                 United States Court of Appeals
                             For the Eighth Circuit
                         ___________________________

                                 No. 15-2750
                         ___________________________

                              United States of America

                        lllllllllllllllllllll Plaintiff - Appellee

                                           v.

                                Anthony P. Salsberry

                       lllllllllllllllllllll Defendant - Appellant
                                       ____________

                     Appeal from United States District Court
                 for the Eastern District of Arkansas - Little Rock
                                  ____________

                             Submitted: April 11, 2016
                               Filed: June 10, 2016
                                 ____________

Before GRUENDER and KELLY, Circuit Judges, and ERICKSEN,1 District
Judge.
                         ____________

ERICKSEN, District Judge.




      1
       The Honorable Joan N. Ericksen, United States District Judge for the District
of Minnesota, sitting by designation.
       Anthony P. Salsberry appeals from the revocation of his supervised release
following a hearing on violations of its conditions. He argues that the district court2
abused its discretion in relying on the results of a preliminary, field drug test to find
that he committed a Grade B violation. We affirm.


       A district court may revoke a defendant's term of supervised release and impose
a sentence of imprisonment if the court finds by a preponderance of the evidence that
the defendant violated a condition of his supervised release. United States v. Miller,
557 F.3d 910, 913-14 (8th Cir. 2009) (citing 18 U.S.C. § 3583(e)(3)). We review a
district court's decision to revoke supervised release for an abuse of discretion. Id.
at 914. We review for clear error the court's underlying factual findings as to whether
a violation occurred. Id.


        In July 2015, Salsberry's probation officer filed a supplemental petition to
revoke supervised release on the grounds that Salsberry had violated multiple special
and general conditions of supervised release. One of the asserted grounds was that
on July 12, 2015, Salsberry tested positive for methamphetamine. At a hearing, the
district court considered the testimony of the probation officer; the county sheriff's
deputy who arrested Salsberry on July 12, 2015; jailer Morgan Varner, who
administered Salsberry's drug test on July 12, 2015; and Salsberry. Varner testified
that he administered the test of Salsberry's urine, which tested positive for
methamphetamine, and he authenticated Government's Exhibit A, a photograph that
he took of the device he used to test Salsberry showing the positive result. He also
testified that both before and after administering the test, when he asked Salsberry
about his drug use, Salsberry did not outright deny using drugs, but answered
evasively.


      2
        The Honorable Brian S. Miller, United States District Judge for the Eastern
District of Arkansas.

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      At the district court hearing, Salsberry objected to the admission of
Government's Exhibit A solely on chain-of-custody grounds. He also elicited cross-
examination testimony intended to undercut "the level of reliability of the field test,"
including the fact that no confirmatory testing was performed in Salsberry's case.


       After hearing the testimony and receiving evidence, including Government's
Exhibit A, the district court found that Salsberry tested positive for
methamphetamine, a Grade B violation of the condition that he not possess any
controlled substances. The court stated that it understood Salsberry's argument and
that "he can take that up on appeal," but that Varner's testimony "wasn't just that [the
field test] came back positive," but was also that Salsberry responded evasively to
questions about his drug use. The court acknowledged Salsberry's argument that "the
test was one of those preliminary type of tests" that had not been confirmed, and
placed importance on the testimony about Salsberry's evasive responses to support
its finding.


       On appeal, Salsberry challenges the factual basis for the district court's finding,
contending that the proof of chain of custody for the failed drug test was inadequate
and that the test was "too unreliable" to be "sufficient to revoke." Put another way,
he reasserts his sole objection to the admissibility of the field test and also asserts that
even if properly admitted, the field test alone is insufficient to meet the
preponderance-of-the-evidence standard.


       Salsberry's arguments, however, ignore that the district court did not rely solely
on the drug test result. Instead, the court relied on its assessment of the credibility of
the witnesses, explicitly crediting the testimony of Varner and the other two
government witnesses and discounting Salsberry's testimony as unbelievable. "[A]
district court's assessment of a witness's credibility is almost never clear error given


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that court's comparative advantage at evaluating credibility." United States v.
Sandoval-Sianuqui, 632 F.3d 438, 443 (8th Cir. 2011) (quoting United States v.
Wahlstrom, 588 F.3d 538, 542 (8th Cir. 2009)). In evaluating the testimony, the court
placed particular weight on Salsberry's evasive answers to Varner's questions about
his drug use. Varner testified that both before he administered Salsberry's field test
and after he informed Salsberry of the test's positive result, Varner asked Salsberry
about his drug use, and both times, Salsberry replied evasively. The test result thus
provides context for Salsberry's on-the-spot statements to Varner on July 12. The
court recognized that the field drug test was a preliminary analysis, but found that the
testimony about Salsberry's evasive answers weighed in favor of finding the Grade
B violation. Furthermore, the court acknowledged Salsberry's cross-examination of
the government witnesses – which included questioning about the chain of custody
and reliability of the test used on Salsberry, and cross-examination going to whether
the sheriff's office was motivated by self-interest – but nonetheless admitted
Government's Exhibit A and found that the evidence, considered altogether, proved
the violation. The district court based this conclusion on its evaluation of the
testimony about Salsberry's evasive responses in the context of the July 12 test result,
combined with all the other evidence at the hearing, including its assessment of
Salsberry's in-court testimony. Based on this record, we cannot say that the district
court's factual findings were clear error.


       The materials that Salsberry relies on to argue that the field drug test result
alone is insufficiently probative do not compel a different conclusion. As an initial
point, Salsberry did not object to the admissibility of the test results on reliability
grounds.3 Moreover, as explained, the district court did not rely solely on the test
result. Rather, the court considered the test result as some evidence along with the

      3
        We also note that the case upon which Salsberry places the greatest emphasis,
Carter v. State, 82 So. 3d 993 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2011), was recently disapproved
in State v. Queior, No. SC15-367, 2016 WL 1592740, at *5 (Fla. Apr. 21, 2016).

                                          -4-
testimonial evidence. Cf. Harrison v. Dahm, 911 F.2d 37, 41 (8th Cir. 1990) (finding,
in a different context, that the results of a urinalysis field drug test can, even without
a confirmatory second test, "provide some evidence of drug use") (emphasis added).
In addition, even if we were to consider the "drug screen package insert" that
Salsberry quotes for the proposition that the test used on him "does not detect the
actual concentration of the drug," we still could not find any clear error in the district
court's findings. The district court did not, nor did it need to, find any particular drug
concentration level. In summary, it was not clear error for the district court to find
that Salsberry's field drug test result, taken together with the testimony at the hearing,
proved a Grade B violation by a preponderance of the evidence.


       The district court also did not abuse its discretion in revoking Salsberry's
supervised release and sentencing him in accordance with its finding that he had
violated the condition not to possess controlled substances. See United States v.
Carothers, 337 F.3d 1017, 1019 (8th Cir. 2003). Salsberry does not challenge the
district court sentence except to the extent that it is based on the finding of a Grade
B violation. Accordingly, we affirm the judgment of the district court.
                        ______________________________




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