[Cite as State v. Hart, 2013-Ohio-1003.]


                                   IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

                                ELEVENTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                     PORTAGE COUNTY, OHIO


STATE OF OHIO,                                  :       OPINION

                 Plaintiff-Appellant,           :
                                                        CASE NO. 2012-P-0103
        - vs -                                  :

DONALD EUGENE HART,                             :

                 Defendant-Appellee.            :


Criminal Appeal from the Portage County Municipal Court, Ravenna Division, Case No.
R 2012 TRC 6459.

Judgment: Reversed and remanded.


Victor V. Vigluicci, Portage County Prosecutor, and Pamela J. Holder, Assistant
Prosecutor, 241 South Chestnut Street, Ravenna, OH 44266 (For Plaintiff-Appellant).

Dennis Day Lager, Portage County Public Defender, Carolyn K. Mulligan, Assistant
Public Defender, 209 South Chestnut Street, Suite 400, Ravenna, OH 44266 (For
Defendant-Appellee).



TIMOTHY P. CANNON, P.J.

        {¶1}     Appellant, the state of Ohio, pursuant to Crim.R. 12(K), appeals the

judgment of the Portage County Municipal Court, Ravenna Division, granting the motion

to suppress the results of the Intoxilyzer 8000 breath test of appellee, Donald Eugene

Hart. At issue is whether the state has the burden at a suppression hearing to establish

the general scientific reliability of the breath test machine absent any specific challenge
to the conduct of the subject test. For the reasons discussed below, we reverse the

decision of the trial court and remand the matter for further proceedings.

       {¶2}   On May 21, 2012, appellee was charged with a violation of R.C.

4511.19(A)(1)(a) and R.C. 4511.19(A)(1)(d); and speeding, in violation of R.C.

4511.21(D)(2).

       {¶3}   Appellee pled not guilty to the charges. After appellee entered a not guilty

plea, he filed a motion to suppress/motion in limine. After a hearing, the trial court

granted the motion to dismiss, ruling that the breath test results would not be admissible

during the trial. The trial court held that the state was required to present evidence to

establish the scientific reliability of the Intoxilyzer 8000 as a threshold matter for the

admissibility of the machine’s test results.

       {¶4}   The state timely appealed and presents a single assignment of error for

our review:

       {¶5}   “[The] Portage County Municipal Court erred in permitting a general attack

on the scientific reliability of the Intoxilyzer 8000 contrary to Ohio statutes and well-

established case law.”

       {¶6}   In its entry, the trial court noted that it limited its review of appellee’s

motion “solely to the admissibility of a BAC test from the Intoxilyzer 8000.” Therefore,

the trial court made a legal determination that the state was required to produce

evidence regarding the reliability of the Intoxilyzer 8000.

       {¶7}   On appeal, the state contends it is not required to produce expert

witnesses to convince the municipal court of the general scientific reliability of the

Intoxilyzer 8000 as a threshold matter before offering into evidence the breath test




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results. The state maintains the legislature has chosen to delegate this determination to

the Ohio Director of Health, and this delegation has been upheld by the Ohio Supreme

Court in State v. Vega, 12 Ohio St.3d 185 (1984).          Although the state argues a

defendant cannot launch a general attack on the breathalyzer machine, it concedes that

a defendant may attack his specific breath test results.

       {¶8}   In response, appellee argues there is a requirement that scientific

evidence meet threshold standards of reliability before its admittance.          Appellee

maintains the trial court was required to make a threshold determination regarding the

admissibility of the scientific results produced by the Intoxilyzer 8000, and as the state

failed to present any evidence to satisfy this evidentiary threshold, the trial court

properly excluded appellee’s breath test results.

       {¶9}   Both below and on appeal, the state relies upon the Ohio Supreme Court’s

holding in Vega to support its argument that it does not have an obligation to meet the

threshold requirement to present evidence of the reliability of the Intoxilyzer 8000 before

the introduction of breath tests results.

       {¶10} We review a trial court’s legal determinations at a suppression hearing de

novo. State v. Djisheff, 11th Dist. No. 2005-T-0001, 2006-Ohio-6201, ¶19.

       {¶11} The issue raised in this appeal is identical to the issue raised in State v.

Rouse, 11th Dist. No. 2012-P-0030, 2012-Ohio-5584; State v. Carter, 11th Dist No.

2012-P-0027, 2012-Ohio-5583; and State v. Johnson, 11th Dist. No. 2012-P-0008,

2013-Ohio-440.

       {¶12} In these decisions, we recognized the Ohio General Assembly has given

the Director of Health the authority to determine techniques for chemically analyzing a




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person’s breath in order to ascertain the amount of alcohol contained in the person’s

breath. R.C. 3701.143. R.C. 4511.19(D)(1) requires breath samples be analyzed for

alcohol content “in accordance with methods approved by the director pursuant to R.C.

3701.143.” The director has approved the Intoxilyzer 8000 as an evidential breath

testing instrument. OAC 3701-53-02(A)(3).

       {¶13} In these decisions, we followed Vega, supra. The issue before the Vega

Court was whether the defendant may use expert testimony to attack the general

reliability of intoxilyzers in light of R.C. 4511.19 which provided for the admission of the

test results if the tests are analyzed according to methods approved by the director.

The Vega Court held that “an accused is not denied his constitutional right to present a

defense nor is the state relieved of its burden of proving guilt beyond a reasonable

doubt where a trial judge does not permit expert testimony to attack the reliability of

intoxilyzers in general.” Vega at 186.

       {¶14} Applying Vega, we held that while a general attack on the reliability of the

Intoxilyzer is prohibited, the presumption of reliability is nonetheless rebuttable. See

Johnson at ¶32; Rouse at ¶36.

       {¶15} A defendant is therefore entitled to challenge the result of specific

              breath test results based on specific alleged deficiencies in the

              testing equipment; the burden, however, is on the defendant to

              come forward with evidence sufficient to overcome the presumption

              afforded to the Director of the Ohio Department of Health as

              determined by the Ohio Supreme Court in Vega. Rouse at ¶39. In

              light of the evidence produced at the hearing, the trial court may




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              then determine whether to admit the breath test device. Johnson at

              ¶32.

       {¶16} In Johnson, we expressed the reservations that neither R.C. 3701.143 nor

the administrative code sets forth an objective standard enabling a defendant or the

courts to understand the criteria used by the director, if any, in approving the selected

breath test instruments.        Id. at ¶26.   Based on Vega, however, we nevertheless

determined that the director’s placement of the breath testing instrument on the

approved list creates a presumption of its general reliability. Id. at ¶27. This, however,

does not resolve the issue of admissibility. After the presumption attaches, a defendant

may make specific challenges to the reliability of the Intoxilyzer 8000. And, in light of

the evidence adduced at the hearing, a court may determine whether to admit the

breath test evidence pursuant to its gatekeeping function. See Rouse, supra, passim.

       {¶17} The state’s assignment of error is with merit.

       {¶18} For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the Portage County Municipal

Court, Ravenna Division, is reversed, and the matter is remanded for proceedings

consistent with this opinion.


DIANE V. GRENDELL, J., concurs in judgment only with a Concurring Opinion,

THOMAS R. WRIGHT, J., dissents with a Dissenting Opinion.


                                   ____________________


DIANE V. GRENDELL, J., concurs in judgment only with a Concurring Opinion.

       {¶19} I concur in the judgment of this court, that, pursuant to R.C.

4511.19(D)(1)(b) and R.C. 3701.143, as interpreted by State v. Vega, 12 Ohio St.3d



                                               5
185, 465 N.E.2d 1303 (1984), a defendant may not challenge the general reliability of

the Intoxilyzer 8000 as a testing instrument approved by the Ohio director of health.

          {¶20} I write separately, however, because I have reservations with this court’s

reading of the Ohio Supreme Court’s Vega decision as creating a “rebuttable”

presumption as to the general reliability of approved testing instruments.

          {¶21} In Vega, the Ohio Supreme Court made clear that “an accused may not

make a general attack upon the reliability and validity of the breath testing instrument.”

Id. at 190. The court explained that, by enacting R.C. 4511.19, the General Assembly

“ha[s] legislatively resolved the questions of the reliability and relevancy of intoxilyzer

tests.”     Id. at 188.     “[The judiciary must recognize] the necessary legislative

determination that breath tests, properly conducted, are reliable irrespective that not all

experts wholly agree and that the common law foundational evidence has, for

admissibility, been replaced by statute and rule; and that the legislative delegation was

to the Director of Health, not the court, the discretionary authority for adoption of

appropriate tests and procedures, including breath test devices.” Id. at 188-189, citing

State v. Brockway, 2 Ohio App.3d 227, 232, 441 N.E.2d 602 (4th Dist.1981).

          {¶22} The language of Vega does not support the position that a rebuttable

presumption exists with regard to a testing instrument’s general reliability. In fact, Vega

only speaks of a rebuttable presumption in the context “that one is under the influence

of alcohol if there is a specific concentration of alcohol by weight in one’s blood.” Id. at

187. Vega did not speak of a presumption, rebuttable or otherwise, in connection with

the general reliability of testing instruments.




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       {¶23} Under Vega, the admissibility and weight of the results of a breath testing

instrument may be challenged on other grounds. When duly challenged, the State must

demonstrate that the bodily substance was “analyzed in accordance with methods

approved by the director of health” and “by an individual possessing a valid permit.”

R.C. 4511.19(D)(1)(b). “There is no question that the accused may * * * attack the

reliability of the specific testing procedure and the qualifications of the operator,” as well

as present “expert testimony as to testing procedures at trial going to weight rather than

admissibility.” Vega at 189. Thus, “[t]he defendant may still challenge the accuracy of

his specific test results, although he may not challenge the general accuracy of the

legislatively determined test procedure as a valid scientific means of determining blood

alcohol levels.” State v. Tanner, 15 Ohio St.3d 1, 6, 472 N.E.2d 689 (1984); Columbus

v. Aleshire, 187 Ohio App.3d 660, 2010-Ohio-2773, 933 N.E.2d 317, ¶ 27 (10th Dist.)

(“while [supreme court precedent] permits evidentiary objections to the test results

challenging issues such as competency, admissibility, relevancy, authenticity, and

credibility, it does not indicate that a challenge to the ‘general reliability’ is among the

permissible challenges”).

       {¶24} With these reservations, I concur in the judgment of this court.


                                 ____________________


THOMAS R. WRIGHT, J., dissents with a Dissenting Opinion.

       {¶25} R.C. 4511.19(D)(1)(b) does not mandate admissibility of breath test

results derived from the Intoxilyzer 8000.        Rather, that statute which, by its plain




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language controls the issue in this case, vests the trial court with discretion regarding

admissibility despite approval from the director. I, therefore, respectfully dissent.

       {¶26} R.C. 3701.143 empowers the director to approve breath testing devices,

and R.C. 4511.19(D)(1)(b) grants trial courts the discretion to admit the results from

approved devices without further proof of reliability when circumstances warrant.

Although some claim the contrary, nobody is correct all the time. In recognizing human

fallibility, the legislature had the wisdom to vest within the trial court the discretion per

R.C.4511.19(D)(1)(b) to conduct further inquiry when there is an issue as to the

reliability of an approved breath testing device before admitting the results.

       {¶27} R.C. 4511.19(D)(1)(b) states that “[i]n any criminal prosecution or juvenile

court proceeding for a violation of division (A) or (B) of this section or for an equivalent

offense that is vehicle-related, the court may admit evidence on the concentration of

alcohol, drugs of abuse, controlled substances, metabolites of a controlled substance,

or a combination of them in the defendant’s whole blood, blood serum or plasma,

breath, urine, or other bodily substance at the time of the alleged violation as shown by

chemical analysis of the substance withdrawn within three hours of the time of the

alleged violation[,]” and “[t]he bodily substance withdrawn under division (D)(1)(b) of this

section shall be analyzed in accordance with methods approved by the director of

health by an individual possessing a valid permit issued by the director pursuant to

section 3701.143 of the Revised Code.” (Emphasis added.)

       {¶28} The statute does not use the word “shall,” which would mandate

admission regardless of the circumstances. Rather, the statute uses the word “may.”

For purposes of statutory construction, “use of the word ‘may’ is generally construed to




                                             8
make the provision in which it is contained optional, permissive, or discretionary * * *.”

Dorrian v. Scioto Conservancy Dist., 27 Ohio St.2d 102, 107 (1971); State v. Suchevits,

138 Ohio App.3d 99, 102 (11th Dist. 1999).

       {¶29} In this case, the trial court exercised its discretion not to admit the breath

test absent proof from the state that the Intoxilyzer 8000 is generally reliable, a decision

consistent with the discretion it possesses under R.C. 4511.19(D)(1)(b). As reliability

presents a threshold admissibility issue, reliability, as opposed to the weight to be

afforded any admitted evidence, is one for the trial court. Knott v Revolution Software

Inc., 181 Ohio App.3d 519, 2009-Ohio-1191, ¶45 (5th Dist.); State v. Riley, 6th Dist. No.

WD-03-076, 2007-Ohio-879, ¶27 (expert testimony must be deemed reliable before it is

deemed admissible); Saad v. Shimano American Corp., 2000 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 10974,

*7 (N.D. Ill. 2000)(The Supreme Court has made it clear that the courts must allow into

evidence only expert testimony that meets certain threshold standards of reliability and

usefulness).

       {¶30} Moreover, the determination of evidential reliability necessarily implicates

the defendant’s substantive due process rights.

       {¶31} “Substantive due process, [although an] ephemeral concept, protects

specific fundamental rights of individual freedom and liberty from deprivation at the

hands of arbitrary and capricious government action. The fundamental rights protected

by substantive due process arise from the Constitution itself and have been defined as

those rights which are ‘implicit in the concept of ordered liberty.’ (* * *) While this is

admittedly a somewhat vague definition, it is generally held that an interest in liberty or

property must be impaired before the protections of substantive due process become




                                             9
available.” State v. Small, 162 Ohio App.3d 375, 2005-Ohio-3813, ¶11 (10th Dist.),

quoting Gutzwiller v. Fenik, 860 F. 2d. 1317, 1328 (6th Cir. 1989).

       {¶32} However vague the conceptual parameters of one’s substantive due

process guarantees may be, the following principle is clear; “[substantive] * * * due

process is violated by the introduction of seemingly conclusive, but actually unreliable

evidence.” Barefoot v. Estelle, 463 U.S. 880, 931, fn. 10 (1983).

       {¶33} The trial court was aware that other courts had deemed the Intoxilyzer

8000 unreliable even though it was approved. Against this backdrop, the court ordered

the state to establish the general reliability of the Intoxilyzer 8000 before admitting the

results. Given the constitutional gravity of admitting unreliable results, however, and its

statutory authority to act as gatekeeper regarding breath test results, the lower court’s

decision to require the state to produce evidence of the machines reliability was an

eminently reasonable and sound legal decision. “[A]n abuse of discretion is the trial

court’s ‘failure to exercise sound, reasonable, and legal decision-making.’” State v.

Beechler, 2d Dist. No. 09-CA-54, 2010-Ohio-1900, ¶62, quoting Black’s Law Dictionary

(8 Ed.Rev.2004) 11.

       {¶34} Rather than present evidence of the general reliability of the Intoxilyzer

8000, the state took the position that the trial court could not require it to do so pursuant

to Vega and its progeny. Vega, 12 Ohio St.3d 185 (1984). I do not read Vega as

holding that under no circumstances can a trial court exercise its discretion to require

evidence of general reliability of an approved breath testing device as a condition to

admissibility.




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       {¶35} In Vega, the court held “* * * an accused is not denied his constitutional

right to present a defense nor is the state relieved of its burden of proving guilt beyond a

reasonable doubt where a trial judge does not permit expert testimony to attack the

reliability of intoxilyzers in general.” (Emphasis added.) Id. at 186.

       {¶36} Threshold admissibility was not at issue in Vega. That is, the defendant

made no challenge to the trial court’s admission of his breath test result. Instead, after

the state presented its case and rested, the defendant attempted to present a

“reliability” defense by attacking intoxilyzers in general. See also State v. Vega, 5th

Dist. No. CA-1766, 1993 Ohio App. LEXIS 14350, *16 (Nov. 22, 1983)(Hoffman, J.,

dissenting). Unlike Vega, 12 Ohio St.3d 185, threshold admissibility is the issue in the

case before us.      Moreover, unlike Vega, our case is not about the reliability of

intoxilyzers in general. Our case is limited to whether the Intoxilyzer 8000 is reliable. In

short, the circumstances at issue in Vega were fundamentally distinguishable from

those in our case.

       {¶37} Additionally, the rule in Vega does not contemplate a situation where, as

here, an approved device’s general reliability has been assessed by other courts for

both use in and out of this state and the device’s reliability has been found suspect.

See State v. Johnson, Portage County Municipal Court, January 6, 2012.                Vega

expressly states that its holding does not involve a situation where the defense asserts

that there was an abuse of discretion by the director in approving the breath testing

device at issue. Vega at 187, fn. 2. Obviously, in our case, if the Intoxilyzer 8000 is

unreliable, approval would amount to an abuse of discretion and admission of the test

results a violation of substantive due process.




                                            11
       {¶38} Breath tests are “‘* * * generally recognized as being reasonably reliable

on the issue of intoxication when conducted with proper equipment and by competent

operators.’” (Emphasis added.) Vega at 186, quoting Westerville v. Cunningham, 15

Ohio St.2d 121, 128 (1968). Thus, the central issue as presented in the case before us,

does the Intoxilyzer 8000 qualify as “proper equipment”? The answer is “yes” if it is

generally reliable and “no” if it is not. This is a query, however, that, under Ohio law, a

trial court is entitled to resolve pursuant to R.C. 4511.19(D)(1)(b).

       {¶39} In this case, the trial court exercised its discretion to safeguard the

defendant’s right to substantive due process by merely requiring the state to show the

Intoxilyzer 8000 is generally reliable. Under the circumstances, this decision was sound

and reasonable. This is particularly true in light of the fact that a trial court is vested

with broad discretion in the admission or exclusion of evidence and in recognition that it

has inherent power to exclude or strike evidence on its own motion. Caroll v. Caroll, 7th

Dist. No. 89-C-1, 1990 Ohio App. LEXIS 1339, *8 (April 5, 1990); Neil v. Hamilton

County, 87 Ohio App.3d 670; Oakbrook Realty Corp. v. Blout, 48 Ohio App.3d 69, 70

(10th Dist. 1988).

       {¶40} Given the foregoing point, there is no reason to remand this case to the

trial court based upon perceived inadequacies in the motion to suppress. The trial court

made it abundantly clear that it would not admit the test results absent proof of reliability

of the Intoxilyzer 8000. Requiring the proponent to establish the reliability of scientific

evidence is something that a trial court may require as previously discussed. The state

was well aware of what the trial court required when it ordered the state to produce

evidence of the Intoxilyzer 8000’s reliability, independent and irrespective of the




                                             12
contents of the motion to suppress. Accordingly, there is no procedural due process

violation of the state’s right to notice and an opportunity to be heard. The trial court’s

order was unambiguous and an exercise of the sound discretion as the gatekeeper of

breath test result admissibility.

       {¶41} When an appellate court is reviewing a pure issue of law, “the mere fact

that the reviewing court would decide the issue differently is enough to find error (of

course, not all errors are reversible. Some are harmless; others are not preserved for

appellate review). By contrast, where the issue on review has been confined to the

discretion of the trial court, the mere fact that the reviewing court would have reached a

different result is not enough, without more, to find error.” Sertz v. Sertz, 11th Dist. No.

2011-L-063, quoting Beechler, 2010-Ohio-1900 at ¶67.

       {¶42} This appeal is centered around a discretionary decision made by the trial

court. As I find the court’s decision not only reasonable, but constitutionally astute, I

would affirm the trial court’s exclusion of the breath test in light of the state’s refusal to

present evidence on the issue.




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