                IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                             AT JACKSON
                               October 23, 2012 Session

            MARVIN BERNATSKY AND PATRICIA BERNATSKY
                              v.
                DESIGNER BATHS & KITCHENS, LLC

                 An Appeal from the Circuit Court for Shelby County
                    No. CT-006113-10     James F. Russell, Judge


              No. W2012-00803-COA-R3-CV - Filed February 15, 2013




J. STEVEN STAFFORD, J., concurring:

       I agree with the result reached by the majority in this case. However, I write
separately to emphasize my reasoning in concluding that an ambiguity exists, in direct
contradiction to our earlier decision in Jacob v. Partee, No. W2012-00205-COA-R3–CV,
2012 WL 3249605 (Tenn. Ct. App. Aug. 10, 2012) (perm. app. denied Dec. 12, 2012).

       The central issue in this case concerns whether, when appealing from the General
Sessions Court to the Circuit Court, the payment of standard court costs pursuant to
Tennessee Code Annotated 8-21-401 satisfies the requirement to post an appeal bond
pursuant to Tennessee Code Annotated Section 27-5-103. Thus, the issue presented is one
of statutory construction. In interpreting a statute, our analysis is guided by the rules of
statutory construction. As explained by the Tennessee Supreme Court in Mills v.
Fulmarque, 360 S.W.3d 362 (Tenn. 2012):

              Our role is to determine legislative intent and to effectuate
              legislative purpose. [Lee Med., Inc. v. Beecher, 312 S.W.3d
              515, 526 (Tenn. 2010)]; In re Estate of Tanner, 295 S.W.3d
              610, 613 (Tenn. 2009). The text of the statute is of primary
              importance, and the words must be given their natural and
              ordinary meaning in the context in which they appear and in
              light of the statute's general purpose. See Lee Med., Inc., 312
              S.W.3d at 526; Hayes v. Gibson Cnty., 288 S.W.3d 334, 337
              (Tenn. 2009); Waldschmidt v. Reassure Am. Life Ins. Co., 271
              S.W.3d 173, 176 (Tenn. 2008). When the language of the statute
              is clear and unambiguous, courts look no farther to ascertain its
              meaning. See Lee Med., Inc., 312 S.W.3d at 527; Green v.
              Green, 293 S.W.3d 493, 507 (Tenn. 2009). When necessary to
              resolve a statutory ambiguity or conflict, courts may consider
              matters beyond the statutory text, including public policy,
              historical facts relevant to the enactment of the statute, the
              background and purpose of the statute, and the entire statutory
              scheme. Lee Med., Inc., 312 S.W.3d at 527–28. However, these
              non-codified external sources “cannot provide a basis for
              departing from clear codified statutory provisions.” Id. at 528.

Mills, 360 S.W.3d 368. Therefore, courts must first determine whether the language of the
statute is ambiguous. Only if the plain language of the statute presents an ambiguity or a
conflict may the court consider material other than the statutory text. “When a statute is
clear, we apply the plain meaning without complicating the task.” In re Estate of Davis, 308
S.W.3d 832, 837 (Tenn. 2010) (citing Eastman Chem. Co. v. Johnson, 151 S.W.3d 503, 507
(Tenn. 2004)). “Our obligation is simply to enforce the written language.” Davis, 308 S.W.3d
at 837 (citing Abels ex rel. Hunt v. Genie Indus., Inc., 202 S.W.3d 99, 102 (Tenn. 2006)).

      Accordingly, I turn to the language of Tennessee Code Annotated Section 27-5-103,
which provides:

              (a) Before the appeal is granted, the person appealing shall give
              bond with good security, as hereinafter provided, for the costs
              of the appeal, or take the oath for poor persons.
              (b) An appeal bond filed by a plaintiff or defendant pursuant to
              this chapter shall be considered sufficient if it secures the cost
              of the cause on appeal.

Based on the above language, the majority concludes that the statute “lacks precision” in that
the phrase “as hereinafter provided” may refer to another statute to establish the costs of the
appeal, specifically the later-enacted Tennessee Code Annotated Section 8-21-401.
However, the later enactment of subsection (b) is not relevant to the inquiry of whether
Tennessee Code Annotated Section 27-5-103 is ambiguous. Courts must only consider the
statutory text in determining whether an ambiguity exists. See Nye v. Bayer Cropscience,
Inc., 347 S.W.3d 686, 694 (Tenn. 2011). Only if a statute is determined to be ambiguous may
the court then “consider matters beyond the statutory text, including public policy, historical
facts relevant to the enactment of the statute, the background and purpose of the statute, and

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the entire statutory scheme. Mills v. Fulmarque, Inc., 360 S.W.3d 362, 368 (Tenn. 2012)
(citing Lee Med., Inc., 312 S.W.3d at 527–28) (emphasis added). Thus, consideration of
matters such as “historical facts preceding or contemporaneous with the enactment of the
statute being construed . . . [and] earlier versions of the statute” is only permitted once the
statute is determined to be ambiguous. Am. Jur. 2d Statutes § 64 n.5 (citing Lee Med., Inc.,
312 S.W.3d at 527–28). However, “these non-codified external sources cannot provide a
basis for departing from clear codified statutory provisions.” Mills, 360 S.W.3d at 368.
Disregarding the historical context of the amendment to Tennessee Code Annotated Section
27-5-103 and considering only the current statutory text, as I must at this stage in the
analysis, I cannot conclude that there is an ambiguity in the statute at issue.

       To hold that the simple phrase “as hereinafter provided” alone causes an ambiguity
creates a forced interpretation at odds with the established rules of statutory construction. See
Mooney v. Sneed, 30 S.W.3d 304, 306 (Tenn. 2000) (holding that a court’s job in
interpreting a statute is to ascertain the intention of the legislature without employing a
“forced or subtle interpretation that would limit or extend the statute's application”). Indeed,
the Tennessee Supreme Court has held that “it is improper to take a word or a few words
from its context and, with them isolated, attempt to determine their meaning.” Eastman
Chem. Co. v. Johnson, 151 S.W.3d 503 (Tenn. 2004). In this case, the majority seeks to find
an ambiguity in the isolated phrase “as hereinafter provided,” while ignoring the fact that the
most natural interpretation of the statute’s text requires us to hold that the “as hereinafter
provided” language clearly refers to the following subsection of the statute.

       Instead, I would focus on the plain language of the requirement that the bond at issue
secure the “costs of the appeal.” It is clear that Tennessee Code Annotated Section 27-5-103
requires the filing of a bond for the “costs of the appeal.” What is unclear from the statute
is what “costs” the legislature intended the bond to secure. In this Court’s recent opinion,
Jacob v. Partee, we concluded that the bond required by Tennessee Code Annotated Section
27-5-103 must “secure[] all costs incurred throughout the appeal, as opposed to an initial
appeal filing fee.” The statute, however, does not specifically require that the bond cover all
the costs which may be incurred during the litigation because the statute fails to define the
term “costs.” Because the statute placed no express limit on the “costs” the bond must secure,
the Jacob Court inferred that the bond must cover all of the yet-to-be-determined costs,
which might be incurred throughout the litigation. Appellants argue, however, that the term
“costs” may also refer to the amounts paid at the commencement of litigation pursuant to
Tennessee Code Annotated Section 8-21-401. Thus, the legislature’s intended meaning of
the word “costs” is the central issue in determining whether the statute at issue is ambiguous.

        In interpreting the meaning of a word in a statute, the court may utilize dictionary
definitions. State v. Majors, 318 S.W.3d 850, 859 (Tenn. 2010) (quoting State v. Williams,

                                               -3-
690 S.W.2d 517, 529 (Tenn. 1985)); see also 82 C.J.S. Statutes § 415 (“If the statute does
not sufficiently define a word used therein, the court may consider all known definitions of
the word, including dictionary definitions, in order to determine the plain and ordinary
meaning of the word.”) (footnotes omitted). A Dictionary of Modern Legal Usage defines
“costs” as “(1) the charge or fees ‘taxed’ by the court, such as filing fees, jury fees, court
house fees, and reporter fees; or (2) the expenses of the litigation, prosecution, or other legal
transaction, especially those allowed in favor of one party against the other.” Bryan Garner,
A Dictionary of Modern Legal Usage 228 (2d ed. 1995); see also Cornell Glasgow, LLC v.
LaGrange Properties, LLC, Nos. N11C–05–016–JRS CCLD, N11C–07–160–JRS CCLD,
2012 WL 6840625, at *24 (Del. Super. Ct. Dec. 7, 2012) (“Under case law . . . our courts
have defined costs as those ‘expenses necessarily incurred in the assertion of [a] right in
court,’ such as court filing fees, fees associated with service of process or costs covered by
statute.”); People v. Hunter, 831 N.E.2d 1192, 1201 (Ill. App. Ct. 2005) (“Cost” is defined
as “[t]he charges or fees taxed by the court, such as filing fees, jury fees, courthouse fees,
and reporter fees.”) (quoting Black's Law Dictionary 372 (8th ed. 2004)); Divine v.
Groshong, 679 P.2d 700, 711 (Kan. 1984) (“The term ‘costs’ ordinarily means the fees and
charges of the court—filing fees, fees for service of process and the like.”); Campos v.
Yellow, Inc., No. H-04-3892, 2007 WL 4289998, at *2 (S.D. Tex. Dec. 4, 2007) (utilizing
the definition from A Dictionary of Modern Legal Usage in a case involving contract
interpretation). Accordingly, the “costs of the appeal” may refer to the costs of the entire
appeal taxed at the conclusion of the litigation, as was decided in the Jacob case, or it may
simply refer to a “fee” charged by the court to commence litigation. A statute is ambiguous
when “some of the words used may refer to several objects and the manner of their use does
not disclose the particular objects to which the words refer.” 2A Sutherland Statutory
Construction § 45:2 (7th ed.). Because the statute is unclear as to what “costs” must be
covered by the bond to satisfy the jurisdictional requirements of Tennessee Code Annotated
Section 27-5-103, I must conclude that the statute at issue is ambiguous.

        I recognize that this holding is in direct contradiction to the holding expressed by this
Court in Jacob. See Jacob, 2012 WL 3249605, at *3. However, unlike my focus on the term
“costs,” which I have determined is ambiguous, the Jacob Court focused on the distinction
between the term “bond” used in Tennessee Code Annotated Section 27-5-103 and what it
deemed the “fee” requirements in Tennessee Code Annotated Section 8-21-401. Because the
Jacob Court concluded that the requirement to post a “bond” and pay a “fee” are not
synonymous, the Court concluded that Tennessee Code Annotated Section 27-5-103's
requirement to post a bond was not satisfied by the mere payment of fees pursuant to
Tennessee Code Annotated Section 8-21-401. Upon further reflection, however, I note that
the term “fee” in Tennessee Code Annotated Section 8-21-401 appears only in the heading
and subheading of the particular provision at issue. Tennessee law provides that “[h]eadings
to sections in this code and the references at the end of such sections giving the source or

                                               -4-
history of the respective sections shall not be construed as part of the law.” Tenn. Code Ann.
§1-3-109. Thus, the legislature has directed courts construing statutes to disregard the
language contained in headings in favor of the language utilized in the body of the statute.
Here, the body of the statute specifically states that amounts to be paid pursuant to Tennessee
Code Annotated Section 8-21-401 are “costs.” Tenn. Code Ann. § §8-21-401(a). In addition,
the particular provision at issue in this case, governing appeals from General Sessions Courts
to Circuit Courts, refers to the amount to be paid by the litigant as “standard court cost[s].”
Tenn. Code Ann. §8-21-401(b)(1)(C)(i). Thus, the word “costs” is utilized by the legislature
in both the appeal bond statute, Tennessee Code Annotated Section 27-5-103, and the “court
cost” statute, Tennessee Code Annotated Section 8-21-401. When the legislature chooses
to use the same word in more than one statute on the same subject matter, the word may be
construed to have the same meaning in both statutes:

              In construing the language of a statute, the use of the same
              words in another statute on the same or a related subject is
              entitled to consideration. Thus, when a legislature has used a
              word or phrase in a statute in one sense and subsequently uses
              the same word or phrase in legislating on the same subject
              matter, it will be understood as using it in the same sense unless
              there is something in the context or the nature of things to
              indicate that it has intended a different meaning thereby.

82 C.J.S. Statutes § 478 (footnotes omitted); see also State v. Kendrick, 10 S.W.3d 650, 655
(Tenn. Crim. App. 1999) (holding that adopting different definitions for the same term in
similar statutes would “hardly serve the doctrine of stare decisis”); State v. Turner, 675
S.W.2d 199 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1984) (holding that the trial court did not err in defining a
term in a criminal statute using the definition provided in another statute in fashioning the
jury instructions in that case). When considering the operative word used in Tennessee Code
Annotated Section §8-21-401(b)(1)(C)(i), rather than the word used in the heading to the
statute, it is clear that ambiguity exists as to whether the legislature indeed intended the term
“costs” in both statutes to be synonymous. Thus, the focus of Jacob, and its resulting
holding, were erroneous. Instead, I must conclude that Tennessee Code Annotated Section
27-5-103's requirement to post a bond for the “cost of the appeal” is ambiguous in that it
could require the posting of a bond for all the costs of the appeal, or it could merely require
a bond covering the costs outlined in Tennessee Code Annotated Section 8-21-
401(b)(1)(C)(i). Having found such an ambiguity, the majority was correct to consider
material beyond the statutory text to discern the legislature’s intent.

      Our decision that Tennessee Code Annotated Section 27-5-103 is ambiguous is
supported by the multitude of divergent results reached by courts on this issue. See Jacob,

                                               -5-
2012 WL 3249605, at *3 (holding that payment of standard court costs is not sufficient to
vest jurisdiction in the Circuit Court); Carter v. Batts, 373 S.W.3d 547 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2011)
(perm. app. denied April 12, 2012) (holding, in dicta, that payment of the standard court costs
was sufficient to vest jurisdiction in the Circuit Court); University Partners Development
v. Bliss, No. M2008-00020-COA-R3-CV, 2009 WL 112571 (Tenn. Ct. App. Jan. 14, 2009)
(designated not for citation by Rule 10 of Tennessee Rules of the Court of Appeals)
(dismissing an appeal, sua sponte, for failure to post an appeal bond for all the costs of the
appeal); Brady v. Valentine, No. 01-A-019707CV00308, 1998 WL 83746, at *1 (Tenn. Ct.
App. Feb. 27, 1998) (holding that a “cost bond” in the amount of $250.00 was sufficient to
perfect the appeal); Frost Agency v. Spurlock, 859 S.W.2d 337, 338 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1993)
(referring to $250.00 bond for appeal from General Sessions Court to Circuit Court); Tejwani
v. Trammell, No. 02A01-9103CV00036, 1991 WL 136224 (Tenn. Ct. App. July 26, 1991)
(holding that an appeal bond in the amount of $250.00 was sufficient to meet the appeal bond
requirements); City of Red Boiling Springs v. Whitley, 777 S.W.2d 706 (Tenn. Ct. App.
1989) (holding that payment of an initial filing fee, without a surety bond, was insufficient
to vest jurisdiction in the Circuit Court); Parrish v. Yeiser, 298 S.W.2d 556, 559 (Tenn. Ct.
App. 1955) (holding that the “costs of a cause” on appeal may be “collected out of cash on
deposit”); see also Tenn. Op. Atty. Gen. No. 12-23, 2012 WL 682072 (Tenn. A.G. Feb. 23,
2012) (requiring that a litigant appealing from General Sessions Court file a surety bond,
rather than simply pay initial court costs, to perfect the appeal).

        In addition, the rules and procedures governing actions in General Sessions Courts
are not contained in one statute. Instead, the legislature has enacted a patchwork scheme
governing General Sessions practice ranging over several chapters of the Tennessee Code
Annotated. See, e.g., Tenn. Code Ann. § 8-21-401 (providing a “standard court cost” for
appeals from General Sessions Court to Circuit Court); Tenn. Code Ann. § 16-15-101 et. seq.
(outlining establishment, jurisdiction, and procedure in General Sessions Courts, including
appeals to the Circuit Court); Tenn. Code Ann. § 20-12-123 (allowing additional “security”
to be posted in the Circuit Court for appeals from General Sessions Courts); Tenn. Code
Ann. §27-5-103 (providing that litigants appealing from General Sessions Court must post
a bond for the “costs of the appeal”); Tenn. Code Ann. § 67-4-602(b) (requiring litigants in
General Sessions Court and Circuit Court to pay a “privilege tax on litigation”). Because
General Sessions practice is not governed by one statute, it would be a forced interpretation
of the statute to consider the requirements of Tennessee Code Annotated Section 27-5-103
in isolation. Indeed, statutes that govern the same subject matter are to be construed in pari
materia:

                     Statutes which relate to the same subject matter,
              including those that concern the same class of persons or things
              or which have a common purpose are in pari materia[]. . . .

                                              -6-
                      Statutes that are in pari materia must be harmonized, if
              possible, because of the presumption that the legislature has
              intended to create a harmonious body of law. Such statutes must
              be construed together as though they constitute one law. That is,
              they must be construed as one system and governed by one
              spirit and policy. The legislative intention must be ascertained,
              not solely from the literal meaning of the words of a statute but
              from a view of the whole system of which it is but a part.
                      Statutes in pari materia should be so construed as to give
              meaning to both, or all of them, if this can be done, and each
              statute should be afforded a field of operation. Where the
              enactment of a series of statutes results in confusion and
              consequences which the legislature may not have contemplated,
              the courts must construe the statutes to reflect the obvious intent
              of the legislature and permit the practical application of the
              statutes.

82 C.J.S. Statutes § 476 (footnotes omitted). “ Statutes do not exist in a vacuum but must be
read in relationship to one another to effectuate the intent of the statutory scheme as a
whole.” 82 C.J.S. Statutes § 474. Statutes which are to be construed in pari materia “are to
be construed together, and the construction of one such statute, if doubtful, may be aided by
considering the words and legislative intent indicated by the language of another statute.”
Berry’s Chapel Util., Inc. v. Tenn. Regulatory Auth., No. M2011-02116-COA-R12-CV,
2012 WL 6697288, at *3 (Tenn. Ct. App. Dec. 21, 2012) (quoting Wilson v. Johnson Cnty.,
879 S.W.2d 807, 809–10 (Tenn. 1994)). According to a treatise on the subject:

                    It is essential that statutes be read as constituting one
              harmonious whole. Consequently, a statute is to be explained in
              conjunction with other statutes to the end that they may be a
              harmonious and consistent body of law. Accordingly, a
              reviewing court must attempt to harmonize each statutory
              enactment, considering and giving effect to the entire legislative
              scheme.

82 C.J.S. Statutes § 475 (footnotes omitted). Because the use of the word “costs” in
Tennessee Code Annotated Section 27-5-103 creates doubt as to the proper definition
intended by the legislature, other statutes governing the appeal procedure from General
Sessions Court to Circuit Court are properly considered in resolving the ambiguity and
determining the intention of the legislature. Such additional statutes, however, must be “
construed together [with the appeal bond statute] . . . in order to advance their common

                                              -7-
purpose or intent.” Carver v. Citizen Utils. Co., 954 S.W.2d 34, 35 (Tenn. 1997). Based on
the ambiguity in the plain language of Tennessee Code Annotated Section 27-5-103, it is
appropriate to consider material beyond the statutory text, including the “court cost” statute,
Tennessee Code Annotated Section 8-21-401, and its accompanying legislative history.

      Having determined that Tennessee Code Annotated Section 27-5-103 is ambiguous
based on the reasoning above, I concur in the result reached by the majority in this case.




                                                    _________________________________
                                                    J. STEVEN STAFFORD, JUDGE




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