Prince George’s County Police Civilian Employees Association v. Prince George’s
County, Maryland on behalf of Prince George’s County Police Department, No. 1,
September Term, 2015

ARBITRATION – MD. CODE ANN., CTS. & JUD. PROC. (1973, 2013 REPL. VOL.)
§ 3-224(b)(3) – EXCEEDING ARBITRATOR’S POWERS – AUTHORITY TO
CONTRACT – Court of Appeals held that, under county’s code, county lacked the
authority to enter into collective bargaining agreement requiring that, before criminal
investigative interview of one of county’s police civilian employees, employee be advised
of right to have union representative present at interview, i.e., that employee be advised of
Weingarten right; thus, arbitrator exceeded his authority by basing arbitration award on
determination that county violated collective bargaining agreement because officers of law
enforcement agency’s criminal investigations division failed to advise employee of right
to have union representative present during interview.
Circuit Court for Prince George’s County
Case No. CAL13-02378

Argued: September 2, 2015
                                                    IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
Reargued: March 8, 2016
                                                             OF MARYLAND

                                                                     No. 1

                                                     September Term, 2015
                                           ______________________________________

                                             PRINCE GEORGE’S COUNTY POLICE
                                             CIVILIAN EMPLOYEES ASSOCIATION

                                                                       v.

                                                 PRINCE GEORGE’S COUNTY,
                                             MARYLAND ON BEHALF OF PRINCE
                                                 GEORGE’S COUNTY POLICE
                                                       DEPARTMENT
                                           ______________________________________

                                                            Barbera, C.J.
                                                            *Battaglia
                                                            Greene
                                                            Adkins
                                                            McDonald
                                                            Watts
                                                            Harrell, Jr., Glenn T. (Retired,
                                                            Specially Assigned),

                                                           JJ.
                                           ______________________________________

                                                      Opinion by Watts, J.
                                           ______________________________________

                                                            Filed: April 22, 2016

                                           *Battaglia, J., now retired, participated in the hearing and
                                           conference of this case while an active member of this
                                           Court; after being recalled pursuant to the Constitution,
                                           Article IV, Section 3A, she also participated in the
                                           decision and adoption of this opinion.
       This case raises an important issue of first impression in Maryland—namely,

whether a county has the authority under the county’s code to enter into a collective

bargaining agreement requiring that, before a criminal investigative interview of one of the

county’s police civilian employees, the employee be advised of the right to have a union

representative present at the interview—i.e., that the employee be advised of a Weingarten

right in the collective bargaining agreement.

       An employee’s Weingarten right arises out of an employer-employee relationship

where the employer subjects the employee to an investigatory interview. Generally, an

employee’s Weingarten right is the employee’s right under the National Labor Relations

Act “to refuse to submit without union representation to an interview [that the employee]

reasonably fears may result in [the employee’s] discipline[.]” Nat’l Labor Relations Bd.

v. J. Weingarten, Inc., 420 U.S. 251, 256, 260 (1975). Weingarten does not grant the

members of the union in this case the Weingarten right, because the National Labor

Relations Act does not apply to an employee of a State or local government. Here, we use

the phrase “Weingarten right” to refer to the right to a union representative that is embodied

in Article 8.C. of the instant collective bargaining agreement.

       This case emanates from the circumstance that Prince George’s County (“the

County”), Respondent/Cross-Petitioner, terminated the employment of Marlon Ford

(“Ford”), a member of the Prince George’s County Police Civilian Employees Association

(“the Association”), Petitioner/Cross-Respondent, after a criminal investigation during

which Ford was questioned regarding alleged crimes and an internal affairs investigation

during which Ford was questioned regarding alleged misconduct as an employee.
Following Ford’s termination, the Association filed a grievance on Ford’s behalf, and the

parties participated in arbitration. The arbitrator vacated the County’s termination of

employment, imposed a thirty-day suspension instead, and granted Ford back pay. The

arbitrator based the arbitration award, in part, on the determination that the County had

violated a collective bargaining agreement between the County and the Association

because officers of the Prince George’s County Police Department’s Criminal

Investigations Division failed to advise Ford of the right to have a representative from the

Association present during the criminal investigative interview that yielded information

that later formed part of the basis for his termination.

       The case involves a total of four issues: (I) whether the County had the authority to

enter into a collective bargaining agreement that requires a Weingarten advisement before

a criminal investigative interview of one of the County’s police civilian employees; (II)

whether the provision in the collective bargaining agreement that mandates Weingarten

advisements before investigatory interviews applies to criminal investigative interviews;

(III) whether the arbitration award violates a public policy of effective law enforcement;

and (IV) whether the arbitrator had the authority to award reinstatement and back pay to

the employee.

       We hold that, under the County’s code, the County lacked the authority to enter into

a collective bargaining agreement that requires a Weingarten advisement before a criminal

investigative interview of one of the County’s police civilian employees; thus, the arbitrator

exceeded his authority by basing the arbitration award on the determination that the County

had violated the collective bargaining agreement because officers of the Criminal


                                             -2-
Investigations Division failed to make a Weingarten advisement.1

                                      BACKGROUND

                                  The Arbitration Award

       On August 26, 2011, the County terminated the employment of Ford, who had been

working in a motor pool of the Prince George’s County Police Department and who was a

member of the Association. In issuing an award, the arbitrator construed Article 8.C. of

the collective bargaining agreement to provide that Ford was entitled to a Weingarten

advisement before the criminal investigative interview.

       The arbitrator found the following facts, which we summarize. Article 8.C. of the

collective bargaining agreement states in pertinent part:

       When an employee . . . is to be the subject of an investigatory interview or
       other meeting [that] may result in discipline, he/she shall be informed in
       writing at least five (5) working days prior to the start of the interview . . . of
       his/her right to have present, upon request, a[n Association] representative .
       . . . [I]f an immediate interview is required[,] and the designated
       [Association] representative is unavailable, the employee may select another
       [Association] representative who can be present during the investigatory
       interview.

       Article 8.I. of the collective bargaining agreement stated in pertinent part:

       The [County] will not initiate disciplinary action against an employee later
       than ninety (90) calendar days after the occurrence (or after the [County] was

       1
         In light of our holding that the County lacked the authority to enter into a collective
bargaining agreement requiring Weingarten advisements before criminal investigative
interviews—which is dispositive as to the outcome of this case—we do not address the
following issues: namely, whether the relevant provision of the collective bargaining
agreement can be interpreted to apply criminal investigative interviews, and whether the
arbitration award violates a public policy of effective law enforcement. With respect to
whether the arbitrator had the authority to award reinstatement and back pay, for the
reasons explained within, the case shall be remanded for further proceedings consistent
with this opinion.

                                              -3-
       aware of the occurrence) of the alleged infraction or violation of
       Departmental rules or regulations or of the Personnel Law. . . . These time
       limits shall apply to alleged infractions or violations [that] affect only the
       [County]-employee relationship. They shall not apply to alleged violations
       or infractions [that] are also criminal violations nor to non-criminal
       violations [that] are related to an active criminal investigation.

       Ford was the subject of two investigations: a criminal investigation of allegations of

theft of a handgun, impersonation of a law enforcement officer, and use of law enforcement

vehicles; and an internal affairs investigation of Ford’s conduct as an employee. On May

15, 2011, a law enforcement officer reported that her handgun was missing. On May 16,

2011, after advising Ford of his Miranda rights2 (which Ford waived in writing), but

without advising Ford of his Weingarten right, officers of the Prince George’s County

Police Department’s Criminal Investigations Division interviewed Ford. The interview

took fourteen hours and lasted into the morning of May 17, 2011. With regard to the

interview, the arbitrator found:

       After a very brief exchange about the missing [hand]gun, the [interview]
       focused entirely on [Ford]’s performance of his job, especially whether
       [Ford] had on multiple occasions impersonated a [law enforcement] officer
       and had driven [law enforcement] vehicles as if he were an officer on duty,
       even pulling over speeding cars[] using [the law enforcement] vehicle’s air
       horn . . . . [N]ot to characterize the [] interview . . . as an investigatory
       interview that may [have] result[ed] in discipline would be unrealistic . . . .
       [T]he inquiry became [about Ford]’s behavior as an employee who, from
       time to time, drove, refueled[,] and maintained [law enforcement]
       vehicles[.3]

       2
        See Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966).
       3
        Although the arbitrator stated that the second part of the interview—as to Ford’s
alleged impersonation of a law enforcement officer and use of law enforcement vehicles—
concerned Ford’s “performance of his job” and “behavior as an employee[,]” as discussed
below, both impersonation of a law enforcement officer and unauthorized removal of law
enforcement vehicles are crimes. See Md. Code Ann., Pub. Safety (2003, 2011 Repl. Vol.,


                                            -4-
The arbitrator noted that, at the arbitration hearing, the County argued that the decision to

discharge Ford was supported by Ford’s own admissions.4

       On the same day, the officers of the Criminal Investigations Division also

interviewed Khari Grooms (“Grooms”), an acquaintance of Ford’s. Grooms told the

officers of the Criminal Investigations Division that Ford had told Grooms that he was a

law enforcement officer, and had taken Grooms on multiple “ride-alongs.” The arbitrator

found: “Many of Grooms’[s] assertions were denied by [Ford], but[,] ultimately[,], the

[officers of the Criminal Investigations Division] believed Grooms’[s] version of events.”

       On May 17, 2011, Ford was placed on administrative leave due to the ongoing

criminal investigation. In a written notice dated July 6, 2011, the Prince George’s County

Police Department’s Internal Affairs Division notified Ford of an investigation regarding

whether Ford had used law enforcement vehicles without authorization for personal

reasons; in the notice, the Internal Affairs Division advised Ford of his Weingarten right.


2015 Supp.) § 3-502 (Impersonating Police Officer); Md. Code Ann., Crim. Law (2002,
2012 Repl. Vol.) § 7-203 (Unauthorized Removal of Property). In any event, the arbitrator
correctly recognized that the issue was whether Article 8.C. applied to criminal
investigations; specifically, in summarizing the parties’ positions, the arbitrator stated:
“The [Association] rejects the [County]’s claim that Article 8[.]C[.] does not apply to
criminal investigations . . . . The [C]ounty devotes most of its post-hearing brief to the
Weingarten issue, claiming that Article 8[.C.] does not apply to investigatory interviews
that are related to active criminal investigations.”
        4
          The record contains an “Investigator’s Activity Summary,” which includes an entry
dated May 16, 2011; in the entry, a detective alleged that, during the interview, Ford
“admitted to driving an unmarked [law enforcement vehicle] . . . [and] using the emergency
equipment (air horn) . . . . on citizens traveling the roads at high speeds.” The record also
contains a “Report of Investigation” dated July 26, 2011; in the Report of Investigation, an
acting sergeant referenced the detective’s allegation in the Investigator’s Activity
Summary.

                                            -5-
On the same day, with a representative from the Association present, a member of the

Internal Affairs Division interviewed Ford. On July 19, 2011, with a representative from

the Association present, a member of the Internal Affairs Division performed another

interview of Ford. The arbitrator found: “It would be unrealistic to claim that [the May 16-

17 interview by the officers of the Criminal Investigations Division] was wholly unrelated

to the [Internal Affairs Division] investigation that began on July 6,” 2011.

       On August 12, 2011, Ford was issued a “Notice of Intent, Proposed Disciplinary

Action (Conduct Related).” On August 26, 2011, Ford was issued a “Notice of Final

Disciplinary Action (Conduct Related),” which advised that he had been terminated

because of nine alleged violations of State and local law. Specifically, the Notice of Final

Disciplinary Action advised that Ford had been terminated for allegedly violating: Prince

George’s Cnty. Code (“PGCC”) § 18-160(b) (“No member of the Police Department, under

any circumstances, shall make any . . . intentional misrepresentation of facts.”) by making

a false statement during the May 16, 2011 interview and a false statement during the July

19, 2011 interview;5 PGCC § 18-160(a) (“No member of the Police Department shall

intentionally violate any law of . . . any state[.]”) and Md. Code Ann., Crim. Law (2002,

2012 Repl. Vol.) (“CR”) § 7-203 (Unauthorized Removal of Property) by “tak[ing]




       5
         Specifically, on May 16, 2011, Ford allegedly falsely stated that he had not driven
any marked law enforcement vehicles and that he had not responded to any calls for service
while operating a marked law enforcement vehicle; and, on July 19, 2011, Ford allegedly
falsely stated that he did not stay at Headquarters after 10:00 p.m. or 11:00 p.m.


                                            -6-
unmarked [law enforcement] vehicle[s] . . . without authorization” on six occasions;6 and

PGCC § 18-160(a) and Md. Code Ann., Pub. Safety (2003, 2011 Repl. Vol., 2015 Supp.)

(“PS”) § 3-502 (Impersonating Police Officer) by falsely identifying himself to Grooms as

a law enforcement officer.7

       The arbitrator found that Ford had not intentionally engaged in criminal behavior,

but had used bad judgment by acting in ways that caused others to assume that he was a

law enforcement officer, and by not disavowing that impression when it clearly had been

internalized by Grooms and perhaps by others. The arbitrator sustained Ford’s grievance,

vacated the County’s termination of his employment, imposed a thirty-day suspension

instead, and granted back pay to Ford. The arbitrator based the arbitration award on the

following findings: (1) Ford never “acted with the intent that would be required to prove

that he [committed] the crimes [that were] enumerated in the charges against him”; (2) the

County’s “personnel procedures . . . encourage progressive discipline”; (3) the County’s

personnel “procedures also recommend that mitigating factors . . . be taken into

consideration,” and Ford’s misconduct was mitigated by his “excellent employment

record”; and (4) the County violated the collective bargaining agreement because the


       6
          It appears that Ford’s alleged use of the vehicles was unauthorized not because of
what Ford allegedly did while driving the vehicles, but instead because Ford allegedly
drove the vehicles after hours. The record contains a “Report of Investigation” dated July
26, 2011; in the Report of Investigation, an acting sergeant alleged that, according to Ford’s
“access card history[,]” he refueled vehicles after hours on six dates. The six dates that are
listed in the Report of Investigation seem to correspond to the six dates that are listed in
the Notice of Final Disciplinary Action (Conduct Related).
        7
          The Notice of Final Disciplinary Action (Conduct Related) inadvertently referred
to CR § 3-502 instead of PS § 3-502.


                                            -7-
officers of the Criminal Investigations Division failed to advise Ford of his Weingarten

right.8 The County filed a petition to vacate the arbitration award, which the Circuit Court

for Prince George’s County (“the circuit court”) denied.

                      Proceedings in the Court of Special Appeals

       The County appealed, and the Court of Special Appeals vacated both the circuit

court’s judgment and the arbitration award and remanded for a rehearing before a new

arbitrator, holding in pertinent part that the arbitration award was contrary to an explicit,

dominant, and well-defined public policy of effective law enforcement.           See Prince

George’s Cnty., Md. ex rel. Prince George’s Cnty. Police Dep’t v. Prince George’s Cnty.

Police Civilian Emps. Ass’n, 219 Md. App. 108, 137, 134, 98 A.3d 1094, 1111, 1109

(2014).

       In its analysis, the Court of Special Appeals did not address whether the County had

the authority to enter into a collective bargaining agreement that requires a Weingarten

advisement before a criminal investigative interview of one of the County’s employees.

Instead, the Court of Special Appeals held that “expanding the requirement of [the]

Weingarten right[] to union employees [who] are the focus of a criminal investigation

violates public policy[,]” id. at 129-30, 98 A.3d at 1107; that “the arbitrator’s award. . .

constrains the ability of the [Prince George’s County Police Department] to conduct



       8
        The collective bargaining agreement required five working days’ notice of Ford’s
Weingarten right, but stated that “an immediate interview” could be “required[.]” In any
event, the arbitrator found that the officers of the Criminal Investigations Division failed
to advise Ford of his Weingarten right at all, either immediately before the interview or
five working days in advance of the interview.

                                            -8-
criminal investigations and interrogations of [Association] members[,]” id. at 132, 98 A.3d

at 1108; and that “[t]he serious crime of theft of a [law enforcement] officer’s [handgun]

and impersonating a [law enforcement] officer cannot give way to an employee’s

Weingarten right[]. To do so . . . would interfere with the [Prince George’s County Police

Department]’s ability to investigate crimes and violate the public policy of effective law

enforcement,” id. at 134, 98 A.3d at 1109.

       In other words, although the Court of Special Appeals held that the arbitrator’s

award violated public policy, the Court of Special Appeals did not assess whether the

County had the authority to bargain/contract away the ability to conduct criminal

investigations without making Weingarten advisements; rather, the Court of Special

Appeals held that the violation of public policy arose because giving the Weingarten

advisement would interfere with the police department’s ability to investigate crime.

                                Proceedings in this Court

       The Association petitioned for a writ of certiorari, raising one issue: “[Did] the

Court of Special Appeals err[] when it declared a public policy that was contrary to well-

established rules . . . ?” The County cross-petitioned for a writ of certiorari, raising only

the issue concerning reinstatement and back pay. This Court granted the petition and the

cross-petition. See Prince George’s Cnty. Police Civilian Emps. v. Prince George’s Cnty.,

441 Md. 217, 107 A.3d 1141 (2015).

       On September 2, 2015, we heard oral argument as to these two issues.              On

November 24, 2015, we ordered supplemental briefing and reargument as to the following

two issues:


                                             -9-
       1. Did the negotiators of the collective bargaining agreement between [the]
       County and the [] Association have the authority to enter into a contractual
       provision that extends a Weingarten right to criminal investigations?

       2. As a matter of contract interpretation, does Article 8.C. of the collective
       bargaining agreement apply to criminal investigations?

The parties filed supplemental briefs. On March 8, 2016, we heard reargument.

                                      DISCUSSION

                                The Parties’ Contentions

       In its supplemental brief, the Association contends that the County had the authority

to enter into a collective bargaining agreement requiring that a criminal investigative

interview of one of its civilian employees not occur without a Weingarten advisement being

given to the employee. The Association relies on PGCC § 13A-109(a), which states in

pertinent part: “The employer[9] and the exclusive [collective bargaining] representative . .

. shall negotiate in good faith with respect to wages, hours and other terms and conditions

of employment [that] are subject to negotiation under this law[.]” Specifically, the

Association argues that a Weingarten advisement is a term or condition of employment

that is subject to good faith negotiation under PGCC § 13A-109(a). Alternatively, the

Association asserts that this Court cannot conclude that the County lacked the authority to

enter into a collective bargaining agreement that requires a Weingarten advisement before



       9
         “Employer means . . . any governmental body operating within the County [that]
elects to have the definition of employee [] in [PGCC §] 13A-102(g) [] extended to include
its employees pursuant to [PGCC §] 13A-116 [], or any person acting as an agent of said
governmental body.” PGCC § 13A-102(h). Here, the parties do not dispute that the
County meets PGCC § 13A-102(h)’s definition of “employer,” and thus is subject to PGCC
§ 13A-109(a).

                                           - 10 -
a criminal investigative interview of one of the County’s employees, as the County did not

“submit th[e] question of negotiability to” the Prince George’s County Public Employee

Relations Board.

       In its supplemental brief, the County responds that PGCC § 13A-109(a) does not

confer upon the County the authority to negotiate a collective bargaining agreement that

affects the manner in which the Prince George’s County Police Department conducts

criminal investigations. The County argues that PGCC § 13A-109(a) is unambiguous in

that it cannot be construed to grant the County such authority. The County asserts that, to

the extent that the collective bargaining agreement purports to mandate Weingarten

advisements during criminal investigations, the collective bargaining agreement is ultra

vires.10

                                   Standard of Review

       An appellate court reviews without deference a trial court’s ruling on a petition to

vacate an arbitration award. See Balt. Cnty. Fraternal Order of Police Lodge No. 4 v. Balt.


       10
         The County contends that extending a Weingarten right to criminal investigations
violates Article 9 (Power of Suspension or Execution of Laws) of the Maryland Declaration
of Rights and the Equal Protection Clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United
States Constitution and of Section 201 of the Charter for Prince George’s County (“No
person shall be . . . denied the equal protection of the laws.”). However, given our holding
in the County’s favor and this Court’s policy of not deciding constitutional issues
unnecessarily, we do not, and need not, reach the constitutional issue raised by the County.
See, e.g., VNA Hospice of Md. v. Dep’t of Health and Mental Hygiene, 406 Md. 584, 606,
961 A.2d 557, 570 (2008) (“[T]his Court will avoid deciding the constitutional issues and
decide the case on a non-constitutional ground if reasonably possible.”); Prof’ Staff Nurses
Ass’n v. Dimensions Health Corp., 346 Md. 132, 138, 695 A.2d 158, 161 (1997) (“This
Court has regularly adhered to the principle that we will not reach a constitutional issue
when a case can properly be disposed of on a non-constitutional ground.” (Citation,
brackets, and internal quotation marks omitted)).

                                           - 11 -
Cnty., 429 Md. 533, 565, 540-41, 57 A.3d 425, 443, 429 (2012) (This Court reviewed for

“legal[] correct[ness]” a trial court’s grant of summary judgment in a case that was based

on a complaint to vacate an arbitration award.).

       “[A]rbitration is favored and encouraged in Maryland because it provides an

informal, expeditious, and inexpensive alternative to conventional litigation.”

Amalgamated Transit Union v. Lovelace, 441 Md. 560, 576, 109 A.3d 96, 106 (2015)

(citation and internal quotation marks omitted). Accordingly, “judicial review of an

arbitration award is very narrowly limited[.]” Downey v. Sharp, 428 Md. 249, 268, 51

A.3d 573, 585 (2012) (citation omitted). “[C]ourts generally defer to [an] arbitrator’s

findings of fact and applications of law. Mere errors of law and fact do not ordinarily

furnish grounds for a court to vacate . . . an arbitration award.” Id. at 266, 51 A.3d at 583

(brackets, citations, ellipsis, and internal quotation marks omitted).

       Accordingly, in Amalgamated Transit Union, Div. 1300 v. Mass Transit Admin.,

305 Md. 380, 388, 504 A.2d 1132, 1136 (1986), this Court quoted Judge Thurgood

Marshall’s opinion in Local 453, Int’l Union of Elec., Radio & Mach. Workers, AFL-CIO

v. Otis Elevator Co., 314 F.2d 25, 28 (2d Cir. 1963), cert. denied, 373 U.S. 949 (1963), as

an illustration of the principle that a court may not substitute its interpretation of a contract

for an arbitrator’s:

       Having bargained for the decision of the arbitrator on the question of whether
       [an employee]’s conduct and criminal conviction constituted “just cause” for
       discharge, the parties are bound by it, even if it be regarded as unwise or
       wrong on the merits; “so far as the arbitrator’s decision concerns construction
       of the contract, the courts have no business overruling [the arbitration award]
       because their interpretation of the contract is different from [the
       arbitrator’s].” United Steelworkers of America v. Enterprise Wheel & Car


                                             - 12 -
       Corp., 363 U.S. 593, 599[] (1960).

       Md. Code Ann., Cts. & Jud. Proc. (1973, 2013 Repl. Vol.) (“CJ”) § 3-224(b)

provides some of the limited grounds for judicial review of an arbitration award as follows:

       [A] court shall vacate an [arbitration] award if: (1) An [arbitration] award
       was procured by corruption, fraud, or other undue means; (2) There was
       evident partiality by an arbitrator appointed as a neutral, corruption in any
       arbitrator, or misconduct prejudicing the rights of any party; (3) The
       arbitrators exceeded their powers; (4) The arbitrators refused to postpone the
       hearing upon sufficient cause being shown for the postponement, refused to
       hear evidence material to the controversy, or otherwise so conducted the
       hearing, contrary to the provisions of [CJ] § 3-213 [(Arbitration Hearing and
       Notice)] as to prejudice substantially the rights of a party; or (5) There was
       no arbitration agreement as described in [CJ] § 3-206 [(Validity of
       Arbitration Agreements)], the issue was not adversely determined in
       proceedings under [CJ] § 3-208 [(Stay of Arbitration)], and the party did not
       participate in the arbitration hearing without raising the objection.

(Paragraph breaks omitted).11

             Maryland Case Law and Authority from Other Jurisdictions

       This case implicates the third statutory ground for judicial review of an arbitration

award—namely, whether an “arbitrator[] exceeded [the arbitrator’s] powers[.]” CJ § 3-

224(b)(3). In Downey, 428 Md. at 263, 51 A.3d at 582, this Court explained that the issue

of whether an arbitrator exceeded the arbitrator’s authority is not the same as the issue of

whether the arbitration award was rational or legally correct. In Downey, id. at 256-57, 51

A.3d at 578, a trial court granted a petition to confirm an arbitration award. The Court of



       11
        A court also vacates an arbitration award “that is contrary to [a] public policy” that
is “explicit[,]” “dominant,” and “well[-]defined” by “laws and legal precedents” (as
opposed to “general considerations of supposed public interests”). Amalgamated Transit
Union, Div. 1300, 305 Md. at 389, 504 A.2d at 1136 (citations and internal quotation marks
omitted).

                                            - 13 -
Special Appeals reversed the trial court’s judgment and remanded the case to the trial court

with instructions to vacate several findings within the arbitration award because the

arbitrator exceeded his authority. See id. at 258-59, 51 A.3d at 579-80. The Court of

Special Appeals reasoned that the arbitrator exceeded his authority because the arbitration

award was “completely irrational” and in “manifest disregard of the law.” Id. at 262, 51

A.3d at 581-82. This Court disagreed with the reasoning of the Court of Special Appeals,

stating:

       The Court of Special Appeals’[s] reliance on [CJ] § 3-224(b)(3), i.e., the
       statutory ground [for review] of an [arbitration] award [that] exceeds the
       arbitrator’s powers, is . . . misplaced. . . . [A]n issue or matter [that is]
       resolved by an [arbitration] award may be rational and legally correct[,] but
       the arbitrator, under the arbitration agreement, may have had no power or
       authority to resolve the particular issue. On the other hand, an issue may
       have clearly been within the arbitrator’s powers, but the arbitrator’s
       resolution of the issue may have been irrational or manifestly erroneous as a
       matter of law. . . . Consequently, judicial review of an arbitrat[ion] award
       on the basis of “irrationality” or “manifest error of law” does not fall
       within any of the grounds [] in [CJ] § 3-224(b)[.]

Id. at 263, 51 A.3d at 582 (emphasis added). Our holding in Downey, id. at 263, 51 A.3d

at 582, makes clear that the issue of whether an arbitrator exceeded the arbitrator’s

authority is not the same as the issue of whether the arbitration award was legally correct.

That said, none of this Court’s precedent indicates that a court must give any deference to

an arbitration award where the issue is whether the arbitrator exceeded the arbitrator’s

powers.

       Indeed, this Court’s precedent leads to the conclusion that an arbitrator exceeds the

arbitrator’s authority by issuing an award that arises out of a contract that one party lacked

the authority to enter. In Bd. of Educ. of Charles Cnty. v. Educ. Ass’n of Charles Cnty.,


                                            - 14 -
286 Md. 358, 366-67, 259, 408 A.2d 89, 93, 89 (1979), this Court upheld an arbitration

award where, several months after the arbitrator issued the arbitration award, a party

challenged the arbitration award on the ground that the arbitrator had exceeded his powers

by enforcing an illegal contract. This Court concluded that the party’s challenge was

untimely under CJ § 3-224(a)(1), which, both now and at the time of Bd. of Educ. of

Charles Cnty., stated: “[A] petition to vacate [an arbitration] award shall be filed within

[thirty] days after delivery of a copy of the [arbitration] award to the petitioner.” Bd. of

Educ. of Charles Cnty., 286 Md. at 366-67, 360, 408 A.2d at 93, 90. More broadly, this

Court “h[e]ld that the provisions of [CJ §] 3-227 [(Confirmation of Award by Court)],[12]

as well as the provisions of [CJ §] 3-224, are mandatory. A trial court must confirm an

arbitration award unless the [arbitration] award is challenged within the applicable time

constraints.” Bd. of Educ. of Charles Cnty., 286 Md. at 366, 408 A.2d at 93.

       Both now and at the time of Bd. of Educ. of Charles Cnty., id. at 360, 408 A.2d at

90, CJ § 3-224(b)(3) stated: “The court shall vacate an [arbitration] award if . . . [t]he

arbitrators exceeded their powers[.]” Significantly, in Bd. of Educ. of Charles Cnty., id. at

366, 408 A.2d at 93, this Court stated:

       The provisions and time constraints of [CJ §§] 3-227 and [] 3-224 apply
       equally, whether the arbitration award is challenged on the ground that the
       underlying contract is invalid because of fraud or on the ground that the
       arbitrator exceeded his [or her] powers because the underlying contract
       was illegal. . . . [CJ §§] 3-224 and 3-227 establish an orderly mechanism

       12
         Both now and at the time of Bd. of Educ. of Charles Cnty., 286 Md. at 360, 408
A.2d at 89, CJ § 3-227(b) stated: “The court shall confirm [an arbitration] award, unless
the other party has filed an application to vacate, modify, or correct the [arbitration] award
within the time provided in [CJ] §§ 3-222 [(Modification or Correction of Award)] and 3-
223 [(Correction or Modification of Award by Court)].”

                                            - 15 -
       whereby a court, not an arbitrator, makes the final determination of the
       legality of a contract before an arbitration award is enforced.

(Emphasis added). Thus, in Bd. of Educ. of Charles Cnty., id. at 366, 408 A.2d at 93,

although the legality of the underlying contract was not before us, we unequivocally stated

that an arbitrator exceeds the arbitrator’s powers by issuing an award where the underlying

contract is invalid.

       With the above jurisprudence in mind, we address the issues of whether the County

had the authority to enter into a collective bargaining agreement that requires a Weingarten

advisement before a criminal investigative interview of one of the County’s police civilian

employees, and whether, as a result, the arbitrator exceeded his authority. As noted above,

this Court has not previously considered whether a county has the authority to enter into a

collective bargaining agreement that requires a Weingarten advisement before a criminal

investigative interview of one of the county’s police civilian employees. As such, we

examine cases in which courts in other jurisdictions have addressed similar issues.

       Our inquiry reveals that courts in two other States, Illinois and New York, have

addressed the issue of whether public employees had the right to advisements of the right

to union representation before interviews by criminal investigators. In Ill. State Police v.

Fraternal Order of Police Troopers Lodge No. 41, 751 N.E.2d 1261, 1265, 1263 (Ill. App.

2001), the Appellate Court of Illinois held, among other things, that an arbitrator exceeded

his authority by “ruling that [a law enforcement agency could ]not interrogate its employees

regarding criminal matters unless it complie[d] with” a collective bargaining agreement

under which a non-probationary law enforcement officer had the right to have a union



                                           - 16 -
representative or counsel present during any interview that was part of an “investigation

that could result in ‘discipline.’”

       In Ill. State Police, id. at 1263, members of the law enforcement agency’s division

of internal investigation interviewed a law enforcement officer as part of a criminal

investigation of an alleged insurance fraud scheme. The members of the law enforcement

agency’s division of internal investigation advised the law enforcement officer of his

Miranda rights, but not of his right to have a union representative present during the

interview. See id. Although the law enforcement officer did not become the subject of

criminal charges or disciplinary action, he filed a grievance in which he alleged that the

law enforcement agency violated the collective bargaining agreement. See id.

       On three occasions, members of the law enforcement agency’s division of internal

investigation interviewed a different law enforcement officer about alleged sexual relations

with a fourteen-year-old. See id. During the first interview, the investigation was

considered a criminal matter; members of the law enforcement agency’s division of

internal investigation advised the law enforcement officer of his constitutional rights; and,

without a union representative present, the law enforcement officer made inculpatory

statements. See id. During the second interview, the investigation was considered an

administrative matter; a union representative was allowed to be present;13 and the law

enforcement officer recanted his inculpatory statements. See id. at 1263-64. During the

third interview, the investigation was still considered an administrative matter, and, again,


       13
         It is unclear whether the law enforcement officer took advantage of the opportunity
to have a union representative present.

                                           - 17 -
a union representative was allowed to be present. See id. at 1264. The law enforcement

agency terminated the law enforcement officer, who filed a grievance in which he alleged

that the law enforcement agency had violated the collective bargaining agreement. See id.

       Pursuant to the collective bargaining agreement, the law enforcement officers’

union submitted both officers’ grievances to arbitration. See id. An arbitrator sustained

both officers’ grievances and determined that the law enforcement agency had failed to

comply with the collective bargaining agreement as to the interviews that had been part of

criminal investigations. See id. The law enforcement agency filed a complaint to vacate

the arbitration award, and a trial court affirmed the arbitration award. See id.

       The Appellate Court of Illinois began its analysis by recognizing that “judicial

review of an arbitration award is extremely limited.” Id. at 1265 (citation omitted). That

Court noted that one ground for judicial review of an arbitration award is the issue of

whether “the arbitrator act[ed] within the scope of [the arbitrator’s] authority[.]” Id.

(citation omitted). It bears mention that Maryland law encompasses these principles as

well. See Downey, 428 Md. at 268, 51 A.3d at 585 (“[J]udicial review of an arbitration

award is very narrowly limited[.]” (Citation omitted)); CJ § 3-224(b)(3) (“[A] court shall

vacate an [arbitration] award if . . . [t]he arbitrators exceeded their powers[.]”). The

Appellate Court of Illinois noted that another ground for judicial review of an arbitration

award is the issue of whether the arbitration “award draws its essence from the [] collective[

]bargaining agreement.” Ill. State Police, 751 N.E.2d at 1265 (citation omitted).

       The Appellate Court of Illinois reversed the trial court’s judgment and remanded

with instructions to vacate the arbitration award. See id. at 1267. That Court provided


                                            - 18 -
three reasons for vacating the arbitration award. First, the arbitrator exceeded his authority

because the arbitration award “was not drawn from the essence of the” collective

bargaining agreement, id. at 1265; by its own terms, the relevant provision of the collective

bargaining agreement did not apply to criminal investigations, see id. (“[T]he terms of [the

relevant provision of the collective bargaining agreement] suggest that they apply to

disciplinary proceedings, not criminal investigations.”). Second, the arbitrator exceeded

his authority by “ruling that [the law enforcement agency could ]not interrogate its

employees regarding criminal matters unless it complie[d] with the” collective bargaining

agreement. Id. And third, the arbitration award “violate[d] the public policy of effective

law enforcement.” Id. at 1267.14

       Significantly, as to the second reason for vacating the arbitration award—namely,

that the arbitrator exceeded his authority by ruling that the law enforcement agency could

not interrogate its employees regarding criminal matters unless it complied with the



       14
          After concluding that the arbitrator exceeded his authority, the Appellate Court of
Illinois stated: “In view of our resolution of this issue, we need not address the remaining
arguments, but we choose to address” the issue as to public policy. Ill. State Police, 751
N.E.2d at 1266. The Court concluded that “an established public policy unquestionably
exist[ed] promoting effective law enforcement” and that “[c]omplying with the
administrative procedures under [the collective bargaining agreement] would be
detrimental to conducting effective law enforcement.” Id. at 1266, 1267. The Appellate
Court of Illinois’s analysis of the issue as to public policy is an alternative holding, and, as
such, is dicta.
        Here, although the Association raised an issue as to public policy in the petition for
a writ of certiorari, courts in Illinois and New York have resolved similar cases primarily
on the separate issue of the employers’ ability to enter into the collective bargaining
agreements. In determining that the arbitrators’ awards were not enforceable, neither the
Illinois court nor the New York court relied primarily on its analysis as to public policy.
As such, we do not address the issue as to public policy.

                                             - 19 -
collective bargaining agreement—the Appellate Court of Illinois explained:

       [A]n employer cannot by contract give its employees procedural rights
       and benefits regarding criminal investigations. The fact that the employer
       in this case is the Illinois State Police is immaterial. Clearly, when [the
       Illinois State Police] is investigating an employee’s criminal conduct, it is
       acting under its statutory duty to enforce the laws of the State of Illinois, not
       as an employer.

Ill. State Police, 751 N.E.2d at 1266 (emphasis added) (citation omitted).

       The Appellate Division of the Supreme Court of New York reached a similar

conclusion in City of New York v. Uniformed Fire Officers Ass’n, Local 854, IAFF, AFL-

CIO, 699 N.Y.S.2d 355, 360 (N.Y. App. Div. 1999), aff’d, 739 N.E.2d 719 (N.Y. 2000).

In City of New York, 699 N.Y.S.2d at 356, the New York City Fire Department and the

firefighters’ union were parties to a collective bargaining agreement, under which a

firefighter needed to be advised of the firefighter’s right to have a union representative

present during any interview in which the firefighter was “a suspect in a departmental

investigation[.]” The New York City Department of Investigation interviewed firefighters

without allowing a union representative to be present. See id. at 357. The firefighters’

union filed a grievance and demanded arbitration. See id. at 356. The New York City

Board of Collective Bargaining determined that the grievance was arbitrable. See id. at

357. New York City initiated an action to enjoin arbitration of the grievance. See id. A

trial court enjoined arbitration of the grievance. See id.

       The Appellate Division of the Supreme Court of New York affirmed the trial court’s

judgment on the ground that arbitration of the grievance was barred by a public policy

against “any interference with the authority of the Department [of Investigation] to require



                                            - 20 -
a public employee to answer questions regarding activities that bear upon the performance

of official actions.” Id. at 360, 359. The Appellate Division of the Supreme Court of New

York concluded that it was a “fallacy” to characterize New York City—as opposed to the

Fire Department—as the firefighters’ “employer” for purposes of determining whether the

ability to conduct criminal investigations without making certain advisements could have

been bargained away. Id. at 359. The Court stated: “[W]hile the Fire Department may

bargain away certain of its own management prerogatives in reaching a labor accord with

the [firefighters’ union], [the Fire Department] has no power to defeat or impair rights

conferred upon another [New York] City agency[—namely, the Department of

Investigation—]by statute.” Id. Then, however, the Court acknowledged: “Restrictions

may be judicially imposed even upon the waiver of an agency’s own prerogatives.” Id.

      The Court indicated that, even if it were New York City—as opposed to the Fire

Department—that purportedly bargained away the ability to conduct criminal

investigations without making certain advisements, arbitration would still be barred on

public-policy grounds. See id. at 360 (“The [] discretion conferred upon the Department

[of Investigation] to carry out its mandate would likewise be impermissibly compromised

by the restrictions imposed upon its examination of witnesses by the collective bargaining

agreement[.]”).   Significantly, the Court stated: “Because the prerogative of the

Department [of Investigation] to employ such investigative procedures as it deems

appropriate may not be bargained away, there is no reason to submit to arbitration the

question of whether the employee rights provisions of the [] collective bargaining

agreement are binding upon the [Department of Investigation].” Id. at 360 (emphasis


                                          - 21 -
added).

                                         Analysis

       Deriving guidance from Ill. State Police, 751 N.E.2d at 1266, and City of New York,

699 N.Y.S.2d at 360, we conclude the County lacked the authority to enter into a collective

bargaining agreement that requires a Weingarten advisement before a criminal

investigative interview of one of the County’s police civilian employees, and, as such, the

arbitrator exceeded his authority by basing the arbitration award, in part, on the

determination that the County violated the collective bargaining agreement because

officers of the Criminal Investigations Division failed to advise Ford of his Weingarten

right. Cf. Illinois State Police, 751 N.E.2d at 1266 (“[A]n employer cannot by contract

give its employees procedural rights and benefits regarding criminal investigations.”); City

of New York, 699 N.Y.S.2d at 360 (“[T]he prerogative of the Department [of Investigation]

to employ such investigative procedures as it deems appropriate may not be bargained

away[.]”). To conclude otherwise would encroach upon the Prince George’s County Police

Department’s statutorily mandated duty to “enforce[] th[e PGCC] and all other laws and

ordinances[,]” PGCC § 18-135(a)(5), which obviously includes conducting criminal

investigations.

       No provision of the Prince George’s County Code gives the County the authority to

enter into a collective bargaining agreement that requires a Weingarten advisement before

a criminal investigative interview of one of the County’s police civilian employees.

Contrary to the Association’s contention, PGCC § 13A-109(a) does not confer on the

County the authority to enter into a collective bargaining agreement that requires a


                                           - 22 -
Weingarten advisement before a criminal investigative interview of one of the County’s

police civilian employees. PGCC § 13A-109(a) states in pertinent part: “The employer

and the exclusive [collective bargaining] representative . . . shall negotiate in good faith

with respect to wages, hours and other terms and conditions of employment [that] are

subject to negotiation under this law[.]” Nothing in PGCC § 13A-109(a) even remotely

contemplates that the County may require Weingarten advisements in criminal

investigations. In other words, as the County asserts, nothing in PGCC § 13A-109(a)

enables the County to “by contract give its employees procedural rights and benefits

regarding criminal investigations.” Illinois State Police, 751 N.E.2d at 1266. Where an

employee is under investigation for having potentially committed a crime, by definition,

the suspected criminal conduct, even if committed at the workplace, does not fall within

the ambit of the employee’s terms and conditions of employment. Stated otherwise,

suspected criminal activity is not conduct that is related to an employee’s “wages, hours

and other terms and conditions of employment[.]” PGCC § 13A-109(a). Indeed, in some

instances, an employee may be the subject of a criminal investigative interview regarding

criminal activity that is completely unrelated to his or her job. We agree with the County’s

counsel’s assertion at oral argument that, for the County to have the authority to enter into

a collective bargaining agreement that requires a Weingarten advisement before a criminal

investigative interview of one of the its police civilian employees, there would need to be

authority for the County to do so—e.g., a provision of the Prince George’s County Code—

that would grant the County such authority or, in other words, permit the County to engage

in collective bargaining as to the County’s duty to enforce the law. PGCC §§ 13A-109(a)


                                           - 23 -
and 18-135 do not come close to conferring upon the County the authority that the

Association attributes to it.

       We are unpersuaded by the Association’s attempt to distinguish Ill. State Police,

751 N.E.2d at 1266, and City of New York, 699 N.Y.S.2d at 360, on the ground that those

two cases involved “purely” criminal investigations; by contrast, according to the

Association, the instant investigation was not “purely” criminal because, on May 16, 2011,

Ford’s supervisor “called him into work[ and] compelled him to answer questions[.]” The

Association contends that the County has the authority to bind itself to making Weingarten

advisements in investigations that are not “purely” criminal.

       The Association raises a distinction without a difference. It is immaterial whether

an investigation is “purely” criminal. Where an investigation is criminal—purely so or

not—the County lacks the authority to bind itself to making Weingarten advisements. This

is so because the Prince George’s County Police Department has a duty to conduct criminal

investigations, see PGCC § 18-135(a), regardless of whether the subject of a criminal

investigation is an employee, and regardless of whether the Prince George’s County Police

Department conducts the criminal investigation as it would with a non-employee—for

example, by visiting the employee at the employee’s home and asking questions.

       At reargument, the Association’s counsel asserted that the arbitrator found that,

during the May 16-17, 2011 interview of Ford, the County was acting in its capacity as an

employer, as opposed to its capacity as an entity that investigates crimes. The Association

is mistaken; the arbitrator’s findings of fact establish that the May 16-17, 2011 interview

of Ford was part of a criminal investigation. Specifically, the arbitrator found that, on May


                                           - 24 -
16-17, 2011, officers of the Criminal Investigations Division—not members of the Internal

Affairs Division—interviewed Ford. Additionally, the arbitrator found that the interview

concerned alleged crimes—namely, an alleged theft of a handgun, impersonation of a

police officer, and unauthorized use of law enforcement vehicles. Although, in the

arbitration award, the arbitrator stated that the interview later focused on matters that the

arbitrator apparently believed were not criminal in nature, a fair reading of the arbitration

award reveals that the arbitrator was well-aware—and, indeed, explicitly found—that the

May 16-17, 2011 interview of Ford was part of a criminal investigation and was conducted

by members of the Criminal Investigations Division of the Prince George’s County Police

Department.

       We note that the Maryland Law Enforcement Officers’ Bill of Rights has no effect

upon our decision in this case. The Law Enforcement Officers’ Bill of Rights expressly

allows counsel or another responsible representative—e.g., a union representative—to be

present during an interrogation of the law enforcement officer. See PS § 3-104(j)(1)(i)

(“On request, the law enforcement officer under interrogation has the right to be

represented by counsel or another responsible representative of the law enforcement

officer’s choice who shall be present and available for consultation at all times during the

interrogation.”). The Law Enforcement Officers’ Bill of Rights applies only to a law

enforcement officer, which it defines as “an individual who[ ] in an official capacity is

authorized by law to make arrests” and “is a member of one” among a list of law

enforcement agencies. PS § 3-101(e)(1). Thus, the Law Enforcement Officers’ Bill of

Rights does not apply to Ford and other civilian employees of law enforcement agencies.


                                           - 25 -
Neither the Law Enforcement Officers’ Bill of Rights, PGCC § 13A-109(a) (“The

employer and the exclusive [collective bargaining] representative . . . shall negotiate in

good faith with respect to wages, hours and other terms and conditions of employment

[that] are subject to negotiation under this law[.]”), nor any other provision of the Prince

George’s County Code or the Code of Maryland contemplates, let alone expressly allows,

that a union representative be present during a criminal investigative interview of a police

civilian employee.15

       The Association’s reliance on the collective bargaining agreement between the State

and the American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees—namely, the

provision of that collective bargaining agreement that states: “The right to [union]

representation does include a criminal investigation”—for the proposition that the County

had the authority to enter into a collective bargaining agreement that requires a Weingarten

advisement before a criminal investigative interview of one of the County’s employees is

misplaced. In contending as much, the Association is not relying on any precedent or case


       15
         On a related note, the Association asserts that requiring Weingarten advisements
would be good policy because such a requirement could boost employees’ morale. The
Association’s assertion is beside the point. Regardless of whether a requirement of
Weingarten advisements would be good for employee morale, the fact remains that no
provision of the Prince George’s County Code or the Code of Maryland contemplates that
such a requirement would apply to civilian employees of law enforcement agencies.
        The Association also asserts that requiring Weingarten advisements could help
protect employees’ privilege against self-incrimination. Contrary to the Association’s
implication, employees’ privilege against self-incrimination is already protected by the
right to counsel, which applies to all custodial interrogations. See State v. Conover, 312
Md. 33, 38, 537 A.2d 1167, 1169 (1988) (“The Fifth Amendment right identified in
Miranda is the right to have counsel present at any custodial interrogation.” (Citation
omitted)). Indeed, here, the officers of the Criminal Investigations Division advised Ford
of his Miranda rights, which Ford waived in writing.

                                           - 26 -
law—instead, the Association simply raises the superficial argument that, if the State

decided to require Weingarten advisements, then the County must have had the authority

to do the same. In contrast with the State’s volitional extension of the Weingarten right to

criminal investigations, the County contends that it had neither the authority nor the intent

to enter into such an agreement, and argues that the plain language of the instant collective

bargaining agreement does not support the conclusion that it did so. In sum, unlike the

State, the County expressly asserts that the collective bargaining agreement does not confer

upon its police civilian employees the right to a Weingarten advisement before a criminal

investigative interview. As a practical matter, the State’s collective bargaining agreement

was executed on December 30, 2014, over two-and-a-half years after the County entered

into the instant collective bargaining agreement on March 30, 2012.               Thus, the

circumstance that the State expressly contracted to provide union representation during

criminal interviews is not subject to the interpretation that the County intended to mirror

the State’s collective bargaining agreement but, for some reason, failed to include specific

terms providing for union representation during criminal investigations.

       That the State has chosen to knowingly and explicitly provide for union

representation during criminal investigations does not confer upon the County the

authority, when acting in the capacity of an employer in collective bargaining process, to

contract regarding the manner in which the Prince George’s County Police Department

conducts its statutorily mandated duties as a law enforcement agency. See PGCC § 18-

135(a) (“The Police Department functions shall be as follows: (1) The protection of life

and property. (2) The preservation of peace and order. (3) The prevention of crime. (4)


                                           - 27 -
The arrest of all violators of the law. (5) The enforcement of th[e PGCC] and all other

laws and ordinances. . . .” (Paragraph breaks omitted) (emphasis added)). Stated

otherwise, the State’s decision to enter into a collective bargaining agreement establishing

the opportunity for union representation for civilian employees during criminal

investigations is not dispositive of the County’s authority to do so. The circumstance

remains that neither PGCC § 13A-109(a) (“The employer and the exclusive [collective

bargaining] representative . . . shall negotiate in good faith with respect to wages, hours

and other terms and conditions of employment [that] are subject to negotiation under this

law[.]”) nor any other provision of the Prince George’s County Code or the Code of

Maryland provides the County with the authority to engage in collective bargaining about

matters that are related to the prevention of crime or the conducting of criminal

investigations. Reaching a conclusion that is similar to that of the Appellate Court of

Illinois in Ill. State Police, 751 N.E.2d at 1266, we conclude that, when the Prince George’s

County Police Department is investigating an employee’s criminal conduct, the police

department is acting under its statutorily mandated duty to enforce the laws of Prince

George’s County. See PGCC § 18-135(a)(5) (“The Police Department functions shall be

as follows: . . . (5) The enforcement of th[e PGCC] and all other laws and ordinances.”).

The County lacked the authority in the collective bargaining process to grant contractual

rights to police civilian employees in criminal investigations that the Prince George’s

County Police Department is required by statute to conduct. We decline to conclude that,

because the State entered into a collective bargaining agreement extending the Weingarten

right to criminal investigations, the County was therefore empowered to do the same.


                                           - 28 -
       Our conclusion in this case does not at all undermine the well-established principles

that “judicial review of an arbitration award is very narrowly limited,” Downey, 428 Md.

at 268, 51 A.3d at 585 (citation omitted); that “[m]ere errors of law . . . do not ordinarily

furnish grounds for a court to vacate . . . an arbitration award[,]” id. at 266, 51 A.3d at 583

(brackets, citations, and internal quotation marks omitted); and that a court may not

substitute its interpretation of a contract for an arbitrator’s, see Amalgamated Transit

Union, Div. 1300, 305 Md. at 388, 504 A.2d at 1136 (“[S]o far as the arbitrator’s decision

concerns construction of the contract, the courts have no business overruling [the

arbitration award] because their interpretation of the contract is different from [the

arbitrator’s].” (Citation omitted)). Notably, CJ § 3-224(b)(3) states: “[A] court shall vacate

an [arbitration] award if . . . [t]he arbitrators exceeded their powers[.]” In determining

whether an arbitrator exceeded the arbitrator’s powers, a court does not review the

arbitrator’s interpretation of a contract for legal correctness. See Downey, 428 Md. at 263,

51 A.3d at 582 (“[J]udicial review of an arbitrat[ion] award on the basis of . . . ‘manifest

error of law’ does not fall within any of the grounds [] in [CJ] § 3-224(b)[.]”). Instead, in

determining whether an arbitrator exceeded the arbitrator’s powers, a court determines

whether the arbitrator acted within the scope of the arbitrator’s authority. See id. at 263,

51 A.3d at 582 (“[A]n issue or matter resolved by an award may be rational and legally

correct but the arbitrator, under the arbitration agreement, may have had no power or

authority to resolve the particular issue.” (Emphasis added)). Thus, our case law

establishes a distinction between review of an arbitration award for correctness—as

opposed to review of the validity of a collective bargaining agreement or whether the


                                            - 29 -
arbitrator exceed the arbitrator’s authority.

       Finally, we dispose of the Association’s contention that this Court cannot conclude

that the County lacked the authority to contract away its ability to conduct criminal

investigations without making Weingarten advisements, as the County did not “submit

th[e] question of negotiability to” the Prince George’s County Public Employee Relations

Board. The Prince George’s County Public Employee Relations Board’s duties include

resolving negotiability disputes.     See PGCC § 13A-110(f)(1) (“The [Unfair Labor

Practices] Panel [of the Prince George’s County Public Employee Relations Board] may

issue a statement, accompanied by reasons therefor, indicating whether item in dispute is

negotiable.”). PGCC § 13A-110(a) defines a “negotiability dispute” as occurring “when a

labor organization and an employer disagree on whether the collective bargaining

agreement, applicable rules or regulations, this law, other law or the [Prince George’s]

County Charter, as the case may be, prohibits bargaining with respect to a specified

matter.” Significantly, PGCC § 13A-110(b) states: “[D]isputes over what is subject to a

grievance procedure and what is arbitrable under such procedure shall not be resolved

under the procedures set forth in” PGCC § 13A-110. (Emphasis added). In other words,

under PGCC § 13A-110, an arbitrator, not the Prince George’s County Public Employee

Relations Board, decides in the first instance whether a matter that arises out of a grievance

is arbitrable. In turn, under CJ § 3-224(b)(3), a court reviews an arbitration award to

determine whether an arbitrator “exceeded [the arbitrator’s] powers[.]” Here, we have the

statutory authority to review the arbitration award and decide whether the arbitrator

exceeded his authority.


                                            - 30 -
       In sum, a careful review of Maryland case law and authority from other jurisdictions

leads to the conclusion that an arbitration award may be vacated where an arbitrator

exceeded his or her authority and that an arbitrator exceeds the arbitrator’s authority by

issuing an award where one of the parties lacked authority to enter into the underlying

contract. For the reasons set forth above, we conclude that PGCC § 13A-109(a) does not

confer upon the County the authority to enter into a collective bargaining agreement

requiring that a police civilian employee be advised of a right to have a union representative

present before a criminal investigative interview by the Prince George’s County Police

Department. The judgment of the Court of Special Appeals is hereby affirmed in part and

reversed in part. We affirm the judgment of the Court of Special Appeals vacating the

judgment of the circuit court and remanding for further proceedings. We reverse, however,

the judgment of the Court of Special Appeals insofar as the Court ordered that the case be

remanded for the purpose of a rehearing before a new arbitrator. Rather, we hold that the

case shall be remanded for consideration of an appropriate award by the same arbitrator

based on the existing grounds supporting the award, absent the alleged Weingarten

violation.   The case shall be remanded for further proceedings consistent with this

opinion.16


       16
         Although we do not decide the issue of back pay and reinstatement, we provide
the following for guidance upon remand. Before this Court, the County contended that the
arbitrator lacked the authority to award reinstatement and back pay to Ford based at least
partially on the County’s violation of the collective bargaining agreement (i.e., the failure
of the officers of the Criminal Investigations Division to advise Ford of his Weingarten
right). The Association responded that the arbitrator had the authority to award
reinstatement and back pay to Ford because the arbitrator based the award on multiple


                                            - 31 -
                                   JUDGMENT OF THE COURT OF SPECIAL
                                   APPEALS    AFFIRMED   IN   PART   AND
                                   REVERSED IN PART AS STATED IN THE
                                   OPINION. PETITIONER TO PAY COSTS.




considerations, not just the failure of the officers of the Criminal Investigations Division
to advise Ford of his Weingarten right.
        In opposing the remedy of back pay and reinstatement based on an alleged
Weingarten violation, the County relied on Taracorp Indus., 273 N.L.R.B. 221, 223 (1984),
in which the National Labor Relations Board held: “[W]e are without authority to order
reinstatement and back[ ]pay as a remedy for a Weingarten violation.” Taracorp concerns
the propriety of reinstatement and back pay based exclusively on a Weingarten violation,
which is no longer a concern in this case given our holding. Taracorp has no value in
assessing the propriety of an award of reinstatement and back pay where an alleged
Weingarten violation is not sustained. Here, independent of the alleged Weingarten
violation, the arbitrator based the award on the following considerations: (1) Ford never
“acted with the intent that would be required to prove that he [committed] the crimes
enumerated in the charges against him”; (2) the County’s “personnel procedures . . .
encourage progressive discipline”; and (3) the County’s personnel “procedures also
recommend that mitigating factors . . . be taken into consideration,” and Ford’s misconduct
was mitigated by his “excellent employment record[.]”
        CJ § 3-225(a) provides that “[i]f any award is vacated on grounds other than those
stated in [CJ] § 3-224(b)(5) of this subtitle, the court may order a rehearing before new
arbitrators selected by the parties as provided by the agreement, or by the court in the
absence of an agreement as provided in [CJ] § 3-211[.]” Upon setting forth CJ § 3-225(a),
the Court of Special Appeals vacated the arbitrator’s decision and award, stating: “After
rehearing, the decision of the new arbitrator will be the final award, subject to the very
limited judicial review applicable to arbitration awards generally.” Prince George’s Cnty.,
219 Md. App. at 137, 98 A.3d at 1111 (citations omitted). We disagree with the Court of
Special Appeals that the case must be remanded for a rehearing pursuant to CJ § 3-225(a)
before a new arbitrator. The arbitrator conducted a full hearing, made detailed findings of
fact, and issued an award on four grounds, three of which exist independent of the alleged
Weingarten violation. The case shall be remanded to the same arbitrator for consideration
in light of our holding in this case. Specifically, on remand, the arbitrator shall determine
whether the three grounds for the award that were independent of the alleged Weingarten
violation—lack of intent, progressive discipline, and mitigating factors—are or are not
sufficient to support an award for back pay and reinstatement or a different award.

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