           Case: 14-12462   Date Filed: 05/07/2015   Page: 1 of 25


                                                         [DO NOT PUBLISH]



             IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                     FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                       ________________________

                             No. 14-12462
                         Non-Argument Calendar
                       ________________________

                D.C. Docket No. 2:13-cr-00016-LGW-JEG-1



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                                                               Plaintiff-Appellee,

                                  versus

SCHELLA HOPE,

                                                          Defendant-Appellant.

                       ________________________

                Appeal from the United States District Court
                   for the Southern District of Georgia
                      ________________________

                              (May 7, 2015)

Before JORDAN, ROSENBAUM, and JILL PRYOR, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

     Schella Hope appeals her numerous convictions for conspiracy to commit
             Case: 14-12462     Date Filed: 05/07/2015   Page: 2 of 25


health-care fraud, 18 U.S.C. § 1349; health-care fraud, 18 U.S.C. § 1347;

aggravated identity theft, 18 U.S.C. § 1028A; money laundering, 18 U.S.C.

§ 1956(a)(1)(A)(i); and engaging in money-laundering transactions of over

$10,000, 18 U.S.C. § 1957. Hope raises four challenges to her convictions, all of

which we review for plain error. After careful consideration, we affirm.

                              I. General Background

      The 59-count superseding indictment alleges that, beginning in January 2005

and continuing through 2011, Hope stole approximately $4 million from Medicaid

by submitting thousands of phony claims for nutrition services that were not

provided, not provided as billed, or not medically necessary, and that were not

entitled to Medicaid reimbursement.

      Hope was a licensed dietician who owned Hope Nutritional Services, LLC

(HNS), which purported to provide nutrition services and counseling for children

enrolled in Head Start through the state of Georgia. Head Start is a government-

funded program that provides services to low-income children up to five years old,

the majority of whom were recipients under the Georgia Medical Assistance

Program (Medicaid).     Medicaid covers certain nutritional counseling services

ordered by a physician or provided by a licensed dietician.

      In broad terms, the superseding indictment alleged the nature of the health-

care fraud scheme as follows. Hope obtained a Medicaid provider number, hired

                                         2
                Case: 14-12462       Date Filed: 05/07/2015       Page: 3 of 25


medical doctors with no background in treating children to serve as “medical

directors” of HNS, and contracted with Head Start centers in order to obtain a list

of children enrolled in the centers along with their Medicaid numbers. Using the

Medicaid numbers, Hope submitted false claims to Medicaid for services that were

not provided. To avoid detection, Hope and others created false documentation to

reflect the purported services by, for instance, using “signature stamps” to make it

look as if a doctor had prescribed the services. When the fraud began to be

detected, she recruited a co-conspirator, Arlene Murrell, to, inter alia, continue to

submit false claims under Murrell’s Medicaid provider number. When Murrell

received Medicaid reimbursement checks, she issued checks to HNS that

corresponded to approximately 80% of the Medicaid checks’ value. Hope also

submitted false claims for nutrition services under the name of another licensed

dietician, Marissa Garcia, without her permission.

      We briefly review some of the evidence presented at Hope’s five-day trial.

In short, the evidence was consistent with the superseding indictment.1 HNS

employees traveled to Head Start centers throughout the state of Georgia to weigh

and measure children and test their hemoglobin levels by pricking their fingers for

blood. The HNS employees did not have any training for this work apart from

taking an online course. At the Head Start centers, HNS employees received a list


      1
          Hope does not challenge the sufficiency of the evidence to support her convictions.
                                                3
               Case: 14-12462      Date Filed: 05/07/2015   Page: 4 of 25


of the children’s Medicaid information for billing.          The Head Start director

testified that Head Start was not supposed to give out children’s Medicaid

information.

      At     Hope’s   direction,     HNS        employees   prepared   “cookie-cutter”

documentation concerning each child, including nearly identical prescriptions,

nutritional assessments, nutritional counseling notes, and physician plans of care.

The HNS employees who testified at trial indicated that they did not see Hope

provide any nutritional counseling to children. Nonetheless, Hope directed her

employees to affix her signature to the records. In addition, Hope directed HNS

employees to use a doctor’s signature stamp on patient forms, and employees also

used blank prescriptions and plans of care, which were pre-signed by doctors

without their authorization.

      On follow-up visits to the Head Start centers, Tonya Hope, the defendant’s

sister-in-law, purportedly provided nutritional counseling. At Hope’s direction,

Tonya falsely identified herself as a “nutritionist” by signing her name as such and

occasionally wearing a lab coat. Tonya was neither a nutritionist nor a registered

dietician.   Tonya testified that she, and not Hope, provided the nutritional

counseling, although the relevant patient forms were signed with Hope’s signature.

The government also presented evidence that Hope billed for services provided on

days when she was on vacation.

                                            4
               Case: 14-12462      Date Filed: 05/07/2015     Page: 5 of 25


       Hope directed employees at HNS to file a certain number of Medicaid

claims per day. Early on, employees were supposed to bill only fifty patients per

day. Later, however, Hope sent an intraoffice memorandum telling employees to

submit 100 claims per day.          Rocio Sloan, who was employed at HNS for

approximately eight years, testified that Hope directed Sloan and others to submit

claims to Medicaid, regularly held meetings about billing, and tracked the number

of claims submitted to Medicaid each day.

       Several parents and guardians of Head Start children testified.                 They

generally stated that they were not aware of any nutritional problems with their

children, never took their children to a physician for a nutritional consultation, and

did not fill out any forms regarding a nutritional assessment.

       After Hope presented witnesses and testified in her defense, the jury

deliberated for just over two hours and returned a verdict finding Hope guilty on

all 58 counts remaining in the superseding indictment. 2 She was sentenced to a

total term of 192 months in prison. Hope now appeals.

                                II. Standard of Review

       Hope concedes that plain-error review applies to her arguments on appeal

because she did not object to the alleged errors before the district court. United

States v. Turner, 474 F.3d 1265, 1275 (11th Cir. 2007). To demonstrate plain

       2
          Before trial, on the government’s motion, one count of engaging in money-laundering
transactions (Count 55) was dismissed without prejudice.
                                               5
              Case: 14-12462     Date Filed: 05/07/2015   Page: 6 of 25


error, a defendant must establish that there is “(1) an error (2) that is plain and (3)

that has affected the defendant’s substantial rights; and if the first three prongs are

satisfied, we may exercise discretion to correct the error if (4) the error seriously

affects the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of judicial proceedings.” United

States v. Madden, 733 F.3d 1314, 1322 (11th Cir. 2013).

      A “plain” error is one that is “clear” or “obvious.” United States v. Olano,

507 U.S. 725, 734, 113 S. Ct. 1170, 1777 (1993); see United States v. Lett, 483

F.3d 782, 790 (11th Cir. 2007) (explaining that a “plain error” must be “plain

under controlling precedent or in view of the unequivocally clear words of a statute

or rule”). For an error to affect substantial rights, in most cases the error “must

have been prejudicial: It must have affected the outcome of the district court

proceedings.” Olano, 507 U.S. at 734, 113 S. Ct. at 1777-78.

                                   III. Discussion

      Hope raises four issues on appeal.        First, Hope argues, her aggravated

identity-theft convictions must be reversed because health-care fraud is not a

qualifying predicate felony for that offense. Second, she contends, the district

court plainly erred by referencing punishment when instructing the jury on

aggravated identify theft. Third, Hope challenges the government’s presentation of

“wealth evidence” during trial. And finally, she asserts, the prosecutor committed

misconduct in closing arguments.

                                          6
               Case: 14-12462   Date Filed: 05/07/2015   Page: 7 of 25


A.    Aggravated Identity-theft Convictions

      Hope first contends that she was wrongfully convicted of aggravated identity

theft, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1028A, because health-care fraud is not an

enumerated predicate felony under that statute.

      When applying a criminal statute, we “generally must follow the plain and

unambiguous meaning of the statutory language.” United States v. Albertini, 472

U.S. 675, 680, 105 S. Ct. 2897, 2902 (1985). Courts should interpret the words of

a statute in context and avoid constructions that would render statutory language

superfluous or inoperative. Hibbs v. Winn, 542 U.S. 88, 101, 124 S. Ct. 2276,

2286 (2004).

      Hope has not shown error, plain or otherwise. Section 1028A provides for

an additional two-year term of imprisonment when, “during and in relation to any

felony violation enumerated in subsection (c),” a defendant “knowingly transfers,

possesses, or uses, without lawful authority, a means of identification of another

person.” 18 U.S.C. § 1028A(a)(1). A “felony violation enumerated in subsection

(c),” in turn, means any offense that is a felony violation of, among others, “any

provision contained in chapter 63 (relating to mail, bank, and wire fraud).” 18

U.S.C. § 1028A(c)(5). Health-care fraud is prohibited in chapter 63 of Title 18.

See 18 U.S.C. § 1347. Thus, by the plain terms of the statute, health-care fraud is

included within the ambit of predicate felonies described by § 1028A. See 18

                                         7
               Case: 14-12462         Date Filed: 05/07/2015   Page: 8 of 25


U.S.C. § 1028A(c)(5).

       Hope contends that the appended parenthetical, “(relating to mail, bank, and

wire fraud),” limits the scope of predicate chapter 63 offenses to solely “mail,

bank, and wire fraud.” We disagree.

       In United States v. Herring, 602 F.2d 1220 (5th Cir. 1979),3 this Court’s

predecessor rejected the same construction of 18 U.S.C. § 1961 that Hope seeks to

apply to § 1028A. 602 F.2d at 1223. Section 1961 defines “racketeering activity”

to include “sections 2314 and 2315 (relating to interstate transportation of stolen

property).” Id.; see 18 U.S.C. § 1961. The defendant in Herring argued that his

conviction under 18 U.S.C. § 2314, for interstate transportation of securities

converted or taken by fraud, was not “racketeering activity” as defined by § 1961

because it did not involve “interstate transportation of stolen property,” as

identified in the parenthetical. Herring, 602 F.2d at 1223.

       The Court in Herring rejected the defendant’s contention, holding that “the

reference    to   the    interstate     transportation   of    stolen   property    in   the

parenthetical . . . was intended merely to aid the identification of [the section]

rather than to limit the proscriptions of that section.” Id. The Court explained that

the defendant’s restrictive reading of the parenthetical would undermine the

remedial purposes of the statute—to eradicate organized crime. Id. And, further,

       3
         In Bonner v. City of Prichard, 661 F.2d 1206, 1207 (11th Cir. 1981) (en banc), this
Court adopted as binding precedent all Fifth Circuit decisions issued before October 1, 1981.
                                                8
                Case: 14-12462       Date Filed: 05/07/2015       Page: 9 of 25


[i]f Congress had intended to exclude the interstate transportation of property

obtained by fraud from its definition in section 1961, it specifically could have

limited the incorporation of section 2314” as it did the incorporation of another

section. Id.

       Guided by Herring, we conclude that the reference to mail, bank, and wire

fraud in the parenthetical after “any provision in chapter 63,” 18 U.S.C.

§ 1028A(c)(5), serves only an explanatory or descriptive purpose and does not

limit the scope of predicate felonies under chapter 63. 4 See Morales v. Trans

World Airlines, Inc., 504 U.S. 374, 383-84, 112 S. Ct. 2031, 2037 (1992)

(explaining that the ordinary meaning of the phrase “relating to” is a broad and

expansive one). A restrictive reading of § 1028A(c)(5) would “undermine the

remedial purposes that Congress intended,” which was to combat identity theft.

See Herring, 602 F.2d at 1223. And if Congress had intended to exclude health-

care fraud from its definition of predicate felony violations, it expressly could have

done so as it did in other parts of § 1028A.5 Furthermore, Hope’s proposed


       4
          Section 1028A(c)’s list of enumerated felonies contains eleven subparts, each of which
has a similar parenthetical providing a general description of the offenses to which they pertain.
18 U.S.C. § 1028A. Some subparts refer to specific statutory sections, such as “section 911
(relating to false personation of citizenship),” 18 U.S.C. § 1028A(c)(3), while others refer to
chapters, as in this case. See United States v. Abdur-Rahman, 708 F.3d 98, 101 (2d Cir. 2013)
(providing a general description of these subparts).
       5
           For example, § 1028A(c) lists qualifying predicate felonies as including a felony
violation of “any provision contained in this chapter (relating to fraud and false statements),
other than this section or [§] 1028(a)(7).” See 18 U.S.C. § 1028A(c)(4) (emphasis added).
                                                 9
               Case: 14-12462        Date Filed: 05/07/2015       Page: 10 of 25


construction would render superfluous the language “any provision in Chapter 63”

by equating it to “mail, bank, and wire fraud.” See Hibbs, 542 U.S. at 101, 124 S.

Ct. at 2286.

       Accordingly, we conclude that Hope was properly convicted of aggravated

identity theft based on the predicate felony of health-care fraud.6

B.     Jury Instructions

       Hope next argues that the district court plainly erred by referring to issues of

punishment when instructing the jury on the offense of aggravated identity theft.

We disagree.

       In general, “juries are not to be informed of or concerned with the

consequences of their verdicts.” United States v. Thigpen, 4 F.3d 1573, 1577 (11th

Cir. 1993) (en banc).          Except in limited cases, the jury has no sentencing

functioning, and matters of punishment should not be considered in arriving at a

verdict as to guilt or innocence. Id. Informing jurors about the consequences of

their verdicts tends to draw jurors’ attention away from their sole role as judges of

the facts and to open the door to compromise verdicts or confusion of the issues to

be decided. Id. We have specifically stated that “[t]his court does not approve of



       6
          We also note that our interpretation is consistent with other circuit courts’ construction
of the predicate felony definitions in § 1028A(c). See, e.g., Abdur-Rahman, 708 F.3d at 101-02;
United States v. Harrell, 637 F.3d 1008, 1010-12 (9th Cir. 2011); United States v. Persichilli,
608 F.3d 34, 40-41 (1st Cir. 2010).
                                                10
             Case: 14-12462    Date Filed: 05/07/2015    Page: 11 of 25


informing a jury of a minimum or maximum punishment.” United States v. Cox,

696 F.2d 1294, 1296 (11th Cir. 1983).

      Here, when instructing the jury on the offense of aggravated identity theft,

the district court began by stating, consistent with this Circuit’s pattern jury

instruction, “Now the law provides for an enhanced penalty when anyone commits

aggravated identity theft during and in relation to other certain specified felony

offenses.”   (emphasis added).     Thus, the court made a passing reference to

punishment that arguably violated the “canon that juries are not to be informed of

or concerned with the consequences of their verdicts.” Thigpen, 4 F.3d at 1577.

      However, a reference to punishment in jury instructions alone does not

necessarily constitute error. For example, in Cox, the judge gave the jury the

following instruction: “the Judge, under the law, is permitted to impose anything

from a term of probation or a fine up to the maximum term of imprisonment that

Congress has set.” 696 F.2d at 1298. Noting that this Court “prefers no reference

to sentencing whatsoever,” we nonetheless found that the instruction was not

erroneous because it “in no way intimated what punishment [the judge] might be

inclined to give,” and the judge “consistently informed the jury that potential

punishment was not their concern.” Id. at 1298-99.

      Similarly, in this case, the district court’s passing reference to sentencing in

no way intimated the likely consequences of finding Hope guilty. The court did

                                         11
             Case: 14-12462     Date Filed: 05/07/2015    Page: 12 of 25


not state that a two-year term of imprisonment applies.               See 18 U.S.C.

§ 1028A(a)(1). And a jury might reasonably infer that finding Hope guilty of any

additional offense, particularly one with “aggravated” in its title, might result in an

“enhanced penalty,” whether instructed by the court to that effect or not. The

reference to “enhanced” also serves to highlight that aggravated identity theft is a

crime in addition to the predicate felony of health-care fraud.

      And the district court expressly told the jury that punishment was not their

concern. Later in its instructions, the court stated, “You must never consider

punishment in any way to decide whether the Defendant is guilty. If you find the

Defendant guilty, the punishment is for the Judge alone to decide later.” Further,

the court instructed, “Remember that, in a very real way, you’re judges—judges of

the facts. Your only interest is to seek the truth from the evidence in the case.” We

presume that juries follow the court’s instructions. Thigpen, 4 F.3d at 1577.

Therefore, in view of the court’s express instructions not to consider punishment in

any way and only “to seek the truth from the evidence in the case,” Hope has not

shown that mere reference to an “enhanced penalty” was erroneous. See Cox, 696

F.2d at 1298-99; see also United States v. Cochran, 683 F.3d 1314, 1319 (11th Cir.

2012) (we analyze the objected-to portion of the instruction in light of the entire

charge, keeping in mind that apparently prejudicial isolated comments may be

innocuous in context).

                                          12
             Case: 14-12462     Date Filed: 05/07/2015   Page: 13 of 25


      Nor do the circumstances indicate that the “enhanced penalty” instruction

had any effect on the outcome of the case. United States v. Prather, 205 F.3d

1265, 1271 (11th Cir. 2000) (stating that reversal on plain error is only appropriate

if the challenged instruction “was probably responsible for an incorrect verdict,

leading to substantial injustice” (internal quotation marks omitted)).    In short, the

court did not err in giving the “enhanced penalty” instruction.

C.    Admission of “Wealth Evidence”

      Hope next argues that the district court plainly erred in allowing the

government to introduce evidence of her wealth, luxury purchases, vacation

expenses, and automobile leases. She asserts that the admission of such “wealth

evidence” constituted plain error because the evidence was irrelevant to the issues

before the jury and biased the jury against her.

      For instance, at trial, during its case in chief, the government elicited

testimony from the case agent regarding a “rare elite type of corporate card” issued

to HNS. He described various charges on the card, including numerous purchases

of luxury items (with details of particular purchases and specific dollar amounts),

stays at luxury resorts, and lease payments for “high-end” BMW automobiles.

Another witness testified that she had reviewed HNS’s financial records, which

showed payments on boat loans, jewelry, and the BMW automobiles. Then, after

Hope testified in her defense that the billing process had been a bureaucratic

                                          13
              Case: 14-12462    Date Filed: 05/07/2015    Page: 14 of 25


nightmare, the prosecutor cross-examined Hope about numerous luxury purchases

and whether these were part of her “nightmare.” Specifically, the prosecutor

referred to luxury purchases from high-end designers such as Chanel, Gucci, and

Louis Vuitton. The prosecutor cited this evidence in closing arguments.

      Whether evidence of wealth is properly admissible depends on the specific

facts of the case. See United States v. Nill, 518 F.2d 793, 802 (5th Cir. 1975) (“A

man’s wealth is wholly irrelevant to his guilt or innocence in a criminal

prosecution unless the wealth is directly connected to the offense for which he is

standing trial.”). On the one hand, “[u]se of a defendant’s wealth to appeal to class

bias can be highly improper and can deprive that defendant of a fair trial.” United

Bradley, 644 F.3d 1213, 1271 (11th Cir. 2011) (internal quotation marks omitted).

But on the other, “evidence of wealth or extravagant spending may be admissible

when relevant to issues in the case and where other evidence supports a finding of

guilt.” Id.

      We have noted that it is often difficult to determine whether wealth evidence

is “intended to appeal to class bias or to establish a fact in issue.” Id. Therefore, a

court’s determination of whether wealth evidence is relevant under Rule 401, Fed.

R. Evid., and whether the evidence’s probative value is substantially outweighed

by its unfair prejudice under Rule 403, Fed. R. Evid., must turn on the specific

facts of the case. Id.; see also United States v. Jackson-Randolph, 282 F.3d 369,

                                          14
             Case: 14-12462    Date Filed: 05/07/2015   Page: 15 of 25


378 (6th Cir. 2002) (delineating factors to analyze whether wealth evidence is

unfairly prejudicial). Rule 403 is “an extraordinary remedy that should be used

sparingly,” and in reviewing Rule 403 issues “we look at the evidence in the light

most favorable to its admission, maximizing its probative value and minimizing its

undue prejudicial impact.” United States v. Flanders, 752 F.3d 1317, 1335 (11th

Cir. 2014) (quotation marks omitted), cert. denied, (U.S. Jan. 26, 2015) (No. 14-

7642).

      Here, the admission of evidence regarding Hope’s wealth and luxury

purchases was not erroneous because it was relevant to the issues in the case, and

other evidence supports Hope’s guilt. See Bradley, 644 F.3d at 1271. Some of the

evidence was relevant to establishing the fraudulent nature of specific claims. For

example, evidence of Hope’s expenditures while on vacation showed that

Medicaid was billed for services on dates when Hope was not at HNS.

      The wealth evidence was also relevant to rebutting Hope’s defenses to the

charges. As part of her defense, Hope contended that she used the $4 million to

put into her practice and to pay her employees, who, according to her attorney’s

opening statement, “put that money in their bank account.” Evidence of Hope’s

lavish personal spending during the period in which the offenses occurred supports

the opposite inference—that the majority of the money was going directly to Hope

for her personal benefit. Hope also argued that she did not knowingly commit

                                        15
             Case: 14-12462    Date Filed: 05/07/2015   Page: 16 of 25


fraud, but rather that the overpayments were the result of billing errors. The

wealth evidence was relevant to this defense because it supports an inference that

Hope did not honestly believe that she was receiving payments from Medicaid as a

result of billing errors or other mistakes, and also that she was the person

responsible for the scheme.

      The evidence also goes to Hope’s motive to commit the offenses. Hope

argues that motive was irrelevant by pointing to the prosecutor’s statement to the

jury that he did not “need to show you why somebody committed a crime.”

However, the fact that motive is not an element of the offense requiring proof does

not mean that it is irrelevant. As we have stated, “Evidence, not part of the crime

charged but pertaining to the chain of events explaining the context, motive and

set-up of the crime, is properly admitted if linked in time and circumstances with

the charged crime, or forms an integral and natural part of an account of the crime,

or is necessary to complete the story of the crime for the jury.” United States v.

Williford, 764 F.2d 1493, 1499 (11th Cir. 1985); see also Fed. R. Evid. 404(b)(2)

(noting that evidence of prior bad acts may be admissible for the purpose of

proving motive).

      In sum, the evidence of Hope’s wealth and spending was relevant to facts at

issue in Hope’s trial. See Bradley, 644 F.3d at 1271-72. In addition, a substantial

amount of other credible evidence of the illegal activity was presented. See id. at

                                        16
              Case: 14-12462   Date Filed: 05/07/2015   Page: 17 of 25


1271. In view of these facts, we cannot say that the probative value of the wealth

evidence was substantially outweighed by a danger of unfair prejudice.          See

Flanders, 752 F.3d at 1335. Therefore, the district court did not commit error,

plain or otherwise, in admitting the evidence.

D.    Prosecutorial Misconduct

      Hope contends that the government’s closing argument constituted

prosecutorial misconduct because it included several unduly inflammatory

statements and an improper “Golden Rule” argument.

      The sole purpose of closing argument is to assist the jury in analyzing the

evidence presented at trial. United States v. Bailey, 123 F.3d 1381, 1400 (11th Cir.

1997). To establish prosecutorial misconduct in closing argument, the defendant

must show that the prosecutor’s remarks were (1) improper and (2) prejudicially

affected her substantial rights. United States v. Lopez, 590 F.3d 1238, 1256 (11th

Cir. 2009).    We first explain the comments Hope challenges on appeal, then

address whether they were improper, and finally proceed to the question of

prejudice.

      1.      The prosecutor’s comments

      Hope points to the following four allegedly improper comments by the

prosecutor: first, in discussing the data regarding the large number of claims Hope

submitted to Medicaid for services, the prosecutor stated, “Are you kidding me

                                          17
             Case: 14-12462      Date Filed: 05/07/2015   Page: 18 of 25


with this? Really? 7,000 kids? 7,000 kids in one month. You all can do the math.

That’s like 225 kids a day. 940 kids on September 11th of 2006. It makes me sick

to think that September 11th, I’m going to remember it for this (indicating).”

      Second, in reference to testimony that untrained HNS employees pricked the

fingers of Head Start children purportedly to obtain hemoglobin measurements, the

prosecutor stated,

             What was truly horrifying to me -- and I don’t know if
             you caught this -- but you’ve got some folks that are up
             there testifying about how they’re pricking the fingers of
             these children -- no training, nothing. They’re stabbing
             these little kids.

             How would you feel, ladies and gentlemen, if you sent
             your kid to some center and have some stranger, high
             school educated person, that’s going bing and stabbing
             your kid with a pin? I don’t think you’d be too happy.

      Third, the prosecutor commented on Marissa Garcia, an HNS employee who

testified at trial, as follows: “And you heard Marissa Garcia. Marissa Garcia is

probably one of the funniest witnesses that I’ve seen in quite a long time. She got

up there, and she was honest.”

      Finally, in rebuttal closing argument, the prosecutor stated,

             Ladies and gentlemen, counsel quotes for you a Biblical
             verse. Let me quote for you from the Old Testament, one
             other thing I’d like you to think about when you go back
             there, one of the Ten Commandments. You might have
             heard of it. “Thou shalt not steal.” That’s what this case
             has been about.

                                          18
             Case: 14-12462     Date Filed: 05/07/2015   Page: 19 of 25


      2.     Whether the comments were improper

      Improper suggestions, insinuations, or assertions that are calculated to

produce a wrongful conviction by misleading the jury or appealing to the jury’s

passion or prejudice are forbidden in closing arguments.           United States v.

Rodriguez, 765 F.2d 1546, 1559-60 (11th Cir. 1985). However, “there is no

prohibition on colorful and perhaps flamboyant remarks if they relate to the

evidence adduced at trial.” Bailey, 123 F.3d at 1400 (internal quotation marks

omitted).

      Remarks can also be improper “if they attempt to bolster the credibility of a

witness based on the government’s reputation or through alluding to evidence not

admitted at trial.” Lopez, 590 F.3d at 1256. Improper bolstering occurs if the “jury

could reasonably believe that the prosecutor was indicating a personal belief in the

witness’ credibility.” Id. (quotation marks omitted). However, this prohibition

does not forbid prosecutors from arguing credibility based on evidence admitted at

trial. Id.; see United States v. Schmitz, 634 F.3d 1247, 1270 (11th Cir. 2011) (“We

have no doubt that there are some cases where a prosecutor is justified in arguing

during closing arguments that a particular witness is lying, if that is an inference

supported by the evidence at trial.”).

      We agree with Hope that the prosecutor’s closing arguments contained some

clearly improper statements. First, the prosecutor’s reference to September 11

                                         19
             Case: 14-12462       Date Filed: 05/07/2015   Page: 20 of 25


was, in context, improper and appears calculated solely to appeal to the jury’s

passion or prejudice. While the reference to the number of claims HNS submitted

on September 11, 2006, in and of itself, was based on the evidence presented, the

prosecutor went further. In stating that “it “makes [him] sick” to think that he’ll

remember September 11 for Hope’s Medicaid fraud, the prosecutor implied that

the juries should also be disgusted not solely by the evidence of Hope’s actions but

rather by some specious connection to an emotionally charged event. Therefore,

the remark was improper because it was intended solely to inflame.

      Second, the prosecutor made an improper appeal to the jurors’ emotions by

asking the jurors to place themselves in the position of parents whose children

were “stabb[ed] with a pin” by HNS employees without medical backgrounds or

training. See United States v. McGarity, 669 F.3d 1218, 1246 (11th Cir. 2012); cf.

Grossman v. McDonough, 466 F.3d 1325, 1348 (11th Cir. 2006) (habeas case

discussing improper “Golden Rule” arguments under Florida law). Alone, the

prosecutor’s simple use of the word “stab” as opposed to “prick” would not have

been improper because it related to evidence admitted at trial and emphasized the

government’s position that the services HNS provided to Head Start children were

fraudulent. But, in context, the remarks—particularly the invitation to the jurors to

put themselves in the positions of the children’s parents—plainly were an improper

appeal to the jurors’ emotions.

                                           20
             Case: 14-12462    Date Filed: 05/07/2015     Page: 21 of 25


      We do not find that the other remarks challenged by Hope were improper.

With respect to the statement that Garcia was “honest,” the prosecutor did not

improperly vouch for a witness’s credibility. After stating that Garcia was honest,

the prosecutor went on to discuss her testimony and the other evidence introduced

at trial. Therefore, in context, we understand the prosecutor’s “honest” remark to

be an argument in favor of finding Garcia credible based on her behavior on the

stand and the evidence admitted. See Lopez, 590 F.3d at 1256.

      Finally, the prosecutor’s reference to the Ten Commandments’ prohibition

against stealing was made in response to Hope’s counsel’s reference to a Biblical

passage. We have explained that “[a] prosecutor is entitled to make a fair response

to defense counsel’s arguments,” even if the statement would otherwise be

inadmissible. United States v. Frank, 599 F.3d 1221, 1238 (11th Cir. 2010). In

any case, the prosecutor did not ask the jury to decide the case on a religious or

emotional basis, and the remark served mainly to highlight the government’s

position that the case was fundamentally about theft. See Bailey, 123 F.3d at 1400-

01 (holding that two references to the Bible during closing argument were not

improper).

      3.     Whether Hope has shown prejudice to her substantial rights

      Improper remarks alone will not entitle a defendant to relief. Rather, Hope

must show prejudice to her substantial rights.          In other words, Hope must

                                        21
             Case: 14-12462     Date Filed: 05/07/2015    Page: 22 of 25


demonstrate a reasonable probability that, but for the improper remarks, the result

of the trial would have been different. Lopez, 590 F.3d at 1256. She has not done

so for several reasons. See id. (delineating factors to assess the prejudicial effect of

a prosecutor’s conduct). We consider whether a defendant’s substantial rights

were prejudiced “in the context of the entire trial, along with any curative

instruction.” Id.

      First, the improper remarks were isolated. They were not interrelated or an

extension of impermissible comments earlier in the proceeding. See, e.g., Schmitz,

634 F.3d at 1270 (finding that comments in closing argument were improper

because “they were a clear continuation” of improper questions during cross-

examination).

      Second, the district court gave curative instructions. See Lopez, 590 F.3d at

1256 (stating that, where the district court takes proper curative measures, “we will

reverse only if the evidence is so prejudicial as to be incurable by that measure.”).

The court instructed the jurors that their decisions “must be based only on the

evidence presented here in this courtroom, that “anything the lawyers say is not

evidence,” and that they “must not be influenced in any way by either sympathy

for or prejudice against the Defendant or the Government.”

      Third, and most significantly, the government convincingly established

Hope’s guilt by admissible, inculpatory evidence, the vast majority of which is

                                          22
             Case: 14-12462     Date Filed: 05/07/2015   Page: 23 of 25


uncontested by Hope on appeal and unrelated to the errors raised. See id. (“When

the record contains sufficient independent evidence of guilt, any error is harmless.”

(quotation omitted)). At trial, the government presented extensive documentary

and testimonial evidence of guilt from fraud investigators, the case agent,

numerous former HNS employees, Hope’s cooperating co-conspirator, and the

parents of Head Start children whose billing information was used by Hope. Hope

does not argue that the evidence of her guilt was weak or insubstantial.          In

addition, Hope testified on her own behalf. By doing so, she ran the risk that the

jury would disbelieve her and conclude that the opposite of her testimony was true.

United States v. Brown, 53 F.3d 312, 314 (11th Cir. 1995). For the foregoing

reasons, Hope has not met her burden of showing that the prosecutor’s improper

comments prejudicially affected her substantial rights. See Lopez, 590 F.3d at

1256-58; McGarity, 669 F.3d at 1246-47.

      This fact, however, does not excuse the prosecutor’s clearly improper

remarks, and we pause to remind the prosecutor of his special obligations in our

adversary system:

             The [prosecutor] is the representative not of an ordinary
             party to a controversy, but of a sovereignty whose
             obligation to govern impartially is as compelling as its
             obligation to govern at all; and whose interest, therefore,
             in a criminal prosecution is not that it shall win a case,
             but that justice shall be done. As such, he is in a peculiar
             and very definite sense the servant of the law, the twofold
             aim of which is that guilt shall not escape or innocence
                                         23
             Case: 14-12462      Date Filed: 05/07/2015    Page: 24 of 25


             suffer. He may prosecute with earnestness and vigor—
             indeed, he should do so. But, while he may strike hard
             blows, he is not at liberty to strike foul ones. It is as
             much his duty to refrain from improper methods
             calculated to produce a wrongful conviction as it is to use
             every legitimate means to bring about a just one.

Berger v. United States, 295 U.S. 78, 88 (1935).

E.    Cumulative Error

      Finally, Hope asserts that, in light of all the alleged errors at trial, we should

reverse her convictions pursuant to the cumulative-error doctrine because she was

denied a fundamentally fair trial.

      Under the cumulative-error doctrine, we will reverse a conviction “if the

cumulative effect of the errors is prejudicial, even if the prejudice caused by each

individual error was harmless.” United States v. Baker, 432 F.3d 1189, 1203 (11th

Cir. 2005). In making this determination, we consider, among other things, the

nature and number of the errors, any interrelationship of the errors, and the strength

of the government’s case. Id. at 1223-24.

      Having already determined that the district court did not err in applying 18

U.S.C. § 1028A, referencing punishment in the jury instructions, or admitting

evidence of Hope’s wealth and spending, we also conclude, from our review of the

trial as a whole, that Hope was not denied a fair trial.

                                     IV. Conclusion

      For all of the reasons discussed above, we affirm Hope’s convictions.
                                           24
    Case: 14-12462   Date Filed: 05/07/2015   Page: 25 of 25


AFFIRMED.




                              25
