


 
IN THE
TENTH COURT OF APPEALS










 

No. 10-05-00277-CR
No. 10-05-00282-CR
 
Delarenta Lamar Ridge,
                                                                      Appellant
 v.
 
The State of Texas,
                                                                      Appellee
 
 
 

From the 367th District Court
Denton County, Texas
Trial Court Nos. F-2005-0381-E
and F-2005-0382-E
 

Opinion

 




          A jury convicted Delarenta Lamar Ridge of two charges of aggravated robbery.  The jury assessed his punishment at twenty
years’ imprisonment for one charge and forty-five years’ imprisonment for the
other.  Ridge contends in four points that: (1) the court erred by failing to
appoint a licensed interpreter for the testimony of one of the complainants;
(2) the court’s failure to do so violated his right of confrontation under the
Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution and article I, section 10 of
the Texas Constitution (two points); and (3) he was denied the right to counsel
during the 30-day period following imposition of sentence.  We will affirm.
Background
          The State charged Ridge in separate
indictments with the aggravated robberies of Abel Arriaga and Carlos Sosa.  According
to the testimony, Arriaga and Sosa were seated in a four-door pickup truck in a
parking lot when Ridge and Dunte Daniels walked “past the truck a little bit.” 
Arriaga testified that Ridge then came back and knocked on the front
passenger’s window where Arriaga was seated.  Arriaga thought Ridge was going
to ask a question, so he lowered the window about halfway.  Ridge then pointed
a black handgun at Arriaga and demanded his wallet.  Arriaga told Ridge that he
did not have a wallet.  Ridge then pulled the trigger three times, but the
handgun did not fire.  Ridge pointed the handgun at the ground and tried to
fire it.  He finally succeeded.  He then began to open Arriaga’s door, pointing
the handgun at Arriaga.  Because the gunshot caused people to emerge from
nearby apartments, Ridge and Daniels fled on foot to a friend’s apartment.
          Arriaga testified that Ridge is taller
than Daniels.[1] 
He unequivocally identified Ridge as the person who threatened him with the
handgun.  He did not notice Daniels again until they fled the area.
          Sosa was sitting in the right rear
passenger’s seat of the truck.[2] 
He testified that he saw Ridge and Daniels on that date and that the taller of
them threatened Arriaga with a handgun.  However, he could not say whether
Ridge or Daniels was the taller of the two.  Thus, he could not identify Ridge
in court as the person who threatened Arriaga.  Sosa testified that the shorter
of the two men was standing near his door.  After the taller man fired the
handgun at the ground then threatened Arriaga again, Sosa opened his door,
apparently in an attempt to flee.  At that point, the shorter man stuck
something against Sosa’s back.  Sosa could not say for certain that the man held
a gun to his back, but Sosa thought it was a gun because it felt round and he “felt
the iron” against his back.  Sosa froze until the attackers fled.
          Officers were directed to the
apartment where Ridge and Daniels hid.  They found them inside.  After
receiving the consent of the apartment owner, the officers searched the
apartment and found a black handgun under a sofa cushion on the side where the
owner testified Ridge had been sitting.  Arriaga and Sosa viewed Ridge and
Daniels that night and identified them as the robbers.
          The police were unable to find any
identifiable fingerprints on the handgun or the two shell casings taken from
it.  Arriaga testified that the handgun “looks like” the weapon Ridge
threatened him with.  Sosa told the police in a written statement given on the
night of the robbery that Arriaga was threatened with a white handgun.[3]
          Ridge signed a written confession the
next day, admitting that he was involved in the robbery.  However, Ridge
insisted in his confession that Daniels held the handgun and demanded Arriaga’s
wallet.
Licensed Interpreter
          Ridge contends in his first point that
the court erred by failing to appoint a licensed interpreter for Sosa’s
testimony.
          The State responds that (1) Ridge
failed to preserve this point for appellate review by failing to object; (2) no
error is shown because the record is silent as to the interpreter’s licensure
status; (3) section 57.002 of the Government Code, which provides for the
appointment of licensed interpreters in civil and criminal proceedings, does
not apply unless a motion is filed for the appointment of an interpreter; and
(4) assuming the court erroneously failed to appoint a licensed interpreter,
Ridge was not harmed.
          Article 38.30 of the Code of Criminal
Procedure provides for the appointment of interpreters in criminal
proceedings.  The version of this statute applicable to Ridge’s case provides
in pertinent part:
          When a motion for appointment of an
interpreter is filed by any party or on motion of the court, in any criminal
proceeding, it is determined that a person charged or a witness does not
understand and speak the English language, an interpreter must be sworn to
interpret for him.  Any person may be subpoenaed, attached or recognized in any
criminal action or proceeding, to appear before the proper judge or court to
act as interpreter therein, under the same rules and penalties as are provided
for witnesses.  In the event that the only available interpreter is not
considered to possess adequate interpreting skills for the particular situation
or the interpreter is not familiar with use of slang, the person charged or
witness may be permitted by the court to nominate another person to act as
intermediary between himself and the appointed interpreter during the
proceedings.
 
Act of May 21, 1991, 72d Leg., R.S., ch. 700, § 1,
1991 Tex. Gen. Laws 2505, 2505 (amended 2005) (current version at Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art.
38.30(a) (Vernon Supp. 2006)) (hereinafter, “Tex.
Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 38.30(a)”).[4]
          Section 57.002 of the Government Code
applies to the appointment of interpreters in civil and criminal proceedings.  Section
57.002 provides in pertinent part:
(a) A court shall appoint a certified court
interpreter or a licensed court interpreter if a motion for the appointment of
an interpreter is filed by a party or requested by a witness in a civil or
criminal proceeding in the court.
 
(b) A court may, on its own motion, appoint a
certified court interpreter or a licensed court interpreter.
 
Tex. Gov’t Code Ann. § 57.002(a), (b) (Vernon Supp. 2006).[5]
          The Court of Criminal Appeals has held
that a defendant’s right to an interpreter under article 38.30 must be
implemented unless expressly waived if the trial judge is aware that the
defendant has difficulty understanding the English language.  Garcia v.
State, 149 S.W.3d 135, 144-45 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004).  Because article
38.30 applies not only to defendants but also to witnesses who do not
understand the English language, the First Court of Appeals has likewise
concluded that the appointment of an interpreter for a witness must be
implemented unless expressly waived if the trial judge is aware that the
witness has difficulty understanding the English language.  Miller v. State,
177 S.W.3d 1, 6 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2004, no pet.).
          The correctness of the State’s
preservation argument rests on whether the right to an interpreter under
article 38.30 necessarily includes the right to a licensed[6]
interpreter under section 57.002.  Aside from a reference to the general
preservation rule, the State cites only one case as direct support for its
preservation argument.  See Tex.
R. App. P. 33.1(a); Garcia v. State, 887 S.W.2d 862 (Tex. Crim.
App. 1994), overruled in part on other grounds by Hammock v. State, 46
S.W.3d 889, 893 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001).[7]  Garcia
II[8]
stands for the proposition that an objection to the accuracy of an
interpretation is insufficient to constitute an objection to the competence or
qualifications of the interpreter.[9]  See
Garcia II, 887 S.W.2d at 874-75.  This is a correct statement of the law,
but it does not answer the question presented, namely, whether an objection is
even required.
          Ridge’s failure to object will not
defeat his claim if section 57.002 requires a trial court to appoint a licensed
interpreter whenever[10]
it appoints an interpreter under article 38.30.  The Dallas Court of Appeals has
held in an unpublished opinion that a trial court is not required to appoint a
licensed interpreter under section 57.002 unless a party files a motion for the
appointment of an interpreter.  See Hernandez v. State, No.
05-03-00107-CR, 2003 Tex. App. LEXIS 7322, at *14-15 (Tex. App.—Dallas Aug. 27, 2003, no pet.) (not designated for publication).
          The court reached this conclusion from
the language of section 57.002.  Subsection (a) states in pertinent part that a
“court shall appoint” a licensed interpreter “if a motion for the
appointment of an interpreter is filed by a party or requested by a witness.” 
Tex. Gov’t Code Ann. § 57.002(a)
(emphases added).  Conversely, subsection (b) provides in pertinent part that a
trial court “may, on its own motion, appoint” a licensed interpreter.  Id. § 57.002(b) (emphasis added).  Because the defendant in Hernandez did not
file a motion for an interpreter, the court concluded that section 57.002 did
not apply.  See Hernandez, 2003 Tex. App. LEXIS 7322, at *15.
          The El Paso Court of Appeals has
concluded that, notwithstanding the language of section 57.002, a
court-appointed “interpreter is not required to be an ‘official’ or ‘certified’
interpreter under the Code, but only to have sufficient skill in translating
and to be familiar with the use of slang.”  Menjivar v. State, No.
08-02-00143-CR, 2003 Tex. App. LEXIS 1553, at *2-3 (Tex. App.—El Paso Feb. 20, 2003,
no pet.) (not designated for publication) (citing Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 38.30(a); Tex. Gov't Code Ann. §§ 57.002, 57.021
(Vernon Supp. 2006); Mendiola v. State, 924 S.W.2d 157, 161 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 1995, pet. ref’d, untimely filed)).  Apparently, the El Paso Court concluded that the general interpreter requirements found in article 38.30(a)
control in criminal proceedings over the more specific requirements of section
57.002.
          Other courts have held, consistent
with caselaw existing before the enactment of section 57.002 and before the
Court of Criminal Appeals’ decision in Garcia I, that questions
regarding the competency or qualifications of an interpreter must be raised by
trial objection or they are forfeited.  See, e.g., Mendoza v. State, No.
13-03-00755-CR, 2005 Tex. App. LEXIS 8247, at *18 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi Oct.
6, 2005, no pet.) (not designated for publication) (citing Montoya v. State,
811 S.W.2d 671, 673 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 1991, no pet.)); Escamilla v.
State, No. 08-03-00193-CR, 2005 Tex. App. LEXIS 4193, at *19 (Tex. App.—El
Paso May 31, 2005, no pet.) (citing Montoya, 811 S.W.2d at 673).
          Contrary to the decisions of the Dallas
and El Paso Courts in Hernandez and Menjivar, the Attorney
General has construed section 57.002 to require the appointment of a licensed
interpreter whenever a court appoints an interpreter under article 38.30.  See
  Op. Tex. Att’y Gen. No. JC-0584 (2002).  The Attorney General’s opinion
provides a thorough examination of these two statutes and others which relate
to this issue.  The following excerpts from the Attorney General’s opinion set
forth the conclusions of that office regarding the appropriate construction of
section 57.002.
We construe section 57.002(a) to impose on a
court the mandatory duty to appoint a certified or licensed interpreter
when the court appoints an interpreter.
 
Id.
at 7.
When a court appoints a spoken-language interpreter
in a criminal case, we conclude that chapter 57 establishes the requisite interpreter
qualifications. Therefore, the interpreter must be licensed under chapter 57
unless the section 57.002(c) exception applies.
 
Id.
at 11.
          While chapter 57 does not expressly
state that spoken-language interpreters appointed under article 38.30 must be
licensed interpreters, we construe chapter 57 to govern the qualifications of interpreters
appointed under article 38.30 because the legislature intended chapter 57’s
licensing requirements to apply in all civil and criminal proceedings.
 
Id.
          We agree with the Attorney General’s
interpretation of the statute.  It would be an absurd result to say that a
trial court has a mandatory duty to appoint a licensed interpreter whenever an
interpreter is requested but that the trial court has the discretion to appoint
whomever it chooses if the court decides sua sponte to appoint an
interpreter.  See Haley v. State, 173 S.W.3d 510, 514 (Tex. Crim. App.
2005) (“We look solely to the statute’s plain language for its meaning unless
its text is ambiguous or the application of its plain language would lead to an
absurd result that the Legislature could not have possibly intended.”).  This
is particularly true given the various rights at stake when a defendant or
witness who does not understand the English language appears in court.  See
Garcia I, 149 S.W.3d at 140-45.
          We decline to follow the decisions of
the El Paso and Corpus Christi Courts that complaints regarding the qualifications
of an interpreter must be preserved by trial objection because those decisions
fail to account for the Court of Criminal Appeals’ decision in Garcia I and
the application of section 57.002 to criminal proceedings.
          Therefore, we hold that a trial court
has an independent duty to appoint a licensed interpreter if the court is made
aware that a defendant or witness does not understand the English language,
unless the defendant expressly waives the right to a licensed interpreter.  Id. at 144-45; Op. Tex. Att’y Gen. No. JC-0584, at 11; see also Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art.
38.30(a); Tex. Gov’t Code Ann. § 57.002(a),
(b).
          Here, the prosecutor made the court
aware that Sosa did not understand English.  Ridge did not expressly waive his
right to a licensed interpreter.  However, there is nothing in the record to
support Ridge’s contention that the person who interpreted Sosa’s testimony was
not licensed.
          Ridge argues that he should prevail
because “[t]here is no evidence in the record supporting the conclusion that
the interpreter who translated for Carlos Sosa at trial was a ‘licensed
interpreter.’”  Appellant’s Brief at 5.  Nevertheless, we will not find error
from a silent record.  To do so would be to find error on the basis of
speculation, which we cannot do.  Cf. Rayme v. State, 178 S.W.3d 21, 29
(Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2005, pet. ref’d) (ineffective assistance claim
cannot be based on speculation); Jones v. State, 170 S.W.3d 772, 775
(Tex. App.—Waco 2005, pet. ref’d) (same).
          A presumption of regularity attaches
to the proceedings in the trial court and to the court’s judgment.  See Light
v. State, 15 S.W.3d 104, 107 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000); Downs v. State,
137 S.W.3d 837, 840 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2004, pet. ref’d); Cochrane
v. State, 66 S.W.3d 415, 417 (Tex. App.—Tyler 2001, no pet.).  An appellant
bears the burden of overcoming this presumption.[11] 
Marras v. State, 741 S.W.2d 395, 407 (Tex. Crim. App. 1987); Downs, 137 S.W.3d at 840; Cochrane, 66 S.W.3d at 417.  Here, Ridge has failed
to sustain his burden of overcoming the presumption of regularity.
          Accordingly, we overrule Ridge’s first
point.
Right of Confrontation
          Ridge contends in his second and third
points respectively that the court’s failure to appoint a licensed interpreter violated
his right of confrontation under the Sixth Amendment to the United States
Constitution and article I, section 10 of the Texas Constitution.  However,
because Ridge has not established that the court failed to appoint a licensed
interpreter, Ridge necessarily cannot establish that such failure violated his
right of confrontation under either constitution.  Thus, we overrule his second
and third points.[12]
Denial of Counsel
          Ridge contends in his fourth point
that he was denied his right to counsel during the 30-day period after
sentencing.  Thus, Ridge argues he did not have counsel to assist him in
deciding whether to file a motion for new trial.
          The court imposed sentence on May 4,
2005.  Ridge mailed a letter to the trial court on May 24 advising: (1) he
wanted to appeal; (2) he wanted trial counsel to withdraw and other counsel
appointed for appeal; and (3) he intended to raise “blatant acts of ineffective
assistance of counsel among numerous acts that my appeal will cover.”  Upon
receipt of Ridge’s letter, the trial court appointed appellate counsel on June
3.
          When a motion for new trial is not
filed, there exists a rebuttable presumption that the defendant was informed by
counsel of the right to file a motion for new trial, the merits of filing a
motion for new trial were discussed, and the defendant rejected this course of
action.  See Oldham v. State, 977 S.W.2d 354, 363 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998);
Hudson v. State, 128 S.W.3d 367, 381 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2004, no pet.);
Kane v. State, 80 S.W.3d 693, 695 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2002, pet.
ref’d); accord Smith v. State, 17 S.W.3d 660, 662-63 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000).
          The facts in Ridge’s case are very
similar to the facts in Smith.  Cf. Smith, 17 S.W.3d at 662-63. 
Ridge’s pro se notice of appeal and his stated intent to pursue
ineffective assistance of counsel claims on appeal are not sufficient to rebut
the presumption that his trial counsel provided effective assistance during the
30 days after sentencing.  See id.  Accordingly, we overrule Ridge’s
fourth point.
We affirm the judgment.
 
FELIPE REYNA
Justice
Before Chief Justice
Gray,
Justice
Vance, and
Justice
Reyna
(Chief
Justice Gray concurring)
Affirmed
Opinion delivered and
filed August 30, 2006
Publish
[CR25] (10-05-00277-CR)
[CRPM] (10-05-00282-CR)
 




[1]
          State’s Exhibit Nos. 7 & 8
are photographs of Ridge and Daniels.  The backgrounds of these photographs
have markings indicating that Ridge is slightly more than 70 inches tall, while
Daniels is only 60 inches tall.
 


[2]
          Sosa testified through an
interpreter.  Although the record is unclear, it appears that the prosecutor
arranged for this interpreter to appear and assist with Sosa’s testimony.


[3]
          Sosa’s statement was taken by a
Spanish-speaking officer and translated into English.


[4]
          The primary aim of the 2005
amendments to article 38.30 was to add subsection (a-1) governing “qualified
telephone interpreters.”  See Act of May 26, 2005, 79th Leg., R.S., ch.
956, § 1, 2005 Tex. Gen. Laws 3225, 3225-26.  The remaining amendments were
primarily non-substantive.  For example, subsection (a) was amended to remove
gender-specific language.  Id.
 


[5]
          The version of section 57.002(c)
applicable at the time of Ridge’s trial applied to any county “with a
population of less than 50,000.”  See Act of May 28, 2001, 77th Leg.,
R.S., ch. 1139, § 1, 2001 Tex. Gen. Laws 2537, 2538 (amended 2005) (current
version at Tex. Gov’t Code Ann. §
57.002(c) (Vernon Supp. 2006)).  Subsection (c) permits the appointment of
interpreters who are not licensed under certain circumstances.  Id.  The 2000 census found Denton County’s population to
be 432,976.  See State & County QuickFacts, U. S. Census Bureau, http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/48/48121.html
(last visited Aug. 24, 2006).  Accordingly, we take judicial notice that the
population of Denton County was more than 50,000 when Ridge committed these offenses and at the time of his trial.  See
City of Waco v. Bittle, 167 S.W.3d 20, 28 n.9 (Tex. App.­—Waco 2005, pet.
denied).  Thus, subsection (c) does not apply.
 
 


[6]
          Section 57.002 refers to both
“certified” and “licensed” interpreters.  See Tex. Gov’t Code Ann. § 57.002(a) (Vernon Supp. 2006). “‘Certified
court interpreter’ means an individual who is a qualified interpreter as
defined in Article 38.31,
Code of Criminal Procedure, or Section 21.003,
Civil Practice and Remedies Code, or certified under
Subchapter B by the Department of Assistive and Rehabilitative Services to
interpret court proceedings for a hearing-impaired individual.”  Id. § 57.001(1) (Vernon Supp. 2006).  “‘Licensed court interpreter’ means an
individual licensed under Subchapter C by the Texas Commission of Licensing and
Regulation to interpret court proceedings for an individual who can hear but
who does not comprehend English or communicate in English.”  Id. §
57.001(5) (Vernon Supp. 2006).  Because Ridge’s point concerns the appointment
of a licensed interpreter, we refer hereinafter to only licensed interpreters
unless otherwise indicated.
 


[7]
          In Hammock, the Court of
Criminal Appeals “disavow[ed] any language in Garcia that requires
an objection to the admission of evidence before a limiting instruction can be
requested.”  Hammock v. State, 46 S.W.3d 889, 893 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001).
 


[8]
              Because this appeal involves two Garcia decisions from the
Court of Criminal Appeals, we refer to the 2004 decision (149 S.W.3d 135) as “Garcia
I” and the 1994 decision (887 S.W.2d 862) as “Garcia II.”
 


[9]
          Ridge did object to the accuracy
of a portion of the interpretation.
 


[10]
            We note again that section
57.002(c) excuses a court in a county with a population of less than 50,000
from appointing a licensed interpreter under certain circumstances.


[11]
         In this instance, the presumption
of regularity could be overcome by the presentation of evidence regarding the
interpreter’s licensure status in a hearing on a motion for new trial. 
However, the better practice would be for the trial court to establish the
interpreter’s licensure status when the interpreter is sworn.  Here, the record
does not even reflect that the interpreter was sworn.


[12]
         Ridge’s second and third points
could also be overruled because of his failure to object.  See Paredes v.
State, 129 S.W.3d 530, 535 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004); Steels v. State,
170 S.W.3d 765, 771 (Tex. App.—Waco 2005, no pet.); Oveal v. State, 164
S.W.3d 735, 739 n.2 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2005, pet. ref’d).


