Filed 10/6/14 K.G. Mullen, Inc. v. Team Transit Mix, Inc. CA2/2
                  NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

              IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                     SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                  DIVISION TWO


K.G. MULLEN, INC., et al.,                                           B249501

         Plaintiffs and Appellants,                                  (Los Angeles County
                                                                     Super. Ct. No. BC410282)
         v.

TEAM TRANSIT MIX, INC., et al.,

         Defendants and Respondents.



         APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County.
Suzanne G. Bruguera, Judge. Affirmed.


         Gary Kurtz, Law Offices of Gary Kurtz, and Brandon J. Anand, Anand &
Associates, for Plaintiffs and Appellants.


         No appearance for Defendants and Respondents.




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       After one judge tentatively finds that a plaintiff has proven up its damages
following the entry of default, can a second judge to whom the case is later assigned
consider additional evidence and enter a smaller damages award? If so, was the second
judge’s smaller award in this case supported by substantial evidence? The answer to both
questions is yes, and we affirm.
                  FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
       Winters-Schram Associates (“Winters”) hired Plaintiffs K.G. Mullen, Inc. and
Kevin Mullen (collectively, “Plaintiffs”) to do the structural concrete work on two jobs--
one in Malibu, and another for the Los Angeles Museum of the Holocaust. Plaintiffs sub-
contracted with Defendants Team Transit Mix and its owner Tom Nelson (collectively,
“Defendants”) to mix colored concrete for the Malibu job. Defendants got the color
wrong, and their mistake became obvious only after the concrete dried. Plaintiffs then
spent approximately $158,000 to tear out the mismatched concrete and to pour new
concrete. Winters thereafter terminated Plaintiffs on the Malibu job, as well as the
Holocaust Museum job, for failing to “fully pay . . . vendors and laborers on the
Project[s]” and for “[w]illfully divert[ing] payments made by [Winters] for the express
benefit of [Plaintiffs’] vendors and laborers . . . to other purposes.”
       Plaintiffs sued Defendants for negligence, and sought their costs of remediation
and for $2 million in unspecified “lost prospective economic benefits.” When
Defendants did not respond to the complaint, Plaintiffs sought a default and default
judgment from the court. Plaintiffs submitted documentation in support of a request for
$158,605 in reimbursement costs and an additional $529,326.27 in consequential
damages. Plaintiffs argued that Winters had been withholding $529,326.27 in profits
owed to Plaintiffs on the Malibu and Holocaust Museum jobs; that Plaintiffs lost those
profits when Winters terminated them; that Winters’ termination was due to Plaintiffs’
inability to pay its vendors; and that Plaintiffs were unable to pay those vendors because
they were forced to spend money fixing Defendants’ mistake.




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       The first judge reviewed Plaintiffs’ documentation. That judge’s order noted that
Plaintiffs’ “default package sufficiently prove[d] up the damages sought,” but directed
Plaintiffs to submit “an accurately calculated proposed judgment.”
       Before any default judgment was signed, the case was reassigned to a different
judge. The second judge issued an order requesting additional briefing and evidence on
the propriety of the damages Plaintiffs sought. Plaintiffs complied. The second judge
entered a default judgment for $158,605 in reimbursement damages, along with interest
and costs, for a total of $238,557; she did not award the consequential damages of
$529,326.27.
       Plaintiffs appealed.
                                       DISCUSSION
I.     Second Judge’s Authority To Act
       Trial judges generally have the power to change their minds when hearing a case.
(In re Marriage of Nicolas (2010) 186 Cal.App.4th 1566, 1577 (Nicolas).) This power is
less expansive when one judge revisits the earlier ruling of a different judge because, in
that situation, there is a greater danger that litigants might “forum shop” for judges or that
the second judge would “becom[e] a one-judge appellate court.” (Sorensen v. Superior
Court (2013) 219 Cal.App.4th 409, 421, citation and internal quotation marks omitted;
Alvarez v. Superior Court (2010) 183 Cal.App.4th 969, 982-983 (Alvarez).)
       These dangers are not implicated in this case, and the rule circumscribing the
second judge’s authority to revisit an earlier ruling is inapplicable. Here, the transfer to a
different judge was unilaterally effected by the court--not prompted by a litigant; forum
shopping is therefore of little concern. More to the point, the rule giving precedential
effect to a different judge’s earlier ruling does not apply when that ruling is interlocutory
(rather than final), particularly when the second judge has “considered further evidence
and law.” (Golin v. Allenby (2010) 190 Cal.App.4th 616, 644; see also Tilem v. City of
Los Angeles (1983) 142 Cal.App.3d 694, 706 [second judge may revisit first judge’s
findings of fact and conclusions of law made after first phase of trial]; Alvarez, supra,
183 Cal.App.4th at p. 983 [second judge may reject plea agreement first judge


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approved].) A ruling is interlocutory if “further judicial action is required for a final
determination of the rights of the parties. . . .” (Doran v. Magan (1999) 76 Cal.App.4th
1287, 1293; cf. In re Alberto (2002) 102 Cal.App.4th 421, 429 [what matters is finality of
ruling, not entry of judgment].) The flexibility of interlocutory rulings is essential to
avoid having every interim ruling become a de facto final ruling. (Nicolas, supra, 186
Cal.App.4th at p. 1578 [“A court could not operate successfully under the requirement of
infallibility of its interim rulings.”]; see also People v. Sons (2008) 164 Cal.App.4th 90,
100 [finality of interim rulings would improperly apply law of the case doctrine to trial
court rulings].)
       Under this authority, the second judge’s default judgment was appropriate. The
first judge’s order was interlocutory because that judge was awaiting submission of an
acceptable default judgment. Further, the second judge’s ruling reflects the solicitation
and consideration of additional facts and argument--not merely a difference of opinion
with the first judge.
II.    Substantial Evidence
       Where, as here, a default is entered, plaintiffs may “prove up” damages “as
appear[] by the evidence to be just,” as long as those damages do not exceed the amount
prayed for in the complaint and any properly filed statement of damages. (Code Civ.
Proc. § 585, subd. (b).) “[W]ell-pleaded allegations” in the complaint may be deemed
admitted, (Kim v. Westmoore Partners, Inc. (2011) 201 Cal.App.4th 267, 281), but
plaintiffs must still “produce evidence” to make out a “prima facie case” of entitlement to
damages (Harbour Vista, LLC v. HSBC Mortgage Services, Inc. (2011) 201 Cal.App.4th
1496, 1503 n.6.) We review a trial court’s damages findings following default for
substantial evidence. (Scognamillo v. Herrick (2003) 106 Cal.App.4th 1139, 1150.) (We
may also review for proportionality, (id.), but that is not at issue in this appeal.)
       The second judge’s ruling is supported by substantial evidence. Plaintiffs
correctly note that they may recover consequential damages for the negligent
performance of a contract “[w]here a special relationship exists between the parties.”
(North American Chemical Co. v. Superior Court (1997) 59 Cal.App.4th 764, 782.) The


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“critical factor” in this inquiry is the foreseeability of the harm (id.), but courts will also
consider “the closeness of the connection between the defendant’s conduct and the injury
suffered” (Id.; S. C. Anderson, Inc. v. Bank of America (1994) 24 Cal.App.4th 529, 536
[Plaintiffs must show a “reasonable probability that profits would have been earned
except for the defendant’s conduct”], italics added.)
       Plaintiffs’ complaint alleges no specific facts regarding consequential damages, so
Plaintiffs were required to prove up the causal link between their loss of profits and
Defendants’ breach of contract. Plaintiffs submitted the declaration of Kevin Mullen
expressing his opinion that Defendants were solely responsible for the loss of profits on
both jobs. However, the termination letters from Winters gave two reasons for the
terminations: (1) Plaintiffs’ failure to pay its vendors; and (2) Plaintiffs’ willful diversion
of Winters’ funds meant for vendors. The trial court was accordingly confronted with
multiple reasons as to why Winters fired Plaintiffs, including a reason (the second one)
not linked to Defendants’ misfeasance. Because evidence can be “substantial” even if it
is contradicted by other evidence, (Western States Petroleum Assn. v. Superior Court
(1995) 9 Cal.4th 559, 571), we must affirm.
                                           DISPOSITION
       The judgment is affirmed.
       NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS


                                            ____________________, J.
                                                 HOFFSTADT


We concur:

__________________________, P. J.
      BOREN

___________________________, J.
      ASHMANN-GERST




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