                                FIFTH DIVISION
                               MCFADDEN, P. J.,
                            BRANCH and BETHEL, JJ.

                    NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be
                    physically received in our clerk’s office within ten
                    days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.
                                http://www.gaappeals.us/rules


                                                                      March 2, 2018




In the Court of Appeals of Georgia
 A17A1851. THE STATE v. STROUD.

      MCFADDEN, Presiding Judge.

      The state accused Kevin Stroud of driving under the influence of alcohol to the

extent he was a less safe driver and failing to maintain a lane. Stroud filed a motion

in limine to suppress evidence of his refusal to submit to a state-administered

chemical test of his blood, breath, or urine. The trial court granted the motion on the

ground that the implied consent notice given by the arresting officer was not

substantially accurate so as to allow Stroud to make an informed decision about

whether to consent to the testing. The state appeals, challenging the trial court’s

ruling. Because the implied consent notice given by the officer substantively changed

the meaning of the required notice and we cannot say that notice as given permitted

Stroud to make an informed decision, we affirm the trial court’s ruling.
       “Where the evidence at a hearing on a motion in limine is uncontroverted, and

no issue exists regarding the credibility of witnesses, we review the trial court’s

ruling to ensure that there was a substantial basis for it. The trial court’s application

of the law to the undisputed facts is subject to de novo review.” State v. Barnard, 321

Ga. App. 20 (740 SE2d 837) (2013) (citation omitted).

      At the hearing on Stroud’s motion in limine, the parties stipulated that the

arresting officer misread the implied consent notice by substituting the word “may”

for the word “will” in the sentence concerning suspension of a license for refusing to

submit to testing. The notice which the officer was required to read provides, in

pertinent part:

      Georgia law requires you to submit to state administered chemical tests
      of your blood, breath, urine, or other bodily substances for the purpose
      of determining if you are under the influence of alcohol or drugs. If you
      refuse this testing, your Georgia driver’s license or privilege to drive on
      the highways of this state will be suspended for a minimum period of
      one year. Your refusal to submit to the required testing may be offered
      into evidence against you at trial.

OCGA § 40-5-67.1 (b) (2) (punctuation omitted; emphasis supplied). But as

stipulated by the parties, the officer misread the second sentence and told Stroud that

if he refused testing, his “Georgia driver’s license or privilege to drive on the

highways of this state may be suspended for a minimum period of one year.”

                                           2
(Emphasis supplied.) The parties also agreed that after the misread notice, Stroud

refused the test.

              OCGA § 40-5-67.1 (b) provides, in relevant part, that the implied
      consent notice “shall be read in its entirety but need not be read exactly
      so long as the substance of the notice remains unchanged.” Thus, in
      regard to the propriety of the suppression of the evidence in question, a
      determinative issue is also whether the implied consent notice that was
      actually given the driver was substantively accurate so as to permit the
      driver to make an informed decision about whether to consent to testing.
      If the police officer, even inadvertently, gives the driver implied consent
      notice which contains misleading information, then the notice as given
      impairs the driver’s ability to make an informed decision about whether
      to submit to testing, and consequently, the driver’s test results or
      evidence of the driver’s refusal to submit to testing must be suppressed.
      And, a material omission may be as potentially misleading as an error of
      commission.

Sauls v. State, 293 Ga. 165, 167-168 (744 SE2d 735) (2013) (citations and

punctuation omitted), overruled on other grounds, Olevik v. State, ___ Ga. ___ (2)

(Case No. S17A0738, decided October 16, 2017).

      In the instant case, the officer’s error in giving the implied consent notice

misled Stroud as to a serious consequence of refusing to submit to testing. The notice

provision that a Georgia driver’s license “will be suspended” upon refusal of testing

establishes a mandatory suspension for such refusal. See Satterfield v. State, 252 Ga.

App. 525, 527 (1) (556 SE2d 568) (2001) (“[T]he implied consent statute does


                                          3
provide for the automatic suspension of a resident driver’s license upon refusing the

request to take the [s]tate’s chemical test.”). In the instant case, the arresting officer’s

statement to Stroud that his license “may be suspended,” instead of “will be

suspended,” altered the substance of the implied consent notice by changing the

mandatory suspension into a mere permissive possibility. See generally Shelnutt v.

Mayor & Aldermen of City of Savannah, 333 Ga. App. 446, 452-453 (3) (776 SE2d

650) (2015) (recognizing the word “will” as mandatory language); Hardison v.

Fayssoux, 168 Ga. App. 398, 401 (309 SE2d 397) (1983) (finding the word “may” to

be permissive language). “The legislative intent behind the refusal provision of the

implied consent notice is to inform drivers of the potentially most serious

consequence[s] of refusal of testing, and the one-year suspension is one such

consequence.” State v. Oyeniyi, 335 Ga. App. 575, 577 (782 SE2d 476) (2016)

(citation and punctuation omitted). The officer’s misleading notice, which incorrectly

informed Stroud that his license suspension upon refusal was not mandatory,

impaired Stroud’s ability to make an informed decision about whether to submit to

testing.

              The purpose of the implied consent law is to notify drivers of their
       rights so that they can make informed decisions. . . . The state bears the
       burden of showing that the implied consent requirements were met. We

                                             4
      cannot say that the error [in this case] was harmless, because [Stroud
      refused] the [requested] test immediately after he was misinformed
      about the consequences of a refusal.

Wallace v. State, 325 Ga. App. 142, 144 (751 SE2d 887) (2013) (citation and

punctuation omitted). Since the refusal was based, at least in part, on “misleading

information concerning a penalty for refusal, . . . [Stroud] was deprived of making an

informed choice under the Implied Consent Statute. Accordingly, the [refusal was]

rendered inadmissible.” Deckard v. State, 210 Ga. App. 421, 423 (436 SE2d 536)

(1993). Accord Sauls, supra at 168 (implied consent notice did not allow driver to

make an informed decision where it omitted the consequence that evidence of refusal

may be used at trial).

      Judgment affirmed. Bethel, J., concurs specially and Branch, J., concurs in the

judgment only.*

      *THIS OPINION IS PHYSICAL PRECEDENT ONLY. COURT OF

APPEALS RULE 33.2




                                          5
 A17A1851. THE STATE v. STROUD

      BETHEL, Judge, concurring specially.

      I agree that evidence of the refusal was properly suppressed. By stating that

Stroud may lose his driving privileges if he refused, the arresting officer deprived

Stroud of the truth – namely, that he would lose his driving privileges if he refused.1

This difference certainly changed the substance of the notice in violation of OCGA

§ 40-5-67.1(b), as the automatic loss of driving privileges is the core substance of the

warning.




      1
       The State described this error as simply putting the refusal of the test and the
taking of the test “on the same footing regarding license suspension”. While an
accurate description, the trouble is that they are decidedly not on the same footing
under the actual warning.
