                    United States Court of Appeals
                            FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                               ________________

                                  No. 08-1530
                               ________________


Josephine Kemunto Manani,                *
                                         *
            Petitioner,                  *
                                         *       Petition for Review from the
      v.                                 *       Board of Immigration Appeals.
                                         *
Mark R. Filip,1 Acting Attorney          *
General,                                 *
                                         *
            Respondent.                  *


                                  _______________

                          Submitted: September 25, 2008
                              Filed: January 28, 2009
                               ________________

Before WOLLMAN, SMITH and GRUENDER, Circuit Judges.
                       ________________

GRUENDER, Circuit Judge.

       Josephine Kemunto Manani, a native and citizen of Kenya, petitions for review
of a decision of the Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) denying her application


      1
       Mark R. Filip became the Acting Attorney General on January 20, 2009, and
is automatically substituted as respondent under Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure
43(c)(2).
for asylum, withholding of removal, and protection under Article 3 of the Convention
Against Torture (“CAT”). To the extent that we have jurisdiction, we deny Manani’s
petition.

I.    BACKGROUND

       Manani entered the United States on or about October 18, 2001, as a
nonimmigrant visitor with authorization to stay in this country until November 17,
2001. On May 21, 2004, Manani filed an application for asylum, withholding of
removal, and protection under Article 3 of the CAT. Manani sought relief based on
her membership in two social groups: widowed Mkisii women subjected to “wife
inheritance” and Kenyans who are HIV-positive.

       Manani stated in her application that she is a member of the Mkisii ethnic or
tribal group2 and that she lived in Kisii, Kenya, before coming to the United States.
Manani alleged that after her husband’s death on August 3, 1999, her husband’s three
brothers began to harass her. According to Manani, her husband’s brothers sought to
“inherit” her in accordance with the traditions of Mkisii culture. This inheritance
custom entails a forced marriage between the widow and one of her deceased
husband’s brothers. The widow’s new husband exercises control over her and her
children and assumes ownership of the widow’s property. Although Manani refused
to be inherited, her brothers-in-law allegedly stole property from her home and
attempted to intimidate her. Eventually, her deceased husband’s family began
demanding that Manani’s daughters undergo female genital mutilation (“FGM”).
Manani responded by sending her daughters away to boarding school. Manani and
her sons later left their home to move in with Manani’s parents in Matutu, Kenya.




      2
       Some documents in the record refer to the “Kisii” ethnic or tribal group. For
the sake of consistency, we follow the terminology used in the parties’ briefs.

                                         -2-
       In October 2001, more than two years after her husband died, Manani came to
the United States to attend a religious conference, leaving her sons behind in Kenya.
Manani asserted that she received an extension of her nonimmigrant status that
authorized her to stay in this country until March 4, 2002. Manani claimed that a few
days before this extension was set to expire she broke her back and one of her legs in
a fall down a flight of stairs. While recovering from surgery after this accident,
Manani allegedly suffered a “massive” heart attack. Manani stated that she then had
two additional surgical procedures and completed a lengthy rehabilitation program.
Manani submitted a letter to corroborate her account of these catastrophic events,
purportedly written by the director of the cardiovascular division at the Hospital of the
University of Pennsylvania.

       Manani reported that she filed another application for an extension of her
nonimmigrant status in August 2002, which was denied in January 2003. Later that
January, Manani was diagnosed with HIV. Manani wrote in her May 2004 application
for asylum that she feared discrimination on account of her HIV-positive status if she
were forced to return to Kenya.

       The Department of Homeland Security’s Chicago Asylum Office (“Asylum
Office”) declined to grant Manani’s application for asylum because Manani failed to
demonstrate by clear and convincing evidence that she filed her application within one
year after her arrival in the United States. See 8 U.S.C. § 1158(a)(2)(B) (providing
that an alien may not apply for asylum unless she “demonstrates by clear and
convincing evidence that the application has been filed within 1 year after the date of
the alien’s arrival in the United States”). The Asylum Office found that Manani
showed “changed circumstances materially affecting [her] eligibility for asylum, or
extraordinary circumstances directly related to [her] delay in filing,” but nevertheless
decided that Manani “failed to file [her] application within a reasonable period of time
given those circumstances.” See 8 U.S.C. § 1158(a)(2)(D) (providing that an untimely
application “may be considered . . . if the alien demonstrates to the satisfaction of the

                                          -3-
Attorney General either the existence of changed circumstances which materially
affect the applicant’s eligibility for asylum or extraordinary circumstances relating to
the delay in filing an application within the [one-year] period specified in [8 U.S.C.
§ 1158(a)(2)(B)]”). The Asylum Office referred Manani’s application to an
immigration judge (“IJ”) to commence removal proceedings.

       On November 19, 2004, Manani made her initial appearance before the IJ.
Manani conceded that she was removable under 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(1)(B) for
remaining in the United States after November 17, 2001, without authorization. The
IJ continued the proceedings until January 12, 2006. On that date, Manani reiterated
many of the factual allegations set forth in her written application for asylum,
withholding of removal, and protection under the CAT. Manani admitted, however,
that her narrative about falling down a flight of stairs and suffering a heart attack was
a fabrication. Manani also confessed that the letter she submitted to corroborate her
fantastic account of those events was a forgery. On April 27, 2006, the IJ heard
testimony from Manani’s sons, who joined their mother in the United States in August
2004, and from Manani’s clinical psychologist. The IJ then issued her oral decision.

       The IJ found that Manani’s testimony was partly credible and partly
exaggerated. The IJ credited Manani’s testimony that her husband died in 1999, that
her brothers-in-law desired to inherit her and subject her daughters to FGM, and that
she subjectively feared returning to Kenya because of her HIV-positive status. On the
other hand, the IJ discredited Manani’s inconsistent testimony about whether her
brothers-in-law had physically harmed her after her husband’s death. Moreover, the
IJ decided that Manani exaggerated her claims about the threat of future harm to her
and her daughters from her brothers-in-law and their family. The IJ noted in this
regard that Manani avoided wife inheritance during the roughly two-year period
between her husband’s death and her arrival in the United States and that her
daughters avoided FGM despite remaining in Kenya without their mother. The IJ also



                                          -4-
registered concerns regarding Manani’s credibility in light of her fabricated narrative
about suffering life-threatening injuries and her submission of a forged letter.

       While the IJ stated that Manani failed to meet her burden of proof on the merits
of her asylum claim, the IJ later held that Manani was statutorily ineligible for asylum
because she did not file her application within one year after her arrival in the United
States. The IJ further held that Manani’s May 2004 application for asylum was not
filed within a reasonable time after learning that she was HIV-positive in January
2003. The IJ added that she would, in any event, deny Manani’s application for
asylum as a matter of discretion because of Manani’s submission of a fraudulent
document. Finally, the IJ determined that Manani’s failure to meet the lower burden
of proof associated with her asylum claim meant that she necessarily failed to meet
the higher burden of proof required to establish her eligibility for withholding of
removal or protection under the CAT.

       Manani appealed to the BIA, arguing, among other things, that the evidence
conclusively showed that she suffered past persecution in Kenya and that she had a
well-founded fear of future persecution if she were forced to return there. Manani
continued to describe herself as a member of the social group composed of Kenyans
who are HIV-positive, but she both broadened and narrowed her description of the
other social group to which she claimed membership; that is, Manani now described
herself as a Kenyan (rather than Mkisii) widow opposed (rather than subjected) to wife
inheritance and to the performance of FGM on her daughters (a new category).

      On February 20, 2008, the BIA dismissed Manani’s appeal in its entirety. First,
the BIA affirmed the IJ’s decision insofar as it found Manani statutorily ineligible for
asylum because she did not file her application within either one year after she entered
the United States in October 2001 or a reasonable time after she learned that she was
HIV-positive in January 2003. The BIA rejected Manani’s argument that the IJ
ignored testimony from Manani’s psychologist indicating that Manani experienced

                                          -5-
symptoms of severe depression before she was diagnosed with HIV. The BIA noted
that Manani was able to start working as a caregiver in April 2003, more than a full
year before filing her application for asylum on May 21, 2004. Thus, the BIA held
that “even considering [Manani’s] depression,” she nonetheless failed to file her
application “within a reasonable period.”

       Turning to Manani’s remaining claims, the BIA found no clear error in the IJ’s
determination that Manani was only partly credible. The BIA recounted the
“discrepancies” in Manani’s testimony about whether she suffered physical harm at
the hands of her brothers-in-law. In addition, the BIA relied on “all the reasons
identified by the [IJ],” which would presumably include the IJ’s concerns regarding
Manani’s fabricated narrative about suffering life-threatening injuries and her
submission of a forged letter.

       On the merits, the BIA agreed with the IJ’s conclusion that Manani failed to
establish her eligibility for withholding of removal or protection under the CAT. The
BIA echoed the IJ in noting that Manani avoided wife inheritance during the roughly
two-year period between her husband’s death and her arrival in the United States and
that her daughters avoided FGM despite remaining in Kenya without their mother.
As a result, the BIA held that Manani did not meet her burden to show either past
persecution or a clear probability of future persecution on account of her status as a
Kenyan widow opposed to wife inheritance and to the performance of FGM on her
daughters. Though the BIA acknowledged that Manani might face discrimination in
Kenya on account of her HIV-positive status, it found that Manani had not established
that the potential discrimination would rise to the level of persecution or that her life
or freedom would be threatened because of economic hardship. In dismissing
Manani’s CAT claim, the BIA noted that Manani did not allege that she would be
tortured by or with the acquiescence of the Kenyan government if she returned to her
country of origin.



                                          -6-
      On March 7, 2008, Manani filed a timely petition for review of the BIA’s
removal order. See 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b). Manani argues that the denial of her
application for asylum, withholding of removal, and protection under the CAT was
erroneous in numerous respects.

II.   DISCUSSION

       Before addressing the merits of Manani’s claims, we must first decide the limits
of our jurisdiction. Congress has generally precluded the federal courts from
exercising jurisdiction to review a determination of the Attorney General that an
application for asylum was untimely. See 8 U.S.C. § 1158(a)(3). Accordingly, the
Government contends that we lack jurisdiction to review the BIA’s determination that
Manani was statutorily ineligible for asylum because she did not file her application
within either one year after her arrival in the United States or a reasonable time after
the onset of any changed or extraordinary circumstances. There is, however, a limited
exception to the jurisdictional bar established in § 1158(a)(3). Namely, 8 U.S.C. §
1252(a)(2)(D), enacted as part of the REAL ID Act of 2005, provides that §
1158(a)(3) shall not “be construed as precluding review of constitutional claims or
questions of law raised upon a petition for review filed with an appropriate court of
appeals.” (Emphasis added.) We must, therefore, examine “the nature of the
argument advanced in the petition to determine whether an alien is raising a
constitutional claim or question of law, over which we have jurisdiction, or asserting
a dispute with the BIA’s factual findings or discretionary judgments, which are
insulated from judicial review.” Purwantono v. Gonzales, 498 F.3d 822, 824 (8th Cir.
2007).

       Manani’s principal argument concerning the timeliness of her application for
asylum is that the BIA should have found that her “mental and physical health”
prevented her from seeking asylum until May 21, 2004, a date more than two and a
half years after she arrived in the United States and nearly sixteen months after she

                                          -7-
learned that she was HIV-positive. Manani’s contentions in this vein do not raise any
“colorable constitutional challenges or questions of law,” Mouawad v. Gonzales, 485
F.3d 405, 411 (8th Cir. 2007), but instead “amount to a quarrel with the BIA’s
discretionary factual determination,” Purwantono, 498 F.3d at 824. Consequently, we
lack jurisdiction to review the BIA’s determination that Manani was statutorily
ineligible for asylum.3 See id.

       Manani argues, in the alternative, that enforcing the one-year time limit on
filing an application for asylum is inconsistent with U.S. obligations as a signatory to
the United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees. Although this
argument presents a question of law under § 1252(a)(2)(D), we may not consider it




      3
       Manani’s recitation of the term “due process” in the “Statement of the Issues”
section of her brief does not convert her attack on the BIA’s exercise of discretion into
a colorable constitutional claim. See, e.g., Meraz-Reyes v. Gonzales, 436 F.3d 842,
843 (8th Cir. 2006) (per curiam) (“[A] petitioner may not create the jurisdiction that
Congress chose to remove simply by cloaking an abuse of discretion argument in
constitutional garb.” (alteration in original) (quoting Onyinkwa v. Ashcroft, 376 F.3d
797, 799 n.1 (8th Cir. 2004))). Manani’s bare citation to Gjyzi v. Ashcroft, 386 F.3d
710 (6th Cir. 2004), a case in which the BIA’s determination lacked any “actual or
divinable reasoned basis,” id. at 714, is equally unavailing.

                                          -8-
because Manani failed to raise the issue before the BIA.4 See Ming Ming Wijono v.
Gonzales, 439 F.3d 868, 871 (8th Cir. 2006).

       The remainder of Manani’s petition relates to the BIA’s denial of her
application for withholding of removal and protection under the CAT, which we have
jurisdiction to consider. To establish her eligibility for withholding of removal under
8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3), Manani bore the burden of showing “a clear probability” that
“her life or freedom would be threatened in the proposed country of removal on
account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or
political opinion.” 8 C.F.R. § 1208.16(b); see also Ezeagwu v. Mukasey, 537 F.3d
836, 839 (8th Cir. 2008). An applicant meets this standard if “she shows past
persecution based on one of the protected grounds (thus creating a rebuttable
presumption of a future threat to life [or] freedom), or that future persecution ‘is more
likely than not’ to occur if the applicant is forced to return to . . . her home country.”
Ezeagwu, 537 F.3d at 839 (quoting 8 C.F.R. § 1208.16(b)(1)-(2) and citing Mouawad,
485 F.3d at 411-12). To establish her eligibility for protection under the CAT,
Manani bore the burden of showing that it is “more likely than not” that “she would
be tortured if removed to the proposed country of removal.” 8 C.F.R. § 1208.16(c);
see also Ezeagwu, 537 F.3d at 839.



      4
        We need not address the conflict in this circuit’s precedents about “whether the
failure to raise an issue before the BIA is a jurisdictionally-fatal failure to exhaust an
administrative remedy . . . [under] 8 U.S.C. § 1252(d)(1)” or if it “simply raises the
non-jurisdictional question whether review of that issue is precluded by the doctrine
of administrative exhaustion.” Zine v. Mukasey, 517 F.3d 535, 539-40 (8th Cir. 2008).
Even if we assume that Manani’s failure to exhaust this issue is non-jurisdictional, we
see no reason why an exception to the issue exhaustion requirement would be
warranted here. Cf. Etchu-Njang v. Gonzales, 403 F.3d 577, 584 (8th Cir. 2005)
(“Assuming for the sake of argument that there may be exceptions to the issue
exhaustion requirement, we do not agree that an exception could be justified in this
case.”).

                                           -9-
       Because the BIA “adopt[ed] the IJ’s reasoning in relevant part,” we will
consider both opinions. Rafiyev v. Mukasey, 536 F.3d 853, 856 (8th Cir. 2008). We
review the administrative findings of fact, including credibility determinations, under
a substantial evidence standard. Singh v. Gonzales, 495 F.3d 553, 556 (8th Cir. 2007).
These findings “are conclusive unless any reasonable adjudicator would be compelled
to conclude to the contrary.” 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4)(B).

       At the outset, we may dispose of Manani’s claim that she established past
persecution on account of her membership in a social group composed of Mkissi
women who have been forcibly subjected to FGM. While Manani stated in her
application for asylum that she was “circumcised” as a child and testified before the
IJ that FGM is a “very, very painful” procedure, she did not introduce her personal
trauma as an affirmative claim for relief. Instead, in her written application, in her
testimony and in her administrative appeal, Manani described this childhood
experience to explain why she opposed the alleged efforts by her brothers-in-law to
subject her daughters to FGM. Here again, this court may not consider an issue that
Manani failed to raise before the BIA.5 See Ming Ming Wijono, 439 F.3d at 871.

      We turn at last to the merits of Manani’s remaining claims. Manani argued
before the BIA that she was entitled to withholding of removal based on her
membership in two social groups: (1) Kenyan widows opposed to wife inheritance
and to the performance of FGM on their daughters; and (2) Kenyans who are HIV-




      5
        Shortly before we heard oral argument, Manani’s attorney submitted a letter
to inform the panel that Manani’s childhood experience of FGM has been raised in a
motion to reopen that she filed with the BIA. Our review is confined, of course, to the
present administrative record, see 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4)(A), which reveals that this
issue has not yet been exhausted. Notwithstanding the letter from Manani’s attorney,
we are not aware of any authority that would permit us to preemptively consider a
claim that remains pending before the BIA.

                                         -10-
positive. Substantial evidence supports the BIA’s denial of Manani’s application for
withholding of removal on both of these grounds.

        The BIA’s consideration of Manani’s claims concerning past and future
persecution on account of her status as a Kenyan widow turned, in part, on the IJ’s
adverse credibility determination. We have recognized that “[w]hile minor
inconsistencies and omissions will not support an adverse credibility determination,
inconsistencies or omissions that relate to the basis of persecution are not minor but
are at the heart of the asylum claim.”6 Redd v. Mukasey, 535 F.3d 838, 842 (8th Cir.
2008) (alteration in original) (quoting Jalloh v. Gonzales, 423 F.3d 894, 898 (8th Cir.
2005)). We have also held that an adverse credibility determination may be premised
“on the applicant’s submission of fraudulent documents, if [she] . . . fails to offer a
legitimate explanation for the suspected fraud.” Rafiyev, 536 F.3d at 856 (citing
Onsongo v. Gonzales, 457 F.3d 849, 854 (8th Cir. 2006)). Although Manani’s
petition does not squarely confront the IJ’s finding that she was only partly credible,
our independent review of the record shows that the IJ gave an adequate explanation
for her adverse credibility determination and that a reasonable adjudicator would not
be compelled to reach a contrary conclusion. See Singh, 495 F.3d at 557-58.

       In particular, the IJ and the BIA described Manani’s inconsistent testimony
about whether her brothers-in-law had physically harmed her after her husband’s
death. At first, Manani testified that her brothers-in-law merely “grabbed” and
“squeezed” her hand and that they did not do anything else to cause her physical harm.
Later, Manani testified that her brothers-in-law slapped her and that she remembered


      6
        The REAL ID Act included a provision, codified at 8 U.S.C. §
1158(b)(1)(B)(iii), that permits triers of fact to make credibility determinations
“without regard to whether an inconsistency, inaccuracy, or falsehood goes to the
heart of the applicant’s claim.” See Singh, 495 F.3d at 556 n.1. Because Manani filed
her application before May 11, 2005, the effective date of that provision, the new
standard does not apply. See id.

                                         -11-
being slapped on only one occasion. Manani went on to testify, however, that her
brothers-in-law slapped her “several times,” but she could not remember whether she
was slapped on two occasions or more than two occasions. The IJ gave Manani an
opportunity to reconcile the inconsistencies in her testimony. Manani failed, however,
to provide any details about the alleged confrontations with her brothers-in-law,
except that the first confrontation happened a month after her husband’s death and that
“problems” recurred, “on and off,” for an indefinite length of time afterwards.
Because these unexplained inconsistencies go to the heart of Manani’s claims
concerning past and future persecution on account of her status as a Kenyan widow,
we hold that they support the IJ’s finding that Manani was only partly credible. See
Redd, 535 F.3d at 842.

       The IJ identified several additional reasons for her adverse credibility
determination, which the BIA adopted without further comment. The most prominent
among these was Manani’s fabricated narrative about suffering life-threatening
injuries and her submission of a forged letter to corroborate that account. While
Manani eventually came forward to admit that she had been untruthful, the IJ found
that her proffered explanation was unpersuasive. We will not set aside the IJ’s
conclusion that Manani’s attempt to perpetrate a fraud on the immigration process cast
doubt upon the veracity of her other allegations.

       Apart from her diminished credibility, the BIA noted two critical facts that
further undermined Manani’s asserted fear of future persecution on account of her
status as a Kenyan widow opposed to wife inheritance and to the performance of FGM
on her daughters. First, Manani was able to avoid wife inheritance during the roughly
two-year period between her husband’s death and her arrival in the United States.
Second, Manani’s daughters were able to avoid FGM despite remaining in Kenya
without their mother. In view of these facts, we are not convinced that any reasonable
adjudicator would be compelled to find that Manani met her burden of showing a clear
probability that her life or freedom would be threatened by her brothers-in-law (or

                                         -12-
other aggrieved members of the Mkisii ethnic or tribal group), who lacked either the
will or the ability to carry out their previous threats. After considering the record as
a whole, we conclude that substantial evidence supports the BIA’s denial of Manani’s
application for withholding of removal insofar as it related to her membership in the
social group composed of Kenyan widows opposed to wife inheritance and to the
performance of FGM on their daughters.7

       The BIA’s consideration of Manani’s claim concerning future persecution on
account of her HIV-positive status focused on objective evidence about conditions in
Kenya. The BIA agreed with the IJ’s determination that treatment for HIV/AIDS is
available in Kenya and that mandatory testing for HIV as a prerequisite for
employment is illegal. Therefore, the BIA held that Manani failed to establish that it
is more likely than not that her life or freedom would be threatened on this basis if she
were removed to Kenya. See Makatengkeng v. Gonzales, 495 F.3d 876, 883 (8th Cir.
2007) (noting that this court has generally “continued to require a showing that
allegations of economic hardship threaten the petitioner’s life or freedom in order to
rise to the level of persecution”).




      7
        Our recent decision in Ngengwe v. Mukasey, 543 F.3d 1029 (8th Cir. 2008),
is not to the contrary. There, we held that the BIA erred in rejecting a petitioner’s
proposed social group, “Cameroonian widows.” Id. at 1034. We also identified
serious flaws in several other components of the BIA’s decision, including its failure
to adequately consider probative evidence that supported the petitioner’s claims
concerning her exposure to violent and confiscatory Cameroonian mourning rituals.
Id. at 1035-38. Manani has not established that the BIA’s consideration of the
evidence in this case exhibited similar deficiencies. Moreover, the IJ in Ngengwe
credited the petitioner’s testimony about suffering severe physical and non-physical
harm inflicted by her deceased husband’s family. Id. at 1031-32, 1035-36. Here, by
contrast, the BIA accepted the IJ’s determination that Manani’s testimony relating to
her wife inheritance claim was partly exaggerated and only partly credible.

                                          -13-
       To be sure, HIV is a debilitating and often fatal disease if left untreated. But
Manani has not shown a clear probability that the Kenyan government, or private
actors that the Kenyan government is unable or unwilling to control, would
deliberately deprive her of access to life-saving medical care. See Ngengwe, 543 F.3d
at 1036. Nor has Manani shown that any inadequacies in Kenya’s health care system
result from an effort to persecute persons diagnosed with HIV. See Ixtlilco-Morales
v. Keisler, 507 F.3d 651, 655-56 (8th Cir. 2007). After considering the record as a
whole, we conclude that substantial evidence supports the BIA’s denial of Manani’s
application for withholding of removal insofar as it related to her membership in the
social group composed of Kenyans who are HIV-positive.

       Finally, Manani argues that the BIA erred in denying her application for
protection under the CAT without conducting a separate analysis of that claim.
Manani’s argument is factually incorrect: the BIA’s opinion includes a paragraph in
which the BIA separately considered Manani’s CAT claim. This analysis was brief,
however, because Manani failed to allege that she would be tortured by or with the
acquiescence of the Kenyan government if she returned to her country of origin.8
Manani’s argument is also legally incorrect. Because Manani did not present any
evidence that she might be tortured for reasons unrelated to her claims for asylum and
withholding of removal, the BIA was not required to conduct a separate analysis of
her claim for protection under Article 3 of the CAT. See, e.g., Abdelwase v. Gonzales,
496 F.3d 904, 908 (8th Cir. 2007).




      8
       Manani makes a similar mistake in her petition to this court, treating
persecution and torture as interchangeable terms. Cf. Samedov v. Gonzales, 422 F.3d
704, 708 (8th Cir. 2005) (noting that “[t]orture . . . is not coterminous with
persecution”).

                                         -14-
III.   CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, we deny Manani’s petition for review.
                        _____________________________




                                       -15-
