                                     UNPUBLISHED

                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT


                                       No. 19-4005


UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                     Plaintiff - Appellee,

              v.

GREG BRIGHT,

                     Defendant - Appellant.



Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of North Carolina, at
Wilmington. James C. Dever III, District Judge. (7:16-cr-00116-D-16)


Submitted: September 30, 2019                                     Decided: October 8, 2019


Before AGEE, FLOYD, and HARRIS, Circuit Judges.


Affirmed by unpublished per curiam opinion.


Stacey D. Rubain, QUANDER & RUBAIN, PA, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, for
Appellant. Robert J. Higdon, Jr., United States Attorney, Jennifer P. May-Parker, Assistant
United States Attorney, Phillip A. Rubin, Assistant United States Attorney, OFFICE OF
THE UNITED STATES ATTORNEY, Raleigh, North Carolina, for Appellee.


Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit.
PER CURIAM:

       In October 2016, a federal grand jury returned a 49-count indictment against Greg

Bright and 24 other defendants. Bright was charged only in the first count—conspiracy to

distribute and possess with intent to distribute cocaine, cocaine base, methamphetamine,

heroin, and marijuana—but as against Bright, the charge was limited to unspecified

quantities of cocaine, cocaine base, and marijuana, in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1),

(b)(1)(C), 846 (2012) (Count 1).

       Bright pled not guilty, and his first trial resulted in a mistrial. After a second, three-

day jury trial in August 2018, at which the Government presented testimony from multiple

law enforcement officers, forensic scientists, codefendants, and coconspirators, the jury

convicted Bright of Count 1.        The district court sentenced Bright to 115 months’

imprisonment, which was at the top of his Sentencing Guidelines range of 92-115 months.

This appeal timely followed.

       Bright raises four issues for our consideration. First, Bright claims the district court

plainly erred in allowing three coconspirators to testify as to the meaning of code words

and drug slang used in Bright’s conversations with the leader of the conspiracy, Antonio

McKoy, which were recorded pursuant to a Title III wiretap of McKoy’s cell phone. In

the same vein, Bright next argues that the district court erred in allowing DEA Special

Agent Anthony DiGiovanni to testify to the meaning of the same slang and code words in

these recorded conversations.      Third, Bright challenges the legal sufficiency of the

Government’s evidence, emphasizing that if his evidentiary arguments are accepted, the

Government’s body of proof narrows significantly. Finally, Bright contests the district

                                               2
court’s calculation of his Sentencing Guidelines range in terms of the imposition of a two-

level enhancement for obstruction of justice. For the reasons that follow, we affirm the

judgment.

                                              I.

       Bright first assigns reversible error to the admission of the coconspirators’ testimony

describing the meaning of the code words and drug slang used in recorded phone

conversations, as well as DiGiovanni’s expert testimony on the same. We generally review

a district court’s evidentiary rulings for an abuse of discretion and “will only overturn a

ruling that is arbitrary and irrational.” United States v. Farrell, 921 F.3d 116, 143 (4th

Cir.) (alteration and internal quotation marks omitted), pet. for cert. filed, __ U.S.L.W. __,

No. 19-5466 (U.S. Aug. 6, 2019). “A court has abused its discretion if its decision is guided

by erroneous legal principles or rests upon a clearly erroneous factual finding.” United

States v. Johnson, 617 F.3d 286, 292 (4th Cir. 2010) (internal quotation marks omitted).

However, we will not vacate a conviction under this standard if an error was harmless.

United States v. Sutherland, 921 F.3d 421, 429 (4th Cir. 2019). An erroneous evidentiary

ruling will qualify as “harmless,” and not require remand, if this court may say “with fair

assurance, after pondering all that happened without stripping the erroneous action from

the whole, that the judgment was not substantially swayed by the error.” Johnson, 617

F.3d at 292 (internal quotation marks omitted).

       Bright’s first argument—that the district court reversibly erred in admitting the three

coconspirators’ lay testimony regarding the meaning of the code words and drug slang used



                                              3
in the recorded conversations *—is reviewed under the deferential plain error standard

because, as Bright concedes, defense counsel did not object to the admission of this

testimony at trial. United States v. Moore, 810 F.3d 932, 939 (4th Cir. 2016). On plain

error review, “this Court will correct an unpreserved error if (1) an error was made; (2) the

error is plain; (3) the error affects substantial rights; and (4) the error seriously affects the

fairness, integrity, or public reputation of judicial proceedings.” United States v. Harris,

890 F.3d 480, 491 (4th Cir. 2018) (internal quotation marks omitted).

       Rule 701 of the Federal Rules of Evidence permits lay opinion testimony as long as

it is based on the witness’s own perception, is helpful to the jury in understanding facts at

issue, and is “not based on scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge.” Fed. R.

Evid. 701. As we have explained, “a witness’s understanding of what the defendant meant

by certain statements is permissible lay testimony, so long as the witness’s understanding

is predicated on his knowledge and participation in the conversation.” United States v.

Hassan, 742 F.3d 104, 136 (4th Cir. 2014).

       While the latter component is clearly missing in this case, Bright has not identified

any published Fourth Circuit or Supreme Court authority that is directly on point, and we

have not found any in our consideration of this issue. Thus, in the absence of controlling

circuit or Supreme Court authority, Bright cannot show that the district court’s admission

of this testimony amounts to error that is plain. See United States v. Carthorne, 726 F.3d



       *
         These coconspirators all admitted their involvement in the drug trafficking
organization operated by McKoy (hereinafter “McKoy DTO”).

                                               4
503, 516 (4th Cir. 2013) (explaining that “[a]n error is plain if the settled law of the

Supreme Court or this circuit establishes that an error has occurred” (internal quotation

marks omitted)). Accordingly, we reject this first assignment of error.

       Bright next contends the court abused its discretion in allowing DiGiovanni to

testify as an expert, under Federal Rule of Evidence 702, regarding the code language used

by Bright and McKoy. According to Bright, there was an inadequate foundation laid to

qualify DiGiovanni as an expert on this matter.

       As the evidentiary gatekeeper, the district court must ensure that the expert evidence

is reliable under Rule 702, which requires the court to “decide whether the expert has

‘sufficient specialized knowledge to assist the jurors in deciding the particular issues in the

case.’” Belk, Inc. v. Meyer Corp., U.S., 679 F.3d 146, 162 (4th Cir. 2012) (quoting Kumho

Tire Co. v. Carmichael, 526 U.S. 137, 156 (1999)). In making this decision, the court

should “consider the proposed expert’s full range of experience and training.” United

States v. Pansier, 576 F.3d 726, 737 (7th Cir. 2009). “[A] witness’ qualifications to render

an expert opinion are . . . liberally judged by Rule 702.” Kopf v. Skyrm, 993 F.2d 374, 377

(4th Cir. 1993). “We review a district court’s decision to qualify an expert witness, as well

as the admission of such testimony, for abuse of discretion.” United States v. Garcia, 752

F.3d 382, 390 (4th Cir. 2014).

       On this record, we conclude that the district court did not abuse its considerable

discretion in qualifying DiGiovanni as an expert and allowing him to testify as to the

meaning behind the code words and drug slang used in the recorded conversations between

McKoy and Bright. Although DiGiovanni was not involved in investigating the McKoy

                                              5
DTO, he worked as a DEA Task Force Agent for 12 years and served in a law enforcement

capacity for about 30 years. DiGiovanni’s current assignment included conducting drug

trafficking investigations, which encompassed monitoring and intercepting recorded

conversations. DiGiovanni had interviewed many defendants in drug trafficking cases and

worked in an undercover capacity. Because “courts of appeals have routinely held that law

enforcement officers with extensive drug experience are qualified to give expert testimony

on the meaning of drug-related code words,” United States v. Wilson, 484 F.3d 267, 275

(4th Cir. 2007) (collecting cases), we reject this assigned evidentiary error.

                                             II.

       Bright next challenges the district court’s denial of his Fed. R. Crim. P. 29 motion

for a judgment of acquittal, asserting that the Government’s evidence of his guilt was

legally insufficient. A defendant challenging the sufficiency of the evidence to support his

conviction bears “a heavy burden.” United States v. McLean, 715 F.3d 129, 137 (4th Cir.

2013) (internal quotation marks omitted). A jury’s verdict “must be sustained if there is

substantial evidence, taking the view most favorable to the Government, to support it.”

Glasser v. United States, 315 U.S. 60, 80 (1942). “Substantial evidence,” as we have

explained, “is evidence that a reasonable finder of fact could accept as adequate and

sufficient to support a conclusion of a defendant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.”

United States v. Savage, 885 F.3d 212, 219 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, 139 S. Ct. 238 (2018).

Furthermore, “the jury, not the reviewing court, weighs the credibility of the evidence and

resolves any conflicts in the evidence presented.” McLean, 715 F.3d at 137 (internal

quotation marks omitted). “Reversal for insufficient evidence is reserved for the rare case

                                              6
where the prosecution’s failure is clear.” United States v. Ashley, 606 F.3d 135, 138 (4th

Cir. 2010) (internal quotation marks omitted).

       To establish guilt of conspiracy to distribute controlled substances, the Government

must prove that (1) an agreement to possess the controlled substance with intent to

distribute existed between two or more individuals; (2) the defendant knew of the

conspiracy; and (3) the defendant knowingly and voluntarily joined the conspiracy. United

States v. Allen, 716 F.3d 98, 103 (4th Cir. 2013). “Because a conspiracy is by nature

clandestine and covert, there rarely is direct evidence of such an agreement.” United States

v. Yearwood, 518 F.3d 220, 226 (4th Cir. 2008) (internal quotation marks omitted). Thus,

“[a] conspiracy may be proved wholly by circumstantial evidence.” Allen, 716 F.3d at 103

(internal quotation marks omitted). Once a conspiracy is proven, “the evidence need only

establish a slight connection between any given defendant and the conspiracy to support

conviction.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted).

       The Government submitted overwhelming evidence to establish the underlying

conspiracy—the McKoy DTO. The testimony deciphering the conversations captured via

the Title III wiretap of McKoy’s cell phone, considered in conjunction with the testimony

of cooperating codefendants, was more than sufficient to link Bright to the conspiracy.

Accordingly, we affirm the district court’s denial of Bright’s Rule 29 motion.

                                            III.

       Finally, Bright maintains that there is a lack of record support for the two-level

obstruction-of-justice enhancement applied at sentencing. We disagree.



                                             7
         This court “review[s] criminal sentences for reasonableness using an abuse of

discretion standard. A sentence based on an improperly calculated Guidelines range is

procedurally unreasonable.” United States v. Shephard, 892 F.3d 666, 670 (4th Cir. 2018)

(citation omitted). “In assessing whether a district court properly calculated the Guidelines

range, including its application of any sentencing enhancements, we review the district

court’s legal conclusions de novo and its factual findings for clear error.” United States v.

Fluker, 891 F.3d 541, 547 (4th Cir. 2018) (alterations and internal quotation marks

omitted). “A finding is clearly erroneous when although there is evidence to support it, the

reviewing court on the entire evidence is left with the definite and firm conviction that a

mistake has been committed.” United States v. Wooden, 887 F.3d 591, 602 (4th Cir. 2018)

(internal quotation marks omitted).

         The Sentencing Guidelines provide for a two-level adjustment to a defendant’s

offense level if the defendant “willfully obstructed or impeded, or attempted to obstruct or

impede, the administration of justice with respect to the investigation, prosecution, or

sentencing of the instant offense of conviction, and . . . the obstructive conduct related to

(A) the defendant’s offense of conviction and any relevant conduct; or (B) a closely related

offense.” U.S. Sentencing Guidelines Manual § 3C1.1 (2016). Obstructive conduct within

the meaning of § 3C1.1 includes, but is not limited to, “threatening, intimidating, or

otherwise unlawfully influencing a co-defendant, witness, or juror, directly or indirectly,

or attempting to do so.” Id. cmt. n.4(a). Whether a defendant obstructed justice is a factual

question reviewed for clear error. United States v. Kiulin, 360 F.3d 456, 460 (4th Cir.

2004).

                                             8
       The obstruction of justice enhancement in this case was based on Bright’s remark

directed at the case agent. In overruling Bright’s objection to this enhancement, the district

court credited the case agent’s testimony as to the substance of Bright’s comment, which

was made during Bright’s first trial, and found that it was uttered in a menacing nature,

given Bright’s use of profanity and contemporaneous direct stare at the case agent. This is

a credibility determination to which we will defer. United States v. Layton, 564 F.3d 330,

334 (4th Cir. 2009). The court further ruled that the tense and charged atmosphere during

the first trial supported the view that Bright made this comment, in this manner, in an

attempt to intimidate the case agent. Upon review, we find no clear error in the court’s

determination that Bright’s statement to the case agent constituted an attempt to intimidate

a witness in his prosecution. See, e.g., United States v. Robinson, 813 F.3d 251, 263 (6th

Cir. 2016) (upholding § 3C1.1 enhancement and finding no clear error in this ruling given

that defendant “menacingly confronted the government employees outside the courthouse

by making a noise to get their attention, then staring at them and puffing out his chest”);

United States v. Irby, 240 F.3d 597, 601 (7th Cir. 2001) (explaining that, under the

Guidelines, the defendant need not “make a direct threat in order to qualify for the

obstruction of justice adjustment” because an implied threat qualifies as an attempt to

obstruct justice, which is likewise subsumed in USSG § 3C1.1).

       Accordingly, we affirm the criminal judgment. We dispense with oral argument

because the facts and legal contentions are adequately presented in the materials before this

court and argument would not aid the decisional process.

                                                                                 AFFIRMED

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