                                                                                         05/03/2019
               IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                           AT NASHVILLE
                                 April 2, 2019 Session

        MOHAMMAD NASER CHORAZGHIAZAD v. MOHAMMAD
                    CHORAZGHIAZAD

                 Appeal from the Chancery Court for Wilson County
                  No. 2016CV276     Charles K. Smith, Chancellor


                            No. M2018-01579-COA-R3-CV


This appeal concerns whether a quitclaim deed was forged. Mohammad Naser
Chorazghiazad (“Plaintiff”) sued Mohammad Chorazghiazad (“Defendant”) in the
Chancery Court for Wilson County (“the Trial Court”) alleging that Defendant took
certain of Plaintiff’s properties by means of a forged deed (“the Quitclaim Deed”). The
Trial Court found by clear and convincing evidence that Defendant had indeed forged the
Quitclaim Deed to give himself three additional properties that Plaintiff never agreed to
transfer. Defendant appeals to this Court, arguing among other things that the evidence
did not rise to the level of clear and convincing necessary to prove forgery. Given the
testimony and evidence including the attendant circumstances surrounding the drafting
and signing of the Quitclaim Deed, as well as the Trial Court’s credibility determinations,
we find, as did the Trial Court, that Plaintiff met his burden of proving forgery by clear
and convincing evidence. We affirm the judgment of the Trial Court.

Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Chancery Court Affirmed;
                                 Case Remanded

D. MICHAEL SWINEY, C.J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which FRANK G.
CLEMENT, JR., P.J., M.S., and W. NEAL MCBRAYER, J., joined.

Angello L. Huong, Lebanon, Tennessee, for the appellant, Mohammad Chorazghiazad.

Erin Alexander White and Dan R. Alexander, Nashville, Tennessee, for the appellee,
Mohammad Naser Chorazghiazad.
                                          OPINION

                                         Background

       The parties, who are relatives, are embroiled in litigation over the transfer—or
non-transfer—of certain properties. In 1993, Defendant bought the three disputed
properties at auction. Defendant at that time put these properties in Plaintiff’s name.
Plaintiff purportedly later paid Defendant $46,000 for the properties and paid property
taxes on them for years, as well.

       Years later, Defendant wanted the three properties. In March 2016, Defendant
drafted the Quitclaim Deed. The Quitclaim Deed had no page numbers and the signature
page had no reference to any properties being conveyed. The property descriptions were
contained in the body of the deed. According to Defendant, Plaintiff agreed to transfer
seven properties to him, including the three disputed properties. Plaintiff’s position is
that only four properties were agreed upon and that Defendant subsequently altered the
Quitclaim Deed to include the three disputed properties.

       In July 2016, Plaintiff sued Defendant to void transfer of the three properties.
Plaintiff alleged forgery, fraud, misrepresentation, and breach of contract among other
claims. This case was tried in May 2018.

      At trial, Plaintiff testified to the transaction at issue:

      Q. So, let’s flash forward to March 2016.
      A. Yes.
      Q. Did you get a call from the Defendant?
      A. Yes.
      Q. Tell me about that.
      A. He called me to meet me in UPS Office on Thompson Lane, and I did.
      Q. Did he tell you why he wanted to meet you?
      A. He wanted to have those four properties back under his own name,
      Defendant name.
      Q. So, what happened? Did you go to the -
      A. Yes, I did. I met him over there and -
      Q. Tell me about the Quitclaim Deed that the Defendant presented to you.
      A. Yeah, he gave me this Quitclaim Deed for property, Tract One, Two,
      Three, Four was in that deed. I read and everything was normal and I
      signed the Quitclaim Deed.
      Q. Were the three properties in dispute in this case in the Quitclaim Deed
      that you signed in March of 2016?
                                               -2-
A. No, it wasn’t.
Q. Did the Defendant pay any consideration, any money of any kind, for
that Quitclaim Deed that you signed?
A. No.
Q. So, you signed this Quitclaim Deed conveying Tracts One, Two, Three
and Four.
A. Yes.
Q. Was there a Notary there?
A. Yes.
Q. Did the Notary acknowledge your signature?
A. Yes.
Q. What happened next?
A. He say goodbye and he left.
Q. Who had the Quitclaim Deed?
A. He did.
Q. Who was supposed to record it?
A. Defendant.
Q. Did you get a copy?
A. No, he didn’t give me a copy.
Q. Is that your signature on the back of that Quitclaim Deed?
A. Yes, it is.
Q. The Quitclaim Deed in dispute, is it your signature on that last page of
the Quitclaim Deed in dispute?
A. Yes, it is.
Q. But you did not sign a Quitclaim Deed for the three properties in
dispute?
A. No, I did not.
Q. Did the Defendant tell you who typed up that Quitclaim Deed that’s in
dispute?
A. He said he did his self.
Q. I believe you have a copy of the Quitclaim Deed that’s at issue, dated
March 23; could you turn to that?
A. Yes.
Q. This Quitclaim Deed that’s at issue, are there any page numbers on this
Quitclaim Deed?
A. No.
Q. Other than the recording?
A. No, there is no page number.
Q. Turn to the last page that has your signature.
A. Okay.
Q. Is there any reference to what properties are conveyed?
                                    -3-
      A. No.
      Q. Is there any reference to how many pages the Quitclaim Deed is
      comprised of?
      A. No.
      Q. This Quitclaim Deed that’s in dispute, turn to that first page of that
      Quitclaim Deed at issue. Does it say that anything was paid in
      consideration?
      A. The first line it says sum of a dollar, yes, cash.
      Q. But were you paid a dollar?
      A. No.

       Plaintiff also testified that Defendant had threatened and cursed him at a
deposition. Proceeding with our review of the pertinent testimony, Plaintiff’s wife
Maryam Sangchap took the stand and testified to a contentious telephone conversation
she had with Defendant in April following execution of the Quitclaim Deed:

      THE WITNESS: When he calling me he just started to talk like 10, 15
      minutes, talking behind my husband and my husband’s family, and as he
      talked more his voice just got little more angry. First he was calm but after
      that his voice just got little angry and that time he said, “I’m angry at
      Naser.” And I said, “Why? He didn’t do anything wrong.” And he said,
      “No, I wanted three lands and he doesn’t want to sell it to me.” And I said,
      “But that was agreement between you and Naser to sell just one land.” At
      that time he said, “Tell Naser I took three lands.”

      Defendant, in his first of two appearances testifying at trial, denied threatening
anyone. Defendant testified, in part:

      Q. And is it also your testimony that you’ve never - have you ever, and
      again, I think you may have already testified to this, but have you ever been
      in trouble with the IRS for not paying tax?
      A. No.

                                          ***

      Q. Were you in the courtroom when the Plaintiff testified that you
      threatened him?
      A. I didn’t threaten him, no.
      Q. So, it’s your testimony that you did not say, you know, “F . . . you, I’m
      going to take care of you.”
      A. No, that’s ridiculous. I’m 59 years old; I don’t talk like this.
                                           -4-
      Q. Have you ever threatened anyone that you had business transactions
      with, whether it was property or any other kind of transactions -
      A. Don’t remember.
      Q. - have you made threats to other people who you’ve had business
      transactions with?
      A. Can you specify who?
      Q. Anyone.
      A. No.

      Following Defendant’s denials of threats and other misbehavior, Plaintiff called
Shawn Touloeisani (“Touloeisani”), an acquaintance of Defendant’s, to testify to
Defendant’s untruthful character:

      Q. Could you please state your name for the record?
      A. Shawn Touloeisani.
      Q. And do you know the Defendant and the Plaintiff?
      A. Yes.
      Q. Are you related to either party?
      A. No.
      Q. How long have you known the Defendant?
      A. I would say 36, 37, 38 years old.
      Q. And do you have an opinion as to the Defendant’s character for
      truthfulness and veracity?
      MR. HUONG: Objection. He can state specific acts but opinion as to
      character is too general.
      MS. WHITE: 608(a), I believe --
      THE COURT: Let me look at 608(a).
      MS. WHITE: 608(a), Opinion and Reputation.
      THE COURT: Let me see. I’ll overrule the objection. It can be entered
      subject to these limitations: The evidence may refer only to character for
      truthfulness or untruthfulness; and No. 2, evidence of truthful character is
      admissible only after the character of the witness for truthfulness has been
      attacked. Now, has his character been attacked?
      MS. WHITE: It has. I think I impeached him on the stand.
      THE COURT: I find that you have done that and I will let you ask him only
      to his character for truthfulness.
      MS. WHITE: Thank you.
      BY MS. WHITE:
      Q. MR. Touloeisani, do you have an opinion as to the Defendant’s
      character for truthfulness?
      A. Yes.
                                          -5-
Q. And what is that opinion?
A. It’s not good at all.
Q. Tell me what it is.
A. He does lie, he does deceive people.
Q. Do you recall a business transaction on a loan that you had with the
Defendant in 2013?
A. Yes.
Q. Could you tell me about that?
A. The Defendant, I had a post-dated check from him -
Q. Let me stop you there. Did you loan him money?
A. It was insurance money and that was a real estate deal which, basically,
was under his name but at the same time it was in my name and it was
insurance money.
Q. Did you loan him money for insurance?
A. Yes.
Q. And tell me more.
A. He wrote me a check. He post-dated it and then -
Q. Was this check to reimburse you for the money that you’d lent him?
A. Yes. And several weeks later he came back. He said - he came to my
office and he asked if I can take the - give him the post-dated check since
he has changed his bank account. He wanted to just present me with a new
check.
Q. What happened next?
A. I gave him the check and he tore the check in front -
Q. You gave him the post-dated check that he had written you?
A. Yes, yes. I gave him the post-dated check and he tore up the check in
front of my face and start threatening me.
Q. When you say he started threatening you, what did he say, specifically?
A. Foul language, I mean that’s something that’s -- that’s his personality.
I’m sorry if I’m just going over things. Profound language and threaten me
with my business.
Q. He threatened you what now?
A. With my business.
Q. With your business.
A. Yes.
Q. So, tell me -
A. He said, “I will give you so many different problems.”
Q. He said he was going to give you so many different problems.
A. Because I do have a business that is a manufacturing facility -
Q. Do you own that business?
A. Yes.
                                    -6-
Q. So, what does your business do?
A. I’m a manufacturer; I have been for past 30 years.
Q. Do you have employees?
A. At this point of time I have seven employees but at the time, back in
2006, 2005-2006, I had over 120 employees.
Q. So, you said that he threatened you with your business, what did he say
specifically?
A. He said that I would give you problem through Metro Codes because
your building is out of - is in violations for certain things. I don’t know.
He comes up with words, he comes up - he loves to manipulate people. He
loves to lie; he loves to just get in everyone’s business. And that’s what he
tried to tell me. And that same time -- I can just want for your next
question or I can just continue, Your Honor. I’m not sure.
Q. Well, so he came to your business.
A. Yes.
Q. He tore up that post-dated check that he wrote you?
A. That’s correct.
Q. Did he ever pay you back?
A. No.
Q. Do you know why he was threatening you with your business?
A. Because we had a previous dispute; we had a case in the court and
somehow we settled it, everything was done, and I thought everything was
fine. He agreed to it; I agreed to it; everyone agreed to it. This man
probably lose $10, $20, but Shawn, due to the Bankruptcy of one of my
biggest customer, I lost $1.2 million. And I could not -
MR. HUONG: Objection, speculation.
BY MS. WHITE:
Q. Well, let’s move on.
A. Okay.
Q. In 2007, did the Defendant come to you about a Deed?
A. Yes.
Q. Tell me about that.
A. It was Defendant and Mr. Azad. They both came to my office and
seems like they had problems within themselves. And the Defendant asked
me at that time would I be willing to put two of his properties into my
name.
Q. Did he tell you why?
A. He has problems - well, that’s not something new for him -
Q. Did he tell you why?
A. Yes.
Q. What was the reason?
                                     -7-
       A. Problems with bill collectors and IRS.

      Defendant, returning to the stand in the defense portion of trial, testified in part as
follows:

       Q. And tell me, you are the one that drew up the Deed, correct?
       A. Yes.
       Q. And also tell me, on that Deed you drew up were all seven tracts listed?
       A. Yes, it was.
       Q. It wasn’t just four tracts?
       A. No, it was seven.
       Q. And you can guarantee that it was all seven tracts listed?
       A. Yes.
       Q. And you said how many copies did you bring?
       A. Three.
       Q. And so why did you bring three copies, what was the purpose?
       A. Give him one and in case we mess up one we have one extra.
       Q. Okay, so you showed the Deed papers to him, right?
       A. Yes.
       Q. How long did it take him to read through or review it?
       A. He just look at it for a few seconds or so.
       Q. Really? Okay, not that long?
       A. Not that long.
       Q. Was the Notary present while you were looking at them or did you -
       A. No, he look at it before Notary come to us for Notary Public or so, to
       notarize it.
       Q. And then he signed the Deed, correct?
       A. Yes.
       Q. Did you give him a copy?
       A. Yes, I did.
       Q. So, the thing about him not receiving the copy, what do you think about
       his testimony that he didn’t receive a copy?
       A. I don’t know. I believe he’s lying.
       Q. And then after that you left the UPS Store?
       A. Yes.
       Q. When was the next contact you had with Plaintiff or any of his family
       after that?
       A. When I went - I went and registered that morning and I called and talked
       to him -
       Q. When you say registered, and I know your English isn’t fluent so I want
       to clear this up, are you talking about the day you recorded the Deed?
                                             -8-
A. Yes.
Q. And I believe that day was March 23?
A. Okay.
Q. You go ahead.
A. March 23, 2016. And I went and registered that morning and I just call,
talk to him in the afternoon, and his wife picks up the phone and she was
talking about her mom passed away, her dad passed away, and talking
about this and that or so. Anyway, subject came up about property. I told
her, if you talk to my cousin, tell him thanks, I have registered all the
property. That was end of it. Then he calls back and he said, “Why did
you register?” I said, “What do you think I got your signature for? To go
register all this property.” And that was end of it. And before I know, I
had a summon to go to the court for those three property or so.
Q. Was there any yelling and screaming [and] cussing during that
conversation?
A. No, it wasn’t. It was asking me why I had registered it. I said, “Well,
why do you think I notarize it for? I had to go register it.”
Q. And did you have any further telephone conversations with them after
that?
A. After that I try calling but his phone was blocked, his son phone was
blocked, and I couldn’t get in touch with him, talk to him, see what he was
fussing about, what his problem is.
Q. So, did you ever tell the Plaintiff’s wife that you wanted those tracts?
A. No. Number one, he never discuss his business with his wife. She’s
been here 15 years and on her deposition she said I called her, I told her I’m
going to put you in jail, put your family in jail. She’s been here 15 years;
it’s not that easy put anybody in jail.
Q. Let me go a little bit further back. During the years that Plaintiff has had
the property in his name, did you ever pay him for the property taxes on
those?
A. Yes, I have. I paid him cash. Only why he was paying the property tax
because he was filing with his taxes and stuff, return taxes stuff and he
could get some money for the --
Q. Deducting -
A. Deductible, yes.
Q. And did he contact you, requesting that you reimburse him for property
taxes?
A. Yes, every time he paid I paid him cash.




                                      -9-
       In August 2018, the Trial Court entered its final order. The Trial Court found in
favor of Plaintiff and rescinded the Quitclaim Deed for fraud as to the three disputed
properties. In its oral ruling attached to its final order, the Trial Court stated:

               It’s the finding of the Court that in this -- this was a matter regarding
      the purchase or non-purchase of three tracts of property. It’s the plaintiff
      basically alleging that he purchased three tracts from the defendant; the
      defendant says he did not. And it’s also an issue of whether or not -- the
      main issue here is whether the defendant forged or altered a deed from --
      after it was signed or executed by the plaintiff, but before it was filed.
      That’s seemingly the real issue here.
               I started my finding out with credibility. And I find that the
      defendant is not credible and that he cannot be believed under oath. I find
      plaintiff and plaintiff’s witnesses credible and can be believed under oath.
               This is a case regarding a quitclaim deed from plaintiff to defendant
      on March 12, 2016. It is plaintiff’s position that the defendant altered the
      deed after execution and before the defendant recorded the quitclaim deed
      by adding three tracts of land owned by plaintiff identified as Tract 5, Tract
      6, and Tract 7.
               It is defendant’s position that he did not alter the quitclaim deed, that
      Tract 5, Tract 6, and Tract 7 was on the quitclaim deed when plaintiff
      executed it.
               Plaintiff has asked this Court to rescind the March 12, 2016
      quitclaim deed as to the three properties in dispute for fraud and for his
      failure to meet the elements of a contract.
               Again, it is the opinion of this Court that the defendant was not a
      credible witness who could be believed under oath; I therefore reject all of
      his testimony.
               It’s the opinion of this Court the defendant has no respect for
      honesty and truthfulness, nor of the law of this land. The defendant thinks
      it’s okay to lie, cheat, or steal as long as it benefits himself, as is evidenced
      by the following.
               In 2007, defendant claims he purchased the . . . property and placed
      it in the name of Shawn T-O-U-L-O-E-I-S-A-N-I for convenience. Shawn
      -- I’ll refer to him as Shawn without spelling his name every time.
               Shawn testified that defendant told him the reason defendant needed
      to put it in his name was because defendant was having problems with bill
      collectors and IRS. Shawn also testified that defendant’s character for
      truthfulness was not good; he does lie; he does deceive people.
               December the 27th, 2012, defendant allegedly conveyed his
      residence . . . to his brother in Iran for whom he allegedly has a power of
                                            -10-
attorney. The power of attorney was never shown to the Court, and there’s
a question of whether he even really does have a brother that lives in Iran.
There was a lot of dealing going on that did not make a great deal of sense
to the Court except if defendant was trying to conceal ownership of this
property so that creditors and IRS could not get to it.
        Defendant, even though he sold his property allegedly to his brother
in December 27, 2012, defendant continued to reside in the property and
still does until today. The property was conveyed to the plaintiff on August
13, 2013. The defendant signed his brother’s name executing the quitclaim
deed. The defendant said he was actually transferring the property, not his
brother.
        So he’s showing intent that his brother, it’s the opinion of this Court,
his brother never really owned this property . . . was just hiding it in
someone else’s name making it more difficult for creditors or IRS to find it.
        He testified in court he transferred the property to plaintiff because it
was convenient. However, he testified at deposition he conveyed the
property in plaintiff’s name for security purposes in case he got sued.
        Defendant continued to reside in this property and still does even
though he conveyed it to his brother and then allegedly his brother, by way
of power of attorney held in defendant’s name, conveyed it to plaintiff.
        And this is not the property at issue here, but it’s just a showing of
the dealing and wheeling -- wheeling and dealing the defendant was doing,
and the dishonest actions of him in doing this to -- it was to his convenience
all right so that it would be hidden from any creditors or IRS.
        Even though the defendant denies ever having a tax lien on his
property, this is not true as is evidenced by the notice of federal tax lien
filed as Exhibit 8 to the trial testimony. Notice of tax lien for the period
ending 12/31/02 shows defendant owed $59,199.63 for 1040 taxes recorded
in register of deeds book for Wilson county, 4/18/11 -- Davidson county,
not Wilson County. Register of deeds office in Davidson County, 4/18/11.
        There’s also a notice of federal tax lien for tax periods ending
3/31/89, 6/30/89, 9/30/89, and 12/31/89 showing defendant owed 941 taxes
as recorded in register of Wilson -- register of deeds for Wilson County,
4/17/2000.
        These are just -- it is evident that defendant was placing his property
in the name of others in order to prevent a tax lien being placed on his
property which is an act of deceitful -- acts of a deceitful, dishonest man.
He not only attempted to not pay his taxes, but concealed his property so
that the taxes could not be collected.
        In 1993, property owned by the defendant was foreclosed on by a
lending institute. This is a property at issue here. Defendant owned some
                                      -11-
property and borrowed money on it through a bank. And, in 1993, this
property owned by the defendant was foreclosed on by a lending institute.
Three properties at issue were sold.
        It is the opinion of this Court the defendant, pretending to be the
plaintiff, purchased the three tracts in the name of the plaintiff as is
evidenced by the substitute trustee deed filed as Exhibit No. 2.
        The facts are the defendant owned these three tracts identified as
Tract 5, 6, and 7, and failed to make the payments on them for various
reasons. The bank foreclosed on him. He would have this Court to believe
he went to the foreclosure sale and bought this property himself but just put
it in plaintiff’s name. That’s beyond belief. He went there pretending to be
plaintiff, bought the property as plaintiff for a reduced amount.
        The bank would not have sold this property to the defendant for a
lesser amount. They’d want him to pay the balance off that was owed on
the notes and evidenced by a deed of trust with the bank. If the bank would
carry on this type of business, everybody would -- anybody that was upside
down on a mortgage would just let it go to sale and buy it cheaper and get it
back cheaper, you know, and this wouldn’t make sense.
        And the defendant repeatedly refers -- claims that he put the property
up for auction. It wasn’t put up for auction, it was foreclosed on.
        In court the defendant denies that there were properties -- that these
properties were sold because of IRS tax liens he could not pay. However,
his testimony was impeached by testimony he was previously given in a
deposition.
        On the witness stand, the defendant stated under oath on direct
examination that the defendant borrowed $20,000 from the plaintiff on
December 23rd, 2015, and that the defendant held the money for three or
four months, then deposited back to plaintiff’s account.
        Then later on, in cross-examination, the defendant testified that he
borrowed the $20,000 from a financial company to pay the plaintiff back.
On direct examination of the defendant by plaintiff’s counsel, counsel
asked the defendant why he put these three properties in dispute under
plaintiff’s name at the 1993 auction. Defendant responded that he did it
because plaintiff was trying get a loan for the defendant. Later, the
defendant testified that the defendant put the properties under plaintiff’s
name for the plaintiff just to hold for him.
        On direct examination the defendant -- next, on the direct
examination of the defendant by the plaintiff’s counsel, the defendant was
asked if he was -- if he’s ever threatened anyone with whom he has had
business dealings. The defendant first testified, “Don’t remember.”

                                     -12-
        Defendant was asked the question again and defendant responded,
“Can you specify who?” Counsel responded, “Anyone.” Defendant then
answered no.
        Plaintiff’s counsel next called the rebuttal witness, Shawn T, and
I’ve spelled his name above. Mr. T testified that he had a business dealing
with defendant and defendant threatened him in his business.
        Mr. T testified that he loaned money to the defendant and the
defendant wrote Mr. T a postdated check. Later, the defendant showed up
at Mr. T’s business and told Mr. T that the defendant had opened a new
bank account and asked for the postdated check back and defendant would
write Mr. T a new check.
        Mr. T handed the defendant the check, and the defendant tore the
check up in front of Mr. T’s face, and then told Mr. T the defendant would
give him so many different problems with the business and call Metro
codes on him.
        Next, Mr. T was also called as a witness after defendant was
impeached on the stand to testify as to defendant’s character for
truthfulness.
        Mr. T testified that he had known the defendant for 36, 38 years, and
that he was not related to the defendant or the plaintiff. Mr. T then testified
it was his opinion that defendant lies and deceives people.
        Next, the defendant, who admitted in testimony that he drafted the
March 12, 2016 quitclaim deed, made a sworn oath by affidavit on the
quitclaim deed that the properties were conveyed for and consideration of
the sum of $1 cash in hand paid by the hereinafter named grantee.
        The defendant then stated under oath on the witness stand that he
paid nothing for the three properties in dispute.
        Also, further evidencing the character of the defendant, at the
defendant’s deposition on 6/9/17, defendant threatened to “f--- up plaintiff
when this was over.” This was testified to by the plaintiff and the
plaintiff’s wife.
        Further, the defendant placed electric meters in the name of the
plaintiff on his residence and business lot without plaintiff’s permission in
order to avoid paying a deposit, and just doing whatever feels good to him
to avoid financial obligations.
        Defendant failed to timely file his income tax returns. The
defendant has failed to pay his 941 taxes on his hair salon.
        Defendant signed plaintiff’s name on a notice. On 8/8/97, defendant
signed plaintiff’s name on a notice of encroachment with plaintiff’s
permission -- without plaintiff’s permission on 8/8/97 which is Exhibit 11.

                                     -13-
       On 4/1/16, defendant endorsed plaintiff’s name on two checks without
       plaintiff’s permission.
               It is the opinion of this court, based upon the evidence presented to
       this Court, that the testimony of plaintiff and plaintiff’s witnesses was
       credible and believable. It is further the opinion of this court that the
       plaintiff purchased the property described in Tract 5, 6, and 7 from
       defendant for $46,000 in 2001 and 2002 which is supported by the check
       registry evidencing payment of $46,000 -- as plaintiff’s check registry
       evidencing payment of $46,000 to defendant.
               Two, plaintiff paid the property taxes on said property from 2001
       through 2016.
               Three, plaintiff listed the property for sale in 2003 and 2008.
               Four, testimony of wife and son of plaintiff that plaintiff had told
       them he had purchased property from defendant, and the plaintiff’s
       testimony.
               It is the opinion of this Court that there was no need for a deed to be
       executed in 2001 and 2002 since property was already in plaintiff’s name
       by substitute trustee deed dated 6/15/93 identified as Exhibit 2.
               It is the opinion of this Court that on March 12, 2016, plaintiff
       executed a quitclaim deed transferring Tracts 1, Tract 2, Tract 3, and Tract
       4 to the defendant.
               It’s the further opinion of this Court that defendant altered the
       quitclaim deed after it was executed and before it was recorded by adding
       Tracts 5, Tract 6, Tract 7.
               It is the opinion of this Court that the plaintiff has proven by clear
       and convincing evidence that defendant paid plaintiff no consideration for
       Lots 5, 6, and 7, and that defendant fraudulently altered the quitclaim deed
       of 3/12/2016 by adding Tracts 5, 6, and 7. This is further supported by the
       testimony of the wife of plaintiff that defendant admitted to her that he took
       the three tracts of property identified as 5, 6, and 7.
               It is therefore ordered by this Court that the 3/12/16 quitclaim deed
       as to the three properties in dispute be rescinded for fraud and for failure to
       meet the necessary elements of consideration for a contract to be binding.

Defendant timely appealed to this Court.

                                        Discussion

       Although not stated exactly as such, Defendant raises the following issues on
appeal: 1) whether the Trial Court erred in allowing character evidence to be used at trial;
2) whether Plaintiff sustained his burden of proof under the clear and convincing standard
                                            -14-
for his claim of forgery of the Quitclaim Deed; and, 3) whether Plaintiff sustained his
burden of proof of showing a contract for the purchase of real estate existed.

       Our review is de novo upon the record, accompanied by a presumption of
correctness of the findings of fact of the trial court, unless the preponderance of the
evidence is otherwise. Tenn. R. App. P. 13(d); Bogan v. Bogan, 60 S.W.3d 721, 727
(Tenn. 2001). A trial court’s conclusions of law are subject to a de novo review with no
presumption of correctness. S. Constructors, Inc. v. Loudon County Bd. of Educ., 58
S.W.3d 706, 710 (Tenn. 2001). Our Supreme Court has stated concerning witness
credibility determinations:

               When it comes to live, in-court witnesses, appellate courts should
       afford trial courts considerable deference when reviewing issues that hinge
       on the witnesses’ credibility because trial courts are “uniquely positioned to
       observe the demeanor and conduct of witnesses.” State v. Binette, 33
       S.W.3d 215, 217 (Tenn. 2000). “[A]ppellate courts will not re-evaluate a
       trial judge’s assessment of witness credibility absent clear and convincing
       evidence to the contrary.” Wells v. Tennessee Bd. of Regents, 9 S.W.3d
       779, 783 (Tenn. 1999); see also Hughes v. Metro. Gov’t of Nashville &
       Davidson Cnty., 340 S.W.3d 352, 360 (Tenn. 2011). In order for evidence
       to be clear and convincing, it must eliminate any “serious or substantial
       doubt about the correctness of the conclusions drawn from the evidence.”
       State v. Sexton, 368 S.W.3d 371, 404 (Tenn. 2012) (quoting Grindstaff v.
       State, 297 S.W.3d 208, 221 (Tenn. 2009)). Whether the evidence is clear
       and convincing is a question of law that appellate courts review de novo
       without a presumption of correctness. Reid ex rel. Martiniano v. State, 396
       S.W.3d 478, 515 (Tenn. 2013), (citing In re Bernard T., 319 S.W.3d 586,
       596-97 (Tenn. 2010)), cert. denied, ––– U.S. ––––, 134 S.Ct. 224, 187
       L.Ed.2d 167 (2013).

Kelly v. Kelly, 445 S.W.3d 685, 692-93 (Tenn. 2014). The burden of proof necessary to
establish forgery in order to set aside a written document is that of “clear, cogent and
convincing” evidence. Estate of Acuff v. O’Linger, 56 S.W.3d 527, 556 (Tenn. Ct. App.
2001).

       We first address whether the Trial Court erred in allowing character evidence to be
used at trial. Regarding our standard of review as to a trial court’s decision on whether to
admit or exclude evidence, “[t]he appellate court affords the trial court wide discretion
regarding the admissibility of evidence and will not overturn the trial court’s
determination absent an abuse of that discretion.” Goodale v. Langenberg, 243 S.W.3d
575, 587 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2007). “An abuse of discretion occurs when the trial court
                                            -15-
causes an injustice by applying an incorrect legal standard, reaches an illogical result,
resolves the case on a clearly erroneous assessment of the evidence, or relies on
reasoning that causes an injustice.” Gonsewski v. Gonsewski, 350 S.W.3d 99, 105 (Tenn.
2011). In admitting the evidence at issue, the Trial Court relied upon Tenn. R. Evid. 608,
which states, as relevant:

       (a) Opinion and Reputation Evidence of Character. The credibility of a
       witness may be attacked or supported by evidence in the form of opinion or
       reputation, but subject to these limitations: (1) the evidence may refer only
       to character for truthfulness or untruthfulness, and (2) the evidence of
       truthful character is admissible only after the character of the witness for
       truthfulness has been attacked.

       (b) Specific Instances of Conduct. Specific instances of conduct of a
       witness for the purpose of attacking or supporting the witness’s character
       for truthfulness, other than convictions of crime as provided in Rule 609,
       may not be proved by extrinsic evidence. They may, however, if probative
       of truthfulness or untruthfulness and under the following conditions, be
       inquired into on cross-examination of the witness concerning the witness’s
       character for truthfulness or untruthfulness or concerning the character for
       truthfulness or untruthfulness of another witness as to which the character
       witness being cross-examined has testified. The conditions which must be
       satisfied before allowing inquiry on cross-examination about such conduct
       probative solely of truthfulness or untruthfulness are . . . .

        Plaintiff asserts that Defendant failed to object to the impeachment testimony at
trial and should be barred from doing so on appeal. “[I]n order to raise an issue on appeal
regarding the admissibility of evidence, the party raising the issue must have made a
contemporaneous objection.” McGarity v. Jerrolds, 429 S.W.3d 562, 567 (Tenn. Ct.
App. 2013); See Tenn. R. App. P. 36(a). Defendant’s counsel, in fact, did not object to
testimony about specific acts. Instead he stated “[Touloeisani] can state specific acts but
opinion as to character is too general.” This is essentially the opposite of Defendant’s
position on appeal. Defendant thus failed to timely object to the introduction of specific
acts. The issue is waived.

       Even if the issue were properly before us and we concluded that the Trial Court
erred by allowing Touloeisani to testify to the extent he did, that alone would not require
reversal. We will not reverse the judgment of a trial court “unless, considering the whole
record, error involving a substantial right more probably than not affected the judgment .
. . .” Tenn. R. App. P. 36(b). The Trial Court had significant other evidence, the

                                           -16-
admissibility of which is undisputed on appeal, on which to base its decision. If the Trial
Court erred, such error was harmless.

        We next address whether Plaintiff sustained his burden of proof under the clear
and convincing standard for his claim of forgery of the Quitclaim Deed. Plaintiff
testified that the Quitclaim Deed, when presented to him, did not contain the three
disputed properties. Defendant states that it did. The Trial Court, which had occasion to
see and hear the witnesses testify, found Plaintiff and his witnesses credible and
Defendant not credible. We defer heavily to such credibility determinations.

       In addition, the circumstances surrounding the transaction were highly suspect.
The Quitclaim Deed had no page numbers. The signature page had no reference to any
properties conveyed. Defendant, who drafted the Quitclaim Deed, left himself the means
of inserting the three disputed properties afterward. The Trial Court credited Plaintiff’s
testimony that he never agreed to transfer the three disputed properties that Plaintiff had
purchased from Defendant for $46,000 many years earlier.

       Other evidence further undermines the transaction. Maryam Sangchap, Plaintiff’s
wife, testified to a contentious phone conversation in which Defendant boasted about
taking “three lands.” The Trial Court was highly skeptical as to Defendant’s vacillating
testimony and unsatisfactory explanations. All in all, the evidence is of such a sort to
eliminate any serious doubt as to what transpired with the Quitclaim Deed. We find, as
did the Trial Court, that Plaintiff met his burden of proving forgery by clear and
convincing evidence.

        The final issue we address is whether Plaintiff sustained his burden of proof of
showing a contract for the purchase of real estate existed. This third issue raised by
Defendant is somewhat opaque as to its purpose, but we address it as best we can. In his
brief, Defendant articulates his reasoning for raising this issue as follows:

              Although Appellant accepts a deed can be set aside by the court on
       the basis of forgery or alteration, Appellant is at a loss in understanding
       how, in a theoretical scenario, an otherwise valid Quitclaim Deed
       (assuming no claims of forgery are asserted by any of the parties) can also
       be set aside due to lack of consideration for “a contract to be binding”— as
       stated by the trial court. A Quitclaim Deed by its very nature makes no
       warranty or assurance as to the owner’s rights or title to the property nor
       does it make any representations as to any liens, encumbrances, or any
       other defects upon the property. Accordingly, a Quitclaim Deed can be
       executed with only token or nominal consideration. Insofar as the court’s
       additional determination that the Quitclaim Deed of March 12, 2016 should
                                           -17-
       also be set aside on the alternative basis of lack of consideration “for a
       contract to be binding”, this particular finding should be set aside or
       vacated as a matter of law.

       Having affirmed the Trial Court in its finding by clear and convincing evidence
that the Quitclaim Deed was forged by Defendant as to the disputed properties, we need
not decide whether there was sufficient consideration for the Quitclaim Deed. Naturally,
a forged deed is unsupported by consideration. Under these circumstances, consideration
is an irrelevant factor. We would note, however, that the consideration for these three
disputed properties apparently was the exact same as that for the four properties not in
dispute. In that respect, this is an odd basis for rescinding the Quitclaim Deed as to the
disputed properties. In any event, the Trial Court’s alternative finding of a lack of
consideration was superfluous. That the Quitclaim Deed was proven by clear and
convincing evidence to be forged resolves the case. We affirm the judgment of the Trial
Court rescinding the Quitclaim Deed as to the three disputed properties.

                                       Conclusion

       The judgment of the Trial Court is affirmed, and this cause is remanded to the
Trial Court for collection of the costs below. The costs on appeal are assessed against the
Appellant, Mohammad Chorazghiazad, and his surety, if any.


                                          ____________________________________
                                          D. MICHAEL SWINEY, CHIEF JUDGE




                                           -18-
