                   United States Court of Appeals
                          FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT

                                    ___________

                                    No. 04-3192
                                    ___________

In re: Laura Susan Reynolds,            *
                                        *
            Debtor,                     *
                                        *
Laura Susan Reynolds,                   *
                                        *
            Plaintiff - Appellee,       *
                                        *   Appeals from the United States
      v.                                *   District Court for the
                                        *   District of Minnesota.
Pennsylvania Higher Education           *
Assistance Agency;                      *
                                        *
            Defendant - Appellant,      *
                                        *
The Education Resource Institute;       *
Hemar Insurance Corporation of          *
America;                                *
                                        *
            Defendants,                 *
                                        *
Educational Credit Management           *
Corporation,                            *
                                        *
            Defendant - Appellant.      *
                                    __________

                                    No. 04-3722
                                    __________

In re: Laura Susan Reynolds,            *
                                        *
            Debtor,                     *
                                        *
Laura Susan Reynolds,                   *
                                        *
            Plaintiff - Appellee,       *
                                        *
      v.                                *
                                        *    Appeal from the United States
Pennsylvania Higher Education           *    District Court for the
Assistance Agency; The Education        *    District of Minnesota.
Resource Institute; Hemar Insurance     *
Corporation of America; Educational     *
Credit Management Corporation;          *
                                        *
            Defendants,                 *
                                        *
U. S. Department of Education,          *
                                        *
            Defendant - Appellant.      *

                                    ___________

                            Submitted: June 24, 2005
                               Filed: October 10, 2005
                                ___________

Before RILEY, BRIGHT, and JOHN R. GIBSON, Circuit Judges.
                             ___________

JOHN R. GIBSON, Circuit Judge.

                                         2
       The United States Department of Education, Pennsylvania Higher Education
Assistance Agency, and Educational Credit Management Corporation appeal from the
district court's1 affirmance of the bankruptcy court's2 order, which held that Laura
Susan Reynolds's student loans were discharged in bankruptcy. The creditors
contend that the bankruptcy court erred in discharging the debts on the ground of
undue hardship when that court had previously found that Reynolds had the financial
resources to pay some portion of the student loans. Reynolds contends that undue
hardship is not a strictly pecuniary test and that the bankruptcy court correctly held
that the detrimental effect of the loans on Reynolds's precarious mental health
warranted discharging the debts. We affirm.

       Reynolds began suffering from depressive symptoms as early as middle school
and high school, but did not receive treatment or diagnosis at that time. During her
junior year at Claremont McKenna College, she suffered a mental health crisis while
traveling in Scotland and had to drop out of a study abroad program; on arriving
home, she was treated by a psychiatrist for agoraphobia and depression. She received
counseling, and, despite a continuing struggle with depression and panic attacks, she
was able to make up the missed coursework and to graduate cum laude in 1992. She
went on to attend the University of Michigan law school, where her depression
worsened, but she nevertheless graduated in 1995, in the middle of her class. She
passed the Colorado bar exam and was admitted to practice law in that state.

      She undertook an extensive search for a job as a lawyer, participating in on-
campus interviews, sending out more than 400 resumes, contacting Michigan alumni,
and eventually using a legal employment consultant. Unfortunately, she was never


      1
       The Honorable Ann D. Montgomery, United States District Judge for the
District of Minnesota.
      2
       The Honorable Gregory F. Kishel, Chief United States Bankruptcy Judge for
the District of Minnesota.
                                          3
able to find any work as an attorney, other than two hours' work for a friend of her
father's. She finally began taking temporary assignments through an employment
agency, working as a secretary or administrative assistant. In October 1999, she took
a permanent job as an administrative assistant at the St. Paul Foundation, where she
worked until the spring of 2001. She left that job, but began another permanent job
as secretary-receptionist at a roofing contractor, where she still works, earning about
$30,000 per year. She is married, and her husband makes about $29,000 per year
driving a school bus.

      After leaving school, Reynolds began payments on the loans, but she was only
able to make the payments by paying for "everything else" with credit cards.
Eventually, she stopped making payments.

        Since graduating from law school, Reynolds has seen a number of mental
health professionals and has taken a number of medications, such as anti-depressants,
mood-stabilizers, and anti-psychotic medications. In August 2001, she was
diagnosed with major depressive illness and chronic dysthymic disorder, which is a
depression that does not meet the full criteria for major depressive illness. She also
suffers from anxiety and panic disorders. In addition to the anxiety, panic attacks and
depression, Reynolds has a persistent personality disorder. Her psychiatric expert,
Dr. Robert Jones, reported that the "combination of major depression and personality
dysfunction often present with the personality disorder being more dysfunctional than
would actually be the case if adaptation were not impaired by the affective disorder."
Her medications reduce her symptoms, but their effectiveness tends to wane the
longer she takes them. Dr. Jones opined that no regimen of medication has been able
to bring about a sustained partial remission of her mental illness. Reynolds said that
at the time of trial she habitually slept at least ten hours a night during the week and
sixteen hours a night on weekends, and she testified that she engaged in self-injury,
such as cutting herself. Reynolds suffers side effects from her various medications,
including numbness in her extremities, drowsiness, distraction, and itching.

                                           4
        Dr. Jones testified that Reynolds's student loans caused her stress, and that
stress "can make it more difficult for an individual to respond to treatment for a mood
disorder." He stated, "To the extent that she is overwhelmed by indebtedness and
can't see the possibilities of her life beyond that indebtedness," the debts made it
harder for her to sustain improvement in her depressive illness. Reynolds herself
testified that her inability to pay the loans made her feel "like a failure and hopeless
and ashamed."

       Dr. Jones opined that Reynolds was not able to practice law because she would
not be able to provide "interpersonal consultative services" due to personality
characteristics and because of the "cognitive deficits associated with intermittent
exacerbations of depressive illness." Although Reynolds could be expected to suffer
exacerbations of her depression, she ought to be able to function in a job setting
similar to that of her most recent administrative-secretarial jobs. But he concluded,
"Despite her capacity to return to employment, the inconsistencies in her performance
as a result of both depressive illness and characterologic instability, may present
challenges to employers who rely on consistency at the level of teamwork and work
group membership."

       Reynolds owed outstanding student loans to five creditors amounting to more
than $142,000 in March 2002. If amortized over ten years, the monthly payments
would be $1,641.04, and if amortized over twenty years, $1,021.55. Two of the
student-loan creditors, Hemar Insurance Corporation of America and The Educational
Resource Institute, did not appeal from the discharge order, so Reynolds is no longer
responsible for those debts, which would account for $715.50 of her monthly liability
under a ten-year payment plan or $408.06 under a twenty-year plan. The debts to the
three remaining creditors are eligible for consolidation under the William D. Ford
Direct Loan Program, which would allow Reynolds to pay the loans over a thirty-year
period, beginning with an initial monthly payment amount of $502.49.



                                           5
      Reynolds's and her husband's combined monthly income was about $3,300, and
the bankruptcy court found their household expenses were $2,600, 303 B. R. at 834,
although as we will discuss later, both sides dispute those figures.

       Reynolds filed a voluntary bankruptcy petition under Chapter 7 on June 20,
2000. She initiated an adversary proceeding for a determination of dischargeability
of the student loans under 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(8)(2000).3 Under section 523(a)(8)
(2000), a discharge in bankruptcy does not discharge a debtor for an educational loan
made, insured or guaranteed by a governmental unit, or made under any program
funded in whole or in part by a governmental unit or nonprofit institution, "unless
excepting such debt from discharge . . . will impose an undue hardship on the debtor."
The bankruptcy court therefore was required to determine whether exempting the
student loans from Reynolds's discharge in bankruptcy would impose an undue
hardship on her.

       The bankruptcy court applied the "totality of the circumstances" test this court
set out for determining undue hardship in In re Long, 322 F.3d 549, 554 (8th Cir.
2003). Reynolds v. Pa. Higher Educ. Assistance Ag'cy, 303 B. R. 823, 836 (Bankr.
D. Minn. 2004). Under that test, the court considers (1) the debtor's past, present and
future financial resources, (2) the debtor's reasonable and necessary living expenses,
and (3) any other relevant circumstances. See Long, 322 F.3d at 554. The
bankruptcy court observed that the burden of proving undue hardship lay with
Reynolds. Id. at 826.

     To determine probable financial resources, the bankruptcy court examined the
medical evidence and found that there was no prospect that Reynolds's condition

      3
        Section 528(a)(8) was amended by Pub. L. No. 109-8, Title II, § 220, Title
XV, § 1501, 119 Stat. 59, 216 (2005) (effective 180 days after April 20, 2005). We
need not consider the question of retroactivity, since the amendments are not material
to any issue in this case.
                                          6
would improve to such an extent that she could practice law or even work as a
paralegal.4 Id. at 832. The court found that the best Reynolds could do was to remain
in the type of job she currently holds, if indeed she is able to perform that job without
lapsing into depression or engaging in behavioral incidents connected with her
personality disorder, which would be likely to cause her to lose her job or quit. Id.
Therefore, the court used Reynolds's current income and expense figures to decide
whether Reynolds could pay any or all of the debts without undue hardship. Id. at
834. The court figured that Reynolds and her husband had $700 per month of income
in excess of their expenses. Id. The bankruptcy court stated:

      In the last instance, the Debtor did not establish, as a matter of fact, that
      she lacked all means to pay down all of the component loans in her
      educational debt structure.
      ...
             So this proceeding presents a debtor who has some repayment
      ability in fact, which could be applied to a portion of the referent debt.

Id. at 838.

      However, the bankruptcy court found that there was an important
countervailing circumstance–that the existence of the debts was injurious to
Reynolds's fragile mental health.


      4
       The bankruptcy court discussed the medical testimony presented by the two
sides and found that Reynolds's expert, Dr. Jones, was "by far" more credible than the
creditors' expert, Dr. Thomas G. Gratzer. 303 B.R. at 833 n. 7. The court stated that,
while Jones's and Gratzer's testimony and diagnoses were similar in many respects,
Gratzer's testimony was somewhat beside the point, since Gratzer primarily addressed
the question of whether Reynolds could work at all, rather than whether she could
work as an attorney. Id. This focus on the wrong issue made Gratzer's testimony
"simplistic and inaccurate," whereas the court found Jones's testimony "well-
supported[,] . . . spontaneously delivered, and resistant to challenge on cross-
examination." Id.
                                           7
      Here, the Debtor has been most accurately diagnosed as suffering from
      "[m]ajor depressive episode, recurrent, severe," "[p]anic disorder with
      history of agoraphobia," and "[p]ersonality disorder . . . with borderline,
      histrionic, and narcissistic features, including some evidence of
      dissociation under stress." She has been professionally recognized as
      subject to "[p]sychosocial stressors related to problems with," inter alia,
      "economic problems and problems related to the interaction with the
      legal system." Her "notabl[e] distress[] with regard to her financial
      obligations, previous bankruptcy experience, and the continuing struggle
      to remain solvent in the face of her experience of overwhelming
      indebtedness" was recognized on evaluation as a major stressor. Her
      depression, panic attacks, and "brief suicidal thoughts and dissociative
      episodes" continued during the pendency of this litigation despite the
      fact that she was taking concerted action to try to cope with this
      problem.

303 B.R. at 839-40. The bankruptcy court concluded that

      It is a matter of inference, but one that has ample support in the record:
      the extraction of her educational-loan liability from her financial picture
      would lessen her overall stress level, mitigate her distractability, and
      significantly reduce the chances of recurring depression and
      decompensation.5 . . . On the other hand, there is really no doubt that
      preserving the Debtor's liability for even a portion of her education loan
      burden would impose a hardship on her. . . . And, as it must be said,
      under the totality of her circumstances, the hardship would be "undue."


Id. at 840. The court acknowledged that "subordinating financial circumstances to
non-pecuniary ones under [Andrews v. S.D. Student Loan Assistance Corp., 661 F.2d
702 (8th Cir. 1981)] should be reserved only for the extraordinary case, one where the


      5
       In psychiatry, decompensation means "failure of defense mechanisms resulting
in progressive personality disintegration." Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary
432 (28th ed. 1994).
                                          8
potential of non-pecuniary hardship is manifest, palpable, and of great magnitude.
This is one such." Id. at 841. Accordingly, the bankruptcy court held that the debts
were discharged. Id.

       All five student loan creditors appealed to the district court. The district court
affirmed the bankruptcy court's holding that the deleterious effect of the debts on
Reynolds's mental health could establish undue hardship notwithstanding her
financial ability to pay some portion of the debts. United States Dep't of Educ. v.
Reynolds, No. 04-1020 ADM, slip op. at 9 (D. Minn. Aug. 2, 2004). The court
further held that the bankruptcy court's findings of fact concerning Reynolds's
inability to increase her income and concerning her household income and expenses
were not clearly erroneous. Id., slip op. at 10. The district court therefore affirmed
the holding of dischargeability.

     Three of the five creditors, the United States Department of Education, the
Pennsylvania Higher Education Assistance Agency, and the Education Credit
Management Corporation, have appealed to this court.

                                           I.

       In a bankruptcy appeal, this court sits as a second court of review; we therefore
apply the same standards of review to the bankruptcy court's decision as the district
court does. In re MBA Poultry, L.L.C., 291 F.3d 528, 533 (8th Cir. 2002). We
review the bankruptcy court's findings of fact for clear error and its conclusions of
law de novo. Id. The question of whether declining to discharge the debts would
pose an undue hardship to Reynolds is a question of law, which we review de novo.
In re Long, 322 F.3d 549, 553 (8th Cir. 2003). Subsidiary findings of fact on which
the legal conclusion is based are reviewed for clear error. See id. (undue hardship
determination "requires a conclusion regarding the legal effect of the Bankruptcy
Court's findings as to [the debtor's] circumstances") ; Tenn. Student Assistance Corp.

                                           9
v. Hornsby, 144 F.3d 433, 436 (6th Cir. 1998) (factual findings underlying undue
hardship determination will not be set aside unless clearly erroneous).

       11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(8) specifies that student loans will not be discharged unless
failure to discharge would work an "undue hardship" on the debtor or the debtor's
dependents, but the statute does not define the term. In 1981 we interpreted "undue
hardship" to require examination of the totality of circumstances, quoting In re
Wegfehrt, 10 B.R. 826, 830 (Bankr. N.D. Ohio 1981):

      [E]ach bankruptcy case involving a student loan must be examined on
      the facts and circumstances surrounding that particular bankruptcy for
      the Court to make a determination of "undue hardship." The bankruptcy
      court must determine whether there would be anything left from the
      debtor's estimated future income to enable the debtor to make some
      payment on his/her student loan without reducing what the debtor and
      his/her dependents need to maintain a minimal standard of living.

Andrews v. S.D. Student Loan Assistance Corp., 661 F.2d 702, 704 (8th Cir. 1981).
After Andrews was decided, the Second Circuit adopted a different test in Brunner
v. N.Y. State Higher Educ. Serv. Corp., 831 F.2d 395, 396 (2d Cir. 1987), a three-step
sequential analysis which has attracted a wide following. See Educ. Credit Mgmt.
Corp. v. Polleys, 356 F.3d 1302, 1307 (10th Cir. 2004) (collecting cases). However,
in Long we rejected the Brunner test and reaffirmed our reliance on the Andrews
totality of the circumstances test. 322 F.3d at 554. We explained,

      We prefer a less restrictive approach to the "undue hardship" inquiry.
      See Andrews, 661 F.2d at 704. We are convinced that requiring our
      bankruptcy courts to adhere to the strict parameters of a particular test
      would diminish the inherent discretion contained in § 523(a)(8)(B).
      Therefore, we continue–as we first did in Andrews–to embrace a
      totality-of-the-circumstances approach to the "undue hardship" inquiry.
      We believe that fairness and equity require each undue hardship case to


                                          10
      be examined on the unique facts and circumstances that surround the
      particular bankruptcy.

Id.

      We then summarized the totality of circumstances test as applied in this circuit:

             In evaluating the totality-of-the-circumstances, our bankruptcy
      reviewing courts should consider: (1) the debtor’s past, present, and
      reasonably reliable future financial resources; (2) a calculation of the
      debtor’s and her dependent’s reasonable necessary living expenses; and
      (3) any other relevant facts and circumstances surrounding each
      particular bankruptcy case. Simply put, if the debtor’s reasonable future
      financial resources will sufficiently cover payment of the student loan
      debt–while still allowing for a minimal standard of living–then the debt
      should not be discharged. Certainly, this determination will require a
      special consideration of the debtor’s present employment and financial
      situation–including assets, expenses, and earnings–along with the
      prospect of future changes–positive or adverse–in the debtor’s financial
      position.

Id. at 554-55 (citations omitted).

       The creditors argue that if the debtor has the economic ability to repay the debt,
this fact ends the inquiry as to undue hardship, and the bankruptcy court had no
further warrant to consider the effect of the continuing student loan liability on
Reynolds's health. The creditors base their argument on one passage from Long:
"Simply put, if the debtor’s reasonable future financial resources will sufficiently
cover payment of the student loan debt–while still allowing for a minimal standard
of living–then the debt should not be discharged." 322 F.3d at 554-55.

       We are of the thought that the creditors read this language too narrowly. In
Long, we reaffirmed our adherence to the totality of circumstances analysis, and we
did so particularly in order to preserve the "inherent discretion" we found in the
statutory language and to safeguard the flexibility to be able to respond appropriately

                                           11
to "unique facts and circumstances." Id. at 554. To espouse the creditors' proposed
interpretation, we would have to ignore the possibility–and in many cases reality–that
a debtor's health and financial position are inextricably intertwined. This reality was
discussed at length in Andrews, 661 F.2d at 705, where the court expressly stated that
the bankruptcy court had properly considered the debtor’s disease as a factor in
determination of undue hardship. As recognized in Andrews, illness often affects
both a debtor's ability to earn and her expenses; in such cases, factors affecting the
debtor's health also have a financial significance. Where the evidence shows that
financial obligations are likely to undermine a debtor's health, which in turn will
affect the debtor's financial outlook, we think it entirely consistent with Andrews and
Long to take such facts and circumstances into account. We will not adopt an
interpretation of "undue hardship" that causes the courts to shut their eyes to factors
that may lead to disaster, both personal and financial, for a suffering debtor.

       Here, in findings that are not clearly erroneous, the bankruptcy court found that
the continuing liability from the debts would pose a threat to Reynolds's fragile
mental health. 303 B. R. at 840. Although Reynolds may be performing adequately
at her current job and may therefore have some disposable income available to
dedicate to the debts, the bankruptcy court found that she was at risk for recurrence
of symptoms that would cause "voluntary or involuntary termination" of that
employment. Id. at 832. The court found "the mere existence of this debt burden
clearly is a significant block to the Debtor's recovery from mental illness." Id. at 837.
Conversely, eliminating the debt would mitigate her symptoms and reduce the
possibility of recurring depression and decompensation. Id. at 840. These
conclusions are inferences well-supported by the record evidence of Reynolds's
condition.

      Another compelling reason for affirming the order of the bankruptcy court is
the diagnosis articulated by both the doctors. Dr. Jones stated that Reynolds’s
diagnostic evaluation included "major depressive episode, recurrent, dysthymia," and

                                           12
as we have observed before, he stated that there has been no sustained partial
remission of her illness. Dr. Gratzer stated that the diagnostic impression, axis I, was
"Major depressive disorder, recurrent, in near full remission," and "Dysthymia."

       We evaluate Reynolds’s condition in light of Long’s requirement that
determination of undue hardship requires consideration of "reasonably reliable future
financial resources . . . and any other relevant facts and circumstances surrounding
each . . . case" and must include “the prospect of future changes–positive or
adverse–in debtor’s financial position.” 322 F.3d at 554-55. We take this together
with Andrews’ statement, “Serious illness all too often requires extensive treatment
and medication. Serious illness may affect an individual’s ability to work.” 661 F.2d
at 705. The diagnosis of the doctors gives further compelling reason to affirm the
order of the district court. A condition that is recurrent by its very terms is one that
will occur again. See Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary 1434 (28th ed. 1994)
(recurrent means "returning after remissions"). A remission is an abatement of the
symptoms of a disease. Id. at 1444. Thus, the issue stressed by the bankruptcy court
with reference to the stressors affecting Reynolds must also be considered with the
recurring nature of her illness and the impact on not only her future health, but her
future financial situation.6


      6
        The dissent contends that our analysis grants "double treatment to a debtor's
illness" which "borders on illogic circularity," infra at 19-20, by taking into account
the effect of the debt on the debtor's health as well as the effect of the debtor's health
on her income and expenses. We do indeed take into account two different
considerations. First, it is in fact the case that Reynolds's mental health has affected,
is affecting, and will affect her earnings. The dissent concedes that we should take
this into account. Second, the stress of the debt is likely to affect Reynolds's mental
health adversely, causing an even greater decline in her earnings. The dissent
contends we must ignore the second factor entirely. The statute provides a remedy
for "undue hardship." The dissent contends that we are precluded from considering
the effect of the debt on Reynolds's health because "the Andrews court never asked
whether the stress from being in debt could affect the debtor's state of health and thus
                                           13
       We therefore see no error in the bankruptcy court's holding that excepting the
student loans from the discharge would cause an undue hardship to Reynolds because
of the effect of the debts on Reynolds's mental health.

                                         II.

       Two of the creditors, the Pennsylvania Higher Education Assistance Agency
and the Educational Credit Management Corporation contend that the bankruptcy
court erred in its factual findings concerning the details of Reynolds's household
expenses and in determining Reynolds's earning potential. A related issue, not
briefed by the parties until after it surfaced at oral argument, was whether the
bankruptcy court should have included Reynolds's husband's income as if it were her
own, even though the husband is not a debtor in bankruptcy. Because the bankruptcy
court's holding was not ultimately based on financial details of whether Reynolds
could afford monthly payments, we conclude that the resolution of these arguments
would not affect our holding, and we therefore need not reach them.

      The Pennsylvania Higher Education Assistance Agency has moved to strike
portions of Reynolds's brief and appendix that rely on her deposition testimony. The
challenged testimony is substantially reiterated in Reynolds's trial testimony, and so
no part of our holding relies on the challenged testimony. We therefore dismiss the
motion as moot.




was a circumstance contributing to undue hardship." Infra at 19. Andrews did not
mention the specific issue, but neither did it say anything that would prevent a court
from considering facts before it relevant to the question of undue hardship. Andrews
suffered from a form of cancer that was in remission, and there was no evidence such
as exists in this case that eliminating the debt would mitigate her symptoms and
reduce the possibility of recurrence of the illness. See Reynolds, 303 B.R. at 840.
                                         14
      We affirm the district court's order in turn affirming the judgment of the
bankruptcy court.


BRIGHT, Circuit Judge, concurring.

       I join in Judge John R. Gibson’s opinion affirming the judgment in this case.
I add another dimension to the reasons for the determinations of the bankruptcy court
and the district court on appeal discharging the student loans for “undue hardship.”

       The dissent asserts the debtor has sufficient surplus ($700 per month) to pay
her student loans ($502.49 per month on an extended thirty-year repayment plan).
Infra at 21. That analysis is incorrect based on the record in this case, which is the
record before the bankruptcy court and the district court.7

       The total loans prior to this appeal amounted to $142,044.55 in March 2002.
The debtor owed her five student lenders either $1641.05 per month over ten years,
$1021.55 per month over twenty years, $1218 per month for the first ten years of a
thirty-year plan (two of the lenders do not participate in the Ford loan program, thus
not allowing for a thirty-year repayment period), or $910.55 per month for the first
twenty years of a thirty-year plan. However the loan obligations are added, the $700



      7
       The dissent asserts that the student loans require a payment of a little more
than half ($502.49) of the amount ($910.55) determined by the district court. This
legerdemain is accomplished by considering Reynolds’s ability to pay after
diminishing her debt to exclude student loans from two lenders who choose not to
appeal. The dissent errs in two respects: (1) The record before us is that before the
bankruptcy court and the district court. We have no warrant to change that record and
become a fact finding court rather than the court of appeals. (2) What warrant is there
for giving benefit to the remaining lenders for the decision of two lenders not to
appeal? It seems to me their decisions not to appeal recognizes the correctness of the
decisions in this case by both the bankruptcy court and the district court.
                                          15
per month in disposable income that the bankruptcy court allocated to Reynolds and
her husband does not sufficiently cover any of these payments.

      Moreover, the $700 per month surplus results from combined compensation
of both Reynolds and her husband John Turner minus family living expenses. The
record shows in a rough way that each contributed about equally to the family income
and each incurred about equally to the family living expenses.

       The appellants here would apply all of the surplus to the debtor’s educational
debts. Yet, these debts were incurred prior to Reynolds's marriage. The appellants
and the dissent give no consideration to Mr. Turner’s interests. Mr. Turner is not a
party to these proceedings, and there is no showing that he assumed to pay his wife’s
loans. Attributing the entire surplus of $700 to the debtor’s loans requires Mr. Turner
to pay for loans on which he is not obligated.

       There is no warrant for such treatment of Mr. Turner. Equitably speaking, Mr.
Turner should be entitled to approximately half of the surplus to put to his use to
educate his children, to save for the future, or for any other reason. That is, the part
of the surplus remaining after contribution to the basic household expenses and
attributable to his income. Thus, in fact, under this record only about $350 of the
surplus remains in the household budget that could be attributed to the debtor’s
income.

       This analysis is supported by the following cases: In re Innes, 284 B.R. 496,
507-08 (D. Kan. 2002) (“[T]he bankruptcy court correctly considered all of [the non-
debtor spouse’s] disposable income and applied the proportionate share of her income
to the family’s essential or basic living expenses. To require her to do more would
essentially force her (or her children) to pay debts for which she is not liable and
support [the debtor husband] while being denied the right to apply some of her
income to reasonable non-luxury items, such as the children’s education, and a

                                          16
modest retirement fund.”); In re Berndt, 127 B.R. 222, 225 (Bankr. D.N.D. 1991)
(holding, in a Chapter 7 consumer debt case, “[T]he non-debtor spouse’s income is
not . . . rendered liable for the debts of the Debtor but rather is simply . . . considered
in determining whether the Debtor himself has available discretionary income by
virtue of the fact that he and the non-debtor spouse share a joint household.”).

       The strongest case in support of the creditors’ view is In re White, 243 B.R.
498, 508-14 (Bankr. N.D. Ala. 1999), where the court combined the non-debtor
spouse's and debtor's incomes and then deducted household expenses to determine
if a surplus existed. However, White is distinguishable because the debtor in that
case attempted to avoid paying student loan debt by contributing toward household
expenses far in excess of a minimal standard of living. See id. at 512-14. This case
is also distinguishable from the context where a debtor chooses not to work to her
earning capacity then seeks to discharge her student loans for lack of income. In re
Murphy, 305 B.R. 780, 793-95 (Bankr. E.D. Va. 2004); see In re Oyler, 397 F.3d 382,
386 (6th Cir. 2005) (“Choosing a low-paying job cannot merit undue hardship
relief.”).

      While it is true that the income and expenses of husband and wife are
combined for the purpose of examining a household’s finances, it does not seem
proper, in the circumstances where the debtor and non-debtor spouse have
contributed about equally to the family income and expenses, to attribute the entire
surplus to the debtor in favor of the debtor’s creditors.8



      8
        The dissent mistakenly contends that “[t]his issue was not raised or briefed on
appeal.” Infra at 20 n.9. This court raised this issue at oral argument after which the
parties filed letter briefs. It is not unusual for a court to recognize an issue important
to an appeal and not raised by the parties. This court was well within its authority to
ask the parties to brief this obvious issue when it was not presented below and the
non-debtor husband is not a party to the case.
                                            17
       There is no showing that applying the $350 per month surplus, attributable to
the debtor’s income, would reduce or retire the loans, considering interest growth on
the debt. Additionally, given the nature of the debtor’s illness, the "$100 [per month]
cushion for various aspects of her medical condition," infra at 20, does not allow her
a realistic reserve for possible deterioration of her health condition.



RILEY, Circuit Judge, dissenting.

      This court’s precedents allow a bankruptcy court, when determining whether
declining to discharge a student loan constitutes an undue hardship on the debtor, to
examine the totality of circumstances affecting a debtor’s reasonable future earning
power compared to her living expenses. In re Long, 322 F.3d 549, 554-55 (8th Cir.
2003); In re Andrews, 661 F.2d 702, 704 (8th Cir. 1981). These circumstances may
include a debtor’s serious illness. Andrews, 661 F.2d at 704-05.

       Reynolds’s mental illness could be considered such a circumstance in two
possible ways. First, her mental illness may make the mere condition of being in debt
severely stressful, thus creating an undue hardship. Or, her mental illness could
reduce her reasonably reliable future financial resources (by limiting her job prospects
both in and out of the legal profession) and potentially increase her expenses (through
medical bills and the like), thus creating an undue hardship. See id. at 705. The
problem for Reynolds, and the problem with the majority’s opinion, is the first
method of considering Reynolds’s mental illness is not permitted under the
Bankruptcy Code and this court’s precedent, and the second method is not supported
by the record before the bankruptcy court.

      The first possible method of considering Reynolds’s mental illness as a
circumstance affecting her reasonable future earning power compared to her living
expenses–that her mental illness makes the mere condition of being in debt severely

                                          18
stressful, thus creating an undue hardship–is unsupported by this circuit’s caselaw
interpreting the Bankruptcy Code. When this court has considered serious illness as
a factor in the determination of undue hardship, we have done so only in terms of how
that illness affects a debtor’s potential income and expenses; we have never asked
whether the condition of having a debt itself constitutes an undue hardship. See id.
at 704-05.

       The debtor in Andrews suffered from Hodgkin’s Disease, a form of lymphatic
cancer, although the disease was in remission at the time of her trial. Id. at 703.
Having cancer surely is stressful, whether in remission or not. The prospect of a large
student loan hanging over one’s head only could add to that stress. But the Andrews
court never asked whether the stress from being in debt could affect the debtor’s state
of health and thus was a circumstance contributing to undue hardship. The court
discussed the disease only in terms of its effects on the debtor’s income and expenses:

      Serious illness all too often requires expensive treatment and
      medication. Serious illness may affect an individual’s ability to work.
      To some extent, as argued by the creditor, the expenses associated with
      a serious illness may be covered by health insurance. On remand the
      bankruptcy court should carefully examine the scope of the debtor’s
      group health insurance coverage. The bankruptcy court should also
      consider any additional information about the debtor’s present
      employment status and employment prospects.

Id. at 705.

       To view a serious illness other than through its effect on income and expenses
borders on illogic circularity. The majority opinion makes this very mistake: it
concludes having an unpaid debt contributes to Reynolds’s mental illness, and mental
illness contributes to the inability to repay the debt (which inability, of course,

                                          19
worsens the mental illness, and so on). Such an analysis grants double treatment to
a debtor’s illness, which is at odds with the “fairness and equity” required by the
totality-of-the-circumstances test. Long, 322 F.3d at 554. In asking whether illness
itself is an undue hardship, the majority changes this circuit’s law–a change I find
unwarranted in either law or policy.

        Regarding the second possible method of considering Reynolds’s mental
illness, even assuming the bankruptcy court’s findings on Reynolds’s income,
expenses, and mental illness were substantially supported in the record, those findings
do not support a conclusion Reynolds’s mental illness makes her reasonable future
financial resources insufficient to cover payment of her student loan debt, while still
allowing for a minimal standard of living. See id. at 555. The record before the
bankruptcy court is clear: while Reynolds’s mental illness undoubtedly precludes her
ability to enter the legal profession, as either a practicing attorney, paralegal, or legal
secretary, Reynolds’s psychiatric expert Dr. Robert Jones reported Reynolds can work
in a low level clerical or administrative capacity, like the secretary-receptionist
position she held at the date of her trial. Relying on this report, the bankruptcy court
stated, “As a practical matter, for the indefinite future, she will remain at the level of
employment, responsibility, and compensation that she has had since she took her
first ‘permanent’ position with the St. Paul Foundation.” In re Reynolds, 303 B.R.
823, 832 (Bankr. D. Minn. 2004).

      Reynolds’s compensation, when combined with her husband’s compensation
from his employment, amounts to $3300 per month. Id. at 829. Reynolds’s monthly
household expenses, even after adding a $100 “cushion” for “[v]arious aspects of
[her] medical condition,” amount to $2600.9 Id. at 834. Thus, accounting for the

      9
       Judge Bright raises an issue in his concurrence regarding the equitableness of
including Reynolds’s husband’s contributions and expenses to these totals. This issue
was not raised or briefed on appeal; thus, the majority was correct in not considering
it. United States v. Simmons, 964 F.2d 763, 777 (8th Cir. 1992) (“As a general rule,
                                            20
effects of Reynolds’s mental illness on both her income and expenses, Reynolds still
has sufficient surplus ($700 per month) to repay her student loans ($502.49 per month
on an extended 30-year repayment plan) with an extra safety net of nearly $200 per
month with which to maintain or supplement her current standard of living.10 Id. at
835. Given these facts, our circuit precedent plainly states a student loan debt
“should not be discharged.” Long, 322 F.3d at 555. The record supports no other
conclusion.

      One has sympathy for Reynolds, who obviously is very bright, being a
Michigan Law School Graduate,11 but suffers from illnesses preventing her from
using that intellect in the legal profession. We are, however, constrained by the
Bankruptcy Code as enacted by Congress and by this court’s prior cases in
determining whether Reynolds’s student loans constitute an undue hardship.
Therefore, for the reasons stated above, I respectfully dissent.
                        ______________________________




an appellate court may review only the issues specifically raised and argued in an
appellant’s brief.”)
      10
        Judge Bright suggests Reynolds’s monthly payment from her total student
loan debt is $910.55. This would be correct had all of her creditors appealed from the
Bankruptcy Court’s discharge order. As the majority opinion correctly notes,
however, two of her creditors did not appeal, thus Reynolds is no longer responsible
for those debts, which account for $408.06 of Judge Bright’s suggested monthly total
payment.
      11
       Grutter v. Bollinger, 539 U.S. 306, 312 (2003) (“[Michigan] Law School
ranks among the Nation’s top law schools.”).




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