                                             COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA


              Present: Chief Judge Felton, Judges Petty and McCullough
UNPUBLISHED


              Argued at Alexandria, Virginia


              BRETT A. PECK
                                                                             MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY
              v.     Record No. 0587-13-4                                  JUDGE STEPHEN R. McCULLOUGH
                                                                                   MARCH 25, 2014
              LEILA PECK


                                  FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF ARLINGTON COUNTY
                                              Louise M. DiMatteo, Judge

                               Brett A. Peck, pro se.

                               Jeff Evan Lowinger (Robert T. Orr; New & Lowinger, on brief), for
                               appellee.


                     Brett A. Peck, husband, assigns the following four errors to the decision of the circuit

              court: (1) the trial court erred in awarding wife half of all the post-separation increase in value of

              the townhouse development held by Arlington Development, LLC when only a small initial

              contribution to the development came from marital funds and husband was responsible for

              developing the property post-separation; (2) the trial court erred in ruling that his wife’s “book of

              business” at a brokerage firm was separate property and assigning it no value; (3) the trial court

              erred in the computation of the increase in value of the townhouse development held by

              Arlington Development, LLC; and (4) the trial court failed to consider the tax implications to

              husband of the liquidation of his share of the marital assets and his separate assets in order to pay

              the settlement. We affirm the decision of the trial court.




                     *
                         Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.
                                         BACKGROUND

       The parties were married on August 18, 1994. Husband worked as a CPA and, later, as a

real estate developer. Wife was employed as a financial advisor throughout the marriage. The

parties separated in March of 2010.

       “In reviewing an equitable distribution award on appeal, we recognize that the trial

court’s job is a difficult one.” Shackelford v. Shackelford, 39 Va. App. 201, 210, 571 S.E.2d

917, 921 (2002). “The goal of equitable distribution is to adjust the property interests of the

spouses fairly and equitably.” Booth v. Booth, 7 Va. App. 22, 27, 371 S.E.2d 569, 572 (1988).

“Fashioning an equitable distribution award lies within the sound discretion of the trial judge and

that award will not be set aside unless it is plainly wrong or without evidence to support it.”

Srinivasan v. Srinivasan, 10 Va. App. 728, 732, 396 S.E.2d 675, 678 (1990). Thus, “[a]s long as

evidence in the record supports the trial court’s ruling and the trial court has not abused its

discretion, its ruling must be affirmed on appeal.” Brown v. Brown, 30 Va. App. 532, 538, 518

S.E.2d 336, 338 (1999).

               I. ARLINGTON DEVELOPMENT AND THE TOWNHOUSE DEVELOPMENT

       In 2009, husband and his business partner, Dennis Zauner, acquired certain parcels of

land. Husband and Zauner formed Arlington Development in January of 2010. They each own

50% of Arlington Development. Both men made initial contributions of $26,000 in December of

2009, at a time when husband and wife were still living together. The parcels of land at issue

were transferred to Arlington Development during the marriage. One of the parcels was then

subdivided into five parcels based on an application by Arlington Development, and new

townhomes were built on the site, called Tazewell Court.

       Arlington Development received a loan from Courthouse Heights to build the Tazewell

Court project. As of December 31, 2011, Arlington Development owed $1.8 million to

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Courthouse Heights. Courthouse Heights is a corporation formed in 2002 by husband and

Zauner. Husband has a 40% stake in Courthouse Heights, and Zauner controls 60% of the

corporation. There is no dispute that husband’s interest in Courthouse Heights is marital

property.

       Husband points out that only $26,000 of martial funds were contributed to a project

ultimately worth more than $4,000,000. He stresses that construction was not complete until

March 2012, nearly two years after he and wife separated. Husband testified at the hearing that

he was responsible for the entire development process: he developed the site plan, obtained the

necessary County permits, secured funding for the project, and supervised the construction.

Conversely, wife acknowledged at the hearing that she was not involved in this development.

The trial court classified husband’s interest in Arlington Development as marital property.

Husband disagrees. He claims the property should be considered hybrid property. Husband does

not dispute that Arlington Development should be valued, in part, as a marital asset. He argues,

however, that his post-separation efforts greatly increased the value of the property and that he,

not wife, should reap the benefit of those efforts.

       “Because the trial court’s classification of property is a finding of fact, that classification

will not be reversed on appeal unless it is plainly wrong or without evidence to support it.”

Ranney v. Ranney, 45 Va. App. 17, 31-32, 608 S.E.2d 485, 492 (2005) (citations omitted).

       We begin with the statute. Pursuant to Code § 20-107.3(A)(2), husband’s interest in

Arlington Development must be classified as marital property. “[P]roperty acquired by each

party during the marriage” is marital property. Code § 20-107.3(A)(2)(iii). Arlington

Development was formed during the marriage. Therefore, it constitutes marital property and is

subject to equitable distribution according to the factors enumerated in the statute. Code

§ 20-107.3(E).

                                                -3-
       In crafting the equitable distribution statute, the General Assembly directed courts to look

at a broad range of factors. This policy choice by the legislature vests judges with broad

discretion to look at the entirety of the marriage rather than focusing on a specific time period or

a specific asset. Here, for example, husband acquired the intellectual capital that enabled him to

develop these properties during the marriage. At the beginning of the marriage, as he

acknowledged in his testimony, he was starting his career as a CPA and striving to get his

business off the ground while wife “earned the lion’s share” of the couple’s income. In addition,

the majority of the financing obtained for the townhouse development Arlington Development

was building came from Courthouse Heights, an entity created during the marriage. Therefore,

although husband’s physical efforts developed the property post-separation, the trial court,

looking at all of the evidence, did not abuse its discretion in awarding half of the interest in

Arlington Development to wife. The role of this Court is not to grade the fairness of the trial

court’s decision. This Court is limited to reviewing whether the claims of legal error brought by

husband are well-founded. As a matter of law, under the plain language of Code § 20-107.3, the

trial court did not err in classifying husband’s interest in Arlington Development – which was

acquired during the marriage – as marital and dividing it equally between the parties.

       We find the cases cited by husband unpersuasive. Husband cites Dietz v. Dietz, 17

Va. App. 203, 209-10, 436 S.E.2d 463, 467 (1993), for the proposition that the marriage will be

deemed to have ended for purposes of classifying property as marital on the date of the last

separation. Dietz does not help husband, however, because his interest in Arlington

Development came into being during the marriage and it is, therefore, marital property.

       Husband also relies on Campbell v. Campbell, Record No. 1629-10-2, 2011 Va. App.

LEXIS 264 (Va. Ct. App. Aug. 9, 2011), to argue that the post-separation increase in value

should be classified as separate property. Indeed, in that case we held that

                                                 -4-
               [W]here the parties have separated and one spouse contributes
               significant personal effort that results in substantial appreciation of
               the marital property, that spouse is able to claim the increase in
               value of the marital property as his own separate property immune
               from equitable distribution.

Id. at *15 (emphasis in original). As an unpublished case, Campbell is not binding authority.

Rule 5A:1(f). A circuit court certainly may conclude that a significant increase in the value of

marital property is attributable to the post-separation efforts of one spouse and that the spouse

who put forth the effort should be rewarded accordingly. Nevertheless, by statute, marital

property remains marital property, subject to equitable distribution. We are bound by the

language of the statute.

       Campbell relies on Tucker v. Wilmoth-Tucker, Record No. 2008-09-2, 2010 Va. App.

LEXIS 199 (Va. Ct. App. May 18, 2010), as support for its holding. In Tucker, it was

undisputed that certain shares of stock were the husband’s separate property. Id. at *14. We

further observed that

               it is undisputed that any increase in value of those shares that
               occurred during the marriage was due to husband’s personal efforts
               and is therefore marital property under Code § 20-107.3(A)(3)(a).
               Any increase in value of those shares that occurred after the date of
               separation due to husband’s personal efforts is husband’s separate
               property.

Id. at *14-*15. Tucker therefore addressed the increase in value of separate property during the

marriage and then post-separation. It does not support husband’s position.

       In Pearson v. Pearson, Record No. 2142-05-2, 2006 Va. App. LEXIS 334 (Va. Ct. App.

July 25, 2006), also cited by husband, we held that the husband had failed to sustain his burden

of proving that the increase in value of a newspaper was attributable to his own post-separation

efforts, rather than to other factors. Therefore, the trial court did not err in awarding wife 55% of

the newspaper. Id. at *21. We do not interpret Pearson as standing for the proposition that a trial



                                                -5-
court always must attribute post-separation gains in their entirety to the spouse whose efforts are

responsible for those gains.

       Ultimately, the statute does not contain a mandate to attribute the increase in value of a

marital asset to a spouse whose efforts are responsible for that increase in value. Rather, courts

are directed to consider a broad range of circumstances in equitably apportioning the marital

estate. We find no abuse of discretion on these facts.

                                   II. WIFE’S BOOK OF BUSINESS

       Wife had worked as a financial advisor for nearly ten years prior to the marriage. She

continued working in that capacity throughout the marriage. Husband contended that her “book

of business” – that is, the accounts managed by wife – was marital property. Wife countered that

the book of business was, in fact, nothing more than her personal goodwill with her client base,

and as such, not a marital asset subject to equitable distribution. Alternatively, she argued that

because her employment as a financial advisor predated the marriage by nearly ten years, it was

husband’s burden to prove that the increase in value of the book of business was due to her

efforts during the marriage. The trial court held the book of business was wife’s separate

property, reasoning that wife “came into the marriage with this portfolio.” The trial court held

that husband had failed to meet his burden to prove the increase in the value of this asset was

attributable to wife’s personal efforts. The court stated that it had “no proper evidence to

substantiate the value of the book when Ms. Peck started, [or] any proper evidence of value at

the evidentiary hearing. The argument fails for lack of proof.”

       Husband contends that the trial court erred in finding wife’s book of business constituted

separate property. He further argues that, even if the book of business can be considered hybrid

property, he met his burden of proof to show an increase in value of this separate property.




                                                -6-
       Classification of property is a factual matter and, therefore, the trial court’s classification

of property “will not be reversed on appeal unless it is plainly wrong or without evidence to

support it.” Ranney, 45 Va. App. at 31-32, 608 S.E.2d at 492.

       Wife was employed as a stockbroker for approximately ten years before the marriage.

Therefore, she brought the book of business with her into the marriage. Husband offered the

testimony of an expert, who opined that changes in the industry (known as the “Broker

Protocol”) made it far easier for a financial advisor to sell her book of business. Prior to those

changes, he testified, firms often would sue each other when one broker left and took her clients

to another firm. He explained that the book of business consists of “[t]he accounts that she

currently manages.” Husband’s expert valued wife’s book of business at $400,000. He offered

no opinion concerning the value of wife’s book of business when she entered the marriage.

       Husband contends that wife did not have a book of business or that it was valueless at the

time she wed, resulting in appreciation during the marriage. This contention is belied by the

record. Husband’s expert explained that the book of business consists of “the accounts that

[wife] manages.” As a financial advisor, she managed some accounts prior to the marriage and

during the marriage. It is true that a book of business was much less portable prior to changes in

the industry. The evidence from husband’s own expert as well as from wife’s employer shows,

however, that financial advisors could and did move from firm to firm and take clients with them

before the institution of the Broker Protocol. According to the evidence, changes in the industry

rationalized and streamlined the process. The manager of the branch where wife works testified

that the Broker Protocol “was set up several years back to simplify or eliminate the litigation

process when one broker leaves from a Protocol Firm A to a Protocol Firm B.” The value of the

book of business may have been limited due to the risk of litigation, but limited value is not the

same as no value.

                                                -7-
       Property is separate under Code § 20-107.3(A)(1)(i) when it is “acquired by either party

before the marriage.” The Code further provides that

               [i]n the case of the increase in value of separate property during the
               marriage, such increase in value shall be marital property only to
               the extent that marital property or the personal efforts of either
               party have contributed to such increases, provided that any such
               personal efforts must be significant and result in substantial
               appreciation of the separate property.

Code § 20-107.3(A)(3)(a). With respect to burdens of proof, the law is clear that

               the nonowning spouse shall bear the burden of proving that
               (i) contributions of marital property or personal effort were made
               and (ii) the separate property increased in value. Once this burden
               of proof is met, the owning spouse shall bear the burden of proving
               that the increase in value or some portion thereof was not caused
               by contributions of marital property or personal effort.

Id. Thus, contrary to his argument on appeal, the book of business existed prior to marriage,

although its portability was restricted at that time. Moreover, husband bore the burden of

proving that wife made contributions of personal effort and that the separate property increased

in value. The trial court found that husband did not meet that burden, and the record supports the

judgment of the trial court.1

                          III. VALUE OF THE TOWNHOUSE DEVELOPMENT

       Husband argues the trial court erred in three respects in assessing the value of the

townhouse development held by Arlington Development: (1) by failing to consider the


       1
         We have considered David v. David, ___ Va. ___, 754 S.E.2d 285 (2014), but find that
decision inapplicable. The issue before the Court in that case considered which party bore the
burden of proof on the question of causation under Code § 20-107.3(A)(3)(a). In other words,
which spouse must prove that the personal efforts of the spouse who came into the marriage with
certain property caused this separate property to appreciate in value. The Court concluded that
the owning spouse bears the burden of proving that personal efforts did not cause an increase in
value, but only after the nonowning spouse has first shown personal efforts were made and the
property actually appreciated in value. That question is not before us. Husband here argues that
the property is marital, not separate, and, in addition, the trial court ruled that he failed to meet
his burden of proving a baseline for the appreciation of that property during the marriage.

                                                -8-
construction costs incurred in the first quarter of 2012; (2) by failing to adjust the value to

account for the compensation due to husband for his work on the project; and (3) by generally

accepting an inflated appraisal. He notes that he provided an updated balance sheet closer to trial

that reflected additional construction costs not reviewed by wife’s expert. He also points to the

fact that he and his partner ultimately will receive compensation for their efforts in developing

the property. Finally, he asserts that the appraisal relied on dissimilar properties for comparison,

and the comparison made was not current. He contends that his own expert’s valuation was

more credible.

        Valuation, like classification, is a finding of fact that we will not disturb as long as it is

supported by credible evidence. See Sfreddo v. Sfreddo, 59 Va. App. 471, 493, 720 S.E.2d 145,

156 (2012) (quoting Howell v. Howell, 31 Va. App. 332, 339, 523 S.E.2d 514, 518 (2000)).

        The trial court committed no error of law in failing to consider the additional construction

costs. At trial, husband’s counsel attempted to cross-examine wife’s expert concerning

additional expenses incurred by Arlington Development. When it became clear that this

information had not been submitted to wife until after the expert had prepared and filed his

report, the court foreclosed cross-examination, noting that “[i]f you knew it and you didn’t

produce it before [the expert’s] report was issued, you can’t cross-examine him on it. He doesn’t

know it.” We are disinclined to second-guess this discretionary, trial-management call by the

trial court.

        As to husband’s argument that wife’s expert should have factored in his deferred

compensation for the project, the record supports the trial court’s decision not to consider it. As

of trial, no compensation had been paid. Husband acknowledged that he simply did not know

when it would be paid. In addition, compensation would be forthcoming only when the

townhomes were sold. None had been sold as of the date of trial. Neither husband nor his

                                                  -9-
partner provided an exact figure for husband’s future compensation. The compensation figure

was never reduced to writing. Moreover, the evidence established a pattern of reinvesting profit

in new projects. Husband’s partner explained that he typically kept profits in the company rather

than distributing them, to enable him to fund other projects. On these facts, the trial court did not

abuse its discretion in failing to factor in husband’s speculative future compensation.

       Finally, the trial court heard the testimony from both appraisers and credited the

testimony offered by wife’s expert. To the extent the issue was presented to the trial court as a

“battle of experts,” “we will defer to the judgment of weight and credibility given to the

testimony of the experts by the trial court.” Tidewater Psychiatric Inst. v. City of Virginia

Beach, 256 Va. 136, 141, 501 S.E.2d 761, 764 (1998). The court heard detailed testimony about

the comparable properties used by both experts in assessing the subject properties. The trial

court had ample basis to accept the testimony of wife’s expert on this point and to reject the

valuation from husband’s appraiser.

                                      IV. TAX IMPLICATIONS

       Code § 20-107.3(E)(9) directs trial courts to consider the tax consequences of an

equitable distribution award. The trial court expressly stated that it had considered these tax

consequences. How much weight the trial court gives to this factor is a matter of discretion for

the trial court. Owens v. Owens, 41 Va. App. 844, 859, 589 S.E.2d 488, 496 (2003). Husband

argues that the award to wife of $1,245,860 is far more than his cash on hand. He stresses that

his real estate holdings are illiquid in nature. He concedes in his brief, however, that tax on the

sale of the primary residence would be “close to zero.” That home is valued at $1.5 million, and

it is titled in husband’s name. Husband would receive half of the proceeds from the sale of the

home. According to husband, he has cash on hand of $202,315, though he could not state the




                                               - 10 -
total of his liquid assets with certainty at trial. Husband also owns interests in other money-

making businesses.

       First, the trial court considered the tax consequences of the equitable distribution, which

is all the statute required the court to do. Second, the trial court made allowance for the

possibility that husband might not be able to immediately satisfy the award. The court’s order

provides that in the event husband is unable to

               deliver the full amount of the monetary award in cash or certified
               funds on, or before, June 1, 2013, then any unpaid amount shall
               automatically be reduced to judgment . . . unless Mr. Peck is able
               to demonstrate to the Court that he has made good faith efforts to
               satisfy the monetary award.

       Husband has failed to show any error on the trial court’s part with regard to considering the

tax consequences of the award.

                                          CONCLUSION

       We affirm the decision of the trial court.

                                                                                              Affirmed.




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