Filed 10/23/13 P. v. Rosas CA2/2
                  NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.


              IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                     SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                  DIVISION TWO


THE PEOPLE,                                                          B233478

         Plaintiff and Respondent,                                   (Los Angeles County
                                                                     Super. Ct. No. PA062569)
         v.

CHRISTOPHER JAMES ROSAS et al.,

         Defendants and Appellants.




         APPEALS from judgments of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County.
Cynthia L. Ulfig, Judge. Affirmed.
         Neil Rosenbaum, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant Christopher James Rosas.
         Verna Wefald, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant Ralph Dominic Rosas.
         Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Dane R. Gillette, Chief Assistant Attorney
General, Lance E. Winters, Assistant Attorney General, Steven E. Mercer and Tita
Nguyen, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.




                                                       ******
       Appellants Christopher James Rosas (Christopher) and his brother Ralph Dominic
Rosas (Ralph)1 appeal from judgments entered against them following their convictions
by separate juries of first degree murder (Pen. Code, § 187, subd. (a), count 1)2 and
assault with a deadly weapon (§ 245, subd. (a)(1), count 2). The juries also found true
the special circumstances allegation of lying in wait (§ 190.2, subd. (a)(15) and the
allegation that appellants used a deadly and dangerous weapon (§ 12022, subd. (b)(1)).
       The trial court sentenced appellants to life without the possibility of parole on
count 1, plus one consecutive year in state prison on count 2, and one consecutive year in
state prison for the weapons use allegation. The trial court imposed various fines and
court fees and awarded appellants 853 days of presentence custody credit.
       Ralph contends the trial court abused its discretion under Evidence Code
section 352 by admitting autopsy and crime scene photographs of the victim. He
contends the photographs were inadmissible in that they were cumulative and that their
admission violated his federal due process rights. He also contends the admission of a
note shown to him by his mother during a jailhouse visit was an error which violated his
right to due process. We find no merit to those contentions.
       Christopher’s counsel has filed a brief pursuant to People v. Wende (1979) 25
Cal.3d 436 (Wende) and requests that we conduct an independent review of the record.
We independently reviewed the record and conclude there are no issues that require
further briefing.
       The judgments are affirmed.




1     Because appellants and other individuals share the same last name, we refer to
each by their first name, for the sake of clarity. No disrespect is intended.

2      All further statutory references are to the Penal Code unless otherwise indicated.
                                               2
                                FACTUAL BACKGROUND
Prosecution Case
      Mugsy’s Bar
      Christopher and his best friend Louis Campanelli co-owned Mugsy’s Bar
(Mugsy’s) on Soledad Canyon Road in Los Angeles. Mugsy’s opened in November of
2005 and Campanelli “breathed the bar.” He lived there, and was almost always present
at closing time to handle the money transactions. Christopher was at Mugsy’s regularly
and was not happy that Campanelli lived there. Ralph was also at Mugsy’s on a daily
basis. Ralph wore silver necklaces with Indian-type jewelry or a feather-like charm. He
offered to buy Campanelli’s ownership of Mugsy’s for $40,000 and was angry that
Campanelli refused his offer.
      Mugsy’s was open daily from 2:00 p.m. until 2:00 a.m. The front door was locked
by a deadbolt and only Campanelli and Christopher had the keys to it. The emergency
exit was never used. Mugsy’s had no telephone land line service and the employees had
to use their own cell phones. Christopher kept a collection of knives with big handles
and “monster” blades in a locked tool room on the premises.
      When Mugsy’s opened in November 2005, Christopher hired Cynthia Wilson
Rosas (Cindy) to be the head bartender. Cindy dated Christopher for about one and a half
months. On February 21, 2006, Cindy married Ralph.3 Christopher told Cindy on
several occasions “that he wanted to get [Campanelli] out of the bar, that [Campanelli]
had to go, that he was going to kill [Campanelli].” Savino Pilarski was at Mugsy’s every
day. He became good friends with appellants and viewed them as his brothers. Ralph
told Pilarski he wanted to become a partner in Mugsy’s. In January 2006, Christopher
told Pilarski that something had to be done about Campanelli. Pilarski understood that to
mean Campanelli had to be roughed up or “taken out and killed.” Ralph told his first


3     The ceremony was not valid because Ralph was still legally married to his second
ex-wife, at that time. Cindy and Ralph were legally married a year later on February 21,
2007.
                                           3
ex-wife, Theresa Liechti, that he was angry at Campanelli because Campanelli did not
want him as a business partner.
       Murder of Louis Campanelli and Assault on Jennifer Halsworth
       On Saturday, February 25, 2006, Jennifer Halsworth, a part-time bartender,
worked the day shift from 2:00 p.m. to 8:00 p.m. at Mugsy’s. Halsworth had worked at
Mugsy’s for about two months and had been dating Campanelli for about one month.
When her shift ended she took the money which amounted to about $400 from the cash
register and gave it to Campanelli, who stored it in a safe in the back office. Christopher
and Campanelli were the only people with keys to the safe. Halsworth stayed at Mugsy’s
after her shift ended. Appellants, Pilarski, Cindy, Shannon Turner (Pilarski’s girlfriend
and also a former Mugsy’s bartender), were also present. Around 11:00 p.m., Halsworth
and Campanelli left Mugsy’s to go to a party in North Hollywood.
       Cindy worked the shift from 8:00 p.m. to closing. She overheard Christopher tell
Ralph that “tonight was the night.” Ralph explained to her that “tonight was the night
they were going to take [Campanelli] out and kill him.” Christopher moved his Chevy
Blazer to the car wash behind the bar and also re-parked Cindy’s car across the street. At
approximately 1:45 a.m. on the morning of February 26, 2006, Christopher told Cindy to
close the bar early and get all the customers to leave. Christopher locked the front door
and Cindy took the money from the register to the back office. While there, she heard a
commotion including the sound of breaking glass coming from the bar area. She looked
out and saw both appellants wielding crowbars. They were “ripping apart the ATM
machine.” They broke the hanging lights near the ramp leading up and into the bar.
Shortly afterwards they went to the back office and threw things around to make it look
like it had been ransacked. Appellants wore extra layers of clothing, gloves, and T-shirts
around their faces so that only their eyes showed. Ralph told Cindy their plan was to kill
Campanelli when he and Halsworth returned to Mugsy’s from the party. Christopher told
Cindy to watch the surveillance monitor from the back office and let him and his brother
know when Campanelli and Halsworth returned.

                                             4
       Around 2:30 a.m., Campanelli unlocked the front door of Mugsy’s with his key.
Campanelli and Halsworth entered the bar which was dark except for the light from the
television screens. Halsworth walked a few steps inside the bar and then waited while
Campanelli locked the door. Appellants came out from hiding and struck Campanelli and
Halsworth with pool cues. Halsworth was struck on the head five or six times until she
fell to the ground. From about five feet away she saw two assailants beating Campanelli.
The two assailants called each other “Ben” and “Fred” or “Frank” but the way they used
the names led Halsworth to believe the names were fake. The longer she heard the
voices, the more she was certain that appellants were the assailants. Halsworth heard the
sound of a fire hydrant being sprayed and Campanelli begging his attackers to stop. One
of them said, “Check his pulse, I want to make sure that he’s dead.” When the other
responded “He’s not dead yet,” the beating continued and Halsworth heard stabbing
sounds. Halsworth was crying and hyperventilating and one of the assailants stepped on
the side of her head and told her to stop breathing or he would “smash [her] head into the
ground.” A plastic beer crate was placed over her head and she was told not to move.
Halsworth heard the assailants banging on the ATM machine and then go towards the
back office.
       Cindy was in the back office and heard Halsworth scream. She heard the sound of
grunting and then Christopher said, “Man, you were supposed to be my best friend.”
Campanelli groaned and asked, “Chris, is that you?” Christopher told his brother, “Bro,
he won’t die.” Cindy heard Campanelli “pleading for his life gurgling through his
blood.” After about 20 minutes, Ralph came to get Cindy from the back office and
walked her to the front of the bar. She saw Campanelli’s motionless body near the front
door. Campanelli did not respond when Christopher jumped onto his body. Christopher
then shoved the fire extinguisher hose down Campanelli’s throat and turned it on. Cindy
and appellants exited Mugsy’s and Christopher locked the deadbolt.
       Halsworth held onto her purse throughout the attack and when she heard the
assailants leave she called 9-1-1 on her cell phone. The call did not go through. When

                                            5
she tried to call a second time she heard someone unlock the front door and come inside
the bar.4 She hid the cell phone and remained still underneath the beer crate. Christopher
demanded her cell phone and car keys. She responded that she did not have her cell
phone but he said, “Yes, you do.” Christopher took the car keys and cell phone and
locked the front door and left. Halsworth waited for some time to be sure they had left
before she got up and ran to the back office. She watched the monitors showing the
parking lot and front of the bar to see if anyone was coming back and tried to contact
someone over the Internet.5 When she was unable to pry open the front door, she broke
the front window and crawled out through the broken glass. After cutting her hands and
knees on the broken glass, she ran onto Soledad Canyon Road.
       At 5:30 a.m. on February 26, 2006, Jennifer Stoll was driving to work on Soledad
Canyon Road. She saw Halsworth waving for help in the middle of the street. Halsworth
appeared scared and hysterical. Stoll stopped and called 9-1-1 and brought Halsworth
back to Mugsy’s when the police arrived.
       Police Investigation and Initial Arrest of Appellants
       Los Angeles County Sheriff’s Department (LACSD) Deputy Mark Noel was the
first to arrive at Mugsy’s at approximately 6:00 a.m. in response to the 9-1-1 call. He
entered Mugsy’s through the broken window and discovered Campanelli’s body lying
face up inside the door. There was a lot of blood around the body and on the railing wall.
A discharged fire extinguisher and broken pool cues were close by. A trail of blood lead
from Campanelli to the ATM machine and then continued outside down the sidewalk and
into the parking lot of the building next door.



4      Halsworth’s cell phone records indicated that two calls were made to 9-1-1 at
3:04 a.m. and 3:05 a.m. on February 26, 2006.

5      An analysis of the hard drive from the computer located in the back office
indicated that several attempts were made between 4:03 a.m. and 4:21 a.m. on
February 26, 2006, to download a telephone program through “Google.com” and
“PChelp911.com.”
                                            6
       LACSD Homicide Detective Steven Lankford was assigned to investigate the
crimes. He observed a lot of blood on the fire extinguisher and a white substance which
indicated the fire extinguisher had been discharged on and near the body. A straight-edge
knife was found by Campanelli’s shoulder and a folding knife by his feet. A necklace
with a feather charm was recovered on the floor near a plastic beer crate. A blood trail
and partial shoe prints led from the ramp area to the necklace and down the counter of the
bar. There was blood on the counter and on an empty knife sheath. The straight-edge
knife found by Campanelli fit into the sheath. The bar looked like it had been ransacked
but there were no signs of forced entry into the tool room or the back office. Large pry
bars and sledgehammers were lying on the ground in front of the ATM machine and
Detective Lankford found it strange that robbers would have brought such large tools
with them. Detective Lankford did not see pry marks at the cash register or on the safe in
the back office and concluded that the perpetrators had access to the cash register and a
key to the safe.
       Christopher arrived at the bar while Detective Lankford was investigating the
crime scene. He appeared nervous and his hands were shaking. His left hand was
swollen and he had fresh abrasions on his forehead and right arm. He unlocked the front
door with his key which Detective Lankford kept.
       Detective Lankford interviewed Halsworth on the afternoon of February 26, 2006.
She told him that she believed the assailants sounded like appellants, Christopher and
Ralph. She reiterated that belief in a subsequent interview on March 19, 2006, and later
told him that she was certain the voices belonged to appellants.
       Detective Lankford first met Ralph on February 28, 2006, and noticed that on his
right arm he had a feather tattoo which looked similar to the feather charm Detective
Lankford recovered from the bar. Ralph had an abrasion on the inside of his right arm
and also wore a necklace with an Indian-style pendant.




                                             7
       On March 2, 2006, Christopher reported his Chevy Blazer stolen and that the last
time he drove it was on February 25 at 9:00 p.m. He told Deputy Noel that both front
and back license plates were on the vehicle.
       On March 10, 2006, appellants, Cindy, Pilarski, and Turner, were removing
property from Mugsy’s and placing it in a U-Haul truck, when appellants were taken into
custody. On March 14, 2006, appellants were released pending further investigation.
       On March 23, 2006, LACSD Deputy Timothy Vander Leek stopped Pilarski who
was driving a vehicle with an expired license registration tag. The vehicle was
impounded because Pilarski did not have a valid driver’s license. Deputy Vander Leek
found Christopher’s license plate inside Pilarski’s vehicle while conducting a routine
inventory of its contents.
       On March 25, 2006, LACSD Deputy Timothy Hemphill found Christopher’s
Chevy Blazer in an isolated mountainous area in Val Verde. The ignition had been
“punched” out so that the vehicle could be started with a screwdriver or similar tool.
Deputy Hemphill had the vehicle towed because it had been flagged by the homicide unit
for fingerprinting if recovered.
       Appellants’ Rearrest
       On August 15, 2008, Detective Lankford directed that appellants be rearrested.
Christopher was arrested in Arizona where he was living at the time. Ralph was arrested
in Santa Clarita. Christopher was extradited back to Los Angeles County on August 27,
2008. Beginning on that date, Detective Lankford monitored all of appellants’ and
Cindy’s telephone calls.
       Appellants’ Admissions to Others
              1.     Cindy
       Cindy told appellants many times that “the thing that freaked [her] out the most”
was hearing Campanelli “gurgling through his blood, pleading for his life.” She lied
when first interviewed by Detective Lankford because Christopher had sent her
threatening messages stating that if she said anything she “would end up like you know

                                               8
who, gurgle, gurgle, gurgle.” Cindy was arrested on August 27, 2008, and charged as an
aider and abettor to murder. She agreed to tell Detective Lankford about appellants’
conduct and admissions before and after they committed the crimes at Mugsy’s.
       Appellants arrived at Cindy’s trailer on the morning of February 26, 2006, after
committing the crimes at Mugsy’s. They had changed out of their clothing and Ralph
stated they had dumped their blood-soiled clothing in the back of an El Camino truck
owned by Gary Scott Weightman. Ralph said he hid until the victims came into the bar
and then he whacked Halsworth over the head with a pool stick and placed a plastic crate
over her head. Christopher stated his Chevy Blazer was “full of Lou’s blood and he was
planning on having it stolen.” He called Pilarski who was to have a gang member
“torch” the Blazer after making it look like it was stolen. Christopher told Cindy how he
attacked Campanelli. He stated he “stabbed him in the side, that he slit his throat ear to
ear, he broke his neck, broke his back, beat him, and bashed his head in with a fire
extinguisher.” Appellants stated they tried to make the crimes “look like a robbery gone
bad.” Christopher devised a story that he, his brother, and Cindy would tell the police.
They were to say they closed the bar as usual and all three of them went to Cindy’s house
to discuss problems with their relationships.
       A few days later, Ralph and Cindy drove to Weightman’s house and pulled a bag
of bloody clothing from Weightman’s car. Ralph told Cindy on a later date that he
burned the clothing. Both appellants and Cindy regularly discussed the details of the
murder and assault to keep their stories straight, and Christopher wanted the three of
them to get a tattoo to show their solidarity.
       Cindy visited Christopher in Arizona prior to his arrest. He gave her a suicide
letter in which he claimed responsibility for the crimes. Ralph took the letter from Cindy
and put it in his safe. Ralph told Cindy while they were in lockup together that he had
burned the letter. Appellants told Cindy that if they stuck with the story they devised
they would get through it and “walk on this murder.”



                                                 9
       Pursuant to an agreement that she would testify honestly at trial in exchange for a
three-year sentence, Cindy pleaded guilty to voluntary manslaughter. At the time of trial,
her divorce from Ralph was pending.
              2.     Savino Pilarski
       On February 25, 2006, Campanelli accused Pilarski of sleeping with Halsworth
and an argument ensued. Christopher told Pilarski “You gotta go, you gotta go; you are
going to mess everything up tonight.” Pilarski left before midnight. The following day
at around 6:00 or 7:00 a.m. Christopher called Pilarski and told him Campanelli had been
murdered. Christopher asked Pilarski to have his friend “Frost,” a Val Verde gang
member, get rid of and torch his Chevy Blazer as soon as possible. Pilarski agreed and
drove Frost to where Christopher had parked the Blazer.
       Pursuant to Christopher’s request, Pilarski spoke to Halsworth numerous times in
the days following the murder and assault at Mugsy’s. He sought out the information she
told the police and relayed it to Christopher. He tried to convince her that appellants did
not hurt Campanelli. Christopher told Pilarski that Campanelli “fought hard” and the
murder did not go as planned. After his initial arrest in March 2006, Christopher talked
about leaving town. A few weeks later Christopher found out that his Blazer was at a
Sheriff’s impound yard and had not been burned.
       Ralph also called Pilarski on February 26, 2006, and told him to get rid of all the
drugs and drug paraphernalia at Cindy’s house and at his house and apartment because he
anticipated that he and his brother were going to be arrested. Ralph discussed the details
of the murder with Pilarski on numerous occasions. He said he stabbed Campanelli “over
and over again” and his brother tried to break Campanelli’s neck because he would not
die. He described how Campanelli pleaded for his life and “gurgled” when he choked on
his own blood. Ralph also said that he and his brother wore masks and disguised their
voices while committing the crimes. In June 2007, Christopher asked Pilarski and Ralph
to visit him in Arizona. Christopher was unhappy and confronted his brother about



                                            10
talking too much about the murder. He punched his brother in the jaw and told him to
“shut his fucking mouth.”
       In 2006, Pilarski lied when interviewed by Detective Lankford with the intention
of protecting himself and appellants from prosecution. In 2010, Pilarski was interviewed
again by Detective Lankford and was truthful. He remained good friends with appellants
throughout the trial and testified reluctantly pursuant to a subpoena.
               3.    Elissa MacGregor
       In February 2008, Elissa MacGregor and Lee “Rusty” Block moved into Ralph’s
house. MacGregor began dating Ralph even though she knew he was still married to
Cindy. Ralph told MacGregor the following details of the murder of Campanelli: Cindy
acted as the lookout; he and his brother destroyed the bar to make it look like a robbery;
they hid inside the bar and then jumped Campanelli and repeatedly stabbed him but “the
fucking guy did not die easily”; they were not concerned about Halsworth because they
knocked her out and covered her head. Ralph talked about the murder and used the
phrase “gurgle, gurgle” in front of MacGregor and her friends so often that she had to ask
him to stop.
       Prior to his rearrest, Ralph told MacGregor he was worried about a necklace that
contained his DNA that he left behind at the bar during the murder. While incarcerated
he told MacGregor about a letter he kept in his safe that his brother had given Cindy. He
told MacGregor to burn the letter if she found it. He also told her to tell Cindy “CRC
always” which he told MacGregor meant “Chris Ralph and Cindy always.” Ralph asked
MacGregor to get police reports about the murder from his father and give them to their
neighbor Kevin Jak’s nephew, who was a San Fernando Valley gang member. The
reports concerned two witnesses, “Dana” and “Caryn,” and Ralph said they were both
snitches. He said that Jak’s nephew and another gang member would influence the
witnesses not to testify. MacGregor left a copy of the police reports at Jak’s house for his
nephew.



                                             11
               4.        Caryn Wearing
       Caryn Wearing worked as a bartender at Mugsy’s from September 2005 until
Campanelli’s murder. Ralph told her he was upset that Campanelli stopped him from
becoming a partner in Mugsy’s. In early 2007, Ralph told Wearing about the murder and
said he was relieved to be able to get the murder “off his chest.” He was confident Cindy
would not snitch because she was his wife and she was afraid of him and his brother.
Ralph told Wearing that he was concerned about a necklace that was found at the bar.
               5.        Dana Felton
       Between June and December 2007, Dana Felton rented a room in Kevin Jak’s
house, which was across the street from Ralph’s house. Ralph told Felton substantially
the same details about the crimes as he had told Cindy, Pilarski, Weightman, MacGregor,
and Wearing. He used the phrase “gurgle, gurgle” to describe the sound Campanelli
made when dying, and also told her he was concerned about losing a necklace at the
crime scene that might implicate him.
       Ralph told Felton that he felt no remorse about killing Campanelli because he was
a “scumbag” and he was doing society a favor by killing him. He was confident he was
going to get away with the crimes because he had been arrested and released. He said the
case was closed and he could not be arrested and prosecuted because “double-jeopardy”
applied to his arrest.
               6.        Kevin Jak
       Ralph told Kevin Jak substantially the same details of the crime as he had told
others. He told Jak that they had made a mistake and someone was going to figure out
that a key to Mugsy’s was needed to lock the door. He was also worried about the
necklace he lost because it could connect him to the crime.
               7.        Gary Scott Weightman
       Gary Scott Weightman grew up with Ralph. He testified that in February 2006
Ralph knocked on his door, he heard him say “fuck, fuck, fuck,” and saw him walk
toward his Blazer when Weightman did not answer. In March 2006, after Ralph was

                                            12
released he confessed to Weightman that he and his brother killed Campanelli. While in
jail awaiting trial, Ralph told Weightman that he thought he was going to get away with
the murder.
              8.     Lee Kelley “Rusty” Block
       In late 2007, Ralph told Lee Kelley Block about the murder and assault and
provided the same major details as before. In 2008, Ralph spoke more frequently about
the Campanelli murder and in a more casual manner. He said he was “untouchable” for
the murder because he had “the Rosas luck.”
       Appellants’ Jailhouse Admissions
       On August 27, 2008, during a recorded jailhouse visit, Christopher told his father
that Cindy was in custody in Santa Clarita. He instructed his father to tell Cindy “CRC
always from Ralph and Chris and stick by it.”
       On September 3, 2008, appellants were recorded in a conversation together
discussing Cindy. Ralph noted that Cindy had a lawyer and said, “I hope she stays true.”
In reference to Campanelli, Ralph whispered, “We should have mother fuckin’ buried
him personally.” Christopher responded, “Yeah, shoulda, coulda, woulda,” and added
“CRC Bro.”
       On September 9, 2009, appellants were recorded in a conversation discussing
Pilarski. Appellants were aware that Detective Lankford had found him but did not
believe he would “break.” Ralph suggested contacting Pilarski but Christopher said they
should not because the police would use it against them.
       Detective Lankford seized a number of letters appellants sent to each other while
in jail. Appellants referred to each other as “bro” similar to how the killers had addressed
each other during the crimes. In the letters Ralph talked about Campanelli’s blood in
Christopher’s vehicle, Pilarski’s arrest while in possession of the license plate, and
references to Pilarski’s gang member friend, Frost. Appellants tried to formulate a secret
code using letters and numbers to avoid detection by law enforcement. Ralph explained
the code in one letter to his brother and used an example to show how the code worked.

                                             13
         Autopsy
         Dr. Raffi Djabourian, a deputy medical examiner with the Los Angeles County
Coroner’s Office, performed an autopsy on Campanelli’s body on February 28, 2006. He
found extensive blunt force trauma injuries all over the body with the most extensive to
the head and face. He also found sharp force trauma resulting from a weapon or
instrument like a knife going through the body. Campanelli suffered a skull fracture
similar to a pedestrian struck by a car and not typically associated with a punch or a fall.
The fracture was consistent with being struck in the head by a fire extinguisher. The
extensive trauma Campanelli suffered likely shook his brain and resulted in significant
brain swelling. One portion of the brain had swollen to the point of bulging out of the
skull. There was blood in Campanelli’s lungs which meant he aspirated blood instead of
air into his lungs that would have made him feel like he was drowning in his own blood.
There were several stab wounds to Campanelli’s neck and scalp and almost all the sharp
force injuries were inflicted before he died. Dr. Djabourian concluded the manner of
death was homicide and the cause of death was blunt cranial facial trauma or trauma to
the head and face. The multiple sharp force injuries were contributing factors to his
death.
         Forensic Evidence
         LACSD senior criminalist with the sheriff’s scientific services bureau, Joseph
Cavaleri, examined Christopher’s Chevy Blazer. He detected blood on a car seat cover
found in the back of the truck and based on its wear and tear pattern determined it had
been removed from the driver’s side. Cavaleri also found powder residue on the steering
wheel and in the interior of the vehicle. The powder residue was consistent with
someone having discharged a fire extinguisher prior to driving the vehicle.
         George Hou, a senior criminalist with LACSD, performed the DNA analysis in
this case. He testified that the profiles of Campanelli and Christopher were found in the
blood stain on the car seat cover recovered from the Chevy Blazer. He also testified that



                                             14
the feather charm and necklace found in Mugsy’s after the murder contained DNA
profiles of Campanelli and Ralph.
Defense Case
       No evidence was presented on behalf of appellants.
                                      DISCUSSION
I.     Admission of Autopsy and Crime Scene Photographs
       Ralph filed a motion in limine to exclude multiple crime scene and autopsy
photographs of Campanelli that were “cumulative, redundant, and thus prejudicial.” The
trial court reviewed the photographs and overruled Ralph’s objection. Ralph contends
that the trial court abused its discretion in admitting the photographs that were
“extraordinarily gory and horrifying.” He argues that the trial court should have excluded
the photographs pursuant to Evidence Code section 352 because they were only
“marginally relevant.”6
       “[M]urder is seldom pretty, and pictures, testimony and physical evidence in such
a case are always unpleasant . . . .” (People v. Long (1974) 38 Cal.App.3d 680, 689,
fn. omitted.) “The admission of photographs of a victim lies within the broad discretion
of the trial court when a claim is made that they are unduly gruesome or inflammatory.”
(People v. Crittenden (1994) 9 Cal.4th 83, 133; see also People v. Coleman (1988) 46
Cal.3d 749, 776.) The court’s exercise of its discretion will not be disturbed on appeal
unless the probative value of the photographs clearly is outweighed by their prejudicial
effect. (Crittenden, supra, at p. 134; People v. Lewis (2009) 46 Cal.4th 1255, 1282.) If
the photographs, though “‘gruesome,’” would clarify a medical examiner’s testimony,
then they may be admitted in the court’s discretion. (Coleman, supra, at p. 776.)
Autopsy photographs may therefore be admitted as pertinent because they show the
‘“nature and placement of the fatal wounds’” or support the prosecution’s theory of how

6     Evidence Code section 352 provides: “The court in its discretion may exclude
evidence if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the probability that its
admission will (a) necessitate undue consumption of time or (b) create substantial danger
of undue prejudice, of confusing the issues, or of misleading the jury.”
                                              15
the murders were committed or illustrate the testimony of the coroner and percipient
witnesses. (People v. Loker (2008) 44 Cal.4th 691, 705.)
       We have reviewed the photographs in question7 and conclude the trial court did
not abuse its discretion in admitting them. They accurately depicted Campanelli at the
scene and at the autopsy.
       The photographs were relevant to assist the jurors in understanding the medical
testimony about the autopsy. (See People v. Roldan (2005) 35 Cal.4th 646, 713
overruled on another ground by People v. Doolin (2009) 45 Cal.4th 390.) Even if the
photographs were cumulative to the medical testimony about the autopsy, “this . . . does
not demonstrate the trial court abused its broad discretion. ‘[P]rosecutors . . . are not
obliged to prove their case with evidence solely from live witnesses; the jury is entitled to
see details of the victims’ bodies to determine if the evidence supports the prosecution’s
theory of the case.’” (People v. Roldan, supra, at p. 713.)
       The photographs were also relevant to corroborate the fact and substance of
Ralph’s admissions to numerous witnesses. In particular, the photographs served to
corroborate Cindy’s testimony and rebut allegations that she lied to Detective Lankford in
order to get a deal from the prosecution or because she was angry with Ralph because he
lied about his marital status.
       Not only were the photographs relevant and admissible under Evidence Code
section 352, their admission did not violate Ralph’s federal constitutional rights.
(Chapman v. California (1967) 386 U.S. 18, 24 [error will be deemed harmless if
reviewing court can conclude beyond a reasonable doubt that a rational jury would have
found defendant guilty absent the error]; People v. Watson (1956) 46 Cal.2d 818, 836.)
       The other evidence of Ralph’s guilt was overwhelming. Ralph was angry because
Campanelli refused his offer to become a partner in Mugsy’s and he and his brother
openly discussed their plan to get rid of Campanelli. On the night of the murder, Ralph


7     Crime scene photographs (People’s exhibits 7, 8, and 53–56); autopsy photographs
(People’s exhibits 67–72, and 74).
                                         16
told Cindy that “they were going to take [Campanelli] out and kill him.” Halsworth’s
description of the murder and assault was corroborated by Cindy who was in the back
office. Furthermore, Ralph’s detailed descriptions of how he committed the crimes were
corroborated by Dr. Djabourian’s testimony of Campanelli’s injuries and the manner in
which they were inflicted. In the hours immediately following the crimes both appellants
discussed with Cindy their plans to destroy evidence linking them to the crimes.
Christopher made plans to have his vehicle stolen and then torched. Ralph disposed of
the bloody clothes they wore during the crimes. Following the crimes, Ralph confessed
his involvement to Cindy, Pilarski, Weightman, MacGregor, Wearing, Felton, Jak, and
Block. He often referenced the gurgling sound which Campanelli made as he choked on
his own blood. He confessed to so many people and on so many occasions that
Christopher confronted and ordered him to “shut his mouth.” In addition to his repeated
confessions, other evidence identified Ralph as the perpetrator. He had a tattoo depicting
the same charm and necklace that police found at the scene and which contained his
DNA. He also had a fresh abrasion to his arm when he met with Detective Lankford
shortly after the murder and assault. In jailhouse communications with Christopher,
Ralph expressed concern that Cindy and Pilarski would not remain loyal to him
demonstrating his consciousness of guilt.
II.    Admission of Note Shown During Jailhouse Visit
       A.     Contention
       Ralph contends that the trial court’s admission of a note that his mother held up to
the glass partition during a jailhouse visit was an error that violated his right to due
process.
       B.     Background
       LACSD Deputy Michael Kelley testified that on November 15, 2008, during a
jailhouse visit from appellants’ parents, he confiscated a note held up to the glass
partition by appellants’ mother Linda Lee Rosas, for Ralph to read. The note stated:



                                              17
“Neclace (sic)–What did you say to Lankf (sic). In first interview when you were first
arrested.”8
       Ralph’s defense counsel moved to exclude the note. He argued the note should be
excluded as inadmissible hearsay because there was no evidence that Ralph wrote the
note or responded to it such that it could be considered an adoptive admission. He argued
the note was irrelevant and Deputy Kelley’s testimony should be excluded. The
prosecutor argued the note was not hearsay and was not offered for a hearsay purpose.
The note was relevant to show that Ralph and his parents had discussed the necklace and
what he might have said to Detective Lankford. The trial court overruled defense
counsel’s objection to the admission of the note stating: “The court finds, under the
circumstances of this case where there is evidence that a necklace was found at the scene,
that there was DNA testing conducted with respect to that necklace, that [appellant]
Ralph Rosas discussed the necklace with a number of people, and there was testimony in
this court regarding that, that it is more probative than prejudicial. So the [note] and the
statement by the Deputy will remain.” Ralph’s defense counsel made a motion for a
mistrial, which was denied.
       Ralph’s defense counsel requested that the note be excluded when the exhibits
were being discussed at the close of the evidence. The court denied the request finding
the note was “more probative than prejudicial” and that it was not hearsay because it was
not being offered for the truth of the matter asserted. With respect to the note, the parties
agreed on the language for the instruction, and the trial court instructed the jury with
CALJIC No. 2.09 modified as follows: “Certain evidence was admitted for a limited
purpose. As to People’s Exhibit 114 it has been admitted for a purpose other than the
truth of the matter, contained in the writing itself.”




8      People’s exhibit 114.
                                              18
       C.      Analysis
       Ralph contends the court erred by admitting the note. He contends admitting the
note for a nonhearsay purpose was error because the prosecution “[attempted] to prove
the truth of the matter asserted–that the ‘necklace’ was of concern to appellant.” He
further argues that the note was “completely irrelevant” and its admission was
prejudicial.
       With respect to hearsay, Evidence Code section 1200, subdivision (b) states:
“hearsay evidence is inadmissible.” Hearsay evidence is defined as “evidence of a
statement that was made other than by a witness while testifying at the hearing and that is
offered to prove the truth of the matter stated.” (Evid. Code, § 1200, subd. (a).) We
review a challenge to the admission of evidence pursuant to a hearsay exception under
the deferential abuse of discretion standard of review. (People v. Pirwani (2004) 119
Cal.App.4th 770, 787.) A trial court’s ruling will not be disturbed, and reversal of the
judgment is not required, unless the trial court exercised its discretion in an arbitrary,
capricious or patently absurd manner that resulted in a manifest miscarriage of justice.
(People v. Guerra (2006) 37 Cal.4th 1067, 1113; People v. Brown (2003) 31 Cal.4th 518,
540–541 [trial court’s determination that preliminary facts exist to permit admission of a
statement under an exception to the hearsay rule will not be disturbed if supported by
substantial evidence].)
       The note was not hearsay because it was not offered for the truth of the matter
asserted therein, that is, it was not offered to establish that Ralph made a statement to
Detective Lankford during his first interview after his initial arrest. The note was
admitted for the limited purpose of demonstrating Ralph’s consciousness of guilt.
Somebody had discussed the significance of the necklace with appellant’s parents and the
note provided context for admissions that Ralph made to Wearing, Felton, and Jak. The
hearsay objection was properly overruled.
       To the extent the argument is relevance, we agree that only relevant evidence is
admissible. (Evid. Code, § 350.) ‘“The test of relevance is whether the evidence tends

                                              19
“logically, naturally, and by reasonable inference” to establish material facts . . . .’”
(People v. Harris (2005) 37 Cal.4th 310, 337.) Here, there was evidence that a necklace
was found at the scene of the crime, DNA testing was conducted on that necklace, and
Ralph mentioned to a number of witnesses that he was worried that a necklace he lost
could implicate him in the crime. Thus, the evidence was relevant.
       Assuming, arguendo, that Ralph is correct and the note should not have been
admitted, he failed to demonstrate that such error was prejudicial. The standard of review
governing the erroneous admission of evidence is whether the error was harmless under
People v. Watson, supra, 46 Cal.2d at p. 837. This case was not decided by the
admission of the jailhouse note. The evidence of Ralph’s guilt in this case, consisting of
his conduct before and after the crimes, his confession to at least eight witnesses, and the
recorded conversations and letters between Ralph and his brother Christopher, was
overwhelming.
       In light of all the other evidence in support of the two charged crimes, it is clear
beyond a reasonable doubt that a rational jury would have found Ralph guilty absent the
alleged error.
III.   Appellant Christopher
       We appointed counsel to represent Christopher on appeal. After examination of
the record, counsel filed an “Opening Brief” in which no issues were raised. On
September 13, 2012, we advised Christopher that he had 30 days within which to
personally submit any contentions or issues which he wished us to consider. No response
has been received.
       We have examined the entire record and are satisfied that Christopher’s appellate
counsel has fully complied with his responsibilities and that no arguable issue exists. We
conclude that Christopher has, by virtue of counsel’s compliance with the Wende
procedure and our review of the record, received adequate and effective appellate review
of the judgment entered against him in this case. (Smith v. Robbins (2000) 528 U.S. 259,
278; People v. Kelly (2006) 40 Cal.4th 106, 123–124.)

                                              20
                                    DISPOSITION
      The judgments are affirmed.
      NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS.


                                           _____________________, J. *
                                                  FERNS
We concur:




____________________________, Acting P. J.
      ASHMANN-GERST


____________________________, J.
      CHAVEZ




*       Judge of the Los Angeles Superior Court, assigned by the Chief Justice pursuant to
article VI, section 6 of the California Constitution.
                                              21
