                                                COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA


              Present: Judges Frank, Petty and Senior Judge Bumgardner
UNPUBLISHED


              Argued at Chesapeake, Virginia


              JACOBI FRAZIER
                                                                                MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY
              v.        Record No. 1466-13-1                                     JUDGE ROBERT P. FRANK
                                                                                      JULY 29, 2014
              COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA


                                 FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF PORTSMOUTH
                                               Dean W. Sword, Jr., Judge1

                                  Stephanie P. Pass (Shilling, Pass & Barlow, on brief), for appellant.

                                  Benjamin H. Katz, Assistant Attorney General (Mark R. Herring,
                                  Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.


                        Jacobi Frazier, appellant, was convicted of possession of heroin with the intent to

              distribute subsequent offense in violation of Code § 18.2-248(C). On appeal, he contends the

              trial court erred in denying his motion to suppress. Specifically, he argues the police violated his

              rights under Miranda v. Arizona, 348 U.S. 346 (1966), by requesting consent to search. Finding

              no error, we affirm.

                                                            BACKGROUND

                        Detective T. McAndrew of the Portsmouth Police Department received a telephone call

              from a confidential reliable informant who stated that a black male named Jacobi Frazier, later

              identified as appellant, was in possession of heroin and would be in the area of a particular

              convenience store on Seventh Street. The informant told McAndrew that he had personally


                        *
                            Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.
                        1
                            The Honorable James C. Hawks presided over proceedings that are the subject of this
              appeal.
observed appellant with the heroin and that the drugs would be hidden in appellant’s pants. Prior

to this occasion, this informant had provided reliable information to McAndrew on a number of

occasions that led to several “arrests, convictions and recoveries.”

       Upon receiving this information, McAndrew and other detectives met in the area of the

convenience store and set up surveillance. Within minutes, a car pulled into the lot with

appellant seated in the front passenger seat. McAndrew recognized appellant, having known him

for fifteen years. McAndrew placed appellant in handcuffs and transported appellant to his

office at the police station. After arriving at the office, McAndrew advised appellant that he

knew appellant had heroin hidden in his pants, and he told appellant that appellant could either

consent to a search or wait for McAndrew to secure a search warrant. Appellant then became

“very cooperative,” and McAndrew removed the cuffs from appellant’s hands. Appellant pulled

his jeans down, and a plastic bag containing heroin fell to the floor.

       Appellant testified that McAndrew told him to stand up and take his clothes off.

Appellant has been previously convicted of two felonies.

       At the suppression hearing, appellant maintained that appellant had not been advised of

his rights pursuant to Miranda, and did not consent to what he described as a strip search. The

Commonwealth argued that the information McAndrew received from the reliable informant

provided him with probable cause to arrest appellant and search him incident to that arrest.

Appellant did not challenge probable cause below. His argument was limited to a Miranda

violation.2

       The trial court denied the motion to suppress, explaining that it relied upon the

Commonwealth’s argument that the police had probable cause to arrest appellant based solely on


       2
         Appellant also argued to the trial court that the police conducted a strip search. He did
not argue this issue on brief, and we do not consider it on appeal.

                                                -2-
the reliable informant’s information. The trial court implicitly rejected that appellant was

subjected to a strip search.

       This appeal follows.

                                             ANALYSIS

       The trial court denied appellant’s motion to suppress, finding the police had probable

cause to arrest and that the search was performed pursuant to a lawful arrest. Appellant, neither

at trial nor on appeal, challenges that ruling.

       When reviewing a trial court’s denial of a motion to suppress, “we are bound by the trial

court’s findings of historical fact unless ‘plainly wrong’ or without evidence to support them and

we give due weight to the inferences drawn from those facts by resident judges and local law

enforcement officers.” McGee v. Commonwealth, 25 Va. App. 193, 198, 487 S.E.2d 259, 261

(1997) (en banc) (quoting Ornelas v. United States, 517 U.S. 690, 699 (1996)). The burden is on

the appellant to show that the denial of his suppression motion, when the evidence is considered

in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, was reversible error. McCain v.

Commonwealth, 261 Va. 483, 489-90, 545 S.E.2d 541, 545 (2001). “‘Ultimate questions of

reasonable suspicion and probable cause to make a warrantless search’” involve questions of

both law and fact and are reviewed de novo on appeal. McGee, 25 Va. App. at 198, 487 S.E.2d

at 261 (quoting Ornelas, 517 U.S. at 691).

       Whether the Fourth Amendment has been violated is a question to be determined from all

the circumstances. McCain v. Commonwealth, 275 Va. 546, 552, 659 S.E.2d 512, 516 (2008).

Review of the existence of probable cause or reasonable suspicion involves application of an

objective rather than a subjective standard. Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 21-22 (1968).

       Appellant first argues that appellant’s consent to search was obtained in violation of his

Miranda rights. He reasons that because he was in custody and was not advised of his rights

                                                  -3-
under Miranda, his consent to the search must be suppressed along with the heroin recovered as a

result of the search. The Commonwealth responds that this argument does not assign error to the

trial court’s ruling, specifically, that probable cause permitted appellant’s arrest and the search

incident to arrest is a well-recognized exception to the warrant requirement. See United States v.

Robinson, 414 U.S. 218, 234-35 (1973) (explaining that one of the exceptions to the warrant

requirement is a search incident to arrest based on the need to disarm the suspect in order to take

him into custody and the need to preserve evidence for later use at trial).

       The trial court, by agreeing with the Commonwealth’s argument, concluded that probable

cause supported appellant’s arrest, and therefore any search incident to that arrest was proper. In

so ruling, the court implicitly rejected appellant’s arguments at trial and accepted the

Commonwealth’s position that because McAndrew had probable cause for an arrest, the issue of

consent was not before the court.

       Finding the police had probable cause to arrest appellant, and searched appellant

incidental to a valid arrest, we need not address whether the detective’s request for consent

violated appellant’s Miranda rights, nor whether inevitable discovery applies. See Luginbyhl v.

Commonwealth, 48 Va. App. 58, 64, 628 S.E.2d 74, 77 (2006) (“[A]n appellate court decides

cases ‘on the best and narrowest ground available.’” (quoting Air Courier Conference v. Am.

Postal Workers Union, 498 U.S. 517, 531 (1991) (Stevens, J., concurring))).

                                          CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, we find the trial court did not err in denying appellant’s

motion to suppress.

                                                                                            Affirmed.




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