                                                          FILED
                                               United States Court of Appeals
                                                       Tenth Circuit
                  UNITED STATES CO URT O F APPEALS
                                                         September 11, 2007
                        FO R TH E TENTH CIRCUIT
                                                        Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                            Clerk of Court


CLARK S. SPALSBURY, JR.,

            Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.                                                 No. 06-1193
                                         (D.C. No. 04-cv-1458-PSF-M EH )
CY NTH IA L. SISSON ; RO NA LD                      (D . Colo.)
SCHULTZ, as County Court Judge,
8th Judicial District, Larimer County,
Colorado; JAM ES H IATT, as Chief
and District Court Judge, 8th Judicial
District, Larimer County, Colorado;
SHERLYN K. SAM PSON, personally
and as Clerk of Court, 8th Judicial
District, Larimer County, Colorado;
STA TE OF C OLO RA D O ; TO WN OF
ESTES PARK, Colorado; ERIC
ROSE, personally and as a sergeant,
Estes Park Police Department,
Colorado; JO DI DRING, personally
and as an officer, Estes Park Police
Department, Colorado; GR EG
FELSINGER, personally and as
lieutenant and assistant chief, Estes
Park Police Department, Colorado;
COREY PA SS, personally and as an
officer, Estes Park Police Department,
C olorado; JA M ES A . A LD ER DEN,
as Sheriff, Larimer County, Colorado,

            Defendants-Appellees.


CLARK S. SPALSBURY, JR.,

            Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.                                                        No. 06-1319
                                                (D.C. No. 04-cv-1458-PSF-M EH )
TO W N O F ESTES PA RK ,                                   (D . Colo.)
COLORADO; ERIC ROSE, personally
and as a sergeant, Estes Park Police
D epartm ent, C olorado; JO D I D RING,
personally and as an officer, Estes
Park Police Department, Colorado;
GREG FELSINGER, personally and as
lieutenant and assistant chief,
Estes Park Police Department,
Colorado; COREY PASS, personally
and as an officer, Estes Park Police
D epartm ent, C olorado; JA M ES A.
ALDERDEN, Sheriff, Larimer County,
C olorado; LA RIM ER CO U N TY,
STATE OF COLORADO, as owner
and operator of Larimer County
Detention Center; RO NA LD
SCHULTZ, as County Court Judge,
8th Judicial District, Larimer County,
Colorado; JAM ES H IATT, as Chief
and District Court Judge, 8th Judicial
District, Larimer County, Colorado;
STEPH EN SCHAPA NSK I, as District
Court M agistrate Judge, 8th Judicial
District, Larimer County, Colorado;
and SH ERLY N K . SA M PSO N ,
personally and as Clerk of Court, 8th
Judicial District, Larimer County,
Colorado,

            Defendants,

      and

C YN TH IA L. SISSO N ,

            Defendant-Appellee.



                                          -2-
                            OR D ER AND JUDGM ENT *


Before TA CH A, Chief Judge, M U RPH Y and HO LM ES, Circuit Judges.




      This order and judgment addresses two consolidated appeals filed by

plaintiff-appellant Clark S. Spalsbury, Jr. after the district court dismissed his

lawsuit against his ex-wife, Cynthia L. Sisson, and various public officials of

Larimer County, Colorado. In appeal 06-1193, M r. Spalsbury challenges the

bases for the district court’s dismissal of his claims, and in 06-1319, he asserts

error w ith respect to the district court’s award of attorneys’ fees to M s. Sisson.

W e have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and we AFFIRM in both

appeals.

                                    I. Background

A. Facts

      On July 18, 2003, M r. Spalsbury was to begin a weekend-long scheduled

visitation with his son, James. W hen he w ent to pick up James from M s. Sisson’s




*
       After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist the determination of
this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is
therefore ordered submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is
not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata,
and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value
consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.

                                          -3-
home, however, an argument ensued, which led to the events giving rise to this

lawsuit. Accepting M r. Spalsbury’s version of the facts, as we must in reviewing

a Rule 12(b)(6) dismissal, it appears the argument began when M r. Spalsbury

informed M s. Sisson that he would be returning James one day earlier than

planned, at 8:00 p.m. M s. Sisson became irate and demanded that he return James

at 6:00 p.m. W hen he refused to discuss the matter further, M s. Sisson

approached his car and stood in the open doorway of the passenger side holding a

tape recorder. M r. Spalsbury asked her repeatedly to move away from the car so

that he could drive away, but she refused to budge. Exasperated, M r. Spalsbury

walked over to the passenger side and “gently leaned the back of his shoulder

against her shoulder, and then used his body weight to slow ly start pushing [her]

out of his car doorway.” R., Doc. 2 at 8. W hen M s. Sisson began to lose ground,

she became enraged and demanded that M r. Spalsbury call the police. He dialed

911 and said that he needed assistance in getting M s. Sisson to back away from

his car so that he could leave.

      Estes Park police officers Eric Rose and Jodi Dring responded to the scene.

They interviewed both M r. Spalsbury and M s. Sisson, as well as James and the

couple’s daughter, who had also witnessed the whole event. After listening to

what everyone had to say, officers R ose and Dring concluded that they had to

make an arrest under Colorado’s mandatory arrest law. See Colo. Rev. Stat.

§ 18-6-803.6(1). Under that law , “[w]hen a peace officer determines that there

                                         -4-
is probable cause to believe that a crime or offense involving domestic

violence . . . has been committed, the officer shall, without undue delay, arrest the

person suspected of its commission . . . and charge the person with the

appropriate crime or offense.” Id. The officers arrested M r. Spalsbury and

charged him with harassment, child abuse, and domestic violence. He was

initially booked at the Estes Park jail, but he was later transferred to the Larimer

County Detention Center and placed in the custody of defendant Larimer County

Sheriff, James A. Alderden.

      After being in custody for three days, M r. Spalsbury was finally released on

M onday, July 21. Since he was not released until the evening, however, he was

unable to report to his job as a deputy district attorney in Colorado’s 14th Judicial

District. He claims that upon his release, his employer immediately placed him

on paid suspension and requested police reports and information about the

criminal charges filed against him. He further claims that he was eventually fired

as a result of his arrest and detention and the criminal charges. On July 31, a

Larimer County Court judge dismissed all charges against M r. Spalsbury on a

technicality because he had never been served with the summons and complaint.

Days later, however, M r. Spalsbury received a call from defendant police officer

Greg Felsinger, who ordered him to return to the police station so that he could be

served with a second summons and complaint, reinstating the dismissed charges.




                                          -5-
M r. Spalsbury complied and returned to the station on August 11, 2003, where he

was served by defendant police officer Corey Pass.

      M r. Spalsbury filed numerous motions challenging the criminal charges

against him, arguing primarily that the police officers lacked probable cause to

arrest him. Eventually, the district attorney filed an ex parte motion to dismiss

the charges without responding to any of M r. Spalsbury’s motions. Ultimately,

on November 26, all charges against M r. Spalsbury were dismissed and his

criminal trial was vacated.

      W hile the criminal charges against him were pending, M r. Spalsbury

prepared a “misdemeanor complaint” against M s. Sisson for her actions the

evening of July 18, charging her with crimes of false imprisonment, second

degree criminal tampering, and domestic violence. R., Doc. 2 at 27. W hen he

attem pted to file the complaint, however, the county clerk, defendant Sherlyn K .

Sampson, told him she would not formally file the complaint without seeking

guidance from her superiors. Shortly thereafter, on the advice of defendant

county court judge Ronald Schultz, M s. Sampson returned the complaint to

M r. Spalsbury without filing it or issuing a new case number. M r. Spalsbury filed

a request for reconsideration, which was referred to defendant James Hiatt, Chief

Judge for the Eighth Judicial District. In response, Judge Hiatt instructed

M s. Sampson not to create a new case for M r. Spalsbury’s criminal complaint,

and instead to file the document in his pending divorce case.

                                         -6-
B. Procedural History

      Because much of our disposition, in particular with respect to

M r. Spalsbury’s claims against M s. Sisson, requires an understanding of this

case’s complex procedural history, we recount it here at some length. On

August 10, 2004, M r. Spalsbury filed his first amended complaint, 1 asserting

eleven claims for relief against four categories of defendants. W ith respect to the

Town of Estes Park and the defendant police officers (“Estes Park defendants”),

he asserted claims under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 for false arrest, false imprisonment,

malicious prosecution, and abuse of process, as well as a liberty interest claim

under the Fourteenth Amendment premised on the harm to his reputation and

employment prospects caused by the defendants’ alleged defamatory statements.

He also asserted a state law claim against the town for negligent hiring and

supervision. He named Sheriff Alderden in a claim for false imprisonment.

As to M s. Sisson, he asserted a claim for relief entitled simply “C rimes/Torts,”

R., Doc. 2 at 22, which included allegations that she committed numerous

criminal and tortious acts against him and conspired with the police officers to

have him arrested. As w e explain below, however, M r. Spalsbury’s specific

claims against M s. Sisson are not relevant to this appeal because he dismissed all

of them voluntarily. Finally, M r. Spalsbury asserted a due process claim against



1
      He filed his original complaint in July 2004, but that complaint was never
served.

                                         -7-
the defendant judges and M s. Sampson (“judicial defendants”), claiming that they

violated his right of equal access to the courts. 2 In the midst of the ensuing

motions practice, M r. Spalsbury tendered a second amended complaint, in which

he attempted to clarify some of his claims.

      On M arch 7, 2005, a magistrate judge issued an extensive report

recommending that the claims against the Estes Park defendants and Sheriff

Alderden be dismissed primarily based on the magistrate judge’s conclusion that

M r. Spalsbury’s arrest was supported by probable cause. The magistrate judge

also denied M r. Spalsbury’s request to file his second amended complaint, but

granted him leave to file a third amended complaint, not including claims against

the dismissed defendants. In a companion order, however, the magistrate judge

included a sharp warning concerning M r. Spalsbury’s continued prosecution of

claims against M s. Sisson and the judicial defendants. The magistrate judge

advised M r. Spalsbury that “his attempt to sue M s. Sisson in federal court, and his

attempt to sue her pursuant to § 1983, [w as] frivolous” and that he “ought to

abandon this claim before the matter reache[d] a point where he may be made to

pay fees and costs.” Aplee. Sisson Supp. App. at 57. The magistrate judge

further w arned M r. Spalsbury that his claims against the judicial defendants were



2
      M r. Spalsbury also asserted a number of claims challenging various
Colorado statutes, but since he failed to name a defendant with respect to these
claims, and raises no arguments concerning them in his appeals, we need not
discuss them here.

                                          -8-
almost certainly barred by judicial immunity and that the likelihood of him

convincing a federal court to instruct the state court in matters related to his

on-going dispute with M s. Sisson was “virtually zero.” Id. at 58.

      Over M r. Spalsbury’s objections, on April 21, the district court issued an

order accepting and adopting the magistrate judge’s recommendation. The court

agreed that officers Rose and Dring had probable cause to arrest M r. Spalsbury

under Colorado’s criminal harassment statute because M r. Spalsbury admitted to

using his body weight to push M s. Sisson aw ay from his car. And the court

concluded that the dismissal of the criminal charges against M r. Spalsbury did not

ipso facto establish a lack of probable cause. Therefore, it held that all of

M r. Spalsbury’s claims premised on the asserted lack of probable cause must be

dismissed. His abuse of process, malicious prosecution, and defamation claims

were also dismissed because the court concluded that M r. Spalsbury failed to state

facts meeting the elements of those claims. The court therefore granted the Estes

Park defendants’ and Sheriff Alderden’s motions to dismiss, leaving only

M r. Spalsbury’s claims against the judicial defendants and M s. Sisson.

      On June 11, M r. Spalsbury filed a “Dismissal Request As Directed By

M agistrate” claiming that the magistrate judge had orally ordered him to dismiss

his remaining claims against M s. Sisson and the judicial defendants. R., Doc. 120

at 1. He stated that while he disagreed with the magistrate judge’s legal

conclusions, he had no choice but to dismiss his claims if the district court would

                                          -9-
not stay the magistrate judge’s ruling. Contemporaneously, he filed an

“Objection to M agistrate’s Order” formally objecting to the oral order. Id., Doc.

121. In this document, M r. Spalsbury again agreed to dismiss without prejudice

his claims against M s. Sisson, relying on the magistrate judge’s conclusion that

the court lacked supplemental jurisdiction over those claims. He changed his

position, however, regarding his claims against the judicial defendants, indicating

that he w ished to proceed with those claims, despite the magistrate judge’s

warning that they too were subject to dismissal on other grounds. Curiously,

however, two days later, M r. Spalsbury filed his third amended complaint 3

naming as defendants M s. Sisson and Sheriff Alderden, along with the judicial

defendants. On July 8, M r. Spalsbury filed an “Emergency Request For

Immediate Stay of M agistrate’s Order,” claiming that during a July 1 status

conference, the magistrate judge directed him to dismiss his complaint or face

sanctions. Id., Doc. 119. In it, M r. Spalsbury stated that he “disagree[d] with the

M agistrate’s legal conclusions, but [was] filing a dismissal of all claims except

his 7th claim for relief (raising access to courts, due process, and equal

protection)” against the judicial defendants. Id. at 1. A few weeks later, the

judicial defendants and M s. Sisson moved to dismiss the third amended

complaint.



3
     Rather than call it his third amended complaint, M r. Spalsbury titled this
document “June, 2005 Amendment Pursuant to M arch 7 Order.” Id., Doc. 107.

                                         -10-
      On November 16, the district court issued an order responding to

M r. Spalsbury’s repeated statements concerning the magistrate judge’s alleged

order that he dismiss his claims or face sanctions. Having reviewed the

courtroom minutes, the minute order, and the transcript of the July 1 status

conference, the court concluded that the record reflected no such order. Rather,

the court concluded it was clear from the transcript that M r. Spalsbury had been

given an opportunity to further research his claims and consider a voluntary

dismissal. In the end, M r. Spalsbury did not dismiss his claims against the

judicial defendants. Accordingly, the court disposed of all remaining claims in an

order dated M arch 29, 2006.

      In that order, the court first concluded that M r. Spalsbury had voluntarily

dismissed his claims against M s. Sisson pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil

Procedure 41(a)(2).

      Under F.R.Civ.P. 41(a)(2), a court may order dismissal “at the
      plaintiff’s instance.” Here, dismissal of the claims against
      M s. Sisson certainly comes “at the plaintiff’s instance.”
      M r. Spalsbury has never sought to withdraw his dismissal request as
      to her, despite his ongoing and contradictory efforts to continue
      litigating other aspects of the case. M r. Spalsbury has on more than
      one occasion represented to this Court that he wishes to dismiss his
      claims against M s. Sisson.

R., Doc. 188 at 4. The court went on to note that given M r. Spalsbury’s voluntary

dismissal of M s. Sisson, it did not need to decide whether it had supplemental

jurisdiction over those claims. Finally, based on Rule 41(a)(2)’s directive that a



                                        -11-
dismissal without prejudice be “upon such terms and conditions as the court

deems proper,” the court held that M r. Spalsbury’s voluntary dismissal of

M s. Sisson be accompanied by an order directing him to pay her attorneys’ fees

and costs. As to M r. Spalsbury’s claims against the judicial defendants, the court

held that he had failed to show an unconditional right to initiate criminal charges

against M s. Sisson. Thus, his constitutional rights were not violated by those

defendants’ refusal to file his criminal complaint. In addition, the court

concluded M r. Spalsbury’s claims against the judicial defendants, including

M s. Sampson, were barred by absolute judicial immunity. It therefore dismissed

all claims against the judicial defendants with prejudice, but stopped short of

awarding those defendants fees and costs.

      M s. Sisson’s motion for attorneys’ fees soon followed, requesting fees in

the amount of $9,169.75 and costs of $100.00. M r. Spalsbury objected to the

motion, arguing generally that the rates charged and time expended were

excessive. He also claimed that M s. Sisson had not actually paid her attorneys

the entire amount for which she sought reimbursement. He requested a three-day

evidentiary hearing to enable him to cross-examine witnesses and also sought

permission to serve written discovery concerning the fee request.

      The district court denied M r. Spalsbury’s request for discovery, explaining

that its award of attorneys’ fees to M s. Sisson was not an invitation “to embark on

satellite litigation, further delaying the completion of this suit,” R., Doc. 203 at 2,

                                          -12-
and concluding that M r. Spalsbury had failed to show a good faith basis for

discovery under the circumstances. The court subsequently issued an order

granting M s. Sisson’s motion for attorneys’ fees and denying M r. Spalsbury’s

request for an evidentiary hearing. W ith respect to the hearing, the court

reasoned that its negative aspects would far outw eigh any potential benefits.

And as to the fee request, the court held that the amount requested was neither

unexpectedly excessive nor unreasonable and it reiterated that M r. Spalsbury had

failed to cite any factual basis for his contention that the fees were excessive or

not actually paid by M s. Sisson. Ultimately, the court determined a fee award of

$8,750.00 was appropriate, in addition to $100.00 in costs.

      M r. Spalsbury then filed appeals both of the district court’s decision to

dismiss his claims and its award of attorneys’ fees to M s. Sisson.

                                    II. Discussion

      W e review dismissals pursuant to Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1)

and (6) de novo. High Country Citizens Alliance v. Clarke, 454 F.3d 1177, 1180

(10th Cir. 2006), cert. denied, 127 S. Ct. 2134 (2007). The grant of a

voluntary dismissal pursuant to Rule 41(a)(2), however, is reviewed for abuse of

discretion. County of Santa Fe v. Pub. Serv. Co. of N.M ., 311 F.3d 1031, 1047

(10th Cir. 2002).




                                         -13-
A. Estes Park Defendants and Sheriff Alderden

       M r. Spalsbury claims that the Estes Park defendants violated his Fourth

Amendment rights by arresting him without probable cause on the evening of

July 18, 2003. “[A] warrantless arrest by a law officer is reasonable under the

Fourth Amendment where there is probable cause to believe that a criminal

offense has been or is being committed.” Devenpeck v. Alford, 543 U.S. 146, 152

(2004). In determining whether an officer had probable cause to make an arrest,

w e look objectively at the reasonable conclusions that could have been drawn

based on the facts known to the officer at the time of the arrest. See id. at 152-53.

In Devenpeck, the Supreme Court clarified that an arrest is lawful under the

Fourth Amendment so long as probable cause existed as to any offense that could

be charged. See id. Thus, “it is not relevant whether probable cause existed with

respect to each individual charge, or, indeed, any charge actually invoked by the

arresting officer at the time of arrest.” Jaegly v. Couch, 439 F.3d 149, 154

(2d Cir. 2006). 4




4
       Based on the facts alleged in the first amended complaint, we have our
doubts as to w hether there was probable cause to believe M r. Spalsbury
comm itted the offense of child abuse. As the Second Circuit noted in Jaegly,
however, there has long been a consensus among the courts of appeals that an
arrest is lawful so long as one of the charged crimes is supported by probable
cause, even if probable cause is lacking as to other charged crimes. 439 F.3d at
153 n.1 (collecting cases). The district court was, therefore, correct to limit its
inquiry to the charge of harassment.

                                         -14-
      Focusing specifically on the charge of harassment, M r. Spalsbury claims

the arresting officers could not have had probable cause to believe he committed

that offense because the explanation he gave them foreclosed any possibility that

he acted with criminal intent towards M s. Sisson. The facts divulged in

M r. Spalsbury’s complaint reveal that officers Rose and Dring arrived at

M s. Sisson’s home in response to a 911 call to find M s. Sisson and M r. Spalsbury

engaged in a heated argument. M r. Spalsbury admitted that he tried to physically

move M s. Sisson away from his car, and that she resisted, became enraged, and

demanded that he call the police. Under Colorado law , “a person commits

harassment if, with intent to harass, annoy, or alarm another person,

he . . . [s]trikes, shoves, kicks, or otherwise touches a person or subjects him

to physical contact.” Colo. Rev. Stat. § 18-9-111(1)(a). Colorado’s domestic

violence statute requires an officer to make an arrest when he has probable cause

to believe that a crime involving domestic violence has occurred. See

Colo. Rev. Stat. § 18-6-803.6(1). W e agree with the district court that based on

these facts, the police officers had probable cause to believe M r. Spalsbury had

committed the offense of harassment and properly placed him under arrest

pursuant to Colorado law.

      M r. Spalsbury zealously argues, and claims he told the officers at the time,

that he acted with no criminal intent towards M s. Sisson and was merely trying

to defend himself and his property. “A policeman, however, is under no

                                         -15-
obligation to give any credence to a suspect’s story,” and even a plausible

explanation in no way “require[s] the officer to forego arrest pending further

investigation if the facts as initially discovered provide probable cause.” Criss v.

City of Kent, 867 F.2d 259, 263 (6th Cir. 1988); see Romero v. Fay, 45 F.3d 1472,

1480 (10th Cir. 1995) (citing Criss and holding that plaintiff’s protestations of

innocence did not require defendants to forgo arrest). The district court,

therefore, properly dismissed M r. Spalsbury’s § 1983 claim premised on false

arrest and false imprisonment. It follows that M r. Spalsbury’s false imprisonment

claim against Sheriff Alderden was also properly dismissed. Not only did the

police officers have probable cause to arrest M r. Spalsbury, but the Sheriff, as the

official charged with maintaining custody of M r. Spalsbury, had no independent

duty to investigate his every claim of innocence. See Scull v. New M exico, 236

F.3d 588, 598 (10th Cir. 2000).

      In a separate claim for relief entitled “M alicious Prosecution; Abuse of

Process,” R., Doc. 2 at 23, M r. Spalsbury accuses the Estes Park defendants of

violating his constitutional rights by pursuing unjustified criminal charges against

him with the purpose of intimidating him and avoiding charging M s. Sisson for

her criminal acts. It has long been established that a misuse of legal procedure

may be so egregious as to amount to a deprivation of constitutional dimensions

compensable under § 1983. Taylor v. M eacham, 82 F.3d 1556, 1561 (10th Cir.

1996). In determining w hether a plaintiff has stated such a claim, however, we

                                         -16-
start with the common law elements of malicious prosecution. Id. Only if all the

elements are met, need we proceed to the ultimate determination of whether the

plaintiff has proven a Fourth Amendment violation. See id. Under Colorado law ,

one of the elements for malicious prosecution is that the defendant acted without

probable cause. Hewitt v. Rice, 154 P.3d 408, 411 (Colo. 2007) (listing

elements). Since we have already determined that the Estes Park defendants had

probable cause to arrest M r. Spalsbury, his § 1983 claim premised on malicious

prosecution was properly dismissed.

      W e reach the same conclusion with respect M r. Spalsbury’s claim premised

on abuse of process. “U se of a legal proceeding in an improper manner is an

essential element of an abuse of process claim.” Jam es H. M oore & Assocs.

Realty, Inc. v. Arrowhead at Vail, 892 P.2d 367, 373 (Colo. Ct. App. 1994).

“Classic examples of the requisite improper use include the use of process to

accomplish a coercive goal which is not the intended legal purpose of the

process.” Id. Therefore, even if M r. Spalsbury’s allegations concerning the

defendants’ alleged ulterior motives are true, there was no abuse of process if

the process was used for the purpose for w hich it w as intended. See id.

M r. Spalsbury’s first amended complaint contains no facts to indicate that the

Estes Park defendants arrested and filed criminal charges against him for any

other purpose than to prosecute him for the offenses that occurred on July 18,

2003. As such, he has failed to state an abuse of process claim.

                                         -17-
      Finally, M r. Spalsbury asserts that false statements made by the Estes Park

defendants in connection with their filing of criminal charges against him

damaged his reputation in the local community, caused him to lose his job, and

made it impossible for him to gain future employment. The district court

correctly interpreted this claim as a liberty interest claim under the D ue Process

Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.

      Damage to one’s reputation, standing alone, is insufficient to implicate due

process protections. The Supreme Court has held, however, that under certain

circumstances a protectible liberty interest may be implicated “where a person’s

good name, reputation, honor, or integrity is at stake because of what the

government is doing to him.” Bd. of Regents of State C olls. v. Roth, 408 U.S.

564, 573 (1972) (quotation and alteration omitted). In Jensen v. Redev. Agency of

Sandy City, 998 F.2d 1550, 1558 (10th Cir. 1993), we held that to be successful

on a deprivation of liberty interest claim, a plaintiff must show (1) that the

defendant published false and stigmatizing information; and (2) that the alleged

stigmatization was entangled with some further interest. W e gave as one example

a plaintiff who alleges present harm to established business relationships. Id.

And we noted in particular that “[d]amage to prospective employment

opportunities is too intangible to constitute deprivation of a liberty interest.” Id.

at 1559. Later we refined the test in response to the very type of claim that

M r. Spalsbury asserts here, involving “a liberty interest in [the plaintiff’s] good

                                          -18-
name and reputation as it affects [his] property interest in continued

employment.” Stidham v. Peace Officer Standards & Training, 265 F.3d 1144,

1153 (10th Cir. 2001) (quotation omitted). W e held:

      First, to be actionable, the statements must impugn the good name,
      reputation, honor, or integrity of the employee. Second, the
      statements must be false. Third, the statements must occur in the
      course of terminating the employee or must foreclose other
      employment opportunities. And fourth, the statements must be
      published.

Id. (quotation and italics omitted).

      M r. Spalsbury’s liberty interest claim fails for two reasons. First, he has no

colorable claim of falsity, as the magistrate judge deftly explained in his M arch 7,

2005, report and recommendation.

      [P]laintiff is unable to prove that the Estes Park defendants defamed
      him with false information. The facts relied upon by the police to
      support their decision to arrest, at the very least, are the facts that are
      presented by plaintiff in his [first amended complaint]. Plaintiff
      merely disagrees with the credibility decisions, inferences and
      conclusions that the police elected to draw from those facts. . . .
      [P]laintiff’s facts reflect the existence of probable cause for his
      arrest, and plaintiff is therefore unable to show any falseness in
      relation to his arrest.

R., Doc. 74 at 29. Second, M r. Spalsbury failed to allege any facts that would

satisfy the third prong of the Stidham test. In that case, we made clear that to be

actionable under § 1983, the alleged defamation must have been uttered incident

to plaintiff’s termination. Stidham, 265 F.3d at 1154; see Siegert v. Gilley,

500 U.S. 226, 234 (1991). W e have no doubt that the criminal charges levied



                                          -19-
against M r. Spalsbury damaged his reputation and contributed to him being fired.

But as the district court pointed out, M r. Spalsbury was not employed by the Estes

Park defendants, and those defendants played no role in the decision to fire him.

In Siegert, the Supreme Court recognized that defamation plaintiffs typically

show special damages and out-of-pocket losses flowing from the injury to their

reputations. It held, however, that “so long as [the] damage flow s from injury

caused by the defendant to a plaintiff’s reputation, it may be recoverable under

state tort law but it is not recoverable in a [§ 1983] action.” 500 U.S. at 234. The

district court correctly dismissed M r. Spalsbury’s liberty interest claim. 5

B. The Judicial Defendants

      In his numerous filings, M r. Spalsbury explains in detail the Colorado

criminal procedure rules that he claims entitled him to initiate a criminal

proceeding against M s. Sisson. Unlike the district court, we decline to indulge

this argument because regardless of M r. Spalsbury’s right to initiate a criminal

prosecution under state law, the judicial defendants enjoy absolute immunity from

his § 1983 claims unless they acted without jurisdiction. Ledbetter v. City of

Topeka, 318 F.3d 1183, 1189 (10th Cir. 2003). Even if the judicial defendants’

acts violated Colorado law, they are nonetheless immune from civil damages

5
      Since M r. Spalsbury failed to state any constitutional violations as against
the Estes Park police officers, the district court correctly dismissed his negligence
claim against the Town of Estes Park. Taylor, 82 F.3d at 1564 (holding that
claim against supervisory authority is properly dismissed once court concludes
that employee committed no constitutional violation).

                                          -20-
liability because they clearly did not act in the absence of all jurisdiction. See id.

And this immunity also extends to M s. Sampson, who, as the court clerk, is

accused of no more than assisting Judges Schultz and Hiatt in the discharge of

their judicial functions. See Trackwell v. United States Gov’t, 472 F.3d 1242,

1247 (10th Cir. 2007) (explaining clerk’s derivative immunity).

      Furthermore, to the extent M r. Spalsbury’s third amended complaint seeks

an order directing the judicial defendants to accept filing of his “‘citizens’

misdemeanor complaint,” R., Doc. 107 at 22, the district court clearly lacked

jurisdiction to award such relief. Federal courts have no authority to “direct state

courts or their judicial officers in the performance of their duties.” Van Sickle v.

Holloway, 791 F.2d 1431, 1436 n.5 (10th Cir. 1986) (quotation omitted); see also

Sm ith v. United States Ct. of Appeals, Tenth Cir., 484 F.3d 1281, 1287 (10th Cir.

2007) (“declin[ing] to recast [plaintiff’s] request for mandamus as a § 1983

claim” and “adher[ing] to our general prohibition on issuing a writ of mandamus

to a state court judge”). Finally, as M r. Spalsbury has alleged no facts showing

he was in any way foreclosed from filing a grievance in the state court system

regarding the acts of the judicial defendants, he has not begun to show a

deprivation of a constitutional right. See generally Olson v. Hart, 965 F.2d 940,

943 (10th Cir. 1992) (explaining that injunctive relief under § 1983 is not

available absent deprivation of federal right). Accordingly, the district court

committed no error in dismissing his claims against the judicial defendants.

                                          -21-
C. M s. Sisson

      i. Dismissal Under Rule 41(a)(2)

      As we noted above, the district court dismissed all claims against

M s. Sisson pursuant to filings that it interpreted as requests to dismiss under

Rule 41(a)(2). M r. Spalsbury now argues that he agreed to dismiss his claims

against M s. Sisson under duress based on the magistrate judge’s faulty legal

reasoning as to the court’s jurisdiction and his threat of sanctions. W e are not

convinced by M r. Spalsbury’s attempt to undermine his own decision, which was

clearly made with the intent to prosecute the same claims against M s. Sisson in

state court. M r. Spalsbury has been a licensed attorney for over twenty years.

See R., Doc. 2 at 5-6. As such, the magistrate judge acted well within his

discretion in reminding M r. Spalsbury that his continued prosecution of any

frivolous claims might result in sanctions. In his M arch 7, 2005 companion order,

the magistrate judge certainly questioned whether the court had supplemental

jurisdiction over the claims against M s. Sisson. But he specifically granted

M r. Spalsbury leave to file a third amended complaint after urging him to

thoroughly research the viability of all remaining claims.

      M r. Spalsbury responded by filing numerous conflicting documents

concerning whether he agreed with the magistrate’s conclusions as to

supplem ental jurisdiction. In the end, however, it is clear that he voluntarily

chose to dismiss the claims against M s. Sisson without prejudice so that he could

                                         -22-
refile them in state court, as is evident from M r. Spalsbury’s response to

M s. Sisson’s motion to dismiss:

      Based on the Court’s oral ruling and threat that continuing any
      claims against Sisson in Federal court would be improper, Spalsbury
      requested dismissal of claims against Sisson for lack of jurisdiction
      so they could be pursued in state court. . . .

             . . . The Court must simply dismiss Spalsbury’s claims against
      Sisson on the grounds of lack of jurisdiction, that is what Spalsbury
      sought in July to comply with this Court’s orders, and Spalsbury
      concedes the claims must be dismissed for lack of Federal
      jurisdiction based on the Court’s prior rulings.

Id., Doc. 149 at 4, 5. Based on our review of the record, we also agree with the

district court’s finding that M r. Spalsbury was never ordered, orally or otherwise,

to dismiss his claims against M s. Sisson. In short, M r. Spalsbury has failed to

convince us that the district court abused its discretion in dismissing his claims

against M s. Sisson under Rule 41(a)(2).

      ii. Award of Attorneys’ Fees

      Finally, we address M r. Spalsbury’s appeal of the district court’s orders

granting M s. Sisson’s motion for attorneys’ fees and denying his requests for

discovery and an evidentiary hearing. W e review each of these decisions for an

abuse of discretion. See Santana v. City & County of Denver, 488 F.3d 860, 867

(10th Cir. 2007) (applying abuse of discretion standard to discovery rulings);

Robinson v. City of Edmond, 160 F.3d 1275, 1286 (10th Cir. 1998) (applying

abuse of discretion standard to decision denying hearing); cf. AeroTech, Inc. v.



                                           -23-
Estes, 110 F.3d 1523, 1528 (10th Cir. 1997) (applying abuse of discretion

standard to decision not to aw ard fees under Rule 41(a)(2)).

      Rule 41(a)(2) provides that “an action shall not be dismissed at the

plaintiff’s instance save upon order of the court and upon such terms and

conditions as the court deems proper.” Courts have long recognized that “[w]hen

a plaintiff dismisses an action without prejudice, a district court may seek to

reimburse the defendant for his attorneys’ fees because he faces a risk that the

plaintiff will refile the suit and impose duplicative expenses upon him.”

Aerotech, Inc., 110 F.3d at 1528 (citing Cauley v. Wilson, 754 F.2d 769, 771-72

(7th Cir. 1985)). Here, the district court acted well within its discretion in

awarding fees to M s. Sisson, particularly in light of M r. Spalsbury’s expressed

intent to refile the dismissed claims in state court. See R., Doc. 188 at 5 (district

court order).

      W e also conclude the district court acted within its discretion in denying

M r. Spalsbury’s requests for discovery and an evidentiary hearing. In support of

her fee request, M s. Sisson attached (a) unredacted copies of her lawyers’ billing

entries, which contained detailed descriptions of all charges, organized by date,

including the time increment billed, the billing rate, and the total amount for each

attorney working on her case; (b) copies of actual invoices received from her

attorneys, which included amounts paid and amounts outstanding; and

(c) affidavits from the attorneys setting forth their legal experience and attesting

                                          -24-
to the veracity of their charges. M r. Spalsbury failed to make any specific

challenges to any of this information and never articulated what else he hoped to

find through written discovery. Under these circumstances, the district court did

not abuse its discretion in denying his discovery request. The same is true with

respect to his request for an evidentiary hearing. Faced with similar

circumstances in Robinson, we held that “[a] district court does not abuse its

discretion when it fails to hold a hearing at which the parties will simply reiterate

arguments they already have made in their briefs.” 160 F.3d at 1286. Since the

plaintiffs failed to show that they were denied the opportunity to present new,

critical information, we upheld the court’s decision not to hold an evidentiary

hearing on the attorneys’ fee issue. For the same reason, we reach the same

conclusion here.

      The judgment of the district court and its order regarding attorneys’ fees

are A FFIRME D.


                                                     Entered for the Court



                                                     M ichael R. M urphy
                                                     Circuit Judge




                                         -25-
