                                                          [DO NOT PUBLISH]


              IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                  FILED
                      FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                        ________________________ ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                                                              JUNE 22, 2007
                              No. 06-14755                  THOMAS K. KAHN
                          Non-Argument Calendar                 CLERK
                        ________________________

                   D. C. Docket No. 05-00011-CR-1-JTC-3

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,


                                                   Plaintiff-Appellee,

                                    versus

KEITH LAMAR WEBB,

                                                  Defendant-Appellant.


                        ________________________

                 Appeal from the United States District Court
                    for the Northern District of Georgia
                      _________________________

                                (June 22, 2007)

Before ANDERSON, WILSON and PRYOR, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

     Keith Lamar Webb appeals the district court’s imposition of a 36-month
term of imprisonment upon revocation of his supervised release. In 1999, Webb

pled guilty to possession with intent to distribute cocaine base in an amount in

excess of five grams, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1), and was sentenced to a

78-month term of imprisonment, to be followed by a 5-year term of supervised

release. While serving his term of supervised release, a United States Probation

Officer filed a petition for an arrest warrant and an order to show cause why

Webb’s supervised release should not be revoked. The basis for the petition was

Webb’s violation of the following conditions of his supervised release: (1) failure

to report as instructed; (2) unlawful use of a controlled substance; (3) two new acts

of criminal conduct; (4) association with a convicted felon; and (5) failure to notify

the probation officer of arrest. The new acts of criminal conduct included a July

2005 arrest for possession of cocaine and marijuana and a June 2006 arrest for the

state-law offense of obstruction of officers.

      At the revocation hearing, a Griffin, Georgia, Police Officer testified that in

June 2006 Webb approached an area where the officer and other law enforcement

agents were conducting an undercover drug operation. After being told to leave

the area, Webb proceeded to yell, in a tone loud enough for others to hear, that the

police were in the area. The officer testified that Webb’s comments hindered their

investigation. The district court revoked Webb’s supervised release and imposed a



                                           2
higher-than-recommended sentence because it found that Webb: (1) obstructed

officers; (2) possessed crack cocaine and marijuana; (3) violated the technical

terms of his supervised release; and (4) associated with a known felon.

      Webb argues on appeal that the district court erred when it found he

obstructed the officers because there was no evidence that the police investigation

was actually hindered or that he acted intentionally or willfully. According to

Webb, the government established, at best, that his comments gave rise only to the

potential for hindrance.

      As an initial matter, Webb does not argue that the district court erred in

finding that he possessed crack cocaine and marijuana or that he associated with a

convicted felon, and he has abandoned any arguments with regard to those claims.

Greenbriar, Ltd. v. City of Alabaster, 881 F.2d 1570, 1573 n.6 (11th Cir. 1989)

(deeming an issue waived where a party fails to include substantive argument).

      “A district court’s revocation of supervised release is reviewed under an

abuse of discretion standard.” United States v. Frazier, 26 F.3d 110, 112 (11th Cir.

1994). “[A]n abuse of discretion occurs if the judge fails to apply the proper legal

standard or to follow proper procedures in making the determination, or . . .

[makes] findings of fact that are clearly erroneous.” Mincey v. Head, 206 F.3d

1106, 1137 n.69 (11th Cir. 2000) (citation omitted) (habeas case). The district



                                          3
court’s findings of fact in a revocation of supervised release case are binding

unless they are clearly erroneous. United States v. Almand, 992 F.2d 316, 318

(11th Cir. 1993).

      The district court may revoke a term of supervised release if it finds by a

preponderance of the evidence that the defendant violated any term of his

supervised release. 18 U.S.C. § 3583(e)(3). When confronted with such a

violation, the court may, after considering the factors enumerated in 18 U.S.C.

§ 3553(a), among other things, “revoke a term of supervised release, and require

the defendant to serve in prison all or part of the term of supervised release

authorized by statute for the offense that resulted in such term of supervised release

. . . .” Id. Pursuant to 21 U.S.C. § 841, Webb’s underlying offense, which has a

statutory maximum of 40 years’ imprisonment, is considered a Class B Felony.

See 18 U.S.C. § 3559(a)(4); see also 21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(B)(iii). For a Class B

Felony, 18 U.S.C. § 3583(e)(3) authorizes a term of imprisonment upon revocation

of supervised release of not more than three years. See 18 U.S.C. § 3583(e)(3).

      Even though Chapter 7 policy statements of the Sentencing Guidelines are

merely advisory and thus non-binding, courts must at least consider them in

determining a defendant’s sentence upon revocation. United States v. Silva, 443

F.3d 795, 799 (11th Cir. 2006); see also 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(4)(B) (stating that in



                                           4
determining the particular sentence to be imposed, the court shall consider, in the

case of a violation of probation or supervised release, the applicable guidelines or

policy statements issued by the Sentencing Commission). In addition, § 3583(e)

dictates that a court may revoke a term of supervised release but only after

considering factors set forth in § 3553(a). 18 U.S.C. § 3583(e). Those factors

include: (1) the nature and circumstances of the offense and the history and

characteristics of the defendant; (2) the need for adequate deterrence; (3) the

protection of the public; (4) the need to provide the defendant with training,

medical care, or correctional treatment; (5) the kinds of available sentences and the

applicable guidelines sentencing range; (6) the pertinent Sentencing Commission

policy statements, (7) the need to avoid unwarranted sentencing disparities, and

(8) the need to provide restitution to victims of the offense. 18 U.S.C. §§ 3553(a).

       The district court “shall state in open court the reasons for its imposition of

the particular sentence, and if the sentence . . . is not of the kind, or is outside the

range, described in subsection (a)(4), the specific reason for the imposition of a

sentence different from that described.” 18 U.S.C. § 3553(c)(2). “When

exceeding the recommended range, the court must normally indicate that it

considered the Chapter 7 policy statements.” Silva, 443 F.3d at 799. However,

“nothing in Booker or elsewhere requires the district court to state on the record



                                             5
that it has explicitly considered each of the § 3553(a) factors or to discuss each of

the § 3553(a) factors.” United States v. Scott, 426 F.3d 1324, 1329 (11th Cir.

2005) (non-revocation case).

      Under Georgia law, “a person who knowingly and willfully obstructs or

hinders any law enforcement officer in the lawful discharge of his official duties is

guilty of a misdemeanor.” O.C.G.A. § 16-10-24(a) (West 2007). Verbal

obstruction may suffice to sustain a conviction under O.C.G.A. § 16-10-24(a)

where the defendant “warn[s] the subject of an investigation or incit[es] others to

interfere and to hinder an investigation.” Woodward v. Gray, 527 S.E.2d 595, 599

(Ga. Ct. App. 2000); see also Evans v. State, 550 S.E.2d 118, 119 (Ga. Ct. App.

2001) (holding that defendant’s comments, which included calling out warnings to

others in the area, jeopardized the safety of the officers in pursuit of their duties

and were loud enough to incite other suspects).

      Although Webb argues that abuse of discretion is the proper standard of

review, and the government argues that the standard is plain error, it is not

necessary to resolve the dispute here because the revocation and the sentence

imposed should be affirmed under either standard, as explained below.

      The district court did not abuse its discretion when it revoked Webb’s

supervised release because Webb violated the conditions of his supervised release.



                                            6
Webb does not dispute on appeal the district court’s finding that, as a result of his

July 2005 arrest, he violated the terms of his release when he possessed crack

cocaine and marijuana, a Grade B violation. Webb also does not challenge the fact

that the drug possession violation was a more serious grade violation than the

misdemeanor obstruction violation. See U.S.S.G. § 7B1.1(b) (specifying that

“[w]here there is more than one violation of the conditions of supervision . . . the

grade of the violation is determined by the violation having the most serious

grade”). In addition, Webb admitted to the technical violations of his supervised

release, and he does not challenge the allegation that he associated with a convicted

felon.

         Although the district court was authorized to revoke Webb’s supervised

release based on the foregoing violations after considering the § 3553(a) factors,

there also was sufficient evidence to find by a preponderance of the evidence that

Webb committed the obstruction offense. Two officers testified that while they

were conducting an undercover operation, Webb made comments warning others

of the presence of the police after he was told to leave the area. Because Webb’s

comments were loud enough to incite and warn others and potentially jeopardize

the safety of the officers, his behavior was sufficient to sustain a conviction under

O.C.G.A. § 16-10-24(a).



                                           7
      Therefore, the district court did not abuse its discretion when it revoked

Webb’s supervised release after finding that Webb committed several violations of

his release. The court explicitly indicated that it considered the Chapter 7

guidelines range. The court also considered the nature and circumstances of the

offense and the history and characteristics of Webb. In imposing a

higher-than-guidelines sentence, the court discussed Webb’s pattern of recidivism,

particularly with regard to his drug-related conduct. Thus, although it was not

required to discuss each of the § 3553(a) factors, it is clear that the court

considered the § 3553(a) factors. After it considered the § 3553(a) factors, the

court was statutorily authorized to impose a sentence of three years’ imprisonment

based on the class of Webb’s underlying offense.

      Upon careful review of the record and upon consideration of the parties’

briefs, we find no reversible error. For the above reasons, we affirm.

AFFIRMED.1




      1
          Webb’s request for oral argument is denied.

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