                                      2017 IL 120997



                                        IN THE

                               SUPREME COURT

                                            OF

                          THE STATE OF ILLINOIS




                                   (Docket No. 120997)

         PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Appellee, v. SALIMAH COLE
                        (Amy P. Campanelli, Appellant).


                             Opinion filed November 30, 2017.



        JUSTICE THOMAS delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.

        Chief Justice Karmeier and Justices Freeman, Kilbride, Garman, Burke, and
     Theis concurred in the judgment and opinion.



                                        OPINION

¶1       On June 15, 2016, the circuit court of Cook County entered an order of
     adjudication of direct civil contempt against contemnor, Amy P. Campanelli, the
     Cook County public defender, and sanctioned Campanelli $250 per day until she
     purged herself of direct civil contempt or was otherwise discharged by due process
     of law. Campanelli filed a notice of appeal to the Appellate Court, First District.
     Campanelli also filed an emergency motion to stay the fines imposed by the trial
     court. The appellate court granted Campanelli’s motion to stay the fines.

¶2       The State then filed a motion for direct appeal to this court pursuant to Illinois
     Supreme Court Rule 302(b) (eff. Oct. 4, 2011). On July 29, 2016, this court allowed
     the State’s motion for direct appeal and transferred the appeal of the case from the
     appellate court to this court. This court also allowed the National Association of
     Criminal Defense Lawyers, the National Association for Public Defense, and
     Professors Vivian Gross, Steven Lubet, and Robert Burns to file amicus curiae
     briefs in support of contemnor Campanelli. Ill. S. Ct. R. 345 (eff. Sept. 20, 2010).


¶3                                     BACKGROUND

¶4        Defendant Salimah Cole was charged in a 16-count indictment with 6 counts of
     first degree murder, 2 counts of armed robbery with a firearm, 5 counts of
     aggravated kidnapping, 1 count of aggravated arson, and 2 counts of possession of
     a stolen motor vehicle. The charges stemmed from the September 30, 2015,
     shooting, robbery, and kidnapping of La Prentis Cudjo and the robbery and
     kidnapping of Charles Morgan. Ashley Washington, Allen Whitehead, Zacchaeus
     Reed, Jr., Julian Morgan, and Brianna Sago were also charged in connection with
     those crimes.

¶5       Cole appeared in court on April 12, 2016. A Cook County assistant public
     defender appeared as a friend of the court, as well as to defendant Cole, and
     informed the court that Cole’s mother had retained private counsel, who would
     need a continuance of a week or two. Accordingly, the trial court set the next court
     date for May 10, 2016.

¶6       At the May 10, 2016, court date, Cole informed the trial court that she was not
     able to afford private counsel. The trial court stated that it would appoint the public
     defender to represent Cole. Contemnor Amy P. Campanelli, the public defender of
     Cook County, then asked the court not to appoint the office of the public defender
     to represent Cole. Campanelli asked for leave of court to file a notice of intent to
     refuse appointment and to ask for appointment of counsel other than the public
     defender. When asked to explain her motion, Campanelli stated that she actually
     was refusing the appointment. Campanelli informed the court that the public




                                              -2­
     defender could not represent Cole because there was a conflict of interest due to the
     codefendants in the case. Campanelli explained that four of Cole’s five
     codefendants were charged with the exact same offenses as Cole. In addition,
     codefendants Reed and Whitehouse were also charged with intimidation of
     codefendant Washington, for threatening to harm Washington and her family if she
     worked with the police on the murder case.

¶7       The trial court then asked Campanelli to explain the direct conflict to the court.
     Campanelli clarified that there was a potential for conflict. Campanelli asserted that
     she did not have to wait until a conflict developed, nor could she divulge
     attorney-client privileged information in order to inform the court of those
     conflicts. After considering the matter, the trial court appointed the public defender
     of Cook County to represent Cole, over Campanelli’s objection. Campanelli asked
     the court to hold her in friendly contempt and to impose a nominal sanction so that
     she could seek appellate review of the court’s decision. The trial court took the
     request under advisement and asked Campanelli to put the basis for her refusal to
     represent Cole in writing.

¶8       Campanelli then filed a notice of intent to refuse appointment and to request
     appointment of counsel other than the public defender of Cook County. In her
     notice, Campanelli argued that every client has a right to be represented by
     conflict-free counsel and that concurrent conflicts of interest are prohibited by Rule
     1.7 of the Illinois Rules of Professional Conduct of 2010 (eff. Jan. 1, 2010).
     Campanelli noted that Rule 1.7 provided that conflicts arise whenever the interests
     of one client are directly adverse to the interests of another client or whenever the
     representation of a client is materially limited. Based upon Rule 1.7, Campanelli
     stated that she could not accept appointment to represent Cole when she was
     already representing five other codefendants. Campanelli indicated that she also
     had moved to withdraw from representing codefendants Whitehead, Reed Jr.,
     Morgan, and Sago, due to concurrent conflicts with one another and with
     codefendant Washington. 1 Because she was bringing the conflict of interest to the


         1
           At a hearing on July 18, 2016, the trial court granted Campanelli’s motion to withdraw from
     the representation of codefendants Whitehead and Reed, finding a conflict of interest existed where
     Whitehead and Reed had been charged with intimidating codefendant Washington.




                                                   -3­
       court’s attention at an early stage, Campanelli claimed that it was incumbent on the
       court to take action and alleviate the conflict by appointing private counsel.

¶9         In addition to citing Rule 1.7, Campanelli contended that the office of the Cook
       County public defender had a conflict of interest in representing Cole because the
       office of the Cook County public defender is a law firm as set forth in Rule 1.10 of
       the Illinois Rules of Professional Conduct of 2010 (eff. Jan. 1, 2010).
       Consequently, Campanelli refused to accept appointment to represent Cole.

¶ 10       At a hearing on May 19, 2016, the trial court found that Cole was indigent and
       should be represented by the office of the Cook County public defender.
       Campanelli again told the court that she could not represent Cole because she was
       in conflict due to her representation of five other codefendants in the case.
       Campanelli stated that, pursuant to the Illinois Rules of Professional Conduct
       adopted in 2010, she could not represent more than one client on a case because of
       the potential conflict. Campanelli also noted that the Counties Code (55 ILCS
       5/3-4006 (West 2016)) allows a court to appoint counsel other than the public
       defender if the appointment of the public defender would prejudice the defendant.
       The trial court pointed out that it had not made a finding that appointment of the
       public defender would prejudice the defendant. Campanelli conceded that the trial
       court had not made a finding of prejudice but stated she had given the trial court
       enough testimony that she would be in conflict of interest if forced to represent
       Cole.

¶ 11       In response to further questioning from the trial court, Campanelli stated that
       there were approximately 518 attorneys in the office of the Cook County public
       defender and that those 518 attorneys did not all share the same supervisors. With
       regard to the four other motions to withdraw that Campanelli had filed concerning
       Cole’s codefendants, Campanelli acknowledged that she had four separate
       attorneys from different divisions in her office representing those defendants. In
       addition, those assistant public defenders each had a different supervisor, but those
       supervisors might report to the same deputy director. Campanelli conceded that she
       has a multiple defender division for multiple offender cases but contended that she
       was in conflict even in those cases.

¶ 12       The trial court then reiterated that defendant Cole was in custody without legal
       representation, that Cole was indigent and had a right to counsel, and that, as public



                                               -4­
       defender of Cook County, Campanelli was sworn to represent an indigent
       defendant unless the court finds that the defendant’s rights would be prejudiced.
       The trial court observed that it had not found Cole’s rights to be prejudiced, so that
       Campanelli’s refusal to represent Cole was contemptuous. Campanelli continued to
       refuse to follow the order of the court to represent Cole, repeating that she could not
       represent Cole due to a conflict. Campanelli denied that she was violating the
       Counties Code in refusing to represent Cole, arguing that in fact she would be
       violating the Illinois Rules of Professional Conduct of 2010 in representing Cole.

¶ 13       The trial court again stated that Campanelli was sworn to represent an indigent
       defendant unless the court finds that the defendant’s rights would be prejudiced.
       The trial court did not find Cole’s rights to be prejudiced and asked Campanelli to
       carefully consider her refusal to represent Cole. The trial court then continued the
       case for ruling on Campanelli’s request for contempt. The trial court also appointed
       private counsel to represent Cole in light of Campanelli’s refusal.

¶ 14       Campanelli next appeared before the court on June 15, 2016. The trial court
       noted that it had appointed private counsel for Cole because she was an indigent
       defendant without representation of counsel. The trial court repeated that it had
       found there was no conflict in Campanelli representing Cole and again ordered
       Campanelli to represent Cole, indicating that it would vacate the appointment of
       private counsel upon Campanelli’s acceptance of the appointment.

¶ 15       Campanelli again stated that she was in conflict in representing Cole, the sixth
       defendant in a six-defendant murder case, when she already represented five of
       those defendants. Campanelli indicated that she had filed motions to withdraw with
       regard to four of the five other defendants, as she was in conflict of interest with
       those defendants also. Campanelli conceded that she had separate attorneys
       assigned to those defendants but contended that, under the Counties Code (55 ILCS
       5/3-4006 (West 2016)), she was the attorney for every client assigned to her office.
       Campanelli also asserted that her office was a law firm and wanted to be treated like
       any other law firm in the state of Illinois for purposes of conflict of interest.
       Campanelli stated that she represents every client in the public defender’s office
       and had a right to know every fact, every strategy, and every defense of every case.
       If not allowed to know the confidences between lawyers, she would not be acting as
       the public defender of Cook County.




                                                -5­
¶ 16       The trial court again ordered Campanelli to represent Cole and warned that her
       refusal to represent Cole would be in direct contempt of court. Campanelli
       responded that she continued to refuse to represent Cole. The trial court therefore
       found that Campanelli had willfully and contemptuously refused to accept the trial
       court’s appointment to represent Cole after being ordered to do so. The trial court
       found Campanelli’s refusal to be without basis, as there was no prejudice to Cole if
       Campanelli accepted the appointment. The trial court therefore ordered that
       Campanelli was in direct civil contempt for her willful failure to obey a direct order
       of the court. The trial court imposed a sanction consisting of a fine of $250 per day
       until such time as Campanelli purged herself of direct civil contempt by accepting
       appointment as counsel for defendant Cole or until she was otherwise discharged
       by due process of law.


¶ 17                                       ANALYSIS

¶ 18       This case comes before this court on appeal of the trial court’s order finding
       Campanelli to be in direct civil contempt and imposing sanctions. A court is vested
       with the inherent power to enforce its orders and to preserve the dignity of the court
       by the use of contempt proceedings. In re Baker, 71 Ill. 2d 480, 484 (1978). An
       order cast in terms of a contempt proceeding imposing sanctions is a final and
       appealable order. People ex rel. Scott v. Silverstein, 87 Ill. 2d 167, 171-72 (1981).
       This is because the imposition of a sanction for contempt, while occurring within
       the context of another proceeding, “is an original special proceeding, collateral to
       and independent of, the case in which the contempt arises.” Id. at 172. In reviewing
       the contempt order, we must examine the propriety of the trial court’s order
       directing Campanelli to accept appointment as counsel for Cole. If the order was
       invalid, the contempt order must be reversed. People v. Shukovsky, 128 Ill. 2d 210,
       222 (1988).

¶ 19       Whether a party is guilty of contempt is a question of fact for the trial court.
       In re Marriage of Logston, 103 Ill. 2d 266, 286-87 (1984). Logston held that a
       reviewing court will not disturb the trial court’s finding unless it is against the
       manifest weight of the evidence or the record reflects an abuse of discretion. Id. at
       287. In Norskog v. Pfiel, 197 Ill. 2d 60, 70-71 (2001), the court clarified that the
       proper standard of review depends on the question that was answered in the trial




                                               -6­
       court. Thus, if the facts are uncontroverted and the issue is the trial court’s
       application of the law to the facts, a reviewing court may apply de novo review. Id.

¶ 20       In this case, to the extent our review concerns application of this court’s rules,
       we find that de novo review is appropriate. When interpreting supreme court rules,
       this court is guided by the same principles applicable to construction of statutes.
       People v. Salem, 2016 IL 118693, ¶ 11. The construction of a statute is a question
       of law that is reviewed de novo. People v. Smith, 236 Ill. 2d 162, 167 (2010). To the
       extent our review concerns the trial court’s adjudication of contempt, we find it is
       appropriate to apply an abuse of discretion standard.

¶ 21       In this court, as in the trial court, Campanelli argues that she is barred from
       representing Cole due to a conflict of interest between Cole and her codefendants.
       Campanelli asserts that any representation of more than one defendant in a multiple
       defendant case presents a conflict of interest for the office of the public defender.
       Campanelli claims a conflict based upon the sixth amendment to the United States
       Constitution (U.S. Const., amend. VI), article I, section 8, of the Illinois
       Constitution (Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, § 8), and Rules 1.10 and 1.7 of the Illinois
       Rules of Professional Conduct of 2010 (eff. Jan. 1, 2010).

¶ 22       Those accused of crime have a sixth amendment right to the effective assistance
       of counsel. People v. Spreitzer, 123 Ill. 2d 1, 13 (1988) (citing Cuyler v. Sullivan,
       446 U.S. 335, 343 (1980), and Glasser v. United States, 315 U.S. 60, 70 (1942)).
       Effective assistance of counsel means assistance by an attorney whose allegiance to
       his client is not diluted by conflicting interests or inconsistent obligations.
       Spreitzer, 123 Ill. 2d at 13-14. The United States Supreme Court has held that
       requiring or permitting a single attorney to represent codefendants is not per se
       violative of the constitutional guarantee of the effective assistance of counsel.
       Holloway v. Arkansas, 435 U.S. 475, 482 (1978). The court in Spreitzer also
       recognized that treating multiple representation of codefendants as creating a per se
       conflict would put an end to multiple representation altogether, “since a ‘possible
       conflict inheres in almost every instance of multiple representation,’ and a per se
       rule would ‘preclude multiple representation even in cases where “[a] common
       defense *** gives strength against a common attack.” ’ ” Spreitzer, 123 Ill. 2d at 17
       (quoting Cuyler, 446 U.S. at 348, quoting Glasser, 315 U.S. at 92). Cuyler
       recognized, however, that since a possible conflict of interest inheres in almost




                                               -7­
       every instance of multiple representation, a defendant who objects to multiple
       representation must have the opportunity to show that potential conflicts imperil his
       right to a fair trial. Cuyler, 446 U.S. at 348.

¶ 23       Campanelli maintains that she did show that potential conflicts imperiled
       Cole’s right to a fair trial, so that the trial court erred in finding her in direct
       contempt of court. In making this argument, Campanelli contends that
       representation by the office of the Cook County public defender is tantamount to
       representation by a single attorney for purposes of conflict of interest analysis.
       Consequently, before we address whether Campanelli established that potential
       conflicts imperiled Cole’s right to a fair trial, we first must address Campanelli’s
       claim that representation by the public defender constitutes representation by a
       single attorney.

¶ 24       In support of this argument, Campanelli points to Rule 1.10 of the Illinois Rules
       of Professional Conduct of 2010. Rule 1.10(a) provides:

          “While lawyers are associated in a firm, none of them shall knowingly
          represent a client when any one of them practicing alone would be prohibited
          from doing so by Rules 1.7 or 1.9, unless the prohibition is based on a personal
          interest of the prohibited lawyer and does not present a significant risk of
          materially limiting the representation of the client by the remaining lawyers in
          the firm.” Ill. R. Prof’l Conduct (2010) R. 1.10(a) (eff. Jan. 1, 2010).

       Comment 1 to Rule 1.10 explains:

          “For purposes of the Rules of Professional Conduct, the term ‘firm’ denotes
          lawyers in a law partnership, professional corporation, sole proprietorship or
          other association authorized to practice law; or lawyers employed in a legal
          services organization or the legal department of a corporation or other
          organization. See Rule 1.0(c). Whether two or more lawyers constitute a firm
          within this definition can depend on the specific facts.” Ill. R. Prof’l Conduct
          (2010) R. 1.10 cmt. 1 (eff. Jan. 1, 2010).

¶ 25       Campanelli argues that the office of the public defender is a “firm,” which
       means that its associated members—the assistant public defenders—may not
       represent clients with conflicting interests. In making this argument, Campanelli




                                               -8­
       acknowledges that People v. Robinson, 79 Ill. 2d 147 (1979), held that a public
       defender’s office is not a firm. However, Campanelli maintains that Robinson did
       not resolve the question of whether the office of the public defender is a firm within
       the definition of Rule 1.10 because the Robinson decision predated the drafting of
       the written rules of professional conduct in Illinois.

¶ 26       The Robinson decision was filed in 1979. Campanelli points out that the Illinois
       Code of Professional Responsibility was adopted on June 3, 1980, and was
       replaced by the Illinois Rules of Professional Conduct in 1990, which then were
       substantially amended in 2010. Therefore, Robinson could not have resolved
       whether, under the current rules, the office of the public defender is an “association
       authorized to practice law” or “a legal services organization” because Robinson did
       not construe the language of Rule 1.10. Campanelli contends that, under the plain
       language of Rule 1.10, the office of the public defender fits either description, so
       that it is a “firm” within the plain meaning of Rule 1.10.

¶ 27       As Campanelli concedes, Robinson considered “whether the individual
       attorneys employed in the office of a public defender are members of an entity
       subject to the generally recognized rule that if an attorney is disqualified by reason
       of a conflict of interest that no other partner or associate of his firm may continue
       with the representation.” Id. at 154. Robinson held that “the avoidance of conflicts
       of interest which result in failure to provide effective assistance of counsel does not
       require us to hold that the individual attorneys who comprise the staff of a public
       defender are members of an entity which should be subject to the rule that if one
       attorney is disqualified by reason of a conflict of interest then no other member of
       the entity may continue with the representation.” Id. at 158-59.

¶ 28       Following Robinson, in People v. Miller, 79 Ill. 2d 454 (1980), the court
       reiterated that it had rejected the claim that a public defender’s office is to be treated
       as a law firm or an “entity” in considering a conflict of interest claim. Miller
       explained that where one assistant public defender might not effectively represent
       two competing interests, “two assistants might be able to do so, and in determining
       whether separate assistants can properly represent competing interests, we are to
       apply the general guidelines enunciated in our prior cases and those of the United
       States Supreme Court on the subject of conflicts of interest.” Id. at 461.




                                                 -9­
¶ 29       As noted, Campanelli claims that Robinson does not control on the issue of
       whether the office of the Cook County public defender is a firm for purposes of
       Rule 1.10 because Robinson was decided before the rules were adopted.
       Campanelli argues that the Robinson decision cannot be used to construe the plain
       language in Rule 1.10 defining “firm” because the Robinson court never addressed
       the language in the rule. In making this argument, however, Campanelli
       misunderstands this court’s case law concerning the interpretation of statutes and
       court rules.

¶ 30       It is well settled that when statutes are enacted after judicial opinions are
       published, it must be presumed that the legislature acted with knowledge of the
       prevailing case law. People v. Hickman, 163 Ill. 2d 250, 262 (1994). As set forth
       supra, this court is guided by the same principles applicable to the construction of
       statutes when interpreting supreme court rules. Salem, 2016 IL 118693, ¶ 11.
       Consequently, in enacting the Illinois Code of Professional Responsibility, and
       later the Illinois Rules of Professional Conduct and the 2010 amendments to those
       rules, we presume that the court was well aware of its own case law holding that the
       office of the public defender is not a law firm for purposes of conflict of interest.
       This court has never departed from its precedent to expressly include the office of
       the public defender within the definition of a law firm, “association authorized to
       practice law,” or “a legal services organization” in its Code of Professional
       Responsibility or Rules of Professional Conduct. Absent an express repudiation of
       the Robinson holding in this court’s Rules of Professional Conduct, we find no
       basis to declare that Robinson is no longer good law or that Rule 1.10 now includes
       the office of public defender within its definition of law firms for purposes of a
       conflict of interest.

¶ 31       Campanelli then urges this court to overrule Robinson. Campanelli contends
       that Robinson failed to provide a reasoned analysis for its holding, relying as its
       sole explanation on “an unsupported statement” that treating the office of the public
       defender as a firm “would lead to the appointment of inadequate and inexperienced
       private counsel.” Campanelli asserts that such speculation alone does not justify
       distortion of the plain meaning of Rule 1.10.

¶ 32      We again point out that the plain meaning of “firm” in Rule 1.10 necessarily
       excludes public defender offices from its definition. Moreover, the risk of




                                              - 10 ­
       appointing inadequate and inexperienced private counsel was not the basis for the
       Robinson decision. Robinson did consider case law from other jurisdictions, as well
       as the American Bar Association Standards Relating to the Administration of
       Criminal Justice, which found that a public defender’s office is a firm for purposes
       of conflict of interest analysis. Robinson also considered the size and organization
       of the state’s public defender offices. Robinson then concluded that, “[u]pon review
       of the authorities and consideration of the diversity of organization of the offices of
       public defenders,” the avoidance of conflicts of interest did not require the court to
       hold that the public defender’s office was analogous to a law firm. Robinson, 79 Ill.
       2d at 158-59.

¶ 33       In reaching that conclusion, the court did note that, “[i]n many instances the
       application of such a per se rule would require the appointment of counsel with
       virtually no experience in the trial of criminal matters, thus raising, with
       justification, the question of competency of counsel.” Id. at 159. Although the court
       noted that application of a per se rule might have such consequences, this was not
       the basis for the court’s decision. Rather, Robinson balanced that possibility against
       the remote possibility that an experienced member of the public defender’s staff
       might labor under a conflict of interest because another member of the staff was so
       burdened and found that the decisions of the United States Supreme Court, as well
       as its own decisions, furnished adequate guidance to avoid conflicts of interest
       which would impede the furnishing of effective assistance of counsel. Id. at 159-60.

¶ 34       The court later explained, in People v. Lewis, 88 Ill. 2d 429, 438 (1981), that the
       Robinson court “did not deem a personal allegiance or loyalty to the public
       defender’s office sufficient to justify a rule that if one attorney employed by such
       an office were disqualified by reason of a conflict of interest, no other attorney
       employed by that office could undertake the representation.” The basis for the
       Robinson rule again was repeated in People v. Banks, 121 Ill. 2d 36, 42 (1987),
       where the court stated that “Robinson rejected a per se conflicts rule precisely
       because it finds that an assistant public defender’s loyalty towards his office is not
       great enough to impute to him the conflicts of other assistants.”

¶ 35      Robinson, then, based its holding on the fact that the adversary tendency of
       lawyers within the public defender’s office was sufficient protection against a
       conflict of interest between assistant public defenders. This court and our appellate




                                               - 11 ­
       court have consistently applied Robinson for nearly 40 years. Consequently, we
       find no merit to Campanelli’s claim that the decision was poorly reasoned and
       unworkable.

¶ 36       Having found that the office of the public defender is not a “firm” for purposes
       of Rule 1.10, we next address Campanelli’s claim that Rule 1.7 bars the public
       defender from representing multiple defendants in a single prosecution. Rule 1.7
       provides:

              “(a) Except as provided in paragraph (b), a lawyer shall not represent a
          client if the representation involves a concurrent conflict of interest. A
          concurrent conflict of interest exists if:

                  (1) the representation of one client will be directly adverse to another
              client; or

                  (2) there is a significant risk that the representation of one or more
              clients will be materially limited by the lawyer’s responsibilities to another
              client, a former client or a third person or by a personal interest of the
              lawyer.” Ill. R. Prof’l Conduct (2010) R. 1.7 (eff. Jan. 1, 2010).

       Campanelli also points to comment 23 to Rule 1.7, which explains that:

          “[S]imultaneous representation of parties whose interests in litigation may
          conflict, such as coplaintiffs or codefendants, is governed by paragraph (a)(2).
          A conflict may exist by reason of substantial discrepancy in the parties’
          testimony, incompatibility in positions in relation to an opposing party or the
          fact that there are substantially different possibilities of settlement of the claims
          or liabilities in question. Such conflicts can arise in criminal cases as well as
          civil. The potential for conflict of interest in representing multiple defendants in
          a criminal case is so grave that ordinarily a lawyer should decline to represent
          more than one codefendant.” Ill. R. Prof’l Conduct (2010) R. 1.7 cmt. 23 (eff.
          Jan. 1, 2010).

       Campanelli argues that Rule 1.7 and comment 23 establish that conflicts are
       inevitable in cases of joint representation of codefendants.




                                               - 12 ­
¶ 37       While Rule 1.7 and comment 23 warn of the risk of joint representation of
       codefendants, the rule and comment address the representation of multiple
       defendants by one attorney. The issue here, in contrast, is whether representation of
       codefendants by different assistant public defenders presents a conflict of interest.
       Spreitzer explained that “[t]he asserted danger in the Banks-Robinson-Spicer line
       of cases was not so much that a single lawyer would attempt to represent the
       conflicting interests of two defendants as that a lawyer’s loyalty to his client would
       be diluted by a conflicting allegiance to a fellow lawyer.” Spreitzer, 123 Ill. 2d at
       21.

¶ 38       As discussed, with regard to the public defender’s office, this court has declined
       to adopt a per se rule finding a conflict of interest where different assistant public
       defenders represent codefendants in a case. Consequently, with regard to the public
       defender’s office, a case-by-case inquiry “is contemplated whereby it is determined
       whether any facts peculiar to the case preclude the representation of competing
       interests by separate members of the public defender’s office.” Miller, 79 Ill. 2d at
       462. The mere fact that codefendants in a case are represented by separate members
       of the public defender’s office does not violate Rule 1.7.

¶ 39       Campanelli then argues that appointing the office of the public defender to
       represent codefendants always presents a conflict of interest under Rule 1.7
       because Campanelli, as the Cook County public defender, is counsel to all the
       defendants her office represents. Campanelli cites the Counties Code, as well as
       Burnette v. Terrell, 232 Ill. 2d 522 (2009), in support of her argument.

¶ 40      Campanelli points out that the Counties Code provides:

          “The Public Defender, as directed by the court, shall act as attorney, without fee
          *** for all persons who are held in custody or who are charged with the
          commission of any criminal offense ***.” 55 ILCS 5/3-4006 (West 2016).

       In addition, Burnette held that the circuit court under the Counties Code “appoints
       the office of the public defender to act as the attorney for an indigent defendant”
       and “does not appoint an individual assistant public defender.” Burnette, 232 Ill. 2d
       at 538. Campanelli seizes upon the preceding language from Burnette to support
       her claim that she is the attorney for all defendants represented by her office.




                                               - 13 ­
¶ 41       We find Campanelli’s reliance on Burnette to be misplaced. At issue in
       Burnette was whether a circuit court judge had the authority to refuse to allow an
       assistant public defender to represent clients in his courtroom, to remove an
       assistant public defender from representation of a defendant, or to assign a specific
       assistant public defender to represent a defendant in an individual case. The court
       held that the public defender has the sole authority to make work assignments for
       the assistant public defenders. Id. at 538-39. In so holding, the court noted that,
       under the Counties Code, the circuit court has the authority to direct the public
       defender to represent an indigent defendant but the circuit court does not appoint
       the individual assistant public defender. Id. at 538.

¶ 42       The fact that the trial court appoints the office of public defender to represent an
       indigent defendant, rather than appointing specific assistant public defenders, does
       not thereby transform the office of the public defender into a single entity for
       purposes of conflict of interest analysis. Similarly, the fact that the appointed public
       defender has supervisory authority over his or her assistant public defenders does
       not override an assistant public defender’s undivided loyalty to his client.

¶ 43       In Banks, the court declined to find a per se conflict of interest where one
       assistant public defender argued the ineffective assistance of another assistant
       public defender. Banks, 121 Ill. 2d 36. Banks held that it would be erroneous to
       assume that public defenders have such an allegiance to their office that they would
       be unable to subordinate that allegiance to the interests of their clients. Id. at 43.
       Pursuant to Campanelli’s argument, an assistant public defender would never be
       able to argue the ineffective assistance of another assistant public defender where
       they were both were under the supervision of the public defender, as the public
       defender then would be arguing her own ineffectiveness. Banks implicitly rejected
       such an analysis in finding that an assistant public defender’s loyalty to his client
       supersedes his allegiance to the office of the public defender.

¶ 44       The same analysis applies when different assistant public defenders are
       appointed to represent codefendants in a case. While Campanelli has oversight of
       the approximately 518 assistant public defenders in her office, it is the assistant
       public defender appointed to represent a defendant who provides the legal services
       to that defendant. The assistant public defender’s loyalty to his office has not been
       deemed great enough to impute to him the conflicts of other assistant public




                                                - 14 ­
       defenders. Id. at 42. As in Banks, the fact that Campanelli has supervisory authority
       over all the assistant public defenders in the office of the Cook County public
       defender is not sufficient grounds, in and of itself, to disqualify the entire office
       from representing codefendants.

¶ 45       Campanelli next argues that, in any event, the trial court abused its discretion in
       appointing her to represent Cole because she twice informed the court that a direct
       conflict of interest prevented her from zealously representing Cole. Campanelli
       points to her written submission to the court stating that there was a conflict in
       representing Cole with respect to her codefendants, but that “more detail cannot be
       given without violating the attorney-client privilege, which is the very thing the
       Public Defender is seeking to avoid via the appointment of counsel.” When she
       appeared in court on the issue, Campanelli again told the court she was in conflict
       and could not “divulge attorney-client privilege information that I have learned
       about the other five codefendants in this case in order to tell you what the conflicts
       in this case are.” Citing Holloway, Campanelli contends that it was enough to prove
       a conflict when she, as an officer of the court, represented that Cole would be
       prejudiced by her appointment.

¶ 46       Holloway held that if a potential conflict is brought to the attention of the trial
       court by counsel at an early stage, a duty devolves upon the trial court to either
       appoint separate counsel or take adequate steps to ascertain whether the risk of
       conflict was too remote to warrant separate counsel. Holloway, 435 U.S. at 484;
       accord Spreitzer, 123 Ill. 2d at 18. Holloway found persuasive decisions holding
       that an attorney’s request for the appointment of separate counsel, based upon his
       representations as an officer of the court regarding a conflict of interest, generally
       should be granted. Holloway, 435 U.S. at 485. Holloway observed that those courts
       had considered that an attorney representing two defendants in a criminal matter is
       in the best position professionally and ethically to determine when a conflict of
       interest exists or will develop during the course of a trial, that defense attorneys
       have an obligation upon discovering a conflict of interest to advise the court of the
       problem, and that attorneys, as officers of the court, address the judge virtually
       under oath in making their declarations. Id. at 485-86.

¶ 47       Campanelli argues that the trial court abused its discretion in ordering her to
       represent Cole in light of Campanelli’s assertion that a conflict of interest




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       prevented her from doing so. Campanelli contends that she cannot be ordered to
       divulge attorney-client privileged information in order to establish a conflict.

¶ 48       Campanelli is correct that counsel cannot be ordered to divulge attorney-client
       privileged information. However, Holloway explained that its holding did not
       preclude a trial court from exploring the adequacy of the basis of defense counsel’s
       representations regarding a conflict of interest without improperly requiring
       disclosure of the confidential communications of the client. Id. at 487. The trial
       court in this case never ordered Campanelli to divulge confidential
       communications in attempting to ascertain the basis for Campanelli’s refusal to
       accept the appointment to represent Cole.

¶ 49       Campanelli then argues that the trial court erred in asking her to explain the
       direct conflict regarding the representation of Cole to the court. At oral argument,
       counsel for Campanelli argued that Campanelli need only allege a conflict of
       interest, without more, in order to withdraw from representation. Campanelli cites
       People v. Jones, 121 Ill. 2d 21, 28 (1988), in arguing she need only allege a
       potential or possible conflict in order to withdraw from representation.

¶ 50       Although Jones referenced a potential or possible conflict that might deprive a
       defendant of the effective assistance of counsel, Jones discussed a potential or
       possible conflict in the context of the proper procedure when a conflict is brought to
       the attention of the trial court. Jones noted that in Holloway, when a potential
       conflict is brought to the attention of the trial court by counsel before trial or at an
       early stage of trial, the trial court must take “adequate steps” to deal with it. Id.
       Jones then stated that if “adequate steps” are not taken, the fact of a potential or
       possible conflict might deprive the defendant of the guaranteed assistance of
       counsel. Id. Spreitzer explained that adequate steps require a court to “ascertain
       whether the risk of conflict was too remote to warrant separate counsel.” Spreitzer,
       123 Ill. 2d at 18. The question in this case, then, is whether the trial court properly
       found that the risk of conflict in the representation of Cole was too remote to
       warrant separate counsel.

¶ 51       A defendant raising a potential conflict between two public defenders need only
       present the gist of such a conflict. People v. Hardin, 217 Ill. 2d 289, 303 (2005).
       “The defendant must sketch, in limited detail, a picture of how the working
       relationship between the public defenders created an appearance of impropriety.”



                                                - 16 ­
       Id. However, bare allegations of a conflict are not enough, and in the absence of an
       evidentiary record of conflict, a conflict should not be created based on mere
       speculation. Id. at 302. Relevant factors to consider include whether the two public
       defenders were trial partners in the defendant’s case; whether the public defenders
       where in hierarchical positions where one supervised or was supervised by the
       other; or whether the size, structure, and organization of the office in which they
       worked affected the closeness of any supervision. Id. at 303.

¶ 52       Here, the trial court found that Campanelli failed to provide any substantive
       basis that a conflict of interest prohibited her from providing legal representation to
       Cole. Upon review, we find no abuse of discretion in the trial court’s finding. None
       of the factors deemed relevant in Hardin are set forth in the record in this case with
       regard to the representation of Cole. Campanelli conceded that Cole’s codefendants
       were represented by attorneys from the public defender’s multiple defendant
       division. The office of the Cook County public defender describes the multiple
       defendant division as follows:

              “Attorneys assigned to the Multiple Defendant Division (MDD) of the Law
          Office of the Cook County Public Defender represent clients in felony and first
          degree murder cases where more than one person is accused. These attorneys
          are very experienced and represent indigent accused throughout the county.
          They act independently of other divisions in the office to prevent any effects
          from a conflict between Public Defender clients.” Divisions of the Public
          Defender’s Office, Cook County Gov’t, http://cookcountyil.gov/service/
          divisions-public-defenders-office (last visited Nov. 8, 2017).

       Although Campanelli contends that the multiple defendant division itself is always
       in conflict, that assertion is based upon her argument that the office of the Cook
       County public defender is a law firm, as well as her argument that she is the
       appointed counsel to all the defendants her office represents. As discussed supra,
       we have rejected these arguments.

¶ 53       Campanelli also acknowledged that there were approximately 518 attorneys
       employed by the office of the Cook County public defender and those 518 attorneys
       did not all share the same supervisors. Further, the attorneys assigned to represent
       Cole’s codefendants were from different divisions of the public defender’s office,




                                               - 17 ­
       and each had a different supervisor. These facts mitigate against a finding of
       conflict of interest in Campanelli’s representation of Cole.

¶ 54       Although a defendant need only present the gist of a conflict, we find that
       Campanelli proffered only the bare allegations of a conflict, based on mere
       speculation. In the court hearing on May 10, 2016, when asked to explain the direct
       conflict to the court, Campanelli clarified that there was a potential for conflict and
       asserted that she did not have to wait until a conflict developed. In her written
       submission to the court, Campanelli claimed that there was a conflict of interest
       whenever she was appointed to represent multiple defendants. Again, at the May
       19, 2016, hearing, Campanelli stated that she could not represent more than one
       defendant because of the potential conflict, although she acknowledged that each
       codefendant was represented by separate attorneys from different divisions of her
       office, with different supervisors. At the June 15, 2016, hearing, Campanelli
       repeated that she was in conflict representing Cole because she already represented
       five other defendants.

¶ 55       Despite Campanelli’s attempt to assert a conflict in the public defender’s
       representation of Cole, it is clear that basis for Campanelli’s conflict or potential
       conflict in representing of Cole arises solely from the fact that the office of public
       defender was appointed to represent more than one defendant in this multiple
       defendant case. Robinson and its progeny have consistently rejected that claim.

¶ 56       We note that even in her brief on appeal, Campanelli’s argument concerning
       her conflict centers on a remote potential for conflict. She argues that it is all but
       inevitable in a joint representation that a conflict of interest will arise and that
       conflicts are difficult to discern at the outset of criminal litigation. Campanelli also
       argues that waiting to appoint conflict-free counsel until a conflict reveals itself is
       wasteful and often prejudicial. In addition, Campanelli asserts that conflicts that do
       not exist at the outset of a representation may arise later in the case.

¶ 57       These “potential conflicts,” however, are the type that may exist in every case
       involving multiple representation of codefendants. Cuyler recognized that “a
       possible conflict inheres in almost every instance of multiple representation.”
       Cuyler, 446 U.S. at 348. Nonetheless, the United States Supreme Court and this
       court have declined to find a per se conflict of interest simply because multiple
       representation may involve a conflict of interest.



                                                - 18 ­
¶ 58       At best, Campanelli’s claims of conflict are based upon mere speculation that
       joint representation of codefendants by assistant public defenders will, at some
       point, result in conflict. These claims fail to provide an evidentiary record of
       conflict, and a conflict cannot be created on mere speculation.

¶ 59       As noted, under Holloway and Spreitzer, when a potential conflict is brought to
       the attention of the trial court at an early stage, a duty devolves upon the trial court
       to either appoint separate counsel or to take adequate steps to ascertain whether the
       risk of conflict was too remote to warrant separate counsel. Here, the trial court
       took adequate steps to ascertain that the risk of conflict was too remote to warrant
       separate counsel. Under the circumstances, then, the trial court did not abuse its
       discretion in finding that there would be no prejudice to Cole in appointing the
       office of the Cook County public defender to represent her.

¶ 60        Having found that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in ordering
       Campanelli to represent Cole, it follows that the trial court did not err in
       adjudicating Campanelli to be in direct civil contempt of court. Section 3-4006 of
       the Counties Code provides that “[t]he Public Defender, as directed by the court,
       shall act as attorney, without fee, before any court within any county for all persons
       who are held in custody or who are charged with the commission of any criminal
       offense, and who the court finds are unable to employ counsel.” (Emphasis added.)
       55 ILCS 5/3-4006 (West 2016). Here, the trial court directed Campanelli, the
       public defender, to act as attorney for Cole. Campanelli refused the trial court’s
       direction. The trial court therefore properly invoked its inherent power to enforce
       its order and preserve the dignity of the court by use of contempt proceedings.

¶ 61       Accordingly, we affirm the trial court’s judgment finding Campanelli to be in
       direct civil contempt and imposing sanctions for that contempt. We note, however,
       that the record is clear that the trial court understood Campanelli’s contempt was
       purely a formal one and that the motivation for the contempt was solely to permit an
       appeal of the issue of multiple representation of defendants in light of the 2010
       revisions to the Illinois Rules of Professional Conduct. Given these circumstances,
       we vacate the order of the trial court holding Campanelli in contempt and vacate the
       award of sanctions, despite our finding that the contempt order and award of
       sanctions were valid. See Shukovsky, 128 Ill. 2d at 231 (vacating contempt order
       where contempt was purely formal and motivation was to permit examination of a




                                                - 19 ­
       question through appeal); Jiotis v. Burr Ridge Park District, 2014 IL App (2d)
       121293, ¶ 57 (where contemnor refuses to comply with court order in good-faith
       effort to secure an interpretation of an issue without direct precedent, it is
       appropriate to vacate the contempt on appeal).

¶ 62       Moreover, because the underlying case against Cole has continued to proceed
       with appointed counsel since May 19, 2016, we find, for purposes of judicial
       economy, that appointed counsel shall continue to represent Cole in the underlying
       case. We decline to order Campanelli to now accept representation of Cole.

¶ 63      For all the preceding reasons, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court of
       Cook County finding contemnor Amy Campanelli to be in direct civil contempt
       and imposing sanctions for that contempt. Nonetheless, we vacate the trial court’s
       order adjudicating Campanelli in contempt and imposing sanctions.


¶ 64      Circuit court judgment affirmed.

¶ 65      Adjudication of direct civil contempt vacated.




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