J-S07016-20


NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

    IN THE INTEREST OF: B.W., A                :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
    MINOR                                      :        PENNSYLVANIA
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    APPEAL OF: C.W., MOTHER                    :      No. 2844 EDA 2019

               Appeal from the Order Entered September 11, 2019
              In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County
              Juvenile Division at No(s): CP-51-DP-0000616-2016


BEFORE:      NICHOLS, J., KING, J., and STRASSBURGER, J.*

MEMORANDUM BY KING, J.:                                     Filed March 16, 2020

        Appellant, C.W. (“Mother”), appeals from the order entered in the

Philadelphia County Court of Common Pleas, continuing the placement of B.W.

(“Child”) and temporarily suspending Mother’s visitation with Child.          We

affirm.

        The relevant facts and procedural history of this appeal are as follows.

Child has a history of assaultive behavior and suicidal threats. On March 23,

2016, the court adjudicated Child dependent and ordered placement at a

psychiatric hospital. DHS attempted to reunite Mother and Child over the next

several years, but Child’s severe mental health and behavioral issues required

additional placements at psychiatric hospitals and a residential treatment


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*   Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
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facility (“RTF”).

        On September 11, 2019, the court conducted its most recent

permanency review hearing.        Precious Randall, a case worker from the

Community Umbrella Agency (“CUA”), testified that DHS had attempted to

place Child in foster care, but Child threatened to kill the foster parent. (N.T.

Hearing, 9/11/19, at 4). Child subsequently moved to a behavioral health

center, and her psychiatrist recommended further treatment at a RTF. (Id.

at 5). Ms. Randall also testified that Mother had agreed to make scheduled,

supervised visits with Child beginning in May 2019, after Child was discharged

from a psychiatric facility.   (Id. at 6).   Mother failed to attend any of the

scheduled visits, which caused Child to act out in a violent manner. (Id. at

6-7).

        At the conclusion of the hearing, the court found continued placement

of Child was necessary, and it suspended Mother’s visits. The placement goal

remained for Child to be returned to Mother, and the court scheduled another

permanency review hearing for November 13, 2019. On October 9, 2019,

Mother filed a notice of appeal and Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a)(2)(i) concise statement

of errors complained of on appeal.

        Mother now raises three issues for our review:

          WHETHER THE TRIAL COURT ABUSED ITS DISCRETION
          WHEN IT TERMINATED MOTHER’S VISITS WHEN THERE
          WAS NO EVIDENCE PRESENTED TO SUPPORT THE FINDING
          THAT MOTHER POSED A GRAVE THREAT TO THE CHILD?

          WHETHER THE TRIAL COURT ABUSED ITS DISCRETION

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         WHEN IT TERMINATED MOTHER’S VISITS WHEN IT DID NOT
         MAKE A PROPER FINDING THAT MOTHER POSED A GRAVE
         THREAT TO THE CHILD?

         WHETHER THE TRIAL COURT ABUSED ITS DISCRETION
         WHEN IT TERMINATED MOTHER’S VISITS WHEN THERE
         EXISTED A PRACTICABLE ALTERNATIVE TO VISITATION,
         EITHER MAKE A REDUCTION IN THE SUPERVISED VISITS
         OR THERAPEUTIC VISITS COULD HAVE BEEN ORDERED?

(Mother’s Brief at 3-4).

      Preliminarily, an appeal to this Court may be taken from: “(1) a final

order, Pa.R.A.P. 341-42; (2) an interlocutory order appealable by right or

permission, 42 Pa.C.S. § 702(a)-(b); Pa.R.A.P. 311-12; or (3) a collateral

order, Pa.R.A.P. 313.” Interest of J.M., 219 A.3d 645, 650 (Pa.Super. 2019)

(internal footnote omitted). Where an order prohibits a parent from visiting a

dependent child, and it is unclear when visitation may resume, the order

qualifies as a collateral order. See Interest of L.B., 2020 PA Super 41 (filed

Feb. 19, 2020).

      Here, the court entered a permanency review order suspending Mother’s

visitation with Child for an indefinite period.   Based on this Court’s recent

decision in Interest of L.B., we conclude that Mother has properly appealed

from a collateral order.     See Interest of L.B., supra (holding order

completely denying visitation was collateral, because right to visitation is too

important to be denied review, and right is irreparably lost if review is

postponed).   See also In re J.S.C., 851 A.2d 189, 191 (Pa.Super. 2004)

(stating order abridging parent’s right to visitation is separable and collateral


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to dependency action, because it does not require analysis of merits of

underlying case).    Compare Interest of J.M., supra (explaining order

prohibiting visits at mother’s home if mother or children tested positive for

drugs was not immediately appealable; order did not eliminate contact

altogether and could be revisited; moreover, mother did not seek permission

to appeal, and order was not appealable as of right). Therefore, we proceed

to address the merits of Mother’s claims.

      On appeal, Mother acknowledges that Child has serious mental health

issues, including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, oppositional defiant

disorder, and bipolar disorder. Mother argues that, despite these diagnoses,

the court suspended Mother’s visits without consulting Child’s mental health

providers. Absent any input from these mental health professionals, Mother

contends the court lacked credible evidence to support the finding that

visitation posed a “grave threat” to Child.

      To the extent the court relied upon Ms. Randall’s testimony that Mother

failed to attend scheduled visits, Mother insists she could not appear due to

her work schedule.    Mother also emphasizes that Child moved four times

between May 2019 and August 2019. Further, Mother claims the court could

have stopped short of imposing a complete suspension of visitation by

reducing the number of visits or reinstating “therapeutic” visits at Child’s RTF.

Based upon the foregoing, Mother concludes this Court must reverse the order

suspending visitation. We disagree.


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      The relevant scope and standard of review in dependency cases is as

follows:

           [W]e must accept the facts as found by the trial court unless
           they are not supported by the record. Although bound by
           the facts, we are not bound by the trial court’s inferences,
           deductions, and conclusions therefrom; we must exercise
           our independent judgment in reviewing the court’s
           determination, as opposed to its findings of fact, and must
           order whatever right and justice dictate. We review for
           abuse of discretion. Our scope of review, accordingly, is of
           the broadest possible nature. It is this Court’s responsibility
           to ensure that the record represents a comprehensive
           inquiry and that the hearing judge has applied the
           appropriate legal principles to that record. Nevertheless, we
           accord great weight to the court’s fact-finding function
           because the court is in the best position to observe and rule
           on the credibility of the parties and witnesses.

Interest of D.M.D.-C., 217 A.3d 279, 283-84 (Pa.Super. 2019) (quoting In

re W.M., 41 A.3d 618, 622 (Pa.Super. 2012)).

      At each permanency review hearing, the court must consider “whether

the visitation schedule for the child with the child’s guardian is adequate,

unless a finding is made that visitation is contrary to the safety or well-being

of the child.” Pa.R.J.C.P. 1608(D)(1)(q).

           The standard against which visitation is measured …
           depends upon the goal mandated in the family service plan.
           Where … reunification still remains the goal of the family
           service plan, visitation will not be denied or reduced unless
           it poses a grave threat.         If … the goal is no longer
           reunification of the family, then visitation may be limited or
           denied if it is in the best interests of the child or children.

           The grave threat standard is met when the evidence      clearly
           shows that a parent is unfit to associate with his      or her
           children; the parent can then be denied the right       to see
           them.     This standard is satisfied when the           parent

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        demonstrates a severe mental or moral deficiency that
        constitutes a grave threat to the child.

In re C.B., 861 A.2d 287, 293-94 (Pa.Super. 2004) (internal citations and

quotation marks omitted).

     Moreover, clear and convincing evidence must support the court’s

determination:

        In reviewing a trial court’s denial of visitation, [this Court]
        look[s] to whether there exists clear and convincing
        evidence that visitation would present a grave threat to the
        child. When making this determination, we must take into
        consideration the express legislative policy of preservation
        of the family. Therefore, the trial court is required to
        consider options such as structured visitation with the aid of
        an agency; only where there are no practicable visitation
        options can visitation be denied.

Interest of L.B., supra at 9 (quoting In Interest of Coast, 561 A.2d 762,

772 (Pa.Super. 1989)).

     Instantly, the court relied on testimony from the CUA case worker in

determining that Mother posed a grave threat to Child:

        Child’s behavior continues to be violent … and she has had
        suicidal thoughts and actions. Visits by Mother, in family
        therapeutic sessions or otherwise, or Mother’s “no shows”
        and lack of visits have posed a grave threat to this child’s
        mental health, safety, and welfare. [The trial court gave]
        great weight … to the testimony of the Case Worker and the
        totality of the circumstances surrounding this case. Mother
        has demonstrated a severe mental or moral deficiency with
        a history of using violent physical discipline and degrading,
        abusive language with this child ….

        Ms. Randall further testified that when she first got this
        case, … Child did not want to have visits with … Mother.
        Belmont[, the psychiatric hospital where Child received
        inpatient care,] offered Mother therapeutic visits with …

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          Child, and although she was not present during those
          [three] or [four] visits, Ms. Randall received email reports
          from Belmont regarding those visits. The reports indicated
          … Child became physically aggressive with … Mother during
          the visits.

          The current permanent placement goal is reunification in
          this case, therefore the “grave threat” standard applies, and
          Mother’s visits, or lack thereof, do pose a grave threat to …
          Child.

(Trial Court Opinion, filed November 6, 2019, at 20-21).

       The court also addressed Mother’s argument regarding alternatives to a

complete suspension of visitation, noting that it had “made various attempts

to structure visitation, in many forms, between Mother and … Child.” (Id. at

21).   These attempts included: 1) receiving a therapist’s recommendation

regarding contact between Mother and Child; 2) therapeutic visits; 3) visits in

accordance with the policies of Child’s RTF; and 4) supervised visits at Child’s

foster home. (Id. at 21-22). Although the court is not averse to implementing

practicable alternatives to visitation, it concluded that Child’s mental health

must stabilize before Mother can continue her involvement in Child’s life.

       Here, the record contains clear and convincing evidence to support the

court’s temporary1 suspension of visitation. See Interest of L.B., supra;

Interest of D.M.D.-C., supra.             We emphasize Ms. Randall’s undisputed

testimony that Mother’s failure to appear for visits resulted in Child “punching


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1 Significantly, the court noted it would develop “the plan for reintroduction of
visitation with Mother” at the next scheduled hearing. (Trial Court Opinion at
16).

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the walls, cursing, [and] attacking people physically,” which forced staff to

restrain Child.   (N.T. Hearing at 7).    Accordingly, we affirm the order

continuing Child’s placement and temporarily suspending visitation.

      Order affirmed.



Judgment Entered.




Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary



Date: 3/16/20




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