                              COURT OF CHANCERY
                                    OF THE
    SAM GLASSCOCK III         STATE OF DELAWARE                    COURT OF CHANCERY COURTHOUSE
     VICE CHANCELLOR                                                        34 THE CIRCLE
                                                                     GEORGETOWN, DELAWARE 19947


                             Date Submitted: April 2, 2019
                              Date Decided: April 3, 2019


    David E. Ross, Esquire                        Andrew White, pro se
    Bradley R. Aronstam, Esquire
    Ross Aronstam & Moritz LLP
    100 S. West Street, Suite 400
    Wilmington, DE 19801
                                                  William B. Chandler III, Esquire
                                                  Wilson Sonsini Goodrich & Rosati
                                                  8 West Laurel Street
                                                  Georgetown, DE 19947



         Re:     GMF ELCM Fund L.P., et al. v. ELCM HCRE GP LLC, et al.
                 C.A. No. 2018-0840-SG

Dear Counsel and Mr. White:

         This Letter Opinion follows the Rule to Show Cause hearing, held on March

29, 2019 at 9:30 am. I begin with a brief recitation of the facts relevant to this

Opinion; I note that, after several days of hearings,1 there is far more evidence than

warrants discussion in this Opinion of limited scope.




1
  These hearing days did not occur consecutively, as Mr. White failed to appear at our first
scheduled hearing on January 30, 2019.
                                    I. BACKGROUND

       This litigation involves a business that acquires and operates nursing homes,

which once operated facilities in several states.                The business consists of a

complicated web of entities (the “Vehicles”). For purposes of this Opinion, rather

than delve into the nuances of the business’s organizational chart, I note only that

some of these entities are wholly-owned by Defendant Andrew White. The Plaintiffs

are investors in the Vehicles.

       The Vehicles are, simply put, in trouble. They are battling litigation and state-

initiated proceedings in a number of other states, most notably Vermont and North

Carolina.2 This is not merely a case of an entity that needs a receiver to manage its

business or to assist in winding up its affairs. The nature of this business is nursing

care, and as a result, negligent or incompetent leadership affects vulnerable people,

whose lives are affected by these Vehicles’ fates; residents at the nursing homes,

whose health, care, and wellbeing depend on the Vehicles’ proper management.

Though yet unproven in this case, there are allegations that the delivery of food for

the residents has been interrupted. There is evidence that residents’ rent checks have

gone uncashed, leaving them to question whether their housing is assured. There is

evidence that residents have been “evacuated”3 from certain facilities. There is


2
  Vermont appointed a receiver over the nursing homes in that state; the Vehicles lost their ability
to operate nursing homes in North Carolina.
3
  This is Mr. White’s own phrasing. See Feb. 14, 2019 Hr’g Tr., at 338:21.
                                                 2
evidence that employees who provide direct care to residents have, on multiple

occasions, not been paid on time—sometimes days or even weeks late. I note this

not to suggest that cases involving other business entities lack importance, nor that

they cannot also be disruptive of human lives—they can be, and often are. What I

do mean to suggest is that the exigencies of this particular business compel

especially focused attention.

      In light of this, the Plaintiffs—who, again, are investors in the Vehicles—filed

suit on November 11, 2018, alleging breach of fiduciary duties and breach of

contract. Along with the Complaint, they filed a Motion to Expedite and a Motion

to Appoint a Receiver Pendente Lite. I entered an Interim Status Quo Order on

December 12, 2018. A hearing on the Motion to Appoint a Receiver Pendente Lite

was rescheduled on numerous occasions between December 2018 and January 2019,

and was ultimately held on January 30, 2019. Various discovery motions were filed

in the interim. On January 17, 2019, the Defendants filed a Motion to Stay the

proceedings pending decision from a Vermont court regarding nursing facilities

there; I denied the Motion to Stay on January 18, 2019.

      On the eve of the hearing on the Motion to Appoint a Receiver Pendente Lite,

then-counsel for the Defendants informed the Court that Mr. White would be unable

to attend because he had been admitted to the hospital and had not been cleared to

travel to Delaware; as such, he could not testify at the hearing on January 30. Given

                                          3
that the hearing had already been rescheduled (by my count, at least three times, and

on at least one occasion due to Mr. White’s schedule and preferences), and given

that Mr. White’s counsel was present and ready to proceed, I informed the parties

that the evidentiary hearing would commence without Mr. White. After that day’s

testimony, and based on evidence generated at that hearing, on January 30, 2019 I

ordered that an interim receiver be appointed. I ordered that when Mr. White was

able to travel, the evidentiary hearing would continue, at which time he could testify,

and that I would then consider whether a receiver should be appointed pendente lite.

With the parties’ agreement, I appointed William B. Chandler III (the “Receiver”)

to serve as interim receiver on February 7, 2019, and ordered specifically that Mr.

White cooperate with the Receiver, so that the Receiver could efficiently operate the

business pending a decision on appointment pendente lite.

      The continued evidentiary hearing was held on February 14 and 15, 2019. Mr.

White appeared; however, his testimony was, frankly, disturbing. It was often

rambling and, to my mind, non-linear. Moreover, parts of the testimony were

incomprehensible, and Mr. White needed frequent reminders to slow down and

speak clearly for the court reporter. At the conclusion of the hearing, I asked the

parties for additional briefing.

      On February 26, 2019, the Receiver requested an office conference, which

was held on February 28. At that time, the Receiver described his interactions with

                                          4
Mr. White and expressed serious concern about the Vehicles’ operation. The

Receiver detailed instances where Mr. White was unresponsive to the Receiver’s

requests for information, instances where the Receiver had been blindsided with

matters needing immediate attention (but of which he was informed only at the last

minute), such as approving payroll, and instances where Mr. White acted

unprofessionally toward the Receiver. Mr. Chandler indicated that Mr. White had

not yet provided him with access to the Vehicles’ bank accounts. Mr. Chandler also

requested to withdraw as receiver. Mr. White’s counsel attended, but was unable to

explain White’s lack of cooperation to my satisfaction.

      I indicated that I would grant the Receiver’s motion to withdraw as soon as a

successor receiver was identified. I also asked the Receiver to produce a list of the

documents and information that would be necessary for a receiver to operate the

Vehicles successfully, and I ordered Mr. White to produce those documents by a

time certain, once identified. If he did not produce them in a timely fashion, I

indicated that I would issue a Rule to Show Cause why he should not be held in

contempt. Mr. Chandler filed the list of necessary items on March 1. I ordered Mr.

White to produce that information by March 11, 2019.

      Meanwhile, on March 6, the Defendants’ counsel filed a Motion to Withdraw

their representation. On March 11, I ruled that the Defendants should find successor

counsel in a timely fashion, and then I would grant the Motion to Withdraw.

                                         5
      On March 12, the Receiver informed the Court that Mr. White had not

complied with the Court’s Order and had not produced the information necessary

for a receiver by March 11. In a letter on March 13, Mr. White represented, through

counsel, that he had “substantially compl[ied] with the Receiver’s March 1, 2019

Requests.” As later evidence indicated, this was not so, although some information

had been produced.

      On March 12, the Plaintiffs amended their Complaint to seek judicial

dissolution of the Vehicles.

      Also on March 12, Mr. Chandler filed a Motion to Modify the Order

Appointing Receiver Pendente Lite, to allow the Receiver to make a capital call on

the Vehicles’ partners, and specifically Mr. White. As he was still without access to

the Vehicles’ bank accounts, Mr. Chandler had directed Mr. White to deposit nursing

home patients’ rent checks in a certain account, to be used by the Receiver to pay

employees. Instead, in direct contravention of the Receiver’s directive, Mr. White

deposited the checks into an account for one of his own entities, stating that the

money was owed to him. This money was unavailable to the Receiver, who

accordingly could not pay wages to the employees. On March 13, I ordered Mr.

White (via his entities) to repay the money he had diverted within 24 hours. He did

not. On March 14, I again ordered Mr. White to repay the money he had diverted




                                         6
from the Vehicles.4 On March 14, I gave the Defendants two weeks to retain

successor counsel.

       Also on March 14, I issued a Rule to Appear and Show Cause why Mr. White

should not be held in contempt for failure to comply with the Court’s Order to

cooperate with the Receiver, for his failure to produce certain documents to the

Receiver, and for his failure to turn over certain funds to the Receiver, as well as

why he should not be sanctioned for his uncooperative efforts hindering litigation.

The Rule to Show Cause hearing was scheduled for March 29, 2019, at 9:30 am. 5

       Mr. White failed to appear at the Rule to Show Cause hearing on March 29,

2019. The Receiver and the Plaintiffs’ counsel did appear. The Plaintiffs’ counsel

shared with the Court an email from Mr. White, sent less than an hour before the

hearing was to start, indicating that Mr. White would not be able to appear because

he was ill and unable to travel. The Receiver then gave an extensive presentation,

informing me that the funds misdirected by Mr. White had been made available to

the Receiver, and that some information and documents, which, per earlier Orders,

Mr. White was supposed to have produced, had been made available to him, but that

others had not. He described the extensive efforts required of the Receiver’s staff in




4
  Per the Receiver’s representation at the March 29, 2019 Rule to Show Cause hearing, Mr. White
ultimately returned the money.
5
  I also scheduled argument on the appointment of a permanent receiver and judicial dissolution
for that day. I have continued consideration of those motions, to allow Mr. White to participate.
                                               7
an effort to preserve the business, which could have been avoided had Mr. White

timely complied with this Court’s Orders.6

       The email sent by Mr. White to the Receiver and the Plaintiffs’ counsel was

not filed by Mr. White; however, I entered it into the record as a Court exhibit. In

the letter, Mr. White explains that he is ill and unable to travel, but not why he did

not request a continuance of the hearing before the Plaintiffs’ counsel and the

Receiver and his staff had prepared for the hearing and traveled to Georgetown. In

an Order entered on March 29, I directed Mr. White to file a written explanation with

the Court for his failure to appear at the March 29 hearing, including a physician’s

affidavit advising that Mr. White was prohibited from traveling to the hearing (and

the date and time the physician so advised Mr. White). This was to be completed by

April 1, 2019, at 5:00 P.M. EDT. Mr. White did not comply with that Order. He did

not provide the Court with any further explanation as to why he was unable to travel

or why he was unable to give the parties notice that he would not appear at the March

29 hearing. He did send an email (via an employee) to the Receiver at 5:08 P.M. on

April 1, asking that I be informed that he would get such information to the Court in

the future.




6
 Because the two weeks allocated to Mr. White to obtain successor counsel had passed, on March
29, 2019 I granted his counsel’s Motion to Withdraw. At this time, neither Mr. White nor the
Defendant entities are represented by counsel.
                                              8
         Given Mr. White’s repeated failure to comply with Court orders, sanctions are

appropriate. My reasoning follows.

                                   II.      ANALYSIS

         A. Bad Faith Litigation

         Generally, litigation in this Court follows the “American Rule,” where each

side pays its own litigation costs. That said, there are some circumstances that

warrant equitable fee shifting; namely, the so-called “bad faith exception” to the

American Rule. The bad faith exception “applies in cases where the court finds . . .

that a party conducted the litigation process itself in bad faith, thereby unjustifiably

increasing the costs of litigation.”7 “Although there is no single definition of bad

faith conduct, courts have found bad faith where parties have unnecessarily

prolonged or delayed litigation, falsified records, or knowingly asserted frivolous

claims.”8

         I find that Mr. White has engaged in bad faith conduct that warrants shifting

fees here. Hearing dates have been moved several times to accommodate Mr.

White’s schedule, and on two separate occasions, Mr. White has failed to appear at

a scheduled hearing. Prior to the January 30 evidentiary hearing, Mr. White’s

counsel did not notify the Court that Mr. White would not appear until the day before



7
    Beck v. Atlantic Coast PLC, 868 A.2d 840, 851 (Del. Ch. 2005).
8
    Johnson v. Arbitrium (Cayman Islands) Handels AG, 720 A.2d 542, 546 (Del. 1998).
                                               9
the hearing was to take place. Notably, Mr. White’s reported refusal to cooperate

with the Receiver necessitated that I issue a Rule to Show Cause, returnable at 9:30

A.M. on March 29, 2019. It was not until the Plaintiffs’ counsel and the Receiver

had arrived at the courthouse for the March 29 hearing that Mr. White informed

them that he would not attend. I offered Mr. White the opportunity to present

argument and a physician’s affidavit in mitigation, and he did not. To the extent Mr.

White is ill, that is unfortunate, and the Court will obviously accommodate litigants

in that regard. Mr. White, however, has shown repeated disregard for the time and

efforts of litigants, counsel, the Receiver, and the Court—not to mention the

Plaintiffs’ financial expenditures caused thereby. This cannot stand unremedied.

      Accordingly, I find it appropriate to shift to Mr. White the Plaintiffs’

attorneys’ fees and expenses incurred in connection with the March 29, 2019

hearing. The Plaintiffs should provide an affidavit showing the time incurred in this

regard, including travel and preparation time.

      B. Contempt

      Given Mr. White’s failure to comply with my Orders to cooperate with the

Receiver, to provide specific information and documents to the Receiver, and to

appear to show cause, I find Mr. White in civil contempt of this Court.

      There are two types of contempt, civil contempt and criminal contempt. In

distinguishing between civil and criminal contempt, the form of punishment is not

                                         10
determinative.9     Rather, the difference between the two is the “character and

purpose” of the sanction; civil contempt is remedial, whereas criminal contempt is

punitive.10 In practice, the line between civil and criminal contempt can be murky.

To that point, I find Vice Chancellor Laster’s analysis particularly helpful:

       The distinction between criminal and civil contempt is often cloudy at
       best but there are commonly used parameters for distinguishing the
       two.” The fact that a party faces imprisonment as a potential sanction
       does not mean that the contempt is necessarily criminal. Rather, the
       distinction turns on the purpose of the sanction and the means of
       purging it. “[W]here the primary purpose is to punish, a contempt
       proceeding is criminal in character and, where the primary purpose is
       to coerce, it is civil.” Issuing an arrest warrant and confining a party
       falls under the heading of civil contempt if the court contemplates
       “confining [the] contemnor indefinitely until he complies with an
       affirmative command.” “Conversely, a fixed term of imprisonment is
       punitive and criminal if it is imposed retrospectively for a past act of
       disobedience, and cannot be avoided or abated by subsequent
       compliance with the court’s order.”11

       This case bears some similarity to Deutsch v. ZST Digital Networks, Inc., a

books and records action. To summarize the facts Deutsch, the defendants did not

appear in court, and a receiver was ultimately appointed. The defendants repeatedly

failed to comply with the receiver’s requests. This Court issued various orders

imposing sanctions, before ultimately holding the defendants in civil contempt for


9
  Both imprisonment and fines can be used as a sanction for either civil or criminal contempt. See
Allen v. Div. of Child Support Enforcement ex rel. Ware, 575 A.3d 1176, 1179, n.5 (Del. 1990);
DiSabatino v. Salicete, 671 A.2d 1344, 1349–50 (Del. 1994).
10
   See United Mine Workers of Am. v. Bagwell, 512 U.S. 821 (1994).
11
   Deutsch v. ZST Digital Networks, Inc., 2018 WL 3005822, at *13 (Del. Ch. June 14, 2018) (first
quoting City of Wilm. v. Gen. Teamsters Local Union 326, 321 A.2d 123, 125 (Del. 1974); then
quoting id.; then quoting DiSabatino, 671 A.2d at 1350; then quoting id.).
                                               11
failure to comply and indicating that if they did not comply within six days’ time,

the Court would consider issuing warrants for the defendants’ arrest. In his opinion,

Vice Chancellor Laster noted that issuing arrest warrants would constitute civil

contempt, because that remedy would seek to compel the defendants to comply with

the receiver’s requests.12

           A finding of contempt must meet certain due process requirements. In cases

of civil contempt, due process demands that the party be afforded notice and an

opportunity to be heard.

           As outlined above, Mr. White has, on numerous occasions, flouted this

Court’s Orders by simply refusing to comply. In contravention of this Court’s

February 7, 2019 Order, Mr. White has continually refused to cooperate with the

Receiver. First, he has refused to timely supply the Receiver with the documents

and information necessary to operate the Vehicles effectively. Second, he has

treated the Receiver with disrespect. Third, he has disobeyed the Receiver’s clear

directives, i.e., by depositing checks into his own entities’ bank accounts rather than

the Vehicles’ bank accounts.

           Moreover—and most egregiously—Mr. White failed to appear at the Rule to

Show Cause hearing. The fact that Mr. White gave absolutely no prior indication—

not to this Court, nor to the Plaintiff’s counsel, nor to the Receiver—that he would


12
     Id.
                                           12
not appear led to waste of time and effort. He subsequently disobeyed this Court’s

Order, which required him to provide a written explanation as to why he did not

appear and why he did not give notice that he would not appear.

       With respect to the Rule to Show Cause hearing, Mr. White’s due process

rights have been satisfied. He was given notice in this Court’s March 14, 2019 Rule

to Appear and Show Cause.13 That Order identified Mr. White by name and stated

the reasons why he could be held in contempt. It notified Mr. White of the date,

time, and location of the hearing. He was given an opportunity to respond at that

hearing, which was held on March 29, 2019. He did not take advantage of that

opportunity. In my Order of March 29, 2019, I gave Mr. White an opportunity to

explain his absence, and directed him to inform the Court by April 1, 2019 why he

did not appear at the March 29 hearing. Again, Mr. White did not comply.

       As such, and considering the relatively brief—but nevertheless dramatic—

history of this case, I find Mr. White in civil contempt of this Court’s March

February 7, 2019 Order, which required Mr. White to cooperate with the Receiver.

I also find Mr. White in civil contempt of my March 13, 2019 Order requiring Mr.

White to make certain documents available to the Receiver. As a sanction, I direct

Mr. White, personally, to pay the portion of the Receiver’s fees, as well as costs and



13
   See id. (“the Order to Show Cause already provided adequate notice to the [Defendants] to
satisfy due process”).
                                            13
expenses, that were caused by Mr. White’s lack of cooperation, including those fees

and expenses associated with the March 29 hearing. Mr. Chandler should provide

the Court with a statement of those fees, costs, and expenses, representing that

portion of the Receiver’s fees that would have been avoided, but for Mr. White’s

contemptuous failure to comply.

      To be clear, this is not a punitive sanction. Mr. White will have to cooperate

with a receiver or custodian going forward. His behavior must change; otherwise,

the business may be irremediably harmed. In addition, as I have pointed out above,

the nursing home patients’ well-being renders the smooth operation of the

receivership particularly compelling. Nothing I have done, to this date, has caused

Mr. White to take his responsibilities seriously. This sanction is designed to ensure

that he does so going forward, or else he will face further sanctions.

      To summarize, Mr. White must pay the Plaintiffs’ reasonable attorneys’ fees

and expenses in connection with attending the March 29, 2019 hearing. Mr. White

must also pay the Receiver’s fees and expenses that were incurred as a result of Mr.

White’s uncooperative behavior. The amounts remain to be determined. To the

extent the foregoing requires an order to take effect, IT IS SO ORDERED.



                                              Sincerely,

                                              /s/ Sam Glasscock III
                                              Vice Chancellor
                                         14
