                    IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

                                    No. 15-1861
                             Filed December 21, 2016


JAMES MACHAMER,
    Plaintiff-Appellant,

vs.

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF ADMINISTRATIVE SERVICES, JANET PHIPPS, and
KARIN GREGOR,
     Defendants-Appellees.
________________________________________________________________


       Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Polk County, Rebecca Goodgame

Ebinger, Judge.



       A former employee appeals the district court’s denial of his petition for writ

of certiorari, claiming he was denied his rights under the Veterans Preference

Act. AFFIRMED.



       Thomas J. Duff of Duff Law Firm, P.L.C., West Des Moines, and Elizabeth

Flansburg of Lawyer, Dougherty, Palmer & Flansberg P.L.C., West Des Moines,

for appellant.

       Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Meghan Gavin, Jeffrey C.

Peterzalek, and Matthew Oetker, Assistant Attorneys General, for appellees.



       Heard by Mullins, P.J., Bower, J., and Scott, S.J.*

       *Senior judge assigned by order pursuant to Iowa Code section 602.9206 (2015).
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SCOTT, Senior Judge

        James Machamer appeals the district court’s denial of his petition for writ

of certiorari. Machamer claims the Iowa Department of Administrative Services

(DAS) violated the Iowa Veterans Preference Act (the Act) by denying him a

hearing before he was terminated from his position. See Iowa Code ch. 35C

(2015). In this appeal, he asserts the district court wrongly concluded he was

exempt from the protections of the Act as a “person holding a strictly confidential

relation to the appointing officer.” See id § 35C.8.

I. Background Facts and Proceedings.

        In March 2015, Machamer accepted the position of Chief of the

Organizational Performance Bureau for the Human Resource Enterprise of the

DAS.1    A month later, Machamer was asked to resign his position, effective

immediately, after allegations were made that Machamer made inappropriate

statements during a staff meeting. After resigning his position, Machamer filed a

petition for writ of certiorari with the district court asserting the DAS; its director,

Janet Phipps; and its chief operating officer and general counsel, Karin Gregor,

violated the Act by failing to provide him due notice of the charges supporting

termination and a hearing. See id. § 35C.6 (noting no person protected by the

Act “shall be removed from such position or employment except for

incompetency or misconduct shown after a hearing, upon due notice, upon

stated charges”). The defendants filed an answer in which they asserted the Act


1
   The DAS is divided into multiple enterprises, including: General Services Enterprise,
Human Resource Enterprise, Information Technology Enterprise, State Accounting
Enterprise, and Center Procurement and Fleet Services Enterprise. Iowa Admin. Code
r. 11-1.4.
                                             3


was not applicable to Machamer because he was a “person holding a strictly

confidential relation to the appointing officer” and he was a deputy of the chief

operating officer.

       After the parties submitted briefs and made arguments at the hearing, the

district court issued its decision denying the petition for writ of certiorari. The

court determined Machamer was a person holding a “strictly confidential relation”

to Phipps, as the appointing authority, because “Machamer’s duties and

supervisory tasks demonstrate that his position required ‘skill, judgment, trust,

and confidence’ and [he] was ‘not merely clerical.’” The court also, alternatively,

concluded Machamer was a deputy under section 35C.8, which also made him

exempt from the protections of the Act.

       Machamer appeals asserting he is neither a deputy nor in a strictly

confidential relationship with Phipps.

II. Scope and Standard of Review.

       Our review of the district court’s denial of a petition for writ of certiorari is

for correction of errors at law. Frank Hardie Advert., Inc. v. City of Dubuque

Zoning Bd. of Adjustment, 501 N.W.2d 521, 523 (Iowa 1993). “[R]eview by an

appellate court is limited to determining whether the district court properly applied

the law to the controversy before it.” Id.

III. Strictly Confidential Relation.

       Iowa Code chapter 35C provides preference in hiring and protection from

termination for those individuals who have served our country in the armed

forces. See Iowa Code § 35.1 (defining the term “veteran” as used in chapter

35C); see also id. §§ 35C.1, .6 (providing veterans “are entitled to preference in
                                           4


appointment and employment over other applicants of no greater qualifications”

and no veteran “shall be removed from such position or employment except for

incompetency or misconduct shown after a hearing, upon due notice, upon

stated charges”). In this case there is no dispute regarding Machamer’s veteran

status.     The only issue is whether the exceptions in section 35C.8 apply to

remove the protections of the Act from Machamer.

          Iowa Code section 35C.8 provides, “Nothing in this chapter shall be

construed to apply to the position of private secretary or deputy of any official or

department, or to any person holding a strictly confidential relation to the

appointing officer.” “A confidential relationship is a legal status. It is a conclusion

of law, rather than a finding of fact.         A matter for judicial construction and

determination.” Klatt v. Akers, 5 N.W.2d 605, 611 (Iowa 1942). Our supreme

court has said the term “confidential relation” is very broad “and is not at all

confined to any specific association of the parties, but applies generally to all

persons who are associated by any relation of trust and confidence.” Andreano

v. Gunter, 110 N.W.2d 649, 655 (Iowa 1961) (citation omitted). “Where duties

are not merely clerical and require skill, judgment, trust, and confidence, the

courts are inclined to regard the appointee to whom such duties are delegated as

holding a strictly confidential relation to the appointing officer or board.” Id.

          We must look at the duties of the appointing officer to determine whether

the officer was compelled to entrust the performance of the duties to others

because it would be impossible to discharge those assigned duties personally.

Brown v. State Printing Bd., 296 N.W. 719, 720 (Iowa 1941). We also look to see

if the person appointed was “necessarily given considerable latitude and required
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to exercise his discretion and good judgment in dealing with many of the duties

delegated to him.” Hannam v. Iowa State Commerce Comm’n, 292 N.W. 820,

820 (Iowa 1940). If the appointing officer is required to perform a duty involving

skill or integrity and could incur liability to himself or to the entity that employs him

if the duty is not properly executed and the officer entrusts “the discharge of this

duty to another, their relations become confidential.” Allen v. Wegman, 254 N.W.

74, 79 (Iowa 1934) (citation omitted).

       In this case, there is no dispute the appointing officer is Janet Phipps, the

director of the DAS. The DAS is in charge of “managing and coordinating the

major resources of state government including the human, financial, and physical

resources of state government.” Iowa Code § 8A.103. Phipps, as the director, is

to, among other duties, “[c]oordinate the internal operations of the [DAS] and

develop and implement policies and procedures designed to ensure the efficient

administration of the [DAS],” “[d]evelop and maintain support systems within the

[DAS] to provide appropriate administrative support and sufficient data for the

effective and efficient operation of state government,” and “[e]xamine and

develop best practices for the efficient operation of government and encourage

state agencies to adopt and implement these practices.” Id. § 8A.104(1), (6),

(13). In addition, with respect to the human resource management component,

the DAS is the central agency responsible for “[e]ducation, training, and

workforce development programs” and “[e]mployment relations, including the

negotiation and administration of collective bargaining agreements on behalf of

the executive branch of the state and its departments and agencies as provided

in chapter 20,” and it must also “[f]oster and develop, in cooperation with
                                         6


appointing authorities and others, programs for the improvement of employee

effectiveness, including training, safety, health, counseling, and welfare.” Id. §

8A.402(1)(e), (g), (2)(b).

       Machamer, in his position as Chief of the Organizational Performance

Bureau, was to lead the bureau team in developing and executing program goals

and objectives consistent with the strategy and vision of the Human Resource

Enterprise and the DAS. He was also to oversee and participate in personnel

investigations to ensure process consistency and integrity. Machamer was to

provide consultation for collective bargaining to ensure business needs were

accomplished through consistent and accurate interpretation and application of

bargaining agreements, law, rules, and policies. He was also to assess needs

and develop programs to enhance State employees’ effectiveness and

performance. In performing these duties, he was responsible for supervising

over twenty people and managing a budget of over $2.8 million. He was part of

the “management team” of the Human Resource Enterprise of the DAS.

Machamer had autonomy in the hiring process for his department, the ability to

determine employee evaluation ratings, the authority to settle grievances, and

the power to approve vacation and sick leave.         While he could recommend

disciplinary actions, this was subject to review by his supervisor, and he was not

permitted to approve or require overtime.

       In support of his claim that he is not in a strictly confidential relationship

with Director Phipps, Machamer likens his case to Ervin v. Triplett, 18 N.W.2d

599, 601–02 (Iowa 1945) (finding a police detective was not in a strictly

confidential relationship with the commissioner of public safety), and Dennis v.
                                        7

Bennet, 140 N.W.2d 123, 127 (Iowa 1966) (concluding the chief of the fire

department was not in a confidential relationship with superintendent of public

safety). We find both cases distinguishable from this case.

      In Ervin, the supreme court determined the police detective was not in a

confidential relationship to the appointing authority—the commissioner of public

safety—because, while the detective’s work may have been confidential to his

immediate supervisor, the detective did not do any confidential work for the

commissioner. 18 N.W.2d at 601–02. In this case, Machamer was part of the

management team of the Human Resource Enterprise of the DAS.              He was

charged with representing the DAS in his interactions with those both inside and

outside state government. Machamer’s chain of command included first, Gregor,

as chief operations officer of the Human Resource Enterprise, and then Phipps,

as director of the DAS and the appointing authority. Unlike the police detective in

Ervin, Machamer’s chain of command encompassed the appointing authority.

We conclude Machamer’s case is not analogous to Ervin.

      In Dennis, the supreme court concluded that the appointing authority, a

councilman serving as superintendent of public safety, was “not charged with

performance of any of the duties of chief of the fire department.” 140 N.W.2d at

128. Because of this, the appointing authority did not delegate any of his duties

to the chief of the fire department—“No officer can delegate to a subordinate any

powers or duties which the officer himself does not possess.” Id. Instead, the

position of the chief of the fire department was delegated or vested with duties

directly by separate statute or ordinance. Id. Because there was no delegation

of duties between the superintendent of public safety—the appointing authority—
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and the chief of the fire department, the court concluded there was not a strictly

confidential relationship between the two positions. See id. Such is not the case

here. Director Phipps was assigned various duties by the Iowa Code as outlined

above, and some of those duties were delegated to Machamer in his position as

the Chief of the Organizational Performance Bureau.

       Machamer claims interpreting the exception of the Act so broadly so as to

apply to his position with the DAS would swallow the rule, wiping out the

protections of the Act for all but the most mundane positions. Our supreme court

has consistently interpreted the “strictly confidential relation” exception broadly

since it was first considered in Allen, 254 N.W. at 79, and we are not at liberty to

overturn controlling supreme court precedent. Figley v. W.S. Indus., 801 N.W.2d

602, 608 (Iowa Ct. App. 2011).

       Machamer also points out that the “Merit Exemption Questionnaire” that

was part of his employment file indicated he was in a “confidential relationship”

with Gregor but did not indicate such a relationship existed with Director Phipps.

As the district court correctly noted, the definition of “confidential relationship” in

the “Merit Exemption Questionnaire”—“A confidential relationship is one in which

one person has a duty to the other not to disclose information”—is much

narrower than the definition the supreme court has given to a “strictly confidential

relation” with respect to the exception to the Act in section 35C.8. Therefore, the

questionnaire is not controlling on the issue at hand.

       Upon our review of the undisputed facts in the record, we conclude the

district court did not commit an error at law in determining Machamer was in a

strictly confidential relationship with Director Phipps under section 35C.8. The
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director of the DAS is delegated numerous duties and obligations that one

person cannot perform alone, compelling the director to entrust the performance

of the duties to others. See Brown, 296 N.W. at 720. Machamer was given

authority and latitude, and was “required to exercise his discretion and good

judgment in dealing with many of the duties delegated to him.” See Hannam,

292 N.W. at 820. These duties were “not merely clerical” but required “skill,

judgment, trust, and confidence.” See Andreano, 110 N.W.2d at 655. Because

we determine Machamer’s employment fell within the “strictly confidential

relation” exception to the Act, we need not separately determine if his position

qualified for the deputy exception as well.

       We affirm the district court’s denial of Machamer’s petition for writ of

certiorari.

       AFFIRMED.
