                                                                      FILED
                                                          United States Court of Appeals
                                                                  Tenth Circuit

                                                                October 4, 2013
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                              Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                 TENTH CIRCUIT                    Clerk of Court



 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

               Plaintiff - Appellee,

          v.                                            No. 13-3128
                                                         (D. Kan.)
 KIM DALE,                                   (D.C. No. 6:13-CR-10029-MLB-1)

               Defendant - Appellant.


                            ORDER AND JUDGMENT *


Before PORFILIO and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges, and BRORBY, Senior
Circuit Judge.



      After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined

unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist in the determination

of this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is

therefore ordered submitted without oral argument.

      Defendant and appellant, Kim Dale, appeals her conviction, following a

jury trial, on two counts of interfering with court personnel working in the United


      *
       This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the
doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. The court
generally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order
and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
States Courthouse in Wichita, Kansas, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 111(a)(1). She

was sentenced to time served on both counts. Arguing that the evidence

presented to the jury was insufficient to support her conviction, Ms. Dale appeals

that conviction. We affirm.



                                 BACKGROUND

      Ms. Dale was involved in a civil lawsuit with her former employer. As a

result, she had visited the District Court Clerk’s office in the United States

Courthouse in Wichita, Kansas, on numerous occasions prior to the events of

February 27, 2012. She had visited the Clerk’s office often enough that she had

developed a cordial relationship with Sara Golay, the Court Operations Support

Specialist. Ms. Golay indicated that, whenever Ms. Dale had come to the Clerk’s

office to present documents in her case for filing, Ms. Golay would file-stamp the

originals for the court file, make copies of the originals, and return the copies to

Ms. Dale.

      On February 27, Ms. Dale presented some documents for filing. She

handed the documents to Ms. Golay, who file-stamped them. Ms. Dale asked for

a “copy” of the documents, so Ms. Golay made a copy and returned the copy to

Ms. Dale. Ms. Dale then responded, “no, I want the originals.” Tr. of Jury Trial

at 21, R. Vol. 3 at 24. Ms. Golay refused to return the original documents to




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Ms. Dale, explaining that “once something is filed, it becomes the Court’s – it

becomes part of her record. . . . [T]he Court gets to keep the original copy.” Id.

      When Ms. Dale insisted that she wanted Ms. Golay to return the originals,

Ms. Golay went to her supervisor, Ms. Chastity Schoonover, Court Operations

Supervisor, who told her to “go ahead and just make copies of those three pink

documents for us to keep and she can have her originals back.” Id. When Ms.

Golay reported that, after talking to her supervisor, she could make copies for the

court to keep and give the originals back to Ms. Dale, Ms. Golay testified that

Ms. Dale “interrupted” her and said, “no you’re not going to tell me what I can

and can’t file.” Id. at 24-25.

      At this point in time, the original documents were lying on Ms. Golay’s

side of a glass divider separating the private side from the public side of the

counter. There was a small opening in the glass. Ms. Dale reached through the

opening and quickly grabbed the originals from Ms. Golay’s side of the partition.

Ms. Schoonover then joined Ms. Golay at the window to talk to Ms. Dale. Ms.

Golay testified that Ms. Dale kept asking, in a “very stern tone of voice,” id. at

28, for her papers back. Ms. Golay further testified that Ms. Dale “did start to get

loud” and that she (Ms. Golay) was “a little bit intimidated” because she had

“never seen any customers bad like this.” Id.

      Ms. Schoonover testified that, by this time, “Ms. Dale was very, very

agitated and made it very clear . . . that she felt like we were out to get her, we

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were deliberately trying to make her miss her deadline, . . . and that we were

sabotaging her again.” Id. at 65. Ms. Schoonover further stated that Ms. Dale

was “extremely agitated[,]” “pacing back and forth and rocking and . . . making

large hand gestures and was very upset.” Id.

      Ms. Schoonover also indicated her general concerns about the developing

situation: she testified she was “very concerned . . . to calm the situation down,”

as it was “obviously a security threat” and Ms. Dale was “obviously very, very

upset” and “loud. Her voice was definitely raised. At that point she hadn’t

started screaming yet. That came a little bit later but she was very loud.” Id. at

65-66. When Ms. Golay and Ms. Schoonover tried to explain to Ms. Dale that

once a document is filed it becomes the court’s document, Ms. Dale kept

“interrupting and still hollering and she repeatedly said she was not leaving our

office until she got exactly what she wanted, and in her words, the Marshals will

have to drag [her] out of here.” Id. at 67. Ms. Schoonover stated she “absolutely

felt intimidated by that statement and by her demeanor overall. It’s very

intimidating when someone is very loud and demonstrative and right up in your

face coming at you.” Id.

      Indeed, Ms. Dale was loud enough to disrupt a jury trial being conducted

across the hall from the Clerk’s office. The commotion also prevented the

ordinary course of business in the Clerk’s office: “Everything in the office

basically stopped because the situation was so kind of volatile at the counter that

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nobody knew exactly what was going to happen so everything just ground to a

halt for the duration of the event.” Id. at 68.

      Finally, Ms. Schoonover directed Ms. Golay to call the United States

Marshals to assist with the situation. Some forty-five seconds after Ms. Golay

pressed the panic button, Deputy U.S. Marshal Logan Kline and Court Services

Officer (“CSO”) Harry Minor arrived in the Clerk’s office. Deputy Kline

testified that Ms. Dale “would continually get louder and louder and louder to

them and so they could not even talk over how loud she was being.” Id. at 145.

When he asked her to calm down, she “became extremely agitated and raised her

voice to an extreme level which I’ve never heard before.” Id. at 146. She was so

agitated and active that, as Deputy Kline testified, “I definitely thought that she

was getting ready to hit me.” Id. at 147.

      After advising her that she would need to calm down or else be removed

from the courthouse, the officers finally grabbed her by both arms in order to take

her to the first floor of the courthouse. As they escorted her down to the first

floor where the court services officers were stationed, Ms. Dale resisted:

             We have ahold of her just so she won’t – on the way down
      she’s trying to put her feet down and stop us from escorting her out
      of the building and she’s essentially resisting being escorted out.
      And so we just had ahold of her just so we can make sure that she
      actually leaves the building. But in the whole process she’s trying
      to, you know, put her weight on us and trying to put her feet down
      and stop us from doing this. And she’s yelling at the top of her lungs
      different things about us and how she’s taken advantage of and
      different things on the way down as well.

                                            -5-
Id. at 151.

      After the officers brought Ms. Dale to the court services post, Ms. Dale

continued to yell. At one point, “[s]he immediately stood up, started yelling and

then turned around at [Deputy Kline] and was yelling something and started to

fling her arm toward [the] left side of [his] head.” Id. at 152. Deputy Kline

testified that he thought she would assault him: “[h]er loud yelling as well as

throwing her arm around toward this side of my head, all of that together in my

experience told me that she could be getting ready to assault me, and I didn’t feel

like I wanted to take a punch that day.” Id. at 164.

      Ms. Dale testified that she was not loud in her conversations with Ms.

Golay or Ms. Schoonover: “I was talking to them just like I’m talking to you

right now. I was talking to her just like that. There’s no reason for me to get

obnoxious.” Id. at 175. She further stated she was “not loud. . . . I was very

professional. . . . I never disrespect anybody in authority,” id. at 176, and that

she “never raised her voice[,] [t]here’s no reason to.” Id. at 192. She testified

that, when the Marshals arrived, she calmly explained to them what had

happened. Indeed, she claimed she did not begin “yelling and screaming” until

the Marshals physically removed her from the Clerk’s office. Id. at 181. Ms.

Dale testified that she was “yelling and pleading, pleading with everybody at that

time, please help me, please help me,” id., and that, as she was being physically




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removed, she was “screaming [her] head off . . . [because she] thought [she] was

being kidnapped.” Id. at 183.

      Finally, with the assistance of Deputy Marshal Keith Lane, the officers

placed Ms. Dale in handcuffs, took her to the U.S. Marshal’s office holding cell,

and obtained relevant information so they could prepare a report of the incident.

      On February 28, 2012, the government filed a criminal complaint with the

district court, charging Ms. Dale with two misdemeanor counts of interfering with

court personnel working in the United States Courthouse, in violation of 18

U.S.C. § 111(a)(1). After the government rested its case, Ms. Dale moved for

judgment of acquittal under Fed. R. Crim. P. 29, stating there was no “real need

to argue it other than that.” R. Vol. 3 at 165. The magistrate judge denied the

motion at the conclusion of the trial, stating, “I think there is enough on the

charges to go to the jury.” Id. at 207. Ms. Dale was convicted on both counts on

May 2, 2012, by a jury impaneled before the magistrate court. On August 22,

2012, the magistrate judge sentenced her to time-served on both charges.

      Following her conviction, Ms. Dale appealed to the district court, which

affirmed her convictions. Regarding Count 1, the district court found the

evidence sufficient because “both clerks testified that they were frightened and

intimidated by defendant’s actions, which interfered with and impeded their

ability to perform their official tasks.” Mem. Decision of 5/7/13 at 2. On

Count 2, the district court found “[t]he evidence is not only sufficient, but

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essentially uncontroverted, that she resisted, opposed, impeded and interfered

with the officers.” Id. This appeal follows, in which Ms. Dale challenges the

sufficiency of the evidence as to both Count 1 and Count 2.



                                  DISCUSSION

      The criminal statute involved in this case is 18 U.S.C. § 111. It provides:

      (a)   In general. --Whoever--

            (1) forcibly assaults, resists, opposes, impedes,
            intimidates, or interferes with any person designated in
            section 1114 of this title while engaged in or on account
            of the performance of official duties; or

            (2) forcibly assaults or intimidates any person who
            formerly served as a person designated in section 1114
            on account of the performance of official duties during
            such person’s term of service, shall, where the acts in
            violation of this section constitute only simple assault,
            be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than one
            year, or both, and in all other cases, be fined under this
            title or imprisoned not more than 8 years, or both.

      (b)   Enhanced penalty. --Whoever, in the commission of any acts
            described in subsection (a), uses a deadly or dangerous weapon
            (including a weapon intended to cause death or danger but that
            fails to do so by reason of a defective component) or inflicts
            bodily injury, shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not
            more than 20 years, or both.

      Section 111 is designed to protect certain federal officers and employees of

the United States performing their official duties (those designated in § 1114) by

criminalizing assaults against them. United States v. Feola, 420 U.S. 671, 678-84


                                        -8-
(1975). In 1994, Congress added the misdemeanor simple assault provision to

§ 111(a) by amendment. Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of

1994, Pub. L. No. 103-322 § 320101(a)(1), 108 Stat.1796, 2108.

      In this case, Count 1 charged Ms. Dale with assaulting/interfering with a

clerk of the United States District Court and Count 2 with assaulting/interfering

with a United States Marshal. Ms. Dale does not challenge the jury instructions,

which stated with respect to each count, that:

             To find the defendant guilty of this crime you must be
      convinced that the government has proved each of the following
      beyond a reasonable doubt:
      First: the defendant forcibly resisted, opposed, impeded, intimidated
      or interfered with Chastity Schoonover or Sara Golay [or Deputy
      United States Marshals Logan Kline or Keith Lane];
      Second: that Chastity Schoonover or Sara Golay [or Deputy United
      States Marshals Logan Kline or Keith Lane] were federal officers or
      employees who were then engaged in the performance of their
      official duty, as charged; and
      Third: the defendant did such acts intentionally.

Jury Instructions No. 6, 7, R. Vol. 2 at 20, 22. Ms. Dale argues the evidence

presented was insufficient to support the jury’s guilty verdicts on both counts.

      “In reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence and denial of a motion for

judgment of acquittal, this court reviews the record de novo to determine whether,

viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the government, any rational

trier of fact could have found the defendant guilty of the crime beyond a

reasonable doubt.” United States v. Irvin, 682 F.3d 1254, 1266 (10th Cir. 2012).

“We review sufficiency-of-the-evidence challenges de novo, considering both

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direct and circumstantial evidence, and all reasonable inferences therefrom, in the

light most favorable to the government.” United States v. Acosta-Gallardo, 656

F.3d 1109, 1123 (10th Cir.), cert. denied, 132 S. Ct. 540 (2011). We will reverse

on sufficiency of the evidence grounds only if “no rational jury could have found

each element of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” United States v. Parada,

577 F.3d 1275, 1283 (10th Cir. 2009). “In evaluating the evidence under this

standard, the court will not question the jury’s credibility determinations or its

conclusions about the weight of the evidence.” United States v. Lazcano-

Villalobos, 175 F.3d 838, 843 (10th Cir. 1999).

      Ms. Dale focuses her argument on the “forcibly” component of the first

element of the offense described in both counts. “Specifically, she argues that

there was no evidence of the force necessary to commit any of the possible

methods to violate the statute.” Appellant’s Br. at 10. As the government points

out, the district court instructed the jury on this component:

             To find the defendant guilty, you must find beyond a
      reasonable doubt that she acted forcibly. The term “forcibly” does
      not require that the defendant actually touched the federal officers or
      employees named above. However, without an actual touching,
      proof that the defendant acted forcibly requires proof of a threat of
      being assaulted, resisted[,] opposed, impeded, intimidated, or
      interfered with, coupled with an apparent present ability by the
      defendant to carry out the threat.

Jury Instructions 6,7, R. Vol. 2 at 20-22.




                                         -10-
        Considering all the evidence, and viewing it in the light most favorable to

the government, there is sufficient evidence that Ms. Dale acted forcibly in, at a

minimum, resisting, impeding, intimidating and interfering with both the

employees in the Clerk’s office and the Marshals. She demanded her documents

back; she actually grabbed them from across the partition; she yelled at everyone,

including accusing them of attempting to sabotage her case and kidnap her; and

she resisted being removed from the Clerk’s office and being taken to the U.S.

Marshal’s holding area. Both Ms. Golay and Ms. Schoonover testified they were

intimidated by Ms. Dale’s actions and that normal business in the Clerk’s office

came to a stop. Deputy Marshal Kline testified that he thought Ms. Dale was

going to assault him. In short, there was ample evidence supporting Ms. Dale’s

conviction on both Counts 1 and 2.



                                   CONCLUSION

        For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the denial of Ms. Dale’s Rule 29

motion for judgement of acquittal and we AFFIRM the conviction entered in this

case.

                                                ENTERED FOR THE COURT


                                                Stephen H. Anderson
                                                Circuit Judge




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