                                                           FILED
                                                            OCT 13 2016
 1                         NOT FOR PUBLICATION
                                                        SUSAN M. SPRAUL, CLERK
                                                          U.S. BKCY. APP. PANEL
 2                                                        OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT

 3                  UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY APPELLATE PANEL
 4                            OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT
 5   In re:                        )      BAP No.      AZ-15-1375-FLJu
                                   )
 6   PATRICK LAZZARI,              )      Bk. No.      2:10-bk-18314-BKM
                                   )
 7                  Debtor.        )      Adv. Pro. 2:14-ap-00725-BKM
     _____________________________ )
 8                                 )
     PATRICK LAZZARI,              )
 9                                 )
                    Appellant,     )
10                                 )
     v.                            )      MEMORANDUM*
11                                 )
     DANIEL LAZZARI, as Conservator)
12   for Michael Lazzari; SALLY    )
     MARTINEZ, as Conservator for )
13   Michael Lazzari,              )
                                   )
14                  Appellees.     )
     ______________________________)
15
                Argued and Submitted on September 23, 2016
16                          at Phoenix, Arizona
17                          Filed – October 13, 2016
18            Appeal from the United States Bankruptcy Court
                        for the District of Arizona
19
          Honorable Brenda K. Martin, Bankruptcy Judge, Presiding
20
21   Appearances:     Dean W. O’Connor argued for Appellant Patrick
                      Lazzari; Jenna Rose Swiren of Fennemore Craig,
22                    P.C. argued for Appellees Daniel Lazzari and Sally
                      Martinez.
23
24   Before: FARIS, LAFFERTY, and JURY, Bankruptcy Judges.
25
26        *
            This disposition is not appropriate for publication.
27   Although it may be cited for whatever persuasive value it may
     have, see Fed. R. App. P. 32.1, it has no precedential value, see
28   9th Cir. BAP Rule 8024-1.
 1                                INTRODUCTION
 2        Debtor Patrick Lazzari appeals the bankruptcy court’s order
 3   granting summary judgment in favor of appellees Daniel Lazzari
 4   and Sally Martinez on their § 523(a)(4)1 claim.      The court
 5   applied issue preclusion to a state court ruling determining that
 6   the debtor had violated his fiduciary duty to his brother,
 7   Michael Lazzari.   We discern no error.      Accordingly, we AFFIRM.
 8                             FACTUAL BACKGROUND2
 9   A.   The Lazzari family
10        Patrick, Daniel, Sally, and Michael are siblings.3      Another
11   brother, Steven, is not involved in this litigation.
12        In or around October 2000, Michael suffered a serious work-
13   related injury.    He was prescribed numerous medications for pain
14   management and psychiatric disorders.       Between 2001 and 2005,
15   Michael overdosed on drugs at least ten times.       Some of those
16   incidents involved suicide attempts and resulted in involuntary
17   psychiatric commitment.
18        Michael generally lived at home with his parents and brother
19   Steven in San Francisco.    In late 2004 or early 2005, Michael
20
21        1
            Unless specified otherwise, all chapter and section
22   references are to the Bankruptcy Code, 11 U.S.C. §§ 101-1532, all
     “Rule” references are to the Federal Rules of Bankruptcy
23   Procedure, Rules 1001-9037, and all “Civil Rule” references are
     to the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, Rules 1-86.
24
          2
            We have exercised our discretion to review the bankruptcy
25   court’s docket, as appropriate. See Woods & Erickson, LLP v.
26   Leonard (In re AVI, Inc.), 389 B.R. 721, 725 n.2 (9th Cir. BAP
     2008).
27
          3
            For ease of reference, we identify the members of the
28   Lazzari family by their first names. No disrespect is intended.

                                       2
 1   went to Arizona to live with Patrick.
 2        After Michael’s workplace injury, Patrick handled Michael’s
 3   personal finances.   Shortly after moving to Arizona, on March 4,
 4   2005, Michael signed a durable power of attorney appointing
 5   Patrick as his attorney-in-fact.
 6   B.   The Bassillio Trust
 7        Michael and Patrick were beneficiaries of their aunt’s
 8   trust, the Gloria Bassillio Revocable Trust, dated March 9, 2003,
 9   as amended and restated on December 26, 2003 (the “Bassillio
10   Trust”).   They were each to receive fifty percent of real
11   property located on Naples Street in San Francisco (the “San
12   Francisco Property”).4
13        The Bassillio Trust provided that, upon Ms. Bassillio’s
14   death, Maurice Lazzari (Ms. Bassillio’s brother and the siblings’
15   father) would serve as successor trustee.    Michael was named
16   second successor trustee, and Patrick was named the third
17   successor trustee.
18        Ms. Bassillio passed away in December 2005.    In February
19   2006, both Maurice5 and Michael signed a notice stating that they
20   were unwilling to serve as successor trustee.    As such, Patrick
21   became the trustee of the Bassillio Trust.
22
          4
23          The Bassillio Trust documents state that Michael and
     Patrick were to each receive a half interest in the San Francisco
24   Property, while their father was to receive the other trust
     assets. However, the parties have stated throughout this
25   litigation that Michael and Patrick were the only beneficiaries
26   and were to receive a half interest in all trust property.
          5
27          A court investigator later found evidence that Patrick
     unduly influenced Maurice, who was in his eighties and suffered
28   from alcohol-related dementia.

                                        3
 1        On March 9, 2006, Michael signed a Beneficiary Disclaimer
 2   and Renunciation (“Disclaimer”) in which he disclaimed his entire
 3   interest in the Bassillio Trust to Patrick.      The Disclaimer
 4   provided that Michael intended for the San Francisco Property to
 5   be distributed solely to Patrick.
 6        That same day, Patrick executed a grant deed distributing
 7   the San Francisco Property from the Bassillio Trust to himself.
 8   He later took out a $419,000 loan secured by the otherwise
 9   unencumbered San Francisco Property.
10        A day after Michael executed the Disclaimer, he apparently
11   overdosed on prescription medication and suffered a severe anoxic
12   brain injury while hospitalized.       He spent months in the hospital
13   and skilled nursing facility before returning to San Francisco to
14   live with his parents and brother Steven.      As a result of his
15   brain injury, Michael now requires life-long medical and
16   attendant care.
17   C.   The conservatorship proceedings
18        In May 2008, appellees Daniel and Sally filed a petition for
19   temporary conservatorship of Michael.      The California superior
20   court held a hearing on the petition and appointed Daniel and
21   Sally as temporary conservators over Patrick’s objections.
22        The parties engaged in legal wrangling over Michael’s
23   conservatorship for a number of years.      Daniel and Sally alleged
24   that Patrick acted unscrupulously to deprive Michael of his
25   property.   Among other things, in January 2009, they filed a
26   petition to compel Patrick to account for his handling of
27   Michael’s finances.   The superior court granted the petition and
28   also ordered Patrick to pay attorneys’ fees and costs totaling

                                        4
 1   $17,768 and a surcharge of $64,077.41 for violation of fiduciary
 2   duties as attorney-in-fact.    Daniel and Sally also obtained a
 3   restraining order against Patrick.
 4        Daniel and Sally took the position that Michael was entitled
 5   to possession of fifty percent of the personal and real property
 6   held by the Bassillio Trust at the time of Ms. Bassillio’s death.
 7   Patrick opposed Daniel’s and Sally’s position and participated in
 8   the conservatorship proceedings between 2008 and 2010.
 9   Thereafter, Patrick received notice of the proceedings but did
10   not participate as vigorously.    Daniel and Sally stated that
11   Patrick engaged in the litigation on at least two occasions but
12   chose not to file responses or objections to their filings.6
13        On May 17, 2010, Daniel and Sally filed an amended petition
14   (the “Amended Petition”) to, among other things, have the court
15   declare the Disclaimer void; find that Patrick violated his
16   duties to Michael; and transfer the San Francisco Property to
17   Michael’s conservatorship.    Patrick did not respond to the
18   Amended Petition.
19   D.   Patrick’s bankruptcy proceedings
20        On June 10, 2010, shortly after Daniel and Sally filed the
21   Amended Petition, Patrick filed his chapter 13 petition in the
22   United States Bankruptcy Court for the District of Arizona.      As a
23   part of Patrick’s amended chapter 13 plan, he proposed to “sell
24   [the San Francisco Property] and proceeds will be used to pay
25
          6
26          Patrick initially refused to provide the parties or the
     court with a copy of documents or other information related to
27   the Bassillio Trust. However, by order dated January 21, 2011,
     the superior court required Patrick to produce that information
28   for an accounting.

                                       5
 1   creditors.”   The bankruptcy court granted relief from the
 2   automatic stay so that the superior court proceedings could
 3   continue.
 4   E.   The California Order
 5        By order dated March 10, 2011, the superior court held that
 6   the transfer of the San Francisco Property pursuant to the
 7   Disclaimer was void ab initio.   The court found that: (1) the
 8   transfer of Michael’s interest in the San Francisco Property to
 9   Patrick via the Disclaimer was void ab initio; (2) Patrick never
10   rightfully held ownership of Michael’s interest in the trust
11   property; and (3) Patrick has been holding Michael’s property as
12   constructive trustee.
13        On August 8, 2011, the superior court issued an order
14   (“California Order”) on the Amended Petition that found that
15   Patrick violated his duties, determined that the entire trust res
16   should be vested in Michael’s name, and required that Patrick be
17   liable for any encumbrances on the San Francisco Property.     The
18   court held that Patrick violated his fiduciary duties as trustee
19   by “acting in bad faith, wrongfully taking, concealing and
20   disposing of property belonging to beneficiary Michael Lazzari,
21   exerting undue influence over Michael Lazzari, and dealing with
22   trust property for his own profit and in an interest [sic]
23   directly adverse to beneficiary Michael Lazzari . . . .”     It
24   referenced the March 10, 2011 order and stated that “the transfer
25   of Michael Lazzari’s one-half interest in the [San Francisco
26   Property] to Patrick Lazzari via Beneficiary Disclaimer and
27   Renunciation was found void ab initio . . . .”   The superior
28   court held that “full ownership in the [San Francisco Property]

                                      6
 1   should be vested in Michael Lazzari, . . . that Patrick Lazzari
 2   is liable to Michael Lazzari for the amount of any encumbrances
 3   currently on the real property, and that the real property in its
 4   entirety is rightfully held by the conservatorship estate of
 5   Michael Lazzari.”   Patrick did not appear for the hearing on this
 6   matter, and he claimed that the California Order was entered by
 7   default.
 8         In March 2012, the superior court awarded Daniel and Sally
 9   $58,501 in attorneys’ fees and costs in connection with the
10   conservatorship litigation.
11   F.   The adversary proceeding
12        In May 2014 (after the adverse superior court rulings), the
13   bankruptcy court granted Patrick’s request to convert his case to
14   one under chapter 7.   He received his discharge in January 2015.
15        On August 29, 2014, Daniel and Sally initiated an adversary
16   proceeding against Patrick, seeking to except from discharge the
17   debt for the encumbrance on the San Francisco Property, the
18   surcharge, and the award of attorneys’ fees and costs under
19   § 523(a)(2), (a)(4), and (a)(6).
20        Daniel and Sally filed a motion for summary judgment
21   (“Motion for Summary Judgment”) seeking a determination of
22   nondischargeability under § 523(a)(2), (a)(4), and (a)(6).    Among
23   other things, they requested that the bankruptcy court give the
24   California Order issue preclusive effect.
25        After a hearing and supplemental briefing, the bankruptcy
26   court issued its Memorandum Decision on Summary Judgment
27   (“Memorandum Decision”).   It stated that issue preclusion
28   prevented relitigation of the findings in the California Order

                                        7
 1   and that those findings are binding on the bankruptcy court.    It
 2   determined that Daniel and Sally met their burden with respect to
 3   defalcation under § 523(a)(4), but not as to the § 523(a)(2) and
 4   (a)(6) claims or the fraud element of § 523(a)(4).
 5        The bankruptcy court concluded that issue preclusion applied
 6   under California law, because (1) although the California Order
 7   was obtained by default, it was decided on the merits (as opposed
 8   to a procedural ground); (2) although the California Order was a
 9   default judgment, the issues were actually litigated; (3) the
10   elements of defalcation under § 523(a)(4) were identical to that
11   decided by the California Order; and (4) Patrick had an incentive
12   to participate in the conservatorship proceedings, since the
13   San Francisco Property was crucial to his amended chapter 13
14   plan.    The bankruptcy court held that the nondischargeable debt
15   was the claim “for the value of the mortgage lien on the trust
16   property ($419,000 at 3.5%; $467,800.54 as of October 6, 2011),
17   and the March 15, 2012 Order awarding attorney’s fees and costs
18   in the amount of approximately $58,000 relating to the Amended
19   Petition.”
20        On October 14, 2015, the court issued its Judgment Excepting
21   Debt from Discharge.    Patrick timely filed his notice of appeal.7
22                               JURISDICTION
23        The bankruptcy court had jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C.
24
          7
            The BAP Clerk’s Office notified the parties that the
25   § 523(a)(2) and (a)(6) claims remained outstanding and neither
26   the Memorandum Decision nor the judgment contained an express
     determination that there is no just reason for delay or a
27   direction to enter final judgment on fewer than all claims.
     Patrick moved the court for Civil Rule 54(b) certification. The
28   court issued an order for final judgment on February 22, 2016.

                                       8
 1   §§ 1334 and 157(b)(2)(I).    We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C.
 2   § 158.
 3                                   ISSUE
 4        Whether the bankruptcy court erred in granting summary
 5   judgment in favor of Daniel and Sally under § 523(a)(4) by
 6   applying issue preclusion to the California Order.8
 7                           STANDARDS OF REVIEW
 8        We review “the bankruptcy court’s interpretation of the
 9   Bankruptcy Code de novo and its factual findings for clear
10   error[.]”   Hedlund v. Educ. Res. Inst. Inc., 718 F.3d 848, 854
11   (9th Cir. 2013) (quoting Miller v. Cardinale (In re DeVille),
12   361 F.3d 539, 547 (9th Cir. 2004)).
13        “We review rulings regarding rules of res judicata,
14   including claim and issue preclusion, de novo as mixed questions
15   of law and fact in which legal questions predominate.”   Khaligh
16   v. Hadaegh (In re Khaligh), 338 B.R. 817, 823 (9th Cir. BAP
17   2006), aff’d, 506 F.3d 956 (9th Cir. 2007) (citations omitted).
18   “Once it is determined that preclusion doctrines are available to
19   be applied, the actual decision to apply them is left to the
20   trial court’s discretion.”   Id. (citations omitted).
21
22
23
24
25        8
            Daniel and Sally argue that nondischargeability is proper
26   under § 523(a)(2) and (a)(6). However, the bankruptcy court held
     that the California Order did not satisfy the elements necessary
27   for issue preclusion under those sections, and neither party
     appealed that portion of the Memorandum Decision. Accordingly,
28   we do not address § 523(a)(2) or (a)(6).

                                       9
 1                               DISCUSSION
 2   A.   The superior court judgment cannot be discharged under
          § 523(a)(4) if Patrick breached his fiduciary duty to
 3        Michael by committing fraud or defalcation.
 4        Section 523(a)(4) provides:
 5        (a) A discharge under section 727 . . . of this title
          does not discharge an individual debtor from any debt -
 6
               . . .
 7
               (4) for fraud or defalcation while acting in a
 8             fiduciary capacity, embezzlement, or larceny[.]
 9   § 523(a)(4).
10        Under Ninth Circuit law, “[t]o prevail on a
11   nondischargeability claim under § 523(a)(4) the plaintiff must
12   prove not only the debtor’s fraud or defalcation, but also that
13   the debtor was acting in a fiduciary capacity when the debtor
14   committed the fraud or defalcation.”     Honkanen v. Hopper
15   (In re Honkanen), 446 B.R. 373, 378 (9th Cir. BAP 2011); see
16   Nahman v. Jacks (In re Jacks), 266 B.R. 728, 735 (9th Cir. BAP
17   2001) (“The creditor must establish three elements for
18   nondischargeability under this provision: (1) an express trust;
19   (2) that the debt was caused by fraud or defalcation; and
20   (3) that the debtor was a fiduciary to the creditor at the time
21   the debt was created.”).   The United States Supreme Court has
22   held that defalcation has a specific meaning that requires “bad
23   faith, moral turpitude, or other immoral conduct,” or “an
24   intentional wrong.”   Bullock v. BankChampaign, N.A., 133 S. Ct.
25   1754, 1759-60 (2013).
26   B.   The bankruptcy court did not err in applying issue
          preclusion to the California Order.
27
28        The question before the Panel is whether the California

                                     10
 1   Order can be given issue preclusive effect such that it precludes
 2   relitigation before the bankruptcy court of the issues pertinent
 3   to the § 523(a)(4) claim.
 4        A bankruptcy court may rely on the issue preclusive effect
 5   of an existing state court judgment as the basis for granting
 6   summary judgment.    See In re Khaligh, 338 B.R. at 831-32.   The
 7   usual rules of issue preclusion apply in dischargeability
 8   litigation.   Grogan v. Garner, 498 U.S. 279, 284-85 (1991).
 9        Under the full faith and credit statute, federal courts must
10   give state court judgments the same preclusive effect that a
11   state court would.    See 28 U.S.C. § 1738; Gayden v. Nourbakhsh
12   (In re Nourbakhsh), 67 F.3d 798, 800 (9th Cir. 1995).    To
13   determine the preclusive effect of a state court judgment,
14   federal courts apply the preclusion law of the state in which the
15   judgment was entered.    See Marrese v. Am. Acad. of Orthopaedic
16   Surgeons, 470 U.S. 373, 380 (1985); DiRuzza v. Cty. of Tehama,
17   323 F.3d 1147, 1152 (9th Cir. 2003).
18        Here, although the bankruptcy proceedings were held in
19   Arizona, the conservatorship proceedings took place in
20   California, and the California Order was issued by the California
21   superior court.   Therefore, California law on issue preclusion
22   applies.
23        1.    California law on issue preclusion
24        In California, issue preclusion prevents parties from
25   relitigating issues already decided in prior proceedings.     Lucido
26   v. Super. Ct., 51 Cal. 3d 335, 341 (1990).    The party asserting
27   issue preclusion must prove five elements.    First, the issues to
28   be precluded must be identical to the ones decided in the prior

                                      11
 1   proceeding.     Second, the issues must have been actually litigated
 2   in the prior proceeding.    Third, the issues must have been
 3   necessarily decided.    Fourth, the decision must have been final
 4   and on the merits.    Finally, the party to be precluded must be
 5   identical to or in privity with a party to the prior proceeding.
 6   Id.
 7         The party asserting issue preclusion has the burden of
 8   establishing each element.    “To sustain this burden, a party must
 9   introduce a record sufficient to reveal the controlling facts and
10   the exact issues litigated in the prior action.    Any reasonable
11   doubt as to what was decided in the prior action will weigh
12   against applying issue preclusion.”    Brandstetter v. Derebery
13   (In re Derebery), 324 B.R. 349, 353 (Bankr. C.D. Cal. 2005)
14   (citing Kelly v. Okoye (In re Kelly), 182 B.R. 255, 258 (9th Cir.
15   BAP 1995)).
16         The doctrine of issue preclusion is not mechanically
17   applied.   Instead, the court must apply it when it advances three
18   policies: “(1) to promote judicial economy by minimizing
19   repetitive litigation; (2) to prevent inconsistent judgments
20   which undermine the integrity of the judicial system; and (3) to
21   provide repose by preventing a person from being harassed by
22   vexatious litigation.”    Alpha Mech., Heating & Air Conditioning,
23   Inc. v. Travelers Cas. & Sur. Co. of Am., 133 Cal. App. 4th 1319,
24   1333 (2005).
25         2.   Preclusive effect of the California Order
26              a.     Are the issues identical?
27         The first prong of the issue preclusion test requires a
28   comparison of the issues presented in the current case with the

                                       12
 1   issues presented in the prior case that resulted in the judgment.
 2   The bankruptcy court held that the California Order established
 3   the requisite elements of defalcation under § 523(a)(4).   We find
 4   no error.
 5        A debt is nondischargeable under § 523(a)(4) if the creditor
 6   establishes: (1) an express trust; (2) that the debt was caused
 7   by fraud or defalcation; and (3) that the debtor was a fiduciary
 8   to the creditor at the time the debt was created.   In re Jacks,
 9   266 B.R. at 735.   The relevant terms have specific meanings and
10   are narrowly construed.   “[T]he fiduciary relationship must be
11   one arising from an express or technical trust that was imposed
12   before and without reference to the wrongdoing that caused the
13   debt.”   Lewis v. Scott (In re Lewis), 97 F.3d 1182, 1185 (9th
14   Cir. 1996).   Additionally, defalcation requires “bad faith, moral
15   turpitude, or other immoral conduct,” or “an intentional wrong.”
16   Bullock, 133 S. Ct. at 1759-60.
17        The bankruptcy court engaged in a thorough comparison of the
18   California Order and the elements of § 523(a)(4).   It concluded
19   that the California Order established the necessary elements for
20   defalcation under § 523(a)(4).    It said:
21        all three of the elements of § 523(a)(4) have been
          ruled upon by the State Court: there is an express
22        trust; the Debtor was trustee of the trust; the Debtor
          committed defalcation when, acting in bad faith, he
23        took, concealed and disposed of trust property for his
          own benefit and profit and to the detriment of Michael
24        as beneficiary.
25   We agree with the court’s analysis.    Patrick does not challenge
26   this aspect of the bankruptcy court’s ruling.
27        Rather, Patrick argues that issue preclusion is inapplicable
28   because the superior court did not make a determination of

                                       13
 1   nondischargeability.   This argument is nonsensical.   The superior
 2   court had no reason to consider and rule on whether its ruling
 3   would result in a nondischargeable debt in bankruptcy.     Rather,
 4   issue preclusion concerns whether the elements of the claims
 5   decided by the state court are the same as the elements of the
 6   claims to be decided by the bankruptcy court.
 7        Accordingly, the issues are identical, and the first prong
 8   is satisfied.
 9             b.    Were the issues actually litigated?
10        An issue is “actually litigated” when the issue was raised,
11   actually submitted for determination, and determined.    Baker v.
12   Hull, 191 Cal. App. 3d 221, 226 (1987).   Courts also consider
13   whether the party to be estopped had a “full and fair
14   opportunity” to litigate the issue.   Gottlieb v. Kest, 141 Cal.
15   App. 4th 110, 148 (2006).
16        Patrick argued to the bankruptcy court that the California
17   Order was not actually litigated, because he largely did not
18   participate in the conservatorship proceedings after 2010 and did
19   not answer the Amended Petition or appear at the hearing on the
20   Amended Petition.   The court held that, even though the
21   California Order was a default judgment, the issues were actually
22   litigated.9
23
          9
24          Patrick makes only a passing argument that a default
     judgment is not afforded issue preclusive effect. It is not
25   clear whether he is challenging the bankruptcy court’s ruling in
26   this respect. In any event, California law is clear that, unlike
     the majority rule, it “accords collateral estoppel effect to
27   default judgments, at least where the judgment contains an
     express finding on the allegations.” Gottlieb, 141 Cal. App. 4th
28                                                      (continued...)

                                     14
 1                    i.    Defective service
 2        On appeal, Patrick merely argues in passing that there is no
 3   evidence that he was personally served with the Amended Petition.
 4   However, he did not identify where he made this argument before
 5   the bankruptcy court.    We will not consider issues raised for the
 6   first time on appeal.    See Ezra v. Seror (In re Ezra), 537 B.R.
 7   924, 932 (9th Cir. BAP 2015) (“Ordinarily, federal appellate
 8   courts will not consider issues not properly raised in the trial
 9   courts.”).
10        Moreover, he fails to provide any legal authority or
11   citation to the record substantiating his claim that he was not
12   properly served with the Amended Petition.       See Christian Legal
13   Soc. Chapter of Univ. of Cal. v. Wu, 626 F.3d 483, 487 (9th Cir.
14   2010) (An appellate court “won’t consider matters on appeal that
15   are not specifically and distinctly argued in appellant’s opening
16   brief.   Applying this standard, we’ve refused to address claims
17   that were only argue[d] in passing, or that were bare
18   assertion[s] . . . with no supporting argument.”).
19        Even if this issue was properly before us on appeal, we
20   would find no error.    Patrick does not deny that the original
21   petition was properly served on him.       Nor does he offer any
22   authority that service by mail is ineffective for an amended
23   petition.    Cf. Cal. Civ. Proc. Code § 471.5(a) (“If the complaint
24   is amended, a copy of the amendments shall be filed, or the court
25   may, in its discretion, require the complaint as amended to be
26
27
          9
           (...continued)
28   at 149.

                                       15
 1   filed, and a copy of the amendments or amended complaint must be
 2   served upon the defendants affected thereby.”); Student A. ex
 3   rel. Mother of Student A. v. Metcho, 710 F. Supp. 267, 268-69
 4   (N.D. Cal. 1989) (Under California Code of Civil Procedure
 5   § 1013(a), service is complete “upon deposit of the amended
 6   complaint in the mail . . . .”).     We discern no error concerning
 7   the service of the Amended Petition.
 8                  ii.   Fraud and fiduciary obligations
 9        Patrick also baldly argues that “the issue of whether
10   Patrick Lazzari committed fraud or otherwise breached his
11   fiduciary obligation was never actually litigated or decided in
12   the California State Court actions.”    He again fails to expand on
13   this argument or cite any evidence or authority.    To the
14   contrary, the bankruptcy court engaged in a detailed analysis of
15   the elements of § 523(a)(4) and concluded that the defalcation
16   element was satisfied by the California Order, while the fraud
17   element was not.
18                  iii. Validity of the Disclaimer
19        Patrick further contends that the superior court did not
20   determine Michael’s competency at the time that he signed the
21   Disclaimer or the validity of the Disclaimer itself.    He argues
22   that if Michael were competent and the Disclaimer were valid,
23   then he did not owe Michael a fiduciary duty and could not have
24   breached that duty as required by § 523(a)(4).
25        Patrick is mistaken on a basic level.    The superior court
26   did not need to make an explicit finding as to Michael’s
27   competence; even if Michael were competent, Patrick was not free
28   to injure him or act against his interests.    Moreover, the

                                     16
 1   superior court did determine that the Disclaimer was invalid in
 2   its March 10, 2011 order.    It held that the transfer of Michael’s
 3   interest in the Bassillio Trust “via Beneficiary Disclaimer and
 4   Renunciation was void ab initio, that Patrick Lazzari never
 5   rightfully held ownership of Michael Lazzari’s interest and
 6   personal property, and that Patrick Lazzari has been holding
 7   Michael Lazzari’s one-half of the property as constructive
 8   trustee.”    The superior court recognized and reaffirmed its
 9   March 10, 2011 order in the California Order, stating that the
10   transfer via the Disclaimer “was found void ab initio . . . .”
11   Thus, the superior court made an express determination that the
12   Disclaimer and transfer of the San Francisco Property were
13   invalid.
14        Accordingly, the second requirement is satisfied.
15               c.   Were the issues necessarily decided?
16        An issue was “necessarily decided” if the issue was not
17   “entirely unnecessary” to the judgment in the prior proceeding.
18   Lucido, 51 Cal. 3d at 342.    The parties do not dispute that the
19   issues before the superior court were necessarily decided.
20   Accordingly, the third prong is satisfied.
21               d.   Is the judgment final and on the merits?
22        A judgment is the final determination of the rights of the
23   parties in an action.    Cal. Code Civ. P. § 577.   In California, a
24   judgment is “final” when it terminates the litigation between the
25   parties on the merits and leaves nothing else to do except
26   enforce the judgment.    Sullivan v. Delta Air Lines, Inc., 15 Cal.
27   4th 288, 304 (1997).    The parties here do not dispute that the
28   California Order was a final judgment.

                                      17
 1        To the extent Patrick is arguing that the California Order
 2   was a default judgment and therefore not decided on the merits,
 3   we reject this argument for the reasons stated above.     The
 4   superior court engaged in a detailed analysis of the alleged
 5   breach of fiduciary duty.    As the bankruptcy court noted, the
 6   decision was made on the merits, because “[n]othing in the record
 7   suggests that the State Court decided the matter solely on
 8   procedural grounds.”    We agree.    The fourth requirement is thus
 9   satisfied.
10               e.   Were the parties identical?
11        The parties to this appeal were parties to the
12   conservatorship proceeding before the superior court.     As such,
13   the fifth requirement is satisfied.
14        3.     Incentive to litigate
15        Finally, Patrick argues that issue preclusion is
16   inappropriate and the California Order cannot be used against
17   him, because he lacked an incentive to litigate in the superior
18   court.    We reject this argument.
19        “At its heart, the decision to apply issue preclusion
20   entails a measure of discretion and flexibility.”     Lopez v.
21   Emergency Serv. Restoration, Inc. (In re Lopez), 367 B.R. 99, 107
22   (9th Cir. BAP 2007).    A court can refuse to apply issue
23   preclusion when there are “unfair circumstances” concerning the
24   full and fair opportunity to litigate, including when “the
25   defendant had no incentive to vigorously litigate the issue in
26   the prior action, particularly if the second action is not
27   foreseeable.”    Roos v. Red, 130 Cal. App. 4th 870, 880 (2005)
28   (citation and internal quotation marks omitted); see Shawhan v.

                                         18
 1   Shawhan (In re Shawhan), BAP No. NV-08-1049-JuKuK, 2008 WL
 2   8462964, at *6 (9th Cir. BAP July 7, 2008) (“Equitable
 3   circumstances may justify not applying the doctrine.    Such
 4   circumstances may occur . . . when there is an inadequate
 5   opportunity or incentive to obtain a full and fair adjudication
 6   in the initial action.”).
 7        Here, Patrick claimed that he had no incentive to litigate
 8   in the superior court because he assumed that he could discharge
 9   his debt through bankruptcy.   However, as the bankruptcy court
10   pointed out, his incentive to litigate was evident: his amended
11   chapter 13 plan called for the sale of the San Francisco Property
12   to pay his creditors.   He should have known that, if he lost the
13   superior court litigation, he would have no assets with which to
14   fund his chapter 13 plan.   He could not merely assume that he
15   would prevail in the superior court litigation (or that the
16   superior court decision would not affect his bankruptcy case),
17   especially given the years of contentious litigation.
18        Similarly, Patrick should have known that Daniel and Sally
19   were asking the superior court to rule that Patrick had breached
20   his fiduciary duties and that, if Daniel and Sally prevailed in
21   the superior court, a § 523(a)(4) adversary proceeding would
22   ensue.   Cf. In re Palombo, 456 B.R. 48, 59 (Bankr. C.D. Cal.
23   2011) (holding that the debtor had incentive to litigate the
24   earlier action, because “the importance of the facts to this
25   litigation was clearly foreseeable at the time of the earlier
26   action which was ongoing, not years earlier. . . .   [A]pplication
27   of issue preclusion [to the § 523(a)(4) claim] was plainly
28   foreseeable”).   Thus, it is disingenuous to claim that he did not

                                     19
 1   have any incentive to litigate the conservatorship proceedings.
 2        Patrick cites only Harner v. Carlson (In re Carlson),
 3   156 B.R. 582 (Bankr. S.D. Ind. 1992), for the proposition that,
 4   when a debtor chooses not to actually litigate factual issues in
 5   a prebankruptcy case, collateral estoppel should not bar
 6   relitigation.   But Carlson does not help Patrick’s case.    The
 7   Indiana bankruptcy court merely acknowledged the general rule
 8   that, when a party lacked a similar incentive to defend in the
 9   earlier case, it cannot be said that the party had a “full and
10   fair opportunity” to litigate the issue.   See id. at 584.
11        Accordingly, Patrick had incentive to participate in the
12   superior court case and had a full and fair opportunity to
13   litigate.   It is not inequitable to apply issue preclusion to the
14   California Order.
15                               CONCLUSION
16        For the reasons set forth above, the bankruptcy court did
17   not err in affording issue preclusive effect to the California
18   Order and holding Patrick’s debt to Daniel and Sally (as
19   Michael’s conservators) nondischargeable under § 523(a)(4).
20   Therefore, we AFFIRM.
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28

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