                                  NO. 12-11-00370-CV

                      IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

              TWELFTH COURT OF APPEALS DISTRICT

                                     TYLER, TEXAS

SOUTHWESTERN ENERGY                            §            APPEAL FROM THE 123RD
PRODUCTION COMPANY,
APPELLANT/CROSS-APPELLEE

V.                                            §             JUDICIAL DISTRICT COURT

TOBY BERRY-HELFAND
AND GERY MUNCEY,
APPELLEES/CROSS-APPELLANTS                    §             SHELBY COUNTY, TEXAS

                                            OPINION
       In this trade secret case, Southwestern Energy Production Company (Sepco) appeals a
judgment for almost $40 million, including attorney‘s fees, rendered in favor of Toby Berry-
Helfand and Gery Muncey after a jury trial. Sepco raises five issues on appeal. We reverse and
render in part, affirm in part, and remand the cause for determination and award of attorney‘s
fees due Sepco as the prevailing party in a suit brought under the Texas Theft Liability Act.


                                         BACKGROUND
       Toby Berry-Helfand has a Master of Science degree in petroleum engineering with a
minor in geology. Her primary professional experience has been as a reservoir engineer. Gery
Muncey received a Bachelor of Science degree in geology from the University of Texas in 1981
and has been actively employed as a geologist in the oil and gas business since graduation.
Helfand and Muncey’s Study
       Helfand conceived the idea of doing an extensive geological and engineering study of the
potential for gas production from the James Lime formation underlying Nacogdoches, Shelby,
Angelina, San Augustine, and Cherokee Counties. The James Lime is a formation 100 to 150
feet in width at an approximate depth of 9,000 feet. Some James Lime wells had been completed
in the five counties before 1997. However, few had been profitable because the formation
typically has such low permeability that it reluctantly yields the hydrocarbons it contains.
Helfand believed that the emerging horizontal drilling technology could make the James Lime
very productive.
           In November 1997, Helfand and Muncey embarked on a comprehensive program of
research and analysis of all available material bearing on the James Lime in the 2,750,000 acre
five county area. Their object was to precisely identify the most favorable locations for the
recovery of natural gas from the James Lime using underbalanced horizontal drilling and
fracturing. They also sought to identify the locations for ―multiple stacked pays‖ in which a
James Lime well would have the best chance of finding oil and gas in other formations. The
effort was to consume all their time for the next three and one-half years.
           Together Helfand and Muncey studied historical production data from 453 wells in the
five counties, including thirty-three James Lime vertical wells. They researched and analyzed
electric logs, 187 porosity logs, and 128 density neutron logs. Helfand prepared a cross-section
of the James Lime formation for all the wells that had a porosity log and annotated in detail a
geological structure map for the wells. Using her methodology, Helfand and Muncey identified
nineteen prospects, later refined to ten, favorable for the production of oil and gas from the
James Lime and multiple stacked pays. The research and analysis of the production data and
logs, and the preparation of spreadsheets, cross-sections, and geomaps, required thousands of
hours. Although most of the information they used in their analysis was gleaned from the public
records, the evidence shows that theirs was probably the most detailed and comprehensive study
ever made of the James Lime in the five county area.
           In 2000, David Michael Grimes drilled the Chandler #1 Well in Nacogdoches County in
the Black Bayou prospect that Helfand had identified as a James Lime sweet spot using her
methodology. Helfand, Muncey, and Grimes were partners in the well. The Chandler #1 was a
failure.
           In April 2001, Muncey ceased to work with Helfand. However, he remained in contact
with her, and, he testified, he retained a 20% interest in the results of their joint research and the
methodology derived from it.
           In 2003, Helfand met another geologist, Leon Wells, who agreed to help her in
conducting further research and in refining her methodology. During 2003 and 2004, they

                                                  2
researched and analyzed data from 100 new wells drilled after Muncey had left the project. They
named their partnership ―Team Works.‖ Helfand had a 60% interest, Wells a 20% interest, and
Anderson, their title lawyer and lease agent, a 20% interest. By 2004, they had identified two
promising locations where leases were available—Pearson and Pearson Northeast. With money
from investors, they began leasing with the object of selling, for cash and an overriding royalty
interest, a drill-ready prospect, preferably to an exploration company large enough to develop
with Team Works its other identified sweet spots.
Sepco’s Activity
       During 2002 and 2003, Carl Knudson, a Sepco geologist, had conducted an exploratory
study of the James Lime trend extending into Louisiana studying the public information
available for all the James Lime wells drilled in the area up until that time. Knudson concluded
that the James Lime was not a profitable play for Sepco to pursue. In 2003, Sepco had declined
to participate in an East Texas Horizontal James Lime play proposed by Sonerra Resources. In
April 2004, Jeff Wells, Leon Wells‘s son, went to work for Sepco as a petroleum engineer.
Wells was aware that his father, Leon, and Helfand were putting together the Pearson and
Pearson Northeast prospects. Sometime during July 2004, he told Helfand that Sepco might be
interested in their James Lime prospects. He learned, however, that at that time, Sepco had no
interest in the James Lime. They had never drilled a James Lime well but were actively
exploring the deeper Travis Peak formation and continuing to develop the Cotton Valley
formation in the Overton field.
       Within the same month that Jeff Wells made Sepco‘s initial contact with Helfand, Sepco
concluded an Area of Mutual Interest agreement (AMI) with Endeavor Natural Gas covering a
360 square mile area in Cherokee, Nacogdoches, and Angelina Counties. The northern boundary
of the AMI with Endeavor was just south of the city of Nacogdoches. The AMI did not include
the two Pearson prospects but did include five of the sweet spots for James Lime development
identified by Team Works. At this point, Team Works had not presented Sepco with the results
of its research and analysis identifying the sweet spots for James Lime development.
       During the autumn of 2004, Team Works attempted to interest Patriot Resources, Par
Minerals Synergy, Winn Exploration, Adams Resources, and Chalker Energy in its Pearson
prospects. In their presentations to Patriot Resources, Team Works provided almost the same
information shown later in their offer to Sepco. A meeting at the North American Prospects

                                               3
Expo (NAPE) in January 2005 between Sepco‘s chief landman, Jon Pruett, and Helfand, Wells,
and Anderson (Team Works) led to Team Works‘ presentation to Sepco.                 Before the
presentation, Team Works asked Sepco to sign a confidentiality agreement regarding the
materials to be presented on February 15, 2005. Sepco asked that the term be shortened to one
year and the AMI be restricted to the land shown in Exhibit ―A,‖ the Pearson prospects. Team
Works agreed.
       The confidentiality agreement obligated Sepco (1) to use the confidential information
provided by Team Works solely for evaluation of the Pearson prospects, (2) not to disclose the
information to third parties, and (3) not to acquire any leases ―within the area identified on
Attachment ‗A‘ (the Pearson prospects) unless it acquires such interest through Team Works.‖
       At the conclusion of the February 15, 2005 meeting, Sepco asked for time to consider
Team Works‘ proposal. A couple of weeks later, Sepco asked for more information. Team
Works promptly provided additional maps and data. But by early April, Team Works had
received no acceptance of its offer. In May, Sepco returned the material it had received from
Team Works and declined to participate in the Pearson prospects. Shortly thereafter, Helfand
made a presentation to Petrohawk. Petrohawk purchased the Pearson prospects from Helfand for
$1.8 million and an overriding royalty interest. Helfand and Petrohawk also entered a Prospect
Identification Agreement covering Nacogdoches, Shelby, and Angelina Counties.           By this
agreement, Petrohawk retained Helfand to locate prospects in the three counties for $15,000 per
month for six months, and, for any prospect in which Petrohawk elected to participate, an
overriding royalty dependent upon the existing royalty burden and a 6.25% ―back in‖ working
interest. Petrohawk‘s initial well in the Pearson prospect was not a success. Sepco continued to
drill wells to the deeper Travis Peak formation under its July 2004 agreement with Endeavor.
       In 2006, Sepco bought a large block of leases in Shelby and San Augustine Counties
from Exxon. The purchase agreement required Sepco to drill four wells within the next eighteen
months. In drilling to the deeper targeted Travis Peak formation, the well logs revealed natural
gas in the James Lime.
       The Exxon purchase gave Sepco holdings bordering Cabot Oil and Gas. In order to drill
a horizontal James Lime well without trespassing under Sepco‘s acreage, Cabot agreed to give
Sepco 15% ownership in a proposed well and access to all data. The Cabot well was very
successful. Sepco then drilled its first James Lime well in October 2007.

                                                4
       Sepco continued to lease land in the five county area in addition to its Exxon acquisition
and Endeavor agreement. Virtually all the leases taken by Sepco after Team Works‘ February
2005 presentation were in the area of Helfand‘s top ten identified sweet spots. After the success
of its initial James Lime horizontal well in October 2007, Sepco drilled or participated in over
eighty James Lime wells. All of them were successful, and all were clustered in and around
Helfand‘s sweet spots identified in Team Works‘ presentation. A substantial number of other
wells producing from the Travis Peak were also drilled in Helfand‘s designated sweet spots. By
the time of trial, the revenues from these 144 wells would amount to approximately $382
million.
       On June 30, 2010, Sepco sold the producing rights to the Haynesville and Middle Bossier
Shale formations underlying certain of its holdings in Shelby and San Augustine Counties to
Exco for $355 million. Sepco retained the drilling and producing rights to all other depths in the
acreage, including the James Lime, Pettet, Travis Peak, and Cotton Valley formations.
The Lawsuit
       On March 13, 2006, Helfand filed this lawsuit alleging fraud and misappropriation of her
trade secret (her proprietary information relating to the James Lime formation) against Endeavor
Natural Gas and four individuals, including Grimes, her partner in drilling the ―bungled‖
Chandler #1 well in 2000, and Leon Wells, her erstwhile partner in Team Works. Muncey
intervened in the lawsuit claiming an interest in the trade secret. Over the next two years,
Helfand sued more than a dozen other entities, but not Sepco, urging the same or similar
allegations.
       For over two years, Sepco remained uninvolved in Helfand and Muncey‘s lawsuit against
a growing number of oil and gas operators. However, in November 2008, two of the defendants
moved for leave to designate Sepco as a responsible third party. Helfand objected, contending
―the defendant did not plead sufficient facts concerning the alleged responsibility [of Sepco] to
satisfy the pleading requirement of the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure.‖ The trial judge returned
the order designating responsible third parties unsigned. However, in February 2009, Helfand
and Muncey added Sepco as a defendant making much the same claims against Sepco that they
had asserted against the other defendants. Although Sepco had been a party defendant since
February 2009, the trial judge signed an order in July 2009 granting leave to designate Sepco and
other parties already defendants as responsible third parties.

                                                 5
        Helfand and Muncey settled with all of the defendants but Sepco and Wells immediately
prior to trial.   The trial court excluded any evidence of, or cross examination regarding,
Helfand‘s prior pleadings in which she accused fifteen other parties of stealing her trade secret.
        The jury found that Helfand and Muncey‘s study constituted a trade secret and found
against Sepco on all five of the liability theories submitted: (1) common law trade secret
misappropriation, (2) statutory theft of a trade secret, (3) breach of fiduciary duty, (4) fraud, and
(5) breach of contract. The jury found that actual damages were $11,445,000 and that Wells was
not liable to Helfand or Muncey.
        The trial court granted judgment for the amount of the actual damage verdict and added
$23,888,000 in disgorgement of illicit gains. The trial court also awarded $4,578,000 (40% of
the damage award) in attorney‘s fees plus prejudgment interest.               The judgment totals
approximately $40 million.


                                 SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE
        In its first issue, Sepco contends the evidence does not support the jury‘s affirmative
findings on any of the five liability theories submitted.
Standard of Review
        When a party attacks the legal sufficiency of the evidence to support an adverse jury
finding on an issue for which it did not have the burden of proof at trial, it must show that no
evidence supports the jury‘s adverse finding. Exxon Corp. v. Emerald Oil & Gas Co., L.C., 348
S.W.3d 194, 215 (Tex. 2011). The test for legal sufficiency of the evidence to support a fact is
whether the evidence would enable reasonable and fair-minded people to determine the fact
exists. See City of Keller v. Wilson, 168 S.W.3d 802, 827 (Tex. 2005). The reviewing court
considers the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, crediting favorable evidence if a
reasonable fact finder could, and disregarding contrary evidence unless a reasonable fact finder
could not. Id. A ―no evidence‖ challenge must be sustained when the record discloses a
complete absence of evidence of a vital fact, the court is barred by rules of law or evidence from
giving weight to the only evidence offered to prove a vital fact, the evidence offered to prove a
vital fact is no more than a scintilla, or the evidence conclusively establishes the opposite of a
vital fact. Id. at 810.



                                                  6
       When challenging the factual sufficiency of the evidence supporting an adverse finding
upon which the appealing party did not have the burden of proof, the appellant must demonstrate
there is insufficient evidence to support the adverse finding. McIntyre v. Comm’n for Lawyer
Discipline, 169 S.W.3d 803, 806 (Tex. App.–Dallas 2005, pet. denied). We review the factual
evidence in a neutral light, and we will set the verdict aside ―only if it is so contrary to the
overwhelming weight of the evidence as to be clearly wrong and unjust.‖ Cain v. Bain, 709
S.W.2d 175, 176 (Tex. 1986). However, this court is not a fact finder, and we may not pass upon
the credibility of the witnesses or substitute our judgment for that of the trier of fact, even if a
different answer could be reached upon review of the evidence. Maritime Overseas Corp. v.
Ellis, 971 S.W.2d 402, 407 (Tex. 1998).
       When a party attacks the legal sufficiency of an adverse finding on an issue on which it
had the burden of proof, it must demonstrate on appeal that the evidence establishes, as a matter
of law, all vital facts in support of the issue. Sterner v. Marathon Oil Co., 767 S.W.2d 686, 690
Tex. 1989); Wendell Hall et al., Hall’s Standards of Review in Texas, 42 ST. MARY‘S L.J. 1, 31
(2010). In reviewing a ―matter of law‘ challenge, the reviewing court must first examine the
record for evidence that supports the adverse finding, crediting favorable evidence, if a
reasonable fact finder could, and disregarding evidence to the contrary, unless a reasonable fact
finder could not. See Cent. Ready Mix Concrete Co. v. Islas, 228 S.W.3d 649, 651 (Tex. 2007);
Sterner, 767 S.W.2d at 90; Hall, 42 ST. MARY‘S L.J. at 32. If there is no evidence to support the
finding, the reviewing court will then examine the entire record to determine if the contrary
proposition is established as a matter of law. Sterner, 767 S.W.2d at 690; Hall, 42 ST. MARY‘S
L.J. at 31-33. The issue should be sustained only if the contrary proposition is conclusively
established. City of Keller, 168 S.W.3d at 816.
       When a party attacks the factual sufficiency of an adverse finding on an issue on which it
has the burden of proof, it must demonstrate on appeal that the adverse finding is against the
great weight and preponderance of the evidence. Dow Chem. Co. v. Francis, 46 S.W.3d 237,
242 (Tex. 2001); Hall, 42 ST. MARY‘S L.J. at 42. The court of appeals must consider and weigh
all of the evidence, and can set aside a verdict only if the evidence is so weak or if the finding is
so against the great weight and preponderance of the evidence that it is clearly wrong and unjust.
Dow Chem. Co., 46 S.W.3d at 242. In doing so, the court of appeals must ―detail the evidence



                                                  7
relevant to the issue‖ and ―state in what regard the contrary evidence greatly outweighs the
evidence in support of the verdict.‖ Pool v. Ford Motor Co., 715 S.W.2d 629, 635 (Tex. 1986).
       Circumstantial evidence can be used to prove any material fact, but it must transcend
mere suspicion. Browning-Ferris, Inc. v. Reyna, 865 S.W.2d 925, 928 (Tex. 1993). The
material fact must be reasonably inferred from the known circumstances. Joske v. Irvine, 44
S.W. 1059, 1064 (Tex. 1898).      Each piece of circumstantial evidence must be viewed, not in
isolation, but in the light of all the known circumstances. Lozano v. Lozano, 52 S.W.3d 141,
149 (Tex. 2001).
       The equal inference rule provides that a jury may not reasonably infer an ultimate fact
from ―meager circumstantial evidence which could give rise to any number of inferences, none
more probable than another.‖ Id. at 148 (quoting Hammerly Oaks, Inc. v. Edwards, 958 S.W.2d
387, 392 (Tex. 1997)). ―Thus, in cases with only slight circumstantial evidence, something else
must be found in the record to corroborate the probability of the fact‘s existence or non-
existence.‖ Id.
       ―[C]ircumstantial evidence is not legally insufficient merely because more than one
reasonable inference may be drawn from it.‖ Id. Circumstantial evidence often requires a fact
finder to choose among opposing reasonable inferences. Id. (citing Farley v. M M Cattle Co.,
529 S.W.2d 751, 757 (Tex. 1975)). ―And this choice in turn may be influenced by the fact
finder‘s views on credibility. Benoit v. Wilson, 150 Tex. 273, 239 S.W.2d 792, 797 (1951).
Thus, a jury is entitled to consider the circumstantial evidence, weigh the witnesses‘ credibility,
and make reasonable inferences from the evidence it chooses to believe.‖ Lozano, 52 S.W.3d at
148.


                                A. BREACH OF FIDUCIARY DUTY
       Sepco maintains that its confidentiality agreement did not create a fiduciary relationship
with Helfand, and that there is no evidence that such a relationship existed between Sepco and
Helfand prior to the signing of the confidentiality agreement. Helfand argues that, in assuming
the duty of confidentiality to Helfand in regard to her proprietary information, Sepco entered into
a confidential relationship that is the equivalent of a fiduciary relationship. Therefore, she
maintains the confidentiality agreement created a fiduciary relationship as a matter of law.



                                                 8
Applicable Law
       Certain relationships such as that between attorney and client, principal and agent,
partners, and executors and estate beneficiaries give rise to a fiduciary relationship as a matter of
law. Johnson v. Brewer & Pritchard, P.C., 73 S.W.3d 193, 199-200 (Tex. 2002); Crim Truck
& Tractor v. Navistar Int’l Transport. Co., 823 S.W.2d 591, 593-94 (Tex. 1992). ―An informal
relationship may give rise to a fiduciary duty where one person trusts in and relies on another,
whether the relation is a moral, social, domestic, or purely personal one.‖ Schlumberger Tech.
Corp. v. Swanson, 959 S.W.2d 171, 176 (Tex. 1997). But for an informal fiduciary relationship
to exist, the party claiming the relationship must have been accustomed to being guided by the
judgment or advice of the other. Thigpen v. Locke, 363 S.W.2d 247, 253 (Tex. 1962). The
duties imposed on a fiduciary are rigorous and exacting, encompassing the onerous burden on
the fiduciary to place the interest of the other party before his own. Crim Truck, 823 S.W.2d at
594. Our supreme court has been reluctant to impose such a burden in otherwise arms-length
business transactions. See Ins. Co. of N. Am. v. Morris, 981 S.W.2d 667, 675 (Tex. 1998). In
Schlumberger, the court stated, ―[I]n order to give full force to contracts, we do not create such a
relationship lightly.‖ 959 S.W.2d at 177. ―[M]ere subjective trust does not . . . transform arms-
length dealing into a fiduciary relationship.‖ Id. In order to impose an informal fiduciary duty
in a business transaction, ―the special relationship of trust and confidence must exist prior to,
and apart from, the agreement made the basis of the suit.‖ Meyer v. Cathey, 167 S.W.3d 327,
331 (Tex. 2005) (emphasis added); Morris, 981 S.W.2d at 675; Assoc. Indem. Corp. v. CAT
Contracting, 964 S.W.2d 276, 288 (Tex. 1998); Transport Ins. Co. v. Faircloth, 898 S.W.2d
269, 280 (Tex. 1995).
Discussion
       Helfand relies on Hyde Corp. v. Huffines, 314 S.W.2d 763 (Tex. 1958). In that case, the
Hyde Corporation initiated negotiations with Huffines with the object of obtaining a license to
manufacture and sell a garbage compressor that Huffines had developed. Id. at 766. As a result
of the negotiations and the licensing agreement that followed, Hyde acquired complete
knowledge of the design of Huffines. Id. at 768. The licensing agreement contained no explicit
provision precluding Hyde from making use of this information after cancellation of the
licensing agreement. Id. at 769.



                                                 9
       During the second year of operations under the contract, Hyde repudiated the agreement.
Id. at 768. It discontinued paying royalties to Huffines, but continued to manufacture and sell
the machine. Id. at 768, 769. Huffines sued for the unpaid royalties on the machines produced
after Hyde‘s repudiation. Id. at 765. He also sought a permanent injunction restraining Hyde
from manufacturing his device. Id.
       The jury found that Huffines had disclosed his machine‘s design to Hyde because Hyde
represented to him that it was interested in manufacturing and selling the mechanism. Id. at 768.
But the jury also found that Hyde had acted in good faith in acquiring knowledge of the
machine‘s design. Id. The trial court entered judgment in the amount of the royalties due and
issued a permanent injunction restraining Hyde from manufacturing the machine. Id. at 765.
       Hyde contended on appeal that since there was no express agreement that the disclosures
made to it by Huffines were made in confidence, and, since the jury had found that Hyde had
acted in good faith in obtaining the device‘s design, Huffines was not entitled to royalties on the
machines produced after Hyde‘s cancellation of the agreement.           Id. at 769. On the same
grounds, Hyde also insisted that Huffines was not entitled to a permanent injunction restraining it
from manufacturing the machine. Id. at 772.
       The supreme court concluded that, even in the absence of an express promise of
confidentiality in their agreement, there arose a confidential relationship out of the parties‘
negotiations and licensing agreement. Id. at 769-70. One of the usual incidents of confidential
relations is the implicit obligation of the parties not to abuse the trust inherent in their
confidential relationship. See id. at 770, 772. The court held that Hyde breached that trust by
using Huffines‘s confidential disclosures adversely to him. Id. The court affirmed the damages
and injunctive relief, although there had been no explicit promise of confidentiality in the
licensing agreement and although Hyde had originally entered into the relationship in good faith.
Id. at 765. But the court did not hold that Hyde was a fiduciary, even though it concluded that an
implied promise of confidentiality arose out of the circumstances accompanying the parties‘
negotiations and agreement.
       Helfand has also cited an unpublished Fifth Circuit case in which the court states that
―Texas courts have long recognized that entrustment of trade secrets gives rise to a fiduciary
relationship.‖ In re Associated Indep. Marketers Inc. of Am., 1 F.3d 1237, at *3 (1993).
However, in all the cases, other than Hyde, that the court cited to support that proposition, all the

                                                 10
defendants were employees already in a fiduciary relationship with the injured party at the time
they acquired the trade secret they misused. See id. at *3 n.20. That is not the situation here.
       It must be conceded that there is some ambiguity in the case law created when courts
characterize   fiduciary relationships     as   confidential   relationships   or   use   the   terms
interchangeably. But they are not synonymous. Some confidential relationships are fiduciary;
some are not. ―Not every relationship involving a high degree of trust and confidence rises to the
stature of a fiduciary relationship.‖ Schlumberger, 959 S.W.2d at 176-77. We have reviewed
Hyde and its progeny as well as the other cases bearing on the question. Confidentiality is a
usual incident of fiduciary relationships. Fiduciary relationships can be properly characterized as
confidential relationships. But the converse is not true. All confidential relationships are not
fiduciary.
       The court in Anglo-Dutch Petroleum International v. Smith, 243 S.W.3d 776 (Tex.
App.–Houston [14th Dist.] 2007, pet. denied), addressed the appellant‘s contention that an
informal fiduciary relationship was created by the parties‘ execution of a confidentiality
agreement.     In doing so, the court rejected Smith‘s position stating, ―[W]e have found no
authority supporting the notion that confidentiality agreements can create fiduciary
relationships.‖ Id. at 782.
       Similarly, in the case at bar, the parties dealt at arms length. Their agreement expressly
defined and limited Sepco‘s obligation of confidentiality regarding Helfand‘s trade secret. There
is no reason or valid precedent to infer a fiduciary relationship from their negotiations or
confidentiality agreement.    There is no evidence that a special relationship of trust and
confidence existed between Helfand and Sepco ―prior to and apart from the [confidentiality]
agreement made the basis of the suit.‖ See Meyer, 167 S.W.3d at 331. Therefore, no fiduciary
relationship arose from their agreement.
       Sepco‘s first issue, as it relates to Helfand‘s breach of fiduciary relationship claim, is
sustained.


                                            B. FRAUD
       Sepco claims the fraud findings have no support in the evidence.




                                                 11
Applicable Law
       A plaintiff seeking to prevail on a fraud claim must prove that (1) the defendant made a
material representation; (2) the defendant knew the representation was false or made the
representation recklessly without any knowledge of its truth; (3) the defendant made the
representation with the intent that the plaintiff would act on that representation or intended to
induce the plaintiff‘s reliance on the representation; and (4) the plaintiff suffered an injury by
actively and justifiably relying on that representation. Exxon Corp., 348 S.W.3d at 217. An
actionable misrepresentation must concern a material fact.        Faircloth, 898 S.W.2d at 276.
Generally, a mere expression of opinion will not support an action for fraud. Id. In the context
of fraud, a fact is material if it would likely affect the conduct of a reasonable person concerning
the transaction in question. Custom Leasing, Inc., v. Tex. Bank & Trust Co., 516 S.W.2d 138,
142 (Tex. 1974). A promise of future performance constitutes an actionable misrepresentation if
the promise was made with no intention of performing at the time it was made. Formosa
Plastics Corp. USA v. Presidio Eng’rs & Contractors, Inc., 960 S.W.2d 41, 48 (Tex. 1998).
The evidence to prove the defendant‘s intent must be relevant to the defendant‘s intent at the
time the misrepresentation was made. Id. However, mere failure to perform a contract is not
evidence of fraud. Id.
       As a general rule, a failure to disclose information is not actionable fraud unless there is a
duty to disclose the information.      Bradford v. Vento, 48 S.W.3d 749, 755 (Tex. 2001).
―[S]ilence may be equivalent to a false representation only when the particular circumstances
impose a duty on the party to speak, and [the party] deliberately remains silent.‖ Id. The breach
of the duty of full disclosure by a fiduciary is tantamount to fraudulent concealment. Jackson
Law Office, P.C. v. Chappell, 37 S.W.3d 15, 22 (Tex. App.–Tyler 2000, pet. denied) (quoting
Willis v. Maverick, 760 S.W.2d 642, 645 (Tex. 1988)). ―Whether such a duty exists is a question
of law.‖ Bradford, 48 S.W.3d at 755.
       Fraud is not actionable until relied upon to the detriment of the person to whom the
representations were made. Stein v. Deason, 165 S.W.3d 406, 414 (Tex. App.–Dallas 2005, no
pet.). The plaintiff‘s reliance must have been justifiable. Ernst & Young, L.L.P. v. Pac. Mut.
Life Ins. Co., 51 S.W.3d 573, 577 (Tex. 2001).
Discussion
       In her brief, Helfand maintains that three representations were fraudulent.

                                                 12
       First, she claims that Sepco misrepresented to her that it would not entertain a
presentation regarding the Pearson prospects if it was pursuing a competitive position. She
argues Team Works would not have made its February 15, 2005 presentation to Sepco if she had
known Sepco had a competitive position in the area. In early July 2004, Sepco concluded an
AMI with Endeavor Natural Gas, L.P. after six months of negotiations. The north boundary of
the 360 square mile AMI ran just south of the city of Nacogdoches. It did not include the
Pearson prospects. Sepco finalized the AMI six days before Jeff Wells, recently hired as a
reservoir engineer with Sepco, first contacted Helfand about the Team Works prospects that he
had heard about from his father.
       The representation alleged to constitute actionable fraud is contained in a July email to
Helfand from Jeff Wells.


       Also the last thing would be if you guys [Helfand and Jeff‘s father, Leon] have a Confidentiality
       Agreement/area – just to know the extent of that – in some few cases we have chosen to decline
       looking at deals because we realized we were too close in the area already competing and did not
       want to be dishonest.


On August 26, Jeff sent an email to his father, a partner in Team Works.


                  I also mentioned your prospect again to my landman [Jon Pruett] and geologist and I
       think they are just concerned about the perception or management might have to learn that you are
       involved in a play in a similar proximity to an area that we were already working. That may sound
       a little crazy, but as I mentioned before, these mgrs. are a little crazy. They would rather just pass
       on the deal.


       Other than a chance November encounter, there was no further communication between
Team Works and Sepco until the NAPE meeting in Houston in January 2005. At the NAPE
meeting, Sepco agreed to consider Team Works‘ Pearson prospects. In preparation for an
anticipated February meeting with Sepco, Team Works presented Sepco with a draft
confidentiality agreement. Sepco insisted that the area covered by the agreement be limited to
the Pearson prospects and that it be free to compete outside that area. Helfand and Wells,
partners in Team Works, agreed to the changes proposed by Sepco.
       The representation Helfand relies upon to show fraud was Jeff Wells‘s statement in his
July email to Helfand that Sepco ―in some few cases [has] chosen to decline looking at deals
because we realized we were too close in the area already competing and did not want to be

                                                        13
dishonest.‖ Helfand asserts the statement was false and calculated to lure Helfand and Team
Works into the February 15, 2005 meeting six months later so that it could steal her
methodology.
       We have examined the voluminous record carefully, and we can find no evidence that the
statement was false when it was made. Nor is there any proof that Helfand relied on it or that it
played any role in her pursuit of a deal with Sepco. There is an abundance of evidence that she
knew of Sepco‘s activity in the five counties. She knew Sepco had drilled the Reavley No. 1
Well just south of the Pearson prospects. She knew that Sepco was ―leasing up and drilling up
acreage with interest in the Travis Peak and Cotton Valley‖ (formations below the James Lime).
It was Sepco‘s size, expertise, and activity in the five counties that attracted her.
       Helfand contends that after promising it was nearing a Pearson deal with her, Sepco told
her that her prospects failed its economic criteria; yet behind the scenes it was gearing up to fully
exploit the secrets in other sweet spots.
       Sepco‘s refusal to participate in Team Works‘ Pearson prospects was entirely consistent
with its previous attitude toward the James Lime. Its in-house study, the Knudson Report,
assigned a low priority to James Lime exploration.           Sepco had declined to participate in
Sonerra‘s much larger James Lime program in 2003. But even if we assume, for the sake of
argument, that after their February 15, 2005 meeting, Sepco misrepresented its intention to
abstain from the James Lime, there is no proof that Team Works or Helfand relied on that
representation. Within a month and a half after the meeting with Sepco, Helfand offered the
Pearson prospects to Petrohawk. Petrohawk bought the Pearson prospects for $1.8 million and
concluded a consulting agreement with her. Not only was there no reliance by Helfand on
Sepco‘s alleged misrepresentation of its drilling program, but there was no injury.
       Next, Helfand claims that ―Sepco cajoled its partner, Endeavor, to seek a Pearson
foothold under false pretenses.‖ This refers to a communication from Sepco‘s landman to his
counterpart at Endeavor in April 2005 that Helfand had a James Lime prospect in which
Endeavor might be interested. Sepco‘s landman asked that Endeavor not mention that it had
heard about the prospect from Sepco but rather that it had heard about it ―on the street.‖ Why
Sepco‘s landman did not want to be disclosed as a source is a mystery not explained elsewhere in
the testimony. Team Works had made some sort of presentation of the Pearson prospects to at



                                                  14
least seven oil and gas operators. So it was no secret. The statement was not false. Moreover,
Endeavor never contacted Helfand or Team Works.
       Finally, Helfand insists that ―Sepco misrepresented the basis of its drilling program.
Helfand does not set forth a specific misrepresentation or when it was made. We take her
argument to mean that Sepco misrepresented its lack of interest in the James Lime. Before
February 15, 2005, there is no evidence to contradict Sepco‘s position that it was uninterested in
James Lime exploration. If the alleged misrepresentations took place after February, there is no
evidence that she relied on them.
       In her argument, Helfand points to other duplicitous conduct by Sepco that she considers
fraudulent. While some of the acts are perhaps relevant to proof of Sepco‘s misuse of Helfand‘s
trade secrets, Helfand has not shown that any satisfy the elements necessary for proof of fraud.
Even if we assume that Sepco breached its contract, nothing but surmise supports Helfand‘s
assertion that Sepco entered the contract with that intention. Mere failure to perform a contract
is not evidence of fraud. See Formosa, 960 S.W.2d at 48.
       Helfand also claims Sepco committed fraud by nondisclosure. She contends that Sepco‘s
failure to reveal its AMI and partnership with Endeavor constituted fraud by concealment. She
claims that she was assured by Jeff Wells‘s emails to her and his father that Sepco did not
consider deals where it was competing in the same area. Without that assurance, she claims, she
would not have made her presentation to Sepco. She contends that Sepco‘s nondisclosure of the
AMI was part of Sepco‘s scheme to induce her to sign the confidentiality agreement so that it
could gain access to her trade secret. In Helfand‘s view, Sepco‘s nondisclosure of the AMI was
a breach of the fiduciary duty it owed her.
       No fiduciary relationship existed between Helfand or Team Works and Sepco. The so-
called false assurance was contained in an email from Jeff Wells, a recently hired engineer for
Sepco, to Helfand, his father‘s partner in Team Works. In pertinent part, it read that ―in some
few cases we have declined looking at deals because we realized we were too close in the area
already competing and didn‘t want to be dishonest.‖ The confidentiality agreement negotiated
by Team Works and Sepco covered only the Pearson prospects. The Endeavor AMI did not
include the Pearson prospects. When Helfand and Team Works presented the Pearson prospects
at their February 15, 2005 meeting, Helfand was well aware that Sepco was leasing and drilling



                                               15
relatively close to the Pearson prospects. Sepco was under no duty to disclose the Endeavor
AMI to Helfand.
       In all of Helfand‘s allegations of fraud, there is a complete absence of evidence of one or
more of the elements necessary to support a finding of fraud.
       Sepco‘s first issue, as it regards Helfand‘s fraud claim, is sustained.


                                      C. TRADE SECRET THEORIES
       Sepco challenges the sufficiency of the evidence supporting the jury‘s findings on
Helfand‘s trade secret theories—common law misappropriation of a trade secret, theft of a trade
secret, and breach of contract. The first question we must address, however, is whether the data
and analysis Helfand and Team Works presented to Sepco constituted a trade secret.
Applicable Law and the Jury’s Finding
       A trade secret is ―any formula, pattern, device or compilation of information which is
used in one‘s business and presents an opportunity to obtain an advantage over competitors who
do not know or use it.‖ In re Bass, 113 S.W.3d 735, 739 (Tex. 2003). There must be a
substantial amount of attendant secrecy for information to be a trade secret.                           Rugen v.
Interactive Bus. Sys., Inc., 864 S.W.2d 548, 552 (Tex. App.–Dallas 1993, no writ). ―[A] trade
secret can exist in a combination of characteristics and components[,] each of which, by itself, is
in the public domain, but the unified process, [the] design and operation of which in unique
combination[] affords a competitive advantage, is a protected trade secret.‖ Fourtek, Inc., 790
F.2d at 1202. Information related to oil and gas exploration and production is frequently treated
as a trade secret within the industry and at law. Bass, 113 S.W.3d at 742. A trade secret is not
necessarily destroyed by a disclosure, but, in disclosing a trade secret, the owner must establish a
confidential relationship with the other party, by contract or otherwise, or the secret will be lost
by the disclosure. Furr’s, Inc. v. United Specialty Adver. Co., 385 S.W.2d 456, 459 (Tex.
App.–El Paso 1964, writ ref‘d n.r.e.). Texas law adopts the Restatement definition of what
constitutes a ―use.‖


       Any exploitation of the trade secret that is likely to result in injury to the trade secret owner or
       enrichment to the defendant is a ―use‖ under this Section. Thus, marketing goods that embody the
       trade secret, employing the trade secret in manufacturing or production, relying on the trade secret
       to assist or accelerate research or development, or soliciting customers through the use of
       information that is a trade secret . . . all constitute ―use.‖


                                                       16
Bohnsack v. Varco, L.P., 668 F.3d 262, 279 (5th Cir. 2012) (quoting RESTATEMENT (THIRD) OF
UNFAIR COMPETITION § 40 cmt. c. 1995).
       Helfand and her partners studied the production history from six hundred wells in a six
county area. Helfand researched and analyzed the wells‘ electric logs and porosity logs as well
as density neutron logs for the wells that had them. She prepared a cross-section of the James
Lime formation for all the wells with a porosity log. She annotated a structure map for the wells.
Her analysis of this data together with the preparation of cross-sections, geomaps, and
spreadsheets required thousands of hours of work over a period of several years. Her analysis
led her to identify nineteen sweet spots (later refined to ten) most favorable for James Lime
production, but also for multiple stacked pays. Although the raw data was drawn from public or
semi-public sources, there is abundant evidence to support the jury‘s finding that this massive
compilation and analysis was a trade secret.
       Helfand and Team Works shared this material with other prospective oil and gas
operators, but the evidence shows that these disclosures were conditioned on the execution of
confidentiality agreements.     The evidence supports the jury‘s implicit finding that her
compilation of data, its analysis, and the methodology derived from it did not lose its trade secret
status through disclosure.


                                     1. MISAPPROPRIATION
       Sepco maintains that even if Helfand‘s proprietary materials are considered a trade secret,
there is insufficient evidence to show that it misappropriated the trade secret by unauthorized
use.
Applicable Law
       A trade secret misappropriation under Texas law requires (1) the existence of a trade
secret, (2) a breach of a confidential relationship or improper discovery of the trade secret, (3)
use of the trade secret, and (4) damages. Id.; Trilogy Software, Inc., v. Callidus Software, Inc.,
143 S.W.3d 452, 463 (Tex. App.–Austin 2004, pet. denied); IBP, Inc. v. Klumpe, 101 S.W.3d
461, 476 (Tex. App.–Amarillo 2001, pet. denied). Proof of trade secret misappropriation often
depends upon circumstantial evidence. SI Handling Sys., Inc. v. Heisley, 753 F.2d 1244, 1261
(3d Cir. 1985).

                                                17
Arguments and Evidence
          Sepco argues that Helfand‘s case, reduced to its essence, rests solely on the fact that
Sepco had no James Lime wells before it met with Helfand in February 2005 and three years
later it had over eighty. Sepco insists that it is not reasonable to infer from this sequence of
circumstances that Sepco‘s success was the consequence of what it learned from the data and
analysis provided by Helfand at the February 2005 presentation or from the additional material
she provided later. Sepco asserts that Helfand failed in her burden to show that the inferences
necessary to the conclusion that Sepco misappropriated her trade secret were reasonable in the
light of the entire record.
          Such a conclusion is ―legally impossible,‖ it claims, if one considers that (1) Sepco had
ongoing operations in East Texas before it met Helfand; (2) by 2003, the James Lime was a
known producing formation; (3) Sepco declined to participate with Sonerra in a James Lime
project in 2003 based on its Knudson study; (4) Sepco started pursuing Travis Peak exploration
in 2004 and some of its leases do not include James Lime rights; (5) Sepco continued extensive
Travis Peak drilling after the February 2005 meeting at a cost close to $80 million.
          Sepco explained that it learned a lot about the James Lime by drilling through it while
carrying out its extensive Travis Peak program beginning in 2004. The potential of the James
Lime was demonstrated by the success of the Cabot well. Sepco offered plausible explanations
for its eager pursuit of James Lime development after its meeting with Helfand.
          Sepco acknowledges that, prior to the February 15, 2005, it had no interest in the James
Lime, because it believed the formation offered little profit potential. Sepco had drilled no
James Lime wells before the meeting with Helfand. Sepco‘s skepticism regarding the James
Lime was assumed to be the basis of Sepco‘s refusal to participate in the Pearson projects.
          However, within months of Helfand and Team Works‘ presentation, Sepco designated
the James Lime as an objective in internal drilling documents. Sepco prepared a map of the
James Lime in the East Texas Basin in November 2005. Sepco maps show markings in the same
places as her sweet spots. During the year following Helfand‘s presentation and during the term
of the confidentiality agreement, Sepco took many leases that included James Lime drilling
rights.    Nearly all closely matched Helfand‘s sweet spots.          By trial, Sepco had taken
approximately 1,800 leases, virtually all in Helfand‘s sweet spots. Out of Helfand‘s top ten
sweet spots, Sepco had taken leases in them all.

                                                 18
       One of the chief reasons behind Sepco‘s disinclination to drill in the James Lime was the
formation‘s poor history. Sepco began its large scale drilling program in the James Lime in
2007, two years after the presentation of Helfand‘s trade secret. There was testimony from
Sepco‘s witnesses that this was approximately the time that would have been required for a
drilling program exploiting Helfand‘s secrets to be implemented. Sepco drilled or participated in
over eighty James Lime wells with a 100% completion rate. Helfand‘s sweet spots occupy a tiny
fraction of the 2.75 million acres in the counties involved in Helfand‘s study. But the wells in
question cluster in and around Helfand‘s designated sweet spots.
       Sepco claims that the locations chosen were the product of Sepco‘s in-house study of the
James Lime that only coincidentally lead it to drill in Helfand‘s sweet spots. The study, Sepco
acknowledges, was led by Sepco employees who attended Helfand‘s presentation. Helfand
argues that Sepco‘s research and analysis of the James Lime identifying the stacked-pay sweet
spots, if truly independent of her research and methodology, would have required years of
coordinated effort and left an unmistakable paper trail.     A huge amount of documentation
supported Helfand‘s research, analysis, and the methodology derived from it. However, there
was no evidence in Sepco‘s records of such a massive engineering effort. Sepco‘s petroleum
engineer claimed the working documents from the study had been destroyed. The improbability
that Sepco would destroy such an important study while in the midst of a drilling program based
on it reasonably justifies at least two inferences: (1) an independent study had never been made,
or (2) the study would have shown Sepco‘s analysis to have been a mere attempt to corroborate
Helfand‘s secrets and accelerate the development of its James Lime program; therefore, the
discarded study would have supported Helfand‘s case.
       Sepco maintains that its interest in the James Lime was ignited by a very successful well
drilled by Cabot in which Sepco had a 15% interest. Sepco claims the proximity of other Cabot
James Lime wells required it to develop the James Lime in its adjacent leases to prevent
drainage. However, Sepco failed to offer proof of an implied obligation to protect from drainage
by proving (1) actual drainage, and (2) that a reasonably prudent operator would drill an offset
well. See Amoco Prod. Co. v. Alexander, 622 S.W.2d 563, 567-68 (Tex. 1981). Sepco‘s
petroleum engineer, Van Slambrouck, testified that ―some‖ of those wells may ―perhaps‖ have
been drilled ―in part‖ to prevent drainage. However, Sepco‘s lease map showed that the great
majority of the Sepco and Cabot acreage was not in communication or competition.

                                               19
Analysis
       Helfand‘s case, as in many, if not most trade secret misappropriation cases, rests on
circumstantial evidence. See Heisley, 753 F.2d at 1261. The circumstantial evidence supporting
Helfand‘s claim amounts to more than what Sepco characterizes as an unsupported ―before and
after argument,‖ ―0 James Lime wells before February 15, 2005, 80 wells later.‖
       Despite a well recorded aversion to James Lime drilling before meeting Helfand, shortly
thereafter Sepco zealously pursued James Lime opportunities that coincided with Helfand‘s
sweet spots. During the year that followed its meeting with Helfand, Sepco designated the James
Lime as a drilling objective, mapped the James Lime, and marked at least one of its maps in
places that coincided with Helfand‘s sweet spots. Sepco launched an ambitious leasing program
that included the James Lime. Although Helfand‘s sweet spots cover only a miniscule portion of
the 2.5 million acres included in her five county study, most of Sepco‘s leases were in or very
close to the prime locations she had designated. The more than eighty successful James Lime
wells that began to appear in 2007 were in or near Helfand‘s sweet spots. The drilling of the
James Lime wells began after an interval normally required to implement a drilling program
conceived in 2005.      Sepco could not produce a body of independent research remotely
comparable to Helfand‘s to explain its drilling site selection. The jury would have been justified
in regarding as implausible Sepco‘s explanation that it threw away all copies of such a
significant study in the midst of a large drilling program implementing it.
       We have reviewed the lengthy record. We conclude that it was not unreasonable for the
jury to infer from the circumstances that, during the year following Sepco‘s meeting with
Helfand, Sepco used her data and analysis, not solely to evaluate the Pearson prospects, but to
plan, map, and lease in preparation for a vast James Lime drilling program. It was also not
unreasonable for the jury to infer that the spectacular success of that program, although not
visible till later, related back to and was the product of information Sepco obtained from that
misappropriation. The jury heard the testimony and was in the best position to gauge the
credibility of the witnesses. The jury was entitled to consider the circumstantial evidence, weigh
the witnesses‘ credibility, and make reasonable inferences from the evidence it chose to believe.
See Lozano, 52 S.W.3d at 148-49. The evidence is both legally and factually sufficient to
support the jury‘s finding that Sepco misappropriated Helfand‘s trade secret. Sepco‘s first issue,



                                                20
as it relates to the sufficiency of the evidence to support Helfand‘s trade secret misappropriation
claim, is overruled.


                                      2. THEFT OF A TRADE SECRET
         Sepco also maintains there is no evidence to support the jury‘s finding that Sepco
committed theft of Helfand and Muncey‘s trade secret.
Applicable Law
         A person commits theft of a trade secret if, without the owner‘s consent, he knowingly
(1) steals a trade secret, (2) makes a copy of an article representing a trade secret, or (3)
communicates or transmits a trade secret. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 31.05(b) (West 2011).
―Steal‖ means to acquire property or service by theft. Id. § 31.01(7) (West 2011). A person
commits theft if he unlawfully appropriates property with intent to deprive the owner of
property. Id. § 31.03(a) (West 2011). Appropriation is unlawful if it is without the owner‘s
effective consent. Id. § 31.03(b)(1) (West 2011). Consent is not effective if it is induced by
deception or coercion. Id. § 31.01(3)(A) (West 2011). ―Deprive‖ means


          (A) to withhold property from the owner permanently or for so extended a period of time that a
              major portion of the value or enjoyment of the property is lost to the owner;
          (B) to restore property only upon payment of reward or other compensation; or
          (C) to dispose of property in a manner that makes recovery of the property by the owner
              unlikely.


Id. § 31.01(2) (West 2011). The defendant‘s intent to deprive the owner of the property must
exist at the time the property was taken. Wirth v. State, 361 S.W.3d 694, 697 (Tex. Crim. App.
2012).
         The definition of ―trade secret‖ in the penal code is consistent with its definition in the
civil context. Compare TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 31.05(a)(4) (West 2011) with In re Bass, 113
S.W.3d at 739. Under the Texas Theft Liability Act, a person who sustains damages resulting
from the unlawful appropriation of property proscribed by penal code Section 31.05 may recover
actual damages, attorney‘s fees, and additional damages not to exceed $1,000.00. TEX. CIV.
PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 134.005(a)(1), (b) (West 2011).                        Actual damages are those
recoverable at common law. Beaumont v. Basham, 205 S.W.3d 608, 619 (Tex. App.–Waco
2006, pet. denied).


                                                      21
Discussion
        The trial court charged the jury as follows:


        A person commits theft of a trade secret if, without the owner‘s effective consent he knowingly:
                 (1) steals a trade secret; or
                 (2) communicates or transmits a trade secret.



        Helfand and Team Works voluntarily delivered the data and analysis that constituted a
trade secret to Sepco under the confidentiality agreement. Helfand strenuously insists that her
consent was not effective, because it was procured by an elaborate and sinister scheme contrived
for that purpose. However, we have found no evidence in the record from which it might
reasonably be inferred that Sepco tricked Helfand and Team Works into making the February 15,
2005 presentation so that it could steal Helfand‘s proprietary data. Rather, the record shows that
before February 15, 2005, Sepco was reluctant to entertain a James Lime venture while Team
Works was eager to secure Sepco‘s participation because of Sepco‘s size, expertise, and activity
in the area.
        Sepco returned all the materials to Helfand. There is no evidence that it ―deprived‘ her of
her trade secrets as ―deprived‖ is defined in the penal code. Nor is there any evidence that on or
before February 15, 2005, Sepco had the requisite intent to deprive her of her trade secret. There
is also no evidence that Sepco communicated or transmitted Helfand‘s trade secret.
        The jury‘s finding that Sepco committed theft of Helfand‘s trade secret has no support in
the record. Sepco‘s first issue, as it pertains to that finding, is sustained.


                                         3. BREACH OF CONTRACT
        In its answer to Question No. 11 of the court‘s charge, the jury found that Sepco failed to
comply with the provisions of the confidentiality agreement. In Question No. 12, the court asked
the jury to determine the damages to Helfand and Muncey from that breach considering only the
value of the trade secret to Helfand and Muncey.
        Sepco attacks the jury‘s finding that it breached the confidentiality agreement. Sepco
emphasizes that, under the confidentiality agreement, it had three obligations: (1) to use the
confidential information solely for the evaluation of the Pearson prospects, (2) not to disclose
that information to third parties, and (3) not to acquire any leases within the Pearson boundaries
                                                        22
without giving Team Works the right of first refusal.           Sepco insists it fulfilled all three
obligations.
       We       have   already addressed     Sepco‘s    challenge    to   Helfand‘s    common      law
misappropriation of trade secret claim. We explained our conclusion that there was evidence
from which the jury might reasonably have inferred that, during the one year term of the
agreement, Sepco‘s use of the confidential information went beyond an evaluation of the Pearson
prospects.      Instead, Sepco misused that information to plan an ambitious and almost
unbelievably successful James Lime development.           The jury‘s finding that Sepco failed to
comply with the provisions of the confidentiality agreement is supported by the evidence.
Sepco‘s first issue, as it pertains to Helfand‘s breach of contract claim, is overruled.


                                     STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS
       In its second issue, Sepco maintains that Helfand and Muncey‘s claims of
misappropriation and theft of a trade secret are barred by limitations.
Applicable Law
       ―Statutes of limitations begin to run when facts come into existence that authorize a
claimant to seek a judicial remedy.‖ Exxon Corp., 348 S.W.3d at 202. A person must bring suit
for misappropriation of a trade secret no later than three years after the misappropriation is
discovered or by the exercise of reasonable diligence should have been discovered. TEX. CIV.
PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 16.010(a) (West 2002). The discovery rule, here incorporated in the
statute, tolls limitations until a claimant learns or in the exercise of reasonable diligence should
have learned of a wrongful injury. PPG Indus. v. JMB/Houston Ctr., 146 S.W.3d 79, 93 (Tex.
2004). Thereafter, limitations begins to run ―even if the claimant does not know (1) the specific
cause of the injury, (2) the party responsible for it, (3) the full extent of it, or (4) the chances of
avoiding it.‖ Id. at 93–94. The discovery rule requires a plaintiff to seek information about her
injuries and their cause once she learns facts that would make a reasonably diligent person seek
such information. Childs v. Haussecker, 974 S.W.2d 31, 47 (Tex. 1998). Tolling of the
limitations statute ends when the party claiming the benefit of the discovery rule learns of facts
or circumstances that would cause a reasonable person to make inquiry leading to the discovery
of a cause of action. Pirtle v. Kahn, 177 S.W.3d 567, 571 (Tex. App.–Houston [1st Dist.] 2005,
pet. denied).

                                                  23
        The start of the limitations period may be determined as a matter of law if reasonable
minds could not differ about the conclusion to be drawn from the facts in the record. Childs, 974
S.W.2d at 44. However, inquiries such as when a plaintiff discovered or should have discovered
the cause of her injury or whether a particular plaintiff exercised due diligence in discovering it
are questions of fact. Id. The same is true when the statute is tolled by fraud. Stonecipher’s
Estate v. Butts Estate, 591 S.W.2d 806, 809 (Tex. 1979).
        Limitations is an affirmative defense, and the party relying on it has the burden of
pleading limitations and proving it at trial. TEX. R. CIV. P. 94.
Discussion
        Helfand filed suit against Sepco on February 17, 2009. Therefore, Sepco had the burden
of proving that Helfand knew or should have known of her wrongful injury before February 17,
2006.
        Helfand testified that she first learned of Sepco‘s misappropriation in January 2009
through discovery undertaken when this suit was focused on other entities. At that time, she
began a review of the wells Sepco had drilled or participated in during the previous two years.
She discovered that Sepco had drilled or participated in drilling scores of James Lime wells in or
near her sweet spots.
        Helfand‘s focus was the James Lime.           The primary object of her research was to
determine those locations most favorable to gas production by horizontal drilling in that
formation. Her analysis led her to nineteen sweet spots, later reduced to ten. She had last dealt
with Sepco in 2005 when she solicited Sepco‘s participation in a James Lime well in the Pearson
prospects – one of her sweet spots. She shared her comprehensive knowledge of the James Lime
throughout the five counties to enhance the credibility of her methodology.
        Helfand knew that Sepco had not drilled a James Lime well before her February 2005
presentation, although they were active in the area, chiefly in the Cotton Valley and the Travis
Peak formations. She knew they had drilled a Travis Peak well in one of her sweet spots. When
she received no positive response from Sepco within a month and a half after the February 15,
2005 presentation, she began the ultimately successful negotiations to sell the Pearson prospects
to Petrohawk.
        Sepco cites several emails Helfand sent in May 2005 when she was trying to provide
Petrohawk with the information it requested in a May 4, 2005 meeting. She was frustrated by

                                                 24
Sepco‘s failure to return all the materials provided Sepco at the February presentation. In one
email, she said, ―I fear that the concepts and methodology that I have spent years in developing
are now being used by entitled parties.‖ In others, she said, ―I told Leon something was wrong,‖
and ―[i]t was becoming obvious to me that something was not right.‖ She worried that Sepco
had been provided ―sufficient color-coded, cross-referenced material to completely map the
Pettet, Travis Peak and James . . . .‖ On May 2005, only days after these emails, Sepco returned
all the materials with assurances that it retained nothing.
       After its February 2005 meeting with Helfand, Sepco continued drilling in the Cotton
Valley and the Travis Peak. According to Sepco‘s evidence, it did not complete a James Lime
well until after October 2007. Thereafter, Sepco embarked upon an intensive drilling program in
the James Lime in locations that matched Helfand‘s sweet spots.    Helfand   was    aware    that
Sepco had the opportunity to misappropriate her data and analysis when she made her
presentation on February 5, 2005. The same risk accompanied any presentation to sell the
Pearson prospects. She was understandably angry and frustrated with Sepco‘s tardiness in
returning all of her material and the resulting delay in closing the Petrohawk deal. She received
the material within a few days with Sepco‘s assurance that they had kept nothing. Helfand was
entitled to rely on this assurance. See Al Parker Sec. Co. v. Owen, 1 S.W.2d 271, 272 (Tex.
Comm‘n App. 1928, judgm‘t adopted). Despite her expressed fear and frustration with the
return of all the materials, Helfand had no objective reasonable basis for further inquiry into
Sepco‘s conduct.
       If Helfand had determined to make further inquiries before October 2007, her
investigation would have disclosed absolutely nothing. The pattern of wells in the sweet spot
locations would not have been evident until much later. Sepco‘s declaration of the James Lime
as a drilling objective was an internal matter. Sepco drilled no James Lime well until October
2007, well within the limitation period. The pattern of James Lime wells clustered in her sweet
spot locations would not be apparent for many months thereafter. Inquiry would not have
disclosed ‖wrongful‖ injury.
       There is no evidence in the record that conclusively demonstrates Helfand knew or
should have known that Sepco had misappropriated her trade secret before February 16, 2006,
three years before she sued Sepco. The jury was entitled to rely on Helfand‘s testimony that she
discovered the misappropriation in January 2009.

                                                 25
        Sepco‘s second issue is overruled.


                                EXCLUSION OF PRIOR PLEADINGS
        In its third issue, Sepco contends the trial court erred in excluding Helfand‘s prior
pleadings in which she accused sixteen parties other than Sepco of conspiring against her to steal
her trade secrets.
Standard of Review and Applicable Law
        The decision to admit or exclude evidence lies within the trial court‘s sound discretion.
Bay Area Healthcare Grp., Ltd. v. McShane, 239 S.W.3d 231, 234 (Tex. 2007). A trial court
abuses its discretion if it acts in an arbitrary or unreasonable manner or without reference to
guiding rules or principles. See Bowie Mem’l Hosp. v. Wright, 79 S.W.3d 48, 52 (Tex. 2002).
An appellate court must sustain the trial court‘s ruling if there is any legitimate basis for the
ruling. Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corp. v. Malone, 972 S.W.2d 35, 43 (Tex. 1998).
        To obtain reversal of a judgment based on the trial court‘s error in excluding or admitting
evidence, the complaining party must show that the error probably resulted in an improper
judgment. Interstate Northborough P’ship v. State, 66 S.W.3d 213, 220 (Tex. 2001). TEX. R.
APP. P. 44.1(a)(1). An appellate court must review the entire record to determine whether the
excluded evidence resulted in the rendition of an improper judgment. Interstate Northborough
P’ship, 66 S.W.3d at 220. The trial court‘s error in the exclusion of evidence generally will not
be reversible unless the excluded proof is ―controlling on a material issue.‖ Gee v. Liberty Mut.
Fire Ins. Co., 765 S.W.2d 394, 396 (Tex. 1989).
        ―All relevant evidence is admissible, except as otherwise provided by Constitution, by
statute, by these rules, or by other rules prescribed pursuant to statutory authority.‖ TEX. R.
EVID. 402. ―Relevant evidence‖ means evidence having any tendency to make the existence of
any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action more probable or less probable
than it would be without the evidence. TEX. R. EVID. 401. Relevant evidence may be excluded
―if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of
the issues, or misleading the jury, or by considerations of undue delay, or needless presentation
of cumulative evidence.‖ TEX. R. EVID. 403.
        Abandoned or superseded pleadings are admissible against the pleader as admissions by a
party–opponent. TEX. R. EVID. R. 801(e)(2); Bay Area Healthcare, 239 S.W.3d at 235. Such

                                                26
pleadings are admissible even if they are not inconsistent with the party‘s position at trial. Id.
Although qualifying as party admissions, they must be relevant and must not transgress other
rules of evidence that may limit their admissibility. Id.
Discussion
         Sepco points to Helfand‘s allegations in six petitions that the various entities she had sued
―had extensive business connections among themselves,‖ ―spun a web of illegal and wrongful
actions to capture Mrs. Helfand‘s valuable trade secrets‖ through ―intertwined actions‖ making
them all ―jointly and severally liable‖ for all her alleged damages. Sepco stresses that Helfand
accused virtually everyone who had helped her in her efforts—partners, land bank members, and
investors—of disloyalty, breach of fiduciary duty, incompetence, or theft. Sepco insists the
allegations in the superseded or abandoned pleadings bear on her credibility as well as on the
issue of whether disclosure had vitiated her trade secret‘s protected status.
         Standing alone and unamplified, the superseded pleadings offer but slight proof bearing
on the determinative issues. But their introduction would have served to suggest that Helfand
was suspicious, litigious, and generally undeserving. The insinuation that one is litigious or
claims–minded is inflammatory and unfairly prejudicial. Austin Road Co. v. Ferris, 492 S.W.2d
64, 74 (Tex. Civ. App.–Fort Worth 1973, writ ref‘d n.r.e.). The allegations in the prior pleadings
could not reliably detract from Helfand‘s credibility unless further evidence showed them to be
false or unfounded. This would have invited trials within an already lengthy trial in order to
litigate matters not otherwise relevant. Undue delay would have been almost unavoidable.
         Moreover, the introduction of the superseded pleadings would have risked distracting the
fact finder from the issues by provoking speculation regarding the disposition or settlement of
the cases against the former defendants.
         Sepco saw advantage in using the superseded pleadings to portray Helfand as
quarrelsome and litigious. However, the trial court did not keep the jury ignorant of Helfand‘s
contentiousness. Sepco attributes the jury‘s ―exoneration‖ of Leon Wells to evidence that
Helfand was ―critical‖ of her partner, Grimes. There was evidence that she accused her partner,
Wells, of fraud; that she accused the ―land bank‖ (the group who funded her leasing) of conduct
―resulting in the loss of the most valuable asset,‖ causing a ―land-bank revolt‖; and that she was
critical of all the ―companies who have worked . . . on either her methodology or the James
Lime.‖

                                                  27
       The lone authority Sepco cites to support its position, Caffe Ribs v. State, is inapposite.
328 S.W.3d 919 (Tex. App.–Houston [14th Dist.] 2010, no pet.).                 Caffe Ribs was a
condemnation case. Id. at 921. The State‘s value witness was allowed to testify that the subject
property was contaminated with hazardous materials and its value diminished. Id. at 925.
However, the trial court excluded evidence of a highly relevant Environmental Remediation
Agreement in which the landowner‘s predecessor in title had agreed to pay the cost of
remediation. Id. at 927. The court of appeals reversed and remanded. Id. at 933. Caffe Ribs
did not involve an abandoned or superseded pleading.
       The slight probative value and minimal relevance of the excluded pleadings was
substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues and undue
delay. See TEX. R. EVID. 403. The trial court did not abuse its discretion in excluding the
pleadings. Sepco‘s third issue is overruled.


                                        CHARGE ERROR
       In its fourth issue, Sepco complains of multiple errors in the jury charge.
Standard of Review and Applicable Law
       The trial court‘s decision to submit or refuse to submit a particular jury charge is
reviewed for abuse of discretion. See Shupe v. Lingafelter, 192 S.W.3d 577, 579 (Tex. 2006).
The question on appeal is whether the charge was reasonably necessary to enable the jury to
reach a proper verdict. See id. A proper instruction must (1) assist the jury, (2) accurately state
the law, and (3) find support in the pleadings and the evidence. Columbia Rio Grande Health
Care, L.P. v. Hawley, 284 S.W.3d 851, 855-56 (Tex. 2009).
       If the reviewing court finds error in the charge, it must examine the pleadings, evidence,
and the entire charge to determine if the error was harmful. Island Recreational Dev. Corp. v.
Republic of Tex. Sav. Ass’n, 710 S.W.2d 551, 555 (Tex. 1986).        The error is reversible only if
it was reasonably calculated to cause and probably did cause the rendition of an improper
judgment. Id.; see also TEX. R. APP. P. 44.1.
Discussion
       Sepco complains that the trial court ―erroneously defined two types of fraud.‖ We need
not address this issue, however, because we have already determined that there is insufficient
evidence to support Helfand‘s fraud claim. The issue should not have been submitted.

                                                28
       Sepco also contends that the trial court erred in failing to submit or in submitting various
instructions in the jury charge and in including Muncey in the charge.


                                      1. DRAINAGE INSTRUCTION
       Sepco requested the following instruction setting out its obligation to protect its royalty
owners from drainage:


       An oil and gas company owes its royalty owners protection from drainage. The oil and gas
       company must protect those royalty owners by performing any act that a reasonably prudent
       operator would perform under similar circumstances, including the drilling of additional wells.


       One of the reasons Sepco offered for its entrance into the James Lime was the success of
the Cabot well in which it had a 15% interest. It contended that it was thereafter obligated to
begin drilling the James Lime because its leases abutted other Cabot leases. It offered no proof
of an actual duty to protect from drainage or that a reasonably prudent operator would have
drilled an offset well. See Alexander, 622 S.W.2d at 567-68. Its proof consisted of its petroleum
engineer‘s testimony that it ―perhaps‖ drilled ―some‖ wells ―in part‖ to prevent drainage. Most
of Sepco‘s leases in that area (one of Helfand‘s sweet spots) did not abut Cabot‘s leases. The
requested instruction would have placed more emphasis on the alleged drainage risk than it
merited from the evidence. And, as Helfand argues, the potential for drainage from its leases
adjoining Cabot could hardly explain ―why, out of the myriad possible locations in a multi-
county James Lime play, Sepco‘s wells landed in Helfand‘s sweet spots.‖                        The requested
instruction would not have assisted the jury.


                                       2. CONSENT INSTRUCTION
       Sepco also requested the court to instruct the jury that Helfand consented to Sepco‘s use
of her trade secret after the one year term of the confidentiality agreement. Their proposed
instruction reads as follows:


       You are instructed that Helfand consented to any use of the information shared pursuant to the
       Confidentiality Agreement after February 14, 2006 by agreeing that ―the Agreement shall
       terminate and be of no further force and effect twelve (12) months following the Effective Date.‖




                                                      29
       The requested instruction appears simply to state the converse of Sepco‘s covenant to use
the confidential information solely for the evaluation of the Pearson prospects during the term of
the agreement. But the requested instruction‘s emphasis on Helfand‘s consent can perhaps
suggest the agreement gave greater latitude in the use of Helfand‘s secrets than Sepco‘s own
witnesses expressed.
         Matt Williams was the Sepco geologist present at the February 15, 2005 meeting with
Team Works and one of the architects of Sepco‘s James Lime drilling program. The following
exchange took place during the cross examination of Matt Williams:


                Would it be a fair statement to say that Southwestern‘s [Sepco‘s] policy with regard to
       confidential information presented pursuant to confidentiality agreement is that upon the
       expiration of 12 months or the stated period of the agreement, that [Sepco] is free to use this
       information?

       Williams: . . . . I guess I‘m saying we do not view ourselves as being just free to do whatever we
       want after that month period, you know.



       The confidentiality agreement restricted Sepco‘s use of Helfand‘s trade secret to the
evaluation of the Pearson prospects. It may reasonably be inferred from the evidence that Sepco,
during the twelve months following the agreement‘s execution, used Helfand‘s trade secret as the
basis to declare the James Lime as a drilling objective, to map the James Lime, and to mark its
maps with Helfand‘s sweet spots. It began a leasing program that targeted Helfand‘s sweet
spots, acquiring a substantial number of leases during the twelve months following the
agreement‘s execution. The agreement should not be interpreted to allow Sepco, impressed with
the validity of Helfand‘s information, to use it, not solely for the evaluation of the Pearson
prospects, but to plan and lay the groundwork for a vast James Lime development to be
implemented later when resources became available. Nor should Sepco escape liability because
the plan‘s final fruition, the completion of the wells, did not occur until after the anniversary of
the agreement. The requested issue was unnecessary. The trial court did not abuse its discretion
in refusing to submit the instruction.


                                       3. DAMAGES INSTRUCTION
       Next, Sepco contends the trial court erred in not submitting an issue that required the
jury, in assessing damages, to ―consider only those profits that were earned as a result of uses or

                                                      30
disclosures occurring between February 15, 2005, and February 15, 2006.‖                      Damages in
misappropriation of trade secret cases are not necessarily calculated from or restricted to the
defendant‘s profits. See, e.g., Univ. Computing Co. v. Lykes–Youngstown Corp., 504 F.2d 518,
535 (5th Cir. 1974). The trial court did not err in refusing the instruction.


                               4. “IMPROPER MEANS” INSTRUCTION
       Sepco complains that the trial court abused its discretion by instructing the jury that a
trade secret can be misappropriated by any means that are ―wrongful‖ in any way.                       The
instruction stated that ―[a] defendant misappropriates a trade secret if he discloses or uses it
[after] (1) the defendant learns about the trade secret through improper means.‖ ―Improper
means‖ was then defined, as follows:


       ―Improper means‖ are actions that fall below the generally accepted standards of commercial
       morality and reasonable conduct. Improper means of acquiring another‘s trade secrets include
       theft, fraud, breach of confidence, and other means either wrongful in themselves or wrongful
       under the circumstances of the case.


       There was no dispute that Helfand disclosed her proprietary information to Sepco
pursuant to the confidentiality agreement. Except for the initial sentence in the definition,
―[i]mproper means are actions that fall below the generally accepted standards of commercial
morality and reasonable conduct,‖ the definition comes from the Restatement (Third) of Unfair
Competition Section 43 (1995). The initial sentence of the charge definition was unnecessary.
But its inclusion in the instruction was harmless.


                           5. “BREACH OF CONFIDENCE” INSTRUCTION
       Sepco contends further that the trial court erred in instructing the jury that ―[a] defendant
misappropriates a trade secret if . . . (2) the defendant‘s disclosure or use of the trade secret
constitutes a breach of confidence reposed in him. . . .‖ The charge then defines ―breach of
confidence‖ to include breach of an ―implied obligation.‖ More particularly, the instruction
states that ―‗[b]reach of confidence‘ means that the person making the disclosure is violating an
express promise of confidentiality OR an implied obligation pursuant to a fiduciary or
confidential relationship.‖ The record clearly shows Sepco‘s express promise of confidentiality.
But no fiduciary or other implied confidential relationship existed between Sepco and Helfand.

                                                    31
That part of the instruction defining breach of confidence to include breach of an implied or
fiduciary obligation was superfluous, and the trial court erred in submitting it over Sepco‘s
objection. However, we have reviewed the pleadings, the evidence, and the balance of the
charge, and we conclude that the harm, if any, did not result in an improper judgment.


                                       6. INCLUSION OF MUNCEY
        Finally, Sepco complains that Muncey should not have been included in the jury charge.
Muncey was not a party to Team Works‘ confidentiality agreement, he had no relationship,
fiduciary or otherwise, with Sepco, and there was no evidence of fraudulent acts by Sepco
against Muncey. Nevertheless, under the charge submitted, the jury awarded both Muncey and
Helfand damages for breach of fiduciary duty, fraud, and breach of the confidentiality
agreement. Since we have sustained Sepco‘s challenge to Helfand‘s and Muncey‘s recovery on
those three theories of liability, we need not address Sepco‘s complaints regarding the apparent
―incoherence‖ of awarding Muncey damages based on causes of action Muncey did not have.
        However, Muncey‘s testimony that he owned a 20% share in the trade secret was
uncontradicted. We have upheld Helfand and Muncey‘s claim of misappropriation of a trade
secret. Because Muncey owned a share of the trade secret, he is entitled to recover his damages
from Sepco for its misappropriation.
        Sepco‘s fourth issue is overruled.


                                                 DAMAGES
        In its fifth issue, Sepco argues that the evidence does not support the jury‘s finding of
$11,445,000 in actual damages. Sepco also contends that the testimony of Helfand‘s damages
expert should have been excluded and that the award of damages for breach of contract was
improper.
Trade Secret Misappropriation Damages
        Damages in trade secret cases can take a variety of forms. The variety of approaches
demonstrates the ―flexible and imaginative‖ methods employed. Univ. Computing, 504 F.2d at
538.1 The methods used to calculate damages include the value of the plaintiff‘s lost profits,


        1
            University Computing was decided under the Georgia law of trade secrets. The factors originally
articulated in the Restatement of Torts Section 757 (1939) are the foundation for both Georgia and Texas law on

                                                      32
Jackson v. Fontaine’s Clinics, Inc., 499 S.W.2d 87, 89-90 (Tex. 1973); the defendant‘s actual
profits from the use of the secret, Elcor Chem-Corp. v. Agri-Sul, Inc., 494 S.W.2d 204, 214
(Tex. Civ. App.–Dallas 1973, writ ref‘d n.r.e.); the value that a reasonably prudent investor
would have paid for the trade secret, Precision Plating & Metal Finishing Inc. v. Martin-
Marietta Corp., 435 F.2d 1262, 1263-64 (5th Cir. 1970); the development costs the defendant
avoided by the misappropriation, Univ. Computing, 504 F.2d at 535-36; and a ―reasonable
royalty,‖ Elcor Chem. Corp., 494 S.W.2d at 214.                Courts adjust the measure of damages to
accord with the commercial setting of the injury, the likely future consequences of the
misappropriation, and the nature and extent of the defendant‘s use of the trade secret. Univ.
Computing, 504 F.2d at 538.              ―Each case is controlled by its own peculiar facts and
circumstances.‖ Id. (quoting Enterprise Mfg. Co. v. Shakespeare Co., 141 F.2d 916, 920 (6th
Cir. 1944)).
        Loss to Plaintiff
        In some instances, courts have attempted to measure the value of the trade secret
misappropriated by the loss to the plaintiff. See, e.g., Jackson, 499 S.W.2d at 89–90. In most
cases, except for the change in their competitive positions, the defendant has used the secret to
his advantage with no obvious effect on the plaintiff. Id. The value of what has been lost by the
plaintiff is usually measured by lost profits. Id. However, the plaintiff can seldom establish a
specific injury such as lost sales and lost profits with the reasonable certainty required. Id. at
536. In the absence of such proof, the loss to the plaintiff is not helpful in calculating the value
of the trade secret. Id.
        Value to Defendant
        Where the plaintiff is unable to prove a specific injury, and the value of the trade secret
has not been destroyed, the accepted approach measures the value of the misappropriated trade
secret to the defendant, expressed as ―the benefits, profits, and advantages‖ gained by the
defendant in the use of the trade secret. Id. (quoting Int’l Indus., Inc. v. Warren Petroleum, 248
F.2d 696, 699 (3d Cir. 1957)). The law looks to the time when the misappropriation occurred to
determine what the value of the misappropriated secret would be to a defendant who believes he
can utilize it to his advantage, provided he does in fact put the idea to commercial use. Id.

trade secrets. Additionally, other courts deciding cases under Texas law have relied on University Computing. See
e.g., Garth v. Staktek Corp., 876 S.W.2d 545, 548 (Tex. App.–Austin 1994, writ dism‘d w.o.j.), and Metallurgical
Industries, Inc. v. Fourtek, Inc., 790 F.2d 1195, 1199 (5th Cir. 1986).

                                                       33
Where profits can be proved from the trade secret‘s use, the defendant‘s actual profits are used in
the calculation of damages. Id. However, a lack of profit from his misappropriation and use of
the secret will not exempt the wrongdoer from liability in the amount of the trade secret‘s value
when it was misappropriated. Id.
       Reasonable Royalty
       To calculate the trade secret‘s value to the defendant in the absence of proof of the
plaintiff‘s loss, courts adopt the fiction that a license or royalty was to be granted at the time of
the misappropriation. Id. at 537. The court then determines what the parties would have agreed
upon for the use of the trade secret at the time the misappropriation took place if both had been
reasonably trying to reach an agreement. Id. (quoting Egry Register Co. v. Standard Register
Co., 23 F.2d 438, 443 (6th Cir. 1928)); see also Fourtek, 790 F.2d at 1208.
       The use of a ―reasonable royalty‖ in the calculation of damages in trade secret
misappropriation cases was borrowed from patent infringement cases. See generally, e.g., Egry
Register Co. v. Standard Register Co., 23 F.2d 438 (6th Cir. 1928). In Egry Register, the
defendant made and sold cash registers that in part used the plaintiff‘s device to roll paper
through the machine. Id. at 439. At trial, the plaintiff was awarded the defendant‘s total profits
on all sales of machines using the plaintiff‘s device. Id. The court held that this was an
improper measure of damages since the plaintiff‘s device was but a small component of the
infringing defendant‘s machine.        Id. at 441. There was no evidence from which an
apportionment of the profits attributable to the invention could be shown. Id. at 442. The court
concluded that damages based upon a reasonable royalty offered the most equitable method of
determining the portion of the defendant‘s profits that should be credited to the plaintiff‘s
invention. Id. ―To adopt a reasonable royalty as the measure of damages is to adopt . . . the
fiction that a license was to be granted at the time of the beginning of the infringement, and then
to determine what the license price should have been.‖ Id. at 443. ―In fixing a reasonable
royalty, the primary inquiry . . . is what the parties would have agreed upon, if both were
reasonably trying to reach an agreement.‖ Id.
       The measure of value adopted will vary with the nature of the secret as well as other
factors. In another patent case, Georgia-Pacific Corp. v. United States Plywood Corp., 318
F.Supp. 1116 (S.D.N.Y. 1969), mod. and aff’d, 446 F.2d 295 (2d Cir. 1971), the court set out
fifteen factors considered in other leading cases in determining a reasonable royalty. Id. at 1120.

                                                 34
In most cases, the Georgia-Pacific method attempts to set a percentage royalty rate, which is
then multiplied by the dollar amount of infringing sales to calculate the dollar amount of
―reasonable royalty‖ damages. Several of the factors listed are particularly germane to our case.


         1.     The royalties received by the patent owner for the licensing of the patent in suit, proving or
                tending to prove an established royalty;

         2.     The rates paid by the license for the use of other patents comparable to the patent in suit;

         ....

         11. The extent to which the infringer has made use of the invention, and any evidence probative of
         the value of that use;

         12. The portion of the profit or of the selling price that may be customary in the particular
         business or in comparable businesses to allow for the use of the invention or analogous inventions;

         13. The portion of the profit that should be credited to the invention as distinguished from non-
         patented elements, the manufacturing process, business risks, or significant features or
         improvements added by the infringer.


Georgia-Pacific Corp., 318 F.Supp. at 1120.
         ―Reasonable royalty‖ does not necessarily mean a simple percentage of the defendant‘s
profits on actual sales; instead, it is intended to measure the actual value of what has been
misappropriated. Fourtek, 790 F.2d at 1208.
         The fact finder‘s task is simplified and a more exact appraisal possible if the parties
previously have agreed tentatively on a licensing price as in Vitor Corp. v. Hall Chemical Co.,
292 F.2d 678, 682 (6th Cir. 1961), where an ―agreement in principle‖ established the amount of
the royalty, or if some industry standard provides a clear measure. Univ. Computing, 504 F.2d
at 539. Some degree of speculation is inherent in a calculation relying on a hypothetical
licensing agreement. Alcatel USA, Inc. v. Cisco Sys., Inc., 239 F.Supp.2d 660, 669 (E.D. Tex.
2002).
         Discussion
         Helfand called Keith Selinger, a reservoir engineer with forty-five years of experience in
the oil and gas industry, to testify to the total net revenues Sepco could reasonably be expected to
gain from its exploitation of Helfand‘s trade secret.                     He was then asked what fraction or
percentage of those total revenues should be apportioned to Helfand as the value of what Sepco



                                                             35
gained from its misappropriation.      The resulting calculation, Selinger testified, represented
Helfand‘s damages.
        Selinger first testified that the total accrued revenues from 144 Sepco wells previously
identified as drilled in Helfand‘s sweet spots amounted to $382 million. In order to calculate the
present value of the projected revenue from those wells, Selinger relied on the production history
of each well as reported to the Texas Railroad Commission and the reported prices for oil and
gas. He calculated the production decline curve for each well to estimate future production using
a method standard in the industry for ninety years. Selinger deducted severance and ad valorem
taxes and monthly operating expenses that varied with the depth of the well. He discounted the
value of future proceeds to arrive at the present value of projected revenues.
        Selinger calculated that part of past and projected revenues representing Sepco‘s gain
from its misappropriation attributable to Helfand‘s trade secret, as distinguished from those
revenues referable to Sepco‘s own contribution of risk capital, equipment, expertise, and other
elements. In doing so, he applied the percentage compensation formula used in Helfand‘s
prospect identification agreement with Petrohawk. That agreement primarily provided that
Helfand would receive, on those prospects she designated for Petrohawk, a 3% overriding
royalty interest and 6.25% ―back in‖ interest after payout that might vary depending on the
royalty burden borne by the well. Selinger calculated 3% of the total net revenues. He then
determined the projected payout of the wells and applied 6.25% to the revenues after payout.
Selinger added these figures to arrive at damages from the 144 wells of $35,338,877.
        Selinger testified that Helfand was also entitled to 3% of Sepco‘s $355 million sale of the
deep rights under its Exxon leases to Exco. Helfand‘s damages related to the sale of the deep
rights (Haynesville and Bossier Shale), Selinger testified, were $10.65 million. According to
Selinger, Helfand‘s total damages amounted to $45,988,877.
        During cross examination, Selinger conceded that the Reavley No. 1 well should not have
been included in his calculations.
        The jury found damages of $11,445,000. It is apparent that the jury reached this figure
by calculating 3% of the revenues of $381.5 million accrued, an amount only slightly lower than
the $382 million that Selinger testified had been reported already to the Railroad Commission at
the time of trial.



                                                36
       Sepco assails Selinger‘s testimony as suffering from too many unfounded assumptions,
inconsistencies with known facts, and bald assertions. The sum of his testimony is so unreliable,
it argues, that it amounts to no evidence.
       Sepco claims that Selinger did not know his case, because, in a pretrial report, his damage
calculation had included many wells unrelated to Helfand‘s claim. Selinger acknowledged in his
direct testimony that Helfand‘s attorneys designated the 144 wells he evaluated in making his
damage calculation. Although it provided grist for the cross examiner‘s mill, Selinger‘s revision
of his pretrial report to delete twenty-nine wells included in error does not invalidate the report
introduced at trial or his trial testimony. It was not Selinger‘s job to designate the wells Sepco
located through misuse of Helfand‘s trade secret. Helfand identified the subject wells with
exhibits that matched each well with a sweet spot.
       Sepco next attacks Selinger‘s use of Helfand‘s agreement with Petrohawk as the source
for the damage formula for the wells in all five counties, although the Petrohawk agreement did
not cover Cherokee and San Augustine Counties. Sepco points out that the price for mineral
rights varies from county to county. Sepco faults Selinger for not explaining why the same
formula was applicable to the Cherokee and San Augustine wells.
       Prices paid for minerals and leases may vary widely from place to place and from county
to county. However, Selinger‘s calculations were based on revenue from actual production and
would not vary with the price paid for mineral rights or leases. Selinger‘s task was to calculate
the ―benefits, profits, or advantages‖ Sepco gained using Helfand‘s trade secret. He did this by
applying a percentage equivalent to an established ―reasonable royalty‖ in the industry to the
present value of net revenues in order to arrive at the value of Helfand‘s information to Sepco.
The Petrohawk agreement, like other prospect identification agreements in the industry, provided
that Helfand would be paid out of actual revenues, if any. If the prospects she identified were
unsuccessful, she would not be paid. The Petrohawk compensation formula was obviously
applicable to all the counties and needed no explanation.
       Sepco also claims that Selinger used the wrong formula.                Helfand‘s Prospect
Identification Agreement with Petrohawk provided two compensation formulas, one for
prospects she found, and the other if Petrohawk located the prospect. If Helfand found the
prospect, she received a variable overriding royalty interest in production (that averaged 3%)
and a 6.25% percent ―back in‖ working interest. If Petrohawk found the prospect, Helfand

                                                37
received only the option to buy a 6.25% working interest. Sepco claims it found the prospects it
drilled and completed, and therefore Selinger erred in using a formula that assumed Helfand
identified the prospects. However, Helfand claimed that Sepco‘s well locations in her sweet
spots were the product of her research and analysis. The jury agreed with her.
       Next, Sepco insists that Selinger erred in his damages calculation in assuming a percent
of revenues equivalent to a 3% overriding royalty since the Petrohawk agreement provided that
the size of Helfand‘s override could vary depending on existing royalty burdens. However,
Helfand had previously testified that, under the agreement, she had received, on average, a 3%
overriding royalty interest.
       Sepco attacks the reliability of Selinger‘s damages calculation, because he assumed that
Sepco had a 100% working interest in all the subject wells. During cross examination, Sepco‘s
attorney asked Selinger if he was aware that Sepco owned only 36% of the Fincher-Schwartz No.
2 well. Selinger conceded he was not aware of that. Selinger also admitted that he had included
the Reavley No. 1 well in his damage model, although Helfand‘s own testimony showed that
Sepco drilled the Reavley No. 1 before she met with Sepco. Other than counsel‘s question
regarding the Fincher Schwartz No. 2, there is no mention in the testimony that Sepco owned
less than all the working interest in the other wells. Selinger‘s error in the inclusion of the
Reavley No. 1 in his damage calculation was not so serious as to render the balance of his
testimony unreliable.
       In his testimony, Selinger calculated damages of 3% of the $355 million sale of deep
rights to Exco, the equivalent of a 3% overriding royalty. Sepco argues that this demonstrates
the unreliability of Selinger‘s testimony, because an overriding royalty owner is paid only from
production and not from the sale or assignment of rights under the lease. It is clear that Helfand
would never receive an overriding royalty in the deep rights sold to Exco. Selinger employed a
figure corresponding to a 3% overriding royalty (a percent of gross revenue taken before
expenses) as a reasonable royalty on the proceeds of the sale in order to ascertain what, in his
opinion, was the portion of the sales price attributable to Sepco‘s misuse of Helfand‘s data and
methodology. It should be apparent that ―royalty,‖ as used in the term ―reasonable royalty‖ for
the measurement of damages for trade secret misappropriation, has little relationship to the
definition of the word ―royalty‖ in the dictionary.



                                                 38
       Stacked-pay potential was an important consideration in Helfand‘s methodology. But the
proof connecting Helfand‘s trade secret with Sepco‘s acquisition of the Exxon leases and the
subsequent sale of the underlying deep rights was tenuous, at best. It is evident from the jury‘s
verdict that the jurors did not believe that any of the proceeds from the sale of the deep rights
were a benefit Sepco derived from Helfand‘s secrets. Therefore, Sepco‘s challenge to this aspect
of Selinger‘s testimony is largely irrelevant.
       In assessing Helfand‘s damage, the jury calculated 3% of the undisputed accrued
revenues from the wells reported to the Railroad Commission. Three percent was well within the
3% overriding royalty and 6.25% ―back in‖ working interest identified by Selinger and
elsewhere in the record as a ―customary and reasonable‖ compensation in the industry for
prospect identification.
       In his calculation of Helfand‘s damages referable to the 144 wells in Helfand‘s sweet
spots, Selinger‘s method was based on sound accounting and reservoir engineering.               To
apportion the amount of the present value of past and projected future revenues attributable to
Sepco‘s use of Helfand‘s trade secret, he applied a ―reasonable royalty‖ established in industry
practice.    See Univ. Computing, 504 F.2d at 539.       The Petrohawk prospect identification
agreement that he used as a model used the same percentages, involved the same trade secret and
stacked-pay formations, and was contemporaneous with Sepco‘s misappropriation.
       Sepco‘s fifth issue, as it applies to the damages for misappropriation of a trade secret, is
overruled.
Breach of Contract Damages
       Although Sepco breached the confidentiality agreement, there is nothing in the record
showing that Helfand sustained a specific injury from the breach. She sold the Pearson prospects
to Petrohawk for a substantial sum. There is no evidence of opportunities lost or losses sustained
attributable to Sepco‘s breach. The measure of damages Selinger employed (defendant‘s gain)
was proper in calculating Helfand‘s tort damages for misappropriation of her trade secret. But it
is not the appropriate measure of contract damages. ―Where a right of action for breach of
contract exists, compensatory damages will be given for the net amount of the losses caused or
gains prevented in excess of savings made possible. . . .‖ 5 ARTHUR LINTON CORBIN, CORBIN ON
CONTRACTS § 992 (1964) (quoting RESTATEMENT, CONTRACTS § 329).                 In the absence of



                                                 39
evidence that Helfand sustained loss or was denied gain by Sepco‘s breach, there is no basis for
the jury‘s finding of damages for Sepco‘s breach of the confidentiality agreement.
       Sepco‘s fifth issue, as it relates to damages for breach of contract, is sustained.


                                           DISGORGEMENT
       In its sixth issue, Sepco contends the trial court erred in ordering it to pay Helfand and
Muncey $23,888,000 as disgorgement in the addition to the $11,445,000 in actual damages
found by the jury.
       Courts may fashion equitable remedies such as profit disgorgement to remedy a breach of
fiduciary duty. ERI Consulting Eng’rs, Inc. v. Swinnea, 318 S.W.3d 867, 873 (Tex. 2010).
However, the confidentiality agreement between Helfand and Sepco did not create a fiduciary
relationship.   Nor did a fiduciary relationship arise out of the circumstances attending the
agreements‘ execution. Sepco owed no fiduciary duty to Helfand. Therefore, the disgorgement
award was improper.
       Sepco‘s sixth issue is sustained.


                                   HELFAND’S CROSS-APPEAL
       In one cross-issue, Helfand contends the trial court erred by failing to properly assess all
of Sepco‘s ill-gotten gains, basing its disgorgement award on erroneous numbers, and denying a
constructive trust. Since we have held that the trial court erred in awarding disgorgement, we
need not address this complaint. See TEX. R. APP. P. 47.1.


                                            CONCLUSION
       For the reasons set forth above, that part of the judgment awarding Helfand and Muncey
$23,888,000 as disgorgement of illicit gains is reversed and judgment rendered that Helfand and
Muncey take nothing as disgorgement. The award of actual damages, insofar as it is based on
the jury‘s findings of breach of fiduciary duty, fraud, breach of contract, and theft of a trade
secret is reversed and judgment rendered that Helfand and Muncey take nothing under those
theories of recovery.   The award of $11,445,000 to Helfand and Muncey as damages for
misappropriation of a trade secret is affirmed. The case is remanded to the trial court for the



                                                 40
determination and award of attorney‘s fees to Sepco as the prevailing party under the Texas
Theft Liability Act. In all other respects, the judgment is affirmed.


                                                               BILL BASS
                                                                  Justice


Opinion delivered July 10, 2013.
Panel consisted of Worthen, C.J., Hoyle, J., and Bass, Retired Justice, Twelfth Court of Appeals,
sitting by assignment.




                                                   (PUBLISH)




                                                         41
                              COURT OF APPEALS
           TWELFTH COURT OF APPEALS DISTRICT OF TEXAS
                                      JUDGMENT

                                         JULY 10, 2013


                                    NO. 12-11-00370-CV

                SOUTHWESTERN ENERGY PRODUCTION COMPANY,
                             Appellant/Cross-Appellee
                                        V.
                   TOBY BERRY-HELFAND AND GERY MUNCEY,
                            Appellees/Cross-Appellants

_____________________________________________________________________________
                      Appeal from the 123rd Judicial District Court
                   of Shelby County, Texas. (Tr.Ct.No. 06CV-29005)
_____________________________________________________________________________

                      THIS CAUSE came to be heard on the oral arguments, appellate record
and the briefs filed herein, and the same being considered, because it is the opinion of this court
that there was error in the judgment of the court below,
                      It is ORDERED, ADJUDGED and DECREED by this court that the
portion of the judgment awarding Appellees, TOBY BERRY-HELFAND AND GERY
MUNCEY, $23,888,000 as disgorgement of illicit gains is reversed and judgment is rendered
that Appellees, TOBY BERRY-HELFAND AND GERY MUNCEY, take nothing as
disgorgement. The award of actual damages, insofar as it is based on the jury‘s findings of
breach of fiduciary duty, fraud, breach of contract, and theft of trade secrets is hereby reversed
                                                42
and judgment rendered that Appellees, TOBY BERRY-HELFAND AND GERY MUNCEY,
take nothing under those theories of recovery.
       It is further ORDERED, ADJUDGED and DECREED THAT the judgment be reversed
and the cause remanded to the trial court for the determination and award of attorney‘s fees to
Appellant, SOUTHWESTERN ENERGY PRODUCTION COMPANY; in all other respects,
the judgment is affirmed; and that all costs of this appeal are hereby adjudged one-half against
the Appellant, SOUTHWESTERN ENERGY PRODUCTION COMPANY, and one-half
against the Appellees, TOBY BERRY-HELFAND AND GERY MUNCEY, in accordance
with the opinion of this court; and that this decision be certified to the court below for
observance.
                      Bill Bass, Justice.
                      Panel consisted of Worthen, C.J., Hoyle, J., and Bass, Retired Justice, Twelfth Court of
                      Appeals, sitting by assignment.




                                                    43
