           IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS
                       OF TEXAS
                                      NO. AP-76,018



                          PAUL DAVID STOREY, Appellant

                                             v.

                                THE STATE OF TEXAS



                ON DIRECT APPEAL FROM CAUSE NO. 1042204D
                   IN CRIMINAL DISTRICT COURT THREE
                            TARRANT COUNTY



       M EYERS, J., delivered the opinion of the unanimous Court.

                                      OPINION

       Appellant was convicted in September 2008 of capital murder. T EX. P ENAL C ODE

A NN. § 19.03(a)(2). Based on the jury’s answers to the special issues set forth in the
                                                                                       Storey - 2

Texas Code of Criminal Procedure, Article 37.071, sections 2(b) and 2(e), the trial judge

sentenced appellant to death. Art. 37.071, § 2(g).1 Direct appeal to this Court is

automatic. Art. 37.071, § 2(h). After reviewing appellant’s sixteen points of error, we

find them to be without merit. Consequently, we affirm the trial court’s judgment and

sentence of death.

                                  STATEMENT OF FACTS

       Appellant does not challenge the sufficiency of the evidence, but a brief statement

of the facts is helpful for an understanding of appellant’s claims. Appellant was charged

with intentionally causing the death of Jonas Cherry while in the course of committing or

attempting to commit robbery. The record reflects that around 8:15 a.m. on October 16,

2006, Cherry left his house and went to work at the Putt-Putt Golf and Games in Hurst,

Texas (“the Putt-Putt”). When Cherry arrived for work, he passed through the east door,

which was the employees’ entrance, and at 8:43 a.m., he disarmed the security alarm

system. When a co-worker, Timothy Flow, arrived about ten minutes later, he found

Cherry lying in a pool of blood in the office area. Flow noticed that Cherry was holding a

key to the door of the manager’s office, which was locked. Concerned that the

perpetrator might still be present, Flow retreated outside. Once he saw that only his and

Cherry’s cars were in the parking lot, he went back inside to check on Cherry. Based on

his observations, he believed that Cherry was dead. Flow then walked back outside while

       1
        Unless otherwise indicated all references to Articles refer to the Code of Criminal
Procedure.
                                                                                   Storey - 3

calling 9-1-1 on his cell phone, and he waited in his truck until the police arrived. Officer

Samantha Wilburn and Corporal Lonnie Brazell responded first. After speaking with

Flow and observing Cherry’s body, they called for the assistance of additional officers.

       With the help of the manager, Patrick Arenare, police officers gained entry to the

manager’s office, where the business’s surveillance equipment was kept. Four separate

videocassette recorders (“VCRs”) should have been set up for surveillance. However,

one VCR had been stolen, and videotapes had been stolen from two other VCRs. The

fourth VCR still contained a surveillance videotape and was functioning. It was

connected to a video camera that monitored a section of the business’s driveway that led

from the road and into the parking areas. When officers played the videotape, they

observed a red two-door Ford Explorer with its hood up and its lights flashing, rolling

from the direction of the road into the public parking area, and then moving out of view

as it continued through the parking lot. A few minutes later, the Explorer came back into

view, and then it passed out of view again as it rolled toward the employees’ parking area.

This videotape was released to the media and aired on the local news.

       One of appellant’s friends reported that appellant had told her he was present

during the offense and saw who committed it. She provided the police with appellant’s

telephone number. Detective Rick Shelby, a Hurst police officer, contacted appellant by

telephone. Appellant acknowledged that he was a former employee of the Putt-Putt, and
                                                                                       Storey - 4

he admitted that the Explorer that was being shown on the news was his.2 He stated that

he was willing to meet with Shelby at the police station but that he did not have

transportation because his Explorer was not working. He accepted Shelby’s offer of a

ride and provided Shelby with directions to his house. Shelby and Sergeant Craig Teague

then drove to appellant’s house, where they met appellant, appellant’s brother, and a

friend. Appellant and his brother showed them the Explorer. Appellant explained that

the license plates on the Explorer did not match the ones in the video that was being

shown on the news because he had switched the plates in order to do a “gas run.” 3

Appellant then accompanied Shelby and Teague to the police station to make a statement.

       Over the next few days, appellant made three oral statements to police. In his first

statement, he denied participating in any offense but admitted that he was a witness. In

his second statement, he admitted to participating in the offense, but only as a lookout and

by helping others gain entry to the Putt-Putt and by warning them to collect the

surveillance tapes. In his third statement, he admitted that he had planned and

participated in the robbery and that he had shot Cherry.

       All three of appellant’s statements were presented to the jury. The medical

examiner testified that Cherry suffered two gunshots to his head. One shot entered from



       2
          The record reflects that the Explorer was owned by appellant’s mother, but appellant
drove it regularly.
       3
         Appellant explained that this was his term for pumping gas into a vehicle and then
driving away without paying.
                                                                                            Storey - 5

the back, where there was a contact wound. Another shot entered from the front, where

the entry wound indicated a shot fired at close range. Either shot would have been fatal.

Cherry also suffered additional gunshot wounds to both legs and one hand.

                         APPELLANT’S STATEMENTS TO POLICE

       In his eighth point of error, appellant alleges that the trial court erred when it

overruled appellant’s motions to suppress his statements to police because these

statements were involuntary.4 In his ninth and tenth points of error, he asserts that this

error violated his rights under the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States

Constitution and Article I, section 9, of the Texas Constitution.5 In his eleventh point of

error, appellant further complains that his statements to police were taken in violation of

Article 38.22, section 3, of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure.6


       4
           In the body of his argument in support of his eighth point of error, appellant also asserts
that evidence was seized during the search of his vehicle and residence in violation of the Fifth
and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution, Article I, section 9, of the Texas
Constitution, and Articles 1.04, 1.06, 38.22, and 38.23, of the Code of Criminal Procedure.
Appellant mentions that he filed pre-trial motions to suppress this evidence based on the absence
of valid consent and the absence of a valid search warrant. However, he does not assert or argue
that the trial court erred by denying these motions. Nor does he allege any facts or cite any legal
authority in support of these claims. To the extent that he intends to challenge the seized
evidence, his point of error is inadequately briefed. It is also multifarious. See TEX . R. APP . P.
38.1; Cardenas v. State, 30 S.W.3d 384, 393 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000). We decline to address this
portion of appellant’s eighth point of error.
       5
         Because appellant does not argue that the Texas Constitution provides or should
provide greater or different protection than the federal constitution, his tenth point of error is
inadequately briefed and will not be addressed. See Murphy v. State, 112 S.W.3d 592, 596 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2003).
       6
           Appellant’s brief cites to Article 38.22, section 2, which governs the admissibility of
                                                                                       (continued...)
                                                                                             Storey - 6

        Appellant asserts that his statements were involuntary because they were the result

of duress, coercion, and improper promises. Specifically, he alleges that the fact that he

was interviewed multiple times in a small interrogation room, in the presence of multiple

officers, constituted duress and coercion. He also asserts that Shelby, the police officer

who conducted the interviews, made improper promises that induced appellant’s

statements.7

        Appellant did not allege in his motions to suppress or at the suppression hearing

that his statements were taken under duress or coercion due to being interviewed multiple

times in a small interrogation room in the presence of multiple officers. We decline to

address this portion of his argument because it does not comport with his argument at



        6
         (...continued)
written statements. The record in this case does not reflect that any written statements were
admitted into evidence; rather, recordings of appellant’s oral statements were admitted. The
admissibility of oral statements is governed by Article 38.22, section 3. We presume that
appellant intends to rely on Section 3.

        Appellant also alleges that his statements were taken in violation of Article 1.05 and
Article 38.23. However, except for his previous point of error alleging that his statements were
involuntary, appellant does not describe how the taking of his statements violated these articles.
Therefore, any additional grounds of error implicating Article 1.05 and Article 38.23 are
inadequately briefed. See TEX . R. APP . P. 38.1.
        7
          Within this argument, appellant further asserts that his arrest was illegal because the
arrest warrant was not proper and not based on probable cause, and so his third statement, which
was taken after his arrest, was the result of an illegal arrest and the fruit of the poisonous tree, in
violation of the Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution and Article I, section 9, of
the Texas Constitution. Appellant does not describe the contents of the arrest warrant or allege
any facts in support of his conclusory assertions. Therefore this complaint is inadequately
briefed. It is also multifarious. See TEX . R. APP. P. 38.1. We decline to develop appellant’s
argument for him. See Cardenas, 30 S.W.3d at 393.
                                                                                     Storey - 7

trial. See T EX. R. A PP. P. 33.1. However, appellant did argue at the suppression hearing

that his statements were the result of improper promises.

       A trial court’s ruling at a suppression hearing is reviewed for an abuse of

discretion. Rocha v. State, 16 S.W.3d 1, 12 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000); see also Ramos v.

State, 245 S.W.3d 410, 418 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008). An appellate court must view the

evidence in the light most favorable to the trial court’s ruling. State v. Kelly, 204 S.W.3d

808, 818 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006). We afford almost total deference to a trial court’s

determination of historical facts. Montanez v. State, 195 S.W.3d 101, 109 (Tex. Crim.

App. 2006). We do not engage in our own factual review; we determine only whether the

record supports the trial court’s finding. Rocha, 16 S.W.3d at 12. The trial court’s ruling

will be upheld if it is reasonably supported by the record and is correct under any theory

of law applicable to the case. Ramos, 245 S.W.3d at 418.

       The voluntariness of a confession is assessed by looking at the totality of the

circumstances. Barefield v. State, 784 S.W.2d 38, 40-41 (Tex. Crim. App. 1989). A

statement is involuntary, within the meaning of the federal due process clause, only if

there was official, coercive conduct of such a nature that any statement obtained thereby

was unlikely to have been the product of an essentially free and unconstrained choice by

its maker. Alvarado v. State, 912 S.W.2d 199, 211-12 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995).

       Article 38.21 sets forth the terms under which both custodial and non-custodial

statements may be admitted at trial. See Oursbourn v. State, 259 S.W.3d 159, 172 (Tex.
                                                                                    Storey - 8

Crim. App. 2008); State v. Terrazas, 4 S.W.3d 720, 724 & n.2 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999). It

provides that a statement of an accused may be used as evidence against him if it appears

that the statement was freely and voluntarily made without compulsion or persuasion.

Art. 38.21. Article 38.22, section 6, sets out the procedures for litigating voluntariness

claims in all cases where a question is raised as to the voluntariness of a statement of an

accused. Terrazas, 4 S.W.3d at 724. A defendant claiming that his confession is

involuntary has the burden of presenting evidence that raises a voluntariness question. Id.

at 725-28.

       An inculpatory statement is inadmissible as having been induced by an improper

promise if (1) the statement was obtained as a result of the positive promise of a benefit to

the defendant, (2) the promise was made or sanctioned by one in authority, and (3) the

promise was of such a character as would be likely to influence a defendant to speak

untruthfully. Martinez v. State, 127 S.W.3d 792, 794 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004); Hardesty

v. State, 667 S.W.2d 130, 134 (Tex. Crim. App. 1984). The reviewing court looks to

whether the circumstances of the promise would have made the defendant inclined to

admit to a crime he did not commit. Sossamon v. State, 816 S.W.2d 340, 345 (Tex. Crim.

App. 1991).

       Here, the record shows that all three interviews were conducted by Shelby and one

other police officer in an interrogation room at the Hurst Police Department. The first

interview took place on the evening of October 19, 2006. The second interview took
                                                                                       Storey - 9

place on the afternoon of October 20. Later that day, an arrest warrant was prepared and

appellant was taken into custody. On the evening of October 21, appellant was

interviewed a third time.

       Shelby’s testimony at the suppression hearing revealed that appellant’s first

statement was taken after Shelby contacted appellant by telephone and asked him if he

would be willing to go to the police station to give a statement. Shelby testified that this

first interview started around 8:00 p.m. and lasted about one and one-half hours. Shelby

testified, and the audiovisual recording of the interview reflects,8 that at the beginning of

the interview, Shelby advised appellant that he was not in custody and that he could stop

talking and ask Shelby to take him home at any time. Shelby then read appellant his

rights, pausing to explain that appellant had the right to ask for a lawyer before and

during questioning and to remind appellant again that he had the right to stop talking at

any time. He advised appellant that the “room [was] being recorded.” Appellant signed

the card to indicate that he had been advised of his rights and waived them.

       Shelby then asked appellant to describe what had happened. Appellant related that

he had pulled into the Putt-Putt parking lot because he was having car trouble. His friend,

Mark Porter, was with him. While Porter waited in the Explorer, appellant walked to the

building’s entrance to find help, but while he was standing outside the door, he heard a



       8
         State’s Exhibits 2, 4, and 6 are unredacted audiovisual recordings of the three
interviews that the judge reviewed in making her decisions on appellant’s motions to suppress his
statements.
                                                                                    Storey - 10

single popping sound, followed by a quick succession of more popping sounds, that he

believed to be gun shots coming from inside the building. As he ran back to the Explorer

and began to drive away, appellant saw a black man with a gun and a bag walking out of

the building toward a parked Hyundai Sonata where two other black men were waiting.

       At the end of the interview, the officers told appellant that his failure to come

forward with this information led them to suspect that he was involved in the offense.

They asked appellant why he had not contacted the police to tell them what he had

observed. Appellant stated that he had not wanted to get involved in the case. He

insisted that he was telling the truth. The officers asked appellant if he would be willing

to help them eliminate him as a suspect by taking a polygraph examination, reporting the

license plate number of the Sonata if he saw it again, and helping the police contact

Porter. Appellant agreed to do all of these things.

       Shelby testified at the suppression hearing that after the first interview, appellant

directed Shelby and Teague to the house where Porter was staying. Appellant got out of

the police car to speak with a couple who were in a car that was backing out of the

driveway, but he soon returned and told the officers that Porter was not there. The

officers then took appellant home. Appellant and Shelby confirmed that Shelby would

pick appellant up the next day so that he could take a polygraph exam.

       The next day, Shelby told appellant that he had not yet scheduled the polygraph

exam. Appellant advised Shelby that Porter wanted to talk to him, and he accompanied
                                                                                   Storey - 11

Shelby in the police car to a bus station to look for Porter. When they could not find him,

Shelby drove appellant home. While they were sitting in the car outside his house, Shelby

asked appellant if he wanted to talk about something. Appellant said that he did. He

agreed to go with Shelby to the police station to give a second statement.

       The audiovisual recording reveals that this second interview, conducted by Shelby

and Teague, started around 2:20 p.m. and lasted a little less than two hours. At the

beginning of the interview, Shelby again advised appellant of his rights and had him sign

an acknowledgment of his rights. He again asked appellant if he wanted to tell him

something, and appellant advised Shelby that he might know the gunman. Appellant then

described how a man named “Carlos” had promised to give him and Porter some shoes to

sell if they would meet Carlos at the Putt-Putt where he planned to take delivery of the

shoes. Appellant claimed that while he and Porter were waiting in the Explorer in the

parking lot, Carlos and two other men committed a robbery-murder inside the Putt-Putt.

Shelby told appellant that he did not believe appellant had told them everything. He

urged appellant to tell the truth in order to help himself. Shelby told appellant that he

would “go down for capital murder if [he was] not entirely truthful on this thing.” He

told appellant that it looked bad for him to keep coming in and lying on the videotape.

Shelby said a district attorney would be more likely to bring a capital murder case against

appellant if he kept changing his story.
                                                                                   Storey - 12

       Appellant then asserted that he and Porter had acted as lookouts for Carlos and two

other men after Carlos told them that he was going to rob the Putt-Putt because the person

who was supposed to give him the shoes had failed to deliver them. Appellant asserted

that he and Porter never left the Explorer and that he did not know that anyone had been

killed until later, when Carlos told him over the phone that he had shot a Putt-Putt

employee in the back of the head and that another guy had also shot the employee.

Appellant then admitted that he left the Explorer to ring the doorbell while Carlos and the

others went inside, but he still maintained that he returned to the Explorer and waited

there with Porter.

       Reminding appellant that in his first statement he had vividly described hearing

gun shots inside the building, Shelby and Teague expressed disbelief that appellant never

left the Explorer during the offense because he would not have been able to hear the shots

from his vehicle. Appellant then explained that after Carlos and two other men entered

the building, he left his vehicle and walked to the building entrance, where he waited

outside until he heard gun shots. The officers continued to express the opinion that

appellant was not being completely honest. Shelby said, “Uh, we’re trying to help you

man, but you’re, you’re about to take a fall for capital murder, unless you can tell us the

truth.” He added, “I can’t guarantee you one way or the other what’s going to happen but,

I can promise you that people look at honest people who make a mistake differently than

they [look at] somebody who’s squirreling around, lying their head off.”
                                                                                Storey - 13

       Appellant then retracted his story about waiting outside the building’s entrance and

again asserted that he stayed in the Explorer and did not know about the shooting until

Carlos told him about it later. Appellant stated that he had not received any money from

the robbery. However, after the officers revealed that they knew he had been spending

money the day after the robbery, appellant admitted that he had received a share of the

money. He said that Carlos came by his house with some money, and while he was there,

Carlos described what had happened inside the Putt-Putt.

       The officers again expressed skepticism that appellant never left his Explorer

during the offense. Appellant then changed his story again and related how he had

walked to the building’s entrance while Carlos and two other men were inside with the

employee. He stated that one of the men had propped the door open, so he stuck his head

inside to see what they were doing. He heard them talking loudly to the employee, and he

called to them to hurry up. Appellant said that he saw one of the men holding the

employee by the back of his shirt and poking him in the back of his neck with a gun.

       The officers pointed out that appellant would not have been able to see these

events from the building’s entrance. Appellant then asserted that he had walked into the

building far enough to see what was happening. In this version of events, appellant saw

Carlos coming out of the manager’s office, and then he saw Carlos and another man start

to walk away from the employee. Then, he saw them turn around and shoot the
                                                                                     Storey - 14

employee. Appellant ran out of the building and got back into the Explorer, where he

waited for Carlos and the other men to come out.

       The officers told appellant that he had provided a lot of helpful information. But

Shelby added, “I think it’s only really helpful if a judge or a jury, or a district attorney

who’s trying to make a deal with you on this, knows that you’ve been entirely truthful.”

He expressed the view that appellant had gone further into the building than he had

admitted. Shelby explained that some of what appellant told them still did not “add up

to” the physical evidence the police had found. He said that he wanted to believe

appellant.

       Appellant then modified his story again. He stated that before the robbery, he told

Carlos to get the videotapes from the office, and he entered the building during the

robbery to make sure that Carlos got the tapes. Appellant stated that after the robbery,

while they were walking to their cars, he asked Carlos whether he had gotten the tapes,

and Carlos said that he had. Carlos later told appellant that he had taken the tapes apart

and burned them.

       Appellant then stated that he had hidden the license plates he had used during the

robbery in some woods. Initially, he would not specify the place where he had hidden

them. Shelby told him, “You, we’re at the point now, where, you’re toast on a capital

murder.” And then Shelby added, “What you’re, what you’re doing now is kind of

seeing, you know, what, what’s going to happen as a result of it. . . . Cause you’ve
                                                                                  Storey - 15

admitted that you took part in a capital murder. So why are you fooling around with

hiding license plates?” Appellant then described where he had thrown the license plates.

Shelby assured him, “That helps your case if you say, ‘They’re over here,’ and we go over

there, and they’re there.” But Shelby also maintained that appellant’s story still did not

add up completely. He indicated that the police had evidence that appellant did not know

about. Shelby said he would be sick if he had to tell appellant’s mother that in addition to

committing the offense, appellant lied about it “to the very end.”

       Appellant then admitted that he accompanied Carlos and two other men into the

building, heard their conversation with the employee, saw them collect the money, and

watched Carlos and another man shoot the employee. Appellant said that Carlos stood

behind the employee and shot him in the head and the other man shot him after he fell to

the ground. After additional questioning, appellant admitted that before they entered the

building, he rang the door bell so that the employee would open the door for them. He

also admitted that before the robbery, they had been waiting in the parking lot for the

employee to arrive, and they watched him park his car and go into the building.

       The officers and appellant then discussed Porter. Appellant stated that he believed

Porter would want to cooperate with them so that he would not “face what the gunman is

gonna face.” Shelby discussed capital murder with appellant. Appellant acknowledged

that the potential punishment was death and that he might face lethal injection. Shelby

said, “I don’t know what’s gonna happen in your case.” He added, “But I do know that
                                                                                       Storey - 16

people have a hard time putting a guy who made a mistake, sending him down to death

row. A guy with a clean record like yours, provided he’s honest and made a mistake. . . .

[W]hat that requires of you, I think, is that you just be entirely truthful.” Shelby

mentioned again that he wanted to be able to tell appellant’s mother that appellant had

been honest. He then advised appellant that he was free to go and offered to give him a

ride home. He asked appellant to show him where the license plates were hidden and to

help him find Porter, and appellant assented.

       Shelby testified at the suppression hearing that while they were en route to search

for the license plates, Shelby was called back to the police station. Another officer then

took appellant to find the license plates. Appellant was arrested later that day. His third

interview began the next day, around 6:25 p.m., and lasted about one and one-half hours.

       The audiovisual recording reflects that Shelby and Detective Billy Keadle

conducted the third interview. Shelby again read appellant his rights, advising him this

time that he was in custody. Shelby indicated that they had spoken with Porter. He again

urged appellant to be honest. He told appellant that he knew Carlos was not involved and

that it was just appellant and Porter. Shelby admonished appellant that he needed to be

honest for his own good. He said that he and the other officers respected appellant but

that it was hard to respect someone who was not honest. Shelby said that a judge or jury

would recognize that appellant was “not hard” and just made a mistake. He anticipated

that if appellant did not tell them what had happened, the “last image” everyone would
                                                                                   Storey - 17

have of appellant would be the videotape of his second interview being played in court,

with his mother and friends watching, and it would show him “lying like a schoolboy.”

Shelby admonished appellant that he would not “want to be remembered for telling some

silly little story.” He again encouraged appellant to be honest, telling him that he had a

“huge conscience” and that his mother raised him to know right from wrong. Shelby told

appellant that based on the evidence they had, appellant was “good [for] the offense” and

so he might as well “do what’s right.”

       Appellant voluntarily waived his right to remain silent, but at first he hesitated to

talk about the offense. Shelby again confronted appellant with the fact that Porter had

given a statement, and he exhorted appellant to be truthful because he was already “in up

to [his] neck.” Appellant remarked that he did not think it mattered whether he was

honest because his life was already over. Part of this exchange was as follows:

       STOREY:       I’m twenty-two years old.
       SHELBY:       Mm hm.
       STOREY:       And right now I’m looking death in its face.
       SHELBY:       You’re looking death in its face. Jonas’? Your own death?
                     Let’s think about Jonas’ death. Can we think about somebody
                     else for just a minute? Did he deserve to die over a few
                     hundred dollars? He didn’t, did he? And yet it, just a split-
                     second decision with no thought, his life is gone. You’re
                     gonna have the rest of your life to live. You might do some
                     prison time. You might not do any. I don’t know. I do know
                     that you need to do what’s right, at this moment. You think
                     about Jonas. A man just showing up for work like he did
                     every day with his lunch in his hand. Just a regular guy,
                     married. He didn’t know what was about to happen to him
                                                                                     Storey - 18

                      that day but you knew what was gonna happen to him that
                      day. When you’re twenty-seven, you’ll still be alive and
                      kicking. Everything you’ve told us now looks poorly on you.
                      Because you sat there and didn’t tell the truth. It puts you
                      there so you’re good for the offense. So why not just do
                      what’s right from here on? Let’s clear this thing up.
       Shelby and Keadle both continued to encourage appellant to tell them the truth

about what happened. They asked appellant whether he intended to kill anyone before he

and Porter went into the Putt-Putt, or whether the killing was just an accident. They

expressed the view that appellant just wanted to get some easy money. They asked

appellant where Cherry was when they walked in. Appellant answered that Cherry had

been standing in the door.

       Appellant then admitted that he had confronted Cherry with a gun, made Cherry

open the office, and collected the VCR and videotapes, while Porter made Cherry open

the safe, fill a trash bag with money, and hand Porter the bag. Appellant asserted that

Porter did most of the talking. He stated that Porter accidentally shot Cherry in the back

of the head and then appellant fired at least four additional shots. Later, appellant and

Porter unraveled the videotapes and burned them in a metal bucket. Appellant stated that

he threw the VCR he had taken into the lake, along with his license plates, and that he and

Porter sold the semi-automatic nine millimeter guns they had used. Appellant indicated

that they split the money from the robbery “straight down the middle.” Shelby then asked

appellant, “What made you all decide to shoot Jonas?” Appellant stated that Porter

accidentally fired the first shot and then appellant just “kind of got caught up in all of it.”
                                                                                    Storey - 19

       Appellant later told a slightly different version of the story, in which he related that

he did most of the talking, telling Porter what to do and ordering Cherry around. He

again asserted that Porter shot Cherry first. The officers questioned this assertion based

on the blood spatter evidence, but appellant continued to maintain that Porter fired the

first shot. He stated that Cherry, from a kneeling position in front of the safe, said,

“[P]lease, I gave you what you want,” and “[D]on’t hurt me,” and then Porter said,

“[S]hut up,” and fired. Shelby said that did not sound like an accident. Appellant

acknowledged that he did not know whether it was an accident.

       The trial court watched the audiovisual recordings of appellant’s statements and

heard the evidence and arguments at the suppression hearing before making findings on

the record. The trial court found that appellant was not in custody during the first two

statements. The court found that appellant was in custody during the third statement, but

the police complied with Article 38.22, and that appellant’s statement was freely given

after he knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily waived his rights. The trial court found

that although some of Shelby’s comments “could easily be classified as bizarre,

uncomfortable, or maybe inappropriate,” they were not unlawful and they did not

unlawfully induce appellant’s statements. Accordingly, the court denied appellant’s

motions to suppress his statements.

       Appellant does not challenge the trial court’s finding that he was not in custody

when he gave the first two statements. Appellant does not allege, and the record does not
                                                                                   Storey - 20

show, that he did not voluntarily go with Shelby to the police station to give his first two

statements or that he did not understand and believe Shelby’s assurances that he could

stop talking and ask to be taken home at any time. See Chambers v. State, 866 S.W.2d 9,

19 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993) (“[W]here the circumstances show that the person voluntarily

accompanied the police in the investigation of a crime, and he knew or should have

known that the police might suspect that he is implicated in the offense, whether he is

acting upon the invitation, urging, or request of police officers, and not being forced,

coerced or threatened, the act is voluntary and the person is not then in custody”).

       Concerning appellant’s third statement, the trial court did not err when it found

that the officers who interviewed appellant complied with Article 38.22. The record

shows, and appellant acknowledges in his brief, that he received the required warnings

and waived his rights at the beginning of the third interview.

       Toward the end of the first interview, Shelby asked appellant to help with some

additional investigation so that Shelby could eliminate appellant as a suspect. This was

not an improper promise. Furthermore, it was made after appellant had given his first

statement, and so it could not have influenced appellant’s decision to give that statement.

During the second interview, Shelby asserted that appellant’s information would only be

helpful if a judge or district attorney wanting to make a deal knew that appellant had been

truthful. This assertion did not positively promise a benefit to appellant, nor was it likely

to induce a false confession.
                                                                                    Storey - 21

       During appellant’s third statement, Shelby told appellant that he would not want to

lose the respect of his community and embarrass his mother, and that he needed to do

what was right. These statements did not constitute improper promises likely to induce a

false confession. Shelby’s representations that appellant could help his case by being

honest, that he might or might not do prison time, and that he would be less likely to be

charged with capital murder or to receive the death penalty if he told police the whole

story, may present a closer call. However, even assuming arguendo that such

representations constituted positive promises made or sanctioned by one in authority, it is

within the zone of reasonable disagreement to conclude that they were unlikely to induce

a false confession. The trial court did not abuse its discretion in finding that Shelby’s

comments did not unlawfully induce appellant’s statement.

       Nothing in the record indicates that any of appellant’s statements to police resulted

from duress and coercion or were induced by improper promises. The record shows that

appellant’s statements were voluntary, were taken in compliance with Article 38.22,

section 3, and did not violate appellant’s federal constitutional rights. Therefore, the trial

court did not abuse its discretion by overruling appellant’s motions to suppress his

statements to police. Points of error eight through eleven are overruled.

                                    GENERAL VENIRE

       In his first point of error, appellant complains that the trial court erred in denying

his motion to quash the jury panel due to noncompliance with proper jury procedures
                                                                                     Storey - 22

when, without a judge and outside of his presence, the prospective jurors submitted juror

cards and were granted purported disqualifications and excuses. Appellant argues that the

trial court’s instruction to the jury bailiff to summon 150 additional prospective jurors for

the general venire–an instruction that was given because the trial court intended to draw a

capital jury panel from the general venire–effectively constituted a special venire as

defined by Article 34.01. He reasons that, because this was a special venire, the court

was required to comply with Article 35.03, section 1, which mandates that the trial court

shall hear and determine excuses offered for not serving as a juror, including claims of

exemption or lack of qualification. Appellant asserts that this provision was violated

when the jury bailiff, as the court’s designee, heard and determined such excuses. He

points out that Section 2 expressly provides that a court’s designee may hear and

determine excuses in non-capital felony cases, and he reasons that the absence of similar

language in Section 1 signifies that a court’s designee may not hear and determine

excuses in a capital felony case. See Art. 35.03 § 2. Appellant urges that he was harmed

by the error because potential jurors were excused without proper verification, and the

integrity of his jury was compromised.

       We have rejected similar arguments in the past. See Chambers, 903 S.W.2d at 30;

Esquivel v. State, 595 S.W.2d 516, 519-20 (Tex. Crim. App. 1980). When at least one

hundred prospective jurors have been summoned for the week in which the capital case is

set for trial, the decision whether to order a special venire is a matter within the trial
                                                                                   Storey - 23

judge’s discretion. Esquivel, 595 S.W.2d at 519-20. Nothing in the plain language of

Article 35.03 prevents a judge from designating court personnel to make determinations

with respect to venirepersons who have not yet been assigned to a capital case.

Chambers, 903 S.W.2d at 30.

       The record shows that at the time of trial, Tarrant County summoned hundreds of

prospective jurors daily. The jury bailiff summoned people to jury duty and then decided

exemptions and disqualifications in the general assembly before assigning jury panels to

the requesting courts. Appellant’s counsel was present while the jury bailiff decided

these exemptions and disqualifications, and he did not complain of any errors during that

process. Once a jury panel was assigned to the trial court presiding over appellant’s case,

the trial judge personally conducted the excusal process.

       The jury bailiff acknowledged that she would call 400 people to a typical

“Thursday panel,” but that she called 900 people for this Thursday panel because she had

notice from the trial court that it would be requesting 150 jurors for a capital trial. We

decline to find that such a notice had the effect of imposing the procedural requirements

of a special venire on the general assembly. See, e.g., Chambers, 903 S.W.2d at 29 (no

abuse of discretion when general veniremembers who had gone through exemption and

qualification process with court’s designee were added to special venire during voir dire,

after the trial court determined that the special venire did not provide enough prospective

jurors); Taylor v. State, 420 S.W.2d 601, 604-05 (Tex. Crim. App. 1967) (contemplating
                                                                                   Storey - 24

the summoning of additional veniremen “[i]n capital cases, upon the exhaustion of a

special venire or the jury panel for the week”).

       In his second and third points of error, appellant alleges that designating the jury

bailiff to decide exemptions and disqualifications violated his rights under the Sixth and

Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution and his rights under Article I,

Section 14, of the Texas Constitution. Appellant’s argument in support of these points

consists of two sentences in which he (1) describes the general assembly as a “critical

stage of the criminal proceeding” at which he and his attorneys were entitled to be

present, and (2) declares that allowing a court’s designee to hear and determine excuses

violated his rights under the Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States

Constitution and Article I, Section 14 of the Texas Constitution. This argument is

inadequately briefed and we decline to address it. See T EX. R. A PP. P. 38.1; Chambers,

903 S.W.2d at 31 n.13 (rejecting, as inadequately briefed, appellant’s largely unsupported

claim of federal constitutional right to be present while trial court heard and ruled on

excuses and disqualifications of venirepersons); see also Murphy, 112 S.W.3d at 596.

       The trial court did not err in denying appellant’s motion to quash the jury panel

due to noncompliance with proper jury procedures or any constitutional violation. Points

of error one through three are overruled.
                                                                                    Storey - 25

               LIMITATION ON QUESTIONING DURING VOIR DIRE

       In his fourth and fifth points of error, appellant complains that the trial court

abused its discretion when it sustained the State’s objections to his questioning of

prospective juror James Griffin concerning his understanding of “reasonable doubt.”

Appellant asserts that he was harmed because he “was forced to accept a juror without

discovering his views on reasonable doubt and was denied a chance to develop a

challenge for cause” with respect to Griffin, who was then seated as the twelfth juror.

Appellant argues that, as a result, his rights under the Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments

to the United States Constitution and Article I, Section 10, of the Texas Constitution were

violated.

       Part of the constitutional guarantee of the right to an impartial jury is an adequate

voir dire to identify unqualified jurors. Morgan v. Illinois, 504 U.S. 719, 729 (1992).

“Without an adequate voir dire the trial judge’s responsibility to remove prospective

jurors who will not be able impartially to follow the court’s instructions and evaluate the

evidence cannot be fulfilled.” Id. at 729-30. “The Sixth Amendment guarantee to trial by

an impartial jury includes the right to have jurors that can follow the law and consider the

evidence. In other words, the jury must be able to make an independent determination

based on the facts presented at trial, not on any personal opinions they may have.” Raby

v. State, 970 S.W.2d 1, 10 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998). We have held that the protection of

the Sixth Amendment extends to “the right to question veniremembers in order to
                                                                                         Storey - 26

intelligently exercise peremptory challenges” as well as challenges for cause. See, e.g.,

Franklin v. State, 138 S.W.3d 351, 354 & n.15 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004).9

       Article I, Section 10, of the Texas Constitution protects a defendant’s “right of

being heard,” which includes the right to pose proper questions during jury voir dire. See

Jones v. State, 223 S.W.3d 379, 381-82 & n.4 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007); Franklin, 138

S.W.3d at 357; Gonzales v. State, 994 S.W.2d 170, 171-72 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999); but

see Barajas v. State, 93 S.W.3d 36, 42-45 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002) (Womack, J.,

concurring) (questioning whether the Texas constitutional right should include a right to

ask questions that are not relevant to a challenge for cause). The defendant’s right to

question jurors in order to intelligently and effectively exercise peremptory challenges

and challenges for cause must be harmonized with the right of the trial court to impose

reasonable restrictions on the exercise of voir dire examination. McCarter v. State, 837

S.W.2d 117, 119-20 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992); Ratliff v. State, 690 S.W.2d 597, 599 (Tex.

Crim. App. 1985); see also Woolridge v. State, 827 S.W.2d 900, 905 (Tex. Crim. App.

1992) (stating that in capital murder cases, trial judges have been allowed to limit

individual voir dire when it appeared to be taking an unreasonable length of time). For

instance, the trial court may curtail repetitive questioning. Guerra v. State, 771 S.W.2d



       9
          The United States Supreme Court has held that peremptory challenges are not required
by the United States Constitution, and so the fact that a proffered question would prompt “a
revelation [that] would be of some use in exercising peremptory challenges” does not mean that
such a question is compelled by the federal constitution, so long as the failure to ask it does not
render the trial fundamentally unfair. Mu’Min v. Virginia, 500 U.S. 415, 425 (1991).
                                                                                   Storey - 27

453, 467 (Tex. Crim. App. 1988); Phillips v. State, 701 S.W.2d 875, 889 (Tex. Crim.

App. 1985), overruled on other grounds by Hernandez v. State, 757 S.W.2d 744, 752

(Tex. Crim. App. 1988). Moreover, if a prospective juror states his position clearly,

unequivocally, and without reservation, the trial court does not err in refusing to permit

further questioning. Phillips, 701 S.W.2d at 889. Thus, not every restriction of an

otherwise proper question during voir dire constitutes an abuse of discretion. See, e.g.,

Lagrone v. State, 942 S.W.2d 602, 609 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997); Wheatfall v. State, 882

S.W.2d 829, 834-35 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994).

       A prospective juror’s understanding of reasonable doubt is a proper line of inquiry.

The plain language of Article 35, section 2, provides that the parties may question

prospective jurors on the principle of reasonable doubt:

       In a capital felony case, in which the State seeks the death penalty, the court
       shall propound to the entire panel of prospective jurors questions
       concerning the principles as applicable to the case on trial, of reasonable
       doubt, burden of proof, return of indictment by grand jury, presumption of
       innocence, and opinion. Then, on demand of the State or defendant, either
       is entitled to examine each juror on voir dire individually and apart from the
       entire panel, and may further question the juror on the principles
       propounded by the court.

Art. 35.17, § 2. Additionally, we have stated that a trial court abuses its discretion when

it refuses to allow the defendant to voir dire a prospective juror about what he thinks

reasonable doubt means. See Goff v. State, 931 S.W.2d 537, 550 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996)

(citing Lane v. State, 828 S.W.2d 764, 766 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992)); Dinkins v. State, 894
                                                                                      Storey - 28

S.W.2d 330, 344-45 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995); see also Rich v. State, 160 S.W.3d 575, 576

(Tex. Crim. App. 2005).

       Should a proffered question be erroneously denied during individual voir dire, the

error is subject to a harm analysis. See, e.g., Woods v. State, 152 S.W.3d 105, 109 (Tex.

Crim. App. 2004); see also Gardner v. State, 733 S.W.2d 195, 212 (Tex. Crim. App.

1987). We will disregard the error unless a substantial right has been affected. Woods,

152 S.W.3d at 109-10. We have found no harm in cases where the record reflects that

counsel was able to ask the venireman a question that was essentially the same as the

denied question, or to elicit the same information that the denied question sought to elicit.

See id. at 110; Rachal v. State, 917 S.W.2d 799, 815 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996). Moreover,

even if the denial of the question hampered the defendant’s ability to intelligently exercise

a peremptory challenge or to develop a challenge for cause, the defendant must show that,

as a result, he was forced to accept an objectionable juror. Cannady v. State, 11 S.W.3d

205, 210 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000); Narvaiz v. State, 840 S.W.2d 415, 427 (Tex. Crim.

App. 1992).10




       10
           The erroneous prohibition of proper questioning of individual prospective jurors is
subject to the harm analysis traditionally applied to the erroneous denial of a defendant’s
challenge for cause. For the erroneous denial of challenges for cause, a defendant is harmed only
if (1) he exhausts all of his peremptory challenges, (2) he requests more challenges, (3) his
request is denied, and (4) he identifies an objectionable person seated on the jury on whom he
would have exercised a peremptory challenge. Anson v. State, 959 S.W.2d 203, 204 (Tex. Crim.
App. 1997) (citing Janecka v. State, 937 S.W.2d 456, 470-71 & 471 n.9 (Tex. Crim. App.
1996)).
                                                                                     Storey - 29

       The record in this case reveals that prospective jurors were questioned about the

principle of reasonable doubt during individual voir dire. During the individual voir dire

of Griffin, the prosecutor first discussed the meaning of reasonable doubt in the context

of future dangerousness:

       Q. Okay. Do you think that I could convince you, I mean – and I’m not
       asking what specific facts, but do you think that I could – that you’re the
       type of person that could be convinced that someone’s a future threat to
       society?
       A. I will answer it yes if that’s based on the facts and the evidence that you
       present to me that overwhelms me in that regard, yes.
       Q. Okay. And let me – let me back up, because I’ve kind of skipped over
       this as to what beyond a reasonable doubt is.
             Make no mistake, it is the highest legal standard in any courtroom in
       the United States. It doesn’t mean a hundred percent. It doesn’t mean
       beyond a shadow of a doubt.
             How would you ever know something one hundred percent? How
       would you personally ever know something one hundred percent?
       A. I – I guess you couldn’t know something one hundred percent, I guess.
       Q. Okay. Think about when your – how old are your children?
       A. I have one daughter. She’s 27.
       Q. Okay. All right. Think back to when she was little. Okay? How would
       you ever know a hundred percent she brushed her teeth?
       A. Well, I mean, I would know by the evidence.
       Q. Okay.
       A. Which would be the used toothpaste, toothbrush, water in the sink.
       Q. If you sat there and watched her do it?
       A. Or watched her.
       Q. Okay. Do you think that that would be what would convince you a
       hundred percent?
                                                                           Storey - 30

A. True, yes.
Q. Okay. That would make you a witness to it. All right? You can’t be a
witness and be a juror, so the law doesn’t impose that one hundred percent
standard on us.
       We could never prove anything a hundred percent because,
obviously, we can’t put even one juror [sic], let alone 12 eyewitnesses, on a
jury. Okay?
A. Okay.
Q. So do you see how it’s not a hundred percent?
A. Right.
Q. It’s not beyond all possible doubt. But I don’t want to minimize it
because it is the highest standard. Okay?
A. Agree.
Q. All right. So do you feel like, looking at the evidence, that I could
convince you, depending on the facts, that there are facts that could
convince you that a Defendant is a future threat to society?
A. Yes. If the evidence that you present makes the case, yes.
Q. Okay. And if you did not believe that somebody was a future threat to
society, your answer would be no to this question?
A. That is correct.
Q. And he would get a life sentence without parole. Okay?
A. Correct.
Q. All right. If you answer this question yes, then you move on to the
second question.
       And this is where we talked about the difference between should
have anticipated and actually anticipated. Okay? Because you look at this
question and it begins the same way, do you find beyond a reasonable
doubt. Okay? Because that tells you [the prosecutor] has a responsibility. I
have a job to do to prove to you that this answer must be yes. Okay?
A. Okay.
                                                                                      Storey - 31

      Later, defense counsel discussed the State’s burden to prove all the elements of the

offense beyond a reasonable doubt:

      Q. Beyond a reasonable doubt is not legally defined. And it’s kind of
      interesting because if – if we go to the Court in a civil suit, if you sue me
      for backing into your car in the parking lot and sue me for damages,
      whoever has – whoever proves their case by a preponderance of the
      evidence in a civil court is going to win.
             And preponderance of the evidence is the standard of proof that is
      applied to making that decision by the jury, and it’s legally defined. It’s the
      greater weight and degree of the credible evidence.
             And we sometimes illustrate it with a set of scales. Whichever side
      can tip the scales one way or another, they’re entitled to a verdict. Anything
      over 50 percent of the evidence, I win.
             See how that works?
      A. Yes, sir.
      Q. Okay. Beyond a reasonable doubt, while it’s not defined, it is more than
      that. All right?
             If the State comes in to try to terminate my parental rights of my
      seven-year-old son on the basis that I’m an unfit parent, the State has to
      prove that I am unfit by clear and convincing evidence. Okay? And that’s
      legally defined.
             And it means evidence of such a nature that would be sufficient to
      establish in the juror’s mind a firm conviction or belief as to – as to the truth
      of the allegation that I’m unfit. Okay?
      A. Okay.
      Q. Proof beyond a reasonable doubt is more than that. Okay?
            It says proof beyond a reasonable doubt. And – and I guess when –
      you know, the law says that that’s not proof beyond all doubt because we
      presume there may be some doubts that are not based in reason. All right?
      A. Okay.
      Q. But any doubt, any reasonable doubt, is sufficient to return a verdict of
      not guilty. It’s the highest burden recognized in the law.
                                                                           Storey - 32

       You see – do you have some feel for what we’re looking at in that
regard?
A. Yes, sir.
Q. Okay. It’s – and it’s even more difficult because it’s an individual
standard. We don’t tell the jury, go back there and come up with a
definition for the group as to what beyond a reasonable doubt means.
Okay?
A. Okay.
Q. It’s that degree of satisfaction or confidence that you have to have acting
as a juror that the evidence tells you you’re doing the right thing, so to
speak.
        And if you don’t have that confidence, if you don’t have that degree
of satisfaction, basically, that that’s the right answer, if you’ve got some
reasonable doubt based on the evidence, then you’re – you find him not
guilty. Okay?
A. Okay.
Q. Do you have any questions about that?
      Do you feel like you have some understanding about what we’re
looking for or what we’re talking about when we say proof beyond a
reasonable doubt?
A. Yes, sir, I do understand that concept and I – I believe I can – based on
the evidence and the facts, I can make a determination.
Q. Okay. Do you have some thought as to what it might personally mean to
you? I mean, in light of all the – what we’ve discussed, as to what that
standard might personally mean to [you]?
MS. JACK: I’m going to object. That calls for a commitment question.
THE COURT: Calls for a what?
MS. JACK: Commitment answer.
THE COURT: I’m sorry. I couldn’t hear you.
MS. JACK: Commitment answer, Judge, as to what his personal definition
of reasonable doubt is.
THE COURT: Okay. I’ll sustain the objection to the question.
                                                                             Storey - 33

Q. (By Mr. Moore) Well, let me just ask you, what is your definition of
beyond a reasonable doubt?
MS. JACK: Same objection, Judge.
THE COURT: I’ll – I’m going to sustain the objection to the question.
MR. MOORE: Okay.
Q. (By Mr. Moore) Well, let me go on.
        Whatever it means to you is the burden that you – you got to prove.
Okay?
      And they got to prove every element. Earlier Ms. Jack was talking to
you about, you know, some elements – they got to prove it all, not – not just
some.
       And some jurors have problems with looking at the elements of the
offense. You know, it’s a pretty easy decision if the question is did they get
the right weapon, did they do it – you know, they pled that he hit him in the
head with a brick and the evidence shows that they pushed him over the
edge of a cliff.
        You see what I mean?
A. I do.
Q. And the law says that the jury, if they have a doubt on any of the
evidence, whether it’s by mistake on their part or whatever it is, if they
don’t meet the burden of proof on any element, the result is the same.
                                     ***
And – and I guess that’s the end of the story because – I mean, the end of
the question because the jurors look at this and say, well, you know, if I find
the guy not guilty because he hit him in the head with an ax instead of
shooting him with a gun, the guy goes home, you know, and it’s all over.
Then I’m – I’m in a position of letting somebody off on a murder that I
know that he committed, it’s just because of some oversight, mistake or
vagary of the proof that I’m being required to do that.
       And it takes a certain degree of mental discipline and fortitude in
order to do that in that circumstance. You see what I mean?
A. Yes, sir.
                                                                                   Storey - 34

       After counsel finished questioning Griffin, he challenged him for cause, asserting

that the court erred by restricting the voir dire and not allowing him to ask Griffin his

understanding of the term, “reasonable doubt.” The challenge for cause was denied.

Counsel had already exhausted his peremptory challenges, and so he moved for an

additional peremptory challenge, asserting that Griffin was an objectionable juror, and

that if he had an additional peremptory challenge, he would exercise it on Griffin. The

trial court denied this motion. Griffin was seated as the twelfth juror.

       Appellant’s proffered questions concerned a proper area of inquiry. Arguably,

these questions were not repetitive because, when counsel asked them, Griffin had not yet

been asked to provide his definition of reasonable doubt. However, a review of the whole

voir dire reveals that the parties covered this area of inquiry thoroughly, and Griffin

responded to their questions without equivocation. Griffin clearly stated that he would

require the State to prove every element of the offense, and the first two punishment

issues, beyond a reasonable doubt. Both parties explained the State’s burden of proof,

and Griffin affirmed that he understood this burden and that he would hold the State to it.

When the State’s objections to the proffered questions were sustained, counsel discussed

the mental discipline and fortitude that might be required to hold the State to its burden of

proving every element as charged. Griffin again affirmed that he understood and would

follow the law.
                                                                                     Storey - 35

       Even assuming that the trial court erred by sustaining the State’s objections to the

proffered questions, appellant was not harmed. A review of the entire voir dire reveals

that Griffin’s understanding of “reasonable doubt” would not render him challengeable

for cause. He affirmed that he understood the parties’ explanations of the State’s burden

of proof and that he would set aside his personal views and follow the law. See Murphy,

112 S.W.3d at 597-98; Wheatfall, 882 S.W.2d at 835. Griffin’s answers to the proffered

questions might have informed the intelligent exercise of a peremptory challenge, but

appellant had already exhausted his peremptory challenges when Griffin came before the

court for questioning. Appellant was not entitled to receive additional peremptory

challenges. See Art. 35.15(a), (d); Hogue v. State, 711 S.W.2d 9, 28 (Tex. Crim. App.

1986) (whether to grant additional peremptory challenges is within the trial court’s

discretion). Accordingly, even assuming that the proffered questions were denied in

error, appellant was not harmed.

       Points of error four and five are overruled.

                                    BATSON CHALLENGE

       In his sixth point of error, appellant alleges that the trial court erred in overruling

his Batson 11 objection to the State’s use of a peremptory challenge on prospective juror

Curtis Patterson, an African-American. Appellant argues that the State’s proffered race-

neutral reasons for challenging Patterson are not supported by the record and are



       11
            Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79 (1986).
                                                                                      Storey - 36

insufficient to rebut the prima facie case of racial discrimination. Appellant further

argues that he demonstrated that the prosecutor’s proffered reasons were merely a pretext

because defense counsel proved “that several white jurors preferred rehabilitation but

were not challenged by the state and that no juror was sleeping.” 12

       A defendant objecting under Batson must make a prima facie showing of racial

discrimination in the State’s exercise of its peremptory challenges. See Batson, 476 U.S.

at 106; see also Mathis v. State, 67 S.W.3d. 918, 924 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002). The

burden then shifts to the State to articulate race-neutral explanations for its strikes.

Mathis, 67 S.W.3d at 924. Once the prosecutor has articulated race-neutral explanations,

the burden shifts back to the defendant to show that the explanations are a pretext for

discrimination. Id. The trial court must then determine whether the defendant has carried

his burden of proving discrimination by a preponderance of the evidence. Id.; see also

Watkins v. State, 245 S.W.3d 444, 447 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008). This step of the Batson

inquiry involves an evaluation of the prosecutor’s credibility, in which the trial court’s

firsthand observations of the demeanor of the prosecutor and, frequently, the demeanor of

the prospective juror are of great importance. Snyder v. Louisiana, 552 U.S. 472, 477




       12
           Appellant asserts that defense counsel proved “that several white jurors preferred
rehabilitation but were not challenged by the state and that no juror was sleeping.” However,
defense counsel never mentioned during voir dire that white jurors who “preferred rehabilitation”
were not challenged by the State, and the record is devoid of any reference to a sleeping juror.
Appellant has not identified any non-African-Americans who served on the jury and who were
similarly situated to Patterson.
                                                                                   Storey - 37

(2008). The ultimate burden of persuasion regarding racial discrimination never shifts

from the defendant. Purkett v. Elem, 514 U.S. 765, 768 (1995).

       When the prosecutor has articulated race-neutral explanations and the trial court

has ruled on the ultimate question of discrimination, the issue of whether an appellant

established a prima facie case becomes moot. Cantu v. State, 842 S.W.2d 667, 689 (Tex.

Crim. App. 1992). On appeal, the trial court’s determination is accorded great deference

and the trial court’s ruling will not be disturbed unless it is clearly erroneous. Gibson v.

State, 144 S.W.3d 530, 534 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004); Mathis, 67 S.W.3d at 924.

       Here, during the State’s voir dire, Patterson indicated that he had previously served

on juries in criminal cases but he had never been called upon to reach a verdict because

the cases were always dismissed or the parties reached a plea agreement. He did not

recall that any of those cases involved an offense more serious than a traffic ticket. He

indicated that his sister had once been employed as a jailer. Patterson did not express any

confusion or hesitation about finding a defendant guilty in a capital case if the State

proved the elements of the charged offense beyond a reasonable doubt.

       The questioning then focused on the requisite mental state for capital murder and

the parties issues at guilt and punishment, and Patterson indicated that he understood the

prosecutor’s explanations. When the prosecutor’s questioning turned to the future

dangerousness issue, Patterson’s responses revealed no confusion or hesitation.

However, when the State asked Patterson whether he could keep an open mind in
                                                                                    Storey - 38

deciding whether to give an affirmative or negative answer to the mitigation issue,

Patterson returned to the topic of future dangerousness:

       Q. Okay. You – you will receive an instruction that a mitigating
       circumstance is a circumstance or evidence that a juror might regard as
       reducing the person’s moral blameworthiness. Okay?
       A. Uh-huh.
                                            ***
       Q. But if you’ve answered those first two questions yes, you get this
       question. All right? And when you get to this question, it’s asking you to
       step back and review all the evidence.
             Some people might say, You know what? I found him guilty, I said
       he was a future danger, and he meant that this person die. Okay?
       A. (Moving head up and down.)
       Q. In their mind, there’s never going to be something that outweighs all of
       that, okay –
       A. Uh-huh.
       Q. – that’s sufficiently mitigating to warrant a life sentence. Okay?
       A. (Moving head up and down.)
       Q. Do you think that this is a question, depending on the circumstances, that
       could be answered yes or no?
              Or is that one you’d be inclined, if you got this far, to answer it no so
       the death penalty resulted?
             Or let me ask you the reverse. Would you be inclined at this point to
       always want to answer that yes to spare somebody the death penalty?
       A. It has a lot to do with – if the person, to me, is going to go out and do all
       this over again, if – it has a lot to do with, you know, just like I say, his
       background, everything. Because this all has to play in there whether he’s
       going to continue to do this.
       Q. Okay. Remember, I don’t have to prove he’s going to kill again. All
       right?
                                                                              Storey - 39

        He’s – you know, a life sentence would be that he be locked up the
rest of his life.
A. Well, I can – you know, I can see a life sentence for all that’s been done,
but as far as if you give him the death penalty, that’s – you going to have to
– you know, to me, I have to see it in my mind that he’s going to be worse
in the – in the prison system and go out there and hurt the population in the
prison system to even go death penalty.
Q. Okay. So are you saying that I would have to – well, I mean, you
remember in the first question you would have answered that you felt that
he was a future danger, that he’d continue to commit criminal acts –
A. Right.
Q. – of violence, okay?
A. I mean, you can always do that in the prison system, too.
Q. So – okay.
       So do you think that’s something I would be – ever be able to prove
to you, knowing that he would be locked up for the rest of his life?
       I mean, would you require me to prove – I mean, you already
required me to prove – or I’m required to prove that first question should be
yes. Okay?
A. Uh-huh.
Q. But I want to make sure I understood your question – I mean, your –
your answer that – when you said that I would have to prove it to you that
he would continue to do this in prison?
A. Well, see, it’s – it’s just like that. Prison system is a population, too. It’s
just they’re locked down.
Q. Uh-huh.
A. I mean, if you’re going to go into the prison system and take lives, I
mean, that tells me that it doesn’t make any difference where you are, inside
or out. That would probably be – I would lean – lean more towards, you
know . . .
Q. Lean toward – more as toward what?
A. The – the death penalty.
                                                                           Storey - 40

       If – if you cannot control yourself inside as well as, you know, what
you’re doing outside, I’m just saying I’m more likely to sign on as far as the
death penalty goes.
Q. Okay.
A. But if you – you’re already going to the prison and you’ve already, you
know, kind of repented, then I’m more likely to see you as – you know, just
go ahead and – and have him in there the rest of his life, and he’s not going
to hurt anybody else while he’s in there.
Q. Okay. Because he’s been behaving?
A. Yeah.
Q. Okay. And that – that would make you more likely than not to – to
choose life over death?
A. More likely.
Q. And do you have any questions on that particular question?
A. (Moving head side to side.)
Q. Have I explained it adequately?
A. Well . . .
Q. I know that’s a dangerous question.
A. Yeah. You – but as far as I’m concerned, I mean, there’s a population
inside prison, there’s a population outside of prison. And the person shows
repentance as he’s going to prison and I know he’s not going to hurt
anybody else, well, then, you know, life sentence seems reasonable.
       Now, did I confuse you?
Q. I’m not sure.
      So I guess what you’re telling me is that you’d need a pattern of
conduct or threat of violence before you could ever answer that question?
A. No, not really. I – you know, I mean, if he’s proved that – you can prove
that he’s done the deed and he’s guilty of it, I can find him guilty, you
know.
Q. Right.
A. Give him a life sentence.
                                                                              Storey - 41

       Now, if he’s a real bad character to the point where he’s rabid and
he’s going to hurt even the prison population, you know, there’s no point –
you already convicted him. All you can do is give him life, okay, sentence.
       He gets in there, he decides, I’m already here, might as well kill a
few people while I’m here, hey, just go ahead and give him the death
penalty and be done with it.
Q. Okay. Just so I – I mean, are you saying that you want me to show you
that he’d kill again?
A. No, no, no.
Q. Okay.
A. His – his – his behavior –
Q. Okay.
A. – up to this point will tell you that, you know. That he’s going to go and
do his time and he’s going to do whatever he has to do and – and act
accordingly while he’s there. Okay?
Q. Uh-huh.
A. And then, you know, he’s not going to be a danger to anybody else in the
prison system because you still got wardens, guards, and everything else.
        And if he’s likely to hurt people outside for just a few dollars, and he
has no, you know, conscience, no repentance over that, then you put him
into a prison system and he’s going to take out a guard, regardless.
          You see what I mean?
Q. Uh-huh.
A. Well, I’m – you know, then that person, to my mind, is – you know, is
more likely to need the death penalty.
Q. Uh-huh.
          I guess – you – you used the – take out a guard or – or kill again in
prison.
A. Yeah, because he – my – that could easily have been my sister.
Q. Okay.
A. You see what I mean?
                                                                          Storey - 42

Q. Yeah.
       I’m just curious how someone could prove that to you.
Q. Well –
MR. RAY: Judge, I’m going to object to asking for a specific set of facts.
That would be binding.
THE COURT: Okay. I’ll sustain the objection.
Q. (by Mr. Foran) Do you think that’s some – well, based on your answers,
are you going to require the State to prove to you that he would kill again?
MR. RAY: I object again. That’s binding.
THE COURT: I’ll sustain the objection again. I think he’s answered that
anyway, but I’ll sustain the objection to the question that’s being asked.
Q. (By Mr. Foran) Well, let’s go back to the question number one, then,
where we – you know, where we would have to prove to you that a person
would commit criminal acts of violence.
     In your mind, criminal acts of violence, would that mean that
someone would have to kill again?
MR. RAY: I object again, Judge. It’s binding.
MR. FORAN: Well –
MR. RAY: Kill again.
MR. FORAN: I’m entitled – I’m entitled to ask him his understanding.
MR. RAY: No, he’s not.
MR. FORAN: Yes, I am.
MR. RAY: Kill – kill again is a binding question. He can ask him about
acts of violence, but he cannot –
THE COURT: I’ll sustain the objection to it.
MR. RAY: Thank you.
Q. (By Mr. Foran) I mean, you’ve repeatedly said on several occasions
about whether or not someone would kill in prison. Okay? Is that right?
A. Uh-huh.
                                                                                   Storey - 43

      Q. Is that a yes? Because she’s typing down everything you say.
      A. Yes. I said yes.
      Q. Okay. And so I’m trying to understand your – your response as it relates
      to this question here.
      A. Okay. If – if there’s a reasonable doubt that he’s not likely to commit
      any criminal acts, I – I don’t see it.
      Q. Okay.
      A. You know, I mean, if he’s already done this and you can prove it to me,
      well, then I’m going to judge him accordingly as far as guilty. But –
      Q. We’re past that stage here.
      A. Okay. I understand that.
             But if he’s – his behavior is so bad that if he’s in the penal system
      that he’s likely to hurt someone else, you know, why are you going to put
      him into a situation where he’s going to go and hurt someone else in the
      penal system? You know what I mean?
      Q. Well, and you said, “hurt someone else.” Okay?
      A. As far as taking a life.
      Q. Taking another life?
      A. Yeah.
      Q. Okay.
      A. And in – in that – in that venue.
      Q. So that’s what it means to you?
      A. Yeah.
The prosecutor then began discussing the lesser-included offense of murder, but before he

could pose any more questions, the trial court informed him that his hour was up and that

he needed to “finish up real quick.” The prosecutor then asked Patterson for his date of
                                                                                 Storey - 44

birth and whether he had ever lived on Willie Street. The trial court then recognized the

defense.

       Defense counsel asked Patterson about his affirmative response on the

questionnaire to Question Number 82, whether innocent people ever get convicted of

crimes, and his written explanation that “back then we didn’t have DNA.” Patterson

explained that it seemed that a lot of previously convicted people were being exonerated

by DNA evidence, especially in rape cases. He did not express any confusion or

hesitation about counsel’s explanation of the State’s burden of proof, the punishment

questions, and the need for jury unanimity.

       At the conclusion of defense counsel’s questioning, the prosecutor challenged

Patterson for cause, asserting that Patterson would increase the State’s burden of proof

and that he could not impose the death penalty unless the State proved that the defendant

would murder again. Defense counsel responded that he did not think Patterson had “said

all that.” The court agreed with defense counsel and denied the State’s challenge for

cause. The prosecutor then exercised a peremptory challenge. Defense counsel requested

a Batson hearing, noting for the record that Patterson and the defendant were both

African-American.

       The prosecutor then noted for the record that only two prospective jurors who had

previously come before the court for questioning were African-American. One had been

seated on the jury and the other had been disqualified by her views on the death penalty.
                                                                                  Storey - 45

The prosecutor then explained his reasons for exercising a peremptory strike against

Patterson.

       The prosecutor’s first reason for striking Patterson was that he would increase the

State’s burden of proof with respect to the future dangerousness question, in that he

would define the issue in terms of the probability that the defendant would murder

someone in the prison system. He would require the same type of evidence before he

would give a negative answer to the mitigation question. Based on the facts of this case,

where the defendant had a limited or nonexistent history of bad behavior while in

custody, the State could never prove to Patterson’s satisfaction that the answers to the

punishment questions should result in the death penalty. Patterson’s questionnaire was

consistent with this view, in that he listed “mass murderers” as the best argument in favor

of the death penalty.

       The second reason the prosecutor struck Patterson was that he indicated a general

distrust of the criminal justice system on his questionnaire. To Question Number 37,

which asked the prospective juror to explain why a life sentence might be appropriate in

some cases, Patterson answered, “Depending on whether you can afford a good lawyer.”

Similarly, to Question Number 46, which asked for the prospective juror’s “personal

opinion about the criminal justice system and the way that it works,” Patterson answered,

“If you have enough money for a good lawyer, you have a chance to win.” The

prosecutor asserted that this answer was similar to the answer of another juror, who had
                                                                                   Storey - 46

stated on his questionnaire that the criminal justice system was corrupt and who had been

excused by agreement.

       The third reason the prosecutor struck Patterson was his answer to Question

Number 49 on the questionnaire, in which he ranked “punishing a person” as the least

important purpose of the criminal justice system. The prosecutor preferred jurors who

ranked punishment as the most important purpose.

       The fourth reason the prosecutor struck Patterson involved his previous jury

service. Patterson had previously served on a jury in a criminal trial in which the

defendant was charged with aggravated robbery with a deadly weapon. In that case, the

jury acquitted the defendant. The prosecutor had a policy in felony cases of striking any

venireperson who had ever served on a jury that found a criminal defendant not guilty.

Additionally, the prosecutor was troubled by Patterson’s failure to mention that case when

the prosecutor questioned him about his previous jury service.

       Defense counsel then questioned the prosecutor about this fourth explanation for

striking Patterson. During this questioning, it became apparent that in order to discover

that Patterson had previously served on a jury that acquitted a defendant of aggravated

robbery with a deadly weapon, the prosecutor had cross-referenced a jury record obtained

from the county against a jury record that the district attorney’s office maintained.

Counsel noted for the record that the prosecutor had refused to provide him with the

district attorney’s jury records, and that when counsel had moved to compel production of
                                                                                  Storey - 47

these records, the trial court had denied the motion, ruling that these records were

privileged attorney work product. The prosecutor then indicated that he would provide

counsel and the court with copies of the records on which he was relying to strike

Patterson.

       Once the State articulated race-neutral reasons for striking Patterson, the burden

shifted back to the defendant to show that the State’s explanations were a pretext for

discrimination. Concerning the State’s first stated reason for the strike, defense counsel

argued that Patterson never said that he would increase the State’s burden of proof.

Concerning the State’s second and third reasons for striking Patterson, counsel argued

that although Patterson’s questionnaire answers were potentially viable reasons for

exercising a strike, the prosecutor did not question Patterson about these answers, and

they were not “borne out by” what Patterson “said in fact” during voir dire. Concerning

the State’s fourth reason, counsel noted that he had no way to confirm the accuracy of the

district attorney’s jury record, which was based on information that prosecutors entered

after jury selection. Counsel clarified that he was not disputing the accuracy of that

record, but was pointing out that the defense did not have access to it.

       The trial court found that Patterson was not disqualified by his answers but that

“he obviously said some things that the State would be very concerned with. . . . I think

the State has its neutral reasons and I’m going to deny the motion, the Batson motion.”

Patterson was then excused.
                                                                                           Storey - 48

       The trial court did not specify which of the State’s four explanations constituted

sufficiently race-neutral reasons. However, all of the State’s explanations were facially

race-neutral. “[W]hen the State has offered more than one plausible reason for striking a

venireperson, it is proper to review these reasons in their entirety in order to assess

whether the State’s explanation was valid or merely pretextual.” Cantu v. State, 842

S.W.2d 667, 689 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992).

       Here, it appears that the State’s reasons were reasonable and credible bases for

exercising a peremptory challenge. See, e.g., Mines v. State, 852 S.W.2d 941, 946 (Tex.

Crim. App. 1992), vacated and remanded on other grounds, 510 U.S. 802 (1993) (“the

circumstances in this case present the precise situation where a peremptory challenge is

appropriate, viz: the prospective juror is not challengeable for cause, but the prosecutor

does not believe the venireperson will be a favorable juror for the State”). Patterson’s

answers during voir dire conveyed the impression that he would not answer the future

dangerousness issue affirmatively unless he was persuaded that the defendant was likely

to kill someone in prison, and his written questionnaire answers expressed his opinion

that a criminal defendant’s ability to obtain a favorable result depended on his ability to

afford a good lawyer.13 The trial court was in the best position to determine whether the


       13
           The State’s third explanation–that Patterson ranked punishment as the least important
purpose of the criminal justice system–is somewhat problematic. The State failed to question
Patterson about this ranking, and moreover the State did not strike four other prospective jurors
who ranked “punishing the person” as the least important purpose of the criminal justice system.
“If a prosecutor’s proffered reason for striking a black panelist applies just as well to an
                                                                                         (continued...)
                                                                                          Storey - 49

State’s explanations were sufficient and genuine, and this determination will not be

overturned on appeal unless it was clearly erroneous. See Gibson, 144 S.W.3d at 533-34;

Jasper v. State, 61 S.W.3d 413, 421-22 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001); see also Watkins, 245

S.W.3d at 447.

       Taking into consideration all relevant circumstances, we find that the trial court’s

determination that appellant failed to prove discrimination is supported by the record and

is not clearly erroneous. Point of error six is overruled.

                            RECORDS OF PAST JURY SERVICE

       In his seventh point of error, appellant alleges that the trial court erred by denying

his motion for the State to provide records of prospective jurors’ past jury service that

were maintained in the district attorney’s office.14 He asserts that he was harmed because


       13
         (...continued)
otherwise-similar nonblack who is permitted to serve, that is evidence tending to prove
purposeful discrimination to be considered at Batson’s third step.” Miller-El v. Dretke, 545 U.S.
231, 241 (2005). On the other hand, when the State offers numerous race-neutral reasons for a
peremptory challenge, “we cannot say that the fact that there were other acceptable jurors
possessing one or more of these objectionable attributes, is sufficient to establish disparate
treatment.” Adanandus v. State, 866 S.W.2d 210, 225 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993).

        Concerning the State’s fourth explanation, appellant now asserts that Patterson’s previous
jury service is “not a sufficiently neutral reason to strike a juror.” However, this argument is
inadequately briefed because appellant offers only his bare assertion, in a single sentence, that
Patterson’s previous jury service is not a sufficiently race-neutral reason for striking him. See
Tex. R. App. P. 38.1; see also Watkins v. State, 245 S.W.3d 444, 455 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008)
(“prosecutors frequently exercise peremptory challenges to eliminate potential jurors who have
acquitted criminal defendants in the past”).
       14
          In his motion, appellant asked the trial court to order the State to provide the defense
with the State’s prior histories of the prospective jurors summoned in this case. He requested
                                                                                        (continued...)
                                                                                           Storey - 50

the State’s failure to provide this information with respect to Patterson deprived the

defense of an opportunity to test the veracity of one of the State’s proffered race-neutral

reasons for striking Patterson.

       Appellant argues that the trial court erred because “the requested information is not

privileged and its disclosure is mandated under the Texas Open Records Act.” However,

the trial court did not err by denying appellant’s motion. See Etheridge v. State, 903

S.W.2d 1, 7 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994) (“We have previously held that ‘the State has no

obligation to furnish counsel for the accused with information he has in regard to

prospective jurors.’” (quoting Martin v. State, 577 S.W.2d 490, 491 (Tex. Crim. App.

1979))), superceded by statute on other grounds as stated in Diaz v. State, 110 S.W.3d

181, 184 (Tex. App.–San Antonio 2003); see also Enriquez v. State, 429 S.W.2d 141, 145

(Tex. Crim. App. 1968).15

       Moreover, the record does not support appellant’s claim of harm. When defense

counsel explained at the Batson hearing that the defense had not had an opportunity to

verify the jury records on which the State was relying to strike Patterson, the prosecutor

stated that he would provide the defense with those records. The record on appeal is


       14
          (...continued)
that these histories be provided to the defense after the venire was initially seated but prior to the
time for the defendant to move for a jury shuffle.
       15
          Arguably, once the jury service records with respect to Patterson were expressly cited
by the prosecutor during the Batson hearing, the trial court would have erred by denying a
defense motion to disclose those records. However, appellant does not allege, and the record
does not show, that he moved for disclosure at that time.
                                                                                    Storey - 51

silent as to whether the prosecutor ultimately provided those records. If Patterson’s jury

records were never provided to the defense, or if they were provided and defense counsel

discovered that they did not support the prosecutor’s proffered reason for striking

Patterson, it was incumbent upon the defense to present this matter to the trial court and

develop the record. See, e.g., Word v. State, 206 S.W.3d 646, 652 (Tex. Crim. App.

2006) (“It is usually the appealing party’s burden to present a record showing properly

preserved, reversible error”); Whitehead v. State, 130 S.W.3d 866, 872 (Tex. Crim. App.

2004) (“An appellate court may not consider factual assertions that are outside the

record”); see also Moore v. State, 999 S.W.2d 385, 397-98 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999). The

silent record on appeal does not support appellant’s contention that the prosecutor never

provided counsel with Patterson’s jury records.

       The State’s brief on appeal construes appellant’s claim to be that he was harmed

by the State’s failure to provide this information with respect to all prospective jurors.

We do not read appellant’s claim so broadly. In any event, we need not reach the matter

because we have already held that the trial court did not err by denying appellant’s

motion. Point of error seven is overruled.

                     CONSTITUTIONALITY OF ARTICLE 37.071

       In his twelfth and thirteenth points of error, appellant asserts, “Special Issue

N[umber] Three of Article 37.071 [(the mitigation issue)] is unconstitutionally vague and

indefinite,” in violation of his rights under the Fourteenth Amendment to the United
                                                                                     Storey - 52

States Constitution and Article I, Section 19, of the Texas Constitution. In his fourteenth

and fifteenth points of error, appellant claims that the trial court erred in overruling his

Motion Number 45, “Defendant’s Supplemental Motion to Declare the Texas Death

Penalty Procedure and Article 37.071, Texas Code of Criminal Procedure

Unconstitutional,” because Article 37.071 violates the Fifth, Eighth, and Fourteenth

Amendments to the United States Constitution and Article I, Sections 13, and 19, of the

Texas Constitution. In his sixteenth point of error, appellant claims, “The Texas death

penalty scheme violates appellant’s right to due process under the United States

Constitution because the punishment special issue relating to mitigation fails to require

that the State prove the absence of sufficient mitigating circumstances beyond a

reasonable doubt.”

       We have previously rejected these claims. See Busby v. State, 253 S.W.3d 661,

667 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008); Russeau v. State, 171 S.W.3d 871, 886 (Tex. Crim. App.

2005); Sells v. State, 121 S.W.3d 748, 767-68 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003); Brooks v. State,

990 S.W.2d 278, 288 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999); Raby v. State, 970 S.W.2d 1, 9 (Tex. Crim.

App. 1998). Appellant raises nothing new to persuade us to reconsider them. Points of

error twelve through sixteen are overruled.

       We affirm the judgment of the trial court.




Delivered: October 6, 2010
Do not publish
