                    IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

                                     No. 18-2080
                               Filed February 20, 2019


IN THE INTEREST OF T.S.,
Minor Child,

M.D., Intervenor,
       Appellant.
________________________________________________________________


       Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Cass County, Amy L. Zacharias,

District Associate Judge.



       A paternal grandmother appeals the denial of her motion to intervene

following termination-of-parent-rights proceedings. AFFIRMED.



       Amanda Heims, Council Bluffs, for appellant intervenor.

       Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Mary A. Triick, Assistant Attorney

General, for appellee State.

       Karen L. Mailander of Mailander Law Office, Anita, guardian ad litem for

minor child.



       Considered by Potterfield, P.J., and Tabor and Bower, JJ.
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TABOR, Judge.

       A grandmother, Malasondra, appeals the juvenile court’s denial of her

motion to intervene following termination of her son Shawn’s parental rights. She

believes she can provide a safe, permanent home for her granddaughter, T.S. But

the juvenile court decided intervention was not in the child’s best interests because

Malasondra and her husband “were not a suitable long-term placement option” for

T.S. Finding no error in the juvenile court’s analysis, we affirm.1

I.     Facts and Prior Proceedings

       T.S. is a fifth grader. Her biological parents are Shawn and Karissa.2 T.S.

lived with Shawn until fall 2016 when he used crack cocaine while caring for her.

Later that year, Shawn was convicted in Minnesota of two counts of sexually

abusing his cognitively-delayed sister—starting when she was thirteen years old.

He received an indeterminate fifteen-year prison sentence. As a result of those

events, the Iowa juvenile court terminated his parental rights to T.S. in May 2018.

       Shawn’s mother, Malasondra, successfully petitioned to intervene in the

CINA proceedings. She asked the court to place T.S. with her and her husband,

Jeffrey, in their Minnesota home. In response, the juvenile court ordered a home

study under the Interstate Compact on the Placement of Children (ICPC). A social

worker from the Minnesota Department of Human Services conducted the study



1
  We review the denial of a motion to intervene for correction of errors at law. In re H.N.B.,
619 N.W.2d 340, 343 (Iowa 2000). “Although our review is on error, we accord some
discretion to the district court.” Id. (citations omitted). “The district court exercises this
discretion when determining whether an applicant intervenor is ‘interested’ in the litigation
before the court.” Id. (citations omitted).
2
  Karissa did not have contact with T.S. for several years before the State opened its child-
in-need-of-assistance (CINA) case. Although Karissa took some steps to reconnect with
T.S., ultimately she consented to termination of her parental rights.
                                         3


and denied approval for placement, citing serious concerns about Malasondra’s

ability to protect T.S. from possible harm.

       The social worker was troubled by Malasondra’s minimization of Shawn’s

sexual abuse. Shawn pleaded guilty to repeatedly sexually abusing his sister,

G.S., over a period of several years while they both lived at home with Malasondra.

But Malasondra characterized the sex acts between Shawn and G.S. as

consensual; disbelieved G.S. when she sought help; and blamed G.S. for ruining

Shawn’s life. In addition, G.S. reported her stepfather, Jeffrey, physically abused

her as a young child when he was intoxicated. Malasondra denied these claims.

In response to the sexual assault investigation, Malasondra told police officers

G.S. made up stories. Malasondra told the social worker Shawn went to jail for

drug use—not as a result of his sexual abuse convictions. The grandmother also

admitted she knew Shawn was abusing drugs while caring for T.S. but she was

not concerned about his parenting under the influence because other family

members always stepped in to take care of her.

       The social worker concluded:

              Malasondra’s greater concern about her son, Shawn, the
       perpetrator of sexual abuse and the minimization of any impact or
       suffering by his victim, [G.S.], raises concerns. Her acknowledgment
       of a component of the abuse pattern in her home and the victim’s
       report of attempting to tell her at the time also raise questions about
       her willingness to believe and protect a victim if she favors the
       perpetrator. These elements raise serious issues regarding the
       safety and empathy available to a child in relative placement. Even
       Malasondra’s view that [T.S.’s] father was a good parent while he
       used drugs and relied on others to provide her care, calls into
       question how reliably she could limit involvement by those unsafe to
       this child.
              [Minnesota DHS] has been unable to fully explore the extent
       or impact of Jeffrey’s alcohol use although as noted, it could be of
       concern.
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             Based on the totality of the above information, [Minnesota
       DHS] recommends denial of the home study.

       In April 2017, Malasondra filed a motion in the CINA case, complaining the

ICPC home study failed to include reports from several people with “key

information” and made no effort to verify G.S.’s claims.3 Malasondra also offered

a parenting assessment obtained from Deena McMahon, a family therapist hired

by the grandparents. In the assessment, Malasondra and Jeffrey maintained they

were aware Shawn abused illegal drugs while caring for T.S.; continued to deny

Shawn’s sexual abuse of G.S.; and continued to criticize G.S. for lying or—if the

reports were true—not speaking up sooner about the abuse. But they also stated,

if G.S. was molested, “they will support her in every way that can to get the care

and services she needs.” They agreed neither Shawn nor G.S. would ever live

with them if T.S. was placed with them. McMahon spoke with several other

references, who all gave positive reports. McMahon concluded, “[T]he facts of this

case do not support the opinion that Malasondra or Jeffrey have been or would be

unsafe caregivers.”

       In October 2017, the juvenile court held a multi-day hearing to consider

placing T.S. with her paternal grandparents. In a November 2017 order, the court

reviewed both the ICPC study and the McMahon assessment and declined to

move T.S. from her current foster care placement. In a January 2018 permanency

order, the court opined: “None of the evidence presented to this Court is convincing




3
  The paternal grandparents provided the social worker with three references who gave
positive feedback on the couple’s ability to care for T.S. The social worker also contacted
Jeffrey’s adult daughter who did not recall any abuse in the home and only recalled her
father drinking at social events.
                                              5


to prove Malasondra and Jeff would protect [T.S.] and keep her safe.” The court

decided placement with the paternal grandparents was not in T.S.’s best interests.4

       After the State filed its petition to terminate parental rights, Malasondra

again sought to intervene. The juvenile court did not hold a hearing but, in an April

2018 order, denied the grandmother’s motion, reasoning it had already decided

Malasondra was not an appropriate placement and intervention would not be in

T.S.’s best interests. After the parents’ rights were terminated, Malasondra again

sought intervention, expressing her interest in adopting T.S. In November 2018,

the court again denied the request to intervene, citing its findings from April 2018

and concluding “all of those facts remain relevant today.” Malasondra appeals.

II.    Discussion

       We must decide if the juvenile court correctly denied the paternal

grandmother’s motion to intervene at the stage of the child-welfare proceedings

governed by Iowa Code section 232.117(3) (2018).5 That provision directs the

juvenile court, after termination, to transfer guardianship and custody of a child to

one of the following: (1) the DHS, (2) a child-placing agency, or (3) a non-custodial

parent, other relative, or other suitable person. Iowa Code § 232.117(a)–(c).

       We begin by examining the source of the right claimed. H.N.B., 619 N.W.2d

at 343. Iowa Rule of Civil Procedure 1.407 governs interventions:

       Upon timely application, anyone shall be permitted to intervene in an
       action under any of the following circumstances:


4
  Malasondra tried to appeal the permanency order but it was dismissed as an appeal from
an order that was not final.
5
  The State does not challenge the timeliness of the intervention request. And rightly so—
in In re C.L.C., this court found a petition to intervene after termination of parental rights
was timely because the termination did not “‘finalize’ the entire proceeding.” 479 N.W.2d
340, 344 (Iowa Ct. App. 1991). Questions of guardianship and custody remained. Id.
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               ....
              b. When the applicant claims an interest relating to the . . .
       transaction which is the subject of the action and the applicant is so
       situated that the disposition of the action may as a practical matter
       impair or impede the applicant’s ability to protect that interest, unless
       the applicant’s interest is adequately represented by existing parties.

Iowa Code § 1.407(1)(b).

       In termination cases, when considering the status of the proposed

intervenor, “the focus must always include the welfare and best interests of the

child,” and the “intervention must be compatible with the best interests” of the child.

H.N.B., 619 N.W.2d at 344. We will not “elevate the grandparents’ interests above

. . . the interests of the child.” Id.; cf. In re B.B.M., 514 N.W.2d 425, 429 (Iowa

1994) (discussing intervention of grandparents under Iowa Code chapter 600A).

       In late 2017 and early 2018, the juvenile court grappled with Malasondra’s

request to intervene and the appropriateness of placing T.S. in the home of her

paternal grandparents. The court carefully sifted through the evidence—both

positive and negative—regarding the grandparents’ ability to nurture and protect

T.S. The court reached a well-reasoned conclusion—given Malasondra’s failure

to recognize the harm caused by Shawn’s sexual abuse of his sister occurring

under her own roof—the grandmother did not have the “protective capacity” to

keep T.S. safe. In April 2018, the court echoed the sentiment from its earlier orders

to find the grandparents did not have a sufficient interest to intervene in the

termination case. And in the November 2018 order—from which Malasondra

appeals—the juvenile court referenced the April 2018 order and reasoned the

factors preventing placement of T.S. “remain relevant today.”
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       We find no error in the court’s denial of Malasondra’s petition to intervene.

In child welfare proceedings, we give primary consideration to “the child’s safety,

to the best placement for furthering the long-term nurturing and growth of the child,

and to the physical, mental, and emotional condition and needs of the child.” Iowa

Code § 232.116(2). T.S.’s best interests preclude placement with Malasondra for

the safety reasons highlighted in the ICPC home study and embraced by the

juvenile court. Malasondra has not demonstrated the capacity or insight to shield

T.S. from the possibility of a dangerous situation involving her son and his history

of sexual abuse and substance abuse. To the extent the McMahon parenting

assessment quells those concerns, we find the positive views of Malasondra’s

caregiving are undermined by her continued minimization of Shawn’s sexual abuse

of G.S. and his drug abuse. We also defer to the court’s perceptions regarding the

credibility of Malasondra’s recent change of heart regarding Shawn’s sexual

abuse. The court did not err in finding placement with Malasondra would not be in

T.S.’s best interests.

       On appeal, Malasondra emphasizes—without citation to the record—her

participation in therapy “to learn to cope with the fact that her daughter was

sexually assaulted by her son.” But we are more persuaded by the evidence that

since termination, Malasondra has not complied with DHS expectations for her

behavior toward T.S. The grandmother bought gifts for the child against the

worker’s advice, demanded visitation despite no longer being an intervenor, and

repeatedly interfered with the foster family’s wishes.       In fact, Malasondra’s

disruption of the foster family’s home life prompted those foster parents to rethink

their intent to adopt T.S. Malasondra’s conduct following denial of her motions to
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intervene show she is not acting consistent with T.S.’s best interests. Accordingly,

she did not have a sufficient interest in the section 232.117 proceedings to

intervene. See H.N.B., 619 N.W.2d at 345 (finding potential intervenors who were

not suitable caretakers did not have a legal right directly affected by the litigation

as required by the rule of civil procedure).

       Further, in In re K.R., No. 06-1592, 2006 WL 3615040, at *2 (Iowa Ct. App.

Dec. 13, 2006), this court concluded a former guardian no longer had an interest

in the proceedings when the juvenile court previously determined the child would

be at risk of harm in her care. Because the court already adjudicated the issue

and decided placement with the former guardian was “[in]compatible with the

child’s best interest[s],” intervention in the juvenile court proceedings was

unnecessary. K.R., 2006 WL 3615040, at *2. A similar sequence of decisions

occurred here.    The juvenile court decided in late 2017 and early 2018 that

Malasondra was not a safe placement option for T.S. Thus, Malasondra had no

legal interest to protect that required her intervention at any stage of the

termination proceedings. Accordingly, we affirm.

       AFFIRMED.
