                                                                            FILED 

                                                                          MAY 8, 2014 

                                                                 In the Office of the Clerk of Court 

                                                                WA State Court of Appeals, Division III 





            IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON 

                               DIVISION THREE 


In Re: PAVEL ALEKSENTSEV.                      )
                                               )          No. 31255-1-111
                                               )
                                               )
                                               )
                                               )
                                               )          UNPUBLISHED OPINION
                                               )

          KORSMO, J.     Pavel Aleksentsev appeals an administrative ruling that he

mentally abused a vulnerable adult. Because the evidence supports the determination, we

affirm.

                                           FACTS

          Mr. Aleksentsev is a Ukrainian immigrant who has lived in the United States for

10 years. For six months in late 2008 and early 2009, he provided in-home care

assistance for Connie, a 60-year-old wheel chair bound woman with multiple sclerosis.

The working relationship between the two was good for the first five months, but

deteriorated in the final month due to three incidents.

          The first incident upsetting the relationship occurred when Mr. Aleksentsev

muttered the words "those bitches" in Connie's presence. She told him such language

offended her. He ceased saying the words in her presence.
No.31255-1-II1
Aleksentsev v. Dep 't ofSoc. & Health Servs.


       The second incident involved Mr. Aleksentsev repeatedly playing an audio/video

clip on his telephone of a child demeaning women with vulgar language and threats of

violence. Connie several times told him to stop playing the clip.

       The final incident involved Mr. Aleksentsev driving Connie to an optometrist

appointment. At the conclusion of the appointment, Connie wanted to go home because

she was hungry and exhausted. Instead, he drove her to Arby's and then wanted to go

buy flowers. Connie "almost had to have a fit" to get him to return her home. Clerk's

Papers (CP) at 57

       Adult Protective Services (APS) received a referral alleging mental and sexual

abuse in March 2009. Investigator Curt Crusch interviewed Connie, her mother, and Mr.

Aleksentsev. After that investigation, APS concluded that more likely than not Mr.

Aleksentsev had abused a vulnerable adult. It issued a letter determination to that effect.

       Department of Social and Health Services (DSHS) notified Mr. Aleksentsev that

the APS determination would result in listing him on the registry of those who have

abused vulnerable adults, an action that would preclude further employment serving the

vulnerable community. He challenged the APS ruling and an initial hearing was held

before an administrative law judge (ALJ) on February 25,2010. The ALJ issued an

initial order March 16,2010, determining that Mr. Aleksentsev had abused a vulnerable

adult. He filed a request for review. The audio record of proceedings, however, was not

available. The Board of Appeals remanded the case to the ALJ for a second hearing.

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 No. 31255-1-III
 Aleksentsev v. DepJt a/Soc. & Health Servs.


        In order to shorten the length of the second hearing, the parties stipulated to the

 first seven factual findings and the first seven conclusions of the March 16 order. Connie

 testified that she did not feel frightened or intimidated by Mr. Aleksentsev, but was

 annoyed by his actions. She did not believe he was trying to hurt her, but did state that

 the incidents caused her stress and wore her out emotionally. The second hearing

 reached the same result as the first. Mr. Aleksentsev then appealed to the Board of

. Appeals which affirmed the ALI.

        Mr. Aleksentsev next appealed to superior court. The superior court also affirmed

 the ALl. Mr. Aleksentsev then appealed to this court.

                                         ANALYSIS

        Mr. Aleksentsev challenges several factual findings. He also argues that he did

 not abuse Connie, that expert testimony was necessary to establish abuse, that he was

 unable to cross-examine investigator Crusch properly, and that he was denied the

 opportunity to have an interpreter during his interview with Crusch. We address the

 claims in that order.

        Factual Findings

        Mr. Aleksentsev assigns error to eight of the findings of fact entered by the

superior court. We review factual findings for "substantial evidence," which in tum

means evidence that "is sufficient to persuade a rational, fair-minded person that the

 finding is true." Cantu v. Dep't a/Labor & Indus., 168 Wn. App. 14,21,277 P.3d 685

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No. 31255-1-III
Aleksentsev v. Dep't ofSoc. & Health Servs.


(2012). The legal conclusions that flow from the findings are reviewed de novo. Id.

Credibility determinations will not be reconsidered on appeal. Id. at 22. When a factual

finding is misidentified as a legal conclusion, we will treat it as a conclusion. Life Care

Ctrs. ofAm., Inc. v. Dep't ofSoc. & Health Servs., 162 Wn. App. 370, 384 n.42, 254 P.3d

919(2011).

       Not all of the witnesses testified at the second hearing. Instead, the court without

objection considered statements made to Mr. Crusch at the first hearing. Among other

claims, Mr. Aleksentsev claims that the findings are invalid because they are based, in

part, on hearsay. However, none of the hearsay evidence was objected to at the hearing.

Accordingly, Mr. Aleksentsev cannot make that claim now. E.g., State v. Guloy, 104

Wn.2d 412, 422, 705 P .2d 1182 (1985), cert. denied, 475 U.S. 1020 (1986).

       The first challenge is to finding of fact 1.3:

       Mr. Aleksentsev willfully played a recording that Connie found vulgar and
       nasty. This was a recording of a baby using rude, nasty and racist
       language. Mr. Aleksentsev played this recording several times in the same
       room as Connie despite being asked repeatedly to stop playing the
       recording. Connie also advised this recording was offensive to her.

CP at 2.

       Mr. Aleksentsev argues that this finding is not supported by the evidence because

there were two versions of this event. However, the presence of conflicting evidence

does not mean the fact finder's resolution of the conflict is unsupported. It is, after all,

the job of the fact finder to determine credibility and decide whether or not to believe the

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No. 31255-1-111 

Aleksentsev v. Dep't ofSoc. & Health Servs. 



evidence. Here, the challenged finding was supported by Connie's testimony. The fact

that Mr. Aleksentsev gave a contrary version does not render Connie's evidence

impotent. Her testimony supported the finding.

       For similar reasons, Mr. Aleksentsev's challenges to findings of fact 1.5, 1.6, and

1.7 all fail. All were supported by Connie's testimony. While Mr. Aleksentsev denies

that some of these incidents occurred (at least in the manner described by Connie), her

testimony did allow the ALJ to find otherwise. Hence, the evidence was sufficient.

       Mr. Aleksentsev also challenges findings 1.8, 1.9, 1.11, and 1.12. Findings 1.9

and 1.11 address the interpreter issue and the cross-examination issue, respectively, and    I
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will be addressed to the extent necessary in the discussion of those issues. Findings 1.8

and 1.12, however, are conclusions of law concerning the mental abuse ruling. We             I
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address those matters in the next section of this opinion.
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       Mental Abuse
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       Mr. Aleksentsev presents four arguments against the mental abuse determination.

Three of his arguments address (in various forms) the mental element underlying the
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abuse ruling, while the fourth argument is a contention that only an expert can render an

opinion on mental abuse. We treat his initial arguments as one question-what is the

necessary mens rea for this statute? We first address that issue before turning to the

contention that expert testimony was necessary.




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No. 31255-1-II1
Aleksentsev v. Dep't ofSoc. & Health Servs.


       The statutes at issue are found in chapter 74.34 RCW, the Abuse of Vulnerable

Adults Act (AVA). The purpose of the chapter is to protect vulnerable adults from abuse,

financial exploitation, and neglect. RCW 74.34.110. As relevant here, the statute entitles

the vulnerable adult or an interested person on her behalf to seek relief from abuse. RCW

74.34.110(1), (2). Various definitions in RCW 74.34.020 inform our discussion.

       Subsection (2) defines "abuse" as "willful action or inaction that inflicts injury,

unreasonable confinement, intimidation, or punishment on a vulnerable adult. . . . Abuse

includes sexual abuse, mental abuse, physical abuse, and exploitation of a vulnerable

adult." RCW 74.34.020(2). The statute then goes on to define each of those variations in

turn. "Mental abuse" is defined as "any willful action or inaction of mental or verbal

abuse. Mental abuse includes, but is not limited to, coercion, harassment, inappropriately

isolating a vulnerable adult from family, friends, or regular activity, and verbal assault

that includes ridiculing, intimidating, yelling, or swearing." RCW 74.34.020(2)(c).

RCW 74.34.020 does not define "willful" but WAC XXX-XX-XXXX does. 1 That section

defines "willful" as "the nonaccidental action or inaction by an alleged perpetrator that

he/she knew or reasonably should have known could cause harm, injury or a negative

outcome." WAC XXX-XX-XXXX.




       WAC XXX-XX-XXXX asserts "In addition to the definitions found in chapter 74.34
       1
RCW, the following definitions apply."

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No. 31255-1-II1
Aleksentsev v. Dep 't ofSoc. & Health Servs.


         As relevant to the facts of this case, to establish abuse under chapter 74.34 RCW

there needed to be proof that Mr. Aleksentsev had: (1) undertaken improper,2

nonaccidental action or inaction3 of (2) mental or verbal abuse to include, but not limited

to ... harassment,4 (3) that he knew or reasonably should have known could cause harm,

injury, or a negative outcomeS and (4) that did in fact inflict injury6 (5) on a vulnerable

adult.

         The first element of this action is found in our decision in Brown v. Department of

Social & Health Services., 145 Wn. App. 177, 183, 185 P.3d 1210 (2008). There we

addressed the situation where a caregiver had to "take down" a client in order to protect

others from violence. Brown, 145 Wn. App. 177. This court held that the willful action

required under RCW 74.34.020(2) must be "improper action." Id. at 183. Finding no




       2 The "improper" element was added by our decision in Brown v. Department of
Social & Health Services., 145 Wn. App. 177, 183, 185 P.3d 1210 (2008).
       3 WAC XXX-XX-XXXX: '" [W]illful' means the nonaccidental action or inaction by
an alleged perpetrator that he/she knew or reasonably should have known could cause
harm, injury or a negative outcome."
        4 "Abuse includes sexual abuse, mental abuse, physical abuse, and exploitation of
a vulnerable adult." RCW 74.34.020(2). '" Mental abuse' means any willful action or
inaction of mental or verbal abuse." RCW 74.34.020(2)(c). "Mental abuse includes, but
is not limited to ... harassment." RCW 74.34.020(2)(c).
         S See footnote 3.
       6 '" Abuse' means the willful action or inaction that inflicts injury." RCW
74.34.020(2).

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No. 31255-1-111 

Aleksentsev v. Dep't ofSoc. & Health Servs. 



improper action in protecting the other residents of the home, our court found Ms. Brown

did not abuse a client by preventing violence against others. ld.

       Mr. Aleksentsev argues that his actions also were not "improper" under Brown.

We disagree. In Brown, we used "improper" in the sense of "not justified." It was

appropriate for Ms. Brown to "take down" the agitated client who was attempting to

attack others. Here, there was no need to repeatedly playa vulgar video that Mr.

Aleksentsev knew was upsetting to Connie. Even more importantly, dragging Connie

along to extra stops after her optometrist appointment over her objection also had no

legitimate purpose. None of these actions was necessary to the performance of Mr.

Aleksentsev's job and did not serve a higher purpose such as Ms. Brown's action in

protecting a client. Under the facts of this case, we have no difficulty concluding that the

challenged actions were "improper" under Brown.

       In addition to being improper under our case law, the actions must be "willful" in

accordance with RCW 74.34.020(2) and WAC XXX-XX-XXXX. In the context of this first

element, willfulness simply requires the improper actions to be purposeful rather than

accidental. 7 The requirement was established here with both the video and the driving

incidents. 8 Neither of them was an accidental occurrence.



       7 Foreseeability   is discussed in the third element.
       8 We agree that the initial ("those bitches") incident does not establish a willful
action as there was no evidence that he knowingly communicated to Connie or had any

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No.31255-I-II1 

Aleksentsev v. Dep 't ofSoc. & Health Servs. 



       The second element is proof that the actions constituted mental or verbal abuse.

Although this is a close call, we agree with the ALI that the actions did constitute abuse.

The incident with the word "bitches" showed Mr. Aleksentsev that Connie was sensitive

to crude language. To th~n repeatedly playa video of a young child using vulgar

language and threatening women was something that Mr. Aleksentsev knew, or should

have known, would upset Connie. He then upset her on a different occasion by extending

her trip outside the home in order to conduct business of his own. Both of these later

incidents did constitute abuse of a vulnerable adult.                                             I
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       The third element is whether the actions were ones that Mr. Aleksentsev                    I
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reasonably knew or should have known would cause harm or a "negative outcome" to

Connie. Certainly he was on notice that Connie was offended by crude language, so
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repeatedly playing the video in her presence was something that he should have known          I
would upset her. Connie also made her displeasure with the extended outing known to

Mr. Aleksentsev, but he persisted in his travels until she had to act up to get his full
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attention. This, too, was a "negative outcome" for her. We believe that Mr. Aleksentsev
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knew or should have known these results would follow from his actions. This

foreseeability element was satisfied.
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reason to know that she would take offense.                                                   I
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No. 31255-1-III 

Aleksentsev v. Dep't ofSoc. & Health Servs. 



       The fourth element is whether Connie suffered an injury in fact from these actions.

As the discussion of the previous element showed, Connie did become upset on both of

these occasions as a result of Mr. Aleksentsev's purposeful conduct. This "negative

outcome" is a foreseeable result of mental abuse. The fourth element, too, was satisfied.

       The final element is whether Connie was a vulnerable adult. The parties do not

dispute the element. Indeed, it was her status as a vulnerable adult that brought Mr.

Aleksentsev into her life.

       All elements of the abuse of a vulnerable adult finding are supported in the record.

In many respects, the facts of this case are similar to the mental abuse found in Goldsmith

v. Department ofSocial & Health Services, 169 Wn. App. 573,280 P.3d 1173 (2012).

There a son had repeatedly yelled at his father over the telephone concerning the father's

financial affairs. Id.at 576-78. The father had become upset due to the calls. Id. This

court affirmed the determination of mental abuse.

       Having concluded that the finding was supported by the evidence, we thus tum to

Mr. Aleksentsev's related contention that an abuse finding must be supported by expert

testimony. Largely seizing on the word "mental," he argues that an abuse finding must

be based on information beyond the kin of ordinary triers of fact. We again disagree.

      The word "mental" is used merely as an adjective. The statute prohibits physical,

sexual, mental or verbal abuse. RCW 74.34.020(2). It does not require proof of

infliction of mental illness nor any other type of sophisticated injury. Accordingly, an

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No. 3l255-l-III
Aleksentsev v. Dep't ofSoc. & Health Servs.


expert opinion is unnecessary. See Goldsmith, 169 Wn. App. at 585 (in a mental abuse

case, this court determined that "the Department was not required to prove injury by

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expert medical testimony"). Goldsmith is dispositive of this argument.                        I
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       We conclude that the mental abuse finding was supported by the evidence.               I
       Cross-examination ofInvestigator Crusch

       Mr. Aleksentsev next argues that he was not permitted to properly cross-examine

Mr. Crusch. This argument overstates the situation and is without merit.

       During the second hearing, the ALJ sustained a relevancy objection while Mr.
                                                                                              I
Aleksentsev's counsel was cross-examining Mr. Crusch. Counsel asked if the

investigator had also criticized one of Connie's earlier caregivers. Sustaining a relevancy   I
objection, the ALJ stated that the investigator was not going to be put on trial. Mr.         I
Aleksentsev's counsel then concluded his cross-examination without asking any further

questions, stating that he was done.

       The ALJ did not prohibit further cross-examination, and Mr. Aleksentsev did not

indicate that there were other areas he wished to make inquiries of Mr. Crusch. There is

no suggestion that important additional matters were not addressed. Instead, veteran

counsel simply had reached the end of his examination. There was no more to do.

       The record does not reflect that Mr. Aleksentsev's due process rights were

violated in this circumstance.




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No. 31255-1-111 

Aleksentsev v. Dep 't ofSoc. & Health Servs. 



       Interpreter During Investigation

       Finally, Mr. Aleksentsev argues that he was denied an interpreter during his

interview with Mr. Crusch. The ALl found otherwise and we are not in a position to find

to the contrary.

       The record on this point is disputed. Mr. Aleksentsev testified that he did request

an interpreter on three occasions; Mr. Crusch said there was never any request. Evidence

was also presented that Mr. Aleksentsev, who used an interpreter during his hearings, had

not used an interpreter to communicate with his work supervisor or at any other time

during his employment. The ALl ruled that there had not been a request for an

interpreter.

       Appeals courts do not find facts and cannot substitute their view of the facts in the

record for those of the trial judge. Thorndike v. Hesperian Orchards, Inc., 54 Wn.2d 570,      I
575,343 P.2d 183 (1959); Quinn v. Cherry Lane Auto Plaza, Inc., 153 Wn. App. 710,              I
717, 225 P.3d 266 (2009). Whether the facts are as the parties allege is for the trial judge   I
                                                                                               i
to determine, not this court. Hesperian, 54 Wn.2d at 575.
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       The ALl determined that Mr. Aleksentsev did not request an interpreter. That

determination is binding on this court. Accordingly, this issue cannot afford appellant
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any relief.

       Although the outcome ofthis review is to affirm the finding, we do note that this
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was a c10se case. It is a harsh result to deprive Mr. Aleksentsev of work in his chosen
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No. 31255-1-II1
Aleksentsev v. Dep't ofSoc. & Health Servs.


field on the basis of what may have been, in part, cultural misunderstanding. However,

the trier of fact saw matters differently and was entitled to conclude on the evidence that

Mr. Aleksentsev acted with the intent of upsetting Connie. Our public policy is to protect

the vulnerable population from all forms of abuse. The ALJ determined that mental

abuse occurred here. As in Goldsmith, the evidence was sufficient to support that

determination and this court must therefore defer to that judgment.

       Affirmed.

       A majority of the panel has determined this opinion will not be printed in the

Washington Appellate Reports, but it will be filed for public record pursuant to RCW

2.06.040.


                                                        Kors~, J.

WE CONCUR:



       Brown, J.                                        Fearing,    .C.J.




                                             13 

