Filed 4/15/13 P. v. Preciado CA2/3
                 NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
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              IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                    SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                DIVISION THREE


THE PEOPLE,                                                                B236625

         Plaintiff and Respondent,                                        (Los Angeles County
                                                                          Super. Ct. No. KA091651)
         v.

GERARDO PRECIADO,

         Defendant and Appellant.




         APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County,
Bruce F. Mars, Judge. Affirmed.
         Siri Shetty, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant.
         Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Dane R. Gillette, Chief Assistant Attorney
General, Lance E. Winters, Assistant Attorney General, Margaret E. Maxwell and
Douglas L. Wilson, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.

                                        _________________________
       Defendant and appellant, Gerardo Preciado, appeals his conviction for
attempted murder and assault with a firearm, with firearm and great bodily injury
enhancements (Pen. Code, §§ 664/187, 245, 12022.5, 12022.53, 12022.7).1 He was
sentenced to state prison for 32 years to life.
       The judgment is affirmed.
                                    BACKGROUND
       Viewed in accordance with the usual rule of appellate review (People v. Ochoa
(1993) 6 Cal.4th 1199, 1206), the evidence established the following.
       1. Prosecution evidence.
       On August 13, 2010,2 Andy Macias was living on Washington Avenue in
El Monte. Around 9:00 p.m. that night, he was riding his bicycle in front of his house
and socializing with friends. His brother, Danny, and a friend, Octavio Quiroz, were
also there. Gunshots suddenly rang out. Andy testified the shots came from behind
him and he felt a burning pain in his right side. He dropped his bicycle, stumbled
across the street and collapsed in his front yard.
       Danny testified he saw a man who was holding a gun, and pacing back and
forth. Danny then saw the gunman drive away in a Chevy Silverado truck. Danny
was 50 percent sure the gunman was defendant Preciado.
       Quiroz testified he saw a Chevy Silverado truck parked in front of his own
vehicle. After the shots were fired, Quiroz saw Preciado standing about 10 feet away
from Andy. Quiroz then got into his vehicle and Preciado walked past the passenger
window holding a gun. Preciado was the only person Quiroz saw with a gun that
night. At trial, Quiroz testified he was certain it was Preciado whom he had seen with
the gun.




1
       All further references are to the Penal Code unless otherwise specified.
2
       All further date references are to the year 2010 unless otherwise specified.

                                             2
         Detective Ralph Batres was the first officer to arrive at the scene. He found
Andy on the ground surrounded by family members. The area was lit by streetlights.
Five expended .45-caliber cartridge casings and a single expended bullet were found at
the shooting scene. The cartridge casings had been fired from a semiautomatic
handgun.
         The next day, Quiroz‟s cousin gave him a telephone number, which Quiroz
turned over to the El Monte Police Department. A day or two later, a man approached
Andy‟s mother and gave her a piece of paper with a phone number on it which she
turned over to the El Monte police. The telephone numbers were identical. Detective
Batres determined this telephone number was associated with a cell phone account
operated by Sprint Nextel for a customer named Gerry Preciado. On August 16,
Batres obtained GPS information from Sprint Nextel which fixed the cell phone‟s
current physical location at a house in Montclair. Batres turned all this information
over to Detective Adam Girgle, who assembled a six-pack photo array that included
defendant Preciado‟s picture. Andy told Girgle he could identify the gunman, so
Girgle showed him the photo array. Andy picked out Preciado.
         Girgle and other officers established a containment perimeter around the
Montclair house. A Chevy Silverado truck was parked in front. A woman came out of
the house and gave officers the telephone number for the house‟s land line. Girgle
called the land line and the cell phone number about 30 times. Finally, after
45 minutes, Preciado surrendered.
         When officers searched Preciado‟s bedroom, they discovered a duffle bag
containing copies of his tax returns. Also inside the duffle bag was a plastic medicine
bottle containing .45-caliber bullets. This ammunition was the same caliber and made
by the same manufacturer as the expended cartridge casings found at the shooting
scene.
         Detective Girgle interviewed Preciado at the police station. Preciado said he
left work about 6:30 or 7:00 p.m. the day of the shooting and drove to Washington
Avenue in his truck. He visited a friend and stayed an undetermined amount of time.

                                             3
He denied having gotten into a fight with anyone. He also denied owning a gun or any
ammunition. When Girgle said police had found .45 caliber bullets inside the duffle
bag, Preciado denied knowing there had been any ammunition inside his house.
       At trial, Andy testified he did not see who shot him, nor did he see anyone with
a gun that night. He denied having identified the gunman from a photo array.
He testified he did not recognize Preciado from around the neighborhood.
       Girgle showed the photo array to Quiroz, who identified Preciado as the
gunman. But Quiroz did not want to testify because he was concerned about his
family‟s safety. Preciado‟s brother had approached Quiroz and said they had court
papers indicating he was an informant. When Quiroz failed to attend a court
proceeding, officers were sent to take him into custody but Quiroz fled. He told a
defense investigator he did not want to testify for security concerns. Quiroz
acknowledged having previously testified3 he had not seen the gunman, but that after
the judge told him perjury was a felony, he identified Preciado as the only person he
had seen with a gun the night of the shooting.
       2. Defense evidence.
       Preciado testified he worked as a carpenter, he lived in Montclair and he drove
a tan Silverado truck. He had grown up in El Monte and he visited Washington
Avenue once or twice a month. He was acquainted with both Andy and Danny; Andy
had worked for him once or twice as a day laborer. Preciado had also met Quiroz a
few times and once offered him a job.
       On the day of the shooting, Preciado drove to Washington Avenue around
5:00 p.m. to visit an acquaintance. He saw Andy, but they did not have any contact.
Preciado was hanging out with a group of people down the street from Andy‟s house;
he stayed a few hours and then went home. He did not have a gun, he did not shoot
Andy, and he had not been present when the shooting occurred.


3
       This was at Preciado‟s first trial, which ended in a hung jury.

                                            4
       Preciado testified he had put the .45-caliber ammunition inside the plastic
medicine bottle to keep it out of his children‟s hands. He kept this medicine bottle on
the top shelf of a cabinet inside his garage. He used to own a .45-caliber handgun, but
he sold it prior to the shooting. Although the duffle bag was his, he did not keep his
tax returns in it. He denied the police had to make repeated telephone calls to his
house on the day he was arrested; rather, he left the house as soon as he realized they
were outside.
       Preciado denied giving his brother access to the police reports in this case.
He did not know if his brother had contacted Quiroz and called him an informant.
       Preciado testified he had invoked his Miranda rights4 when Girgle interviewed
him, but he acknowledged no invocation appears in the transcript of his interview.
       3. Rebuttal evidence.
       Nothing had been omitted from the transcript of Girgle‟s interview with
Preciado.
       4. Procedural background.
       A first trial ended in a hung jury, and then Preciado was convicted at the retrial.
                                     CONTENTION
       The trial court erred by admitting hearsay evidence.
                                      DISCUSSION
       Preciado contends his conviction must be reversed because the trial court
improperly admitted hearsay evidence. This claim is meritless.
       1. Legal principles.
       “Relevant evidence is defined in Evidence Code section 210 to mean
(in pertinent part) „. . . evidence . . . having any tendency in reason to prove or
disprove any disputed fact . . . .‟ [¶] This definition of relevant evidence is manifestly
broad. Evidence is relevant when no matter how weak it is it tends to prove a disputed


4
       Miranda v. Arizona (1966) 384 U.S. 436 [16 L.Ed.2d 694, 86 S.Ct. 1602].

                                             5
issue.” (In re Romeo C. (1995) 33 Cal.App.4th 1838, 1843.) A trial court may
exclude evidence if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the probability
of wasted time or the danger of undue prejudice, confusing the issue, or misleading the
jury. (Evid. Code, § 352.) A trial court‟s exercise of discretion under Evidence Code
section 352 will not be overturned on appeal unless there has been an abuse of that
discretion. (People v. Raley (1992) 2 Cal.4th 870, 895.)
       “An out-of-court statement is properly admitted if a nonhearsay purpose for
admitting the statement is identified, and the nonhearsay purpose is relevant to an issue
in dispute. ([Citations]; see People v. Scalzi (1981) 126 Cal.App.3d 901, 907 . . .
[„ “one important category of nonhearsay evidence [is] evidence of a declarant’s
statement that is offered to prove that the statement imparted certain information to
the hearer and that the hearer, believing such information to be true, acted in
conformity with that belief. The statement is not hearsay, since it is the hearer’s
reaction to the statement that is the relevant fact sought to be proved, not the truth of
the matter asserted in the statement.” ‟].)” (People v. Turner (1994) 8 Cal.4th 137,
189, italics added, disapproved on other grounds in People v. Griffin (2004) 33 Cal.4th
536, 555, fn. 5.)
       2. Evidence linking Preciado to the Montclair residence.
       There was evidence that Quiroz and Andy‟s mother had been given cell phone
numbers which they turned over to the El Monte police. When defense counsel
objected to this evidence, the trial court ruled it was admissible to “explain the
detective‟s activities, as well as how the information surfaced.” Further evidence
showed Detective Batres learned from Sprint Nextel that this cell phone number had
been assigned to someone named Gerry Preciado. When defense counsel objected to
this testimony on hearsay grounds, the prosecutor argued it was not being offered for
the truth of the matter asserted, but rather to explain Batres‟s “subsequent actions.”
The trial court admitted the evidence on that ground.
       We conclude this evidence about Preciado‟s cell phone was properly admitted
for a non-hearsay purpose. “[I]t has consistently and properly been held that the

                                             6
statements a police officer relies upon to make an arrest are admissible against hearsay
objections, not to prove the truth of such statements, but to show the officer‟s state of
mind (probable cause) in making the arrest. [Citations.]” (People v. Marsh (1962)
58 Cal.2d 732, 738.) It is true such state of mind evidence is admissible only if
relevant to a disputed trial issue (see People v. Lucero (1998) 64 Cal.App.4th 1107,
1109-1110; People v. Scalzi, supra, 126 Cal.App.3d at pp. 906-907), and probable
cause was not an issue in this case. However, an officer‟s state of mind may be
relevant to disputed issues other than probable cause. (See, e.g., People v. Ervine
(2009) 47 Cal.4th 745, 774 [to show officer/victim was lawfully performing official
duty when he was killed, in order to prove defendant committed special circumstances
murder]; People v. Mayfield (1997) 14 Cal.4th 668, 751 [to rebut allegation officer
used excessive force].) As the Seventh Circuit has commented: “Tips that inform law
enforcement of criminal activity may be offered into evidence for the purpose of
explaining actions undertaken pursuant to a criminal investigation; their function,
courts reason, is to give context, rather than to prove criminal activity.” (U.S. v.
Lovelace (7th Cir. 1997) 123 F.3d 650, 652.)
       Preciado argues this case law is inapplicable to his case because he never
asserted the police “behaved improperly or implied that their investigation lacked
credibility,” and he did not claim the “authorities had framed him. . . . [or] planted or
manipulated evidence to falsely incriminate him as the shooter.”
       But this argument is contradicted by the record. At his first trial, Preciado
testified he stored the plastic medicine bottle containing the bullets on a high shelf in
his garage, not in his bedroom, and that it had been there ever since he moved into the
Montclair house. Therefore, when Girgle told Preciado about finding ammunition in
his bedroom, Preciado “figured [Girgle] was going to try to pin it on me . . . .”
“[W]hen [Girgle] [told] me to tell him the truth, I told him I already told you the truth.
And after he kind of pushed me to . . . make me . . . say that I did it when I did not do
it, so that‟s when I said I‟m going to hire a lawyer.”


                                             7
       Preciado‟s accusations of police misconduct continued at the retrial, where he
testified the police did not telephone him numerous times at the Montclair house
before he surrendered, that Girgle lied about finding the ammunition-filled pill bottle
in his bedroom, that he did not keep his tax forms inside the duffel bag, and that he had
invoked his Miranda rights during the interrogation.
       Hence, the disputed evidence was relevant to explain why the police focused
their investigation on Preciado, and to rebut his claim they were framing him for the
assault on Andy Macias. The disputed evidence was not substantively incriminating;
it merely demonstrated why police put together the photo array from which Andy and
Quiroz identified Preciado as the gunman. The disputed evidence was properly
admitted as non-hearsay evidence explaining why and how the police investigation
came to focus on Preciado.
       3. Evidence showing Quiroz had been intimidated.
              a. Background.
       At trial, the prosecutor asked Quiroz what he had meant when he told a defense
investigator he did not want to take the stand “for security purposes.” Quiroz could
not elaborate any further, saying: “Hmmm, just security purposes,” and “I‟m not sure.
Just security purposes.” The following colloquy then occurred:
       “Q. All right. Did you also tell the private investigator that [the defendant‟s]
brother . . . brought it to your attention that they have court papers . . . saying that
[you are] an informant and –
       “[Defense counsel]: Objection hearsay move to strike.
       “The Court: Overruled. Effect on the hearer.
       “Q. By [the prosecutor]: Sir, did you make that statement?
       “Q. I think I did.
       “Q. Okay. Why do you say that?
       “A. Because it was brought to my attention.”
       The prosecutor went on to ask if Quiroz feared being labeled a snitch.


                                              8
       b. Discussion.
       Evidence Code section 780 states: “Except as otherwise provided by statute,
the court or jury may consider in determining the credibility of a witness any matter
that has any tendency in reason to prove or disprove the truthfulness of his testimony
at the hearing, including but not limited to any of the following: [¶] . . . [¶] (f) The
existence of a bias, interest, or other motive. [¶] . . . [¶] (j) His attitude toward the
action in which he testifies or toward the giving of testimony.”
       “[E]vidence that a witness is afraid to testify is relevant to the credibility of that
witness and therefore admissible.” (People v. Warren (1988) 45 Cal.3d 471, 481.)
“ „It is not necessary to show threats against the witness were made by the defendant
personally, or the witness‟s fear of retaliation is directly linked to the defendant for the
evidence to be admissible. [Citation.]‟ [Citation.]” (People v. Olguin (1994)
31 Cal.App.4th 1355, 1368.) Such evidence does not constitute hearsay because it is
admitted only to show the witness‟s state of mind. (See, e.g., People v. Guerra (2006)
37 Cal.4th 1067, 1142, disapproved on other grounds in People v. Rundle (2008)
43 Cal.4th 76, 151 [“evidence that [witness] feared retaliation for testifying against
defendant was [properly] offered for the nonhearsay purpose of explaining
inconsistencies in portions of her testimony”].)
       Preciado argues that even if his brother‟s statement to Quiroz were admissible
for the non-hearsay purpose of explaining Quiroz‟s state of mind, the evidence should
have been excluded because there was a second level of hearsay: Quiroz‟s statement
to the defense investigator. Preciado relies on the rule that “multiple hearsay is
admissible for its truth only if each hearsay layer separately meets the requirements of
a hearsay exception” (People v. Arias (1996) 13 Cal.4th 92, 149), and argues: “[T]he
prosecutor did not ask Quiroz whether Mr. Preciado‟s brother had approached him and
stated that he had court papers indicating he was a snitch. Rather, he asked Quiroz
whether he had told a private investigator that the brother had made such a statement.
Accordingly . . . the challenged evidence presented multiple levels of hearsay. . . .”


                                              9
       However, the very cases Preciado relies on demonstrate that, although Quiroz‟s
statement to the defense investigator was extra-judicial, it did not constitute improper
multiple hearsay. In Arias, the witness testified that some third person had reported
that the defendant had admitted being the killer. (See People v. Arias, supra,
13 Cal.4th at pp. 148-149.) And in People v. Smith (2007) 40 Cal.4th 483, 518-519,
the witness would have testified her boyfriend had told her that a third person had
confessed to him. In each case, the testifying witness had no independent knowledge
of the substantive extra-judicial assertion. Here, on the other hand, the testifying
witness, Quiroz, did have that independent knowledge: Quiroz himself had heard
Preciado‟s brother make the snitch remark, which was the substantive extra-judicial
assertion at issue. This evidence was admitted to explain Quiroz‟s state of mind, and
whether Quiroz told both the jury and the defense investigator about the threat was
immaterial.
       4. Any possible error was harmless.
       In any event, even assuming arguendo that any of the disputed evidence did
constitute inadmissible hearsay, there is no possible way it could have prejudiced
Preciado. (See People v. Homick (2012) 55 Cal.4th 816, 872 [under Watson test5, any
error in admission of improper hearsay testimony was harmless in light of the strong
evidence of defendant‟s guilt].) Preciado‟s conviction stemmed from the eyewitness
identifications placing him at the shooting scene with a gun in his hand; the evidence
about his cell phone number had little or nothing to do with the jury‟s determination he
was guilty. Although the threat evidence was useful in explaining Quiroz‟s prior
inconsistent statements about what he saw that night, at the retrial Quiroz testified he
was certain Preciado was the person he saw with a gun.




5
       People v. Watson (1956) 46 Cal.2d 818.
                                            10
                            DISPOSITION
The judgment is affirmed.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS




                                          KLEIN, P. J.


We concur:



             CROSKEY, J.




             ALDRICH, J.




                              11
