                          STATE OF MICHIGAN

                           COURT OF APPEALS



PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,                                   UNPUBLISHED
                                                                   March 12, 2015
               Plaintiff-Appellee,

v                                                                  No. 319320
                                                                   Kent Circuit Court
TEVIN JAMARIOND NERO,                                              LC No. 13-000488-FC

               Defendant-Appellant.


Before: M. J. KELLY, P.J., and MURPHY and HOEKSTRA, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

       Following a jury trial, defendant appeals as of right his conviction for armed robbery,
MCL 750.529. Because the prosecutor presented sufficient evidence to support defendant’s
conviction and defendant was not entitled to a mistrial, we affirm.

        On December 10, 2012, defendant, Robert Calloway, and Terrance Ashford robbed
Christopher Tymczyn. Specifically, according to Tymczyn’s testimony, at about 10:00 p.m.,
three men began to follow him when he got off a bus, so he stepped off the sidewalk, onto the
grass, to allow them to pass. Instead one of the men, later identified as defendant, asked
Tymczyn: “Are you scared?” and “Do you want to scrap?” While they were talking, Tymczyn
noticed that one of the men had a gun, though according to testimony from Ashford and
Calloway it was actually a BB gun. Tymczyn told the men he did not want to “scrap” and he
continued walking. One of the men continued to harass Tymczyn by asking for his telephone.
Tymczyn then started to run, and the three men ran after him. When Tymczyn slowed down,
Calloway came up to Tymczyn, punched him in the head, and took Tymczyn’s headphones.
Ashford also came from behind and “pistol whipped” Tymczyn with a BB gun. Defendant,
Ashford, and Calloway then ran away. Tymczyn called 911. Defendant and Ashford were soon
stopped by the police. Tymczyn identified defendant and Ashford as two of the men involved in
the attack.

        On appeal, defendant argues insufficient evidence was presented at trial to convict him of
armed robbery. In particular, defendant does not dispute whether an armed robbery was
committed, nor does he deny that he was with Ashford and Calloway at the time of the robbery.
Instead, defendant’s contention on appeal is that he did not assist or encourage the commission
of the crime. He maintains he was merely present for the robbery and that, even under an aiding
and abetting theory, his mere presence cannot support an armed robbery conviction.

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        We review a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence in a criminal case de novo.
People v Ericksen, 288 Mich App 192, 195; 793 NW2d 120 (2010). The test for determining the
sufficiency of the evidence is “whether the evidence, viewed in a light most favorable to the
[prosecution], would warrant a reasonable juror in finding guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.”
People v Nowack, 462 Mich 392, 399; 614 NW2d 78 (2000). “Circumstantial evidence and the
reasonable inferences that arise from that evidence can constitute satisfactory proof of the
elements of the crime.” People v Henderson, 306 Mich App 1, 9; 854 NW2d 234 (2014).
Further, this Court defers to the trier of fact’s determinations regarding the weight of the
evidence or the credibility of witnesses, and we resolve any conflicts in the evidence in favor of
the prosecution. People v Kanaan, 278 Mich App 594, 619; 751 NW2d 57 (2008).

       “The elements of armed robbery are: (1) an assault and (2) a felonious taking of property
from the victim’s presence or person (3) while the defendant is armed with a weapon.” People v
Smith, 478 Mich 292, 319; 733 NW2d 351 (2007). A person may be held liable for armed
robbery under an aiding and abetting theory. See MCL 767.39. Specifically, “[o]ne who
procures, counsels, aids, or abets in the commission of an offense may be convicted and
punished as if he committed the offense directly.” People v Norris, 236 Mich App 411, 419; 600
NW2d 658 (1999), citing MCL 767.39.

       The elements of aiding and abetting are (1) the crime charged was committed by
       the defendant or some other person; (2) the defendant performed acts or gave
       encouragement that assisted the commission of the crime; and (3) the defendant
       intended the commission of the crime or had knowledge that the principal
       intended its commission at the time that [the defendant] gave aid and
       encouragement. [People v Bennett, 290 Mich App 465, 472; 802 NW2d 627
       (2010) (citation omitted) (alteration in original)].

Aiding and abetting encompasses “any type of assistance given to the perpetrator of a crime by
words or deeds that are intended to encourage, support, or incite the commission of that crime.”
People v Moore, 470 Mich 56, 63; 679 NW2d 41 (2004). In contrast, “[m]ere presence, even
with knowledge that an offense is about to be committed or is being committed, is insufficient to
establish that a defendant aided or assisted in the commission of the crime.” Norris, 236 Mich
App at 419-420. An aider and abettor’s state of mind may be inferred from all the facts and
circumstances. People v Carines, 460 Mich 750, 758; 597 NW2d 130 (1999). “Factors that may
be considered include a close association between the defendant and the principal, the
defendant's participation in the planning or execution of the crime, and evidence of flight after
the crime.” Id. (citation omitted).

        In this case, although defendant did not personally take Tymczyn’s property or conduct
the assault, there is nonetheless sufficient evidence to support the conclusion that he was not
merely present but rather an active participant in events, and he is thus guilty of aiding and
abetting the armed robbery. That is, before the robbery, defendant was well aware of Ashford’s
intent because Ashford suggested to defendant and Calloway that they “do something stupid”
and rob someone. Knowing Ashford’s intent, defendant participated in following Tymczyn and
he confronted Tymczyn, asking him whether he was “scared” and if he wanted to “scrap.”
Indeed, following Ashford’s suggestion to rob someone, it was defendant who first made contact
with Tymczyn. Having initiated contact, defendant remained while Ashford and Calloway

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assaulted Tymczyn, and defendant then fled with them while they were in possession of
Tymczyn’s property. Further, while in their testimony Ashford and Calloway tried to downplay
defendant’s involvement in the crime, Ashford testified at trial that when he pleaded guilty to
unarmed robbery in connection with these events, he told the presiding judge that defendant
helped him in the robbery. Viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution,
and drawing all reasonable inferences in support of the verdict, a reasonable juror would be
warranted in finding beyond a reasonable doubt that defendant performed acts or gave
encouragement that assisted in the commission of the crime and that, at the time of assistance, he
intended the commission of the crime or had knowledge the principal intended its commission.
See Nowack, 462 Mich at 399-400. Defendant’s conviction is supported by sufficient evidence.

        Next, defendant claims he was denied a fair trial because the trial court failed to declare a
mistrial after a juror revealed an extraneous influence. In particular, defendant maintains that the
trial court should have declared a mistrial after a juror revealed that that she had been
“frightened” when she and the other jurors were approached near the elevator by three men who
commented in the jurors’ hearing on the racial composition of the jury. Alternatively, defendant
asserts that, at a minimum, the juror in question should have been excused or the other jurors
questioned.

         At trial, although defendant did not specifically move for a mistrial, he objected to “going
with this jury panel.” Assuming this objection can be seen as a request for a mistrial, we review
a trial court’s decision to grant or deny a mistrial for an abuse of discretion. People v Alter, 255
Mich App 194, 205; 659 NW2d 667 (2003). Likewise, we review for an abuse of discretion a
trial court’s decision regarding whether to remove jurors. People v Unger, 278 Mich App 210,
259; 749 NW2d 272 (2008). “An abuse of discretion occurs when the court chooses an outcome
that falls outside the range of reasonable and principled outcomes.” Id.

         “A mistrial is warranted only when an error or irregularity in the proceedings prejudices
the defendant and impairs his ability to get a fair trial.” People v Waclawski, 286 Mich App 634,
708; 780 NW2d 321 (2009) (citation omitted). A defendant’s right to a fair trial includes a right
to a jury that is “fair and impartial.” People v Budzyn, 456 Mich 77, 88; 566 NW2d 229 (1997).
“Where the jury considers extraneous facts not introduced in evidence, this deprives a defendant
of his rights of confrontation, cross-examination, and assistance of counsel embodied in the Sixth
Amendment.” Id. Consequently, “[t]he trial court must take appropriate steps to ensure that
jurors will not be exposed to information or influences that could affect their ability to render an
impartial verdict based on the evidence admitted in court.” People v Jackson, 292 Mich App
583, 592; 808 NW2d 541 (2011).

        However, a new trial is not required every time a juror has been placed in a
compromising situation. Id. at 592-593. Rather, a defendant requesting reversal based on
extraneous influences on the jury must establish two points. “First, the defendant must prove
that the jury was exposed to extraneous influences. Second, the defendant must establish that
these extraneous influences created a real and substantial possibility that they could have
affected the jury’s verdict.” Budzyn, 456 Mich at 88-89 (internal citations omitted). “Generally,
in proving this second point, the defendant will demonstrate that the extraneous influence is
substantially related to a material aspect of the case and that there is a direct connection between
the extrinsic material and the adverse verdict.” Id. at 89.

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        In this case, the record shows that, after the first day of trial, while the jury was waiting
for the elevator, a group of three African-American men approached them. One of the men
asked, “What is this, the eighteen hundreds? There’s only one black person on the jury.” Juror
#14 felt intimidated by this statement and brought it to the court’s attention. The juror was
questioned by the prosecution and defendant. The juror became emotional when recounting the
incident, but she told the trial court that she could continue to be a juror in this case and she
indicated that none of the other jurors appeared to have been intimidated by the incident. After
speaking with Juror #14, the trial court asked all the jurors whether they had any additional
concerns that would affect them from being fair and impartial and none of the jurors raised their
hands or otherwise expressed any concerns.

        On these facts, the trial court did not abuse its discretion by failing to grant a mistrial, or
to take other action, based on Juror #14’s disclosure to the court. Specifically, the jury was
exposed to an extraneous influence insofar as the encounter occurred outside the trial court
proceedings, but the statement was not related to a material aspect of the case and, viewed
objectively, this isolated incident did not create a real and substantial possibility of affecting the
jury’s verdict. See Budzyn, 456 Mich at 89 & n 10. The men who approached the jury made no
comment on the evidence or facts relating to defendant’s guilt, and there was no indication that
the armed robbery was motivated by race or that race otherwise played a role during trial. Most
importantly, the questioning of Juror #14 and the jury did not reveal any information or
circumstances to suggest that the jury’s ability to render a fair and impartial verdict had been
compromised. Although Juror #14 appeared to be emotional when she recounted the statement
to the trial court, she was composed at the end of the questioning and indicated to the trial court
that she could continue as a juror. She told the trial court that no other juror appeared
intimidated by the statement after it was made, and no juror raised a hand in response to the trial
court’s question. Under these circumstances, the trial court did not abuse its discretion when it
failed to declare a mistrial.

       Affirmed.



                                                               /s/ Michael J. Kelly
                                                               /s/ William B. Murphy
                                                               /s/ Joel P. Hoekstra




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