                                       PUBLISHED

                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT


                                       No. 18-2107


CTB, INC.,

                     Plaintiff - Appellant,

              v.

HOG SLAT, INC.,

                     Defendant - Appellee.


Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of North Carolina, at
Wilmington. Louise W. Flanagan, District Judge. (7:14-cv-00157-FL)


Argued: January 29, 2020                                        Decided: March 27, 2020


Before KEENAN, WYNN, and RUSHING, Circuit Judges.


Affirmed by published opinion. Judge Wynn wrote the opinion, in which Judge Keenan
and Judge Rushing joined.


ARGUED: Cynthia M. Filipovich, CLARK HILL PLC, Detroit, Michigan, for Appellant.
Robert Charles Van Arnam, WILLIAMS MULLEN, Raleigh, North Carolina, for
Appellee. ON BRIEF: Andrew R. Shores, WILLIAMS MULLEN, Raleigh, North
Carolina, for Appellee.
WYNN, Circuit Judge:

       In this trade dress infringement case, Plaintiff-Appellant CTB, Inc. (“Plaintiff”)

appeals rulings of the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of North Carolina granting

summary judgment in favor of Defendant-Appellee Hog Slat, Inc. (“Defendant”) on the

grounds that Plaintiff’s trade dress registrations, which cover the shape and color scheme

of its chicken feeder products, are functional and thus only eligible for patent law’s

protection of utilitarian inventions. Plaintiff also appeals a district court order

recommending a trial sanction for spoliation of evidence. For the reasons set forth below,

we conclude the district court did not err in granting summary judgment and that the

sanction is moot. Accordingly, we affirm.

                                              I.

                                             A.

       Plaintiff and Defendant manufacture, market, and sell pan feeders for chicken farms.

Pan feeders, which have become the industry standard, are placed throughout poultry barns

and generally consist of three portions: a bottom pan, from which chickens eat; a top grill,

containing spokes that separate feeding birds; and a center cone, which may be adjusted to

regulate the amount of feed distributed from a central feed line to the pan. Pan feeders

permit efficient and plentiful feeding of broiler chickens 1 through their lifespans.

       In 1990, Plaintiff obtained United States Patent No. 5,092,274, titled “Poultry

Feeder” (“’274 Patent”). That patent claimed a novel structure for the spokes and pan that


1
 Broiler chickens are those raised for consumption, as opposed to “breeder” chickens,
which are raised to lay eggs.
                                              2
improved upon several issues observed with prior art pan feeders. As relevant to this

appeal, the ’274 Patent noted that “the shape and configuration” of the spokes in the top

grill portion of prior art feeders could cause “birds which force their way into the feeder

apparatus [to] become trapped inside,” resulting in injury or death. ’274 Patent col. 1 ll.

36-38. An example of one such prior art feeder is below.




U.S. Patent No. 3,230,933 fig. 5.

       To solve this problem, the ’274 Patent used L-shaped spokes to increase the area

within the feeder, thus giving birds that enter the feeder more room to maneuver out. An

image of such a feeder is shown below.




                                            3
’274 Patent fig. 2.

        Specifically, the ’274 Patent disclosed spokes arranged in an “inverted L-shaped

profile,” id. at claims 3, 18, that “radially project outward [from the feeder center] at spaced

intervals in a substantially horizontal direction, until turning downward to extend in a

substantially vertical direction . . . ,” id. at col. 5 ll. 9-12. Those spokes “define an annular

area 50 within the feeder 10 of significantly greater dimension in both height and depth

than existed in comparable prior art feeders,” id. at col. 5 ll. 16-18, ensuring that “birds and

animals that do find their way inside have sufficient room to maneuver past and get out of

the grill means 36 easier than it was for them to get in, without suffering injury and/or

damaging the feeder,” id. at col. 5 ll. 27-31.

       The ’274 Patent also disclosed a more efficient shape for the feeding pan. The pan

contains a raised “conical central bottom portion,” creating a “V” shaped circular trough

denoted by the arrows in the below image. Id. at col. 7 l. 29.




Id. at fig. 16. That trough makes feed accessible to chickens. It also minimizes feed waste

by ensuring that chickens cannot easily rake feed out of the pan. The pan as a whole

“contain[s] and present[s] feed” to the chickens. Id. at claim 1, col. 2 ll. 39-40.



                                                 4
       The ’274 Patent expired in 2010. Shortly after its expiration, Plaintiff sought trade

dress protection for the octagonal profile shape of its feeders. The United States Patent and

Trademark Office (“USPTO”) rejected Plaintiff’s initial application as functional and

therefore only eligible for patent protection, rather than trade dress. The USPTO asked

Plaintiff to provide supplemental items relevant to its trade dress inquiry, including

advertising and promotional materials for the feeders, a written explanation of alternative

designs, and a written explanation of any similar designs used by Plaintiff’s competitors.

Although the parties dispute whether all such materials were submitted, the USPTO

eventually granted U.S. Trademark Registration Number 4,116,988 (“Configuration Trade

Dress”), pictured below, which was published on the principal trademark register.




The description of the Configuration Trade Dress reads:

       The mark consists of a three-dimensional configuration of a unique
       mechanized poultry feeder which includes a pan structure and a grill
       structure. When viewed from any side, the perimeter of the feeder has a
       generally octagonal shape as it has two generally vertical sides, defined by
       portions of both the pan structure and the grill structure, two generally
       horizontal sides, one defined at the bottom of the pan structure and the other

                                             5
       defined at the top of the grill structure, and four generally diagonal sides
       which interconnect the vertical sides to the horizontal sides. Internal angles
       between the diagonal sides and the vertical sides are generally smaller than
       the internal angles between the diagonal sides and the horizontal sides.

       Plaintiff also sought trade dress protection for the shape of the Configuration Trade

Dress in combination with the color scheme used in Plaintiff’s feeders: a red pan with gray

spokes. The USPTO initially rejected this application, finding the shape functional.

Plaintiff then dropped its shape claims and sought only protection for the red and gray color

combination. The USPTO repeatedly rejected that combination as insufficiently distinctive

to differentiate Plaintiff’s feeders from competitor products. Plaintiff eventually amended

its application to seek publication on the supplemental trademark register. The USPTO

then granted U.S. Trademark Registration Number 4,290,371 (“Color Trade Dress”),

pictured below with color annotations added. The Color Trade Dress was published on the

supplemental register.




The description of the Color Trade Dress reads:
                                             6
       The mark consists of the colors red and gray as it appears on the surface of
       the poultry feeder. The color red is provided on the surfaces of the pan and
       the color gray is provided on the surfaces of the grill of the poultry feeder.
       The overall shape of the poultry feeder is no[t] claimed as a feature of the
       mark.

       In 2003, Plaintiff also obtained United States Patent No. 6,571,732, titled

“Reflective Particle Feeder” (“’732 Patent”). That patent noted that “it is desirable for

agricultural animals to eat plentifully so that they may stay healthy for their ultimate

purpose,” but that some animals “are not capable of detecting where their food is being set

out.” ’732 Patent col. 1 ll. 10-19. The ’732 Patent stated that one way to attract animals to

feeders is via color, and that “it is relatively well known within the agricultural industry

that adult turkeys and chickens are attracted to the color red and, therefore, many adult

turkey and chicken feeding trays are now colored red in order to entice the adult turkeys

and chickens to move towards the red feeding tray” to eat. Id. at col. 1 ll. 26-32.

       The ’732 Patent, observing that animals are “drawn or attracted” to reflective

objects, also disclosed “a plastic non-reflective feeder that is integrally formed with a

plurality of reflective particles that attract the attention of the animals . . . enabling them to

find and eat the food in the feeder.” Id. at col. 3 ll. 45-46, col. 2 ll. 6-11. The ’732 Patent

further stated that such reflective particles “are preferably metallic flecks or flakes, such as

titanium or aluminum.” Id. at col. 3 ll. 49-50.

       The parties do not dispute that in 2009, shortly before expiration of the ’274 Patent,

Defendant began efforts to copy Plaintiff’s C2 Plus feeder. See J.A. 3734 (Defendant’s




                                                7
CEO stating in an email that he wished to “clone [the C2 Plus feeder] ASAP”). 2 Defendant

ultimately began selling feeders very similar to Plaintiff’s. The image below shows

Plaintiff’s C2 Plus feeder on the right and Defendant’s GrowerSelect feeder on the left.




In 2013, Defendant’s national sales manager stated in an internal email, “As I always say

when selling [the GrowerSelect] pan to our customers . . . . [, w]e copied it identically, the

good and the bad.” J.A. 2480.

                                             B.

       In 2014, Plaintiff filed suit, alleging that Defendant, by copying the C2 Plus and

selling it as the GrowerSelect, committed trademark infringement of the Configuration

Trade Dress and Color Trade Dress under the Lanham Act, as well as North Carolina

common-law trademark infringement. 3 Defendant answered and counterclaimed, arguing



2
  Citations herein to “J.A.” refer to the contents of the Joint Appendix filed by the parties
in this appeal.
3
  Plaintiff also brought claims for: unfair competition under the Lanham Act; violation of
the North Carolina Unfair and Deceptive Trade Practices Act (“NCUDTPA”); and North
Carolina common-law unfair competition. These claims are not relevant to the present
appeal.
                                              8
the asserted items of trade dress were invalid due to Plaintiff’s deliberate failure to provide

relevant information during their prosecution at the USPTO. Defendant also raised various

defenses including, as relevant to this appeal, that Plaintiff’s trade dress is dictated by

utilitarian considerations of product function and thus may not be asserted.

       In 2015, Defendant moved for sanctions against Plaintiff for alleged spoliation of

evidence. The motion was referred to a magistrate judge, who recommended that Plaintiff

be sanctioned for failing to preserve certain competitor advertisements requested by the

USPTO during the trade dress application process. The magistrate found that Plaintiff

could reasonably have expected those advertisements to be relevant to litigation, given that

in 2011 Plaintiff requested that the USPTO expedite its trade dress applications due to

Defendant’s alleged infringement. See CTB, Inc. v. Hog Slat, Inc., No. 7:14-CV-157-D,

2016 WL 1244998, at *11-12 (E.D.N.C. Mar. 23, 2016). The magistrate likewise

recommended that Plaintiff be sanctioned for failing to preserve market surveys it

conducted in 2013 regarding the distinctiveness and secondary meaning of its trade dress.

See id. at *13. In light of the “manifest relevance of this evidence and applicability of the

duty to preserve,” the magistrate found Plaintiff’s conduct willful and recommended an

adverse inference instruction against Plaintiff at trial. Id.

       The parties ultimately cross-moved for summary judgment. The district court

granted summary judgment for Defendant on the trademark infringement claims, finding

both the octagonal profile of the Configuration Trade Dress and the red-and-gray coloring

of the Color Trade Dress dictated by functional considerations of product design, and thus

unassertible under federal or common law. CTB, Inc. v. Hog Slat, Inc., No. 7:14-CV-157-

                                               9
FL, 2018 WL 4035945, at *18 n.30, *19 (E.D.N.C. Aug. 22, 2018). 4 Plaintiff asks us to

reverse the district court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of Defendant.

                                              II.

       On appeal, Plaintiff argues that the district court improperly granted summary

judgment on the trade dress infringement claims because there is a material dispute of fact

as to the functionality of its trade dress based on configuration and color. We affirm the

district court’s grant of summary judgment.

       In general, trade dress serves the same function as trademarks: promoting

competition by protecting features that identify a product’s manufacturer or source.

McAirlaids, Inc. v. Kimberly-Clark Corp., 756 F.3d 307, 310 (4th Cir. 2014) (citing TrafFix

Devices, Inc. v. Mktg. Displays, Inc., 532 U.S. 23, 28 (2001)). Rather than consisting of a

brand name or logo, trade dress is the “total image of a product and may include features

such as size, shape, color or color combinations, texture, graphics, or even particular sales

techniques.” Two Pesos, Inc. v. Taco Cabana, Inc., 505 U.S. 763, 764 n.1 (1992)

(quotations and citations omitted).

       Because trade dress is intended to promote competition, it cannot extend to product

features that are functional, and thus covered by patent law’s time-limited monopoly on

utilitarian inventions. As the Supreme Court has explained:


4
  The district court also rejected Plaintiff’s common law and Lanham Act unfair
competition claims, as well as Plaintiff’s NCUDTPA claims, for absence of a dispute of
material fact on causation. CTB, 2018 WL 4035945, at *19-20. Plaintiff does not appeal
the district court’s grant of summary judgment on those claims. On appeal, Plaintiff
acknowledges that its North Carolina common-law trademark infringement claims rise and
fall with its federal infringement claims.
                                              10
       The functionality doctrine prevents trademark law, which seeks to promote
       competition by protecting a firm’s reputation, from instead inhibiting
       legitimate competition by allowing a producer to control a useful product
       feature. It is the province of patent law, not trademark law, to encourage
       invention by granting inventors a monopoly over new product designs or
       functions for a limited time, after which competitors are free to use the
       innovation. If a product’s functional features could be used as trademarks,
       however, a monopoly over such features could be obtained without regard to
       whether they qualify as patents and could be extended forever (because
       trademarks may be renewed in perpetuity).

Qualitex Co. v. Jacobson Prods. Co., 514 U.S. 159, 164-65 (1995) (citations omitted); see

also TrafFix, 532 U.S. at 29.

       Accordingly, “[t]rade dress protection must subsist with the recognition that in

many instances there is no prohibition against copying goods and products. . . . As the

Court has explained, copying is not always discouraged or disfavored by the laws which

preserve our competitive economy. Allowing competitors to copy will have salutary effects

in many instances.” TrafFix, 532 U.S. at 29 (citation omitted).

       In light of these considerations, three factors must be met for a party to bring a claim

for trade dress infringement: (1) the trade dress is primarily non-functional; (2) the trade

dress is inherently distinctive or has acquired a secondary meaning to customers; and (3)

the alleged infringement creates a likelihood of confusion among customers as to a

product’s source. See Tools USA & Equip. Co. v. Champ Frame Straightening Equip. Inc.,

87 F.3d 654, 657 (4th Cir. 1996) (collecting cases). Only the first factor—functionality—

is relevant to this appeal. “[P]roof of a design element’s functionality is a complete defense

in a trademark-infringement action.” McAirlaids, 756 F.3d at 310.




                                              11
       Functionality has been subject to a “plethora of definitions.” J. Thomas McCarthy,

McCarthy on Trademarks and Unfair Competition § 7:68 (5th ed. 2017). However, in

TrafFix, the Supreme Court recognized two tests for functionality from its precedents. The

test relevant to this appeal is the traditional, or Inwood, formulation: a product feature is

functional “if it is essential to the use or purpose of the article or if it affects the cost or

quality of the article.” TrafFix, 532 U.S. at 32 (quoting Qualitex, 514 U.S. at 165 (quoting

Inwood Labs., Inc. v. Ives Labs., Inc., 456 U.S. 844, 850, n.10 (1982))). Put simply, a

feature is functional if “it is the reason the device works.” Id. at 34. 5

       Four factors, labeled the Morton-Norwich factors due to the case from which they

originate, assist our functionality inquiry. They are: (1) the existence of utility patents

disclosing the utilitarian advantages of a design; (2) advertising focusing on the utilitarian

advantages of a design; (3) the availability of functionally equivalent alternative designs

which competitors may use; and (4) facts indicating that a design results in a comparatively

simple or cheap method of manufacturing the product. McAirlaids, 756 F.3d at 313 (citing

In re Morton-Norwich Prods., Inc., 671 F.2d 1332, 1340-41 (C.C.P.A. 1982)).




5
  TrafFix also recognized the “competitive necessity” test for functionality: a functional
feature is one “the exclusive use of [which] would put competitors at a significant non-
reputation-related disadvantage.” TrafFix, 532 U.S. at 32 (quotations omitted) (alterations
in original). This test applies to the question of whether granting protection to an aesthetic
design feature “would significantly hinder competition.” Qualitex, 514 U.S. at 170
(quotations omitted). “Where [a product] design is functional under the Inwood
formulation there is no need to proceed further to consider if there is a competitive
necessity for the feature.” TrafFix, 532 U.S. at 33. Because we find that Plaintiff’s asserted
trade dress is functional under the Inwood formulation, and because the parties do not point
to the aesthetic value of any design features, we do not reach the competitive necessity test.
                                               12
       The Supreme Court has warned against readily granting trade dress protection,

stating that “product design almost invariably serves purposes other than source

identification.” TrafFix, 532 U.S. at 29 (quoting Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Samara Bros.,

529 U.S. 205, 213 (2000)). And under the Lanham Act, product design elements are

presumed functional until proven otherwise by the party seeking trade dress protection. 15

U.S.C. § 1125(a)(3). This burden may be overcome, for example, if the design element is

“merely an ornamental, incidental, or arbitrary aspect of the device.” TrafFix, 532 U.S. at

30.

       However, if an item of trade dress is registered on the principal trademark register,

that registration creates a rebuttable presumption that the trade dress is valid, and therefore

non-functional. See 15 U.S.C. §§ 1057(b), 1115(a), 1125(a)(3); see also McAirlaids, 756

F.3d at 311-12. The burden then shifts to the party challenging the registered trade dress to

produce evidence of functionality to a preponderance standard. McAirlaids, 756 F.3d at

311 (citing Retail Servs., Inc. v. Freebies Pub., 364 F.3d 535, 542 (4th Cir. 2004)). If that

party produces sufficient rebuttal evidence, the “presumption [that the trade dress is valid,

and therefore non-functional] is neutralized and essentially drops from the case.” Id. at 311

n.1 (quoting Retail Servs., 364 F.3d at 543).

       Functionality “is a question of fact that, like other factual questions, is generally put

to a jury.” Id. at 310. We review de novo a district court’s grant or denial of a motion for

summary judgment, construing all facts and reasonable inferences therefrom in favor of

the nonmoving party. See Ga. Pac. Consumer Prods., LP v. Von Drehle Corp., 618 F.3d

441, 445 (4th Cir. 2010).

                                              13
       We may only grant summary judgment where there is “no genuine dispute as to any

material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P.

56(a); see also Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322 (1986). “A genuine question of

material fact exists where, after reviewing the record as a whole, a court finds that a

reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party.” McAirlaids, 756 F.3d at

310 (quoting Dulaney v. Packaging Corp. of Am., 673 F.3d 323, 330 (4th Cir. 2012)).

       However, “[t]he mere existence of a scintilla of evidence in support of the plaintiff’s

position [is] insufficient.” Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 252 (1986).

Similarly, “[p]ermissible inferences must still be within the range of reasonable probability

. . . and it is the duty of the court to withdraw the case from the jury when the necessary

inference is so tenuous that it rests merely upon speculation and conjecture.” Lovelace v.

Sherwin-Williams Co., 681 F.2d 230, 241 (4th Cir. 1982) (quotations omitted) (alterations

in original).

       Finally, a party’s “self-serving opinion . . . cannot, absent objective corroboration,

defeat summary judgment.” Williams v. Giant Food Inc., 370 F.3d 423, 433 (4th Cir. 2004);

see also Williams v. Genex Servs., LLC, 809 F.3d 103, 110 (4th Cir. 2015) (“It is well-

settled that a plaintiff may not avoid summary judgment by submitting contradictory

evidence.”); Harris v. Home Sales Co., 499 F. App’x 285, 294 (4th Cir. 2012) (noting that

“[a]lthough we do not make credibility determinations at the summary judgment phase, we

should also not find a genuine dispute of material fact based solely on [a party’s] self-

serving testimony”); Felty v. Graves–Humphreys Co., 818 F.2d 1126, 1128 (4th Cir. 1987)

(“Unsupported speculation is not sufficient to defeat a summary judgment motion.”).

                                             14
       We turn now to the issue of whether the district court properly granted summary

judgment to Defendant—addressing first Plaintiff’s Configuration Trade Dress and then

Plaintiff’s Color Trade Dress claims—on the basis that both are dictated by functional

considerations, and thus may not be asserted.

                                              A.

       Regarding Plaintiff’s Configuration Trade Dress claim, Plaintiff argues the

“generally octagonal shape” of its feeder “serves absolutely no function – i.e., it is purely

arbitrary or incidental,” and thus qualifies for trade dress protection. Appellant’s Br. at 19-

20. To determine whether the octagonal profile claimed by the Configuration Trade Dress

is functional, we first consider whether the top half of that octagonal profile, which is

formed by the feeder’s spokes, is primarily dictated by functional considerations. We then

perform the same analysis for the bottom half of the octagonal profile, which is formed by

the pan. Finally, we consider the functionality of the overall profile resulting from the

combination of the upper spoke and bottom pan sections.

       As the Configuration Trade Dress is included on the principal trademark register,

we presume it is non-functional and ask whether Defendant has provided sufficient

evidence of its functionality to negate that presumption. See 15 U.S.C. §§ 1057(b), 1115(a);

McAirlaids, 756 F.3d at 311 n.1.

                                              1.

       First, regarding the upper spoke section, we conclude that the L-shaped spokes of

the grill design, which form the top half of the octagonal outline of the Configuration Trade



                                              15
Dress as shown below, primarily serve the functional purpose of permitting birds that enter

the pan to readily exit.




                 Spoke Profile                 Configuration Trade Dress


       Our analysis is decided by Defendant’s presentation of substantial and

uncontroverted evidence under the first two Morton-Norwich factors—Plaintiff’s utility

patent and advertisements—describing the functional benefits of the spoke shape.

Although Plaintiff encourages us to consider alternative designs under the third Morton-

Norwich factor, TrafFix precludes such consideration. 6

       Under the first Morton-Norwich factor—the existence of utility patents touting the

functional advantages of a product design—Plaintiff’s ’274 Patent is explicit and

unequivocal that the spoke profile is functional. Claim 3 of the patent recites a grill that

“comprises a plurality of spaced, spoke members having an inverted L-shaped profile and

T-shaped cross-section thereby defining a rectangular area within the assembly and making

it easier for birds and animals to climb out of the feeder than to climb in.” ’274 Patent

claim 3 (emphasis added); see also id. at claims 14, 18. The ’274 Patent’s specification

likewise teaches the functional advantages of the L-shaped spokes, noting that prior art



6
 The parties did not present any arguments regarding the fourth Morton-Norwich factor—
whether the design results in a comparatively simple or cheap method of manufacture.
                                            16
feeders did not create a sufficiently large volume for poultry to maneuver out of the pan if

they entered it, but that the larger internal volume created by the angled spokes solved that

problem. See id. at col. 5 ll. 13-31, col. 2 ll. 57-61. Similarly, Plaintiff’s corporate designee

on product functionality, John Cole, who is also a named inventor on the ’274 Patent and

Plaintiff’s lead feeder designer, testified that the spoke profile facilitates the exit of poultry

that enter the pan and constitutes an “essential benefit” of the feeder design. J.A. 1075.

       Under the second Morton-Norwich factor—advertising focusing on the utilitarian

advantages of a product’s design—Plaintiff’s marketing materials tout its feeders’

“[c]hick-friendly 14-spoke grill design [that] lets birds exit pans easily.” J.A. 186.

       In light of the above uncontroverted evidence offered by Defendant, Plaintiff does

not dispute that functional considerations influence the spoke section profile. Instead,

Plaintiff, relying on the Supreme Court’s opinion in TrafFix, argues that the flattened

profile of the upper spoke section is an arbitrary and incidental element not claimed in the

’274 Patent or its advertising materials. Plaintiff’s argument misreads TrafFix.

       In that case, the plaintiff held a patent on a design for road signs mounted on a pair

of springs. 532 U.S. at 25. Those springs helped the sign stay upright in windy conditions.

Id. Following the patent’s expiration, the defendant cloned the sign, and the plaintiff sought

to assert its trade dress on the same design. Id. at 25-26.

       The Supreme Court in TrafFix relied entirely on the patent to find the trade dress

functional. The Court found the trade dress sought to protect the “central advance” of the

patent—the dual-spring design—and held that a prior patent “has vital significance in

resolving the trade dress claim,” constituting “strong evidence that the features therein

                                               17
claimed are functional.” Id. at 29. The Court then noted that had the plaintiff sought trade

dress “to protect arbitrary, incidental, or ornamental aspects of features of a product found

in the patent claims, such as arbitrary curves in the legs or an ornamental pattern painted

on the springs, a different result might obtain.” Id. at 34.

       Plaintiff relies on that language, arguing that the ’274 Patent, while claiming angled

spokes, does not specifically claim a flattened octagonal shape. Thus, Plaintiff reasons, the

flattened octagonal profile of the Configuration Trade Dress is an “arbitrary or incidental”

feature of the spoke profile. Appellant’s Br. at 19-20.

       But the ’274 Patent discloses a more general spoke configuration, consisting of L-

shaped spokes that “radially project outward [from the feeder center] at spaced intervals in

a substantially horizontal direction, until turning downward to extend in a substantially

vertical direction . . . .” ’274 Patent col. 5 ll. 9-12. The uncontroverted evidence shows that

configuration permits chickens to more easily exit the feeder. Id. at claims 3, 14, 18, col. 5

ll. 27-31. Thus, the profile created by Plaintiff’s L-shaped spokes, whether a flattened

octagon, a square, a rectangle, or another shape, is still dictated by a key functional

consideration: creating a greater volume within the spokes to allow chickens that enter the

pan to readily exit. As such, the L-shaped spoke design, regardless of specific

configuration, “is not an arbitrary flourish in the configuration of [Plaintiff’s] product; it

is the reason the device works.” TrafFix, 532 U.S. at 34 (emphasis added).

       Indeed, TrafFix rejected a similar argument to the one Plaintiff makes here. There,

the plaintiff’s traffic-sign trade dress placed the two springs close together at the center of

the sign, while the patent placed the springs at opposite corners of the sign. Id. at 30. The

                                              18
Supreme Court held that difference of no moment, because “[t]he point is that the springs

are necessary to the operation of the device.” Id. So too is the angled, L-shaped spoke

profile of the Configuration Trade Dress.

       Plaintiff also relies on this Court’s decision in McAirlaids to claim that the spoke

profile is arbitrary. There, the plaintiff patented a process for joining sheets of cellulose

fiber by passing them through steel rollers printed with a raised pattern. 756 F.3d at 309.

That raised pattern created a series of high-pressure dots at which the sheets were fused.

Id. The patents at issue did not claim a specific pattern but specified general dot size and

spacing parameters to ensure the sheets remained joined. Id. The plaintiff obtained trade

dress protection for a certain pixel pattern of dots on the finished material. Id.

       On appeal to this Court, we distinguished TrafFix. We noted that the utility patents

in TrafFix protected the dual-spring mechanism, which was the same feature for which the

TrafFix plaintiff sought trade dress protection. Id. at 312. In contrast, the McAirlaids

plaintiff’s patents covered a process and a material, while the trade dress covered a certain

pattern on the material resulting from the process. Id. Because the pattern was not a “central

advance” of any utility patent, we concluded that the patents did not establish that the

“feature in question is shown as a useful part of the invention.” Id. at 312 (quoting TrafFix,

532 U.S. at 34). Rather, we noted that:

       Neither of [the plaintiff’s] patents refer to a particular embossing pattern.
       Both patents reference line-shaped as well as point- or dot-shaped pressure
       areas, but the patents also directly acknowledge that embossing studs of
       different shapes can be used, including lines, pyramids, cubes, truncated
       cones, cylinders, and parallelepipeds. In fact, the diagrams of the [patents]
       show hexagonal shapes rather than circles. Therefore, while [the plaintiff’s]


                                              19
       patents do provide evidence of the dots’ functionality, they are not the same
       “strong evidence” as the patents in TrafFix.

Id. at 312 (citations omitted). We also noted that, unlike in TrafFix, the McAirlaids

defendant bore the burden of proving functionality because the asserted trade dress was

published on the principal trademark register. Id. at 311. We went on to find that disputed

facts prevented the defendant from meeting its burden and precluded summary judgment.

Id. at 314. In particular, we found that because the plaintiff’s patents did not claim the

particular pattern of the trade dress, and because the plaintiff’s engineers and officers

claimed to have selected that pattern from multiple alternatives because “it looked nice,”

summary judgment would have required us to improperly “weigh[] evidence and mak[e]

credibility determinations.” Id. at 313-14.

       Here, by contrast, Defendant has come forward with substantial and uncontroverted

evidence, in the form of Plaintiff’s utility patent, advertisements, and the testimony of its

lead feeder designer, that the shape of the feeder’s top half is a direct consequence of the

’274 Patent’s functional L-shaped spokes. Nor does the ’274 Patent note any other spoke

shapes and profiles, as did the patents in McAirlaids. In fact, despite Plaintiff’s claim that

the “squished octagonal shape” of the Configuration Trade Dress is “absent from the ‘274

patent,” Appellant’s Br. at 32, Plaintiff concedes that the profile of the feeder in the ’274

Patent is “virtually identical” to that of the Configuration Trade Dress, as shown below.

J.A. 3534.




                                              20
               ’274 Patent                             Configuration Trade Dress

       As such, Defendant has carried its burden to neutralize the presumption of

nonfunctionality, which thus drops from the case. McAirlaids, 756 F.3d at 311 n.1. In its

absence, Plaintiff has not presented any countervailing facts to send the functionality

inquiry to the jury.

       Put simply, this case is much closer to TrafFix than McAirlaids. The ’274 Patent

claims L-shaped spokes because that shape provides a functional benefit. Plaintiff sought

trade dress protection on a shape that flows directly from that function. Its attempts to

distinguish the particular shape of that trade dress fail because that shape is still dictated

by the same undisputed functional considerations.

       Turning to the third Morton-Norwich factor—the availability of functionally

equivalent alternative designs which competitors may use—Plaintiff urges us to consider

an alternative feeder disclosed in a competitor patent, in which the spokes consist of three

angled sides, as evidence that the Configuration Trade Dress’s octagonal profile is arbitrary

and non-functional. Plaintiff also encourages us to consider various competitor feeders in

the record.

       Consideration of alternatives in this case is foreclosed by TrafFix. There, the

Supreme Court declined to “engage . . . in speculation about other design possibilities [for

the dual-spring traffic sign trade dress], such as using three or four springs which might


                                             21
serve the same purpose,” noting that “the functionality of the spring design means that

competitors need not explore whether other spring juxtapositions might be used. The dual-

spring design is not an arbitrary flourish in the configuration of [the plaintiff’s] product; it

is the reason the device works. Other designs need not be attempted.” TrafFix, 532 U.S. at

33-34; see also Groeneveld Transp. Efficiency, Inc. v. Lubecore Int’l, Inc., 730 F.3d 494,

506 (6th Cir. 2013) (“The issue is not whether [the defendant] could have designed a grease

pump with a different appearance; the issue is whether [the plaintiff’s] design is essential

to the use or purpose of the article or if it affects the cost or quality of the article.”

(quotations and citations omitted)); Specialized Seating, Inc. v. Greenwich Indus., LP, 616

F.3d 722, 727 (7th Cir. 2010) (finding the plaintiff’s folding chair trade dress “functional

not because it is the only way to do things, but because it represents one of many solutions

to a problem” and that although multiple functional alternatives could be derived “along

the axes of weight, strength, kind of material, ease of setup . . . [a] novel or distinctive

selection of attributes on these many dimensions can be protected for a time by a utility

patent or a design patent, but it cannot be protected forever as one producer’s trade dress”

(emphasis added)); In re Bose Corp., 772 F.2d 866, 872 (Fed. Cir. 1985) (“That another

type of [design] would work equally as well does not negate that this [design] was designed

functionally to enhance or at least not detract from the rest of the system.”).

       The same reasoning applies here. Plaintiff’s two-sided, L-shaped spokes serve the

functional purpose of permitting chickens to exit the feeder easily. Whether or not a three-

sided spoke, or some other alternative design, serves the same purpose does not render

Plaintiff’s engineering-driven L-shaped spoke design arbitrary or non-functional. Finding

                                              22
otherwise would create the exact issue the Supreme Court has repeatedly cautioned against:

overextending patent law’s monopoly on useful product features through the instrument of

trade dress. See TrafFix, 532 U.S. at 29; Qualitex, 514 U.S. at 164-65.

       TrafFix notwithstanding, Plaintiff encourages us to consider alternative designs

under our decision in McAirlaids. There, we noted that “TrafFix did not hold that ‘the

availability of alternative designs cannot be a legitimate source of evidence to determine

whether a feature is functional in the first place.’” McAirlaids, 756 F.3d at 312 (quoting

Valu Eng’g, Inc. v. Rexnord Corp., 278 F.3d 1268, 1276 (Fed. Cir. 2002)).

       But McAirlaids must be read in context. In the sentences immediately preceding the

statement on which Plaintiff relies, we noted that we could only consider alternative

designs “[b]ecause the facts of this case are different from those presented to the Supreme

Court in TrafFix, [thus] TrafFix’s holding about alternative designs is inapplicable here.”

Id. As described above, we found two such distinguishing facts: (1) that the McAirlaids

trade dress was not the central feature of any utility patent, and thus that the associated

patents could not constitute the type of “strong evidence” that decided the functionality

issue in TrafFix; and (2) that the McAirlaids trade dress enjoyed a presumption of

functionality due to its publication on the principal trademark register, which the plaintiff

had not overcome. Id. at 311-12. It is in that context that we found TrafFix’s prohibition

on the consideration of alternatives inapplicable. Id. at 312. In so holding, we relied on

Valu Engineering, which arrived at the same conclusion. See 278 F.3d at 1276 (“[W]e

conclude that the [TrafFix] Court merely noted that once a product feature is found

functional based on other considerations there is no need to consider the availability of

                                             23
alternative designs, because the feature cannot be given trade dress protection merely

because there are alternative designs available.” (emphasis added and footnote omitted)).

       Here, as in TrafFix—and unlike in McAirlaids—the spoke shape is a central

improvement claimed by the ’274 Patent. See ’274 Patent claims 3, 18. And Defendant has

introduced substantial and uncontroverted evidence to overcome the presumption of non-

functionality. As in TrafFix, the Court need not consider alternative designs. The spoke

profile constituting the top half of the Configuration Trade Dress is primarily functional.

                                               2.

       We now consider Plaintiff’s second claim: whether the bottom half of the

Configuration Trade Dress’s octagonal profile—formed by the feeder pan—is primarily

dictated by functional considerations. We conclude that it is.

       The parties did not dispute below that the pan is functional, and Plaintiff concedes

on appeal that “the v-shape[d] pan of CTB’s ‘274 Patent serves a utilitarian purpose of

allowing the feed to remain accessible to the chicks . . . .” Reply Br. at 10. Instead, Plaintiff

argues that the pan’s profile is not dictated by the functional V shape of the pan bottom

because the Configuration Trade Dress did not claim that shape. According to Plaintiff, if

the V-shaped design was part of the claimed trade dress, the resulting feeder profile would

have nine sides, as illustrated below.




                                               24
         Configuration Trade Dress               Plaintiff’s Hypothetical Nine-Sided Trade
                                                                   Dress

       Of course, the relevant question before us is whether the asserted trade dress is

primarily dictated by functional considerations, not whether such trade dress displays every

functional design element of a product. See TrafFix, 532 U.S. at 32-33. As shown below,

the profile of the pan portion of the Configuration Trade Dress consists of two slanted side

portions (1) constituting the outside edges of the circular V-shaped bottom ring, two

generally vertical portions (2) that join with the upper spoke section, and a flat bottom

section (3) that itself constitutes the bottom outer edge of the V-shaped ring viewed from

the side. The record shows no dispute that each of these elements is generously influenced

by engineering necessity.




       First, the ’274 Patent teaches that the pan serves the function of “containing and

presenting feed” to chickens. ’274 Patent claim 1, col. 2 ll. 39-40. Further, as Mr. Cole

testified, the outer slanted edge of the V shape (1) serves the additional purpose of saving


                                            25
feed by ensuring that feed slides back into the pan when chickens rake at it. Plaintiff’s

advertisements likewise tout “[f]eed saver features includ[ing] the deep, ‘V’-shaped pan

bottom,” J.A. 1145, which “places feed where birds can easily reach it.” J.A. 1148.

Similarly, Mr. Cole testified that the vertical portion of the pan wall (2) discourages birds

from bodily entering the feeder assembly while also not being so high that young chicks

cannot access feed. Mr. Cole likewise testified that the rounded pan bottom (3) assists in

containing and presenting feed and is essential to the feeder’s operation. See Specialized

Seating, 616 F.3d at 727 (“Sometimes the function of the functionality doctrine is to

prevent firms from appropriating basic forms (such as the circle) that go into many

designs.”); Landscape Forms, Inc. v. Columbia Cascade Co., 113 F.3d 373, 380 (2d Cir.

1997) (“While trademarking a generic term would create a monopoly in a necessary word

or phrase, granting trade dress protection to an ordinary product design would create a

monopoly in the goods themselves.”).

       As such, we find no dispute that the bottom half of the Configuration Trade Dress—

the pan profile—is functional.

                                              3.

       Our inquiry does not end there. As Plaintiff notes, “the critical functionality inquiry

is not whether each individual component of the trade dress is functional, but rather

whether the trade dress as a whole is functional.” Tools USA, 87 F.3d at 658; see also Two

Pesos, 505 U.S. at 764 n.1. We thus consider whether, even though the bottom pan and top

spoke assemblies’ profiles are functional, their combination results in assertible trade dress

in the form of the feeder’s overall flattened octagonal profile.

                                             26
       Plaintiff offers no reason why the combination of two wholly-functional

components—the pan and the spoke assembly—gains some non-functional character that

qualifies the entire feeder for trade dress protection. Instead, the ’274 Patent teaches that

the pan must be “positioned beneath” the spoke assembly for the two to interlock and

function as intended. ’274 Patent col. 7 l. 39. The overall feeder profile thus results from a

simple and utility-driven amalgamation of its two functional halves. See Leatherman Tool

Grp., Inc., v. Cooper Indus., Inc., 199 F.3d 1009, 1013 (9th Cir. 1999) (“[W]here the whole

is nothing other than the assemblage of functional parts, and where even the arrangement

and combination of the parts is designed to result in superior performance, it is semantic

trickery to say that there is still some sort of separate ‘overall appearance’ which is non-

functional.”); see also Apple Inc. v. Samsung Elecs. Co., 786 F.3d 983, 995 (Fed. Cir.

2015), rev’d on separate grounds, 137 S. Ct. 429 (2016); Groeneveld, 730 F.3d at 504-05.

Thus, the total feeder profile is functional and ineligible for trade dress protection. For that

reason, Plaintiff may not assert the Configuration Trade Dress. 7




7
  Plaintiff also argues in passing that other utilitarian features of the ’274 Patent, such as a
locking gate mechanism, an interlock joining the grill and pan sections, and the spokes’ T-
shaped cross section, do not implicate the octagonal shape claimed by the Configuration
Trade Dress. But the test is not whether a patent claims other functional elements unrelated
to the trade dress at issue; the test is whether the claimed trade dress is dictated by
functional considerations. See TrafFix, 532 U.S. at 32-33. Plaintiff’s arguments regarding
other utilitarian features of the patent are thus irrelevant.
                                              27
                                                B.

          We now consider whether the red pan and gray spokes of the Color Trade Dress are

dictated by functional considerations. Our review is again de novo. McAirlaids, 756 F.3d

at 310.

          Because the Color Trade Dress was placed on the supplemental trademark register,

rather than the principal register, it is presumed functional, and Plaintiff bears the burden

of proving non-functionality. See 15 U.S.C. § 1125(a)(3). Plaintiff cannot do so, because

its own utility patents and witness testimony establish that the red pan and gray spokes

serve the functional purpose of attracting chickens to feed.

                                                1.

          We begin with the red pan. Plaintiff’s ’732 Patent notes, “it is relatively well known

within the agricultural industry that adult turkeys and chickens are attracted to the color

red and, therefore, many adult turkey and chicken feeding trays are now colored red in

order to entice the adult turkeys and chickens to move toward the red feeding tray . . . .”

’732 Patent col 1 ll. 26-32; see also id. at col. 3 ll. 30-33 (noting that “chickens and adult

turkeys are known to be attracted to the color red and, thus, the feeder 10 is preferably

formed with a reddish color”). The ’732 Patent specifically claims that feature. See id. at

claims 3, 9, 14.

          Similarly, Mr. Cole testified: “Red will attract birds” and “I use red because it’s a

good color and it attracts birds.” J.A. 1045-46. Further, Mr. Cole tested what colors best

attracted chickens to various feeders. He found that chickens best responded to a black grill



                                                28
and gold pan, but that Plaintiff’s red and gray elicited “very close to the same type [of]

response from the birds.” J.A. 1113.

       Despite this evidence, Plaintiff claims a material factual dispute because its primary

expert briefly opined that “chicken[s] [] [are] not particularly attracted to red and gray

materials in their environment. Nor do I think these birds would be more incline[d] to eat

from a red and gray feeder when compared to green, orange, yellow or white feeders.” J.A.

3624. Plaintiff’s rebuttal expert similarly opined that “[t]here is no evidence that gray is

functional as placed on the spokes, or red is functional as placed on the pan.” J.A. 3618.

       However, “it is well established that a genuine issue of fact is not created where the

only issue of fact is to determine which of the two conflicting versions of a party’s

testimony is correct.” In re Family Dollar FLSA Litig., 637 F.3d 508, 512 (4th Cir. 2011)

(quoting Erwin v. United States, 591 F.3d 313, 325 n.7 (4th Cir. 2010)); see also Barwick

v. Celotex Corp., 736 F.2d 946, 960 (4th Cir. 1984). Nor should we give undue weight to

evidence submitted for purposes of manufacturing a factual dispute. See Genex, 809 F.3d

at 110; see also Giant Food, 370 F.3d at 433 (“[A] self-serving opinion . . . cannot, absent

objective corroboration, defeat summary judgment.”).

       Here, Plaintiff’s ’732 Patent and its lead feeder designer stated that feeders are

colored red to attract chickens. Plaintiff relies on statements to the contrary in its later-

submitted expert reports to create a fact issue.

       This Court has not specifically ruled on whether a party’s declaration that

contradicts statements in that party’s earlier utility patent and by that party’s lead product

designer precludes summary judgment on the issue of trade dress functionality. But other

                                             29
courts and the Trademark Trial and Appeal Board have readily found—applying the same

reasoning as Genex, Giant Food, Family Dollar, and similar cases—that such a statement

does not create a triable fact issue. See McCarthy, supra § 7:89.30 (collecting cases). As

the Ninth Circuit noted in Disc Golf Ass’n, Inc. v. Champion Discs, Inc.:

       A trademark proponent cannot create an issue of material fact regarding a
       shape’s functionality, and thus survive summary judgment, by contradicting
       an earlier assertion contained in an expired utility patent that the same shape
       is functional. “A kind of estoppel arises. That is, one cannot argue that a
       shape is functionally advantageous in order to obtain a utility patent and later
       assert that the same shape is non-functional in order to obtain trademark
       protection.”

158 F.3d 1002, 1008 (9th Cir. 1998) (quoting McCarthy, supra § 7:89.30).

       The same reasoning applies here. Plaintiff asserts, in its ’732 Patent, that red attracts

chickens. It further specifies that color as a feature of its claimed invention. Its lead

designer testified that the pan is colored red to attract chickens. Plaintiff cannot now pivot

and claim red does not perform that function in order to assert its trade dress. As such, we

find no genuine dispute of material fact that Plaintiff’s feeder pan is colored red for the

functional purpose of attracting chickens.

                                              2.

       We next consider whether the gray coloring of the spoke assembly is functional.

       At the outset, although the Color Trade Dress claims “gray” spokes, the district court

found no dispute that Plaintiff’s feeders actually use a “shiny gray” coloring that includes

metallic particles intended to attract chickens to the feeder. CTB, 2018 WL 4035945, at

*13.



                                              30
       Plaintiff argued below that because the Color Trade Dress only refers to “gray”

spokes, the question of whether the spoke coloring includes shiny or metallic elements

capable of attracting chickens is immaterial to its claim. See J.A. 3554-55 (arguing that

“metallic flecks or flakes of the ‘732 Patent form no part of the Asserted Trade Dress and

are not material to any issue in this lawsuit”). The district court disagreed, noting that

“plaintiff cannot assert a claim for trade dress infringement of the colors red and gray where

neither plaintiff’s [n]or defendant’s feeders utilize the gray asserted by plaintiff but instead

utilize a shiny gray.” CTB, 2018 WL 4035945, at *14. The district court based this

conclusion on “the settled proposition that ‘[t]rademark ownership is not acquired by

federal or state registration. Ownership rights flow only from prior use[.]’” Id. (alterations

in original) (quoting Flying Pigs, LLC v. RRAJ Franchising, LLC, 757 F.3d 177, 182 (4th

Cir. 2014) (citing McCarthy, supra § 16:18 (4th ed. 2001) (collecting cases))).

       The district court is correct that trademark rights flow from prior use and that

Plaintiff’s claim of trade dress infringement must rest on the actual color configuration of

its feeders in the market. Flying Pigs, 757 F.3d at 182. The Color Trade Dress specifies as

much, noting that the protected product configuration “consists of the colors red and gray

as it appears on the surface of the poultry feeder.” U.S. Trademark Reg. No. 4,290,371

(emphasis added).

       The question, then, is whether there is a genuine fact issue as to whether the spokes

of Plaintiff’s feeders include shiny elements that serve the functional purpose of attracting

chickens, regardless of whether the spokes are labeled “gray” (Plaintiff’s preferred label,



                                              31
Appellant’s Br. at 37), “shiny gray” (the district court’s label, 2018 WL 4035945, at *14)

or “silver with aluminum metal flake” (Defendant’s preferred label, Response Br. at 38).

        There is no dispute that the spoke coloring includes shiny metallic elements. Indeed,

Mr. Cole stated that Plaintiff’s feeder spokes are “silver with metal flake in it. . . . [w]e do

have metal flake in ours to give us a little bit of shine.” J.A. 1027. He also described the

color of the feeder spokes as “silver with aluminum metal flake.” J.A. 1095.

        Nor do the parties dispute that chickens are attracted to shiny metallic objects.

Plaintiff’s expert stated that “poultry are attracted to shiny metallic items in their

environment.” J.A. 3624-25. Similarly, Defendant’s expert opined that “birds including

chickens have been attracted to shiny metal objects” and that feeder manufacturers “us[e]

shiny gray or metallic color to further attract the chickens to poultry feeders . . . .” J.A.

1783. Further, Plaintiff’s ’732 Patent, titled “Reflective Particle Feeder,” describes the

central advance of the claimed invention as a feeder “provided with a plurality of reflective

particles that are integral with the body of the feeder and which act to attract the poultry to

the feeder, thus enhancing feeding behavior.” ’732 Patent col. 1 ll. 7-10. The ’732 Patent

also teaches that such reflective particles “are preferably metallic flecks or flakes.” Id. at

col. 3 l. 49.

        Thus, Plaintiff does not dispute: (1) that it uses metal flakes in the spoke coloring;

(2) the sworn testimony of its corporate designee that those flakes are added to give the

spokes “a little bit of shine,” J.A. 1027; (3) the testimony of its own expert that “poultry

are attracted to shiny metallic items in their environment,” J.A. 3624-25; (4) the teachings

of its own ’732 Patent that chickens are attracted to reflective particles, ’732 Patent col. 1

                                              32
ll. 7-10; or (5) that the key innovation of its ’732 Patent is “a plastic non-reflective feeder

that is integrally formed with a plurality of reflective particles that attract the attention of

the animals . . . preferably metallic flecks or flakes,” id. at col. 2 ll. 6-8, col. 3 l. 49, claims

1, 7, 12, 18.

       Plaintiff instead argues that the district court improperly found that the “silver with

metal flake” coloring renders the spokes shiny and thus capable of attracting chickens.

According to Plaintiff, the district court should have inspected, or allowed a jury to inspect,

a feeder to make that determination.

       Although Plaintiff correctly notes that we must draw all justifiable inferences in its

favor, Plaintiff does not point to any competing factual submission that shows the gray

spokes are not shiny. Indeed, Plaintiff’s responses to Defendant’s summary judgment

motion merely stated that the trade dress registration only covered the colors red and gray,

not that its feeders did not contain any shiny elements capable of attracting poultry.

Similarly, nowhere in its appellate briefs does Plaintiff state that the gray spokes do not

contain shiny elements. Instead, Plaintiff again sidesteps the issue by pointing the Court to

the Configuration Trade Dress’s recitation of “gray” rather than “shiny gray” coloring.

Plaintiff then reiterates that “a jury should be afforded the opportunity to decide” the

question of whether the spokes are shiny. Reply Br. at 22.

       But for an issue to reach the jury, there must be a genuine dispute of material fact.

Plaintiff has made no such showing. Rather, the uncontroverted testimony of its corporate

designee shows it uses reflective metal flakes in its feeder to create a shiny appearance,

and its own patent states that the inclusion of metal flakes serves the functional purpose of

                                                33
attracting chickens. And although Plaintiff makes much of the district court’s or the jury’s

ability to inspect the feeder, the record shows that the district court did so, including and

discussing Plaintiff’s submitted photographs of the feeder in-line in its opinion. See CTB,

2018 WL 4035945, at *7. 8

       Neither party disputes that the inclusion of shiny metal flakes in the feeder spokes

serves the functional purpose of attracting birds. 9 As such, the coloring of the spokes is

functional. See Brunswick Corp. v. British Seagull Ltd., 35 F.3d 1527, 1531 (Fed. Cir.

1994) (color black on boat engines was functional because it was compatible with a variety

of boat colors and made objects appear smaller); C5 Med. Werks, LLC v. Ceram Tec GmbH,

249 F. Supp. 3d 1210, 1218-19, 1219 n.5 (D. Colo. 2017) (finding pink color of hip implant

functional because pink resulted from addition of chromium, which increased the implant’s

hardness); Baughman Tile Co., Inc. v. Plastic Tubing, Inc., 211 F. Supp. 2d 720, 724

(E.D.N.C. 2002) (finding yellow tubing functional because that color (1) was generally

more visible and (2) reflected more light than other colors, ensuring the tubing retained its



8
  The record does not show that the district court had a physical feeder available for
inspection on summary judgment. Although Plaintiff stated to this Court that sample
feeders were used as demonstrative aids at the district court, it appears that no such feeder
was admitted into evidence for use in resolving the parties’ summary judgment motions.
Regardless, as discussed above, the record shows that the district court considered the
feeder’s appearance from the evidence before it.
9
  Plaintiff also emphasizes that the ’732 Patent only references visible metallic particles.
From that observation, Plaintiff suggests that “nothing in the record” indicates whether the
inclusion of the metal flakes in its feeders provides the same benefit as that claimed by the
’732 Patent. Reply Br. at 26. Plaintiff’s assertions are belied by: (1) Mr. Cole’s testimony
that the reason Plaintiff adds aluminum flakes to the spoke coloring is to give the spokes a
“bit of shine,” J.A. 1027, and (2) its admissions that chickens are attracted to shiny objects,
’732 Patent col. 3 l. 45.
                                              34
shape in hot conditions); accord Qualitex, 514 U.S. at 165 (stating that color in some

instances provides a functional benefit).

       Additionally, as with the red pan, Plaintiff relies on its expert’s general statement

that “I see no evidence that the gray colored plastic used in feeding equipment is attractive

to poultry in a similar way as shiny metallic surfaces” to create a jury issue on the

functionality of the spoke coloring. J.A. 3625. As the district court properly noted, the

expert’s opinion covers gray plastic, not Plaintiff’s gray plastic with reflective metal flakes,

and is thus irrelevant. CTB, 2018 WL 4035945, at *16. And even if the expert’s statement

were construed to encompass the addition of metal flakes, it does not create a fact issue for

the same estoppel-based reasons set out above for the pan’s red coloring: the statement

directly contradicts the central teaching of Plaintiff’s own ’732 Patent and the testimony of

its lead product designer. See Disc Golf Ass’n, 158 F.3d at 1008; see also Family Dollar,

637 F.3d at 512; Genex, 809 F.3d at 110; Harris, 499 F. App’x at 294.

       Accordingly, we conclude that there is no material factual dispute that the spoke

coloring of the Color Trade Dress is primarily functional.

                                               3.

       Finally, we consider whether the combination of red and gray coloring provides an

arbitrary, non-functional, or ornamental element not present in the individual halves of the

feeder color scheme. Tools USA, 87 F.3d at 658. As with the Configuration Trade Dress,

Plaintiff does not provide any evidence that the Color Trade Dress is anything more than

the amalgamation of two wholly functional colored design elements. Plaintiff’s arguments

on this point instead reiterate its contentions that its expert testimony should be used to

                                              35
create a fact issue, which fail for the reasons set forth above with respect to each color

element. 10 We thus find no factual dispute that the combination of the red pan and gray

spokes is primarily functional, and that Plaintiff may not assert the Color Trade Dress.

                                            III.

       In conclusion, we affirm the district court’s grant of summary judgment to

Defendant on Plaintiff’s claims of trade dress infringement under the Lanham Act and

North Carolina common law. Because summary judgment was properly granted, Plaintiff’s

appeal of the spoliation sanction against it is moot. See SunTrust Mortg., Inc. v. United

Guar. Residential Ins. Co., 508 F. App’x 243, 255-56 (4th Cir. 2013).

                                                                               AFFIRMED




10
   Plaintiff’s reliance on Transport Inc. v. Mayflower Services Inc., 769 F.2d 952, 955 (4th
Cir. 1985), is also inapposite, as the functionality of a color combination was not at issue
in that case.
                                            36
