                     United States Court of Appeals
                            FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                   ___________

                                   No. 08-2841
                                   ___________

United States of America,
                                     *
           Plaintiff-Appellee,       *
                                     * Appeal from the United States
     v.                              * District Court for the District
                                     * of Minnesota.
Andres Espinoza Lopez,               *
                                     * [UNPUBLISHED]
           Defendant-Appellant.      *
                                ___________

                             Submitted: May 11, 2009
                                Filed: May 18, 2009
                                 ___________

Before LOKEN, Chief Judge, BYE, Circuit Judge, and MILLER,1 District Judge.
                              ___________

PER CURIAM.

       Andres Espinoza Lopez appeals from the district court’s2 sentence of 168
months imprisonment and five years supervised release following his plea of guilty
to conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute and to distribute 500 grams or more
of a mixture or substance containing a detectable amount of methamphetamine in
violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1) and (b)(1)(A), and 846. We affirm.

      1
        The Honorable Brian S. Miller, United States District Judge for the Eastern
District of Arkansas, sitting by designation.
      2
       The Honorable Michael J. Davis, Chief Judge, United States District Court for
the District of Minnesota.
                                             I

       Following Lopez’s plea of guilty to the instant offense, the government
requested a four-level increase in Lopez’s offense level under U.S. Sentencing
Guidelines Manual (“U.S.S.G.”) § 3B1.1(a). As relevant to this appeal, § 3B1.1
provides two possible enhancements for a defendant’s role in criminal activity that
“involved five or more participants or was otherwise extensive.”3 U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1(a)
and (b). If a defendant was an “organizer or leader” of the criminal activity described
in subsections (a) and (b), his or her offense level is increased by four. U.S.S.G. §
3B1.1(a). If a defendant was a “manger or supervisor (but not an organizer or leader)”
of the criminal activity, his or her offense level is increased by three. In support of its
request, the government attached transcripts of multiple wiretapped telephone calls
between Lopez and other participants in the criminal activity.

       Prior to sentencing, a Presentence Investigation Report (“PSR”) was prepared,
which also recommended application of the four-level enhancement under U.S.S.G.
§ 3B1.1(a). Lopez objected to the enhancement and requested an evidentiary hearing.
At the evidentiary hearing, the government again provided transcripts of the
previously identified wiretapped telephone calls. In addition, the court heard
testimony from Drug Enforcement Administration Special Agent Lora Zimmer, one
of two case agents involved in the investigation of the conspiracy. Finally, the court
heard testimony from Lopez, who stated that two other individuals were the leader and
manager, respectively, of the drug trafficking organization. After considering the
evidence, the district court denied Lopez’s objection to the PSR and imposed the four-



      3
       U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1 also provides an enhancement for a defendant’s role in
criminal activity not covered by (a) or (b), i.e., criminal activity not involving five or
more participants or that was not otherwise extensive. U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1(c). Because
Lopez does not contest that the criminal activity involved five or more participants,
§ 3B1.1(c) is not relevant to the instant appeal.

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level enhancement. This resulted in a Guidelines range of 168 to 210 months
imprisonment, and the court sentenced Lopez to 168 months.

       The district court supplemented its in-court ruling with a written Statement of
Reasons for Imposing Sentence, in which it went into a lengthy discussion concerning
the evidence as it related to application of the § 3B1.1(a) enhancement. The district
court found that there were clearly five or more participants involved in the
conspiracy, and that Lopez was a leader to, at a minimum, four of those
individuals—Hernandez Lopez, Felix Loy Briseno, Oscar Salvador Silva, and
Gregorio Sanchez Gonzalez. The court found that the defendant directed and
controlled several participants in the trafficking of drugs, received the proceeds from
the drug sales, orchestrated communications between other co-defendants to complete
drug transactions, and provided instruction on how to courier methamphetamine and
money to avoid detection by law enforcement. In particular, the court rejected
Lopez’s testimony pinpointing others as the leader of the conspiracy. The court found
Lopez’s testimony not credible; it concluded that while one of the individuals
identified by Lopez was his source of supply, the supplier received his directions from
Lopez, not vice versa.

      Lopez now appeals, contending the district court erred by imposing an
enhancement under § 3B1.1. Alternatively, Lopez argues if an enhancement was
applicable, the district court should have imposed the three-level enhancement for
being a manager or supervisor rather than the four-level enhancement for being an
organizer or leader.

                                          II

       On appeal, we review Lopez’s sentence for an abuse of discretion, first ensuring
the district court committed no significant procedural error and then considering the
substantive reasonableness of the sentence imposed. United States v. Mosby, 543


                                         -3-
F.3d 438, 440 (8th Cir. 2008). Lopez contends the district court committed procedural
error in calculating his Guidelines range by applying the four-level enhancement to
his offense level under U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1(a). “We review for clear error the district
court’s factual findings underlying the imposition of a sentencing enhancement based
on the defendant’s role in the offense.” United States v. Vasquez, 552 F.3d 734, 737
(8th Cir. 2009) (quoting United States v. Rosas, 486 F.3d 374, 376 (8th Cir. 2007)).
  We review issues of law surrounding application of the enhancement de novo.
United States v. Bahena, 223 F.3d 797, 804 (8th Cir. 2000).

       “The government has the burden of proving by a preponderance of the evidence
that the aggravating role enhancement is warranted.” Vasquez, 552 F.3d at 737
(quoting United States v. Garcia-Hernandez, 530 F.3d 657, 665 (8th Cir. 2008)). We
have “broadly defined the terms ‘organizer’ and ‘leader.’” Bahena, 223 F.3d at 804.
In distinguishing between a leader or organizer and a manager or supervisor, we
consider the following factors:

      the exercise of decision making authority, the nature of participation in
      the commission of the offense, the recruitment of accomplices, the
      claimed right to a larger share of the fruits of the crime, the degree of
      participation in planning or organizing the offense, the nature and scope
      of the illegal activity, and the degree of control and authority exercised
      over others.

U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1 app. n.4. Notably, “decision-making authority is strong evidence
that a defendant is an organizer or leader.” United States v. Antillon-Castillo, 319
F.3d 1058, 1060 (8th Cir. 2003).

      In this case, the district court found that Lopez exercised decision-making
authority over several participants in the criminal enterprise. As evidenced by the
wiretapped telephone calls, the defendant directed Hernandez Lopez on how to courier
methamphetamine and money so as to avoid detection, and he provided Hernandez
Lopez with instructions on what to do with the methamphetamine once it reached its

                                         -4-
destination. Additionally, the court found that the defendant orchestrated
communications between several participants to complete drug transactions, and he
directed others on how and when to retrieve money owed to him. When the
transactions were complete, Lopez directed others to return the money to him or to
deposit the money in one of his bank accounts. Furthermore, Agent Zimmer testified
that a confidential informant would make controlled buys from Sanchez Gonzales, and
Gonzales would then provide the cash to Lopez. In other instances, Gonzales would
instruct the informant to deposit purchase money in Lopez’s bank accounts.

       None of these factual findings are clearly erroneous, and they support the
district court’s determination that Lopez was an organizer or leader of the criminal
activity. Lopez instructed others on how to courier methamphetamine to Minnesota,
he gave directions on what to do with the methamphetamine when it arrived, and he
made the decisions concerning who bought the drugs, for what price, how the
transaction would occur, and the method of payment. Moreover, Briseno, Hernandez
Lopez, and Silva all stated in their proffers that no one, other than the defendant,
directed their drug trafficking activities. “Where, as here, one individual in a
multidefendant enterprise makes the critical strategic and operational decisions on
behalf of a group (unilaterally answering questions such as ‘what? when? where?
how? . . .’) that individual exhibits precisely the sort of characteristics that are
emblematic of an organizer or leader.” United States v. Drapeau, 121 F.3d 344, 350
(8th Cir. 1997) (quoting United States v. Talladino, 38 F.3d 1255, 1261 (1st Cir.
1994)). In light of the evidence discussed above, we conclude the district court did
not err in imposing the enhancement under U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1(a) for Lopez being a
leader or organizer of the criminal enterprise.

                                        III

      Accordingly, we affirm.
                     ______________________________


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