                      United States Court of Appeals
                            FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
      ___________

      No. 07-2466
      ___________

Swift & Co., formerly known as          *
ConAgra, Inc. doing business as Swift   *
& Co.,                                  *
                                        *
               Appellant,               *
                                        *
      v.                                *
                                        *
Elias Farms, Inc.,                      *
                                        *
               Appellee.                *

      ___________                           Appeals from the United States
                                            District Court for the
      No. 07-2467                           District of Minnesota.
      ___________

Swift & Co., formerly known as
ConAgra, Inc,                           *
                                        *
               Appellant,               *
                                        *
      v.                                *
                                        *
Stan Turbes,                            *
                                        *
               Appellee.                *
                                        *
      ___________
                                 *
      No. 07-2469                *
      ___________                *
                                 *
Swift & Co., formerly known as   *
ConAgra, Inc.,                   *
                                 *
             Appellant,          *
                                 *
      v.                         *
                                 *
William H. Johnson,              *
                                 *
             Appellee.           *
                                 *
      ___________                *
                                 *
      No. 07-2470                *
      ___________                *
                                 *
Swift & Co., formerly known as   *
ConAgra, Inc.,                   *
                                 *
             Appellee,           *
                                 *
      v.                         *
                                 *
Elias Farms, Inc.,               *
                                 *
             Appellant.          *
                                 *
      ___________                *
                                 *
      No. 07-2471                *
      ___________                *
                                 *
Swift & Co., formerly known as   *

                                 -2-
ConAgra, Inc.,                        *
                                      *
               Appellee,              *
                                      *
      v.                              *
                                      *
Stan Turbes,                          *
                                      *
               Appellant.             *
                                      *
      ___________                     *
                                      *
      No. 07-2472                     *
      ___________                     *
                                      *
Swift & Co., formerly known as        *
ConAgra, Inc.,                        *
                                      *
               Appellee,              *
                                      *
      v.                              *
                                      *
William H. Johnson,                   *
                                      *
               Appellant.             *

                                 ___________

                            Submitted: March 10, 2008
                               Filed: August 25, 2008
                                ___________

Before BYE, SMITH, and COLLOTON, Circuit Judges.
                            ___________

COLLOTON, Circuit Judge.



                                     -3-
       Swift & Co. (“Swift”), appeals an adverse grant of summary judgment on its
breach of contract claim against Elias Farms, Inc., Stan Turbes, and William H.
Johnson (collectively, “hog producers”). The hog producers cross-appeal adverse
summary judgment rulings on their counterclaims for breach of contract and violations
of the Minnesota Consumer Fraud Act (MCFA). We affirm the grant of summary
judgment on the hog producers’ counterclaims, but reverse the grant of summary
judgment on Swift’s breach of contract claim and remand for further proceedings.

                                         I.

      We first consider Swift’s breach of contract claim against the hog producers.
We review a grant of summary judgment de novo. Hope v. Klabal, 457 F.3d 784, 790
(8th Cir. 2006). The district court held that Minnesota law applies to this diversity
case, Swift & Co. v. Elias Farms, Nos. 05-2775, 05-2776, 05-2777, 2007 WL
1364691, at *4 (D. Minn. May 9, 2007), and neither party disputes this conclusion on
appeal.

       Under Minnesota law, we must first make a legal determination whether the
contract is ambiguous – i.e., “whether the language used is reasonably susceptible of
more than one meaning.” Blattner v. Forster, 322 N.W.2d 319, 321 (Minn. 1982).
“If the contract is unambiguous, the interpretation is a question of law, and is
reviewed de novo.” Winthrop Res. Corp. v. Eaton Hydraulics, Inc., 361 F.3d 465, 470
(8th Cir. 2004) (applying Minnesota law). If the contract is ambiguous, however, the
meaning of the contract becomes a question of fact, and summary judgment is
inappropriate unless the evidence of the parties’ intent is conclusive. Donnay v.
Boulware, 144 N.W.2d 711, 716 (Minn. 1966). “[T]he primary goal of contract
interpretation is to determine and enforce the intent of the parties.” Motorsports
Racing Plus, Inc. v. Arctic Cat Sales, Inc., 666 N.W.2d 320, 323 (Minn. 2003).




                                         -4-
        In 1998, Swift entered into nearly identical contracts with the hog producers for
the supply of hogs. Under the contract, Swift would pay the hog producers a “base
price,” which was equal to the market price, except that the base price could not be
less than $40.00 per 100 pounds of live animal weight. If the market price was below
$40.00, Swift would pay the hog producers $40.00 and debit the hog producers’
adjustment account for the difference. When the contract term ended, each hog
producer had a debit balance in his account. Section 6.02 of the contract states that:
“If, at the termination of this Agreement, there is a debit balance in the Adjustment
Account, Seller shall pay to Buyer a cash amount equal to such debit balance.”
(emphasis added). The issue raised by Swift’s claim is whether the hog producers
were required to pay Swift the debit balance at the expiration of the contract.

       The parties dispute whether the expiration of the contract is the same as “the
termination of [the] Agreement.” Swift argues that “termination” in section 6.02
simply means “end,” whether by natural expiration or by some affirmative act. The
hog producers argue that termination refers only to an affirmative act – that is,
something other than natural expiration. The hog producers derive this definition
from the use of the word “terminated” in section 1.01 of the contract, which states:
“[T]his Contract shall continue and remain in full force and effect through December
31, 2004, unless otherwise extended by the parties hereto or unless terminated in
accordance with the terms hereof.” (emphasis added). The parties agree that
“terminated in accordance with the terms hereof” in section 1.01 refers to sections
9.03 and 9.04 of the contract, which define the “termination rights” of the parties as
the right to terminate the contract in the event of a default. Because section 1.01
distinguishes between the natural expiration of the contract and an earlier end by
default, and uses a form of the word “terminate” to refer only to the latter, the hog
producers argue that “termination” in section 6.02 must have the same meaning.

       The district court agreed with the hog producers. The court noted that the
dictionary definition of termination includes both an end by natural expiration and an


                                          -5-
end by some affirmative act, but that in this case “the plain and clear language of the
Contract, read as a whole and providing full effect to all provisions, limits
‘termination’ to an affirmative act by a party, precipitated by the other party’s
default.” Swift, 2007 WL 1364691, at *8. Because neither party had exercised its
termination rights under the contract, the district court granted summary judgment in
favor of the hog producers.

       We conclude, however, that the agreement is ambiguous, and that Swift’s claim
for breach of contract cannot be resolved as a matter of law. Everyone agrees that the
plain meaning of “termination” does not resolve the dispute over section 6.02.
Termination can be “the act of ending something,” or “the end of something in time
or existence.” Black’s Law Dictionary 1511 (8th ed. 2004). Moving beyond the
meaning of that word in isolation, Swift and the hog producers make several
arguments, based on the text and purpose of the contract, that their interpretation is
correct as a matter of law. After considering these conflicting arguments, however,
we conclude that the language is reasonably susceptible to either interpretation.

       Both parties rely on additional textual material to support their positions. As
noted, the hog producers point to the use of “terminated” in section 1.01, which refers
exclusively to an act of termination, and argue that when a derivative use of the word
“terminate” appears in section 6.02, it must also refer to an act of termination. On the
other hand, Swift argues that because section 6.02 uses the definite article – “If, at the
termination of this Agreement” – it unambiguously demonstrates that termination in
this context is not merely a possible contingency (as with a default or other affirmative
act), but an event that the parties intend definitely to occur (as with expiration). Each
argument tends to support the interpretation favored by the party that advances it, but
neither is conclusive. Absent countervailing textual evidence, each party’s position,
standing alone, could well be dispositive. But when they are pitted against each other,
the textual cues conflict. The parties simply have signed an agreement that is not clear
on its face.


                                           -6-
        Swift argues that termination must refer to an end, whether by an affirmative
act or by natural expiration, because the hog producers’ narrower interpretation would
lead to absurd results. Swift argues that the purpose of the adjustment account is to
protect the hog producers from market volatility. The adjustment account, Swift
contends, allows the hog producers to level their income over time, with the
adjustment account acting as a non-interest bearing loan. Therefore, they say, if there
is a balance in the adjustment account at the end of the contract, the hog producers
must repay the loan.

       The hog producers, to support their narrower interpretation, argue that section
6.02 is a penalty provision, which was meant to punish the hog producers if they
defaulted and Swift exercised its termination rights. This interpretation faces some
challenge in explaining why section 6.02 also applies in the case of a default by Swift,
because it seems strange for the agreement to penalize a hog producer who terminates
the contract after the hog buyer defaults. But it is not necessarily unreasonable to
conclude that the provision was adopted because the parties were concerned with
defaults by hog producers, not with defaults by Swift, and that Swift negotiated the
agreement to discourage hog producers from exercising their termination rights in the
event of a default by Swift. A jury may well find this interpretation less likely than
Swift’s, but given the ambiguous text, we are not prepared to say it is unacceptable
as a matter of law.

       Because the agreement’s use of “termination” is ambiguous, the interpretation
of the contract becomes a question of fact, and summary judgment is inappropriate
unless the evidence of the parties’ intent is conclusive. Donnay, 144 N.W.2d at 716.
Each party has submitted extrinsic evidence in support of its interpretation. Ed Brems,
a former Swift vice-president who participated in the drafting and signing of the
contracts, submitted an affidavit in which he stated that Swift intended that “the
Contracts might ‘terminate’ due to the natural expiration of its term . . . [or] through
an act of termination.” On the other hand, hog producers Stan Turbes, William


                                          -7-
Johnson, and Steven Elias, a shareholder and officer of Elias Farms, submitted
affidavits claiming that when they entered into the contract, they understood that they
would not pay the balance in the adjustment account unless the contract was
terminated for default.

       Swift argues that the deposition testimony of Turbes, Steven Elias, and William
Elias, who signed the contract on behalf of Elias Farms, shows that they understood
the balance of the adjustment account would be due at the expiration of the contract.
Turbes, in response to a question by a Swift employee about how he was going to
“address the issue” of the ledger balance, said that “the contract hadn’t terminated yet
as far as [he] was concerned.” Swift argues that this statement is a concession by
Turbes that he would have to pay the balance in the account at the end of the contract.
William Elias said that he discussed the adjustment account with Swift employees,
and that he and the employees predicted that the amount in the adjustment account
would likely be $10,000 to $20,000 at the end of the contract. Swift argues that if
Elias’s understanding of the contract was that Elias Farms would not pay Swift the
balance in the adjustment account unless there was a breach for default, then there
would be no need to consider how large the balance would be at the end of the
contract.1 A reasonable jury may well consider the Turbes deposition as impeachment
of his written averment that section 6.02 was limited to terminations by default, and
the William Elias testimony as evidence of a different intent by Elias Farms than
suggested by Steven Elias. But a jury might also reasonably conclude that the
testimony can be reconciled with the affidavits because it is not explicit about the
meaning of section 6.02 and is susceptible of differing interpretations. As to William

      1
        Swift also cites this testimony of Steven Elias: “On a low market, they’d help
us out, and on a high market, we would help them out. In the end it would be a wash.”
While the quotation could be interpreted to mean that Elias Farms would be required
to pay a debit balance at the expiration of the contract, it also could be understood as
a prediction about whether there would be any debit balance at all in light of market
fluctuations. In fact, Steven Elias testified that “a wash” is “what everybody hoped
for.”

                                          -8-
Johnson’s affidavit, moreover, Swift’s only argument is that it must be incredible. But
we cannot say that Johnson’s testimony is incredible as a matter of law; that is a
question of fact for the jury. This extrinsic evidence is not sufficiently clear to resolve
the ambiguity as a matter of law.

       Swift also argues that the “commercial context” demonstrates that the parties
intended that the hog producers would pay the balance in the adjustment account at
the end of the contract. Swift relies on Midway Ctr. Associates v. Midway Ctr., Inc.,
237 N.W.2d 76, 78 (Minn. 1975), for the proposition that a court should consider the
“surrounding circumstances” to determine what the parties must have reasonably
contemplated, and it cites the provision of the Uniform Commercial Code that terms
of a contract may be explained by usage of trade. Minn. Stat. § 336.2-202(a). We do
not believe that usage of trade provides a clear resolution to the meaning of
“termination” in section 6.02. The UCC specifies that “the existence and scope” of
usage of trade “must be proved as facts,” Minn. Stat. § 336.1-303(c), thus suggesting
that it is for a jury to decide how much weight to give such evidence unless it is
undisputed. Swift asserts that there is no dispute that the contracts at issue are “ledger
contracts,” which were prominent in dealings between hog producers and packers in
the 1990s, and which provided for payment of debt by the producers at the expiration
of the contract. But Swift cites no undisputed evidence regarding the general industry
practice or the specific usage of the word “termination” in contracts between packers
and producers. Perhaps such evidence could be developed, but on this record, we do
not believe Swift has shown conclusively that when the parties to this particular
contract used the word “termination” in section 6.02, they necessarily meant to
implement the sort of ledger contract described by Swift.

      The hog producers contend that if the contract is ambiguous, then it must be
construed against the drafter (i.e., Swift), and that the district court’s grant of summary
judgment should be affirmed on that basis. Minnesota does follow the maxim that an
ambiguous contract will be construed against the drafter, e.g., Turner v. Alpha Phi


                                           -9-
Sorority House, 276 N.W.2d 63, 66 (Minn. 1979), but this rule applies only as a last
resort, after all other evidence fails to demonstrate the intent of the parties. See 5
Margaret N. Kniffin, Corbin on Contracts § 24.27, at 297-300 (Joseph M. Perillo ed.,
rev. ed. 1998); 11 Richard A. Lord, Williston on Contracts § 32:12, at 480-82 (4th ed.
1999); 2 E. Allan Farnsworth, Farnsworth on Contracts, § 7.11, at 290 (2d ed. 1998);
Klapp v. United Ins. Group Agency, Inc., 663 N.W.2d 447, 455 (Mich. 2003). This
case involves controverted extrinsic evidence, including disputed testimony from the
contracting parties and potential evidence on usage of trade, which may aid a jury in
determining what the parties intended. A jury should be instructed to consider the rule
that ambiguous agreements are construed against the drafter only if it is unable to
determine the intent of the parties based on all of the evidence.2

      In summary, the “termination” provision of section 6.02 of the contract is
ambiguous, and neither party has produced conclusive evidence that dictates one
meaning as a matter of law. We therefore conclude that summary judgment was
inappropriate, and that the case must be remanded for further proceedings.

                                           II.

                                           A.

       The hog producers cross-appeal the adverse grant of summary judgment on
their counterclaim for breach of contract. Under the contract between Swift and the
hog producers, the price paid to the hog producers, known as the “Market Price,” was



      2
       Swift also contends in its reply brief that the normal rule of construction should
not apply in this case, because the parties agreed in section 16.07 of the contract not
to construe the terms against the drafter. We express no opinion on whether this
provision is enforceable under Minnesota law. Cf. Concept Rehab, Inc. v. Short, No.
F-96-019, 1997 WL 103820, at *3 n.1 (Ohio App. 1997).

                                          -10-
to be determined by “the daily bulk top plant-delivered price per live cwt.3 . . . as
reported by the USDA Market News Service . . . or any replacement thereof.” On
March 1, 1999, the USDA changed its price reporting from live weight to carcass
weight, thus forcing Swift to change its pricing formula. On February 27, 1999, Swift
sent a letter notifying the hog producers that because of the change in USDA
reporting, the “market price” would henceforth be determined by “the daily base
market weighted average carcass basis plant delivered price.” Swift adjusted the
pricing formula twice more in 2000, with the result that higher prices were paid to the
hog producers.

        In their cross-complaint, the hog producers allege that Swift breached the
contract because the payments made under the new pricing formula were lower than
the payments that would have been made under the original formula. In response to
this claim, Swift presented expert testimony from Dr. Marvin L. Hayenga, an
economics professor at Iowa State University. Dr. Hayenga concluded that “despite
the impossibility of a clear statistical comparison of the old and new pricing systems,
it is highly likely the Swift changes in the pricing system (required due to the loss of
the USDA report specified in the contract) led to higher prices.” The district court
granted summary judgment in favor of Swift, because the hog producers failed to
produce any contrary evidence. Swift, 2007 WL 1364691, at *11.

      The hog producers argue that Swift’s second and third price adjustments
demonstrate that it knew it was underpaying the hog producers. The hog producers
rely on the testimony of Swift’s vice-president, Gerald Brooks, who said that the
second price adjustment was his “best estimate” at the time. But Brooks also said that
Swift was “attempt[ing] to try to appease the producers.” We do not think these
statements can fairly be construed as an admission by Swift that it was underpaying
the hog producers. And even if Swift had intended to underpay the producers, the


      3
       “Cwt.” is an abbreviation for hundredweight.

                                         -11-
only evidence in the record comparing the pricing formulas – Dr. Hayenga’s report
– shows that the hog producers were most likely overpaid. Without evidence that the
payments Swift was making to the hog producers were less than the amount required
by the contract, the hog producers cannot show that there was a breach. We thus
agree with the district court that summary judgment was appropriate on the hog
producers’ claim for breach of contract.

                                          B.

       The hog producers also cross-appeal the adverse grant of summary judgment
on their counterclaims brought under the Minnesota Consumer Fraud Act (MCFA),
Minn. Stat. § 325F.69, subd. 1. This statute prohibits “[t]he act, use, or employment
by any person of any fraud, false pretense, false promise, misrepresentation,
misleading statement or deceptive practice, with the intent that others rely thereon in
connection with the sale of any merchandise.” Id. A separate statute, the Minnesota
Private Attorney General Statute, Minn. Stat. § 8.31, subd. 3a, provides that “any
person injured by a violation” of the MCFA may recover damages, together with costs
and attorney fees. The Supreme Court of Minnesota has held “that the Private AG
Statute applies only to those claimants who demonstrate that their cause of action
benefits the public,” Ly v. Nystrom, 615 N.W.2d 302, 314 (Minn. 2000), and the
district court held that the plaintiffs failed to satisfy this requirement.

       The hog producers, citing Collins v. Minnesota School of Business, 655 N.W.2d
320 (Minn. 2003), contend that their action would benefit the public, because the
transactions at issue were part of a broader dissemination of similar contracts by
Swift, and protection of the family farm is a public interest recognized by the
Minnesota legislature. See Minn. Stat. § 500.24, subd. 1. Assuming, arguendo, that
the claims brought by the hog producers would benefit the public within the meaning
of Minnesota law, we conclude that there is insufficient evidence to find that Swift
violated the MCFA.


                                         -12-
      The hog producers allege that Swift violated the MCFA in several ways. They
argue first that when Swift changed the pricing formula, it misrepresented the effect
of the pricing change. Under the original contract, the market price was to be
determined by “the daily bulk top plant-delivered price per live cwt.” (emphasis
added). When Swift notified the hog producers that it was changing the pricing
formula, Swift omitted the word “top” in its description of the old pricing formula.
The hog producers argue that by omitting the word “top,” Swift sought to mislead
them into believing that the amount to which they were entitled under the old formula
was lower than it was in reality, and thereby to cast the new formula in a more
favorable (or at least similar) light. Even if this were true, however, the hog producers
must show that they were injured. Minn. Stat. § 8.31, subd. 3a. Because the hog
producers have not provided sufficient evidence to show that they were underpaid,
they cannot show that they were injured.

       The hog producers also allege that Swift violated the MCFA because it failed
to offer them a contract that did not have an adjustment account. There is evidence
that at the time the hog producers and Swift entered into the contract, Swift was
offering other hog producers the option of taking a contract without an adjustment
account. The hog producers seem to argue that because some of Swift’s customers
were allowed to choose between the two types of contract, Swift violated the
consumer fraud statute by not giving them the same choice. The hog producers have
failed to explain how Swift made a misrepresentation or fraudulent omission with
respect to the differing contracts, or why the MCFA required Swift to offer them both
types of contracts. Therefore, these claims are without merit.

       Finally, Elias Farms argues that Swift employees made misrepresentations to
William Elias as to the amount that most likely would be in the adjustment account
at the end of the contract. Elias relies exclusively on one statement he made in his
deposition. When asked whether Swift employees talked with him about the
adjustment-account component of the contract, Elias said that he and two Swift


                                          -13-
employees “figured probably 10 – 20,000 would be the (sic) – after seven years.”
That figure, Elias said, was based on past market performance. This testimony does
not establish that any representation was made by anyone, much less that Swift made
a representation that was fraudulent. According to Elias, he and the Swift employees
were merely estimating what might occur in the market in the next few years based
on historical averages. Elias provides no other evidence of misrepresentations, and
there is insufficient evidence to create a submissible case that Swift violated the
MCFA.

                                 *       *      *

      For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the summary judgment dismissing the hog
producers’ counterclaims, but reverse the summary judgment on Swift’s breach of
contract claim and remand for further proceedings on that claim.
                       ______________________________




                                       -14-
