Opinion issued January 24, 2013




                                    In The

                             Court of Appeals
                                   For The

                         First District of Texas
                         ————————————
                            NO. 01-12-00276-CV
                          ———————————
                    CHRISTOPHER A. PYLE, Appellant
                                      V.
   GREGORY J. HEBRANK AND MARY ANN P. HEBRANK, Appellees



                  On Appeal from the 189th District Court
                           Harris County, Texas
                     Trial Court Case No. 2011-68533



                        MEMORANDUM OPINION

      Christopher A. Pyle sued Gregory J. Hebrank and Mary Ann P. Hebrank for

interference with his possessory right to his daughter. The trial court granted
summary judgment in favor the Hebranks. Pyle identifies seven issues on appeal

challenging the summary judgment.

      We affirm.

                             Background Summary

      On November 11, 2011, Christopher Pyle filed suit against Gregory Hebrank

and Mary Ann Hebrank for various causes of action emanating from the fact that

the Hebranks had permitted Pyle’s daughter, N.P., to live in their Houston home

from July 14, 2011 until November 6, 2011. N.P. was born on July 24, 1994; thus,

N.P. turned 17 years old 10 days after going to live with the Hebranks.

      Prior to the time she lived with the Hebranks, N.P. had been staying with her

mother, Melissa Thompson, in Boulder, Colorado. Thompson and Pyle had joint

managing conservatorship of N.P. with Pyle having the exclusive right to establish

N.P.’s primary residence. During the 2010–2011 school year, N.P. had lived with

her father in Houston where she had attended high school. N.P. went to stay with

her mother in Colorado on June 11, 2011. Pyle had told N.P. that he planned to

move from Houston. N.P., however, wanted to complete her high school education

in Houston.

      N.P. and Thompson asked Gregory and Mary Ann Hebrank if N.P. could

stay in their Houston area home until Thompson could obtain a job transfer there.

The Hebranks knew N.P. because their son and N.P. were friends from high

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school.    Pyle objected to the proposal of N.P.’s living with the Hebranks.

Nonetheless, the Hebranks agreed, and N.P. went to stay at their home on July 14,

2011.

        On July 20, 2011, Pyle requested that Thompson return N.P. to his custody.

Correspondence in the record indicates that Pyle had been agreeable to N.P. living

with Thompson in Colorado for the upcoming school year. He indicated that he

had changed his mind about the arrangement because he did not want N.P. to live

with the Hebranks. At the time of the request, Pyle believed that N.P. was still

living in Colorado, although she had been staying with the Hebranks since July 14,

2011. On July 24, 2011, Thompson responded to Pyle stating that she would

return 17-year-old N.P. to Houston.

        Shortly thereafter, Thompson filed suit in Fort Bend County District Court

to modify the terms of that court’s 2007 order, which had named Thompson and

Pyle as joint managing conservators, and had given Pyle the right to establish

N.P.’s primary residence. On August 12, 2011, the Fort Bend County district court

signed temporary orders, which, inter alia, gave Thompson the right to establish

N.P.’s primary residence. N.P. continued to live in Houston with the Hebranks.

On August 23, 2011, Thompson signed a power of attorney granting the Hebranks

the authority to make educational and medical decisions for N.P. At the end of




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August, N.P. started her junior year of high school in Houston, while residing at

the Hebranks’ home.

      On October 19, 2011, the Fort Bend County district court signed an order

granting Thompson’s nonsuit of the modification action. At the end of October

2011, Pyle learned that N.P. was going to school in Houston and living with the

Hebranks. In an email to Gregory Hebrank, Pyle requested the Hebranks to send

N.P. to stay with a person he identified as “Jennifer” in Sugar Land, Texas. Pyle

indicated that he would not be in Houston until November. N.P. did not go to

Sugar Land but instead went back to her mother in Boulder, Colorado on

November 6, 2011.

      Appearing pro se, Pyle filed the instant suit against the Hebranks on

November 11, 2011. In the suit, Pyle alleged that the Hebranks had interfered with

his possessory rights to N.P. and asserted a number of common law causes of

action. The Hebranks filed special exceptions to Pyle’s original petition, which the

trial court granted.

      Pyle filed his “Second Amended Original Petition” on January 12, 2012. In

the petition, Pyle identified eight causes of action. Several of the causes of action

were slight variations of Pyle’s claim that the Hebranks had interfered with his

parental and possessory rights with respect to N.P. In the petition, Pyle referred to

such causes of action as “tortious interference with parental rights,” “custodial

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interference,” “alienation of affections,” and “reckless endangerment of a child

seized unlawfully from the custodial parent.” Pyle also asserted claims for fraud,

intentional infliction of emotional distress, abuse of process, invasion of privacy,

and conspiracy.

      Pyle described his damages as follows:

      As a direct and proximate result of [the Hebranks’ actions], Pyle
      suffered and continues to suffer the complete loss of the special
      familial relationship he had shared with his young daughter; loss of
      irreplaceable time he was morally and legally deserving of enjoying
      with his daughter, loss of his daughter, loss of his family, loss of
      reputation, familial disgrace, loss of future familial relationship with
      his daughter, and loss of liberty and happiness. Mr. Pyle has also
      suffered and continues to suffer extreme long term duress, severe
      emotional distress, prolonged mental anguish, mental depression, deep
      sadness, humiliation, interruption of his life and life’s plans,
      deprivation of his daughter’s love and affection, constant parental
      worry, loss of health, loss of optimism, loss of ability to focus on his
      work, loss of familial and personal opportunities, and damage to his
      general physical health and well being and loss of time and money.

Pyle requested damages “in a sum of $500,000” and “exemplary and punitive

damages” against the Hebranks.

      The Hebranks moved for summary judgment on both traditional and no-

evidence grounds. The trial court granted summary judgment without specifying

the grounds, and Pyle filed this appeal. In his pro se brief, Pyle identifies seven

issues challenging the trial court’s take-nothing summary judgment against him.




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                               Summary Judgment

      In his first two issues, Pyle generally avers that the trial court erred by

granting summary judgment on his claims.

      On appeal, we review de novo a trial court’s summary judgment ruling. See

Mann Frankfort Stein & Lipp Advisors, Inc. v. Fielding, 289 S.W.3d 844, 848

(Tex. 2009).   In our review, we consider all the evidence in the light most

favorable to the nonmovant, crediting evidence favorable to the nonmovant if

reasonable jurors could, and disregarding contrary evidence unless reasonable

jurors could not. See Mack Trucks, Inc. v. Tamez, 206 S.W.3d 572, 582 (Tex.

2006). When, as here, the trial court’s order granting summary judgment does not

specify the grounds on which it was granted, it must be affirmed if any of the

grounds asserted are meritorious. W. Invs., Inc. v. Urena, 162 S.W.3d 547, 550

(Tex. 2005).

      Although Pyle raises a number of issues challenging summary judgment, the

rules of appellate procedure require that an appellate court’s opinions must be as

brief as practicable while addressing “every issue raised and necessary to final

disposition of the appeal.” TEX. R. APP. P. 47.1. In addition, when both traditional

and no-evidence grounds for summary judgment have been raised, it is generally

most efficient to begin by determining whether the respondent produced sufficient

evidence to defeat the no-evidence summary judgment. Haase v. Pearl River

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Polymers, Inc., 2012 WL 3229007, at *4 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Aug. 9,

2012, no pet.) (mem. op.) (citing Ford Motor Co. v. Ridgway, 135 S.W.3d 598,

600 (Tex. 2004)). Thus, we begin by addressing one of the no-evidence grounds

raised by the Hebranks that is sufficient to sustain the judgment as to all of Pyle’s

claims: the Hebranks’ assertion in their motion for summary judgment that there is

no competent summary-judgment evidence to show a causal connection between

their alleged conduct and the damages alleged by Pyle.1


1
      Causation of damages is an element of each of Pyle’s claims. See, e.g., TEX. FAM.
      CODE ANN. § 42.006 (a)(2) (Vernon 2008) (interference with possessory right to a
      child); Lozano v. Lozano, No. 14-96-01555-CV, 2003 WL 22076661, at *2–3
      (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Sept. 9, 2003, no pet.) (mem. op.) (interference
      with possessory right to a child); Tiller v. McLure, 121 S.W.3d 709, 713 (Tex.
      2003) (intentional infliction of emotional distress); In re First Merit Bank, N.A., 52
      S.W.3d 749, 758 (Tex. 2001) (fraud); Hunt v. Baldwin, 68 S.W.3d 117, 129 (Tex.
      App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2001, no pet.) (abuse of process). Pyle characterizes
      his first listed cause of action as false light invasion of privacy. We note that false
      light invasion of privacy is not a recognized cause of action in Texas. See Cain v.
      Hearst Corp., 878 S.W.2d 577, 579 (Tex. 1994). To the extent that Pyle is
      claiming invasion of privacy by intrusion on seclusion, causation is an element of
      such claim. See Clayton v. Wisener, 190 S.W.3d 685, 697 (Tex. App.—Tyler
      2005, pet. denied). Additionally, in his Second Amended Original Petition, Pyle
      claims, in his first-listed cause of action, that the Hebranks invaded his privacy by
      interfering with his parental right to raise his daughter and to enjoy his relationship
      with her. In this respect, as pled, Pyle’s first cause of action is a near duplicate of
      his fifth listed cause of action: interference with possessory rights, which Pyle
      identifies as his “central claim.”           Similarly, Pyle’s claims for “reckless
      endangerment of a child” and “alienation of [N.P.’s] affection,” are subsumed in
      his interference with possessory rights claim. See, e.g., Silcott v. Oglesby, 721
      S.W.2d 290, 292 (Tex. 1986) (explaining, in interference with possessory rights
      case, that “the real loss sustained by a parent is not the loss of any financial benefit
      to be gained from the child, but is the loss of love, advice, comfort, companionship
      and society”). Lastly, conspiracy is a derivative tort; that is, a defendant’s liability
      for conspiracy is dependent on his participation in an underlying tort for which the
      plaintiff seeks to hold at least one of the named defendants liable. Preston Gate,
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A.    Standard of Review: No–Evidence Motion for Summary Judgment

      After an adequate time for discovery, the party without the burden of proof

may move for a no-evidence summary judgment on the basis that there is no

evidence to support an essential element of the non-moving party’s claim.2 TEX. R.

CIV. P. 166a(i); see Hamilton v. Wilson, 249 S.W.3d 425, 426 (Tex. 2008).

Summary judgment must be granted unless the non-movant produces competent

summary judgment evidence raising a genuine issue of material fact on the

challenged elements. TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(i); Hamilton, 249 S.W.3d at 426.

B.    Analysis

      In his briefing, Pyle does not direct this Court to any competent summary

judgment evidence that he produced in the trial to raise a genuine issue of material


      LP v. Bukaty, 248 S.W.3d 892, 898 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2008, no pet.). Thus, if
      summary judgment is proper on the underlying tort claim, then it is proper on the
      associated conspiracy claim. See id.; see also Grant Thornton LLP v. Prospect
      High Income Fund, 314 S.W.3d 913, 930–31 (Tex. 2010).
2
      Pursuant to Rule of Civil Procedure 166a(i), a party may not move for a no-
      evidence summary judgment until after an adequate time for discovery has passed.
      TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(i). Pyle asserts that the trial court erred in granting summary
      judgment because the Hebranks’ moved for summary judgment before an
      adequate time for discovery had passed. To preserve a complaint that the trial
      court’s decision on a summary judgment motion was premature, the party
      claiming it did not have adequate time for discovery must file either an affidavit
      explaining the need for further discovery or a verified motion for continuance. See
      Tenneco, Inc. v. Enterprise Prods. Co., 925 S.W.2d 640, 647 (Tex .1996). Pyle
      does not show that he did either. Accordingly, Pyle failed to preserve any alleged
      error on this point. See Guerrero v. Mem’l Turkey Creek, Ltd., No. 01–09–00237–
      CV, 2011 WL 3820841, at *4 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Aug. 25, 2011, no
      pet.) (mem. op.).
                                           8
fact with respect to the challenged element of causation of damages. Instead, Pyle

points to the portion of his Second Amended Original Petition in which he requests

damages. It is well established that pleadings alone are not summary judgment

evidence. See Laidlaw Waste Sys., Inc. v. City of Wilmer, 904 S.W.2d 656, 660

(Tex. 1995); see also Bell v. AIC-Sunbelt Group, Inc., No. 03-06-00399-CV, 2008

WL 1765259, at *2 (Tex. App.—Austin Apr. 17, 2008, pet. denied) (explaining

that pleadings are not summary judgment evidence in case in which plaintiff cited

to “Damages” section of his original petition as evidence sufficient to raise genuine

issue of material fact).

      In the trial court, Pyle attached 13 exhibits to his response as summary-

judgment evidence. We are not required to search through the record to determine

what part of the summary judgment evidence, if any, relates to Pyle’s damages

claim. See Roberts v. CareFlite, No. 02–12–00105–CV, 2012 WL 4662962, at *5

(Tex. App.—Fort Worth Oct. 4, 2012, no pet.) (mem. op.); see also Arredondo v.

Rodriguez, 198 S.W.3d 236, 238–39 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2006, no pet.); Hall

v. Stephenson, 919 S.W.2d 454, 466–67 (Tex. App.—Forth Worth 1996, writ

denied).

      Similarly, in the trial court, Pyle neither discussed nor identified the

evidence, included with his response, which he contended showed a genuine issue

of material fact regarding causation of damages.        In determining whether a

                                         9
respondent to a no-evidence motion for summary judgment has produced sufficient

evidence to raise a genuine issue of material fact, trial courts are not required to

search the record without guidance. See Aleman v. Ben E. Keith Co., 227 S.W.3d

304, 309 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2007, no pet.); see also TEX. R. CIV. P.

166a(i) & cmt. (requiring trial court to grant a no-evidence motion meeting the

rule’s requirements unless non-movant produces summary judgment evidence

raising a genuine issue of material fact and stating that non-movant’s response

need not marshall its proof but should point out evidence that raises a fact issue on

the challenged elements). Because his response did not discuss the evidence as it

relates to the element of causation of damages or direct the trial court to any

specific portion of his summary judgment evidence relating to causation of

damages, Pyle failed to meet his burden to offer competent evidence to raise a fact

issue sufficient to defeat the Hebranks’ no-evidence motion for summary

judgment. 3 See Roberts, 2012 WL 4662962, at *5; Arredondo, 198 S.W.3d at 239.

      Accordingly, we overrule Pyle’s first and second issues and hold that the

trial court did not err by granting no-evidence summary judgment in favor of the

3
      Pyle complains that the Hebranks sought summary judgment on his claims
      asserted in his “First Amended Original Petition” rather than on his claims found
      in his “Second Amended Original Petition,” which was the live pleading at the
      time the motions for summary judgment were filed and granted. As discussed, the
      Hebranks’ no-evidence point with respect to causation applies to all causes of
      action pleaded in the Second Amended Original Petition. Moreover, the trial
      court’s order granting summary judgment reflects that the court considered “the
      pleadings on file with the court.”
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Hebranks on all of Pyle’s claims. We therefore need not consider whether the trial

court erred by granting Pyle’s traditional summary judgment motion or Pyle’s

remaining appellate issues. See TEX. R. APP. P. 47.1.

                                    Conclusion

      We affirm the judgment of the trial court.




                                             Laura Carter Higley
                                             Justice

Panel consists of Justices Jennings, Higley, and Sharp.




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