                               COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA


Present:  Chief Judge Felton, Judges Elder, Frank, Humphreys, Clements, Kelsey, McClanahan,
          Haley, Petty and Beales
Argued at Richmond, Virginia


CRAIG M. LANTION
                                                                 MEMORANDUM OPINION * BY
v.     Record No. 2617-05-4                                       JUDGE JAMES W. HALEY, JR.
                                                                     DECEMBER 18, 2007
COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA


                                  UPON REHEARING EN BANC

                     FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF FAIRFAX COUNTY
                               Gaylord L. Finch, Jr., Judge

                 Laura E. Byrum (Petrovich & Walsh, P.L.C., on brief), for appellant.

                 Kathleen B. Martin, Senior Assistant Attorney General (Robert F.
                 McDonnell, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.


       A jury convicted Craig M. Lantion of possessing cocaine. On appeal, Lantion argues the

trial court erred by not granting his pretrial motion to suppress. A panel of our Court agreed with

Lantion and reversed his conviction. Upon rehearing this matter en banc, we conclude that the

trial court did not err in denying Lantion’s motion to suppress. We thus affirm Lantion’s

conviction.

                                                  I.

       On appeal, we address the legal issues arising from a suppression motion “only after the

relevant historical facts have been established.” Logan v. Commonwealth, 47 Va. App. 168,

171, 622 S.E.2d 771, 772 (2005) (en banc). We review the facts developed in the trial court “in

the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, giving it the benefit of any reasonable


       *
           Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.
inferences.” Kyer v. Commonwealth, 45 Va. App. 473, 477, 612 S.E.2d 213, 215 (2005) (en

banc) (citation omitted).

       So viewed, the evidence showed that Officer Swartz received a report of domestic

violence at 10:30 a.m. on New Year’s Day. He arrived at the residence seven minutes later and

was invited into the living room by the woman who had made the report. She explained that she,

her boyfriend, and his friend had been having a party to celebrate the New Year. She claimed

her boyfriend assaulted her when she refused to have sex with his friend in exchange for cocaine.

Her boyfriend left the apartment, she added, before the officer arrived.

       While the woman explained what had happened, she maintained eye contact with the

officer. When Officer Swartz asked her whether anyone else was still in the residence, however,

she immediately “looked away” and began curiously “moving back and forth.” Appearing

nervous and disheveled, she gave no answer to the officer’s question. He asked again. She

finally replied that “somebody” was in the bedroom. Officer Swartz again followed up, asking

exactly who was in the bedroom. She said “C” and could not provide a full name.

       The woman walked the officer back to the bedroom door. The door was closed. It had a

fist-sized hole punched all the way through the door by the doorknob. Officer Swartz opened the

door and observed a fully clothed adult male lying on top of the bed, apparently sleeping.

Swartz woke him and asked him “numerous times” to identify himself. He refused to do so. The

woman interjected that “he was not involved.” Swartz then asked him if he had any weapons in

his possession. He said he had a knife.

       Suspecting the unidentified man to be the boyfriend’s “friend” involved in the earlier

sex-for-drugs scheme, Officer Swartz detained the man and simultaneously frisked him for

weapons. Officer Swartz felt an object in the man’s right pocket which he believed to be a knife.

Swartz emptied the pocket and found a knife. He felt another object in the man’s left pocket. He

                                               -2-
reached into that pocket and “grabbed everything in the pocket and pulled it all out.” Everything

came out “in one big handful” — a second knife, money, and a rock of cocaine. Officer Swartz

arrested the man, later identified as Lantion, for possessing cocaine.

                                                  II.

       “Though the ultimate question whether the officers violated the Fourth Amendment

triggers de novo appellate scrutiny, we defer to the trial court’s findings of ‘historical fact’ and

give ‘due weight to the inferences drawn from those facts by resident judges and local law

enforcement officers.’” Slayton v. Commonwealth, 41 Va. App. 101, 105, 582 S.E.2d 448,

449-50 (2003) (citation omitted). “To prevail on appeal, ‘the defendant must show that the trial

court’s denial of his suppression motion, when the evidence is considered in the light most

favorable to the prosecution, was reversible error.’” Id. at 105, 582 S.E.2d at 450 (quoting

Whitfield v. Commonwealth, 265 Va. 358, 361, 576 S.E.2d 463, 464 (2003)).

       At his suppression hearing, Lantion argued that Officer Swartz unlawfully detained him

and frisked him for weapons. These constitutional violations were compounded, Lantion

contends, when Officer Swartz exceeded the proper scope of a weapons frisk by pulling cocaine

out of Lantion’s pocket. The trial court rejected each of these arguments, as do we.

                           (a) OFFICER SWARTZ’S SEIZURE OF LANTION

       Before addressing whether Lantion’s seizure was unlawful, we must first determine when

it took place. 1 Lantion asserts that his detention occurred “the instant” Officer Swartz “walked

into the bedroom of the private residence where Lantion was asleep and woke Lantion by

identifying himself as a police officer.” At that point, however, Officer Swartz was an invited


       1
         Lantion claims the Commonwealth conceded in the trial court the officer seized him
merely by entering the room. We read the record to show only that the Commonwealth
conceded there was an investigatory detention, not that it occurred the moment the officer
entered the room.

                                                 -3-
guest in the apartment and had been escorted to the bedroom by the victim. Officer Swartz did

not, by his mere presence, seize every occupant of the apartment. Nor did he seize Lantion by

simply asking him for his identity. As long as an officer refrains from inducing cooperation by

coercive means, he needs no suspicion of criminality to ‘“pose questions’” or ‘“ask for

identification’” from an otherwise undetained suspect. Barkley v. Commonwealth, 39 Va. App.

682, 691, 576 S.E.2d 234, 238 (2003) (quoting United States v. Drayton, 536 U.S. 194, 201

(2002)). 2

        No evidence of coercion exists in this record. Officer Swartz did not draw his weapon,

corner Lantion in the room, order Lantion not to move, or in any way threaten Lantion physically

or verbally. Nor did he make a display of authority simply by being present in the room. We

accept that, from Lantion’s subjective perspective, he may have been intimidated simply by

being in the same room with a police officer in the midst of an ongoing investigation. The

objective reasonable person standard, however, “presupposes an innocent person.” Florida v.

Bostick, 501 U.S. 429, 438 (1991) (emphasis in original); see also Baldwin v. Commonwealth,

243 Va. 191, 197, 413 S.E.2d 645, 648 (1992); Barkley, 39 Va. App. at 692, 576 S.E.2d at 239.

An innocent person — which, in this case, would be someone without cocaine in his pocket —

would not have felt the unique anxieties weighing upon Lantion.

        For these reasons, we reject Lantion’s argument that Officer Swartz seized him by

entering the bedroom and rousing him from sleep. Under settled law, “a seizure occurs when a

law enforcement officer, by physical force or some display of authority, restrains in some

manner a citizen’s freedom of movement. Only when such restraint is imposed is there a basis

for invoking Fourth Amendment safeguards.” McCain v. Commonwealth, 261 Va. 483, 490-91,


        2
         See also McLellan v. Commonwealth, 37 Va. App. 144, 151, 554 S.E.2d 699, 702
(2001); Commonwealth v. Satchell, 15 Va. App. 127, 131, 422 S.E.2d 412, 415 (1992).

                                              -4-
for purposes of the weapons frisk. It is at that point we must judge the lawfulness of the

investigatory detention.

                  (b) REASONABLE SUSPICION JUSTIFYING LANTION’S SEIZURE

       As its text makes clear, the Fourth Amendment “does not proscribe all seizures, only

those that are ‘unreasonable.’” Barkley, 39 Va. App. at 691, 576 S.E.2d at 238 (citations

omitted). While an arrest requires probable cause, a mere investigatory stop requires only a

“reasonable suspicion” that criminal activity “may be afoot.” United States v. Arvizu, 534 U.S.

266, 273 (2002) (quoting United States v. Sokolow, 490 U.S. 1, 7 (1989), and Terry v. Ohio, 392

U.S. 1, 30 (1968)). The likelihood of criminality “need not rise to the level required for probable

cause, and it falls considerably short of satisfying a preponderance of the evidence standard”

applicable in other contexts. Id. at 274 (citing Sokolow, 490 U.S. at 7). Thus, ‘“a police officer

may in appropriate circumstances and in an appropriate manner approach a person for purposes

of investigating possibly criminal behavior even though there is no probable cause to make an

arrest.’” Baldwin, 243 Va. at 195, 413 S.E.2d at 647 (quoting Terry, 392 U.S. at 22).

        To be sure, “the principal function of his investigation is to resolve that very ambiguity

and establish whether the activity is in fact legal or illegal — to enable the police to quickly

determine whether they should allow the suspect to go about his business or hold him to answer

charges.” 4 Wayne R. LaFave, Search and Seizure § 9.5(b), at 482 (4th ed. 2004) (citations and

footnote omitted). In some cases, a ‘“brief stop of a suspicious individual, in order to determine

his identity or to maintain the status quo momentarily while obtaining more information’” may

represent the most reasonable response an officer can give under the circumstances. Simmons v.




                                                -5-
Commonwealth, 217 Va. 552, 554-55, 231 S.E.2d 218, 220 (1977) (quoting Adams v. Williams,

407 U.S. 143, 146 (1972)). 3

       Equally important, we must consider the “totality of the circumstances — the whole

picture,” Baldwin, 243 Va. at 199, 413 S.E.2d at 649 (citation omitted), and not employ the

rejected “divide-and-conquer” approach, Arvizu, 534 U.S. at 274, sometimes used to separate a

composite fact pattern into a series of seemingly innocuous details. The factual circumstances in

aggregate, not in isolation, determine the reasonableness of a police officer’s actions. Id.

       Approaching the factual record from that vantage point, we believe the totality of the

circumstances justified a reasonable suspicion that Lantion was the second male (the boyfriend’s

“friend”) involved in the earlier sex-for-drugs scheme. At the time he seized Lantion, Officer

Swartz knew the following:

           •   The victim reported she had been assaulted for refusing to
               participate in the sex-for-drugs scheme. She was to provide the
               sex; her boyfriend’s “friend” was to provide the drugs.

           •   The victim’s report was made only minutes before Officer Swartz
               arrived on the scene, increasing the likelihood that either the
               boyfriend or his friend might still be present.

           •   The victim refused to answer when Officer Swartz asked whether
               anyone else was in the apartment. She conspicuously looked away
               and nervously began to rock back and forth as the question was
               repeated several times.

           •   When the victim finally answered, she gave a cryptic reply and
               identified the unknown man only as “C.”

           •   The victim said her boyfriend was not present in the apartment,
               leaving Officer Swartz to suspect “C” could be the second male
               involved in the sex-for-drugs scheme.



       3
          In addition, “an officer need not suspect an individual of a particular crime in order to
justify a Terry stop.” Alston v. Commonwealth, 40 Va. App. 728, 738, 581 S.E.2d 245, 250
(2003) (citation omitted). “A general suspicion of some criminal activity is enough,” id., to
satisfy the reasonable suspicion standard.
                                                 -6-
           •   A fist-size hole was next to the knob of the closed bedroom door,
               suggesting physical force had been used to open a locked door.

           •   The unidentified “C” repeatedly refused to identify himself. He
               had no hesitation, however, freely admitting he was armed with a
               knife.

           •   The domestic assault victim (after first refusing to tell Officer
               Swartz whether there was anyone else in the apartment and then,
               after capitulating, overhearing “C” persistently refuse to identify
               himself) sought to avoid further questioning of “C” by
               volunteering that “he was not involved.”

       Given these circumstances, a reasonably prudent police officer would have ample

justification to briefly detain “C” to investigate the situation further. It would hardly be

reasonable for an officer to simply shrug his shoulders, walk away from a domestic assault

investigation, and leave an obviously fearful victim alone in an apartment with an armed man

whom she could not (or would not) identify. Nor would it be reasonable to expect the officer to

complete his investigation while in close quarters with an armed man who refuses to identify

himself.

               Identity may prove particularly important in cases such as this,
               where the police are investigating what appears to be a domestic
               assault. Officers called to investigate domestic disputes need to
               know whom they are dealing with in order to assess the situation,
               the threat to their own safety, and possible danger to the potential
               victim.

Hiibel v. Sixth Judicial Dist. Court, 542 U.S. 177, 186 (2004).

       Lantion makes much over the fact that the victim attempted to abort Officer Swartz’s

continuing investigation of “C” by volunteering that “he was not involved.” That should have

ended any reasonable suspicion, Lantion contends. Experienced officers know better. “In

domestic violence situations, officers may reasonably consider whether the victim is acting out

of fear or intimidation, or out of some desire to protect the abuser, both common syndromes.”

Fletcher v. Town of Clinton, 196 F.3d 41, 52 (1st Cir. 1999); see also United States v. Brooks,


                                                -7-
367 F.3d 1128, 1137 (9th Cir. 2004) (noting that “a victim of domestic violence may deny an

assault, especially when an abuser is present”); United States v. Bartelho, 71 F.3d 436, 442 (1st

Cir. 1995) (noting “the police were not required” to take the victim’s statements at “face value,”

given “her demeanor” and “their training regarding domestic violence”). Officer Swartz,

therefore, had reasonable suspicion to detain Lantion for further questioning.

                       (c) WEAPONS FRISK — “ARMED AND DANGEROUS”

       Even if Officer Swartz had reasonable suspicion to briefly detain him, Lantion argues the

officer went too far in frisking him for weapons. We disagree.

       A police officer need not “establish that it was more probable than not that the suspect

was armed,” LaFave, supra § 9.6(a), at 621-22, but only that the suspect “may be armed and

dangerous,” El-Amin v. Commonwealth, 269 Va. 15, 20, 607 S.E.2d 115, 117 (2005). Indeed,

an officer need not be “absolutely certain” the suspect was even armed in the first place. El-

Amin, 269 Va. at 22, 607 S.E.2d at 118; see also Simmons v. Commonwealth, 217 Va. 552, 556,

231 S.E.2d 218, 221 (1977) (holding that a weapons frisk may be conducted if the officer

“reasonably believes that the individual might be armed”). Instead, the focus remains on

whether a reasonably prudent officer ‘“would be warranted in the belief that his safety or that of

others is in danger.’” El-Amin, 269 Va. at 22, 607 S.E.2d at 118 (quoting Terry, 392 U.S. at 27).

       We need not address Lantion’s argument on this point in any detail. While repeatedly

refusing to identify himself, Lantion openly admitted possessing a knife. Officer Swartz needed

no more information than this (when coupled with the preexisting, reasonable suspicion that

criminality may be afoot) to have a sufficient belief that his safety or the safety of the victim

could be in danger. Though Officer Swartz did not see the concealed knife, or have it brandished

in his face, he need not ‘“await the glint of steel before he can act to protect his safety.’” State v.




                                                 -8-
Cobbs, 711 P.2d 900, 907 (N.M. Ct. App. 1985) (quoting People v. Benjamin, 414 N.E.2d 645,

648 (N.Y. 1980)). 4

        Under these circumstances, we cannot say the weapons frisk “was the product of a

volatile or inventive imagination, or was undertaken simply as an act of harassment; the record

evidences the tempered act of a policeman who in the course of an investigation had to make a

quick decision as to how to protect himself and others from possible danger, and took limited

steps to do so.” Terry, 392 U.S. at 28. The trial court, therefore, did not err in ruling that Officer

Swartz had an adequate basis for frisking Lantion for the knife he admittedly possessed.

                                   (d) SCOPE OF WEAPONS FRISK

        Finally, Lantion argues that the officer exceeded the lawful scope of a weapons frisk by

emptying his pocket of various items (including a rock of cocaine) rather than removing just the

knife. We again disagree with Lantion.

        Under our standard of review, we address the legal issues arising from a suppression

motion “only after the relevant historical facts have been established.” Logan v.

Commonwealth, 47 Va. App. 168, 171, 622 S.E.2d 771, 772 (2005) (en banc). On appeal, the

facts developed in the trial court must be reviewed “in the light most favorable to the

Commonwealth, giving it the benefit of any reasonable inferences.” Kyer, 45 Va. App. at 477,

612 S.E.2d at 215 (citation omitted).

        The trial court found that Officer Swartz inadvertently discovered the cocaine in the

process of obtaining the knife. When “the act of reaching into the pocket and removing the

contents is essentially a single act,” we believe “it is unrealistic to require the officer to


        4
           See, e.g., State v. Schneider, 389 N.W.2d 604, 605 (N.D. 1986); Cobbs, 711 P.2d at
907; People v. Moore, 295 N.E.2d 780, 783-84 (N.Y. 1973); State v. Lackey, 444 N.E.2d 1047,
1049 n.2 (Ohio Ct. App. 1981) (holding “it is not necessary that the officer know as a matter of
fact that the accosted individual is ‘presently dangerous’ independently of the belief that he has a
weapon on his person or ready at hand”).
                                                 -9-
re-evaluate the available facts after putting his hand into the pocket.” LaFave, supra § 9.6(d), at

670. To “impose such a requirement would constitute a ‘fine tuning’ of Fourth Amendment

requirements without any appreciable gain.” Id. And it would be quite “impracticable for the

officer to withdraw the suspected item from the pocket without pulling out other objects as well.”

Id. For this reason, it was within the scope of the weapons frisk for Officer Swartz to reach into

Lantion’s pocket and “remove the contents.” See United States v. Dowling, 271 A.2d 406, 408

(D.C. 1970).

                                                III.

       The trial court properly denied Lantion’s motion to suppress. Reasonable suspicion

supported Officer Swartz’s decision to detain Lantion and to frisk him for weapons. The frisk

did not exceed its proper scope. We thus affirm Lantion’s conviction.



                                                                                     Affirmed.




                                               - 10 -
Elder, J., with whom Humphreys, J., joins, dissenting.

       I respectfully dissent. I believe the evidence fails to establish the arresting officer had

reasonable, articulable suspicion to detain Craig Lantion when the officer entered the bedroom

where Lantion was sleeping and that the officer’s discovery of drugs in Lantion’s pocket was the

fruit of that unreasonable seizure. Accordingly, I would hold the trial court’s denial of the

motion to suppress was error, and I would reverse Lantion’s conviction.

       On appeal of a ruling on a motion to suppress, we view the evidence in the light most

favorable to the prevailing party, granting to the evidence all reasonable inferences fairly

deducible therefrom. Jackson v. Commonwealth, 267 Va. 666, 672, 594 S.E.2d 595, 598 (2004).

“[W]e are bound by the trial court’s findings of historical fact unless ‘plainly wrong’ or without

evidence to support them[,] and we give due weight to the inferences drawn from those facts by

resident judges and local law enforcement officers.” McGee v. Commonwealth, 25 Va. App.

193, 198, 487 S.E.2d 259, 261 (1997) (en banc); see McCain v. Commonwealth, 261 Va. 483,

490, 545 S.E.2d 541, 545 (2001). However, we review de novo the trial court’s application of

defined legal standards, such as whether the police had reasonable suspicion for a seizure.

Ornelas v. United States, 517 U.S. 690, 699 (1996). Our review of the existence of reasonable

suspicion involves application of an objective rather than subjective standard. See, e.g., Whren

v. United States, 517 U.S. 806, 812-13 (1996); see also Robinson v. Commonwealth, 273 Va. 26,

35-38, 639 S.E.2d 217, 222-24 (2007).

       An encounter with a police officer constitutes a seizure for Fourth Amendment purposes

“[i]f . . . a reasonable person would not feel free to decline an officer’s requests or would not feel

free to leave.” Harris v. Commonwealth, 266 Va. 28, 32, 581 S.E.2d 206, 209 (2003) (citing

United States v. Mendenhall, 446 U.S. 544, 558-59 (1980)); see also Florida v. Bostick, 501 U.S.

429, 438 (1991) (noting, in context of determining whether suspect was illegally seized, that

                                                - 11 -
“[t]he ‘reasonable person’ test presupposes an innocent person”). Such a seizure is reasonable

under the Fourth Amendment as a Terry stop, i.e., a “brief, minimally intrusive investigatory

detention[],” Wechsler v. Commonwealth, 20 Va. App. 162, 169, 455 S.E.2d 744, 747 (1995)

(citing Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968)), if the officer conducting the stop is aware of facts that

“lead[] him reasonably to believe in light of his experience that criminal activity may be afoot”

and, importantly, that the person he detains is involved in it, Terry, 392 U.S. at 30. When a

police officer detains an individual “for the purpose of requiring him to identify himself, [the

officer has] performed a seizure of his person subject to the requirements of the Fourth

Amendment.” Brown v. Texas, 443 U.S. 47, 50 (1979).

         “[T]he likelihood of criminal activity [required for a Terry stop] need not rise to the

level required for probable cause, and it falls considerably short of satisfying a preponderance of

the evidence standard.” United States v. Arvizu, 534 U.S. 266, 274 (2002). Nevertheless, an

“officer must be able to articulate more than an ‘inchoate and unparticularized suspicion or

“hunch.”’” Illinois v. Wardlow, 528 U.S. 119, 124 (2000) (quoting Terry, 392 U.S. at 27); see

Arvizu, 534 U.S. at 274.

               [T]o assure that an individual’s reasonable expectation of privacy
               is not subjected to arbitrary invasions solely at the unfettered
               discretion of officers in the field, . . . the Fourth Amendment
               requires that a seizure must be based on specific, objective facts
               indicating that society’s legitimate interests require the seizure of
               the particular individual . . . .

Brown, 443 U.S. at 51 (emphasis added) (citation omitted). A person’s “presence in an area of

expected criminal activity, standing alone, is not enough to support a reasonable, particularized

suspicion that the person is committing a crime.” Wardlow, 528 U.S. at 119.

       Applying these standards, I would hold that Lantion was seized when he awoke New

Year’s morning, in a room “so small that it’s just about the size of a king-size bed,” to find a

uniformed police officer standing two to three feet away and demanding over and over to know
                                               - 12 -
his name and whether he had a weapon. Under these circumstances, no reasonable person—

innocent or otherwise—would have felt free to leave or to ignore the officer’s questions about

whether he was armed. 5 See Mendenhall, 446 U.S. at 558-59. Further, when Officer Swartz

effected this seizure, he lacked reasonable, articulable suspicion to believe that Lantion was

involved in any criminal activity. When Officer Swartz responded to Ms. Mauldin’s 911

“domestic assault” call, Mauldin reported that while she, her boyfriend Benny Bowles, and his

friend were having a New Year’s party, Bowles battered her because she refused to participate in

an arrangement he had made for her to have sex with the friend in exchange for cocaine. Officer

Swartz testified Mauldin made eye contact and was straightforward in her dealings with him, and

Mauldin gave him no reason to believe that Bowles’s friend had participated in the argument

over the proposed sex-for-drugs trade or in the resulting battery of Mauldin or that she feared

Bowles’s friend. Further, Mauldin reported Bowles had fled the apartment before the officers

arrived, and two other officers began to search the neighborhood for Bowles while Officer

Swartz continued speaking with Mauldin. Thus, Officer Swartz had no reason to believe anyone

in the apartment at that time posed a threat of domestic violence.

       As Officer Swartz continued his conversation with Mauldin, Swartz learned the race of

Bowles’s friend but did not obtain a further description of him or learn his name. Officer Swartz

made no inquiry concerning the friend’s whereabouts and asked merely “if there was anyone else

present in the apartment.” (Emphasis added). When Mauldin nervously replied that a man she

knew only as “C” was in the bedroom, Officer Swartz had no more than a hunch that “C” might

be the friend with whom Bowles had hoped to engage in the drug transaction. Instead of asking

Mauldin for additional information about “C,” Officer Swartz walked toward the bedroom,


       5
        Although we are not bound by concessions of law, see Epps v. Commonwealth, 47
Va. App. 687, 703, 626 S.E.2d 912, 919 (2006) (en banc), the Commonwealth conceded at the
suppression hearing that the encounter constituted an investigative detention.
                                              - 13 -
where he observed a fist-sized hole in the closed bedroom door right next to the doorknob. He

testified he “just wanted to identify who was in [the bedroom] after seeing” the hole and that he

entered without asking Mauldin for permission.

       The mere presence of that hole in the bedroom door was insufficient to raise Officer

Swartz’s suspicion beyond a hunch. Officer Swartz made no inquiry of Mauldin regarding how

long the hole had been present in the door or whether it had anything to do with the proposed

sex-for-drugs trade. Further, Mauldin had reported nothing to Swartz to indicate that Bowles had

exhibited any violence toward the friend with the cocaine or that Bowles had made any attempt

to take the cocaine by force. Finally, when Officer Swartz entered the bedroom and asked “C”

his name, Mauldin stated that he was not involved. Although Officer Swartz was not compelled

to accept Mauldin’s disclaimer as the truth, the other circumstances of which Officer Swartz was

aware at that time did not give him reasonable, articulable suspicion to believe the contrary—that

Lantion was, in fact, involved in the sex-for-drugs proposal. Swartz knew only the race of

Bowles’s friend who possessed the drugs and had no additional descriptive information. Finally,

Officer Swartz lacked reasonable, articulable suspicion to believe Lantion likely was engaged in

some other offense while he slept at Mauldin’s apartment following a New Year’s celebration at

which the participants had imbibed.

       Because I believe the evidence failed to establish reasonable, articulable suspicion to

subject Lantion to the investigative detention that led to the discovery of drugs in his pocket, I

would hold the trial court’s denial of the motion to suppress was error. Accordingly, I would

reverse Lantion’s conviction.




                                               - 14 -
VIRGINIA:
           In the Court of Appeals of Virginia on Tuesday            the 3rd day of April, 2007.

Craig M. Lantion,                                                                                 Appellant,

against             Record No. 2617-05-4
                    Circuit Court No. FE-2005-867

Commonwealth of Virginia,                                                                         Appellee.

                                  Upon a Petition for Rehearing En Banc

                                            Before the Full Court

       On February 26, 2007 came the appellee, by the Attorney General of Virginia, and filed a petition

requesting that the Court set aside the judgment rendered herein on February 13, 2007, and grant a

rehearing en banc thereof.

       On consideration whereof, the petition for rehearing en banc is granted, the mandate entered

herein on February 13, 2007 is stayed pending the decision of the Court en banc, and the appeal is

reinstated on the docket of this Court.

       Notwithstanding the provisions of Rule 5A:35, the following briefing schedule hereby is

established: Appellant shall file an opening brief upon rehearing en banc within 21 days of the date of

entry of this order; appellee shall file an appellee’s brief upon rehearing en banc within 14 days of the

date on which the opening brief is filed; and appellant may file a reply brief upon rehearing en banc

within 14 days of the date on which the appellee’s brief is filed. The appellant shall attach as an

addendum to the opening brief upon rehearing en banc a copy of the opinion previously rendered by the

Court in this matter. It is further ordered that the appellee shall file twelve additional copies of the

appendix previously filed in this case.

                                           A Copy,
                                                 Teste:
                                                                       Cynthia L. McCoy, Clerk
                                                   By:
                                                                       Deputy Clerk
                               COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA


Present: Judges Benton, Haley and Senior Judge Fitzpatrick
Argued at Alexandria, Virginia


CRAIG M. LANTION
                                                             MEMORANDUM OPINION * BY
v.     Record No. 2617-05-4                                  JUDGE JAMES W. BENTON, JR.
                                                                 FEBRUARY 13, 2007
COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA


                      FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF FAIRFAX COUNTY
                                 Gaylord L. Finch, Jr., Judge

                 Laura E. Byrum (Petrovich & Walsh, P.L.C., on brief), for appellant.

                 Kathleen B. Martin, Senior Assistant Attorney General (Robert F.
                 McDonnell, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.


       A jury convicted Craig M. Lantion of possession of a controlled substance, cocaine.

Lantion contends the trial judge erred in refusing his pre-trial motion to suppress evidence. We

agree and reverse the conviction.

                                                  I.

       Under well established principles, when reviewing the trial judge’s denial of Craig M.

Lantion’s motion to suppress evidence, we must consider the evidence in the light most favorable to

the Commonwealth, the prevailing party at trial. Jackson v. Commonwealth, 267 Va. 666, 672, 594

S.E.2d 595, 598 (2004). So viewed, the evidence proved a police officer went to a residence at

10:30 a.m. on New Year’s Day to investigate a report of a domestic assault. When the officer

arrived at the residence, the woman who made the report invited him into the living room. She told

the officer she and her boyfriend were having a party to celebrate the New Year when her boyfriend


       *
           Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.
grabbed her arm and neck after she refused his proposition that she have sex with his friend in

exchange for cocaine. Her boyfriend fled the residence before the officers arrived. As she spoke to

the officer in her living room, two other officers searched outside for her boyfriend.

       As the officer conversed with the woman, he noticed she was disheveled but had no physical

injuries. He testified the woman may have generally described the boyfriend’s friend, but he “did

not take any notes on that” and did not inquire whether the boyfriend’s friend was still present or

make any other inquiries about him. During the discussion, the officer asked her if anyone else was

present in the residence. He testified she looked away from him and acted nervous. When he asked

again, she said someone was in a bedroom. In response to the officer’s inquiry about the person’s

name, she said it was “C.”

       The officer testified he walked with the woman to the bedroom. The officer opened the

door to the bedroom and saw a man lying fully clothed and asleep on the bed. The officer woke the

man and identified himself. During the encounter, the man rolled over and remained laying on the

bed. When the officer repeatedly asked the man to identify himself, the woman interjected and told

the officer the man “was not involved.”

       The man did not identify himself but asked the woman to get him a glass of water. After the

woman returned with the water, the officer asked the man if he had any weapons. When he

responded that he had a knife in his pocket, the officer “patted him down.” The officer detected an

object in the right front pocket and removed a pocketknife. He then “patted” the other front pocket,

detected an object, and reached in to remove a second knife. The officer testified that when he

removed the knife, he also removed the other contents of that pocket: money and a piece of cocaine

wrapped in plastic. The officer then arrested the man and learned he was Craig Lantion.

       Denying Lantion’s motion to strike the evidence, the trial judge ruled as follows:

                  I find that the officer had reasonable, articulable suspicion to
               engage in the encounter with [Lantion]. I think once he did, the
                                                 -2-
               statement that [Lantion] made that he had a weapon justified his
               patting him down and taking the weapon from him, and I think in
               the course of that the drugs came out of the pocket as well along
               with that, and I think that that was all within the proper actions of a
               police officer investigating this particular -- the particular
               allegations that were made and in further investigating the
               circumstances once he arrived on the scene and, therefore, the
               motion to suppress is denied.

       At the conclusion of the trial, a jury convicted Lantion of possession of cocaine.

                                                 II.

       Lantion contends the trial judge erred in finding the officer had a reasonable articulable

suspicion necessary to detain him. Acknowledging on brief that “[t]he prosecutor conceded at

the suppression hearing that the initial encounter between [the officer and Lantion] was an

investigative detention,” the Commonwealth contends the detention was justified by the officer’s

reasonable belief Lantion “was the friend who was supposed to supply cocaine to [the woman’s]

boyfriend” and by the officer’s further reasonable belief “a drug transaction might be afoot.”

       An investigative detention must be “supported at least by a reasonable articulable

suspicion that the person seized is engaged in criminal activity.” Reid v. Georgia, 448 U.S. 438,

440 (1980). The United States Supreme Court has expressly held that reasonable suspicion

means more than an “inchoate and unparticularized suspicion or ‘hunch.’” Terry v. Ohio, 392

U.S. 1, 27 (1968). In other words,

               to assure that an individual’s reasonable expectation of privacy is
               not subject to arbitrary invasions solely at the unfettered discretion
               of officers in the field, . . . the Fourth Amendment requires that a
               seizure must be based on specific, objective facts indicating that
               society’s legitimate interests require the seizure of the particular
               individual . . . .

Brown v. Texas, 443 U.S. 47, 51 (1979) (citations omitted).

       When a police officer detains an individual “for the purpose of requiring him to identify

himself, [the officer has] performed a seizure of his person subject to the requirements of the


                                                -3-
Fourth Amendment.” Id. at 50. The objective facts in this record, however, simply did not

support a lawful detention. Lantion’s mere presence, asleep in the woman’s residence after a

New Year’s party, did not create a reasonable suspicion he was involved in her dispute with her

boyfriend. If a person’s “presence in an area of expected criminal activity, standing alone, is not

enough to support a reasonable, particularized suspicion that the person is committing a crime,”

Illinois v. Wardlow, 528 U.S. 119, 124 (2000), the officer’s belief, in this case, that a guest

asleep in the closed bedroom was somehow involved in the woman’s complaint was not a

reasonable suspicion.

       Moreover, when the officer identified himself to Lantion and asked Lantion to identify

himself, the woman specifically told the officer Lantion “was not involved.” Despite the

woman’s statement to the officer that the man asleep in the bedroom had no connection to the

complaint she had made involving her boyfriend, the officer continued to question Lantion. In

his testimony, the officer provided no basis upon which he could have formed a reasonable belief

that the man who was asleep in a closed bedroom was somehow involved in the woman’s

complaint. The officer explained his reason for questioning Lantion about his identity as

follows:

                  In my mind, I believed that he was a friend, there was an assault
               that probably took place at that location, also a drug deal that
               probably was going to take place at that location.

                   I believed when I saw him -- the reactions from [the woman],
               first not wanting to give me his name, that this could probably be
               the friend, the individual, that she had first mentioned. 6


       6
         The officer also testified that, before he entered the room, he observed a hole in the
bedroom door. Even though the Commonwealth’s brief and the officer’s testimony both
mentioned the hole, neither illuminated how this fact could have raised the inference that the
person asleep in the bedroom was involved in the woman’s complaint to the police. Indeed, the
officer merely surmised someone “could” have made it in an attempt to unlock the door from
inside of the bedroom. Thus, the only significance of the hole in the door was that it added to the
police officer’s “inchoate and unparticularized suspicion.” See Terry, 392 U.S. at 27.
                                                 -4-
Yet, when the officer was in the living room he had not asked the woman the name of the person

whom her boyfriend had sought to involve. He also had not asked if the person was still in the

residence. The officer cannot rely upon his own lack of inquiry to justify this intrusive detention.

       The woman’s clear statement to the officer that the man “was not involved” is significant.

The presence of a man asleep in the bedroom was not a matter so unusual as to cause a

reasonable belief the woman was falsely giving information about “C.” After all, she called the

police to make a complaint about the assault. Nothing in the record supports an inference that

the woman, who had initiated contact with the police about the prior assault in her residence,

would provide false information when they responded to her call. In view of the woman’s

specific identification of “C” as someone who “was not involved,” the officer’s contrary belief

was unsupported. The officer’s belief that Lantion was involved in the woman’s dispute with her

boyfriend, a belief that was more an “inchoate and unparticularized suspicion or ‘hunch,’” Terry,

392 U.S. at 27, than a fair inference, “is simply too slender a reed to support the seizure in this

case.” Reid, 448 U.S. at 441. Reasonable suspicion is more than guesswork and supposition.

See id. (concluding that the investigator’s “belief that the petitioner and his companion were

attempting to conceal the fact that they were traveling together” was an “unparticularized

suspicion” and not a fair inference).

       Additionally, even if we were to assume the initial detention was lawful, the officer’s

frisk of Lantion for weapons was not supported by a reasonable belief he was armed and

presently dangerous, which is the standard that must exist to form the predicate for a frisk for

weapons.

                  An officer may conduct a pat-down search for weapons if the
               officer can point to specific and articulable facts which reasonably
               lead him to conclude that criminal activity may be afoot and that
               the person subjected to the search may be armed and dangerous.
               See James v. Commonwealth, 22 Va. App. 740, 745, 473 S.E.2d
               90, 92 (1996). The authority to conduct a pat-down search does
                                                -5-
               not follow automatically from the authority to effectuate an
               investigative stop. See Williams v. Commonwealth, 4 Va. App.
               53, 66, 354 S.E.2d 79, 86 (1987). “Only where the officer can
               ‘point to particular facts from which he reasonably inferred that the
               individual was armed and dangerous’ is he justified in searching
               for weapons.” Id. at 66-67, 354 S.E.2d at 86 (quoting Sibron v.
               New York, 392 U.S. 40, 64 (1968)). See Ybarra v. Illinois, 444
               U.S. 85, 93-94 (1979) (stating that the United States Supreme
               Court’s holding in Terry does not authorize “a generalized ‘cursory
               search for weapons’” and “does not permit a frisk for weapons on
               less than reasonable belief or suspicion directed at the person to be
               frisked”).

Harrell v. Commonwealth, 30 Va. App. 398, 403-04, 517 S.E.2d 256, 258-59 (1999). In other

words, “the issue is whether a reasonably prudent man in the circumstances would be warranted

in the belief that his safety or that of others was in danger.” Terry, 392 U.S. at 27. The

requirement that the circumstances support the reasonable belief that the individual is armed and

presently dangerous is a dual one. See id. at 7, 28 (where the police officer patted down

individuals who he believed were in the middle of planning a daylight robbery). A reasonable

suspicion that an individual possesses a weapon does not automatically raise the suspicion that

the person is presently dangerous.

       When the officer opened the door and saw Lantion asleep on the bed, he had no reason to

believe Lantion was dangerous or posed a threat to him. The officer testified that after he woke

Lantion and identified himself as a police officer, Lantion merely rolled over and looked at the

officer. The officer expressly testified that Lantion made no threatening gestures while he was

lying on the bed. Under these circumstances, Lantion’s possession of a pocketknife in the

bedroom of the private residence did not establish dangerousness.

       The officer had no reasonable belief that Lantion was involved in a drug transaction with

the boyfriend. The officer articulated the basis for the search of Lantion by stating, “He just

wouldn’t respond to who he was.” The Supreme Court, however, has “consistently held that a

refusal to cooperate, without more, does not furnish the minimal level of objective justification
                                                -6-
needed for a detention or seizure.” Florida v. Bostick, 501 U.S. 429, 437 (1991) (citing Brown,

443 U.S. at 52-53); see also United States v. Flowers, 912 F.2d 707, 712 (4th Cir. 1990) (noting

that a defendant has “the right to refuse to speak with . . . officers, who in turn possess no right to

detain citizens who decline to talk or otherwise identify themselves”). Simply put, a person’s

refusal to talk to a policeman is not a sufficient basis “to establish reasonable suspicion that

criminal activity is afoot[, and,] in the absence of reasonable suspicion, an officer may not frisk a

citizen merely because he feels uneasy about his safety.” United States v. Burton, 228 F.3d 524,

529 (4th Cir. 2000). Lantion was under no obligation to identify himself to the officer, and his

refusal to do so did not support the inference that he was armed and dangerous. See id. (holding

that the defendant’s refusal to talk to police and remove his hand from his pocket did not

establish a reasonable suspicion).

       For these reasons, we hold the trial judge erred in denying the motion to suppress the

evidence. We, therefore, reverse the conviction and dismiss the indictment.

                                                                           Reversed and dismissed.




                                                 -7-
Haley, J., dissenting.

        I respectfully dissent.

                                      Investigative Detention

        As the majority notes, “An investigative detention must be ‘supported at least by a

reasonable articulable suspicion that the person seized is engaged in criminal activity.’” (quoting

Reid v. Georgia, 448 U.S. 438, 440 (1980)). Specifically, this Court has explained, “An

investigative detention to detect or prevent incipient criminal activity is, when supported by the

officer’s reasonable and articulable suspicion that criminal activity may be afoot, consonant with

the [F]ourth [A]mendment protections against unreasonable searches.” Layne v.

Commonwealth, 15 Va. App. 23, 25, 421 S.E.2d 215, 216 (1992). Where the officer can

articulate facts to support his suspicion, the officer may briefly detain the individual “in order to

identify him, to question him briefly, or to detain him briefly while attempting to obtain

additional information.” Hayes v. Florida, 470 U.S. 811, 816 (1985); see also Williams v.

Commonwealth, 4 Va. App. 53, 64, 354 S.E.2d 79, 85 (1987).

        When evaluating whether an investigative detention is unreasonable, the court should

make an “objective assessment of the totality of the circumstances.” Waugh v. Commonwealth,

12 Va. App. 620, 622, 405 S.E.2d 429, 430 (1991). In doing so, “common sense and ordinary

human experience must govern over rigid criteria.” United States v. Sharpe, 470 U.S. 675, 694

(1985). A reviewing court should also consider the officer’s training and experience, which may

allow him “to perceive and articulate meaning in given conduct which would be wholly innocent

to the untrained observer.” Brown v. Texas, 443 U.S. 47, 52 n.2 (1979). However, “any such

special meaning must be articulated to the courts and its reasonableness . . . assessed

independently of the police officers’ subjective assertions.” United States v. Gooding, 695 F.2d

78, 82 (4th Cir. 1982). Finally, we have held that “[a]ctual proof that criminal activity is afoot is

                                                 -8-
not necessary; the record need only show that it may be afoot.” Harmon v. Commonwealth, 15

Va. App. 440, 444, 425 S.E.2d 77, 79 (1992) (emphasis in original).

       In the case at hand, at the hearing on the motion to suppress the cocaine, Officer Swartz

articulated several facts that justified his brief detention of appellant. Officer Swartz explained

that the woman told him she was partying the night before with her boyfriend and a friend. She

stated that her boyfriend “had worked out an agreement where she would prostitute herself to the

friend – have sex with him for a $50 rock of cocaine.” The woman did not identify or describe

the friend to Officer Swartz. Officer Swartz explained his interaction with the woman and

appellant for the court:

               A. I had asked [the woman] if there was anyone else present in the
               apartment and . . . at first she looked away from me, became
               nervous, started moving back and forth and I asked her a second
               time. She said there was somebody in the bedroom, and I asked
               her what the name was, and the only thing she could provide me
               was “C.” She could not give me a last name. She could not give
               me a full name, just the name “C.”

                           *      *       *       *      *       *       *

               Q. So, [the woman] walked you back to the bedroom. What
               happened from that point?

               A. I observed a hole punched right next to the bedroom. I opened
               the door. I saw [the appellant] laying on top of the bed fully
               clothed.

               Q. This hole through the wall, what did you – what was going
               through your mind when you saw that hole?

               A. Actually, it’s a hole through the door, right next to the
               doorknob. To me, somebody – it could have been a locked door
               and somebody was trying to get – to unlock it from the inside.

                           *      *       *       *      *       *       *

               Q. [W]hat was going through your mind with respect to this
               [d]efendant’s involvement in the original call out and the story that
               [the woman] had told you?

                                                -9-
                A. In my mind, I believed that he was a friend, there was an
                assault that probably took place at that location, also a drug deal
                that probably was going to take place at that location. I believed
                when I saw him – the reaction from [the woman], first not wanting
                to give me his name, that this could probably be the friend, the
                individual, that she had first mentioned.

        In the line of testimony quoted above, Officer Swartz sufficiently articulates his

reasonable suspicion that appellant was engaged in criminal activity. Officer Swartz first

became suspicious after the woman reacted nervously to his questions regarding the identity of

the man in the bedroom. See United States v. Mayo, 361 F.3d 802, 805-06 (2004) (“[R]elevant

to the totality of circumstances are various individual factors . . . such as . . . whether the suspect

engaged in evasive behavior or acted nervously.”). His suspicions increased when the woman

was unable to provide the man’s name. Officer Swartz then walked to the bedroom with the

woman, where he observed a fist-sized hole punched through the door, next to the doorknob.

When Officer Swartz opened the bedroom door and found appellant on the bed, he immediately

became concerned that appellant was the friend described by the woman as participating in a

sex-for-drugs scheme with her boyfriend.

        I disagree with the majority’s holding that Officer Swartz did not have reasonable

articulable suspicion to briefly detain appellant because the woman told Officer Swartz that

appellant “was not involved.” The majority makes this determination despite the fact that the

woman made a domestic assault complaint, she acted nervous during his interview, she told

Officer Swartz that her boyfriend attempted a sex-for-drugs transaction at the apartment, there

was a fist-sized hole in the door to the bedroom where appellant was located, and appellant did

not respond to questions about his identity. 7 Only after all of these factors occurred did the



        7
         The majority is correct that the Supreme Court has “consistently held that a refusal to
cooperate, without more, does not furnish the minimal level of objective justification needed for
a detention . . . .” Florida v. Bostick, 501 U.S. 429, 437 (1991) (emphasis added). However, in
                                                - 10 -
woman instruct Officer Swartz that appellant “was not involved.” The totality of the

circumstances, therefore, clearly points to Officer Swartz’s reasonable articulable suspicion that

appellant may have been engaged in criminal activity to justify the investigative detention.

       Moreover, Code § 19.2-81.3 appears to encourage, if not require, Officer Swartz’s brief

investigative detention of appellant. That statute states, “Any law enforcement officer . . . may

arrest without a warrant for an alleged violation of [domestic violence] regardless of whether

such violation was committed in his presence, if such arrest is based on probable cause . . . or

upon personal investigation.” (Emphasis added). The General Assembly enacted Code

§ 19.2-81.3 “[i]n recognition of the difficulty of protecting against domestic violence.”

McCracken v. Commonwealth, 39 Va. App. 254, 261 n.4, 572 S.E.2d 493, 496 n.4 (2002). No

doubt, many individuals are afraid to take criminal action against an abusive spouse, for fear of

retaliatory abuse in the future. Code § 19.2-81.3, therefore, authorized Officer Swartz to

investigate the situation at hand in response to the woman’s earlier report of domestic assault.

       Considering the totality of the circumstances, and viewing the evidence in the light most

favorable to the Commonwealth, it is clear that Officer Swartz possessed a reasonable suspicion

that appellant may have been engaged in criminal conduct to warrant a brief investigative

detention. 8 See Harmon, 15 Va. App. at 444, 425 S.E.2d at 79.




the case at hand, appellant’s refusal to respond to Officer Swartz’s questioning was just one of
many factors that contributed to his reasonable suspicion.
       8
         We offer the following offenses as examples of crimes of which, based on the instant
facts, Officer Swartz might have reasonably suspected appellant guilty: possession of a
controlled substance, Code § 18.2-250; attempted distribution, Code § 18.2-257; and solicitation
of a prostitute, Code § 18.2-346(B).
                                              - 11 -
                                         Pat-Down Search

       The majority states, “[E]ven if we were to assume the initial detention was lawful, the

officer’s frisk of [appellant] for weapons was not supported by a reasonable belief he was armed

and presently dangerous.” That conclusion is incompatible with the record.

       During an investigative detention, an officer “may ask the detainee a moderate number of

questions to determine his identity and to try to obtain information confirming or dispelling the

officer’s suspicions.” Berkemer v. McCarty, 468 U.S. 420, 439 (1984); see also Hatcher v.

Commonwealth, 14 Va. App. 487, 494-95, 419 S.E.2d 256, 260 (1992). After questioning the

individual, if the officer maintains a reasonable articulable suspicion that the detainee is involved

in criminal activity and that he is carrying a weapon, the officer may conduct a brief “pat-down”

search for his own safety. Terry, 392 U.S. 1, 30 (1968). 9

       The Supreme Court of the United States explained the justification for such a pat-down

search in their holding in Terry:

                [W]here a police officer observes unusual conduct which leads
                him reasonably to conclude in light of his experience that criminal
                activity may be afoot and that the persons with whom he is
                dealing may be armed and presently dangerous, where in the
                course of investigating this behavior he identifies himself as a
                policeman and makes reasonable inquiries, and where nothing in
                the initial stages of the encounter serves to dispel his reasonable
                fear for his own or others’ safety, he is entitled for the protection
                of himself and others in the area to conduct a carefully limited
                search of the outer clothing of such persons in an attempt to
                discover weapons which might be used to assault him.




       9
          In their analysis, the majority relies on our decision Harrell v. Commonwealth, 30
Va. App. 398, 403-04, 517 S.E.2d 256, 258-59 (1999). The officer in Harrell, however, testified
that “at no time during the encounter with appellant, did he have reason to believe appellant was
armed.” Id. at 401, 517 S.E.2d at 257. In the case at hand, appellant explicitly informed Officer
Swartz that he had a knife in his pocket, making the instant case clearly distinguishable from the
facts, and the holding, in Harrell.
                                                  - 12 -
Id. See also Florida v. J.L., 529 U.S. 266, 269-70 (2000); Adams v. Williams, 407 U.S. 143, 146

(1972); Murphy v. Commonwealth, 264 Va. 568, 573-74, 570 S.E.2d 836, 839 (2002); James v.

Commonwealth, 22 Va. App. 740, 745, 473 S.E.2d 90, 92 (1996). To conduct a pat-down

search, the officer “does not have to be absolutely certain that the person is armed.” Simmons v.

Commonwealth, 217 Va. 552, 556, 231 S.E.2d 218, 221 (1977). Rather, if a “reasonably prudent

man in the circumstances” would similarly believe that “his safety or that of others was in

danger,” the search is justified. Terry, 392 U.S. at 27.

       In determining whether the officer acted reasonably, the court should consider several

factors, such as the characteristics of the area in which the stop occurred, the time of day, the

conduct and demeanor of the suspect, and the type of offense that the officer was investigating.

United States v. Bull, 565 F.2d 869, 870-71 (4th Cir. 1977), cert. denied, 435 U.S. 946 (1978);

see also Williams v. Commonwealth, 4 Va. App. 53, 66-67, 354 S.E.2d 79, 86-87 (1987). The

court also should give due weight to the officer’s training and experience in evaluating whether

his suspicion was reasonable under the circumstances. Id.; Terry, 392 U.S. at 27.

       In this case, Officer Swartz articulated reasonable suspicion that appellant was engaged

in criminal activity and was armed and dangerous. During the investigative detention, Officer

Swartz identified himself as a police officer and asked appellant, several times, to identify

himself. Appellant only stared at Officer Swartz and refused to respond. Officer Swartz has

been a police officer in Fairfax County for four years. At the hearing on the motion to suppress,

Officer Swartz testified that he understands the well-recognized relationship between the

distribution of drugs and the possession and use of dangerous weapons. See Logan v.

Commonwealth, 19 Va. App. 437, 445, 452 S.E.2d 364, 369 (1994) (en banc). Officer Swartz

stated, “[T]hrough my training we were taught that whenever there’s narcotics that there’s a high

possibility that weapons would also be in that location and, being the only officer in that room,

                                                - 13 -
my senses were heightened.” Therefore, Officer Swartz next inquired whether appellant was

carrying any weapons.

       Appellant told Officer Swartz that he had a knife in his pocket. At this point, Officer

Swartz possessed sufficient evidence to pat down appellant, based on appellant’s own statement

that he was carrying a knife. 10 Officer Swartz testified that he patted down appellant for his

safety, and to determine whether he had any other weapons. Officer Swartz was the only officer

present at the scene. A reasonably prudent police officer, under these circumstances, would have

reacted similarly for his own protection.

       Officer Swartz’s conduct, therefore, was exactly consistent with the requirements

outlined in Terry. The pat-down search, therefore, falls squarely within the permissible

boundaries prescribed by the Fourth Amendment. 11

                                        Scope of the Search

       A valid pat-down search “must be limited to that which is necessary for the discovery of

weapons.” Terry, 392 U.S. at 26. This Court has stated, “If, during the pat-down search, the

police officer feels an object that he reasonably believes could be a dangerous weapon, the

officer may seize the object from the suspect’s person.” Phillips v. Commonwealth, 17 Va. App.

27, 30, 434 S.E.2d 918, 920 (1993); see also Lansdown v. Commonwealth, 226 Va. 204, 213,

308 S.E.2d 106, 112 (1983), cert. denied, 465 U.S. 1104 (1984).



       10
           “Response to police questioning . . . frequently is an ingredient in the probable cause
determination.” Wayne R. LaFave, Search and Seizure: A Treatise on the Fourth Amendment
§ 3.6(f) (4th ed. 2004). If an individual’s answers to an officer’s questions can establish
“probable cause,” then ipso facto such an answer can establish a “reasonable articulable
suspicion,” the latter term subsumed within the former. If an individual says he has a weapon on
his person, a pat-down search is justified under either standard.
       11
          The fact that appellant’s weapon turned out to be a pocketknife, which does not fall
within the definition of prohibited weapons in Code § 18.2-308, does not affect the validity of
the pat-down search. See Simmons, 217 Va. at 556, 231 S.E.2d at 221.
                                              - 14 -
       In determining whether the search was reasonable, the trial court must consider whether

the officer’s action “was reasonably related in scope to the circumstances which justified the

interference in the first place.” Terry, 392 U.S. at 19-20. It is irrelevant whether the object

removed from appellant’s pocket was, in fact, a weapon. Rather, “[t]o justify its removal, it [is]

only necessary that the officer reasonably believed that the object could be a weapon.”

Simmons, 217 Va. at 556, 231 S.E.2d at 221 (emphasis added).

       The United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit has held that,

when an officer conducting a pat-down search reasonably believes the individual is carrying a

weapon, it is “reasonable . . . for him to reach his hand into [his] pocket and remove the

contents.” United States v. Dowling, 271 A.2d 406, 408 (D.C. Cir. 1970). In Dowling, the

officer felt what he believed to be a gun in the defendant’s pocket. He then removed the contents

of the pocket. He found several items, but he did not find a gun. The defendant, however, was

arrested for possession of numbers slips. The court found such a search “rests on adequate

constitutional grounds.” Id. at 408-09.

       In the case at hand, Officer Swartz conducted a pat-down search after appellant told him

he had a knife in his pocket. Officer Swartz stated at trial, “For my safety I patted him down. In

his left pocket I felt what appeared to be a knife. I pulled that object out and it was a black

pocket knife. I patted down his right side. I felt what appeared to be another knife.” Officer

Swartz then “reached in and grabbed everything in the pocket and pulled it all out . . . . The knife

was within all the other items.”

       Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, I find that

Officer Swartz did not exceed the scope of a legal search when he removed the contents of

appellant’s pocket. The knife was “within all the other items,” and the search was necessary for

his protection.

                                                - 15 -
                                             Conclusion

         In Ornelas v. United States, 517 U.S. 690, 699 (1996), the United States Supreme Court

set forth the following standard for reviewing motions to suppress:

                [A]s a general matter determinations of reasonable suspicion and
                probable cause should be reviewed de novo on appeal. Having
                said this, we hastened to point out that a reviewing court should
                take care both to review findings of historical fact only for clear
                error and to give due weight to inferences drawn from those facts
                by resident judges and local law enforcement officers.

See also Kyer v. Commonwealth, 45 Va. App. 473, 479, 612 S.E.2d 213, 216-17 (2005) (en

banc).

         For the above stated reasons, I would uphold the trial court, finding: (1) Officer Swartz

had reasonable, articulable suspicion to warrant an investigative detention; (2) Officer Swartz

had reasonable, articulable suspicion to affect a pat-down search for his protection; and, (3) the

scope of the search was within the permissible boundaries proscribed by the Fourth Amendment.




                                                - 16 -
