                                                                         FILED
                                                              United States Court of Appeals
                                                                      Tenth Circuit

                                                                    January 9, 2009
                      UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                   Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                                      Clerk of Court
                             FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT




    LOURDES E. TRUJILLO,

                Plaintiff-Appellant,

    v.                                                     No. 08-2029
                                               (D.C. Nos. 1:02-cv-01509-JAP-RLP;
    BOARD OF EDUCATION OF THE                       1:04-cv-00646-JAP-RLP)
    ALBUQUERQUE PUBLIC                                      (D. N.M.)
    SCHOOLS; ANTHONY GRIEGO,
    individually and in his official
    capacity as Principal of Valley High
    School, Albuquerque Public Schools,

                Defendants-Appellees.


                             ORDER AND JUDGMENT *


Before O’BRIEN, PORFILIO, and EBEL, Circuit Judges.



         Pro se plaintiff-appellant Lourdes E. Trujillo appeals from the district

court’s grant of summary judgment to the Board of Education of the Albuquerque



*
       After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist the determination of
this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is
therefore ordered submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is
not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata,
and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value
consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
Public Schools and Anthony Griego in two separate district court cases. In the

first case, No. 1:02-cv-01509-JAP-RLP, Ms. Trujillo, who is originally from

Puerto Rico, argued defendants discriminated against her on the basis of gender

and national origin when they failed to hire her for a instructor position at Valley

High School in 2001. In the second, No. 1:04-cv-00646-JAP-RLP, Ms. Trujillo

claimed she was discriminated against when she was again not hired to fill the

same position in 2002 and 2003. The district court granted summary judgment in

both cases. Ms. Trujillo’s appellate briefs fail to show reversible error. We

affirm. 1

                                          I.

       Since Ms. Trujillo is appealing from the district court’s grant of summary

judgment, we view the evidence, and draw all reasonable inferences therefrom, in

the light most favorable to her. Swackhammer v. Sprint/United Mgmt. Co.,

493 F.3d 1160, 1167 (10th Cir. 2007). Although Ms. Trujillo’s briefs violate the

Federal Rules of Appellate procedure by not including a statement of the facts of

the case supported by appropriate record references, 2 see Fed. R. App. P. 28(a)(7),



1
       We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291.
2
       “Although a pro se litigant’s pleadings are to be construed liberally and
held to a less stringent standard than formal pleadings drafted by lawyers, this
court has repeatedly insisted that pro se parties follow the same rules of procedure
that govern other litigants.” Garrett v. Selby Connor Maddux & Janer, 425 F.3d
836, 840 (10th Cir. 2005) (quotation and citations omitted).


                                         -2-
the following facts are either undisputed or viewed in the light most favorable to

Ms. Trujillo. Because the parties are familiar with the facts of the case, we

discuss only those necessary for resolution of this appeal.

      Valley High, located in Albuquerque, New Mexico, had an agreement with

the United States Air Force to offer a Junior Reserve Officer Training Corps

program. The program was taught by a Senior Aerospace Science Instructor

(SASI) and an Aerospace Science Instructor (ASI). In August of 2000, the new

principal at Valley High was Anthony Griego, the SASI was Col. Richardson

Crook, and the ASI was Ms. Trujillo’s husband, Transito Trujillo.

      Col. Crook informed Mr. Trujillo as early as January 2000 that he was

thinking of retiring, but did not specify a time. In August 2000, Ms. Trujillo

provided her resume and some type of application to Mr. Griego expressing her

interest in being considered for Col. Crook’s SASI position if it ever came open.

She did not contact the Albuquerque Public Schools (APS) human resources

department or submit the standard APS application. In the Spring of 2001,

Col. Crook informed Mr. Griego that he intended to retire in October 2001.

Utilizing a “by name” selection process authorized by the Air Force, Valley High




                                         -3-
hired Colonel Mark Mayerstein, a Caucasian, for the position in March 2001. 3

Ms. Trujillo’s first lawsuit alleged discrimination in this hiring decision.

         Col. Mayerstein was only employed by Valley High for one year. When

the time came to fill his position, Valley High utilized a competitive selection

process. According to Mr. Griego’s affidavit the school abandoned the previously

used “by name” process and instead asked the Air Force provide a qualified

candidate pool in an attempt to avoid lawsuits. The Air Force provided Valley

High with the names of three pre-screened candidates. Ms. Trujillo subsequently

contacted the Air Force asking to be considered for the position and was told

candidates had already been forwarded to the school. She then contacted Valley

High directly. Acknowledging the Air Force had already forwarded a slate of

candidates she, nevertheless, asked the school to consider her for the position–

essentially requesting that it revert to the “by name” process in order to select

her. The school refused and hired one of the applicants forwarded by the Air

Force.

         When that instructor also left after a year, the school once again asked the

Air Force for a slate of qualified candidates. Ms. Trujillo applied for the job with

3
       The Air Force allowed Valley High and other schools with JROTC
programs two methods for hiring instructors. The school could specifically
request a certain instructor (“by name” selection process), asking the Air Force to
approve its choice; or the school could utilize a selection process under which it
notified the Air Force of a vacancy and the Air Force posted the vacancy on its
website and then provided the school with the names of qualified candidates
(competitive selection process).

                                           -4-
the Air Force. The Air Force informed her that under its rules she would have to

resign her current position as a SASI in Georgia to be considered for the Valley

High SASI position. Ms. Trujillo did not resign her position. She also sent

letters directly to two APS board members asking them to consider her letters as

applications for the SASI position; they forwarded her letters to the APS Human

Resources Department. She eventually filled out an employment application. A

form letter in the application packet informed Ms. Trujillo she would have to

contact Valley High directly regarding an interview. The Air Force again

forwarded names of three candidates to Valley High, one of whom was hired.

Ms. Trujillo’s name was not on the Air Force list. Her second lawsuit alleged

discrimination in the 2002 and 2003 hiring decisions.

                                         II.

      “We review the district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo and

must apply the same legal standard used by the district court.” Swackhammer,

493 F.3d at 1167 (quotation omitted). Summary judgment “should be rendered if

the pleadings, the discovery and disclosure materials on file, and any affidavits

show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the movant is

entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c).




                                         -5-
                                         A.

      Ms. Trujillo’s first lawsuit alleged gender and national origin

discrimination under Title VII, see 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(a)(1), and racial

discrimination under 42 U.S.C. § 1981. 4 “Without direct evidence of

discrimination, we apply the burden-shifting scheme of McDonnell Douglas Corp.

v. Green, 411 U.S. 792 (1973), in Title VII and § 1981 cases.” Antonio v. Sygma

Network, Inc., 458 F.3d 1177, 1181 (10th Cir. 2006) (citations omitted). Under

the McDonnell Douglas analysis, a plaintiff must first make a prima facie case of

discrimination. See McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. at 802.

      In McDonnell Douglas, the Supreme Court enumerated the elements
      required in order for a plaintiff to establish a prima facie case in the
      failure to hire context. These are: (I) plaintiff belongs to a protected
      class; (ii) plaintiff applied and was qualified for a job for which the
      employer was seeking applicants; (iii) despite being qualified, the
      plaintiff was rejected; and (iv) after plaintiff’s rejection, the position
      remained open and the employer continued to seek applicants from
      persons of plaintiff’s qualifications.


4
       Under 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(a)(1), it is unlawful for an employer “to fail or
refuse to hire or to discharge any individual, or otherwise to discriminate against
any individual with respect to his compensation, terms, conditions, or privileges
of employment, because of such individual’s race, color, religion, sex, or national
origin.” Under 42 U.S.C. § 1981:

             All persons within the jurisdiction of the United States shall
      have the same right in every State and Territory to make and enforce
      contracts, to sue, be parties, give evidence, and to the full and equal
      benefit of all laws and proceedings for the security of persons and
      property as is enjoyed by white citizens, and shall be subject to like
      punishment, pains, penalties, taxes, licenses, and exactions of every
      kind, and to no other.

                                         -6-
Garrison v. Gambro, Inc., 428 F.3d 933, 937 (10th Cir. 2005) (quotation and

alteration in original omitted).

      After the plaintiff makes a prima facie case, the burden shifts to the
      employer to give a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for its
      employment decision. If the employer comes forward with a
      nondiscriminatory reason for its actions, the burden then reverts to
      the plaintiff to show that there is a genuine dispute of material fact as
      to whether the employer’s proffered reason for the challenged action
      is pretextual–i.e., unworthy of belief. A plaintiff who demonstrates
      pretext gets over the hurdle of summary judgment.

Sanders v. Sw. Bell Tel., L.P., 544 F.3d 1101, 1105 (10th Cir. 2008) (quotations

and citations omitted). Pretext can be shown by “such weaknesses,

implausibilities, inconsistencies, incoherencies, or contradictions in the

employer’s proffered legitimate reasons for its action that a reasonable factfinder

could rationally find them unworthy of credence and hence infer that the

employer did not act for the asserted non-discriminatory reasons.” Id. at 1106

(quotation omitted).

                                         B.

      The district court initially refused to grant summary judgment to

defendants, concluding Ms. Trujillo had raised a genuine issue of pretext as to

Mr. Griego’s argument that he had simply chosen Col. Mayerstein from two

candidates provided by Col. Crook. Citing Tyler v. ReMax, the court said “the

genuine issue on the second reason casts enough doubt on the other two reasons

that a jury might still find in Trujillo’s favor.” 410 F. Supp. 2d 1033, 1047.


                                         -7-
       Upon reconsideration, and with the guidance of this court’s recently

published opinion in Jaramillo v. Co. Judicial Dep’t, 427 F.3d 1303 (10th Cir.

2005), the district court granted summary judgment to defendants. In doing so, it

concluded Ms. Trujillo was unqualified for the SASI position, mooting her initial

success in raising an issue of fact as to the possibly pretextual nature of one of

defendants’ proffered reasons for its employment decision. She responded with a

Rule 59(e) motion to alter or amend judgment accompanied by additional

material, which was denied.

                                          C.

       On appeal, Ms. Trujillo raises one issue in regard to the court’s rulings in

her first lawsuit:

       The court erred by failing to find and hold that Defendant Griego’s
       own admission to the Defendant[s’] [Equal Opportunity] Director
       was a pretext for unlawful violation of [Ms.] Trujillo’s constitutional
       rights. Griego admitted to Defendant[s’] [Equal Opportunity]
       Director, in response to [Ms.] Trujillo’s EEOC charges, that he did
       not interview Trujillo when he selected [Col.] Mayerstein “by name”
       to replace [Col.] Crook before Crook had retired.

Aplt. Opening Br. at 1-2. She therefore asserts Mr. Griego discriminated against

her by failing to interview her during the hiring process, thus treating her

differently than Col. Mayerstein. That fact, however, does nothing to refute the

basis of the district court’s judgment–Ms. Trujillo was not qualified for the SASI

position. On that point, Ms. Trujillo maintains her lack of credentials is not a

valid non-discriminatory reason for not hiring her because Col. Mayerstein also

                                          -8-
lacked his FAA certification but was hired because he was in the process of

obtaining it. She claims she could have become FAA certified by the time

Col. Crook departed but “[Mr.] Griego did not offer the same opportunity [to

obtain certification] to [her] in March 2001.” Aplt. Opening Br. at 2.

      Her argument assumes Mr. Griego was considering two equally facially

unqualified candidates but allowed the Caucasian male an opportunity for

certification while denying the same opportunity to her, the Hispanic female. But

the evidence presented in the summary judgment materials showed Col.

Mayerstein misrepresented in his application that he would be FAA certified and

therefore qualified to teach the class. Moreover, Col. Crook told Mr. Griego in

writing that Col. Mayerstein would “soon” be qualified to teach the zero-hour

class. In granting summary judgment, the district court decided “[Mr.] Griego

may have used poor judgment in selecting [Col.] Mayerstein without proof of his

FAA certification, but that does not establish or infer discrimination or pretext in

his decision not to select an applicant who admittedly did not have, and who

never asserted that she was in the midst of obtaining, the FAA certification.”

R., Vol. II, Doc. 98 at 9. The summary judgment materials did not demonstrate

that Mr. Griego offered Col. Mayerstein an opportunity to become certified, it

showed that the application materials asserted that he was in the process of




                                         -9-
meeting that qualification. 5 See Young v. Dillon Cos., 468 F.3d 1243, 1250

(10th Cir. 2006) (holding that relevant inquiry is whether the reasons behind the

employer’s employment decision were held in good faith, even if they later

proved to be untrue); Rivera v. City & County of Denver, 365 F.3d 912, 924-25

(10th Cir. 2004) (same).

                                         D.

      Ms. Trujillo’s second lawsuit, alleging gender and national origin

discrimination under Title VII, see 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(a)(1), also resulted in

summary judgment in favor of defendants. In appealing from this decision,

Ms. Trujillo raises two points. She first claims retaliation against her for

complaining about the hiring of Col. Mayerstein. According to her the retaliation

took the form of abandoning the “by name” selection process in favor of asking

the Air Force to present qualified candidates for subsequent job openings. Her

second point is that

      [t]he court again erred when it disregarded the Board of Education
      directions to [Ms.] Trujillo, which direct[ed] her to apply to the

5
       Ms. Trujillo has also filed a reply brief. In it she reprises the argument
raised in her opening brief. But she also apparently tries to raise a new argument
reciting various pieces of evidence presented on summary judgment, quoting
various portions of the district court’s initial denial of summary judgment, and
then generally asserting these pieces prove discrimination. To the extent she is
trying to raise a new issue, we decline to address it. We generally refuse to
address issues raised for the first time in a reply brief, and our independent
review of the record reveals no plain error. See Headrick v. Rockwell Int’l Corp.,
24 F.3d 1272, 1277-78 (10th Cir. 1994) (holding the court would not address
arguments raised for the first time in the reply brief).

                                         -10-
      school’s Human Resources Office, rather than [the] Air Force, as
      [Mr.] Griego did. Thus, the court disregarded the fact that the Board,
      not the school principal [Mr.] Griego, has the sole authority to
      establish hiring policies.

Aplt. Opening Br. at 9.

      These arguments verge on being frivolous. First, the record does not

support the conclusory assertion that Mr. Griego lacked the authority to

discontinue using the “by name” hiring process. Mr. Griego averred the school

made the change to essentially take itself out of the hiring process to the greatest

extent possible in order to avoid lawsuits. And no reasonable jury could believe

the clearly routine actions by the APS board members and the form letter from the

APS Human Resources Department did anything more than direct Ms. Trujillo

back to Valley High as the appropriate party to contact regarding interviews.

Ms. Trujillo’s assertion that these actions amounted to a board decision that

Valley High had to use the “by name” hiring process misrepresents the evidence.

      Second, even if Ms. Trujillo is correct and Mr. Griego flouted APS policy

by only hiring from pre-screened candidates provided by the Air Force,

Ms. Trujillo presents no argument as to how such action could be discriminatory.

She makes no claim that she has any less opportunity than any other candidate to

be nominated by the Air Force. If anything, such a practice would seem to

provide Valley High with less opportunity to discriminate, as Mr. Griego averred

was the purpose for the policy change.


                                         -11-
                               III.

The judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.


                                          Entered for the Court



                                          Terrence L. O’Brien
                                          Circuit Judge




                               -12-
