Filed 9/11/14 P. v. Dubose CA2/5
                  NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
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or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.


              IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                     SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                  DIVISION FIVE


THE PEOPLE,                                                          B250215

         Plaintiff and Respondent,                                   (Los Angeles County
                                                                     Super. Ct. No. MA057915)
         v.

THOMAS CARLTON DUBOSE,

         Defendant and Appellant.


         APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County, Lisa M.
Chung, Judge. Affirmed.
         Al Fadel Amer, for Defendant and Appellant.
         Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Dane R. Gillette, Chief Assistant Attorney
General, Lance E. Winters, Assistant Attorney General, James William Bilderback,
Marc A. Kohm and Alene M. Games, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and
Respondent.
       Appellant Thomas Carlton Dubose was convicted, following a jury trial, of two
counts of assault with a deadly weapon in violation of Penal Code section 245,
subdivision (a)(1), and one count of hit and run driving in violation of Vehicle Code
section 2002, subdivision (a). Appellant was sentenced to three years in state prison.
Appellant appeals from the judgment of conviction, contending the prosecutor engaged in
misconduct throughout the trial and further contending his trial counsel’s failure to
properly object to the prosecutorial misconduct constituted ineffective assistance of
counsel. The judgment of conviction is affirmed.


                                      Summary of the Facts
       On April 17, 2012, around 5:50 p.m. Porsha Counts (“Counts”) was driving on
Avenue P in Palmdale, California, while taking her 7 year old daughter Alexis to
cheerleading practice. The speed limit on that road was 60 miles per hour. Counts made
a change from the number two lane to the number one lane. She noticed appellant
driving his truck three to four car lengths behind her, in the number one lane, very
quickly approaching her from behind.
       Appellant pulled along the left side of Counts’ car, driving in a lane designated for
oncoming traffic. Appellant’s truck veered toward Counts’ car and she changed back
into the number two lane. Appellant veered toward Counts’ car again. Counts, feeling a
bump from appellant’s truck, sped up and tried to get away from him. Alexis was in the
back seat, crying and yelling for her mother to call the police.
       Appellant pulled ahead of Counts and slammed on his brakes, forcing her to slam
on her brakes. Counts slowed down to get away from appellant, but he slowed his speed
to match her speed, and continued to slam on his brakes. Counts attempted to call the
police, but she kept getting a busy signal.
       Counts was able to take a photograph of appellant’s license plate, which photo
also showed appellant’s hand out the window, exposing his middle finger. At the
stoplight, appellant exited his truck, and yelled at Counts, “Bitch, get out of the fucking



                                              2
car.” He threatened to break her window. Counts sat in the car crying and shaking.
After appellant drove away, Counts was finally able to contact the Sheriff’s Department.
       Los Angeles Sheriff’s Deputy Andrew Campbell arrived at Counts’ residence a
few hours later. Counts appeared “completely frazzled.” Alexis was “shook up” and said
that she did not remember much. Counts said that appellant veered into her car several
times and hit her in the rear bumper. She provided Deputy Campbell with the photograph
she took of appellant, which included the license plate on his truck.
       Deputy Campbell “ran” the license plate and went to the address provided by the
Department of Motor Vehicles for the registered owner of the truck. Debbie Erickson,
who resided there, said the truck belonged to her son. She said he was not home, but she
called appellant and let Deputy Campbell speak with him. The first thing appellant said
to him was, “Is this about that dumb bitch, from earlier on Avenue P?” Campbell stated
that he would not discuss the facts over the telephone and asked appellant to come to the
Palmdale Sheriff’s Station.
       At the station, Deputy Campbell interviewed appellant. He said that he was cut
off by a driver and because he was tired, it made him angry. When the woman took his
photograph while they were stopped at an intersection, he exited his truck and “calmly”
asked her why she took his photograph and why she cut him off. He said he then
returned to his truck and drove away. Appellant denied veering his car into Counts’ car,
slamming on his breaks, making rude gestures, or yelling at the woman. When Deputy
Campbell showed him the photograph of his arm out of the window, gesturing with his
middle finger, Dubose admitted doing so and further admitted that he may have swerved
into the car and may have yelled at Counts. When the deputy asked to see appellant’s
truck, appellant said he would not allow that and refused to provide Deputy Campbell
with the location of the truck.




                                             3
                                        Discussion


       1. Prosecutorial misconduct
       Appellant contends the prosecutor committed misconduct throughout this matter,
beginning with the filing of an amended complaint and continuing through closing
arguments.1 We consider appellant’s claims chronologically, and find most claims
forfeited.
       “To preserve a misconduct claim for review on appeal, a defendant must make a
timely objection and ask the trial court to admonish the jury to disregard the prosecutor’s
improper remarks or conduct, unless an admonition would not have cured the harm.
[Citation.]” (People v. Davis (2009) 46 Cal.4th 539, 612.)
       For those prosecutorial misconduct claims which were not forfeited, we apply well
established standards. “A prosecutor’s . . . intemperate behavior violates the federal
Constitution when it comprises a pattern of conduct “so egregious that infects the trial
with such unfairness as to make the conviction a denial of due process.”” (People v.
Gionis (1995) 9 Cal.4th 1196, 1214.) But even if the conduct does not render a trial
fundamentally unfair, the actions may nevertheless be misconduct under state law, if they
involve “the use of deceptive or reprehensible methods to attempt to persuade either the
court or the jury.” (People v. Price (1991) 1 Cal.4th 324, 447.)


       a. Amended complaint
       Appellant was initially charged with misdemeanor assault in April 2012, but in
November 2012, the District Attorney’s Office re-filed the assault charges as felonies.
Appellant contends the prosecutor committed misconduct and decided to punish appellant


1
        Appellant does not raise his claims under appropriate headings and does not
directly support each contention with pertinent argument and legal authority. Instead, he
starts his brief with a lengthy dissertation of the law regarding prosecutorial misconduct,
and provides only a terse description of the alleged misconduct. These claims are subject
to forfeiture. (People v. Nguyen (2013) 212 Cal.App.4th 1311, 1325-1326.)

                                             4
by elevating the misdemeanor assault charges to felonies because appellant refused a plea
deal and insisted on going to trial.
       Vindictive prosecution may occur when a prosecutor increases the charges against a
defendant who has exercised a constitutional procedural right, such as the right to a trial.
(North Carolina v. Pearce (1969) 395 U.S. 711.) A presumption of vindictive prosecution
is unwarranted in a pretrial setting. (United States v. Goodwin (1982) 457 U.S. 368;
People v. Bracey (1994) 21 Cal.App.4th 1532, 1544 [California “courts have followed the
Supreme Court in refusing to apply a presumption of vindictiveness for prosecutorial
action before commencement of trial”].) Thus, a defendant must demonstrate
vindictiveness. “‘Because a claim of discriminatory prosecution generally rests upon
evidence completely extraneous to the specific facts of the charged offense, . . . the issue
should not be resolved upon evidence submitted at trial, but instead should be raised . . .
through a pretrial motion to dismiss.’” (People v. Edwards (1991) 54 Cal.3d 787, 827.)
       Appellant did not object to the filing of the amended complaint and did not move
to dismiss that complaint. He has forfeited this claim. (People v. Edwards, supra, 54
Cal.3d at p. 827.)
       To the extent that appellant contends we can decide this claim based on the
prosecutor’s tangential remarks during sentencing, we do not agree. The prosecutor
stated the case began as a misdemeanor and “it was only upon learning the details of
[appellant’s] probationary case that the office reevaluated the case and refilled as a
felony.” Appellant contends the prosecutor was either mistaken or lying because the
probationary case was joined in this case no later than May, 2012 and the amended
complaint was not filed until November, 2012. The prosecutor’s remark was not
intended as an explanation of the filing of the amended complaint, but was offered as part
of the prosecutor’s argument that appellant should not be granted probation. As appellant
acknowledges, the prosecutor could simply have been mistaken about the timing of the
filing. Further, there could have been a variety of reasons that the prosecutor did not
learn the details of the probationary case until well after that case was joined with this
one. We will not speculate to fill the evidentiary gaps left by appellant’s failure to object


                                              5
or move to dismiss.


       b. Admissibility of appellant’s prior road rage incident
       Appellant contends the prosecutor resorted to “unethical antics” when she argued
to the trial court that evidence of appellant’s prior road-rage incident should be
admissible if appellant chose to testify. We do not agree.
       A prosecutor commits misconduct when she uses “deceptive or reprehensible
methods to persuade the trial court or the jury.” (See People v. Thomas (2012) 54 Cal.4th
908, 937.)
       Before trial, the court ruled that appellant’s prior road rage incident, which
resulted in a misdemeanor conviction, would not be admissible at trial. The court agreed
the prosecutor could revisit the issue if appellant elected to testify. The prosecutor did
revisit the issue during trial, arguing that the prior misdemeanor conviction was
admissible because the underlying conduct involved moral turpitude. The prosecutor
indicated that there was case law to support her position but provided no citations to the
court then or in the future to back up this assertion. Defense counsel did not disagree
with the prosecutor’s statement of the law, but argued only that the underlying conduct
did not show moral turpitude. Thus, appellant has not shown any misconduct by the
prosecutor.
       Even if there were misconduct, it could have had no effect on the fairness of the
trial. The prosecutor’s statements to the court were made outside the presence of the jury
and did not persuade the court. The trial court ruled that the prior offense would not be
admissible unless appellant testified and “spontaneously says something that would
involve his prior conviction on his own.”


       c. Opening Statement
       Appellant claims the prosecutor committed prosecutorial misconduct during her
opening statement when she said, “. . . I don’t know if [appellant] perceived that he had
been cut off or he was upset because someone was now in front of him and he couldn’t


                                              6
drive as fast or as unimpeded as perhaps he wanted to, for whatever reason, you are
probably going to hear it is a mystery, started to come up on her very quickly. . . .”
Appellant argues the prosecutor speculated, misstated the evidence and argued during the
statement.
       Defense counsel did not timely object to the challenged statements or request an
admonition from the trial court. Further, there is no evidence in the record to suggest that
an admonition from the trial court would have been futile or that an admonition would
not have cured the harm. As a result, the claim has been forfeited for appellate review.
(People v. Davis, supra, 46 Cal.4th at p. 612.)
       Even if the claims were not forfeited, appellant has not shown misconduct. “The
function of an opening statement is not only to inform the jury of the expected evidence,
but also to prepare the jurors to follow the evidence and more readily discern its
materiality, force, and meaning.” (People v. Dennis (1998) 17 Cal.4th 468, 518.) That is
what the prosecutor did. She reasonably drew inferences from the evidence she planned
to present to show appellant was angry with the victim, but acknowledged that there were
gaps in the evidence. This is not prosecutorial misconduct.


       d. Examination of Victims
       Appellant argues the prosecutor committed various acts of misconduct during her
examination of the victims.


       i. Porsha Counts
       Appellant contends two sets of questions asked by the prosecutor about the
victims’ mental state constituted misconduct because they were designed to appeal to the
jurors’ emotions and to evoke sympathy.




                                              7
       First, appellant challenges a question about Counts’ mental state:
                “Prosecutor: And when you told us earlier that you were anxious and
                nervous and scared to be here, what if anything, does this incident have to
                do with those feelings?
                Counts: I mean, Mr. Dubose is here. He was very scary and intimidating
                that day, and I felt like he wanted to physically hurt me and my child, and I
                still feel the same today. I mean, this is my only encounter with him, was
                that incident, so that’s all I know about Mr. Dubose.”
       Appellant did not timely object to the testimony in the trial court and did not
request an admonition from the trial court. Appellant belatedly contends the claim was
preserved for appellate review because “[d]efense counsel likely realized” a timely
objection and requesting an admonition “would have been futile and would not have
cured the harm caused.” However, appellant points to nothing in the record which
suggests an admonition would have been futile. Any claim concerning this question is
forfeited. (People v. Davis, supra, 46 Cal.4th at p. 612.)
       Second, appellant challenges a series of questions about Counts’ daughter’s
mental state.
                “Prosecutor: And tell us about your concern for your daughter and how.
                Counts: I was very concerned she’s scared every time we get in the car
                now. She does look for his vehicle.
                Defense counsel: Objection. Relevance.
                Trial court: Sustained. It is hearsay as well.
                The prosecutor: Tell us what you have noticed about your daughter as a
                result of this incident.
                Defense counsel: Objection. relevance.
                Trial court: Overruled.”
                “Counts: She’s a little bit more skittish when we get in the vehicle. You
       know, she asks certain questions when we’re in the vehicle; you know, is that his
       car? Is that his truck? Will he – she was very nervous to come here today because


                                               8
        of him. She had a nervous stomach. She was throwing up and had diarrhea. So it
        had a big physically impact on her. She is very nervous to be in the same room as
        Mr. Dubose.”
        Appellant did not request the testimony be stricken after the court sustained his
objection to the first question and did not request an admonition. Accordingly, he has
forfeited any claim concerning the first question. (People v. Davis, supra, 46 Cal.4th at
p. 612.)
        Assuming no claims were forfeited, and considering the three questions as a
whole, there was no prosecutorial misconduct. Counts volunteered the hearsay answer to
the first question. Further, the prosecutor rephrased the question after the trial court
sustained defense counsel’s objection. All the questions inquired into the victims’ state
of mind and revealed that both Counts and her daughter were nervous and scared during
and after the incident, and while testifying at trial. Testimony describing the witness’s
apprehension about testifying is relevant to their credibility. (People v. Olguin (1994) 31
Cal.App.4th 1355, 1368-1369.) Further, the jury is entitled to know “not just the fact that
the witness was afraid, but also, within the limits of Evidence Code section 352, those
facts which would enable them to evaluate the witness’s fears.” (Id. at p. 1369.) Here,
the testimony’s potential prejudice did not substantially outweigh its relevance under
Evidence Code section 352, and so the testimony was properly admitted. (Evid. Code, §
352.)
        Further, even assuming the testimony had some slight tendency to evoke
sympathy, the trial court instructed the jurors several times to disregard any bias,
sympathy, prejudice, or public opinion when forming its decision. We presume the jury
understood and followed the court’s instructions. (People v. Yeoman (2003) 31 Cal.4th
93, 138-139.) Thus, appellant has not shown prejudice.




                                              9
       ii. Alexis
       Appellant argues the prosecutor committed misconduct when she called Alexis as
a witness because Alexis’ testimony was duplicative of Counts’ testimony and the
prosecutor only called Alexis as a witness to elicit sympathy from the jurors.2
       Defense counsel did not timely object to the challenged testimony and did not
request an admonition from the trial court. Further, there is no evidence in the record to
suggest that an admonition from the trial court would have been futile or that an
admonition would not have cured the harm. As a result, the claim has been forfeited for
appellate review. (People v. Davis, supra, 46 Cal.4th at p. 612.)
       Even if the claim were not forfeited, appellant has not shown misconduct. Alexis
was both a witness to and a victim of the charged offenses. She did offer substantive
testimony relevant to the charges. Appellant has not cited, and we are not aware of, any
cases which limit the prosecutor to calling only one percipient witness to a crime, or one
victim. Alexis’ additional testimony about her emotional state was relevant to assist the
jury in determining the weight to give Alexis’ testimony and explain her earlier claimed
memory loss. (People v. Olguin, supra, 31 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1368-1369.)
       Further, even if the testimony had some slight tendency to evoke sympathy, the
trial court instructed the jurors several times to disregard any bias, sympathy, prejudice,
or public opinion when forming its decision. We presume the jury understood and
followed the court’s instructions. (People v. Yeoman, supra, 31 Cal.4th at pp. 138-139.)
Thus, appellant has not shown prejudice.




2
       To the extent that appellant also contends that a sidebar requested by the
prosecutor during cross-examination of Alexis constituted misconduct, appellant is
mistaken. The prosecutor correctly pointed out that defense counsel’s question had
misstated a portion of Detective Campbell’s report concerning statements by Alexis. The
prosecutor’s request to the court to read a standard jury instruction reminding the jury
that questions are not evidence was not misconduct and was denied in any event.

                                             10
       iii. Evidence of anxiety disorder
       At the preliminary hearing, Counts testified that she had an anxiety disorder.
During a pre-trial Evidence Code section 402 hearing, the court excluded use of the term
“anxiety disorder” under Evidence Code section 352 because the evidence was not
sufficiently probative. The court allowed defense counsel to ask questions about Counts’
demeanor, but not questions which would “elicit things such as a mental health diagnosis
or going into any kind of treatment regarding an anxiety disorder.”
       Appellant contends the prosecutor committed misconduct because her direct
examination of Counts included questions regarding Counts’ state of mind while
testifying. The prosecutor’s questions complied with the court’s pre-trial ruling. There
was no misconduct.
       To the extent that appellant contends the prosecutor committed misconduct by
opposing appellant’s request that the trial court reconsider its ruling after the prosecutor’s
testimony, this claim fails. Appellant has cited no legal authority which would support
such an argument. The court made it clear that defense counsel could ask Counts about
“her general problem of anxiety” her “temperament and her personality. The prosecutor
did not seek or obtain an unfair advantage over the defense on this issue.


       iv. Evidence of damage to Counts’ vehicle
       Appellant contends the prosecution engaged in prosecutorial misconduct when the
prosecutor allegedly elicited improper hearsay evidence relating to the cost to fix Counts’
bumper. Counts testified that she had received an estimate of $1,000 to repair the
bumper.
       Defense counsel did not timely object to the challenged testimony nor did counsel
request an admonition from the trial court. Further, there is no evidence in the record to
suggest that an admonition from the trial court would have been futile or that an
admonition would not have cured the harm. As a result, the claim has been forfeited for
appellate review. (People v. Davis, supra, 46 Cal.4th at p. 612.)



                                             11
       Even if this claim were not forfeited, there was no misconduct and no possible
prejudice to appellant. The main point of Counts’ testimony was that the damage to her
car was not a minor scratch. The bumper had been cracked and needed to be replaced. A
photo of the damaged bumper was shown to the jury. Although Counts gave a lower
estimated repair cost to the probation department a year before trial, appellant has not
cited and we are not aware of any authority which would have required the prosecutor to
ask the witness further questions to clarify why the estimate at trial was higher than the
previous estimate. Defense counsel could easily have raised this matter on cross-
examination if he believed it was significant. Presumably defense counsel had no
problem with the estimate, since he later stipulated to the $1,000 amount for determining
direct victim restitution.


       e. Examination of Deputy Campbell
       Appellant challenges three questions the prosecution asked Detective Campbell as
improper questions constituting prosecutorial misconduct. Appellant further contends the
prosecutor committed misconduct by reading irrelevant portions of the police report.


       i. Question 1
       The prosecutor asked the detective: “Is it significant to you that Mr. Dubose is
coming up with details that corroborate or seem to corroborate Ms. Counts by himself?”
Defense counsel’s relevance objection was sustained and the witness did not answer.
Counsel did not request the trial court to strike the question or admonish the jury to
disregard it, and so has forfeited his claim. (People v. Davis, supra, 46 Cal.4th at p.
612.) Even if the claim were not forfeited, there was no prejudice to appellant. The
witness did not answer the question and the judge instructed the jury several times
nothing the attorneys say is evidence. We presume the jury understood and followed the
court’s instructions. (People v. Yeoman, supra, 31 Cal.4th at pp. 138-139.)




                                             12
       ii. Question 2
       Appellant contends the prosecutor improperly elicited expert opinion testimony
without laying a foundation when she asked Campbell: “Based upon the entirety of your
investigation, was the damage that you saw to her car consistent with that which was
described as happening – had happened?” Campbell replied: “In my opinion, yes.”
       Defense counsel failed to timely object and did not request the trial court to
admonish the jury to disregard the improper question. Further, there is no evidence in the
record to suggest that an admonition from the trial court would have been futile or that an
admonition would not have cured the harm. As a result, the claim has been forfeited for
appellate review. (People v. Davis, supra, 46 Cal.4th at p. 612.)
       Even if the claim were not forfeited, appellant has not shown misconduct. He
claims on appeal that the prosecutor’s question lacked foundation because Campbell did
not examine his truck. The question, however, asks about damage to Counts’ car.
Campbell did examine Counts’ car.


       iii. Question 3
       On redirect examination, the prosecutor asked: “[d]etective, does the order in
which the sequence of road rage matter to you as an investigating officer?” Deputy
Campbell’s answered, in part: “[w]hether he went left first or right first, the elements of
the crime are still present. And, in my opinion, he still attempted to force her off the side
of the road or force her into oncoming traffic.” Defense counsel’s objection was
sustained and the court struck the “latter part of the answer in terms of his conclusion of
attempting to force her off.” However, appellant did not request an admonition nor did
appellant argue on appeal that an admonition would have been futile. Accordingly, this
claim is forfeited. (People v. Davis, supra, 46 Cal.4th at p. 612.)
       Even if the claim was properly preserved for appeal, there was no misconduct.
The prosecutor’s question does not appear designed to elicit inadmissible testimony. The
latter portion of Campbell’s statement, which was stricken, was not responsive to the
question, but was volunteered by Campbell.


                                             13
       iv. Reading of the police report
       As appellant implicitly acknowledges, the prosecution properly read portions of
the police report in front of the jury to put Campbell’s testimony in context and to show
prior consistent statements by Counts. (See generally Evid. Code, §§ 771, 791, 1235.)
However, appellant contends that the prosecutor improperly read other portions of the
police report, which went beyond the prior consistent statement exception.
       Defense counsel did not initially raise an objection, but counsel eventually
requested a sidebar and objected to the prosecutor’s use of the police report. The court
noted that the objection was sustained on the grounds of Evidence Code section 352,
hearsay, and because the prosecutor had “gone beyond the purpose of a prior consistent
statement or impeachment.” Although, the court sustained defense counsel’s objection,
the judge chose not to strike any of the witness’s answers.
       The trial court’s decision not to strike any testimony implies a finding that the
testimony was not unduly prejudicial, but was cumulative and involved an undue
consumption of time. Appellant offers no argument or legal authority explaining how
this testimony prejudiced him or caused unfairness in the trial. Accordingly, we treat the
claim as forfeited. (See People v. Stanley (1995) 10 Cal.4th 764, 793.)


       f. Prosecutor’s closing argument
       i. Alleged Commenting on Appellant’s Silence
       Appellant argues the prosecutor engaged in misconduct when she allegedly
commented on appellant’s silence. Specifically, appellant challenges the prosecution’s
argument:
       “If the truth shall set you free, then tell it. He couldn’t because he knows that the
       truth makes him responsible for this. The truck had just been involved in a hit-
       and-run collision. It is evidence. He tried to suppress it. He did suppress it.”
       Defense counsel did not raise a timely objection nor did counsel request an
admonition from the trial court to disregard the prosecution’s alleged improper
comments. Further, no evidence in the record suggests an admonition would have been


                                             14
futile nor does appellant argue that an admonition would have been futile. Therefore, this
claim is forfeited for appellate review. (People v. Davis, supra, 46 Cal.4th at p. 612.)
       Even if the argument were not forfeited, there would be no merit to appellant’s
claim. When Deputy Campbell went to appellant’s residence, the vehicle was not there.
When Deputy Campbell asked to see appellant’s vehicle, appellant “would not allow
that.” According to Deputy Campbell, “[appellant] would not disclose the location” of
the vehicle. The prosecutor’s argument clearly referred to appellant’s act of concealing
his vehicle. The prosecutor’s argument that appellant suppressed evidence because he
was conscious of his guilt was within the latitude given to prosecutors and a reasonable
inference from the evidence. (People v. Sassounian (1986) 182 Cal.App.3d 361, 396
(“[i]t is settled that a prosecutor is given wide latitude during argument. The argument
may be vigorous as long as it amounts to fair comment on the evidence, which can
include reasonable inferences, or deductions to be drawn therefrom”).) Further, the trial
court’s jury instructions said: “If the defendant tried to hide evidence, that conduct may
show that he was aware of his guilt. If you conclude that the defendant made such an
attempt, it is up to you to decide its meaning and importance. However, evidence of such
an attempt cannot prove guilt by itself.” (CALCRIM No. 371.) Accordingly, there was
no misconduct by the prosecutor.
       Even if this court construes appellant’s failure to disclose the location of his truck
as constituting silence, there was still no misconduct. Appellant relies on the Supreme
Court’s ruling in Griffin v. California (1965) 380 U.S. 609, which prohibits the
prosecution from commenting on a defendant’s failure to testify. (Griffin v. California,
supra, 380 U.S. at pp. 612-615.) Because this case does not involve comments regarding
appellant’s decision not to testify, Griffin is inapplicable. Respondent argues that Doyle
v. Ohio (1976) 426 U.S. 610 does not apply because appellant was never Mirandized. 3
Doyle “prohibits the prosecution from exploiting a defendant’s post-Miranda-advisement
silence.” (People v. Clark (2011) 52 Cal.4th 856, 959.)


3
       Miranda v. Arizona (1966) 384 U.S. 436.

                                             15
       Salinas v. Texas (2013) 133 S.Ct. 2174 analyzes pre-Miranda-advisement silence.
(Salinas v. Texas, supra, 133 S.Ct. at p. 2178.) The Supreme Court held that pre-
Miranda-advisement silence is protected only if the person invokes the privilege. (Id.)
Because Appellant did not invoke his right to remain silent, his silence was not protected
under the standard articulated in Salinas.
       Accordingly, the comments were not prosecutorial misconduct.


       ii. Shifting the burden of proof
       Appellant claims the prosecutor engaged in misconduct by improperly shifting the
burden of proof to the defense when she discussed appellant’s failure to reveal the
location of his car.
       Defense counsel did not raise a timely objection nor did counsel request an
admonition from the trial court to disregard the prosecution’s alleged improper
comments. No evidence in the record suggests an admonition was futile nor does
appellant argue that an admonition would have been futile. Therefore, this claim is
forfeited for appellate review. (People v. Davis, supra, 46 Cal.4th at p. 612.)
       Even if the claim were not forfeited, there was no misconduct. While appellant is
correct that he had no duty to help the prosecution make its case, his actions with his
truck went beyond mere non-cooperation and could reasonably be understood as actively
concealing or attempting to conceal evidence. Such an act can show a consciousness of
guilt. It is well settled that arguing consciousness of guilt does not impermissibly shift
the burden of proof to the defense.4


       iii. Counts’ credibility
       Appellant challenges certain statements the prosecutor made during her closing
argument regarding Counts’ credibility. Specifically, appellant challenges the


4
     The jury was instructed that consciousness of guilt “cannot prove guilt by itself.”
(CALCRIM No. 371.)


                                             16
prosecutor’s statement that Counts was not impeached at the preliminary hearing.
Appellant claims she was impeached.
        Defense counsel did not raise a timely objection nor did counsel request an
admonition from the trial court to disregard the prosecution’s alleged improper
comments. No evidence in the record suggests an admonition was futile nor does
appellant argue that an admonition would have been futile. Because an admonition
would have cured any alleged harm, defense counsel’s failure to request an admonition
forfeited the claim for appellate review. (People v. Davis, supra, 46 Cal.4th at p. 612.)
        Even if the claim were not forfeited, there would be no misconduct. Prosecutors
are given wide latitude to discuss and draw inferences from the evidence at trial. (People
v. Dennis, supra, 17 Cal.4th at p. 522.) Here, the prosecutor’s argument included an
inference reasonably drawn from the evidence presented at trial.


        iv. Assuming facts not in evidence
        Appellant contends the prosecutor committed misconduct when she argued
appellant knew a child was crying in the backseat.
        Defense counsel did not raise a timely objection nor did counsel request an
admonition from the trial court to disregard the prosecution’s alleged improper argument.
Further, no evidence in the record suggests an admonition was futile nor does appellant
argue that an admonition would have been futile. Accordingly, this claim is forfeited for
appellate review. (People v. Davis, supra, 46 Cal.4th at p. 612.)
        Even if the claim were not forfeited, there would be no misconduct. The argument
was a reasonable inference from the evidence. (People v. Dennis, supra, 17 Cal.4th at p.
522.)


        g. Defense closing arguments
        Appellant contends the prosecutor raised improper objections during defense
counsel’s closing statement, which constituted misconduct.



                                             17
       Appellant’s claim is forfeited because appellant does not support his claim with
logical argument or proper legal authority. (People v. Stanley, supra, 10 Cal.4th 764, 793
(“‘[E]very brief should contain a legal argument with citation of authorities on the points
made. If none is furnished on a particular point, the court may treat it as waived, and pass
it without consideration. [Citations.]’”).)


       h. Prosecutor’s rebuttal argument
       Appellant contends the prosecutor’s arguments in rebuttal constitute prosecutorial
misconduct. Specifically, appellant contends the prosecutor referred to the emotions of
the jury and improperly argued that defense counsel was speculating.
       Defense counsel did not raise a timely objection nor did counsel request an
admonition from the trial court to disregard the prosecution’s alleged improper
comments. Further, no evidence in the record suggests an admonition was futile nor does
appellant argue that an admonition would have been futile. Therefore, this claim is
forfeited for appellate review. (People v. Davis, supra, 46 Cal.4th at p. 612.)
       Even if these claims were not forfeited, there was no misconduct. Although the
prosecutor referred to emotions the jury might be feeling, she clearly told the jury that
they should decide the case based on the evidence and not on emotions. Thus, in
context, the reference to emotions was permissible. Further, the judge instructed the jury
to not base their decision on emotions, but rather on the evidence. There is a presumption
that the jury understood and followed the court’s instructions. (People v. Yeoman, supra,
31 Cal.4th at pp. 138-139.) Thus, appellant has not shown prejudice.
       The prosecutor’s argument about defense “speculation” was also permissible. The
prosecutor argued that there was no evidence to support defense counsel’s “alternate
explanation.” This argument was well within the wide latitude given to prosecutors to
discuss and draw inferences from the evidence at trial. (People v. Dennis, supra, 17
Cal.4th at p. 522.) The prosecutor argued that defense counsel did not have evidence to
support his argument, and the prosecutor’s argument “did little more than urge the jury



                                              18
not to be influenced by [defense] counsel’s arguments, and to instead focus on the
testimony and evidence in the case.” (People v. Stanley (2006) 39 Cal.4th 913, 952.)


       i. Prejudice
       Under the federal Constitution, a prosecutor’s misconduct justifies reversing a
conviction only if the misconduct “‘so infected the trial with unfairness as to make the
resulting conviction a denial of due process.’ [Citation.]” (Darden v. Wainwright (1986)
477 U.S. 168, 181; People v. Spector (2011) 194 Cal.App.4th 1335, 1402.) Under
California law, reversal is warranted only if “it is reasonably probable that a result more
favorable to the defendant would have been reached without the misconduct.” (People v.
Thomas, supra, 54 Cal.4th at p. 937.)
       As we discuss in more detail above, appellant has not shown any clear instances of
prosecutorial misconduct. In a few instances, the trial court did sustain appellant’s
objections to questions or statements by the prosecutor. As we discuss above, even if
those scattered remarks were treated as misconduct, appellant has not shown any
prejudice from those remarks. Accordingly, his claim of prosecutorial misconduct fails.


       2. Ineffective assistance of counsel
       Appellant contends that if his counsel’s failure to object to prosecutorial
misconduct forfeited those claims, he received ineffective assistance of counsel. He
further contends that he received ineffective assistance of counsel in connection with the
prosecutor’s plea bargain.
       A criminal defendant is guaranteed the right to effective assistance of counsel by
the state and federal constitution. (U.S. Constitution, 6th Amendment; Cal. Const.,
Article I, § 15; People v. Lucas (1995) 12 Cal.4th 415, 436.)
       The United States Supreme Court has adopted a highly deferential test in
scrutinizing counsel’s performance. In Strickland v. Washington (1984) 466 U.S. 668,
held that a defendant alleging ineffective assistance of counsel must establish that: (1)
counsel’s representation fell below an objective standard of reasonableness; and (2) there


                                              19
is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’ s ineffective representation, the result of
the proceeding would be different. (Id. at p. 694; see also People v. Hines(1997) 15 Cal.
4th 997, 1047-1048.)
       With respect to the first prong, the court should not consider hindsight, which is
always 20/20. Counsel’s challenged conduct should be evaluated from counsel’s
prospective at the time. (Strickland v.Washington, supra, 466 U.S. at p. 689; People v.
Mendoza (2000) 24 Cal.4th 130, 158.) With respect to the second prong, prejudice is not
established merely by demonstrating counsel’s conduct led to “some conceivable effect
on the outcome of proceeding.” (Strickland v. Washington, supra, 466 U.S. at p. 693.)
Instead, an appellant must show “there is a reasonable probability that, but for the
counsel’s errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different.” (Id. at p. 694;
In re Marquez (1992) 1 Cal.4th 584, 606; see also In re Fields (1990) 51 Cal.3d 1063,
1078.) Showing that an objection would have been granted is not sufficient, he must
show in addition that he would have received a more favorable result. (People v. Grant
(1988) 45 Cal.3d 829, 864-866; People v. Gonzalez (1998) 64 Cal.App.4th 432, 438.)
       If the record contains no explanation for counsel’s acts or omissions, an appellate
court will reject a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel “‘unless counsel was asked
for an explanation and failed to provide one, or unless there simply could be no
satisfactory explanation’” for his actions. (People v. Kipp (1998) 18 Cal.4th 349, 367.)
These exceptions are not the situation in the present case.


       a. Forfeiture
       As we discuss in detail in section 1 above, we have considered appellant’s claims
even though they were technically forfeited, with one exception. There is insufficient
evidence in the record on appeal for us to assess his claim of vindictive prosecution in
any way. On the record before us, there could be several satisfactory explanations for
counsel’s failure to object to the amended complaint, including a reasonable belief that
such an objection would lack merit. If there is evidence outside the record on appeal



                                              20
which would show vindictive prosecution and hence ineffective assistance of counsel in
failing to preserve the issue, the claim would have to be raised by a writ of habeas corpus.
       Considering appellant’s other claims, appellant has not shown any clear instances
of prosecutorial misconduct. In a few instances, the trial court did sustain appellant’s
objections to questions or statements by the prosecutor. As we discuss above, even if
those scattered remarks were treated as misconduct, appellant has not shown any
prejudice from those remarks. Accordingly, there is no reasonable probability that
appellant would have received a more favorable outcome at trial if trial counsel had
objected to every instance of claimed prosecutorial identified in this appeal. His claim of
ineffective assistance of counsel fails on appeal. If there is evidence outside the record
on appeal to support appellant’s ineffective assistance of counsel claim, he would have to
raise the claim in a petition for writ of habeas corpus.


       b. Failure to properly advise regarding the offered plea agreement
       Appellant contends that his counsel failed to properly advise him regarding the
risks of declining the People’s offer to resolve the case through a plea bargain.
       Our review on direct appeal is limited to the appellate record. (People v. Jenkins
(2000) 22 Cal.4th 900, 952.) Because appellant’s claim is dependent upon matters not
reflected in the record on appeal, we decline to consider it. These are matters more
properly resolved in the context of a writ of habeas corpus.




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                                         Disposition
      The judgment is affirmed.


                           NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS



                           MINK, J.



We concur:



      MOSK, ACTING P.J.



      KRIEGLER, J.





      Retired judge of the Los Angeles Superior Court, assigned by the Chief Justice
pursuant to article VI, section 6 of the California Constitution.

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