            U NITED S TATES N AVY –M ARINE C ORPS
                C OURT OF C RIMINAL A PPEALS
                              _________________________

                                  No. 201500381
                              _________________________

                     UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
                                       Appellee
                                           v.

                             ALEXEY N. GEBERT
                             Seaman (E-3), U.S. Navy
                                    Appellant
                             _________________________

Appeal from the United States Navy-Marine Corps Trial Judiciary

     Military Judge: Commander Arthur L. Gaston III, JAGC, USN.
       For Appellant: Samuel C. Moore, Civilian Appellate Counsel;
            Lieutenant Rachel E. Weidemann, JAGC USN.
    For Appellee: Captain Cory A. Carver, USMC; Lieutenant Robert
                       J. Miller, JAGC, USN.
                        _________________________

                            Decided 15 November 2016
                             _________________________

Before C AMPBELL , R UGH , and H UTCHISON , Appellate Military Judges
                        _________________________

This opinion does not serve as binding precedent, but may be cited
as persuasive authority under NMCCA Rule of Practice and
Procedure 18.2.
                       _________________________

RUGH, Judge:

   A military judge sitting as a general court-martial convicted the
appellant contrary to his plea of one specification of communicating a
bomb threat,1 in violation of Article 134, Uniform Code of Military
Justice, 10 U.S.C. § 934 (2012). The military judge sentenced the

   1  MANUAL FOR COURTS-MARTIAL, UNITED STATES (2012 ed.), Part IV, ¶ 109 is
formally titled Threat or hoax designed or intended to cause panic or public fear. For
ease of reference, we will refer to ¶ 109(b)(1) as Communicating a Bomb Threat.
appellant to seven months’ confinement, reduction to pay grade E-1,
and a bad-conduct discharge. The convening authority (CA) approved
the sentence as adjudged.
   The appellant now raises five assignments of error (AOE): (1) that
the military judge erred by requiring the government prove only a
mens rea standard of recklessness for the offense of communicating a
bomb threat; (2) that the evidence was legally and factually
insufficient; (3) that the charge and specification were improperly
referred to general court-martial; (4) that the military judge abused
his discretion by admitting certain prosecution exhibits; and (5) that
the military judge abused his discretion in crafting his remedy to a
government violation of an evidentiary notice requirement.2
   Having carefully considered the record of trial, the pleadings, and
the oral argument on the first and second AOE, we find no error
materially prejudicial to a substantial right of the appellant.
                                 I. BACKGROUND
    In the spring of 2015, the appellant was assigned to the
Engineering Repair Division (ER09) on board USS PORT ROYAL (CG
73) home ported at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. ER09 maintained the ship’s
many damage control systems, which included fire extinguishers,
water-tight doors, and ventilations systems, but was more infamously
referred to as “the island of misfit toys.” Similarly disparaged, USS
PORT ROYAL was an aging cruiser that seldom deployed and was
often in need of repair—always a bridesmaid, yet never the bride when
it came time for early decommissioning. As a result, morale onboard
was low, and crew members often wished the ship would sink, run
aground, or otherwise stop working.
   Nestled within this doubly-troubled environment, the appellant—a
young, Russian emigrant with career aspirations that included the
Explosive Ordinance Disposal (EOD) program—became disenchanted
with his life on the ship.
   On 29 April 2015, the appellant, Petty Officer Third Class (PO3)
Sierra,3 and PO3 Lima were working in the ER09 work center when
they heard that a barracks room inspection was underway. Based on


   2 AOE (5) was raised pursuant to United States v. Grostefon, 12 M.J. 431 (C.M.A.
1982).
   3   Pseudonyms have replaced all surnames referenced in the opinion.




                                          2
prior interactions with the appellant, PO3 Sierra asked him “[d]o you
have any bomb-making materials in [your] room?”4 The appellant
responded, “No, they’re far, far away[.]”5 PO3 Sierra then turned to
PO3 Lima and intoned in a “dead serious” manner that appellant was
“building a bomb.”6 The appellant, within earshot, did not respond.
   The next day, PO3 Lima asked PO3 Sierra if he knew where the
appellant intended to use the bomb he was building. PO3 Sierra
replied that he believed the appellant “intend[ed] to use it on the
ship.”7 PO3 Sierra also stated that the appellant kept the bomb in a
Pelican case, a specific brand of molded-plastic case that the appellant
retrieved several days earlier from the ship’s refuse.8
   Concerned, PO3 Lima reported this information to his chain of
command that day.
    The next morning, 1 May 2015, PO3 Lima was alone with the
appellant during cleaning stations. PO3 Lima raised the topic of the
Pelican case and asked if the case was safe. The appellant replied that
it was “hidden.”9 PO3 Lima then asked “what [the appellant’s] purpose
behind it was,” and the appellant responded, “it was to cripple or
damage” or sink the ship to prevent it from getting underway.10 PO3
Lima asked where the appellant planned to use it, and the appellant
responded “possibly the main reduction gear on board or the sonar
dome,” despite recognizing that human casualties would be
inevitable.11 Referring to the items held in the Pelican case, the
appellant said that if an explosion occurred, he would blame it on
civilian contractors.




   4   Record at 295, 307.
   5   Id. at 295.
   6   Id. at 220-21, 233, 236.
   7   Id. at 221.
   8 At the time it was retrieved, PO3 Sierra inquired into what the appellant
planned to do with the Pelican case, to which the appellant casually responded, “[i]t’s
the case I’m going to build a bomb in.” Id. at 296, 310-11. PO3 Sierra was
unconcerned with this comment at the time, thinking this was just “Gebert being
Gebert.” Id. at 309-11.
   9   Id. at 223, 228, 239.
   10   Id. at 224, 228, 251.
   11   Id. at 224-25, 228-29, 240-41.


                                          3
   During this conversation, the appellant’s apparent mood was
humorless—“there was no laughing about it, no joking about it, all
very serious;”12 his tone was “very serious;”13 and he was “very serious
in everything he said.”14 He did not laugh. “[W]henever people would
pass by doing their roves” or walk in or out of the ER09 work center,
the appellant “would stop talking about it and [only] continue on once
they were out of earshot[,]” as if the conversation was a secret.15
   However, during this conversation the appellant never used the
words “bomb” or “explosive” or stated the exact contents of the
case. The appellant also never stated when, if at all, he would plant the
case and its contents on the ship.
   Before the conversation was over, both the appellant and PO3 Lima
were interrupted by authorities and escorted away for interviews
based on PO3 Lima’s report the evening before. By noon the ship was
evacuated, but authorities did not find the Pelican case or a bomb
onboard.
   In his interview with investigators, the appellant admitted that he
was attempting to build a bomb from ammonium nitrate, something he
had successfully accomplished twice before joining the Navy, for
detonation at a deserted location somewhere on the island of Oahu.
Shipmates also reported that the appellant often made comments
about “blowing up” the ship and discussed using metal plates and
copper wiring to construct an armor-piercing bomb that could
penetrate the ship’s hull.
   A search of the appellant’s barracks room resulted in the seizure of
a bag and several bundles of copper wiring, pliers and wire stripping
tools, a metal plate, and a plastic baggie of fertilizer.16 The search also
uncovered printed instructions on manufacturing ammonium nitrate
explosives, on the production of chlorine and hydrogen gas, and on the
structure of clandestine terrorist cells. Authorities also retrieved the


   12   Id. at 226.
   13   Id.
   14   Id. at 225.
   15   Id. at 225-26.
    16 The appellant claimed that he originally purchased the fertilizer for use in a

terrarium. Investigators later determined that the amount and quality of the
fertilizer seized was insufficient for building an ammonium nitrate-based bomb.




                                         4
appellant’s notebooks containing notes on the ingredients of an
ammonium nitrate fuel air bomb, shaped charges, and pipe bombs.
   Portentously, within the appellant’s handwritten notes was also a
short comment directed at his Leading Chief Petty Officer:
         Most of the time she thinks I’m not being serious. Its not
         me cracking jokes but saying what I’m think[ing] out loud
         . . . .17
                                   II. DISCUSSION
A. The required mens rea for communicating a bomb threat
    As we have previously articulated, “[s]pecial findings are to a bench
trial as instructions are to a trial before members.” United States v.
Postle, 20 M.J. 632, 638 (N.M.C.M.R. 1985).18 Questions pertaining to
the substance of a military judge’s instructions and those involving
statutory interpretation are reviewed de novo. United States v. Lopez
de Victoria, 66 M.J. 67, 73 (C.A.A.F. 2008); United States v. Smith, 50
M.J. 451, 455 (C.A.A.F. 1999). We evaluate a military judge’s
instructions ‘“in the context of the overall message conveyed[.]”’ United
States v. Prather, 69 M.J. 338, 344 (C.A.A.F. 2011) (quoting Humanik
v. Beyer, 871 F.2d 432, 441 (3d Cir. 1989)).19
   At trial the appellant was charged with wrongfully communicating
a bomb threat to PO3 Lima in violation of Article 134, UCMJ, MANUAL
FOR COURTS-MARTIAL (MCM), UNITED STATES (2012 ed.), Part IV, ¶
109(b)). After findings, the appellant requested the military judge
enter special findings pursuant to RULE FOR COURTS-MARTIAL (R.C.M.)
918(b), MANUAL FOR COURTS-MARTIAL, UNITED STATES (2012 ed.).20
   In his special findings, the military judge affirmed that he found
the appellant guilty beyond reasonable doubt of each element of the
specification of the Charge, as follows:




   17   Prosecution Exhibit 5 at 35.
   18 See also United States v. Zambrano, No. 201500002, 2016 CCA LEXIS 19, at
*7, unpublished op. (N-M. Ct. Crim. App. 19 Jan 2016).
   19 See also United States v. Maxwell, 45 M.J. 406, 424 (C.A.A.F. 1996) (assessing
the military judge’s instructions “as a whole to determine if they sufficiently cover
the issues in the case and focus on the facts presented by the evidence”) (quoting
United States v. Snow, 82 F.3d 935, 938-39 (10th Cir. 1996)).
   20   Appellate Exhibit (AE) XXXVII.


                                         5
         a. That onboard USS PORT ROYAL (CG 73), on or about
         1 May 2015, the [appellant] communicated certain
         language to [PO3 Lima], to wit: “I intend to place a bomb
         somewhere on USS PORT ROYAL where it would do the
         most damage to cripple or sink the ship, probably the
         main reduction gear,” or words to that effect;
         b. That the language communicated amounted to a threat;
         c. That the harm threatened was to be done by means of
         an explosive;
         d. That the communication was wrongful;
         e. That, under the circumstances, the conduct of the
         [appellant] was to the prejudice of good order and
         discipline in the armed forces and was of a nature to bring
         discredit upon the armed forces.21
   At defense’s request, the military judge then provided an
exhaustive list of the relevant evidence supporting that the
communication was threatening, wrongful, prejudicial to good order
and discipline, and service discrediting.
    The military judge then outlined his legal theory as to the mens rea
standard required to find that the appellant’s communication was
wrongful pursuant to the fourth element—that is, that it was at a level
“sufficient ‘to separate wrongful conduct from otherwise innocent
conduct.’”22 In doing so, he first quoted the Court of Military Appeals’
holding in United States v. Gilluly, that “[t]he surrounding
circumstances may so belie or contradict the language of the
declaration as to reveal it to be a mere jest or idle banter.” 23 32 C.M.R.
458, 461 (C.M.A. 1963). He then linked this language with MCM Part
IV, ¶ 110(c) affirming that “a declaration made under circumstances
which reveal it to be in jest or for an innocent or legitimate purpose, or
which contradict the expressed intent to commit the act, does not
constitute this offense.”
  Finally, after reviewing the Supreme Court’s reasoning in Elonis v.
United States,24 the military judge was persuaded that “the mens rea

   21   AE XLII at 1.
   22 Id. at 9 (quoting Elonis v. United States, 575 U.S. __, 135 S. Ct. 2001, 2010
(2015)).
   23   Id. at 8.
   24   135 S. Ct. at 2010.


                                        6
standard applicable in [the appellant’s] case [was] that of
recklessness.”25 The military judge intoned that he was convinced of
this standard in part by the unique character of the military
community and mission where “operations, proximity to and
accessibility of explosive material, and maintaining good order and
discipline . . . support proscribing such threats at the lowest possible
level of criminal intent.”26
       However, the military judge also affirmed that the evidence
supported finding that the appellant was “consciously aware that his
statements would be taken seriously.”27 The military judge
summarized that “the weight of the evidence supports beyond a
reasonable doubt that the [appellant] was not operating under some
mistaken belief that he would be perceived as joking,” and that
“particularly in light of the surrounding circumstances, the evidence
supports that the [appellant’s] communication of a threat was knowing
and intentional.”28
   The appellant now contends that the military judge’s special
findings are inconsistent with the Court of Appeals for the Armed
Forces’ (CAAF) recent decision in United States v. Rapert, 75 M.J. 164
(C.A.A.F. 2016). We disagree.
   In Rapert, the CAAF evaluated the offense of Communicating a
Threat under Article 134, UCMJ, MCM, Part IV, ¶ 110, in light of the
Supreme Court’s opinion in Elonis (supra). After holding that the case
was “beyond the reach of Elonis,” Rapert, 75 M.J. at 168, the CAAF
clarified that the offense contained both an objective and a subjective
element.
   The objective notion of a threat referred only to the first element of
the offense, to wit: “that the accused communicated certain language
expressing a present determination or intent to wrongfully injure the
person, property or reputation of another person, presently or in the
future[.]”29 When analyzing whether a communication constituted a
threat under the first element, ‘“the existence of a threat should be

   25   AE XLII at 9.
   26   Id. at 10.
   27   Id. at 12.
   28   Id. at 12. 12 n.1.
   29 MCM, Part IV, ¶ 110(b)(1). Of note, the first element of Communicating a
Threat combines the first two elements of the sister offense of Communicating a
Bomb Threat under ¶ 109.


                                      7
evaluated from the point of view of a reasonable [person].”’ Rapert, 75
M.J. at 168 (quoting United States v. Phillips, 42 M.J. 127, 130
(C.A.A.F. 1995)) (aleration in original).
    The subjective notion of a threat referred to the third element of the
offense, to wit: “that the communication was wrongful.”30 This required
that “the Government prove that an accused’s statement was wrongful
because it was not made in jest or as idle banter, or for an innocent or
legitimate purpose . . . and thus require[d] the Government to prove
the accused’s mens rea rather than base a conviction on mere
negligence.” Id. at 169. “Importantly, however, intent in this context is
not akin to the speaker’s subjective intent to execute the threat;
instead, this aspect of intent relates to whether the speaker intended
his or her words to be understood as sincere.” Id. at n.10.
    The Court then proposed for clarity’s sake that the third element31
of the offense should be considered to read as follows:
        That the communication was wrongful [in that the
        speaker intended the statements as something other than
        a joke or idle banter, or intended the statements to serve
        something other than an innocent or legitimate purpose].
Id. at 169 (brackets in original).
   Restated, the Manual establishes a floor for culpability
requiring proof of criminal intent greater than mere negligence,
and that floor requires proof that the offender didn’t intend his
statements to be a joke, in jest, or as idle banter, or to serve
some other innocent or legitimate purpose.
   Still, how this intention equates to more traditional articulations of
mens rea, like a purposeful, knowing, or reckless intent, has been left
relatively opaque.32 Regardless, its opacity isn’t dispositive in this case.

   30 MCM, Part IV, ¶ 110(b)(3). This element is directly analogous to the fourth
element of Communicating a Bomb Threat under ¶109.
   31 Or the fourth element of the analogous offense of Communicating a Bomb
Threat.
   32 Of note, on 20 May 2016 Executive Order No. 13,730, 81 Fed. Reg. 33,331,
33,358, amended Part IV, ¶ 110(c) of the MCM to provide:
   [T]o establish that the communication was wrongful it is necessary that
   the accused transmitted the communication for the purpose of issuing a
   threat, with the knowledge that the communication would be viewed as a
   threat, or acted recklessly with regard to whether the communication
   would be viewed as a threat.


                                       8
Even if the “more than a joke/less than execution” standard forecloses
application of the traditional recklessness level of mens rea, we find its
use in this case harmless beyond reasonable doubt.
   Instructions that lower the required level of mens rea implicate
fundamental conceptions of justice under the Due Process Clause.33 “If
instructional error is found [when] there are constitutional dimensions
at play, [the appellant’s] claims ‘must be tested for prejudice under the
standard of harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.’” United States v.
Wolford, 62 M.J. 418, 420 (C.A.A.F. 2006) (quoting United States v.
Kreutzer, 61 M.J. 293, 298 (C.A.A.F. 2005)).
   “‘The inquiry for determining whether constitutional error is
harmless beyond a reasonable doubt is ‘whether, beyond a reasonable
doubt, the error did not contribute to the defendant’s conviction or
sentence.’” Id. (quoting United States v. Kaiser, 58 M.J. 146, 149
(C,A,A,F, 2003))). “If so, or if one is left in grave doubt, the conviction
cannot stand.” Kotteakos v. United States, 328 U.S. 750, 765 (1946).
The question is not merely whether, without the error, there remains
sufficient evidence to support the verdict. Instead, the court must
determine whether the military judge’s verdict was “substantially
swayed by the error.” United States v. Rhodes, 61 M.J. 445, 453
(C.A.A.F. 2005).
       Here, within the context of “the overall message conveyed,”34 we
find the possible error in the military judge’s special findings harmless
beyond reasonable doubt.
   Of singular importance to this determination is the military judge’s
wise inclusion in his special findings that the evidence established “an
awareness of wrongdoing on the part of the accused in communicating
the threat that more than satisfies the recklessness standard.”35
Despite determining that he must only find proof of reckless intent, the
military judge further found that the appellant was “consciously aware
that his statements would be taken seriously[.]”36 He also found the


See also ¶ 109, Threat or hoax designed or intended to cause panic or public fear.
   33 See United States v. Hills, 75 M.J. 350, 357 (C.A.A.F. 2016) (“[T]he risk that
the members would apply an impermissibly low standard of proof, undermin[es] both
the presumption of innocence and the requirement that the prosecution prove guilt
beyond a reasonable doubt . . . .”) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).
   34   Prather, 69 M.J. at 344.
   35   AE XLII at 12 (emphasis added).
   36   Id.


                                          9
evidence established that the communication of the threat was
“knowing and intentional.”37 As a result, the military judge clearly
determined that the appellant intended his avowal to bomb the USS
PORT ROYAL to be understood as a sincere threat and not as a joke or
idle banter. As such, we are convinced beyond reasonable doubt that
any error did not contribute to the appellant’s conviction.

B. Legal and factual sufficiency38
      We review questions of factual and legal sufficiency de novo.
United States v. Washington, 57 M.J. 394, 399 (C.A.A.F. 2002).
        The test for legal sufficiency is “whether, considering the
evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, a reasonable
factfinder could have found all the essential elements beyond a
reasonable doubt.” United States v. Humpherys, 57 M.J. 83, 94
(C.A.A.F. 2002) (citations and internal quotation marks omitted). In
weighing questions of legal sufficiency, the court is “bound to draw
every reasonable inference from the evidence of record in favor of the
prosecution.” United States v. Barner, 56 M.J. 131, 134 (C.A.A.F. 2001)
(citations omitted).
       The test for factual sufficiency is “whether, after weighing the
evidence in the record of trial and making allowances for not having
personally observed the witnesses,” we are convinced of the accused’s
guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. United States v. Turner, 25 M.J. 324,
325 (C.M.A. 1987).
      While the military judge already provided an exhaustive list of
the relevant evidence supporting the legal and factual sufficiency of
the appellant’s conviction, we will again summarize some of the most
persuasive facts here.39
      First, the appellant’s threats to PO3 Lima on 1 May 2015 were
extremely detailed. He stated that the Pelican case would be placed
onboard the ship in a location where it would cripple, damage, or sink

   37  Id. at n.1 While the military judge specifically stated that “the evidence
supports” a knowing and intelligent communication of a threat, his use of the word
“support” elsewhere in his special findings makes it clear in context that he intended
the word to convey a finding of guilt on the matter beyond reasonable doubt. See, e.g.
id. at 12 (“In sum, the weight of the evidence supports beyond a reasonable doubt
that the accused was not operating under some mistaken belief that he would be
perceived as joking but was inadvertently taken seriously.”)
   38   Raised as AOE (2)
   39   See AE XLII.


                                         10
the ship, such as the main reduction gear or the sonar dome. He
expressed the expectation that human casualties were inevitable, and
he described a means for avoiding blame by implicating civilian
contractors who had access to the ship.
    Second, the appellant communicated these threats in a serious tone
and with a serious demeanor. He didn’t laugh, smile, or express these
threats under circumstances that would indicate he intended them in
jest. When others came close, he would whisper as if he intended his
statements to be secret. Afterwards, when confronted by investigators,
the appellant initially denied possessing the Pelican case, and falsely
claimed he printed articles about clandestine terrorist cells for a
homework assignment before entering the Navy.
    Additionally, although an actual intent “on the part of the declarant
to effectuate the injury set out in the declaration” is not a required
element of the offense, it may be relevant in determining the true
intent of the declarant in making the threat. Gilluly, 32 C.M.R. at 461.
Here, the appellant began by expressing an interest in building an
ammonium nitrate bomb. He discussed with others the relative merits
of placing explosives near the ship’s hull, in the main engine room, or
in the sonar dome, and he surreptitiously researched related articles
on public computers to avoid detection. He then set about to amass the
instrumentalities of a bomb: instructions on types of explosives and
explosive devices; copper wiring, a carbon dioxide cartridge, fertilizer,
and a metal plate; and a case for containing and transporting a bomb.40
   Finally, the appellant’s statements were made onboard ship to a
more senior Sailor (albeit, only one pay grade senior) who took them as
a serious threat. But for already reporting his concerns to the chain of
command the day before, PO3 Lima would have reported the
appellant’s more clearly articulated threats immediately.41 Regardless,
the ship was shortly thereafter evacuated. While the evacuation was
not the direct result of the appellant’s 1 May 2015 threat, we agree
with the military judge who adroitly observed:
        [A] Naval warship [need not] be evacuated twice in order
        to demonstrate the direct and obvious injury to good order

   40The appellant told investigators he planned to detonate the bomb in an
unpopulated area.
   41 See Record at 246 (“Q: And you were asked something along the lines of, you
know, did you immediately report it to the chain of command . . . ? A: I did not, Your
Honor, as I had already portrayed [sic] my information from before about him
possibly having a bomb or a device.”).


                                         11
         and discipline caused by one of its [S]ailors telling
         another [S]ailor onboard his detailed intent to place a
         bomb on the ship.42
    Further, it is clear from the circumstances that the appellant’s
conduct would tend to bring discredit on the armed forces if it were
made known to the public, as articulated by the military judge in his
special findings,43 more than satisfying the low evidentiary threshold
required to satisfy both clauses of the fifth element correctly.44
   Considering the above, we find the evidence legally sufficient to
support the appellant’s conviction. Likewise, after weighing the
evidence and making allowances for not having observed the
witnesses, we are convinced beyond reasonable doubt of the appellant’s
guilt.
C. Improper referral45
    Initially, the appellant was also charged with larceny of numerous
pistol ammunition magazines in violation of Article 121, UCMJ, 10
U.S.C. § 921 (2012). Subsequent to a hearing held pursuant to Article
32, UCMJ, the preliminary hearing officer found probable cause to
support the allegation of communicating a bomb threat, but did not
find probable cause to support the larceny of the magazines. In her
report of 22 June 2015, the hearing officer marked a block on the
standardized form indicating that the offense was not supported by
probable cause. However, she subsequently explained the dichotomy of
her determinations—probable cause to support the allegation of
communicating a bomb threat but no probable cause to support the
allegation of larceny of pistol magazines—in her written report
attached to the standard form.
   After receiving the preliminary hearing report, the staff judge
advocate (SJA) prepared written advice for the CA pursuant to Article
34, UCMJ. Therein, the SJA omitted reference to the hearing officer’s
findings on probable cause and recommended referral of all charges to


   42   AE XLII at 7.
   43   Id.
   44See United States v. Goings, 72 M.J. 202, 206 n.5 (C.A.A.F. 2013) (summarizing
CAAF’s juris prudence regarding the sufficiency of evidence required to prove the
terminal element of Article 134, UCMJ).
   45   Raised as AOE (3).




                                        12
general court-martial. Both the larceny charge and the communicating
a bomb threat charge were referred to general court-martial on 1 July
2015.
   At trial, the defense moved to dismiss the larceny charge due to an
improper referral based in part on the omission of the probable cause
recommendation from the SJA’s Article 34, UCMJ, advice. The
military judge agreed that the SJA’s advice was materially defective
and ordered the SJA to prepare and serve on the CA new advice
remedying the omission. The new Article 34, UCMJ, advice was
provided on 23 July 2015.46 Subsequently, and in accordance with both
the preliminary hearing officer’s recommendation and the new Article
34, UCMJ, advice, the CA withdrew and dismissed the larceny charge
prior to the introduction of evidence on the merits.
   The appellant now asserts that the charge of communicating a
bomb threat was improperly referred to general court-marital.
Whether a charge has been properly referred is a jurisdictional
question we review de novo. United States v. Ballan, 71 M.J. 28, 32
(C.A.A.F. 2012).
   While we disagree with the appellant’s assertion that the
preliminary hearing officer’s recommendation on probable cause is
somehow binding on the SJA or CA, we find it unnecessary to address
that errant belief here.47 Instead, it is sufficient to identify that the
preliminary hearing officer’s report found probable cause to support
the allegation of communicating a bomb threat. This recommendation
was provided to the SJA who concurred in the new Article 34 advice,
concluding that the specification for communicating a bomb threat was
in the proper form, the specification alleged an offense under the
UCMJ, the allegation of the communicating a bomb threat offense was
warranted by evidence indicated in the preliminary hearing officer’s
report, and a court-martial would have jurisdiction over the




   46   AE XXIII.
   47  See United States v. Meador, 75 M.J. 682, 683 (C.G. Ct. Crim. App. 2016)
(“There is nothing in this statutory scheme that makes a determination of probable
cause by the PHO [preliminary hearing officer] a precondition of referral to a general
court-martial, nor is there any language making the PHO’s determination binding on
the SJA or the CA.”). We also find no support for the appellant’s assertion that the
originally defective Article 34, UCMJ, advice in some way “baked” prejudice into the
process that wasn’t remedied by the issuance of new advice. See Appellant’s Brief and
Assignment of Errors of 29 Apr 2016 at 25.


                                         13
appellant.48 This is all that is required by Article 34, UCMJ, and the
relevant rules for court-martial as to that specific offense.
   Regardless, even if the advice provided on the specification for
communicating a bomb threat was deficient, we find no prejudice from
what would comprise a non-jurisdictional, procedural error—
particularly given the steps taken by the military judge pursuant to
R.C.M. 906 to remedy other deficiencies extant in the original pretrial
advice related to the larceny offense.49
D. Admission of prosecution exhibits50
    Prior to trial, the government sought a preliminary ruling on the
admissibility of various items of evidence under MILITARY RULE OF
EVIDENCE (MIL. R. EVID.) 404(b), SUPPLEMENT TO MANUAL FOR COURTS-
MARTIAL, UNITED STATES (2012 ed.). Specifically, trial counsel sought
to introduce the following exhibits:
         Prosecution Exhibit 4, selected pages from a green, “Rite
         in the Rain” all-weather notebook found on the
         appellant;51
         Prosecution Exhibit 5, selected pages from another green,
         “Rite in the Rain” all-weather notebook;52
         Prosecution Exhibit 16, a print-out of an internet article
         on “Clandestine cell system” found on the appellant;
         Prosecution Exhibit 17, selected pages from a white
         binder found abandoned on the ship but later identified
         by the appellant as belonging to him;53




   48   Id. at 3.
   49 See United States v. Winiecki, No. 201600031, 2016 CCA LEXIS 572, at *2 n.1,
unpublished op. (N-M. Ct. Crim. App., 29 Sep. 2016) (characterizing discrepancies in
the Article 34, UCMJ, advice as “non-jurisdictional, procedural errors”).
   50   Raised as AOE (4).
   51 The government sought admission of nine pages from this green notebook
which contained handwritten notes of the appellant discussing bomb ingredients,
bomb and explosives characteristics, subversive organizations, and responses to
attacks on the U.S. government.
   52 The government sought admission of three pages from this green notebook
which contained handwritten notes of the appellant discussing bomb materials, types
of bombs, hostage control, and his personal state of mind.


                                        14
         Prosecution Exhibit 18, a large baggie of fertilizer seized
         from the appellant’s barracks;
         Prosecution Exhibit 19, washing machine motors
         containing copper wire seized from the appellant’s
         barracks;
         Prosecution Exhibit 20, various bundles of wires seized
         from the appellant’s barracks;
         Prosecution Exhibit 21, wire cutting and stripping tools
         seized from the appellant’s barracks; and
         Prosecution Exhibit 22, a gray cloth seized from the
         appellant’s barracks.
   The Government sought to introduce these items as proof of the
appellant’s intent and opportunity to actually build a bomb as relevant
to the appellant’s subjective intent to communicate a threat to PO3
Lima.
   During argument, defense counsel conceded that Prosecution
Exhibit 18 could be admissible for some purpose under MIL. R. EVID.
404(b).54 Defense counsel also agreed with the military judge that
evidence concerning whether the appellant had the intent to actually
make a bomb would be relevant “for purposes of determining whether
[he] had the intent to make a threat[.]”55
   Subsequently, the military judge issued a written ruling applying
the three-part test for admissibility of evidence of uncharged
misconduct offered under MIL. R. EVID. 404(b) established in United
States v. Reynolds, 29 M.J. 105, 109 (C.M.A. 1989), and determined
that the items were admissible to show that the appellant “was either
intending to or in the process of building an explosive device at or
around the time he made the statements” to PO3 Lima.56 For this
reason, the evidence tended to bear on the appellant’s true intent in
making the threat.




   53 The government sought admission of twenty-two pages from this white binder
which contained handwritten notes and computer print-outs about bomb
construction, nitroglycerine, and the EOD program.
   54   Record at 118.
   55   Id. at 95.
   56   Id. at 562.


                                      15
    As a result of this preliminary ruling, the defense requested and the
military judge granted admission of the complete white binder
(Prosecution Exhibit 17) and green notebooks (Prosecution Exhibits 4
and 5) pursuant to MIL. R. EVID. 106. The appellant now avers that the
military judge abused his discretion in admitting Prosecution Exhibits
4, 5, and 16 through 22.
    While “[e]vidence of a crime, wrong, or other act is not admissible to
prove a person’s character in order to show that on a particular
occasion the person acted in accordance with the character[,]” it may be
admissible to prove, “motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan,
knowledge, identity, absence of mistake, or lack of accident.” MIL. R.
EVID. 404(b)(1) and (2). Evidence of this type must be offered for a
proper purpose other than to demonstrate the propensity of an accused
to commit the crimes charged. United States v. Acton, 38 M.J. 330, 333
(C.M.A. 1993) (citing United States v. Castillo, 29 M.J. 145, 150
(C.M.A. 1989).
    In order to admit evidence of uncharged misconduct under MIL. R.
EVID. 404(b): (1) the evidence must reasonably support a finding that
the accused committed the uncharged misconduct; (2) a material fact
in issue must be made more or less probable by the evidence; (3) the
danger of unfair prejudice must not substantially outweigh the
probative value of the evidence. Reynolds, 29 M.J. at 109.
   We review a military judge’s evidentiary rulings for an abuse of
discretion, that is, whether the “challenged action [is] arbitrary,
fanciful, clearly unreasonable, or clearly erroneous.” United States v.
Solomon, 72 M.J. 176, 179 (C.A.A.F. 2013) (citation and internal
quotation marks omitted). Further, “[m]ilitary judges are presumed to
know the law and to follow it absent clear evidence to the contrary.”
United States v. Erickson, 65 M.J. 221, 225 (C.A.A.F. 2007) (citation
omitted).

   Here, the military judge admitted the prosecution exhibits only
after applying the Reynolds test, finding the evidence legally relevant,
and determining its probative value was not substantially outweighed
by the danger of unfair prejudice.57 Particularly given that this was a
judge-alone trial, we find that the military judge did not abuse his
discretion in admitting the evidence as proof of intent and opportunity,
and further conclude that the military judge appropriately limited his
consideration of the evidence to its proper uses.


   57   AE XXVIII at 6.


                                   16
   E. Untimely notice remedy58
   The appellant’s fifth AOE involves the military judge’s choice of
remedy—a one-day continuance—in response to untimely notice by the
Government under MIL. R. EVID. 304 regarding the statements of two
witnesses. We have fully considered this issue and find it without
merit. United States v. Clifton, 35 M.J. 79 (C.M.A. 1992).
                             III. CONCLUSION
   The findings and the sentence, as approved by the CA, are affirmed.
   Senior Judge CAMPBELL and Judge HUTCHISON concur.

                                  For the Court




                                  R.H. TROIDL
                                  Clerk of Court




   58   Raised as AOE (5).




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