Opinion issued February 5, 2015.




                                     In The

                              Court of Appeals
                                     For The

                          First District of Texas
                            ————————————
                              NO. 01-13-00546-CR
                           ———————————
                        STEVEN GOLDEN, Appellant
                                        V.
                      THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee


            On Appeal from County Criminal Court at Law No. 4
                           Harris County, Texas
                       Trial Court Case No. 1833897


                       MEMORANDUM OPINION

      Following the denial of his pre-trial motion to suppress, Steven Golden pled

nolo contendere to the misdemeanor offense of driving while intoxicated and the

trial court assessed punishment at thirty days in county jail. On appeal, Golden

argues that the denial of his motion to suppress was an abuse of discretion because
the detaining officer did not personally observe anything that would give rise to

reasonable suspicion that a crime was afoot and the citizen informant’s information

was conclusory and lacked sufficient articulable facts of criminal activity. We

affirm.

                                      Background

      Kevin Polasek was leaving a home improvement store in Houston, Texas,

one afternoon when he saw a truck driving erratically in the store’s parking lot.

According to Polasek, the truck’s driver, who was later identified as Golden,

appeared to be confused and was having trouble finding the lot’s exit. Polasek

followed Golden’s truck as it exited the parking lot and turned onto the northbound

highway. Golden immediately made two u-turns which, combined with his

difficulty navigating the parking lot, made Polasek suspect that Golden was driving

while intoxicated. At that point, Polasek called 911, identified himself to the

dispatcher, and reported his observations along with a description of Golden’s

truck and its license plate number.

      Polasek stayed on the phone with the dispatcher and continued to follow

Golden’s truck in his own vehicle. At one point, Golden stopped his truck in the

middle of the road at a green light, and when Polasek pulled up next to him, he saw

that Golden appeared to be asleep behind the wheel. After Golden drove off,

Polasek followed him and watched as Golden drove to a gas station, hitting the



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curb as he pulled into the parking lot. Polasek parked nearby and watched Golden,

who appeared to be having difficulty getting the gas pump to work. Polasek also

notified the 911 dispatcher of Golden’s location, and several police units arrived at

the gas station within five to ten minutes.

      Harris County Sheriff Deputies M. Nguyen and W. Trejo responded to

Polasek’s call and observed Golden at the gas station just as Polasek had told the

dispatcher he would be. The information that Polasek had given to the dispatcher,

along with Polasek’s name, was relayed to the deputies via their call slips.

Deputies Nguyen and Trejo noted that Golden’s vehicle matched Polasek’s

description, a white truck with a stripe, and the exact license plate number.

      Polasek remained in the parking lot and watched as the deputies arrived,

assessed the situation, and watched Golden get into his truck and start the engine.

At that point, Deputy Nguyen initiated a traffic stop before Golden could exit the

parking lot. After the deputies investigated and arrested Golden, Polasek spoke

with Deputy Trejo and gave a statement confirming what he had seen.

                               Reasonable Suspicion

      Golden argues that the trial court abused its discretion when it denied his

motion to suppress because the information that Polasek gave to the dispatcher was

conclusory and lacked sufficient articulable facts of criminal activity, and Deputy




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Nguyen did not personally observe anything that would give rise to reasonable

suspicion that a crime was afoot.

A.    Standard of Review

      We review a trial court’s ruling on a motion to suppress under a bifurcated

standard of review. Valtierra v. State, 310 S.W.3d 442, 447 (Tex. Crim. App.

2010). Under this standard, the trial court is the sole trier of fact and judge of the

credibility of the witnesses and the weight to be given their testimony. Id. When a

trial court makes written findings of fact, as it did in the instant case, a reviewing

court must examine the record in the light most favorable to the ruling and uphold

those fact findings so long as they are supported by the record. See id. We defer to

the trial court’s determination of historical facts if the record supports them. See id.

We review a trial court’s application of the law of search and seizure to the facts de

novo. Id. A trial court’s ruling will be sustained if it is “reasonably supported by

the record and is correct on any theory of law applicable to the case.” Id. at 447–48

(quoting State v. Dixon, 206 S.W.3d 587, 590 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006)).

B.    Applicable Law

      The Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution prohibits

unreasonable searches and seizures. U.S. CONST. AMEND. IV. 1 Brief investigative


1
      When, as here, an appellant does not separately brief state and federal
      constitutional claims, we assume that he claims no greater protection under the
      state constitution than that provided by the federal constitution. See Reed v. State,

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stops, however, such as the traffic stop in this case, are permitted if the law

enforcement officer has a reasonable suspicion that some crime was, or is about to

be, committed. See Navarette v. California, 134 S. Ct. 1683, 1687 (2014).

Reasonable suspicion exists when a peace officer has “a particularized and

objective basis for suspecting the particular person stopped of criminal activity.”

Id.; see Derichsweiler v. State, 348 S.W.3d 906, 914 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011).

Courts determine if reasonable suspicion exists by objectively viewing the totality

of the circumstances. Navarette, 134 S. Ct. at 1687; Derichsweiler, 348 S.W.3d at

914.

       Whether reasonable suspicion exists to justify a stop depends “upon both the

content of the information possessed by police and its degree of reliability.”

Navarette, 134 S. Ct. at 1685 (quoting Alabama v. White, 496 U.S. 325, 330, 110

S. Ct. 2412, 2416 (1990)). The content of the information possessed by the police

includes the totality of the information known collectively to the cooperating peace

officers, including 911 dispatchers. Derichsweiler, 348 S.W.3d at 915 (explaining

that 911 dispatcher is regarded as “cooperating officer” for purposes of

determining reasonable suspicion); see also Martinez v. State, 348 S.W.3d 919,


       308 S.W.3d 417, 419 n.3 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2010, no pet.); Varnes v. State,
       63 S.W.3d 824, 829 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2001, no pet.). Therefore,
       we will analyze Golden’s claims under the Fourth Amendment of the United
       States Constitution, following guidelines set by the United States Supreme Court
       in interpreting the Fourth Amendment. See State v. Guzman, 959 S.W.2d 631, 633
       (Tex. Crim. App. 1998).

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924 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011) (stating that “any information known to the police

dispatcher is imputed to the detaining officer”).

      It is well established that a detaining officer need not personally observe the

factual basis giving rise to reasonable suspicion for a traffic stop; rather, a stop

may be justified if the facts underlying the traffic stop are observed by another

person, including a civilian informant. See Navarette, 134 S. Ct. at 1687–88; see

also Brother v. State, 166 S.W.3d 255, 257 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005) (“The factual

basis for stopping [an individual] need not arise from the officer’s personal

observation, but may be supplied by information acquired from another person.”).

The amount and detail of corroboration of the information contained within a

citizen informant’s tip can support a less reliable report. Martinez, 348 S.W.3d at

923; Taflinger v. State, 414 S.W.3d 881, 885 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.]

2013, no pet.). The less reliable the tip, the more corroborating information the

police need to justify the stop. Martinez, 348 S.W.3d at 923 (citing White, 496 U.S.

at 330); Taflinger, 414 S.W.3d at 885; see Navarette, 134 S. Ct. at 1688

(discussing effect of corroboration on reliability of anonymous tip).

      Courts have recognized several indicia of reliability with respect to tips from

a citizen informant. For example, a tip from a citizen informant who identifies

himself and holds himself accountable for the veracity and accuracy of his

information may be regarded as reliable. Derichsweiler, 348 S.W.3d at 914–15;



                                          6
Hawes v. State, 125 S.W.3d 535, 538 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2002, no

pet.). An anonymous tip, on the other hand, rarely rises to the level of suspicion

required to justify a detention without sufficient police corroboration. White, 496

U.S. at 329, 110 S. Ct. at 2416.

      The citizen informant’s firsthand account and detailed description of

wrongdoing increases the reliability of his information. Hawes, 125 S.W.3d at 539;

see also Navarette, 134 S. Ct. at 1689 (stating that contemporaneous eyewitness

reports of suspected criminal activity have “long been treated as especially

reliable”). Courts consider an informant who is not connected with the police

inherently trustworthy when advising the police of suspected criminal activity.

Taflinger, 414 S.W.3d at 885. The Supreme Court has recognized that use of the

911 emergency system, which “has some features that allow for identifying and

tracing callers, and thus provide some safeguards against making false reports with

immunity,” is another indicia of reliability. Navarette, 134 S. Ct. at 1691–92.

C.    Analysis

      Golden argues that the trial court abused its discretion when it denied his

motion to suppress because Polasek’s tip failed to establish reasonable suspicion

because Polasek merely claimed that he thought that Golden was driving while

intoxicated and he did not give specific articulable facts of Golden’s criminal

activity. Golden further contends that Deputy Nguyen could not rely on Polasek’s



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tip, and therefore, he could only have lawfully detained Golden if the officer

personally observed something that would give rise to reasonable suspicion that a

crime was afoot, which the officer admits he did not.

       Here, Polasek testified that he became concerned that Golden was driving

while intoxicated because he watched Golden driving erratically in the store’s

parking lot only to immediately make two successive u-turns on the highway once

he got onto the road. He then followed Golden in his own vehicle and immediately

called 911 to report his suspicions and Golden’s driving to law enforcement.

Polasek, who was on the phone with the 911 dispatcher from the time he followed

Golden’s vehicle out of the store parking lot until Golden was stopped by Deputy

Nguyen, testified that he contemporaneously relayed his observations of Golden’s

erratic driving to the 911 dispatcher. Specifically, Polasek told the dispatcher that

Golden could not drive in a straight line, stopped at green lights, fell asleep behind

the wheel, and drove his vehicle up on the curb when he pulled into the gas station

parking lot. Polasek also gave the dispatcher his name and a description of his

vehicle, along with a description of Golden’s vehicle (white truck with a stripe)

and its complete license plate number. Deputy Nguyen testified that the

information that Polasek provided to the dispatcher was relayed to him and the

other officers via their call slips.




                                          8
      This case is similar in many ways to the recent Supreme Court decision in

Navarette. In that case, a 911 caller reported that a driver in a silver Ford 150

pickup ran her vehicle off the roadway near a specific mile marker five minutes

earlier while driving southbound on Highway 1, and she provided the truck’s

license plate information. Navarette, 134 S. Ct. at 1686–87. Law enforcement

detained the pickup truck driver less than twenty minutes later on southbound

Highway 1, as reported by the 911 caller. Id. The Supreme Court held that the

caller’s tip contained adequate indicia of reliability to support reasonable suspicion

because the content of the tip indicated that it was based on eyewitness knowledge,

was contemporaneously made, and was made to the 911 emergency system. Id.

The Supreme Court also found persuasive the fact that the 911 caller in Navarette

reported

      more than a minor traffic infraction and more than a conclusory
      allegation of drunk or reckless driving. Instead, she alleged a specific
      and dangerous result of the driver’s conduct: running another car off
      the highway. That conduct bears too great a resemblance to
      paradigmatic manifestations of drunk driving to be dismissed as an
      isolated example of recklessness. Running another vehicle off the
      road suggests lane-positioning problems, decreased vigilance,
      impaired judgment, or some combination of those recognized drunk
      driving cues.

Id. at 1691. The Court reasoned that “[r]easonable suspicion depends on ‘the

factual and practical considerations of everyday life on which reasonable and

prudent men, not legal technicians, act[]’ [and u]nder that commonsense approach,



                                          9
we can appropriately recognize certain driving behaviors as sound indicia of drunk

driving.” Id. at 1690.

      Polasek provided the 911 dispatcher with specific information of Golden’s

dangerous driving that exceeded in detail and volume the information provided to

the police in Navarette (e.g., inability to drive in a straight line, stopping at a green

light, sleeping behind the wheel, and hitting a curb while pulling into a parking

lot), all of which amount to more than mere traffic violations and, when considered

together, are “sound indicia of drunk driving.” See id.

      Furthermore, also like in Navarette, Polasek reported Golden’s driving to

law enforcement via the 911 system, Polasek’s description of Golden’s erratic

driving to the 911 dispatcher indicated that the tip was based on his eyewitness

knowledge, and Polasek told the dispatcher that he was following Golden and he

made a contemporaneous report of his observations. Unlike the twenty minute gap

in Navarette, law enforcement found Golden parked at the gas station within

minutes of Polasek reporting the vehicle’s location to the dispatcher, all the while

the vehicle remained under the citizen informant’s constant observation. All the

factors recognized as indicia of reliability in Navarette are present in this case. See

id. at 1691–92. Furthermore, unlike in Navarette, in which the 911 caller was

considered “anonymous” for purposes of the Court’s analysis, this case contains

additional indicia of reliability because Polasek made himself accountable for his



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tip by identifying himself and his vehicle, and staying at the gas station in order to

give his statement to the deputies. See Martinez, 348 S.W.3d at 923 (noting that

when citizen informant provides self-identifying information, his degree of

reliability “significantly improves”); see also Derichsweiler, 348 S.W.3d at 914–

15 (noting that “information provided to police from a citizen informant who

identifies himself and may be held to account for the accuracy and veracity of his

report may be regarded as reliable.”).

      Golden takes issue with the fact that Polasek did not have contact with

Officer Nguyen prior to the stop. A citizen informant does not have to have contact

with the officer who performs the stop in order for the stop to be lawful. See

Navarette, 134 S. Ct. at 1688–89 (holding officer, who had no interaction with 911

caller and did not observe defendant commit any traffic violations, had reasonable

suspicion to stop defendant’s vehicle based on information caller provided to 911

system). Furthermore, the record establishes that Polasek was in constant contact

with the 911 dispatcher for over twenty minutes preceding the stop. See

Derichsweiler, 348 S.W.3d at 914–15 (explaining that 911 dispatcher is regarded

as “cooperating officer” for purposes of determining reasonable suspicion);

Martinez, 348 S.W.3d at 924 (stating that “any information known to the police

dispatcher is imputed to the detaining officer”).




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      We hold that Deputy Nguyen had reasonable suspicion to stop Golden’s

vehicle in the gas station parking lot based on the information Polasek provided to

the 911 dispatcher, pursuant to Navarette. It was not necessary for Deputy Nguyen

to wait until he personally observed something that would give rise to reasonable

suspicion that a crime was afoot. See Brother, 166 S.W.3d at 259 (“To require

officers who are apprised of detailed facts from citizen-eyewitnesses to observe

suspects and wait until additional suspicious acts are committed, would be foolish

and contrary to the balance of interests struck in Terry and its progeny.”).

      Accordingly, we overrule Golden’s challenge to the trial court’s denial of his

motion to suppress.

                                     Conclusion

      We affirm the trial court’s judgment.




                                                Russell Lloyd
                                                Justice


Panel consists of Justices Jennings, Massengale, and Lloyd.

Do not publish. TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2(b).




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