Motor Vehicle Administration v. April Marie Deering
No. 52, September Term 2013


Maryland Vehicle Law - Drivers’ Licenses - Administrative Remedies - Implied
Consent, Administrative Per Se Law. A driver who is stopped by a police officer on
suspicion of drunk driving, who is asked to take a breath test under the “implied consent,
administrative per se law,” and whose license is administratively suspended under that law
as a result of an adverse test result or a refusal to take the test, is not entitled to have the
suspension set aside on the ground that the driver was not permitted to consult counsel when
deciding whether to take the test.
Circuit Court for Somerset County      IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
Case No. 19-C-015606
                                            OF MARYLAND
Argued: January 9, 2014

                                                  No. 52

                                           September Term, 2013

                                    _________________________________


                                      M OTOR V EHICLE A DMINISTRATION

                                                     v.

                                           A PRIL M ARIE D EERING

                                    _________________________________


                                                      Barbera, C.J.
                                                      Harrell
                                                      Battaglia
                                                      Greene
                                                      Adkins
                                                      McDonald
                                                      Watts,

                                                            JJ.

                                    ________________________________

                                          Opinion by McDonald, J.

                                    ________________________________


                                            Filed: May 21, 2014
        In the effort to reduce the hazards caused by drunk drivers, the General Assembly, like

the legislatures of most other states, has enacted as part of the Maryland Vehicle Law a

statute known as “the implied consent, administrative per se law.” That statute incorporates

“implied consent” in that it provides that any individual who drives a vehicle in Maryland

is deemed to have consented to take a chemical test – usually, a breath test – to measure

blood alcohol concentration, if stopped by a police officer with reasonable grounds to believe

that the person has been driving under the influence of alcohol. Despite the statute’s

declaration of implied consent by all drivers, it recognizes that a driver detained by an officer

may refuse to take the breath test. But the time for making that decision is limited – blood

alcohol concentration is transient and any test must be conducted within two hours of the

stop.

        The phrase “administrative per se” refers to the administrative consequences of a

refusal to take the breath test, or of test results that reveal that the driver has a blood alcohol

concentration above certain levels (regardless of whether the driver otherwise appears to be

impaired). In both cases, the law provides for an automatic suspension of the driver’s license

for specified periods. The license suspension is an administrative sanction that is distinct

from any criminal prosecution of the driver that might also ensue.

        Under the “implied consent, administrative per se law,” a detained driver thus has a

choice to make – a choice with legal consequences. On the one hand, refusing the test carries

a sure suspension; on the other, taking the test may result in no sanction at all or in a

significant suspension plus an increased potential for criminal prosecution, depending on the

test result.
       Does a detained driver have a right to consult with legal counsel before making this

choice? What are the consequences if the police officer declines to allow the detained driver

to contact counsel? How does the significant time constraint for taking the test affect this

calculus? And, if there is a right to a pre-test consultation with counsel, must the State

furnish counsel for indigent drivers, or is such a right only for the well-to-do?

       This Court has previously held, in the context of a criminal prosecution, that a driver

detained on suspicion of drunk driving who requests an opportunity to consult with counsel

before deciding whether to take the test has a due process right to be allowed a reasonable

opportunity to do so if, in the view of the officer, it would not interfere with a timely

administration of the test. In that case, the Court suggested that violation of that right would

result in exclusion of any adverse test result from evidence in a criminal prosecution. In a

subsequent case, the Court considered the effect of an alleged constitutional violation in the

apprehension of a suspected drunk driver who refused a breath test; it held that a violation

that might result in the exclusion of evidence from a criminal trial would not affect the

administrative suspension of the driver’s license. More recently, this Court has indicated,

in a passage not necessary to the decision of the case before it (i.e., dicta), that the failure to

allow a pre-test opportunity to consult with counsel would also not relieve the driver of an

administrative license suspension. To decide this case, we must decide whether to adhere

to that view.

       For the reasons set forth below, we confirm the view previously expressed in dicta.

Even if a suspected drunk driver is denied the opportunity to consult counsel before deciding

                                                 2
whether to take the breath test and might have a test refusal or a test result excluded from

evidence in a criminal case, the driver may not avoid the automatic administrative license

suspension that the statute assigns to the test refusal or test result.

                                         Background

The Implied Consent, Administrative Per Se Law

       Motivated in part by incentives created by federal law, nearly every state has enacted

some form of an implied consent, administrative per se law as part of its strategy to combat

drunk driving.1 Such a law supplements the criminal penalties for drunk driving with an

administrative remedy – a remedy that can remove an impaired driver from the highways for

a certain period of time without need to pursue a criminal prosecution, as well as encourage

drivers to cooperate in a test that measures potential impairment due to alcohol consumption.

See Report of Task Force on Drunk and Drugged Driving to Maryland General Assembly

(1988 Interim) at pp. 8, 11.




       1
         See National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (“NHTSA”), Blood Alcohol
Concentration Test Refusal Laws, DOT HS810 884W (January 2008) (reporting that all
states had some form of an implied consent statute relating to chemical tests for blood
alcohol concentration); NHTSA, Administrative License Revocation, DOT HS810878
(January 2008) (reporting that 41 states and the District of Columbia had enacted laws that
provided for an immediate license suspension or revocation based on a test refusal or an
adverse test result). See also 23 U.S.C. §163 (providing for federal grants to states that have
enacted a law that any person who operates a motor vehicle with a blood alcohol
concentration in excess of .08 has committed a per se offense); NHTSA Recommendations
from the Secretary of Transportation: Federal Legislative Programs Designed to Encourage
Enactment of State Impaired Driving Laws (August 1998), available at
http://www.nhtsa.gov/people/injury/ alcohol/Archive/Archive/Limit.08/PresInit/federal.html.

                                                3
       The Maryland version appears in the Maryland Vehicle Law, which comprises titles

11 through 27 of the Transportation Article (“TR”) of the Maryland Code. TR §11-206. The

implied consent, administrative per se law is codified in TR §16-205.1. As to implied

consent, it states, in pertinent part:

                Any person who drives or attempts to drive a motor vehicle ...
                in this State is deemed to have consented … to take a [breath]
                test [to determine blood alcohol concentration] if the person
                should be detained on suspicion of driving or attempting to drive
                while under the influence of alcohol....

TR §16-205.1(a)(2).2 Although the statute deems all drivers in Maryland to have consented

to take a breath test, it nonetheless allows a driver detained under suspicion of drunk driving

to elect at that time whether to take the test. TR §16-205.1(b). If the driver chooses to take

the test, the officer must ensure that the test is administered within two hours of the time the

driver was stopped. See Maryland Code, Courts & Judicial Proceedings Article (“CJ”), §10-

303(a).

       Thus, while consent is implied, it may be withdrawn – for a price. Under the statute,

a refusal to take the test results in an administrative license suspension of 120 days for a first

offense, and in a suspension of one year for a second or subsequent offense. TR §16-

205.1(b)(1)(i)3.3 The alternative is to take the test and risk a result that may carry lesser


       2
         The statute also provides for the use of a blood test, although that use is limited to
certain circumstances. See TR §16-205.1(a)(1)(iii); Maryland Code, Courts and Judicial
Proceedings Article, §10-305(a).
       3
           The statute provides:

                                                                                    (continued...)

                                                4
periods of administrative suspension – or perhaps no suspension at all – although an adverse

result may also be used in a criminal prosecution. A test result showing a blood alcohol

concentration above .084 results in an administrative suspension of between 45 days and 180

days, depending on the level of alcohol concentration and whether it is a first or subsequent

offense. TR §16-205.1(b)(i)1-2.5 In some circumstances, a suspension may be modified in


       3
           (...continued)
                       3.   For a test refusal:

                          A. For a first offense, suspend the driver’s license
                for 120 days; or

                            B. For a second or subsequent offense, suspend the
                driver’s license for 1 year.

TR §16-205.1(b)(1)(i)3. The statute provides similar periods for the suspension of driving
privileges in Maryland for nonresidents and other drivers who do not hold a Maryland
driver’s license. TR §16-205.1(b)(1)(ii)3.
       4
          Alcohol concentration is measured in the number of grams of alcohol per 100
milliliters of blood or the number of grams of alcohol per 210 liters of breath. TR §11-
103.2(a).
       5
           The statute provides that the Motor Vehicle Administration shall:

                (i) In the case of a person licensed under this title:

                   1. Except as provided in item 2 of this item, for a test
                result indicating an alcohol concentration of 0.08 or more, at the
                time of testing:

                         A.    For a first offense, suspend the driver’s license for
                45 days; or

                         B. For a second or subsequent offense, suspend the
                driver’s license for 90 days;
                                                                                       (continued...)

                                                  5
favor of a restricted license that allows the individual to drive for employment, education,

or similar purposes. TR §16-205.1(n), (o). The automatic suspension for a test refusal is

designed to encourage drivers to take the breath test, with the result that impaired drivers can

be accurately detected and the safety of the roadways enhanced.

       The statute requires the arresting officer to advise the detainee of the possible

administrative sanctions for a refusal to take the breath test and for test results that show

blood alcohol concentration above certain levels. TR §16-205.1(b)(2). Typically, the officer

satisfies this requirement by reading, and providing the driver with, a form created by the

Motor Vehicle Administration (“MVA”) for that purpose, known as the “DR-15” form. That

form sets forth a detained driver’s options under the implied consent statute, the

consequences of failing to take the breath test and of test results that indicate certain levels



       5
           (...continued)

                   2. For a test result indicating an alcohol concentration of
                0.15 or more at the time of testing:

                         A.   For a first offense, suspend the driver’s license for
                90 days; or

                         B. For a second or subsequent offense, suspend the
                driver’s license for 180 days; ...

TR §16-205.1(b)(1)(i)1-2. The statute provides similar periods for the suspension of driving
privileges in Maryland for nonresidents and other drivers who do not hold a Maryland
driver’s license. TR §16-205.1(b)(1)(ii)1-2. The statute also provides for longer periods of
suspension for a test refusal by a driver who holds a commercial driver’s license. TR §16-
205.1(b)(iii). A 2014 amendment, to become effective October 1, 2014, added provisions
related to the suspension of a commercial instructional permit. Chapter 5, Laws of Maryland
2014.

                                                6
of blood alcohol concentration, and other rights and consequences, including the right to an

administrative hearing. See Motor Vehicle Administration v. Delawter, 403 Md. 243, 262-67,

941 A.2d 1067 (2008).

       If the driver refuses to take the test or fails the test, the officer is to serve an order of

suspension on the person, seize the person’s license, and issue a temporary license that may

be used for a maximum of 45 days or until the individual’s license is formally suspended

after a license suspension hearing. TR §16-205.1(b)(3). The statute permits the driver to

request a hearing before an officer of the MVA. TR §16-205.1(f). Under a delegation from

the MVA, the hearing is conducted by an administrative law judge (“ALJ”) of the Office of

Administrative Hearings. TR §12-104(e); COMAR 11.11.02.07. The statute enumerates

specific issues that can be raised at the license suspension hearing: whether the officer had

reasonable grounds for believing that the driver was impaired, whether there was evidence

of drug or alcohol use by the driver, whether the officer properly advised the driver in

accordance with the statute when requesting the breath test, whether the driver refused the

test, and related issues. TR §16-205.1(f)(7)6 ; see Motor Vehicle Administration v. Jones,

       6
           At the time of Ms. Deering’s hearing, TR §16-205.1(f)(7)(i) provided:

                     (7)(i) At a hearing under this section, the person has the
               rights described in §12-206 of this article, but at the hearing the
               only issues shall be:

                         1. Whether the police officer who stops or detains
               a person had reasonable grounds to believe the person was
               driving or attempting to drive while under the influence of
               alcohol, while impaired by alcohol, while so far impaired by any
                                                                                     (continued...)

                                                 7
380 Md. 164, 844 A.2d 388 (2004) (ALJ may not consider whether a test was performed

within two hours of detention as it is not among the hearing issues enumerated in TR §16-

205.1(f)(7)(i)). Whether the driver had an opportunity to consult counsel before deciding

whether to take the breath test is not among those issues. If a suspension is imposed as a




      6
          (...continued)
                drug, any combination of drugs, or a combination of one or
                more drugs and alcohol that the person could not drive a vehicle
                safely, while impaired by a controlled dangerous substance, in
                violation of an alcohol restriction, or in violation of §16-813 of
                this title;

                        2. Whether there was evidence of the use by the
               person of alcohol, any drug, any combination of drugs, a
               combination of one or more drugs and alcohol, or a controlled
               dangerous substance;

                          3. Whether the police officer requested a test after
               the person was fully advised, as required under subsection (b)(2)
               of this section, of the administrative sanctions that shall be
               imposed;

                          4.    Whether the person refused to take the test;

                         5. Whether the person drove or attempted to drive
               a motor vehicle while having an alcohol concentration of .08 or
               more at the time of testing;

                         6. Whether the person drove or attempted to drive
               a motor vehicle while having an alcohol concentration of 0.15
               or more at the time of testing;

                        7. If the hearing involves disqualification of a
               commercial driver’s license, whether the person was operating
               a commercial motor vehicle or held a commercial driver’s
               license.

                                                8
result of the hearing, the driver may seek judicial review in the circuit court. TR §16-

205.1(j); TR §12-209.

       The statute provides that the determination of any facts by the MVA “is independent

of the determination of the same or similar facts in the adjudication of any criminal charges.”

TR §16-205.1(l). Moreover, a criminal conviction arising out of the same occurrence may

result in additional administrative sanctions. TR §16-205.1(k).

A Traffic Stop and its Aftermath

       The Stop and Test of Ms. Deering

       Shortly after midnight on May 3, 2012, an officer of the Fruitland Police Department

in Wicomico County stopped Respondent April Marie Deering for driving her car without

dimming the high beams and with an expired registration tag. After noticing that Ms.

Deering smelled strongly of alcohol and that her speech was slurred, the officer asked Ms.

Deering to perform a number of field sobriety tests, which she failed to complete

satisfactorily. The officer arrested Ms. Deering for driving under the influence of alcohol

and transported her to the Fruitland police station.

       At the police station, the officer read to Ms. Deering the DR-15 form which, as noted

above, advised her of her options under the implied consent, administrative per se law and

the consequences of declining to take the test and of test results that revealed certain levels

of intoxication. The Fruitland police station does not have the equipment to administer a




                                               9
breath test.7 If a detained driver opts to take a breath test, the arresting officer drives the

individual to a State Police barracks for that purpose, approximately 20 minutes away from

the Fruitland police station. Because of the limited time for taking the test, the Fruitland

police typically do not accede to a detained driver’s request to contact an attorney until after

processing and any test is completed.

       According to Ms. Deering, she asked the officer if she could call an attorney, but was

not allowed to make a call. (Ms. Deering testified that she had a personal relationship with

an attorney whose number she kept in her cell phone, although it is not clear that she

communicated that fact to the officer at the time of her detention). The officer testified that

he did not specifically recall a request by Ms. Deering, but that typically he would not allow

a detained driver to try to contact an attorney before a test because of the limited two-hour

time frame for administering the test.

       Ms. Deering agreed to take a breath test at 12:50 a.m., approximately 45 minutes after

the initial traffic stop. The officer then transported her to the State Police barracks, where

the test was administered. Ms. Deering’s first attempt to take the test failed, and she

completed the test for a second time at 1:56 a.m., nearly an hour and 50 minutes after the

initial stop and one and a half hours after her arrest. The test result indicated that she had a

blood alcohol concentration of 0.16. In accordance with the implied consent, administrative

per se law, the officer issued an order of suspension for 90 days to Ms. Deering, the




       7
           The instrument is called an Intoximeter.

                                              10
prescribed suspension for a blood-alcohol concentration of 0.15 or more.8 Had Ms. Deering

refused to take the breath test, the officer would have issued an order of suspension of Ms.

Deering’s driver’s license for 120 days – the prescribed suspension for a refusal to take the

test.9

         The ALJ’s Decision

         As permitted by the statute, Ms. Deering asked for an administrative review of the

suspension order. At her administrative hearing on June 29, 2012, Ms. Deering argued that

she had a right during her detention to consult counsel before she decided whether to take the

breath test and that the failure to allow her to call an attorney violated due process. She

asked that, in recognition of the alleged due process violation, the ALJ take “no action” – that

is, not impose a suspension based on the result of the breath test.

         At the hearing, the ALJ opined that the denial of Ms. Deering’s request to consult an

attorney before deciding to take the breath test was a “matter of timing” – apparently alluding

to the need to transport Ms. Deering to the State Police barracks and conduct the test within

two hours – and did not violate Ms. Deering’s right to due process. In a written decision

dated July 30, 2012, the ALJ concluded that Ms. Deering had violated TR §16-205.1 and, in

accordance with the statute, upheld the suspension of Ms. Deering’s driver’s license for 90

days. The ALJ explained the decision by completing a pre-printed form designed for that

purpose. Under a section of the form entitled “other facts,” the ALJ wrote, “Officer fully


         8
             TR §16-205.1(b)(1)(i)2.A.
         9
             TR §16-205.1(b)(1)(i)3.A.

                                              11
advised Licensee of potential sanctions; although not given opportunity to call lawyer, not

necessary in admin[istrative] context.” Ms. Deering sought judicial review of the ALJ’s

ruling in the Circuit Court for Somerset County.10 On August 1, 2012, Ms. Deering filed a

motion for a stay of her suspension pending appeal but withdrew that motion when the MVA

administratively granted her request for a stay.

       The Circuit Court’s Ruling

       The Circuit Court heard argument and, on March 22, 2013, reversed the ALJ’s

decision. It held that, under Sites v. State, 300 Md. 702, 481 A.2d 192 (1984), the denial of

Ms. Deering’s request to contact her attorney violated her right to due process under the

Fourteenth Amendment. The Circuit Court explained that, despite the fact that Sites was a

criminal case, its holding was applicable to Ms. Deering’s administrative proceeding. The

Circuit Court concluded that Ms. Deering was not afforded a reasonable opportunity to

contact an attorney “because the Fruitland Police Department routinely denies such

requests.”   As to whether Ms. Deering was actually prejudiced in the administrative

proceeding by her inability to consult counsel in deciding whether to take the test – she

received a shorter suspension than she would have received if she had elected to refuse the

test – the Circuit Court stated that it is not “this Court’s function to determine what ...

prejudice resulted from the denial of that right.”




       10
        Although Ms. Deering was detained in Wicomico County, venue was proper in
Somerset County because Ms. Deering resided in Princess Anne. TR §12-209(a)(2).

                                              12
       The MVA subsequently filed a petition for writ of certiorari in this Court, which we

granted to consider whether the ALJ properly upheld the suspension of Ms. Deering’s license

despite the fact that the detaining officer had denied her request to speak to an attorney

before she decided whether to take the breath test.

                                         Discussion

Standard of Review

       When, as here, we review the decision of an administrative agency, we apply the same

standard of review as the Circuit Court and directly evaluate the decision of the agency.

Motor Vehicle Administration v. Shea, 415 Md. 1, 15, 997 A.2d 768 (2010). A reviewing

court “is limited to determining if there is substantial evidence in the record as a whole to

support the agency’s findings and conclusions, and to determine if the administrative

decision is premised upon an erroneous conclusion of law.” 415 Md. at 14. While this

standard accords less deference to an agency’s legal conclusions than to its fact findings, a

reviewing court should give weight to the administrative agency’s interpretation and

application of the statute that the agency administers. Id. at 14-15.

       In this case, the essential facts are undisputed. The question before us is one of law

– whether the ALJ was correct in concluding that the fact that the officer did not allow Ms.

Deering to contact an attorney when she was deciding whether to take the breath test did not

affect the administrative suspension of her license pursuant to TR §16-205.1.




                                             13
Whether Denial of a Pre-Test Consultation with Counsel Precludes a Suspension

       Due Process in an Administrative Context

       In the context of administrative proceedings, courts apply a balancing test to assess

whether the procedures employed comport with the due process required by the federal

Constitution. In particular, courts look to the private interest at stake, the governmental

interest, and the risk that the procedures used will lead to erroneous decisions. Mathews v.

Eldridge, 424 U.S. 319, 334-35 (1976). This is not a mechanical exercise. As the Supreme

Court has observed: “[Due process] expresses the requirement of ‘fundamental fairness,’ a

requirement whose meaning can be as opaque as its importance is lofty. Applying the Due

Process Clause is therefore an uncertain enterprise which must discover what ‘fundamental

fairness’ consists of in a particular situation ....” Lassiter v. Department of Social Services

of Durham County, 452 U.S. 18, 24-25 (1981). It requires an assessment of the interests at

stake and any relevant precedents. Id.

       A driver’s interest in the continued right to drive in Maryland is certainly an important

one that can affect the individual’s ability to work and otherwise function in society. That

interest must be weighed against the public interest to deter drunk driving and to protect the

public, not to mention the impaired driver, from the consequences, often fatal, of impaired

driving. The implied consent, administrative per se law was designed to serve that interest




                                              14
by putting in place an effective administrative mechanism to remove impaired drivers from

the roadways and to encourage all drivers to cooperate in a test to measure impairment.11

       The risk that a driver may incur an erroneous administrative sanction due to the

inability to consult with counsel before taking the test is minimal or non-existent. In the

administrative context, the statute prescribes specific periods of suspension based on either

the driver’s refusal to take the breath test or an adverse test result. Advice of counsel before

the test may aid the driver in deciding whether to take the sure suspension related to a refusal

or risk a different suspension by taking the test, but it would not affect whether the basis for

the sanction was erroneous.12

       If the question of a right to a pre-test consultation with counsel arose in a purely

administrative context, we would likely conclude that due process does not require such a



       11
         When the General Assembly amended the “implied consent, administrative per se
law” to extend administrative sanctions to adverse test results, as well as refusals to take the
breath test, the speed and certainty of the administrative remedy were key factors favoring
that remedy. Chapter 284, Laws of Maryland 1989. See Floor Report for House Bill 556
(1989), Senate Judicial Proceedings Committee (“The administrative per se standard
provides a swift penalty which is separate from any criminal penalties that may be imposed
for the driving offenses.”); Bill Analysis for House Bill 556 (1989), Senate Judicial
Proceedings Committee (“This bill would assure immediate and certain sanctions by the
Administration. Speedy administrative sanctions would help the offender to recognize the
cause and effect relationship between the offense and the sanction which would otherwise
be weakened by lengthy delays in the court processes.”).
       12
          There may be instances where a driver refuses to take a breath test despite not
having consumed any alcohol or not having consumed the quantity of alcohol required to
have a breath test result of .08 or more. Even in those circumstances, however, the State has
a legitimate interest in sanctioning a driver who refuses to take a breath test given that the
efficacy of the implied consent, administrative per se law in curbing drunk driving depends
largely on the willingness of drivers to take the test.

                                              15
consultation. However, a detained driver also faces the prospect of potential criminal

penalties, including incarceration – a circumstance that may weigh in favor of greater

protection for the detained driver. In any event, there may be different consequences for

criminal and administrative proceedings that arise from the same events. No prior decision

of this Court directly controls the outcome of the question posed by this case. The most

pertinent decisions are discussed below.

       Sites

       This Court first addressed a suspected drunk driver’s right to consult counsel prior to

deciding whether to take a breath test in Sites v. State, 300 Md. 702, 481 A.2d 192 (1984),

a criminal case. Sites was detained on suspicion of drunk driving, and repeatedly and

unsuccessfully requested permission to speak to his attorney before deciding whether to take

the breath test. He ultimately took the test without consulting counsel, and the result showed

a blood alcohol concentration level of 0.17. He was criminally charged with driving while

intoxicated.13

       Sites filed a pretrial motion to suppress the test result on the ground that he was denied

his right to counsel prior to deciding whether to take the breath test. The circuit court denied

the motion, stating that he had no such right to consult counsel. This Court granted certiorari

to consider the question of whether the results of a breath test should be suppressed in a



       13
         At the time of the Sites decision, TR §16-205.1 provided for an automatic
administrative sanction only for a refusal to take the test. In 1989, the statute was amended
to include administrative sanctions for failing the test, independent of any criminal
prosecution. Chapter 284, Laws of Maryland 1989.

                                               16
criminal trial on the ground that the defendant was denied an opportunity to consult an

attorney before deciding whether to take the test. 300 Md. at 708-9.

       The Court rejected Sites’ claim that he had a right to consult counsel under TR §16-

205.1 or the Sixth Amendment of the federal Constitution. 300 Md. at 710-12.14 But it held

that Sites had a due process right under the Fourteenth Amendment and Article 24 of the

Maryland Declaration of Rights to communicate with counsel before deciding whether to

submit to the breath test. Id. at 717-18. The Court reasoned that “[t]he continued possession

of a driver’s license…may become essential to earning a livelihood,” and concluded that

“[possession of a driver’s license] is an entitlement which cannot be taken without the due

process mandated by the Fourteenth Amendment.”             Id. at 717 (citation omitted).     It

concluded that “a person under detention for drunk driving must, on request, be permitted

a reasonable opportunity to communicate with counsel before submitting to a chemical

sobriety test, as long as such attempted communication will not substantially interfere with

the timely and efficacious administration of the testing process.” Id. at 717-18.15


       14
         The Court in Sites found that all the statutory requirements for administering the test
– which did not include a pre-test consultation with counsel – had been satisfied. With
respect to the Sixth Amendment argument, the Court noted that a “formal [criminal] charge
is the legal event that marks the starting point of the right to counsel under the Sixth
Amendment,” and that Sites had not been charged until after the test had been administered.
In a subsequent decision, the Court held that a detained driver does not have a Fifth
Amendment right to counsel in connection with the decision whether to take a breath test,
as the evidence to be taken is not testimonial. McAvoy v. State, 314 Md. 509, 517-20, 551
A.2d 875 (1989).
       15
         The right recognized in Sites was later extended in Brosan v. Cochran, 307 Md.
662, 669-74, 516 A.2d 970 (1986), to include a driver’s right to face-to-face consultation
                                                                             (continued...)

                                              17
       The Court noted that the test has to be administered promptly because “the statutory

purpose [is] to obtain the best evidence of blood alcohol content as may be practicable in the

circumstances, and it is common knowledge that such content dissipates rapidly with the

passage of time.” 300 Md. at 718. Accordingly, the right to consult counsel will be limited

by the exigencies of a particular case. Id. Moreover, the Court stated that “great deference”

should be accorded to the determination by an officer that a consultation with counsel would

interfere with timely administration of the test. Id.; see also Forman v. Motor Vehicle

Administration, 332 Md. 201, 217 n.7, 630 A.2d 753 (1993) (stating that there is a “limited

due process right” under Sites for a suspected drunk driver to contact counsel).

       In the case before it, the Sites Court declined to hold that the test result should be

suppressed, stating that “there is nothing in the record to show whether, in the circumstances,

the refusal of the police to permit a phone call (if in fact that occurred) constituted a violation

of Sites’ due process right.” Id. at 718-19.

       The Due Process Rationale of Sites

       As outlined above, the Sites Court based its holding on the due process clauses of the

federal and State constitutions. The Court cited, without significant analysis, several

Supreme Court decisions on the due process clause, most of which did not concern a right

to counsel, as well as Rutherford v. Rutherford, 296 Md. 347, 464 A.2d 228 (1983), in which




       15
         (...continued)
with an attorney and the attorney’s right to administer the attorney’s own breath test to the
client.

                                                18
this Court held that an indigent defendant who faces incarceration in a civil contempt

proceeding has a right to government-furnished counsel.

       The Sites Court acknowledged that there was scant authority on the precise issue

before it and that other state supreme courts had reached the opposite conclusion. 300 Md.

at 716-17. It discussed three cases from other jurisdictions that arguably concluded that the

due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment required a reasonable pre-test opportunity

to consult with counsel, although the Court appeared to acknowledge that those cases were

a weak foundation for its holding: People v. Gursey, 239 N.E.2d 351 (N.Y. 1968), State v.

Newton, 636 P.2d 393 (Or. 1981), and Troy v. Curry, 303 N.E.2d 925 (Ohio Mun. 1973).

       For example, in Gursey, the New York Court of Appeals simply stated that “the denial

of defendant’s requests for an opportunity to telephone his lawyer must be deemed to have

violated his privilege of access to counsel,” but, as the Sites Court noted,16 the New York

court did not specify whether that privilege arose from a state rule, a statute, the state

constitution, or the federal Constitution.17

       In Newton, a plurality of the Supreme Court of Oregon did explicitly conclude that

the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the federal Constitution requires that

a suspected drunk driver have an opportunity to consult counsel prior to deciding whether


       16
            300 Md. at 717.
       17
          Gursey was an appeal of a criminal prosecution. While the court cited Escobedo
v. Illinois, 378 U.S. 478 (1964) – a Sixth Amendment case – and one of its own prior
decisions based on Escobedo, it did not explicitly state the precise constitutional basis for its
holding. As noted above, the Court in Sites explicitly held that the Sixth Amendment did not
confer such a right.

                                               19
to take the breath test, although a majority of that court also held that a violation of that right

would not require suppression of an adverse test result in a criminal prosecution.

Subsequently, in State v. Spencer, 750 P.2d 147, 154-56 & n.4 (Or. 1988), the Oregon

Supreme Court abandoned the position of the Newton plurality based on the due process

clause of the Fourteenth Amendment and held instead that such a right to consult counsel

emanated from a state constitutional provision concerning the right to counsel in criminal

cases.18

       The third case, Troy, was a two-page decision by an acting judge of a county

municipal court in Ohio that, as Sites acknowledged,19 contained no analysis. While the Ohio

judge did hold that both the Sixth Amendment – again, a ground rejected by Sites – and the

due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment established a right to consult counsel, the

court did not explain its conclusion other than to state that the driver “needed the advice of

counsel” and that “his request was not unreasonable.” 303 N.E.2d at 927. Shortly after that

decision, in a different case, the Ohio intermediate appellate court observed that an officer’s

refusal to allow a detained driver to consult counsel prior to a breath test “does not constitute

an unconstitutional denial of the right to counsel,” although it also noted that an Ohio statute




       18
         The Oregon court noted that tying the right to a provision related to criminal
prosecution could raise a concern about “plac[ing] the state in the position of being required
under the Equal Protection Clause to have appointed counsel available at every place where
an intoxilyzer was to be used,” but discounted the prospect of such an interpretation.
Spencer, 750 P.2d at 155.
       19
            300 Md. at 715.

                                                20
accorded a detained driver such a right. Siegwald v. Curry, 319 N.E.2d 381 (Ohio App.

1974); see also State v. Layton, 675 N.E. 2d 862 (Ohio App. 1996).

       In sum, what little case authority may have supported the federal constitutional

conclusion drawn in Sites, that authority has largely evaporated. No other state or federal

court has subsequently held that the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment

generally establishes a pre-test right to counsel for a suspected drunk driver. Indeed, other

state courts – in addition to the contrary authority noted in Sites – have considered and

rejected the argument that a detained driver has a right to consult counsel rooted in the due

process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. See, e.g., State v. Degnan, 305 S.C. 369 (S.C.

1991); Brank v. State, 528 A.2d 1185 (Del. 1987); Dunn v. Petit, 388 A.2d 809 (R.I. 1978);

State v. Layton, 675 N.E.2d 862 (Ohio App. 1996); Matter of McNeely, 804 P.2d 911 (Idaho

App. 1990); McCambridge v. State, 725 S.W.2d 418 (Tex. App. 1987), aff’d, 778 S.W.2d

70 (Tex. Crim. App. 1989); State v. Hoch, 500 So.2d 597 (Fl. App. 1986); State v.

DeLorenzo, 509 A.2d 238 (N.J. Super. Ct. App. Div. 1986); State v. Armfield, 693 P.2d 1226

(Mont. 1984), overruled in part on other grounds, State v. Reavley, 79 P.3d 270 (Mont.

2003); People v. Griffith, 493 N.E. 2d 413 (Ill. App. 1986).20

       20
         As best we have been able to determine, Sites has been cited favorably by only three
decisions in other jurisdictions, all of which were unreported decisions. Two of those
decisions were by the Ohio intermediate appellate court – State v. Scarlett, 1987 WL 16568
(Ohio App. 1987) and City of Fairborn v. Mattachione, 1994 WL 21877 (Ohio App. 1994)
– but apparently are no longer good law as their holdings were effectively overruled by the
Ohio Supreme Court in City of Fairborn v. Mattachione, 650 N.E. 2d 426 (Ohio 1995).
While an unreported decision of the Alaska Supreme Court referred to Sites favorably, Cano
v. Municipality of Anchorage, 1985 WL 1077785 (Ak. App. 1985), in Alaska a detained
                                                                               (continued...)

                                             21
       Those courts that have recognized a pre-test right to consult counsel have found its

source elsewhere – in a state constitutional provision, a state rule, or a state statute. See, e.g.,

State v. Spencer, 750 P.2d 147 (Or. 1988) (state constitution); Copelin v. State, 659 P.2d

1206 (Ak. 1983) (state statute and rule); Friedman v. Commissioner of Public Safety, 473

N.W.2d 828, 832 (Minn. 1991) (state constitution); State v. Vietor, 261 N.W. 2d 828 (Iowa

1978) (state statute); Kuntz v. State Highway Commissioner, 405 N.W.2d 285 (N.D. 1987)

(state statute); State v. Templeton, 59 P.3d 632 (Wash. 2002) (state rule); Litteral v.

Commonwealth, 282 S.W.3d 331, 333 (Ky. App. 2008) (state statute); cf. Hall v. Secretary

of State, 231 N.W.2d 396 (Mich. App. 1975) (explicitly declining to hold that there is a

constitutional right to consult counsel but reversing suspension on ground that detained

driver could “reasonably” refuse test after being denied pre-test opportunity to call his

attorney or his wife and being held incommunicado for seven hours); Kunzler v. Pima

County Superior Court, 744 P.2d 669 (Az. 1987) (basing holding on state rule, although

stating that rule “recognizes federal and state constitutional rights”).

       The United States Supreme Court may have also cast doubt on the holding in Sites –

at least insofar as Sites rests on the federal Constitution – in its brief consideration of the

issue in Nyflot v. Minnesota Comm’r of Public Safety, 474 U.S. 1027 (1985). In Nyflot, the

Minnesota Supreme Court had rejected the contention that a detained driver has a federal

constitutional right to consult counsel prior to deciding whether to take a breath test – an

       20
         (...continued)
driver has a statutory right to consult counsel prior to deciding whether to take the test. See
Copelin v. Alaska, 659 P.2d 1206 (Ak. 1983).

                                                22
argument advanced by the driver under the Fifth Amendment, the Sixth Amendment, and the

due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Nyflot

v. Comm’r of Public Safety, 369 N.W.2d 512 (Minn. 1985). The driver appealed that ruling

to the United States Supreme Court, on the ground that failure to allow a pre-test consultation

with counsel violated the federal Constitution.21 The United States Supreme Court dismissed

the appeal of that decision “for want of a substantial federal question,” 22 although two

justices argued in dissent that the Sixth Amendment claim was worthy of the Court’s

consideration. Dismissals for want of a substantial federal question “prevent lower courts

from coming to opposite conclusions on the precise issues presented and necessarily decided

by those actions.” Mandel v. Bradley, 432 U.S. 173, 176 (1977). Thus, the Supreme Court’s

dismissal in Nyflot arguably forecloses federal and state courts from holding that there is a

due process right to a pre-test consultation with counsel under the due process clause of the

federal Constitution. Langelier v. Coleman, 861 F.2d 1508 (11th Cir. 1988).

       Two federal courts of appeals have held that, even if the dismissal in Nyflot did not

completely foreclose an argument based on the due process clause of the Fourteenth

Amendment, that argument has no merit. See Langelier, supra; McVeigh v. Smith, 872 F.2d


       21
         The appeal was brought under the pre-1988 version of 28 U.S.C. §1257, which
permitted appeals to the Supreme Court from decisions of state supreme courts that involved
federal questions.
       22
          A review of the materials before the Supreme Court at the time it considered the
motion to dismiss in Nyflot reveals that the Court was specifically advised of the due process
analysis of the Sites decision. See Motion to Dismiss of Minnesota Commissioner of Public
Safety in Nyflot v. Minnesota Commissioner of Public Safety, No. 85-636 (Oct. Term 1985)
at pp. 9-10.

                                              23
725 (6th Cir. 1989); but see Roberts v. Maine, 48 F.3d 1287 (1st Cir. 1995) (holding that the

due process clause requires that a driver be given a reasonable opportunity to call an attorney

before deciding whether to take the test, when the officer failed to advise the driver that a

refusal would result in a mandatory 48-hour period of incarceration upon conviction).

       Although Sites rested its holding on both the Fourteenth Amendment of the federal

Constitution and Article 24 of the Maryland Declaration of Rights, its analysis focused

almost entirely on cases construing the federal Constitution. Given the scarce support for

that analysis of the due process clause of the federal Constitution, the Sites Court’s rationale

rests on a precarious footing. Of course, because the Sites decision was also based on Article

24, it is conceivable that this Court could hold that the State constitution confers such a right,

even if the federal Constitution does not. Cf. DeWolfe v. Richmond, 434 Md. 444, 76 A.3d

1019 (2013) (holding that an indigent defendant in a criminal prosecution is entitled, under

Article 24 of the Maryland Declaration of Rights, to State-furnished counsel at an initial bail

hearing before a District Court commissioner without deciding whether that right also

emanates from the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment).

       In any event, we need not decide the continuing vitality of Sites to decide this case.

Even if Sites remains good law under a State constitutional theory, the ultimate question

before us is whether the violation of any such right affects the imposition of an

administrative sanction under TR §16-205.1.




                                               24
       Application of Sites in the Administrative Context

       Two prior decisions of this Court point to the resolution of the case before us – Motor

Vehicle Administration v. Richards, 356 Md. 356, 739 A.2d 58 (1999), and Najafi v. Motor

Vehicle Administration, 418 Md. 164, 12 A.3d 1255 (2011).23 Neither case directly decided

the consequences with respect to the administrative proceedings of a violation of the right

announced in Sites. Dicta in one of those decisions, however, indicated that such a violation

would not affect the administrative sanction.

       Richards

       In Richards, a detained driver refused to take a breath test and received the statutory

suspension for a refusal; the suspension was upheld by an ALJ after an administrative

hearing. The circuit court reversed that decision, however, on the basis that the officer

lacked a justification for the initial traffic stop, although upon making the stop the officer had

       23
          In a third decision involving an administrative proceeding and a possible violation
of Sites, the Court did not reach the question of the effect of Sites. In Motor Vehicle
Administration v. Atterbeary, 368 Md. 480, 796 A.2d 75 (2002), Atterbeary was discovered
slumped over the steering wheel of his car with the engine running during the early morning
hours. He was detained and initially agreed to take a breath test, but later informed the
officer that he wished to speak to an attorney and declined to sign the DR-15 form. The
officer considered those actions a refusal to take the test – a conclusion shared by the ALJ
who upheld the suspension of Atterbeary’s license under the implied consent, administrative
per se law. The circuit court reversed and the MVA sought review in the Court of Appeals.
This Court reiterated the holding of Sites, including the qualification that the right to contact
counsel could not be permitted to delay the timely administration of a breath test. 368 Md.
at 494-96. Ultimately, the Court did not determine whether there was a violation of the Sites
right or what the consequences of a violation would be in the administrative context. Rather,
the Court held that Atterbeary’s bare invocation of the right to consult counsel, without more,
did not amount to a refusal to take the test. Accordingly, there was no violation of TR §16-
205.1.


                                               25
reasonable grounds to believe the driver was intoxicated. This Court granted certiorari to

consider whether the exclusionary rule applicable in criminal cases would bar the

introduction of evidence of the test refusal resulting from an allegedly unlawful stop in

proceedings concerning the administrative suspension. Thus, while Richards did not involve

a violation of the due process right to consult counsel recognized in Sites, it is analogous:

in that case, the Court assumed for purposes of analysis that a test refusal obtained as a result

of a constitutional violation would have been excluded from evidence in a criminal case.

       In Richards, the Court reviewed at some length the history and purpose of the implied

consent, administrative per se law. 356 Md. at 362-68. It noted that the General Assembly

had made “a deliberate effort ... to keep the criminal and administrative proceedings resulting

from a suspected drunk-driving incident wholly separate.” Id. at 366. As an example, the

Court pointed out that the constitutionality of a traffic stop is not among the issues

enumerated in the statute to be considered at the administrative hearing. Id. at 367. The

Court also noted the general reluctance of courts to extend the exclusionary rule beyond

criminal proceedings, given the marginal deterrent effect and substantial societal costs

involved. Id. at 371.

       With respect to the implied consent, administrative per se law, the Court cited the

law’s remedial purpose – “to prevent unscrupulous or incompetent persons from engaging

in the licensed activity.” 356 Md. at 373 (citations omitted). It also reasoned that an

exclusionary rule in the administrative proceeding would have little deterrent effect, given

that the MVA is a separate and independent agency from the police department. Id. at 371-

                                               26
76. Finally, the Court observed that an MVA regulation created an exclusionary rule for

administrative proceedings when an officer acts in bad faith, but that the ALJ had found that,

whether there was a constitutional violation or not, the officer had acted in good faith. Id.

at 378 & n. 12. The Court concluded that even if the original traffic stop violated the Fourth

Amendment, an exclusionary rule should not be applied in administrative suspension

proceedings under TR §16-205.1.

       Najafi

       In Najafi, a driver who had been detained on suspicion of driving under the influence

of alcohol asked to speak with an attorney after arriving at the police station. The driver was

given a cell phone and a telephone directory, but was unable to reach an attorney. The driver

refused to take the breath test which, in accordance with the statute, resulted in a 120-day

suspension of his driver’s license.

       As in the case before us, during the administrative hearing, the driver’s counsel moved

that the ALJ take “no action,” contending that the driver was denied a reasonable opportunity

to consult counsel because he was not given privacy when he was attempting to contact an

attorney at the station. 418 Md. at 168-69. The ALJ rejected that suggestion, holding that

“for purposes of an administrative hearing,” the police officer was not required by the due

process clause to allow the driver an opportunity to consult counsel. In what apparently was

an alternative holding, the ALJ also concluded that the effort made by the officer to

accommodate the driver’s request to contact an attorney was sufficient to satisfy any such

right. The circuit court affirmed the ALJ’s decision, finding that there was substantial

                                              27
evidence to demonstrate that the driver was given a reasonable opportunity to contact an

attorney. Id. at 173. When the case arrived in this Court, the driver’s counsel asked this

Court to extend the holding in Sites to administrative license suspension proceedings and to

hold that a denial of a driver’s request to speak to counsel prior to electing whether to take

a breath test is a proper ground for granting a motion for “no action.” Id. at 174.

       In Najafi, this Court examined Sites and its progeny, and derived several principles

from those cases. On the one hand, it concluded that “based upon our jurisprudence, it is

incumbent upon an officer to afford a detained driver the opportunity to consult counsel prior

to having to decide whether to take a chemical breath test.” 418 Md. at 179. On the other

hand, the Court noted that in Richards, the Court had previously declined to extend the

exclusionary rule to administrative license suspension proceedings. The Court concluded

that “[i]f a detained driver is not given the right to consult counsel, there may be implications

in a criminal case, such as the suppression of test results; in the administrative context,

similar remedies do not exist.” Id. at 179.

       After examining cases in which this Court addressed the sufficiency of the contents

of the warning given by police officers to detainees prior to requesting that they take the

breath test,24 the Najafi Court concluded that “[t]he due process protection prior to license



       24
          See Hill v. Motor Vehicle Administration, 415 Md. 231, 239-42, 999 A.2d 1019
(2010) (information provided in the DR-15 form was sufficient to safeguard the detainee’s
right to due process); Hare v. Motor Vehicle Administration, 326 Md. 296, 299-300, 604
A.2d 914 (procedural due process did not require the officer to supplement DR-15 form with
information about whether a test refusal would preclude modification of the suspension and
issuance of a restricted license).

                                               28
suspension…is satisfied by the procedural due process afforded by [TR] §16-205.1....” 418

Md. at 182. Looking to the facts of the case before it, the Najafi Court indicated that the

driver’s right to due process for purposes of the administrative proceeding was met when he

was permitted to read the DR-15 form twice while in detention. Id. at 184.

       In the end, the Court did not rest its decision in Najafi on that conclusion and its

extended discussion of prior cases under TR §16-205.1, which it labeled as “dicta.” 418 Md.

at 184. Rather, the Court affirmed the ALJ’s conclusion, also affirmed by the circuit court,

that the driver in the case before it had been given adequate opportunity to contact counsel.

Id.

       Summary

       In the context of a criminal prosecution, the Sites decision recognized a qualified due

process right of a detained driver to consult with counsel before deciding whether to take a

breath test.    That right was qualified in that it was subsidiary, depending on the

circumstances of each case, to the public interest in conducting the test in a timely fashion

– an assessment on which courts are to accord “great deference” to the judgment of the police

officer.    As outlined above, the precise constitutional foundation of Sites is open to

question.25 But even if such a right is found to exist and might require the suppression of a

       25
         The amicus brief supporting Ms. Deering’s position suggested a statutory basis for
a requirement that a detained driver be permitted a pre-test consultation with counsel and for
its consideration at the administrative hearing – an argument that Ms. Deering’s counsel
adopted at oral argument. Among the issues that may be considered by the ALJ at an
administrative hearing is “whether the police officer requested a test after the person was
fully advised, as required under [TR §16-205.1(b)(2)], of the administrative sanctions....”
                                                                                 (continued...)

                                              29
test result or refusal in a criminal case, that does not necessarily require exclusion of the test

result or refusal in an administrative proceeding. As this Court outlined in Richards, an

exclusionary rule in the administrative context carries substantial societal costs with little

deterrent effect.26 As the dicta in Najafi indicated, that reasoning leads to the conclusion that

a test result or refusal should not be suppressed in an administrative proceeding even if it was

obtained in violation of Sites.

       A substantial argument could be made that the record in this case does not reveal a

violation of the right recognized in Sites. It is evident from the circumstances of Ms.

Deering’s detention that the officer was under a fairly severe time constraint to administer

the test within two hours, given that he had to transport her to the State police barracks for


       25
          (...continued)
TR §16-205.1(f)(7)(i)3. Essentially, the amicus argues that a driver who is denied an
opportunity to consult counsel is not “fully advised” of the sanctions that could be imposed
at the time the officer requests that the driver take the test. However, the “advice” referred
to in that provision, as the cross-referenced statutory provision makes clear, is the
information that the officer is obligated to provide when requesting the test; the statute does
not provide that the obligation may, much less must, be satisfied by an opportunity to consult
counsel. In any event, Ms. Deering does not contend that the officer in her case failed to
advise her correctly or misled her in some manner.

       The Legislature is, of course, free to create a statutory requirement that an officer
allow a detained driver a pre-test opportunity to consult with counsel. To date, it has not
done so.
       26
           Ms. Deering states that the relief that she seeks is not a “traditional exclusionary
rule,” but simply that “no action” be taken as a result of her test result. Nevertheless, the
relief she seeks is the exclusion of her test result from the administrative proceeding and, as
a result, the elimination of the basis for her administrative suspension. However one labels
that request, Richards made clear that suppression of the test result or refusal in an
administrative proceeding is not required, even if that test result or refusal is the product of
a constitutional violation.

                                               30
that purpose. While it is clear that Ms. Deering asked the officer if she could contact an

attorney, it is not at all clear that she communicated to the officer her belief that she could

find an attorney on short notice in the early morning hours. Given the importance that the

Sites decision accorded to timely administration of a test and its deference to the judgment

of police officers, there is a strong argument that the circumstances of Ms. Deering’s breath

test were consistent with Sites.

       The ALJ in this case, however, did not resolve the Sites issue on that ground. Rather,

she made the legal determination that an opportunity to call a lawyer was “not necessary in

the admin[istrative] context.” Thus, the ALJ based her decision on a legal determination that

the fact that a detained driver is not given a reasonable pre-test opportunity to consult counsel

does not preclude an administrative suspension based on an adverse test result.

       Ms. Deering’s case thus presents this Court with an opportunity either to confirm the

dicta in Najafi, or to disclaim it. Given the clearly expressed legislative intent in the implied

consent, administrative per se law to remove impaired drivers from the road, to encourage

detained drivers to submit to a test measuring impairment, and to obtain timely and accurate

measures of impairment – all of which contribute to public safety and discourage or eliminate

a serious hazard on the roadways – we confirm the dicta in Najafi that a violation of the right

recognized in Sites does not require suppression of the test result or refusal in proceedings

concerning the administrative suspension of the driver’s license.




                                               31
                                        Conclusion

       We hold that, even if a suspected drunk driver is denied the opportunity to consult

counsel before deciding whether to take a breath test under the implied consent,

administrative per se law, the driver remains subject to the administrative license suspension

that the statute assigns to a test refusal or a particular test result. Accordingly, the ALJ

properly upheld Ms. Deering’s suspension.



                                    J UDGMENT OF THE C IRCUIT C OURT FOR S OMERSET
                                    C OUNTY R EVERSED. C ASE R EMANDED TO THAT
                                    C OURT WITH D IRECTIONS TO A FFIRM THE D ECISION
                                    OF THE A DMINISTRATIVE L AW J UDGE P RESIDING OVER
                                    R ESPONDENT’S L ICENSE S USPENSION H EARING.
                                    C OSTS TO BE P AID BY R ESPONDENT.




                                             32
