                                                           FILED
                                                        Apr 16 2012, 9:13 am

FOR PUBLICATION                                                 CLERK
                                                              of the supreme court,
                                                              court of appeals and
                                                                     tax court




ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT:                       ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE:

GILDA W. CAVINESS                             GREGORY F. ZOELLER
Caviness Law Office, LLC                      Attorney General of Indiana
Rushville, Indiana
                                              ANDREW R. FALK
                                              Deputy Attorney General
                                              Indianapolis, Indiana




                             IN THE
                   COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

ANTHONY L. COLE                               )
                                              )
      Appellant-Defendant,                    )
                                              )
             vs.                              )      No. 73A01-1107-CR-310
                                              )
STATE OF INDIANA,                             )
                                              )
      Appellee-Plaintiff.                     )


                     APPEAL FROM THE SHELBY CIRCUIT COURT
                          The Honorable Jack A. Tandy, Judge
                             Cause No. 73C01-1010-FA-12


                                    April 16, 2012


                             OPINION - FOR PUBLICATION


FRIEDLANDER, Judge
       Following a jury trial, Anthony Cole was convicted of Burglary1 as a class A felony;

Robbery2 as a class B felony; Criminal Confinement3 as a class B felony; Intimidation with a

Deadly Weapon,4 a class C felony; Theft5 as a class D felony; Criminal Gang Activity6 as a

class D felony; and Carrying a Handgun Without a License,7 a class A misdemeanor.

Thereafter, Cole admitted to being a Habitual Offender.8 Inclusive of the habitual offender

enhancement, the trial court sentenced Cole to an aggregate sentence of fifty years. On

appeal, Cole presents the following issues for our review:

       1.      Is the evidence sufficient to support Cole’s conviction for class D
               felony criminal gang activity?

       2.      Do Cole’s convictions for burglary, robbery, criminal confinement,
               intimidation with a deadly weapon, theft, and carrying a handgun
               without a license violate the double jeopardy clause of the Indiana
               Constitution?

       3.      Is Cole’s habitual offender enhancement proper?

       We affirm in part, reverse in part, dismiss in part, and remand.

       Jerry Ayers stopped smoking in 1992. Since that time, Ayers would accumulate one-

and five-dollar bills as his non-smoking savings. Ayers folded the bills in half and kept the

money in varying bunches, each wrapped with colored rubber bands. Ayers stored all of his

cash savings in this manner and kept the money in a safe in his garage. Years later, Ayers

began having some medical issues, so he started selling marijuana. Ayers purchased the


1
  Ind. Code Ann. § 35-43-2-1 (West, Westlaw current through 2011 1st Regular Sess.).
2
  Ind. Code Ann. § 35-42-5-1 (West, Westlaw current through 2011 1st Regular Sess.).
3
  I.C. § 35-42-3-3 (West, Westlaw current through 2011 1st Regular Sess.).
4
  Ind. Code Ann. § 35-45-2-1 (West, Westlaw current through 2011 1st Regular Sess.).
5
  I.C. § 35-43-4-2 (West, Westlaw current through 2011 1st Regular Sess.).
6
  I.C. § 35-45-9-3 (West, Westlaw current through 2011 1st Regular Sess.).
7
  Ind. Code Ann. § 35-47-2-1 (West, Westlaw current through 2011 1st Regular Sess.).

                                                  2
marijuana from Robbie McColley. Ayers kept his money from the sale of marijuana in his

bedroom, separate from his non-smoking savings. Ayers estimated that he had as much as

$8000 in his bedroom, but did not know how much cash he had in his safe in the garage other

than to say it was a “great deal more” than $20. Transcript at 266. Ayers also owned two

guns and a holster that he kept in his safe in the garage.

          McColley had been to Ayers’s home numerous times and knew of the location of the

safe in Ayers’s garage. On one occasion, McColley introduced Ayers to a man Ayers knew

only as Blade. Blade’s real name is Edward LeFlore. McColley brought LeFlore to Ayers’s

home the previous winter so LeFlore could inquire about buying a car from Ayers. Ayers

had never before met Cole, the defendant in this case.

          In October 2010, Ayers and his step-daughter, Lisa Boswell, lived at Ayers’s home in

Fairland, Indiana. On October 4, 2010, Ayers was away from the home, but Boswell was

there with her twenty-one-year-old step-daughter, Katina. That evening, Boswell was in the

kitchen cleaning while Katina was in another room watching television. Around 8:00 p.m.,

the women heard a loud noise and then saw Cole kick through the front door. Cole and a

second individual barged through the door and Cole identified himself and the second

intruder as police officers, and, while pointing a gun, ordered Boswell and Katina to lie face

down on the floor. Cole and the second individual were dressed in black and both were

wearing black shirts that said “Police” or “K-9 Unit” on them. Transcript at 343. They were

also wearing ski masks and black gloves. The women described Cole, the first intruder

through the door, as a stocky black man, “a big, broad guy” with “great big arms” and a calm

8
    Ind. Code Ann. § 35-50-2-8 (West, Westlaw current through 2011 1st Regular Sess.).
                                                    3
demeanor. Id. at 305. The women described the second individual through the door as a

“tall, slender guy” who had a loud voice and an active demeanor. Id. at 304.

       Boswell did not immediately comply with Cole’s command, so Cole came across the

living room and stood close to Boswell, pointed the gun at her, and again ordered her to lie

on the floor. Boswell complied with Cole’s second command, and then Cole patted her

down, asked if she had anything on her, and tied her hands behind her back with zip ties.

The second intruder went to Katina and helped her to the floor. When Cole finished securing

Boswell’s hands behind her back, he moved to Katina and secured her hands behind her back

with zip ties. Cole told Boswell and Katina to keep their faces down and not look up. Cole

was acting like a police officer and seemingly talking to other officers on a radio reporting

that the house was secure so other officers could enter.

       The second intruder went to the back of the house and looked in all of the rooms while

asking if anyone else was in the home. He then went into Ayers’s room and Boswell and

Katina could hear him making a lot of noise as he was ransacking Ayers’s room.

       While the second intruder was in Ayers’s room, Cole, who was standing over Boswell

and had a gun against the back of her head, commented on the fact that there was “an awfully

big safe” in the garage. Id. at 308. Cole questioned Boswell about the contents of the safe

and then asked her for the combination. Cole eventually was able to open the safe. During

this time, the women heard sirens approach and then fade. Cole acted calm as if they were

expected. Cole then left the house with a bag over his shoulder that contained contents from

the garage safe, and the second intruder also left the house with a large bag full of items from

Ayers’s room. As they were leaving, the intruders told the women to “keep your face on the

                                               4
floor. We’re bringing in the K-9s.” Id. at 346. Boswell estimated that the men were in the

home for fifteen to twenty minutes.9

       After the men left, Boswell was able to free herself from the zip ties and then she

helped remove the zip ties from Katina’s hands. The two women then left the home and

quickly walked to a neighbor’s home where police were called. A detective who spoke with

Boswell and Katina noted that they each had “little indents and red marks” around their

wrists where the zip ties had been used to secure their hands behind their backs. Id. at 324.

The marks became lighter as time went on.                Photographs were taken of the marks

approximately six hours after the incident.

       After speaking with police, Boswell and Katina were permitted to return to the home

and collect some personal belongings. When they went inside, Boswell noted that her step-

father’s room had been “demolished.” Id. at 325. No other room in the house had been torn

apart in the same manner, even though Boswell’s purse was out in the open in her bedroom.

Other than the large safe in the garage, little else in the house had been touched.

       Meanwhile, Sergeant Louie Koch, a K-9 officer with the Shelby County Sheriff’s

Department, was on patrol in the area when he came across a stranded vehicle. Sergeant

Koch discovered that the car’s owner lived nearby, so he went to the owner’s residence,

going by Ayers’s residence on his way. Sergeant Koch learned that the owner of the

stranded vehicle was on his way back to fix the car, so Sergeant Koch headed back toward

Interstate 74, at which time he encountered a dark SUV stopped in the roadway with its lights


9
 On this particular night, there were only two emergency calls to the area: Sergeant Koch’s request for
assistance in his pursuit of the fleeing vehicle that had been parked outside of Ayers’s home, and the

                                                  5
off in front of Ayers’s home. The SUV was not in the roadway when Sergeant Koch passed

by just minutes earlier. Sergeant Koch activated his emergency lights, but the driver, later

identified as LeFlore, drove away with quick acceleration. Sergeant Koch initiated a vehicle

pursuit and called for back-up assistance. After a short pursuit, LeFlore stopped the vehicle

in the middle of the road and fled from the vehicle, running north into a wooded area.

Sergeant Koch found a black ski-mask outside the driver’s side door LeFlore had just exited.

       Sergeant Koch described the fleeing suspect as a black male wearing a white tank top,

and black pants and shoes. Sergeant Koch identified himself as a K-9 officer and ordered

LeFlore to stop. After Sergeant Koch lost sight of LeFlore, he returned to the SUV, made

sure no one else was inside, and secured it. He then retrieved his K-9 and continued his

search for LeFlore. The K-9 followed a “really strong track” along which Sergeant Koch

spotted a white tank top in the middle of a field. Id. at 408. As his search continued, Koch

found a black t-shirt with the word “Police” on it and he advised a crime scene technician as

to its location. Id. at 409. LeFlore was apprehended later that evening after someone

reported seeing a black male was walking down Pumpkin Vine Road. LeFlore was wearing

only his undershorts, had smudges of dirt on his back, shoulders, and legs, and his feet were

bleeding.

       Sheriff Michael Bowlby responded to Sergeant Koch’s call for assistance after

LeFlore fled in the SUV. As Sheriff Bowlby exited I-74 he observed a black male, later

identified as Cole, walking in front of an old convenience store that had closed. Cole was

dressed in dark clothing with clearly visible orange or red embroidery on both the shirt and


subsequent report of the home invasion/robbery at Ayers’s home.
                                                  6
pants. Given the report that two black men had held two women at gunpoint, Sheriff Bowlby

secured Cole while other officers patted him and placed him in handcuffs. Cole was calm,

but sweaty despite the cool temperature of that night. Officers found in Cole’s pocket seven

bundles of folded money, each of them banded together with colored rubber bands and

totaling $563. Cole explained to the officers that his car had broken down on the interstate as

he was headed to the nearby casino. Sheriff Bowlby searched for a broken-down car as

described by Cole and never discovered one and was not aware of anyone else finding a car

similar to that described by Cole. During a search of the area, officers discovered a number

of items, including ear covers, a black stocking cap, brown work gloves, and a wig behind

the convenience store where Cole was apprehended. A shirt marked with “K-9” was found

in a nearby yard.

       In the days following the incident, additional items were found by private citizens, and

police were called to collect the evidence. Pants and boots were found in a nearby barn and a

suitcase, safe, and two handguns and a holster were found in another neighbor’s yard. The

safe contained a large amount of money in bundles of ones, fives, and twenties, totaling

$6,832. An eleven-year-old boy found brown gloves and a shirt with “police” written on it in

a culvert near his yard. Another neighbor boy found a gun in his yard, which he fired into

the air thinking it was a cap gun. The items were submitted to the Indiana State Policy

Laboratory for testing. The results of the testing directly linked LeFlore to several items

found following the incident (i.e., one of the handguns, a brown glove, and a shirt marked

with “Police” that was found in the SUV). The items found behind the convenience store

where Cole was apprehended were not submitted for DNA analysis.

                                              7
        A search of the SUV from which LeFlore fled revealed a Motorola cell phone with the

batteries out, a black bag containing a handgun, ammunition, a Blackberry with the batteries

out, and an LG Verizon cell phone with its batteries out. An examination of the Blackberry

revealed that it contained pictures of LeFlore and his girlfriend and an entry for “Amp” with

the same telephone number that was associated with the Motorola cell phone. Cole was also

known as “Amp.”

        On October 8, 2010, the State charged Cole with burglary, robbery, criminal

confinement, intimidation with a deadly weapon, theft, criminal gang activity, and carrying a

handgun without a license. The State also included four enhancements to the underlying

charges.10 A jury trial was held May 10-12, 2011, at the conclusion of which the jury found

Cole guilty on all counts. Cole then entered into an agreement in which he admitted his

status as a habitual offender and the State agreed to dismiss the remaining enhancements.

The trial court held a sentencing hearing on June 9, 2011. The trial court sentenced Cole to

twenty years for the burglary conviction, twenty years for robbery, twenty years for criminal




10
  The enhancements included a habitual offender allegation, carrying a handgun without a license with a
prior conviction, carrying a handgun without a license after a felony conviction, and criminal gang activity.

                                                     8
confinement, eight years for intimidation, three years for criminal gang activity, and one year

for carrying a handgun without a license, with all of the sentences to run concurrently. The

trial court enhanced the burglary sentence by thirty years as a result of Cole’s status as a

habitual offender, for an aggregate sentence of fifty years.

                                              1.

       Cole argues that the evidence is insufficient to support his class D felony conviction

for criminal gang activity. Cole’s challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence centers on

what Cole perceives to be a lack of evidence that he was affiliated with a criminal gang. Our

standard of review for challenges to the sufficiency of the evidence is well settled.

       When reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence needed to support a criminal
       conviction, we neither reweigh evidence nor judge witness credibility. Henley
       v. State, 881 N.E.2d 639, 652 (Ind. 2008). “We consider only the evidence
       supporting the judgment and any reasonable inferences that can be drawn from
       such evidence.” Id. We will affirm if there is substantial evidence of
       probative value such that a reasonable trier of fact could have concluded the
       defendant was guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. Id.

Bailey v. State, 907 N.E.2d 1003, 1005 (Ind. 2009).

       To sustain Cole’s conviction for criminal gang activity, the State’s evidence must have

proved beyond a reasonable doubt that Cole “knowingly or intentionally actively

participat[ed] in a criminal gang.” See I.C. § 35-45-9-3. A “criminal gang” is defined as

follows:

       [A] group with at least three (3) members that specifically:
              (1) either:
                      (A) promotes, sponsors, or assists in; or
                      (B) participates in; or
              (2) requires as a condition of membership or continued membership;
       the commission of a felony or an act that would be a felony if committed by an
       adult or the offense of battery (IC 35-42-2-1).

                                              9
I.C. § 35-45-9-1 (West, Westlaw current through 2011 1st Regular Sess.).

       Cole asserts without any citation to authority that characterizing what constitutes a

criminal gang as “more than two individuals . . . charged as co-defendants in a felony case

would surely be contrary to the legislative intent of the statute imposing penalties for gang

activity.” Appellant’s Brief at 8. Cole further maintains that the State did not prove beyond a

reasonable doubt that more than two individuals were involved on the night in question.

       We disagree with Cole on both counts. First, the statute defining what constitutes a

criminal gang requires only, as pertinent here, that “a group with a least three (3) members . .

. assist[ed] in or participate[d] in the commission of a felony.” See I.C. 35-45-9-1. The

legislative intent is clear from the language of the statute. We will not impose an unwritten

requirement that there be proof of formal “gang” affiliation.

       Further, the State presented sufficient evidence that Cole knowingly and intentionally

participated in a criminal gang by joining with two other men to burglarize, rob, criminally

confine, and intimidate Boswell and Katina. Specifically, the State’s evidence established

that Cole and another (uncharged) individual forced their way into Ayers’s home and that

they did so with intent to commit a felony. Given the timing of events, it is clear that a third

individual, LeFlore, was outside in a getaway vehicle and that he was confronted by and fled

from Sergeant Koch while Cole and the second intruder were still engaged in the burglary,

robbery, and other related offenses inside Ayers’s home. Items found inside the vehicle from

which LeFlore fled were similar to and consistent with items used by Cole and the second

intruder during the home invasion thus linking LeFlore to the events of the evening.


                                              10
       To the extent Cole challenges the evidence as conflicting, we note that “[i]t is the

function of the trier of fact to resolve conflicts in testimony and to determine the weight of

the evidence and the credibility of the witnesses.” Maxwell v. State, 731 N.E.2d 459, 462

(Ind. Ct. App. 2000), trans. denied. The jury was properly instructed on the elements of the

crime of criminal gang activity and what constitutes a criminal gang. The jury was entitled to

weigh the State’s evidence and could have reasonably inferred that three men were involved

on the night in question.

                                               2.

       Cole argues that his convictions for burglary, robbery, criminal confinement,

intimidation with a deadly weapon, theft, and carrying a handgun without a license violate

state double jeopardy principles.

       Our Supreme Court has established a two-part test for analyzing state double jeopardy

claims. According to that test, multiple offenses are the same offense in violation of article 1,

section 14, “if, with respect to either the statutory elements of the challenged crimes or the

actual evidence used to convict, the essential elements of one challenged offense also

establish the essential elements of another challenged offense.” Richardson v. State, 717

N.E.2d 32, 49 (Ind. 1999). Cole raises his claim under the actual evidence test. Thus, we

must determine whether there is a reasonable possibility that the evidentiary facts used by the

jury to establish the essential elements of one offense may also have been used to establish

all of the essential elements of the other offense. See Davis v. State, 770 N.E.2d 319 (Ind.

2002); Spivey v. State, 761 N.E.2d 831, 833 (Ind. 2002) (“the Indiana Double Jeopardy Clause is

not violated when the evidentiary facts establishing the essential elements of one offense also

                                               11
establish only one or even several, but not all, of the essential elements of a second offense”)

(emphasis supplied). In determining what facts were used to support each conviction, we

will consider the evidence, charging information, final jury instructions, and arguments of

counsel. Rutherford v. State, 866 N.E.2d 867 (Ind. Ct. App. 2007).

        Having reviewed the record, we conclude that Cole is correct that his convictions for

robbery and theft violate double jeopardy principles. The actual evidence relied upon by the

State to support the robbery conviction also establish the essential elements of the theft

conviction. We therefore remand to the trial court with instructions to vacate Cole’s

conviction for class D felony theft.11

        With regard to Cole’s remaining convictions, we conclude that the actual evidence

used to support each of them was separate and distinct and therefore, we find no double

jeopardy violations. To be sure, the State relied on testimony that established that Cole

forced his way into Ayers’s home with the intent to commit a felony therein. The crime was

elevated to a class A felony because Cole entered Ayers’s home while armed with a deadly

weapon (i.e., a handgun) and inflicted bodily injury on Boswell when he used zip ties to

secure her hands behind her back. Cole’s intent to commit a felony was clear given that he

entered by subterfuge wearing a mask, and wore clothing that indicated, and acted as if, he




11
 The trial court entered a judgment of conviction for theft, but imposed no sentence thereon, finding that it
merged with the burglary and robbery convictions.

                                                     12
was a police officer.

        The robbery conviction is supported by evidence that Cole took property by force

while using a deadly weapon. Specifically, the State presented evidence that Cole held a gun

against the back of Boswell’s head and demanded the combination to Ayers’s safe. Once

Cole succeeded in opening the safe, he removed several thousand dollars in cash and at least

two handguns.

        The criminal confinement conviction was established by evidence that Cole, while

armed with a handgun, ordered Boswell and Katina to lie on the floor and then he secured

their hands behind their backs with zip ties.

        The State proved the intimidation conviction with evidence that Cole communicated a

threat to Boswell and Katina when, while armed with a deadly weapon, he ordered them to

remain on the floor and not look up as he and the second intruder exited the house. Katina

was so frightened that she hoped she would be killed first so that she would not have to

experience any harm that might be inflicted upon Boswell (her step-mother).

        Contrary to Cole’s argument, his conviction for carrying a handgun without a license

was not based upon the evidence that he committed several offenses while armed with a

deadly weapon. The State relied upon evidence that Cole carried a handgun on his person

away from his home or place of business. Cole not only carried his handgun to the crime

scene and used it during the commission of the crimes, he also carried it as he left the crime

scene. Cole also removed two handguns from Ayers’s safe and took them with him when he

left.

        During closing arguments, the State carefully differentiated between the evidence that

                                                13
proved the essential elements of the different crimes for which Cole was convicted.

Although some of the evidence was used in establishing one or more of the elements of

several crimes, in no instance was all of the same evidence used to establish all of the

essential elements of two separate crimes. Because each of Cole’s convictions was based on

different evidentiary facts, his convictions do not violate double jeopardy principles.

                                              3.

       Cole challenges the validity of his status as a habitual offender, arguing that it is

contrary to law. Specifically, Cole argues that his prior convictions for possession of

marijuana do not qualify as prior, unrelated felony offenses capable of supporting his status

as a habitual offender.

       After the jury returned its guilty verdicts on the underlying offenses, but prior to the

start of the second phase of the trial on the matter of Cole’s status as a habitual offender and

other enhancements, Cole submitted to the court a written document entitled “Agreement on

Admission of Habitual Offender Enhancement.” Appellant’s Appendix at 141. In it, Cole

admitted to being a habitual offender and the State agreed to dismiss three other

enhancements, including carrying a handgun without a license with a prior conviction,

carrying a handgun without a license after a felony conviction, and criminal gang activity.

The trial court held a guilty-plea-type hearing, advising Cole of his rights and confirming that

Cole was knowingly and voluntarily waving his rights. Cole then admitted that he had

accumulated two prior, unrelated felony convictions for possession of marijuana or hashish

and a prior, unrelated felony conviction for theft.

       Cole is challenging the validity of his status as a habitual offender after he pleaded

                                              14
guilty to such enhancement and is not challenging the trial court’s exercise of sentencing

discretion. In Tumulty v. State, 666 N.E.2d 394 (Ind. 1996), our Supreme Court addressed

the issue of whether a defendant could directly appeal the trial court’s acceptance of a guilty

plea to a habitual offender allegation on the ground that such lacked a factual basis. The

Court noted that one consequence of pleading guilty is restriction of the ability to challenge

the conviction on direct appeal. The Court found this restriction applicable to claims such as

that raised by the Tumulty, thus treating a habitual offender adjudication following a guilty

plea in the same manner as a conviction. The Court held that the vehicle for relief in such

situations is found in Ind. Post-Conviction Rule 1. Because Cole admitted to his status as a

habitual offender, his challenge is not subject to review on direct appeal. Cole’s argument in

this regard is dismissed.12

        Judgment affirmed in part, reversed in part, dismissed in part, and remanded.

RILEY, J., and MATHIAS, J., concur.




12
  Cole’s reliance upon Weiss v. State, 903 N.E.2d 557 (Ind. Ct. App. 2009), trans. denied, is unavailing. The
procedural posture of Weiss was an appeal following the denial of Weiss’s petition for post-conviction relief,
not a direct appeal challenge to the validity of his status as a habitual offender following a guilty plea. In this
vein, Weiss does not conflict with Tumulty.

                                                        15
