[Cite as State v. Durosko, 2020-Ohio-3133.]


                                       COURT OF APPEALS
                                    FAIRFIELD COUNTY, OHIO
                                   FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT


 STATE OF OHIO                                 :   JUDGES:
                                               :
                                               :   Hon. John W. Wise, P.J.
        Plaintiff-Appellee                     :   Hon. Patricia A. Delaney, J.
                                               :   Hon. Earle E. Wise, Jr., J.
 -vs-                                          :
                                               :   Case No. 2019 CA 00048
                                               :
 ROBERT M. DUROSKO                             :
                                               :
                                               :
        Defendant-Appellant                    :   OPINION


CHARACTER OF PROCEEDING:                           Appeal from the Fairfield County
                                                   Municipal Court, Case No.
                                                   TRC1901918A, TRC1901918B



JUDGMENT:                                          AFFIRMED




DATE OF JUDGMENT ENTRY:                            May 29, 2020




APPEARANCES:

 For Plaintiff-Appellee:                           For Defendant-Appellant:

 JOSEPH M. SABO                                    SCOTT C. WALKER
 CITY OF LANCASTER LAW DEPT.                       5013 Pine Creek Drive
 136 West Main Street                              Westerville, OH 43081
 P.O. Box 1008
 Lancaster, OH 43130
Fairfield County, Case No. 2019 CA 00048                                                  2


Delaney, J.

       {¶1} Defendant-Appellant Robert M. Durosko appeals the September 19, 2019

final judgment entry of the Fairfield County Municipal Court.

                         FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

       {¶2} Based on a traffic stop on March 9, 2019, Defendant-Appellant Robert M.

Durosko was charged with operating a vehicle under the influence of alcohol, in violation

of R.C. 4511.19(A)(1)(a), and a turn signal violation, in violation of R.C. 4511.39. Durosko

entered a plea of not guilty.

       {¶3} Durosko filed a Motion to Suppress the traffic stop. In the motion, Durosko

argued Trooper Dickerson did not have probable cause to initiate a traffic stop because

he did not observe Durosko commit a traffic violation. The following evidence was

adduced at the suppression hearing.

       {¶4} On March 9, 2019, Trooper Adam Dickerson of the Ohio State Highway

Patrol was on road patrol at 2:46 a.m., traveling southbound on Hill Road in Pickerington,

Ohio. He observed Durosko’s 2012 Ford F-250 pickup truck driving ahead of him on Hill

Road. Trooper Dickerson saw Durosko’s vehicle drift back and forth inside his lane,

touching the yellow line and then the centerline but not crossing them. The vehicle was

driving the posted speed limit of 25 mph.

       {¶5} Trooper Dickerson continued to follow Durosko’s vehicle on Hill Road as he

approached Stonebridge Boulevard. The officer observed Durosko apply his brakes and

turn on his turn signal less than 100 feet before turning onto Stonebridge Boulevard.

Trooper Dickerson activated his overhead lights and initiated the traffic stop.
Fairfield County, Case No. 2019 CA 00048                                                  3


       {¶6} The State submitted the dash cam video in State’s Exhibit A. Both parties

agreed that the video started at 1:00. At the 1:24 mark, the video shows Durosko applying

his brakes and signaling a right turn. Durosko began his turn at the 1:27 mark. The State

argued the evidence showed that Durosko activated his turn signal somewhere between

66 and 90 feet prior to turning.

       {¶7} Durosko testified at the hearing. He argued the evidence showed he

activated his turn signal 110 feet prior to making the turn onto Stonebridge Boulevard.

Durosko, a test and balance engineer, prepared a detailed and alleged to-scale diagram

of the intersection and the position of his pickup truck at various times before the traffic

stop. The diagram was admitted into evidence as Defendant’s Exhibit 1. Durosko also

testified that he recreated the location of his truck in a photograph where he activated his

turn signal. (Defendant’s Exhibit 2). Furthermore, Durosko testified that when taking into

consideration of the entirety of the turn, his vehicle traveled just under 150 feet after

activating his turn signal.

       {¶8} The parties submitted post-hearing briefs.

       {¶9} On August 14, 2019, the trial court issued its judgment entry denying

Durosko’s Motion to Suppress. Upon its consideration of the evidence, the trial court

found the testimony of Trooper Dickerson was credible and supported by the dash cam

video. The trial court determined the officer had a reasonable belief that Durosko

committed a violation of R.C. 4511.39.

       {¶10} Durosko entered plea of no contest to both charges and the trial court found

him guilty. For Durosko’s violation of R.C. 4511.19(A)(1)(a), the trial court sentenced

Durosko to pay a $375.00 fine, one-year driver's license suspension with limited driving
Fairfield County, Case No. 2019 CA 00048                                                 4


privileges, one-year non-reporting probation, and 30 days in jail with 27 days suspended.

Durosko was ordered to pay a $25.00 fine for his violation of R.C. 4511.39.

       {¶11} Durosko filed his notice of appeal of his conviction and sentence on October

15, 2019.

                               ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR

       {¶12} Durosko raises one Assignment of Error:

       {¶13} “THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN DENYING APPELLANT’S MOTION TO

SUPPRESS BECAUSE TROOPER DICKERSON DID NOT HAVE PROBABLE CAUSE

TO STOP HIS VEHICLE.”

                                       ANALYSIS

       {¶14} Durosko argues in his sole Assignment of Error the trial court erred when it

denied his motion to suppress. We disagree.

                                  Standard of Review

       {¶15} Appellate review of a trial court's decision to deny a motion to suppress

involves a mixed question of law and fact. State v. Long, 127 Ohio App.3d 328, 332, 713

N.E.2d 1 (4th Dist.1998). During a suppression hearing, the trial court assumes the role

of trier of fact and, as such, is in the best position to resolve questions of fact and to

evaluate witness credibility. State v. Brooks, 75 Ohio St.3d 148, 154, 661 N.E.2d 1030

(1996). A reviewing court is bound to accept the trial court's findings of fact if they are

supported by competent, credible evidence. State v. Medcalf, 111 Ohio App.3d 142, 145,

675 N.E.2d 1268 (4th Dist.1996). Accepting these facts as true, the appellate court must

independently determine as a matter of law, without deference to the trial court's

conclusion, whether the trial court's decision meets the applicable legal standard. State
Fairfield County, Case No. 2019 CA 00048                                                   5


v. Williams, 86 Ohio App.3d 37, 42, 619 N.E.2d 1141 (4th Dist.1993), overruled on other

grounds.

         {¶16} There are three methods of challenging a trial court's ruling on a motion to

suppress on appeal. First, an appellant may challenge the trial court's finding of fact. In

reviewing a challenge of this nature, an appellate court must determine whether the trial

court's findings of fact are against the manifest weight of the evidence. See State v.

Fanning, 1 Ohio St.3d 19, 437 N.E.2d 583 (1982); State v. Klein, 73 Ohio App.3d 486,

597 N.E.2d 1141 (4th Dist.1991). Second, an appellant may argue the trial court failed to

apply the appropriate test or correct law to the findings of fact. In that case, an appellate

court can reverse the trial court for committing an error of law. See Williams, supra.

Finally, an appellant may argue the trial court has incorrectly decided the ultimate or final

issues raised in a motion to suppress. When reviewing this type of claim, an appellate

court must independently determine, without deference to the trial court's conclusion,

whether the facts meet the appropriate legal standard in any given case. State v. Curry,

95 Ohio App.3d 93, 96,620 N.E.2d 906 (8th Dist.1994). In this case, Durosko utilizes all

three methods to contend the trial court’s decision to deny the motion to suppress was in

error.

                 Reasonable Suspicion of a Traffic Offense to Justify the Stop

         {¶17} In State of Ohio v. Mays, 119 Ohio St.3d 406, 2008-Ohio-4539, the Ohio

Supreme Court stated the applicable legal standard that courts are to apply in review of

traffic stops:

         The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution and Section 14,

         Article I of the Ohio Constitution guarantee the right to be free from
Fairfield County, Case No. 2019 CA 00048                                                  6


       unreasonable searches and seizures. State v. Orr (2001), 91 Ohio St.3d

       389, 391, 745 N.E.2d 1036. The United States Supreme Court has stated

       that a traffic stop is constitutionally valid if an officer has a reasonable and

       articulable suspicion that a motorist has committed, is committing, or is

       about to commit a crime. Delaware v. Proouse (1979), 440 U.S. 648, 663,

       99 S.Ct. 1391, 59 L.Ed 2d 660; Berkemer v. McCarty (1984), 468 U.S. 420,

       439, 104 S.Ct. 3138, 82 L.Ed.2d 317, quoting United States v. Brignoni-

       Ponce (1975) 422 U.S. 873, 881, 95 S.Ct.2574, 45 L.Ed.2d 607. Further,

       “[t]he propriety of an investigative stop by a police officer must be viewed in

       light of the totality of the surrounding circumstances.” State v. Freeman

       (1980), 64 Ohio St.2d 291, 18 O.O.3d 472, 414 N.E.2d 1044, at paragraph

       one of the syllabus.

       Therefore, if an officer’s decision to stop a motorist for a criminal violation,

       including a traffic violation, is prompted by a reasonable and articulable

       suspicion considering all the circumstances, then the stop is constitutionally

       valid. Id. at ¶ 7- 8.

The Supreme Court in Mays also instructs that while probable cause is a complete

justification for a traffic stop, it is a stricter standard than reasonable and articulable

suspicion. “The former subsumes the latter. Just as a fact proven beyond a reasonable

doubt has by necessity been proven by a preponderance, an officer who has probable

cause necessarily has a reasonable and articulable suspicion, which is all the officer

needs to justify the stop. Mays, supra, at ¶ 23.
Fairfield County, Case No. 2019 CA 00048                                                                     7


                                One Hundred Feet Before Turning

        {¶18} Trooper Dickerson stopped Durosko for violating R.C. 4511.39(A), which

states in pertinent part:

        (A) No person shall turn a vehicle or trackless trolley or move right or left

        upon a highway unless and until such person has exercised due care to

        ascertain that the movement can be made with reasonable safety nor

        without giving an appropriate signal in the manner hereinafter provided.

        When required, a signal of intention to turn or move right or left shall be

        given continuously during not less than the last one hundred feet traveled

        by the vehicle or trackless trolley before turning, * * *

        {¶19} Durosko contends the trial court misapplied the law when it found that

Trooper Dickerson had probable cause to stop his vehicle for his failure to signal his

intention to turn pursuant to R.C. 4511.39(A).1 He argues the trial court’s determination

that Durosko failed to signal his intention to turn 100 feet prior to turning is not supported

by the ambiguous language of the statute. He contends that based on the definition of

the word, “turn,” the determination of “the last one hundred feet travelled by the vehicle

or trackless trolley before turning” should be measured from the point of the completion

of the turn.

        {¶20} In support of his argument, Durosko refers this Court to our unreported

decision in State v. Allen, 5th Dist. Fairfield No. 16-CA-20 (Dec. 19, 2016). In that case,

the police officer stopped the appellant for failure to activate a turn signal in violation of



1Both Durosko and the trial court frame the constitutionality of the traffic stop in terms of whether there was
probable cause, however, as set forth above in Mays, supra, Trooper Dickerson needed only reasonable
suspicion.
Fairfield County, Case No. 2019 CA 00048                                                     8


R.C. 4511.39. The appellant filed a motion to suppress, arguing the officer’s traffic stop

was unreasonable. At the suppression hearing, the officer testified he was not following

the appellant’s vehicle when he witnessed the turn. Id. at ¶ 14. He saw the appellant’s

vehicle as he was turning into the intersection and observed the appellant’s turn signal

was not activated. Id. The trial court denied the motion to suppress, finding the State

established the officer had reasonable suspicion for the stop. Id. at ¶ 15. The trial court

stated, “* * * the language of the statute which requires the signal to be activated no less

than one hundred feet immediately prior to the turn, it includes the, at least one hundred

feet preceding and the last one hundred feet which would include the actual turn itself.”

Id. We affirmed the trial court’s factual determination that the officer’s testimony was

sufficient to establish reasonable suspicion of a traffic violation. Id. at ¶ 16.

       {¶21} Durosko argues the Allen case supports his argument that the statutory

measurement of the activation of the turn signal includes the turn itself. We do not find

Allen to be dispositive of Durosko’s appeal.

       {¶22} When we review the trial court’s statement quoted in Allen, the trial court

gives vague explanation of the feet required by R.C. 4511.39 to activate a turn signal --

“at least one hundred feet preceding the turn and the last one hundred feet which would

include the turn itself.” (Emphasis added.) Id. at ¶ 15. In Allen, the officer testified he did

not see the appellant activate a turn signal. In the present case, there is no dispute

Durosko activated his turn signal prior to turning. The factual issue before the Court is at

what distance before turning did Durosko activate his turn signal?

       {¶23} Trooper Dickerson testified that based on his training and experience, he

observed Durosko activate his turn signal less than one hundred feet prior to the turn. (T.
Fairfield County, Case No. 2019 CA 00048                                                   9


19). He estimated Durosko was driving less than 25 miles per hour but admitted that a

vehicle traveling at 25 miles per hour for three seconds would travel over one hundred

feet (T. 40). He did not conduct any physical measurements at the scene but testified that

he takes measurements at crime scenes and it has given him experience in accurately

estimating distances. (T. at 10, 27)

       {¶24} Durosko testified he activated his turn signal 110 feet before the turn. In

support of his argument, Durosko submitted a detailed, alleged to-scale diagram of the

intersection that he created. The dashcam video in this case is inconclusive as to

measurements. The dashcam video showed that Durosko applied his brakes and

signaled a right turn at the 1:24 mark. The turn began at the 1:27 mark. (T. 26).

       {¶25} Regardless of whether a “turn” or “turning” under R.C. 4511.39 should

include the distance traveled while a vehicle completes the act of “turning,” we find the

range of distances provided by the parties at the suppression hearing, i.e. somewhere

between 66 to 150 feet, was sufficient for a police officer to reasonably conclude a

violation of R.C. 4511.39 occurred. This Court has held that any traffic violation, even

a de minimis violation, may form a sufficient basis upon which to stop a vehicle. State v.

Bangoura, 5th Dist. No. 08 CA 95, 2009–Ohio–3339, ¶ 14, citing State v. McCormick, 5th

Dist. No.2000CA00204, 2001 WL 111891 (Feb. 2, 2001); State v. Woods, 5th Dist.

Licking No. 12-CA-19, 2013-Ohio-1136, ¶ 60. Although Durosko’s careful estimation of

distance may be grounds to challenge the merits of the charge, an officer need only form

a reasonable suspicion that a crime occurred in order to initiate a traffic stop; he need not

disprove all potential defenses to the criminal act. Mays, supra, at ¶ 17. Police officers
Fairfield County, Case No. 2019 CA 00048                                            10


need not possess visual measuring tapes, nor is our standard of review in ruling upon a

motion to suppress “proof beyond a reasonable doubt.”

       {¶26} The initial stop was constitutionally valid.

       {¶27} Durosko’s sole Assignment of Error is overruled.

                                      CONCLUSION

       {¶28} The judgment of the Fairfield County Municipal Court is affirmed.

By: Delaney, J.,

Wise, John, P.J. and

Wise, Earle, J., concur.
