        IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                         AT KNOXVILLE
                                 June 23, 2015 Session


            STATE OF TENNESSEE v. STEVEN TROY WILBURN

                   Appeal from the Circuit Court for Sevier County
                      No. 18170-II    Richard R. Vance, Judge




                No. E2014-01866-CCA-R3-CD – Filed August 21, 2015
                        _____________________________

Defendant, Steven Roy Wilburn, appeals his conviction for DUI, pursuant to a certified
question of law, arguing that the trial court erred in denying his motion to suppress
because the arresting officer was not authorized to arrest Defendant outside of his
municipal jurisdiction. Because the arresting officer was authorized to stop and arrest
Defendant under Tennessee’s arrest by a private person statute, the decision of the trial
court is affirmed.

  Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Circuit Court Affirmed

TIMOTHY L. EASTER, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which ROBERT W.
WEDEMEYER and ROBERT H. MONTGOMERY, JR., JJ., joined.

Travis D. McCarter, Sevierville, Tennessee, for the appellant, Steven Troy Wilburn.

Herbert H. Slatery III, Attorney General and Reporter; Ahmed A. Safeeullah, Assistant
Attorney General; James Dunn, District Attorney General; and Greg Eshbaugh, Assistant
District Attorney General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.


                                        OPINION

        This is a certified question of law reserving for review the trial court’s denial of
Defendant’s motion to suppress evidence based on the traffic stop of Defendant as he
travelled from one municipality to another.
                           Factual and Procedural Background

       On March 4, 2013, a Sevier County grand jury indicted Defendant for driving
under the influence of an intoxicant (“DUI”), driving with a blood alcohol concentration
over .08% (“DUI per se”), and failure to maintain his lane of traffic. On May 15, 2014,
Defendant filed a motion to suppress the evidence obtained from the traffic stop that led
to those charges.

       At the suppression hearing, Pigeon Forge Police Officer Jeremy Croce testified
that on the evening of September 2, 2012, he was in Pigeon Forge driving on Veterans
Boulevard toward Sevierville. He saw Defendant’s vehicle “swerve outside his lane
going from the middle to the right.” Officer Croce began following the vehicle, which
then changed lanes into the right lane. During the change, Defendant “drove up on the
concrete part that separates the asphalt to the sidewalk, a little.”

       Officer Croce followed Defendant into the Sevierville city limits, and Defendant
“came out of his lane again right after Center View, and he almost hit the sidewalk.”
Defendant again veered out of his lane and almost hit the sidewalk before weaving from
the right lane into the center lane. Officer Croce then initiated a traffic stop. All of these
events were recorded by the video camera in Officer Croce’s police car. The recording
was entered into evidence and published to the trial judge.

        Officer Croce explained that he continued to follow Defendant into Sevierville
rather than initiating a traffic stop within Pigeon Forge because Officer Croce wanted to
give him “the benefit of the doubt.” Additionally, Officer Croce did not believe that
there was an adequate place for Defendant to pull over until after they entered
Sevierville. Officer Croce denied that Defendant’s driving could be described as
entailing “jerking or sharp movements.”

        After Defendant stopped his vehicle, Officer Croce approached and observed that
Defendant’s eyes were bloodshot and watery. Defendant’s “reactions were slowed” as if
in a “stupor.” Officer Croce smelled alcohol on Defendant’s breath. Officer Croce called
for additional police support and then asked Defendant to exit the vehicle for field
sobriety testing. Defendant refused to exit his vehicle. Officer Croce began informing
Defendant of his Miranda rights, but Defendant interrupted him.

       Officer Croce arrested Defendant for DUI and transported him to the Pigeon Forge
Police Department. At the police station, Officer Croce again requested Defendant to
perform field sobriety tests. Defendant did so, and his performance confirmed Officer
Croce’s belief that Defendant was impaired. Officer Croce advised Defendant of
Tennessee’s implied consent law, and Defendant agreed to blow into a breath test
instrument.
                                             -2-
       Officer Croce believed that he was acting as a Pigeon Forge police officer when he
stopped and arrested Defendant. However, Officer Croce admitted that he never
contacted Sevierville law enforcement regarding his traffic stop of Defendant and had not
been given authority to act as a police officer within Sevierville. Officer Croce did not
know how far he was within the Sevierville city limits when he initiated the traffic stop.

       The trial court denied the motion to suppress, and Defendant pled guilty to DUI,
reserving a certified question of law. The State dismissed the remaining charges.

                                           Analysis

       This case presents the following certified question of law:

       Whether the Pigeon Forge police officer responsible for initiating the traffic
       stop of the Defendant inside the Sevierville city limits was outside of his
       jurisdiction and thus not within his authority to make the stop, and if so
       found, whether any and all evidence seized pursuant to the traffic stop
       should be suppressed in this matter.

The question is properly before this Court.

        In reviewing a trial court’s ruling on a motion to suppress, this Court will uphold
the trial court’s findings of fact “unless the evidence preponderates otherwise.” State v.
Bell, 429 S.W.3d 524, 528 (Tenn. 2014) (citing State v. Climer, 400 S.W.3d 537, 556
(Tenn. 2013)). Witness credibility, the weight and value of the proof, and the resolution
of conflicts in the proof “are matters entrusted to the trial court as the trier of fact.” Id. at
529. “The party prevailing in the trial court is entitled to the strongest legitimate view of
the evidence adduced at the suppression hearing as well as all reasonable and legitimate
inferences that may be drawn from that evidence.” State v. Binette, 33 S.W.3d 215, 217
(Tenn. 2000) (quoting State v. Odom, 928 S.W.2d 18, 23 (Tenn. 1996)). The trial court’s
resolution of questions of law and application of the law to the facts are reviewed de novo
with no presumption of correctness. State v. Day, 263 S.W.3d 891, 900 (Tenn. 2008).

       Both the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution and article I, section
7 of the Tennessee Constitution guarantee the right to be free from unreasonable searches
and seizures. Tennessee’s constitutional protections regarding searches and seizures are
identical in intent and purpose to those in the federal constitution. State v. Turner, 297
S.W.3d 155, 165 (Tenn. 2009). “[A] warrantless search or seizure is presumed
unreasonable, and evidence discovered as a result thereof is subject to suppression unless
the State demonstrates that the search or seizure was conducted pursuant to one of the
narrowly defined exceptions to the warrant requirement.” State v. Yeargan, 958 S.W.2d
                                               -3-
626, 629 (Tenn. 1997). The burden is on the State to prove that a warrantless seizure was
constitutionally permissible. State v. Nicholson, 188 S.W.3d 649, 656-57 (Tenn. 2006);
Henning, 975 S.W.2d at 298.

       Generally, municipal police authority does not extend into the limits of another
municipality. See T.C.A. § 6-54-301. However, a police officer may still effect an arrest
outside of his municipal jurisdiction to the same extent that a private citizen is authorized
to do so by law. State v. Johnson, 661 S.W.2d 854, 859 (Tenn. 1983). Tennessee Code
Annotated section 40-7-109(a) authorizes a private citizen to arrest another individual in
three circumstances:

       (1) For a public offense committed in the arresting person’s presence;

       (2) When the person arrested has committed a felony, although not in the
       arresting person’s presence; or

       (3) When a felony has been committed, and the arresting person has
       reasonable cause to believe that the person arrested committed the felony.

A “public offense” includes misdemeanors and is not limited to felonies. State v.
Martinez, 372 S.W.3d 598, 611 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2011) (citing State v. Horace Durham,
No. 01C01-9503-CC-00056, 1995 WL 678811 (Tenn. Crim. App. Nov. 16, 1995)).

       In this case, Officer Croce observed Defendant violate Tennessee Code Annotated
section 55-8-123 twice in Pigeon Forge and three times in Sevierville. Section 55-8-123
provides:

       Whenever any roadway has been divided into two (2) or more clearly
       marked lanes for traffic . . . [a] vehicle shall be driven as nearly as
       practicable entirely within a single lane and shall not be moved from that
       lane until the driver has first ascertained that the movement can be made
       with safety . . . .

As a private citizen, Officer Croce was authorized to stop and arrest Defendant for these
traffic violations. See Martinez, 372 S.W.3d at 611 (holding that an extrajurisdictional
traffic stop for speeding, which led to an arrest for heroin trafficking, was lawful); State
v. Andrew John Bellamy, No. E2003-02728-CCA-R3-CD, 2004 WL 2358099, at *4
(Tenn. Crim. App. Oct. 20, 2004) (holding that an extrajurisdictional traffic stop for
speeding and driving on a revoked license, which led to an arrest for DUI, was lawful),
perm. app. denied (Tenn. Mar. 7, 2005); State v. Donnie Alfred Johnson, No.02C01-
9707-CC-00261, 1998 WL 464898, at *2 (Tenn. Crim. App. Aug. 11, 1998) (holding that

                                             -4-
an extrajurisdictional traffic stop for speeding, which led to an arrest for DUI, was
lawful).

        Officer Croce was also authorized, as a private citizen, to arrest Defendant for
DUI. See Horace Durham, 1995 WL 678811, at *2 (holding that an extrajurisdictional
private arrest for DUI was lawful). He saw Defendant’s vehicle stray considerably from
its lane of travel five times and later observed that Defendant’s eyes were bloodshot and
watery, that Defendant’s physical reactions were noticeably torpid, and that Defendant
smelled of alcohol. At this point, Officer Croce had ample probable cause to believe that
Defendant had been driving under the influence while Officer Croce had observed
Defendant in Pigeon Forge. Thus, Officer Croce was authorized to arrest Defendant in
Sevierville. Officer Croce’s subjective belief that he was acting as a police officer in
Sevierville rather than as a private citizen is immaterial. Martinez, 372 S.W.3d at 611
(citing Horace Durham, 1995 WL 678811, at *2).

                                      Conclusion

       For the foregoing reasons, Defendant’s stop and arrest were lawful and the trial
court properly denied his motion to suppress. Therefore, the trial court’s decision is
affirmed.



                                                 _________________________________
                                                 TIMOTHY L. EASTER, JUDGE




                                           -5-
