                                                                      [DO NOT PUBLISH]

                      IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                                   FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                                    ________________________                  FILED
                                                                     U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                                            No. 11-11706               ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                                        Non-Argument Calendar          NOVEMBER 18, 2011
                                      ________________________              JOHN LEY
                                                                             CLERK
                                           Agency No. A096-090-340




MARTHA BEATRIZ HERNANDEZ,

llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll                                        Petitioner,

                                                   versus

U.S. ATTORNEY GENERAL,

llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll                                      Respondent.

                                     ________________________

                               Petition for Review of a Decision of the
                                    Board of Immigration Appeals
                                    ________________________

                                             (November 18, 2011)

Before EDMONDSON, MARCUS and FAY, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

         Martha Hernandez, a native and citizen of Colombia, appeals the Board of
Immigration Appeals’s (“BIA”) order affirming the Immigration Judge’s (“IJ”) denial

of her application for asylum and withholding of removal under the Immigration and

Nationality Act (“INA”), as well as relief under the United Nations Convention

Against Torture (“CAT”), based on a finding that the treatment she received did not

rise to the extreme level necessary to constitute persecution and that no nexus to a

protected ground existed. On appeal, Hernandez argues that the BIA erred in denying

her asylum and withholding of removal because she suffered harm that is equal or

greater than treatment that federal courts previously have stated constitutes

persecution. After careful review, we deny the petition.1

       We review the BIA’s decision as the final judgment, unless the BIA has

expressly adopted the IJ’s decision. Ruiz v. Gonzales, 479 F.3d 762, 765 (11th Cir.

2007). Here, because the BIA did not expressly adopt the IJ’s decision, we review

the decision of only the BIA.

       The BIA’s determinations on questions of law are reviewed de novo. Chen v.

U.S. Att’y Gen., 513 F.3d 1255, 1257 (11th Cir. 2008). Findings of fact must be

supported by substantial evidence. Id. Findings of fact are followed unless a

reasonable fact finder would be compelled to a conclusion contrary to that of the BIA.


       1
         In addition, Hernandez does not argue on appeal the BIA’s denial of CAT relief.
Therefore, that claim is abandoned. See Sepulveda v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 401 F.3d 1226, 1228 n.2
(11th Cir. 2005) (holding that issues not briefed are deemed abandoned).

                                              2
Id. Accordingly, “[t]o conclude the BIA’s decision should be reversed, we must find

that the record not only supports the conclusion, but compels it.” Ruiz, 479 F.3d at

762 (internal quotations omitted).

      The Attorney General or Secretary of Homeland Security has discretion to

grant asylum if the alien meets the definition of “refugee,” as defined by 8 U.S.C. §

1101(a)(42)(A). See 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(A). A refugee is defined as:

      any person who is outside any country of such person’s nationality, or,
      in the case of a person having no nationality, is outside any country in
      which such person last habitually resided, and who is unable or
      unwilling to return to, and is unable or unwilling to avail himself or
      herself of the protection of, that country because of persecution or a
      well-founded fear or persecution on account of race, religion,
      nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion
      ....

8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)(A). The asylum applicant carries the burden of proving

statutory “refugee” status, and thereby establishing asylum eligibility. Al Najjar v.

Ashcroft, 257 F.3d 1262, 1284 (11th Cir. 2001). “To establish asylum based on past

persecution, the applicant must prove (1) that she was persecuted, and (2) that the

persecution was on account of a protected ground.” Silva v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 448

F.3d 1229, 1236 (11th Cir. 2006). “To establish eligibility for asylum based on a

well-founded fear of future persecution, the applicant must prove (1) a subjectively

genuine and objectively reasonable fear of persecution that is (2) on account of a



                                          3
protected ground.” Id. (internal citation and quotation marks omitted). A showing

of past persecution creates a rebuttable presumption of a well-founded fear of future

prosecution. Sepulveda, 401 F.3d at 1231.

      “Persecution” is not defined in the INA, but we have described it as “an

extreme concept, requiring more than a few isolated incidents of verbal harassment

or intimidation.” Id. (quotations omitted). We have also noted that mere harassment

does not amount to persecution. Id. In Sepulveda, we held that repeated threats to

an individual and her family, coupled with the bombing of the restaurant at which the

alien worked, did not compel a finding of past persecution. See id. at 1232. We have

held that detention for 36 hours, accompanied by beating by the police, does not

compel a finding of past persecution. See Djonda v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 514 F.3d 1168,

1171, 1174 (11th Cir. 2008). We have also held that detention for 5 days, while being

forced to watch reeducation videos, does not compel a finding of past persecution.

See Zheng v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 451 F.3d 1287, 1290-91 (11th Cir. 2006).

      To qualify for withholding of removal under the INA, an alien must show that

if returned to her country, the alien’s life or freedom would be threatened on account

of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political

opinion. 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3). To do so, the applicant must demonstrate that he

more-likely-than-not would be persecuted upon return to the country in question.

                                          4
Tang v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 578 F.3d 1270, 1277 (11th Cir. 2009). If a petitioner is

unable to meet the lower standard of proof for asylum, she is generally precluded

from qualifying for withholding of removal. Al Najjar, 257 F.3d at 1292-93.

      Here, substantial evidence supports the BIA’s conclusion that Hernandez failed

to establish asylum eligibility based on past persecution. In her removal hearing,

Hernandez described one incident in which she was threatened, but after receiving

police protection, no further incidents occurred. Isolated threats do not rise to the

extreme level necessary to constitute persecution. See Sepulveda, 401 F.3d at 1231.

Therefore, the single threat from the FARC does not compel a finding of past

persecution, and Hernandez cannot establish asylum eligibility on the ground of past

conduct. See Silva, 448 F.3d at 1236.

      Moreover, substantial evidence supports the BIA’s conclusion that Herndandez

failed to establish asylum eligibility based on a well-founded fear of future protection.

Because Hernandez did not show past persecution, she is not entitled to a

presumption of a well-founded fear of future persecution. See Sepulveda, 401 F.3d

at 1231. The BIA correctly noted that Hernandez did not establish an objectively

reasonable fear of future persecution. After the threat from the FARC in 1996,

Hernandez lived in Colombia without incident for five years, running and eventually

selling her business. Her family that remained in Colombia had not had any problems

                                            5
with the FARC. She traveled freely from Colombia, and, in fact, returned twice after

two earlier trips to the United States, which undermined the reasonableness of her

claimed fear. Substantial evidence supports the BIA’s determination that Hernandez

failed to establish an objectively reasonable fear of persecution, and the record does

not compel a contrary finding.

      Finally, Hernandez’s testimony does not support her argument that she was

targeted based on her membership in the particular social group of business owners.

In both her application and at the removal hearing, Hernandez testified that the FARC

guerillas threatened her because they wanted her to transport gasoline for them. As

a result, Hernandez’s own statements do not support the conclusion that the FARC

targeted her because she was a business owner. In fact, she offered no evidence that

the FARC was even aware that she was a business owner. Rather, her testimony

supports the BIA’s conclusion that she was targeted due to her knowledge of gasoline

transportation, which is an economic-based interest, not one of the enumerated

grounds. Hernandez presented no evidence that other business owners had been

targeted by the FARC, nor is any found in the Country Report, which lists targeted

groups as journalists, human rights activists, political activists, security forces, local

officials, court officials, teachers, and trade unionists. Therefore, substantial evidence




                                            6
supports that BIA’s determination that Hernandez failed to demonstrate a nexus to a

protected ground, and the record does not compel a contrary finding.

      Because Hernandez is unable to meet the standard of proof for asylum, she is

also unable to meet the higher burden required for withholding of removal. See Al

Najjar, 257 F.3d at 1292-93. Accordingly, the record does not compel the conclusion

that the BIA’s decisions should be reversed, and we therefore deny Hernandez’s

petition. See Ruiz, 479 F.3d at 765.

      PETITION DENIED.




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