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 1          IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO

 2 Filing Date: November 7, 2013

 3 STATE OF NEW MEXICO,

 4          Plaintiff-Appellee,

 5 v.                                                                     NO. 33,480

 6 LOUIS BENAVIDEZ,

 7          Defendant-Appellant.


 8 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF SAN MIGUEL COUNTY
 9 Eugenio S. Mathis, District Judge


10 Bennett J. Baur, Acting Chief Public Defender
11 B. Douglas Wood, III, Assistant Appellate Defender
12 Santa Fe, NM

13 for Appellant

14 Gary K. King, Attorney General
15 Yvonne Marie Chicoine, Assistant Attorney General
16 Santa Fe, NM

17 for Appellee

18                                             DECISION

19 VIGIL, Justice.
 1   {1}   On September 25, 2009, Louis Benavidez (Defendant) drove to the home of

 2 Kevin Duran (Victim) with a gun, called Victim outside, and shot him twice, once in

 3 the abdomen at point-blank range and once in the back as Victim fled, killing him. A

 4 jury convicted Defendant of first-degree murder and tampering with evidence. On

 5 appeal, Defendant argues that insufficient evidence supports his convictions and that

 6 the district court abused its discretion, both by failing to remedy two instances of

 7 alleged jury contamination and by admitting into evidence Victim’s statement

 8 identifying Defendant as the shooter.

 9   {2}   We affirm Defendant’s first-degree murder conviction but hold that

10 Defendant’s tampering with evidence conviction must be reversed because it is

11 unsupported by sufficient evidence. Defendant’s remaining arguments lack merit. We

12 dispose of Defendant’s appeal by this non-precedential decision because settled New

13 Mexico law resolves the issues raised. See Rule 12-405(B)(1) NMRA.

14 I.      BACKGROUND

15   {3}   The following account of the events that occurred before, during, and after the

16 shooting is derived from the evidence presented at trial.

17   {4}   In September 2009, Victim lived in Las Vegas, New Mexico with his girlfriend

18 Amy and her six children, including her sixteen-year old son Marco. On September

19 23, 2009, two days before the shooting in this case, Defendant and Marco had a fight

                                              2
 1 after someone alleged that Defendant had stolen property from the house where

 2 Victim, Amy, and Marco lived. The fight occurred at the house where Defendant’s

 3 cousin Adan lived with his wife Colleen, about one block away from Victim’s house.

 4 Marco gave Defendant a black eye during the confrontation.

 5   {5}   Two days later, on the morning of September 25, 2009, Defendant went to the

 6 hospital where his former girlfriend Tammy worked, seeking to resume their romantic

 7 relationship. Defendant told Tammy that he had received the black eye in a car

 8 accident. Tammy asked Defendant to leave the hospital because she was busy

 9 working, and Defendant left. Defendant did not abandon his attempt to reconcile with

10 Tammy, however, and he called her that evening around 7:30 p.m. after she got off

11 work. Tammy agreed to meet with Defendant, and they talked outside Defendant’s

12 mother’s house for about half an hour before Tammy went home.

13   {6}   After meeting with Tammy, Defendant went to visit Adan and Colleen, arriving

14 between 8:30 p.m. and 8:45 p.m. Defendant’s nephew was there, and he goaded

15 Defendant about the black eye, repeatedly asking, “You gonna let that little punk get

16 away with that?” Defendant pulled a revolver out of a black bag, pointed it at the front

17 door, and walked out of the house, saying he would “be right back.” About ten

18 minutes later, Colleen heard gunshots.

19   {7}   Meanwhile, Victim and Amy were spending the evening of September 25,

                                              3
 1 2009, packing and moving to a new house with the help of Marco and two of his

 2 friends when Defendant arrived in his white Chevrolet Cavalier at about 9:00 p.m.

 3 Marco, who had been cleaning out his room, saw Defendant’s car outside and,

 4 anticipating trouble, went to the kitchen and told his mother that Defendant was there.

 5   {8}    At the other end of the house, Amy and Victim also saw Defendant arrive.

 6 Victim asked Amy who was outside in the white Cavalier, but at that point Amy did

 7 not know. Then Amy heard Defendant say, “Primo, come here,” through an open

 8 window. Victim responded, “It’s my primo, Louie,” and he went outside.

 9   {9}    One of Marco’s friends observed the exchange between Victim and Defendant

10 from inside the house. He saw Victim walk over to Defendant’s car, lean against the

11 frame of the open driver’s side window, and talk to the driver and to Defendant, who

12 was seated in the front passenger seat. Suddenly, Defendant reached across the driver

13 and shot Victim. Victim turned away, but Defendant kept shooting as Victim ran up

14 the stairs and back inside the house.

15   {10}   Consistent with this testimony, the physical evidence at trial demonstrated that

16 Victim was shot twice with pistol ammunition. One bullet entered Victim’s abdomen,

17 hit his liver, and exited his right lower back. A wide area of gunpowder stippling

18 surrounding the entry wound indicated that Victim had been shot at close range, from

19 between a few inches to two feet away. A second bullet entered Victim’s right upper

                                                4
 1 back, passed through his right lung, and exited his right shoulder, causing fatal

 2 injuries. The injuries Victim suffered from this second bullet indicated that Victim

 3 may have been shot from behind as he ran, hunched over, away from his attacker,

 4 consistent with the account given by Marco’s friend who observed the shooting.

 5   {11}   Marco, who had remained inside the house near the front door for about five

 6 minutes while Victim was outside talking to Defendant, heard gunfire and saw a flash.

 7 Worried that Defendant would come after him next, Marco jumped out a window and

 8 hid.

 9   {12}   Amy also heard gunfire and went into the kitchen, arriving as Victim ran back

10 inside. Amy testified at trial that Victim fell into Amy’s arms and said, “Babe, help

11 me please. Help me babe. Louie just shot me.” Amy was unable to hold Victim up,

12 and he collapsed on the ground.

13   {13}   Marco saw Defendant’s car leave and went back into the house, where he saw

14 Victim laying on the floor, bleeding and unable to talk, with his eyes rolled back and

15 his mouth open. Amy noticed that Victim had stopped breathing, and she called 911,

16 but no one responded. Amy and Marco picked up Victim, carried him to the car, and

17 brought him to the hospital. Medical personnel at the hospital were unable to revive

18 Victim and reported his death to law enforcement at approximately 9:20 p.m.

19   {14}   After the shooting, Defendant again sought out Tammy, this time at her house

                                              5
 1 in Montezuma, New Mexico, about five miles north of Las Vegas. Defendant arrived

 2 at Tammy’s house at about 9:30 p.m. and asked Tammy to let him in, telling her,

 3 “They just beat me up.” Tammy, however, thought that Defendant appeared nervous

 4 and “not himself,” and she refused to let Defendant in. Speaking through an exterior

 5 storm door at her home, Tammy told Defendant, “You look like the [ ] devil’s inside

 6 of you.” Defendant left about five minutes after he arrived. Tammy, feeling afraid,

 7 called her co-workers at the hospital but was unable to reach anyone. At 9:43 p.m.,

 8 Tammy sent the following text message to a friend: “Friend loui showed up @ my

 9 house all [messed] up I didnt let him in but I am afraid hell come back thank u for

10 your prayers day I am scared.”

11   {15}   Around 10:20 p.m., a police officer, who had been alerted by radio that a

12 homicide suspect driving a white Cavalier might be traveling toward Albuquerque,

13 spotted Defendant’s car heading southbound from Las Vegas on I-25 near milepost

14 312. The officer followed Defendant’s vehicle while waiting for backup to arrive.

15 Defendant continued driving at speeds of up to ninety miles per hour, likely aware that

16 he was being followed by police. Approximately ten minutes later, officers arrested

17 Defendant at milepost 293, about fifty-five miles south of Las Vegas. Police never

18 recovered the gun used in the shooting.

19   {16}   On December 7, 2009, Defendant was charged by criminal information with an

                                              6
 1 open count of murder and tampering with evidence, along with two other charges that

 2 were severed prior to trial and dismissed after trial.

 3   {17}   While incarcerated awaiting trial, Defendant spoke to three trial witnesses about

 4 the murder. First, on July 27, 2010, Defendant spoke to Victim’s brother, who was

 5 being held at the same detention center as Defendant, and asked him, “Did you see

 6 how I put the hole in your [brother]?”

 7   {18}   Then, on May 10, 2011, three weeks before Defendant’s trial setting of May 31,

 8 2011, Defendant entered the visiting area of the detention center while his cousin

 9 Adan, who was also incarcerated, was speaking with his wife Colleen. Defendant took

10 the phone from Adan and told Colleen, “Hey, the thirty-first is that thing . . . be

11 down.” Colleen interpreted this to mean that she should not say anything at the trial

12 that might be detrimental to him.

13   {19}   Finally, Defendant’s sister spoke with Defendant on the phone while he was

14 incarcerated, a day or two before she testified on his behalf at trial. Defendant’s sister,

15 who lived in Albuquerque, testified that Defendant visited her there “many, many

16 times” and that it was never “too late” for a visit.

17   {20}   Defendant’s case was set for jury trial starting May 31, 2011, but the district

18 court was unable to sit a jury and declared a mistrial. Defendant’s five-day jury trial

19 ultimately began on November 28, 2011. The jury found Defendant guilty of first-

                                                7
 1 degree murder and tampering with evidence. The district court sentenced Defendant

 2 to a life sentence for the offense of first-degree murder plus three years for the offense

 3 of tampering with evidence, to be served consecutively. Defendant appealed directly

 4 to this Court. See N.M. Const. art. VI, § 2; Rule 12-102(A)(1) NMRA.

 5 II.      DISCUSSION

 6 A.       Sufficiency of the Evidence

 7   {21}   Defendant’s primary argument on appeal is that the State presented insufficient

 8 evidence at trial to support his convictions for first-degree murder and tampering with

 9 evidence. “The test for sufficiency of the evidence is whether substantial evidence of

10 either a direct or circumstantial nature exists to support a verdict of guilt beyond a

11 reasonable doubt with respect to every element essential to a conviction.” State v.

12 Duran, 2006-NMSC-035, ¶ 5, 140 N.M. 94, 140 P.3d 515 (internal quotation marks

13 and citation omitted). Evidence is substantial if a reasonable mind would accept it “as

14 adequate support for a conclusion.” State v. Flores, 2010-NMSC-002, ¶ 2, 147 N.M.

15 542, 226 P.3d 641 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). In reviewing the

16 sufficiency of the evidence on appeal, this Court “must view the evidence in the light

17 most favorable to the guilty verdict, indulging all reasonable inferences and resolving

18 all conflicts in the evidence in favor of the verdict.” Id. (internal quotation marks and

19 citation omitted). In doing so, we consider whether “a rational jury could have found

                                               8
 1 beyond a reasonable doubt the essential facts required for a conviction.” Id. ¶ 3

 2 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). When evaluating whether the jury

 3 could have found these essential facts, we consider the totality of the circumstances,

 4 including the defendant’s conduct before, during, and after the commission of an

 5 offense. See id. ¶¶ 17, 23-24.

 6 1.       Defendant’s First-Degree Murder Conviction Is Supported by Sufficient
 7          Evidence

 8   {22}   Defendant argues that the evidence at trial was insufficient to support a first-

 9 degree murder conviction. The jury was instructed that, in order to find Defendant

10 guilty of first-degree murder, it had to find that the State proved the following

11 elements beyond a reasonable doubt: (1) Defendant killed Victim, (2) “with the

12 deliberate intention to take away” Victim’s life, (3) on or about September 25, 2009.

13 See UJI 14-201 NMRA.

14   {23}   Defendant argues that the State failed to present sufficient evidence to prove

15 that Defendant possessed the requisite intent to commit first-degree murder. Under

16 New Mexico law, “any kind of willful, deliberate and premeditated killing” constitutes

17 first-degree murder. NMSA 1978, § 30-2-1(A)(1) (1994). The State may prove

18 deliberate intent using circumstantial evidence alone. See Flores, 2010-NMSC-002,

19 ¶ 19. The jury usually must infer deliberate intent “from other facts in the case.” Id.


                                                9
 1 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). The district court in this case gave the

 2 jury the following uniform jury instruction on willful and deliberate murder:

 3                 A deliberate intention refers to the state of mind of the defendant.
 4          A deliberate intention may be inferred from all of the facts and
 5          circumstances of the killing. The word deliberate means arrived at or
 6          determined upon as a result of careful thought and the weighing of the
 7          consideration for and against the proposed course of action. A calculated
 8          judgment and decision may be arrived at in a short period of time. A
 9          mere unconsidered and rash impulse, even though it includes an intent
10          to kill, is not a deliberate intention to kill. To constitute a deliberate
11          killing, the slayer must weigh and consider the question of killing and his
12          reasons for and against such a choice.

13 UJI 14-201.

14   {24}   The State presented an abundance of evidence in this case from which the jury

15 could have found that Defendant possessed a deliberate intention to kill. First, the jury

16 could have inferred deliberate intent from witness testimony that Defendant displayed

17 a gun at Adan and Colleen’s house before driving to Victim’s home, calling Victim

18 outside, and shooting him. See State v. Salazar, 1997-NMSC-044, ¶ 46, 123 N.M.

19 778, 945 P.2d 996 (discussing the facts that defendant pursued the victim, pointed the

20 gun, and shot the victim, together constituted direct evidence of deliberate intention).

21   {25}   Additionally, witness testimony established that, after Victim voluntarily went

22 outside and engaged Defendant in conversation, Defendant suddenly reached across

23 the driver and shot Victim at point-blank range. Defendant then shot Victim again


                                                10
 1 after he turned and tried to escape. The physical evidence of Victim’s wounds

 2 indicated that Victim was shot once in the abdomen at close range and again in the

 3 back from farther away, consistent with the State’s theory that Victim was shot from

 4 behind as he ran, hunched over, away from his attacker. A reasonable jury could have

 5 found deliberate intent from these facts. See State v. Guerra, 2012-NMSC-027, ¶ 29,

 6 284 P.3d 1076 (explaining that continuing an attack on a defenseless victim

 7 demonstrates deliberate intent); State v. Riley, 2010-NMSC-005, ¶ 20, 147 N.M. 557,

 8 226 P.3d 656 (holding that a reasonable jury could find deliberate intent where the

 9 defendant fired two shots from less than four inches from the victim’s body, then shot

10 the victim again as he was trying to escape), overruled on other grounds by State v.

11 Montoya, 2013-NMSC-020, ¶ 2, 306 P.3d 426; State v. Garcia, 1980-NMSC-141, ¶

12 4, 95 N.M. 260, 620 P.2d 1285 (concluding that the jury’s finding of deliberate intent

13 was reasonable where the defendant was the aggressor and the victim tried to run

14 away before the fatal shot).

15   {26}   Additionally, the jury could have inferred deliberate intent from Defendant’s

16 demeanor and conduct after the killing. Defendant’s appearance after the killing

17 scared Tammy so much that she reached out to co-workers and asked a friend to pray

18 for her. Then, Defendant left Las Vegas and drove south at speeds of up to ninety

19 miles per hour while being followed by police. From these facts, a reasonable jury

                                              11
 1 could have found that Defendant fled the scene of the crime and attempted to evade

 2 the police, an inference that Defendant tried to rebut through his sister’s testimony that

 3 Defendant was always welcome at her house, regardless of the time of day. See

 4 Flores, 2010-NMSC-002, ¶¶ 22-23 (explaining that fleeing the scene and trying to

 5 evade authorities indicate a consciousness of guilt from which a jury may infer

 6 deliberate intent).

 7   {27}   The statements Defendant made while incarcerated awaiting trial provided

 8 additional evidence of Defendant’s lack of remorse and consciousness of guilt.

 9 Defendant bragged to Victim’s brother about committing the crime, asking, “Did you

10 see how I put the hole in your [brother]?” See Guerra, 2012-NMSC-027, ¶ 29

11 (concluding that the jury could have inferred deliberate intent from defendant’s lack

12 of remorse for the killing); State v. Roper, 2001-NMCA-093, ¶ 9, 131 N.M. 189, 34

13 P.3d 133 (explaining that bragging about the killing evidenced the defendant’s guilt).

14 Then, three weeks before the May 31, 2011, trial setting, Defendant instructed the

15 State’s witness Colleen to “be down” on the day of trial, ostensibly encouraging her

16 to refrain from saying anything that might hurt Defendant’s case.

17   {28}   Based on the totality of the evidence presented at trial, including the physical

18 evidence and Defendant’s conduct before, during, and after the shooting, we conclude

19 that a reasonable jury could have found that the State proved the elements of first-

                                               12
 1 degree murder beyond a reasonable doubt, including the element of deliberate intent,

 2 and we affirm Defendant’s first-degree murder conviction.

 3 2.       Defendant’s Tampering With Evidence Conviction Is Not Supported by
 4          Sufficient Evidence and Must Be Vacated

 5   {29}   Defendant argues that the evidence at trial was insufficient to support his

 6 tampering with evidence conviction. The State concedes that Defendant’s tampering

 7 with evidence conviction is not supported by sufficient evidence and should be

 8 vacated. Although we need not accept the State’s concession as conclusive, see

 9 Guerra, 2012-NMSC-027, ¶ 9, we agree for the reasons that follow.

10   {30}   In order for the jury to convict Defendant of tampering with evidence, the State

11 had to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that Defendant (1) “hid the gun”; (2) with the

12 intention of preventing his “apprehension, prosecution, or conviction”; (3) on or about

13 September 25, 2009. See NMSA 1978, § 30-22-5(A) (2003); UJI 14-2241 NMRA. To

14 meet this burden of proof, the State cannot merely ask “the jury to infer that an overt,

15 intentional act of hiding the weapon [has] taken place based solely on the fact that the

16 police never found the weapon.” Guerra, 2012-NMSC-027 ¶ 16; see also State v.

17 Silva, 2008-NMSC-051, ¶ 19, 144 N.M. 815, 192 P.3d 1192 (rejecting the State’s

18 argument that the defendant’s “possession of a gun and the police’s inability to find

19 the gun used in the murder constitutes sufficient evidence of [the defendant’s]


                                               13
 1 tampering”); Duran, 2006-NMSC-035, ¶ 15 (reversing a tampering conviction

 2 because the State asked the jury “to speculate that an overt act of destroying or hiding

 3 the knife and possibly blood stained clothing had taken place, based solely on the fact

 4 that such evidence was never found”). “[A]bsent either direct evidence of a

 5 defendant’s specific intent to tamper or evidence from which the factfinder may infer

 6 such intent, the evidence cannot support a tampering conviction.” Guerra,

 7 2012-NMSC-027, ¶ 14 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).

 8   {31}   In this case, as in Guerra, Silva, and Duran, police never recovered the murder

 9 weapon. Other than the fact that the gun Defendant used to shoot Victim was never

10 located, the State presented no direct or circumstantial evidence from which the jury

11 could have found that Defendant hid the gun with the specific intent to prevent his

12 apprehension, prosecution, or conviction. Accordingly, we conclude that the evidence

13 at trial was insufficient as a matter of law to support Defendant’s tampering with

14 evidence conviction and hold that the conviction must be vacated.

15 B.       Alleged Jury Contamination

16   {32}   Defendant asserts that two instances of jury contamination deprived him of the

17 right to a fair and impartial jury. See State v. Sanchez, 1954-NMSC-010, ¶ 14, 58

18 N.M. 77, 265 P.2d 684 (“[T]he right to trial by a fair and impartial jury is a

19 fundamental right of the accused.”). More specifically, Defendant contends that the

                                              14
 1 district court erred by denying his motion for a mistrial and that, at a minimum, the

 2 district court should have conducted individual voir dire of the jurors following two

 3 situations that arose during the course of trial.

 4   {33}   The State argues that the district court responded appropriately to both alleged

 5 instances of jury contamination by giving the jury curative instructions. A district

 6 court has “considerable discretion and a variety of remedies to address allegations of

 7 juror bias, including individual voir dire, curative instructions, and if necessary

 8 dismissal of an affected juror for cause.” State v. Gallegos, 2009-NMSC-017, ¶ 29,

 9 146 N.M. 88, 206 P.3d 993. A mistrial is an extreme remedy, State v. Allison, 2000-

10 NMSC-027, ¶ 23, 129 N.M. 566, 11 P.3d 141, and “[c]ourts rarely grant a motion for

11 mistrial based on mere equivocal evidence of possible juror bias or prejudice, even

12 with the potential to negatively impact a trial.” Gallegos, 2009-NMSC-017, ¶ 28.

13   {34}   On appeal, we consider whether the district court abused its discretion when it

14 declined either to declare a mistrial or to conduct individual voir dire of the jurors and

15 whether the instances of alleged juror contamination “unfairly affected the jury’s

16 deliberative process.” See Montoya, 2013-NMSC-020, ¶ 62 (internal quotation marks

17 and citation omitted); see also State v. Swick, 2012-NMSC-018, ¶ 68, 279 P.3d 747

18 (stating that the district court’s denial of a mistrial is reviewed for abuse of discretion);

19 Gallegos, 2009-NMSC-017, ¶ 24 (recognizing that the district court’s discretion to

                                                15
 1 conduct individual voir dire in instances of alleged juror bias is “limited only by the

 2 essential demands of fairness” (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)).

 3 1.       The District Court Did Not Abuse Its Discretion When It Denied Defendant’s
 4          Motion for a Mistrial and Declined to Voir Dire a Juror After the Juror May
 5          Have Seen Defendant in Shackles

 6   {35}   Defendant asks this Court to grant him a new trial because one juror “possibly

 7 saw” Defendant in prisoner restraints as he was boarding a transport van after the

 8 court had recessed for the day on November 30, 2011. Defense counsel learned about

 9 this incident the next day and brought it to the attention of the district court.

10   {36}   After defense counsel raised the issue, the officer who had transported

11 Defendant explained to the district court what had happened. Before allowing

12 Defendant to board the transport van, the officer had shackled Defendant, then

13 checked the video monitors and looked around to ensure that no one was present.

14 Having seen no one, the officer opened the doors to van. However, as Defendant was

15 climbing into the van, one of the jurors came around the corner and walked between

16 the van and the building. The juror was alone and talking on her cell phone when she

17 walked by. The juror nodded to the officer as she passed. The officer was not sure

18 whether the juror had seen Defendant.

19   {37}   After the district court heard the transport officer’s account of the incident,

20 Defendant moved for a mistrial, arguing that the juror’s observation of Defendant in

                                              16
 1 shackles was per se prejudicial and would constitute reversible error on appeal. The

 2 court denied Defendant’s motion on the ground that the jury already had heard

 3 evidence demonstrating that Defendant was incarcerated, including testimony from

 4 three witnesses who had spoken with Defendant while he was incarcerated awaiting

 5 trial. Without referencing the incident, the trial court reminded the jurors of their

 6 obligation to leave the court immediately after being excused for the day in order to

 7 avoid inappropriate interactions with the parties.

 8   {38}   On appeal, Defendant contends that the district court erred by not granting a

 9 mistrial and that, even if a mistrial was not the appropriate remedy, the district court

10 should have asked the juror what she had seen and whether it had affected her

11 impartiality.

12   {39}   Generally, “a prisoner coming into court for trial is entitled to make his

13 appearance free of shackles or bonds.” State v. Holly, 2009-NMSC-004, ¶ 41, 145

14 N.M. 513, 201 P.3d 844 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted); see also Rule

15 5-115(C) NMRA (“Except by order of the court, the defendant may not appear before

16 the jury in any visible restraint devices, including handcuffs, chains or stun belts, a

17 visible bullet proof vest or any other item which, if visible to the jury, would prejudice

18 the defendant in the eyes of the jury.”). However, a defendant’s right to appear free

19 of visible restraints is not absolute. State v. Johnson, 2010-NMSC-016, ¶ 26, 148

                                               17
 1 N.M. 50, 229 P.3d 523. It must be balanced against the state’s interest in maintaining

 2 security. State v. Gomez, 1971-NMCA-009, ¶¶ 2-7, 82 N.M. 333, 481 P.2d 412

 3 (upholding the district court’s denial of mistrial where jurors had viewed the

 4 defendant in handcuffs only as safety requirements demanded, “prior to the beginning

 5 of trial and during recess”). In this case, the transport officer shackled Defendant for

 6 the purpose of transporting him to the detention facility and carefully checked the area

 7 to ensure that no one was present before allowing Defendant to board the transport

 8 van, striking a reasonable balance between safety concerns and the need to prevent

 9 any jurors from seeing Defendant.

10   {40}   Moreover, this Court has held that a juror’s “inadvertent or insignificant

11 exposure to a defendant in shackles is not sufficiently prejudicial to merit a new trial.”

12 See Holly, 2009-NMSC-004, ¶ 41. In Holly, a situation arose at trial that was similar

13 to the incident in this case. “On the evening of the first day of trial, one member of the

14 jury may have seen [the defendant] in handcuffs as he was escorted back to the

15 detention facility.” Id. ¶ 40 (emphasis added). Rather than calling attention to the

16 incident by questioning the jurors, the district court chose to remedy the situation by

17 repeating the general jury instructions to the jurors. Id. On appeal, this Court

18 concluded that the incident did not constitute fundamental error because “it [was]

19 unclear whether any exposure actually occurred, or if it did, that it was anything more

                                               18
 1 than inadvertent or insignificant exposure.” Id. ¶ 42 (internal quotation marks and

 2 citation omitted).

 3   {41}   Additionally, New Mexico cases have held that the potential for prejudice

 4 caused by a juror’s inadvertent exposure to a defendant in restraints is minimal when

 5 the evidence at trial has shown that the defendant is incarcerated. For example, in

 6 State v. Mills, 1980-NMCA-005, ¶ 15, 94 N.M. 17, 606 P.2d 1111, at least one juror

 7 viewed the defendant in handcuffs while a bailiff was escorting the defendant from

 8 the courtroom during a noon recess. The defendant moved for a mistrial, arguing that

 9 the incident deprived him of a fair trial. Id. The bailiff explained to the district court

10 that he had waited with the defendant “for the time normally required for the departure

11 of jurors,” and “that the view occurred because some jurors had used the restroom

12 before departing.” Id. ¶ 16. The district court ruled that the juror’s observation of

13 defendant in handcuffs was inadvertent and denied the defendant’s motion for a

14 mistrial, reasoning that “any impropriety resulting from the view was harmless”

15 because the evidence at trial showed that the defendant was incarcerated. Id. ¶¶ 16-17.

16 The Court of Appeals affirmed the district court. Id. ¶ 17.

17   {42}   In this case, as in Holly, it is not clear whether the juror even noticed Defendant

18 as she passed by the transport van while talking on her cell phone. To the extent that

19 the juror may have seen Defendant, any exposure was inadvertent and occurred

                                                19
 1 outside the courtroom. And, as in Mills, the jury had already heard evidence at trial

 2 indicating that Defendant was incarcerated. We conclude that the district court acted

 3 within its discretion when it chose to repeat the general jury instructions to the jury,

 4 rather than calling additional attention to the incident by questioning the juror, and we

 5 hold that the district court did not abuse its discretion by denying Defendant’s motion

 6 for a mistrial.

 7 2.       The District Court Did Not Abuse Its Discretion When It Denied Defendant’s
 8          Request to Question the Jurors Regarding an Unsolicited Remark Made by
 9          a Witness After Leaving the Witness Stand

10   {43}   At trial on December 1, 2011, defense counsel informed the district court that

11 a witness had made an audible comment while passing by the jury box after leaving

12 the witness stand the previous day. The record reflects three different versions of the

13 witness’s remark: (1) Defendant thought the witness said, “They killed my family”;

14 (2) the bailiff thought the witness said something about needing to get back to his

15 family; and (3) the district judge thought he heard the witness say, “Why would they

16 do that to my family?”

17   {44}   To remedy the situation, defense counsel asked the court to question the jurors

18 to determine what, if anything, they had heard. Instead, to avoid drawing unnecessary

19 attention to anything the witness had said, the district court denied Defendant’s

20 request and instructed the jurors to disregard anything the witness said after leaving

                                              20
 1 the witness stand.

 2   {45}   We conclude that the district court’s curative instruction to the jury was a

 3 proper, adequate remedy under the circumstances. As explained above, the district

 4 court has wide discretion to determine how best to address instances of potential juror

 5 contamination. See Gallegos, 2009-NMSC-017, ¶ 29. When determining which course

 6 of action to take, a district court may distinguish “between inadvertent remarks made

 7 by a witness . . . and similar testimony intentionally elicited by the prosecutor.” State

 8 v. Fry, 2006-NMSC-001, ¶ 53, 138 N.M. 700, 126 P.3d 516 (internal quotation marks

 9 and citation omitted). Where a witness had made an unsolicited remark, the district

10 court can cure any prejudicial effect by giving the jury a curative instruction. Id.; see

11 also Callaway v. State, 1990-NMSC-010, ¶¶ 5, 8, 109 N.M. 416, 785 P.2d 1035

12 (explaining that the district court should have admonished the jury to disregard a

13 witness’s unsolicited statement, rather than declaring a mistrial).

14   {46}   The witness’s remark in this case was neither solicited by the parties nor

15 inherently prejudicial. We hold that the district court did not abuse its discretion when

16 it declined to question the jurors and instead instructed the jury to disregard anything

17 the witness said after leaving the witness stand.

18 C.       Admission of Victim’s Statement Identifying Defendant as the Shooter

19   {47}   Defendant asserts that Victim’s statement identifying Defendant as the shooter

                                              21
 1 was inadmissible hearsay and argues that the district court erred by allowing Amy to

 2 testify about the statement at trial. Defendant filed a pretrial motion in May 2011

 3 seeking to preclude the admission of the statement, but the district court denied the

 4 motion and permitted the testimony at trial.

 5   {48}   “Hearsay consists of an out-of-court statement offered to prove the truth of the

 6 matter asserted, and is inadmissible as substantive evidence unless it falls within an

 7 exclusion or exception to the hearsay rule.” State v. Largo, 2012-NMSC-015, ¶ 24,

 8 278 P.3d 532 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted); accord Rule 11-801(C)

 9 NMRA. “We review the admission of evidence pursuant to an exception or an

10 exclusion to the hearsay rule under an abuse of discretion standard by which deference

11 is given to the district court’s ruling.” Largo, 2012-NMSC-015, ¶ 22.

12 1.       Victim’s Statement Was Admissible Under the Dying Declaration Exception
13          to the Hearsay Rule

14   {49}   The State argues that Victim’s out-of-court statement identifying Defendant as

15 the shooter was admissible as a dying declaration under Rule 11-804(B)(2) NMRA.

16 Under Rule 11-804(B)(2), a declarant’s statement made while “under the belief of

17 imminent death” regarding the “cause or circumstances” of the declarant’s death is

18 admissible “if the declarant is unavailable as a witness.” The party seeking to

19 introduce a statement as a dying declaration must show “that the declarant made the


                                               22
 1 statement while conscious and under the realization that death was approaching.”

 2 Largo, 2012-NMSC-015, ¶ 26.

 3   {50}   Defendant argues that the facts do not support a finding that Victim believed

 4 his death was imminent at the time Victim made the statement. We disagree. “[I]f it

 5 can reasonably be inferred from the state of the wound or the state of the illness that

 6 the dying person was aware of his [or her] danger, then the requirement of impending

 7 death is met.” Id. (second alternation in original) (internal quotation marks and

 8 citation omitted). In this case, Victim ran into the house immediately after being shot

 9 twice and cried out, “Babe, help me please. Help me babe. Louie just shot me.” After

10 speaking these words, Victim stopped talking, collapsed on the floor, and stopped

11 breathing. Within about twenty minutes, hospital personnel reported Victim’s death

12 to law enforcement. Under these circumstances, we conclude that the district court did

13 not abuse its discretion by finding that Victim was aware of his imminent death, and

14 we hold that Victim’s statement was admissible as a dying declaration.

15 2.       Victim’s Statement Was Admissible Under the Excited Utterance Exception
16          to the Hearsay Rule

17   {51}   The State argues that Victim’s statement regarding the identity of his attacker

18 was also admissible under the excited utterance exception to the hearsay rule. An

19 excited utterance is “[a] statement relating to a startling event or condition, made


                                              23
 1 while the declarant was under the stress or excitement that it caused.” Rule 11-803(2)

 2 NMRA. “[I]n order to constitute an excited utterance, the declaration should be

 3 spontaneous, made before there is time for fabrication, and made under the stress of

 4 the moment.” State v. Macias, 2009-NMSC-028, ¶ 31, 146 N.M. 378, 210 P.3d 804

 5 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted), overruled on other grounds by State

 6 v. Tollardo, 2012-NMSC-008, ¶ 37 n.6, 275 P.3d 110. When considering whether a

 7 statement constitutes an excited utterance under Rule 11-803(2), this Court considers

 8          the totality of the circumstances, including how much time passed
 9          between the startling event and the statement, and whether, in that time,
10          the declarant had an opportunity for reflection and fabrication; how
11          much pain, confusion, nervousness, or emotional strife the declarant was
12          experiencing at the time of the statement; whether the statement was
13          self-serving[; and whether the statement was] made in response to an
14          inquiry.

15 Flores, 2010-NMSC-002, ¶ 49 (alteration in original) (internal quotation marks and

16 citation omitted).

17   {52}   In this case, Victim voluntarily went outside to talk to his “primo, Louie” and

18 was engaging Defendant in conversation when Defendant suddenly shot him twice,

19 causing fatal injuries. Victim identified Defendant as the shooter immediately after

20 this startling event, without time for reflection or fabrication. Given the gravity of

21 Victim’s wounds, Victim probably was experiencing pain and confusion when he

22 made the statement. We conclude based on the totality of the circumstances that

                                               24
 1 Victim’s statement was admissible under the excited utterance exception to the

 2 hearsay rule, in addition to the dying declaration exception to the hearsay rule, and we

 3 hold that the district court did not abuse its discretion by admitting the statement.

 4 III.     CONCLUSION

 5   {53}   We conclude that sufficient evidence supports Defendant’s conviction for first-

 6 degree murder, and we affirm that conviction. However, the State failed as a matter

 7 of law to present sufficient evidence to support Defendant’s conviction for tampering

 8 with evidence, and accordingly, we remand to the district court to vacate that

 9 conviction. We reject Defendant’s remaining arguments, regarding alleged jury

10 contamination and the admission of evidence, as devoid of merit.

11   {54}   IT IS SO ORDERED.



12                                                  ______________________________
13                                                  BARBARA J. VIGIL, Justice


14 WE CONCUR:



15 ___________________________________
16 PETRA JIMENEZ MAES, Chief Justice




                                              25
1 ___________________________________
2 RICHARD C. BOSSON, Justice



3 ___________________________________
4 EDWARD L. CHÁVEZ, Justice



5 ___________________________________
6 CHARLES W. DANIELS, Justice




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