

Opinion issued July 28, 2011.
 

In The
Court of
Appeals
For The
First District
of Texas
————————————
NO. 01-10-00428-CR
———————————
The State of TEXAS, Appellant
V.
Rodolfo
Dominguez, Jr.,
Appellee

 

 
On Appeal from the 400th District Court  
Fort Bend County, Texas

Trial Court Case No. 49886
 

 
O P I N I O N
          In this capital murder
case, the State seeks to introduce the testimony of its expert witness who
opines that his three dogs have identified the defendant’s scent to be present
on items recovered from the crime scene, based on a later police-constructed
scent-discrimination lineup.        The State challenges the trial court’s pretrial
ruling excluding this testimony as unreliable. 
The State contends that the trial court abused its discretion in excluding
the scent-discrimination testimony because the court’s material findings of
fact are unsupported by the record, and the court overstepped its gate-keeping
function.  The State alternatively
maintains that it established the reliability of the expert testimony by a
preponderance of the evidence, and it urges that this court adopt a
preponderance-of-the-evidence standard of review for assessing the reliability
of scientific evidence.  
We hold that the record supports the trial court’s findings
of fact.  We further hold that the trial
court acted within its discretion in excluding the scent-discrimination testimony
because sufficient evidence supports the trial court’s decision that the lineup
performed in this case was not reliable scientific evidence.  We decline to adopt a
preponderance-of-the-evidence standard for the reliability of scientific
evidence in criminal cases, as the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals has settled
on a clear-and-convincing-evidence standard. 
We therefore affirm. 
Background
The offense and the scent lineup 
A grand
jury indicted Rodolfo Dominguez, Jr., the appellee, for the 2008 offense of capital
murder by intentionally and knowingly shooting two individuals with a firearm.  The alleged date of the offense was April 5,
2008.  At the crime scene, officers used
sterile gauze pads to collect scent samples from several objects associated
with the murders.  The objects included
four pillows, two cell phone cases, and .45 shell casing.  The officers believed that the assailant had
touched these items.   
Dominguez
gave the police investigators a scent sample. 
Beginning on April 10, 2008, five days after the offense, Fort Bend
County Sheriff’s Deputy Keith Pikett conducted a scent lineup with three of his
bloodhounds over the course of two days. 
Deputy Pikett asked his three dogs to compare the scent of gauze pads
swiped with the objects at the scene to “a scent lineup” of six other gauze
pads, one of which contained Dominguez’s scent sample.  The other five pads contained the scent of “foils”,
who were individuals of the same race and gender as Dominguez, collected at an
unknown earlier point in time.  A police
officer placed the six pads in coffee cans. 
Deputy Pikett did not know the location of Dominguez’s scent pad, but
the other officer present at the scene of the lineup did know.  The officer changed the position of
Dominguez’s pad for each of the objects. 
Deputy Pikett testified that his three bloodhounds alerted to the pad
containing Dominguez’s scent for each pad corresponding to an object associated
with the murders.  Deputy Pikett
interpreted his dogs’ actions as indicating that a scent relationship existed
between those objects and Dominguez’s scent. 
The lineup was not recorded, and there is no evidence that Dominguez’s
lawyer was present during it.  Dominguez moved
for a pre-trial Kelly hearing,
seeking to exclude the scent-lineup evidence. 
See Kelly v. State, 824 S.W.2d
568, 573 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992).  
Summary of the testimony
At the
hearing, Deputy Pikett testified that he was a retired peace officer and had
been a canine handler with the Fort Bend Sheriff’s Department for twelve years.  He had attended 225 hours of seminars and
lectures on dog handling; some of these seminars and lectures dealt
specifically with scent lineups.  In
addition, he said that three older dog handlers had trained and advised him.  The older handlers observed Pikett’s dog
handling and generally approved of his techniques.  Deputy Pikett admitted, however, that the two
who had witnessed his scent lineups on previous occasions did not agree with
his methods because he used multiple dogs during the lineups.  Deputy Pikett also testified that five of his
law enforcement colleagues, of unknown qualifications with regard to scent
lineups, had reviewed a checklist of his methodologies and had approved of
them.    
Deputy
Pikett described his experience in working with bloodhounds and his dogs’
experience in detecting scents.  He
testified that his three dogs used in the Dominguez case had each participated
in over one thousand scent-pad identification lineups.  According to Deputy Pikett, the three dogs
have different alerts to indicate a match. 
Deputy Pikett admitted that the dogs’ alerts are neither obvious for
everyone to see nor always consistent. 
He conceded that his task in interpreting the dogs’ alerts is subjective
in nature, but if he is uncertain about whether the dog is alerting him to a
match, he finds no alert.  According to
Deputy Pikett, 29.5 percent of the time the dogs do not hit on any position in
a scent lineup.  He kept training records
for the dogs, but these records were for his own purposes—another person could not evaluate or re-create the
dogs’ performances from these records.  
Deputy
Pikett stores all of his “foil” scent samples that he uses for scent lineups in
a duffle bag.  He divides the samples by
race and gender and keeps each group in a one gallon Ziploc bag.  Each individual sample then is stored in a
smaller Ziploc bag within the gallon bag. 
Deputy Pikett testified that his informal experiments showed that
samples did not leak through to contaminate each other.  He also said that his informal experiments
demonstrated that differences in the age of the samples did not affect the
dog’s ability to identify the correct sample in a lineup, but that dogs can
differentiate between old and new samples. 

Dr. Kenneth
Furton also testified as an expert on behalf of the State.  Furton is a professor of chemistry and
biochemistry.  He has published numerous articles,
including several articles on scent identification.[1]  In addition, he is the founding director of
the Scientific Working Group on Dogs and Orthogonal Detector Guidelines (“the
Working Group”), which has drafted best practice guidelines for the training,
certification, and documentation of canines who participate in tracking or scent-discrimination
lineups.  Furton stated that the draft
guidelines are “the first attempt” to formulate a national set of best practices
in this area.       
According
to Furton, the scientific literature supports the theory that each human has an
individual odor.  He said an individual’s
odor is a combination of primary, secondary, and tertiary odor chemicals.  The human body produces primary and secondary
odor chemicals.  Primary chemicals are
stable over time, and diet and environmental factors affect secondary chemicals.  He also said that soaps and perfumes are
tertiary chemicals which affect human odor. 
In his own research, Furton tries to identify and differentiate
individuals based on their primary odors with the same machine used to analyze
the composition of drug samples and explosives. 
He stated that so far his results support a theory that each human has
an individual odor which remains the same or very similar for weeks, months and
even years.  
Furton testified
that the scientific literature supports the theory that dogs can differentiate
individuals with a high degree of reliability because of their strong sense of
smell.  He stated that specially trained dogs
can accurately differentiate between human scents in a scent-discrimination lineup.  Furton admitted that scent-lineup evidence
should always be used in corroboration with other evidence.  He cautioned that the results of a scent-discrimination
lineup are not like the results of DNA fingerprinting because there is a “limitation
to their reliability.”  According to
Furton, scent-discrimination lineups are an investigative tool and more often
useful as a tool to exclude persons as suspects than as evidence of identity.     
To assess the
reliability of Deputy Pikett’s methodology, Furton reviewed the following
materials:  (1) Deputy Pikett’s credentials;
(2) information about Deputy Pikett’s dogs; (3) training reports concerning the
dogs; (4) a full offense report for Dominguez’s case; (4) transcripts of Deputy
Pikett’s testimony from other recent trials; (5) reports and videos of
scent-discrimination lineups from two previous cases, and (6) letters of
reference from some of Deputy Pikett’s peers who reviewed his methodological
checklist.   Furton also watched Deputy Pikett and his dogs
run a scent-discrimination lineup.  He
stated that during the first three runs the dogs failed to alert at the correct
sample, but during the fourth run, all three dogs alerted at the correct
sample.  Furton and Deputy Pikett
believed that the wind caused the dogs to fail in the first three runs.    
Furton
testified that Deputy Pikett’s methodology was reliable.  According to Furton, Deputy Pikett’s records
indicated that the initial training and the maintenance training of the dogs
was extensive.  He said it was common
protocol to use scent samples from five foils and a suspect, and to use foils of
the same race and sex.  He stated that
Deputy Pikett’s use of single-blind lineup and the movement of the suspect’s
scent sample during the testing of several objects helped to ensure
reliability.  According to Furton, the
use of multiple dogs for testing each object was common practice in some other
countries.  
Furton’s
testimony, however, also revealed weaknesses in Deputy Pikett’s scent-discrimination
lineups.  First, Furton testified that he
could not tell that the dogs were alerting Deputy Pikett on the videos that he
viewed from prior cases.  He added that
he saw the alerts when he viewed Deputy Pikett and the dogs in person, but
admitted that, even then, variations existed in their alerts.  Furton testified that the handler alone is
the one who decides whether the dog gives an alert.  He nonetheless concluded that the alerts were
reliable.  
Second, Furton
testified that Deputy Pikett had deviated from the draft guidelines for best
practices in the following ways: (1) Deputy Pikett did not undergo a structured
curriculum in dog handling (2) Deputy Pikett and his dogs were not certified and
did not receive annual evaluation and certification; (3) Deputy Pikett had no review
or oversight of his work by an outside authority; and (4) Deputy Pikett stored
his scent samples in Ziploc bags as opposed to glass containers.  Furton testified that he was unaware of any
group, such as the National Police Bloodhound Association, that had ever evaluated
Deputy Pikett’s methods.     He was also unaware
that any structured curriculum currently existed in the United States.  He thought it was implausible that storage in
the Ziploc bags could lead to any cross-contamination but would need to test that
hypothesis to verify it.  No published
literature or research exists on the topic. 
The FBI uses glass containers.                             Third, although he
believed that Deputy Pikett and his dogs were trained and qualified in the
field of scent-discrimination lineups, Furton conceded that it was uncommon to
see one-hundred percent success in so many tests, as Deputy Pikett testified
had occurred in the Dominguez case.  
Dominguez
offered Dr. I. Lehr Brisbin as an expert to rebut Furton and Deputy Pikett’s
opinion testimony.  Brisbin is an
emeritus senior research scientist in ecology. 
He has published several articles on the ability of dogs to
differentiate human scents and has thirty years of dog-handling experience,
working with various law enforcement agencies and correctional facilities, and
advising the National Police Bloodhound Association.  Brisbin argued that it is well accepted in
the scientific community that a genetic basis exists for individual human odors.  He also argued that a properly-trained dog
has the ability to discriminate between various human odors, and the scientific
community accepts this theory.  According
to Brisbin, a properly-trained dog should be able to alert to a particular
human odor in a scent lineup, but the science and detection methods are not
reliable enough to say that a certain individual was in fact the subject of the
identification.  
Brisbin
testified that Deputy Pikett’s methodology was unreliable, for several
reasons.  First, Deputy Pikett used a
leash on the dogs during the lineups, thus creating the risk that he, as their handler,
cued the dogs and their alerts.    Second, Deputy Pikett’s scent-discrimination
lineups were not double blind.  Although
another officer places the samples in the lineup, this officer uses Deputy
Pikett’s foil scents and remains present during the lineup.  Brisbin testified this other officer could also
unintentionally cue Deputy Pikett or the dogs to the suspect’s scent.  Third, Deputy Pikett uses multiple dogs during
the lineup.  Brisbin stated that one
should not use multiple dogs because, assuming the first dog is correct in his
determination, the handler may cue the subsequent dogs to alert at the same
point as the first one.  Fourth, Deputy
Pikett does not use negative runs in his lineups, in which the suspects’ scent
is left out completely.  This is
important to determine whether an alert is accurate.  Fifth, an outside auditor should evaluate
Deputy Pikett’s results.  The Working
Group’s draft guidelines require that the dogs undergo a double-blind assessment
and that there be negative runs.   
Brisbin
also critiqued Deputy Pikett’s records. 
He said that the records of one of Deputy Pikett’s lineups did not
correspond to what he observed on a video of the lineup.  Brisbin stated that the records indicated that
the dog successfully alerted by baying, but contrary to the recorded
observations, he saw the dog baying at every can.  He also testified that the records were very
brief and incomplete.  He noted that
Deputy Pikett’s records indicated that the dogs had a low failure rate and were
almost perfect.  He said that this figure
was likely not accurate and showed that Deputy Pikett did not understand what
he was observing.       
The trial court’s rulings 
At the
close of the hearing, the trial court granted Smith’s motion to suppress the scent-lineup
evidence.  In response to the State’s
request, the trial court entered the following findings of fact: 
                                                . . . .                             
 
4.     Based on his testimony and
curriculum vitae, Dr. Kenneth Furton is qualified to testify as an expert on
human scent identification.    
 
5.     Based on his testimony and
curriculum vitae, Dr. I[.] Lehr Brisbin is qualified to testify as an expert on
human scent identification.     
 
6.     Experts agree that human
odor can be affected by diet or cologne.
 
7.     The concept that each human
has a distinct odor that can be distinguished from all other human odors has
not been accepted by all experts in the field who have studied this matter. 
 
8.     The ability to compare
and/or match human scent through the use of instruments such as a solid phase
micro-extraction gas chromatograph mass spectrometer is not yet refined. 
 
9.     The results of comparisons
of human scent by solid phase micro-extraction gas chromatograph mass
spectrometer instruments cannot be verified. 
 
10.           
 Canine scent identification is an
emerging field of expertise in the United States. 
 
11.           
 Guidelines are being drafted by a
national group for working dogs for canine trailing and scent lineups and have
been sent out for comment by its members, but the guidelines have not yet been
established. 
 
12.           
 Likewise, no national standards
for detection dog certification have been established. 
 
13.           
 Unlike canine units used for
locating bombs, drugs, and cadavers (whose accuracy of alerts can be verified
immediately at the scene) the matching of persons to scent samples made by human
scent units cannot be verified. 
 
14.           
 The alert or match of unknown
human scent samples by a dog is subjective, totally dependent on the handler of
the canine unit, and cannot be independently verified by a different handler. 
 
15.           
 Canine scent identification is not
junk science, but it has not yet been developed to the point that it is
accurate, repeatable, verifiable and reliable to the extent that it should be
used as evidence in court. 
 
16.           
 Retired Fort Bend County Sheriff’s
Deputy Keith Pikett has extensive experience in using dogs for trailing and
scent lineups. 
 
17.           
 Pikett is self-taught in the area
of dog trailing and scent lineups and has trained his own dogs. 
 
18.           
 Pikett’s methods of training his
dogs and of conducting the scent lineups have not been reviewed or approved by
any authority in the field.
 
19.           
 The alert or match of unknown
human scent samples to known human scent samples made by Deputy Pikett’s canine
units in other cases were not evident in the video recordings of the lineups
conducted. 
 
20.           
 Properly conducted double-blind
canine scent lineups can raise reasonable suspicion, but can be likened to a
drug field test that must be verified by a laboratory analysis, except that
there is not a laboratory analysis that can verify the canine scent lineup. 
 
21.           
 Canine scent lineups, alone,
should not be used as the basis for the identification of a suspect in a
criminal case.
 
22.           
 Because the results of human scent
identification lineups cannot be verified or repeated, the results are not
sufficiently reliable to be admitted in evidence in a criminal trial.  
 
23.           
 Evidence related to identification
of human scent by canine units should be suppressed and excluded from evidence
in the trial of this cause.    
 
The trial court made the
following conclusions of law: 
 
1.     The science of human scent
identification and/or comparison is not sufficiently reliable to be admitted in
evidence in a criminal trial.  See Kelly v. State, 824 S.W.2d 568, 573
(Tex. Crim. App. 1992).
  
2.     Human scent identification
by a canine is not sufficiently reliable to be admitted in evidence in a
criminal trial.  See Nenno v. State, 970 S.W.2d 549, 561 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992).      
 
The trial court entered an order excluding evidence
relating to the scent lineup.  
Discussion
Standard of Review 
We review a trial court’s ruling on the admissibility of scientific
evidence for an abuse of discretion.  Russeau
v. State, 171 S.W.3d 871,
881 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005) (citing Weatherred v. State, 15 S.W.3d 540,
542 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000)).  The trial
court is the sole judge of the weight and credibility of the evidence presented
at the suppression hearing.  See Weatherred, 15 S.W.3d at 542.  As a reviewing court, we consider the trial
court’s ruling in light of the evidence presented at the time of the trial
court’s ruling.  See id.  
When a trial court expressly finds facts in ruling on a
motion to suppress, a reviewing court views the evidence in a light most
favorable to the trial court’s ruling and determines whether the evidence, when
viewed in that light, supports the fact findings.  State v. Kelly, 204 S.W.3d 808, 818 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006).  The reviewing court reviews the trial court’s
legal ruling de novo unless the explicit fact findings, as supported by the
record, are also dispositive of the legal ruling.  Kelly, 204 S.W.3d at 818. 
Unless the trial court abused its discretion by making a finding that is
not supported by the record, we defer to the trial court’s fact findings and leave
them undisturbed on appeal.  See Cantu
v. State, 817 S.W.2d 74, 77
(Tex. Crim. App. 1991).  A reviewing court
must uphold the trial court’s ruling if it was within the zone of reasonable
disagreement.  Weatherred, 15 S.W.3d at 542.  We consider whether the trial court acted
without reference to guiding rules or principles or whether the trial court
acted arbitrarily or unreasonably in so ruling.  Montgomery v. State, 810 S.W.2d 372, 380 (Tex. Crim.
App. 1990) (op. on reh’g).
 
 
Does the record support
the trial court’s findings of fact?
          In its
first issue on appeal, the State contends that the trial court abused its
discretion in excluding
the scent-lineup evidence because some of the trial court’s material findings
of fact related to the reliability of the evidence are unsupported by the
record.  The State challenges findings 6–10, 13–15, 17–20, and
22–23.       
          We reject the State’s contention.  The record supports the challenged findings.  Finding 6 states that diet and cologne affect
human odor.  Furton testified that human
odor is composed of primary, secondary, and tertiary chemicals.  Diet affects secondary chemicals, and soaps
and perfumes are tertiary chemicals, which also affect human odor.  Thus, the record supports Finding 6.  Finding 7 states that all experts in the
field do not accept that each human has a distinct odor that can be
distinguished from all other human odors. 
Findings 8 and 9 state the ability to compare and match human scents
through machines is not yet refined and cannot be verified.  Both experts in this case testified that the
scientific literature supports the general theory that each human has a
distinct odor.  Furton, however, testified
that he is still investigating the exact chemicals that make up each human’s
individual odor so that he can distinguish between individuals, and he has
tested only about two hundred people.  Although
at least one-peer-reviewed article, offered by the State, found that a trained dog
can “trail” a human scent up to 48 hours old, no evidence was offered that a
consensus of experts in the field or even any
expert in a peer reviewed publication agree that one can distinguish each
individual’s odor from all other human odors in the context of a scent-discrimination
lineup.  No expert has reached such a
conclusion in the context of a controlled-scent lineup that is comparable to
this one, where a dog is asked to compare six different scent swabs of varying
age with each other, and with other swabs from crime scene evidence and the
defendant.  Thus, the record supports
Findings 7, 8 and 9.  Finding 10 states
that scent identification is an emerging field in the United States.  There is neither any published national
guidelines nor any structured curriculum for scent-discrimination lineups in
the United States.  Furton testified that
the United States is behind Europe in the development of reliable methods to
evaluate scent-lineup evidence and use it in courts of law.  Thus, the record supports Finding 10.  
          Finding 14 states that whether a dog alerts to a match is a
subjective determination, and Finding 19 states that the dog’s alerts were not
evident from the video of Deputy Pikett’s lineups from other cases.  Deputy Pikett conceded that his dogs’ alerts
are neither obvious for everyone to see nor always consistent.  Deputy Pikett stated his task in interpreting
the dogs’ alerts is subjective in nature. 
Furton stated it is up to the handler to decide whether the dog “alerted.”  Neither Furton nor Brisbin could discern the dog
signals identifying an alert in a video demonstration of Deputy Pikett’s scent-discrimination
lineup.  Thus, the record supports Findings
14 and 19.  Finding 13 states that, unlike
a dog’s alert to a bomb or to drugs, the matching of a scent in a lineup is not
verifiable.  Likewise, Finding 20 states
that no laboratory analysis can verify the scent-discrimination lineup.  The undisputed evidence at the hearing was
that no analysis or instrument currently exists to verify the results of a scent-discrimination
lineup, and that only the handler can verify that the dog has alerted to the
correct scent.  Accordingly, the record
supports Finding 13 and 20.   
Finding 17
states that no authority in the area has reviewed and approved of Deputy
Pikett’s methods in training his dogs and conducting scent-discrimination
lineups.  Deputy Pikett is not certified
by any authority in scent identification.  Both experts critiqued Deputy Pikett because
his work lacked scientific oversight by an outside authority.  Furton was unaware that any group, such as
the National Police Bloodhound Association, had evaluated Deputy Pikett’s
methods.  The State points to Deputy
Pikett’s colleagues who evaluated his methods and to Furton, its hired expert.  But the State adduced no evidence that
Pikett’s colleagues were experts or authorities in the field, and Furton conceded
that Pikett’s methods conflicted with several of his organization’s best
practices.  Accordingly, the record
supports Finding 17.  
Finding 18
states that Deputy Pikettt is self-taught in dog tracking and scent-discrimination
lineups.  Although Deputy Pikett has attended
seminars and lectures on dog handling and has received informal training from
older handlers, Furton reported that Deputy Pikett did not undergo any
structured curriculum in dog handling. 
Accordingly, the record supports Finding 18.  
Findings 15
and 22 state that scent-lineup evidence is currently not accurate, repeatable,
and verifiable.  Brisbin stated that
science and detection methods are not so reliable that we can tell the identity
of a person based on a scent-discrimination lineup.  Furton—the State’s own expert—conceded that
scent-lineup identifications have limited reliability and are more useful as an
exclusionary tool.  Accordingly, the record
supports findings 15 and 22.  Finding 23
is a legal conclusion that the evidence should be suppressed.  Accordingly, we do not consider it to be a
factual basis for the trial court’s ruling. 
We hold that the trial court’s valid findings support its suppression of
the scent-lineup evidence.  
Did the trial court abuse
its gate-keeping function?
In its
second issue on appeal, the State maintains that the trial court abused its discretion in excluding the
scent-lineup evidence because the court overstepped its gate-keeping
function.  
Texas Rule of Evidence 702 allows a qualified expert to
provide evidence about a subject that requires specialized knowledge, but the
trial court must “determine whether the testimony is sufficiently reliable and
relevant to help the jury in reaching accurate results.” 
Kelly v. State,
824 S.W.2d 568, 572 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992); see
also Tex. R. Evid. 702.  
Issues of credibility and reliability are not the same. See
Vela v. State, 209 S.W.3d
128, 134 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006).  A jury
should evaluate a witness’s credibility, but unreliable scientific evidence
should never reach the jury.  See id.
at 135–36.  As a gatekeeper, the trial
court is tasked with assessing the reliability of particular testimony.  See id. at 134.  Although an inquiry as to reliability is
flexible, the proponent of the evidence must establish some foundation for the
reliability of an expert’s opinion.  Id.  Reliability centers on principles and methodology,
and not on conclusions an expert generates by using those principles or
methodology.  See id. at 136
(citing Daubert v. Merell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 509 U.S. 579, 595,
113 S. Ct. 2786, 125 L.Ed.2d 469 (1993)). 
A trial court should not admit an expert’s opinion if that opinion is
connected to existing data only by the expert’s own assertions.  Id. 
If a trial court properly concludes that an analytical gap exists between
the data and the expert’s proffered opinion, it may exclude that expert’s
opinion.  Id.  
In Kelly, the Texas Court of
Criminal Appeals set forth a three-prong reliability test and identified seven
non-exclusive factors for courts to consider in assessing reliability of
scientific evidence.  824 S.W.2d at 573.  Factors that could affect a trial court’s
determination of reliability include, but are not limited to: (1) the extent to
which the underlying scientific theory and technique are accepted as valid by
the relevant scientific community, if such a community can be ascertained; (2)
the qualifications of the testifying expert(s); (3) the existence of literature
supporting or rejecting the underlying scientific theory and technique; (4) the
potential rate of error of the technique; (5) the availability of other experts
to test and evaluate the technique; (6) the clarity with which the underlying
scientific theory and technique can be explained to the court; and (7) the
experience and skill of the person(s) who applied the technique on the occasion
in question.  Id. at 573.
In Nenno v. State, the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals
held that when addressing fields that are based upon experience or training as
opposed to scientific methods, the appropriate questions for assessing
reliability are (1) whether the field of expertise is a legitimate one, (2)
whether the subject matter of the expert’s testimony is within the scope of the
field, and (3) whether the expert’s testimony properly relies upon or utilizes
the principles involved in the field.  970
S.W.2d 549, 561(Tex. Crim. App. 1998).  
2) Analysis 
          In Winfrey v. State, the Texas Court of
Criminal Appeals rejected the rationale that scent-discrimination lineups are a
legitimate scientific field because they are similar to scent tracking, noting
that there are “significant scientific differences among the various uses of
scenting.”  323 S.W.3d 875, 882–83 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010) (quoting Andrew E. Taslitz, Does the
Cold Nose Know? The Unscientific Myth of Dog Scenting, 42 Hastings L.J. 15,
42 (1990)).  The Winfrey court held that scent-discrimination
lineups, used alone or as the primary evidence in a case, are legally
insufficient to support a conviction.  Id. at 883–84.  The court, however, did not
address the admissibility of scent-lineup evidence under either Kelly or Nenno.  See id. at 885 (Cochran, J., concurring). But see Pate v. State, No. 13-09-00112-CR, 2010 WL 3921177, * 16, fn. 19 (Tex.
App.—Corpus Christi Oct. 7, 2010, pet. ref’d) (mem. op., not designated for
publication) (holding that Deputy Pikket’s field of expertise—scent-discrimination
lineups—was legitimate scientific field and distinguishing Winfrey because inculpatory evidence existed other than scent
lineup).      
In this
case, the State proffered both Deputy Pikett and an expert, Furton, who opined
that Deputy Pikett’s methods, records and results were reliable.  In contrast, the defendant’s expert, Brisbin,
found them unreliable.  But both experts
critiqued the reliability of Deputy Pikett’s lineup, his training and methods,
and lack of oversight and verification of his test results.  Deputy Pikett did not undergo a structured
curriculum in dog handling, and he and his dogs did not receive annual
certification. Deputy Pikett carries his “foil” samples in Ziploc bags all together
inside a duffle bag as opposed to sealed glass containers, with the defendant’s
fresher sample not similarly stored. 
Although Furton surmised that this storage technique did not affect the
results, he admitted that he had neither tested nor verified this theory.  No outside authority audits the work of Deputy
Pikett or his dogs.  Brisbin described
Deputy Pikett’s records as brief and incomplete.  The descriptions of scent-discrimination
lineups in the records did not correspond to what Brisbin observed on corresponding
videotapes of these lineups.  Even Deputy
Pikett admitted that another person could not evaluate the dogs’ performances
from his records.  Brisbin was skeptical
of the low failure rate indicated by the records, and Furton said the “perfect
results” like those recorded in the scent-discrimination lineup for Dominguez
were uncommon.  Brisbin stated that
Deputy Pikett should not use multiple dogs in the lineups, and all lineups
should be double blind to ensure that no one could cue the dogs to alert.  He also said that Deputy Pikett should do
negative runs during the lineups, in which the suspect’s scent is not present,
to ensure reliability.  Deputy Pikett
stated that his dogs can differentiate between old and new scents, but he uses
older foil samples against the suspect’s more recent sample.  The scent swabs collected from the scene also
were days old.  
The
totality of the two experts’ opinions as to the inadequacies of the methodology
that Pickett uses to perform scent-discrimination lineups reveal an analytical
gap between the scent data and the ultimate opinion here—that Dominguez’s scent was present on a cell
phone, pillow cases, and gun casing found at the crime scene.  See Vela, 209 S.W.3d at 134 (quoting Gen. Elec. Co. v. Joiner,
522 U.S. 136, 146, 118 S. Ct. 512 (1997)) (“But we also agree that a trial judge need not ‘admit opinion
evidence which is connected to existing data only by the ipse dixit of
the expert. A court may conclude that there is simply too great an analytical
gap between the data and the opinion proffered.’”).  As a proponent of the expert
testimony, the State had the burden of proving by clear and convincing evidence
that Deputy Pikett’s testimony was relevant and reliable.  See
Weatherred, 15 S.W.3d at 542.  We
hold that the trial court, in suppressing Deputy Pikett’s testimony, reasonably
could have concluded that his opinion was not reliable because of the
inadequacies in his protocol, training and methods, and lack of oversight and
verification of his test results.   See Smith v. State, 335 S.W.3d 706, 712 (Tex.
App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2011, pet. filed) (holding that trial court did not
abuse its discretion in excluding Deputy Pikett’s testimony because State
failed to prove by clear and convincing evidence reliability of testimony
regarding a scent-discrimination lineup in that case). But see Powell v. State, 14-09-00398-CR, 2011 WL 1579734 (Tex.
App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Apr. 21, 2011, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for
publication) (holding that trial court did not abuse its discretion in
admitting Deputy Pikett’s testimony about scent lineup, where defendant claimed
that Deputy Pikett’s measures did not prevent subliminally cuing of his dogs,
because defendant cited no evidence that officer, who placed the samples for
Deputy Pikett, could have subliminally cued dogs to defendant’s sample).  The trial court did not abuse its
discretion in excluding the evidence.  
Should this
court adopt a preponderance-of-the-evidence standard of review for scientific
evidence? 
 
          In its
third issue on appeal, the State contends that it established the reliability of the expert
testimony by a preponderance of the evidence, and it urges that this court
adopt a preponderance-of-the-evidence standard of review for the reliability of
scientific evidence.  As an intermediate court of appeals, we
are bound to follow the precedent of the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals.  Purchase v. State, 84 S.W.3d 696, 701 (Tex.
App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2002, pet. ref’d); see Tex. Const. art. V, § 5(a) (declaring that court of criminal
appeals is final authority for criminal law in Texas).   The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals has held
that “the proponent of scientific evidence must demonstrate to the trial court,
by clear and convincing evidence, that the scientific evidence is
reliable.”  Russeau, 171 S.W.3d at 881 (citing Weatherred, 15 S.W.3d at 542).  Accordingly, we overrule the State’s third
issue.[2]   
 
 
Conclusion
We hold that the record evidence supports
the trial court’s findings of fact.  The
trial court acted within its discretion in excluding the scent-lineup evidence
because it reasonably could have
concluded that the State failed to carry its burden of showing that Deputy
Pikett’s scent-lineup evidence was reliable.  We decline to adopt a preponderance-of-the-evidence
standard of review for the reliability of scientific evidence in abrogation of
the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals’ precedent. 
We therefore affirm the order of the trial court.
 

                                                          
                                                                    Jane Bland
                                                                   Justice

 
Panel
consists of Justices Jennings, Bland, and Massengale.
Publish.   Tex. R. App. P. 47.2(b).




[1]
          Furton’s curriculum vitae lists
62 articles published in the last ten years, but it does not indicate which
have been “accepted” by a peer review journal. 
Of the 62 articles, 15 appear related to canine-scent detection of
explosives, accelerants, drugs or humans or to human-scent science.  


[2]
          We
note, however, given the conflicting testimony and the lack of supporting
research, the State has not shown that the trial court’s ruling is against the
great weight and preponderance of the evidence even when measured under a
preponderance-of-the-evidence standard. 


