IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON                                   ^
 ELSADIG AHMED, an individual,                                                           CD
                                                        No. 73032-1-1           *»   ^r1-^
                       Appellant,
                                                        DIVISION ONE            „    §<^3
                 v.

                                                        UNPUBLISHED OPINION^* ?S
                                                                           co g^
 GLACIER FISH COMPANY, LLC, a
 Washington business entity,
                                                        FILED: March 7, 2016
                       Respondent.

          Appelwick, J. — Ahmed was injured while working for Glacier Fish

Company, his former employer. Ahmed sued Glacier alleging violations of the

Jones Act, 46 U.S.C. § 30104. The trial court dismissed Ahmed's lawsuit. We

affirm.


                                      FACTS


          Elsadig Ahmed immigrated to the United States from Darfur, Sudan. In

2010, Ahmed went to Alaska to work for Glacier Fish Company. In June 2010,

Ahmed was working as a fish processor on one of Glacier's vessels.

          On June 23, 2010, while the vessel was docked, Ahmed was working in the

vessel's freezer hold where boxes of processed fish are stacked and stored before

they are unloaded at the dock. After working several hours in the freezer, Ahmed

complained to the shift supervisor about pain and numbness in his fingers. The
No. 73032-1/2




supervisor told Ahmed to go see the ship's medical officer. The medical officer,

Jeff Ivie, examined Ahmed's hands, observed blood circulation in his fingers, and

saw no signs of frost bite. Ivie gave Ahmed ibuprofen for pain and inflammation.

And, he instructed Ahmed not to work in the freezer and instead to work on the

pier. But, according to Ahmed, after working several hours on the pier, Marcus

Vercruysse, the new shift supervisor, ordered Ahmed to return to the freezer.

      On June 30, 2010, Ahmed again complained about his hands to a different

medic. The complaint was recorded in the ship's medical log and the complaint

was reported to two supervisors.

      On July 16, 2010, again while the vessel was docked, Ahmed made a third

complaint about his hands. Ivie drove Ahmed to a clinic. The clinic diagnosed

Ahmed with " 'frostbite to fingertips.'" Ahmed did not return to the vessel for the

rest of the 2010 season. But, he continued to seek treatment for his hands. Ahmed

visited U.S. Healthworks in Seattle. On October 13, 2010, the treating physician

informed Ahmed that he could return to work.

      Ahmed then worked for Glacier in 2011 and 2012 as a candler, removing

bones and other defects from fish on an assembly line. Next, Ahmed worked at a

shipyard in June 2012. As a result ofthis work, Ahmed began to suffer from carpal

tunnel syndrome in both wrists. Glacier paid for Ahmed's carpal tunnel medical

treatments, and Ahmed reached maximum cure for the syndrome.

       On June 19, 2013, Ahmed filed a lawsuit against Glacier for his injuries,

alleging negligence and unseaworthiness under the Jones Act and general
No. 73032-1/3




maritime law. On December 8, 2014, the matter proceeded to a bench trial. At

trial, Ahmed testified and called five other witnesses. Due to a lack of evidence,

the trial court dismissed Ahmed's unseaworthiness claim after the conclusion of

his case. Glacier then called seven witnesses to testify.

       On December 29, 2014, the trial court entered findings of fact, conclusions

of law, and an order dismissing Ahmed's remaining negligence claim under the

Jones Act. The trial court concluded that Ahmed did not carry his burden of proving

that Glacier acted negligently.

       On January 27, 2015, Ahmed filed a notice of appeal. His notice of appeal

noted that he, "seeks review by the designated appellate court of Findings of Fact."

In Section A of his notice of appeal, Ahmed listed the witnesses who testified at

trial. Section B was entitled "Findings of Fact" and read, "2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10,

11, 13, 14." Section C was entitled "conclusions of law" and read, "1,2, 3, 4, 5, 6,

7, 8, 9." Ahmed also attached a signed document that read as follows:

       1. My lawyer was not representing me well in front of the court[.]

       2. [M]y lawyer refused to call all the witnesses I work with in the
       freezer hold only one and did not call him to come in the court.

       3. [M]y lawyer did not provide me a translator and used defendant's
       interpreter.

       4. My lawyer called Jeff Ivie as a witness and never was Itold about
       him. I only saw his name on the court decision as my witness.

       5. I still have problem for frostbites on my fingers and carpal tunnel
       pain and numbness.
No. 73032-1/4




                                    DISCUSSION


      Ahmed's opening brief to this court is a verbatim copy of his trial brief

submitted below. While Ahmed's opening brief makes arguments and provides

legal authority supporting his negligence allegations against Glacier, it does not

identify any errors made by the trial court in reaching its decision. RAP 10.3(a)(4)

states that an appellant's brief should contain a separate concise statement of

each error a party contends was made by the trial court, together with the issues

pertaining to the assignments of error. And, RAP 10.3(g) requires an appellant to

make a separate assignment of error for each finding of fact he or she contends

was improperly made with references to the finding by number. This court will only

review a claimed error, which is included in an assignment of error or disclosed in

the associated issue, jd. But, in appropriate circumstances, this court will waive

technical violations of RAP 10.3(g) where the appellant's brief makes the nature of

the challenge clear and includes the challenged findings in the text. Harris v. Urell,

133 Wn. App. 130, 137, 135 P.3d 530 (2006).

       Here, Ahmed identified findings of fact by number in his notice of appeal,

but he did not indicate why he was challenging those findings. And, there are no

assignments of error in either his opening brief or his reply brief. Ahmed does,

however, appear to challenge one finding of fact and a related conclusion of law in

his reply brief. Specifically, Ahmed challenges the trial court's finding that he failed

to prove that Vercruysse ordered him to go back to the freezer after Ivie had

instructed him not to work there. And, he challenges the trial court's conclusion of
No. 73032-1/5




law that Glacier did not act negligently under the Jones Act with respect to any

preinjury training or post-injury practices.

         In a bench trial where the court has weighed the evidence, this court's

review is limited to determining whether substantial evidence supports the trial

court's findings of fact and whether the findings of fact support the trial court's

conclusions of law.1 Day v. Santorsola, 118 Wn. App. 746, 755, 76 P.2d 1190

(2003). The unchallenged findings of fact are verities on appeal. Moreman v.

Butcher, 126 Wn.2d 36, 39, 891 P.2d 725 (1995).

         Both parties admitted evidence at trial about the encounter between Ahmed

and Vercruysse. At trial, Ahmed testified that after Ivie instructed him to work on

the pier instead of in the freezer, Vercruysse, a supervisor who had just come on

shift, ordered Ahmed to return to the freezer. In support of his assertion, Ahmed

submitted the deposition testimony of Yatte Dioumassy, another processor on the

vessel. At trial, Vercruysse testified for Glacier. Vercruysse testified that he never

told Ahmed that he needed to go back into the freezer hold after he had been

medicallyexamined. He further testified that when one of the mates or the captains

makes an assessment that a person should not perform a particular job, he does




         1 An issue raised and argued for the first time in a reply brief is too late to
warrant consideration. Cowiche Canyon Conservancy v. Boslev, 118Wn.2d801,
809, 828 P.2d 549 (1992). But, it is in the discretion of an appellate court to decide
an issue regardless of which brief addresses it. Bovd v. Davis, 127 Wn.2d 256,
265, 897 P.2d 1239 (1995). We choose to exercise our discretion and consider
Ahmed's challenge to the finding of fact and conclusion of law noted in his reply
brief.
No. 73032-1/6




not defy their orders. And, Wes Tabaka, at the time a "freezer boss"2 on Glacier's

ship, testified that he did not recall working with Ahmed in the freezer hold, but

remembered working with him out on the docks.

      After reviewing this evidence, the trial court noted that Dioumassy's

deposition testimony stated that Dioumassy saw Ahmed in the freezer and that

Ahmed said the foreman asked him to go there.3 Notwithstanding this testimony,

the trial court found that Dioumassy's deposition testimony lacked specificity as to

the date and time of when Dioumassy saw Ahmed in the freezer hold such that his

testimony did not necessarily rebut Vercruysse's account. Consequently, the trial

court found that Ahmed did not meet his burden of proof on that issue.

       On appeal, Ahmed again relies on Dioumassy's testimony. And, Ahmed

contends that if the attorneys had specifically asked Dioumassy about the date

and time of his encounter with Ahmed in the freezer, Dioumassy would have been

able to answer, confirming Ahmed's account of the events. To the extent Ahmed

is arguing that the trial court's finding is unsupported by substantial evidence

because Dioumassy's deposition testimony calls Vercuysse's testimony into

question, we cannot review that argument. See Morse v. Antonellis, 149 Wn.2d

572, 574, 70 P.3d 125 (2003) (noting that credibility determinations are solely for

the trier of fact and cannot be reviewed on appeal).



       2A freezer boss makes sure that everything is running smoothly so that the
factory can keep running efficiently. Freezer bosses go through additional safety
training and have responsibilities regarding overseeing the crew's safety.
       3 Excerpts of Dioumassy's deposition are in the record, but the portion of
the deposition referenced by the trial court—page 20—is not in the record.
No. 73032-1/7




       Vercuysse testified that he did not order Ahmed to return to the freezer.

Tabaka testified that he did not work with Ahmed in the freezer. Apparently, the

trial court was unpersuaded that this testimony was not credible. We conclude

that substantial evidence supports the trial court's finding of fact that Ahmed failed

to prove that Vercuysse ordered him to return to the freezer after he was treated

by Ivie.4 And, to the extent Ahmed is arguing that his attorney was ineffective by

not asking Dioumassy the appropriate follow-up questions during his deposition,

this lawsuit is not the appropriate forum to raise the efficacy of his legal

representation.

       Ahmed does not explicitly cite or challenge other specific findings of fact or

conclusions of law, and the nature of his arguments based on other findings or

conclusions is not clear from his briefs. As such, his other arguments are not

properly before us. See RAP 10.3(g); Harris, 133 Wn. App. at 138 (technical

violations of RAP 10.3(g) may be waved where the brief makes the nature of the

challenge clear and included challenged findings in text). But, even if we were to

consider Ahmed's other arguments, and those issues attached to Ahmed's notice

of appeal, they constitute challenges to the efficacy of his legal representation—



       4 Ahmed also challenges the trial court's conclusion of law that Glacier did
not act negligently under the Jones Act with respect to any preinjury training or
post injury practices. He argues that Yatte's deposition disproves that conclusion.
But, our review of conclusions of law is limited to whether the findings of fact
support the conclusion. Here, Ahmed does not argue that the conclusion of law is
unsupported by the factual findings. And, to the extent that he argues Yatte's
deposition undercuts the factual findings supporting the trial court's conclusion, his
argument lacks the proper specificity for our review. See RAP 10.3(a)(6) (stating
that argument must be supported with references to relevant parts of the record).
No. 73032-1/8




not challenges to the actions of the trial court in his case against Glacier.

Therefore, those issues are not properly raised before this court.

       But, Ahmed makes two arguments framed as challenges to his legal

representation that could also relate to an error made by the trial court.      First,

Ahmed asserts that he did not have an adequate translator at trial and that he had

difficulty understanding the translators. Secondly, he notes that he did not have

the benefit of a jury trial. Because inadequate interpreter services and the wrongful

denial of a jury demand have the capability of resulting from an erroneous decision

of the trial court, in an abundance of caution, we will consider those two issues.5

       First, Ahmed argues that he did not have an adequate interpreter for trial.

He claims both that he did not have an interpreter for the entire trial as he should

have and that he was unable to understand the interpreter that was provided to

him.


       It is the declared policy of this state under RCW 2.43.010

       to secure the rights, constitutional or otherwise, of persons who,
       because of a non-English speaking cultural background, are unable
       to readily understand or communicate in the English language, and
       who consequently cannot be fully protected in legal proceedings
       unless qualified interpreters are available to assist them.

"Non-English speaking person" means any person involved in a legal proceeding

who cannot readily speak or understand the English language. RCW 2.43.020(4).

       5 Ahmed argued that he did not have a proper interpreter in the arguments
attached to his notice of appeal. But, he first noted that he did not have the benefit
of a jury trial in his reply brief. An issue raised and argued for the first time in a
reply brief is generally too late to warrant consideration. Cowiche Canyon, 118
Wn.2d at 809. But, we exercise our discretion and consider Ahmed's argument to
confirm that any errors regarding the jury demand made in Ahmed's case are not
attributable to the trial court. See Boyd, 127 Wn.2d at 265.


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No. 73032-1/9




The right to an interpreter in the civil context is not as well established as in the

criminal context. But, because the statute on its face applies to any non-English

speaking person involved in a "legal proceeding," we apply to the civil setting the

same basic right to an interpreter and standard of review for the trial court's

decision whether to appoint one. ]a\; see, e.g., In re Marriage of Olson, 69 Wn.

App. 621, 624, 850 P.2d 527 (1993) (noting that the appointment of an interpreter

in a civil dissolution matter is within the discretion of the trial court and finding that

a hearing-impaired party was not entitled to an interpreter because his need for

one was not made apparent to the trial judge and his impairment was

accommodated to the extent required).

       Here, prior to trial beginning, Ahmed's attorney informed the trial court that

Ahmed would require an Arabic interpreter. The trial court then stated to counsel,

"Your client, Mr. Ahmed, is not requiring that an interpreter be present the entire

trial, just when he's testifying."     Ahmed's attorney clarified that the court's

understanding was correct. The trial court noted, "I just don't want any issues

coming back later on that [Ahmed] didn't have a fair hearing." Ahmed's counsel

replied that Ahmed would not need an interpreter for the majority of his testimony

and that the interpreter was necessary for only technical issues that Ahmed could

not understand or articulate. The court then stated, "I just don't want any issues

coming back later on saying that, you know, we requested an interpreter should

have been present the whole proceedings, when it's hard to get one." Neither
No. 73032-1/10




party objected at that point or noted interest in having an interpreter throughout the

entire proceeding.

       Ahmed was the first witness to testify at trial. An interpreter was present

during Ahmed's testimony. Ahmed began his testimony on direct examination by

speaking in English. After several minutes of testimony, the court told Ahmed's

attorney that he should begin using the interpreter, because Ahmed began using

technical terms. The interpreter clarified that he would interpret everything from

that point onward during Ahmed's testimony.         Still, Ahmed attempted to use

English and the court had to encourage Ahmed to speak in Arabic. At one point,

counsel for Glacier noted that both Ahmed and the interpreter were both speaking

English and that counsel was able to understand Ahmed. Later, the court again

advised Ahmed's attorney that Ahmed should use the interpreter. After Ahmed

testified, the interpreter was present in the courtroom during Ivie's testimony. But,

he was dismissed because he was not needed. Later, Ahmed returned to testify

on rebuttal. Ahmed's counsel noted that, "He feels comfortable doing it given the

subject matter without [an] interpreter."

       Based on this record, there is no evidence that Ahmed requested

interpretation services and that the request for an interpreter was denied. In fact,

the trial court encouraged Ahmed to use the interpreter and he resisted. Moreover,

based on this record, it is not evident that Ahmed is considered a "non-English

speaking person" requiring an interpreter under the statute. RCW 2.43.020(4).




                                             10
No. 73032-1/11




Therefore, we conclude that any potential error regarding a lack of interpretation

services at trial is not attributable to the trial court's abuse of discretion.


       Ahmed also notes that he did not have a jury trial, implying that he wanted

a jury trial. Ahmed's original complaint included a jury demand. On November 6,

2014, Glacier filed a jury demand. Glacier noted that it had not filed a jury demand

up until that point, because it relied on Ahmed's request for a jury demand in his

initial complaint. Glacier stated that it learned from Ahmed on November 6 that he

failed to pay the jury fee and that he no longer wanted a jury trial. Therefore,

Glacier attempted to pay the jury fee and demanded a trial by jury. On November

12, 2014, Ahmed filed a motion to strike an untimely jury demand, arguing that

Glacier waived its right to a jury trial under CR 38 and King County Local Civil Rule

(KCLCR) 38.

       CR 38(b) outlines how a party must make a demand for a jury. The rule

provides that the party must serve upon the other party a demand in writing, by

filing the demand with the clerk, and by paying the jury fee required by law. Id

CR 38(d) states that the failure of a party to serve a demand as required by the

rule and to pay the jury fee constitutes a waiver by the party of trial by jury. KCLCR

38 provides that the demand for a jury must be contained in a separate document

and that the demand must be filed and served no later than the final date to change

trial designated in the case schedule.

       Here, the amended case schedule specified that the last date for filing the

jury demand was August 25, 2014.            No separate document containing a jury




                                                11
No. 73032-1/12




demand was filed nor was the jury fee paid before that date.             Based on this

information, on November 20, 2014, the trial court struck the jury demand and

concluded that the case would be a bench trial. On this record, it is clear both that

Ahmed's counsel actively sought a bench trial instead of a jury trial and that the

trial court properly concluded that the parties had waived their rights to a jury trial.

Therefore, if there is any error attributable to the trial proceeding as a bench trial,

the error is not as a result of an action taken by the trial court.

       Finally, in response to Ahmed's opening brief, Glacier argues that the issues

Ahmed raises on appeal are frivolous. Glacier cites to RAP 18.9(a) and notes that

an appellate court may on its own initiative order a party who files a frivolous appeal

to pay terms or compensatory damages to any party harmed by its actions. Glacier

argues that Ahmed's appeal is frivolous, because Ahmed only critiques his legal

representation and restates the fact that he is injured without referencing Glacier's

negligence. Glacier also argues that the appeal is frivolous, because Ahmed's

opening brief provides no support of the issues for review, no citations to legal

authority supporting that the trial court erred in its factual findings or misapplied the

law, and makes no reference to relevant parts of the record proving such errors.

       Under RAP 18.9(a), we may award sanctions, such as a grant of attorney

fees and costs to an opposing party, when a party brings a frivolous appeal.

Granville Condo. Homeowners Ass'n v. Kuehner. 177 Wn. App. 543, 557, 312 P.3d

702 (2013). Even assuming Ahmed's appeal is frivolous, we must then decide




                                               12
No. 73032-1/13




whether to exercise our discretion to award fees to Glacier. See RAP 18.9(a). We

decline to do so.


       We affirm.




                                       VQjUMgQ.




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