            If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
                 revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.




                          STATE OF MICHIGAN

                            COURT OF APPEALS


PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,                                     UNPUBLISHED
                                                                     April 30, 2020
               Plaintiff-Appellee,

v                                                                    No. 345842
                                                                     Jackson Circuit Court
TRACY LEE LAWRENCE,                                                  LC No. 16-004958-FC

               Defendant-Appellant.


Before: BORRELLO, P.J., and O’BRIEN and CAMERON, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

        Defendant was convicted by a jury of two counts of second-degree murder, MCL 750.317,
and one count of possession of a firearm during the commission of a felony (felony-firearm), MCL
750.227b. The trial court sentenced him to 228 to 480 months’ imprisonment for each of the
murder convictions and 2 years’ imprisonment for the felony-firearm conviction, with the murder
sentences to run consecutively to the felony-firearm sentence. Defendant now appeals as of right.1
For the reasons set forth in this opinion, we affirm.

                                       I. BACKGROUND

         The evidence at trial revealed that on the morning of June 8, 2016, defendant shot and
killed two men while they were outside of his residence. Defendant and his wife own adjacent
parcels of property in Jackson County. Defendant’s main residence sits on the parcel where the
killing occurred and on the other parcel, defendant and his wife store a mobile home and a travel
trailer. Defendant testified that on June 8, 2016, he woke up at 6:00 a.m. and heard a noise that
sounded like the cellar door rattling. He subsequently saw an individual trying to open the door
of defendant’s truck and another individual trying to open the door of the detached garage.


1
  This is the second time this matter has been before this Court. As will be discussed infra, People
v Lawrence, unpublished per curiam opinion of the Court of Appeals, issued February 13, 2018
(Docket No. 339228), dealt primarily with whether, relative to defendant’s claim of self-defense,
the decedents’ conduct prior to their deaths was admissible other-acts evidence.


                                                -1-
Defendant testified that he picked up his rifle, went outside onto his porch, told the individuals to
leave the property, and fired his weapon when the individuals were running toward him. At trial,
defendant claimed he was acting in self-defense when he shot the decedents. Defendant testified
that the situation “scared the hell out of” him. Defendant additionally testified that he did not
intend to kill the decedents and he would not have shot if they had been running away. Defendant
testified he did not see the decedents with any guns or weapons.

        Police were summoned, and on their arrival found the two people dead on defendant’s
property. The medical examiner testified that each of the decedents died from a single gunshot
wound: one had a gunshot wound with a bullet entry point through the left side of his head and the
other had a gunshot wound with a bullet entry point through his back. There was circumstantial
evidence at the scene that the decedents had broken into the mobile home and travel trailer located
on the parcel adjacent to defendant’s residence.

       The jury convicted defendant as previously stated, and this appeal followed.

                             II. RIGHT TO PRESENT A DEFENSE

        In his appeal, defendant argues that he was denied his due-process right to present a defense
because the trial court did not allow the admission of prior-bad-acts evidence that the decedents
had been on a “crime spree,” which apparently involved a series of break-ins, shortly before they
entered defendant’s property. Defendant maintains that prohibiting this evidence prevented him
from showing that the decedents were felons for purposes of presenting his fleeing-felon defense
and establishing that he was justified in using deadly force to apprehend fleeing felons. Defendant
argues that this other-act evidence was relevant to demonstrating that the decedents were actually
committing felonies on defendant’s property on the morning of the incident.

                                  A. STANDARD OF REVIEW

         “[W]e review de novo the question whether a defendant was denied the constitutional right
to present a defense.” People v Unger, 278 Mich App 210, 247; 749 NW2d 272 (2008). This
Court reviews for an abuse of discretion a trial court’s decision regarding the admission of
evidence, but we review de novo the preliminary question of law whether a rule or statute precludes
admission of evidence. People v Denson, 500 Mich 385, 396; 902 NW2d 306 (2017). “The trial
court abuses its discretion when its decision is outside the range of principled outcomes.” People
v King, 297 Mich App 465, 472; 824 NW2d 258 (2012). “A preserved trial error in admitting or
excluding evidence is not grounds for reversal unless, after an examination of the entire cause, it
affirmatively appears that it is more probable than not that the error was outcome determinative.”
Id., citing People v Lukity, 460 Mich 484, 495-496; 596 NW2d 607 (1999); see also MCL 769.26.

                                          B. ANALYSIS

        “[A] criminal defendant has a state and federal constitutional right to present a defense.”
Unger, 278 Mich App at 250 (quotation marks and citation omitted). While this constitutional
right “guarantees criminal defendants a meaningful opportunity to present a complete defense,”
id. at 249 (quotation marks and citation omitted), “an accused’s right to present evidence in his
defense is not absolute,” id. at 250. “The right to present a complete defense may, in appropriate
cases, bow to accommodate other legitimate interests in the criminal trial process,” which include


                                                -2-
the state of Michigan’s “legitimate interest in promulgating and implementing its own rules
concerning the conduct of trials” and our Supreme Court’s “broad latitude under the Constitution
to establish rules excluding evidence from criminal trials.” King, 297 Mich App at 473-474
(quotation marks and citations omitted). “The Michigan Rules of Evidence do not infringe on a
defendant’s constitutional right to present a defense unless they are arbitrary or disproportionate
to the purposes they are designed to serve.” Id. at 474 (quotation marks and citation omitted).

       Our Supreme Court has recognized that deadly force may be used under some
circumstances to apprehend a fleeing felon:

                “[B]oth officers and private persons seeking to prevent a felon’s escape
         must exercise reasonable care to prevent the escape of the felon without doing
         personal violence, and it is only where killing him is necessary to prevent this
         escape, that the killing is justified. . . . If a killing is not justifiable, it is either
         murder or manslaughter.” [People v Couch, 436 Mich 414, 421; 461 NW2d 683
         (1990), quoting People v Gonsler, 251 Mich 443, 446-447; 232 NW 365 (1930),
         (some quotation marks omitted; ellipsis in original).]

        This Court in People v Hampton, 194 Mich App 593, 596-597; 487 NW2d 843 (1992),
after acknowledging the statutory authority in MCL 764.162 permitting private persons to make
arrests for felonies, explained as follows:

         [T]he statute fails to address the issue whether a private person may use deadly
         force. We therefore turn to the common law.




2
    MCL 764.16 provides as follows:
                 A private person may make an arrest--in the following situations:

                 (a) For a felony committed in the private person’s presence.

                 (b) If the person to be arrested has committed a felony although not in the
         private person’s presence.

                (c) If the private person is summoned by a peace officer to assist the officer
         in making an arrest.

                 (d) If the private person is a merchant, an agent of a merchant, an employee
         of a merchant, or an independent contractor providing security for a merchant of a
         store and has reasonable cause to believe that the person to be arrested has violated
         section 356c or 356d of the Michigan penal code, Act No. 328 of the Public Acts
         of 1931, being sections 750.356c and 750.356d of the Michigan Compiled Laws,
         in that store, regardless of whether the violation was committed in the presence of
         the private person.



                                                    -3-
               The common law recognizes two categories of justifiable deadly force used
       by a private person: where the person making the arrest is met with force from the
       person being arrested and where force is necessary to prevent the flight of a
       suspected felon. People v Whitty, 96 Mich App 403, 411; 292 NW2d 214 (1980).
       Because the facts here do not indicate that defendant perceived any threat of force
       by the decedent, resolution of this case hinges upon the latter category. According
       to this Court, the use of deadly force to prevent the escape of a fleeing felon is
       justifiable where the following three circumstances are present: (1) the evidence
       must show that a felony actually occurred, (2) the fleeing suspect against whom
       force was used must be the person who committed the felony, and (3) the use of
       deadly force must have been “necessary” to ensure the apprehension of the felon.
       Whitty, supra, pp 411, 413.

We additionally recognized in Hampton that the Couch Court had “held that the common law
regarding a private person’s use of deadly force to apprehend felons was adopted by the Legislature
through its fifty-year acquiescence following the decision in People v Gonsler, 251 Mich 443; 232
NW 365 (1930).” Hampton, 194 Mich App at 597, citing Couch, 436 Mich at 421.

         Defendant claims that he was denied the opportunity to present his fleeing felon defense at
trial as a justification for his use of lethal force against the decedents. However, defendant raised
this defense at trial and the trial court instructed the jury on the fleeing-felon defense. Defendant
testified without objection that the decedents were attempting to break into his vehicle and
detached garage to show that the decedents were engaged in felonious conduct on his property.
There was additional circumstantial evidence of the decedents’ felonious conduct; burglary tools
were found near their bodies, there was evidence that someone had broken into the mobile home
and travel trailer on defendant’s adjoining property, and the decedents were dressed in dark, heavy
clothing more appropriate for much colder weather. Importantly, the jury was specifically
instructed on the fleeing-felon defense.

        Our review of defendant’s argument defendant that he was denied the constitutional right
to present a defense leads us to conclude that defendant has mislabeled his argument. In his appeal,
defendant does not argue that the application of any of the implicated rules of evidence violated
his constitutional rights. We reach this conclusion in part because defendant has failed to show
that his right to present a defense was violated. King, 297 Mich App at 474. Thus, despite
characterizing his appellate issue in this manner, he has actually presented a purely evidentiary
issue. We thus proceed accordingly.

       Defendant argues that the evidence of defendant’s other acts was admissible under MRE
404(b)(1), which provides as follows:

                Evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is not admissible to prove the
       character of a person in order to show action in conformity therewith. It may,
       however, be admissible for other purposes, such as proof of motive, opportunity,
       intent, preparation, scheme, plan, or system in doing an act, knowledge, identity, or
       absence of mistake or accident when the same is material, whether such other
       crimes, wrongs, or acts are contemporaneous with, or prior or subsequent to the
       conduct at issue in the case.


                                                -4-
       The admissibility of evidence under MRE 404(b) is determined under the following
standard set forth by our Supreme Court in People v VanderVliet, 444 Mich 52, 55; 508 NW2d
114 (1993):

        First, that the evidence be offered for a proper purpose under Rule 404(b); second,
        that it be relevant under Rule 402 as enforced through Rule 104(b); third, that the
        probative value of the evidence is not substantially outweighed by unfair prejudice;
        fourth, that the trial court may, upon request, provide a limiting instruction to the
        jury.

        In the prior appeal, People v Lawrence, unpublished per curiam opinion of the Court of
Appeals, issued February 13, 2018 (Docket No. 339228), the prosecution argued the trial court
erred in its pretrial ruling under MRE 404(b) allowing defendant to introduce evidence the
decedents committed a series of break-ins during the hours leading up to the shooting. Defendant
argued, and the trial court seemingly agreed, that evidence of prior break-ins was admissible for
purposes of proving modus operandi. Id. at 1-2. This Court reversed noting: “defendant was
charged with second-degree murder and argues that he acted in self-defense,” Id. at 4, and we
concluded that evidence of the decedents’ alleged crime spree and the question whether the
decedents were legally on defendant’s property were not relevant to whether defendant committed
second-degree murder or acted in self-defense. Id. at 3-4. The only defense at issue in our prior
opinion was self-defense, and we expressed no opinion—implicitly or explicitly—on any issue
related to the fleeing-felon defense.

        Following our adjudication of the prior appeal and remand to the trial court, the trial court
opined that based on this Court’s prior decision, the law of the case doctrine prohibited evidence
of decedents’ prior bad acts. However, as alluded to herein, the prior appeal dealt solely with
whether decedents’ prior bad acts were admissible relative to defendant’s assertion of self-defense,
or whether the prior bad acts were admissible relative to a charge of second-degree murder.
“Under the law of the case doctrine, if an appellate court has passed on a legal question and
remanded the case for further proceedings, the legal questions thus determined by the appellate
court will not be differently determined on a subsequent appeal in the same case where the facts
remain materially the same.” Grievance Administrator v Lopatin, 462 Mich 235, 259; 612 NW2d
120 (2000) (quotation marks and citation omitted). “Thus, as a general rule, an appellate court’s
determination of an issue in a case binds lower tribunals on remand and the appellate court in
subsequent appeals.” Id. at 260. “Law of the case applies, however, only to issues actually
decided, either implicitly or explicitly, in the prior appeal.” Id. Thus, because our prior opinion
did not decide the issue whether the proposed other-acts evidence was prohibited for purposes of
the fleeing-felon defense, the trial court erred to the extent that it based its ruling on the law of the
case doctrine. Id. Accordingly, we next turn to whether, as a result of the trial court erroneously
excluding the 404(b) evidence on the basis of the law of the case doctrine, defendant is entitled to
any form of relief.

        From the outset we note our consideration of defendant’s claim of error is hampered by
defendant’s failure to provide a specific description of the actual evidence he deemed erroneously
excluded coupled with the State’s failure to cite or discuss meaningful legal authority relative to
the fleeing-felon defense. Nonetheless, assuming without deciding that the proposed other-acts
evidence was admissible for a proper purpose and not merely improper propensity or character


                                                  -5-
evidence, and assuming the evidence would also satisfy all of the VanderVliet prongs, we conclude
that any error in its exclusion was harmless.

        We begin with presuming that the evidence sought by defendant was that the decedents
were engaged in a series of break-ins on private property prior to entering defendant’s property.
Based on this presumption, we conclude that the proposed evidence would therefore be relevant
only to the question of whether the decedents committed a felony. As previously explained,
commission of a felony is a necessary component of the justifiable use of deadly force to prevent
the escape of a fleeing felon. See Hampton, 194 Mich App at 596-597. Defendant argues that the
error in excluding this evidence was not harmless because “[h]ad [defendant] been able to show
he was firing at felons who were fleeing, he would have been justified in his actions.” Aside from
the fact that defendant was able to present through his testimony that he saw the decedents
attempting to open his truck and garage before he fired his weapon, he neglects to add that the trial
court instructed the jury on the fleeing-felon defense.

        At its core, defendant’s arguments reflect a fundamental misunderstanding of the nature of
the fleeing-felon defense. Under defendant’s theory, a person would be entitled to shoot any other
person who (1) had committed a felony and (2) happened to be running away. Clearly, this
perception of the fleeing-felon defense does not comport with our case law.

        Our case law instructs that the justification to use deadly force in the context of the fleeing-
felon defense is tied to the right of a citizen to make a citizen’s arrest. We are also instructed that
a citizen’s right to make an arrest does not convey with it either the unconditional authority or an
unrestricted right to shoot any felon who runs away. See Whitty, 96 Mich App at 416 (“The
occasion may arise where the private citizen is confronted with the choice of attempting a citizen’s
arrest, or letting the felon escape. In order to make the citizen’s arrest, it is regrettable, but
sometimes necessary, to make use of deadly force. The common law in Michigan recognizes this
but stops far short of granting the private citizen a license to hunt down and kill those suspected
of committing a felony.”); see also id. at 413 (“It is true that before deadly force may be used to
stop a felon from fleeing from an attempted arrest, the use of such force must be ‘necessary.’”)
(emphasis added); Hampton, 194 Mich App at 596 (recognizing that the justifiable use of force to
prevent the escape of a fleeing felon is grounded in a private person’s right to effectuate an arrest).
Our Supreme Court further instructed that the fleeing-felon defense is only available to a private
person who was “seeking to prevent a felon’s escape” and “exercise[d] reasonable care to prevent
the escape of the felon without doing personal violence.” Couch, 436 Mich at 421.

         As the State argues in its brief, defendant’s main defense was that when he fired his
weapon, he was acting in self-defense. His trial testimony focused on the firing of his weapon to
prohibit or extinguish a perceived threat to himself. Defendant testified that he fired his weapon
because he saw the decedents attempting to break into his vehicle and detached garage, they ran
toward him, and he was scared. Defendant did not testify that he attempted to detain the decedents,
arrest them, or otherwise prevent them from escaping custody or being brought to justice for their
alleged criminal acts.
         In the absence of evidence that defendant intended to capture the decedents coupled with
the trial court instructing the jury on the fleeing-felon defense, we conclude it is not more probable
that the jury would have reached a different outcome had the proposed other bad acts evidence
been admitted. King, 297 Mich App at 472. In reaching this conclusion, we do not suggest that


                                                  -6-
defendant had the burden at trial of proving that the killing was justified, see People v Roper, 286
Mich App 77, 84; 777 NW2d 483 (2009) (stating that a conviction for second-degree murder
requires the prosecution to prove that the defendant acted “without justification or excuse”).
Rather, we conclude that after examining all of the evidence to determine whether defendant has
met his burden on appeal to affirmatively demonstrate that the error resulted in a miscarriage of
justice, see Lukity, 460 Mich at 495, it was not more probable than not that the error was outcome
determinative. Therefore, we conclude that exclusion of the other bad acts evidence at issue was
harmless.

                          III. FLEEING-FELON JURY INSTRUCTION

        Next, defendant contends he was denied his right to a properly instructed jury because the
fleeing-felon instruction given to the jury improperly shifted the burden of proof by failing to
explicitly state that the prosecution had the burden of proving beyond a reasonable doubt that
defendant was not justified in using deadly force to prevent a fleeing felon from escaping.

        The prosecution and defense each presented a version of the instruction, and defense
counsel said that he would leave it to the court’s discretion as to which instruction to use. The trial
court stated it would use the prosecutor’s proposed instruction. After the final jury instructions,
defense counsel expressed satisfaction with the instructions as given. Thus, at a minimum,
defendant acquiesced to the trial court’s decision to use this instruction. “Counsel may not harbor
error as an appellate parachute.” People v Carter, 462 Mich 206, 214; 612 NW2d 144 (2000).
Moreover, defense counsel’s affirmative expression of approval with the instructions as given
constituted a waiver that extinguished any error. Id. at 215.

       However, addressing the merits of defendant’s argument, we nonetheless conclude that
defendant has not demonstrated any entitlement to appellate relief.

         “A criminal defendant has the right to have a properly instructed jury consider the evidence
against him.” People v Head, 323 Mich App 526, 537; 917 NW2d 752 (2018) (quotation marks
and citation omitted). “Jury instructions must clearly present the case and the applicable law to
the jury.” Id. (quotation marks and citation omitted). “[A]n imperfect instruction is not grounds
for setting aside a conviction if the instruction fairly presented the issues to be tried and adequately
protected the defendant’s rights.” Id. (quotation marks and citation omitted; alteration in original).
Claims of instructional error are ordinarily reviewed de novo, People v Kowalski, 489 Mich 488,
501; 803 NW2d 200 (2011), but unpreserved claims of instructional error are reviewed for plain
error affecting substantial rights, Head, 323 Mich App at 537.

       In this case, defendant claims that the following instruction given by the trial court was
erroneous:

               I’m now going to instruct you on the use of deadly force to apprehend a
       fleeing felon. The defendant contends that the killing was justified because it
       occurred under circumstances entitling him to use deadly force to effectuate the
       arrest of a fleeing felon. If you have a reasonable doubt as to whether the defendant
       did indeed use deadly force to prevent a felon from escaping, then the defendant is
       not guilty of any crime.



                                                  -7-
               An individual is entitled to use deadly force to prevent the escape of a
       fleeing felon only when all of the following circumstances exist. The evidence
       must show that a felony had actually been committed. It is insufficient if the
       defendant reasonably believed that the felony had been committed.

               The evidence must show that the act of the defendant was for the purpose
       of preventing the felon’s escape. The evidence must show that the defendant
       exercised reasonable care to prevent the escape without doing personal violence to
       the individual fleeing. The evidence must also show that the use of deadly force
       was necessary to prevent the escape.

               Whether the evidence raises a reasonable doubt that under these standards
       the defendant was justified in using deadly force to apprehend a fleeing felon is a
       question of fact you must determine. [Emphasis added to reflect portions
       specifically challenged by defendant.]

        We conclude this instruction adequately stated the law regarding the fleeing-felon defense,
as outlined in Couch, 436 Mich at 421, and Hampton, 194 Mich App at 596-597, which we have
quoted in part II of this opinion. Moreover, the trial court’s statement that “[i]f you have a
reasonable doubt as to whether the defendant did indeed use deadly force to prevent a felon from
escaping, then the defendant is not guilty of any crime” reasonably conveyed the same information
that defendant claims requests be conveyed—i.e., the prosecutor had to prove beyond a reasonable
doubt that defendant did not act to apprehend a fleeing felon. Accordingly, defendant has not
demonstrated any error requiring appellate relief.

                            IV. PROSECUTORIAL MISCONDUCT

        Defendant also raises a claim of prosecutorial misconduct, arguing that after the prosecutor
offered to stipulate that the decedents were engaged in felonious conduct prior to being killed, the
prosecutor improperly rescinded the stipulation by challenging whether decedents committed
felonious acts leading up to the shooting.

        Defendant’s argument relies in part on this Court’s prior decision in the prosecutor’s
interlocutory appeal before trial. See Lawrence, unpub op.

        As previously noted, our prior decision reversed the trial court’s pretrial ruling permitting
defendant to introduce evidence that the decedents had committed a series of break-ins during the
hours leading up to the shooting under MRE 404(b) for purposes of proving modus operandi. Id.
at 1-2, 4. After reaching conclusions previously noted in this opinion, this Court stated:

                Defendant argues on appeal that “[t]he relevant fact that should be placed
       in front of the jury is that the [decedents] were not invited guests, and were not
       legally on [his] property.” However, whether the decedents were, or were not,
       legally on defendant’s property is not relevant to whether defendant acted in self-
       defense or committed second-degree murder. Whether defendant believed that the
       decedents were on his property illegally may be relevant to his self-defense theory,
       but the proffered evidence does not establish what defendant did or did not believe.
       [Id. at 3-4 (alterations in original).]


                                                -8-
        In the instant appeal, defendant relies on a footnote from our previous opinion that was
attached to the above quotation as a basis for accusing the prosecutor of committing misconduct
at defendant’s trial. In that footnote, we stated:

               Defendant argues that the legality of the decedents’ presence on his property
       was “a fact in issue.” However, this is simply not true. At the hearing on
       defendant’s motion, the prosecution stated that it was not disputing this fact and
       offered to stipulate that the decedents were uninvited and were attempting to break
       into defendant’s garage and vehicle. [Id. at 4 n 2 (emphasis added).]

       Following this opinion, the matter proceeded to trial where defendant asserted his fleeing-
felon defense and the prosecutor did not stipulate that the decedents were attempting to break into
defendant’s garage and vehicle. Instead, the prosecutor argued that it was unknown whether the
decedents were actually attempting to break into defendant’s garage and vehicle, that the only
thing known for certain was that the decedents were trespassing, and that defendant shot them
because they were trespassing. Defendant now argues on appeal that the prosecution committed
misconduct by improperly minimizing the decedents’ conduct and disputing that they had
committed any felonies because these arguments disregarded the prosecution’s stipulation that the
decedents were uninvited and were attempting to break into defendant’s garage and vehicle.

        Defendant’s argument ignores the fact that the fleeing-felon defense was not at issue in our
prior opinion and that the apparent change in prosecution strategy was precipitated by defendant’s
assertion of this defense. Following our initial decision in this matter, defendant put into question
whether decedents were engaged in the commission of a felony prior to their deaths when he raised
the fleeing-felon defense. See Hampton, 194 Mich App at 596-597. Thus, the prosecutor’s
amended arguments regarding the nature of the conduct committed by the decedents that morning
and what the prosecutor believed the evidence showed were arguments that were responsive to
defendant’s newly asserted defense that the killings were justified as necessary to apprehend
fleeing felons.

        Because defendant did not contemporaneously object and request a curative instruction
related to any of the prosecutor’s allegedly improper statements, this issue is unpreserved. People
v Bennett, 290 Mich App 465, 475; 802 NW2d 627 (2010). While claims of prosecutorial
misconduct are generally reviewed de novo, our review is for plain error affecting substantial rights
where there was no contemporaneous objection or request for a curative instruction regarding the
alleged error. People v Brown, 279 Mich App 116, 134; 755 NW2d 664 (2008). “The test of
prosecutorial misconduct is whether the defendant was denied a fair and impartial trial.” Id.

        “Issues of prosecutorial misconduct are decided case by case, and this Court must examine
the entire record and evaluate a prosecutor’s remarks in context.” People v Dobek, 274 Mich App
58, 64; 732 NW2d 546 (2007). Accordingly, we evaluate a prosecutor’s comments “in light of
defense arguments and the relationship the comments bear to the evidence admitted at trial.” Id.
“Otherwise improper prosecutorial conduct or remarks might not require reversal if they address
issues raised by defense counsel.” Id.

       In this case, the prosecutor’s statements that defendant challenges on appeal were
responsive to an element of defendant’s asserted fleeing-felon defense, which was not a defense


                                                -9-
that had been raised when the matter was previously before this Court. By asserting a new,
additional defense, defendant accordingly prompted the prosecutor to also change their strategy.
Defendant has not provided any argument explaining how this tactic was unfair or improper.
Rather, defendant asserts that it was “unfair” of the prosecutor to challenge an underlying element
of one of his defenses. This mere assertion is not evidence of any inappropriate behavior or
argument by the prosecutor, accordingly, this Court has no basis on which it can grant defendant
relief. See, Dobek, 274 Mich App at 64.

               V. SUFFICIENCY AND GREAT WEIGHT OF THE EVIDENCE

       Next, defendant argues that his murder convictions were not supported by sufficient
evidence and the jury’s verdict finding him guilty of murder was against the great weight of the
evidence.3

        “Criminal defendants do not need to take any special steps to preserve a challenge to the
sufficiency of the evidence.” People v Cain, 238 Mich App 95, 116-117; 605 NW2d 28 (1999).
“In challenges to the sufficiency of the evidence, this Court reviews the record evidence de novo
in the light most favorable to the prosecution to determine whether a rational trier of fact could
have found that the essential elements of the crime were proved beyond a reasonable doubt.”
Roper, 286 Mich App at 83.

        With respect to the great weight of the evidence argument, defendant raised this issue in
the trial court through a motion for new trial. The trial court denied defendant’s motion. “In
contrast to a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, a motion for a new trial based on a belief
that the verdict was against the great weight of the evidence does not implicate issues of
constitutional magnitude and, for that reason, the decision to grant a new trial is committed to the
discretion of the trial court.” Id. at 83-84. A trial court’s decision on a great-weight-of-the-
evidence motion is reviewed for an abuse of discretion, which occurs if the trial court “selects an
outcome that is not within the range of reasonable and principled outcomes.” Id. at 84. As this
Court explained in People v Musser, 259 Mich App 215, 218-219; 673 NW2d 800 (2003), the

       test to determine whether a verdict is against the great weight of the evidence is
       whether the evidence preponderates so heavily against the verdict that it would be
       a miscarriage of justice to allow the verdict to stand. Conflicting testimony, even
       when impeached to some extent, is an insufficient ground for granting a new trial.
       Unless it can be said that directly contradictory testimony was so far impeached
       that it was deprived of all probative value or that the jury could not believe it, or
       contradicted indisputable physical facts or defied physical realities, the trial court
       must defer to the jury’s determination. [Quotation marks, brackets, and citations
       omitted.]




3
  Defendant explicitly frames his arguments on these issues as challenges to his murder
convictions. Therefore, any challenge to his felony-firearm conviction based on the sufficiency of
the evidence or great weight of the evidence is abandoned. Harris, 261 Mich App at 50.


                                                -10-
         “The elements of second-degree murder are (1) a death, (2) the death was caused by an act
of the defendant, (3) the defendant acted with malice, and (4) the defendant did not have lawful
justification or excuse for causing the death.” People v Bergman, 312 Mich App 471, 487; 879
NW2d 278 (2015) (quotation marks and citation omitted). Defendant concedes on appeal that only
elements (3) and (4) are in dispute.

        Defendant argues there was insufficient evidence he acted with malice because he did not
intend to kill the decedents and only acted to prevent the “invasion” and to protect himself and his
wife. “Malice is defined as the intent to kill, the intent to cause great bodily harm, or the intent to
do an act in wanton and willful disregard of the likelihood that the natural tendency of such
behavior is to cause death or great bodily harm.” Id. (quotation marks and citation omitted). In
this case, there was evidence that defendant fired his gun at the decedents and they each died from
a gunshot wound. Shooting a gun at a person shows, at a minimum, a wanton and willful disregard
of the likelihood that the natural tendency of such an act is to cause death or great bodily harm.
Defendant’s arguments to the contrary, which essentially amounts to a claim that he did not
actually intend to kill the decedents,4 are unavailing because the prosecution only needs to “prove
the intent to do an act that is in obvious disregard of life-endangering consequences” and “is not
required to prove that the defendant actually intended to harm or kill.” Id. (quotation marks and
citation omitted). Viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution, there was
sufficient evidence to prove the element of malice beyond a reasonable doubt.

        Defendant also maintains that the killings were justified to apprehend fleeing felons or as
acts in self-defense, hence, the killings were legally justified.

       As set forth above with respect to the fleeing-felon defense,

              “[B]oth officers and private persons seeking to prevent a felon’s escape
       must exercise reasonable care to prevent the escape of the felon without doing
       personal violence, and it is only where killing him is necessary to prevent this
       escape, that the killing is justified. . . . If a killing is not justifiable, it is either
       murder or manslaughter.” [Couch, 436 Mich at 421, quoting Gonsler, 251 Mich
       at 446-447 (some quotation marks omitted; ellipsis in original).]

        Accordingly, “the use of deadly force to prevent the escape of a fleeing felon is justifiable
where the following three circumstances are present: (1) the evidence must show that a felony
actually occurred, (2) the fleeing suspect against whom force was used must be the person who
committed the felony, and (3) the use of deadly force must have been ‘necessary’ to ensure the
apprehension of the felon.” Hampton, 194 Mich App at 596-597 (citation omitted).

       In this case, as previously indicated, the evidence does not support a conclusion that
defendant shot the decedents while attempting to prevent them from escaping arrest. As we have
explained in this opinion, defendant’s argument is that he was justified to shoot the decedents
because they committed a felony and fled. But those facts alone, even if true, are insufficient to


4
 Defendant’s arguments challenging the malice element also appear to relate to his claim that his
actions were justified. We address this claim below.


                                                 -11-
justify the use of deadly force because deadly force is only justified to prevent a felon from fleeing
an attempt to effectuate a citizen’s arrest. See Couch, 436 Mich at 421; Hampton, 194 Mich App
at 596-597; Whitty, 96 Mich App at 413, 416.

       To reiterate, defendant testified he fired his weapon because he saw the decedents
attempting to break into his vehicle and detached garage, they ran toward him, and he was scared.
Defendant never testified he attempted to detain decedents or prevent the decedents from escaping
capture. In fact, defendant testified he would not shot at the decedents if they had run away.
Viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution, Roper, 286 Mich App at 83, the
jury could reasonably conclude beyond a reasonable doubt that defendant did not shoot the
decedents for the purpose of preventing fleeing felons from escaping apprehension and that
defendant’s actions were therefore not justified under the fleeing-felon defense.

        Defendant also argues the killings were justified because he acted in lawful self-defense.

       “At common law, the affirmative defense of self-defense justifies otherwise punishable
criminal conduct, usually the killing of another person, if the defendant honestly and reasonably
believes his life is in imminent danger or that there is a threat of serious bodily harm and that it is
necessary to exercise deadly force to prevent such harm to himself.” People v Dupree, 486 Mich
693, 707; 788 NW2d 399 (2010) (quotation marks and citation omitted). However, “[w]ith the
enactment of the Self–Defense Act (SDA), MCL 780.971 et seq., the Legislature codified the
circumstances in which a person may use deadly force in self-defense or in defense of another
person without having the duty to retreat.” Id. at 708.

       MCL 780.972(1) provides in pertinent part as follows:

               (1) An individual who has not or is not engaged in the commission of a
       crime at the time he or she uses deadly force may use deadly force against another
       individual anywhere he or she has the legal right to be with no duty to retreat if
       either of the following applies:

               (a) The individual honestly and reasonably believes that the use of deadly
       force is necessary to prevent the imminent death of or imminent great bodily harm
       to himself or herself or to another individual.

As this Court has previously observed, this statutory provision still requires a person to “have an
honest and reasonable belief that there is a danger of death, [or] great bodily harm . . . in order to
justify the use of deadly force.” People v Guajardo, 300 Mich App 26, 35-36; 832 NW2d 409
(2013).

       In this case, defendant argues that he was entitled to a presumption that he had an honest
and reasonable belief that imminent death or great bodily harm would occur to himself or another
under MCL 780.951(1) because the decedents were in the process of breaking and entering a
dwelling or had already broken and entered a dwelling and were still present inside. MCL
780.951(1) provides that there is

       a rebuttable presumption in a civil or criminal case that an individual who uses
       deadly force or force other than deadly force under [MCL 780.972] has an honest


                                                 -12-
       and reasonable belief that imminent death of, sexual assault of, or great bodily harm
       to himself or herself or another individual will occur if both of the following apply:

               (a) The individual against whom deadly force or force other than deadly
       force is used is in the process of breaking and entering a dwelling or business
       premises or committing home invasion or has broken and entered a dwelling or
       business premises or committed home invasion and is still present in the dwelling
       or business premises, or is unlawfully attempting to remove another individual from
       a dwelling, business premises, or occupied vehicle against his or her will.

              (b) The individual using deadly force or force other than deadly force
       honestly and reasonably believes that the individual is engaging in conduct
       described in subdivision (a).

       However, MCL 780.951(3)(c) specifically defines “dwelling” for purposes of this section
to mean “a structure or shelter that is used permanently or temporarily as a place of abode,
including an appurtenant structure attached to that structure or shelter.”

        Here, we cannot find in this record evidence that would show the decedents, at the time
defendant used deadly force against them, were in the process of breaking and entering a
“dwelling” or were still inside a “dwelling” into which they had already broken and entered.
Defendant testified he fired his weapon after seeing the decedents attempting to gain entry to his
vehicle and his detached garage. His attorney asked defendant if the garage was his “man cave,”
and defendant replied, “No.” Defendant said that he “k[ept] all [his] gardening tools” there. Thus,
there was no evidence that the garage was used as a place of abode or attached to a place of abode.
MCL 780.951(3)(c). Although there was some circumstantial evidence suggesting the decedents
entered the mobile home on defendant’s adjacent property, they were not inside the mobile home
when they were shot. Instead, they were outside the main house with various obstacles between
them and the porch of defendant’s house where defendant was standing when he shot them.
Accordingly, the decedents were not still inside a dwelling that they had broken and entered, id.,
and they were not in the process of committing a home invasion or inside a dwelling where they
had committed a home invasion, id.; MCL 750.110a. Defendant has not shown that he was entitled
to the presumption contained in MCL 780.951(1).5

         Furthermore, the trial record contains no evidence that the decedents threatened defendant
or fought him. Defendant claimed that he shot from his porch, but admitted that the decedents
would have needed to contend with various obstacles to have reached him on the porch. Defendant
testified that “if they had a gun they could have shot me from down there.” However, defendant


5
  Defendant also argues that he was denied the effective assistance of counsel because his trial
counsel failed to request an instruction on this presumption in accordance with MCL 780.951.
However, because defendant has not shown that the requirements of MCL 780.951(1) were met,
he has not shown that such a request would not have been denied. “Failing to advance a meritless
argument or raise a futile objection does not constitute ineffective assistance of counsel.” People
v Anderson, 322 Mich App 622, 629 n 14; 912 NW2d 607 (2018) (quotation marks and citation
omitted).


                                               -13-
testified he did not see guns or anything else in the decedents’ hands. Defendant admitted that one
decedent was “out of sight” when he finally stopped firing. In addition, one decedent died from a
gunshot wound to his back, and his body was found approximately 340 feet from the bottom of
the porch steps. The other decedent’s body was located approximately 90 feet from the bottom of
the steps. Defendant told an interviewing police officer, “[W]hat a dumb ass to pick the gun up.”
The evidence also illustrates that any belief defendant may have held regarding the necessity of
using deadly force to prevent an imminent threat of death or great bodily harm was not reasonable
because an ordinarily prudent and intelligent person would not find it necessary to shoot unarmed
persons who were a significant distance away and had not initiated a physical attack. See
Guajardo, 300 Mich App at 42 (“The reasonableness of a person’s belief regarding the necessity
of deadly force depends on what an ordinarily prudent and intelligent person would do on the basis
of the perceptions of the actor.”) (quotation marks and citation omitted). Viewed in a light most
favorable to the prosecution, Roper, 286 Mich App at 83, the evidence was sufficient for the jury
to find beyond a reasonable doubt that defendant did not act in self-defense.

        Defendant’s arguments that his murder convictions were against the great weight of the
evidence largely mirror his sufficiency arguments. Crucially, defendant’s great-weight arguments
are premised on his contention that the trial court, in addressing defendant’s motion for a new trial,
“sidestepped” the great-weight-of-the-evidence issue by declining to override the jury’s findings.

        Contrary to defendant’s argument, a claim that the verdict was against the great weight of
the evidence does not entitle a defendant to a de novo review by the trial judge of the evidence and
the propriety of the jury’s verdict. “A trial judge does not sit as the thirteenth juror in ruling on
motions for a new trial and may grant a new trial only if the evidence preponderates heavily against
the verdict so that it would be a miscarriage of justice to allow the verdict to stand.” People v
Lemmon, 456 Mich 625, 627; 576 NW2d 129 (1998). Additionally, a trial judge’s disagreement
with the verdict does not justify granting a new trial. Id. at 644. The focus is on whether there is
“a real concern that an innocent person may have been convicted” or whether it “would be a
manifest injustice” to allow the guilty verdict to stand.” Id. (quotation marks and citation omitted).
“[A] new trial based upon the weight of the evidence should be granted only where the evidence
preponderates heavily against the verdict and a serious miscarriage of justice would otherwise
result.” Id. at 642 (quotation marks and citation omitted). In this case, as fully explained above,
the evidence overwhelmingly supported the jury’s verdict. Thus, the evidence certainly did not
preponderate heavily against the verdict such that a serious miscarriage of justice would result by
allowing it to stand. Defendant’s convictions were not against the great weight of the evidence,
and accordingly, he is not entitled to relief.

       Affirmed.



                                                              /s/ Stephen L. Borrello
                                                              /s/ Colleen A. O’Brien
                                                              /s/ Thomas C. Cameron




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