Opinion issued June 9, 2016




                                     In The

                              Court of Appeals
                                    For The

                         First District of Texas
                            ————————————
                              NO. 01-15-00690-CV
                           ———————————
                   NILSON DANIEL VARGAS, Appellant
                                       V.
                     JESSICA MAE VARGAS, Appellee


                   On Appeal from the 328th District Court
                          Fort Bend County, Texas
                    Trial Court Case No. 14-DCV-218844


                         MEMORANDUM OPINION

      Nilson and Jessica Vargas, who are parents to four young girls, divorced.

One month before trial, Nilson moved for appointment of an attorney ad litem for

the children, who are between the ages of six and ten. The trial court denied his
motion. In a single issue, Nilson contends that the trial court abused its discretion

by denying his motion. We affirm.

                                    Background

      Nilson and Jessica married in 1999. Jessica testified that, in 2014, Child

Protective Services began an investigation into whether Nilson had molested their

daughters. CPS found no evidence that Nilson had inappropriate contact with his

daughters, but, through that CPS investigation, Jessica learned that criminal

charges were going to be filed against Nilson for inappropriate sexual contact with

an unrelated boy. According to Jessica, when she confronted Nilson with this

information, he admitted that he had had inappropriate sexual contact with two

underage boys. After Jessica filed a petition for divorce, Nilson was indicted for

indecency with a child.

      In her divorce petition, Jessica requested temporary orders denying Nilson

access to their four children. An agreed order specified: “Unless otherwise agreed

by the parties, all possession periods of [Nilson] shall be supervised by the Harris

County S.A.F.E. program” or another entity “of the parties choosing.” For several

months, Nilson had supervised visits and weekly phone calls with the girls.

Eventually, Jessica felt “less comfortable” with the interactions and refused to

allow Nilson visitation or contact with the children.




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      One month before the trial date, Nilson moved for appointment of an

attorney ad litem for the children. At the hearing, which occurred one week before

the scheduled trial, Jessica argued that Nilson’s motion was filed to delay the trial

setting and gain an advantage in his criminal proceedings. At the conclusion of the

hearing, the trial court denied Nilson’s motion, explaining that an attorney ad litem

was unnecessary because the parties were well represented by counsel and the

court would be able to “get the whole picture” without an ad litem.

      A week later, the divorce and visitation issues were decided in a bench trial.

Jessica was the only witness who testified on the relevant issues. She testified that

she was uncomfortable with Nilson having access to the children and feared that he

might act inappropriately with them or use them to gain access to other children

who might be harmed. She requested that Nilson be denied any visitation. Nilson

did not testify about any relevant issues. Jessica called him as a witness, but, on the

advice of his counsel, he asserted his Fifth Amendment right to refuse to answer

her questions. Nilson did not call any other witnesses on his behalf. Nor did he

submit documentation to support his argument for visitation with his children, such

as evidence of positive interaction in past supervised visits. The trial court issued

an order granting the divorce and allowing Nilson 32 hours per month of

supervised visits, despite Jessica’s request for no access, Nilson’s lack of

supporting testimony or other evidence, and the pending indictment.


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      Nilson’s appeal is limited to whether the trial court abused its discretion

when it ruled, pretrial, to deny his motion for appointment of an attorney ad litem

for the children.

                                Attorney Ad Litem

      In a single issue, Nilson argues that the trial court abused its discretion by

denying his pretrial motion for appointment of an attorney ad litem to represent the

children and that there is a “strong likelihood” that the visitation would have been

greater had an ad litem been appointed.

A.    Appointment is discretionary

      “The best interest of the child shall always be the primary consideration of

the court in determining the issues of conservatorship and possession of and access

to the child.” TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 153.002 (West 2014). A trial court charged

with determining the best interests of a child “may” appoint an attorney ad litem

for a child. TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 107.021(a) (West 2014). A court may appoint

an attorney ad litem “only if the court finds that the appointment is necessary to

ensure the determination of the best interests of the child” or some other provision

of the Family Code requires the appointment. TEX. FAM. CODE ANN.

§ 107.021(b)(2) (emphasis added).

      Whether to appoint an attorney ad litem is left to the trial court’s discretion,

taking into account the overarching best-interest standard, the parties’ ability to


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pay the ad litem fees, and whether the child’s interests outweigh the costs “by

taking into consideration the cost of available alternatives for resolving issues

without making an appointment.” See id. § 107.021(b); Swearingen v. Swearingen,

578 S.W.2d 829, 831 (Tex. Civ. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1979, writ dism’d)

(noting that appointment is “permissive not mandatory”); Hefley v. Hefley, 859

S.W.2d 120, 124 (Tex. App.—Tyler 1993, writ denied) (appellate courts review

denial of motion for appointment of attorney ad litem for abuse of discretion).

       A trial court abuses its discretion if it acts in an arbitrary or unreasonable

manner. Downer v. Aquamarine Operators, Inc., 701 S.W.2d 238, 242 (Tex.

1985). “The test for abuse of discretion is not whether, in the opinion of the

reviewing court, the facts present an appropriate case for the trial court’s action.

Rather, it is a question of whether the court acted without reference to any guiding

rules and principles.” Id. at 241–42.

B.     Trial court did not abuse its discretion

       At the pretrial hearing on Nilson’s motion, the trial court explained why it

did not consider an attorney ad litem necessary to determine the children’s best

interests:

       [O]ne of the main issues I’m going to look at in getting the
       appointment of an amicus is: Am I going to get the whole story based
       on the examination and cross-examination of all the witnesses, and
       that’s the main thing. Because if I can get the whole picture from
       everybody, then my question would be then why would we need an
       amicus if we have two parties represented by two good lawyers, that

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      goes a long way toward letting me believe that I’m probably going to
      get the whole picture . . . .

      Nilson now argues that the trial court did not get the whole story at trial

because of his inability to testify due to “pending criminal charges” and

“exercising his Fifth Amendment rights.” He also notes that there was no

testimony from an “independent expert, psychological or otherwise.” According to

Nilson, an ad litem “could have bridged that gap” and testified that greater access

to Nilson was in the children’s best interest.

      Nilson’s argument is problematic for at least two reasons. First, it ignores

the many ways available to Nilson to present favorable evidence that he did not

pursue. Even though he did not testify, he could have called other fact witnesses to

testify about his relationship with his daughters, his parenting abilities, and the

extent that his children were well-bonded with him. He could have pursued expert

testimony. Finally, he could have submitted records from the supervised-visit

facility about his interactions with his children. He did none of this.

      Second, he is asking this court to conclude that the trial court erred in its

pretrial ruling by taking into account—with the full benefit of hindsight—what

occurred during the subsequent trial. This is inappropriate. See Finn v. Finn, 658

S.W.2d 735, 748 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1983, writ ref’d n.r.e.) (in appeal of trial

court’s order appointing guardian ad litem, noting that what occurred during trial—

known only through hindsight—“does not control the question of abuse of

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discretion” at time of ruling); Khan v. Valliani, 439 S.W.3d 528, 533 (Tex. App.—

Houston [14th Dist.] 2014, no pet.) (“When deciding whether the trial court abused

its discretion . . . we consider only the record at the time of the trial court’s ruling

. . . .”). The trial court could not have anticipated at the time it ruled that Nilson

would limit himself to cross-examining Jessica and not calling any witness or

submitting any documentary evidence.

      Nilson also argues that the trial court failed to apply the correct legal

standard because there is no indication that the court considered the parties’ ability

to pay for an ad litem. However, by statute, a trial court is not permitted to appoint

an attorney ad litem in this situation unless the court finds that the appointment

is necessary to ensure the determination of the children’s best interests. TEX.

FAM. CODE ANN. § 107.021(b)(2). Here, the trial court specifically found that an

appointment was unnecessary. Therefore, whether the parties could pay the ad

litem’s fee never became relevant.

      Finally, Nilson argues that an appointment was necessary because, by

requesting that Nilson be denied all access to the children, Jessica was, in effect,

seeking to terminate his parental rights. He points to various statutory provisions

that require appointment of an ad litem when the termination of parental rights is

sought. See, e.g., TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 107.011 (West 2014). But Jessica did

not seek to terminate Nilson’s parental rights; she only sought to deny him


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visitation. A request for no visitation is not equivalent to a petition to terminate

parental rights for many reasons, including that a termination of parental rights is

permanent while a visitation order is subject to modification on petition and proof

of changed circumstances. Compare TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 161.206(b) (West

2014) (providing that termination divests all legal rights and duties, except child’s

inheritance), and Holick v. Smith, 685 S.W.2d 18, 20–21 (Tex. 1985) (“A

termination decree is complete, final, irrevocable[,] and divests for all time that

natural right as well as all legal rights, privileges, duties[,] and powers with respect

to each other[,] except for the child’s right to inherit.”), with TEX. FAM. CODE ANN.

§ 156.101 (West 2014) (allowing modification of possession if in best interest of

child and circumstances have “materially and substantially changed”). Nilson is

not foreclosed from seeking unsupervised visits in the future.

      The trial court applied the correct standard and legal principles to its

determination whether to appoint an attorney ad litem. It acknowledged the best-

interest standard and the need to obtain a complete understanding of the facts. It

concluded that the parties, who were represented by counsel, would be capable of

supplying that evidence. We hold that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in

determining that appointment of an attorney at litem was not “necessary” to decide

the best interests of the children in the proceeding.




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                                  Conclusion

      We affirm.




                                            Harvey Brown
                                            Justice

Panel consists of Justices Keyes, Brown, and Huddle.




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