AFFIRM; and Opinion Filed June 7, 2019.




                                                              In The
                                        Court of Appeals
                                 Fifth District of Texas at Dallas
                                                    No. 05-18-00170-CR
                                                    No. 05-18-00171-CR

                                  JASON DANIEL STRICKLAND, Appellant
                                                 V.
                                     THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee

                              On Appeal from the 292nd Judicial District Court
                                           Dallas County, Texas
                                   Trial Court Cause No. F15-76631-V
                                   Trial Court Cause No. F16-00834-V

                                       MEMORANDUM OPINION
                                    Before Justices Bridges, Brown, and Nowell
                                             Opinion by Justice Brown
          Appellant Jason Daniel Strickland appeals his convictions for one count of trafficking a

child1 and one count of sexual assault of a child.2 In three issues, appellant contends (1) article

38.37 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure violates his right to due process, (2) the trial court

abused its discretion in admitting evidence of prior convictions, and (3) the evidence is

insufficient to support his conviction for trafficking a child. For the following reasons, we affirm

the trial court’s judgments.




   1
       Trial court cause number F15-76631-V; appellate cause number 05-18-00170-CR.
   2
       Trial court cause number F16-00834-V; appellate cause number 05-18-00171-CR.
                                           BACKGROUND

       Appellant entered pleas of not guilty to indictments charging him with one count of

trafficking a child and one count of sexual assault of a child. Before trial, the State filed a notice

of intent to use evidence of appellant’s previous convictions on five counts of rape pursuant to

article 38.37 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure. See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art.

38.37, § 2(b). At a pretrial hearing, appellant objected to the evidence as irrelevant and overly

prejudicial. He also challenged the constitutionality of article 38.37. The trial court overruled

appellant’s objections.

       At trial, complaining witness V.P. testified she was fifteen-years-old and living with her

parents in Allen, Texas during the summer of 2015. She was not doing much other than some

babysitting and spent time communicating with people over the internet on her IPod Touch or an

old IPhone. Her parents did not know she had downloaded a number of applications, some of

which she was supposed to be eighteen to use. And, V.P. had been doing “things online that [she]

was not proud of,” including sending some nude pictures of herself. A recipient of the pictures

threatened to tell V.P.’s sister, and V.P. was terrified and felt trapped. She determined she needed

to get away, and began contacting people over social media to ask if she could stay with them.

       V.P. first communicated with appellant, who was in his early thirties at the time, in an

online chat forum. She told him her parents were really strict and she wanted to get away. After

she asked if he could “help [her] out,” appellant suggested they could have a relationship if she

came to live with him. He talked about sex “pretty much all the time” and requested pictures,

including a picture of V.P.’s “private area” and another of her holding a sign saying that she

belonged to appellant. When appellant asked about doing sexual things, V.P. said “Sure. maybe”

because she had learned from talking to guys on social media “for a couple months” that he would

be more motivated to let her live with him.

                                                 –2–
       V.P. testified she told appellant she was fifteen-years-old.         On cross-examination,

appellant’s counsel asked if she recalled telling appellant she was twenty-two. V.P. testified that

she did not recall that, but then responded “I guess not” when appellant’s counsel asked if she

“explicitly told him [she was] 15.” V.P. acknowledged telling guys on the internet that she was

older than fifteen, but she would have been surprised if appellant thought she was twenty-two

because she did not look twenty-two in the pictures she sent him. Additionally, they had discussed

that their plan could be “dangerous” for them because she was underage.

       Twice, V.P. and appellant planned for appellant, who lived in Alabama, to pick her up, but

he was unable to come. He then asked if she could travel to him by bus. V.P. found a ride from

her house to the bus station when a seventeen-year-old boy she met on a messaging app told her

his father would pick her up, take her to a motel where they would wait overnight, and then take

her to the bus station in the morning. Appellant did not help V.P. arrange the ride, but told her

beforehand that she was “probably going to have to do something . . ., like sexual favors, because,

you know, people don’t just do things for free.” After V.P. told appellant she had arranged the

ride, he said, “yeah, he’s going to want to have sex with you and you should do it – you need to

do it.” V.P. told appellant she was “not ready for that,” but appellant told her to call him when she

was at the motel.

       Cuauhtemoc Munoz, a man in his mid-forties, picked V.P. up at her house. He admitted

there was no seventeen-year-old boy and he had been communicating with V.P. He took V.P. to

a motel, where he removed her clothes and they “had sex.” V.P. called appellant, as he had

requested, on Munoz’s telephone. Appellant asked her to touch and suck Munoz’s penis. Munoz

and V.P. then had vaginal and oral sex while appellant remained on speaker phone. Later, Munoz

“started having sex” with V.P. again in the shower; she told him to stop “over and over,” but he

did not.

                                                –3–
          At appellant’s suggestion, Munoz got V.P. a TracFone before dropping her off at the bus

station. She and appellant spoke while she waited for the bus, and he told her she might want to

wear some makeup to look a little older. Appellant then called V.P. while she was on the bus

because her father had called him.3 Appellant was very upset and told her not to come see him or

mention him to her parents. V.P.’s parents picked her up in Birmingham, Alabama. V.P. testified

appellant was the only reason she got on a bus to go to Alabama and arranged with Munoz for a

ride to the bus station.

          The State introduced evidence of telephone company records that tracked text messages

 and calls to and from V.P.’s, appellant’s, and Munoz’s phones. There were “a lot of” text

 messages between V.P. and appellant the day before she left home. Then, at 12:38 a.m., there

 was an outgoing text from appellant’s phone to Munoz’s phone, followed by six texts back and

 forth that ended at 12:47 a.m. Cell tower mapping data showed Munoz entered Allen shortly

 thereafter, at approximately 12:53 a.m. And, around 3:16 a.m., there was a long telephone call,

 lasting just under an hour, from Munoz’s phone to appellant.

          Munoz also testified at trial. For his conduct, Munoz had pleaded guilty to charges of

sexual assault and trafficking a person. He initially testified that he first spoke with appellant after

he and V.P. had sex, but later corrected his testimony to reflect that he spoke beforehand with

appellant, who wanted Munoz to “have sex with her.” Afterward, appellant and Munoz spoke,

and appellant asked “questions as far as how was she and stuff like that.” Munoz admitted he had

fabricated “stories” to the police detective because he was nervous and had a natural inclination to

lie. However, he consistently told the detective that appellant called and wanted to hear the

intercourse.



     3
       After he discovered she was missing, V.P.’s father found a list of phone numbers she left in her bedroom. He called the numbers, one of
which was appellant’s.

                                                                    –4–
           The State introduced evidence of appellant’s prior convictions for rape offenses committed

in Oklahoma when he was approximately twenty years old. The evidence consisted of a 2006

judgment and sentence showing appellant pleaded guilty to five counts of rape, a district attorney

narrative report showing the complainants in those cases were females between the ages of thirteen

and fifteen, and appellant’s sex offender registration records.

           Following trial, the jury found appellant guilty of both offenses as charged in the

 indictments. The trial court sentenced appellant to confinement for life in each case with the

 sentences to run concurrently.

                                                                ARTICLE 38.37

           Generally, evidence of an extraneous offense is inadmissible if offered to prove a person’s

character to show the person acted in conformity with that character. See TEX. R. EVID. 404(b).

Notwithstanding rule 404(b), evidence that a defendant on trial for certain sex offenses against a

child committed a separate sex offense against another child may be admissible under section 2(b)

of code of criminal procedure article 38.37.4 See CRIM. PROC. art. 38.37, § 2(b). The evidence is

admissible for any relevant purpose, including as proof of the defendant’s character and propensity

to act in conformity with his character. Id.

           In his first issue, appellant asserts article 38.37 violates the Fourteenth Amendment’s due

process guarantees by “revers[ing] the historic practice of excluding character propensity

evidence.”5 An appellant bears the burden of demonstrating a statute is unconstitutional. See


     4
         Specifically, section 2(b) provides:

           Notwithstanding Rules 404 and 405, Teas Rules of Evidence, and subject to Section 2-a, evidence that the defendant has
           committed a separate offense described by Subsection (a)(1) or (2) may be admitted in the trial of an alleged offense described
           by Subsection (a)(1) or (2) for any bearing the evidence has on relevant matters, including the character of the defendant and
           acts performed in conformity with the character of the defendant.

CRIM. PROC. art. 38.37, § 2(b). Both trafficking of a child and sexual assault of a child, as charged in these cases, are included in the offenses
described in subsection (a)(1). See id. § 2(a)(1)(A), (D).
      5
         In addition to section 2(b), appellant cites section 2-a (requiring trial court to conduct hearing outside jury’s presence to determine whether
the evidence will be adequate to support a jury finding the defendant committed the separate offense beyond a reasonable doubt) and section 3
(requiring State to give defendant thirty days’ notice before trial of its intent to use extraneous-sexual offense or sexual-misconduct evidence in its
case in chief) as “relat[ing] to” his constitutional challenge. Appellant, however, only generally complains about the “use of propensity evidence.”
                                                                         –5–
Rodriguez v. State, 93 S.W.3d 60, 68 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002). The court of criminal appeals has

yet to address the constitutionality of article 38.37, section 2, but this Court and other courts of

appeals have upheld its constitutionality under similar, if not identical, due process

challenges. See, e.g., Mayes v. State, No. 05-16-00490-CR, 2017 WL 2255588, at *18–19 (Tex.

App.—Dallas May 23, 2017, pet. ref’d) (mem. op., not designated for publication); Fronek v. State,

No. 05–14–01118–CR, 2016 WL 3144243, at *3–4 (Tex. App.—Dallas June 6, 2016, pet. ref’d)

(mem. op., not designated for publication); Buxton v. State, 526 S.W.3d 666, 685–89 (Tex. App.—

Houston [1st Dist.] 2017, pet. ref’d); Robisheaux v. State, 483 S.W.3d 205, 209–13 (Tex. App.—

Austin 2016, pet. ref’d); Bezerra v. State, 485 S.W.3d 133, 139–140 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2016,

pet. ref’d); Belcher v. State, 474 S.W.3d 840, 843–47 (Tex. App.—Tyler 2015, no pet.); Harris v.

State, 475 S.W.3d 395, 398–403 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2015, pet. ref’d). Because

appellant does not distinguish his case from this prior authority or raise any new argument, we

conclude he has not satisfied his burden to demonstrate the unconstitutionality of article 38.37.

We overrule his first issue.

                                             RULE 403

       In his second issue, appellant contends that, notwithstanding article 38.37’s applicability,

the trial court erred in admitting evidence of his prior convictions for rape under Texas Rule of

Evidence 403. TEX. R. EVID. 403. Appellant complains the evidence was not probative because

it was unnecessary and the underlying offenses involved different conduct and were too remote in

time. He also contends the evidence was inherently inflammatory, likely to distract given its

“emotional content,” and likely to cause unfair prejudice because the previous offenses were “more

heinous.”

       Admission of evidence under article 38.37 is limited by rule 403’s balancing test, which

authorizes a trial court to exclude relevant evidence if its probative value is substantially

                                                –6–
outweighed by its potential for unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, mistaking the jury, undue

delay, or needlessly cumulative evidence. See TEX. R. EVID. 403; Belcher, 474 S.W.3d at 847;

Fahrni v. State, 473 S.W.3d 486, 492 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2015, pet. ref’d); Robisheaux, 433

S.W.3d at 217–18. Probative value is the measure of how strongly the evidence serves to make

more or less probable the existence of a fact of consequence to the litigation, coupled with the

proponent’s need for the evidence. Gigliobianco v. State, 210 S.W.3d 637, 641 (Tex. Crim. App.

2006). Unfair prejudice refers to a tendency to tempt the jury into finding guilt on an improper

basis, such as an emotional one. Id. Confusion of the issues refers to “a tendency to confuse or

distract the jury from the main issue in the case.” Id.

       A rule 403 analysis requires balancing the following factors:

        (1) the inherent probative force of the proffered item of evidence along with (2)
       the proponent’s need for that evidence against (3) any tendency of the evidence to
       suggest decision on an improper basis, (4) any tendency of the evidence to confuse
       or distract the jury from the main issues, (5) any tendency of the evidence to be
       given undue weight by a jury that has not been equipped to evaluate the probative
       force of the evidence, and (6) the likelihood that presentation of the evidence will
       consume an inordinate amount of time or merely repeat evidence already admitted.

Id. at 641–42. In practice, “these factors may well blend together.” Id. at 642. We presume the

probative value of relevant evidence substantially outweighs the danger of unfair prejudice from

admitting the evidence. Mozon v. State, 991 S.W.2d 841, 847 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999). Because

the trial court is in the best position to assess the impact of relevant evidence, we reverse a rule

403 determination “rarely and only after a clear abuse of discretion.” Id.

       The State introduced evidence that appellant pleaded guilty to five counts of raping female

complainants between the ages of thirteen and fifteen. The offenses took place in 2002 and 2003,

one when appellant was nineteen-years-old and four when appellant was twenty-years-old. The

State introduced the evidence following the testimony of V.P. and Munoz, which the State relied

upon to prove the elements of the trafficking of a child and sexual assault of a child offenses.

                                                –7–
During cross-examination, appellant challenged the credibility of both the witnesses, focusing on

evidence that V.P. misrepresented her age to people on social media and Munoz’s admission that

he fabricated stories to the police. Appellant also attempted to develop testimony to show V.P.

was “kind of the puppet master” to support his defense that he neither trafficked V.P. nor caused

or contributed to her sexual assault. He argued V.P. contacted a number of people in her efforts

to run away and ultimately made the arrangements, including getting a ride from Munoz, to leave

town. Under these circumstances, the probative value of evidence showing appellant was sexually

attracted to and had raped young, underage females the same age as V.P. was significant to counter

the attacks on V.P.’s and Munoz’s credibility and rebut appellant’s defensive theory that he was

simply a victim of V.P.’s plans.

       We are not persuaded by appellant’s argument that evidence of the convictions had no

probative value because the underlying facts of the prior offenses are not sufficiently similar to the

conduct at issue in these cases. Although appellant did not physically assault V.P., the evidence

that he was sexually attracted to and assaulted a number of young females V.P.’s age in the past

was probative of the facts that he groomed V.P. for “sexual favors,” enticed her to come live with

him in Alabama, and even directed her to perform sex acts with Munoz while he listened on the

phone. Nor does the fact that the previous offenses took place twelve years earlier mean the

evidence is not probative. Remoteness of an extraneous offense reduces the probative value of the

evidence, but it is not sufficient alone to render an extraneous offense excluded under rule 403;

instead, it is one aspect of whether the offense is probative. See Gaytan v. State, 331 S.W.3d 218,

226 (Tex. App.—Austin 2011, pet. ref’d); see Newton v. State, 301 S.W.3d 315, 320 (Tex. App.—

Waco 2009, pet. ref’d). Here, the trial court could have reasonably concluded that the inherent

probative force of the evidence of appellant’s prior convictions, coupled with the State’s need for

the evidence, was considerable and weighed in favor of admissibility.

                                                 –8–
       Clearly, the prior convictions had “a tendency to suggest a verdict on an improper basis

because of the inherently inflammatory and prejudicial nature of crimes of a sexual nature

committed against children.” See, e.g., Newton v. State, 301 S.W.3d at 320. However, the

evidence, consisting of three documents in two exhibits, was straightforward and very limited in

scope. The State simply published the exhibits to the jury; there was no testimony regarding the

underlying offenses. Further, the trial court admonished the jury that it could consider the evidence

only if it found and believed beyond a reasonable doubt appellant committed the wrongful acts

and, if so, only for proper purposes under article 37.38. The trial court included a similar

instruction in the jury charge. We presume the jury obeyed these instructions. Thrift v. State, 176

S.W.3d 221, 224 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005). An appellant may rebut this presumption with evidence

the jury failed to follow the instruction, see id., but appellant identified no such evidence.

Therefore, the trial court could have reasonably concluded admitting evidence of the prior

convictions would not have a tendency to be given undue weight by the jury, suggest a decision

on an improper basis, or confuse or distract the jury from the main issues.

       Appellant nevertheless claims the evidence had a substantial and injurious effect or

influence in determining the jury’s verdict because it was introduced on direct examination and

was “the focus” of the State’s opening statement and closing argument. We disagree. During

opening statements, the State advised the jury it would learn appellant was a registered sex offender

with rape charges out of Oklahoma for sex with a minor. During guilt-innocence, the exhibits

were admitted and referred to over approximately ten pages of a two-volume reporter’s record;

almost two of those pages consisted of the trial court admonishing the jury. After the State

published the exhibits, it referred only to the sex offender registration records briefly during the

testimony of Dallas police detective Eric Weast, who was able to identify and locate appellant after

subpoenaing the records. Finally, during closing argument, the State reminded the jury that

                                                –9–
appellant “got fifteen years for raping five different girls,” but only after appellant’s counsel argued

detective Weast was “more interested” in appellant than Munoz because appellant was “a

registered sex offender who might have committed a new offense.” After reviewing the record,

we conclude there was little or no likelihood the evidence was either repetitive or consumed an

inordinate amount of time.

           Having considered the relevant factors,6 we conclude the trial court reasonably could have

determined the prejudicial effect of the convictions did not substantially outweigh its probative

value.      Indeed, in cases like these, the probative value of extraneous offense evidence is

presumptively very high, and the rule 403 balancing test normally will not favor excluding

evidence of a defendant’s prior sexual assaults of children. See, e.g., Belcher, 474 S.W.3d at 848.

Accordingly, we conclude the trial court did not abuse its discretion in overruling appellant’s

objection to the evidence. We overrule appellant’s second issue.

                                                 SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE

           In his third issue, appellant contends the evidence is insufficient to show he “trafficked” a

child or compelled sexual assault as required to support his sex trafficking conviction. Instead, he

maintains V.P. “set this entire incident in motion . . . [and] created the plan and she orchestrated

the actions of everyone involved.” Thus, according to appellant, there is no evidence that, but for

his actions, “what happened . . . would not have happened.”

           In reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence, we consider all evidence in the light most

favorable to the jury’s verdict and determine whether any rational juror could have found the

essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307,



     6
         Appellant concludes his rule 403 argument by noting “it is difficult to imagine how a juror could have considered the inflammatory,
prejudicial evidence only for non-character purposes.” However, the evidence was admitted under article 38.37, which explicitly allows a jury to
consider evidence that appellant committed other acts of sexual misconduct precisely because of its relevance to a propensity to commit the crime
charged. See CRIM. PROC. art. 38.37, §2(b).


                                                                    –10–
318–19 (1979); Queeman v. State, 520 S.W.3d 616, 622 (Tex. Crim. App. 2017). We defer to the

jury, which must weigh the evidence, resolve conflicts in the testimony, and draw reasonable

inferences from basic to ultimate facts. Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319; Queeman, 520 S.W.3d at 622.

We presume the jury resolved any conflicts in favor of the verdict. Queeman, 520 S.W.3d at 622.

We determine only whether the State presented a legally sufficient case of the offense and the

evidence presented supports the jury’s verdict. Id.

       To establish sex trafficking of a child, the State was required to prove appellant knowingly

“trafficked a child and by any means causes the trafficked child to engage in, or become the victim

of” a sexual assault. See TEX. PEN. CODE ANN. § 20A.02(a)(7)(C). ‘Traffic’ means to “transport,

entice, recruit, harbor, provide, or otherwise obtain another person by any means.” Id. §

20A.01(4). A “[c]hild” is defined as “a person younger than 18 years of age.” Id. § 20A.01(1).

       “A person is criminally responsible if the result would not have occurred but for his

conduct, operating either alone or concurrently with another cause, unless the concurrent cause

was clearly sufficient to produce the result and the conduct of the actor clearly insufficient.” PEN.

§ 6.04(a); Robbins v. State, 717 S.W.2d 348, 351 (Tex. Crim. App. 1986); Wooten v. State, 267

S.W.3d 289, 296 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2008, pet. ref’d). Whether there is a sufficient

causal nexus between a defendant’s conduct and the charged harm is a fact issue for the jury to

decide. Id. The State may use circumstantial evidence to establish the causal connection. Id.

And, a jury may draw reasonable inferences regarding the ultimate facts from basic facts. Id.

       In asserting his conduct did not cause the harm V.P. suffered, appellant cites evidence that

V.P. (1) sought to run away before she ever communicated with appellant, (2) admitted she

misrepresented her age to people on social media; (3) arranged for a ride to the bus station on her

own; and (4) “agreed to have sex with [Munoz] on her own.” Appellant also points to evidence

that he and Munoz did not communicate until after Munoz had already assaulted V.P.

                                               –11–
         Appellant simply ignores his own conduct. V.P. testified that, but for appellant’s promises

that she could live with him, she would have never left home. Although V.P. first contacted

appellant and asked if he could “help [her] out,” he then fostered a relationship with her in which

he talked about “sexual favors” “pretty much all the time,” had V.P. send him provocative pictures

of herself, and told her he wanted to be her boyfriend. He twice planned to pick her up himself

and, when that did not transpire, he proposed she travel to him by bus. Before she even made

arrangements to get to the bus station, appellant advised her that she would probably have to have

sex because “people don’t just do things for free.” And, after she arranged for the ride, appellant

said, “Well, this man is doing you a big, like, a huge favor, and he’s going to expect [sex]. So

you’re going to do it for him.” Appellant told V.P. to call him once she arrived at the motel and,

when she did, directed her to perform sex acts and listened on the telephone while Munoz sexually

assaulted her. Afterwards, appellant spoke to Munoz about “how [she was] and stuff like that.”

Although Munoz testified he did not know or speak to appellant prior to taking V.P. to the motel,

there was evidence the two men texted back and forth that evening before he arrived at V.P.’s

house.

         The jury was the sole judge of the witnesses’ credibility, the weight to be given their

testimony, and, in this case, whether there was a sufficient causal nexus between appellant’s

conduct and the harm to V.P. See Queeman, 520 S.W.3d at 622; Wooten, 267 S.W.3d at 295–96.

The evidence is clear that V.P. considered running away and contacted a number of people,

including appellant, about staying with them. However, she never left home, encountered Munoz,

or had sex with him as directed by appellant until after she and appellant planned, at appellant’s

suggestion, that she get on a bus to Alabama. Viewed in the light most favorable to the jury’s

verdict, a rational factfinder could have found (1) V.P.’s conduct was insufficient by itself to

produce the harm that resulted and (2) appellant enticed V.P. and his conduct alone or concurrently

                                                –12–
with V.P.’s conduct was sufficient to cause her to “engage in, or become the victim of” sexual

assault. See PEN. §§ 6.04(a); 20A.02(a)(7)(C). Accordingly, we conclude the evidence is legally

sufficient to show appellant trafficked V.P. and compelled sexual assault as required to support his

trafficking of a child conviction. We overrule appellant’s third issue.

       We affirm the trial court’s judgments.



                                              /Ada Brown/
                                              ADA BROWN
                                              JUSTICE



Do Not Publish
TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2(b)

180170F.U05




                                                –13–
                               Court of Appeals
                        Fifth District of Texas at Dallas
                                      JUDGMENT

 JASON DANIEL STRICKLAND,                             On Appeal from the 292nd Judicial District
 Appellant                                            Court, Dallas County, Texas
                                                      Trial Court Cause No. F15-76631-V.
 No. 05-18-00170-CR         V.                        Opinion delivered by Justice Brown;
                                                      Justices Bridges and Nowell participating.
 THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee

       Based on the Court’s opinion of this date, the judgment of the trial court is AFFIRMED.


Judgment entered this 7th day of June, 2019.




                                               –14–
                               Court of Appeals
                        Fifth District of Texas at Dallas
                                      JUDGMENT

 JASON DANIEL STRICKLAND,                             On Appeal from the 292nd Judicial District
 Appellant                                            Court, Dallas County, Texas
                                                      Trial Court Cause No. F16-00834-V.
 No. 05-18-00171-CR         V.                        Opinion delivered by Justice Brown;
                                                      Justices Bridges and Nowell participating.
 THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee

       Based on the Court’s opinion of this date, the judgment of the trial court is AFFIRMED.


Judgment entered this 7th day of June, 2019.




                                               –15–
