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                                  Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                                          300 Nebraska R eports
                                                   STATE v. PETSCH
                                                  Cite as 300 Neb. 401




                                        State of Nebraska, appellee, v.
                                          A dam T. Petsch, appellant.
                                                    ___ N.W.2d ___

                                          Filed June 29, 2018.    No. S-17-997.

                1.	 Constitutional Law: Search and Seizure: Motions to Suppress:
                    Appeal and Error. In reviewing a trial court’s ruling on a motion to
                    suppress based on a claimed violation of the Fourth Amendment, an
                    appellate court applies a two-part standard of review. Regarding histori-
                    cal facts, an appellate court reviews the trial court’s findings for clear
                    error, but whether those facts trigger or violate Fourth Amendment pro-
                    tection is a question of law that an appellate court reviews independently
                    of the trial court’s determination.
                2.	 Trial: Investigative Stops: Warrantless Searches: Appeal and Error.
                    The ultimate determinations of reasonable suspicion to conduct an
                    investigatory stop and probable cause to perform a warrantless search
                    are reviewed de novo, and findings of fact are reviewed for clear error,
                    giving due weight to the inferences drawn from those facts by the
                    trial judge.
                3.	 Motions to Suppress: Trial: Pretrial Procedure: Appeal and Error.
                    When a motion to suppress is denied pretrial and again during trial on
                    renewed objection, an appellate court considers all the evidence, both
                    from trial and from the hearings on the motion to suppress.
                4.	 Constitutional Law: Police Officers and Sheriffs: Search and
                    Seizure: Arrests. A tier-one police-citizen encounter involves the vol-
                    untary cooperation of the citizen elicited through noncoercive question-
                    ing and does not involve any restraint of liberty of the citizen. Because
                    tier-one encounters do not rise to the level of a seizure, they are outside
                    the realm of Fourth Amendment protection. A tier-two police-citizen
                    encounter involves a brief, nonintrusive detention during a frisk for
                    weapons or preliminary questioning. A tier-three police-citizen encoun-
                    ter constitutes an arrest, which involves a highly intrusive or lengthy
                    search or detention. Tier-two and tier-three police-citizen encounters are
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             Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                     300 Nebraska R eports
                              STATE v. PETSCH
                             Cite as 300 Neb. 401

     seizures sufficient to invoke the protections of the Fourth Amendment to
     the U.S. Constitution.
 5.	 Warrantless Searches: Probable Cause: Police Officers and Sheriffs.
     Probable cause to support a warrantless arrest exists only if law enforce-
     ment has knowledge at the time of the arrest, based on information that
     is reasonably trustworthy under the circumstances, which would cause a
     reasonably cautious person to believe that a suspect has committed or is
     committing a crime.
 6.	 Probable Cause: Words and Phrases. Probable cause is a flexible,
     commonsense standard that depends on the totality of the circumstances.
 7.	 Probable Cause: Appeal and Error. An appellate court determines
     whether probable cause existed under an objective standard of reason-
     ableness, given the known facts and circumstances.
 8.	 Probable Cause: Police Officers and Sheriffs. An arresting officer’s
     state of mind is irrelevant to the existence of probable cause.
 9.	 Probable Cause: Appeal and Error. Appellate courts should avoid
     an excessively technical dissection of the factors supporting probable
     cause. The test to be employed is whether the totality of the circum-
     stances would suggest that probable cause existed.

   Appeal from the District Court for Lancaster County, Robert
R. Otte, Judge, on appeal thereto from the County Court
for Lancaster County, Timothy C. Phillips and Thomas E.
Zimmerman, Judges. Judgment of District Court affirmed.
  Brad Roth, of McHenry, Haszard, Roth, Hupp, Burkholder
& Blomenberg, P.C., L.L.O., for appellant.
  Douglas J. Peterson, Attorney General, and Siobhan E.
Duffy for appellee.
  Heavican, C.J., Miller-Lerman, Cassel, Stacy, Funke, and
Papik, JJ., and Johnson, District Judge.
   Heavican, C.J.
                       INTRODUCTION
   Adam T. Petsch was charged with aggravated driving under
the influence and displaying unlawful or fictitious license
plates. His motion to suppress was denied, and he was con-
victed following a stipulated bench trial. He appeals.
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                Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                        300 Nebraska R eports
                                STATE v. PETSCH
                               Cite as 300 Neb. 401

   We moved this case to our docket because it presented
similar facts to, and Petsch relied upon the Nebraska Court
of Appeals’ opinion in, State v. Botts.1 We recently reversed
the Court of Appeals’ opinion in Botts on petition for further
review.2 We affirm Petsch’s convictions.
                        BACKGROUND
   On November 20, 2015, at approximately 11:25 a.m., Troy
Aksamit, an officer with the Lincoln, Nebraska, police depart-
ment, observed a white sport utility vehicle (SUV) with an
expired license plate. Aksamit was traveling in his patrol
vehicle in the opposite direction, and so he conducted a U-turn
and proceeded to follow the SUV. The SUV had turned left
by that time, so Aksamit also turned left. Aksamit testified he
felt that the driver was “attempting to speed up and flee from
me.” At that time, Aksamit activated his patrol vehicle’s over-
head lights and sirens. Despite this, the SUV did not pull over
and continued to make left turns before eventually coming to
a stop.
   A review of the video of the stop supports Aksamit’s tes-
timony that the SUV was attempting to flee from him. The
video shows that it took Aksamit approximately 20 seconds to
catch up to the SUV. At that time, Aksamit activated his patrol
vehicle’s lights and sirens. From that point, the SUV drove on
for over 45 seconds, making left turns on mostly deserted side
streets and also stopping at a stop sign, but then crossing that
street, with Aksamit’s patrol vehicle following behind with
lights flashing.
   While stopped behind the SUV, Aksamit noted that it had
tinted windows and some equipment stored in the back, but
testified that he could see some movement inside the SUV.
After about 30 seconds, Aksamit made contact with Petsch, the
driver of the SUV. The video shows that Aksamit approached
the SUV with his service revolver drawn from its holster, but

 1	
      See State v. Botts, 25 Neb. App. 372, 905 N.W.2d 704 (2017).
 2	
      See State v. Botts, 299 Neb. 806, 910 N.W.2d 779 (2018).
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           Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                   300 Nebraska R eports
                         STATE v. PETSCH
                        Cite as 300 Neb. 401

held the revolver pointed down to the ground. As soon as
Petsch exited the SUV and indicated compliance through his
actions, Aksamit holstered his revolver. The revolver remained
unholstered for under 30 seconds and was never brandished
in a threatening manner. Askamit testified that he drew the
weapon for officer safety reasons because he was unaware of
whether there was another occupant in the SUV; it transpired
that Petsch was the only occupant of the SUV.
   After exiting the SUV, Petsch was handcuffed without inci-
dent; Aksamit testified that he also handcuffed Petsch for
officer safety reasons. After other officers arrived at the scene,
Aksamit placed Petsch in the back of his patrol vehicle. Petsch
declined to undergo field sobriety tests and refused consent for
a search of his SUV.
   Aksamit testified that he noticed Petsch seemed “impaired”
and had a “slowed response” and that he “had to ask him four
times, basically, the same question.” Aksamit was concerned
that Petsch might be having a medical episode. Aksamit also
testified that he noted Petsch had a “little bit of a problem
walking.” Aksamit left Petsch alone in the patrol vehicle for a
few minutes; upon returning, Aksamit “immediately detected
a strong odor of alcoholic beverage.” The record shows that a
second officer also detected this odor.
   Aksamit testified that he did not see anything in plain view
when he looked into Petsch’s SUV, but that he later searched
it. In so searching, Aksamit found a cup in the SUV that
contained a “strong alcoholic beverage.” Aksamit also found
one empty 50-milliliter bottle and two unopened 50-milliliter
bottles of “Jack Daniel’s Tennessee Honey” whiskey.
   Because of Petsch’s “reactions to the questions, me asking
questions four or five times, him slow to respond, acting as
though he was confused . . . a very strong odor of alcoholic
beverage,” Aksamit concluded that Petsch was under the influ-
ence of alcohol. Upon being transported to “detox,” a chemical
test was performed and Petsch’s breath test registered at .286
of a gram of alcohol per 210 liters of breath.
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            Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                    300 Nebraska R eports
                         STATE v. PETSCH
                        Cite as 300 Neb. 401

   Petsch was cited for driving under the influence (DUI),
fleeing to avoid arrest, and failing to attach renewal decals to
his license plate. While Aksamit testified that Petsch’s SUV’s
front license plate did not have an updated sticker, he testified
that the back license plate did have such a sticker.
   Petsch was charged in the county court with DUI and driv-
ing with fictitious plates. Petsch filed a motion to suppress
“any and all evidence regarding observations made of [Petsch],
statements . . . made by [Petsch], any results of chemical tests
of [Petsch’s] blood, breath, or urine or evidence of any kind
that was obtained by law enforcement personnel as a result
of the stop and subsequent arrest.” As relevant to this appeal,
Petsch alleged that law enforcement lacked (1) reasonable sus-
picion to stop and seize his SUV, (2) probable cause to hand-
cuff him, and (3) probable cause to arrest him for DUI.
   Following a hearing, the county court denied Petsch’s
motion to suppress. Petsch was eventually found guilty in a
stipulated bench trial. For the DUI conviction, Petsch was
sentenced to probation, with a 30-day term of house arrest and
a $1,000 fine. For the fictitious plates conviction, Petsch was
fined $50. Petsch appealed to the district court, which affirmed.
He appeals.
                 ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR
   Petsch assigns that the district court erred in (1) finding
that he was not arrested when he was handcuffed at gunpoint,
(2) finding sufficient probable cause to arrest him for DUI,
(3) overruling his motion to suppress, and (4) finding him
guilty of second-offense DUI and unlawful/fictitious display of
license plates.
                  STANDARD OF REVIEW
   [1,2] In reviewing a trial court’s ruling on a motion to sup-
press based on a claimed violation of the Fourth Amendment,
an appellate court applies a two-part standard of review.3

 3	
      Id.
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                Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                        300 Nebraska R eports
                                STATE v. PETSCH
                               Cite as 300 Neb. 401

Regarding historical facts, an appellate court reviews the trial
court’s findings for clear error, but whether those facts trig-
ger or violate Fourth Amendment protection is a question of
law that an appellate court reviews independently of the trial
court’s determination.4 The ultimate determinations of reason-
able suspicion to conduct an investigatory stop and prob-
able cause to perform a warrantless search are reviewed de
novo, and findings of fact are reviewed for clear error, giving
due weight to the inferences drawn from those facts by the
trial judge.5
   [3] When a motion to suppress is denied pretrial and again
during trial on renewed objection, an appellate court considers
all the evidence, both from trial and from the hearings on the
motion to suppress.6
                          ANALYSIS
   The crux of Petsch’s appeal is that the county court erred
in denying his motion to suppress. Petsch contended in the
motion to suppress that law enforcement lacked (1) reasonable
suspicion to stop and seize his vehicle, (2) probable cause to
handcuff him, and (3) probable cause to arrest him for DUI.
Petsch sought the suppression of “any and all evidence regard-
ing observations made of [Petsch], statements . . . made by
[Petsch], any results of chemical tests of [Petsch’s] blood,
breath, or urine or evidence of any kind that was obtained by
law enforcement personnel as a result of the stop and subse-
quent arrest.”
   Before turning to the issues on appeal, we note what is not
at issue on appeal. In his motion to suppress, Petsch contends
that the stop of his SUV was not supported by reasonable
suspicion. Aksamit testified that the initial reason for stopping
Petsch was for operating a vehicle with fictitious plates. And
on appeal, Petsch assigns that the court erred in finding him

 4	
      Id.
 5	
      Id.
 6	
      State v. Rogers, 297 Neb. 265, 899 N.W.2d 626 (2017).
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                Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                        300 Nebraska R eports
                               STATE v. PETSCH
                              Cite as 300 Neb. 401

guilty of that charge. But Petsch does not challenge the stop in
his appeal, and does not further argue his assignment of error
regarding the fictitious plates conviction. Accordingly, we will
not address either contention.
   [4] We begin with a refresher on police-citizen encoun-
ters and probable cause. A tier-one police-citizen encoun-
ter involves the voluntary cooperation of the citizen elicited
through noncoercive questioning and does not involve any
restraint of liberty of the citizen. Because tier-one encoun-
ters do not rise to the level of a seizure, they are outside the
realm of Fourth Amendment protection.7 A tier-two police-
citizen encounter involves a brief, nonintrusive detention dur-
ing a frisk for weapons or preliminary questioning.8 A tier-three
police-citizen encounter constitutes an arrest, which involves
a highly intrusive or lengthy search or detention.9 Tier-two
and tier-three police-citizen encounters are seizures sufficient
to invoke the protections of the Fourth Amendment to the
U.S. Constitution.10
   [5-7] Probable cause to support a warrantless arrest exists
only if law enforcement has knowledge at the time of the arrest,
based on information that is reasonably trustworthy under the
circumstances, which would cause a reasonably cautious per-
son to believe that a suspect has committed or is committing
a crime.11 Probable cause is a flexible, commonsense standard
that depends on the totality of the circumstances.12 An appel-
late court determines whether probable cause existed under an
objective standard of reasonableness, given the known facts
and circumstances.13

 7	
      Id.
 8	
      Id.
 9	
      Id.
10	
      Id.
11	
      State v. McClain, 285 Neb. 537, 827 N.W.2d 814 (2013).
12	
      Id.
13	
      Id.
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                Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                        300 Nebraska R eports
                                STATE v. PETSCH
                               Cite as 300 Neb. 401

Law Enforcement Had Probable
Cause to Arrest Petsch Based
Upon Petsch’s Flight.
   We turn first to Petsch’s contention set forth in his first
assignment of error: that he was arrested when Aksamit placed
him in handcuffs after stopping his SUV and that probable
cause to do so was lacking. We observe that Aksamit testified
that he did not arrest Petsch at the time he handcuffed him, but,
rather, restrained Petsch for officer safety reasons. However,
we do not opine on the propriety of Aksamit’s action insofar
as it relates to officer safety, because we conclude that there
was probable cause to arrest Petsch as a result of his flight
from Aksamit.14
   [8] The U.S. Supreme Court explained in Devenpeck v.
Alford 15 that
      an arresting officer’s state of mind (except for the facts
      that he knows) is irrelevant to the existence of prob-
      able cause. . . . That is to say, his subjective reason for
      making the arrest need not be the criminal offense as
      to which the known facts provide probable cause. As
      we have repeatedly explained, “‘the fact that the officer
      does not have the state of mind which is hypothecated
      by the reasons which provide the legal justification for
      the officer’s action does not invalidate the action taken
      as long as the circumstances, viewed objectively, justify
      that action.’” . . . “[T]he Fourth Amendment’s concern
      with ‘reasonableness’ allows certain actions to be taken
      in certain circumstances, whatever the subjective intent.”
      . . . “[E]venhanded law enforcement is best achieved by
      the application of objective standards of conduct, rather
      than standards that depend upon the subjective state of
      mind of the officer.”

14	
      See Neb. Rev. Stat. § 28-905 (Reissue 2016).
15	
      Devenpeck v. Alford, 543 U.S. 146, 153, 125 S. Ct. 588, 160 L. Ed. 2d 537
      (2004) (citations omitted).
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           Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                   300 Nebraska R eports
                         STATE v. PETSCH
                        Cite as 300 Neb. 401

   In this case, the fact that Aksamit’s subjective belief was
that he was handcuffing Petsch for officer safety reasons is
immaterial. Aksamit knew that Petsch had attempted to flee
from him when Aksamit activated his patrol vehicle’s lights
and sirens and tried to stop Petsch. Indeed, Aksamit referenced
in his testimony that Petsch “just took off from me,” as sup-
port for his decision to place Petsch in handcuffs. A reasonable
officer could have believed that Petsch was operating a “motor
vehicle to flee in such vehicle in an effort to avoid arrest or
citation” as prohibited by § 28-905(1).
   There was probable cause to support Petsch’s arrest for
operating a motor vehicle to avoid arrest. As such, we find no
merit to Petsch’s first assignment of error.
Probable Cause to Support
DUI Arrest.
   In his second assignment of error, Petsch assigns that law
enforcement lacked probable cause to arrest him for DUI. We
again disagree.
   Aksamit testified that Petsch had a slow reaction time,
appeared confused, and had to be asked questions multiple
times. According to Aksamit, Petsch stumbled while walk-
ing to Aksamit’s patrol vehicle. After being in that vehicle
for a short period of time, both Aksamit and another officer
noticed the odor of alcoholic beverage. Aksamit’s report,
which was part of the trial stipulation, noted that prior to
Petsch’s being placed into the patrol vehicle, the vehicle did
not smell like alcohol. In other words, the record shows that
the smell of alcohol was emanating from Petsch and not from
another source.
   Finally, Aksamit testified that he was concerned Petsch had
tried to flee and that he, Aksamit, was unaware of what Petsch
was doing inside his SUV during and immediately after the
vehicle stop.
   On appeal, Petsch contends that there were other indicia
that would suggest that he was not under the influence of alco-
hol—for example, he did not engage in other erratic driving;
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                Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                        300 Nebraska R eports
                                STATE v. PETSCH
                               Cite as 300 Neb. 401

did not admit to drinking; did not have watery or bloodshot
eyes; did not have slurred speech; was cooperative; and walked
appropriately and did not fall, stagger, or sway. Also, no field
sobriety tests were conducted and no preliminary breath test
was requested.
   [9] Relying on U.S. Supreme Court case law, we recently
noted in State v. Botts that “appellate courts should avoid an
‘“excessively technical dissection” of the factors supporting
probable cause.’”16 The test to be employed is whether the
totality of the circumstances would suggest that probable cause
existed. We went on to observe that “[i]n assessing probable
cause, an officer’s ‘“relevant inquiry is not whether particu-
lar conduct is ‘innocent’ or ‘guilty,’ but the degree of suspi-
cion that attaches to particular types of noncriminal acts.”’”17
And in applying that rationale here, we note that the fact that
these indicia of DUI were not present does not mean that
Aksamit was not permitted to consider the signs that were pres-
ent—chief among these being the strong odor of alcohol and
Petsch’s apparent confusion and slowed reaction time.
   Petsch also argues that no field sobriety tests or preliminary
breath test were conducted, and he further asserts that any
suggestion that he declined those tests was not reflective of
the record. But one of the responding officers testified, and
the recording of the stop confirmed, that the officer tried to
conduct a field sobriety test involving the alphabet. Petsch
declined to participate and indicated that he would first speak
to his lawyer. It was not unreasonable, given this request, that
no further field sobriety testing or preliminary breath testing
was sought.
   We find that given the totality of these circumstances, prob-
able cause existed to support the DUI arrest. There is no merit

16	
      State v. Botts, supra note 2, 299 Neb. at 816, 910 N.W.2d at 788 (quoting
      District of Columbia v. Wesby, ___ U.S. ___, 138 S. Ct. 577, 199 L. Ed.
      2d 453 (2018)).
17	
      Id. at 817, 910 N.W.2d at 788.
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                Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                        300 Nebraska R eports
                                STATE v. PETSCH
                               Cite as 300 Neb. 401

to Petsch’s second assignment of error. And because there
was probable cause to support Petsch’s detention and arrest,
the county court’s denial of the motion to suppress was not in
error. There is no merit to Petsch’s third assignment of error.
No Error in Guilty Finding.
   Finally, Petsch assigns that the court erred in finding him
guilty of DUI and driving with fictitious plates. As we noted
above, Petsch does not argue the assignment of error as it
relates to the fictitious plates. And while Petsch does pre-
serve his assignment of error as to the DUI conviction, this
contention is based upon his assertion, which we have above
rejected, that the county court erred in denying his motion
to suppress.
   We have concluded that there was probable cause to arrest
Petsch. And we further note that when alcohol breath testing
was later completed at a detoxification center, the content of
alcohol in Petsch’s breath was .286, which is 31⁄2 times the
legal limit and sufficient to support Petsch’s conviction for
DUI.18 There is no merit to Petsch’s final assignment of error.
                         CONCLUSION
  The decision of the district court affirming the county
court’s convictions is affirmed.
                                               A ffirmed.

18	
      See Neb. Rev. Stat. §§ 60-6,196 (Reissue 2010) and 60-6,197.03(5) (Supp.
      2015).
