Filed 6/26/18; Certified for publication 7/24/18 (order attached)




              IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                   FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                              DIVISION THREE


FLUIDMASTER, INC.,

    Plaintiff and Respondent,                                       G055469

         v.                                                         (Super. Ct. No. JCCP 4829)

FIREMAN’S FUND INSURANCE                                            OPINION
COMPANY et al.,

    Defendants and Appellants.



                  Appeal from an order of the Superior Court of Orange County, Glenda
Sanders, Judge. Reversed and remanded.
                  Grignon Law Firm and Margaret M. Grignon for Defendants and
Appellants.
                  Pillsbury Winthrop Shaw Pittman, Robert L. Wallan and Mariah L. Brandt
for Plaintiff and Respondent.
                                    I. INTRODUCTION
              The law firm of Crowell & Moring (Crowell) was vicariously disqualified
from this insurance coverage action based on a newly-hired, but disqualified discovery
associate in a geographically distant office. Then, while the disqualification appeal was
pending in this court, the associate left Crowell. At that point, Kirk v. First American
Title Ins. Co. (2010) 183 Cal.App.4th 776 (Kirk) became the controlling authority. Kirk
also involved a disqualified attorney who left a vicariously disqualified law firm during
the pendency of an appeal, and the result was that the order of disqualification had to be
reversed and remanded back for reconsideration by the trial court. In the process Kirk
outlined a number of factors that controlled the case on remand with regard to the
efficacy of what is called an ethical screen in retroactively deciding whether any of a
former client’s confidential communications had been actually disclosed. We now follow
Kirk and reverse the disqualification order and return the case to the trial court with
directions to reevaluate its disqualification decision in light of Kirk – specifically the Kirk
factors as to whether any confidential information has actually been disclosed.
                                         II. FACTS
              Fluidmaster, Inc. is a major plumbing supply company alleged to have
manufactured defective flexible toilet connectors. The defective product allegation has
generated a large number of class actions against the company. (See generally In re
Fluidmaster, Inc., Water Connector Components Prods. Liab. Litig. (N.D. Ill., Mar. 31,
2017, No. 14-cv-5696) 2017 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 48792.)
              Fireman’s Fund is an insurance company that has paid homeowner claims
based on Fluidmaster’s allegedly defective product and has sued Fluidmaster in
subrogation to recover the monies paid. Fireman’s Fund issued commercial liability
insurance policies to Fluidmaster from 1999 through 2001.




                                              2
              In October 2014, Fluidmaster sued Fireman’s Fund in Los Angeles seeking
to establish, in an insurance coverage case, that Fireman’s Fund owed Fluidmaster a
defense of the class actions. About a year later, in 2015, the case was transferred to
Orange County and Fireman’s Fund retained Crowell’s Irvine office to represent it.
              Elizabeth Pollock is an especially computer-savvy attorney. In 2008, she
began working for a technology services company specializing in helping law firms and
businesses with electronic discovery needs, and in January 2013, moved to another such
company, E-STET. Pollock worked at E-STET from 2013 through January 2016 as
Director of Managed Review.
              In 2014, Fluidmaster hired E-STET to help it with the discovery in the class
actions. That discovery entailed production of some 140,000 pages (not a misprint) of
Fluidmaster documents, plus the withholding of another 10,000 pages of documents
claimed by Fluidmaster to be privileged. Pollock was E-STET’s lead on the project, but
in January 2016, she found other employment.
              She changed jobs again in July 2017. She began working for Crowell’s Los
Angeles office as a “discovery attorney.” The backstory of her hiring, according to her
later declaration, is that she was approached by an outside recruiter in March and asked
“extensively about potential conflicts” by a recruiting lawyer at Crowell in April. In late
April she completed a questionnaire about past employment and identified four
companies that had engaged one of her previous employers. One was Fluidmaster. She
was then contacted by Crowell’s professional responsibility “counsels” (two attorneys at
Crowell) but did not volunteer – and was not asked about – “any facts or communications
regarding Fluidmaster that would be considered confidential.” On the day she began
work for Crowell, the firm sent out an “ethics wall notice” to all personnel prohibiting
any communication with her on the Fluidmaster plumbing products litigation, and
specifically prohibiting attorneys working on the Fluidmaster litigation from using her


                                             3
services.1 Crowell also sent a courtesy letter to Fluidmaster’s general counsel to notify
them of Pollock’s hiring and the ethical screen.
                  Fluidmaster almost immediately – and successfully – sought
disqualification of the entire Crowell firm. In September 2017, the trial court ordered
Crowell disqualified but specifically noted that “Ms. Pollock’s presence at C&M is still
very evident in this case” and on that basis distinguished Kirk. Wrote the trial judge:
“[t]he Kirk court was influenced by the fact that the tainted attorney had left the law firm
sought to be disqualified which, again, is not the case here.”
                  Fireman’s Fund and Crowell filed this appeal. The coverage litigation was
put on hold.
                  Then, in February 2018, during the pendency of this appeal, Pollock left
Crowell. Appellants’ counsel made a motion for this court to take evidence to establish
the fact of her discontinued employment, this court granted it and then asked for further
briefing on the effect of Pollock’s leaving Crowell on the order of disqualification. In
particular, we asked whether there was any evidence before the trial court on the
disqualification motion that showed Pollock had shared any of Fluidmaster’s confidential
information with any person at Crowell. In its letter brief Fluidmaster concedes there
was no such evidence.



         1        The ethics wall notice said: “Elizabeth Pollock, previously an employee with E-STET Litigation
Services (“E-STET”), recently joined Crowell & Moring as a discovery attorney. At E-STET, Ms. Pollock assisted
Fluidmaster Inc. with e-discovery issues in connection with class action consumer litigation related to plumbing
products (“E-STET Matter”). Crowell & Moring has been retained by FFIC to represent it in connection with
insurance coverage claims related the class action consumer litigation related to plumbing products (CAM
102923.0000302) (“C&M Matter”).
                  “Ms. Pollock has an ongoing obligation prohibiting any communication of confidential
information regarding the E-STET Matter, as is true with all former clients. In addition, an ethics wall is being put in
place to ensure that Ms. Pollock does not participate in the firm’s representation of FFIC in the C&M Matter and
does not communicate any confidential information regarding the E-STET Matter to those individuals employed by
Crowell & Moring representing FFIC in the C&M Matter.
                  “Accordingly, Ms. Pollock is prohibited from discussing or providing access to information
concerning the E-STET Matter to the FFIC Attorneys and the FFIC Attorneys are prohibited from using Ms.
Pollock’s services on the C&M Matter and from discussing information with Ms. Pollock concerning the E-STET
Matter or the C&M Matter.”


                                                           4
                                              III. DISCUSSION
                  We will assume, without deciding, that Pollock is conflicted out of
representing Fireman’s Fund in the coverage litigation brought by Fluidmaster. There is
no question there was a substantial relationship between her work for E-STET on
Fluidmaster’s behalf, and the Crowell firm’s work on Fireman’s Fund’s behalf against
Fluidmaster.2
                  But this appeal is about the vicarious disqualification of a 500-plus attorney
firm. It is safe to say that Kirk is by far the most thoughtful and well researched
California appellate opinion on the topic of California law in regard to the topic of the
vicarious disqualification of an entire law firm based on the employment of one
disqualified attorney.3 The Kirk opinion is a long one. Even so, it is, as the critics say, a
worthwhile “read.”
                  The facts in Kirk require a brief abstraction: The chief counsel of a major
insurance company (Fireman’s Fund, no less) was contacted by the lawyers for the
plaintiffs who were litigating against another, First American Title. The lawyers wanted
to hire the chief counsel away to help them in their litigation against the title insurer. In a
phone call, the chief counsel was undisputedly given confidential information regarding
the ongoing litigation against the title insurer. But he turned them down, and later joined




          2        There are at least two obvious areas of direct conflict. First, as a person making an initial
determination whether a given Fluidmaster document was privileged, Pollock would necessarily have been privy to
communications between Fluidmaster and its attorneys on the class actions. Second, in the coverage litigation, there
is the issue of whether the attorney fees and costs spent by Fluidmaster on its defense of the class action were
reasonable. Pollock would necessarily have insight into both issues from her work as document reviewer for E-
STET on the class action litigation.
          3        The idea of automatic vicarious disqualification worked its way into California case law in a
couple of California appellate decisions that took the rule for granted, which themselves can traced back to a number
of federal decisions that also took the rule for granted. (See Henriksen v. Great American Savings & Loan (1992)
11 Cal.App.4th 109; Dill v. Superior Court (1984) 158 Cal.App.3d 301; Trone v. Smith (9th Cir. 1980) 621 F.2d
994; Government of India v. Cook Industries Inc. (2d Cir. 1978) 569 F.2d 737, 739-740 and NCK Organization, Ltd.
v. Bregman (2d Cir. 1976) 542 F.2d 128, 132-134.) The correctness of the rule is not at issue here.


                                                         5
the San Francisco office of a mega-firm in its insurance regulatory practices group.4 But
about a month after joining the mega-firm, the team defending the title insurer in the
ongoing litigation moved to that mega-firm – one lawyer went to the mega-firm’s Los
Angeles office and the two others to its St. Louis office. The defense of the ongoing
litigation against the title insurer went with them, that is, the title insurer’s law firm was
now the mega-firm. And almost as soon as the lawyers for the plaintiffs in the litigation
against the title insurer learned of the move, they objected to the mega-firm’s now being
counsel on the case. (See Kirk, supra, 183 Cal.App.4th at pp. 785-788.)
                 There was no question the former chief counsel himself was disqualified
from working on the mega-firm’s defense of the title insurer; the issue was whether the
entire mega-firm had to be disqualified, too. The trial court applied an automatic rule of
vicarious disqualification (Kirk, supra, 183 Cal.App.4th at p. 790). The case then went
up on appeal. And – just like the case here – during the appeal the disqualified (now
former) chief counsel left the mega-firm. (Id. at 815.)
                 The Kirk court held the case had to be returned for reconsideration.
Structurally, Kirk is really two separate opinions: (1) a major disquisition on the topic of
vicarious disqualification which appears to have been prepared prior to the court’s
receiving the news that the disqualified attorney had left the mega-firm; and (2) a
secondary opinion exploring the issue of the disqualified attorney’s leaving the target
mega-firm during the pendency of the appeal.
                 The major disquisition has three parts: The first part is a scholarly
demonstration that the California Supreme Court had not laid down a rule of automatic
vicarious disqualification, so the question was still open as a matter of stare decisis. The
second part explained why vicarious disqualification should not be an automatic rule



         4        The firm was Sonnenschein Nath & Rosenthal. The chief counsel had worked in the general
counsel’s office of the California Department of Insurance prior to going to Fireman’s Fund.


                                                      6
when an ethical screen is imposed around the disqualified attorney, but should be a
matter of case-by-case application. (See Kirk, supra, 183 Cal.App.4th at pp. 801-810.)
The third part is an exploration of those factors that bear on whether an ethical screen will
be effective. (Id. at pp. 810-815.)
              The secondary opinion confronted the question of what to do in light of the
news of the former chief counsel’s departure from the mega-firm. The conclusion was
that the case had to go back to the trial court for an examination of whether the chief
counsel had actually conveyed any of the title insurer’s confidential information during
his one-year tenure at the mega-firm. (See Kirk, supra, 183 Cal.App.4th at pp. 815-816.)
              Given the posture of our case, we derive the most guidance from Kirk’s
secondary opinion as it relates to disqualified counsel departing the target firm. There is
one difference in the cases, but it weighs in Crowell’s favor at this juncture. In Kirk, the
trial court had applied a rule of automatic exclusion, laboring under a misimpression of
what stare decisis required, so the case had to be remanded for a determination by the
trial court in the first instance. (See Kirk, supra, 183 Cal.App.4th at p. 815.) In the
present case, by contrast, the trial court did not believe automatic vicarious
disqualification was required; it simply thought that, given Pollock’s continued
employment at Crowell, the balancing of factors augured against the efficacy of
Crowell’s ethical screen. But, as Fluidmaster’s letter brief concedes – there was no
evidence Pollock had actually shared any confidences. While that fact had been
unnecessary to the trial court’s decision in Kirk, here the trial court made its decision
despite the lack of any evidence of divulgence of former client confidences.
              The difference is important because the Kirk court explained that once a
disqualified attorney leaves the target firm, the only real question is whether any
confidences were shared with the target firm. (See Kirk, supra, 183 Cal.App.4th at pp.
815-816.) For us, the question is whether the lack of evidence at the original hearing of



                                              7
any shared confidences means the case should be returned with directions to vacate the
disqualification order outright and reinstate counsel – because of the absence of any
evidence of any disclosure of Fluidmaster confidential information at the original hearing
– or simply send it back for reconsideration.
              We think the case should be sent back for reevaluation by the trial court.
Disqualification relates to the trial court’s authority to control its own proceedings. (See
Kirk, supra, 183 Cal.App.4th at p. 791, quoting SpeeDee Oil, supra, 20 Cal.4th at p.
1145.) Here, the trial court did not know of the disqualified attorney’s departure at the
time of its original order. In fact, the court distinguished Kirk on the basis that the
disqualified attorney had not departed when it made its order in September 2017.
              Furthermore, the record is silent as to whether any confidences might have
been spilled during the roughly six months Pollock was at Crowell. The Kirk court
opined that the target law firm needs to provide declarations sufficient to exclude any
possibility of shared confidences – the declaration of the disqualified attorney is not
sufficient. The court said the target firm should, at the very least, provide declarations
from each member of its team working on the former client’s matter, plus those attorneys
(usually on the professional responsibility unit of a large firm) who learned of the facts
that prompted the erection of the ethical screen in the first place. (See Kirk, supra, 183
Cal.App.4th at p. 816, fn. 38.)
              The case must therefore be returned for the retroactive evaluation of any
possible sharing. In that regard, the Kirk court said the trial court “may consider the
elements of the ethical wall constructed” by the target firm as “relevant” to the “strength”
of wall and the likelihood “confidential information was actually conveyed.” (Kirk,
supra, 183 Cal.App.4th at p. 816.)
              For the guidance of the trial court on remand, we now recount the factors
from the Kirk opinion that bear on evaluating the retroactive “strength” of the ethical


                                                8
wall. While the first one was not specifically enumerated in Kirk as its own separate
factor, we include it because it undergirds much of the Kirk opinion, and in particular
Kirk’s rejection of automatic vicarious disqualification:
                  (1) Size, or lack thereof. An overarching factor is the size of the target
firm. (See Kirk, supra, 183 Cal.App.4th at pp. 801-802.) The large law firm of the early
21st Century can effectively isolate a disqualified lawyer from its attorneys working on
the disqualified attorney’s former client’s matter. (See id. at p. 802, quoting Adams v.
Aerojet-General Corp. (2001) 86 Cal.App.4th 1324, 1336.) Conversely, the smaller the
firm, the stronger the case for a rule of vicarious disqualification, if only because in such
a context “it takes no imagination” to perceive the ease by which a former client’s
confidences might be disclosed.5
                  (2) The geographical, physical and departmental distance between the
disqualified attorney and the attorneys working on matters affecting the disqualified
attorney’s former client. (See Kirk, supra, 183 Cal.App.4th at p. 811.)
                  (3) The nature, if any, of the target law firm’s prohibitions against the
discussion of confidential information. (See Kirk, supra, 183 Cal.App.4th at pp. 811-
812.)
                  (4) The existence, if any, of rules and procedures to prevent access to
confidential information and files. (See Kirk, supra, 183 Cal.App.4th at p. 812.)



          5          One of the most perceptive defenses of the imputed knowledge rationale is to be found in Justice
Scotland’s dissent in Adams. We might call it the “it takes no imagination” theory of vicarious disqualification.
Significantly, it is a defense of the rule based on the small size of the firm involved in the Adams case: “It is
inconceivable that, in such a small firm with only three partners, there would not have been discussions among all
the attorneys, particularly the partners, about material matters relating to the representation of a major, sustaining
client like Aerojet. It takes no imagination to recognize that confidential information which would be useful to
someone later suing Aerojet normally would be imparted during discussions about billing matters or billing rates,
during casual conversations at social occasions with Aerojet principals, or in the many other types of contacts
among attorneys in the firm that would not constitute direct representation and would not show up on billing
records. The client was too big, the firm too small, and the matters at issue too closely related to say there is no
conflict.” (Adams, supra, 86 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1344-1345 (dis. opn. of Scotland, J., italics added).)


                                                          9
                 (5) Whether the disqualified attorney has some financial incentive in
regard to the representation against the former client. (See Kirk, supra, 183
Cal.App.4th at p. 812.)
                 (6) The existence if any of any supervisorial relationship between the
disqualified attorney and the attorneys working on any former client matters. (See Kirk,
supra, 183 Cal.App.4th at p. 813.)
                 (7) The speed with which the former client was notified of the target firm’s
employment of the disqualified attorney. (See Kirk, supra, 183 Cal.App.4th at p. 813.)
                 Fluidmaster argues Kirk does not compel a remand because the trial court
here has already found a conflict existed, so the employee’s departure would not change
the result. The sole support for this contention is the trial court’s reference to the Crowell
firm’s not having “maintained . . . a cone of silence.” The reference to “cone of silence”
is based on a passage in the trial court’s 16-page (“Smartly” written) September 2017
opinion, on the disqualification motion.
                 Fluidmaster reads too much into the cone of silence reference. In context,
all the cone of silence passage shows is that Pollock had conversations with Crowell
attorneys “about” the Fluidmaster litigation prior to being hired – conversations
presumptively necessary to a proper conflicts check. 6 We see nothing wrong with that.
What was Pollock to do? Not disclose the fact that she had worked for a firm that had
been employed by Fluidmaster? What was Crowell to do? Not disclose sufficient
information to let Pollock know she would need to be screened off from one of the




         6        Here is the passage, verbatim: “The Complex Asbestos Court held that most likely means of
rebutting the presumption of shared confidences is to implement a procedure which effectively screens the employee
from any involvement in the litigation, ‘a procedure one court aptly described as a “cone of silence.” Id at 593. No
such ‘cone of silence’ has been imposed here as evidenced by [Pollock’s] declaration and the fact she had
conversations with attorneys at C&M which she and they profess did not cover ‘confidential’ matters but which
apparently did pertain to the litigation in general.” The allusion to the Complex Asbestos court is to In re Complex
Asbestos Litigation (1991) 232 Cal.App.3d 572.


                                                        10
firm’s cases? Prospective hiree and hirer must at least share enough information about
past and current work to ascertain, evaluate, and remediate potential conflicts. Further,
based on the ethical screen memo sent out the day Pollock was hired, the Crowell firm
did impose a cone of silence on any of its attorneys talking about what she learned about
Fluidmaster at E-STET with her. (“Ms. Pollock is prohibited from discussing or
providing access to information concerning the E-STET Matter to the FFIC Attorneys
and the FFIC Attorneys are prohibited from using Ms. Pollock’s services on the C&M
Matter and from discussing information with Ms. Pollock concerning the E-STET Matter
or the C&M Matter.”)
              Likewise, Fluidmaster reads too much into the trial court’s decision
generally. The trial judge’s statement of decision focused on whether, under the
circumstances presented, Crowell’s ethical screen was strong enough. That was a legal
determination, not a factual finding. On remand, of course, the court will have a chance
to review the strength of the ethical screen in light of the Kirk factors we have outlined
above. More specifically, this time the court will have the opportunity to focus
retroactively, as Kirk teaches, on the question of whether Pollock’s stay at Crowell
“actually resulted in the improper transmission, directly or indirectly, of confidential
information[.]” (See Kirk, supra, at p. 816.)




                                             11
                                   IV. DISPOSITION
             The order disqualifying the Crowell firm from the Fluidmaster-Fireman’s
Fund litigation is reversed, and the matter hereby remanded for a new hearing at which
the trial court will reweigh the competing considerations. Each side will bear its own
costs on appeal.




                                                 BEDSWORTH, ACTING P. J.


WE CONCUR:



ARONSON, J.



GOETHALS, J.




                                            12
Filed 7/24/18




                              CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION

                IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                               FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                       DIVISION THREE


FLUIDMASTER, INC.,

    Plaintiff and Respondent,                           G055469

        v.                                              (Super. Ct. No. JCCP 4829)

FIREMAN’S FUND INSURANCE                                ORDER GRANTING REQUEST
COMPANY et al.,                                         FOR PUBLICATION

    Defendants and Appellants.



                  Appellants have requested that our opinion in this matter, filed June 26,
2018, be certified for publication. After reviewing the request, we have concluded the
case meets the requirements for publication. Pursuant to California Rules of Court, rule
8.1105(b), (c)(3) and (5), the request is GRANTED.
          The opinion is ordered published in the Official Reports.




                                            BEDSWORTH, ACTING P. J.


WE CONCUR:



ARONSON, J.



GOETHALS, J.




                                        2
