                                     RECORD IMPOUNDED

                                NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
                               APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
        This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court." Although it is posted on the
     internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.




                                                        SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
                                                        APPELLATE DIVISION
                                                        DOCKET NO. A-2940-17T4

NEW JERSEY DIVISION
OF CHILD PROTECTION
AND PERMANENCY,

         Plaintiff-Respondent,

v.

C.V.,

         Defendant-Appellant,

and

P.D. and R.H.,

     Defendants.
_____________________________

IN THE MATTER OF K.D.,

     a Minor.
_____________________________

                   Argued March 5, 2019 – Decided March 20, 2019

                   Before Judges Fisher and Geiger.
            On appeal from Superior Court of New Jersey,
            Chancery Division, Family Part, Mercer County,
            Docket No. FN-11-0139-17.

            Amy E. Vasquez, Designated Counsel, argued the cause
            for appellant (Joseph E. Krakora, Public Defender,
            attorney; Amy E. Vasquez, on the brief).

            John W. Tolleris, Deputy Attorney General, argued the
            cause for respondent (Gurbir S. Grewal, Attorney
            General, attorney; Melissa H. Raksa, Assistant
            Attorney General, of counsel; John W. Tolleris, on the
            brief).

            Meredith A. Pollock, Deputy Public Defender, argued
            the cause for minor (Joseph E. Krakora, Public
            Defender, Law Guardian, attorney; Meredith A.
            Pollock, of counsel; Charles Ouslander, Designated
            Counsel, on the brief).

PER CURIAM

      Defendant C.V. appeals a finding in this Title Nine action that she abused

or neglected her eleven-year-old child by leaving him in their West Windsor

apartment for an undue period of time without adult supervision. In appealing,

defendant argues:

            I. THERE IS INSUFFICIENT EVIDENCE TO
            SUPPORT A FINDING OF ABUSE OR NEGLECT
            UNDER N.J.S.A. 9:6-8.21(c)(4)(b).

            II. EVEN IF IT IS DETERMINED THAT THE
            EVIDENCE RELIED UPON AT TRIAL WAS
            COMPETENT AND SUFFICIENTLY
            CORROBORA-TIVE, THE MOTHER'S ACTIONS

                                                                       A-2940-17T4
                                       2
             DO NOT RISE TO THE LEVEL OF TITLE [NINE]
             ABUSE AND NEGLECT.

             III. N.J.S.A. 9:6-8.21(c)(4)(b) IS
             UNENFORCEABLE IN THE CONTEXT OF THIS
             CASE AS IT IS UNCONSTITUTIONALLY VAGUE
             FOR THE AVERAGE CITIZEN TO UNDERSTAND
             AND [DEFENDANT] WAS WITHOUT FAIR
             NOTICE (Not Raised Below).

We find insufficient merit in these arguments to warrant further discussion in a

written opinion, R. 2:11-3(e)(1)(E), adding only a few brief comments about

Points I and II.

      At a one-day fact-finding hearing, the judge heard from only one witness,

a Division representative who conducted an investigation and gathered evidence

about the circumstances that led to the commencement of this action. Defendant

was present at the hearing but did not testify.

      The Division representative testified that police were called to investigate

the child's absence from school the morning of Tuesday, May 30, 2017. Police

arrived at defendant's apartment around noon to find the child home alone. He

said he overslept and missed the bus, and that he had been home alone for days

and was frightened. 1


1
  The judge found from the evidence that the child said he was fearful "at
night . . . when people would walk [by] the door of his apartment, . . .


                                                                         A-2940-17T4
                                        3
      Defendant responded to the police officer's phone call and later explained

the child was mistaken about her absence. She claimed she had been home each

night that weekend and the child's misperception resulted from her late night

arrivals and early morning departures while the child was sleeping. Defendant

did not testify and thus passed on the opportunity to amplify or illuminate her

earlier statements, which represented the only evidence that conflicted with the

Division's claim that the child was left alone for days.

      The Division – recognizing the need for more than the child's

uncorroborated out-of-court statement about the alleged abuse or neglect, see

N.J.S.A. 9:6-8.46(a)(4) (declaring that a child's statement "shall be admissible

in evidence" but "no such statement, if uncorroborated, shall be sufficient to

make a fact finding of abuse or neglect") – provided corroboration through a

police report, which incorporated information about the location of defendant's

mobile phone on the weekend in question. We recognize the police report did

not entirely support the child's statement that defendant was absent the entire

weekend. For example, those records revealed that defendant's phone arrived in

the West Windsor area shortly after midnight and remained there until 11:09



caus[ing] the door to shake." The judge also determined the child had no
telephone contact with defendant, had "no emergency contact person," and had
"no place to go to should there be an emergent situation."
                                                                        A-2940-17T4
                                        4
a.m., Sunday, May 27. But, about ninety minutes later, the phone was in the

Bronx, and a little more than an hour after that in Connecticut. The records

further revealed that in the afternoon of Monday, May 29, the phone was in

Massachusetts, just north of Connecticut, and later in Boston when police

reached defendant by phone on Tuesday, May 30, the day the child was found

home alone. Defendant was still, when contacted, hours from the West Windsor

area. This evidence not only corroborated the child's statement about being left

alone but also independently establishes defendant's absence.

      Although a judge's fact findings are deserving of appellate deference when

supported by evidence, N.J. Div. of Youth & Family Servs. v. E.P., 196 N.J. 88,

104 (2008); Cesare v. Cesare, 154 N.J. 394, 411-12 (1998), there were no real

factual disputes to be resolved here. Indeed, most if not all of the relevant facts

are contained in the memorialized statements of the child and defendant and the

information contained in the police report. Despite what defendant would have

the court believe, the information about the location of defendant's mobile

phone2 clearly demonstrates defendant was not in New Jersey for approximately


2
  There is no dispute she was in possession of the mobile phone when it was
outside this State because she answered it when police sought her out on
Tuesday, May 30.



                                                                          A-2940-17T4
                                        5
forty-eight uninterrupted hours. 3 That circumstance, in the words of N.J.S.A.

9:6-8.21(c)(4)(b), constitutes abuse or neglect; the child's "physical, mental, or

emotional condition" was "impaired" or was "in imminent danger of becoming

impaired" because defendant failed "to exercise a minimum degree of care" by

failing to provide the child "with proper supervision."

      What constitutes a "minimum degree of care" has been the subject of much

litigation and our jurisprudence has created a "continuum" of conduct against

which any given circumstance may be compared. N.J. Dep't of Children &

Families v. T.B., 207 N.J. 294, 309 (2011). The Supreme Court has determined

that the failure to exercise a minimum degree of care extends to circumstances

when the parent "is aware of the dangers inherent in a situation [4] and fails



3
  Defendant argues this information was inadmissible. We disagree. The
police report itself is evidentiary by statute. N.J.S.A. 9:6-8.46(a)(3). And,
while the admission of the police report does not render its contents
admissible, defendant did not object at the hearing to those parts of the police
report that contain the reporting officer's summary of what the phone records
revealed.
4
  This was not the first time defendant left the child home alone for an undue
length of time, as there was evidence that, in January 2017, defendant left this
child and a younger child alone; the children managed to lock themselves out
of the apartment and, after the Division intervened and arrived, it took
defendant two-and-one-half hours to return. This event demonstrates
defendant was aware of the inherent risks, and defendant acknowledged on the
later occasion that she made a mistake in judgment.
                                                                         A-2940-17T4
                                        6
adequately to supervise the child or recklessly creates a risk of serious injury to

the child." G.S. v. Dep't of Human Servs., 157 N.J. 161, 181 (1999). In essence,

a parent or guardian is held to what "an ordinary reasonable person would

understand" when considering whether the situation posed a risk and whether

the parent or guardian nevertheless acted "without regard for the potentially

serious consequences." Id. at 179.

      Our courts have already blazed a trail as to what constitutes a minimum

degree of care in similar circumstances. Prior decisions reveal the importance

of the child's age and the duration of the lack of adult supervision. Although

reversed because we attempted to draw a brightline, it is understood that the

period of time an infant may be left unattended in a motor vehicle is brief indeed.

See N.J. Dep't of Children & Families v. E.D.-O., 434 N.J. Super. 154, 160-62

(App. Div. 2014), rev'd, 223 N.J. 166 (2015). We have also found neglect when

a school bus driver left a five-year old unattended on a bus for nearly an hour in

ninety-five degree heat, N.J. Dep't of Children & Families v. R.R., 436 N.J.

Super. 53, 59-60 (App. Div. 2014), and when a parent left a ten-month old child

with an older child on a twin bed without rails near a hot radiator, N.J. Div. of

Youth & Family Servs. v. A.R., 419 N.J. Super. 538, 545-46 (App. Div. 2011).

On the other hand, a parent was found not to have fallen short of the statutory


                                                                          A-2940-17T4
                                        7
requirement when allowing her five- and three-year old children to return to

their unoccupied home while she waited in a park within sight of the home. N.J.

Dep't of Youth & Family Servs. v. J.L., 410 N.J. Super. 159, 161-62 (App. Div.

2009). And in a case bearing some similarities to J.L., the Supreme Court found

that leaving a sleeping four-year-old child home alone for two hours – when the

parent assumed the child's grandparents were present in their adjoining

residence – did not fall short of the statutory minimum standard of care and

supervision. T.B., 207 N.J. at 306-07. The unsupervised children in T.B., and

J.L., however, were not found neglected because of the near absence of the

parent's culpability, a critical circumstance because the statute prescribes

"conduct that is grossly or wantonly negligent," not innocent mistakes. G.S.,

157 N.J. at 178; see also T.B., 207 N.J. at 300. There is no evidence that

defendant's absence resulted from an innocent mistake as in T.B.; she has made

no such argument here, and the evidence bespeaks that her absence was

deliberate.

      As suggested by our existing jurisprudence – and by common sense – the

intensity of supervision required by N.J.S.A. 9:6-8.21(c)(b)(4) lessens as a child

ages. If the children in A.R. and R.R. were the age of the child here, the outcome

would likely have been different. But, even though defendant's child was much


                                                                         A-2940-17T4
                                        8
older than those children, the length of time he was left alone was markedly

greater.

      Context matters. See T.B., 207 N.J. at 309 (recognizing that a "parent's

conduct must be evaluated in context based on the risks posed by the situation").

Each case requires not only consideration of the child's age and the amount of

time left unsupervised, but also the child's environment. The judge found from

the evidence that "the environment" in which the child was left was not

conducive to the amount of time he was left alone. The judge found that during

the extended weekend there was an absence of "appropriate cleaning or disposal

of trash, garbage, and the . . . sink [was] overflowing with dirty dish es, [there

was a] full garbage bag, [and the] odor of decaying garbage."

      Appreciating that the law does not wait for harm to actually occur before

intervening, see E.D.-O., 223 N.J. at 178, we find no error in the judge's

determination that the child was abused or neglected by being left unsupervised.

The phone records summarized in the police report demonstrate the mother's

absence from the State for at least forty-eight straight hours. While we are aware

of no case that defines how long a child that age might be left alone before

constituting abuse or neglect, we have no hesitancy in concluding that

intentionally leaving an eleven-year-old child home alone for forty-eight hours


                                                                         A-2940-17T4
                                        9
in the environment described in the judge's findings, falls short of the stat utory

minimum degree of care. We are satisfied that the confluence of circumstances

– the child's age, the duration of the lack of adult supervision, the child's

immediate environment, and the absence of telephonic communication, see n.1,

above – support the judge's conclusion that the child was abused or neglected

within the meaning of N.J.S.A. 9:6-8.21(c)(4)(b).

       Affirmed.




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                                       10
