Filed 6/10/15 P. v. Robledo CA2/7
                  NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
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              IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                     SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                DIVISION SEVEN


THE PEOPLE,                                                          B256192

         Plaintiff and Respondent,                                   (Los Angeles County
                                                                     Super. Ct. No. LA073032)
         v.

LUIS ROBLEDO,

         Defendant and Appellant.




         APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County, Joseph
A. Brandolino. Affirmed.
         James M. Crawford, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant.
         Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Gerald A. Engler, Chief Assistant Attorney
General, Lance E. Winters, Senior Assistant Attorney General, Victoria B. Wilson and
Idan Ivri, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.


                                            _____________________
       Police officers conducted a parole search of Luis Robledo’s residence and found a
firearm and other items of contraband. Following the denial of his motion to suppress
evidence, Robledo pled no contest to five felony counts, including possession of a
firearm by a felon (Pen. Code,1 § 29800, subd. (a)(1)). He was sentenced to a two-year
state prison term. On appeal, Robledo contends the trial court erroneously denied his
suppression motion because no one on parole was living at his residence at the time of the
search. The People contend the trial court failed either to impose or strike the
section 667.5, subdivision (b), enhancements. We affirm the judgment.


                 FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND


A. The Information
       Robledo was charged in an information with one count each of possession of a
firearm by a felon, possession of a billyclub or blackjack (§ 22210), possession of
nunchaku (§ 22010), possession of ammunition (§ 30305, subd. (a)(1)) and possession for
sale of methamphetamine (Health & Saf. Code, § 11378). The information specially
alleged Robledo had previously served two separate prison terms for felonies (§ 667.5,
subd. (b)). Robledo pled not guilty and denied the special allegations.


B. The Suppression Hearing
       1. People’s Evidence
       On the evening of January 10, 2013, Los Angeles Police Officer Roberto Martinez
and his partner initiated a traffic stop of a truck driven by Robledo for an outstanding
warrant associated with the truck’s registered owner. The officers recovered a beer bottle
containing several hypodermic syringes from the floorboard of the truck. Robledo
volunteered that he took the syringes from a family member with a drug problem and was



1      Statutory references are to the Penal Code, unless otherwise indicated.


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going to dispose of them.2 The officers placed Robledo under arrest and found $1,000 in
his pocket during a search.
       Officer Martinez testified Robledo provided an Amigo Avenue address as his
residence, which Martinez checked using the computer in his patrol car. Martinez
accessed the state parole system’s database and entered the Amigo Avenue address. The
computer indicated a parolee named Alicia Green also lived at that address. Robledo
identified Green to the officers as “kind of like a girlfriend.” Martinez decided to
conduct a parole compliance check of Green at the Amigo Avenue address. On cross-
examination, Martinez acknowledged the database he had accessed probably listed the
name of Green’s parole officer, whom neither he nor his partner attempted to contact.
       Officer Martinez and his partner arrived at the Amigo Avenue address, which was
a house. Martinez spoke to a man living at the house, asked him about Green and
showed him Green’s booking photograph. The man said that Green had moved into the
back house with Robledo approximately six months earlier. The officers entered the back
house, a converted garage that shared the same address as the front house. Inside the
converted garage, the officers found women’s clothing and cosmetics, men’s clothing,
and Robledo’s driver’s license. They also discovered a handgun, ammunition, nunchaku
and methamphetamine.3


       2. Defense Evidence
       Green testified for the defense that Robledo was her former boyfriend. Green was
released from jail on December 8, 2012 and immediately moved into Robledo’s Amigo
Avenue address, where she lived until January 4, 2013. During that time, Green was on

2     A woman passenger consented to the search of her purse in which officers found
an additional hypodermic syringe.
3      Precluded by defense counsel’s objection from enumerating at the suppression
hearing all items recovered during the search, Officer Martinez testified at the
preliminary hearing to having found a collapsible baton inside the residence, which was
the factual basis for count 2, possession of a billyclub or blackjack.


                                             3
parole and her parole officer, Agent Huston Dale, verified she had moved into the Amigo
Avenue address. Green testified she moved out of the Amigo Avenue address and into
Sunlight of the Spirit, a sober living facility, on January 4, 2013.4 Green claimed she had
attempted to notify Dale on that date of her change of residence by leaving him voicemail
messages on his telephone.
        At approximately 2:00 p.m. on January 10, 2013, Green presented a change of
residence form to the parole office, indicating she was no longer living at the Amigo
Avenue address. Green acknowledged she could have left some clothing at the Amigo
Avenue address after she had moved. Green was discharged from parole on August 4,
2013.
        Dale testified he did not recall receiving telephone messages from Green
informing him of her change of residence. Dale saw Green’s change of residence form
on the morning of January 11, 2013, when he came into the office. He visited her at the
Sunlight of the Spirit facility later that day to verify her move. Part of Dale’s job was to
update the computer’s parole database with a parolee’s change of residence once he
verified it. In this instance, Dale could not recall when he entered Green’s new address
into the system. Sometimes he entered a parolee’s change of address into the system the
same day it was verified; other times he did not make the entry until a week later
depending on how busy he was.


        3. Trial Court’s Findings
        After requesting supplemental briefing on the good faith exception to the
exclusionary rule, the trial court denied the suppression motion, finding: Green did not
notify the parole office in writing of her change of residence until January 10, 2013, the
day of the disputed search, when the parole database accessed by Officer Martinez still
showed Green living at the Amigo Avenue address; after receiving written notice of


4     Green signed an intake form at the Sunlight of the Spirit facility on January 4,
2013. She received an official letter of admission to the facility on January 11, 2013.


                                              4
Green’s change of residence, Dale acted promptly by verifying her move the following
day, January 11, 2013; and although Green moved out of the Amigo Avenue address on
January 4, 2013, the fact her new residence could not be verified until January 11, 2013,
was due to Green’s own delay in providing a written change of residence. Thus, the trial
court concluded that Dale acted reasonably in accordance with the official procedures of
the parole office; any errors in the parole system data base were entirely the fault of
Green; and the officers relied in good faith on the parole data base, especially in light of
the statement made by the individual at the scene confirming that Green lived in the back
house. The court determined the exclusionary rule was not applicable and denied the
motion to suppress.


C. Plea and Sentencing
       Following the denial of the suppression motion, Robledo entered an open plea to
the court of no contest to the five counts and admitted the prior prison term allegations.
The court sentenced Robledo to two years in state prison, the middle term on each count
to be served concurrently.


                                       DISCUSSION


A. The Suppression Motion Was Properly Denied
       1. Standard of Review
       In reviewing the denial of a motion to suppress evidence, we defer to the trial
court’s factual findings, express or implied, when supported by substantial evidence.
(People v. Tully (2012) 54 Cal.4th 952, 979.) The power to judge credibility, weigh
evidence and draw factual inferences is vested in the trial court (Ibid.) However, in
determining whether, on the facts found, the search or seizure was reasonable under the
Fourth Amendment, we exercise our independent judgment. (Ibid.; People v. Lomax
(2010) 49 Cal.4th 530, 563.) Whether relevant evidence obtained by assertedly unlawful
means must be excluded is determined exclusively by deciding whether its suppression is

                                              5
mandated by the federal Constitution. (Cal. Const. art. I, § 28, subd. (f)(2); see People v
Schmitz (2012) 55 Cal.4th 909, 916.)


       2. The Exclusionary Rule
       The Fourth Amendment guarantees individuals the “right . . . to be secure in their
persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures . . . .”
(U.S. Const., 4th Amend.) To deter Fourth Amendment violations, when the People seek
to admit evidence obtained as a result of an illegal search or seizure, the exclusionary rule
may prohibit the introduction of that evidence at trial. (United States v. Calandra (1974)
414 U.S. 338, 347 [94 S.Ct. 613, 38 L.Ed.2d 561]; Rakas v. Illinois (1978) 439 U.S. 128,
134 [99 S.Ct 421, 58 L.Ed.2d 387].) However, whether to suppress the evidence under
the exclusionary rule is a different question from whether the People have violated a
defendant’s Fourth Amendment rights. (United States v. Leon (1984) 468 U.S. 897, 906
[104 S.Ct. 3405, 82 L.Ed.2d 677]; see Calandra, supra, at pp. 347-348.) Merely because
a Fourth Amendment violation has occurred does not necessarily mean that exclusion of
evidence automatically follows. Instead, the exclusionary rule “applies only where it
‘“result[s] in appreciable deterrence.”’ [Citation.]” (Herring v. United States (2009) 555
U.S. 135, 141 [129 S.Ct. 695, 172 L.Ed.2d 496] (Herring)). “Indeed, exclusion ‘has
always been our last resort, not our first impulse’ . . . .” (Id. at p. 140.)


       3. The Good Faith Exception to the Exclusionary Rule
       The United States Supreme Court created the good faith exception to the
exclusionary rule in United States v. Leon, supra, 468 U.S. 897. In holding the
exclusionary rule does not apply to evidence obtained in objectively reasonable reliance
on a subsequently invalidated search warrant, the court reasoned that suppressing the
evidence seized would not serve the rule’s purpose of discouraging police misconduct.
(Id. at p. 922.)
       The United States Supreme Court has since applied the good faith exception to
searches performed by police in objectively reasonable reliance on a subsequently

                                                6
invalidated statute (Illinois v. Krull (1987) 480 U.S. 340 [107 S.Ct. 1160, 94 L.Ed.2d
364]); incorrect information regarding an arrest warrant in a computer database
maintained by judicial employees (Arizona v. Evans (1995) 514 U.S 1 [115 S.Ct. 1185,
131 L.Ed.2d 34]); incorrect information regarding an arrest warrant in a computer
database maintained by law enforcement (Herring, supra, 555 U.S. 135); and binding
judicial precedent later overruled (Davis v. United States (2011) 564 U.S. ___ [131 S.Ct.
2419, 180 L.Ed.2d 285].)


          4. The officer’s reliance on the misinformation in the parole system
             database was objectively reasonable.
          Robledo contends the trial court erroneously denied his suppression motion
because no one living at his residence was on parole at the time of the search. Based on
People v. Willis (2002) 28 Cal.4th 22 (Willis), Robledo maintains the two officers in this
case were negligent in relying on misinformation in the parole system’s database
generated by law enforcement without confirming Green’s current address with her
parole officer before searching the residence.5 Robledo argues the exclusionary rule
should have been applied, as it was in Willis, to deter such negligent police conduct in the
future.
          In Willis, a parole record mistakenly showed the defendant was on parole, when he
had actually been discharged from parole months earlier. (Willis, supra, 28 Cal.4th at
pp. 26-28.) Despite the fact the defendant denied being on parole and presented
documentation to the officers that he had been discharged from parole, a parole officer
and a police officer searched the defendant’s motel room. (Id. at p. 27.) The search
uncovered narcotics and narcotics paraphernalia. (Ibid.) The source of the error in the
defendant’s parole record was unclear, but it was either the fault of the parole officer,


5      Robledo is not arguing on appeal, as he did before the trial court, that the good
faith exception was inapplicable because of the failure of the parole agent to enter
Green’s correct address in the parole system’s database.


                                               7
who directed the search, or a parole system data entry clerk, who was responsible for
maintaining accurate parole records. (Id. at p. 35.) The defendant’s suppression motion
was denied. (Id. at p. 28.)
       The California Supreme Court held the good faith exception to the exclusionary
rule was inapplicable. (Willis, supra, 28 Cal.4th at p. 38.) The court found that the
police officer’s and the probation officer’s reliance on the erroneous parole record was
not objectively reasonable. Neither of them made any attempt to verify the defendant’s
parole status by other means prior to conducting the search. (Id. at p. 43.) Furthermore,
regardless of the source of the error, the court found it was attributable to the entire “law
enforcement team,” which included the parole officer and the data entry clerk, as adjuncts
to law enforcement. (Id. at pp. 39-46.) Thus, the fact that the defendant had been
discharged from parole prior to the search was within the collective knowledge of the law
enforcement team, which precluded the application of the good faith exception. (Id. at
pp. 38-40, 44-47.) The Willis court concluded that suppression of the evidence in that
case was consistent with the deterrence goal of the exclusionary rule by providing an
incentive to law enforcement officials to maintain accurate parole records. (Id. at pp. 48-
49.)
       Robledo’s reliance on Willis is misplaced.6 Since Willis, the United States
Supreme Court has refined the parameters of the good faith exception. In Herring,
officers in one county arrested the defendant based on a warrant listed in a neighboring
county’s computer database. The defendant was searched incident to arrest, and the
officers found drugs and a gun. (Herring, supra, 555 U.S. at p. 137.) It was
subsequently discovered that the warrant had been recalled months earlier, although that
information was never entered into the county’s database. (Id. at pp. 137-138.) The



6       In any event, the facts in Willis are distinguishable. Unlike the officers in Willis,
Officer Martinez and his partner also relied on information from Robledo regarding
Green, and on the confirmatory statement regarding Green’s residence by her neighbor at
the site searched.


                                              8
defendant was indicted on federal gun and drug possession charges and moved to
suppress the evidence, arguing his arrest had been illegal. (Id. at p. 138.) His
suppression motion was denied. (Ibid.)
       Acknowledging the errors in the Herring case were due to police negligence, the
United States Supreme Court upheld denial of the suppression motion. (Herring, supra,
555 U.S. at p. 147.) The Supreme Court assessed the culpability of the police and the
efficacy of excluding the evidence in deterring future police misconduct, concluding:
“To trigger the exclusionary rule, police conduct must be sufficiently deliberate that
exclusion can meaningfully deter it, and sufficiently culpable that such deterrence is
worth the price paid by the justice system. As laid out in our cases, the exclusionary rule
serves to deter deliberate, reckless, or grossly negligent conduct, or in some
circumstances recurring or systemic negligence.” (Id. at p. 144.) However, where, as
here, “police mistakes are the result of negligence . . . rather than systemic error or
reckless disregard of constitutional requirements, any marginal deterrence does not ‘pay
its way.’ [Citation.] In such a case, the criminal should not ‘go free because the
constable has blundered.’ [Citation.]” (Id. at pp. 147-148.) The Herring court
emphasized, however, that to claim the benefits of the good faith exception, the police
must have acted “‘in objectively reasonable reliance”’ on factually incorrect information
or subsequently invalidated warrants or statutes. (Id. at pp. 142, 146.)
       We agree with the trial court’s finding that the good faith exception to the
exclusionary rule applies in this case. The evidence shows the officers objectively
reasonably relied on the incorrect address for Green provided by the parole system’s
database to conduct the search. Furthermore, Officer Martinez and his partner did not act
solely on the basis of this erroneous information. They also made reasonable efforts to
independently verify Green’s current address, first by asking Robledo if he knew Green
and then by asking Robledo’s neighbor if he could identify Green from her booking
photograph. The neighbor identified Green and told the officers Green was living with
Robledo in the converted garage behind his house. After speaking with Robledo and the
neighbor, there was no reason for the officers to doubt the accuracy of the database

                                              9
information. Thus, substantial evidence supported the trial court’s implicit finding the
officers were justified in believing the Amigo Avenue address in the database was
Green’s current residence. (See People v. Downey (2011) 198 Cal.App.4th 652, 658
[whether officers reasonably believe an address is a probationer’s residence is a question
of fact, binding on the appellate court if supported by substantial evidence].)
       Even if, as Robledo claims, the officers should have contacted Green’s parole
officer, we conclude under Herring that the nature of their culpability was “simple,
‘isolated’ negligence.” (Davis v. United States, supra, 564 U.S. at p. ___ [131 S.Ct.
2427-2428], citing Herring, supra, 555 U.S. at p. 137.) Nothing in the record suggests
the officers acted with a “deliberate, reckless, or grossly negligent” disregard for
Robledo’s Fourth Amendment rights. (Herring, supra, at p. 144.) Accordingly, in the
absence of any conscious effort by the officers to violate the Fourth Amendment, there
was nothing to deter; the benefit of applying the exclusionary rule here would therefore
be “‘marginal or nonexistent.”’ (Id. at p. 146.) The suppression motion was properly
denied.


B. Resentencing Is Not Necessary
       After the suppression motion was denied, Robledo pled no contest to the charges
against him. He also admitted the enhancement allegation that he had two prior
convictions within the meaning of section 667.5, subdivision (b). The trial court found
the allegations to be true. However, in sentencing Robledo, the trial court failed either to
impose or dismiss the two section 667.5, subdivision (b), enhancements. The People
argue that we should remand to the trial court for resentencing pursuant to People v.
Bradley (1998) 64 Cal.App.4th 386, 390-391. Here, however, the trial court’s intent to
dismiss the section 667.5 subdivision (b), enhancements is discernible from the record.
The trial court indicated it would consider a sentence of two years state prison on all the
counts if Robledo pled open to the court. The trial court repeated the indicated two-year
sentence before Robledo entered his plea. Under these circumstances, we find the court’s



                                             10
intent to dismiss the section 667.5, subdivision (b), enhancements is clear, and remand is
unnecessary.


                                     DISPOSITION


       The judgment is affirmed.



                                                 STROBEL, J.*


We concur:



               PERLUSS, P. J.



               ZELON, J.




*       Judge of the Los Angeles Superior Court, assigned by the Chief Justice pursuant to
article VI, section 6 of the California Constitution.

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