                 United States Court of Appeals
                            For the Eighth Circuit
                        ___________________________

                                No. 19-1025
                        ___________________________

                             United States of America

                        lllllllllllllllllllllPlaintiff - Appellee

                                           v.

                            Jose Andres Vera-Gutierrez

                       lllllllllllllllllllllDefendant - Appellant
                                       ____________

                    Appeal from United States District Court
                         for the District of Minnesota
                                 ____________

                           Submitted: February 12, 2020
                               Filed: July 7, 2020
                                 ____________

Before LOKEN, BENTON, and KELLY, Circuit Judges.
                           ____________


BENTON, Circuit Judge.

       A jury convicted Jose Andres Vera-Gutierrez of conspiracy to possess with
intent to distribute 500 or more grams of methamphetamine, in violation of 21 U.S.C.
§ § 841(a)(1), 841(b)(1)(A), and 846. He was sentenced to 300 months in prison. On
appeal, Vera-Gutierrez challenges the admission of three exhibits at trial and his
sentence. Having jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, this court affirms.
                                            I.

        In 2017, the government indicted Vera-Gutierrez, Felipe Castro, Jr., and
Maribel Torres for the conspiracy. Castro, a co-defendant, pleaded guilty and
testified against Vera-Gutierrez. Vera-Gutierrez and Torres went to trial. At trial,
there were 124 exhibits, including photographs, maps, and transcripts of 110 phone
calls between the three defendants. The jury found Vera-Gutierrez guilty.

       Vera-Gutierrez moved for a new trial based on admission of spreadsheets of
phone calls between the members of the conspiracy, and maps showing cell-phone
locations—offered without the underlying data from the phone companies or a witness
to authenticate the data. The agent who made the maps and the spreadsheets was
available for questioning at trial. On direct, the agent testified he created the exhibits
based on data from mobile phone carriers, specifically testifying they were “true and
accurate.” Vera-Gutierrez objected to “foundation” as to one exhibit (113), and
“foundation” and “hearsay” as to two exhibits (114 and 125). The district court1
overruled the objections. On cross-examination, the agent was not asked about these
exhibits. The district court denied the motion for new trial.

      According to the presentence report, the sentencing guidelines range was 360
months to life imprisonment. Vera-Gutierrez objected to a two-level enhancement for
obstruction of justice and requested a downward variance. The district court applied
the enhancement but did grant a downward variance, sentencing Vera-Gutierrez to 300
months.

      He appeals, arguing the district court erred by (1) admitting the spreadsheets
and maps without authentication or the underlying data; (2) applying the enhancement
for obstruction of justice; and (3) giving an unreasonable sentence.

       1
       The Honorable Wilhelmina M. Wright, United States District Judge for the
District of Minnesota.

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                                          II.

       This court reviews for abuse of discretion rulings about the admission of
evidence, “affording deference to the district judge who saw and heard the evidence.”
United States v. Melton, 870 F.3d 830, 837 (8th Cir. 2017). Evidentiary rulings
“should only be overturned if there was a clear and prejudicial abuse of discretion.”
United States v. McCorkle, 688 F.3d 518, 521 (8th Cir. 2012). “An erroneous
evidentiary ruling is harmless, however, if it did not have a substantial influence on
the jury’s verdict.” United States v. Adejumo, 772 F.3d 513, 525 (8th Cir. 2014). If
the error is harmless, this court “need not decide whether the district court erred when
it admitted the summary charts into evidence.” United States v. Spires, 628 F.3d
1049, 1053 (8th Cir. 2011) (holding error was harmless in admitting summaries of call
records of three phones when the record contained additional relevant evidence and
consistent testimony of defendant’s ex-associates).


       Exhibit 113 is a chart showing records of all contacts between phone numbers
identified with Vera-Gutierrez, Castro, and another co-conspirator, Everado Cota-
Preciado over a 30-day period. The chart lists the date, time, duration, caller, and
receiver of each call. Vera-Gutierrez argues that this chart was essential to the
government’s case, claiming it was the “only evidence” of communication between
Vera-Gutierrez and Cota-Preciado, providing “important corroboration” of the
government’s allegations of frequent contacts between the co-conspirators.



      A wiretap of Castro’s phone captured 278 of the 361 contacts listed in the chart.
Castro testified at length about Vera-Gutierrez’s involvement in the conspiracy,
including that he connected Castro and Cota-Preciado for the purpose of selling drugs.
Castro also testified to the meaning of wiretapped conversations, indicating parts
where Vera-Gutierrez and Castro discussed a plan to bring the drugs to Minnesota,
where to store them, and how much they might sell for. Vera-Gutierrez testified to the

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contrary, claiming he never participated with Castro in his dealings with drugs and that
the wiretapped phone conversations were instead about selling cars and job
opportunities. The jury is entitled to weigh the testimony of both Castro and Vera-
Gutierrez, assessing for themselves the credibility of a cooperating witness. See
United States v. Whitlow, 815 F.3d 430, 436 (8th Cir. 2016) (“We have repeatedly
upheld jury verdicts based solely on the testimony of co-conspirators and cooperating
witnesses, noting that it is within the province of the jury to make credibility
assessments and resolve conflicting testimony.”).



        Vera-Gutierrez emphasizes that his contacts with Cota-Preciado were not
captured by the wiretap. However, even for these contacts, Vera-Gutierrez himself
testified about multiple conversations with Cota-Preciado. Vera-Gutierrez denied he
ever discussed drugs with Cota-Preciado, claiming that the conversations were about
selling cars and job opportunities. Vera-Gutierrez acknowledges the conversations,
not disputing the date, time, duration, caller, or receiver of each call. Additional
evidence that Cota-Preciado knew Vera-Gutierrez was presented in a wiretapped
phone call about drug money, where Cota-Preciado mentions Vera-Gutierrez by name.
The record, other than Exhibit 113, contains substantial contact between Vera-
Gutierrez and his co-conspirators. Even if admission of Exhibit 113 were in error for
lack of foundation2, any error was harmless.



       Exhibit 114 has five maps with cell tower information showing travel times and
locations of Castro; Exhibit 125 has four maps with cell tower information showing
travel times and locations of Cota-Preciado. Vera-Gutierrez argues that these were
essential to the government’s case because they “corroborate” government allegations

       2
       Vera-Gutierrez did not object as to hearsay for Exhibit 113, so his arguments
about hearsay are not persuasive. See United States v. Morrissey, 895 F.3d 541, 554
(8th Cir. 2018) (holding hearsay objections not raised at trial were forfeited).

                                          -4-
about Castro and Cota-Preciado’s meetings to exchange drugs. He argues that without
these maps, the government would lack “credible evidence” that Castro and Cota-
Preciado physically met to carry out drug exchanges, or that Cota-Preciado went to
Vera-Gutierrez’s house after a failed drug delivery.



       Like Exhibit 113, the contents of Exhibits 114 and 125 duplicate other evidence
and testimony. Castro testified about his trip to Minnesota to deliver the drugs,
mentioning the specific stops identified in Exhibit 114. Castro also detailed physical
meetings between Cota-Preciado and himself. Matching this testimony, the wiretaps
of Castro’s phone confirm the dates and locations. Torres testified to Cota-Preciado’s
locations as well. Finally, a Task Force Officer testified he drove by Vera-Gutierrez’s
residence and observed Cota-Preciado’s vehicle parked outside. Even if admission of
Exhibits 114 and 125 were in error, any error was harmless. See United States v.
Marrowbone, 211 F.3d 452, 455 (8th Cir. 2000) (“An erroneous evidentiary ruling
does not [a]ffect a substantial right and is harmless error if, after reviewing the entire
record, we determine that the error did not influence or had only a slight influence on
the verdict.”).



                                           III.


      Vera-Gutierrez argues that the district court erred by applying an enhancement
for obstruction of justice. This court reviews for clear error factual findings
supporting an obstruction of justice enhancement. United States v. Abdul-Aziz, 486
F.3d 471, 478 (8th Cir. 2007). If a defendant willfully obstructs or impedes the
administration of justice, the sentencing guidelines call for an increase of two levels.
See U.S.S.G. § 3C1.1 (enhancement applies when the obstructive conduct relates to
the defendant’s offense of conviction and any relevant conduct or a closely related
offense). “An attempt to intimidate or threaten a witness, even if unsuccessful, is

                                           -5-
sufficient to sustain a two-level enhancement for obstruction of justice.” United
States v. Thompson, 210 F.3d 855, 861 (8th Cir. 2000). “The district court has broad
discretion to apply section 3C1.1 to a wide range of conduct.” United States v.
Collins, 754 F.3d 626, 629 (8th Cir. 2014).


        Here, Castro testified that before trial, Vera-Gutierrez approached him at a
market, telling him he did not want to know what would happen if he testified. Castro
testified he felt threatened and frightened by this statement. The district court
specifically found, “Mr. Castro’s testimony is credible as to this issue [the threat].”
“[A] district court’s assessment of a witness’s credibility is almost never clear error
given that court’s comparative advantage at evaluating credibility.” United States v.
Sandoval-Sianuqui, 632 F.3d 438, 443 (8th Cir. 2011). See United States v. Harris,
493 F.3d 928, 932 (8th Cir. 2007) (noting the district court’s “assessment of witness
credibility is virtually unassailable on appeal”).


       The district court did not err in applying an obstruction enhancement for
threatening a witness. See United States v. Nunn, 940 F.2d 1128, 1130 (8th Cir.
1991) (implicit telephone threat to a potential witness was obstruction of justice).


                                         IV.


      Vera-Gutierrez argues that his sentence of 300 months was substantively
unreasonable. This court reviews the imposition of sentences for abuse of discretion,
whether inside or outside the guidelines range. United States v. Feemster, 572 F.3d
455, 461 (8th Cir. 2009) (en banc). When “the sentence imposed is within the
advisory guideline range, we accord it a presumption of reasonableness.” Harris, 493
F.3d at 932, citing Rita v. United States, 551 U.S. 338, 347 (2007). When a district


                                         -6-
court sentences a defendant below the advisory guidelines range, “it is nearly
inconceivable that the court abused its discretion in not varying downward still
further.” United States v. Anwar, 880 F.3d 958, 973 (8th Cir. 2018). Here, the district
court varied downward to a sentence of 300 months, from a range of 360 months to
life.



       “A district court abuses its discretion when it (1) fails to consider a relevant
factor that should have received significant weight; (2) gives significant weight to an
improper or irrelevant factor; or (3) considers only the appropriate factors but in
weighing those factors commits a clear error of judgment.” Feemster, 572 F.3d at
461. This court does not require a “mechanical recitation” of the factors. Id. “Rather,
it simply must be clear from the record that the district court actually considered the
§ 3553(a) factors in determining the sentence.” Id.



       Here, the district court carefully considered the § 3553(a) factors, specifically
citing the seriousness of the offense; the role Vera-Gutierrez played in connecting the
drug courier and the meth supplier, and remaining in contact and involved during the
conspiracy; the need to adequately deter both Vera-Gutierrez and others from similar
conduct; the possibility of providing care, treatment, and training to Vera-Gutierrez;
and the desire to avoid unwarranted disparities between Vera-Gutierrez’s sentence and
sentences of defendants with similar records found guilty of similar conduct (including
Castro). The district court carefully discussed the mitigating factors presented by
Vera-Gutierrez, including his difficult childhood and background, gainful
employment, family, and impact in his community, accounting for these factors in
sentencing.



      The district court did not abuse its discretion in varying downward from the
guidelines.

                                          -7-
                            *******


The judgment is affirmed.
                _____________________________




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