                    IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

                                   No. 17-0914
                              Filed August 15, 2018


STATE OF IOWA,
     Plaintiff-Appellee,

vs.

FERNANDO LOPEZ-AGUILAR,
     Defendant-Appellant.
________________________________________________________________


      Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Polk County, Jeffrey D. Farrell,

Judge.



      Fernando Lopez-Aguilar appeals his convictions arising out of a fatal traffic

accident. AFFIRMED.



      Mark C. Smith, State Appellate Defender, and Stephan J. Japuntich,

Assistant Appellate Defender, for appellant.

      Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Louis S. Sloven, Assistant Attorney

General, for appellee.



      Heard by Danilson, C.J., and Mullins and McDonald, JJ.
                                              2


MCDONALD, Judge.

       Following trial by jury, Fernando Lopez-Aguilar was convicted of multiple

offenses arising out of a fatal car crash. He was convicted of reckless driving, in

violation of Iowa Code section 321.277 (2016); involuntary manslaughter, in

violation of Iowa Code section 707.5; serious injury by reckless driving, in violation

of 707.6A(4); two counts of neglect of a dependent person, in violation of Iowa

Code section 726.3; and two counts of child endangerment, in violation of Iowa

Code section 726.6. On appeal, Lopez-Aguilar contends the district court abused

its discretion in denying his motion for mistrial.     He also contends there was

insufficient evidence establishing recklessness. Finally, he raises several claims

of ineffective assistance of trial counsel.

                                              I.

       On the afternoon of September 8, 2016, Lopez-Aguilar, an unlicensed

motorist, was driving on an unfamiliar-to-him stretch of Bell Avenue in Des Moines.

Also in the vehicle were Lopez-Aguilar’s girlfriend, Frances Jordan, and two

children. This particular stretch of Bell Avenue was in a very hilly, residential area.

The afternoon sun was shining into Lopez-Aguilar’s eyes. The posted speed limit

was twenty-five miles per hour. Lopez-Aguilar was exceeding the speed limit,

reaching speeds of forty-eight miles per hour. Jordan asked Lopez-Aguilar to slow

down, but he did not do so.

       While driving westbound on Bell Avenue, Lopez-Aguilar ran through a stop

sign shortly after cresting a hill. As Lopez-Aguilar’s car traveled through the

intersection, it struck the rear passenger-side wheel of a truck traveling through

the intersection northbound on Southeast Sixth Avenue. The impact dislodged the
                                         3


truck’s rear axle. The force of impact launched the truck up into the air in a spin.

The back of the spinning, airborne truck crashed into the front end and windshield

of another vehicle traveling southbound on Southeast Sixth Avenue. After the

truck collided with the second vehicle, the truck reversed rotation and came to rest

perpendicular to the second vehicle.         There were three occupants in the

southbound vehicle, Phann Sos and his two granddaughters. Sos suffered serious

injuries as a result of the accident. One of the granddaughters, L.P., died as a

result of her injuries.

       Below is an exhibit showing the accident site.




The exhibit shows Lopez-Aguilar’s vehicle continued through the intersection after

impact and came to rest in the side yard of a home near the intersection. The truck

is facing westbound, perpendicular to Sos’s vehicle.
                                         4


       Officer David Olsen and other police officers arrived at the scene and

commenced      an   investigation.    Lopez-Aguilar    stated   he was      traveling

approximately thirty or thirty-five miles per hour. He stated he applied his brakes

before entering the intersection but his brakes failed to engage. After this initial

exchange, Officer Don Ouimet took Lopez-Aguilar to a police station for an

interview. Lopez-Aguilar repeated his statements regarding his speed and the

brake malfunction. He added he did not see the stop sign until he was right on top

of it. During the interview, Officer Ouimet made a comment to Lopez-Aguilar

regarding his choice of route, stating Lopez-Aguilar chose a less-traveled route to

get to his destination to avoid detection as an unlicensed driver. Ouimet concluded

the interview by obtaining Lopez-Aguilar’s contact information and reviewing

Lopez-Aguilar’s social security card. The interview was recorded.

       During the course of the investigation it became apparent that, contrary to

Lopez-Aguilar’s initial claims, the brakes on his vehicle were working at the time of

the accident. The car’s airbag control module provided detailed data regarding the

speed of the vehicle just prior to the accident. The data showed Lopez-Aguilar

was traveling forty-seven miles per hour with the accelerator fully depressed five

seconds prior to impact, forty-eight miles per hour with the accelerator partially

depressed four seconds prior to impact, forty-seven miles per hour without the

accelerator depressed three seconds prior to impact, forty-six miles per hour with

the brake pedal depressed two seconds prior to impact, and forty-two miles per

hour with the brake pedal depressed one second prior to impact. Using this data,

Officer Jacob Hedlund reenacted the situation by driving along Lopez-Aguilar’s

route at the same speeds. During the reenactment, Officer Hedlund was able to
                                          5


stop well before entering the intersection at issue. The reenactment was recorded

on the police cruiser’s dashcam. Officer Hedlund concluded “[I]n that area with the

narrow roadway, the hilly terrain, and the speeds at which the defendant” was

driving, the defendant was “unsafe” and “dangerous.”

       The State charged Lopez-Aguilar with seven counts: Count I, homicide by

reckless driving arising out of the death of L.P.; Count II, involuntary manslaughter

arising out of the death of L.P.; Count III, serious injury by reckless driving arising

out of the injury to Sos; Count IV, neglect of a dependent person arising out of the

danger posed to the first child in Lopez-Aguilar’s vehicle; Count V, child

endangerment arising out of the danger posed to the same child; Count VI, neglect

of a dependent person arising out of the danger posed to the second child in

Lopez-Aguilar’s vehicle; and Count VII, child endangerment arising out of the

danger posed to the same child.

       The matter came on for trial. During trial, Officer Olsen testified regarding

his investigation. He testified: “I approached him. I asked him if he was driving,

and he said yes. And then I asked him if he had a driver’s license?” Before Officer

Olsen could continue with his testimony regarding Lopez-Aguilar’s response to the

question, defense counsel asked to approach the bench. The jury was excused

from the courtroom, and the lawyers made a record on the driver’s license issue.

Defense counsel stated the evidence was not relevant to the charges in the

absence of evidence showing Lopez-Aguilar had no driving experience or driving

education. The district court agreed and held evidence regarding Lopez-Aguilar’s

lack of a driver’s license would not be admissible. The district court instructed the

prosecutor to “make the accommodations to the video accordingly,” referring to the
                                           6


video recording of Officer Ouimet’s interview of Lopez-Aguilar. The jury returned

to the courtroom, and the prosecutor continued to question Officer Olsen without

any further reference to the status of Lopez-Aguilar’s driver’s license.

       The issue of Lopez-Aguilar’s license came up again later in the trial. The

State published Officer Ouimet’s interview with Lopez-Aguilar. During the course

of the interview, as noted above, Officer Ouimet opined to Lopez-Aguilar that

Lopez-Aguilar avoided the main streets to “avoid seeing people” because Lopez-

Aguilar did not have a driver’s license.        The parties agreed the statement

inadvertently was not redacted from the video prior to publication to the jury.

Nonetheless, defense counsel moved for mistrial. Defense counsel argued Officer

Ouimet’s statement was prejudicial because it allowed the jury to speculate on why

Lopez-Aguilar did not have a driver’s license, including speculation regarding prior

bad acts and speculation regarding Lopez-Aguilar’s immigration status. The court

denied the motion for mistrial:

              Now, both sides had this video, and both sides had the
       transcript, and this other section wasn’t brought up in the hearing
       yesterday. So it’s on both of you a little bit. And I understand it’s,
       you know, it’s a 30-minute interview and we’re in the middle of trial,
       and there’s lots of things going on. So I’m not saying there’s really
       —I’m not blaming anyone, because I can completely understand,
       you know, how this wasn’t, you know, picked up on by both sides,
       but—and I heard it. I certainly don’t think we’re going to interview the
       jurors, because, you know, it is in evidence. That would only
       emphasize it.
              But I kind of see it at this point as a throw-away line. It was in
       the middle of the interview. It was one very small reference, and in
       and of itself, I don’t think it creates grounds for a mistrial in light of
       the week-long evidence that we’re going to have by the time this case
       is submitted. I mean, this case is going to focus on the speed and
       the ability or lack thereof to stop this vehicle as it went into this
       intersection. I mean, that’s all we’ve talked about. And I don’t think
       this two-second, or whatever it might have been, reference to not
                                          7


       having a DL by an officer—wasn’t acknowledged by the defendant—
       is sufficient enough to grant a mistrial.
               Now, I would be willing to grant a curative instruction. I would
       be willing to do that tomorrow when the jury gets back. I would be
       willing to put it in the instructions.
               But, [defense counsel], I guess you’re going to want to think
       about that, because it creates the same concern of emphasizing the
       testimony. And I know we talk about that in a lot of cases. To be
       honest, I think the best course would be to simply move on and, you
       know, tell the State they’re not going to argue the point in closing
       arguments.

No curative instruction was provided to the jury. And the issue did not arise again

during the course of trial.

       The jury convicted Lopez-Aguilar as charged on Counts II through VII. With

respect to Count I, the jury acquitted Lopez-Aguilar of homicide by reckless driving

but convicted him of the lesser-included offense of reckless driving. Lopez-Aguilar

timely filed this appeal.

                                          II.

       Lopez-Aguilar contends the district court should have granted a mistrial due

to the publication of the interview that referenced the status of his driver’s license

and due to Officer Olsen’s testimony that he asked Lopez-Aguilar to see his

driver’s license. According to Lopez-Aguilar, the reference to his lack of a driver’s

license in the police interview constituted prior bad acts evidence and implicated

his immigration status.       He also claims Officer Olsen’s testimony that he

questioned Lopez-Aguilar about his driver’s license compounded the prejudice.

       We begin our analysis by noting Lopez-Aguilar failed to preserve error with

respect to his challenge to Officer Olsen’s testimony. The officer testified he asked

Lopez-Aguilar whether he had a driver’s license while investigating the accident.

Upon hearing Officer Olsen’s testimony, defense counsel interrupted and
                                           8


requested a conference outside the presence of the jury. In that conference, the

district court agreed testimony regarding Lopez-Aguilar’s license was not relevant.

Olsen continued to testify without further discussing the issue. At no point did

counsel move for a mistrial with respect to this testimony. We thus properly

analyze this claim within the framework of a claim of ineffective assistance of

counsel. In this framework, Lopez-Aguilar must show trial counsel failed to perform

an essential duty and prejudice resulted. See State v. Thorndike, 860 N.W.2d 316,

320 (Iowa 2015). If he fails to show either, he cannot prevail. Id. Because Officer

Olsen never testified regarding Lopez-Aguilar’s response to his question, we

conclude Lopez-Aguilar cannot show constitutional prejudice. Here, the jury only

heard that Officer Olsen asked Lopez-Aguilar if he had a driver’s license. He did

not testify regarding Lopez-Aguilar’s license status. The fact that Officer Olsen

asked to see a motorist’s driver’s license following an accident is an unsurprising

request. There was no prejudice here.

       Regardless, even if the defendant had preserved error, and even if we were

to consider Officer Olsen’s testimony in conjunction with the publication of Officer

Ouimet’s interview with Lopez-Aguilar, the defendant is not entitled to any relief.

We review a district court’s denial of a motion for mistrial for an abuse of discretion.

See State v. Newell, 710 N.W.2d 6, 32 (Iowa 2006). “When assessing a district

court’s decision for abuse of discretion, we only reverse if the district court’s

decision rested on grounds or reasons that were clearly untenable or clearly

unreasonable.” State v. Plain, 898 N.W.2d 801, 811 (Iowa 2017). “Grounds or

reasons are untenable if they are based on an erroneous application of the law or
                                            9

not supported by substantial evidence.” Id. (altered for readability).1 “A court is

found to have abused its discretion only when defendant shows prejudice which

prevents him from having a fair trial.” State v. Callender, 444 N.W.2d 768, 770

(Iowa Ct. App. 1989).

       The challenged evidence did not interfere with Lopez-Aguilar’s right to a fair

trial. The challenged evidence was insignificant given the length of the trial and

scope of the evidence. Trial in this matter lasted five days. Twenty witnesses

testified, including expert witnesses.       The foci of the trial were the driving

conditions, the condition of the defendant’s vehicle, specifically the brakes, the

defendant’s driving conduct, and the injuries to the victims.           In contrast, the

interview was twenty-nine minutes long, and Officer Ouimet’s single statement was

but a few seconds of the interview. The district court aptly characterized the

reference as “a throw-away line.” Similarly, Officer Olsen’s testimony that he

asked for a license was a single statement during the course of a lengthy trial.

       In addition, the evidence was not unfairly or unduly prejudicial. With respect

to Officer Olsen’s testimony, Officer Olsen only testified he asked for a driver’s

license. He never testified the defendant did not possess one. The officer’s

request for Lopez-Aguilar’s license at the scene of the accident is unsurprising.

Indeed, it would be surprising if the officer did not ask to see Lopez-Aguilar’s

driver’s license. It is speculative, at best, to contend the jury would infer anything



1
  Our court and others recently began using the parenthetical “cleaned up” to indicate the
omission of internal quotation marks, alterations, and citations in quotations to improve
readability. See In re S.B., No. 18-0891, 2018 WL 3471619, at *3 (Iowa Ct. App. July 18,
2018); see also United States v. Steward, 800 F.3d 983, 986 n.3 (8th Cir. 2018); Jack
Metzler, Cleaning Up Quotations, 18 J. App. Prac. & Process 143 (Fall 2017). This opinion
will use the parenthetical “altered for readability” for the same purpose.
                                         10


untoward from the fact Officer Olsen asked an unsurprising question during the

course of the investigation. With respect to the video, the jury heard Officer

Ouimet’s single statement that Lopez-Aguilar lacked a driver’s license. We do not

think the defendant’s contention—that the jury thus necessarily speculated Lopez-

Aguilar had committed prior bad acts or was an undocumented immigrant—is well-

founded. In particular, the defendant responded to Officer Ouimet’s statement and

explained why he drove on the particular route.         In addition, Lopez-Aguilar’s

concern the jury speculated about his immigration status is unconvincing given that

the video also showed Lopez-Aguilar provide Officer Ouimet with a social security

card and given that Lopez-Aguilar testified he had been raised in Perry, Iowa, since

he was three years old. Finally, we note the jury acquitted Lopez-Aguilar of

committing homicide by reckless driving. This undercuts his claim of jury bias.

       The district court was in the best position to rule on the defendant’s motion

for mistrial. In denying the motion, the district court considered the inconsequential

nature of the challenged evidence when compared to the entirety of the evidence

presented. The district court also was able to observe and determine what impact,

if any, the challenged evidence had on the jury. The district court explained its

reasoning on the record, and we can find no abuse of its considerable discretion

in denying the motion for mistrial. See State v. Frei, 831 N.W.2d 70, 80 (Iowa

2013) (noting the district court is best suited to gauge the impact of alleged

misconduct), overruled on other grounds by Alcala v. Marriott Intern., Inc., 880

N.W.2d 699, 708 n.3 (Iowa 2016).
                                         11


                                         III.

       In his next claim of error, Lopez-Aguilar argues there is insufficient evidence

of recklessness necessary to support any of the convictions.          “Sufficiency of

evidence claims are reviewed for a correction of errors at law.” State v. Standford,

814 N.W.2d 611, 615 (Iowa 2012). We are bound to uphold a conviction if

supported by substantial evidence. See State v. Nitcher, 720 N.W.2d 547, 556

(Iowa 2006). “Evidence is considered substantial if, viewed in the light most

favorable to the State, it can convince a rational jury that the defendant is guilty

beyond a reasonable doubt.” Id.

       Contrary to Lopez-Aguilar’s claim, we first note that recklessness is not an

element of all of the challenged offenses. Where, as here, the relevant jury

instructions were submitted without objection, they become the law of the case for

determining the sufficiency of the evidence. See In re Estate of Workman, 903

N.W.2d 170, 175 (Iowa 2017) (noting jury instructions become the law of the case).

As instructed in this case, the jury was required to find the defendant was reckless

to find him guilty of reckless driving, involuntary manslaughter, and serious injury

by reckless driving.      Lopez-Aguilar contends the other convictions have

recklessness-like elements or could not be proved in the absence of evidence of

recklessness.   We disagree.      To prove the defendant guilty of neglect of a

dependent person, as instructed here, the State was required to prove the

defendant exposed the children “to a hazard or danger against which she could

not protect herself.” To prove the defendant guilty of child endangerment, as

instructed here, the State was required to prove the defendant “knowingly created

a substantial risk [to the child’s] physical, mental, or emotional health or safety.”
                                           12


Proof of recklessness is not necessarily required to prove either of these

propositions. We need not plumb the depths of the issue here, however, because

we conclude there is substantial evidence supporting a finding of recklessness

sufficient to sustain each of the convictions.

       We first address the defendant’s challenge to his convictions for reckless

driving and causing serious injury by reckless driving. The State was required to

prove the defendant “drove a motor vehicle in a reckless manner.” Jury instruction

seventeen defined recklessness:

                A person is “reckless” or acts “recklessly” when he willfully
       disregards the safety of persons or property. It is more than a lack
       of reasonable care which may cause unintentional injury.
       Recklessness is conduct which is consciously done with willful
       disregard of the consequences. For recklessness to exist, the act
       must be highly dangerous. In addition, the danger must be so
       obvious that the actor knows or should reasonably foresee that harm
       will more likely than not result from the act. Though recklessness is
       willful, it is not intentional in the sense that harm is intended to result.

And jury instruction eighteen provided additional guidance:

               A single violation of a rule of the road, by itself, does not
       ordinarily meet the definition of reckless driving, even when a death
       occurs. The State may prove recklessness based on a showing that
       the Defendant violated multiple rules of the road at one time, or
       violated a rule of the road with accompanying evidence of erratic
       driving, but only if the act was fraught with a high degree of danger.
       The State must show that the Defendant’s driving was so obviously
       dangerous that he knew or should have foreseen that harm would
       flow from it.

Jury instruction twenty-one defined “public offenses” or “rules of the road”:

                   Speed, generally. Any person driving a motor vehicle
          on a highway shall drive the same at a careful and prudent speed
          not greater than nor less than is reasonable and proper, having
          due regard to the traffic, surface, and width of the highway and of
          any other conditions then existing.
                   Failing to stop in a safe and assured clear distance.
          No person shall drive any vehicle upon a highway at a speed
                                         13


          greater than will permit the person to bring it to a stop with the
          assured clear distance ahead.
                    Failing to obey traffic control device. The driver of
          a vehicle approaching a stop intersection indicated by a stop sign
          shall stop at the first opportunity at either the clearly marked stop
          line or before entering the crosswalk or before entering the
          intersection or at the point nearest the intersecting roadway
          where the driver has a view of approaching traffic on the
          intersecting roadway before entering the intersection. Before
          proceeding, the driver shall yield the right-of-way to any vehicle
          on the intersecting roadway which has entered the intersection or
          which is approaching so closely as to constitute an immediate
          hazard during the time the driver is moving across or within the
          intersection.
                    Speed in residential district. A residence or school
          district speed limit is twenty-five miles per hour.

The instructions were a correct statement of controlling law. See State v. Sutton,

636 N.W.2d 107, 111 (Iowa 2001).

       We conclude the defendant’s convictions for reckless driving and causing

serious injury by reckless driving are supported by substantial evidence.         In

reaching that conclusion, we acknowledge the defendant’s countervailing

evidence, including, for example, Jordan’s testimony the defendant applied the

brakes but the car would not stop and the expert witness called to testify on Lopez-

Aguilar’s behalf. When assessing the sufficiency of the evidence, however, we

consider the evidence “in the light most favorable to the State, including all

reasonable inferences that may be fairly drawn from the evidence.” Standford, 814

N.W.2d at 615. A challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence does not allow a

reviewing court to “resolve conflicts in the evidence, pass upon the credibility of

witnesses, or weigh the evidence.” State v. Hutchison, 721 N.W.2d 776, 780 (Iowa

2006). “Inherent in our standard of review of jury verdicts in criminal cases is the

recognition that the jury was free to reject certain evidence and credit other
                                         14

evidence.” State v. Anderson, 517 N.W.2d 208, 211 (Iowa 1994), overruled on

other grounds by State v. Heemstra, 721 N.W.2d 549 (Iowa 2006).

       Here, the jury was free to credit the State’s evidence. The State’s evidence

showed the defendant was driving on a street unfamiliar to him. The street ran

through a “very hilly” residential neighborhood. The afternoon sun was shining into

the defendant’s eyes as he drove westbound. All of these facts urged the use of

caution and restraint.    Indeed, Jordan, Lopez-Aguilar’s passenger, requested

Lopez-Aguilar slow down. Instead, Lopez-Aguilar ignored his passenger’s request

and the conditions presented and travelled at a rate of speed almost twice the

speed limit as accurately recorded in the air bag control module. In so doing,

Lopez-Aguilar failed to stop at a controlled intersection. Officer Olsen testified the

stop sign was “pretty easy to see, fairly wide open.” An eyewitness testified Lopez-

Aguilar’s vehicle was not slowing down and she saw and heard nothing to indicate

Lopez-Aguilar was braking. One of the State’s expert witnesses testified the

brakes of the defendant’s car were in working order. Officer Hedlund reenacted

the scene and concluded the defendant’s conduct was unsafe and dangerous. All

of these facts, when considered together, support a finding the defendant drove a

vehicle in a reckless manner.

       We next address the defendant’s conviction for involuntary manslaughter.

This offense requires a different showing of recklessness. With respect to the

defendant’s conviction for involuntary manslaughter, the State was not required to

prove the defendant drove recklessly. Instead, the State was required to prove the

defendant “recklessly committed a public offense.” The distinction between the

two uses of recklessness in this case is subtle. One could certainly imagine a
                                        15


situation in which there was proof that a defendant drove recklessly while not

necessarily recklessly committing a public offense and vice versa. In the mine run

of cases, however, it is more likely than not that the proof necessary to establish

each of the elements would be overlapping, even perhaps entirely overlapping.

       With this distinction in mind, we conclude the defendant’s conviction for

involuntary manslaughter is supported by substantial evidence. Here, the State

was required to show the defendant “recklessly committed a public offense.” The

evidence showed the defendant committed three public offenses. First, he failed

to drive at a “prudent speed” given the conditions then existing. Second, the

defendant failed to obey a traffic control device. Third, the defendant exceeded

the speed limit in a residential area. The evidence also shows the violations were

“reckless.” Recklessness requires proof of actual or constructive knowledge of a

risk and disregard for the same. Here, the defendant was aware of his excessive

speed, as his passenger asked him to slow down immediately prior to the accident.

Lopez-Aguilar did not heed the request. Instead, he continued to drive almost

twice as fast as the speed limit. He did so even though he was unfamiliar with the

road and was driving into the sun in a hilly area. These facts demonstrate a willful

disregard of the consequences of his conduct.

       The facts and circumstances of this case are remarkably similar to State v.

McLaughlin, 94 N.W.2d 303 (Iowa 1959).          In that case, the supreme court

sustained a conviction for manslaughter where the defendant was driving at an

excessive speed in a residential neighborhood and ran through a stop sign. See

id. at 306–07. We quote from the case at length:
                                  16


       It is true that we have said unlawful speed alone does not
make a case of manslaughter, even though a death results
therefrom. But if added to it there is conduct from which it may be
inferred that the defendant was utterly careless, and recklessly
disregarded the rights of others upon the highway, then a jury issue
is engendered and a verdict of manslaughter is permissible. In the
case at bar, the defendant was clearly violating the established
speed limit of 25 miles per hour. No one denies this. He was upon
an unfamiliar and narrow street. He says he did not know of the
approaching stop sign at the entrance to Fifth Street. But any driver
must realize that such signs are frequent in cities and towns, and that
one may be reached at any intersection when he does not know to
the contrary.

       Yet the defendant drove down Allen Street at a speed which
the jury might have found was from 40 to 50 miles per hour, giving
no heed to the approaching intersection until he saw the stop sign.
This brings up another question. Did he intend to stop, or even to
slacken speed for the intersection, if there had been no stop sign?
The law requires that intersections of highways, which includes most
especially city streets, must be entered carefully and that the right of
way must be yielded to vehicles approaching from the right. The
record indicates that the defendant had made no preparation for
slowing his speed until he saw the stop sign, when he applied his
brakes but was unable to stop. Skid marks showed some 73 feet
back of the entrance to the intersection. Apparently the only effect
of the stop sign was to slow defendant’s speed and so make the
crash somewhat less destructive and deadly. If Fifth Street had not
been guarded by the stop sign there is no indication defendant would
have slowed at all. He should have had his car under control as he
approached the intersection, regardless of any stop sign; but it is
evident he did not.

        There is ample evidence that the defendant was violating the
fixed speed limit; that he failed to have his car under control and to
reduce speed to a reasonable rate when approaching and traversing
a crossing of public highways; that he failed to stop at a stop sign;
and that he failed to yield the right of way at an intersection to a
vehicle coming from his right. While it may be that all these violations
would not necessarily and in all cases add up to reckless driving
within the meaning of Section 321.283, we think that here the entire
record shows a definite jury question as to whether the defendant
knew, or should have known, that he was creating an unreasonable
risk of injury to others.

       Nor does the fact that when he first observed the stop sign he
applied his brakes absolve him. One who, by his recklessness has
                                         17


       created a hazard which he should have foreseen and guarded
       against, is not exonerated from the charge of gross indifference to
       the safety of others by a futile last minute effort to retrieve the
       situation and avoid the danger and injury. Such an attempt may have
       some bearing upon the degree of the indifference, but it is not an
       absolute cleaning of the slate.

Id. (altered for readability).

       For the same reasons, we affirm Lopez-Aguilar’s convictions for reckless

driving, causing serious injury by reckless driving, and manslaughter.           See

McLaughlin, 94 N.W.2d at 306-07; State v. Mure, No. 16-1169, 2017 WL 1735886,

at *3 (Iowa Ct. App. May 3, 2017) (affirming conviction where defendant drove at

excessive speed and failed to stop at a stop sign); State v. Cornelius, No. 13-1491,

2014 WL 4230217, at *1 (Iowa Ct. App. Aug. 27, 2014) (affirming conviction where

defendant was driving at least twice as fast as the posted speed limit, failed to stop

for a traffic control device, and went through an intersection). The same evidence

also supports the defendant’s convictions for neglect of a dependent person and

child endangerment. We thus reject Lopez-Aguilar’s challenge to the sufficiency

of the evidence supporting his convictions.

                                         IV.

       Lopez-Aguilar raises several claims of ineffective assistance of counsel.

Because ineffective-assistance claims are based in the Sixth Amendment, our

review is de novo. See State v. Straw, 709 N.W.2d 128, 133 (Iowa 2006). To

establish a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, Lopez-Aguilar must prove by

a preponderance of the evidence “(1) his trial counsel failed to perform an essential

duty, and (2) this failure resulted in prejudice.”     Id.   We consider counsel’s

performance relative to a reasonably competent practitioner. See Thorndike, 860
                                          18

N.W.2d at 320. Our analysis presumes counsel acted competently.                See id.

“Prejudice exists if there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s

unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different.”

State v. Madsen, 813 N.W.2d 714, 727 (Iowa 2012) (altered for readability). “A

reasonable probability means a substantial, not just conceivable, likelihood of a

different result.” Id. (altered for readability). The failure to prove either element is

fatal to the claim. See State v. Graves, 668 N.W.2d 860, 869 (Iowa 2003).

                                          A.

       In his first claim, Lopez-Aguilar contends his trial counsel provided

constitutionally deficient representation in failing to request a limiting instruction

regarding the police interview.      Specifically, he argues counsel should have

requested an instruction that the jury could only consider the officer’s statements

to put Lopez-Aguilar’s responses into context and not for the truth of the matter

asserted.

       “A limiting instruction is required when evidence is admissible for one

purpose but not another.” State v. Bridges, No. 16-1366, 2017 WL 6034627, at

*11 (Iowa Ct. App. Dec. 6, 2017). This court has previously held that a limiting

instruction is necessary when viewing recorded interviews. See State v. Esse, No.

03-1739, 2005 WL 2367779, at *3 (Iowa Ct. App. Sept. 28, 2005) (concluding an

officer’s statements and questions during an interrogation video were permissible

hearsay placing defendant’s statements into context but required a limiting

instruction warning the jury not to consider them for the truth of the matter). Even

assuming counsel failed to perform an essential duty by failing to request the

instruction, Lopez-Aguilar’s claim fails under the prejudice prong.
                                         19


       Lopez-Aguilar is unable to demonstrate that “there is a reasonable

probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional error, the result of the proceeding

would have been different.” Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 694 (1984).

First, Lopez-Aguilar does not identify any particular statements made that caused

him to suffer constitutional prejudice. Second, the substance of Officer Ouimet’s

statements was duplicative of other properly admitted evidence, which negates

any risk of constitutional prejudice. See State v. Kissel, No. 16-0887, 2017 WL

6032585, at *4 (Iowa Ct. App. Nov. 22, 2017) (denying relief when district court

failed to include a limiting instruction but interviewer did not share any information

not available to the jury by other means).

       Counsel’s failure to request a limiting instruction does not entitle Lopez-

Aguilar to relief.

                                         B.

       In his second claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, Lopez-Aguilar

claims his counsel should have objected to a jury instruction regarding his prior

statements. The challenged instruction provides:

               Evidence has been offered to show that the Defendant made
       statements at an earlier time and place.
               If you find any of the statements were made, then you may
       consider them as part of the evidence, just as if they had been made
       at this trial.
               You may also use these statements to help you decide if you
       believe the Defendant. You may disregard all or any part of the
       Defendant’s testimony if you find the statements were made and
       were inconsistent with the Defendant’s testimony given at trial, but
       you are not required to do so. Do not disregard the Defendant’s
       testimony if other evidence you believe supports it or you believe it
       for any other reason.
                                        20


According to Lopez-Aguilar, this instruction violates his right against self-

incrimination and allowed the jury to consider his out-of-court statements as though

they were made under oath.

       Lopez-Aguilar has failed to prove a breach of an essential duty. This court

has repeatedly found the challenged instruction to be a correct statement of the

law and repeatedly rejected the same argument. See, e.g., State v. Hayes, No.

17-0563, 2018 WL 2722782, at *5 (Iowa Ct. App. June 6, 2018); State v.

Vandekieft, No. 17-0876, 2018 WL 2727720, at *7–9 (Iowa Ct. App. June 6, 2018);

State v. Payne, No. 16-1672, 2018 WL 1182624, at *8–10 (Iowa Ct. App. Mar. 7,

2018); State v. Wynn, No. 16-2150, 2018 WL 769272, at *2–3 (Iowa Ct. App. Feb.

7, 2018); State v. Wineinger, No. 16-1471, 2017 WL 6027727, at *3 (Iowa Ct. App.

Nov. 22, 2017); State v. Tucker, No. 13-1790, 2015 WL 405970, at *3 (Iowa Ct.

App. Jan. 28, 2015). “Counsel has no duty to raise an issue that has no merit.”

State v. Fountain, 786 N.W.2d 260, 263 (Iowa 2010).

                                        C.

       Finally, Lopez-Aguilar claims his trial counsel should have challenged an

alleged inconsistency in the verdicts. Specifically, he contends the verdicts are

inconsistent because the jury acquitted him of homicide by reckless driving but

found him guilty of involuntary manslaughter.

       The State contends the record is not adequate for our review because trial

counsel may have had strategic reasons for not calling attention to the allegedly

inconsistent verdicts.   Generally, ineffective assistance claims may not be

sufficiently developed on direct appeal to properly address. Straw, 709 N.W.2d at

133. We “may choose to preserve the claim for postconviction proceedings.” Id.
                                       21


Postconviction proceedings are beneficial because they “allow for full development

of the facts surrounding counsel’s conduct.” State v. Atley, 564 N.W.2d 817, 833

(Iowa 1997) (altered for readability).       “Because improvident trial strategy,

miscalculated tactics, and mistakes in judgment do not necessarily amount to

ineffective assistance of counsel, postconviction proceedings are often necessary

to discern the difference between improvident trial strategy and ineffective

assistance.” State v. Ondayog, 722 N.W.2d 778, 786 (Iowa 2006) (altered for

readability).

       We think there is a strong argument that the verdicts can be reconciled.

Nonetheless, rather than deciding the claim on appeal, we give the defendant the

opportunity to further develop the record on this claim in postconviction-relief

proceedings should he elect to pursue such a claim.

                                       IV.

       For the foregoing reasons we affirm Lopez-Aguilar’s convictions.       We

preserve his challenge to the consistency of the verdicts for possible

postconviction-relief proceedings.

       AFFIRMED.
