                                                                NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                            FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                                 ___________

                                       No. 14-1785
                                       ___________

                       AMERICAN BOARD OF SURGERY, INC.

                                             v.

               KEITH A. LASKO; AMERICAN BOARD OF GENERAL
                   SURGERY; ACADEMY OF SURGERY AND
                AMERICAN COUNSEL OF GENERAL SURGEONS;
               AMERICAN COUNCIL OF SURGICAL SPECIALISTS

                              Keith A. Lasko, Appellant
                       ____________________________________

                     On Appeal from the United States District Court
                         for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
                         (D.C. Civil Action No. 2-10-cv-01857)
                     District Judge: Honorable Michael M. Baylson
                      ____________________________________

                    Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
                                  February 18, 2015

         Before: RENDELL, GREENAWAY, Jr. and SCIRICA, Circuit Judges

                              (Opinion filed May 15, 2015)
                                     ___________

                                        OPINION*
                                       ___________




   *
     This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does
not constitute binding precedent.
PER CURIAM

       Keith A. Lasko appeals pro se from the District Court’s orders entering final

judgment. We will affirm in part, vacate in part, and remand in the event that American

Board of Surgery, Inc. (“ABS”) may wish to pursue its motion for sanctions.

                                            I.

       Lasko is a former physician who lost his medical licenses for reasons not relevant

here. ABS filed suit against Lasko for, inter alia, trademark infringement under the

Lanham Act. ABS alleged that Lasko created corporations and websites with names

confusingly similar to established medical organizations and then used them to sell

illegitimate memberships and certifications. (Lasko had named one of his companies the

“American Board of General Surgery.”) ABS obtained a default judgment against Lasko

on January 7, 2011, as a sanction for discovery violations. (ECF No. 46.) The January 7

order entered judgment against Lasko for approximately $175,000 and permanently

enjoined him from continuing his illegal activities. The order was a final decision

appealable under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, but Lasko did not appeal.

       Instead, Lasko continued to engage in conduct prohibited by the injunction. On

April 8, 2012, on ABS’s motion, the District Court held Lasko in contempt and

broadened its January 7, 2011 injunction. (ECF No. 54.) The court declined to impose

sanctions but stated that ABS could seek them if Lasko continued to violate the

injunction. Lasko appealed, and we affirmed both the finding of contempt and the

modified injunction. See Am. Bd. of Surgery, Inc. v. Lasko, 532 F. App’x 66, 70


                                            2
(3d Cir. 2013)

       ABS later sought to depose Lasko in order to determine whether he was still

violating the injunction, and the court directed him to appear for a deposition. (ECF No.

65.) Lasko refused and instead filed a motion to “dismiss the case” on the merits. ABS

moved for monetary sanctions and to compel Lasko to appear. Lasko then filed six more

motions, including additional motions to “dismiss” this action on the merits and a motion

to disqualify the District Judge, but did not respond to ABS’s motion for sanctions.

       The court held a hearing on the parties’ motions on February 26, 2014. Although

the court permitted Lasko to appear from Nevada by video conference, Lasko failed to

appear at all. (ECF No. 79.) Instead, he filed an “Emergency Motion for the Court to

Justify Jurisdiction” two days later. (ECF No. 84.) On March 5, 2014, the court entered

an order imposing a sanction of $7,120 on Lasko, denying his pending motions, and

enjoining him from filing further motions in this case. (ECF No. 86.) The same day, the

court entered a separate order providing, in relevant part, that “it appearing that defendant

has no interest or intention of obeying the Orders of this Court, the Court is considering

entering a final judgment in this case in the amount of the defendant’s outstanding

indebtedness to the plaintiff and terminating this action.” (ECF No. 87.)

       On May 17, 2014, the court entered a “final judgment” incorporating the terms of

(1) its January 7, 2011 order entering default judgment against Lasko for approximately

$175,000 and enjoining him from continuing his illegal activities; (2) its April 8, 2012

order holding Lasko in contempt and broadening the injunction; and (3) its March 5,


                                             3
2014 order imposing the $7,120 sanction. (ECF No. 91.) ABS then filed a motion to

amend the judgment to strike the $175,000 judgment against Lasko because he had

discharged it in bankruptcy. The District Court granted the motion and, on April 4, 2014,

entered an “amended final judgment” that omitted the $175,000 judgment but that

otherwise remained the same. (ECF No. 99.) Lasko filed timely notices of appeal from

both the March 17 and the April 4 judgments.1

                                              II.

       Lasko raises essentially four challenges on appeal. He first challenges the terms of

the District Court’s injunction, which are reiterated in the final judgment. As we

previously noted, we lack jurisdiction over the initial injunction because Lasko failed to

appeal from it (timely or otherwise). See Am. Bd. of Surgery, 532 F. App’x at 68 n.1.

Moreover, we have affirmed the District Court’s modification of the injunction, see id. at

70, and the District Court’s incorporation of the modified injunction “is not a fresh

injunction” but “instead merely reiterates . . . the court’s prior orders without creating

new obligations.” Gautreaux v. Chi. Hous. Auth., 178 F.3d 951, 958 (7th Cir. 1999)

(addressing 28 U.S.C. § 1292(a)(1)). In addition, our affirmance of the District Court’s

modification of the injunction is law of the case. See Pardini v. Allegheny Intermediate




   1
     ABS disputes our jurisdiction in certain respects noted below in note 3, infra, but we
note here that the District Court’s March 17 and April 4 orders are final for purposes of
28 U.S.C. § 1291. “Most post judgment orders are final decisions within the ambit of 28
U.S.C. § 1291 as long as the district court has completely disposed of the matter,”
Ohntrup v. Firearms Ctr., Inc., 802 F.2d 676, 678 (3d Cir. 1986) (per curiam) (citation
omitted), and there is no question that the District Court has done so here.
                                              4
Unit, 524 F.3d 419, 426 (3d Cir. 2008). Lasko’s belated assertion of previously available

arguments does not permit us to revisit the ruling of a prior Panel of this Court. See id.2

       Lasko’s second challenge is to the $7,120 sanction the court imposed in one of the

two orders entered on March 5 (ECF No. 86) and then included in its final orders entered

March 17 and April 4.3 Although we certainly do not condone Lasko’s conduct during

this litigation, we are constrained to vacate the sanction for three reasons.4

       First, before being sanctioned, a party is entitled to notice of the reasons for

possible sanctions, the rule on which they might be based, and their potential form. See

id.; Prosser v. Prosser, 186 F.3d 403, 406 (3d Cir. 1999); Martin v. Brown,



   2
      In the District Court, Lasko raised many of his present arguments in various motions
that could be construed as seeking relief from the injunction under Fed. R. Civ. P.
60(b)(6). We find no basis to conclude they present “extraordinary circumstances” for
purposes of Rule 60(b)(6). Morris v. Horn, 187 F.3d 333, 341 (3d Cir. 1999).
   3
     ABS argues that we lack jurisdiction to review the sanction as well, but we disagree.
Lasko also filed a notice of appeal from the District Court’s March 17 final judgment on
March 31, which makes it timely as to the March 5 order. See Fed. R. App. P. 4(a)(1).
In any event, on the same day that the District Court entered its March 5 order imposing
sanctions, it entered a separate order noting the sanction and notifying the parties that it
was “considering entering a final judgment in this case in the amount of [Lasko’s]
outstanding indebtedness.” (ECF No. 87.) The March 5 order thus was not appealable
when entered because the District Court had not “completely disposed of the matter.”
Ohntrup, 802 F.2d at 678 (quotation marks omitted). The District Court later included
the March 5 sanction as part of the final judgments from which Lasko appeals. Lasko’s
March 31 notice of appeal does not specifically mention the March 5 order, but we will
liberally construe his pro se notice to bring it before us for review because there is a
connection between the March 5 and March 17 orders, Lasko’s intention to challenge the
sanction is clear, and ABS has had an opportunity to brief the merits of the sanction (and
in fact has done so). See Powell v. Symons, 680 F.3d 301, 306 n.2 (3d Cir. 2012).
   4
     We review the sanction for abuse of discretion except to the extent that it raises due
process issues of notice and an opportunity to respond, in which case our review is
plenary. See Saldana v. Kmart Corp., 260 F.3d 228, 236 (3d Cir. 2001).
                                              5
63 F.3d 1252, 1263-64 (3d Cir. 1995) (“[P]articularized notice of the grounds for the

sanction under consideration is generally required.”). ABS filed a motion seeking $2,000

under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 37(d)(3) for Lasko’s refusal to appear for a

deposition. Shortly after the hearing on that motion, however, ABS submitted an

affidavit stating that it had incurred approximately $7,120 in legal fees and expenses—

not in appearing or arranging for Lasko’s deposition, but in drafting its motion for

sanctions, responding to motions that Lasko filed both before and after ABS filed its

motion for sanctions, and preparing for and attending the hearing. ABS’s affidavit did

not request additional sanctions or identify any possible basis for such sanctions, and

Lasko did not have a reasonable opportunity to respond to it in any event because the

District Court issued its order imposing the $7,120 sanction the very next day.

Imposition of that sanction under these circumstances was inappropriate because neither

ABS’s motion nor anything else of record put Lasko on notice that he faced anything

other than a $2,000 sanction for failing to appear for a deposition. Cf. Ettinger &

Assocs., LLC v. Miller (In re Miller), 730 F.3d 198, 205-06 (3d Cir. 2013) (holding that a

party may not be sanctioned for post-motion conduct under the bankruptcy equivalent of

Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 11). Although we cannot condone Lasko’s conduct in

repeatedly “fail[ing] to obey Orders of th[e District] Court,” (ECF No. 86), ABS moved

for sanctions under Rule 37(d)(3) and some of the conduct for which the District Court

appears to have sanctioned Lasko is not sanctionable under that rule.5 We also recognize,


   5
    The rule provides that, if the court sanctions a party for failing to attend the party’s
own deposition, “the court must require the party failing to act . . . to pay the reasonable
                                             6
however, that provided Lasko receives appropriate notice and an opportunity to respond

on remand (and especially if he persists in violating the injunction or filing vexatious

motions), further sanctions may be appropriate. See generally, e.g., Fed. R. Civ. P. 11;

Robin Woods Inc. v. Woods, 28 F.3d 396, 400 (3d Cir. 1994); Alexander v. United

States, 121 F.3d 312, 316 (7th Cir. 1997) (“Courts have inherent powers to protect

themselves from vexatious litigation.”).

       Finally, we cannot determine whether the court considered potential mitigating

factors such as Lasko’s apparent indigence.6 We have held in the Rule 11 context that, in

fashioning appropriate sanctions, courts should consider a party’s financial resources and

ability to pay. See DiPaolo v. Moran, 407 F.3d 140, 145-46 (3d Cir. 2005); Doering v.

Union Cnty. Bd. of Chosen Freeholders, 857 F.2d 191, 195-96 (3d Cir. 1988). We

recognize, of course, that Lasko’s failure to respond to ABS’s motion for sanctions and

his unjustified refusal to participate in the hearing on that motion greatly hampered the

District Court’s ability to consider his financial circumstances or other potentially

relevant factors. And although we believe further consideration is required before

imposing sanctions that would appear to subject a pro se litigant to “financial ruin,”

expenses, including attorney’s fees, caused by the failure, unless the failure was
substantially justified or other circumstances make an award of expenses unjust.” Fed. R.
Civ. P. 37(d)(3). The court here appears to have sanctioned Lasko in part for filing
motions that were unrelated to his deposition.
   6
     Lasko’s motion to proceed in forma pauperis in this appeal (which we granted)
states that he earns $844 per month in retirement income, has $830 in monthly expenses,
and has $163 in the bank with no home, automobile, or other assets. An in forma
pauperis application that he filed with the District Court in 2013 (which the District Court
also granted) reflects similar financial circumstances and states that he lives on Social
Security benefits and food stamps. (ECF No. 56.)
                                              7
Doering, 857 F.2d at 196 (citation omitted), we reemphasize that we neither condone

Lasko’s conduct nor hold that it is not sanctionable.7

       Lasko’s third challenge is to the ruling that he “shall not file any further motions

in this case with this Court.” (ECF No. 86.) We will vacate that ruling because a court

must provide a litigant with notice and an opportunity to respond before enjoining him

from filing documents with the court. See Brow v. Farrelly, 994 F.2d 1027, 1038 (3d Cir.

1993). Lasko lacked notice the court was considering such a step.8 Moreover, anti-filing

injunctions are appropriate only in “exigent circumstances” and “must be narrowly

tailored to fit the particular circumstances of the case.” Id.9




   7
     Lasko’s status as a defendant rather than a plaintiff in this case poses challenges in
fashioning an appropriate sanction, but we are confident that the District Court can tailor
an appropriate sanction on remand if ABS elects to pursue its motion.
   8
      The first mention of such a restriction came in a proposed form of order ABS’s
counsel drafted at the court’s request. That proposed order stated that Lasko “shall not
file any further motions with this Court without prior approval of the Court.” (Appellee’s
App’x Exh. C.) ABS’s letter states that ABS served the proposed order on Lasko, but the
District Court issued its order two business days later.
   9
      The court prohibited Lasko from filing any further motions at all rather than from
filing only on leave of court. Although we have approved anti-filing prohibitions against
vexatious litigants, we are not aware of decisions approving prohibitions without
opportunity for seeking leave to file. Cf., e.g., Abdul-Akbar v. Watson, 901 F.2d 329,
333 (3d Cir. 1990); Chipps v. U.S. Dist. Ct., 882 F.2d 72, 73 (3d Cir. 1989). Nonetheless,
Lasko should not take our ruling as license to resume filing motions raising inapposite,
belated, or previously rejected arguments such as the motions he filed at ECF Nos. 73,
76, 80, and 84, or any argument we have rejected here. We express no opinion on
whether, if Lasko continues to raise such challenges or to file otherwise frivolous
motions, the District Court may enjoin him from filing further documents in this case
without leave of court.
                                              8
        Lasko’s final argument is that the District Judge should have recused himself

under 28 U.S.C. § 455(a) because his impartiality might reasonably be questioned. 10 This

argument is meritless. “Judicial rulings alone almost never constitute a valid basis for a

bias or partiality motion.” Liteky v. United States, 510 U.S. 540, 555 (1994). The

District Court’s rulings do not “reveal such a high degree of favoritism or antagonism as

to make fair judgment impossible.” Id. To the contrary, while in some instances Lasko

may have lacked full notice and an opportunity to respond, the orders have sought to

manage litigation involving a pro se defendant who has clearly and repeatedly refused to

comply with court orders and instead engaged in repetitious motion practice.11

                                            III.

        For the foregoing reasons, we will vacate the March 5, 2014 order (ECF No. 86) to

the extent it prohibits Lasko from filing further motions in this case. We will also vacate

that order and the March 17 and April 4, 2014 orders to the extent they impose a $7,120

sanction against Lasko. We will remand for further proceedings in the event that ABS

may wish to pursue its motion for sanctions. We will otherwise affirm.




   10
      Lasko’s arguments are addressed to the Honorable Michael M. Baylson, who has
presided over this case since October 23, 2013. Before then, this case was assigned to the
Honorable Mitchell S. Goldberg. Judge Goldberg entered the orders imposing and
modifying the injunction and requiring Lasko to appear for a post-judgment deposition.
   11
     We have carefully reviewed, and now here reject, Lasko’s remaining recusal
arguments. First, it is neither improper nor unusual for a judge to ask counsel to draft a
proposed form of order reflecting rulings that the judge already has announced. Second,
we have no reason to believe Lasko’s lawsuit in Nevada against Judge Goldberg requires
Judge Baylson’s disqualification.
                                             9
