner Law Firm, P.C., of Chicago, for
     Appeal                    appellants.

                               Michael G. McQuillen, John M. Kelly, Austin W. Bartlett, Gina M.
                               Diomedi, and Christine M. Niemczyk, all of Adler Murphy &
                               McQuillen LLP, of Chicago, for appellees.



     Panel                     JUSTICE EPSTEIN delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
                               Justices Howse and Taylor concurred in the judgment and opinion.


                                                OPINION

¶1         This appeal addresses whether plaintiffs Ulrika Bjorkstam and Joseph Daniel Dray were
       entitled to reinstate their complaint against defendants MPC Products Corporation (MPC)
       and Woodward, Inc. (Woodward), in the circuit court of Cook County, Illinois, after it had
       been dismissed for forum non conveniens. Plaintiffs filed their initial complaint in the circuit
       court of Cook County. The court dismissed plaintiffs’ suit for forum non conveniens, finding
       that Harris County, Texas, was a more convenient forum. Plaintiffs then filed suit in Texas.
       In Texas, Woodward moved to dismiss plaintiffs’ complaint for want of prosecution, alleging
       that plaintiffs failed to exercise diligence in serving it with the lawsuit. The Texas district
       court granted Woodward’s motion and plaintiffs refiled their complaint against both
       defendants in Illinois.
¶2         The Illinois circuit court granted defendants’ motion to dismiss the complaint pursuant to
       section 2-619(a)(4) of the Code of Civil Procedure (735 ILCS 5/2-619(a)(4) (West 2012)),
       finding that the Texas court’s order dismissing plaintiffs’ complaint precluded it from
       considering whether plaintiffs were entitled to refile their suit in Illinois. While we conclude
       that the trial court erred in finding that the Texas court’s order barred it from reaching that
       question, we also conclude that plaintiffs were not entitled to refile their complaint in Illinois.
       We thus affirm the trial court’s dismissal of plaintiff’s complaint.

¶3                                         I. BACKGROUND
¶4          Plaintiffs were bystanders injured during a plane crash in Mexico City, Mexico, on
       November 4, 2008. On November 3, 2009, plaintiffs filed a lawsuit in the circuit court of
       Cook County, alleging that the plane contained faulty parts, including the horizontal
       stabilizer actuator manufactured by defendants, whose principal place of business was in
       Illinois.
¶5          On December 10, 2010, the Cook County circuit court granted defendants’ motion to
       dismiss plaintiffs’ complaint for forum non conveniens, finding that Harris County, Texas,
       was a more appropriate forum. Reflecting the conditions to dismissal for forum non
       conveniens listed in Illinois Supreme Court Rule 187(c)(2) (eff. Aug. 1, 1986), the trial court
       included the following language in its order (the forum non conveniens order):


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                    “Defendants’ Motions to Dismiss on the basis of forum non conveniens are
                hereby granted upon the conditions that:
                        (1) If Plaintiff elects to file the action in another forum within six months of
                    after the dismissal, including joining Defendants to the case *** Pending in the
                    District Court of Harris County, Texas, all defendants named in the instant matter
                    must accept service of process from that court. [Citation.];
                        (2) Defendants must waive the statute of limitations defense if the statute has
                    run in the other forum. [Citation.];
                        (3) The case pending before this Court may be reinstated if any Defendant
                    refuses to abide by the mandatory conditions for dismissal [citation]; and
                        (4) The case pending before this Court may be reinstated if the Court in the
                    other forum refuses to accept jurisdiction and Plaintiff requests reinstatement
                    within 30 days after final order refusing jurisdiction.”
       Plaintiffs did not appeal this order.
¶6          On March 11, 2011, plaintiffs filed a petition1 in the district court of Harris County,
       Texas, naming defendants. On March 15, 2011, plaintiffs’ counsel mailed a copy of the
       petition to defendants’ counsel. The cover letter accompanying the petition listed defendants’
       counsel’s address as, “1 North La Salle Street, Suite 2300, Chicago, Illinois 30302.”
¶7          On January 31, 2013, plaintiffs issued a citation2 to Woodward, but not MPC, notifying
       it of the Texas petition. The citation indicated that Woodward was served with a copy of the
       citation and plaintiffs’ petition. On March 1, 2013, Woodward moved to dismiss the petition
       for want of prosecution, asserting that plaintiffs had failed to exercise due diligence in
       serving Woodward.
¶8          On June 14, 2013, the Texas district court held a hearing on Woodward’s motion to
       dismiss plaintiffs’ petition. In support of the motion, Woodward argued that it had not been
       formally served for two years after plaintiffs filed their petition. Woodward’s counsel
       asserted that he never received the copy of the petition mailed to his offices on March 15,
       2011 because plaintiffs listed the wrong ZIP code on their letter. Plaintiffs argued that
       Woodward was aware of the litigation, as Woodward and MPC were involved in the Illinois
       litigation, plaintiffs mailed Woodward’s counsel a copy of the petition, and Woodward and
       MPC had participated in depositions and mediation before being served with the petition.
¶9          On June 21, 2013, the Texas district court entered a one-paragraph order granting
       Woodward’s motion to dismiss for want of prosecution. The court’s order indicated that
       plaintiffs’ suit against Woodward was dismissed with prejudice. It did not relate any findings
       regarding the forum non conveniens order.
¶ 10        On June 26, 2013, plaintiffs filed a new complaint in the circuit court of Cook County,
       Illinois, naming both defendants. The complaint’s allegations mirrored those of the lawsuits

           1
             A petition in Texas is equivalent to a complaint in Illinois. See 735 ILCS 5/2-201(a) (West 2008)
       (“Every action *** shall be commenced by the filing of a complaint.”); Tex. R. Civ. P. 22 (eff. Sept. 1,
       1941) (“A civil suit in the district *** court shall be commenced by a petition filed in the office of the
       clerk.”).
           2
             A citation in Texas is equivalent to a summons in Illinois. See generally Ill. S. Ct. R. 101 (eff.
       May 30, 2008); Tex. R. Civ. P. 99 (eff. Jan. 1, 1988).

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       plaintiffs had previously filed in Illinois and Texas. Defendants filed a motion to dismiss
       plaintiffs’ new complaint pursuant to section 2-619(a)(4) of the Code of Civil Procedure (735
       ILCS 5/2-619(a)(4) (West 2012)), asserting that res judicata barred plaintiffs from refiling
       their suit because the Texas court dismissed plaintiffs’ petition with prejudice. Defendants
       alternatively argued that plaintiffs could not refile their complaint in Illinois because
       defendants had not violated the forum non conveniens order by refusing service or asserting
       the statute of limitations as a defense.
¶ 11       The circuit court of Cook County held a hearing on defendants’ section 2-619(a)(4)
       motion on November 1, 2013. Plaintiffs asserted that defendants had violated the forum non
       conveniens order by challenging plaintiffs’ service of process in Texas. The circuit court
       found that plaintiffs’ refiled complaint constituted a collateral attack on the Texas district
       court’s judgment. Although the circuit court suggested that the Texas district court “failed to
       enforce [the forum non conveniens] order,” it declined to alter the judgment of the Texas
       district court dismissing plaintiffs’ petition. The circuit court granted defendants’ section
       2-619(a)(4) motion. Plaintiffs appeal.

¶ 12                                           II. ANALYSIS
¶ 13       Plaintiffs challenge the circuit court’s grant of defendants’ section 2-619(a)(4) motion to
       dismiss, asserting that the trial court erred in concluding that the Texas district court’s
       dismissal order barred plaintiffs from reinstating their lawsuit in Illinois. Plaintiffs contend
       that they were entitled to reinstate their suit because defendant violated the Illinois circuit
       court’s forum non conveniens order by challenging the efficacy of plaintiff’s service of
       process in Texas. Defendants assert that the Texas district court’s order precluded plaintiffs
       from reinstating their suit and they were entitled to challenge plaintiffs’ defective service of
       process in the Texas district court. While we agree with plaintiffs that res judicata did not
       preclude the Illinois circuit court from deciding whether they were entitled to reinstate their
       complaint, plaintiffs were ultimately not entitled to reinstate their complaint because
       defendants did not violate the forum non conveniens order or Illinois Supreme Court Rule
       187(c)(2).
¶ 14       “A motion to dismiss under section 2-619 admits the legal sufficiency of the plaintiffs’
       complaint, but asserts an affirmative defense or other matter that avoids or defeats the
       plaintiffs’ claim.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Evanston Insurance Co. v.
       Riseborough, 2014 IL 114271, ¶ 13. “When ruling on the motion, the court should construe
       the pleadings and supporting documents in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party.”
       Sandholm v. Kuecker, 2012 IL 111443, ¶ 55. “The court must accept as true all well-pleaded
       facts in plaintiff’s complaint and all inferences that may reasonably be drawn in plaintiff’s
       favor.” Id. We review de novo the trial court’s dismissal of a complaint pursuant to section
       2-619. Evanston Insurance Co., 2014 IL 114271, ¶ 13.
¶ 15       We first address whether res judicata precluded the Illinois circuit court from
       determining whether plaintiffs were entitled to reinstate their suit. We then turn to whether
       plaintiffs were entitled to reinstate their suit in Illinois.

¶ 16                                         A. Res Judicata
¶ 17      Plaintiffs contend that the circuit court erred in granting defendants’ section 2-619(a)(4)
       motion because the Texas district court’s dismissal of plaintiffs’ Texas petition did not bar

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       the Illinois circuit court from finding that defendants violated the forum non conveniens
       order. Defendants assert that plaintiffs’ attempt to reinstate their complaint constituted a
       collateral attack on the Texas court’s judgment, which was barred by res judicata.
¶ 18       Under the full faith and credit clause of the United States Constitution, we must “give the
       judgment of a sister state at least the res judicata effect that the sister state rendering the
       judgment would give to it.” Morris B. Chapman & Associates, Ltd. v. Kitzman, 193 Ill. 2d
       560, 565 (2000); see U.S. Const., art. IV, § 1. We thus apply Texas law to determine whether
       res judicata barred the Illinois circuit court from reinstating plaintiffs’ lawsuit. See id.
¶ 19       Under Texas law, “[r]es judicata precludes relitigation of claims that have been finally
       adjudicated, or that arise out of the same subject matter and that could have been litigated in
       the prior action.” Amstadt v. United States Brass Corp., 919 S.W.2d 644, 652 (Tex. 1996).
       To establish that res judicata applies, the party asserting it must prove the existence of three
       elements: “(1) a prior final judgment on the merits by a court of competent jurisdiction; (2)
       identity of parties or those in privity with them; and (3) a second action based on the same
       claims as were raised or could have been raised in the first action.” Id.
¶ 20       In this case, the Texas district court’s dismissal of plaintiffs’ petition met the first element
       of res judicata. Under Texas law, an order dismissing a petition for want of prosecution is
       generally not considered a final judgment on the merits for purposes of res judicata.
       Christensen v. Chase Bank USA, N.A., 304 S.W.3d 548, 553 (Tex. App. 2009). “But if an
       order dismissing for want of prosecution erroneously provides that the dismissal is with
       prejudice and no appeal is taken to correct the error, the order will support the application of
       res judicata.” Id. In this case, the Texas district court dismissed plaintiffs’ petition for want of
       prosecution and indicated that the dismissal was with prejudice. At the hearing on
       defendants’ section 2-619(a)(4) motion in the Illinois circuit court, plaintiffs’ counsel noted
       that he had not appealed the Texas court’s dismissal of the petition. Under Texas law,
       therefore, the Texas district court’s dismissal order constituted a judgment on the merits for
       purposes of res judicata.
¶ 21       With respect to the second element, “a former judgment bars a second suit against all
       who were in ‘privity’ with the parties to the first suit.” Getty Oil Co. v. Insurance Co. of
       North America, 845 S.W.2d 794, 800 (Tex. 1992) (quoting Benson v. Wanda Petroleum Co.,
       468 S.W.2d 361, 363 (Tex. 1971)). “A privy is one who is connected in law with a party to
       the judgment as to have such an identity of interests that the party to the judgment
       represented the same legal right.” Ayre v. J.D. Buckley Allshouse, P.C., 942 S.W.2d 24, 27
       (Tex. App. 1996). Privity is determined on a case-by-case basis. Getty Oil Co., 845 S.W.2d at
       800-01. In this case, defendants were named in both the Texas proceedings and the Illinois
       proceedings. Only Woodward moved to dismiss plaintiffs’ Texas petition, however, not
       MPC. Although defendants are related corporate entities, the record lacks sufficient facts to
       determine whether their interests are so aligned that we can consider them to be in privity.
       We need not resolve whether the same parties were involved in the Texas and Illinois
       proceedings, however, as the third element of res judicata is not met in this case.
¶ 22       The Texas district court’s order does not meet the third element of res judicata because
       this case does not involve a claim that could have been resolved by the Texas district court.
       In determining whether two claims are the same for purposes of the third prong, Texas
       applies a “transactional approach” that asks whether “a subsequent suit *** arises out of the
       same subject matter as the prior suit, and that subject matter could have been litigated in the

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       prior suit.” Citizens Insurance Co. of America v. Daccach, 217 S.W.3d 430, 449 (Tex. 2007).
       In this case, plaintiffs could not have raised the issue of whether defendants violated the
       forum non conveniens order in the Texas district court. Pursuant to Illinois Supreme Court
       Rule 187(c)(2), when a defendant refuses to abide by the conditions precedent to dismissal of
       a complaint for forum non conveniens, the plaintiff may seek reinstatement of their complaint
       “in the court in which the dismissal was granted.” Ill. S. Ct. R. 187(c)(2) (eff. Aug. 1, 1986).
       Here, the Illinois circuit court dismissed plaintiff’s initial complaint for forum non
       conveniens. Pursuant to Rule 187(c)(2), therefore, plaintiff was required to seek
       reinstatement in the Illinois circuit court, not the Texas district court. Plaintiff could not have
       raised his claim for reinstatement in the Texas proceedings. Plaintiffs’ claim for
       reinstatement was not barred by res judicata.
¶ 23        Although res judicata did not preclude the circuit court from considering whether
       plaintiffs could reinstate their complaint, “we may affirm the judgment of the trial court on
       any basis in the record, regardless of whether the trial court relied upon that basis or whether
       the trial court’s reasoning was correct.” Alpha School Bus Co. v. Wagner, 391 Ill. App. 3d
       722, 734 (2009). We thus turn to whether plaintiffs were entitled to reinstate their complaint
       in Illinois because defendants refused to accept service of plaintiffs’ Texas petition.

¶ 24                              B. Illinois Supreme Court Rule 187(c)(2)
¶ 25       As a condition to granting defendants’ motion to dismiss plaintiffs’ first Illinois
       complaint for forum non conveniens, the Illinois circuit court required that defendants
       “accept service of process from” the district court of Harris County, Texas, if plaintiffs
       refiled their suit in six months. The circuit court derived that condition from Illinois Supreme
       Court Rule 187(c)(2), which governs dismissals of lawsuits for forum non conveniens where
       the more convenient forum is located outside Illinois. Ill. S. Ct. R. 187(c)(2) (eff. Aug. 1,
       1986).
¶ 26       Plaintiffs contend that defendants violated Rule 187(c)(2) by filing a motion to dismiss
       plaintiffs’ Texas petition for failing to diligently serve Woodward. Defendants assert that
       they did not refuse to accept service of process; rather, plaintiffs never served MPC and did
       not diligently serve Woodward. In order to determine whether defendants violated the forum
       non conveniens order, we must interpret the conditions placed on dismissals for forum non
       conveniens by Rule 187(c)(2).
¶ 27       Illinois Supreme Court Rule 187(c)(2) sets forth two conditions for dismissal of a
       complaint for forum non conveniens: “(i) if the plaintiff elects to file the action in another
       forum within six months of the dismissal order, the defendant shall accept service of process
       from that court; and (ii) if the statute of limitations has run in the other forum, the defendant
       shall waive that defense.” Ill. S. Ct. R. 187(c)(2) (eff. Aug. 1, 1986). “If the defendant refuses
       to abide by these conditions, the cause shall be reinstated for further proceedings in the court
       in which the dismissal was granted.” Id. The Illinois circuit court’s December 10, 2010 order
       dismissing plaintiffs’ complaint for forum non conveniens reflected these requirements. We
       must thus determine whether defendants refused to abide by either of these conditions,
       entitling plaintiffs to reinstate their suit in Illinois.
¶ 28       In determining whether defendants refused to accept service under Rule 187(c)(2), we
       apply the principles of statutory construction. See Grossman v. Gebarowski, 315 Ill. App. 3d
       213, 220 (2000) (“The rules of statutory construction apply to supreme court rules.”). The

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       primary goal in construing the language of a statute is to determine the intent of the
       legislature. Hubble v. Bi-State Development Agency of the Illinois-Missouri Metropolitan
       District, 238 Ill. 2d 262, 268 (2010). The best indicator of legislative intent is the statutory
       language, given its plain and ordinary meaning. Id. We view the statute as a whole and
       interpret different provisions of the statute in conjunction with one another. Id.
¶ 29        Plaintiffs first contend that Rule 187(c)(2) required defendants to waive their challenges
       to plaintiffs’ service of the petition in Texas. We disagree. The plain language of Rule
       187(c)(2)(i) required defendants to “accept service of process” from the Texas district court.
       It did not require defendants to waive any challenges to plaintiffs’ service of process.
       Importantly, in subsection (c)(2)(ii) of Rule 187, the defendant is required to “waive” the
       defense of the statute of limitations. Ill. S. Ct. R. 187(c)(2)(ii) (eff. Aug. 1, 1986). “When the
       legislature uses certain language in one part of a statute and different language in another, we
       may assume different meanings were intended.” Carver v. Bond/Fayette/Effingham Regional
       Board of School Trustees, 146 Ill. 2d 347, 353 (1992). Had the supreme court intended Rule
       187(c)(2)(i) to require defendants to waive challenges to plaintiffs’ service of process, it
       would have expressly said so.
¶ 30        We find support for this conclusion in Miller v. Consolidated R. Corp., 173 Ill. 2d 252
       (1996). In Miller, our supreme court held that the condition that the defendant must accept
       service from the other forum did not constitute an impermissible waiver of the defendant’s
       constitutional right to object to the forum’s lack of personal jurisdiction over the defendant.
       Id. at 261. In reaching that conclusion, the court stated, “[t]he condition of acceptance of
       service of process does not equate with a waiver of personal jurisdictional challenges to
       another forum.” Id. Service of process is an element of personal jurisdiction. See BAC Home
       Loans Servicing, LP v. Mitchell, 2014 IL 116311, ¶ 18 (“Personal jurisdiction may be
       established either by service of process in accordance with statutory requirements or by a
       party’s voluntary submission to the court’s jurisdiction.”). Contrary to plaintiffs’ contention,
       therefore, Rule 187(c)(2)(i) did not require defendants to waive their right to challenge the
       efficacy of plaintiffs’ service of process.
¶ 31        Even though defendants did not waive their right to challenge plaintiffs’ service, we must
       still address whether defendants refused to “accept service of process from” the Texas district
       court in violation of Rule 187(c)(2)(i). The definition of “service of process” is well
       established: “a formal delivery of documents that is legally sufficient to charge the defendant
       with notice of a pending action.” Volkswagenwerk Aktiengesellschaft v. Schlunk, 486 U.S.
       694, 700 (1988). We presume that our supreme court incorporated this definition in using the
       phrase, “service of process,” in Rule 187(c)(2). See Morissette v. United States, 342 U.S.
       246, 263 (1952) (“[W]here Congress borrows terms of art in which are accumulated the legal
       tradition and meaning of centuries of practice, it presumably knows and adopts the cluster of
       ideas that were attached to each borrowed word in the body of learning from which it was
       taken ***.”); Advincula v. United Blood Services, 176 Ill. 2d 1, 17 (1996) (“A term of
       well-known legal significance can be presumed to have that meaning in a statute.”). Rule
       187(c)(2)(i) thus requires a defendant to accept legally sufficient service of process.
¶ 32        We further conclude that, in this case, the law of Texas dictates what constitutes
       sufficient “service of process” under Rule 187(c)(2). Rule 187(c)(2) states that a defendant
       must accept “service of process from that court.” (Emphasis added.) Ill. S. Ct. R. 187(c)(2)(i)
       (eff. Aug. 1, 1986). In context, the phrase, “that court,” refers to the court in which the

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       plaintiff elects to refile his or her suit after it has been dismissed for forum non conveniens.
       Id. The Illinois Supreme Court thus qualified the service of process that a defendant must
       accept as service of process from the court of the forum state, i.e., the state in which the
       plaintiff elects to refile his or her suit. We hold, therefore, that “service of process from that
       court” constitutes service of process as defined by the law of the forum state. This
       interpretation aligns with the general principle that the procedural rules of a forum state
       should apply to litigation conducted in that state. People v. Saiken, 49 Ill. 2d 504, 509 (1971);
       Restatement (Second) of Conflict of Laws § 122 (1971); see OneWest Bank, FSB v.
       Markowicz, 2012 IL App (1st) 111187, ¶ 22 (“The manner and timing of service of process
       are *** matters of procedure.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.)). In order to demonstrate
       that they were entitled to reinstate their complaint in Illinois, plaintiffs must show that
       defendants refused to accept legally sufficient service of process under Texas law.
¶ 33        Under Texas law, a “citation” is a formal form of notice given to the defendant upon the
       initiation of a cause of action. See Tex. R. Civ. P. 99 (eff. Jan. 1, 2012) (prescribing the form
       and contents of a citation); Texas Natural Resource Conservation Comm’n v. Sierra Club, 70
       S.W.3d 809, 813 (Tex. 2002) (“ ‘Service of citation’ is *** a term of art that describes the
       formal process by which a party is informed that it has been sued.”). While a citation may be
       served by “mailing to the defendant by registered or certified mail *** a true copy of the
       citation with a copy of the petition attached” (Tex. R. Civ. P. 106(a)(2) (eff. Sept. 1, 1990)),
       “[n]o party or other interested person is authorized to serve the citation; only a sheriff,
       constable, or other person authorized by law or court order may do so.” State v. Bristol Hotel
       Asset Co., 65 S.W.3d 638, 648 (Tex. 2001) (citing Tex. R. Civ. P. 103 (eff. Jan. 1, 1988)).
       “[T]he officer serving the citation must verify the return of service.” Bristol Hotel Asset Co.,
       65 S.W.3d at 648 (citing Tex. R. Civ. P. 107 (eff. Sept. 1, 1990)).
¶ 34        In this case, plaintiffs initiated a cause of action in Texas against defendants. In order to
       effectuate “service of process from” the Texas court, they were thus required to serve
       defendants with a citation in accordance with the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure. Plaintiffs
       did not serve MPC with a citation at any point in the Texas proceedings. Although plaintiffs
       did formally serve a citation upon defendant Woodward on January 31, 2013, the Texas
       district court determined that this service was ineffective because plaintiffs did not act
       diligently under Texas law. We are bound to afford preclusive effect to the Texas court’s
       ruling on this issue. Morris B. Chapman & Associates, Ltd., 193 Ill. 2d at 565. Plaintiffs
       cannot claim in this appeal that their January 31, 2013 service constituted valid service of
       process under Texas law.
¶ 35        Plaintiffs maintain that they served defendants because they mailed defendants’ counsel a
       copy of the complaint on March 15, 2011 and Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 21a provides
       for service by mail. Tex. R. Civ. P. 21a (eff. Sept. 1, 1990). Yet that rule provides for service
       by mail for pleadings “other than the citation to be served upon the filing of a cause of
       action.” Id. While plaintiffs mailed a copy of their petition to defendants’ counsel on March
       15, 2011, nothing in the record suggests that a citation was issued to accompany the petition.
       An affidavit from plaintiffs’ counsel’s assistant, who transcribed the letter, also stated that
       she “mailed the letter *** via first-class United States mail,” not registered or certified mail.
       The record lacks any evidence that the person who mailed the petition was authorized by law
       to serve a citation. To the contrary, plaintiffs’ counsel mailed it and Texas law prohibits a
       party or interested person from serving a citation. The record also lacks a certified return of


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       service. In sum, plaintiffs cannot establish that their March 15, 2011 mailing constituted valid
       service that defendants were obligated to accept pursuant to Rule 187(c)(2).
¶ 36        Even if plaintiffs’ mailing had been a proper method of service in Texas, plaintiffs did
       not trigger defendants’ obligation to accept service under the terms of the forum non
       conveniens order. That order required that plaintiffs serve defendants with process “from [the
       Texas] court.” (Emphasis added.) This language suggests that the Illinois circuit court
       intended that defendants accept service via formal judicial order, e.g., a summons or citation,
       rather than other, informal means. Although the Illinois circuit court arguably could have
       required defendants to accept service through less formal means as a condition to the forum
       non conveniens dismissal, it did not. The only service emanating from the Texas district court
       was plaintiffs’ January 31, 2013 service of Woodward, which the Texas district court found
       to be insufficient. Plaintiffs’ March 15, 2011 letter did not contain a copy of the citation or
       any other court order. In sum, plaintiffs did not effectuate service from the Texas district
       court that defendants would have been obligated to accept under the terms of the forum non
       conveniens order.
¶ 37        Plaintiffs also contend that defendants were aware of their Texas lawsuit, as they had
       participated in the Illinois circuit court proceedings, depositions, and an out-of-court
       mediation. Under Texas law, however, “[t]he propriety of service is evaluated under a
       strict-compliance standard.” MobileVision Imaging Services, L.L.C. v. LifeCare Hospitals of
       North Texas, L.P., 260 S.W.3d 561, 565 (Tex. App. 2008) (citing Boreham v. Hartsell, 826
       S.W.2d 193, 195 (Tex. App. 1992)). “[M]ere knowledge of a pending suit does not place any
       duty on a defendant to act.” Wilson v. Dunn, 800 S.W.2d 833, 837 (Tex. 1990); see also
       MobileVision Imaging Services, L.L.C., 260 S.W.3d at 565 (“The law is clear that reasonable
       notice or actual notice of a pending lawsuit cannot substitute for proper service of process.”).
       Regardless of defendants’ knowledge of plaintiffs’ lawsuit, plaintiffs cannot demonstrate that
       they strictly complied with the requirements of service of process in Texas. Defendants’
       knowledge of the lawsuit did not act as a substitute for service of process.
¶ 38        We recognize that, on an equitable basis, this outcome is disquieting. Defendants were
       fully aware of the pending Texas case, participating in out-of-court actions relating to the
       litigation. Defendants may have maintained an informed, deliberate silence with respect to
       plaintiffs’ service of process. Yet the plain language of Rule 187(c)(2), the language of the
       December 10, 2010 court order, and plaintiffs’ omissions in formally serving defendants
       compel our result. As plaintiffs did not effectuate valid service of process from the Texas
       district court, defendants’ obligation to accept service under Rule 187(c)(2) or the forum non
       conveniens order was not triggered. Defendants did not violate the Illinois circuit court’s
       forum non conveniens order and plaintiffs were thus not entitled to reinstate their complaint
       in Illinois. We affirm the trial court’s dismissal of plaintiffs’ complaint.

¶ 39                                     III. CONCLUSION
¶ 40      For the reasons stated above, we affirm the trial court’s dismissal of plaintiffs’ complaint.

¶ 41      Affirmed.




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