                    NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
                  APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
 This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court."
  Although it is posted on the internet, this opinion is binding only on the
    parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.




                                          SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
                                          APPELLATE DIVISION
                                          DOCKET NO. A-1867-16T3

JAMES TAYLOR,

     Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.

BOARD OF EDUCATION,
ENGLEWOOD SCHOOL DISTRICT,
BERGEN COUNTY,

     Defendant-Respondent.
___________________________________

           Argued April 18, 2018 – Decided August 14, 2018

           Before Judges Koblitz and Suter.

           On appeal from Superior Court of New Jersey,
           Chancery Division, Bergen County, Docket No.
           C-000199-16.

           William P. Hannan argued the               cause for
           appellant (Oxfeld Cohen, PC,               attorneys;
           William P. Hannan, on the brief).

           Janet C. Lucas argued the cause for respondent
           (Weiner Law Group, LLP, attorneys; Mark A.
           Tabakin, of counsel; Janet C. Lucas, on the
           brief).

PER CURIAM
     Plaintiff James Taylor appeals the December 5, 2016 amended

order dismissing his order to show cause and verified complaint

that sought to vacate an arbitration award and decision. Plaintiff

was a tenured teacher employed by defendant Board of Education,

Englewood    School     District.     Defendant   brought    tenure   charges

against     plaintiff    for    "unbecoming   conduct,      insubordination,

incompetence and other just cause," seeking his dismissal from

employment.    The arbitrator's decision revoked plaintiff's tenure

and terminated his employment.          We affirm the dismissal.

     Plaintiff was assigned to teach physical education at the

Dwight Morris High School.          On March 25, 2015, he became involved

in a physical altercation with B.L., who was not a student in

plaintiff's gym class.         When B.L. would not return to his own gym

class, it was alleged that plaintiff "confronted the student,

pointing at the student's chest, then 'bumping' and ultimately

pushing the student across the gym and 'mushing' the student in

the head, while using inappropriate language."              Eyewitnesses to

the incident, gave statements, and a security camera filmed the

incident.     The next day, the interim superintendent suspended

plaintiff with pay.        Plaintiff submitted a written statement in

response, explaining that the student had "stepped into my face

and bumped his nose to mine and began yelling."             When the student

would not leave, plaintiff said he pointed to the other side of

                                        2                             A-1867-16T3
the gym. The student claimed that plaintiff touched him and became

irate.     Another teacher then had to physically restrain the

student.

     On July 29, 2015, the Board filed tenure charges against

plaintiff,     alleging      unbecoming     conduct,       insubordination,

incompetence and other just cause, and sought his dismissal from

employment.     Plaintiff opposed the charges.             On September 21,

2015, the Board certified the tenure charges, suspended plaintiff

without pay, and forwarded the charges to the Commissioner of

Education (Commissioner). During the two-day arbitration hearing,

the parties agreed to admit into evidence plaintiff's entire

personnel file and the videotape.         Plaintiff did not testify.

     On May 20, 2016, the arbitrator issued a written award and

opinion, concluding the Board had satisfied its burden of proof,

that no adequate defenses were raised by plaintiff to the charges

or penalty, and that the charges and dismissal were justified.

The arbitrator found that the incident involving plaintiff was

recorded on a videotape that showed plaintiff as "the clear

aggressor, if not, i.e., the initiator and/or instigator, of a

physical and/or emotional confrontation with a student."                  The

arbitrator    noted   that   plaintiff    had   received    "retraining   and

rehabilitative efforts" in handling difficult students.            However,

he stated, it was "clear enough that the [t]eacher did not back

                                    3                               A-1867-16T3
down nor [] take any other action to diffuse the situation from

escalating." He found "the only clear interpretation of the events

portrayed in the video demonstrates this teachers [sic] aggressive

and unwarranted behavior toward a student."                   The arbitration

decision noted that plaintiff "possessed a clear predilection

toward similar behavior in the past."             The arbitrator found that

the Board met its burden of proving its case and that plaintiff

had not defended within "appropriate guidelines."               The videotape

showed "clear evidence" of "unbecoming conduct for aggressive

behavior."

      The arbitrator found the evidence clear and convincing; the

video showed the teacher escalating the dispute.               The arbitrator

questioned why plaintiff had not sought "external assistance"

during   the    incident.       The    arbitrator     found    no   mitigating

circumstances       were   present.    Based   on    "clear    evidence,"       he

concluded    that    plaintiff's      "behavior     was   deemed    to   include

aggravating factors."        Those found "were that this [t]eacher did

not back off or away from an emotional or physical confrontation.

He is observed on the video touching and/or pushing [s]tudent

[B.L.], neither retreating nor calling for other professional

assistance and thus demonstrating poor judgment."              The arbitrator

found that plaintiff was dismissed from employment for "just and

sufficient cause."

                                        4                                A-1867-16T3
     Plaintiff filed a verified complaint in the Chancery Division

on July 21, 2016, seeking to vacate the arbitration award, alleging

that it was procured by "undue means," and citing to N.J.S.A.

2A:24-8.    Plaintiff asked for reinstatement to his employment with

back pay and other "emoluments."           The court signed an order to

show cause requiring defendant to show cause why the arbitration

award should not be vacated.         Based on the papers submitted and

oral argument, the court entered an order on November 30, 2016,

denying    plaintiff's   requested    relief.      The   amended   order    on

December 5, 2016, also dismissed plaintiff's verified complaint

with prejudice.

      In an attached rider to the orders, the court rejected

plaintiff's argument that the arbitrator did not make factual

findings about the incident involving B.L.           The court found the

arbitrator     made   "unambiguous       factual   findings   as    to     the

confrontation between [p]laintiff and B.L."              It cited to the

section of the award where the arbitrator characterized plaintiff

as the aggressor, which was included in the "Findings and Opinion"

section.     The judge found the arbitrator did not use plaintiff's

prior record in deciding the present charges.                 Instead, the

arbitrator had considered aggravating and mitigating factors "in

the prior conduct of [p]laintiff to determine whether to uphold

the penalty in this case."     The court stated this was consistent

                                     5                              A-1867-16T3
with the concept of progressive discipline.       It further held that

the arbitrator's use of plaintiff's prior work history did not

violate public policy.   Based on the arbitrator's findings of fact

and subsequent proper application of the law regarding progressive

discipline, the court did not find the arbitrator's award to be

deficient so as to render it procured by undue means.        The court

upheld the award under the "deferential[,] reasonably debatable

standard."

     In this appeal, plaintiff contends that the court should have

applied a substantial evidence standard in evaluating the award,

rather than the reasonably debatable standard.           Applying the

substantial evidence standard, he contends the award should have

been vacated because the arbitrator did not make factual findings

about what actually occurred during the March 25, 2015 incident

with B.L.     He argues that the arbitrator improperly used his

employment and disciplinary history in evaluating the underlying

tenure charges.     Plaintiff contends the arbitrator relied on an

"inaccurate   and   over-generalized   version"   of   his   employment

record.   Based on these alleged mistakes, plaintiff contends the

award was procured by "undue means" within the meaning of N.J.S.A.

2A:24-8(a), and also that it violated N.J.S.A. 2A:24-8(d) and

should be vacated.     He denies that there was any "significant

misconduct warranting his termination" from employment.

                                 6                              A-1867-16T3
     We have recently stated that,

          "Judicial review of an arbitration award is
          very limited." Bound Brook Bd. of Educ. v.
          Ciripompa, 228 N.J. 4, 11 (2017) (quoting
          Linden Bd. of Educ. v. Linden Educ. Ass'n ex
          rel. Mizichko, 202 N.J. 268, 276 (2010)). "An
          arbitrator's award is not to be cast aside
          lightly. It is subject to being vacated only
          when it has been shown that a statutory basis
          justifies that action."      Ibid.    (quoting
          Kearny PBA Local # 21 v. Town of Kearny, 81
          N.J. 208, 221 (1979)).

          In reviewing the award confirmation, we owe
          no special deference to the trial court's
          interpretation of the law and the legal
          consequences that flow from established
          facts." Town of Kearny v. Brandt, 214 N.J.
          76, 92 (2013) (citing Manalapan Realty, LP v.
          Twp. Comm. of Manalapan, 140 N.J. 366, 378
          (1995)).   We thus review the trial court's
          decision on a motion to vacate an arbitration
          award de novo. Minkowitz v. Israeli, 433 N.J.
          Super. 111, 136 (App. Div. 2013).

          [Yarborough v. State Operated Sch. Dist. of
          the City of Newark, __ N.J. Super. __, __
          (App. Div. 2018) (slip op. at 3).]

     The Tenure Employees Hearing Law (TEHL), N.J.S.A. 18A:6-10

to -18.1, "provides tenured public school teachers with certain

procedural and substantive protections from termination."      Bound

Brook Bd. of Educ. v. Ciripompa, 228 N.J. 4, 11-12 (2017).     Under

that law, "if the Commissioner determines the tenure charges merit

termination, the case is referred to an arbitrator."       N.J.S.A.

18A:6-16."   Ibid.   (citing N.J.S.A. 18A:6-17.1).    Pursuant to

N.J.S.A. 18A:6-17.1, "[t]he arbitrator's determination shall be

                                7                            A-1867-16T3
final and binding" and "shall be subject to judicial review and

enforcement as provided pursuant to N.J.S.[A] 2A:24-7 through

N.J.S.[A] 2A:24-10."

     N.J.S.A. 2A:24-8 provides four bases to vacate an arbitration

award.   These include:

          a. Where the award was procured by corruption,
          fraud or undue means;

          b. Where there was either evident partiality
          or corruption in the arbitrators, or any
          thereof;

          c. Where the arbitrators were guilty of
          misconduct in refusing to postpone the
          hearing, upon sufficient cause being shown
          therefor, or in refusing to hear evidence,
          pertinent and material to the controversy, or
          of any other misbehaviors prejudicial to the
          rights of any party;

          d. Where the arbitrators exceeded or so
          imperfectly executed their powers that a
          mutual, final and definite award upon the
          subject matter was not made.

          [N.J.S.A. 2A:24-8.]

     Plaintiff contends that the arbitrator's award should be

vacated under either subsections (a) or (d). As used in subsection

(a), "'[U]ndue means' ordinarily encompasses a situation in which

the arbitrator has made an acknowledged mistake of fact or law or

a mistake that is apparent on the face of the record . . . ."

Borough of E. Rutherford v. E. Rutherford PBA Local 275, 213 N.J.

190, 203 (2013) (first alteration in original) (quoting N.J. Office

                                8                          A-1867-16T3
of Emp. Relations v. Commc'ns Workers of Am., 154 N.J. 98, 111-12

(1998)).    "[A]n arbitrator's failure to follow the substantive law

may . . . constitute 'undue means' which would require the award

to be vacated."     In re City of Camden, 429 N.J. Super. 309, 332

(App. Div. 2013) (quoting Jersey City Educ. Ass'n, Inc. v. Bd. of

Educ., 218 N.J. Super. 177, 188 (App. Div. 1987)).

      Subsection (d) permits the vacation of an arbitration award

in cases where the arbitrator exceeded the scope of his or her

authority.     See Port Auth. Police Sergeants Benevolent Ass'n of

N.Y., N.J. v. Port Auth. of N.Y., N.J., 340 N.J. Super. 453, 458

(App. Div. 2001).     A court also may vacate an arbitration award

for public policy reasons.      E. Rutherford PBA Local 275, 213 N.J.

at   202.    This   applies   only   in   "rare   circumstances."     Ibid.

(quoting N.J. Tpk. Auth. v. Local 196, I.F.P.T.E., 190 N.J. 283,

294 (2007)).

      Here, because the arbitration was compelled by statute under

N.J.S.A. 18A:6-16, "judicial review should extend to consideration

of whether the [arbitration] award is supported by substantial

credible evidence present in the record."             Amalgamated Transit

Union v. Merce Cty. Improvement Auth., 76 N.J. 245, 254 (1978).1


1
  There is nothing in this record showing that the arbitration was
based on a collective bargaining agreement. It does not include
correspondence transmitting the case to the Commissioner nor to


                                     9                              A-1867-16T3
The court used the reasonably debatable standard that applied

before N.J.S.A. 18A:6-16 was amended in 2012.               L. 2012, c. 26, §

8.     See Linden Bd. of Educ., 202 N.J. at 276 (providing that the

standard of review of public sector arbitration awards was to

uphold the arbitrator's decision if it was reasonably debatable).

That said however, based on our review of the record, we conclude

that    the   arbitrator's    findings      are    supported    by   substantial

credible evidence.      We have no basis to disturb them.

       Plaintiff contends that the arbitrator did not make factual

findings about what actually occurred during the March 25, 2015

incident.      We   agree    with   the    trial   court   in   rejecting      this

argument.     The arbitrator found that plaintiff was the aggressor

in the incident with B.L., that he physically contacted the youth,

and that he had not acted to defuse the situation from escalating.

Based on the videotape he found "clear evidence" of "unbecoming

conduct for aggressive behavior."           Plaintiff did not seek external

assistance.     The arbitrator did not find any mitigating evidence.

The arbitrator saw plaintiff on the video "touching and/or pushing

[s]tudent     [B.L.],   neither     retreating      nor    calling   for     other



the arbitrator. Before N.J.S.A. 18A:6-16 was amended in 2012, our
standard of review of public sector arbitration awards was to
uphold the arbitrator's decision if it was reasonably debatable.
See Linden Bd. of Educ. v. Linden Educ. Ass'n, 202 N.J. 268, 276
(2010).

                                      10                                   A-1867-16T3
professional assistance and thus demonstrating poor judgment."

We are satisfied that the arbitrator made findings that supported

the tenure charges and that there was substantial credible evidence

in the record to support the findings.

      The arbitrator made reference to plaintiff's prior employment

and disciplinary history.      In 2009, plaintiff was involved in a

physical altercation with a student.        This incident was not found

by   the   Institutional   Abuse   and   Investigation   Unit   report   to

constitute abuse.     In January 2010, a student alleged plaintiff

scratched her face when he took a way her cell phone, a claim that

he denied.     A written letter from the principal advised him to

"use better judgment, refrain from physical force with students

and ask for assistance if needed."        In November 2010, he received

a written reprimand about the lack of quality of his lesson plans.

In November 2010, plaintiff was involved in a verbal altercation

with a student and was issued a written reprimand because his

response to the student was to use "inappropriate language" that

took the confrontation to a "higher level" instead of calming it.

He was directed to enroll in a workshop on dealing with difficult

students.    He was issued a disciplinary memo in 2010, when he did

not report his absence.       In 2011, he was directed to undergo a

psychological evaluation.     His increment was withheld in 2011-2012

based on his performance including "poor classroom management" and

                                    11                            A-1867-16T3
his   "exercise    of     poor    judgment   in   conducting   teacher

responsibilities."      Plaintiff contends that the arbitrator relied

on this record in evaluating whether plaintiff committed the

present charges.     Plaintiff does not dispute that the arbitrator

was permitted to rely on his employment record in evaluating

whether he should be terminated from employment.      See W. New York

v. Bock, 38 N.J. 500, 522 (1962).

      We agree with the trial judge that the arbitrator's award did

not use plaintiff's past record as proof of the current charges,

although the arbitrator's award could have been more clearly

written.   The arbitrator wrote:

           If the surrounding facts/interpretation of the
           March 25, 2015 'incident' were, standing
           alone, to be the sole determinative factor for
           whether there was a 'just cause' dismissal
           here, the [t]eacher's defense to it might have
           provided some pause for consideration.

We read "'just cause' dismissal" as referencing the penalty to be

imposed; not the underlying charges.         In another part of the

decision, the arbitrator wrote "[m]oreover, as stated above, this

[t]eacher possessed a clear predilection toward similar behavior

in the past."   When read in context, this was a simply a reference

to progressive discipline.       The arbitrator also wrote that,

           "[t]herefore    and    notwithstanding     the
           [t]eacher's defenses [as documented but not
           testified to] surrounding his actions on March
           25, 2015, any attempts to dissect the events

                                   12                          A-1867-16T3
           of that day are simply deemed to be a futile
           attempt to avoid the more critical and
           underlying question about this [t]eacher's
           suitability for continued employment within
           the [s]chool [d]istrict.

Because the arbitrator found the tenure charges by clear and

convincing evidence, we read this passage as the arbitrator's

evaluation     of   plaintiff's    suitability    for     employment    in

determining whether to terminate employment and not in determining

the underlying charges.

     There was no indication the arbitrator relied on an inaccurate

or over-generalized version of plaintiff's employment record.          The

tenure   charges    detailed   plaintiff's   employment   history.     The

parties had stipulated that plaintiff's full employment record was

in evidence.    There is no reason to think that the arbitrator did

not fully appreciate that some of the issues in his record did not

relate to interactions with students and others did not result in

written reprimands.

      We agree with the trial court that the arbitrator's award

should not be vacated on grounds that it was "procured by . . .

undue means."       There was substantial evidence to support the

charges and also to support termination of plaintiff's employment.

N.J.S.A. 2A:24-8(d) does not apply in this case.           Plaintiff did

not contend that the arbitrator exceeded the scope of his authority



                                   13                            A-1867-16T3
or that the award should have been vacated for public policy

reasons.2

     The reported case cited by plaintiff does not require a

different result.    In In re Fulcomer, 93 N.J. Super. 404 (App.

Div. 1967), where we remanded the case to the Commissioner to

determine the proper penalty to be imposed, the teacher had not

been disciplined in the past and consistently had received pay

raises.     That was not the situation with plaintiff who had a

disciplinary record and had been denied a pay increment.

     Affirmed.




2
 This would have required analysis under the reasonably debatable
standard. E. Rutherford PBA Local 275, 213 N.J. at 203.

                               14                          A-1867-16T3
