                                      2016 IL App (1st) 143076

                                                                                    THIRD DIVISION
                                                                                        July 27, 2016


                                            No. 1-14-3076


In re MARRIAGE OF                                        )                Appeal from the
                                                         )                Circuit Court of
HEATHER ALTMAN,                                          )                Cook County, Illinois
                                                         )
                        Petitioner-Appellee,             )                No. 13 D 4828
                                                         )
and                                                      )                Honorable
                                                         )                David Haracz,
JEFFREY BLOCK,                                           )                Judge Presiding.
                                                         )
                        Respondent-Appellee              )
                                                         )
                                                         )
                                                         )
(Steven D. Gerage, Contemnor-Appellant).                 )
                                                         )


        PRESIDING JUSTICE MASON delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion. *
        Justice Lavin concurred in the judgment and opinion.
        Justice Pucinski concurred in part and dissented in part, with opinion.

                                               OPINION

¶1      At issue in this appeal are the “leveling of the playing field” provisions of the Illinois

Marriage and Dissolution of Marriage Act (Act) (750 ILCS 5/501(c-1) (West 2012)) providing

for interim attorney fee awards, and, in particular, we are asked to resolve whether, in cases

where both parties lack the financial ability or access to assets or income to pay for reasonable

attorney fees and costs, (i) one spouse can be required to utilize a nonmarital retirement account


        *
         This case was recently reassigned to Justice Mason. The author apologizes to the parties for the
delay in resolving this appeal.
1-14-3076


to pay attorney fees and (ii) funds already paid to a party’s attorney for past services rendered are

“available” to be allocated within the meaning of the Act. We agree with the trial court’s

conclusion that, under the circumstances presented here, a spouse cannot be required to access a

nonmarital retirement account to pay interim attorney fees, but determine that sums paid to a law

firm for services already rendered are not “available” to be allocated, and, therefore, we reverse

the order holding respondent’s former counsel in contempt for failing to comply with an order

directing him to disgorge sums paid to him by respondent for past services rendered.

¶2     Petitioner, Heather Altman, and respondent, Jeffrey Block, were married on September 5,

2005. The parties had triplets born of the marriage who were five years old at the time these

proceedings were commenced. Altman originally sought an order of protection against Block on

May 14, 2013, and, shortly thereafter, filed her petition for dissolution of marriage. The two

proceedings were consolidated.

¶3     Both parties were represented by counsel. Altman has been represented throughout by the

firm of Bradford & Gordon, LLC. Block was originally represented by Scott Tzinberg, who was

granted leave to withdraw on October 3, 2013. Stephen Gerage was then granted leave to appear

as substitute counsel. Gerage was granted leave to withdraw on August 14, 2014, and, since that

date, Block has proceeded pro se.

¶4     The record indicates that the proceedings have been “extremely contentious” and the

parties “overly litigious,” as characterized by the circuit court. There have been numerous

pleadings, affidavits and motions filed by both parties relative to the order of protection filed by

Altman. Block also sought his own order of protection and further requested that Altman submit

to random drug testing as a result of her alleged abuse of prescription drugs. Additionally, both

parties have litigated issues regarding temporary custody, visitation and parenting time, and



                                                 2
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several orders have been entered relative thereto, including, due to problems concerning

interaction between Altman and Block, an order that pickups and drop-offs of the children occur

at a police station. The court eventually had to order Block to leave the police station parking lot

within 10 minutes of dropping off or picking up the children as Altman claimed that he would sit

in the parking lot for an extended period of time in an attempt to confront her on these occasions,

and she was required to wait in the police station—either alone or with the children—until he

left. A children’s representative was ultimately appointed to represent the children and has been

required to broker disputes relating to what school and summer camps the children should be

enrolled in and parenting time over the summer and holidays.

¶5     Substantial discovery was conducted, including interrogatories, notices to produce,

subpoenas, and enforcement actions related thereto concerning all issues in this case. The issues

of temporary maintenance, child support and household expenses were also hotly contested. Both

parties filed various motions regarding these issues. On March 13, 2014, after further motion

practice, the court directed Block to liquidate a marital retirement account and, based on

Altman’s claim that Block had been using this marital asset to fund not only the litigation, but

also expenses unrelated to the support of his children and household expenses, directed that the

proceeds be held in escrow by Altman’s counsel pending further order.

¶6     The financial aspect of the case was further complicated as a result of Block’s claim that

he was laid off from his employment as a principal of a business, where he earned more than

$160,000 per year. In August 2013, Altman filed an emergency petition seeking to require Block

to contribute to the parties’ household and living expenses. Altman’s petition represented that at

the end of May 2013, Block was terminated from his employment. The record is not clear as to

when Altman learned of Block’s termination. Altman is essentially a full-time mother who earns


                                                 3
1-14-3076


under $30,000 per year as a rabbi. After a multi-day evidentiary hearing, 1 the trial court set

temporary child support of $1412.12 per month based on Block’s representation that he was

currently earning roughly $4441 per month.

¶7     Included in the record is Altman’s motion to reconsider that order based on her claim that

Block falsified his income and utilized sham entities to hide his true income and assets from

Altman and the court. Altman’s motion attached documents purporting to show that from May

2013 to January 2014, Block earned income of at least $215,000, but paid only $475 in child

support. True to form, Block, by then representing himself, filed a counter-motion to reconsider

claiming that the court improperly calculated his child support obligation and requesting that it

be set at a lower amount. These motions were pending at the time Gerage appealed the contempt

finding and so their disposition is not contained in the record.

¶8     On February 13, 2014, nine months after Altman first sought an order of protection and

after numerous motions and hearings in the consolidated proceedings, some of which are

referenced above, Altman filed a petition requesting interim attorney fees in the amount of

$36,864.30 for fees already incurred and $25,000 for prospective attorney fees and costs. An

amended petition was filed on May 13, 2014. By this time, Altman alleged she had incurred fees

of $63,598.68, had paid $9500 and therefore owed her attorneys $54,098.68. Altman requested

that Block be ordered to pay the fees, or, in the alternative, Gerage be disgorged of the sums that

had been previously paid. On June 26, 2014, the children’s representative likewise sought an

award of fees in the amount of $5784 for past services and $2500 in prospective fees.

¶9     It was also disclosed that Altman had access to a nonmarital retirement account valued at

approximately $100,000. In response to the interim fee petition, Block contended that Altman


       1
        The transcript of the hearing is not contained in the record on appeal.
                                                    4
1-14-3076


should be required to access that account to fund her attorney fees. Block’s response represented

that he had paid Gerage $41,500 for services rendered and that he owed his lawyer $17,112.50.

Block also represented that he had paid Tzinberg $25,000 and claimed to owe him an additional

$18,542.

¶ 10   Following the hearing on Altman’s fee petition, the circuit court issued an order on July

16, 2014, indicating that it took into consideration evidence of the financial circumstances of the

parties presented during the prior evidentiary hearings on various motions regarding child

support and maintenance. The court found that both parties lacked sufficient access to assets or

income to pay reasonable attorney fees and costs and that the case presented a classic scenario

for invocation of the Act’s “leveling of the playing field” provisions. The court recited that Block

had paid his attorneys a total of $66,500, Altman had paid her attorney a total of $9500, and, as

of June 30, 2014, there was a balance due to Bradford of $62,000. The court found that Bradford

was holding $35,000 in his client trust account (the remaining proceeds of Block’s retirement

account), which represented the balance of the parties’ marital assets. The order allocated

$33,284 of the $35,000, with $25,000 to Bradford, and $8284 to the children’s representative.

The court failed to allocate the remaining $1716 held in the account. In addition, the court

ordered that Gerage disgorge a total of $16,000 in fees paid for services already rendered and

ordered this amount to be paid to Bradford within seven days. The division of the remaining

marital assets, plus the disgorgement, resulted in each party’s attorney being allocated a total of

$50,500.

¶ 11   After Gerage failed to comply with the order, Altman filed a petition for rule to show

cause, which ultimately resulted in the contempt order from which Gerage appeals. We granted




                                                 5
1-14-3076


leave to the Illinois Chapter, American Academy of Matrimonial Lawyers, to appear as amicus

curiae. 2

¶ 12                                       ANALYSIS

¶ 13    At the outset, we note that no appellee’s brief has been filed in this case. This is not

surprising, of course, given the trial court’s determination that both parties lack the financial

ability or access to assets or income to pay for reasonable attorney fees and costs. It would stand

to reason that they are likewise financially unable to participate in this appeal. Nonetheless, we

will address the merits of this appeal under the principles set forth in First Capitol Mortgage

Corp. v. Talandis Construction Corp., 63 Ill. 2d 128, 133 (1976) (in the absence of an appellee’s

brief, a reviewing court should address an appeal on the merits where the record is simple and

the claimed errors are such that the court may easily decide the issues raised by the appellant);

see also In re Marriage of Earlywine, 2013 IL 114779, ¶ 13.

¶ 14    “[A] court order awarding interim attorney fees under section 501(c-1) of the Act is not

an appealable interlocutory order.” In re Marriage of Radzik, 2011 IL App (2d) 100374, ¶ 45;

750 ILCS 5/501(c-1) (West 2012). “However, when a party appeals from a contempt sanction

imposed for violating an interim fee order, the contempt finding is final and appealable and

presents to the reviewing court the propriety of the underlying order.” Radzik, 2011 IL App (2d)

100374, ¶ 45. Gerage timely appealed from the court’s contempt sanction imposed for his failure

to comply with the order of disgorgement of $16,000.

¶ 15    On appeal, Gerage contends that the circuit court erred: (1) in determining that both

parties lacked access to income or property to pay fees given the existence of Altman’s

retirement account that she could have accessed in order to pay attorney fees; (2) in interpreting

        2
         Amicus take no position with respect to the first issue raised by Gerage, i.e., that Altman’s
retirement account should have been considered an asset available to pay her attorneys.
                                                  6
1-14-3076


section 501(c-1)(3) to include earned fees already paid to a party’s lawyer in the definition of

“available funds”; and (3) by failing to allocate 100% of funds held by Bradford. Gerage further

argues that if this court upholds the trial court’s interpretation of section 501(c-1)(3), the result is

unconstitutional in that it violates his substantive and procedural due process rights and impairs

contract rights. Finally, Gerage requests that the order of contempt be vacated because he had no

other avenue for challenging the court’s interim fee order.

¶ 16   The issues Gerage raises regarding the propriety of the order directing him to disgorge

$16,000 and pay that amount to Altman’s lawyers require us to construe the meaning of the

Act’s “leveling of the playing field” provisions. Thus, we review these issues de novo. In re

Marriage of Nash, 2012 IL App (1st) 113724, ¶ 15.

¶ 17   In construing a statute, the goal of the court is to effectuate the legislature’s intent. People

v. Pullen, 192 Ill. 2d 36, 42 (2000). To this end, a court may consider the reason and necessity

for the statute and the evils it was intended to remedy, and will assume the legislature did not

intend an absurd or unjust result. Id. Any inquiry into legislative intent, however, must begin

with the language of the statute, which is the surest and most reliable indicator of legislative

intent. Id. Under the guise of construction, a court may not supply omissions, remedy defects,

annex new provisions, substitute different provisions, add exceptions, limitations, or conditions,

or otherwise change the law so as to depart from the plain meaning of language employed in the

statute. Superior Structures Co. v. City of Sesser, 292 Ill. App. 3d 848, 852 (1997). If the

language of the statute is clear, its plain and ordinary meaning must be given effect without

resorting to other aids of construction. In re Marriage of Mitchell, 181 Ill. 2d 169, 173 (1998);

In re Marriage of Beyer, 324 Ill. App. 3d 305, 309-10 (2001).




                                                   7
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¶ 18   Section 501(c-1) of the Act permits predecree assessments of attorney fees in favor of a

petitioning party. In re Marriage of Levinson, 2013 IL App (1st) 121696, ¶ 27. The purpose of

such interim awards is to “address the problem of the ‘economically disadvantaged spouse,’

where one spouse uses his or her greater control of assets or income as a litigation tool, making it

difficult for the disadvantaged spouse to participate adequately in the litigation.” (Internal

quotation marks omitted.) In re Marriage of Rosenbaum-Golden, 381 Ill. App. 3d 65, 74 (2008).

This provision was enacted as part of the “leveling of the playing field” amendments in 1997,

changing the petition methods and court procedures for interim fee awards in dissolution of

marriage actions. Id. at 73; see also Levinson, 2013 IL App (1st) 121696, ¶ 27.

¶ 19   Subsection (3) of section 501(c-1) contemplates interim awards where one party is able to

pay and the other is not and where both parties are unable to pay:

       “In any proceeding under this subsection (c-1), the court *** shall assess an interim

       award against an opposing party in an amount necessary to enable the petitioning party to

       participate adequately in the litigation, upon findings that the party from whom attorney’s

       fees and costs are sought has the financial ability to pay reasonable amounts and that the

       party seeking attorney’s fees and costs lacks sufficient access to assets or income to pay

       reasonable amounts. *** If the court finds that both parties lack financial ability or access

       to assets or income for reasonable attorney’s fees and costs, the court *** shall enter an

       order that allocates available funds for each party’s counsel, including retainers or interim

       payments, or both, previously paid, in a manner that achieves substantial parity between

       the parties.” 750 ILCS 5/501(c-1)(3) (West 2012).

Where one spouse has access to assets that enable that party to pay an attorney and the other

spouse does not, section 501(c-1) operates to effect “the legislature’s goal *** to level the


                                                 8
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playing field by equalizing the parties’ litigation resources.” Beyer, 324 Ill. App. 3d at 315. In

that instance, an interim fee order may direct a spouse to pay the other spouse’s attorney fees.

But where both spouses lack the ability to pay attorneys, the statute allows a court to allocate

“available funds,” including retainers or interim payments, already paid to a party’s lawyer.

¶ 20    The first issue raised by Gerage concerns the trial court’s determination that Altman

lacked access to income or property to pay attorney fees. In particular, Gerage maintains that

Altman could have utilized her 403(b) retirement account 3 to pay her attorneys. In the trial court,

Block claimed that the account had a value in excess of $100,000 and, therefore, Altman had

access to an asset that could be used to pay her attorney fees. We disagree.

¶ 21    Section 12-1006(a) of the Illinois Code of Civil Procedure exempts retirement plans,

including individual retirement accounts, from “judgment, attachment, execution, distress for

rent, and seizure for the satisfaction of debts.” 735 ILCS 5/12-1006(a) (West 2012). Although

child support and maintenance obligations are statutory exceptions to this provision (see 750

ILCS 28/15(d) (West 2012)), judgments for attorney fees are not. Jakubik v. Jakubik, 208 Ill.

App. 3d 119, 123 (1991). This is true even if the fees were incurred to enforce delinquent support

or maintenance obligations. Id. at 126 (“Illinois’s public policy favors the payment of child

support and maintenance obligations from exempt property to promote the support of the family,

not the support of attorneys. Indeed, payment of attorney fees from sources held exempt for

family obligations could deplete such resources so as to leave no assets available to satisfy the

support obligation itself.”).




        3
         A 403(b) plan is a United States tax-advantaged retirement savings plan for public education
organizations, some non-profit employers, cooperative hospital service organizations, and self-employed
ministers.
                                                  9
1-14-3076


¶ 22   Consistent with Jakubik, we have previously determined that one spouse cannot be

ordered to liquidate and distribute the proceeds of an individual retirement account to satisfy an

interim attorney fee award. Radzik, 2011 IL App (2d) 100374, ¶ 62. But the question here is

somewhat different. Gerage does not contend that Altman could be ordered to liquidate her

retirement account to pay her attorneys (or him, for that matter); rather, he contends that

Altman’s retirement account should have been considered an asset that was available to her, thus

precluding a finding that she lacked access to assets to pay reasonable attorney fees.

¶ 23   On this point, Gerage cites our supreme court’s decision in Earlywine, 2013 IL 114779.

Both parties in Earlywine represented that they lacked funds to pay their attorneys, but the

husband’s parents had paid $8750 on his behalf to his attorney. (We discuss in more detail below

the significance of the case as it pertains to the issue of disgorgement of earned fees.) The

attorney to whom the funds had been paid, like counsel here, was held in contempt when he

refused to turn over half the funds to the wife’s counsel. On appeal, he argued that the source of

the funds—nonmarital funds advanced by his client’s parents—was relevant. The supreme court

disagreed, stating that “the statute does not distinguish between marital property and nonmarital

property for the purpose of disgorgement of attorney fees. The statute contemplates that retainers

paid ‘on behalf of’ a spouse may be disgorged.” Id. ¶ 30. Gerage reads Earlywine as making

every asset—no matter the source—fair game in assessing a party’s ability to pay attorney fees.

¶ 24   But context matters and we believe the court’s analysis in Radzik applies here. In Radzik,

prior to the order directing him to turn over the proceeds of his individual retirement account to

his wife to satisfy the interim fee award, the husband had not accessed or borrowed against the

account to pay his lawyers. Finding this significant, the court commented:




                                                10
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       “While the IRA is an asset that will be distributed in the final disposition of the marital

       estate, respondent was not during the litigation drawing any funds from the IRA. In other

       words, where the IRA benefitted neither party in the litigation, forcing its liquidation and

       distribution did not serve to counter respondent’s use of an asset because, by virtue of the

       account’s very nature, respondent could have no expectation of accessing it.” Radzik,

       2011 IL App (2d) 100374, ¶ 63.

¶ 25   Applied here, Radzik’s reasoning compels us to reject Gerage’s argument that the

existence of Altman’s nonmarital retirement account was relevant for purposes of assessing her

ability to pay fees. First, unlike the IRA in Radzik, Altman’s retirement account is a nonmarital

asset that will not be distributed in the final property disposition in this case. Second, and more

importantly, there is no evidence that Altman has accessed the account for any purpose related to

the litigation or that she has any ability to do so, at least not without significant financial

penalties. See 750 ILCS 5/501(c-1)(1)(A) (West 2012) (requiring court to consider, inter alia,

“alleged non-marital property within access to a party” in assessing interim fees). Finally, given

the policy reasons underlying the exception of individual retirement accounts from the claims of

creditors, including attorneys, and the evidence of record in this case reflecting Block’s

persistent efforts to avoid or reduce his child support obligations, we would question the wisdom

of any finding that Altman should be required to invade this asset to pay her attorneys.

¶ 26   As support for his position, Gerage points to the trial court’s order directing Block to

liquidate the balance of a marital retirement account and place the funds in escrow subject to

further order. But this just illustrates the distinction the Radzik court recognized. Block chose to

utilize this asset to fund the litigation, among other things. Because Block elected to access this

asset, the trial court rightly exercised control over the proceeds to “level the playing field.” See


                                                11
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Radzik, 2011 IL App (2d) 100374, ¶ 64 (“[W]hile the IRA is not currently ‘income’ *** because

respondent receives no periodic payment therefrom [citation], that would change if respondent

voluntarily and prematurely cashes out the IRA.”). Altman has not accessed her retirement

account for any purpose and there is no evidence that she is receiving periodic payments from

that account. Therefore, we reject Gerage’s claim that the trial court erred in determining that

Altman lacked access to assets that would have enabled her to pay attorney fees.

¶ 27   We next address whether funds paid to an attorney for past services rendered are

“available” within the meaning of the Act so that a court may order a law firm to disgorge not

only unearned funds held in a client trust or an advance payment retainer account, but also funds

that the firm has already earned and deposited into its operating account or paid to third parties.

Gerage contends that the plain language of section 501(c-1)(3) and, in particular, the use of the

modifier “available” before “funds” necessarily means that some funds are “unavailable.”

Gerage posits that once a fee is earned, title to those funds, as property, has passed to the

attorney and the funds are no longer “available” within the meaning of the statute.

¶ 28   Amicus agrees and contends that no reasonable reading of the statute permits a court to

order an attorney to disgorge funds earned, received, taxed, and spent and direct him to pay those

funds to “legal strangers.” Amicus points to the statute’s language that defines “available funds”

to include “retainers or interim payments, or both, previously paid” and argues that the

legislature contemplated that funds held by a lawyer to secure future services are subject to

disgorgement, while funds deducted from a retainer or interim payments for services already

rendered are not.

¶ 29   Earlywine addressed a related, but not identical issue. In Earlywine, the trial court found

that neither the husband nor wife had the resources to pay their respective attorney fees and


                                                12
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ordered the husband’s attorney to disgorge to the wife’s attorney half the fees held by him in an

advance payment retainer account. The attorney argued that under Dowling v. Chicago Options

Associates, Inc., 226 Ill. 2d 277 (2007), and Rule 1.15 of the Illinois Rules of Professional

Conduct of 2010 (eff. Jan. 1, 2010), the advance payment retainer became his property upon

payment and the funds were placed in his general account. The terms of the advance payment

retainer provided that it was specifically designed to override the “leveling of the playing field”

provisions of the Act. See Earlywine, 2013 IL 114779, ¶ 6.

¶ 30   Our supreme court concluded that divorce cases were not among the narrow categories of

cases where advance payment retainers were necessary and appropriate. “Shielding assets so that

one spouse may easily hire an attorney has the direct effect of making it difficult for the other

spouse to hire his or her own attorney. This would defeat the purpose and goals of the Act, which

is to enable parties to have equitable access to representation.” Id. ¶ 29. Thus, Earlywine stands

for the proposition that no matter what form the retainer takes, it is subject to the provisions of

section 501(c-1). Because the advance payment retainer had been placed in the lawyer’s general

account, Earlywine did not address any issues relating to whether the lawyer had earned fees by

virtue of services rendered.

¶ 31   The Second District of this court did address the issue presented here in In re Marriage of

Squire, 2015 IL App (2d) 150271. In that case, the wife had borrowed $130,000 from her mother

to pay her attorneys. Ten thousand dollars of that amount had been paid to the wife’s former

attorney and the rest was paid to her current attorney, Stogsdill Law Firm, as a retainer. Although

the husband earned a six-figure income, his monthly expenses, including debt-service payments

from the couple’s bankruptcy, exceeded his income. The wife was unemployed. Under these




                                                13
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circumstances, the trial court ordered Stogsdill to pay half of the retainer to the husband’s lawyer

and entered a contempt finding when he failed to comply. Id. ¶¶ 3-7.

¶ 32   On appeal, Stogsdill contended that the fees the firm had earned and deposited into its

general account were not “available” within the meaning of section 501(c-1)(3). Relying on the

statute’s reference to the use of “retainers or interim payments” to “level the playing field,” the

Second District disagreed. The court found that accepting Stogsdill’s position would frustrate the

purposes of the statute in that the attorney holding the retainer “would have a strong incentive to

earn the fees at an early stage of the litigation” and “could file voluminous pleadings and

motions early in the case, thus ‘earning’ the retainer, while leaving the other spouse to respond to

a mountain of paperwork with little chance of obtaining resources to do so properly.” Id. ¶ 21.

Relying on Earlywine’s refusal to recognize a law firm’s ownership of an advance payment

retainer in the context of marriage dissolution proceedings, Squire found that it did not matter

that the firm had already deducted earned fees from the retainer. Id. ¶ 22. The court concluded:

“it is clear that ‘available’ as used in the statute simply means that the funds exist somewhere.”

Id.

¶ 33   We respect our colleague’s decision in Squire and the dissent’s adoption of its reasoning,

and, if “leveling the playing field” was the sole consideration in deciding this issue, we would

come to the same conclusion. But the legislature chose the word “available” to define those

funds, whether in the form of a retainer or interim payments, that could be subject to

disgorgement. If the legislature meant that all funds “paid” to one spouse’s lawyer were subject

to disgorgement when neither spouse was able to pay attorney fees, it could have easily said so.

But it seems to us a tortured reading of the statute to say that even though the firm has earned the

fees, paid itself (as it was entitled to do), and used that income to pay salaries, overhead and


                                                14
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litigation expenses for items such as experts and court reporters, it can nonetheless be required to

refund those fees, not to its client, but to a third party.

¶ 34    Further, Squire does not address, we assume because Stogsdill did not raise, many of the

considerations urged by Gerage and amicus. It is not speculation to predict that some lawyers,

particularly solo practitioners and those in small law firms, may be unable to comply with orders

to disgorge funds that they have earned over several months and that have been transferred into

(and out of) their operating accounts, at least not without serious financial hardship. Here, for

example, Altman’s lawyers waited nine months after these proceedings were commenced before

they filed their initial interim fee petition. Our review of the record reveals that the activity by

both party’s lawyers during this period of time was intense and, we must assume, time-

consuming. It must have been obvious to Bradford that Block, who was at least initially

employed earning a six-figure salary, was using marital assets to pay his lawyers, while Altman

was only able to come up with $9500. At the same time, in the absence of an interim fee petition,

Tzinberg and later Gerage may have assumed that Altman had decided to use her substantial

retirement account to fund the litigation. Because of Altman’s delay in seeking interim fees, it

cannot be said that Block’s attorneys were paying themselves as their peril while on notice of the

possibility that the court would at some future date order those fees disgorged. Where, as here,

the petitioning law firm delays filing an interim fee petition, the financial risk disgorgement

poses for the respondent’s attorney increases correspondingly. 4



        4
        Were the question here purely a matter of equity, we would be tempted to uphold the
disgorgement order given Gerage’s (as well as Tzinberg’s) conduct in aiding Block’s “scorched earth”
approach to litigating this case. But the summary proceeding envisioned in connection with an interim fee
award is not designed to address or resolve such issues. A trial court may, of course, determine the
reasonableness of the fees incurred either by conducting an evidentiary hearing on the interim fee petition
(750 ILCS 5/501(c-1)(1) (West 2012)), or in the context of a final fee award. 750 ILCS 5/508 (West
2012).
                                                    15
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¶ 35   Gerage also argues that the trial court’s interpretation of the statute should have resulted

in a disgorgement order against Tzinberg, Block’s former lawyer. If fees paid to a lawyer are

subject to disgorgement, notwithstanding that those fees have been earned, paid and passed

through the lawyer’s operating account, it is logical to extend section 501(c-1)(3) to all attorneys

who have represented the client because, under Squire’s reasoning, “the funds exist somewhere.”

Squire, 2015 IL App (2d) 150271, ¶ 22. Indeed, to enforce the disgorgement provisions of

section 501(c-1)(3) only against the party’s current lawyer could encourage “churning” by the

first lawyer, secure in the knowledge that the statute’s reach will not extend to him or her after

withdrawal. But it would be an anomaly, to say the least, that a lawyer, having been granted

leave to withdraw from a case, could be called upon months or years later, to write a check to the

opposing party’s counsel. It is just such an absurd result that our construction of the statute

avoids. Bowman v. Ottney, 2015 IL 119000, ¶ 17.

¶ 36   We recognize that we are addressing only interim fee awards and that, at least in theory,

accounts will be “trued up” when a final dissolution order is entered. See In re Marriage of

DeLarco, 313 Ill. App. 3d 107, 113 (2000) (interim fees may be deemed to be advances from the

parties’ marital estate and a court can order any portion of an interim award constituting an

overpayment to be repaid at conclusion of case). But when a disgorgement order is specifically

predicated on a trial court’s finding that both parties lack financial ability or access to assets or

income for reasonable attorney fees, we must ask how realistic it is to assume that the attorneys

will ever be paid. We simply do not believe the legislature intended through section 501(c-1)(3)

that the financial burden of leveling the playing field should be borne, in substantial part, by

lawyers who must refund, under pain of contempt, fees they have earned. For these reasons, we

conclude that funds earned by and paid to a party’s lawyer in the normal course of representation


                                                 16
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for past services rendered are not “available funds” within the meaning of section 501(c-1)(3)

and thus reverse the disgorgement order to the extent it required Gerage to disgorge fees he had

already earned. Further, because we conclude that this aspect of the disgorgement order was

improper, we reverse the order holding Gerage in contempt for failing to comply. 5

¶ 37   Finally, Gerage contends that the trial court erred in failing to allocate the entire retainer

account. There is no explanation in the record for the court’s failure to allocate the remaining

$1716 in the account. We recognize that a substantial period of time has elapsed since this issue

was addressed by the trial court and circumstances may have rendered the question moot. But, if

not, the trial court should on remand allocate this sum between the parties.

¶ 38   Affirmed in part, reversed in part and remanded with directions.

¶ 39   JUSTICE PUCINSKI, concurring in part and dissenting in part.

¶ 40   While I agree with my colleagues that under the circumstances presented, a spouse

cannot be required to access a nonmarital retirement account to pay interim attorney fees, I

respectfully disagree with the majority's statement that it simply does not believe the legislature

intended through section 501(c-1)(3) that the financial burden of “leveling the playing field”

should be borne, in substantial part, by lawyers who must refund, under pain of contempt, fees

they have earned.

¶ 41   The most compelling evidence that the legislature intended section 501(c-1) to allow for

allegedly earned fees to be available funds and used for interim fee awards is the express

language of section 501 itself, which states that: “If the court finds that both parties lack financial

ability or access to assets or income for reasonable attorney’s fees and costs, the court *** shall

enter an order that allocates available funds for each party’s counsel, including retainers or

       5
        Based on the result we reach, we need not address the constitutional issues Gerage and amicus
contend are posed by the interpretation of section 501(c-1)(3) adopted by the trial court.
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interim payments, or both, previously paid, in a manner that achieves substantial parity between

the parties.” 750 ILCS 5/501(c-1)(3) (West 2012); Kaufman, Litwin & Feinstein v. Edgar, 301

Ill. App. 3d 826, 835 (1998).

¶ 42   Further, section 501(c-1) must reasonably be understood in view of the concomitant

changes to section 508(a). Section 508(a), when read as an integrated whole, expressly indicates

that “interim attorney’s fees and costs” may be awarded “in accordance with subsection (c-1) of

section 501.” This construction further agrees with the amended language of section 102, which

defines the goal of interim awards broadly as “substantial parity in parties’ access to funds for

litigation costs” both “during and after litigation.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Beyer, 324

Ill. App. 3d at 313-14. As amended, section 102 now reads: “This Act shall be liberally

construed and applied to promote its underlying purposes, which are to: *** make reasonable

provision for spouses and minor children during and after litigation, including provision for

timely awards of interim fees to achieve substantial parity in the parties’ access to funds for

litigation costs[.]” 750 ILCS 5/102 (West 1998); Beyer, 324 Ill. App. 3d at 313.

¶ 43   The fee shifting that takes place in an interim fee award order is a temporary reallocation

of the parties’ marital assets. Further, Gerage has the opportunity to make a claim for all his

reasonable attorney fees due at a contribution hearing under section 503. 750 ILCS 5/503 (West

2012). This temporary shifting is in accord with the language of the statute, which is intended to

“level the playing field.” Neither the interim attorney fees award nor the disgorgement order

affects an attorney’s claim for a final setting of attorney fees. 750 ILCS 5/508 (West 2012). See

In re Marriage of DeLarco, 313 Ill. App. 3d 107 (2000) (a matter of discretion, a trial court will

award attorneys only fees it deems reasonable).




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¶ 44    In Squire, the trial court citing Earlywine, held that it did not matter that the fees already

belonged to respondent’s attorney. Squire, 2015 IL App (2d) 150271, ¶ 6 (citing Earlywine, 2013

IL 114779, ¶ 25. The trial court granted the interim fee petition and ordered respondent’s

attorney to pay petitioner’s attorney. The appellate court affirmed also citing Earlywine and

finding that Earlywine did not intend to limit its holding to certain retainers. Id. ¶ 21.The court

found that in Earlywine, our supreme court noted that the retainer in question became the law

firm’s property immediately upon payment and was deposited into the firm’s general account,

but held that the funds were nevertheless subject to disgorgement. From this, the court in Squire,

held that it is clear that “available” as used in the statute simply means that the funds exist

somewhere. Id. ¶ 22.

¶ 45    In accord with Earlywine, and Squire, and in light of the Act’s public policy of including

provisions for timely awards of interim fees to achieve substantial parity in parties’ access to

funds for litigation costs and the fact that it is to be liberally construed, I find the inclusion of any

fees paid to an attorney to be considered “available funds” whether earned or unearned, as that

determination has not yet been made. Earlywine, 2013 IL 114779, ¶¶ 22-23; Squire, 2015 IL

App (2d) 150271, ¶ 22. As section 503 allows for a claim to be made for contribution and that a

disgorgement order is temporary in nature, the attorney has, by statute the right to recoup all

reasonable fees he or she may be owed. 750 ILCS 5/503 (West 2012).

¶ 46    Under section 508, the court must make a determination of reasonableness and necessity

in a final judgment. 750 ILCS 5/508 (West 2012). Until then, there has been no final

determination of the attorney’s earned fees and there has been no determination of the

reasonableness or necessity of the fees that Gerage allegedly earned.




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¶ 47    The majority found that where the petitioning law firm delays in filing an interim fee

petition, the financial risk disgorgement poses for the respondent’s attorney increases

correspondingly. The majority, in a footnote, indicates that if the question here were just a matter

of equity, they would be inclined to uphold the disgorgement order given Gerage’s and

Tzinberg’s conduct in aiding Block’s “scorched earth” approach to litigating this case. The

majority indicates that the summary proceeding envisioned in connection with an interim fee

award is not designed to address or resolve such issues. I find that the proceeding is specifically

designed for such issues, as the purpose of the statute is to “level the playing field” and would

argue that this is a matter of equity.




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