                       NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
                               File Name: 17a0120n.06

                                           No. 16-1758

                          UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                                 FILED
                               FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT                               Feb 22, 2017
                                                                               DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                                )
                                                         )
       Plaintiff-Appellee,                               )
                                                         )
                                                                 ON APPEAL FROM THE
               v.                                        )
                                                                 UNITED STATES DISTRICT
                                                         )
                                                                 COURT FOR THE EASTERN
SONNY LAMARR PHILLIPS,                                   )
                                                                 DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN
                                                         )
       Defendant-Appellant.                              )
                                                         )




BEFORE: CLAY, SUTTON, and GRIFFIN, Circuit Judges.

       GRIFFIN, Circuit Judge.

       Defendant Sonny Phillips appeals his conditional guilty-plea conviction for felon-in-

possession on grounds that the district court erred in denying his motion to suppress. We affirm.

                                                 I.

       Shortly before 10 p.m. on September 8, 2014, three Detroit police officers were on

routine patrol. They were on the lookout for possible vehicle thefts and saw Sonny Phillips

walking alongside cars parked in the street. Their interest piqued, the officers activated their

spotlights on Phillips. As Phillips walked past them, they slowed to a stop and saw the handle of

a black handgun protruding from his pocket. With their interest now turning to suspicion, the

officers got out of their patrol car to investigate, but before they could say a word, Phillips took

off running. The officers gave chase, ordering Phillips to stop. Moments into the pursuit,
No. 16-1758, United States v. Phillips


Phillips’s gun fell from his pocket. Phillips left it behind and continued running. One of the

officers, however, did not. He stopped and recovered the firearm while his partners pursued

Phillips, eventually tracking him down and arresting him.

       Facing a charge of felon-in-possession, defendant moved to suppress the firearm as fruit

of an unlawful seizure. The district court denied the motion. Defendant later agreed to plead

guilty on the condition he could appeal the motion-to-suppress decision. He now appeals.

                                                II.

       An indispensable element to any Fourth Amendment challenge is a “search” or

“seizure”—without one or the other, there can be no Fourth Amendment violation. Raising the

latter type of claim, Phillips contends he was unreasonably seized when police exited their

vehicles, requiring suppression of the firearm recovered as a result of that constitutional

violation. A Fourth Amendment seizure occurs only when an officer (1) “applies physical force

to restrain a suspect” or (2) uses a “show of authority” that actually causes the suspect to submit.

United States v. Jeter, 721 F.3d 746, 751–52 (6th Cir. 2013) (quotation omitted). A suspect who

flees from police is not “seized” in either sense of the word. See California v. Hodari D.,

499 U.S. 621, 626 (1991). Thus, as the Supreme Court held long ago, when a fleeing suspect

sheds evidence before being apprehended, as defendant did in this case, it is not the product of a

“seizure” and thus no violation of the Fourth Amendment to collect and use that evidence against

him. Id. at 629.

       Defendant acknowledges Hodari D.’s controlling presence in this case, but he offers two

ways to distinguish it. First, he contends that the officers did not have reasonable suspicion to

believe he was engaged in criminal activity in the first place (after all, it is not necessarily a

crime to own and carry a firearm, see, e.g., U.S. Const. amend. II; M.C.L. § 750.227(2)), thereby


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No. 16-1758, United States v. Phillips


tainting any evidence seized after that point. But, as defendant concedes, we rejected this

argument in United States v. Martin. 399 F.3d 750, 753 (6th Cir. 2005) (holding that Hodari D.

applies “even if the attempted seizure or show of authority constitutes police misconduct”); see

also Hodari D., 499 U.S. at 623 n.1 (assuming a Terry violation prior to the suspect’s flight).

       Defendant also argues that Hodari D. is inapplicable because he inadvertently dropped

his weapon, as opposed to “intentionally abandoning” it as Hodari D. did. Hodari D. makes no

such distinction. Quite to the contrary, Hodari D. relied on Hester v. United States, 265 U.S. 57

(1924), which used “abandon[]” to refer to both throwing away and dropping items. Id. at 58;

see Hodari D., 499 U.S. at 629 (citing Hester, 265 U.S. at 58). Moreover, this court has

previously applied Hodari D. to unintentionally relinquished contraband. See United States v.

Britton, 335 F. App’x 571, 575–76 (6th Cir. 2009); United States v. Caldwell, 238 F.3d 424,

2000 WL 1888682, at *7 (6th Cir. 2000) (unpublished table decision). As these cases implicitly

recognize, Hodari D.’s holding pertains to the moment at which a person is seized. We use an

entirely different framework when it comes to effects, see Hodari D., 499 U.S. at 627 n.3, one

that asks whether the owner has a legitimate expectation of privacy in the item, see, e.g., Katz v.

United States, 389 U.S. 347, 361 (1967) (Harlan, J., concurring). And though they use different

reasoning—Caldwell with its discussion of “abandonment” and Britton with its “plain view”

analysis—both cases are grounded in the legitimate expectation-of-privacy maxim.

See Caldwell, 2000 WL 1888682, at *7 (“[T]he question [of abandonment] is whether the person

claiming an interest has an objectively reasonable expectation of privacy with respect to the

property.” (citation omitted)); Britton, 335 F. App’x at 576 (“[U]nder the fourth amendment no

governmental ‘search’ occurs if the place or object examined is publicly exposed such that no

person can reasonably have an expectation of privacy.” (alteration in original) (quoting United


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No. 16-1758, United States v. Phillips


States v. Eubanks, 876 F.2d 1514, 1516 (11th Cir. 1989))).         Following that same Fourth

Amendment lodestar, we hold that Phillips gave up any legitimate expectation of privacy in his

handgun when he dropped it in a public street and left it behind for the world to see. Therefore,

the officer’s seizure of the weapon was not unreasonable. Nor, for the reasons stated in Hodari

D., was it the product of an unreasonable seizure of his person.

                                                III.

       For the foregoing reasons, we affirm.




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