                         STATE OF MICHIGAN

                          COURT OF APPEALS



PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,                                 UNPUBLISHED
                                                                 April 7, 2016
              Plaintiff-Appellee,

v                                                                No. 325551
                                                                 Washtenaw Circuit Court
DAJEON LAVELLE FRANKLIN,                                         LC No. 14-000181-FC

              Defendant-Appellant.


Before: GLEICHER, P.J., and CAVANAGH and FORT HOOD, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

        A jury convicted defendant of first-degree felony murder, MCL 750.316(1)(b), two
counts of first-degree home invasion, MCL 750.110a(2), conspiracy to commit second-degree
home invasion, MCL 750.110a(3), and possession of a firearm during the commission of a
felony (felony-firearm), MCL 750.227b, for his role in a robbery spree and the murder of
University of Michigan medical student, Paul DeWolf. Defendant challenges the sufficiency of
the evidence supporting that he acted with malice in killing DeWolf, the admission of evidence
that defendant possessed a gun on other occasions, and the length of his sentence as cruel and
unusual punishment. Although the trial court improperly admitted one unfairly prejudicial
photograph, this error did not likely alter the outcome of the trial. We therefore affirm
defendant’s convictions and sentences.

                                     I. BACKGROUND

       On the night of July 23, 2013, defendant, Joei Jordan, and Shaquille Jones drove from
Ypsilanti to an Ann Arbor neighborhood where the homes were divided into smaller units for
rent by students. The trio planned to break into houses to steal small, valuable items. The men
entered 210 North Ingalls Street through an open window and stole a MacBook laptop and a
purse. They then entered the neighboring home, 220 North Ingalls Street, a medical society
house that rented individual bedrooms to students. While in the basement stealing a video game
system, the men heard one of the bedroom doors open and the resident go inside. Despite
knowing that someone was present, defendant and his accomplices decided to enter that
bedroom.

       When the trio entered the dark bedroom, DeWolf slowly stood up from his bed and
repeatedly asked, “Who is there?” No one responded. Defendant moved toward DeWolf
holding a handgun in one hand aiming it at the victim. DeWolf reached for defendant or the gun,
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and defendant pulled the gun back. Defendant then hit DeWolf with an overhead swing of the
gun and the gun discharged. Jones, Jordan, and defendant ran out of the residence. Defendant
told Jones and Jordan that he shot DeWolf because he thought DeWolf had a knife or was
grabbing for the gun.

       DeWolf died from his gunshot wound. The medical evidence supported that the gun
fired while it was sweeping downward. The weapon was in close range to DeWolf’s clavicle
and the bullet caused severe damage as it travelled downward through his torso and out his
middle back. Defendant and his accomplices were apprehended after officers traced the stolen
items they sold and secured fingerprint evidence from the two robbery scenes. Officers also
discovered dots of DeWolf’s blood on the shoes worn by defendant that night.

                            II. SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE

       Defendant contends that the prosecution presented insufficient evidence that he acted
with the necessary malice to support his felony murder conviction. We review such challenges
de novo, viewing the evidence “in the light most favorable to the prosecution” to determine
whether a rational trier of fact “could have found that the essential elements of the crime were
proven beyond a reasonable doubt.” People v Odom, 276 Mich App 407, 418; 740 NW2d 557
(2007). Our review is deferential to the jury’s verdict. We will not interfere with the jury’s role
of determining the weight of the evidence or assessing the witnesses’ credibility. Id. at 419.
“Conflicts in the evidence must be resolved in favor of the prosecution,” and “[c]ircumstantial
evidence and reasonable inferences arising therefrom may constitute proof of the elements of the
crime.” People v Bennett, 290 Mich App 465, 472; 802 NW2d 627 (2010).

       To convict a defendant of felony murder, the prosecution must establish:

       (1) the killing of a human being, (2) with the intent to kill, to do great bodily
       harm, or to create a very high risk of death or great bodily harm with knowledge
       that death or great bodily harm was the probable result, [i.e. malice] (3) while
       committing, attempting to commit, or assisting in the commission of any of the
       felonies specifically enumerated in MCL 750.316(1)(b). [People v Gayheart, 285
       Mich App 202, 210; 776 NW2d 330 (2009) (emphasis added, citations omitted).]

        Contrary to defendant’s protestations, the prosecution presented sufficient evidence to
establish that he acted with malice. “Malice is defined as the intent to kill, the intent to cause
great bodily harm, or the intent to do an act in wanton and wilful disregard of the likelihood that
the natural tendency of such behavior is to cause death or great bodily harm.” People v Roper,
286 Mich App 77, 84; 777 NW2d 483 (2009). Actual intent to kill is not required, “only the
intent to do an act that is in obvious disregard of life-endangering consequences.” People v
Mayhew, 236 Mich App 112, 125; 600 NW2d 370 (1999). Given the difficulty of proving a
defendant’s state of mind, “minimal circumstantial evidence” will suffice. People v Stevens, 306
Mich App 620, 629; 858 NW2d 98 (2014). The intent to do great bodily harm may be inferred
from the level of physical force and violence employed, the use of a deadly weapon, or the
decision to set into motion actions likely to cause death or great bodily harm. See People v
Carines, 460 Mich 750, 759; 597 NW2d 130 (1999); People v Dillard, 303 Mich App 372, 377;
845 NW2d 518 (2013); People v James, 267 Mich App 675, 677-678; 705 NW2d 724 (2005).

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       Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, the jury could
conclude beyond a reasonable doubt that defendant acted with malice. Defendant set out on his
robbery spree armed with a loaded handgun. He entered a dark bedroom in the middle of the
night knowing that someone was inside and that any robbery would likely involve an element of
force. When confronted by the sleepy and surprised resident, defendant decided to raise his
loaded handgun overhead and strike the victim with a downward swing. The jury could certainly
view these events as constituting “wanton and wilful disregard of the likelihood that the natural
tendency of such behavior is to cause death or great bodily harm.” Roper, 286 Mich App at 84.

        Defendant alternatively asserts that his felony murder conviction should have been
reduced to second-degree murder. Pursuant to MCL 750.316, first-degree murder includes
murder committed in the course of a felony and premeditated murder. “All other murders are
murders in the second degree.” People v Mendoza, 468 Mich 527, 534; 664 NW2d 685 (2003).
The trial court instructed the jury that it could convict defendant of second-degree murder as a
lesser included offense of the felony murder charge; the jury declined to do so. We may not
interfere with that judgment. Odom, 276 Mich App at 419. Moreover, second-degree murder
also includes an element of malice and the lack of such intent would not support conviction of
this lesser offense. People v Reese, 491 Mich 127, 142-143; 815 NW2d 85 (2012).

                               III. “OTHER ACTS” EVIDENCE

       Defendant challenges the admissibility of certain evidence under MRE 404(b). The
challenged evidence includes: (1) a 2009 photograph posted by defendant on Facebook depicting
him holding a handgun, (2) the testimony of Dave Pearson and Danielle Hugan that defendant
showed them a gun in the summer of 2013, and (3) a text message exchange in which defendant
agreed to purchase a gun from Ramone Dabney. Defendant preserved his challenge to the
admission of the Facebook photograph by raising a contemporaneous objection. We review for
an abuse of discretion a trial court’s decision to admit evidence over a party’s objection. People
v Dobek, 274 Mich App 58, 84-85; 732 NW2d 546 (2007). We review the remaining
unpreserved challenges for plain error affecting defendant’s substantial rights. People v Knox,
469 Mich 502, 508; 674 NW2d 366 (2004).

       MRE 404(b) governs the admission of other act evidence. MRE 404(b)(1) states:

       Evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is not admissible to prove the character
       of a person in order to show action in conformity therewith. It may, however, be
       admissible for other purposes, such as proof of motive, opportunity, intent,
       preparation, scheme, plan, or system in doing an act, knowledge, identity, or
       absence of mistake or accident when the same is material, whether such other
       crimes, wrongs, or acts are contemporaneous with, or prior or subsequent to the
       conduct at issue in the case.

       When reviewing whether evidence was properly admitted under MRE 404(b), we must
consider (1) whether the evidence was “offered for a proper purpose under Rule 404(b)”; (2)
whether the evidence was “relevant under Rule 402 as enforced through Rule 104(b)”; (3)
whether the evidence’s probative value was substantially outweighed by unfair prejudice as
provided in MRE 403; and (4) whether the trial court provided “a limiting instruction to the

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jury.” People v VanderVliet, 444 Mich 52, 55; 508 NW2d 114 (1993), amended 445 Mich 1205
(1994).

       The prosecution contends that the witness accounts of personally observing defendant
with a handgun around the time of the crime and the text message string regarding the purchase
of a handgun before the crime were not precluded by MRE 404(b). This evidence was not
offered to establish defendant’s propensity to commit the crime, but rather to prove that
defendant owned or had access to a handgun around that time, the prosecution asserts.
Possession of a handgun was an element of an offense placed before the jury.

        “[I]f the proffered other acts evidence is logically relevant, and does not involve the
intermediate inference of character,” as in this case, “Rule 404(b) is not implicated.” Id. at 64.
Indeed, “by its plain terms, MRE 404(b) only applies to evidence of crimes, wrongs, or acts
‘other’ than the ‘conduct at issue in the case’ that risks an impermissible character-to-conduct
inference.” People v Jackson, 498 Mich 246, 262; 869 NW2d 253 (2015) (emphasis added).
Therefore, “acts comprised by or directly evidencing the ‘conduct at issue’ are not subject to
scrutiny under MRE 404(b).” Id. Importantly, “[e]vidence of a defendant’s possession of a
weapon of the kind used in the offense with which he is charged is routinely determined by courts
to be direct, relevant evidence of his commission of that offense.” People v Hall, 433 Mich 573,
580-581; 447 NW2d 580 (1989) (emphasis added).

        Jones testified that defendant carried a black, semi-automatic handgun on the night of the
offense and that defendant used this gun to shoot DeWolf. The text message exchange
evidenced that before the night of the current offense, defendant intended to (and apparently did)
purchase a gun matching Jones’s description of the murder weapon. The text message exchange
noted that the weapon contained hollow point bullets, and investigating officers found a hollow
point bullet jacket fragment at the murder scene. Expert testimony established that the weapon
in the text message photograph was of a type that could have fired the fatal bullet. The text
message exchange was therefore direct evidence that defendant committed the offense, Hall, 433
Mich at 580-581, and its admission did not implicate MRE 404(b). VanderVliet, 444 Mich at 64.

        Similarly, evidence that Hugan and Pearce saw defendant in the possession of a handgun
matching the description of the murder weapon, close in time to the commission of the offense,
was “direct, relevant evidence of his commission of [the] offense.” Hall, 433 Mich at 580-581.
This evidence tended to establish that defendant had access to the weapon used in the murder.
As this evidence was properly admitted, defendant cannot establish plain error necessitating
relief.

        However, the trial court improperly admitted a 2009 photograph depicting defendant
holding a handgun. The evidence was offered for the improper purpose of establishing that
defendant was prone to carry and use guns. Although a person’s propensity to carry guns would
certainly be relevant to establish his guilt, MRE 404(b) protects against this type of implication.
And this evidence was overly prejudicial.

        Pursuant to VanderVliet, 444 Mich at 75, before other acts evidence may be admitted, the
trial court must consider “whether the danger of undue prejudice [substantially] outweighs the
probative value of the evidence in view of the availability of other means of proof and other facts

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appropriate for making decision of this kind under [MRE] 403.” (Quotation marks and citation
omitted.) “Evidence is unfairly prejudicial when there exists a danger that marginally probative
evidence will be given undue or preemptive weight by the jury.” People v Crawford, 458 Mich
376, 398; 582 NW2d 785 (1998). Our Supreme Court provided an illustrative list of
considerations when determining whether evidence is unfairly prejudicial, including “the
temporal proximity of the other acts evidence to the charged crime” and “the lack of reliability of
the evidence supporting the occurrence of the other acts.” People v Watkins, 491 Mich 450, 487-
488; 818 NW2d 296 (2012).

        The subject photograph was taken years before the crimes at issue, when defendant was
only 15 years old. Accordingly, there is no “temporal proximity” between the evidence and the
offense. Although the weapon in the photograph appears to be a handgun, no evidence supports
any other similarity to the murder weapon. In fact, there is no way to determine whether the
weapon in the photograph is even real, rather than fake. Accordingly, the photograph was
irrelevant to prove that defendant actually possessed the murder weapon. Moreover, the
photograph depicts defendant aiming the weapon at the photographer in a mock menacing
fashion, placing him in an extremely negative light. Therefore, even if the evidence was
otherwise admissible, it would be unduly prejudicial and the trial court abused its discretion in
admitting it.

       However, reversal is not warranted when a trial error is harmless. People v Lukity, 460
Mich 484, 496; 596 NW2d 607 (1999); People v Knapp, 244 Mich App 361, 378; 624 NW2d
227 (2001). Here, overwhelming evidence supported defendant’s guilt beyond a reasonable
doubt. The prosecution presented eyewitness testimony and DNA evidence placing defendant at
the scene of the crime. Defendant’s cellular telephone records also placed him in the area that
night. Jones described the night’s events in detail, including defendant’s murder of DeWolf and
defendant’s proffered explanation for his actions. Accordingly, defendant is not entitled to relief.

                         IV. CRUEL AND UNUSUAL PUNISHMENT

        The trial court sentenced defendant to life imprisonment without the possibility of parole
for his felony murder conviction. Defendant contends that this sentence violated his right to be
free from cruel and unusual punishment and to due process of law given his young age at the
time he committed his offenses. We review such unpreserved constitutional claims for plain
error. People v Bowling, 299 Mich App 552, 557; 830 NW2d 800 (2013).

       Looking to the binding precedent in this area, defendant’s claim is meritless.
“[M]andatory life without parole for those under the age of 18 at the time of their crimes violates
the Eighth Amendment’s prohibition on ‘cruel and unusual punishments.’ ” Miller v Alabama,
___ US ___; 132 S Ct 2455, 2460; 183 L Ed 2d 407 (2012) (emphasis added). Defendant was
almost 21 years old at the time of his offenses. As defendant does not fall within the protected
class described in Miller, its analysis is inapplicable. Id. Defendant also cannot look to
Michigan law for protection. Michigan codified Miller’s individualized sentencing requirement
in MCL 769.25, but the statute also only applies to those defendants who were under the age of
18 when they committed their crimes. And the Legislature mandated the sentence of life without
the possibility of parole for adult offenders who commit the crime of felony murder. MCL
750.316(1).      “Legislatively mandated sentences are presumptively proportional and

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presumptively valid.” People v Brown, 294 Mich App 377, 390; 811 NW2d 531 (2011). “[A]
proportionate sentence does not constitute cruel or unusual punishment.” People v Drohan, 264
Mich App 77, 92; 689 NW2d 750 (2004).

       We affirm.




                                                         /s/ Elizabeth L. Gleicher
                                                         /s/ Mark J. Cavanagh
                                                         /s/ Karen M. Fort Hood




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