                           COURT OF APPEALS
                            SECOND DISTRICT OF TEXAS
                                  FORT WORTH


                                 NO. 2-09-096-CR


LUCKY LAMON ODOM                                                    APPELLANT

                                            V.

THE STATE OF TEXAS                                                       STATE

                                        ------------

           FROM THE 297TH DISTRICT COURT OF TARRANT COUNTY

                                        ------------

                          MEMORANDUM OPINION 1

                                        ------------

      In six points that all challenge either the sufficiency or admission of the

evidence against him, appellant Lucky Lamon Odom appeals his conviction for

capital murder. W e affirm.




      1
           See Tex. R. App. P. 47.4.
                                Background Facts

      On the afternoon of August 19, 1982, Tommy Stone, who at that time was a

Fort W orth Police Department crime scene investigator, was called to an elementary

school located near residential housing on W est Seventh Street in Fort W orth.

W hen Stone arrived, he saw another officer who directed him to Kathryn Munroe’s

dead body. The body was starting to decompose, had some insect bites, and was

unclothed except for an unbuttoned black shirt. Munroe was a student at the Texas

College of Osteopathic Medicine (TCOM) and lived near the college on W est

Seventh Street with another TCOM student, Jacqueline Tuttle, about a hundred

yards from where the body was found.

      Stone began to take photographs and notes of what he saw; for instance,

Stone discovered panties in a sandy playground area that he measured as being

seventy-two feet away from Munroe’s body. 2 Stone stayed at the scene for about

an hour and collected evidence (including the panties) in paper sacks.

          Tarrant County Chief Medical Examiner Dr. Nizam Peerwani, a certified

pathologist who is responsible for determining the cause of suspicious deaths, went

to the crime scene and examined Munroe’s body. At the scene and later in his

laboratory, Dr. Peerwani found and concluded, among other things, the following:

      •       Munroe had a darkened, swollen face, which had hemorrhages that
              were consistent with strangulation;

      2
       Another officer reported that the panties were twenty-five feet north of the
body. Later DNA testing confirmed that Munroe had worn the panties.

                                         2
       •      she had scratches on her neck that may have occurred from her
              attempt to release a strangler’s grip;

       •      she had hemorrhaged muscles, including a hemorrhage of the lining of
              the left carotid artery that could have been caused by applying pressure
              to her neck;

       •      her lungs were congested and her brain was swollen, and “both of
              these are part and parcel of the picture of strangulation”;

       •      she had recent scrapes along her vaginal cavity and an abrasion on her
              clitoris with a “profuse amount of white watery fluid in the vaginal canal”
              that looked like semen discharge;

       •      the large amount of white watery fluid was deposited into Munroe’s
              vagina “at or near the time of her death and had not been discharged,”
              which indicated to Dr. Peerwani that Munroe had sexual intercourse
              prior to her death; and

       •   Munroe’s body had lain in its location at the school between eight and
           twenty-four hours before it was found. 3
Dr. Peerwani collected vaginal and anal smears and swabs from Munroe, 4 samples

from her pubic and scalp hair, a sample of her cardiac blood, and her fingernail

clippings from both hands, which showed signs consistent with her trying to remove

a perpetrator’s hands. Dr. Peerwani did not examine Munroe’s panties. The next


       3
         Dr. Peerwani testified at trial, “So all and all, all of this was consistent with
a strangulation. . . . And so the most consistent findings were associated with a
manual strangulation.” Dr. Peerwani defined manual strangulation as one caused
by a strangler’s bare hands, and he gave a detailed explanation about how death
occurs when someone is strangled, including his opinion that “one has to apply
consistent pressure for three to five minutes before a person really will suffer a brain
death.”
       4
         Dr. Peerwani testified, “The vaginal smear is collected by inserting a sterile
Q-tip into the vaginal canal . . . . And then the swab is then smeared on a dry glass
slide in a circular motion. And then the glass slide is air-dried.”

                                            3
day, Tommy Reed, who was also a crime scene investigator, went to Munroe’s

house; Reed collected two partial fingerprints of poor, unusable quality from a

doorknob and did not see any evidence of forced entry or other apparent disarray.

      The police investigated Munroe’s murder for many years—through interviews

of males who may have dated Munroe and conversations with residents of the area

where the school was located, among other individuals—but the murder remained

unsolved. However, in 2003, the Fort W orth Police Department began a process to

take DNA from the evidence that had been gathered in 1982 from Munroe’s body,

send it off for testing to Orchid Cellmark (a private company), and then upload the

DNA profile results that were obtained from Orchid Cellmark into a Combined DNA

Indexing System (CODIS). 5

      In 2007, CODIS informed the department that there was a match between the

unknown DNA profile taken from Munroe’s body and a DNA sample taken from

appellant, who was living in Florida. The department then obtained warrants in

Texas and in Florida and gained another DNA sample from appellant through a

swab from the inside of his cheek. The department took that swab, along with




      5
        The department originally sent a blood swatch, a cutting from Munroe’s
panties that had semen on it, and a vaginal swab to Orchid Cellmark. Orchid
Cellmark uses polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing to create an individual’s
DNA profile. Orchid Cellmark did not test many of the items discovered around
Munroe’s body in 1982, including her black shirt. Appellant has not contended on
appeal that there are any particular deficiencies in Orchid Cellmark’s general testing
procedures or in the specific results that the company obtained related to this case.

                                          4
Munroe’s fingernail cuttings, blood swatches, and a vaginal smear, to Orchid

Cellmark for further testing. Orchard Cellmark’s testing revealed the following:

      •      Munroe’s fingernail cuttings from her right hand had DNA from more
             than one person but not enough DNA to link to any specific individual;

      •      the vaginal smears and swabs contained a male’s sperm fraction
             profile;6
      •      the DNA profile obtained from the sperm found inside Munroe’s body
             matched the DNA profile obtained from appellant in 2007, and the odds
             of finding that complete “profile in the population is one in 53.76
             quadrillion”; 7 and

      •      the testing of Munroe’s panties revealed DNA from more than one
             individual, including an unknown male, and appellant was excluded as
             a contributor to the DNA on the panties.

      A Tarrant County grand jury indicted appellant for capital murder; the

indictment alleged that appellant killed Munroe by strangling her with his hands while

in the course of committing aggravated rape. After appellant pled not guilty and the

State presented its evidence at trial, a jury convicted appellant. He received

imprisonment for life as his punishment. He filed a motion for new trial and notice

of this appeal.

                              Evidentiary Sufficiency



      6
        Appellant theorized at trial that more than one male’s DNA profile could
have been found from Munroe’s vaginal swabs and smears, but the testimony from
Orchid Cellmark’s representative, Matthew Quartaro, does not support this theory.
Quartaro specifically testified that he found “a sperm cell fraction which was
consistent with Lucky Odom,” not that he found more than one sperm cell fraction.
      7
         The department excluded three specific individuals from being contributors
to the biological samples that were found in Munroe’s body.

                                          5
      In his first two points, appellant argues that the evidence is legally and

factually insufficient to support his capital murder conviction.

Standards of review

      In reviewing the legal sufficiency of the evidence to support a conviction, we

view all of the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution in order to

determine whether any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements

of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319, 99

S. Ct. 2781, 2789 (1979); Clayton v. State, 235 S.W .3d 772, 778 (Tex. Crim. App.

2007). This standard gives full play to the responsibility of the trier of fact to resolve

conflicts in the testimony, to weigh the evidence, and to draw reasonable inferences

from basic facts to ultimate facts. Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319, 99 S. Ct. at 2789;

Clayton, 235 S.W .3d at 778.

      The trier of fact is the sole judge of the weight and credibility of the evidence.

See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 38.04 (Vernon 1979); Brown v. State, 270

S.W .3d 564, 568 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008), cert. denied, 129 S. Ct. 2075 (2009).

Thus, when performing a legal sufficiency review, we may not re-evaluate the weight

and credibility of the evidence and substitute our judgment for that of the factfinder.

Dewberry v. State, 4 S.W .3d 735, 740 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999), cert. denied, 529 U.S.

1131 (2000).     Instead, we “determine whether the necessary inferences are

reasonable based upon the combined and cumulative force of all the evidence when

viewed in the light most favorable to the verdict.” Hooper v. State, 214 S.W .3d 9,


                                            6
16–17 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). W e must presume that the factfinder resolved any

conflicting inferences in favor of the prosecution and defer to that resolution.

Jackson, 443 U.S. at 326, 99 S. Ct. at 2793; Clayton, 235 S.W .3d at 778. The

standard of review is the same for direct and circumstantial evidence cases;

circumstantial evidence is as probative as direct evidence in establishing the guilt of

an actor. Clayton, 235 S.W .3d at 778; Hooper, 214 S.W .3d at 13.

      W hen reviewing the factual sufficiency of the evidence to support a conviction,

we view all the evidence in a neutral light, favoring neither party. Steadman v. State,

280 S.W .3d 242, 246 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009); Watson v. State, 204 S.W .3d 404, 414

(Tex. Crim. App. 2006).      W e then ask whether the evidence supporting the

conviction, although legally sufficient, is nevertheless so weak that the factfinder’s

determination is clearly wrong and manifestly unjust or whether conflicting evidence

so greatly outweighs the evidence supporting the conviction that the factfinder’s

determination is manifestly unjust. Steadman, 280 S.W .3d at 246; Watson, 204

S.W .3d at 414–15, 417. To reverse under the second ground, we must determine,

with some objective basis in the record, that the great weight and preponderance of

all the evidence, although legally sufficient, contradicts the verdict. Watson, 204

S.W .3d at 417.

      Unless we conclude that it is necessary to correct manifest injustice, we must

give due deference to the factfinder’s determinations, “particularly those

determinations concerning the weight and credibility of the evidence.” Johnson v.


                                          7
State, 23 S.W .3d 1, 9 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000); see Steadman, 280 S.W .3d at 246.

Evidence is always factually sufficient when it preponderates in favor of the

conviction. Steadman, 280 S.W .3d at 247; see Watson, 204 S.W .3d at 417.

Applicable law and analysis

      To review appellant’s evidentiary sufficiency points, we will apply the penal

statutes that were in effect in 1982 (the time of Munroe’s murder). See Villarreal v.

State, 286 S.W .3d 321, 323 n.1 (Tex. Crim. App.), cert. denied, 130 S. Ct. 515

(2009); Ex parte Richardson, 70 S.W .3d 865, 867 n.4 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002); see

also Ex parte Cole, 43 S.W .3d 713, 715 (Tex. App.—Fort W orth 2001, no pet.)

(explaining that if a law became effective after a defendant committed an offense

and altered the evidence required to convict the defendant, the law would be an

unconstitutional ex post facto law).   In 1982, a person committed capital murder

when the person committed murder while in the course of committing aggravated

rape. See Act of May 28, 1973, 63rd Leg., R.S., ch. 426, art. 2, § 1, 1973 Tex. Gen.

Laws 1122, 1123 (amended 1983) (current version at Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 19.03

(Vernon Supp. 2009)). Murder could be committed by intentionally or knowingly

causing an individual’s death or by intending to cause serious bodily injury and

committing an act clearly dangerous to human life that caused the individual’s death.

Id. (murder statute amended 1993) (current version at Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 19.02

(Vernon 2003)).




                                          8
      In 1982, aggravated rape occurred when a person committed rape while

causing serious bodily injury or while attempting to cause death. See Act of May 12,

1981, 67th Leg., R.S., ch. 202, § 1, sec. 21.03(a)(1), 1981 Tex. Gen. Laws 471, 471,

repealed by Act of May 29, 1983, 68th Leg., R.S., ch. 977, § 12, 1983 Tex. Gen.

Laws 5311, 5321. Rape occurred when someone had sexual intercourse with a

female who was not his wife without the female’s consent. See Act of May 24, 1973,

63rd Leg., R.S., ch. 399, § 1, sec. 21.02, 1973 Tex. Gen. Laws 883, 916, repealed

by Act of May 29, 1983, 68th Leg., R.S., ch. 977, § 12, 1983 Tex. Gen. Laws 5311,

5321.8

      The trial court’s jury charge substantially tracked the language of these

statutes.   Thus, the charge asked the jury to determine whether appellant

intentionally strangled Munroe to death with his hands while in the course of

committing or attempting to commit aggravated rape (in other words, whether he

strangled her to death while having or attempting to have nonconsensual sexual

intercourse with her and while either causing or attempting to cause death or serious

bodily injury).   See Act of May 12, 1981, 67th Leg., R.S., ch. 202, § 1, sec.

21.03(a)(1), 1981 Tex. Gen. Laws 471, 471 (repealed 1983).

      The evidence presented at trial demonstrates the following:

      •      Munroe was not married;

      8
        Instead of rape and aggravated rape, the penal code now has offenses for
sexual assault and aggravated sexual assault. See Tex. Penal Code Ann.
§§ 22.011, 22.021 (Vernon Supp. 2009).

                                         9
      •      Munroe was manually strangled to death despite her attempt to get
             away from her attacker;

      •      a   violent,   nonconsensual      sexual    encounter        occurred
             contemporaneously with the strangling because Munroe’s body was
             found almost completely unclothed, she had recent injuries to her
             vagina, and she had a “profuse amount“ of white watery fluid in her
             vagina that, according to Dr. Peerwani’s conclusion, had not been
             discharged and had therefore been deposited at or near the time of her
             death;9

      •      appellant’s sperm was found inside of Munroe’s deceased body, and
             that finding is significant because Dr. Peerwani indicated that if Munroe
             had moved around after having sexual intercourse, semen would have
             discharged outside of her vaginal area; and

      •      although he lived in Florida in 2007, in either 1981 or 1982, appellant
             lived with his then-wife, Beatrice Birdtrial, on W ingate Street in Fort
             W orth, only a mile and a half to two miles away from W est Seventh
             Street (where the school was located), and he had access to
             transportation at that time.

W e conclude that when viewed in the light most favorable to the prosecution, this

evidence (including the reasonable inferences that may be drawn from the evidence)

could allow a rational jury to conclude beyond a reasonable doubt that appellant

intentionally killed Munroe while committing aggravated rape against her. Thus, we

hold that the evidence is legally sufficient to support his capital murder conviction.

See Hinojosa v. State, 4 S.W .3d 240, 245 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999) (“Despite one in

19,900,000 odds, appellant’s DNA profile matched the semen found in the victim. .



      9
       During his testimony, Dr. Peerwani specifically affirmed that the injuries to
Munroe’s vagina and the other injuries that he discovered occurred
contemporaneously with her death.

                                          10
. . [T]hese impressive statistics support the jury’s conclusion that appellant . . .

sexually assaulted, kidnapped, and killed [the victim].”); Prince v. State, 192 S.W .3d

49, 53, 59–60 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2006, pet. ref’d) (concluding that the

evidence was sufficient to support the appellant’s capital murder conviction because,

among other facts, DNA from blood samples collected at the crime scene matched

the appellant’s DNA); King v. State, 91 S.W .3d 375, 379–81 (Tex. App.—Texarkana

2002, pet. ref’d); see also Neighbors v. State, No. 02-07-00176-CR, 2008 W L

2404437, at *3–4 (Tex. App.—Fort W orth June 12, 2008, pet. ref’d) (mem. op., not

designated for publication) (holding that DNA evidence collected by police after a

robbery that matched an individual through CODIS provided legally and factually

sufficient evidence of the appellant’s identity as the robber).           W e overrule

apppellant’s first point.

       Similarly, viewing the evidence in a neutral light, we conclude that it is not so

weak that the jury’s determination is clearly wrong and manifestly unjust and that

conflicting evidence does not so greatly outweigh the evidence supporting the

conviction that the jury’s determination is manifestly unjust. See Steadman, 280

S.W .3d at 246. As to evidence that might possibly conflict with the jury’s guilty

verdict, the record shows that some of the items collected by the police on the day

that Munroe’s body was discovered may have been lost by the Fort W orth Police

Department. However, these lost items had been examined in the department’s

crime lab and had been determined to have no evidentiary value.


                                          11
      Next, Munroe’s panties contain a male’s DNA that does not match appellant’s

DNA. But the jury could have reasonably found that the unknown male’s DNA

connects to a sexual encounter unrelated to Munroe’s murder because the evidence

does not establish that any male’s DNA other than appellant’s DNA was found inside

of Munroe’s body and the panties were found a significant distance away from

Munroe’s body, which indicates that her rape occurred away from the panties.

Alternatively, the jury might have surmised that someone else assisted appellant in

raping and murdering Munroe, which would not affect appellant’s guilt. See Wilson

v. State, 185 S.W .3d 481, 485 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006) (“Even if there was another

person who aided appellant and has successfully evaded prosecution after all these

years, it would have no effect whatsoever on appellant’s conviction and sentence.”).

      Finally, appellant attempts to cast doubt on the jury’s verdict because he notes

that Dr. Tuttle (Munroe’s roommate at the time of the murder) testified that within a

couple of months after the murder, a male whose voice she did not recognize called

her unlisted telephone number and told her that she “better behave or [she] would

be next.” At trial, appellant’s counsel argued that this testimony shows that Munroe’s

killer knew Munroe and Dr. Tuttle.      Dr. Tuttle testified that she did not know

appellant.

      However, the record does not preclude the possibility that appellant knew

Munroe and Dr. Tuttle (either before or after the murder occurred)—even though Dr.

Tuttle did not know him—and that he somehow obtained Dr. Tuttle’s telephone


                                         12
number and made the call. The record also does not establish that the male who

made the call is necessarily the same person who committed Munroe’s murder.

Thus, the jury could have reasonably concluded that Dr. Tuttle’s testimony about the

phone call does not outweigh the remaining evidence—including the DNA

evidence—that links appellant to Munroe’s rape and murder.

      For these reasons, we conclude that under the relevant standards, the

evidence is not too weak to support the jury’s verdict and the evidence that may

conflict with the verdict is not strong enough to outweigh it. See Steadman, 280

S.W .3d at 246; Watson, 204 S.W .3d at 414–15, 417. Thus, we hold that the

evidence is factually sufficient and overrule appellant’s second point.

                               Rule 403 Objections

      In his third through sixth points, appellant contends that the trial court abused

its discretion by admitting several items of evidence over his rule 403 objections.

Rule 403 of the rules of evidence provides, “Although relevant, evidence may be

excluded if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair

prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading the jury, or by considerations of

undue delay, or needless presentation of cumulative evidence.” Tex. R. Evid. 403.

“Probative value” refers to how strongly evidence serves to make more or less

probable the existence of a fact of consequence to the litigation coupled with the

proponent’s need for that item of evidence. Gigliobianco v. State, 210 S.W .3d 637,

641 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006). “Unfair prejudice” refers to a tendency to suggest a


                                         13
decision on an improper basis, commonly, though not necessarily, an emotional one.

Id.

      W hen a rule 403 objection is made and overruled at trial, we review a trial

court’s decision to admit evidence under an abuse of discretion standard. Reese v.

State, 33 S.W .3d 238, 240–41 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000). In doing so, we may consider

the following factors, among others: (1) the probative value of the evidence, (2) the

potential of the evidence to impress the jury in some irrational, but nevertheless

indelible way, (3) the time the proponent needs to develop the evidence, and (4) the

proponent’s need for the evidence. Id. at 240–41.

      The rules of evidence favor the admission of relevant evidence and carry a

presumption that relevant evidence is more probative than prejudicial. Jones v.

State, 944 S.W .2d 642, 652 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996), cert. denied, 522 U.S. 832

(1997). W hen determining whether evidence is admissible under rule 403, we do

not consider whether the evidence is more prejudicial than probative; instead, we

consider whether the probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of

unfair prejudice. Garcia v. State, 201 S.W .3d 695, 704 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006), cert.

denied, 549 U.S. 1224 (2007). Our highest criminal court has observed that we

should rarely reverse a trial court’s judgment under rule 403. Mozon v. State, 991

S.W .2d 841, 847 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999). As long as the trial court’s ruling is within

the zone of reasonable disagreement and is correct under any theory of law




                                         14
applicable to the case, it must be upheld. Winegarner v. State, 235 S.W .3d 787, 790

(Tex. Crim. App. 2007).

Crime scene and autopsy photographs

      In points three and four, appellant complains about the trial court’s admission

of two crime scene photographs of Munroe’s body and two autopsy photographs of

her face. He succinctly asserts that these photographs “did no more than to inflame

the jury in sympathy for the State.”

      In reviewing the admissibility of photographs taken from a murder scene, the

court of criminal appeals recently stated,

      A court may consider many factors in determining whether the
      probative value of photographs is substantially outweighed by the
      danger of unfair prejudice. These factors include: the number of
      exhibits offered, their gruesomeness, their detail, their size, whether
      they are in color or black-and-white, whether they are close-up, whether
      the body depicted is clothed or naked, the availability of other means
      of proof, and other circumstances unique to the individual case. The
      admissibility of photographs over an objection is within the sound
      discretion of the trial judge.

Williams v. State, 301 S.W .3d 675, 690 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009) (citations omitted).

Because the photographs in Williams “had probative value in that they depicted both

the crime scene and the victim’s injuries” and because they “portrayed no more than

the gruesomeness of the injuries inflicted” by W illiams, the court of criminal appeals

held that the trial court did not abuse its discretion by admitting the photographs. Id.

at 692 (citing Narvaiz v. State, 840 S.W .2d 415, 429–30 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992),

cert. denied, 507 U.S. 975 (1993)).


                                          15
      Similarly, in another case styled Williams v. State, the court of criminal

appeals discussed the same factors as those quoted above and affirmed the trial

court’s decision to admit photographs under the following reasoning:

             The two photographs about which appellant complains are each
      approximately eight by ten inches in size. One shows the clothed upper
      half of the victim’s body in the position she was found and the other
      shows the victim after she was rolled over onto a what appears to be
      a bodybag by investigators at the scene. The first photograph depicts
      the body and the surrounding area as they were originally seen by
      investigators. Some of the injuries inflicted upon the victim can be seen
      from this angle. The second photograph better shows the different
      injuries and the extent of the damage inflicted upon the victim. Both
      photographs are somewhat gruesome, primarily due to the amount of
      blood depicted. However, they are no more gruesome than the facts of
      the offense itself.
             W hile the appearance of a bodybag in the second photograph
      might be somewhat prejudicial, any prejudice caused does not
      substantially outweigh the probative value of the photograph. Further,
      because these photos are few in number, depict the wounds inflicted
      upon the victim, the relative location and position in which she was
      discovered, and were the subject of testimony at trial, their probative
      value is not substantially outweighed by their possible prejudicial effect.

958 S.W .2d 186, 196 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997) (citations and footnote omitted); see

Shuffield v. State, 189 S.W .3d 782, 788 (Tex. Crim. App.) (holding similarly), cert.

denied, 549 U.S. 1056 (2006); Orr v. State, 306 S.W .3d 380, 402 (Tex. App.—Fort

W orth 2010, no pet.) (affirming the trial court’s decision to admit four moderately-

sized photographs because they were probative of the decedent’s injuries and were

“no more gruesome than would be expected”).

      The four photographs that appellant complains about in points three and four

appear in the record in black and white and fill a letter-sized sheet of paper. The


                                          16
State did not need a significant amount of time to develop the evidence relating to

any of the photographs.

      Appellant challenges the admission of State’s exhibits four and five in his third

point. State’s exhibit four shows Munroe’s mostly unclothed body (with part of one

breast visible), which was lying in the grass, from a medium-distance side angle with

Munroe facing the opposite direction from which the picture was taken. It does not

expressly depict her injuries, and it does not show her pubic area. State’s exhibit

five shows Munroe’s almost naked body (including her breasts and pubic area) from

a medium-distance aerial-type view and depicts some of her injuries, although her

face in the photograph is dark and difficult to see.

      These exhibits provide context to Stone’s description of the crime scene, and

they therefore have probative value. See Williams, 301 S.W .3d at 692; Frank v.

State, 183 S.W .3d 63, 78 (Tex. App.—Fort W orth 2005, pet. ref’d) (explaining that

crime scene photographs “were helpful to the jury because they provided a visual

context for [two detectives’] testimony”); see also Jones, 944 S.W .2d at 652 (“W e

have consistently held that photographs are generally admissible where verbal

testimony about the same matters is admissible.”). W hile the exhibits show Munroe’s

unclothed body, they are not excessively bloody, they are no more gruesome than

the crime itself, and they depict a true representation of the discovery that the

officers made in 1982, which supports the State’s theory of the rape. Thus, the trial

court could have reasonably determined that neither of State’s exhibits four or five


                                         17
is inflammatory enough to create unfair prejudice that substantially outweighs

probative value.

        Therefore, we hold that the trial court did not abuse its discretion by overruling

appellant’s rule 403 objection to State’s exhibits four and five. See Reese, 33

S.W .3d at 240–41. W e overrule his third point.

        In his fourth point, appellant complains about the trial court’s decision to admit

State’s exhibits nine and ten, which are photographs from Munroe’s autopsy.

“Autopsy photographs are generally admissible unless they depict mutilation of the

victim caused by the autopsy itself.” Williams, 301 S.W .3d at 690 (citing Santellan

v. State, 939 S.W .2d 155, 172 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997)). State’s exhibit nine shows

a close-up image of Munroe’s darkened face with hemorrhages and fluid running

from her nose and mouth. The photograph in State’s exhibit ten is similar to exhibit

nine but was taken from a slightly different angle.         Neither photograph shows

mutilation caused by the autopsy.

        According to Dr. Peerwani, the photographs show “a lot of fluid purging from

the nose and mouth. These are all agonal fluids that purge because of pressures

that are applied to the body, in this case in the neck area.” The photographs also

show blood vessels that snapped because of the pressure to Munroe’s jugular veins.

Thus,     the   photographs       are   probative    of   the    cause    of   Munroe’s

death—strangulation—that was specified in the State’s indictment. See Saldano v.

State, 232 S.W .3d 77, 101–02 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007) (holding that autopsy


                                            18
photographs were admissible to help illustrate a medical examiner’s testimony), cert.

denied, 552 U.S. 1232 (2008); King v. State, 189 S.W .3d 347, 356 (Tex. App.—Fort

W orth 2006, no pet.) (holding that an autopsy photograph had probative value

because it “directly relate[d] to the medical examiner’s testimony that asphyxiation

was a possible cause of death, and it d[id] not depict any mutilation resulting from

the autopsy”). Finally, although the photographs are somewhat gruesome, they are

no more gruesome than the reality of Munroe’s murder. See Narvaiz, 840 S.W .2d

at 429–30.

      For these reasons, we hold that the trial court did not abuse its discretion by

admitting State’s exhibits nine and ten. See Reese, 33 S.W .3d at 240–41. W e

overrule appellant’s fourth point.

DNA items

       In his fifth and sixth points, appellant argues that the trial court erred by

admitting a buccal swab kit that contained DNA taken from the inside of appellant’s

cheek and other various items related to DNA testing. Appellant does not explain

how this evidence violated rule 403; instead, he states only, “It was highly prejudicial

to admit [the various items of evidence] because the Court did not conduct a

balancing test as is required by Rule 403.” However, we presume that the trial court

conducted a balancing test. Williams, 958 S.W .2d at 195–96; see Rojas v. State,

986 S.W .2d 241, 250 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998); Moyer v. State, 948 S.W .2d 525, 531

(Tex. App.—Fort W orth 1997, pet. ref’d) (“The trial court was not required to


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announce for the record that it has completed the balancing test in its own mind, but

we may imply from the record that a proper balancing test was done.”).

      Because appellant asserts in his fifth and sixth points only that the trial court

did not conduct a balancing test and because we presume that the court conducted

one, we overrule those points. 10




      10
         W e are not required to make other rule 403 arguments on appellant’s
behalf. See Santellan, 939 S.W .2d at 173.

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                                    Conclusion

      Having overruled all of appellant’s points, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.



                                              TERRIE LIVINGSTON
                                              CHIEF JUSTICE

PANEL: LIVINGSTON, C.J.; DAUPHINOT and MCCOY, JJ.

DO NOT PUBLISH
Tex. R. App. P. 47.2(b)

DELIVERED: June 10, 2010




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