SUPERIOR COURT
OF THE

STATE OF DELAWARE

JANINE M. SALOMONE NEw CASTLE COUNTY COURTHOUSE
COMMISSIONER 500 NORTH KING STREET, SUITE 10400
WILMINGTON, DE 19801-3733

TELEPHONE (302) 255-0661

September 12, 2019

Paula C. Witherow, Esquire Frederick L. Cottrell, III, Esquire
Cooch and Taylor, P.A. Jason J. Rawnsley, Esquire
1000 West Street, 10" Floor Richards. Layton & Finger, P.A.
Wilmington, DE 19899-1680 One Rodney Square

920 North King Street

Wilmington, DE 19801

Re: Leon Beresford v. John Doe(s).
Case No.: N19M-01-018
Maryland Case No. 458653V

Dear Counsel:

This is the Court’s decision on Plaintiff's Motion for Contempt, Request for
Sanctions, and Request for an Order Compelling CSC Holdings, LLC (“CSC”) to
Comply with Subpoena (the “Motion for Contempt”).' The Court has considered
Plaintiff's Motion for Contempt filed on April 26, 2019, non-party CSC’S
Opposition to Motion for Contempt filed on May 9, 2019,? Plaintiff's Supplemental
Brief in Support of its Motion for Contempt filed on May 31, 2019,? CSC’s Response
to Supplemental Brief filed on June 7, 2019,* and the arguments made at the hearing

 

' Pl.’s Mot. for Contempt, Request for Sanctions, and Request for an Order Compelling CSC
Holdings, LLC to Comply with Subpoena [hereinafter “Mot. for Contempt’].

2 CSC’s Opposition to Motion for Contempt [hereinafter “Opp. to Mot. for Contempt’”].
3 P].’s Supp. Br. in Supp. of Mot. for Contempt [hereinafter “Supp. Br.”].

4 CSC’s Resp. to Supp. Br. [hereinafter “Resp. to Supp. Br.”].
held on Plaintiff's Motion for Contempt on May 10, 2019. For the reasons stated
below, Plaintiff's Motion for Contempt is DENIED.

Factual Background

Plaintiff served a subpoena on non-party CSC on January 11, 2019 requesting
that “[a]ll documents, electronically stored information, or other records, including
but not limited to all names, mailing addresses, phone numbers, billing information,
date of account creation, account information, and all other identifying information
of the individual or account holder who had the Internet Protocol (‘IP’) address of
24.45.228.87 (“IP Address”) on November 17, 2017 at 12:59 p.m.”° The subpoena
requested that the documents be produced at a deposition to be held on February 19,
2019, but was accompanied by a letter indicating that CSC “may be excused from
appearing at the February 19, 2019 deposition if you produce the requested
documents and records by mailing them in advance to [undersigned counsel.]”®

Plaintiff's underlying lawsuit, filed in Maryland, claims Plaintiff has been
damaged, both personally and professionally, by anonymous individual(s) who sent
emails and tweets to his employer and clients containing racist and homophobic slurs
against Plaintiff.’ Prior to serving CSC with a subpoena, Plaintiff subpoenaed
Google, LLC (“Google”) and learned that the aforementioned emails were sent from
a computer located in the New York City area and that the alleged offenders
communicated with Google by using internet access provided by an internet service
provider owned by CSC.® Plaintiff believes that the IP Address referenced in the
subpoena is the IP address that the perpetrators used to open the gmail accounts from
which the derogatory emails were sent.’

On January 17, 2019, Mr. John Hernandez, a Service Operations Analyst for
Yaana, contacted Plaintiff's counsel by phone.' Yaana provides legal compliance

 

5 Mot. for Contempt at ff] 4, 6.
6 Mot. for Contempt at {| 7.

7 Mot. for Contempt at page 1.

§ Mot. for Contempt at page 1.

° Mot. for Contempt at § 5.

'0 Opp. to Mot. for Contempt at Ex. A. at § 2 [Ex. A is hereinafter referred to as “Aff. of John
Hernandez” ].
operation services for its clients, including CSC."' Asa Service Operations Analyst,
Mr. Hernandez processed subpoenas served on CSC under the supervision of
counsel.!? Plaintiff and CSC dispute the representations made by Mr. Hernandez
during this communication. Plaintiff alleges that Mr. Hernandez expressed concerns
with the subpoena, but agreed to provide the requested documents.'? CSC, on the
other hand, asserts that Mr. Hernandez never agreed to produce the requested
documents and advised Plaintiffs counsel that CSC needed a court order in order to
comply with the discovery request pursuant to the Cable Communications Privacy
Act (the “Cable Act”).!4 According to Mr. Hernandez, he also indicated that CSC
would likely not have information responsive to the subpoena in light of CSC’s
record retention policies and the date for which the information was sought.’

Having not received the documents prior to the scheduled deposition,
Plaintiff's counsel traveled from Baltimore, Maryland to Wilmington, Delaware on
February 19, 2019 and appeared for the deposition.!® (CSC failed to appear.'”
Plaintiff's counsel did not reach out to Mr. Hernandez again until April 24, 2019,
prior to filing the Motion for Contempt.'® At no time did CSC file a motion to quash

 

ul Id.
2 Id. at 4 4.

13 Mot. for Contempt at J 8. See also Hearing Tr. At 7:6-9 (where Plaintiffs counsel stated as
follows: “CSC said: Well, I think you need an order, but we'll produce documents to you anyway.
We will produce the responsive documents and we will send you a letter outlining our objections.”
In its Supplemental Briefing, Plaintiff's counsel qualified the foregoing statements as follows:
“During the January 17, 2019 telephone call, Mr. Hernandez informed [Plaintiff's counsel] that
CSC had some objections to the subpoena that he would memorialize in a letter which would be
sent shortly. Mr. Hernandez did not tell me that he believed an order, other than the subpoena,
was required.” Supp. Br. at 6 (citing Celso Aff. J 5-6).

14 Aff. of John Hernandez at {| 5-7; The Cable Act prohibits “cable operator[s] from “disclos[ing]
personally identifiable information concerning any subscriber without the prior written or
electronic consent of the subscriber concerned .. . .” 47 U.S.C. §551(c)(1). Notwithstanding the
foregoing, disclosure of such identifiable information may be “made pursuant to a court order
authorizing such disclosure, if the subscriber is notified of such order by the person to whom the
order is directed.” Jd. §551(c)(2)(B).

‘5 Aff. of John Hernandez at { 5.

'6 Mot. for Contempt at 4 12.

'7Mot. for Contempt at J 13.

'8 Mot. for Contempt Ex. 4911; Aff. of John Hernandez at { 7.
3
the subpoena, seek a protective order, or file written objections to the subpoena.”
Nor did CSC object to service of the subpoena.

Contentions of the Parties

Plaintiff argues generally that non-party CSC’S failure to respond to the
subpoena has prejudiced Plaintiff's ability to prosecute his lawsuit and has caused
Plaintiff to incur unnecessary legal fees and costs. Plaintiffs counsel contends that
he attempted to obtain the relevant information from CSC, through Mr. Hernandez,
but that after reluctantly agreeing to provide the requested documents, CSC failed to
do so. Non-party CSC argues, among other things, that it never agreed to provide
the requested documents and that (i) the subpoena at issue was facially invalid
because Plaintiff failed to seek leave of Court prior to issuing the subpoena as
required by the Cable Act, and (ii) Plaintiff failed to meet the burdensome summary
judgment standard required to compel CSC to produce identifying information of an
anonymous internet speaker (or otherwise show that the standard does not apply) as
articulated by the Delaware Supreme Court in Doe v. Cahill.”°

Standard of Review

Discovery in a civil case is generally controlled by Delaware Superior Court
Civil Rule 26 (“Rule 26”).”! “Parties may obtain discovery regarding any non-
privileged matter that is relevant to any party’s claim or defense and proportional to
the needs of the case, including the existence, description, nature, custody, condition
and location of any documents, electronically stored information (ESD), or tangible
things and the identity and location of persons having knowledge of any discoverable
matter.”22. However, Rule 26(b)(1) states that the Court shall limit the extent of
discovery if it determines that:

(i) the discovery sought is unreasonably cumulative or duplicative, or
is obtainable from some other source that is more convenient, less
burdensome, or less expensive . . . or (iii) the discovery sought is not

 

'° Mot. for Contempt at 19.

20 Doe v. Cahill, 884 A.2d 451 (Del. 2005).
21 DEL. SUPER. CT. CIv. R. 26.

22 DEL. SUPER. CT. CIv. R. 26(b)(1).
proportional to the needs of the case, considering the importance of the
issues at stake in the action, the amount in controversy, the parties’
relative access to relevant information, the parties’ resources, the
importance of the discovery in resolving the issues, and whether the

burden or expense of the proposed discovery outweighs its likely
benefit.”°

In addition, Delaware Superior Court Civil Rule 45 (“Rule 45”) specifically
addresses subpoenas and provides as follows:

a person commanded to produce and permit inspection and copying
may, within 14 days after service of the subpoena . . . serve upon the
party or attorney designated in the subpoena written objection to
inspection or copying of any or all of the designated materials or of the
premises. If objection is made, the party serving the subpoena shall not
be entitled to inspect and copy the materials or inspect the premises
except pursuant to an order of the Court. If objection has been made,
the party serving the subpoena may, upon notice to the person
commanded to produce, move at any time for an order to compel the
production.”4

With respect to subpoenaed information, Rule 45 further provides “[o]n
timely motion, the Court shall quash or modify a subpoena if it . . . requires
disclosure of privileged information or other protected matter and no exception or
waiver applies.”?> Failure to obey a subpoena without adequate excuse may be
deemed a contempt of court.”°

Discussion

A “subpoena is not an invitation to attend. It is a command to appear.”?’

Although CSC provides the Court with a number of rational reasons for its failure to

 

23 DEL. SUPER. CT. Cv. R. 26(b)(1)(){iii).
24 De. SUPER. CT. Civ. R. 45(c)(2)(B).
25 DeL. SUPER. CT. Clv. R. 45(c)(3)(A)@Hii).

26 DEL. SUPER. CT. CIv. R. 45(e).
27 Division of Family Services v. A.B., 980 A.2d 1045, 1050 (Del. Fam. Ct. 2009).
respond to the subpoena, it is undisputed that CSC failed to comply with the
requirements of Rule 45.

Pursuant to Rule 45, upon receipt of the subpoena on January 11, 2019, CSC
was required to serve Plaintiffs counsel with its written objections to the subpoena
within 14 days. On or about January 17, 2019, Mr. Hernandez contacted counsel to
Plaintiff by phone regarding CSC’s issues with the subpoena. Neither CSC nor any
of its representatives reduced its objections to writing. Nor did CSC bring a timely
motion before this Court to quash the subpoena based on its belief. Simply put, the
telephone call was an insufficient response to the subpoena under Rule 45.

CSC cites two cases to support its position that it is not obligated to comply
with an invalid subpoena, but neither case stands for that proposition.”* In
Hallamore Corp., while the subpoena at issue was ultimately deemed invalid by the
District Court on jurisdictional grounds, the subpoenaed third party “served its
objections to the subpoena and stated that it would not produce documents
responsive to the subpoena.””? Such action was taken by the subpoenaed third party
in accordance with the federal analog to Rule 45° Likewise, in CareToLive, while
contending that the subpoena at issue was facially invalid, the subpoenaed third party
nevertheless served plaintiff's counsel with objections under Rule 45 of the Federal
Rules of Civil Procedure.*! Therefore, even if a subpoena is facially invalid (which
is a matter for the Court to decide), the third party must respond in writing to the
subpoena in accordance with Rule 45 or, preferably, file a motion to quash.** CSC

 

28 See Hallamore Corp. v. Capco Steel Corp., 259 F.R.D. 76 (D. Del 2009); see also CareToLive v.
von Eschenbach, 2008 WL 552431 (S.D. Ohio Feb. 26, 2008).

2° Hallamore Corp, 259 F.R.D. at 78. The subpoenaed third party made 13 objections to the
subpoena. Jd. After discussion among the parties regarding the scope of the subpoena, while still
alleging that the subpoena was invalid, the third party produced documents in response to certain
of the requests. Jd. Hallamore, unsatisfied with the response, filed a motion to compel. Jd. at 79.

30 See Fed. R. Civ. P. 45(d)(2)(B). “A person commanded to produce documents or tangible things
or to permit inspection may serve on the party or attorney designated in the subpoena a written
objection to inspecting, copying, testing or sampling any or all of the materials or to inspecting the
premises—or to producing electronically stored information in the form or forms requested. The
objection must be served before the earlier of the time specified for compliance or 14 days after
the subpoena is served.”

31 CareToLive, 2008 WL 552431 *2.

32 Division of Family Services, 980 A.2d at 1046 (Del. Fam Ct. 2009) (stating that it would have
been preferable if the subpoenaed non-party had filed a motion to quash setting forth the reasons

6
may have intended to do so, but did not in this case in violation of Rule 45.

Having determined that CSC failed to comply with Rule 45, the issue as to the
proper relief remains. With respect Plaintiff's request that this Court order CSC to
fully comply with the subpoena and produce the requested documents, that issue is
moot because the requested documents no longer exist. The subpoena seeks
information concerning an IP address on November 17, 2017 at 12:59 p.m. The
subpoena, however, was not served on CSC’s registered agent until January 11,
2019, more than 13 months after the use of the identified IP address. CSC retains
IP address information for approximately 6 months.*? Therefore, at the time the
subpoena was served, CSC had no information in its possession that was responsive
to the subpoena.*4 Nor did the subpoena put CSC on notice to preserve any other
information as the subpoena was specific as to the date and time of the IP address at
issue.

Plaintiff argues that had CSC responded to the subpoena and appeared for the
deposition that counsel would have had the opportunity to question CSC regarding
IP addresses from later dates and times that would have been within CSC’s six month
retention window. This argument ignores the fact that if CSC had information
responsive to the November 17, 2017 date and had furnished it to Plaintiff before
February 19, 2019, no deposition would have taken place. If Plaintiff was seeking
documents from CSC with respect IP addresses with later dates and times, then the
subpoena should have so specified.*°

As to whether this Court should (i) find CSC in Contempt of Court for its
failure to comply with Rule 45, (ii) impose sanctions and (iii) award attorneys’ fees

 

for its objections shortly after being served); Hallamore Corp, 259 F.R.D. at 80 (stating that in the
case of a facially invalid subpoena, the preferable course of action would have been for the
subpoenaed non-party to have filed a motion to quash); see also Kupritz v. Savannah Coll. of Art
and Design, 155 F.R.D. 84, 88 (E.D.Pa. 1994) (“The subpoena issued from the wrong court and,
although a timely motion to quash would have been the preferable procedure, this courts lacks
jurisdiction to enforce it.”).

33 Resp. to Supp. Br. at pg. 18.

34 Id.

35 Given that the Court finds the Motion to Compel to be moot, it need not and does not address
the substantive arguments raised regarding whether a Court order was required to produce the

requested documents pursuant to the Cable Act nor whether Doe v. Cahill is applicable here.
to Plaintiff, for the reasons discussed below, the Court declines to do so.

The decision to hold a party in contempt and to impose sanctions is ultimately
within the Court’s discretion.*° Orders of civil contempt and for sanctions are not
entered lightly by the Court and must be “just and reasonable” under the
circumstances.” Delaware courts have generally

required that the movant establish a violation of an order by clear and
convincing evidence. . . .The violation must not be a mere technical
one, but must constitute failure to obey the Court in a meaningful way.
Even where there has been a violation, the Court will consider good
faith efforts to comply with the order or to remedy the consequences of
non-compliance.*®

When awarding sanctions, the Court must be satisfied that there was an “element of
willfulness or conscious disregard of a court order.”°?

Here, CSC did not ignore or consciously disregard the subpoena, but rather
contacted Plaintiff and advised counsel of its view that CSC needed a Court order to
comply with the subpoena. In addition, and perhaps more importantly, CSC advised
Plaintiff's counsel that it was unlikely that it had any documents in its possession
that were responsive to the subpoena. While CSC did not put its objections in
writing (which it should have), CSC made a good faith effort to comply with the
subpoena and the violation of Rule 45 was a “mere technical one” in this case. If
CSC had a history of failing to provide its objections in writing to subpoenas issued
pursuant to Rule 45, then the Court might take a different view. But, the Court is
not aware of such repeated failures on the part of CSC. Moreover, a subpoena issued
by counsel through the Office of the Prothonotary is not the same as an order of this

 

36 Dickerson v. Castle, 1991 WL 208467 (Del. Ch. Oct. 15, 1991).
37 Gallagher v. Long, 2007 WL 3262150, at *2 (Del. 2007) (TABLE).

38 In re Indem, Ins. Corp, RRG., 2014 WL 31710, at *9 (Del. Ch. Jan. 2, 2014) (quoting Dickerson
vy. Castle, 1991 WL 208467, at *4 (Del. Ch. Oct. 15, 1991) (internal citations omitted).

39 Gallagher, 2007 WL 3262150, at *2 (Del. 2007) (TABLE); see Matter of Indemnity Insurance
Corp., RRG, 2014 WL 31710 (finding party in contempt of court and ordering sanctions where
party willfully returned cars to insurance company in a manner calculated to interfere with the
operations of the business and in direct violation of the court’s orders.).
Court.” To sanction CSC as if it were, would not be just and reasonable.

In addition, Plaintiff's counsel is at least partially responsible for certain of
the costs incurred. After Plaintiff's counsel spoke with CSC’s representative on
January 17, 2019 and was advised that CSC did not believe the subpoena was valid,"!
Plaintiff was at least constructively on notice that CSC did not intend to produce the
requested documents. Rather than bring a motion to compel at that time, Plaintiffs
counsel waited until February 19, 2019 and drove to Wilmington to make a record
of CSC’s failure to appear. Plaintiff’s counsel did not contact CSC immediately
prior to the scheduled deposition to confirm CSC’s attendance (or that, alternatively,
CSC was producing the requested documents), which would have been the prudent
thing to do given the prior communication between CSC and Plaintiff's counsel. ,
Moreover, Plaintiff's counsel was not admitted pro hac vice in this state at the time
he took the deposition in violation of Delaware Superior Court Rule 90.1 and
Delaware Lawyers’ Rules of Professional Conduct Rule 5.5. To award attorneys’
fees or impose sanctions on non-party CSC under such circumstances would be
inappropriate.

 

40 See State v. Waid, 2014 WL 4467085, *1 (Del. Super. Ct. Sept. 9, 2014) (“The subpoena was
not issued pursuant to a Court order, but by Defendant’s counsel through the Prothonotary’s
office.”). Plaintiff argues that based on the decision in Division of Family Services v. A.B., 980
A.2d 1045 (Del. Fam. Court 2009), a finding of civil contempt and sanctions is appropriate in this
case. While the court in Division of Family Services did find the private agency in contempt for
failing to appear in Court on two occasions despite a subpoena duces tecum having been served, it
is an important distinction that the subpoena in Division of Family Services was Court ordered.

“| Mot. for Contempt at Ex. 5 pg. 6. At the deposition, Plaintiff's counsel stated on the record that
“CSC Holdings has not — has informed us that they do not believe they are subject to this subpoena.
And our position is that is incorrect.”
For the foregoing reasons, Plaintiff's Motion for Contempt, Request for
Sanctions, and Request for an Order Compelling CSC to Comply with Subpoena is
DENIED.

Very truly yours,

Jarline M. Salomone
Commissioner of the Superior Court

oc: Prothonotary
cc: All counsel via File&Serve

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