        IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                         AT KNOXVILLE
                           Assigned on Briefs July 27, 2011

                  STATE OF TENNESSEE v. OSCAR DIMERY

            Direct Appeal from the Criminal Court for Hamilton County
                        No. 266864    Don W. Poole, Judge




                No. E2010-01430-CCA-R3-CD - Filed January 20, 2012


A Hamilton County jury convicted the Defendant, Oscar Dimery, of second degree murder,
and the trial court sentenced him to serve twenty-three years in the Tennessee Department
of Correction. On appeal, the Defendant argues that the trial court erred when it admitted
the Defendant’s clothing into evidence because the State failed to establish a chain of
custody. The Defendant also asserts that the evidence is insufficient to support his
conviction. After a thorough review of the record and the applicable law, we affirm the trial
court’s judgment.

 Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Criminal Court Affirmed

R OBERT W. W EDEMEYER, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which C AMILLE R.
M CM ULLEN and J EFFREY S. B IVINS, JJ., joined.

Daniel J. Ripper, Chattanooga, Tennessee, for the appellant, Oscar Dimery.

Robert E. Cooper, Jr., Attorney General and Reporter; Renee W. Turner, Assistant Attorney
General; William H. Cox, District Attorney General; and Cameron Williams and Lance Pope,
Assistant District Attorneys General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.

                                        OPINION
                                         I. Facts
      This case arises from the bludgeoning death of Jacquesta Ballew at her home on
September 17, 2007. Based on this event, a Hamilton County grand jury indicted the
Defendant for first degree murder.1

                                      A. Suppression Hearing

        On August 31 and September 2, 2009, the trial court held a suppression hearing to
address whether the State could establish a chain of custody for the Defendant’s clothing,
which was obtained from the Hamilton County Jail’s property room.2 The following
evidence was presented at the hearing: Investigator Chad Lee Rowe, a Chattanooga Police
Department officer, testified that on September 18, 2007, he was called to the crime scene
unit’s office to process the Defendant. His duty was to take pictures of the Defendant, take
his fingerprints, collect buccal swabs, and collect his clothing. Investigator Rowe took
photographs of the Defendant but did nothing else because the Defendant laid on the floor
and refused to move. Investigator Rowe identified the photographs he took of the Defendant,
which showed the Defendant wearing a golf shirt, jeans and gray tennis shoes.

        Detective Justin Kilgore, a Chattanooga Police Department officer, testified that he
was the lead investigator in this case. On September 18, 2007, he interviewed the Defendant
at the service center. The Defendant was wearing street clothes, but the detective could not
recall the exact nature of the Defendant’s clothing. He accompanied the Defendant to the
jail. At the jail, the detective signed a property inventory sheet. Detective Kilgore explained
that, as the arresting officer, he was responsible for listing any items of value that an inmate
has when he enters the jail, such as jewelry, wallets and shoes, but he did not list clothing
because he was not responsible for taking an inmate’s clothing. The Defendant’s property
inventory sheet, marked Exhibit 4, listed a Seiko watch, keys, earrings, and a pair of tennis
shoes - described as “gray Jordans.” The Defendant also signed the property inventory sheet.

       Another entry on the property sheet indicated that on July 13, 2009, Detective Kilgore
checked out some of the Defendant’s property, specifically “tennis shoes, pants, shorts,
socks, underwear, and a shirt.” Detective Kilgore viewed Exhibit 2 (a photograph of the
Defendant) and testified that the shirt in the photograph and the one taken from the jail were
the same style of shirt, although he was unsure of the color of the shirt in the photograph; that
the jeans in the photograph and the ones taken from the jail were both “very dirty;” and that


        1
        The grand jury also indicted the Defendant for coercion of a witness, allegedly occurring on
September 24, 2007. The record is silent as to the disposition of this charge.
        2
         In his motion, the Defendant also asserted that the seizure of the clothing was illegal, but he did
not proceed with that argument at the suppression hearing, stating that it was not a legally sound argument.

                                                    -2-
the shoes in the photograph and the ones collected at the jail were the same. He further
testified that “between [the Defendant’s] shirt and his pants appears to be something black,”
and he collected a pair of black shorts at the jail. Detective Kilgore placed the clothing into
the evidence room, and the items were later taken to the Tennessee Bureau of Investigation
(“TBI”) for testing.

       On cross-examination, Detective Kilgore testified that he was not present during the
booking process when the Defendant’s clothing was taken. When he retrieved the clothing,
the items were in brown paper bags that were rolled down at the top.

        Officer Jefferson Sanders, a Hamilton County Sheriff’s Office deputy, testified that
he was the property officer at the Hamilton County Jail. He testified that during the first
stage of the intake process an inmate removes outer clothing and shoes. Those items are
placed in a black bag and held in a side room. Besides himself, the intake officers and supply
officers had access to the side room. Officer Sanders explained that “they do have the
Breathalyzer and stuff in there, so they go in there and do that, but inmates are not allowed
in that area.” The inmate, he said, was booked into the jail and eventually taken to the supply
room. In the supply room, an inmate would then remove all of his clothing and was issued
a uniform. The inmate’s clothing was placed in a brown paper bag. Typically, officers filled
out an inventory sheet listing the descriptions of the items placed into the bag. Officer
Sanders testified that there was no inventory sheet for the Defendant’s items.

        On cross-examination, Officer Sanders testified that he was not present when the
Defendant’s clothing was collected. He said that either he or one of the supply officers
collect the black bags from the intake area and take them to the supply room. They combine
the brown bag and black bag in a garment bag, which is hung in alphabetical order. He
explained that the garment bags are hung in a caged area where only officers are allowed.

       Based on this evidence, the trial court determined that the State sufficiently
established the chain of custody and overruled the Defendant’s motion to suppress.
Specifically, the trial court ruled that the Defendant’s shoes, pants, shirt and undergarment
were “what the State claims them to be.” The trial court further ruled that there was “a
reasonable assurance that the items have not been tampered with.”

                                           B. Trial

       At the Defendant’s trial, the parties presented the following evidence: Chattanooga
Police Officer Frank Kerns testified that on September 17, 2007, he was dispatched to 3700
Fagan Street, Apartment C, on a property damage call. When he arrived, Frances Westfield,
a resident in the building, told him that “she had heard a loud noise in the rear apartment” and

                                              -3-
someone calling for help “just prior to [his] arrival.” He went to the rear apartment and
noticed that the door was open into the apartment and that the “glass was broken out of the
bottom part of the door.” The broken glass was on a deck that lead into the apartment, and
drops of blood were on the glass and the deck. Officer Kerns entered the one-room
apartment, rounded a set of shelves that divided the room, and saw the victim lying in a pool
of blood. He observed that the apartment was “messed up” with “stuff laying [sic] around”
as if there had been a struggle. Officer Kerns checked the victim’s pulse and did not find
one. He then called for an ambulance.

       Frances Westfield testified that she lived in the same apartment building as the victim.
She explained that there were three units in the building, and the units shared a kitchen and
bathroom. Ms. Westfield said that the victim knocked on her door at 2:00 a.m. on September
17, 2007, and asked for help getting the Defendant to leave her apartment. Ms. Westfield
went to the victim’s apartment and asked the victim and the Defendant to “not start no [sic]
stuff.” They replied that they would be all right, so Ms. Westfield left. At 5:00 a.m., the
victim returned to Ms. Westfield’s apartment because she was still trying to get the
Defendant to leave her apartment. Ms. Westfield told the Defendant that she did not “want
to have to be [a] chaperone,” and he left the victim’s apartment. She said that, when she
went to the apartment at 5:00 a.m., “some other guy was over there[,] too.”

        Ms. Westfield testified that she saw the victim later that evening. The victim seemed
tired, so Ms. Westfield gave her a pizza. She stayed with the victim while she ate and
returned to her unit. At some point later in the evening, Ms. Westfield heard the victim
screaming for help and for her to call the police. Ms. Westfield attempted to open her door
to the shared kitchen so she could go to the victim’s apartment, but the Defendant “ran
behind [her] door and wouldn’t let [her] out.” She recalled that he was wearing a black shirt
and had long dreadlocks. She locked the kitchen door, went outside, and found a phone to
call the police. She sat outside to wait for the police because she was scared to go to the
victim’s apartment to check on her. Ms. Westfield testified that she identified the Defendant
in a photographic lineup on September 17, 2007.

        On cross-examination, Ms. Westfield testified that the Defendant had frequently
visited the victim for three weeks prior to her death. She said that she did not hear any other
noises come from the victim’s apartment that night. Ms. Westfield explained that she
normally could not hear anything from the victim’s apartment and opined that the victim
came into the shared kitchen when she yelled for help.

        Chris Gaynor, the keeper of the records at the Hamilton County 911 Center, testified
that the records showed that Frances Westfield made a 911 call at 8:40 p.m. on September



                                              -4-
17, 2007. The police were dispatched approximately one minute later and arrived at the
location at 8:53 p.m.

        Cynthia Kale Franklin testified that the Defendant came to her house on September
17, 2007, and asked to borrow her car to do “some running around.” She said they went to
Darrell Jones’s house,3 at 4004 Highland Avenue, and she, Jones, and the Defendant drank
beer “off and on all day.” She said that the Defendant left several times with her car and
returned each time. Ms. Franklin recalled that the Defendant was wearing a black t-shirt over
a gray t-shirt, and at some point during the day, he removed the black t-shirt. Between 6:00
and 6:30 p.m., Ms. Franklin saw the Defendant at the corner of 38th Street and Highland
Avenue. He flagged her down, but she did not stop. She said that the Defendant and his
brother came over to Jones’s house again at midnight. Ms. Franklin testified that she knew
the victim and had visited her apartment before. According to Ms. Franklin, the victim made
a living by “exchang[ing] sex for money.” Ms. Franklin said that she had seen the victim and
the Defendant together on “[n]umerous occasions.” She observed that the victim acted
differently around the Defendant: she was “happy-go-lucky” when she was not with him but
“scared” when she was with him.

        On cross-examination, Ms. Franklin agreed that she used crack cocaine in addition to
drinking beer at Jones’s house on September 17. She was present when the Defendant was
told that the victim had been killed. She said that he was very upset and ran out of the house.
Ms. Franklin testified that, early in the afternoon on September 17, the Defendant removed
the black t-shirt he was wearing. When he came over to Jones’s house at midnight, he was
wearing a white t-shirt.

       Investigator Chad Lee Rowe testified that in September 2007, he worked with the
crime scene unit of the Chattanooga Police Department. On September 18, 2007, his
sergeant called him to come to the Police Service Center to process the Defendant. He
explained that processing included photographing the person, taking buccal swabs, and
taking fingerprints. He took full body photographs of the Defendant, but when he tried to
take pictures of the cuts on the Defendant’s hands, the Defendant tucked his hands under his
arms. The Defendant also laid down on the floor. Investigator Rowe tried to fingerprint the
Defendant, but the Defendant laid on the floor again. Investigator Rowe testified that he
normally would collect a homicide suspect’s clothing, but, because the Defendant was
agitated, he chose not to collect the Defendant’s clothing at that time.




       3
         Ms. Franklin referred to Darrell Jones as D.C. throughout her direct examination, but on cross-
examination, she identified D.C. as Darrell Jones.

                                                  -5-
        Officer Jefferson A. Sanders, of the Hamilton County Sheriff’s Office, testified that
he worked in the property room at the county jail. He explained the procedure for how
inmates’ property was taken and maintained: An arresting officer would bring an inmate to
the intake area. In the intake area, the arresting officer would list all of the inmate’s property
on an inventory form, and an intake officer would take the list and the property, except for
the inmate’s clothing. The intake officer would store the property temporarily in a small
room in the intake area, to which only officers had access. The arresting officer, the intake
officer, and the inmate would all sign the inventory list. The inmate would proceed to the
booking area, where officers would enter his information into a computer, take his picture,
and fingerprint him. The officers would then place the inmate into a holding cell. If the
inmate is not released on bond, the officers would take the inmate to the supply room where
he would remove his clothing and put on a jumpsuit. The officers then collect the clothing
in a brown paper bag. The contents of the paper bag and the property taken during the intake
process are combined into a garment bag. Each item’s description is recorded on an
inventory sheet. The garment bag is stored in a caged and locked area within the supply
room. Only supply officers have access to the supply room. If anyone removes property, it
has to be documented on a log sheet.

      On cross-examination, Officer Sanders testified that there was no inventory sheet for
the Defendant’s clothing.

        Officer Brian Lockhart testified that he was employed with the Chattanooga Police
Department from December 2000 until July 2008, and he processed the crime scene at 3700
Fagan Street, Apartment C, on September 17, 2007. Officer Lockhart found blood stains on:
a chair outside of Apartment C, glass that had been broken out of Apartment C’s security
door, a sheet inside the residence, a counter top in Apartment C, the wall near where the
victim was found, the kitchen floor, and a chair in the kitchen. He collected swabs from the
blood stains and from blood found on the victim’s back. He also collected a sheet with blood
on it, two pillow shams, glass, an iron, a crackpipe found in the victim’s purse, a broken
ceiling tile, a kitchen knife, a pocket knife, an ashtray, toilet paper, a bandana, and a ring.
Officer Lockhart swabbed the apartment’s security door for DNA. He also processed a van
connected with this case. Inside the van, he located and collected a bloodstained towel and
swabbed a bloodstain on the armrest. Officer Lockhart also collected a crackpipe from the
van. Officer Lockhart was present when another crime scene officer, Investigator Tray
McGhee, photographed the Defendant on September 19, 2007, at the jail. He observed
several cuts and abrasions on the Defendant’s hands, arms, shoulder, and side.

        On cross-examination, Officer Lockhart testified that he collected a beer bottle and
a plastic cup from Apartment C. He also bagged the victim’s hands before she was taken to



                                               -6-
the medical examiner’s office, and he collected the victim’s fingernail clippings from the
medical examiner after the autopsy.

      Chattanooga Police Sergeant Darrell Lee Whitfield testified that on September 17,
2007, he was the sergeant over the crime scene unit and was called to photograph a van
connected to this case. The van was located on East 36th Street in Chattanooga. He
photographed a green minivan and a tissue with a red stain found on the asphalt near the van.
Sergeant Whitfield was responsible for taking the physical evidence collected in this case to
the TBI crime laboratory in Nashville.

       Chattanooga Police Investigator Brian Russell, of the crime scene unit, testified that
he photographed the victim at the medical examiner’s office and collected the victim’s
personal belongings and clothes. He also collected a DNA sample from the Defendant.
Investigator Russell transported the Defendant’s clothing to the TBI laboratory for testing
in July 2009.

        TBI Special Agent Lauralee Staples testified that she worked in the serology and DNA
unit at the Nashville Crime Laboratory. Agent Staples examined a sexual assault kit that
included a sample of the victim’s blood, vaginal swabs, and anal swabs. She located semen
on the vaginal and anal swabs. The DNA on the vaginal swabs was a mixture of DNA from
three people: the victim, an unknown male, and an unknown individual of indeterminate
gender. The DNA from the anal swabs was from an unknown male. Agent Staples
compared the DNA from both the anal and vaginal swabs to the Defendant’s and excluded
him as a contributor. Agent Staples testified that the unknown male DNA from the vaginal
swabs and the unknown male DNA from the anal swabs could have come from the same
person but there was insufficient material to meet threshold standards for making a
comparison.


        Out of the presence of the jury, the parties and the trial court discussed the chain of
custody issue presented at the pretrial suppression hearing, and Detective Kilgore was called
to the stand to identify which of the Defendant’s garments he had seen. He viewed the
photographs of the Defendant taken by Investigator Rowe and testified that the Defendant
was wearing the same clothes at the jail on September 18, 2007, as he was in the
photographs. He further testified that the clothing he retrieved from the jail in July 2009 was
the same clothing that the Defendant was wearing on September 18, 2007. He did not see
the shorts, boxer shorts, or socks that the Defendant was wearing on September 18. As a
result of Detective Kilgore’s testimony, the trial court ruled that only the Defendant’s shirt,
jeans, and shoes were admissible.



                                              -7-
        The jury returned and Special Agent Bradley Everett, of the TBI’s serology and DNA
unit, testified that he examined evidence collected at the crime scene from the minivan and
from the medical examiner’s office for the presence of blood and/or DNA. If blood was
present, he compared the DNA to the Defendant’s and victim’s DNA. Agent Everett testified
that the swab from a plastic chair tested positive for blood, but he was unable to obtain a
DNA profile. He determined that the victim’s blood was on the broken glass, ceiling tile,
iron, ashtray, bandana, and swabs from the kitchen floor, and the victim’s back. The
Defendant’s blood was on the swabs collected from the sheet, the countertop, the kitchen
chair, and the minivan’s armrest, as well as the towel and tissue paper collected from the
minivan. Both the victim’s and the Defendant’s blood was on the sheet from the victim’s
apartment. Agent Everett tested the fingernail clippings from the victim for DNA and found
only the victim’s DNA. Agent Everett also tested the Defendant’s clothing collected from
the jail. The Defendant’s blood was on his shirt and jeans. The victim’s blood was on both
of the Defendant’s shoes.

        Detective Kilgore testified that he was the lead investigator in this case. He
interviewed Frances Westfield at the scene, and he interviewed Johnny Dimery, the
Defendant’s brother, and the Defendant at the police services center. The Defendant signed
a rights waiver form on September 18, 2007, at 3:17 a.m. In the interview with the
Defendant, Detective Kilgore inquired as to the Defendant’s whereabouts on September 15,
2007, two days before the victim’s death. The Defendant said that he and the victim had
planned to go to her sister’s wedding, but they could not go to the wedding because the
Defendant’s car was missing. Instead, he and the victim “got high, watched porn, and had
sex all day.” The Defendant said that on September 16 he went to work. The Defendant told
Detective Kilgore that in the early morning hours of September 17 he was at the victim’s
apartment. He said that he left sometime between 2:00 a.m. and 5:00 a.m., and he gave three
different reasons for leaving. First, he said that he and the victim argued, and she made him
leave. Then, he said that he left because Ms. Westfield and another male were at the victim’s
apartment. Finally, he said that he left because the victim’s landlord came by early in the
morning. The Defendant stated that after he left the victim’s apartment he met his brother,
Johnny Dimery, and they went to Sam Jones’ house at 4004 Highland Avenue. At some
point during the day, the Defendant left 4004 Highland Avenue, “went and got a blunt and
got high.” The Defendant said that he saw Darrell Jones, Sam Jones’ son, on the street. The
Defendant told Darrell Jones that he would come by later to cut his hair, “but he never ended
up going back.” The Defendant said that he met up with his brother again, and they went to
Sam Jones’ house, which was when he learned of the victim’s death. The Defendant said
that “he took off running,” and his brother “picked him up in a van down the street.” The
Defendant told his brother that “he wanted to go to the crime scene, but Johnny wouldn’t let
him, so Johnny continued to drive.”



                                             -8-
       Detective Kilgore testified that the Defendant was wearing a purple polo shirt, jeans,
and gray tennis shoes during the interview. He identified Exhibit 124 - Logo brand blue
jeans, Exhibit 125 - size ten and a half Nike Air Jordans, and Exhibit 130 - a purple Logo
brand pullover, as items that he collected from the jail, and he testified that those items
appeared to be the same clothing that the Defendant was wearing during his interview.
Detective Kilgore asked the Defendant about his clothing. The Defendant said that they were
“booster clothes,” and explained that boosting was stealing. At first, the Defendant said that
he had worn the clothes all day but later said that he had gotten the clothes from a friend.
Detective Kilgore noticed cuts on the Defendant’s hands, and the Defendant told him that “he
gets cuts all the time,” “[t]hat he had jumped a fence,” and that “they were old wounds.” The
detective observed that cuts on the Defendant’s left arm “were still bleeding[;] they were
fresh wounds.”

        Detective Kilgore testified that he arrested the Defendant for first degree murder, and
another officer transported the Defendant to the jail. The detective met the Defendant in the
intake area. In the intake area, the Defendant removed his shoes, which were placed into a
bag, and also turned in his watch, keys, and earrings. Each item was noted on a property
receipt, which the detective and the Defendant signed. The property receipt also had a
notation that the Chattanooga Police Department took the Defendant’s shoes, pants, shorts,
socks, underwear, and shirt on July 13, 2009. Detective Kilgore’s signature and badge
number was underneath the notation, and the sergeant from the Hamilton County Sheriff’s
Office who released the items to the detective also signed the form. Detective Kilgore
testified that he collected the clothing on July 13, 2009, after realizing during trial
preparations that the TBI had not tested the Defendant’s clothes. Detective Kilgore testified
that between September 18, 2007, and July 13, 2009, he never saw the Defendant’s clothing
or shoes and that he did not tamper with any of the items.

        Frank Knox King, M.D., the Hamilton County Medical Examiner, testified that the
victim’s death was a homicide, and she died from blunt force trauma to the head. He opined
that the victim received “multiple blows to the head with a blunt object.” Dr. King noted that
there were two patterns made by whatever instrument or instruments hit the victim: one made
by an “elongated, rounded object” and the other a “two-prong impact.” His opinion was that
if one instrument was used, “it would be something sort of long and rounded with a pronged
end on it.” He testified that the victim had extensive skull fractures that required a
substantial amount of force to create. Dr. King estimated that the victim received five to
eight separate impacts to her head. The victim also had two sharp force injuries on her back.
Dr. King classified one of the sharp force injuries as an incisional wound that could have
been caused by broken glass. He classified the second sharp force injury as a superficial cut.
Dr. King testified that there was no evidence of defensive wounds, suggesting that the victim
did not defend herself against attack. He opined that one explanation for why she would not

                                              -9-
have defended herself was if the first blow to her head rendered her unconscious. Dr. King
testified that the victim had a “relatively low amount of cocaine” in her bloodstream and her
blood alcohol content was 0.10. Dr. King’s staff collected a sexual activity kit, which was
sent to the TBI.

        Johnny Ray Dimery, the Defendant’s brother, testified on his behalf. He said that he
spent all of September 17, 2007, with his brother “drinking [and] getting high.” Mr. Dimery
testified that the Defendant borrowed a car from a friend and drove behind him to their friend
Vincent’s4 house. The Defendant did not go anywhere in the car until he returned it later in
the day. After he returned the car, the Defendant walked back to Vincent’s house. They
watched part of a football game but decided to “go and try to get a little more money or
something, you know, get something else to get out with.” Vincent gave the Defendant a pair
of jeans to wear before they went to Walmart in Tiftonia. They did not steal anything at
Walmart, so they returned to Vincent’s house to finish watching the football game.

        Later, when Mr. Dimery announced that he wanted to go home and invited the
Defendant to stay with him that night, the Defendant said that he wanted to go to D.C.’s 5
house. Mr. Dimery went with the Defendant to D.C.’s house, and D.C. met them at the door.
D.C. told them that the victim was dead and that the Defendant was a suspect. The
Defendant “took off [and] hopped the fence.” Mr. Dimery testified that the Defendant cut
his hand when he jumped over the fence. Mr. Dimery drove after the Defendant and found
him close to the street where the victim had lived. The Defendant got into Mr. Dimery’s van,
and Mr. Dimery told him that he would “go down there with [him].” However, a police
officer stopped them before they could get there. Mr. Dimery testified that a police car drove
up behind him and turned on its lights. The police officer asked them to get out of the van.
They complied and were handcuffed. The police interviewed Mr. Dimery, but he did not tell
them that he had spent all day with the Defendant. He explained that he did not want to tell
the police that he had been getting high and trying to steal things so he could buy more drugs.

       On cross-examination, Mr. Dimery testified that he did not recall telling the police that
the Defendant was gone from 3:00 to 9:30, but after viewing his statement to police, dated
September 18, 2007, he agreed that he told the police that he did not see the Defendant from
3:00 to 9:30. He also agreed that he told the police that, when the Defendant returned, he
was not wearing a shirt.




       4
           The witness did not provide a last name for Vincent.
       5
           The witness did not know D.C.’s real name, but Ms. Franklin identified D.C. as Darrell Jones.

                                                  -10-
       Based upon this evidence, the jury convicted the Defendant of second degree murder.
The trial court sentenced him to twenty-three years in the Tennessee Department of
Correction. It is from this judgment that the Defendant now appeals.

                                         II. Analysis

      On appeal, the Defendant contends that: (1) the trial court erred when it allowed the
Defendant’s clothing into evidence after the State failed to establish a proper chain of
custody; and (2) the evidence was insufficient to support his conviction.

                                    A. Chain of Custody

        The Defendant contends that the trial court improperly allowed the Defendant’s
clothing into evidence because the State established an insufficient chain of custody. He
asserts that because no witness could testify that the clothing was taken from the Defendant
and because there was no inventory sheet associated with the Defendant’s clothing, that the
State did not sufficiently prove the identity of the clothing. Furthermore, he argues that the
State did not prove the integrity of the evidence because evidentiary procedures were not
followed.

        Tennessee Rule of Evidence 901(a) provides: “[t]he requirement of authentication or
identification as a condition precedent to admissibility is satisfied by evidence sufficient to
the court to support a finding by the trier of fact that the matter in question is what its
proponent claims.” In order to admit physical evidence, the party offering the evidence must
either introduce a witness who is able to identify the evidence or must establish an unbroken
chain of custody. State v. Scott, 33 S.W.3d 746, 760 (Tenn. 2000); State v. Holbrooks, 983
S.W.2d 697, 700 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1998). The identity of tangible evidence need not be
proven beyond all possibility of doubt, and all possibility of tampering need not be excluded.
Scott, 33 S.W.3d at 760. The requirement that a party establish a chain of custody before
introducing such evidence is “‘to demonstrate that there has been no tampering, loss,
substitution, or mistake with respect to the evidence.’” Id. (quoting State v. Braden, 867
S.W.2d 750, 759 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1993)). The circumstances must establish a reasonable
assurance of the identity of the evidence. State v. Cannon, 254 S.W.3d 287, 296 (Tenn.
2008); State v. Kilburn, 782 S.W.2d 199, 203 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1989). The failure to call
all of the witnesses who handled the evidence does not necessarily preclude its admission
into evidence. See State v. Johnson, 673 S.W.2d 877, 881 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1984).
Absolute certainty of identification is not required. State v. Kilpatrick, 52 S.W.3d 81, 87
(Tenn. Crim. App. 2000). “Reasonable assurance, rather than absolute assurance, is the
prerequisite for admission.” Id. Whether the required chain of custody has been sufficiently
established to justify the admission of evidence is a matter committed to the sound discretion

                                             -11-
of the trial court, and the court’s determination will not be overturned in the absence of a
clearly mistaken exercise of that discretion. State v. Holloman, 835 S.W.2d 42, 46 (Tenn.
Crim. App. 1992).

        The trial court did not abuse its discretion by allowing the Defendant’s clothing to be
introduced into evidence. Detective Kilgore identified the clothing as the clothing the
Defendant wore when he entered the jail. The trial court excluded the items of clothing that
Detective Kilgore could not identify. Evidence at the suppression hearing and during the trial
revealed that the clothing was kept in a locked cage in the jail’s supply room, which could
be accessed only by the property and supply officers. Although there was not an inventory
sheet accompanying the clothing, when Detective Kilgore checked the property out, the
sergeant on duty noted which items were taken on the property form associated with the
intake procedure. Based upon the proof presented, we conclude that the “circumstances
surrounding the evidence reasonably establish the identity of the evidence and its integrity.”
Scott, 33 S.W.3d at 760. The Defendant is not entitled to relief.

                               B. Sufficiency of the Evidence

       The Defendant contends that the evidence is insufficient to sustain his conviction.
Specifically, he argues that the evidence against him is circumstantial and “does not rule out
every other hypothesis to the contrary.” The State responds that the evidence is more than
sufficient to sustain the Defendant’s conviction for second degree murder.

       It is well-established that once a jury finds a defendant guilty, his or her presumption
of innocence is removed and replaced with a presumption of guilt. State v. Evans, 838
S.W.2d 185, 191 (Tenn. 1992). Therefore, on appeal, the convicted defendant has the burden
of demonstrating to this Court why the evidence will not support the jury’s verdict. State v.
Carruthers, 35 S.W.3d 516, 557–58 (Tenn. 2000); State v. Tuggle, 639 S.W.2d 913, 914
(Tenn. 1982). To meet this burden, the defendant must establish that no “rational trier of
fact” could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.
Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979); State v. Evans, 108 S.W.3d 231, 236 (Tenn.
2003); see also Tenn. R. App. P. 13(e). The jury’s verdict of guilt, approved by the trial
judge, accredits the State’s witnesses and resolves all conflicts in favor of the state. State v.
Harris, 839 S.W.2d 54, 75 (Tenn. 1992). The State is entitled to the strongest legitimate
view of the evidence and all reasonable inferences which may be drawn from that evidence.
Carruthers, 35 S.W.3d at 558. Questions concerning the credibility of the witnesses,
conflicts in trial testimony, the weight and value to be given the evidence, and all factual
issues raised by the evidence are resolved by the trier of fact and not this court. State v.
Bland, 958 S.W.2d 651, 659 (Tenn. 1997). We do not attempt to re-weigh or re-evaluate the
evidence. State v. Rice, 184 S.W.3d 646, 662 (Tenn. 2006). Likewise, we do not replace the

                                              -12-
jury’s inferences drawn from the circumstantial evidence with our own inferences. State v.
Reid, 91 S.W.3d 247, 277 (Tenn. 2002).

       The guilt of a defendant, as well as any fact required to be proved, may be established
by direct evidence, by circumstantial evidence, or by a combination of both. See State v.
Pendergrass, 13 S.W.3d 389, 392-93 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1999). Recently, in State v. Sisk,
our Supreme Court clarified the use of circumstantial evidence as a basis for a conviction.
343 S.W.3d 60, 65 (Tenn. 2011). In Sisk, the defendant was convicted of aggravated
burglary and theft at trial, primarily on the basis of circumstantial evidence. Id. at 63–64.
The circumstantial evidence involved a cigarette butt found at the crime scene which
contained a match to the defendant’s DNA. Id. On appeal, this Court reversed, holding that
the evidence was insufficient to support the convictions. Id. at *60. The State appealed,
arguing that the convictions should be reinstated. Id. On appeal our Supreme Court
chronicled the history of the use of convictions based on circumstantial evidence stating:

              A criminal offense may, of course, be established exclusively by
       circumstantial evidence. Duchac v. State, 505 S.W.2d 237, 241 (Tenn. 1973);
       Marable v. State, 203 Tenn. 440, 313 S.W.2d 451, 456–58, 461 (1958).
       Ultimately, however, the jury must decide the significance of the
       circumstantial evidence, as well as “ ‘[t]he inferences to be drawn from such
       evidence, and the extent to which the circumstances are consistent with guilt
       and inconsistent with innocence.’“ State v. Rice, 184 S.W.3d 646, 662 (Tenn.
       2006) (quoting Marable, 313 S.W.2d at 457). Appellate courts may not
       substitute their own inferences for those drawn by factfinders in circumstantial
       evidence cases. State v. Lewter, 313 S.W.3d 745, 748 (Tenn. 2010).

              Years ago, in State v. Crawford, 225 Tenn. 478, 470 S.W.2d 610
       (1971), this Court adopted a standard of proof in criminal prosecutions based
       exclusively upon circumstantial evidence that purportedly required the State
       to prove facts and circumstances “so strong and cogent as to exclude every
       other reasonable hypothesis save the guilt of the defendant, and that beyond a
       reasonable doubt.” Id. at 612. This Court also stated in Crawford that in such
       cases, “[a] web of guilt must be woven around the defendant from which he
       cannot escape and from which facts and circumstances the jury could draw no
       other reasonable inference save the guilt of the defendant beyond a reasonable
       doubt.” Id. at 613. This language was recited for years by Tennessee courts as
       controlling in those cases in which the sufficiency of exclusively
       circumstantial evidence was at issue; indeed, it was used by both the Court of
       Criminal Appeals and the trial court in this case. See Sisk, 2010 WL 3502512,
       at *2. In State v. James, 315 S.W.3d 440, 455 n. 14 (Tenn. 2010), however,

                                             -13-
      we pointed out the inconsistency between the terminology employed in
      Crawford and its progeny and the standard of proof applied by the United
      States Supreme Court in those cases in which the evidence is solely
      circumstantial. See Jackson, 443 U.S. at 326, 99 S.Ct. 2781 (rejecting the
      notion “that the prosecution [i]s under an affirmative duty to rule out every
      hypothesis except that of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt”). Finally, in State
      v. Dorantes, 331 S.W.3d 370, 381 (Tenn. 2011), we adopted the federal
      standard in Tennessee and eschewed any distinction between the standard of
      proof required in cases based solely upon circumstantial evidence and that in
      cases where direct evidence of guilt is presented by the State. Although we
      observed in Dorantes that, as a practical matter, there was little difference
      between the federal standard and the “reasonable hypothesis” language used
      in Crawford, we also noted that, depending on the nature of the circumstantial
      evidence presented at trial, the adoption of the federal standard of proof could
      result in a different outcome in some cases. Id.

Id. at 65 (footnotes omitted). Based on that reasoning, our Supreme Court reinstated the
defendant’s convictions, finding:

      The undamaged condition of the cigarette butt, Detective Grooms’ testimony
      that it was unlikely the cigarette had been tracked into the house and that the
      victims themselves were not smokers, the proximity of the Defendant’s
      residence to the burglarized house, the fact that the Defendant often was seen
      smoking outside and had never been invited into the victims’ residence, and
      the Defendant’s flight from police on January 3, 2007, all corroborate the
      DNA evidence. While the intermediate appellate court posited that “[s]everal
      plausible explanations for the presence of the defendant’s cigarette inside the
      victims’ residence come to mind, including that the cigarette butt was ‘tracked’
      into the residence,” Sisk, 2010 WL 3502512, at *3, our duty on appeal of a
      conviction is not to contemplate all plausible inferences in the Defendant’s
      favor, but to draw all reasonable inferences from the evidence in favor of the
      State. Given Detective Grooms’ description of the cigarette butt and its
      location [on the bottom of his shoe], it was perfectly reasonable for the jury to
      believe the State’s theory that the Defendant had entered the victims’ residence
      during the burglary and left the cigarette butt there. The evidence is sufficient
      to support the jury’s verdict.

Id. at 67-68 (footnote omitted). By reinstating the convictions in Sisk, our Supreme Court
made clear that “[t]he standard of review [for sufficiency of the evidence] ‘is the same
whether the conviction is based upon direct or circumstantial evidence.’” See State v.

                                            -14-
Dorantes, 331 S.W.3d 370, 379 (Tenn. 2011) (quoting State v. Hanson, 279 S.W.3d 265, 275
(Tenn. 2009)).

      Applying the analysis utilized in Sisk and Dorantes to the case herein, we review the
evidence at trial in a light most favorable to the State. A conviction for second degree
murder requires proof beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant unlawfully and
knowingly killed the victim. See T.C.A. §§ 39-13-201, -210(a)(1) (2010). A person acts
knowingly with respect to a result of the person’s conduct when the person is aware that the
conduct is reasonably certain to cause the result. T.C.A. § 39-11-302(b) (2010).

        Viewed in the light most favorable to the State, the evidence proves that the
Defendant was in the victim’s apartment between the hours of 2:00 a.m. and 5:00 a.m. on
September 17, 2007, and the victim enlisted the assistance of another tenant, Ms. Westfield
of the apartment building to get the Defendant to leave. Sometime during the evening of that
day, Ms. Westfield heard the victim calling for help. When she tried to leave her apartment
to go to the victim, she saw the Defendant rush past her door and close it, not allowing her
to leave. When the police arrived, they found the victim lying in a pool of blood in her
apartment. Dr. King testified that she died of blunt force trauma to her head. The
Defendant’s blood was found in her apartment, and he had at least one bleeding wound when
the police interviewed him. The victim’s blood was found on the Defendant’s shoes.
Although there was evidence that the Defendant was with his brother all day, the jury
rejected this theory, which is within its province. The Defendant argues that the evidence
“does not rule out every other hypothesis to the contrary;” however, under Sisk and Dorantes,
that is no longer the standard. Thus, the evidence is sufficient to sustain the Defendant’s
conviction of second degree murder. The Defendant is not entitled to relief as to this issue.

                                      III. Conclusion

        After a thorough review of the record and the applicable law, we conclude that the
trial court was within its discretion when it allowed the State to introduce the Defendant’s
clothing into evidence. Furthermore, we conclude that the record contains sufficient
evidence to support the Defendant’s conviction for second degree murder. As such, we
affirm the trial court’s judgment.

                                                   ___________________________________
                                                   ROBERT W. WEDEMEYER, JUDGE




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