                                               COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA


              Present: Judges Huff, O’Brien and Senior Judge Haley
UNPUBLISHED




              MEGHAN JOHNSON
                                                                               MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY
              v.      Record No. 1616-18-4                                    JUDGE MARY GRACE O’BRIEN
                                                                                     MAY 21, 2019
              LOUDOUN COUNTY DEPARTMENT
               OF FAMILY SERVICES


                                    FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF LOUDOUN COUNTY
                                                 Jeanette A. Irby, Judge

                                (Heather S. Miller; Thomas S. Rock, Guardian ad litem for the minor
                                children; Sevila, Saunders, Huddleston & White, P.C., on brief), for
                                appellant. Appellant and Guardian ad litem submitting on brief.

                                (Leslie Barnes, Assistant County Attorney; Loudoun County
                                Attorney’s Office, on brief), for appellee. Appellee submitting on
                                brief.


                      Meghan Johnson (“mother”) appeals an order terminating her residual parental rights to her

              three children and approving a permanency plan with a goal of adoption. Mother argues that the

              court’s exclusion of testimony at trial from her therapist, Thomas Lester, violated the terms of its

              pre-trial “Order for Telephone Testimony.” She also contests the sufficiency of the evidence to

              terminate her parental rights under Code § 16.1-283(B) and (C) and to approve the permanency

              planning goal of adoption under Code § 16.1-282.1. For the following reasons, we find that the

              court did not err and affirm its decision.

                                                           BACKGROUND

                      Mother and William Ramey (“father”) are the parents of three children, C.J. (born March 7,

              2011), A.J. (born September 1, 2013), and K.J. (born June 18, 2014). In April 2016, mother


                      *
                          Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.
contacted Loudoun County Department of Family Services (“DFS”) because the family was

homeless. A DFS caseworker, Debbie Bennett, placed the children in temporary care for three

weeks and assisted mother with obtaining an apartment, paying the first month’s rent, and finding

childcare.

       A Leesburg police officer visited the apartment on July 9, 2016, and he noted that the

children’s bedroom had no furniture and one child was sleeping on the floor. While in the

apartment, the officer also seized drug paraphernalia used to smoke cocaine.

       On July 12, 2016, another DFS caseworker created a safety plan requiring mother to obtain

a substance abuse evaluation, eliminate the presence and use of drugs around the children, and

dispose of cigarette butts and beer cans strewn on the apartment floor. Mother also agreed not to

allow father in the home or leave him unsupervised with the children due to his substance abuse.

However, father was at the home when Bennett visited on August 3, 2016. At that time, mother

also told Bennett that she suspected A.J. had been sexually abused by someone renting a room

within the apartment.

       The family was evicted in August 2016, and DFS arranged another three-week placement

for the children. Mother and father moved to North Carolina where they planned to establish a

home for themselves and the children. However, the parents did not return by the end of the

placement, and on August 30, 2016, the Loudoun County Juvenile and Domestic Relations District

Court (“JDR court”) entered an emergency removal order placing the children in foster care. When

mother eventually returned to Virginia, Lauren Blitz, a DFS foster care worker, provided her with

referrals for a parental capacity evaluation, a substance abuse evaluation, an intensive outpatient

substance abuse program, and parent-mentoring services. DFS identified the following areas of

concern before the children could be returned to her: substance abuse, domestic violence by father

against mother, homelessness, providing appropriate supervision and attention to the children,

                                                 -2-
employment issues, proper money management, maintaining safe relationships, and maintaining a

safe and clean environment where the children’s needs could be met.

       Dr. William Ling, a clinical psychologist, evaluated mother’s parental capacity on January

16, 2017. His report was based solely on information provided by the parents. Although Dr. Ling

concluded that mother was “reasonably appropriate” in her “knowledge and . . . report of her

relationship with her children,” and “data suggest[ed] no questions regarding her capacities to

parent,” he noted that the family had pragmatic issues, including mother’s employment abilities and

a need for couple’s therapy between the parents. Mother did not disclose to Dr. Ling her cocaine

and alcohol use or father’s abusive behavior toward her. She also indicated that she did not believe

the children were having any issues and were not neglected, despite their housing instability and

exposure to domestic violence and drug use.

       In February 2017, a substance abuse services supervisor from the Northwestern Community

Services Board (“Northwestern”) conducted a substance abuse evaluation of mother and

recommended that she complete an outpatient program. Mother attended the first meeting of a

fourteen-week outpatient program on February 14, 2017, but she did not return for any other

meetings during that session. She began another session on May 23, 2017, and she attended eight of

the fourteen meetings. Mother requested placement in an inpatient program, but Northwestern did

not determine that inpatient treatment was necessary.

       A therapist at the Laurel Center Intervention for Domestic and Sexual Violence also met

with mother on May 31, 2017, for an intake session. However, mother did not appear for any of her

three scheduled appointments following the initial session. Mother tested positive for cocaine in

March 2017 and again in September 2017. In April 2017, the Laurel Center assisted mother with

paying for an apartment in Winchester. The Center paid the first three months’ rent for the




                                                -3-
apartment, and mother agreed to make subsequent payments herself. However, mother was evicted

for failure to pay rent in September 2017 and moved in with father.

       In March 2018, mother entered the ARK, a sober-living home in West Virginia. Mother

reported that she began working at McDonald’s at this time. On March 16, 2018, DFS filed

petitions in JDR court for termination of mother’s and father’s residual parental rights and for a

permanency planning hearing, changing the original goal of reunification with the parents to

adoption. Following an April 12, 2018 hearing, the JDR court entered orders terminating both

parents’ residual parental rights and approving the permanency plan. Mother appealed to the

Loudoun County Circuit Court (“circuit court”).1

       In May 2018, mother moved to the Oxford House, a sober-living residence for women and

children also located in West Virginia, where she was residing at the time of trial. She also changed

employers and started working at Domino’s. A different DFS caseworker, Natalie Palmer, was

assigned to the family. Palmer reported that the children, who had resided with three separate foster

families since April 2017, were doing “very well” in foster care.

       On September 12 and 13, 2018, the circuit court conducted a de novo appeal of the JDR

court’s ruling. At that hearing, Palmer testified that to the best of her knowledge, mother had

maintained sobriety for the nine months before trial, but Palmer was only aware of two drug tests

during that time.

       The court also received testimony from Florinda Reid, a child therapist who treated A.J.

weekly from August 2017 until June 2018. Reid testified that she diagnosed A.J. with

post-traumatic stress disorder (“PTSD”). She opined that reunification with a “healthy mother and

achiev[ing] a permanent home” would help ease A.J.’s PTSD symptoms. Reid attempted to

schedule an intake session with mother, but mother did not appear.


       1
           Father did not appeal the JDR court’s ruling terminating his residual parental rights.
                                                  -4-
        The children’s foster mother from September 2017 until June 2018 also testified at trial.

She observed mother interact with the children during weekly visitations and found that mother was

very interested in the “children’s well-being, their health [and] their education.” She believed

mother was “genuinely . . . loving . . . to her children.” She testified that after mother moved to

West Virginia in March 2018, she continued her visitations via FaceTime.

        Mother testified that she had a close relationship with her children prior to their removal in

August 2016. She acknowledged that between that time and March 2018, she held approximately

ten different jobs. She admitted that her drug use became “horrible” in September 2017, when she

was living in Winchester, but asserted that she had maintained sobriety since entering the ARK in

March 2018. Mother testified that she had no contact with father since March 2, 2018.

        Mother presented testimony from her Narcotics Anonymous sponsor, who related that at the

time of trial, mother was preparing to complete the first step of the twelve-step program. Tiffany

Linville, the housing service representative from Oxford House, also testified on mother’s behalf.

She stated that mother had gone “above and beyond” the Oxford House requirements, including

passing “four or five” drug tests. Linville informed the court that the Oxford House is a “place to

get [women] back on [their] feet and ease [them] back into the world after coming out of addiction.”

Mother told the court that if she were reunited with her children, they would be permitted to live

with her at the Oxford House where the family would share three of the bedrooms. Mother stated

that she had applied for public assistance housing in Huntington, West Virginia.

        Prior to trial, the circuit court granted mother’s request to allow three witnesses, including

her therapist, Thomas Lester, to testify by telephone or video conference. The order allowed

mother’s witnesses to “appear via FaceTime/Skype, or telephonic means if FaceTime will not work

on the day of trial.”




                                                  -5-
       At the beginning of mother’s case, her counsel indicated that although Lester was available

to testify by FaceTime, counsel did not have an adapter to connect her phone to the court’s

television, so the testimony could be viewed only on counsel’s phone. The court told counsel to

obtain an adapter for Lester to testify via FaceTime so that all parties could view his testimony on

the court’s television. Alternatively, the court advised that it was equipped to receive testimony by

Skype video conferencing. However, Lester did not have the necessary Skype application and

declined to download it. Counsel told the court, “Mr. Lester is not going to testify. He wouldn’t

cooperate with downloading the necessary app[lication] so I don’t have a choice there.” Mother did

not object to the court’s ruling nor make a proffer of Lester’s testimony. Mother’s other two

witnesses testified by Skype video conferencing.

       At the trial’s conclusion, the court determined that it was in the children’s best interest to

terminate mother’s parental rights under Code § 16.1-283(B) and (C). The court noted that at the

time of trial, the children had been in foster care for over two years, and although mother had made

some progress, she “failed to make substantial progress” to remedy the conditions leading to the

children’s placement in foster care. It determined that mother’s transitional housing situation, the

Oxford House, was not “an appropriate environment for three young children,” and it made

observations about mother’s failure to care for the children in the past, exposing them to drug use,

domestic violence, and potential sexual abuse. Additionally, the court expressed concern about

mother’s credibility and personal responsibility, noting that she failed to acknowledge that her drug

use and the family’s instability had affected the children. She also denied accountability for her

prior substance abuse and inability to complete services that DFS offered her.

       The court acknowledged that although mother clearly loved her children and had been able

to maintain sobriety for nine months, she was still without stable housing or employment and had

not completed therapy for domestic violence. It also found that mother had not yet demonstrated

                                                 -6-
that she could maintain sobriety outside of a sober-living residence. Further, it found that mother

did not adequately communicate with DFS or avail herself of the services offered. The court

terminated mother’s residual parental rights and approved the foster care plan with a goal of

adoption.

                                             ANALYSIS

                             A. Refusal to Allow FaceTime Testimony

       Mother contends that the court “violated the express terms” of its order allowing video and

telephone testimony when it refused to allow mother’s therapist, Thomas Lester, to testify via

FaceTime on counsel’s phone. However, mother failed to object to the court’s ruling and did not

proffer Lester’s expected testimony. For these reasons, she did not preserve the matter for appeal.

       Rule 5A:18 provides that “[n]o ruling of the trial court . . . will be considered as a basis for

reversal unless an objection was stated with reasonable certainty at the time of the ruling, except for

good cause shown or to enable the Court of Appeals to attain the ends of justice.”

               The laudatory purpose behind Rule 5A:18 . . . is to require that
               objections be promptly brought to the attention of the trial court with
               sufficient specificity that the alleged error can be dealt with and
               timely addressed and corrected when necessary. The rules promote
               orderly and efficient justice and are to be strictly enforced except
               where the error has resulted in manifest injustice.

Redman v. Commonwealth, 25 Va. App. 215, 220 (1997) (quoting Brown v. Commonwealth, 8

Va. App. 126, 131 (1989)). The rule also protects against unfairness to the “opposing party, who

may have been able to offer an alternative to the objectionable ruling, but did not do so, believing

there was no problem.” Lee v. Lee, 12 Va. App. 512, 514 (1991) (en banc).

       Here, the court issued a pre-trial order permitting several of mother’s witnesses, including

her therapist, to “appear via FaceTime/Skype, or telephonic means if FaceTime will not work on the

day of trial.” At trial, the court advised mother’s counsel that she needed to procure an adapter to

connect her phone to the court’s television for Lester to testify via FaceTime, or Lester could
                                                 -7-
download Skype to testify by video on the television, so that all parties could view his testimony.

After discovering that Lester would not download Skype and that she was unable to obtain an

adapter, mother’s counsel did not object to the court’s interpretation of its order requiring an adapter

for the FaceTime testimony to be viewed on the television. Counsel also did not request that the

court allow Lester to testify solely by telephone as the order also provided. Instead, counsel

informed the court that Lester would not “cooperate with downloading the necessary app[lication],”

and therefore, would not be testifying. By failing to object to the court’s decision that an adapter

was required for testimony by FaceTime and provide any grounds for her objection, mother

deprived opposing counsel of the opportunity to respond, and the court was unable to rule on her

argument she now presents to this Court.

        Further, mother did not proffer Lester’s credentials or his expected testimony. “[W]hen

evidence is excluded, the proponent must proffer for the record the nature of the expected evidence

in order to preserve the ruling for appeal.” Durant v. Commonwealth, 35 Va. App. 459, 466 (2001).

See also Whittaker v. Commonwealth, 217 Va. 966, 968 (1977) (“[W]hen testimony is rejected

before it is delivered, an appellate court has no basis for adjudication unless the record reflects a

proper proffer.”). The proffer allows this Court to determine whether the evidence was admissible,

and if so, whether its exclusion prejudiced the aggrieved party. Tynes v. Commonwealth, 49

Va. App. 17, 21 (2006). See also Durant, 35 Va. App. at 466 (“Without such a proffer, the appellate

court has no basis to determine whether the aggrieved party has been prejudiced by the ruling.”).

        Mother contends that Lester would have provided testimony about her domestic violence

therapy. Without a proffer, neither the circuit court, nor this Court on appeal, can determine

whether Lester’s testimony would have proven that she successfully completed domestic violence

therapy. Although we have held in certain limited circumstances that a proffer was not required

where the defendant was precluded from cross-examining an essential witness, this was not the case

                                                  -8-
here where mother sought to call Lester on direct-examination. See Edwards v. Commonwealth, 19

Va. App. 568, 572-73 (1995); Craig v. Commonwealth, 14 Va. App. 842, 845 (1995). Mother was

capable of proffering information about Lester’s expected testimony, which “requires only that the

litigant disclose what [s]he in good faith believes the witness would likely say.” Ray v.

Commonwealth, 55 Va. App. 647, 652 (2010).

        For these reasons, we find that mother’s failure to object to the court’s ruling and failure to

proffer the expected testimony preclude us from considering this issue on appeal.

              B. Termination of parental rights pursuant to Code § 16.1-283(B) and (C)

        Mother argues the court erred by finding that termination of her parental rights was in the

children’s best interests under Code § 16.1-283(B) and (C). “When addressing matters concerning

a child, including the termination of a parent’s residual parental rights, the paramount consideration

of a trial court is . . . the child’s best interests.” Logan v. Fairfax Cty. Dep’t of Human Dev., 13

Va. App. 123, 128 (1991). “On review, ‘[a] trial court is presumed to have thoroughly weighed all

the evidence, considered the statutory requirements, and made its determination based on the

child’s best interests.’” Id. at 128 (quoting Farley v. Farley, 9 Va. App. 326, 329 (1990)). “Where

the trial court hears the evidence ore tenus, its decision is entitled to great weight and will not be

disturbed on appeal unless plainly wrong or without evidence to support it.” Roanoke City Dep’t

of Soc. Servs. v. Heide, 35 Va. App. 328, 336 (2001). “On appeal from the termination of parental

rights, this Court is required to review the evidence in the light most favorable to the party

prevailing in the circuit court.” Tackett v. Arlington Cty. Dep’t of Human Servs., 62 Va. App. 296,

303 (2013).

        Code § 16.1-283 sets forth the basis for termination of parental rights in Virginia. The

statute provides, in relevant part, as follows:

                B. The residual parental rights of a parent or parents of a child found
                   by the court to be neglected or abused and placed in foster care as
                                                  -9-
   a result of (i) court commitment . . . may be terminated if the
   court finds, based upon clear and convincing evidence, that it is
   in the best interests of the child and that:

    1.   The neglect or abuse suffered by such child presented a
         serious and substantial threat to his life, health or
         development; and

    2.   It is not reasonably likely that the conditions which resulted
         in such neglect or abuse can be substantially corrected or
         eliminated so as to allow the child’s safe return to his
         parent or parents within a reasonable period of time. In
         making this determination, the court shall take into
         consideration the efforts made to rehabilitate the parent or
         parents by any public or private social, medical, mental
         health or other rehabilitative agencies prior to the child’s
         initial placement in foster care.

         Proof of any of the following shall constitute prima facie
         evidence of the conditions set forth in subdivision B 2:

            ....

         c. The parent or parents, without good cause, have not
             responded to or followed through with appropriate,
             available and reasonable rehabilitative efforts on the
             part of social, medical, mental health or other
             rehabilitative agencies designed to reduce, eliminate or
             prevent the neglect or abuse of the child.

C. The residual parental rights of a parent or parents of a child
   placed in foster care as a result of court commitment . . . may be
   terminated if the court finds, based upon clear and convincing
   evidence, that it is in the best interests of the child and that:

   1. The parent or parents have, without good cause, failed to
      maintain contact with and to provide or substantially plan for
      the future of the child for a period of six months after the
      child’s placement in foster care notwithstanding the
      reasonable and appropriate efforts of social, medical, mental
      health or other rehabilitative agencies to communicate with
      the parent or parents and to strengthen the parent-child
      relationship. Proof that the parent or parents have failed
      without good cause to communicate on a continuing and
      planned basis with the child for a period of six months shall
      constitute prima facie evidence of this condition; or



                                - 10 -
                     2. The parent or parents, without good cause, have been
                        unwilling or unable within a reasonable period of time not to
                        exceed 12 months from the date the child was placed in foster
                        care to remedy substantially the conditions which led to or
                        required continuation of the child’s foster care placement,
                        notwithstanding the reasonable and appropriate efforts of
                        social, medical, mental health or other rehabilitative agencies
                        to such end. Proof that the parent or parents, without good
                        cause, have failed or been unable to make substantial
                        progress towards elimination of the conditions which led to
                        or required continuation of the child’s foster care placement
                        in accordance with their obligations under and within the
                        time limits or goals set forth in a foster care plan filed with
                        the court . . . shall constitute prima facie evidence of this
                        condition.

Code § 16.1-283.

            1. Termination under Code § 16.1-283(C) – Failure to Remedy Conditions Leading to
               Foster Care

        Mother asserts that the court erred because it “placed more importance on the technical

requirements of [Code] § 16.1-283(C) than on the threshold finding of the best interest of the

[c]hildren.” She argues that the court adhered too stringently to the twelve-month time period set

forth in Code § 16.1-283(C)(2) and should have given more consideration to the progress she made

after that period.

        Termination of parental rights pursuant to Code § 16.1-283(C) requires the court to conduct

two separate inquiries. Richmond Dep’t of Soc. Servs. v. Crawley, 47 Va. App. 572, 579 (2006).

First, the court must find that termination is in the best interests of the child. Code § 16.1-283(C);

Crawley, 47 Va. App. at 579-80. In making this determination, the court must consider several

factors including “the age and physical and mental condition of the child; the age and physical and

mental condition of the parent; the relationship existing between the parent and the child; the needs

of the child; . . . and any other such factors that are necessary.” Thach v. Arlington Cty. Dep’t of

Human Servs., 63 Va. App. 157, 169 (2014).



                                                 - 11 -
        The second inquiry “relates to the . . . remedying of the conditions that led to foster care.”

Crawley, 47 Va. App. at 579. The determination that a parent has not successfully remedied the

conditions “hinge[s] not so much on the magnitude of the problem that created the original danger

to the child, but on the demonstrated failure of the parent to make reasonable changes.” Toms v.

Hanover Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 46 Va. App. 257, 271 (2005).

        “The statute clearly contemplates that efforts to resolve the ‘conditions’ relevant to

termination are constrained by time.” Lecky v. Reed, 20 Va. App. 306, 312 (1995) (quoting Code

§ 16.1-283(C)(2)). The twelve-month time limit “was designed to prevent an indeterminate state of

foster care ‘drift’ and to encourage timeliness by the courts and social services in addressing the

circumstances that resulted in the foster care placement.” L.G. v. Amherst Cty. Dep’t of Soc.

Servs., 41 Va. App. 51, 56 (2003). “This provision protects the family unit and attendant rights of

both parents and child, while assuring resolution of the parent/child relationship without

interminable delay.” Id. (quoting Lecky, 20 Va. App. at 312).

        Despite the time frame specified in the statute, “the factfinder may consider evidence before

or after the twelve-month time period in order ‘to evaluate the present best interests of the child.’”

Thach, 63 Va. App. at 171 (quoting L.G., 41 Va. App. at 56). “The [circuit] court may [also]

discount the parent’s current ‘progress’ if the best interests of the child would be served by

termination.” Id. (quoting L.G., 41 Va. App. at 56).

        Mother argues that the circuit court “disregarded her more recent progress in favor of what

occurred during the statutory twelve months.” We disagree. To the contrary, the court’s findings

demonstrate it considered her recent progress but found it insufficient to establish that she had

substantially remedied the conditions that led to the children’s placement in foster care. At the

outset of the foster care placement, DFS identified the following goals necessary to return the

children to mother: substance abuse and domestic violence counseling; remedying homelessness;

                                                 - 12 -
providing appropriate supervision and attention to the children; employment; proper money

management; maintaining safe relationships; and maintaining a safe and clean environment where

the children’s needs could be met. In its ruling, the court noted that mother had maintained sobriety

for the nine months preceding trial. However, mother had not yet demonstrated that she could

remain sober outside of a sober-living residence. The court also concluded that mother failed to

complete the other reunification goals such as maintaining stable housing in a suitable environment

for children, holding steady employment, and completing domestic violence counseling.

       The evidence supports the court’s findings. Although mother testified that she ended her

relationship with father, she attended only an intake session with a therapist at the Laurel Center

Intervention for Domestic and Sexual Violence. She also did not disclose during her parental

capacity evaluation any history of domestic violence, nor did she present evidence that her therapy

with Lester addressed domestic violence. Therefore, the court was not plainly wrong in finding a

lack of evidence that mother had successfully completed domestic violence therapy.

       Further, the evidence at trial supported the court’s finding that mother had not yet

demonstrated an ability to maintain stable housing or employment outside of a sober-living

residence. Mother entered sober-living programs in March 2018 at the ARK and subsequently at

the Oxford House where she resided at the time of trial. Prior to entering the programs, mother

lived at numerous residences, many of which she shared with father. Despite receiving financial

assistance from both DFS and the Laurel Center, she was evicted from two apartments in August

2016 and September 2017. Because of the interim nature of sober-living residences and mother’s

demonstrated lack of self-sufficiency in establishing a stable home, the court concluded that mother

had not yet met her goal of maintaining stable housing. The evidence also demonstrated ongoing

employment instability. From the time that the children entered foster care in August 2016, mother




                                                 - 13 -
held approximately ten different jobs. She also had two separate employers in the six months

preceding the circuit court trial.

        The court considered mother’s progress both before and after the twelve-month time frame

set out in Code § 16.1-283(C) to evaluate the children’s present best interests. See Thach, 63

Va. App. at 171. It concluded that while mother had made progress in maintaining sobriety for nine

months, she had not substantially remedied the other conditions that led to the children’s placement

and continuation in foster care. At the time of the hearing, mother’s three children, who were seven,

five, and four years old, had been in foster care for over two years. One child had been diagnosed

with PTSD. Although the court acknowledged that mother may continue her progress in the future,

the record demonstrates it was not in the present best interest of the children to “wait a significant

period of time to ‘find out when, or even if, a parent will be capable of resuming [her]

responsibilities.’” Eaton v. Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 66 Va. App. 317, 332 (2016) (quoting Kaywood v.

Halifax Cty. Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 10 Va. App. 535, 540 (1990)). Therefore, the court’s termination

decision under Code § 16.1-283(C) was not plainly wrong or without evidence to support it.

            2. Termination under Code § 16.1-283(B) – Compliance with DFS Services

        Mother contends that the court “relied exclusively on the [m]other’s failure to use the

services of DFS in determining the best interest of the [c]hildren.” However, the court’s findings

belie her argument. Like Code § 16.1-283(C), Code § 16.1-283(B) also requires consideration of

the best interests of the children. Here, the record indicates that the court extensively evaluated the

relevant factors necessary for this determination. As part of its best interest evaluation, the court

considered mother’s credibility and her failure to accept responsibility for any of the issues that

caused the children to enter foster care. It was in the context of this analysis that the court noted

mother’s unwillingness to cooperate with the services DFS provided her. Because the court is

required to consider several factors including “the mental condition of the parent . . . and any other

                                                 - 14 -
such factors that are necessary,” in evaluating the best interests of the child, the court did not err by

considering mother’s lack of cooperation with DFS. Thach, 63 Va. App. at 169.

        Further, the record indicates that the court considered whether mother made substantial

progress using the alternative services she chose for herself in West Virginia. The court heard

testimony from representatives at both sober-living homes where mother resided in West Virginia

and from her Narcotics Anonymous sponsor. It also considered mother’s own testimony about the

substance abuse and domestic violence therapy she received and about her current housing and

employment in West Virginia. Therefore, the court did not exclusively consider mother’s failure to

complete DFS services; rather, it properly evaluated all of mother’s efforts to substantially correct or

eliminate the conditions leading to the children’s placement in foster care. See Code

§ 16.1-283(B)(2). It concluded from this inquiry that although mother had made progress by

maintaining her sobriety, she still did not have a stable living situation for the children, her

employment history was sporadic, and she had not completed therapy for domestic violence.

        For these reasons, the court did not err by finding that termination of mother’s parental

rights was in the children’s best interests under Code § 16.1-283(B) and (C).

            C. Approval of Adoption Permanency Planning Goal under Code § 16.1-282.1

        Mother argues that because the evidence was insufficient to support the termination of her

parental rights, the court’s decision to approve a permanency goal of adoption was also in error.

She asserts no other argument in support of this assignment of error. Because the court did not err

in terminating mother’s parental rights, it also did not err in approving the permanency goal of

adoption.

                                            CONCLUSION

        We find that mother did not preserve her claim that the court improperly excluded testimony

from Thomas Lester and that the evidence was sufficient to find that it was in the best interests of

                                                  - 15 -
the children to terminate mother’s residual parental rights and accept the foster care plan with a goal

of adoption. Accordingly, the judgment of the trial court is affirmed.

                                                                                             Affirmed.




                                                - 16 -
