              Case: 15-11595      Date Filed: 07/19/2017     Page: 1 of 26


                                                                      [PUBLISH]


                 IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                          FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                           _________________________

                                   No. 15-11595
                            _________________________

                        D.C. Docket No. 1:12-cv-20700-MGC


ANTHONY RODRIGUEZ,
                                                                     Plaintiff-Appellant,

                                          versus

CITY OF DORAL,
JUAN CARLOS BERMUDEZ,


                                                                  Defendants-Appellees.

                           __________________________

                     Appeal from the United States District Court
                         for the Southern District of Florida
                          __________________________

                                     (July 19, 2017)

Before JORDAN, ROSENBAUM, and SILER, * Circuit Judges.

ROSENBAUM, Circuit Judge:


      *
           The Honorable Eugene E. Siler, Jr., United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth
Circuit, sitting by designation.
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      “A wise man once said a true history of the world is a history of great

conversations in elegant rooms.” 1 Whether or not that may be accurate, a true

history of the United States would be incomplete without a history of great

political conversations, wherever they might have occurred. And great political

conversations could not exist in the absence of the First Amendment. So the First

Amendment generally prohibits government retaliation against a person for

exercising his rights to free speech and association, including supporting the

political party and candidates of his choice.

      In this case, Plaintiff-Appellant Anthony Rodriguez, who was employed as a

police officer with Defendant-Appellee City of Doral, alleges that Doral and its

mayor, Defendant-Appellee Juan Carlos Bermudez, arranged for Rodriguez’s

termination because Rodriguez dared to support Bermudez’s purported political

enemy, City of Doral Councilwoman Sandra Ruiz. Based on this contention,

Rodriguez filed suit under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, claiming violation of his First

Amendment rights.

      Though the district court concluded that Rodriguez had engaged in protected

activity, it nonetheless granted summary judgment for Doral and Bermudez. In the

district court’s view, Rodriguez had not suffered an adverse employment action


      1
        Tyrion Lannister, speaking of himself. “Oathbreaker,” Game of Thrones (2016), as
quoted by http://m.imdb.com/title/tt4131606/quotes?item=qt2914807 (last visited June 20,
2017).
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because he had voluntarily left his position with Doral when he agreed to resign

instead of being fired.

       Though we agree with much of the district court’s analysis, we ultimately

conclude that Rodriguez did not voluntarily leave his employment with Doral but

rather was effectively terminated. For this reason, we now reverse the entry of

summary judgment for Defendants and remand for further proceedings.

                                                I. 2

A. The City of Doral

       The City of Doral is situated in Miami-Dade County and lies one mile from

Miami International Airport. https://www.cityofdoral.com/about/ (last visited June

20, 2017). A relative newcomer to independent city status, Doral was incorporated

as a municipality in 2003.

       In 2007, Doral decided to create its own police department. Towards this

end, it hired Ricardo Gomez as its first chief of police. Gomez served as the chief

during the events that occurred in this case.




       2
          Defendants in this case contest some of the facts as set forth in this section. But for
purposes of our review of the summary-judgment order, we must accept the facts as the plaintiff
portrays them, to the extent that a reasonable jury could find that evidence in the record supports
those alleged facts. Fils v. City of Aventura, 647 F.3d 1272, 1287 (11th Cir. 2011). We likewise
must make “all justifiable inferences” from the facts in the plaintiff’s favor. Id. For this reason,
we do not identify the facts that Defendants controvert where sufficient evidence exists in the
record to allow a reasonable jury to accept Rodriguez’s version.
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      In order to gear up to become operational, the Doral Police Department

needed to hire officers for its police force. So in January 2008, Doral offered and

Plaintiff-Appellant Anthony Rodriguez accepted a position with Doral’s Police

Department. During his tenure with Doral, Rodriguez served as a detective.

      At first, things at the Doral Police Department went along uneventfully for

Rodriguez. But at some point during his service with Doral, Rodriguez began

having difficulties with Gomez—difficulties that Rodriguez attributes to retaliation

against Rodriguez for exercising his First Amendment rights.

B. The Political Backdrop

      Before discussing the nature of Rodriguez’s problems with Gomez, we

pause to provide some background on the alleged intrigue surrounding Doral’s

local politics and Rodriguez’s involvement in them. Rodriguez first met Sandra

Ruiz when he was employed as a police officer for the City of Hialeah. At the

time, Ruiz was a member of the Doral City Council, and she encouraged

Rodriguez to apply for employment with Doral.            Before applying, though,

Rodriguez decided to spend some time learning about how things operated in the

City of Doral, so he began attending Doral City Council meetings. Over time, he

developed a friendship with Ruiz and would walk in public with her to her office.

      During this period, Defendant-Appellee Juan Carlos Bermudez served as

Doral’s mayor.     Rodriguez asserts that Bermudez and Diaz were “political

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enemies.” In support of this contention, Rodriguez notes that Ruiz is a Democrat,

while Bermudez is a Republican. And when Ruiz ran for election to the State

house and later for the Doral City Council, Bermudez supported her opponent on

both occasions.

      Returning to Rodriguez, after Rodriguez began to work for Doral, his

friendship with Ruiz grew into a political affinity for her as well. As a result,

Rodriguez volunteered his time for Ruiz and attended public and private gatherings

with her or for her. He also educated her about issues of importance to law-

enforcement officers and prepared her to speak informedly about law-enforcement

matters at City Council meetings. Rodriguez did these things because he knew that

Ruiz intended to run for mayor at some point, and he wanted to support her in that

endeavor.

C. The Alleged Plan to Target Rodriguez

      Not everyone appreciated Rodriguez’s relationship with Ruiz.           In fact,

Rodriguez points to several pieces of evidence to show that Bermudez had a

problem with Rodriguez because of Rodriguez’s association with Ruiz.

      First, Doral’s city manager, Sergio Purrinos, informed Rodriguez that

Bermudez had told Purrinos not to hire Rodriguez because Bermudez “did not

want . . . Ruiz having a friend in the police department.”




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      Second, Doral Police Department Commander James Montgomery attested

that he overheard a conversation between Bermudez and Gomez in which

Bermudez said in a “very loud, very angry tone” that Gomez “needed to deal with

this ‘asshole Tony,’” or Bermudez would. When Montgomery asked Gomez about

the conversation, Gomez said, “The Mayor wants me to get rid of somebody.” So

Montgomery asked Gomez whether grounds existed to terminate the employee,

and Gomez responded, “Well it doesn’t matter; I’ll take care of the situation.” In a

different conversation between Montgomery and Gomez, Gomez told Montgomery

that Bermudez and Gomez believed that Rodriguez “was passing information to a

city council member.”       Based on these discussions, Montgomery warned

Rodriguez that “he was being targeted.”

      Third, Rodriguez relies on information that Clemente Vera, a friend of

Bermudez’s, had given him. Vera told Rodriguez that Bermudez advised that he

was “giving Tony a hard time because he’s associated with Sandra Ruiz.”

      Fourth, Rodriguez recalled a conversation he had with Gomez during which

Gomez referred to himself as “an evil person and that [Rodriguez] did not want to

see the evil side of him.” During this same discussion, Rodriguez said, Gomez

warned Rodriguez, “It’s your responsibility to be loyal to me and the mayor, and

no one else.” In addition, Gomez explained that Gomez did not want Rodriguez

fired, but Bermudez did.

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      Fifth, Doral Police Department Lieutenant Alfaro opined to Rodriguez that

“the targeting” was “because of [Rodriguez’s] association with Sandra Ruiz.”

      And sixth, Doral Councilman Pete Cabrera advised Rodriguez of a

conversation he had heard between Gomez and Bermudez. According to Cabrera’s

deposition testimony, the conversation occurred in July 2008, after Bermudez

picked up Cabrera in his car. As Cabrera entered the car, he heard Bermudez

having “a very loud, hostile phone conversation” with someone. Since Cabrera

caught only the end of it, he asked Bermudez what the call was about. Bermudez

explained that he was speaking with Gomez about Rodriguez, whom Bermudez

described as “[Ruiz’s] spy in the police department and . . . the one that gets her all

her information.”

      But Bermudez had a plan for dealing with the situation, Cabrera testified.

He instructed Gomez that “[Gomez] better put an F ending to [Rodriguez] or

[Bermudez] w[ould].” Then Bermudez continued, characterizing Ruiz as “an evil

person” and vowing that if she ran for a higher office, “he would make it his

personal mission in life to destroy her.”

D. The Alleged Targeting of Rodriguez

      As proof that the “targeting” was not just talk, Rodriguez relies on four

incidents where he alleges he was, in fact, “targeted.”




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      The first two incidents involve investigations that resulted in what

Rodriguez describes as bogus disciplinary action against him. Of these, the first

concerned Rodriguez’s alleged unauthorized use of his police vehicle for personal

business on the way home from work. At Gomez’s direction, Rodriguez’s direct

supervisor, Sergeant George Gulla, investigated the incident to determine whether

Rodriguez had violated City policy. Gulla determined that Gomez had authorized

Rodriguez to stop at a fitness center on his way home and that Rodriguez had

complied with Department policy by locking his weapons and other valuables in

his police vehicle while he worked out.

      Gomez did not agree with Gulla’s conclusion. So he instructed Gulla to

change the outcome of the report to find that Rodriguez had violated City policy.

Against his will, Gulla did so. Rodriguez received written counseling as a result of

the incident.

      In his capacity as the Internal Affairs investigator, Gulla also conducted the

second investigation.      Rodriguez was accused of having used “improper

procedure” by interfering with a Miami-Dade Police investigation. But after a

“complete investigation,” Gulla concluded that insufficient evidence existed to

sustain the allegations against Rodriguez. So Gulla prepared a report to this effect

and sent it to Gomez. But once again, Gomez took issue with Gulla’s report and




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ordered Gulla to reverse his findings and find Rodriguez “guilty of some policy

violation.” And once again, against his will, Gulla did so.

      The third alleged targeting incident concerned Rodriguez’s December 2008

performance evaluation. Gulla attested that he prepared an evaluation that initially

gave Rodriguez 38 or 39 points out of a possible score of 40.             Before the

evaluation became final, however, Gomez instructed Gulla to remove the narrative

portion of the evaluation describing Rodriguez as “an asset” to the Doral Police

Department and to lower Rodriguez’s score to 34, which was the minimum score

that would still allow Rodriguez to receive a raise. Gomez provided Gulla with no

specific or objective justification for the changes.

      The ultimate alleged targeting incident occurred on January 29, 2009, when

Rodriguez was instructed to go to Gomez’s office. When Rodriguez arrived,

Gomez, Gulla, and Alfaro were present.            Gomez gave Rodriguez a letter

terminating Rodriguez’s employment “effective immediately.” The letter offered

no reason for the termination. And though Doral’s human-resources director,

Jorleen Aguiles, was copied on the letter, she declined to be involved in the

termination process because Gomez refused to disclose to Aguiles any reason for

Rodriguez’s termination.

      Nor would Gomez give Rodriguez a reason for his termination when

Rodriguez asked. Instead, Gomez said, “I don’t have to give you a reason. This is

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an at-will police department. I didn’t sign the termination letter; the city manager

signed the letter.”

       After Gomez informed Rodriguez that he was fired, he then offered

Rodriguez the option to resign instead, allowing Rodriguez five minutes to leave

the room to think about it. Rodriguez used the time to call the Police Benevolent

Association (“PBA”). A staff attorney advised Rodriguez that “it would be easier

to obtain future employment with a resignation on [his] record instead of a

termination.”

       Rodriguez returned to Gomez’s office and after a short time, was presented
                                                            3
with a resignation letter that Doral had prepared.              Rodriguez, who was “very

upset and distraught,” began crying and signed the letter under what he describes

as “duress.” At that time, Rodriguez thought he had no choice. On the day of the

termination, Alfaro opined to Rodriguez that Rodriguez’s termination was

“politically motivated and . . . above [Alfaro’s] payscale.”

       About an hour later, Rodriguez called the PBA again. This time counsel

instructed Rodriguez to prepare a letter rescinding his resignation letter and fax it

to the city manager, so he did. But after Rodriguez submitted it, he received a




       3
         The resignation letter stated, “Effective Immediately, I hereby resign from my position
as Police Officer for the City of Doral Police Department. I would like to take this time to
express my appreciation for the opportunity given to me to serve the City of Doral.”
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letter from City Manager Yvonne Soler-McKinley denying his request to rescind

his letter of resignation.

       Rodriguez attempted to appeal his termination under Doral’s procedures.

Though Rodriguez sent letters to Gulla, Gomez, and Soler-McKinley, Doral denied

all requests to allow him to appeal the termination.

                                         II.

       When Rodriguez’s efforts to appeal his termination came to naught,

Rodriguez filed this case under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, alleging that Doral and

Bermudez violated his First Amendment rights by unlawfully retaliating against

him and terminating his employment after he began “actively and prominently

supporting” Ruiz.      In particular, Rodriguez claimed that Bermudez instructed

Gomez and Soler-McKinley to terminate him because of his political association

with Ruiz.

       Following discovery, Bermudez and Doral each moved for summary

judgment.    The district court granted the motions.     Though the district court

concluded that Rodriguez’s conduct was constitutionally protected and that

dismissal of Rodriguez for reasons of his political affiliation would have violated

Rodriguez’s First and Fourteenth Amendment Rights, it ultimately determined that

Rodriguez’s § 1983 retaliation claim failed. In the district court’s view, Rodriguez




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had voluntarily resigned his position, so he could not establish an adverse

employment action in his retaliation claim.

      Following the entry of summary judgment, Rodriguez filed a motion for

reconsideration under Rule 59(e), Fed. R. Civ. P.           In support of his motion,

Rodriguez first asserted that the district court had resolved a material issue of fact

improperly against him in concluding that Rodriguez had voluntarily resigned his

position. And second, Rodriguez contended that the district court erred as a matter

of law when it determined that he did not suffer an adverse employment action.

The district court denied the motion for reconsideration.

      Rodriguez now appeals both the entry of summary judgment and the denial

of the motion for reconsideration.

                                         III.

      We review de novo the district court’s grant of summary judgment, drawing

all inferences and reviewing all evidence in the light most favorable to the non-

moving party.    Hamilton v. Southland Christian Sch., Inc., 680 F.3d 1316, 1318

(11th Cir. 2012); Crawford v. Carroll, 529 F.3d 961, 964 (11th Cir. 2008). We do

not make credibility determinations or choose between conflicting testimony.

Bozeman v. Orum, 422 F.3d 1265, 1267-68 (11th Cir. 2005) (per curiam),

abrogated on other grounds by Kingsley v. Hendrickson, __ U.S. __, 135 S. Ct.




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2466 (2015). A district court should grant summary judgment only if the movant

establishes the absence of a genuine issue of material fact. Id.

      As for the district court’s denial of Rodriguez’s motion for reconsideration,

we review that for an abuse of discretion. Richardson v. Johnson, 598 F.3d 734,

740 (11th Cir. 2010) (per curiam). A court abuses its discretion if it incorrectly

applies the law. Fla. Ass’n of Rehab. Facilities, Inc. v. State of Fla. Dep’t of

Health and Rehab. Servs., 225 F.3d 1208, 1218 (11th Cir. 2000).

                                          IV.

      “The First Amendment protects political association as well as political

expression.” Elrod v. Burns, 427 U.S. 347, 357 (1976) (plurality opinion) (quoting

Buckley v. Valeo, 424 U.S. 1, 11 (1976) (alteration omitted)). As the Supreme

Court has explained, “[F]reedom to associate with others for the common

advancement of political beliefs and ideas is a form of ‘orderly group activity’

protected by the First and Fourteenth Amendments.”4 Id. (citations and internal

quotation marks omitted). And a person’s right to associate with the political party

of his choice is “an integral part of this basic constitutional freedom.” Id. (citation

and internal quotation marks omitted).

      To ensure that public employees enjoy their right to freedom of political

association, the Supreme Court has held that a government may not fire a public

      4
        The Fourteenth Amendment incorporates the First Amendment’s limitations and makes
them applicable to Defendants. See Elrod, 427 U.S. at 356 n.10.
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employee solely because of his political association or beliefs unless “the hiring

authority can demonstrate that party affiliation is an appropriate requirement for

the effective performance of the public office involved.” Branti v. Finkel, 445

U.S. 507, 518 (1980); see also Elrod, 427 U.S. at 362 (plurality opinion); id. at 375

(Stewart, J., concurring); McKinley v. Kaplan, 262 F.3d 1146, 1149 (11th Cir.

2001) (citing McCabe v. Sharrett, 12 F.3d 1558, 1565-67 (11th Cir. 1994)).

      Here, whether Rodriguez’s political beliefs or his party affiliation is “an

appropriate requirement for the effective performance” of Rodriguez’s duties is not

at issue; the parties agree that these considerations are irrelevant to Rodriguez’s

ability to properly execute his responsibilities as a Doral police detective. So we

must determine whether Rodriguez presented sufficient evidence to allow a

reasonable jury to conclude that Defendants terminated or constructively

discharged him because of his political affiliation with Councilwoman Ruiz, in

violation of Rodriguez’s First and Fourteenth Amendment rights.

      To prevail on a First Amendment political-association claim, a plaintiff must

show that (1) he engaged in constitutionally protected political affiliation or held

constitutionally protected political beliefs, and (2) his protected conduct was a

“substantial or motivating factor” in the decision to take adverse action against the

plaintiff. Holley v. Seminole Cty. Sch. Dist., 755 F.2d 1492, 1500 (11th Cir. 1985)

(citing Mt. Healthy City Bd. of Educ. v. Doyle, 429 U.S. 274, 287 (1977)). If the

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plaintiff meets these requirements, the burden shifts to the employer, who must

demonstrate by a preponderance of the evidence that it would have made the same

employment decision, even had the plaintiff never engaged in the protected

conduct. Id. (citing Mt. Healthy, 429 U.S. at 287; Paschal v. Fla. Pub. Emp’t

Relations Comm’n, 666 F.2d 1381, 1384 (11th Cir.), cert. denied, 457 U.S. 1109

(1982)).

      The first element—whether Rodriguez participated in constitutionally

protected activity—is not at issue in this appeal. The district court found that he

did, and the parties do not dispute this determination.

      Rather, the district court rested its entry of summary judgment for

Defendants on its finding that Rodriguez had failed to establish part of the second

element of his retaliation claim: that he had suffered an adverse employment

action.     Of course, termination constitutes an adverse employment action.

McCabe, 12 F.3d at 1563. But in Defendants’ and the district court’s view,

Rodriguez voluntarily resigned, so he was not terminated.           We respectfully

disagree.

      Rodriguez offers three alternative arguments to show that he endured an

adverse employment action. First, he claims that his employment was terminated

“effective immediately” when Gomez handed him the termination letter. Second,

Rodriguez argues that since he was an “at-will” employee, he had no alternative

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but to resign since he would have been fired, anyway, and had no choice to fight

for his job. And third, Rodriguez asserts that he tendered his resignation under

duress, so it was not voluntary.

       We first consider Rodriguez’s argument that he was terminated instantly

upon receipt of the termination letter. Rodriguez recounts that when he reported to

Gomez’s office on January 29, 2009, Gomez handed him a letter that stated,

“Please be advised that effective immediately, your employment with the City of

Doral is hereby terminated.” Rodriguez argues that, as of that moment, Defendants

terminated his employment, and the fact that he later had the option to resign does

not alter the fact that he had already been fired, “effective immediately” upon

receipt of the letter.

       We are not persuaded. This theory requires us to ignore everything that

happened after Rodriguez received the letter of termination. And as we know,

after Gomez conveyed the letter to Rodriguez, the parties discussed the possibility

of resignation. 5 Rodriguez ultimately signed a letter stating that he was resigning,

and Doral accepted Rodriguez’s resignation, effectively withdrawing the letter of

       5
          Rodriguez asserts that the district court improperly chose between two plausible
versions of the facts, see Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 251-52, (1986), by
concluding that Rodriguez—as opposed to Gomez—suggested the option to resign. In fact,
though, the district court expressly did not determine who suggested resignation because it found
the issue to be immaterial to resolution of Rodriguez’s claim. As the district court stated,
“Rodriguez had a choice between termination and resigning. It does not matter who suggested
the options, which is subject to dispute. It matters only that Rodriguez had an alternative to
resigning.” We agree that who suggested resignation is irrelevant. We consider only whether
Rodriguez chose to resign of his own free will. See infra at Section IV.
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termination. As a matter of fact, then, the record does not bear out Rodriguez’s

contention that he was actually terminated when he received the termination letter.6

       Instead, the events that happened after Gomez gave Rodriguez the

termination letter necessarily raise the question of whether, under the

circumstances, Rodriguez’s resignation was voluntary, an issue that both of

Rodriguez’s two remaining theories implicate. We therefore address both of these

theories together, below.

       If Rodriguez’s resignation was voluntary—even though triggered by

Defendants’ actions—Rodriguez cannot show that he suffered an adverse

employment action and cannot prevail on his First Amendment unlawful-

       6
         Our colleague suggests that the words “effective immediately” in the termination letter
in and of themselves create an issue of fact concerning whether an involuntary termination
occurred at the time Gomez originally handed him the termination letter. See J. Jordan Opinion
at 24. We respectfully disagree. First, Judge Jordan’s concurrence states that “[t]he majority
says that everything that happened after Mr. Rodriguez was given the letter by Chief Gomez
(including Mr. Rodriguez’s subsequent decision to resign) shows that the letter did not constitute
a termination.” Id. at 25. To be clear, though, that is not our position. Rather, we conclude only
that we cannot tell by looking at the letter alone whether Rodriguez’s termination was
involuntary under our caselaw. Judge Jordan’s concurrence suggests that the words “effective
immediately” in the termination letter, in and of themselves, are enough to involuntarily end
employment, regardless of all surrounding events. We think not. No magic words alone can tell
us whether a termination was voluntary or involuntary. Rather, as we discuss above, caselaw
teaches that we must look to the context of what occurred. That, in turn, requires us to consider
Rodriguez’s second and third arguments for why his termination was involuntary. We also
respectfully disagree with Judge Jordan’s concurrence for another reason. He suggests that
under Rodriguez’s version of events, Gomez possibly may not have had authority from the city
manager when he offered Rodriguez the option to resign. But Rodriguez never argued that
Gomez may not have had authority to offer resignation after delivering the letter to Rodriguez.
While we certainly view the evidence in favor of the non-moving party and draw all reasonable
inferences from that evidence, we are not the non-moving party’s lawyer; Defendants have never
had the opportunity to confront this new argument; and the district court never had the chance to
consider it. So we cannot conclude that summary judgment was wrongly entered on the basis of
an argument that Rodriguez never made.
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retaliation claim. See Hargray v. City of Hallandale, 57 F.3d 1560, 1567 (1995)

(discussing the implications of voluntary resignation in the context of a due-

process claim). But if Rodriguez has presented sufficient evidence to allow a

reasonable jury to conclude that his resignation “was so involuntary that it

amounted to a constructive discharge,” id. (citation and quotation marks omitted),

Rodriguez satisfies the second element of his retaliation claim.

      We have not previously identified the appropriate standard for determining

the voluntariness of a public employee’s resignation where a claim of First

Amendment retaliation is involved. But we can see no reason why the test for

voluntariness that applies in the context of due-process claims would not also

apply in the context of First Amendment claims.

      Under the due-process voluntariness framework, we presume that a

resignation is voluntary unless the employee points to “sufficient evidence to

establish that the resignation was involuntarily extracted.” Id. at 1568 (citation and

quotation marks omitted).       Two situations warrant deeming an employee's

resignation involuntary: “(1) where the employer forces the resignation by

coercion or duress; or (2) where the employer obtains the resignation by deceiving

or misrepresenting a material fact to the employee.” Id. (citations omitted).

      Rodriguez relies on the first of these two methods to show that his

resignation was not voluntary; he contends that he was under duress, and

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Defendants coerced him to resign. To evaluate Rodriguez’s claims of duress and

coercion, we take into account “whether, under the totality of the circumstances,

[Defendants’] conduct in obtaining [Rodriguez’s] resignation deprived [Rodriguez]

of free will in choosing to resign.” Id. We have identified a non-exhaustive list of

five factors to guide our analysis into this inquiry:

             (1) whether the employee was given some alternative to
             resignation; (2) whether the employee understood the
             nature of the choice he was given; (3) whether the
             employee was given a reasonable time in which to
             choose; (4) whether the employee was permitted to select
             the effective date of the resignation; and (5) whether the
             employee had the advice of counsel.

Id. (citations omitted).

      When we speak of the first factor—whether the employee was given some

alternative to resignation—we are talking about whether the employee had any

“real alternatives” to termination, a determination we measure by an objective

standard.   See id.        That an alternative may be “comparably unpleasant” to

termination does not, in and of itself, render that option something less than a “real

alternative.” Indeed, we have recognized that “resignations can be voluntary even

where the only alternative to resignation is facing possible termination for cause or

criminal charges.”     Id.     Nevertheless, we have been careful to note that a

resignation is not voluntary “where the employer actually lacked good cause to

believe that grounds for the termination and the criminal charges existed.” Id.

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        Hargray provides a good illustration of what we mean by a “real

alternative.” And it also shows how the other enumerated factors bear on the

assessment of whether an alternative qualifies as a “real alternative.”

        In Hargray, Hargray, a city employee, faced a choice between termination in

the midst of a corresponding criminal investigation of him, and resignation. If he

chose resignation, the criminal investigation would be closed and the city would

instead administratively handle Hargray’s alleged wrongdoing. We determined

that these circumstances presented Hargray with a real alternative to termination.

In reaching this conclusion, we found certain facts particularly important.

        First, Hargray knew for weeks that he was being investigated, and he

received advance notice of the charges that might be brought against him. Id. at

1569.

        Second, these circumstances gave Hargray an opportunity to “think long and

hard” about his possible alternatives: he had time to decide whether he would

agree to go to the police station for questioning, whether he would answer

questions, whether he would resign if asked to do so, or whether he would “‘stand

pat and fight,’ even if it meant criminal charges being pressed.” Id.

        Third, though Hargray had to make his decision to resign under time

pressure and he did so without counsel, we observed that the circumstances under

which Hargray signed his resignation at the police station were, nonetheless, not

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coercive: Hargray was free to leave; he knew the charges against him; he knew the

sources of the allegations; he never asked for more time or to speak with his

supervisor or an attorney; and a transcript of Hargray’s interaction with the police

at that time revealed a “casual atmosphere, during which Hargray at times even

laughed with the police.” Id. at 1570.

      And fourth, we noted that good cause supported the city’s criminal

proceedings against Hargray. Id. So when Hargray chose to resign, he received a

substantial benefit as a result of his decision: the city agreed to cease pursuing

viable criminal proceedings against him.

      Unlike Hargray, Rodriguez had no “real alternatives” to termination. In

contrast with Hargray, Rodriguez was accused of no wrongdoing, so resignation

did not save him from investigation or criminal proceedings. In fact, Gomez

refused to tell Rodriguez at all why he was being fired, so Rodriguez could not

even challenge the basis for his termination.

      And while Defendants suggest that, had Rodriguez elected not to resign, he

could have appealed his termination, it’s difficult to imagine how when he was not

told why he was being terminated. But even setting aside this practical problem, as

a matter of fact, Doral’s Employee Policies and Procedures Manual renders

Doral’s appeal process applicable to only employees who are terminated for

violating the Employee Code of Conduct. Rule 9.5 of Chapter IX of the Manual

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sets forth the procedure for terminated employees who may take advantage of the

appeal process. It states, “The dispute resolution procedure is a mechanism to

resolve disciplinary actions taken against an employee in the Municipal Service.”

(Emphasis added). When an employee is not fired for cause, termination is not

disciplinary in nature. So because Rodriguez was not fired for violating Doral’s

Code of Conduct, the appeal process does not appear to have applied to Rodriguez

at all.

          The rest of the circumstances surrounding Rodriguez’s submission of his

resignation only confirm that his resignation was not voluntary. Unlike Hargray,

who had weeks to consider how to deal with a potential termination, Rodriguez did

not learn of his firing until the moment that he received his letter of termination.

Then he had a mere five minutes to agree to submit his resignation—a letter that

Doral wrote—or accept his termination. And while Rodriguez testified at his

deposition that he spoke with staff counsel at the PBA in those five minutes before

signing the letter of resignation, under the circumstances of this case, five minutes

was simply not enough to allow Rodriguez to explain his situation to counsel and

permit counsel to make a reasoned evaluation. Nor was it sufficient to overcome

the coercive atmosphere and other circumstances that precipitated Rodriguez’s

signing of the letter of resignation.   Indeed, were we to conclude otherwise, we

would essentially be holding that virtually no circumstances short of physical

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threats or force would suffice to rebut the presumption of voluntariness when an

employee submits a resignation. But that is not the law: the law requires us to

determine instead whether the employee’s resignation could objectively be said to

be a product of the employee’s free will.         Because a reasonable jury could

conclude that Rodriguez’s resignation was not, we find that Rodriguez presented

sufficient evidence to establish that he suffered an adverse employment action

when his employment with Doral ended abruptly on January 29, 2009.

                                          V.

      For these reasons, we vacate the judgment for Defendants-Appellees and

remand this matter to the district court for further proceedings.

      VACATED and REMANDED.




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JORDAN, Circuit Judge, concurring:

      I agree that there is an issue of material fact as to whether Mr. Rodriguez

suffered an adverse employment action, and generally concur in the majority’s

discussion of why that is so.      But I would not be so quick to dismiss the

termination letter that Chief Gomez handed to Mr. Rodriguez on January 29, 2009.

      “[T]he issue of whether an actual termination has occurred is determined in

light of the particular circumstances of the controverted job action.” Thomas v.

Dillard Dept. Stores, Inc., 116 F.3d 1432, 1434 (11th Cir. 1997). The first

paragraph of the letter, signed by the City Manager, was unmistakably direct and

unqualified: “Please be advised that effective immediately, your employment with

the City of Doral is hereby terminated.” D.E. 85-3. In Doral the City Manager has

the power to hire and fire, see D.E. 87-1 at 22, and when an employer tells an at-

will employee that he is discharged “effective immediately,” that can only be

understood by a reasonable person to mean that employment is over the instant the

decision is communicated. See, e.g., The American Heritage Dictionary of the

English Language 877 (4th ed. 2009) (defining “immediately” as “without delay”).

At the very least, a reasonable jury could find that the delivery of the letter ended

Mr. Rodriguez’s job. Cf. Brantley v. Smith, 400 So. 2d 443, 444 (Fla. 1981) (“a

public officer’s resignation, stated to be effective immediately, is effective upon

submission to the proper authority”). And if the letter terminated his employment

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with the City, how could Mr. Rodriguez subsequently resign from a non-existent

position?

      The majority says that everything that happened after Mr. Rodriguez was

given the letter by Chief Gomez (including Mr. Rodriguez’s subsequent decision to

resign) shows that the letter did not constitute a termination. See Maj. Op. at 17–

19. I am not sure, however, that we can make such a blanket determination on this

record and would allow the jury to decide the effect of the letter.

      According to the City, Mr. Rodriguez requested the option of resigning

instead of being terminated, and once he chose resignation, Chief Gomez called the

City Manager and obtained approval for the resignation. See D.E. 97-7 at 11; D.E.

83-2 at ¶ 13; D.E. 82 at ¶¶ 29-30. But Mr. Rodriguez had a different version of

events. Mr. Rodriguez testified that he did not make the initial request to resign,

and that it was Chief Gomez who offered him the option of resigning right after

handing him the termination letter, apparently without seeking or obtaining the

City Manager’s approval. See D.E. 122-1 at 4 (“He then gave me the option to

either resign or to be terminated. He gave me five minutes to think about it.”);

D.E. 97-1 at ¶ 15 (“After having terminated me, Chief Gomez gave me the option

to resign instead and gave me five minutes to go out and think about it.”).

      At summary judgment, we have to accept Mr. Rodriguez’s version of events,

as well as the reasonable inferences that can be drawn from it, so I do not think it is

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possible to say definitively that Chief Gomez had the City Manager’s approval

when he offered Mr. Rodriguez the option of resigning. If a jury were to find that

Chief Gomez did not have the City Manager’s blessing, then maybe everything

that took place after the delivery of the letter to Mr. Rodriguez was just “sound and

fury, [s]ignifying nothing.” William Shakespeare, The Tragedy of McBeth, Act V,

scene 5 (1606).




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