              IN THE MISSOURI COURT OF APPEALS
                      WESTERN DISTRICT
 ROBERT L. DAVIS,              )
                    Appellant, )
                               )
 v.                            )              WD81341
                               )
 WALGREEN COMPANY, et al.,     )              FILED: April 23, 2019
                Respondents. )
                  Appeal from the Circuit Court of Jackson County
                     The Honorable Joel P. Fahnestock, Judge
          Before Division Two: Alok Ahuja, P.J., and Thomas H. Newton
                            and Mark D. Pfeiffer, JJ.
      Robert L. Davis appeals the circuit court’s grant of summary judgment in

favor of his former employer, Walgreen Co. (“Walgreens”), and two Walgreens’

employees, Joey Jaramillo and Willow Cope1 (collectively “the Defendants”). Davis

sued the Defendants in the Circuit Court of Jackson County for employment

discrimination and retaliation in violation of the Missouri Human Rights Act,

chapter 213, RSMo. Davis contends the circuit court erred in granting summary

judgment for the Defendants, because genuine issues of material fact exist

concerning his discrimination and retaliation claims. Because we conclude that

Davis failed to properly controvert the Defendants’ showing that he was terminated

for non-discriminatory reasons, we affirm.




       1      Since the events giving rise to this lawsuit, Cope has gotten married and
changed her last name. Because the parties refer to her as Willow Cope, we do the same in
this opinion.
                                Factual Background
      For reasons explained in § I of our Analysis, below, we recite the facts as

stated in the Defendants’ statement of uncontroverted materials facts supporting

their motion for summary judgment.

      In late August 2013, Davis transferred to a Walgreens store located in

Belton, where he was employed as an Assistant Store Manager. On September 12,

2013, an employee in the Belton store called the Walgreens compliance hotline and

lodged a complaint against Davis. In her complaint, the employee alleged that

Davis had sexually harassed her, was unprofessional toward her, and had acted in a

physically threatening manner. Jaramillo, the District Loss Prevention Manager,

was assigned to investigate the employee’s complaint.

      On September 17, 2013, Jaramillo interviewed the employee and took a

written statement from her. In her written statement, the employee alleged that on

September 5, 2013, Davis injected himself into a conversation she was having with

another employee about not being strong enough to unload a shipment, and said:

“I’d pay 50 cents for you, maybe a dollar on a good day.” The employee was offended

by Davis’ comment. She also recounted that, whenever she and Davis would

interact, he would look up and down her body in a sexually suggestive way while
making inappropriate gestures like licking his lips. The employee also stated that

on September 12, 2013, Davis paged her to the store office to discuss a scheduling

issue, and physically prevented her from leaving the office even after she became

visibly upset, and stated that she would be more comfortable discussing the issue

with the store manager.

      Jaramillo also interviewed Davis. He denied the employee’s allegations and

her account of their interaction on September 12, 2013. Davis denied preventing

the employee from leaving the office, and asserted that it was the employee who
was inappropriate in her demeanor and insubordinate.



                                          2
      Following his investigation, Jaramillo concluded that the employee’s account

of the relevant events was more credible than Davis’ denials, because “Jaramillo

believed that [the complaining employee] was straightforward and direct in her

recitation regarding [Davis’] conduct, and that [Davis’] response regarding [the

employee’s] report was shifting, and his responses to Jaramillo’s questions changed

with probing.” Jaramillo shared his findings with the Belton store manager, who

concluded that the allegations made by the employee were credible, and that Davis

could have and should have avoided the issue by having two individuals present for

the conversation with the employee. The store manager decided that Davis should

be issued a final written warning for his conduct on September 12, 2013.

      On September 23, 2013, Davis requested a transfer to another Walgreens

store. The request was granted, and Davis was transferred in early October to a

store located in Blue Springs. On October 29, 2013, Davis met with the managers of

the Belton and Blue Springs stores, and he was issued a final written warning for

the allegations stemming from the hotline complaint by the Belton employee. The

warning noted it was being issued for inappropriate, unprofessional, and

unacceptable behavior, and that further discipline, up to and including termination,

could result if performance standards were not met in the future.
      In November 2013, Cope became the store manager in Blue Springs. In late

November, Cope received a complaint from a pharmacy technician at the Blue

Springs store that Davis made an unprofessional comment to her. Davis allegedly

told the pharmacy technician that she “should take a Vicodin and get over it” after

she told Davis she was in pain.

      In the course of asking other employees about the pharmacy technician’s

complaint, Cope spoke with a shift floor lead at the Blue Springs store. The shift

floor lead reported that Davis forced him to work on December 1, 2013, so Davis
could attend a professional football game, and had berated the shift floor lead for


                                          3
his handling of certain perishable items. Cope referred both complaints to

Jaramillo for investigation pursuant to Walgreens regular practice.

         Jaramillo interviewed the two complaining employees. On December 11,

2013, Jaramillo interviewed Davis regarding the complaints by the Blue Springs

employees. Davis denied the allegations. At the end of the interview, Davis was

placed on suspension pending further review and consideration of the matter.

         Following the interview with Davis, Jaramillo interviewed the assistant

manager who made the schedule for December 1, 2013. The assistant manager

stated that the shift floor lead did not voluntarily cover Davis’ December 1, 2013

shift.

         At the conclusion of his investigation of the Blue Springs complaints,

Jaramillo concluded that, more likely than not, Davis had engaged in the conduct

that was reported by the pharmacy technician and the shift floor lead.

         On December 11, 2013, Jaramillo reported his findings to an Employee

Relations Specialist in Walgreens’ human resource department. The Employee

Relations Specialist recommended that Davis be terminated for his misconduct, and

asked that Jaramillo share his findings and the Employee Relations Specialist’s

recommendation with the District Manager. The District Manager agreed that
Davis should be terminated and approved the termination.

         [The District Manager] believed that termination was warranted
         because Plaintiff had engaged in three separate instances of conduct
         with subordinate employees that were not in keeping with Walgreen
         Co.’s expectations for its Assistant Store Managers, and that were
         inconsistent with Walgreen Co.’s policy regarding appropriate behavior
         for its employees. [The District Manager] further believed termination
         was warranted because two of the reports regarding Plaintiff’s conduct
         occurred shortly after Plaintiff was issued a final written warning.
(Record citations omitted.) Neither Cope nor Jaramillo made the decision to

terminate Davis; instead, “[t]he decision to terminate [Davis’] employment was




                                            4
recommended by [the] Employee Relations Specialist . . ., and approved by [the]

District Manager . . . .”

       Davis’ employment with Walgreens was terminated on December 12, 2013.

He filed a complaint with the Missouri Human Rights Commission, alleging age,

disability, and race discrimination in employment, and retaliation for his

complaints of discrimination, all in violation of the Missouri Human Rights Act.

After receiving a right to sue letter, Davis filed his petition against Defendants in

the Circuit Court of Jackson County. Defendants moved for summary judgment.

The circuit court granted the motion and entered judgment for the Defendants.

       Davis appeals.

                                  Standard of Review
           This Court reviews a grant of summary judgment de novo. ITT
       Commercial Fin. Corp. v. Mid-Am. Marine Supply Corp., 854 S.W.2d
       371, 376 (Mo. banc 1993); Rule 74.04. “Summary judgment is
       appropriate when there are no genuine issues of material fact and the
       moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Strake v.
       Robinwood W. Cmty. Improvement Dist., 473 S.W.3d 642, 644 (Mo.
       banc 2015).
Gall v. Steele, 547 S.W.3d 564, 567 (Mo. 2018).
       A defending party can demonstrate entitlement to summary judgment
       by showing: (1) facts negating any of the claimant’s necessary
       elements; (2) the claimant, after an adequate period of discovery, has
       been unable, and will not be able, to produce evidence sufficient to
       allow the trier of fact to find the existence of any one of the claimant’s
       elements; or (3) there is no genuine dispute of the existence of facts
       required to support the defending party’s properly pleaded affirmative
       defense.
Scottsdale Ins. Co. v. Addison Ins. Co., 448 S.W.3d 818, 826 (Mo. 2014) (citing ITT
Commercial, 854 S.W.2d at 381).
                                        Analysis
       Davis argues that the circuit court erred by entering summary judgment for
Walgreens, because genuine issues of material fact exist concerning his claims of



                                           5
employment discrimination based on race, age, and disability, and concerning his

claim of unlawful retaliation. To support his arguments, Davis relies on facts and

evidentiary materials which he did not cite to the circuit court in his response to the

statement of uncontroverted material facts supporting the Defendants’ summary-

judgment motion. We first address the legal consequences which flow from the

manner in which Davis responded to Walgreens’ summary-judgment motion. We

then explain why the circuit court correctly granted summary judgment in light of

the undisputed facts established by the parties’ motion practice.

                                          I.
      Davis’ arguments – which rely on evidentiary materials he did not cite to the

circuit court – fundamentally misunderstand the nature of summary-judgment

practice.

      “The language of [Supreme Court] Rule 74.04 establishes the boundaries of

Missouri’s summary judgment practice.” ITT, 854 S.W.2d at 380. Rule 74.04

requires a party moving for summary judgment to include with their motion a

statement of the purportedly undisputed facts which establish the moving party’s

right to judgment as a matter of law. Rule 74.04(c)(1) provides that

             A statement of uncontroverted material facts shall be attached
      to [every] motion [for summary judgment]. The statement shall state
      with particularity in separately numbered paragraphs each material
      fact as to which movant claims there is no genuine issue, with specific
      references to the pleadings, discovery, exhibits or affidavits that
      demonstrate the lack of a genuine issue as to such facts. . . .
            Attached to the statement shall be a copy of all discovery,
      exhibits or affidavits on which the motion relies.
The Rule also places specific obligations on parties responding to a motion for

summary judgment:

      Rule 74.04(c)(2) requires a non-movant responding to a summary
      judgment motion to “set forth each statement of fact in its original
      paragraph number and immediately thereunder admit or deny each of
      movant’s factual statements.” The rule also requires the non-movant


                                           6
      to support each denial “with specific references to the discovery,
      exhibits or affidavits that demonstrate specific facts showing that
      there is a genuine issue for trial.” Rule 74.04(c)(2). These
      requirements are mandatory. A response that does not comply with
      Rule 74.04(c)(2)’s requirements “with respect to any numbered
      paragraph in movant’s statement is an admission of the truth of that
      numbered paragraph.” Rule 74.04(c)(2).
Jordan v. Peet, 409 S.W.3d 553, 558 (Mo. App. W.D. 2013) (citation omitted).
      As the Southern District has explained:

            Facts come into a summary judgment record only via Rule 74.04(c)’s
             numbered-paragraphs-and-responses framework.
            Courts determine and review summary judgment based on that Rule
             74.04(c) record, not the whole trial court record.
            Affidavits, exhibits, discovery, etc. generally play only a secondary role,
             and then only as cited to support Rule 74.04(c) numbered paragraphs
             or responses, since parties cannot cite or rely on facts outside the Rule
             74.04(c) record.
            To come full circle, “summary judgment rarely if ever lies, or can
             withstand appeal, unless it flows as a matter of law from appropriate
             Rule 74.04(c) numbered paragraphs and responses alone.”
Jones v. Union Pac. R.R. Co., 508 S.W.3d 159, 161 (Mo. App. S.D. 2016) (footnotes
omitted).

      Generally, neither the trial court, nor this Court, can be expected to pore over

the exhibits submitted in support of, or in opposition to, a summary judgment
motion to determine whether summary judgment is appropriate, unless those

evidentiary materials are cited in a statement of uncontroverted material facts, or

in a response to such a statement.

      Courts cannot sift through a voluminous record, separating fact from
      conclusion, admissions from disputes, the material from the
      immaterial, in an attempt to determine the basis for the motion
      without impermissibly acting as advocates. Rule 74.04(c) aims at
      benefiting trial and appellate courts to expedite the disposition of
      cases; noncompliance with these requirements is not a matter subject
      to waiver by a party.




                                           7
Lackey v. Iberia R-V Sch. Dist., 487 S.W.3d 57, 62 (Mo. App. S.D. 2016) (citations
and internal quotation marks omitted); see also Pemiscot County Port Auth. v. Rail

Switching Services, Inc., 523 S.W.3d 530, 532–34 (Mo. App. S.D. 2017); Great S.
Bank v. Blue Chalk Constr., LLC, 497 S.W.3d 825, 834, 836 (Mo. App. S.D. 2016)
(refusing to consider appellant’s citation to summary judgment exhibits “completely

untethered from any particular numbered paragraph material fact in the summary

judgment record”; holding instead that appellate review requires the Court to

“[c]ompar[e] the movant’s specifically referenced evidence in a particular numbered

paragraph material fact to the specifically referenced evidence in the non-movant’s

denial of that particular material fact . . .”).

       In this case, Defendants’ motion for summary judgment contained sixty-three

separate numbered paragraphs, each of which identified the “material fact[s] as to

which [the Defendants] claim[ed] there [was] no genuine issue.” As required by

Rule 74.04(c)(1), each of those numbered paragraphs made “specific references to

the pleadings, discovery, exhibits or affidavits that demonstrate the lack of a

genuine issue as to such facts,” and the cited evidentiary materials were attached to

the statement.

       Davis’ response to the Defendants’ statement of uncontroverted material
facts failed to properly controvert any of the sixty-three numbered paragraphs

contained in the Defendants’ motion.

       Davis expressly admitted twenty-seven of the Defendants’ uncontroverted

factual statements.

       As to four of Defendants’ uncontroverted factual statements, Davis purported

to deny them, but cited only to his petition to support his denials. Davis’ reliance on

his pleading to controvert Defendants’ properly supported factual statements is

explicitly prohibited by Rule 74.04(c)(2), which states that “[a] denial may not rest
upon the mere allegations or denials of the party’s pleading. Rather, the response


                                              8
shall support each denial with specific references to the discovery, exhibits or

affidavits that demonstrate specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for

trial.” (Emphasis added.)

      A party cannot rely on its own petition to provide the necessary
      evidentiary support for additional facts alleged in response to a
      summary judgment motion, as the purpose of summary judgment is to
      move the parties beyond the bare allegations in their pleadings.
      Accordingly, [the non-movant’s] only recourse was to show—by
      affidavit, depositions, answers to interrogatories, or admissions on
      file—that one or more of the material facts shown by the movant to be
      above any genuine dispute was, in fact, genuinely disputed.
McNearney v. LTF Club Operations Co., 486 S.W.3d 396, 407 (Mo. App. E.D. 2016)
(citations and internal quotation marks omitted). Therefore, to the extent Davis’

“denials” were supported only by citations to his petition, those denials were

ineffective, and the facts in the relevant paragraphs were deemed admitted for

purposes of ruling on the Defendant’s summary-judgment motion. Jordan v. Peet,

409 S.W.3d 553, 558 (Mo. App. W.D. 2013) (where non-movants “reasserted the

allegations from their petition and claimed that those allegations created a disputed

issue of fact[,]” the facts were deemed admitted).

      With respect to twenty-eight of the Defendants’ statements of uncontroverted

material fact, Davis stated the following “denial”:
             Disputed. Plaintiff can neither admit nor deny and therefore
      denies. The statement cannot be a material fact as it neither
      constitutes nor negates an element of Plaintiff’s causes of action,
      rather it is asking to admit or deny whether Defendant has accurately
      quoted the affidavit, which the courts have previously called a “useless
      exercise,” as it does not aid the court in identifying the material facts
      or determining the existence of any genuine issue as to those facts.
      Custer v. Wal-Mart Stores E. I, L.P., 492 S.W.2d 212, 215-16 (Mo. App.
      [S.D.] 2016).
      The Custer case, on which Davis relied to respond to almost half of the

Defendants’ factual statements, is plainly distinguishable. In Custer, the moving
party’s statements of uncontroverted material facts “merely recite[d] testimony



                                           9
from depositions of potential witnesses in this case[,]” by quoting from or

paraphrasing deposition transcripts. 492 S.W.3d at 214. The Court noted that,

“[i]nstead of supporting material facts with reference to deposition testimony, . . .

[the moving party] here set[ ] forth deposition testimony as purported material

facts.” Id. at 215. The Court observed that, in responding to the summary-

judgment motion, the non-moving party would be “reduced to engaging in the

meaningless activity of admitting or denying whether [the moving party] accurately

quoted deposition testimony. This useless exercise does not aid the trial court or

this court in identifying the material facts or determining the existence of any

genuine issue as to those facts.” Id. at 215–16 (footnote omitted).

      In this case, the Defendants did not phrase their factual statements like the

moving party in Custer, by merely alleging that particular witnesses had provided

particular testimony in their depositions or affidavits. Instead, as Custer endorsed,

the Defendants supported their statements of uncontroverted material facts with

citations to relevant deposition testimony and affidavits; they did not assert that

the existence of particular deposition or affidavit testimony was itself the material

fact. Custer has no relevance here. Because Davis’ objection to twenty-eight of the

Defendants’ statements of uncontroverted material fact is meritless, and because
Davis offered no other response to those twenty-eight paragraphs, the facts in those

paragraphs are deemed admitted.

      Finally, as to four paragraphs, Davis cited to his deposition testimony to

dispute the Defendants’ statements. In two cases, Davis disputed the paragraphs in

which the Defendants described the complaints of misconduct made against Davis

by other employees. Davis did not dispute that those employees had in fact made

complaints against him, or that Walgreens had accurately described the employees’

complaints; instead, he disputed that he had actually engaged in the misconduct
alleged. But in the challenged paragraphs, Defendants merely asserted—as


                                          10
undisputed facts—that other employees had made complaints against Davis; the

Defendants themselves acknowledged, in later paragraphs, that Davis had disputed

the underlying allegations. Thus, in these two cases, Davis’ “denials” were

ineffective, because they did not in fact address the substance of the Defendants’

statements. Davis also disputed Defendants’ claim that two specific supervisors

met with him to deliver a “final written warning” on October 29, 2013. Davis’

denial was not supported by the deposition testimony he cited, but only by the

allegations of his petition (which was not an effective way to dispute the

Defendants’ properly supported factual statements, for reasons discussed above).

Finally, Davis disputed Defendants’ statement that he transferred to Walgreens’

Blue Springs store “on or about October 10, 2013.” To dispute this statement, Davis

cited to the following exchange from his deposition:

             Q.    And you said you believed you got to the Blue Springs
      store within the first two weeks of October 2013, maybe October 10th?
             A.     Yes, somewhere around there.
Davis’ agreement in his deposition that he transferred to the Blue Springs store

“somewhere around” October 10, 2013, actually supports the Defendants’ statement

that he transferred there “on or about October 10, 2013”; his deposition testimony

does not contradict the Defendants’ factual statement. In any event, the specific

date on which Davis transferred to the Blue Springs store is not material to the

Defendants’ entitlement to summary judgment.

      Although Davis did not effectively controvert any of the Defendants’ sixty-

three statements of uncontroverted fact, he argues on appeal that genuine, disputed

factual issues exist by citing excerpts of deposition testimony and other exhibits

that were attached to the Defendants’ statement of uncontroverted material facts,

but which were not cited in the Defendants’ fact statement, or in Davis’ response.
As we have explained above, however, the evidentiary materials attached to a



                                          11
summary-judgment motion or opposition generally play only a “secondary role” in

summary-judgment practice, “and then only as cited to support Rule 74.04(c)

numbered paragraphs or responses.” Jones v. Union Pac. R.R. Co., 508 S.W.3d 159,

161 (Mo. App. S.D. 2016) (footnote omitted).

      Davis argues that, under Grattan v. Union Elec. Co., 151 S.W.3d 59 (Mo.

2004), the exhibits may be considered even though they were not cited in

Defendants’ fact statement, or in his response. In Grattan, however, even though

the plaintiff failed to file a response to the defendant’s statement of uncontroverted

material facts, the plaintiff cited to an expert’s deposition (with specific page

numbers) in his memorandum opposing the defendant’s motion for summary

judgment. Id. at 62. The Supreme Court considered the deposition testimony cited

in the plaintiff’s memorandum because the defendant did not object to plaintiff’s

reliance on this deposition testimony in the circuit court, and because “the citation

given [by the plaintiff] was sufficient to put the court and the parties on notice[.]”

Id. In this case, by contrast, Davis did not at any time direct the circuit court to the
portions of his deposition testimony or other exhibits on which he now relies – not in

his response to the Defendants’ fact statement, nor in his legal memorandum

opposing the grant of summary judgment. Grattan is plainly distinguishable.
      Davis also cites to Street v. Harris, 505 S.W.3d 414 (Mo. App. E.D. 2016), and

to Bank of America, N.A. v. Reynolds, 348 S.W.3d 858 (Mo. App. W.D. 2011). In

both Street and Reynolds, this Court referred to attachments to a movant’s

summary-judgment motion, which had not been cited to the circuit court, to find

that genuine issues of material fact existed; in both cases, we relied on these

uncited materials to reverse a grant of summary judgment. In both Street and

Reynolds, however, the attachments to the movant’s summary-judgment motion
established fundamental defects in the movant’s prima facie showing of a right to
judgment. Street involved tort claims against the owners of a dog, for the dog’s


                                           12
attack on an independent contractor working at the defendants’ home. The

defendants moved for summary judgment. Their motion alleged the following

uncontroverted fact: that prior to the date of the attack on plaintiff, the dog “had

never run at, charged, knocked anyone down, or injured anyone.” 505 S.W.3d at

416. The plaintiff did not timely respond to defendants’ summary judgment motion.

“[T]wo of the exhibits attached to [the defendants’] motion for summary judgment,”

however, “offer[ed] differing accounts regarding whether the dog had ever knocked

anyone down.” Id. This Court recognized that, normally, the non-movant’s failure

to respond to a properly supported factual statement is deemed an admission of the

facts alleged. Id. The Court found, however, that “this case presents a different

issue; namely, the threshold issue of a movant’s prima facie showing of entitlement

to summary judgment.” Id. The Court concluded that summary judgment was

improvidently granted, because “the materials [the defendants] submitted in

support of their motion for summary judgment are inconsistent, and therefore they

could not make a prima facie showing that they were entitled to summary

judgment.” Id.

       Reynolds is similar. Reynolds was an action by a bank to collect on a
delinquent credit-card account. The attachments to the bank’s summary-judgment
motion were not properly authenticated, and it was not even clear that two of the

three attachments related to the defendant’s credit-card account. 348 S.W.3d at

861. Due to these fundamental defects in the bank’s motion, this Court concluded

that the bank had “not met its prima case for a breach of contract by” the defendant,

and that “[t]he inconsistency in the Bank’s own documents attached to the motion,

in and of itself is sufficient to establish a genuine issue of material fact . . . .” Id. at

862.

       This case does not involve similar defects in the Defendants’ prima facie
showing. Davis does not argue that Defendants failed to support their summary-


                                             13
judgment motion with properly authenticated evidentiary materials, or that those

evidentiary materials are otherwise incompetent. In addition, Davis’ citation to

previously uncited portions of the exhibits does not establish an inconsistency as to

any of the facts alleged by the Defendants; instead, Davis seeks to rely on these

uncited materials to establish additional facts, which Davis contends create a

genuine factual issue for trial. Davis now contends that the summary judgment

record shows that the Defendants failed to follow their own policies or procedures in

disciplining him; that other similarly situated employees who were not part of a

protected class were disciplined less harshly; that Cope harbored discriminatory

animus against Davis due to his age and disability; and that the relevant managers

were aware of, and acted in retaliation against, Davis’ protected activity.2 Davis’

arguments on appeal do not argue that the Defendants failed to properly

substantiate the facts identified in their statement of uncontroverted material facts;

instead, he argues that additional facts would allow him to avoid the legal effect of

the facts established by the Defendants. Under Rule 74.04(c)(1) and (2), however,

Davis was required to identify these additional facts (with supporting evidence) in

the circuit court in his response to the Defendants’ summary-judgment motion; he

was not entitled to assert these additional facts for the first time on appeal.
                                            II.
      Because Davis did not effectively controvert any of the Defendants’

statements of uncontroverted material facts, the circuit court was required to rule

the Defendants’ summary judgment motion on the basis of the following facts.



        2      Davis made certain of these allegations in the circuit court, in his
memorandum opposing the Defendants’ motion for summary judgment. In the circuit
court, however, Davis supported his claims only with citations to his petition, not with
citation to any competent evidentiary materials. As we have explained above, Davis could
not defeat the Defendants’ summary-judgment motion solely by citing the allegations of his
petition.


                                            14
      While Davis was working at Walgreens’ Belton store, a female Walgreens

employee made a complaint to Walgreens’ compliance hotline that Davis had

sexually harassed her, and acted in an unprofessional and physically threatening

manner towards her. District Loss Prevention Manager Joey Jaramillo

investigated the complaint by interviewing the complaining employee and taking a

written statement from her, in which she described Davis’ conduct and statements

which made her feel uncomfortable and threatened. Jaramillo also spoke to Davis.

Davis denied the employee’s claims, but made no claim that the employee’s

complaint was motivated by discriminatory animus.

      After concluding his investigation, Jaramillo concluded that the

complainant’s account was more credible than Davis’. Jaramillo made this

credibility determination based on non-discriminatory considerations. Jaramillo

shared his findings with the Belton Store Manager. The Store Manager likewise

concluded – for non-discriminatory reasons – that the female employee’s complaints

were credible, and that Davis should be given a final written warning for his

actions.

      Davis then transferred from Belton to a Walgreens store in Blue Springs. In

late November 2013, Blue Springs Store Manager Willow Cope received a complaint
from a pharmacy technician that Davis had made unprofessional and dismissive

comments to her concerning pain she was experiencing. Cope spoke to a shift floor

lead, who confirmed the pharmacy technician’s account. The shift floor lead also

reported that Davis had yelled at him over an issue concerning the proper stocking

of perishable items, and had pressured the shift floor lead to work for Davis so that

Davis could attend a Kansas City Chiefs football game.

      Cope referred both complaints to Jaramillo for investigation, pursuant to

regular Walgreens practice. Jaramillo interviewed the complaining employees, and
also spoke to an Assistant Manager who confirmed parts of the shift floor lead’s


                                         15
complaint concerning the scheduling issue. Jaramillo also spoke to Davis, who

denied the allegations made by both complainants. “At the conclusion of his

investigation, Jaramillo concluded that, more likely than not, Plaintiff had engaged

in the conduct that was reported by” both Blue Springs employees.

       Jaramillo reported the results of his second investigation to a Walgreens

Employee Relations Specialist. The Employee Relations Specialist recommended

that Davis be terminated. The District Manager agreed with this recommendation.

The termination decision was based on the fact that Davis had violated Walgreens’

expectations and policies in his dealings with three separate subordinate

employees, with two of the interactions occurring after Davis had received a final

written warning for such conduct.

       Under the interpretation applied to the Missouri Human Rights Act at the

time of Davis’ termination, to establish a claim of employment discrimination an

employee was required to establish that his or her membership in a protected class

was a contributing factor in the employer’s decision to take adverse action against

the employee. See, e.g., Hill v. Ford Motor Co., 277 S.W.3d 659, 665 (Mo. 2009);

Daugherty v. City of Maryland Heights, 231 S.W.3d 814, 820 (Mo. 2007).3 Davis
argues there is a genuine issue of material fact as to whether his age, disability, or
race was a contributing factor in Walgreens’ decision to subject him to discipline

and, ultimately, to termination. As described above, however, the facts established

by the summary judgment record demonstrate that Walgreens terminated Davis for

non-discriminatory reasons having nothing to do with his membership in a

protected class. Indeed, Davis’ age, his race, and his health status were not



       3      The General Assembly abrogated the “contributing factor” causation
standard in 2017. See § 213.101.4, RSMo Cum. Supp. 2018. This amendment does not
apply retroactively to Davis’ claims, which arise out of his discharge in 2013. Bram v.
AT&T Mobility Servs., LLC, 564 S.W.3d 787, 795 (Mo. App. W.D. 2018).


                                            16
referenced in any fashion in Defendants’ statement of uncontroverted material

facts, or in Davis’ response to that statement.

      The summary-judgment record in this case literally contains no facts which

would support Davis’ claim that a protected characteristic was a contributing factor

in any of Walgreens’ actions against him. To the contrary, the uncontroverted facts

show that Davis was terminated because he engaged in three separate instances of

misconduct towards subordinate employees that were not in keeping with

Walgreens’ expectations for its Assistant Store Managers, and that violated

Walgreens’ policies governing employee conduct. In these circumstances, the circuit

court correctly granted the Defendants’ motion for summary judgment. See, e.g.,

Shore v. Children’s Mercy Hosp., 477 S.W.3d 727, 735 (Mo. App. W.D. 2015)
(“Because [the employee] failed to establish that a genuine issue of fact exists as to

whether his race (Caucasian) was a contributing factor to any adverse employment

action taken against him, the trial court properly granted summary judgment.”).

      The Defendants’ fact statement notes that Davis denied all of the misconduct

allegations against him. Davis argues that, because the Defendants’ motion

acknowledged that he denied the misconduct allegations, this necessarily created a

genuine issue of fact as to whether his membership in a protected class was a
contributing factor in Walgreens’ adverse actions. However, the summary-

judgment record shows only that multiple employees made misconduct complaints

against Davis (without any suggestion that those complaint were motivated by

discriminatory animus); that Davis denied those misconduct allegations (without

ever alleging that the complaints were discriminatory); and that Walgreens made

the decision (based on non-discriminatory considerations) that the allegations of

misconduct were credible, and justified Davis’ termination. Employees are

frequently discharged based on allegations of misconduct which they deny. The
mere fact that an employer chooses to credit an allegation of misconduct against an


                                          17
employee, and to discredit the employee’s denial of that misconduct, does not

establish a triable claim of employment discrimination, without some evidence to

suggest that a protected characteristic was a contributing factor in the decision to

take adverse action. Stated another way: even if a jury were to conclude that

Walgreens was mistaken in believing the allegations of misconduct against Davis

and discrediting his denials, that fact alone would not support an inference that

Davis’ age, disability, or race was a contributing factor in Walgreens’ decision to

terminate him. As we have explained at length above, in his response to the

Defendants’ summary judgment motion Davis did not come forward with any

evidence to suggest that discriminatory animus played a contributing role in the

decision to terminate him. The circuit court did not err in granting summary

judgment to the Defendants on Davis’ discrimination claims.

       Davis separately argues that the circuit court erred in granting summary

judgment to Walgreen supervisors Cope and Jaramillo, because—Davis contends—a

genuine issue exists as to whether they directly oversaw and were actively involved

in the decision to terminate him. At the time of Davis’ termination, an “employer”

was defined to include “any person employing six or more persons within the state,

and any person directly acting in the interest of an employer . . . .” § 213.010(7),
RSMo 2016.4 This definition was interpreted to include individuals who directly

oversaw or were actively involved in the discriminatory conduct. See, e.g., Diaz v.

       4      The legislature amended this definition in 2017. Presently, an “employer” is
defined as:
       a person engaged in an industry affecting commerce who has six or more
       employees for each working day in each of twenty or more calendar weeks in
       the current or preceding calendar year, and shall include the state, or any
       political or civil subdivision thereof, or any person employing six or more
       persons within the state but does not include corporations and associations
       owned or operated by religious or sectarian organizations.
§ 213.010(8), RSMo Cum. Supp. 2018. The current definition expressly excludes from the
definition of an “employer” “[a]n individual employed by an employer[.]” § 213.070(8)(c),
RSMo Cum. Supp. 2018.


                                            18
Autozoners, LLC, 484 S.W.3d 64, 78 (Mo. App. W.D. 2015); Reed v. McDonald’s
Corp., 363 S.W.3d 134, 139 (Mo. App. E.D. 2012).
      As we have explained above, Davis failed to establish that a triable issue

exists whether his age, race, or disability was a contributing factor in his

termination. If there is no evidence that Davis’ termination was discriminatory,

there is no basis to hold Cope or Jaramillo liable, whatever their role in the

termination decision.

      Finally, Davis argues that there is a genuine issue of material fact as to

whether he was terminated in retaliation for his complaints of age, disability, or

race discrimination. The Missouri Human Rights Act provides that it is an

unlawful discriminatory practice for an employer “[t]o retaliate . . . in any manner

against any other person because such person has opposed any practice prohibited

by this chapter or because such person has filed a complaint, testified, assisted, or

participated in any manner in any investigation, proceeding or hearing conducted

pursuant to this chapter[.]” § 213.070(2), RSMo 2016; see also § 213.070.1(2), RSMo

Cum. Supp. 2018 (same).

      As we have explained above, the uncontroverted facts identified by the

Defendants establish that Davis was terminated due to complaints of subordinate
employees regarding Davis’ unprofessional and inappropriate interactions with

them. After Jaramillo investigated the matter, Walgreens found the three

complaints credible, and concluded that Davis’ termination was warranted. In

response to the Defendants’ showing of non-discriminatory reasons for his

termination, Davis presented no contrary facts or evidence of his own. Notably, the

statements of fact submitted by the parties do not make any reference to protected

activity by Davis, or to knowledge of that protected activity by the persons who

made the decision to terminate Davis. In these circumstances, the circuit court had
little choice but to grant summary judgment on Davis’ retaliation claim.


                                          19
                                    Conclusion
      The judgment of the circuit court is affirmed.



                                              ___________________________________
                                              Alok Ahuja, Judge
All concur.




                                         20
