         IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                           AT JACKSON
                            Assigned on Briefs November 6, 2007

                     STATE OF TENNESSEE v. WILLIS AYERS

                   Direct Appeal from the Criminal Court for Shelby County
                             No. 04-07182    Chris Craft, Judge



                       No. W2006-02441-CCA-R3-CD - Filed May 6, 2008


Defendant, Willis Ayers, was indicted for first degree murder and especially aggravated robbery.
Defendant was tried jointly with co-defendant, Charles Curtis, and another co-defendant, David
Milken, was tried separately for the charged offenses. Co-defendant Curtis’s case is not part of this
appeal. Following a jury trial, Defendant was found guilty of the lesser included offenses of second
degree murder and facilitation of especially aggravated robbery. The trial court sentenced Defendant
as a Range I, standard offender, to twenty-two years for his second degree murder conviction, and
as a Range II, multiple offender, to fourteen years for his facilitation of especially aggravated robbery
conviction. The trial court ordered Defendant to serve his sentences consecutively, for an effective
sentence of thirty-six years. In his appeal, Defendant argues that (1) the evidence was insufficient
to support his convictions; (2) the trial court erred by failing to instruct the jury that State’s witness
Corey Smith was an accomplice to the charged offenses; (3) the trial court erred in denying
Defendant’s motion for severance; and (4) the trial court erred in imposing consecutive sentencing.
After a thorough review of the record, we affirm the judgments of the trial court.

     Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgments of the Criminal Court Affirmed

THOMAS T. WOODALL, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which and JAMES CURWOOD WITT ,
JR., and J. C. MCLIN , JJ., joined.

Eric Christensen, Memphis, Tennessee, for the appellant, Willis Ayers.

Robert E. Cooper, Jr., Attorney General and Reporter; Preston Shipp, Assistant Attorney General;
William L. Gibbons, District Attorney General; Michelle Kimbril-Parks, Assistant District Attorney
General; and Alanda Dwyer, Assistant District Attorney General, for the appellee, the State of
Tennessee.
                                              OPINION

I. Background

        Christy Bernard testified that the victim was her brother, Charlie Jackson, Jr. Ms. Bernard
said that the victim drove a burgundy Cadillac which was registered in the name of Angela Morton,
the victim’s cousin. Ms. Bernard stated that she worked evenings, and the victim would take her
sons to football practice after school. The victim kept the children’s football gear in the trunk of the
Cadillac. Ms. Bernard said that she last saw the victim on April 22, 2004, between 7:00 and 7:30
p.m. at Ms. Morton’s residence when she picked up her sons after football practice. Ms. Bernard
observed the victim place her sons’ football gear into the trunk of his car before she left. Ms.
Bernard said that the victim’s leather coat was also in the trunk, and both the football gear and the
leather coat were missing from the Cadillac’s trunk when the vehicle was returned to her after the
commission of the offenses. Ms. Bernard identified the football helmet and shoulder pads which
were introduced as an exhibit at trial as her sons’ equipment. Ms. Bernard said that the leather coat
was never recovered.

        Corey Smith testified that he had known Defendant for approximately four years and Mr.
Curtis, the co-defendant, approximately seven years. Mr. Smith stated that he went over to Monica
Terry’s apartment in Summit Park Apartments to play cards on April 22, 2004, between 7:00 p.m.
and 8:00 p.m. David Milken, Ms. Terry’s boyfriend, Ms. Terry, and Ms. Terry’s friend, Glenda,
were present. Mr. Curtis arrived approximately one hour later. Mr. Curtis told the group that he
needed money because he had no place to stay. Mr. Curtis asked Mr. Milken for his cell phone and
then retreated to the bathroom. Mr. Curtis came out of the bathroom a few minutes later, retrieved
Ms. Terry’s house telephone, and returned to the bathroom.

        Defendant arrived at Ms. Terry’s apartment while Mr. Curtis was talking on the telephone.
Defendant had a book pack with him which he placed in Ms. Terry’s bedroom. Defendant, Mr.
Curtis and Mr. Milken went outside and stood at the bottom of the apartment’s staircase, conversing,
while Mr. Smith and Ms. Terry remained at the top of the stairs overlooking the apartment building’s
parking lot. Mr. Curtis continued to talk on Ms. Terry’s house telephone as the three men conversed.

        Approximately thirty to forty-five minutes later, Mr. Smith observed a burgundy Cadillac pull
into the parking lot. Mr. Curtis got into the front passenger seat as Defendant and Mr. Milken
walked toward the “dark part” of the apartments located next door. The driver of the Cadillac and
Mr. Curtis remained in the Cadillac for approximately twenty minutes. Mr. Milken then walked up
to the driver’s side of the Cadillac and attempted to pull the driver out of the vehicle by his neck.
The vehicle jerked, and the brake lights came on. Mr. Smith said that Defendant walked up to the
driver’s side of the vehicle, pulled out a gun, and fired once. The driver slumped over in the car seat.
Mr. Milken pushed the driver into the passenger seat and got into the driver’s seat. Mr. Curtis got
into the back seat, and the two men drove away.




                                                  -2-
        Mr. Smith and Defendant went back inside Ms. Terry’s apartment. Defendant put his gun
in his book pack and told Mr. Smith that the shooting was an accident. Defendant said that he
thought he saw the victim reach down and believed that the victim was going to retrieve a weapon.
Mr. Curtis and Mr. Milken returned to Ms. Terry’s apartment approximately thirty to forty-five
minutes later in the burgundy Cadillac. Mr. Curtis told Mr. Smith that he needed “to put in some
work.” Mr. Smith told Mr. Curtis that he did not want to be involved, but Mr. Curtis began to
verbally threaten Mr. Smith.

        Mr. Curtis opened the Cadillac’s trunk and handed Mr. Smith two football helmets, some
shoulder pads, and a leather coat. Mr. Smith took the items into Ms. Terry’s apartment. Mr. Smith
said that Mr. Curtis had taken some cocaine, marijuana, and twenty dollars from the victim. Mr.
Curtis began cooking the cocaine on Ms. Terry’s stove.

        Mr. Smith, Mr. Curtis and Mr. Milken then drove the Cadillac to an insurance office building
approximately one-half mile from Ms. Terry’s apartment. Mr. Curtis handed Mr. Smith some lighter
fluid and told him to set the car on fire. Mr. Smith poured lighter fluid on the back seat, then he
handed the lighter fluid back to Mr. Curtis. Mr. Smith told Mr. Curtis that he did not want anything
“to do with it,” and Mr. Curtis set the Cadillac on fire. Mr. Smith, Mr. Curtis, and Mr. Milken
walked back to Ms. Terry’s apartment and played cards.

        Mr. Smith testified that he did not know the victim. Mr. Smith said that he did not overhear
either Mr. Curtis’ telephone conversations or the conversation between Mr. Curtis, Defendant, and
Mr. Milken while they stood at the bottom of the stairs.

       On cross-examination, Mr. Smith said that the only person he saw with a gun that night was
Defendant, and that the first time he noticed the weapon was when Defendant fired the gun at the
victim. Mr. Smith said that Defendant’s arm was fully extended, and that the victim was facing
forward in the vehicle. Mr. Smith acknowledged that Defendant was not present when the Cadillac
was set on fire. Mr. Smith denied making a statement to Kaylandra Ayers or Patricia Marchbanks.
Mr. Smith acknowledged that he did not hear anyone, including Defendant, plan to commit any
offenses involving the victim.

       Officer Jeff Sealey with the Memphis Police Department routinely patrolled Will Carruthers
Park during his evening shift. Officer Sealey testified that he observed an individual, who appeared
to be unconscious, lying on his back with outstretched arms in the park’s parking lot around
midnight on April 22, 2004. Officer Sealey approached the man and attempted to find a pulse.
When he could not do so, he called for an ambulance and back-up.

        Officer Marlon Wright, a member of the Memphis Police Department’s crime scene
investigation unit, arrived at the park shortly after midnight. Officer Wright testified that the
victim’s pockets were turned inside out. Various pieces of a broken cell phone were recovered at
the crime scene including the cell phone’s face plate, back plate, rubber keypad and battery. A dime



                                                -3-
was found next to the victim’s left leg, and the victim had eleven cents in one of his pockets. Officer
Wright found the victim’s driver’s license but not a wallet.

       Officer Bryan Davis responded to a call about an abandoned vehicle at approximately 1:00
a.m. on April 23, 2004. The vehicle was parked near a building behind the Summit Park
Apartments. Officer Davis stated that the vehicle was registered in the name of Angela Morton, and
the vehicle’s keys were missing.

        Angela Morton, the victim’s cousin, spent the afternoon of April 22, 2004, with the victim
at her son’s and Ms. Bernard’s sons’ football practice. After practice, the football gear belonging
to Ms. Bernard’s sons was stored in the trunk of the Cadillac which the victim drove. The victim
left Ms. Morton’s apartment that evening at approximately 8:00 p.m. to attend a birthday party. Ms.
Morton said the victim was driving the burgundy Cadillac which was registered in her name. Ms.
Morton last spoke with the victim by cell phone between 8:45 and 9:00 p.m. Ms. Morton said that
the victim’s cell phone was registered in her name.

        Lakeshea Roche Cobb dated Mr. Curtis off and on for eleven years prior to the offenses. Ms.
Cobb testified that Mr. Curtis called her in mid-April, 2004, and asked where she was. Ms. Cobb
told him she was at Marlowe’s, a local restaurant, with her co-employees. Mr. Curtis arrived some
time after 11:00 p.m. Ms. Cobb said that she and Defendant sat down at a table to talk, and Ms.
Cobb noticed some specks of blood on Mr. Curtis’ white t-shirt. Mr. Curtis first told Ms. Cobb that
he had been in a fight and had been struck in the nose. When Ms. Cobb replied that nothing
appeared wrong with his nose, Mr. Curtis told her that he had shot someone. Ms. Cobb said that she
just “cried and looked at him.” Mr. Curtis then told Ms. Cobb that she knew he would not do
anything like that.

        A man entered the restaurant and told Mr. Curtis, “Man, we got to go.” Ms. Cobb
accompanied the two men to the door. Ms. Cobb observed Mr. Curtis and the man get into an older,
large vehicle similar to a Cadillac and drive away. Ms. Cobb went back inside the restaurant.

        Ms. Cobb said that Mr. Curtis called her approximately two weeks later and arranged a
meeting. Ms. Cobb picked Mr. Curtis up, and they stopped at a gasoline station. Mr. Curtis told her
that he was “feeling heavy about something.” Mr. Curtis told Ms. Cobb that he had shot “Big
Daddy.” Ms. Cobb identified the victim as the man she knew only as “Big Daddy.”

        Ms. Cobb said that Sergeant Tim Sims contacted her on June 19, 2004, and escorted her to
the police station. Ms. Cobb identified Mr. Milken from a photographic line-up as the man who had
left Marlowe’s with Mr. Curtis. Ms. Cobb spoke with Mr. Curtis the day after he was arrested, and
Mr. Curtis told her to dispose of the football gear that was at Ms. Terry’s apartment. Ms. Cobb said
that she called Sergeant Sims and told him that she had retrieved the football gear. Ms. Cobb
acknowledged that Mr. Curtis had told her he used to buy drugs from the victim.




                                                 -4-
       On cross-examination, Ms. Cobb said that she did not see a weapon on either Mr. Curtis or
Mr. Milken while they were at Marlowe’s. Ms. Cobb denied that she had entered into a relationship
with Sergeant Sims after she gave her statement, but she acknowledged that she was in Sergeant
Sims’ boat when he drowned during a boating accident. Ms. Cobb said that she did not know
Defendant, and she acknowledged that Defendant was not present at Marlowe’s with Mr. Curtis and
Mr. Milken.

        Officer Ernestine Davison testified that she was present when Ms. Cobb gave a statement to
Sergeant Sims concerning the shooting. Officer Davison said that she typed up Ms. Cobb’s
statement, and Ms. Cobb read it over, made corrections, and signed the last page. On cross-
examination, Officer Davison said that she was not present during Sergeant Sims’ initial interview
of Ms. Cobb. Officer Davison acknowledged that when Ms. Cobb was asked why Mr. Curtis shot
the victim, she responded it was because the victim had shorted him on a drug sale.

       Sergeant Elaine Shelby, an investigator with the District Attorney’s Office, attempted to
locate Monica Terry before trial. Ms. Terry’s mother told Sergeant Shelby that Ms. Terry had died
in November 2004, from a lung disease.

      Tabatha Bender, an operations manager with Cricket Communications, testified that Ms.
Morton’s cell phone was used on April 22, 2004, to place two calls to the same specified telephone
number at 10:25 p.m. and 11:37 p.m. respectively. Ms. Morton’s cell phone received a call from that
number at 12:29 a.m. on April 23, 2004.

         Sergeant Anthony Mullins, a member of the Memphis Police Department’s homicide unit,
testified that the victim’s fingerprints were found on the cell phone located in the park where the
victim was found. Sergeant Mullins accompanied Sergeant Sims to Ms. Cobb’s apartment on June
19, 2004. Ms. Cobb told the officers about her meeting with Mr. Curtis at Marlowe’s. Ms. Cobb
also stated that Mr. Curtis told her that he had just shot someone and taken his car. Mr. Curtis then
started laughing and told Ms. Cobb he “was just playing.” Ms. Cobb said that Mr. Curtis left in “a
brown or burgundy car, possibly a Cadillac.” On cross-examination, Sergeant Mullins said that the
police investigation of the crimes had been concluded before Sergeant Sims died.

        Dr. Tom Deering was serving as Shelby County’s Interim Chief Medical Examiner at the
time of the incident and performed an autopsy on the victim on April 23, 2004. Dr. Deering testified
that the victim died as a result of a single gunshot wound to his forehead. The wound was located
above the mid-point of the victim’s right eyebrow. The presence of stippling and soot around the
wound indicated that the barrel of the gun was between six and twenty-four inches from the victim
when the weapon was discharged. Dr. Deering said that the presence of stippling in the victim’s eyes
and the even spacing of the stippling around the wound indicated that the victim was directly facing
the shooter and his eyes were open when he was shot.

       Dr. Deering stated that the bullet traveled to the back of the victim’s head, causing subdural
and subarachnoid hemorrhaging. Dr. Deering said that the victim would have immediately lost


                                                -5-
consciousness after he was shot, but that the victim could have lived for a few seconds to a few
minutes after the injury. The bullet was extracted from the victim’s head during the autopsy. Dr.
Deering stated that the victim also had bruising and swelling around his eyes and two abrasions on
the back of his left wrist. On cross-examination, Dr. Deering testified that he did not know if the
victim’s eyes were blackened before the shooting or as a result of the shooting. Dr. Deering said that
he did not detect any injuries to the victim’s neck.

        Mr. Curtis testified in his own behalf. Mr. Curtis said that he arrived at Ms. Terry’s
apartment on April 22, 2004, between 6:00 p.m. and 7:00 p.m. Mr. Smith, Mr. Milken, and Ms.
Terry’s friend, Glenda, were also present. At some point, Mr. Curtis called Ms. Cobb, and a male
voice responded on her answering machine. Mr. Curtis grew angry. He continued to call Ms. Cobb
until he reached her, and they argued over the telephone. When the battery on the cell phone he was
using went dead, Mr. Curtis continued to talk to Ms. Cobb on Ms. Terry’s house telephone.

        Mr. Curtis stated that he did not have a way to get to Marlowe’s where Ms. Cobb worked,
so he called the victim, whom he had known since elementary school, and asked for a ride. Mr.
Curtis told the victim that he wanted to go to Marlowe’s to get something to eat, but the victim
believed that Mr. Curtis wanted to see if Ms. Cobb was with another man. The victim told Mr.
Curtis he would go buy him something to eat from another restaurant. The victim left and returned
to the Summit Park Apartments between 9:45 and 10:00 p.m. The victim and Mr. Curtis sat in the
victim’s vehicle and talked for approximately ten to twenty minutes.

        Mr. Curtis said that Mr. Milken walked passed the Cadillac, and the victim appeared nervous.
Mr. Curtis reassured the victim that Mr. Milken was a friend. Mr. Milken walked passed the vehicle
a second time, grabbed the victim’s head, and tried to pull him out of the Cadillac. Defendant
appeared at the front passenger side of the vehicle and pointed a gun through the open window. Mr.
Curtis said that he hit Defendant’s arm, and the gun discharged, striking the victim in the forehead.
Mr. Curtis described the events immediately following the shooting:

       After the shooting, Mr. Jackson fell forward onto my shirt. And, I jumped out of the
       car. [Defendant] ran. When [Defendant] ran, [Mr.] Milken panicked and talk[ed]
       about burning the car. So, I said, no, I said, let’s go to the baseball park. I went to
       the baseball park because I played softball up there, and I know what time the police
       run. They run every hour up there like clockwork. So, instead of burning the body
       in the car[,] I dropped the body and took the car. We left, when we left the park, [we]
       went to Marlowe’s.

        Mr. Curtis stated that he told Ms. Cobb he had shot someone “basically, to scare her.” Mr.
Curtis went to Marlow’s because he wanted “to show [his] face.” Mr. Curtis explained that “if you
see a murder, no witness, no case,” and Mr. Curtis wanted Ms. Cobb to see that he was with Mr.
Milken if anything happened to him. Mr. Curtis said that after they left Marlowe’s, Mr. Milken
drove the Cadillac back to the Summit Park Apartments. Mr. Milken handed Mr. Smith the football
gear and the leather coat from the Cadillac’s trunk, and Mr. Smith took the items into Ms. Terry’s


                                                 -6-
apartment. Mr. Milken retrieved some lighter fluid from the apartment, and Mr. Curtis told Mr.
Milken that he would burn the vehicle. Mr. Curtis said that he and Mr. Smith drove to an insurance
building a short distance from the apartments. Mr. Smith poured lighter fluid on the vehicle and set
it on fire. Mr. Curtis said that he did not return to Ms. Terry’s apartment but walked instead to a
nearby hotel where he had a room.

        Mr. Curtis gave a statement to Sergeant Sims about the incident. As he was leaving, Sergeant
Sims told Mr. Curtis that he would need a second statement the next day about the shoulder pads that
were in the victim’s Cadillac. Mr. Curtis said that “shook [him] up,” so he called Ms. Cobb asked
her to dispose of the football gear. Mr. Curtis denied that he knew what Mr. Milken and Defendant
planned to do that night. Mr. Curtis acknowledged that he helped dispose of the body and burn the
victim’s Cadillac.

        On cross-examination, Mr. Curtis said that the victim was facing him when Defendant shot
him through the front passenger side window. Mr. Curtis said that Mr. Milken pulled the victim out
of the vehicle by himself after they arrived at the park, and Mr. Curtis remained in the Cadillac. Mr.
Curtis acknowledged that he did not try to help the victim after he was shot and that his only thought
was “to clean up the mess.” Mr. Curtis denied that Mr. Smith was afraid of him and said that he did
not talk to Mr. Smith after the shooting.

        Mr. Curtis said that he had heard about Defendant but did not personally know him. Mr.
Curtis acknowledged that he bought cocaine from the victim which he later resold. Mr. Curtis said
that a police car appeared behind them while Mr. Milken was driving to the park. The victim was
in the front passenger seat, bent over with his face pointed toward the floorboard. Mr. Curtis told
Mr. Milken not to panic. Mr. Curtis said that he did not know whether the victim was still alive
when they arrived at the park. Mr. Curtis denied taking any money or drugs from the victim. Mr.
Curtis said that Mr. Milken smashed the victim’s cell phone and jumped back in the Cadillac. Mr.
Curtis acknowledged that he told Ms. Cobb he “had a heavy conscious [sic],” but said that they had
that conversation in a hotel room, not a gasoline station.

       On redirect examination, Mr. Curtis said that the victim did not carry drugs late at night
because he was afraid he would be robbed.

         Defendant then presented his defense to the jury. Kaylandra Ayers, Defendant’s sister,
testified that Mr. Smith contacted her after the shooting and asked Ms. Ayers to take him to
Defendant’s attorney. Ms. Ayers said that Mr. Smith wanted to tell the attorney that Defendant was
with him on the porch when the victim was shot, and that Defendant did not shoot the victim.

       On cross-examination, Ms. Ayers said that she did not know Mr. Smith, but Mr. Smith knew
some of her siblings. Ms. Ayers said that she never told her brother about Mr. Smith’s statement that
Defendant was not the shooter. Ms. Ayers acknowledged that Mr. Smith testified at the preliminary
hearing that Defendant shot the victim. Ms. Ayers acknowledged that she did not tell the police
about Mr. Smith’s statement, and she did not see Mr. Smith again after the preliminary hearing.


                                                 -7-
         Patricia Marchbanks testified that she was working as a paralegal for Defendant’s attorney
at the time of the incident. Ms. Marchbanks said that Ms. Ayers brought Mr. Smith to the office the
day before Defendant’s preliminary hearing, but Defendant’s attorney was not there. Ms.
Marchbanks took notes as Mr. Smith talked. Mr. Smith told Ms. Marchbanks that the investigating
officers had changed his statement, and he felt bad and wanted to clear things up. Ms. Marchbanks
said that she intended to type up Mr. Smith’s statement, but Mr. Smith said he would not sign the
statement, and left the office before the statement could be prepared.

      On cross-examination, Ms. Marchbanks said that she did not have an opportunity to tell
Defendant’s attorney about the meeting before the preliminary hearing.

II. Sufficiency of the Evidence

        Defendant contends that the evidence was insufficient to support his convictions of second
degree murder and facilitation of especially aggravated kidnapping. Defendant argues that Mr.
Smith was an accomplice as a matter of law whose testimony that Defendant was the shooter was
uncorroborated by anyone other than his co-defendant, Mr. Curtis. Defendant also contends that the
trial court erred in not instructing the jury that Mr. Smith was an accomplice as a matter of law.

        The trial court found that Mr. Smith was not an accomplice as a matter of law and that his
status as an accomplice was a question for the jury to decide. The trial court specifically found:

        [O]f course, Mr. Smith’s testimony was that he had nothing to do with the murder or
        the robbery at all. That after it was completed he then took the, he put lighter fluid
        in the car and at the request of the defendants he took the football equipment. So,
        that’s a question for the jury to decide. They’re going to have to evaluate all of that.
        I did not hear Mr. Curtis testify that Mr. Smith was in on anything. Nor, [in] any of
        the proof you put on. So, for that reason because it’s a question for the jury, I’m
        going to use that paragraph and make it optional.

The trial court instructed the jury:

        [i]f you find from the proof that the witness was an accomplice, then a defendant
        cannot be convicted upon the uncorroborated testimony of this witness. If you find
        that the witness was not an accomplice, then you will judge the weight to be given
        to his testimony just as you do that of the other witnesses in the case.

        “An accomplice is one who knowingly, voluntarily, and with common intent participates with
the principal offender in the commission of a crime.” State v. Bough, 152 S.W.3d 453, 464 (Tenn.
2004) (citing State v. Lewis, 36 S.W.3d 88, 94 (Tenn. 2000); Conner v. State, 531 S.W.2d 119, 123
(Tenn. Crim. App. 1975)). “This means that the person must do more than have guilty knowledge,
be morally delinquent, or participate in other offenses with the principal actor.” State v. Jackson,
52 S.W.3d 661, 665 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2001) (citing Pennington v. State, 478 S.W.2d 892, 898


                                                  -8-
(Tenn. Crim. App. 1971)). “Essentially, an accomplice must be a person who could be indicted for
the offense at issue.” Jackson, 52 S.W.3d at 665. If the offense in question was not committed by
the person’s own conduct, the person may, nonetheless, be criminally responsible as a principal to
the offense if the person “solicits, directs, aids, or attempts to aid another person to commit the
offense.” T.C.A. § 39-11-402(2).

        It is well established in Tennessee that a defendant cannot be convicted upon the
uncorroborated testimony of an accomplice. Bough, 152 S.W.3d at 464. A trial court must declare
a witness to be an accomplice as a matter of law and so advise the jury when it is clear and
undisputed that the witness participated in the crime. Jackson, 52 S.W.3d at 665. However, “[w]hen
the evidence is unclear, conflicts or is subject to different inferences, then the jury is to determine
whether the witness is an accomplice.” Id.

       The only evidence connecting Defendant to the commission of the offenses was presented
through the testimony of Mr. Smith and Mr. Curtis, the co-defendant, who was clearly an accomplice
as a matter of law. By its verdict, the jury obviously found that the evidence supported a finding that
Mr. Smith was not an accomplice to the crimes.

        Mr. Smith, who was not indicted following the crimes, denied any involvement in the
offenses although he acknowledged that he was present before, during, and after the shooting and
robbery. Mr. Smith testified that he remained on the porch in front of Ms. Terry’s apartment while
Defendant, Mr. Milken and Mr. Curtis accosted the victim. Mr. Smith’s presence during the victim’s
murder, by itself, is not enough to support a finding that he was an accomplice to the crimes. See
Jackson, 52 S.W.3d at 666 (finding that the witness’s presence in the hallway while the victim was
beaten in an adjoining room did not implicate “him in either the kidnapping or murder in such a way
as to be an accomplice”).

        Mr. Smith acknowledged that he poured lighter fluid onto the Cadillac’s back seat after the
victim was shot and his body left in the park. However, it has long been held that an accessory after
the fact is not an accomplice to the charged offenses whose testimony must be corroborated. State
v. Thomas, 158 S.W.3d 361, 402 (Tenn. 2005) (concluding that the witness’s “actions in allowing
the defendant into her home after the commission of the crimes, going shopping with the stolen
money and receiving part of the proceeds for herself, do not make her a principal to the offense of
murder or robbery of the victim”); see also Pennington v. State, 478 S.W.2d 892, 897 (Tenn. Crim.
App. 1971); State v. Tyree Robinson, No. W2004-02555-CCA-R3-CD, 2006 WL 3371411, *12
(Tenn. Crim. App., at Jackson, Nov. 17, 2006), no perm. to appeal filed; State v. Christopher Duwan
Robertson, No. M2001-00976-CCA-R3-CD, 2002 WL 31188228, *13 (Tenn. Crim. App., at
Nashville, Oct. 2, 2002)), perm. to appeal denied (Tenn. Jan. 27, 2003)..

       Based on our review of the record, we conclude that the trial court did not err in finding that
Mr. Smith was not an accomplice as a matter of law and by accordingly instructing the jury.
Moreover, the evidence justified the jury in determining that Mr. Smith was not an accomplice
whose testimony must be corroborated.


                                                 -9-
        Turning now to Defendant’s challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, we must review the
evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution in determining whether a rational trier of fact
could have found all the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. Jackson v.
Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319, 99 S. Ct. 2781, 2789, 61 L. Ed. 2d 560, 573 (1979). Once a jury finds
a defendant guilty, his or her presumption of innocence is removed and replaced with a presumption
of guilt. State v. Black, 815 S.W.2d 166, 175 (Tenn. 1991). The defendant has the burden of
overcoming this presumption, and the State is entitled to the strongest legitimate view of the
evidence along with all reasonable inferences which may be drawn from that evidence. Id.; State
v. Tuggle, 639 S.W.2d 913, 914 (Tenn. 1982). The jury is presumed to have resolved all conflicts
and drawn any reasonable inferences in favor of the State. State v. Sheffield, 676 S.W.2d 542, 547
(Tenn. 1984). Questions concerning the credibility of witnesses, the weight and value to be given
the evidence, and all factual issues raised by the evidence are resolved by the trier of fact and not this
court. State v. Bland, 958 S.W.2d 651, 659 (Tenn. 1997). These rules are applicable to findings of
guilt predicated upon direct evidence, circumstantial evidence, or a combination of both direct and
circumstantial evidence. State v. Matthews, 805 S.W.2d 776, 779 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1990).

        The offense of second degree murder is an unlawful and “knowing killing of another.”
T.C.A. § 39-13-210(a)(1); see id. § 39-13-201(a)(1). A person acts “knowingly” with respect to the
result of the person’s conduct when the person is aware that the conduct is reasonably certain to
cause the result. Id. § 39-11-302(b). Mr. Smith testified that Mr. Milken grabbed the victim by the
neck while the victim sat in his vehicle, and that Defendant walked up to the vehicle after the victim
was restrained, pulled out a gun, and shot the victim. Mr. Smith stated that Defendant returned to
Ms. Terry’s apartment and put the gun in his book pack. When Mr. Smith asked why Defendant shot
the victim, Defendant said that it was an accident because he though the victim was reaching for a
weapon.

       Mr. Curtis’ testimony mirrored Mr. Smith’s version of the events leading up to the victim’s
death except that Mr. Curtis testified that Defendant shot the victim through the front passenger side
window instead of the driver’s side window as indicated by Mr. Smith. We also observe that Ms.
Cobb testified that Mr. Curtis told her that he had shot the victim but then indicated that he was
merely joking. Deciding whether there are inconsistencies in testimony, reconciling conflicts in
testimony, and how this might affect a witness’s credibility, are all within the province of the jury.
Based on our review, we conclude that a rational trier of fact could find beyond a reasonable doubt
that Defendant was guilty of second degree murder. Defendant is not entitled to relief on this issue.

        “A person is criminally responsible for the facilitation of a felony if, knowing that another
intends to commit a specific felony, ... the person knowingly furnishes substantial assistance in the
commission of the felony.” T.C.A. § 39-11-403(a). An especially aggravated robbery is a robbery
accomplished with a deadly weapon and where the victim suffers serious bodily injury. Id. § 39-13-
403(a). “Robbery is the intentional or knowing theft of property from the person of another by
violence or putting the person in fear.” Id. § 39-13-401(a).




                                                  -10-
         Defendant argues that the evidence was insufficient to support a finding that a robbery
occurred. Viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the State, Mr. Curtis arrived at Ms.
Terry’s apartment, announcing that he needed money because he did not have a place to stay. After
the victim was shot, Mr. Curtis and Mr. Milken disposed of the victim’s body in a local park and
then returned to Ms. Terry’s apartment. Officer Wright testified that the victim’s pockets were
turned inside out when he was found. Mr. Smith testified that he removed the victim’s personal
items from the trunk of the Cadillac before it was set on fire. Ms. Cobb testified that she later
retrieved the football equipment from Ms. Terry’s apartment at Mr. Curtis’s request. Mr. Smith
testified that Mr. Curtis took twenty dollars and some cocaine from the victim. Although there was
no evidence that Defendant was present when the victim’s personal items were taken, the evidence
supports a finding that Defendant’s action of shooting the victim in the forehead facilitated the
commission of the robbery offense.

       Based on the foregoing, we conclude that a rational trier of fact could find beyond a
reasonable doubt that Defendant was guilty of the facilitation of especially aggravated robbery.

IV. Motion to Sever

        Although jointly indicted, the State initially set separate trial dates for Defendant, Mr. Curtis,
and Mr. Milken. Mr. Milken was tried separately first and convicted of first degree felony murder
and especially aggravated kidnapping. See State v. David Milken, No. W2006-01850-CCA-R3-CD,
2007 WL 2768078 (Tenn. Crim. App., at Jackson, Sept. 21, 2007), no perm. to appeal filed. In
February 2006, the State filed a motion to consolidate Defendant’s and Mr. Curtis’s trials which was
opposed by Defendant. At a pre-trial hearing on March 10, 2006, the State explained that the reason
the three co-defendants were initially severed was because it intended to introduce Mr. Milken’s
statement to the police at trial. This was no longer an issue after Mr. Milken was tried and
convicted.

        Defendant filed a motion opposing consolidation on March 17, 2006, on the basis that his
theory of defense and that of Mr. Curtis were mutually antagonistic. An order disposing of
Defendant’s motion for severance is not in the record. However, at a pre-trial hearing on June 28,
2006, the trial court orally denied Defendant’s motion. Relying on State v. Ensley, 956 S.W.2d 502,
509 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1996), the trial court found that “[u]nder the circumstances I’m seeing here,
merely pointing the finger at each other would not fall into the criteria where I would need to sever
this case” and granted the State’s motion to consolidate. Both defendants orally renewed their
respective motions to sever periodically during trial, which motions were denied by the trial court.

       “The practice of trying co-defendants in a single trial is ‘aimed at achieving improved judicial
economy and efficiency.’” State v. Mickens, 123 S.W.3d 355, 383 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2003) (quoting
Tenn. R. Crim. P. 8, Committee Cmts). A trial court must grant a severance before trial, however,
if “appropriate to promote a fair determination of the guilt or innocence of one or more defendants,”
and during trial if “necessary to achieve a fair determination of the guilt or innocence of one or more
defendants.” Tenn. R. Crim. P. 14(c)(2)(A) and (B). The grant or denial of a motion for severance


                                                  -11-
is a matter that rests within the sound discretion of the trial court. Mickens, 123 S.W.3d at 383
(citing State v. Maddox, 957 S.W.2d 547, 556 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1997)). “This Court has held,
‘[w]here a motion for severance has been denied, the test to be applied in determining whether the
trial court abused its discretion is whether the defendant was “clearly prejudiced” in his defense as
a result of being tried with his co-defendant.’” Mickens, 123 S.W.3d at 383 (quoting State v. Price,
46 S.W.3d 785, 803 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2000)).

         It is not unusual in a joint trial for one defendant to attempt to lay blame on the other. See
State v. Ensley, 956 S.W.2d 502 (Tenn. Crim. App.1996); State v. Robinson, 622 S.W.2d 62 (Tenn.
Crim. App. 1981). However, antagonistic defenses are not prejudicial per se. State v. Gosnell, 62
S.W.3d 740 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2001); Ensley 956 S.W.2d at 509; see also Zafiro v. United States,
506 U.S. 534, 538-539, 113 S. Ct. 933, 938, ,122 L. Ed. 2d 317 (1993). Indeed, severance is not
necessarily warranted even if prejudice is shown. Zafiro, 506 U.S. at 538-539, 113 S. Ct. at 938.
The defendant must establish that he was so prejudiced that granting a severance ceased to be within
the trial court’s discretion. State v. Burton, 751 S.W.2d 440, 447 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1988).

       Defendant submits that the prejudicial effects of the joint trial began when Mr. Curtis’
counsel repeatedly asked Mr. Smith on cross-examination to confirm that it was Defendant and not
Mr. Curtis who was armed that night. Although Defendant’s argument emphasizes the conflict
between his theory of defense and that of Mr. Curtis, Defendant was not hindered in presenting
testimony that implicated Mr. Curtis as the shooter. Based on our review of the record, this incident
does not evidence an effect so prejudicial as to warrant a separate trial.

       Defendant argues that the trial court’s limitations on his cross-examination of the State’s
witnesses as well as his defense witnesses resulted in his inability to thoroughly present his theory
of defense. Defendant contends that the trial court’s rulings in this regard were prompted solely by
considerations arising out of a joint trial.

       For example, Mr. Curtis’ counsel objected when Defendant’s counsel attempted to lay a
foundation for the presentation of rebuttal evidence based on Mr. Smith’s prior inconsistent
statement to Ms. Ayers and Ms. Marchbanks. Although Mr. Curtis’s counsel and the State initially
objected, the trial court allowed Defendant’s defense counsel to pursue this line of questioning. In
both instances, Mr. Smith denied knowing either woman, and Mr. Smith’s prior inconsistent
statement was subsequently explored during the presentation of Defendant’s defense. Based on our
review of the record, we do not discern any prejudice that would warrant the grant of a severance.

        Defendant argues that he was prejudiced by the joint trial when counsel for Mr. Curtis sought
to challenge Ms. Cobb’s credibility on cross-examination. Ms. Cobb’s testimony that Mr. Curtis told
her that he had shot the victim was clearly beneficial to Defendant’s theory of defense. Defendant
submits that Ms. Cobb’s credibility would not have been an issue had he been tried separately.

       Ms. Cobb’s vulnerability to a credibility challenge resulted from an alleged relationship with
Sergeant Sims after she gave her statement to the police and before trial. On cross-examination by


                                                 -12-
Mr. Curtis’s counsel, Ms. Cobb acknowledged that she accompanied Sergeant Sims on a boating trip
prior to trial, and that Sergeant Sims drowned during the outing. Ms. Cobb, however, repeatedly
denied that she was involved in a romantic relationship with Sergeant Sims. Mr. Curtis’ counsel
followed up on this line of questioning during Sergeant Mullins’ cross-examination. Sergeant
Mullins acknowledged that as a general proposition, he believed that it was inappropriate for an
investigating officer to become involved with a witness in a murder case during the investigation of
the crime. Sergeant Mullins testified, however, that the police department’s investigation of the
offenses had been concluded and turned over to the district attorney’s office prior to Sergeant Sims’
death. After a lengthy hearing out of the presence of the jury, the trial court determined that none
of the circumstances surrounding Sergeant Sims’s death or the police department’s investigation into
Sergeant Sims’s death could be explored during cross-examination.

         Defendant’s theory of defense was that Mr. Curtis was the shooter. Defendant candidly
acknowledges that Ms. Cobb’s testimony was beneficial to him in presenting this defense to the jury.
Ms. Cobb’s testimony on cross-examination about her contacts with Sergeant Sims prior to trial were
brief, and she repeatedly denied any relationship. The trial court carefully limited the scope of cross-
examination concerning the events before and after Sergeant Sims’s death. Based on our review of
the record as a whole, we conclude that Defendant has failed to show that he was so prejudiced by
Ms. Cobb’s cross-examination on this issue that a severance was warranted.

        Defendant argues that he was prejudiced when Mr. Curtis made an inflammatory remark in
front of the jury as the jury was leaving the courtroom. At the conclusion of Sergeant Shelby’s
testimony, a recess was called and the jury began leaving the courtroom. As they were leaving, Mr.
Curtis apparently said a curse word which was overheard by the trial court. The trial court
admonished Mr. Curtis for his conduct. After court reconvened, but before the jury was brought out,
Mr. Curtis apologized for his outburst, and Defendant’s counsel expressed concern over the incident.
The following colloquy occurred:

       DEFENSE COUNSEL:                Your Honor, toward that end I did hear what [Mr.
                                       Curtis] said and it was a very unkind remark directed
                                       to the jury. And, my concern is that they may have
                                       heard that. I don’t know if they heard it. I heard it. I
                                       don’t know —

       THE TRIAL COURT:                Well, all I heard was the word [s . . .t]. And, I was
                                       watching him at the time. And so, the jurors never
                                       turned around. So, the reason I waited until the jury
                                       left and then I talked to him is because I don’t think
                                       anybody was aware of it. If they were it was his own
                                       doing and it would not impact your client at all,
                                       [defense counsel].




                                                 -13-
       DEFENSE COUNSEL:                My concern is if they did hear it I don’t know if they
                                       would know the source. And, I don’t know if that
                                       would potentially prejudice [Defendant] Ayers if the
                                       jury heard what he said, because I heard what he said
                                       and it was directed . . .

       THE TRIAL COURT:                Right[,] and you were standing next to him. . . . I
                                       heard it because I was looking right at him at the time.
                                       Otherwise, I would not have said what I said. I just
                                       wanted to stop that. So, I make a finding of fact the
                                       jury did not hear anything he said that they could
                                       understand regarding it being directed at them. For all
                                       they know if anybody heard anything, he was talking
                                       about his opinion of the State’s proof, which would
                                       not make any difference.

        Based on our review of the record, we conclude that Defendant has failed to show that the
trial court abused its discretion in determining that Mr. Curtis’s isolated remark did not clearly
prejudice Defendant. See State v. Mickens, 123 S.W.3d 355, 384 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2003)
(concluding that a co-defendant’s single flash of a gang sign in front of the jury was not so
prejudicial as to warrant a mid-trial severance). Defendant is not entitled to relief on this issue.

         Defendant contends that the prejudicial effect of a joint trial was further manifested because
of the limitations placed on his direct examination of defense witnesses Kaylyndra Ayers and Patricia
Marchbanks. On direct examination, Mr. Smith denied that he knew Ms. Ayers or Ms. Machbanks
and testified that he had not made any statements to them about the shooting. At the close of the
State’s case-in-chief, the trial court conducted a hearing out of the presence of the jury concerning
the proposed testimony of Defendant’s witnesses, Ms. Ayers and Ms. Marchbanks

        Ms. Ayers testified that Mr. Smith told them that Defendant was upstairs with him when the
shooting occurred and that “Day-Day” shot the victim. At the conclusion of Ms. Ayers’ testimony
the following colloquy occurred:

       TRIAL COURT:                    I think we need to treat this as we would a Bruton
                                       problem in a statement. I think what needs to happen
                                       is that [Ms. Ayers] needs to be allowed to testify to
                                       this alleged prior inconsistent statement. But she’s
                                       not going to be allowed to say that Day-Day or
                                       [Defendant] Milken were the ones that did the killing.
                                       She would be allowed to say that he said that
                                       [Defendant] Ayers was not the person who shot. That
                                       he was with him at that time. . . . In other words, this
                                       is being offered not to prove that [Defendant] Curtis


                                                 -14-
                                      did the killing. It’s being offered to prove that Corey
                                      Smith’s statement, his testimony is not credible. So,
                                      the fact that [Defendant Ayers] would be upstairs with
                                      Mr. Smith and the shooting was in the car would not
                                      in any way stop you from being able to argue that Mr.
                                      Smith’s statement, that your client did this, is not
                                      credible.

       DEFENSE COUNSEL:               Would she be allowed to say who he told her was
                                      downstairs by the car or in the car?

       TRIAL COURT:                   I think we need to just leave that out. Because if
                                      [Defendant Ayers] is upstairs then that’s all that needs
                                      to happen. If she was talking about the other two
                                      people that were in the car, all that would do is . . .
                                      inculpate someone else and it would not tend to
                                      further exculpate your client.

        Defendant argues that as a result of the trial court’s ruling, Ms. Ayers and Ms. Marchbanks
only testified to “the pared down version” of Mr. Smith’s statements to them thereby hindering
Defendant’s efforts to present a complete defense. Defendant contends that had he not been tried
jointly with Mr. Curtis, the witnesses would have been permitted to testify that Mr. Smith told them
that Mr. Curtis was the shooter.

       Tennessee Rule of Evidence 613(b) provides that:

       [e]xtrinsic evidence of a prior inconsistent statement by a witness is not admissible
       unless the witness is afforded an opportunity to explain or deny the same and the
       opposite party is afforded an opportunity to interrogate the witness thereon, or the
       interests of justice require otherwise. This provision does not apply to admissions
       of a party opponent as defined in Tennessee Rule of Evidence 803(1.2).

See also State v. Reece, 637 S.W.2d 858, 861 (Tenn. 1982). Tennessee Rule of Evidence 613(b)
allows the introduction of otherwise inadmissible extrinsic evidence for impeachment purposes.
State v. Martin, 964 S.W.2d 564, 567 (Tenn. 1998). A prior inconsistent statement introduced for
purposes of impeachment, however, may be considered only on the issue of credibility and not as
substantive evidence. State v. Smith, 24 S.W.3d 274, 279 (Tenn. 2000) (quoting Jones v. Lenoir City
Car Works, 216 Tenn. 351, 392 S.W.2d 671, 673 (Tenn.1965)); Reece, 637 S.W.2d at 861; State v.
Jones, 15 S.W.3d 880, 891 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1991).

         Both Ms. Ayers and Ms. Marchbanks testified at trial that Mr. Smith told them that
Defendant was with him on Ms. Terry’s porch when the shooting occurred in contradiction to his
trial testimony that Defendant was downstairs at the victim’s vehicle when the victim was shot.


                                               -15-
Testimony that Mr. Smith went further and named Mr. Curtis as the shooter would have provided
another example of inconsistency but such statement could not be considered by the jury as
substantive evidence that Mr. Curtis was, in fact, the shooter. Even assuming that a more thorough
direct examination of these rebuttal witnesses might have been possible in a separate trial, Defendant
has not shown that the limitation on the scope of his direct examination, even if error, was so
prejudicial as to warrant a separate trial. Defendant is not entitled to relief on this issue.

V. Sentencing Issues

       Defendant challenges the trial court’s imposition of consecutive sentences based on a finding
that Defendant was a dangerous offender. Specifically, Defendant submits that the trial court failed
to make the requisite findings set forth in State v. Wilkerson, 905 S.W.2d 933, 939 (Tenn. 1995) and
thus may not rely upon Defendant’s status as a dangerous offender in determining whether Defendant
should serve his sentences consecutively.

       At the sentencing hearing, the State relied on Defendant’s presentence report which was
introduced as an exhibit without objection. Defendant did not offer any evidence at the sentencing
hearing.

       According to the presentence report, Defendant stated that he was expelled from Hillcrest
High School in the eleventh grade. Defendant worked periodically at various jobs in the past but has
not been employed since 2000. Defendant stated that he joined the “Crips” when he was
approximately nine years old but said that he ended his affiliation with the gang at some point in
2000. Defendant denied drinking alcohol or using any type of illegal drugs.

         Defendant was twenty-four years old at the time the offenses were committed. According
to the presentence report, Defendant was convicted in 1999 of aggravated burglary, a Class C felony,
and sentenced to three years. In 2000, Defendant was convicted of evading arrest, a Class A
misdemeanor; felony evading arrest, a Class E felony; and theft of property valued over $1,000, a
Class D felony. Defendant was sentenced to eleven months, twenty-nine days for his misdemeanor
evading arrest conviction, one year for his felony evading arrest conviction, and two years for his
theft conviction. In 2003, Defendant was convicted of two counts of criminal trespass and one count
of theft of property under $500.00, all misdemeanor sentences.

       Based on the presence of the Class C and Class D felony convictions, the trial court
sentenced Defendant as a Range II, multiple offender, for his facilitation of especially aggravated
robbery conviction and as a Range I, standard offender, for his second degree murder conviction.
See T.C.A. §§ 40-35-105; 40-35-106(a)(1). The trial court found that enhancement factor (1) based
on Defendant’s history of prior convictions in addition to those necessary to establish the appropriate
range, was applicable to both convictions. Id. § 40-35-114(1). The trial court also found
enhancement factor (9) applicable to Defendant’s murder conviction in that Defendant possessed or
employed a firearm during the commission of the offense. Id. § 40-35-114(9). Accordingly, the trial



                                                 -16-
court sentenced Defendant to twenty-two years for his murder conviction and fourteen years for his
facilitation conviction.

        The trial court found that the circumstances surrounding the offense were aggravated. The
trial court found that confinement for an extended period of time was necessary to protect society
from Defendant’s unwillingness to lead a productive life and his “resorting to criminal activity in
furtherance of an anti-societal lifestyle.” The trial court found that an effective sentence of thirty-six
years reasonably related to the offenses which consisted of “basically murdering a man and dumping
him in a park after robbing him of his football equipment for the football team, kids that he’s
working with.” Based on these considerations, the trial court found that Defendant was a dangerous
offender for whom consecutive sentencing was appropriate.

        We note that the legislature has recently amended several provisions of the Sentencing
Reform Act of 1989, which became effective June 7, 2005. However, although Defendant was
sentenced after the effective date of the amended Act, Defendant’s crime in this case occurred prior
to June 7, 2005, and Defendant did not elect to be sentenced under the provisions of the amended
Act by executing a waiver of his ex post facto protections. See 2005 Tenn. Pub. Acts ch. 353 § 18.
Therefore, this case is not affected by the 2005 amendments, and the statutes cited in this opinion
are those that were in effect at the time the instant crimes were committed.

        When a defendant challenges the length or the manner of service of his or her sentence, this
Court must conduct a de novo review with a presumption that the determinations made by the trial
court are correct. T.C.A. § 40-35-401(d); State v. Imfeld, 70 S.W.3d 698, 704 (Tenn. 2002). This
presumption, however, is contingent upon an affirmative showing in the record that the trial court
considered the sentencing principles and all relevant facts and circumstances. State v. Pettus, 986
S.W.2d 540, 543-44 (Tenn. 1999). If the record fails to show such consideration, the review of the
sentence is purely de novo. State v. Shelton, 854 S.W.2d 116, 123 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1992).

        In making its sentencing determinations the trial court must consider: (1) the evidence
presented at the sentencing hearing; (2) the pre-sentence report; (3) the principles of sentencing and
arguments as to sentencing alternatives; (4) the nature and characteristics of the criminal conduct;
(5) any appropriate enhancement and mitigating factors; (6) the defendant’s potential or lack of
potential for rehabilitation or treatment; and (7) any statements made by Defendant in his own
behalf. T.C.A. §§ 40-35-103 and -210; State v. Williams, 920 S.W.2d 247, 258 (Tenn. Crim. App.
1995). The defendant bears the burden of showing that his sentence is improper. T.C.A. § 40-35-
401(d), Sentencing Commission Comments; State v. Ashby, 823 S.W.2d 166, 169 (Tenn. 1991).

         When a Defendant is convicted of multiple crimes, the trial court, in its discretion, may order
the sentences to run consecutively if it finds by a preponderance of the evidence that a defendant falls
into one of seven categories listed in Tennessee Code Annotated section 40-35-115. In this instance,
the trial court found that Defendant was “a dangerous offender whose behavior indicates little or no
regard for human life, and no hesitation about committing a crime in which the risk to human life
is high.” T.C.A. § 40-35-115(a)(4). If the trial court rests its determination of consecutive


                                                  -17-
sentencing on this category, the court must make two additional findings. Imfeld, 70 S.W.3d at 708.
First, the trial court must find that an extended sentence is necessary to protect the public from
further criminal conduct by Defendant, and, second, it must find consecutive sentencing to be
reasonably related to the severity of the offenses. Wilkerson, 905 S.W.2d at 939. Although such
specific factual findings are unnecessary for the other categories enumerated in Tennessee Code
Annotated section 40-35-115(b), the imposition of consecutive sentences is also guided by the
general sentencing principles that the length of a sentence be ‘justly deserved in relation to the
seriousness of the offense’ and ‘no greater than that deserved for the offense committed.’” Imfeld,
70 S.W.3d at 708 (quoting T.C.A. §§ 40-35-102(1) and -103(2)); State v. Lane, 3 S.W.3d 456, 461
(Tenn. 1999). Once appropriate factors have been found, it is within the sound discretion of the trial
court whether or not to impose consecutive or concurrent sentences. See State v. Adams, 973 S.W.2d
224, 230-31 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1997).

         The trial court specifically addressed the Wilkerson factors at the sentencing hearing. That
is, the trial court found that Defendant’s continual engagement in criminal activity since reaching
adulthood evidenced a need to protect society from further criminal conduct by Defendant, and that
the effective sentence was reasonably related to the severity of the offenses. Based on our review
of the record, we conclude that the length of Defendant’s sentence is “‘justly deserved in relation to
the seriousness of the offense’” and “‘no greater than that deserved for the offenses committed.’”
Defendant is not entitled to relief on this issue.

        Although not raised on appeal, we observe that the trial court’s application of enhancement
factor (9) to enhance Defendant’s sentence for his second degree murder conviction is problematic
in light of Blakely v. Washington, 542 U.S. 296, 124 S. Ct. 2531, 159 L. Ed. 2d 403 (2004). In
Blakely, the United States Supreme Court concluded that the “‘statutory maximum’ for Apprendi [v.
New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466, 120 S.Ct. 2348, 147 L. Ed. 2d 435 (2000),] purposes is the maximum
sentence a court may impose solely on the basis of the facts reflected in the jury verdict or admitted
by the defendant. Blakely, 542 U.S. at 303. Our supreme court has recently concluded that other
than a defendant’s prior criminal convictions (or other enhancement factors admitted to by the
defendant), the application of enhancement factors by the trial court rather than a jury, which
increases the defendant’s sentence beyond the statutorily presumptive minimum sentence, deprives
the defendant of his or her Sixth Amendment right to have a jury determine whether those
enhancement factors apply. State v. Gomez, 239 S.W.2d 740 (Tenn. 2007) (citing Cunningham v.
California, 549 U.S. ___, 127 S. Ct. 856, 860, 166 L. Ed. 2d 856 (2007)). Thus, consideration of
Defendant’s prior criminal history, to which the trial court gave great weight “does not offend the
Sixth Amendment.” Id.

       As noted above, Defendant did not execute a waiver as a means of electing sentencing under
the Blakely-compliant 2005 amendments to the sentencing law. In setting the length of Defendant’s
sentence for his facilitation of especially aggravated robbery conviction, however, the trial court
considered only Defendant’s prior criminal history, and thus no Sixth Amendment concerns are
implicated. Id. As for his sentence for second degree murder, Defendant is limited to plain error



                                                -18-
review of this sentencing issue because he did not raise a Blakely issue as to the length of his
sentence for this conviction either at trial or on appeal. Id. at 737.

        Before an error is recognized as plain error, it must be “plain” and must affect a substantial
right of the accused. The term “plain” equates to “clear” or “obvious.” See United States v. Olano,
507 U.S. 725, 734, 113 S. Ct. 1770, 1777 (1993). Plain error is not error that is simply conspicuous;
rather, it is especially egregious error that strikes at the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of
judicial proceedings. See State v. Wooden, 658 S.W.2d 553, 559 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1983). In State
v. Adkisson, 899 S.W.2d 626 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1994), this court defined “substantial right” as a
right of “fundamental proportions in the indictment process, a right to the proof of every element of
the offense and ... constitutional in nature.” Id. at 639.

        Based on our review, even though the trial court erred in considering enhancement factor (9)
in determining the length of Defendant’s sentence for his second degree murder conviction,
consideration of Defendant’s prior criminal convictions was entitled to sufficient weight to justify
the enhancement of Defendant’s sentence for his second degree murder conviction from the
presumptive sentence of twenty years to twenty-two years. See Gomez, 239 S.W.3d at 743
(observing that the extent of the weight placed on the defendants’ history of prior criminal
convictions may well justify the imposition of the maximum sentence for all convictions). Thus,
consideration of the Sixth Amendment concerns raised by the trial court’s misapplication of
enhancement factor (9) is not necessary to do substantial justice and Defendant is not entitled to plain
error review.

                                           CONCLUSION

        After a thorough review of the record, we affirm the judgments of the trial court.


                                                         ___________________________________
                                                         THOMAS T. WOODALL, JUDGE




                                                  -19-
