                                                           [DO NOT PUBLISH]


              IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                       FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                         ________________________           FILED
                                                  U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                               No. 09-12211         ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                                                         FEB 8, 2012
                           Non-Argument Calendar
                                                         JOHN LEY
                         ________________________
                                                           CLERK

                  D. C. Docket No. 08-00023-CR-1-SPM-AK

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,


                                                                 Plaintiff-Appellee,

                                    versus

TIMOTHY ROBERT TREFFINGER,

                                                           Defendant-Appellant.


                         ________________________

                  Appeal from the United States District Court
                      for the Northern District of Florida
                        _________________________

                              (February 8, 2012)

Before CARNES, PRYOR, and KRAVITCH, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

     Timothy Treffinger was convicted of five crimes arising out of his marijuana
growing operation. He challenges his convictions and sentences for possessing

firearms in furtherance of the manufacture and possession of marijuana with intent

to distribute. He also challenges, as procedurally unreasonable, his sentence for

manufacturing and possessing marijuana with intent to distribute, making and

possessing an unregistered destructive device, and possessing an unregistered

firearm.

                                          I.

      After receiving a tip from a confidential informant and consent from

Treffinger, officers from a joint federal–state narcotics task force, with help from

agents of the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, searched

Treffinger’s property in Archer, Florida. They found, among other things,

marijuana plants, handguns, rifles, a firearm silencer, ammunition, and pipe bombs.

      A federal grand jury then charged Treffinger in a 7-count indictment. Count

1 alleged that he manufactured and possessed over 100 marijuana plants with intent

to distribute, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1), (b)(1)(B)(vii). Count 2 alleged

that he possessed firearms—handguns and rifles—and ammunition in furtherance

of the crime charged in Count 1, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A)(I).

Count 3 alleged that he possessed destructive devices—pipe bombs—and a firearm

silencer in furtherance of the crime charged in Count 1, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §


                                           2
924(c)(1)(B)(ii). Count 4 alleged that he made and possessed an unregistered

destructive device, in violation of 26 U.S.C. §§ 5861(f), 5871, and Count 5 alleged

that he possessed an unregistered firearm silencer, in violation of 26 U.S.C. §§

5861(d), 5871. The indictment also included two forfeiture counts that are not at

issue on appeal.

      Treffinger pleaded not guilty, and after a trial, the jury found him guilty on

all counts. The presentence investigation report grouped Counts 1, 4, and 5

pursuant to United States Sentencing Guidelines § 3D1.2(c) (Nov. 2007). It

recommended a base offense level of 18 for those counts. It added 6 levels

because the offense involved between 25 and 99 firearms and 2 levels because the

offense involved a destructive device. Treffinger’s total offense level was thus 26

for Counts 1, 4, and 5. Combined with his criminal history category of I, the result

was a guidelines range of 63–78 months.

      The guidelines sentence for an 18 U.S.C. § 924(c) conviction is the

minimum term of imprisonment required by statute. U.S.S.G. § 2K2.4(b).

Accordingly, the PSR set a guidelines sentence of 60 months for Count 2, see 18

U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A)(I), and 360 months for Count 3, see id. § 924(c)(1)(B)(ii).

      The probation office noted in an addendum to the PSR that it had erred in

initially calculating a total offense level of 29 for Counts 1, 4, and 5, which would


                                           3
have resulted in a guidelines range of 87–108 months. But the probation office did

not correct its sentencing recommendation of 97 months for Counts 1, 4, and 5,

which was based on the initial, incorrect guidelines range calculation.

      Treffinger objected to the PSR because it did not recommend a decrease for

acceptance of responsibility. The district court overruled that objection and

adopted the PSR as its findings. On counts 1, 4, and 5, the court sentenced

Treffinger to 97 months in prison, mistakenly stating that sentence was “in the

middle of the guidelines range.” It was actually in the middle of the initial,

incorrect guidelines range calculation. The court also sentenced him to 60 months

in prison on Count 2, to be served consecutively to the sentence for Counts 1, 4,

and 5, and to 360 months in prison on Count 3, to be served consecutively to the

sentence for Count 2. The court imposed a term of supervised release for each

count: 4 years for Count 1; 5 years each for Counts 2 and 3; and 3 years each for

Counts 4 and 5. Treffinger did not object to his sentences, and this appeal

followed.

                                          II.

      Federal law prohibits the “possess[ion]” of a firearm “in furtherance of” a

drug trafficking crime. 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A). We have held that the “[u]se of

more than one gun during a single drug trafficking offense will not support


                                           4
multiple counts under [18 U.S.C.] § 924(c).” United States v. Hamilton, 953 F.2d

1344, 1346 (11th Cir. 1992) (emphasis added). Citing Hamilton, Treffinger

contends for the first time on appeal that the district court erred in sentencing him

on Counts 2 and 3 because both counts identified Count 1 as the predicate drug

trafficking offense.

      We review de novo questions of statutory interpretation, but when an issue is

raised for the first time on appeal, we review only for plain error. United States v.

Rahim, 431 F.3d 753, 756 (11th Cir. 2005). Because Treffinger has raised his

Hamilton challenge for the first time on appeal, our review is for plain error. The

government, however, concedes that, given our decision in Hamilton, the district

court committed plain error by sentencing Treffinger on Counts 2 and 3.

      The remedy under Hamilton is to affirm one of Treffinger’s convictions

under Counts 2 and 3, vacate the sentences imposed on those counts, and remand

for resentencing with instructions that the count elected by the government be

dismissed. See Hamilton, 953 F.2d at 1146 (describing that “the proper remedy . .

. is to vacate the sentences on all [§ 924(c)] counts and remand with instructions

that the . . . count[] elected by the Government be dismissed” and to affirm the

remaining § 924(c) count). In its brief, the government elects to have Count 2

dismissed; therefore, on remand the district court is to dismiss Count 2.


                                           5
                                          III.

      Treffinger contends that the evidence was insufficient to support his

convictions for violating 18 U.S.C. § 924(c), arguing that there was not enough

evidence to prove that his possession of the handguns, rifles, ammunition, pipe

bombs, and a firearm silencer was in furtherance of the crime charged in Count 1.

Because we vacate his sentence on Count 2 and instruct the district court to dismiss

that count on remand, we consider only the sufficiency of the evidence for his

conviction under Count 3.

      We review de novo the sufficiency of the evidence presented at trial, and

“we will not disturb a guilty verdict unless, given the evidence in the record, no

trier of fact could have found guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.” United States v.

Hill, 643 F.3d 807, 856 (11th Cir. 2011) (quotation marks omitted). In reviewing

the sufficiency of the evidence, “we look at the record in the light most favorable

to the verdict and draw all reasonable inferences and resolve all questions of

credibility in its favor.” Id. (quotation marks omitted).

      To prove that Treffinger violated § 924(c), as charged in Count 3 of the

indictment, the government must prove that his possession of the pipe bombs and

firearm silencer was “in furtherance of” the commission of the “drug trafficking


                                           6
crime” charged in Count 1—that is: in furtherance of the manufacture and

possession of marijuana with intent to distribute. See 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A)

(emphasis added). If his possession of the pipe bombs and firearm silencer

“helped, furthered, promoted, or advanced” his commission of manufacturing and

possessing marijuana with intent to distribute, he possessed them “in furtherance

of” that crime. United States v. Timmons, 283 F.3d 1246, 1252 (11th Cir. 2002).

       Evidence at trial established that officers discovered, among other things,

the following at Treffinger’s property: (1) 267 marijuana plants; (2) a

semiautomatic rifle with a firearm silencer; (3) pipe bombs, some located in

buildings containing the marijuana plants; (4) “fighting position[]” bunkers; (5) a

monthly to-do list for Treffinger’s marijuana operation that stated that he needed to

“determine [his] needs for weapons and weapons drills and strategy”; and (6)

boards detailing how much marijuana was harvested each month and stating that

the operation expected an annual marijuana yield worth $45,000. Treffinger

admitted to task force officers that he had been growing marijuana on his property

for about 10 years and that he owned the semiautomatic rifle with the firearm

silencer. He told ATF agents that he owned the marijuana and firearm silencer,

and that he made and owned the pipe bombs, some of which he kept “close in case

there was an attack or something [so that] he could . . . readily access . . . them.”


                                            7
And he told ATF agents that he had tested pipe bombs to make sure they worked.

Further, an officer who investigated the case testified that Treffinger’s marijuana

operation was indicative of sales and distribution. Thus, there was plenty of

evidence to support Treffinger’s § 924(c) conviction pursuant to Count 3. See

Timmons, 283 F.3d at 1253 (“[W]e find that the evidence against [the defendant]

(bullet proof vest, crack cocaine on the stove and under the cushions of the couch,

two fully loaded firearms on top of the oven and ammunition inside the oven in the

living room of his apartment) was sufficient for the jury to have concluded that

[the defendant] was guilty of possessing the firearms ‘in furtherance of’ drug

trafficking.”).1

                                               IV.

       Finally, we turn to Treffinger’s argument that his 97-month prison sentence

for Counts 1, 4, and 5 was procedurally unreasonable because the district court


       1
         Treffinger also argues that his § 924(c) convictions and sentences are invalid because the
commission of the predicate drug trafficking crime must be proven or charged as a nonwaivable
jurisdictional prerequisite. It is unclear exactly what argument he is making, but to the extent
that he is arguing that he must be convicted of the predicate drug trafficking crime or that the
crime must be charged in the indictment, he is wrong. See United States v. Frye, 402 F.3d 1123,
1127 (11th Cir. 2005) (“We hold that conviction under section 924(c) does not require either that
the defendant be convicted of or charged with the predicate offense.”). In any event, Treffinger
was charged with and was convicted of the predicate drug trafficking crime in this case. To the
extent that his argument is a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence supporting his
conviction for manufacturing and possessing marijuana with intent to distribute under Count 1,
he has abandoned that challenge by not making it plainly and prominently. See United States v.
Willis, 649 F.3d 1248, 1254 (11th Cir. 2011). And even if he had not abandoned it, there was
ample evidence to support his Count 1 conviction.

                                                 8
based it on the clearly erroneous guidelines range calculation of 87–108 months.

A court commits procedural error when it bases a sentence on clearly erroneous

facts. See United States v. Shaw, 560 F.3d 1230, 1237 (11th Cir. 2009). However,

Treffinger did not object to the procedural reasonableness of his sentence before

the district court.

       Treffinger and the government disagree about what standard of review

applies. Treffinger argues the a sentence’s procedural reasonableness is reviewed

under the abuse of discretion standard, whereas the government argues that

procedural reasonableness is reviewed only under the narrower plain error standard

when the defendant did not object on that basis before the district court. There is

no binding authority to resolve that dispute, but we need not resolve it here because

the government concedes that even under the plain error standard the district court

erred by basing Treffinger’s sentence on the probation office’s initial, incorrect

guidelines range calculation. We therefore vacate Treffinger’s sentence on Counts

1, 4, and 5 and remand for resentencing.

                                           V.

       For these reasons, we affirm Treffinger’s conviction pursuant to Count 3;

we vacate his sentences for Counts 2 and 3 and remand for resentencing, with

instructions that the district court dismiss Count 2; and we vacate the sentence


                                           9
imposed for Counts 1, 4, and 5 and remand for resentencing.2

       AFFIRMED IN PART. VACATED AND REMANDED IN PART.




       2
          Because we vacate Treffinger’s sentence on Count 2 and remand with instructions that
the district court dismiss that count, we do not reach his argument that the district court erred by
requiring his Count 2 sentence to run consecutively to his sentence for Counts 1, 4, and 5. Also,
because we instruct the district court to dismiss Count 2, we do not reach his argument that his
combined 420-month prison sentence for Counts 2 and 3 was unreasonable. Nor do we reach his
argument that the district court erred by requiring his Count 3 sentence to run consecutively to
his Count 2 sentence.

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