                         IN THE SUPREME COURT OF MISSISSIPPI

                                      NO. 2001-CA-00762-SCT

SCOTT CORLEY

v.

JAMES F. EVANS AND STACY EVANS (HAMRICK)


DATE OF JUDGMENT:                                    05/4/2001
TRIAL JUDGE:                                         HON. ROBERT G. EVANS
COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED:                           SMITH COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT:                             S. WAYNE EASTERLING
                                                     EUGENE COURSEY TULLOS
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEES:                             JOHN B. MACNEILL
                                                     JASON SCOTCH EHRLINSPIEL
                                                     ADAM BRADLEY KILGORE
                                                     VICKI R. LEGGETT
                                                     RANCE N. ULMER
NATURE OF THE CASE:                                  CIVIL - PERSONAL INJURY
DISPOSITION:                                         AFFIRMED - 01/16/2003
MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:
MANDATE ISSUED:


        EN BANC.

        CARLSON, JUSTICE, FOR THE COURT:

¶1.     After a judgment was entered in this premises liability case in accordance with a $2.5 million verdict

in favor of plaintiff Scott Corley (Corley), the circuit court granted the motions for judgment notwithstanding

the verdict (JNOV), filed by the landowners, James F. Evans (James) and his daughter Stacy Evans

Hamrick (Stacy). Feeling aggrieved by this post-trial action by the trial court, Corley has appealed to this

Court asking that we reinstate the initial $2.5 million judgment entered on the jury verdict. James and Stacy

have cross-appealed, requesting that should this Court determine that the trial court erred in granting their
JNOV motions, this case should be reversed and remanded for a new trial based on alleged errors

committed at trial. Finding that the JNOV was proper, we affirm the trial court's decision.

                                           INTRODUCTION

¶2.     Corley was shot accidentally by a friend on the Evanses' land at a crawfish boil sponsored by Stacy

Evans.1 Corley brought suit for his injuries and damages sustained as a result of the shooting, and after a

jury trial, the jury returned a jury verdict for $2.5 million in his favor, and the jury also assigned eighty

percent (80%) liability to James, and twenty percent (20%) liability to Stacy.2 Quite interestingly, those

percentages corresponded to the percent of ownership each had in the land. Consistent with the jury

verdict, the Circuit Court of Smith County, Honorable Robert G. Evans, presiding, entered judgment in

favor of Corley and against James and Stacy in the amount of $2,000,000 (assessed against James) and

$500,000 (assessed against Stacy). However, after post-trial motions were filed, Judge Evans, vacated

the judgment via a grant of the JNOV motions filed by James and Stacy. On appeal, Corley argues that

he met his required burden of proving that the accident was reasonably foreseeable and therefore the trial

court erred in granting the JNOV. In the alternative, he urges this Court to reconsider current Mississippi

premises liability law. James and Stacy cross-appeal requesting a new trial if the trial court’s grant of the

JNOV is reversed.

¶3.     We find that the evidence was not sufficient to support the jury verdict in this case under current

Mississippi premises liability law, which we decline to revisit; and therefore, the trial judge's grant of JNOV

was correct.



        1
       In a Motion to Compel filed in the case, Stacy Evans stated she was "erroneously referred to in
the Complaint as Stacy Hamrick."
        2
         See Miss. Code Ann. § 85-5-7 (1999).

                                                      2
                    FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS IN THE TRIAL COURT

¶4.     James owned a 1,000 acre tract of land in Smith County and had previously conveyed a twenty

percent (20%) interest in 184 acres to his daughter, Stacy. The property was mostly pasture land on which

was situated one barn. In 1990, Stacy began hosting crawfish boils on the land, and while the1993 event

giving rise to this lawsuit was the eighth annual event, this was only Stacy’s fourth time to actually host the

crawfish boil. The land was never surveyed, so it was unclear whether the crawfish boil was held on the

land in which Stacy had an interest. James's only involvement in the event was his brief attendance.

¶5.     On May 1, 1993, Corley attended the crawfish boil with his friends Eric Burton, Steve Harden,3

and Jeff Crane. As the only one in the group 21 years old or over, Burton bought beer for them before

they got to the festival. All four paid admission to the festival and then parked their two vehicles in the field.

They intended to camp overnight and pitched a tent near their vehicles soon after they arrived, and then

they began socializing with those assembled. It rained off and on through the night. All four were drinking

beer before they arrived and continued their imbibing throughout the evening.

¶6.     Two weeks before the crawfish boil, Harden borrowed a .22 caliber pistol from Burton, who

testified that he was uncertain as to why Harden wanted to borrow the pistol.4 As Harden entered the gate

onto the property where the crawfish boil was being held, the pistol was beside him on the driver's seat.

Harden testified that he had unloaded the pistol the day before the crawfish festival and put the bullets in

the ashtray of his car.5 The pistol was taken out of the car on at least two occasions by different individuals.



        3
         Harden’s name is sometimes spelled “Hardin” in the trial record.
        4
         Harden testified that he had borrowed the pistol “for protection, I guess you’d say.”
        5
         Harden believed the pistol to be unloaded, and no one could recall how the pistol ended up
loaded, or who loaded it.

                                                        3
¶7.     Sometime after midnight, Harden shot Corley with the .22 pistol in the face below his left nostril,

and the bullet lodged in Corley’s skull. Harden testified that he had been holding the pistol for thirty

minutes6 or so when he slipped and fell backwards and the pistol discharged. Harden also testified as

follows:

                  Q: Mr. Harden, I believe it was your opinion or it's your opinion that this
                  accident was caused by stupidity and the rain, right?
                  A: Yes, sir. Mainly stupidity.
                  Q: You slipped and the gun discharged, right?
                  A: Yes, sir.
                  Q: And it happened so fast that there wasn't anything that anybody could
                  have done about it, right?
                  A: Yes, sir.
                  Q: You were surprised yourself?
                  A: Yes, sir.
                  Q: The accident – the unfortunate shooting was sudden and unexpected,
                  was it not?
                  A: Yes, sir.

¶8.     As a result of this tragic accident, Corley suffered severe permanent injuries, incurred extensive

medical bills, was unable to complete his education, and was incapable of holding meaningful employment.

¶9.     As part of her hosting duties, Stacy distributed fliers for the event. Having hosted the last three

events, Stacy knew that there would be alcohol consumption at the event. She posted a sign that said "No

Alcoholic Beverages Permitted," she did not sell alcohol on the premises, and she did not attempt to verify

the ages of the attendees.7 She testified that she advertised campers were welcome, but she did not know

how many patrons would camp because of frequent rains in the area. Stacy also provided two street lights

to illumine the area but believed the lighting might have been reduced by the rains. Stacy originally called

McDonald Security Service to provide security for the event; however, upon learning that this particular


        6
           During his testimony, Harden equivocated as to how long the gun had actually been in his hand.
        7
           The only beverage and food sold were soft drinks and red-beans and rice.

                                                      4
service was unavailable for the crawfish boil, Stacy contacted Vincent Security Service (Vincent Security).

Stacy was familiar with the competence of the Vincent Security personnel because she had previously

attended a party in Meridian at which Vincent Security had provided security and she was impressed with

their performance. Also, Stacy had inquired of the host at the Meridian party as to her opinion of the

capability of Vincent Security and received a favorable recommendation from the Meridian host.

¶10.    The Vincent Security officers were dressed in uniforms resembling those worn by sheriff’s

department personnel. Stacy testified the only problem she had ever had at her three previous crawfish

boils occurred during the very first one in 1990, when she had to call the sheriff's office to remove someone

fromher property. The instructions Stacy gave the security guards were "make sure everybody was okay."

She also told them to walk around and keep a check on everything. Stacy did not know if the shooting

occurred on her property or her father's property. She estimated 700 people were in attendance at the

crawfish boil.

¶11.    Stacy testified that she paid all the bills related to her portion of the land, including taxes and

electricity, and that she took care of the place. She never asked her father's (James’s) permission to have

the crawfish boil. She considered the place hers, and she controlled the land. The crawfish boil was not

her father's idea, he had nothing to do with the planning of the event, and he did not have any financial

interest in the crawfish boil.

¶12.    Stacy personally observed no fights or scuffles. She testified: "Everybody was having the best time.

I mean, there were no problems anywhere at anytime. That's why this was such a shock." The only

problem she had ever had was at her first crawfish boil when someone left his drunken brother-in-law on

the premises and he would not leave. She testified she had no way to have possibly anticipated a shooting.

James testified that he never discussed the crawfish boil with his daughter.


                                                     5
¶13.   Daniel Gray attended the crawfish boil and witnessed the shooting:

              Q: And what happened?
              A: And the gun went off.
              Q: And –
              A: And he hit the ground, and I took off running up the hill.
              Q: And why did you take off running?
              A: Because there was security guards all out through there, and I went and
              got one of them and told Stacy Evans that there needed to be the Sheriff's
              Department and an ambulance called.
              Q: Prior to the time that you and Mr. Corley had walked off from where
              the crawfish was being served down to your respective vehicle, had you
              seen security officers?
              A: Yes ma'am.
              Q: And where had you seen them?
              A: They were – there were some in the parking area, and there was one
              walking around on top of the hill up there where the dance was and the
              crawfish were.
              Q: Okay. And do you recall what those security officers had on?
              A: I want to say they had – they had on brown uniforms with badges.
              Q: Prior to the time that this gun discharged, what, if any, altercation or
              fight did you observe between Mr. Corley and Mr. Hardin?
              A: I didn't see any. I mean –which like I said, I wasn't with him the entire
              time. I just – I guess you could say I was in the wrong place at the wrong
              time, because I just happened to run into him, and we walked down the
              hill, and that's when everything happened.
              Q: And would you describe the manner in which it happened?
              A: Shocking. I mean – because there wasn't anybody screaming profanity
              acting a fool – I mean – it was just, hey, come here, I've got something for
              you, you know, and it just happened so quick I really couldn't tell you
              what kind of atmosphere I'd thought it would have been, because the way
              they called him over there it was kind of just like friends calling and talking
              to friends, you know.
              Q: How long were you at the crawfish boil prior to the shooting?
              A: I had been there probably since about 6:30 or so.
              Q: And how would you describe the behavior of the patrons in the
              crawfish boil?
              A: Everybody was having fun as far as I know. I mean –
              Q: Prior to the shooting, Mr. Gray, did you ever see anybody exhibit a
              weapon?
              A: No.




                                                    6
¶14.    Ralph Day, president of Day Detectives security service, testified as an expert in premises security

for James and Stacy and determined that the incident was not foreseeable. He based this conclusion on

the fact that there was no history of crime at the crawfish boils, nor were there records of any arrests being

made or law enforcement summoned other than one time. Day also testified that he believed three security

guards for a crowd of under one-thousand (1,000) to be sufficient. Day stated, "You could have had 50

security guards, and virtually, if one had been standing in between them (Corley and Hardin), I don't think

they could have prevented it. His friends couldn't prevent it. The Deputy Sheriff that testified yesterday

couldn't prevent it, and he was just feet away."

¶15.    Keith Oubre, head of campus security for the University of Southern Mississippi, took the stand

as Corley's expert. He opined that "three or four security guards would not be adequate for such an event

of this size." Oubre testified there should have been more guards and they should have been given more

explicit instructions days in advance. He also believed there was "virtually no" lighting where the shooting

occurred and that with adequate lighting the shooting probably would not have occurred. During cross-

examination, Oubre admitted he did not ask permission to enter the property for his investigation and

conducted no written tests concerning the scene. He interviewed none of the security officers present on

the day of the incident. Oubre would have recommended metal detectors be put in place for screening

visitors to the crawfish boil, but stopped short of recommending closed-circuit TV. However, Oubre

conceded on cross-examination:

                Q: We know, don't we Mr. Oubre, that security personnel cannot
                guarantee the safety of people attending events like crawfish boils, can
                they?
                A: No, they cannot.
                Q: Just like that police can't guarantee that, you know, we are all going to
                be safe out on the streets outside of our homes?
                A: Well, we can't guarantee that.


                                                      7
Q: Just like the campus security can't do that, either, can they?
A: Cannot guarantee it, no, sir.
Q: And we know, don't we, Mr. Oubre, that despite the best efforts of
people sometimes at events like this, people get hurt, don't they?
A: Correct.
Q: And sometimes despite the best efforts of security people at – people
become victims of crime at such events, don't they?
A: Correct.
Q: And sometimes they become victims of accidents where there's a
bunch of security folks around?
A: That's correct.
Q:And sometimes they become victims of intentional acts, somebody
meant to do something, where there's a bunch of security folks around?
A: That's correct.
Q: And that's true regardless of ever how many security people you've
got, correct?
A: Correct.
Q: And that's true regardless of how good your lighting is at the scene
where this thing happened, isn't that correct?
A: Correct
Q: And that's true also regardless as to how much or how little training the
security people have had, correct?
A: Correct.
Q. And regardless of the security procedures that you may have
had in effect, those things can happen, can’t they?
A. Right. You can’t guarantee people’s safety regardless of all
those things you’ve mentioned.
....

Q. And it’s also true that people get hurt and become victims of
crime and become victims of intentional acts where there’s alcohol
involved regardless of the number of security people there, isn’t
that correct?
A. Correct.
Q. And that’s true also – those things happen regardless of whether
or not there’s signs posted everywhere saying we don’t want all of
this to happen, isn’t that correct?
A. Yes, sir.

                     STANDARD OF REVIEW




                                     8
¶16.     A motion for JNOV tests the legal sufficiency of the evidence supporting the verdict, not the weight

of the evidence. Tharp v. Bunge Corp., 641 So.2d 20, 23 (Miss. 1994) (citing Goodwin v.

Derryberry Co., 553 So.2d 40, 42 (Miss. 1989); Stubblefield v. Jesco, Inc., 464 So.2d 47, 54

(Miss. 1984)). See also Stewart v. Gulf Guar. Life Ins. Co., 2002 WL 1874826, 6 (Miss. 2002).

¶17.     In Goodwin, we held:

                 In deciding a motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict, the trial
                 court must consider the evidence in the light most favorable to the non-
                 moving party, giving that party the benefit of all favorable inferences that
                 reasonably may be drawn therefrom. The trial court should consider the
                 evidence offered by the non-moving party and any uncontradicted
                 evidence offered by the moving party. If the evidence thus considered is
                 sufficient to support a verdict in favor of the non-moving party, the motion
                 for j.n.o.v. must be denied.

Goodwin, 552 So. 2d at 42 (citing Turner v. Turner, 524 So.2d 942, 944 (Miss. 1988); Read v. S.

Pine Elec. Power Ass., 515 So.2d 916, 919 (Miss. 1987); Baker Serv. Tools, Inc. v. Buckley, 500

So.2d 970, 972 (Miss. 1987); Paymaster Oil Mill Co. v. Mitchell, 319 So.2d 652, 657 (Miss.

1975).

¶18.     We also held in Goodwin that, upon review by this Court, the same standard was applied whether

JNOV was granted or denied by the trial court. Goodwin, 553 So.2d at 43.

¶19.     This Court held in Fitzner Pontiac-Buick-Cadillac, Inc. v. Smith, 523 So.2d 324, 326

(Miss. 1988):

                 Two of the assignments of error are challenges to the sufficiency of the
                 evidence to support the verdict of the jury. Our scope of review in such
                 contexts is as limited as it is familiar. We consider the evidence in the light
                 most favorable to the appellee, giving that party the benefit of all favorable
                 inferences that may reasonably be drawn from the evidence. If the facts
                 so considered point so overwhelmingly in favor of the appellant that
                 reasonable men could not have arrived at a contrary verdict, we are


                                                       9
                required to reverse and render. On the other hand, if there is substantial
                evidence in support of the verdict, that is, evidence of such quality and
                weight that reasonable and fair minded jurors in the exercise of impartial
                judgment might have reached different conclusions, affirmance is required.
                See, e.g., Rester v. Morrow, 491 So.2d 204, 211-12 (Miss. 1986);
                Paymaster Oil Mill Co. v. Mitchell, 319 So.2d 652, 657 (Miss.
                1975).

                                             DISCUSSION

        I.      WHETHER THE TRIAL COURT PROPERLY GRANTED
                JUDGMENT NOTWITHSTANDING THE VERDICT.

        II.     WHETHER THE RECORD ESTABLISHES A BREACH OF DUTY
                BY EITHER JAMES OR STACY EVANS.

¶20.    We first must determine what duty was owed Corley by James and Stacy. This question can only

be answered when we determine Corley's status as to James and Stacy. After those questions are resolved,

we must ascertain, in the light most favorable to Corley, giving him the benefit of all favorable inferences

that may reasonably be drawn from the evidence, whether there is substantial evidence in support of the

verdict. Is the evidence of such quality and weight that reasonable and fair minded jurors, in the exercise

of impartial judgment, may have reached different conclusions?

¶21.    Mississippi adheres to the invitee/licensee/trespasser trichotomy when analyzing the property

owner's duty of care. Hudson v. Courtesy Motors, Inc. 794 So.2d 999 (Miss. 2001). Thus, Corley's

status as to James and Stacy determines what duty they owed to Corley. In Hoffman v. Planters Gin

Co. 358 So.2d 1008, 1011 (Miss. 1978), we held:

        As to status, an invitee is a person who goes upon the premises of another in answer to the
        express or implied invitation of the owner or occupant for their mutual advantage...A
        licensee is one who enters upon the property of another for his own convenience, pleasure,
        or benefit pursuant to the license or implied permission of the owner whereas a trespasser
        is one who enters upon another's premises without license, invitation, or other right.



                                                    10
(citing Langford v. Mercurio, 254 Miss. 788, 183 So.2d 150 (1966); Wright v. Caffey, 239 Miss.

470, 123 So.2d 841 (1960); Kelley v. Sportsmen's Speedway, 224 Miss. 632, 80 So.2d 785

(1955)).

¶22.    As to Stacy, Corley was an invitee. In order to create invitee status there must be a mutual

advantage between landowner and invitee. Here, Stacy received a $7 admission fee from Corley, and

Corley received the benefit of attending the crawfish boil. Therefore, there is a mutual advantage, and,

invitee status is established on the part of Corley. The landowner is not an insurer of the invitee’s safety,

but does owe to an invitee the duty “to keep the premises reasonably safe, and when not reasonably safe,

to warn only where there is hidden danger or peril that is not in plain and open view.” (Emphasis added).

Caruso v. Picayune Pizza Hut, Inc., 598 So.2d 770, 773 (Miss. 1992), citing McGovern v.

Scarborough, 566 So.2d 1225, 1228 (Miss. 1990).8 Along with that duty, is the duty of the landowner

to protect invitees from injuries which are reasonably foreseeable. Kelly v. Retzer & Retzer, Inc., 417

So.2d 556, 560 (Miss. 1982).

¶23.    We said in Grisham v. John Q. Long V.F.W. Post, No. 4057, Inc., 519 So.2d 413, 416

(Miss. 1988), that a tavern keeper can only be held liable where he had "cause to anticipate the wrongful

or negligent act of [an] unruly patron.” Here, we would hardly classify Stacy as a “tavern keeper,” but

regardless, the record does not reveal that she had any "cause to anticipate" violent behavior of her festival-

goers at the crawfish boil.




        8
        See however, Tharp v. Bunge Corp., 641 So.2d 20, 25 (Miss. 1994), wherein we abolished
the “open and obvious” defense as a complete bar, and invoked the application of our long-standing
comparative negligence doctrine. Miss. Code Ann. § 11-7-15 (1972).

                                                      11
¶24.    The introduction of the pistol into this case and one friend accidentally shooting another friend did

not provide Stacy with adequate warning. Moreover, these events, both the mere presence of a pistol and

the actual shooting, are not reasonably foreseeable. Additionally, Stacy employed three security guards

to patrol the event. In three previous crawfish boils, only one fight had broken out. This prior altercation

three years before the current situation was not adequate notice to Stacy that an intoxicated friend would

accidently shoot another friend at the crawfish boil. Stacy simply had no "cause to anticipate" a negligent

shooting based on one minor altercation at the three events she had sponsored.

¶25.    As an important corollary to the landowner's duty, we have held repeatedly that owners are not

insurers of an invitee's safety. See Gatewood v. Sampson, 812 So.2d 212, 219 (Miss. 2002); J.C.

Penney Co. v. Sumrall, 318 So.2d 829, 832 (Miss. 1975); Sears, Roebuck & Co. v. Tisdale, 185

So.2d 916, 917 (Miss. 1966). Should we set aside the trial court’s grant of the JNOV in this case, we

most assuredly would be informing premises owners/landowners that they have now become the insurers

of an invitee's safety.

¶26.    In the recent Gatewood case, we upheld the trial court’s judgment on a jury verdict of $308,000.

In Gatewood, Roy Sampson (Sampson) had pulled into a service station owned by Jeff Gatewood

(Gatewood). Sampson’s purpose for being on the premises was to buy gas and use one of the pay

phones; therefore, Sampson was clearly an invitee under our premises liability law. As Sampson was using

the pay phone, he was attacked by a man with a gun, occupants from the car in which Sampson’s assailant

had exited fired upon both Sampson and his assailant as the two men struggled over the weapon,

Sampson’s assailant was killed fromone of the shots coming from the car, and Sampson was struck in the

back of the head by one of the bullets, but survived the attack. In citing Lyle v. Mladinich, 584 So.2d

397, 399 (Miss. 1991), we stated that:

                                                    12
        [there are] two ways to establish legal causation, or foreseeability, in cases of assault by
        a third person. “The requisite `cause to anticipate’ the assault may arise from (1) actual
        or constructive knowledge of the assailant’s violent nature, or (2) actual or constructive
        knowledge that an atmosphere of violence exists [on the premises]...” Lyle, 584 So.2d
        at 399 (quotingGrisham, 519 So.2d at 416). Evidence of the existence of an atmosphere
        of violence may include “the overall pattern of criminal activity prior to the event in question
        that occurred in the general vicinity of the defendant’s business premises, as well as the
        frequency of criminal activity on the premises.” Lyle, 584 So.2d at 399.

Gatewood, 812 So. 2d at 220. Sampson offered evidence which revealed “that sixty violent crimes were

reported to police in the neighborhood of the Ellis Isle Exxon [Gatewood’s service station] within the three

years prior to the attack. Thirty-two of those crimes reportedly occurred in the nearby Ellis Isle Shopping

Center. Two incidents occurred in close proximity to the gas station: an armed carjacking occurred on the

street in front of the station and a bullet fired from nearby entered the building. A fight also reportedly

occurred in the Exxon parking lot.” Id. We went further to distinguish the facts in Gatewood from those

in Crain v. Cleveland Lodge 1532, Order of Moose, Inc., 641 So.2d 1186, 1189 (Miss. 1994),

in that Crain failed to offer evidence sufficient to establish proximate cause, whereas Gatewood offered

sufficient evidence as to proximate cause and foreseeability so as to present a jury issue. 812 So.2d at

221. Without question, in comparing the “foreseeability” evidence presented in Gatewood with the

evidence presented in the case before the Court today, Corley’s evidence falls considerably short of that

necessary to present a jury issue on foreseeability.

¶27.    In referring to the “cause to anticipate” test quoted in Lyle, 584 So.2d at 399, Corley asserts that

"an injured party can only recover after at least one violent act had already occurred, thereby placing

defendant on notice of the dangerous condition." In the Lyle case, evidence was offered that between

1981 and 1989, numerous criminal charges were filed against persons in the tavern and the adjacent

parking lot. In Lyle, we held that a jury question existed as to whether the property owners’


                                                       13
discontinuance of the use of security guards in their bar parking lot constituted negligence, in light of the fact

that there had been a history of fighting outside the bar. That case is not analogous to the case sub judice

as the facts are dissimilar. We held in Lyle that a fact question was created because there was an

approximate nine-year history of arrests at the property in question. Moreover, Lyle involved a bar,

opened with regular hours, while the case sub judice involved a tract of farm land opened once a year for

a crawfish boil. Accordingly, for the reasons stated, the trial court properly granted Stacy’s JNOV motion.

¶28.    As to James, Corley was a licensee; therefore, James only had the duty to refrain from willfully or

wantonly injuring Corley. Adams ex rel. Adams v. Fred's Dollar Store of Batesville, 497 So.2d

1097, 1101 (Miss. 1986). James derived no benefit from the crawfish boil and was not involved in its

promotion or staging. There is no evidence in the record that James willfully or wantonly injured Corley,

or even had anything whatsoever to do with the crawfish boil, other than his brief attendance at the event.

Thus, JNOV was likewise proper as to James.

        III.     WHETHER THIS COURT SHOULD CHANGE WELL SETTLED
                 MISSISSIPPI PREMISES LIABILITY LAW.

¶29.    Corley urges this Court to adopt the “California Rule” of premises liability regarding third party

conduct. Also, Judge Evans very eloquently conveyed his firm convictions in his Opinion and Order

Granting Judgment Notwithstanding the Verdict. In what he understandably described as “an unpleasant

decision,” Judge Evans, stated, in part:

        [Scott Corley’s] injuries are tragic, severe, and permanent. His life has been forever
        changed. If the jury’s verdict were collected, occupational therapy might be afforded and
        his life made easier. Instead, in addition to the injustice of the first tragedy, this young
        Plaintiff must now suffer a second. And this one at the hands of our State’s common law.




                                                       14
In his opinion and order, Judge Evans likewise requested this Court to consider adoption of the "California

Rule" as to premises liability regarding third party conduct, which is a "totality of the circumstances"

standard as opposed to a "cause to anticipate" standard.9

¶30.    The California Rule states:

                ...in determining the existence of a landowner's duty to protect invitees
                from the wrongful conduct of third persons, foreseeability is measured by
                all of the circumstances including the nature, condition and location of the
                defendant’s premises and defendant's prior experience, bearing in mind
                that what is required to be foreseeable is the general nature of the event
                or harm, not its precise nature or manner of occurrence.

Onciano v. Golden Palace Restaurant, Inc., 219 Cal.App.3d 385, 394, 268 Cal. Rptr. 96, 99 (Cal.

Ct. App. 1990) (citing Isaacs v. Huntington Mem'l Hosp., 38 Cal.3d 112, 129, 211 Cal.Rptr. 356,

695 P.2d 653 (1985)). Onciano and our reference to Onciano in our decision in Crain are the bases

for the trial court’s plea to this Court to revisit our premises liability law as to third party conduct.

However, subsequent to the California Supreme Court’s decision in Isaacs and a state district court of

appeal decision in Onciano, the California Supreme Court revisited the issue of third party conduct

premises liability in Ann M. v. Pacific Plaza Shopping Center, 6 Cal.4th 666, 678, 25 Cal.Rptr.2d

137, 145, 863 P.2d 207, 215 (1993),10 and in doing so, admitted that certain broad language in Isaacs


        9
         In Crain v. Cleveland Lodge 1532, Order of Moose, Inc., 641 So.2d 1186, 1190-91
(Miss. 1994), this Court declined a similar invitation to adopt the “California Rule.” We recognized that the
California experience revealed that the California courts eventually “stretched the `totality of the
circumstances’ test to the level of strict liability....” Id. at 1191.
        10
          Our research on Ann M. reveals a “negative indirect history” which guides us to a California
Supreme Court case, Saelzler v. Advanced Group 400, 25 Cal.4th 763, 767, 107 Cal.Rptr.2d 617,
619-20 23 P.3d 1143, 1145-46 (2001). A close study of Saelzler reveals that amendments to the
California summary judgment statute (California Code of Civil Procedure § 437(c)), may have superceded
certain language in various cases, including Ann M.; however, the statutory amendments relate to
modification of an almost “impossible” burden of proof placed on the moving party to adoption of “the

                                                     15
had caused confusion in that there was at least an inference that analyzing foreseeability to determine duty

by a premises owner was normally a question of fact to be determined by a jury, and that any such

interpretation of Isaacs was error. The Ann M. court went on to hold that “[f]oreseeability, when

analyzed to determine the existence or scope of a duty, is a question of law to be decided by the court.”

863 P.2d at 215. Recently, another California district court of appeal questioned the holdings in Isaacs

and Onciano. In Eric J. v. Betty M., 76 Cal.App.4th 715, 90 Cal.Rptr.2d 549, 554 (Cal. Ct. App.

1999), that court stated:

        The viability of the holding in Oncianao is questionable in light of the subsequent Supreme
        Court decision in Ann M. v. Pacific Plaza Shopping Center, 6 Cal.4th 666, 25
        Cal.Rptr.2d 137, 863 P.2d 207 (1993). Onciano relied on Isaacs, 38 Cal.3d 112, 211
        Cal.Rptr. 356, 695 P.2d 653 to reject the idea that a lack of prior criminal activity was not
        dispositive in the landowner’s favor, a fact which Justice Fred Woods would find troubling
        in a separate concurring opinion, where he lamented Isaacs’ “broad brush
        dicta.”.......Liability in the face of the absence of notice of prior criminal activity, however,
        was dispositive in favor of the landowner in Ann M., a rationale which Justice Mosk, in
        his dissent in Ann M. criticized as being inconsistent with Isaacs.........

Accordingly, it appears that the California courts have at least partially retreated from the

Isaacs/Onciano pronouncements. In the end, we see no reason to endure the somewhat dis-jointed

California experience and abandon our well-established premises liability law concerning third-party

conduct.

¶31.    Returning to the case before us today, the record does not support a finding that the Evanses should

have reasonably foreseen the third-party conduct of a drunken Harden who accidently shot his friend, Scott

Corley. The third-party assault by Harden upon his friend, Scott Corley, was not foreseeable because the

requisite “cause to anticipate” did not arise since Stacy had “no actual or constructive knowledge of


federal mechanism of burden shifting” [in summary judgment motion hearings]. Accordingly, Ann M. is still
“good law” in California.

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Harden’s violent nature,” or “actual or constructive knowledge that an atmosphere of violence existed” on

her land at the crawfish boil.

¶32.    We conclude that no liability was imposed upon Stacy or James under our well-settled premises

liability law. We decline to adopt the California Rule in Mississippi, because that experience reveals that

such a rule could ultimately create strict liability for property owners, causing them to become insurers of

an invitee's safety.

                                             CONCLUSION

¶33.    While strongly urging this Court to revisit our premises liability law, the trial court boldly and firmly

adhered to the law of this State in granting the JNOV and setting aside a judgment in the amount of

$2,500,000, a judgment, which, as pointed out by the trial judge, even if collected, would hardly be a start

toward full compensation for Scott Corley based on the grievous injuries he suffered. Were we to turn

our heads away from the issue of liability in this case, Scott Corley would be entitled to the jury award, and

more. However in this imperfect world we are unable, as a matter of law, of awarding compensation for

every injury which occurs in society. Though Scott Corley proved his damages, we cannot reinstate the

jury verdict based simply on whomever may have been named as defendants in this lawsuit. Before the

jury in any case can award damages, liability, as a matter of well-established law, must be proven as to one

or more of the named defendants in the litigation. The trial court succinctly described in its opinion and

order granting the JNOV motions, the “tragic, severe, and permanent” injuries inflicted upon Scott Corley,

who was only nineteen years old at the time this tragedy occurred. As noted above, the injuries and

damages suffered by Scott Corley do not go unnoticed by this Court. However, we are compelled to hold

today that, based on the record before this Court and the applicable law, the trial judge properly granted

judgment notwithstanding the verdict as to both James Evans and Stacy Evans because neither violated a


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duty owed to Scott Corley under our premises liability law.           We also decline to modify the

invitee/licensee/trespasser trichotomy in Mississippi by adopting the "California Rule" regarding premises

liability as to third-party conduct. As we affirm the grant of JNOV, the cross-appeals of James Evans and

Stacy Evans are rendered moot. We affirm the trial court’s order granting a JNOV for James Evans and

Stacy Evans.

¶34.    AFFIRMED.

     PITTMAN, C.J., SMITH, P.J., WALLER AND COBB, JJ., CONCUR. DIAZ AND
EASLEY, JJ., DISSENT WITHOUT SEPARATE WRITTEN OPINION. McRAE, P.J.,
AND GRAVES, J., NOT PARTICIPATING.




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