                                                                    [DO NOT PUBLISH]



                      IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                                   FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT           FILED
                                    ________________________ U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                     ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                                                                       MARCH 20, 2012
                                            No. 11-13459
                                        Non-Argument Calendar            JOHN LEY
                                                                          CLERK
                                      ________________________

                               D.C. Docket No. 2:09-cv-00329-WS-N


JANE DOE,
a minor child, by and through her mother
and next friend, Mary Doe,

llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll                         Plaintiff - Appellant,

                                              versus

DEMOPOLIS, CITY OF,

llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll                         Defendant - Appellee,

TERRANCE SMITH,
individually and in his official capacity,

llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll                       Defendant.
                                      ________________________

                           Appeal from the United States District Court
                              for the Southern District of Alabama
                                  ________________________

                                           (March 20, 2012)
Before CARNES, PRYOR and KRAVITCH, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

      Jane Doe, by and through her mother and next friend, appeals the district

court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of the City of Demopolis, Alabama,

on her 42 U.S.C. § 1983 claim that the City violated her Fourteenth Amendment

right to due process by failing to train one of its police officers not to commit

statutory rape.

                                          I.

      Demopolis Police Officer Terrance Smith had sex on three different

occasions with Doe when she was 13 years old. The principal of Doe’s school

discovered that sexual misconduct and reported it to Demopolis Police Chief Jeff

Manuel, who fired Smith. Smith was eventually convicted of two counts of

second degree rape. See Ala. Code § 13A-6-62 (prohibiting sexual intercourse

“with a member of the opposite sex less than 16 and more than 12 years old [if]

the actor is at least two years older than the member of the opposite sex”).

      Doe sued the City and Smith in federal district court, asserting a 42 U.S.C. §

1983 claim that the City violated the Fourteenth Amendment by failing to train

Smith so that he would not commit statutory rape, and a similar failure-to-train

claim under Ala. Code § 11-47-190. She also asserted state law assault, battery,

                                          2
and invasion of privacy claims against Smith. The City moved for summary

judgment on the Ala. Code § 11-47-190 and 42 U.S.C. § 1983 claims, which the

district court granted. The court found that Alabama does not recognize municipal

liability for failure to train under Ala. Code § 11-47-190 and that there was no

genuine issue of material fact whether the City was deliberately indifferent to

Doe’s rights. This is Doe’s appeal.

                                              II.

       Doe contends that the district court erred in granting summary judgment in

favor of the City on her § 1983 claim.1 We review de novo the grant of summary

judgment and draw “all inferences and review[] all evidence in the light most

favorable to the non-moving party.” Moton v. Cowart, 631 F.3d 1337, 1341 (11th

Cir. 2011). “Summary judgment should be granted if the pleadings, depositions,

answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if

any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving

party is entitled to a judgment of a matter of law.” Crawford v. City of Fairburn,

Ga., 482 F.3d 1305, 1308 (11th Cir. 2007) (quotation marks omitted) (citing Fed.


       1
         Doe makes only passing reference to her Ala. Code § 11-47-190 claim in her opening
brief and has therefore waived any argument that the district court erred in granting summary
judgment on that claim. See United States v. Willis, 649 F.3d 1248, 1254 (11th Cir. 2011) (“A
party seeking to raise a claim or issue on appeal must plainly and prominently so indicate.”
(alteration and quotation marks omitted)).

                                               3
R. Civ. P. 56(a)).

       Section 1983 subjects to liability any “person who, under color of [state

law] . . . subjects . . . any citizen of the United States . . . to the deprivation of any

rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the Constitution and laws.” 42 U.S.C.

§ 1983. A city is liable under § 1983 if the city’s “custom” or “policy” was the

“moving force” or cause of the deprivation of the plaintiff’s rights. See Sewell v.

Town of Lake Hamilton, 117 F.3d 488, 489 (11th Cir. 1997) (quotation marks

omitted). A city’s failure to train a police officer can be properly thought of as the

city’s policy or custom in “limited circumstances.” City of Canton, Ohio v. Harris,

489 U.S. 378, 387, 109 S.Ct. 1197, 1204 (1989). Those limited circumstances are

when a city’s failure to train shows a “deliberate indifference to the rights of its

inhabitants.” Sewell, 117 F.3d at 489–90 (alteration and quotation marks

omitted). “To establish a city’s deliberate indifference, a plaintiff must present

some evidence that the municipality knew of a need to train . . . in a particular area

and the municipality made a deliberate choice not to take any action.” Lewis v.

City of W. Palm Beach, Fla., 561 F.3d 1288, 1293 (11th Cir. 2009) (quotation

marks omitted).

       If the impropriety of an action “is obvious to all without training,” a failure

to train a police officer to refrain from taking that action will usually not show

                                             4
deliberate indifference. Sewell, 117 F.3d at 490. So a city may “rely on the

common sense of its [police officers] not to engage in . . . criminal conduct,” but

“a pattern of known misconduct . . . may be sufficient to change reasonable

reliance [on common sense] into deliberate indifference.” Floyd v. Waiters, 133

F.3d 786, 796 (11th Cir. 1998), vacated on other grounds by 525 U.S. 802, 119

S.Ct. 33 (1998), reinstated by 171 F.3d 1264 (11th Cir. 1999).

      The City was entitled to rely on Smith’s common sense not to commit

statutory rape, so its alleged failure to train him not to commit statutory rape does

not show deliberate indifference to the rights of its inhabitants. See Floyd, 133

F.3d at 796 (holding that a board of education was “entitled to rely on the common

sense of its” security guards not to sexually harass and rape underage girls);

Sewell, 117 F.3d at 490 (holding that it is obvious that a police officer should not

“barter arrests for sexual favors”). The only evidence tending to show that the city

knew that Smith or other officers were committing statutory rape is: (1) Police

Chief Manual’s deposition testimony that he had hear rumors of officers, including

Smith, “engaging in sexually inappropriate conduct . . . [but] not necessarily [with]

underaged people”; and (2) Manuel’s statements at a meeting at least four years

before Smith began having sex with Doe that Manuel had “heard guys [were]

messing with underaged girls,” and if any officers were doing that, they should

                                          5
“stop it.” Viewed in the light most favorable to Doe, those two pieces of evidence

do not show that the City actually was aware of a pattern of its officers committing

statutory rape and was deliberately indifferent to it by failing to train the officers

not to do so. See Floyd, 133 F.3d at 796. The district court did not err in granting

summary judgment in favor of the City on Doe’s § 1983 claim.

      AFFIRMED.




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