         IN THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS OF WEST VIRGINIA



                                  January 2017 Term
                                     __________
                                                                 FILED
                                     No. 16-0151               May 17, 2017
                                                                 released at 3:00 p.m.
                                     __________                RORY L. PERRY, II CLERK
                                                             SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                  OF WEST VIRGINIA
                                  EDITH YOUNG,
                               Plaintiff below, Petitioner

                                           v.

                                      EOSCCA,
                             Defendant below, Respondent

         ______________________________________________________

                 Appeal from the Circuit Court of Kanawha County
                            Honorable Charles E. King
                           Civil Action No. 14-C-1326

                               AFFIRMED
         _______________________________________________________

                               Submitted: May 2, 2017
                                Filed: May 17, 2017


Benjamin M. Sheridan, Esq.              Nicholas P. Mooney, Esq.

Klein & Sheridan, LC                    Nicholas S. Preservati, Esq.

Hurricane, West Virginia                David L. Shuman, Jr., Esq.

Counsel for Petitioner                  Spilman Thomas & Battle, PLLC

                                        Charleston, West Virginia
                                        Counsel for Respondent



CHIEF JUSTICE LOUGHRY delivered the Opinion of the Court.
                                       SYLLABUS




              By limiting the right to recover for a violation of the West Virginia Consumer

Credit and Protection Act to those persons defined as “consumers,” the Legislature has

expressly prohibited any persons falling outside the definition of a “consumer” from seeking

damages and statutory penalties pursuant to the provisions of West Virginia Code § 46A-5­

101 (2015).
LOUGHRY, Chief Justice:



                The petitioner, Edith Young, appeals from the February 2, 2016, order of the

Circuit Court of Kanawha County granting summary judgment to the respondent, EOS

CCA1 (“EOS”), in connection with her complaint against EOS asserting, inter alia,

violations of the West Virginia Consumer Credit and Protection Act (the “Act”).2 Ms.

Young challenges the circuit court’s ruling that she is not a “consumer” within the

applicable definitions of the Act.3 Upon careful scrutiny of the Act’s provisions, we do not

find that the circuit court committed error and, accordingly, affirm.



                          I. Factual and Procedural Background

                Ms. Young filed her complaint against EOS on July 23, 2014, alleging that

       1
        According to respondent’s corporate representative, EOS USA, EOS CCA, and
Collecto, Inc. are the same company and have the same parent company–EOS Group, which
is based in Germany.
       2
           See W.Va. Code §§ 46A-1-1 to -8-102 (2015 & Supp. 2016).
       3
         Although the parties filed a motion to withdraw several days before the case was set
for argument indicating they had reached a settlement agreement in this matter, we choose
to address the statutory issue presented in this case to resolve a matter that is likely to be
raised again and yet evade review by this judicial body. See Syl. Pt. 1, Israel by Israel v.
W.V.S.S.A.C., 182 W.Va. 454, 388 S.E.2d 480 (1989) (announcing three-part test for
addressing technically moot issues); Syl. Pt. 1, State ex rel. M.C.H. v. Kinder, 173 W.Va.
387, 317 S.E.2d 150 (1984) (“A case is not rendered moot even though a party to the
litigation has had a change in status such that he no longer has a legally cognizable interest
in the litigation or the issues have lost their adversarial vitality, if such issues are capable of
repetition and yet will evade review.”).

                                                1

EOS, a debt collector, had violated the Act by engaging in unreasonable or oppressive or

abusive conduct in an attempt to collect a debt. She averred that EOS had repeatedly called

her home and continued to attempt to communicate with her after she indicated she was

represented by counsel. In addition to asserting violations of the Act, Ms. Young alleged

common law claims grounded in negligence, intentional infliction of emotional distress, and

invasion of privacy.



                Discovery in this matter ensued in accordance with the trial court’s issuance

of a scheduling order. When Ms. Young was deposed in November 2015, she answered

preliminary questions to confirm that she resided with her husband, who was then eighty-

three and suffering from Alzheimer’s,4 and to verify that she had the same telephone number

for all times relevant to this case. Ms. Young testified regarding a document tendered

through discovery on which she had recorded her receipt of numerous phone calls from the

same 800 number.5 She testified that “Bank Americard” appeared on her caller ID when

each of those phone calls rang into her home.6 According to her testimony, Ms. Young



       4
       Ms. Young indicated that she, too, suffered from some health problems and took
medication that might have an affect on her recall abilities.
       5
           That number was 800-478-5852.
       6
       An affidavit prepared by Catherine Belmore, a business analyst for EOD CCA,
averred that “EOS CCA does not cause ‘Bank of America,’ ‘Bank America Card,’ ‘Bank
Americard,’ or any such similar moniker to be displayed on a caller identification device
when it places telephone calls to collect on an account.”

                                              2

never picked up the phone to speak with the caller; she just registered the caller’s identifying

information that appeared on her phone. On one occasion, however, Ms. Young contends

she did answer the phone. She purportedly informed the caller on August 13, 2013, when

her caller ID revealed the caller as Bank Americard, that they should contact her attorney.7

She further admits, however, that “I don’t know who was on the other end. I didn’t hear

nobody.” Ms. Young also acknowledges that the call might have been for someone other

than herself.



                While Ms. Young admittedly has a credit-related debt with Bank Americard,8

she does not have any specific debt in connection with the calls that EOS made to her land

line phone. The calls EOS made to Ms. Young’s home were in an attempt to locate an

AT&T customer who was delinquent on his account.9 That entity is a non-party to this

lawsuit, whose identity the trial court permitted the respondent to protect. Ms. Young

asserts that seventy-three such calls were made by EOS. The corporate records of EOS



       7
        The record in this case contains an averment from Catherine Belmore, business
analyst, that “EOS CCA has no record of receiving attorney notification from Edith Young.”
       8
       When asked why she filed suit against EOS, she testified, “I did not file against
them.” Ms. Young insisted that her claim involved the credit card issuers such as Bank
Americard to whom she owed money. The record is clear that EOS did not collect funds for
Bank Americard at any time pertinent to this lawsuit; they stopped doing so on July 23,
2010.
       9
       EOS believes that it retrieved the Young residence number from a skip trace service
provided by LexisNexis.

                                               3

reflect that same number of contacts being made to the phone number associated with Ms.

Young’s residence.10



              During the deposition of Brian Soule, the corporate manager of training and

development at EOS USA, the petitioner’s counsel played a recording of a purported

telephone conversation between EOS and Ms. Young that allegedly occurred on September

5, 2013. The caller asked for either “Jim” or “James,”11 to which Ms. Young responded that

“he’s not home or he’s not available or he’s not there.”12 Mr. Soule explained that EOS

would stop calling a third-party number such as Ms. Young’s where they were simply trying

to gain information helpful to locate the actual consumer with the subject debt “if they

indicated to us that the person does not live there and we have the wrong number or asked

us to stop calling.” While Mr. Soule testified that their company records lacked any notation

of this conversation, he indicated that such an omission may have been a systemic collection

error.



         10
        As respondent’s corporate manager of training and development explained, the
phone calls to Ms. Young’s residence–since she was not listed as the consumer on an AT&T
account–were being made to locate the actual consumer.
         11
         During the hearing on EOS’ motion for summary judgment, the petitioner’s counsel
argued that the recording suggests the caller asked if “GLEMP” was there. However, during
the deposition of Mr. Soule, there was no discussion concerning the clarity of the recording
in terms of the caller asking for either “Jim” or “James.”
         12
       Ms. Young testified that her husband, her son, and her grandson are all named
James Young.

                                             4

                 On December 11, 2015, EOS filed a motion for summary judgment in which

it asserted Ms. Young lacked standing to seek relief under the Act because she failed to fall

within the applicable definitions of “consumer” provided in the Act. In an attempt to defeat

the standing argument, the petitioner filed an affidavit in which she avowed her status as a

consumer in general due to debts she owed to Bank of America, Home Depot, Suddenlink

Communications, and several other unnamed corporations.



                 Following a hearing on the summary judgment motion,13 the trial court issued

an order on February 2, 2016, granting summary judgment to EOS and dismissing the

petitioner’s complaint. In its ruling, the trial court examined the definitions of the term

“consumer” provided in the Act and concluded that the record is clear that the petitioner

“does not owe a debt to Defendant [EOS].” As the circuit court reasoned, the “Defendant

was calling the Number to collect a debt owed from a non-party to this case. There is no

evidence on the record from which a jury could reasonably find that Defendant somehow

alleged that Plaintiff owed a debt to it.” After finding that Ms. Young did not have standing

to assert a claim under the Act based on her non-consumer status in connection with the

referenced debt, the circuit court determined that she also could not succeed under a theory

of common law negligence with regard to those same allegations. This ruling was based on

a finding that Ms. Young had failed to show there was a legal duty on the part of EOS to


       13
            The hearing was held on January 12, 2016.

                                               5

“train, supervise, monitor or otherwise control its employees” to ensure that those employees

comply with the provisions of the Act. As to the intentional infliction of emotional distress

claim, the circuit court found the absence of any evidence from which a jury could

reasonably find that EOS intentionally harassed Ms. Young or caused her severe emotional

distress. As the court’s ruling accurately reflects, “Plaintiff testified that she had no reaction

to the phone calls about which she is complaining.” In dismissing the petitioner’s invasion

of privacy claim, the trial court ruled there was a lack of evidence to support this claim.14

It is from this grant of summary judgment that the petitioner seeks relief.15




       14
            In making this finding the trial court reasoned as follows:

                        There is no evidence that Plaintiff advised or requested
                 Defendant to stop calling the Number; no evidence that Plaintiff
                 advised Defendant it had a wrong telephone number; no
                 evidence that Plaintiff advised Defendant the person it intended
                 to reach did not live at the residence. There is no evidence that
                 Defendant even knew or had reason to know that the Number
                 belonged, in part, to Plaintiff. There is not even evidence that
                 Plaintiff ever spoke with Defendant. (emphasis supplied)

The final sentence is disputed as the recording produced at Mr. Soule’s deposition purports
to be a communication between Ms. Young and an employee of EOS.
       15
         The petitioner has only appealed the circuit court’s grant of summary judgment with
regard to the claim she brought pursuant to the Act; she has not raised any error with regard
to the dismissal of her negligence, intentional infliction of emotional distress, and invasion
of privacy claims.

                                                6

                                 II. Standard of Review

              Our review of this matter is plenary. See Syl. Pt. 1, Painter v. Peavy, 192

W.Va. 189, 451 S.E.2d 755 (1994). It is axiomatic that a motion for summary judgment

should only be granted when there is no genuine issue of fact to be tried and when further

inquiry into the facts is not required for purposes of applying the law. See Syl. Pt. 3, Aetna

Cas. & Surety Co. v. Fed. Ins. Co. of New York, 148 W.Va. 160, 133 S.E.2d 770 (1963).

Because we must resolve whether the circuit court correctly determined that the petitioner

does not qualify as a “customer” under the Act, our review is further guided by this Court’s

recognition that “[w]here the issue on an appeal from the circuit court is clearly a question

of law or involving an interpretation of a statute, we apply a de novo standard of review.”

Syl. Pt. 1, Chrystal R.M. v. Charlie A.L., 194 W.Va. 138, 459 S.E.2d 415 (1995). With

these principles in mind, we proceed to determine whether the circuit court committed error

in its grant of summary judgment.



                                      III. Discussion

              Seeking to expand the term “consumer,” Ms. Young contends she should be

permitted to pursue a cause of action against EOS under the Act despite the fact that EOS

was not seeking to speak to her in connection with a debt she personally owed. According

to Ms. Young, she qualifies as a “consumer” in a generic fashion based on debts she owes

to creditors other than EOS’ client. Alternatively, she maintains that the Act can be read as


                                              7

allowing a claim where abusive debt collection practices are being made in connection with

the debt owed by a third party. Upon examination, each of these arguments fails.



              The right to seek relief under the Act is set forth in article five: “If a creditor

or debt collector has violated the provisions of this chapter applying to . . . fraudulent or

unconscionable conduct, any prohibited debt collection practice, . . . , the consumer has a

cause of action to recover” actual damages and a penalty of $1,000 per violation. W.Va.

Code § 46A-5-101(1) (2015). The Act provides two definitions of a “consumer.” Under

the general definitions, the term “consumer” is defined as “a natural person who incurs debt

pursuant to a consumer credit sale or a consumer loan, or debt or other obligations pursuant

to a consumer lease.” Id. at § 46A-1-102(12) (2015). Article two contains a separate

definition pertaining specifically to improper credit collection practices. For those specified

provisions, a “consumer” is defined as “any natural person obligated or allegedly obligated

to pay any debt.” Id. at § 46A-2-122 (2015).



              Because the petitioner specifically alleged violations of article two of the Act,

the definition set forth in West Virginia Code § 46A-2-122 is the governing definition. In

Ballard v. Bank of America, N.A., No. 2:12-2496, 2013 WL 5963068 (S.D. W.Va. Nov. 7,

2013), the district court examined the contention that a plaintiff could come within the

article two definition of a “consumer” based on the “allegedly obligated to pay” language.


                                               8

Id. at *11. The court rejected the plaintiff’s argument that although he was not actually

obligated to repay the subject debt, he came within the purview of “allegedly obligated to

pay” because of a foreclosure notice and his holding of an interest in the property that served

as security for the note at issue. Id. Differentiating this scenario from one in which a lender

personally demanded payment from a non-debtor, the district court in Ballard underscored

how Bank of America had made clear that the plaintiff addressee of its letters “had ‘no

personal obligation’ to repay any money.” Id. As a result, the plaintiff failed to meet the

“critical element of the definition of ‘consumer’ found in section 122(a)”– to show that he

was “obligated or allegedly obligated to pay any debt.” Id., W.Va. Code § 46A-2-122.



              The petitioner attempts to insinuate herself as an “alleged debtor” based solely

on the repetitive phone calls made to her household. According to Ms. Young, it is logical

to presume that she qualifies as an alleged debtor based on the repeated occurrence of phone

calls from EOS. Where this argument fails, however, is in its assumption that the phone

calls were being made in an attempt to collect a debt from the petitioner. As this case

demonstrates, a creditor or its agent may lawfully seek contact with a third party such as Ms.

Young in an attempt to locate the actual debtor. Significantly, there is no evidence in the

record submitted in this case that EOS ever identified Ms. Young as a debtor or sought to

communicate that she personally owed money. In fact, the opposite is true as the one time

that Ms. Young ostensibly spoke with an EOS employee, she learned instantly that she was


                                              9

not the individual with whom they were seeking to communicate. Like the plaintiff in

Ballard, the petitioner “is unable to show that [s]he was at least allegedly obligated.”

Ballard, 2013 WL 5963068 at *11.



                 The parameters of what constitutes an “alleged obligation” was discussed in

Fabian v. Home Loan Center, Inc., No. 5:14-CV-42, 2014 WL 1648289 (N.D. W.Va. April

24, 2014). The plaintiffs argued in Fabian that their home equity debt, while discharged in

bankruptcy, was still an “alleged obligation” because to avoid foreclosure on their home–the

collateral for the debt–they were required to make payments. Rejecting their argument and

adopting the analysis in Ballard, the court reasoned:

                 The phrase “alleged obligation” extends the reach of the Act to
                 certain collection activities conducted without regard to whether
                 the debt is actually owed–as in Croye,16 where the lender
                 repeatedly asserted that the debtor was required to pay the debt
                 although the debtor had no personal obligation, or as in Diaz v.
                 D.L. Recovery Corp., 486 F.Supp.2d 474, 475 (E.D. Pa. 2007),
                 where the “debt” sought to be collected never actually existed
                 at all. . . . Here, plaintiffs have made no allegation that
                 LendingTree or BONY have represented to plaintiffs that they
                 remain personally liable on the debt. Croye is therefore
                 inapposite. Plaintiffs have failed to demonstrate that they are
                 allegedly obligated to pay within the meaning of the Act.

Fabian, 2014 WL 1648289 at *6 (emphasis supplied and footnote added); accord McNeely

v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., 115 F.Supp.3d 779, 785-86 (S.D. W.Va. 2015) (finding that ex­



       16
            Croye v. GreenPont Mortg. Funding, Inc., 740 F.Supp.2d 788 (S.D. W.Va. 2010).

                                                10

husband lacked standing under Act despite assumption of mortgage payments following

divorce because he neither signed mortgage loan nor was treated by lender as personally

obligated on debt); see also Ballard, 2013 WL 5963068 at *11(finding that decision to

continue making payments to retain collateral does not give rise to “alleged obligation”

under the Act).



              In Payne v. Green Tree Servicing, No. 2:05-cv–00293 (S.D. W.Va. March 7,

2006), the district court considered the precise issue presented in this case–the standing of

a third party who received telephone calls related to a debtor’s financial obligation to pursue

a claim under the Act. As in this case, the defendant argued that the plaintiff, as a non-

consumer, lacked standing to bring an action under the Act. And, like Ms. Young, the

plaintiff in Payne looked to the statutory usage of “any person” with regard to the prohibited

actions set forth in West Virginia Code § 46A-2-125. Given that the statute prohibits debt

collectors from oppressing or abusing “any person” in connection with the collection or

attempt to collect any alleged debt, Ms. Young asserted that framing a statutory violation in

such an expansive manner while limiting recovery under the Act to only “consumers”

rendered West Virginia Code § 46A-2-125 meaningless to non-consumers.



              Rejecting this same argument in Payne, the district court explained that non-

consumers do have a remedy for violations of the Act:


                                              11

              [T]his argument fails because other methods exist that validly
              can enforce the statute’s prohibition of this type of conduct to
              nonconsumers. For example, a nonconsumer can file a
              complaint with the Consumer Protection Division of the
              Attorney General[‘s] Office. Section 46A-7-103 of the West
              Virginia Code allows the Attorney General to “pursue any
              investigation, prosecute any suit and take any other proper
              action relating to the enforcement of any consumer protection
              provision in [the WVCCPA].” Moreover, because the West
              Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals has stated that a violation
              of any statute is a prima facie case of negligence, a
              nonconsumer can bring an action against a debt collecting
              company under a negligence theory. Accordingly, Ms. Payne’s
              claim that limiting suit under the WVCCPA to “consumers”
              would render the application of West Virginia Code Section
              46A-2-125 to nonconsumers “meaningless or useless” is
              without merit.

Payne, slip op. at pp. 4-5 (internal citation omitted). The district court reasoned further that

the Legislature intended to limit the ability to bring a private cause of action under the Act

to consumers. See W.Va. Code § 46A-5-101(1). By expressly restricting such actions to

consumers, the Legislature provided that not just “any person” but only those individuals

qualifying as “consumers” may seek recovery under the Act. See id. As the Court sagely

intuited in Payne, “[w]hile the legislature may have wanted to prohibit excessive calls to

those who were not ‘consumers’ as defined by the act, it also wanted to limit recovery under

the act to actual ‘consumers’ because ‘consumers’ are the class of people most likely to be

harmed by violations of the WVCCPA.” Payne, slip op. at p. 6. We agree.




                                              12

              Ms. Young would like to qualify in a generic fashion as a consumer based on

the fact that she owes money to creditors other than AT&T. Her attempt to cast herself as

a “consumer” under the Act fails because the statutes at issue are clear that the individual

seeking civil recovery must owe or allegedly owe the debt at the center of the collection

activity. That the Legislature designed the Act in terms of connecting the prohibited debt

collection practices to the specific debt at issue is readily apparent. Each of the three

sections under which Ms. Young asserts a violation of the Act links the prohibited conduct

to the collection or attempt to collect a “claim.” See W.Va. Code §§ 46A-2-125, -127, -128.

Critically, the term “claim” is defined for purposes of article two as

              any obligation or alleged obligation of a consumer to pay
              money arising out of a transaction in which the money,
              property, insurance or service which is the subject of the
              transaction is primarily for personal, family or household
              purposes, whether or not such obligation has been reduced to
              judgment.

W.Va. Code § 46A-2-122(b) (emphasis supplied). This statutory definition leaves no doubt

that a “consumer” seeking recovery under the provisions of West Virginia Code § 46A-5­

101(1) “for any prohibited debt collection practice” must be obligated or allegedly obligated

to owe the specific debt at issue. In the instant case, the record makes clear that Ms. Young

was neither obligated to AT&T on the debt at issue nor was she ever advised by its debt

collector EOS that she was obligated on the subject debt. As discussed above, nothing in

the record of this case suggests that Ms. Young had any belief that EOS was seeking to

collect a debt from her–alleged or otherwise.

                                             13

              In a final attempt to persuade us that she has standing under the Act, Ms.

Young looks to federal case law in which nonconsumers have been recognized to come

within the ambit of the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (“FDCPA”). See, e.g., Bridge v.

Ocwen Fed. Bank, FSB, 681 F.3d 355, 361-62 (6th Cir. 2012); cf. Dunham v. Portfolio

Recovery Assocs., LLC, 663 F.3d 997, 1001 (8th Cir. 2011) (observing that “‘[s]everal

sections of the FDCPA . . . restrict the scope of [the FDCPA’s] application by including the

word ‘consumer’ in the text”) (citations omitted). In contrast to our Act, the FDCPA

broadly extends its rights of enforcement “with respect to any person.” 15 U.S.C. §

1692k(a) (2012). As the Fourth Circuit recognized in Rawlinson v. Law Office of William

M. Rudow, LLC, 460 Fed.Appx. 254 (4th Cir. 2012), “any aggrieved party, not just a debtor,

may bring an action under the statute [FDCPA]” absent statutory limitation. Id. at 257. In

marked contrast to the authorizing language of the FDCPA, our Act expressly limits its grant

of civil enforcement suits to “consumers.” See W.Va. Code § 46A-5-101(1). Given this

incontestable enforcement limitation, Ms. Young’s contention that a coextensive grant of

broad enforcement authority exists simply because the FDCPA and the Act both address

debt collection practices is decidedly specious.17


       17
         Counsel for Ms. Young conceded during oral argument that no existing case law,
federal or state, interprets the Act in the manner he was advocating. As the district court
sagely recognized in Payne, “[i]f the legislature wished to create a cause of action for ‘any
person’ . . . , it would have simply used the phrase ‘any person’ instead of the word
‘consumer’ as it did in West Virginia Code Section 46A-2-125.” Payne, supra, at pp. 5-6.
This judicial body has no authority to rewrite legislation that clearly limits civil recovery to
“consumers.” If the Legislature wishes to broaden the reach of the Act’s enforcement

                                              14

              Under the Act, the term “consumer” has a specific definition and only those

persons meeting that definition may bring a private cause of action. Accordingly, we hold

that by limiting the right to recover for a violation of the Act to those persons defined as

“consumers,” the Legislature has expressly prohibited any persons falling outside the

definition of a “consumer” from seeking damages and statutory penalties pursuant to the

provisions of West Virginia Code § 46A-5-101. Given that Ms. Young clearly does not

come within the definition of “consumer” set forth in West Virginia Code § 46A-2-122, the

circuit court correctly ruled that she lacked standing to pursue a claim under the Act.



                                     IV. Conclusion

              Based on the foregoing, the February 2, 2016, order of the Circuit Court of

Kanawha County is affirmed.

                                                                                  Affirmed.




provisions to nonconsumers, it may easily amend the Act’s limiting language.

                                            15
