                  NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                             File Name: 12a0959n.06

                                           No. 10-6077

                      IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                              FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                                                                       FILED
ATLANTIC MUTUAL INSURANCE                             )
                                                                                   Aug 29, 2012
                                                                              LEONARD GREEN, Clerk
COMPANY,                                              )
                                                      )
               Plaintiff-Appellee,                    )
                                                      )       ON APPEAL FROM THE
v.                                                    )       UNITED STATES DISTRICT
                                                      )       COURT FOR THE WESTERN
MICHAEL YATES,                                        )       DISTRICT OF KENTUCKY
                                                      )
               Defendant-Appellant.                   )



Before: CLAY and KETHLEDGE, Circuit Judges; DOW, District Judge.*

       DOW, District Judge. The issues in this case turn on constructions of Kentucky insurance

law. With no facts in dispute, the parties – an insurance company and its policyholder – filed cross-

motions for summary judgment. The district court resolved the dispute in favor of the insurance

company. We affirm.

                                                 I.

       Starting in 2000, Plaintiff Atlantic Mutual Insurance Co. (“Atlantic”) provided Defendant

Michael Yates (“Yates”) with insurance coverage. In particular, Atlantic issued to Yates and his

family a comprehensive automobile, property, uninsured motorist, and personal umbrella insurance

policy (the “Plan”). The policy in force as of 2000 provided auto coverage, including uninsured



*
  The Honorable Robert M. Dow, Jr., United States District Judge for the Northern District of
Illinois, sitting by designation.
Case No. 10-6077
Atlantic Mutual Insurance Co. v. Michael Yates

motorist coverage, to two vehicles owned by the Yates family. Under the policy in effect then, Yates

paid a premium of $228.00 for $500,000.00 of uninsured motorist (“UM”) coverage. As of 2000,

Atlantic calculated the premium for UM coverage on a per vehicle basis. As a result, the more

vehicles that the insured included on the Plan, the more the insured paid in premium for the

coverage.

       In 2001, Atlantic changed its method of setting premiums for UM coverage in response to

a Kentucky Supreme Court opinion that allowed “stacking” of UM limits where the UM premiums

were paid on a “per-vehicle” basis.1 In an attempt to avoid the consequences of that decision,

Atlantic began setting its UM premiums at a constant, per-policy rate, pursuant to which the price

for UM coverage is the same regardless of how many vehicles are insured. Under the new rate

structure, Yates paid $253.00 for $500,000.00 of UM coverage. Atlantic sent Yates an amended

copy of the insurance policy showing this change.

       In 2003, Yates renewed his insurance coverage under the Plan. At that time, the Plan divided

the premiums for various types of coverage between Yates’ two vehicles, clearly indicating the

premium assessed for each. Next to “Unins./Underins.,” the column for each vehicle contained an

asterisk that directed the policyholder to the “Optional Coverages Page.” On that page, the Plan

stated as follows: “Rates for UM or UM/UIM and added PIP are applied on a per policy basis. The

same rate applies regardless of the number of vehicles insured on this policy.” It is undisputed that


1
 Stacking simply means that an insured can recover the limits of his UM policy for each vehicle he
owns. In Yates’ case, because his policy covered two vehicles and had a limit of $500,000.00 in UM
coverage on each vehicle, Yates could have collected up to $1,000,000.00 on a UM claim under the
policy in effect as of 2000.

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Case No. 10-6077
Atlantic Mutual Insurance Co. v. Michael Yates

Yates received a copy of the 2003 Plan.

       In addition to automobile coverage, the Plan included an umbrella provision that was

designed to protect the Yates family beyond the limits of their underlying insurance coverage and

had a total policy limit of $1,000,000.00. Under the heading “DAMAGES WE WON'T PAY,” the

umbrella provision specifically stated, “(21) Uninsured/Underinsured Motorists Coverage. We

won’t pay for Uninsured/Underinsured Motorists Coverage or No–Fault benefits unless such

coverage is specifically shown on the Coverages Page as an Umbrella coverage.” The “Coverages

Page” did not list UM coverage. Atlantic did not obtain a signed waiver of UM coverage from Yates

in relation to the umbrella coverage.

       On December 7, 2003, Yates was involved in a motor vehicle accident with an uninsured

motorist. As a result of the injuries that he sustained in the accident, Yates incurred more than

$1,000,000.00 in medical bills. Atlantic paid its policy limit of $500,000.00 and informed Yates of

its position that it owed nothing more. To resolve the lingering coverage dispute, Atlantic filed a

complaint for declaratory judgment. Yates claims entitlement to additional UM coverage on two

grounds. First, he contends that because his UM insurance covered two vehicles, he should be

allowed to “stack” the $500,000.00 limit to obtain a total of $1,000,000.00 in coverage. Second, he

asserts that an additional $1,000,000.00 of UM protection should be imputed into his umbrella

coverage because Atlantic failed to provide UM coverage under the umbrella provision of the Plan

and neglected to obtain a rejection of such coverage in writing.

       In the absence of any dispute on the material facts, the parties presented cross motions for

summary judgment to the district court. Yates also filed a motion to certify several questions to the

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Atlantic Mutual Insurance Co. v. Michael Yates

Kentucky Supreme Court. In a memorandum opinion and order, 2010 WL 890182 (W.D. Ky. Mar.

9, 2010), the district court declined to certify any questions and granted summary judgment for

Atlantic Mutual and against Yates. Yates filed a timely motion to alter, amend, or vacate the district

court’s rulings, which the district court denied. This appeal followed.

                                                  II.

                                                  A.

       We review de novo the district court’s grant of summary judgment. Pennington v. State

Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 553 F.3d 447, 450 (6th Cir. 2009). Summary judgment is proper where,

after drawing all reasonable inferences in favor of the non-moving party, no genuine issue of material

fact exists and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Id.; see also Fed. R. Civ.

P. 56©. In considering a motion for summary judgment, the district court must determine “whether

the evidence presents a sufficient disagreement to require submission to a jury or whether it is so

one-sided that one party must prevail as a matter of law.” Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S.

242, 251-52 (1986).

       Where, as in this case, jurisdiction exists on the basis of diversity of citizenship, federal

courts apply the substantive law of the forum state. Pennington, 553 F.3d at 450 (citing Erie R.R.

Co. v. Tompkins, 304 U.S. 64, 78 (1938)). The parties agree that Kentucky law governs the

insurance contract at issue. In looking to Kentucky law, we “follow the decisions of the state’s

highest court when that court has addressed the relevant issue.” Talley v. State Farm Fire & Cas.

Co., 223 F.3d 323, 326 (6th Cir. 2000). In the absence of an on-point decision of the Kentucky

Supreme Court, our task is to anticipate or predict how that court would rule in the case.

                                                  4
Case No. 10-6077
Atlantic Mutual Insurance Co. v. Michael Yates

Pennington, 553 F.3d at 450. In making that prediction, we may look to the decisions of the

intermediate Kentucky appellate courts “as persuasive unless it is shown that the state’s highest court

would decide the issue differently.” Id. (citing In re Dow Corning Corp., 419 F.3d 543, 549 (6th Cir.

2005)).

                                                  B.

                                                  1.

          Nearly two decades ago, the Kentucky Supreme Court observed that appellate decisions on

issues pertaining to stacking are “not written on a clean slate.” State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v.

Mattox, 862 S.W.2d 325, 325 (Ky. 1993). Both before and after Mattox, Kentucky courts frequently

have addressed stacking issues in a variety of contexts. See Adkins v. Kentucky Nat’l Ins. Co., 220

S.W.3d 296 (Ky. App. 2007); Cole v. State Auto Ins. Co., 19 S.W.3d 115 (Ky. App. 2000); Marcum

v. Rice, 987 S.W.2d 789 (Ky. 1999); Estate of Swartz v. Metro. Prop. & Cas. Co., 949 S.W.2d 72

(Ky. App. 1997); Allstate Ins. Co. v. Dicke, 862 S.W.2d 327 (Ky. 1993); Hamilton v. Allstate Ins.

Co., 789 S.W.2d 751 (Ky. 1990); Ohio Cas. Ins. Co. v. Stanfield, 581 S.W.2d 555 (Ky. 1979);

Meridian Mut. Ins. Co. v. Siddons, 451 S.W.2d 831 (Ky. 1970). In fact, the decision in Marcum

precipitated the change in the language of Atlantic’s policy that gave rise to this dispute. U p o n

consideration of the Kentucky decisions on stacking of insurance coverage cited above, including

decisions addressing uninsured and underinsured motorist coverage,2 we conclude that the district



2
 In view of the Kentucky Court of Appeals statement that “there is no rational distinction between
UM and UIM coverage for purposes of aggregation or stacking” (Adkins, 220 S.W.3d at 299), we
will treat the two terms interchangeably in this opinion.

                                                  5
Case No. 10-6077
Atlantic Mutual Insurance Co. v. Michael Yates

court acted well within the scope of its discretion in declining to certify any questions to the

Kentucky Supreme Court. See Transam. Ins. Co. v. Duro Bag Mfg. Co., 50 F.3d 370, 372 (6th Cir.

1995) (“The decision whether or not to utilize a certification procedure lies within the sound

discretion of the district court”). Kentucky case law “provides sufficient guidance to allow us to

make a clear and principled decision” such that certification of the stacking issue in the case is not

necessary. Pennington, 553 F.3d at 450. We now turn to a discussion of the applicable legal

principles.

       When interpreting insurance contracts, the Kentucky Supreme Court has stressed that courts

should look to the “reasonable expectations” of the insured. Marcum, 987 S.W.2d at 791. The

Kentucky decisions have been equally clear that “reasonable expectations” must be viewed on the

basis of “an objective analysis of separate policy items and the premiums charged for each,” not on

the subjective expectations of any specific insured based on what he or she knew, read, or expected.

Id.; see also Swartz, 949 S.W.2d at 75. Under Kentucky law, “when one has bought and paid for an

item of insurance coverage, he may reasonably expect it to be provided.” Marcum, 987 S.W.2d at

791; Dicke, 862 S.W.2d at 329; Hamilton, 789 S.W.2d at 753. Conversely, “there is no entitlement

to that which has not been bought and paid for nor should have been expected.” Marcum, 987

S.W.2d at 792.

       One unusual feature of UM (and UIM) coverage is that it is “personal” in nature. See

Hamilton, 789 S.W.2d at 753. In other words, UM coverage differs from typical liability insurance

because it “follows an insured person as opposed to any particular vehicle.” Pennington, 553 F.3d

at 451. Because the personal nature of UM coverage creates a “reasonable expectation that payment

                                                  6
Case No. 10-6077
Atlantic Mutual Insurance Co. v. Michael Yates

of separate premiums results in separate coverages” (Dicke, 862 S.W.2d at 328), an insured generally

is entitled to stack separate coverages and, in the event of a covered loss, collect money for each unit

of UM coverage purchased. See Chaffin v. Kentucky Farm Bureau Ins. Co., 789 S.W.2d 754, 756

(Ky. 1990).

        Both Marcum and Swartz suggest that in assessing whether stacking should be permitted, the

court must focus on how many items (or units) of UM coverage have been purchased by the insured.

Swartz establishes that in undertaking this inquiry, the court should pay close attention to the actual

relationship between premium paid and coverage extended lest the insurer offer a policy that

purports to offer a single premium for all vehicles but in reality adds an additional premium for a

second car. Thus, in Swartz, the court determined that where a company charged two separate rates

– one for individuals with one vehicle and another for “individuals with two or more vehicles” – and

the premium charged on a multi-vehicle policy was almost twice that charged on a single-vehicle

policy, the insured had purchased two units of coverage and was entitled to stack those units. 949

S.W.2d at 76-78. At the same time, however, Swartz recognized, and the Kentucky Supreme Court

in Marcum later reaffirmed, that “an insurance company could, through the calculation and adoption

of an actuarially appropriate premium, charge an insured a single UIM fee regardless of the number

of vehicles covered under the policy, entitling that insured to only one unit of UIM protection.”

Marcum, 987 S.W.2d at 791 (emphasis added) (quoting Swartz, 949 S.W.2d at 77).

        Applying these legal principles to the policy at issue here, we look first to the “separate

policy items and the premiums charged for each” (Marcum, 987 S.W.2d at 791) to determine how

many units of coverage Yates had in force at the time of his accident. As noted above, the 2003 Plan

                                                   7
Case No. 10-6077
Atlantic Mutual Insurance Co. v. Michael Yates

divided the total premium for various types of coverage between Yates’ two vehicles, clearly

indicating the amount assessed for each. Critically, as to UM coverage, the Plan terms directed the

policyholder to a separate “Optional Coverages Page.” On that page, the Plan stated that “[r]ates for

UM or UM/UIM and added PIP are applied on a per policy basis. The same rate applies regardless

of the number of vehicles insured on this policy.” (Emphasis added.) That rate was $253.00 for

$500,000 in UM coverage. Finally, the umbrella coverage under the Plan addressed UM/UIM

coverage as follows: “We won't pay for Uninsured/Underinsured Motorists Coverage or No–Fault

benefits unless such coverage is specifically shown on the Coverages Page as an Umbrella

coverage.” On Yates’ policy, UM coverage was not listed on the “Coverages Page.”

       Turning back to the law, we find particularly helpful a juxtaposition of two cases in which

Kentucky courts have undertaken a comprehensive examination of the principles motivating their

stacking jurisprudence. In the more recent of those cases, decided by the Kentucky Supreme Court,

the premium “did not vary according to the number of vehicles covered by the policy.” Marcum,

987 S.W.2d at 791. Rather, a single fee was charged – $14 per person – and the insured paid that

premium “regardless of the number of vehicles covered under the policy.”              Id.   In those

circumstances, the Kentucky Supreme Court held that the insured was entitled “to only one item of

UIM coverage.” Id.

       In Swartz, by contrast, the premium paid by a customer with two vehicles was almost double

the premium paid for one vehicle. 949 S.W.2d at 78. That observation prompted the intermediate

Kentucky appellate court to find the insurance company’s representation that it charged a single

premium to be illusory. In reality, that single premium – $10 – applied only to “individuals with two

                                                 8
Case No. 10-6077
Atlantic Mutual Insurance Co. v. Michael Yates

or more vehicles.” Id. at 76. Anyone who had only one vehicle paid a lower rate – $6. Id. That

structure, the court determined, was better characterized as charging “separate premiums in the guise

of one premium” (id.) or, alternatively, as “combining the costs of several U.M. coverages and

stating them as a single premium” (id. at 77 (quoting Pride v. Gen. Agents Ins. Co., 697 F. Supp.

1417, 1421 (N.D. Miss. 1998)). The court also was troubled by the language of the policy, because

it had the effect of “[l]eaving the insured uninformed by quoting a single premium and not

explaining that the same UIM coverage in a single-vehicle policy would be 40% less,” thereby

undermining the company’s obligation to give “the insured the full benefit of what he or she paid

for.” Id. at 78.

        In our view, the facts of this case fall much closer to those presented in Marcum and are

clearly distinguishable from the facts of Swartz. Atlantic Mutual charged a single rate for UM

coverage ($253), which an insured paid for UM coverage regardless of how many drivers and how

many vehicles were in the household. Yates and every other Atlantic Mutual customer paid exactly

$253 for exactly $500,000 in UM coverage, whether the customer owned one, two, three, four, or

any number of vehicles. And in the contractual offer made to the public through its insurance policy,

Atlantic Mutual told its customers how much they would be charged for a particular amount of

desired UM coverage, making clear that the fee would be imposed “on a per policy basis . . .

regardless of the number of vehicles insured on this policy.” In contrast to “the practice of

effectively double-charging the insured for covering both drivers and vehicles,” which “gave rise to

stacking under the per-vehicle pricing structure” (Pennington, 553 F.3d at 453-54), the pricing

structure under the 2003 Atlantic Mutual Plan charged Yates only once, regardless of the number

                                                 9
Case No. 10-6077
Atlantic Mutual Insurance Co. v. Michael Yates

of drivers or vehicles covered under his policy. These facts convincingly indicate that Yates paid

a single premium for a single item of coverage, and thus is not entitled to stacking under Kentucky

law.

       That conclusion also finds support in the post-Marcum decisions of the intermediate

Kentucky appellate courts. In a 2007 decision, for example, the Kentucky Court of Appeals

explained that “because Marcum resolves single premium UIM coverage in favor of the insurer . .

. an insurer is not required to stack multiple units of UM coverage which have been paid by a single

premium, if that premium is not based on the number of vehicles insured.” Adkins, 220 S.W.3d at

299. In an earlier case, too, the Court of Appeals concluded that a premium structure whereby the

policyholder “paid the same premium for her two cars as other policyholders paid for one, two, or

more cars” was “policy-based” and did not permit the policyholder to claim that she had paid for

multiple units of stackable UIM coverage. Cole, 19 S.W.3d at 116. As the court observed, such a

premium structure “was of the type ‘anticipated and condoned’ in Swartz.” Id.; see also id.

(explaining that in Swartz, “stacking was permitted when what appeared to be ‘policy-based’ UIM

coverage was in fact per-car coverage”).

       Our final issue as to stacking pertains to Yates’ argument that, single premium or not,

Atlantic Mutual cannot escape stacking because the premium that it charged in 2003 was not

“actuarially appropriate” in any event. According to Yates, because Atlantic based its premium on

revenues rather than an examination of risk, Atlantic did not comply with the requirements in Swartz

for avoiding stacking. To analyze this argument, we must consider what Kentucky courts consider

to be “actuarially appropriate” for the purpose of avoiding stacking. While no Kentucky decision

                                                10
Case No. 10-6077
Atlantic Mutual Insurance Co. v. Michael Yates

addresses that issue in great detail, the consistent thread in the case law distinguishes between

“actuarial” premiums that are available on a per policy or per person basis (and not subject to

stacking) and premiums “based on the number of vehicles insured” (that are subject to stacking).

See Adkins, 220 S.W.3d at 300; Marcum, 987 S.W.2d at 790-91.

       It is undisputed that in 2001, when Atlantic changed its premiums from per vehicle to per

policy, it calculated the per policy premium to keep its revenues the same as when it used a per

vehicle premium. To do this, Atlantic calculated the total revenue from all UM coverage by

multiplying its per vehicle rate times the total number of vehicles insured with Atlantic. It then

divided that number by its total number of policies with UM coverage, resulting in the $253.00

figure. As the district court observed, that methodology tracks closely the manner in which the

insurance company in Marcum initially set its per policy rate at the time that it modified its rate

structure to avoid stacking. See Marcum, 987 S.W.2d at 791. To be sure, that company shifted

course at a later date, “using an actuarial projection of future losses that was based upon data from

[its] loss experience for the previous three years.” Id. But nothing in Marcum or any other Kentucky

case suggests either that the first per policy rate structure adopted by the insurer in Marcum was not

“actuarially appropriate” or that the second, revised rate structure was either preferred or mandated

in order to avoid stacking. Nor do we read anything in the pertinent case law that directs courts to

scrutinize the “actuarial appropriateness” of an insurer’s rate structure at any level deeper than

whether the insured pays “a single UIM fee regardless of the number of vehicles covered under the




                                                 11
Case No. 10-6077
Atlantic Mutual Insurance Co. v. Michael Yates

policy.” Marcum, 987 S.W.2d at 791 (quoting Swartz, 949 S.W.2d at 77) (emphasis omitted).3

       While we are not unsympathetic to Yates’ puzzlement at the fact that the change in Atlantic’s

rate structure meant that under the 2003 version of the Plan he paid more in premium for less UM

coverage, that fact alone does not create any reasonable expectation of stacking. Again the central

features of the policy for stacking analysis remain the “separate policy items and the premiums

charged for each.” Marcum, 987 S.W.2d at 791. The only basis for a reasonable expectation of

stacking under Kentucky law is where the insured actually pays multiple premiums for separate items

of UM coverage. Where, as here, the policy expressly provided that the coverage is constant

regardless of the number of vehicles insured, there is a single premium for a single unit of coverage,

and thus no reasonable expectation of stacking.

       By way of illustration, we note that Adkins presented a similar factual scenario in that a

change in the rate structure from “per vehicle” to “per policy” resulted in an objectively poorer deal

for the insured, at least in regard to UM coverage in isolation. Under the original policy, issued in

1998, the insured paid on a per vehicle basis an annual rate of $32 for $50,000 of UM coverage,

giving him total stacked coverage in the amount of $150,000 at a cost of $96 per year. 220 S.W.3d



3
  To the extent that Yates contends that Atlantic should have conducted a more rigorous risk
assessment when it set new rates for UM coverage in 2001, we are not persuaded that any
shortcomings in that process provide a basis for judicial intervention under the pertinent Kentucky
cases. While Kentucky law permits courts to intervene in the relationship between insurance carrier
and customer in some limited circumstances – for example, to allow stacking where rates are illusory
(see Swartz, 949 S.W.2d at 76-78), or to reform the terms of an unconscionable insurance policy
(see, e.g., Ryan v. Acuity, 2012 WL 3047198, at *5 (Ky. App. July 27, 2012) – there is no rationale
for doing so here because Atlantic structured its coverages and its rates in a legally permissible
manner under Marcum and Swartz.

                                                  12
Case No. 10-6077
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at 297. Prior to the 2001 renewal date for the policy, the insurer notified the policyholder of changes

to the insurance contract, including a change in the UM coverage such that the policyholder would

pay a single premium of $52 for a single unit of coverage in the amount of $50,000. Id. Although

that change in premium and coverage did not result in the “pay more for less coverage” scenario in

which Yates found himself, the policyholder in Adkins did experience a significant reduction in

amount of coverage per dollar of premium charged after the company changed its policy to prevent

stacking. Nevertheless, the Kentucky Court of Appeals concluded in Adkins that because the insurer

charged a single premium that was “actuarial and not based on the number of vehicles insured,” the

insured had no reasonable expectation of aggregate or stacked UM coverage. Id. at 300.

        Yates no doubt is correct that the combination of a higher premium and lower total coverage

left him with a less attractive arrangement at least in regard to UM coverage.4 But the new terms

were spelled out in the 2003 Plan, which Yates indisputably received and presumably read before

deciding to renew his coverage with Atlantic. As the court explained in Adkins, where policyholders

receive notice of a change in their UM coverage, they are deemed to have “consented to the change

by accepting the new policy and tendering the premiums.” 220 S.W.3d at 299. The same is true




4
  It is conceivable – although not specifically addressed in the parties’ briefs – that despite the less
favorable terms for UM coverage under the 2003 Plan, the overall policy terms remained attractive
to Yates taking into account all of the Plan’s features. As Atlantic points out without contradiction
from Yates, “having a single policy helped the Yates[es] avoid duplicate coverage and [they]
received a package discount.” Appellee Br. at 12 (citing RE. 39-11, Atlantic Master Plan, p. 1). The
package discount undercuts Yates’ attempt to analogize Atlantic’s various coverages to “groceries
thrown into a cart” (Reply Br. at 2-3), for grocery stores generally do not discount the customer’s
final bill based on the number or kinds of items purchased during a particular visit.

                                                  13
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Atlantic Mutual Insurance Co. v. Michael Yates

here.5

         It certainly appears to us, as it did to the district court, that after the 2003 rate restructuring,

Atlantic may well have “priced itself out of the market” for UM coverage. And if that is true, then

Atlantic may be forced to revise its rates if it wishes to remain competitive in the market for the UM

product. For example, it could follow the lead of the insurer in Marcum, which altered its premium

procedure by “using an actuarial projection of future losses that was based upon data from [its] loss

experience for the previous three years.” 987 S.W.2d at 791. But even if we accept (as appears to

be the case) that Atlantic charged a high premium for UM coverage in 2003, it did so on a per policy

basis and made clear that it was offering a single unit of UM coverage at that price. In those

circumstances, stacking is not appropriate under Kentucky law.6

                                                     2.

         The second issue presented in this appeal is whether additional UM coverage should be

imputed into the umbrella provision of Yates’ policy. As with stacking, Kentucky law on the

imputation of UM coverage is sufficiently clear cut that we can proceed without certifying any


5
 We pause to note that although other insurers have provided more robust notice of changes in their
rate structure (see Adkins, 220 S.W.2d at 298), the explanation given by Atlantic gave adequate
notice to Yates by setting out the essential details – namely, that going forward the rates for UM
coverage applied on a per policy basis regardless of the number of vehicles insured on the policy.
6
  Yates also raises an estoppel argument based on statements that Atlantic made to the Kentucky
Insurance Commission to the effect that the 2001 premium change did not change the scope of its
coverage. We agree with the district court that any consequences that may flow from those
statements would be regulatory, not legal. Assuming that Atlantic made such statements, they do
not factor into an “objective analysis of separate policy items and the premiums charged for each”
under the Plan, and thus cannot be considered in assessing the “reasonable expectations of an
insured.” Marcum, 987 S.W.2d at 791.

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questions to the Kentucky Supreme Court. See Pennington, 553 F.3d at 450-51.

        As the district court correctly recognized, the imputation question arises because (1) on its

face, the umbrella provision at issue does not provide UM coverage and (2) Yates acknowledges that

he did not pay a premium for such coverage. Nevertheless, imputation of UM coverage may occur

in some circumstances as a matter of Kentucky law. This follows from a Kentucky statute that

requires all insurance policies to include at least minimum UM coverage in the amount of $25,000

unless the insurer has obtained a written rejection of such coverage from the policyholder. Ky. Rev.

Stat. § 304.20-020. For purposes of that statute, an umbrella policy is considered an “automobile

policy.” State Farm Mut. Auto Ins. Co. v. Marley, 151 S.W.3d 33, 35-36 (Ky. 2004). As an

exception to the general rule that coverage follows from the payment of premium, if an insurance

policy does not include UM coverage and the insured did not reject it in writing, UM coverage in

the minimum statutory amount will be imputed even if premium has not been paid for that specific

coverage. Meridian Mut. Ins. Co. v. Siddons, 451 S.W.2d 831, 833-34 (Ky. 1970). In addition,

under the statute, each policy is treated individually. Thus, even if an insured has UM coverage on

one policy, coverage still will be imputed to any additional policy issued to that insured unless the

insurer obtains a written waiver. Id. at 834.

        In this instance, resolution of the imputation issue turns on whether the umbrella coverage

provided by Atlantic to Yates was part of a single policy – one that already included automobile and

UM coverage – or a separate policy. After consideration of the documentary record and the

arguments of the parties, we agree with the district court that the “Plan” setting forth the terms of

Yates’ coverage is properly characterized as “a single, all-inclusive insurance policy.” As the district

                                                  15
Case No. 10-6077
Atlantic Mutual Insurance Co. v. Michael Yates

court observed, the Plan was created at one time, all coverages were explained in a single document,

and Atlantic billed the Plan as a single policy. On the “declarations” page of the Plan that explains

coverages and premiums, the description of UM coverage is on the same page as the description of

the umbrella coverage. In addition, the charges for the Plan are listed as the “Total Policy Charge,”

and when that total charge is broken down, the various components (property, automotive, UM, and

umbrella) are listed as “coverages,” not policies. Finally, as noted above, Atlantic asserts – and

Yates does not dispute – that Yates received a package discount. All of these circumstances support

the conclusion that Yates purchased a single insurance policy that contained multiple coverages.

That Atlantic advertises and offers umbrella coverage as a separate policy does not alter our

conclusion. To the extent that a customer wishes to purchase standalone umbrella coverage from

Atlantic, the customer pays the premium for that coverage alone. If that customer does not decline

UM coverage in a written waiver, he or she is entitled to the imputation of $25,000 in UM coverage

by operation of state law. But that is not our case. Here, Yates purchased the Plan, which included

multiple coverages set out in a single policy with a single premium. That policy already included

$500,000 in UM coverage – 20 times the statutory minimum – and the umbrella provision did not

list UM (or UIM) coverage on the “Coverages Page.” To impute UM coverage under these

circumstances would directly contradict the proposition that “[w]hile one is entitled to receive that

which has been bought and paid for and may be reasonably expected, there is no entitlement to that

which has not been bought and paid for nor should have been expected.” Marcum, 987 S.W.2d at

792. Finally, we agree with the district court that because (1) Yates had no reasonable expectation

of UM coverage under the umbrella provision of his policy and (2) his policy taken as a whole

                                                 16
Case No. 10-6077
Atlantic Mutual Insurance Co. v. Michael Yates

provided twenty times the minimum UM coverage required by Ky. Rev. Stat. § 304.20-020, there

is no public policy reason to impute UM protection into the umbrella provision of the Plan.7

       In sum, we affirm the judgment of the district court. Applying Kentucky law to the terms of

the insurance coverage that Yates purchased and the premiums that he paid, we agree with the

district court that Yates was not entitled to more than one unit of UM coverage, nor was he entitled

to imputation of additional UM coverage under the umbrella provision of his policy.




7
 Because we conclude that Atlantic offered – and Yates accepted – $500,000 in UM coverage
among the many coverages encompassed in the policy at issue, there was no need for Atlantic to
have obtained from Yates the waiver referenced in Ky. Rev. Stat. § 304.20-020.

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Case No. 10-6077
Atlantic Mutual Insurance Co. v. Michael Yates

       CLAY, Circuit Judge, concurring in part and dissenting in part. I concur with the

majority opinion’s conclusion that the stacking of Defendant’s uninsured/underinsured motorist

(“UM/UIM”) coverage is inappropriate. I also agree that we have no need to certify the questions

on appeal to the Kentucky Supreme Court. But on the question of whether UM/UIM coverage

should be imputed to Defendant’s umbrella policy, my reading of Kentucky law and application to

the facts of this case require me to part ways with the majority’s approach.

       There is an air of reflexiveness to the district court’s analysis of the Master Plan, and while

the majority’s opinion is anything but reflexive, I believe that the majority has given short shrift to

the oft-repeated, “fundamental” rule of Kentucky insurance law that insurance contracts “should be

liberally construed and any doubts resolved in favor of the insured.” Dowell v. Safe Auto Ins. Co.,

208 S.W.3d 872, 877–78 (Ky. 2006) (quoting Davis v. Am. States Ins. Co., 562 S.W.2d 653, 655

(Ky. Ct. App. 1977)); see, e.g., Ky. Farm Bureau Mut. Ins. Co. v. McKinney, 831 S.W.2d 164, 166

(Ky. 1992); Yates v. Shelter Mut. Ins. Co., No. 2010-CA-000022-MR, 2011 WL 3628866, at *1 (Ky.

Ct. App. Aug. 19, 2011). It is ambiguous whether the Master Plan is a single policy with multiple

components or multiple policies sold together for practical reasons. Under Kentucky law, that

ambiguity resolves this issue. Therefore, I respectfully dissent.

I.     Legal Framework

       As the majority opinion explains, Defendant bought a $1,000,000 umbrella policy when he

purchased the “Atlantic Master Plan Policy” (“Master Plan”), and he contends that the umbrella

policy is a stand-alone unit to which the UM/UIM coverage requirement in Kentucky Revised

Statutes (KRS) § 304.20-020(1) must be applied. If the Master Plan is a single policy, then the

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Case No. 10-6077
Atlantic Mutual Insurance Co. v. Michael Yates

UM/UIM coverage Defendant bought under the Master Plan satisfies § 304.020(1)’s requirement

that every automobile insurance policy be accompanied by UM/UIM coverage. By contrast, if the

Master Plan is a bundle of free-standing policies sold together for practical purposes, then the

umbrella policy is free-standing and UM/UIM coverage must be imputed to it. My disagreement

with the majority opinion regards its conclusion that the Master Plan was indisputably a single

policy, from which the majority concludes that UM/UIM coverage need not be imputed to

Defendant’s umbrella policy. In my view, a close examination of both Kentucky law and the Master

Plan demonstrates that the majority’s characterization of the Master Plan as a single policy is far

from clear. And Kentucky law requires that this lack of clarity weigh against the insurer.

       As the majority points out, KRS § 304.20-020(1) prohibits an automobile insurance policy

from being issued without UM coverage or a written waiver of said coverage.1                   KRS §

304.20-020(1); see Meridian Mut. Ins. Co. v. Siddons, 451 S.W.2d 831, 833 (Ky. 1970). Pursuant

to § 304.20-020(1), if an automobile liability policy does not contain UM coverage or is not



1
 Section 304.20-020(1) states in full: “No automobile liability or motor vehicle liability policy of
insurance insuring against loss resulting from liability imposed by law for bodily injury or death
suffered by any person arising out of the ownership, maintenance or use of a motor vehicle shall be
delivered or issued for delivery in this state with respect to any motor vehicle registered or
principally garaged in this state unless coverage is provided therein or supplemental thereto, in limits
for bodily injury or death set forth in KRS 304.39-110 under provisions approved by the
commissioner, for the protection of persons insured thereunder who are legally entitled to recover
damages from owners or operators of uninsured motor vehicles because of bodily injury, sickness
or disease, including death, resulting therefrom; provided that the named insured shall have the right
to reject in writing such coverage; and provided further that, unless the named insured requests such
coverage in writing, such coverage need not be provided in or supplemental to a renewal policy
where the named insured had rejected the coverage in connection with a policy previously issued to
him or her by the same insurer.”

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Case No. 10-6077
Atlantic Mutual Insurance Co. v. Michael Yates

accompanied by a written waiver, then Kentucky courts reform the policy and impute UM coverage

into the policy. Id. An umbrella policy is an “automobile policy” for purposes of § 304.20-020(1).

State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v. Marley, 151 S.W.3d 33, 36 (Ky. 2004) (“An umbrella policy was

purchased to serve as an extension of the automobile policy limits and any distinction between the

automobile liability and an umbrella liability policy is a distinction without a difference.”).

       The majority gives too little weight to the rules governing Kentucky insurance contracts that

require the insurance company, and not the insured, to bear the loss of any ambiguity in the contract.

Under the “reasonable expectations” doctrine, an insured is entitled to recover when, analyzed

objectively, the insured “bought and paid for an item of insurance coverage” and “may reasonably

expect it to be provided.” Marcum v. Rice, 987 S.W.2d 789, 791 (Ky. 1999); see Scottsdale Ins. Co.

v. Flowers, 513 F.3d 546, 565 (6th Cir. 2008). As adhesion contracts, Kentucky courts liberally

construe insurance contracts in favor of coverage. Yates, 2011 WL 3628866, at *1; State Farm Mut.

Auto. Ins. v. Slusher, 325 S.W.3d 318, 322 (Ky. 2010). The insurance company is held “strictly

accountable” for the contract language when the company drafts the contract, as it did here. St. Paul

Fire & Marine Ins. Co. v. Powell-Walton-Milward, Inc., 870 S.W.2d 223, 227 (Ky. 1994). To be

sure, the Kentucky courts caution that “a liberal interpretation is not synonymous with a strained

one” and, therefore, that “[i]nsurance policies, like statutes, must receive a sensible construction.”

K.M.R. v. Foremost Ins. Grp., 171 S.W.3d 751, 753 (Ky. Ct. App. 2005); Simpsonville Wrecker Serv.

Inc. v. Empire Fire & Marine Ins. Co., 793 S.W.2d 825, 829 (Ky. Ct. App. 1989)). But any conflict

in the contract’s provisions is “resolved to afford maximum coverage.” St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins.

Co., 870 S.W.2d at 226.

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Case No. 10-6077
Atlantic Mutual Insurance Co. v. Michael Yates

II.    Analysis

       The Master Plan equivocates about whether it is a bundle of independent policies or a single

policy with many coverage components. The Master Plan’s documents refer to the underlying

coverage units as separate policies on several occasions. For example, in explaining the scope of

the umbrella coverage, the policy documents referring to Defendant’s umbrella coverage state that:

       [t]his coverage is over and above your other insurance. On your Coverages Page,
       you’ll find a Schedule of Underlying Insurance that describes your other liability
       policies. Any policy named on that schedule is considered “underlying insurance.”

As another example, the Master Plan’s rules and regulations pertaining to umbrella coverage limit

the liability insurance for “[t]his policy” to $1,000,000, and the rules refer to required underlying

coverages as “primary policies.” The rules also set the price of $1,000,000 in umbrella coverage at

a $120 “Rate per Policy.”

       The description of the Master Plan given by Christopher Donahue, Assistant Vice President

of Portfolio Management for Plaintiff, supports the conclusion that the underlying Master Plan

coverages were independent policies. His deposition makes it clear that an insured had discretion

as to whether to purchase the umbrella policy as part of the Master Plan and that doing so would

increase the Master Plan’s cost. Indeed, whether or not Donahue uses the term “policy,” his

deposition supports the proposition that each component part of the Master Plan was treated as a

separate insurance unit which the insured had discretion to purchase. As he explained, the Master

Plan could be tailored through endorsement, thus allowing the insured to decide which coverages

he preferred to buy. Additionally, Donahue testified that Plaintiff writes umbrella policies for

insured persons who have underlying policies with other insurance companies. In those situations,

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Case No. 10-6077
Atlantic Mutual Insurance Co. v. Michael Yates

Plaintiff provides the same umbrella policy and uses the same “Personal Umbrella Endorsement

Form” to execute the policy. The malleable nature of the Master Plan’s components, and the

insured’s ability to buy some coverages and not buy others, supports the conclusion that each

underlying coverage stands alone as its own policy.

       To be sure, at times the Master Plan refers to itself as a single policy and the underlying

coverage units as coverage components. The policy documents state that the “Master Plan is

designed to meet most of your personal insurance needs under one policy.” The Master Plan is

memorialized in a 29-page document divided into four parts, respectively entitled “Important

Information about your Atlantic Master Plan” (Part I), “Your property coverage” (Part II), “Your

liability coverage” (Part III), and “Terms and conditions” (Part IV). Under “Your liability coverage”

(Part III), the Master Plan includes provisions entitled “Uninsured/Underinsured motorists’

coverage” and “Personal umbrella coverage.” Atlantic charged a single premium for the Master

Plan. The Master Plan also guarantees payment for any interest accrued on a judgment against the

insured covered “by this policy,” plainly referring to the entire Master Plan. These portions of the

policy suggest that it is a single policy with multiple coverage components.2


2
 The majority considers the failure of the “Coverages Page” appended to the Master Plan to mention
UM/UIM coverage as evidence that UM/UIM coverage should not be imputed to Defendant’s
umbrella policy. This argument overlooks Meridian Mutual Insurance Company v. Siddons, in
which the Kentucky Supreme Court interpreted a policy that included a provision limiting UM the
coverage to the amount agreed upon in the UM coverage that the insured purchased. Siddons, 451
S.W.2d at 834. The court concluded that the provision violated public policy because the state
legislature, in a predecessor statute to § 304.20-020(1), required the parties to execute a written
waiver in order for an automobile policy not to provide for UM/UIM coverage. Indeed, any result
other than the one reached in Siddons would eviscerate § 304.20-020(1) by allowing the insurer to
simply disclaim coverage instead of obtaining a written waiver as the statute requires. Considering

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Case No. 10-6077
Atlantic Mutual Insurance Co. v. Michael Yates

       We need not decide which characterization of the Master Plan is more appropriate. Simply

recognizing that a reasonable person could characterize the Master Plan as a bundle of multiple free-

standing policies or a single policy resolves this case. Marcum, 987 S.W.2d at 791. The Georgia

Court of Appeals concluded that the Master Plan was a bundle of independent policies in a case

similar to this one. See Abrohams v. Atlantic Mutual Insurance Agency, 638 S.E.2d 330 (Ga. Ct.

App. 2007). In Abrohams, the parents of a child injured in an automobile collision purchased a

policy from Atlantic Mutual identical to the one Defendant purchased. Id. at 331. The parents

recovered from Atlantic Mutual in the amount provided by the UM coverage accompanying their

automobile policy, but the recovery fell short of the suffered loss. Id. Like Kentucky, Georgia law

requires an automobile policy to carry UM coverage unless the insured waives the coverage in

writing. See Ga. Code (OCGA) § 33-7-11.

       The Georgia Court of Appeals agreed with the parents. Addressing “the narrow issue of

whether an umbrella policy is subject to the requirements of OCGA § 33-7-11,” the court answered

in the affirmative. Id. at 332. The court noted that the Georgia statute defining “vehicle insurance”

did not exclude umbrella policies from its scope. Id. at 332 (quoting OCGA § 33-7-9). The court

also reasoned that § 33-7-11 allowed no exceptions from the UM requirement and that the UM

statute was “remedial in nature and must be broadly construed to accomplish the legislative

purpose.” Id. at 332–33 (internal citations and quotations omitted). Largely on the basis of the latter

two rules, the Georgia Court of Appeals concluded that § 33-7-11 applied to the umbrella policy and


the absence of UM/UIM coverage on the Master Plan’s “Coverages Page,” as the majority does,
similarly weakens the effect of the statute.

                                                  23
Case No. 10-6077
Atlantic Mutual Insurance Co. v. Michael Yates

that the parents were entitled to UM coverage from the policy. Id. That court considered it so

obvious that the Master Plan was a bundle of independent policies that it proceeded upon that

conclusion without even considering the issue at length. See id. at 331 (explaining that plaintiffs

were in insured “under an Atlantic Mutual insurance policy comprised of a homeowners policy, an

automobile policy, a valuables policy, and a personal umbrella policy.” (emphasis added)). Of

course, we are not bound by the Georgia Court of Appeals’ conclusion, but the fact that a panel of

judges on another court facing the same issue considered it so clear that the Master Plan is a bundle

of independent policies demonstrates a disagreement that reasonable people could have on this issue.

       Under Kentucky law, that disagreement requires us to construe the Master Plan in favor of

coverage. Slusher, 325 S.W.3d at 322. In the face of an ambiguity like the characterization of the

Master Plan, Kentucky law instructs that “[o]nly an unequivocally conspicuous, plain and clear

manifestation of the company’s intent to exclude coverage will defeat” an insured’s reasonable

expectation of coverage. Brown v. Ind. Ins. Co., 184 S.W.3d 528, 540 (Ky. 2005). Section 304.20-

020(1) provides a mechanism for the insurer to make “an unequivocally conspicuous, plain and clear

manifestation” to disclaim UM/UIM coverage for the Master Plan’s umbrella policy in the form of

a written waiver in which the insured rejects coverage. It was incumbent on Plaintiff to require

Defendant to sign such a waiver when he bought the Master Plan. Plaintiff failed to do so. In my

view, Kentucky law requires Plaintiff to suffer the consequence of that failure.




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