                                                                             F I L E D
                                                                      United States Court of Appeals
                                                                              Tenth Circuit
                     UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                           January 20, 2006
                                   TENTH CIRCUIT                          Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                                             Clerk of Court

 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

          Plaintiff-Appellee,

 v.                                                        No. 04-8092
                                                             (D. Wyo.)
 KEVIN LEE HEBAH,                                    (D.Ct. No. 02-CR-201-B)

          Defendant-Appellant.


                                ORDER AND JUDGMENT *


Before BRISCOE, Circuit Judge, BRORBY, Senior Circuit Judge, and
LUCERO, Circuit Judge.



      Appellant Kevin Lee Hebah was convicted of one count of sexual abuse by

engaging in a sexual act with another person incapable of appraising the nature of

the conduct or physically incapable of declining participation, while on an Indian

Reservation, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 1153 and 2242(2)(A) and (B). He

appeals, contesting the government’s peremptory strike of two Native American



      *
          This order and judgment is not binding precedent except under the doctrines of
law of the case, res judicata and collateral estoppel. The court generally disfavors the
citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order and judgment may be cited under
the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.
jurors, use of an Allen instruction, and exclusion of his expert witness at trial.

We exercise jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and affirm.



                                I. Factual Background

      On August 25, 2002, Todd Dawson, a special agent with the Federal Bureau

of Investigation (FBI), learned an ambulance delivered a seventeen-year-old

Native American girl to the Lander Valley Medical Center in Lander, Wyoming,

and that she may have been sexually assaulted the prior evening while on the

Wind River Indian Reservation at a party attended by several individuals. As part

of his investigation, Agent Dawson interviewed several of the partygoers, who

gave consistent statements concerning the events of the evening of August 24,

2002. Many of these individuals also gave consistent testimony at trial, as

reflected hereafter.



      According to witnesses, a party, which both the seventeen-year-old girl and

Mr. Hebah attended, began at a house on the Indian Reservation. After the girl

became extremely intoxicated, she went with others to a party at another house;

when she became unconscious, she was placed on a couch in the living room and

a blanket was thrown over her.




                                          -2-
      At some point, the partygoers left the house, with the exception of the

unconscious teenager and Mr. Hebah. When some of the men returned, they saw

Mr. Hebah on top of the unconscious girl, with both of their pants down and her

legs spread; when Mr. Hebah heard the men enter, he jumped up, walked into a

bedroom and returned with his pants on. Several individuals entered the house at

this time and noticed the unconscious girl lying on the floor with her pants and

underwear down and her private parts exposed. One witness noticed Mr. Hebah

standing in the living room with his pants zipper down. A woman attending the

party confronted Mr. Hebah and told him the only way he could “get a girl” was if

she was “passed out,” to which he responded, “Yeah, yeah, so I did it. So what?”

Some of those present carried her into a bedroom, put her on the bed, pulled her

underwear and pants up, and covered her with a blanket.



      Later, when three individuals walked into the bedroom to check on the

teenager they saw both her and Mr. Hebah without any pants or underwear on and

witnessed him between the unconscious girl’s legs. One individual saw Mr.

Hebah's buttocks moving up and down. After they entered the room, Mr. Hebah

turned over and pretended to be asleep. Others came down the hall and saw the

girl’s pants and underwear down and Mr. Hebah laying beside her. Some began

to dress the teenager, while others started beating Mr. Hebah. Several individuals


                                         -3-
loaded the girl into the back of a pickup truck and took her to another home,

where one person woke his father and told him the seventeen-year-old may have

“been taken advantage of,” after which an ambulance took her to the hospital.

The seventeen-year-old girl remembered seeing Mr. Hebah at the first house, but

did not remember leaving, going to the next house, or any other events of the

evening. When she woke up in the hospital, she was still intoxicated.



      Following his interviews of the partygoers, Agent Dawson contacted Mr.

Hebah by telephone and invited him to come to his Lander FBI office for an

interview concerning the events of the evening of August 24, 2002. Mr. Hebah

voluntarily appeared, Mr. Dawson read him his Miranda rights, and he agreed to

waive those rights, as evidenced by a written Miranda rights form, with each right

initialed by Mr. Hebah, and a waiver of those rights signed by Mr. Hebah. After

talking for approximately half an hour, Mr. Dawson suggested they write down

Mr. Hebah's statement, to which Mr. Hebah agreed.



      Mr. Hebah’s written confession began by stating Agent Dawson made no

promises and used no pressure, and he understood he was not under arrest, did not

have to talk to the agent, and could leave at any time. Mr. Hebah identified many

of the individuals who were at the first house and stated a bunch of them ended


                                         -4-
up going to the second house, although he did not remember going there. Mr.

Hebah stated he did not remember much about the evening because he was drunk,

but he did remember having sex with the unconscious seventeen-year-old girl by

putting both his finger and his penis inside her vagina, although he did not

remember if he ejaculated. He also remembered being awakened in the bedroom

where the seventeen-year-old laid “passed out,” and then people kicking and

hitting him. After Mr. Hebah read his statement out loud to both Agent Dawson

and another agent, he acknowledged everything in the statement was true and

added a paragraph in his own handwriting, stating, “I have read this whole

statement and everything in it is true. There is nothing in this statement that is

not true. I [have] been treated fairly and respectfully today as I spoke with Mr.

Todd Dawson.”



      At trial, Mr. Hebah changed his story and testified he did not remember any

of the events which occurred at the second house. He stated he did not believe he

assaulted the girl or had sex with her and that the eye witnesses, including his

friends, who testified he did sexually assault her were either lying, “jumping to

conclusions,” scared, or felt threatened. While he testified he did not tell Agent

Dawson he had sex with the teenager, on cross-examination he admitted he told

Agent Dawson he put his finger and penis in the teenager’s vagina. He also


                                          -5-
admitted he reviewed the confession, added the last paragraph in his own writing,

and signed it, even though Agent Dawson told him to point out anything untrue in

the confession. Following deliberations, the jury found Mr. Hebah guilty of one

count of sexual abuse on an Indian Reservation, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 1153

and 2242(2)(A) and (B), and the district court sentenced him to seventy-two

months imprisonment.



                   II. Government’s Peremptory Strike of Jurors

      During the jury selection process, one of the prospective jurors, who was a

member of the Northern Arapaho Indian Tribe, stated she was a witness for her

uncle during his federal trial for criminal sexual abuse, for which he was

acquitted, and that one of the prosecutors in the instant case participated in her

uncle’s case “against us.” When asked if being a witness for her uncle prejudiced

her, she replied, “Kind of. I don’t know.” Although she stated she “could be

fair,” she also admitted her previous testimony may have prejudiced her “at that

time,” and when asked if she had any particular feelings about the federal

government or the Federal Bureau of Investigation investigating cases on the

reservation, she stated:

      No, except just during the time when it happened ... it was like a real
      bad experience and stuff. But [I] kind of got over it. ... You know,
      it was just like our family went through a lot and it was wrong, you
      know. I don’t know. Kind of hard to talk about.

                                          -6-
Finally, when asked if it would be hard for her knowing other families would go

through the same thing, she stated, “Uh-huh, kind of, but I can try.”



      The government challenged the juror for cause, asking that she be excused,

which the trial court denied, stating, “I feel that even though she did have [a]

situation in the family, that [she] has said that she would be fair, and I think she

regards this as a separate case.” The government then used one of its peremptory

challenges to strike the juror, to which Mr. Hebah’s counsel raised a Batson

challenge, stating the government could not strike the juror based on race. At a

bench discussion with the judge, the government's counsel explained he

participated in adjudicating the juror’s uncle’s case and that after the “not guilty”

verdict, federal marshals broke up a “big fight” which erupted in the federal

courtroom between the victim’s and juror’s families. He also explained officials

escorted the victim and her family out the back door of the courthouse because

the juror’s family was waiting for her, and that it was an “extremely ugly and

emotional thing.” The trial court then overruled Mr. Hebah’s Batson objection

and dismissed the juror.



      The next prospective juror, who was also a female member of the Northern

Arapaho Indian Tribe, stated she experienced prejudice when her nephew “went


                                          -7-
through some court stuff, too” and also admitted prior knowledge of the instant

case, stating, “I kind of heard what happened to what is going on with this case.

... I work with [Mr. Hebah’s] girlfriend’s mother and she told me everything, so I

don’t know. I’m kind of like sitting on a balance.” When the judge told her she

could not consider anything she heard other than the evidence presented by the

witnesses, she stated, “I don’t know. It would be kind of hard, I would think, for

me because I’m really close friends to her and then, I don’t know, I just didn’t

agree with some of the stuff that they had told me about.” When questioned on

whether she could consider the government’s proof, if it was beyond a reasonable

doubt, over Mr. Hebah’s presumption of innocence, she said she would “try,” and

when asked if her mind was made up, she noted she was close to Mr. Hebah’s

girlfriend’s mother and “she did tell me a lot of what happened.” She also stated

she had a bad experience with the court system when her nephew was beaten,

even though some of the perpetrators were found guilty and served time, and

explained he was not treated fairly by the system and that she did not trust law

enforcement or lawyers.



      The government then asked the court to strike the juror for cause, given her

statements on how she would evaluate evidence connected to law enforcement

officials. The trial court explained to the juror that, as a juror, she would be


                                          -8-
instructed the testimony of law enforcement officers would be considered the

same as any other person, to which she stated, “I understand that.” When the

court asked her to promise she would not discount testimony merely because it

was from law enforcement, she answered, “Yeah, yeah,” turning her head away

from the court and addressing the floor and finally stating, “I promise.”



      After the court denied the government’s request for removal for cause, the

government exercised a peremptory challenge to strike the juror, to which Mr.

Hebah’s counsel again raised a Batson challenge based on race. During the bench

discussion, the court volunteered that the juror vacillated on her answers, and then

agreed with government counsel that it had a reasonable basis for challenging her

because she begrudgingly agreed she would try to treat law enforcement testimony

the same as other testimony. While Mr. Hebah’s counsel argued the juror said she

would fairly assess the evidence, the court countered, “Yeah, but ... I had to drag

it out of her.” The court then concluded by stating the challenge was reasonable

and denying Mr. Hebah’s second Batson objection.



      On appeal, Mr. Hebah argues the district court violated his constitutional

rights, under Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79 (1986), when it allowed the

government to use its peremptory challenges to strike two Native Americans from


                                         -9-
the jury. In rather summary fashion, Mr. Hebah suggests the government’s claim

the jurors were biased against the prosecution was “disingenuous” in light of the

district court’s earlier rulings not to remove the jurors for cause and the two

jurors' statements they would be fair and impartial. Mr. Hebah then concludes the

only basis for the jurors “to be excused by the United States was that they are

Native American women.”



      We begin with our standard of review and the law applicable to Batson jury

claims. “It is clear that defendant has the constitutional right to be tried by a jury

whose members are selected by nondiscriminatory criteria,” United States v.

Hartsfield, 976 F.2d 1349, 1356 (10th Cir. 1992) (quotation marks and citation

omitted), and that “[a] party’s use of a peremptory challenge to exclude a juror

based on the juror’s race violates the United States Constitution,” United States v.

Castorena-Jaime, 285 F.3d 916, 927 (10th Cir. 2002) (relying on Batson, 476

U.S. at 89). In order to resolve objections to peremptory challenges, a three-step

procedure is followed in which: (1) “the objector must make a prima facie

showing that the peremptory challenge is based on race”; (2) if this burden is met,

“the party striking the juror must articulate a race-neutral explanation for striking

the juror”; and (3) “[i]f the court finds the striking party’s reason is race neutral,

the court must determine whether the objecting party has shown purposeful


                                          -10-
discrimination.” Id. at 927-28 (relying on Batson, 476 U.S. at 94-98). “The party

objecting to the use of the peremptory challenge carries the ultimate burden of

persuasion.” Id. at 928. In addition, we have held that “‘[o]nce a prosecutor has

offered a race-neutral explanation for the peremptory challenges and the trial

court has ruled on the ultimate question of intentional discrimination, the

preliminary issue of whether the defendant had made a prima facie showing

becomes moot.’” United States v. Sneed, 34 F.3d 1570, 1579 (10th Cir. 1994)

(quoting Hernandez v. New York, 500 U.S. 352, 359 (1991)).



      In reviewing Batson-type claims, we review de novo whether the striking

party’s explanation is race neutral, Castorena-Jaime, 285 F.3d at 927; Sneed, 34

F.3d at 1580, and “unless a discriminatory intent is inherent in the prosecutor’s

explanation, the reason offered will be deemed race neutral.” Sneed, 34 F.3d at

1579 (quotation marks and citation omitted). We review the district court’s

finding of whether the striking party had discriminatory intent for clear error,

affording great deference to its decision on discriminatory intent, which

represents a finding of fact. Castorena-Jaime, 285 F.3d at 927; Sneed, 34 F.3d at

1579-80. We recognize that in making its determination, “the district court can

consider whether the prosecutor’s explanation is a mere pretext for race-based

peremptory challenges,” and its “findings on the issue of discriminatory intent


                                         -11-
largely turn on an evaluation of the prosecutor’s credibility.” Sneed, 34 F.3d at

1579.



        In this case, the issue of whether Mr. Hebah established a prima facie case

of discrimination is moot, given the government gave a race-neutral explanation

for the peremptory challenges of the two jurors, after which the district court

ruled on Mr. Hebah’s Batson objections concerning the question of intentional

discrimination. Applying the applicable de novo standard of review, we conclude

the government's counsel offered plausible race-neutral explanations for striking

the jurors based on their apparent predisposed prejudice against the prosecution

arising from past negative trial experiences. Even though Mr. Hebah contends

both jurors stated they would be fair and impartial, it is clear neither juror would

readily commit to objectively considering the government’s evidence. We further

reject Mr. Hebah’s argument against the peremptory strikes of those jurors based

on his contention the district court previously denied the government’s request to

excuse the same jurors for cause. Clearly, explanations for a peremptory strike do

not need to rise to the same level of challenges for cause. See Hernandez, 500

U.S. at 362-63.



        Having determined the government provided a legitimate, race-neutral


                                         -12-
reason for exercising its peremptory strikes, we consider the district court’s

finding the government also had no discriminatory intent, as reflected by its

decision to overrule Mr. Hebah’s Batson objections. 1 Applying our clear error

standard of review and affording deference to the district court’s credibility and

discriminatory intent determinations, Mr. Hebah has not met his burden of

persuasion in showing any error occurred. Our decision on this issue is bolstered

by the fact the government did not impose a peremptory strike against another

Native American who served on the jury in this case, thereby helping to dispel an

inferred pattern of discriminatory challenges by the government to strike Native

American jurors based solely on race. See United States v. Willie, 941 F.2d 1384,

1399 (10th Cir. 1991). While peremptory strikes might result in a

disproportionate removal of Native American jurors, that impact does not, per se,

turn the prosecution’s actions into a violation of the Constitution. See

Hernandez, 500 U.S. at 361. Moreover, as the government points out, any

inferred argument by Mr. Hebah that the low number of Native Americans serving

on the jury prejudiced him is countered, in part, by the fact he himself used a

peremptory strike to remove another Native American juror.


       1
          Despite our affirmation of the district court’s summary rulings in this case, we
continue to encourage district courts to make explicit factual findings on the record when
ruling on Batson challenges, including statements on whether the proffered reason for the
challenged strike is facially race neutral or inherently discriminatory, and why it chose to
credit or discredit the given explanation. See Castorena-Jaime, 285 F.3d at 929.

                                            -13-
                             III. Allen Instruction to Jury

      Following closing arguments, the jury began deliberations at 3:50 p.m. and

ended at 6:30 p.m. The next morning, it reconvened and deliberated another three

hours before sending the district court a note signed by all twelve jurors stating,

“What happens with a ‘hung jury?’ We are 6-guilty 6-not guilty and no one feels

they can be swayed.” The judge presented both counsel with a proposed Allen

instruction and told them he would answer the jury’s specific question by

explaining, “if they remain deadlocked, it is necessary to declare a mistrial and

that the case would have to be set for a second trial.” Mr. Hebah’s counsel

objected to use of the Allen instruction because it included references to the cost

of litigation, including the money, effort, and time expended in a second trial and

also objected to the district court’s reference to a new trial, arguing a new trial

might not be imminent if the government decided against prosecuting the matter a

second time. The district court overruled the objections and gave the jury the

proposed Allen instruction, along with additional verbal instruction intended to

answer the specific question posed. After receiving the Allen instruction, the jury

deliberated just under two hours and returned a unanimous verdict of guilty.




                                          -14-
      On appeal, Mr. Hebah provides the entire text of the lengthy instruction, 2


      2
         While we determine the appropriateness of only those portions of the instruction
which Mr. Hebah contests, we view them in the context of the entire instruction to the
jury, which was as follows:

              The Court wishes to suggest a few thoughts to you which you may
      consider in your deliberations. You should think about these concepts,
      along with the evidence received during the trial and all of the instructions
      previously given to you. This is an important case. The trial has required
      time, effort and money from both the defense and the prosecution. If you
      should fail to agree on a verdict, the case is left open and undecided. Like
      all cases, it must be resolved at some time.

              There is no reason to believe that a second trial would not be costly
      to both sides. Nor does there appear any reason to believe that the case can
      be tried again by either side better or more exhaustively than it has been
      tried before you.

             There is no reason to believe that more evidence or better evidence
      would be produced at a second trial. Any future jury would be selected in
      the same manner and from the same source as you were chosen.

            So there appears no reason to believe that the case could ever be
      submitted to 12 people more conscientious, more impartial or more
      competent to decide.

             These concepts are, of course, clear to all of us who have
      participated in this trial. The only reason I mention these facts now is
      because some of them may have escaped your attention while you have
      been fully occupied in reviewing the evidence in this case in the light of the
      instructions with your fellow jurors. These are all matters which remind us
      how desirable it is that you unanimously agree upon a verdict.

             As stated in the instructions given at the time the case was first
      submitted to you for instruction, you should not surrender your honest
      beliefs as to the weight or effect of evidence solely because of the opinion
      of other jurors or for the mere purpose of returning a unanimous verdict.


                                           -15-
       However, it is your duty as jurors to consult with one another and to
deliberate with a view to reaching an agreement, if you can do so without
violence to individual judgment. Each of you must decide the case for
yourself, but you should do so only after consideration of the evidence in
the case with your fellow jurors. In the course of your deliberations you
should not hesitate to reexamine your own views and change your opinion if
convinced it is erroneous.

       In order to bring 12 minds to a unanimous result, you must examine
the question submitted to you with candor and frankness and with proper
deference to and conferring together, each of you should pay due attention
and respect to the views of the others and listen to each other’s arguments
with a disposition to reexamine your own views.

        If a greater majority of you are for a conviction, each dissenting juror
ought to consider whether a doubt in his or her mind is a reasonable one,
since it makes no effective impression upon the minds of so many equally
honest and equally conscientious fellow jurors who bear the same
responsibility, serve under the same oath, and have heard the same
evidence, with, we may assume, the same attention and with an equal desire
to arrive at the truth.

       If, on the other hand, a majority or even a lesser number of you are
for acquittal, other jurors ought to seriously ask themselves again and most
thoughtfully whether they do not have a reason to doubt the correctness of
the judgment which is not concurred in by so many of their fellow jurors
beyond a reasonable doubt.

       As I’ve told you before, you’re not partisans. You’re judges. You’re
judges of the facts of this case. Your sole interest here is to determine
whether the Government has proven each essential element of the charge
concerning the defendant beyond a reasonable doubt.

        You are the exclusive judges of the credibility of all of the witnesses
and of the weight and effect of the evidence. Remember at all times that no
juror is expected to yield a conscientious belief he or she may have as to the
weight or effect of evidence. But remember also that after full deliberation
and consideration of all of the evidence in the case, it is your duty to agree

                                      -16-
upon a verdict if you can do so without yielding–without violating, rather,
your individual judgment and your conscience.

       Remember, too, if the evidence in the case fails to establish guilt
beyond a reasonable doubt, the defendant should have your unanimous
verdict of not guilty.

        In order to make a decision more practicable, the law imposes the
burden of proof on one party or the other in all cases. And in a criminal
case, the burden of proof is upon the Government. Above all, keep
constantly in mind that unless your final, conscious appraisal of the
evidence in the case clearly requires it, the defendant should never be
exposed to the risk of having to twice run the gauntlet of criminal
prosecution and to endure a second time the mental, emotional and financial
strain of a criminal trial.

        You may conduct your deliberations as you choose, of course, but I
suggest that you now carefully reexamine and reconsider all of the evidence
in the case bearing upon the questions before you in the light of the Court’s
instructions on the law. You may be as leisurely in your deliberations as the
occasion may require, and you may take all of the time this afternoon that
you feel is necessary.

      And you may now retire and continue your deliberations in such
manner as shall be determined by your good and conscientious judgment as
reasonable men and women.

       Now, I really didn’t directly answer your question which was what
happens with a hung jury. It is implied in the instruction, a copy of which
will go to the jury room with you.

        If the jury becomes hopelessly deadlocked and the Court so
concludes, the Court will then declare a mistrial in this case and that means
that the defendant has not then been placed in jeopardy. We have a concept
of what is called a double jeopardy. A person can’t be placed in double
jeopardy. So then the case is rescheduled for a second trial at the
convenience of the Court. And I don’t know what my schedule or docket is
for the next three or four months, but we would have to fit it in someplace

                                     -17-
but fails to point to the specific portion of the instruction to which he objects,

stating only that the instruction inappropriately referred to the importance of

reaching a verdict and the costs incurred with a second trial. Assumably, he is

referring to portions of the first and last parts of the instruction, which state:

      This is an important case. The trial has required time, effort and
      money from both the defense and the prosecution.

             There is no reason to believe that a second trial would not be
      costly to both sides.

      ....

            ... Above all, keep constantly in mind that unless your final,
      conscious appraisal of the evidence in the case clearly requires it, the
      defendant should never be exposed to the risk of having to twice run
      the gauntlet of criminal prosecution and to endure a second time the
      mental, emotional and financial strain of a criminal trial.


      Mr. Hebah also argues the district court erred by limiting the time for jury

deliberations to only one afternoon, by stating to the jury:

              You may conduct your deliberations as you choose, of course,
      but I suggest that you now carefully reexamine and reconsider all of
      the evidence in the case bearing upon the questions before you in the
      light of the Court’s instructions on the law. You may be as leisurely
      in your deliberations as the occasion may require, and you may take
      all of the time this afternoon that you feel is necessary.

(Emphasis added.) Next, he contests the district court’s verbal instruction



      there. So that's the best I can tell you.



                                             -18-
addressing the jurors’ specific question, in which it stated:

             Now, I really didn’t directly answer your question which was
       what happens with a hung jury. It is implied in the instruction, a
       copy of which will go to the jury room with you.

             If the jury becomes hopelessly deadlocked and the Court so
       concludes, the Court will then declare a mistrial in this case and that
       means that the defendant has not then been placed in jeopardy. We
       have a concept of what is called a double jeopardy. A person can’t
       be placed in double jeopardy. So then the case is rescheduled for a
       second trial at the convenience of the Court. And I don’t know what
       my schedule or docket is for the next three or four months, but we
       would have to fit it in someplace there. So, that's the best I can tell
       you.

He suggests the district court’s comments on rescheduling for a second trial

“unquestionably put the jury in the difficult position of ‘inconveniencing’ the

court if they were unable to reach a verdict,” and its comments on double

jeopardy were confusing and “improperly place[d] a legal burden upon the jury, ...

i.e., reflecting on the concept of double jeopardy and the effect of a mistrial upon

that right.” Mr. Hebah also contends the timing of the Allen instruction, which

was not included with the other jury instructions, caused the jury to view it in

isolation, increasing the possibility of coercion; the district court’s coerciveness is

evidenced by the fact the jury reached its verdict only two hours after receiving

the Allen instruction; 3 and the district court’s verbal statements laid a “guilt trip”


       3
         Mr. Hebah did not raise some of these contentions at the trial level, including
issues related to the Allen instruction not being given with other instructions, the jury
arriving at its verdict only two hours after receiving that instruction, and the district court

                                              -19-
on the jury.



       An Allen instruction derives its name from jury instructions approved by

the Supreme Court in Allen v. United States, 164 U.S. 492 (1896), and it is used

for the purpose of encouraging:

       unanimity (without infringement upon the conscientious views of
       each individual juror) by urging each juror to review and reconsider
       the evidence in the light of the views expressed by other jurors, in a
       manner evincing a conscientious search for truth rather than a dogged
       determination to have one’s own way in the outcome of the
       deliberative process.

United States v. Smith, 857 F.2d 682, 683-84 (10th Cir. 1988). A modified Allen

instruction, like the one used here, is one directed to all the members of the jury,

not just those in the minority view. United States v. Alcorn, 329 F.3d 759, 766

(10th Cir. 2003). This court has long sanctioned the use of a modified Allen

instruction, while also traditionally urging caution in its use. Id. at 766; Gilbert

v. Mullin, 302 F.3d 1166, 1173 (10th Cir. 2002). We review an Allen instruction

“in its context and under all the circumstances,” Gilbert, 302 F.3d at 1173,



improperly limiting the time for their deliberations and instructing them on double
jeopardy. Given these issues were not raised before the district court, we may review
them for plain error. See United States v. Hernandez-Garcia, 901 F.2d 875, 876 (10th
Cir. 1990). Plain error in the context of an Allen instruction involves an error that
“affects the defendant’s fundamental right to a fair and impartial trial.” Id. at 876
(quotation marks, alteration, and citation omitted). In any event, in this case, regardless
of whether we apply either a plain or harmless error standard of review, we reject Mr.
Hebah’s contentions.

                                            -20-
considering whether it “was erroneously given on a case-by-case basis with a

view towards determining whether the instruction had a coercive effect on the

jury.” United States v. Rodriguez-Mejia, 20 F.3d 1090, 1091 (10th Cir. 1994).

Whether an Allen instruction was improperly coercive is a mixed question of law

and fact. Gilbert, 302 F.3d at 1171. In determining whether the Allen instruction

was coercive, we consider: (1) the language of the instruction; (2) its

incorporation with other instructions; (3) the timing of the instruction; and (4) the

length of the jury’s subsequent deliberations. See id. at 1173.



         First, with respect to the language of the Allen instruction, we reject Mr.

Hebah’s objection to selected portions of the instruction. When included with the

language directed at the entire jury and cautioning no juror to surrender his or her

conscientious conviction, this court has approved the same or similar language

contested by Mr. Hebah that “[t]his is an important case,” see Gilbert, 302 F.3d at

1172; United States v. Reed, 61 F.3d 803, 805 n.5 (10th Cir. 1995); United States

v. McKinney, 822 F.2d 946, 950 n.2 (10th Cir. 1987), and the trial has required

“time, effort and money to both the defense and the prosecution,” see Reed, 61

F.3d at 805 n.5; United States v. Ellzey, 936 F.2d 492, 499 n.1, 501 n.2 (10th Cir.

1991).




                                           -21-
        Similarly, in viewing the instruction as a whole, we have sanctioned the use

of language that another or second trial would be costly to both sides, see Reed,

61 F.3d at 805 n.5, and a like reference to the “mental, emotional and financial

strain” of a second trial, see, e.g., United States v. Arney, 248 F.3d 984, 987-88

n.3 (10th Cir. 2001) (considering instruction, which included statement “[y]our

failure to agree upon a verdict will necessitate another trial and require the parties

once again to undergo the investment of time and effort and the stress of trial”);

Smith, 857 F.2d at 684 (considering italicized words in instruction statement,

explaining, “If you fail to reach a verdict, the parties will be put to the expense of

another trial and will once again have to endure the mental and emotional strain

of a trial.”). 4



        Applying the requisite standard of review, and considering the contested

language in view of the entire Allen instruction given, we find no coerciveness in

its use. The instruction as a whole was “evenhanded, it did not presume that the

majority favored a guilty verdict; and it emphasized that no juror was expected to

yield a conscientious conviction on the evidence.” Reed, 61 F.3d at 805.


        4
         It does not appear Mr. Hebah is specifically renewing his trial objection that the
Allen instruction inappropriately mentioned a new trial given the government might
decide not to prosecute. Even if we consider his objection, we reject it, noting we have
rejected similar claims before. See Hernandez-Garcia, 901 F.2d at 876-77; Smith, 857
F.2d at 682, 685.

                                            -22-
      With respect to the time the instruction was tendered, we have stated a

preference to tender an Allen instruction at the same time as other instructions,

but it is not, per se, error to tender such an instruction after deliberations have

begun and the jury notifies the court it is having trouble reaching a unanimous

verdict. See Arney, 248 F.3d at 989; Rodriguez-Mejia, 20 F.3d at 1092.

Similarly, with regard to the amount of time the jury deliberated after receiving

the Allen instruction in this case, it deliberated just under two hours before

arriving at a unanimous verdict. We find this fact, in consideration with all the

circumstances presented, is not determinative of coerciveness, and in so doing,

point out this court has upheld guilty verdicts arrived at in less time after

receiving an Allen instruction which, like here, did not contain coercive or

otherwise faulty language. See, e.g., Arney, 248 F.3d at 987, 990 (upholding

guilty verdict in as little as one hour after receiving the instruction); Ellzey, 936

F.2d at 501 n.2 (upholding verdict rendered approximately one and one-half hours

after Allen instruction tendered). But see United States v. McElhiney, 275 F.3d

928, 946 (10th Cir. 2001) (finding of coerciveness in circumstance where, in part,

instruction was defective and jury reached a unanimous verdict within as little as

one hour and thirty minutes after instruction was tendered).



      Finally, we consider Mr. Hebah’s contentions the district court improperly


                                          -23-
gave verbal instructions which: (1) limited the jury’s deliberation time to only

that afternoon; (2) made the jury feel it would inconvenience the court if a

mistrial occurred; (3) placed the legal burden on the jury in its reference to

“double jeopardy”; and (4) otherwise laid a “guilt trip” on them. To begin, we

find no error in the district court’s disputed verbal comment to jurors “[y]ou may

be as leisurely in your deliberations as the occasion may require, and you may

take all of the time this afternoon that you feel is necessary.” (Emphasis added.)

Given the written Allen instruction contained only the statement “[y]ou may be as

leisurely in your deliberations as the occasion may require and you may take all

the time which you feel is necessary,” and the district court likewise informed the

jurors they could leisurely deliberate, we do not believe the district court’s

additional verbal comment for the jurors to “take all of the time this afternoon

that you feel is necessary,” would coerce a jury to reach a verdict by the end of

that afternoon without regard to the instruction’s explicit cautions that no juror

should yield a conscientious conviction on the evidence. Our decision is

buttressed by the fact the jury arrived at its verdict at 2:10 p.m., well before the

afternoon ended, so the jurors could have taken more time if necessary, even if

they somehow believed they only had that afternoon to reach a decision.



      As to Mr. Hebah’s contention the district court improperly remarked on the


                                          -24-
issue of “double jeopardy” and therefore inappropriately placed a legal burden on

the jury, we believe the remark was fairly generic and did not impose any such

burden. Given the remark followed the Allen instruction, and was therefore given

in context with an instruction not requiring any deliberation on the concept of

“double jeopardy,” we do not believe the reference to “double jeopardy” in this

case caused any coerciveness, or even any confusion. Next, the district court

judge’s verbal comment concerning his upcoming trial schedule would not likely

cause a juror to forfeit his or her own conviction just for the convenience of the

court, especially since the Allen instruction thoroughly explained and emphasized

that no juror should yield his or her conscientious conviction on the evidence.

As to Mr. Hebah’s statement the district court laid a “guilt trip” on the jury, the

appropriate standard in which we view arguments related to Allen instructions is

for coerciveness. Under the circumstances as a whole, viewing the record

together with the Allen instruction given by the district court and any verbal

comments accompanying it, the record does not indicate, and Mr. Hebah has not

shown, the district court coerced the jury into the verdict rendered.



                   IV. Exclusion of Defendant’s Expert Witness

      Prior to trial, Mr. Hebah gave notice he would offer the testimony of a

clinical and forensic psychologist, Dr. William E. Flynn, who would testify on


                                         -25-
Mr. Hebah’s proneness to give false confessions based on his overly compliant

nature and tendency to acquiesce to the wishes of others, including Agent

Dawson, who received Mr. Hebah's confession. After the government objected,

the district court held a lengthy Daubert-type hearing in chambers where Dr.

Flynn explained what his court testimony would entail.



      In part, the following was established: (1) Dr. Flynn’s resume' failed to

establish he possessed any expertise in the area of false confessions, and

specifically omitted any reference to his training, research, or published articles

on the topic; (2) he “guessed” he attended a one-day workshop three or four years

earlier on the admission of tests relating to false confessions; (3) he administered

false confession tests only five to ten times before; (4) he relied on Mr. Hebah’s

relatives to verify his compliance results; (5) he tested Mr. Hebah and his

relatives by sending them tests or questionnaires in advance and then interviewing

them over the telephone, and admitted the reliability of their answers might

depend on the reliability of those in the room with them or whoever handled or

helped with the tests; (6) Mr. Hebah’s and his relatives’ answers could be self-

serving or based on lies, and the test used could not identify whether they were

malingering; (7) he incorrectly switched or confused the error rate for two tests

and was unable to satisfactorily establish an error rate for the tests he


                                          -26-
administered; (8) he did not know if Mr. Hebah was compliant or a false

confessor, although he previously provided a written evaluation stating he was

both compliant and a false confessor; (9) he himself did not give Mr. Hebah the

Kaufman Brief Test he used to test his intelligence; (10) the false confession

studies he relied on were British and Icelandic based; and (11) confession testing

may be too meager to qualify as scientific knowledge under the Daubert standard.



      When questioning Dr. Flynn, the government relied on various articles

suggesting the false confession defense, developed in Great Britain and applied

by Dr. Flynn, was unused in American courts based on the fact British law does

not have a Miranda equivalent, including the right to remain silent, or an

exclusionary rule to suppress evidence. While Dr. Flynn admitted he did not

consider these differences in his evaluation or conclusions, he testified that he

guessed half of the states in the country accept this type of testimony. The

district court judge took exception with this remark, pointing out he and his clerk

researched the issue for three days and found very few cases on the subject. After

articulating its findings of fact and reasons for rejecting admission of Dr. Flynn’s

testimony, the district court sustained the government’s objection.



      On appeal, Mr. Hebah claims his confession was the strongest evidence


                                         -27-
implicating him in the sexual abuse for which he was convicted, and therefore the

district court “completely gutted” and prejudiced his defense by refusing to allow

his expert witness to testify on the subject of false confessions. In rather

summary fashion, Mr. Hebah focuses on the relevance of Dr. Flynn’s testimony,

rather than any discussion on its reliability. He contends Dr. Flynn’s tests were

relevant because they revealed he possessed low intelligence and experienced

abnormal susceptibility to accepting the suggestions of others and complying with

their requests, including the influence of Agent Dawson, who improperly

persuaded him to confess to sexually abusing the teenage girl. Finally, Mr. Hebah

contends the district court failed to follow the specific factors outlined in Daubert

when it excluded his expert’s testimony.



      We begin by considering the rules and law applicable to the admission of

expert witness testimony, together with our standard of review for exclusion of

such evidence. The applicable rule on expert testimony, Federal Rule of Evidence

702, states:

      If scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge will assist the
      trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in
      issue, a witness qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill,
      experience, training, or education, may testify thereto in the form of
      an opinion or otherwise, if (1) the testimony is based upon sufficient
      facts or data, (2) the testimony is the product of reliable principles
      and methods, and (3) the witness has applied the principles and
      methods reliably to the facts of the case.

                                         -28-
In Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, 509 U.S. 579, 589-91 (1993), the

Supreme Court explained Federal Rule of Evidence 702 requires the district court

to ensure all scientific testimony or evidence admitted at trial is (1) relevant, and

(2) reliable. See also Norris v. Baxter Healthcare Corp., 397 F.3d 878, 884 (10th

Cir. 2005). Reliability is determined by examining “whether the reasoning or

methodology underlying the testimony is scientifically valid,” and relevance is

based on “whether reasoning or methodology properly can be applied to the facts

in issue,” McKenzie v. Benton, 388 F.3d 1342, 1351 (10th Cir 2004) (quotation

marks and citations omitted), cert. denied, 125 S. Ct. 2294 (2005), or the “task at

hand,” Norris, 397 F.3d at 884.



      The Daubert Court set out several factors which may be considered by a

district court, including whether: (1) the technique can and has been tested; (2)

the opinion has been subjected to peer review; (3) there is a known or potential

error rate associated with the methodology used and the standards controlling the

technique’s operation; (4) standards controlling the technique’s operation exist

and are maintained; and (5) the theory has been accepted in the scientific

community. Norris, 397 F.3d at 884; United States v. Call, 129 F.3d 1402, 1404

(10th Cir. 1997). Since its decision in Daubert, the Supreme Court has

emphasized that no particular formula should be applied in determining if expert

                                          -29-
testimony is reliable and relevant, and that the Daubert list is neither definitive

nor exhaustive. See Kumho Tire Co. v. Carmichael, 526 U.S. 137, 141-42 (1999);

Norris, 397 F.3d at 884. In addition, this court has long held the “voluntariness”

or “credibility” of a confession “‘is generally not an appropriate subject for expert

testimony,’” in part, because it “encroaches upon the jury’s vital and exclusive

function to make credibility determinations.” United States v. Adams, 271 F.3d

1236, 1245 (10th Cir. 2001) (citations omitted).



      With respect to our standard of review, we review de novo whether the

district court properly performed its “gatekeeper” role under Federal Rule of

Evidence 702 and Daubert. Norris, 397 F.3d at 883. We review for an abuse of

discretion whether the district court properly excluded expert testimony in

performing that function. Id. “We will not disturb the district court’s ruling

unless it is arbitrary, capricious, whimsical or manifestly unreasonable or when

we are convinced that the district court made a clear error of judgment or

exceeded the bounds of permissible choice in the circumstances.” Id. (quotation

marks, alteration, and citation omitted).



      In this case, the district court clearly considered Rule 702, the Daubert

factors, and other issues related to Dr. Flynn’s testimony, and made extensive


                                            -30-
findings that: (1) Dr. Flynn lacked training in the area on which he planned to

testify, and a one-day seminar did not otherwise qualify him to testify; (2) his

procedures had not been shown to be reliable; (3) his use of Mr. Hebah’s relatives

to validate the test results was an unreliable way of testing for malingering; (4) he

improperly applied a “shortcut” process rather than used standard psychological

tests such as the MMPI; (5) he failed to use real or standard IQ tests, performed

under strict testing conditions, and instead used the Kaufman Brief Test; (6) his

evaluation process is one not generally accepted in our judicial system, most

likely because it was developed in Great Britain, which has a different criminal

justice system; (7) he failed to established to the court’s satisfaction any error rate

in the process used; and (8) his testimony was irrelevant, given it would not

materially assist the jury and could infringe on the jury’s credibility

determinations of Mr. Hebah and Agent Dawson.



      We have considered the district court’s factual determinations, which are

clearly supported by the record, and after applying the appropriate standard of

review on appeal we conclude it did not abuse its discretion or otherwise err in

disallowing the admission of the expert’s testimony based on its finding it was

unreliable. Because we agree Dr. Flynn’s testimony failed the Daubert reliability

requirement, we need not address the issue of whether it was relevant. See


                                          -31-
Norris, 397 F.3d at 884.



      Even if the district court erred in disallowing such testimony, the district

court’s failure to admit Dr. Flynn’s testimony is, at worst, harmless. 5 In this case,

several individuals attended the party, witnessed Mr. Hebah’s actions with respect

to the teenager, and gave consistent accounts of what happened. Their trial

testimony, together with both Agent Dawson’s and Mr. Hebah’s trial testimony

that he told Agent Dawson he put his finger and penis in the girl’s vagina,

sufficiently corroborated Mr. Hebah’s confession for the purpose of supporting

his conviction for sexual abuse. In convicting him, it is evident the jury assessed

the credibility of all the witnesses, including Mr. Hebah, and rejected his

contention his confession did not contain a true account of his statements to

Agent Dawson. As a consequence, we believe the omission of Dr. Flynn’s

testimony did not affect Mr. Hebah’s substantial rights; in other words, its

omission did not substantially influence the outcome or leave us in grave doubt as

to whether it had such an effect. See Turner, 285 F.3d at 914.




      5
         “[A]n error is harmless unless a substantial right of a party is affected,” and
therefore, “an error affecting a substantial right of a party is an error which had a
substantial influence on the outcome or which leaves one in grave doubt as to whether it
had such effect.” See United States v. Turner, 285 F.3d 909, 914 (10th Cir. 2002)
(quotation marks and citations omitted).

                                           -32-
                               V. Conclusion

      For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM Mr. Hebah’s conviction and

sentence.



                                   Entered by the Court:

                                   WADE BRORBY
                                   United States Circuit Judge




                                    -33-
