                                Fourth Court of Appeals
                                        San Antonio, Texas

                                   MEMORANDUM OPINION
                                            No. 04-14-00448-CV

                         IN RE D&J ALEXANDER MANAGEMENT, LP

                                     Original Mandamus Proceeding 1

Opinion by:       Luz Elena D. Chapa, Justice

Sitting:          Sandee Bryan Marion, Justice
                  Marialyn Barnard, Justice
                  Luz Elena D. Chapa, Justice

Delivered and Filed: September 24, 2014

PETITION FOR WRIT OF MANDAMUS CONDITIONALLY GRANTED IN PART

           On June 23, 2014, relator D&J Alexander Management, LP filed a petition for writ of

mandamus, complaining of several orders requiring it to pay the appointed guardian ad litem and

attorney ad litem fees in the underlying probate proceeding. We conclude the trial court lacked the

authority to order relator to pay the specified fees in a case to which relator was not a party.

Therefore, we conditionally grant mandamus relief in part.

                                              BACKGROUND

           The procedural posture of the underlying proceedings is complex. The parties to this

mandamus proceeding are involved in two related but separate proceedings, both of which are


1
  This proceeding arises out of Cause No. 2008-PB7-000016-L2, styled Estate of Delfina E. Alexander, Deceased;
and Rocio G. Guerra v. Judith Zaffirini, David H. Arredondo, and Clarissa N. Chapa, Individually, and as
Independent Co-Executors of the Estate of Delfina E. Alexander, Deceased, and as Co-Trustees of the Rocio Gonzalez
Guerra Exempt Trust, pending in the County Court at Law No. 2, Webb County, Texas, the Honorable Jesus Garza
presiding.
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pending in County Court at Law No. 2, Webb County, Texas. The first case, in Cause No. 2008-

PB7-000016L2, styled Estate of Delfina E. Alexander, Deceased; and Rocio G. Guerra v. Judith

Zaffirini, David H. Arredondo, and Clarissa N. Chapa, Individually, and as Independent Co-

Executors of the Estate of Delfina E. Alexander, Deceased, and as Co-Trustees of the Rocio

Gonzalez Guerra Exempt Trust, involves an adversary proceeding filed in a 2008 probate case.

This will be referred to as the “Guerra Case.” 2 The second proceeding, in Cause No. 2013-PBA-

0001331-L2, styled Raymond S. DeLeon II, Trustee of the Delfina & Josefina Alexander Family

Trust v. Judith Zaffirini, David H. Arredondo, and Clarissa N. Chapa, Individually and in Their

Representative Capacities as Co-Trustees of the Rocio Gonzalez Guerra Exempt Trust, and Co-

Attorneys-In-Fact for Josefina Gonzalez; Josefina Alexander Gonzalez; Delfina E. and Josefina

Alexander LLC-1; D&J Alexander Management, LP; Alexander Residential Development, LP;

Alexander Retail Development, LP; Alexander Construction, LP; and Delfina and Josefina

Alexander Family Limited Partnership, will be referred to as the “DeLeon Case.”

        On January 7, 2014, the trial court entered three separate orders appointing ad litems. Julio

Garcia was appointed attorney ad litem to represent the interests of a minor in the Guerra Case,

and Jose Salvador Tellez was appointed guardian ad litem to represent the interests of two other

minors in the Guerra Case. The third order bears the style of both the Guerra Case and the DeLeon

Case and appoints J. Francisco Tamez attorney ad litem for a minor child. In March 2014, Tamez

filed a claim for payment of ad litem fees and reimbursable costs in the Guerra Case with an

attached affidavit and itemized fee statement.




2
 Although D&J was at one time a defendant in the Guerra Case, the plaintiffs dropped D&J as a named defendant in
an amended petition filed in September 2013.


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       The mandamus record reflects that a hearing was conducted on March 27, 2014, in the

Guerra Case. At this hearing, there was discussion between the court and various lawyers regarding

the procedure for requests and payment of ad litem fees on an on-going basis. Tamez’s application

for payment of his fees is acknowledged on the record, as is the fact that Tellez and Garcia had not

yet filed applications or requests for payment, or provided any fee statements. No witnesses

testified and no evidence was admitted at the hearing. The reporter’s record reflects that at least

eleven lawyers were present in the courtroom at the time of the hearing, though not all of them

participated. Rosaura Tijerina, who is identified in the record as counsel for D&J Alexander

Management, LP and several other entities, was present at the hearing, but did not participate. The

court did not enter any oral or written orders at the hearing, indicating only that a ruling would be

forthcoming.

       Tamez filed an amended claim for payment of his fees a few days after the March 27

hearing, which was filed under both the Guerra and DeLeon Case cause numbers. Garcia and

Tellez each filed applications for payment of their fees in the Guerra Case. Garcia’s application

was filed on April 2 and Tellez’s on May 30. Each included an attached affidavit and statement

reflecting the hours submitted for payment. The mandamus record does not reflect any further

hearing on the subject of the ad litem fee applications.

       The trial court signed four separate orders authorizing payment of ad litem fees on May

30, 2014. These orders are summarized below:




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      Appointed         Amount of          Obligor                   Case           Deadline to
      Attorney          Fees                                                        Pay
 1    Garcia            $35,250.00         D&J Alexander             Guerra Case    5 days from
                                           Management, LP                           date of order
 2    Tellez            $33,060.00         “from funds belonging     Guerra Case    30 days from
                                           to the Trust”                            date of order
 3    Tamez             $39,472.94         D&J Alexander             Guerra and     5 days from
                                           Management, LP            DeLeon         date of order
                                                                     Cases
 4    Garcia,           $35,250.00         The Estate of Delfina     Guerra and     7 days from
      Tamez and         $39,472.94         E. Alexander or,          DeLeon         the date of
      Tellez            $33,060.00         absent sufficient         Cases          order
      “Combined         (respectively)     funds, D&J Alexander
      Order”                               Management, LP


         In a separate order signed June 4, 2014, the trial court granted the plaintiff’s application

for temporary injunction in the Guerra Case. In this order, in addition to making findings and

granting injunctive and other relief, the trial court states, “The Court has also approved the initial

ad litem fees and Court Master fees. All fees are to be paid no later than Wednesday, June 25,

2014.”

         D&J Alexander Management, LP filed this petition for writ of mandamus challenging all

five orders to the extent that the trial court obligates it to pay the interim attorney ad litem and

guardian ad litem fees of Garcia, Tellez and Tamez.

                                            ANALYSIS

         In this mandamus proceeding, relator contends the trial court lacked the jurisdiction to

order D&J Alexander Management, LP to pay ad litem fees in the Guerra Case, to which D&J was

not a party. We agree. However, this conclusion does not require that each of the five challenged

orders be vacated in their entirety.




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Availability of Mandamus

        To establish its entitlement to mandamus relief, a relator must generally show both that the

trial court clearly abused its discretion and that it has no adequate remedy by appeal. In re

Prudential Ins. Co. of Am., 148 S.W.3d 124, 135 (Tex. 2004) (orig. proceeding). However, where

the trial court’s order is void, the relator need not demonstrate the lack of an adequate remedy by

appeal to be entitled to mandamus relief. In re Sw. Bell Tel. Co., 35 S.W.3d 602, 605 (Tex. 2000)

(orig. proceeding); In re Mask, 198 S.W.3d 231, 233-34 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2006, orig.

proceeding).

Jurisdiction

        To issue a binding order or judgment against a party, a court must possess personal

jurisdiction over that party in the proceeding in which the order or judgment is rendered. See CSR

Ltd. v. Link, 925 S.W.2d 591, 594 (Tex. 1996). Personal jurisdiction is invoked by a party’s

appearance before the court, or by the proper service of process upon the party. See TEX. R. CIV.

P. 120, 124; Exito Elecs. Co., Ltd. v. Trejo, 166 S.W.3d 839, 852 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi

2005, no pet.). “Without personal jurisdiction over a party, the trial court has no jurisdiction to

enter a judgment against it.” In re Green Oaks Hosp. Subsidiary, LP, 297 S.W.3d 452, 455 (Tex.

App.—Dallas 2009, orig. proceeding). Where a trial court lacks jurisdiction to enter a particular

order, the order is void. See Cook v. Cameron, 733 S.W.2d 137, 140 (Tex. 1987); Browning v.

Placke, 698 S.W.2d 362, 363 (Tex. 1985).

        The real parties in interest acknowledge that D&J was not a named defendant in the Guerra

Case at the time the orders for payment of ad litem fees were signed. 3 A trial court cannot render

a binding order or judgment against an entity not named as a party in the suit. See Mapco, Inc. v.


3
 D&J was initially a named defendant in the Guerra Case, but was dropped as a defendant in a subsequent amended
petition and has apparently been added again as a named defendant since the initiation of this original proceeding.

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Carter, 817 S.W.2d 686, 687 (Tex. 1991) (reversing judgment against entity not properly before

the court as a party).

        The real parties in interest contend that the trial court had jurisdiction to issue the

challenged orders because D&J entered a “general appearance” in the Guerra Case by attending

the hearing and because D&J received notice of the March 27 hearing, as well as other notices.

While a party’s challenge to personal jurisdiction can be waived by voluntary appearance, the

record does not support the real parties’ contention that D&J had made a general appearance in the

Guerra Case sufficient to subject it to the trial court’s jurisdiction in that cause. See, e.g., Hilburn

v. Jennings, 698 S.W.2d 99, 100 (Tex. 1985) (challenge to personal jurisdiction may be waived by

voluntary appearance). A party enters a general appearance when it invokes the judgment of the

court on a question other than jurisdiction, or seeks affirmative action from the court. See Dawson-

Austin v. Austin, 968 S.W.2d 319, 322 (Tex. 1998).

        The mere physical presence in the courtroom of counsel who represents a non-party to the

action being considered does not constitute a “general appearance” sufficient to invoke the court’s

jurisdiction. See, e.g., Seals v. Upper Trinity Reg’l Water Dist., 145 S.W.3d 291, 296-97 (Tex.

App.—Fort Worth 2004, pet. dism’d). A non-party’s receipt of courtesy hearing notices also does

not constitute a “general appearance” for purposes of jurisdiction. The mere fact that D&J was a

party in an entirely separate suit involving the same parties and pending in the same court, does

not make it subject to the trial court’s jurisdiction in the Guerra Case in which it was not a party.

        Alternatively, the real parties assert that D&J is bound by the orders in the Guerra Case

because its interests were “virtually represented” by counsel for the other defendants in that

proceeding. Under the virtual representation doctrine, a litigant may be deemed to be a party if:

(1) it will be bound by the judgment; (2) its privity of interest to a party appears from the record;

and (3) there is an identity of interest between the litigant and a named party to the judgment. See,
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e.g., In re Lumbermen’s Mut. Cas. Co., 184 S.W.3d 718, 722 (Tex. 2006) (orig. proceeding). The

doctrine is typically invoked to allow a litigant to assert an interest on appeal from a judgment to

which it is not a named party. Id. at 723; see also Motor Vehicle Bd. of the Tex. Dep’t of Transp.

v. El Paso Indep. Auto. Dealers Ass’n, Inc., 1 S.W.3d 108, 110-11 (Tex. 1999) (entity who was

not a named party in the trial court may pursue appeal to vindicate important rights). The doctrine

does not apply here and does not provide a substitute for personal jurisdiction. In addition, the

record does not support that the doctrine’s requirements have been met with respect to the orders

challenged in this proceeding.

       The trial court lacked jurisdiction to enter orders obligating D&J to do anything in the

Guerra Case at the time the challenged orders were entered. D&J was not a party to the Guerra

Case in May 2014. Also, the record does not support a conclusion that D&J appeared through

counsel at the hearing in March 2014, nor did D&J otherwise enter a general appearance in the

Guerra Case. Consequently, the trial court had no personal jurisdiction over D&J in the Guerra

Case and had no jurisdiction to enter an order obligating D&J to pay ad litem fees in the Guerra

Case. See Green Oaks Hosp., 297 S.W.3d at 456.

       Because D&J was a party to the DeLeon Case at the time these orders were entered, the

trial court did have jurisdiction to enter an order obligating D&J in the DeLeon Case. We cannot

say that the order was void, and thus correctable by mandamus, because the order in the DeLeon

Case was not entered in the absence of jurisdiction. We do not address the substantive validity of

any order entered in the DeLeon Case in this mandamus proceeding. Nor do we address the merits

of any challenge D&J has attempted to assert as to these orders in the alternative in this mandamus

proceeding.




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                                                                                      04-14-00448-CV


                                          CONCLUSION

       Based on the foregoing analysis, we conclude the trial court was without jurisdiction to

enter orders obligating D&J Alexander Management, LP to pay ad litem fees in the Guerra Case.

Accordingly, we conditionally grant the petition for writ of mandamus in part and direct the trial

court to vacate in its entirety the May 30, 2014 order in the Guerra Case obligating D&J Alexander

Management, LP to pay attorney ad litem fees of Julio A. Garcia Jr. in the amount of $35,250.00.

The trial court is further directed to vacate the May 30, 2014 order obligating D&J Alexander

Management, LP to pay the attorney ad litem fees of J. Francisco Tamez in the amount of

$39,472.94 only to the extent that it is entered in the Guerra Case. Similarly, the trial court is

directed to vacate the May 30, 2014 “Combined Order” only to the extent that it purports to

obligate D&J Alexander Management, LP to pay the fees of Julio Garcia in the amount of

$35,250.00, Francisco Tamez in the amount of $39,472.94, and Jose Salvador Tellez in the amount

of $33,060.00 in the Guerra Case. The challenged orders are unaffected by this proceeding to the

extent that the orders were entered in the DeLeon Case. Because the order authorizing payment of

Jose Salvador Tellez’s fees does not appear to obligate D&J Alexander Management, LP, it is also

unaffected by this court’s holdings in this opinion. The writ will issue only if the trial court fails

to comply within ten days from the date of this court’s order.


                                                   Luz Elena D. Chapa, Justice




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