            UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR VETERANS CLAIMS


                                                   NO. 12-1883

                                   THOMAS C. LEAVEY, JR., APPELLANT,

                                                         V.

                                       ROBERT A. MCDONALD,
                              SECRETARY OF VETERANS AFFAIRS, APPELLEE.


                             On Appeal from the Board of Veterans' Appeals


(Argued April 8, 2014                                                        Decided November 14, 2014)


       John R. Gibson, with whom Matthew S. Yungwirth was on the brief, both of Atlanta,
Georgia, for the appellant.

         Clifton A. Prince, with whom Will A. Gunn, General Counsel; David L. Quinn, Acting
Assistant General Counsel; and Joan E. Moriarty, Deputy Assistant General Counsel, were on the
brief, all of Washington, D.C., for the appellee.1

      Before KASOLD, Chief Judge, and HAGEL, MOORMAN, LANCE, DAVIS, SCHOELEN,
PIETSCH, and GREENBERG, Judges.2

       KASOLD, Chief Judge, filed the opinion of the Court. HAGEL, Judge, filed an opinion
concurring in part and dissenting in part. GREENBERG, Judge, filed a dissenting opinion in which
HAGEL, Judge, joined in part.

       KASOLD, Chief Judge: World War II veteran Thomas C. Leavey, Jr., appeals through
counsel a May 11, 2012, Board of Veterans' Appeals (Board) decision that denied entitlement to (1) a
compensable disability rating for bilateral hearing loss prior to June 9, 2009, and (2) a disability
rating in excess of 10% for bilateral hearing loss from June 9, 2009. Mr. Leavey argues that, during
a March 2011 hearing before the Board, the Board member conducting the hearing failed to
discharge his dual duties to fully explain the issues in Mr. Leavey's case and suggest that he submit

       1
           As of issuance, Mr. Gunn is no longer General Counsel; Tammy L. Kennedy is Acting General Counsel.
       2
           Judge Bartley recused herself from this matter.
overlooked evidence, in violation of 38 C.F.R. § 3.103(c)(2) and this Court's holdings in Bryant v.
Shinseki, 23 Vet.App. 488 (2010), and Procopio v. Shinseki, 26 Vet.App. 76 (2012). Following oral
argument before a panel of the Court, the case was submitted for en banc consideration to address
the scope of a Board member's duties at a hearing, including whether a Board member must explain
what is needed to warrant referral for an extraschedular rating when the veteran challenges the
disability rating assigned to his service-connected disorder. See U.S. VET. APP. INT. OP. PROC.
VII(b)(2)(A).
         As discussed below, the Court reiterates the holdings in Bryant and Procopio, and holds that,
where the appropriate disability rating is at issue in a case, the duty to fully explain outstanding,
material issues pursuant to 38 C.F.R. § 3.103(c)(2) generally requires a Board member to explain
(1) that a disability rating is assigned based on the symptoms and severity of the disability, as well
as its effects on employment, and (2) why the VA regional office (RO) did not assign a higher (or
the highest) schedular disability rating. Moreover, the duty to explain encompasses components of
the disability rating determination, such as extraschedular consideration, when such a component
is at issue in the case. Although we find in this case that the Board member at Mr. Leavey's March
2011 Board hearing did not fully comply with the requirements imposed by § 3.103(c)(2), we also
find that the Board member's errors were rendered not prejudicial by subsequent development of Mr.
Leavey's case. Accordingly, the May 11, 2012, Board decision on appeal will be affirmed.


                                                       I. FACTS
         Mr. Leavey served honorably on active duty from May 1943 to November 1945 in the U.S.
Marine Corps, including service in the Pacific Theater of World War II. He also served on active
duty in the U.S. Army from September 1951 to September 1957.
         In May 1998, Mr. Leavey filed a claim for VA disability benefits for right-ear hearing loss.3
Following initial denials of his claim and a 2003 Board remand for an audiological examination, a
VA examiner in November 2006 recorded hearing loss and further opined that Mr. Leavey's right-ear



         3
             Although Judge Greenberg, joined by Judge Hagel, implies that Mr. Leavey has waited 70 years for the
benefits to which he is entitled, see post at 28, Mr. Leavey did not seek benefits for right-ear hearing loss until 1998, or
for his left-ear hearing loss until 2007, and he has not requested that his appeal be expedited at the Court.

                                                             2
hearing loss was at least as likely as not caused by his service in World War II. In January 2007, the
RO awarded service connection for Mr. Leavey's right-ear hearing loss, effective May 18, 1998, the
date of his claim, but assigned a noncompensable disability rating based on his audiological tests,
see 38 C.F.R. § 4.85 (2006). In its rating decision, the RO addressed possible entitlement to
extraschedular consideration, but found that the evidence did not reflect an unusual case inadequately
contemplated by schedular standards.
         In April 2007, Mr. Leavey requested an "increase for my service connected 'bilateral hearing
loss,'" which the RO treated as (1) a request for a higher disability rating for his right-ear hearing
loss,4 and (2) a claim for benefits for left-ear hearing loss. R. at 613. As part of his application, Mr.
Leavey submitted a March 2007 audiological examination conducted by an audiologist who was a
VA employee, but acting in his private capacity in giving the examination. This audiologist recorded
Mr. Leavey's bilateral hearing ability, based on puretone testing and the Maryland CNC speech
discrimination test, and opined that Mr. Leavey's bilateral hearing loss as likely as not began during
his service in World War II.
         A September 2007 VA examiner, however, opined that Mr. Leavey's left-ear hearing loss was
not "caused by or a result of military service" because he had "normal hearing of the left-ear during
and shortly after military service." R. at 586. A June 2009 VA examiner also opined that Mr.
Leavey's left-ear hearing loss was not caused by service because he had normal hearing shortly after
separation. That examiner noted Mr. Leavey's complaint that he "can't hear the [television], wife's
voice, and certain alphabet sounds," but the examiner opined that Mr. Leavey's hearing loss had no
significant occupational effects and no effects on his usual daily activities. R. at 545. Both
examination reports also recorded Mr. Leavey's current bilateral hearing ability.
         The RO denied service connection for left-ear hearing loss, and continued Mr. Leavey's
noncompensable disability rating for right-ear hearing loss.                      Mr. Leavey filed a Notice of

         4
             Although Mr. Leavey's April 2007 submission was referred to in record documents as a claim for an increased
disability rating, it was accompanied by the March 2007 audiological report and filed within the appeal period of the
January 2007 rating decision, such that it continued his original claim for benefits. See Mayhue v. Shinseki, 24 Vet.App.
273, 280 (2011) ("'New and material evidence received prior to the expiration of the appeal period . . . will be considered
as having been filed in connection with the claim which was pending at the beginning of the appeal period.'" (quoting
38 C.F.R. § 3.156(b))). Despite these references to a claim for an increased disability rating, the Board's statement
reflects its understanding that the period of consideration for right-ear hearing loss dated back to Mr. Leavey's original
1998 claim, see Record (R.) at 4, such that any references to a claim for an increased rating were not prejudicial.

                                                            3
Disagreement (NOD), which was followed by issuance of a Statement of the Case (SOC) and Mr.
Leavey's filing of a Substantive Appeal (SA).
        In March 2011, Mr. and Mrs. Leavey appeared with his registered, nonattorney representative
at a Board hearing. Mr. Leavey's representative noted the issues on appeal and initiated questioning
of Mr. Leavey. The Board member interrupted the questioning to clarify that the issues on appeal
were service connection for left-ear hearing loss and an increased rating for right-ear hearing loss.
Mr. Leavey's representative agreed and then solicited information from Mr. and Mrs. Leavey
regarding their understanding of the onset and degree of his hearing loss, to include, inter alia,
testimony that Mr. Leavey (1) believed his hearing loss in both ears began in service, (2) continued
working after service, (3) had worsening hearing since his 2009 audiological examination, and
(4) had difficulty hearing his wife. The Board member asked a few clarifying questions throughout
the hearing.
        In May 2011, the Board granted service connection for left-ear hearing loss and remanded
the matter to obtain recent treatment records and to provide another audiological examination to
ascertain the current level of Mr. Leavey's bilateral hearing loss. The Board directed the examiner
to "fully describe the functional effects caused by [Mr. Leavey's] bilateral hearing loss disability" and
stated that Mr. Leavey had the right to submit additional evidence and argument on the remanded
issues. R. at 241-42. In August 2011, Mr. Leavey underwent the requested VA audiological
examination, which recorded Mr. Leavey's current bilateral hearing ability and described the
functional effects of Mr. Leavey's disability. After the RO assigned a noncompensable disability
rating for bilateral hearing loss in September 2011, the Board again remanded the claim in January
2012 to obtain potentially relevant treatment records not in the claims file.
        Following a February 2012 SOC, the Board issued the decision on appeal in May 2012. The
Board assigned a 10% disability rating for bilateral hearing loss, effective June 9, 2009, but denied
entitlement to a higher disability rating for any other period. The Board found that the June 2009
VA examination report showed that Mr. Leavey was entitled to a 10% disability rating and that, even
though the August 2011 VA examination failed to yield results that met regulatory thresholds for a
compensable disability rating, the results of the August 2011 examination were "substantially similar
to the results of the June 2009 VA examination," and the doubt was resolved in Mr. Leavey's favor.


                                                   4
R. at 15. The Board also discussed the impact of Mr. Leavey's hearing loss on his daily life, but
found that the schedular rating criteria reasonably described Mr. Leavey's disability and that referral
of his claim for extraschedular consideration was not warranted. R. at 17. This appeal followed.


                                  II. PARTIES' ARGUMENTS
        On appeal, Mr. Leavey notes the Court's caselaw that a Board member at a hearing must
"fully explain the issues still outstanding that are relevant and material to substantiating the claim,"
and must "suggest that a claimant submit evidence on an issue material to substantiating the claim
when the record is missing any evidence on that issue or when the testimony at the hearing raises an
issue for which there is no evidence in the record." Bryant, 23 Vet.App. at 496 (citations omitted).
Mr. Leavey argues that the Board member at his March 2011 Board hearing failed to (1) fully
explain the issues in his appeal, including why his claim had been denied by the RO, and (2) suggest
that he submit additional evidence. He also contends that he was not told that he could submit
additional lay or medical evidence regarding the functional effects of his hearing loss and its impact
on his daily activities, which could lead to a referral for an extraschedular rating, since these
functional effects, he alleges, are not contemplated by the mechanical rating criteria of 38 C.F.R.
§ 4.85 (providing disability ratings for hearing loss based on results of audiological tests). Finally,
in his reply brief and at oral argument, Mr. Leavey argued that the Court should remand his case
pursuant to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit's (Federal Circuit's) decision in Nat'l
Org. of Veterans Advocates, Inc. v. Sec'y of Veterans Affairs, 710 F.3d 1328 (Fed. Cir. 2013)
(NOVA), regarding an invalid rule VA promulgated in August 2011 related to Board hearings.
        In his written briefing, the Secretary disputed Mr. Leavey's arguments. The Secretary noted
that (1) the Board member clarified the issues on appeal for those at the hearing, and (2) Mr.
Leavey's representative elicited information regarding the onset, progress, and current severity of his
hearing loss. The Secretary further noted that service connection for left-ear hearing loss was
granted following the hearing and, based on testimony at the Board hearing that Mr. Leavey's
condition had worsened since 2009, an additional audiological examination was provided.
Accordingly, the Secretary argued that any alleged failure of the Board member to discharge his
duties was not prejudicial.


                                                   5
          At oral argument, the Secretary conceded error in general (without specifying the error), but
again contended that no prejudice resulted, because the Board granted service connection for Mr.
Leavey's left-ear hearing loss and remanded his claim in May 2011 and January 2012 to obtain all
evidence necessary to fully adjudicate the claim. The Secretary essentially argued that there simply
was no more evidence to be submitted and, as a result, any error was nonprejudicial.


                                                   III. ANALYSIS
                              A. Scope of the Board Member's Duties at a Hearing
          The purpose of a Board hearing is to "permit the claimant to introduce into the record, in
person, any available evidence which he or she considers material and any arguments or contentions
with respect to the facts and applicable law which he or she may consider pertinent." 38 C.F.R.
§ 3.103(c)(2) (2014).5 In furtherance of that purpose, "[i]t is the responsibility of the [VA]
employee . . . conducting the hearings to explain fully the issues and suggest the submission of
evidence which the claimant may have overlooked and which would be of advantage to the
claimant's position." Id.
          Otherwise stated, the Board member's role at the hearing is to assure that a claimant
understands the essential issues in a given claim and what generally is required to prevail in a claim,
so that the claimant can present appropriate evidence and argument during and subsequent to the
Board hearing. See Procopio, 26 Vet.App. at 79 n.3 ("The purpose of those duties is to 'assure [the]
clarity and completeness of the hearing record,' a critical . . . component of a claimant's right to a fair
and full adjudication before VA." (quoting 38 C.F.R. § 3.103(c)(2))); Bryant, 23 Vet.App. at 501
(Lance, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part) ("[T]he purpose of a hearing is to provide the
claimant with an opportunity to submit favorable evidence. The duty to fully explain the issues
exists to make that opportunity meaningful by ensuring that the appellant understands what issues
most likely require the submission of favorable evidence . . . ." (emphasis omitted)).
          As stated in Bryant and Procopio, the duty to fully explain issues requires more than a listing
of the issues on appeal or a "generic statement of the scope of the claims." Procopio, 26 Vet.App.


          5
              In Bryant, we held that § 3.103(c)(2) applies to Board members presiding over Board hearings. 23 Vet.App.
at 496.

                                                            6
at 81. Although a Board member is not required to "preadjudicate or otherwise weigh conflicting
evidence prior to or at the hearing," Bryant, 23 Vet.App. at 493, the Board member nevertheless "has
a duty to fully explain the issues still outstanding that are relevant and material to substantiating the
claim," id. at 496, which requires a discussion regarding why the claim was denied by the RO, i.e.,
"the missing elements in [the] claims." Procopio, 26 Vet.App. at 81.
         As to claims for benefits where service connection is at issue, the Board member generally
is required to explain (1) the elements for establishing service connection, see Bryant, 23 Vet.App.
at 493 (finding that it does not take preadjudication for a Board member at a hearing to note "that–for
a disability compensation claim–the issues are status as a veteran, injury or disease in service, current
disability, and nexus between the current disability and the injury or disease in service."), and
(2) which elements remain unfulfilled according to the RO, see Bryant, 23 Vet.App. at 496 ("[W]hen
the RO has denied a disability claim because there is no current disability, no nexus to service, or
no incident in service, etc., then . . . the Board hearing officer's explanation and discussion should
be centered on these issues.").
         As to claims for benefits where the appropriate disability rating is at issue, the Board member
generally is required to explain (1) that a disability rating is assigned based on the symptoms and
severity of the disability, as well as its effects on employment, and (2) why the RO did not assign
a higher (or the highest) schedular disability rating, see Procopio, 26 Vet.App. at 81 (Board member
must explain "the missing elements in [the] claims"); AB v. Brown, 6 Vet.App. 35, 38 (1993)
(claimant is presumed to be seeking the maximum benefit allowed by law and regulation).
Moreover, if the diagnostic code employed by the RO is premised on a specific measurement or test
result rather than a review of the symptoms and severity of the disability, the Board member
generally should explain that requirement for the higher disability rating.6 Cf. Ingram v. Nicholson,
21 Vet.App. 232, 256-57 (2007) ("It is the pro se claimant who knows what symptoms he is

         6
            In Vazquez-Flores v. Peake, 22 Vet.App. 37, 43 (2008), rev'd on other grounds sub nom. Vazquez-Flores
v. Shinseki, 580 F.3d 1270 (Fed. Cir. 2009), we held that notice of the kind stated in the text accompanying this footnote
was required to be provided to a claimant upon the filing of an increased rating claim pursuant to 38 U.S.C. § 5103(a),
but the Federal Circuit overturned that holding because it determined that section 5103(a) did not require such specific
notice. See 580 F.3d at 1277. Board hearings, however, are governed by the requirements of § 3.103(c)(2), and–in
contrast to notice required by section 5103(a), which is designed to be rendered before a claim has been developed and
therefore is generic in nature–a Board hearing is an individualized, "personal" hearing, Arneson v. Shinseki, 24 Vet.App.
379, 382 (2011), that occurs after the claim has been developed and an RO decision has been rendered.

                                                            7
experiencing and that are causing him disability, . . . . [and] it is the Secretary who knows the
provisions of title 38 and can evaluate whether there is a potential under the law to compensate an
averred disability based on a sympathetic reading of the material in a pro se submission." (citations
omitted)).
         Similarly, if referral for extraschedular consideration is at issue in the case, the Board
member should discuss 38 C.F.R. § 3.321(b)(1); i.e., explain that referral for an extraschedular rating
is warranted when the record reflects an "exceptional or unusual disability picture with such related
factors as marked interference with employment or frequent periods of hospitalization as to render
impractical the application of the regular schedular standards."7                       Cf. Anderson v. Shinseki,
22 Vet.App. 423, 429 (2009) (extraschedular rating consideration is a component of the
determination regarding the appropriate disability rating). And, of course, if other issues come up
during the course of the hearing that appear outstanding and material to the increased rating claim,
§ 3.103(c)(2) requires the Board member to explain them as well. See, e.g., Rice v. Shinseki,
22 Vet.App. 447, 449 (2009) ("TDIU [total disability based on individual unemployability] is best
understood as part of an initial claim . . . [or] claim for increased compensation."); Bradley v. Peake,
22 Vet.App. 280, 294 (2008) (special monthly compensation is "to be accorded when a veteran
becomes eligible without need for a separate claim").




         7
           Although Judge Greenberg submits that extraschedular consideration should be discussed at every Board
hearing, such a suggestion ignores the fact that such consideration is for exceptional cases where the rating schedule is
inadequate, see 38 C.F.R. § 3.321(b) (2014) (permitting referral for extraschedular consideration in "[e]xceptional
cases"), and therefore not warranted or even appropriate for discussion at a Board hearing unless extraschedular
consideration is at issue in the case. See Bryant, 23 Vet.App. at 496 ("[W]hen an element of the claim is not an issue
in an appellant's case, there is no need for the hearing officer to discuss it.").

          Additionally, although Judge Hagel believes that extraschedular consideration is always at issue in hearing loss
claims because such claims are rated on a mechanical application of the rating criteria, Lendenmann v. Principi,
3 Vet.App. 345, 349 (1992), a referral for extraschedular consideration requires both a showing of (1) an exceptional
disability picture not contemplated by the rating schedule and (2) the presence of governing norms, such as marked
interference with employment or frequent hospitalization, Thun v. Peake, 22 Vet.App. 111, 115-16 (2008). Accordingly,
extraschedular consideration is not raised in a given case unless the matter is raised by the claimant or there is evidence
of both these requirements, and there is no basis for presuming that every hearing loss case involves an exceptional
disability picture with governing norms such as marked interference with employment or frequent hospitalization.

                                                            8
         In terms of practice, the relevant administrative-appeal and decisional documents generally
will provide the framework for most of the discussion.8 In particular, the Board should look to the
most recent decisional document—which may be the most recent SOC or Supplemental SOC
considering additional evidence—and explain to the claimant what element or elements of the claim
were found deficient by that decision and what types of evidence would help assist the appellant in
prevailing as to those issues. See Bryant, 23 Vet.App. at 496 n.3 ("The RO's rating decision and
Statement of the Case . . . will likely assist the hearing officer in identifying the outstanding issues.");
see also 38 U.S.C. § 7105(d)(1) (SOC shall include, inter alia, "[a] citation to pertinent laws and
regulations and a discussion of how such laws and regulations affect the agency's decision").
         To be sure, as we held in Bryant, and emphasize today, although Board hearing officers have
to be familiar with the claims file, a Board member is not required to preadjudicate a claim, or assess
the credibility and probative value of the record evidence to determine the missing elements in that
claim. See Bryant, 23 Vet.App. at 493 ("Nothing in § 3.103(c)(2) supports the appellant's contention
that the regulation requires a hearing officer to preadjudicate or otherwise weigh conflicting evidence
prior to or at the hearing."). Nor is the Board member required to mine the record for all latent
issues, or discuss what regulations are potentially applicable to all such issues, or explain all possible
routes to benefits. Id. at 496 ("[W]hen an element of the claim is not an issue in an appellant's case,
there is no need for the hearing officer to discuss it.").
         Moreover, although the Board member must be engaged at the hearing, see id., there is no
inherent violation of § 3.103(c)(2) when a Board member asks minimal questions or turns the
hearing over to a representative.9 The aforementioned requirements ultimately are the responsibility
of the Board member, but, in short, it does not matter who does the talking, as long as the hearing
transcript reflects that (1) the issues on appeal were fully explained, (2) the submission of overlooked
evidence was suggested, and (3) the claimant understood the outstanding issues material to

        8
          The "relevant administrative-appeal and decisional documents" generally include the RO decision, NOD,
SOC, SA, and any Supplemental SOC.
        9
            Although the Court was critical of the Board member in Procopio who "turned the hearing over to Mr.
Procopio's [nonattorney] representative and did not ask any questions," 26 Vet.App. at 81 (emphasis in original), the
primary basis for the reproach was the Board member's inaction in the face of (1) Mr. Procopio's testimony "clearly
reflect[ing] that he was unaware of what type of evidence was necessary to prove" his claim, and (2) Mr. Procopio's
representative proceeding under a false assumption that a nexus opinion would substantiate the claim, id. at 82.

                                                         9
substantiating his claim. See Thomas v. Nicholson, 423 F.3d 1279, 1285 (Fed. Cir. 2005) (Board
members at a hearing are not required to question on any particular theory of benefits unless it is
needed "to assure clarity and completeness of the hearing record"). This will "'assure [the] clarity
and completeness of the hearing record.'" Bryant, 23 Vet.App. at 492 (quoting 38 C.F.R.
§ 3.103(c)(2)).
         There are times, of course, when a Board member fails to fulfill his duty to explain the issues
and suggest overlooked evidence. When that occurs, as in any case when error occurs, the statute
requires us to take due account of the rule of prejudicial error. 38 U.S.C. § 7261(b)(2). In the
context of Board hearing errors, instead of reflexively remanding, our assessment of prejudice "is
case specific, demonstrated by the appellant and based on the record." Bryant, 23 Vet.App. at 498;
see also Shinseki v. Sanders, 556 U.S. 396, 409-10 (2009) (noting that "the burden of showing that
an error is harmful normally falls upon the party attacking the agency's determination" and rejecting
a special rule otherwise in veterans benefits cases).10
         The purpose for the Board hearing is to explain the outstanding issues in a case, allow a
claimant to present testimony, and suggest overlooked evidence. However, if the purpose is
ultimately fulfilled after the fact by the conveying of additional information, evidentiary
development, or the submission of additional evidence, then the claim has not been negatively
affected, i.e., there is no prejudice. See Overton v. Nicholson, 20 Vet.App. 427, 435 (2006) ("[I]f
the error does not affect the 'essential fairness' of the adjudication[,] then it is not prejudicial."
(quoting McDonough Power Equip. v. Greenwood, 464 U.S. 548, 553 (1984))).




         10
               Judge Hagel notes that the U.S. Supreme Court's decision in Sanders does not prohibit this Court from
making, based on our "informed judgment," "empirically based generalizations about what kinds of errors are likely, as
a factual matter, to prove harmful." 556 U.S. at 411-12. But there is no empirical evidence supporting a generalized
determination that Board hearing errors are naturally prejudicial, particularly where, as here, the Board remands the
matter for additional development following the hearing. Further, the Supreme Court also noted (1) its previous
admonitions "against courts' determining whether an error is harmless through the use of mandatory presumptions and
rigid rules rather than case-specific application of judgment, based upon examination of the record," and (2) its
understanding that Congress "sought to discourage" presumptions that "may lead courts to find an error harmful, when,
in fact, in the particular case before the court, it is not." Id. at 407-08. Accordingly, we decline Judge Hagel's suggestion
to implement a rule that Board hearing errors in cases where the claimed disability is hearing loss are presumptively
prejudicial.

                                                            10
                                           B. Application
       As noted above, Mr. Leavey was accompanied by Mrs. Leavey and represented by his
registered, nonattorney representative at the March 2011 Board hearing. The issues were, as the
Board member noted, service connection for left-ear hearing loss and the appropriate disability rating
for right-ear hearing loss. But, because Mr. Leavey was contesting his assigned disability rating and
the RO explicitly denied referral for an extraschedular rating, this too was an issue on appeal, and
the Board member should have advised Mr. Leavey that it was an issue before the Board.
                         1. Service Connection for Left-Ear Hearing Loss
       As to service connection for left-ear hearing loss, the hearing transcript reflects the
representative's questions on whether Mr. Leavey incurred or suffered from hearing loss in service,
whether any medical opinions linked his hearing loss to service, and his postservice occupation, as
well as the Board member's questions on when Mr. Leavey's left-ear hearing loss began and the state
of his hearing over the years. Although the Board member did not explain why the claim was denied
by the RO (see R. at 385-86 (SOC denying benefits based on lack of nexus)), the representative
specifically asked about nexus, and Mr. Leavey testified about the connection between his hearing
loss and service, as well as the March 2007 audiological report opining of such a connection.
Overall, the hearing transcript reflects an understanding by Mr. Leavey and his representative
regarding the outstanding issue material to establishing service connection for his left-ear hearing
loss, such that the "clarity and completeness of the hearing record" was assured. 38 C.F.R.
§ 3.103(c)(2).
       Moreover, the record does not reflect any failure of the Board member to suggest overlooked
evidence. This duty relates to situations "when the record is missing any evidence on [an] issue
[material to substantiating the claim] or when the testimony at the hearing raises an issue for which
there is no evidence in the record," Bryant, 23 Vet.App. at 496 (emphasis added), and–by the time
of the Board hearing–Mr. Leavey had already submitted an audiological opinion on the nexus issue.
Succinctly stated, Mr. Leavey fails to demonstrate any violation of § 3.103(c)(2) as it pertains to his




                                                  11
left-ear hearing-loss claim.11 See Hilkert v. West, 12 Vet.App. 145, 151 (1999) (en banc) (holding
that the appellant has the burden of demonstrating error), aff'd per curiam, 232 F.3d 908 (Fed. Cir.
2000) (table).
                             2. Increased Rating for Right-Ear Hearing Loss
         As to an increased rating for right-ear hearing loss, the hearing transcript reflects the
representative's questions on Mr. Leavey's current hearing condition, his employment postservice,
and whether his condition has gotten worse since 2009. But neither the Board member nor Mr.
Leavey's representative discussed why the RO did not assign a higher (or the highest) schedular
disability rating, or what was needed to have his claim referred for extraschedular
consideration—despite the RO explicitly considering and denying referral for extraschedular
consideration. See R. at 650. Moreover, reviewing the hearing transcript as a whole, it is not clear
that Mr. Leavey understood what evidence was needed to obtain a higher schedular disability rating
or referral for extraschedular consideration. To that extent, the Board member did not fulfill the
dictate of § 3.103(c)(2) to fully explain the outstanding issues material to substantiating the claim
and ensure the "clarity and completeness of the hearing record" in this case.
         On the other hand, the record does not reflect any failure of the Board member to suggest
overlooked evidence. By the time of the Board hearing, the record already contained numerous
audiological evaluations documenting the current severity of Mr. Leavey's hearing loss, including
one private audiological examination submitted by Mr. Leavey. There was a June 2009 VA
examination report in the record that addressed the occupational effects of Mr. Leavey's hearing loss
and the effects on his usual daily activities. See Martinak v. Nicholson, 21 Vet.App. 447, 455-56
(2007) (Secretary is required to ensure that VA medical examiners obtain evidence about the
functional effects of hearing loss specifically). Other record evidence also addressed the functional
effects of Mr. Leavey's hearing loss. See R. at 678 (November 2006 VA examination revealing
difficulties with "soft speech" and talking on the telephone), 619 (March 2007 private audiological
examination revealing "traditional challenges hearing and understanding in the presence of


         11
            Even assuming some deficiency at the Board hearing with regard to the left-ear hearing-loss claim, we note
that Mr. Leavey was granted service connection for this disability two months after the Board hearing, such that any
possible deficiency was not prejudicial to the claim. See Bryant, 23 Vet.App. at 498 (reviewing Board member's error
for prejudice).

                                                         12
background noise and when in group situations"), 545 (June 2009 VA examination revealing
difficulties hearing the television, his wife's voice, and "certain alphabet sounds"), 167 (July 2009
VA audiology consult revealing difficulties hearing the television and hearing his wife in
conversation both at home and "at home in noise"). Further, Mr. Leavey and his wife both testified
at the hearing regarding the functional effects of Mr. Leavey's hearing loss. On this record, the
hearing discussion did not reveal any additional evidence that might be available that had not been
submitted. Succinctly stated, Mr. Leavey fails to demonstrate error in this regard. See Hilkert,
supra.
         Moreover, Mr. Leavey fails to demonstrate prejudice from the failure of the Board member
to fully explain the outstanding material issues. See Sanders, 556 U.S. at 409-10. Specifically,
although Mr. Leavey argues that, but for the Board member's failure to apprise him that evidence of
his disability's functional effects could lead to an extraschedular rating, he may have obtained
additional audiology tests or other evidence detailing the impact of his hearing loss, the Secretary
correctly notes that, following the March 2011 hearing, the Board issued a decision remanding Mr.
Leavey's claim "for a VA examination in order to assess the current severity of [his] service-
connected right ear hearing loss," based on assertions during the hearing that "his hearing ha[d]
gotten worse since the June 2009 examination." R. at 240. The remand emphasized that, in addition
to conducting the appropriate audiological testing, "[t]he examiner should also fully describe the
functional effects caused by the [appellant]'s bilateral hearing loss disability." R. at 241. The record
reflects that an August 2011 audiological examination included the necessary tests and that the
examiner described the functional-effects evidence. After the Board hearing, Mr. Leavey also
submitted additional statements describing the functional effects of his disability, which were
specifically addressed by the Board.
         Although a claimant can always speculate that obtaining one more audiological examination
or providing one more lay statement would have made the difference in his case, we find here that
the evidence necessary to fully and properly adjudicate the claim was obtained and that there is no
indication that Mr. Leavey had any additional, material information to submit. Accordingly, we
further find that "the purpose of § 3.103(c)(2) was fulfilled." Bryant, 23 Vet.App. at 499; see also
Sanders, 556 U.S. at 409-10.


                                                  13
         Stated otherwise, because the Board remanded this matter specifically to obtain, and in fact
did obtain, the evidence that Mr. Leavey suggests he would have submitted but for the failure of the
Board member conducting the hearing, the Court can discern no prejudice.12
                                              C. Alternative Argument
         In his reply brief and at oral argument, Mr. Leavey argued that the Court should remand his
case pursuant to the Federal Circuit's NOVA decision and subsequent orders. See Nat'l Org. of
Veterans Advocates, Inc. v. Sec'y of Veterans Affairs, 517 F. App'x 940 (Fed. Cir. 2013) (NOVA II);
Nat'l Org. of Veterans Advocates, Inc. v. Sec'y of Veterans Affairs, 725 F.3d 1312 (Fed. Cir. 2013)
(NOVA III). In summary, those orders required the Secretary to identify and remedy cases in which
Board decisions were based on an invalid August 2011 rule purporting to exempt employees
conducting Board hearings from the duties to fully explain the issues on appeal and suggest the
submission of any overlooked evidence. See Smith v. Shinseki, 26 Vet.App. 406, 407-08 (2014).
The Secretary conceded that the rule was invalid based on his failure to follow the mandatory notice
and comment requirements of the Administrative Procedure Act. Id. at 407. In NOVA III, the
Federal Circuit approved a plan whereby the Secretary would conduct a search for veterans affected
during the period the invalid rule was in effect and notify them that the Secretary would be willing
to vacate the Board decisions and grant them another hearing. 725 F.3d at 1314.
         Succinctly stated, Mr. Leavey fails to demonstrate that the NOVA orders apply to this case.
Mr. Leavey's Board hearing took place in March 2011, but the Secretary's invalid rule was not issued

         12
             Judge Greenberg comments that it is impossible to know what Mr. Leavey might have submitted had he
understood how to substantiate his claim, see post at 26, but our colleague fails to consider the fact that the very issues
that the Board member failed to explain at the hearing were either substantiated (i.e., service connection) or further
developed (i.e., functional effects of disability). Mr. Leavey subsequently was provided an audiological examination
that addressed the functional effects of his disability. He also made additional statements regarding the functional effects
of his disability that reflect actual knowledge on his part of the need for such evidence. Our statutory obligation to take
due account of the rule of prejudicial error mandates consideration of these facts. See 38 U.S.C. § 7261(b)(2).

          Moreover, although Judge Greenberg asserts that the majority is deciding this case with a view to "protecting
the public fisc" at the expense of "all veterans who continue to suffer harmful delays as a result of VA error," post at 28,
it appears to us that reflexively remanding all cases in which a Bryant error occurred and a veteran asserts, without proof
or specifics, that he would have submitted additional evidence, would force the Secretary to review and readjudicate
claims where an error is harmless, in contravention of Sanders, and would further slow the already heavily burdened VA
adjudicatory system to the detriment of most veterans, without benefit to the individual veteran. See 556 U.S. at 409
(holding that courts should avoid rules that "increase the likelihood of reversal in cases where, in fact, the error is
harmless. . . . [T]hat likelihood encourages abuse of the judicial process and diminishes the public's confidence in the
fair and effective operation of the judicial system.").

                                                            14
until August 2011, suggesting that the Board member's error was not based on applying the wrong
rule, but was instead based on his falling short of the existing "right" rule. See 76 Fed. Reg.
52,572-01 (Aug. 23, 2011). Moreover, in the decision on appeal, the Board did not state that Bryant
had been replaced by a new rule, or that Board members at a hearing were not required to fully
explain the issues on appeal or suggest the submission of any overlooked evidence, or otherwise
indicate any reliance on the invalid rule.


                                        IV. CONCLUSION
       Because the Board member's error at the hearing did not prejudice Mr. Leavey, and because
Mr. Leavey makes no other persuasive arguments for remand, the May 11, 2012, Board decision on
appeal is AFFIRMED.




       HAGEL, Judge, concurring in part and dissenting in part: I concur in the result reached by
the majority and would affirm the Board decision on appeal. Otherwise, I am pleased to join Judge
Greenberg's dissenting opinion, except to the extent that (1) he would find the failure to discuss the
possibility of referral for extraschedular consideration error in all cases, (2) he would find that all
hearing officer errors are presumptively prejudicial, and (3) he dissents from the result. I write
separately to expand on the importance of the hearing in the VA claims adjudication process,
particularly as it relates to unrepresented claimants, and to explain the ways in which I would go
further than the majority in assessing hearing officer errors in claims for benefits for hearing loss.
       The Court has been slow to examine what I believe is one of the most important–if not the
most important–procedural rights accorded to veterans in the claims adjudication process: the right
to a hearing before a member of the Board of Veterans' Appeals (Board). The Court began its
sojourn on this issue by affirming that 38 C.F.R. § 3.103(c)(2) (1991) applied to Board hearing
officers in Douglas v. Derwinski, 2 Vet.App. 103 (1992), and has continued to expand the breadth
of the right to a hearing and the duties of the hearing officer. Our most recent case on the subject
is Procopio v. Shinseki, 26 Vet.App. 76 (2012).




                                                  15
       In considering the critical nature of this phase of the adjudication process, it is important to
keep in mind that VA is in the business of assisting veterans to obtain the benefits to which they are
entitled. See generally 38 U.S.C. § 5103A (outlining VA's duty to assist claimants in developing
evidence to substantiate their claims). To be sure, this responsibility entails weeding out claims that
have no basis, but even then the Agency's purpose is to help, not impede, the veteran in the
development of evidence to support the claim and in understanding the issues involved in the claim's
substantiation. VA itself has recognized–indeed, advocated–this role to courts and to Congress. See,
e.g., Walters v. Nat'l Ass'n of Radiation Survivors, 473 U.S. 305 (1985); Judicial Review of Veterans'
Affairs: Hearing Before the H. Comm. on Veterans' Affairs, 100th Cong. 78-79, 446-58 (1988)
(testimony of VA General Counsel Donald L. Ivers) [hereinafter Hearing Testimony].
       In Walters, veterans challenged the constitutionality of 38 U.S.C. § 3404(c) (1985), which
made it a crime for anyone assisting a veteran in an attempt to obtain his or her veterans benefits to
charge or accept more than $10 in compensation. VA defended the statute. Interestingly, VA's
primary justifications for defending the $10 fee limitation were that (1) free representation was
available to veterans through employees of the various veterans service organizations and, thus, there
was no need to permit a lawyer to share in the benefits due the veteran; and (2) VA acted in a
paternal fashion to assist the veteran in every way possible to obtain benefits. In short, VA took the
position that its "paternalistic interest in protecting the veteran from his own improvidence would
unquestionably justify a rule that simply prevented lawyers from overcharging their clients."
Walters, 473 U.S. at 365 (Stevens, J., dissenting).
       The 1985 testimony of the VA General Counsel before the House Committee on Veterans'
Affairs expressed the Agency's opposition to the enactment of the Veterans Judicial Review Act,
which would grant veterans the right to independent judicial review of Agency decisions. In defense
of VA's position against passage of that legislation, the General Counsel testified that
       VA affords claimants de novo factual review by collegial bodies at both the initial
       and appellate stages, employing adjudicators with specialized knowledge of veterans
       law and medical expertise. Informal, nonadversarial hearings are provided upon
       request, and reasonable doubt in matters of evidence is resolved in the claimants'
       favor. Moreover, the Agency has instituted stringent quality control procedures to
       ensure the accuracy of its decisions.
Hearing Testimony at 452-53.

                                                  16
        Thus, when opposing pieces of legislation, both of which Congress later enacted, VA argued
that the hallmarks of its veteran-friendly system of adjudication were its informal, nonadversarial
hearings and the de novo review by collegial bodies. Indeed, VA reasoned that the application of
those procedures was so veteran-friendly that there was simply no need for lawyer representation in
the administrative process or for judicial review of the outcome of that process. The Veterans'
Judicial Review Act, which eliminated the $10 fee limitation and instituted judicial review, did
nothing to change these elements of the VA claims process. It is therefore difficult for me to
understand why VA should be so opposed to requiring its hearing officers to fully explain the issues
before them and to inform the claimant of evidence that could be provided to VA to help
demonstrate that the claimant is entitled to the benefit sought. It is even stranger that the majority
indulges VA's resistance to this view by limiting VA's stated obligation in this regard.
        The VA adjudication process is comprised of various stages, each designed to inform the
veteran of (1) his or her rights, (2) VA's decisions made during the course of the claim's adjudication,
and (3) the reasons for those decisions. First, at the time the claim is filed, VA provides the veteran
with a letter that describes what is required to substantiate the claim, details what is the veteran's
responsibility, and explains what responsibility is assigned to VA. See 38 U.S.C. § 5103(a). This
places the veteran in the position to find evidence, perhaps known only to the veteran, that might
support the claim. Second, VA informs the veteran of its decision on the claim. See 38 U.S.C.
§ 5104. On most occasions, the actual rating decision is enclosed with the letter of notification.
While the contents of the letter are very general, the rating decision sets forth the issue before VA,
the evidence considered, the decision on the claim, and the reasons and bases for the decision.
38 U.S.C. § 5104(b). The letter and decision also explain how the veteran can obtain review of the
decision. 38 U.S.C. § 5104(a). If the decision is adverse to the veteran and the veteran disagrees
with the decision, the veteran may file a Notice of Disagreement. See 38 U.S.C. § 7105(a). VA then
sends the veteran a Statement of the Case. 38 U.S.C. § 7105(d)(1). That document is intended to
be a more detailed explanation of VA's decision, along with the text of all the regulations that are
potentially applicable to a decision on the claim. See id. If the veteran still disagrees with the denial,
he may submit his claim to the Secretary for a final review by filing a Substantive Appeal to the
Board. See 38 U.S.C. § 7105(d)(3).


                                                   17
        Although the procedure described above is well known to those who regularly tread the oft
hazardous ground of the law of veterans benefits, I believe it important to recount it. This recitation,
I trust, illustrates the fact that the final chance for a veteran to make his or her voice heard is at the
Board. Thus, when the right to a hearing is invoked, the veteran can actually speak to and be spoken
to by the very person who will decide the veteran's case. See 38 U.S.C. § 7107(c). As it was with
Dorothy and her sidekicks the Tin Man, the Cowardly Lion, and the Scarecrow, it is the veteran's
opportunity to peek behind the curtain that heretofore has masked the institution and then to engage
with the person who really pulls the levers. See Arneson v. Shinseki, 24 Vet.App. 379, 383 (2011).
        This being the case, I believe that the term "hearing" is an unfortunate choice. As Judge
Greenberg points out, the word "hearing" gives off the aura of a sterile, judicial setting in which one
adversary squares off against another, each armed with its own evidence and plying the technical
rules of procedure and evidence to "win" the case. From my reading of VA's own regulations, and
from the history cited above, this setting is far from what VA intends that this engagement between
the usually unrepresented veteran and the Agency decisionmaker to be. Were I to name this event,
I would instead call it a "meeting," as that term better represents the interaction that VA has so often
described should occur between a veteran and the Agency. In its simplest terms, it provides the
opportunity for the veteran to ask the very questions a young child asks his parents when denied a
toy that he believes has been promised to him: "Why can't I have it?" and "How can I get it?" I
believe the veteran is entitled to an answer more satisfying than the one that I often gave my own
children: "Because I said so."
        With this understanding, I conclude that it is time for the Court to revisit the duty of the
Board member regarding preadjudication. We have already held that the duties under 38 C.F.R.
§ 3.103(c) are dual: to explain the issues and to suggest the submission of overlooked evidence that
could substantiate the claim. Bryant v. Shinseki, 23 Vet.App. 488, 492 (2010). We also stated in
Bryant that the Board member has a duty to review the record prior to the hearing. Id. at 493. VA's
own statute requires that the person who conducts the hearing must be the same person who actually
makes the decision. 38 U.S.C. § 7107(c). VA regularly holds the record open after the hearing to
permit the claimant to submit additional evidence prior to a final decision. Why, then, is there not
an obligation to, during the course of the already mandated review prior to the hearing, make at least


                                                   18
initial judgments on the credibility and weight of the evidence already of record and inform the
veteran of what additional evidence is needed to succeed?
        It appears to me that preadjudication should be the rule and, indeed, would make the hearing
more meaningful to the veteran and more true to VA's stated desire (and statutory duty) to assist the
veteran. Remember, VA is not in the business of finding ways to deny benefits to veterans; VA is
in the business of assisting veterans in obtaining all of the benefits to which they are entitled. I fail
to see that preadjudication places any additional burden on the Board member, because all that is
required is for the member to do before the hearing what he currently must do after it. Moreover,
preadjudication would speed up a process that has traditionally been criticized, rightly or wrongly,
for its tortoise-like speed.
        Additionally, I take issue with this portion of the majority's decision:
         Moreover, although the Board member must be engaged at the hearing, there is no
         inherent violation of § 3.103(c)(2) when a Board member asks minimal questions
         or turns the hearing over to a representative. The aforementioned requirements
         ultimately are the responsibility of the Board member, but, in short, it does not
         matter who does the talking, as long as the hearing transcript reflects that (1) the
         issues on appeal were fully explained, (2) the submission of overlooked evidence
         was suggested, and (3) the claimant understood the outstanding issues material to
         substantiating his claim. This will "'assure [the] clarity and completeness of the
         hearing record.'"

Ante at 9-10 (citations and footnote omitted). The majority state that there is no error on the part
of the hearing officer in these circumstances, but I cannot agree. The duties to explain the issues and
suggest the submission of overlooked evidence are, by regulation, assigned to the hearing officer,
and the failure to execute them is an "inherent violation" of § 3.103(c)(2) regardless of what the
hearing transcript shows. The burden of ensuring that the claimant understands the issues and
evidence necessary to substantiate his or her claim cannot be foisted onto the claimant, particularly
one who is either self-represented or represented by a nonattorney. It seems to me that what the
majority are really saying is that the error on the part of the hearing officer is nonprejudicial if the
hearing transcript shows, essentially, actual knowledge on the part of the claimant of the issues and
the evidence necessary to substantiate the claim. I agree, as discussed further below.




                                                   19
       With this as background, I turn to the merits of this case and why I believe that the majority
decision should go much further.
       It is statutorily established that, before the Board renders a decision on a claim, the claimant
must be afforded an opportunity for a Board hearing. 38 U.S.C. § 7107(b) ("The Board shall decide
any appeal only after affording the appellant an opportunity for a hearing."). The purpose of VA
hearings is "to permit the claimant to introduce into the record, in person," pertinent evidence and
arguments with respect to his claim, including personal testimony from the claimant or witnesses
under oath or affirmation. 38 C.F.R. § 3.103(c)(2) (emphasis added); see 38 C.F.R. § 20.700(a)
(2014) ("A [Board] hearing on appeal will be granted if an appellant . . . expresses a desire to appear
in person."). As the Court has previously acknowledged,
       [u]nlike a traditional judicial appeal where review is of the record, the opportunity
       for a personal hearing before the Board is significant because it is the veteran's one
       opportunity to personally address those who will find facts, make credibility
       determinations, and ultimately render the final Agency decision on his claim.

Arneson, 24 Vet.App. at 382 (emphasis added). The Court has also previously acknowledged the
unique nature and importance of the hearing officer's duties under § 3.103(c)(2), holding that errors
by hearing officers are unlike notice errors in other contexts, such that preadjudicatory notice of the
elements necessary to establish entitlement to benefits is not sufficient to render a hearing officer's
error harmless. See Bryant, 23 Vet.App. at 498.
       The United States Supreme Court has held that "courts may sometimes make empirically
based generalizations about what kinds of errors are likely, as a factual matter, to prove harmful."
Sanders v. Shinseki, 556 U.S. 396, 411 (2009) (citing Kotteakos v. United States, 328 U.S. 750, 760-
61 (1946)). The Supreme Court also stated that this Court is the proper authority "to exercise an
informed judgment as to how often veterans are harmed by which kinds of notice errors." Id. at 412.
In my informed judgment, the failure to explain the possibility of referral for consideration of an
extraschedular disability rating and to suggest evidence that would support the assignment of that
rating in claims for benefits for hearing loss are per se errors and are presumptively prejudicial.
       Schedular disability ratings for hearing loss are assigned based solely on the mechanical
application of the results of specified hearing examinations to a chart published as part of 38 C.F.R.
§ 4.85. See Lendenmann v. Principi, 3 Vet.App. 345, 349 (1992); see also 38 C.F.R. §§ 4.85 (2014),

                                                  20
4.86 (2014), 4.87 (2014). Because of this, the Court has held that VA audiology examiners are
required to discuss the functional effects of a claimant's hearing loss. See Martinak v. Shinseki,
21 Vet.App. 447, 455 (2007). Such a discussion is necessary specifically to permit the adjudicator
to consider whether referral for consideration of an extraschedular disability rating is warranted. Id.
("Unlike the rating schedule for hearing loss, [38 C.F.R.] § 3.321(b) does not rely exclusively on
objective test results to determine whether a referral for an extraschedular rating is warranted."). It
follows, then, and I would hold today, that in all cases where the claimed disability is hearing loss,
and regardless of whether the claim has already been granted, (1) the hearing officer must advise a
claimant that there is a possibility of referral for consideration of an extraschedular disability rating,
which takes into account factors other than objective audiological test results; and (2) the hearing
officer must suggest the submission of evidence related to the functional effects of hearing loss, if
such evidence is not already in the record.
        In light of the importance of the hearing in the VA claims adjudication process, as well as
the necessity of developing evidence describing the functional effects of hearing loss, and consistent
with the guidance of Sanders, I would additionally hold–again, in claims for benefits for hearing
loss–that the failure of a hearing officer to explain the possibility of referral for consideration of an
extraschedular disability rating or to suggest the submission of overlooked evidence related to the
functional effects of hearing loss is presumptively prejudicial, subject to rebuttal by the Secretary.
In other words, I conclude that such errors have, in the run of cases concerning claims for benefits
for hearing loss, the "natural effect" of causing harm to the claimant. Sanders, 556 U.S. at 412.
        Although it is true that the Court in the past has only considered the concept of the natural
effect of prejudice in preadjudication notice cases, the definition in those cases is clear and equally
applicable here.
        When notice [under 38 U.S.C. § 5103(a) of] how to substantiate a claim is wholly
        defective as to a key element needed to substantiate the claim, such that the absence
        of evidence on the key element will result in denial of the claim, the natural effect is
        that the claimant is deprived of a meaningful opportunity to participate in the
        processing of his claim.

Vazquez-Flores v. Shinseki, 24 Vet.App. 94, 105 (2010). Here, and in virtually all claims for
benefits for hearing loss, entitlement to monetary disability compensation greater than that provided


                                                   21
by the mechanical application of hearing examination results to the charts in § 4.85 can only be
established through the assignment of an extraschedular disability rating. In cases of claims for
benefits for hearing loss, referral for consideration of an extraschedular disability rating depends
entirely on the record evidence of the functional effects of a claimant's hearing loss. As a result, if
a claimant is not aware that such a possibility exists, or he is not told what kind of evidence is needed
to establish entitlement to that benefit–that is, when notice is "wholly defective"–he is naturally
deprived of the opportunity to submit testimony and other evidence that is likely uniquely within his
knowledge and that the adjudicator cannot divine by mechanically comparing the objective scores
obtained from hearing tests to the values contained in the charts used to assign schedular disability
ratings.
           It is well settled that VA must adjudicate all issues expressly raised by the claimant or
reasonably raised by the record. See Robinson v. Shinseki, 557 F.3d 1355, 1361-62 (Fed. Cir. 2009)
(holding that the Board is obligated to consider arguments or issues raised by the record, even if not
raised by the claimant, and suggesting that the Board errs if it fails to do so). Here, as in the majority
of cases before VA, Mr. Leavey was unrepresented by counsel at the time of his Board hearing and
could not reasonably be expected to be aware of, let alone expressly raise, the tangential issue of the
possibility of an extraschedular disability rating. The fact that claimants before VA are, generally
speaking, legally unsophisticated and unrepresented by counsel weighs heavily in favor of a finding
that–at least with respect to hearing loss, which is unique among the conditions considered in the
disability rating schedule–the question of entitlement to referral for extraschedular consideration is
always reasonably raised by the record and, therefore, the principle underlying Robinson should
require the hearing officer to discuss it.
           In Mr. Leavey's case, VA considered the possibility of referral for consideration of an
extraschedular disability rating exactly once prior to the Board hearing, and then only cursorily, in
the January 2007 regional office decision that concerned only Mr. Leavey's claim for benefits for
right ear hearing loss. R. at 650 ("Consideration was given to possible entitlement to an extra-
schedular evaluation for this condition. This is not warranted as there is no evidence that the current
issue presents such an unusual disability case as to render impractical the application of the regular
standards."). A July 2009 Statement of the Case contains the text of 38 C.F.R. § 3.321(b) in its


                                                   22
nearly 30-page recitation of the potentially applicable laws (R. at 368-69), but (1) that issue is not
discussed in the regional office's analysis (R. at 383-86); and (2) the Federal Circuit has already held
that postdecisional documents are not sufficient to put claimants on notice of the elements necessary
to establish entitlement to benefits, see Mayfield v. Nicholson, 444 F.3d 1328, 1334-35 (Fed. Cir.
2006), a principle that should apply equally in this context, given the importance of the hearing in
the VA adjudication process.
        Having said all this, in Mr. Leavey's case I would find that (1) the hearing officer erred by
failing to explain the issues present in the case, namely the possibility of referral for consideration
of an extraschedular rating, but that the Secretary has carried his burden of demonstrating that the
error is nonprejudicial; and (2) there was no error on the part of the hearing officer in failing to
suggest the submission of overlooked evidence.
        With respect to the error in explaining the issues, I note first that VA undertook additional
development, including providing a new audiological examination and obtaining additional treatment
records, after the Board hearing took place. The audiologist who examined Mr. Leavey in August
2011 described the functional limitations that his hearing loss will likely cause. The record also
contains numerous statements made by Mr. Leavey and his wife describing the functional effects of
his disorder. Second, Mr. Leavey's claims were granted: He was awarded service connection for left
ear hearing loss and he was ultimately assigned a 10% disability rating for bilateral hearing loss. In
other words, the record ultimately contained the evidence–whether it existed at the time of the
hearing or whether it was developed during the post-hearing remand–necessary to support Mr.
Leavey's claims. "Accordingly, the 'clarity and completeness of the hearing record' was intact with
respect to these disabilities and the purpose of § 3.103(c)(2) was fulfilled." Bryant, 23 Vet.App. at
499 (quoting 38 C.F.R. § 3.103(c)(2)). I would therefore conclude that the Secretary has rebutted
the presumption of prejudice resulting from the hearing officer's error.
        As to the assertion that the hearing officer failed to suggest the submission of evidence, the
Court has been clear that the duty to suggest evidence under § 3.103(c)(2) is only violated "when the
record is missing any evidence on [an] issue [material to substantiating the claim] or when the
testimony at the hearing raises an issue for which there is no evidence in the record." Bryant,
23 Vet.App. at 496. In this case, at the time of the March 2011 Board hearing, evidence material to


                                                  23
substantiating Mr. Leavey's claims included (1) evidence regarding the severity of his right ear
hearing loss, (2) evidence that his left ear hearing loss was caused by service, and (3) evidence of
the functional effects of his hearing loss to permit the adjudicator to determine whether referral for
consideration of an extraschedular disability rating was warranted.
       There is no dispute that, at the time of the March 2011 Board hearing, the record already
contained numerous audiological evaluations demonstrating the current severity of Mr. Leavey's
right ear hearing loss, including one private examination that he submitted himself. R. at 678-81
(November 2006 VA examination), 619-23 (March 2007 private examination), 582-86 (September
2007 VA examination), 544-48 (June 2009 VA examination). There was also evidence that he was
exposed to acoustic trauma in service, R. at 1034-35 (March 1999 Notice of Disagreement), 709
(March 2006 joint motion for remand), 678 (November 2006 VA examination), 619 (March 2007
private audiological examination), 617 (April 2007 statement in support of claim), 545 (June 2009
VA examination), and that his left ear hearing loss was related to service, R. at 619-23 (March 2007
private examination), 166-67 (July2009 VA audiology consult). Finally, there was also evidence in
the record regarding the functional effects of Mr. Leavey's hearing loss. R. at 678 (November 2006
VA examination revealing difficulties with "soft speech" and talking on the telephone), 619 (March
2007 private audiological examination revealing "traditional challenges hearing and understanding
in the presence of background noise and when in group situations"), 545 (June 2009 VA examination
revealing difficulties hearing the television, his wife's voice, and "certain alphabet sounds"), 167
(July 2009 VA audiology consult revealing difficulties hearing the television and hearing his wife
in conversation both at home and "at home in noise"). Mr. Leavey and his wife both also testified
at the hearing regarding the functional effects of Mr. Leavey's hearing loss. R. at 253-55. The
hearing discussion did not reveal any additional evidence that might be available that had not been
submitted. "Under these circumstances, nothing gave rise to the possibility that evidence had been
overlooked." Bryant, 23 Vet.App. at 497. Accordingly, I would conclude that the hearing officer
did not violate this portion of his duty under § 3.103(c)(2).
       As a final matter, I note that–whatever the ultimate duty of the hearing officer is found to be
by the Court–it is crucial that the duty not be reduced to a rote, formulaic recitation of boilerplate
language. The purpose of the hearing is too important, and–particularly by the time the case reaches


                                                 24
the Board–the issues too specifically defined for a one-size-fits-all statement that simply ticks the
boxes on an imaginary (or actual) checklist. The Board member conducting the hearing should be
sufficiently versed in the record such that the outstanding issues are clear and the missing evidence
is, well, evident, as it were, and he or she should therefore be more than capable of discharging the
duties under § 3.103(c) in an individualized fashion.




        GREENBERG, Judge, with whom HAGEL, Judge, joins in part, dissenting: I dissent. At
issue is a veteran-friendly regulation, consistent with the Congressional intent as old as the Republic.
See Hayburn's Case, 2 U.S. (2 Dall.) 409, 410 n., 1 L. Ed. 436 (1792) ("[T]he objects of this act are
exceedingly benevolent, and do real honor to the humanity and justice of [C]ongress."); see 1 Stat.
243 ("An Act to provide for the settlement of the Claims of Widows and Orphans barred by the
limitations heretofore established, and to regulate the Claims to Invalid Pensions."). The regulation
here, 38 C.F.R. § 3.103(c)(2), is unnecessarily limited by the Court's opinion. That opinion wrongly
diminishes the importance of Board hearings to the veteran. First, the hearing is an essential aspect
of a veteran's claim and should be subject to exacting scrutiny to ensure its fairness and compliance
with the law. Second, VA must consider referrals for extraschedular rating in all compensation
claims, and that issue must be discussed at the hearing.            Third, hearing errors should be
presumptively prejudicial and should not be overlooked based upon the Secretary's or this Court's
intuition that all evidence that could have been submitted was submitted.
        When a veteran seeks a hearing before the Board, "[i]t is the responsibility of the VA
employee . . . conducting the hearings to explain fully the issues and suggest the submission of
evidence which the claimant may have overlooked and which would be of advantage to the
claimant's position." 38 C.F.R. § 3.103(c)(2). The hearing officer must "fully explain the issues still
outstanding that are relevant and material to substantiating the claim," and must "suggest that a
claimant submit evidence on an issue material to substantiating the claim when the record is missing
any evidence on that issue or when the testimony at the hearing raises an issue for which there is no
evidence in the record." Bryant v. Shinseki, 23 Vet.App. 488, 496 (2010) (per curiam) (citations
omitted). A "generic statement of the scope of the claims" will not suffice; the Board must explain


                                                  25
why the claim was denied, i.e., "the missing elements in his claims." Procopio v. Shinseki,
26 Vet.App. 76, 81 (2012). In fact, it was Congress that guaranteed veterans, by statute, the
opportunity for a hearing before the Board. 38 U.S.C. § 7107(b) ("The Board shall decide any appeal
only after affording the appellant an opportunity for a hearing.").
       The Secretary’s regulation provides that a Board member "may also be known as a Veterans
Law Judge," 38 C.F.R. § 19.2, but members of the Board are appointed by the Secretary and thus are
VA employees. Members of the Board are not independent from, but in fact must ensure compliance
with, the Congressional mandate that VA "make reasonable efforts to assist a claimant in obtaining
evidence necessary to substantiate . . . the claim." 38 U.S.C. § 5103A(a).
       VA must consider extraschedular referral for every veteran's compensation claim. See
38 C.F.R. § 3.321(b)(1) (2014); see also Thun v. Peake, 22 Vet.App. 111, 115-116 (2008).
Accordingly, extraschedular consideration is an issue that must be fully explained at a Board hearing.
See Bryant, 23 Vet.App. at 496.
       When a Board member fails to explain the issues on appeal or suggest the submission of
additional evidence, it is impossible to know what the veteran could have said or submitted in
support of the claim. When the Court cannot say with confidence whether the veteran could have
submitted additional evidence or argument to support the claim in the absence of the Board hearing
officer's error, "prejudice arises from the failure of the hearing officer to assure the clarity and
completeness of the hearing record . . . and the lost additional opportunity to try and submit such
evidence before his claim finally was adjudicated." Bryant, 23 Vet.App. at 499 (internal quotation
marks and citations omitted) (citing Wagner v. United States, 365 F.3d 1358, 1365 (Fed. Cir. 2004)
("Where the effect of an error on the outcome of a proceeding is unquantifiable . . . , we will not
speculate as to what the outcome might have been had the error not occurred").
       Here, the presiding VA employee provided no statement concerning the issue of referral for
extraschedular consideration, which was an issue on appeal; no explanation of why the regional
office denied the veteran’s claims below; no suggestion, in light of the mention of the veteran’s prior
employment as a hospital administrator, that the veteran provide evidence of the impact of his
disability on that employment; and no discussion of the severity of the veteran’s right ear hearing
loss, also at issue. See R. at 246-57. The Board member failed to make any statement suggesting


                                                  26
that the veteran obtain evidence related to an issue apparent from the record or mentioned at the
hearing, much less perform his specific duties.
        The Board member's errors prevented the veteran from effectively participating in his own
case. The veteran cannot demonstrate with rigorous specificity the harm he suffered–the evidence
he certainly would have submitted or the arguments he absolutely would have raised–to show
prejudice, because the Board member's failures kept him from knowing how to appropriately pursue
his claim. The VA claims adjudication process is nonadversarial. The veteran is not expected to
arrive at VA prepared to take on the agency. Instead, VA is supposed to reasonably assist the veteran
in making the best claim he or she can, including explaining the law. See 38 U.S.C. §§ 5103,
5103A; Robinson v. Peake, 21 Vet.App. 545, 559 (2008) (Schoelen, J., dissenting) ("VA's duty to
assist the claimant is the cornerstone of the nonadversarial claims adjudication system the Agency
is meant to operate"). Applying strict prejudicial error rules adopted for the adversarial trial system,
where parties are expected to fend for themselves, harms a veteran when the assistance aspect of the
VA nonadversarial adjudication system breaks down, as it did here, and exposes him or her to
potentially devastating consequences for merely trusting VA to perform its duties. See Shinseki v.
Sanders, 556 U.S. 396, 412 (2009).
        The veteran who elects to personally appear before a Board member at a hearing, often
without legal representation, deserves the opportunity to fully present his or her best case and
personally persuade the authority that will decide the claim that the benefits sought are warranted.
Although the hearings are non-adversarial, they effectively represent the veteran's day in court, when
the veteran may personally vindicate his or her position before the Board member. The hearing is
a critical juncture in the VA claims process, but when the Board member fails to engage with the
veteran and explain the case, as happened here, it becomes a hollow charade. The Court should not
have overlooked such an error when the veteran plausibly suggested that relevant evidence could
have been submitted in the absence of the error. Here, the error was clear, but the effect of whatever
evidence the veteran could marshal is anything but clear.
        This veteran served in the Pacific during World War II as a member of the Marine Corps.
He was on board the carrier U.S.S. Wasp under unremitting enemy kamikaze attack. He never left
his post. He never stopped engaging the enemy by firing his anti-aircraft weapon. He is 89 years


                                                  27
old. During the entire pendency of this appeal, he has requested that his claim be expedited,
"because of my age and frailty." R. at 25.
       In the immortal words of the great American war poet: Once to every man and nation comes
the moment to decide. The veteran decided to serve his nation in combat, bravely and in a manner
that brought a valor commendation. Nearly 70 years have passed. The Secretary has violated the
law and his own regulation. Because we are acting as an Article III Court in reviewing the Secretary,
see Henderson v. Shinseki, 131 S. Ct. 1197, 1201 n. 2 (2011), we possess all the power to correct that
violation of the law by the application of equity. See U.S. Const. art. III, § 2, cl. 1. However, this
Court lacks the evidence necessary to effect such a decision, which is why affirmance by this Court
is premature. Although the majority is concerned with protecting the public fisc, it does so at the
expense of this veteran and future veterans waiting their turns to speak with the Board. We must not
lose sight of this 89-year-old's reality, and of all veterans who continue to suffer harmful delays as
a result of VA error.




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