                                    Slip Op. 19-152

               UNITED STATES COURT OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE


  CANADIAN SOLAR INTERNATIONAL
  LIMITED ET AL.,

         Plaintiffs and Consolidated Plaintiffs,

  and

  SHANGHAI BYD CO., LTD. ET AL.,

         Plaintiff-Intervenors and                    Before: Claire R. Kelly, Judge
         Consolidated Plaintiff-Intervenors,
                                                      Consol. Court No. 17-00173
  v.

  UNITED STATES,

         Defendant,

  and

  SOLARWORLD AMERICAS, INC. ET AL.,

         Defendant-Intervenor and
         Consolidated Defendant-Intervenors.


                                OPINION AND ORDER

[Sustaining in part and remanding in part the U.S. Department of Commerce’s remand
redetermination in the third administrative review of the antidumping duty order covering
crystalline silicone photovoltaic cells, whether or not assembled into modules, from the
People’s Republic of China.]

                                                               Dated: December 3, 2019

Craig Anderson Lewis, Jonathan Thomas Stoel, and Michael G. Jacobson, Hogan Lovells
US LLP, of Washington, DC, for Canadian Solar International Limited; Canadian Solar
Manufacturing (Changshu), Inc.; Canadian Solar Manufacturing (Luoyang), Inc.; CSI
Solar Power (China) Inc.; CSI-GCL Solar Manufacturing (YanCheng) Co., Ltd.; CSI Cells
Co., Ltd.; and Canadian Solar (USA) Inc.
Consol. Court No. 17-00173                                                       Page 2

Adams Chi-Peng Lee, Harris Bricken McVay Sliwoski, LLP, of Seattle, Washington, for
Ningbo Qixin Solar Electrical Appliance Co., Ltd.

Jonathan M. Freed, Robert George Gosselink, and Jarrod Mark Goldfeder, Trade Pacific,
PLLC, of Washington, DC, for Changzhou Trina Solar Energy Co., Ltd.; Trina Solar
(Changzhou) Science & Technology Co., Ltd.; Yancheng Trina Solar Energy Technology
Co., Ltd.; Changzhou Trina Solar Yabang Energy Co., Ltd.; Turpan Trina Solar Energy
Co., Ltd.; Hubei Trina Solar Energy Co., Ltd.; and Trina Solar (U.S.) Inc.

Timothy C. Brightbill, Laura El-Sabaawi and Usha Neelakantan, Wiley Rein, LLP, of
Washington, DC, for SolarWorld Americas, Inc.

Neil R. Ellis, Richard L.A. Weiner, Rajib Pal, Shawn M. Higgins, and Justin R. Becker,
Sidley Austin, LLP, of Washington, DC, for Yingli Green Energy Holding, Co., Ltd.;
Baoding Tianwei Yingli New Energy Resources Co., Ltd.; Tianjin Yingli New Energy
Resources Co., Ltd.; Baoding Jiasheng Photovoltaic Technology Co., Ltd.; Beijing
Tianneng Yingli New Energy Resources Co., Ltd.; Hainan Yingli New Energy Resources
Co., Ltd.; Shenzhen Yingli New Energy Resources Co., Ltd.; Yingli Green Energy
International Trading Co., Ltd.; Yingli Green Energy Americas, Inc.; and Yingli Energy
(China) Co., Ltd.

Joshua Ethan Kurland, Trial Attorney, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil Division, U.S.
Department of Justice, of Washington, DC. With him on the brief were Joseph H. Hunt,
Acting Assistant Attorney General, Jeanne E. Davidson, Director, and Reginald T. Blades,
Jr., Assistant Director. Of counsel on the brief was Mercedes C. Morno, Attorney, Office
of the Chief Counsel for Trade Enforcement and Compliance, U.S. Department of
Commerce, of Washington, DC.

      Kelly, Judge: Before the court for review is the U.S. Department of Commerce’s

(“Department” or “Commerce”) remand redetermination filed pursuant to the court’s order

in Canadian Solar Int’l Ltd. v. United States, 43 CIT __, __, 378 F. Supp. 3d 1292, 1325

(2019) (“Canadian Solar I”). See also Results of Remand Redetermination Pursuant to

Ct. Remand Order Confidential Version, July 15, 2019, ECF No. 110 (“Remand Results”).

In Canadian Solar I, the court sustained in part and remanded in part Commerce’s

determination in the third administrative review of the antidumping duty (“ADD”) order on

crystalline silicon photovoltaic products, whether or not assembled into modules, from the
Consol. Court No. 17-00173                                                          Page 3

People’s Republic of China (“the PRC”). See Crystalline Silicon Photovoltaic Cells,

Whether or Not Assembled Into Modules, From the People’s Republic of China, 82 Fed.

Reg. 29,033 (Dep’t Commerce June 27, 2017) (final results of [ADD] administrative

review and final determination of no shipments; 2014–2015) (“Final Results”) and

accompanying Issues and Decision Memorandum for the Final Results of the 2014–2015

[ADD] Administrative Review of Crystalline Silicon Photovoltaic Cells, Whether or Not

Assembled into Modules, From [the PRC], A-570-979, (June 20, 2017), ECF No. 44-5

(“Final Decision Memo”). Specifically, the court ordered Commerce to further explain or

reconsider its surrogate value selection for valuing respondents’ module glass inputs.

Canadian Solar I, 43 CIT at __, 378 F. Supp. 3d at 1325.           The court also ordered

Commerce to reconsider its application of an adverse inference in calculating Canadian

Solar’s 1 dumping rate. Id. Finally, the court ordered Commerce to reconsider its decision

to reject Ningbo Qixin Solar Electrical Appliance Co., Ltd.’s (“Qixin”) separate rate

application. Id.

       On remand, Commerce valued respondents’ module glass inputs using the

Bulgarian Harmonized Tariff Schedule (“HTS”) subheading as opposed to the Thailand

HTS subheading. Remand Results at 2, 11–13. Commerce further explained its “use of

an adverse inference in selecting from the facts available to value factor of production [ ]

information that was not provided by certain unaffiliated suppliers.” Id. at 2; see also id.




1
  Plaintiffs Canadian Solar International Limited; Canadian Solar (USA), Inc.; Canadian Solar
Manufacturing (Changshu), Inc.; Canadian Solar Manufacturing (Luoyang), Inc.; CSI Cells Co.,
Ltd.; CSI-GCL Solar Manufacturing (Yancheng) Co., Ltd.; and CSI Solar Power (China) Inc. are
referred to, collectively, as “Canadian Solar.”
Consol. Court No. 17-00173                                                          Page 4

at 15–23. Finally, Commerce reopened the record and issued Qixin a supplemental

questionnaire. Id. at 2, 29–33; see also Letter USDOC to Sandler, Travis Pertaining to

Ningbo Qixin Questionnaire, RPD 3, bar code 3829214-01 (May 2, 2019). Commerce

found Qixin ineligible due to Qixin’s failure to “demonstrate that it made a shipment of

[the] subject merchandise during the [period of review (“POR”).]” Remand Results at 2,

29–33.

      For the reasons that follow, the court sustains Commerce’s selection of surrogate

values for module glass. The court also sustains Commerce’s rejection of Qixin’s

separate rate application. The court remands Commerce’s application of an adverse

inference in calculating Canadian Solar’s dumping rate for further explanation or

reconsideration.

                                    BACKGROUND

      This court presumes familiarity with the facts of this case, as set out in the previous

opinion ordering remand to Commerce, and now recounts the facts relevant to the court’s

review of the Remand Results. See Canadian Solar Int’l Ltd. v. United States, 43 CIT __,

378 F. Supp. 3d 1292. On June 27, 2017, Commerce published its final determination

pursuant to its third administrative review of the ADD order of crystalline silicone

photovoltaic products, whether or not assembled into modules, from the PRC. See

generally Final Results.    Commerce, inter alia, “selected Thailand as the primary

surrogate country for valuing the mandatory respondents’ factors of production[.]”

Canadian Solar I, 43 CIT at __, 378 F. Supp. 3d at 1298–1300; see generally Final
Consol. Court No. 17-00173                                                                Page 5

Decision Memo. Commerce applied partial adverse facts available (“AFA”) 2 in calculating

Canadian Solar’s antidumping margin because a number of unaffiliated suppliers of

Canadian Solar’s solar cells and solar modules sold in the United States failed to provide

sufficient factors of production (“FOP”) information, and because Commerce found that

Canadian Solar could have, but did not, induce cooperation. See Final Decision Memo

at 15–18; Remand Results at 8.            Finally, Commerce rejected Qixin’s separate rate

application. Canadian Solar I, 378 F. Supp. 3d at 1299.

       Canadian Solar commenced an action pursuant to section 516A(a)(2)(B)(iii) of the

Tariff Act of 1930, as amended, 19 U.S.C. § 1516a(a)(2)(B)(iii) (2012). 3 Summons, July

7, 2017, ECF No. 1; Compl., July 7, 2017, ECF No. 8. This action was consolidated with

actions brought by Qixin, Shanghai BYD Co., Ltd., Changzhou Trina Solar Energy Co.,

Ltd. et al. (“Trina”), 4 SolarWorld Americas, Inc. (“SolarWorld”), 5 and Sunpreme Inc. See

Order, Sept. 26, 2017, ECF No. 41. 6 Plaintiffs, Consolidated Plaintiffs, and Plaintiff-


2
 Although section 776 of the Tariff Act of 1930, as amended 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(a)–(b) (2012)
and 19 C.F.R. § 351.308(a)–(c) (2014) each separately provide for the use of facts otherwise
available and the subsequent application of adverse inferences to those facts, parties sometimes
use the shorthand "adverse facts available" or "AFA" to refer to its use of such facts otherwise
available with an adverse inference.
3
 Further citations to the Tariff Act of 1930, as amended, are to the relevant provisions of Title 19
of the U.S. Code, 2012 edition.
4
 The following parties are plaintiffs in the action Changzhou Trina Solar Energy Co., Ltd. et al. v.
United States, Ct. No. 17-00197, which has been consolidated with the present action:
Changzhou Trina Solar Energy Co., Ltd.; Trina Solar (Changzhou) Science & Technology Co.,
Ltd.; Yancheng Trina Solar Energy Technology Co., Ltd.; Changzhou Trina Solar Yabang Energy
Co., Ltd.; Turpan Trina Solar Energy Co., Ltd.; Hubei Trina Solar Energy Co., Ltd.; and Trina Solar
(U.S.) Inc.
5
  SolarWorld is a Defendant-Intervenor in the present action, as well as each of the consolidated
actions other than SolarWorld Americas, Inc. v. United States (Ct. No. 17-00200), in which it is
the plaintiff.
Consol. Court No. 17-00173                                                              Page 6

Intervenors brought several motions for judgment on the agency record before this court

pursuant to USCIT 56.2, challenging various aspects of Commerce’s determination.

       This court sustained Commerce’s surrogate value selections for valuing

respondents’ aluminum frames, nitrogen, polysilicon ingots and blocks, and financial

ratios; Commerce’s decision to include reported quantities of zero in the surrogate value

calculations; and Commerce’s denial of an offset for Trina U.S.’s debt restructuring

income. Canadian Solar I, 43 CIT at __, 378 F. Supp. 3d at 1325. The court held that

Commerce’s reliance on the tempered glass subheading to value respondents’ module

glass was supported by substantial evidence, but that Commerce failed to reasonably

explain why Thai import data for tempered glass “was not distorted by a small quantity of

unusually costly imports from Hong Kong.” See Canadian Solar I, 43 CIT at __, 378 F.

Supp. 3d at 1303–07; see also Remand Results at 6. Further, this court held that

Commerce’s decision to apply partial AFA against Canadian Solar was unreasonable and

contrary to law. See Canadian Solar I, 43 CIT at __, 378 F. Supp. 3d at 1320–22. This

court remanded to Commerce to reconsider its denial of Qixin’s separate rate application.

See id. at 1325.




6
 The court’s September 26, 2017 order consolidated the following cases under the present action:
Ningbo Qixin Solar Electrical Appliance Co., Ltd. v. United States, Ct. No. 17-00187; Shanghai
BYD Co., Ltd. v. United States, Ct. No. 17-00193; Changzhou Trina Solar Energy Co., Ltd. et al.
v. United States, Ct. No. 17-00197; SolarWorld Americas, Inc. v. United States, Ct. No. 17-00200;
and Sunpreme Inc. v. United States, Ct. No. 17-00201. Order, Sept. 26, 2017, ECF No. 41.
Sunpreme Inc.’s action was severed from the present consolidated case on March 8, 2018. See
Order, Mar. 8, 2018, ECF No. 61 (severing Ct. No. 17-00201 from Consol. Ct. No. 17-00173).
Consol. Court No. 17-00173                                                                Page 7

       On remand, Commerce first, under respectful protest, 7 valued respondents’

module glass using Bulgarian import data. 8 See Remand Results at 11. Commerce

based this decision on the fact that Bulgarian data satisfied the breadth of its surrogate

value criteria, as well as the holding in SolarWorld Americas, Inc. v. United States, 42 CIT

__, 320 F. Supp. 3d 1341 (2018) that use of this import data was reasonable. See

Remand Results 12–15.          These changes in Commerce’s methodology on remand

resulted in a revised rate for Trina and the separate rate respondents. Id. at 4. Second,

Commerce further explained its reasoning in applying partial AFA against Canadian

Solar. See Remand Results at 15–29. Third, pursuant to this court’s order, Commerce

also provided Qixin the opportunity to demonstrate that any of its entries during the POR

qualified as a sale of subject merchandise. See Remand Results at 29–33. Qixin failed

to provide any such information. See Remand Results at 32. Commerce thus found

Qixin ineligible for a separate rate. Id. at 33. For reasons that follow, Commerce’s

decisions to use Bulgarian import data, and to find Qixin is ineligible for a separate rate,

are sustained.     Commerce’s decision to impose partial AFA on Canadian Solar is

remanded to Commerce for further reconsideration.




7
  Commerce maintains “that the parties failed to place on the record sufficient evidence
demonstrating that the Thai import data are aberrational[.]” Remand Results at 12. Commerce
disagrees with this court’s conclusion in Canadian Solar I, but nonetheless complies with its order.
Remand Results at 2 n.5.
8
  In agreement with Trina’s comments, Commerce valued both Trina’s coated glass, and its
tempered glass, using Bulgarian import data. Remand Results at 13–15.
Consol. Court No. 17-00173                                                                  Page 8

                       JURISDICTION AND STANDARD OF REVIEW

        This court has jurisdiction pursuant to 19 U.S.C. § 1516a(a)(2)(B)(iii) and 28 U.S.C.

§ 1581(c), which grant the court authority to review actions contesting the final

determination in an investigation of an antidumping duty order. The court will uphold

Commerce’s determination unless it is “unsupported by substantial evidence on the

record, or otherwise not in accordance with law.” 19 U.S.C. § 1516a(b)(1)(B)(i).

                                          DISCUSSION

     I. Surrogate Value Selection

        Canadian Solar9 requests that this court remand Commerce’s decision to rely on

Bulgarian import data to value module glass. Cmts. of Pl. and Consol. Pls. [Canadian

Solar] in Opp’n to [Remand Results] Confidential Version at 3, Aug. 14, 2019, ECF No.

117 (“Pl.’s & Consol. Pls.’ Cmts.”). 10 Canadian Solar submits that it would have been

“more accurate” for Commerce “to simply adjust the aggregate Thai import data…by

removing Hong Kong import data that have been identified as aberrational.” Remand

Results at 13; see also Pl.’s & Consol. Pls.’ Cmts. at 3–7 (“…Commerce was presented

with a demonstrably more accurate and methodologically appropriate alternative to the



9
 Consol. Pl. Shanghai BYD Co., Ltd. (“Shanghai BYD”) filed separate comments incorporating
by reference, and supporting, arguments raised by Canadian Solar. See generally Cmts. Consol.
Pl. [Shanghai BYD] Opp’n [Remand Results], Aug. 14, 2019, ECF No. 119. This court addresses
arguments raised by Shanghai BYD and Canadian Solar together.
10
   Defendant-Intervenor SolarWorld also challenges Commerce’s decision to value Canadian
Solar and Trina’s module glass sales according to Bulgarian import data. See [SolarWorld’s]
Cmts. [Remand Results] at 1–2, Aug. 14, 2019, ECF No. 116 (“SolarWorld’s Cmts.”). SolarWorld
Americas rests on arguments set forth in its initial briefs before the court. See id. (citing to Resp.
Br. of Def.-Int. [SolarWorld] Confidential Version at 22–29, July 31, 2018, ECF No. 72). However,
SolarWorld maintains that Commerce should continue to apply AFA against Canadian Solar.
SolarWorld’s Cmts. at 1.
Consol. Court No. 17-00173                                                              Page 9

Bulgarian data.”) Canadian Solar submits that such an adjustment is consistent with

Commerce’s established practice. Pl.’s & Consol. Pls.’ Cmts. at 3–7. Defendant United

States counters that Commerce’s determination is reasonable. See Def.’s Reply to Cmts.

on [Remand Results] Confidential Version at 6–10, Sept. 13, 2019, ECF No. 131 (“Def.’s

Reply”).

       Commerce’s decision to rely on Bulgarian import data is supported by substantial

evidence. Commerce decided to rely on Bulgarian import data because it “satis[fied] the

breadth of Commerce’s surrogate value criteria for specificity to the input being valued,

tax-and duty-exclusivity, contemporaneity, representativeness of a broad market

average, and public availability.” Remand Results at 14–15. Indeed, Canadian Solar

concedes that Bulgarian import data “is a potentially reasonable alternative to the

distorted Thai data.” Remand Results at 13; Pl.’s & Consol. Pls.’ Cmts. at 3–4. Canadian

Solar essentially argues in favor of what it considers to be another reasonable alternative.

See Pl.’s & Consol. Pls.’ Cmts. at 3–4; Remand Results at 13. 11

       Canadian Solar argues that Commerce should use disaggregated Thai data,

because Commerce’s established practice is to value all surrogate values, to the extent

possible, within a single country. See Pl.’s & Consol. Pls.’ Cmts. at 4 (citing to 19 C.F.R.




11
   Canadian Solar also cites Mittal Steel Galati S.A. v. United States, 31 CIT 1121, 502 F. Supp.
2d 1295, 1308 (2007) (“Mittal Steel”) as instructing Commerce to defend its surrogate choices
when the record suggests other, more accurate, data. Pl.’s & Consol. Pls.’ Cmts. at 4. Canadian
Solar’s reading of that decision is inapposite to the present proceeding. Mittal Steel held that
Commerce must explain its decision to rely on data when it is confronted with a colorable claim
that the data is aberrational. See Mittal Steel, 31 CIT at 1135, 502 F. Supp. 2d at 1308. Here,
Commerce has exercised its discretion to choose between two reasonable alternatives, and there
is no evidence on the record that the Bulgarian import data is aberrational.
Consol. Court No. 17-00173                                                          Page 10

§ 351.408(c)(2) (2014)). 12 Commerce’s regulation states that, except for labor,

“[Commerce] normally will value all [FOPs] in a single surrogate country.” 19 C.F.R.

§ 351.408 (c)(2).     The word “normally,” indicates that there are instances where

Commerce may deviate from this requirement. Commerce has discretion to decide when

to deviate from the normal methodology, so long as Commerce does not exceed the

bounds of its statutory mandate. Commerce is deviating from using a source from a

primary surrogate country because the Hong Kong import data renders the Thai import

data unreliable as a whole and Commerce has a policy of not disaggregating data. See

Remand Results at 12–15.        Commerce’s policy is based on its desire to preserve

representativeness. See Remand Results at 14. Additionally, Canadian Solar has not

offered any evidence that Bulgarian import data is aberrational or otherwise unreliable.

Thus, Commerce choice of Bulgarian data is reasonable on this record.

     II. Use of an Adverse Inference

        On remand, Commerce explained its application of facts otherwise available to

Canadian Solar and its incorporation of an adverse inference in calculating Canadian

Solar’s margin. See Remand Results at 15–29. Commerce submits that under 19 U.S.C.

§ 1677e(a) it may consider an adverse inference against a non-cooperative party when

choosing facts available for a cooperative respondent “in certain circumstances.”

Remand Results at 16–17 (discussing Mueller Comercial de Mexico S. De R.L. de C.V.



12
  19 U.S.C. § 1677b(c) requires Commerce to value FOP in a nonmarket economy country based
on the best available information. See 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(c). Commerce promulgated 19 C.F.R.
§ 351.408 (2014) and prescribed the special methodology for implementing 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(c).
See generally 19 C.F.R. § 351.408 (2014). Further citations to Title 19 of the Code of Federal
Regulations are to the 2014 edition.
Consol. Court No. 17-00173                                                           Page 11

v. United States, 753 F.3d 1227 (Fed. Cir. 2014)). Commerce explains its use of adverse

gap fillers by relying upon policies of deterring non-cooperation and duty evasion.

Remand Results at 17–23. For the reasons that follow Commerce’s use of adverse

inferences in this case is both contrary to law and unsupported by substantial evidence.

       Where information necessary to calculate a respondent’s dumping margin is not

available on the record, Commerce applies “facts otherwise available” in place of the

missing information. See 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(a). If Commerce “finds that an interested

party has failed to cooperate by not acting to the best of its ability to comply with a request

for information,” Commerce may apply “an inference that is adverse to the interests of

that party in selecting among the facts otherwise available.” Id. § 1677e(b). However,

under certain circumstances, Commerce may incorporate an adverse inference under

§ 1677e(a) in calculating a cooperative respondent’s margin, if doing so will yield an

accurate rate, promote cooperation, and thwart duty evasion. Mueller, 753 F.3d at 1232–

36. When analyzing the use of an adverse inference as a part of a § 1677e(a) analysis, 13

the predominant concern must be accuracy. Id. at 1233.

       Mueller requires Commerce to demonstrate that use of adverse facts under

§ 1677e(a) would lead to an accurate rate and is supported by the policy considerations

of avoiding non-cooperation and duty evasion. In Mueller, cost data from one supplier

was missing from the record. Mueller, 753 F.3d at 1230. Commerce had data from


13
   As Commerce explains in its remand redetermination, here, Commerce did not draw an adverse
inference against Canadian Solar. Remand Results at 18. Indeed, Commerce asserts it is “acting
primarily under subsection (a).” Remand Results at 19. Commerce used facts otherwise
available because Canadian Solar’s unaffiliated suppliers, which Commerce determined to be
interested parties, failed to respond to Commerce’s requests for information, leaving an
information gap in the record. Remand Results at 19.
Consol. Court No. 17-00173                                                       Page 12

another supplier and chose the three least favorable transactions of that other supplier to

replace the missing data. Id. at 1230–31. The Court of Appeals assessed the accuracy

of the margin as a result of Commerce’s selection of adverse facts, id. at 1232–33, and

faulted Commerce for failing to explain why the larger data set would lead to a less

accurate margin. Id. In Mueller there was no showing that the non-cooperative party

would have known what data would be used in place of its data, especially since the data

at issue was proprietary. Id. at 1233. Mueller specifically acknowledges that Commerce's

rationale that an interested party would cooperate “if disclosing its actual costs to

Commerce” were favorable, did not speak to the accuracy concern of § 1677e(a).

      The Court of Appeals also considered Commerce’s use of policy rationales to

support the use of adverse facts—namely, deterring non-cooperation and thwarting duty

evasion. Specifically, in Mueller, the Court of Appeals recognized that Mueller had an

existing relationship with its supplier such that the potential threat of refusing to do

business might induce compliance. Id. at 1235. The Court of Appeals did not elaborate

on the nature of the relationship needed to support such a potential threat, however it

noted that it would potentially be unfair to employ an adverse inference where the

cooperating party had no control over the non-cooperating supplier. Id. Further, the Court

of Appeals considered the risk of duty evasion. In Mueller the missing data was that of a

producer and mandatory respondent, id. at 1229, which would effectively be able to avoid

its own higher rate if it were able to sell goods through Mueller. Id. at 1235. The Court

of Appeals did not decide whether Commerce’s reliance on the policies of inducement

and avoidance of duty evasion was reasonable, but held that the statute did not preclude
Consol. Court No. 17-00173                                                       Page 13

Commerce’s consideration of those rationales so long as doing so was reasonable, in

light of accuracy concerns, and took into account whether Commerce’s choice might

ultimately discourage cooperation. Mueller, 753 F.3d at 1236.

        The accuracy analysis required by Mueller is missing here. In applying facts

otherwise available against Canadian Solar, Commerce considered adverse inferences

against Canadian Solar’s unaffiliated suppliers who were themselves interested parties.

Remand Results at 19. Although Commerce addresses accuracy by stating that it only

applies the adverse inference for the missing data, Remand Results at 23, it has not

addressed the accuracy concerns specifically identified by Mueller, namely whether the

data that Commerce applies promotes accuracy. See Mueller, 753 F.3d at 1232–34.

Commerce fails to adequately address the overarching concern of accuracy and therefore

its redetermination is contrary to law.   See Remand Results at 15–29 (focusing its

discussion on duty evasion and deterrence but not accuracy). As in Mueller, Commerce

fails to explain why the alternative—here, using an average of reported usage rates—

would not better promote accuracy. See Mueller, 753 F.3d at 1232–33. Commerce must

explain how its subsection (a) analysis furthers the predominant interest of calculating an

accurate rate for Canadian Solar. See 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(a); see Mueller, 753 F.3d at

1233.

        Further, Commerce’s view that the policy considerations of duty evasion and

deterrence support the use of the adverse information in calculating the facts available

rate is unsupported by this record. Commerce relies upon Canadian Solar’s market

presence, continued growth, and supplier-specific accounts, to substantiate its claim that
Consol. Court No. 17-00173                                                           Page 14

Canadian Solar could have induced its suppliers’ cooperation. Remand Results at 21.

As this court held in Canadian Solar I, “[s]uch facts do not reasonably indicate the

presence of a long-term relationship creating leverage.” 43 CIT at __, 378 F. Supp. 3d at

1320. Defendant correctly argues that Mueller speaks of “potentially refusing to do

business” in order to “potentially induce” cooperation. See Def.’s Reply at 12–13; see

also Mueller, 753 F.3d at 1235. However, in the same paragraph, the Court of Appeals

states that it would be potentially unfair to incorporate an adverse inference where a

cooperating party had no control over a non-cooperating party. Mueller, 753 F.3d at 1235.

       Further, Commerce has not pointed to any evidence demonstrating a threat of duty

evasion. In Mueller, although the Court of Appeals did not opine on the reasonableness

of a finding of duty evasion, a threat of duty evasion arguably existed because the

uncooperative supplier was a mandatory respondent in the proceeding. Mueller, 753 F.3d

at 1229, 1235. Thus, the supplier arguably had an incentive to evade its AFA rate by

exporting its goods through Mueller. Id. at 1235. Commerce points to no record evidence

to support a finding that such an incentive existed here. Here, Commerce argues that

Canadian Solar’s suppliers “clearly” have an interest in selling to Canadian Solar because

they have done so in this review.         See Remand Results at 27. Commerce then

extrapolates from that an interest in Canadian Solar paying lower dumping rates so that

their products are more attractive to U.S. importers. See id. at 27–28. Commerce’s

argument proves too much. If all that is required is an interest in selling, it is unclear when

Commerce would find an uncooperative supplier as not incentivized to evade duties.

Evidence of a potential stake in the respondent having a lower dumping margin does not
Consol. Court No. 17-00173                                                            Page 15

demonstrate a threat of duty evasion here. Thus, Commerce’s determination that the

policy rationales of inducement and thwarting duty evasion warrant the use of an adverse

inference in selecting among facts available for a cooperating respondent is not supported

by substantial evidence.

     III. Qixin’s Separate Rate Eligibility

        The Department reopened the record to provide Qixin an opportunity to

demonstrate that “any entry it may have made during the review period qualified as a sale

of subject merchandise.” Remand Results at 31. Qixin failed to provide the requested

information. Id. 14 Thus, Commerce continues to find that Qixin is ineligible for a separate

rate. Id. at 33.

        It is the respondents’ burden to populate the record with all relevant information.

See QVD Food Co. v. United States, 658 F.3d 1318, 1324 (Fed. Cir. 2011). Qixin failed

to provide Commerce with the information it requested. Further, no party challenges

Commerce’s redetermination on this matter. Thus, Commerce’s finding that Qixin is not

eligible for a separate rate is sustained.

                                        CONCLUSION

        The court sustains Commerce’s selection of surrogate market values for module

glass as well as its rejection of Qixin’s separate rate application. Commerce remands for




14
  Qixin responded that it was unable to obtain the requested information and that all information
was in the possession of the United States government. Resp. from Sandler, Travis & Rosenberg,
P.A. to Sec. of Commerce Pertaining to Ningbo Qixin Suppl. Questionnaire at 1, RPD 5, bar code
3831452-01 (May 9, 2019).
Consol. Court No. 17-00173                                                       Page 16

further explanation or reconsideration its application of an adverse inference in selecting

facts available in calculating Canadian Solar’s rate.

       For the foregoing reasons, it is

       ORDERED that Commerce’s remand redetermination is remanded for further

consideration consistent with this opinion; and it is further

       ORDERED that Commerce shall file its third remand redetermination with the court

within 60 days of this date; and it is further

       ORDERED that the parties shall have 30 days thereafter to file comments on the

third remand redetermination; and it is further

       ORDERED that the parties shall have 15 days to file their replies to comments on

the third remand redetermination.



                                                   /s/ Claire R. Kelly
                                                  Claire R. Kelly, Judge

Dated: December 3, 2019
       New York, New York
