     Case: 15-20681      Document: 00514007341         Page: 1    Date Filed: 05/25/2017




           IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                    FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT
                                                                            United States Court of Appeals
                                                                                     Fifth Circuit
                                      No. 15-20681                                 FILED
                                                                               May 25, 2017
                                                                              Lyle W. Cayce
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                                                          Clerk

              Plaintiff - Appellee

v.

CALVIN SHELTON,

              Defendant - Appellant




                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                        for the Southern District of Texas
                             USDC No. 4:13-CR-48-1


Before WIENER, DENNIS, and HAYNES, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:*
       Calvin Shelton pleaded guilty without a plea agreement to conspiracy to
commit mail fraud; mail fraud and aiding and abetting thereof; wire fraud and
aiding and abetting thereof; and aggravated identity theft and aiding and
abetting thereof. The district court sentenced him to a total of fifty-seven
months of imprisonment and three years of supervised release, and ordered
him and his codefendants, jointly and severally, to pay $5,642,235 in



       * Pursuant to 5TH CIR. R. 47.5, the court has determined that this opinion should not
be published and is not precedent except under the limited circumstances set forth in 5TH
CIR. R. 47.5.4.
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                                No. 15-20681
restitution. He now appeals, challenging the restitution order. Finding no
error, we AFFIRM.
                                       I
      On April 27, 2012, inspectors with the United States Postal Inspection
Service identified a suspicious parcel at the Express Mail processing plant in
Houston, Texas, addressed to Jalan Willingham, 4015 Candle Cove, Houston,
Texas. The inspectors determined that the return address, 3427 Travelwood
Lane, Atlanta, Georgia, was not a valid address. Later that day, inspectors
traveled to 4015 Candle Cove and spoke with Willingham, who gave consent
to open the package. Inside the package were approximately seventy letters
from Intuit Turbo Tax, addressed to various people in Atlanta, Georgia, and
containing Turbo Tax prepaid debit cards. The letters were all addressed to
one particular street in Atlanta.    Inspectors determined that the parcel
containing the letters had been mailed from a postal station in Atlanta. A
review of video surveillance from the station identified Calvin Shelton, a
United States Postal Service (USPS) employee, as the person who mailed the
parcel, and all of the letters in the parcel had been mailed to addresses on
Shelton’s assigned delivery route.    Additional investigation revealed that
Shelton had previously mailed similar packages to Houston, Texas.
      As the investigation proceeded, Internal Revenue Service (IRS) Special
Agents informed investigators that the cards were IRS income tax refunds that
were generated by the electronic filing of fraudulent tax returns using stolen
personal identification information (PII), including stolen social security
numbers. When contacted by IRS agents, several of the individuals whose
names were on the cards confirmed they had not filed a tax return and had not
authorized anyone to file a tax return on their behalves; each victim confirmed
their PII was used without their knowledge or authorization. The Turbo Tax


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                                No. 15-20681
cards in the package were loaded with more than $100,000 in fraudulent
refunds.
      Further investigation revealed the contours of the conspiracy. Rance
Hunter, a clerk in the criminal section of the Fulton County, Georgia, Clerk’s
Office, had access to the Fulton County Sheriff’s Office database, which
included PII for arrested individuals.    Hunter would access the database,
obtain the PII, and sell it to another employee in the Clerk’s Office. That
employee would then sell the stolen PII to another co-conspirator, who in turn
would sell the stolen PII to Willingham’s associate, Travis White, or another
person designated by White. White and Willingham used the stolen PII to
electronically file fraudulent tax returns, using addresses provided to them by
Shelton and other USPS employees.
      Once the refunds associated with the fraudulent returns were mailed to
the addresses that the letter carriers had provided, the letter carriers would
steal the mail and ship it to White and Willingham. In addition to Shelton,
White and Willingham relied on two USPS letter carriers, in Florida and
Texas. IRS agents were able to determine that White and Willingham had
filed thousands of fraudulent tax returns using stolen PII, and had claimed
refunds totaling $12,143,162. The United States Treasury had actually paid
out $7,845,682.
      On October 9, 2013, a federal grand jury returned a forty-five-count
second superseding indictment against Shelton, White, Willingham, and five
other co-conspirators. Shelton was charged with conspiracy to commit mail
fraud in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 1341 and 1349 (Count 1); mail fraud and
aiding and abetting thereof in violation of §§ 2 and 1341 (Count 2); wire fraud
and aiding and abetting thereof in violation of §§ 2 and 1343 (Counts 4-10);
and aggravated identity theft and aiding and abetting thereof in violation of


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§§ 2 and 1028A (Counts 25-31). He pleaded guilty to all counts without a plea
agreement.
      The Presentence Report (PSR) listed total losses to the IRS for all three
years of the conspiracy, but it held Shelton accountable only for the losses in
the years in which he was involved. The PSR based Shelton’s offense level
calculation under the Sentencing Guidelines on the $8.9 million intended loss
for those two years.    It also held Shelton liable in restitution, under the
Mandatory Victims Restitution Act (MVRA), 18 U.S.C. § 3663A, for $5,642,235
in actual losses for the same two-year period, to be imposed jointly and
severally with his co-defendants. Shelton objected to the loss calculation in the
PSR, challenging the amount attributed to him for Guidelines and restitution
purposes. At the sentencing hearing, Shelton again objected to the amount of
restitution. Overruling his objection, the district court sentenced Shelton to a
below-Guidelines term of fifty-seven months of imprisonment and three years
of supervised release, and held him jointly and severally liable with his co-
defendants for $5,642,235 in restitution. Shelton timely appealed.
                                       II
      “This court reviews the legality of a restitution order de novo.” United
States v. Taylor, 582 F.3d 558, 565 (5th Cir. 2009) (citing United States v.
Chaney, 964 F.2d 437, 451 (5th Cir. 1992)). Once this court has determined
that an award of restitution is legally permitted, “we review the propriety of a
particular award for an abuse of discretion.” Id. (citing United States v. Adams,
363 F.3d 363, 365 (5th Cir. 2004)). Shelton challenges the quantum of the
restitution award on two grounds: (1) it includes losses not attributable to his
actions, in violation of the MVRA; and (2) it includes losses attributable to a
scheme broader than that to which he pleaded guilty. We review these legal
questions de novo and consider whether the district court abused its discretion
with respect to the quantum of the award. See Ran-Nan Inc. v. Gen. Acc. Ins.
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Co. of Am., 252 F.3d 738, 739 (5th Cir. 2001) (“This court reviews questions of
law de novo.”); Koon v. United States, 518 U.S. 81, 100 (1996) (“Little turns . .
. on whether we label review of this particular question abuse of discretion or
de novo, for an abuse-of-discretion standard does not mean a mistake of law is
beyond appellate correction. A district court by definition abuses its discretion
when it makes an error of law. . . . The abuse-of-discretion standard includes
review to determine that the discretion was not guided by erroneous legal
conclusions.” (citations omitted)).
                                       III
      The MVRA generally requires restitution to victims of offenses under
Title 18 that are committed by fraud. § 3663A(c)(1)(A)(ii). Under the Act:
      the term “victim” means a person directly and proximately harmed
      as a result of the commission of an offense for which restitution
      may be ordered including, in the case of an offense that involves as
      an element a scheme, conspiracy, or pattern of criminal activity,
      any person directly harmed by the defendant’s criminal conduct in
      the course of the scheme, conspiracy, or pattern.
§ 3663A(a)(2). “Restitution is remedial in nature, and its goal is to restore the
victim’s loss.” Taylor, 582 F.3d at 566 (quoting United States v. Webber, 536
F.3d 584, 602–03 (7th Cir. 2008)) (internal quotation marks omitted).
      Shelton argues that the district court inappropriately held him
responsible for losses that were caused by the actions of other mail carriers,
rather than his own actions. In other words, he argues that the district court
ordered him to pay restitution to victims who were not “directly harmed by
[his] criminal conduct in the course of the . . . conspiracy,” in violation of the
MVRA. § 3663A(a)(2). This argument is foreclosed by our precedent. In
United States v. Ismoila, 100 F.3d 380, 398–99 (5th Cir. 1996), we held that,
because a participant in a conspiracy is legally liable for all the actions of his
co-conspirators, the district court was “well within its discretion to order
restitution for the losses resulting from the entire fraudulent scheme and not
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                                   No. 15-20681
merely the losses directly attributable to [the defendant’s] actions.”     This is
consistent with the holdings of nearly all of our sister circuits that the MVRA
permits a district court to order restitution for losses caused by co-conspirators.
See United States v. Newell, 658 F.3d 1, 32 (1st Cir. 2011) (“[I]t is well
established that defendants can be required to pay restitution for the
reasonably foreseeable offenses of their co-conspirators.”); United States v.
Boyd, 222 F.3d 47, 50–51 (2d Cir. 2000) (per curiam) (restitution to victims
named in counts as to which defendant was acquitted was valid because
defendant could have foreseen co-conspirator would commit those offenses);
United States v. Newsome, 322 F.3d 328, 337–38 (4th Cir. 2003) (ordering
restitution for entire amount of loss caused by conspiracy, even though amount
far exceeded the loss personally attributable to defendant); United States v.
Bogart, 576 F.3d 565, 576 (6th Cir. 2009) (similar); United States v. Moeser,
758 F.3d 793, 797 (7th Cir. 2014) (similar); United States v. Odom, 252 F.3d
1289, 1298–99 (11th Cir. 2001) (similar); cf. United States v. Grovo, 826 F.3d
1207, 1220 (9th Cir. 2016) (restitution provision at 18 U.S.C. § 2259 requires a
causal connection between the offense and the victim’s harm, but “a defendant
convicted of conspiracy is liable for restitution for not only those harms
resulting from the defendant’s individual actions, but also others caused by the
conspiracy itself”); United States v. Martinez, 610 F.3d 1216, 1234 (10th Cir.
2010) (restitution order for entire amount of loss valid despite defendant’s lack
of knowledge of the full extent of a conspiracy where the defendant was “crucial
to the success of the entire . . . scheme”).
      Of course, a defendant is liable in restitution only for the reasonably
foreseeable losses caused by their co-conspirators. E.g., Newell, 658 F.3d at 32
(defendant liable in restitution for “the reasonably foreseeable offenses of their
co-conspirators”); Boyd, 222 F.3d at 51 (approving “restitution order making
[defendant] liable for the reasonably foreseeable acts of all co-conspirators”).
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                                 No. 15-20681
Although he argues that he did not know about the other letter carriers,
Shelton does not assert that the use of postal routes in Florida and Texas was
not foreseeable to him. Any such argument is therefore forfeited. See United
States v. Delgado, 672 F.3d 320, 346 (5th Cir. 2012) (stating the general rule
that “arguments not raised on appeal are forfeited”).
      Shelton also argues that we should read the transcript of his plea and
sentencing hearings and the factual basis to narrow the scope of the scheme to
the activity in which he was directly involved. In United States v. Adams, 363
F.3d 363, 366 (5th Cir. 2004), we explained that “[o]ur review of the restitution
order . . . compels us to define the scope of the scheme underlying [the
defendant’s] . . . conviction.” We held that “when a defendant pleads guilty to
fraud, the scope of the requisite scheme to defraud, for restitution purposes, is
defined by the mutual understanding of the [Government and the defendant]
rather than the strict letter of the charging document.” Id. at 364. Shelton
argues that the factual basis and the statements he made at sentencing
demonstrate that he pleaded guilty only to the narrow scheme involving
addresses on his delivery route, not to the fraud involving the other letter
carries. However, as Shelton’s counsel conceded at oral argument, the
Government did not accept or share his understanding that his plea was
limited   to   the   activity   on   his    route.   Absent    evidence    of   a
mutual understanding as to the scope of the conspiracy, any argument
premised on Adams fails. See id. at 366.
                                       IV
      Because the district court committed no error when it held Shelton
responsible jointly and severally with his co-conspirators in restitution for the
total losses attributable to the conspiracy, we AFFIRM.



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