                           IN THE SUPREME COURT OF MISSISSIPPI
                                    NO. 96-CA-01384-SCT
KENNETH RAY CHURCHILL, JR.
v.
PEARL RIVER BASIN DEVELOPMENT DISTRICT AND PIKE COUNTY, MISSISSIPPI

DATE OF JUDGMENT:                                 07/02/96
TRIAL JUDGE:                                      HON. KEITH STARRETT
COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED:                        PIKE COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT:                          ALFRED LEE FELDER
                                                  RODNEY G. TIDWELL
                                                  DON ROGERS
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEES:                          WAYNE DOWDY
                                                  JOHN B. CLARK
NATURE OF THE CASE:                               CIVIL - PERSONAL INJURY
DISPOSITION:                                      REVERSED AND REMANDED 05/27/1999
MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:                       6/10/99
MANDATE ISSUED: August 5, 1999




     EN BANC.


     WALLER, JUSTICE, FOR THE COURT:


                             STATEMENT OF THE CASE AND FACTS

¶1. On August 1, 1981, fifteen-year-old appellant Kenneth R. Churchill, Jr. traveled with his baseball team
and several adult chaperones to an end-of-season outing at the Bogue Chitto Water Park ("the Park") in
Pike County. The Park was developed by appellee Pearl River Basin Development District ("the District")
and maintained by appellee Pike County. Norma Rials testified the members of the team were not charged
a fee for admission to the Park. Churchill asserts, however, that he did in fact pay an admission fee upon
entering the Park. Upon arriving at the Park, Churchill and his group rented inner tubes and began the first
of several floating trips down the river that day.

¶2. After having made approximately two trips down the river, Churchill and his group found a swing
hanging from a tree limb extending over part of the river. Although the Bogue Chitto River runs mainly
through park land, the record indicates the tree to which the swing was attached was located on property
which was not owned by the Park. The District submits the swing could not have been in place for over one
or two days. At any rate, the members of the group began swinging over and dropping into the river. The
water underneath the swing was shallow, and the District notes some members of the group were standing
in the river, thus revealing the river was only waist-deep.

¶3. All parties agree James Harrington was the first person to use the swing. Churchill submits he was the
second to use the swing after Harrington's initial jump. The District notes, however, Churchill's younger
brother testified two group members had used the swing prior to Churchill's jump. Upon diving into the river
from the swing, Churchill struck his head on the river bottom and broke his neck. Churchill was taken to
Baptist Hospital in Jackson, where he had surgery for his damaged vertebrae. He was transferred to
Methodist Rehabilitation Center on October 1, 1981.

¶4. All parties agree Churchill made a remarkable recovery from his injuries, but Churchill notes his
recovery was not complete. Churchill stated he had to learn to be left handed, that he has limited control of
his bladder and bowel functions, that he has difficulty walking at a normal pace and that he often drops
objects and trips while walking. Still, the record indicates Churchill is gainfully employed at an auto
dealership.

¶5. Churchill filed suit against Pike County and the District on June 26, 1987, seeking damages in strict
liability, tort, and for breach of an implied contract. The circuit court granted summary judgment on the basis
of sovereign immunity, but this Court reversed and remanded for a new trial in Churchill v. Pearl River
Basin Dev. Dist., 619 So. 2d 900 (Miss. 1993). Specifically, this Court found the purchase of liability
insurance by the District and the County served to waive sovereign immunity to the extent of the liability
coverage, and we overruled authority holding to the contrary. Churchill I, 619 So. 2d at 906.

¶6. The District notes, following this Court's issuance of the mandate in July 1993, Churchill proceeded in a
less than expeditious manner in bringing the matter to trial once again. The District was forced to file motions
to compel discovery by Churchill, and Churchill filed numerous motions for continuance. On November 14,
1996, the circuit court issued a warning to the parties, notifying them of steps which must be taken in order
for the case to remain on the active docket. A status conference was held on January 10, 1996, and the
case was set for trial on June 26, 1996. A final pretrial conference was held on June 24, and Churchill once
again moved for a continuance, which was denied.

¶7. Following a five-day trial, the jury returned a verdict for the defendants. The circuit court denied
Churchill's post-trial motions, and Churchill, feeling aggrieved, appealed listing the following nine
assignments of error:

      I. WHETHER THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN FAILING TO GIVE CHURCHILL'S
      PEREMPTORY INSTRUCTION.

      II. WHETHER THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN FAILING TO GRANT CHURCHILL'S
      MOTION FOR JUDGMENT NOTWITHSTANDING THE VERDICT.

      III. WHETHER THE VERDICT IS AGAINST THE OVERWHELMING WEIGHT OF
      THE EVIDENCE.

      IV. WHETHER THE TRIAL COURT ERRED WHEN IT ADMITTED OVER
      PLAINTIFF'S OBJECTION AN ASSUMPTION OF THE RISK INSTRUCTION AND AN
      ASSUMPTION OF THE RISK SPECIAL INTERROGATORY.
      V. WHETHER THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN GIVING JURY INSTRUCTION DPR-
      14-A, AS WRITTEN.

      VI. WHETHER THE TRIAL ERRED IN REFUSING TO ADMIT EVIDENCE OF
      SUBSEQUENT SIMILAR INJURIES TO THAT OF CHURCHILL WHEN THE
      DEFENDANTS HAD PUT ON EVIDENCE OF NO INJURIES IN THE YEARS 1976
      UNTIL AUGUST 1981.

      VII. WHETHER THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN ALLOWING DEFENSE COUNSEL
      TO READ FROM DOCUMENTS NOT IN EVIDENCE DURING SUMMATION.

      VIII. WHETHER THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN NOT EXCUSING JUROR HENSLEY,
      A DEPUTY SHERIFF OF THE DEFENDANT PIKE COUNTY, FOR CAUSE.

      IX. WHETHER THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN REFUSING TO ADMIT PROFFERED
      LIFE EXPECTANCY TABLES.

                                           DISCUSSION OF LAW

¶8. Because this case is reversed and remanded for a new trial, only issues IV, V and IX need be
addressed.

      IV. WHETHER THE TRIAL COURT ERRED WHEN IT ADMITTED OVER
      PLAINTIFF'S OBJECTION AN ASSUMPTION OF THE RISK INSTRUCTION AND AN
      ASSUMPTION OF THE RISK SPECIAL INTERROGATORY.

¶9. The primary issue on appeal in the present case involves the assumption of risk instruction which was
submitted to the jury. Instruction DPR-11 reads as follows:

      The court instructs the jury that if you find from a preponderance of the evidence in this case that at
      the time of the accident complained of, Kenneth Churchill, Jr., (1) Knew the depth of the water
      beneath the swing in question; and (2) Appreciated the danger of diving into water of that depth; and
      (3) Knowingly, deliberately and voluntarily chose to expose himself to the danger, so as to assent to
      the dangerous situation, then you are instructed that Kenneth Churchill, Jr. assumed the risk of injury
      from diving or flipping into the water at the point in question, and the plaintiff cannot recover from
      either defendant.

In granting these instructions, the trial judge stated "I think that this instruction and the interrogatory properly
states the law in this state, that assumption of risk is an absolute bar to recovery."

¶10. In concluding "assumption of risk is an absolute bar to recovery," the trial judge was in error. The
assumption of risk instructions in the present case are problematic in light of our previous decisions dealing
with this doctrine. In Horton v. American Tobacco Co., 667 So. 2d 1289 (Miss. 1995), Justice Banks
wrote "[w]hile Horton's actions in continuing to smoke might be characterized as evidence supporting a
conclusion of assumption of the risk, that doctrine is subsumed in our comparative fault doctrine." Horton,
667 So. 2d at 1292. Justice Dan Lee wrote an opinion joined by Justices Sullivan, Pittman, and McRae and
in part by Justice Banks, in which he stated he would bar the doctrine of assumption of risk outright.
      The cases above illustrate the problems we have had wrestling with the distinction between
      assumption of the risk and comparative negligence. The groundwork, however, has been laid for the
      Court to abolish the doctrine outright and merge it with comparative negligence. Therefore, I would
      take this opportunity to do just that and abolish the doctrine of assumption of the risk. . . .

Id. at 1306. (Lee, P.J., concurring in part and dissenting in part). Thus, five justices expressed the view in
Horton that the doctrine of assumption of risk should either be subsumed into comparative negligence or
abolished outright, and Horton accordingly carried precedential authority in this regard.

¶11. Our most recent pronouncement on the validity of the assumption of risk doctrine is found in Donald
v. Triple S Well Service, Inc., 708 So. 2d 1318 (Miss. 1998). In Donald, this Court reversed on
grounds unrelated to the assumption of risk instruction, but Justice Banks, joined by Presiding Justices
Sullivan and Pittman, stated the doctrine of assumption of risk had been subsumed into comparative
negligence:

      In Horton v. American Tobacco Co., 667 So. 2d 1289 (Miss. 1995), we considered the issue of
      assumption of the risk instructions. . . . A majority of this Court concluded that the trial court erred in
      granting the assumption of the risk instruction. Id. at 1289-90. The rationale for this conclusion is that
      the concept of assumption of the risk is subsumed in our comparative fault doctrine. Id. at 1293
      (Banks, J., writing for the plurality) and 1305-06 (Lee, P.J., concurring in part and dissenting in part).
      In other words, assumption of the risk on the part of the plaintiff merely goes to the percentage of fault
      attributable to the plaintiff; it no longer affords a complete defense to the defendant unless the jury
      finds that the plaintiff's assumption of risk proportionately reduces damages to zero. Id. at 1292.

Donald, 708 So. 2d at 1325. Justice McRae wrote a specially concurring opinion in which he also
expressed the view that "assumption of the risk has been subsumed into our comparative negligence
doctrine." Id. at 1327 (McRae, J., concurring). Justice Mills wrote a dissent, joined by Justices Smith and
Roberts and in part by Chief Justice Prather, in which he argued that assumption of risk should remain a
"viable doctrine." Id. at 1327 (Mills, J., dissenting).

¶12. We take this opportunity to hold once again that the assumption of risk doctrine is subsumed into
comparative negligence. Any actions which might constitute an assumption of risk should be dealt with only
in the context of the comparative negligence doctrine. A jury is always free to decide that an act which
constitutes an assumption of risk was the sole proximate cause of a plaintiff's injuries. We see no reason
why acts which might constitute an assumption of risk should, as a matter of law, create a complete bar to
recovery. The comparative negligence doctrine gives juries great flexibility in reaching a verdict. Any fault
on the part of the plaintiff should be considered only in the context of comparative negligence.

      V. WHETHER THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN GIVING JURY INSTRUCTION DPR-
      14-A, AS WRITTEN.

¶13. Recognizing the adverse authority in Horton and Donald, the defendants' primary argument in the
present case is not that the assumption of risk instruction issued in the present case correctly states the law
of this State. The defendants instead argue that when considered as a whole, the jury instructions properly
instructed the jury on Mississippi law and, any error in instruction DPR-11 was "cured" by the other
instructions.
¶14. The defendants point out Justice Banks's plurality opinion in Donald, recognized the jury had been
issued an assumption of risk instruction. Justice Banks noted, however:

      (W)hile the instructions here in question refer to the fact that the plaintiff may have "assumed the risk,"
      they also require the jury to consider and determine whether the plaintiff's action was the sole
      proximate cause of his injuries. Only if the jury so finds is the plaintiff entitled to recover nothing. This
      requirement is in line with our law of comparative fault.

Donald, 708 So. 2d at 1326. Justice Banks thus concluded the instruction in Donald correctly stated
Mississippi law because assumption of risk by the plaintiff would be a complete defense only if the plaintiff's
assumption of risk was the sole proximate cause of his injuries.

¶15. In this context, the defendants point to Jury Instruction DPR-14-A, which provides in part:

      If you find from a preponderance of the evidence that the plaintiff did not satisfy himself that the water
      was deep enough and that other conditions were adequate to execute his dive with safety, then he
      was negligent. If you further find that such negligence, if any, was the sole proximate cause of the
      accident which is the basis of the plaintiff's complaint, then you are under a sworn duty to return a
      verdict for the defendants.

Based on our decision in Donald, the defendants urge us to find Instruction DPR-14-A cured any errors in
the assumption of risk instruction DPR-11. We are unable to do so. Any curative effect of instruction DPR-
14-A was defeated by Special Interrogatory C submitted to the jury. Special Interrogatory C reads in part:

      (1) Do you find by a preponderance of the evidence that prior to his dive from the swing that Kenneth
      Churchill, Jr. (a) Knew the depth of the water beneath the swing in question; and (b) That he
      appreciated the danger of diving into the water of that depth; and (c) That he knowingly, deliberately,
      and voluntarily chose to expose himself to the danger so as to assent to the dangerous situation?

      __________ Yes

      __________ No

      If your answer is yes, then you should return a verdict in favor of the defendants. The form of your
      verdict may be "We, the jury, find for the defendants." If your answer is no then you should proceed
      to the other interrogatories.

¶16. The combined effect of the assumption of risk instruction DPR-11 and Special Interrogatory C was
such that no reasonable juror would realize Churchill could recover on the basis of comparative negligence.

¶17. Special Interrogatory C required the jury to answer by checking "yes" or "no" in response to the
question of whether Churchill assumed the risk of injury. The wording of the interrogatory precluded
recovery by Churchill if the jury found he assumed the risk of injury by diving into the river. By requiring the
jury to mark "yes" or "no" in the blank on the interrogatory, the jury's attention was improperly focused
solely on the question of assumption of risk, rather than on the correct principle of law, comparative
negligence. Accordingly, we have no choice but to reverse and remand for a new trial because of the
prejudicial effect of the erroneous jury instruction and the special interrogatory on assumption of risk.
      IX. WHETHER THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN REFUSING TO ADMIT PROFFERED
      LIFE EXPECTANCY TABLES.

¶18. At the end of his case-in-chief, Churchill sought to introduce life expectancy tables as an exhibit. This
exhibit, Churchill argued, would aid the jury in calculating Churchill's damages for future pain and suffering.
The trial judge refused to admit the tables because Churchill had failed to show any future economic loss.

¶19. This Court has long recognized that evidence of life expectancy is appropriate for determining future
pain and suffering. See, e.g., Arnold v. Ellis, 231 Miss. 757, 765, 97 So. 2d 744, 746 (1957) (stating
use of life expectancy of plaintiff in computations of damages for future pain and suffering was appropriate).
Evidence of life expectancy need not, however, come into evidence in the form of a complex set of life
expectancy tables. Our trial court judges retain the ability to exclude relevant evidence that may tend to
confuse or mislead the jury. See Miss. R. Evid. 403. Generally the trial court can take judicial notice of the
information found in life expectancy tables. Stewart v. State, 394 So. 2d 1337,1339 (Miss. 1981); Miss.
R. Evid. 201. The ability to have the court take judicial notice of life expectancy removes the need for the
admission of a complex set of statistical data which may tend to confuse or mislead the jury.

¶20. As long as the requirements for judicial notice in M.R.E. 201 are followed, and evidence has been
admitted to support an award of damages for future pain and suffering, evidence of Churchill's life
expectancy should be admitted. This task can be accomplished through the use of an appropriate jury
instruction. Cf. Mississippi Model Jury Instructions: Civil 20.22-1 (Mississippi Judicial College 1998)
(using life expectancy figures in wrongful death context).

                                               CONCLUSION

¶21. We reaffirm our prior holdings and state the doctrine of assumption of risk has been subsumed into
comparative negligence. Because the jury instructions and the special interrogatory submitted to the jury
incorrectly stated the law, no reasonable juror would recognize that Churchill could recover on the basis of
comparative negligence. Accordingly, we have no choice but to reverse and remand for a new trial. The
judgment of the Pike County Circuit Court is reversed, and this case is remanded for a new trial consistent
with this opinion.

¶22. REVERSED AND REMANDED.

SULLIVAN AND PITTMAN, P.JJ., BANKS AND McRAE, JJ., CONCUR. PRATHER, C.J.,
DISSENTS WITH SEPARATE WRITTEN OPINION JOINED BY SMITH AND MILLS, JJ.
COBB, J., NOT PARTICIPATING.




      PRATHER, CHIEF JUSTICE, DISSENTING:


¶23. I respectfully dissent. I recognize that the doctrine of assumption of risk has been subsumed into
comparative negligence, but, in my view, any errors in the jury instructions in the present case did not rise to
the level of reversible error. I would note that one of the jury instructions instructed the jury in a manner
consistent with a recent holding of this Court dealing with assumption of risk. Specifically, jury instruction
DPR-14-A provided in part that:

      If you find from a preponderance of the evidence that the plaintiff did not satisfy himself that the water
      was deep enough and that other conditions were adequate to execute his dive with safety, then he
      was negligent. If you further find that such negligence, if any, was the sole proximate cause of the
      accident which is the basis of the plaintiff's complaint, then you are under a sworn duty to return a
      verdict for the defendants.

Thus, Instruction DPR-14-A required the jury to find for the defendants based on Churchill's failure to
"satisfy himself that the water was deep enough" only if such failure were the "sole proximate cause" of the
accident.

¶24. In Donald v. Triple S Well Service, Inc., 708 So.2d 1318 (Miss. 1998), this Court noted that the
jury in that case had been issued an assumption of the risk instruction, but we nevertheless affirmed, based
on the existence of language similar to that found in DPR-14-A. This Court held in Donald that:

      [W]hile the instructions here in question refer to the fact that the plaintiff may have "assumed the risk,"
      they also require the jury to consider and determine whether the plaintiff's action was the sole
      proximate cause of his injuries. Only if the jury so finds is the plaintiff entitled to recover nothing. This
      requirement is in line with our law of comparative fault.

Donald, 708 So.2d at 1326. We thus concluded that the instruction in Donald correctly stated
Mississippi law in light of the fact that the instruction provided that any assumption of risk on the part of the
plaintiff would only serve as a complete defense if the plaintiff's action in assuming the risk were the sole
proximate cause of his injuries.

¶25. In my view, a similar result should be reached in the present case. Any errors made by the trial court in
instructing the jury were, in my view, cured by DPR 14-A, and the jury instructions, when considered as a
whole, do not constitute reversible error. I would affirm the judgment of the trial court, and I must
respectfully dissent.

SMITH AND MILLS, JJ., JOIN THIS OPINION.
