             IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS
                         OF TEXAS
                                        NO. PD-1560-12



                          EX PARTE JOHN CHRISTOPHER LO



                        ON STATE’S MOTION FOR REHEARING
                             AFTER WRITTEN OPINION

                K ELLER, P.J., filed a concurring opinion.

       In Armadillo Bail Bonds v. State, this Court struck down legislation that delayed the entry

of certain judgments by eighteen months.1 In that case, the length of the delay does not seem to have

been particularly relevant to the decision. This Court said:

       If this requirement is, as Armadillo argues, a valid exercise of the Legislature’s
       power over judicial administration, then, as the court of appeals noted, “nothing
       prevents the legislature from imposing an interminable delay in obtaining final
       judgment.” (emphasis added). In other words, if Article 22.16(c)(2) is valid, then
       the Legislature has the power to render the Judiciary impotent with respect to the
       entry of final judgments.2

There is no suggestion in this language that the length of the delay had any bearing on the statute’s


       1
           802 S.W.2d 237 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990).
       2
           Id. at 241 (emphasis in Armadillo Bail Bonds).
                                                                            LO CONCURRENCE - 2

unconstitutionality or that a shorter delay would have satisfied the Texas Constitution. I do not think

that the constitutionality of the statute in this case depends upon the length of the mandated delay.

       In State v. Condran, I dissented to the Court’s refusal of a petition that claimed a violation

of separation of powers.3 I concluded:

       The lesson drawn from Meshell,4 Jones,5 and Williams6 is that a legislatively imposed
       deadline for prosecutorial action violates the Separation of Powers Clause if (1) the
       remedy for failing to meet the deadline seriously disrupts the prosecutor’s ability to
       perform his duties,7 (2) the deadline cannot be justified as necessary to effectuate a
       superior constitutional interest,8 and (3) the prosecutor did not contractually submit
       to the deadline.9

I would apply the same lesson to legislatively imposed deadlines regarding the entry of final

judgment. In this case, the remedy for failing to meet the deadline seriously disrupts a court’s ability

to perform its duties: it prevents a court from performing a core judicial function. I see no

conflicting constitutional interest, let alone a superior constitutional interest. And there is no

suggestion that courts have contractually submitted to the deadline, as is the case, for example, when

a prisoner is obtained pursuant to the Interstate Agreement on Detainers.

       Furthermore, the notification statute applies not just to this Court, but to all courts. I do not

       3
         977 S.W.2d 144, 146 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998) (Keller, J., dissenting), analysis adopted
by Ex parte Young, 213 S.W.3d 327, 331 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006).
       4
           739 S.W.2d 246 (Tex. Crim. App. 1987).
       5
           803 S.W.2d 712 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991).
       6
           938 S.W.2d 436 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997).
       7
           Dismissal with prejudice required by Speedy Trial Act.
       8
           Release on bond if prosecutor not ready for trial within certain time.
       9
         Regarding speedy trial provision of Interstate Agreement on Detainers, the prosecutor
submitted to a contract when he obtained prisoner pursuant to the act.
                                                                            LO CONCURRENCE - 3

know what burden the statute would place on trial courts and courts of appeals, but, during the last

fiscal year, this Court disposed of well over nine thousand matters. Many of the pleadings before

our Court claim that a statute violates the constitution. I agree with the Court that subsection (a),

which requires courts to serve the Attorney General with notice and a copy of the relevant pleadings

in all of these cases, also violates the Texas Constitution because it imposes a duty that falls outside

of any judicial function of this Court.

        Finally, I point out that this Court makes available on its website a list of the issues upon

which discretionary review has been granted. Any challenge to the constitutionality of a statute that

is before us by means of a granted petition for discretionary review is, therefore, already easily

ascertainable.

        I join the judgment of the Court.


Filed: March 19, 2014
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