                                                            [DO NOT PUBLISH]


              IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                    FILED
                       FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                         ________________________ ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                                                                 SEPT 16, 2008
                               No. 07-15736                    THOMAS K. KAHN
                           Non-Argument Calendar                   CLERK
                         ________________________

                              Agency No. 3-12529

MORTON BRUCE ERENSTEIN,


                                                                        Petitioner,

                                     versus

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION,

                                                                      Respondent.


                         ________________________

                    Petition for Review of a Decision of the
                     Securities and Exchange Commission
                         _________________________

                             (September 16, 2008)

Before BIRCH, DUBINA and BARKETT, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

     Morton Bruce Erenstein, proceeding pro se, petitions for review of a final
disciplinary order of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) affirming a

decision of the National Association of Securities Dealers (“NASD”), which found

that, as a securities dealer or associated person, he had violated two regulatory

rules and should be suspended for a period of one year.

      Liberally construing his brief, Erenstein argues that his suspension

constituted an abuse of discretion as substantial evidence did not support the SEC’s

finding that he violated the rules. Because Erenstein also challenges certain

administrative decisions by the NASD or NAC, and suggests that the NASD

Panel’s failure to issue a decision within 60 days of the last post-hearing filing

mandated dismissal of the charges, we also examine whether de novo review by

the SEC of intermediate agency determinations rendered harmless any factual or

legal errors at those stages. Finally, Erenstein also argues that his right to due

process was violated during agency proceedings and that he was entitled to have

his counsel’s objections heard by an independent arbiter before the commencement

of disciplinary proceedings.

                                           I.

      The issues on appeal stem from a complaint filed with the NASD against

Erenstein by a former client. She alleged that he had converted $10,000 provided

to him for investment purposes. During an on-the-record interview by the NASD,



                                           2
with counsel present, Erenstein indicated that the money constituted compensation

for services he provided to the customer involving the sale of government bonds.

However, when asked whether he had declared the $10,000 as income on his 1998,

1999, or 2000 tax returns, Erenstein’s counsel objected on relevancy grounds and

instructed him not to answer. Although NASD staff informed Erenstein that they

had the authority to seek this information under NASD Procedural Rule 8210, and

that failure to respond could result in disciplinary action, under that rule and

NASD Conduct Rule 2110, Erenstein indicated his understanding, but still refused

to answer based on advice of counsel.

      After some correspondence, during which counsel persisted with the

objection, NASD officials notified Erenstein in June 2004 that disciplinary action

would be recommended based on his failure to answer the on-the-record interview

question and respond to the written requests for tax records. In a June 21, 2004,

letter, Erenstein indicated that his 1998 federal tax return was being produced

under protest and no previous objection was being waived. The letter indicated

that an amended 1998 return had been filed in October 2003 to reflect the $10,000

income because Erenstein had initially overlooked the amount. Erenstein

contended that no adjudicatory forum existed in which to seek review of the

request for confidential documents, creating a due process issue and also an issue



                                           3
of whether the NASD complied with the statutory requirement that it provide a fair

and reasonable procedure for determining disciplinary matters.

      A disciplinary hearing was held in December 2004, at which NASD’s

Department of Enforcement (“Department”) sought a one-year suspension. In May

2005, before a decision, Erenstein filed for bankruptcy. In November 2005, the

Department moved for issuance of a decision without monetary sanctions, i.e., a

one-year suspension, noting that the Bankruptcy Court had granted Erenstein a

discharge.

      In December 2005, the NASD Hearing Panel (“Panel”) issued a decision

barring Erenstein for violating NASD Procedural Rule 8210 and Conduct Rule

2110 by refusing to answer an on-the-record interview question and failing to

respond to a written request for information until being notified that disciplinary

charges would be filed. After noting - erroneously - that the Department had

requested a bar, the Panel found that, under agency guidelines, a bar is appropriate

where the individual did not respond in any manner, while up to a two-year

suspension is appropriate where mitigation exists or the person did not respond in a

timely manner.

      Erenstein’s counsel sought reconsideration from the Panel, stating that the

Department had requested only a one-year suspension, not a bar. Although the



                                           4
Panel issued a corrected decision, the sanction remained a bar.

      Erenstein administratively appealed to the National Adjudicatory Council

(“NAC”) of the NASD, which reduced the sanction to a one-year suspension.

Erenstein then appealed to the SEC, which, in a November 14, 2007, corrected

opinion, affirmed the NAC’s findings of violations and the reduced sanction,

noting that it had independently reviewed the record. The SEC also rejected

Erenstein’s argument that Panel error had infected the proceedings. The SEC

determined that even if the relevance of the tax return was not explained during the

conversation, the relevance was patent from the context of the questions during the

on-the-record interview. The SEC found that the essential facts establishing the

violation of Rule 8210 were not disputed, and that NASD staff determines the

relevancy of a requested record, which they need not explain.

      Erenstein then filed a timely petition for review.

                                          A.

      Congress enacted the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (Exchange Act), 15

U.S.C. § 78a, et seq., to provide for the regulation of securities exchanges and

over-the-counter markets to prevent unfair practices. See Peoples Securities Co. v.

Securities and Exchange Co., 289 F.2d 268, 270 (5th Cir. 1961) (quotation marks




                                          5
omitted).1 Section 15, in particular, regulates the over-the-counter market and

requires dealers engaged in securities transactions to register with the SEC. Id.

Section 15(b) provides that the SEC shall deny registration to a dealer if it finds

that such denial is in the public interest and that the dealer has willfully violated

any provision of certain federal securities laws, or of any rule under them. Id.

       Section 15A of the Exchange Act, 15 U.S.C. § 78o-3, enacted in 1938 and

generally known as the Maloney Act, creates a medium for self-regulation of

over-the-counter dealers. See id.; Karsner v. Lothian, 532 F.3d 876, 880 (D.C. Cir.

2008). This section authorized the formation of national securities associations,

such as the NASD, for the purpose of supervising conduct of registered members.

Peoples Securities, 289 F.2d at 270; see also U.S. S.E.C. v. Vittor, 323 F.3d 930,

934 (11th Cir. 2003) (NASD is a self-regulatory organization).

       In discharging this responsibility, the NASD is authorized to promulgate

rules and sanction any registered members who violate them. Krull v. S.E.C., 248

F.3d 907, 910 (9th Cir. 2001). The SEC has jurisdiction to review and enforce

disciplinary actions of the NASD. Alderman v. S.E.C., 104 F.3d 285, 287 n.3 (9th

Cir. 1997). A disciplined member may appeal to the SEC. Jones v. S.E.C., 115



       1
         Decisions of the Fifth Circuit, handed down prior to close of business on September 30,
1981, are binding precedent. Bonner v. City of Prichard, 661 F.2d 1206, 1209-10 (11th Cir.
1981) (en banc).

                                               6
F.3d 1173, 1179 (4th Cir. 1997). If the dealer is unsuccessful in this respect, he

may file a petition for review of such order in a federal circuit court of appeals. 15

U.S.C. § 78y(a).

      On review, however, we will “affirm the SEC’s factual findings if they are

supported by substantial evidence.” Sheldon v. S.E.C., 45 F.3d 1515, 1517 (11th

Cir. 1995); 15 U.S.C. § 78y(a)(4). We conduct a de novo review of the SEC’s

legal conclusions. Orkin v. S.E.C., 31 F.3d 1056, 1063 (11th Cir. 1994).

      Under NASD rules, Association staff have the right to:

      (1)    require a member . . . to provide information orally, in writing,
             or electronically . . . and to testify at a location specified by
             Association staff . . . with respect to any matter involved in the
             investigation, complaint, examination, or proceeding; and

      (2)    inspect and copy the books, records, and accounts of such
             member or person with respect to any matter involved in the
             investigation, complaint, examination, or proceeding.

NASD Procedural Rule 8210(a). “No member . . . shall fail to provide information

or testimony or to permit an inspection and copying of books, records, or accounts

pursuant to this Rule.” NASD Procedural Rule 8210(c). Under NASD Conduct

Rule 2110, “[a] member, in the conduct of its business, shall observe the high

standards of commercial honor and just and equitable principles of trade.”

      Courts will defer to an agency’s reasonable interpretation of its own

regulations. Federal Exp. Corp. v. Holowecki, — U.S. —, 128 S.Ct. 1147, 1155,

                                           7
170 L.Ed.2d 10 (2008). The SEC has held that although NASD procedural rules

permit counsel to participate, no constitutional or statutory right to counsel exists

in NASD disciplinary proceedings. Sundra Escott-Russell, Exchange Act Release

No. 43,363, 54 S.E.C. 867, 874 n.18 (Sept. 27, 2000). Reliance on counsel is also

immaterial to the obligation of an associated person to supply information upon

request of the NASD. Id. at 872-73.

      We have not previously analyzed the SEC’s affirmance of the NASD’s

imposition of sanctions for violations of Rules 8210 and 2110, and very few

federal appellate court decisions have analyzed the scope of the NASD’s authority

to request documents. See, e.g., PAZ Securities, Inc. v. S.E.C., 494 F.3d 1059

(D.C. Cir. 2007) (holding that SEC abused its discretion by failing to address

mitigating factors and not identifying remedial purpose for bar where petitioner

failed to respond to NASD’s repeated requests for information); Rooms v. S.E.C.,

444 F.3d 1208 (10th Cir. 2006)(noting SEC’s holding that Rule 8210 was not

violated, discussing sanctions under Rule 2110, and holding that complaint which

alleged violation of rules gave sufficient warning of prohibited conduct to satisfy

due process). Nevertheless, in civil cases, we have not required a showing of

compelling need before tax information may be obtained by a party in discovery,

but instead have determined that such information need be only arguably relevant.



                                           8
See Maddow v. Proctor & Gamble Co., Inc., 107 F.3d 846, 853 (11th Cir. 1997)

(affirming district court’s decision compelling discovery in ADEA civil suit, but

reversing award of attorney’s fees because “plaintiffs were substantially justified in

initially refusing discovery”).

      Here, Erenstein did not dispute the validity of the NASD’s original efforts to

investigate a client’s charge of impropriety, although he did argue that the

information had been provided through alternative means. Although Erenstein

challenges the relevance of the returns themselves, whether he himself identified

the $10,000 as income at the time of receipt was probative because it showed

whether he asserted ownership over the funds at that time, consistent with his later

explanation that the sum represented a fee earned, and not funds entrusted to him

for investment. Erenstein also did not dispute the essence of the NASD charges -

that he failed to respond to a question during the October 2003 interview and later

refused to comply with the request for the returns. Instead, he asserted a defense of

justification based on (i) lack of relevance, and (ii) reliance on contrary advice of

counsel. To the extent the SEC rejected the former, that decision is factually and

legally supported. To the extent it rejected the latter, Erenstein cited no authority

to NASD staff, the Department, the Panel, the NAC, or to the SEC to show that

advice of counsel constituted a legal defense, and, as noted above, the SEC relied



                                           9
on prior agency determinations to the contrary, and this reliance is entitled to

deference. Accordingly, we conclude that substantial evidence supports the SEC’s

factual finding that the rules were violated, and that rejection of Erenstein’s

“advice of counsel” defense was neither contrary to law nor an abuse of the

agency’s discretion.

                                          B.

      The SEC may not overturn NASD-imposed sanctions unless it finds the

sanctions to be “excessive or oppressive” or if they impose an unnecessary or

inappropriate burden on competition. 15 U.S.C. § 78s(e)(2). We, in turn, will not

“overturn the SEC’s decision to impose a particular sanction [unless we find] a

gross abuse of discretion.” Orkin, 31 F.3d at 1066. This “standard recognizes

there is a range of choices within which we will not reverse the district court even

if we might have reached a different decision.” Siebert v. Allen, 506 F.3d 1047,

1049 n.2 (11th Cir. 2007) (42 U.S.C. § 1983 suit); see also Anderson v. Cagle’s,

Inc., 488 F.3d 945, 953-54 (11th Cir. 2007) (district court did not abuse its

discretion by decertifying a collective action alleging violations of the Fair Labor

Standards Act).

      Because registration of broker-dealers is a means of protecting the public,

the determination of the sanctions necessary to protect the public rests primarily



                                          10
within the competence of the SEC. Tager v. Securities and Exchange Commission,

344 F.2d 5, 9 (2d Cir. 1965) (persuasive). “Where Congress has entrusted an

administrative agency with the responsibility of selecting the means of achieving

the statutory policy, the relation of remedy to policy is peculiarly a matter for

administrative competence.” Id. (quotation marks and internal quotation marks

omitted). The SEC has a “very large measure of discretion” in determining what

sanctions to impose at a particular time in particular cases and, failing a gross

abuse of discretion, an appellate court will not substitute its view as to what

sanctions will best accord with the regulatory powers of the Commission, or

otherwise adopt “a grudging interpretation of . . . legislation.” See id.; Whiteside

& Co. v. S.E.C., 557 F.2d 1118, 1120 (5th Cir. 1977) (internal citation omitted).

       NASD Sanction Guidelines in effect in 2007 stated that, in determining

sanctions for violations of Rules 8210 and 2110, the nature of the information

requested should be considered, as should whether the information was provided,

the number of requests made, the time taken to respond, and the degree of

regulatory pressure required to obtain a response. The guidelines provided that a

failure to respond in any manner should be punished by a bar and a fine of $25,000

to $50,000. Where an individual fails to respond in a timely manner or mitigation

exists, the individual should be suspended for up to two years and should be fined



                                           11
between $2,500 and $25,000.

      The sanction guidelines, however, are not rigid and mechanical and serve

only as a starting point for determining the proper disciplinary action. Otto v.

S.E.C., 253 F.3d 960, 967 (7th Cir. 2001). To the extent this issue is raised by

Erenstein on appeal, we find that the one-year suspension was not a gross abuse of

discretion for several reasons. First, the penalty was not at the high end of the

applicable Sanction Guidelines. Second, a one-year suspension was in the range of

reasonable choices, considering that Erenstein submitted the requested information

only after repeated demands by the NASD. Third, it is critically important to the

self-regulatory system that members and associated persons cooperate with NASD

investigations, especially because the NASD lacks subpoena power. Thus, the

SEC did not grossly abuse its discretion when it sustained Erenstein’s one-year

suspension.

                                          C.

      Although we have not specifically addressed in a published opinion whether

the SEC’s independent review of an NASD Panel’s decision cures any panel error,

other Circuits have so found. See, e.g., McCarthy v. S.E.C., 406 F.3d 179, 187 (2d

Cir. 2005) (persuasive) (SEC reached an independent decision not infected by any

defect in New York Stock Exchange Board’s determination); Schellenbach v.



                                          12
S.E.C., 989 F.2d 907, 912-13 (7th Cir. 1993) (persuasive) (SEC’s independent

review rendered attacks on NASD staff’s conduct irrelevant where SEC’s action

was not infected by NASD proceedings).

      Under NASD Procedural Rule 9268(a), “[w]ithin 60 days after the final date

allowed for filing proposed findings of fact, conclusions of law, and post-hearing

briefs, or by a date established at the discretion of the Chief Hearing Officer, the

Officer shall prepare a written decision that reflects the views of the Hearing Panel

. . . .” Within 65 days after the final date, a written dissent may be prepared.

NASD Procedural Rule 9268(c). The decision shall be promptly served on the

parties. NASD Procedural Rule 9268(d).

      We do not find reversible error. First, Erenstein has not cited any caselaw

for the proposition that the Panel’s failure to issue a decision within 60 days of the

last post-hearing filing mandated dismissal of the charges. Second, any error by

the Panel was cured by the SEC’s review and did not infect subsequent

proceedings because, inter alia, in affirming, the SEC noted that it independently

reviewed the record. Accordingly, we deny the petition with respect to this issue.

                                          D.

      We review de novo constitutional claims, including claims of due process

violations. See Ali v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 443 F.3d 804, 808 (11th Cir. 2006)



                                           13
(immigration context).

      We have not yet determined whether the NASD is a state actor subject to

due process requirements. Some courts have answered this question in the

affirmative. See, e.g., Rooms, 444 F.3d at 1214 (10th Cir. 2006) (finding that due

process applied to NASD, but rejecting due process argument where petitioner had

fair notice that his conduct violated NASD Rule 2110). Other courts have

determined that the NASD is not a state actor subject to due process requirements.

See, e.g., D’Alessio v. S.E.C., 380 F.3d 112, 120 n.12 (2d Cir. 2004). In one rule-

making dispute involving the NASD, this court reversed a grant of summary

judgment and remanded a case for a determination of, among other things,

whether, by applying the challenged rule in a retroactive fashion, the NASD

afforded due process to the plaintiffs administratively. Harwell v. Growth

Programs, Inc., 451 F.2d 240, 245 (5th Cir. 1971), modified on denial of rehearing,

459 F.2d 461 (5th Cir. 1972).

      To the extent due process applies, a fundamental requirement is the

opportunity to be heard at a meaningful time and in a meaningful manner.

Armstrong v. Manzo, 380 U.S. 545, 552, 85 S.Ct. 1187, 1191, 14 L.Ed.2d 62

(1965). “The touchstone of due process is protection of the individual against

arbitrary action of government.” Wolff v. McDonnell, 418 U.S. 539, 558, 94 S.Ct.



                                         14
2963, 2976, 41 L.Ed.2d 935 (1974). Some hearing is required before an individual

is finally deprived of a property interest. Id. at 557-58, 94 S.Ct. at 2975. This

requirement applies to the revocation of licenses. Id. at 558, 94 S.Ct. at 2976.

      [W]hen governmental agencies adjudicate or make binding
      determinations which directly affect the legal rights of individuals, it
      is imperative that those agencies use the procedures which have
      traditionally been associated with the judicial process. On the other
      hand, when governmental action does not partake of an adjudication,
      as for example, when a general fact-finding investigation is being
      conducted, it is not necessary that the full panoply of judicial
      procedures be used.

Hannah v. Larche, 363 U.S. 420, 442, 80 S.Ct. 1502, 1514-15, 4 L.Ed.2d 1307

(1960).

      We assume, for the limited purpose of deciding this appeal, that the NASD

could be a governmental actor, that the full range of due process rights apply

during its disciplinary proceedings, and that any actions by that entity are subject

to scrutiny where, as here, a petition for review of a decision by the SEC has been

filed. Even so, we conclude that Erenstein received all the due process to which he

was entitled. Specifically, we have never held that objections made to requests for

information by NASD staff should be heard by an independent arbiter, and such a

framework would seriously undermine the NASD’s ability to function as a self-

regulatory organization. Moreover, the record here suggests that officials acted in

a manner consistent with agency rules, that Erenstein received notice and an

                                          15
opportunity to be heard, and that, because the omissions, if any, were subject to

review by both the SEC and this Court, no due process violation occurred.

      Accordingly, we deny Erenstein’s petition for review in this respect as well.

      PETITION DENIED.




                                         16
