               U NITED S TATES AIR F ORCE
              C OURT OF C RIMINAL APPEALS
                          ________________________

                               No. ACM 39487
                          ________________________

                            UNITED STATES
                                Appellee
                                      v.
                           Drake K. SHOUP
              Senior Airman (E-4), U.S. Air Force, Appellant
                          ________________________

        Appeal from the United States Air Force Trial Judiciary
                          Decided 23 August 2019
                          ________________________

Military Judge: Mark F. Rosenow.
Approved sentence: Dishonorable discharge, confinement for 48
months, reduction to E-1, and a reprimand. Sentence adjudged 16
April 2018 by GCM convened at Hill Air Force Base, Utah.
For Appellant: Major Jarett F. Merk, USAF.
For Appellee: Lieutenant Colonel Joseph J. Kubler, USAF; Major Mi-
chael T. Bunnell, USAF; Mary Ellen Payne, Esquire.
Before J. JOHNSON, POSCH, and KEY, Appellate Military Judges.
Judge KEY delivered the opinion of the court, in which Senior Judge J.
JOHNSON and Judge POSCH joined.
                          ________________________

                PUBLISHED OPINION OF THE COURT
                          ________________________

KEY, Judge:
    A military judge sitting as a general court-martial convicted Appellant, in
accordance with his pleas pursuant to a pretrial agreement, of one specifica-
tion each of possessing child pornography, distributing child pornography on
divers occasions, and attempted sexual abuse of a child by communicating
sexually explicit language, in violation of Articles 80 and 134, Uniform Code
                    United States v. Shoup, No. ACM 39487


of Military Justice (UCMJ), 10 U.S.C. §§ 880 and 934. 1 The court-martial
sentenced Appellant to a dishonorable discharge, confinement for five years,
total forfeiture of pay and allowances, reduction to the grade of E-1, and a
reprimand. The convening authority approved so much of the sentence that
included a dishonorable discharge, confinement for 48 months, reduction to
the grade of E-1, and a reprimand.
    On appeal, Appellant argues the military judge abused his discretion by
admitting victim impact statements without first determining that the vic-
tims wished to exercise their right to be heard at Appellant’s trial. We agree,
but we find Appellant was not materially prejudiced by the error and there-
fore affirm the findings and sentence.

                                 I. BACKGROUND
    Appellant amassed a collection of child pornography consisting of some
1,900 images on his mobile phone, many of which depicted explicit sexual
abuse of children as young as infants. In addition to downloading images
from websites, Appellant would look for other child pornography collectors on
online social media and messaging platforms and then arrange to trade im-
ages via those platforms. One user Appellant encountered sent Appellant
seven images of children, one of which the user claimed was of her younger
sister and one image the user implied was of herself. A majority of the seven
images were of minors engaging in sexually explicit conduct. Appellant sent
the user five images of young girls, four of which amount to child pornogra-
phy. Appellant and the user then discussed the user sexually assaulting her
sister, at which point the user claimed to be a 15-year-old girl. Despite this
revelation, Appellant proceeded to ask if the user had any more pictures of
her sister or any “baby pics.” Appellant’s conversation with this user served
as the basis for Appellant’s attempted sexual abuse of a child charge.
    During presentencing proceedings, the Government offered and the mili-
tary judge admitted under Rule for Courts-Martial (R.C.M.) 1001A—over de-
fense objection—statements from three of the victims in images possessed by
Appellant. The first statement, Court Exhibit 3, is an unsigned and unsworn
document consisting of four questions and answers dated 8 February 2015,
prior to Appellant’s charged offenses. Court Exhibit 5 is an unsigned, un-
sworn, and undated narrative statement. Court Exhibit 8 consists of a series
of three signed, sworn, and dated narrative statements from one victim along


1 All references in this opinion to the Uniform Code of Military Justice) are found in
the Manual for Courts-Martial, United States (2016 ed.).




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                       United States v. Shoup, No. ACM 39487


with a declaration from the victim’s attorney. The attorney’s declaration is
dated 11 April 2018 and specifically identifies Appellant by name in the dec-
laration header. Although the attorney attests the statements included in
Court Exhibit 8 are from her client, the attorney does not indicate whether
she discussed Appellant’s case with her client, nor does she request the
statements be used for any particular purpose; instead she explains,
          We produce redacted Victim Impact Statements for all of [sic]
          clients who are victims of internet child pornography to protect
          their identities and their locations. This is true for prosecutions
          by the military, the U.S. Department of Justice and state law
          enforcement and law enforcement agencies. . . . Our first priori-
          ty is to protect our clients including Lily. 2
Each of the three statements in Court Exhibit 8 is dated prior to Appellant’s
charged offenses, and each indicates the victim was an adult when she signed
them.

                                   II. DISCUSSION
    Under R.C.M. 1001A, a crime victim has the right to be reasonably heard
at sentencing hearings via statements offered by the victim or through her
counsel. United States v. Barker, 77 M.J. 377, 383 (C.A.A.F. 2018). Here, trial
counsel had no contact with the victims whose statements are included in
Court Exhibits 3 and 5. Neither of these victims participated in Appellant’s
trial—either personally or through representatives—and there is nothing in
the record indicating they were even aware of the proceedings, much less that
they desired to be heard in Appellant’s case.
    As our superior court has held, the procedures of R.C.M. 1001A “contem-
plate the actual participation of the victim, and the statement being offered
by the victim or through her counsel.” United States v. Hamilton, 78 M.J.
335, 341 (C.A.A.F. 2019) (quoting Barker, 77 M.J. at 383). What is required is
that “victims be contacted and have the choice to participate and be consulted
in cases where they are victims.” Id. This procedure was not followed in this
case, therefore the military judge’s admission of these exhibits under R.C.M.
1001A was an abuse of discretion. Barker, 77 M.J. at 383–84.
   Court Exhibit 8, which includes a victim’s three sworn statements and a
declaration from that victim’s attorney, presents a different question. Under
R.C.M. 1001A, victims in non-capital cases may exercise their right to be


2   “Lily” is a pseudonym.




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                   United States v. Shoup, No. ACM 39487


heard through sworn or unsworn statements. R.C.M. 1001A(b)(4). Victims
who provide sworn statements under this rule shall be subject to cross-
examination or examination on the statement by the court. R.C.M. 1001A(d).
Unsworn statements, however, may be oral, written, or both. R.C.M.
1001A(e).
    Even assuming arguendo that R.C.M. 1001A(d) authorizes sworn state-
ments to be given in writing as opposed to by in-court testimony, Court Ex-
hibit 8 was inadmissible under R.C.M. 1001A as a sworn statement because
the victim was not subject to examination by the court-martial or cross-
examination by the trial counsel or defense counsel, as required by R.C.M.
1001A(d). The admission of a sworn statement by a declarant unavailable for
examination, in the absence of circumstances not presented here, violated the
plain language of R.C.M. 1001A(d) and was an abuse of discretion.
    The military judge did not indicate he was treating the statements in
Court Exhibit 8 as unsworn statements. Even if he had done so, we would
still find the statements inadmissible insofar as the record is devoid of any
evidence the victim wished to be heard at Appellant’s court-martial.
    As with the victims associated with Court Exhibits 3 and 5, trial counsel
did not confer with the victim associated with Court Exhibit 8. Trial counsel
did, however, obtain a declaration from this victim’s attorney, but this decla-
ration does not indicate the victim was aware of or wished to participate in
Appellant’s case. According to the victim’s attorney’s declaration, the attor-
ney produces redacted declarations for prosecutions and law enforcement use.
The attorney does not say this particular victim desired to have her state-
ment considered in Appellant’s court-martial, nor does she say she was mak-
ing such a request on the victim’s behalf. What the affidavit says is that the
attorney’s client did, in fact, draft the statements and that the attorney pro-
duces redacted statements for prosecutions and law enforcement use. This is
insufficient to establish actual victim participation under Article 6b, UCMJ,
10 U.S.C. § 806b, and R.C.M. 1001A. General requests for statements to be
used in all future cases in which images of a victim are charged fall outside
Article 6b, UCMJ, and R.C.M. 1001A, both of which envision a victim offering
an impact statement “for a particular accused at a specific court-martial.”
Hamilton, 78 M.J. at 342 (citing Barker, 77 M.J. at 383).
   The rights afforded by Article 6b, UCMJ, and R.C.M. 1001A belong to vic-
tims, not the Government, and trial counsel may not appropriate the rights of
a victim in order to admit Government evidence in its aggravation case.
Hamilton, 77 M.J. at 342. As such, the military judge abused his discretion in
admitting Court Exhibit 8 due to the absence of victim participation in Appel-
lant’s case, regardless of whether the military judge treated the exhibit’s con-
tents as sworn or unsworn statements.

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                   United States v. Shoup, No. ACM 39487


    The erroneous admission of victim impact statements under R.C.M.
1001A requires us to determine “whether the error substantially influenced
the adjudged sentence.” Barker, 77 M.J. at 384 (citation omitted). We assess
this influence by considering four factors: “(1) the strength of the Govern-
ment’s case; (2) the strength of the defense case; (3) the materiality of the ev-
idence in question; and (4) the quality of the evidence in question.” United
States v. Bowen, 76 M.J. 83, 89 (C.A.A.F. 2017) (quoting United States v.
Kerr, 51 M.J. 401, 405 (C.A.A.F. 1999)).
    Appellant, by his own admission, possessed over 1,900 images of child
pornography, to include pictures of graphic sexual abuse of very young chil-
dren. He sought out other collectors and used copies of the images in his pos-
session as currency to grow his sizable inventory, thereby multiplying the
number of images in circulation and expanding the scope of their distribu-
tion. When one user Appellant corresponded with said he would like to sex-
ually abuse his eight-year-old cousin and described his cousin’s genitals, Ap-
pellant asked for pictures—which is to say Appellant encouraged the produc-
tion of yet more child pornography. Considering Appellant both stipulated to
his conduct and then explained his culpability under oath, the Government’s
case was strong. Appellant’s case in extenuation and mitigation was weaker
in comparison, consisting of only an unsworn written statement in which he
disclosed he was sexually assaulted when he was 16 years old. We are cogni-
zant of the significance of Appellant’s own victimization, but we do not find
his unsworn statement rises to the strength of the Government’s case.
    The exhibits erroneously admitted by the military judge discuss the con-
stant re-victimization the victims suffer by the proliferation and never-ending
circulation of photographic documentation of their abuse. This impact is set-
tled law, a fact especially significant in a case tried by a military judge, who
is presumed to know the law. United States v. Bridges, 66 M.J. 246, 248
(C.A.A.F. 2008) (citations omitted); see also United States v. Erickson, 65 M.J.
221, 224–25 (C.A.A.F. 2007). The exhibits all pre-dated Appellant’s charged
conduct, further diminishing their applicability to the case at hand. Thus, the
materiality of the statements was slight with respect to Appellant’s particu-
lar case. Considering the aggravated nature of the other properly admitted
prosecution evidence and the settled law as to the lasting impacts of child
pornography on its victims—in addition to Appellant’s pretrial agreement
which reduced his adjudged sentence by 12 months, mitigating any addition-
al sentence meted out by the military judge for the statements—we are con-
vinced the improperly admitted victim impact statements did not substantial-
ly influence his sentence. In this military judge-alone case, the error did not
result in material prejudice to Appellant.




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                  United States v. Shoup, No. ACM 39487


                             III. CONCLUSION
    The approved findings and sentence are correct in law and fact, and no
error materially prejudicial to the substantial rights of Appellant occurred.
Articles 59(a) and 66(c), UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. §§ 859(a), 866(c). Accordingly, the
findings and the sentence are AFFIRMED.


                    FOR THE COURT



                    CAROL K. JOYCE
                    Clerk of the Court




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