                       NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
                               File Name: 20a0380n.06

                                       Case No. 19-1829

                         UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                              FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                                                                   FILED
                                                                             Jun 26, 2020
MONICA COLLIER,                                    )                     DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
                                                   )
       Plaintiff-Appellant,                        )
                                                   )      ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
v.                                                 )      STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR
                                                   )      THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF
MAURIZIO LOGIUDICE, et al.,                        )      MICHIGAN
                                                   )
       Defendants-Appellees.                       )




BEFORE: SILER, GIBBONS, and THAPAR, Circuit Judges.

       SILER, Circuit Judge. Monica Collier appeals the district court’s judgment on the

pleadings in favor of Maurizio LoGiudice, Giovanna LoGiudice, and Mandy Tithof (collectively

“Appellees”). Collier also appeals the district court’s resolution of her motion to compel the

continuation of Maurizio LoGiudice’s deposition and motion for sanctions. We AFFIRM.

                                              I.

       Collier worked at Vitale’s Pizzeria of Hudsonville, LLC (“Vitale’s”) from 2011 until 2017.

Collier logged all hours that she worked in Vitale’s Point of Service System. However, Vitale’s

general manager only reported to the payroll company the first forty hours employees worked each

week. Collier was paid for these hours through direct deposit or check. Vitale’s general manager
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tracked by hand any hours worked greater than forty per week and paid Collier in cash for these

hours at her regular hourly rate.

       In 2018, Collier filed two lawsuits in the Western District of Michigan based on this

conduct. First, she filed a collective action complaint against Vitale’s, its owner Maurizio

LoGiudice, and general manager Tithof alleging violations of the Fair Labor Standards Act

(“FLSA”), 29 U.S.C. § 201 et seq., for failure to pay Collier overtime at the rate of time-and-one-

half. See Collier v. Vitale’s Pizzeria of Hudsonville, LLC, No. 1:18-cv-804 (W.D. MI). Second,

Collier filed the instant suit, a class action against Appellees, alleging that these individuals

conspired and committed civil Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (“RICO”)

violations.

       Collier alleges that Appellees violated RICO by committing mail and wire fraud to advance

three conspiracies to defraud taxing authorities, employees, and Vitale’s workers’ compensation

insurance carrier: (1) the “Tax Evasion Scheme,” (2) the “Wage Theft Scheme,” and (3) the

“Workers’ Compensation Insurance Scheme.”

       First, with respect to the Tax Evasion Scheme, Collier argues that Appellees did not pay

the required withholdings on the cash payments “with the goal of defrauding the state and federal

tax authorities.” Collier claims she “suffered injury to [her] property, including the loss of money

and exposure to additional tax liability along with fines and interest” because of Appellees’ alleged

mail and wire fraud against the governmental taxing authorities. She further alleges that the

“nonpayment of withholdings also lessened [her] future social security benefits.”

       Second, she alleges that Appellees engaged in a Wage Theft Scheme by “defraud[ing]

Plaintiff and class members of their overtime premium pay for all hours worked over forty (40).”

Third, she alleges Appellees engaged in a Workers’ Compensation Insurance Scheme through



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“defrauding their workers’ compensation insurance carrier by submitting fraudulent wage amounts

to their carrier which was then relied upon and used to calculate their insurance premiums.”

Essentially, she argues that Appellees underreported their payroll expenses to their workers’

compensation insurance carrier, which resulted in lower premiums.

         Disputes between counsel arose during discovery, especially during the deposition of

Maurizio LoGiudice. Before the deposition was concluded the district court granted Appellees’

motion to dismiss under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(c) and dismissed Collier’s complaint

because she failed to sufficiently allege proximate cause. Collier appealed.

                                                 II.

         First, Collier argues that the district court erred when it dismissed her RICO claims under

Federal Rule of Civil Procedure (FRCP) 12(c). Second, Collier challenges the district court’s

resolution of her motion to compel and motion for sanctions. We address each challenge below.

                                               III.

         Collier argues that the district court erred when it dismissed her RICO claims under FRCP

12(c).

         We review de novo a judgment on the pleadings under FRCP 12(c) and evaluate whether

the complaint states a plausible claim for relief. See Jackson v. City of Cleveland, 925 F.3d 793,

806 (6th Cir. 2019). “To state a valid claim, a complaint must contain direct or inferential

allegations respecting all the material elements under some viable legal theory.” Commercial

Money Ctr., Inc. v. Illinois Union Ins. Co., 508 F.3d 327, 336 (6th Cir. 2007). The factual

allegations in the complaint must be accepted as true but “[w]e need not accept the plaintiff’s legal

conclusions or unwarranted factual inferences as true.” Id.




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                                                 A.

        First, Collier argues that her RICO claims are not precluded by the FLSA. This court

recently held in a similar case that “the FLSA’s detailed remedial scheme precludes certain claims

brought under the RICO statute.” See Torres v. Vitale, 954 F.3d 866, 875 (6th Cir. 2020). In Torres,

the plaintiff brought two lawsuits, an FLSA suit and a RICO suit against another Vitale’s

restaurant. Id. at 870. Both lawsuits were based on conduct similar to that alleged in this case. The

FLSA suit was based on Vitale’s alleged failure to pay its workers overtime for hours worked in

excess of forty per week. Id. The RICO suit, based on the same factual scenario as the FLSA suit,

set forth essentially the same three schemes alleged in this case: (1) a “tax evasion scheme,” (2) a

“wage-theft scheme,” and a (3) “workers’-compensation-insurance-scheme.” Id.

        In Torres the district court dismissed the plaintiff’s RICO suit as precluded by the FLSA.

Id. at 869. Plaintiff appealed and this court issued an opinion holding:

        the FLSA preclude[s] RICO claims to the extent that the damages sought are for
        unpaid minimum or overtime wages. However, when a RICO claim that is based
        on a dispute between an employer and an employee alleges damages that are
        distinct from unpaid wages, even if the RICO predicate-act arises from conduct that
        also violates the FLSA, then the RICO remedies do not fall within the ambit of the
        FLSA’s remedial scheme and are therefore not precluded.

Id. at 875.

        Applying this holding, the court affirmed dismissal of the RICO claim as it related to the

“wage theft scheme” (i.e., the underpayment of overtime wages), “because it [sought] the exact

same remedy that is provided by the FLSA.” Id. at 876. The court also determined that the district

court properly dismissed the plaintiff’s RICO claim regarding the workers’ compensation

insurance scheme because although Vitale’s insurance company may have been injured, the

plaintiff did not identify any way in which he was injured by this scheme. Id. The court concluded

that as to the tax evasion scheme, it could not say whether it was precluded under the FLSA. The

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court explained that “[w]ithout the benefit of briefing or argument on this issue,” it “decline[d] to

decide in the first instance whether [the plaintiff] pleaded cognizable damages separate from lost

wages so as to state a viable RICO claim.” Id. at 877. Therefore, it remanded the case to the district

court to determine whether the plaintiff “adequately pleaded a RICO claim with damages that are

distinct from his wage and hour claims.” Id.

       Here, the district court did not address this preclusion argument and dismissed Collier’s

RICO claims on different grounds. Nevertheless, we are bound by the decision in Torres and “we

‘may affirm on any grounds supported by the record even if different from the reasons of the

district court.’” Dixon v. Clem, 492 F.3d 665, 673 (6th Cir. 2007) (quoting Abercrombie & Fitch

Stores, Inc. v. Am. Eagle Outfitters, Inc., 280 F.3d 619, 629 (6th Cir. 2002)); see Miller v. Kent

Nutrition Grp., Inc., 783 F. App’x 604, 606–07 (6th Cir. 2019). Therefore, like the Court in Torres

we affirm the dismissal of Collier’s RICO claim as it relates to the wage theft scheme because it

seeks the same remedy provided by the FLSA, the recovery of unpaid overtime.

       However, unlike the district court in Torres, here, the district court analyzed whether

Collier sufficiently pled a RICO claim and held that Collier did not adequately allege proximate

cause. Therefore, we next evaluate whether the district court properly dismissed Collier’s RICO

claims regarding the remaining two schemes (tax evasion and workers’ compensation insurance)

based on lack of proximate cause.

                                                 B.

       Collier brought this lawsuit under RICO, which was designed to combat organized crime.

“As part of RICO’s extensive civil enforcement scheme, Congress included 18 U.S.C. § 1964(c)

which allows for private suits for treble damages and attorneys’ fees to ‘[a]ny person injured in his




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business or property by reason of a violation of section 1962[.]” Kramer v. Bachan Aerospace

Corp., 912 F.2d 151, 154 (6th Cir. 1990) (quoting 18 U.S.C. § 1964(c)).

       To state a cause of action under RICO, a plaintiff must allege that the defendants have

engaged in a “pattern of racketeering activity” through the repeated commission of predicate acts.

See 18 U.S.C. § 1962. A plaintiff must also allege that the predicate acts, here mail and wire fraud,1

were a proximate cause of the plaintiff’s injuries. See Wallace v. Midwest Fin. & Mortg. Servs.

Inc., 714 F.3d 414, 418–19 (6th Cir. 2013) (“It is well-settled that proximate cause is an essential

ingredient of any civil RICO claim.”). “[T]he central question” for purposes of proximate

causation under RICO “is whether the alleged violation led directly to the plaintiff’s injuries.”

Anza v. Ideal Steel Supply Corp., 547 U.S. 451, 461 (2006) (emphasis added); see also Hemi Grp.,

LLC v. City of New York, 559 U.S. 1, 9–10 (2010) (plurality opinion) (explaining that RICO

requires a “direct relationship” between the fraud and the injury). The concept is flexible but “the

causal link between the injury and the conduct may [] be too weak to constitute proximate cause

[if] it is insubstantial, unforeseeable, speculative, or illogical, or because of intervening causes.”

Trollinger v. Tyson Foods, Inc., 370 F.3d 602, 614 (6th Cir. 2004).

       For example, in Hemi Group a plurality of the Supreme Court found that a company’s

failure to file certain tax information did not directly harm the City of New York. The City filed a

RICO lawsuit against a company for failing to file required customer information with state tax

authorities, which they argued constituted mail and wire fraud. See Hemi Grp., 559 U.S. at 4. The

court held that “[b]ecause the City cannot show that it lost the tax revenue ‘by reason of’ the

alleged RICO violation . . . the City cannot state a claim under RICO.” Id. at 4–5. The court



       1
           Mail and wire fraud qualify as predicate acts under 18 U.S.C. § 1961. See 18 U.S.C.
1961(1) (listing 18 U.S.C. § 1341 (mail fraud) and 18 U.S.C. § 1343 (wire fraud) as racketeering
activity).
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reasoned that there were intervening steps before the City suffered any injury—for instance, the

company’s customer had to fail to pay the taxes they owed the City. Id. at 10–11. Therefore, the

alleged violation did not lead directly to the City’s injuries.

       Here, Collier did not sufficiently plead proximate cause as it relates to either the Workers’

Compensation Insurance Scheme or the Tax Evasion Scheme. As to the first scheme, Collier

alleges that Appellees underreported their payroll expenses to their workers’ compensation

insurance carrier, which in theory resulted in lower insurance premiums for Appellees. Although

this may have injured Vitale’s insurance company, Collier does not allege any facts that indicate

how she was injured by this scheme. Therefore, the district court properly dismissed Collier’s

RICO claim to the extent that it relies on the alleged Workers’ Compensation Insurance Scheme.

       As to the Tax Evasion Scheme, Collier alleges that Appellees only reported to tax

authorities the compensation paid to employees for the first forty hours worked in a week and did

not report the cash payments made to employees for hours worked in excess of forty hours. As

such, Collier claims that Appellees did not pay the required amount of withholdings to tax

authorities, which she argues injured her by lowering her future social security benefits and

exposing her to tax liabilities and penalties.

       However, we conclude that the defendants’ misconduct (mailing false W-2s) did not lead

directly to Collier’s injuries. As in Hemi Group, “the conduct directly responsible for [Collier’s]

harm was [her own] failure to pay [her] taxes,” not the defendants’ failure to report her cash wages.

Hemi Grp., 559 U.S. at 11. Although most employees inherently rely upon the figures reported on

their W-2s as accurate, when Collier filed her taxes she knew she received off-the-books cash

payments for certain hours and knew her pay statements and W-2 statements did not include these




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off-the-books cash payments and she chose not to pay taxes on them.2 Therefore, the alleged

violation of mailing false W-2s did not lead directly to Collier’s injuries. In sum, we affirm the

district court’s conclusion that Collier failed to sufficiently establish proximate cause.

                                                 IV.

       Collier also appeals the district court’s resolution of her motion to compel the deposition

of Maurizio LoGiudice and motion for sanctions.

       We must review the district court’s decision for abuse of discretion. Bill Call Ford, Inc. v.

Ford Motor Co., 48 F.3d 201, 209 (6th Cir. 1995). District courts have broad discretion over the

discovery process. Pittman v Experian Info. Sols., Inc., 901 F.3d 619, 642 (6th Cir. 2018).

Substantial deference is given to the district court’s decision to limit discovery and we will not

reverse it unless there is “a clear showing that the denial of discovery resulted in actual and

substantial prejudice to the complaining litigant.” Id.

       During Maurizio LoGiudice’s deposition Appellees’ counsel objected over 300 times and

left the deposition before Collier was finished asking questions. Collier then filed a motion to

compel the deposition to continue and moved for sanctions against Appellees’ counsel. Appellees’

counsel argued that he objected so many times because Collier’s line of questioning was not

relevant. The district court ordered an additional six hours of deposition to occur two months after

its order so that the court had time to rule on the pending motion to dismiss before the deposition.

The court also ordered the deposition to occur in the courtroom so that it could readily resolve any



       2
          Although Collier’s brief argues that she did not know the pay statements and W-2s were
false, she does not cite to any part of the pleadings in support and the Complaint contradicts this
claim. The Complaint indicates that Collier knew the cash payments she received were off-the-
books and that her pay statements and W-2s did not include the cash payments. See e.g.,
Complaint, RE 1 at 5, ¶ 40 (alleging that “[o]n approximately September 2015, [Collier] informed
Defendant Maurizio that the policy of paying in cash and not reporting her whole income was
impacting her negatively.”).
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disputes that may arise. The district court did not limit the scope or subject matter of the deposition

and provided a well-reasoned basis for the timing and location restrictions. Therefore, we conclude

that the district court did not abuse its broad discretion in the resolution of Collier’s motion to

compel.

       Collier also argues that the district court erred by not issuing sanctions against Maurizio

and his counsel for their conduct during the deposition. Specifically, Collier argues that Maurizio’s

counsel’s objections and instructions to Maurizio not to answer based on relevance and leaving

the deposition before Collier was finished asking questions is “sanctionable on its face.” Collier is

correct that “[u]nder the plain language of Fed. R. Civ. P. 30(d)(1), counsel may instruct a deponent

not to answer only when necessary to preserve a privilege, to enforce a limitation on evidence

directed by the court, or to suspend a deposition in order to present a motion under Fed. R. Civ. P.

30(d)(3).” Resolution Trust Corp. v. Dabney, 73 F.3d 262, 266 (10th Cir. 1995). Further, “[i]t is

inappropriate to instruct a witness not to answer a question on the basis of relevance.” Id.

       But a district court’s decision to decline to impose sanctions is reviewed for abuse of

discretion. A district court has wide discretion when determining whether to issue sanctions and

Collier does not indicate that the district court’s decision was based on any erroneous conclusions

of law or facts, nor is there any reason to believe that the district court’s decision was clearly

unreasonable, arbitrary, or fanciful. Therefore, we affirm the district court’s denial of the motion

for sanctions.

                                                  V.

       Therefore, we AFFIRM the district court’s judgment on the pleadings in favor of

Appellees. We also AFFIRM the district court’s resolution of Collier’s motion to compel the

continuation of Maurizio LoGiudice’s deposition and motion for sanctions.


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