                IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                           AT KNOXVILLE
                                  June 18, 2013 Session

         AMERICAN TRAFFIC SOLUTIONS, INC. v. THE CITY OF
                 KNOXVILLE, TENNESSEE, ET AL.

                  Appeal from the Chancery Court for Knox County
                  No. 0181657-3    Michael W. Moyers, Chancellor


             No. E2012-01334-COA-R3-CV-FILED-OCTOBER 18, 2013


This appeal concerns the application of a statutory amendment to a contract the plaintiff had
with the city. The plaintiff claims the amendment to Tennessee Code Annotated section 55-
8-198, effective July 1, 2011, violates article I, section 20 of the Tennessee Constitution. In
the alternative, the plaintiff argues that the amendment does not apply to existing contracts.
The trial court concluded that the retroactive application of the amendment was not a
constitutional violation. The plaintiff appeals. We affirm.

     Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Chancery Court
                          Affirmed; Case Remanded

J OHN W. M CC LARTY, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which C HARLES D. S USANO,
J R., P.J., and T HOMAS R. F RIERSON, II, J., joined.

Thomas Anthony Swafford, Jack Robinson Dodson, III, and Rocklan W.                  King, III,
Nashville, Tennessee, for the appellant, American Traffic Solutions, Inc.

Pamela S. Lorch, Senior Counsel, Office of the Attorney General, Nashville, Tennessee, for
the appellees, Robert E. Cooper, Jr., Attorney General and Reporter.

                                         OPINION

                                    I. BACKGROUND

       In February 2005, the City of Knoxville (“the City”) passed an ordinance section
providing for usage of unmanned traffic cameras (“traffic cameras”) to enforce traffic
violations, including red light and speeding violations. Specifically, the City ordinance
permitted the usage of evidence from traffic cameras to justify the issuance of a $50, non-
criminal, civil penalty.

       In 2008, the Tennessee Legislature enacted Tennessee Code Annotated section 55-8-
198. The statute, inter alia, provided that “[a] traffic citation that is based solely upon
evidence obtained from a [traffic] camera that has been installed to enforce or monitor traffic
violations shall be considered a nonmoving traffic violation.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 55-8-
198(a).

        In February 2009, the City entered into a contract with LaserCraft, Inc. (“LaserCraft”)
to install traffic cameras in designated areas in the City. As relevant to this appeal, the
parties agreed to share the proceeds generated from right-turn-on-red (“RTOR”) citations.
The contract provided that “[t]he City shall diligently prosecute citations and LaserCraft shall
have the right to receive, and the City shall be obligated to pay, the compensation set forth
in Exhibit D attached hereto.” Under the contract, “Citation” is defined as “the notice of a
Violation,” and “Violation” is defined as “any traffic violation contrary to the terms of the
City of Knoxville Code of Ordinances, Chapter 17, Article X, Section 17-506(a)(3)(a) or
Chapter 17, Article V, Section 17-210.” Chapter 17, Article X, Section 17-506(a)(3)(a) reads
as follows:

       Vehicular traffic facing the signal shall stop before entering the crosswalk on
       the near side of the intersection or, if none, then before entering the
       intersection, and shall remain standing until green or “go” is shown alone;
       provided, however, that a right turn on red signal shall be permitted at all
       intersections within the city provided that the prospective turning car comes
       to a full and complete stop before turning and that the turning car yields the
       right-of-way to pedestrians and cross traffic traveling in accordance with their
       traffic signal. However, such turn shall not endanger other traffic lawfully
       using the intersection.

The parties further agreed that any future changes in state law would form a part of the
contract. They additionally agreed that they could terminate the contract if future state
legislation substantially revised the applicable law. At a later date, American Traffic
Solutions, Inc. (“ATS”) became LaserCraft’s successor-by-merger, and the contract with the
City was assigned to ATS.

      Effective July 1, 2011, the Legislature amended Tennessee Code Annotated section
55-8-198. A new subsection (i) (“the Amendment”) was added:

       (i)    A traffic enforcement camera system may be used to issue a traffic
              citation for an unlawful right turn on a red signal at an intersection that

                                              -2-
                is clearly marked by a “No Turn on Red” sign 1 erected by the
                responsible municipal or county government in the interest of traffic
                safety in accordance with § 55-8-110(a)(3)(A). Any other traffic
                citation for failure to make a complete stop at a red signal before
                making a permitted right turn as provided by § 55-8-110(a)(3)(A) that
                is based solely upon evidence obtained from an unmanned traffic
                enforcement camera shall be deemed invalid.

The Amendment therefore prohibits the use of traffic camera evidence when there is no
posted “No Turn on Red” sign. The Attorney General thereafter issued an opinion that the
Amendment applied to all existing contracts, including the City’s contract. Consequently,
the City notified ATS that it would no longer prosecute RTOR violations identified by the
traffic cameras. According to ATS, its annual compensation pursuant to the contract with
the City decreased 30-50 percent as a result. In November 2011, ATS filed a complaint
against the City, seeking a declaratory judgment that the Amendment is constitutionally
invalid.

       Around the time that ATS instituted this litigation, Redflex Traffic Systems, Inc.
(“Redflex”) filed a complaint seeking a declaration that the Amendment is prospective only
and inapplicable to Redflex’s existing contract with the Town of Farragut, Tennessee (“the
Town”), or is otherwise constitutionally infirm. Redflex noted the RTOR citations
constituted 75 percent of all citations submitted pursuant to its contract with the Town. Both
ATS and Redflex filed amended complaints to add Tennessee’s Attorney General. Two
months later the cases were consolidated by agreed order.

      In March 2012, ATS and Redflex filed motions for summary judgment. In its motion,
ATS specifically argued:

        By removing RTOR citations from Knoxville’s safety camera program, [the
        Amendment] directly impairs a specific obligation of the Knoxville Contract.
        RTOR enforcement is a substantial component of ATS’s safety camera
        contracts, including the Knoxville Contract.

Two months later, the Attorney General filed a motion for summary judgment, arguing that


        1
         The City’s representative, Captain Gordon Catlett, Patrol Support Commander, Knoxville Police
Department, opined in a declaration as follows: “[T]he addition of a “No Turn on Red” sign will not be an
adequate substitute at the fourteen intersections where traffic cameras are installed. Such signs are
incompatible with the engineered traffic plans and will simply increase traffic congestion and vehicle crashes
in areas where right turns on red were previously permitted.”

                                                     -3-
the trial court should uphold the constitutionality of the Amendment as applied to the
contracts, deny the motions for summary judgment, and enter summary judgment in favor
of the City and the Town.

        In a memorandum opinion and order dated May 30, 2012, the trial court granted the
Attorney General’s motion for summary judgment and dismissed the case. The trial court
concluded that the retroactive application of the Amendment did not violate the Constitutions
of either the United States or Tennessee. The court further determined that the Amendment
was a remedial statute and did not alter or impair the contractual obligations and expectations
of the parties. ATS thereafter filed a timely notice of appeal.2


                                                 II. ISSUE

       We restate the following issue raised by ATS on appeal:

       Whether the Amendment as applied to the contract between ATS and the City
       violates the Tennessee Constitution.


                                   III. STANDARD OF REVIEW

       For issues involving questions of law, our standard of review is de novo with no
presumption of correctness. Perrin v. Gaylord Entm’t Co., 120 S.W.3d 823, 826 (Tenn.
2003). Issues of constitutional interpretation are questions of law, which we review de novo
without any presumption of correctness given to the legal conclusions of the courts below.
State v. Burns, 205 S.W.3d 412, 414 (Tenn. 2006) (citing S. Constructors, Inc. v. Loudon
Cnty Bd. of Educ., 58 S.W.3d 706, 710 (Tenn. 2001)).

        There is a strong presumption in favor of the constitutionality of acts passed by the
legislature and the court’s charge is to uphold the constitutionality of a statute wherever
possible. State v. Pickett, 211 S.W.3d 696, 700 (Tenn. 2007). “In evaluating the
constitutionality of a statute, we begin with the presumption that an act of the General
Assembly is constitutional.” Id. “In evaluating the constitutionality of a statute, [we] must
indulge every presumption and resolve every doubt in favor of constitutionality.” Vogel v.
Wells Fargo Guard Servs., 937 S.W.2d 856, 858 (Tenn. 1996). “[C]ourts do not decide
constitutional questions unless resolution is absolutely necessary to determining the issues
in the case and adjudicating the rights of the parties.” State v. Taylor, 70 S.W.3d 717, 720

       2
           Redflex did not join in the appeal.

                                                    -4-
(Tenn. 2002). The party attacking the constitutionality of a statute must bear a heavy burden
in establishing a constitutional infirmity of the act in question. Gallaher v. Elam, 104
S.W.3d 455 (Tenn. 2003).


                                           IV. DISCUSSION

       Article I, section 20 of the Tennessee Constitution states “[t]hat no retrospective law,
or law impairing the obligations of contracts, shall be made.” Similarly, article I, section 10
of the United States Constitution provides that “[n]o state shall . . . pass any . . . law
impairing the obligation of contracts[.]” The Tennessee Supreme Court has observed that
the meaning of the state and federal constitutional provisions is identical. First Util. Dist.
of Carter Cnty v. Clark, 834 S.W.2d 283, 287 (Tenn. 1992).


                                           Legislative History

        At trial, ATS argued that the legislative history of the Amendment provided proof that
the legislature did not intend the Amendment to apply retrospectively to existing contracts.
It was noted that several members of the General Assembly commented that the Amendment
was not intended to restrict the enforcement of existing contracts between Tennessee
municipalities and private companies.3 ATS asserts that although we may not review the
legislative history to determine the statute’s meaning, we may review the legislative history
to determine if the statute is constitutional.

       The trial court found that it was inappropriate and unnecessary for it to review or rely
upon the legislative history regarding the Amendment. The court held as follows:


        3
         ATS’s argument is weakened by the most recent amendment to Tennessee Code Annotated section
55-8-198, which explicitly states the legislature’s intent that all amendments to the statute apply to existing
contracts:

                 (m)     A local government shall include in any contract involving
                         unmanned traffic enforcement cameras that the contract must
                         conform to any changes in state law. New and existing contracts,
                         as well as contract renewals occurring after the effective date of
                         this act, shall contain a provision that the contract shall comply
                         with all applicable revisions of state law.

See 2012 Tenn. Publ. Acts, ch. 751.


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       This Court believes it to be entirely beyond the province of the Judicial Branch
       to add substantive terms to otherwise clear and unambiguous legislation based
       solely upon selected statements made by members of the Legislature during the
       debate upon this bill. Accordingly, this Court finds that [the Amendment]
       does not exempt from its provisions contracts currently in effect relating to the
       operation of automated traffic control cameras.

       It is not the legislature but the judiciary that is vested with the power to determine the
constitutionality of statutes. “[T]he legislative power is the authority to make, order, and
repeal . . . and the judicial, that to interpret and apply, laws.” Richardson v. Young, 125 S.
W. 664, 668 (Tenn. 1910). As noted in Mabry v. Baxter, 58 Tenn. 682 (1872):

       We have no right to go outside of the statutes presented for our examination
       and adjudication, to look into the motives for their enactment. We are to
       confine ourselves to the provisions of the statute itself, and in our decisions we
       are to presume that the Legislature not only acted upon considerations of
       public good, but that they acted within the sphere of their legitimate powers.
       ...

Id., 1872 WL 4084, at *4. In regard therefore to the relevant issue before us, we find that the
trial court properly refrained from consideration of the legislative history surrounding the
Amendment.


                                 Doe v. Sundquist Analysis

        Article I, section 20 of the Tennessee Constitution prohibits laws “which take away
or impair vested rights acquired under existing laws or create a new obligation, impose a new
duty, or attach a new disability in respect of transactions or considerations already passed.”
Estate of Bell v. Shelby Cnty Health Care Corp., 318 S.W.3d 823, 829 (Tenn. 2010) (quoting
Morris v. Gross, 572 S.W.2d 902 (Tenn. 1978)). A “vested right” is one “which it is proper
for the state to recognize and protect and of which [an] individual could not be deprived
arbitrarily without injustice.” Morris, 572 S.W.2d at 905 (citation omitted). Among the main
tests as to whether the obligation of a contract has been impaired are whether the value of the
contract or security has been lessened, Lake County v. Morris, 28 S.W.2d 351, 354 (Tenn.
1930), or whether the right in full existing at the time the contract was executed has been
diminished. Hannum v. McInturf, 65 Tenn. 225 (1873).

       The trial court specifically noted what the Amendment does NOT do:



                                               -6-
              a. It does not ban the use of traffic cameras;

              b. It does not prohibit the use of evidence obtained by use of
              traffic cameras;

              c. It does not ban the use of evidence obtained through these
              cameras in prosecuting citations for illegal RTOR;

              d. It does not ban the use of such evidence as the sole
              supporting evidence for a RTOR citation if the municipality
              prohibits right turns on red at monitored intersections.

As stated by the trial court, the sole effect of the challenged provision is to require some
other evidence besides traffic camera evidence standing alone to support a citation for an
illegal RTOR at intersections where RTOR are allowed.

       “The threshold inquiry is ‘whether the state law has, in fact, operated as a substantial
impairment of a contractual relationship.’” Energy Reserves Grp., Inc. v. Kansas Power &
Light Co., 459 U.S. 400, 411, 103 S. Ct. 697 (1983) (quoting Allied Structural Steel Co. v.
Spannaus, 438 U.S. 234, 244, 98 S. Ct. 2716, 2722 (1978)). The obligations of a contract
are impaired by a law that renders them invalid, or releases or extinguishes them. Home
Bldg. & Loan Ass’n v. Blaisdell, 290 U.S. 398, 431, 54 S. Ct. 231 (1934).

        In the instant matter, the trial court employed the four factor analysis set forth in Doe
v. Sundquist, 2 S.W.3d 919, 924 (Tenn. 1999). The issue in Doe concerned vested rights –
not impairment of contracts; however, its analysis is similar to the United States Supreme
Court’s analysis in impairment-of-contract cases. See, e.g., Energy Reserves Grp., Inc., 459
U.S. 400, 103 S. Ct. 697; Blaisdell, 290 U.S. 398, 54 S. Ct. 231. The Doe factors are: (1)
whether the public interest is advanced or retarded, (2) whether the statutory provision gives
effect to or defeats the bona fide intentions or reasonable expectations of affected persons,
(3) whether the statute surprises persons who have long relied on a contrary interpretation
of the law, and (4) the extent to which the statute is procedural or remedial. Doe, 2 S.W.3d
at 923-24 (as announced in Ficarra v. Dept. of Regulatory Agencies, 849 P.2d 6 (Colo.
1993)). No one factor is dispositive. Jack Tyler Engineering Co. v. SPX Corp., 294 Fed.
App’x 176, 178 (6th Cir. 2008).


                                  Procedural or Remedial

       The Tennessee Supreme Court has observed that statutes that are procedural or

                                               -7-
remedial in nature may be applied retrospectively. Saylors v. Riggsbee, 544 S.W.2d 609, 610
(Tenn. 1976).4 A statute is procedural “if it defines the mode or proceeding by which a legal
right is enforced, as distinguished from the law which gives or defines the right.” Kuykendall
v. Wheeler, 890 S.W.2d 785, 787 (Tenn. 1994). “A statute is remedial if it provides the
means by which a cause of action may be effectuated, wrongs addressed, and relief
obtained.” Doe, 2 S.W.3d at 923; see Caudill v. Foley, 21 S.W.3d. 203, 208 (Tenn. Ct. App.
1999). ATS argues that the Amendment’s language is substantive and affects substantive,
vested rights.

      The trial court found that the Amendment is remedial in nature. The court held as
follows:

        [The Amendment] does not change the underlying law regarding the legality
        or illegality of right turns on red or the rules regarding such turns. As between
        the motorist and the State, the rights and obligations of the illegal act itself are
        unchanged. Instead, the effect of the new section is evidentiary; the
        Legislature has chosen to specify what level of evidence is necessary for the
        State or municipality to prove and enforce a citation issued for illegal right
        turns. In other words, the challenged provision “defines the proceeding by
        which a legal right is enforced” (the means by which the government may
        enforce laws governing the making of right turns at red lights), “as
        distinguished from the law which gives or defines the right” (statutes and
        ordinances that define whether and when one may make a right turn at a red
        light.). As such, this Court finds that the challenged provision of [the
        Amendment] is “remedial” or “procedural” in nature, and thus amenable to
        retrospective application, if indeed it is being applied retrospectively.

We agree with the analysis of the trial court. The Amendment before us is not a substantive
legal change but a remedial, procedural one. Changes in evidentiary rules are remedial and
not substantive. Brewer v. Aetna Life Insurance Co., 490 S.W.2d 506 (Tenn. 1973). As the
Brewer Court recognized:

        “It must be evident that the right to have one’s controversies determined by
        existing rules of evidence is not a vested right. These rules pertain to the
        remedies which the state provides for its citizens, and, generally in legal
        contemplation, they neither enter into and constitute a part of any contract, nor
        can they be regarded as being of the essence of any right which a party may


        4
        Laws that are procedural or remedial may be applied retrospectively unless the application of these
laws would impair a vested right or a contractual obligation. Estate of Bell, 318 S.W.3d at 828.

                                                   -8-
       seek to enforce. Like other rules affecting the remedy, they must, therefore,
       at all times be subject to modification and control by the legislature; and the
       changes which are enacted may lawfully be made applicable to existing causes
       of action, even in those states in which retrospective laws are forbidden.

                                             ***

       Courts of high authority have held that mere rules of evidence do not form part
       of contracts entered into while they are in force, and that it is competent for the
       legislature to, from time to time, change the rules of evidence, and to make
       such change applicable to existing causes of action.”

Brewer, 490 S.W.2d at 511 (quoting Marx v. Hanthorn, 148 U.S. 172, 181, 13 S. Ct. 508
(1893)).

       The substantive law defining a RTOR violation has not been revised by the
Amendment. The change made by the legislature is “the procedure” by which the violation
is proven. The Amendment merely alters the rules of evidence to determine when a person
has violated a traffic law. One does not have a vested right in existing rules of evidence and
the change in the rules does not constitute a substantial impairment of the obligations of the
contract. See id.


                                         Police Power

        The State “may pass retroactive, remedial legislation in areas reserved for state
governance.” Doe v. Sundquist, 943 F. Supp. 886, 893 (M.D. Tenn. 1996). The state’s
“exercising its authority over its highways . . . [includes] regulations as to the manner in
which vehicles shall be operated. . . .” Sproles v. Binfold, 286 U.S. 374, 388, 52 S. Ct. 581
(1932). Likewise, contracts which relate to the use of the highways must be deemed to have
been made in contemplation of the regulatory authority of the state. Sproles, 286 U.S. at 390-
91. The Tennessee “legislature, through its police power, may prescribe conditions under
which the ‘privilege’ of operating automobiles on public highways may be exercised.” State
v. Booher, 978 S.W.2d 953, 956 (Tenn. Ct. Crim. App. 1997). “One whose rights, such as
they are, are subject to state restriction, cannot remove them from the power of the State by
making a contract about them.” Energy Reserves Grp., Inc., 459 U.S. at 411. The use of
traffic cameras for citations is an exercise of the police power. Tenn. Op. Atty Gen. No. 01-
004, 2001 WL 1010807 (August 9, 2001).

       In Blaisdell, the United States Supreme Court has provided:

                                               -9-
       “It is the settled law of this [Supreme Court] that the interdiction of statutes
       impairing the obligation of contracts does not prevent the state from exercising
       such powers as are vested in it for the promotion of the common weal, or are
       necessary for the general good of the public, though contracts previously
       entered into between individuals may thereby be affected. This power, which,
       in its various ramifications, is known as the police power, is an exercise of the
       sovereign right of the government to protect the lives, health, morals, comfort,
       and general welfare of the people, and is paramount to any rights under
       contracts between individuals.”

Blaisdell, 290 U.S. at 240 (quoting Manigault v. Springs, 199 U.S. 473, 480, 26 S.Ct. 127
(1905)). “All contracts are subject to be interfered with, or otherwise affected by, subsequent
statutes and ordinances enacted in the bona fide exercise of police power.” Profill Devel.,
Inc. v. Dills, 960 S.W.2d 17, 33 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1997) (quoting Sherwin Williams Co. v.
Morris, 156 S.W.2d 350, 352 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1941)).

       Article I, section 20, of the Tennessee Constitution “does not inhibit retrospective
laws made in furtherance of the police power of the state.” Shields v. Clifton Hill Land Co.,
28 S. W. 668, 674 (Tenn. 1894). Because the Amendment “is a bona fide exercise of police
power that specifically addresses the public health, safety and welfare,” it does not
unlawfully impair ATS’s contractual rights. See Profill, 960 S.W.2d at 33.


                                        Public Interest

        ATS argues the Amendment advances no rational public interest, asserting that an
amendment that encourages disrespect for the law and discourages public safety cannot have
a legitimate public purpose. According to ATS, there can be no legitimate public purpose
in enforcing violations for driving straight through red lights but prohibiting the use of traffic
camera evidence to enforce illegal RTOR.

       In this case, the Amendment states that its purpose is “to amend Tennessee Code
Annotated, Title 55, Chapter 8, relative to traffic surveillance cameras . . . the public welfare
requiring it.” Thus, the legislature made the statutory revision pursuant to its police power.
“The police power of the state is the reserved power of the State to take such action as may
be necessary in the public interest.” Tenn. Valley Auth. v. Lenoir City, Tenn., 72 F. Supp.
457, 461(E. D. Tenn.1947). Thus, the Amendment is a legitimate exercise of the State’s
police power, benefitting the public at large.

       “When the subject lies within the police power of the state, debatable questions as to

                                               -10-
reasonableness are not for the courts but for the Legislature, which is entitled to form its own
judgment, and its actions within its range of discretion cannot be set aside because
compliance is burdensome.” Sproles, 286 U.S. at 388-89. “[T]he determination of public
policy is primarily a function of the legislature.” Taylor v. Beard, 104 S.W.3d 507, 511
(Tenn. 2003). Neither the parties nor the court may critique the legislature’s public-policy
decisions.

        We find that the trial court properly deferred to the General Assembly’s judgment as
to the reasonableness and necessity for the Amendment:

       By [the Amendment], the Legislature sought to refine and further regulate the
       use of [traffic cameras], and chose to do so just three (3) year after its initial
       enactment. It is important to note that [the Amendment] does not simply seek
       to modify the evidence required to support a citation for illegal right turns; it
       provides a fairly comprehensive set of regulations regarding the placement,
       engineering and use of automated traffic enforcement cameras, along with
       specific guidelines governing the manner in which citations may be prosecuted
       using evidence obtained from these devices. Given the broad regulatory nature
       of [the Amendment], this Court cannot say that the legislation does not
       reasonably advance a public purpose.

       Even considering new Section (i) of TCA 55-8-198 apart from the other
       provisions of the bill does not mandate a finding that its language advances no
       public purpose. The Legislature is not merely concerned with enhancing and
       advancing the powers of the State. It may also consider and advance the
       rights, concerns and interests of the citizenry that it serves. By allowing right
       turns on red throughout the State in 1976 (Chapter 401, Acts of 1976), left
       turns on red in 1982 (Chapter 684, Acts of 1982), and designating in 2008 that
       illegal right turn citations based solely on evidence obtained by automated
       traffic enforcement cameras be considered “non-moving violations” (TCA 55-
       8-198(a)), the Legislature may be seen to be evolving in the direction of
       liberality and leniency as regards turns made at controlled intersections. If the
       Legislature has determined that it is in the public interest to equate such turns
       with parking violations (a finding central to the viability of the Plaintiffs’
       contracts with their respective municipalities), this Court cannot say that it is
       unreasonable or not in the advancement of the public interest for the
       Legislature to restrict the number of citations issued for such minor offenses.
       The Legislature could well have reasoned that the fact that these violations
       represent such large portion of the citation volume generated by cities that
       utilize these devices, that overall the price that the public was paying for this

                                              -11-
       violation was disproportionate to the seriousness of the offense and acted
       accordingly. Raising the evidentiary bar for the issuance of such citations
       might (and may well have) address that disproportionality.

       In sum, this Court will follow the holding in Taylor v. Beard and defer to the
       Legislature the question of whether the provisions of [the Amendment]
       advance the public interest. Even if this Court were disinclined to do so, this
       Court can conceive of a rational basis for the legislation, and therefore must
       find that it advances the public interest.

(Footnotes omitted). Accordingly, we conclude that the determination of the trial court that
the Amendment relates to a legitimate public interest is supported by a preponderance of the
evidence.


                             Reasonable Expectations/Surprise

       The existence of State regulation on the subject of the operation of motor vehicles
would suggest that ATS entered into the contract knowing that a change in the law was
foreseeable. Tennessee Code Annotated section 55-8-198 was first enacted in July 2008.
The initial contract with the City was executed in February 2009. As the contract was
executed after the legislature initiated its regulation of traffic citations based upon evidence
obtained from traffic cameras, it would be unreasonable for ATS not to expect the legislature
to make changes and adjustments to the statutory provisions in the future. Indeed, the
contract at issue expressly contemplates future changes in the law. In view of the fact that
ATS contracted for possible future changes in the law, it cannot now contend it has been
surprised by revisions to the statute or that it had a reasonable expectation that the law would
remain static. Because the contractual provisions “suggest that [ATS] knew its contractual
rights were subject to alteration by state . . . regulation. . . [its] reasonable expectations have
not been impaired.” Energy Reserves Grp., Inc., 459 U.S. at 411. When a change in state
law is foreseeable, the change does not impair the parties’ reasonable expectations. Id.

        The trial court properly applied the Doe four-factor analysis and correctly concluded
that the Amendment did not impair the contract between ATS and the City.




                                      V. CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the trial court is affirmed. The case is

                                               -12-
remanded for such further proceedings as may be necessary. Costs of the appeal are taxed
to the appellant, American Traffic Solutions, Inc.


                                                 _________________________________
                                                 JOHN W. McCLARTY, JUDGE




                                          -13-
