                     Presidential Memorandum Delaying
                      Proposed and Pending Regulations

T h e President has authority, under A rticle II, § 3 o f the C onstitution, to d irec t executive
   agencies to postpone proposed and pending regulations for a 60-day period.
E ven w here a regulation has been published in final form , the A dm inistrative Procedure
   A ct does not require an agency to follow notice and com m ent procedures in connec­
   tion w ith a tem porary postponem ent o f its effective date, since such a postponem ent
   will not generally be regarded as a rulem aking. E ven if it w ere so regarded, an agency
   will in general have good cause for dispensing w ith notice and com m ent procedures
   w here a new President is assum ing office during a tim e o f econom ic distress.

                                                                             January 28, 1981
 M EM ORANDUM OPIN IO N FOR T H E D IR EC TO R , O F FIC E OF
            M A N A G EM EN T A N D BU DG ET

   The President is currently considering a series of measures to estab­
lish new procedures for the supervision of the regulatory process and
the improvement of federal regulation. Among those measures is a
proposed Memorandum to the heads of certain executive departments
and agencies, directing a 60-day postponement in the effective date of
pending and proposed regulations. This memorandum will discuss the
legal basis for the President’s directive and will outline the procedures
for affected agencies to follow in complying with that directive.*
   The President’s authority to impose obligations of the kind included
in the proposed Memorandum derives from his power to ensure that
the laws are faithfully executed. U.S. Const., Art. II, § 3. This provision
authorizes the President to supervise and guide executive agencies and
officers in the execution of their responsibilities. As the Supreme Court
stated in Myers v. United States, 272 U.S. 52, 135 (1926):
         The ordinary duties of officers prescribed by statute come
         under the general administrative control of the President
         by virtue of the general grant to him o f the executive
         power, and he may properly supervise and guide their
         construction of the statutes under which they act in order
         to secure that unitary and uniform execution of the laws
         which Article II of the Constitution evidently contem-

   • N o t e : The President’s Memorandum, entitled “ Postponement o f Pending Regulations,” was pub­
lished on January 29, 1981, 46 Fed. Reg. 11227. Ed.

                                                 55
       plated in vesting general executive power in the President
       alone. Laws are often passed with specific provision for
       the adoption of regulations by a department or bureau
       head to make the law workable and effective. The ability
       and judgm ent manifested by the official thus empowered,
       as well as his energy and stimulation o f his subordinates,
       are subjects which the President must consider and super­
       vise in his administrative control.
In accordance with these principles, we believe that the President’s
authority to direct executive agencies to postpone proposed and pend­
ing regulations for a 60-day period, for the reasons stated in the Memo­
randum, is beyond reasonable dispute. See generally Bruff, Presidential
Power and Administrative Rulemaking, 88 Yale L.J. 451 (1979).
   The proposed Memorandum covers two m ajor categories of regula­
tions: those which have been proposed but have not been published in
final form; and those which have been published in final form but have
not taken legal effect. A s to the first category, the Administrative
Procedure A ct (APA) imposes no special procedural requirements. The
notice and comment procedures of 5 U.S.C. § 553 need not be fol­
lowed, for nothing in that provision requires an agency to allow a
period for comment on a decision briefly to delay final adoption of a
proposed rule. However, the agency’s decision may be subject to judi­
cial review, and the agency may have to furnish a reasoned explanation
for that decision. See A S G Industries, Inc. v. Consumer Product Safety
Commission, 593 F.2d 1323, 1335 (D.C. Cir. 1979). The explanation
here—that the new Administration needs time to review initiatives
proposed by its predecessor—is, we believe, sufficient.
   The second category of regulations covered by the President’s
M emorandum raises somewhat different legal issues. Under the APA, a
substantive rule must be published “not less than 30 days before its
effective date.” 5 U.S.C. § 553(d). As the language and legislative
history of this provision make clear, the 30-day period is a minimum,
and agencies are generally free to delay the effectiveness of regulations
beyond the 30-day period. See Administrative Procedure Act—Legislative
History, S. Doc. No. 248, 79th Cong., 2d Sess. 259-60 (1946) (reproduc­
ing report of House Committee on the Judiciary); id. at 201 (report of
Senate Committee on the Judiciary). The purposes of the 30-day delay
in effective date are, first, to permit private parties to adjust their
conduct in order to conform to new regulations and, second, to permit
agencies to correct errors or oversights. See id. at 259-60, 359; Final
Report, A ttorney General’s Committee on Administrative Procedure
 114-15 (1941); Sannon v. United States, 460 F. Supp. 458, 467 (S.D. Fla.
 1978). It is therefore plain that the APA permits an agency to adopt in
the first instance an effective date provision extending beyond 30 days.
W e do not find anything in the language or legislative history of
                                   56
§ 553(d) to suggest that agencies are forbidden to reach the same result
by initially providing a 30-day period, and subsequently taking action to
extend this period.
   Nevertheless, it is necessary to consider what procedures an agency
must follow in order to extend an effective date provision after the
regulations at issue have been published in final form but have not yet
become effective. For purposes of § 553, the issue is whether a suspen­
sion of the effective date of a rule is an “amendment” o f the rule.1 If so,
notice and comment procedures or a finding of good cause to dispense
with them are required before an agency may suspend the operation of
a rule, and the regulations issued by the previous Administration will
take effect before the new Administration has an opportunity to review
them.
   We believe that such a result would not comport with either the
terms or the purposes of § 553. Therefore, we conclude that a 60-day
delay in the effective date should not be regarded as “rule making” for
the purposes of the APA. Although such a delay technically alters the
date on which a rule has legal effect, nothing in the APA or in any
judicial decision suggests that a delay in effective date is the sort of
agency action that Congress intended to include within the procedural
requirements of § 553(b).2 This conclusion is supported by the clear
congressional intent to give agencies discretion to extend the effective
date provision beyond 30 days. The purposes of the minimum 30-day
requirement would plainly be furthered if an extension of the effective
date were not considered “rule making,” for such an extension would
permit the new Administration to review the pertinent regulations and
would free private parties from having to adjust their conduct to
regulations that are simultaneously under review.
   We would note, however, that even if an extension of effective dates
does not trigger notice and comment procedures, it may still be subject
to judicial review under § 706. A statement of reasons for the deferral
should therefore be provided. See Action fo r Children's Television v.
FCC, 564 F.2d 458, 478-79 (D.C. Cir. 1977). F o r this purpose a refer­
ence to the President’s Memorandum should be sufficient in most cases.
The exception would be any rule for which the effective date has been
a matter of controversy during the notice and comment period. In these


   'U n d er 5 U.S.C. § SS3, notice and comment procedures must be followed for “rule making*’ unless
“the agency for good cause finds (and incorporates the finding and a brief statement o f reasons
therefor in the rules issued) that notice and public procedure thereon are impracticable, unnecessary,
or contrary to the public interest ’’ Under 5 U.S C. § 551(5), the term “ rule making” is in turn defined
as “agency process for formulating, amending, or repealing a rule.”
   3 Indeed, it is not clear that an agency is, as a general rule, required to provide an opportunity for
comment on the intended effective date of a rule in the first instance. If agencies are not required to
do so, a mere extension of that provision would not trigger the procedures of § 553

                                                 57
cases, the explanation should refer to the specific considerations justify­
ing deferral of the rule in question.3
   Even if the suspension o f a rule’s effective date is regarded as rule­
making, we believe that agencies will in general have good cause for
dispensing with notice and comment procedures. A new President
assuming office during a time of economic distress must have some
period in which to evaluate the nature and effect of regulations promul­
gated by a previous Administration. Cf. N ader v. Sawhill, 514 F.2d 1064
(Temp. Emer. Ct. App. 1975) (good cause for dispensing with notice
and comment when increase in petroleum price necessitated by eco­
nomic conditions); Reeves v. Simon, 507 F.2d 455 (Temp. Emer. Ct.
App. 1974), cert, denied, 420 U.S. 991 (1975) (same conclusion for
regulation issued during gasoline crisis); Derieux v. Five Smiths, Inc.,
499 F.2d 1321 (Temp. Em er. Ct. App.), cert, denied, 419 U.S. 896 (1974)
(same conclusion for executive order freezing prices and salaries). If
notice and comment procedures were required, the President would not
be permitted to undertake such an evaluation until the regulations at
issue had beome effective. A notice and comment period, preventing
the new Administration from reviewing pending regulations until they
imposed possibly burdensome and disruptive costs o f compliance on
private parties, would for this reason be “impracticable, unnecessary, or
contrary to the public interest.” 5 U.S.C. § 553(b)(3)(B). This rationale
furnishes good cause for dispensing with public procedures for a brief
suspension o f an effective date.
   F o r the foregoing reasons, we conclude that: (1) the President’s
M emorandum is a lawful exercise o f his authority; (2) agencies need not
allow a period for notice and comment on a 60-day suspension of the
effective date o f proposed regulations; and (3) at least in general,
agencies need not allow such notice and comment for final but not yet
effective regulations, and may comply with legal requirements with a
simple statement incorporating the President’s reasons for the proposed
suspension.4

                                                              L   arry   L.   S im m s
                                                   Acting Assistant Attorney General
                                                        Office o f Legal Counsel




   3 If the effective date provision in a final rule has been the product o f an agency resolution of a
dispute am ong afTected parties, the view that an alteration o f the effective date is an “amendment"
under the A PA is o f greater w eight. Even in such cases, however, there may be good cause to
dispense w ith notice and comment procedures. T he explanation of specific considerations discussed in
text above should suffice as a good cause statement even if the agency action is viewed as rulemaking.
   4As indicated above, a more detailed explanation may be necessary when the effective date
provision was itself a subject of controversy during the notice and comment period.

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