                                                             NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                     UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                          FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                               ___________

                                    No. 18-3157


                   LeJeune G., individually and on behalf of T.T.,
                                                          Appellant

                                         v.

          Khepera Charter School; Pennsylvania Secretary of Education;
       Commonwealth of Pennsylvania; Pennsylvania Department of Education

                   _____________________________________

               On Appeal from the United States District Court for the
                           Eastern District of Pennsylvania
                        (District Court No.: 2-17-cv-04965)
                   District Judge: Honorable Wendy Beetlestone
                   _____________________________________

                              Argued on July 1, 2019

                           (Opinion Filed: July 25, 2019)

             Before: McKEE, PORTER and RENDELL, Circuit Judges

David J. Berney [ARGUED]
Kevin A. Golembiewski
1628 John F. Kennedy Boulevard
Suite 1000
8 Penn Center Plaza
Philadelphia, PA 19103

                         Counsel for Appellant
Claudia M. Tesoro [ARGUED]
Office of Attorney General of Pennsylvania
1600 Arch Street
Suite 300
Philadelphia, PA 19103

                          Counsel for Appellees Pennsylvania Secretary of Education
                          and Pennsylvania Department of Education



Yvonne M. Husic
2215 Forest Hills Drive
Suite 35
Harrisburg, PA 17112

                          Counsel for Amicus Appellant National Association of Private
                          Special Education Centers; Springtime School; A Step Up
                          Academy



Catherine M. Reisman
Reisman Carolla Gran & Zuba
19 Chestnut Street
Haddonfield, NJ 08033

                          Counsel for Amicus Appellant Council of Parent Attorneys
                          and Advocates; Education Law Center




                                             2
                                      O P I N I O N*


RENDELL, Circuit Judge:


       Appellant challenges the District Court’s order granting in part and denying in part

her motion for summary judgment against Appellee and granting in part and denying in

part Appellee’s motion for summary judgment against Appellant. Because the only issue

raised on appeal was not raised below, we conclude that it has been waived and will

affirm the District Court’s order.

                                            I.1

                                            A.

       The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (the “IDEA”) requires that every

child with a disability receive a “free appropriate public education” (“FAPE”), 20 U.S.C.

§ 1412(a)(1)(A), which is defined as “special education and related services that,” among

other things, “have been provided at public expense, under public supervision and

direction, and without charge,” 20 U.S.C. § 1401(9)(A). To ensure that a FAPE is

provided to all disabled children, the IDEA provides that federal funding be distributed to




*
 This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not
constitute binding precedent.
1
 Because we write for the parties, who are familiar with the facts and the procedural
posture to date, we only include what is necessary to explain our decision.
                                             3
State educational agencies (“SEAs”), which, in turn, allocate those funds to local

educational agencies (“LEAs”). See 20 U.S.C. § 1411.

       LEAs are charged with directly providing or arranging for third-party provision of

a FAPE, see, e.g., 20 U.S.C. § 1414; however, SEAs “retain[] primary responsibility for

ensuring compliance with the IDEA and for administering educational programs for

disabled children,” M.A. ex rel. E.S. v. State-Operated Sch. Dist. of Newark, 344 F.3d

335, 340 (3d Cir. 2003); see also 20 U.S.C. § 1412(a)(11)(A) (holding the SEA

“responsible for ensuring that . . . the requirements of [the IDEA] are met” and “all

educational programs . . . meet the educational standards of the [SEA]”). When an LEA

“is unable to establish and maintain programs of free appropriate public education that

meet the requirements of [the IDEA],” the SEA is required to “use the payments that

would otherwise have been available to a local educational agency or to a State agency to

provide special education and related services directly to children with disabilities.” 20

U.S.C. § 1413(g)(1).

       Anticipating that disagreements will sometimes arise between parents or guardians

of children with disabilities and their LEAs, the IDEA requires that SEAs establish

specific procedural safeguards to facilitate resolution. See generally 20 U.S.C. § 1415.

For example, SEAs must afford parents and guardians the opportunity to file a due

process complaint, § 1415(b)(7), and, where such a complaint is filed, provide an

impartial due process hearing, § 1415(f)(1)(A). Before a hearing occurs, however, the

IDEA mandates that the two parties meet to attempt to resolve the complaint.

§ 1415(f)(1)(B)(i). Where such a meeting is successful, the IDEA directs the parties to

                                             4
“execute a legally binding agreement that is . . . enforceable in any State court of

competent jurisdiction or in a district court of the United States” (a “resolution

agreement”). § 1415(f)(1)(B)(iii).

                                               B.

         T.T. was identified as a child with a specific learning disability, Attention Deficit

Hyperactivity Disorder, and Oppositional Defiant Disorder, and, therefore, must be

provided with a FAPE pursuant to the IDEA. LeJeune G., T.T.’s guardian, filed a due

process complaint against T.T.’s LEA, Khepera Charter School, alleging that Khepera

denied him a FAPE from 2013 to 2015. The officer who presided over the due process

hearing agreed and ordered Khepera to provide compensatory education to T.T. Khepera

and LeJeune G. eventually entered into an agreement implementing the hearing officer’s

decision (the “Implementation Agreement”).

         The following year, LeJeune G. filed a second due process complaint against

Khepera pursuing additional compensatory education and funding for T.T. to attend the

Y.A.L.E. School (“Y.A.L.E.”), a local private school for children with disabilities.

Pursuant to the IDEA’s required resolution mechanism, LeJeune G. and Khepera

attempted to resolve the complaint prior to a due process hearing and, upon successful

negotiation, executed a resolution agreement (the “Resolution Agreement”) in which

Khepera agreed to, among other things, pay for T.T. to attend Y.A.L.E. for the seventh

grade.

         T.T. attended Y.A.L.E. and, by all accounts, was provided with an appropriate

education, but Khepera failed to pay all of his tuition. Although she has neither paid nor

                                                5
been asked to pay any of the balance owed to Y.A.L.E., LeJeune G. sought direct

payment to Y.A.L.E. from both Khepera and Pennsylvania’s SEA, the Pennsylvania

Department of Education (“PDE”); however, Khepera was and continues to be financially

insolvent, and PDE refused her request. T.T. attended Y.A.L.E. through the eighth grade

but was barred from returning afterwards because his tuition remained partially unpaid

for both years.

        LeJeune G. initiated this action against Khepera, PDE, and its Secretary, alleging

in her complaint that Khepera breached both the Implementation Agreement and the

Resolution Agreement. With regard to the latter breach, she specifically claimed that

Khepera failed to pay T.T.’s Y.A.L.E. tuition in full and still owes $44,519.08 to the

private school. She argued that these breaches amount to a violation of the IDEA and

that, because Khepera is “unwilling or unable” to fulfill its obligations under the IDEA,

“PDE is responsible for remedying T.T.’s denial of [a] FAPE, including honoring all of

the terms of the Due Process Order as interpreted by the T.T. Implementation Agreement

and the T.T. Resolution Agreement.” JA 31. This is the only allegation regarding PDE’s

liability.

        LeJeune G. moved for summary judgment against both Khepera and PDE for

compensatory education funds and payment of T.T.’s Y.A.L.E. tuition. PDE filed a

cross-motion for summary judgment contending that it has no liability. With regard to

that issue, LeJeune G. argued that when a charter school acting as an LEA cannot or will

not fulfill its obligations under a resolution agreement, the SEA “is required to step into

[the LEA]’s shoes” and fulfill any unmet terms of the agreement. JA 138. In its motion,

                                              6
PDE argued that, under such circumstances, an SEA has no duty to fulfill outstanding

obligations and, instead, must only provide relief to the extent it believes necessary to

provide the child with a FAPE.

       The District Court granted LeJeune G.’s motion against Khepera in full and

against PDE on her compensatory education claim, but it denied her motion against PDE

on her claim for tuition payment to Y.A.L.E. The Court denied PDE’s motion on its

liability for compensatory education funds but granted it on its obligation to pay the

balance of T.T.’s Y.A.L.E. tuition. In doing so, the Court first recognized that this Court

has held that “an SEA is ultimately responsible for providing children with a FAPE.” JA

139; see Kruelle v. New Castle Cty. Sch. Dist., 642 F.2d 687, 696 (3d Cir. 1981). And, in

the Eastern District of Pennsylvania, courts have generally held that an SEA can be held

responsible for an LEA’s refusal or inability to provide a child with a FAPE where “the

school was closed or defunct.” JA 140–41 (citations omitted).

       Although Khepera was not closed or defunct, the District Court determined that it

was nonetheless “unable” to satisfy its obligations under the IDEA, and, therefore, PDE

was “required to step in to the breach.” JA 143–44. The District Court reasoned,

however, that “T.T.’s claim against PDE for reimbursement . . . turn[ed] on whether T.T.

will be denied a FAPE if PDE does not step in to the breach.” JA 146.

       The District Court ultimately concluded that “T.T. will not be denied a FAPE if

PDE does not reimburse YALE,” so PDE was not liable for T.T.’s unpaid tuition. JA

146–47. The Court reasoned that (1) the resolution agreement explicitly stated that

education at Y.A.L.E. was not “necessary” to provide T.T. with a FAPE, (2) LeJeune G.

                                              7
agreed that she would notify Khepera if she did not believe that the arrangement was

providing T.T. with a FAPE, and (3) “T.T. was not withdrawn, disenrolled, or otherwise

removed from YALE as a result of Khepera’s nonpayment.” JA 146. The Court also

acknowledged that “several courts have held that a direct payment remedy for retroactive

tuition may be appropriate in certain situations,” but those cases “involved an appeal of

a[n] administrative proceeding” and “[u]nlike here, each of those cases alleged that a

student was denied a FAPE.” JA 147. LeJeune G. filed this timely appeal.

                                            II.2

        On appeal, Appellant does not rely on the Due Process Award, or the breach of the

Implementation Agreement or the Resolution Agreement. Rather, she claims that since

the statutory definition of FAPE includes the requirement that an education be “provided

at public expense,” 20 U.S.C. § 1401(9)(A), PDE must pay Y.A.L.E. in order to provide a

FAPE.

        This claim was never asserted in her complaint in the District Court.3 Appellant

would have us determine, in the first instance, whether the existence of this statutory

provision permits a cause of action by a parent or guardian against the state any time an

entity may not have been fully paid for the benefit provided to a student. This presents a



2
  The District Court exercised jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 1331 and 1343. This
Court has jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. We review a district court’s summary
judgment order de novo. Jutrowski v. Twp. of Riverdale, 904 F.3d 280, 288 (3d Cir.
2018).
3
  The District Court did mention “the text of the statute” in referring to the claim against
PDE, see JA 147, but we think it was based on the allegation that PDE had to remedy
Khepera’s breach, not that “public expense,” in and of itself, created a cause of action.
                                             8
host of issues that were never addressed in the District Court and that were never

presented in a way that the District Court could have anticipated them.

       PDE asserts that the precise issue before us was waived as not raised in the

District Court. On the one hand, “[i]t is well established that arguments not raised before

the District Court are waived on appeal.” Garza v. Citigroup Inc., 881 F.3d 277, 284 (3d

Cir. 2018) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). In Spireas v. Commissioner of

Internal Revenue, we held that “merely raising an issue that encompasses the appellate

argument is not enough,” and “[w]hether an argument remains fair game on appeal is

determined by the ‘degree of particularity’ with which it was raised in the trial court, and

parties must do so with ‘exacting specificity.’” 886 F.3d 315, 321 (3d Cir. 2018)

(internal quotation marks and citation omitted) (emphasis in original).

       However, “this rule is one of discretion rather than jurisdiction.” Barefoot

Architect, Inc. v. Bunge, 632 F.3d 822, 834–35 (3d Cir. 2011) (citation and internal

quotation marks omitted). We have considered arguments raised for the first time on

appeal in “exceptional circumstances,” including where public interest would be served

by consideration of the issue; where an argument is “closely related” to the arguments

raised below; and where the purposes of waiver, including the judicial interests that it

serves, would not be furthered by its application. Tri-M Grp., LLC v. Sharp, 638 F.3d

406, 416–17 (3d Cir. 2011).




                                             9
       Appellant concedes that she did not preserve her argument under Spireas.4

However, she urges that the circumstances of this case are exceptional and asks us to

exercise our discretion and consider the merits of her argument. We decline to do so.

The concept of “public expense” implicates several issues of fact and law not developed

below. See Sharp, 638 F.3d at 417 (“The waiver rule applies with greatest force where

the timely raising of the issue would have permitted the parties to develop a factual

record.” (citation and internal quotation marks omitted)). First, is the requirement of

provision “at public expense” a requirement separate from “without charge”? Second,

does it impose on PDE an independent obligation to pay even if the parent has borne no

financial burden and the child has received the education? Third, Appellant asserts that

she is harmed because Y.A.L.E. will not reenroll T.T. unless the owed tuition is paid.

But do we know if Y.A.L.E. will readmit T.T. if it is paid? (i.e., does she have standing,

is non-payment the cause of her injury, and is the injury redressable?) Lastly, what does

PDE have to do to satisfy the public expense requirement? If it paid Khepera for T.T.’s

seventh grade education but Khepera failed to transfer the funds to Y.A.L.E., does PDE

still have an obligation to pay Y.A.L.E.?5 Nowhere were these questions that are implicit

in the current argument made by LeJeune G. presented in the context of the litigation


4
  Alternatively, she contends that we should rely on the Supreme Court’s more liberal
standard, espoused in Yee v. City of Escondido, 503 U.S. 519, 534–35 (1992), but Yee is
not a case about waiver. It considers whether to address, as part of a petition for
certiorari, arguments not addressed below. Tellingly, it cautions against considering an
argument such as the one before us: “Prudence . . . dictates awaiting a case in which the
issue was fully litigated below, so that we will have the benefit of developed arguments
on both sides and lower court opinions squarely addressing the question.” Id. at 538.
5
  At oral argument, Appellant urged that the answer to this question is “yes.”
                                            10
before the District Court. Thus, the sole argument presented on appeal has been waived,

and we will not disturb the judgment of the District Court.

                                            III.

       For the foregoing reasons, we will affirm the District Court’s order granting in part

and denying in part Appellant’s motion for summary judgment against Appellee and

granting in part and denying in part Appellee’s motion for summary judgment against

Appellant.




                                            11
