                                                                    FOURTH DIVISION
                                                                         June 19, 2008



Nos. 1-05-3721 and 1-06-2967 (Consolidated)




JOSEPH PECORARO,                          )          Appeal from the Circuit Court of
                                          )          Cook County, Illinois
      Plaintiff-Appellant,                )
                                          )          No. 00 L 11852
      v.                                  )
                                          )          Honorable Richard J. Elrod,
JAMES W. BALKONIS, EDWARD J. PUDLO,       )          Judge Presiding
FRANK BISKNER, MATTHEW M. SPRENZEL, )
KENNETH J. NORDGREN, WILLIAM D. )
DeGIRONEMO, and JAMES LAPETINA,           )
                                          )
      Defendants-Appellees,               )
                                          )
(Thomas Olsak and Fremd High School       )
Hockey Club, Defendants).                 )
__________________________________________)
                                          )
JOSEPH PECORARO,                          )
                                          )
      Plaintiff-Appellee,                 )
                                          )
      v.                                  )
                                          )
FREMD HIGH SCHOOL HOCKEY CLUB,            )
                                          )
      Defendant and Third-Party           )
      Plaintiff-Appellant,                )
                                          )
(Thomas Olsak,                            )
Defendant and Third-Party Defendant).     )


      JUSTICE MURPHY delivered the opinion of the court:
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       Plaintiff, Joseph Pecoraro, brought an action against defendants, James W. Balkonis,

Edward J. Pudlo, Frank Biskner, Matthew M. Sprenzel, Kenneth J. Nordgren, William D.

DeGironemo, and James Lapetina, members of the board of governors of the Fremd High School

Hockey Club (individual board members), alleging that they were negligent when they failed to

control Thomas Olsak, a 17-year-old hockey player, who assaulted plaintiff after plaintiff told

him he could not play in a hockey game. The trial court dismissed count II on the basis that the

individual board members did not authorize or ratify Olsak’s conduct. In appeal No. 1-05-3721,

plaintiff appeals the dismissal of the individual board members. In appeal No. 1-06-2967, the

hockey club appeals the trial court’s finding that a settlement between plaintiff and Olsak was in

good faith.

                                       I. BACKGROUND

                                A. Allegations of the Complaint

       Plaintiff filed a suit against Olsak, his stepfather, Edward Pudlo, and the Fremd High

School Hockey Club (hockey club) after a confrontation between plaintiff and Olsak left plaintiff

severely injured. Plaintiff later amended his complaint to add the individual members of the

board of governors of the hockey club.

       Plaintiff’s third amended complaint alleges as follows. On October 21, 1998, plaintiff

was the head coach of the hockey club’s varsity team. Olsak, a 17-year-old player, had

deliberately missed two consecutive conditioning sessions earlier in the week, in violation of

team practice rules, so he knew he would not be allowed to play in the game that night.

However, he reported to the locker room and dressed in his hockey equipment for the purpose of


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triggering a confrontation with plaintiff. When plaintiff entered the locker room, a verbal

confrontation ensued, and when plaintiff walked away, Olsak followed and threw a hockey stick

at his back. As plaintiff turned around, Olsak struck him in the temple. Plaintiff stiffened and

fell backwards, striking his head on the concrete floor. He suffered serious head injuries, was in

a coma for several days, and sustained permanent brain damage, including the loss of certain

sensory and cognitive functions.

       The hockey club is an association that operates and manages a high-school hockey team.

It is a private not-for-profit but is not organized as such under the laws of Illinois. It is organized

under the Amateur Hockey Association Illinois, Inc. (AHAI), which is recognized by USA

Hockey, the governing body of American Ice Hockey, as its sanctioned affiliate. USA Hockey

promulgated rule books containing play rules and bylaws that must be followed by AHAI,

member teams, and all participants. Similarly, AHAI promulgated policies, bylaws, and rules

that must be followed by all Illinois leagues, member teams, and participants. The hockey club

had an obligation, as an AHAI member team, to follow and enforce AHAI policies and bylaws as

they applied to board members, coaches, and players, specifically, the “obligation to prevent

physical abuse and fighting as required by AHAI policies.”

       Count I alleges assault and battery against Olsak, and count III alleges negligence against

Pudlo, Olsak’s stepfather. In count IV, plaintiff alleged that the hockey club was liable pursuant

to the doctrine of respondeat superior because Olsak was a servant of the hockey club at the time

of the incident. Count V alleges negligence against the individual board members under the




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Sports Volunteer Immunity Act (745 ILCS 80/1(a) (West 2004)).1

       Count II alleged negligence on the part of the hockey club and the individual board

members. The hockey club and individual board members were obligated to observe, adopt, and

follow the affiliate guidelines contained in article XIX of the AHAI rules and regulations. The

hockey club and individual board members created several committees, including, for example,

the player recruiting and retention committee, the coaching and staffing committee, and the

disciplinary committee, to discharge the club’s obligations under AHAI and league rules. The

hockey club and its individual board members had control and authority over the players with

respect to hockey activities and had the authority to provide direction, manage, enact rules and

regulations, and suspend and discipline players. They had a duty to plaintiff to provide a safe

environment within which to perform his coaching duties and to protect him from harm and

abuse from the players during hockey-related activities.

       The board knew of the following through Pudlo: (1) Olsak had received disciplinary

action in school on March 4, 1998, for breaking a ceiling tile by hitting it with his hand, and (2)

Olsak had received disciplinary action in school on March 5, 1998, for “destructive, dangerous,

and disruptive behavior after repeated warnings” in the classroom. The board also knew, through

Pudlo or other “individual defendant members of the Board,” that in late February or early March


       1
           Count I was dismissed when Olsak settled with plaintiff. As discussed below, the

hockey club is appealing the approval of that settlement. Counts III and V were dismissed with

prejudice; their dismissals are not being appealed. Count IV apparently continues in the trial

court and is not relevant to this appeal.

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1998, Olsak was assessed a major penalty for assaulting and fighting a player on the opposing

team during a game. It knew, through the individual board defendants, that: (1) Olsak received

an inordinately high number of penalty minutes during the 1997-98 season for violating playing

rules promulgated by USA Hockey, and (2) Olsak had made disrespectful and combative

comments to plaintiff and other assistant coaches before the incident in question. Finally, the

hockey club and the individual board defendants knew or should have known that Olsak had

violent propensities and showed an inability to exercise self-discipline and anger management on

several occasions before the incident.

        The hockey club and individual board members breached their duty to plaintiff by failing

to (1) define, implement, and execute policies relating to the enforcement of team rules that were

to be followed by the players; (2) prevent Olsak from dressing in his hockey equipment on

October 21, 1998; (3) define and implement policies and procedures that would have required

Edward Pudlo, the manager, to serve as a liaison between the coached and players to prevent

abusive contact toward coaches; (4) hold a disciplinary hearing and investigate the incidents of

violent behavior demonstrated by Olsak to prevent further acts of violence, intimidation, or

abuse; (5) discipline or suspend Olsak from hockey before October 21, 1998; (6) advise the

AHAI of the problem of potential abuse posed by Olsak in violation of AHAI rules; and (7) draft

and implement a constitution, bylaws, and rules and regulations for the players, parents, and

coaches as required by AHAI rules and regulations. The third amended complaint alleges that

the failure of the board and its individual members to effectively manage and control Olsak

caused plaintiff’s injuries.


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                                 B. Proceedings in the Trial Court

       On October 9, 2001, defendants filed a motion to dismiss count II of the second amended

complaint pursuant to section 2-619 of the Code of Civil Procedure (735 ILCS 5/2-619 (West

2004)) based on the General Not For Profit Corporation Act of 1986 (General Not-For-Profit

Act) (805 ILCS 105/108.70(a) (West 2004)) and the Sports Volunteer Immunity Act (745 ILCS

80/1(a) (West 2004)). Judge Bronstein denied the motion because at the time of the incident the

hockey club was not registered with the state as a not-for-profit as required by the General Not-

For-Profit Act. Defendants then filed an answer to the complaint.

       In 2003, the club and the Fremd defendants filed a motion for summary judgment on

count II of the complaint, arguing that (1) they did not have a duty to control Olsak’s conduct

because there was not a special relationship between them and Olsak, (2) they did not have a duty

to protect plaintiff from Olsak’s unforeseeable, criminal attack, and (3) AHAI rules did not create

a duty owed by defendants to plaintiff. Plaintiff responded that there was a master-servant

relationship between Olsak and the board and that they voluntarily assumed a duty. Judge Hogan

stated that “there’s no duty to the plaintiff on an individual basis. The only duty on behalf of

these individuals stems from the relationship they had with respect to the board. *** [I]f you get

a verdict against the board, that doesn’t mean that you get a verdict against these people

individually.” He denied the motion but noted that the individual board members could “only be

found responsible based on what they did with respect to their board actions.”

       The case was assigned to Judge Elrod for trial on September 1, 2004, and in March 2005,

the Fremd defendants filed a second motion for summary judgment on count II. Defendants


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again argued that the Sports Volunteer Immunity Act precluded count II. In light of this motion,

plaintiff was permitted to file a third amended complaint, and defendants’ motion was denied.

       In June 2005, plaintiff filed a motion for partial summary judgment on counts II and IV as

to the existence of a master-servant relationship between the board and Olsak, which the trial

court denied. During the hearing addressing plaintiff’s motion for partial summary judgment,

Judge Elrod also discussed the liability of the individual board members. During the hearing,

plaintiff stated that when negligence is imputed on the club, it is automatically assumed by each

of the board members. Judge Elrod ruled that pursuant to Joseph v. Collis, 272 Ill. App. 3d 200

(1995), individual board members are not personally liable for the tortious conduct of other board

members unless they perform individual acts of negligence or ratify the board’s acts of

negligence. Therefore, the trial court stated, the failure to implement policies was on the part of

the club, not the individuals. Accordingly, the trial court sua sponte directed defendants to file a

motion to dismiss count II.

       Defendants filed such a motion, and the individual board members were dismissed as

defendants on October 12, 2005. On November 10, 2005, the trial court granted plaintiff’s

motion for a Supreme Court Rule 304(a) (210 Ill. 2d R. 304(a)) finding regarding the dismissal

of board members as defendants and denied his motion for a Supreme Court Rule 308 (155 Ill.

2d R. 308) certification regarding the denial of plaintiff’s motion for partial summary judgment.

                                           C. Settlement

       The hockey club and individual board members filed a contribution claim against Olsak.

In June 2006, plaintiff settled his assault and battery claim against Olsak. The settlement


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agreement provides that Olsak will pay plaintiff $5,000 and assign him all of his rights under

insurance policies from two companies: (1) Country Mutual Insurance Company policies issued

to Olsak’s mother and stepfather, and (2) a TIG Insurance Company policy in which the hockey

club and its members were insureds. Country Mutual had filed a declaratory judgment action

seeking a declaration that it had no obligation to defend or indemnify him in this action, and TIG

defended the hockey club and the individual board members but did not defend Olsak. The

settlement agreement stated that Olsak, who did not have “any substantial assets with which to

pay any judgment or settlement” to plaintiff, had potential claims against the insurers for denying

him a defense. Furthermore, paragraph 2.4 of the settlement agreement provided that Olsak will

receive 5% of any recovery obtained from Country Mutual or TIG.

       Plaintiff and Olsak filed a joint motion for a good-faith finding regarding the settlement

pursuant to the Joint Tortfeasor Contribution Act (740 ILCS 100/2 (West 2004)). The trial court

found that the settlement was in good faith “with 2.4 eliminated,” as Olsak should not be able to

receive funds for his own alleged wrongdoing. Accordingly, the trial court dismissed plaintiff’s

claims against Olsak and the hockey club’s contribution claim against Olsak. The court found,

pursuant to Rule 304(a), that there was no just reason for delaying the enforcement or appeal of

the order. This appeal followed.

                                         II. ANALYSIS

                                      A. Motion to Dismiss

                                      1. Standard of Review

       A motion to dismiss pursuant to section 2-615 attacks the legal sufficiency of the


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complaint. R & B Kapital Development, LLC v. North Shore Community Bank & Trust Co., 358

Ill. App. 3d 912, 920 (2005). A court reviewing an order granting a section 2-615 motion takes

all well-pled facts as true. R & B, 358 Ill. App. 3d at 920. On review of a section 2-615

dismissal, the court must determine whether the allegations of the complaint, when interpreted in

the light most favorable to the plaintiff, sufficiently set forth a cause of action on which relief

may be granted. R & B, 358 Ill. App. 3d at 920. A dismissal pursuant to section 2-615 is

reviewed de novo. Collins v. Superior Air-Ground Ambulance Service, Inc., 338 Ill. App. 3d

812, 815 (2003).

       Citing Adcock v. Brakegate, Ltd., 164 Ill. 2d 54 (1994), plaintiff argues that a different

standard applies here because defendant waived any defect in the pleading by filing an answer to

the second amended complaint. In Adcock, when the defendant’s motion to strike and dismiss

the complaint was denied, it filed an answer denying the allegations of the complaint. The action

proceeded, and later the defendant refused to obey a court order compelling it to produce to

witnesses. The trial court punished the defendant by entering a judgment of liability against it as

a sanction, and the case then proceeded to trial. On appeal, the defendant abandoned its claim

that the sanction was too harsh and instead argued that the complaint was insufficient. Our

supreme court held, however, that the defendant waived such a claim because it elected to file an

answer to the complaint after its motion to dismiss was denied, and the jury verdict against the

defendant cured any defects in the complaint. Adcock, 164 Ill. 2d at 61. While a defendant may

raise a claim at any time that the complaint fails to state a cause of action, this “exception does

not apply where the complaint states a recognized cause of action but contains an incomplete or


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otherwise insufficient statement of that cause of action.” Adcock, 164 Ill. 2d at 61-62.

       We disagree with plaintiff. The defendant in Adcock filed a motion to dismiss and an

answer against the same version of the complaint. Here, the individual board members filed an

answer to the second amended complaint and a motion to dismiss the third amended complaint.

Therefore, they did not waive defects in the third amended complaint.

                     2. Whether Joseph v. Collis Precludes Plaintiff’s Claim

       The trial court, relying on Joseph v. Collis, 272 Ill. App. 3d 200 (1995), ruled that to hold

individual board members liable, plaintiff had to allege specific acts of negligence on the part of

the individuals or the ratification of the club’s negligence. In Joseph, a voluntary committee of

eight people associated to oppose a referendum question. The plaintiffs filed a complaint

alleging that three committee members made defamatory statements “ ‘individually and on behalf

of’ ” the other committee members. Joseph, 272 Ill. App. 3d at 203. On appeal, the plaintiffs

argued that the trial court erred when it dismissed their complaint against the committee

members who did not individually make the defamatory statements. The court found that there

was no legal basis for recovery against the defendants for the statements of other committee

members simply by virtue of membership on the committee. Joseph, 272 Ill. App. 3d at 207.

       The court noted, “The narrow issue of whether a member of a voluntary unincorporated

association may be held vicariously liable for the defamatory statement(s) of another member of

the association by virtue of mere membership in the association is one of first impression in

Illinois.” Joseph, 272 Ill. App. 3d at 208. It found the answer to this issue to turn on whether

“the voluntary unincorporated association is organized for profit.” Joseph, 272 Ill. App. 3d at


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208. Since it was not alleged that the committee was organized for profit, partnership law did

not apply. Rather, the court applied principles of agency law and found the proposition that a

member of a nonprofit voluntary unincorporated association is not liable for the torts of a fellow

member in the absence of (1) authorization or ratification of the tortious conduct or (2) active

participation in the tortious conduct to be “rational and just.” Joseph, 272 Ill. App. 3d at 208.

Because there were no allegations that the other board members authorized or ratified the

defamatory statements, the members who made the statements were not the agents of the other

board members. Joseph, 272 Ill. App. 3d at 208-09. Accordingly, the other board members

could not be held liable for those statements “without their direct participation, authorization, or

subsequent ratification.” Joseph, 272 Ill. App. 3d at 209.

        Similarly, according to Corpus Juris Secundum, a “nonprofit association” means an

unincorporated organization consisting of two or more members by mutual consent for a

common, nonprofit purpose. 7 C.J.S. Associations §3 (2004). “When a voluntary association is

*** organized for profit, the members are not viewed as partners, and no agency is implied from

mere fact of association.” 7 C.J.S. Associations §3 (2004). “The mere fact of membership in an

association is not of itself a sufficient basis for the tort liability of individual members for the

wrongful acts or omissions of an association or its agents, and liability may be required to be

predicated on participation in the activities of the association or in the tortious conduct.” 7 C.J.S.

Associations §70 (2004). See also Juhl v. Airington, 936 S.W.2d 640, 642 (Tex. 1996) (“the

individual liability of a member will be based on their actual participation in the tort or

ratification of the actions [that] cause injury”); Victory Committee v. Genesis Convention Center,


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597 N.E.2d 361, 364 (Ind. App. 1992) (members of a not-for-profit unincorporated association

are liable for the obligations incurred by the association under a contract if the members

authorize the contract or subsequently ratify its terms); Lyons v. American Legion Post No. 650

Realty Co., 172 Ohio St. 331, 175 N.E.2d 733 (1961); Security-First National Bank of Los

Angeles v. Cooper, 62 Cal. App. 2d 653, 145 P.2d 722 (1944); Stone v. Guth, 232 Mo. App. 217,

102 S.W.2d 738 (1937).        Plaintiff first argues that “it cannot be assumed” that the hockey

club was in fact a not-for-profit unincorporated association. However, the complaint alleges that

the hockey club was a not-for-profit association. Accordingly, in a section 2-615 motion, we

reject his argument. R & B, 358 Ill. App. 3d at 920.

       Plaintiff argues that Joseph is distinguishable because the committee in that case did not

have officers and directors, and the individual members did not obligate themselves to follow the

bylaws and rules of the association or of a regional or national governing body. He also contends

that Joseph does not apply because the complaint does not allege that one member is liable

simply by virtue of membership on the board. Rather, the complaint sufficiently alleges “acts or

omissions on the part of each individual defendant, as an officer or director.” The complaint

alleges that “the defendant Fremd Hockey Board, through its officer and manager defendant

Edward Pudlo,” knew that Olsak had received disciplinary action at school for breaking a ceiling

tile and engaging in “destructive, dangerous, and disruptive behavior after repeated warnings” in

the classroom. It further alleges that “the defendant Fremd Hockey Board, through its officer and

manager defendant Edward Pudlo, and other individual members of the Board,” knew that Olsak

was assessed either a major penalty or a game misconduct penalty for assaulting and fighting a


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player on the opposing team during a hockey game the previous season. These allegations

demonstrate direct knowledge only by specific individuals, either Pudlo or “other individual

members of the Board,” which plaintiff attempts to impute on the entire board. To the extent that

plaintiff attempts to hold other members of the board liable, Joseph precludes him from doing so.

Where there are no allegations of the other board members’ direct knowledge of these events,

there can be no “direct participation,” nor are there any allegations of “authorization or

subsequent ratification.” See Joseph, 272 Ill. App. 3d at 209.

       Paragraphs 37 through 39 of count II allege that the hockey club, “through its individual

Board defendants,” knew that Olsak received an inordinately high number of penalty minutes

during the 1997-98 season and made disrespectful and combative comments to plaintiff and other

assistant coaches before the incident. The club and individual board members also knew or

should have known that Olsak “had violent propensities and showed an inability to exercise self-

discipline and anger management.” However, the complaint does not specify what each

individual person, as opposed to the conglomerate “individual board members,” did or failed to

do. Furthermore, knowledge alone cannot constitute participation, authorization, or ratification

of the negligent acts.

       The complaint alleges that the club and the individual board members breached their duty

by, inter alia, failing to implement various policies and procedures, to hold a disciplinary hearing

to investigate earlier incidents of violent behavior, or suspend Olsak before the assault.

Therefore, while certain portions of the complaint seem to impute knowledge on individual board

members, other parts allege their direct participation in the tort, in that they knew of Olsak’s


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violent propensities and failed to suspend or otherwise control him. However, aggregating the

“individual board members” without distinguishing what particular person(s) of the seven

performed what particular acts or omissions poses the danger that Joseph seeks to avoid:

imposing individual liability on all individual board members for what could be the actions of

just a few. Therefore, we find that plaintiff’s allegations regarding whether “individual board

members” performed certain acts or omissions are not adequately pled.

       Finally, plaintiff argues that Joseph is inconsistent with Illinois law abolishing charitable

immunity (see Darling v. Charleston Community Memorial Hospital, 33 Ill. 2d 326 (1965))

because it creates an “express exception” to the rule. The legislature has established immunity

for directors or officers of not-for-profit corporations (see 805 ILCS 105/108.70 (West 2004))

and for managers, directors, and coaches in an amateur sports program of a nonprofit association

(see 745 ILCS 80/1 (West 2004)). However, the trial court determined that defendants did not

enjoy immunity under the Sports Volunteer Immunity Act because the club failed to register as

an Illinois not-for-profit corporation or unincorporated association. According to plaintiff, where

defendants failed to comply with the requirements to obtain statutory immunity, they would be

rewarded with the application of Joseph, which has granted them “with a charitable immunity.”

        Plaintiff contends that if Joseph “is allowed to apply to its fullest extent,” an influx of

“self-proclaimed charity-oriented groups” will claim “Joseph immunity” from the negligence of

their officers, directors, or agents without complying with the requirements of statutory immunity

or procuring insurance. Despite plaintiff’s prognostications, in the 16 years since Joseph was

decided, not a single case has relied on it for the concept of immunity. This is because Joseph


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has nothing to with immunity. Joseph simply requires that the defendant-member somehow

participate in the tort before making him liable for the torts of other members, while immunity

would immunize the person in the event that he did participate.

       Therefore, we affirm the trial court’s dismissal of count II. In light of this ruling, we

decline to address plaintiff’s arguments that a master-servant relationship exists between the

hockey club and Olsak and that the individual board members had a duty to protect him.

                                            B. Settlement

       The hockey club contends that the trial court erred in finding that the settlement

agreement was in good faith. The settling party carries the initial burden of making a preliminary

showing of good faith. Johnson v. United Airlines, 203 Ill. 2d 121, 132 (2003). “At a minimum,

the settling parties must show the existence of a legally valid settlement agreement.” Johnson,

203 Ill. 2d at 132. Once a preliminary showing of good faith has been made, the party

challenging the good faith of the settlement must prove the absence of good faith by a

preponderance of the evidence. Johnson, 203 Ill. 2d at 132.

       “The ‘good faith’ of a settlement is the only limitation [that] the Act places on the right to

settle and it is the good-faith nature of a settlement that extinguishes the contribution liability of

the settling tortfeasor.” Johnson, 203 Ill. 2d at 128; 740 ILCS 100/2(d) (West 2004). The Act

does not define “good faith”; however, our supreme court has noted that a settlement will not be

found to be in good faith if it is shown that the settling parties engaged in wrongful conduct,

collusion, or fraud. Johnson, 203 Ill. 2d at 134. Nor will a settlement satisfy the good-faith

requirement if it conflicts with the terms of the Act or is inconsistent with the policies underlying


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the Act. Johnson, 203 Ill. 2d at 134. “Ultimately, however, whether a settlement satisfies the

good-faith requirement *** is a matter left to the discretion of the trial court based upon the

court’s consideration of the totality of the circumstances.” Johnson, 203 Ill. 2d at 135.

       “The policy of the Contribution Act is to encourage compromise and settlement in the

absence of bad faith, fraud[,] or collusion.” Orejel v. York International Corp., 287 Ill. App. 3d

592, 601 (1997). The hockey club, however, does not allege that there was evidence of

collusion, unfair dealing, or wrongful conduct of the settling parties. See In re Guardianship of

Babb, 162 Ill. 2d 153 (1994); BHI Corp. v. Litgen Concrete Cutting & Coring Co., 346 Ill. App.

3d 300, 306 (2004). Instead, it argues that the amount of the settlement is inadequate. The

settlement amount is $5,000 plus the value of Olsak’s causes of action against Country Mutual

and TIG. The hockey club argues that the assignment of rights was illusory because a trial court

determined that Country Mutual owes no coverage to Olsak for his intentional act because his

conduct fell within the intentional-act exclusion of the policy,2 and while the TIG policy is not in

the record, “it is reasonable to conclude that it has a similar intentional act exclusion.” The

hockey club notes that Olsak, who pled guilty to battery, admitted to punching plaintiff, although

he claimed that plaintiff had been verbally abusive. The hockey club concludes that the

settlement amount is inadequate in light of plaintiff’s claimed economic losses in the amount of

$800,000 and his extensive physical injuries.

       “The amount of a settlement must be viewed in relation to the probability of recovery, the

defenses raised, and the settling party’s potential legal liability.” Johnson, 203 Ill. 2d at 137.


       2
           That ruling is being appealed in docket No. 1-07-2273.

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The disparity between the settlement amount and the ad damnum in the complaint is not an

accurate measure of the good faith of the settlement, nor does the small amount of the settlement,

alone, require a finding of bad faith. Johnson, 203 Ill. 2d at 136-37; Skaggs v. Senior Services of

Central Illinois, Inc., 355 Ill. App. 3d 1120, 1126 (2005). While the hockey club emphasizes

that the supreme court in Johnson noted that the small amount of the settlement, “alone,” does

not require a finding of bad faith (Johnson, 203 Ill. 2d at 136-37), it does not allege anything

beyond the inadequacy of the settlement amount, in light of Olsak’s “obvious liability.” The

hockey club does not argue that there was evidence of collusion, unfair dealing, or wrongful

conduct of the settling parties. See In re Guardianship of Babb, 162 Ill. 2d 153 (1994); BHI

Corp. v. Litgen Concrete Cutting & Coring Co., 346 Ill. App. 3d 300, 306 (2004).

       While $5,000 and an assignment of claims against the insurance companies seem to be a

small amount for intentionally punching someone in the head and causing extensive injuries,

Olsak’s attorney stated in his affidavit that he conducted an asset search of Oslak and found that

he has no assets of consequence. According to the attorney, even if a judgment in a significant

amount is rendered against Olsak, there is “little or no probability” that Olsak could ever satisfy

it. Olsak stated in his affidavit that he has no assets “of a material nature” and that even the

$5,000 payment will be difficult for him to make. Where affidavits averred that Olsak, who was

only 17 years old at the time of the incident, had few assets, and the trial court refused to approve

the paragraph of the agreement that gave Olsak 5% of any recovery obtained from the insurers,

we conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion when it found that the settlement

agreement was in good faith.


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                                      III. CONCLUSION

      For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the decisions of the trial court.

      Affirmed.

      NEVILLE, P.J., and O’BRIEN, J., concur.




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