                                                                                            07/31/2020
                IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                            AT NASHVILLE
                                   May 5, 2020 Session

    BARRY CHARLES BLACKBURN EX REL. BRITON B. V. MARK A.
                      MCLEAN, ET AL.

                   Appeal from the Circuit Court for Maury County
                       No. 15513     J. Russell Parkes, Judge


                             No. M2019-00428-COA-R3-CV


This is a wrongful death healthcare liability action against two defendants, a hospital and
an emergency room physician. Following extensive discovery and scheduling orders, the
physician defendant filed a motion for summary judgment, and the hospital joined in the
motion. The trial court granted each defendant partial summary judgment by dismissing 17
claims alleging the defendants breached standards of care. When the hospital filed its
motion to summarily dismiss the remaining claims against it, the plaintiff filed a response
and a motion to substitute his physician expert witness for a different expert witness. The
defendants opposed the motion, and the trial court denied the motion to substitute the
plaintiff’s expert witness. The court also summarily dismissed all remaining claims against
the hospital, leaving only the claims against the emergency room physician for trial. Upon
motion of the plaintiff, the court certified the summary dismissal of all claims against the
hospital as a final judgment pursuant to Tenn. R. Civ. P. 54.02. This appeal followed. We
have determined that the trial court erred in certifying the order as a final judgment under
Tenn. R. Civ. P. 54.02 because, inter alia, any decision we make regarding the adjudicated
claims against the hospital may encroach upon the unadjudicated claims to be tried against
the emergency room physician. Moreover, there is no basis upon which to conclude that
an injustice may result from the delay in awaiting adjudication of the entire case. Therefore,
there is a just reason for delaying the expedited appeal of the summary dismissal of all
claims against the hospital. Accordingly, we vacate the trial court’s order certifying the
judgment as final under Rule 54.02 and remand for further proceedings.

        Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Circuit Court
                              Vacated and Remanded

FRANK G. CLEMENT JR., P.J., M.S., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which ANDY D.
BENNETT and RICHARD H. DINKINS, JJ., joined.
Joseph P. Bednarz, Jr., Hendersonville, Tennessee, for the appellant, Barry Charles
Blackburn ex rel. Briton B.

Robert L. Trentham, Taylor B. Mayes, and James A. Beakes, III, Nashville, Tennessee, for
the appellee, Maury Regional Hospital d/b/a/ Maury Regional Medical Center.

Marty R. Phillips and Michelle Greenway Sellers, Jackson, Tennessee, for the appellee,
Mark A. McLean, M.D.

                                         OPINION

        On September 17, 2014, Cody Charles Blackburn (“Mr. Blackburn”) presented to
the emergency room of Maury Regional Hospital (“Maury Regional”) via ambulance
shortly after 10:00 a.m. with chest pain and shortness of breath. Dr. Mark McLean (“Dr.
McLean”) was Mr. Blackburn’s treating physician. Medical personnel performed serial
EKGs, a lab work-up, and x-rays, and later that afternoon, Mr. Blackburn had a CT scan.
Shortly following his CT scan, at approximately 3:00 p.m., Mr. Blackburn died of cardiac
arrest.

       On January 12, 2016, Mr. Blackburn’s father, as the next friend and grandfather of
Mr. Blackburn’s minor son (“Plaintiff”), filed a healthcare liability action in the Maury
County Circuit Court against Dr. McLean and Maury Regional (collectively,
“Defendants”). Plaintiff claimed that Dr. McLean and Maury Regional were negligent in
failing to provide reasonable care and treatment to Mr. Blackburn, thereby causing his
death. Defendants filed separate answers denying liability.

        The parties proceeded with discovery, and pursuant to Rule 26 of the Tennessee
Rules of Civil Procedure, the parties disclosed their expert witnesses. Plaintiff disclosed
one expert, Dr. Richard Sobel (“Dr. Sobel”), who would testify to the standard of care of
emergency room physicians, and another expert, Dr. Keith Allen (“Dr. Allen”), who would
testify to causation. Plaintiff also disclosed a nurse expert witness, Lori Jaggers Alexander,
DNP, MSN, RN (“Nurse Alexander”) to testify to the standard of care for nurses.

       On August 25, 2017, the trial court issued a subpoena duces tecum for Dr. Sobel to
appear for his deposition on October 4, 2017. The subpoena identified a number of
documents, including copies of relevant 1099s from 2012 to 2016, or other similar
documents, which would allow Dr. Sobel to answer questions regarding the total income
he received as an expert witness.

        Four days prior to Dr. Sobel’s deposition, Plaintiff’s counsel sent defense counsel a
letter informing them that Dr. Sobel objected to many of the documents requested in the
subpoena. Consequently, when Dr. Sobel presented for his deposition on October 4, he did
not produce any of the documents set forth in the subpoena and was unable to accurately

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answer questions regarding the income he earned as an expert witness. Dr. Sobel testified
that he preferred not to give causation testimony and would only testify to the standard of
care. He testified that Mr. Blackburn died due to delayed treatment, but then testified that
he could not “properly tell a jury if [Mr. Blackburn] would have survived with this CT
under these circumstances.”

      At his deposition, Dr. Allen testified that medical personnel erred by failing to
conduct an expedited CT scan. But Dr. Allen also testified that Mr. Blackburn “would
probably be alive” had he sought treatment earlier, and the treatment was the same as
provided by Defendants.

        Thus, on January 2, 2018, Dr. McLean filed a Motion to Amend Answer to assert
the comparative fault of Mr. Blackburn for failure to seek earlier medical treatment, and
Maury Regional joined in the motion. Dr. McLean also filed a motion to compel the
production of documents subpoenaed from Dr. Sobel. Specifically, Dr. McLean sought
production of Dr. Sobel’s 1099s from 2012 to 2016 which would allow Dr. Sobel to testify
to the income he earned as an expert witness.

        On March 9, 2018, the court heard arguments on both motions and granted them,
compelling Dr. Sobel to submit his 1099s but allowing him to do so under a protective
order. The trial court also allowed Defendants to amend their answers to assert comparative
fault and stated that it would be willing to grant a continuance to allow Plaintiff to address
the comparative fault allegation, but Plaintiff declined at that time.

       Dr. McLean filed a Motion for Summary Judgment as to Standard of Care Claims
for which there is No Expert Causation Support; Maury Regional joined in Dr. McLean’s
motion. Thereafter, Plaintiff filed a response to the summary judgment motion, citing to
Dr. Sobel’s Rule 26 Disclosure, an Affidavit and letter of Dr. Sobel, and Dr. Sobel’s and
Dr. Allen’s deposition testimony.

       The trial court heard arguments on the summary judgment motion on April 30, 2018,
and granted partial summary judgment to Defendants. The court declined to consider Dr.
Sobel’s Rule 26 Disclosure because it was not sworn testimony and determined that Dr.
Sobel’s affidavit, and the depositions of Dr. Sobel and Dr. Allen did “not rise to the level
of disputing the material facts set forth by Defendant McLean.” Specifically, the court
dismissed 17 standard of care claims pertaining to both Defendants, determining that
Plaintiff could not prove that Defendants’ breach of the standard of care in those 17
instances caused Mr. Blackburn’s death.

       After Dr. Sobel produced his 1099s as ordered by the court, Dr. McLean filed a
motion to lift the protective order. Plaintiff filed a motion for a continuance to address
Defendants’ comparative fault allegations. Those motions were also heard on April 30,
2018. The trial court lifted the protective order pertaining to Dr. Sobel’s 1099s, finding that

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the 1099s were inconsistent with Dr. Sobel’s deposition testimony regarding the income
he made as an expert witness. The court also found that “information regarding Dr. Sobel’s
income earned as an expert witness is already public knowledge by virtue of Dr. Sobel’s
prior testimony in open court.” In a separate order, the court granted Plaintiff’s motion for
a continuance “to allow Plaintiff to obtain a cardiologist to respond to defendant’s
comparative fault allegation as to Cody Blackburn.” The court further ordered that
“Plaintiff may not identify or use any new expert witness to backdoor and address any issue
other than the comparative fault of Cody Blackburn.”

       Thereafter, Plaintiff filed a motion to alter or amend the court’s order limiting
Plaintiff’s expert proof, contending that “justice requires that discovery be reopened and
that Plaintiff be allowed to get new experts to address all of the issues in this case.”
Additionally, Plaintiff filed a motion to alter or amend the court’s order granting partial
summary judgment to Dr. McLean and Maury Regional. As to both motions, in the
alternative, Plaintiff filed a motion requesting permission to file an appeal pursuant to Rule
9 of the Tennessee Rules of Appellate Procedure. On August 13, 2018, the trial court heard
arguments on Plaintiff’s motions and denied them. On September 29, 2018, Plaintiff filed
a Rule 10 Application for an Extraordinary Appeal, which this court denied.

       On November 19, 2018, Maury Regional filed a separate Motion for Summary
Judgment as to the Standard of Care Claims of the Plaintiff’s Nurse Expert Lori Jaggers
Alexander, DNP, MSN, RN not Properly Supported by Expert Proof of Causation. On
January 22, 2019, Plaintiff filed a Motion to Substitute Expert Witness seeking to replace
Dr. Sobel with Dr. William Lunders, an emergency room physician. Plaintiff claimed that
“the production of Dr. Sobel’s tax returns put a great strain on the relationship between
Plaintiff’s counsel and Dr. Sobel,” which resulted in Dr. Sobel’s withdrawal from the case
on January 16, 2019. Plaintiff then filed his response in opposition to Maury Regional’s
summary judgment motion. Defendants filed a joint response in opposition to Plaintiff’s
motion to substitute Dr. Sobel as an expert witness.

       On February 19, 2019, the court denied Plaintiff’s motion to substitute Dr. Lunders
for Dr. Sobel and granted Maury Regional’s motion for summary judgment. Specifically,
the court ruled:

       3. The Court has on a number of previous occasions ruled that Dr. Sobel’s
       previously filed Affidavit, Rule 26 Disclosure and deposition testimony on
       causation were not sufficient to support any of his standard of care criticisms
       of [Maury Regional] and has previously granted [Maury Regional] summary
       judgment on all of Dr. Sobel’s standard of care criticisms directed to [Maury
       Regional].




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       4. Consistent with its prior rulings the Court finds that Dr. Sobel’s opinions
       on causation are also not sufficient to support any of Nurse Alexander’s
       standard of care criticisms of [Maury Regional].

       5. Nurse Alexander is not competent under Tennessee law to offer any
       opinions on causation.

       6. For the foregoing reasons the Court finds that there are no material issues
       of fact in dispute between the parties and that [Maury Regional] is entitled to
       Summary Judgment as to all of Nurse Alexander’s standard of care criticisms
       of [Maury Regional] on the grounds that they are not properly supported by
       expert proof of causation and therefore cannot be introduced into evidence
       against [Maury Regional].

       7. Because the Court has previously granted Summary Judgment to [Maury
       Regional] excluding all of Dr. Sobel’s standard of care criticisms against
       [Maury Regional] and because the Court has now excluded all of Nurse
       Alexander’s standard of care criticisms of [Maury Regional] the Court finds
       that the Plaintiffs have no competent expert proof to support any standard of
       care claims against [Maury Regional] and that [Maury Regional] is therefore
       entitled to Summary Judgment as a matter of law dismissing all of Plaintiffs’
       claims against it.

Finding “no just reason for delay,” the court certified the order as a final judgment pursuant
to Tenn. R. Civ. P. 54.02.

       The remaining claims against Dr. McLean were set for trial; however, the court
entered an order continuing the trial and staying the proceedings to allow Plaintiff to appeal
the order granting summary judgment to Maury Regional. The court did so, noting that, if
the appellate court upholds the court’s decision to deny Plaintiff’s motion to substitute Dr.
Sobel, “then Plaintiff will have no expert proof as to the standard of care of Defendant
McLean and the entire case will be dismissed.”

      Plaintiff appealed the trial court’s summary dismissal of all claims against Maury
Regional, raising the following issues:

   1. Whether the trial court erred in allowing the Defendants to amend their Answer to
      assert a comparative fault defense against the Plaintiff on the eve of trial.

   2. Whether the trial court erred in not allowing the Plaintiff to reveal new experts after
      the Defendants amended their answers to assert a comparative fault defense against
      the Plaintiff.


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   3. Whether the trial court erred in refusing to allow Plaintiff to replace his emergency
      room physician expert, Richard Sobel, M.D., when he became an unavailable
      witness.

   4. Whether the trial court erred in granting summary judgment to Maury Regional
      Medical Center.

   5. Whether the trial court erred in granting partial summary judgment to Maury
      Regional based upon their joinder in a Motion for Partial Summary Judgment filed
      by Dr. McLean.

   6. Whether the court erred in allowing the Defendants to obtain information regarding
      Dr. Sobel’s income from testifying as an expert witness.

   7. Whether the trial court erred in awarding sanctions for failing to comply with a
      subpoena issued by the State of Georgia.

   8. Whether the trial court erred in lifting the protective order relating to Dr. Sobel’s
      income.

       In response, Maury Regional filed a motion to strike every issue, except for issue
four, because those issues related to interlocutory orders that affected the claims still
pending in the trial court against Dr. McLean. Likewise, Dr. McLean filed a motion to
dismiss Plaintiff’s appeal with regard to orders and issues pertaining to him because they
were not certified as final. In response to both motions, Plaintiff argued that appellate
review of the interlocutory orders was necessary “for a complete review and understanding
of [Plaintiff’s] issues” with regard to the final order dismissing Plaintiff’s claims against
Maury Regional.

        This court entered an order denying both motions without prejudice and directing
the parties to address the issues in their briefs. Additionally, we permitted Dr. McLean to
file a brief and to participate in the appeal as an appellee.

                                         ANALYSIS

       The issues raised by Plaintiff notwithstanding, we have determined that the
dispositive issue is whether the trial court erred in certifying the judgment in favor of
Maury Regional as a final judgment under Rule 54.02.

       In accordance with Tenn. R. App. P. 3, only final judgments entered by the trial
court are appealable as of right. A trial court order “that adjudicates fewer than all the
claims or rights and liabilities of fewer than all the parties is not enforceable or appealable
and is subject to revision at any time before entry of a final judgment adjudicating all the

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claims, rights, and liabilities of all parties.” Id. This rule enhances judicial economy and
prevents “piecemeal appeals in cases which should be reviewed only as single units.” E
Sols. For Buildings, LLC v. Knestrick Contractor, Inc., No. M2017-00732-COA-R3-CV,
2018 WL 1831116, at *4 (Tenn. Ct. App. Apr. 17, 2018).

       Nevertheless, appellate courts have jurisdiction to review orders that adjudicate
fewer than all claims or the rights of fewer than all parties when the trial court certifies the
order as final under Tenn. R. Civ. P. 54.02, which provides:

       When more than one claim for relief is present in an action, whether as a
       claim, counterclaim, cross-claim, or third party claim, or when multiple
       parties are involved, the Court, whether at law or in equity, may direct the
       entry of a final judgment as to one or more but fewer than all of the claims
       or parties only upon an express determination that there is no just reason for
       delay and upon an express direction for the entry of judgment.

Thus, Rule 54.02 provides “a limited exception to the policy against piecemeal appeals,
lest an injustice result from the delay in awaiting judgment of a distinctly separate
claim until adjudication of the entire case.” Mann v. Alpha Tau Omega Fraternity, 380
S.W.3d 42, 48 (Tenn. 2012) (citing Robert Banks, Jr. & June F. Entman, Tennessee Civil
Procedure, § 11-3(d), at 11-29 (2nd ed. 2004); Curtiss–Wright Corp. v. General Elec. Co.,
446 U.S. 1, 7–10, 100 S.Ct. 1460, 64 L.Ed.2d 1 (1980); Fox v. Fox, 657 S.W.2d 747, 749
(Tenn.1983)) (emphasis added).

        This court applies a two-prong standard of review to questions concerning a Rule
54.02 certification. Carr v. Valinezhad, M2009-00634-COA-R3-CV, 2010 WL 1633467,
at *2 (Tenn. Ct. App. Apr. 22, 2010). The determination of whether an order disposes of
one or more but fewer than all of the claims or parties is a question of law that we review
de novo. Id. Whether the trial court properly found that there was no just reason for delay
(lest an injustice result from the delay in awaiting judgment) is reviewed under the abuse
of discretion standard. Id.

        With reference to the second prong, the abuse of discretion standard of review does
not permit a reviewing court to substitute its discretion for that of the trial court. Lee Med.,
Inc. v. Beecher, 312 S.W.3d 515, 524 (Tenn. 2010). Nevertheless, the abuse of discretion
standard of review does not immunize a trial court’s decision from any meaningful
appellate scrutiny. Id.

       [R]eviewing courts should review a [trial] court’s discretionary decision to
       determine (1) whether the factual basis for the decision is properly supported
       by evidence in the record, (2) whether the [trial] court properly identified and
       applied the most appropriate legal principles applicable to the decision, and
       (3) whether the [trial] court’s decision was within the range of acceptable

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       alternative dispositions. When called upon to review a lower court’s
       discretionary decision, the reviewing court should review the underlying
       factual findings using the preponderance of the evidence standard contained
       in Tenn. R. App. P. 13(d) and should review the [trial] court’s legal
       determinations de novo without any presumption of correctness.

Id. at 524–25 (internal citations omitted).

       Because the trial court’s order disposes of all claims against Maury Regional, it
meets the first requirement for a Rule 54.02 certification. Therefore, we must consider
whether the trial court properly determined that there was no just reason for delay. In so
doing, we look at the following factors:

           (1) the relationship between the adjudicated and unadjudicated claims;
           (2) the possibility that the need for review might or might not be mooted
           by future developments in the [trial] court; (3) the possibility that the
           reviewing court might be obliged to consider the same issue a second
           time; (4) the presence or absence of a claim or counterclaim which could
           result in set-off against the judgment sought to be made final; (5)
           miscellaneous factors such as delay, economic and solvency
           considerations, shortening the time of trial, frivolity of competing claims,
           expense and the like.

Brown v. John Roebuck & Assocs., Inc., No. M2008-02619-COA-R3-CV, 2009 WL
4878621, at *8 (Tenn. Ct. App. Dec. 16, 2009) (quoting Gen. Acquisition, Inc. v. GenCorp.,
Inc., 23 F.3d 1022, 1030 (6th Cir. 1994)).

       Considering the first factor—the relationship between the adjudicated and
unadjudicated claims—we find that, under the unique facts of this case, the unadjudicated
claims against Dr. McLean and the adjudicated claims against Maury Regional are so
inextricably linked that it substantially complicates our review. This is because, in order to
review the trial court’s decision to summarily dismiss Plaintiff’s claims against Maury
Regional, it is necessary for us to review the order granting partial summary judgment to
both Maury Regional and Dr. McLean. That order is still interlocutory as it pertains to Dr.
McLean; thus, it is subject to revision at any time before entry of a final judgment
adjudicating all claims against him. See Tenn. R. App. P. 3.

        A review of the order granting summary judgment to Maury Regional also requires
this court to consider whether the trial court erred by denying Plaintiff’s motion to
substitute Dr. Lunders for Dr. Sobel as his expert witness. Deciding that issue now could
lead to an unjust result, considering the claims that are still pending in the trial court against
Dr. McLean. This is because Plaintiff’s remaining claims against Dr. McLean are based on
Dr. Sobel’s expert opinion. Moreover and significantly, the trial court recognized this

                                              -8-
possible consequence in its order staying the proceedings against Dr. McLean. The trial
court noted that, if this court affirms the trial court’s decision to deny Plaintiff’s motion to
substitute Dr. Lunders for Dr. Sobel, “then Plaintiff will have no expert proof as to the
standard of care of Defendant McLean” and the case against Dr. McLean will be dismissed.

       Realizing that our decision in this appeal could lead to an unjust result because of
the claims that are still pending in the trial court against Dr. McLean, see Mann, 380
S.W.3d. at 48, and the possibility that we may be obliged to consider the same issue a
second time, Brown, 2009 WL 4878621, at *8, we have determined that the trial court erred
in designating its order dismissing all claims against Maury Regional as a final judgment
pursuant to Rule 54.02.

                                      IN CONCLUSION

       Therefore, the trial court’s order certifying the judgment dismissing all claims
against Maury Regional as a final judgment pursuant to Rule 54.02 is vacated, and this
matter is remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. Costs of appeal
are assessed equally against Barry Charles Blackburn and Maury Regional Hospital d/b/a/
Maury Regional Medical Center.



                                                     ________________________________
                                                     FRANK G. CLEMENT JR., P.J., M.S.




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