      TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN


                                     NO. 03-05-00027-CV



                         Craig Nickels and Sheila Nickels, Appellants

                                                v.

  James Casburg; James W. Casburg, Sr.; Joe F. McNair; Charles Anderson; Daniel W.
   Casburg; Mamie L. Hollan; Vernon L. Crane; Kent A. Schooler; Kerin J. Schooler;
 Marvin Moring; Richard G. Washington; Eileen Washington; Richard Naber; Madelyn
   Naber; Graciela Pena; Ayron Brooks; Robert W. Ruggiero; Sally B. Ruggiero; David
    Mathews; Freda Mathews; David Mathews II; Linda McNair; Fred Nelson; Marie
 Claymore; Flat Creek Limited; Kent Alden Schooler and Kerin Jo Schooler, Trustees of
 Schooler Living Trust; Patricia Sue Maloney; Rory A. McLaughlin; Sallie McLaughlin;
  Robert W. Ruggiero, Individually and as authorized agent of the Texas Veterans Land
Board; George Ruggiero, Individually and as authorized agent of the Texas Veterans Land
                         Board; and Tina Broderick, Appellees


     FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF TRAVIS COUNTY, 261ST JUDICIAL DISTRICT
           NO. GN300526, HONORABLE PAUL DAVIS, JUDGE PRESIDING



                           MEMORANDUM OPINION


               This appeal concerns the existence and scope of an easement to use a lakeside tract

on Lake Travis as a recreation and private park area. Craig and Sheila Nickels, the owners of the

lakeside tract and other land in the subdivision Travis Peak Estates, appeal the district court’s

judgment in favor of appellees who are property owners and residents in the subdivision.1 The


       1
          Craig and Sheila Nickels brought suit initially against James Casburg; James W. Casburg,
Sr.; Joe F. McNair; Charles Anderson; Daniel W. and Tammy R. Casburg; Mamie L. Hollan; Vernon
L. Crane; Kent A. and Kerin Schooler; Marvin and Carol Ivey Moring; Richard G. and Eileen
Washington; Richard and Madelyn Naber; Graciela Pena; Paula and Aaron Neujahr; Ayron Brooks;
district court declared that appellees have an easement to use the lakeside tract as a recreation and

private park area and granted appellees’ requests for injunctive relief and attorney’s fees. For the

reasons that follow, we affirm the district court’s judgment.


                                         BACKGROUND

Creation of Travis Peak Estates

               In 1962, P&W Co. acquired a 2,052.75-acre tract of land on the north shore of Lake

Travis in Travis County that was part of the Joshua English Survey No. 2 to create the Travis Peak

Estates subdivision. James Watson, one of the principals of P&W Co., prepared but did not record

a subdivision plat for Travis Peak Estates in 1962, subdividing the 2,052.75-acre tract. The

subdivision plat shows the location and configuration of tracts and roads, including a 50-foot

roadway easement (“Roadway Easement”) and the four-acre lakeside tract in dispute (the “Lakeside

Tract”). On the subdivision plat, the Roadway Easement ends at the entrance to the Lakeside Tract,

and the Lakeside Tract is identified as “EASEMENT AREA FOR USE OF TRAVIS PEAK

ESTATES OWNERS.”2 P&W Co. cleared the Lakeside Tract and constructed a road along the

Roadway Easement and a concrete boat ramp within the Lakeside Tract. P&W Co. recorded a


Robert W. and Sally B. Ruggiero; David and Freda Mathews; and David Mathews II. Linda McNair;
Fred Nelson; Marie Claymore; Flat Creek Limited; Kent Alden Schooler and Kerin Jo Schooler,
Trustees of Schooler Living Trust; Patricia Sue Maloney; Rory A. McLaughlin; Sallie McLaughlin;
Robert W. Ruggiero and George Ruggiero, individually and as authorized agents of the Texas
Veterans Land Board; and Tina Broderick intervened in the action. Appellees have informed this
Court that Carol Moring died during the pendency of the suit and her estate passed to her husband,
Marvin Moring, and that Tammy R. Casburg, Paula Neujahr, and Aaron Neujahr were dismissed
from the suit before the final judgment.
       2
      The subdivision plat also reflects that the Roadway Easement is “FOR USE OF TRAVIS
PEAK ESTATES OWNERS.”

                                                 2
description of the Roadway Easement and the Lakeside Tract—identified as the “easement area”—

by metes and bounds in January1963 at Volume 2566, Page 225, of the Travis County Deed Records.

                From 1963 to 1971, P&W Co. marketed and sold the tracts in Travis Peak Estates,

executing 21 deeds to original purchasers.3 P&W Co. provided prospective purchasers with a copy

of the subdivision plat that identified the Lakeside Tract as the “easement area” for use by property

owners of Travis Peak Estates. Many of the tracts did not have access to Lake Travis without the

Lakeside Tract. The property owners in Travis Peak Estates had access to and used the Lakeside

Tract without interruption from the 1960s until the present dispute. Their use included a 917 square

foot area (“917-SF area”) that is adjacent to the Lakeside Tract and located on a separate tract of land

that the Nickelses purchased. The property owners’ uses of the 917-SF area included using it as a

“turnaround” area in conjunction with launching boats from the boat ramp.


The Controversy

                Craig and Sheila Nickels purchased two adjacent tracts of property in Travis Peak

Estates—a 60.003-acre tract and a 10.279-acre tract—that were part of the last tract in Travis Peak

Estates conveyed by P&W Co. in January 1971 to an original purchaser. The 10.279-acre tract

includes the Lakeside Tract and a segment of the Roadway Easement leading to the Lakeside Tract.

The Nickelses purchased the 60.003-acre tract from Westlake, I.G., on June 19, 1997. On the same

day, the Nickelses, Westlake, and Peninsula Investments, LLC, an entity related to Westlake, I.G.,




       3
           At the time of trial, the original tracts that P&W Co. sold had been further subdivided.

                                                   3
entered into a “Reciprocal Easement, Conveyance and Escrow Agreement.”4 The parties agreed that

Peninsula would convey the 10.279-acre tract to the Nickelses in exchange for the Nickelses

conveying an easement on the 60.003-acre tract.

               The general warranty deed for the 60.003-acre tract describes the tract conveyed as

“60.003 acres of land, more or less, out of the Joshua English Survey No. 2, in Travis County.” The

warranty deed also references the document that P&W Co. recorded in 1963 at Volume 2566, Page

225 of the Travis County Deed Records and excepts from the Nickelses’ title the rights of the

property owners in Travis Peak Estates to use the “easement area”:


       Subject to the rights of the Owners in Travis Peak Estates for the use of the easement
       area described on the plat contained within the instrument recorded in Volume 3978,
       Page 1401, Deed Records of Travis County, Texas.


               The Nickelses’ title policy to the 60.003-acre tract similarly subjects the Nickelses’

title “to the rights of the Owners in Travis Peak Estates for the use of the easement area described

on the plat contained within the instrument recorded in Volume 3978, Page 1401, Deed Records of

Travis County.” The instrument recorded in Volume 3978, Page 1401, was an option contract that

had attached to it a plat drawing depicting the Lakeside Tract as the “EASEMENT AREA FOR USE

OF TRAVIS PEAK ESTATES OWNERS.”5




       4
          Mr. Nickels testified at trial that the same principals were involved in Westlake and
Peninsula.
       5
         The copy of the drawing is not entirely legible, but the Nickelses do not dispute that the
drawing contains a description of the Lakeside Tract as the “EASEMENT AREA FOR USE OF
TRAVIS PEAK ESTATES OWNERS.”

                                                  4
                The title policy covered the 60.003-acre tract as “Tract 1” and the “easement” estate

as “Tract 2”:


       TRACT 2: EASEMENT ESTATE created by that certain instrument dated January
       3, 1963, between JAMES T. WATSON, REGISTERED PUBLIC SURVEYOR NO.
       290, and the RECORD OWNERS, recorded in Volume 2566, Page 225, Deed
       Records of Travis County, Texas, and as granted in Volume 3380, Page 542, and
       Volume 4431, Page 1523, Deed Records of Travis County, Texas.


The Nickelses’ purchase contract for the 60.003-acre tract also had attached to it a drawing

showing the Lakeside Tract identified as the “easement area” with a “conc. ramp” adjacent to their

60.003-acre tract.

                Several months later, the Nickelses completed their purchase of the 10.279-acre tract

from Peninsula in exchange for granting Peninsula a temporary private access easement across the

60.003-acre tract for the benefit of other property Peninsula retained. The Nickelses did not pay cash

consideration and did not obtain a title policy on the 10.279-acre tract. The general warranty deed

conveying the 10.279-acre tract identifies the property being conveyed:


       Property (including any improvements): 10.279 acres, more or less, out of the Joshua
       English Survey No. 2, Travis County, Texas as more particularly described by metes
       and bounds in Exhibit “A” attached hereto and incorporated by reference.


“Exhibit A” is “field notes” prepared in May 1997 by Watson Surveying,6 that describe the property

conveyed:



       6
        Stuart Watson, the son of James Watson, prepared and signed this document. The two
Watsons worked together in their business Watson Surveying. We refer to James Watson as
“Watson” or “James Watson.”

                                                  5
       Field Notes for 10.279 acres out of the Joshua English Survey No. 2, Travis County,
       Texas, being part of a 386.4 acre tract . . . , also being part of that unrecorded
       subdivision plat by James T. Watson, registered professional land surveyor No. 290,
       surveyed in December of 1962 and titled “Travis Peak Estates,” said 10.279 acres
       being composed of a 50N road easement and adjacent easement area as recorded in
       Volume 2566, Page 225, and Volume 3240, Page 1165 . . . .


The document includes the address and telephone number for Watson Surveying.

               After the Nickelses purchased their properties and built a home on the 60.003-acre

tract, disputes arose between the Nickelses and various property owners in Travis Peak Estates,

including the property owners’ right to use the Lakeside Tract. In 2002, the Nickelses locked the

entry gate into the Lakeside Tract.


Litigation Commenced

               The dispute between the parties continued, culminating in the Nickelses bringing this

suit in 2003. The Nickelses sought a declaration as to the parties’ respective rights to use the

“easement area.” The Nickelses also sought injunctive relief and monetary damages from certain

individual appellees for trespass, nuisance, intentional infliction of emotional distress, assault,

battery, threat of bodily injury, and civil conspiracy.7 In their counterclaims, appellees sought

declaratory relief regarding their use of the “easement area” under the legal theories of easement by

express grant, implied easement, easement by prescription, and easement by estoppel. They also

sought injunctive relief and attorney’s fees. During the pendency of the suit, the district court



       7
          During the pendency of the suit, the Nickelses obtained a temporary injunction against
appellee David Mathews II. The district court ultimately denied the Nickelses’ claims for monetary
damages, and the Nickelses do not challenge the denial of these claims on appeal.

                                                 6
enjoined the Nickelses from interfering with appellees’ use of the “easement area,” and the Nickelses

fenced off the 917-SF area located on the 60.003-acre tract.

                 The trial was to the bench. The Nickelses’ witnesses included Mr. Nickels, Mrs.

Nickels, and Jim Erdeljac, the Nickelses’ real estate broker on the 60.003-acre tract. The Nickelses

testified to the circumstances surrounding their purchase of the two tracts, visits to the property prior

to their purchase, their understanding and investigation of the rights of Travis Peak Estates property

owners to use the “easement area,” and their confrontations with Travis Peak Estates property

owners after their purchase.8 They testified that they had a copy of a map or drawing depicting the

Roadway Easement and the “easement area” with a “concrete ramp” prior to closing on their

properties, and that they “had noticed” the “depiction of the easement area and the concrete ramp.”

They also testified that they obtained title to the 10.279-acre tract without clarification of the

property owners’ rights to use the “easement area” and without title insurance, they did not visit the

Lakeside Tract until after they completed the purchase of the 60.003-acre tract, they pay “nominal”

property taxes on the 10.279-acre tract, and they did not pay monetary consideration for the

10.279-acre tract.9


        8
            Mr. Nickels testified first, and Mrs. Nickels adopted his testimony as her own.
        9
         Mr. Nickels testified that “Peninsula principals” proposed to “swap ten acres for the 30-foot
easement” and that there were not any additional negotiations as to the terms beyond the location of
the easement on the 60.003-acre tract:

        Q.       Okay. But in any event, there wasn’t any give and take between Westlake,
                 beyond their first offer to you, which was to trade the fee simple for the
                 easement?

        A.       None. I mean we talked about where we were going to put the easement.


                                                   7
       Mr. Nickels testified to the Nickelses’ reasons for purchasing the 10.279-acre tract:


Q.     Given what you’ve told me about what you knew when you closed on your
       60-acre property and what you didn’t know, am I to understand that you were
       giving—you and your wife were giving a 30-foot easement [to Peninsula]
       across your 60-acre property in exchange for a deed to property that had an
       encumbrance, if you will, an easement, for these Travis Peak Estates owners
       who you didn’t know what that was or who they were and didn’t know and
       didn’t care. You were willing to make that trade in the blind, so to speak?

A.     It solved our access problem to the 60 acres.

                                        ***

Q.     Okay. Well, are—by that are you saying that you didn’t really care about the
       easement area, what you cared about was the 50-foot roadway easement on
       the east side of your property so that you could get into your property?

A.     When we were—the whole trade was set up to get us access to the 60 acres.

                                        ***

Q.     And the easement area down at the cove that’s in dispute here, was not
       necessary for access to your property, was it?

A.     No, it was not.

Q.     So is it accurate that that was just an add-on, if you will, that really was not
       part of your thinking of the—of what you were trading there?


During cross-examination, Mr. Nickels testified further:

Q.     [The Lakeside Tract] looks nice to me. It looks very inviting. Did you—did
       the thought ever go through your mind, why would someone give this up?

A.     Why would they? No.

Q.     For no money. No money changed hands. Did it ever—did a warning light
       ever go off for you, why am I getting this for no money?

A.     No.

                                          8
       A.      It was presented to us as here’s what we will offer for the 30-foot easement.
               It wasn’t this par[cel] and that par[cel]. It was just—

       Q.      Okay. Well, you were willing to give this easement across your property and
               receive title to the 50-foot roadway easement along the east side of your
               property and title to the four-and-a-half acre easement tract. And as far as the
               four-and-a-half easement—four-and-a-half acre easement tract was
               concerned, you didn’t know and you didn’t care who had the right to go down
               there; is that accurate?

       A.      We had asked a lot of people. Nobody seemed to care. So I assumed that
               there was not much too worry about it, that’s correct.10


Erdeljac testified to his visits to the properties with the Nickelses before they purchased the

properties, and to his conversations with the Nickelses concerning the “easement area” but that he

was not involved in the Nickelses’ negotiation and purchase of the 10.279-acre tract.

               Appellees’ witnesses included present and past property owners in Travis Peak

Estates; family members of property owners; James Watson, the sole surviving principal of P&W

Co.; Stuart Watson; and George Sanders, a surveyor who prepared a metes and bounds description

of the 917-SF area in 2004. Property owners testified consistently to their respective purchases of

property in Travis Peak Estates and their understanding that they had the right to use the Roadway

Easement and the “easement area” as a recreation and private park area when they purchased their

properties; improvements that they made to their properties; their use, maintenance, and repairs of


       10
         A recital in the Reciprocal Easement, Conveyance, and Escrow Agreement was consistent
with Mr. Nickels’s testimony as to the reasons for agreeing to the 10.279-acre transaction:

       WHEREAS, Nickels wishes to secure title to a fifty foot (50N) portion of a certain
       tract of land adjacent to the Nickels Property owned by Peninsula (the “Peninsula
       Property”) which would provide Nickels with access to Lake Travis, and Peninsula
       wishes to secure an easement for ingress and egress along and through the Nickels
       Property.

                                                  9
the Roadway Easement, the “easement area,” and the 917-SF area; their use of the 917-SF area as

a “turnaround” area in conjunction with the boat ramp; and to confrontations with the Nickelses.

                James Watson testified that: (i) P&W Co. intended for the “easement area” to be a

recreation and private park for property owners in Travis Peak Estates; (ii) he made representations

to that effect to prospective purchasers; (iii) P&W Co. provided marketing materials to prospective

purchasers including the subdivision plat of Travis Peak Estates; (iv) he performed survey work on

Travis Peak Estates and he testified to the scope of that work; and (v) P&W Co. constructed the road

and boat ramp and cleared the “easement area” prior to selling tracts in the subdivision.11

                Exhibits at trial included the deeds from P&W Co. to original purchasers, as well as

subsequent deeds in appellees’ respective chains of title, differing versions of the subdivision plat

of Travis Peak Estates, the document that Watson prepared and recorded in 1963 describing by metes

and bounds the Roadway Easement and the “easement area,” and the document prepared by Sanders

in 2004 describing by metes and bounds the 917-SF area. At the conclusion of the evidence,

appellees stipulated that they were not seeking “fee simple” but a prescriptive easement to the

917-SF area.

                The district court entered judgment in favor of appellees, declaring that “Travis Peak

Estates Property Owners12 (and their invited family members, guests and invitees accompanied by


       11
           Watson testified that there was “quite a bit of bulldozing work to do in that cove [the
‘easement area’]. It was a pretty steep type cove. And it was bulldozed so that a boat ramp could
be built there.”
       12
            The final judgment defines the “Travis Peak Estates Property Owners” to mean:

       the following defendants and intervenors owning property in Travis Peak Estates:
       Defendants and Intervenors James Casburg; Joe F. McNair; Charles Anderson;

                                                 10
a Travis Peak Estates Property Owner), tenants, successors and assigns” have “an easement to

use the Easement Area as a recreation and private park area,” setting forth “permitted activities”

and declaring:


       The Travis Peak Estates Property Owners (and their invited family members, guests
       and invitees accompanied by a Travis Peak Estates Property Owner), tenants,
       successors and assigns shall be permitted free access to the Easement Area at all
       times.


The district court defined the “Easement Area” to mean the “land described as Easement Area on

the James T. Watson Field Notes recorded in Volume 2566, Page 225, Travis County Real Property

Records, together with that certain additional area comprising 917 square feet, more or less,

described more particularly on Exhibit ‘A’ attached hereto and incorporated herein by reference for

all purposes.” Exhibit “A” is the document that Sanders prepared in 2004 describing the 917-SF area

by metes and bounds. The district court also enjoined the Nickelses from interfering with appellees’

permitted uses of the “Easement Area” as defined by the district court and the Roadway Easement

and awarded appellees attorney’s fees and costs.13



       Daniel W. Casburg; Mamie L. Hollan; Vernon L. Crane; Marvin Moring; Carol
       Moring; Richard G. Washington; Eileen Washington; Ayron Brooks; and Robert W.
       Ruggiero; and Intervenors Linda McNair; Fred Nelson; Marie Claymore; Flat Creek
       Limited, owned by Richard Naber and Madelyn Naber; Kent Alden Schooler and
       Kerin Jo Schooler, Trustees and beneficiaries of the Schooler Living Trust; Patricia
       Sue Maloney; Rory A. McLaughlin; Sallie McLaughlin; and Robert W. Ruggiero,
       Individually and as authorized agent of the Texas Veterans Land Board; George
       Ruggiero, Individually and as authorized agent of the Texas Veterans Land Board;
       Tina Broderick; and Freda Annette Dufour f/k/a Freda Dufour Mathews (also known
       as Freda Annette Mathews).
       13
            On appeal, the Nickelses do not challenge appellees’ right to use the Roadway Easement.

                                                 11
               The district court entered findings of fact and conclusions of law. In its findings of

fact, it defined the “Easement Area” separately from the 917-SF area.14 The district court’s findings

of fact included:


       1.      Beginning in approximately 1962, P&W Co. as owner subdivided the tract
               comprising 2,052.75 acres, more or less, which was located in Travis County
               on Lake Travis, into tracts and lots and then marketed the lots and tracts to
               the public pursuant to a common scheme or plan of development for the
               subdivision known as Travis Peak Estates.

       2.      In connection with and in furtherance of the marketing and sale of the lots
               and tracts in Travis Peak Estates, surveyor James T. Watson, on behalf of the
               developer P&W Co. and as one of its principals, prepared a map or plat of the
               subdivision (“P&W Map”), which showed the location and configuration of
               the lots and tracts in the Travis Peak Estates subdivision, the location of the
               roads that would provide ingress, egress, and access to the lots and tracts in
               Travis Peak Estates, including the portion of the road easement referred to
               herein as the Roadway Easement (which is the portion located on land owned
               by Plaintiffs Craig and Sheila Nickels), and the location and configuration of
               the Easement Area comprising approximately four acres located on Lake
               Travis, which was described on the P&W Map as follows: “EASEMENT
               AREA FOR USE OF TRAVIS PEAK ESTATES OWNERS.”

       3.      In connection with and in furtherance of the marketing and sale of the lots
               and tracts in Travis Peak Estates, surveyor James T. Watson, on behalf of the
               developer P&W Co. and as one of its principals, also prepared a metes and
               bounds description of the Roadway Easement and a metes and bounds
               description of the Easement Area that was recorded in the Deed Records of
               Travis County, in Volume 2566, at page 225.

       4.      In 1962 or 1963, P&W Co. in furtherance of the marketing and sale of lots
               and tracts in Travis Peak Estates, P&W Co. constructed the roads in Travis
               Peak Estates including along the Roadway Easement leading to the Easement



       14
          The district court defined the “Easement Area” differently in the final judgment and in its
findings of fact and conclusions of law. In its findings of fact and conclusions of law, the district
court defined the “Easement Area” to mean only “that tract of land described as Easement Area on
the James T. Watson field notes recorded in Volume 2566, Page 225.”

                                                 12
      Area, and on the Easement Area, P&W Co. constructed a concrete boat ramp,
      which is still in place, for use by owners of property in Travis Peak Estates.

5.    P&W Co. gave the P&W Map to actual and prospective purchasers of
      property in Travis Peak Estates in connection with the marketing and sale of
      lots and tracts in Travis Peak Estates.

6.    P&W Co. set aside and reserved the Easement Area for the use of the Travis
      Peak Estates Property Owners as a recreation and private park area.

7.    Representatives of P&W Co. made representations, both oral and otherwise,
      to purchasers of tracts in Travis Peak Estates that the tracts would be and
      were sold with easement rights to use the Easement Area and the Easement
      Area was set aside and reserved for use by owners of property in Travis Peak
      Estates as a recreation and private park area.

8.    Most of the tracts and lots in Travis Peak Estates do not have frontage on
      Lake Travis, and reserving and setting aside the Easement Area, which is
      located on Lake Travis, for the use of owners of property in Travis Peak
      Estates as a recreation and private park area, was an important and valuable
      amenity and benefit to purchasers included within their purchase.

9.    Travis Peak Estates Property Owners are owners of property in Travis Peak
      Estates.

10.   P&W Co. included in the deeds to purchasers of lots in Travis Peak Estates
      language that expressly incorporated by reference the instrument executed by
      James T. Watson, Registered Professional Land Surveyor #290, and recorded
      in Volume 2566, at page 225, of the Deed Records of Travis County, which
      separately described by metes and bounds a roadway easement running
      through Travis Peak Estates and the Easement Area, with these deeds stating
      “to which instrument and its record, reference, is here made and same made
      a part hereof for all pertinent purposes.”

11.   P&W Co. in two of the deeds executed to the purchasers in May 1963 and
      June 1965 clarified of record the grant contained in all the deeds to
      purchasers in Travis Peak Estates, stating as follows:

             By way of clarification, a portion of the metes and bounds above
             referred to as recorded in Vol. 2566, Page 225, of the Deed Records
             of Travis County, Texas is described as “easement area” and on that
             portion of said land as so described, there has been erected a boat


                                       13
             loading ramp, and the remainder of said “easement area,” which
             includes more land than just the present roadway as same exists on
             the ground is for the use of a recreation and private park area and
             Grantor herein in order to avoid any possible misunderstanding
             herenow expressly acknowledges that the easement hereinabove
             granted in addition to being a road easement is specifically granted of
             the right to use all of the area designated as “easement area,”
             including the boat loading ramp, said easement as herein granted
             being permanent and for the use of Grantee herein, her heirs and
             assigns in common with Grantor herein, its successors and assigns,
             provided however, Grantor herein make no warranty, express or
             implied, to maintain said boat loading ramp.

12.   The deeds, maps and other recorded documents referenced in the granting of
      the Travis Peak Estates lots and tracts to the Travis Peak Estates Property
      Owners and their predecessors in title grant an express easement appurtenant
      to use the Easement Area as a recreation and private park area.

13.   The deeds granting Travis Peak Estates lots and tracts to the Travis Peak
      Estates Property Owners include the grant of an express easement
      appurtenant to use the Roadway Easement to access the Easement Area.

14.   Plaintiffs Craig Nickels and Sheila Nickels acquired title to the Easement
      Area and the Roadway Easement (being that portion of the roadway easement
      located on the land that they were purchasing) in December 1997 with actual
      and constructive knowledge and notice that the Easement Area and the 917
      Square Foot Tract were being used as a recreation and private park area by
      property owners in Travis Peak Estates and that the Roadway Easement was
      being used for ingress and egress to the Easement Area. The May 1963 and
      June 1965 deeds referenced above were in the chain of title of Plaintiffs Craig
      and Sheila Nickels.

15.   Continuously since 1962, the Travis Peak Estates Property Owners, their
      predecessors in interest, and their guests, family members, invitees, and
      tenants have used the Easement Area and 917 Square Foot Tract as a
      recreation and private park area for swimming, fishing, picnicking,
      sunbathing, use of umbrellas or other sunshades, barbequing, recreational
      games, consumption of adult alcoholic beverages consistent with applicable
      legal requirements, nighttime use, campfires, boat launching, automobile and
      other vehicle parking while engaging in recreational activities, and
      automobile and boat trailer parking while boating and fishing, and all



                                        14
               other similar lawful uses of the Easement Area as a recreation and private
               park area.

       16.     The Travis Peak Estates Property Owners and their predecessors in interest
               have maintained, repaired, and improved the roadway leading to the concrete
               boat ramp on the Easement Area and the concrete boat ramp on the
               Easement Area.


The district court also made particular findings as to each of appellees’ legal theories. The district

court’s conclusions of law included that appellees have an express easement, easement by estoppel,

implied easement, and easement by prescription to the “Easement Area” and an easement by

prescription to the 917-SF area. This appeal followed.


                                            ANALYSIS

               In seven issues, the Nickelses challenge the district court’s declarations regarding

appellees’ right to use the “Easement Area” as a recreation and private park area. They contend that

the district court erred in finding an express easement, an implied easement of necessity, an implied

easement by a “general plan” or “common scheme of development,” an easement by estoppel, and

an easement by prescription. They also raise lack of standing as to the district court’s finding of

easement by estoppel and challenge the district court’s finding of an easement by prescription as to

the 917-SF area. In their eighth issue, the Nickelses contend that the district court abused its

discretion when it awarded appellees their attorney’s fees and costs.


Standard of Review

               The Nickelses challenge the trial court’s interpretation of appellees’ express

easement. Basic principles of contract construction govern the terms of an express easement.


                                                 15
Canyon Reg’l Water Auth. v. Guadalupe-Blanco River Auth., 258 S.W.3d 613, 616 (Tex. 2008);

Marcus Cable Assocs., L.P. v. Krohn, 90 S.W.3d 697, 700-01 (Tex. 2002). An easement should be

interpreted to give effect to the intentions of the parties as ascertained from the language used in the

instrument, or the circumstances surrounding the creation of the servitude, and to carry out the

purpose for which it was created. Marcus Cable Assocs., 90 S.W.3d at 701 (citing Restatement

(Third) of Property (Servitudes) § 4.1 (2000)).

               The Nickelses challenge the factual and legal sufficiency of the evidence to support

the district court’s findings. In an appeal from a bench trial, the trial court’s findings of fact “have

the same force and dignity as a jury’s verdict upon questions.” Anderson v. City of Seven Points,

806 S.W.2d 791, 794 (Tex. 1991); Ludwig v. Encore Med., L.P., 191 S.W.3d 285, 294 (Tex.

App.—Austin 2006, pet. denied). The trial court is the “sole judge of the credibility of the witnesses

and the weight to be given their testimony.” McGalliard v. Kuhlmann, 722 S.W.2d 694, 696 (Tex.

1986). The trial court may believe one witness, disbelieve others, and resolve inconsistencies in any

witness’s testimony. Id. at 697.

               This Court reviews a trial court’s findings of fact for legal and factual sufficiency of

the evidence by the same standards applied to a jury verdict. Ortiz v. Jones, 917 S.W.2d 770, 772

(Tex. 1996); Anderson, 806 S.W.2d at 794; Ludwig, 191 S.W.3d at 294. When reviewing a finding

for legal sufficiency, the reviewing court considers the evidence in the light most favorable to the

judgment, crediting favorable evidence if a reasonable factfinder could, and disregarding contrary

evidence unless a reasonable factfinder could not. City of Keller v. Wilson, 168 S.W.3d 802, 807

(Tex. 2005). When considering a factual sufficiency challenge, the reviewing court considers all of



                                                  16
the evidence and “should set aside the verdict only if it is so contrary to the overwhelming weight

of the evidence as to be clearly wrong and unjust.” Cain v. Bain, 709 S.W.2d 175, 176 (Tex. 1986).

This Court reviews conclusions of law de novo. BMC Software Belgium, N.V. v. Marchand,

83 S.W.3d 789, 794 (Tex. 2002). “The appellant may not challenge a trial court’s conclusions of

law for factual sufficiency; however, the reviewing court may review the trial court’s legal

conclusions drawn from the facts to determine their correctness.” Id. (citations omitted).

               The Nickelses also challenge the district court’s award of attorney’s fees. “The

Declaratory Judgments Act entrusts attorney fee awards to the trial court’s sound discretion, subject

to the requirements that any fees awarded be reasonable and necessary, which are matters of fact, and

to the additional requirements that fees be equitable and just, which are matters of law.” Bocquet

v. Herring, 972 S.W.2d 19, 21 (Tex. 1998). A trial court abuses its discretion when it acts

“without reference to any guiding rules and principles.” Downer v. Aquamarine Operators, Inc.,

701 S.W.2d 238, 241-42 (Tex. 1985).


Express Easement

               In their first two issues, the Nickelses contend the district court erred when it found

that appellees have an express easement to use the Lakeside Tract as a recreation and private park

area. Relying on the statute of frauds, they contend that the district court erred by looking beyond

the “four corners” in the “relevant ‘P&W deed’” in each of appellees’ respective chains of title and

that the district court should have concluded as a matter of law that appellees’ own deeds and the

deeds in their respective chains of title do not contain an express easement to the Lakeside Tract for

use as a recreation and private park area. The Nickelses contend that the district court erred by


                                                 17
considering two deeds that were not in appellees’ respective chains of title and other extrinsic

evidence and parol testimony to expand the easement language in appellees’ deeds to include the

Lakeside Tract as a recreation and private park area.

               An express easement is an interest in land to which the statute of frauds applies. See

Tex. Bus. & Com. Code Ann. § 26.01 (West Supp. 2008); Pick v. Bartel, 659 S.W.2d 636, 637 (Tex.

1983) (easement is interest in land subject to statute of frauds); West Beach Marina, Ltd. v. Erdeljac,

94 S.W.3d 248, 264 (Tex. App.—Austin 2002, no pet.) (same). The statute of frauds requires that

the easement provide enough detail that the court may determine the intent of the parties, the

essential terms of the easement, and an adequate description of the location of the easement, without

resort to extrinsic evidence. Pick, 659 S.W.2d at 637; Erdeljac, 94 S.W.3d at 264. “‘To be

sufficient, the writing must furnish within itself, or by reference to some other existing writing, the

means or date by which the land to be conveyed may be identified with reasonable certainty.’”

Erdeljac, 94 S.W.3d at 264 (quoting Morrow v. Shotwell, 477 S.W.2d 538, 539 (Tex. 1972)).

Whether an agreement falls within the statute of frauds is a question of law. Id.

               The parties agreed that the nineteen deeds to original purchasers in appellees’

respective chains of title conveyed the respective properties with appurtenances and contained

substantially the same language concerning easement rights:


               For the same consideration above stated, Grantor has granted and conveyed,
       and by these presents does grant and convey, unto the said [purchaser], their heirs and
       assigns, the free and uninterrupted use, liberty, privilege, and easement of passing in
       and along a certain way across the above mentioned 2052.75 acre tract, said way
       being described by metes and bounds in that instrument recorded in Vol. 2566, page
       225, Deed Records of Travis County, Texas, to which instrument and its record,
       reference is here made and same made a part hereof for all pertinent purposes,


                                                  18
       together with free ingress, egress and regress to and for the said [purchaser], their
       heirs and assigns, and their tenants, by foot, with cart, wagons, carriages, automobiles
       and other vehicles, mules or livestock, as by them shall be necessary or convenient
       at all times and seasons forever, in, along, upon and out of said way, in common with
       the Grantor herein, its successors and assigns, and its and their tenants; to have and
       to hold all and singular the rights and privileges aforesaid, to them, the said
       [purchasers], their heirs and assigns, to their proper use and behoof, in common with
       Grantor herein, its successors and assigns, and its and their tenants, provided,
       however, nothing herein contained shall be construed as requiring the Grantor to
       maintain the condition of said easement or to police the use thereof.


               The Nickelses focus on the lack of granting language in the deeds from P&W Co. to

original purchasers as to the “easement area” or its use as a “recreation area or private park” to

contend that the reference in the deed to the “instrument recorded in Vol. 2566, page 225” was

limited to the Roadway Easement. Appellees respond by focusing on the reference and incorporation

“for all pertinent purposes” of the “instrument recorded in Vol. 2566, page 225” that describes the

“easement area” by metes and bounds. Whether the deeds from P&W Co. to the original purchasers

in appellees’ chains of title standing alone would satisfy the statute of frauds and grant an express

easement to use the “easement area” as a recreation and private park area is a close question. See

Cummins v. Travis County Water Control & Improvement Dist. No. 17, 175 S.W.3d 34, 51-52 (Tex.

App.—Austin 2005, pet. denied) (lack of express easement conclusively established through

claimants’ chain of title). But the deeds in appellees’ respective chains of title do not stand alone

and are not dispositive here.

               A purchaser of real property “is bound by every recital, reference and reservation

contained in or fairly disclosed by any instrument which forms an essential link in the chain of title

under which he claims.” Westland Oil Dev. Corp. v. Gulf Oil Corp., 637 S.W.2d 903, 908 (Tex.



                                                 19
1982) (citation omitted) (emphasis in original); see Adams v. Rowles, 228 S.W.2d 849, 853 (Tex.

1950) (respondent’s chain of title showed dedication of roadway, and respondent was charged with

knowledge of its existence and “took his land burdened with the roadway”); McDaniel v. Calvert,

875 S.W.2d 482, 484 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 1994, no writ) (transfer of dominant estate

“automatically includes the [appurtenant] easement across the servient tenement’s land” regardless

of whether easements are referenced in deed or not); see also Tex. Prop. Code Ann. § 13.002(1)

(West 2003) (“An instrument that is properly recorded in the proper county is . . . notice to all

persons of the existence of the instrument.”); City of Richland Hills v. Bertelsen, 724 S.W.2d 428,

430 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 1987, writ denied) (prospective purchasers of land have constructive

notice of documents recorded in real property records in county where land is located).

                 We turn then to a review of the documents in the Nickelses’ chain of title. The

general warranty deed conveying the 10.279-acre tract to the Nickelses references the document

recorded in Volume 2566, Page 225, that identifies the Lakeside Tract as the “easement area,” and

describes its location by metes and bounds. Exhibit “A” to the general warranty deed conveying the

10.279-acre tract to the Nickelses describes the tract as being “composed of a 50N road easement and

adjacent easement area as recorded in Volume 2566, Page 225,” and also references the “unrecorded

subdivision plat by James T. Watson . . . surveyed in 1962.” The unrecorded subdivision plat,

although revised from time to time, identifies the Lakeside Tract as the “EASEMENT AREA FOR

USE OF TRAVIS PEAK ESTATES OWNERS.” These documents expressly referenced in the

Nickelses’ chain of title are binding on the Nickelses and are sufficient to satisfy the statute of frauds

as to Travis Peak Estates property owners’ easement to use the Lakeside Tract. See Westland Oil



                                                   20
Dev. Corp., 637 S.W.2d at 908; Erdeljac, 94 S.W.3d at 264 (statute of frauds may be satisfied “by

reference to some other existing writing”); Anderson v. McRae, 495 S.W.2d 351, 361 (Tex. Civ.

App.—Texarkana 1973, no writ) (judgment affirmed in which trial court “sitting as the trier of fact

concluded that the [property owners] acquired easements appurtenant over the disputed areas

[including recreational areas] by grant because the lots were sold by reference to plats which

designated and reserved such rights and appurtenances”); see, e.g., Rakowski v. Committee to Protect

Clear Creek Vill. Homeowner’s Rights & Preserve Our Park, 252 S.W.3d 673, 677-78 (Tex.

App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2008, pet. denied) (even when restrictions reserving “recreational area”

for the use and enjoyment of those owning or occupying residential lots not recited in deed, “property

may become subject to the restrictions and covenants of a general plan of development . . . by an

express reference to the restrictions and covenants in the conveyance documents, which are

duly recorded”).15


       15
           To support that they have an express easement, appellees also rely on the two deeds to
original purchasers that reference the “easement area” as recorded in Vol. 2566, Page 225, and state
“[b]y way of clarification” that there “has been erected a boat loading ramp” and that the “easement
area” for “use of a recreation and/or private park” is “permanent” and “for the use of Grantee herein,
her heirs and assigns in common with Grantor herein, its successors and assigns.” Because the
10.279-acre tract was part of the last tract conveyed to an original purchaser, these two deeds are in
the Nickelses’ chain of title and are consistent with the district court’s finding that appellees have
an express easement.
                The deed conveying the 60.003-acre tract also is consistent with appellees’ express
easement to use the Lakeside Tract as a recreation and private park area. The deed conveyed the
“EASEMENT ESTATE” as “Tract 2,” and the Nickelses’ title was expressly subject to the “rights
of the Owners in Travis Peak Estates for the use of the easement area described on the plat contained
with the [recorded option contract].” The plat contained with the option contract is a drawing
depicting the Lakeside Tract as the “EASEMENT AREA FOR USE OF TRAVIS PEAK ESTATES
OWNERS.” Mr. Nickels testified that the purchase of the 10.279-acre tract was contingent on
purchasing the 60.003-acre tract and that the two tracts were “[p]art and parcel of the same thing.”
See Vinson v. Brown, 80 S.W.3d 221, 231 (Tex. App.—Austin 2002, no pet.) (“The general rule for
construing separate instruments or contracts together is that those executed at the same time, for the

                                                 21
               Additionally, the district court could have concluded that the Nickelses were bound

by the subdivision plat whether or not they had notice of it because they did not pay valuable

consideration for the 10.279-acre tract. See Tex. Prop. Code Ann. § 13.001 (West 2003) (An

“unrecorded instrument” relating to a “conveyance of real property or an interest in real property”

is “binding on . . . a subsequent purchaser who does not pay a valuable consideration or who has

notice of the instrument.”). The Nickelses did not pay monetary consideration or obtain title

insurance for the 10.279-acre tract that included lakefront property on Lake Travis.

               We conclude that the evidence was legally and factually sufficient to support the

district court’s findings concerning appellees’ express easement and that the district court did not

err in concluding appellees have an express easement appurtenant to use the Lakeside Tract as a

recreation and private park area. See City of Keller, 168 S.W.3d at 807; BMC Software Belgium,

83 S.W.3d at 794; Erdeljac, 94 S.W.3d at 264. We overrule the Nickelses’ first and second issues.


Easement by Estoppel

               In their sixth and seventh issues, the Nickelses contend that the district court erred

in finding that appellees, individually or collectively, satisfied their burden to show an easement by

estoppel. The Nickelses also challenge the standing of all appellees except the Morings and Ms.

Maloney, who were original purchasers of property from P&W Co., because the other appellees

provided no evidence of representations made to prior owners in their respective chains of title.




same purpose and in the course of the same transaction may be considered as one instrument, and
may be read and construed together.”).

                                                 22
             The district court’s findings of fact as to appellees’ claim of easement by estoppel

included:


       17.   The purchasers of lots and tracts in Travis Peak Estates were and would have
             been reasonable in believing the representations made by P&W Co. that the
             Easement Area was set aside as a recreation and private park area for use of
             Travis Peak Estates Property Owners.

       18.   The purchasers of tracts in Travis Peak Estates relied on the representations
             made by P&W Co. that the Easement Area was set aside as a recreation and
             private park area for the use of Travis Peak Estates Property Owners as a
             material inducement to the purchase of their properties in Travis Peak
             Estates.

       19.   Successors to the original purchasers from P&W Co., including the Travis
             Peak Estates Property Owners, relied on representations that the Easement
             Area was set aside as a recreation and private park area for the use of Travis
             Peak Estates Property Owners as a material inducement to the purchase of
             their properties in Travis Peak Estates.


             The district court’s conclusions of law as to appellees’ easement by estoppel included:


       8.    The Travis Peak Estates Property Owners, their successors, assigns and
             tenants have acquired an easement by estoppel entitling the Travis Peak
             Estates Property Owners (and their invited family members, guests, and
             invitees accompanied by a Travis Peak Estates Property Owner), tenants,
             successors, and assigns to use the Easement Area as a recreation and private
             park area.

       9.    The following uses of the Easement Area are reasonably within the scope of
             the representations giving rise to the easement by estoppel: swimming,
             fishing, picnicking, sunbathing, use of umbrellas or other sunshades,
             barbequing, recreational games, consumption of adult alcoholic beverages
             consistent with applicable legal requirements, nighttime use, campfires, boat
             launching, automobile and other vehicle parking while engaging in
             recreational activities, and automobile and boat trailer parking while boating
             and fishing, and all other similar lawful recreational and private park uses.



                                               23
       10.     The following uses of the Easement Area and the Roadway Easement Area
               are reasonably within the scope of the representations giving rise to the
               easement by estoppel: maintain, repair, and improve the concrete boat ramp
               on the Easement Area and the roadway leading to the concrete boat ramp on
               the Easement Area.


               The doctrine of equitable estoppel provides an exception to the statute of frauds to

prevent injustice and protect innocent parties from fraud. Storms v. Tuck, 579 S.W.2d 447, 451

(Tex. 1979); Machala v. Weems, 56 S.W.3d 748, 756 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2001, no pet.). The

essence of the doctrine of easement by estoppel is that the owner of a servient estate may be estopped

to deny the existence of an easement by making representations that are acted on by the owner of the

dominant estate. Drye v. Eagle Rock Ranch, Inc., 364 S.W.2d 196, 209 (Tex. 1962). The doctrine

is not clearly defined, and its application depends on the facts of each case. Id.

               Easement by estoppel requires proof of three elements: (1) a representation of the

easement communicated, either by words or action, to the promisee; (2) the communication was

believed; and (3) the promisee relied on the communication. Storms, 579 S.W.2d at 452; Vinson v.

Brown, 80 S.W.3d 221, 229 (Tex. App.—Austin 2002, no pet.); Stallman v. Newman, 9 S.W.3d 243,

246 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1999, pet. denied); Holden v. Weidenfeller, 929 S.W.2d 124,

131 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1996, writ denied). “In order to create an easement by estoppel,

something must be said or done by the owner of the servient estate at the time of the grant of the

dominant estate that induces the acceptance of the grant.” Lakeside Launches, Inc. v. Austin Yacht

Club, Inc., 750 S.W.2d 868, 872 (Tex. App.—Austin 1988, writ denied) (citation omitted).

               As an initial matter, we consider the Nickelses’ standing argument. The Nickelses

separate appellees into two categories: (1) those who purchased their property after 1971 from


                                                 24
someone other than P&W Co. and “thus had no first hand knowledge regarding the original

transaction” and (2) those who were original purchasers of property from P&W Co. The Nickelses’

standing argument is directed at the first category of appellees. But, once created, an easement by

estoppel is binding on the successors in title to the servient estate if reliance on the existing easement

continues. Vinson, 80 S.W.3d at 229; Holden, 929 S.W.2d at 131. Standing to assert an easement

by estoppel, therefore, was not limited to original purchasers. See North Clear Lake Dev. Corp. v.

Blackstock, 450 S.W.2d 678, 684 (Tex. Civ. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1970, writ ref’d n.r.e.)

(judgment affirmed that made no distinction between various lot owners claiming easement to use

tract of land because tract owner’s “statements, conduct, and failure to act do not demonstrate that

he intended to treat different parts of [tract] as being susceptible to different uses by different lot

owners” and “[a]ll of his statements, conduct, and failure to act [were] calculated to induce all of the

adjoining lot owners to believe that [tract] was available to them for the purpose of enjoying

waterfront rights in their lots”). We turn then to the Nickelses’ argument that no appellee presented

legally or factually sufficient evidence as to all three elements to support the district court’s finding

of an easement by estoppel.

                James Watson’s testimony supports appellees’ claims that P&W Co. represented it

was granting property owners in Travis Peak Estates an easement to use the Lakeside Tract as a

recreation and private park area. He testified, as the sole surviving principal of P&W Co., that P&W

Co. represented to prospective purchasers that the “easement area” was for use of property owners

in Travis Peak Estates as a recreation and private park area:




                                                   25
       [W]e decided we needed an easement area down on the lake front in a cove, because
       the majority of the tracts don’t have lake fronts. And we wanted to be able to sell
       people with the idea they would have access to the lake. And we even built a
       concrete boat ramp down there.

                                                ***

       We built the boat ramp so people could have access to the lake and be able to launch
       their boats and go fishing.

                                                ***

       We told the folks that, you know, it’s a picnic area, the four acres, plus the waterfront
       available for their use, the boat ramp. And there’s large trees there. It’s a—it’s just
       a nice private park. But its intended to be a private park.

                                                ***

       For the use of the people—anyone that owned any acreage in the [2],052.75-acre
       tract.


Watson also testified that P&W Co. provided copies of the subdivision plat of Travis Peak Estates

to prospective purchasers that depicted the “easement area” for use by the property owners.

               The Nickelses contend that Watson’s testimony was “legally and factually insufficient

to fill in the large evidentiary gaps” appellees had, “individually and collectively.” They focus on

his testimony during cross-examination, including that the other two principals—a real estate

attorney and salesmen—handled showing the property, negotiated and closed the original purchases,

and drafted the earnest money contracts and deeds. But P&W Co.’s actions that remained visible

and in place also support appellees’ claims that P&W Co. represented to purchasers that the Lakeside

Tract was an “easement area” for use by Travis Peak Estates property owners. See Holden,

929 S.W.2d at 132 (“trial court could have reasonably inferred” that the conduct of the owner of the



                                                  26
servient estate and successors in title led the owners of dominant estate “to believe that they had a

right to use the road in question and that such right was relied upon”). It was undisputed that P&W

Co. constructed the road leading to the Lakeside Tract and the boat ramp within the Lakeside Tract,

cleared the Lakeside Tract, and recorded the stand-alone metes and bounds description of the

Roadway Easement and the Lakeside Tract as the “easement area” prior to selling any tracts in

Travis Peak Estates. These actions remained visible and in place at the time appellees purchased

their respective properties in Travis Peak Estates and support the district court’s finding that “P&W

Co. made representations, both oral and otherwise, to purchasers of tracts in Travis Peak Estates that

the tracts would be and were sold with easement rights to use the Easement Area.”

               Testimony from property owners also supports the district court’s findings as to

representations, as well as supporting the elements of belief and reliance. Past and present property

owners testified that they believed P&W Co.’s representations and relied upon them in purchasing,

pricing, and improving their property, the Roadway Easement, and the Lakeside Tract. Ms.

Maloney, an original purchaser, testified that she purchased her property in the summer of 1963 and

that before the purchase, one of the principals from P&W Co. drove her “down to the easement area”

and there was a “steep boat ramp and a picnic table” and the principal “described—as I understand

it, the ability to have picnics and outings and so forth. This was our easement to the lake.” She also

testified to her families’ use of the area after she purchased the property and answered “no” when

asked whether she would have purchased the property without access to the “easement area” and

when asked if any one had ever tried to stop her from using the area.




                                                 27
               Mrs. Moring, another original purchaser, testified that she and her husband purchased

their property in November of 1963 and that a principal of P&W Co. showed them the “easement

area with the boat ramp”; to her understanding that they could use the easement area “[f]or general

recreation, boating, swimming, picnicking”; that they made improvements to their property; that they

would not have bought their property without the use of the “easement area”; and that she was given

a plat of “the whole area” on their “first visit out there.” She also testified that when the P&W Co.

principal showed her the “easement area,” that he told her that the area was “for the use of Travis

Peak Estates owners . . . and their children.”

               Subsequent purchasers of property in Travis Peak Estates testified consistently that

they understood when they purchased their property that property owners had the right to use the

“easement area” and that they used it as a recreation and private park area regularly without

interruption until the current dispute. Property owners testified that they used the “easement area”

for camping, parties, launching boats from the boat ramp in conjunction with the 917-SF area,

swimming, parking vehicles and boat trailers, and other recreation. Property owners also testified

that they maintained and repaired the road leading to the “easement area,” the “easement area”

including the 917-SF area, and that they relied on the lake access and the “easement area” in deciding

to purchase property in Travis Peak Estates and determining the value and price of their properties.

               The Nickelses contend that they were “good-faith purchasers of their property” and

that they had no actual or constructive notice or knowledge of any “such alleged representations” by

P&W Co. to bind them to an easement by estoppel. But, the evidence at trial was that the Nickelses

were, at a minimum, aware that property owners claimed that they had an easement to use the



                                                 28
“easement area.” The deed conveying the 60.003-tract to the Nickelses expressly excepts the Travis

Peak Estate property owners’ right to use the “easement area” and Exhibit A to the deed conveying

the 10.279-acre tract to the Nickelses referenced the subdivision plat and the “easement area.” See

Holden, 929 S.W.2d at 132 (“An easement by estoppel cannot be extinguished by a successor in title

where the deed referencing a possible easement was recorded.”). Mr. Nickels also testified that they

had “asked a lot of people” about who had the right to use the “easement area” and that “[n]obody

seemed to care. So I assumed that there was not much to worry about.” See id. (purchasers

acknowledged that were aware of gate before purchased property and, “[w]ithout having inquired

about the use of the gate and the road, [the purchaser] may not now assert that they were unaware

of a claimed right of way over their property”); see, e.g., Thigpen v. Locke, 363 S.W.2d 247, 251

(Tex. 1962) (under Texas law, party in arm’s length transaction charged with knowledge of facts that

a reasonable investigation would have revealed).

               Appellee Robert Ruggiero, who purchased his property in 1982, testified that there

was a sign at the entry gate to the Lakeside Tract that stated “this was a private easement park for

Travis Peak Owners, Joshua English 2.” Appellee Charles Anderson, who purchased his property

in 1978, testified that there was a sign at the entry gate at that time that stated “Travis Peak Estate

property owners only” and that the sign disappeared “just about the time—[19]97—Mr. Nickels

showed up.” The evidence demonstrates that the Nickelses had actual or constructive notice or

knowledge to bind them to an easement by estoppel at the time that they purchased the 10.279-acre

tract.




                                                  29
                  We conclude that the evidence was legally and factually sufficient to support the

district court’s findings and that the district court did not err in concluding that appellees have

an easement by estoppel to use the Lakeside Tract as a recreation and private park area. See City

of Keller, 168 S.W.3d at 807; Cain, 709 S.W.2d at 176. We overrule the Nickelses’ sixth and

seventh issues.

                  Because we conclude that the district court did not err in concluding that appellees

have an express easement or, alternatively, an easement by estoppel, to use the Lakeside Tract, we

need not address the Nickelses’ remaining issues as to appellees’ alternative legal theories to support

an easement as to the Lakeside Tract. See Tex. R. App. P. 47.1. We turn then to the district court’s

finding that appellees have an easement by prescription to the 917-SF area.


Easement by Prescription

                  As part of their fifth issue, the Nickelses contend that the district court erred when

it found an easement by prescription as to the 917-SF area located on the 60.003-acre tract. The

district court made the following findings of fact as to the 917-SF area:


       29.        Travis Peak Estates Property Owners and their predecessor(s) in interest used
                  the 917 Square Foot Tract as a part of the recreation and private park area for
                  Travis Peak Estates in a manner that was open, notorious, continuous,
                  exclusive, and in a hostile and adverse manner for a period of ten years or
                  more prior to February 18, 2003.

       30.        The use of the 917 Square Foot Tract by the Travis Peak Estates Property
                  Owners and their predecessor(s) in interest as a part of the recreation and
                  private park area for Travis Peak Estates was of such a nature and character
                  as to notify the true owner that the Travis Peak Estates Property Owners or
                  their predecessor(s) in interest were asserting a hostile claim to the land.



                                                    30
       31.     There was a distinct and positive assertion of a right to use the 917 Square
               Foot Tract as a part of the recreation and private park area that was brought
               to the attention of the title owner of the 917 Square Foot Tract and such
               assertion was hostile to the owner’s rights.

       32.     There was privity of estate between each holder [of] this prescriptive
               easement right and his successor.

       33.     The Travis Peak Estates Property Owners and their predecessors in privity of
               estate peaceably and adversely possessed the 917 Square Foot Tract as a part
               of the recreation and private park area for Travis Peak Estates for more than
               ten (10) years prior to February 18, 2003.


The district court also made the following conclusion of law as to the 917-SF area:


       16.     The Travis Peak Estates Property Owners have acquired an easement by
               prescription entitling the Travis Peak Estates Property Owners (and their
               invited family members, guests, and invitees accompanied by a Travis Peak
               Estates Property Owner), tenants, successors, and assigns to use the 917
               Square Foot Tract for recreational and private park use, including accessing
               the concrete boat ramp on the Easement Area by automobile and boat trailer.


               A prescriptive easement is acquired by using someone else’s land in a manner that

is open, notorious, continuous, exclusive, and adverse for a period of ten years or more. See Brooks

v. Jones, 578 S.W.2d 669, 673 (Tex. 1979); Scott v. Cannon, 959 S.W.2d 712, 721 (Tex.

App.—Austin 1998, pet. denied). The Nickelses challenge the sufficiency of the evidence to support

the elements of exclusive and adverse use, although in their briefing they do not make distinct

arguments as to the 917-SF area as compared with the Lakeside Tract. They contend that there was

no evidence showing that the Nickelses or prior owners were ever excluded. A claim is hostile and

adverse when the adverse possessor’s acts performed on the land and use of the land is of such a

nature and character as to reasonably notify the true owner that a hostile claim is being asserted to


                                                 31
the property. Cherokee Water Co. v. Freeman, 145 S.W.3d 809, 817 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2002,

pet. denied); Mack v. Landry, 22 S.W.3d 524, 531 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2000, no pet.).

Independent acts other than continuous use by the user that indicate a separate and exclusive

use satisfy the exclusivity requirement for easements. See Stallman, 9 S.W.3d at 249; Scott,

959 S.W.2d at 722.

                Appellee Daniel Casburg testified that he remembered using the 917-SF area as a

“turnaround” in conjunction with the boat ramp and for camping and camp fires from 1979 and that

it was part of the area that was leveled when the boat ramp was constructed.16 Other property owners


       16
            Casburg testified:

       Q.       Are you familiar with the area that’s depicted as the turnaround area?

       A.       Yes, sir.

                                                   ***

       Q.       From your personal knowledge, how long do you remember that area being
                used as a turnaround area?

       A.       From day one that I went there when I was ten years old.

       Q.       And have you used that area for turning your boat around?

       A.       Every time, until it was fenced.

       Q.       Is that turnaround area, in your opinion, necessary to access the boat launch?

       A.       It is not totally necessary, but it is very helpful. I put my boat in there two
                weeks ago. And I have a pretty good size ski boat. And without being able
                to use that recreation—I mean, that turnaround area and having to turn around
                on the upper one is about 100, maybe 150 yards of very narrow road that I
                had to turn around up there and back all the way down to that. And if you’ve
                got any decent size boat, it’s difficult. It’s—you know, it’s real—it’s not near
                as easy as being able to pull down and turn around around the tree and back

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testified consistently concerning the property owners’ continuous use and maintenance of the 917-SF

area as part of the “easement area” from the purchase of their respective properties. Photographs of

the area and the field notes that Sanders prepared in 2004 were also admitted into evidence, showing

the configuration and use of the turnaround area.17 This evidence demonstrates that the Nickelses

and their predecessors-in-interest were reasonably notified that a hostile claim was being asserted

to the 917-SF area.18 See Cherokee Water Co., 145 S.W.3d at 817; Mack, 22 S.W.3d at 531.

               We conclude that the evidence was legally and factually sufficient to support the

district court’s findings as to the 917-SF area and that the district court did not err in concluding

appellees have an easement by prescription to use the 917-SF area as part of the recreation and

private park area. See City of Keller, 168 S.W.3d at 807; Cain, 709 S.W.2d at 176. We overrule the

Nickelses’ fifth issue as to the 917-SF area.


Attorney’s Fees

               In their eighth issue, the Nickelses contend that, because the district court erred in

declaring that appellees have an easement, the district court abused its discretion in awarding




               by the ramp, the way it was meant to do. All that was—also, when they built
               the ramp, both sides of that was excavated out so that there was a level area
               there to use as a turn around. You can see where both banks had been cut out
               with a bulldozer that they did the ground work with.
       17
            When asked if the 917-SF area would allow “turnaround automotive traffic,” Sanders
testified that the area would be “reasonably sufficient. It’s small. It’s tight.”
       18
           For example, appellee Anderson testified that the 917-SF area was “used to turn around
your trailer and then back into the boat ramp . . . for years and years as a turnaround,” and he used
the boat ramp “four or five times a week” from 1978 but that he could not use it anymore “[b]ecause
I can’t turn my boat around in there.”

                                                 33
appellees attorney’s fees. See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 37.009 (West 2008) (“[T]he

court may award costs and reasonable and necessary attorney’s fees as are equitable and just.”).

Because we have concluded that the district court did not err in its declarations, we conclude that the

district court did not abuse its discretion in awarding appellees attorney’s fees. See id.; Bocquet,

972 S.W.2d at 21. We overrule the Nickelses’ eighth issue.


                                          CONCLUSION

               Having determined that the district court did not err in concluding that appellees have

an express easement or, alternatively, an easement by estoppel to use the Lakeside Tract as a

recreation and private park area and an easement by prescription to use the 917-SF area as part of

the recreation and private park area, we affirm the judgment of the district court.




                                               __________________________________________

                                               Jan P. Patterson, Justice

Before Justices Patterson, Pemberton and Waldrop

Affirmed

Filed: June 18, 2009




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