                                                                                          FILLE
                                                                                  TJFT OF APPEALS
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                                                                                  6


      IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHI]

                                         DIVISION II

MICHAEL O. MATTHEWS and DIANE M.                                 No. 42666 8 II
                                                                           - -
MATTHEWS, husband and wife, and the
marital community composed thereof,

                               Appellants,

        V.



T. & T. LARSON,
              a partnership; TERRY V.                      UNPUBLISHED OPINION
LARSON and TRACY V. LARSON, single
men.,


                               Respondents.

and


BARRY WAYNE WAGLER, a single man,

                          Third Parry Defendant.

        HUNT,   J. —    Diane M. and Michael O. Matthews appeal the superior court's grant of

summary      judgment   to T. &   T. Larson, owned by Terry V. Larson and Tracy V. Larson,

collectively, the Larsons),and denial of summary judgment to them (the Matthews) on their

adverse possession claim; the Matthews also appeal the superior court's denial of their motion

for reconsideration. The Matthews argue that the superior court erred because (1)
                                                                                they produced

evidence sufficient to establish the elements of adverse possession as a .matter of law; and (2)

they established that they had adversely possessed the disputed property for the requisite 10 year
                                                                                              -

period as a matter of law and, therefore, we should remand the case to the superior court to
No 42666 8 II
         - -



determine damages under RCW 4.4.the trespass statute. We affirm in part, reverse in part,
                            630,
                              2

and remand in part for trial.

                                                   FACTS

                                    I.USE OF DISPUTED LAND'

         In 1970, Carol A. and Dennis R. Larson (Carol and Dennis) bought property at 247

Altoona -
        Pillar Rock Road in Wahkiakum County; at the time, Leo Raistakka, owned forest land

to the south. Around 1971, a poorly maintained barbed wire fence, composed of one to three

strands of barbed wire, existed somewhere within Raistakka's southern forest land, a portion of

which is the subject of this lawsuit. The record is not clear about the precise location of this

barbed wire . fence other than it ran east to west, parallel to the Altoona -
                                            - -                             Pillar Rock Road

property's southern property line, somewhere in Raistakka's forest land to the south. It is also

unclear from the record whether Raistakka originally built this barbed wire fence or whether he

acknowledged it as a mutual property boundary, as opposed to an interior fence used to control




  In the proceedings below, the Matthews asserted that they had gained title by adverse
possession to an undefined portion of the Larsons' land, which extended from the Matthews'
southern property line to a dilapidated.barbed wire fence that once existed within the Larsons'
forest land but has since been removed, and that the Larsons had trespassed when they had cut
timber and had removed lawn and plantings in this disputed area.
2
    Carol A.and Dennis R. Larson   are   not   related to   Terry and Tracy Larson, the   owners   of T. &T.

Larson and the defendants in this action. Intending no disrespect but seeking clarity, we refer to
Carol and Dennis Larson by their first names.
No 42666 8 II
         - -



his cattle's   grazing. According to Carol, she and Dennis neither built nor maintained this
barbed wire fence, which was located "roughly halfway" within the forest land behind their

backyard. Clerk's Papers (CP)at 166.

                      A. Altoona Owners' Encroachments on Land to South


                                1. Carol and Dennis, 1970 1975
                                                          -

         After taking possession of the Altoona -
                                                Pillar Rock Road property, Carol and Dennis (1)

began "mowing and maintaining"a backyard, which eventually expanded and crossed over their

southern property line and abutted the tree line of Raistakka's forest land to the south; and (2)

constructed a drainage ditch, which ran from their house to an undetermined point in the forest.
CP at 168. According to Carol, she and Dennis "used and maintained" all of the land extending

from their mowed backyard up to the barbed wire fence because they thought the land was

theirs5 : They allowed their children to play in the mowed backyard behind their house up to the
barbed wire fence (but never beyond it); Carol occasionally collected "bark dust"from the
                                       and

forest for her garden. CP at 170.

         From 1975 to 1980, Carol and Dennis rented the Altoona -
                                                                Pillar Rock Road property to

two different tenants. The record contains no information for this five year period about how
                                                                        -


3 Around 1971, Raistakka's cattle escaped from his land to the south and entered onto Carol and
Dennis' property. When Carol told Raistakka about these cows, he apologized and told her that
         fix the fence "; according to Carol, this statement meant Raistakka acknowledged that
he would "
the cows were on her property and that she and Dennis owned the land up to the barbed wire
fence. Clerk's Papers (CP)at 167.
4
    The record does not state where this drainage ditch was located or where it terminated within
Raistakka's forest land.

5 CP at 20.



                                                 3
No 42666 8 II
         - -



these tenants used the property's backyard or the forest land to the south surrounding the barbed

wire fence.


                                      2. Matthews, 1980 2008
                                                        -

         On July 9, 1980, Diane M. and Michael O. Matthews purchased the Altoona -
                                                                                 Pillar Rock

Road property from Carol and Dennis.           Beyond establishing that the "mowed" area was

definitely the yard," Matthews did not survey the property, walk its boundaries, or discuss
                    the

its   boundary   lines with Carol and Dennis. CP at 139. Carol and Dennis did not mention the


barbed wire fence to the Matthews or claim that it was part of the Altoona -
                                                                           Pillar Rock Road

property. The Matthews, however, observed a barbed wire fence, " omewhat in disrepair,"
                                                               s

within the forest land south of their house, about "50 feet" from the edge of their mowed

backyard; they assumed that this barbed wire fence marked their property's southern boundary.

CP at 102, 104. Like Carol and Dennis, the Matthews did not improve the barbed wire fence,

replace any of its deteriorated barbed wire, or otherwise maintain the fence's then -existing

condition. According to the Matthews, they continued to " se"and to " mprove"their expanded
                                                        u           i

and mowed backyard and the extending from the edge of their backyard to the barbed

wire fence, much like Carol and. ennis previously had done. CP at 108.
                               D

         In 1980 or 1981, the Matthews constructed a chicken coop, or "shed,"
                                                                            part of which

extended    over   their southern property line 6
                                                .    CP at 13.   Over the next 28 year period, the
                                                                                  -

Matthews gradually planted and maintained landscaping, including two rhododendrons, sod

grass, flowers, and shrubs, in the portion of their backyard that extended from their southern

6
  This.chicken coop shed was still in existence when the superior court denied the Larsons'
                    /
summary judgment motion as to this encroachment.



                                                    rd
No 42666 8 II
         - -




property line to the tree line of the forest land to the south. The record, however, does not state

when these landscaping improvements       were   completed. Apparently somewhere between the

Matthews' southern property line and the barbed wire fence, the Matthews also created two
compost piles, dumped weeds and other plant clippings, cleared an area for sunbathing, built a

little log house for their son, and stored an old car. Again,the record does not state when or how

frequently these activities occurred or where on the disputed property they took place.

                      B. Larsons' Purchase and Survey of Land to South, 2004
                                  `

         In   2004, T. & T. Larson, owned by Terry and Tracy Larson, purchased the forest land

south of the Matthews' property, intending to log it.The Larsons did not survey the forest land
at the time of purchase; instead; they merely "drove by"the land and viewed it from the road.

CP at 92.


         In 2006, before commencing logging operations, the Larsons hired Karl Germunson to

survey their forest land and to establish its true property lines. Around this time, the barbed wire

fence was in a very "deteriorated" state: Parts of the barbed wire were missing, and the fence

was apparently low enough to the ground that that the Matthews could step over it when they

crossed onto the Larsons' land to view elk. CP at 107. Germunson surveyed the Larsons' land

and marked its true property lines. In the area where the Larsons' and the Matthews' properties



7
    The record is not clear whether these activities occurred in the forest land surrounding the
barbed wire fence or only in the portion of the Matthews' mowed backyard that extended over
their southern property line.
8
  Raistakka had previously transferred the forest land south of the Altoona -
                                                                            Pillar Rock Road
property to Barry Wayne Wagler, who then sold it to the Larsons. Once included as a third party
defendant, Wagler no longer appears to be a party in this appeal.


                                                  5
No 42666 8 II
         - -



met, Germunson found (1)a "shed and chicken coop,"
                                                 which partially encroached over the

Matthews' southern property line on to the Larsons' land; and (2)some "shrubs and lawn,"

which also extended onto the Larsons' land by at least 27. 1 feet. CP at 65. Germunson noted
                                                         1

these areas on his survey diagram as the "edge of [ he] mowed area and shrubs." CP at 13. At
                                                  t

no point during his survey did Germunson see a barbed wire fence or any wire fencing; nor.did

he include a barbed wire fence on his survey diagram. Germunson shared his survey findings
with both the Larsons and the Matthews.


         After receiving Germunson's survey, the Larsons walked the boundaries of their land and

saw the Matthews' chicken coop shed, lawn, rhododendrons, and brush clippings in the cleared
                               /

area of the Matthews' backyard that extended over the true property line. Within the forested

area of the Larsons' land, however, the Larsons observed only "
                                                              debris," "old oil filter,"
                                                                     an                and

small garbage type stuff." at 179. They also noticed some "barbed wire"or " ence wire"in
                          CP                                              f

the   ground, but they   did not consider it     fence."' at 174, 181.
                                               a "     CP

         Based on Germunson's survey, in July 2006 the Larsons' attorney sent a letter to the

Matthews, informing them that their chicken coop shed and landscaping were encroaching on the
                                                 /

Larsons' land and that the Matthews needed to remove these encroachments immediately. This

letter included   a   copy of Germunson's            survey   diagram.   After receiving this letter and

Germunson's survey, the Matthews did not discuss their property's boundaries with the Larsons

or state that they believed the barbed wire fence had marked their property's southern boundary.



9
    According to Terry Larson, he did not see a barbed wire fence within the forested area of his
           wire in the ground."CP
land, only "                              at 130.
                                                                       9




No 42666 8 II
         - -



The Larsons installed seven foot long metal fence posts along the perimeter of their land, which
                             -

someone removed a month later.


              C. Larsons' Logging their Land and Removing Matthews' Encroachments

         In   September 2006,   the Larsons   applied   for    a   permit   to   log   their land.   CP at 43.


Washington State Department of Natural Resources forester Ed Bressler walked the Larsons'

land with them; he, too,   saw no   barbed wire fence.         The Larsons received a logging permit,

logged their forest land, and removed the two rhododendrons and the Matthews' landscaping and

lawn that extended over the true property line, as depicted on Germunson's survey diagram.

                                          II. PROCEDURE


         In December 2008, the Matthews brought an action against the Larsons (1) quiet title
                                                                                 to

to "a   long ...   trapezoidal piece of property,"which comprised the portion of their mowed

backyard that encroached over their southern property line and extended to the alleged barbed

wire fence within the Larsons' forest land, based on their having adversely possessed this

disputed property for the requisite 10 year statutory period; and (2) trespass damages. CP at
                                       -                             for

104.


         In 2010 the Matthews hired Calvin     Hampton        to survey "a line described ...        as a fence


line"located where the Matthews believed the barbed wire fence had previously existed. CP at

201.    In September 2010, Hampton drew a diagram of the approximate location where the




                                                   7
No 42666 8 II
         - -




Matthews believed the barbed wire fence had been and     a                    conflict
                                                             trapezoid-shaped "          area. "   CP


at 203. This fence line was south of the Matthews' true south property line.

       In 2011, the Larsons moved for summary judgment on the Matthews' adverse possession ,

claim, arguing that the Matthews could not establish the elements of adverse possession for the

full 10 year statutory period. The Matthews opposed the Larsons' summary judgment motion,
        -

alleging that there were factual issues in dispute about the existence of the barbed wire fence and

the nature of their ( he Matthews')
                    t             possession. The Matthews also brought a counter motion for

summary judgment, seeking an order that they had acquired title to the entire disputed property

from their southern property line to the barbed wire fence) as a matter of law because they had

adversely possessed it for 10 years.

       The superior court granted the Larsons' motion for summary judgment, concluding that

the Matthews had failed to establish that they had adversely possessed any portion of the

disputed property, except for the area where their chicken coop shed had encroached over the
                                                                /

Matthews' southern property line, which encroachment the Larsons did not contest on summary

judgment: The superior court apparently also denied the Matthews' counter motion for summary

judgment, at   least to the extent that it related to land   beyond   the chicken coop shed." The
                                                                                       /


Matthews moved for reconsideration, which the superior court denied.



to
  The Matthews alleged that, while logging the land, the Larsons had removed or destroyed the
barbed wire fence that they (the Matthews) claimed as their property's southern boundary. The
Larsons denied that they played a role in its removal or destruction.

1.1 The superior court's order granting the Larsons' motion for summary judgment does not also
deny the Matthews'. counter motion for summary judgment; and we find no documents
designated for the record before us on appeal reflecting such denial. Nevertheless, such order of
denial is implied by the superior court's actions and the Matthews' appeal.
No 42666 8 II
         - -




       The Matthews appeal.

                                           ANALYSIS


       The Matthews argue that the superior court erred in granting summary judgment to the

Larsons and in denying summary judgment and reconsideration to them ( he Matthews) because
                                                                    t

they established as a matter of law that they had adversely possessed the entire disputed area

from their southern property line to the barbed wire fence)for the requisite 10 year period. We
                                                                                -

agree in part and disagree in part. We hold ( ) the evidence shows the presence of genuine
                                            1 that

issues of material fact about whether the Matthews adversely possessed the expanded and

mowed backyard from their southern property line to the tree line on the Larsons' land, thereby

defeating summary judgment for each party for this disputed area; and (2)the undisputed

material facts show that the Larsons are entitled to judgment in their favor as a matter of law for

the disputed area from the Larsons' tree line to the barbed wire fence.

                                    I. STANDARD OF REVIEW


       We review a summary judgment order de novo, engaging in the same inquiry as the

superior   court.   Retired Pub. Emps. Council v. Charles, 148 Wn. d 602, 612, 62 P. d 470
                                                                 2                 3

2003). Summary judgment is appropriate only if the pleadings, affidavits, depositions,

interrogatories, and admissions on file demonstrate the absence of any genuine issues of material

fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. CR 56( );
                                                                                c Wilson v.

Steinbach, 98 Wn. d 434, 437, 656 P. d 1030 (1982). In reviewing a summary judgment, we
                2                  2

consider all facts and reasonable inferences in the light most favorable to the non -moving party.

Wagg v. Estate ofDunham, 146 Wn. d 63, 67, 42 P. d 968 (2002);
                               2               3             Wilson, 98 Wn. d at 437. A
                                                                          2           '

non -moving party, however, "may not rely on speculation, argumentative assertions that


                                                 0J
No 42666 8 II
         - -



unresolved factual issues remain, or [o] having [his] affidavits considered at face value."Seven
                                       n

Gables Corp. v. MGM/UA Entm't Co.,106 Wn. d 1, 13, 721 P. d 1 ( 1986).Where the facts in
                                        2               2

an adverse possession case are not in dispute, whether the facts constitute adverse possession is

for the court to determine as a matter of law. ITT Rayonier, Inc. v. Bell, 112 Wn. d 754, 758,
                                                                                 2

774 P. d 6 (1989).
     2

         Additionally, we will not reverse a superior court's ruling on a motion to reconsider

absent     clear or
         a "`                           discretion. "'
                      manifest abuse of...               Meridian Minerals Co. v. King County, 61

Wn. App. 195, 203, 810 P. d 31 (1991) quoting Holaday v. Merceri, 49 Wn. App. 321, 324,
                        2             (

742 P. d 127 (1987)). abuse of discretion exists "`
     2              An                            only if no reasonable person would have

               that the
taken the view [           superior court] adopted. "' Meridian Minerals Co., Wn. App. at 203-
                                                                            61.

04 (quoting Holaday, 49 Wn. App. at 324).

                                     II. ADVERSE POSSESSION


         To establish a claim of adverse possession, the claimant must provide evidence that his

possession was (1)exclusive, ( )actual and uninterrupted, ( )open and notorious, and (4)
                             2                            3

hostile. ITT Rayonier, Inc., Wn. d at 757 (citing Chaplin v. Sanders, 100 Wn. d 853, 857,
                           112 2                                            2

676 P. d 431 ( 1984)).
     2               Possession        of the property with each of these necessary concurrent

elements must have existed for the    statutorily prescribed   10 year
                                                                  -      period. RCW 4.6.ITT
                                                                                     020;
                                                                                      1

Rayonier, 112 Wn. d at 757. Because the presumption of possession is in the holder of legal
                2

title, the party claiming to have adversely possessed the property has the burden of establishing

the existence of each element. ITT Rayonier, 112 Wn. d at 757.
                                                   2

         The Larsons do not dispute that the Matthews exclusively possessed a portion of their

the Larsons') land for the 10 year statutory period or that such possession was actual and
                              -


                                                 10
No 42666 8 II
         - -



              12
uninterrupted; rather, they dispute the location of that portion. Thus, we focus on the "open

and notorious"and "hostile"elements of the Matthews' adverse possession claim as they relate

to the location of the claimed adversely possessed property, namely (1) Matthews' mowed
                                                                       the

backyard extending from their true southern property line south to the Larsons' tree line and (2)

the Larsons' land extending further south from the tree line to the barbed wire fence.

                             A. Mowed and Landscaped Backyard

       The Matthews contend that they produced evidence demonstrating that their possession

of the mowed backyard area of the disputed property was open and notorious, and hostile,

sufficient to merit summary judgment that they adversely possessed this area. The Matthews are

correct that Washington courts consider the nature, character, and location of the.property when

determining both the "open and notorious"and "hostile"elements. Anderson v. Hudak, 80 Wn.

App. 398, 403, 907 P. d 305 (1995);
                    2             Frolund v. Frankland, 71 Wn. d 812, 817, 431 P. d 188
                                                             2                  2

1967),
     overruled on other grounds by Chaplin, 100 Wn. d 853. But " se alone," Matthews'
                                                  2            u          the

primary argument in support of the location of the property they claim, does not necessarily
                                                                        "

constitute possession" for adverse possession purposes. ITT Rayonier, 112 Wn. d at 759 (citing
                                                                            2

Wood v. Nelson; 57 Wn. d 539, 540, 358 P. d 312 (1961)).
                     2                  2

       Furthermore, the element of "
                                   notice" is important where, somewhat analogous to the

circumstances here, the land is "
                                wild country, broken, mountainous, very sparsely settled, and a

12
  In their brief of respondent, the Larsons appear to challenge the Matthews' ability to show the
actual and uninterrupted" element of adverse possession; but the cases they cite either involve
the "hostility"element or do not expressly discuss the "actual and uninterrupted"element. Br. of
Resp't at 19 20 ( iting Roy v. Goerz, 26 Wn. App. 807, 813 14,614 P. d 1308 (1980),
             - c                                            -          2              overruled
on other grounds by Chaplin, 100 Wn. d 853; and Mesher v. Connolly, 63 Wn. d 552, 557 58,
                                   2                                     2            -
388 P. d 144 (1964)).
      2



                                                11
No 42666 8 II
         - -



small portion of it may be taken and heldfor years without anyone] knowing whether there was
                                                           [

a trespass.or not."
                  Murray v. Bousquet, 154 Wash. 42, 49, 280 P. 935 (1929)emphasis added).
                                                                          (

A claimant asserting adverse possession over such land must show that he possessed the property

with such notoriety that the true owner "`
                                        may be presumed to have notice of it and its extent. "'

Bousquet,    154    Wash. at      50 (   emphasis omitted) (quoting     3   GEORGE W. THOMPSON,

COMMENTARIES ON          THE   MODERN LAW    OF   REAL PROPERTY §   2520 (1924)):

                                          1. " pen and notorious"
                                             O

         The "open and notorious" element of adverse possession requires proof that (1) true
                                                                                       the

owner had actual notice of the adverse use throughout the statutory period, or (2) claimant
                                                                                  the

used the land in a way that would lead a reasonable person to assume the claimant was the

owner.    Shelton   v.   Strickland, 106 Wn. App. 45, 51 52, 21 P. d 1179 (2001). The necessary
                                                         -       3


occupancy and use need only be of the character that a true owner would assert in view of the

property's nature and location. Anderson, 80 Wn. App. at 403.

         The Matthews produced evidence that, as early as 1980, when they purchased the

Altoona-
       Pillar Rock Road property from Carol and Dennis, their property's backyard was

mowed"all the way to the tree line on the Larsons' land and that the Matthews were told this




                                                      12
No 42666 8 II
         - -



                                                              13
mowed    area was "  definitely   the   yard"of their property.    CP at 139. The Matthews continued


to mow and to maintain this area of the Larsons' land.


         At various points the Matthews gradually improved this mowed area by adding a chicken

coop shed, in 1980 or 1981; by planting two rhododendrons, sod grass, flowers, and shrubs; and
     /

by maintaining a drain that traversed the area. Although the record does not state precisely when

the Matthews completed these landscaping improvements, their depositions reflect that they

made the improvements over the course of a 28 year period ( 980 to 2008),
                                              -           1             from when they first

purchased the Altoona -Pillar Rock Road property to when the Larsons removed the landscaping

in 2008. By at least 2006, the Matthews' landscaping in this mowed area was obvious enough

that (1)Germunson noted the landscaping on his survey diagram as the "edge of [ he] mowed
                                                                              t
area   and shrubs "; (
                     2)he      spoke with the Matthews about their landscaping improvements, which

he perceived as theirs; and (3) Larsons observed this landscaping when they walked their
                               the

land   shortly   thereafter.   CP at 13. Thus, it is possible that, at some point during this 28 year
                                                                                                 -

period, the Matthews' landscaping improvements became "open and notorious" and that the

Matthews thereby possessed this area for the requisite 10 year statutory period.
                                                          -


13 The Matthews' predecessors, Carol and Dennis, had expanded their backyard across their
south property line onto Raistakka's land to the south before 1980. But Carol and Dennis rented
the property to two tenants between 1975 and 1980, before they would have completed their own
 10 year period of adverse possession. Although a tenant's use of the land generally inures to the
    -
benefit of the original adverse possessor who leased the property to the tenant, the record here
does not include any evidence about how Carol and Dennis' tenants used the disputed property.
See e. ., Brien v. Schultz, 45 Wn. d 769, 782, 278 P2d 322 (1954),
      g O'                            2                                     overruled on other
grounds by Chaplin, 100 Wn. d 853. Because the record does not contain evidence of the
                               2
tenants' use of the property, Carol and Dennis' period of possession cannot be tacked on to the
Matthews' for purposes of establishing the Matthews' 10 year statutory adverse possession
                                                             -
period. See Muench v. Oxley, 90 Wn. d 637, 643, 584 P. d 939 (1978),
                                   2                 2             overruled on other
grounds by Chaplin, 100 Wn. d 853.
                          2



                                                      13
No 42666 8 II
         - -



       Nevertheless, the Larsons contend that the Matthews did not openly and notoriously

possess this portion of the disputed property based on their planting trees. Br. of Resp't at 20.

The Larsons are correct that planting trees without maintaining or cultivating them is not

generally "open and notorious" use. See Anderson, 80 Wn. App. at 404 05. But the Matthews
                                                                     -

produced    evidence that      they did    more    than   merely plant   rhododendrons and shrubs:   They

cultivated the land in their expanded backyard, mowed it,and made various improvements such

as building the chicken coop that protruded partly onto the Larsons' land. Washington courts

have held that similar use is sufficient to establish the "open and notorious" element of adverse

possession. See e. .,
                 g Riley v. Andres, 107 Wn. App. 391, 397, 27 P. d 618 (2001);
                                                               3             Lingvall v.

Bartmess, 97 Wn. App. 245, 254 55, 982 P. d 690 (1999).Considering the facts and inferences
                               -        2

in the light most favorable to the Matthews, we conclude that they produced evidence sufficient

to defeat summary judgment for the Larsons and to raise a genuine issue of material fact about

whether the Matthews' landscaping in this mowed "backyard extension" area was "open and

notorious"for the required 10 year period.
                              -

                                                    2. Hostile"
                                                       "


       The "hostile" element of adverse possession requires "only that the claimant treat the

land as his own against the world throughout the statutory period."Chaplin, 100 Wn. d at 860-
                                                                                  2

61. The nature of the claimant's possession is determined by objectively examining the manner

in which he treated the property; his subjective belief about his true interest in the land and his

intent to   dispossess   or   not   dispossess   are irrelevant.   Chaplin, 100 Wn. d at 861; Lingvall, 97
                                                                                  2

Wn. App. at 254.




                                                          14
No 42666 8 II
         - -




       Similar to the Matthews' production of some evidence that their possession of the mowed

area of the.Larsons' land was "open and notorious,"
                                                  they also produced sufficient evidence to

raise an issue of material fact about whether their possession of this mowed area was "hostile ":

They planted rhododendrons, sod grass, shrubs, and flowers in their backyard; and they regularly

maintained the   landscaping   in this   area   and mowed the lawn.     In Lingvall, we held that such

planting trees, landscaping, mowing, and maintaining the area of land around the trees was

sufficient to demonstrate the hostility element, even in the absence of a border fence. Lingvall,

97 Wn. App. at 254. Thus, we conclude that the Matthews produced evidence creating a genuine

issue of material fact about whether their possession of this mowed lawn area of the disputed

property was "hostile" for the required 10 year statutory period, sufficient to defeat summary
                                           -

judgment for the Larsons.

       Considering the facts and reasonable inferences in the light most favorable to the

respective non -moving parties, we hold that (1) Matthews have raised a genuine issue of
                                                the

material fact about whether their possession of their mowed backyard (extending from their

southern property line to the Larsons' tree line) was open and notorious, and hostile for the

required 10 year statutory period sufficient to defeat summary judgment for the Larsons on this
            -

portion of the Matthews' adverse possession claim; 2) superior court erred in granting the
                                                   ( the

summary judgment to the Larsons and in denying the Matthews' motion for reconsideration of

this portion of the adverse possession claim; 3)
                                              ( this same genuine issue of material fact about

the Matthews' possession of their mowed backyard, however, also defeats their CR 56 motion

for summary   judgment    on   their adverse      possession   claim.   Therefore, with respect to the




                                                     15
No 42666 8 II
         - -




Matthews' claim of adverse possession of their mowed backyard, we reverse summary judgment
                                                                                      14
to the Larsons in   part, and   we   affirm denial of summary judgment to the Matthews.


                                 B. Barbed Wire Fence and Forest Land


       The Matthews also argue that the superior court erred in granting summary judgment to

the Larsons and in denying their counter motion for summary judgment on their ( he Matthews')
                                                                              t

adverse possession claim to the land extending from the Larsons' tree line to the barbed wire

fence. We disagree. The barbed wire fence no longer exists, it was never built or maintained by

the Matthews or their predecessors, and the fence's precise location was never clearly defined

when it was in existence. Even assuming, without deciding, that the Matthews could establish

their actual possession of the barbed wire fence and the surrounding forest land and that such

possession was "hostile," Matthews' adverse possession claim for this area of the disputed
                        the

property fails because they have not produced evidence sufficient to demonstrate that their

possession of this part of the Larsons' land was " pen and notorious."
                                                 o

       The Washington Supreme Court rejected a similar adverse possession claim where a

parry tried to claim adverse possession of land up to an old boundary fence that ( ) the time he
                                                                                 1 at

took possession of the property, was in a dilapidated condition and the ground on either side
                                 "

was heavily covered by trees and underbrush"; ( was so dilapidated that a surveyor ignored it;
                                            2)

and (3)was never maintained in a manner that would impart notice of his adverse possession.

Muench v. Oxley, 90 Wn. d 637, 639, 642 43, 584 P. d 939 (1978),
                      2                 -        2             overruled on other grounds

by Chaplin, 100 Wn. d 853. The Court reasoned that, under such circumstances, the claimant
                  2


14
  Nothing in this opinion, however, affects the superior court's decision to grant the Matthews
adverse possession of the area occupied by the chicken coop shed.
                                                             /

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No 42666 8 II
         - -




failed to show the "open and notorious" element because he was not in "such possession as

would put a person of ordinary prudence on notice of a hostile claim."Muench, 90 Wn. d at
                                                                                   2

642.

         As in Muench, when the Matthews and their predecessors took possession of the Altoona-

Pillar Rock Road property, the barbed wire fence on the Larsons' land was already in a

dilapidated state and located. within a densely forested area overgrown with trees and brush.

Neither the Matthews nor their predecessors built the barbed wire fence, cleared the land around

it, or repaired or maintained it in a manner consistent with asserting ownership of it and

imparting notice of a hostile claim to the fence and the surrounding forest land. Nor did the

Matthews produce evidence that they ever attempted to exclude others from the Larsons' forest

land; on the contrary, the Matthews openly admitted that they had frequently crossed over the

fence to view elk on the Larsons' property.

         Even assuming the barbed wire fence existed in the approximate location that the

Matthews assert, this fence and the Matthews' alleged "use"of the Larsons' surrounding forest

land (e. .,
       g creating compost piles, depositing weeds and plant clippings, etc.)
                                                                           was apparently so



15 We note that the Supreme Court reached an apparently different conclusion in Wood, where a
dilapidated fence had been in place for more than 10 years and, although no one knew when or
by whom it was built, the claimant had occasionally cut wild grass up to the fence line. Wood,
57 Wn. d at 539 40.
     2          -        The Wood Court stated that, although such "limited use" would not
ordinarily establish adverse possession, the ultimate question was the "ndication of possession,"
                                                                       i
or   the exercise of dominion and control characteristic of   ownership. Wood, 57 Wn. d at 540
                                                                                    2
emphasis omitted). Because both parties in Wood had recognized the dilapidated fence as a
boundary "line fence" and the fence was effective in excluding the abutting owner from the
unused part of the tract, the Court held that the fence constituted " rima facie evidence of hostile
                                                                    p
possession up to the fence."Wood, 57 Wn. d at541. Such are not the circumstances in the case
                                             2
before us here.




                                                 17
No 42666 8 II
         - -



unobtrusive that surveyor Germunson did not notice either the fence or the use when he surveyed

the Larsons' land; nor did he note either on his survey diagram. Forester Bressler similarly did

not notice a barbed wire fence or any discernible use in the forest area when he inspected the

Larsons' land before issuing them a logging permit.

          Furthermore, the Matthews provided no clear evidence that any of their alleged " ses"of
                                                                                         u

the disputed property actually occurred in the forest area surrounding the barbed wire fence, as

opposed to in the mowed area to the north of the forest that they had used as an extension of their

backyard. In contrast, this mowed backyard use was obvious enough that Germunson noted it on

his survey diagram.

          Even considering the facts and reasonable inferences in the light most favorable to the

Matthews, we hold that (1)they failed to raise an issue of material fact about whether their

possession of the disputed area extending south from the Larsons' tree line to the former barbed

wire fence was "open and notorious" such that it would have put a person of ordinary prudence

on notice of a "hostile"claim; and (2)based on the undisputed facts, the Larsons are entitled to

judgment as a matter of law for this disputed area. Therefore, we affirm the superior court's

grant of summary judgment to the Larsons on this portion of the Matthews' adverse possession

claim, denial of summary judgment to the Matthews on this claim, and denial of the Matthews'

motion for reconsideration of these rulings.

                                          CONCLUSION


          Addressing separately the two portions of the contested land, we affirm in part and
reverse    in part.   We hold that there is no genuine issue of material fact about whether the

Matthews adversely possessed the Larsons' land extending south from the tree line to the former


                                                 18
No 42666 8 II
         - -



barbed wire fence; thus, we affirm the superior court's grant of summary judgment to the

Larsons and its denial of summary judgment to the Matthews on the Matthews' adverse

possession claim of this area. We further hold that there is genuine issue of material fact about

whether the Matthews adversely possessed the mowed and landscaped portion of the Larsons'

land extending south from the Matthews' true southern property line to the Larsons' tree line;

thus, we affirm the superior court's denial of summary judgment to the Matthews, we reverse the

superior court's grant of summary judgment to the Larsons on the Matthews' adverse possession

claim of this area, and we remand for trial on this latter claim.

       A majority of the panel having determined that this opinion will not be printed in the

Washington Appellate Reports, but will be filed for public record in accordance with RCW

040,
2.6.it is so ordered.
 0




                                                    Hunt, J.
We concur:




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