          United States Court of Appeals
                     For the First Circuit


No. 18-1503

                         UNITED STATES,

                            Appellee,

                               v.

                       RICHARD VALENTINI,

                      Defendant, Appellant.


          APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                FOR THE DISTRICT OF MASSACHUSETTS

         [Hon. Timothy S. Hillman, U.S. District Judge]


                             Before

                    Lynch, Selya, and Lipez,
                         Circuit Judges.


     Seth Kretzer for appellant.
     Mark T. Quinlivan, Assistant United States Attorney, with
whom Andrew E. Lelling, United States Attorney, was on brief, for
appellee.


                        December 10, 2019
            LYNCH,   Circuit   Judge.     A   jury    convicted   Richard

Valentini on December 18, 2017, of one count of conspiracy to

commit Hobbs Act extortion and one count of aiding and abetting

the same.     18 U.S.C. §§ 2, 1951.     The defendant and his cohorts,

ostensibly members of an organized crime organization in the

Springfield, Massachusetts area, tried to extort money from Craig

Morel, the owner of an interstate towing company, through means

such as threatening Morel with death, striking Morel in the face,

and telling Morel his access to towing contracts for his business

with state and municipal governments depended on his making the

extortion payments.

            The defendant primarily challenges the sufficiency of

the evidence.     The evidence was more than sufficient to support

the verdict on both crimes.      We also reject two legal arguments

he makes, which misinterpret the Hobbs Act.          We stress again that

the "obtaining of property" element of the Act does not require

the government to prove that the defendant personally benefitted

or took possession of the property.       We affirm.

                                   I.

            We recite the evidence in the light most favorable to

the verdict.    See United States v. Pena, 910 F.3d 591, 597 (1st

Cir. 2018).




                                 - 2 -
A.   The Extortion Scheme

             Morel owns and operates CJ's Towing, a vehicle towing

and storage company in Springfield, Massachusetts.                    CJ's Towing

has had state and municipal contracts (for example, for the

Massachusetts Turnpike and Massachusetts State Police ("MSP")) and

contracts        with   private   automobile        clubs,   such   as    Allstate

Roadside.        CJ's Towing also tows and services vehicles out of

state and transports individuals whose vehicles have broken down

around Springfield across state lines to Connecticut, New York,

New Hampshire, and Vermont.

             In September 2000, CJ's Towing purchased another towing

company and assumed its contracts with the MSP and Springfield

police.     After that purchase, a local organized crime figure,

Frank Depergola, told Morel he would have to pay the mob to provide

kickbacks to city officials to ensure that Morel and his company

retained these contracts.         Morel complied and paid.          Nearly a year

later, Morel learned the kickbacks he paid went to Al Bruno, the

leader of the New York-based Genovese crime family's "crew" in

Springfield.       Fearing   reprisal     if   he    stopped,   Morel     continued

paying the kickbacks.        In October 2003, Morel stopped making those

payments after CJ's Towing lost its City of Springfield towing

contract, as it was apparent that Depergola and Bruno could not

deliver     on    their   promises   to    see      the   contracts      continued.

Attempts to collect the unpaid kickbacks from Morel ceased when


                                     - 3 -
Bruno was murdered a month later and law enforcement arrested

Anthony Arillotta, one of Bruno's associates.

          Almost a decade later, in August or September of 2013,

Morel was told that a new crew, headed by Ralph Santaniello and

comprised of at least Albert Calvanese, Valentini, and John Basile,

would soon begin demanding extortion payments from him.          On

September 30, 2013, Santaniello and Giovanni "John" Calabrese

approached Morel at Morel's secluded Hampden, Massachusetts home

and demanded both back payments they claimed Morel owed to Bruno

and money for future protection.1     They also threatened Morel's

life if he failed to cooperate or if he contacted law enforcement,

and Santaniello struck Morel in the face.     Santaniello initially

demanded $50,000 in arrears and $4,000 per month in ongoing

payments but, after some resistance by Morel, reduced his demand

to $20,000 in arrears and $2,000 per month.

          Morel then sought help from his best friend, an MSP

trooper, who referred him to another MSP officer.    On October 4,

2013, the MSP fitted Morel with a hidden recording device and gave

Morel $5,000 to give as an extortion payment to the new crew and

to see how they would react to an insufficient payment.       Later



     1    We add that there is no evidence state and local
governments knew of or participated in such extortion, only that
organized crime figures in Springfield represented that they could
influence the grant or termination of contracts with state and
local governments.


                              - 4 -
that day, Calabrese brought Valentini with him to collect the money

from Morel at Morel's house.          Valentini is a big, strong man,

bigger than Morel, and, after Morel expressed concern about being

extorted,    Valentini   told   him    to   "relax."   Valentini     then

guaranteed that, in return for continued payments, Morel would be

"all set" with a City of Springfield contract and would win a

Massachusetts Turnpike contract.       When Morel stated he would pay,

Valentini stated that Morel was "going to get treated just as good

as Al [Bruno] . . . treated [him]."         Valentini then stated that

Morel was "never going to have a problem with anybody."      Calabrese

asked Morel to tell them if he had any issues with anyone, and

Valentini said: "[I]t's going to end.          I guarantee you it will

end."   Valentini and Calabrese told Morel they would help him in

"certain areas," e.g., help Morel obtain towing contracts in

exchange for continued payments.       Specifically, Valentini stated:

"If you need help in certain areas, we can help you out."          Later,

Valentini stated: "And the only time you gotta see us is when you

have a problem. . . . [Y]ou don't want to hang around with us like

every day."    At Calabrese's demand, Morel then gave him $5,000.

Morel stated he could only pay the rest "piecemeal" over the next

few weeks.    Calabrese responded that paying over the next week or

few weeks was acceptable, but the first payments would need to

total $20,000 and then Morel would need to pay $2,000 every month




                                 - 5 -
going forward.    During this exchange about the payments, Valentini

was "nodding and kind of participating in the conversation."

            Morel complained about how "steep" the payments were and

said he needed more time to pay the entire arrears sum.               Valentini

said this was acceptable, so long as Morel did not take too long,

stating: "Yea.    I mean, you know, not a marathon but you know you

can . . .   you   can     do,    you   know."     (Ellipsis    in    original.)

Calabrese told Morel that either Calabrese or Valentini would

return to Morel's home the following Wednesday at 4:00 p.m. for

the next payment.       Valentini was part of this discussion about the

next meeting.     The October 4 meeting was the only meeting with

Morel in which Valentini participated.

            There were multiple additional meetings in October and

November 2013 during which the crew demanded that Morel pay the

remaining $15,000 of the agreed-upon arrears amount.                      At an

October 9 meeting, at the request of the MSP, Morel gave Calabrese

only $500 instead of the $5,000 he had promised.              Later that day,

Calabrese and Santaniello visited Morel and angrily threatened him

with    implied   death    and    other    violence.        Santaniello    then

aggressively opened Morel's shirt (looking for, and failing to

find,    recording   devices).          Both    Calabrese   and     Santaniello

threatened to "get rid of" Morel's towing contracts if Morel did

not pay the remaining portion of the $15,000 by the next Friday.

A similar incident, in which Morel intentionally did not pay as


                                       - 6 -
much as promised and Santaniello threatened Morel at a coffee shop

in East Longmeadow, occurred on October 15.

           On October 16, Morel met with Depergola to confirm that

Santaniello and the others actually ran the Springfield organized

crime crew.    Santaniello and Calabrese attended that meeting

unannounced.   Shortly after, law enforcement observed Depergola,

Santaniello,   Calabrese,     and     Valentini   sitting   at   a   West

Springfield restaurant and speaking in low tones.

           At a meeting on October 22, 2013, at the East Longmeadow

coffee shop, Morel once more told Calabrese he would not pay the

money.   This resulted in an October 23, 2013 encounter at the same

coffee shop among Morel, Depergola, Santaniello, and Calabrese, in

which the crew tried to get Morel to say that they had never struck

or threatened him.   On November 8, 2013, Morel met Depergola, at

the MSP's request, and Depergola stated that Morel's ordeal would

end if he paid the remainder of the $20,000 arrears sum.             Morel

left the meeting and, minutes later, MSP troopers observed that

Valentini arrived, briefly spoke with Depergola, and left.

           After Morel agreed to pay the remaining sum, he met with

Depergola three more times.    At a November 20, 2013 meeting, Morel

stated "four different people," including Valentini, had demanded

money from him.   Depergola in turn stated that Valentini would be

at the meeting at which Morel would pay the remaining sum.              On

November 25, 2013, Morel gave the remaining arrears payment to


                                    - 7 -
Depergola, Santaniello, and Calabrese, who all assured Morel they

would not seek more money from him.         Valentini was not present at

the meeting.

             The FBI arrested Valentini, Santaniello, Depergola, and

Calabrese on August 4, 2016.

B.     Procedural History

             A federal grand jury indicted Valentini, Santaniello,

Depergola, and Calabrese for conspiracy to interfere with commerce

by threats or violence, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1951, and

interference with commerce by threats or violence and aiding and

abetting the same, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 2, 1951.         Valentini

went to trial.     The other defendants entered into plea agreements

with   the   government   and   pleaded    guilty.   None   of   these   co-

defendants testified at Valentini's trial, as none of them had

been sentenced and all had invoked their rights against self-

incrimination.

             At the close of the government's case in chief, Valentini

moved for judgment of acquittal but asked the district court to

defer ruling on the motion.       The jury convicted Valentini on both

counts.      At a post-trial hearing, Valentini raised his pending

motion for judgment of acquittal and specifically argued that he

had not participated in the conspiracy because he had attended

only one meeting with Morel, and that the crime did not affect

interstate commerce because the money obtained belonged to law


                                   - 8 -
enforcement, not Morel.     The district court denied the motion and

sentenced Valentini to a 20-month term of imprisonment.                This

appeal followed.

                                   II.

A.   Standard of Review

          We review de novo a preserved challenge to a denial of

judgment of acquittal.    See United States v. George, 761 F.3d 42,

48 (1st Cir. 2014).       We make "all reasonable inferences and

credibility choices in the government's favor" and then determine

whether a rational jury could have convicted the defendant.             Id.

We assume without deciding that Valentini properly preserved his

arguments and so they are accorded de novo review.2

B.   Evidence of Voluntary Participation in the Extortion Scheme

          Valentini's     first   argument   on   appeal   is   that    the

evidence presented to the jury was insufficient to demonstrate his

voluntary participation in the conspiracy.        He contends that the

words he spoke in the October 4 meeting were gibberish and so do

not prove that he was a member of the conspiracy to extort Morel.

He claims that neither his mere presence at the meeting nor the


     2    There is some dispute as to whether Valentini failed to
properly preserve his "obtaining of property" and "interstate
commerce" element claims. If so, they would be accorded review
for "clear and gross injustice." United States v. Marston, 694
F.3d 131, 134 (1st Cir. 2012) (quoting United States v. Upham, 168
F.3d 532, 537 (1st Cir. 1999)).     But, as Valentini's arguments
lack merit under either standard of review, we need not reach this
issue.


                                  - 9 -
fact that he drove Calabrese to the meeting is sufficient evidence

for a rational jury to convict him of the conspiracy charge beyond

a reasonable doubt.

            The Hobbs Act prohibits "obstruct[ing], delay[ing], or

affect[ing] commerce . . . by robbery or extortion." 18 U.S.C.

§ 1951(a).        The   Act   defines    extortion    as    "the   obtaining    of

property from another, with his consent, induced by wrongful use

of actual or threatened force, violence, or fear, or under color

of official right."       Id. § 1951(b)(2).      To convict a defendant of

a   Hobbs   Act   conspiracy,      the   government   must     prove   that    the

defendant possessed "an intent to agree and an intent to commit

the substantive offense."          United States v. Morales-Machuca, 546

F.3d 13, 20 (1st Cir. 2008) (quoting United States v. Palmer, 203

F.3d 55, 63 (1st Cir. 2000)).

            A jury easily could have found beyond a reasonable doubt

that Valentini conspired to extort Morel.                  Valentini's argument

on appeal is that he spoke only meaningless gibberish at the

October 4 meeting.       Not so.    Valentini (1) tried to calm Morel so

he would cooperate with the extortion scheme; (2) said that the

benefits of paying the arrears would equal those Morel had received

from Bruno; (3) stated that, in exchange for the payments, he and

the rest of the crew would "end" any problems Morel experienced;

(4) assured Morel that he and the crew would not seek payments

that would prevent CJ's Towing from operating; and (5) actively


                                     - 10 -
participated in the discussion about the next meeting, at which,

according   to    Calabrese,   either   Calabrese    or   Valentini       would

collect   the    next   payment.    From    these   facts,    a   jury    could

reasonably infer that Valentini understood and knew of the original

extortion arrangement between Morel and Bruno's crew, what had

happened between Morel and Santaniello four days earlier, and what

could happen between the Springfield crew and Morel in the future

if Morel did not comply with the crew's payment demands.                 A jury

could conclude that Valentini was promising that he and the rest

of Santaniello's crew would treat Morel just as well as Bruno had

treated him and, in exchange for the extortion payments, they would

provide Morel protection and resolve any of Morel's problems.

            Moreover, when discussing the future relationship of

Morel and the Springfield crew, Valentini used the words "we" and

"us" when referring to the crew.        And when Morel, Valentini, and

Calabrese were planning when and to whom Morel should make the

next payment, Calabrese repeatedly used the term "we" and stated

that either he or Valentini would pick up the next payment (further

aligning Valentini with the extortion scheme).3              Finally, within


     3    Calabrese     similarly    referred    to     Valentini's
participation in the conspiracy at the October 9 meeting.
Calabrese, referring to the October 4 meeting between Morel,
Calabrese, and Valentini, stated: "Me and my other friend . . .
made you feel so comfortable. . . . [W]e're on your side. We're
here to help you, not hurt you." And, at the November 20, 2013
meeting between Morel and Depergola, Depergola stated that he would
bring Valentini with him to the meeting at which Morel would pay


                                   - 11 -
minutes    after   a   November   8,   2013   meeting   between   Morel   and

Depergola (at which they discussed the extortion payments), the

MSP observed Valentini arrive and meet with Depergola.

            This evidence permitted a rational jury to infer that

Valentini was a member of the Springfield crew that was extorting

Morel and that he intended to participate in the extortion.                We

conclude that the evidence was sufficient to prove that Valentini

not only drove Calabrese to and was present at the meeting, but

also voluntarily participated in the conspiracy to extort Morel.

C.   Valentini's "Obtaining of Property" Element Argument

            Valentini argues that the word "obtaining" in the Hobbs

Act phrase "the obtaining of property" requires that the defendant

take personal possession of the property.          18 U.S.C. § 1951(b)(2).

He bases this argument on language in Sekhar v. United States, 570

U.S. 729 (2013), Scheidler v. National Organization for Women,

Inc., 537 U.S. 393 (2003), and United States v. Green, 350 U.S.

415 (1956), and argues that the government must prove he took

actual possession of the property.            He then asserts there is no

evidence he directed property to another or received a personal

benefit.

            To satisfy the "obtaining of property" element of Hobbs

Act extortion, our law is clear that the defendant need not receive



the remaining extortion payment.


                                   - 12 -
any personal benefit or take personal possession of the property4:

directing the transfer of property to a third party is enough.

United States v. Brissette, 919 F.3d 670, 678 (1st Cir. 2019)

(applying United States v. Green, 350 U.S. 415 (1956), and Sekhar).

Further, this court said in United States v. Tkhilaishvili, 926

F.3d 1 (1st Cir.), cert. denied, __ S. Ct. __ (2019):

            In their view, the government had to show that
            the defendants sought to take possession of
            the extorted property for themselves or, at
            the very least, that they somehow sought to
            benefit from the extortionate transfer.
                 This contention is simply wrong. As we
            recently explained, a defendant may "obtain"
            property within the meaning of the Hobbs Act
            by bringing about its transfer to a third
            party, regardless of whether the defendant
            received a personal benefit from the transfer.

Id.   at   10.        Valentini's   proffered    interpretations    of     Green,

Sekhar, and Scheidler are simply wrong, and we refer the reader to

Brissette and Tkhilaishvili for the reasons why.

            Valentini        attempts    to   distinguish   Brissette    on   the

ground that it concerned the sufficiency of an indictment and not

the sufficiency of the evidence to support a conviction.                But this

argument fails.             Brissette did not cabin its holding to the

sufficiency      of    an    indictment.      Instead,   the   Brissette   court

interpreted the phrase "'obtain[s] . . . property' within the



      4   Accordingly, Valentini's argument that the government
was required to prove that he took possession of Morel's payment(s)
is without merit.



                                        - 13 -
meaning of the Hobbs Act extortion provision" and then applied

that interpretation in a sufficiency of an indictment analysis.

919 F.3d at 672, 680 (alteration and omission in original).

Valentini provides no argument why the interpretation of the Hobbs

Act differs between analyses of the sufficiency of an indictment

and   of   the   evidence   supporting     a    conviction.     Moreover,   in

Tkhilaishvili, we applied the Brissette rule to a sufficiency of

the evidence argument.      926 F.3d at 10–11.

            Valentini's reliance on the rule of lenity to support

reading the "obtaining of property" element to require that the

defendant obtain actual possession of the property is similarly

unavailing, as the Hobbs Act is unambiguous as to this provision.

The rule of lenity applies "only when, after consulting traditional

canons of statutory construction, we are left with an ambiguous

statute."       See United States v. Hayes, 555 U.S. 415, 429 (2009)

(quoting United States v. Shabani, 513 U.S. 10, 17 (1994)).                 We

analyzed the text of the "obtaining of property" element in detail

in Brissette and found no ambiguity in the statute.              See 919 F.3d

at 676–78.        Valentini's invocation of the rule of lenity is

therefore misplaced.

            A    rational   jury   could       have   found   that   Valentini

conspired in, and aided and abetted, a scheme that brought about

the transfer of property (i.e., the arrears payments) from Morel

to third parties (i.e., members of the Springfield crew) and so


                                   - 14 -
that the government satisfied its burden with respect to this

element.

D.   Valentini's "Interstate Commerce" Element Argument

           Valentini separately argues that the government failed

to meet a "heightened standard" of an effect on interstate commerce

because, in his view, the criminal charges involved Morel as an

individual, not a business.

           If the government proves "a realistic probability that

the attempted extortion [would have had] some slight impact on

[interstate] commerce," the Hobbs Act applies.          United States v.

Devin, 918 F.2d 280, 293 (1st Cir. 1990).          We have said that we

apply a "heightened standard" of scrutiny to cases involving the

extortion of an individual, rather than a business, but our close

review of the facts does not alter the de minimis "quantum of

proof" for showing the requisite effect on interstate commerce.

Tkhilaishvili,   926   F.3d   at   11–12    (quoting   United    States   v.

Nascimento, 491 F.3d 25, 37 n.3 (1st Cir. 2007)).               Although "a

court must be 'more cautious' in applying the standard to criminal

acts directed at individuals as such acts 'often have a less

obvious effect on interstate commerce' than acts directed at

businesses," the government still only needs to show a "de minimis

impact."   Id. at 12 (quoting United States v. Rodríguez-Casiano,

425 F.3d 12, 15 (1st Cir. 2005)).             We address two separate

questions here: (1) whether Valentini was extorting an individual


                                   - 15 -
or a business; and (2) whether the evidence was sufficient to

satisfy the interstate commerce element.

            First,    there   was     sufficient    evidence    to   show   that

Valentini and the Springfield crew targeted Morel as the owner of

a   business.    To    obtain    the    extortion   payments,    Santaniello,

Calabrese, Depergola, and Valentini used both the promise of

obtaining new contracts for, and the threat of eliminating existing

contracts of, CJ's Towing, Morel's business.             In consequence, we

need not address Valentini's "heightened standard" argument.

            Second,   there     was    sufficient   evidence    to   show   that

targeting Morel as the owner of CJ's Towing affected interstate

commerce.   To satisfy this element, the government need only show

"that the defendant's activity 'minimally deplete[d] the assets of

an entity doing business in interstate commerce."               United States

v. Capozzi, 347 F.3d 327, 337 (1st Cir. 2003) (quoting United

States v. Nguyen, 246 F.3d 52, 54 (1st Cir. 2001)); see also id.

("To establish a Hobbs Act violation, the government need not show

an actual deprivation of assets, but only that a deprivation of

the victim's assets would have occurred had the defendant succeeded

in the extortion.").      CJ's Towing routinely operated across state

lines and serviced out-of-state customers.            A rational jury could

find that successfully extorting money from Morel, in his capacity




                                      - 16 -
as the owner of CJ's Towing, could deplete the assets of CJ's

Towing and impact interstate commerce.5

          Affirmed.




     5    We briefly note that, although Valentini mentions in
passing that the money that Morel paid to the Springfield crew
came from law enforcement, he has waived the argument that he made
in the district court that the origin of these funds means that
the extortion could not have affected interstate commerce. United
States v. Zannino, 895 F.2d 1, 17 (1st Cir. 1990).


                             - 17 -
