                                                                           FILED
                           NOT FOR PUBLICATION
                                                                            JAN 23 2017
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                      MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                         U.S. COURT OF APPEALS


                            FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT


STEPHEN SCHMID,                                  No. 14-17288

              Plaintiff-Appellant,               D.C. No. 4:14-cv-02949-JSW

 v.
                                                 MEMORANDUM*
SONOMA CLEAN POWER,
a public agency,

              Defendant-Appellee.


                    Appeal from the United States District Court
                       for the Northern District of California
                     Jeffrey S. White, District Judge, Presiding

                      Argued and Submitted January 11, 2017
                            San Francisco, California

Before: CLIFTON and M. SMITH, Circuit Judges, and ERICKSON,** District
Judge.

      Stephen Schmid appeals the district court’s order dismissing without leave

to amend his complaint brought pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983 challenging the


      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
      **
             The Honorable Ralph R. Erickson, United States District Judge for the
District of North Dakota, sitting by designation.
procedure used by Sonoma Clean Power Authority for automatically enrolling

electricity customers. We affirm.

      Schmid’s First Amendment claims for compelled contribution to speech and

compelled association or disassociation fail because he has not been compelled to

do anything. When SCPA became a second electricity seller in Sonoma County to

supplement the monopoly previously held by Pacific Gas & Electric, the default

policy was to enroll consumers in SCPA’s service instead of PG&E’s service. See

Cal. Pub. Util. Code § 366.2(c)(2). SCPA’s customers are permitted to switch to

PG&E’s service at any time by calling a toll-free telephone number or by visiting a

website, although they may be charged an administrative fee if they switch after

having been enrolled in SCPA’s service for more than sixty days. Cal. Pub. Util.

Code § 366.2(c)(13). Customers were informed of their choices twice in the two

months preceding and twice in the two months following the automatic enrollment.

Cal. Pub. Util. Code § 366.2(c)(15)(A).

      Unlike the labor union political contribution arrangement the Supreme Court

disapproved in Knox v. Service Employees International Union, 132 S. Ct. 2277,

2296 (2012), SCPA’s enrollment system does not require Schmid to opt out

multiple times in a single year to avoid paying for SCPA’s services. He need not

even opt out on an annual basis. Cf. id. at 2296 n.9. Rather, if he opts out once, he


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will be enrolled in PG&E’s service, and he will remain enrolled in that service,

even if he moves elsewhere in Sonoma County. Cal. Pub. Util. Code § 366.2(c)(2).

Accordingly, Schmid has not been compelled to give any money to SCPA, and he

has therefore not been compelled to subsidize SCPA’s speech. For the same

reason, he has not been compelled to associate with SCPA or disassociate from

PG&E. Cf. Morrow v. State Bar of California, 188 F.3d 1174, 1177 (9th Cir.

1999).

      Schmid’s Fourteenth Amendment economic substantive due process claim

also fails. “[T]he venerable maxim de minimis non curat lex” instructs that “the

law cares not for trifles.” Wis. Dep’t of Revenue v. William Wrigley, Jr., Co., 505

U.S. 214, 231 (1992). Even if the automatic enrollment provision were a real

deprivation of Schmid’s liberty interest in contracting with PG&E, the provision

“must only pass rational basis review: the statute must be based on ‘a legitimate

legislative purpose furthered by rational means.’” Campanelli v. Allstate Life Ins.

Co., 322 F.3d 1086, 1100 (9th Cir. 2003) (quoting Gen. Motors Corp. v. Romein,

503 U.S. 181, 191 (1992)). The government’s goals in establishing the framework

within which SCPA operates—reducing greenhouse gas emissions, providing

electricity at a competitive cost, reducing energy consumption, and promoting rate

stability, energy security, and energy reliability through local control—are


                                          3
legitimate legislative purposes. See Jensen Family Farms, Inc. v. Monterey Bay

Unified Air Pollution Control Dist., 644 F.3d 934, 943 (9th Cir. 2011); Mountain

Water Co. v. Mont. Dep’t of Pub. Serv. Regulation, 919 F.2d 593, 598 (9th Cir.

1990). For SCPA to accomplish its purposes, customers must purchase their

electricity from SCPA. Automatically enrolling customers in SCPA is a rational

means to create an adequate customer base for SCPA and thereby advance the

government’s legitimate purposes. See Campanelli, 322 F.3d at 1100.

      The district court did not abuse its discretion in denying leave to amend on

the grounds that it would have been futile for Schmid to amend his compliant. See

Leadsinger, Inc. v. BMG Music Publ’g, 512 F.3d 522, 532 (9th Cir. 2008).

      AFFIRMED.




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