[Cite as State v. Davis, 2017-Ohio-495.]



                                      IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

                            TWELFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT OF OHIO

                                           CLINTON COUNTY




STATE OF OHIO,                                   :

        Plaintiff-Appellee,                      :      CASE NO. CA2015-12-022

                                                 :              OPINION
    - vs -                                                       2/13/2017
                                                 :

PHILLIP T. DAVIS,                                :

        Defendant-Appellant.                     :



      CRIMINAL APPEAL FROM CLINTON COUNTY COURT OF COMMON PLEAS
                          Case No. CRI 2014-5184




Richard W. Moyer, Clinton County Prosecuting Attorney, Brian Shidaker, 103 East Main
Street, Wilmington, Ohio 45177, for plaintiff-appellee

Andrea G. Ostrowski, 20 South Main Street, Springboro, Ohio 45066, for defendant-appellant



        RINGLAND, J.

        {¶ 1} Defendant-appellant, Phillip Davis, appeals his conviction and sentence in the

Clinton County Court of Common Pleas on multiple drug-related offenses. For the reasons

detailed below, we affirm.

        {¶ 2} On September 8, 2014, Davis was indicted on 520 separate drug counts. The

state amended the indictment and eventually chose to proceed on substantially fewer counts.
                                                                        Clinton CA2015-12-022

Following a jury trial, Davis was found guilty of: (1) one count of engaging in corrupt activity in

violation of R.C. 2923.32, a first-degree felony, (2) one count of illegal manufacture of drugs

in violation of R.C. 2925.04, a second-degree felony, (3) twenty-three counts of trafficking in

cocaine in violation of R.C. 2925.03, four of which were first-degree felonies while the

remaining 19 were fifth-degree felonies, and (4) one count of aggravated trafficking in drugs

in violation of R.C. 2925.03, a third-degree felony. Several counts carried enhancement

specifications for exceeding the bulk amount of drugs.

       {¶ 3} Davis' convictions were the result of a lengthy investigation into the Marlena

Park Gang, a regional drug network believed to engage in drug trafficking, manufacturing,

and welfare fraud. A joint task force of local and federal authorities engaged in a process of

identifying the operational structure of the organization.

       {¶ 4} Through surveillance equipment and the controlled purchase of drugs by

confidential informants and undercover police officers, the task force identified Khalif Zione

as a major figure in the organization. Following the issuance of numerous search warrants,

law enforcement officials were eventually able to obtain a federal wiretap authorization for

Zione's phone with the intended purpose of identifying Zione's drug supplier.

       {¶ 5} As a result of the federal wiretap authorization, Davis was identified as Zione's

drug supplier and potential "higher up" in the organization's chain of command. As the

investigation shifted its focus to Davis, authorities obtained a federal wiretap authorization for

Davis' phone. As part of their investigation, authorities identified Davis as the leader of the

organization. The recorded phone conversations between Davis and others highlighted his

role in the organization. Davis would direct Zione, and other members of the organization, in

the trafficking of drugs. In addition, Davis would direct drug users to organization members

who could supply them with drug products. Davis was the only supplier for the organization.

       {¶ 6} During the jury trial, the state presented evidence from several members of the
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joint task force who listened to the wiretapped conversations and engaged in the lengthy

investigation. In addition, the state presented the testimony of several drug users and

couriers who were recorded on the wiretapped conversations arranging drug purchases with

Davis and his associates.

       {¶ 7} Detective Baker with the Wilmington Police Department and the Warren County

Drug Taskforce testified at length about the investigation leading to Davis' arrest. Detective

Baker explained the process that was used in identifying major players in the organization

and the procedure used for obtaining the federal wiretap. Specifically, Detective Baker

testified that the wiretap authorization lasted 70 days and the task force intercepted over

20,000 phone calls, 80 percent of which were pertinent calls and text messages referencing

drug trafficking.

       {¶ 8} Detective Baker stated that during the course of the investigation, he learned to

identify each individual's voice and testified about his extensive knowledge of and familiarity

with the Marlena Gang's code language. For example, Detective Baker identified several

locations and named several individuals involved in the drug activity:

                                    Important Locations:

The Hill                                      The Hill is code language referring to the
                                              400 block of Howard Street, near the
                                              intersection of Vine and Howard Street in
                                              Wilmington, Clinton County, Ohio. The Hill
                                              is located near the Wilmington High
                                              School.
The Trap House                                The Trap House was the name given to the
                                              apartment rented by Joyce Dallas located
                                              at 460 S. South Street, Wilmington, Clinton
                                              County, Ohio, Apt. One.


                                    Important individuals:

Scott Kline                                   Kline was a daily user of crack cocaine, as
                                              well as a driver for Davis' trafficking
a.k.a. The Mailman                            organization. Davis would also use Kline to
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                                            deliver drugs and instrumentalities for the
                                            manufacture of drugs.
Joyce Dallas                                Dallas was the tenant of the Trap House.
                                            Dallas would allow Davis to traffic drugs in
                                            her house and would facilitate drug
                                            purchases on behalf of Davis
Deborah Ortiz                               Deb was Davis' main courier. Deb would
                                            drive Davis to his supplier for large
a.k.a. Deb                                  quantities of drugs to be resold through the
                                            organization.

Khalif Zione                                Zione was a drug dealer involved with
                                            Davis' organization. Zione regularly dealt
                                            drugs out of the Trap House during the
                                            daytime.
Jerrell Smith                               VIP was a drug dealer involved with Davis'
                                            organization.
a.k.a. VIP

Miles Gardiner                              Miles was a drug dealer involved with
                                            Davis' organization. Miles regularly dealt
                                            drugs out of the Trap House in the
                                            overnight hours, after 11:00 PM.

Julian Gatin                                Gatin was a drug dealer and courier
                                            associated with Davis' organization. Gatin
a.k.a. Flush                                would stay at the Trap House and was
                                            directed to make drug transactions
Christina Hurn                              Hurn was Davis' girlfriend and also known
                                            as a drug courier.
Jason Thompson                              Thompson was Davis' supplier for drugs.
                                            Davis was the only person in the
                                            organization to contact Thompson.
Derek Davis                                 D-Block was Davis' brother and another
                                            drug dealer associated with the
a.k.a. D-Block                              organization.


       {¶ 9} Kline testified for the state. In his testimony, Kline admitted that he was

addicted to crack cocaine and described how Davis would transact, manufacture, and

package drugs in Clinton County. Kline explained that he had purchased "a lot of crack" from

Davis at the Hill, the Trap House, a gas station in Clinton County, and had even allowed

Davis to manufacture crack cocaine at his house. Kline admitted that on several occasions


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                                                                     Clinton CA2015-12-022

he supplied instrumentalities that Davis used in the manufacture of crack cocaine.

      {¶ 10} The majority of Kline's testimony, however, involved the use of the wiretapped

phone conversations occurring between himself and Davis. Throughout that portion of his

testimony, Kline authenticated and corroborated the information contained in those

recordings, specifically noting that he was purchasing crack cocaine from Davis, the amount

of drug to be purchased, and the location of where the purchase was to occur.

      {¶ 11} Next, the state presented testimony from Deb and Dallas, both of whom

testified about their respective involvement in Davis' drug operation. Deb testified that she

was a daily user of crack cocaine and would purchase drugs from Davis. In addition, Deb

admitted that she would drive and deliver drugs for Davis in exchange for drugs and other

forms of compensation.      Sometimes, Deb would drive Miles Gardiner to make drug

transactions on Davis' behalf. However, Deb would also drive Davis to his supplier in Dayton

to make larger purchases. As the state did with Kline, Deb was also asked to explain and

authenticate recorded conversations between herself and Davis, wherein the two either

communicated about the need for transportation or the purchase of crack cocaine.

      {¶ 12} Dallas testified next and identified the "Trap House," as her former residence

in Wilmington, which she described as the "hot house" for the selling of crack cocaine.

Dallas explained that Davis sold the drugs out of her house and would compensate her with

crack cocaine. Eventually, Davis, D-Block, Miles, and VIP began using the house to sell

drugs. In fact, Dallas detailed the reason why the location was identified as the "Trap

House."

             PROSECUTOR: Okay. What were you receiving? Were you
             receiving anything in return?

             DALLAS: A little bit at that point in time, but not a whole lot.

             PROSECUTOR: A little bit of what?


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                                                                      Clinton CA2015-12-022

             DALLAS: Crack cocaine

             PROSECUTOR: Is it fair to say that you and the Defendant,
             Phillip Davis, came to an agreement?

             DALLAS: Yes, sir.

             PROSECUTOR: What did that agreement look like to you?

             DALLAS: Well, sometimes it was a mutual agreement, but other
             times it was said, my fault. I didn't speak up much for myself. I
             didn't say a whole lot for myself. It just kind of ruined
             (indiscernible) feel pretty good - -

             PROSECUTOR: Okay.

             DALLAS: - -what he was doing with me. By serving the crack, I
             shut up mostly, you know. He had a ball over my head.

             PROSECUTOR: So, you felt trapped?

             DALLAS: Yeah, I was trapped. I felt that, and they started calling
             it the trap - - the house of trap - - trap house because of that. So
             --

             PROSECUTOR: That's what they call your house?

             DALLAS: They did, yes.

             PROSECUTOR: Did you hear Phillip Davis call your house the
             trap house?

             DALLAS: Yeah, yeah. I felt him - - he said it real well that night
             that my house got broke in and we were playing cards. He
             though (indiscernible) trap house and about that time, it will hit.

             PROSECUTOR: What does trap house mean to you?

             DALLAS: Crack house. People smoke the crack out of it. You
             know, that's what it was. Let them stay and smoke crack, I
             reckon, you know, come and go all night long and morning hours.
             I didn't like that, but we'd sit there and smoke crack. * * *

      {¶ 13} Dallas further explained that she often acted as the "go between," acting as

the person who would exchange drugs from Davis, Miles, or Zione for the money provided by

the user. As with Ortiz and Kline, the state presented audio recordings capturing Dallas


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                                                                        Clinton CA2015-12-022

arranging drug transactions between herself and Davis, as well as arranging drug purchases

on behalf of third persons for Davis.

        {¶ 14} Following the close of evidence, the jury deliberated and returned guilty

verdicts on each charge requested at trial. As a result of his convictions, Davis was

sentenced to an aggregate 18-year prison term. Davis now appeals his convictions and

sentence, raising five assignments of error for review.

        {¶ 15} Assignment of Error No. 1:

        {¶ 16} THE DEFENDANT'S CONVICTIONS ARE NOT SUPPORTED BY

SUFFICIENT EVIDENCE.

        {¶ 17} In his first assignment of error, Davis argues that his convictions are not

supported by sufficient evidence. Following a thorough review of the record, we find Davis'

arguments to be without merit.

        {¶ 18} When reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence underlying a criminal

conviction, an appellate court examines the evidence in order to determine whether such

evidence, if believed, would support a conviction. State v. Boles, 12th Dist. Brown No.

CA2012-06-012, 2013-Ohio-5202, ¶ 34. The relevant inquiry is "whether, after viewing the

evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have

found the essential elements of the crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt." State v.

Watson, 12th Dist. Warren No. CA2014-08-110, 2015-Ohio-2321, ¶ 22. In other words, the

test for sufficiency requires a determination as to whether the state has met its burden of

production at trial. State v. Wilson, 12th Dist. Warren No. CA2006-01-007, 2007-Ohio-2298,

¶ 34.

        {¶ 19} As noted above, Davis was convicted of: (1) one count of engaging in corrupt

activity, (2) one count of illegal manufacture of drugs, (3) twenty-three counts of trafficking in

cocaine, and (4) one count of aggravated trafficking in drugs. In this case, Davis argues that
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                                                                        Clinton CA2015-12-022

the state failed to prove that Clinton County was the proper venue and also alleges that many

of his convictions are based on "a lot of assumptions" and "a lot of inferences," but maintains

that "the actual facts remain elusive." We will address each charge separately.

                                            I. Venue

       {¶ 20} We first address Davis' argument that the state failed to prove that Clinton

County was the proper venue for at least some of the counts alleged in the indictment and,

therefore, his convictions are not supported by sufficient evidence.

       {¶ 21} "Venue commonly refers to the appropriate place of trial for a criminal

prosecution within a state." State v. Meridy, 12th Dist. Clermont. No. CA2003-11-091, 2005-

Ohio-241, ¶ 12. The importance of venue is to give the defendant the right to be tried in the

vicinity of his alleged criminal activity. Meridy at ¶ 12. The standard to establish venue is

whether appellant has a "significant nexus" with the county where the trial was held. Id. at ¶

22; State v. Stone, 12th Dist. Warren No. CA2007-11-132, 2008-Ohio-5671, ¶ 16. As a

result, and pursuant to R.C. 2901.12, Ohio's venue statute, "[t]he trial of a criminal case in

this state shall be held in a court having jurisdiction of the subject matter, and in the territory

of which the offense or any element of the offense was committed." R.C. 2901.12(A).

       {¶ 22} Venue is not a material element of any offense charged. Meridy at ¶ 12.

However, the prosecution must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the crime charged was

committed in the county where the indictment was returned and the trial held, unless the

issue of venue is waived by the defendant. Id. "A defendant waives the right to challenge

venue when the issue is raised for the first time on appeal." State v. McCollum, 12th Dist.

Clermont No. CA2014-11-077, 2015-Ohio-3286, ¶ 10.

       {¶ 23} In this case, Davis failed to challenge Clinton County as a proper venue at trial.

In turn, because Davis raises the issue for the first time on appeal, he has waived any

challenge except for plain error. State v. Mielke, 12th Dist. Warren No. CA2012-08-079,
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                                                                       Clinton CA2015-12-022

2013-Ohio-1612, ¶ 16.

       {¶ 24} Plain error exists where there is an obvious deviation from a legal rule which

affected the defendant's substantial rights, or influenced the outcome of the proceeding.

State v. Craycraft, 12th Dist. Clermont Nos. CA2009-02-013 and CA2009-02-014, 2010-

Ohio-596, ¶ 23. Notice of plain error is taken with the utmost caution, under exceptional

circumstances, and only to prevent a manifest miscarriage of justice. State v. Grisham, 12th

Dist. Warren No. CA2013-12-118, 2014-Ohio-3558, ¶ 38. Therefore, we will not reverse the

trial court's decision unless the outcome of trial would have been different but for the alleged

error. State v. Dougherty, 12th Dist. Preble No. CA2013-12-014, 2014-Ohio-4760, ¶ 53.

       {¶ 25} As previously noted, Ohio's venue statute, R.C. 2901.12, provides that "trial of

a criminal case in this state shall be held in a court having jurisdiction of the subject matter,

and * * * in the territory of which the offense or any element of the offense was committed."

R.C. 2901.12(A). R.C. 2901.12(H) addresses venue when an offender commits offenses in

different jurisdictions as part of a course of criminal conduct and provides, in pertinent part:

              When an offender, as part of a course of criminal conduct,
              commits offenses in different jurisdictions, the offender may be
              tried for all those offenses in any jurisdiction in which one of
              those offenses or any element of one of those offenses
              occurred. Without limitation on the evidence that may be used to
              establish the course of criminal conduct, any of the following is
              prima-facie evidence of a course of criminal conduct:

              ***

              (3) The offenses were committed as part of the same transaction
              or chain of events, or in furtherance of the same purpose or
              objective.

              ***

              (5) The offenses involved the same or a similar modus operandi.

       {¶ 26} Davis was charged with one count of engaging in corrupt activity in violation of

R.C. 2923.32, which states that "[n]o person employed by, or associated with, any enterprise
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shall conduct or participate in, directly or indirectly, the affairs of the enterprise through a

pattern of corrupt activity." For purposes of this case, "corrupt activity" means "engaging in,

attempting to engage in, conspiring to engage in, or soliciting, coercing, or intimidating

another person to engage in" a violation of R.C. 2925.03 or R.C. 2925.04.

       {¶ 27} With the offense of engaging in a pattern of corrupt activity, the state alleged

that Davis was the leader of the Marlena Park Gang, a crime ring that operated in Wilmington

and Clinton County. In furtherance of their operations, Davis sold, directed to be sold, and

organized the purchase of drugs. As discussed in more detail below, the state presented

dozens of audio recordings of wiretapped communications between Davis and his drug

buyers arranging drug purchases in Clinton County at the Hill and the Trap House.

Consequently, evidence was presented that Davis' drug operation was conducted in Clinton

County.

       {¶ 28} Therefore, at least one element of the offense of engaging in a pattern of

corrupt activity took place in Clinton County. As previously held, venue is proper "in any

county in which a portion of the corrupt activity occurred or in which an organization formed

for the purpose of engaging in corrupt activity is based." Mielke, 2013-Ohio-1612 at ¶ 23.

Therefore, we find venue in Clinton County was appropriate on the engaging in a pattern of

corrupt activity charge, as well as on all charges within Davis' course of criminal conduct.

                                       II. Convictions

                    A. Trafficking in Cocaine without specifications

       {¶ 29} The bulk of Davis' convictions are for separate instances in which Davis

offered to sell drugs. R.C. 2925.03 states:

              (A) No person shall knowingly do any of the following:

              (1) Sell or offer to sell a controlled substance or a controlled
              substance analog;

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                                                                     Clinton CA2015-12-022

"Undoubtedly, a person can be convicted for offering to sell a controlled substance in

violation of R.C. 2925.03(A)(1) without actually transferring a controlled substance to the

buyer." State v. Chandler, 109 Ohio St.3d 223, 2006-Ohio-2285, ¶ 9.

       {¶ 30} In the present case, the state largely proved its case through the use of

circumstantial evidence and the use of audio-recorded telephone communications. Kline

testified that he had been purchasing crack cocaine from Davis, both directly and through

Davis' associates, for approximately eight years. During the period of time relevant to this

case, Kline testified that he was a daily user of crack cocaine and was in contact with Davis

nearly every day. Kline testified that their communications were generally very brief and they

would both use slang or jargon to set up the drug deal.

              PROSECUTOR: And so, when you would call and he would say
              what's up, what would your typical response be?

              KLINE: I need a certain amount.

              PROSECUTOR: And how would you phrase that?

              KLINE: Say I need a three or a four, which would be $30 or $40.

              PROSECUTOR: You would never say I need three grams of
              crack cocaine?

              KLINE: No.

              PROSECUTOR: Or four grams of crack cocaine?

              KLINE: No.

              PROSECUTOR: Why wouldn't you phrase it in those terms?

              KLINE: Just not done.

              PROSECUTOR: It's not done?

              KLINE: It's just that the procedure's not done.

              PROSECUTOR: It's not done generally in the industry?

              KLINE: Yeah.

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                                                                     Clinton CA2015-12-022


              PROSECUTOR: And why is that?

              KLINE: In case somebody's listening and just seems to - -

              PROSECUTOR: Does it make people nervous?

              KLINE: Yeah.

              PROSECUTOR: Okay. When you say people may be listening,
              who were you referring to?

              KLINE: Federal groups or state groups.

              PROSECUTOR:        You mean law enforcement might have a
              phone tapped?

              KLINE: Yes.

              PROSECUTOR: Your conversations would be minimal?

              KLINE: Yes.

              PROSECUTOR: For that reason?

              KLINE: Yes.

              PROSECUTOR: When you say a three or a four, that refers to
              30 or $40 worth?

              KLINE: Yes.

              PROSECUTOR: And how much crack would you get for a
              three?

              KLINE: Three-tenths of a gram.

              PROSECUTOR: Three-tenths of a gram. And how much crack
              would you get for a four?

              KLINE: Four-tenths of a gram.

       {¶ 31} Following further elaboration as to common practices in drug sales, the state

then played a series of recorded conversations between Davis and Kline arranging drug

transactions. After the introduction of each series of conversations, Kline would testify that

the recording accurately reflected the conversation and corroborate the account. This same

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procedure was done with Dallas and Deb in their respective testimonies. We have carefully

reviewed each count and find the state presented sufficient evidence of the following 19

counts summarized in the chart below.

Count        Date                       Summary
16           November 5, 2013           Davis offered to sell Kline 1.2 grams of crack
                                        cocaine, later reaffirming the offer and
                                        arranging to deliver the drugs to Kline's
                                        residence.
17           November 6, 2013           Davis offered to sell Kline .2 grams of crack
                                        cocaine and directs him to meet at the Hill.
87           November 13, 2013          Davis offered to sell Kline .3 grams of crack
                                        cocaine and directs him to meet at the Hill.
112          November 16, 2013          Davis offered to sell Kline .8 grams of crack
                                        cocaine and directs him to meet at the Hill.
133          November 18, 2013          Kline calls Davis to ask for a "front." Davis
                                        agrees to front Kline .2 grams of crack
                                        cocaine and states that he will have Miles
                                        give it to him at Deb's house in Clinton
                                        County.
154          November 21, 2013          Davis offered to sell Kline .4 grams of crack
                                        cocaine and directs him to meet at the Hill,
                                        which is the default location for their drug
                                        exchanges.
166          November 23, 2013          Davis offered to sell Kline .4 grams of crack
                                        cocaine and directs him to the Hill. Davis
                                        also requested that Kline bring a Pyrex dish,
                                        baking soda, a hanger, and a scale for the
                                        manufacture of crack cocaine.
174          November 23, 2013          Davis offered to sell Kline .2 grams of crack
                                        cocaine and directs him to meet at the Hill.
176          November 24, 2013          Davis offered to sell Kline .3 grams of crack
                                        cocaine and directs him to meet at the Trap
                                        House. Kline also complains about the prior
                                        night's crack cocaine that Miles delivered to
                                        him.
190          November 26, 2013          Davis offered to sell Kline .3 grams of crack
                                        cocaine and directs him to meet at the Hill.
197          November 27, 2013          Davis offered to sell Kline .3 grams of crack
                                        cocaine and directs him to meet at the Hill.
218          November 30, 2013          Davis offered Dallas .2 grams of crack
                                        cocaine. Dallas testified that the crack
                                        cocaine was for an unspecified third party.
228          December 2, 2013           Davis offered to sell Kline .4 grams of crack
                                        cocaine and directs him to meet at the Hill.
239          December 3, 2013           Davis offered to sell Kline .2 grams of crack

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                                                                     Clinton CA2015-12-022

                                        cocaine and directs him to meet at the Hill.
247          December 3, 2013           Davis offered to sell Kline 1.2 grams of crack
                                        cocaine and directs him to meet at the Trap
                                        House.
268          December 5, 2013           Davis offered to sell Kline crack cocaine and
                                        directs him to meet at the Speedway in
                                        Wilmington. Kline replies that he has $20
                                        and Vicodin pills to trade.
337          December 15, 2013          Davis directs Miles to give Dallas and Deb .2
                                        grams of crack cocaine in exchange for
                                        driving.
350          December 16, 2013          Davis takes an order for .4 grams of crack
                                        cocaine from an individual, Sonja Hughes,
                                        and then directs Zione to complete the
                                        transaction
435          December 28, 2013          Davis offered to sell Kline .5 grams of crack
                                        cocaine and directed him to a Wilmington
                                        residence.

                     B. Trafficking in Cocaine with specifications

      {¶ 32} In addition, Davis was convicted of four additional counts of trafficking in

cocaine.   Unlike the convictions mentioned previously, these convictions included a

specification based on the weight of drugs.          The specification providing a penalty

enhancement is contained in R.C. 2925.03(C)(4). As relevant here, that statute provides:

             (4) If the drug involved in the violation is cocaine or a compound,
             mixture, preparation, or substance containing cocaine, whoever
             violates division (A) of this section is guilty of trafficking in
             cocaine. The penalty for the offense shall be determined as
             follows:

             ***

             (d) Except as otherwise provided in this division, if the amount of
             the drug involved equals or exceeds ten grams but is less than
             twenty grams of cocaine, trafficking in cocaine is a felony of the
             third degree * * *.

             (f) If the amount of the drug involved equals or exceeds twenty-
             seven grams but is less than one hundred grams of cocaine * * *
             trafficking in cocaine is a felony of the first degree.

      {¶ 33} The Ohio Supreme Court has issued several decisions relevant to such


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enhancement specifications. In State v. Chandler, 109 Ohio St.3d 223, 2006-Ohio-2285, the

Ohio Supreme Court held that a substance offered for sale must contain some detectable

amount of the relevant controlled substance before a person can be sentenced as a major

drug offender. Id. at ¶ 21. There, the Court reversed a defendant's classification as a major

drug offender because testing revealed that the substance involved was baking soda, not

cocaine, and therefore the jury's finding that the amount of the drug equaled or exceeded

100 grams of crack cocaine was contrary to fact. Id. at ¶ 19.

       {¶ 34} In Garr v. Warden, Madison Correctional Inst., 126 Ohio St.3d 334, 2010-Ohio-

2449, the Ohio Supreme Court was asked on a certified question from federal court whether

the holding in Chandler "extends to an offer-to-sell drug-trafficking case where no drugs are

recovered during investigation of the crime." Garr at ¶ 1. The Ohio Supreme Court

answered the question in the negative and clarified that its holding in Chandler "does not

extend to cases where a substance offered for sale is not recovered or tested in order to

ascertain whether it contains a detectable amount of a controlled substance." Id. at ¶ 2. In

reaching its decision in Garr, the Court reasoned that "Chandler did not address the principle

that the state can establish any element of any crime through circumstantial evidence." Garr

at ¶ 27. Therefore, the Court limited its holding and concluded that Chandler:

              [I]s limited to those cases where the substance offered for sale is
              recovered and subjected to testing to determine whether it
              contains a detectable amount of the drug offered for sale. It
              does not apply to situations where no drug is recovered and no
              testing is performed. Hence, where an offender offers to sell a
              controlled substance in a quantity that would implicate the MDO
              (major drug offender) specification, and where no substance is
              ever recovered or tested, Chandler is factually distinguishable, as
              it is a counterfeit drug case where the alleged drug was
              recovered and tested. Therefore, Chandler does not apply to the
              situation as presented here where Garr offered to sell a drug that
              was not recovered. In such a case, the offender may be
              convicted of an MDO specification in a properly proven case.



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                                                                                   Clinton CA2015-12-022

Garr at ¶ 28 (Emphasis added).1

        {¶ 35} In the present case, the state did not introduce the drugs into evidence, but

instead proved its case through the use of circumstantial evidence, i.e., the voluminous

records of calls between Davis and his associates. As held by Garr, the pronouncement

contained in Chandler does "not apply to situations where no drug is recovered and no

testing is performed." Garr, 126 Ohio St.3d 334 at ¶ 28. The Chandler decision is factually

distinguishable. Accordingly, for purposes of the remaining counts, we hold that Davis may

be convicted of the weight specifications "in a properly proven case." See id.

        {¶ 36} 1. Count 444: Violation of R.C. 2925.03(A)(1) with specification

        {¶ 37} As with the prior counts, Count 444 also involved an offer to sell under R.C.

2925.03(A)(1). Here, the state presented evidence that on December 29, 2013, Zione called

Davis and stated that he had a customer with $1,300, which, as explained by Detective Baker

is consistent with the purchase price of one ounce of cocaine. Davis then calls D-Block and

directs him to make the transaction. The evidence therefore shows Davis' willingness to sell

a controlled substance in violation of the relevant statute, and the amount therein offered was

in excess of 27 grams, but less than one 100 grams for purposes of the specification. See

e.g., State v. Ponce, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 91329, 2010-Ohio-1741, ¶ 20 ("[i]n order to

prove an offer to sell a controlled substance, the State need only show evidence of one's

willingness to transfer drugs to another person.) As a result, we find sufficient evidence to

sustain Davis' conviction for a violation of R.C. 2925.03(A)(1) with the specification.

   2. Counts 291, 168, and 149: Violations of R.C. 2925.03(A)(2) with specifications




1. We note that the Ohio Supreme Court recently addressed another case involving the weight of cocaine in
State v. Gonzales, Slip Opinion No. 2016-Ohio-8319, which held that interpretation of R.C. 2925.11(C)(4)(b)
required the state to prove the actual amount of cocaine, excluding filler materials. Id. at ¶ 1. However, the
Court distinguished cases like Garr where "no drugs were recovered during the investigation of the crime." Id. at
¶ 21.
                                                      - 16 -
                                                                                    Clinton CA2015-12-022

        {¶ 38} Unlike the previous convictions, the remaining three counts involve not the

offer to sell or sale, but rather the preparation for sale or the transport of a controlled

substance for sale. Pursuant to R.C. 2925.03(A)(2):

                 (A) No person shall knowingly do any of the following:

                 ***
                 (2) Prepare for shipment, ship, transport, deliver, prepare for
                 distribution, or distribute a controlled substance or a controlled
                 substance analog, when the offender knows or has reasonable
                 cause to believe that the controlled substance or a controlled
                 substance analog is intended for sale or resale by the offender or
                 another person.

                 * * *.

                                                 i. Count 291

        {¶ 39} As to Count 291, the state presented evidence that on December 9, 2012,

Davis contacted Payne, his drug supplier, and stated that he was "[c]hecking on ole girl,"

which the testimony reflects is a slang term for cocaine. When quoted the price of "12 5,"

Davis states "one of 'em." The state also introduced evidence that $1,250 was a standard

price for the purchase of one ounce of cocaine, and amounts to 28 grams of cocaine. In

subsequent conversations, Davis calls his wife and asks if he has enough time to cook the

cocaine into crack at their house before their children come home. Several minutes later,

Davis confirms that he's almost done cooking. A little while later, Davis calls Kline and Zione

stating that he has the "straight drop"2 and he's on his way to Wilmington. The rest of the

evening, the phone conversations reveal that Davis took several orders for the drug and

resupplied his brother, D-Block, finally arriving at the Trap House at 11:42 PM.

        {¶ 40} Accordingly, the record supports a finding that Davis purchased an ounce of

cocaine, 28 grams, from Payne, transported the drug to his house where it was cooked into



2. Kline testified that "straight drop" is crack cocaine that has a high potency.
                                                      - 17 -
                                                                      Clinton CA2015-12-022

crack cocaine, and then drove to Wilmington making sales and resupplying his brother before

finally arriving at the Trap House. Therefore, Davis's Count 291 conviction under R.C.

2925.03(A)(2) with a special finding that the amount of cocaine exceeded 27 grams, but was

less than 100 grams was supported by sufficient evidence.

                                        ii. Count 168

       {¶ 41} As to Count 168, the state presented evidence that on November 23, 2013,

Davis had a detailed conversation with VIP regarding their plans to split the purchase of one

ounce of cocaine and manufacture it into crack cocaine. At 6:19 PM, Davis asks Kline for a

Pyrex dish, baking soda, a hanger, and an "eyeball," i.e., scale, and tells him to meet on the

Hill in Wilmington. At 6:21 PM, VIP and Davis have another lengthy conversation. Detective

Baker summarized the discussion as follows:

              A. In the conversation, Phillip Davis is telling [VIP] that he
              (indiscernible) manufacturing crack cocaine and who he's
              bringing (indiscernible). And [VIP] has money into this. So, if the
              crack cocaine gets messed up during that manufacturing
              process, [VIP] doesn't want to be out the money. He wants that
              to fall back on [Davis].

              Q. When he refers to putting it in the microwave and dropping
              water and baking soda on it, is that consistent with your
              understanding of the manufacturing of crack?

              A. Yes.

              Q. And when [Davis] says, quote, "this coke here I like it because
              it's like the truth." What do you take that to mean when he says,
              "this coke here is like the truth"?

              A. The cocaine is a higher quality. You know, later on in the
              conversation, they talk about cocaine more – the poor quality
              that they've been buying. And it's basically what's going on in
              that process is a lot of these guys once they get – if they have an
              ounce of cocaine, they may mix that ounce of cocaine with
              powdered sugar or any other kind of stuff so that they made one
              ounce into two ounces. Instead of making $1200 on a
              transaction, they can make $2400 on a transaction.

At 10:49 PM, Davis and VIP again converse, Detective Baker summarizes the discussion as

                                             - 18 -
                                                                        Clinton CA2015-12-022

follows:

              DETECTIVE BAKER. [VIP] wants [Davis] to give [Kline] his
              portion of what they just purchased because they were talking
              about in the conversations before how they were going to split it.
              They split money, put money into the pot.

                     And upon splitting that, he's giving – [Davis] is giving
              [Kline] the half ounce of crack cocaine. And [Kline], as I
              previously stated in the other calls, is to take that to Washington
              Courthouse for [VIP] to make money.

              PROSECUTOR. And when he asks him to bust it into t-shirts,
              what does that mean?

              DETECTIVE BAKER. Just breaking it down, you know, to 12 t-
              shirts, which for us it's not a very common street term, and we
              believe to be that one gram bags.

       {¶ 42} At 11:58 PM, Davis and VIP speak again and Davis informs him that he is

trying to figure out where he is going to "break this down at." VIP suggests that Davis "bust it

down in the car." VIP then asks "[h]ow that shit looking man? That shit that crumbly bumbly

shit? Davis replies that "No it ain't crumble. It's straight solid." According to Detective Baker,

              DETECTIVE BAKER. Crumbly is just a poor quality crack
              cocaine.

                    When he's talking about no, that it's hard, it's not wet, it's a
              decent quality crack cocaine.

                     But if it crumbles, it's really no good to the user because
              they're going to have a lot of smaller pieces. They're looking for
              that chunk when they buy that chunk, whether it's a 20, 30, 40 or
              $50 piece. They don't want it to break down into the pipe.

Accordingly, a review of the record reveals that Davis arranged the purchase of cocaine,

transported the drug, which was later manufactured into crack cocaine. Davis later divided

the drug into "12 T-Shirts," a slang term for 12 one gram bags. Therefore, Davis' Count 168

conviction under R.C. 2925.03(A)(2) with a special finding that the amount of cocaine

exceeded 10 grams, but was less than 20 grams, is supported by sufficient evidence.

                                         iii. Count 149

                                              - 19 -
                                                                     Clinton CA2015-12-022

       {¶ 43} As to Count 149, the state presented evidence that on November 20, 2013,

Davis contacted his brother, D-Block, to check on the supply of drugs. The next day, Davis is

heard collecting money so that he can pay for a resupply in Dayton. At 6:54 PM, Davis tells

his wife that he has to go to Xenia and Dayton and shows that he is extremely concerned

about any further discussion about this topic on the phone stating "I mean why would you

have me explain this over the phone. You know what I'm going to do."

       {¶ 44} At 7:23 PM and 7:36 PM, Davis speaks with Zione and D-Block and advises

that he's going to pick up the supply and asks D-Block to call Deb to pick him up. At 7:43

PM, Davis speaks with Kline and advises him that he does not need a ride from him, but will

have Deb to pick him up because he wants to fly under the radar and "them Police is out you

hear me." At 8:03 PM, Davis calls his wife and tells her that he will be riding with Deb. At

8:37 PM, Davis calls one of his suppliers and states that he is not far away. At 8:43 PM,

Davis has a second call with Kline. Kline asks why Davis didn't want him to drive. Davis

reassures Kline that he was "trying to be inconspicuous because I got a lot of shit on me you

feel me. And two black guys in your car right now, you know what I'm saying." In other

words, Davis wanted Deb to drive because Kline is white and it would arouse suspicion if he

were driving two black men around. Davis wanted another black person, Deb, to drive.

       {¶ 45} At 9:35 PM, Davis calls his dealer and tells him that he's right outside. At

10:43 PM, Kline calls Davis and Davis states that he's almost back in town and Kline orders

.4 grams of crack cocaine. At 11:18 AM, the following morning, Davis has a conversation

with an unidentified individual asking him to use his home to cook soft cocaine into crack and

advising that he needs a Pyrex dish, baking soda and a metal hanger.

       {¶ 46} To explain the phone calls, the state had Detective Baker testify. Detective

Baker, analyzing several phone calls on that date and by testifying as to common practices of

the organization, testified that Davis traveled to Dayton and obtained at least one ounce of
                                            - 20 -
                                                                      Clinton CA2015-12-022

cocaine and returned to Wilmington with Deborah Ortiz. As explained by Detective Baker:

              You know, from the beginning of the first call when Phillip is
              asking them how much they have left and that he needs money
              so that he can go resupply up on Dayton, once he gains that
              money from [D-Block] and Khalif Zione, he then meets with
              Jason Thompson in Dayton, Ohio and then travels from Dayton,
              Ohio. That narcotics [sic] that he buys from Jason Thompson
              makes its way back here to Clinton County. And those calls are
              confirmed with [Zione] of stating, hey where you at.

              There were several times the guys would run out of drugs for
              anywhere from an hour up to three and four hours. So, they
              would continuously call like how long you going to be so that they
              can tell the users, hey, it's going to be a little bit.

              So, it was very common to hear those calls, where you at, where
              can I meet you at. And that day was a perfect example for that
              day is where he collected the cash, went to Dayton, Ohio,
              resupplied with the crack cocaine, and then brought that crack
              cocaine back to Wilmington, Clinton County, and distributed to
              his main couriers.

       {¶ 47} As a result, we find the state presented sufficient evidence to sustain Davis'

conviction in Count 149 of R.C. 2925.03(A)(2) with a special finding that the amount of

cocaine exceeded 27 grams, but was less than 100 grams.

                              C. Illegal Manufacture of Drugs

       {¶ 48} As to Count 4, Davis was also convicted of one count of illegal manufacture of

drugs in violation of R.C. 2925.04. R.C. 2925.04 states that "[n]o person shall knowingly

cultivate marihuana or knowingly manufacture or otherwise engage in any part of the

production of a controlled substance.

       {¶ 49} While there were many instances in which Davis described his manufacturing,

the state proceeded on only one count. On November 22 at 6:08 PM, Davis spoke with a

known drug user and stated that he has "the soft" right now, which is a term for cocaine.

Davis states that he had to put it "in a pot," which means that he will be manufacturing the

cocaine into crack. Then Davis states that he will give the caller an eight ball (3.5 grams) for


                                             - 21 -
                                                                      Clinton CA2015-12-022

$200.

        {¶ 50} At 6:12 PM Davis speaks with Kline and asks Kline to have Deb come and get

him. At 6:59 PM, Davis calls Kline and asks him to bring a Pyrex dish, baking soda, and a

metal hanger, which are items used for the manufacture of crack. At 8:23 PM, Davis calls

Kline looking for a place to cook the crack and Kline offers his residence. Davis accepts. At

9:09 PM, an unidentified individual is discussing the manufacturing process of crack with

Davis. Using the testimony of Detective Baker, combined with the telephone recordings, the

discussion involves the unidentified individual asking how much crack he will get for 14 grams

of cocaine after manufacturing. Davis explains that he will get 14 grams, "you going to at

least get what you put in." The individual states that he would like to get 18 grams out of the

14 grams. Detective Baker stated that you can increase the amount of crack made if the

cocaine is a higher quality and you combine other ingredients to increase the yield. At 9:29

PM, Davis states the quantity that he was able to make "Ok, that shit jump you hear me. I

just got 31 off of one you feel me. 31 and some." At 9:35 PM, Davis receives a call and

states that he "just got out the kitchen," which Detective Baker testified means that he just

completed the manufacturing process.          Detective Baker testified that all of these

conversations transpired over the course of less than three hours and Davis' presence was

confirmed at Kline's house that day by undercover surveillance teams.

        {¶ 51} Based on our review, we conclude that the state presented sufficient evidence

that Davis knowingly manufactured a controlled substance in violation of R.C. 2925.04.

                           D. Aggravated Trafficking in Drugs

        {¶ 52} As to Count 347, Davis was convicted of Aggravated Trafficking in Drugs in

violation of R.C. 2925.03. Again, the relevant provision states:

              (A) No person shall knowingly do any of the following:

              ***
                                             - 22 -
                                                                         Clinton CA2015-12-022

               (2) Prepare for shipment, ship, transport, deliver, prepare for
               distribution, or distribute a controlled substance or a controlled
               substance analog, when the offender knows or has reasonable
               cause to believe that the controlled substance or a controlled
               substance analog is intended for sale or resale by the offender or
               another person.

       {¶ 53} On December 16, 2013, Davis made two calls to two separate individuals,

bragging or informing them that he was in possession of "glass," a slang term for crystal

methamphetamine. Davis later calls Zione and tells him that he has half an ounce, or 14

grams, to sell. Detective Baker testified that the bulk amount of methamphetamine is three

grams. Therefore, Davis possessing 14 grams satisfies the specification requirement, i.e.,

bulk amount, but is less than five times the bulk amount.                 R.C. 2925.03(C)(1)(c).

Accordingly, there is sufficient evidence on this count.

                        E. Engaging in a Pattern of Corrupt Activity

       {¶ 54} Finally, as to Count 1, Davis was convicted of engaging in a pattern of corrupt

activity. As previously noted, this count is defined in R.C. 2923.32, which states that: "[n]o

person employed by, or associated with, any enterprise shall conduct or participate in,

directly or indirectly, the affairs of the enterprise through a pattern of corrupt activity." Again,

for purposes of this case, "corrupt activity" means "engaging in, attempting to engage in,

conspiring to engage in, or soliciting, coercing, or intimidating another person to engage in" a

violation of R.C. 2925.03 or R.C. 2925.04.

       {¶ 55} Davis was convicted of 25 counts of trafficking in drugs, illegal manufacture of

drugs, and aggravated trafficking in drugs. Contrary to Davis' contentions, these convictions

were properly tried in Clinton County and were supported by sufficient evidence. As

indicated above, the state presented evidence that Davis was the leader of the Marlena Park

Gang and presented voluminous records and voice records wherein Davis would direct

members of the organization to act on his behalf and sell drugs. Through the use of phone


                                               - 23 -
                                                                        Clinton CA2015-12-022

records and testimony from those involved with the organization, the state presented

sufficient evidence to show that Davis engaged in a pattern of corrupt activity through his

illicit drug activity. Accordingly, we find Davis' conviction for engaging in a pattern of corrupt

activity was supported by sufficient evidence.

                                        III. Conclusion

       {¶ 56} Based on the foregoing, we find Davis' convictions were supported by

sufficient evidence. Although many of the conversations and rituals involved coded language

and drug terminology, we find that a rational trier of fact could have found all essential

elements to find Davis guilty on all counts. See State v. Short, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No.

83804, 2005-Ohio-4578, ¶ 21. Therefore, we find Davis' first assignment of error is without

merit and is overruled.

       {¶ 57} Assignment of Error No. 2:

       {¶ 58} THE DEFENDANT'S CONVICTIONS ARE NOT SUPPORTED BY THE

MANIFEST WEIGHT OF THE EVIDENCE.

       {¶ 59} In his second assignment of error, Davis alleges that his convictions are

against the manifest weight of the evidence. We again disagree.

       {¶ 60} A manifest weight challenge concerns the inclination of the greater amount of

credible evidence, offered in a trial, to support one side of the issue rather than the other.

State v. Vunda, 12th Dist. Butler Nos. CA2012-07-130 and CA2013-07-113, 2014-Ohio-3449,

¶ 34. In assessing whether a conviction is against the manifest weight of the evidence, a

reviewing court examines the entire record, weighs the evidence and all reasonable

inferences, considers the credibility of the witnesses, and determines whether, in resolving

conflicts in the evidence, the trier of fact clearly lost its way and created such a manifest

miscarriage of justice that the conviction must be reversed and a new trial ordered. State v.

Sess, 12th Dist. Butler No. CA2015-06-117, 2016-Ohio-5560, ¶ 13.
                                              - 24 -
                                                                      Clinton CA2015-12-022

       {¶ 61} While appellate review includes the responsibility to consider the credibility of

witnesses and weight given to the evidence, "these issues are primarily matters for the trier of

fact to decide." State v. Shindeldecker, 12th Dist. Preble No. CA2015-06-014, 2016-Ohio-

264, ¶ 16. Therefore, an appellate court will overturn a conviction due to the manifest weight

of the evidence only in extraordinary circumstances to correct a manifest miscarriage of

justice, and only when the evidence presented at trial weighs heavily in favor of acquittal. Id.

       {¶ 62} As noted above, the state presented overwhelming evidence of Davis' guilt in

this matter. The evidence included dozens of phone conversations between Davis and his

associates and customers. The testimony from several associates and customers further

corroborated those phone calls and the common practices utilized in Davis' drug operation.

Simply stated, the jury had ample evidence to sustain Davis' convictions on all charges and

we do not find that the jury's decision was against the manifest weight of the evidence.

Accordingly, Davis' second assignment of error is without merit.

       {¶ 63} Assignment of Error No. 3:

       {¶ 64} THE DEFENDANT WAS DENIED EFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL.

       {¶ 65} In his third assignment of error, Davis argues that he was denied effective

assistance of counsel. Davis asserts that his trial counsel failed to object to "many portions"

of testimony that he claims were improper and stating "[n]o one can read the transcripts and

not ascertain that many, many questions and answers should have been objected to by trial

counsel whether the basis was hearsay, relevancy, lack of foundation, etc." We disagree

with Davis' claim.

       {¶ 66} To prevail on an ineffective assistance of counsel claim, an appellant must

establish: (1) that his trial counsel's performance was deficient; and (2) that such deficiency

prejudiced the defense to the point of depriving the appellant of a fair trial. Strickland v.

Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687-688, 104 S.Ct. 2052 (1984); State v. Vore, 12th Dist. Warren
                                             - 25 -
                                                                         Clinton CA2015-12-022

Nos. CA2012-06-049 and CA2012-10-106, 2013-Ohio-1490, ¶ 14.                       Trial counsel's

performance will not be deemed deficient unless it "fell below an objective standard of

reasonableness." Strickland at 688. To show prejudice, the appellant must prove there

exists "a reasonable probability that, but for counsel's unprofessional errors, the result of the

proceeding would have been different." Id. at 694. An appellant's failure to satisfy one prong

of the Strickland test negates a court's need to consider the other. State v. Madrigal, 87 Ohio

St.3d 378, 389 (2000).

       {¶ 67} We have carefully reviewed the entirety of the transcript and find that Davis'

trial counsel was not ineffective. While Davis vaguely asserts that there were "many

portions" of testimony that were objectionable, we do not concur with Davis' assessment that

his trial counsel was ineffective. Trial counsel is not ineffective for failing to object at every

potential moment in a case and declining to object may be considered trial strategy. As

noted by the Ohio Supreme Court:

              [E]xperienced trial counsel learn that objections to each
              potentially objectionable event could actually act to their party's
              detriment. * * * In light of this, any single failure to object usually
              cannot be said to have been error unless the evidence sought is
              so prejudicial * * * that failure to object essentially defaults the
              case to the state. Otherwise, defense counsel must so
              consistently fail to use objections, despite numerous and clear
              reasons for doing so, that counsel's failure cannot reasonably
              have been said to have been part of a trial strategy or tactical
              choice.

State v. Johnson, 112 Ohio St.3d 210, 2006-Ohio-6404, ¶ 140, citing Lundgren v. Mitchell,

440 F.3d 754, 774 (6th Cir. 2006).

       {¶ 68} Davis' scattershot attempt to argue that certain portions of testimony should

have been objected to neither present an accurate representation of what occurred at trial,

nor do they explain a basis for objection. For example:

              Examples of trial counsel's ineffectiveness can be found as
              followed [sic]: Given nature of the evidence (and lack thereof),
                                               - 26 -
                                                                        Clinton CA2015-12-022

              Detective Baker's first sixty pages of testimony contains hearsay
              and irrelevant information that trial counsel never objected to,
              such as having two informants killed (T.p. 313), we based the
              opinion (T.p. 314-15), a leak involving search warrants (T.p.
              316), "we did a complete chart of the entire drug trafficking
              organization" (T.p. 325), "Mark Burch lived in the residence that
              Khalif Zione had gave to his probation officer" (T.p. 328),
              testifying about what an undercover officer saw and believed
              (T.p. 330), and that the surveillance units confirmed who as [sic]
              actually there for the transaction (T.p. 330). Similarly, Detective
              Baker was allowed to testify about events to which he had no
              personal knowledge: a traffic stop that occurred by a state
              highway patrolman (T.p. 417), a second traffic stop that occurred
              in Warren County and that methamphetamine was located inside
              the vehicle. (T.p. 424), and drug transactions by undercover
              officers and what other individuals said (T.p. 429-30, 351, 355,
              407).

       {¶ 69} In addition, Davis complains that "trial counsel did not object to improper

statements made by the prosecutor during closing argument," but declines to address which

statements were objectionable. However, having reviewed the record, we find Davis'

argument to be without merit. Davis has not shown that his counsel was ineffective, nor has

he shown that the outcome of the trial would have been different but for these objections and

decisions by counsel. Rather, as noted above, Davis was convicted based on overwhelming

evidence presented at trial. Accordingly, Davis' third assignment of error is overruled.

       {¶ 70} Assignment of Error No. 4:

       {¶ 71} THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN DENYING THE DEFENDANT'S MOTION TO

SUPPRESS.

       {¶ 72} In his fourth assignment of error, Davis alleges the trial court erred by failing to

suppress the evidence obtained from the federal wiretap. In his appellate brief, Davis argues

that the trial court erred by denying his motion to suppress and challenges the validity of the

federal wiretap order because "other investigative measures could have been undertaken

and had not been shown to be unsuccessful." Davis claims the federal wiretap order thus

violates 18 U.S.C. 2518(1)(c), which requires an affidavit in support of federal wiretap
                                              - 27 -
                                                                      Clinton CA2015-12-022

authority contain a "full and complete statement as to whether or not other investigative

procedures have been tried and failed or why they reasonably appear to be unlikely to

succeed if tried or to be too dangerous."

       {¶ 73} Appellate review of a ruling on a motion to suppress presents a mixed question

of law and fact. State v. Brannon, 12th Dist. Clinton No. CA2014-09-012, 2015-Ohio-1488, ¶

24. When considering a motion to suppress, the trial court, as the trier of fact, is in the best

position to weigh the evidence in order to resolve factual questions and evaluate witness

credibility. State v. Cruz, 12th Dist. Preble No. CA2013-10-008, 2014-Ohio-4280, ¶ 12.

Therefore, when reviewing the denial of a motion to suppress, a reviewing court is bound to

accept the trial court's findings of fact if they are supported by competent, credible evidence.

State v. Clarke, 12th Dist. Butler No. CA2015-11-189, 2016-Ohio-7187, ¶ 19. "An appellate

court, however, independently reviews the trial court's legal conclusions based on those facts

and determines, without deference to the trial court's decision, whether as a matter of law,

the facts satisfy the appropriate legal standard." State v. Durham, 12th Dist. Warren No.

CA2013-03-023, 2013-Ohio-4764, ¶ 14.

       {¶ 74} A review of the hearing and memoranda in support of Davis' motion to

suppress, however, reveals that this argument was not raised below and is therefore waived.

Instead, at the trial court level, Davis alleged that Ohio constitutional and statutory law

precluded local authorities from using and relying upon evidence obtained from a federal

wiretap pursuant to R.C. 2933.52, which is titled "[p]rohibition against interception of

communications; exceptions." As the trial court correctly concluded, Davis' contention below

was without merit as Ohio statutes specifically provides that R.C. 2933.52(B) explicitly

exempts application of that rule if a federal wiretap order has been properly issued.

       {¶ 75} The issue that Davis now raises with respect to 18 U.S.C. 2518(1)(c) was not

preserved below. As noted by the trial court in its entry, the hearing in support of the motion
                                             - 28 -
                                                                      Clinton CA2015-12-022

to suppress comprised of stipulated exhibits and a request for time to file post-hearing briefs

and '[n]o fact testimony was presented or needed." Accordingly, as Davis failed to raise this

factual issue below, we may not consider it for the first time on appeal. State v. Vaughn, 12th

Dist. Fayette No. CA2014-05-012, 2015-Ohio-828, ¶ 9; Columbus v. Ridley, 10th Dist.

Franklin No. 15AP-84, 2015-Ohio-4968, ¶ 28 ("'It is well-settled law that issues not raised in

the trial court may not be raised for the first time on appeal because such issues are deemed

waived.' * * * This well-settled waiver rule applies to arguments not asserted either in a

written motion to suppress or at the suppression hearing").

       {¶ 76} Moreover, we also note that the evidence produced at trial would directly

contradict Davis' argument on appeal. As the state argues in its brief, and as supported by

the record, law enforcement officers testified that a wiretap was necessary because a

previous undercover drug buy with Zione, one of Davis' dealers, had gone bad and it was not

safe to place additional individuals in harm's way. Additionally, the state presented evidence

that the wiretap was the best means to learn the roles of the members of the organization

and try to determine the identity of the supply source. Accordingly, we find Davis' fourth

assignment of error is without merit and is hereby overruled.

       {¶ 77} Assignment of Error No. 5:

       {¶ 78} THE      DEFENDANT'S        SENTENCES         INCLUDING       THE     PENALTY

ENHANCEMENTS TO HIGHER LEVEL FELONIES ARE CONTRARY TO THE LAW.

       {¶ 79} In his fifth assignment of error, Davis argues that his sentence is contrary to

law. We find no merit to Davis' argument.

       {¶ 80} This court reviews felony sentences pursuant to the standard of review set

forth in R.C. 2953.08(G)(2) to determine whether the imposition of those sentences is clearly

and convincingly contrary to law. State v. Julious, 12th Dist. Butler No. CA2015-12-224,

2016-Ohio-4822, ¶ 8. Pursuant to that statute, an appellate court may modify or vacate a
                                             - 29 -
                                                                      Clinton CA2015-12-022

sentence only if, by clear and convincing evidence, "the record does not support the trial

court's findings under relevant statutes or that the sentence is otherwise contrary to law."

State v. Harp, 12th Dist. Clermont No. CA2015-12-096, 2016-Ohio-4921, ¶ 7. A sentence is

not clearly and convincingly contrary to law where the trial court considers the purposes and

principles of sentencing as set forth in R.C. 2929.11, as well as the seriousness and

recidivism factors listed in R.C. 2929.12, and sentences a defendant within the permissible

statutory range. State v. Brandenburg, 12th Dist. Butler Nos. CA2014-10-201 and CA2014-

10-202, 2016-Ohio-4918, ¶ 9.

       {¶ 81} Davis argues that the specifications leading to his penalty enhancements

based on the weight of controlled substance are contrary to law. Specifically, Davis'

argument relies on a similar proposition that we addressed with regard to his sufficiency and

manifest weight arguments. According to Davis, the imposition of penalty enhancements

was improper because the state did not introduce the illegal substance as evidence.

However, as addressed in Davis' first assignment of error, the holding in Chandler "does not

apply to situations where no drug is recovered and no testing is performed." Garr, 2010-

Ohio-2449 at ¶ 28. Consistent with Garr, Davis may be convicted of the relevant weight

specifications. Here, as addressed in Davis' first assignment of error, the state presented

testimony on each charge that the weight of the drug satisfied the statutory requirements and

therefore there was no error in imposing the relevant penalty enhancements.

       {¶ 82} Finally, although not raised in a separate assignment of error, Davis raises one

final, conclusory challenge to his sentence, alleging that the trial court erred when it did not

merge the drug trafficking and illegal manufacturing as allied offenses. However, as noted

above, the state presented overwhelming evidence of each offense, none of which were

allied offenses. Davis' sentence is not contrary to law. Therefore, Davis' fifth assignment of

error is overruled.
                                             - 30 -
                                                Clinton CA2015-12-022

{¶ 83} Judgment affirmed.


M. POWELL, P.J., and HENDRICKSON, J., concur.




                               - 31 -
