Filed 5/23/16 In re Gianna S. CA1/4
                      NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.


              IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                       FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                 DIVISION FOUR


In re Gianna S., A Person Coming Under
the Juvenile Court Law.


SONOMA COUNTY HUMAN
SERVICES DEPARTMENT,
         Plaintiff and Respondent,                                   A144617
v.
                                                                     (Sonoma County
C.S.,                                                                Super. Ct. No. 4429-DEP)
         Defendant and Appellant.



            In this dependency appeal, C.S. (mother) seeks relief from a juvenile court
dispositional order removing her daughter, Gianna (born Oct. 2009), from her physical
custody and denying her reunification services in accordance with section 361.5,
subdivision (b)(13), of the Welfare and Institutions Code (subdivision (b)(13)).1 On
appeal, mother argues that the juvenile court: (1) improperly interpreted subdivision
(b)(13) to allow for bypass of reunification services even though mother had not
previously been treated for “extensive, abusive, and chronic” substance abuse; (2)
erroneously refused to order reunification services in Gianna’s best interests pursuant to
subdivision (c) of section 361.5; and (3) incorrectly found, under the Indian Child

1
 All statutory references are to the Welfare and Institutions Code unless otherwise
specified.

                                                             1
Welfare Act (ICWA), 25 U.S.C. § 1901 et seq., that sufficient “active efforts” were made
in this case to prevent the breakup of the Indian family. Having reviewed this matter in
some detail, however, we see no reversible error and therefore affirm the juvenile court’s
dispositional order.
                                    I. BACKGROUND
       Mother—who is an enrolled member of the Kashia Band of Pomo Indians of the
Stewarts Point Rancheria (Tribe)—has a long and unfortunate history with the Sonoma
County Human Services Department (Department). After ten child welfare referrals
involving mother as a minor, she was, herself, made a juvenile court dependent from
1996 through 2003. Mother reported that she was born addicted to heroin and that both
of her parents struggled with substance abuse. She also stated that she was raped while in
placement under the care of the Department. In April 2001, at age 15, mother was
arrested on a battery charge, which was ultimately dismissed. However, according to the
case closure summary report which was filed in connection with the termination of her
dependency in 2003, mother had demonstrated, during the previous two years, “a pattern
of escalating self-injurious and assaultive behaviors that necessitated numerous
psychiatric hospitalizations in acute care facilities.” As a result, she was referred to the
county conservator and committed to the state hospital. Thereafter, in May 2004, at age
18, mother was detained for resisting a public officer.
       Gianna’s presumed father, William R., and mother began co-habitating in
approximately 2005 and married in 2008.2 In December 2008, mother was arrested for
unlawful possession of a controlled substance (Bus. & Prof. Code, § 4060); being under
the influence of a controlled substance (Health & Saf. Code, §11550, subd. (a)); and
possession of controlled substance paraphernalia (former Health & Saf. Code, § 11364.1,
subd. (a); see now id., § 11364, subd. (a)). In connection with these charges, mother was
court ordered into a deferred judgment program. Subsequently, in September 2009—


2
 Father was granted reunification services at the dispositional hearing at issue in these
proceedings. He has not appealed and is therefore not involved in this matter.

                                              2
after she successfully completed drug treatment and the drug court program—the
criminal matter was dismissed. Gianna was born one month later, in October 2009.
       In June 2011, the Department received a referral alleging general neglect of then
20-month-old Gianna by her parents. The reporting party—a representative of Tribal
TANF3—had received a phone call from mother in a bar, stating that she was drunk and
wanted to hurt herself, although she did not have a plan to do so. The police responded,
but did not detain mother. Instead, they recommended a detox/drug treatment program
for her. According to the referral, mother and father then argued the next day about her
infidelity. Although father was intoxicated, mother left Gianna in his care and went to
her bedroom to lie down. Reportedly, father then went looking for the man mother had
been involved with, leaving Gianna unattended. When mother woke up and discovered
this, she was so upset that she locked herself in the bathroom with a box cutter and started
cutting herself. She claims, however, not to have been suicidal. At some point, father
returned and mother was taken to a psychiatric hospital where she was held overnight.
        The social worker substantiated the neglect referral. Both parents admitted to
using methamphetamine and drinking alcohol. In addition, at the time of her hospital
admittance, mother tested positive for tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the primary
intoxicant in marijuana. Further, both parents admitted that they had used drugs together
throughout their relationship, other than the period when mother was pregnant and
breastfeeding Gianna. However, after Tribal TANF cut their aid due to their substance
abuse, the parents claimed to have had “an awakening.” Mother was attending Narcotics
Anonymous (NA) meetings and a women’s recovery group through Tribal Health. In
addition, both parents were required to do random drug testing for Tribal TANF and had
consistently tested negative for methamphetamine. After the social worker referred the

3
  Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF) is a federal block grant program that
replaced Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC). Under the law, federally
recognized tribes have been given the authority to independently design, administer, and
operate their own Tribal TANF programs. (See California Department of Social
Services, About Tribal TANF, California Tribal TANF Program
<http://tribaltanf.cdss.ca.gov/PG253.htm> [as of May 20, 2016].)

                                             3
parents to therapy and parenting classes—and the caseworker from Tribal TANF stated
that she would “continue to require the family to drug test and check in with them
frequently regarding the state of their relationship”—the Department closed the case.
         In December 2012, however, the Department received another referral alleging
neglect of Gianna. Specifically, the reporting party indicated concern about the parents’
ability to provide care for Gianna and stated that mother had not followed through with a
recommendation that she engage in residential drug treatment. In addition, father had
reportedly been in the hospital over the weekend after allegedly overdosing on heroin and
mother’s pain medication. According to the reporting party, father was Gianna’s primary
caregiver due to mother’s mental health issues, which impaired her ability to care for the
minor.
         When the investigating social worker interviewed the parents, father reported that
he did not use heroin, but was prescribed Norco for a back injury. With respect to the
incident in question, father stated that the family was out and he was having back pain,
but had forgotten his pills. Mother claimed that she gave him what she believed to be one
of her prescription Percocet pills, but accidentally gave him, instead, one of her
prescribed Methadone pills, after which father had a seizure and was hospitalized. As for
mother’s failure to engage in residential drug treatment, mother reportedly made several
excuses, some of which seemed valid and some of which seemed to just be excuses.
After the social worker emphasized the need for mother to engage in treatment in order to
care for her daughter safely, mother quickly made arrangements for outpatient services
through Turning Point, developing a treatment plan which included pain management,
mental health management, substance abuse treatment, and parenting classes.
         The Department substantiated the neglect referral, and closed the case the next
month. The social worker, however, stressed to the parents that father’s stability was the
family’s “saving grace,” and that he had concluded that there was no imminent danger to
Gianna given father’s role in her life. He further explained that “should another referral
be received, and should [mother] not follow through with engaging in services, the



                                              4
Department would be forced to take a more aggressive role with the family in an effort to
ensure that Gianna [was] being cared for appropriately.”
       Several months later, in May 2013, the police responded to the parents’ home.
Mother was agitated and stated that father had attacked her after they argued over
infidelity. Specifically, mother claimed that the couple were fighting over the cell phone,
which she was holding against her chest, and during the struggle she was scratched in
multiple locations on her chest and neck. As a result, the police arrested father for
corporal injury to a spouse. Later, however, mother admitted under oath that she had
made the whole thing up, cutting herself with the cell phone. Thereafter, according to
father, mother attempted to run him over with a car on October 31, 2013.
       Then, on May 12, 2014, at 1:45 a.m., a Sonoma County Sheriff’s deputy stopped
the car mother was driving for a traffic violation. Four-year-old Gianna was asleep in the
back seat. Upon approaching the car, the deputy noticed signs that mother might be
under the influence of a controlled substance. He observed a large amount of currency on
the passenger seat and a burnt marijuana roach in the ashtray. Mother admitted that she
also had marijuana and prescription medication in the vehicle. In addition, a capped
syringe was discovered under mother’s shirt leaking brown fluid, which she confirmed
was heroin. The officer also found several empty syringes and a glass pipe containing
what looked like burnt methamphetamine in mother’s purse. A subsequent search of the
vehicle revealed additional heroin and more syringes in another purse owned by mother,
a small digital scale, and a glass pipe containing burnt marijuana in the glove
compartment. As a result of this incident, mother was taken to the county jail, cited for
possession of paraphernalia, and released with Gianna.
       After the Department received a referral based on mother’s May 2014 arrest, the
social worker contacted the Tribe’s ICWA representative, Liz DeRouen, to schedule a
joint home visit. Although Liz was unavailable, Laila DeRouen (interchangeably with
Liz, the ICWA Representative) accompanied the social worker for an unannounced visit
on June 16, 2014. At that time (10:45 a.m.), mother was still asleep and the living space
was in “complete disarray,” with piles of clothing, boxes, and other items piled


                                             5
everywhere and crumbled cookies and food stains on the floor. When she emerged from
the bedroom, mother—who appeared not to have showered “for awhile”—became
belligerent and yelled repeatedly at the social worker. When she realized she had missed
a medical appointment, she “started hitting herself on the head and began to cry
uncontrollably.” Later, when Gianna came into the room and observed her mother
“crying, screaming, and swearing,” her eyes were opened widely, and she “quickly pulled
the hoodie on her shirt over her head and ran away.”
       Mother has been diagnosed with myofacial syndrome which causes her pain.
Mother admitted that she had been using heroin to help with her back pain, most recently
“about a week ago.” Father reported that mother received methadone, Dilaudid, and
Oxycontin from her doctor, remarking that mother “takes so much medication that it’s a
wonder she is still walking.” Both parents confirmed that mother abused her prescription
pain medication. In the end, father agreed that both he and mother would drug test that
day. However, although the social worker reminded him that they would both need
identification (ID), the parents later called and said that they were unable to drug test
because they did not have ID with them.
       On June 17, 2014, the social worker called the parents to inform them that a Team
Decision Meeting (TDM) would be held the next day with respect to Gianna. When she
spoke with mother, however, mother stated that “she was planning to take her daughter,
Gianna, to a place where no one would know where she is and no one could get their
hands on her.” As a result of this conversation, the social worker decided to seek a
protective custody warrant from the juvenile court and take Gianna into custody that day.
She informed the ICWA Representative of the situation and scheduled an emergency
TDM for that afternoon.
       Both parents and the ICWA Representative attended the TDM to discuss the
emergency placement of Gianna. Father was unable to suggest any acceptable placement
options for the minor. The ICWA Representative also called “numerous possible
placements,” but was unsuccessful in locating a viable option for Gianna. As for mother,
she was volatile during the meeting and was therefore asked to leave. Father reported


                                              6
that Gianna was with the maternal great-grandmother, but by the time the social worker
and the ICWA Representative arrived, mother had absconded with Gianna on foot. The
juvenile court issued a protective custody warrant that day. The next day, the Department
filed a petition pursuant to subdivision (b) of section 300, alleging that Gianna was at
serious risk of harm due to mother’s substance abuse problem and the parents’ issues
with domestic violence. At the detention hearing on June 19, 2014, the juvenile court
formally detained Gianna, although her whereabouts remained unknown. Father and the
ICWA Representative were present.
       Gianna was finally placed in protective custody a week later when, on June 24,
2014, the maternal great-aunt contacted the social worker and indicated that she would be
bringing mother and Gianna into the Department so that Gianna could be removed.
When they arrived, mother took Gianna into the bathroom and had to be coaxed by the
maternal great-aunt until she eventually emerged. At that point, “[mother’s] head and
hair was completely drenched with water as though she had just washed her hair in the
bathroom sink and she was brushing it. The water was covering the top half of her shirt
and she was wide-eyed, crying, and looked scattered and frightened. Gianna had an
awkward smile on her face and looked unaware of the chaotic scene she stood in the
middle of.” Mother continued to act erratically. Despite being in a lobby filled with
clients and social workers, mother vacillated between crying and speaking in a loud,
angry voice, yelling at one point: “Are you going to take her to Valley of the Moon, so
she can get raped just like I did?!?” Ultimately, after pushing away from her sobbing
mother’s hug, Gianna was able to easily separate from her.
       The social worker then spent an hour with mother and the maternal great-aunt,
trying to calm mother down, as she was still sobbing uncontrollably. During this
conversation, mother stated that she had no reason to live and was going to kill herself.
She also stated that “she wanted to ‘go into a hole with my daughter’ and that she needed
Gianna for emotional support.” In addition, mother admitted that she was abusing pills
that were not prescribed for her and that she had used heroin. The social worker believed
that mother was under the influence and also a possible safety threat to herself. She


                                             7
therefore called the ICWA Representative to discuss treatment options, and together they
decided that mother should be psychiatrically evaluated at the Sonoma County Indian
Health Project (SCIHP), where she received medical treatment.
       Subsequently, the medical social worker at SCIHP informed the Department social
worker that mother was under the influence when she arrived and tested positive for
amphetamine, methamphetamine, oxycodone, methadone, morphine, and THC. He
further stated that, during his assessment, mother presented as “ ‘really scattered, hard to
track, and she couldn’t sit still.’ ” Ultimately, the SCHIP social worker concluded
mother did not meet the criteria for a psychiatric hold, but he referred her to Sutter
Hospital to detox from the drugs.
       The following day, Wednesday, June 25, 2014, the Department social worker
thought mother might be under the influence of opiates because she was much more
subdued and listless. Moreover, the social worker remained concerned for mother’s
safety because she continued to intermittently sob and express despair, with some
suicidal ideation. Ultimately, the social worker supported mother in her plan to attend an
Alcoholics’ Anonymous meeting and then go to Psychiatric Emergency Services (PES)
for evaluation. The social worker asked mother to call her once she was settled to let her
know how she was doing. Unfortunately, the social worker did not hear again from
mother until Monday, June 30.
       On that date, mother was “significantly mentally and emotionally distraught.”
Although she was unable to provide a clear chronology of events, the social worker
gleaned that mother had gone to PES for psychiatric care, after her previous talk with the
social worker on Wednesday the 25th, but was sent to the Orenda Center because she
needed to detox. When she arrived at Orenda she was having muscle spasms, so 911 was
called and she was taken to the hospital. Mother reported that she left the hospital against
medical advice (AMA) and in her hospital gown. She further stated that, at some point
on Friday, the 27th of June, she attempted to return to the Orenda Center but could not be
admitted. She then “ ‘got drunk,’ ” and was walking aimlessly around Santa Rosa.
Mother believed that she was sexually assaulted in the early morning hours of Saturday,


                                              8
June 28, stating that she was eventually “ ‘found in a field’ ” and taken to the hospital.
From there, she was sent to PES, where she spent the night of Sunday, June 29, before
being released on the 30th. Throughout her recitation of events, mother was sobbing
uncontrollably, difficult to understand “in her speech and thought,” and appeared out of
control.
       Thereafter, on July 14, 2014, the Department filed its jurisdictional report, noting
that ICWA applies to this case because mother is an enrolled member of the Tribe and
Gianna is eligible for membership. Indeed, the Tribe had filed a formal resolution with
the juvenile court on June 30, 2014, indicating that Gianna is an “Indian child” for
purposes of the ICWA and that the Tribe was formally intervening in her dependency
proceedings. With respect to the allegations in the petition, the social worker explained
that she had difficulty obtaining a response from mother, both because mother was hard
to reach and because her “significant mental and emotional instability and drug use”
made her conversations “often erratic in nature, scattered, and tangential.” The
Department noted that mother continued to engage in dangerous behaviors, including
substance abuse and putting herself in perilous situations, which demonstrated her
inability to care for herself or a small child. It thus requested that the juvenile court
establish jurisdiction and order two psychological evaluations for mother to determine
her ability to successfully participate in family reunification. At the conclusion of the
contested jurisdictional hearing on August 7, 2014, the juvenile court determined the
allegations in the petition to be true, found Gianna to be a child described by subdivision
(b) of section 300, and ordered the psychological evaluations as requested.
       The Department filed its dispositional report on September 22, 2014. According
to the report, mother had pled guilty in July 2014 to the drug-related charges filed in
connection with her May 2014 arrest. She was found eligible for drug court, imposition
of sentence was suspended, and she was referred to drug treatment. In addition, mother
was ordered to obey all laws and not to possess or use any alcohol, non-prescribed drugs,
or drug paraphernalia. And, she was required to submit to random drug testing. On
August 12, 2014, mother reported to the social worker that she was referred to the Drug


                                               9
Abuse Alternative Center (DAAC) for treatment and would be attending an intake
appointment. The social worker, however, never received any confirmation that mother
actually engaged with DAAC. Mother also told the social worker that she was involved
with Santa Rosa Treatment Center for methadone maintenance, but, according to the
social worker, mother’s participation could not be confirmed and was reported by mother
to have ceased after approximately one week.
       Instead, mother’s substance abuse and emotional instability continued. Father
moved out of the family home, and indicated his intention to remain separated from
mother. On August 31, 2014, he called the police after mother reported attempting
suicide by taking approximately 100 Topamax pills and running from the house. The
police located mother on the side of the road. According to the reporting officer, mother
was sobbing and unresponsive to questions, “was unable to form words and sentences,
and appeared to be in an altered state of consciousness.” The officer determined mother
to be a danger to herself and, in accordance with section 5150, detained her for
psychiatric evaluation. She required restraints during her transfer to the hospital. Later,
at the hospital, heroin and methamphetamine were found concealed inside a hypodermic
needle cap in mother’s bra. A small amount of marijuana was also found in her purse.
The matter was referred to the District Attorney to file charges. In addition, according to
father, he was informed that mother had tested positive “ ‘for all kinds of stuff.’ ”
       Mother was eventually transported to PES for the remainder of her 5150 hold. On
September 2, 2014, she was placed on an extended hold in another facility pursuant to
section 5250. She was released on or about September 12, 2014. On September 15,
2014, the social worker met with mother and told her that she wanted to refer her for
residential treatment. Mother, however, stated that she could not engage in such
treatment because she had animals she needed to take care of—this, after just stating that
she would participate in “any and all” services to reunify with Gianna.
       Visitation with Gianna was reported to be relatively consistent and positive.
However, according to the social worker, mother “has been observed, on occasion to be
profusely sweating, exhibiting pressured and rapid speech, and tangential in her thoughts;


                                             10
these are behaviors and symptoms often indicative of someone who is under the influence
or entering withdrawal. [Mother] has also left the visits intermittently, often to retrieve
items from the car, to the extent that it has been a noticeable behavior. On other
occasions [mother] is loud and intense in her demeanor, with [father] frequently
encouraging her to calm down.” Additionally, Gianna had commented during visits that
her parents let her “ ‘watch bad movies.’ ” And, during an August 2014 visit, “Gianna
drank orange juice her mother brought her and immediately asked [her mother] if it was
alcohol.” Mother quickly explained that Gianna had snuck sips of her mixed drinks in
the past.
        According to the social worker’s dispositional assessment, mother’s “mental
health and substance abuse problems are, individually, extreme; however, as they are co-
occurring, chronic, and overwhelmingly untreated the sorrowful reality is the mother’s
prognosis for success in reunifying with Gianna is improbable.” The Department
therefore recommended denial of reunification services for mother in accordance with
subdivision (b)(13), which allows for bypass of services when a parent is a chronic
substance abuser who has resisted prior court-ordered substance abuse treatment.
(§ 361.5, subd. (b)(13).) In advance of the dispositional hearing, the Department also
provided the declaration of a designated Indian expert who stated that, in her expert
opinion, continued custody of Gianna by her parents would cause the minor serious
emotional or physical damage. According to the expert, the Tribe supported her
recommendation of out-of-home placement for Gianna.
       The dispositional hearing began on September 24, 2014. At the hearing, Gianna’s
attorney reported that Gianna had disclosed that mother had told her to keep secret
mother’s plan to have a man remove Gianna from her foster home. The social worker
confirmed that Gianna had reported the same “secret” to her, the foster mother, and
school personnel, and then cried because she felt bad for telling. The matter was
continued for settlement conference, and mother was ordered to drug test immediately
after court, as she had appeared under the influence to the social worker at a visit earlier
in the day.


                                             11
       At the conclusion of the hearing, a bailiff and the social worker were
accompanying mother to the probation department for drug testing when mother’s
“hostile behavior began to escalate, and she began screaming and cursing. . . . [She]
refused to submit to a urine or swab drug test and became uncontrollable. While seated,
[mother] began repeatedly banging the back of her head against the wall behind her and
had to be placed in restraints. She repeated she wanted to die and was suicidal.” As a
result of this incident, mother was involuntarily detained pursuant to section 5150,
transported to PES, and placed on an extended hold.4
       After settlement proved unsuccessful, mother and the Tribe both contested the
Department’s recommendation that reunification services be denied, and the matter was
continued for trial. The contested dispositional hearing was ultimately held over the
course of several days in January 2015. The social worker testified that she had to
remove Gianna from her foster home due to mother’s threat of removal. Gianna was
moved to the Valley of the Moon Children’s Home and then ultimately placed with her
maternal great-aunt.
       With respect to residential substance abuse treatment, mother was reportedly in
contact with Friendship House at the beginning of the case, but told the social worker that
Friendship House would not accept her due to her medical needs. The social worker
testified that she recommended A Step Up residential treatment program for dual-
diagnosed clients—that is, clients with both mental health and substance abuse issues.
However, mother ultimately reapplied and was admitted to Friendship House and chose
to go there instead. Mother entered Friendship House on October 16, 2014. Thereafter,
on November 10, 2014, mother’s counselor reported to the social worker that mother had
been put on a “talking ban” because she was “struggling with ‘impulsivity,’ ” conflicts
with peers, and some self-harm behavior, specifically banging her head against the wall.
On November 21, 2014, mother was asked to leave Friendship House after she gave her

4
  Later, mother testified as follows regarding her behavior: “I thought if I gave a dirty
test, I would lose my daughter. So I decided to act kind of crazy, and it backfired and bit
me in the butt.”

                                            12
prescription medication to another resident. She was able to enter another residential
treatment program, Center Point, on November 24, and remained there at the time of the
dispositional hearing.
       The ICWA Representative then testified, opining that culturally relevant
preventative services had not been provided to mother. She also stated that she believed
providing mother with reunification services would be in Gianna’s best interests. In
response, the social worker testified exhaustively regarding the efforts that had been
made for mother in coordination with the Tribe since the commencement of the case. In
addition, according to the social worker, mother had again been court-ordered to
participate in treatment by the criminal court on January 16, 2015. However, this did not
change her opinion that bypass of services was appropriate in this case because mother
had been “[c]ourt-ordered to that in the past and, unfortunately, it’s been unsuccessful.”
Finally, mother testified regarding her progress in residential treatment and her desire to
reunify with Gianna. She admitted that she was a drug addict with a long history of drug
use “off and on.”
       At the conclusion of the January 2015 contested disposition hearing, the judge
declared Gianna to be a juvenile court dependent, removed her from the physical custody
of both parents, and ordered reunification services for father. With respect to mother, the
juvenile court first concluded that mother was described by subdivision (b)(13) and
therefore qualified for bypass of reunification services. With respect to Gianna’s best
interests, the court opined: “[L]ooking at what is in Gianna’s best interests, I used the
term before, that her life has been a pingpong ball in a tornado, and she needs the wind to
die down. I just—I can’t go any other route for her.” Thus, mother was also denied
reunification services under section 361.5, subdivision (c), because they were not in the
best interests of the child. Thereafter, mother’s timely notice of appeal brought the
matter before this court.




                                             13
                                     II. DISCUSSION
A.     Reunification Bypass Under Subdivision (b)(13)
       As a general rule, when a child is removed from parental custody under the
dependency laws, the juvenile court is required to provide reunification services to “the
child and the child’s mother and statutorily presumed father.” (§ 361.5, subd. (a).) The
purpose of reunification efforts is to “eliminate the conditions leading to loss of custody
and facilitate reunification of parent and child. This furthers the goal of preservation of
family, whenever possible.” (In re Baby Boy H. (1998) 63 Cal.App.4th 470, 478 (Baby
Boy H.).) However, it is also the “intent of the Legislature, especially with regard to
young children, . . . that the dependency process proceed with deliberate speed and
without undue delay.” (Marlene M. v. Superior Court (2000) 80 Cal.App.4th 1139,
1151.) Thus, the statutory scheme recognizes that there are cases in which the delay
attributable to the provision of reunification services would be more detrimental to the
minor than discounting the competing goal of family preservation. (See Ibid.)
Specifically, section 361.5, subdivision (b), exempts from reunification services “those
parents who are unlikely to benefit” from such services or for whom reunification efforts
are likely to be “fruitless.” (In re Joshua M. (1998) 66 Cal.App.4th 458, 474; Baby Boy
H., supra, 63 Cal.App.4th at p. 478.) Under such circumstances, a child’s need for
stability and permanence outweighs a parent’s interest in reunification.
       The statutory sections authorizing denial of reunification services are sometimes
referred to as “bypass” provisions. (Melissa R. v. Superior Court (2012) 207 Cal.App.4th
816, 821 (Melissa R.).) In the present case, the juvenile court denied reunification
services to mother based on one such bypass provision, subdivision (b)(13), which
provides, in relevant part, that reunification services shall generally not be ordered for a
parent if the court finds by clear and convincing evidence that the parent “has a history of
extensive, abusive, and chronic use of drugs or alcohol and has resisted prior court-
ordered treatment for this problem during a three-year period immediately prior to the
filing of the petition that brought that child to the court’s attention.” (§ 361.5, subds.
(b)(13) & (c).)


                                              14
       In 2002, the Legislature amended subdivision (b)(13) to clarify that the prior
treatment required under the statute was prior court-ordered treatment rather than
voluntary treatment. (See D.B. v. Superior Court (2009) 171 Cal.App.4th 197, 205
(D.B.).) However, for purposes of the bypass provision, “prior court-ordered treatment”
includes treatment ordered as a condition of parole or probation. (See Id. at p. 204; In re
Brian M. (2000) 82 Cal.App.4th 1398, 1402-1403 (Brian M.).) Moreover, the prior
substance abuse treatment need not have occurred within the three-year period
immediately prior to the filing of the dependency petition at issue. (Laura B. v. Superior
Court (1998) 68 Cal.App.4th 776, 779-780 (Laura B.).) Rather, what is required during
the relevant three-year timeframe is some type of resistance to prior court-ordered
treatment. “Such proof may come in the form of dropping out of programs, but it may
also come in the form of resumption of regular drug use after a period of sobriety.” (Id.
at p. 780.) Thus, successful completion of the prior treatment program is not relevant,
where the evidence shows a return to substance abuse. (Randi R. v. Superior Court
(1998) 64 Cal.App.4th 67, 73 (Randi R.); see also Laura B., supra, 68 Cal.App.4th at p.
780 [“demonstration of a determination to maintain a drug habit” sufficient to establish
resistance to prior treatment].)
       We review an order denying reunification services under subdivision (b) of section
361.5 for substantial evidence. (Cheryl P. v. Superior Court (2006) 139 Cal.App.4th 87,
96.) Under such circumstances, we do not make credibility determinations or reweigh
the evidence. (A.A. v. Superior Court (2012) 209 Cal.App.4th 237, 242.) Rather, we
“review the entire record in the light most favorable to the trial court’s findings to
determine if there is substantial evidence in the record to support those findings,” keeping
in mind “the heightened burden of proof.” (Ibid.; In re A.E. (2014) 228 Cal.App.4th 820,
826.) Of course, to the extent our analysis involves statutory interpretation, this is a legal
matter which is subject to our de novo review. (Robles v. Employment Development
Dept. (2015) 236 Cal.App.4th 530, 546.)
       In the present case, the record seems to strongly support the juvenile court’s
conclusion that bypass of reunification services for mother was warranted pursuant to


                                              15
subdivision (b)(13). First, it is hard to argue that mother’s relationship with drugs and
alcohol is anything other than “extensive, abusive, and chronic.” (§ 361.5, subd. (b)(13).)
Both parents—who had been living together since approximately 2005—admitted to the
Department in 2011 that they used drugs throughout their relationship, other than the
period when mother was pregnant and breastfeeding Gianna. And mother continued to
test positive for drugs and/or present as under the influence from the Department’s first
intervention in June 2011 until she finally entered residential treatment in October 2014.
Thus—other than the period when she was pregnant and breastfeeding Gianna in and
around 2009—mother had been abusing drugs and alcohol for at least nine years in a
manner that clearly impacted her ability to maintain a safe and stable lifestyle.
       Second, mother indisputably engaged in prior court-ordered substance abuse
treatment when she participated in, and indeed successfully completed, a deferred
judgment drug court program in 2009 in connection with her December 2008 drug-
related arrest. Finally, it is hard to argue that mother’s behaviors between 2011 and the
filing of the instant dependency petition in 2014 amount to anything other than a
“demonstration of a determination to maintain a drug habit” sufficient to establish
resistance to prior treatment. (See Laura B., supra, 68 Cal.App.4th at p. 780.) Indeed,
mother, herself, admits that during this three-year timeframe she had a serious substance
abuse problem. Since mother received prior treatment for her substance abuse, and then
resisted rehabilitation during the three-year period prior to the filing of Gianna’s
dependency petition, the juvenile court’s decision to deny her reunification services under
subdivision (b)(13) was supported by substantial evidence. (Cf. Brian M., supra, 82
Cal.App.4th at p. 1403.)
       In an attempt to avoid this fairly obvious result, however, mother advances for the
first time on appeal a novel argument based on the language of subdivision (b)(13), itself.
Specifically, she asserts at length that the prior substance abuse treatment justifying
bypass under subdivision (b)(13) must not only be court-ordered, but must also be
treatment for the “extensive, abusive, and chronic use of drugs or alcohol.” In mother’s
view, since the statute first requires a “history of extensive, abusive, and chronic use of


                                             16
drugs or alcohol” and then states that the parent must resist “prior court-ordered treatment
for this problem,” the prior treatment must expressly be for “extensive, abusive, and
chronic” substance abuse. (§ 361.5, subd. (b)(13), italics added.) Mother then posits that
there are different levels of substance abuse treatment and contends that, in her case, the
court-ordered drug treatment she completed in 2008 was merely “a standard deferred-
judgment drug-court program of counseling and testing ordered for a first time drug-
related offense.” Moreover, she claims that there is no evidence that she even had a
problem of extensive or chronic substance abuse at the time she was ordered to do the
program in 2008. Under these circumstances, mother concludes that her drug-addicted
behaviors from 2011 through 2014 cannot be viewed as resistance to prior court-ordered
treatment for a chronic problem of substance abuse, and thus bypass under subdivision
(b)(13) was inappropriate. We are not convinced.
       Preliminarily, we disagree with mother’s characterization of the facts. Mother
admitted that she and father had been using drugs together since at least 2005 when their
relationship began. Thus, when mother was arrested on drug-related charges in
December 2008, she had been using drugs continuously for over three years. Moreover,
the fact that mother came to the attention of the criminal justice system in 2008 due to her
drug use attests to the fact that her problem was, at that point, significant and abusive
enough to interfere with her ability to live a safe and stable life. Thus, the record does
support the conclusion that mother was struggling with serious and long-term addiction
issues as early as 2008. Nor are we convinced that mother’s drug court treatment
program for a “first time drug-related offense” was necessarily ineffective to treat serious
substance abuse. Indeed, the only time that mother was able to maintain a significant
period of sobriety between 2005 and 2014 was while she was participating in that
program. Under these circumstances, even if we were to embrace the interpretation of
subdivision (b)(13) championed by mother—requiring proof that the treatment program
which mother subsequently resisted was for serious substance abuse and demanding
evidence that mother was a chronic substance abuser at the time she was ordered to



                                             17
complete that treatment program—substantial evidence supports the juvenile court’s
bypass decision.
       More importantly, however, even if the facts were insufficient to support bypass
under mother’s interpretation of the statute, we are aware of no precedent adding the
additional hurdles mother suggests to the existing requirements of subdivision (b)(13),
and we decline to do so here. (See, e.g. In re William B. (2008) 163 Cal.App.4th 1220,
1229-1230 (William B.); Brian M., supra, 82 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1401-1403 & fn. 3;
Laura B., supra, 68 Cal.App.4th at pp. 779-780; Randi R., supra, 64 Cal.App.4th at pp.
72-73.) It is axiomatic that “[i]n construing a statute we must ascertain the legislative
intent, so as to effectuate the purpose of the law.” (Melissa R., supra, 207 Cal.App.4th at
p. 822.) We believe the best reading of subdivision (b)(13) is that it requires a parent
with a chronic substance abuse problem to have resisted prior court-ordered substance
abuse treatment. Nothing in the statute demands a particular type of substance abuse
treatment or a specific level of addiction at the time that treatment is provided.
Nevertheless, mother’s interpretation is also arguably supportable by the statutory
language, and therefore the statute is ambiguous on this point. When a statute is
ambiguous, we consider “the purpose of the statute, legislative history, and public policy”
and then “ ‘choose the construction that comports most closely with the Legislature’s
apparent intent, endeavoring to promote rather than defeat the statute’s general purpose,
and avoiding a construction that would lead to absurd consequences.’ ” (D.B., supra, 171
Cal.App.4th at p. 203.)
       With respect to the legislative purpose underlying subdivision (b)(13), the statute
“ ‘reflect[s] a legislative determination that an attempt to facilitate reunification between
a parent and child generally is not in the minor’s best interests when the parent is shown
to be a chronic abuser of drugs who has resisted prior treatment for drug abuse.’ ”
(William B., supra, 163 Cal.App.4th at p. 1228.) This is because “[e]xperience tells us
that such a parent has a high risk of reabuse.” (Ibid.) The statute thus allows the court
“to identify parents who, due to their history of substance abuse and resistance to
treatment in the face of penal or other legal sanctions, are unlikely to benefit from


                                             18
reunification services.” (D.B., supra, 171 Cal.App.4th at p. 204.) Presumably, court-
ordered treatment under threat of reincarceration or loss of a child is uniquely situated to
“inspire an abuser of drugs or alcohol to reform.” (See id. at p. 205, fn.5.) If a parent is
ordered to complete such a treatment program and nevertheless returns to a life of
substance abuse, it “suggests that a person is less likely to move toward sobriety in a
timely way and reunify with his or her child” if again court-ordered into treatment. (See
ibid.) As currently interpreted, then, subdivision (b)(13) admirably fulfills its underlying
purpose, and we see no need to further condition its use. Indeed, to do so might restrict
the statute’s reach such that dependent minors’ best interests are not served, and services
are offered in situations where reunification efforts are likely to be fruitless. Importantly,
the court may always order reunification services in a particular case if it finds, under the
specific circumstances before it, that reunification is in the best interests of the child. (§
361.5, subd. (c).)
       Finally, we note that, as stated above, the Legislature amended subdivision (b)(13)
in 2002 to clarify that the prior treatment at issue must be court-ordered rather than
voluntary. (See D.B., supra, 171 Cal.App.4th at p. 205.) Although a number of cases
prior to 2002 addressed the requirements of subdivision (b)(13) without requiring proof
that the prior treatment be expressly for “extensive, abusive, and chronic” substance
abuse, the Legislature did not repudiate these holdings in its 2002 amendment, or
otherwise alter the statutory language to make clear that such an additional finding was
necessary. (See, e.g. Brian M., supra, 82 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1401-1403 & fn. 3; Laura
B., supra, 68 Cal.App.4th at pp. 779-780; Randi R., supra, 64 Cal.App.4th at pp. 72-73.)
“When the Legislature reenacts a statute that has been judicially construed, there is a
strong presumption that it adopts the construction placed on the statute by the courts.
[Citation.] In such circumstances, the Legislature is presumed to have known of and
acquiesced in the prior judicial construction.” (T.P. v. T.W. (2011) 191 Cal.App.4th
1428, 1439.) Thus, this presumption further supports our rejection of mother’s inventive
interpretation of subdivision (b)(13).



                                              19
           In sum, the juvenile court did not err in finding that mother was a parent described
by subdivision (b)(13) of section 361.5.
B.         Reunification Efforts Under Section 361.5, Subdivision (c)
           Pursuant to section 361.5, once the juvenile court determines that a parent is
described by subdivision (b)(13) of that statute, it shall not order reunification services
for the parent “unless the court finds, by clear and convincing evidence, that reunification
is in the best interest of the child.” (§ 361.5, subd. (c).) Moreover, in such a situation, it
is the parent’s burden to prove that the minor would benefit from the provision of court-
ordered services. (See In re Gabriel K. (2012) 203 Cal.App.4th 188, 197 (Gabriel K.).)
At the January 2015 disposition hearing in this case, the juvenile court expressly found
that offering reunification services to mother would not be in Gianna’s best interests.
           In particular, the court stated: “I want mom to succeed. But she has so much to
overcome, a history of failure, mental-health issues, a family history, a life history that’s
just almost crippling.” Given these factors, the court could not conclude that
reunification efforts would likely be successful. Rather, it could find nothing other than
“the substantial risk that Mother’s history is going to be repeating itself.” Further, when
speaking directly of Gianna’s best interests, the court exclaimed: “[H]er life has been a
pingpong ball in a tornado, and she needs the wind to die down. I just—I can’t go any
other route for her.” It thus declined to find reunification efforts for mother to be in
Gianna’s best interests. We review a juvenile court’s best interests determination in this
context for abuse of discretion. (William B., supra, 163 Cal.App.4th at p. 1229 [“[a]
juvenile court has broad discretion when determining whether further reunification
services would be in the best interests of the child under section 361.5, subdivision
(c)”] .)
           “ ‘The concept of a child’s best interest “is an elusive guideline that belies rigid
definition. Its purpose is to maximize a child’s opportunity to develop into a stable, well-
adjusted adult.” ’ ” (William B., supra, 163 Cal.App.4th at p. 1227.) Nevertheless,
precedent supplies certain relevant considerations when making a best interests
determination. For instance, “[t]o determine whether reunification is in the child’s best


                                                 20
interest, the court considers the parent’s current efforts, fitness, and history; the
seriousness of the problem that led to the dependency; the strength of the parent-child and
caretaker-child bonds; and the child’s need for stability and continuity.” (In re Allison J.
(2010) 190 Cal.App.4th 1106, 1116; see also William B., supra, 163 Cal.App.4th at p.
1228.) Further, with respect to stability and continuity, “[s]ubdivision (b)(13) of section
361.5 ‘reflect[s] a legislative determination that an attempt to facilitate reunification
between a parent and child generally is not in the minor’s best interests when the parent is
shown to be a chronic abuser of drugs who has resisted prior treatment for drug abuse.’ ”
(William B., supra, 163 Cal.App.4th at p. 1228.) This is because “[e]xperience tells us
that such a parent has a high risk of reabuse.” (Ibid.) Thus, under such circumstances,
“at least part of the best interest analysis must be a finding that further reunification
services have a likelihood of success. In other words, there must be some ‘reasonable
basis to conclude’ that reunification is possible before services are offered to a parent
who need not be provided them.” (Id. at pp. 1228-1229; see also In re Jesse W. (2007)
157 Cal.App.4th 49, 66 (Jesse W.) [noting that a court in exercising its discretion on the
issue of best interests of the child has the “ability to evaluate whether the parent will
utilize . . . services and whether those services would ultimately inure to the benefit of the
minor”].)
       In the present case, mother agrees that a parent’s likelihood of success if
reunification services were offered is relevant to a best interests calculation. In support
of her position that services should have been provided to her, mother argues that
considerable evidence exists that she was strongly motivated to reunify and was making
progress in residential treatment. She also offers the ICWA Representative’s opinion that
mother was receptive to services and likely to benefit from them. In highlighting this
evidence, however, mother ignores the significant contrary evidence in the record, in
particular the juvenile court’s express findings that mother’s current efforts were simply
“ ‘too little, too late,’ ” given her history and that she was at “substantial risk” of
repeating that history. In fact, until her three months in residential treatment immediately
prior to the January 2015 dispositional hearing, mother, as detailed above, had resisted


                                               21
drug treatment for years—continuing to abuse drugs; accumulate drug-related criminal
charges; and live a volatile, mentally unstable, and destructive lifestyle. In the social
worker’s opinion, providing reunification services to mother would likely not be
successful and would thus be contrary to Gianna’s need for stability. Under such
circumstances, the court could properly find that mother was unlikely to successfully
utilize reunification services, and thus those services would not ultimately inure to
Gianna’s benefit. (See Jesse W., supra, 157 Cal.App.4th at p. 66.)
       Moreover, we disagree with mother’s characterization of the bypass finding in this
case as “marginal,” another factor she argues supports the provision of reunification
services to her pursuant to section 361.5, subdivision (c). To the contrary, as discussed
above, we believe the evidence here strongly supports the juvenile court’s decision to
deny reunification services for mother based on her significant history of chronic
substance abuse. And, even if mother’s claim had merit, it has no bearing on a best
interests determination, where, as here, the court has otherwise found that mother would
be unlikely to successfully reunify.
       Mother also argues that reunification services were in Gianna’s best interests
because she had a positive bond with her mother. In support of this contention, mother
notes that she raised Gianna for the first five years of her life, that her neglect of Gianna
only related to her “periodic” use of drugs, that prior Department interventions did not
result in removal, and that the ICWA Representative testified that mother should be
granted services for Gianna’s sake. However, while we have no doubt that mother loves
Gianna and that Gianna knows her mother—having lived with her for almost five years—
there is significant evidence in the record that Gianna’s bond with her mother is not a
positive one.5
       For instance, the social worker, although describing Gianna as “charming” and
“sweet,” reported that the minor verbalized darker thoughts and ideation than were

5
  Furthermore, contrary to mother’s contentions, this evidence does not relate solely to
the harm caused to Gianna by mother’s mental collapse in the wake of Gianna’s removal
from her care.

                                              22
typical for a child of her age. On her first night in foster care, when allowed to lead the
prayer at dinner, Gianna commenced a prayer about killing a goat. She had also
exhibited ominous play, involving things such as “ ‘ripping half your face off and it
bleeding,’ cutting arms off, and playing ‘bloody fingers.’ ” The Department was
additionally concerned with how easily Gianna found comfort with strangers, something
the social worker posited might be related to her need to seek safety. Gianna began
calling her foster parents mom and dad on the first night she was placed with them, and
told her foster father she loved him a few days later. She tried to hug and kiss her teacher
when they met on the first day of school. Further, two weeks after Gianna’s detention,
mother reported that Gianna called the social worker her best friend. At that point, the
social worker had only had one contact with the minor, at the time of her removal.
Finally, mother’s behaviors in absconding with Gianna to avoid her detention; in
“stalking” Gianna’s foster family after the minor’s detention; and in telling Gianna to
keep secret mother’s plan to have a man take her from her foster home were all
significantly destabilizing for the minor. For instance, mother’s behaviors caused Gianna
to be removed from her initial foster home where she was happy and doing well and also
delayed necessary therapy for the minor because arrangements had to be made for
services through her new placement.
       Moreover—and in direct contravention of mother’s claim that the neglect suffered
by Gianna was somehow not significant because it did not previously result in her
removal and was based solely on mother’s “periodic” use of drugs—the record reveals
substantial evidence that mother’s issues were pervasive within the family and had a
tremendously destabilizing effect on Gianna. In fact, “the consistent report from adult
family, service providers, and collaterals, is that their experiences of [mother were]
frequently ones of chaos and frenzy, with the mother presenting with extreme behavioral,
emotional, and mental variances.” In the opinion of the social worker, “[i]t would be
difficult for a child to grow up in such a home with this amount of volatility and be able
to develop the ability to self regulate their own emotions and mental health.” In fact, she
observed Gianna to be overwhelmed by her mother’s anxiety and “frantic” demeanor.


                                             23
During mother’s emotional outbursts, Gianna would stand wide-eyed and silent. On one
occasion, when she experienced her mother “crying, screaming, and swearing,” Gianna
“quickly pulled the hoodie on her shirt over her head and ran away.” Moreover, the
minor appeared to take mother’s anxieties on as her own. When speaking to the social
worker about her “worries” during a visit, “Gianna spontaneously dropped her head,
placed her hands over her eyes and slowly pulled her hair down in front of her face,
covering it.” The social worker described this behavior as “unnerving” because it was
“eerily similar” to mother’s behavior when stressed. On another occasion, Gianna
verbalized that she was worried her mother would jump from a roof and “get dead.”
Mother’s assertions to the contrary, this is not the picture of a positive and nurturing
mother-daughter bond.
       Finally, mother argues that she should have been offered reunification services in
Gianna’s case because, since father was provided with services, denying mother services
would not hasten permanency and was thus of no “appreciable benefit” to Gianna. We
disagree. Certainly, the fact that another parent is being offered reunification services is
relevant to the juvenile court’s analysis of a minor’s best interests under subdivision (c)
of section 361.5. (See In re G.L. (2014) 222 Cal.App.4th 1153, 1163, 1165.) However, it
is not dispositive. (In re Lana S. (2012) 207 Cal.App.4th 94, 109 (Lana S.).) In Lana S.,
for instance, the appellate court upheld a denial of reunification services to a mother,
despite the provision of services to the father, where the mother had a chronic substance
abuse problem, had previously resisted treatment, and was unlikely to successfully
participate in court-ordered services. (Lana S., supra, 207 Cal.App.4th at pp. 98-99, 108-
109.) Similarly, here, the juvenile court concluded that the provision of reunification
services to mother would likely prove fruitless given her history, and thus appropriately
focused reunification efforts on father as the parent most likely to reunify. (See Gabriel
K., supra, 203 Cal.App.4th at p. 196.) Moreover, as the juvenile court recognized,
significant evidence in the record supports the conclusion that Gianna was harmed by
exposure to mother’s volatile and dangerous behaviors and thus required protection from
that instability, regardless of the provision of services to father.


                                               24
       Under these circumstances, we see no error in the juvenile court’s decision to deny
reunification services to mother under section 361.5, subdivision (c), and certainly no
abuse of discretion.
C.     Active Efforts Under the ICWA
       Under the ICWA, before an Indian child may be removed from parental custody, a
child welfare agency must “satisfy the court that active efforts have been made to provide
remedial services and rehabilitative programs designed to prevent the breakup of the
Indian family and that these efforts have proved unsuccessful.” (25 U.S.C. § 1912(d); see
also § 361, subd. (d); 361.7, subd. (a); Cal. Rules of Court, rule 5.484(c).) With respect
to “active efforts,” California law provides: “What constitutes active efforts shall be
assessed on a case-by-case basis. The active efforts shall be made in a manner that takes
into account the prevailing social and cultural values, conditions, and way of life of the
Indian child’s tribe. Active efforts shall utilize the available resources of the Indian
child’s extended family, tribe, tribal and other Indian social service agencies, and
individual Indian caregiver service providers.” (§ 361.7, subd. (b).) Given California’s
“ ‘heightened view’ ” of what constitutes reasonable services under state law, there is,
generally speaking, “no significant difference” between the active efforts required by the
ICWA and the reasonable services required pursuant to the dependency statutes. (C.F. v.
Superior Court (2014) 230 Cal.App.4th 227, 238 & fn. 7 (C.F.); see also In re Michael
G. (1998) 63 Cal.App.4th 700, 714 [other than requiring culturally sensitive services,
“the standards in assessing whether ‘active efforts’ were made to prevent the breakup of
the Indian family, and whether reasonable services under state law were provided, are
essentially undifferentiable”].)
       Recognizing the similarities between an active efforts analysis and a reasonable
services determination, this Division reviews a juvenile court’s finding with respect to
active efforts for substantial evidence. (C.F., supra, 230 Cal.App.4th at pp. 238-239.)
Thus, we must review the record in the light most favorable to the judgment. (Id. at
p. 239.) Moreover, we will uphold the juvenile court’s active efforts finding “unless it



                                             25
can be said that no rational factfinder could reach the same conclusion.” (Ibid., internal
quotation marks omitted.)
       Despite this daunting standard of review, mother argues that the juvenile court
erred in finding that sufficient active efforts were made in this case. Specifically, she
contends there is no evidence that the Department provided her with any pre-detention or
pre-dispositional services designed to avoid the dispositional removal of Gianna—that is,
to avoid the breakup of the Indian family. According to mother, the Department
essentially provided no services to her because it intended to request bypass of
reunification services. As our extensive recitation of the facts above makes clear,
however, this is patently untrue.
       In connection with its first substantiated neglect referral in June 2011, the
Department met with the parents with respect to their substance abuse issues, coordinated
with a representative of Tribal TANF regarding continuing drug testing and support
services for the family, referred the parents to therapy and parenting classes, and
determined that mother was attending NA meetings and a women’s recovery group
through Tribal Health. It closed the referral only with the assurance that Tribal TANF
would continue to monitor the family. In December 2012, the Department again
contacted mother when it learned that she was not following through with a
recommendation for residential treatment. After the social worker emphasized the need
for mother to engage in treatment in order to safely care for Gianna, mother agreed to
outpatient services through Turning Point, and a treatment plan was developed for her
which included substance abuse treatment, pain management, mental health management,
and parenting classes. The Department again closed the referral, but warned mother that
if she did not engage in services the Department “would be forced to take a more
aggressive role with the family.”
       Then, when the Department received the most recent referral in connection with
mother’s May 2014 arrest, the Department immediately contacted the ICWA
Representative and worked with her extensively throughout the pre-dispositional period
to arrange appropriate substance abuse and mental health treatment for mother. The


                                             26
social worker’s testimony in this regard was extensive and we will not recount all of it
here.6 Suffice to say that it reflects coordination with, or participation by, the ICWA
Representative with respect to the initial home visit for the family; the availability of
tribal placements for Gianna; both TDMs held for the family at which services were
discussed; the referral of mother to SCIHP for mental health evaluation; the selection of
an appropriate provider for mother’s psychological evaluation; the status of the minor;
and repeated discussions regarding appropriate substance abuse treatment options for
mother. And, while it is true that the ICWA Representative, herself, also worked with
mother to support her and to engage her in services—particularly with respect to
culturally appropriate residential treatment—“such collaboration is precisely what is
called for. Section 361.7 provides that ‘[a]ctive efforts shall utilize the available
resources of the Indian child’s . . . tribe, tribal and other Indian social service agencies,
and individual Indian caregiver service providers.’ ” (C.F., supra, 230 Cal.App.4th at
p. 241.) Thus, taken as a whole, the record contains more than substantial evidence that,
from the initial referral in June 2011 through the January 2015 dispositional hearing,
active efforts were appropriately provided in an attempt to keep Gianna and mother
together.
       Moreover, given the scope of the active efforts made in this case, we do not find
persuasive mother’s additional argument that denying reunification services to her at
disposition pursuant to section 361.5, subdivision (b)(13), was, in itself, a violation of the
ICWA’s “active efforts” requirement. As we recently articulated in C.F., the active

6
  Interestingly, at trial the ICWA Representative seemed to have very little recollection of
the numerous contacts made by the social worker in this case to discuss both substance
abuse and mental health treatment for mother. Indeed, she testified that she did not speak
with the social worker about case planning, reunification services, or services that would
otherwise prevent removal of the minor from mother. However, the trial court clearly
discounted this testimony in favor of the social worker’s meticulous recitation of the
many joint efforts made, stating: “I know the parties have different perspectives on the
efforts of the Department to provide culturally appropriate services, but I find that [the
social worker’s] testimony—and I will use this term, hopefully not in the aggressive
manner, but her testimony that went on, ad nauseum, about all the things she has done,
meets the standard that this Court must look at.”

                                              27
efforts mandate requires only that culturally sensitive, “ ‘ “timely and affirmative steps
be taken to accomplish the goal which Congress has set: to avoid the breakup of Indian
families wherever possible by providing services designed to remedy problems which
might lead to severance of the parent-child relationship.” ’ ” (C.F., supra, 230
Cal.App.4th at pp. 239-240, italics added.) Thus, the ICWA does not require the
provision of reunification services to every parent. (See Letitia V. v. Superior Court
(2000) 81 Cal.App.4th 1009, 1015-1018 (Letitia V.); see also K.B. v. Superior Court
(2009) 173 Cal.App.4th 1275, 1283-1285 (K.B.).)
       For instance, in Letitia V., the court held that the ICWA does not require a
juvenile court to offer reunification services to a parent who previously received active
efforts to overcome a history of substance abuse in a sibling dependency proceeding, but
failed to reunify. (Letitia V., supra, 81 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1015-1018.) Noting that the
law does not require the performance of idle acts, the court concluded that there was no
reason to duplicate services in a second case “where substantial but unsuccessful efforts
have just been made to address a parent’s thoroughly entrenched drug problem” in a
sibling dependency proceeding. (Id. at p. 1016.) Thus, bypass of reunification services
in the second case was not violative of the ICWA, because the court relied on the active
efforts made in the first case to support its finding that active efforts had been made in the
subsequent dependency. (Id. at pp. 1017-1018.)
       More recently, in K.B., the court read the Letitia V. decision as holding that, under
the ICWA, “where the parent’s history indicates the futility of offering services, no
further services must be offered.” (K.B., supra, 173 Cal.App.4th at p. 1284.) On this
basis, the K.B. court concluded that no active efforts—either pre- or post-disposition—
were required for a father who was a registered sex offender with a prior child
molestation conviction, where allegations were sustained in the juvenile court that he
subsequently molested a half-sibling of his children in the family home. (Id. at pp. 1284,
1287-1288.) Because father’s “history clearly demonstrate[d] the futility of offering
reunification services,” the court determined that requiring the juvenile court “to provide
services to the father would be at best an idle act which would not further the legislative


                                             28
purposes of ICWA.” (Id. at p. 1284; see also id. at pp. 1287-1288 [bypass of
reunification for father appropriate under the ICWA where “[t]here were no services
which could be offered to him which would have prevented the breakup of the family”].)
       Here, as described above and in contrast to both Letitia V. and K.B., mother was
provided with substantial active efforts specifically related to Gianna in an attempt to
prevent the breakup of her Indian family prior to disposition in this case. Unfortunately,
both the Department and the juvenile court concluded at that point, based on mother’s
extreme history of substance abuse and mental health issues, that successful reunification
was not likely. Specifically, the social worker testified that she did not believe that
mother was “able to maintain enough stability to be able to reunify . . . successfully.”
And the juvenile court expressly found that there was nothing “other than the substantial
risk that Mother’s history is going to be repeating itself.” Although certainly a tragic
result, given the perceived futility in making any further reunification attempts with
respect to mother, the juvenile court’s dispositional order removing Gianna from her
parents and bypassing mother for reunification was not violative of the ICWA.
                                    III. DISPOSITION

       The judgment is affirmed.




                                             29
                                 _________________________
                                 REARDON, J.


We concur:


_________________________
RUVOLO, P. J.


_________________________
RIVERA, J.




                            30
